text:
Talk:Bedouin

Tribe names
Comments and Additions to the Article:

Awlaad Ali - Note there are three tribes by that same name all are different. Awlaad Ali in Lybia. Awlaad Ali part of Anazah in north-west Saudi Arabia and part of Syria. Awlaad Ali or Ayaal Ali which is a nickname for people who inhabit Qassim Area of Saudi Arabia

Rwalla Many have moved back to Saudi Arabia in Al-Jouf province, Turaif and Arar. Bani Khalid - Also many in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Murrah - Eastern Saudi Arabia bordering Qatar and UAE Anazah Traibe - Syria, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Shammar - Syria, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Hajer - Eastern Saudi Arabia Dhafir - North-East Saudi Arabia Mutair - Central Saudi Arabia but also stretch out from near Medina to Hafar Al-Batin. Harb - Western Saudi Arabia but stretch out to the Central region and go as far as Hafar Al-Batin. Otaiba - Western near Tayef but also extend to the Central region of Saudi Arabia. Qahtan - there are two tribes of the same name, but are one in origion. in the south of Saudi Arabia and the other in Central Saudi Arabia just south by south-west of Riyadh. Ajman - Eastern Saudi Arabia Subai - Central Saudi Arabia Dawasir - Central Saudi Arabia south of Riyadh. Yam - Southern Saudi Arabia in Najran area.

There are hundreds more tribes.....

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Alzaid (talk • contribs).

 * So why does this article focus on the plight of the Bedouin in Israel alone? —Aiden 20:27, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Because that was what someone happened to know about, and want to write about. Lack of completeness does not equate to POV. --Stbalbach 20:46, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Why are no tribes listed from Egypt or Libya?

Additional Comments:

One could never encompass the entire list of nomadic arabian tribes in the middle-east, as there are too many. Best to include prominent tribes (consider size and influentiality) from each region. Many of the tribes, especially in the gulf region, have long been urbanized. There are very few remaining nomads out there living as nomads, and they are shrinking by the decade. Some remanants of the larger Saudi tribes may be still nomadic, but most have adapted to modern lifestyle, with some that can be considered semi-nomadic. Semi-Nomadic means that they live some part of the year in the desert during a good rain season, or they use modern tools, such as, cars and water tankers...etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aalzaid (talk • contribs) 19:18, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Edited "Bedouin Tribes and Populations" Section
I have edited the Tribal section, and added more tribes, and removed tribes, many were fictional, others were part of a larger tribe. I have left only the notable tribes only.

Edited "Bedouin Culture"
I've expanded this section quite a bit. Enjoy. I may add more on nomad-village interactions at a later date. Fishies Plaice 11:20, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

several more comments:

there is NO tribe by the name of Sudair in Saudi Arabia or elsewhere. Sudair is a geographical region south of riyadh.

Otaiba tribe is the prominent tribe in the central region and very influential. It should be added.

Also Qahtan (Nejd branch) and Harb.

There is a tribe named after Sudair, Sudairi. I don't know how prominent it is, though. AbbasAD (talk) 06:48, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Beduin Saying
A widely quoted Bedouin saying is "I and my brothers against my cousins, I and my brothers and my cousins against the world." Here is how I heard it: "Me and my brother on (=against) my cousin, and me and my cousin on the stranger." --SheriKan (talk) 03:04, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

I think the most accurate translation would be "Me and my brother against my cousin, me and my cousin against a stranger." — Preceding unsigned comment added by AbbasAD (talk • contribs) 06:49, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Valid Tribe?
IS there a valid tribe named Bani Johma, as referenced in the article Gharaibeh? If so, should it be listed? Viscouse 19:28, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Tribe Bani Johma is one of the tribe migrated from Arab peninsula in the late 14 century. In settled in the South of Horan( north Jordan now). The tribe continued from 14-19 century, before it migrated in different places in Horan رامي الجهماني (talk) 07:54, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

Etymology
This article needs the literal meaning/etymology of the word "Bedouin." Badagnani 00:12, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

The word Badu (Arabic for Bedouin) is derived from the tri-root Baa-Daal-Alif which means: to appear, to show-up, to become visible. The verb Bada has two contradicting meanings (which sometimes exists in Arabic) which are (become seen/visible) and (become vague). They were named badu because they sometimes show-up and sometimes you don't know where they are. In Arabic it refers to any nomad whether he was Arab or not and whether he lived in a desert or elsewhere. The opposite of that is Hadar, which means those that are present at all times.

Arab nomads (badu) are called A'raab أعراب (not Arab). --Maha Odeh 09:02, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

"Bedouin" is from the Arabic plural of Badu (however transliterated) although in English it is often used as singular with plural "Bedouins". "Bedouin" may be used as a plural though whether on the sheep/sheep pattern or as some attempt at following the Arabic is unclear.--SilasW 21:03, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have spoken with a friend from Saudi Arabia who tells me that calling these people "bedouin" can be taken offensively by those that are bedouin citizens of Saudi Arabia, because it supposedly refers to or may sound like a different word in Arabic which describes illegal aliens, (e.g. not of the country, and where the government has to deal with them). He said that the bedouins referred to in this article that live in and are citizens of Saudi Arabia should be called "badu".  This confused me, because that would just be the Arabic word that this transliteration came from in the first place.  Can someone research into this and clarify?  Does the English transliteration actually sound like another word in Arabic that means something like illegal aliens? This is probably an issue where Arabic speakers who are not native English speakers may get confused about the English word. It would be nice for some clarification, however. Mmortal03 (talk) 05:27, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

In reference to the possible offensiveness of the word "Bedouin" or "Badu", this is due to the different meaning in colloquial form. In informal language Badu refers to those whose ethnic origins are within the Gulf region, and some have used it as a stereo-type to mean uneducated and close-minded. This is in opposition to those who are not originally from the Gulf region, which (in their initial advent) were mostly financially capable, and come from many different countries. The stereo-types are, of course, stereo-types, and as such not to be depended on. It is extremely important to mention that although Nomads are very few, the tribes who have settled long ago still maintain most of the value and beliefs of their older Nomadic-self, and stil adhere to tribal values. Not all, of cousre, but it's still qutie common. AbbasAD (talk) 06:56, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Clothing
I have read that Bedouins have developed a layer system of clothing that is famous for its efficiency of keeping one cool from the desert heat. I would like it if this article had some information on this.

 * Actually not only Bedouins use this, it consists of a sort of cloak on top called Aba'a, which is made of heavy wool to use in the cold winters or light cotton for the summer. The summer one is not tightly woven and in both cases it is not tightened around the body.  In the summer heat one sweats and this Aba'a allows the air to move freely inside it which cools the body by drying the sweat - it is only efficient if two conditions are met: 1) the inner cloths (underwear and external clothing) are not tight fitting and 2) you are in a dry area, a humid weather does not help because the sweat will not be absorbed by the dry air.

 * Hence the layers are three: a. underwear. b. outer clothes. c. Aba'a. However, don't imagine that it is exceptionally efficient; it's only better than wearing tight clothes in the summer - which most people avoid during hot months wherever they are.  In my understanding, three layers of clothing is not really rare worldwide - not in the past and not in the present. --Maha Odeh 09:12, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I am also interested in their clothing, specifically their white headdress (can be seen in the second picture in the article). I'm sure other cultures use similar devices for sun protection, but it seems to be common to most bedouins. Does anyone know what it is called, what it is made of, how it is worn? I think their clothing should get a mention in this article, which could be hyperlinked to more specific articles dealing with each item. Clothing is an important aspect of culture, whether it is unique or not, and it should probably be mentioned. LostCause 01:40, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The cloth is called Keffiyeh (all three photos), follow link for details. The name differs depending on the design and the way it is worn.  The rope thing is called Agal.

 * In the photo you inquired about he just folded the square shaped Ghutra (white Keffiyeh) into a triangle, laid it on his head with the pointed part towards his back and fixed it on with the Agal (so it won't fall off as he moves around) then he took one side and casually threw it on his other shoulder, just the fashion of the time. The fashion these days is to hold each of the two sides and throw it on the top of your head causing the sides of head (mainly the hair) to show (see last photo).  The formal way is just to let it drape.

