text:
Richard Huggett

Richard John Huggett (born January 1944) is a British former teacher who has been a candidate in a number of elections, using descriptions which were similar to those of established political parties, leading to this practice being outlawed under the Registration of Political Parties Act 1998.

Background
Huggett studied psychology and zoology at the University of London and obtained a diploma in social and administrative studies. He lived for about 10 years in the South of France where he built yachts. Huggett was reported to have been an intelligence officer, who from 1989 ran a school in Hampshire, which closed down when the lease on its premises expired.

1994 European Parliament election
At the European Parliament Election, 1994, Huggett was nominated under the label "Literal Democrat" for the Devon and East Plymouth seat. He ran his campaign from Canonteign Manor, the home he shared with his mother near Christow in the Teign valley in Devon. In an interview recorded during the campaign but due to be broadcast after it Huggett hinted that future government should be conducted through electronic referendums and said "the traditional party system generates all sorts of undemocratic processes."

When the nominations closed and it was revealed that Huggett was a candidate with the description "Literal Democrat", the Liberal Democrats launched legal action in the High Court of Justice alleging that the Returning Officer had wrongly accepted a nomination which was designed to confuse voters. The Judge ruled that the nomination had to stand. In the result, Huggett won over 10,000 votes, far more than the 700 vote majority of the Conservative candidate over the Liberal Democrat.

Winchester constituency
Huggett also attempted to run as "Gerald Maclone" in the Winchester constituency in the 1997 general election and the following by-election (the sitting MP was junior minister Gerry Malone). He stood under his own name as "Liberal Democrat Top Choice for Parliament" in the general election and as a "Literal Democrat Mark Here to Win" in the following by-election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Huggett


text:
Ford Global C-car Platform

The Volvo P1/Mazda BK/Ford Global C-car Platform is Ford's global compact car automobile platform. It replaces the Ford C170 platform and Mazda B platform (BJ). The C1 platform debuted with the European Ford Focus C-Max compact MPV in early 2004. The platform is designed for either front- or all-wheel drive.

First called the C1 platform, it was designed in Ford's European development center in Cologne, Germany, as the "C Technologies Program". It was said to be one of the largest platform programs in history at that time. The Ford Focus, Volvo S40 and V50, and Mazda3 (BK and BL) share about 60% of their parts and components. Thirty engineers each from Ford, Mazda, and Volvo worked in Cologne for two years to combine the compact-car engineering for all three automakers under the direction of Ford Director of C Technologies Derrick Kuzak, Ford of Europe vice president of product development.

The platform has been stretched creating the EUCD for use in future Volvo vehicles.

Among all of the cars, the floorpan is different, but the front and rear subframes, suspension, steering, braking, safety, and some electrical components are shared.

Vehicles using this first iteration of the platform include:
 * 2003–2008 Mazda3/Axela (BK) (Note: production continued in China through 2013)
 * 2003–2010 Ford Focus C-Max (first generation) (C214), first European vehicle on this platform
 * 2004–2010 Ford Focus (second generation, Europe) (C307), (Note: the Ford Focus (North America) continued on the C170 platform through 2011)
 * 2004–2012 Volvo S40 II (P11)
 * 2004–2012 Volvo V50 (P12)
 * 2005–2010 Mazda Premacy/Mazda 5 (CR) (and related Ford i-Max)
 * 2006–2013 Volvo C70 II (P15)
 * 2007–2013 Volvo C30 (P14)
 * 2008–2012 Ford Kuga (C394)
 * 2008–2013 Mazda Biante
 * 2006-2012 Mazda CX-7

Second generation
The C1 platform has been replaced by the global C platform (or C-car) and combines three previous platforms as part of Ford's "One Ford" efficiency drive.

Ford global C platform vehicles:
 * 2011–2019 Ford C-Max (second generation) (C344) and Grand C-Max
 * 2012–2018 Ford Focus (C346)
 * 2013–2019 Ford Escape / Ford Kuga (C520)
 * 2015–2019 Lincoln MKC
 * 2013–2023 Ford Transit Connect
 * 2015–2023 Ford Escort (China)

Vehicles partially based on global C platform:
 * 2009–2013 Mazda Axela/Mazda3 (J68/BL)
 * 2010–2018 Mazda Premacy/Mazda5 (CW)
 * 2013–2019 Volvo V40 II /V40 Cross Country (Y555/Y556)

title: Ford Global C-car Platform


text:
Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Parliament of Canada

The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Canadian parliament is listed below. Members are drawn from the Liberal Party of Canada, and most are members of their parliamentary caucus. The shadow cabinet was most recently shuffled on March 31, 2008.

Priorities & Planning

 * Stéphane Dion, chair
 * Michael Ignatieff, vice-chair
 * James Cowan
 * Ken Dryden
 * Martha Hall Findlay
 * Ralph Goodale
 * Céline Hervieux-Payette
 * Dominic LeBlanc
 * Keith Martin
 * John McKay
 * Massimo Pacetti
 * Bernard Patry
 * Marcel Proulx
 * Bob Rae
 * Karen Redman
 * Geoff Regan
 * Andy Scott
 * Claudette Tardif
 * Bryon Wilfert
 * Paul Martin, special advisor

Economic Prosperity

 * John McKay, chair
 * Massimo Pacetti, vice-chair
 * Gerry Byrne
 * Roy Cullen
 * Susan Kadis
 * Gurbax Malhi
 * John Maloney
 * Robert Thibault
 * Roger Valley
 * Tom Wappel

Social Justice

 * Ken Dryden, chair
 * Andy Scott, vice-chair
 * Bill Matthews
 * Joe McGuire
 * Brian Murphy
 * Lloyd St. Amand
 * Paul Szabo

Environmental Sustainability

 * Geoff Regan, chair
 * Joyce Murray, vice-chair
 * John Cannis
 * Nancy Karetak-Lindell
 * Anthony Rota
 * Francis Scarpaleggia
 * Brent St. Denis
 * Paul Steckle
 * Alan Tonks

Canada & the World

 * Bryon Wilfert, chair
 * Keith Martin, vice-chair
 * Rodger Cuzner
 * Jim Karygiannis
 * Derek Lee
 * Glen Pearson
 * Yasmin Ratansi
 * Andrew Telegdi
 * Lui Temelkovski


text:
1999 Eddisbury by-election

The 1999 Eddisbury by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 22 July 1999 for the British House of Commons constituency of Eddisbury in Cheshire.

On 25 May 1999 the Foreign and Commonwealth Office announced the appointment of Eddisbury's Member of Parliament (MP), the Rt. Hon. Sir Alastair Goodlad, as High Commissioner to the Commonwealth of Australia. This created a vacancy in the seat which Sir Alastair had retained as the Conservative candidate in the 1997 general election. Goodlad resigned from the House of Commons by accepting the office of Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern on 28 June 1999 to formally vacate his seat.

The 1999 British cabinet reshuffle was delayed by a week following Labour's unexpected success in the by-election.

Candidates
The Conservatives selected Stephen O'Brien, a former SDP member who lived in Chichester, to defend the seat. Labour nominated Margaret Hanson, wife of David Hanson (Labour MP for Delyn), who had also fought the seat at the 1997 election. Labour had been only just over 1,000 votes behind the Conservatives in 1997 and ran an energetic campaign, raising the issue of fox hunting which she pledged to ban. Prime Minister Tony Blair went to the constituency to campaign for her, an unusual move as it is convention for incumbent Prime Ministers not to visit byelection campaigns.

Polling day was 22 July and the result was a virtual carbon copy of that in 1997; each party had fought to a standstill.

title: 1999 Eddisbury by-election


text: User talk:205.188.116.206

title: User talk:205.188.116.206


text:
User:Jengod/David M. Kennedy

David Matthew Kennedy (July 21, 1905–May 1, 1996) was an American businessman, economist and Cabinet secretary.

Born in Randolph, Utah, he attended public school and graduated from Weber College in 1928, and then earned master's and law degrees from George Washington University in 1935 and 1937. He graduated from the Stonier Graduate School of Banking of Rutgers University in 1939.

He served as a special assistant on debt management to U.S. Secretary of the Treasury George M. Humphrey. He also served on the staff of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system from 1930 to 1945 ending up assistant to the Chairman.

He spent most of his career in the private sector with the bank Continental Illinois, beginning in the bond department and rising to CEO. He served as Secretary of the Treasury under President Nixon.

In October 1962, President John F. Kennedy appointed him a member of a private corporation to own and operate the United States' share of a global satellite communication system. He was elected to the permanent board of directors in 1964.

President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1969 appointed him chairman of the Commission on Budgetary Concepts, whose recommendations have been adopted as standard government budgetary practice.

David M. Kennedy was nominated by President Richard Nixon to be the 60th Secretary of the Treasury. He served from 1969 until 1971.

He died in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1996.

title: User:Jengod/David M. Kennedy


text: User talk:138.162.140.44

title: User talk:138.162.140.44


text:
Talk:Quim (footballer, born 1975)

Female genitalia
Quim is also an archaic word for vagina, which might be mentioned.

