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Paul Siple

Paul Allman Siple (December 18, 1908 – November 25, 1968) was an American Antarctic explorer and geographer who took part in six Antarctic expeditions, including the two Byrd expeditions of 1928–1930 and 1933–1935, representing the Boy Scouts of America as an Eagle Scout. In addition to being an Eagle Scout, Siple was also a Sea Scout. His first and third books covered these adventures. With Charles F. Passel he developed the wind chill factor, and Siple coined the term.

Biography
Siple was born in Montpelier, Ohio on December 18, 1908, to Clyde Lavonius Siple and Fannie Hope Allman. His family moved to Erie, Pennsylvania, where he graduated from Central High School in 1926. He became an Eagle Scout in 1923 with 59 merit badges. After an extensive nationwide search in 1928, he was the first Eagle Scout selected for an Antarctic expedition, sailing with Richard E. Byrd on his ship the City of New York. Siple appeared in the documentary film With Byrd at the South Pole (1930).

He became a brother of the Alpha Chi Rho fraternity while attending Allegheny College, in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He married Ruth Ida Johannesmeyer on December 19, 1936.

He also attended Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, from which he received a Ph.D. in 1939. His dissertation was on "Adaptations of the Explorer to the Climate of Antarctic". He worked in the Army Scientific Office for most of his career.

Career
Siple was involved with the United States Antarctic Service Expedition of 1939–1941, which would have been the third Byrd expedition. He served during Operation Highjump, (also known as the United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program 1946–1947), developed cold weather gear for the Korean War, and Operation Deep Freeze I in 1955–1956. He was the inaugural scientific leader at the U.S. Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 1956–1957, during the International Geophysical Year. This activity is covered in his fourth book, 90 Degrees South.

From 1963 to 1966 he served as the first U.S. science attaché to Australia and New Zealand, where he had a stroke in 1966 and returned to the United States.

Death
He died on November 25, 1968, at the Army Research Center in Arlington, Virginia.

Legacy
Antarctic features Siple Coast, Siple Island, Mount Siple, Siple Ridge and Siple Station were named in his honor.

Siple is noteworthy because he is one of a very few individuals to participate in all five of the Antarctic expeditions conducted by Richard E. Byrd.

Honors
Siple received the Silver Buffalo Award from the BSA in 1947 and the Order of the Arrow National Distinguished Service Award in 1958. He received the Hubbard Medal from the National Geographic Society in 1958. In 1960 he was awarded the Hans Egede Medal by the Royal Danish Geographical Society. He also received the Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal, the Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal, United States Antarctic Expedition Medal and the Antarctica Service Medal.

title: Paul Siple


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Villa Lante

Villa Lante is a Mannerist garden of surprise in Bagnaia, Viterbo, central Italy, attributed to Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola.

Villa Lante did not become well known until it passed to Ippolito Lante Montefeltro della Rovere, Duke of Bomarzo, in the 17th century, when it was already 100 years old. The Villa, a property of the Republic of Italy, since December 2014, is run by the Polo Museale del Lazio.

Architectural design

The Villa Lante is formed by two casini (houses), nearly identical but built by different owners in a period separated by 30 years. Each square building has a ground floor of rusticated arcades or loggias which support a piano nobile above. Each facade on this floor has just three windows, alternating round or pointed pediments. Each window is divided by pilasters in pairs. An upper floor is merely hinted at by small rectangular, mezzanine type, windows above those of the piano nobile. Each casino is then crowned by a lantern in the summit of the pantiled roof. These elaborate square lanterns too have pilasters, and windows both real and blind.

Each of these casini, in their severe Mannerist style, was built by a different unrelated owner. Villa Lante was first commissioned by Cardinal Gianfrancesco Gambara who gives his surname to the first casino.

It appears that work commenced in the late 1560s on the right-hand (as one enters) casino. The area selected for the development was an existing walled hunting ground, known as barco. It is thought that Gambara commissioned Vignola to design the project (the villa is only attributed to Vignola), and begin the work and the design of the gardens for which the villa was to become famous. The first casino and upper garden were quickly completed, but work was then suspended for the remainder of Gambara's lifetime.

Gambara died in 1587 and was succeeded as Apostolic Administrator of Viterbo by the 17-year-old nephew of Pope Sixtus V, Cardinal Alessandro Peretti di Montalto. It was this mere youth who completed the project at Bagnaia and built the second casino. The two casini differ most in their frescoes: frescoes of landscapes in the Gambara and in the Montalto frescoes by a later artist in a more classical style. In the Gambara Casino the vaulted frescoed loggias are a riot of colour highlighting the architectural detail, while in the Montalto Casino the principal reception room is a combination of fresco and plaster sculpture, almost trompe-l'œil.

Garden design

The gardens of the Villa Lante feature cascades, fountains and dripping grottoes. The visual and harmonious choreography of water and the mechanical perfection of its flow was only achieved after Tommaso Ghinucci, a hydraulics engineer and architect from Siena, was called in; it is thought that his role was to oversee the hydraulics and building work. Although the renowned antiquarian and architect Pirro Ligorio was also consulted, it seems likely that the success of the water features is due to Ghinucci's expertise which ensured that water flows through the gardens to this day.

The Quadrato is a perfectly square parterre. The twin casini stand on one side, on the remaining three sides the garden is enclosed by high box hedges. In the centre, low box is sculpted and formed into decorative patterns around small fountains and sculptures. The main feature of this parterre is the complex fountain at its centre, formed of four basins, separated by parapeted walks, the parapets decorated with stone pineapples and urns that intersect the water. At the heart of the complex, a centre basin contains the "Fontana dei Mori" by Giambologna: four life-sized moors stand square around two lions; they hold high the heraldic mountain surmounted by the star shaped fountain jet, the Montalto coat of arms. This is the focal point of this unusual composition of Casini and parterre.

In the first of the ascending terraces, lodged between two stone staircases, is the Fontana dei Lumini ("Fountain of the Lamps"), a circular tiered fountain; on the ledge of each tier, smaller fountains, imitating Roman oil lamps, spout small jets of water which in the sunlight appear to blaze like lamp flames. Camellias, and other ericaceous flowering shrubs added in the 19th century blaze in the shade of this terrace.

On the next (third) terrace is a large and long stone table, with a central channel with water flowing to keep the wine cool. At the back of this terrace, are large sculpted river gods flanking a fountain. Directly above and supplying the water for the fountain is the catena d'acqua or chain of water, a water feature (gioco d'acqua) that can be seen in other 16th-century gardens (such as the Villa Farnese and Villa d'Este); this rill of small basins allows the water to ripple down to arrive at the fountain between the sculpted crayfish claws, a reference to Cardinal Gambero's heraldic device. In the meantime, stairs flanking the catena d'acqua lead up to the next terrace. On the next upper terrace are yet further fountains and grottos and two small casini called the Houses of the Muses, the sides of which frame the large Fountain of the Deluge that terminates the main axis of the garden. A roughened texture has been given to the sides of these small buildings to harmonise with the natural rough rock of the Fountain, and water conduits set in their eaves (and operated by a remote switch) project jets of water to complete a visual ensemble known as the 'theatre of the waters'. The main facades of these small casini, like their grander relations on the lower terrace, feature Serliana loggias articulated by Ionic columns, suggesting they might have been designed by Vignola. They bear the name of Cardinal Gambara engraved on the cornices. One casino gives access to a small secret garden, a garden of hedges and topiary, with a line of columns creating an air of an almost melancholic nature.

A perspective plan of 1609 shows a wooded area of walks and vistas to obelisks, plus a maze which has since disappeared.

Twentieth century
Following the demise of Lante's last cardinal owner in 1656, the villa passed to the family of Duke Ippolito Lante, in whose family it remained for many generations. In the 19th century the family, revived by an American heiress Duchess, (a daughter of Thomas Davies of New York) still lived at Lante in some style: the Gambara Casino was lived in by the ducal family and the Montalto was reserved for their guests.

In 1944 the gardens and casini were heavily damaged by Allied bombing after the fall of Rome. In the late 20th century the Villa was acquired by Dr. Angelo Cantoni, who completed a long program of restoration. It is now part of the Grandi Giardini Italiani.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Villa Lante


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Sōjutsu

Sōjutsu (槍術), meaning "art of the spear", is the Japanese martial art of fighting with a Japanese spear (槍).

Origins
Although the spear had a profound role in early Japanese mythology, where the islands of Japan themselves were said to be created by salt water dripping from the tip of the spear Ame-no-Nuhoko (Heavenly jeweled spear), as a weapon the first spear prototypes were brought from mainland Asia. These early versions were not seen as suitable by the Japanese, who later redesigned them once technology permitted.

Use and popularity
The Yari was a popular weapon throughout the feudal period of Japan, being cheaper to produce and requiring less training than other contemporary battlefield weapons, and lending itself to close formations of ashigaru troops, in conjunction with firearms upon their adoption in Japan. The height of sōjutsu's popularity was immediately after the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, who themselves used spearmen in great numbers.

The Japanese ultimately modified the heads of their spears into a number of different variations, leading to the use of the spear both on foot and from horseback, and for slashing as well as the primary use of attacking with thrusts.

Modern practice
Sōjutsu is typically only a single component of curriculum in comprehensive traditional (koryū) schools. The still extant Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū claims to be the first school to include sōjutsu in its formal curriculum, and another very well known school of sōjutsu is the Hōzōin-ryū. While today there are very few schools still teaching sōjutsu, at one time there were as many as 450.

title: Sōjutsu


text:
Bounce message

A bounce message or just "bounce" is an automated message from an email system, informing the sender of a previous message that the message has not been delivered (or some other delivery problem occurred). The original message is said to have "bounced".

This feedback may be immediate (some of the causes described here) or, if the sending system can retry, may arrive days later after these retries end.

More formal terms for bounce message include "Non-Delivery Report" or "Non-Delivery Receipt" (NDR), [Failed] "Delivery Status Notification" (DSN) message, or a "Non-Delivery Notification" (NDN).

Classification
Although the SMTP is a mature technology, counting more than thirty years, its architecture is increasingly strained by both normal and unsolicited load. The email systems have been enhanced with reputation systems tied to the actual sender of the email, with the idea of recipient's email servers rejecting the email when a forged sender is used in the protocol.