 * I think it just seems complicated because you are not used to it, but it's way simpler than the ordinary tie.

Defacing
Someone clearly defaced this article. I am not an expert on this subject, I just thought it was appropriate to notify someone.

3:57pm UT August 31 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.150.160.171 (talk) 14:58, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Anarchists
Is it not fair to label this group of people an anarchist group in the good senses of the word as its meaning is listed on the wikipedia. As it appears there is no centralized group this would seem as an anarchist society. I believe it should be mentioned as a successful anarchist example.

BiTMAP

new pic
add this pic to the article

The picture was taken in 1925 of man from Shammar tribe with Asiatic Cheetah ( Fahd Sayyad or Fahd Alrabi)..bedouin use this animal for hunt.
 * Where was the picture taken, and where was it found? Also seems like the licensing is wrong. Funkynusayri 17:16, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * picture was taken in the southwest portion of iraq, he is bedouin and before 4 years from taken this picture (Al Rashid)Shammar tribe was rule almost all arabia and part of iraq--Hisham ibn Oamr Alharbi 23:36, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, got any more information? Give me all information about the picture and the man in it, then I'll upload it to Commons with a comprehensive description, then we can put it different places on Wikipedia. Where did you find the image? Funkynusayri 00:02, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Deletion of entire section on Changing ways of life - Israeli case
Someone has deleted this entire section, which I do not think was warranted, exactly. Certainly, the section needed a lot of work, and needed to be cut back A LOT, and it would have been good to get different sources. However, it would have been much more collegial for the user who did the edit to have edited it a bit himself and come here to suggest that we join in too. At the moment I do not have the time to do the work. Here's the article section before the cut and here's the history. LamaLoLeshLa (talk) 17:13, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

FYI I have taken the section and created the entry unrecognized villages.LamaLoLeshLa (talk) 23:23, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

What does this phrase mean?
"especially as hot ranges have shrunk" --Filll (talk | wpc ) 15:45, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Origins
I know it's hard to trace the origins of this ethnic group, but wasn't there an origins section just like every other ethnic group gets on wikipedia?

Bedouins are just Arab nomads, what's so difficult to understand? Akmal94 (talk) 23:58, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

weird
Isn't the listing of 'Africa' and the 'Middle East' as areas of habitation of the bedouins rather too vast areas to be mentionned? True is however that Bedouin population doesn't follow political borders, but what sort of land are we in atuality refering to when using these enormous pieces of land as reference? A more specific geographical reference should be stated. 83.255.5.252 (talk) 23:26, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Weird maybe - but true
Yes this are vast amount's of land mass. Whole Beduin tribes and alliances moved from areas such as Hedjas and Yemen to places like Sudan or Mauretania.Example: Rashaida.

Merge ?
But why is the article on Beduins in the Negev so exidingly long while the actual article Beduin is kept in such a poor state? This should be the opposite way around and the Negev article should be shortened, only giving relevant information, then the two should be merged.But without focus on the Negev beduins alone.

Occupied Palestine vs Israel
This article uses Occupied Palestine to refer to locations within the pre-1967 Israeli borders. For example, the Khawalid tribe is "located near Nofit" pretty far from the West Bank. That is, this article seems to be claiming that all of Israel is occupied territory. Besides being a non-neutral point of view, that misled me when I came here looking to see which tribes live in Israel vs. Arab territories. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JeffreyYasskin (talk • contribs) 06:58, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * That was due to an IP changing it 6 hours ago, I noticed the change and reverted it before I read this. Dougweller (talk) 07:44, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Gaddafi
Why is there no mention of the most famous Bedouin?? At the very least an image should be included to improve on the integrity of the article. It's like having an article about African Americans without mentioning Martin Luther King jr. I'm comparing the two men solely on their significance, not on whether we agree or disagree with their actions/beliefs. Lakerking04 (talk) 03:20, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Gaddafi is certainly not the most famous Bedouin. All the ruling families in the gulf are of Bedouin origin, and so are many inhabitants in Jordan. AbbasAD (talk) 07:00, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Gaddafi was genetically Jewish and Italian. 86.186.93.14 (talk) 02:37, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

organisation of the tribes section
Would it not be easier to organise this section by the modern states within the border of which Bedouins currently predominantly reside? Koakhtzvigad (talk) 03:56, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Bedouin Housing
I am doing a project on Bedouin...please, I would really like to know more about their housing. If anyone has information, please share it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.27.237.213 (talk) 00:14, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Multi-Racial/Ethnic Bedouins?
Was wondering why the ancient Bedouins are described as "white Arabs" instead of being a multi-ethnic group of Arabs, to include Africans, whom were probably the most ancient, since they were known to have occupied the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, and Iraq since 4000 B.C.? The questionable explanation that their presence is due solely to Arab importation during slavery, which actually did not occur until after the 6th century; does not explain many aspects of their ancient history, religions and culture in the region.

Interestingly enough, I recently had my DNA tested (twice), and one of my maternal genetic markers, indicates ancestry from the Bedouin of Israel. I was shocked, which prompted me to delve deeper into this history, since pheontypically, I am of African descent. I think many of these ethnic classifications might be too narrowly defined, limiting ones ability to accurately document our very diverse human populations and ancestral origins. Never would I had thought to look in this direction until these [scientific] DNA results proved otherwise. Don't know if this YouTube link is allowed, but there is one clip where it shows these Black Bedouin Shepherds in Israel 74.229.102.208 (talk) 21:57, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It is not difficult to find images of Black Bedouins online. Al Mukalla, Yemen, 1946

https://www.prmprints.com/image/800343/seated-portrait-of-three-bedouin Bir Ali' well, Saudi Arabia. https://www.prmprints.com/image/800045/group-portrait-of-bedouin-boys
 * So why are there none on Wikipedia? 83.84.100.133 (talk) 22:19, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Bedouins are most definetely not black nor are they multi-ethnic in any sense. The Africans are not native to the middle east, they are primarly descended of black slaves via the arab slave trade. You also have no proof at ALL that black people have inhabbited these areas, black people have their origins in africa regardless of where they are living. Also that video is afrocentrist garbage with no historical basis at all.
 * Nowadays you could prove that with DNA testing. Also "Black people have their origins in Africa?" People have their origins in Africa. And they were Black in phenotype when they left Africa to populate Europe (Western Hunter Gatherers), North Africa (Iberomaurusians), the Middle East (Natufians), Arabia, India (Andamanese Islanders), East Asia, Papua New Guinea, Australia and Tasmania - between 50,000 and 35,000 years ago. 83.84.100.133 (talk) 22:19, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

 * How about the Queen of Sheba. Wasn't she Black? 86.186.93.14 (talk) 02:39, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Why is this article rated as "low-importance" in WikiProject Ethnic Groups?
What is the rationale for this rating? Jarble (talk) 16:55, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

Unrecognised villages
"As for the rest, they live in so-called unrecognized villages which are not officially recognized by the state due to general planning issues. They were built chaotically without taking into consideration local infrastructure." This is a truly impressive distortion. Of course everybody knows that they don't have local infrastructure because the state refuses to provide it. Zerotalk 03:51, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

"Ethnic" or "Ethnoreligious" Group?
The opening sentence has been changed fromsaying that the Bedouin are an ethnic group to an "ethnocultural" group. According to Wikipedia, the term ethnocultural refers to ethnoreligious groups - ethnic groups which share a religion. As far as I am aware, not all Bedouins are Muslim, so they should be labelled as an ethnic group. However, on the other hand, Christian Bedouins (and the wider Christian Arabs) tend to adopt different Christian/Western-based cultures compared to their ancient ancestors, so perhaps they don't count as Bedouins. In the latter case it would be accurate to label Bedouins as an ethnoreligious group.