 * Not archaic - people I know use it all the time. --Sachabrunel 21:28, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Still in much use - I dare say more so in the English speaking world than a Portuguese footballers name. Perhaps give the page his full name, or a disambiguation for 'quim'. Immature as it is to giggle at a funny word - 'Quim' should probably at least have a link the female anatomy 86.162.249.81 (talk) 13:33, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Kim
It's actually pronounced KIM not KWIM. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.16.124.153 (talk) 17:11, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, but KWIM is much more amusing. AuntFlo (talk) 13:33, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

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text:
RAF Tangmere

Royal Air Force Tangmere or more simply RAF Tangmere is a former Royal Air Force station located in Tangmere, England, famous for its role in the Battle of Britain.

It was one of several stations near Chichester, West Sussex. The famous Second World War aces Wing Commander Douglas Bader, and the then inexperienced Johnnie Johnson were stationed at Tangmere in 1941.

First World War
The aerodrome was founded in 1917 for use by the Royal Flying Corps as a training base. In 1918 it was turned over to the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps (USSC) as a training ground, and continued as such until the end of the Great War in November of that year, after which the airfield was mothballed in 1919.

Additional units: • No. 14 Squadron RAF during 1919

• No. 32 Squadron RAF during 1919

• No. 40 Squadron RAF during 1919

• No. 41 Squadron RAF during 1919

• No. 82 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF during 1919

• No. 84 Squadron RAF during 1919

• No. 91 (Nigeria) Squadron RAF during 1918-19

• No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF during 1918

• No. 93 Squadron RAF during 1918

• No. 148 Squadron RAF during 1919

• No. 207 Squadron RAF during 1919

• No. 40 Training Squadron (1916)

• No. 61 Training Depot Station (1918-19) became No. 61 Training Squadron (1919)

Inter-War Years
In 1925 the station re-opened to serve the RAF's Royal Flying Corps, and went operational in 1926 with No. 43 Squadron equipped with biplane Gloster Gamecocks (there is a row of houses located near the museum entrance called Gamecock Terrace).

As war threatened in the late 1930s, the fighter aircraft based at Tangmere became faster, with Hawker Furies, Gloster Gladiators, and Hawker Hurricanes all being used.

In 1934, Squadron Leader C W Hill, famous WW1 prisoner-of-war escaper, commanded No. 1 Fighter Squadron at RAF Tangmere. Two years later, as a Wing Commander, he became the station commander.

Additional units:
 * Coastal Area Storage Unit (1925-28)
 * 1 Squadron between 1927-39
 * 43 Squadron between 1926-39

Second World War
In a memoir, Peter Townsend (noted Battle of Britain pilot and, post-war, romantically linked with Princess Margaret), recounts the arrival of 605 Squadron at Tangmere, just before the outbreak of war. Townsend says that

"Things hummed at Tangmere Cottage, just opposite the guard room, where [605's commanding officer John Willoughby de Broke and his wife Rachel] kept open house. There we spent wild evenings, drinking, singing, dancing to romantic tunes . . . we danced blithely, relentlessly towards catastrophe. . . . With one chance in five of survival - not counting the burnt and the wounded - only a handful of us would come through [i.e., survive to the end of World War II]."

In 1939 the airfield was enlarged to defend the south coast against attack by the Luftwaffe, with Tangmere's only hotel and some houses being demolished in the process. The RAF commandeered the majority of houses in the centre of the village, with only six to eight families being allowed to stay. The village would not resume its status as a civilian community until 1966.

In August 1940 the first squadron (No. 602 Squadron RAF) of Supermarine Spitfires was based at the satellite airfield at nearby Westhampnett, as the Battle of Britain began. By now the villagers had mainly been evacuated, and extensive ranges of RAF buildings had sprung up.

The first, and worst, enemy raid on the station came on 16 August 1940 when hundreds of Junkers Ju 87 (Stuka) dive bombers and fighters crossed the English coast and attacked Tangmere. There was extensive damage to buildings and aircraft on the ground and 14 ground staff and six civilians were killed. However the station was kept in service and brought back into full operation.

Throughout the war, the station was used by the Royal Air Force Special Duty Service when 161 (Special Duty) Squadron's Westland Lysander flight came down to do their insertion and pick-up operations into occupied Europe. The SOE used Tangmere Cottage, opposite the main entrance to the base to house and receive their agents. Today the cottage sports a commemorative plaque to its former secret life.

Later in the war, as the RAF turned from defence to attack, Group Captain Douglas Bader, the legless fighter ace, commanded the Tangmere wing of Fighter Command. Today he is commemorated by a plaque outside the former Bader Arms public house, now a Co-operative Food outlet in the village. 616 Squadron, which included Johnnie Johnson and Hugh Dundas, arrived at Tangmere in late February 1941. Johnson went on to become the highest scoring Western Allied fighter ace against the Luftwaffe.

For D-Day, the RAF created Airfield Headquarters units which transformed into wings to control multiple similar squadrons for offensive actions for eventual use in mainland Europe.

• No. 23 (Fighter) Wing RAF (1944) controlling:

• * No. 146 Airfield RAF (January 1944)

• ** No. 183 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1943 & 44

• ** No. 197 Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1943 & 44

• ** No. 257 (Burma) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944

• No. 126 Airfield RAF (May 1944) became No. 126 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF (May - June 1944)

• * No. 401 (Ram) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

• * No. 411 (Grizzly Bear) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

• * No. 412 (Falcon) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire Vb & IXb during 1942 & 44

• No. 127 Airfield RAF (April - May 1944) became No. 127 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF (May - June 1944)

• * No. 403 (Wolf) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

• * No. 416 (City of Oshawa) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

• * No. 421 (Red Indian) Squadron RCAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

• No. 132 (Norwegian) (Fighter) Wing RAF (June - July 1944)

• * No. 66 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb, Vc & LFIXb during 1942 & 44

• * No. 127 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944

• * No. 331 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

• * No. 332 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

• No. 134 (Czech) (Fighter) Wing RAF (June - July 1944)

• * No. 33 Squadron RAF with the Sptifire LFIXe during 1944

• * No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944

• * No. 127 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944

• * No. 310 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIX during 1944

• * No. 312 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire HFIX during 1944

• * No. 313 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IX during 1944

• No. 135 (Fighter) Wing RAF (August 1944)

• * No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944

• * No. 349 (Belgian) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944

• * No. 485 (NZ) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXe during 1944

• No. 145 (French) (Fighter) Wing RAF (August 1944)

• * No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXe during 1944

• * No. 329 (GC I/2 'Cicognes') Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IX during 1944

• * No. 340 (GC IV/2 'IIe de France) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

• * No. 341 (G.C.III/2 'Alsace') Squadron RAF with the Spitfire IXb during 1944

Many of those killed at the base, from both sides in conflict, are buried in the cemetery at St Andrews Church, Tangmere, today tended by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. American RAF pilot Billy Fiske who died at Tangmere in 1940 was one of the first American aviators to die during the Second World War.

Defensive units (1939-41): • 1 Squadron during 1940 & 41

• No. 17 Squadron RAF with the Hurricane during 1940

• No. 42 Squadron RAF detachment during 1938

• 43 Squadron during 1940

• No. 65 (East India) Squadron RAF with the Sptifire during 1940 & 41

• No. 72 Squadron RAF during 1937

• No. 87 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF during 1937

• No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF during 1939

• No. 145 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire I, IIa during 1940 & 41

• No. 213 (Ceylon) Squadron RAF with the Hurricane I during 1940

• No. 217 Squadron RAF during 1937, 38 & 39

• No. 238 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire I during 1940

• No. 501 (County of Gloucester) Squadron RAuxAF with the Hurricane I, Spitfire Vb & Vc during 1939, 40 & 42

• No. 601 (County of London) Squadron RAuxAF with the Blenheim If & Hurricane I during 1940

• No. 605 (County of Warwick) Squadron RAuxAF with the Gladiator I & Hurricane I during 1939 & 40

• No. 607 (County of Durham) Squadron RAuxAF with the Hurricane I during 1940

• No. 614 (County of Glamorgan) Squadron RAuxAF detachment during 1940

Offensive units (1941-45): • 1 Squadron during 1942

• No. 23 Squadron RAF, detachment during 1941

• No. 26 (South African) Squadron RAF during 1944

• No. 41 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb, XII during 1942, 43 & 44

• 43 Squadron during 1942

• No. 56 Squadron RAF detachment during 1942

• No. 82 (United Provinces) Squadron RAF Detachment 1939-42

• No. 91 (Nigeria) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire XII during 1943-44

• No. 96 Squadron RAF detachment between 1942-43

• No. 118 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942

• No. 124 (Baroda) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire VI during 1942

• No. 129 (Mysore) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1943

• No. 130 (Punjab) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire XIV during 1944

• No. 131 (County of Kent) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942

• No. 141 Squadron RAF with the Beaufighter If during 1942

• 161 Squadron detachment during 1942 with the Lysander

• No. 164 (Argentine–British) Squadron RAF detachment 1942-43

• No. 165 (Ceylon) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire Vb during 1942 & 43

• No. 168 Squadron RAF detachment during 1942

• No. 170 Squadron RAF detachment during 1943

• No. 198 Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944

• No. 219 (Mysore) Squadron RAF with the Blenheim If & Beaufighter If during 1940, 41 & 42

• No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944

• No. 229 Squadron RAF with the Spitfire LFIXb during 1944

• No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944

• No. 268 Squadron RAF detachment during 1943

• No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron during 1943

• No. 486 (NZ) Squadron RAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1942, 43 & 44

