text:
Saïd Aouita

Saïd Aouita (سعيد عويطة; born November 2, 1959) is a former Moroccan track and field athlete. He is the only athlete in history to have won a medal in each of the 800 meters and 5000 meters at the Olympic games. He won the 5000 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1987 World Championships in Athletics, as well as the 3000 meters at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships. He is a former world record holder over 1500 metres (3:29.46), 2000 m (4:50.80), 3000 m (7:29.45), and twice at 5000 m (13:00.40 and 12:58.39). He lives in Orlando, Florida.

Early life
Saïd Aouita was born on November 2, 1959, in Kenitra, a coastal Moroccan city. Nine years later, he moved along with his family to Fes due to the nature of his father's work. As a child he spent most of his time playing football and wanted to be a great footballer; however, his outstanding skills in running made his coaches foresee a great future in track and field.

Running career
Aouita had his first start towards stardom at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics held in Helsinki. He contested the 1500 m and finished third in the final, taking the bronze medal, after the pace slowed in the last 1000 meters and then finished with a sprint.

In 1984, Aouita decided to run the 5000 m at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Antonio Leitão from Portugal ran in first for the majority of the race. Aouita stayed behind Leitão and then sprinted past him on the last lap to win.

1985 was a record-breaking year for Aouita. He ran two world records: first in 5000 m (13:00.40) in Oslo on 27 July, then in 1500 m (3:29.46) on 23 August.

In 1986 he missed setting the world record in the 3000 m by 0.44 of a second. In 1987, Aouita's main objective was to excel in the world championship held in Rome and break records. First, he broke the 2000 m world record with a time of 4:50.81 in Paris and only six days later, he surprised the world by breaking his own world record for 5000 m, becoming the first man to go under 13 minutes, with a time of 12:58.39 minutes. For the 1987 World Championships in Athletics, Aouita decided just to contest the 5000 m. In the 5000 m final, John Ngugi from Kenya set a fair pace, but by no means fast. Aouita, always in control of the race, made his move just before the bell, leading a mass sprint for the finish that he won in 13:26.44.

In 1988, at the 1988 Summer Olympics, he attempted to race in the 800 m and 1500 m but had a hamstring injury which made him finish third in 800 m and withdraw from the 1500 m although he had qualified for the semi-final. In spite of that his bronze medal made him the only athlete in history to combine medals at both 800 m and 5000 m. In 1989, Aouita won the 3000 m at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Budapest. Later that year, he broke the world record for the same distance in Köln, Germany with the time of 7:29.45 and thus, he was the first man in history to go under 7:30:00.

Aouita was a versatile middle and long distance runner, excelling at distances between 800 m and 10,000 m during the eighties. He raced and won against the Olympic champions Joaquim Cruz (800 m), Peter Rono (1500 m), John Ngugi (5000 m) and Alberto Cova (10000 m) over their respective main distances. Between September 1983 and September 1990 he won 115 of his 119 races. The defeats were against world champion Steve Cram over 1500 m, Olympic bronze medalist Alessandro Lambruschini over 3000 m steeplechase, Olympic champions Joaquim Cruz and Paul Ereng over 800 m and world champion Yobes Ondieki over 5000 m.

In the early nineties, Aouita underwent surgery on his leg, after which his doctors advised him to put an end to his career as an athlete for his health. After a set of failures in a number of races he decided to retire from athletics.

Personal life
Said Aouita married Khadija Skhir in 1983, one year before the 1984 Olympic Games. Khadija Skhir is Said Aouita's biggest supporter, and together they have four children: one son, Adil, and three daughters; Soukaina, Sarah, and Zeena. The two eldest daughters, Soukaina and Sarah, were both named by the king of Morocco, Hassan II. Said Aouita's wife, Khadija Skhir is equally interested in sports as she holds a 3rd degree black belt in Taekwondo. Aouita's two eldest daughters are both in the medical field, his son, Adil, is a film director and producer, and his youngest daughter, Zeena, is in the music field of singing and songwriting.

After his athletics career ended, Aouita worked with mixed success as a consultant for numerous sport institutions, as Technical National Manager in Morocco, and National Distance Coach in Australia thanks not only to his fruitful field experience, but also to his academic competences. Now, Aouita is working as Senior Analyst for Al Jazeera Sports channel. Aouita also has a sports clothing company which was established in 2009.

Education
Aouita has a Bachelor of Science degree in Management and master's degree in Business Administration. He is pursuing a doctorate in Sport Management and Leadership. His subject of concern is a model for elite athletic achievement in Olympics. He is interested in the impact of sport business and coaching young athletes to one day be Olympic champions.

World records

 * 1500 metres – 3:29.46 min, Berlin August 23, 1985
 * 2000 metres – 4:50.81 min, Paris July 16, 1987
 * 3000 metres – 7:29.45 min, Koln August 20, 1989
 * 5000 metres – 13:00.40 min, Oslo July 22, 1985
 * 5000 metres – 12:58.35 min, Rome July 27, 1987
 * Two miles – 8:13.45 min, Turin May 28, 1987

Awards and distinctions

 * In 2012 Said Aouita had a subway station named after him in London for the 2012 Olympic Games. The Organizers of the Olympic Games of London 2012 announced the launch of a project called "The Underground Olympic Legends Map."
 * Track & Field News Athlete of the Year 1985 and 1987
 * 44 successive victories in international races from 800 m to 10,000 m in less than 26 months
 * Three times IAAF Grand Prix Final winner (800 m, 1500 m, and 5000 m)
 * Honored by International Amateur Athletics Federation for Career Achievement in 2001
 * The only man in history to run the 800 m under 1:44, the 1500 m under 3:30, the 3000 m under 7:30 and the 5000 m under 13:00.
 * Best Arab Athlete of the Century by Al Jazeera TV in 2000
 * Many Merit Medals by King Hassan II
 * In the 1996 Spring Summer Olympic special Collection Aquachrono, Swatch made a watch which featured Said Aouita on it.
 * The fastest train in Morocco is named after Said Aouita
 * Aouita was on a postage stamp of The Republic of Azerbaijan in 1996

title: Saïd Aouita


text: Talk:Embargo

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Embargo


text:
Talk:Little Rock Crisis

Comments
Maybe it's just me, but "He did this because he was a racist" isn't dictionary-like, esp. considering the article for Orval Faubus says Faubus resisted for political reasons. In the meantime, I'll replace it with a better fitting wording. Sorry if I'm doing something wrong, this will be my first edit :)

Removed portion:The Little Rock crisis of 1957 was an event that gained worldwide attention as racist Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called out the National Guard on September 4 to prevent nine African-American students (known as the Little Rock Nine) from attending Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. He did this because he was a racist.