No, Saudi Arabian Bedouins are not the same as African Bedouins, Central Asian Bedouin etc. Bedouin means nomad like any nomad it doesn't have any ethnic or racial value. Most people of Saudi Arabia are were Bedouins but all of them are settlers now. The national drees of Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait etc (Keffiyeh and thoub) is a Bedouin dress aka Arabian. It's only has ethnic meaning in Palestine/Israel, but even though the Bedoiuns there look different than those in Arabia and Arabian Bedouin who moved to the Levant. They probably came from to Palestine from Sinai, Egypt. (10/Feb/2019) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.166.158.189 (talk) 06:16, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

Population Numbers
The first two listings of population numbers (global and Sudan) seem to be inflated, particularly the Sudan statistic. Neither numbers are stated in the links given. Since Sudan has an Arab population of over 20 million, the given number indicates that nearly half of the Arab population in Sudan is considered Bedouin, which is an improbably high proportion when compared to other predominately Arab countries on the list. Additionally the total population should be a range of estimates rather than the probably inaccurate number listed here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.11.243.197 (talk) 07:36, 28 June 2015 (UTC)

Hawkwind
A bandmember of Hawkwind has a band called Bedouin but that is NOT mentioned on this page, like in " other pages" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPVSMFTG5cw quote album recorded by Bedouin http://www.last.fm/music/Bedouin

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.96.201.236 (talk) 10:43, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

Common culture joke?
So I read the intro, and then the first paragraph ended in this line:

They are traditionally divided into tribes, or clans (known in Arabic as ʿashāʾir; عَشَائِر) and share a common culture of herding camels and goats.

The author of this line then referred to a page that can't be viewed publicly.

Is this a joke? Reducing the culture to just camels and goats? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.19.13.229 (talk) 08:28, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Bedouin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110514135350/http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf to http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf
 * Added tag to http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847418880&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082421/http://www.abrahamfund.org/main/siteNew/index.php?page=115&action=sidLink&stId=903 to http://www.abrahamfund.org/main/siteNew/index.php?page=115&action=sidLink&stId=903
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928165539/http://brookdale-en1.pionet.com/files/word-documents/Abu_Basma_visit_highlights.doc to http://brookdale-en1.pionet.com/files/word-documents/Abu_Basma_visit_highlights.doc

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:31, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Bedouin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071026125647/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/7/the%20bedouin%20in%20israel to http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/7/the%20bedouin%20in%20israel

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:48, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

Bedouin in Central Asia

There is no evidence that these are Bedouin and the claimed source of these images is not the original source. I can find at least one of these in the Library of Congress collection where it is simply labeled "Meals of Central Asians" and states that the "Photograph shows eight men seated on blanket eating at entrance of tent." The one with a camel can be found here at another Library of Congress site. Both of these are from Turkestan from the same publication. Doug Weller talk 16:13, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I've changed the description on Commons. All copies of these almost certainly come from the same source. Doug Weller  talk 16:30, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

"The Ghost Photo"
I wanted to talk about the first picture on the right today because not much people can see the mistake or the "creepeness" in the photo.If you look at the bottom right area of the page, you will see a ghost like picture.I would like everyone including me to know what it is.I would also want it to be deleted because it is scary.It would be a pleasure if you did so.Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:1701:806F:A942:3650:9D54:C88A (talk) 03:57, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

What on earth are you talking about? 1.152.105.178 (talk) 23:51, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Bedouin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041223105052/http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/mgcbedu.html to http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/mgcbedu.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130524132006/http://www.orient-institut.org/English/researchProject.aspx?pageid=1923 to http://www.orient-institut.org/English/researchProject.aspx?pageid=1923
 * Added tag to http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CMRGI%2C%2CJOR%2C4954ce4ec%2C0.html
 * Added tag to http://bustan.org/Intl%20Perspectives%20on%20Indigenous%20Ed%20-%20Brous.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:13, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Bedouin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160804095533/https://nataliepeart.wordpress.com/2010/06/12/bedouin-hospitality-the-beauty-of-the-white-desert/ to http://nataliepeart.wordpress.com/2010/06/12/bedouin-hospitality-the-beauty-of-the-white-desert
 * Added tag to http://intercontinentalcry.org/peoples/bedouin
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151101163014/http://www.brendasjordan.com/about/general-information/bedouin/ to http://www.brendasjordan.com/about/general-information/bedouin

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:14, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Bedouin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=87211
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20001110005700/http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/focus/deserts/hittstr1.htm to http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/focus/deserts/hittstr1.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030842/http://www.jordanjubilee.com/meetfolk/maptribes.htm to http://www.jordanjubilee.com/meetfolk/maptribes.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:28, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Bedouin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140514141531/http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-travel-visiting-egypt-20130522-032,0,697845.photo to http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-travel-visiting-egypt-20130522-032,0,697845.photo

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:32, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Two conflicting etymologies
The very first paragraph gives one etymology, just to have different other provided in the following etymology section. -- 31.16.254.254 (talk) 14:00, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Not conflicting, just with the singular and plural mixed up. Eperoton (talk)

Issues with Israel and Palestine Section
A couple of issues in the Israel/Palestine section 1) This sentence “They are allotted child cash benefits, which has contributed to the high birthrate among the Bedouin (5% growth per year).” - Hopefully this doesn’t need much explanation. This is racist. Added "Citation needed" here but honestly it needs to be deleted. 2) The citation for the above selection comes from an evangelical Christian website whose express purpose is changing the target population’s religion. When the webpage starts with a “Percent Progress” for Christianity conversions, it is very difficult to imagine exactly how they are qualified to speak on any of these issues. Added "unreliable source" here. Recommend removing this source and all information attributed to it. 3) A lot of this section reads from the Israeli government administration/planning perspective. The reader gets one vague sentence about how the European Parliament called for more respect for the rights of the Bedouin people. I find this very one-sided because there is essentially nothing in this section that speaks from the Bedouin perspective. How do the Bedouin populations within Israel feel about urbanization and changing their way of life? Unfortunately, I am no expert in this field, but is there anybody else who is familiar with other potential sources and content we could use here?

Postaltoad (talk) 22:08, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

Religion
There is no section about religion. Eg What kind of Christianity do the Jordanian Christian Bedouins follow? What religious practices do the Sunni Bedouin follow, eg do they rest on Fridays? What is the practice for becoming engaged and what happens at a wedding? Can someone who has reliable information please create such a section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by FreeFlow99 (talk • contribs) 13:04, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Mistaken photo for Merzouga, Morocco
In the Maghreb section there's a picture of a man leading a camel caravan. Merzouga is a very touristic city, as are its sand dunes. I think the people riding the camels may be tourists. The nomads don't actually live at the sand dunes. BrianKovo (talk) 22:09, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bedouin


text:
User talk:Musicman~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 17:15, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Musicman. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Musicman~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:02, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:41, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Musicman~enwiki


text:
Planetfall

Planetfall is a science fiction themed interactive fiction video game written by Steve Meretzky, and published in 1983 as the eighth game from Infocom. The original release was for Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, TRS-80, and IBM PC compatibles (both as a self-booting disk and for MS-DOS). Atari ST and Commodore 64 versions were released in 1985. A version for CP/M was also released. Planetfall was Meretzky's first published game, and it proved one of his most popular works and a best-seller for Infocom. It was one of five top-selling games to be re-released in Solid Gold versions with in-game hints. Planetfall uses the Z-machine originally developed for Zork and was added as a bonus to the Zork Anthology.

The word planetfall is a portmanteau of planet and landfall, and occasionally used in science fiction to that effect. The book Planetfall written by Arthur Byron Cover, uses the game image on the cover, and is marketed "In the bestselling tradition of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy." A sequel, Stationfall, was released in 1987.

Plot
The game starts with the user assuming the role of a lowly Ensign Seventh Class on the S.P.S. Feinstein, a starship of the Stellar Patrol. Overbearing superior Ensign First Class Blather assigns the player to mop decks, not exactly the glorious adventures promised by the recruiters on Gallium. In the diary provided in the "feelies", the player is on the verge of deserting ship. But a sudden series of explosions aboard the ship sends the player scrambling for an escape pod, which eventually crash-lands on a nearby planet. There are signs of civilization, but curiously no traces of the beings that once lived there. Eventually encountering a helpful but childlike robot named Floyd, the player must unravel the mysteries of the single deserted structure on the planet, Resida, and find a way to get back home. As the fate of the planet's former inhabitants becomes clearer, a time limit also imposes itself.

