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Marginal nucleus of spinal cord

The marginal nucleus of spinal cord, or posteromarginal nucleus, Rexed lamina I, is located at the most dorsal aspect of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The neurons located here receive input primarily from Lissauer's tract and relay information related to pain and temperature sensation. Pain sensation relayed here cannot be modulated, e.g. pain from burning the skin. The axons of neurons contribute to the lateral spinothalamic tract.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marginal nucleus of spinal cord


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BMW 3 Series (E90)

The fifth generation of the BMW 3 Series range of compact executive cars is designated under the model codes E90 (saloon), E91 (estate, marketed as 'Touring'), E92 (coupé) and E93 (convertible). The model was introduced in December 2004, and produced by BMW until October 2013 and is often collectively referred to as the E90 or E9x.

The E9x saw the introduction of run-flat tyres to the 3 Series range. Models with run-flat tires are not equipped with a spare tyre. The E92 335i was the first 3 Series model produced with a turbocharged petrol engine. It was also the first 3 Series to include the iDrive operating system, which consists of navigation, infotainment and essential vehicle functions.

The E90/E92/E93 M3 is the only generation of M3 to be powered by a V8 engine. Introduced in 2007, it uses the BMW S65 naturally aspirated V8 engine and was produced in saloon, coupé and convertible body styles.

Following the introduction of the F30/F31 3 Series in February 2012, the E90/E91 saloons and estates were phased out. However due to their later introduction, the E92/E93 coupés and convertibles remained in production through the 2013 model year, after which they were replaced by the F32/F33 4 Series models.

Development and launch
The design for the fifth generation 3 Series was frozen in mid-2002, approximately 30 months before the start of production. The saloon and estate were designed by Joji Nagashima. Marc Michael Markefka designed the coupé and convertible.

The range was introduced in March 2005 for MY2005 with the saloon and estate body styles. The coupé was introduced in 2006 and the convertible was introduced in 2007, both for MY2007.

Significant cosmetic and mechanical changes were done to improve the design and performance compared to the previous generation. The E90 series is larger than its predecessor, with a longer wheelbase, wider tracks, and a roomier interior.

Sedan (E90)
The sedan model was the first model sold of the E90/E91/E92/E93 3 series, being launched on 5 March 2005 for the 2006 model year. Production continued until a facelift revision was made for the 2009 model year. Production of the E90 concluded after the 2011 model year, succeeded by the F30 for 2012.

Touring (E91)
The E91 wagon/estate models were marketed as 'Touring' in Europe and 'Sports Wagon' in North America. Optional equipment included a panoramic sunroof, which extends to the rear passenger area. Trim levels typically were similar to the E90 saloon, however the M3 was not produced in the estate body style.

Several markets outside Europe only offered a small subset of models in the estate body style. In the United States and Canada, the only estate model available prior to 2007 was the 325xi, and then the 328i and 328xi from 2007 onwards. The Australian market received only a handful of models which included the 320i, 320d and 323i until the end of its production. No X-Drive models were ever sold in Australia of the E9x series.

Coupé (E92)
In July 2006, one year after the saloon was introduced, the E92 coupé body style was unveiled.

Compared with previous generations of the 3 Series, the coupé has more external styling differences to the saloon models. These include the tail-light design (L-shaped on the coupe), more steeply angled headlights and smaller side windows. As per its E46 predecessor, the doors of the coupe are longer and have frameless door windows, the rear seat holds two passengers (compared with a three-person bench for the saloon) with a rear centre console tray and the front seatbelts are on motorised arms that extend from the B-pillar to hand the seatbelts to the driver and/or passenger.

The E92 was the last generation to include coupé (and convertible) body styles as a part of the 3 Series range. For later generations, these body styles are marketed as the 4 Series. Despite the E90/E91 being phased out for the F30/F31 after the 2011 model year, the E92/E93 continued through the 2013 model year. It was then succeeded by the F32/F33 for the 2014 model year.

Convertible (E93)

The E93 convertible was BMW's first model to use a retractable hardtop (folding metal roof), instead of the cloth roof as previously used. The E93 was one of first retractable hardtops in its price range. The "Comfort Access" option allows the roof to be raised and lowered using the key fob. The E93's side windows are 30 per cent larger than its E46 convertible predecessor, resulting in a 38 per cent increase in visibility.

The BMW 3 Series convertible was often priced higher than direct rivals, however reviewers have praised its passenger/boot space (even with the roof down), driving dynamics, weight and chassis rigidity.

Petrol
Official specifications are as follows: Since the following generation of 3 Series used turbocharged engines for the entire model range, the E90/E91/E92/E93 was the last 3 Series to be available with naturally aspirated engines.

In North American, Australian and Malaysian markets the N53 was not used, instead the entire model range continued to use its predecessor, the N52 engine.

In some areas of the United States, the 328i was powered by the BMW N51 straight-six engine and sold as a SULEV model.

In some parts of the world, 4-cylinder models continued to use the N46 engine as the local fuel quality is incompatible with the N43 engine.

Suspension
At the front, MacPherson struts with an aluminum hub carrier and aluminum dual lower links forming a virtual pivot point are used. This design was previously used on all 5, 7 and 8 series BMW models.

The rear suspension is a 5-link Multi-link suspension, with fabricated steel subframe, fabricated steel control arms, and cast iron carrier. This design is designated "HA 5" by BMW.

Wheels
The BMW E90+ has a 5x120 bolt pattern with wheel sizes ranging from 16 inch to 20 inch in diameter. There have been 49 original wheel styles produced for this model.

Equipment
Optional features (some of which are standard on higher models) include Xenon headlamps, automatic climate control, parking sensors, power-adjustable seats, satellite navigation, glass sunroof, heated front seats, Bluetooth and USB audio input.

Optional equipment could be ordered individually or combined into packages. Optional interior colours, known as BMW Individual, were also available at extra cost.

The contents of the 'Premium Package' varied according to model year and market. It included items such as leather seats with power adjustments, memory seat function, lumbar support, auto-dimming mirrors, a digital compass, auto-folding exterior mirrors, BMW Assist w/Bluetooth, and universal garage opener.

The 'Cold Weather Package' includes headlight washers, heated front seats and split/folding rear seats with a ski bag.

The 'Sports Package' includes a leather 3-prong sports steering wheel, sports front seats, 18-inch wheels, sports suspension and an increase in the speed limiter to 148 mph.

The 'Technology Package' includes iDrive, navigation, keyless entry ("Comfort Access"), selectable driving modes ("M Drive"), HD radio and Electronic Damping Control.

The 'Performance Power Kit' (PPK) was introduced for the 335i and was available for installation at BMW dealerships, it included a tune that boosted engine output for the 335i to 320 hp & 332 lbft for automatic transmission vehicles and 317 lbft for manual transmission vehicles, an overall gain of 20 hp & 50 Nm, BMW claim their engineers have tested and designed these Performance Power Kits in such a way that equipped vehicles would not sacrifice reliability or fuel consumption, the result was a claimed 0.2 second decrease in 0 to 100 km/h times, the kit was available for both N54 & N55 335i vehicles, it was easily verified if a vehicle was equipped with the PPK as during installation stickers that read "BMW Performance Power Kit" were placed near the air intake on all equipped vehicles, the N55 equipped 335i vehicles also featured added exhaust burbles included as part of the PPK tune, also included in the PPK was the addition of an extra radiator, higher performance fans on the main radiator and better air flow ducts in attempt to deal with any extra heat caused by the tuning.

M3 model

The M3 model was powered by the BMW S65 V8 engine and produced in saloon, coupe and convertible body styles.

Alpina models
The Alpina B3 and D3 models were based on the E90/E91/E92/E93. The B3 was powered by turbocharged 6-cylinder petrol engine and the D3 was powered by a turbocharged 4-cylinder diesel engine.

320si
To satisfy homologation requirements for the FIA World Touring Car Championship (WTCC), BMW built 2600 units of the 320si. The car featured N45 (N45B20S) engine producing 130 kW, 24bhp more than the regular 320i. It also featured revised suspension and 20% lower front bumper.

335is
The 335is was produced in coupé and convertible models for the North American market. Its position in the model lineup was between the regular 335i and the M3, and approximately 4,500 units were produced. The 335is uses a higher performance version of the N54 engine, which increases boost from 8.7 to 11.6 psi. This results in 320 bhp and 332 lbft of torque, plus an overboost function raises torque to 370 lbft for up to 7 seconds.

Transmission options were a 7-speed double clutch transmission (DCT) with launch control or a 6-speed manual transmission. The manual transmission has an upgraded clutch compared to the regular 335i.

Other changes compared to the 335i include stiffer engine mounts, a higher-flow exhaust system, an upgraded cooling system, a different steering wheel, sport seats and "335is" badging on dash and in the instrument cluster. Exterior differences are larger air openings in the front bumper, a rear bumper that incorporates a diffuser-style piece, black kidney grills, and 18-inch or 19-inch "Style 313" wheels.

2008 Facelift (LCI)
In September 2008, the facelift (LCI) versions of the saloon and estate were released for the 2009 model year. Compared to typically subtle BMW LCI changes, these changes were relatively extensive.

Mechanical changes included an increase in rear track of 24 mm for some models, a power increase for the 320d from 130 to 135 kW and the N57 engine replacing the M57 for the 330d model.

Styling changes included front and rear bumpers, wing mirrors, headlights, taillights, boot lid, wider kidney grilles and revised crease lines for the bonnet. The new 2009 – 2011 facelift (LCI) AWD models became known as "xDrive" models, unlike the previous 2006–2008 (pre-lci) AWD models, which were labeled as "xi" models. The new xDrive models received xDrive badges on the bumper and both the right and left sides right below the side marker lamps. For the interior, crash-activated head restraints were added to the front seats, the optional "Professional" navigation system was updated, iDrive was updated and the resolution of the display was increased.

2010
For the 2010 model year, the Sport, Lifestyle and Exclusive Edition were introduced for saloon and estate models. The 316d estate model was added, as was the 320d EfficientDynamics Edition saloon.

Mechanical changes included compliance with the EU5 emission standard, EU6 emission compliance (optional) for the 320d and 330d models, power increases for the 318d, 320d, 325d and 330d models, the N54 engine in the 335i being replaced by N55 engine, and additional features for BMW ConnectedDrive.

Safety
The Euro NCAP noted the poor pedestrian protection awarding 4 points out of 36, reporting the 3 Series was "very disappointing" in this measure.

IIHS
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gives the 3 Series a "Good" overall rating in both the frontal and side impact crash tests. The 3 Series received "Good" marks in all six of the frontal crash test categories, and "Good" marks in six of the nine categories in the side impact test. The IIHS also gave the 3 Series the Top Safety Pick award. The convertible is rated "Marginal" in side impacts, making the 3 Series convertible the lowest rated vehicle currently sold in its class in IIHS tests.

