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Andrew Flintoff

Andrew Flintoff (born 6 December 1977), nicknamed Freddie, is an English television and radio presenter, former international cricketer, and coach for the England cricket squad. Flintoff played all forms of the game and was one of the sport's leading all-rounders, a fast bowler, middle-order batsman, and slip fielder. He was consistently rated by the ICC as being among the top international all-rounders in both ODI and Test cricket.

Following his debut in 1998, Flintoff became an integral player for England, and was England's "Man of the Series" in the 2005 Ashes. He later served as both captain and vice-captain of the team. He retired from Test cricket at the end of the 2009 Ashes series, and from other forms of the game in 2010. He then had one professional boxing fight on 30 November 2012 in Manchester, beating American Richard Dawson on a points decision. In 2014, Flintoff came out of retirement to play Twenty20 cricket for Lancashire, before being signed by Brisbane Heat to play in the Australian Big Bash League for the 2014–15 season.

Since his retirement, Flintoff has been involved with numerous projects, including designing his own fashion range and becoming the face of clothing brand Jacamo, winning the first series of the Australian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, and being part of Sky One's sports-based comedy panel show A League of Their Own. Flintoff became a presenter of the BBC One car show Top Gear in 2019, remaining with the programme until he sustained an accident during filming in late 2022.

Early life
Flintoff's father, Colin, was a plumber and factory maintenance worker and the captain of Dutton Forshaw second XI cricket team. Flintoff attended Greenlands Community Primary School and Ribbleton Hall High School (subsequently renamed City of Preston High School). His first trip abroad at age 14 was to Argentina.

During his school days he acquired the nickname "Freddie" due to his surname resembling that of the cartoon character Fred Flintstone.

At City of Preston High School, he passed nine GCSEs, but he did not want to stay in education and left school at 16. As a boy, he played cricket for the Lancashire Schools under-11s and under-15s teams and he was also a keen chess player. He then played for two and a half years in the England under-19 cricket team.

Early years: criticism, injury and fitness troubles
Flintoff was captain of the England Under-19 team for their "Test" match tour to Pakistan in 1996/7 and at home against Zimbabwe in 1997. He made his Test match debut for England in 1998 against South Africa at Trent Bridge, in a match remembered for its second-innings duel between Mike Atherton and Allan Donald; in a precursor to their subsequent rivalry, Flintoff and Jacques Kallis exchanged wickets. Nonetheless, his struggle to make the grade at county level continued, he found form only intermittently, though often explosively when he did so.

In 2000, he hit 135 not out in the quarterfinals of the Natwest Trophy against Surrey, which David Gower described as "the most awesome innings we are ever going to see on a cricket field". In the same year England's management made clear they were unhappy with his fitness and weight, Flintoff responded to his critics with 42 not out in a one-day game against Zimbabwe on his home ground of Old Trafford, forming an explosive second-wicket stand with Graeme Hick; as he collected the Man of the Match award he remarked his performance was "not bad for a fat lad".

Although he lost his England place during 2001, he remodelled his bowling action and gained a place on the 2001–02 tour to India. Though he hit possibly his worst international batting form during the Test series, frustrating him to the point that he broke down in tears in the dressing room at one stage, he later saw the tour as a turning point in his career, specifically the crucial final one-day match. Entrusted with bowling the final over with India needing 11 to win, he ran out Anil Kumble and bowled Javagal Srinath with successive balls to win the match, taking off his shirt in celebration, which was mimicked by Sourav Ganguly in a later match.

Improved consistency, step-up to key international player
In 2002, he scored his maiden Test century against New Zealand. By 2003, a newer, fitter Flintoff started to justify the comparisons with Botham. Up to the end of 2002, he had averaged just 19 with the bat and 47 with the ball; from 2003 to the end of the 2005 Ashes series, the corresponding figures were 43 and 28. In the summer of 2003 he scored a century and three fifties in the five Test series against South Africa at home, and continued to excel on the tour of the West Indies in March and April 2004, taking five wickets in the Test in Barbados, and scoring a century in Antigua. In early 2004 he was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year, having failed to make Wisden's top 40 list in 2002.

Although injury prevented him from bowling, he was called into the England squad for the 2004 NatWest One Day International (ODI) Series against New Zealand and the West Indies as a specialist batsman, scoring two consecutive centuries in the series and hitting seven sixes in one innings.

He matched this haul in the Second Test against the West Indies at Edgbaston in July, hitting a first-class best figure of 167. During this innings, watched by a crowd of 20,000, Flintoff hit a six into the top tier of the Ryder Stand. A man stood to claim the catch and dropped it – it was Flintoff's father. Over the course of England's record-breaking summer, he hit a half-century in all seven victorious Tests against New Zealand and the West Indies. On returning to the one-day game as an all-rounder in September he fell agonisingly short of a third one-day century, caught on 99 against India, though he went on to hit a further century in the ICC Champions Trophy 2004 pool match against Sri Lanka two weeks later.

At the end of the season he was named as the inaugural winner of the ICC Award for one-day player of the year, and the Professional Cricketers' Association player of the year. He also became a father when his fiancée Rachael Wools gave birth on 6 September. They now have a second child who was born during the series in India in 2006. Flintoff briefly returned home from the tour to see his son for the first time.

2005: Ashes winner
Following the Test series in South Africa in December 2004 and January 2005, Flintoff flew home for surgery on his left ankle, leading to worries he might not regain fitness in time for The Ashes. In fact, following a rehabilitation programme of swimming and hill-walking, he recovered ahead of schedule and was able to return to action for Lancashire in April.

In the Second Test against Australia at Edgbaston in August 2005, he broke Ian Botham's 1981 record of six sixes in an Ashes Test Match with five in the first innings, and a further four in the second innings: he scored 141 runs in total. In the same game he took a total of seven wickets (across both innings), including the wickets of Langer and Ponting in his first over in Australia's run-chase. He managed all this despite a shoulder injury early in the second innings. England won the game by just two runs, and saved their hopes of regaining the Ashes. Flintoff was named 'Man of the Match' and captain Michael Vaughan subsequently dubbed the match "Fred's Test" in honour of his achievement.

Flintoff scored a century during England's crucial win at Trent Bridge. He took five wickets on the fourth day of the final Test match, enabling England to go off for bad light and helping them eventually to secure a draw and regain the Ashes.

For his achievements throughout the 2005 Ashes series, he was named as "Man of the Series" by Australian coach, John Buchanan. His achievement also won him the inaugural Compton-Miller Medal. He was also awarded the Freedom of the City of Preston.

In October 2005, Flintoff shared the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for the ICC player of the year award with Jacques Kallis of South Africa. In December 2005, Flintoff was crowned BBC Sports Personality of the Year for 2005, the first cricketer since Botham in 1981. In the New Year's Honours List for 2006, Flintoff was appointed an MBE for his role in the successful Ashes side. In January 2006, Flintoff was presented with the Freedom of the City award for Preston, Lancashire. The award was presented to Flintoff by the mayor of Preston. Other recipients of the award include Sir Tom Finney and Nick Park.

England captaincy
In February 2006 following England captain Michael Vaughan and vice-captain Marcus Trescothick becoming unavailable for the first Test match against India, Flintoff was named captain of the England team and subsequently announced that he would be staying in India for the entire Test series, although he and his wife were expecting their second child. His wife gave birth to a son, Corey, shortly before the second Test on 9 March.

On the field, Flintoff was seen as a great success during the drawn series with India, with a 212-run victory in Mumbai. His contributions with both bat and ball ensured that he was named as the player of the series, with many commentators seeing Flintoff as someone who not only worked better under the responsibility but was also viewed as a great influence of an inexperienced side, which included many debutants, such as Alastair Cook, Owais Shah and Monty Panesar. Flintoff amassed four fifties in the series, and took 11 wickets, on unfriendly surfaces for seamers. Flintoff continued to captain England during the seven ODIs in India, although he was rested for two matches. Sri Lanka toured in May and England drew the three-Test series 1–1. The series took a heavy toll on Flintoff physically, and journalist David Hopps remarked:

"By the end of the series, Flintoff was also a crock, succumbing to a further ankle injury that put his role in the winter's Ashes in doubt. Could this be traced back to the opening Test at Lord's when, in his first serious bowl of the season, and somewhat above his fighting weight, he bowled an excessive 68.3 overs and nothing above 85mph? He had gone from shock bowler to stock bowler – under his own captaincy, too."

A recurrence of his long-term ankle problem in the Test series meant Flintoff missed both the ODI series against Sri Lanka, and the first Test against Pakistan. It was later announced in July that Flintoff's rehabilitation had not been sufficient to quell the injury, and that further surgery would be required. He was thus ruled out for the entire series against Pakistan. Despite injury concerns, Flintoff was later named for the ICC Champions Trophy, where he played as a specialist batsman, not as an all-rounder.

2006–07 Ashes series
After his previous stint as captain in the Test series against India, Flintoff returned as captain of the England team for the eagerly anticipated 2006-07 Ashes series in Australia. The series turned out to be a humiliating one for Flintoff, leading his side to five straight losses and thus losing the Ashes after having held them for the shortest time in history. In addition, he presided over England's worst ever defeat in an Ashes series, equalling the 1921 whitewash at the hands of the Warwick Armstrong-led Australian team in the wake of World War I.

Flintoff's own play in the 2006–07 series, both bowling and at the crease, was generally deemed disappointing. He made only two scores over 50 in the series, his best bowling figures were 4–99 in the first innings of the First Test in Brisbane, and he failed to take five wickets in a match. Flintoff played in only one first-class game in the lead up to the series. He was initially undone by Australia's excellent seam bowling but his batting improved throughout the series as he got more match practice. A persistent ankle injury prevented Flintoff from bowling long spells at full pace and Australia's batsmen took advantage of this. According to Nasser Hussain during the tour he also had three or four warnings for inappropriate behaviour and binge drinking, including arriving hung over for a training session.

Flintoff also captained England for several of the subsequent 2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series One Day International matches. Michael Vaughan's return from knee surgery was cut short by a hamstring injury and he was only able to play two matches, leaving Flintoff in charge for the remaining games. England qualified in the last game of eight group matches for the best-of-three finals against Australia, but reversed their poor form on tour with a 2–0 series win in the finals.