• No. 534 Squadron RAF with the Boston during 1942 & 43

• No. 609 (West Riding) Squadron RAuxAF with the Typhoon Ib during 1944

• 616 Squadron during 1941

• 823 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1942-43) (Helping RAF Coastal Command ASW patrols)

• 841 Naval Air Squadron detachment No. 4, Fleet Air Arm (1943) (Helping RAF Coastal Command ASW patrols)

Units: • No. 2 Air Delivery Letter Service (June 1944)

• Detachment of No. 11 Group Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Flight (1941)

• No. 410 Repair & Salvage Unit (1944)

• No. 419 (Special Duties) Flight RAF (1940)

• No. 1455 (Fighter) Flight RAF (1941-42)

• No. 3205 Servicing Commando (1944)

• No. 3207 Servicing Commando (1943)

• No. 3210 Servicing Commando (1944)

• No. 3225 Servicing Commando (1943)

• Fighter Interception Unit RAF (1940)

RAF Regiment:

The following RAF Regiment units were also here at some point: • No. 1304 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 1305 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 1315 Mobile Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 2702 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2704 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2720 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2723 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2748 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2760 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2786 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2789 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2795 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2813 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2832 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2894 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 4016 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment

• No. 4067 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment

• No. 4260 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment

Postwar
After the war, the Central Fighter Establishment arrived from RAF Wittering on 27 February 1945 with the station being renamed to CFE Tangmere. The RAF High Speed Flight was reformed here on 14 June 1946 and in September 1946, a world air speed record of 616 mph (991 km/h) was set by Group Captain Edward "Teddy" Mortlock Donaldson in a Gloster Meteor F.4; after his death in 1992, he was buried in St Andrews Church. In September 1953, Squadron Leader Neville Duke became holder of the world air speed record when he flew a modified Hawker Hunter prototype at 727.63 mph (1,170 km/h) – the 50th anniversary of this event was commemorated in 2003.

A number of units associated with the CFE also arrived including:
 * Day Fighter Leaders School (1945) part of CFE
 * Enemy Aircraft Flight RAF (1945) part of CFE
 * Fighter Interception Development Squadron RAF (1945) part of CFE
 * Night Fighter Development Wing RAF (1945) part of CFE
 * Night Fighter Training Squadron RAF (1945) part of CFE
 * 787 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1945) connection to CFE

The unit moved to RAF West Raynham on 1 October 1945, with No. 85 Squadron RAF arriving on 11 October 1945 with the de Havilland Mosquito XXX, upgrading to the Mosquito NF.36 from January 1946, the unit deployed to RAF Lubeck and RAF Acklington for varying periods of time until finally leaving on 16 April 1947 going to RAF West Malling. No. 1 Squadron RAF returned on 30 April 1946 from their previous base of RAF Hutton Cranswick with the Supermarine Spitfire F.21, the unit deployed to Acklington and Lubeck at various times. From October 1946 the Gloster Meteor F.3 was introduced, being replaced by the Harvard T.2b and Oxford T.2 from August 1947 in preparation for conversion to the Meteor F.4 which arrived during June 1948. This was replaced by the F.8 during August 1950 and this in turn was replaced by the Hawker Hunter F.5 in September 1958. The squadron was disbanded on 1 July 1958. No. 222 (Natal) Squadron RAF arrived on 2 October 1946 from RAF Weston Zoyland already operating the Meteor F.3, converting to the newer F.4 during the first few months of 1948 before moving to RAF Lubeck on 1 May 1948.

On 1 June 1950, a Gloster Meteor flying eastwards over Portsmouth reported a UFO at 20,000 ft. It is also seen by the radar at RAF Wartling, and was described as Britain's first flying saucer, and led to the Flying Saucer Working Party later that year.

No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF arrived on 16 April 1947 from RAF Wattisham with the Meteor F.3 replacing No. 85 Squadron RAF. No. 266 Squadron upgraded to the Meteor F.4 from February 1948, with the squadron deploying to Lubeck and Acklington during its stay. 266 was disbanded on 11 February 1949 and renumbered as No. 43 Squadron RAF, the Meteor F.8 was introduced from September 1950 and the squadron moved to RAF Leuchars on 11 November 1950. On 25 November 1950 No. 29 Squadron RAF arrived from RAF West Malling with the Mosquito NF.30 converting to the Meteor NF.11 from July 1951. The squadron moved to RAF Acklington on 14 January 1957 where it eventually changed to the Gloster Javelin FAW.6. On 1 August 1954 No. 34 Squadron RAF was reformed here with the Meteor F.8, upgrading to the Hunter F.5 from October 1955 before being disbanded on 15 January 1958. On 30 September 1957 No. 25 Squadron RAF arrived from RAF West Malling with the Meteor NF.12 & NF.14 until 1 July 1958 when the squadron was disbanded.

No. 164 (Argentine–British) Squadron RAF arrived from RAF Turnhouse on 25 March 1946 with the Spitfire IX, staying until 26 April 1946 when the squadron moved to RAF Middle Wallop. No. 587 Squadron RAF arrvied from RAF Weston Zoyland on 1 June 1946 with the Spitfire XVI for two weeks before being disbanded. No. 69 Squadron RAF arrived on 19 April 1947 from RAF Wahn during a break from West Germany. It used the Mosquito B.16 until 16 May 1947 when it moved back to Wahn. No. 74 (Trinidad) Squadron RAF arrived on 1 July 1950 for a total of 8 days from RAF Horsham St Faith using Meteor F.4's.

In the late 1950s the flying was reduced to ground radar calibration under RAF Signals Command with the arrival of No. 115 Squadron RAF on 25 August 1958 from RAF Watton with the Varsity T.1. The Valetta C.1 was introduced from August 1963 but the squadron moved back to Watton on 1 October 1963. No. 245 Squadron RAF arrived on 25 August 1958 along from Watton, but with the Canberra B.2, however the squadron was disbanded on 19 April 1963 to become No. 98 Squadron. No. 98 Squadron RAF used the Canberra B.2 until 1 October 1963 when the Squadron moved to RAF Watton. Between January and March 1958 a detachment of No. 208 Squadron RAF operated here training crews on the new Hunter F.6.

The Joint Services Language School moved here and in 1960 the station was granted the "freedom of the City of Chichester" and the event was marked by a march through the town and service in the Cathedral.

No. 38 Group Tactical Communications Wing RAF and 244 Signal Squadron (Air Support) were the last units to leave the base, relocating to RAF Benson.

Some of the last flying units to be based at the station included: • 'B' Flt, No. 22 Squadron RAF (June 1961 - May 1964)

• 22 Squadron - detachment sometime between 1956-74

• 720 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947)

• 771 Naval Air Squadron detachment, Fleet Air Arm (1948-49)

• 778 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947-48)

• 801 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm (1947)

Units: • No. 38 Group Support Unit (December 1964 - December 1970)

• No. 49 Maintenance Unit RAF detachment (November 1946)

• No. 161 Gliding School RAF (1945 & 47-53)

• No. 623 Gliding School RAF (1963-74)

• No. 8 Fighter Command Servicing Unit (September to October 1945)

• No. 9 Fighter Command Servicing Unit (February 1945 to April 1946)

• Fighter Command Instrument Training Flight RAF (1948-50)

• Towed Target Flight, Tangmere RAF (1950-51)

In 1963-64 the last flying units left. However the station continued to be used for several years and, in 1968, Prince Charles took his first flying lesson at Tangmere. The station finally closed on 16 October 1970; a single Spitfire flew over the airfield as the RAF ensign was lowered for the last time.

Present use
Following the closure of the RAF station, some of the land around the runways was returned to farming. Tangmere Airfield Nurseries have built large glasshouses for the cultivation of peppers and aubergines.

Until 1983 37 acre of barracks, admin blocks and repair workshops remained derelict until bought by Seawards Properties Ltd. Housing soon spread around the airfield, and most RAF buildings were demolished. Officers' quarters have been retained as homes and two original RAF buildings remain, the grade II listed Control Tower, and one of the 'H Block' accommodation buildings.

The majority of the airfield is now farmed, and since 1979 the runways have slowly been removed thus returning the whole airfield back to large scale farming once again. In 2016 the final piece of apron and the three T.2 hangars were removed, with houses built in their place on a street called Hangar Drive.

The derelict control tower forms part of the farm but is now bricked up and partly overgrown. It became a grade II listed building as of 2011 and was placed on the heritage at risk register in 2015. A campaign is currently underway to restore the control tower which has received local and national press coverage. This is being led by Tangmere Tower Community Interest Company, who restaged 'The Eisenhower Dinner' at the Chichester Harbour Hotel in 2019 to mark the 75th anniversary of General Eisenhower's original meal in 1944. The CIC are working with the local Aviation Museum, the University of Chichester and Sussex Police and with their architect have submitted a planning application for phase one of the project.

Tangmere Military Aviation Museum

Tangmere Military Aviation Museum was founded by a group of enthusiastic veterans. It has a replica Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane as well as many original aircraft, including Neville Duke's speed record Hawker Hunter. On display is the 'Star' Meteor flown by Teddy Donaldson when he set the World Air Speed Record in September 1946, breaking the 1,000 km/h barrier.

