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GMC Envoy

The GMC Envoy is a mid-size SUV manufactured and marketed by General Motors for the 1998 to 2009 model years over two generations. Adopting a nameplate used by GM Canada, the Envoy was a rebadged variant of the Chevrolet TrailBlazer, Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, and Saab 9-7X.

General Motors assembled the model line at its Moraine Assembly (Moraine, Ohio) and Oklahoma City Assembly (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma). Both facilities were closed by 2008, leading to the discontinuation of the model line. The Envoy was not directly replaced in the GMC model line as General Motors transitioned its smaller SUVs to unibody-chassis designs, introducing the smaller GMC Terrain and larger GMC Acadia.

First generation (1998–2000)
The first generation GMC Envoy was introduced for the 1998 model year. Introduced a year before the Chevrolet TrailBlazer, the Envoy was the highest-trim version of the GMC Jimmy SUV. In line with the Oldsmobile Bravada, the Envoy was fitted with a leather-trim interior, floor-mounted shifter, and a largely monochromatic exterior with aluminum-alloy wheels. In line with the TrailBlazer and the Bravada, the Envoy trim was offered only in the five-door version.

The Envoy had many extra features not available on the regular Jimmy 4-door including: a remote trunk release, heated driver's and passenger's seats, a Bose sound system, and High Intensity Discharge headlights. Optional features included: a power sunroof, a panic alarm, an anti-theft system, and a power front driver & passenger seat.

GMC ended sales of the first generation Envoy after the 2000 model year as the division adopted the name to replace the entire Jimmy SUV line for 2002.

Safety features
The 1998-2000 GMC Envoy had a four-wheel antilock braking system standard as well as standard front driver and passenger airbags. However, the Envoy received a Poor rating in the IIHS frontal offset crash test.

Second generation (2002–2009)
The second generation GMC Envoy was introduced in early 2001 as a 2002 model (skipping the 2001 model year). In line with the Chevrolet Trailblazer replacing the Chevrolet (S-10) Blazer, the 2002 Envoy replaced the GMC Jimmy five-door.

The Envoy was Motor Trend magazine's Sport/Utility of the Year for 2002. The 4200 Vortec 4200 engine I6 engine was named one of Ward's 10 Best Engines from 2002 to 2005.

Chassis
The second generation GMC Envoy uses the body-on-frame GMT360 chassis architecture. Ending its commonality with GM compact pickup trucks, the GMT360 chassis was designed from the ground up for SUV use. The frame rails are hydroformed and fully boxed for their entire length. The wheelbase grew to 113 inches (six inches longer than the first generation); for the first time, an extended-wheelbase version was introduced with a 129-inch wheelbase length (1 inch shorter than the GMC Yukon XL).

The front suspension used a double-wishbone independent configuration with Bilstein shock absorbers. The rear suspension featured a 5-link solid rear axle; load-leveling air suspension was an option for the rear axle.

The second-generation Envoy adopted four-wheel disc brakes as standard equipment.

Powertrain
For its 2002 debut, the GMT360 Envoy received an all-new standard engine, with a Vortec 4200 4.2L inline-6 replacing the previous 4.3L V6. The first inline-6 from GM in North America since 1984, the "Atlas" engine produced 270 hp (80 more than its V6 predecessor). Beginning in 2003, the Envoy XL could be equipped with an optional 290 hp 5.3L V8. For 2005, the 5.3L V8 was updated to include the Displacement on Demand variable-displacement system (using 4 of 8 cylinders during low-load situations), increasing output to 300 hp.

Alongside a standard rear-wheel drive layout, the GMT360 Envoy was offered with either permanent 2-wheel drive or a 4x4 "Shift On-Demand" system, offering 2-wheel drive, Automatic 4-wheel drive, and High-range and Low-range 4-wheel drive (the latter, in 2.69:1 reduction). Two rear axles were offered, a rear "Posi-Trac" limited-slip differential and an Eaton automatic rear locking differential.

Trim
Throughout its production run, the Envoy was available in three different trim levels:

The base SLE trim level was produced from 2002 to 2009, and included a plentiful amount of standard equipment, including full power equipment (power front seats, power door locks, power windows, and power mirrors), keyless entry, cloth seating surfaces, an A/M-F/M stereo with single-disc CD player (later, with satellite radio), a four-speaker audio system, OnStar, aluminum-alloy wheels, a full-size spare tire with black-painted steel spare wheel, a 65/35 split-folding rear bench seat, faux carbon fiber interior trim panels, a cruise control, a dual-zone, manual climate control system, the 4.2L Vortec Inline Six-Cylinder (I6) gasoline engine, and a four-speed automatic transmission. Optional features included an in-dash, six-disc CD changer, a Bose six-speaker premium amplified audio system, a rear DVD entertainment system by Panasonic, a security system, polished aluminum-alloy wheels, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual heated front bucket seats, and a power moonroof.

The uplevel SLT trim level, available from 2002 to 2009, added extra luxury and convenience features to the base SLE trim, including a six-disc, in-dash CD changer, a Bose six-speaker premium amplified audio system, OnStar, polished aluminum-alloy wheels, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual heated front bucket seats, Driver Information Center, faux wood interior trim panels, a universal garage door opener system with a travel note recorder, a dual-zone, automatic climate control system, and a driver's memory system for driver's seat, mirrors, and radio preset settings. Optional features included an in-dash, touchscreen GPS navigation system (later models), a rear DVD entertainment system by Panasonic, and a power moonroof.

The top-of-the-line Denali trim level, available from 2005 to 2008, was the most luxurious trim level of the Envoy, adding additional luxury features to the also luxurious SLT trim. Additional features included additional faux wood interior trim accents, a two-tone, luxury leather-trimmed interior, a 'Denali' emblem for the steering wheel, the 5.3L Vortec V8 gasoline engine, a power single-pane moonroof, unique chrome-plated aluminum-alloy wheels, satellite radio, and a chrome mesh front upper grille. Additional options included an in-dash, touchscreen GPS navigation system and a rear DVD entertainment system.

Body
Replacing the GMC Jimmy completely, the second-generation GMC Envoy was offered solely as a five-door SUV. Within the GMT360 model family, the Envoy shares its body most closely with the Isuzu Ascender; the two model lines differ primarily in their front bumpers, grille and side body moldings.

To accommodate third-row seating within the model line, an extended-length Envoy XL was introduced. Sixteen inches longer than the standard Envoy, the Envoy XL effectively bridged the gap in length between the full-size Yukon and Yukon XL SUVs. Distinguished by body-color C-pillars, the XL received its own rear door stampings. For 2004, GMC introduced the 5-passenger GMC Envoy XUV, combining the functionality of a pickup truck and an SUV. Derived from the Envoy XL, the XUV used a retractable rear roof and a folding "mid-gate" to create a plastic-lined reconfigurable cargo area.

2003
For 2003, to lower the price of the model line, GMC began to offer several options as stand-alone features (instead of grouping them together); front-seat side airbags were demoted to optional status. The headlight switch was revised, allowing an override of the Daytime Running Lamps (DRLs). The head restraints were revised from 4-way to 2-way movement.

A 290 hp 5.3L V8 was introduced as an option for standard-length Envoys and the Envoy XL; all versions received a 22-gallon fuel tank.

2004
The model year was largely carryover for the Envoy SUV. For the interior, adjustable pedals became an option, alongside XM Satellite Radio and an optional DVD-based navigation system. Derived from the Envoy XL, the Envoy XUV was a retractable-roof vehicle, combining the design capability of a SUV with a pickup truck.

2005
Following the discontinuation of the Oldsmobile Bravada, GMC expanded its Denali model range to the Envoy for 2005, including both versions of the model line. Along with its own grille design and chromed alloy wheels, the interior received standard leather trim, heated power seats, rain-sensing windshield wipers, and upgraded wood trim.

For all versions of the Envoy, GMC introduced revised seats; optional side airbags were replaced by full-length side curtain airbags (covering all three rows of seats in the Envoy XL). The DVD navigation system option was updated, adopting a touchscreen interface.

The 5.3L V8 was upgraded with a variable-displacement Displacement on Demand system, using four of eight cylinders in low-workload driving.

2006
For 2006, Stabilitrak stability control was made a standard feature alongside cruise control, OnStar, and a tire pressure monitoring system. The Envoy Denali received updated 18-inch alloy wheels.

Following low sales of the vehicle, the Envoy XUV was dropped from the model line for 2006.

2007
Following the discontinuation of the Envoy XL, all versions of the model line were now offered with five-passenger seating.

2008
For 2008, side-curtain airbags (introduced as an option in 2005) were made standard.

2009
For 2009, few functional changes were made, with Bluetooth wireless technology for wireless phones added as a new option.

Following the closure of Moraine Assembly, GMC ended sales of the model line after the 2009 model year, with its role in the GMC line largely succeeded by the GMC Terrain CUV/wagon. This marked the Envoy's final year.

Recall
In 2012, General Motors had recalled more than 258,000 SUVs in the U.S. and Canada to fix short-circuits in power window and door lock switches that could cause fires. The recall covered Chevrolet TrailBlazer, GMC Envoy, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender and Saab 9-7X SUVs from the 2006 and 2007 model years. The SUVs were sold or registered in 20 U.S. states, Washington, D.C., and Canada, where salt and other chemicals are used to clear roads in the winter.