The adventurer does not remain on S.P.S. Feinstein for long. Talking to the alien ambassador and performing the assigned task of scrubbing the floor don't accomplish much. Wandering to other parts of the ship merits demerits from Blather and an ultimately fatal run-in with the Brig unless the player returns to work. Soon, an explosion occurs and an escape pod door opens. The pod safety netting breaks the player's fall and an escape kit is produced, which proves critical to survival. With great exertion, the adventurer swims out of the pod and climbs up to a mysterious deserted base.

By putting together various clues, slowly the player realizes that the nearly uninhabited island is in fact one of the last remaining landmasses on a planet on the verge of destruction. A deadly plague for which no cure existed threatened to kill off all inhabitants of the world. The inhabitants initiated a planetwide project to place everyone under suspended animation while automated systems of robots and computers worked towards finding a cure. Once the cure was found, the inhabitants could be revived.

By the time the player arrives, it is clear that the project is on the edge of success, but the planet itself is on the verge of destruction. The planetary orbit has decayed, leading to massive global warming and an enormous rise in the oceanic levels. Meteorites bombard the planet with ferocious intensity, and the project to find a cure for the plague is itself threatened by the failure of the main computer and repair systems. Adding to the challenge is the fact that some of the puzzles are not solvable. Determining which ones are impossible and avoiding even trying is essential.

Early on in the game, the player finds what at first appears to be the only remaining inhabitant of the island: Floyd, a childish yet endearing robot. He is both a constant source of comic relief (e.g. "Oh, boy! Are we going to try something dangerous?" when the player saves the game in his presence), and also critical in advancing the plotline. Once Floyd realizes that the ProjCon repair robot (aptly named Achilles) is non-functional, and that the Project is close to completion, he performs the ultimate sacrifice and gives his life to retrieve the vital Miniaturization Card from the Bio-lab (the mutants within kill the player if he tries to get it himself). As Floyd lies dying, the player sings the "Ballad of the Starcrossed Miner" to him (itself an allusion to the earlier Infocom game Starcross).

The adventurer then uses the Miniaturization Booth to access malfunctioning Relay Station #384 and repairs the main computer by removing an offending speck of dust with a laser. After defeating a giant microbe, the adventurer is informed that the primary Miniaturization Booth is malfunctioning and is rerouted to the Auxiliary Booth. Unfortunately, this puts a room full of mutants between the player and the endgame.

With a biomask and the help of the Laboratory's poison gas system, the player makes it through the Bio-lab but emerges with the mutants on his tail. However, the adventurer makes it to the Cryo-Elevator which is hidden behind a mural. The elevator takes the adventurer to a secret room where the survivors of the infection were cryogenically frozen, just as the entire facility staff is reanimated by the antidote discovered by the ProjCon Computer. The adventurer is proclaimed a hero, Floyd is repaired, and Blather is demoted.

There are 41 ways to die. The adventurer must sleep in a Dormitory each night and eat when hungry. Taking more than a few days causes the adventurer to succumb to the infection which apparently has ravaged the facility unless the antidote is obtained at the underground site. But even taking the antidote only buys a little time as the planet is nearing its sun. To achieve the optimum ending, the adventurer also must repair the three Planetary systems: the Communications System, the Planetary Defense System, and the Course Control System.

Release
The game included the following physical items:
 * 1) A Stellar Patrol "Special Assignment Task Force" ID card (about the size and shape of a credit card). The ID number printed on the card is the telephone number of MIT's student newspaper, The Tech, which was in the way of a prank by Meretzky.
 * 2) Three interstellar postcards
 * 3) A Stellar Patrol recruiting manual, "Today's Stellar Patrol: Boldly Going Where Angels Fear to Tread"
 * 4) A short diary kept by the player's character (in the Solid Gold release, an in-game object included in the player's starting inventory rather than the packaging)

Reception
Softline stated that "the puzzles are good; the character of Floyd is great". The magazine stated that the "game is excellent", but criticized the ending as "unabashed adolescent wish fulfillment ... more like a fairy tale". In 1984 the magazine's readers named the game the tenth most-popular Apple program of 1983. Computer Gaming World called Floyd's role as sidekick "unique" and hoped that future games would add such innovations. It stated that Planetfall was "another excellent adventure" for text-adventure fans, and a good place to start for those new to interactive fiction. Creative Computing wrote that Planetfall "is as remarkable, funny, perplexing, and entertaining a game as you are likely to find anywhere." It praised Floyd as "the most imaginative and cleverly written part of the entire game, Floyd, besides being hysterically funny through most of the adventure, evokes in the player of Planetfall authentic feelings of affection and attachment."

Steve Meretzky stated that Floyd "was the result of research into how an artificially intelligent mind might work". The Boston Globe in 1984 described the robot as "the most popular Infocom character". Planetfall has been described as "still lovingly remembered", and parts have been described as "transcendent", including Floyd's death. Meretzky claims that "numerous players" have told him that they cried over the death of Floyd. Softline wrote, "You don't feel like this very often. Maybe after you've read Charlotte's Web. Maybe when they shot Bambi's mother. Maybe when Raskolnikov got religion in the Siberian slave labor camp. But this scene is from a computer game. A game!" A game developers round table on GEnie concluded that Floyd's death was a sad moment that could make someone cry. Floyd's death has been described as directly evoking the player's emotions because the story and gameplay are aligned. The death of Floyd has been described as changing the game to an "evocative theatrical experience" after which "the player feels lonely and bereaved." The memory of Floyd's death remains with players for years and is remembered as a direct experience. Floyd's death "convey[ed] a sense of wonder at the unexpected and touching quality of the gesture." The scene has been described as a minor milestone toward computer games as an expressive narrative art. Game designer Raph Koster feels that Floyd's death is "cheating" because it occurs in a cut scene.

Reviews

 * The V.I.P. of Gaming Magazine #3 (April/May, 1986)

Legacy
In February 1992, a remake of Planetfall (プラネットフォール) was developed and published by Japanese software development company SystemSoft for the NEC PC-9801, over eight-and-a-half years after the original Planetfall. There are differences in this enhanced remake: the game recognizes verb commands typed in kana (Japanese syllable system) or Latin alphabet. For convenience, some of the most common verb commands (Look, Take, etc.) can be accessed by pressing a corresponding button, but the player still has to type the name of an object. This remake also helps the player to interact with the environment by displaying a list of objects after the player has typed a command. Also, unlike the original, the remake contains enhanced graphics; every location has a unique background picture, on which the text is super-imposed, like in the PC-9801 version of Zork I and Enchanter.

title: Planetfall


text:
User talk:R.L.Kennedy

Please use the Sandbox and validate all of your links before posting. Some of your changes have been reverted due to grammer and invalid links.

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Welcome
Welcome, RLK! Glad to see that you've signed up. The bio detail that you've put on this page is normally put on your User:R.L.Kennedy page, and this page is where people leave comments or chat (but really, anything goes).

Sounds as if you've got a lot to add about the CPR, but be very aware that information on these pages is released through the GNU FDL, so if the information on your website is copyrighted, then don't copy it here.

There is a vast amount of detail to learn about Wikipedia, and if you want a tutorial, then just ask User talk:Noisy, but I found that it was more fun to explore by myself. However, just a few basic tips ...

Use ~ to append your name and the time, but just three tildas for your name only. around text will stop it being interpreted. Play around with your 'preferences' to change the way that your screen is displayed. And finally ... I recommend that you use the 'Show preview' button as a matter of habit before saving your edits.