34067 locomotive
A number of Oliver Bulleid's light pacific locomotives were named after Battle of Britain squadrons, stations, or commanders. One such locomotive that is preserved and still in main line operation is named "Tangmere" (no 34067).

title: RAF Tangmere


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Aachener

The Aachener was a German automobile, built by the Aachen Steel Works and offered for sale in 1902. The company mainly made engines ranging in power from 1¾ hp to 11 hp (1.3 to 8 kW). It also made automotive components. The complete cars were later marketed under the name "Fafnir".

title: Aachener


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Hawaiian sovereignty movement

The Hawaiian sovereignty movement (ke ea Hawaiʻi) is a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom of Hawaii out of a desire for sovereignty, self-determination, and self-governance.

Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for its 1893 overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani, and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation. The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal.

Palmyra Atoll and Sikaiana were annexed by the Kingdom in the 1860s, and the movement regards them as under illegal occupation along with the Hawaiian Islands.

The Apology Resolution the United States Congress passed in 1993 acknowledged that the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was an illegal act.

Sovereignty advocates have attributed problems plaguing native communities including homelessness, poverty, economic marginalization, and the erosion of native traditions to the lack of native governance and political self-determination.

The forced depopulation of Kaho'olawe and its subsequent bombing, the construction of the Mauna Kea Observatories, the Red Hill water crisis caused by the US Navy's mismanagement, and participation in human trafficking of Hawaiian women by U.S. servicemen are some of the contemporary matters relevant to the sovereignty movement.

It has pursued its agenda through educational initiatives and legislative actions. Along with protests throughout the islands, at the capital (Honolulu) itself and other locations sacred to Hawaiian culture, sovereignty activists have challenged U.S. forces and law.

History
Coinciding with other 1960s and 1970s indigenous activist movements, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement was spearheaded by Native Hawaiian activist organizations and individuals who were critical of issues affecting modern Hawaii, including the islands' urbanization and commercial development, corruption in the Hawaiian Homelands program, and appropriation of native burial grounds and other sacred spaces. In the 1980s, the movement gained cultural and political traction and native resistance grew in response to urbanization and native disenfranchisement. Local and federal legislation provided some protection for native communities but did little to quell expanding commercial development.

In 1993, a joint congressional resolution apologized for the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, and said that the overthrow was illegal. In 2000, the Akaka Bill was proposed, which provided a process for federal recognition of Native Hawaiians, and gave ethnic Hawaiians some control over land and natural resource negotiations. But sovereignty groups opposed the bill because of its provisions that legitimized illegal land transfers, and it was criticized by a 2006 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights report (which was later reversed in 2018) for the effect it would have on non-ethnic Hawaiian populations. A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found that most Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill.

Background
Native Hawaiians' ancestors may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands around 350CE, from other areas of Polynesia. By the time Captain Cook arrived, Hawaii had a well-established culture, with a population estimated between 400,000 and 900,000. Starting in 1795 and completed by 1810, Kamehameha I conquered the entire archipelago and formed the unified Kingdom of Hawaii. In the first 100 years of contact with Western civilization, due to disease and war, the Hawaiian population dropped by 90%, to only 53,900 in 1876. American missionaries arrived in 1820 and assumed great power and influence. Despite formal recognition of the Kingdom of Hawaii by the United States and other world powers, the kingdom was overthrown beginning January 17, 1893, with a coup d'état orchestrated mostly by Americans within the kingdom's legislature, supported by armed sailors landed by the USS Boston.

The Blount Report is the popular name given to the part of the 1893 United States House of Representatives Foreign Relations Committee Report about the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. U.S. Commissioner James H. Blount, appointed by President Grover Cleveland to investigate the events surrounding the January 1893 coup, conducted the report. It provides the first evidence that officially identifies U.S. complicity in the overthrow of the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Blount concluded that U.S. Minister to Hawaii John L. Stevens had carried out unauthorized partisan activities, including the landing of U.S. Marines under a false or exaggerated pretext to support anti-royalist conspirators; the report also found that these actions were instrumental to the revolution's success and that the revolution was carried out against the wishes of a majority of the population of the Hawaiian Kingdom and/or its royalty. On December 14, 1893, Albert Willis arrived unannounced in Honolulu aboard the USRC Corwin, bringing with him an anticipation of an American invasion in order to restore the monarchy, which became known as the Black Week. Willis was Blount's successor as United States Minister to Hawaii. With the hysteria of a military assault, he staged a mock invasion with the USS Adams and USS Philadelphia, directing their guns toward the capital. He also ordered Rear Admiral John Irwin to organize a landing operation using troops on the two American ships, which were joined by the Japanese Naniwa and the British HMS Champion. On January 11, 1894, Willis revealed the invasion to be a hoax. After the arrival of the Corwin, the provisional government and citizens of Hawaii were ready to rush to arms if necessary, but it was widely believed that Willis's threat of force was a bluff.

On December 16, the British Minister to Hawaii was given permission to land marines from HMS Champion for the protection of British interests; the ship's captain predicted that the U.S. military would restore the Queen and Sovereign ruler (Lili'uokalani). In a November 1893 meeting with Willis, Lili'uokalani said she wanted the revolutionaries punished and their property confiscated, despite Willis's desire for her to grant them amnesty. In a December 19, 1893, meeting with the leaders of the provisional government, Willis presented a letter by Liliuokalani in which she agreed to grant the revolutionaries amnesty if she were restored as queen. During the conference, Willis told the provisional government to surrender to Liliuokalani and allow Hawaii to return to its previous condition, but the leader of the provisional government, President Sanford Dole, refused, claiming that he was not subject to the authority of the United States.

The Blount Report was followed in 1894 by the Morgan Report, which contradicted Blount's report by concluding that all participants except for Queen Lili'uokalani were "not guilty". On January 10, 1894, U.S. Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham announced that the settlement of the situation in Hawaii would be up to Congress, following Willis's unsatisfactory progress. Cleveland said that Willis had carried out the letter of his directions rather than their spirit. Domestic response to Willis's and Cleveland's efforts was largely negative. The New York Herald wrote, "If Minister Willis has not already been ordered to quit meddling in Hawaiian affairs and mind his own business, no time should be lost in giving him emphatic instructions to that effect." The New York World wrote: "Is it not high time to stop the business of interference with the domestic affairs of foreign nations? Hawaii is 2000 miles from our nearest coast. Let it alone." The New York Sun said: "Mr. Cleveland lacks ... the first essential qualification of a referee or arbitrator." The New York Tribune called Willis's trip a "forlorn and humiliating failure to carry out Mr. Cleveland's outrageous project." The New York Recorder wrote, "The idea of sending out a minister accredited to the President of a new republic, having him present his credentials to that President and address him as 'Great and Good Friend,' and then deliberately set to work to organize a conspiracy to overthrow his Government and re-establish the authority of the deposed Queen, is repugnant to every man who holds American honor and justice in any sort of respect." The New York Times was one of the few New York newspapers to defend Cleveland's decisions, writing, "Mr. Willis discharged his duty as he understood it."

After the overthrow, the Provisional Government of Hawaii became the Republic of Hawaii in 1894, and in 1898 the U.S. annexed the Republic of Hawaii in the Newlands Resolution, making it the Territory of Hawaii. The territory was then given a territorial government in an Organic Act in 1900. While there was much opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and many attempts to restore it, Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898 without any input from Native Hawaiians. It became a U.S. state on March 18, 1959, following a referendum in which at least 93% of voters approved of statehood. By then, most voters were not Native Hawaiian. The 1959 referendum did not have an option for independence from the United States. After Hawaii's admission as a state, the United Nations removed Hawaii from its list of non-self-governing territories (a list of territories subject to the decolonization process).

The U.S. constitution recognizes Native American tribes as domestic, dependent nations with inherent rights of self-determination through the U.S. government as a trust responsibility, which was extended to include Eskimos, Aleuts and Native Alaskans with the passing of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Through enactment of 183 federal laws over 90 years, the U.S. has entered into an implicit—rather than explicit—trust relationship that does not formally recognize a sovereign people with the right of self-determination. Without an explicit law, Native Hawaiians may not be eligible for entitlements, funds and benefits afforded to other U.S. indigenous peoples. Native Hawaiians are recognized by the U.S. government through legislation with a unique status. Proposals have been made to treat Native Hawaiians as a tribe similar to Native Americans; opponents to the tribal approach argue that it is not a legitimate path to nationhood.

Royal Order of Kamehameha I
The Royal Order of Kamehameha I is a Knightly Order established by His Majesty, Kamehameha V (Lot Kapuaiwa Kalanikapuapaikalaninui Ali'iolani Kalanimakua) in 1865, to promote and defend the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi's sovereignty. Established by the 1864 Constitution, the Order of Kamehameha I is the first order of its kind in Hawaii. After Lot Kapuāiwa took the throne as King Kamehameha V, he established, by special decree, the Order of Kamehameha I on April 11, 1865, named to honor his grandfather Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the House of Kamehameha. Its purpose is to promote and defend the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Until the reign of Kalakaua, this was the only Order instituted.

The Royal Order of Kamehameha I continues its work in observance and preservation of some native Hawaiian rituals and customs established by the leaders of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. It is often consulted by the U.S. government, the state of Hawaiʻi, and Hawaiʻi's county governments in native Hawaiian-sensitive rites performed at state functions.