Envoy XL
From 2002 to 2006, GMC offered the extended-wheelbase Envoy XL SUV. Sixteen inches longer in wheelbase and length than the standard-length Envoy, the longer body of the XL was designed for third-row seating. To improve access and rear-seat room, the roofline over the third-row seat was raised (shrouded slightly with a standard roof rack).

Extended to a 129-inch wheelbase, the Envoy XL was only one inch shorter than the full-size Yukon XL (Chevrolet Suburban) in wheelbase, conceding to its full-size counterparts in width. The Envoy XL (also produced as a Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT and Isuzu Ascender) served as the basis of the GMC Envoy XUV (see below).

Following the closure of the Oklahoma City Assembly facility, the Envoy XL was dropped from the model line, with its 7-passenger midsize role largely replaced by the GMC Acadia CUV wagon (which also replaced the GMC Safari).

Envoy XUV
For 2004 and 2005, GMC offered the five-passenger Envoy XUV retractable-roof vehicle. Similar in concept to the 2001 GMC Terracross (a mid-size SUV concept), the Envoy XUV modernized the retractable roof concept of the 1960s Studebaker Wagonaire. To reconfigure the interior cargo space, the XUV was fitted with a "midgate" (similar to the Chevrolet Avalanche). Derived from the long-wheelbase chassis of the Envoy XL, the Envoy XUV design was exclusive to GMC.

Externally, the vehicle was distinguished by large chrome rails above the cargo area (housing the retractable rear roof) and variant-specific taillamps. In place of the liftgate, a two-way tailgate was used (side-hinged or bottom hinged) with a retractable rear window.

Selling far under sales projections, GM ended sales of the XUV before the end of the 2005 model year.

Cargo configuration
Marketed by its ability to combine the cargo-carrying aspects of both SUVs and pickup trucks, the Envoy XUV used the midgate to partition the passenger compartment from the rear cargo area (replacing the third-row seating of the XL). The cargo compartment was plastic-lined, allowing it to be hosed clean (with an onboard drainage system). To accommodate tall cargo, the rear roof panel could be retracted forward; to increase the size of the cargo compartment, the midgate and rear seats were folded down, creating a flat, plastic-lined floor (other bulky cargo could be transported by retracting the rear window or lowering the tailgate).

Discontinuation
The Envoy (along with the Chevrolet TrailBlazer, Buick Rainier, Isuzu Ascender, and Saab 9-7X) were discontinued by GM during the 2009 model year. On December 23, 2008, Moraine Assembly ended production, with a white GMC Envoy as its final vehicle. The closing of the last factory that manufactured the trucks was the subject of a 2009 HBO documentary: The Last Truck: Closing of a GM Plant.

While Chevrolet revived the TrailBlazer nameplate as both an SUV and as a compact CUV; neither vehicle has been produced with a GMC counterpart (the Envoy nameplate remains retired).

title: GMC Envoy


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Shifeng Bridge

Shifeng Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge on Beijing's western 5th Ring Road. It is near Wanping, near the Marco Polo Bridge.

Nearly 1.4 kilometres in length, it is a trademark bridge of the 5th Ring Road.

Under the bridge runs many railways to other parts of China.

The bridge is so named because it crosses from Shijingshan District into Fengtai District.

Shifeng Bridge is well illuminated at night.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shifeng Bridge


text:
User talk:RecepY

Hi RecepY, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thankyou for finding the time to sign up and contribute to our little project. If you're in doubt about anything, you might want to check out the Help centre, the FAQs, or the Manual of Style; otherwise, don't hesitate to ask questions at my talk page, or at the Village Pump.

The most important thing to remember is to be bold when editing and creating pages!

It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself.

When contributing to a talk page, you can sign your name by typing four tildes after your comments, like this: ~. This will automatically add your username and a timestamp.

Above all, have fun!

TPK 13:26, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem RE: Image:Royal road map.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Royal road map.jpg. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
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The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikipedia, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 3 basic ways to licence an image on Wikipedia:
 * An open content licence
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 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of his work by licencing their work under an open content license like the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5.  The GNU Free Documentation License is another choice for licencing one's work.  Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag: GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release his work into the public domain, see here for images released into the public domain.

 * Images from certain sources are automatically release into the Public Domain. This is true for most governments like the federal United States government. (See   here  for images from the government of the USA and here for other governments)  However not all governments release their work into the public domain, such as the UK government (See here for images from the UK government).  Non-free licence governments are listed here.

 * Also, in some cases, an image is copyrighted but allowed on Wikipedia because of Fair Use. To see if this image qualifies and then how to tag it, see Fair use.

For any other sources of for more information see Image copyright tags. Please remember that if you don't tag your images, they will be deleted.

 * P.S. If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them.  Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. -- SCEhard T 23:44, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RecepY


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Gustav Ernesaks

Gustav Ernesaks (12 December 1908 – 24 January 1993) was an Estonian composer and a choir conductor.

Biography
Ernesaks was born in Perila, Peningi Parish. He played an integral role in the Singing Revolution and was one of the father figures of the Estonian Song Festival tradition. One of his songs, a setting of Lydia Koidula's poem Mu isamaa on minu arm, became an unofficial national anthem during the years of Estonian SSR. His performance of the song at the XVII Estonian Song Festival was one of the inspirations for Dmitri Shostakovich's 1970 a capella choral cycle, Loyalty. He dedicated the score to Ernesaks, who also premiered it in Tallinn. He also composed the Estonian SSR anthem used between 1945 and 1990.

In 1935, Ernesaks married Stella Merjam. They had three sons: Ott Ernesaks, Jüri Ernesaks and Peep Ernesaks. Stella died in 1973. Ernesaks died in Tallinn, aged 84. A statue of him was erected in 2004 on the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds.

Honours and awards

 * Soviet Union
 * Hero of Socialist Labour (1974)
 * People's Artist of the USSR (1956)
 * Stalin Prizes;
 * 2nd class (1947)
 * 3rd class (1951) – for the opera Tormide rand ("The Coast of Storms"; 1949)
 * Lenin Prize (1970)
 * Order of Lenin, three times (1974, 1951, 1967)
 * Order of the October Revolution (1978)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1946)
 * Order of the Badge of Honour, twice (1965, 1988)

 * Estonia
 * Order of the Estonian Red Cross, 5th class (1938)
 * Honoured Artist of the Estonian SSR (1942)
 * People's Artist of the Estonian SSR (1947)
 * State Prize of the Estonian SSR (1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1959, 1965)

title: Gustav Ernesaks


text:
User talk:Mehrenberg

. JFW | T@lk  13:28, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

PS Your work on pneumonia is appreciated! As you are obviously a doctor (general/internal medicine), would you be interested to join the Doctors' mess at the Wikiproject "Clinical medicine". It deals with all things medical, and apart from the surgeons, a lot of specialisms seem to be respresented :-).

Hello. I could not find any literature to back up my statement about the duration of gastroenteritis while using loperamide (at least if used in correct dosage) and I have corrected this, while adding that it is not recommended in children due to high incidence of toxicity (and i suppose, although i didn't write this, the difficulty for non-medical staff to administer the correct dosage). Feel free to add/change things. Cheers! ;p BjarteSorensen 22:53, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Structure of medical articles
Hi Mehrenberg, thanks for all your medical input. I saw how you reorganised rheumatoid arthritis. Please don't forget that News style intros make an "Introduction" unnecessary, unless the introductory material is longer than can be covered in the 2-3 lines of a news-style intro. Also, a category header is not necessary. Categories actually show up at the top in some older skins (e.g. Classic). Finally, I strongly suggest that medical articles start with "Features", "Diagnosis", "Pathophysiology" and things like "History" only right at the end. Of course public health problems should probably have "Epidemiology" at the top, while historical diseases (Bubonic plague) may have to start with "History". Generally, most readers couldn't care less that their disease was discovered by some French guy in the 19th century... JFW | T@lk  06:56, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree to the article structure in principle, but I disagree that epidemiology and history should have such a prominent place in the beginning. My compromise would be that some historical/epidemiological info should go in the intro ("lead section"), with the rest going in proper sections at the end of the article. An examples:
 * Recognised since the 19th century, this disease affects 10% of all adults in the Western world, with even higher rates occurring in India and Southeast Asia.
 * Please advise if you can live with such an arrangement. Of course, a different arrangement should exist for malaria and tuberculosis, which are better known as a public health problem to most readers than as something that would affect them personally... JFW | T@lk  10:51, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * PS: Shall we take this discussion to the Wikiproject talk page?

Category
Placed category physician on your user page. --Nomen Nescio 10:07, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Paid Editing Project
Hi: My name is Tess and I work for a global independent research firm in New York. I am interested in hiring you for a Wikipedia editing project, based on your technology and medical experience and expertise. I attempted to email you through your user page. If you received it, please read it over and contact me with any questions. If you did not receive this email, please let me know and I would be more than happy to tell you more about this project. (You can call 512-651-1797). Thank you and I hope to hear from you soon!