-mrmitchell

Agreement
I saw it just as you did. If the person who wrote that garbage is watching this page - Please realize that there are a multitude of reasons one could resist integration. Racism is one of them. So is a belief in States Rights. This isn't your goddamn op-ed page. - Kade

title: Talk:Little Rock Crisis


text:
Römerstein

Römerstein is a municipality in Baden-Württemberg, Germany; three formerly independent villages (Böhringen, Donnstetten, Zainingen) and two hamlets (Strohweiler and Aglishardt) were merged in 1975. Administration seat is Böhringen.

The community is located on the Swabian Alb, in the northeastern corner of the district of Reutlingen. The community is named after the Römerstein, the highest hill of the region at 875 m.

Geography
The municipality is located about 22 kilometers east of Reutlingen on the plateau of the Swabian Alb at an altitude of 803 m above sea level. NN (Rathaus Donnstetten). Römerstein reaches an elevation of 874 m above sea level at its highest point.

The municipality is bordered by Lenningen (Esslingen district) Wiesensteig (Göppingen District), Westerheim, Laichingen (both Alb-Donau-Kreis), Gutsbezirk Münsingen, Bad Urach and grave Stetten (all district Reutlingen).

Municipality arrangement
The community consists of the previously independent municipalities Böhringen, Donnstetten and Zainingen. The former municipalities Donnstetten and Zainingen today form localities within the definition of Baden-Württemberg municipal code with independent local councils and mayors. Böhringen includes the village of Böhringen, the hamlet of Strohweiler, and the homestead Aglishardt. Donnstetten includes the village of Donnstetten and the Haus Römersteinhäuser, an observation tower erected in 1912 on the Römerstein. Zainingen consists only the village of the same name.

In the municipality of Römerstein are several traces of former places which no longer exist; in the territory of the village Böhringen the 1487 as Fischenhusen, and probably in Aglishardt Fischhausen, zu dem Gaiswyler mentioned in 1454, Gölenbrunnen, Hofen, two places mentioned in 1275: Ichenhusen and Horgenloch, Katzensteig, mentioned around 1192 as Cazcensteige, Oberwiler mentioned in 1454 as Oberweiler, Vohenhausen mentioned in 1345 as uf Vohenhusen, and Zimmerbuch, mentioned in 1204 as Zimberbuch and in 1299 as Zymberbuch. In the territory of the village Donnstetten are the two deserted villages of Beuren, attested by a toponym, and Roter Hof

History
Presumably the settlement was in the Roman settlement back Clarenna. The identification of the Roman town Clarenna which is passed down through the Peutingertafel is, with the archaeological finds in Donnstetten very likely, but not absolutely certain. Main article: Castle Donnstetten The municipality Römerstein originated during the Baden-Württemberg district reform on 1 January 1975 as a merger of the formerly independent municipalities Böhringen (with thatched hamlets and Aglishardt) Donnstetten and Zainingen. The entire current community area was formerly part of the district of Münsingen and came with its resolution 1973 the district of Reutlingen. Coat of Böhringen

Böhringen
Böhringen was 1090 documentary mentioned for the first time together with the Hofgut Aglishardt. The place was originally part of Kirchheimer hundred. About the Men of Sperbereck Böhringen came in the 15th century to Württemberg. In the Thirty Years' War the city was almost completely destroyed. In World War II there was in the last days of the war heavy destruction. Coat of Donnstetten

Donnstetten
Already in the year 776 Donnstetten was in a document of Lorsch called Tunnesstate. 1603 it became part of Württemberg. Coat of Zainingen

Zainingen
Zainingen was first 788 as "Zeininger" marca in Lorsch codex mentioned. 1383 was the place to Württemberg.

Religions
The St. George's Church in Donnstetten district. Already in 1192 the St. Gallus Church in Böhringen mentioned. The church was first mentioned in Zainingen 1275th Donnstetten which previously belonged ecclesiastically to Zainingen, since 1447 has the status of a separate parish. Since the introduction of the Reformation, the places are Lutheran coined. In Römerstein Today there are three Protestant churches, the Protestant parish Böhringen with St. Gallus Church, the Protestant parish Zainingen with Martin Church and the Protestant church Donnstetten-Westerheim with the St. George's Church. The members of the United Methodist Church gather in Laichingen, while the Catholics of the parish of St. Joseph are assigned in Bad Urach.

Politics
The administrative center is Böhringen, local administrative bodies are in Donnstetten and Zainingen.

Council
The council Römerstein has 14 members. The local elections on 25 May 2014 led to the following official results. The turnout was 64.4% (2009: 65.8%). The council consists of the elected honorary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
 * Free Bürgerliste Römerstein	45.3%	6 seats	(2009: 55.7%, 8 seats)
 * Independent Citizens List Römerstein	54.7%	8 seats	(2009: 44.3%, 6 seats)

Mayor
The mayor is elected for a term of eight years.
 * 1975-1999: Hans Sigel
 * 1999-2013: Michael Donth
 * 2013–2022: Matthias Winter
 * 2022–incumbent: Anja Sauer

Crest
Blazon : "About a double row of black and silver geschachten sign foot in Blue a flying upwards golden hawk."

Museums
In Donnstetten is a local history museum in the parish barn.

Associations

 * German Red Cross, the local association Römerstein: Founded in 1976 as a result of local government reform from the three DRC -Ortsgruppen Böhringen, Donnstetten and Zainingen.
 * Swabian Albverein e.V., local group Zainingen: Founded in 1949 in Zainingen

Music

 * Accordion and Concertina Club Römerstein e. V., founded in 1951 in *Donnstetten
 * Vocal Group "Frohsinn" Böhringen Founded in 1887
 * Liederkranz Donnstetten founded 1843
 * Musikverein Zainingen e. V. founded in 1920
 * Musikverein "harmony" Donnstetten, founded in 1895 as a mouth Erich's Chapel

Sports

 * Sportfreunde Donnstetten founded, April 3, 1948
 * Sportverein Zainingen, founded March 14, 1926
 * TSV Böhringen founded in 1919
 * FC Römerstein founded 2005

Buildings

 * The St. Gallus Church in Böhringen was built in neo-Gothic style in the years 1885–86, the choir dates from 1498th
 * The Church of St. George in Donnstetten was built in the 15th century.
 * St Martin's Church in Zainingen. The foundation year is not precisely known, but a stone in the wall behind the church organ records that it was in place by 1494. Noteworthy is the churchyard wall that was built in 1559. The church served both the population of Zainingen, as well as travelling merchants passing through the village on the route from Paris to Prague. A 15th century fresco of Saint Christopher, the patron saint of travellers, is still visible on the south wall.