Therefore, two types of email bounces have been created: hard bounces and soft bounces. Both of them affect the IP reputation of the sender because the Email Service Providers (ESPs) consider the total bounce rate as a decision factor when directing the email into a user's Inbox. Briefly, the total bounce rate is calculated as the sum of the hard bounce rate and soft bounce rate.

Hard bounces
Hard bounces are permanent and they score higher in terms of sender's IP damage. Hard bounces occur when the sender's mail server determines that there is a high likelihood that the recipient is unavailable and is likely to remain so. A few of the occasions when hard bounces occur are when the recipients of the email find themselves in one of the following situations: incorrect identifier/incorrect domain (such as a typo in the email address or in the domain) or their server does not accept emails anymore. In this case, removal of the email addresses that bounce back is mandatory.

Soft bounces
Soft bounces are temporary. A bounced message that experiences a soft bounce may be tried to be redelivered at another time. Soft bounces happen when the recipient of the email has either a full Inbox and therefore no space to store another email is available, or a limit on the size of the emails that it is allowed to receive has been reached. Additional situations in which a soft bounce appears is a block set up on the recipient's email to mark a certain sender as a 'spam' sender, or to blacklist a certain sender. Moreover, a temporary suspension of the recipient's email or a temporary error on the server are also causes of a soft bounce.

Delivery errors
Errors may occur at multiple places in mail delivery. A sender may sometimes receive a bounce message from their own mail server, reporting that it has been unable to send a message, or alternatively from a recipient's mail server reporting that although it had accepted the message, it is unable to deliver it to the specified user. When a server accepts a message for delivery, it is also accepting the responsibility to deliver a bounce message in the event that delivery fails.

Bounce due to lack of disk space
When an e-mail arrives at the destination server for an address (such as mymail.example, when sending to alice@mymail.example), it may be that the mail daemon is unable to deposit the message in the specified user's mailbox if the underlying hard drive of the server has insufficient space.

Bounce due to unreachable destination
When sending an e-mail, the service from which the e-mail is sent may be unable to reach the destination address. In such case, the sender would receive a bounce message from their own mail server. Common causes for mail servers being unable to reach a destination:

 * Unable to resolve the destination address. For example, if the domain name does not exist.
 * Unable to establish a connection with the destination address. For example, if the IP address is not assigned to a server, or if the server is offline.

Bounce from forged message
Users may receive erroneous bounce messages about messages they never actually sent. This can happen in particular in the context of email spam or email viruses, where a spammer (sender) may forge a message to another user (intended recipient of spam), and forges the message to appear from yet another user (a third party). If the message cannot be delivered to the intended recipient, then the bounce message would be "returned" to the third party instead of the spammer. This is called backscatter.

Other causes
Had the library.example mail server known that the message would be undeliverable (for instance, if Jill had no user account there) then it would not have accepted the message in the first place, and therefore would not have sent the bounce. Instead, it would have rejected the message with an SMTP error code. This would leave Jack's mail server (at store.example) the obligation to create and deliver a bounce.

Terminology
Bounces are a special form of autoresponder. Auto-responses (automatic replies) are mails sent by a program—as opposed to a human user—in reply to a received mail and sent to the bounce address.

Examples of other auto replies are vacation mails, challenges from challenge-response spam filtering, replies from list servers, and feedback reports. These other auto replies are discussed in RFC 3834: auto replies should be sent to the  stated in the received mail which has triggered the auto reply, and this response is typically sent with an empty Return-Path; otherwise auto responders could be trapped in sending auto replies back and forth.

The  is visible in delivered mail as header field   inserted by the SMTP mail delivery agent (MDA) (which is usually combined with a mail transfer agent, or MTA). The MDA simply copies the reverse path in the SMTP  command into the. The MDA also removes bogus  header fields inserted by other MTAs; this header field is generally guaranteed to reflect the last reverse path seen in the   command.

Today these paths are normally reduced to ordinary email addresses, as the old SMTP 'source routing' was deprecated in 1989; for some historical background info see Sender Rewriting Scheme. One special form of a path still exists: the empty path, used for many auto replies and especially all bounces.

In a strict sense, bounces sent with a non-empty  are incorrect. RFC 3834 offers some heuristics to identify incorrect bounces based on the local part (left hand side before the "@") of the address in a non-empty, and it even defines a mail header field,  , to identify auto replies. But the mail header is a part of the mail data (SMTP command ), and MTAs typically don't look into the mail. They deal with the envelope, that includes the  address (a.k.a. ,  , or "reverse path") but not, e.g., the RFC 2822-  in the mail header field. These details are important for schemes like BATV.

The remaining bounces with an empty  are non-delivery reports (NDRs) or delivery status notifications (DSNs). DSNs can be explicitly solicited with an SMTP Service Extension, however it is not widely used. Explicit requests for delivery failure details is much more commonly implemented with variable envelope return path (VERP), while explicit requests for them are rarely implemented.

NDRs are a basic SMTP function. As soon as an MTA has accepted a mail for forwarding or delivery it cannot silently delete ("drop") it; it has to create and send a bounce message to the originator if forwarding or delivery failed.

Bouncing vs. rejecting
Excluding MDAs, all MTAs forward mails to another MTA. This next MTA is free to reject the mail with an SMTP error message like "user unknown", "over quota", etc. At this point the sending MTA has to bounce the message, i.e. inform its originator. A bounce may arise also without a rejecting MTA, or as RFC 5321 puts it:

"'If an SMTP server has accepted the task of relaying the mail and later finds that the destination is incorrect or that the mail cannot be delivered for some other reason, then it MUST construct an 'undeliverable mail' notification message and send it to the originator of the undeliverable mail (as indicated by the reverse-path).'"

This rule is essential for SMTP: as the name says, it's a 'simple' protocol, it cannot reliably work if mail silently vanishes in black holes, so bounces are required to spot and fix problems.

Silently dropping messages
Today, however, it can be common to receive mostly spam emails, which usually uses forged s. It is then often impossible for the MTA to inform the originator, and sending a bounce to the forged   would hit an innocent third party. In addition, there are specific reasons why it is preferable to silently drop a message rather than reject it (let alone bounce it):

 * Heuristically filtered spam. Spam filters are not perfect. Rejecting spam based on content filtering implies giving to spammers a test environment where they can try several alternatives until they find content that passes the filter.
 * Viruses and worms. Most times these are sent automatically from an infected machine. Since a bounce may contain a copy of the worm itself, it may contribute to its diffusion.

Quoting again RFC 5321, section 6.2:

"'As discussed in Section 7.8 and Section 7.9 below, dropping mail without notification of the sender is permitted in practice. However, it is extremely dangerous and violates a long tradition and community expectations that mail is either delivered or returned. If silent message-dropping is misused, it could easily undermine confidence in the reliability of the Internet's mail systems.  So silent dropping of messages should be considered only in those cases where there is very high confidence that the messages are seriously fraudulent or otherwise inappropriate.'"

Not validating the sender is an inherent flaw in today's SMTP, which is without the deprecated source routes mentioned earlier. This is addressed by various proposals, most directly by BATV and SPF.

Causes of a bounce message
There are many reasons why an email may bounce. One reason is if the recipient address is misspelled, or simply does not exist on the receiving system. This is a user unknown condition. Other reasons include resource exhaustion — such as a full disk — or the rejection of the message due to spam filters. In addition, there are MUAs that allow users to "bounce" a message on demand. These user-initiated bounces are bogus bounces; by definition, a real bounce is automated, and is emitted by a MTA or MDA.

Bounce messages in SMTP are sent with the envelope sender address, known as the null sender address. They are frequently sent with a  header address of   at the recipient site.

Typically, a bounce message will contain several pieces of information to help the original sender in understanding the reason their message was not delivered:

 * The date and time the message was bounced,
 * The identity of the mail server that bounced it,
 * The reason that it was bounced (e.g. user unknown or mailbox full),
 * The headers of the bounced message, and
 * Some or all of the content of the bounced message.

RFC 3463 describes the codes used to indicate the bounce reason. Common codes are 5.1.1 (Unknown user), 5.2.2 (Mailbox full) and 5.7.1 (Rejected by security policy/mail filter).

Format
The format for the reporting of administrative messages is defined by. A DSN may be a MIME multipart/report message composed of three parts:
 * 1) a human readable explanation;
 * 2) a machine parsable message/delivery-status, a list of "name: type; value" lines that state several possible fields; and
 * 3) the original message, or a portion thereof, as an entity of type message/rfc822.

The second part of a DSN is also quite readable. It is essential to understand which MTA played which role. The Reporting-MTA is responsible for composing and sending the DSN.

When a Remote-MTA rejects a message during an SMTP transaction, a field Diagnostic-Code of type smtp may be used to report that value. Note that beside the numerical 3-digit value, the SMTP response contains itself a human readable part. The information
 * is sometimes reported as, e.g.,

while talking to smtp.store.example [192.0.2.3] >>> RCPT TO: <<< 550 No such user here

Related RFCs

 * - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 * - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Service Extension for Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs)
 * - The Multipart/Report Media Type for the Reporting of Mail System Administrative Messages
 * - Enhanced Status Codes for SMTP
 * - An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications
 * - Recommendations for Automatic Responses to Electronic Mail
 * - Internationalized Delivery Status and Disposition Notifications

title: Bounce message


text:
Bronson Arroyo

Bronson Anthony Arroyo (born February 24, 1977) is an American former professional baseball pitcher and musician. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates between 2000 and 2002, the Boston Red Sox from 2003 to 2005, the Cincinnati Reds from 2006 to 2013, the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014, and the Reds again in 2017. He won the 2004 World Series with Boston.

Early life
Arroyo was born February 24, 1977, in Key West, Florida, to parents Gus and Julie. Arroyo's father is originally from Cuba. Arroyo later moved from Key West, Florida, to Brooksville, Florida, where he attended Hernando High School. At Hernando, he was named to the Class 4A all-state first team in 1995. At 13 years old, Arroyo was PONY teammates with A. J. Pierzynski. As of 2004, Arroyo was third all-time in scoring for Hernando's basketball team. He signed a letter of intent to play college baseball as a pitcher at South Florida, turning down offers from Georgia Tech and Georgia Southern.