Type of doctor
What type of doctor are you, internist, surgeon...? Jack Daw 13:33, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

I am an internist Mehrenberg 22:27, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Cardiology task force
-- Addbot (talk) 00:06, 7 January 2013 (UTC) T.F.AlHammouri (talk) 22:13, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

The Wikipedia Library now offering accounts from Cochrane Collaboration (sign up!)
The Wikipedia Library gets Wikipedia editors free access to reliable sources that are behind paywalls. Because you are signed on as a medical editor, I thought you'd want to know about our most recent donation from Cochrane Collaboration. Cheers, Ocaasit | c 20:43, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Cochrane Collaboration is an independent medical nonprofit organization that conducts systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of health-care interventions, which it then publishes in the Cochrane Library.
 * Cochrane has generously agreed to give free, full-access accounts to 100 medical editors. Individual access would otherwise cost between $300 and $800 per account.
 * If you are still active as a medical editor, come and sign up :)

Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, an open access peer reviewed journal with no charges, invites you to participate
Hi

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 D ip ta ns hu Talk 14:22, 11 August 2016 (UTC) -on behalf of the Editorial Board, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine.

title: User talk:Mehrenberg


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Jay Peak Resort

Jay Peak Resort is an American ski resort located on Jay Peak in the northern Green Mountains, between Jay, Vermont and Montgomery Center, Vermont. Its vertical drop of 2153 ft is the eighth largest in New England and the fifth largest in Vermont. Although mostly located in the town of Jay, part of the resort, including the summit of Jay Peak, the Jet Triple Chair area, and much of the Big Jay backcountry descent, is located in the town of Westfield, Vermont, to the south. The northernmost part of the resort is just 4 miles (6.5 km) south of the Canada–United States border, above which is the Province of Quebec.

The resort opened for skiing in 1957 and later expanded to year-round activities. The mountain offers 81 trails served by nine lifts. It receives the most snowfall of any ski area in the Northeastern U.S. and is known for its gladed skiing.

In 2008, Jay Peak Resort was purchased by a group of investors headed by Ariel Quiros and the resort's CEO, Bill Stenger. They raised money from EB5 investors and undertook a major expansion of the resort's facilities, adding, among other things, new hotels, condos, an ice rink and a water park. In 2016, Jay Peak and another Vermont mountain, Burke Mountain Ski Area, were seized by U.S. government officials amid investigations regarding fraudulent offerings of securities. Quiros and Stenger pleaded guilty and received prison sentences.

The resort was operated under US government receivership for more than six years, and in 2022 it was purchased by Pacific Group Resorts, Inc., with proceeds going to the defrauded EB5 investors.

First half century
Jay Peak was incorporated by Harold Haynes in 1955. That same year, the resort purchased its first ski lift, a T-bar, and in January 1957 it opened for skiing. Many ski trails were carved into the mountain during the 1950s by its first ski school director/general manager, Walter Foeger, an Austrian and former racer who had previously trained the Spanish Olympic ski team. In 1968 Weyerhaeuser invested $300,000 in the predecessor organization, Jay Peak, Inc., and loaned it $2.2 million. A 48-room hotel was built in the mid-1970s. In 1978 Mont Saint-Sauveur International, a Canadian firm, bought the resort.

In 2006, the resort employed 550 people in the winter, 100 in the summer. The following year, the resort agreed to pay the State of Vermont $105,000 for violating stormwater rules in polluting a stream while building a new golf course. Despite a drop in skier visits statewide during the 2006–2007 season, Jay Peak saw a record year with skier visits up 7%. In 2007–2008, the resort reported a record 320,000 skiers for the winter. In 2008, it was the second biggest employer in the area. In 2008, the resort was valued by the town of Jay at slightly over $12 million.

EB-5 fraud; water park, ice arena, hotel and other improvements
By 2008, the resort's owner, Mount Saint-Sauveur, began an EB-5 visa program to finance development. That year, a group headed by Miami businessman Ariel Quiros and the resort's CEO, Bill Stenger, purchased the resort. Before the purchase of Jay, Quiros claimed that he needed to verify the existence of the $18 million already raised by Mount Saint-Sauveur through the EB-5 program. He persuaded the sellers to put the funds into an account at Raymond James Financial, which employed his son-in-law, who helped to retitle the accounts in Quiros' name immediately before the closing of the sale of Jay. They transferred the funds to other accounts, misusing the EB-5 funds to pay part of the purchase price; they used more EB-5 funds raised later to complete the payments owed to Mount Saint-Sauveur.

The new resort company's plan was to invest $100 million in capital improvements for the resort over the next few years. The resort company raised $250 million by 2010, for improvements at Jay and other nearby projects and purchases, including Burke Mountain Ski Area, from 250 investors from 43 companies through the incentive of the EB-5 program. Under this visa program, every $500,000 invested in the U.S. that results in ten new jobs gains the investor permanent U.S. residence. Separately from that program, but as part of its ongoing planning, the resort engaged in a three-way swap with the State of Vermont in 2010. The State deeded 59.8 acre to the resort. The resort relinquished its lease to a 418 acre parcel of nearby undeveloped forest back to the state and sold 166 acre to the Green Mountain Club to ensure that the nearby 3.5 mi of Long Trail would have a permanent buffer from ski-area development.

In 2010, $13 million worth of improvements at Jay were completed including an indoor ice arena, a parking garage, an enclosed beginners surface lift, and a new RFID ticketing system. The old Hotel Jay was razed and replaced with a new 170-room hotel. The new facilities also include a spa, conference center, movie theatre and 33000 sqft water park. Also in 2010, Yankee magazine named Jay as the best ski resort in New England. In 2011, the resort agreed to pay an $80,000 fine to the United States Environmental Protection Agency for filling in 2 acres of wetlands to construct a golf course in 2004–2006, without a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This was the same event for which the resort had paid a fine to the state in 2007. Over the ensuing years, the resort repeatedly postponed plans to expand its skiing terrain to a new area to be known as the West Bowl; it is not clear whether the resort ever obtained the support of the state to conduct the necessary cutting and construction in the forest.

By 2014, some EB-5 investors had complained to the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation (DFR) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that the resort company had abruptly reclassified their investments. The investigators found the resort company's answers to their questions about the use of the funds to be evasive. They eventually found that Quiros had diverted millions of the dollars raised for his personal use and that Stenger had lied to investors and the SEC about, among other things, the status of some of the construction projects, some of which were never built, including a biotechnology plant in Newport, Vermont.

On April 14, 2016, Jay Peak and Burke Mountain were seized by U.S. government officials. The resort remained operational under management of an SEC-designated receiver, Michael Goldberg, and acting CEO Steve Wright, who was previously Jay Peak's marketing director. On January 15, 2019, Goldberg announced that the resort had been offered for sale. The SEC recovered $81 million from Quiros (including the ski area assets), who pleaded guilty in 2020 to federal crimes including wire fraud, money laundering and obstructing investigators. He was sentenced to five years in prison. Stenger cooperated with the investigation and pleaded guilty in 2021 to supplying false statements to federal investigators. He was sentenced to 18 months in prison (but served 10 months) and a further 3 years of home confinement, and he was fined $250,000. A third conspirator, William Kelly, also received fines and a prison sentence. Raymond James Financial paid a $150 million settlement for its part in the fraud.

2022–present; purchase by Pacific Group Resorts
As of 2022, Jay Peak employed more than 1,200 people in the winter and about half that number year-round; profits increased, during the receivership, from $2 million to $10 million annually.

In September 2022, after operating the resort for more than six years, Goldberg conducted an auction of the resort in which the winner was Pacific Group Resorts, Inc. of Park City, Utah, with a bid of $76 million. The sale was approved by the federal court, which ordered that approximately $70 million of the purchase funds were to be distributed to the defrauded EB-5 investors, representing about 40% of their original investments. The transaction was completed in November 2022. Pacific stated that it had no plans to make "major changes" to winter operations at the resort.

In February 2024, five Jay Peak Resort employees working in the water park under the J-1 visa program were fired by the resort after posting a photo of themselves on social media wearing home-made Swastika armbands and giving a Nazi salute.

Trails and lifts
As of 2024, the mountain offers 81 trails covering nearly 385 acres of skiable terrain. About two dozen of these are off-piste tree-skiing areas, or glades, covering approximately 100 acres. Jay Peak is home to the "Face Chutes," arguably the most challenging and steepest marked terrain in the east with an average slope of 56.5 percent (almost 30°) and a maximum slope of 73.9 percent (37°). The "Face Chutes" consist of four skiable lines, the most challenging being the 3 lines to skier's right, all of which are extremely narrow and include a mandatory cliff drop. The ski area is known for its gladed skiing.

Jay Peak has a lift fleet consisting of an aerial tram, six chairlifts and two magic carpet surface lifts. It is one of two ski resorts on the east coast that has and aerial tram, the other being Cannon Mountain in New Hampshire.

The mountain has a total uphill capacity of approximately 12,820 skiers/hour. The oldest of the lifts, the 60-person aerial tramway, also known as the "tram", is the only one of its type in the State of Vermont. This tramway was originally installed in 1966 by Von Roll and upgraded in 2000 with new cabins from Garaventa.

In 1985, the resort purchased the Jet Triple chair from Doppelmayr to replace a T-Bar. This was followed in 1987 with the purchase of the Bonaventure Quad which replaced a double chairlift. In 1999 the resort removed the Green Mountain Double chair, which had serviced the north side of the mountain for 30 years, and replaced it with the Green Mountain Flyer (dubbed the "Green Mountain Freezer" by skiers because of its notoriously cold ride due to the strong winds blowing on it), the mountain's first high-speed detachable chairlift. The other five lifts serve the lower mountain terrain.

In May 2016 the state raised concerns over the safety of the aerial tramway, which resulted in $4.5 million worth of electronic upgrades and carriage overhauls. The capacity of the two tram cars was reduced from 60 to 45 at this time.

To gain access to the lifts, an RFID system scans a chip embedded in a plastic card which is typically held in the skier's pocket.

