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Talk:Bidet

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Greek
From the article:

 * "In Greece they are called "μπιντές" - bides."

That doesn't read anything like "bides" to me: is this meant to be a joke? -- Karada 16:11, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Nope. Greek doesn't have any letters for 'b' or 'd', so they are represented as 'mp' and 'nt'.  Morwen - Talk 16:12, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I don't understand -- what about "beta" and "delta"? -- Karada 16:15, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Um, those correspond to 'v' and 'dh'. See Greek language.  They don't speak ancient Greek in Greece anymore Morwen - Talk 16:16, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Ah. Thanks! I learn something every day. -- Karada 16:19, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * This article is really interesting; you should nominate it on WP:FAC. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 16:20, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)

 * I would agree. This is an excellent article and deserves to be FA! --59.93.246.167 21:01, 18 January 2007 (UTC) Bodhi

 * It doesn't even have a single citation at the moment. A lot of work needs to be done before this would even be eligible for Good Article status.--h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 16:35, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This discussion page should get some award of its own :-) The only thing lacking is "how does one use a bidet if one is really fat?" 90.130.168.79 (talk) 00:18, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Usage
I deleted vagina and replaced it with vulva...mainly because there is no external vagina unless someone has a prolapse, and they really wouldn't want to go washing it in a bidet if they did.

Though to be honest the usage section feels like it should be re-written.

Photo
— Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.72.1.156 (talk) 03:20, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

Common usage in Latin Americas besides Argentina and Uruguay????
I have been in many countries of L. America, and the only countries where the bidet is used in almost every house, is in Argentina and URuguay, I was told it was bring with the Italian, Spanish and French immigrants (most of theirs population ancestries) in the 19th century.

That text about other L. AMerican countries having extremely common usage should be changed.

 * I don't know where have you been, but at least in Bolivia it is found in a large amount of houses. --169.232.243.221 09:09, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Bolivia is not a latin country is an american one maybe, but not latin anyway.... I'm talking about COMMON USAGE. I have been in your coutnry and I haven't see any bidet (and I wanted one). Maybe it's common in SOME HOUSES but in Argentina and Uruguay is almost unthinkable a bathroom in a house without a bidet! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.137.93.206 (talk) 09:57, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Bolivia is a Latin American country, "Latinoamerica" and the bidet is all over Venezuela y Colombia, where I have lived. The person saying that Latin is not Bolivian does not know the term. The fact the majority of people in Uruguay and Argentina are of European descent does not change anything. You may not find a bidet in a public bathroom or in a house belonging to somehow poor people, it is not that expensive. In Brazil I have seen bidets in a marina restaurant in Rio de Janeiro, like ten of them, I was surprised. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.173.67.180 (talk) 06:52, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Paperless toilets
The article says that "In 1999 the first "paperless toilet" was launched in Japan, a combination toilet and bidet which also dries you after washing." However, the externally-linked page at describes the Washlet, a toilet seat with bidet and dryer dating from 1980. Where did the reference to 1999 as the year of this invention come from? --Arteitle 06:40, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

The new add-on bidet, the KO BIDET, succeeds in cancelling the t. paper use. It relies on its thin vertical water jet, that targets the restricted anus area needing cleaning. So there is 100% effectiveness with minimal water amount needed. So wiping for drying up is not necessary.

French Folksong
«Apparently, cavaliers would sing a famous folksong which begins: À dada sur mon bidet... while using the bidoaille.» In this song bidet only refer to a pony ... the source of the previous assertion seems to be the humourous (and no more existing) web site Virtual baguette. It's more a «comptine» (~ nursery rhyme) than a real folksong. It is sang sung by parents when playing with their children. FoeNyx 10:33, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The history section isn't serious at all IMO ! Bidoaille, Bidache and Karl Marx hmm ? Ericd 03:38, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You are probably right ! bidache is just the name of a french city. But usage of bidache, bidoaille related to bidet give only link to wikipedia or some mirrors. FoeNyx 22:50, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * is sung lysdexia 13:52, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * thank you FoeNyx 13:20, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Question
I found this line in the last paragraph in popularity. it it just link spamming? An alternative would be buying a bidet attachment for regular American toilets for approximately $150 from companies such as USAbidet.com. Rdoger6424 00:46, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

In the popularity section I read: Bidets are common bathroom fixtures in some European countries (especially France, Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal). but there is an error because today in France the bidet is not a common bathroom fixture.

 * Possibly the disappearance of the bidet has something to do with an improvements in modern plumbing, including the installation of showers in many homes, and a consequent increase in daily showering over the late 20th century? The point could be made in the entry that bidets arose at a time when most people didn't bathe regularly but were probably recognizing the health and other advantages of at least regularly washing the genital/anal area.  When daily showering is common, perhaps there is less need for bidets?68.72.88.66 20:38, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

It seems that the article "bidet: types" is needing the picture addition of the third add-on bidet type, in which the flash nozzle is under the side rim. Whow could i do it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.140.90.110 (talk) 06:11, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Drying
The article doesn't mention what you're supposed to do with a soggy crotch after using the bidet. If you try to dry yourself with toilet paper, it shreds into mush. 32.97.110.142 04:28, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

What do you use when stepping out of the shower or after washing your hands? Either a hand towel or paper towel will work. Luciuskwok 17:04, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

How to ensure there won't be brown spots on the hand towel or paper towel, and how to dispense of it afterwards? A paper towel shouldn't be thrown in the toilet, and in countries where one normally would dispense the toilet paper in the toilet, it's a serious faux pas to throw brown-spotted paper in the regular trashcan. 80.202.165.112 (talk) 21:41, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

It's very simple, if you have properly cleaned yourself, there won't be any spot on the towel you use afterwards. Do you leave brown spots on the towel you use after taking a shower? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.232.50.38 (talk) 15:08, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

 * This is another reason "electronic bidets" are becoming more popular; they use a gentle flow of warm air, similar to an electric hand dryer. Reify-tech (talk) 15:20, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

The new add-on bidet, the KO BIDET, succeeds in making drying up not necessary. It relies on its thin vertical water jet, that targets the restricted anus area needing cleaning. So there is 100% effectiveness with minimal water amount needed. So wiping for drying up is not necessary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.140.90.110 (talk) 06:17, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

more on usage
could somebody fill out the usage section? i'm actually unclear about how bidets are commonly used. do you use any soap? do you use a cloth or rag-- either for the washing or drying? do you simply use a nozzle to spray? and then dry yourself? I don't know.

-They are used, especially in Italy, with soap and after the use of toilet paper, then you dry with a dedicated towel. Is a common misconception that it's a substitute of the toilet paper, the real purpose is to completely wash yourself without have to take a shower.93.41.179.211 (talk) 19:07, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

TP: Before or after?
24.205.54.66 said in an edit comment: (→toilet paper is used to dry off with AFTER using a bidet, not before as the article stated.) I've never used a bidet, but isn't toilet paper a poor choice of material to dry off a dripping bum? PrometheusX303 13:27, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

mmm not, I've just used it! haha. A 60cm toilet paper works ok, the first half get wet but the half nearest your hand doesn't. You can used a small towel too.

Well, towel is the most common item of choice for this, but i guess some can use TP successfully..

With the new add-on bidet, the KO BIDET, not before or after. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.140.90.110 (talk) 06:22, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Bathroom sink isn't a valid alternative
"In contrast, residents of countries where the bidet is to be found in every private house, find it difficult to change their habits. The only alternatives to a bidet in such cases is to use the bathroom sink or shower." Who wrote this thing? I come from Southern europe and I can assure you nobody would ever think about doing such an unsanitary thing like washing anus and genitalia in a bathroom sink. Don't give us a bad name, wikipedians! Lullalulla 2:39, 4 October (UTC)

I for one have used a sink when a bidet wasn't available. Several times... I sound ruthless Spugna 17:42, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Nobody uses the sink as a bidet, this sound like sombody giving bad name to people that uses bidet, who are quite civilized, please erase this crazy thing.

It seems somewhat inconvenient. To use the sink you would need to climb up on top of it and sit down, and what if it's a pedestal sink? The snare (talk) 00:37, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

No photos?
no photos? i recall there were photos. Xah Lee 03:07, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

You should have more photos at "bidet types" article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.140.90.110 (talk) 06:36, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Moved sentence
I moved the sentence "Foreign tourists to countries where a bidet is common can sometimes mistake it for a toilet. This mistaken identity can lead to an accident defecating in the bidet!" in the Usage section because it didn't belong where it was. Oddity- 21:05, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Contraception
In France (possibly Europe) Bidets were used for contraception as well, there should be a paragraph on this... S facets 08:42, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Some Simple Questions
I just recently returned from France and a wonderful vacation. However, I was puzzled by the bidets. I have seen them many times and agained wondered about their use. After reading this article several questions need to be addressed and I am really looking for the answers. First, I am a male and one has to consider two bodily functions - urinating and defacating. I also have a feeling that clothing has a lot to do with the use of the bidet. In modern western society, men's slacks open with a "fly" and typically, urinating is very easy and a self terminating process. There is no soiling of the entire penis or the clothing or the hands. Men usually wash their hands after urinating due to the slight perspiration (ordor) that occurs in the groin area, and health codes require handwashing by food employees to prevent the spread of various contagious medical conditions. As for daily hygiene, the typical shower in the morning or in the evening washes the entire body. I don't have to go into further details. Does the bidget substitute for the daily shower? Now as for women, today in western society women wear either slacks or skirts and of course - some wear underwear. For women use of the western toilet implies dropping the trousers and underwear and/or lifting the skirt. The style of western toilet fits into this type of clothing design. But the bidet has some real logistical issues involved. A man or a woman with lowered clothing cannot easily sit on a bidet and face the water controls. Does this imply that the clothing has to be removed - a rather involved process. Most items are designed for ease of use, so there has to some analysis of the use of the bidet in context with clothing. I have also travelled extensively in Japan, where there seems to be an incorporation of the two units into one for ease of use. So I would appreciate anyone who could shed some light on this subject. Reaction August 30, 2008. In my appartment in France I have a small toilet cabinet with no room for a bidet, and a small bathroom with a bidet and no room for a toilet. For general hygiene I shower every day. When I take a poo, I use the toilet and wipe with paper, then go to the bathroom, use the bidet and dry with a tiny towel that I take from a stack and deposit in the washing basket. Habits vary from family to family. The bidet certainly is no substitute for the daily shower. Wearing pants or skirt makes no difference, it's a simple thing you quickly learn. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.0.0.192 (talk) 17:26, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Also, doesn't it feel too cold to sit on a glazed-pottery bidet without some analog of a toilet seat? Why there is always a padding seat on the toilet, but never on a bidet? Perhaps, because the "session" duration is supposed to be shorter? If you ask me, I think the combined toilet+bidet unit a more convenient (and cheaper!) solution rather than the classic bidet.