Hui Kālai'āina
This organization existed before the overthrow to support a new constitution and was based in Honolulu.

Hui Aloha 'Āina
A highly organized group formed in 1883 from the various islands with a name that reflected Hawaiian cultural beliefs.

Liberal Patriotic Association
The Liberal Patriotic Association was a rebel group formed by Robert William Wilcox to overturn the Bayonet Constitution. The faction was financed by Chinese businessmen who lost rights under the 1887 Constitution. The movement initiated what became known as the Wilcox Rebellion of 1889, ending in failure with seven dead and 70 captured.

Home Rule Party of Hawaii
After Hawaii's annexation, Wilcox formed the Home Rule Party of Hawaii on June 6, 1900. The party was generally more radical than the Democratic Party of Hawaii. It dominated the Territorial Legislature between 1900 and 1902. But due to its radical and extreme philosophy of Hawaiian nationalism, infighting was prominent. This, in addition to its refusal to work with other parties, meant that it was unable to pass any legislation. After the 1902 election it steadily declined until disbanding in 1912.

Democratic Party of Hawaii
On April 30, 1900, John H. Wilson, John S. McGrew, Charles J. McCarthy, David Kawānanakoa, and Delbert Metzger established the Democratic Party of Hawaii. The party was generally more pragmatic than the Home Rule Party, and gained sponsorship from the American Democratic Party. It attempted to bring representation to Native Hawaiians in the territorial government and effectively lobbied to set aside 200000 acre under the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1920 for Hawaiians.

ALOHA
The Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry (ALOHA) and the Principality of Aloha were organized sometime in the late 1960s or 1970s when Native Alaskan and American Indian activism was beginning. Native Hawaiians began organizing groups based on their own national interests such as ceded lands, free education, reparations payments, free housing, reform of the Hawaiian Homelands Act and development within the islands. According to Budnick, Louisa Rice established the group in 1969. Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell claims that it was organized in 1972.

ALOHA sought reparations for Native Hawaiians by hiring a former U.S. representative to write a bill that, while not ratified, did spawn a congressional study. The study was allowed only six months and was accused of relying on biased information from a historian hired by the territorial government that overthrew the kingdom as well as from U.S. Navy historians. The commission assigned to the study recommended against reparations.

Ka Lāhui
Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi was formed in 1987 as a local grassroots initiative for Hawaiian sovereignty. Mililani Trask was its first leader. Trask was elected the first kia'aina (governor) of Ka Lahui. The organization has a constitution, elected offices and representatives for each island. The group supports federal recognition, independence from the United States, and inclusion of Native Hawaiians in federal Indian policy. It is considered the largest sovereignty movement group, reporting a membership of 21,000 in 1997. One of its goals is to reclaim ceded lands. In 1993, the group led 10,000 people on a march to the Iolani Palace on the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani.

Ka Lāhui and many sovereignty groups oppose the Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 (known as the "Akaka Bill") proposed by Senator Daniel Akaka, which begins the process of federal recognition of a Native Hawaiian government, with which the U.S. State Department would have government-to-government relations. The group believes that there are problems with the process and version of the bill. Still, Trask supported the original Akaka Bill and was a member of a group that crafted it. Trask has been critical of the bill's 20-year limitation on all claims against the U.S., saying: "We would not be able to address the illegal overthrow, address the breach of trust issues" and "We're looking at a terrible history.... That history needs to be remedied." The organization was a part of UNPO from 1993 through 2012.

Ka Pākaukau
Ka Pākaukau leader Kekuni Blaisdell is a medical doctor and founding chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawai'i John Burns School of Medicine who advocates for Hawaiian independence. The group began in the late 1980s as the Pā Kaukau coalition with the aim to supply information that could support the sovereignty and independence movement.

Blaisdell and the 12 groups that comprise the Ka Pākaukau believe in a "nation-within-a-nation" concept as a start to independence and are willing to negotiate with the President of the United States as "representatives of our nation as co-equals".

In 1993, Blaisdell convened Ka Ho'okolokolonui Kanaka Maoli, the "People's International Tribunal", which brought indigenous leaders from around the world to Hawaii to put the U.S. government on trial for the theft of Hawaii's sovereignty and other related violations of international law. The tribunal found the U.S. guilty, and published its findings in a lengthy document filed with the U.N. Committees on Human Rights and Indigenous Affairs.

Nation of Hawaiʻi
The Nation of Hawaiʻi is the oldest Hawaiian independence organization. Dennis Puʻuhonua "Bumpy" Kanahele is the group's spokesperson and head of state. In contrast to other independence organizations that lean to the restoration of the monarchy, it advocates a republican government.

In 1989, the group occupied the area surrounding the Makapuʻu lighthouse on Oʻahu. In 1993, its members occupied Kaupo Beach, near Makapuʻu. Kanahele was a primary leader of the occupation. He is a descendant of Kamehameha I, 11 generations removed. The group ceased its occupation in exchange for the return of ceded lands in the adjacent community of Waimānalo, where it established a village, cultural center, and puʻuhonua (place of refuge).

Kanahele made headlines again in 1995 when his group gave sanctuary to Nathan Brown, a Native Hawaiian activist who had refused to pay federal taxes in protest against the U.S. presence in Hawaii. Kanahele was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to eight months in federal prison, along with a probation period in which he was barred from the puʻuhonua and participation in his sovereignty efforts.

In 2015, Kanahele portrayed himself in the movie Aloha filmed on location in Hawaii at Puʻuhonua o Waimanalo. This was followed by a 2017 episode of Hawaii Five-0 titled "Ka Laina Ma Ke One (Line in the Sand)".

Mauna Kea Anaina Hou
Kealoha Pisciotta is a former systems specialist for the joint British-Dutch-Canadian telescope who became concerned that a stone family shrine she had built for her grandmother and family was removed and found at a dump. She is one of several people who sued to stop the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope and is the director of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou. Mauna Kea Anaina Hou ("People who pray for the mountain", ) and its sister group, Mauna Kea Hui, are indigenous Native Hawaiian cultural groups with environmental concerns in Hawaii. The group is described as a "Native Hawaiian organization comprisedof [sic] cultural and lineal descendants, and traditional, spiritual and religious practitioners of the sacred traditions of Mauna Kea."

The issue of cultural rights on the mountain was the focus of the documentary Mauna Kea—Temple Under Siege, which aired on PBS in 2006 and featured Pisciotta. The Hawaii State Constitution guarantees Native Hawaiians' religious and cultural rights. Many of Hawaii's laws can be traced to Kingdom of Hawaii law. Hawaiʻi Revised Statute § 1-1 codifies Hawaiian custom and gives deference to native traditions. In the early 1970s, managers of Mauna Kea did not seem to pay much attention to Native Hawaiians' complaints about the mountain's sacredness. Mauna Kea Anaina Hou, the Royal Order of Kamehameha I, and the Sierra Club united in opposition to the Keck's proposal to add six outrigger telescopes.

Poka Laenui
Hayden Burgess, an attorney who goes by the Hawaiian name Poka Laenui, heads the Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs. Laenui argues that because of the four international treaties with the U.S. government (1826, 1849, 1875, and 1883), the "U.S. armed invasion and overthrow" of the Hawaiian monarchy, a "friendly government", was illegal in both American and international jurisprudence.

Protect Kahoolawe Ohana (PKO)
In 1976, Walter Ritte and the group Protect Kahoolawe Ohana (PKO) filed suit in U.S. federal court to stop the Navy's use of Kahoolawe for bombardment training, to require compliance with a number of new environmental laws, and to ensure protection of cultural resources on the island. In 1977, the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii allowed the Navy's use of this island to continue, but directed the Navy to prepare an environmental impact statement and complete an inventory of historic sites on the island.

The effort to regain Kahoʻolawe from the U.S. Navy inspired new political awareness and activism in the Hawaiian community. Charles Maxwell and other community leaders began to plan a coordinated effort to land on the island, which was still under Navy control. The effort for the "first landing" began in Waikapu (Maui) on January 5, 1976. Over 50 people from across the Hawaiian islands, including a range of cultural leaders, gathered on Maui with the goal of "invading" Kahoolawe on January 6, 1976. The date was selected because of its association with the U.S. bicentennial.

As the larger group headed toward the island, it was intercepted by military crafts. "The Kahoʻolawe Nine" continued and landed on the island. They were Ritte, Emmett Aluli, George Helm, Gail Kawaipuna Prejean, Stephen K. Morse, Kimo Aluli, Aunty Ellen Miles, Ian Lind, and Karla Villalba of the Puyallup/Muckleshoot tribe (Washington State). The effort to retake Kahoʻolawe eventually claimed the lives of Helm and Kimo Mitchell. Helm and Mitchell (who were accompanied by Billy Mitchell, no relation) ran into severe weather and were unable to reach Kahoʻolawe. Despite extensive rescue and recovery efforts, they were never recovered. Ritte became a leader in the Hawaiian community, coordinating community efforts including for water rights, opposition to land development, and the protection of marine animals and ocean resources. He now leads the effort to create state legislation requiring the labeling of genetically modified organisms in Hawaiʻi.

