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The Amazing Race 3

The Amazing Race 3 is the third season of the American reality competition show The Amazing Race. Hosted by Phil Keoghan, it featured twelve teams of two, each with a pre-existing relationship, competing in a race around the world to win US$1,000,000. This season visited four continents and thirteen countries and traveled over 41000 mi during thirteen legs. Starting in the Everglades, racers traveled through Mexico, England, Scotland, Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, and Hawaii before finishing in Seattle. A new twist introduced in this season was the final memory challenge. The season premiered on CBS October 2, 2002, and ended on December 18, 2002.

Friends Flo Pesenti and Zach Behr were the winners of this season, while married parents Teri and Ian Pollack finished in second place, and brothers Ken and Gerard Duphiney finished in third place.

Development and filming
The third season of The Amazing Race spanned a total of 41000 mi and featured first-time visits to twelve countries: Mexico, England, Scotland, Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam. Filming began on August 9, 2002, and finished on September 8, 2002.

Casting
Casting for this season began in April 2002.

Cast
The cast of The Amazing Race 3 was increased to twelve teams and included soccer moms, law school graduates, a Vietnam War veteran, and a pair of twin models. Jill and her brother F.T. had originally applied for season 1, but after F.T. was killed on September 11, John Vito & Jill applied in remembrance of him. Teri & Ian and John Vito & Jill were selected to compete in The Amazing Race: All-Stars.
 * Future appearances

In 2021, Andrew Shayde (né Hyde) appeared on Naked and Afraid and lasted 13 days in South Africa before being removed for a possible MRSA infection. In 2023, Shayde returned for Naked and Afraid's fifteenth season once again in South Africa. Shayde later appeared on the spin-off Naked and Afraid: Castaways. Shayde also competed on the CBS reality competition show Buddy Games. In 2024, Shayde appeared on Naked and Afraid XL.

Results
The following teams are listed with their placements in each leg. Placements are listed in finishing order.
 * A placement with a dagger (†) indicates that the team was eliminated.
 * An placement with a double-dagger (‡) indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop in a non-elimination leg.
 * A indicates that the team won the Fast Forward.
 * Notes

Leg 1 (United States → Mexico)

 * Episode 1: "What If Our Parachute Doesn't Open?" (October 2, 2002)
 * Prize: A seven-night Caribbean cruise (awarded to Ken & Gerard)
 * Eliminated: Gina & Sylvia
 * Locations
 * Miami-Dade, Florida (Everglades National Park) (Starting Line)
 * Miami → Mexico City, Mexico
 * Mexico City (Angel of Independence)
 * Mexico City (Zócalo)
 * Mexico City (Hotel de Cortes)
 * Mexico City (Plaza Santo Domingo)
 * Mexico City (Hotel de Cortes) → San José Vista Hermosa (Tequesquitengo Airfield)
 * Puente de Ixtla (Hacienda San Gabriel de las Palmas)
 * Episode summary
 * From the Everglades, teams drove themselves to Miami International Airport, where they had to book one of two flights to Mexico City, Mexico. Once there, teams had to travel to the Angel of Independence, where they received a picture of a man named Pablo. They had to use the picture as reference in order to find him at the Zócalo, where he gave them their next clue, which directed them to the Hotel de Cortes. There, teams had to sign up for one of three charter buses leaving the next morning to an unknown destination (San José Vista Hermosa).
 * This season's first Fast Forward required one team to travel to Plaza Santo Domingo and search for the one street typist out of dozens who had a "special message": the Fast Forward award. Ken & Gerard won the Fast Forward.
 * This season's first Detour was a choice between Wings or Wheels . In Wings, teams had to board a plane, climb to an altitude of over 10000 ft, and then each team member had to skydive in tandem with an instructor in order to receive their next clue. In Wheels , teams had to choose a donkey-drawn cart and use a supplied map to direct a driver, who didn't speak English, along a 7 mi course in order to receive the next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to drive themselves to the Pit Stop: the Hacienda San Gabriel de las Palmas in Puente de Ixtla.

Leg 2 (Mexico)

 * Episode 2: "This Seems Like the Path Straight to Hell!" (October 9, 2002)
 * Eliminated: Tramel & Talicia
 * Locations
 * Puente de Ixtla (Hacienda San Gabriel de las Palmas)
 * Mexico City (National Museum of Anthropology)
 * Teotihuacan (Pyramid of the Sun)
 * Mexico City → Cancún
 * Cancún (San Marino Marina)
 * Cancún (Las Velas Beach Club Marina)
 * Playa del Carmen → Cozumel
 * Cozumel (Chankanaab Park)
 * Cozumel → Playa del Carmen
 * Tulum (Diamante K Bungalows)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to drive themselves to the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan and climb up to the top of the pyramid in order to retrieve their next clue, which instructed them to travel by bus to Cancún and find their next clue at the San Marino marina.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required one team to travel to the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City and join a group of performers called the Voladores by climbing a 100 ft pole and swinging around the pole while suspended on ropes. Derek & Drew won the Fast Forward.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Man Power or Horse Power . In Man Power, teams had to use a kayak to search a small section of the lagoon for their next clue, which was hanging from a tree. In Horse Power , teams had to use a WaveRunner to search a large section of the lagoon for their next clue, which was attached to a buoy.
 * After the Detour, teams had to land at the marina and then drive to Playa del Carmen, where they boarded a ferry to the island of Cozumel. From there, teams had to find Chankanaab Park in order to find their next clue.
 * In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to jump into the lagoon and swim with a pod of dolphins in order to find their next clue.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to return to Playa del Carmen via ferry and then drive to the Pit Stop: the Diamante K Bungalows in Tulum.

Leg 3 (Mexico → England → Scotland)

 * Episode 3: "You Always Just Forget About Me!" (October 16, 2002)
 * Eliminated: Dennis & Andrew
 * Locations
 * Tulum (Diamante K Bungalows)
 * Cancún → London, England
 * London → Cambridge
 * Duxford (Duxford Imperial War Museum)
 * Cambridge (Scudamore's Punting Cambridge)
 * Cambridge (Magdalene Bridge)
 * Cambridge (Parker's Piece) → Aberdeen, Scotland
 * Stonehaven (Dunnottar Castle)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to London, England. Once there, teams had to travel by train to Cambridge and find their next clue outside Scudamore's Punting.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required one team to travel to the Duxford Imperial War Museum and maneuver a tank through a battlefield obstacle course within 90 seconds. Dennis & Andrew won the Fast Forward and were driven to Dunnottar Castle in a limousine.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Punt or Bike . In Punt, teams rowed a punt with only a long pole and small paddle to navigate down the River Cam. In Bike , teams rode a tandem bicycle along a marked course through Cambridge. After either Detour task, team retrieved their next clue from under the Magdalene Bridge.
 * After the Detour, teams had to take one of three charter buses leaving the next day to Aberdeen, Scotland, and then find their next clue at Dunnottar Castle.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to complete three Highland games: the caber toss, the hammer throw, and the stone put. Once done, teams could go directly to the nearby Pit Stop at Dunnottar Castle.
 * Additional note
 * Dennis & Andrew had difficulty booking a flight from Mexico City to London and arrived long after the other teams. Even though they won the Fast Forward, they still arrived at Dunnottar Castle last and were eliminated.

Leg 4 (Scotland → Portugal)

 * Episode 4: "Did You See How I Stopped It? With My Face" (October 23, 2002)
 * Eliminated: Heather & Eve
 * Locations
 * Stonehaven (Dunnottar Castle)
 * Stonehaven (Stonehaven Harbour)
 * Aberdeen → Porto, Portugal
 * Vila Nova de Gaia (Calem Port Lodge)
 * Porto → Lisbon
 * Lisbon (Estádio do Restelo)
 * Lisbon (Torre de Belém)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to walk to Stonehaven Harbour and search for a "message in a bottle": a bottle with their next clue on the inside label, which instructed them to fly to Porto, Portugal. Once there, teams had to travel to the Calem Port Lodge in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Old School or New School . In Old School, teams had to load a barrel of port wine onto a traditional Portuguese boat, row across the Douro River, and then deliver the wine to a restaurant. In New School , teams loaded nine crates of wine bottles onto a truck and drove them to three different restaurants. For both options, teams had to get signatures from each restaurant to prove that they had made the deliveries correctly in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams were instructed to travel by train to Lisbon and then find their next clue at the Estádio do Restelo.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to block one penalty kick from a teenage soccer player in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to travel on foot to the Pit Stop: the Torre de Belém.
 * Additional note
 * Heather & Eve were the first team to arrive at the Pit Stop, but they had misread the clue that told them to walk rather than take a taxi. They received a seven-minute time penalty for the advantage gained, plus an additional 30-minute penalty. Since all of the other teams arrived less than 37 minutes afterward, Heather & Eve were eliminated.