This makes me smile a huge lot
Just wanted to express how funny is for a European to read how puzzled you are about the use of this - imho - fundamental fixture in personal hygiene. And it's incredible how you thought you could dry using toilt paper itself!! :) c'mon

How to use it? How to wash? How to dry? First... you take a "number 2" (or even a "number 1" for femals) sitting on the toilet (at least you have this in your countries? ;-) ) Second... you use toilet paper for a first cleansing of the interested zone... Third... stand up and take one or two step (don't worry, it won't take too much effort!) towards the so-called bidet, and sit on it, just as you seated on the toiled (so: the pooper facing the water coming out) ... take your hand and rub on the part you want to clean... water and liquid soap should help a lot. Don't be afraid: you'll have to face "worse" things when your baby kids will need changing their diapers...) Fourth... take one of the (usually two) little towels that hang near the bidet. This are special towels: not because they are some sort of magic fabric.. but just because they are half in size of usual towels. And don't worry: these are usually kept distinct from hands/face towels.

Hope this helped. 90.132.52.148 13:25, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, and it's surely better than standing the whole day with pieces of crap in the back of your panties: toilet paper won't be able to clean everything... Question: how come this article is French-related? The bidet is wide spread in Souther Europe and South America? 90.132.52.190 09:01, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

I agree. In Italy any bathroom has a bidet (I'm Italian). I have a little apartment over my parents' one and in my small bathroom I didn't plan to install a bidet in order to gain some space. I remember my father who was very upset because of it: "How would you clean yourself after you take a dump?", he asked. Well if I were american I would use just toilet paper. Unfortunately I'm Italian and so I take a shower, anytime. I have to admit that using no bidet has its good points: you save time and you always wear your underwear in the right sense, because after some usage they are yellow on the front, brown on the back. :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.140.6.112 (talk) 20:31, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Yeah but does everyone use the same towel or what? The article says 'changed daily'. I certainly don't want to use someone else's turd towel, what's the deal? 132.228.195.206 17:20, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Presumably, it shouldn't matter. After all, it is for drying yourself after you have washed, rather than for the cleaning itself. But if anybody has any further inforamtion on how it works it would be useful to know. The Baroness of Morden (talk) 15:57, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Depends on personal tastes. In my family we use a towel each, but other families could go with a towel for males and another for females, or one towel, and this can vary if some female is menstruating.

Uncommon in the United Kingdom?
The article makes reference to their popularity in some countries in East Asia and Southern Europe, but in the UK they do not appear to be a common fixture. Can anyone tell/verify whether this is the case or not?--h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 16:33, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm British and in the last 30 years I've only come across two bidets. And one of those was owned (and fitted) by an Italian. Amniarix (talk) 17:59, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Diaper Wipes?
I guess they would be nice except they don't rinse down the drain very well —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.7.155.193 (talk) 17:01, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Do these things really work?
I'm kind of surprised such a thing as a bidet exists. On the rare occasions when I've gotten poop on my hand, like after a diaper change, simply holding it in a stream of water doesn't get it off. It has to be rubbed off. So what does a bidet do except for wetting the soiled areas? -Rolypolyman (talk) 17:29, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

What a strange conviction! a VERTICAL WATER JET is 100% effective. I can bet on it, after tens of trials. 23-6-2017. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.140.90.110 (talk) 06:53, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Dude, if you think your anus and buttocks are clean after rubbing them with toilet paper, you are seriously misled. And filthy. The paper just moves the stuff around, it doesn't clean it. 85.18.227.219 (talk) 13:40, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you have any evidence to back up your claim that use of bidets is any more hygienic than using toilet paper? Because I see no sources in the article to back up that claim, and it'd be just great if we can get an expert like yourself to enlighten the rest of us "dirties" who are still partial to the paper. Mikhajlovich (talk) 06:16, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It is more hygienic, but you have to use soap! --93.67.127.168 (talk) 14:27, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Thing about it liek this:Do you think you will be as clean wiping your whole body with paper or by taking a shower? Water and hands clean more then just paper clearly...212.76.241.182 (talk) 23:50, 13 April 2009 (UTC)Hicham Vanborm

Indonesian bottle bidet
When the Dutch ruled the "Netherlands Indies" (now Indonesia), squat toilets were in general use there, and people cleaned themselves with water. The Dutch colonialists all followed these habits. When they returned to Holland, they kept using water to clean themselves after toilet use. In their Dutch homes, the Indian repatriates had bottles of water for this purpose, one for each member of the family. Many of the people in Holland thought this unhygienic (touching genitals and anus), but the repatriates thought the Dutch custom of wiping with paper unhygienic (not washing themselves, and walking all day with a dirty anus). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.0.0.192 (talk) 17:47, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Maybe because the Europeans generally find it more important to have clean hands than clean anus. I tried to wash with water and hands (and without soap and toilet paper) once, and it was horrible - no matter how much soap I used when washing my hands afterwards, the smell wouldn't go away (I suppose it would have been better if I had applied soap to the hands before rubbing) 80.202.165.112 (talk) 21:51, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

Hairier people
Is there any mention of how these are less a choice than a necessity for hairier people? As a somewhat hairy man, I can say that washing is the only way to clean yourself, toilet paper is not even half good at doing the job sometimes. 90.193.39.105 (talk) 02:50, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

A bidet producing VERTICAL WATER JET, as KO BIDET, is equally 100% effective, even in hairy people. Remember strict anus area has not got hair. 23 of June 2017. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.140.90.110 (talk) 06:59, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

I can relate to that ... half a roll of dry toilet paper, and still one haven't really managed to do much else than distributing the brown stuff around a bit ... and before long, the underwear will have brown spots, the trousers are slightly stinky ... horrible. Even though I've grown up in a toilet-paper-only culture, I've never really understood how to properly use the thing. (some here seem to think that "it doesn't really matter, because nowadays everyone showers daily anyway" - well, I don't really agree with that) 80.202.165.112 (talk) 22:00, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

More on Usage
I have never used or even seen a bidet and after reading this article still have no blasted clue how the thing is used. It isn't very obvious from just looking at it-where does the water come out? Is there some sort of heretofore unseen buttscrubbing instrument involved, or does the jet of water that blasts the nether regions from below do the job by itself? How do you use one without the water jet? Why is there no seat? Why are there three handles? Is it really safe to bathe a baby in the same fixture that was just used to wash poo from a posterior (As per paragraph 1 of "Usage")? Are bidets common in European public restrooms? The usage section of this article has a lot of information on where they're used, and what they're used for, but no real description of how one would be used in the wild. There is no doubt that cleaning with water is altogether more sanitary (and I personally prefer to use a paper towel saturated with water from the sink), but the condescending remarks from Europeans on this discussion page are unnecessary and do little to explain the proper technique. Anonymous, 12/9/2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.84.42.247 (talk • contribs) 9 December 2008
 * Easy stuff: you sit on it, open the tap, wet everything (butt, genitals and inner tighs), put soap in your hands, wash everuthing with soap, rinse with water. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.107.220.44 (talk) 12:53, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I second the question on the three taps. What do they do? Hot, cold and drying maybe? 90.130.168.79 (talk) 00:22, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Yes, what about drying? You don't want to put your wet behind back into your pants, and I wouldn't want to use a cloth/paper towel either, or a bidet in a public place other people have previously used. The snare (talk) 19:20, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

"So, for an individual to use a bidet properly, he must "shatif" according to traditional Islamic law."
I do not know what it means to "shatif," and it is my guess that neither does the average Western reader. This sentence should have some explanation, and also its current location, right under the section on the increasing popularity of the bidet in the aging community, is a bit confusing: does the "so" refer to the whole article, the usage section, or what? Cerebellum (talk) 19:58, 29 December 2008 (UTC)
 * After some cursory research, I've removed this sentence. A google search for "shatif Islamic law" (no quotes) returned 25 matches, none of them shed any light on the subject.  --Cerebellum (talk) 20:02, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

How Hygienic / Sanitary; Controversy
I was surprised to see that there was no section on how hygienic / sanitary the bidet is (as compared to toilet paper); have any scientific studies been done that can be referenced?

Also, it seems that there is a strong feeling by users of one cleaning method that the other is insufficient to do the job / unhygienic / etc. Is this due to cultural unfamiliarity? Is this a widespread phenomenon? If so, perhaps this should be mentioned in the article as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.203.10.155 (talk) 03:31, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

I'm also wondering a bit about the hygienic aspect, especially when several people are using the same bidet. I somehow thing that bacterial colonies may form on the showerhead, particularly for bidets that are built into the toilet, I can imagine that it may not be such a good idea to spread bacterias from one persons anus to another persons anus ... and I've heard it may be a pretty bad idea to spread bacterias from the anus to the vagina.