Recalls
In November 2017, BMW recalled 672,000 3 Series cars from model years 2006–11 with climate control system electronic components at risk of overheating, due to faulty blower motor wiring.

Production

In 2002, Norbert Reithofer and Development Chief Burkhard Goeschel started an initiative to halve the time it took to reach full production of the next generation 3 Series from six months to three.

The E90 was produced in Germany (Leipzig, Munich and Regensburg) and in South Africa (Rosslyn). Local assembly of complete knock-down (CKD) kits were used for cars sold in China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Thailand and Russia.

The production dates for each body style are as follows:
 * Saloon (E90): December 2004 – October 2011
 * Estate (E91): September 2005 – May 2012
 * Coupé (E92): June 2006 – June 2013
 * Convertible (E93): December 2006 – October 2013

Sales
First marketed in March 2005, the car quickly became BMW Group's best-selling car worldwide, and by the end of the year 229,900 vehicles had been delivered.

The BMW E90 series was the best-selling luxury car in Canada and the United States. The 2006 E90 marked the 15th consecutive year that the 3 Series was named on Car and Driver's 10Best.

Units sold according to BMW's annual reports:

Motorsports
BMW WTCC works driver Andy Priaulx won the 2006 and 2007 World Touring Car Championships in the 320si E90, and four other drivers achieved over 35 wins in the championship.

The E90 320si was used by several teams in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC). The 2009 BTCC Drivers Championship was won by Colin Turkington using the E90 320si.

The E92 Art Car entered the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans race, with Andy Priaulx (GB), Dirk Müller (DE) and Dirk Werner (DE) driving the number 79 car which failed to complete the race.

Awards

 * BBC's Top Gear Awards named the E90 as the "Ugliest Car of the Year 2005", describing it as "just 14 foot of car".
 * In April 2006, the E90 was awarded the World Car of the Year title. The car was praised for its balance between performance and practicality, as well as between style and seriousness. The jury also praised the new diesel engines and the all-wheel-drive variants.
 * Car and Driver magazine listed the E90 on their Ten Best list eight consecutive times between 2006 and 2013.
 * The E90 was named "Best New Sports Sedan" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards.
 * It was Japan's Import Car of the Year for 2005–06.
 * The British motoring magazine What Car? awarded it Car of the Year 2006. From 2006 to 2011, they also awarded it Compact Executive of the Year.
 * In April 2011, the E90 335d saloon won the 2011 Diesel Car of the Year award, an honour bestowed by The Diesel Driver magazine's readers, receiving 29,6% of the vote.
 * The British motoring magazine What Car? awarded the BMW 320d EfficientDynamics Auto the Overall Winner Green Car of the Year 2012. The 320d model has a UK combined fuel economy of 56 mpg and emissions of 110g/km.

title: BMW 3 Series (E90)


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Category:Ottawa County, Michigan

Articles related to Ottawa County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Ottawa County, Michigan


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Éder Jofre

Eder Jofre (26 March 1936 – 2 October 2022) was a Brazilian professional boxer and architect who was both bantamweight and featherweight world champion. He is considered by many to be the greatest bantamweight boxer of all time.

In 2019, he was voted the 16th greatest boxer of all-time, which made him the third greatest living boxer (behind only Roberto Durán and Sugar Ray Leonard) by "The International Boxing Research Organization". In 2002, he was named the 19th greatest fighter of the past 80 years by The Ring magazine. In 1996, he was rated the 9th greatest boxer of the previous 50 years. He is ranked #85 on Ring Magazine's 100 Greatest Punchers Of All Time list.

In 1992, Jofre was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in Canastota, New York, and remains the only Brazilian thus honored.

Amateur career
Jofre represented his native country at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.

Olympic results

 * First round bye
 * Defeated Thein Myint (Burma) on points
 * Lost to Claudio Barrientos (Chile) on points

Professional career
Éder Jofre, a son of Aristides Jofre, whose nicknames (Eder's) were "Galinho de Ouro" (="Golden Bantam") and "Jofrinho", made his professional debut on 23 March 1957, beating Raul Lopez by knockout in five rounds. He had twelve fights in 1957, including two each against Lopez, Osvaldo Perez, and Ernesto Miranda, the last of whom against whom Jofre sustained his first two record stains: two ten-round draws (ties).

In 1958, Jofre won four more fights, and then, on 14 May of that year, he had his first fight abroad, drawing in ten rounds against Ruben Caceres in Montevideo, Uruguay. On 14 November, Jose Smecca became the only man to drop Jofre in his career; Jofre got up from a first-round knockdown to knock Smecca out in seven rounds.

Jofre won eight fights in 1959, including one against two-time world title challenger Leo Espinoza and a seventh-round knockout in a rematch with Caceres.

On 19 February 1960, he fought Ernesto Miranda for the third time, this time with the South American Bantamweight title on the line. Jofre outpointed Miranda over fifteen rounds to win his first title as a professional. Jofre retained the title with a knockout in three rounds in the fourth fight with Miranda, and, after one more win, he made his U.S. debut, defeating top-ranked challenger Jose Medel by knockout in ten rounds on 16 August in Los Angeles. Next, he defeated the power-punching Ricardo Moreno (later ranked among boxing's all-time best punchers by Ring Magazine), by a knockout in the sixth round.

On 18 November of that year, Jofre became world champion, when he knocked out Eloy Sanchez in six rounds, in Los Angeles, to claim the vacant WBA World Bantamweight title.

Jofre proved to be a busy world champion, fighting top-notch fighters, both in title engagements and in non-title fights. From 1960 to 1965, he retained his title against Piero Rollo, Ramon Arias (in Caracas, Venezuela), Johnny Caldwell, Herman Marques, Jose Medel, Katsuyoshi Aoki (in Tokyo), Johnny Jamito (in Manila), and Bernardo Caraballo (in Bogotá, Colombia).

In addition, he defeated such fighters as Billy Peacock, Sadao Yaoita, and Fernando Soto in non-title bouts. After the fight with Aoki, Jofre was also recognized as World Bantamweight Champion by the WBC, therefore, becoming the Undisputed World Champion.

On 17 May 1965, his streak as an undefeated fighter was broken when he lost to "Fighting Harada" by a controversial fifteen-round split decision in Nagoya, Japan, to lose the world Bantamweight title.

After losing to Harada by unanimous decision at a rematch held in Tokyo on 1 June 1966, Jofre retired.

In 1969, he made a comeback, beating Rudy Corona by a knockout in six rounds on 26 August. After winning thirteen fights in a row, he challenged for a world title once again: on 5 May 1973, he fought Jose Legra for the Lineal and WBC featherweight titles, in Brasilia. Jofre became a two-division world champion by defeating Legra with a fifteen-round majority decision.

Despite having won his second world title, Jofre realized he was nearing the end of the road as far as his boxing career was concerned. He defeated Frankie Crawford in a non-title affair and defended his world Featherweight title against fellow former world Bantamweight champion Vicente Saldivar of Mexico, in a "super fight" held at Salvador. He knocked Saldivar out in four rounds.After a string of fights against lesser opponents, he retired, having beaten the Mexican Octavio Gomez by a unanimous but controversial decision (120 – 110 by judge Antonio Di, 119 – 115 by judge Adriano Carollo and 117 – 116 by judge Américo Vieira) in São Paulo on 8 October 1976. In this last fight, Jofre was slow and uncertain, and himself put in doubt the correctness of the arbiter's decision ("Digam o que disserem, eu não venci Famoso Gomez" he said ti the Rio de Janeiro newspaper O Globo).

Jofre had a record of 72–2–4 (50 KOs), making him a member of the exclusive group of boxers who have won 50 or more fights by knockout.

After boxing
Jofre worked in politics, serving as an alderman for the city of São Paulo for 16 years. He then worked for DERSA, a state-owned company, working with the highways of São Paulo. In 2004, a DVD of Jofre's life titled "O Grande Campeão" was released. On Jofre's 85th birthday, in 2021, the first English language biography of his life was released. The book titled "Eder Jofre: Brazil's First Boxing World Champion", by family friend and author Christopher J. Smith won the "'Book of the Year'" at the "West Coast Boxing Hall of Fame" in October 2021 at the Loews Hotel in Hollywood, California. Present at the event was Jofre and his son, Marcel, and daughter, Andrea. Jofre was in Los Angeles to be inducted into the "West Coast Boxing Hall of Fame" and on this trip he re-visited the site of his bantamweight world title victory, The Olympic Auditorium - his first visit to the venue since that evening on 18 November 1960.

Exhibitions and calisthenics
Jofre occasionally came out of retirement to fight exhibitions. Some of his more noteworthy exhibitions were against Servilio de Oliveira and Alexis Arguello. In 2010, at age 74, Jofre, a physical fitness fanatic who was still the reflection of great health, put out a calisthenics video.

Vegetarianism
Jofre was a vegetarian. He has been described as one of the few vegetarians ever to win a boxing world championship. He became a vegetarian at the age of 20 after reading a book that stated meat consumption was unhealthy for the body. Jofre adhered to his strict vegetarian diet from the age of 20 and commented in 2019 "I even feel disgust today when I see people eating meat... I eat pasta, rice and beans, boiled potatoes or fried and very sporadically egg. I drink milk, yogurt, curds, and honey".

Illness and death
Jofre suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy. He was hospitalized in March 2022 at a clinic in Embu das Artes because of pneumonia. He died on 2 October due to complications from the disease. He was 86.