Flintoff contributed significantly with the ball in both matches, taking three wickets in the first match and allowing only 10 runs off five overs in the second as Australia chased a reduced total in a rain-hit match.

2007 Cricket World Cup
With Michael Vaughan returning from injury for the Cricket World Cup in the West Indies, Flintoff was replaced as captain but appointed England's vice-captain.

In the opening match of the tournament against New Zealand, Flintoff was out first ball in England's innings and, although conceding only 17 runs in eight overs, he failed to take a wicket. He did, however, take a one-handed catch at slip to dismiss Ross Taylor for a duck. On the evening of England's defeat Flintoff, along with some other players and coaches from the England squad, indulged in some late night drinking in a night club, only two days before their vital match against Canada. In the early hours of the morning, he reportedly had to be rescued after falling off a pedalo – this quickly became known in the media as the "Fredalo" incident. Flintoff and the others involved were reprimanded and fined, with Flintoff being stripped of the vice-captaincy. In addition, he was suspended for the match against Canada. It was revealed by England coach Duncan Fletcher that Flintoff had had a number of previous warnings about his behaviour. Flintoff has since issued a public apology, and later also clarified that he didn't actually "fall off" a pedalo, but rather failed in an attempt to board one.

Flintoff returned to the England team for the last group match against Kenya, taking two wickets. In the Super 8 matches, Flintoff often excelled with the ball but failed to recover his batting form. Against Ireland he took 4–43 and scored 43 runs; against Sri Lanka he took 3–35 but was out for 2 and against Australia he took 1–35 but was out for 4. In the next match against Bangladesh Flintoff took 1–38 in eight overs and scored 23 runs off 21 balls. Ultimately, he failed to influence an ailing English side and had a poor tournament. Michael Vaughan later commented that Flintoff's pedalo antics had adversely affected team morale.

2007–09: Injuries, comeback, and retirement
Flintoff returned for a couple of games with Lancashire, in preparation for the West Indies tour of England but he re-injured his ankle and was ruled out for the first Test which started on 17 May 2007. Having undergone another operation on the troublesome ankle, he missed the whole Test and one-day series against the West Indies, and was also ruled out for the subsequent Test series with India. Following several games for Lancashire, Flintoff returned for England in the first of seven ODIs against India on 21 August 2007. He bowled seven overs and ended with figures of one for twelve in England's 104-run victory. He hit an eventful nine runs during the second ODI; however, while fielding, he injured his knee and sat out England's 42-run victory in the third ODI. He returned for the fourth ODI on 30 August. Flintoff missed England's two narrow defeats to India in the fifth and sixth ODIs before taking 3–45 in the seventh, helping England to win the series four-three with a seven-wicket victory.

Flintoff's ankle injury recurred during the end of the 2007 season, and, although he played in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, he did not accompany the England squad to Sri Lanka, and a fourth operation made it highly unlikely that he would play again before the summer of 2008, missing both the Sri Lankan Test Series and the 2008 tour of New Zealand. Flintoff remained "upbeat" about his career, however.

Flintoff was back in action for Lancashire early in the 2008 season, but a side strain ruled him out of contention for the home series against New Zealand. After again returning to action in county cricket he was recalled to the England squad for the second Test against South Africa, where he missed the last 17 Tests prior. He took his 200th Test wicket in the Third Test, trapping Neil McKenzie lbw for 72. Flintoff bowled consistently against the South Africans, but South African coach Mickey Arthur felt that he was too defensive. His batting also began to show promise as he consistently made starts, before being moved back up to bat at six when Kevin Pietersen took over as captain. In the following one day series, Flintoff was an important player for England, leading Pietersen to describe him as "a superstar". Flintoff scored 78 in both the first and the third matches – he was not required to bat in the second – as well as 31 not out off 12 balls in the fourth, whilst taking three wickets in the same match. This led many pundits to speculate that Flintoff might just be back to his best. He won Man of the Series in the ODI home series against South Africa, where England won four-nil: the last match was washed out. He was both the top run-scorer and the top wicket-taker of that series. Still, though, his want of consistency frustrated the pundits. "Flintoff," wrote Peter Roebuck some time later, "is a fine cricketer who has never quite worked out how he takes wickets or scores runs. Torn between hitting and playing, pounding and probing, he has performed below his highest capabilities."

On England's tour of India, Flintoff started the series well. In the first warm-up match against the Mumbai Cricket Association, he scored exactly 100. It was his first century for England since the Fourth Test of the 2005 Ashes. His batting did not follow with similar successes in India and the West Indies, but his bowling remained strong, with a dozen wickets in the Caribbean at under 30 apiece, followed by a hat-trick in the final ODI series, becoming only the third English bowler ever to do so.

In February 2009, the Chennai Super Kings of the Indian Premier League bought Flintoff for US$1,550,000; US$600,000 above his base price of US$950,000. This made him the highest-ever-paid IPL player at the time, alongside compatriot Kevin Pietersen, surpassing Mahendra Singh Dhoni's US$1,500,000. But Flintoff did not find success at the tournament, held in South Africa due to the Indian General Elections, as after a difficult first few matches he was sent home for surgery following another knee injury.

However, speculation over Flintoff's form ahead of the much-awaited 2009 Ashes series died down as he took six wickets in his first match back for Lancashire and left "several county batsmen...nursing bruised ribs and fingers". He also collected a half-century against Hampshire, although he was still yet to register a century in either domestic cricket or any form of the international game since that Trent Bridge instalment of the last home Ashes in 2005, which year also accounted for his most recent Test five-for. "It's always been an Australian trait to over-rate players who have done well against them (just ask VVS Laxman)," wrote Lawrence Booth. "But in the case of Andrew Flintoff, this phenomenon is getting so out of control you wonder whether Steve Waugh has returned to orchestrate a cunning mind-game. ... In any case, does anyone honestly think a player with his fitness record will make it through a five-Test series condensed into less than seven weeks?" Flintoff did offer some hope with the willow in the Twenty20 Cup, however, hitting 93 off 41 balls for Lancashire against Derbyshire in June.

On 15 July 2009, Flintoff announced he would retire from Test cricket at the end of the 2009 Ashes Series. He said that "Since 2005 I have just been plagued with injury so I've got the opportunity now to finish on a high by helping England to win the Ashes and it will give me great pleasure if I can play my last Test at the Oval and we can win the Ashes – it doesn't get any bigger than that." He was man of the match in England's victory at Lords in the Second Test Match, taking 5 wickets in the second innings after a fine display of fast bowling and achieving the rare feat of making both Lord's Honours Boards. On 23 August 2009, England defeated Australia at The Oval to seal a 2–1 series win, with Flintoff notably running out the Australian captain Ricky Ponting, ensuring Flintoff ended his England career on a high.

On 16 September 2010, Flintoff retired from all forms of professional cricket, having consulted medical advisers. He continued to play recreationally for Penwortham Cricket Club alongside his brother Chris Flintoff.

2014–present: Twenty20 comeback and second retirement
Flintoff came out of retirement in May 2014, returning to Lancashire to play Twenty20 only. He featured in the final of the competition, dismissing Ian Bell with the ball and hitting two sixes in the penultimate over as Lancashire fell just short against Birmingham Bears. After this season he was signed by the Brisbane Heat in the Australian Big Bash League for the 2014–15 season. Flintoff disappointed on the field, ending the season with a high score of 46, with only one other score in double figures (15), along with three wickets at an average of 45.33.

He had an on-field microphone for most matches and memorably sang "In the Ghetto" by Elvis Presley during one game while on air. He also began commentating matches for Network Ten. These experiences endeared him to Australian crowds, a far cry from his England days. After the 2014-15 Big Bash League season, he finally retired from cricket. He returned to Australia for the 2015-16 Big Bash League season as a commentator for Network Ten.

His newfound popularity in Australia enabled him to win the first series of the Australian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.

On 9 September 2023, Andrew Flintoff made a public appearance in an England coaching kit, taking charge of the team's fielding drills during their inaugural One Day International (ODI) encounter against New Zealand in Cardiff. This marked Flintoff's first public sighting since a serious accident while filming for Top Gear the previous December. He has been extended an invitation to be with the team, although he holds no formal coaching position. He is slated to accompany the England side throughout the four-match ODI series. However, it appears unlikely that he will join the squad for the upcoming World Cup in India.

Records and achievements

 * Flintoff is the third highest English wicket-taker in one-day international cricket with 168 wickets, and the 13th highest in Test cricket, with 219 wickets. These figures include wickets taken for the ICC World XI.
 * He is also the ninth highest English run-scorer in one-day internationals, with a total of 2,975.
 * Flintoff was Lancashire's winner of the NBC Denis Compton Award in 1997.
 * Flintoff holds third place in the list of most sixes scored for England in test cricket, behind Ben Stokes and Kevin Pietersen, beating Ian Botham's record of 67 with a six off India's Piyush Chawla in Mohali on 11 March 2006.
 * Flintoff is only the seventh player to have batted on all five days of a Test match, achieving this feat at Mohali, in the same match in which he broke the sixes record.
 * He is one of only ten players to be on both the batting and bowling honours boards at Lord's.

Media career
In March 2010, Flintoff became a team captain on the Sky One television sports panel show A League of Their Own, hosted by James Corden. In December 2010, Flintoff became a guest commentator during a number of matches in the 2011 PDC World Darts Championship event. He returned to commentary during the 2012 World Matchplay, where he called Michael van Gerwen's nine dart finish against Steve Beaton. He also currently hosts a radio show on BBC Radio Five Live on Monday nights.

As of 2011 Flintoff was named as a brand ambassador for big men's fashion brand Jacamo and had his own range produced in 2012. In early 2011 he also became the face of Morrisons supermarkets.

Flintoff also produced a documentary entitled Freddie Flintoff: Hidden Side of Sport, about his and other sports stars' suffering of clinical depression. This was first aired on BBC1 on Wednesday, 11 January 2012.