Noisy 15:48, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Copyvio
A article you have started some time ago, Canadian Locomotive Company, has been marked as Copyvio. Please do not sumbit copyrighted texts or images on Wikipedia without permission. You may want to consider rewriting an original article on its temporary page instead. :) - Mailer Diablo 18:02, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Or, if you have permission to republish the content, please say so on the article's talk page so we can resolve the problem. Thanks! slambo 22:09, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

Amtrak routes
Hi RL, would you please take a peek at the controversy at WikiProject Trains/Strategy, I would appreciate your feedback on this - I'll be willing to go with whatever consensus emerges there. Cheers Fawcett5 21:20, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 15:07, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Canadian Pacific Railway
I am certainly no expert on Canadian railroads, I'm not even Canadian, and you may well be correct about the length of the lease by which the CPR acquired the New Brunswick Railway. I don't appear to have access to the 1891 statute you mention in your edit summary. But the two authorities (both of them obscure, to be sure) that I did find both say that the lease between the CPR and the NBR is 990 years. The court decision I cited states that Woodstock Railway Company "was amalgamated with other companies to form the New Brunswick and Canada Railway Co. which leased all its railroad and assets to the New Brunswick Railway Co. for 999 years" but unless I am missing something, this lease (dated July 1, 1882, according to the court) is not the lease to which the article refers. The other source I found is an obscure 1912 directory called The Financial Review, which again refers to a "990-year lease of 1890".. Best,--Arxiloxos (talk) 00:07, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

The link originally did not work for me and therefore I resorted to Dorman (the ultimate authority of railway corporate and legal history.) It is quite possible 990 is correct but certainly 99 never was. CPR has a very complicated history in the east where much of its lines were acquired through other corporations and leases etc. The link here works and a quick read shows your 990 years. Since this legal case was more recent it may well have uncovered the correct length of the lease. If you wish to edit the text back to 990 I won't argue with you but, 99 is not a choice. Thanks for your interest. R.L.Kennedy (talk) 21:38, 23 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Again, I disclaim any expertise as to Canadian railroading; that page is on my watchlist because I had once tracked a vandal there from somewhere else, and I was looking at the detail at issue here because, like you, I doubted the 99 year term (which was inserted by a different editor). Best,--Arxiloxos (talk) 22:49, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:R.L.Kennedy


text:
Weil der Stadt

Weil der Stadt is a town of about 19,000 inhabitants in the Stuttgart Region of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is about 30 km west of Stuttgart city centre, in the valley of the River Würm, and is often called the "Gate to the Black Forest".

Name
The name Weil derives from the Latin word villa, an estate or manor. The suffix die Stadt (the town) was added to distinguish Weil from various nearby villages of the same name, such as Weil im Dorf and Weil im Schönbuch. The modern name is unusual in that it contains the dative article der rather than the nominative article die. This quirk arose because place names typically come after prepositions that govern the dative case in German, such as in or aus. The Roman origins of the town are immortalized in its coat of arms, which features the motto SPQR.

History
The village of Wile was first mentioned in 1075, and described as the property of the famous abbey of Hirsau. Weil der Stadt became a Free Imperial City in the 13th century, but had existed for centuries before as an important trading place.

The city was completely destroyed during the Thirty Years' War in 1648 but was subsequently rebuilt, and is still dominated by buildings from this period. The city's fortifications have survived largely intact, with city walls, gates, and several towers.

Weil der Stadt is best known as the birthplace of the astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), and it bears the unofficial title of Keplerstadt, or Kepler town. Another famous son is the Protestant reformer Johannes Brenz (1499–1570). Due to its surroundings and attractive cityscape, dominated by the church steeple of St. Peter and Paul, Weil der Stadt is a popular destination for excursions in the Stuttgart region.

Events
Weil der Stadt is a stronghold of traditional carnival, which is celebrated with a parade in the city centre. In contrast to the carnival in the Rhineland, the carnival in Weil der Stadt, called Fasnet, is based on Alemannic traditions, shared by various towns in southwestern Germany and Switzerland.

Weil der Stadt escaped destruction in World War II when a French artillery barrage was called off in honour of it being Kepler's birthplace.

Notable people

 * Heinrich Steinhöwel (ca. 1410 - 1479), German doctor, humanist, translator and writer.
 * Paul Scriptoris (ca. 1460 – 1505), a German Franciscan mathematician and Scotist
 * Johannes Brenz (1499–1570), Lutheran theologian and the Protestant Reformer.
 * Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.
 * Joseph Anton Gall (1748–1807), the Bishop of Linz from 1788 to 1807.
 * Adolph Schoeninger (1833–1900), American businessman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; owned Western Wheel Works which manufactured bicycles

title: Weil der Stadt


text: Category:Redwood County, Minnesota

title: Category:Redwood County, Minnesota


text:
Peneda-Gerês National Park

The Peneda-Gerês National Park (Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, ), also known simply as Gerês, is a national park located in northern Portugal. Created in May 1971, it is the oldest protected area and the only national park in Portugal. It covers an area of 695.9 sqkm, occupying the Districts of Viana do Castelo, Braga, and Vila Real and bordering the Spanish Baixa Limia – Serra do Xurés natural park to the north, with which forms the UNESCO biosphere reserve of Gerês-Xurés.

Peneda-Gerês was given its name by its two main granite massifs, the Serra da Peneda and the Serra do Gerês which, with the Serra Amarela and the Serra do Soajo, constitute the park's highest peaks. On the other hand, the precipitous valleys, crossed by high flowing streams, host lush temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of oak and pine, being one of the last strongholds of the typical Atlantic European flora of Portugal, contrasting with an evolving Mediterranean biome. The park is also home to around 220 vertebrate species, some only native to the Iberian Peninsula including the threatened Pyrenean desman, Iberian frog, or gold-striped salamander.

The area now occupied by the park has had a long human history, reflected by its countless megalithic structures and Roman remains. Presently it is home to around 9,000 people scattered throughout small villages.

The aims of the park are to protect the soil, water, flora, fauna, and landscape, while preserving its value to the existent human and natural resources.

History
Probably due to the inhospitality of the Gerês Mountains, the oldest signs of human presence date only from 6000 BC to 3000 BC; dolmens and other megalithic tombs remain interspersed within the region, including near Castro Laboreiro and Mourela. Human activities consisted of animal husbandry and incipient agriculture, and archaeological evidence points to the beginning of a decrease in forest cover.

The Roman Geira, a Roman road, which formerly connected the Roman civitates of Asturica Augusta and Braccara Augusta, crossed what is now the park. Long stretches of the road along the Homem River are still preserved, as are several Roman bridges and numerous millenarium markers. The Germanic tribe of the Buri accompanied the Suebi in their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and establishment in Gallaecia (modern northern Portugal and Galicia). The Buri settled in the region between the Cávado and Homem rivers, in the area later known as Terras de Bouro (Land of the Buri). The move from the terraced cliffs and slopes to the lowland river valleys brought-on a patterned of new deforestation.

The reoccupation of mountain areas started in the 12th century, intensifying in the 16th century with the introduction of maize, beans, and potatoes from the Americas. Agricultural fields occupied former pastures, and these were displaced to more elevated areas resulting in a mosaic of fields, pastures, and forests.

The reforestation of uncultivated lands, imposed by the government in 1935, reduced the available pastures, and contributed to a rural exodus that continued after the 1950s. Yet it was still common practice for the residents of mountain communities to spend part of the year in two locations, primarily near Castro Laboreiro. From about Easter to about Christmas, residents would live in homes over 1,000 m above sea level, known as branda (from the Portuguese brando, meaning 'mild' or 'gentle'). In the remaining part of the year, these inhabitants would occupy homes in the river valley, known as inverneira (from the Portuguese inverno, meaning 'winter').

In 1970, the village of Vilarinho das Furnas was flooded with the construction of a dam on the Homem River. During years with low rainfall, the village ruins stands above the water, attracting a considerable number of tourists.

The creation of the national park (completed under decree no. 187/71, 8 May 1971) envisioned a planning area of mountainous spaces, in order to conserve the environment, while permitting human and natural resource activities, which would include educational, touristic and scientific projects. At heart is the conservation of soils, water, flora and fauna, in addition to the preservation of landscapes within the vast mountainous region in the northwest of Portugal.