Professional boxing record
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !No. !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes
 * -align=center
 * 78
 * Win
 * 72–2–4
 * align=left|Octavio Gomez
 * UD
 * 12
 * 1976-10-08
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 77
 * Win
 * 71–2–4
 * align=left|Juan Antonio López
 * UD
 * 10
 * 1976-08-13
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 76
 * Win
 * 70–2–4
 * align=left|Jose Antonio Jimenez
 * UD
 * 10
 * 1976-07-02
 * align=left|Ginásio do Corinthians, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 75
 * Win
 * 69–2–4
 * align=left|Pasqualino Morbidelli
 * KO
 * 4 (10), 1:07
 * 1976-05-29
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 74
 * Win
 * 68–2–4
 * align=left|Michel Lefevbre
 * KO
 * 3 (10), 1:15
 * 1976-05-02
 * align=left|Ginásio Presidente Medici, Brasília
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 73
 * Win
 * 67–2–4
 * align=left|Enzo Farinelli
 * KO
 * 4 (10)
 * 1976-02-24
 * align=left|Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 72
 * Win
 * 66–2–4
 * align=left|Niliberto Herrera
 * UD
 * 10
 * 1975-01-03
 * align=left|Jundiaí, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 71
 * Win
 * 65–2–4
 * align=left|Vicente Saldivar
 * KO
 * 4 (15)
 * 1973-10-21
 * align=left|Ginásio Municipal, Bauru, São Paulo
 * align=left|Retained WBC featherweight title
 * -align=center
 * 70
 * Win
 * 64–2–4
 * align=left|Frankie Crawford
 * UD
 * 10
 * 1973-08-25
 * align=left|Ginásio Municipal, Bauru, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 69
 * Win
 * 63–2–4
 * align=left|Godfrey Stevens
 * KO
 * 4 (10)
 * 1973-07-21
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 68
 * Win
 * 62–2–4
 * align=left|José Legrá
 * MD
 * 15
 * 1973-05-05
 * align=left|Ginásio Presidente Medici, Brasília
 * align=left|Won WBC featherweight title
 * -align=center
 * 67
 * Win
 * 61–2–4
 * align=left|Djiemai Belhadri
 * KO
 * 3 (10)
 * 1972-09-29
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 66
 * Win
 * 60–2–4
 * align=left|Shig Fukuyama
 * TKO
 * 9 (10)
 * 1972-08-18
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 65
 * Win
 * 59–2–4
 * align=left|Jose Bisbal
 * KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1972-06-30
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 64
 * Win
 * 58–2–4
 * align=left|Felix Figueroa
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1972-04-28
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 63
 * Win
 * 57–2–4
 * align=left|Guillermo Morales
 * align=left|KO
 * 6 (10), 2:35
 * 1972-03-24
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 62
 * Win
 * 56–2–4
 * align=left|Robert Porcel
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10), 2:37
 * 1971-10-29
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 61
 * Win
 * 55–2–4
 * align=left|Tony Jumao-As
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1971-09-10
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 60
 * Win
 * 54–2–4
 * align=left|Domenico Chiloiro
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1971-07-09
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 59
 * Win
 * 53–2–4
 * align=left|Jerry Stokes
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1971-03-26
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 58
 * Win
 * 52–2–4
 * align=left|Giovanni Girgenti
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1970-11-06
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 57
 * Win
 * 51–2–4
 * align=left|Roberto Wong
 * align=left|KO
 * 3 (10)
 * 1970-09-25
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 56
 * Win
 * 50–2–4
 * align=left|Manny Elias
 * align=left|UD
 * 10
 * 1970-05-29
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 55
 * Win
 * 49–2–4
 * align=left|Nevio Carbi
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1970-01-30
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 54
 * Win
 * 48–2–4
 * align=left|Rudy Corona
 * align=left|KO
 * 6 (10)
 * 1969-08-27
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 53
 * Loss
 * 47–2–4
 * align=left|Fighting Harada
 * align=left|UD
 * 15
 * 1966-05-31
 * align=left|Nippon Budokan, Tokyo
 * align=left|For WBA, WBC, and The Ring bantamweight titles
 * -align=center
 * 52
 * Draw
 * 47–1–4
 * align=left|Manny Elias
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1965-11-05
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 51
 * Loss
 * 47–1–3
 * align=left|Fighting Harada
 * align=left|SD
 * 15
 * 1965-05-18
 * align=left|Aichi Prefectural Gymnasium, Nagoya, Aichi
 * align=left|Lost WBA, WBC, and The Ring bantamweight titles
 * -align=center
 * 50
 * Win
 * 47–0–3
 * align=left|Bernardo Caraballo
 * align=left|KO
 * 7 (15), 2:50
 * 1964-11-27
 * align=left|Plaza de Toros de Santamaría, Bogotá
 * align=left|Retained WBA, WBC, and The Ring bantamweight titles
 * -align=center
 * 49
 * Win
 * 46–0–3
 * align=left|Johnny Jamito
 * align=left|TKO
 * 12 (15)
 * 1963-05-18
 * align=left|Araneta Coliseum, Quezon City, Metro Manila
 * align=left|Retained WBA, WBC, and The Ring bantamweight titles
 * -align=center
 * 48
 * Win
 * 45–0–3
 * align=left|Katsutoshi Aoki
 * align=left|KO
 * 3 (15), 2:12
 * 1963-04-04
 * align=left|Kokugikan, Tokyo
 * align=left|Retained WBA, WBC, and The Ring bantamweight titles
 * -align=center
 * 47
 * Win
 * 44–0–3
 * align=left|José Medel
 * align=left|KO
 * 6 (15)
 * 1962-09-11
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|Retained WBA, NYSAC, and The Ring bantamweight titles
 * -align=center
 * 46
 * Win
 * 43–0–3
 * align=left|Herman Marques
 * align=left|TKO
 * 10 (15), 2:15
 * 1962-05-04
 * align=left|Cow Palace, Daly City, California
 * align=left|Retained NBA, NYSAC, and The Ring bantamweight titles
 * -align=center
 * 45
 * Win
 * 42–0–3
 * align=left|Johnny Caldwell
 * align=left|TKO
 * 10 (15), 2:45
 * 1962-01-18
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|Retained NBA and The Ring bantamweight titles Won vacant NYSAC bantamweight title
 * -align=center
 * 44
 * Win
 * 41–0–3
 * align=left|Fernando Gonçalves
 * align=left|KO
 * 8 (10), 1:45
 * 1961-12-06
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 43
 * Win
 * 40–0–3
 * align=left|Ramon Arias
 * align=left|TKO
 * 7 (15)
 * 1961-08-19
 * align=left|Estadio Universitario, Caracas
 * align=left|Retained NBA and The Ring bantamweight titles
 * -align=center
 * 42
 * Win
 * 39–0–3
 * align=left|Sadao Yaoita
 * align=left|KO
 * 10 (10), 2:12
 * 1961-07-26
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 41
 * Win
 * 38–0–3
 * align=left|Sugar Ray
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1961-04-18
 * align=left|Ginásio do Estádio Pacaembu, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 40
 * Win
 * 37–0–3
 * align=left|Piero Rollo
 * align=left|RTD
 * 9 (15)
 * 1961-03-02
 * align=left|Botafogo Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
 * align=left|Retained NBA bantamweight title Won vacant The Ring bantamweight title
 * -align=center
 * 39
 * Win
 * 36–0–3
 * align=left|Billy Peacock
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1960-12-16
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 38
 * Win
 * 35–0–3
 * align=left|Eloy Sanchez
 * align=left|KO
 * 6 (15), 1:30
 * 1960-11-18
 * align=left|Grand Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California
 * align=left|Won vacant NBA bantamweight title
 * -align=center
 * 37
 * Win
 * 34–0–3
 * align=left|Ricardo Moreno
 * align=left|TKO
 * 6 (10)
 * 1960-09-30
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 36
 * Win
 * 33–0–3
 * align=left|José Medel
 * align=left|KO
 * 10 (12)
 * 1960-08-18
 * align=left|Grand Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 35
 * Win
 * 32–0–3
 * align=left|Claudio Barrientos
 * align=left|TKO
 * 8 (10)
 * 1960-07-15
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 34
 * Win
 * 31–0–3
 * align=left|Ernesto Miranda
 * align=left|KO
 * 3 (15), 2:20
 * 1960-06-10
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|Retained South American bantamweight title
 * -align=center
 * 33
 * Win
 * 30–0–3
 * align=left|Ernesto Miranda
 * align=left|PTS
 * 15
 * 1960-02-19
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|Won South American bantamweight title
 * -align=center
 * 32
 * Win
 * 29–0–3
 * align=left|Danny Kid
 * align=left|UD
 * 10
 * 1959-12-12
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 31
 * Win
 * 28–0–3
 * align=left|Giovanni Zuddas
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1959-10-30
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 30
 * Win
 * 27–0–3
 * align=left|Angel Bustos
 * align=left|KO
 * 3 (10)
 * 1959-10-09
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 29
 * Win
 * 26–0–3
 * align=left|Ruben Cáceres
 * align=left|KO
 * 7 (10)
 * 1959-07-31
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 28
 * Win
 * 25–0–3
 * align=left|Salustiano Suarez
 * align=left|TKO
 * 1 (10)
 * 1959-06-28
 * align=left|Estúdios TV Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 27
 * Win
 * 24–0–3
 * align=left|Angel Bustos
 * align=left|TKO
 * 4 (10)
 * 1959-06-19
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 26
 * Win
 * 23–0–3
 * align=left|Leo Espinosa
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1959-06-04
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 25
 * Win
 * 22–0–3
 * align=left|Salustiano Suarez
 * align=left|KO
 * 4 (10)
 * 1959-04-20
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 24
 * Win
 * 21–0–3
 * align=left|Aniceto Pereyra
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1959-03-23
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 23
 * Win
 * 20–0–3
 * align=left|Roberto Castro
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1958-12-12
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 22
 * Win
 * 19–0–3
 * align=left|Jose Smecca
 * align=left|TKO
 * 7 (10)
 * 1958-11-14
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 21
 * Win
 * 18–0–3
 * align=left|Jose Casas
 * align=left|KO
 * 3 (10)
 * 1958-10-10
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 20
 * Win
 * 17–0–3
 * align=left|Jose Casas
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1958-09-12
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 19
 * Win
 * 16–0–3
 * align=left|Roberto Olmedo
 * align=left|TKO
 * 5 (10)
 * 1958-07-18
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 18
 * Win
 * 15–0–3
 * align=left|Juan Carlos Acebal
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1958-07-18
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 17
 * Win
 * 14–0–3
 * align=left|German Escudero
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1958-06-29
 * align=left|Estúdios TV Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 16
 * Win
 * 13–0–3
 * align=left|German Escudero
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1958-06-20
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 15
 * Draw
 * 12–0–3
 * align=left|Ruben Cáceres
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1958-05-14
 * align=left|Palacio Peñarol, Montevideo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 14
 * Win
 * 12–0–2
 * align=left|Cristobal Gabisans
 * align=left|TKO
 * 6 (10)
 * 1958-03-07
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 13
 * Win
 * 11–0–2
 * align=left|Avelino Romero
 * align=left|TKO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1958-01-29
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 12
 * Win
 * 10–0–2
 * align=left|Cristobal Gabisans
 * align=left|PTS
 * 8
 * 1957-12-22
 * align=left|Estúdios TV Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 11
 * Win
 * 9–0–2
 * align=left|Adolfo Ramon Pendas
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1957-12-13
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 10
 * Win
 * 8–0–2
 * align=left|Luis Angel Jimenez
 * align=left|KO
 * 8 (10)
 * 1957-10-30
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 9
 * Draw
 * 7–0–2
 * align=left|Ernesto Miranda
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1957-09-06
 * align=left|Ginásio do Estádio Pacaembú, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 8
 * Draw
 * 7–0–1
 * align=left|Ernesto Miranda
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1957-08-16
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 7
 * Win
 * 7–0
 * align=left|Raul Jaime
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1957-07-19
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 6
 * Win
 * 6–0
 * align=left|Raul Jaime
 * align=left|PTS
 * 10
 * 1957-07-05
 * align=left|São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 5
 * Win
 * 5–0
 * align=left|Juan Gonzalez
 * align=left|KO
 * 5 (10)
 * 1957-06-14
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 4
 * Win
 * 4–0
 * align=left|Osvaldo Perez
 * align=left|KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1957-06-07
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 3
 * Win
 * 3–0
 * align=left|Osvaldo Perez
 * align=left|TKO
 * 10 (10)
 * 1957-05-24
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 2
 * Win
 * 2–0
 * align=left|Raul Lopez
 * align=left|KO
 * 3 (10)
 * 1957-04-26
 * align=left|Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * 1
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * align=left|Raul Lopez
 * align=left|KO
 * 4 (6)
 * 1957-03-29
 * align=left|Estádio Pacaembú, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * align=left|
 * -align=center

Honors
He was a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

He is listed #16 on "International Boxing Research Organization" all-time pound-for-pound list. In 1983, at the WBC's 20th anniversary, he was voted the greatest bantamweight of all-time. He is also rated as the WBA'a all-time "super champion."