Towers

 * The 28 m high Römersteinturm is located on the 872 m high Römerstein three kilometers north and was emerged 1912.
 * The 20 m high Waldgreutturm is two kilometers southeast of Zainingen. [3]
 * The 42 m high tower is Hursch southwest of Zainingen. [4]

Transportation
Römerstein is conveniently located on the main roads 28 and 465 ( Kirchheim unter Teck - Leutkirch im Allgäu ), which pass through the municipality. Public transport is by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau guaranteed (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 222nd

Tourism
Winter sports in Römerstein is possible: Three ski lifts and six inter-related cross-country trails totaling over 50 kilometers in length make Römerstein a popular winter sports resort in the Swabian Alb. Römerstein has a bobsled, and Zainingen one reaches the Swabian Alb Biosphere Reserve in the former military training area Münsingen. In the center of Zainingen be one of the last original is obtained Hülen in the Swabian Alb. From the covered observation deck of the Roman stone tower a view in all four directions over medium Alb is possible.

Education
The main school Römerstein in Böhringen and primary schools in Zainingen and Donnstetten there in Römerstein three schools. For the youngest inhabitants there is a municipal and two Protestant kindergartens.

Famous citizens

 * Ludwig Friedrich Gifftheil (1595–1661), pacifist, religious writer, and a pioneer of early Pietism in the Netherlands
 * "Knight Bauer" Georg Length (1898–1990), head of the pietistic community hour in Böhringen

title: Römerstein


text:
Amusing Ourselves to Death

Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (1985) is a book by educator Neil Postman. It has been translated into eight languages and sold some 200,000 copies worldwide. In 2005, Postman's son Andrew reissued the book in a 20th anniversary edition.

Origins
The book's origins lay in a talk Postman gave to the Frankfurt Book Fair in 1984. He was participating in a panel on George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and the contemporary world. In the introduction to his book, Postman said that the contemporary world was better reflected by Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, whose public was oppressed by their addiction to amusement, rather than by Orwell's work, where they were oppressed by state violence.

Summary
Postman distinguishes the Orwellian vision of the future, in which totalitarian governments seize individual rights, from that offered by Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, where people medicate themselves into bliss, thereby voluntarily sacrificing their rights. Drawing an analogy with the latter scenario, Postman sees television's entertainment value as a present-day "soma", the fictitious pleasure drug in Brave New World, by means of which the citizens' rights are exchanged for consumers' entertainment.

The essential premise of the book, which Postman extends to the rest of his argument(s), is that "form excludes the content", that is, a particular medium can only sustain a particular level of ideas. Thus rational argument, integral to print typography, is militated against by the medium of television for this reason. Owing to this shortcoming, politics and religion are diluted, and "news of the day" becomes a packaged commodity. Television de-emphasizes the quality of information in favor of satisfying the far-reaching needs of entertainment, by which information is encumbered and to which it is subordinate.

Postman asserts the presentation of television news is a form of entertainment programming; arguing that the inclusion of theme music, the interruption of commercials, and "talking hairdos" bear witness that televised news cannot readily be taken seriously. Postman further examines the differences between written speech, which he argues reached its prime in the early to mid-nineteenth century, and the forms of televisual communication, which rely mostly on visual images to "sell" lifestyles. He argues that, owing to this change in public discourse, politics has ceased to be about a candidate's ideas and solutions, but whether he comes across favorably on television. Television, he notes, has introduced the phrase "now this", which implies a complete absence of connection between the separate topics the phrase ostensibly connects. Larry Gonick used this phrase to conclude his Cartoon Guide to (Non)Communication, instead of the traditional "the end".

Postman refers to the inability to act upon much of the so-called information from televised sources as the information-action ratio. He contends that "television is altering the meaning of 'being informed' by creating a species of information that might properly be called disinformation—misplaced, irrelevant, fragmented or superficial information that creates the illusion of knowing something but which in fact leads one away from knowing".

Drawing on the ideas of media scholar Marshall McLuhan – altering McLuhan's aphorism "the medium is the message" to "the medium is the metaphor" – he describes how oral, literate, and televisual cultures radically differ in the processing and prioritization of information; he argues that each medium is appropriate for a different kind of knowledge. The faculties requisite for rational inquiry are simply weakened by televised viewing. Accordingly, reading, a prime example cited by Postman, exacts intense intellectual involvement, at once interactive and dialectical; whereas television only requires passive involvement.

Postman argues that commercial television has become derivative of advertising. Moreover, modern television commercials are not "a series of testable, logically ordered assertions" rationalizing consumer decisions, but "is a drama—a mythology, if you will—of handsome people" being driven to "near ecstasy by their good fortune" of possessing advertised goods or services. "The truth or falsity of an advertiser's claim is simply not an issue" because more often than not "no claims are made, except those the viewer projects onto or infers from the drama." Because commercial television is programmed according to ratings, its content is determined by commercial feasibility, not critical acumen. Television in its present state, he says, does not satisfy the conditions for honest intellectual involvement and rational argument.

He repeatedly states that the eighteenth century, the "Age of Reason", was the pinnacle for rational argument. Only in the printed word, he states, could complicated truths be rationally conveyed. Postman gives a striking example: many of the first fifteen U.S. presidents could probably have walked down the street without being recognized by the average citizen, yet all these men would have been quickly known by their written words. However, the reverse is true today. The names of presidents or even famous preachers, lawyers, and scientists call up visual images, typically television images, but few, if any, of their words come to mind. The few that do almost exclusively consist of carefully chosen soundbites. Postman mentions Ronald Reagan, and comments upon Reagan's abilities as an entertainer.

In popular culture
Roger Waters' 1992 album Amused to Death is named after Postman's book, and is in part inspired by and deals with some of the same subject matter. In The End of Education, Postman remarked that the album's reference to his work,

"...so elevated my prestige among undergraduates that I am hardly in a position to repudiate him or his kind of music. Nor do I have the inclination for any other reason. Nonetheless, the level of sensibility required to appreciate the music of Roger Waters is both different and lower than what is required to appreciate, let us say, a Chopin étude."

Postman's concept of the "information-action ratio" was referenced in the Arctic Monkeys song "Four Out of Five" off the band's 2018 album Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino, where the Information Action Ratio is the name of a fictional taqueria on the moon.

In a 2019 interview with Kjersti Flaa, comic and actor Zach Galifianakis references Amusing Ourselves to Death with the line "you will stop hearing the term 'big brother' because we will do it to ourselves." Galifianakis employed the quotation in response to a question the interviewer asked about whether or not he uses social media, to which he replied with a denunciation of the negative effects of the internet on society in general.

title: Amusing Ourselves to Death


text:
Purchase order

A purchase order, often abbreviated to PO, is a commercial document issued by a buyer to a seller, indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services required. It is used to control the purchasing of products and services from external suppliers. Purchase orders can be an essential part of enterprise resource planning system orders. An indent is a purchase order often placed through an agent (indent agent) under specified conditions of sale. The issue of a purchase order does not itself form a contract. If no prior contract exists, then it is the acceptance of the order by the seller that forms a contract between the buyer and seller.