Leg 5 (Portugal → Spain → Morocco)

 * Episode 5: "What Happens If I Slip? Am I Just Hanging Off A Cliff?" (October 30, 2002)
 * Prize: Two digital cameras (awarded to Ken & Gerard)
 * Eliminated: Michael & Kathy
 * Locations
 * Lisbon (Torre de Belém)
 * Sintra (Cabo da Roca)
 * Algeciras, Spain → Tangier, Morocco
 * Tangier (Viajes Flandria) → Fez (Old City)
 * Fez (Dar Dbagh Chouara Tannery)
 * Fez (Borj Nord)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to find the westernmost point of Continental Europe, which they had to figure out was Cabo da Roca, in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Ropes or Slopes . In Ropes, teams had to take a shuttle bus to the Ursa cliffs and rappel down to the shore below. In Slopes , teams hiked down a long trail to the same shore below. Once teams reached the shore, they could retrieve their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams were instructed to drive to the port in Algeciras, Spain, and then travel by ferry to Tangier, Morocco. Once there, teams had to find the Viajes Flandria travel agency and sign up for charter buses to the Old City of Fez, where they had to search for their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to navigate through the Dar Dbagh Chouara Tannery and search through 25 vats of dye in order to find their next clue.
 * After the Roadblock, teams drove themselves to the Pit Stop: the Borj Nord.
 * Additional note
 * During the drive from Portugal to Algeciras, four of the eight teams incorrectly fueled their cars using unleaded gasoline instead of diesel, rendering the cars inoperable. Teri & Ian recovered almost immediately when Ian borrowed a siphoning line, drained the tank, and refilled with diesel; Flo & Zach found an open repair shop in the middle of the night that fixed their vehicle; Aaron & Arianne called for a tow truck and were taken to a different repair shop after a very long delay; and Kathy & Michael had the car brought back to the station, left it overnight, and became the last team to get underway with a fixed car.

Leg 6 (Morocco)

 * Episode 6: "I'm a Much Better Liar Than You Are" (November 13, 2002)
 * Prize: Two digital cameras (awarded to Teri & Ian)
 * Eliminated: Aaron & Arianne
 * Locations
 * Fez (Borj Nord)
 * Casablanca (Hassan II Mosque)
 * Casablanca → Marrakesh
 * Marrakesh (Jemaa el-Fnaa Market)
 * Marrakesh (Palmeraie Oasis)
 * Marrakesh (Café Glacier)
 * Marrakesh (Riad Catalina)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to drive themselves to the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, where they found their next clue. They were instructed to travel by train to Marrakesh and then travel to the Palmeraie Oasis, where they found their next clue.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required one team to look through piles of carpets in a carpet shop to find the one with the Fast Forward design sewn into it. Teri & Ian won the Fast Forward.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Now You See It or Now You Don't . In Now You See It, teams would have ridden on horseback to a route marker visible from their starting point, where they'd have dug for a clue in a marked square of sand. In Now You Don't , teams chose a sand bike and rode to a route marker that wasn't visible from their starting point, where they found a clue etched on a stone. They had to make a rubbing of the clue onto a piece of paper. All teams chose Now You Don't.
 * After the Detour, teams had to translate their clue from Arabic in order to find their next clue at the Café Glacier.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to team up with a food vendor, help assemble their stall, and then sell five bowls of escargots in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Riad Catalina.
 * Additional note
 * Andre & Damon were officially detained when their taxi took them far out of the way in Morocco and they encountered a local official who wanted to seize their passports. Andre & Damon refused and the show's security team had to come extricate them from the situation.

Leg 7 (Morocco → Germany & Austria)

 * Episode 7: "I'm Supposed to Be Indebted to Her for the Rest of the Race?!" (November 20, 2002)
 * Prize: Two digital cameras (awarded to Flo & Zach)
 * Eliminated: Andre & Damon
 * Locations
 * Marrakesh (Riad Catalina)
 * Marrakesh or Casablanca → Munich, Germany
 * Munich (Friedensengel )
 * Munich (Eisbach River)
 * Munich → Innsbruck, Austria
 * Innsbruck (Annasäule)
 * Innsbruck (Olympic Bobsled Track)
 * Innsbruck (Hungerburg Station → Seegrube Station)
 * Schwangau, Germany (Schloss Bullachberg)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Munich, Germany. Once there, teams had to travel to the Friedensengel and find a puppet named Kasperle, who handed them their next clue. Teams were then instructed to travel by train to Innsbruck, Austria, where they found their next clue at the Annasäule.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required one team to find a surfer on the Eisbach River in Munich. Flo & Zach won the Fast Forward.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Sled or Skate . In Sled, teams had to ride a bobsled with a team of professional bobsledders down the Olympic Bobsled Track in order to receive their next clue. In Skate , teams would have had to run a skating relay with a pair of professional ice skaters at the Olympic Ice Stadium in order to receive their next clue. All teams chose Sled.
 * After the Detour, teams had to ride the Nordkette Cable Car to the Seegrube Station in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to put on safety gear and descend 230 ft to the ground on a rescue cable in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to drive themselves to the Pit Stop: Schloss Bullachberg, located beneath Neuschwanstein Castle, in Schwangau, Germany.
 * Additional note
 * Andre & Damon fell so far behind, due in part to their delay in the previous leg and also due to falling asleep on the train from Munich to Innsbruck and missing their stop, that all of the other teams had already checked into the Pit Stop before Andre & Damon arrived at the Detour. Instead of performing the Detour, they were instructed to go directly to the Pit Stop for elimination.

Leg 8 (Germany → Switzerland)

 * Episode 8: "This Is More Important Than Your Pants Falling Down!" (November 27, 2002)
 * Prize: Two digital cameras (awarded to Derek & Drew)
 * Locations
 * Schwangau (Schloss Bullachberg)
 * Füssen (Augustinerhof Farm)
 * Friedrichshafen → Romanshorn, Switzerland
 * Romanshorn → Schaffhausen
 * Neuhausen am Rheinfall (Rheinfall)
 * Schaffhausen → Zürich
 * Zürich (Lindenhof)
 * Zürich → Grindelwald
 * Grindelwald (Field)
 * Grindelwald (Chalet Arnika)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams traveled to the Augustinerhof Farm in Füssen and searched a large haystack for their next clue. Teams were instructed to drive to Friedrichshafen and then travel by ferry to Romanshorn, Switzerland. Once there, teams had to travel by train to Schaffhausen and continue to the Rheinfall, where they had to travel by ferry and retrieve their clue from the top of a rocky outcropping in the middle of the waterfall. Teams were then instructed to travel by train to Zürich. At the Lindenhof, teams searched for a Swiss officer, who led them into a vault with their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Count the Money or Run the Numbers . In Count the Money, teams had to count a large amount of Swiss currency inside of a fishbowl sitting right next to the safe. In Run the Numbers , teams had to search the streets of Zürich for three different numbers: the number on the Züri-Familie sculpture at the intersection of Sihlstrasse and Bahnhofstrasse, the sum of the numbers on the north face of a clock on St. Peter's Church, and the number of trees in Lindenhof marked with ribbons. The resulting numbers from both tasks formed the combination to the safe that contained the next clue. All teams chose to perform Run the Numbers , although Ken & Gerard did begin Count the Money until they gave up in frustration.
 * After the Detour, teams had to travel by train to Grindelwald and then find a route marker in a field east of the railway station, where they found their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to use a crossbow to shoot an apple off a mannequin's head in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Chalet Arnika.
 * Additional note
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 9 (Switzerland)

 * Episode 9: "Why Did You Have to Take Your Pants Off?" (December 4, 2002)
 * A seven-night Caribbean cruise (awarded to John Vito & Jill)
 * Locations
 * Grindelwald (Chalet Arnika)
 * Grindelwald (Gletscherschlucht)
 * Saxeten (Cheese-Making Cabin)
 * Kandersteg → Goppenstein
 * Niouc (Val d'Anniviers – Niouc Bridge)
 * Veytaux (Château de Chillon)
 * Veytaux (Château de Chillon) → Montreux (Basset Marina)
 * Montreux (Basset Marina) → Lake Geneva (Savoie)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to travel to the Gletscherschlucht. There, they had to venture into the gorge to find a key to one of the provided cars containing their next clue.
 * This season's final Fast Forward required one team to find a cheese-making cabin near Saxeten and eat enough pieces of Swiss cheese from a massive cheese wheel so as to completely reveal the Fast Forward award hidden underneath. John Vito & Jill won the Fast Forward.
 * Teams who were unable to attempt the Fast Forward had to drive to Kandersteg, where they loaded their car onto a car train and rode through the Alps to Goppenstein. Teams then had to drive to the Niouc Bridge, where they found their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Extreme Swiss or Very Swiss . In Extreme Swiss, each team member had to walk onto a narrow bridge and take a bungee jump into the gorge below in order to receive their next clue. In Very Swiss , teams had to drive to a nearby farm and then find a key inside the bell around a goat's neck in order to unlock their next clue. However, only five of the seventy-five goats had bells with keys.
 * After the Detour, teams had the option to make one phone call to their family or friends back home, but they had to complete the call before they could continue to their next destination: the Château de Chillon in Veytaux.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to properly assemble a Swiss army bicycle from a pile of parts using an identical pre-assembled bike as a reference in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to ride both bicycles to the Basset Marina in Montreux. There, teams had to use a paddle boat in order to reach the Pit Stop aboard the steamship Savoie, which was floating on Lake Geneva.
 * Additional note
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 10 (Switzerland → Malaysia → Singapore)