He was listed #9 on "Ring Magazine's" 50 greatest boxers of the past 50 years in 1996.

He is listed as #19 on Ring Magazine's list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years.

In 2003, he was listed as #85 on Ring Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.

Jofre was ranked as the number 1 bantamweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization in 2006.

Éder Jofre is depicted in the 2018 biographical film 10 Segundos Para Vencer. He was portrayed by Brazilian actor Daniel de Oliveira.

In October 2021, he was inducted into the West Coast Boxing Hall of Fame.

title: Éder Jofre


text:
Talk:Transgender rights in Canada

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 September 2019 and 10 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): RemusLupin89, Cloudy Elizabeth.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:38, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Question
Many provinces seem to require "sexual reassignment surgery". What exactly is meant by that? Do transmen have to have genital reassignment surgery, too? If not, it should be noted. -- AlexR 20:30, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Essentially, the gist of what I'm hearing from the various provincial authorities is that what is required is not SRS per se, but that a physician certify that the applicant is anatomically of the sex to which the certificate should be changed. (This is explicitly what the BC Vital Stats person told me.) What's required for that, therefore, would be basically what you could get the doctors to sign off on. - Montréalais 18:17, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Ontario requires a surgery "in the direction of" the new sex. This is apparently to allow transmen to get a legal change of gender after only a top surgery, although I've known a transwoman who got the legal change of gender following a tracheal shave. The surgeon who performed the surgery and signed off on it was apparently vague about the exact nature of the surgery. Yelyos 21:11, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

NOR
"The information for these entries comes from correspondence with the provincial and territorial departments of vital statistics during August 2004." Does this violate WP:NOR? Carolynparrishfan 15:26, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Quebec
Changes in the Quebec section. Quebec changed my gender even though I am an Ontario resident. I am trying to get them to issue a letter to use as a reference, however my own experience will have to do for now. User:Combatbootboy 18:16, 4 October 2006

Ontario
If a trans person living in Ontario but is not born in Ontario and thus do not have an Ontario birth certificate, they still CANNOT change their gender pior to sex reassignement surgery. You need an Ontario birth certificate in order to chagne your gender. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.114.210.130 (talk) 18:59, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

Replying for the record - this is a factually incorrect statement, as Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada permit changes of legal gender on federal foundational identity documents, for individuals born anywhere within or without Canada. 緑里郁子 (talk) 16:53, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

Nova Scotia
I have updated the Nova Scotia section to take into account the changes that came into force this week. Feel free to edit it further for readability, brevity or to add any additional info that you may have. --Devin Murphy (talk) 19:31, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

Is the "LGBT Discrimination Table" NPOV?
The use of green check marks to show legislation has been passed, and red X marks to show legislation has not been passed, does not seem to me to be neutral in tone. When my teachers would put check marks on my work, it had a quite different meaning than X marks, particularly if the X was in red. Both the use of the symbols and the colours suggests that the WP article favours the passage of the legislation, which is not a neutral approach. I think it would be better to replace the check marks with "yes" and the X marks with "no", without any colour coding. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 09:36, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

This is an article about transgender rights in Canada
As this is an article about transgender rights in Canada and not also an article about LGB rights in Canada, I feel the "Discrimination protections" section ought to be rewritten because it currently appears to be mostly a cut and passed from the LGBT rights in Canada article. Rewritten to reflect how these protections impact transgender people. I feel this kind of rewrite is important because not all transgender folks would be impacted the same by theses protections, as not all transgender folks are also Lesbian ,Gay or Bi, some are instead Heterosexual. Thoughts? --Devin Kira Murphy (talk) 20:46, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

This doesn't make sense to me
"the province of Quebec became the first jurisdiction in the world larger than a city or county..." implies that a province is larger than a country...? — Preceding unsigned comment added by WilbaAtWikipedia (talk • contribs) 00:09, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

Source which could possibly be helpful
I would like to make all other editors aware of this recently (as of April 2022) released information that could possibly be helpful to improve and/or expand the page. It was published by Statistics Canada on 27 April 2022.

 * Canada is the first country to provide census data on transgender and non-binary people

Helper201 (talk) 08:01, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Table Overview inconsistencies
The table color coding is inconsistent and no legend is given. e.g. "Supporting certification from a prescribed professional required" can be green in one cell, but red in another. The color coding appears to be subjective. Ragnarino (talk) 18:45, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Sections Pronouns in Schools, Healthcare and Sports
I have 2 issues with these sections. One is that the opinions of the Alberta government are just opinions, which are just opinions. I don't believe they should be included in this article. The information may have a place in Articles like Danielle Smith, this is not the place for that. I also believe that since the information is not future proof and will need to be updated making its inclusion wrong. To be clear I am not opposed to including any future notable actions taken by the Alberta or any other canadian government related to transgender rights being included in the article, I don't believe people's opinions, even if they are from a government warrant inclusion on their own.

But if I am wrong, and this information should be included in the article, I believe Sections Pronouns in Schools, Healthcare and Sports should be merged together into a single section. I also believe more information about these opinions would be needed to maintain a neutral point of view as the omission of other people's opinions only the opinions of Danielle Smith is not neutral. Legend of 14 (talk) 07:53, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The plans/opinions of the Alberta government have been removed. Legend of 14 (talk) 19:30, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * With regards to the latest edit of these sections, that was done because it breached existing consensus, not only just because it lacked consensus. I'm sorry, I didn't explain my reasoning good in the edit summary, I will try to be more clear in the future. Legend of 14 (talk) 16:37, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Legend of 14 (talk) 17:06, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transgender rights in Canada


text:
Brahmo Samaj

Brahmo Samaj (ব্রাহ্ম সমাজ ) is the societal component of Brahmoism, which began as a monotheistic reformist movement that appeared during the Bengal Renaissance.

It was one of the most influential religious movements in India and made a significant contribution to the making of modern India. It was started at Calcutta on 20 August 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dwarkanath Tagore as reformation of the prevailing customs of the time (specifically Kulin practices) and began the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century pioneering all religious, social and educational advance of the Bengali community in the 19th century. Its Trust Deed was made in 1830 formalising its inception and it was duly and publicly inaugurated in January 1830 by the consecration of the first house of prayer, now known as the Adi Brahmo Samaj. From the Brahmo Samaj springs Brahmoism, the most recent of legally recognised religions in India and Bangladesh, reflecting its foundation on reformed spiritual Hinduism with vital elements of Judeo-Islamic faith and practice.

Meaning of the name
The Brahmo Samaj literally denotes community ('samaj') of men who have knowledge of Brahman, the ultimate reality. In reality Brahmo Samaj does not discriminate between caste, creed or religion and is an assembly of all sorts and descriptions of people without distinction, meeting publicly for the sober, orderly, religious and devout adoration of "The Nameless, Eternal, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe."

Doctrine
The following doctrines, as noted in Renaissance of Hinduism, are common to all varieties and offshoots of the Brahmo Samaj:
 * Brahmo Samajists denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience.
 * Brahmo Samajists have no faith in Avatars (incarnations)
 * Brahmo Samajists denounce polytheism and idol-worship.
 * Brahmo Samajists are against caste system.
 * Brahmo Samajists took no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of soul and left it to individual Brahmos to believe either way.

Divisions of Brahmo Samaj

 * Adi Brahmo Samaj
 * Sadharan Brahmo Samaj

Anusthanic versus Ananusthanic (Non-Anusthanic) Brahmos
Anusthanic Brahmos comprise Adi Brahmos, Adi Dharmaites and many Sadharan Brahmos. Anusthanic Brahmos are exclusively adherents of the Brahmo religion and have no other faith.

The concept of the soul is anathema to Anusthanic Brahmos, which they consider to have been ruled out by the "1861 Anusthan" and they instead refer to the soul as "being". Every "being", which they consider immortal, is a part of God, who they see as the singularity, author and preserver of existence. "Beings" are sent out by God for a mission, "Kriya" on completion of which the "being" reintegrates (re-absorbs) into God.

For Anusthanic Brahmos the next step after death is this reintegration, re-absorption and renewal with God.

This corresponds to the 2nd "Adi" Prime Principle: "Being is created from Singularity. Being is renewed to Singularity. Being exists to be one again with Loving Singularity."

Ananusthanic (Non-Anusthanic Brahmos) believe in the concept of immortal souls eternally progressing towards God. This implies a karmic and fatalistic belief, which is different to Kriayic Brahmoism.

Brahmo Sabha
On 20 August 1828 the first assembly of the Brahmo Sabha was held at the North Calcutta house of Feringhee Kamal Bose. This day was celebrated by Brahmos as Bhadrotsab (ভাদ্রোৎসব Bhadrotshôb; "Bhadro celebration"). These meetings were open to all people irrespective of religion, caste, creed, gender. The format of worship was defined by Raja Ram Mohan Roy - which included reading of the Vedas by two Telegu Brahmins, followed by an explanation of Vedanta and Upanishads in Bengali by Utsavananda Bidyabagish, followed by Brahmasangeet composed by Rammohun or his friends. The songs were performed by top classical musical exponents Krishnaprasad and Bishnu Chakraborty and percussion was played by the country's top maestro Golam Abbas.

On 8 January 1830 influential progressive members of the closely related Kulin Brahmin clan scurrilously described as Pirali Brahmin (i.e. ostracised for service in the Mughal Nizaamat of Bengal) of Tagore (Thakur) and Roy Zameendar family, mutually executed the Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha for the first Adi Brahmo Samaj (place of worship) on Chitpore Road (now Rabindra Sarani), Kolkata, India with Ram Chandra Vidyabagish as first resident superintendent.

On 23 January 1830 or 11th Magh, the Adi Brahmo premises were publicly inaugurated (with about 500 Brahmins and 1 Englishman present). This day is celebrated by Brahmos as Maghotsab (মাঘোৎসব Maghotshôb "Magh celebration").

In November 1830 Rammohun Roy left for England. Akbar II had conferred the title of 'Raja' to Rammohun Roy.