Snowfall
The summit is at an elevation of 3,968 feet (1,209 m), with a 2,153 foot (656 m) vertical drop. Jay Peak has the largest average annual snowfall of any ski area in Eastern North America. The resort states its annual snowfall at 359 inches (9.1 metres), while the Zrankings ski resort data site calculates it at 322 inches, excluding October and May snow, writing: "Jay Peak's location near the northern tip of the Green Mountains and its proximity to large bodies of water means it often catches moist air. As this moist air is forced upwards by the mountain's topography, it cools and condenses, leading to snowfall, a process known as orographic lift.

Other facilities
The resort has two base lodges and a small lodge at the summit where the aerial tram terminates. There are also hotel facilities and a large number of ski-in/ski-out condominium units on the lower part of the mountain.

Features at Jay include a league-sized hockey rink, the Ice Haus, with room for 700 spectators. Next to it is a 220 space parking garage, where 80% of the slots are covered. In 2011, an indoor water park named The Pump House opened. It features the longest "lazy river" in Vermont. The resort also has a cross-country ski center, a recreation center with climbing walls and a movie theatre, athletic fields, and an 18-hole golf course.

title: Jay Peak Resort


text:
The Reality Dysfunction

The Reality Dysfunction is a science fiction novel by British writer Peter F. Hamilton, the first book in The Night's Dawn Trilogy. It is followed by The Neutronium Alchemist and The Naked God. It was first published in the United Kingdom by Macmillan Publishers on 26 January 1996. The first US edition, which was broken into two volumes, Emergence and Expansion (the UK paperback is not), followed in July and August 1997 from Time Warner Books. The second US edition, published by Orbit Books in October 2008, is published in a single volume.

In some countries, the paperback editions were split into two (Germany and the United States), three (France) or four volumes (Italy and Portugal) per book. Usually the first volume is a translation of "Emergence".

Background
The novel is set in the 26th and 27th centuries. The opening chapters cover a period of some thirty years, with the bulk of the story set in the years 2610 and 2611 AD.

A timeline in the appendix briskly covers the future history of the human race, from the settling of the Moon and the opening up of space to commercial exploitation to the founding of the Confederation. Humanity is split into two strands, the Adamists and the Edenists.

The Edenists possess the affinity gene, which allows telepathic communication between one another and the construction and use of bio-technological (or 'bitek') constructs, including sentient, living starships (voidhawks) and enormous space habitats. The Edenists inhabit sentient habitats orbiting gas giants, which they mine for helium-3, and they have a much greater standard of living than their Adamist counterparts.

The Adamists, divided into numerous nation-states, are 'classic' humans who employ mechanical and cybernetic technology and use implants to achieve their ends. The Adamists mostly reject bitek for religious and cultural reasons, but it is later revealed that certain individuals working within Earth's government have discouraged the use of bitek for fear of losing their ability to influence the development of mankind. Some Adamists still use bitek, such as 'blackhawks', advanced living spacecraft similar to Edenist voidhawks, with enhanced combat capabilities.

Despite their cultural, ideological and religious differences, the Edenists and Adamists generally work together in a forum known as the Confederation, which seeks to regulate interstellar trade, prevent war and repress the use and spread of antimatter, the most feared weapon of mass destruction at the time of the novels.

Humanity has only encountered three extraterrestrial races: the Jiciro, a race in the stages of an Industrial Revolution that the Confederation is observing discreetly; the Tyrathca, an insectoid species fleeing the destruction of their home world through a nova; and the Kiint, an incredibly advanced, ancient species who adopt a slightly condescending policy of non-interference in human affairs, but occasionally help with scientific research in areas of mutual interest. The Kiint only occupy one planet and do not possess starships, claiming to have passed beyond the need for economics and now exist purely to learn more about the universe. The Confederation has also found the ruins of a race known as the Laymil who, for reasons unknown, committed racial suicide some two thousand years prior to the start of the novels.

Plot summary
The Reality Dysfunction opens in the year 2581 with a war raging between two worlds, Omuta and Garissa, over three hundred and eighty seven mineral-rich asteroids known as the Dorados. The war escalates in a matter of months and it is rumoured that Garissa has developed an ultimate weapon of mass destruction known only as 'The Alchemist'. The Alchemist deployment mission, on the starship Beezling and its two escorts, is intercepted by blackhawk mercenaries. Two of the ships survive, although they are crippled and stranded far from the nearest system. Dr. Alkad Mzu, creator of the Alchemist, survives the attack. Shortly after, the Omutans drop fifteen antimatter planet-busters on Garissa, rendering the planet uninhabitable and killing the majority of the ninety-five million inhabitants. The Confederation imposes a 30-year blockade around Omuta, and executes its government.

Many millions of years earlier, the extremely rare conditions on a moon orbiting a gas giant in a remote galaxy allow for the creation of a lifeform able to 'transcend' to a purely energy-based (later known as energistic) state, the Ly-Cilph. The Ly-cilph become explorers of the universe, determined to know all that can be known about space and time. Over the course of aeons, they explore the universe and, presently, one arrives in the Milky Way galaxy.

An Edenist voidhawk named Iasius returns home to Saturn to die. As is traditional, a mating flight is called, with many voidhawks and even a blackhawk, Udat, joining Iasius on its final voyage into Saturn's atmosphere. As it descends, the other ships energise its bitek eggs, which are taken to nest in Saturn's rings. After several months, when the eggs are large enough, the infant children of Iasius' captain, Athene, are placed within them, so ship and captain experience infancy together, forming an unbreakable bond of love. The ship that grows from the egg energised by Udat, Oenone, becomes the most notable of the new brood of voidhawks, and its captain, Syrinx, the most wilful. As with many Edenists, Syrinx and Oenone volunteer to serve a tour of duty with the Confederation Navy, but the destruction of their fellow ship Graeae (commanded by Syrinx's brother, Thetis) by an Adamist starship (called the Dymasio) using antimatter causes Syrinx to take a dim view of Adamists in general from that point on. She finishes her service with the Navy and then goes into cargo shipping.

A group of colonists arrive on the frontier world of Lalonde from Earth. Grossly overpopulated, with tens, sometimes hundreds of millions of people crammed into domed cities called arcologies, many people on Earth dream of escaping to virgin worlds with open skies above their heads. However, Lalonde is a typical stage-one colony world, dirty and corrupt with a ridiculously low level of technology. The latest colonists, mostly from Earth's European arcologies, vow to create a peaceful, safe society. They are taken by steamboat up the mighty Juliffe River to found their new township, which they name Aberdale. Among the colonists are the Skibbow family, whose patriarch, Gerald, is excited about the prospect of living as a farmer. His teenage daughter, Marie, is less impressed and vows to escape back to Earth at the first opportunity. Also among the colonists are Father Horst Elwes, a Christian priest, and a large number of 'Ivets' (Involuntary Transportees), petty criminals from Earth sentenced to work on the colony worlds to repay their debt to society. Unbeknown to the authorities, one of the Ivets, Quinn Dexter, is a member of the Light Brother sect (devil worshippers) and is armed with highly advanced information implants which have escaped detection. Dexter soon exerts his command over all the other Ivets through the use of satanic rituals, whilst simultaneously ingratiating himself with the colonists. His act does not fool Powel Manani, the town's assigned settlement supervisor. Around this time the Ly-cilph arrives on Lalonde and studies Aberdale. Its curiosity is piqued when Father Elwes manages to see it, since few species are capable of perceiving it.

Joshua Calvert is a resident of Tranquillity, an independent bitek habitat (one of only five such habitats) orbiting the gas giant Mirchusko. Tranquillity was founded to study the Ruin Ring, the remains of some forty thousand alien habitats which apparently self-destructed two thousand years ago. It was created by the strictly Christian Kulu Kingdom, but when its founder Prince Michael Saldana chose to also accept affinity gene implants and have them inherited by his children, Tranquillity was excommunicated by the Kingdom and its leaders disinherited. Since then it has flourished as a tax haven, a trustworthy base for blackhawk mating flights, and an exclusive business locale in its area of the Confederation. Calvert has inherited a trader starship, the Lady MacBeth, from his late father, but the ship was heavily damaged in an unknown incident (Calvert makes up several stories during the course of the novel to explain this incident, all false; the incident is later explained in the short story 'Escape Route' in the short story collection A Second Chance at Eden) and is no longer operational. Calvert dreams of making a big find in the Ruin Ring to finance repairs. Much to his surprise, Calvert indeed strikes lucky, finding a virtually intact memory core with the first-ever images of the reason for the Laymil racial suicide. However, decoding the information will take some time. Calvert sells his find for nearly seven million six hundred thousand fuseodollars, fixes up the Lady MacBeth and begins his life as a trader captain. He also starts a relationship with Ione Saldana, the current ruler of Tranquillity.

Also on Tranquillity is Dr. Alkad Mzu, who has been imprisoned on the habitat for nearly thirty years. How she escaped the situation at the start of the novel is not explained. Mzu is kept under the watchful eye of half a dozen major Confederation intelligence agencies to ensure that her knowledge of the Alchemist is not revealed to anyone else. From time to time, Mzu asks ship captains for passage off the habitat, knowing that such requests will be vetoed by Ione Saldana. She asks both Calvert and Meyer, the captain of the Udat, for aid but both times they refuse to help after Saldana intervenes.