In 1997, Peneda-Gerês was included in the Natura 2000 network, and in 1999, designated a Special Protection Area for Wild Birds. Moreover, it also encompasses an important area of natural forest, which forms part of the European Network of Biogenetic Reserves, and is recognized as a national park by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In 2007, it was accepted in the PAN Parks network that certifies the quality protected areas, according to rigorous criteria of nature conservation, cultural services and sustainability.

Geography
The Peneda-Gerês National Park is located in the northwest of Portugal, extending through the municipalities of Melgaço, Arcos de Valdevez and Ponte da Barca (in the district of Viana do Castelo), Terras de Bouro (district of Braga), and Montalegre (district of Vila Real). The park includes an area of 702.90 km2, of which 52.75 km2 are public lands, 194.38 km2 are private property and the remaining 455.77 km2 are commons.

Physical geography

The park is a vast amphitheatre-shaped space sculpted during the Variscan orogeny by geological forces, wind and water, and extends from the Castro Laboreiro to the Mourela plateaus, encompassing the Serra da Peneda, Serra do Soajo, Serra Amarela and the Serra do Gerês. These form a barrier between the ocean plains to its west and the plateaus in the east. The highest peaks are Peneda (1340 m), Soajo (1430 m), Amarelo (1350 m), Gerês (1545 m) and Altar dos Cabrões (1,538 m) located on the border with Galicia, continuing into this territory as part of the Serra do Xurés. The granitic rocks that dominate this shield were deposited during the process of continental collision that brought together the lower Iberian peninsula with Europe, between 380 million and 275 million years; the oldest of them, at Amarela, date from 310 million years ago. The most extensive of the granitic rocks that occur within the park are the Peneda-Gerês pluton which is an exposed relief that became exposed around 290-296 Ma by the Gerês-Lovios fault. Sedimentary layers laid down between 435 and 408 Ma (Silurian epoch) were deformed and metamorphosed into schists, greywackes and quartzites (such as in the area of Castro Laboreiro). Also, dykes and sills formed from quartz and aplite-pegmatites were mineralized resulting in tin, tungsten, molybdenum and gold (which would become the focus of mining in the human era, at the now-closed mines of Carris and Borrageiro). Generally, the lithological structures can be divided into three layers:
 * Gerês granite structures - includes Gerês, Paufito, Carris, Borrageiro and Tieiras, and is composed of special mineralogical and geochemical intrusions that occurred through third phase of Hercynian faults, caused by a differentiating of basic magmas. The terrain in these regions include a vigorous relief, a rounded granite petrography, such as in the Serra da Peneda;
 * older granite structures - includes a very heterogeneous group of Mezio, Soajo, Serra Amarela, Linhoso, Parada, Tourém, Pedrada e Ermida, Germil, Sezelhe and Frades, with a texture and composition that quite variable, from the crustal fusion of various materials with surface contamination;
 * sedimentary formations - includes sediments deposited in Silurian waters and metamorphosed during the Devonian period, as well as carbon and more recent sediments, resulting during the Quaternary. The first group includes principally schists and quartz-feldspar, greywackes and quartzites with meta-crystals, such as andalusite, cordierite and sillimanite. These sedminentary deposits are prominently preserved in two linear patches: Vale das Antas and Louriça, near Castro Laboreiro, between two granite structures. The most recent geological formations are those created by fluvial, torrential and glacial deposits.

During the Pleistocene (approximately 1.8 to 0.001 Ma ago) climatic variations resulted in an extension of glacial fields to the mid-latitudes. While there are no remnants of glaciers now, their Ice Age products (U-shaped valleys, moraines, glacial deposits, polished and natural granite surfaces) are identified in the Serra da Peneda, Serra do Soajo and Serra do Gerês mountain ranges. The principal watersheds that cross the park are those of the Minho (occupying 2% of the park), Lima (47.8%) and Cávado (50.2%), with brooks and waterfalls common on many of the mountain slopes, in addition to several secondary tributaries (such as the Homem, Rabagão, Castro Laboreiro, and Arado rivers). The Lima cuts across the PNPG east to west, while the Cávado serves the southern limits of the districts of Vila Real and Braga. Fractures in the landscape have confined the rivers to deep, straight valleys and are visible in the younger granite outcrops visible in the uncovered higher altitudes. Owing to the number tributaries, the construction of hydroelectrical dams has been undertaken to generate electricity across six locations: Alto Rabagão, Paradela, Caniçada, Vilarinho da Furna, Touvedo and Lindoso.

Soils within the elevated terrains and inclined spaces are non-existent, while the valleys are rich and deep, deposited and transported by pluvial action. These strata are textured, permeable, easily worked, albeit with a weak consistency, and marked by the peculiarities of local agriculture. The incorporation of biomass and elevated precipitation, along with the low autumn-winter temperatures give an origin to the alterations in pH levels. The elevated levels of incompletely decomposed organic material, low in phosphorus and intermittently low/high in potassium, are subject of alluvial deposition.

Climate
The region of the Parque Nacional Peneda Gerês falls within a transitional zone between the Atlantic and Mediterranean environments, and is influenced by various climatic systems: Atlantic, Mediterranean and Continental. Its climate is greatly influenced by the topography; the mountains exert a barrier effect to the passage of hot and wet air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in elevated precipitation throughout the year.

It falls in a part of Portugal (and Europe) that is affected by extreme rainfall, obtaining precipitation levels of 3200 millimetres per year on higher altitudes, and 1600 millimetres at lower altitudes, with more than 130 rainy days per year. Average daily high temperatures range from 10 °C to 21 °C, with some variation; the high lands have an average high temperature of about 11 °C, ranging from 4 to 20 °C, one of the few places in Portugal with an oceanic climate, while areas in the valleys (such as the Homem, Lima and Cávado river valleys) have warmer climates, with daily max temperatures ranging from 12 to 28 °C (with an average of 20 °C), transitioning into a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate. Consequently, the area is prone to various micro-climates, affected by variations in altitude, topographic characteristics, human occupation, different exposures and thermal variation. Similarly, this difference has resulted in an interchange of vegetation characteristic of Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian and Alpine environments.

Biome
Rivas-Martinez defined the foothills of both the Serra do Gerês and the Serra da Cabreira (lands below the Tâmega, Ave and Cávado watersheds) as the frontier between the Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean regions, granting a significant floral and phytogeographic importance to the National Park.

Flora
Biomass coverage of the Serra do Gerês, Serra Amarela, Serra do Peneda and Serra do Soajo, as well as the Mourela and Castro Laboreiro plateaus, are dominated by four distinct biomes: oak forest, shrubbery, marshes and riparian vegetation.

The floristic diversity includes 823 vascular taxa that occur in 128 types of natural vegetation. The oak forests which are common throughout the park, are especially concentrated in the Ramiscal, Peneda, Gerês and Beredo river valleys. These forested areas are dominated by an alliance between the Pyrenean (Quercus pyrenaica) and European (Quercus robur) oaks, which themselves are differentiated among the lower altitudes and exposed flanks (the Rusceto-Quercetum roboris) and those of typical Atlantic environments (Myretillo-Quercetum roboris). The first association is commonly found with European oak (Quercus rober), cork oak (Quercus suber), butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and Portuguese laurel (Prunus lusitanica), while the second association unites the European and Pyrenean oaks with bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) and European holly (Ilex aquifolium). In upper altitudes there are patches of European oak that enter into their own association (Holco-Quercetum pyrenacia), which is integrated into another group (Quericon robri-patraea). These oaks have been, over the course of human settlement, the object of intense use, resulting in a general degradation of the spaces into nothing more than shrubbery.

The bush and shrublands, which characterize the remainder of the spaces (74% of the park), are dominated by dwarf (Ulex minor) and European (Ulex europaeus) gorse and heather (Erica umbellata and Calluna vulgaris), with a mixtures of common juniper (Juniperus communis), southern heather (Erica australis) in the upper altitudes, while lower altitude bush includes cross-leaved heather (Erica tetralix), dwarf gorse (Ulex minor), Dorset heath (Erica ciliaris), common sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), pale butterwort (Pinguicula lusitanica), marsh violet (Viola palustris) and purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea).