 * Episode 9: "Why Did You Have to Take Your Pants Off?" (December 4, 2002)
 * Prize: A seven-night European cruise (awarded to Derek & Drew)
 * Eliminated: John Vito & Jill
 * Locations
 * Montreux → Lausanne (Ouchy)
 * Geneva (Jet d'Eau)
 * Geneva → Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 * Kuala Lumpur (Petronas Towers)
 * Kuala Lumpur (Ampang Park Shopping Center)
 * Kuala Lumpur → Singapore
 * Singapore (Singapore Botanic Gardens – National Orchid Garden)
 * Singapore (Choa Chu Kang HDB Apartments or Singapore Zoo)
 * Singapore (Suntec City – Fountain of Wealth)
 * Singapore (Mount Faber)
 * Episode summary
 * Before the leg began, the steamship Savoie sailed from Montreux to Lausanne. At the start of this leg, teams had to travel to the Jet d'Eau in Geneva, where they received a small flag representing their next destination – 🇲🇾 – and instructions to find the Petronas Towers. Using this information, teams had to figure out that their next clue was in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
 * At the Petronas Towers, teams had have their picture taken in front of the towers using a digital camera. Teams then had to walk to the Ampang Park shopping center, where they developed their pictures and found their next clue printed on the back of the photo. Teams were then instructed to travel by train to Singapore and search the National Orchid Garden of the Singapore Botanic Gardens for an orchid called "Margaret Thatcher" in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Dry or Wet . In Dry, teams drove to an apartment block in Choa Chu Kang. From there, they had to locate Unit #10-137, where they met Singaporean TV star Gurmit Singh, who handed them their next clue. In Wet , teams had to drive to the Singapore Zoo and find the "Mermaids of the Sea": the zoo's manatees. Once at the manatee enclosure, they had to swim through the pool in order to receive their next clue.
 * At Suntec City, one team member had to run three times around the center of the Fountain of Wealth before retrieving their next clue from the middle of the fountain. Afterwards, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: Mount Faber.
 * Additional notes
 * Miss Singapore Universe 2001, Jaime Teo, appeared as the Pit Stop greeter.
 * Legs 9 and 10 aired back-to-back as a special two-hour episode.

Leg 11 (Singapore → Vietnam)

 * Episode 10: "Don't Try to Play the Moralist Now!" (December 11, 2002)
 * Prize: A seven-night European cruise (awarded to Teri & Ian)
 * Eliminated: Derek & Drew
 * Locations
 * Singapore (Mount Faber)
 * Singapore → Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
 * Ho Chi Minh City (Rex Square – Bac Ho Statue)
 * Cái Bè (Mekong Delta)
 * Cái Bè (Floating Market or Land Market)
 * Ho Chi Minh City (2A Tôn Đức Thắng Boulevard)
 * Ho Chi Minh City (Café Thu Thiem)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Once there, teams had to find the statue of Bac Ho in Rex Square in order to find their next clue, which directed teams to the Mekong Delta in Cái Bè.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Easy Buy or Hard Sell . In Easy Buy, teams rode a traditional boat called a sampan into the floating market of Cái Bè in order to find the only vendor selling water coconuts, from whom they received their next clue. In Hard Sell , teams chose a shoulder basket and carried enough fruit into the land market so as to sell enough in order to make 40,000₫ (roughly $2.50) that they could exchange for their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to travel to 2A Ton Duc Thang Street in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to transport their teammate on a cyclo along a marked course through the streets of Ho Chi Minh City and onto a ferry across the Saigon River to the Pit Stop: the Café Thu Thiem.
 * Additional note
 * All route markers in Vietnam were colored solid yellow instead of red and yellow in order to avoid confusion with the former South Vietnamese national flag, which was also red and yellow.

Leg 12 (Vietnam)

 * Episode 11: "They're Slithering to the Finish Line Like the Rest of Us!" (December 18, 2002)
 * Prize: A seven-night Alaskan cruise (awarded to Teri & Ian)
 * Locations
 * Ho Chi Minh City (Café Thu Thiem)
 * Ho Chi Minh City → Huế
 * Huế (Imperial City – Hiển Lâm Các Pavilion)
 * Da Nang (Nam Ô – Bridge)
 * Hội An (Bach Dang Street Boat Quay → Thu Bồn River)
 * Hội An (Thu Bồn River – Fishing Platform)
 * Da Nang (China Beach)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel by train to Huế. Once there, teams had to search the Hiển Lâm Các Pavilion inside the Imperial City for their next clue. Teams then had to travel to the bridge in Nam Ô in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Basket Boats or Basket Bikes . In Basket Boats, each team member had to cross a stretch of river in a round basket boat using only a single paddle in order to reach the clue box on a nearby island. In Basket Bikes , each team member took a bicycle laden with dozens of shrimp baskets and had to ride 1 mi in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to go to the Bach Dang dock in Hội An and board a sampan that took them to a route marker on the Thu Bồn River.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to climb onto a fishing platform and use a wooden winch to raise a fishing net out of the water in order to retrieve the clue dangling underneath, which directed them to the Pit Stop: China Beach in Da Nang.
 * Additional notes
 * The Detour task involving the bicycle and shrimp baskets was revisited in season 29 as a Switchback.
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 13 (Vietnam → United States)

 * Episode 11: "They're Slithering to the Finish Line Like the Rest of Us!" (December 18, 2002)
 * Prize: US$1,000,000
 * Winners: Flo & Zach
 * Runners-up: Teri & Ian
 * Third place: Ken & Gerard
 * Locations
 * Da Nang (China Beach)
 * Da Nang (Quang Minh Temple)
 * Da Nang → Hanoi
 * Hanoi → Honolulu, Hawaii
 * Haleʻiwa (Puaena Point)
 * Honolulu → Līhuʻe
 * Wailua River State Park (Wailua Falls)
 * Līhuʻe → Seattle, Washington
 * Seattle (Kerry Park)
 * Seattle (Seattle Center – International Fountain)
 * Seattle (Lincoln Park)
 * Seattle (Gas Works Park)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to travel to the Quang Minh Temple in Da Nang, where they found their next clue at the Buddha's feet, which instructed them to travel by train to Hanoi and then fly to Honolulu, Hawaii. Once there, teams had to drive to Puaena Point and receive a blessing from a kahuna, who also gave them their next clue. Teams were then instructed to fly to the island of Kauaʻi and drive to Wailua River State Park, where they found their next clue.
 * This season's final Detour was a choice between Quick Drop or Slow Walk . In Quick Drop, teams took a quick drop from the top of a waterfall on a zipline. They then had to swim to shore and follow the flags to a clue behind the waterfall. In Slow Walk , teams would have walked down a much longer marked trail to the same clue box behind the waterfall. All teams chose Quick Drop.
 * Teams were instructed to fly to Seattle, Washington, and then travel to Kerry Park, where they found their next clue. Teams had to travel on foot to the International Fountain at the Seattle Center, where they found their next clue, which directed them to Lincoln Park.
 * In this season's final Roadblock, one team member had to choose a totem pole and spin the animal faces so that they were aligned in the order that teams encountered them on the race: donkey (Mexico), dolphin (Mexico), horse (Morocco), goat (Switzerland), and manatee (Singapore). Once the animals were in the correct order, the bottom of the totem pole opened to reveal the final clue, which directed teams to the finish line at Gas Works Park.
 * Additional notes
 * Due to Vietnamese law, teams had to book a flight at a travel agency before they could enter Noi Bai International Airport in Hanoi.
 * Legs 12 and 13 aired back-to-back as a special two-hour episode.

Critical response
The Amazing Race 3 received positive reviews. Linda Holmes of Television Without Pity wrote that this season was good but was not satisfied by the ending. Dalton Ross of Entertainment Weekly praised the unpredictability of this season writing that "you never truly know what's going to happen." In 2016, this season was ranked 2nd out of the first 27 seasons by the Rob Has a Podcast Amazing Race correspondents. Kareem Gantt of Screen Rant wrote that this season "thrives on team chemistry to hook a viewer in and did this cast lock in their viewers. The locations were also fantastic and the suspense was at the perfect pitch." In 2021, Jane Andrews of Gossip Cop ranked this season as the show's 6th best season. In 2023, Rhenn Taguiam of Game Rant ranked this season as the eleventh-best season.

While reviews for this season were positive, reactions to Flo Pesenti co-winning this season were largely negative. Andy Dehnart of reality blurred was negative towards the win due to Flo "threatening to quit the race repeatedly and shrieking more than a banshee with its leg stuck in a trap". Television Without Pity co-creator Tara Ariano called Flo "malingering". John Crook of the Los Angeles Times called Flo "spoiled" and "petulant".

Awards
In 2003, this season of The Amazing Race won the inaugural Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality/Competition Program.

title: The Amazing Race 3


text:
Lushan Geopark

Lushan Geopark, is located in the region around Mount Lu, Jiujiang. The protected area of 500 km2 extends from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin.