On Lalonde Dexter encounters a group of people hiding in the jungle, led by the authoritative Laton. Laton is a 'Serpent', an Edenist who has rejected his society and, for lack of a better term, 'gone bad'. More than thirty-five years ago Laton tried to stage a coup to seize control of a habitat called Jantrit, using a proteinic virus to threaten it with destruction. In the resulting chaos the habitat was destroyed (the only Edenist habitat ever lost) with more than a million deaths. The Confederation Navy believed it had killed Laton, but Laton had evaded capture and fled into obscurity in the wilds of Lalonde. Laton, impressed with Dexter's resourcefulness (but disgusted by his religion), offers him a place in his organisation, whose goal is the discovery of true immortality. Dexter pretends to agree, knowing refusal will mean death. Realising that Dexter is faking his interest, Laton arranges for the villagers to discover that the Ivets are satanists. In the resulting chaos most of Dexter's followers are killed. The remaining few take Powel Manani prisoner and sacrifice him in a grisly ceremony. At this moment, the observing Ly-cilph detects a strange energy current streaming from Manani through a quantum fracture in the space-time continuum. The Ly-cilph attempts to investigate by following the energy current, only to find it flooding into an energistic vacuum. Unable to extricate itself, the Ly-cilph goes into hibernation whilst still halfway between the two dimensions. This allows the strange energy forms in the dimension beyond to cross back into our universe.

The result is utter mayhem. Several of the strange entities seize control of Dexter and his followers, in effect 'possessing' them. Able to call upon powers from the other realm, such as the ability to control and alter matter and hurl powerful white fireballs around, they then seize control of Aberdale and Laton's compound, forcing the inhabitants to accept possession or death. Father Elwes escapes onto the savannah with most of Aberdale's children, but not before one of the possessed reveals a terrible secret: the possessing entities are the souls of humans who have died and been trapped, some of them for millennia, in an absolute void where the only way to pass the time is to parasitically feed on the memories and experiences of others. And there are billions of them in the darkness still screaming for escape.

At the moment Laton is possessed, he manages to generate a tremendously powerful affinity SOS. This reaches the only two Edenists on the planet, a pair of agents from the Edenist Intelligence agency. They travel upriver to investigate, but are neutralised by the possessed. They manage to alert Ralph Hiltch (the Kulu External Security Agency's Lalonde head of station) and Kelven Solanki (from Confederation Navy Intelligence) to the threat, although not its nature. With the subversion spreading across the planet, the governor authorises the recruitment of mercenaries to put down what he perceives as an 'Ivet uprising'. Unbeknown to the governor, several possessed have already infiltrated the capital, Durringham, and taken passage on ships bound for other worlds.

One of these ships is the Lady MacBeth. Calvert has hit on the idea of transporting Lalonde's legendarily tough wood (called Mayope) to the pastoral planet of Norfolk, which has banned all high technology. The idea sounds crazy, but it gets around Norfolk's ban on high-tech items and gives Calvert access to the planet's lucrative market in 'Norfolk Tears', the most desired alcoholic beverage in the galaxy. Calvert also begins a relationship with Louise Kavanagh, the young and naive daughter of Joshua's business partner, Grant. Although Calvert treats the relationship as a bit of fun, Louise falls in love with Joshua and, due to her planet's lack of chemical contraceptive, falls pregnant shortly after he leaves. Unfortunately for Norfolk, Calvert's passenger on the flight from Lalonde was a man called Quinn Dexter.

Syrinx and Oenone arrive at Atlantis, the only planet colonised by Edenists (and unsurprisingly, entirely covered in a vast planet-ranging ocean), to purchase seafood to transport to Norfolk to trade for their Tears. During the stay at Pernik Island, Syrinx develops a relationship with an Edenist by the name of Mosul, the son of the family patriarch and guardian of the family fishing business. Mosul and Syrinx develop a contract which includes Syrinx's return to distribute ten percent of Syrinx's stock to the inhabitants of Pernik Island. However, the possessed have infiltrated Atlantis, led by the possessed Laton. They have taken control of Pernik Island and plan to possess Syrinx in the hope of possessing Oenone as well. Syrinx is captured and tortured as a prelude to possession. The plot backfires when Laton, having taken the time to study his possessing soul, manages to gain access to Pernik Island. He saves Syrinx, allows the crew of Oenone to rescue her (and gives them a message to take to Jupiter), and then causes the island to self-destruct, killing all of the possessed on it.

Laton's departure from Lalonde was observed by a reporter. Within days half the Confederation knows that the most infamous Serpent of them all has returned, and a Confederation-wide quarantine to prevent the spread of Laton and his proteanic virus is enacted.

On Tranquillity data from the Laymil information stack reveals that their homeworld in the Mirchusko system (which does not seem to exist any more) was taken over by a 'reality dysfunction', triggered by the 'Galheith research death essence tragedy'. The data shows the Laymil homeworld being overrun by a red cloud of unknown origin.

On Lalonde the possessed close to within a few hundred kilometres of Durringham. As they advance, a strange red cloud starts forming above centres of possessed activity. Ralph Hiltch and Kelven Solanki evacuate their respective personnel from the planet. Hiltch's team manage to capture a possessed before they leave (this possessed is controlling the body of Gerald Skibbow of Aberdale) Solanki's report reaches the Confederation Navy, which swiftly organises a fleet to quarantine Lalonde.

On Norfolk Quinn Dexter manages to reassert control of his body, by feeding his possessor images of his depraved activities as a satanist to the point where the possessor starts behaving like Dexter and then retreats into a catatonic state. Enhanced with his ex-possessor's energistic power, Dexter swiftly organises the possessed and they rapidly start taking over the planet.

Several more possessed reach the independent bitek habitat Valisk in the Srinagar system and begin possessing several inhabitants as a prelude to taking over the entire habitat. They are led by Kiera, who has possessed the body of Marie Skibbow from Aberdale. Dariat, one of the children of Rubra, the eccentric genius who founded Valisk and then transferred his personality into it upon his death, becomes aware of their activities and volunteers to help them, so he can revenge himself upon the manipulative Rubra. His knowledge of the habitat's surveillance techniques and how to evade them proves invaluable to the possessed. They kill him, and then guide his soul into a new body to give him the same powers they possess.

The Kulu embassy staff reach Ombey, the nearest Kulu colony world to Lalonde. However, when they bring their possessed prisoner out of zero-tau (a form of suspension which reduces energy movements to zero, effectively freezing time), they find the possessing spirit has fled, leaving the traumatised, broken form of Gerald Skibbow within. Princess Kirsten Saldana, the Saldana family member responsible for Ombey, is rapidly forced to declare a state of emergency when it is revealed that three personnel from the embassy staff were possessed and have begun spreading across the planet. Ralph Hiltch is brought in to advise.

The Lady MacBeth reaches Tranquillity at the same time that representatives of the Lalonde government are forming a mercenary fleet and army to save the planet. Keen to protect his investment, Calvert volunteers to accompany the fleet. They reach Lalonde (of which a sizable portion is covered by a strange red cloud) and begin landing mercenaries on the surface, but many of the landing teams are rapidly possessed and return to the orbiting ships. A full-scale space battle erupts when the Confederation Navy squadron arrives to blockade the planet and the possessed ships start firing on them. The mercenary team from the Lady MacBeth evades possession and manage to take a prisoner whose possessor is called Shaun Wallace, who tells them that the red cloud will hide Lalonde from the universe. He reveals that the possessed can hear the cries for help from the possessed still in 'the beyond' and they desperately need to escape them. Once the cloud encircles Lalonde completely, the combined will of the possessed can physically move the planet onto another plane of existence where the cries of the possessed will not reach them.

The mercenary team evacuates to a nearby settlement belonging to the alien Tyrathca. The xenocs are extremely agitated by the human's newly revealed ability to become 'elemental' as they call it. They have built a statue to their 'Sleeping God', which 'sees the universe' and they believe will save them. A reporter accompanying the mission, Kelly Tirrel, takes images of the statue and notes that there is no record of the Tyrathca having a god due to their highly unimaginative nature. They move on and discover Father Elwes and the children from Aberdale in hiding on the savannah. They manage to arrange a pick-up from the Lady MacBeth. The mercenary team sacrifices itself against an attack by possessed masquerading as the stereotypical knights in shining armour in order to give the children, Elwes and Kelly, time to evacuate.

A message hidden in the request for aid given by Alkad Mzu to Captain Meyer of the Udat is revealed, offering him a vast sum of money for his help in aiding her escape. Meyer agrees and has Udat make a wormhole jump into the interior of Tranquillity. Mzu arranges to be in place for a pick-up, but underestimates the ability and sheer power of Tranquillity to enforce its will through affinity. Udat is compelled to jump back out with Mzu perilously hanging onto a rope ladder trailing from the blackhawk.

The story continues in The Neutronium Alchemist.

Reception
Cliff Ramshaw reviewed The Reality Dysfunction for Arcane magazine, rating it an 8 out of 10 overall. Ramshaw comments that "Hamilton's wide scope and weak characters mean that the initial stages of the novel flounder. It isn't until after page 200 or so that the plot begins to take shape; after page 300 things are motoring along at a more than acceptable rate. Towards the end the epic scale really pays off: the tension mounts and mounts as a wide array of human forces, hampered by ignorance and communication failures, attempts to halt an invasion on a colony world seemingly without strategic value."