Brief eclipse of Brahmo Sabha
By the time of Rammohun's death in 1833 near Bristol (UK), attendance at the Samaj dwindled. Dwarkanath Tagore provided the funds for the upkeep of the Samaj and Ram Chandra Vidyabagish kept up the flame burning, and arrived each week to perform the divine service as laid out by Rammohun.

Tattwabodhini period
On 6 October 1839, Debendranath Tagore, son of Dwarkanath Tagore, established Tattvaranjini Sabha which was shortly thereafter renamed the Tattwabodhini ("Truth-seekers") Sabha. Initially confined to immediate members of the Tagore family, in two years it mustered over 500 members. In 1840, Debendranath published a Bangla translation of Katha Upanishad. A modern researcher describes the Sabha's philosophy as ''modern middle-class (bourgeois) Vedanta. ''. Among its first members were the "two giants of Hindu reformation and Bengal Renaissance", Akshay Kumar Datta, who in 1839 emerged from the life of an "anonymous squalor-beset individual", and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the "indigenous modernizer".

First Covenant and merger with the Tattwabodhini Sabha
On 7th Pous 1765 Shaka (1843) Debendranath Tagore and twenty other Tattwabodhini stalwarts were formally invited by Pt. Vidyabagish into the Trust of Brahmo Sabha. The Pous Mela at Santiniketan starts on this day. From this day forth, the Tattwabodhini Sabha dedicated itself to promoting Ram Mohan Roy's creed. The other Brahmins who swore the First Covenant of Brahmoism are:
 * Shridhar Bhattacharya
 * Shyamacharan Bhattacharya
 * Brajendranath Tagore
 * Girindranath Tagore, brother of Debendranath Tagore and father of Ganendranath Tagore
 * Anandachandra Bhattacharya
 * Taraknath Bhattacharya
 * Haradev Chattopadhyaya, the future father-in-law to Mahacharya Hemendranath Tagore
 * Shyamacharan Mukhopadhyaya
 * Ramnarayan Chattopadhyaya
 * Sashibhushan Mukhopadhyaya

Foundation of the Brahmo Samaj
In 1861 the Brahmo Samaj was founded at Lahore by Nobin Roy. It included many Bengalis from the Lahore Bar Association. Many branches were opened in the Punjab, at Quetta, Rawalpindi, Amritsar etc.

First secession
Disagreement with the Debendranath Tagore and Keshub Chandra Sen came to a head publicly between the period of 1 August 1865 till November 1866 and the followers of Keshub created the "Brahmo Samaj of India". This period is also referred to in the histories of the secessionists as the "First Schism".

Brahmo Samaj and Swami Narendranath Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda was influenced by the Brahmo Samaj of India, and visited the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his youth.

Current status and number of adherents
While the various Calcutta sponsored movements declined after 1920 and faded into obscurity after the Partition of India, the Adi Dharm creed has expanded and is now the 9th largest of India's enumerated religions with 7.83 million adherents, heavily concentrated between the states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. In the Indian census of 2001 only 177 persons declared themselves a "Brahmo", but the number of subscriber members to Brahmo Samaj is somewhat larger at around 20,000 members.

Social and religious reform
In matters of social reform the Brahmo Samaj attacked many dogmas and superstitions. It condemned the prevailing Hindu prejudice against going abroad (Kala Pani). The Samaj condemned practice of Sati (burning of widows), discouraged child marriage and polygamy, and crusaded for widow remarriage. The Samaj attacked casteism and untouchability.

After the controversy of underage marriage of Keshub Chunder Sen's daughter, the Special Marriages Act of 1872 was enacted to set the minimum age of 14 years for marriage of girls. All Brahmo marriages were thereafter solemnised under this law. Many Indians resented the requirement of the affirmation "I am not Hindu, nor a Mussalman, nor a Christian" for solemnising a marriage under this Act. The requirement of this declaration was imposed by Henry James Sumner Maine, legal member of Governor General's Council appointed by Britain. The 1872 Act was repealed by the Special Marriage Act, 1954 under which any person of any religion could marry. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 applies to all Hindus (including "followers" of the Brahmo Samaj) but not to the adherents of the Brahmo religion.

Second secession
Differences arose between Keshub Chandra Sen and the band of young people who called themselves "Samadarshi". The difference arose due to the autocratic handling of the works of the Brahmo Samaj by Keshub Chandra Sen. The differences came to a head with the Coochbehar marriage. A meeting was called in Town Hall of Calutta on 15 May 1878 and the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj came into existence with Anandamohan Bose as president, Shib Chandra Deb, Sivanath Sastri, Umesh Chandra Dutta, Gurucharan Mahalanobish serving as office bearers.

title: Brahmo Samaj


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BMW 5 Series (E39)

The BMW E39 is the fourth generation of the BMW 5 Series range of executive cars, which was manufactured from 1995 to 2004. It was launched in the sedan body style, with the station wagon body style (marketed as "Touring") introduced in 1996. The E39 was replaced by the E60 5 Series in 2003, however E39 Touring models remained in production until May 2004.

The proportion of chassis components using aluminium significantly increased for the E39, and it was the first 5 Series to use aluminium for all major components in the front suspension or any in the rear. It was also the first 5 Series where a four-cylinder diesel engine was available. Rack and pinion steering was used for four- and six-cylinder models, the first time that a 5 Series has used this steering system in significant volumes. Unlike its E34 predecessor and E60 successor, the E39 was not available with all-wheel drive.

The high performance E39 M5 sedan was introduced in 1998, powered by a 4.941 L DOHC V8 engine. It was the first M5 model to be powered by a V8 engine.

Development and launch
Development for the E34's successor began in 1993, and ended in 1995. The final design by Joji Nagashima was selected in June 1992 and later frozen for production under new design chief Chris Bangle. With design selection in 1992, the series development phase began and took 39 months until start of production. The domestic German design patent was filed on 20 April 1994, with an E39 prototype.

Pre-production cars rolled off the pilot line from February 1995 starting with 523i and 528i models. This was followed by the 520i in March 1995, 525td/tds and 540i in April 1995 and 535i in October 1995. In May 1995 BMW published the first official photos of the E39. The E39 premiered in September 1995 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. Dealer demonstrator cars became available from September 1995 in continental Europe, commencing full scale production. In December 1995 sales of sedan models began on the European mainland. Production of wagon/estate models began in November 1996.

Equipment
The E39 was one of the first vehicles (alongside the E38 7 Series) to have curtain airbags, which protect the occupants' heads in a side impact. Standard equipment on the launch models included dual front and side airbags, pretensioners and load limiters for the front seatbelts, anti-lock brakes, traction control, power steering, and air conditioning. Satellite navigation was also available, initially using maps on CD-ROMs, then moving to DVD maps in 2002. Several models were available in Sports or Executive trim levels.

Special options available options on wagon models were either a roller blind or extending cargo cover with patrician net for the rear cargo area, roller sun visors for rear and side windows.

A "latent heat accumulator" was available as an option up until September 1999. The accumulator stores engine heat by converting a salt from solid to liquid form (phase transition). The insulated tank can store heat for several days. The next time the vehicle is started, this heat is automatically used to reduce exhaust emissions (by heating the engine up to operating temperature quicker), for cabin heating and window defrosting.

Separate to the latent heat accumulator is the Residual Heat function (activated by a button labelled "REST"), which allows the demister and cabin heater to use the heat of an engine that has recently been turned off (using an electric pump to push hot coolant through the heater core).

Petrol engines

At launch, the petrol engines consisted of the BMW M52 straight-6 engines and the BMW M62 V8 engines. In late 1998, the "technical update" (TÜ) versions of these engines were introduced, introducing double VANOS to the M52 and single VANOS to the M62, primarily to increase torque at low rpm.

For the facelift of the model range in the year 2000, the M52 was replaced by the BMW M54 straight-6 engine and the version used in the 530i model topped the Ward's 10 Best Engines list in 2002 and 2003. The post-facelift V8 models (535i and 540i) continued to use the M62TÜ engine.

Specifications for European models are shown below. , ,

Diesel engines

The initial diesel models used the BMW M51 turbocharged straight-6 engine carried over from its predecessor. In 1998, its successor the BMW M57 was introduced in the 530d model, however the BMW M51 engine continued to be used for two more years in the 525td and 525tds models.

In 1999, the M47 four-cylinder turbo-diesel was introduced in the 520d model, which is the only E39 model to use a four-cylinder engine.

Specifications for European models are shown below. , ,

Manual transmissions
Six-cylinder petrol models and 535i were fitted with either the 5-speed Getrag 250G or ZF 320Z (S5-32) transmission, depending on the year and model. Diesel models with the M51 engine were fitted with the 5-speed ZF 260Z transmission, while the M57 diesel models were fitted with the 5-speed ZF 390 (S5-39DZ) transmission. 540i and M5 were fitted with the 6-speed Getrag 420G transmission.

Automatic transmissions

Some pre-facelift six-cylinder petrol models were fitted with the 4-speed GM 4L30-E (A4S270R) transmission. Six-cylinder pre-facelift cars built for the Japanese market were fitted with the Jatco 5R01 5 speed automatic transmission. All other six-cylinder models were fitted with 5-speed transmissions, either the GM 5L40-E (A5S360R), GM 5L40-E (A5S390R), or ZF 5HP19 (A5S325Z) transmission, depending on the year and model. V8 petrol models were fitted with either the 5-speed ZF 5HP24 (A5S440Z) or the 5-speed ZF 5HP30 (A5S560Z).

Differential ratios
The following differential ratios were used by the E39:
 * 2.35: 530d manual
 * 2.64: 525tds automatic
 * 2.81: 540i manual, 530d automatic
 * 2.93: 528i/530i manual
 * 3.07: 528iT/530iT manual
 * 3.15: 525i/525tds manual, 540i automatic
 * 3.15 (LSD): M5
 * 3.23: 525iT manual
 * 3.38/3.46: 525i Auto
 * 3.46: 528i/530i (5-speed) automatic
 * 4.10: 528i (4-speed) automatic

Steering
Unusually, two different steering systems were used for the E39, depending on the engine. Models with four-cylinder and six-cylinder models use rack and pinion steering, the first time this system has been used in a 5 Series (except for the E34 525iX model). This system steers from the front of the axle.

Models with V8 engines use recirculating ball steering, as per the previous generations of 5 Series.

Chassis and body
Compared with its E34 predecessor, the E39's wheelbase grew by 68 mm and overall length by 55 mm. Torsional rigidity was increased over the E34 by 40 percent, which reduces body flex and allows the suspension to operate more accurately, also improving ride quality. Structural dynamics were also an objective of the body design, so the body's frequencies for torsional twisting and bending are in separate ranges and above the natural frequency of the body. These frequencies are out of the range of engine and driveline vibrations, to avoid vibrations being amplified.