Anyway, I suppose it's a quite cultural thing ... but maybe it also reflects that there are no perfect, hygienic, cheap and universally culturally accepted way to clean oneself after the toilet visit.

It seems to me that in arab culture one uses water and wipe with a hand. Most Europeans (including me) would find it pretty disgusting ... the ass probably gets pretty clean from it ... but here in Europe it's generally considered more important to have clean hands anyway. I tried using water and my hands once, I'll never do that again ... no matter how much soap I used when washing my fingers afterwards my hand was still stinking. (Applying soap to the fingers before wiping would maybe solve that problem). 80.202.165.112 (talk) 21:29, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

As an average North American, I have always wondered what the general advantages of this system are. Other than fitting into cultural norms, the concept of the bidet seems forced and amusingly archaic. Is this system efficent or in any means practical? If I had no other choice I would use a garden hose but without wiping with toilet paper I would not seem clean. However, if I had only toilet paper and no water I would still feel clean enough until my next shower/bath. Is this system just a cultural peculiarity or necessary in these countries?74.33.19.132 (talk) 11:16, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

Toilet spray/hose
Why isn't there a section on a toilet spray or hose? It's common in homes in Singapore and some public toilets to have a hose or a spray for you to clean yourself after doing your business. This is what a typical toilet spray would look like.

It's much easier to install and cheap as well, as compared to a bidet. Plus, you can maneuver the head to whichever angle you like. Works for both "normal" toilet bowls and the squat ones (yes, we still have them here too). 219.75.47.126 (talk) 05:19, 10 August 2010 (UTC)singapotter

Usage
I'm Argentinian, Italian descendent, and I've been using the bidet all my life.

I've never used this one: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bidet_Ego_Kolo.jpg the bidet shown in the first photo of the article, but I know it is used in Spain. I think it serves to wash just the genitalia, you sit watching the wall and open the tap... I'm just guessing.

As you can see, the usage changes according to the culture. Here we use this one: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bidet_top.jpg The strange one with the three taps.

The water comes like in this photo: http://thelobbyconspiracy.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/iace_1970_bidet.jpg

From the basin with the pourpose to clean it and from the nozzle in the middle

You sit backwards to wash the anus and like in the Spanish one to clean the genitalia. One tap is for hot water, the other one is for cold and the third one, in the middle, is to regulate the amount and the stregth of the water that pours up from the nozzle.

You can wash with soap, dry with a towel or toilet paper. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.252.34.85 (talk) 10:48, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

What's the difference between a Bidet and Enema?
Should the two pages be combined? It seems a Bidet is just an Enema that's connected to a toilet? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.159.111.98 (talk) 11:22, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Lol. As the article explains the bidet is for washing your wedding tackle and poop shoot. An enema involves squirting water right up your bottom.  This only happens with a bidet if the  tap nozzle is unfortunately shaped and there is a slippery floor.  --89.241.55.22 (talk) 07:47, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

Comercial
First hyperlink in the third paragraph under "Integration of Toilet and Bidet" Come on now that's a commercial. Can it. Ulao (talk) 01:56, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Correct. But you can remove such things yourself, if you explain in an edit summary what you're doing and why. Drmies (talk) 01:57, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Can I add my link to this page?
Hi all

I have just made a new account on wikipedia. I wanted to add a page on bidets, but then I found this one.

Can I add my website as a reference for some data in this page?

The url is : http://www.plstrade.ca

Thank you Zarzor 2010 (talk) 18:54, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

Shower bidet
The bidet that I'm most familiar with looks like a small shower head available immediately by the toilet (but not integrated in the toilet) -they seem to be quite common in Finland. Hm, I see it's referred to as a "shower spray" further up in the discussions. It should probably be commented and illustrated on the bidet page anyway. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.202.165.112 (talk) 21:06, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

It is not only in Finland. The Scandinavian or Nordic version is a bidet-shower by the toilet seat. Is the most practical one as well if you ask me. At least here in Finland it is found in every home pretty much and in most of the public ones. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.50.80.200 (talk) 12:40, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

Under "Trends in acceptance" - sentence needs fixing
"Two American companies produce have taken the trend and manufacture The Biffy and USABIDET toilet mounted bidets in recognition of this domestic growth." How does the word "produce" make any sense in this sentence. If used as a verb, there is a double verb because of "have taken". From the description given in the Summary "adding the fact that there are two US companies producing the product domestically" the word should be product(s) if meant to be a noun. Almost sounds as though the author started to say one thing and changed it, but it is very awkward. Could someone who edits this page and can figure out the intent of author clean this up so it reads better. Thanks. 68.225.205.146 (talk) 03:30, 5 May 2013 (UTC)

Integration of toilet and bidet ?? Not really a bidet?
That part about "integration of toilet and bidet" is interesting but I would not expect this in an article about bidets. To me, a bidet is always a separate fixture. What is being described here is more like those Japanese high tech toilets? See here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilets_in_Japan. So I am wondering if this part should be moved, perhaps into a new article (but I don't know enough about such things to do it myself). EvM-Susana (talk) 11:36, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I have just done a complete copyedit sweep of this article, cleaning up a lot of minor problems and adding Wikilinks. I am thinking about restructuring the articles related to this one, but don't have a clear plan yet. The "electronic bidet" content here could be consolidated with the Washlet article (possibly renaming that article), leaving the "traditional bidet" content here.  I need to survey all the related articles, and probably will expand the Template:Toilets somewhat, to help organize them. I agree with your sentiments, but the changes need to be done carefully, to avoid making an even more confusing mess.  Reify-tech (talk) 15:39, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

 * That would be great to re-organize this; when I looked at it this morning, I realised it was a mess, with bits and pieces spread over several articles. I think it would make sense to have an article on the "traditional bidet" (this one) and then to have another article about toilets with bidet functions (not yet sure how it should be called), basically like the one that is currently named "toilets in Japan". Is it really true that these "toilets with integrated bidets" are getting more common in the US or is it more of a sales pitch (like someone remarked higher up on this talk page)? EvM-Susana (talk) 16:01, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

 * The confused coverage in Wikipedia was irksome when I was trying to learn more about the subject some years ago, and now that I know more about the topic, I am trying to clean up some of the confusion. I have also been trying to get rid of the annoying and ineffective sales pitches complained about earlier.

 * Integrated toilet/bidets are starting to catch on in the US, and can be seen in some plumbing and bathroom showrooms for consumers. They still have a long ways to go; when they start to appear in public toilets, this will mark their widespread acceptance. One big hurdle is that average consumers have no way of trying one out, and they are reluctant to spend money on something they may not like. The only publicly-accessible one I know of in Boston is at the Institute for Human Centered Design (http://www.humancentereddesign.org/), and they don't publicize the fact that they have one installed there. The low-cost add-on versions (the best of which are quite convenient, practical, and comfortable) have lowered the total cost barrier considerably, but the biggest obstacle remains unfamiliarity.

 * I think when some critical point of inflection is reached, consumer takeup will progress rapidly. If a few influential celebrities like Oprah Winfrey or Martha Stewart were to comment positively in public, the average person would start to pay attention. Alternatively, a well-publicized overheard comment from an overseas visitor about "smelly Americans", or concerns about resource wastage might shame consumers into looking at changes in an aspect of private life which is rarely broached in public.

 * I don't think that the automated French Sanisette incorporates this function. Could you comment on whether/where you've seen integrated toilet/bidets in your travels? Presence in private residences compared to public/semipublic facilities is also of interest. Reify-tech (talk) 17:27, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for all this information. I think we need to think carefully about the correct generic name of these kinds of toilets and then create a new page for it, and moving the scattered content from the other pages to the new page. The page on "bidet" could then remain as a description of the classical bidet only. I have to say that here in Germany and neighbouring countries, these kinds of toilets are not at all common (I have never seen one!). I was under the impression that they are only popular in Japan... I also wonder if they are just a gimmick, a way of making more money (and wasting more water?). Although using them in hospitals or for people with disabilities might make a lot of sense if people cannot wipe their bum and this "bum shower" helps them. If we want to collect more information from around the world, we/you could also ask the question on the SuSanA discussion forum which has 5000 members. From what you wrote above it sounds like you'd like to see them become more widespread in the US? In either case, whether we think they are good or not, it would be good to have a nice objective article about them.EvM-Susana (talk) 06:30, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Information about geographical occurrence: mandatory in Italy??
The article says about taly: Bidets are common bathroom fixtures in many southern European countries, especially Italy, where they are found in 97% of households (the installation of a bidet in a bathroom is mandatory from 1975) Is that really true about Italy?? I haven't travelled there extensively but on my few trips, I havn't noticed a bidet in every bathroom. Why should it be mandatory anyhow? Can any readers from Italy enlighten us? EvM-Susana (talk)
 * It's true. They can be found in every bathroom, with the exception of public lavatories. I think they are mandatory in hotel rooms of all categories. In private residences it is mandatory in at least one of the bathrooms. (DECRETO MINISTERIALE D.M. 05-07-1975) -- Twi light 23:39, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Merge from Electronic bidet
The stub article has not been expanded since its creation in 2013, and most of its content already exists in the Bidet article here. I suggest we import any useful material and delete the duplication. Reify-tech (talk) 20:32, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, I would support such a merger. EvM-Susana (talk) 19:31, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Support for reasons cited. Rklawton (talk) 22:34, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

 * what else do we need to do before we can either go ahead with the merger or discuss it further? EvMsmile (talk) 01:41, 3 December 2015 (UTC)

You should probably go ahead. The discussion has been going on for 3 months and there seems to be no opposition. Dimadick (talk) 10:44, 9 December 2015 (UTC)