Reviews

 * Review by Christopher Geary (1996) in The Zone #4, Summer 1996
 * Review by Russell Letson (1996) in Locus, #422 March 1996
 * Review by James Lovegrove (1996) in Interzone, #106 April 1996
 * Review by Gary S. Dalkin (1996) in Vector 188
 * Review by Neal Baker (1997) in Foundation, #71 Autumn 1997
 * Review [French] by Marie-Laure Vauge (1999) in Galaxies, #15
 * Review [French] by Marie-Laure Vauge (2000) in Galaxies, #16
 * Review by Stephen E. Andrews and Nick Rennison (2006) in 100 Must-Read Science Fiction Novels
 * Review by Paul Witcover (2009) in Locus, #582 July 2009

title: The Reality Dysfunction


text:
Talk:Johann Konrad Dippel

Untitled
Johann Conrad Dippel (1673-1734).

JCD published many theological works under the name Christianus Democritus, most of them are still preserved. He invented the color "Preussisch Blau" (also "Berliner Blau"), and sold a self-mixed life elixier. He led a very adventurous life, and often got in trouble because of his controversial opinions (and because of money).

His connection to the Castle Frankenstein (near Darmstadt/ Germany), and the idea that he was ideal to Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein - or the new Prometheus" is controversial.

 * There is no doubt about his connection to Castle Frankenstein: it is his birthplace! --Siffler 11:28, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Death
Urban legend says he died after drinking the blue dye he discovered. Does anyone know the real cause of death? BethEnd 16:35, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * In is said, that he most probably died from a stroke, but that many people believed that he had been poisoned. Prussian Blue (or Turnball's Blue) is not poisonous. It leaves the body unchanged, colouring the urine blue. On the contrary, it is used as a decontaminant in case of poisoning with rat poison (thallium) or decontamination of radioactive metals as caesium. Siffler 14:31, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * He also discovered Prussic acid, you know--and it's pretty dang poisonous. 71.223.166.25 09:50, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

"Franckensteinensis"
It is by far exaggerated that Dippel "often signed his letter" Franckensteinensis. This term can be proven to be used only once in a document of his school in Darmstadt and once (at the university of Gießen) it can be proven that the term Conrad Dippel, Franckensteina-Strataemontanus was used. 84.167.146.192 (talk) 11:25, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Johann was developing an "elixer" which he thought would let him live for 135 years, after drinking it he got poisoned (i got this from a german historian) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.254.1.154 (talk) 18:45, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Who was this historian? I would really like to talk to him, for this is completly wrong and a total misconception. He should check the documents. Dippel once said that he would live until the year 1808, which would have made him 135 yrs old. But this was a joke. His opponents kept saying that Dippel died to mock him. So Dippel denied his death up until the year of 1808, so he did not have to deny every death note separatly. It was a joke, you see? And he never mentioned an "elixir" to have anything to do with it. And he did not poison himself, although there were rumors that he did so after he died. He most likely died of stroke.79.240.206.7 (talk) 18:09, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Connection to Frankenstein
I updated this section today to indicate that the Dippel-Frankenstein connect is now ingrained in pop culture, despite its shaky historical foundation. I included some examples. With as many pop-culture references about their relationship as there are (including countless History Channel specials, biographies of Shelley that include Dippel, and fictional works that connect the two), we cannot deny that their mythologies have certainly entwined in modern day mythology. Even though the actual connection is open to debate, today most people have only heard of Dippel because of the hypothetical connection. This fact cannot be ignored. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.249.221 (talk) 22:09, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Konrad, not Conrad
His name should be spelled with a K as in Konrad, not with a C as in Conrad. Konrad with K is the German spelling (even used by the German Wikipedia), and he was German.

title: Talk:Johann Konrad Dippel


text:
Ikaho, Gunma

Ikaho (伊香保町) was a town located in Kitagunma District, Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,920 and a density of 175.63 persons per km2. The total area was 22.32 km2.

On February 20, 2006, Ikaho, along with the villages of Komochi and Onogami (all in Kitagunma District), and the villages of Akagi and Kitatachibana (both in Seta District), was merged into the expanded city of Shibukawa.

Situated on the slopes of Mount Haruna, an extinct volcano, Ikaho is well known for its hot springs.

Ikaho is 2.5 hours from Shinjuku by express bus, and can be easily enjoyed on a day trip from Tokyo

Onsen (Hot springs)
Ikaho Onsen is one of Gunma's 4 large onsen. This makes it one of the main onsen locations in Japan.

The onsen locations are usually open during weekdays, from 09:00 AM to 06:00 PM

Ikaho Onsen has been called Kogane-no-Yu (The Golden Waters), but the waters used to be clear and colorless. However, due to the iron content, they turned dark brown when in contact with the air. They are also known as Kodakara-no-Yu (Child Waters) since they tend to be mild, warm the body from inside and are popular with women.

History

 * 1889 - Ikaho town is created in Nishigunma District by the uniting of the villages of Ikaho, Mizusawa, and Yunakako.
 * 1896 - Nishigunma District merges with Kataoka District and is renamed Gunma District.
 * 1949 - Kitagunma District, including Ikaho town, separates from Gunma District.
 * 1997 - Hilo, Hawaii becomes a sister city.
 * February 20, 2006 - Ikaho, along with the villages of Komochi and Onogami (all from Kitagunma District), and the villages of Akagi and Kitatachibana (both from Seta District), was merged into the expanded city of Shibukawa.

Notable places

 * Mount Haruna
 * Ikaho Hot Springs
 * Mizusawa temple
 * Yumeji Takehisa Memorial Museum
 * Roka Tokutomi Memorial Literature Museum
 * Art Museum

In popular media

 * The town of Ikaho serves as the location for the setting of the sports manga series Initial D.

title: Ikaho, Gunma


text:
South Shore (Massachusetts)

The South Shore of Massachusetts is a geographic region stretching south and east from Boston toward Cape Cod along the shores of Massachusetts Bay and Cape Cod Bay. It is subject to varying descriptions including municipalities in eastern Norfolk and Plymouth counties. The South Shore is an affluent area. The median income of the region as of 2020 is $104,691. The median home value of the region as of 2020 is $574,831.

Depending on its geographical definition, the South Shore is composed of a mix of suburban towns, mid-sized industrial cities and rural towns. Massachusetts' heaviest concentration of Irish-American residents and descendants from ancestors from Ireland is on the South Shore, and 6 of the United States' 10 most Irish towns are located on the South Shore, which is sometimes referred to locally as the Irish Riviera.

Geography
By its most literal definition, the South Shore includes only cities and towns between Boston and Cape Cod that physically border the Atlantic Ocean, thereby limiting the South Shore to the following:

The Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management limits its definition of the South Shore to the municipalities between Boston Harbor and Cape Cod, which includes Atlantic coastal and coastal watershed areas "from the three-mile (5 km) limit of the state territorial sea to 100 feet (30 m) beyond the first major land transportation route encountered (a road, highway, rail line, etc.)". This definition eliminates Braintree, Quincy and Weymouth, which border Boston Harbor, but adds the towns of Hanover, Norwell and Pembroke.

With respect to regional planning and cooperation among municipal governments, some of these coastal communities are either members of the Boston-centered Inner Core Committee of the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) or not part of the metropolitan area at all, while the South Shore Coalition of the MAPC comprises representatives from 13 coastal and inland communities and includes the following cities and towns:

The South Shore Chamber of Commerce includes all of the above towns, as well as several more farther inland in Norfolk and Plymouth counties, in its definition of the region:

Informal definitions of South Shore—defined by the service areas of other nonprofits or businesses with "South Shore" in their names, by real estate agents, or by individuals, for example—always include at least some of the shoreline communities but can stretch considerably to the west. Readers of Boston magazine, in 2016, identified "Anything below the city, Cape included" as one potential definition of "South Shore". Suggested western boundaries included the Rhode Island state line, or Massachusetts Route 24. Some individuals placed Foxborough and Stoughton in the region. One definition included all of Cape Cod, as far as Provincetown; others said the South Shore ends at the Sagamore Bridge, which would place part of Bourne in the region.

Education
Institutions of higher learning located in South Shore communities include:

 * Curry College, a private four-year liberal arts college with the main campus located in Milton, and a satellite campus located in Plymouth
 * Bridgewater State University, a public four-year liberal arts college in Bridgewater, and the largest public university in the Massachusetts State University system outside of the University of Massachusetts system
 * Eastern Nazarene College, a private college of the liberal arts and sciences in Quincy
 * Massasoit Community College, a public two-year community college with campuses in Brockton and Canton
 * Quincy College, a two-year city-operated community college in Quincy

Sites of interest

 * Captain Benjamin James House and Maritime and Irish Mossing Museum, a historic First Period house and museum in Scituate, Massachusetts.
 * Daniel Webster Wildlife Sanctuary, a sanctuary owned by the Massachusetts Audubon Society and located in the town of Marshfield, Massachusetts.
 * Fort Revere Park, an 8-acre (3.2 ha) historic site situated on a small peninsula located in Hull, Massachusetts.
 * Lawson Tower, a historic tower built in the style of a European castle turret in Scituate Center, Massachusetts.
 * North River Wildlife Sanctuary, a wildlife sanctuary owned by the Massachusetts Audubon Society and located in the town of Marshfield, Massachusetts.
 * Old Scituate Light, a historic lighthouse located on Cedar Point in Scituate, Massachusetts.
 * Worlds End, a park and conservation area in Hingham, Massachusetts.

title: South Shore (Massachusetts)


text:
Shintō, Gunma

Shintō (榛東村) is a village located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 15,653 in 5,942 households, and a population density of 520 persons per km². The total area of the village is 27.92 sqkm.