Flintoff was a judge on the ITV talent show Let's Get Gold in 2012.

In 2014, Flintoff made a cameo appearance in Sky TV series, Trollied. In the same year, he also appeared as a contestant on Celebrity Deal or No Deal.

On 15 February 2015, Flintoff entered the first Australian series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, held in the Kruger National Park in South Africa. Entering on Day 17 of the series, he was crowned "King of the Jungle" after winning the series on 15 March 2015 after spending 29 days in the jungle. He was also a commentator for Network Ten's Big Bash League coverage and appeared as a regular panellist on their current affairs show The Project.

In 2014, Flintoff started the Sky One TV series Flintoff: Lord of the Fries, touring around the UK exploring the places, people and food with co-host Rob Penn. The series was aired from 2015, the second series (2016) was titled "Freddie Fries again". In December 2016, Flintoff and Penn took the series to Australia titled "Freddie Fries Down Under" AKA "Freddie Down Under" with challenges along the way.

Along with close friend and former Blackburn Rovers captain Robbie Savage and journalist and former table tennis professional Matthew Syed, Flintoff hosts a BBC Radio 5 Live podcast called Flintoff, Savage & The Ping Pong Guy in which hot sporting topics are discussed. The podcast won two categories at the 2017 Radio Academy Awards – Best Podcast and Best New Show – and Flintoff himself was awarded the Best New Presenter category.

Flintoff was a co-host for Australian Ninja Warrior, which first aired on the Nine Network in July 2017. Currently on its fourth season, he had to leave after the quarter finals due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In September 2017, Flintoff was the main presenter for Cannonball on ITV with Frankie Bridge, Radzi Chinyanganya, Ryan Hand and Maya Jama as poolside reporters.

He appeared in the BBC drama Love, Lies & Records. In November 2017, Flintoff made his musical theatre debut as Kevin Mergatroyd in Kay Mellor's Fat Friends The Musical (based on the ITV series) in Leeds before touring the UK in early 2018. He also hosted All Star Musicals for ITV in December 2017.

In October 2018, it was announced that Flintoff would be the new host of Top Gear alongside Paddy McGuinness and Chris Harris. Filming for the 27th series of the BBC Two show began in early 2019, and first aired in June 2019. On 11 February 2019, it was reported that Flintoff had crashed into a market stall in Mansfield while filming for the show. He remained a host into July 2019.

On 10 September 2019 Flintoff crashed while riding a head-first trike at 124 mph during one of the car show's signature competitions. He was not injured and resumed filming afterwards.

Flintoff was involved in a second accident when filming on 13 December 2022, at the Dunsfold Park Aerodrome. He was airlifted to hospital after the second accident. In October 2023, press reports confirmed that BBC Studios had reached a £9 million financial settlement to compensate Flintoff for the injuries he sustained.

Real estate
In 2018, it was reported that he was involved in a development to build a new tower block in Castlefield, along Mancunian Way. The two buildings were dubbed the "Flintoff towers". After the original was rejected for being too tall, in June 2019 Flintoff continued seeking permission for a 23-storey residential tower in Castlefield. A shorter version was approved in July 2019, with the tower designed by SimpsonHaugh. The new development will be 23 storeys, not 35.

Personal life
Flintoff married Rachael Wools in March 2005 at Knightsbridge, London. He has four children, including Rocky who is also a cricketer. He has the names of his wife and children tattooed on his left shoulder. Flintoff is a supporter of Preston North End. In his 2005 autobiography, Being Freddie, Flintoff admitted he had little or no interest in football at the time and only visited the Etihad Stadium for the social atmosphere.

Flintoff's father, Colin, and his brother, Chris, both played cricket, with Colin still playing for Whittingham Cricket Club near Preston. During Flintoff's innings of 167 against the West Indies at Edgbaston in July 2004, one six off Jermaine Lawson was hit high into the Ryder Stand and was almost caught by his father, who fumbled the ball and dropped it. Colin Flintoff remarked "If I'd taken it he'd have been the first Test batsman to be caught out by his dad!"

On 20 January 2006, Flintoff was awarded the Honorary Freedom of Preston, his home town, now city which is the highest award a Council can bestow on an individual.

In 2011, Flintoff was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of Preston-based Myerscough College.

Autobiographies
Flintoff has written several books:
 * Being Freddie
 * Freddie
 * Andrew Flintoff, My Life in Pictures
 * Ashes to Ashes
 * Good Times, Bad Times
 * Right, Said Fred

Documentaries
His career has been subject of a number of TV films and documentaries. In Freddie Flintoff: Hidden Side of Sport broadcast on the BBC One in 2012, he talks candidly in moving interviews with Steve Harmison, Vinnie Jones and Ricky Hatton and others about the serious effects of depression. He confronts his own issues as captain of England under pressure and under fire at the top of his game. Freddie reveals the stigma attached to talking about depression in the face of an often unforgiving public.

In the documentary Flintoff: From Lord's to the Ring in 2012 broadcast on Sky 1, the cricket champion is followed in a 3-episode series while pursuing a possible career as a professional boxer under the guidance of trainers Barry McGuigan and his son Shane McGuigan. "Biggie", Sugar Ray Leonard, Mike Tyson make appearances in the documentary where Flintoff is preparing for a boxing match.

In 2020, Flintoff presented a documentary that aired on the BBC One called Freddie Flintoff: Living With Bulimia. In the documentary, Flintoff talks with other men who have suffered with bulimia and discusses the stigma around men who suffer with eating disorders. Flintoff has suffered with bulimia for over 20 years, since he was 20 years old. At the end of the documentary, Flintoff said that he would like to seek treatment for his eating disorder, which he has never done previously, despite the long period he had been struggling with it.

Awards and honours

 * Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2005
 * Honorary Freedom of Preston: 2006
 * Honorary Fellowship of Myerscough College: 2011
 * England captain: 2006, 2006–2007
 * Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2005
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2004
 * PCA Player of the Year: 2004, 2005
 * ICC Player of the Year: 2005
 * ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2004
 * ICC World One-Day XI: 2004, 2005, 2006
 * ICC World Test XI: 2005, 2006
 * Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year: 1998
 * Compton-Miller medal: 2005
 * BBC Sports Personality of the Year: 2005
 * BBC Sports Personality of the Year Third Place: 2004
 * NBC Denis Compton Award: 1997
 * Walter Lawrence Trophy: 1999
 * MCC Spirit of Cricket Award: 2005

title: Andrew Flintoff


text:
NLGI consistency number

The NLGI consistency number (sometimes called “NLGI grade”) expresses a measure of the relative hardness of a grease used for lubrication, as specified by the standard classification of lubricating grease established by the National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI). Reproduced in standards ASTM D4950 (“standard classification and specification of automotive service greases”) and SAE J310 (“automotive lubricating greases”), NLGI's classification is widely used. The NLGI consistency number is also a component of the code specified in standard ISO 6743-9 “lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) — classification — part 9: family X (greases)”.

The NLGI consistency number alone is not sufficient for specifying the grease required by a particular application. However, it complements other classifications (such as ASTM D4950 and ISO 6743-9). Besides consistency, other properties (such as structural and mechanical stability, apparent viscosity, resistance to oxidation, etc.) can be tested to determine the suitability of a grease to a specific application.

Test method
NLGI's classification defines nine grades, each associated to a range of ASTM worked penetration values, measured using the test defined by standard ASTM D217 “cone penetration of lubricating grease”. This involves two test apparatus. The first apparatus consists of a closed container and a piston-like plunger. The face of the plunger is perforated to allow grease to flow from one side of the plunger to another as the plunger is worked up and down. The test grease is inserted into the container and the plunger is stroked 60 times while the test apparatus and grease are maintained at a temperature of 25 °C.

Once worked, the grease is placed in a penetration test apparatus. This apparatus consists of a container, a specially-configured cone and a dial indicator. The container is filled with the grease and the top surface of the grease is smoothed over. The cone is placed so that its tip just touches the grease surface and the dial indicator is set to zero at this position. When the test starts, the weight of the cone will cause it to penetrate into the grease. After a specific time interval the depth of penetration is measured.

Classification
The following table shows the NLGI classification and compares each grade with household products of similar consistency.

Common greases are in the range 1 through 3. Those with a NLGI No. of 000 to 1 are used in low viscosity applications. Examples include enclosed gear drives operating at low speeds and open gearing. Grades 0, 1 and 2 are used in highly loaded gearing. Grades 1 through 4 are often used in rolling contact bearings. Greases with a higher number are firmer, tend to stay in place and are a good choice when leakage is a concern.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: NLGI consistency number


text:
Teriimaevarua III

Ari'i-Otare Terii-maeva-rua III Pomare (28 May 1871 – 19 November 1932) was the last Queen of the Tahitian island of Bora Bora from 1873 to 1895.

The second daughter of Prince Tamatoa-a-tu (Tamatoa V), King of Raiātea and Tahaa and Princess Moe-a-Mai, Arii-Otare became the Queen of Bora Bora on the death of her aunt Princess Teriimaevarua II, Queen of Bora Bora. She married Prince Teri'i Hinoi-a-tua Pomare, chief of Hitia'a in Bora Bora on 9 January 1884 and was divorced in 1887. Ari'i-'Otare produced no children of her own. She adopted her two younger step daughters; Princess Rehu-rehu Tuheiava and Princess Itia Tuheiava. She also adopted and raised her biological nephew Moeterauri "Bimbo" Tetua who was born September 14, 1916.

Bora Bora was annexed by the French on 17 April 1888, but royal power remained in effect until 1895, when Teriimaevarua III was replaced by a French vice-resident. She remained the head of the royal house of Bora Bora until her death.

title: Teriimaevarua III


text:
Soyuz T-8

Soyuz T-8 was a crewed mission to the Salyut 7 space station in 1983. Shortly into the mission, the spacecraft failed to dock with the space station due to an incident involving an antenna being torn off the craft by the protective launch shroud. After a fuel-consuming attempt made in darkness for an optical rendezvous with Salyut 7 resulted in an abort in order to avoid collision, it was decided to de-orbit T-8 two days into the mission in order to ensure that the spacecraft had a sufficient amount of propellant for the de-orbit maneuver. After de-orbiting, landing of the craft occurred normally.