Overview
Purchase orders allow buyers to clearly and openly communicate with the sellers to maintain transparency. They may also help a purchasing agent to manage incoming orders and pending orders. Sellers are also protected by the use of purchase orders, in case of a buyer's refusal to pay for goods or services. Purchase orders provide benefits in that they streamline the purchasing process in a standard procedure. Commercial lenders or financial institutions may provide financial assistance on the basis of purchase orders. There are various trade finance facilities that almost every financial institution allows business people to use against purchase orders such as: The purpose of purchase orders is to procure materials for direct consumption or for stock, procure services, fulfil customer requirements using external resources, or procure a material that is required in production from an internal source (long-distance intra-plant stock transfers). They may also place once-only procurement transactions and optimize purchasing by taking full advantage of negotiated conditions or for optimal utilisation of existing resource capacities. Creating a purchase order is typically the first step of the purchase-to-pay process in an ERP system. Purchase orders may require a SKU code.
 * 1) Before shipment credit facility
 * 2) Post shipment credit facility
 * 3) Trade finance facility
 * 4) Foreign bill purchase credit facility
 * 5) Bill retirement credit facility
 * 6) Order confirmation
 * 7) Followup

Many organisations encourage staff to use a purchasing card (or procurement card) for low value purchases instead of issuing a purchase order.

Future business scenarios anticipate a reduced role for purchase orders or even their full elimination, leaving organizations with a smaller and more strategic procurement function than in the past. Kai Nowosel and Kris Timmermans of consultants Accenture ask why purchase orders and invoices are needed when digital systems can deliver goods confirmations and authorize funds, and suggest that digital functionality and supply analytics will change the landscape for purchase orders and processes "in the coming years".

Legal
Although a typical purchase order may not be worded as a contract (in fact most contain little more than a list of the goods or services the buyer desires to purchase, along with price, payment terms, and shipping instructions), the purchase order is a specially regarded instrument regulated by the Uniform Commercial Code or other similar law which establishes a purchase order as a contract by its nature. Yet despite the nature of the purchase order as a contract, it is common to accompany the acceptance of a purchase order with a legal document such as the terms and conditions of sale, which establish specific or additional legal conditions of the contract. The US Federal Acquisition Regulation states that purchase orders should generally be issued on a fixed-price basis, but provision is also made for unpriced purchase orders to be issued where "it is impractical to obtain pricing in advance of issuance of the purchase order". In the UK, the Office of Government Commerce noted with concern in 2010 that "contracting authorities [were] not always raising purchase orders", and that where they were used, invoices were not always being reconciled to purchase orders before payment.

Electronic
Many purchase orders are no longer paper-based, but rather transmitted electronically over the Internet. It is common for electronic purchase orders to be used to buy goods or services of any type online. There are many names for Electronic Purchase Orders. It is sometimes known as: E-Procurement, E-Purchasing, E-Purchase Requisition. These terms are normally all referring to Electronic Purchase Orders.

Non-electronic
The record of purchase order in most business firms are still on paper and thus there is a need for proper purchase order format. Many users wish to have professional formatting for purchase orders for several reasons. A company may wish to have a strong understanding of purchase transactions or to know the basic requirements of purchase order. It may also make it part of business documentation, which makes the process easier while keeping record of all transactions and to have good impression on the client or customer.

Planned purchase order
The term "planned purchase order" (PPO) is used to refer to a buyer's commitment to purchase goods or services from a single supplier on a long term basis, with individual purchase orders specifying the quantities required from time to time.

Purchase order request
A purchase order request or purchase requisition is a request sent internally within a company to obtain purchased goods and services, including stock. The request is a document which tells the purchasing department or manager exactly what items and services are requested, the quantity, source and associated costs. A Purchase Requisition Form (PRF) is filled out prior to purchasing goods as a form of tangible authorisation. Purchase request forms are often used in smaller business who do not have a computer-based system. However, many computer (included web-based solution) systems are available on the market that can facilitate the capture of purchase request information. Purchase order requests can also be passed to the purchasing department via a management information system. A PRF may contain budget and purchase values to make the individual aware of the annual and remaining budget before a purchase is made. Such a system is there to guarantee that goods and services are purchased with the consent of the line manager and that a sufficient budget is available.

title: Purchase order


text:
Antoine Bussy

Antoine Alexandre Brutus Bussy (29 May 1794 – 1 February 1882) was a French chemist who primarily studied pharmaceuticals.

Education
Antoine Bussy entered the École Polytechnique in 1813, and there followed the courses delivered by Pierre Robiquet, the great French chemist who was to make decisive breakthroughs in bio-chemistry (he isolated the first amino-acid ever identified, asparagin, in 1805–1806), in industrial dyes (he isolated and identified alizarin, the most famous and first modern industrial red dye) and the pick-up of modern medication (he isolated, identified and started mass production of codeine, 1832). Robiquet tutored Antoine Bussy in his career as a chemist researcher and in his private career as pharmacist as well. In 1828 Bussy published a preliminary notice of a new method of preparing magnesium by heating magnesium chloride and potassium in a glass tube. When the potassium chloride was washed out, small globules of magnesium remained.

title: Antoine Bussy


text:
Talk:Chris Denning

Article for Deletion
Archived deletion debate: consensus was to keep

Is this insignificant paedophile really worthy an article in Wikipedia? To me, that's maybe a news item, but not encyclopedia material. (38 Googlits for +"Chris Denning" +paedophile) Delete. Lupo 12:13, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Perhaps not particularly noteworthy as a paedophile per se, but he's a former well-known DJ too. Lupin 12:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * looks like the guy was a BBC Radio 1 DJ as well, which makes him IMHO inclusion-worthy (not that I'd shed a tear if he fell foul of something nasty in Slovakis (sic)). I vote keep, provided someone rewrites the illiterate drivel initial contribution to something more readable. Ianb 15:30, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, provided someone does an NPOV rewrite. Gamaliel 19:37, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion

POV statement about Slovakia?
After his release, Denning went to live in Slovakia, where the age of consent is fifteen.