Geography
Located in central Gunma, Shintō sits between the slopes of Mount Haruna and the Tone River region.

Surrounding municipalities
Gunma Prefecture
 * Takasaki
 * Maebashi
 * Shibukawa
 * Yoshioka

Climate
Shintō has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Shintō is 12.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1282 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 0.4 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shintō has recently plateaued after a long period of growth.

History
The area of present-day Shintō contains numerous kofun burial mounds from the 6th century. On April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration, Momonoi village was established within Nishigunma District, Gunma. In 1896, Nishigunma District was united with Kataoka District to create Gunma District, which was subsequently divided in 1949 with Momonoi village becoming part of Kitagunma District. The village was the scene of the Girard incident in 1957, in which an American soldier stationed at Shintō shot and killed a Japanese civilian, sparking a jurisdictional dispute between the Japanese and American governments. In 1957, a portion of Sōma village was merged with Momonoi village. Momonoi was renamed Shintō on August 1, 1959.

Economy
Traditionally, the economy of Shintō was heavily dependent on agriculture; however, the area has developed into a bedroom community for neighboring Takasaki and Maebashi. The village also hosts JGSDF Camp Soumagahara, home of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force JGSDF 12th Brigade.

Government
Shintō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of 14 members. Shintō and neighboring Yoshioka contribute one member to the Gunma Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Gunma 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Education
Shintō has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The village does not have a high school.

Transportation
Shintō is not served by any railway services. The nearest station is Gumma-Sōja in the city of Maebashi to the south. Shintō is not served by any national highways.

Local attractions

 * Kayano site, a National Historic Site

title: Shintō, Gunma


text:
Johann Konrad Dippel

Johann Konrad Dippel, also spelled Johann Conrad Dippel (10 August 1673 – 25 April 1734), was a German Pietist theologian, physician, and alchemist.

Life
Dippel was born at Castle Frankenstein near Mühltal and Darmstadt, and therefore once at his school the addendum Franckensteinensis and once at his university the addendum Franckensteina-Strataemontanus was used.

He studied theology, philosophy and alchemy at the University of Giessen, obtaining a master's degree in theology in 1693. He published many theological works under the name Christianus Demócritus, and most of them are still preserved. Circa 1700, he turned to Hermetic studies and alchemy as a key to nature. Between 1700 and 1702, he engaged in a bitter dispute with the Reformed Court Preacher Conrad Broeske in Offenbach, with whom he shared millenarian hopes for soon-coming renewal in Christendom. He accused Broeske of compromise and collusion with the authorities after Broeske refused to publish Dippel's "The Scourging Papacy of the Protestants" on the Offenbach press.

Dippel's reputation as a controversial theologian earned him both defenders and enemies throughout all of Europe. Emanuel Swedenborg was probably both his most notable supporter and, later, staunch critic: Swedenborg began as a disciple of Dippel, but eventually dismissed him as a "most vile devil ... who attempted wicked things." Swedenborg clarified that he was at first enamored by Dippel's emotionally charged writings and agreed with his attempts to dissolve traditional churches for a more personal faith and rejection of the Bible as the literal Word of God; however, he eventually criticized Dippel as "bound to no principles, but was in general opposed to all, whoever they may be, of whatever principle or faith ... becoming angry with any one for contradicting him." Swedenborg went so far as to suggest that Dippel was merely a cultish opportunist who used his theological charisma for his own financial gain and social influence, actively leading people away from traditional faith in order to "take away all their intelligence of truth and good, and leaving them in a kind of delirium."

Dippel led an adventurous life, often getting into trouble because of his disputed opinions and his problems with managing money. He was eventually imprisoned for heresy, where he served a seven-year sentence. He created an animal oil known as "Dippel's oil", which was supposed to be the equivalent to the alchemists' dream of the "elixir of life". At one point, Dippel attempted to purchase Castle Frankenstein in exchange for his elixir formula, which he claimed he had recently discovered; the offer was turned down.

According to Stahl, Dippel and the pigment maker Diesbach used potassium carbonate contaminated with this oil in producing red dyes. To their surprise, they obtained a blue pigment "Berliner Blau", also called "Preussisch Blau" or "Prussian blue".

There are claims that during his stay at Castle Frankenstein, he practiced alchemy and anatomy. He was allegedly working with nitroglycerin, which led to the destruction of a tower at the Castle Frankenstein. But this seems to be a modern myth, for it is an anachronism. Nitroglycerin hadn't been discovered in Dippel's time. And although the history of the castle during Dippel's lifetime is well documented, the destruction of a tower – though surely a remarkable event – is nowhere mentioned.

Other rumours about Dippel appear to be modern inventions, too. For example, that which said he performed experiments with cadavers, in which he attempted to transfer the soul of one cadaver into another. Soul-transference with cadavers was a common experiment among alchemists at the time and was a theory that Dippel supported in his writings, thus making it possible that Dippel pursued similar objectives, but there is no direct evidence to link him to these specific acts. There is also no evidence to the rumour that he was driven out of town when word of his activities reached the ears of the townspeople — though he was often banned from countries, notably Sweden, for his controversial theological positions. He also eventually had to flee to Giessen after killing a man in a duel.

Dippel did, however, experiment quite frequently with dead animals, of which he was an "avid dissector". In his dissertation Maladies and Remedies of the Life of the Flesh, Dippel claims to have discovered both the elixir of life and the means to exorcize demons through potions that he concocted from boiled animal bones and flesh. This is the same essay in which Dippel claimed to believe that souls could be transferred from one corpse to another by using a funnel.

Some of Dippel's contemporaries, notably Johann Heinrich Jung, believed that toward the end of his life, Dippel lost his faith altogether after years of bitter disputes with other Christian leaders. Calling Christ "an indifferent being", Dippel shifted all of his energy exclusively on his alchemical experiments. He set up a lab near Wittgenstein (which was eventually converted into a pub named after him, Dippelshof ), and at this point in his life historical records are vague on his activities and thus grew folkloric in nature. During this time, at least one local minister apparently accused Dippel of grave-robbing, experimenting on cadavers, and keeping company with the Devil. For the most part, Dippel kept to himself and his work; he perhaps even actively perpetuated the rumours that he had sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for secret knowledge, as relying on his reputation as a dark sorcerer better enabled him to find audiences with those willing to pay for his knowledge of the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life.

He died at Castle Wittgenstein near Bad Laasphe, probably from a stroke, though some contemporaries suspected poisoning. A year before his death, he wrote a pamphlet in which he claimed to have discovered an elixir that would keep him alive until the age of 135.

Connection to the novel Frankenstein
Dippel's connection to the Castle Frankenstein gave rise to the theory that he was a model for Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, although that idea remains controversial. This hypothesis was probably first suggested by Radu Florescu in his book In Search of Frankenstein (1975), which speculated that Shelley (then Mary Wollstonecraft) visited the castle during her travels on the Rhine with Percy Shelley, where they might have heard local stories about Dippel, which by then would have grown legendary and notorious. Florescu also notes that the Shelleys reference a brief interaction while touring the countryside around Castle Frankenstein with students of the University of Strasbourg, of which Dippel was once a student; these students could have told them stories about the infamous alumnus. In addition, the Shelleys knew several members of the so-called "Kreis der Empfindsamen", a literary circle that met in Darmstadt from 1769 to 1773; Castle Frankenstein was frequently used as a location for their public readings, thus making it possible that Dippel's legends could have come up during conversations between those in the circle and the Shelleys.

A local historian, Walter Scheele, believes that the legends told in the villages surrounding the castle were transmitted by Jacob Grimm to Mary Jane Clairmont, translator of Grimm's fairy tales and stepmother of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin. Scheele also claims that, in 1814, Mary, her stepsister Claire Clairmont, and Percy Bysshe Shelley are said to have visited Castle Frankenstein, on their way to Lake Geneva. Other historians, whether their field of research is Grimm, Shelley, or the Castle Frankenstein, do not see any evidence for this. Scheele's claimed letter of Grimm is nowhere to be found. And no evidence can be found that Clairmont was considered the translator for Grimm's Fairy Tales. Several nonfiction books on the life of Mary Shelley also confirm Dippel as a possible influence. In particular, Miranda Seymour finds it curious that Mary speaks of "gods [making entirely] new men" in her journal so soon after her travels through the regions surrounding Castle Frankenstein; if rumors indeed existed throughout the area that Dippel experimented on cadavers in an attempt to create life, Seymour argues, Mary's phrasing could be more than merely coincidental. In his book Frankenstein: The First 200 Years, Christopher Frayling refers to a passage in Mary's diaries later in her life in which she expresses a desire to return to the region surrounding Castle Frankenstein to take in more of its folklore—implying that she is already familiar with at least some of the local legends. For now, however, the connection remains a subject of an ongoing debate.