Natural landmarks
The park area features the effects of Quaternary glaciation, and exceptional geological upthrown fault scarps from the Quaternary age.

The resulting landscapes include: Lu'shan—Mount Lu, other mountains and summit peaks, valleys, gorges, gullies, rock formations, natural caves, and waterfalls.

Cultural landmarks
The area also contains large numbers of Taoist and Buddhist temples, as well as several landmarks of Confucianism.

Conservation
In 1996, Mount Lu became an UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2004, Lushan Geopark became a member of Global Geoparks Network.

The park is a popular visitor and tourist attraction, and is a cooler summer destination.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lushan Geopark


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User talk:Rob Cork

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page. I always enjoy answering questions if I can!
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Lyellin 13:47, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Image:Peterhouse College, Cambridge.jpg
Heya.

I saw that you fixed the above, and reuploaded it. However, you uploaded it with a different name; had you done so with the same name, it would have replaced it, and you wouldn't need to alter the pages using the image.

I've re-uploaded the image as the original name, and deleted the mis-named one.

HTH.

James F. (talk) 13:57, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rob Cork


text:
User talk:Sahasrahla

You are now a Reviewer
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Massachusetts historical United States census totals
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Nomination of List of mayors of Taunton, Massachusetts for deletion
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User talk:Jomel

Image copyright problem with Image:SSSK Logo.png
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title: User talk:Jomel


text: User talk:Bo102010

title: User talk:Bo102010


text:
Tungsten hexafluoride

Tungsten(VI) fluoride, also known as tungsten hexafluoride, is an inorganic compound with the formula WF6. It is a toxic, corrosive, colorless gas, with a density of about 13 kg/m3 (roughly 11 times heavier than air). It is the only known gaseous transition metal (or d-block) compound and the densest known gas under standard ambient temperature and pressure (298 K, 1 atm). WF6 is commonly used by the semiconductor industry to form tungsten films, through the process of chemical vapor deposition. This layer is used in a low-resistivity metallic "interconnect". It is one of seventeen known binary hexafluorides.

Properties
The WF6 molecule is octahedral with the symmetry point group of Oh. The W–F bond distances are $183.2 pm$. Between $2.3 degC$, tungsten hexafluoride condenses into a colorless liquid having the density of $3.44 g/cm3$ at $15 degC$. At $2.3 degC$ it freezes into a white solid having a cubic crystalline structure, the lattice constant of 628 pm and calculated density $3.99 g/cm3$. At $−9 degC$ this structure transforms into an orthorhombic solid with the lattice constants of a = 960.3 pm, b = 871.3 pm, and c = 504.4 pm, and the density of $4.56 g/cm3$. In this phase, the W–F distance is 181 pm, and the mean closest molecular contacts are $312 pm$. Whereas WF6 gas is one of the densest gases, with the density exceeding that of the heaviest elemental gas radon (9.73 g/L), the density of WF6 in the liquid and solid state is rather moderate. The vapor pressure of WF6 between $−70 degC$ can be described by the equation

where the P = vapor pressure (bar), T = temperature (°C).

Synthesis
Tungsten hexafluoride is commonly produced by the exothermic reaction of fluorine gas with tungsten powder at a temperature between $350 degC$:
 * W + 3 F2 → WF6

The gaseous product is separated from WOF4, a common impurity, by distillation. In a variation on the direct fluorination, the metal is placed in a heated reactor, slightly pressurized to 1.2 to 2.0 psi, with a constant flow of WF6 infused with a small amount of fluorine gas.

The fluorine gas in the above method can be substituted by ClF, ClF3 or BrF3. An alternative procedure for producing tungsten fluoride is to react tungsten trioxide (WO3) with HF, BrF3 or SF4. Tungsten hexafluoride can also be obtained by conversion of tungsten hexachloride:
 * WCl6 + 6 HF → WF6 + 6 HCl or
 * WCl6 + 2 AsF3 → WF6 + 2 AsCl3 or
 * WCl6 + 3 SbF5 → WF6 + 3 SbF3Cl2

Reactions
On contact with water, tungsten hexafluoride gives hydrogen fluoride (HF) and tungsten oxyfluorides, eventually forming tungsten trioxide:
 * WF6 + 3 H2O → WO3 + 6 HF

Unlike some other metal fluorides, WF6 is not a useful fluorinating agent nor is it a powerful oxidant. It can be reduced to the yellow WF4.

WF6 forms a variety of 1:1 and 1:2 adducts with Lewis bases, examples being WF6(S(CH3)2), WF6(S(CH3)2)2, WF6(P(CH3)3), and WF6(py)2.

Applications in semiconductor industry
The dominant application of tungsten fluoride is in semiconductor industry, where it is widely used for depositing tungsten metal in a chemical vapor deposition process. The expansion of the industry in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in the increase of WF6 consumption, which remains at around 200 tonnes per year worldwide. Tungsten metal is attractive because of its relatively high thermal and chemical stability, as well as low resistivity (5.6 μΩ·cm) and very low electromigration. WF6 is favored over related compounds, such as WCl6 or WBr6, because of its higher vapor pressure resulting in higher deposition rates. Since 1967, two WF6 deposition routes have been developed and employed, thermal decomposition and hydrogen reduction. The required WF6 gas purity is rather high and varies between 99.98% and 99.9995% depending on the application.

WF6 molecules have to be split up in the CVD process. The decomposition is usually facilitated by mixing WF6 with hydrogen, silane, germane, diborane, phosphine, and related hydrogen-containing gases.

Silicon
WF6 reacts upon contact with a silicon substrate. The WF6 decomposition on silicon is temperature-dependent:
 * 2 WF6 + 3 Si → 2 W + 3 SiF4 below 400 °C and
 * WF6 + 3 Si → W + 3 SiF2 above 400 °C.

This dependence is crucial, as twice as much silicon is being consumed at higher temperatures. The deposition occurs selectively on pure Si only, but not on silicon oxide or nitride, thus the reaction is highly sensitive to contamination or substrate pre-treatment. The decomposition reaction is fast, but saturates when the tungsten layer thickness reaches 10–15 micrometers. The saturation occurs because the tungsten layer stops diffusion of WF6 molecules to the Si substrate which is the only catalyst of molecular decomposition in this process.

If the deposition occurs not in an inert but in an oxygen containing atmosphere (air) then instead of tungsten, a tungsten oxide layer is produced.

Hydrogen
The deposition process occurs at temperatures between 300 and 800 °C and results in formation of hydrogen fluoride vapors:
 * WF6 + 3 H2 → W + 6 HF

The crystallinity of the produced tungsten layers can be controlled by altering the WF6/H2 ratio and the substrate temperature: low ratios and temperatures result in (100) oriented tungsten crystallites whereas higher values favor the (111) orientation. Formation of HF is a drawback, as the HF vapor is very aggressive and etches away most materials. Also, the deposited tungsten shows poor adhesion to the silicon dioxide which is the main passivation material in semiconductor electronics. Therefore, SiO2 has to be covered with an extra buffer layer prior to the tungsten deposition. On the other hand, etching by HF may be beneficial to remove unwanted impurity layers.

Silane and germane
The characteristic features of tungsten deposition from the WF6/SiH4 are high speed, good adhesion and layer smoothness. The drawbacks are explosion hazard and high sensitivity of the deposition rate and morphology to the process parameters, such as mixing ratio, substrate temperature, etc. Therefore, silane is commonly used to create a thin tungsten nucleation layer. It is then switched to hydrogen, that slows down the deposition and cleans up the layer.

Deposition from WF6/GeH4 mixture is similar to that of WF6/SiH4, but the tungsten layer becomes contaminated with relatively (compared to Si) heavy germanium up to concentrations of 10–15%. This increases tungsten resistance from about 5 to 200 μΩ·cm.

Other applications
WF6 can be used for the production of tungsten carbide.

As a heavy gas, WF6 can be used as a buffer to control gas reactions. For example, it slows down the chemistry of the Ar/O2/H2 flame and reduces the flame temperature.