Why is it relevant to mention Slovakia's age of consent here? It implies that Slovakia is some sort of seedy haven for men who lust after young boys. In fact, many countries have an age of consent of 15 or lower, and even in Denning's native Great Britain the age of consent is only one year older than this (i.e. 16). 217.155.20.163 19:33, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Any links with Jimmy Savile?
Seems the BBC was a veritable nest of paedophiles - wasn't Denning a producer on some of JS's radio shows ?? 80.42.237.44 (talk) 00:38, 23 October 2012 (UTC)twl00:38, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Unsourced
I've had to delete quite a lot of information about Denning for the moment. The claims regarding his convictions may all be true, but they are currently unsourced. To make such allegations without verification leaves Wikipedia prone to legal claims of libel: WIkipedia's guidelines regarding biographies of living persons makes it very clear: "(c)ontentious material about living persons (or in some cases, recently deceased) that is unsourced or poorly sourced – whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable – should be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion" (their emphasis, not mine). I'm sure there must be plenty of citable sources for the claims: if these are included, the material can be re-added, but until then, we need to stick to provable facts ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 17:12, 10 September 2013 (UTC)
 * added one reliable source (via an edit conflict) but others need to be found. Edmund Patrick – confer 17:32, 10 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Thumbs up from me on that - that's much better. I've re-jigged the formatting of some of the references, 'coz I'm a bit of a nerd like that. Regards, ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 18:46, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Birth details
I've reinserted his date of birth, which is attested from various sources including those sites loosely described as "genealogy sites" which are not user-generated but which are repositories of official registration details. Ghmyrtle (talk) 19:06, 22 May 2014 (UTC) Confirmation of the year 1941 in his own words here, further source for the date here. Ghmyrtle (talk) 19:20, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

 * This is OK. I've been wary of genealogy sites ever since some people got themselves excited over a claim that Adam Lanza, perpetrator of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, died on the day before the shooting.. Also, if a person has a common name like John Smith, there is considerable scope for misinterpreting search results even if they are reliable.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 19:32, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

Except that there's only one Christopher Denning born in 1941, and the birth record actually basically backs up the previously existing birth details on this article. His birth certificate will state Uxbridge as per Findmypast - Hayes is only about 3 miles from there and presumably comes under the Uxbridge ward. It isn't conflicting information. Without a real reference for Hayes, the only possible ref available is birth records. I see no problem with using official birth records as references when there is no doubt about the information in question.

92.8.21.242 (talk) 20:26, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. But, we now have a better ref for birth date and place, from The Prague Post.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 20:28, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

Operation Arundel
There is a reference to an Operation Arundel. It needs an article really. --Money money tickle parsnip (talk) 19:26, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

"is openly gay"
The main sexual substance of this article is paedophilia, which - despite some people's claim to the contrary - is not the same thing as homosexuality. Just as most straight people aren't paedophiles, nor are most gay or bisexual people. But the fact that Denning "is openly gay" is loosely dropped into the text as if it had some bearing on the matter. To compare this with the articles on Jimmy Savile, there is no mention there that Savile, who preyed on both girls and boys (as well as adults), was bisexual. So I don't see why Denning's being gay should be mentioned here at all. Even the fact that he was a "rent boy", which presumably involved sex with adult men, is surely no reason to suppose that he would "therefore" be sexually attracted to children. Of course, having been abused as a teenager by older men might have inclined him to do the same with younger boys - but I feel there's a glib assumption here that all these things are automatically related.178.197.239.134 (talk) 21:55, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Denning has said he was 'out' as a gay man during his period at Radio 1, and most colleagues knew. This cannot really not be mentioned, but I have tried to place these details where they are less conspicuous. In public, Savile usually tried to present himself as being asexual. Philip Cross (talk) 23:18, 8 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I have some sympathy with OP's position because gay men are not automatically paedophiles, this is a myth. However, the article cannot hide key facts per WP:NOTCENSORED.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 05:26, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

 * His status as an out gay man was, then, essentially a disguise, a cover for his actual area of interest; as well, possibly, as being a kind of "story" he might have told himself to salvage some self-respect. Always assuming he has any acknowledgement of his own guilt at all.

 * Nuttyskin (talk) 19:32, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

Top of the Pops presenter
Re this edit: I saw the source but the International Business Times is largely a rehash of material from other news sources and it doesn't say that Denning presented TOTP, only that he took boys to recordings of it, which is what other sources say. List of Top of the Pops presenters says that he presented the show on 7 December 1967 and 22 February 1968, but the IBT source does not confirm this. It may be correct but isn't in the TOTP episode guide here which is rather incomplete.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 07:20, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Both episodes given on the Wikipedia page as being presented by Denning are listed in the BBC Genome/Radio Times site as being presented by Pete Murray: 7 December 1967 here and 22 February 1968 here. Might have been changed after the magazine went to press, but this is enough to doubt if Denning was the actual host. His own credits in the BBC Genome site do not include Top of the Pops. Philip Cross (talk) 08:01, 11 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I've reverted unless some clear evidence comes along that Denning did present TOTP.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 08:13, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chris Denning


text:
Invoice

An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed-upon prices for products or services the seller had provided the buyer.

Payment terms are usually stated on the invoice. These may specify that the buyer has a maximum number of days to pay and is sometimes offered a discount if paid before the due date. The buyer could have already paid for the products or services listed on the invoice. To avoid confusion and consequent unnecessary communications from buyer to seller, some sellers clearly state in large and capital letters on an invoice whether it has already been paid.

From a seller's point of view, an invoice is a sales invoice. From a buyer's point of view, an invoice is a purchase invoice. The document indicates the buyer and seller, but the term invoice indicates money is owed or owing.

History
Invoices appear as one of the very earliest manifestations of written records in ancient Mesopotamia.

Format
The typical format of an invoice starts with a header prominently featuring the term "Invoice". This is usually followed by information needed to establish the context of the transactions such as the name, address, and contact information of the parties involved (e.g. buyer and seller) and important dates such as when payment must be received. The main body of the invoice provides an itemized list of goods or services rendered, specifying descriptions, unit prices, quantities, and total prices for each line item. Additional financial elements like taxes, shipping charges, and discounts are separately enumerated and added to the subtotal to calculate the grand total amount due. The invoice often concludes with standardized elements or other information not included in the pre-body. This structured format serves various functions, including billing, accounting, auditing, and, in cases of disagreement, legal evidence for dispute resolution.

Header

 * The word "Invoice"
 * Seller's logo
 * Invoice Number
 * Seller's and Buyer's Contact Information
 * Invoice Date
 * Payment Due Date
 * Shipping Information
 * Date of sending or delivery of the goods or service;
 * Credit Terms
 * Purchase-order number (or similar tracking numbers requested by the buyer to be mentioned on the invoice);

Body

 * List of Goods/Services
 * Description of the product(s);
 * Unit price(s) of the product(s), if relevant;
 * Subtotal
 * Tax amounts, if relevant (e.g., GST or VAT);
 * Discounts
 * Shipping Charges
 * Total Amount Due

Footer

 * Payment details (such as indicating one or more acceptable methods of payment, and details about charges for late payments, etc.);
 * Credit Terms
 * Tax or company registration details of the seller, if relevant, e.g. ABN for Australian businesses or VAT number for businesses in the EU;
 * Advanced details (including vehicle no, LR no., LR date, mode of transport, net weight, gross weight, tare weight, out time, freight type, driver name, drive contact no. etc.)