Riparian and marshlands along the river courses are also sites of rare species of chain ferns (Woodwardia radicans), willow (Salix repens), downy birch (Betula pubescens), deciduous shrubs (Spiraea hypericifolia), Portuguese enchanter's nightshade (Circaea lusitanica) and angelica herbs (Angelica laevis).

There are 627 flora species identified by Serra and Carvalho (1989) as under pressure and considered endangered, which included two medicinal plants: tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum) and sundew (Drosera rotundifolia). Based on the protection list of botanical species, and UICN categories: 18 are considered in risk of extinction, 17 are vulnerable and one is rare. They also identified two species as extinct within the park boundaries: a geranium (Geranium lanuginosum) and fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea). There are three endemic species. Those factors that have been identified that threaten these habitats include: natural and manmade fires, use of forest for fuel wood and agricultural use of habitats.

Fauna
Many of the studies conducted on the species that inhabitant the park have been concentrated in the area of Matas de Albergaria/Palheiros, traditionally identified as the "heart" of the park. Work by the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Porto and University of Minho have concentrated on a few mammals (Pyrenean desman, European otter, roe deer, and wild boar), reptiles and fish. These studies looked into the numbers of species and factors influencing their habitats.

Approximately 235 vertebrate species were identified within the boundaries of the park, of which 200 are threatened or under protection. These include three species of bat under pressure (of the eight that exist): greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) and Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinoloplus euryale). Other species of particular importance: the Iberian shrew (Sorex granarius), the European pine marten (Martes martes), the European wildcat (Felis silvestris), the gold-striped salamander (Chioglossa lusitanica) and the snub-nosed viper (Vipera latastei). A few of the local species are protected by the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. The red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) whose habitat is restricted and marginal in continental Portugal, is another species that is common to the park. After four centuries absent from Portuguese territory, its population began to be recorded in 1985–1986, in Viana do Castelo. There were also registered sightings in Albergaria, Lamas de Mouro and Serra da Paneda, while comparable encounters in Spain were identified across the border. Roe deer, which are a symbol of the park are encountered in prolific quantity, along the margins of the park, where they find shelter and food.

Meanwhile, other mammals, such as the population of Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) have collapsed with human encroachment, while the number of exemplars are limited. Along with the golden eagle, the wolf was seen as a threat to livestock, and was almost hunted to extinction, although protected by law since the end of the 20th century. Brown bears disappeared from the region in the 17th century, and the extinct Portuguese ibex (Capra pyrenaica lusitanica), locally known as Gerês goat, was last seen in the 1890s. More than a century later, its vacant ecological niche was reoccupied naturally by Spanish ibex coming from Galicia, and their population numbered about 100 animals by 2011.

Worthy of mention are the Garrano (or Minho horse), a breed of small equine species who were ancestors of the Galician pony and Andalusian horse, which mostly live in the wild, but are a gentle breed with no significant fear of humans. For a long time these horses permeated the farms of Vilarinho das Furnas (before it was inundated with the dam's construction), but later began to freely move between the Portuguese-Spanish border after 1979. There are 147 avian species that are associated with the Peneda-Gerês park, especially along the Mourela region in the southern part of its frontier. In this region, although it might vary throughout the year (given climate and season), approximately 36 species make their nests in the area. Of particular note in this park are the: hen harrier (Circus cyaneus), European honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), common snipe (Gallinago gallinago), red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella), garden warbler (Sylvia borin) and whinchat (Saxicola rubetra). For the winchat, the area of Mourela is the unique nesting ground in Portugal, while the red-backed shrike and yellowhammer are limited to Castro Laboreiro plateau and northern corners of the park.

Also important to highlight is the gold-striped salamander (Chioglossa lusitanica) a species endemic to the northwest Iberian peninsula, typically associated with mountainous areas with elevated precipitation.

The waters of the park teem with various species, often called "Rios truteiros" (Trout Rivers) for the abundance of trout. Although stocks have diminished, the salmon populations still spawns in the rivers of the park.

Species well represented in the biotopes of Peneda-Gerês include:
 * Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus), commonly restricted to northern portions of the Iberian Peninsula and French Pyrenees;
 * European otter (Lutra lutra), a carnivore well adapted to waters of the park, but in decline throughout Europe, it inhabits the watercourses and uses the banks for shelter;
 * Iberian emerald lizard (Lacerta schreiberi), endemic to the western portions of the Iberian peninsula, it inhabits mountainous river valleys, where it is protected by vegetation;
 * Iberian frog (Rana iberica), common to Portugal, northwestern Iberia, and mountainous lands

Ecoregions, zoning and management plan
The 1971 classification of Peneda-Gerês as a national park came from a group of rules/requirements established to allow: the prudent use of the park's resources, preservation of existing flora and fauna species, allowing for the continued cohabitation, while providing an environment for scientific, educational and touristic investigation. These specified:

 * Areas of Natural Environments (Áreas de Ambiente Natural), these were defined in 1991 into three zones:
 * Integrated reserves: to preserve habitats and natural elements that were unique, vulnerable, rare, threatened or representative;
 * Partial reserves: to allow conservation and environmental interpretation;
 * Complementary areas: a transition zones between natural and rural environments.
 * Freshwater Environments (Ambientes Dulçaquícolas): to provide means of management and conservation that would allow the constant preservation of existing water-based environments. The park is located within mountainous granite geomorphology, characterized by narrow watercourses, irregular inclines and unmineralized, highly oxygenated, semi-acidic, cold waters, which are the base of the ecosystem. Its importance, therefore, resulted in three-level classification of freshwater environments characterized by the natural resources that existed, and those activities which were permitted in each environment.
 * Sites of Ornithological Interest (Sítios de Interesse Orintológico): areas identified for avian species conservation were prepared by Neves et al.

In 2011 a new management plan was published for Peneda-Gerês NP defining 5 levels of protection: total protection area, partial protection areas (levels I and II) and complementary protection areas (levels I and II). This management plan was based on a combination of biodiversity conservation and wilderness protection approaches. The plan was based on an up-to-date synthesis of all information and literature available about the protected area.

Human geography
Although there has been variable growth throughout the Norte region, there has been a general population decrease in those administrative units that fell within the Peneda-Gerês National Park (1981–1991), in the municipalities of Melgaço (-16.8%), Arcos de Valdevez (-13.4%), Ponte da Barca(-6.1%), Terras de Bouro (-7.2%), and Montalegre (-20.3%). There was a population of 9,099 according to the 1991 census, a 16% decrease from the 10,849 registered in 1981. There are no positive-negative variations between civil parishes; of those civil parishes that fell within the PNPG authority, their populations dropped from 0.8% (Vilar da Veiga) to 38.6% (Sezelhe).

These residents are concentrated primarily in various agglomerations: small nuclei separated from each other; an extension of buildings located along roadways; some isolated groups; constructions along agricultural roads in pasturelands; and three or more homes isolated by pastures. Consequently, there are six homogeneous zones:
 * Castro Laboreiro and Rio Laboreiro Valley - consisting of small agglomerations separated by short distances. It was still common practice for the residents of mountain communities to spend part of the year in two locations, primarily near Castro Laboreiro. From about Easter to about Christmas, residents would live in homes above 1,000 m above sea level, known as branda (from the Portuguese brando, meaning mild or gentle). In the remaining part of the year, these inhabitants would occupy homes in the river valley, known as inverneira (from the Portuguese Inverno, meaning winter);
 * Serras da Peneda and Serras do Soajo - small pastoral agglomerations, with different summer and winter residences;
 * Lima Valley and Serra Amarela - where the Lima Valley consists of two or more agglomerations connected by lines of residences between them, while in the Serra Amarela populations are concentrated in isolated pockets;
 * Gerês Valley - development of tourism, around the Caniçada Dam and Thermal baths, resulted in uncontrolled re-construction, re-modelling and expansion of existing residences, although there already existed a tendency for expansion along the avenues and accessways along the valley;
 * Cabril-Gerês - steep areas along the River Cávado and Salamonde Dam, where buildings are concentrated along the accessways, and Cabril River, with pasturelands located between agglomerations;
 * Mourela/Barroso Plateau - extending south, southeast and southwest, the plateau is a series of agglomerations, connected by avenues of built-up occupation. The expansion of Várzea, owing to the construction of the Paradela Dam, resulted in the reduction of cultivatable lands, meadows and marshes.