Article merged: See old talk-page here --Mll mitch (talk) 11:21, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Similar Product
You can find a Similar Product to be attached to the current toilet! www.Facebook.com/SmartBidet — Preceding unsigned comment added by Amir.Morkos (talk • contribs) 17:59, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

The editor above is an employee. His intention is to request that the Facebook link above be added to the article. Rklawton (talk) 18:14, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

Finland
Article has an old source (1975) where it lists Finland as commonly having bidets. Bidet showers have replaced them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.112.69.223 (talk) 23:51, 13 February 2016 (UTC)
 * could you please provide more information on this? Do you have a reference and what do these bidet showers look like? I have made some edits to the sentences where Finland was mentioned. EvMsmile (talk) 02:58, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Bidet. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.worldtoilet.org/resources.asp?no=6

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:55, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

Bidets in Czech Republic
According to this article, bidets are often found in Czech Republic. I just wonder, what is the source for this. I live in CZ my entire life and I dont recall ever encountering one, or even knowing anyone who has one. They might be installed in hotels for tourists and I suppose some people might have them installed in new houses, but we usually dont have enough space for them (or, as a matter of fact, desire to have one), especially considered that toilets are usually in special room (ie. not in the batroom, but in separate closet). Unless someone provide source for this claim, I shall delete it. Sorrowofstpetersburg (talk) 19:30, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

Madam/sir, it impessed me that your information about bidets does not cover the fact that there were new advances on the area of adds-on bidets, that you entirely ignore. There are new bidets much cheaper or bidets that produce VERTICAL water jet, without being expensive — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.59.242.74 (talk) 14:55, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

Grammar
Can someone, with the energy and time, please edit this paragraph so it resembles english? No idea how long it's been there and I'm not sure what the editor was trying to say...

"The more effective ones, those with vertical jet, replace entirely the use of toilet paper, as with them the high effectiveness permits the use of separate towel[citation needed]. They are not necessarily meant to replace the use of toilet paper. Often they are used after some paper to achieve full cleanliness without immediately having to take a shower."

I get the idea that the author is trying to say that using a bidet removes the need for toilet paper, as the jet stream removes all feces making it possible to just use a towel. This might be relevant info, though I can't decide whether it's just crude or useful. Anyone? --Torsrthidesen (talk) 17:03, 26 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Done, have improved it. Do you agree with how I have worded it? EvMsmile (talk) 12:44, 27 August 2016 (UTC)

I wonder why the article about bidets is so mixed up in describing different types. I would be much informative and concise, if it descrribed each type separately. It is not difficult. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.92.148.184 (talk) 17:21, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

ADD-ON BIDETS
Up to now this subject was included as a secondary theme of other bidets,as standalone and hand held bidets. But as its growth was comparably far more intense than the rest bidets, i think is necessary to dedicate a separate page to it.

There are three basic types of bidets.1. The newer ones, called ADD ON type or combined,or attachable bidets, with many sub types. 2. The WASHLET HAND HELD TYPE. 3. THE STANDALONE TYPE. 1. The ADD ON types, have lately shown a great gowth in type numpers and sales and are divided in numeral subtypes with interesting different characteristics. They don’t need any space, as they are fixed on the already existent toilets. The water jet is produced inside the regular toilet bowl. They are divided mainly to: a. Those producing oblique water jet, fixed at the middle of back toilet rim or the bowl lid They can  be mechanically or electronically controlled. The flash tube is usually fixed and stable. b. Those, usually electronically controlled,with less oblique jet, empbodied on the toilet lid, at again the middle of back rim, their flash tube moving forwards and backwards, in and out. The jet is less or more oblique. The electronic types work with electric current, or by batteries. They can warm the cold water stream passing through them and supply warm air for drying up. Some of them are remotely controlled. c. Those producing exactly vertical water jet : cold or hot, depending on their connection with cold or warm water supply. The apparatus is attached at the side rim, or the side of cover lids. The water flash tube, at no use position, lies along and under the side, right or left, toilet rim. Up to now only mechanically controlled.

All above bidet types can have thin or wide water jet. So the thin jet is targeting at the narrow anus area. That, in combination with its exact vertical direction, leads to a very restricted body area being watered

Functuality characterics a. Oblique jets: Wide body area watered. Not very effective specially in hemorrhoids.Danger of cloth wetting. Danger of filthy staff being pushed in women's genitalia. Could not be used in toilet risers and wheelchars with a pot.

b. Less oblique jets: Reduced all above mentioned disadvantages. Still could not be used in toilet risers and wheelchairs. Expensive,vulnerable because of their complexity, difficult to use. Difficulties in cleaning the lid with water. Luxurious and offering more extras, as warm drying up air, topically warmed water, which could be as well thought as a serious sanitary disadvantage( J UOEH. 2014 Jun 1;36(2):135-9. A survey on bacterial contamination of lavage water in electric warm-water lavage toilet seats and of the gluteal cleft after lavage.Katano H1, Yokoyama K)

c. Thin and exact vertical water jet:It targets a very restricted body area, the necessary needed.100% effective. So there are two important main concequencies. 1. There is no need for use of any toilet paper, or at most to use of a small piece of it for drying up. That means (combined with the easines in disinfecting it by each user) ths bidet type could be used in public or hospital toilets) A second importan consequence is cold water sensation is negligible, so no real need for wa Nozzle tube under side rim at no use position, so never could get spoiled by feces. It might be cheap or expensive, easily disinfected. Not around splash water, no cloth wetting, no danger for women genitalia infection, especially after child birth. Possibility, in some types, to  be able to get applied to raised toilets and even in cases of persons using wheelchair with a pot, appropriate for blind people, as they, for obvious reasons, need to be sure about the cleaning result. Durable, more hygienic, as they don’t need warm water to be used. Could be cheap. 08:38, 20 April 2017 (UTC)91.140.90.154 (talk)

Sources and Citations

 * . ( J UOEH. 2014 Jun 1;36(2):135-9. A survey on bacterial contamination of lavage water in electric warm-water lavage toilet seats and of the gluteal cleft after lavage.Katano H1, Yokoyama K)

El bidet: la historia de un invento francés
Fue creado en Francia para higienizarse las partes íntimas después del sexo, resistido por el catolicismo y adoptado por los argentinos, que reinventamos la forma de utilizarlo. ¿Cómo concebir un baño sin bidet? Los viajeros tuvieron que acostumbrarse, porque este artefacto fue cayendo en desuso en la mayoría de los países del mundo. Y la Argentina podría ser el próximo en el que desaparezca para siempre: el Código de Edificación que ya recibió aprobación inicial elimina la obligatoriedad de incluirlo en los baños. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.35.124.162 (talk) 09:14, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bidet


text:
Circular knitting

Circular knitting or knitting in the round is a form of knitting that creates a seamless tube. Work in the round is begun by casting on stitches as for flat knitting but then joining the ends of that row of stitches to form a circle. Knitting is worked in rounds (the equivalent of the rows in flat knitting), which forms the tube by winding around in a helix.

Originally, circular knitting was done using a set of four or five double-pointed needles. Today, knitters often use instead a circular needle, which resembles a pair of short knitting needles connected by a cable between them. Circular knitting can also be performed by knitting machines: a double-bed machine can be set up to knit on its front bed in one direction and then its back bed on the return, which creates the tube. Specialized knitting machines for sock-knitting use individual latch-hook needles to make each stitch in a round frame.

Many types of sweaters are traditionally knit in the round. Planned openings (arm holes, necks, cardigan fronts) are temporarily knitted with extra stitches, reinforced if necessary. Then the extra stitches are cut to create the opening, and are stitched with a sewing machine to prevent unraveling. This technique is called steeking.

Magic loop technique
Invented by Sarah Hauschka and first described in Beverly Galeskas’s booklet The Magic Loop, this technique uses a long circular knitting needle (for instance 40 inches) to knit projects (of any circumference substantially less than the needle length) in the round. The key is pulling a loop of extra cable out between the stitches halfway through the round.

The magic loop technique also allows knitting two-at-a-time projects like pairs of socks or the sleeves of sweaters. This knitting both pieces at once makes it easier to render the two as similar as possible.

Spool and machine circular knitting
Spool knitting is a form of circular knitting using pegs rather than needles, one peg per stitch. A variant automates the stitching action, thus producing a hand-crank circular knitting machine. Commercial knitting machines are heavy-duty powered versions of the hand-cranked ones; they may knit multiple threads at once, for speed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Circular knitting


text:
Albert Park

Albert Park may refer to:

In Australia:
 * Albert Park, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
 * Albert Park and Lake, the park itself
 * Albert Park Circuit, the track currently used for Formula One races
 * Albert Park Football Club, an amateur football club
 * Albert Park Football Club (VFA), a former football club from the 1860s and 1870s
 * Albert Park light rail station, a light rail station served by the 96 tram
 * Electoral district of Albert Park, an electoral district in Victoria
 * Albert Park, South Australia
 * Albert Park Baseball Complex in Lismore, New South Wales, home to international baseball stadium Baxter Field

In Canada:
 * Albert Park, Calgary, Alberta

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo:
 * Virunga National Park, a wildlife park formerly known as Albert National Park

In Fiji:
 * Albert Park (Suva), Fiji

In New Zealand:
 * Albert Park, Auckland

In United States:
 * Albert Park, New York, New York
 * Albert Park, San Rafael, California

In the United Kingdom:
 * Albert Park, Abingdon, Berkshire, England
 * Albert Park, Hawick, home ground of Hawick Royal Albert F.C.
 * Albert Park, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England
 * Albert Park, Lower Broughton, Salford, England

title: Albert Park


text:
Febronianism

Febronianism was a powerful movement within the Catholic Church in Germany, in the latter part of the 18th century, directed towards nationalising Catholicism, restricting the power of the papacy in favour of the episcopate, and reunion of dissident churches with the Catholic Church. Its thrust broadly corresponded to that of Gallicanism in France. Friedrich Lauchert describes Febronianism, in the Catholic Encyclopedia, as a politico-ecclesiastical system, ostensibly purposed to facilitate reconciliation of Protestant entities with the Catholic Church by curbing the Holy See's power.