Pittsburgh Pirates
The Pittsburgh Pirates selected Arroyo in the third round of the 1995 Major League Baseball draft. Arroyo made his major league debut with Pittsburgh on June 12, 2000. During his rookie season in 2000, Arroyo was 2–6 with a 6.40 earned run average (ERA) in 20 appearances (12 starts). Playing 24 games (13 started) in 2001, Arroyo compiled a 5–7 record and a 5.09 ERA. Limited in playing time due to injuries and time in the minors, Arroyo played nine games (four started) in 2002 going 2–1 with a 4.00 ERA.

Boston Red Sox
Before the 2003 season, the Boston Red Sox claimed Arroyo from the Pirates off of waivers. Pitching for the Pawtucket Red Sox of the Class AAA International League, Arroyo pitched the fourth nine-inning perfect game in the 121-year history of the International League on August 10, 2003. He struck out nine, and went to a three-ball count to just three hitters all game long. He made 6 appearances in the majors with his first career save and a 2.08 ERA.

2004
Arroyo improved in 2004, jumping from middle relief to be the Red Sox No. 5 starter. On July 24, 2004, Arroyo hit Alex Rodriguez with a pitch, which led to a bench-clearing brawl. He compiled a 10–9 mark with a 4.03 ERA in $178 2/3$ innings, while posting a respectable 3.02 strikeout-to-walk ratio (142-to-47). He led the majors with hitting batsmen with pitches, totaling 20 hit by pitches. Arroyo also got his first and only championship title when the Red Sox won the World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals. Arroyo made two starts and four relief appearances in the postseason, compiling a 0–0 record with two holds and a 7.82 ERA for the 2004 World Series champion Red Sox. A memorable and controversial play occurred involving Arroyo during Game 6 of the 2004 American League Championship Series, when Alex Rodriguez knocked away the ball from Arroyo's glove while he attempted to apply a tag. The umpires reversed the ruling that Rodriguez was safe, forcing Derek Jeter to return to first base and calling Rodriguez out on the play for runner interference.

2005
Arroyo's most productive season came in 2005, when he posted career highs up to that time in wins (14), starts (32), innings (205.1) and pitching appearances (35). He also excelled at holding runners, as he only gave up five stolen bases. Before the 2006 season, Arroyo signed a three-year, $11.25 million contract with the Red Sox. Arroyo said the deal was a "hometown discount" and agreed to the terms against the advice of his agent.

2006
During spring training before the 2006 season, the Red Sox traded Arroyo to the Cincinnati Reds for outfielder Wily Mo Peña. 2006 was a high point in Arroyo's career. Highlights of the season included a league-leading $240 2/3$ innings pitched, his first selection to an All-Star game, as well as his first career shutout in the major leagues. He finished 2006 with a 14–11 record and an ERA of 3.29.

2007
In February 2007, Arroyo signed a contract extension with the Cincinnati Reds which kept him with the organization through the 2010 season, with an option for the year 2011. He finished the 2007 season 9-15 and a 4.23 ERA.

2008
Arroyo pitched exactly 200 innings in 2008 by going 15–11 with a 4.77 ERA. During the season, Arroyo gave up 6 or more runs in a game 7 times in 34 starts including a game on June 24 against the Toronto Blue Jays where he gave up 11 earned runs in 1 inning of work (he pitched into the second inning without recording an out).

2009
Arroyo was diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome in his pitching hand during the 2008–09 offseason. As a result, he missed games during the 2009 spring training, as well as being advised to stop playing guitar until the symptoms disappeared. After a sub-par first half of the 2009 season, Arroyo turned in an excellent second half, lowering his ERA from the 5's to the 3's, throwing multiple shutouts and complete games, and putting himself in position to be the Reds top starter in 2010 since Edinson Vólquez, the #1 starter in 2009, was out for the start of the season following Tommy John surgery. Arroyo finished the 2009 year with 2 shutouts, a 15–13 record, and a 3.84 ERA.

2010
In 2010, Arroyo was chosen as the #2 starter in the Reds' first playoff series in 15 years. He pitched $5 1/3$ innings against the Philadelphia Phillies, allowing one earned run and leaving with the lead. However, he would earn a no-decision as the Reds went on to lose the game. Arroyo won his first Gold Glove on November 10, 2010, the first by a Reds pitcher since Harvey Haddix in 1958. He finished the 2010 year 17-10 and a 3.88 ERA.

2011
The Reds exercised the 2011 option on Arroyo's contract on November 3, 2010. After exercising his option, the Reds and Arroyo agreed on a three-year, $35 million contract extension, keeping him with the team through 2013. On March 26, 2011, Arroyo was diagnosed with mononucleosis, a condition where there is a high lymphocytes count in the blood from an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Arroyo finished the 2011 season 9-12 and a 5.07 ERA. He led the Majors with home runs allowed as he surrendered a total of 46 home runs.

2012
Arroyo finished the 2012 season by going 12–10 with a 3.74 ERA. Arroyo was chosen by Reds' manager Dusty Baker to start Game 2 of the 2012 National League Division Series versus the San Francisco Giants. He took a perfect game into the fifth inning, and allowed only two base-runners (a base hit with two outs in the fifth, and a walk in the seventh) in seven scoreless innings. The Reds won the game 9–0 to take a 2–0 series lead. The win was Arroyo's first in thirteen postseason appearances, including five starts.

2013
Arroyo finished the 2013 season with an ERA of 3.79 and a win–loss record of 14–12. He also was the league leader in home runs allowed, giving up 32 long balls. Although the numbers paint a picture of a subpar pitching year, Arroyo managed to throw one shutout and two complete games in his age 36 season. In the offseason Arroyo elected to test free agency.

2014
On February 7, 2014, the Diamondbacks agreed to terms with Arroyo on a 2-year contract with $23.5 million guaranteed.

On June 16, Arroyo was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career, after leaving a start early against the Dodgers with an elbow injury. It was announced on July 7 that Arroyo would be undergoing Tommy John surgery to repair a torn UCL, forcing him out for the remainder of the 2014 season. In 14 starts of the 2014 year, he went 7–4 with a 4.08 ERA.

2015
Arroyo did not make an appearance during the 2015 season, continuing his recovery from Tommy John surgery.

Atlanta Braves / Los Angeles Dodgers
On June 20, 2015, Arroyo, along with Touki Toussaint, was traded to the Atlanta Braves for Phil Gosselin.

On July 30, 2015, in a three-team trade, the Los Angeles Dodgers acquired Arroyo, Mat Latos, Michael Morse, Alex Wood, Jim Johnson, Luis Avilán, and José Peraza, while the Miami Marlins acquired minor league pitchers Victor Araujo, Jeff Brigham, and Kevin Guzman, and the Braves received Héctor Olivera, Paco Rodriguez, minor league pitcher Zachary Bird and a competitive balance draft pick for the 2016 MLB draft. He did not appear in any games in 2015 for any team and the Dodgers declined his 2016 option, making him a free agent.

2016
On January 26, 2016, Arroyo signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals that included an invitation to major league spring training. He pitched only 9 innings in the organization, in the Gulf Coast League, and was shut down due to elbow soreness. On October 11, 2016, Arroyo was released.

2017
Arroyo revealed that his previous elbow problems have been relieved by stem-cell injections he received in August. On February 2, 2017, Arroyo signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds that included an invitation to spring training. On June 19, Arroyo was placed on the 10-day disabled list with a right shoulder injury, and he admitted that he was contemplating retirement, stating "I don't see myself ponying it up next year." Arroyo declined the opportunity to pitch one inning in September to close out his career, as he wanted to give a chance to a younger pitcher. On September 23, the Reds honored Arroyo with "Kickin' it With Bronson" night. Prior to the game, a ceremony was held with video tributes from manager Bryan Price and singer Eddie Vedder. After the game, Arroyo held a concert on the field, performing Pearl Jam covers with his band. Arroyo ended the season with a 3–6 record and 7.35 ERA in 14 starts. On September 24, he officially announced his retirement.

Possible use of performance-enhancing drugs
A day after reports claimed former Red Sox teammate David Ortiz was among 104 Major League players to have failed drug tests in 2003, Arroyo revealed he had used androstenedione and amphetamines in his career. Arroyo remarked that he would not be surprised if he was among the 104 players that failed tests, as he suspected the androstenedione he was taking may have been tainted with steroids.

His name was not among those revealed in the Mitchell Report.

Pitching style
Arroyo's fastball was in the 85–89 miles per hour range. While this is considered below average speed among major league pitchers, his fastball had excellent movement and Arroyo was adept at "spotting" it. He also threw a hard slider that moved away from right-handed batters, and a straight changeup as well. Arroyo's best pitch was his curveball, which he threw from multiple arm angles and was known to throw it in any count. The angle of the curveball itself could vary from a straight 12–6 to a sweeping 1–7. Arroyo's delivery was somewhat unusual; he incorporated a large leg kick in his pitching motion, extending his front leg completely straight and lifting it up to a level above his waist before delivering the ball. His kick often appeared to reach head level and deceives hitters with its exaggerated motion. From the stretch position with runners on base, his leg-kick was much less pronounced and his delivery to home plate was very quick by major league standards. As a result, Arroyo was one of the better pitchers at holding runners on base.

Personal life
Arroyo was married to Aimee Faught from 2000 to 2008. He resides in the Cincinnati area with his wife Nicole McNees, who he married in 2021.

Accolades
Arroyo appeared on the 2023 ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame. He received one vote (0.3%), thus dropping off future ballots.

On October 26, 2023, Arroyo was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds team Hall of Fame.

Music
In 2005, Bronson Arroyo released his debut album, Covering the Bases. It included covers from bands such as Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Stone Temple Pilots, Foo Fighters and Incubus. The album also includes the Red Sox victory song "Dirty Water" by The Standells, in which Arroyo is accompanied by Johnny Damon, Lenny DiNardo, and Kevin Youkilis. He also taught Kevin Millar how to play guitar and performed vocals for the song "Tessie" as covered by the Dropkick Murphys.

In 2008, commercials for JTM Food Group featuring a 'music video' by Arroyo; also featuring FSN Ohio color analyst and former Cincinnati Reds player Chris Welsh began airing during Cincinnati Reds games.

Arroyo appears as a vocalist on the song "Since You" on Chad Perrone's album, Wake.