Safety
Tungsten hexafluoride is an extremely corrosive compound that attacks any tissue. Because of the formation of hydrofluoric acid upon reaction of WF6 with humidity, WF6 storage vessels have Teflon gaskets.

title: Tungsten hexafluoride


text:
Talk:Little Shop of Horrors

Untilted
Since this has expanded quite a bit, I think it's time to divide it into Little Shop of Horrors (1960 film), Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film) and Little Shop of Horrors (musical play). Any thoughts on where the Themes and Motifs section should go? Thirdreel 14:04, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure there's enough substance about each version to support three articles. I see Little Shop is already its own page, and it's only a stub.
 * If you do split it, I suggest keeping the background/discussion/literary stuff with the original version of the work. There are some bits and paragraphs that are only relevant to one of the versions.  Separating those into version-specific pages would have the good result of focusing the "main" article.  And I would vote for keeping the original "main" title "Little Shop of Horrors" as a redirect to the original 1960 film version of the work.
 * If I ever get around to it, I want to look up a couple of references, like Corman's discussions of his work. I would want to keep that together with the "meaty" parts of the article.  (If "meaty" isn't too awful a pun to use with this particular article.)  Glenn6502 03:48, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the main article's too long. I split it into individual pages, and used this page as a disambiguation page. The individual pages, however, need to be cleaned up. (Sugar Bear 02:34, 17 December 2005 (UTC))

I've only seen the 1986 film version, but in that movie a major scene that sticks in my memory involves the dentist (and Seymour?) getting high on laughing gas. Is this scene present in other versions too? If so, is it worth mentioning? [I was going to link from laughing gas if it was mentioned.] --Erik Demaine 14:21, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Little Shop of Horrors


text:
Iola

Iola or IOLA may refer to:
 * Iola, the nom de plume of American writer Ida B. Wells
 * Iola (steamboat 1885), a steamboat active on Puget Sound from 1885 to 1915
 * Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts, a method of raising money for charitable purposes in the United States
 * Myrmarachne, a genus of jumping spiders

Places

 * In the United States
 * Iola, Colorado, a ghost town
 * Iola, Florida, an unincorporated community
 * Iola, Illinois, a village in Clay County, Illinois
 * Iola, Kansas, a city in Allen County, Kansas
 * Iola, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place in Columbia County, Pennsylvania
 * Iola, Texas, a city in Grimes County, Texas
 * Iola, Wisconsin, a village in Waupaca County, Wisconsin
 * Iola (town), Wisconsin, a town in Waupaca County, Wisconsin

Given name

 * Iola Fuller (1906–1993), American writer
 * Iola Gregory (1946–2017), Welsh actress
 * Iola Abraham Ikkidluak (1936–2003), Inuit artist
 * Iola Johnson (born 1950), American news anchor

Fictional characters

 * Iola Boylan, character on the television series Mama's Family played by Beverly Archer
 * Iola Leroy, novel by American author Frances Harper
 * Iola Morton, girlfriend of Joe Hardy in the Hardy Boys novels

title: Iola


text:
User talk:Sempron~enwiki

Speedy deletion nomination of Popmoney

A tag has been placed on Popmoney requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion," which appears inside of the speedy deletion tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate). Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. — RHaworth 13:51, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sempron. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sempron~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:55, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Sempron~enwiki


text:
Talk:List of Saturn-crossing minor planets

52872 Okyrhoe/Okyrhoë
Although there might be a natural tendency to name this asteroid "Okyrhoë", the official, with-diacriticals name is umlaut-less. Let us be careful not to introduce an incorrect name.

Urhixidur 14:07, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)


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Gudbrandsdalen

Gudbrandsdalen (Gudbrand Valley  ) is a valley and traditional district in the Norwegian county of Innlandet (formerly Oppland). The valley is oriented in a north-westerly direction from Lillehammer and the lake of Mjøsa, extending 230 km toward the Romsdalen valley. The river Gudbrandsdalslågen (Lågen) flows through the valley, starting from the lake Lesjaskogsvatnet and ending at the lake Mjøsa. The Otta river which flows through Otta valley is a major tributary to the main river Lågen. The valleys of the tributary rivers such as Otta and Gausa (Gausdal) are usually regarded as part of Gudbrandsdalen. The total area of the valley is calculated from the areas of the related municipalities. Gudbrandsdalen is the main valley in a web of smaller valleys. On the western (right hand) side there are long adjacent valleys: Ottadalen stretches 100 km from Otta village, Gausdal some 50 km from Lillehammer and Heidal some 40 km from Sjoa. Gudbrandsdalen runs between the major mountain ranges of Norway including Jotunheimen and Dovrefjell–Rondane.

Together with the Glomma river and the Østerdalen valley, the river Lågen and the Gudbrandsdalen valley form Norway's largest drainage system covering major parts of Eastern Norway. Gudbrandsdalen is home to Dovre Line railway and the European route E6 highway. The valley is the main land transport corridor through Eastern Norway, from Oslo and central eastern lowlands to Trondheim and Møre og Romsdal.

The valley is divided into three parts: Norddalen (Northern valley; the municipalities of Lesja, Dovre, Skjåk, Lom, Vågå and Sel), Midtdalen (middle valley; the municipalities of Nord-Fron, Sør-Fron and Ringebu), and Sørdalen (Southern valley; the municipalities of Øyer, Gausdal and Lillehammer). The municipalities within the valley fall under the Vestre Innlandet District Court. Until 2016, the valley was also a police district. The Gudbrandsdalen district covers about 60% of the former Oppland county.

The invention of the modern, firm, fatty variant of Brunost cheese is commonly attributed to the milkmaid Anne Hov from the rural valley.

The main character in Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt was inspired by a real or legendary person living in the valley in the 18th or 17th century. Ibsen travelled through the valley in 1862 and collected local stories, legends and poems. Ibsen also made drawings from his trip, including "Elstad in Gudbrandsdalen".

Etymology
The name Gudbrandsdalen means 'the valley/dale of Gudbrand'. Gudbrand (Old Norse Guðbrandr) is an old male name compounded of guð, 'god' and brandr, 'sword'. The name may be derived from a chief (hersir) called Gudbrand. According to Snorri Sturluson the district was also referred to as i Dalom ("in the valleys") because of the many valleys. Dale-Gudbrand settled in Hundorp, Sør-Fron. At the time of Halfdan the Black there was a "chief Gudbrand north in Gubrandsdalen" (Gudbrand herse nord i Dalom). Later Eric Bloodaxe had an opponent called Dale-Gudbrand. According to the sage Olaf II of Norway met one Dale-Gudbrand, supposedly the last Dale-Gudbrand, in 1021. Historians believe there was a regional centre at Hundorp during the Viking era and that the name Gudbrand was used for many generations by the ruling family. Burial mounds (tumulus) at Hundorp suggest that powerful men are buried there.

Geography
The Gudbrandsdalen valley includes the most arid area in Norway. At Skjåk the average annual precipitation is only 278 mm. The valley sits in the rain shadow of the mountains west (including Jotunheimen), north, and east of the valley. The valley is less incised than the valleys of western Norway. Farming is mostly confined to the relatively narrow areas along the rivers. Gudbrandsdalen and adjacent valleys are surrounded by wide uplands and mountain plateaus traditional used as seter or summer farms. In July 1789 the Storofsen flood disaster occurred and Gudbrandsdalslågen overflooded. This is the largest flood recorded in Norway and the valley was particularly affected. 61 people perished. About 3000 houses were totally damaged and some thousand livestock drowned. All bridges disappeared. Lågen rose up to 7 m above its normal level and covered most of the valley floor. A number of farmers abandoned their damaged farms and settled in Målselv, Troms county. The second largest flood occurred in the summer of 1995 and again the valley floor was largely covered by water. After Storofsen the valley floor upstream from Sel Church changed into bogs and shallow lakes because stone and gravel changed the flow of Lågen. From around 1910 drainage efforts left some 500 ha of dry farmland on what is still known as the Sel bogs. The toxic cicuta virosa thrived on those bogs before they were drained and are known in Norwegian as selsnepe (literally Sel turnip). The valley floor in Lesja (between Dombås and Lora) were originally covered by a shallow lake. Drainage efforts from 1860 abolished the lake and left some 1000 ha of farmland. The central part of the valley is covered by the Losna lake, some 50–60 m deep.

Geology
The valley of Gudbrandsdalen is of considerable antiquity considering the overall development of the relief of Norway. The valley runs across the height axis of the southern Scandinavian Mountains —a characteristic that could be indicating that the valley formed before the tectonic uplift of Norway. The valley is one of several valleys of southern Norway that existed already as part of the ancient Paleic relief but had at the time gentler slopes. Gudbrandsdalen formed and developed originally as a valley of fluvial origin. Only millions of year later was the valley re-shaped by glaciers during the Quaternary period. As the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet melted and retreated during the end of the last ice age a large but an ephemeral ice-dammed lake formed in the valley.

History
The valley was shaped by the recent ice age and rivers from the present glacial areas in Jotunheimen and Dovre. Bones and teeth from mammoths and musk oxen, living in the area at that time, are found in the valley. Several traces of hunters from the Stone Age are found in the valley (and in the mountain areas around). There is a rock carving of moose in the northern part of Lillehammer. Gudbrandsdalen has always hosted the main road between Trondheim and the central eastern lowlands. In Old Norse known as þjóðvegr (tjodvei), "people's road" or "everybody's road".

Legendary history
Raum the Old was the father of Dale-Gudbrand, and he settled in Hundorp. The Gudbrand Valley is mentioned extensively in the Heimskringla (Chronicle of the Kings of Norway) by Snorri Sturluson. The account of King Olaf's (A.D. 1015–1021) conversion of Dale-Gudbrand to Christianity is popularly recognized. According to the saga Gudbrand built a church there "in the valleys", possibly at Haave farm near Hundorp where archaeological evidence indicates what may have been the first church in the valley. In 1206, the heir to the Norwegian throne, Håkon Håkonsson, was saved by birkebeiners with a ski-run from Lillehammer to Rena.