Origin of name
The name is derived from the pseudonym Justinus Febronius adopted by Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, coadjutor bishop of Trier, in publishing his book De statu ecclesiae et legitima potestae Romani pontificis. Using Gallican principles imbibed from the canonist Zeger Bernhard van Espen at the University of Louvain, Hontheim moved to a radicalism far outstripping traditional Gallicanism. His theory of ecclesiastical organisation aimed to negate within the Catholic Church the unique authority vested in the bishop of Rome's administration. In 1738 Hontheim went to Koblenz, as an official to the Archbishop-Elector of Trier. Archbishops of Trier were simultaneously princes and prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. According to Walter Alison Phillips, writing in the Encyclopædia Britannica, he thereby had ample opportunity to observe how the internal affairs of the Holy Roman Empire were subject to the Roman Curia's meddling. This, most notably, was in negotiations preceding the elections, at which Hontheim assisted, of Holy Roman Emperors Charles VII and Francis I. On these two occasions, it appears, what had prompted his critically reviewing papal pretensions was the Papal Nuncio; his extreme claims and interference in matters before the Holy Roman Empire's electoral college. Hontheim published the results under his pseudonym. The book aroused considerable excitement and controversy at the time.

Overview

The main propositions defended by Febronius were as follows. The constitution of the Church is not, by Christ's institution, monarchical, and the pope, though entitled to a certain primacy, is subordinate to the universal Church. Though as the "centre of unity" he may be regarded as the guardian and champion of the ecclesiastical law, and though he may propose laws, and send legates on the affairs of his primacy, his sovereignty (principatus) over the Church is not one of jurisdiction, but of order and collaboration (ordinis et consociationis). The Roman (ultramontane) doctrine of papal infallibility is not accepted by the other Catholic Churches and, moreover, has no practical utility. The Church is based on the one episcopacy common to all bishops, the pope being only first among equals.

It follows that the pope is subject to general councils, in which the bishops are his colleagues (conjudices), not merely his consultors; nor has he the exclusive right to summon such councils. The decrees of general councils need not be confirmed by the pope nor can they be altered by him; on the other hand, appeal may be made from papal decisions to a general council. As for the rights of the popes in such matters as appeals, reservations, the confirmation, translation and deposition of bishops, these belong properly to the bishops in provincial synods, and were usurped by the papacy gradually as the result of a variety of causes, notably of the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. The Pseudo-Isidorean Decretals, also known as the False Decretals, are a set of false documents included in a collection of canon law, some concerning the relations of the political and ecclesiastical powers, composed about the middle of the ninth century by an author who used the pseudonym Isidore Mercator. Louis Saltet, in the Catholic Encyclopedia, wrote that the forgeries bear some of the blame for the distorted view of ecclesiastical antiquity in the Middle Ages, and they blurred the whole historical perspective.

For the health of the Church it is therefore necessary to restore matters to their condition before the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, and to give to the episcopate its due authority. The main obstacle to this is not the pope himself, but the Curia, and this must be fought by all possible means, especially by thorough popular education (primum adversus abususn ecclesiasticae potestatis remedium), and by the assembling of national and provincial synods, the neglect of which is the main cause of the Church's woes. If the pope will not move in the matter, the princes, and notably the emperor, must act in co-operation with the bishops, summon national councils even against the popes will, defy his excommunication, and in the last resort refuse obedience in those matters over which the papacy has usurped jurisdiction.

Reception of Febronianism
The views of Febronius were not original. In the main they were those that predominated in the Council of Constance and the Council of Basel in the 15th century; but they were backed by Hontheim with such a wealth of learning, and they fit so well into the intellectual and political conditions of the time, that they found a widespread acceptance. The identity of Febronius was known in Rome almost as soon as it was published; but it was some years later, in 1778, that Hontheim was called to retract. Meanwhile, no steps were taken against Hontheim personally, who was well known in Rome.

Lauchert wrote that in three later volumes Hontheim defended his book, as Febronius and various other pseudonyms, against a series of attacks. In addition to Judicium academicum from the University of Cologne (1765), refutations appeared from a large number of Catholic authors, Lauchert lists titles by Pietro Ballerini, Tommaso Maria Mamachi, and Francesco Antonio Zaccaria. There were also refutations written from a Protestant standpoint, to repudiate the idea that a diminution of papal power was all that was necessary to bring the Protestants back into union with the Catholic Church, for instance Lauchert lists titles by Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, Johann Friedrich Bahrdt, and Karl Gottlob Hofmann.

The book was formally condemned, 27 February 1764, by Pope Clement XIII. By a 21 May 1764 brief, Pope Clement XIII commanded all the bishops of Germany to suppress the book. The papal condemnation met with a very mixed reception; in some dioceses the order to prohibit the book was ignored, in others action upon it was postponed pending an independent examination, in yet others (nine or ten prelates, among them the Elector of Trier) it was at once obeyed for political reasons, though even in these the forbidden book became the breviary of the governments. Lauchert wrote that despite the ban, the book, harmonizing as it did with the spirit of the times, was a tremendous success and was reprinted in German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese.

The first measures against Hontheim were taken by Pope Pius VI, who urged Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, Elector of Trier, to induce Hontheim to recall the book; Wenceslaus threatened to deprive not only Hontheim but all his relatives of their offices. His initial recantation was rejected by the Holy See. Hontheim, after prolonged effort, much wavering and correspondence, signed a recantation; Wenceslaus forwarded Hontheim's corrected and revised, 15 November 1778, recantation to the Holy See. Lauchert wrote Hontheim's recantation was not sincere as evident from his subsequent actions; his ''Commentarius in Suam Retractationem Pio VI. Pont. Max. Kalendis Nov. anni 1778 submissam'', written to justify his recantation to the public, shows Hontheim had not relinquished his ideas. This book was purported to be a proof that his submission had been made of his own free will; it carefully avoided all the most burning questions, rather tended to show —as his correspondence proves— that Hontheim had not essentially shifted his standpoint; but Rome, from that time forward, left him in peace and removal of the censure followed that year.

The Febronian doctrine, in fact, exactly fitted the views of the German bishops, which were by no means disinterested. It must be remembered that the German bishops were at this time great secular princes rather than Catholic prelates; with rare exceptions, they made no pretense of carrying out their spiritual duties; they shared to the full in the somewhat shallow Enlightenment of the age. As princes of the Empire they had asserted their practical independence of the emperor; they were irked by what they considered the unjustifiable interference of the Curia with their sovereign prerogatives, and wished to establish their independence of the pope also. In the ranks of the hierarchy, then, selfish motives combined with others more respectable to secure the acceptance of the Febronian position.

Among secular rulers the welcome given to it was even less equivocal. Even so devout a sovereign as Maria Theresa of Austria refused to allow Febronius to be forbidden in the Habsburg dominions; her son, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, applied the Febronian principles with remorseless thoroughness. In Venice, in Tuscany, in Naples, in Portugal, they inspired the vigorous efforts of enlightened despots to reform the Church from above; and they gave a fresh impetus to the movement against the Jesuits, which, under pressure of the secular governments, culminated in the Suppression of the Society of Jesus by Pope Clement XIV in 1773.

According to Lauchert, the first attempt to give Febronian principles a practical application was made in Germany at the Koblenz Conference of 1769, where the three ecclesiastic prince-electors, through their delegates, and under the directions of Hontheim, compiled a list of thirty grievances against the Curia, in consonance with the principles of the "Febronius"; and after submitting them to Joseph II, had forwarded them to the new pope, Clement XIV. These articles, though Febronius was prohibited in the archdioceses, were wholly Febronian in tone; and, indeed, Hontheim himself took an active part in the diplomatic negotiations which were their outcome.

An attempt was made to realize the principles of the "Febronius" on a large scale in Austria, where under Joseph II a national Church was established according to the plan outlined. Joseph's brother, Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, made efforts in the same direction in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Lauchert wrote that it was Austrian canonists who contributed most towards the compilation of a new law code regulating the relations of Church and State, which was used under Joseph II; especially noteworthy were the textbooks on canon law prescribed for the Austrian universities, and compiled by Paul Joseph von Riegger, by Josef Johann Nepomuk Pehem, and by Johann Valentin Eybel.

Febronius inspired the proceedings of two ecclesiastical assemblies, both held in the year 1786: the resolutions adopted along these lines at the reforming Synod of Pistoia, under Bishop Scipione de' Ricci were repudiated by the majority of the bishops of the country; more significant was the Congress of Ems, at which the three ecclesiastic prince-electors —of Cologne, of Mainz and of Trier— and the Prince-Bishop of the Archbishopric of Salzburg and in conformity with the basic principles of the "Febronius", made a fresh attempt to readjust the relations of the German Church with Rome, with a view to securing for the former a greater measure of independence; they also had their representatives draw up twenty-three articles of the celebrated Punctation of Ems, subsequently ratified and issued by the archbishops. This document was the outcome of several years of controversy between the archbishops and the Papal Nuncios, aroused by what was considered the unjustifiable interference of the latter in the affairs of the German dioceses.