Bronson made his public debut on stage in January 2004 at the Hot Stove Cool Music fundraiser at the Paradise Rock Club in Boston. He performed a cover of Pearl Jam's "Black" with teammate Kevin Millar. He later performed full sets at four other Hot Stove Cool Music events with a full band that featured saxophonist Elan Trotman and two members of Gnarls Barkley (drummer Eric Gardner and guitarist Clint Walsh).

In July 2020, Arroyo collaborated with classical pianist Harrison Sheckler to create a virtual choir recording of "Take Me Out to the Ballgame". Current and former players, including Cy Young winner Bret Saberhagen, as well as announcers and other baseball personalities, were among the final 200 participants in the choir.

title: Bronson Arroyo


text:
Chic Murray

Charles Thomas McKinnon "Chic" Murray (6 November 1919 – 29 January 1985) was a Scottish comedian and actor. He appeared in various roles on British television and film, most notably in the 1967 version of Casino Royale, and portrayed Liverpool Football Club manager Bill Shankly in a musical.

Life and career
Murray was born in Greenock, Renfrewshire. He began his career as a musician in amateur groups such as "The Whinhillbillies" and "Chic and His Chicks" while an apprentice at the Kincaid shipyard in 1934. Maidie Dickson (1922–2010) - Murray's future wife - was already a seasoned star in her own right (having worked since she was 3, when she was playing the Greenock Empire). Chic's mother was the welfare officer and put Maidie up in her home. Subsequently, Maidie gave Chic parts within her own act and he formed a double-act with her. Billed as "The Tall Droll with the Small Doll" (he was 6'3" tall, she was 4'11") and also as "Maidie and Murray", their combination of jokes and songs made them popular on television and in theatres throughout the country. Their success peaked in 1956 when they were selected to appear in the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium, but, due to the Suez Crisis, the show was cancelled. Maidie and Chic had had much success at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London.

Later, working as a solo act, with a forbidding expression and omnipresent bunnet, Murray offered a comic vision of the world that was absurd and surreal. One example was his early-1970s BBC Scotland series Chic's Chat, where his version of acting as DJ for the (occasional) records he played was unique. The show also featured surreal dialogues with a "man at the window" of his studio, played by Willie Joss, who invariably referred to Murray by the name of "Chips". Another was his eccentrically decorated hotel in the Bruntsfield area of Edinburgh, which did not outlive the 1980s.

Murray acted in films such as Casino Royale and Gregory's Girl, in which he played a Scottish secondary school headmaster. He also played former Liverpool Football Club manager Bill Shankly in the musical play You'll Never Walk Alone. Just prior to the show opening, Murray claimed to have telephoned the switchboard at Anfield using his Shankly voice, causing the receptionist – who had worked there in the Shankly years – to burst into tears on hearing his voice once more. He also made cameo appearances as an itinerant poacher in a few episodes of STV's soap Take The High Road (1984) and appeared alongside Judi Dench in Saigon: Year of the Cat (1983) as a bank manager.

One of Murray's last TV appearances was as a first-footer on the BBC Scotland Hogmanay show Live into 85.

He died in Edinburgh in 1985 after he suffered a perforated ulcer at the age of 65, next door to his former wife Maidie's bedroom. (They had divorced in the 1970s but remained on good terms.) Tributes during his funeral at Mortonhall Crematorium were led by fellow Scottish comedian Billy Connolly.

Legacy
The Chic Murray Story was a play written by Andrew Dallmeyer and performed by Doug Healy at the 1997 Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Although initially successful, later performances led to legal threats from the Murray family who felt the use of his material breached copyright.

Chic Murray: A Funny Place for a Window, written and directed by Stuart Hepburn, and starring Dave Anderson in the title role, was performed in the A Play, a Pie and a Pint lunchtime series of plays at the Òran Mór in Kelvinside, Glasgow in May 2018. Chic's wife, Madie Dickson was played by Maureen Carr. The third member of the cast, Brian O'Sullivan, played 'the ensemble'. The Glasgow Herald review of the play said, '"The most animated thing in the production was the energetic and multi-talented O’Sullivan charging on and off stage as he switched characters." A performance was filmed for the BBC and broadcast on 1 September 2019.

In 2005, Murray was named The Comedian's Comedian, in a poll where comedians chose their favourite or most influential comedian.

Neither Here nor There is a BBC Radio 2 programme about Murray's life, devised and scripted by Simon Treves and originally broadcast in August 2007.

title: Chic Murray


text:
Charles Murray (poet)

Charles Murray (27 September 1864 – 12 April 1941) was a poet who wrote in the Doric dialect of Scots. He was one of three rural poets from the north-east of Scotland, the others being Flora Garry and John C. Milne, who did much to validate the literary use of Scots.

Biography
Charles Murray was born and raised in Alford in north-east Scotland. However he wrote much of his poetry while living in South Africa where he spent most of his working life as a successful civil engineer. His first volume, A Handful of Heather (1893), was privately printed and he withdrew it shortly after publication to rework many of the poems within it. His second volume, Hamewith (1900), was much more successful. It was republished five times before he died and it is this volume for which he is best known. The title of the volume, which means Homewards in English, reflects his expatriate situation.

He served in the Armed Forces during the Second Boer War and the First World War and in 1917 produced the volume, The Sough o' War. The poems from this anthology were entitled: Ye're better men, A sough o' war, Wha bares a blade for Scotland?, To the hin'most man, The thraws o' fate, The wife on the war, Fae France, Bundle an' go, When will the war be by?, Dockens afore his peers, At the loanin' mou', Lat's hear the pipes, Hairy hears fae hame, and Furth again.

He published his last volume, In the Country Places, in 1920. After his death a final volume of poetry, Last Poems was published by the Charles Murray Memorial Trust in 1969.

He returned to Scotland when he retired in 1924 and settled in Banchory, not far from where he was brought up. There he died in 1941.

title: Charles Murray (poet)


text:
Talk:Sea Scout

Untitled
The United States section appeared to have been copied almost verbatim from http://www.seascout.org/about/history.html - probable copyright violation as that site appears to date from 2002. Replaced with an external link. --Keith Edkins 15:05, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Merge?
How is the organization in this article different from the one in Sea Scouts %28BSA%29? Should we merge the two? --Micahbrwn 07:49, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a scope issue. This article is about Sea Scouts in general, while the Sea Scouts (BSA) is about the American program.  Do NOT merge, in my not so humble opinion.--Mtnerd 20:35, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * agree, do not merge. Chris 20:38, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * agree do not merge. BSA is only one member of international scouting community which provides the SEA option for the scouting program.

Given the time frame and comments, I'm am considering this a "don't merge" consensus, and am removing the tags. --Gadget850 ( Ed) 19:22, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

merge 4th New Forest North (Eling) Sea Scouts into
In line with the wikiproject policy of only have highly notable groups (i.e., the first to do something), I don't think it is suitable that the 4th New Forest North (Eling) Sea Scouts article should be seperate from the main article on. Looking through the other article, almost all of the information could be used generically under a UK Sea Scout section in this article. Horus Kol 13:35, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * alternate suggestion-as there is not yet a Scouting in Hampshire, this article would be a good start of an expansion into one, thus preserving the local focus of the article. Chris 19:25, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Can I suggest a split 3 ways! The relevant parts to Sea Scouts, Scouting in Hampshire (which I have started a basic stub), and some of the article (stuff about Testwood lakes etc) to Totton and Eling with links from that back to Sea Scouts and Scouting in Hampshire and vv as appropriate. Ben 20:04, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Update to my comment above - I have added everything (edited) from the section Testwood lakes in the article (inc Hampshire Wildlife Trust, and New HQ) to Testwood Lakes, so these can be removed and not lost. I suggest the rest goes between Sea Scouts and Scouting in Hampshire, but am not sure which bits to put where, but I can give it a guess if someone wants to tidy it up afterwards and check it seems ok. I know a little about all the things - Scouts (not sea scouts though), Hampshire (and Hampshire scouts), and Eling. Ben 20:21, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Both good suggestions those - I've updated the Sea Scout article with the general information from the 4th New Forest North (Eling) Sea Scouts article, as suggested... the only information I can see that would fit Scouting in Hampshire would be the Donkey Derby, and the fact the 4th New Forest North (Eling) is a Sea Scout Group... Horus Kol 08:47, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I put quite a lot of the rest of the 4th New Forest North (Eling) Sea Scouts article in the Scouting in Hampshire (Can someone check this to see if it looks ok) - hopefully not too much that is general to Sea Scouts. Looks to me like that is everything and the original article could be removed. Ben 21:24, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks okay for now - I think the Scouting in Hampshire article will need to be rewritten as more information comes about the county - with 28 districts, it is going to be difficult to have that kind of information about individual groups in there... I'll remove the merge tag, and recommend the 4th New Forest North (Eling) Sea Scouts article for deletion. Thanks for your help Ben. Horus Kol 07:38, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

More BSA Bias
I've just been reading through this article, and it reads like a BSA article than a generic Sea Scout one... there was already a call to merge the BSA article - and while the reasoning behind not merging seems correct, a lot of information in here is just exactly the same as what the BSA article has - and there is very little in the way of generic information, from what I can tell... Horus Kol 13:40, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Can someone make the BSA Uniform section a bit shorter? Egel Reaction? 09:45, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

I've plopped the main article link in - I'm just not sure how to cut down the BSA section here to bring it in line with the other countries' information here... Horus Kol 10:10, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

group website links
I've removed all of the group website links, as if every Sea Scout Group put them in, that would just be silly... Horus Kol 15:26, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Sea Scouts vs Sea Explorers
sorry, but these are two different things entirely... the numbers quoted in the table for the UK are only correct for the 10-14 age range... Sea Explorers are only partnered to Sea Scout Groups, and so their membership is not counted in those 10,000 Sea Scouts... Horus Kol 14:20, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Just add the number of Sea Explorers to the 10,000. Both are scouts with a particular emphasis on water-based activities. Most other numbers include all sections with a particular emphasis on water-based activities.
 * The problem is that Belgium has 4 organization which has each 1 to 5 diferent "sea" sections ("Sea Beavers" to "Sea Rovers") with their own names and ages and the Netherlands has 4 diferent "sea" sections ("Sea Cubs" to "Sea Rovers").  Some info came from: --Egel Reaction? 14:59, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

I can appreciate that it would make for a long list - but I don't see how this would be different to Age Groups in Scouting and Guiding and List of highest awards in Scouting Horus Kol 15:54, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Founder?
Why does there have to be a founder? An editor claimed Warrington Baden-Powell was the founder of the Sea Scouts but there is no evidence to this effect and considerable evidence of Sea Scouts before his involvement which, in any case, seems to have been very limited (e.g. he is not even listed as an officer or member in reports of The Boy Scouts Association. The most that could be claimed is that he was honoured with being the nominal "founder" of sea scouting within The Scout Association. We now have a more diverse knowledge and view of scout history and this article is not about the SA or BSA POV.