Until the Black Plague settlement expanded and new farms were established at outskirts. Farms with names -gard, -rud, -hus, and -li are mostly from this expansion period. During the High Middle Ages about 40 churches existed, most built in wood except for instances masonry churches in Easter Gausdal and Follebu. Hamar episcopal see was established in 1152 and its jurisdiction included Gudbrandsdalen. Garmo Stave Church and Ringebu Stave Church are examples of ancient wooden churches. Fåvang Stave Church and Vågå Church include parts from older churches. The Black Plague reduced the population in Gudbrandsdal by 50 to 70% during 1349 to 1350. Saksum, Brekkom, Skåbo, Venabygd and other districts were left largely deserted for centuries. Inhabitants from marginal areas presumably relocated to the main valley and other areas with vacant land. A large number of clergy also perished during the plague and churches fell into disrepair. During the 1600s the population again reached the same level as in 1300. During the 1500s the area had about 6000 inhabitants. No census was taken before 1665 and population figures are based on estimates. This resulted in a temporary improvement for the lower classes as crofters became scarce and the poor were able to rent the better farms.

Older history
During the Reformation in 1537, the Church of Norway was subordinated to the lendmenn or sheriffs. Church property was appropriated by the Crown and the King became the biggest landowner in the valley. The Battle of Kringen took place in 1612, near Otta, Norway, and the local "Gudbrandsdøls" defeated a Scottish mercenary army. The legends of this battle live on to this day, including the story of how the peasant girl Prillar-Guri lured the Scots into an ambush by playing the traditional ram's horn. The 1665 census indicates a population of 13,000.

In 1670 to 1725, most of the royal property was sold off to pay for war debts, first to established property holders, but increasingly to peasant proprietors. A freeholders' era began and a new "upper class" of landholders was formed. Storofsa happened in 1789, and is the greatest flood recorded in the Gudbrand Valley; several farms were devastated, and many people died.

Modern history
In 1827, the town of Lillehammer is established. The paddle steamer Skibladner on Mjøsa and Hovedbanen (the first railroad in Norway) connected the valley to the capital city, Christiania, in 1856. The Hamar-Selbanen railway was completed to Tretten in 1894. Hamar-Selbanen changed its name to the Dovre Line in 1921, and the new main railway between Oslo and Trondheim, was completed through the valley. The outdoor museum of Maihaugen, exhibiting historical architecture from all parts of the valley, opened at Lillehammer in 1904.

From around 1865 the population declined substantially because of emigration to North America. Until 1946 the majority of inhabitants worked in farming.

There was severe fighting in the valley at Tretten and Kvam, as well as in Dombås, during World War II. The Battle of Dombås was an attempt to stop the German advance. British troops engaged German troops in land battles for the first time in World War 2 after many months of Phoney War.

Lillehammer was the site of the Lillehammer affair in 1973, wherein operatives of the Israeli Mossad shot and killed a Moroccan waiter they mistakenly thought was Ali Hassan Salameh, who was involved in the Munich Massacre.

The 1994 Winter Olympics were celebrated at Lillehammer.

The 2016 Youth Olympics were celebrated at Lillehammer.

Urban areas

 * Lillehammer
 * Valebru
 * Otta

Mountain areas close to the valley

 * Jotunheimen
 * Rondane
 * Dovrefjell
 * Reinheimen/Tafjordfjella
 * Langsua

title: Gudbrandsdalen


text:
Cianjur

Cianjur is a town and district in the West Java province of Indonesia, and is the seat of Cianjur Regency. The district of Cianjur is located along one of the main roads between Jakarta (120 km to the northwest) and Bandung (60 km to the east). The population was 158,125 at the 2010 Census and 173,265 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 176,368. Because of its location, some of Cianjur's residents commute to work in Bandung.

The road on which Cianjur is located used to be the main (extremely busy) road from Jakarta to Bandung but was in effect replaced as the main road link between these two main cities when the Jakarta-Bandung tollroad was fully completed in 2005. However, due to its low traffic, Cianjur returned as one of the alternative routes for travellers from Jakarta and Bandung.

History
Cianjur was founded in 1677, with the first head of the town being R. A. Wiratanudatar I, entitled Dalem Cikundul, as the descendant from the old Sundanese city of Pajajaran.

By 2007 the city government asked female municipal employees to wear jilbab (hijab). It also placed road signs encouraging women to wear jilbab.

A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck offshore West Java on September 2, 2009, killing 21 people in Cianjur alone.

Another 5.6 magnitude earthquake occurred on November 21, 2022, killing 331 and injuring 7,729 others.

Administrative divisions
Cianjur district is divided into 11 administrative villages which are as follows:

 * Babakankaret
 * Bojongherang
 * Limbangansari
 * Mekarsari
 * Muka
 * Nagrak
 * Pamoyanan
 * Sawahgede
 * Sayang
 * Solokpandan
 * Sukamaju

Economy
The district mainly produces home and micro Industrial products, especially leather, wood, precious metals, woven, pottery, fabrics, and foods.

Transportation
After being dormant for about 2 years, the train called Siliwangi between Sukabumi and Cianjur was reactivated on 8 February 2014. It is faster than the buses which are usually trapped in traffic jams, but the cost of a train ticket is double that of using buses.

Climate
Cianjur has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from June to September and heavy rainfall from October to May.

Notable residents

 * Djumhana Wiriaatmadja (1904–1975) politician and diplomat
 * Mohammad Enoch (1893–1965) engineer and politician
 * Robi Darwis (b. 2003) footballer
 * Rd Mochtar (b. 1918) actor
 * Nyonya The Tiang Ek, 1920s–30s writer and translator
 * Utuy Tatang Sontani (1920–1979) writer and university lecturer

title: Cianjur


text:
Talk:Royal Conservatory of The Hague

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title: Talk:Royal Conservatory of The Hague


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Tim DeLaughter

Tim DeLaughter (born November 18, 1965) is an American rock musician. He is the frontman of the bands Tripping Daisy, The Polyphonic Spree, and Preteen Zenith.

At the 61st Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, DeLaughter was nominated for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music for his work on the television series United States of Tara.

Music career
As a teenager, DeLaughter played in various Duncanville bands as a drummer. However, he was poor at the instrument and began teaching himself to sing and play guitar.

He formed Tripping Daisy in 1990, which disbanded in 1999 following the death of guitarist Wes Berggren. The next year, DeLaughter formed The Polyphonic Spree. He and other members of Tripping Daisy and The Polyphonic Spree formed Preteen Zenith in 2011.

Musical style
Music critic Mike Boehm described DeLaughter's singing style as a "nasally vocal blend of Ozzy Osbourne and Perry Farrell. The Boston Globe's Joan Anderman described him as "sounding like Wayne Coyne of the Flaming Lips starring in a stoner production of Godspell".

Personal life
DeLaughter has no siblings and his parents divorced when he was a child. His grandfather was a Southern Baptist preacher.

DeLaughter and his wife, Julie Doyle, met while they were students at Duncanville High School. Their fourth child was born in December 2006. Doyle is also a member of The Polyphonic Spree.

title: Tim DeLaughter


text:
New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival

The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival (commonly called Jazz Fest or Jazzfest) is an annual celebration of local music and culture held at the Fair Grounds Race Course in New Orleans, Louisiana. Jazz Fest attracts thousands of visitors to New Orleans each year. The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival and Foundation Inc., as it is officially named, was established in 1970 as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization (NPO). The Foundation is the original organizer of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival presented by Shell Oil Company, a corporate financial sponsor. The Foundation was established primarily to redistribute the funds generated by Jazz Fest into the local community. As an NPO, their mission further states that the Foundation "promotes, preserves, perpetuates and encourages the music, culture and heritage of communities in Louisiana through festivals, programs and other cultural, educational, civic and economic activities". The founders of the organization included pianist and promoter George Wein, producer Quint Davis and the late Allison Miner.

In addition to the Festival, the organization's other assets include radio station WWOZ 90.7 FM, the Jazz & Heritage Foundation Archive and The George & Joyce Wein Jazz & Heritage Center. The Foundation also raises funds by holding the Jazz & Heritage Gala every year and provides several educational programs and a variety of more targeted festivals.

Because of concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 marked the first year in the fifty-year history of Jazz Fest that the two-week festival has been cancelled. It was originally rescheduled to take place October 8–17, 2021, but later cancelled completely. 2022 saw its resumption after a two-year hiatus.

Background
In 1962, Olaf Lambert, the manager of the Royal Orleans Hotel in the French Quarter contacted George Wein, a jazz mogul and founder of the Newport Jazz Festival and the Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island and asked him to bring his festival model to New Orleans. Wein met with Mayor Victor H. Schiro, Seymour Weiss a hotel executive and civic leader, and a few members of the New Orleans Chamber of Commerce to discuss the proposition. They decided that New Orleans and the South were not ready for a jazz festival. It was a time in the city's history that was fraught with racism and segregationists reminiscent of the Jim Crow era. City ordinances were still in place that prohibited interaction between black and white musicians, tourists and locals and prevented revitalization of the economy in this manner.