In drawing up the Punctation of Ems he took no active part, but it was wholly inspired by his principles. It consisted of twenty-three articles, which may be summarized as follows. Bishops have, in virtue of their God-given powers, full authority within their dioceses in all matters of dispensation, patronage and the like; papal bulls, briefs, etc., and the decrees of the Roman Congregations are only of binding force in each diocese when sanctioned by the bishop; nunciatures, as hitherto conceived, are to cease; the oath of allegiance to the pope demanded of bishops since Pope Gregory VII's time is to be altered so as to bring it into conformity with episcopal rights; annates and the fees payable for the pallium and confirmation are to be lowered and, in the event of the pallium or confirmation being refused, German archbishops and bishops are to be free to exercise their office under the protection of the emperor; with the Church tribunals of first and second instance (episcopal and metropolitan) the Apostolic Nuncio to Cologne is not to interfere, and, though appeal to Rome is allowed under certain national safe-guards, the opinion is expressed that it would be better to set up in each archdiocese a final court of appeal representing the provincial synod; finally the emperor is prayed to use his influence with the pope to secure the assembly of a national council in order to remove the grievances left unredressed by the Council of Trent.

The Punctation of Ems, however, achieved no practical results.

Whether these manifestos would have led to a reconstitution of the Catholic Church on permanently Febronian lines must for ever remain doubtful. The French Revolution intervened; the German Church went down in the storm; and in 1803 the secularizations carried out by order of the First Consul put an end to the temporal ambitions of its prelates. Febronianism indeed, survived. Karl Theodor von Dalberg, prince primate of the Confederation of the Rhine, upheld its principles throughout the Napoleonic epoch and hoped to establish them in the new Germany to be created by the Congress of Vienna. He sent to this assembly, as representative of the German Church, Bishop Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg, who in his Bishopric of Constance had not hesitated to apply Febronian principles in reforming, on his own authority, the services and discipline of the Church. But the times were not favourable for such experiments. The tide of reaction after the Revolutionary turmoil was setting strongly in the direction of traditional authority, in religion as in politics; and that ultramontane movement which, before the century was ended, was to dominate the Church, was already showing signs of vigorous life. Moreover, the great national German Church of which Dalberg had a vision —with himself as primate— did not appeal to the German princes, tenacious of their newly acquired status as European powers. One by one these entered into concordats with Rome, and Febronianism from an aggressive policy subsided into a speculative opinion. As such it survived strongly, especially in the universities (Bonn especially had been, from its foundation in 1774, very Febronian), and it reasserted itself vigorously in the attitude of many of the most learned German prelates and professors towards the question of the definition of the Catholic dogma of Papal infallibility in 1870. It was, in fact, against the Febronian position that the decrees of the First Vatican Council were deliberately directed, and their promulgation marked the triumph of the ultramontane view. In Germany, indeed, the struggle against the papal monarchy was carried on for a while by the governments on the Kulturkampf, the Old Catholics representing militant Febronianism. The latter, however, since Otto von Bismarck "went to Canossa," have sunk into a respectable but comparatively obscure sect, and Febronianism, though it still has some hold on opinion within the Church in the chapters and universities of the Rhine provinces, is practically extinct in Germany. Its revival under the guise of Modernism drew from Pope Pius X in 1908 the scathing condemnation embodied in the encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis.

title: Febronianism


text:
Conglomerate

Conglomerate or conglomeration may refer to:

 * Conglomerate (company)
 * Conglomerate (geology)
 * Conglomerate (mathematics)

In popular culture:
 * The Conglomerate (American group), a production crew and musical group founded by Busta Rhymes
 * Conglomerate (record label), a hip hop label founded by Busta Rhymes
 * The Conglomerate (Australian group), a jazz quartet

title: Conglomerate


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Talk:Uromastyx

Untitled
Should not Uromastyx maliensis be added to the list? I understand that for some time it was believed that they were the same as Uromastyx acanthinurus, but I thought now that was not commonly agreed to be the case. More Information on the subject. -- elykyllek 16:18, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Since no one cares, or objects I will now add Uromastyx maliensis to the list. There is one maliensis, three geyri, and two macfadyeni in my house so hopefully if I get some time I can write a bit about them on their pages. -- elykyllek 19:11, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

Should the statement Uromastyx do not make great pets be omitted because several reptile keepers are willing to supply the correct enclosures and find them quite rewarding pets.

They are excellent pets for VERY experienced keepers. Although they will survive in mediocre care, that is less than ideal. Too many of these lizards are picked up wild-caught, skinny, and sick. All too often they do not have someone who is willing to put forth the extensive work and $$ necessary for proper husbandry of these lizards. Delightedly (talk) 06:56, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * U. maliensis is considered a synonym to U. dispar. Hence the original identification is correct; see:

http://www.dght.de/ag/agamen/Systematik/DGHT-AG_Agamen_Systematik_Uromastyx-dispar.html93.213.189.22 (talk) 07:59, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

The uromastyx maliensis is, in fact, U. dispar maliensis. There are three U. dispar, to be exact. U. dispar dispar, U. dispar maliensis, and U. dispar flavifasciata. Delightedly (talk) 06:56, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * If U. maliensis *is* in fact just a subspecies of another species, then can someone please change the part later in the page that *refers* to U. maliensis?.... Tamtrible (talk) 23:03, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

uro
what is the life span of a captive uro?

 * Dunno, mine's been around for almost six years now. - AMP'd 23:11, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

That's dependent on a lot of factors. There's reports of Egyptians reaching over thirty. Captive malis are living longer and longer due to better and better understanding of what husbandry they require. A reasonable expectation for a captive specimen under good care can be around 15 years. Delightedly (talk) 06:56, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Many of the species listed are subspecies of others on the list. I will, at some point, go through and make an attempt to organize that. Also, seeing as no one has referenced Thomas Wilms and his guide to uromastyx, I'll type out some info from it that this page is missing. I can also add to the species pages. (Delightedly (talk) 17:01, 9 May 2010 (UTC))

UVB light
There are no "crystals" in UVB lights. Both Mercury Vapor and Compact Fluorescents operate on the same principle. A ballast energizes a gas mixture which causes it to emit photons. The coating on the bulbs effect the UVB/UVA output. The intensity degrades over time as the coating degrades from use. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.123.132.139 (talk) 03:09, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Not a 'how to do' manual
Most of the section on nutrition and all the section on captivity are not encyclopaedic. This is not a 'how to do' manual. These section should be deleted and transferred to Wikihow. Richard Avery (talk) 13:53, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Uromastyx. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120421235919/http://www.nytimes.com:80/2011/03/06/opinion/06sadjapour.html? to http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/opinion/06sadjapour.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150825124127/http://www.gomaneh.com/2140/%d8%a7%d8%a8%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%aa%db%8c-%da%a9%d9%87-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%af%d9%87-%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b3%db%8c-%d9%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa/ to http://www.gomaneh.com/2140/ابیاتی-که-سروده-فردوسی-نیست/

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Scrooged

Scrooged is a 1988 American Christmas fantasy comedy film directed by Richard Donner and written by Mitch Glazer and Michael O'Donoghue. Based on the 1843 novella A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, Scrooged is a modern retelling that follows Bill Murray as Frank Cross, a cynical and selfish television executive who is visited by a succession of ghosts on Christmas Eve intent on helping him regain his Christmas spirit. The film also stars Karen Allen, John Forsythe, John Glover, Bobcat Goldthwait, Carol Kane, Robert Mitchum, Michael J. Pollard, and Alfre Woodard.

Scrooged was filmed on a $32 million budget over three months in New York City and Hollywood from December 1987 to March 1988. Murray returned to acting for the film after taking a four-year hiatus following the success of Ghostbusters, which he found overwhelming, although he had a minor role in Little Shop of Horrors. Murray worked with Glazer and O'Donoghue on reworking the script before agreeing to join the project. The production was tumultuous, as Murray and Donner had different visions for the film. Murray described his time on the film as "misery", while Donner called Murray "superbly creative but occasionally difficult". Along with Murray's three brothers, Brian, John and Joel, Scrooged features numerous celebrity cameos.

The film's marketing capitalized on Murray's Ghostbusters role, referring to his encounters with ghosts in both films. Scrooged was released on November 23, 1988, and grossed over $100 million worldwide. The film received a positive response from test audiences, but was met with a mixed response upon its release from critics who found the film either too mean-spirited or too sentimental. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Makeup, but lost to the fantasy-comedy film Beetlejuice.

Since its release, Scrooged has become a regular television Christmastime feature, with some critics calling it an alternative to traditional Christmas films, and others arguing that Scrooged was ahead of its time, making it relevant in the modern day. It has appeared on various lists of the best Christmas films.

Plot
IBC Television executive Frank Cross is pushing for an extravagant live production of A Christmas Carol on Christmas Eve, making everyone work throughout the holiday. After showing his team a gruesome TV spot for the show, Frank fires executive Eliot Loudermilk for disagreeing with him.

Frank sends cheap IBC towels to most on his Christmas list, including his personal assistant Grace and his brother James, but the powerful and influential figures on his list get expensive VCRs. Seeing Frank's stress from the production, his boss Preston Rhinelander brings in consultant Brice Cummings for assistance, who secretly wants Frank's job.

The night before the show, Frank is visited by the ghost of his past mentor Lew Hayward, an also unloved miser who died from a heart attack seven years prior. Lew warns him three more ghosts will appear over the next day to help him avoid the same fate. Before he vanishes, the ghost contacts Claire Phillips, Frank's lost love from years ago. She comes to the network to talk to Frank, but when he's too busy she returns to her job at a homeless shelter.

As rehearsals start and Frank finishes lunch with Preston, he is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past, appearing as a manic taxi driver. He reminds him how he used television to compensate for a cold and distant father and how he fell in love with Claire but lost her when he prioritized his television career over her.

Afterwards, Frank goes to Claire's shelter to make amends. However, his attitude quickly sours and he shows his contempt for the homeless and the workers. After an uncomfortable interaction with some of the people at the shelter, he returns to the studio after telling Claire to "Scrape 'em off. If you wanna save somebody, save yourself."