Mission parameters

 * Mass: 6850 kg
 * Perigee: 200 km
 * Apogee: 230 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 88.6 minutes

Mission highlights
Soyuz T-8 failed to dock with Salyut 7 due to problems with the capsule's automated docking system. It was the first failure to dock at a space station since Soyuz 33 in 1979.

Once in orbit, the Soyuz rendezvous radar antenna boom failed to deploy properly. Several attitude control maneuvers at high rates were made but failed to swing the boom out. The postflight inquiry later discovered that the antenna had been torn off when the Soyuz payload shroud separated. However, during the flight, the crew believed that the boom was still attached to the spacecraft's orbital module and that it had not locked into place. Accordingly, they shook the spacecraft using its attitude thrusters in an effort to rock it forward so it could lock.

With FCC permission, the crew attempted a rendezvous using only an optical sight and ground radar inputs for guidance. During the final approach, which was made in darkness, Titov believed that the closing speed was too great. He attempted a braking maneuver but felt that the two spacecraft were still closing too fast. He aborted the rendezvous to avoid a crash, and no further attempts were made. The abortive docking attempts consumed much propellant. To ensure that enough would remain to permit deorbit, the cosmonauts shut down the attitude control system and put Soyuz T-8 into a spin-stabilized mode of the type used by Soyuz Ferries in the early 1970s. The three men returned to Earth after a flight lasting just 2 days, 17 minutes, 48 seconds, and the landing proceeded normally.

title: Soyuz T-8


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Talk:The Posse Comitatus

ZOG
This is not a neo nazi orgainization. This is crazy and not academic but propaganda. Do you want me to label every jewish organization "communist" or neo-communist? Two can play at this game people. This is crazy.WHEELER 17:34, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's the use of the "ZOG" concept that puts them in the category for sure. Are you disputing that they do this? - David Gerard 19:53, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * They arn't neo-nazi, but they are worried about ZOG. There are lots of groups in the neo-nazi cat that shouldn't be, klansmen arn't nazi either, but the word "nazi" is broadly misused, and thus the meaning has begun to change. (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 09:17, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Survivalism
Yes, their survivalists. Thats a primary theme of theirs (along w entryism into local politics), hunting and hiking and engaging in manuevers and so forth, preparing for WTSHTF (when the $#!^ hits the fan). (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 09:17, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay - I'll leave the article as-is. But from what I know about this group (mostly from two circa 1980s books about the Gordon Kahl affair) they were/are primarily a radical, anti-Jewish group that promotes peculiar theories about taxation, banking and government, and mainly has tried to organize among farmers.  There's a lot of incorrect usage of 'survivalist' as a general synonym for the radical right wing.  If they do practice survivalism (and there are some radical right groups that do), I wasn't aware of it. Kaibabsquirrel 06:32, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, survivalism and local politics entryism are their main themes. Anti-semitism is not, but they are often racist. I've actually known some of these guys, and they never said anything about Jews, but I'm sure they would have it had come up ;) Their extremely focused on the power of the sherrif and the local govt., and being ready to take on the federal govt. if need be. They are an exceptionally good example of radical localism. (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 17:56, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Posse Comitatus


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Golf club

A golf club is a club used to hit a golf ball in a game of golf. Each club is composed of a shaft with a grip and a club head. Woods are mainly used for long-distance fairway or tee shots; irons, the most versatile class, are used for a variety of shots; hybrids that combine design elements of woods and irons are becoming increasingly popular; putters are used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the hole. A set of clubs is limited by the rules of golf to a maximum of 14 golf clubs, and while there are traditional combinations sold at retail as matched sets, players are free to use any combination of legal clubs.

The most significant difference between clubs of the same type is loft, or the angle between the club's face and the vertical plane. It is loft that is the primary determinant of the ascending trajectory of the golf ball, with the tangential angle of the club head's swing arc at impact being a secondary and relatively minor consideration (though these small changes in swing angle can nevertheless have a significant influence on launch angle when using low-lofted clubs). The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the club face give the ball backspin. Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers usually indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.

Wood
Woods are long-distance clubs, meant to drive the ball a great distance down the fairway towards the hole. They generally have a large head and a long shaft for maximum club speed. Historically, woods were made from persimmon wood, although some manufacturers—notably Ping—developed laminated woods. In 1979, TaylorMade Golf introduced the first wood made of steel. Even more recently, manufacturers have started using materials such as carbon fiber, titanium, or scandium. Although most "woods" in golf are constructed from various metals, the term "woods" persists to characterize their general shape and intended use on the golf course. Contemporary woods commonly feature a graphite shaft paired with a predominantly hollow head made of titanium, composite materials, or steel. This design emphasizes light weight, enabling faster club-head speeds. Woods, being the longest and most powerful clubs, typically consist of three to four options in a set. They are primarily utilized from the tee box and, on longer holes, may be employed for the second or even third shot. The largest wood, often referred to as the driver or one wood, is frequently crafted from hollow titanium and incorporates feather-light shafts. The length of the woods has been increasing in recent decades, and a typical driver with a graphite shaft is now 45.5 in long. The woods may also have very large heads, up to 460 cm3 in volume (the maximum allowed by the USGA in sanctioned events; drivers with even larger club-head volumes are available for long-drive competitions and informal games). The shafts range from senior to extra-stiff depending upon each player's preference.

Iron
Irons are clubs with a solid, all-metal head featuring a flat angled face, and a shorter shaft and more upright lie angle than a wood, for ease of access. Irons are designed for a variety of shots from all over the course, from the tee box on short or dog-legged holes, to the fairway or rough on approach to the green, to tricky situations like punching through or lobbing over trees, getting out of hazards, or hitting from tight lies requiring a compact swing. Most of the irons have a number from 1 to 9 (the numbers in most common use are from 3 to 9), corresponding to their relative loft angle within a matched set. Irons are typically grouped according to their intended distance (which also roughly corresponds to their shaft length and thus their difficulty to hit the ball); in the numbered irons, there are long irons (2–4), medium irons (5–7), and short irons (8–9), with progressively higher loft angles, shorter shafts, and heavier club heads.

As with woods, "irons" get their name because they were originally made from forged iron. Modern irons are investment-cast out of steel alloys, which allows for better-engineered "cavity-back" designs that have lower centers of mass and higher moments of inertia, making the club easier to hit and giving better distance than older forged "muscle-back" designs. Forged irons with less perimeter weighting are still seen, especially in sets targeting low-handicap and scratch golfers, because this less forgiving design allows a skilled golfer to intentionally hit a curved shot (a "fade" or "draw"), to follow the contour of the fairway or "bend" a shot around an obstacle.

Wedge
Wedges are a subclass of irons with greater loft than the numbered irons (generally starting at 47°–48° of loft, above the 9-irons of 44°–45°), and other features such as high-mass club heads and wide soles that allow for easier use in tricky lies. Wedges are used for a variety of short-distance, high-altitude, high-accuracy "utility" shots, such as hitting the ball onto the green ("approach" shots), placing the ball accurately on the fairway for a better shot at the green ("lay-up" shots), or hitting the ball out of hazards or rough onto the green (chipping). There are five main types of wedges, with lofts ranging from 45° to 64°: pitching wedge (PW, 48–50°), gap wedge (GW, also "approach", "attack", "utility", or "dual" wedge, typically 52–54°), sand wedge (SW, 55–56°), lob wedge (LW, 58°–60°), and ultra lob wedge (sometimes called the "flop wedge" or FW, 64°–68°).

Hybrid
Hybrids are a cross between a wood and an iron, giving these clubs the wood's long distance and higher launch, with the iron's familiar swing. The club head of a hybrid has a wood-inspired, slightly convex face, and is typically hollow like modern metal woods to allow for high impulse on impact and faster swing speeds. The head is usually smaller than true woods, however, not extending as far back from the face, and the lie and shaft length are similar to an iron giving similar swing mechanics. These clubs generally replace low-numbered irons in a standard set (between 2 and 5, most commonly 3–4), which are typically the hardest clubs in a player's bag to hit well. By doing so they also generally make higher-lofted woods redundant as well. However, some manufacturers produce "iron replacement" sets that use hybrid designs to replace an entire set of traditional irons, from 3 to pitching wedge. Sets designed for less muscular players commonly feature a combination of high-lofted woods (up to 7-wood) and hybrids to replace the 5, 6 and 7-irons, allowing these players to achieve greater carry distances with slower swings.

Putter
Putters are a special class of clubs with a loft not exceeding ten degrees, designed primarily to roll the ball along the grass, generally from a point on the putting green toward the hole. Contrary to popular belief, putters do have a loft (often 5° from truly perpendicular at impact) that helps to lift the ball from any indentation it has made. Newer putters also include grooves on the face to promote roll rather than a skid off the impact. This increases rolling distance and reduces bouncing over the turf. Putters are the only class of club allowed to have certain features, such as two striking faces, non-circular grip cross-sections, bent shafts or hosels, and appendages designed primarily to aid players' aim.

Chipper
Present in some golfers' bags is the chipper, a club designed to feel like a putter but with a more lofted face, used with a putting motion to lift the ball out of the higher grass of the rough and fringe and drop it on the green, where it will then roll like a putt. This club replaces the use of a high-lofted iron to make the same shot, and allows the player to make the shot from a stance and with a motion nearly identical to a putt, which is more difficult with a lofted iron due to a difference in lie angle.

Most chippers have a loft greater than 10 degrees, which is the maximum loft permitted by the Rules of Golf for a club to be classed as a putter, so these clubs are actually classed as irons. To be legal for sanctioned play, a chipper cannot have any feature that is defined in the rules as allowable only on putters, e.g. two striking faces or a flat-topped "putter grip". This disqualifies many chipper designs, but there are some USGA-conforming chippers, and non-conforming designs can still be used for informal play.