In countries where wire transfer is the preferred method of settling debts, the printed bill will contain the bank account number of the creditor and usually a reference code to be passed along with the transaction identifying the payer.

The European Union requires a VAT (value-added tax) identification number for official VAT invoices, which all VAT-registered businesses are required to issue to their customers. In the UK, this number may be omitted on invoices if the words "this is not a VAT invoice" are present on the invoice. Such an invoice is called a pro-forma invoice, and is not an adequate substitute for a full VAT invoice for VAT-registered customers.

In Canada, the registration number for GST purposes must be furnished for all supplies over $30 made by a registered supplier in order to claim input tax credits.

Recommendations about invoices used in international trade are also provided by the UNECE Committee on Trade, which involves a more detailed description of the logistics aspect of merchandise and, therefore may be convenient for international logistics and customs procedures.

Variations
There are different types of invoices:
 * Pro forma invoice – In foreign trade, a pro forma invoice is a document that states a commitment from the seller to provide specified goods to the buyer at specific prices. It is often used to declare value for customs. It is not an actual invoice, and thus the seller does not record a pro forma invoice as an account receivable and the buyer does not record a pro forma invoice as an account payable. A pro forma invoice is not issued by the seller until the seller and buyer have agreed to the terms of the order. In a few cases, a pro forma invoice is issued to request advance payments from the buyer, either to allow production to start or for security of the goods produced.
 * Credit memo - If the buyer returns the goods, the seller usually issues a credit memo for the same or lower amount than the invoice, and then refunds the money to the buyer, or the buyer can apply that credit memo to another invoice.
 * Commercial invoice - a customs declaration form used in international trade that describes the parties involved in the shipping transaction, the goods being transported, and the value of the goods. It is the primary document used by customs, and must meet specific customs requirements, such as the Harmonized System number and the country of manufacture. It is used to calculate tariffs.
 * Debit memo - When a company fails to pay or short-pays an invoice, it is common practice to issue a debit memo for the balance and any late fees owed. In function, debit memos are identical to invoices.
 * Self-billing invoice - A self billing invoice is used when a buyer issues the invoice to themselves (e.g. according to the consumption levels he is taking out of a vendor-managed inventory stock). The buyer (i.e. the issuer) should treat the invoice as an account payable and the seller should treat it as an account receivable. If there is tax on the sale, e.g. VAT or GST, then the buyer and seller may need to adjust their tax accounts in accordance with tax legislation. Under Article 224 of the EU VAT Directive, self-billing processes may only be used "if there is a prior agreement between the two parties and provided that a procedure exists for the acceptance of each invoice" by the supplier. A Self-Billing Agreement will usually provide for the supplier not to issue their own sales invoices as well.
 * Evaluated receipt settlement (ERS) - ERS is a process of paying for goods and services from a packing slip rather than from a separate invoice document. The payee uses data in the packing slip to apply for the payments. "In an ERS transaction, the supplier ships goods based upon an Advance Shipping Notice (ASN), and the purchaser, upon receipt, confirms the existence of a corresponding purchase order or contract, verifies the identity and quantity of the goods, and then pays the supplier."
 * Timesheet - Invoices for hourly services issued by businesses such as lawyers and consultants often pull data from a timesheet. A timesheet invoice may also be generated by Operated equipment rental companies where the invoice will be a combination of timesheet based charges and equipment rental charges.
 * Statement - A periodic customer statement includes opening balance, invoices, payments, credit memos, debit memos, and ending balance for the customer's account during a specified period. A monthly statement can be used as a summary invoice to request a single payment for accrued monthly charges.
 * Progress billing used to obtain partial payment on extended contracts, particularly in the construction industry (see Schedule of values)
 * Collective Invoicing is also known as monthly invoicing in Japan. Japanese businesses tend to have many orders with small amounts because of the outsourcing system (Keiretsu), or of demands for less inventory control (Kanban). To save the administration work, invoicing is normally processed on monthly basis.
 * Continuation Invoicing or Recurring Invoicing is standard within the equipment rental industry, including tool rental. A recurring invoice is one generated on a cyclical basis during the lifetime of a rental contract. For example, if you rent an excavator from 1 January to 15 April, on a calendar monthly arrears billing cycle, you would expect to receive an invoice at the end of January, another at the end of February, another at the end of March and a final Off-rent invoice would be generated at the point when the asset is returned. The same principle would be adopted if you were invoiced in advance, or if you were invoiced on a specific day of the month.
 * Electronic Invoicing is not necessarily the same as EDI invoicing. Electronic invoicing in its widest sense embraces EDI as well as XML invoice messages as well as other formats such as Acrobat/PDF. Historically, formats such as PDF were not included in the wider definition of an electronic invoice because they were not machine readable and the process benefits of an electronic message could not be achieved. However, as data extraction techniques have evolved and as environmental concerns have begun to dominate the business case for the implementation of electronic invoicing, other formats are now incorporated into the wider definition.

Electronic
Some invoices are no longer paper-based, but rather transmitted electronically over the Internet. It is still common for electronic remittance or invoicing to be printed in order to maintain paper records. Standards for electronic invoicing vary widely from country to country. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards such as the United Nation's EDIFACT standard include message encoding guidelines for electronic invoices. The EDIFACT is followed up in the UN/CEFACT ebXML syntax cross industry invoice.

EDIFACT
The United Nations standard for electronic invoices ("INVOIC") includes standard codes for transmitting header information (common to the entire invoice) and codes for transmitting details for each of the line items (products or services). The "INVOIC" standard can also be used to transmit credit and debit memos.

In the European Union legislation was passed in 2010 in the form of directive 2010/45/EU to facilitate the growth of Electronic Invoicing across all its member states. This legislation caters for varying VAT and inter-country invoicing requirements within the EU, in addition to legislating for the authenticity and integrity of invoices being sent electronically. It is estimated that in 2011 alone roughly 5 million EU businesses will have sent Electronic Invoices.

Open Application Group Integration Specification from OAGi
The XML message format for electronic invoices has been used since the inception of XML in 1998. Open Application Group Integration Specification (OAGIS) has included an invoice since 2001. The Open Applications Group (OAGi) has a working relationship with UN/CEFACT where OAGi and its members participate in defining many of the Technology and Methodology specifications. OAGi also includes support for these Technology and Methodology specifications within OAGIS.