Loss of Sea Scout vessels
Given the history of tragic losses of Sea Scouts, this should be a section to expand.

References to "Sea Scouts" in Chums
Egel's edit seems to have been based on the Wikipedia article on Chums magazine without sighting the magazines. Chums referred to "Boy Scouts" as well as the subtitles "Scouts of the Sea" and "Sea Scouts of the Empire". The British Boy Scouts had Sea Scouts before Baden-Powell's organization. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.170.255.226 (talk) 00:57, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

 * My edits were based on the Chums and other pages on the The Order of World Scouts website.  On that site there is no clue that the British Boys Naval Brigade / National Naval Cadets were ever part of the British Boy Scouts. You can only find that they worked together and shared Chums as their official journal. Nor can you find that the BBS had Sea Scouts before 1910.  So far as I know is The Order of World Scouts website the best source of information about the BBS. --Egel Reaction? 09:09, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sea Scout


text:
Category:Articles to be split

This category contains articles which have been proposed for splitting into multiple articles. This is usually done when an article is becoming too long or covers too broad a subject. Summary style, Article size, Splitting, Copying within Wikipedia, Content forking and Merging are relevant guidelines to consider when deciding if an article is to split, and the appropriate ways of doing a split. Disambiguation gives advice on creating "disambiguation" pages to distinguish similarly named articles.

Use Split, Split2, Split-apart, Split section and Split sections to add articles to this category.

The non-container version is Category:All articles to be split.

title: Category:Articles to be split


text:
User:Solipsist/sandbox

King's College Chapel is the most famous landmark of the Cambridge skyline. It is the centrepiece of Henry VI's plan to establish a premier seat of religious learning in University of Cambridge. Designed in the Perpendicular Gothic style, the chapel took over a century to build spanning five kings of England and interupted by civil war. The interior of the chapel is crowned by an outstanding fan vaulted stone ceiling, the largest fan vault ceiling in the world.

History
Henry VI, the pious King, was still a teenager when he estabilshed King's College, Cambridge in 1440 as the more mature partner of his other 'royal and religious' foundation at the school of Eton. At the time, the University was at the height of its first spurt of growth and the sole purpose of all the Colleges was to train clergy. As Henry put it, King's College was "To extirpate heresies, to increase the number of clergy and to provide ministers of religion whose life and doctrine would give light to his subjects". As such the chapel was the centre of college life, and Henry intended his chapel to be the most spectacular ever seen.

Early in the 15th Century, Cambridge had half a dozen small colleges arranged between the high street and the River Cam on either side of Milne Street which connected Cambridges two mills (the sluices for the water wheel of the southern mill still exists near The Mill pub on Mill Lane.) On choosing the site for the new college, the King's commisioners wielded absolute power and chose place the college in the centre of town with the chapel cutting across the middle of Milne Street - the narrow road along which tourist are encouraged to approach the chapel today. The obsolete southern portion of the road with the original main entrance to Queens' College is now called Queens Lane and is virtually unused.

First phase of building
In choosing the design for the chapel, Henry VI was heavily influenced by the chapels that William of Wykeham built at Winchester College and New College, Oxford. Henry laid out a grand plan for the college, but the chapel is the only part that was actually built to his instructions. Henry originally designated a quarry at Thefdale near Tadcaster to supply a white magnesium limestone for the college and laid the foundation stone for the new chapel on St James Day, 25 July 1446. Three years later a second Yorkshire quarry at Huddleston was also donated to the college to supply more material. The stone would have been brought to Cambridge by water, along the east coast of England and up the River Cam.

Henry VI's intentions for the chapel are laid out in his 'wille and entent' of 12 March 1448, in which he specified that the chapel should be;
 * in length 288 feet of assize without aisles and all of the wideness of 40 feet, being in height 90 feet.

The final building is quite close to these dimensions.

The first master mason to work on the chapel was the royal architect Reginald of Ely who started to draw up the plans in 1444 and directed the construction from 1446 – 1461. For the first 11 years the project was funded by a grant of £1000 a year from the King's estate at the Duchy of Lancaster. However, after this the payments for construction became more irratic. Records show that Reginald of Ely was not paid at all in 1459, and he was still pressing for back pay when he died in 1471. The root of the problem was that the Henry VI had become embroiled in the Wars of the Roses. Funding became uncertain as the King's fortunes waned and when he was finally deposed and taken prisoner on 4 March 1461 the builders decided their chances of ever getting paid had evaporated so they downed tools and went home. A half cut stone abandoned on that day was much later used as the foundation stone of the neighbouring Gibbs building in 1724.

At the end of the first phase of building Reginald of Ely had completed the foundations to the chapel and built the first bay and the towers at the east end of the chapel to a height of about 70 feet. A further five bays had been partially built to a height of 15 feet. The stone used for later construction is a darker oolitic limestone, so the outline of the first phase of construction can clearly be seen where the stone changes colour.

Reginald of Ely is commemorated by a cieling boss bearing his image in the North East side chapel.

Second phase of building
Henry VI was succeeded by King Edward IV who had little interest in the chapel but he did provide enough money for building to resume in 1477. And when Richard III came to the throne in 1483 even more funds were made available.

The second master mason to work on the chapel was John Wolrich, but he was soon replaced by Simon Clerk in 1478. Clerk brought his experience of being the master mason Abbey of Bury St Edmunds and Henry VI's other school at Eton. It is possible that it was his idea to change the interior design from a conventional lierne vault to the more elaborate fan vault, although the actual construction of the vaulted ceiling didn't start until much later.

Construction was halted again, whe Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. At this point, Clerk had more or less completed the first five bays of the chapel. Finished off with a temporary wooded roof, services at the chapel could begin.

Third phase of building
With Henry VII taking the English crown he sealed the Wars of the Roses by marrying Elizabeth of York and uniting the houses of York and Lancaster. Initially Henry spent his efforts in uniting the country.

In an effort to further bolster his claim to the throne, Henry VII decided it would be advantageous to reinforce his status as head of the Church by wrapping himself in the mantle of the 'the royal saint' Henry VI. The fact that his mother Lady Margaret Beaufort had pledged herself to complete Henry VI's religious projects was no small influence.

In 1506 Henry VII visited Cambridge for the service of the Knights of the Garter on 22 April, St George's Eve. Two years later Henry reinitiated the flow of money and construction resumed in earnest in 1508. Although Henry died the following year, his will provided enough money for the chapel to be finished.

This final phase of construction was overseen by the master mason John Wastell. By 1512 the outer fabric of the building was completed. Henry VII's executors then delivered a chest containing £5000 to furnish the interior. The chest still remains at the chapel and can be seen in one of the northern side chapels.

Henry VI's original design had specified that the interior of the chapel should be relatively plain and austere as can be seen at the eastern end of the chapel. However Henry VII stamped his mark with much more elaborate decoration in the antechapel at the west end. Here the walls are covered with heraldic devices representing his royal coat of arms, the emblems of his mother and father and the unification of the House of York and Lancaster.

In 1515 work began on the fan vaulting. The vaults were built under contract to John Wastell and Henry Semak at a cost of £100 per bay. The fan vaults are a form of three dimensional arch. In addition to the key stone at the pinicle of the primary arches, the vaults are locked together by the bosses hanging at the centre of each bay. Each boss is carved from a single block of stone an weighs approximately one ton. The whole ceiling is estimated to be constructed from some 1,875 tons of stone.

Emblems and symbols
Various emblems and heraldic devices can be seen in the decoration of the chapel, particularly in the antechapel and around the main doorways. The principal symbols are Most of the antechapel, the external doorways and
 * The double Tudor rose — combining the red rose of the House of Lancaster, inset into the simpler white rose of the House of York.
 * The portcullis — the emblem of the Beaufort family and Henry VII's mother Lady Margaret Beaufort.
 * The shield of the Royal Arms of England — Henry VII's coat of arms
 * The red dragon of Cadwallader — One of the supporters to the Royal Arms, comes from Henry VII's father and the Tudor family. Also seen entwined in the railings of the exterior gate covering the west door.
 * The greyhound — The other supporter to the Royal Arms, from Henry VII's mother and the Beaufort family.
 * The fleur-de-lys — adopted by the Kings of England since Edward III indicating their claim to the French throne.

Factlets
Adoration of the Magi by Rubens, bought for a world record price of £275,000 by Major A. E. Allnatt who donated it to the College.

The current organ was originally built by Thomas Dallam in 1605–06, although over the years most parts of the organ have been updated and replaced so only the casing is likely to be original. Most of the organ seen today dates from the restorations of Hill and Son in 1834 and 1859, who added the gold covered statues of angel trumpeters.

The most intricate stone carvings, including the portcullises, roses and heraldic beasts, are carved from Caen stone from France.

The Chapel underwent major restoration work in 1965-68, supervised by Sir Martyn Beckett, partly to clean the stonework but also to provide a better setting of Ruben's painting. This included lowering the floor in the choir so that the painting didn't obscure the east window.

Windows
The stained glass windows demonstrate typology or prefiguration with scenes from the old testament in the upper half of each window reflected with concordant scene from the new testament in the lower half of the window.