Due to a stiffer body shell, the weight of the chassis increased by 10 kg, which is offset by the reduced weight of some aluminium suspension components. The wagon version was 85 mm longer than the previous generation (E34) and weighed approximately 40 kg more.

Suspension
The E39 was the first 5 Series to use aluminium for most components in the front suspension. The proportion of chassis components using aluminium significantly increased for the E39.

The front suspension consists of a double-jointed version of the MacPherson strut, with six-cylinder cars using an aluminium front subframe. Aluminium is used for the steering knuckles, outer strut tube and the spring pads, resulting in a weight saving of 21 kg. V8 models also use aluminium in the steering box and several suspension links, to compensate for the heavier steel subframe.

The rear suspension consists of a four link design (called "Z-link"), which is similar to the system used by the E38 7 Series. The design minimises unintentional toe angle changes, which increases the stability of the handling.

Wagon self-levelling suspension
The Touring model was the first BMW model to use air suspension (self-levelling suspension was first used by BMW for the E23 7 Series with a closed-loop nitrogen system that operated in parallel with the steel springs). This "self leveling" system controls the ride height of the rear of the vehicle and is designed to keep the center of the wheel a specified distance from the lip of the fender as the weight of the load in the cargo area varies.

Instead of using a traditional coil springs, the system uses pneumatic springs paired with air reservoirs that are pressurised by an air compressor. The system is controlled by two Hall effect sensors at the rear of the vehicle. These sensors tell the EHC (electric height control) if the rear ride height needs to be adjusted and adjust headlight height for vehicles equipped with Xenon headlights. When a door or the rear hatch is opened and then closed the control module will constantly monitor the input signals from the HALL sensors and will activate a correction if the ride height has change greater than 10mm. During normal operation the system stays online but does not adjust to conditions such as potholes.

M5 model

The M5 model of the E39 was introduced in 1998 at the Geneva Motor Show and was produced from 1998 to 2003. It was powered by the S62 V8 engine producing 394 horsepower. All E39 M5 cars that were made were sold in the sedan body style with a 6-speed manual transmission. Only 1 M5 Touring model was made but they never sold it or put it in production.

Alpina E39 models

The Alpina B10 3.2, 3.3, V8 and V8S petrol-engined models were built in sedans and wagon body styles based on the E39 from January 1997 to May 2004.

The Alpina B10 3.2 was based on an E39 528i sedan produced by Alpina from August 1997 to December 1998. It was first shown to the public at the IAA Motor show in 1997. The engine is a 6 cylinder petrol producing 260 bhp and 330 nm of torque to the rear driving wheels. 0–60 miles per hour in 6.7 seconds and a top speed of 160 miles per hour. The B10 3.2 was only available to buy in a 5 speed manual ZF gearbox and only 260 were ever made.

The Alpina B10 3.3 was based on an E39 528i Touring produced by Alpina from February 1999 to October 2003. It was first shown to the public at the Geneva Motor show in 1999. The engine is a 6 cylinder petrol producing 280 bhp and 335 nm of torque to the rear driving wheels. 0–60 miles per hour in 6.3 seconds and a top speed of 162 miles per hour. The B10 3.3 was available to buy in a 5 speed manual ZF gearbox or a switchtronic gearbox and only 240 were ever made.

The Alpina B10 V8 pre-facelift was based on an E39 540i sedan produced by Alpina from January 1997 to October 1998. The engine is an 8 cylinder petrol producing 340 bhp and 470 nm of torque to the rear driving wheels. 0–60 miles per hour in 5.9 seconds and a top speed of 180 miles per hour. The steering wheel was hand stitched by a professional working for Alpina. The B10 V8 pre-facelift was available to buy in a 5 speed manual ZF gearbox or an automatic gearbox and with it being one of Alpina's most successful cars, roughly 1300 were sold worldwide also including the post-facelift models, the Touring models and the B10 V8 S models.

The Alpina B10 V8 post-facelift was based on an E39 540i sedan produced by Alpina from September 2000 to February 2002. The engine is an 8 cylinder petrol producing 347 bhp and 480 nm of torque to the rear driving wheels. 0–60 miles per hour in 5.6 seconds and a top speed of 173 miles per hour. The B10 V8 post-facelift was available to buy in a 5 speed manual ZF gearbox or an automatic gearbox.

The Alpina B10 V8 Touring was based on an E39 540i Touring produced by Alpina from October 1998 to July 2000. The engine is an 8 cylinder petrol producing 347 bhp and 480 nm of torque to the rear driving wheels. 0–60 miles per hour in 6.2 seconds and a top speed of 173 miles per hour. The B10 V8 Touring was available to buy in a 5 speed manual ZF gearbox or an automatic gearbox.

The Alpina B10 V8 S was based on an E39 540i sedan produced by Alpina from January 2002 to May 2004. The engine is an 8 cylinder petrol producing 375 bhp and 510 nm of torque to the rear driving wheels. 0–60 miles per hour in 5.4 seconds and a top speed of 176 miles per hour. The B10 V8 S was available to buy in a 5 speed automatic.

The Alpina D10 Biturbo was the first diesel car produced by Alpina and was based on an E39 530d. The D10 was in production from April 2000 to October 2003. It was first shown to the public in 1999 at the Geneva Motor show The engine was a 6 cylinder diesel producing 500 nm of torque to the rear driving wheels. 0–60 miles per hour in 7.2 seconds and a top speed of 157 miles per hour. The D10 Biturbo was available to buy in a Getrag 6 speed manual or a ZF 5 speed automatic and only 94 were ever made.

The Alpina D10 was the first diesel model produced by Alpina and was introduced in February 2000. The engine, a 3.0 litre twin-turbocharged unit rated at 180 kW and 500 Nm of torque, was based on the engine of the 530d model.

Special protection line model
The 540i Protection light-armored vehicle was launched in Europe in September 1997 and in North America from January 1998. These models included aramid fiber armor, bullet-resistant glass that is coated with polycarbonate to reduce spall. The 540i Protection is rated to withstand the impact of handgun fire up to and including .44 Magnum, the glass is also protected from attack with blunt objects such as baseball bats and bricks. The additional security measures brought an additional weight of 130 kg compared to the normal 540i sedan. on request, an intercom system was available and from January 1998 run-flat tyres were available.

Model year changes
Most changes occur in September each year, when the changes for the following model year go into production, as is typical BMW practice. Therefore, the changes for 1996 represent the 1997 model year, for example.

1996

 * Station wagon (estate, marketed as "Touring") body style introduced.
 * 525td model introduced.

1997

 * On-board computer upgraded.
 * Cornering Brake Control introduced.
 * Rear side airbags introduced.

1998

 * M5 model introduced. Lower-body rear side airbags were standard on the M5, remaining optional for other models.
 * M52 straight-six engines updated to M52TU.
 * M62 V8 engines updated to M62TU.
 * 530d model introduced, using the new M57 straight-six turbo-diesel engine.
 * Xenon headlights introduced.
 * Parking sensors ("Park Distance Control") introduced.
 * Self-levelling rear suspension introduced for Estate models.
 * Stability control upgraded (from ASC+T to DSC).
 * Self-Adjusting Clutch (SAC) introduced on the straight-six petrol engines.
 * Air conditioning, electric rear windows and on board computer added to standard equipment
 * Satellite navigation upgraded from MKI (or Mark I) to MKII. Like the MKI, the MKII uses a 4:3 screen and stores the maps on a CD.

1999

 * Rain-sensing windshield wipers introduced (June 1999)
 * Front seat airbags upgraded to dual stage
 * 520d model (using M47 inline-four engine) introduced, replaces the 525td model (M51 engine).
 * 525d model (using M57 engine) replaces the 525tds model (M51 engine).

2000 facelift
The E39 facelift (also known as LCI) models began production in September 2000 (for the 2001 model year).

 * 520i, 525i and 530i models (using M54 engines) replace the 520i, 523i and 528i model (M52TU engines).
 * 530d model receives power increase.
 * Kidney grilles on all models are changed to those of the M5.
 * Revised "angel eye" headlights.
 * Revised tail lights with LED running lights.
 * Navigation screen updated from 4:3 to larger 16:9 widescreen.

2001

 * Automatic transmission cars had the manual shift direction switched (to forwards for downshifts, backwards for upshifts).
 * Front brakes were upgraded with 324mm discs and new calipers on 6 cylinder models.
 * Automatic headlights introduced.
 * In-dash CD player becomes available on all models.
 * Power passenger seat becomes standard on 6 cylinder models and automatic climate control becomes standard on 525i.
 * M Sport package introduced for the 540i

2002

 * Navigation computer updated to “Mk IV” Used 2 DVD maps instead of 8 CDs).

2003

 * Additional chrome trim added on the trunk (boot) and on the sides of the body.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, the initial model range in 1996 was the 523i and 528i, with only the 523i available with a manual transmission. Following the September 2000 facelift, the line-up consisted of 520i, 525i and 530i. Indonesian models were assembled in Jakarta from complete knock-down kits.

United States
From 1997 to 1998, the E39 model range in North America consisted of the 528i and 540i, In 1999 the M5 was introduced along with station wagon (marketed as "sports wagon") versions of the 528i and 540i. For the 2001 model year, the 528i was discontinued and replaced by the 525i (525i Touring in estate/wagon format) and 530i (with no wagon variant in the US).

In 2001, the American market 540i's power output was increased to 216 kW, unlike other markets where the 540i's power remained at 210 kW. All North American models from factory arrived pre-wired for mobile phones; it was a dealer option to have a mobile phone installed into the center console. The station wagon models were marketed as "Sports Wagon" and standard features included roof rails for mounting a roof rack.

In 2003 BMW sold the 540i M-Sport package as a limited production model in the United States, with 1,190 cars produced with a manual transmission. Upgrades included 18-inch wheels and various cosmetic features.

Sales in the United States for May 1999 to May 2000 were 19,294 vehicles. The following year, sales for May 2000 to May 2001 were 15,233 vehicles.

Motorsport
The M5 was used by several teams in the Italian Superstars Series.

Awards
Car and Driver featured the E39 in its "10Best list" six consecutive times, from 1997 to 2002. In 2001, Consumer Reports gave the 530i its highest car rating ever, declaring it the best car they had ever reviewed to date.

Other reviewers have also praised the E39 models.

Safety
The series tested for IIHS's "moderate overlap front" test and received 'Good' rating results, the highest available.

Production
The first pilot production models were built in February 1995, with full-scale production starting in September that year. Most cars were built at the Dingolfing factory, with complete knock-down assembly used in Mexico,  Indonesia and Russia. CKD production amounted to 17,280, with total production numbering 1,488,038 of which 266,209 units were Touring models.

title: BMW 5 Series (E39)


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BMW 5 Series (E60)

The fifth generation of the BMW 5 Series executive cars consists of the BMW E60 (sedan version) and BMW E61 (wagon version, marketed as 'Touring'). The E60/E61 generation was produced by BMW from 2003 to 2010 and is often collectively referred to as the E60.