CEFACT and UBL
There are two XML-based standards currently being developed. One is the cross industry invoice under development by the United Nations standards body UN/CEFACT and the other is Universal Business Language (UBL) which is issued by Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). Implementations of invoices based on UBL are common, most importantly in the public sector in Denmark as it was the first country where the use of UBL was mandated by law for all invoices in the public sector. Further implementations are underway in the Scandinavian countries as result of the North European Subset project. Implementations are also underway in Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands (UBL 2.0) and with the European Commission itself.

The NES work has been transferred to European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the standards body of the European Union), workshop CEN/BII, for public procurement in Europe. The result of that work is PEPPOL. There UBL procurement documents are implemented between various European countries.

An agreement was made between UBL and UN/CEFACT for convergence of the two XML messages standards with the objective of merging the two standards into one before end of 2009, including the provision of an upgrade path for implementations started in either standard.

ISDOC
ISDOC is a standard that was developed in the Czech Republic as a universal format for electronic invoices. On 16 October 2008, 14 companies and the Czech government signed a declaration to use this format within one year in their products.

E-invoicing
After implantation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, concept of e-invoicing has been introduced for businesses with a turnover of more than Rs 5 crore from 1 August 2023. Now reporting of Business to Business (B2B) invoices for notified category of taxpayer. As of 2022, Business to Consumer (B2C) invoices are exempt from e-invoicing.

Payment
Organizations purchasing goods and services usually have a process in place for approving payment of invoices based on an employee's confirmation that the goods or services have been received.

Typically, when paying an invoice, a remittance advice will be sent to the supplier to inform them their invoice has been paid.

Non-payment and late payment of invoices is estimated to be the cause of 25% of corporate bankruptcies. To mitigate this, the European Commission has introduced the Late Payment Directive that sets a limit on businesses to settle their invoices within 60 days.

title: Invoice


text:
Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf

The Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf is a Weight for Age Thoroughbred horse race on turf for fillies and mares, three years old and up. It is held annually at a different racetrack in the United States as part of the Breeders' Cup World Championships.

The race is run at either 1+1/4 mi or 1+3/8 mi, depending on the turf course configuration at the Breeders' Cup host track. For tracks which can accommodate either distance (Belmont, Woodbine, and Santa Anita ), it is run at $1 1/4$ miles. The 2015 edition at Keeneland was conducted at $1 3/16$ miles because that track's turf course configuration does not allow for the two regular distances to be conducted on it. For the same reason, the 2017 edition at Del Mar was held at a distance of $1 1/8$ miles.

Automatic berths
Beginning in 2007, the Breeders' Cup developed the Breeders' Cup Challenge, a series of races in each division that allotted automatic qualifying bids to winners of defined races. Each of the fourteen divisions has multiple qualifying races. Note though that one horse may win multiple challenge races, while other challenge winners will not be entered in the Breeders' Cup for a variety of reasons such as injury or travel considerations.

In the Filly & Mare Turf division, runners are limited to 14 and there are up to nine automatic berths. The 2022 "Win and You're In" races were:
 * 1) the Paddock Stakes, a Group 1 race run in January at Kenilworth race course in South Africa
 * 2) the Victoria Mile, a Grade 1 race run in May at Tokyo Racecourse in Japan
 * 3) the Gran Premio Pamplona, a Group 1 run in June at Hipódromo de Monterrico in Peru
 * 4) the Beverly D. Stakes, a Grade 1 race run in August at Churchill Downs in Kentucky
 * 5) the Yorkshire Oaks, a Group 1 race run in August at York Racecourse in England
 * 6) the Flower Bowl Invitational Stakes, a Grade 1 race at Saratoga Race Course in New York
 * 7) the Matron Stakes, a Group 1 race run in September at Leopardstown in Ireland
 * 8) the Rodeo Drive Stakes, a Grade 1 race run in October at Santa Anita Park in California
 * 9) the Prix de l'Opéra, a Group 1 race run in October at Longchamp Racecourse in Paris, France

Records
Most wins:
 * Ouija Board (2004, 2006)

Most wins by a jockey:
 * 3 – John R. Velazquez (2002, 2011, 2018)
 * 3 - Frankie Dettori (2006, 2016, 2023)

Most wins by a trainer:
 * 4 – Chad C. Brown (2012, 2014, 2015, 2018)

Most wins by an owner:
 * 3 – Juddmonte Farms (2001, 2005, 2009)
 * 2 – Lord Derby (2004, 2006)
 * 2 - Cheveley Park Stud (2016, 2023)

title: Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf


text:
Ateliers de Construction Aéronautique de Zeebruges

Ateliers de Construction Aéronautique de Zeebruges (ACAZ) also known as Zeebrugge Aeronautical Construction Company (Zacco) was a Belgian aircraft manufacturer of the 1920s, based in Zeebrugge.

The company built a number of innovative prototypes, but due largely to indifference by the Belgian government, the company folded without having put a single design into mass production.

List of Aircraft

 * ACAZ T.1 (1924) Single-engine monoplane. One built and destroyed during a test flight.
 * ACAZ T.2 (1924) Single-engine monoplane.  One of world's first all-metal monoplane.  One built
 * ACAZ C.2 (1926) Single-engine two-seat fighter/reconnaissance all-metal biplane.  One built


text:
Talk:Cosmid

Moved
Moved sentence from article, because it doesn't make much sense (also has spelling and grammatical errors). I will rewrite it when I get time, unless someone beats me to it. --Lexor|Talk 12:18, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * that let the encapsidation in lambda protein getting a very efficient vector in the first infection but that can't exit from the cell and infect more.

cos sequence
I am not sure exactly what this is, just googled it and am inserting my best guess. However. the concept of "cos sequence" seems central to the definition of a cosmid, so I hope someone will correct-expand my work. --VonWoland 02:25, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

cosmid.net is also a company
Cosmid is also a company, located at cosmid.net The wiki page might need an ambiguation page.

Is there a difference to phagemids?
Is there a difference to phagemids?--92.194.245.168 (talk) 17:58, 29 August 2010 (UTC)
 * the cos site and the f1 ori are the main difference ✅

title: Talk:Cosmid


text:
Zacco

Zacco may refer to:

 * Zacco (fish), a genus of cyprinid fishes
 * Zacco (dynasty), a Sicilian aristocratic family
 * Ateliers de Construction Aéronautique de Zeebrugge, a Belgian aircraft manufacturer

title: Zacco


text:
File talk:SR Serbia coa.png

Colors
I noticed that Avala changed colors and uploaded new version to Image:SR_Serbia_coa2.png. Because the original picture is meant to be part of Coats of arms of the Yugoslav Socialist Republics I will change the color of wheat back to yellow to be more consistent with other emblems. I'll leave coa2 as it it. For the blue background and cog I'm not sure - author painted them gray, but has the blue one. Is the blue version the official one, ie. was it mentioned in the constitution of the Socialist Republic of Serbia? --Romanm 12:18, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I checked the encyclopedia and changed colours according to it.