The Ghost of Christmas Present arrives as an ethereal, sweet-voiced fairy who punches, kicks and slaps Frank to get his attention. Taking him to Grace's apartment, he sees her struggling to support her large family, including her youngest son Calvin, who has remained mute since witnessing his father's death. The Ghost then shows him James, spending a humble yet festive Christmas with friends and his wife Wendie. James still defends Frank, despite his cheap gifts and refusal to celebrate Christmas with him.

The Ghost then leaves him in a frozen utility space under a sidewalk with Herman, whom he met at the homeless shelter. To Frank's shock, Herman has frozen to death. Frank desperately tries to escape, breaking through a boarded-up door leading to the set of the production. Preston directs Brice to take over rehearsals to give Frank some time off. In his office he finds a drunken and deranged Eliot waiting for him. He's ready to shoot Frank for costing him his job, family, and home.

Frank escapes into the elevator where the Grim Reaper-like Ghost of Christmas Future awaits. It takes him to a future where a now-catatonic Calvin has been institutionalized. Claire has followed Frank's advice, leading to her marrying rich, living decadently, and viewing the homeless with disgust. Finally, the Ghost shows Frank's cremation ceremony, with only James and his wife present. Frightened and remorseful, having initially mistaken James as the deceased, Frank is further shocked to find himself about to be incinerated. He breaks out and emerges from the elevator to face Eliot, elated to be alive but oblivious that he is still trying to kill him. Frank's completely changed demeanor surprises Eliot, particularly when he offers him a high-level executive position, which he accepts.

Eliot helps Frank return to the production set, where he secures Brice in the control room and breaks into the live broadcast to speak of his new appreciation for life. He apologizes on-air to Grace, James, and the cast and crew, and makes a passionate plea to Claire. Claire sees this at the shelter and heads for the network with the help of the Ghost of Christmas Past. As Frank and Claire reunite, Calvin comes up, speaking for the first time, reminding him to say "God bless us, everyone", much to Grace's elation.

Frank leads the crew in singing "Put a Little Love in Your Heart", and sees Lew, the three Ghosts, and Herman's ghost smiling and waving back to him while singing along as the show ends. Then Frank encourages everyone in the theater to sing along. Watching at home, James hails Frank as "My brother, the King of Christmas".

Cast

 * Bill Murray as Frank Cross (based on Ebenezer Scrooge) (with Ryan Todd as the younger Frank Cross)
 * Karen Allen as Claire Phillips (based on Belle from the original story)
 * John Forsythe as Lew Hayward (based on Jacob Marley)
 * John Glover as Brice Cummings
 * Bobcat Goldthwait as Eliot Loudermilk
 * Carol Kane as the Ghost of Christmas Present
 * Robert Mitchum as Preston Rhinelander
 * Michael J. Pollard as Herman
 * Alfre Woodard as Grace Cooley (based on Bob Cratchit)
 * David Johansen as the Ghost of Christmas Past
 * Nicholas Phillips as Calvin Cooley (with Raphael Harris as an older Calvin)
 * Mary Ellen Trainor as Ted
 * Mabel King as Gramma
 * John Murray as James Cross
 * Wendie Malick as Wendie Cross
 * Brian Doyle-Murray as Earl Cross
 * Lisa Mende as Doris Cross
 * Maria Riva as Mrs. Rhinelander
 * Al "Red Dog" Weber as Santa Claus
 * Jean Speegle Howard as Mrs. Claus
 * Damon Hines as Steven Cooley
 * Tamika McCollum as Shasta Cooley
 * Koren McCollum as Randee Cooley
 * Reina King as Lanell Cooley
 * Kate McGregor-Stewart as Lady Censor.
 * Jack McGee and Bill Hart as carpenters
 * Kathy Kinney as IBC Nurse.
 * Tony Steedman as Bobby
 * Joel Murray, Susan Isaacs, and Lauri Kempson
 * Henry Brown, Jeanine Jackson, and Amy Hill as technicians.
 * Robert Hammond as the Ghost of Christmas Future (uncredited)
 * Don LaFontaine as IBC Promo Announcer (uncredited).

Cameos
Scrooged features a number of cameos. Cameos within the live IBC Christmas Special include John Houseman as the narrator, Buddy Hackett as Ebenezer Scrooge, Mary Lou Retton as "Tiny Tim" Cratchit, Jamie Farr as Jacob Marley, Pat McCormick as the Ghost of Christmas Present, Chaz Conner Jr. as the Ghost of Christmas Future (TV), Paul Shaffer, Larry Carlton, and David Sanborn as the Street Musicians, and Solid Gold Dancers as the Scroogettes. Lee Majors appears as himself who is the star of the IBC Christmas action special The Night the Reindeer Died. Robert Goulet appears as himself in the IBC special Robert Goulet's Old-Fasioned Cajun Christmas. Miles Davis appears as himself. Anne Ramsey and her husband Logan Ramsey cameo as Eva and Billy, Herman's friends at the homeless shelter.

Development
Scrooged was filmed on a $32 million budget over three-and-a-half months on sets in Hollywood. Exterior shots of the IBC building were filmed outside of the Seagram Building in New York City. Murray considered himself "rusty" after having left acting for four years following the release of Ghostbusters. He described the success of that film as a phenomenon that would forever be his biggest success, compounded by the failure of The Razor's Edge (1984) made him feel "radioactive" and resulted in him avoiding making movies temporarily.

Murray had the opportunity to work on Scrooged over two years earlier but was enjoying his break from work. When he did feel a desire to return to acting, he said the "scripts were just not that good", and he returned to the Scrooged project as he found the idea of making a funny Scrooge appealing. Murray was paid $6 million for his role. Producer Art Linson justified the figure, by saying that for each year Murray stayed away from films, his audience draw and therefore fee potentially increased. At the time, Linson said that aside from Eddie Murphy, Murray's was the only other name that could draw $10 million of tickets in the opening three to four days.

Murray wanted several changes to the script once he joined the project; among other changes, the romantic plot with Karen Allen's Claire was expanded, and the family scenes were reworked as Murray felt they were "off". Murray worked with scriptwriters Michael O'Donoghue and Mitch Glazer (whom Murray had previously worked with on Saturday Night Live) until Murray was confident enough to begin filming. O'Donoghue and Glazer found the film's denouement, in which Murray reveals his redemption live on TV, to be the most difficult to write. They settled on the example of Christmas Eve in New York, where people are nice to each other for one night, believing it to be a "miracle we could live with".

Murray was concerned with how he should portray the scene, with Glazer telling him to follow the script. Wanting a central acting moment, however, Murray gave an emotional and intense performance, deviating from his marked positions and improvising his speech. Glazer and O'Donoghue thought that the actor was suffering a mental breakdown. After he was finished, the crew applauded Murray, but O'Donoghue remarked "What was that? The Jim Jones hour?" Donner turned and punched O'Donoghue in the arm, leaving him bruised for a week.

In a 1989 interview, Murray said, "He shot a big, long, sloppy movie", describing how a lot of filmed content was not present in the film's final cut. For his part, O'Donoghue later said that Donner did not understand comedy, omitting the script's subtler elements for louder and faster moments. He estimated that only 40% of his and Glazer's original script made it into the final film and the surviving content was "twisted". The final cut of the film runs for 97 minutes.

The production was rife with conflict between Murray and Donner. In a 1990 interview with Roger Ebert, Murray said that Scrooged "could have been a really, really great movie. The script was so good... He [Donner] kept telling me to do things louder, louder, louder. I think he was deaf." In a later 1993 interview, Murray said that he and Donner had different visions for the type of film Scrooged would become, adding that there was potentially only one take in the finished film that was his.

He described the experience as having a "fair amount of misery" and said "That's a tough one; I still have trouble talking about [Scrooged]", describing working on a "dusty, smelly, and smokey" set, feeling alone, and even coughing up blood due to the fake snow being used. He also admitted to feeling pressure from being the solo star of a film compared to previous productions like Ghostbusters, as he was on set mostly every day where some actors would make brief cameos requiring only a day or two of work.

Donner himself said that he had never worked with Murray before and met up with him for drinks before accepting the project to see if they would get along; they did. The director was more positive about their relationship, describing Murray as "superbly creative but occasionally difficult - as difficult as any actor." Donner said that Murray was always in a professional mental state on set, believing it made him stressed, so the crew would do "silly things" to improve morale. Donner had not worked with an improvisational comedian like Murray before, who ad-libbed many of his lines, saying "you don't direct [Murray], you pull him back".

Casting
Bill Murray said that "being the meanest person in the world" as Frank Cross was fun. He described his challenge as having an edge but then completing Cross's transformation into a decent person at the end. Murray said "being a decent person is not that hard. But acting like one is." Carol Kane's ghost was intended to have a body double for ballet scenes until set designer saw Kane rehearsing the dance and convinced Donner that the resulting scene would be funnier with Kane's "horrible" dancing.

Donner and Murray said that Kane would sometimes experience long crying periods during filming, caused by frustration over her violent scenes. Murray also endured some physical pain during his encounters with Kane's character, insisting that she actually hit him during their scenes together, and at one point tearing the inside of his lip when Kane pulled his lip too hard. Kane herself said "I hit Bill Murray with a toaster, and with my wings, and I kicked him in areas that weren't pleasant for him. I had fun. I don't think it was as fun for Bill, because he was the victim! I did what the stunt people told me, but when I had to flap my wings in his face, I really couldn't control them."

The film also features Murray's three brothers; Joel Murray cameos as a party guest, Brian Doyle-Murray plays Frank's father, and John Murray plays his on-screen brother James. The film also features the final appearance of the Solid Gold Dancers. Comedian Sam Kinison was considered for the role of the Ghost of Christmas Past before it went to musician David Johansen, a personal friend of Murray's. Robert Mitchum cameos as Frank's boss Preston Rhinelander; the actor was not interested in the small role, but Donner asked him to meet with Murray, who convinced him to take the part. Lee Majors cameos as himself in the film after being contacted directly by Donner. Majors appears in the opening scene helping to save Santa Claus. Majors was armed with a stripped-down M134 Minigun, the same one featured in Predator, which he found difficult to carry due to its weight.