Overview
The shafts of the woods were made of different types of wood before being replaced by hickory in the middle of the 19th century. The varieties of woods included ash, purpleheart, orangewood, and blue mahoe. Despite the strength of hickory, the long-nose club of the mid nineteenth century was still prone to breaking at the top of the back swing. The club heads were often made from woods including apple, pear, dogwood, and beech in the early times until persimmon became the main material. Golf clubs have been improved and the shafts are now made of steel, titanium, other types of metals or carbon fiber. The shaft is a tapered steel tube or a series of stepped steel tubes in telescopic fashion. This has improved the accuracy of golfers. The grips of the clubs are made from leather or rubber.

Shaft
The shaft is a tapered tube made of metal (usually steel) or carbon fiber composite (referred to as graphite). The shaft is roughly 0.5 in in diameter near the grip and from 34 to 48 in in length. Shafts weigh from 45 to 150 g, depending on the material and length.

Shafts are quantified in a number of different ways. The most common is the shaft flex. Simply, the shaft flex is the amount that the shaft will bend when placed under a load. A stiffer shaft will not flex as much, which requires more power to flex and "whip" through the ball properly (which results in higher club speed at impact for more distance), while a more flexible shaft will whip with less power required for better distance on slower swings, but may torque and over-flex if swung with too much power causing the head not to be square at impact, resulting in lower accuracy. Most shaft makers offer a variety of flexes. The most common are: L/W (Lady/Women's), A/I (Soft Regular, Intermediate or Senior), R (Regular), S (Stiff), and X (Tour Stiff, Extra Stiff or Strong). A regular flex shaft is generally appropriate for those with an average head speed (80 - 94 mph), while an A-Flex (or senior shaft) is for players with a slower swing speed (70 - 79 mph), and the stiffer shafts, such as S-Flex and X-Flex (Stiff and Extra-Stiff shafts) are reserved only for those players with an above average swinging speed, usually above 100 mi/h. Some companies also offer a "stiff-regular" or "firm" flex for players whose club speed falls in the upper range of a Regular shaft (90 - 100 mph), allowing golfers and club makers to fine-tune the flex for a stronger amateur-level player.

At impact, the club head can twist as a result of torque applied to the shaft, reducing accuracy as the face of the club is not square to the player's stance. The ability of a shaft to twist along its length due to this torque is fundamentally a function of the flex of the shaft itself; a stiffer shaft will also torque less. To counter torque in more flexible shafts, club makers design the shafts with varying degrees of torque through their length, particularly along the thinnest part of the shaft where it joins with the club head. This results in a point at which the shaft is most flexible, called the "kick point"; above that point the increasing diameter of the shaft makes it more rigid, while below that point the shaft is reinforced internally to reduce torquing of the club head. Shafts have typically been classified as having a low, medium or high kick; a low kick means the shaft will store energy closer to the club head, which means the club head can twist more but also allows for higher club head speeds. A high kick shaft will store energy closer to the grip; such a shaft will feel firmer when swinging it and will give better control over direction, but the same strength swing will flex the shaft less, which will reduce club-head speed.

Widely overlooked as a part of the club, the shaft is considered by many to be the engine of the modern club head. Shafts range in price from a mere US$4 to over US$1200. Current graphite shafts weigh considerably less than their steel counterparts (sometimes weighing less than 50 g for a driver shaft), allowing for lighter clubs that can be swung at greater speed. Beginning in the late 1990s, custom shafts have been integrated into the club-making process. These shafts will, within a given flex rating, address specific criteria, such as to launch the ball higher or lower or to adjust for the timing of a player's swing to load and unload the shaft at the correct moments of the swing for maximum power. Whereas in the past each club could come with only one shaft, today's club heads can be fitted with dozens of different shafts, each with slight variation in behavior, creating the potential for a much better fit for the average golfer.

Grip
The grip of the club is attached to the opposite end of the shaft from the club head, and is the part of the club the player holds on to while swinging. Originally, the grip was composed of one or more leather strips wrapped around the shaft. The leather outer wrap on a grip is still seen on some clubs, most commonly putters, but most modern grips are a one-piece "sleeve" made of rubber, synthetic or composite material that is slid over the shaft and secured with an adhesive. These sleeve grips allow club makers and golfers to customize the grip's diameter, consistency (softness/firmness) and texturing pattern to best fit the player. Clubs with an outer "wrap" of leather or leather-like synthetic still typically have a "sleeve" form underneath to add diameter to the grip and give it its basic profile.

Grip rules
According to the rules of golf, all club grips must have the same cross-section shape along their entire length (the diameter can vary), and with the exception of the putter, must have a circular cross-section. The putter may have any cross section that is symmetrical along the length of the grip through at least one plane; "shield" profiles with a flat top and curved underside are common. Grips may taper from thick to thin along their length (and virtually all do), but they are not allowed to have any waisting (a thinner section of the grip surrounded by thicker sections above and below it) or bulges (thicker sections of the grip surrounded by thinner sections). Minor variations in surface texture (such as the natural variation of a "wrap"-style grip) are not counted unless significant.

Re-gripping
Advances in materials have resulted in more durable, longer-lasting soft grips, but nevertheless grips do eventually dry out, harden, or are otherwise damaged and must be replaced. Replacement grips sold as do-it-yourself kits are generally inexpensive and of high quality, although custom grips that are larger, softer, or textured differently from the everyday "wrap"-style grip are generally bought and installed by a clubsmith.

Re-gripping used to require toxic, flammable solvents to soften and activate the adhesive, and a vise to hold the club steady while the grip was forced on. The newest replacement kits, however, use double-sided tape with a water-activated adhesive that is slippery when first activated, allowing easier installation. Once the adhesive cures, it creates a very strong bond between grip and shaft and the grip is usually impossible to remove without cutting it off.

Hosel
The hosel is the portion of the club head to which the shaft attaches. Though largely ignored by players, hosel design is integral to the balance, feel and power of a club. Modern hosels are designed to place as little mass as possible over the top of the striking face of the club, which lowers the center of gravity of the club for better distance.

Club head
Each head has one face which contacts the ball during the stroke. Putters may have two striking faces, as long as they are identical and symmetrical. Some chippers (a club similar in appearance to a double-sided putter but having a loft of 35–45 degrees) have two faces, but are not legal. Page 135 of the 2009 USGA rules of golf states:

"The club head must have only one striking face, except that a putter may have two such faces if their characteristics are the same, and they are opposite each other."

Page 127 of the USGA rules of golf states:

"A putter is a club with a loft not exceeding ten degrees designed primarily for use on the putting green."

Therefore, any double sided club with a loft greater than 10 degrees is not legal.

Ferrule
The trim ring, usually black (It may have additional trim colors), that is found directly on top of the hosel on many woods and irons. The ferrule is mostly decorative, creating a continuous line between the shaft and the wider hosel, but in some cases it can form part of the securing mechanism between hosel and shaft. Ferrules of differing weights can fine-tune the center of mass of the overall club head, but for these minute adjustments, screw-in weighted inserts at specific points on the club head are usually used instead.

Club sets
The rules of golf limit each player to a maximum of 14 clubs in their bag. Strict rules prohibit sharing of clubs between players that each have their own set (if two players share clubs, they may not have more than 14 clubs combined), and while occasional lending of a club to a player is generally overlooked, habitual borrowing of other players' clubs or the sharing of a single bag of clubs slows play considerably when both players need the same club.

The most common set of men's clubs is:

 * A driver, usually numbered a 1-wood regardless of actual loft, which varies from 8° up to 13°
 * A fairway wood, typically numbered a 3-wood and lofted about 15° (though 2- and 4-woods are sometimes seen)
 * A matched set of 7 numbered irons from 3 through 9, plus a pitching wedge or "10-iron"
 * A sand wedge
 * A putter

The above set is only 12 clubs; these (or equivalent hybrid substitutes) are found in virtually every golf bag. To this, players typically add two of the following:

 * Another fairway wood, often a 5-wood lofted around 18°, to allow other options besides long irons in the 180–250 yard range,
 * A hybrid, typically lofted for similar distance as a 3- or 4-iron and usually replacing instead of supplementing those clubs in the bag, and/or
 * An additional wedge, usually either:
 * A gap wedge lofted near 52° to fit between the modern pitching and sand wedges in loft, or
 * A lob wedge, typically lofted around 60°, used for tight approach shots from the rough or sand.
 * A chipper.

Women's club sets are similar in overall makeup, but typically have higher lofts and shorter, more flexible shafts in retail sets to accommodate the average female player's height and swing speed.

Variations on this basic set abound; several club options usually exist for almost any shot depending on the player's skill level and playing style, and the only club universally considered to be indispensable is the putter. Some consider the modern deep-faced driver to be equally irreplaceable; this is cause for some debate, as professional players including Tiger Woods have played and won tournaments without using a driver, instead using a 3-wood for tee shots and making up the difference on the approach using a lower-lofted iron.

The most common omissions are the "long irons", numbered from 2 to 5, which are notoriously difficult to hit well. The player can supplement the gaps in distance with either higher-numbered woods such as the 5 and even the 7-wood, or may replace the long irons with equivalently-numbered hybrid clubs. If hybrids are used, higher-lofted woods are often omitted as redundant, but ladies' and seniors' sets commonly feature both hybrids and high-lofted woods, omitting the long irons entirely in favor of the lofted woods, and replacing the mid-irons (5–7) with hybrids. The combination allows for higher launch angles on the long-distance clubs, which gives better distance with slower swing speeds. Where a club is omitted and not replaced with a club of similar function, players may add additional clubs of a different function such as additional wedges.

While 14 clubs is a maximum, it is not a minimum; players are free to use any lesser number of clubs they prefer, so substitutions for the common omissions above are not always made; a player may simply choose to play without a 5-wood or 2–4 irons, instead using a 4-wood and moving directly to their 5-iron as desired distance decreases (a 4-wood in a skilled golfer's hands averages 200 yards; a 5-iron in the same player's hands would be about 160, which is a large gap but not unplayable). Other clubs may be omitted as well. On courses where bags must be carried by the player, the player may take only the odd-numbered irons; without the 4, 6 or 8 irons (the 3 is sometimes removed instead of the 4) the bag's weight is considerably reduced. Carrying only a driver, 3-wood, 4-hybrid, 5-7-9 irons, pitching and sand wedges, and a putter reduces the number of clubs in the bag to 9; this is a common load-out for a "Sunday bag" taken to the driving range or to an informal game. A skilled player can usually overcome the lesser selection of club lofts by reducing their swing speed on a lower-loft iron and/or placing the ball further forward in their stance to get the same carry distance and/or launch angle as the next higher loft number. Another increasingly common informal format is a deliberately low upper limit such as four clubs, or three clubs plus putter, with a typical load being a wood or hybrid, middle iron, wedge and putter, although often with significant variation between players with regards to which specific clubs are favored in each role.