Two years after their initial meeting, Lambert again contacted George Wein and asked him to plan what was to be called the New Orleans International Jazz Festival for the spring of 1965. Racial tensions were on the rise, and the non-profit community effort was postponed because of "integration tensions". In the meantime, the proposed Annual New Orleans International Jazz Festival moved ahead under the auspices of attorney Dean A. Andrews Jr. Community organizations such as the New Orleans Jazz Club were not invited, and the event failed to attract big names, which Andrews claimed was by design. "Our idea is not to bring in big-time musicians. We want to tell the story of the New Orleans sound, to show the evolution of New Orleans jazz."

In 1967, Durel Black, a local businessman and president of the New Orleans Jazz Club, convinced the local Chamber of Commerce that it was time to make another attempt at starting a jazz festival in New Orleans. The city would celebrate its 250th anniversary in 1968, and Black recognized it as an opportunity to promote the festival. Wein was asked again to develop the festival; however, when it was discovered that his wife Joyce was African-American, the offer was retracted, and events director Tommy Walker was hired instead. A jazz festival was planned, and evening concerts were held in 1968 under the billing The International Jazzfest with headliners that included Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and a variety of other artists.

In 1969, a second International Jazzfest took place, resulting in a negative return on investment, despite its big name lineup. Durel Black contacted Wein yet again, assured him that his interracial marriage was no longer an issue, and asked him to take charge of the festival. Wein agreed and was prepared and motivated to protect the culture and heritage in Louisiana. However, he also recognized the barriers that prevented the International JazzFest of '69 from flourishing. He concluded that the format of the festival had to be changed from the ground up, and that local collaboration was necessary for it to succeed. He contacted Allan Jaffe, director of Preservation Hall, who arranged the necessary connections with Allison Miner, Quint Davis and several other promoters.

Foundation history and founding
The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival was established in 1970 under the guidance and vision of George Wein. The Festival achieved instant artistic success, despite its initial attendance of only 350 people. Wein's vision was straightforward: he wanted a large daytime fair with multiple stages featuring a diverse range of locally produced music styles, Louisiana cuisine food booths, and arts and crafts booths, as well as an evening concert series that would appeal to everyone. Wein also sought to develop a new perspective that would add a level of excitement to the festival presentation, and appeal to both The Crescent City culture and those who simply wanted to learn more about the city's unique way of life. In addition to local customs, he emphasized African, Caribbean, and French culture, and was able to present the music, cuisine and crafts of various cultures to the world through Jazz Fest in a way that was enjoyable and exciting. ""This festival could only take place in New Orleans, because here and only here is America's richest musical heritage." ~George Wein"

The first Jazz Fest took place in 1970 outside the French Quarter in a park "that was once the site of Congo Square – the space where, during the 18th century, enslaved people gathered to trade, dance, and play music from their countries of origin." In 1972, after relocating to the infield of the Fair Grounds Race Course, Jazz Fest expanded by utilizing the entire 145 acre site. By 1975, the inaugural year of the Festival's limited-edition, silkscreen poster series, attendance was expected to reach 80,000. From 1976 to 1978, Jazz Fest expanded to two full weekends in conjunction with the Heritage Fair, and in 1979, the Festival expanded to three weekends to celebrate its tenth anniversary.

By the early 1980s, the Festival continued growing in popularity, earning widespread recognition as one of the world's cultural celebrations. From the 1970s to the 1980s, Jazz Fest contributed to an unprecedented boom in tourism that earned Crescent City the moniker "Creole Disneyland". In 2017, total attendance for Jazz Fest was about 425,000 over seven days, exceeding the total population of Orleans Parish per prior census estimates. Pre-COVID-19, the attendance had grown to nearly 500,000.

Over the years, the Festival has had its share of financial difficulties, as well as an identity crisis on stage and in the tents. Local African-American activists accused the Festival of exploiting its performers and under-representing the communities that made Jazz Fest possible. Internal conflicts also arose which left the 1982 Festival temporarily without board member Quint Davis, who handled the Festival's production. In 1983, Davis returned and has produced it ever since.

The year 2020 marks the first year in the Festival's fifty-year history to be cancelled because of concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic. The event was rescheduled to take place in the Fall 2021, October 8–17, which is within the Atlantic hurricane season.

Yearly posters
For every Jazz Fest from 1984 to 2020 & since 2022, there have been a series of posters released that are related to that year's event. These posters have become some of the most widely recognized pieces of art in the New Orleans/Louisiana area. They are sold at the festival and after the festival online and in many art stores around the area. Posters gain significant value as time goes on.

Festival features
The Festival features a variety of local food and craft vendors. The official food policy of the Festival is "no carnival food". There are more than seventy food booths that include local dishes like crawfish beignets, cochon de lait sandwiches, alligator sausage po' boy (sandwich), boiled crawfish, softshell crab po'boy, Cajun jambalaya, jalapeño bread, fried green tomatoes, Oyster patties, muffulettas, red beans and rice, and crawfish Monica. Vegan and vegetarian options are also available. All food vendors are small, locally owned businesses. Jazz Fest ranks second to Mardi Gras in terms of local economic impact.

Craft vendors are set up throughout the grounds, as are craft-making demonstrations. There are three main areas including the Congo Square African Marketplace, which features crafts from local, national, and international artisans; the Contemporary Crafts area, which features handmade clothing, leather goods, jewelry, paintings, sculptures, and musical instruments; and the Louisiana Marketplace, which displays baskets, hand-colored photographs, jewelry and landscape-themed art.

The Festival allocates large areas dedicated to cultural and historical practices unique to Louisiana. There are depictions of the many cultures that exist in the state, such as the Cajun culture, and the Los Isleños, who are descendants of native Canary Islanders. Some of the areas include the Louisiana Folklife Village, which focuses on state art and culture, the Native American Village and the Grandstand. The National Endowment of the Arts has recognized many the work of many of the folk demonstrators.

Parades are also held throughout the event. They include parades by the Mardi Gras Indians, marching bands, brass bands, and social aid and pleasure clubs.

Stages and tents
Jazz Fest grew to become one of the best festivals to watch local artists and musicians, such as the Rebirth Brass Band, Juvenile, and Fats Domino, in addition to well-known musicians like Ray Charles, Tina Turner and James Brown in the Tremé backyard. After 1972, the festival moved to the Gentilly community. By 2010, Jazz Fest had become more commercialized with headliners such as the Foo Fighters and Christina Aguilera, shifting away from its jazz-dominated roots.

The festival has various performance stages including:
 * The Acura Stage – Main Stage
 * Gentilly Stage – Secondary Main Stage
 * The Congo Square Stage – Afro-centric and World Music
 * Blues Tent – Blues Music
 * Jazz Tent – Contemporary Jazz Music
 * Gospel Tent – Gospel Musicians and Performers
 * Kids Tent – Children's Music and Performances
 * The Sheraton New Orleans Fais Do Do Stage – Cajun & Zydeco Music
 * Jazz & Heritage Stage – Mardi Gras Indians + Brass Band Performances
 * Allison Miner Music Heritage – Panel Discussions, Fest Information + Live Interviews
 * Food Heritage Stage – Live Cooking Demonstrations
 * Cajun Cabin – Live Cajun Cooking Demonstrations
 * Economy Hall Tent – Traditional New Orleans Jazz
 * Lagniappe Stage – A potpourri of sound and style

The Congo Square stage name pays homage to a gathering place where enslaved black people would meet to sell goods to buy their freedom, play instruments, and dance. Under the Code Noir, Catholic slavemasters allowed their slaves to have Sundays off. That day off helped to preserve the tradition and spirit of African dancing and drumming. The name of the gathering area was changed to Louis Armstrong Park, where drummers traditionally perform on Sundays in honor of their enslaved ancestors.

In 2015, Jazz Fest honored the 40th birthday of New Orleans Center for Creative Arts (NOCCA). Displays included student artwork; live performances of spoken word and musical theater were featured at the Cultural Pavilion. NOCCA Alumni showcased their musical talents at the Zatarains/WWOZ Jazz Tent, where they paid homage to the legacy of Ellis Marsalis Jr. The festival has an ongoing partnership with local schools like NOCCA to give young artists an opportunity to showcase their talents to a larger audience.

Performers
The festival has featured a variety of musicians and performers every year since its founding, ranging from Louisiana musicians to international pop stars. Many popular New Orleans musicians have played annually for long stretches over the history of the festival such as the Neville Brothers, Dr. John, Ellis Marsalis, and The Radiators.

Applications to perform (from the general public) are limited to bands from Louisiana to promote and preserve local culture.

The New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation
The New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization that presents the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival. The foundation was formed in 1970 as the festival's nonprofit arm. Festival founders George Wein, Quint Davis and Allison Miner trusted that Jazz Fest would be a success, despite a slow start in ticket sales. Their foresight led to the decision to establish the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation as a nonprofit, allowing the opportunity to give the proceeds back to the local community by way of cultural programming when revenue increased.

Over the years, festival revenue increased, but the Foundation struggled to cover costs associated with its programs. In 2004, Don Marshall was brought on board as the Foundation's executive director. Other sources of funding come from galas and special events, corporate donors, individual donations and public and private grants.