Some of the villages in the high lands are located near the arable lands. Terraces, built to make better use of these scarce lands, and traditional houses, with granite walls and thatch roofs, shape the landscape with an indelible, harmonious, human mark in some of the most isolated villages such as Pitões das Júnias and Ermida.

Research
Over the last 50 years, the Peneda-Gerês National Park has been one of the most important sites for ecological research in Portugal, but also for other natural and social sciences. A number of studies have been conducted from the Peneda Field Station in Castro Laboreiro run by Prof. Henrique M. Pereira. These studies have looked at patterns of species diversity at multiple scales and their response to the habitat composition of the landscape and multiple land-uses. They have also documented a new moth species for science in 2015, Isotrias penedana.

Economy
The primary economic sector dominates the activities of residents that live within the park's territory. Although agricultural activity remains difficult, it still out-paces secondary and tertiary activities which, apart from the Terras de Bouro and Ponte da Barca, have been insignificant. The inaccessibility and diminished exterior investment potential, has concentrated those activities in the region primarily in the exploration of forestry, the support of hydro-electrical generation and tourism. But this too is limited; tourism is concentrated generally in the vicinity of Caldas do Gerês, hydro-electrical transmission has not affected the local economy, and along with forestry, has not seen an appreciable re-investment or re-capitalization of wealth (with income generated transferred outside the local market).

The primary sector, although the largest contributor, is subsistence at best: supported by an ageing (mostly female) population; individual parcels are small and over-subdivided; producers that support familial or local clients; a production that is primarily concentrated on personal consumption; poor commercial networks; and physical and social isolation, with limited educational supports. Between 60 and 70% of the production is supported by subsidies.

Industrial activities in the civil parishes within the park are poorly diversified and support familial businesses. Civil construction, although one of the larger economic supporters, has little effect on local incomes, since a majority of the employed come from outside the region. Although there are a few larger operations (bread-making, construction and saw-milling/carpentry) most are small owner-operators, that support local consumption or occasional sales. Frequently, artisanal producers have disappeared, and have not been replaced by mass-produced or comparable vendors.

Similarly, tertiary activities are limited small operators; commonly poorly diversified, dominated by commercial establishments and focused on local consumption, they are operated by families and do not generate much in employment. Cafés and restaurants, are a good example of entrepreneurship, with many dotting the settlement landscape of the park's limits, primarily in the area of Gerês. Other service sector activities are concentrated within the urbanized municipal seats and larger villages, with many of the more dynamic nuclei the centre of postal services, banks, posts for the G.N.R. or health centres.

Barroso Agro-sylvo-pastoral System
In 2018 the Barroso Agro-sylvo-pastoral System (BASP) where trees are cultivated alongside crops was amongst the first European sites designated as 'Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System' (GIAHS) by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. The BASP is integrated into the Peneda-Gerês National Park as it is farming in harmony with nature. Of the 57 GIAHS that existed in the world 2018, only six were designated in Europe. The autochthonous Barrosã cattle with long curved horns, which can grow well over 100 cm in length. The animals graze freely on traditional pastures and marshes in conditions that are ideal for their welfare. The cattle enjoy a purity of nature that is characteristic of these places, contributing greatly to the preservation and biodiversity of the landscape as well as to the rural economic sustainability. Barrosã cattle have been extensively studied because of their ancient genetic heritage.

Tourism
The park tries to simultaneously encourage and control tourism, since the park's nature would not resist a massive flow of tourists. Accordingly, there are six small camping sites and several hikingtrails are marked, making it relatively easy to find many of the most interesting spots, such as the castros at Castro Laboreiro and Calcedónia and the monastery at Pitões das Júnias. The trail at Mézio as a particular concern in describing some of the local features.

Locations near the few major roads are the most visited. Many of them are related to the religiousness of the people in northern Portugal namely the shrines at Senhora da Peneda and São Bento da Porta Aberta. Others, such as Soajo and Lindoso, display small, traditional granaries built of granite, the espigueiros (from the Portuguese espiga, meaning spike/ear)). Soajo is a typical Portuguese village, located on one of the slopes of Peneda Mountains. The 24 espigueiros were erected on a granite slab and are still used today for drying corn.

Some of the two most known and visited features are the many waterfalls, including the one near the old frontier station at Portela do Homem, and the Vilarinho das Furnas village, whenever the Vilarinho das Furnas Dam is low enough, and the cascades along the Arado river.

The domestic animals also deserve being noted. The autochthonous Barrosã and the smaller Cachena cattle, used in agriculture, is nowadays endangered because it is losing its utility; as is also the Castro Laboreiro dog, a hunting dog.

title: Peneda-Gerês National Park


text:
2000 South Antrim by-election

Clifford Forsythe, the Ulster Unionist Party Member of Parliament for South Antrim, died on 27 April 2000; as result, a by-election was held in the constituency on 21 September 2000.

Candidates
The election arose after the Good Friday Agreement, with prisoner releases having started, but before the pro-agreement parties had reached an agreement on the shape of a devolved government. After a disputatious selection contest, the London-based public relations executive David Burnside was selected as the new Ulster Unionist Party candidate. Burnside claimed to have supported the Agreement at the time of its negotiation but to have since turned against the way in which it was being implemented. However this was at odds with his party's policy. This was seized upon by the Democratic Unionist Party candidate, former Mid-Ulster MP Rev. William McCrea in campaigning. McCrea campaigned on a policy of refusal to co-operate with Sinn Féin in the absence of progress on arms decommissioning.

The Northern Ireland Unionist Party initially selected Norman Boyd, who was a local member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (elected as a member of the United Kingdom Unionist Party). However, during the campaign Boyd withdrew, urging voters not to divide the anti-agreement vote, and supported McCrea. Although the Progressive Unionist Party had secured 8.7% of the vote at the previous general election, they did not stand on this occasion.

The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland selected David Ford, who was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the area and who had previously fought the seat in the 1997 general election. With all the Unionist candidates opposed to the Good Friday Agreement to some degree, Ford hoped to gain the support of pro Agreement unionist voters. However, with the Unionist parties fighting fiercely, Ford faced the difficult task of convincing voters that a vote for the Alliance was not wasted, especially when many who supported the Agreement argued that the best realistic result for maintaining it would be for Burnside to win the seat.

The nationalist SDLP also ran their local assembly member, in this case Donovan McClelland. With the constituency overwhelmingly Protestant the SDLP had no chance of winning and much of the spotlight on them concerned their electoral battle with Sinn Féin as a prelude to forthcoming Assembly elections. Sinn Féin had no Assembly members but ran Martin Meehan, who had been their sole Assembly candidate the last time, in the hope of increasing his profile and building up their local organisation in preparation for a shot at the next election. The battle between McClelland and Meehan attracted much attention as it would indicate the movement of votes within the nationalist community between the two parties, though most agreed that it was always likely for the SDLP to come out on top in the highly middle-class constituency.

In addition the Natural Law Party selected David Collins. This was to be one of the last occasions that the party would fight an election in Northern Ireland.

Campaign
With delays over the selection and the summer holiday intervening, polling day in the by-election was held off until 21 September, allowing extensive campaigning. The constituency is strongly Protestant and it was always clear that the real contest was between the two Unionist parties. Away from these two, interest was piqued by the advance of Sinn Féin, overtaking the Alliance in the number of votes won. Many believed that this heralded the former party subsequently taking the latter's Assembly seat in the next assembly election, but in the event Ford narrowly held on.

title: 2000 South Antrim by-election


text:
Juventud Aprista Peruana

Juventud Aprista Peruana is the youth organization of Partido Aprista Peruano in Peru. It was founded in 1934.

title: Juventud Aprista Peruana