Regulations
The ruling authorities of golf, The R&A (formerly part of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews) and the United States Golf Association (USGA), reserve the right to define what shapes and physical characteristics of clubs are permissible in tournament play. The current rules for club design, including the results of various rulings on clubs introduced for play, are defined in Appendix II of the Rules of Golf.

The overarching principle of club design used by both authorities is defined in Appendix II-1a, which states: "The club must not be substantially different from the traditional and customary form and make. The club must be composed of a shaft and a head and it may also have material added to the shaft to enable the player to obtain a firm hold (see 3 below). All parts of the club must be fixed so that the club is one unit, and it must have no external attachments." In addition, Appendix II-4a states, regarding club heads, that "the club head must be generally plain in shape. All parts must be rigid, structural in nature and functional. The club head or its parts must not be designed to resemble any other object. It is not practicable to define 'plain in shape' precisely and comprehensively."

These two rules are used as the basis for most of the more specific rules of Appendix II, including that no club may have a concave face (1931) and various rules defining what is "traditional" about the shapes of specific clubs, while allowing for the progression of technology. The "traditional and customary" rule was originally used to ban the introduction of steel club shafts (patented in 1910), as that material was not traditional for shafts; that specific ban was rescinded in 1924 by the USGA (the R&A would continue to ban steel shafts until 1929), and steel would become universal until the development of graphite shafts whose introduction was less controversial. The "plain in shape" rule was more recently bent to allow for non-traditional driver club head shapes, such as squares, as a compromise to club-makers after imposing and enforcing a 460cc volume limit on these same club heads.

Many recently developed woods have a marked "trampoline effect" (a large deformation of the face upon impact followed by a quick restoration to original dimensions, acting like a slingshot), resulting in very high ball speeds and great lengths of tee shots. As of 1 January 2008, the USGA and R&A have settled on a regulation that limits the acceptable "trampoline effect" to a coefficient of restitution (COR)—a measurement of the efficiency of the transfer of energy from the club head to the ball—of .830.

Other large scale USGA rulings involve a 1990 lawsuit, and subsequent settlement, against Karsten Manufacturing, makers of the PING brand, for their use of square, or U-grooves in their immensely popular Ping Eye2 irons. The USGA argued that players who used the Eye2 had an unfair advantage in imparting spin on the ball, which helps to stop the ball on the putting greens. The USGA utilized John L. Saksun, founder of Canadian golf company Accuform Golf, as a consultant to set up methods of measuring the unique grooves and determining PING's compliance with the rulings. Saksun, by proposing a cost-effective solution to help PING change the design of subsequent Eye2s, saved PING hundreds of millions. PING subsequently withdrew their US$100 million lawsuit against the USGA. Ping’s older clubs were "grandfathered in" and allowed to remain in play as part of the settlement. However, the USGA has begun phasing in a ban on square grooves in golf. Manufacturers were required to discontinue noncompliant clubs by January 1, 2011. According to the USGA, as January 1, 2010, professional golfers on one of the top tours, or those attempting to qualify for one of the three Open Championships (since then four) will need to use new conforming wedges (those without square grooves). Moreover, those who plan to qualify for any other USGA championship (Amateur championships—under 18, Amateur, over 25, and over 50 in both sexes, and four-ball, along with international team championships), will need new conforming wedges by 2014. In addition, this regulation includes IGF and USGA-sanctioned regional amateur events as well, as a "condition of competition". Wedges that conform to the new standard are often marketed as "CC" or "Condition of Competition" wedges; this moniker is likely to fall into disuse as players upgrade clubs and the use of non-conforming irons diminishes.

title: Golf club


text: Category:Women's basketball

title: Category:Women's basketball


text: Category:Elections in Lithuania

title: Category:Elections in Lithuania


text:
Rösti

Rösti or rööschti is a Swiss dish consisting mainly of potatoes, sautéed or shallow-fried in a pan. It was originally a breakfast dish, commonly eaten by farmers in the canton of Bern (and parts of the canton of Fribourg), but is now eaten all over Switzerland and around the world. The French name röstis bernois directly refers to the dish's origins.

Many Swiss people consider rösti to be a national dish. Rather than considering it a complete breakfast, lunch or dinner, it is more commonly served to accompany other dishes such as Spinat und Spiegelei (spinach and fried eggs, sunny side up), cervelas or Fleischkäse. It is commonly available in Swiss restaurants, as a replacement for the standard side dish of a given meal.

Preparation
Rösti dishes are made with coarsely grated potato, either parboiled or raw. Rösti are most often pan-fried and shaped in the frying pan during cooking, but they can also be baked in the oven. Depending on the frying technique, oil, butter, cheese, or another fat may be added (and usually salt and pepper). The grated potatoes are shaped into rounds or patties, usually measuring between 3 and 12 cm in diameter and 1 and 2 cm thick.

Although basic rösti consists of nothing but potato, a number of additional ingredients are sometimes added, such as bacon, onion, cheese, apple or fresh herbs. This is usually considered to be a regional touch.

Cultural impact
In Swiss popular cultural ethos, rösti are predominantly eaten in German-speaking regions, although they can be found easily elsewhere in the country. Rösti dishes are portrayed as a stereotypical part of the Swiss-Germanic culture, as opposed to Latin culture. The geographic border separating the French and German-speaking parts of the country is therefore commonly referred to as the Röstigraben: literally the "rösti ditch".

title: Rösti


text:
Talk:Council of Conservative Citizens

Unsourced/primary material
User:Beyond My Ken: I'm really not sure how this constitutes a whitewashing, so maybe you can clarify what you would like to see here. The first two sentences of the paragraph are not in the source at all - so I don't think there's any justification for restoring that portion of the paragraph.

In general: a group's self-descriptions are not inherently notable, and Wikipedia policies discourage overreliance on WP:PRIMARY sources. We have plenty of reliable secondary sources that describe the CofCC's ideology, and the section in question has been tagged for primary sourcing for over a year at this point - so it seems sensible to excise some of it. If the goal is to simply note that the CofCC perpetuates white genocide conspiracy theory, we can do that by citing a reliable secondary source like this - we don't need to help them spread their message by uncritically repeating their racists canards. [[User:Nblund |Nblund ]]talk 05:10, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Would someone have a look at this edit ? The edit note says the para was removed for being unsourced.  There are plenty of references in the deleted material. Rhadow (talk) 22:27, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

 * it looks to me as though that comment refers only to this (or mainly, I saw a couple of small details that looked unsourced): "Other conservative national and state politicians who refused to denounce, distance, or resign their membership and continued attending meetings and giving speeches remained prominent political leaders within the conservative movement. Former Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina remained supportive of the CofCC and consistently won his elections, and support from the CofCC was considered decisive enough that the organization was influential in office throughout his terms in the Senate. Similarly, former governors H. Guy Hunt of Alabama and Kirk Fordice of Mississippi, as well as Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina remained active members and/or gave speeches to the organization.". Doug Weller  talk 13:57, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

unverified/unverifiable?
I see this sentence in the article. "Mass murderer Dylann Roof searched the Internet for information on "black on White crime", and the first website he found was the CofCC website." This seems like a very precise claim which, regardless of if it's sourced or not, seems impossible to be knowably true. Was someone standing there, looking over Roof's shoulder when he searched? On what possible basis can this statement be asserted to be anything other than conjecture? 158.123.57.187 (talk) 14:26, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Roof wrote it himself. "When Roof hit Enter for the search term "black on white crime," the search engine returned a list of websites. "The first website I came to was the Council of Conservative Citizens," Roof wrote." Source is here. Etzedek24 (I'll talk at ya) (Check my track record) 15:06, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

Whitewashing
An editor is attempting to whitewash this article by removing information supported by reliable sources, and adding "positive" information, like the organization's mission statement (which we generally do not do, as they are WP:Primary sources). I have advised the editor to stop their PoV editing and discuss their concerns on this talk page, and not to restore their edits until they have a consensus to do so from a discussion here. Beyond My Ken (talk) 23:30, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Neutral pointers to this discussion have been placed on the talk pages of the WikiProjects listed above. Beyond My Ken (talk) 23:40, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Neutral pointers to this discussion have been placed on the talk pages of all those editors who contributed to this page shown above. Beyond My Ken (talk) 23:45, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I made a trip to the organization's website and then went looking for other information about this group. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as the "uptown Klan." I would have a hard time supporting any consensus that would indicate this is anything other than a white supremacist organization. Ifnord (talk) 00:34, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

I challenge either of you users, and any users anywhere, to show how the edits I made did any such thing as alleged by User:Beyond My Ken in is collective tarring of all as "whitewashing". The Orwellian term he used her to entitle his own summary whitewashing of NPOV edits made in a single instance only to remedy POV bias in the very first sentence - which does not state what the organization is, as it should, it states how it is regarded, which should follow. And did immediately in my edit. Appropriately attributed.

Go ahead. Go look. And look at every other one. They do nothing whatsoever to seek to portray the Council in any unfairly favorable light.

And please justify to me how simply presenting a summary pf the Organization's principles from the very website cited at the top of the lead violates any Wikipedia policy on primary sources - for goodness sakes. It lays them out for readers to read them, and then contrast what else is in the balance of the article - completely undisturbed by me. It is not our job to whitewash or censor, and by no means is presenting them and allowing readers to contrast them with the rest the content of the page advocacy.