The Foundation operates with a full-time staff and a four-part board of directors that includes a voting board, advisory council, Past Presidents Senate and an Honor Council. Its mission statement says: "The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival and Foundation, Inc. promotes, preserves, perpetuates and encourages the music, culture and heritage of communities in Louisiana through festivals, programs and other cultural, educational, civic and economic activities."

The Foundation maintains active involvement with the local community through its assets, programming and educational enrichment. The local programs range from teaching Jazz to local teens, to preserving recordings, artifacts and interviews. The programs aid in economic growth by providing jobs for local artists and entertainers while offering entertainment to citizens.

Foundation assets
The following resources were created by the Foundation as sources of funding to provide year-round programming that focuses on cultural education, economic development and cultural enrichment.

 * The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival
 * WWOZ 90.7 FM – a local radio station based in the French Quarter with programs by volunteers whose mission is "to be the worldwide voice, archive, and flag-bearer of New Orleans culture and musical heritage". In 2020, the station celebrated its 40th anniversary and gained national news coverage after its efforts to provide a sense of "normalcy" in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. WWOZ 90.7 FM broadcasts live during Jazz Fest and provides local, cultural content year round.
 * Jazz & Heritage Foundation Archive – an educational resource that acts as a repository for items of historical and cultural importance in Louisiana. The Archive consists mainly of recordings from the Festival, but also features magazines, posters, film and photographs. The artifacts are available for scholarly research, and fellowships are granted to encourage use of the archive.
 * The George & Joyce Wein Jazz & Heritage Center – a performance and education venue that also serves as the location for the Don "Moose" Jamison Heritage School of Music and the Foundations year-round programming. The center is named after Jazz Fest founder George Wein and his wife, Joyce.
 * The Jazz & Heritage Gala – a celebration that raises funds for free music education in New Orleans. The proceeds are donated to the Don "Moose" Jamison Heritage School of Music which provides music education to over 280 students in the city.

Educational programming

 * Don "Moose" Jamison Heritage School of Music – The School of Music is the Foundation's unique cultural education program which began in 1990 as an after-school program. Initially, the school was tuition-free and taught only a few students on the campus of Southern University at New Orleans. In 2014, the George and Joyce Wein Jazz & Heritage Center opened in Tremé. The center is the permanent location of the School and instructs over 200 students each week. Classes now range from after-school to weekends and utilize instrumental techniques, ear training and composition to teach the art of music and performance.
 * Tom Dent Congo Square Lecture Series – Tom Dent (1932–1998), born to Ernestine and Albert W. Dent. Dent was an African-American cultural activist and poet from New Orleans. He was influenced by cultural writers of African-American struggles. Dent served as the executive director of the Foundation from 1987 to 1990. While serving on the board, he founded the Congo Square Lecture Series. After his death, the name was changed to The Tom Dent Congo Square Lecture series in his honor. The series was created to engage local creatives in scholarly conversations surrounding culture and African-American history. Topics range from Jazz and Creole history, Carnival around the world and the evolution of jazz funerals in New Orleans.
 * Class Got Brass Contest – a 'Battle of the Brass Bands' for all middle and high schools in Louisiana that was created to encourage school band programs to participate in the musical culture of New Orleans. The winner receives music education funds for their school. Prizes range from $1,000 to $10,000 and non-winners receive a $1,000 stipend for participating. Each band is limited to 12 members, and each member must be currently enrolled in the competing school. Judges consider originality, adherence to tradition, improvisation, tightness and overall presentation when deciding winners.
 * Songwriting Workshops for Kids with PJ Morton – a series of songwriting workshops that are open to middle and high school students in New Orleans. The workshops and applications are free but are limited to 30 students. Students learn songwriting techniques from PJ Morton.
 * Mardi Gras Indian Beading and African Drumming Workshops – a series of free workshops that take place at the George and Joyce Wein Jazz & Heritage Center. Beading workshops are led by Howard Miller, the chief of the Creole Wild West Mardi Gras Indian tribe. Miller teaches the workshops to students ages 10–17 in New Orleans. Drumming workshops are led by Luther Gray, head of the Congo Square Preservation Society. Gray provides drums to students who cannot provide their own.

Economic development programming

 * Jazz & Heritage Music Relief Fund – a statewide relief fund to support musicians who have lost income due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic caused venue closures all around the world and left many New Orleans' musicians without a source of income. The Fund has provided emergency grants to over 2500 musicians in the city and the campaign for fundraising is ongoing. Donations continue to be received from organizations like Spotify, Michael Murphy Productions, the Goldring Foundation and the Bentson Foundation.
 * Community Partnership Grants – proceeds from the Festival are invested back into the community. Over $8 million has been redistributed through community partnership grants to fund cultural projects, all of which must align with the Foundation's mission. Recent category additions include the Louisiana Cultural Equity Arts Grant which allows BIPOC creatives to focus on creating new works. Applications are accepted from all over Louisiana, and represent a wide range of diversity.
 * Jazz & Heritage Film Festival – the Foundation works with the New Orleans Video Access Center to put on a festival that showcases documentaries about south Louisiana or that are produced by New Orleans filmmakers. The festival lasts three days and includes screenings and networking for film industry professionals. A majority of the featured films have been awarded funding from the Foundation's Community Partnership Grants. The festival takes place in February at the George and Joyce Wein Jazz & Heritage Center.
 * The Catapult Fund – the Foundation supports the local restaurant industry by providing small business owners with funding and business training by way of the Catapult Fund. Funding partners of the Catapult Fund have included Capital One Bank, the Louisiana Small Business Development Center (LSBDC,) the Louisiana Cultural Economy Foundation (LCEF,) and the Ashé Cultural Arts Center. The Fund is open to small business owners in the food and beverage and culinary arts industry. These businesses can include LLC's, sole proprietorships, and incorporated businesses. Over a period of five months, accepted applicants attend 17 free instructional classes focused on business development. Those who participate in the course receive a food safety training certification and leave with new knowledge of key strategies for running a successful business by addressing solutions to the unique challenges the restaurant sector faces in New Orleans. Additionally, a grant pool of $50,000 is portioned and rewarded to participants who successfully complete the course.

Cultural enrichment programming

 * Jazz & Heritage Concerts – the Jazz & Heritage Concert Series consists of concerts presented by the Foundation throughout the year, in the off-season of Jazz Fest. The concerts are admission free and held at the George and Joyce Wein Jazz & Heritage Center. The Foundation also presents two free concerts during Jazz Fest each year. The concerts not only highlight local favorites but artists from different parts of the country. The concert series has followed themes that highlight underrepresented populations. The most recent series, titled "Chanteuse: Celebrating New Orleans Women in Music", was scheduled for the weekend of March 13, 2020, but was postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The series focuses on women and/or femme-identifying persons to bring attention to the lack of female representation in the music industry. Reports show that women accounted for 21.7% of all artists in 2019, and the ratio of male to female producers was 37 to 1. Cyrille Aimée, Germaine Bazzle and Maggie Koerner were among the artists initially scheduled to perform. A visual arts exhibit called Femme Fest, sponsored by the Women's Caucus for Art of Louisiana (WCALA,) was set to be featured at the Jazz & Heritage Art Gallery as a part of the series as well.
 * Crescent City Blues & BBQ Festival – the Crescent City Blues & BBQ Festival is a free celebration of music, food and art presented by the Foundation. The festivities typically take place in Lafayette Square and showcase artists like Little Freddie King.
 * Treme' Creole Gumbo Festival and Congo Square Rhythms Festival – the Treme’ Creole Gumbo Festival and the Congo Square Rhythms Festival are admission free festivals presented by the Foundation, and are typically held in Armstrong Park. In 2019 the Congo Square Rhythms Festival took place simultaneously; therefore, the two could work together to increase their impact on the city. African Drumming, Jazz, Funk and Gospel are among the performances that represent the African diaspora's cultural impact on New Orleans.
 * Louisiana Cajun-Zydeco Festival – an admission free festival presented by the Foundation that focuses on Cajun and Zydeco music and takes place in the Spring at Armstrong Park. Much like other Foundation festivals, local art, food and entertainment are showcased at this annual two-day event. Vendors sell seafood, especially crawfish, while art markets and youth activities are available.
 * Johnny Jackson Jr. Gospel Is Alive Celebration – an outreach program for senior citizens in New Orleans. The concert is admission free and held at the Franklin Avenue Baptist Church. Foundation board member, Johnny Jackson Jr. supported this specific concert from its onset in 1990. It was eventually named after him in honor of his support. Past performers have included the Gospel Soul Children and Rance Allen. Each year Gospel Is Alive! recognizes those who have contributed to the gospel community in a significant way.

title: New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival


text:
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Jackson, Wisconsin

Jackson, Wisconsin may refer to:
 * Jackson County, Wisconsin
 * Jackson, Adams County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Jackson, Burnett County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Jackson, Washington County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Jackson (village), Wisconsin, in Washington County

title: Jackson, Wisconsin