Hawaiian Kingdom
David Keanu Sai and Kamana Beamer are two Hawaiian scholars whose works use international law to argue for the rights of a Hawaiian Kingdom existing today and call for an end to U.S. occupation of the islands. Trained as a U.S. military officer, Sai uses the title of chairman of the Acting Council of Regency of the Hawaiian Kingdom organization. He has done extensive historical research, especially on the treaties between Hawaii and other nations, and on military occupation and the laws of war. Sai teaches Hawaiian Studies at Windward Community College.

Sai claimed to represent the Hawaiian Kingdom in Larsen v. Hawaiian Kingdom, a case brought before the World Court's Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague in 2000. Although Sai and Lance Paul Larsen agreed to the arbitration, with Larsen suing Sai for not protecting his rights as a Hawaiian Kingdom subject, his actual goal was to have U.S. rule in Hawaii declared a breach of mutual treaty obligations and international law. The case's arbiters affirmed that there was no dispute they could decide, because the U.S. was not a party to the arbitration. As stated in the award from the arbitration panel, "in the absence of the United States of America, the Tribunal can neither decide that Hawaii is not part of the USA, nor proceed on the assumption that it is not. To take either course would be to disregard a principle which goes to heart of the arbitral function in international law."

In a 2000 arbitration hearing before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the Hawaiian flag was raised at the same height at and alongside other countries. But the court accepts arbitration from private entities, and a hearing before it does not mean international recognition.

Hawaiian Kingdom Government
About 70 members of one separatist group, the "Hawaiian Kingdom Government", which claimed about 1,000 members in 2008, chained the gates and blocked the entrance to Iolani Palace for about two hours, disrupting tours on April 30, 2008. The incident ended without violence or arrests. Led by Mahealani Kahau, who has taken the title of queen, and Jessica Wright, who has taken the title of princess, it has been meeting daily to conduct "government business" and demand sovereignty for Hawaii and restoration of the monarchy. It negotiated rights to be on the lawn of the grounds during regular hours normally open to the public by applying for a public-assembly permit. Kahau said that "protest" and "sovereignty group" mischaracterize the group, but that it is a seat of government.

Hawaiian sovereignty activists and advocates

 * Owana Salazar, claimant to the throne of Hawaiʻi and member of the House of Laʻanui
 * Abigail Kinoiki Kekaulike Kawānanakoa was a member of the House of Kawānanakoa.
 * Francis Boyle, professor of international law, University of Illinois College of Law and Consultant on Independence, Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Commission, State of Hawaii (1993)
 * George Helm, musician, and Kimo Mitchell, both d. 1977
 * Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, musician; d. 1997
 * Bumpy Kanahele, Hawaiian nationalist leader, militant activist, and head of the Nation of Hawaiʻi
 * Kahoʻokahi Kanuha, activist and "protector" of Mauna Kea in opposition to the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope. Kanuha defended himself after arrests in the native Hawaiian language or ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. He chanted his genealogy going back to Umi-a-Liloa and his protection of the mountain and was found not guilty on January 16, 2016.
 * Joshua Lanakila Mangauil, Hawaiian cultural practitioner and leader of the international movement to protect Mauna Kea.
 * Kawaipuna Prejean (d. 1992), Hawaiian nationalist, activist, advocate for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, and founder of the Hawaiian Coalition of Native Claims, now known as the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation
 * Noenoe K. Silva, political scientist, University of Hawaii at Manoa
 * Haunani-Kay Trask, founder of Hawaiian Studies, department chair at University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, sovereignty activist, and poet
 * Mililani Trask
 * Sudden Rush, Hawaiian rap/hip hop (na mele paleoleo) musical group
 * Kauka Lukini, Russian revolutionary who became the president of the Senate of Hawaii

Reaction
In 1993, the State of Hawaiʻi adopted Act 359 "to acknowledge and recognize the unique status the native Hawaiian people bear to the State of Hawaii and to the United States and to facilitate the efforts of native Hawaiians to be governed by an indigenous sovereign nation of their own choosing." The act created the Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Committee to provide guidance with "(1) Conducting special elections related to this Act; (2) Apportioning voting districts; (3) Establishing the eligibility of convention delegates; (4) Conducting educational activities for Hawaiian voters, a voter registration drive, and research activities in preparation for the convention; (5) Establishing the size and composition of the convention delegation; and (6) Establishing the dates for the special election. Act 200 amended Act 359 establishing the Hawaiʻi Sovereignty Elections Council".

Those involved with the Advisory Committee forums believed that the question of the political status for Native Hawaiians has become difficult. But in 2000, a panel of the committee stated that Native Hawaiians have maintained a unique community. Federal and state programs have been designated to improve Native Hawaiians' conditions, including health, education, employment and training, children's services, conservation programs, fish and wildlife protection, agricultural programs, and native language immersion programs. Congress created the Hawaiian Homes Commission (HHC) in 1921. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) was the result of a 1978 amendment to the Hawaiʻi State Constitution and controls over $1 billion from the Ceded Lands Trust, spending millions to address Native Hawaiians' needs. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation Executive Director Mahealani Kamauʻu has said that only in the last 25 years have Native Hawaiians "had a modicum of political empowerment and been able to exercise direct responsibility for their own affairs, that progress has been made in so many areas". These programs have opposition and critics who believe they are ineffective and badly managed.

The Apology Bill and the Akaka Bill
Native Hawaiians' growing frustration over Hawaiian homelands and the 100th anniversary of the overthrow pushed the Hawaiian sovereignty movement to the forefront of politics in Hawaii. In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103-150, known as the "Apology Bill", for U.S. involvement in the 1893 overthrow. The bill makes a commitment to reconciliation.

U.S. census information shows approximately 401,162 Native Hawaiians living in the U.S. in 2000. Sixty percent live in the continental U.S. and forty percent in Hawaii. Between 1990 and 2000, people identifying as Native Hawaiian had grown by 90,000, while those identifying as pure Hawaiian had declined to under 10,000.

In 2009, Senator Daniel Akaka sponsored The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 (S1011/HR2314), a bill to create the legal framework to establish a Hawaiian government. President Barack Obama supported the bill. The bill is considered a reconciliation process, but it has not had that effect, instead being the subject of much controversy and political fighting in many arenas. American opponents argue that Congress is disregarding U.S. citizens for special interests and sovereignty activists believe this will further erode their rights, as the 1921 blood quantum rule of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act did. In 2011, a governor-appointed committee began to gather and verify Native Hawaiians' names for the purpose of voting on a Native Hawaiian nation.

In June 2014, the US Department of the Interior announced plans to hold hearings to establish the possibility of federal recognition of Native Hawaiians as an Indian tribe.

Opposition
There has also been opposition to the concept of ancestry-based sovereignty, which critics maintain is tantamount to racial exclusion. In 1996, in Rice v. Cayetano, one Big Island rancher sued to win the right to vote in OHA elections, asserting that every Hawaiian citizen regardless of racial background should be able to vote for state offices, and that limiting the vote to Native Hawaiians is racist. In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in his favor, and OHA elections are now open to all registered voters. In its decision, the court wrote: "the ancestral inquiry mandated by the State is forbidden by the Fifteenth Amendment for the further reason that the use of racial classifications is corruptive of the whole legal order democratic elections seek to preserve....Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality".

Proposed United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
The year of hearings found most speakers with strong opposition to the U.S. government's involvement in Hawaiian sovereignty, with opponents arguing that tribal recognition of Native Hawaiians is not a legitimate path to Hawaiian nationhood and that the U.S. government should not be involved in reestablishing Hawaiian sovereignty.

On September 29, 2015, the United States Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government. The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission was created to find and register Native Hawaiians. The nine-member commission has prepared a roll of registered individuals of Hawaiian heritage.

The nonprofit organization Naʻi Aupuni will organize the constitutional convention and election of delegates using the roll, which began collecting names in 2011. Grassroot Institute of Hawaii CEO Kelii Akina filed suit to see the names on the roll, won, and found serious flaws. The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission has since purged the list of names of deceased persons as well as those whose mailing or email addresses could not be verified.

Akina again filed suit to stop the election because funding of the project comes from a grant from the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and because of a Supreme Court decision prohibiting states from conducting race-based elections. In October 2015, a federal judge declined to stop the process. The case was appealed with a formal emergency request to stop the voting until the appeal was heard; the request was denied. On November 24, the emergency request was made again to Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. On November 27, Kennedy stopped the election tallying and naming of delegates. The decision did not stop the voting itself, and a spokesman for the Naʻi Aupuni continued to encourage those eligible to vote before the November 30, 2015, deadline.

The election was expected to cost about $150,000, and voting was carried out by Elections America, a firm based in Washington, D.C. The constitutional convention has an estimated cost of $2.6 million.