Soundtrack
In 1989, A&M Records released the soundtrack to Scrooged, which features nine songs. Seven of the songs were released as singles: Put a Little Love in Your Heart (October 1988), "The Love You Take" (December 1988), "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" December 1988 "We Three Kings of Orient Are", A Wonderful Life, Sweetest Thing 1988 Christmas Must Be Tonight.

The rendition of "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" by Al Green and Annie Lennox spent 17 weeks in the U.S. music charts, peaking at number 9 on January 14, 1989.

Release
The film's marketing made references to Murray's role in Ghostbusters, with taglines including "Bill Murray is back among the ghosts, only this time, it's three against one". Scrooged premiered in Los Angeles, California on November 17, 1988, followed by its public release on November 23, 1988.

Box office
Scrooged was a moderate box office hit on release in the United States. It earned $18.6 million during its release over its Thanksgiving-extended opening weekend in the United States at 1,262 theaters. It was the highest earning film that weekend, ahead of The Land Before Time ($8.1 million) and Oliver & Company ($6.3 million), both in their second weekend, and made Scrooged the fourth highest-opening weekend of the year.

The second weekend saw an over 40% drop, taking $7.5 million. Over the Christmas holiday period itself, the film had fallen to ninth place, behind The Land Before Time and Oliver & Company. The film left theaters after eight weeks with a total gross of $60.3 million, making it the 13th highest-grossing film of 1988.

The film grossed $40 million overseas for a worldwide total of $100.3 million.

Home media
Scrooged was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1989 and DVD in 1999. The DVD version was scheduled for re-release on October 31, 2006 as the "Yule Love It!" edition. This version was to include commentary by Donner, "On the set with Bill Murray", Murray's message from the ShoWest exhibitors convention, and other featurettes including "The Look of Scrooged", "Updating Ebeneezer", "Bringing the Ghosts to Life" and "Christmas to Remember". Although Paramount promoted the "Yule Love It!" edition with images of a custom DVD case and a retail price as late as September that year, it missed its release date and it remains unreleased. The reason for this has not been disclosed.

Scrooged was released on Blu-ray on November 1, 2011. The release featured a 1080p resolution transfer of the original film and DTS HD Master Audio 5.1 quality sound. The release was criticized for only including the film's theatrical trailer, with Collider's Phil Brown saying "there must be some incredible behind-the-scenes stories to tell." In August 2023, Paramount Home Entertainment announced the 4K version of Scrooged, being released November 7, 2023 for the film's 35th anniversary.

Critical response
Pre-release audience screenings in Summer 1988 were positive, with 93% of those surveyed rating the film as "very good", the highest rating studio Paramount Pictures had received at the time. Press screenings nearer to release however were met with responses ranging from ovations to disgruntlement. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

On release, reviews were similarly mixed. Roger Ebert called it one of the most "disquieting, unsettling films to come along in quite some time", saying that it portrays pain and anger more than comedy. Empire's William Thomas called it a slick and cynical update of Dickens’s tale, but that it is only funny when Murray's character is being a "complete bastard". The Washington Post's Joe Brown said that it was a "sprawling mess", but that he liked it. Brown said that Scrooged was unlikely to become a seasonal tradition like It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Miracle on 34th Street (1947), considering that it would age poorly and either scare or be too adult for child audiences.

The Los Angeles Times's Sheila Benson said the film's opening is its high-point, featuring the parody IBC lineup of "Robert Goulet's Cajun Christmas" and "The Night the Reindeer Died", but as the film progresses the laughs become more sporadic and the tone becomes darker. Benson said that the film is a "mass of sharp, well-deserved paper cuts" to the entertainment industry, citing Murray's character whose life knowledge is based on the Golden Age of Television, and Mitchum's character who wants to add elements to the network shows that attract pet audiences, but Benson lamented that these details were never expanded upon.

The Hollywood Reporter said that the story was uproarious and sometimes vitriolic, labeling it a scathing satire of the entertainment industry, that was a "wild and wooly holiday feast that should scrape off the competition". Their review continued that Scrooged features "wickedly amusing flashbacks", but also some overwrought comic misfires. The Radio Times John Ferguson appreciated the film, calling it a "joyously black Christmas treat", but once the "sentimentality starts seeping in", it seems like a misstep. A 2007 review by Den of Geek agreed, saying that the film and Murray are at their best before the redemption begins, and that the only film to come close to capturing Murray's vitriol was Bad Santa (2003).

Jonathan Rosenbaum called Scrooged an ironic film, for seemingly condemning the commercialization of Christmas while also capitalizing on it, taking on the moral message of A Christmas Carol, "without sacrificing its yuppie priorities for an instant". Rosenbaum cited the ending in particular, wherein Frank gives his Christmas message, causing Karen to leave the needy homeless to come to his side, and both are watched over approvingly by Herman, a homeless man who froze to death. Ebert and Empire concurred about the ending. Ebert said that the necessary words are spoken by the characters, but it lacks heart, continues at embarrassing length, and seems like an onscreen breakdown. Empire also called the ending embarrassing and beyond Murray's capabilities. Conversely, the BBC's Ben Falk said it is hard not to join in singing at the end.

Critics were divided by Murray's performance. Falk said that Murray is a comic genius at his best, and Brown said that he created a credible, comic character. Ferguson said that the first part of Scrooged featured Murray at "his sour faced best". The Hollywood Reporter called him "hilariously convincing" and "impressively sinister" as the TV executive, saying that his hip and sassy performance gives the film energy, nuttiness and charm. Their review said that his deadpan, cutting style was hilarious, but that he layers the character's histrionics with inner sensibility that makes his eventual redemption believable and uplifting.

Conversely, Ebert said that Murray looks genuinely unhappy, and lacked the lightness and good cheer lurking beneath previous performances. Ebert also criticized Murray's ad-libbing, blaming it for being at odds with, and blocking the flow of the story. Benson said that Murray imbued Frank Cross's worst attributes with sincerity, making his redemption difficult to accept.

Carol Kane was praised for her performance, with The Hollywood Reporter referring to her as a "certified hoot", and Entertainment Weekly's Sara Vilkomerson saying that she "steals the show" from Murray. Benson said that watching her fragile, winged character pummel Murray was "strangely satisfying", although the joke eventually wore out. Benson was more positive on Woodard, saying that she offered the film's one completely persuasive performance.

The Hollywood Reporter also praised Woodard, Mitchum, and John Glover's credible portrayal of a sleazy executive. Both The Hollywood Reporter and Brown appreciated Goldthwait's role, with Brown calling it "twitchingly touching". Thomas called Johansen's Ghost of Christmas Past a "bonus", but he and Benson lamented the "king's ransom of actors" that were wasted. The Hollywood Reporter said that Elfman's music is "full blast with holiday spirit", and singled out J. Michael Riva's production design, calling it "dead on the mark funny".

O'Donoghue was very critical of the finished film. He said, "We wrote a fucking masterpiece. We wrote It Happened One Night (1934). We wrote a story that could make you laugh and cry. You would have wanted to share it with your grandchildren every fucking Christmas for the next 100 years. The finished film was a piece of unadulterated, unmitigated shit."

Awards
Make up artists Thomas R. Burman and Bari Dreiband-Burman were responsible for the film's single nomination at the 61st Academy Awards for Best Makeup, losing to Beetlejuice.

Legacy
Since its release, Scrooged has become a cult classic and a Christmas classic, being regularly shown on television during the holiday period. Entertainment Weekly's Whitney Pastorek called it an immortal classic and argued that it is the most underrated Christmas movie. Pastorek said that the film is "both crude and sentimental, resonant and ludicrous...Scrooged is the perfect holiday movie for bitter, reluctant, closet Christmas lovers". The Boston Globe's Maura Johnston said that the film was ahead of its time which allowed it to remain relevant years later.

PopMatters said that their view of the ongoing commercialization of Christmas, and the film's anticipation of marketing tactics aimed at pets watching television, made the film more relevant now than at the time of its release. In 2012, Den of Geek! described it as the "finest Christmas comedy of all time". Al Green's and Annie Lennox's "Put a Little Love in your Heart" is also played regularly at Christmas despite not being about or mentioning Christmas. O'Donoghue disavowed the film before his death, stating that the script was much funnier than what ended up on screen.

Contemporary review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes offers a score of based on  reviews—an average rating of, which provides the consensus: "Scrooged gets by with Bill Murray and a dash of holiday spirit, although it's hampered by a markedly conflicted tone and an undercurrent of mean-spiritedness." The film also has a score of 38 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 critics indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

In 2015, IGN named it the 11th-best holiday movie of all time. In 2016, Empire listed Scrooged as the seventh-best Christmas film, and in 2017, Time Out and Consequence of Sound listed it as, respectively, the 12th-best and 23rd best. That same year, Collider named it the fifth-best adaptation of A Christmas Carol, calling it is easily the best non-traditional translation of the story, and saying that it uses "a classic tale of redemption as the framework for a satire of modern culture's desire to embrace the irredeemable".

In 2018, The Ringer said that even 30 years after its debut, the film represented the perfect Christmas movie, saying it is "loud, cartoonish, and misanthropic, but... remarkably well-suited for our fraught present moment". David Johansen's New York Dolls bandmate Arthur Kane was sent into a jealous rage after seeing Johansen's prominent role in Scrooged, reacting by beating his wife and attempting suicide by jumping from a third-story window.

title: Scrooged