Later Dippel–Frankenstein connections
Regardless of the historical validity of the connection, however, Dippel's status as Frankenstein's prototype seems assured in current popular culture (similar to Count Dracula's equally controversial interchangeability with the historical Vlad the Impaler ). In addition to Florescu's speculative work, the Dippel/Frankenstein merging has appeared in several works of fiction: Robert Anton Wilson's fantasy novel The Earth Will Shake features Dippel as a monster-making, globe-hopping magician who calls himself Frankenstein; the science fiction novel The Frankenstein Murders portrays Dippel as an assistant to Victor Frankenstein; Topps' three-part comic book miniseries The Frankenstein-Dracula War lists Dippel as one of Dr. Frankenstein's chief inspirations; Warren Ellis's graphic novel Frankenstein's Womb hypothesizes that Shelley indeed visited Castle Frankenstein and heard of Dippel before writing her famous work; Christopher Farnsworth's debut novel Blood Oath features a vampire trying to stop an immortal Dippel (who had once worked for Adolf Hitler) from creating a Frankenstein-like army; G.M.S. Altman's novel Dippel's Oil features a kindhearted Dippel living in modern times, bemused at his influence on the Frankenstein myth; Larry Correia's novel Monster Hunter Vendetta makes reference to Dippel as the creator of an enigmatic character, 'Agent Franks'; Kenneth Oppel's 2011 novel This Dark Endeavor: The Apprenticeship of Victor Frankenstein includes several homages to Shelley's influences, including the naming of Victor Frankenstein's twin brother Konrad, after the alchemist; Stan Major's novel Rimms of Khaos features Dippel as an immortal criminal mastermind, forced to make Frankensteinian monsters for a master vampire bent on world domination. Johann Dippel is mad-doctor Lord Hervey's hero in the Frankenstein Chronicles TV series, and Dippel's reanimated son becomes Hervey's partner in crime. Also more recently in Jeanette Winterson's 2019 novel Frankissstein, which dramatizes the Shelleys' visit to Castle Frankenstein, where they hear the story of Conrad Dippel's determination to learn the secret of life in order to reanimated his beloved deceased wife.

In popular culture
Johann Dippel is mentioned as the teacher of one of the characters in the episode "Lost and Found" of the TV series The Frankenstein Chronicles (2015). In season 2, Laurence Fox plays Dippel's son, who is involved in resurrections, but he is not mentioned as having met the Shelleys.

Dippel appears as a minor character in Larry Correia's Monster Hunter series of novels as Konrad Dippel. He is credited with the creation of the Frankenstein monster, and contrary to Mary Shelley's novel, he is credited with teaching the monster human mannerisms and the German language.

Dutch symphonic black metal band Carach Angren released a concept album inspired by Dippel, titled Franckensteina Strataemontanus, in 2020.

title: Johann Konrad Dippel


text:
Citronella

Citronella may refer to:

 * Cymbopogon, lemongrass, or citronella grass
 * Citronella oil, insect-repelling essential oil
 * Citronella (genus), of trees and shrubs
 * "Citronella", a song by Aesop Rock from the 2007 album None Shall Pass

title: Citronella


text:
User:Terrapin

New Articles Created

 * Tom Danielson - Up and coming U.S. Pro Cyclist
 * Moosewood Restaurant - Famous vegetarian eatery in Ithaca, NY.
 * Sons of Sam Horn - Important Red Sox Online Forum
 * Dominant minority
 * Ragged Mountain

Hobbies

 * Skiing
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 * Cycling
 * Videogames
 * PC Games

title: User:Terrapin


text:
Talk:South Shore (Massachusetts)

A start
This is just a start. If I've left your town out of the list, please be sure to add it! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.8.84.62 (talk) 13:38, 29 July 2004 (UTC)

The Adamses
The Adamses were from Quincy, which I do not believe is part of the Irish Riviera, despite being on the coast south of Boston. It's too working-class, despite the fact that many from Southie and Dorchester settled there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.173.224.21 (talk) 18:37, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If I may offer some original research: people from Boston and the North Shore consider everything south of Boston proper to be the South Shore. People from the towns south of Quincy consider Quincy to be part of Metro Boston, not the South Shore. And people from Quincy don't particularly care, although City Hall seems to prefer the image of "largest city on the South Shore" to "one of many Boston exurbs." Regardless, Quincy publishes the South Shore's newspaper and is considered by at least a few million people to be part of the South Shore, so it's not worth seriously proposing removing it from the article. You're right, though-- I don't think anyone refers to Quincy as "the Irish Riviera." --Fullobeans (talk) 18:13, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Include in South Shore, Massachusetts, the town of Bridgewater —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.24.212.19 (talk) 07:09, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Plymouth - Cape Cod Bay
Plymouth is not actually part of the South Shore of Massachusetts Bay. It is the West Shore of Cape Cod Bay and its Geography makes it part of Cape Cod. Just a thought.Leftshore 14:01, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Can't say that I have ever heard of Plymouth referred to as part of Cape Cod, nor have I ever heard the term "West Shore". 151.203.29.117 14:18, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Parts of Plymouth are definitely considered to be part of Cape Cod - especially Manomet/Cedarville/Ellisville. "West Shore" sounds like some sort of a joke or a prank.  --AStanhope 03:44, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Geographically, I'd assume he's correct, but that's probably too technical for something that's informally and inexactly used. I might live in the Merrimack Valley so I don't know exactly what I'm talking about, but I've always considered Plymouth to be South Shore.  Plymouth geographically must be on Cape Cod Bay (I'd need a current chart I guess to know for sure...), not Mass Bay.  In this article, being on Mass Bay is the definition of the South Shore.  So, as silly as it sounds, that'd make Plymouth geographically  West Shore - Just a term nobody ever gave any meaning to. CSZero 22:28, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Cape Cod Bay is (under some definitions) part of Massachusetts Bay. AJD 04:35, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Absolute bullshit. Plymouth is part of the South Shore, I've lived here all my life and have never heard it referred to otherwise.  And if it's on the mainland side of the bridges, it's not the fucking Cape by any stretch of the imagination. Wormwoodpoppies (talk) 02:08, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Kingston and General Geographic Semantics.
I removed Kingston from the list of inland towns "sometimes" considered part of the South Shore because it does have a (very small) coastline. As for Plymouth, I can assure you that the universal consensus among residents is that it too is part of the South Shore and is not by any stretch of the imagination on Cape Cod. I'm going to throw down the gauntlet and demand that some seriously legit sources be cited favoring its exclusion, or else I'm going to do the unthinkable and make an edit backed up only by common sense and twenty four years of firsthand experience. Cheers. Wormwoodpoppies (talk) 19:59, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree, for the most part. I re-arranged things so that there's a coastal list that includes Kingston, and I moved Plymouth there, as well. --inquietudeofcharacter (talk) 23:57, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Text from 72.227.66.94
There are many people who grew up on the South Shore who believe the south shore is defined by than just geographic location. Many don't include Quincy and Braintree as they are considered too city-like. Other don't include Weymouth, as it's been said that city is in a league of it's own and doesn't fit in any category. When reviewing the South Shore, many feel it is defined by a more country like setting, with fewer sidewalks, lower population numbers, and a houses further apart. In the opinion of many, the South Shore area consists of Hingham, Cohasset, Scituate, Hanover, Pembroke, Duxbury, Kingston, Halifax, Plympton, Carver and Plymouth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.227.66.94 (talk • contribs) 09:57, September 5, 2009

Note: The previous text was moved from the article to the talk page for discussion. Sswonk (talk) 12:08, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Other Towns
I think that something needs to be included on other towns that are referred to as being on the south shore. So many towns west of the definitive line have businesses that refer to "the South Shore" in their name in addition to the residents saying they live on the South Shore. Yeah, back in the 20th century the definition was limited to the actually shoreline communities, but nowadays its really expanded to include communities further from the ocean. After things like regional definitions are really contingent on the people that live in them. If the general consensus is that certain towns are on the South Shore, I think that should be included in this article. I'm referring to the Bridgewaters. An example would be Marylou's. There are locations in Bridgewater and East Bridgewater. Marylou's is such a South Shore staple. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.24.114.88 (talk) 17:53, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on South Shore (Massachusetts). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090509061940/http://www.mapc.org:80/metro_area/innercore.html to http://www.mapc.org/metro_area/innercore.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070927190440/http://www.mapc.org/metro_area/ssc.html to http://www.mapc.org/metro_area/ssc.html

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title: Talk:South Shore (Massachusetts)


text:
Yoshioka, Gunma

Yoshioka (吉岡町) is a town located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 21,749 in 8,311 households, and a population density of 1100 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 20.46 sqkm.

Geography
Located in central Gunma, Yoshioka sits between the southeastern slopes of Mount Haruna and the Tone River region. The western half of the town has an elevation between 200 and 900 meters, while the eastern half is mostly flat, with an elevation between 100 and 200 meters.

Surrounding municipalities
Gunma Prefecture
 * Maebashi
 * Shibukawa
 * Shintō

Climate
Yoshioka has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Yoshioka is 13.8 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1281 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.4 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yoshioka has increased steadily over the past 60 years.

History
Komayose village and Meiji village were established within Nishigunma District, Gunma Prefecture on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration. In 1896, Nishigunma District was united with Kataoka District to create Gunma District, which was subsequently divided in 1949 with Komayose and Meiji villages becoming part of Kitagunma District. On April 1, 1955 the two villages were merged to form Yoshioka village, which was elevated to town status on April 1, 1991.

Government
Yoshioka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Yoshioka and neighboring Shintō contribute one member to the Gunma Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Gunma 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Yoshioka is largely a commuter town, with over 44% of the workforce commuting to nearby Maebashi.

Education
Yoshioka has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
Yoshioka is not served by any railway services. The nearest stations are Yagihara in the city of Shibukawa to the north and Gumma-Sōja in the city of Maebashi to the south.

Highway

 * – Komayose PA, Komayose IC
 * – Maebashi-Shibukawa Bypass

title: Yoshioka, Gunma