Details of the windows from the north west corner; 1-top left, 2-bottom left, 3-top right, 4-bottom right

 * A1 Joachim's offering rejected
 * A2 Joachim and Anna at the Golden Gate of the Temple
 * A3 An Angel bids him return to Jerusalem
 * A4 Birth of thr Virgin

 * B1 Presentation of the Golden Table in the Temple of the Sun
 * B2 Presentation of the Virgin
 * B3 Marriage of Tobias and Sara
 * B4 Marriage of Joseph and Mary

 * C1 Eve tempted
 * C2 The Annunciation
 * C3 The Burning Bush
 * C4 The Birth of Jesus Christ

 * D1 The Circumcision of Isaac
 * D2 The Circumcision of Christ
 * D3 The Queen of Sheba visits Solomon
 * D4 The Adoration of the Magi

 * E1 Purification of women under the law
 * E2 Presentation of Christ in the Temple
 * E3 Jacob's flight from Esau
 * E4 The flight into Egypt

 * F1 The Golden Calf
 * F2 The Idols of Egypt falling
 * F3 Massacre of the seed royal by Athalia
 * F4 Massacre of the innocents

 * G1 Naaman washing in Jordan
 * G2 The Baptism of Christ
 * G3 Jacob tempts Esau to sell his Birthright
 * G4 Christ tempted by Satan

 * H1 Elisha raising the Shunamite's son
 * H2 The raising of Lazarus
 * H3 David's triumph after slaying Goliath
 * H4 Christ's entry into Jerusalem

 * I1 Mana falling from Heaven
 * I2 The Last Supper
 * I3 The Fall of the Rebel Angels
 * I4 The agony in the garden

 * J1 Cain killing Abel
 * J2 The betrayal
 * J3 Shimei cursing David
 * J4 Christ mocked

 * K1 Jerimiah imprisoned
 * K2 Christ before Annas
 * K3 The shame of Noah
 * K4 Christ before Herod

 * L1 Job tormented
 * L2 Christ scourged
 * L3 Solomon crowned
 * L4 Chist crowned with thorns

 * M1 Christ nailed to the cross
 * M2 The Crucifixion
 * M3 The Deposition
 * M4 Ecco homo
 * M5 Pilate washing his hands
 * M6 Christ bearing the cross

 * N1 Moses and teh Brazen serpent (Hedgeland 1845)
 * N2 Naomi and her daughters-in-law bewailing Elimelech
 * N3 as N1
 * N4 Christ bewailed

 * O1 Joseph cast into the pit
 * O2 The entombment
 * O3 The Exodus
 * O4 The Harrowing of Hell

 * P1 Jonah cast up by the whale
 * P2 The Resurrection
 * P3 Tobias returning to his mother
 * P4 Christ appearing to the Virgin

 * Q1 Reuben seeks Joseph
 * Q2 The three Marys at Sepulchre
 * Q3 Darius finds Daniel alice in the Den of Lions
 * Q4 Christ recognised by St Mary Magadalene

 * R1 The Angel Raphael meets Tobias
 * R2 Christ on the way to Emmaus
 * R3 Habbakuk feeding Daniel in the Den
 * R4 The Supper of Emmaus

 * S1 The return of the prodigal son
 * S2 The Incredulity of St Thomas
 * S3 The meeting of Joseph and Jacob
 * S4 Christ appearing to the Apostles

 * T1 Elijah carried up to Heaven
 * T2 The Ascension
 * T3 Moses receives the Law
 * T4 The Descent of the Holy Spirit

 * U1 St Peter and St John heal the lame man
 * U2 St Peter and the Apostles going to the Temple
 * U3 The Apostles arrested
 * U4 The death of Ananias

 * V1 The Conversion of St Paul
 * V2 St Paul saying farewell at Philippi
 * V3 St Paul at Damascus
 * V4 St Paul stoned at Lystra

 * W1 St Paul at Philippi exorcises the woman with the spirit divination
 * W2 St Paul saying farewell at Philippi
 * W3 St Paul before the Chief Captain Lysias
 * W4 St Paul before Nero

 * X1 The death of Tobit
 * X2 The death of the Virgin
 * X3 The burial of Jacob
 * X4 The funeral of the Virgin

 * Y1 The translation of Enoch
 * Y2 The Assumption of the Virgin
 * Y3 Solomon and Bath-sheba
 * Y4 The Coronation of the Virigin

 * Z (The West Window) The Last Judgement (Clayton and Bell, 1879)

UK Post box design

 * http://www.wicks.org/pulp/part1.html
 * http://www.bathpostalmuseum.org/postbox.html

title: User:Solipsist/sandbox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Apology Dance

Apology Dance was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE INTO Doctor Zoidberg AND REDIRECT

I like Matt Groening as much as the next guy, but really... Plus, nothing links to it. Salasks 15:09, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Please delete. Does anyone else worry that this site is becoming cult-tv-show/movie/sci-fi/video-game-pedia? And still no article on Dombey and Son...-R. fiend 15:27, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think there is some secret contest to create the most obscure yet technically valid article. Delete, possibly merging. --Ianb 17:27, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Let's find out what brand of car The Prisoner used in the final episode with the dwarf in it and who bought it afterward.  Geogre 18:05, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, and I believe that that was a parody of something on either ST:TNG or Babylon 5. I'll ask the proprietor of the Android's Dungeon which. Geogre 13:21, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete. The author shall now do the dance. - UtherSRG 18:09, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to Matt Groening, redirect. -- Jmabel 21:26, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just delete. It's trivia from a show that is filled with trivia. -- Cyrius|✎ 21:51, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Silliest. Trivia.  Ever.  (Delete) Isomorphic 05:42, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Pokemon, Digimon and Yu-Gi-Oh! "articles" are bad enough. Valid subtrivia a la the "B-Movie Bandit" or something like this is worse.  "Fry" this. - Lucky 6.9 08:15, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Futurama (animated series). Kevyn 10:50, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I demand an article on the "Happy Dance" from Baseketball if this is allowed to stand! Delete. Fire Star 16:14, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Are the many votes for deletion objecting to even a redirect to Matt Groening or Futurama (animated series)? I've never even watched the show, but I was familiar with the phrase. I could imagine someone knowing the phrase, not knowing the context, and looking it up. -- Jmabel 18:08, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Futurama (animated series), NOT Matt Groening, and redirect. Niteowlneils 19:31, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Information was merged into Doctor Zoidberg, which is the most appropriate place for it. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:19, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into a sensible Futurama page and delete, simple. You can do the same for the many other futurama references like this on the VFD pages too. -- Hackerjack 16:02, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge and redirect, there's no harm in it, and it is potentially interesting for fans. Mark Richards 17:33, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Subtrivial. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:31, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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title: Category:Articles to be merged


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Salicornia

Salicornia is a genus of succulent, halophytic (salt tolerant) flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae that grow in salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves. Salicornia species are native to North America, Europe, central Asia, and southern Africa. Common names for the genus include glasswort, pickleweed, picklegrass, and marsh samphire; these common names are also used for some species not in Salicornia. To French speakers in Atlantic Canada, they are known colloquially as titines de souris ('mouse tits'). The main European species is often eaten, called marsh samphire in Britain, and the main North American species is occasionally sold in grocery stores or appears on restaurant menus as sea beans, samphire greens or sea asparagus.

Description

The Salicornia species are small annual herbs. They grow prostrate to erect, their simple or branched stems are succulent, hairless, and appear to be jointed. The opposite leaves are strongly reduced to small fleshy scales with a narrow dry margin, hairless, unstalked and united at the base, thus enclosing and forming a succulent sheath around the stem, which gives it the appearance of being composed of jointed segments. Many species are green, but their foliage turns red in autumn. Older stems may be somewhat woody basally.

All stems terminate in spike-like apparently jointed inflorescences. Each joint consists of two opposite minute bracts with a (1-) 3-flowered cyme tightly embedded in cavities of the main axis and partly hidden by the bracts. The flowers are arranged in a triangle, both lateral flowers beneath the central flower. The hermaphrodite flowers are more or less radially symmetric, with a perianth of three fleshy tepals united nearly to the apex. There are 1–2 stamens and an ovary with two stigmas.

The perianth is persistent in fruit. The fruit wall (pericarp) is membranous. The vertical seed is ellipsoid, with yellowish brown, membranous, hairy seed coat. The seed contains no perisperm (feeding tissue).

Like most members of the subfamily Salicornioideae, Salicornia species use the C3 carbon fixation pathway to take in carbon dioxide from the surrounding atmosphere.

Taxonomy

The genus Salicornia was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus. Salicornia europaea was selected as the type species.

The genus probably originated during the Miocene in the region between the Mediterranean Basin and Central Asia. Evolving from within the perennial and frost-sensitive former genus Sarcocornia (now shown to be paraphyletic), the annual, strongly inbreeding and frost-tolerant Salicornia diversified during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. By events of intercontinental dispersals, they reached southern Africa twice and North America at least three times. Two tetraploid lineages expanded rapidly, with the ability to colonize lower belts of the salt marshes than their diploid relatives. Inbreeding and geographical isolation led to a large number of reproductive isolated species that are only weakly differentiated.

The taxonomic classification of this genus is extremely difficult (with one paper calling it a "taxonomic nightmare"). The determination of species seems almost impossible for non-specialists. The reasons for these difficulties are the reduced habit with weak morphological differentiation and high phenotypic variability. As the succulent plants lose their characteristics while drying, herbarium specimens often cannot be determined with certainty and are less suited for taxonomic studies.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have regularly revised the circumscription of the genus. It was considered distinct from Sarcocornia in 2007 and 2012 studies. A 2017 study resulted in Sarcocornia being sunk into Salicornia, substantially increasing the size of the genus, which was divided into four subgenera.

Species

, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

 * Salicornia alpini Lag.
 * Salicornia ambigua Michx.
 * Salicornia andina Phil.
 * Salicornia bigelovii Torr.
 * Salicornia blackiana Ulbr.
 * Salicornia brachiata Roxb.
 * Salicornia capensis (Moss) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia crassispica G.L.Chu
 * Salicornia cuscoensis Gutte & G.K.Müll. ex Freitag, M.Á.Alonso & M.B.Crespo
 * Salicornia decumbens (Toelken) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia decussata (S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia disarticulata Moss
 * Salicornia dunensis (Moss ex Adamson) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia erectispica G.L.Chu
 * Salicornia europaea L.
 * Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L.
 * Salicornia globosa (Paul G.Wilson) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia helmutii Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia hispanica (Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia lagascae (Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia littorea (Moss) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia magellanica Phil.
 * Salicornia maritima S.L.Wolff & Jefferies
 * Salicornia × marshallii (Lambinon & Vanderp.) Stace
 * Salicornia meyeriana Moss
 * Salicornia mossambicensis (Brenan) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia mossiana (Toelken) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia natalensis Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.
 * Salicornia neei Lag.
 * Salicornia nitens P.W.Ball & Tutin
 * Salicornia obclavata (Yaprak) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia obscura P.W.Ball & Tutin
 * Salicornia pachystachya Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.
 * Salicornia pacifica Standl.
 * Salicornia perennans Willd.
 * Salicornia perennis Mill.
 * Salicornia perrieri A.Chev.
 * Salicornia persica Akhani
 * Salicornia perspolitana Akhani
 * Salicornia praecox A.Chev.
 * Salicornia procumbens Sm.
 * Salicornia pruinosa (Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia pulvinata R.E.Fr.
 * Salicornia quinqueflora Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.
 * Salicornia rubra A.Nelson
 * Salicornia senegalensis A.Chev.
 * Salicornia sinus-persica Akhani
 * Salicornia tegetaria (S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia terminalis (Toelken) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
 * Salicornia uniflora Toelken
 * Salicornia utahensis Tidestr.
 * Salicornia virginica L.
 * Salicornia xerophila (Toelken) Piirainen & G.Kadereit

Distribution and habitat

The species of Salicornia are widely distributed over the Northern Hemisphere and in southern Africa, ranging from the subtropics to subarctic regions. There is one species present in New Zealand.