There is neither "whitewashing" going on, nor advocacy. Just examples here of overzealous overreaction to simple edits and an encyclopedic presentation of the very principles attacked in the top of the lead for readers to simply read. As indicated, I did not alter or undermine one single criticism, only relocated a paragraph following the above in chronological order. Yours, Wikiuser100 (talk) 00:56, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with what was said earlier. Any consensus that this is not a prima facie white supremacist organization is outrageous. Etzedek24 (I'll talk at ya) (Check my track record) 00:58, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Good gracious, User:Etzedek24, can you please review the contested content before you overzealously jump on the bandwagon here? What's going on around here?  Everybody can sound an alarm, but nobody can bother to read?  Yours, Wikiuser100 (talk) 01:13, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I did. You're spinning a majority viewpoint into something that seems like the opinion of one organization. Removing the phrase "white supremacist" from the first few sentences of the article is a tell. Etzedek24 (I'll talk at ya) (Check my track record) 01:17, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * That is naked nonsense. This is an encyclopedia.  The first sentence didn't describe the organization, it described what others have to say about it.  I provided a neutral (but indictive, in the context of what "America First" means in the organization's case, a term it uses itself, so it is nothing I am adding to make it look at all  "better"), then immediately followed it with the derogatory assessment of it, appropriately attributed.  What part of that can't you see? Yours, Wikiuser100 (talk) 01:33, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Calling it nonsense, even in italics, does not make it so. Just like calling this organization anything else than a white supremacist one would be less than accurate. Like any subject, the description isn't necessarily what the subject would like to portray but rather how it is portrayed. Acta non verba. Ifnord (talk) 01:47, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

This is nothing but a bunch of zealotry, McCarthyism, not encyclopedic thinking or work. Insisting that it is wrong to describe something as it is (in completely neutral terms) before it is assailed for what others think of it. Which again - though every single user, starting with the one who started this jihad, appears unable to grasp - I did not challenge in the least. I featured it in the very next sentence. And disturbed not a word of criticism elsewhere.

Look at yourselves. This is a shameful display of over-reaction and blindness to your own behaviors. This is an encyclopedia, where neutrality is prized, and you can't see when you are violating it with your own thinking, and censuring it en mass under the guise of undoing "whitewashing". It is shameful.

Where are the defenders of true NPOV here? Obviously asleep, or on other rally-lists than the one the OP rabble-roused to his post. It is obvious this is not worth the candle. Go on erasing, and falsely accusing others. You're not interested in truth. Or even allowing others to determine their own. Yours, Wikiuser100 (talk) 16:23, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * You are correct, every single editor disagrees with you. That is the definition of ..... 18:29, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Here, look at the revisions here. They do nothing of the sort.

Go ahead. Evaluate each and every single changed word.

And for the record, I was preempted by User:Beyond My Ken before I could find a suitable "pipe" for "America First", as nothing at the disambiguation page America First provides a suitable link to what that effective derogation construes in this context. Yours, Wikiuser100 (talk) 01:13, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * It's obvious. The most notable feature of the CCC is that it is white supremacist and you removed that from the first sentence, favouring its self-description. In doing that you added "Regarded as a white supremacist organ by the Anti-Defamation League" which is misleading, as there are two sources for white supremacism, not just the ADL - you make it look as only the ADL regards it as such. There are numerous other sources that back that up. You added their 14 principles which is simply promotional and not encyclopedic. Doug Weller  talk 12:56, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * This is not just whitewashing, it is so promotional it appears to be PR work. Jacona (talk) 13:12, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment I'd like to also draw editors' attention to the Wikiuser100's edits that I just recently reverted at Lester Maddox, who was a charter member of the Council of Conservative Citizens (note that my link to this article in my edit summary was misspelled due to autocorrect). This article is on my watchlist as well, but I saw the Maddox edits first. A lot of the supposed "general cleanup" edits made in that article seemed to me to be piecemeal whitewashing (in my personal opinion), such as attempting to provide alternate "context" as to why Maddox violated the Civil Rights Act as a matter of "states rights", changing a supporting source's wording in which it is made clear it was a completely unsubstantiated rumor that those mourning Martin Luther King Jr. would riot in the Capitol (changing the word "rumor" to "threat", and removing the qualification that it wasn't backed by any actual evidence) and his subsequent stationing of the National Guard there, softening the wording on his pro-racial segregation stances, calling a nightclub act with a black bus boy "integrative" (which I saw as an attempt at false balance), and so on. I'm not sure if it's just the CCC and associated figures, but the edits both there, and here, appear to be clear whitewashing to my eyes. Symmachus Auxiliarus (talk) 14:22, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with Jacona. Copy-and-paste from the organization's website is not encyclopedic; it is advertising--or in J's words, PR. Rhadow (talk) 11:29, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

removed 'Conservatism US' inbox
I removed the 'Conservatism US' info-box since this article is not (or no longer) listed there. If this article ever gets added to that list, then certainly the info-box can be added back to this article. L.Smithfield (talk) 18:45, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Council of Conservative Citizens


text:
Adrian Raeside

Adrian Raeside (born 1957 in Dunedin, New Zealand) is an author, comic strip creator and founder of an animation company.

Early years
He began drawing cartoons on washroom walls as a kid. After being expelled from his first (and last) art class at the age of 15, he moved with his parents to England, then to Canada. While there, he worked at various jobs, from loading grain ships in Thunder Bay, Ontario, to surveying on the West Coast. Illustrating his mother Joan Raeside's children's books got him his start in the art business. Raeside began drawing editorial cartoons for the Times Colonist in Victoria, British Columbia in 1979. He occupied the editorial cartoonist position until 2015, and after a break he returned to the newspaper in 2019. Raeside's editorial cartoons have been reprinted in hundreds of publications worldwide.

Career
Raeside founded and operated an animation company in 1988 to animate editorial cartoons for CBC Television. Over the next four years, he created, directed and produced dozens of animated shows for Turner Broadcasting and Children's Television Workshop, adapting two Jim Henson Muppet characters for animation. Raeside adapted the book The Way Things Work as an animated series being broadcast on BBC. Raeside left animation production in 1992 but has since written dozens of scripts for animation, series that includes Atomic Betty, The Amazing Adrenalinis and Pirate Express.

In 1990 he created The Other Coast comic strip which features two dogs and looks at life from a dog's perspective. The Other Coast appears in hundreds of publications, worldwide.

Raeside is the author of sixteen books, including There Goes the Neighbourhood, an irreverent history of Canada; The Demented Decade; and 5 Twisted Years. Raeside also wrote and illustrated the popular Dennis the Dragon series of children's books. In 2009 he published Return to Antarctica, an account of his grandfather Sir Charles (Silas) Wrights' experience on Captain Robert Scott's 1910 British Antarctic Expedition to be first to reach the South Pole, which resulted in the death of Scott and four companions. Raeside researched the book by travelling to Cape Evans, in the Ross Sea, following in his grandfather's footsteps. Raeside is also related to two other members of the Scott Expedition: Sir Raymond Priestley and Griffith Taylor. Beside the book Return to Antarctica, Raeside produced a 1-hour documentary of the same name.

In 2012 No Sailing Waits and Other Ferry Tales, a collection of A collection of BC ferry-related editorial cartoons was published by Harbour Publishing, followed by a collection of dog-related strips from The Other Coast strip called Tails don't Lie - a Decade of Dog Cartoons (70 in Dog Years) also published by Harbour publishing in 2013, remaining on the bestseller list for over 6 months. Raeside wrote and illustrated The Rainbow Bridge - A Visit to Pet Paradise (Harbour 2012) as a way to comfort those who have lost a pet. Raeside latest book: The Best of Adrian Raeside - A Treasury of BC Cartoons (Harbour 2014) is a collection of the best of his BC-related editorial cartoons.

Adrian Raeside lives in Whistler, British Columbia.

title: Adrian Raeside


text:
Soyuz T-9

Soyuz T-9 (Russian: Союз Т-9, Union T-9) was the 4th expedition to Salyut 7 following the failed docking of Soyuz T-8. It returned lab experiments to Earth. The next mission, Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L (Soyuz 10a), had exploded and thus failed to launch.

Soyuz T-9 achieved successful docking with the station, although the mission was bracketed by the failed attempt of Soyuz T-8 and the launch pad abort of Soyuz T-10 which would follow immediately.

Mission parameters

 * Mass: 6850 kg
 * Perigee: 201 km
 * Apogee: 229 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 88.6 minutes

Mission highlights
Fourth expedition to Salyut 7. Its mission was heavily impacted by the Soyuz T-8 docking failure and the Soyuz T-10a Soyuz booster failures which bracketed it.

Almost immediately after docking at Salyut 7's aft port, the crew entered Kosmos 1443 and commenced transferring the 3.5 tons of cargo lining its walls to Salyut 7.

On 27 July 1983, a small object struck a Salyut 7 viewport. It blasted out a 4-mm crater, but did not penetrate the outer of the window's two panes. The Soviets believed it was a member of the Delta Aquariid meteor shower, though it may have been a small piece of orbital debris.

The crew loaded Cosmos 1443's VA capsule with 350 kg of experiment results and hardware no longer in use. It could have held 500 kg, had they had that much to put in. Cosmos 1443 then undocked, in spite of Western predictions that the FGB component would remain attached to Salyut 7 as a space station module. The VA capsule soft-landed on 23 August 1983, and the FGB component continued in orbit until it was deorbited over the Pacific Ocean on 19 September 1983.

The crew also filmed scenes for the movie Return from Orbit.

title: Soyuz T-9


text:
1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom

The 1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom titled Ke Kumukānāwai a me nā Kānāwai o ko Hawaii Pae Āina, 1840 was the first fully written constitution for the Hawaiian Kingdom. The need for a constitution was originally intended as a manner of laws set forth to control the Native Hawaiian population with a Western style and legal framework, giving less severe punishments, such as being exiled, than was the traditional custom until the 1840s. Christianity had failed to change many behaviors of the Hawaiian population, even with the support of the aliʻi families. Adultery and many other sexual relations became forbidden. Hawaiians were arrested and sentenced to severe punishments that were not well organised. The exiled had little food and could easily swim away from the islands and the prison at Honolulu Fort. The issue became worse as fewer pardons from the alii were available, and the overall sentencing then became much more severe for the native population.