The E60 generation introduced various new electronic features, including the iDrive infotainment system, head-up display, active cruise control, active steering, adaptive headlights, night vision, lane departure warning and voice control. The E60 was the first 5 Series to be available with a turbocharged petrol engine, a 6-speed automatic transmission and regenerative braking.

The M5 model was introduced in 2005 and is powered by the BMW S85 V10 engine. It was sold in the sedan and wagon body styles, with most cars using the 7-speed SMG III transmission. It was the first and only M5 model to be sold with a V10 engine.

In January 2010, the BMW 5 Series (F10) began production as the successor to the E60.

Development and launch
The development programme for the E60 began in 1997, concluding in 2002. The lead designer was Boyke Boyer. The final design, developed by Davide Arcangeli under BMW Design Director Chris Bangle, was approved in 2000 and German design patents filed on 16 April 2002.

The sedan was launched on 5 July 2003 in Europe and in October 2003 in North America. In late 2004, the Touring models were introduced.

Body styles
The body of the E60 was made using aluminium for the front of the car, and steel for the passenger cabin and rear. Kerb weights are 1445 - 1725 kg for the sedan and 1675 - 1830 kg for the wagon. The weight distribution of the sedan models was 50:50.

Interior / Equipment

The iDrive infotainment system— first introduced in the E65 7 Series— was fitted to all E60 models. The standard iDrive system included a 6.5-inch LCD screen, a single-disc CD/MP3 player, Bluetooth for phone calls (available only on later-build 2004 models, and standard on all 2005 and newer models), basic voice control, and vehicle settings. Optional features included an 8-inch LCD screen, GPS navigation, Sirius Satellite Radio (on North American-spec models), and DVD video playback. iPod and USB integration, HD Radio (on North American-spec models), an auxiliary audio input jack (standard on 2008 and newer models), full voice control, and a multi-disc CD/MP3/DVD changer (mounted in the glove compartment). On North American-spec models, a ten-speaker premium audio system with dual under-seat subwoofers and an amplifier was standard equipment, with a thirteen-speaker Harman Kardon "Logic 7" premium surround sound audio system available as an option on all models.

An emergency hotline feature (BMW Assist) was also available for the E60. The BMW Assist system could also use the phone network to notify the driver and their preferred BMW dealership when servicing was due. This feature was standard on all E60 models sold in the United States.

Other features available in the E60 initially included active cruise control, Bi-Xenon headlights, run-flat tyres, active anti-roll bars, head-up display and active steering. Safety-related items include Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), adaptive headlights and night vision.

In 2009, the iDrive system was upgraded from the first-generation "CCC" interface to the newer "CIC" interface. The audio system control panel added six multifunction preset buttons that could be programmed to store favorite radio stations and frequently-dialed telephone numbers for the Bluetooth hands-free system. The iDrive controller in the center console was also redesigned, and now integrated shortcut keys for frequently-used functions.

Over the E60's lifespan, the following features were added: Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go, keyless entry ("comfort access"), LED taillights, Lane Departure Warning and Brake Force Display.

The E60 was the first 5 Series in 22 years where the centre console was not angled towards the driver, however the E60's successor returned to angling the centre console towards the driver.

In 2003 a 6-speed SMG-II gearbox was offered as an option on the 525i, 530i, 545i and 550i in some markets.

Petrol
At launch, the E60 used the previous generation E39 5 Series' M54 straight 6 engine in the 520i, 525i and 530i models. The only petrol model with a new engine at launch was the 545i with the N62 V8. The M54 was phased out after the 2005 model years and replaced with the straight-4 N43 (in the 520i) and the straight-6 N52 engine (in the 525i and 530i). The model range was also expanded the same year to include a wider range of models like the 523i, 540i and 550i. In 2007, the only turbocharged petrol E60 model was introduced, the 535i with the twin-turbo straight-6 N54 engine. This model was exclusive to the North American market and was not sold in Europe.

Diesel
The only diesel model available at launch was the 530d, which used an updated "TU" version of the M57 engine found in the previous generation E39 5 Series. In 2004 the 535d and 525d were added to the model range which also used different versions of the M57 straight-6 turbo engine. In 2005, the only 4 cylinder diesel model E60 was added to the model range, the 520d using the older M47 engine at first, and later the new N47 engine from 2007. Most of the diesel model range was exclusive to the European market, except a few models which were sold in some countries in Asia. No diesel models were offered in North America.

Transmissions
Available transmissions are:
 * 6-speed ZF S6-37 manual (2004–2010)
 * 6-speed Getrag 217 -- GS6-17BG / GS6-17DG manual (2004–2010)
 * 6-speed ZF S6-53 manual (2004–2010)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP19 automatic (2003–2007)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP26 automatic (2003–2007)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP26X automatic (2003–2007) - xdrive 4wd models
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP28 automatic (2007–2010)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP28X automatic (2007–2010) - xdrive 4wd models
 * 6-speed GS6S37BZ SMG-II (2003–2010)
 * 6-speed GS6S53BZ SMG-II (2003–2010)
 * 7-speed GS7S47BG SMG III (M5 model)

M5 model
The M5 model of the E60 generation was introduced in 2005 and produced in sedan and wagon body styles. The E60 M5 is powered by the BMW S85 V10 engine, which produces 373 kW at 7,750 rpm, 520 Nm at 6,100 rpm and has a redline of 8,250 rpm. The 0 - 100 km/h acceleration time is 4.7 seconds.

The majority of M5s were sold with a 7-speed automated manual transmission ("SMG III"), however a 6-speed manual was also available in some markets.

Total production of the M5 was 20,548 units, consisting of 19,523 sedans and 1,025 wagons.

Alpina B5

Introduced in February 2005, the Alpina B5 and Alpina B5 S were built in sedan and wagon body styles and powered by the 4.4 L BMW N62 petrol V8 engine (as used by the 545i) with the addition of a centrifugal supercharger. The rated power outputs are 368 kW for the B5 and 390 kW for the B5 S. Both models used the ZF 6HP26 6-speed hydraulic automatic transmission shared with the regular E60 models.

BMW 5 Series Security
The E60 was available as 'Security' models, a factory armoured version which was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show. Built with ballistic steel, aramid, polyethylene and 21mm polycarbonate layered glass it was certified at VR4 level of VPAM's Bullet Resistant Vehicle guidelines (1999). The armoured areas include the entire passenger cell, battery terminals and Engine Control Unit. As standard they included an intercom system and panic alarm.

The Security models were built using the mechanicals of the 530i or the 550i, with upgraded suspension and braking systems. Production of the Security models began alongside the series model at BMW's Dingolfing plant, with armouring prepared before being shipped to a specialist facility in Toluca, Mexico, where the vehicles complete the final assembly stage.

Long-wheelbase sedan (China only)
A long-wheelbase (LWB) version of the E60 5 Series was offered in China. Models included the 520Li, 523Li, 525Li, and 530Li. The wheelbase was increased to 3030 mm from the original wheelbase of 2,890 mm, a 140 mm increase.

BMW 5 Series Authority Vehicle
The 5 Series Authority Vehicle is designed for police forces, fire services, and emergency rescue services. It has a firearm bracket in the rear center armrest.

Safety
Initially the 5 Series received a three-star rating for adult occupants. However changes were made to the steering column, footrest, door trims, door latch, airbags and electronic software and the car was retested achieving its four-star rating. BMW claims the modifications improved the car's Euro NCAP score, not the vehicle's safety; consequently BMW chose not to recall the earlier-built cars.

The American Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gives the 5 Series a "Good" overall rating in frontal collisions but a "Marginal" overall rating for side impact collisions. The IIHS reported their side impact test would likely cause driver related rib fractures and/or internal organ injuries. The IIHS tests were conducted on models built after May 2007; these models had modifications to improve side impact safety.

2007 facelift
The 'Life Cycle impulse' (LCI) models were introduced in March 2007 (for the 2008 model year). Styling changes were relatively subtle, and included revised headlights, tail lights and front bumper. The interior was significantly revised. The iDrive system was upgraded with programmable "favourite" shortcut buttons (for 2009 models), a revised menu system, preset buttons for the audio system and the switch from DVD to hard disk based storage (for 2010 models).

Mechanically, the 5 Series gained the new engines and transmissions from the E70 X5. On automatic transmission models, a shift by wire shifter replaced the mechanical version and shift paddles were available for the first time on a 5 Series model besides the M5.

The active cruise control was upgraded to bring the vehicle to a complete stop and accelerate from stationary (called "Stop & Go"). Other changes include adaptive headlights, LED rear lights, Lane Departure Warning, night vision and Brake Force Display. The E60 LCI was the first BMW to feature regenerative braking.

Production
Production of the E60/E61 occurred at the BMW Group Plant Dingolfing in Germany and at the BMW Brilliance plant in China.

Complete knock-down assembly of German-produced kits took place in Thailand, Egypt, Russia and Malaysia.

title: BMW 5 Series (E60)


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BMW 6 Series (E63)

The second generation of the BMW 6 Series consists of the BMW E63 (coupe version) and BMW E64 (convertible version) grand tourers. The E63/E64 generation was produced by BMW from 2003 to 2010 and is often collectively referred to as the E63.

The E63 uses a shortened version of the E60 5 Series chassis and subsequently shares many features. The car initially drew criticism, due to its controversial styling and complicated iDrive system.

The M6 model was introduced in 2005 in coupé and convertible body styles. It is powered by the S85 V10 engine shared with the E60 M5, and most M6s were produced with a 7-speed automated manual transmission ("SMG III").

In March 2011, the BMW 6 Series (F06/F12/F13) began production as the successor to the E63.

Development and launch
The exterior was designed by Adrian van Hooydonk, based on the 1999 BMW Z9 concept car designed by the then BMW Design Chief Chris Bangle.

The controversial rear styling, first seen on the E65 7 Series, was nicknamed "Bangle Butt" by critics. BMW described the styling philosophy as "flame surfacing", where concave and convex shapes meet to create sharp edges.

To reduce weight, the doors and bonnet are made of aluminium, and the boot and front wings are made of carbon-reinforced plastic. The kerb weight is 1490 - 1930 kg.

Coupé (E63)
Coupé models were unveiled at the 2003 Frankfurt Auto Show, and introduced on the market in middle of the 2003 model year.

Convertible (E64)
Convertible models were unveiled at the 2004 Detroit Auto Show, and released in mid 2004.

Convertible models featured a non-conventional convertible top design with side fins and an integrated wind deflector that can be raised or lowered at any time.

Engines
Top speed for all models is electronically limited to 250 km/h.