Politics

 * Office of Hawaiian Affairs
 * Ka Lahui
 * Nation of Hawaiʻi
 * Ka Lahui
 * Nation of Hawaiʻi

Media

 * Native Hawaiians battle in the courts and in Congress Honolulu Advertiser chronology of legislative and legal events relating to Hawaiian sovereignty since 1996
 * Political tsunami hits Hawaii, by Rubellite Kawena Kinney Johnson
 * Blog of articles and documents on Hawaiian sovereignty
 * Indigenous students silent no more, article from Honolulu Star-Bulletin on Native Hawaiian student activism at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
 * Sovereign Stories: 100 Years of Subjugation, article from Honolulu Weekly
 * Resolution on Kānaka Maoli Self-Determination and Reinscription of Ka Pae ʻĀina (Hawaiʻi) on the U.N. list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, In Motion Magazine
 * Connection between Hawaiian health and sovereignty, paper by Dr. Kekuni Blaisdell presented August 24, 1991, at a panel on Puʻuhonua in Hawaiian Culture
 * Nā Maka O Ka ʻĀina: award-winning documentary, film/video resources, and sovereignty-related A/V tools
 * 2004 Presentation given by Umi Perkins at a Kamehameha Schools research conference
 * Noho Hewa: Documentary by Anne Keala Kelly
 * Noho Hewa: Documentary by Anne Keala Kelly

Opposition

 * Documents and essays opposing sovereignty collected or written by Kenneth R. Conklin, Ph.D.
 * Grassroot Institute of Hawaii – co-founded by Richard O. Rowland and Hawaii Reporter publisher Malia Zimmerman
 * Aloha for All – co-founded by H. William Burgess and Thurston Twigg-Smith

title: Hawaiian sovereignty movement


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User:AndrewPNJJJ

My name is Andrew Moffit, I currently live in London, Ontario.

Here's a list of my contributions http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Amoffit

title: User:AndrewPNJJJ


text:
David McCarty

David Andrew McCarty (November 23, 1969 – April 19, 2024) was an American first baseman and outfielder in Major League Baseball. From 1993 through 2005, McCarty played with the Minnesota Twins (1993–1995), San Francisco Giants (1995–1996), Seattle Mariners (1998), Kansas City Royals (2000–2002), Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2002), Oakland Athletics (2003) and Boston Red Sox (2003–2005). He batted right-handed and threw left-handed.

Career
Born in Houston, Texas, McCarty graduated from Sharpstown High School in 1988. He attended Stanford University to play college baseball for the Stanford Cardinal. In 1989, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

The Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball (MLB) selected McCarty in the first round, with the third overall selection, of the 1991 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut on May 17, 1993. In 1995, the Twins traded McCarty to the Cincinnati Reds for John Courtright.

On July 21, 1995, the Reds traded McCarty, Deion Sanders, Ricky Pickett, John Roper, and Scott Service to the San Francisco Giants for Dave Burba, Darren Lewis, and Mark Portugal. Before the 1998 season, the Seattle Mariners acquired McCarty from the Giants for Jalal Leach and Scott Smith.

On August 5, 2003, McCarty was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox from the Oakland Athletics.

2004 highlights
On May 11, 2004, in the bottom of the eighth inning, original pinch-hitter Brian Daubach was called back to the bench after the Indians made a pitching change and decided to go to lefty Scott Stewart. McCarty, due to hitting well against lefties, was sent up to hit by manager Terry Francona. On an 0-1 pitch, McCarty lined a two-run triple to right field that gave the Red Sox a 5-3 lead. They went on to win by that score. On May 30, 2004, McCarty, who had entered the game in the eighth inning, hit a walk-off two-run home run against Mariners pitcher J. J. Putz in the bottom of the twelfth inning to give the Red Sox a 9-7 victory.

McCarty also made three pitching appearances in 2004. The first one was in the home opener on April 9 vs the Blue Jays, the second one was on June 12 vs the Dodgers, in which he struck out Jayson Werth and the final one was in the final game of the regular season against the Orioles, in which he struck out Rafael Palmeiro, Larry Bigbie and David Newhan.

Release and retirement
The Red Sox released McCarty in May 2005 after the team signed first baseman John Olerud. He retired and was a Red Sox analyst on NESN from July 1, 2005, until the end of the 2008 season.

Personal life and death
McCarty lived in Piedmont, California, with his wife, novelist Monica McCarty, and their two children.

McCarty died following a cardiac event in Oakland, California, on April 19, 2024, at the age of 54.

title: David McCarty


text: User talk:128.143.189.106

title: User talk:128.143.189.106


text:
Boris Sheremetev

Count Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (Граф Бори́с Петро́вич Шереме́тев, tr. Borís Petróvič Šeremétev; 5 May 1652 – 28 February 1719) was an Imperial Russian diplomat and general field marshal during the Great Northern War. He became the first Russian count in 1706. His children included Pyotr Sheremetev and Natalia Sheremeteva.

Early life
In his youth, Sheremetyev was a page to Tsar Alexis I before starting his military career. From 1671 he served at the imperial court. In 1681 he was a leader at Tambov, commanding the armies fighting the Crimean Khanate, and from 1682 he was a boyar. From 1685 to 1687 he participated in negotiations and the conclusion of the "Eternal Peace of 1686" with Poland and the allied treaty with Austria. From the end of 1687 he commanded the armies in Belgorod defending Russia's southern border, and participated in the Crimean campaigns. After Peter I gained power in 1689, he joined him as a fellow campaigner. He participated along with Mazepa in the war against Turkey during the 1690s. During the Azov campaigns in 1695–96 he commanded armies on the Dnieper River in actions against the Crimean Tatars. In 1697–99 he carried out diplomatic assignments in Poland, Austria, Italy and Malta. In 1698, czar Peter sent a delegation to Malta under Sheremetyev to observe the training and abilities of the Knights of Malta and their fleet. Sheremetyev also investigated the possibility of future joint ventures with the Knights, including action against the Turks and the possibility of a future Russian naval base.

Great Northern War
During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Sheremetev proved a capable but cautious and sluggish military leader. For much of the war he served as the commander-in-chief and most senior officer in the Russian army. Sheremetev was very cautious in his movements but proved more effective than the younger Prince Menshikov, the second-in-command, whose impulsiveness did not always lead to success.

In 1700 he joined the Russian army in its attack on Narva at the outbreak of the Great Northern War, but King Charles XII of Sweden drove him back from his position in Estonia. He then became commander of the Russian forces fighting the Swedish armies in the Baltic provinces. Colonel W. A. Schlippenbach defeated Sheremetev at Rauge in September 1701, but the Russians turned the tables on Schlippenbach (now a Major-General) at Erastfer in December 1701. This victory won Sheremetev the title of field marshal, and another Russian victory ensued at the battle of Hummelshof in July 1702. Sheremetev's army's attack on Marienburg (August 1702) led to Martha Skavronskaya coming to the tsar's court, where she eventually became Empress Catherine I (reigned 1725–1727).

Sheremetev took the Swedish Ingrian fortresses of Nöteborg (October 1702) and Nyenskans (1 May 1703) (allowing the foundation of the city of Saint Petersburg later in May 1703)) and the important Baltic cities Dorpat and Narva in 1704. In 1705 Peter I sent him to Astrakhan, where he forcefully and successfully repressed the Astrakhan uprising (1705–1706) of 1705–1706.

In the course of the Great Northern War, Sheremetev clashed with the Swedish general Lewenhaupt, who beat him at Gemäuerthof in July 1705, and Charles XII, who defeated him at Holowczyn (July 1708). Sheremetev's revenge came at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, where he functioned as the senior Russian commander of the forces which soundly defeated the Swedish army. Armies under his command conquered Riga in 1710. Sheremetev then led the main forces of the army against the Ottomans in the Prut campaign of 1710–1711. Fighting against Turkey in 1711, he suffered encirclement at the Battle of Stănileşti on the Prut (July 1711). In 1715–17 Sheremetev commanded armies in Pomerania and in Mecklenburg.

Although sympathetic to Peter I's policy of Westernising Russia, Sheremetev never became close to the tsar. He died in 1719 in Moscow; Peter I had him buried in the Lazarevskoe Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

title: Boris Sheremetev


text:
South African Youth Congress

The South African Youth Congress (SAYCO) was a pro-African National Congress youth organization, active in the struggle against Apartheid. The motto of SAYCO was "Victory is Certain - Freedom or Death". In 1990 SAYCO merged with the ANC Youth League.

Peter Mokaba was ultimately elected ANCYL President following the merging of SAYCO and ANCYL

title: South African Youth Congress


text:
Bloodaxe (character)

Bloodaxe (Jackie Lukus) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as a foe of Thor and Thunderstrike. This character first appeared in Thor #449, though she did not adopt her name and appearance until #450. The name also applies to the axe used by this character.

Bloodaxe's identity was initially a mystery; all early panels of the character's alter ego were depicted as being concealed by shadow or as a silhouette. Due to the sheer muscular mass of Bloodaxe (a direct result of the Asgardian magic within the axe), it was also impossible to determine whether the mortal alias was even male or female. Many supporting cast members of Thunderstrike were hinted at being Bloodaxe but many of those clues would later turn out to be red herrings to conceal 'his' true identity. It was only after Bloodaxe was defeated that the mortal alias was revealed to be Jackie Lukus, a confidant and love interest of Thunderstrike's alias Eric Masterson.

Fictional character biography
A figure in shadow found the axe once wielded by Skurge the Executioner, and in picking it up was transformed by its magic into a superhuman being. This new being then went into action as Bloodaxe, battling the police and slaying drug dealers.

Bloodaxe first fought Thor when the mortal Eric Masterson was using the identity of Thor. Bloodaxe then battled Doctor Strange, and encountered Susan Austin. He then fought Code: Blue and Earth Force.

When the real Thor returned, Masterson became Thunderstrike and fought Bloodaxe again. Bloodaxe first encountered Thunderstrike when she arrived to kill a low-level villain called Carjack and his gang. Thunderstrike thwarted Bloodaxe and took custody of the axe.