They grow in coastal salt marshes and in inland salty habitats like shores of salt lakes. Salicornia species are halophytes and can generally tolerate immersion in salt water (hygrohalophytes).

Ecology
Salicornia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the Coleophora case-bearers C. atriplicis and C. salicorniae; the latter feeds exclusively on Salicornia spp.

Culinary

S. europaea is edible, either cooked or raw, as are S. rubra and S. depressa. In England, S. europaea is one of several plants known as samphire (including rock samphire); the term samphire is believed to be a corruption of the French name, [herbe de] Saint-Pierre, which means "St. Peter's herb".

In Hawaii, where it is known as 'sea asparagus', it is often blanched and used as a topping for salads or accompaniment for fish.

In addition to S. europaea, the seeds of S. bigelovii yield an edible oil. S. bigelovii 's edibility is compromised somewhat because it contains saponins, which are toxic under certain conditions.

Umari keerai (S. brachiata) is cooked and eaten or pickled. It is also used as fodder for cattle, sheep and goats. In Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka, it is used to feed donkeys.

On the east coast of Canada, the plant is known as 'samphire greens' and is a local delicacy. In southeast Alaska, it is known as beach asparagus. In Nova Scotia, Canada, they are known as crow's foot greens. In British Columbia, they are known as sea asparagus. In the United States, they are known as 'sea beans' when used for culinary purposes. Other names include sea green bean, sea pickle, and marsh samphire.

In India, researchers at the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute developed a process to yield culinary salt from S. brachiata. The resulting product is known as vegetable salt and sold under the brand name Saloni.

Dehydrated, pulverized Salicornia is sold under the brand name "Green Salt" as a salt substitute claimed to be as salty in taste as table salt, but with less sodium.

Pharmacological research
In South Korea, Phyto Corporation has developed a technology of extracting low-sodium salt from S. europaea, a salt-accumulating plant. The company claims that the naturally derived plant salt is effective in treating high blood pressure and fatty liver disease by reducing sodium intake. The company has also developed a desalted Salicornia powder containing antioxidative and antithrombus polyphenols, claimed to be effective in treating obesity and arteriosclerosis, as well as providing a means to help resolve global food shortages.

Environmental uses
Pickleweed is used in phytoextraction. It is highly effective at removing selenium from soil, which is absorbed by the plant and then released into the atmosphere to be dispersed by prevailing winds. Pickleweed (S. bigelovii) has been found to have average volatilization rates 10–100 times higher than other species.

Historical

The ashes of glasswort and saltwort plants and of kelp were long used as a source of soda ash (mainly sodium carbonate) for glassmaking and soapmaking. The introduction of the LeBlanc process for industrial production of soda ash superseded the use of plant sources in the first half of the 19th century.

Umari keerai is used as raw material in paper and board factories.

Contemporary
Because S. bigelovii can be grown using saltwater and its seeds contain high levels of unsaturated oil (30 wt. %, mostly linoleic acid) and protein (35 wt. %), it can be used to produce animal feedstuff and as a biofuel feedstock on coastal land where conventional crops cannot be grown. Adding nitrogen-based fertiliser to the seawater appears to increase the rate of growth and the eventual height of the plant, and the effluent from marine aquaculture (e.g. shrimp farming) is a suggested use for this purpose.

Experimental fields of Salicornia have been planted in Ras al-Zawr (Saudi Arabia), Eritrea (northeast Africa) and Sonora (northwest Mexico) aimed at the production of biodiesel. The company responsible for the Sonora trials (Global Seawater) claims between 225 and 250 gallons of BQ-9000 biodiesel can be produced per hectare (approximately 2.5 acres) of salicornia, and is promoting a $35 million scheme to create a 12000 acre salicornia farm in Bahia de Kino.

Stems and roots of S. brachiata plants have a high cellulose content (ca. 30 wt. %), whereas tender stem tips exhibit a low cellulose content (9.2 wt. %). S. brachiata revealed the dominance of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, and glucose, with meager presence of ribose and xylose in their structural polysaccharide.

title: Salicornia


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Camassia

Camassia is a genus of plants in the asparagus family native to North America. Common names include camas, quamash, Indian hyacinth, camash, and wild hyacinth.

It grows in the wild in great numbers in moist meadows. They are perennial plants with basal linear leaves measuring 8 to 32 in in length, which emerge early in the spring. They grow to a height of 12 to 50 in, with a multi-flowered stem rising above the main plant in summer. The six-petaled flowers vary in color from pale lilac or white to deep purple or blue-violet. Camas can appear to color entire meadows when in flower.

Taxonomy and species
Historically, the genus was placed in the lily family (Liliaceae), when this was very broadly defined to include most lilioid monocots. When the Liliaceae was split, in some treatments Camassia was placed in a family called Hyacinthaceae (now the subfamily Scilloideae). DNA and biochemical studies have led the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to reassign Camassia to the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae.

Species
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes six species :
 * Camassia angusta (Engelm. & A.Gray) Blank. - prairie camas - southern Great Plains + mid-Mississippi Valley (Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana)
 * Camassia cusickii S.Watson - Cusick's camas - northeastern Oregon, west-central Idaho
 * Camassia howellii S.Watson - Howell's camas - southwestern Oregon
 * Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S.Watson - large camas, great camas - British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, northern + central California, Washoe County in Nevada
 * Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene - quamash, Indian camas, small camas - western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta), western United States (California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah)
 * Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory - Atlantic camas, bear grass - eastern + Central North America from Maryland to Georgia, westward to Texas and north into Ontario.

The name Camassia biflora was coined in 1969 for a South American species now known as Oziroe biflora.
 * formerly included

Synonyms
The term Camassia esculenta is a confusing one. Not an accepted name, it has been used twice, both for Camassia quamash and for Camassia scilloides. Consequently, the reference to Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob. as a synonym for C. scilloides is deemed illegitimate, while reference to Camassia esculenta (Nutt.) Lindl. is a non-accepted name (synonym) for ''C. quamash subsp. quamash''. Hence the continuing horticultural usage without qualification is potentially confusing.

Indigenous methods of cultivation
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest engaged in active management and cultivation of blue camas (Kweetla). They used controlled burning to clear land and improve growing conditions. While blue camas plots occurred naturally in the Pacific Northwest, Indigenous peoples would maintain a plot through weeding, tilling, harvesting Camas bulbs, and replanting. Camas plots were harvested by individuals or kin-groups, who were recognized as a particular plot's cultivators or stewards. Stewardship was typically lineage-based, and cultivation rights to a particular plot were fiercely guarded. Multiple generations would often harvest the same Camas plot. Plots have been recorded as possessing physical boundary markers, and there were social consequences for harvesting from a plot that was recognized as being maintained by a particular individual or kin-group. The camas bulbs were harvested with a pointed wooden tool, with the work of cultivation being done primarily by women.

Food use
Camassia species were an important food staple for Indigenous peoples and settlers in parts of the American Old West. While Camassia species are edible and nutritious, the white-flowered deathcamas species (which are not in the genus Camassia but in a number of genera in the tribe Melanthieae) that grow in the same areas are toxic, and the bulbs are quite similar in appearance. It is easiest to tell the plants apart when they are in flower.

The quamash was a food source for many indigenous peoples in western North America. Blue camas was harvested when in bloom, in spring or early summer. After being harvested the bulbs were pit-roasted or boiled. A pit-cooked camas bulb can take up to two days to fully cook. The look and taste is something like baked sweet potato, but sweeter, and with more crystalline fibers due to the presence of inulin in the bulbs. The eating of too many such baked bulbs – especially if undercooked – can cause excessive flatulence, due to their containing inulin and other oligosaccharides. After cooking, the bulbs could be pounded into a paste and made into cakes.

Native American peoples who ate camas include the Nez Perce (Nimíipuu), Cree, Kalapuya, Blackfoot, Yakama, and Coast Salish, including the Lekwungen or Songhees who collected camas in what is now Victoria, British Columbia, the Lekwungen name for which was Camosun, or "place to gather camas". The Kutenai called the camas "xapi" (Ktunaxa). Camas bulbs contributed to the survival of members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

In the Great Basin, expanded settlement by whites accompanied by turning cattle and hogs onto camas prairies greatly diminished food available to native tribes and increased tension between Native Americans and settlers and travelers. Though the once-immense spreads of camas lands have diminished because of modern developments and agriculture, numerous camas prairies and marshes may still be seen today.

Ornamental use
This bulb flower naturalizes well in gardens. The bulb grows best in well-drained soil high in humus. It will grow in lightly shaded forest areas and on rocky outcrops as well as in open meadows or prairies. Additionally it is found growing alongside streams and rivers. The plants may be divided in autumn after the leaves have withered. Bulbs should be planted in the autumn. Additionally the plant spreads by seed rather than by runners.

Place names
Many areas in the Pacific Northwest are named for the plant, including Camas Valley, Oregon; the city of Camas, Washington; Lacamas Creek in southern Washington; the Camas Prairie in northern Idaho (and its Camas Prairie Railroad); Camas County in southern Idaho; and Kamas, Utah.

Role in indigenous trade and culture
Camas was an important component of the diets of most indigenous groups located in the Pacific Northwest. However, not all indigenous groups harvested camas themselves. Instead, many relied on trade in order to procure it. Indigenous groups that lived in environments that suited camas production, such as the Coast Salish, developed networks of exchange in order to procure a variety of goods and foods, such as cedar bark baskets and dried halibut.