Drivetrain
The available transmissions are:
 * 6-speed ZF S6-37 manual (630Ci / 630i)
 * 6-speed ZF S6-53 manual (645Ci / 650i / M6 (U.S. only)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP19 automatic (630Ci / 630i)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP26 automatic (635d / 645Ci / 650i)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP28 automatic (635d LCI / 650i LCI)
 * 6-speed SMG (630i / 645Ci / 650i)
 * 7-speed SMG III (M6)

Unlike the related E60 5 Series, the E63/E64 was not available with all-wheel drive (xDrive).

Equipment

Features available included adaptive headlights, parking sensors (Park Distance Control), voice control, variable rate steering (Active Steering), active anti-roll bars (Active Roll Stabilisation), radar cruise control (Active Cruise Control with Stop and Go), head-up display, lane departure warning, night vision, keyless entry and starting (Comfort Access), heated steering wheel, universal remote control, and soft-close doors.

M6 model

The M6 version was initially introduced as a coupé at the 2005 Geneva International Motor Show, and later in convertible form at the British International Motor Show in 2006.

The M6 is powered by the 5.0-litre naturally aspirated S85 V10 shared with the E60 M5, generating 373 kW at 7,750 rpm and 520 Nm at 6,100 rpm. The majority of the cars were produced with a 7-speed automated manual transmission ("SMG III"), however a 6-speed manual transmission was also available in the United States.

The M6 coupé has a carbon fibre roof in order to reduce weight and for a lower centre of gravity. Additional features included: sports seats, larger front and rear brakes, an M-performance instrument cluster, a carbon-fibre roof (coupé only), and an optional M head-up Display. The car also has quad exhaust-pipes and larger, more aerodynamic air intakes.

A total of 9,087 coupés and 5,065 convertibles were built; amounting to 14,152 cars.

2006

 * 650i model replaces the 645Ci
 * M6 model introduced

2007 facelift
In September 2007, the facelift (LCI) was introduced for the 2008 model year. Major changes include:
 * 635d model introduced, powered by the M57 diesel engine.
 * 630i engine upgraded from the N52 to the N53 in countries with low sulphur fuel.
 * Exterior design changes including headlights, tail-lights, bumpers, and the third brake light on coupé models was relocated to the trunk lid.
 * Interior design changes including updated climate controls, and new electronic gear lever with the ability to change gears manually via steering wheel paddles.
 * Edition Sport trim introduced featuring a stiffer anti-roll system and an updated exhaust system for 650i models.

2009

 * iDrive upgraded to CIC version (previously CCC)

Safety
Models feature BMW's Advanced Safety System, enabling the car to decide the most effective deployment of the airbags in a crash. Safety equipment includes active anti-roll bars, dynamic stability control, front knee airbags (in accordance with US regulation), BMW roadside assistance, and an SOS emergency system. Convertible models also feature an automatic rollover protection system, where roll-bars behind the rear seats are automatically deployed in a rollover. From 2008, active head restraints became a standard feature on all seat options, reducing the risk of neck injuries in a rear-end collision.

Production volumes
The E63/E64 was produced at the Dingolfing BMW plant.

The following are production figures for the E63/E64, excluding M6 models:

title: BMW 6 Series (E63)


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Category:Greatest hits albums

Articles about greatest hits albums (also referred to as "best-of" albums), which contain successful (chart "hits"), previously released songs by a particular music artist or band.

title: Category:Greatest hits albums


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BMW 7 Series (E32)

The BMW E32 is the second generation of the BMW 7 Series luxury cars and was produced from 1986 until 1994. It replaced the E23 and was initially available with straight-six or V12 powerplants. In 1992, V8 engines became available. From its inception, the E32 was among the most technologically advanced cars in its day.

The E32 introduced numerous features including adaptive suspension (EDC), traction control, two available wheelbases (i and iL), and dual-zone climate control. The E32 750i was the first car adhering to "gentlemen's agreement" amongst the German manufacturers limiting maximum speed to 250 km/h.

Other automotive passenger vehicles features introduced with the E32 included: projector lens headlamps (1986); double glazing windows (1991); HID (Xenon) headlamps (1991).

E32 also introduced BMW's first V8 engine since the BMW 501/502, last produced in 1962, and their first V12 engine, which was also Germany's first post-war V12 engine for a passenger vehicle.

In 1994, the E32 was replaced by the E38, a clear evolution of the E32.

Development and production
Styling was by chief stylist Ercole Spada and Hans Kerschbaum working under chief designer Claus Luthe. Design work began in late 1979. By 1983, 1:1 scale models were presented and frozen in October 1984 for production which was scheduled in June 1986. In a later interview with then BMW chief engineer Wolfgang Reitzle, it was revealed that a last minute decision was taken to widen the car by 40mm in order to improve its stance, and to develop a V12 engine, which would give the new 7-series a competitive advantage over the Mercedes S-Class. Reitzle persuaded BMW management, despite the fact that press tooling for the bodyshell had already been manufactured, and scrapping it would cost an estimated DM300million, and would push out the car's release date by a year.

Production of the E32 7 series started with the 735i in June 1986 and the 730i in December 1986, concluding in April 1994 with a total of 311,068 units built.

Features
Some luxury options featured on the E32 include integrated telephone and fax machines, a wine cooler, electronically adjustable rear seats and radio controls for rear passengers (exclusive to the 750iL).

In 1991, first series-production low beam Xenon high-intensity discharge headlamps (Litronic, only low beam) were introduced on the 750iL. Other safety features include a system that automatically increased spring pressure on the windscreen wipers to keep them firmly pressed on the glass at Motorway speeds.

The E32 was the first BMW available with traction control (marketed as Automatic Stability Control, though not considered stability control by more modern standards). Initial versions of ASC reduced wheelspin by reducing engine power, while later versions (ASC+T) also applied the rear brakes.

The E32 was also available in a long-wheelbase version (indicated by an 'L' from German Lang, after the model number) with an extra 11.4 cm of rear leg room. .

Engines

Over its lifespan, the E32 7 Series was produced with straight-six, V8 and V12 gasoline engines.

The launch models consisted of the 730i/iL and 735i/iL, which were powered by the M30 straight-six engine. Also available at the E32 launch was the 750i/iL, which was the first BMW ever sold with a V12 engine. The rated power output of the 5.0 L M70 V12 is 220 kW.

In 1991, BMW began production of its first V8 engine since the end of BMW 501/502 production in 1962. This M60 V8 was introduced in the E32, along with the E34 5 Series. The 4.0 litre version powered the new 740i/iL models, and the 3.0 litre version was sold in parallel with the M30 straight-six in the 730i/iL models. The top speed of the 740i was electronically limited to 240 km/h. Both V8 engines were coupled to a new, 5-speed automatic transmission made by ZF. The Nikasil bore lining used in the M60 engine was prone to damage when used with high-sulfur fuels.

Styling
The E32 was the first BMW to use L-shaped tail-lights, which were designed with safety of following traffic in mind. Other styling features include a Hofmeister kink in the rear window line and circular headlights.

A narrow 'kidney' grille correlated with 6-cylinder models, and a wider grille was standard for V8 and V12 models. The narrow grille was available as an option on the 8- and 12-cylinder E32 models.

Models
The official specifications are as follows.

* uncatalyzed

** Electronically limited top speed

Alpina models
The Alpina B11 3.5 is based on the E32 735i and introduced in 1987 with a 254 PS inline-six engine. Between 1987 and 1993 a total of 332 cars were produced.

The Alpina B11 4.0 is based on the E32 740i with a modified engine producing 315 PS (compared with 210 kW for the 740i) and 410 Nm of torque. Just 7 cars were made in 1993 and 1994.

The Alpina B12 5.0 is based on the E32 750i/750iL and used a modified V12 engine producing 350 PS (compared with 220 kW for the 750i/750iL) and 470 Nm of torque. A total of 305 cars were made.

750iL Highline
The BMW 750iL Highline was the top-of-the-line model of the E32, with lots of added luxury for the rear passengers like full leather seats, dual radio controls, dual climate control with coolbox mounted in the center console, electrically heated and adjustable rear seats, walnut veneer folding tables, two crystal glasses neatly placed in the coolbox, leg rests, and electronically operated sun shades all around the rear/side windows. Complete with independent heating and ventilation, it also added a second battery in the trunk and a second alternator to provide power for all these luxuries. The 'Highline' option package cost more than 20,000 DM, and was only available on the 750iL, bringing the total price to well over twice that of a base model 730i.

Goldfisch prototype
The Goldfisch, also called the 767 or the "Secret Seven" internally, is a concept full size luxury car based on the E32 750i. Conceived by Dr. Karlheinz Lange in the late 1980s, it was meant to be the top-of-the line variant of the 7 Series also designed to compete with offerings from rival Mercedes-Benz. Dr. Lange also involved two other employees in the project, namely Adolf Fischer and Hanns-Peter Weisbarth both being senior employees. The concept car was completed in just six months. The main notable feature is the V16 engine designed by Adolf Fischer, which is essentially a modified M70 V12 enlarged to have four extra cylinders, capacity enlarged to 6.7-litres, etched iron pistons, nine-bearing crankshaft and having silicone-aluminium casting. The engine was fitted with Bosch DME 3.3 engine management system for better performance. Desired level of performance was achieved when the system treated the engine as two inline-8 engines bolted together. The resulting engine had a power output of 414 PS and 461 lbft of torque. Power was sent to the rear wheels via a 6-speed manual transmission shared with the E31 8 Series. The car had the engine cooling system located in the boot along with fabricated fibre glass gills and air scoops at the rear to aid in cooling as there was no space to accommodate them at the front as the resulting engine was 12 in longer than the V12 engine. Air was expelled through a custom made valence panel at the rear of the car which led to the use of small tail lights with no fog and reverse lights. Despite the usage of a large V16 engine, the car was only 60 kg heavier than the 750i. The Goldfisch could accelerate to 100 kph in a claimed 6 seconds and could attain a top speed of 175 mph. The car remained a technology demonstrator only and was never put into production due to the V16 engine being incompliant to the environmental regulations.

Related cars
The E34 5 Series, introduced in 1988, has exterior design almost identical to the E32. It also uses the same M30 straight-6 and M60 V8 engines, and several other parts.

The E31 8 Series, introduced in 1989, uses the same M60 V8 and M70 V12 engines as the E32.

title: BMW 7 Series (E32)


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Talk:Tarn-Vedra

This wiki page has been cut-off from the Slipstream!
But (poetic though it may be, lol) there's no blaming the Nietzscheans this time! I would just copy-paste the old page, with descriptions of the planet and the Vedrans back into the page, but the proper Wikipedia way is to have a discussion HERE, on the talk page, about whether the fictional Systems Commonwealth planet deserves to be re-discovered.

After all, no eyedrops of "Flash" are required to click on the "map" to this page's former history... (as something other than an infinite redirect loop when following all of the Tarn-Vedra/Vedran wikilinks on the main Andromeda_(TV_series) page). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.54.70.143 (talk) 07:17, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tarn-Vedra