Overview
The constitution was enacted on October 8, 1840, by King Kamehameha III and Kekāuluohi as Kuhina Nui, an office similar to Prime Minister or co-regent. The constitution, compared to its predecessor, was extremely detailed. The June 7, 1839, document, sometimes called a constitution but more similar to a declaration of rights, stated simply that the government was based on Christian values and equality for all. Incorporating the 1839 document, the 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai’i was a turning point in Hawai’i government.

This constitution organized the power of government and its functions by defining the House of Representatives as the legislative body, giving their people the power to vote, proclaiming the House of Kamehameha, establishing of the office of Kuhina Nui, creating of the office of royal governors of the various islands and recognizing Christianity as an authority.

Amendments
It could be changed by section 13, which gave the House of Nobles and the House of Representatives the ability to change the constitution.


text:
Defense Acquisition University

The Defense Acquisition University (DAU) is a corporate university of the United States Department of Defense offering "acquisition, technology, and logistics" (AT&L) training to military and Federal civilian staff and Federal contractors. DAU is headquartered in Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and is accredited by the American Council on Education (ACE), International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET) and the Council on Occupational Education (COE).

History
The University Charter was created in October 1991 by Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 5000.57. Originally a loose consortium of existing training commands, DAU worked to standardize the training courses and establish mechanisms that allowed for centralized management of training funds for the DoD workforce.

In the late 1990s, the consortium arrangement was replaced by a centralized structure, more like that of a corporate university. By 2014, DAU had grown to the point of graduating 181,970 students.

Leadership
DAU was headed by a Commandant until the year 2000 when it became a civilian institution, and since then the chief executive position has the title "President." DAU's Commandants and Presidents have included William L. Vincent (1991–1993), Claude M. Bolton (1993–1996), Richard A. Black (1996–1997), Leonard Vincent (1997–1999), Frank J. Anderson (1999–2010), Katrina McFarland (2011–2012), and James P. Woolsey (2013–present).

Locations

DAU is headquartered at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and serves the approximately 160,000 members of the defense acquisition workforce. DAU also has several other locations across the United States as well an online presence. These locations include:
 * DAU Capital and Northeast, located at Fort Belvoir, provides services to The Pentagon and Washington DC Department of Defense agencies, and acquisition& sustainment organizations throughout the Northeast. It serves a workforce of about 35,000 people.
 * Defense Systems Management College, also located at Ft Belvoir, on the same campus as the Capital and Northeast Region
 * DAU Mid-Atlantic, located in California, Maryland (near the Patuxent River Naval Air Station)
 * DAU South, in Huntsville, Alabama on Redstone Arsenal, serving 41,000+ members
 * DAU Midwest, located in Kettering, Ohio (just outside Wright-Patterson Air Force Base), serving 25,000+ members
 * DAU West in San Diego, serving 30,013 people (as of 2021)
 * Various satellite locations at major military commands

Admissions and costs
Applicants must have a current affiliation with the United States government in order to attend training courses offered by DAU. The United States Military Services and the DoD have internal registration and quotas for DAU instructor-led courses, while the Federal Acquisition Institute (FAI) accepts applications and registers most non-DoD students.

U.S. Federal employees and defense contractors may attend DAU courses at no cost when space is available, and may enroll in DAU's Defense acquisition credential learning pathways, and in online courses. DAU charges tuition only to certain foreign students.

Training and certificates
The Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act (DAWIA) requires Defense Acquisition Workforce members to be certified for the positions they hold. DAU offers training courses for all Defense Acquisition Workforce members in 7 functional areas and at three certification levels.

Functional Areas:
 * Auditing
 * Business:
 * Financial Management
 * Cost Estimating
 * Contracting
 * Engineering and Technical Management
 * Life Cycle Logistics
 * Program Management
 * Test and Evaluation

The American Council on Education (ACE) assigns ACE credits to various DAU courses. DAU coursework can apply toward college and university degrees and certificates at some partner institutions.

Defense Acquisition Guide
The Defense Acquisition Guidebook (DAG) is a text developed to aid in the understanding and implementation of United States Department of Defense Acquisition practices under the DoD Directive 5000 series. This text, also available in web-accessed electronic format and web-structured HTML basis (see https://aaf.dau.edu/guidebooks/) provides insight to a life cycle view and functional roles within the lifecycle of acquisitions.

In 2002 the DOD 5000.2-R became the Interim Defense Acquisition Guidebook.

Mission assistance
DAU instructors are available to consult and assist acquisition organizations in the design and review of processes and internal training when they are not teaching. They can also provide workshops and specific topic instruction in areas of interest or concern tailored to a specific organization.

Hacking incident
In July 2011 a hacking incident occurred affecting DAU's Web-based training site. This incident occurred on a vendor's network that provided the learning management system's underlying source code and inhibited access to online courses for almost two months. While DAU was not hacked, U.S. Cyber Command (U.S. CYBERCOM) evaluated the risk level to DAU's system based on the incident that occurred on the vendor's network, and temporarily suspended online training courses to secure the system and protect students' personal information.

title: Defense Acquisition University


text:
1997 Uxbridge by-election

The 1997 Uxbridge by-election was a parliamentary by-election held in July 1997 to elect a new Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Uxbridge in Greater London, England. The seat was held by the Conservative Party, their first such victory since 1989.

Background
The vacancy was caused by the death of the Conservative MP Michael Shersby, who died unexpectedly on 8 May 1997, just seven days after his being returned to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election. Although that election saw the end of 18 years of Conservative rule as Labour won by a landslide, Shersby won a narrow victory over Labour Party candidate David Williams.

The by-election was called for Thursday, 31 July 1997 and was the first by-election of the 1997-2001 parliament.

Candidates
David Williams, the Labour general election candidate was not placed on the by-election shortlist, which the BBC reported had "infuriated" some members. Activist Michael Shrimpton was also passed over, leading to his defection to the Conservatives. The Labour Party eventually chose Andy Slaughter, the Leader of Hammersmith and Fulham Council, over the Barrister Willie Bach from Nottinghamshire. The Conservative Party selected John Randall, the Managing Director of the century-old Randall's Furniture Store in Uxbridge. Keith Kerr, a senior executive with British Airways, represented the Liberal Democrats. Eight other candidates also stood, including perennial candidates Screaming Lord Sutch and Ronnie Carroll.

Campaign
Labour's concentrated campaign included an unusual visit by Prime Minister Tony Blair. This was unusual in that a sitting Prime Minister does not normally campaign personally in by-elections for fear that a defeat may harm his own political standing. Conservative leader William Hague was the first leader of his party to campaign in a by-election for 20 years. The Conservative campaign was criticised by some members for keeping records of how much time would-be future parliamentary candidates had spent in the constituency.

Results and aftermath
In the end, the Conservative candidate was elected by a large majority, gaining over 50% of all votes cast, while the Labour and Liberal Democrat votes both fell. It was the first time the Conservatives held onto a seat at a by-election since the 1989 Richmond by-election (when the candidate was William Hague - who had become leader of the party shortly before the Uxbridge by-election).

Randall represented the seat (and its successor, Uxbridge and South Ruislip) until standing down in 2015. Slaughter entered parliament eight years later, winning the seat of Ealing, Acton and Shepherds Bush in 2005. He has represented the Hammersmith constituency since 2010.

title: 1997 Uxbridge by-election


text:
Talk:Rösti

Who's down with OED?
I've checked the spelling against the OED. Kokiri 17:42, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Parsley?
The captions on the two images seem to need switching. 130.75.81.14 (talk) 16:26, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Rösti potato?
Is there really such a thing as the Rösti potato? There isn't a wikipedia article for it, and I can't find any other references on the internet. Best Regards. DynamoDegsy (talk) 21:00, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * What is your question? If the Rösti dish is existing? I'm Swiss and Rösti is (one of) the most important dish in the german part of Switzerland. I'm sure, if you ask Swiss from the German part about the Swiss kitchen, they will immediately say you something about Rösti. If you're not convinced: Röstigraben - the dish is that important that we call the border between the German and the French part Rösti-ditch (or Rösti-valley?) to expose the political differences between the French and German speaker. I hope my answer was helpful and I didn't understand something wrong.--Sevku (talk) 14:32, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

 * No, I'm afraid you didn't understand the question. The question is whether a special kind of potato exists, specially for making rösti. The answer is no (I've lived in Switzerland for half my life and have never seen a potato called a "Rösti"), so I'm going to remove that claim. -- 178.194.190.253 (talk) 11:32, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Röstis bernois
At present the article states that >> the French name röstis bernois makes direct reference to the origins of the dish. <<

Perhaps; however, the French Wikipedia (together with other French-language sources) makes reference to röstis bernois / à la bernoise only as a specific variety of rösti: namely, as a main dish in its own right (normally served garnished with bacon pieces) – in contrast to those versions found in other regions where rösti serves only as an accompaniment to another main dish. It might therefore be truer to say that rösti is a dish typical (whether as a "main" or as a "side") of the cuisine of German-speaking Switzerland as a whole. -- Picapica (talk) 00:27, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Merging with Hash browns
I feel like this article should be merged with Hash browns, looking at the preparation instructions on both pages they are literally the same thing. The only difference is name and origin (though I wouldn't be surprised if hash browns were originally made by someone who had eaten rösti before.) Apinanaivot (talk) 09:44, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Absolutely no merge for me. They are distinct dishes with their own history. Zach (Talk) 12:33, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Despite similarities in preparation, from a cultural and historical point of view this is treated as a distinct dish in the literature.  Sandstein   08:16, 30 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. If we’re going to start merging pages for culturally distinctive dishes because “they are literally the same thing”, you might as well suggest that boxty be merged with latke. חביתוש ~ Havitush  (talk) 08:55, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rösti


text:
Alliance for Democracy and Federation

The Alliance for Democracy and Federation (Alliance pour la Démocratie et la Fédération) is a liberal party in Burkina Faso. It is part of the Alliance for Democracy and Federation-African Democratic Rally (Alliance pour la Démocratie et la Fédération-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain), the largest opposition party in the country.

title: Alliance for Democracy and Federation