In North American Indigenous cultures, trade had economic as well as diplomatic functions, with ceremonies such as the potlatch serving as a means to legitimize an individual's rule and establish their status as a provider. Camas was frequently traded in large volumes for such occasions.

Theories of anthropogenic dispersal
As indigenous land-management techniques have been theorized as having had a significant impact on the maintenance of the Garry oak ecosystem, one of the primary ecosystems in which Camassia quamash grows, researchers have investigated the potentiality of anthropogenic transport through an investigation of the genetic structure of Camassia quamash. Despite historical evidence for anthropogenic maintenance of camas plots and transportation through Indigenous trade networks, analysis of the genetic structures of Camassia quamash have not substantiated theories of anthropogenic dispersal. The distribution of Camassia quamash across the Pacific Northwest is most likely the result of postglacial migration. These results imply that the degree of anthropogenic dispersal of Camassia quamash that occurred was not of such a scale as to leave a marker in the plant's genetic structure.

title: Camassia


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Madawaska

Madawaska may refer to:

New Brunswick

 * Madawaska County, New Brunswick
 * Madawaska Parish, New Brunswick
 * Madawaska (provincial electoral district), a former provincial electoral district (1874–1973)
 * Madawaska Centre, a former provincial electoral district (1973–1994)
 * Madawaska-la-Vallée, a former provincial electoral district (1994–2006)
 * Madawaska-les-Lacs, a former provincial electoral district (1973–2013)
 * Madawaska les Lacs-Edmundston, provincial electoral district (2013–)
 * Madawaska South, a former provincial electoral district (1973–1994)
 * Republic of Madawaska, a former unrecognized state in Madawaska County (1827)
 * Madawaska River (Saint John River), in Quebec and New Brunswick
 * The region around the Upper Saint John River (Bay of Fundy) in Maine and New Brunswick

Ontario

 * Greater Madawaska
 * Madawaska River (Ontario)
 * Madawaska, Ontario
 * Madawaska Valley, Ontario
 * Camp Madawaska, a former Salvation Army camp in Nipissing District

United States

 * Madawaska, Maine, a town
 * Madawaska (CDP), Maine, a census-designated place within the above town

Other uses

 * USS Madawaska

title: Madawaska


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All Metal Products Company

All Metal Products Company was an American toy company founded in 1920 and based in Wyandotte, Michigan for most of its history. It produced inexpensive pressed metal toys under the Wyandotte brand name, and was the largest manufacturer of toy guns in the US for several decades in the 20th century. The company's slogan was "Wyandotte Toys are Good and Safe." To keep costs down, the company used scrap and surplus raw materials whenever possible, often manufacturing their toys from scrap metal obtained from local auto factories.

History
Initially, All Metal Products Company specialized in toy guns, including pop guns, water pistols, and air rifles. Their slogan in the 1920s was "Every Boy Wants a Pop Gun." By 1927 they had become the world's largest manufacturer of toy guns. Wyandotte Toys stopped manufacturing air rifles in 1929, but continued to dominate the toy gun market throughout the remainder of their history by producing pop guns, clicker pistols, dart guns and pistols, cap guns and a variety of plastic pistols. In 1929 the company added girls' toys and toy vehicles, as well as lithographed novelty toys in 1936. Metal toys were banned during World War II because the metals were needed for the war effort. The company survived by producing wooden toys and die-cut cardboard "build your own" play sets during the war. All Metal Products also manufactured en bloc clips for the M1 Garand rifle. Clips of this nature will be stamped with "AMP1" on the rear of the clip.

In 1948, die cast and plastic toys were added to the Wyandotte line, allowing it to compete with other companies who sold inexpensive dime store-type toys at lower prices than the Wyandotte pressed metal toys. In 1946, All Metal Products Company bought the Hafner Manufacturing Company, the maker of "Hafner Clockwork" pressed metal toy trains.

In the early 1950s, All Metal Products Company moved from its site on Sycamore and 14th St. in Wyandotte to Ohio, hoping that closer proximity to Ohio's steel mills and cheaper Ohio labor would help the company cut costs. The effort was not enough to prevent All Metal Products Company from going bankrupt in 1956, resulting in the sale of part of its product line, including the former Hafner trains, to competitor Louis Marx and Company. What remained of the company attempted a comeback in 1957 but failed.

Collectibles
Today "Wyandotte" toys are highly sought after collectibles, and since they were made mostly of metal many continue to survive today. The toy guns and airplanes produced before World War II were simply constructed from pressed metal and often painted in bright colors such as red, yellow, silver and olive green. Because of their simplicity these toys can often still be found in good condition. Toy guns with a science fiction theme are particularly desirable. These toys are only loosely based on actual guns and vehicles, and are often referred to today based on the vehicles to which they bear the closest resemblance. Wyandotte toys produced after World War II can be easily distinguished from pre-War toys by the elaborate lithograph markings that decorate them. These toys were manufactured using much thinner metal, and weigh less than the pre-War toys.

title: All Metal Products Company


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Republic (album)

Republic (stylised as Republic©) is the sixth studio album by English band New Order. It was first released on 3 May 1993 in the United Kingdom by CentreDate Co Ltd in association with London Records and on 11 May 1993 in the United States by Qwest and Warner Bros. Records. It was the band's first album following the demise of their former label Factory Records, and would be their last studio album for eight years until 2001's Get Ready.

Republic became New Order's second consecutive album to top the UK Albums Chart, and was nominated for the 1993 Mercury Music Prize. In the United States, it reached number 11 on the Billboard 200, the band's highest-peaking album on the chart to date. Its lead single "Regret" became New Order's last top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart. The band went on hiatus following a gig at the Reading Festival in promotion of the album in August 1993. Lead singer Bernard Sumner was known to dislike travelling to North America, and media reports suggested that the pressure of the long leg there contributed to the band's temporary demise, although they reunited in 1998.

Background
According to bassist Peter Hook, the band were forced to make the album in order to save The Haçienda, a Manchester club partially owned by the band that was losing a great deal of money. The band were also told that if they did not produce another album, Factory Records would go bankrupt and the band members, who had guaranteed loans for Factory and the club, would be ruined financially.

At the same time, Hook and Bernard Sumner were "at that point in the relationship where you hate each others' stinking guts," and the band members were "all off our heads on various things," which made for a stressful working environment. While Bernard Sumner was off recording with Electronic, Hook, Morris and Gilbert wrote a whole instrumental album that would be shelved at the request of Sumner when he came back. Disputes over the music and publishing rights created further acrimony that caused the band to break up, though they reunited in 1998 and recorded two more studio albums before Hook departed with what threatens to be everlasting endurance.

Artwork
As with previous New Order releases, Republic 's artwork was designed by Peter Saville and no text other than credits appears within the sleeve. Saville, who had relocated to California, depicted different aspects of the state—people relaxing on the beach while houses burn (a reference to frequent wildfires or the 1992 Los Angeles riots) and vast natural landscapes contrasting with the skyline of Los Angeles. Most of the images were taken from stock photo libraries to achieve a commercial look, and were heavily retouched. Several of these images have been used elsewhere, such as direct-mail campaigns, catalogues and adverts for businesses. Another interpretation of the album's artwork alludes to the Fall of Rome.

Republic: The Limited Run..
A limited-edition version of Republic, titled Republic: The Limited Run.., was released in the United States. Although the tracks are the same as on the standard release, the packaging is entirely different. Instead of including a jewel case, the CD is packaged in a folding wallet made of bright orange vinyl underpadded with soft foam, giving it the feel of an inner tube. The CD's label is also redesigned, with no words but with a picture of several orange rubber inner tubes against a background of flames, a reference to the cover artwork. The booklet, tucked into a pocket of the vinyl wallet, is the same as with the standard version, but is made of a plastic waterproof material instead of paper.

New Order
Musician credits for New Order are not listed in the liner notes of the album's personnel. Below are the instruments that the group typically plays.

 * Bernard Sumner – vocals, guitars, synthesizers and programming
 * Peter Hook – bass, programming
 * Stephen Morris – drums, synthesizers and programming
 * Gillian Gilbert – synthesizers, guitars and programming; vocal on "Avalanche"

Production
The original liner notes list the album's personnel as follows:

 * Gillian Gilbert, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris, Bernard Sumner and Stephen Hague – writer
 * New Order and Stephen Hague – producer
 * Pascal Gabriel – pre-production ("Regret" and "Young Offender")
 * Simon Gogerly, Mike 'Spike' Drake, Owen Morris and Richard Chappell – engineer
 * Ben Findlay – assistant engineer
 * Sam Hardaker – assistant engineer
 * Audrey Riley – cello, string arrangements
 * David Rhodes – additional guitar
 * Andy Duncan – additional programming
 * Dee Lewis – backing vocals
 * Recorded and mixed at Real World and RAK
 * Peter Saville – art direction (designed at Pentagram)

title: Republic (album)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gambler

Dictdef. Wikipedia already has an article on gambling. Exabyte 15:34, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * create redirect Dunc_Harris|☺ 17:20, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've got $1 says someone redirects this before the vote takes place. Geogre 17:56, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC) (Wasn't me.)
 * Yup. It's a redirect now. Nothing to see here, move along, move along... - UtherSRG 18:08, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gambler


text:
Roosevelt Island, Antarctica

Roosevelt Island is the second largest ice rise of Antarctica and world-wide, after Berkner Island. Despite its name, it is not an island, since the bedrock below the ice at its highest part is below sea level. It is about 130 km long in a NW-SE direction, 65 km wide and about 7500 km2 in area, lying under the eastern part of the Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica. Its central ridge rises to about 550 m above sea level, but this and all other elevations of the ice rise are completely covered by ice, so that it is invisible at ground level.

Examination of how the ice flows above it establishes the existence and extent of the ice rise. Radar surveying carried out between 1995 and 2013 showed that the Raymond Effect was operating beneath the ice divide. The ice rise has become a focus of the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) research using ice coring.

Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd named it in 1934 after US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Byrd was the leader of the expedition that discovered the ice rise. Roosevelt Island lies within the boundaries of the Ross Dependency, New Zealand's Antarctic claim.

title: Roosevelt Island, Antarctica