Thunderstrike later defeated Bloodaxe and succumbed to the axe's will in an attempt to obtain more power to defeat an even more powerful villain, Set the Serpent God of Death. After Set was destroyed, Thunderstrike was possessed by the axe's murderous curse. As no-one was able to stop his rampage, Masterson chose to sacrifice himself in order to destroy the Bloodaxe forever.

The axe was then re-introduced during Dan Jurgens' Thor run, where it was used by Thor in conjunction with Mjolnir. Thor later destroyed it with the Odinforce after he felt the curse beginning to work on him.

Powers and abilities
By wielding the Executioner's enchanted Asgardian axe, its wielder is transformed into the superhuman Bloodaxe, increasing the wielder's size and mass while flooding the body with magical energy. Bloodaxe was endowed with superhuman strength, speed, durability, reflexes, and endurance by enchantments on the axe. The evil that remained within the axe also takes partial possession of the wielder's mind, warping its personality and making it murderously aggressive, overpowering its rationality with a lust for combat, vengeance, and bloodshed. Bloodaxe was invulnerable to conventional firearms, and incendiary or ballistic devices.

Bloodaxe's double-bladed axe was mystically enchanted and virtually indestructible, and can be used to deflect bullets. Thanks to enchantments from the Enchantress, the axe had the magical ability to create dimensional rifts. It could be used to teleport to places the wielder has previously been, project fire or ice energy, concussive bolts of Asgardian mystical force, and hurricane winds. However, if the user was separated from the axe for more than 60 seconds, they would lose their enchanted form and revert to their original mortal identity, much like the enchantment once placed on Mjolnir by Odin.

Bloodaxe 2099
Bloodaxe was also a name taken by a minor Spider-Man 2099 villain, who also called himself Bloodmace, Bloodsword and Bloodhammer, depending on what kind of weapon he was holding at the time.

title: Bloodaxe (character)


text:
Talk:Ultra Bra

Nomenclature
Anyone know where they came up with the name Ultra bra?

I don't really know, but atleast the words "Ultra bra" is a type of larger brassiere in the English language. bbx 14:11, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Well they have the Wonderbra, but I've never heard "Ultra bra." Zarxos 18:58, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Just to prove it, here's the first hit from my google search: http://www.brasmyth.com/index.php3?SCREEN=item_bsd&sid=nQK4yT7ZKpBeDJwi&item=404&department=18 bbx 22:57, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Haha ok, but how can you prove that that's what the band is referring to? Zarxos 21:05, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

Surely bra means 'good' in Swedish, Swedish is an official language in Finland. I just thought it meant ultra good
 * Yes I agree. Zarxos 23:16, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, the brassiere name "ultra bra" sounds to us Finns like "very good". I think it's funny play on words. (I'm trying to find a name for a concert with 100% songs of Ultra Bra. I was searching for lingerie names, but all I can find is this strange Finnish band here ;-) Kassu 213.138.138.89 10:53, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Here's a couple of updated links to a site selling the "Ultra Bra Top".. The "Ultra Bra" also seems to be a type of lingerie used within The Sims game.

Hype
"The week before it was released, all of Finland was focused on Ultra Bra." Hardly. I was there, I wasn't. QED. In other words, unencyclopedic. 82.181.211.242 (talk) 21:58, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ultra Bra


text:
AAG (1900 automobile)

AAG was the brand name of a German automobile company named Allgemeine Automobil-Gesellschaft Berlin GmbH which offered only one car, a 5 hp (4 kW) voiturette designed by one Professor Klingenberg and manufactured between 1900 and 1901. The company factory was bought by the politician Emil Rathenau, also the head of AEG. He renamed it to the Neue Automobil Gesellschaft (NAG for short), and the company produced cars until 1934.

Company history
The company of Berlin reported on 28 November 1899 a trademark for the name AAG, which was registered on 8 February 1900. Also in 1900 began the production of automobiles. The brand name was  AAG. In addition to the production of an own model, AAG also expelled motorized tricycles and electric cars from other manufacturers. 1901 ended the production. AEG took over the company and founded the National Automobile Company.

Vehicles
Georg Klingenberg constructed the only model that was also called Klingenberg-Car. It was a small car with a cylinder engine and 5 PS performance. The speed was given at 35 km / h. The first model of NAG was based on this vehicle.

title: AAG (1900 automobile)


text:
User:Ibawolf

I'm Ron Wolf, I learned about Wikipedia when I read on an mailing list related to the international language, Esperanto, about a website (Wikipedia) which had Esperanto content.

The rest, as they say, is history.

title: User:Ibawolf


text:
Ford CD3 platform

The Ford CD3 platform (for "C/D-class") is a Ford midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The platform is designed for either front, all-wheel drive or Ford's hybrid powertrain.

The platform is based on a unitized welded steel body (monocoque) with an independent short long arms (SLA) double wishbone front suspension with stabilizer bar and an independent multi-link twist blade rear suspension with stabilizer bar.

Ford Motor Company uses the CD3 platform design from the Mazda partnership as its first fully "digital" car, allowing the company to cut months of development time, saving money and bringing the vehicles to market more quickly. Engineers were able to virtually build an entire car prior to initiating construction, thereby improving vehicle fit and finish, tool clearances and production line ergonomics.

Vehicles using this platform include:
 * 2002–2008 Mazda 6 (GG)
 * 2006–2019 Besturn B70
 * 2006–2012 Ford Fusion (CD338)
 * 2006–2012 Lincoln Zephyr/MKZ (CD378)
 * 2006–2011 Mercury Milan (CD338)
 * 2007–2015 Mazda CX-9
 * 2007–2014 Ford Edge crossover SUV (U387)
 * 2007–2015 Lincoln MKX crossover SUV (U388)
 * 2008–2012 Mazda 6 (GH) (Note: modified platform)
 * 2009–2019 Besturn B50

Cancelled CD3 products:
 * 2009 Ford Flex crossover SUV (switched to D4)

title: Ford CD3 platform


text:
Raghad Hussein

Raghad Saddam Hussein (رغد صدام حسين; born 2 September 1968) is an Iraqi in exile and the eldest daughter of former Iraqi ruler Saddam Hussein.

Biography
Raghad Hussein was married in 1983 to Hussein Kamel al-Majid, her cousin who later defected in 1995 and shared government weapons secrets with UNSCOM, the CIA and MI6. Hussein Kamel was killed in 1996 along with his brother Saddam Kamel, allegedly by fellow clan members who declared them traitors. Saddam Hussein had allegedly made it clear that although he had pardoned both Hussein Kamel and his brother, they would lose all status, and would not receive any protection.

Raghad Hussein had five children with Hussein Kamel: three sons, Ali, Saddam and Wahej; and two daughters, Hareer and Banan.

In 2003, Raghad and many prominent Iraqi Baathists fled to Jordan where King Abdullah II gave her personal protection.

On July 2, 2006, the Iraqi government's national security advisor Muwaffaq al-Rubaie declared that Raghad and her mother were wanted because they supported the insurgency in Iraq. The Jordanian Prime Minister, Marouf al-Bakhit, made a statement that "Raghad was under the royal family's protection," and "the presence of Mrs. Raghad Saddam Hussein and her children in Jordan is motivated by humanitarian considerations. She is the guest of the Hashemite royal family (of King Abdullah II), and under its protection as a seeker of asylum in accordance with Arab tradition". Her exact location, however, has not been disclosed.

On December 30, 2006, Saddam Hussein was executed in Iraq. Prior to the execution, Raghad Hussein asked for her father's body to be temporarily buried in Yemen, until coalition forces are expelled from Iraq.

In February 2021, she appeared in a six-part televised interview on Al Arabiya in her first media appearance in years. She discussed her memories, family matters, and her willingness to eventually return to Iraq and play a political role, which created some diplomatic tensions in the region and controversy amongst public opinion in Iraq.

As of 2022, Raghad Hussein still lives in Jordan since leaving Iraq in 2003.

Arrest warrant
In August 2007, the international police agency Interpol announced that it had circulated an arrest warrant for Hussein, on suspicions that she and her aides had been assisting the insurgency in Iraq. These suspicions were reflected in an August 2014 article in Spiegel Online, which proposed the title "Terror Godmother". The article reports that, while living in opulence in Jordan, Hussein's fortune in the double-digit millions is used to support the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), with the ultimate goal of returning to regain power in Baghdad. Earlier in June, Fox News Channel had quoted such an intention expressed by Hussein in an interview she had given.

Hussein is listed on Iraq's most wanted list of individuals alongside 59 others. It also features 28 ISIL fighters, 12 from Al-Qaeda and 20 from the Baath party, giving details of the roles they play in their organisations, the crimes of which they are suspected, and, in most cases, photographs. , she was still living in Amman, but wished to come back to Iraq.

On 22 October 2023, a court in Baghdad sentenced her in absentia to seven years in prison for promoting activities of outlawed Baath party, during her television interviews in 2021.

title: Raghad Hussein


text:
AAG (1906 automobile)

The AAG was a four-cylinder, four-speed, shaft-driven car designed by an engineer named Burchardt. It was manufactured in Germany in 1906 and 1907.

title: AAG (1906 automobile)