Avala| ★ 12:58, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. Just out of curiosity - which encyclopedia might that be? --Romanm 23:38, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

PROSVETA Yugoslav encyclopedia. Could you please provide any source for your colour set? You can call any ministry in Serbia so they can send you an official paper with the coat of arms so you could check it. Avala| ★ 18:33, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Here is the link for info table image in front of Serbian Skupstina - where you can easily check the colors. If this did not convince you I don`t know what will? Avala| ★ 18:33, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I see that my friends' colors scheme was slightly wrong. Maybe the error was created during the conversion from CDR to PNG. My copy of Opca enciklopedija Jugoslovenskog leksikografskog zavoda has blue background also on Macedonian CoA, but both are much lighter and less saturated. I'll show him your version and ask him for small color adjustments to gain best results and consistency (he's a graphical designer). --Romanm 05:36, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I am not really into Macedonian coat of arms, but about Serbian I can say that the colors are normal now. It is because I used scanned coat of arms picked the color and filled your friends version. So all he needs to do is to make borders between blue and yellow more beautiful, but he doesn`t need to touch the colours. --Avala| ★ 10:11, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: File talk:SR Serbia coa.png


text:
Vaal Dam

The Vaal Dam in South Africa was constructed in 1938 and lies 77 km south of OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg. The lake behind the dam wall has a surface area of about 320 km2 and is 47 meters deep. The Vaal Dam lies on the Vaal River, which is one of South Africa's strongest-flowing rivers. Other rivers flowing into the dam are the Wilge River, Molspruit and Grootspruit. It has over 800 km of shoreline and is South Africa's second biggest dam by area and the fourth largest by volume.

History
The construction of Vaal Dam started during the depression of the early thirties and the dam was completed in 1938 with a wall height of 54.2 m above lowest foundation and a full supply capacity of 994000000 m3. The dam is a concrete gravity structure with an earthfill section on the right flank. It was built as a joint venture by Rand Water and the Department of Irrigation (now known as the Department of Water Affairs).

The dam was subsequently raised in the early fifties to a height of 60.3 m which increased the capacity to 2188000000 m3. A second raising took place in 1985 when the wall was raised by a further 3.05 m to 63.4 m above lowest foundation. The capacity of the dam is currently 2609799000 m3 and a further 663000000 m3 or 26% can be stored temporarily for flood attenuation.

The flood attenuation properties of the dam were severely tested in February 1996 when the largest flood ever recorded at the Vaal Dam site was experienced. An inflow of over 4700 m3/s was measured into the Vaal Dam which was already at full capacity due to good rains and it was only through the expert management of the Hydrology staff at DWAF that the maximum flood released from the dam was limited to 2300 m3/s. Flows above 2300 m3/s would have caused serious damage downstream of Vaal Dam and the situation during the 1996 flood became extremely tense as the storage in the reservoir peaked at 118.5% of Full Supply Capacity on 19 February 1996 i.e. only 194000000 m3 of flood absorption capacity remained before the full inflow would have been released causing massive damage.

The Lesotho Highlands Water Project feeds water into the system by gravity contributing to a stable supply of water to the people and industrial complex of Gauteng. This water is piped from Lesotho into the Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers.

The Sterkfontein Dam forms part of the Tugela-Vaal water transfer scheme for the interbasin transfer of water from the Thukela River in KwaZulu-Natal to boost the levels in the Vaal River System. Water from the Sterkfontein Dam is released once the Vaal Dam drops to below 16%.

The dam has its own island some 5 km long. The island was used as a secret meeting place by the apartheid government but now hosts the annual Round the Island Yacht race, a Guinness Book of World Records title of the largest inland yacht race.

On 4 May 1948 BOAC introduced Short Solent flying boats on the UK (Southampton) to South Africa (Vaaldam) service. The small village of Deneysville was used as a stop-over point by the old BOAC flying boats.

Water sports
The Vaal Dam is a world renowned fishing venue for freshwater carp and catfish. Its shores are filled with anglers throughout the year.

Many world class water sport events are held here including the annual "Round The Island" yacht race organized by Lake Deneys Yacht Club— a race that has been in the Guinness Book of Records for being the "Most Yachts in an Inland Yacht Race in the World", in which 389 craft crossed the finish line. This race has entered the Guinness Book of Records for the most boats in an inland yacht race. Several large events take place here including Keelboat Week and the Bayshore 200 km jetski race, and now the Bayshore Marina Vaal Dam Treasure Hunt. Lake Deneys Yacht Club and Pennant Nine Yacht Club partnered the organisation of a fleet which participated in the inaugural 2014 and second 2015 international "Bart's Bash".

Three provinces make up the Dam's shoreline - the Free State has the longest stretch, Mpumalanga has a beautiful and relatively unspoilt shoreline, while the most despoiled by far is that of Gauteng. The dam was commissioned in 1939, has a capacity of 2.536 km3, and a surface area of 320 km2, the dam wall is 63 m high. Due to the large lake size reservoir there is a problem with evaporation, see Sterkfontein Dam for more details.

Deneysville is the largest town on the Vaal Dam and provides a shopping centre for the Dam. There are three yacht clubs and two marinas.

Nature
The main angling fish species of the Vaal dam are barbel, common carp, mirror carp, grass carp, smallmouth yellowfish, largemouth yellowfish and mudfish. Egyptian geese and blacksmith lapwing are abundant shore birds, and Caspian terns also occur in large numbers. The greater flamingo is a regular wading bird, with lesser flamingo present in lower numbers, and vagrant openbills have been seen. A few dozen fish eagles are present, while osprey occurs sparsely.

title: Vaal Dam


text:
Herzog Zwei

Herzog Zwei (ヘルツォーク・ツヴァイ) is a real-time strategy video game developed by Technosoft and published by Sega for the Mega Drive/Genesis. An early real-time strategy game, it predates the genre-popularizing Dune II. It was released first in Japan in 1989 and worldwide in 1990. It is the sequel to Herzog, which was available on the Japanese MSX and PC-8801 personal computers.

Herzog Zwei combines the arcade-style play of Technosoft's own Thunder Force series with a simple, easy-to-grasp level of strategy. It has been cited as an inspiration to the developers of Warcraft, StarCraft, Dune II, and Command & Conquer   and is also considered a precursor to the MOBA genre.

Gameplay

The player directly pilots a flying, transforming mech, similar to the variable fighter depicted in Macross. It is a multi-role vehicle suited for utility and combat. Through the mech, the player purchases surface combat units, airlifts them across the battlefield, and issues them orders. These command activities can only be performed through the mech. Vehicles follow their assigned orders (patrol, garrison, capture base) until they either run out of fuel or are destroyed. Tactical re-deployment (mission reassignment, vehicle repair) involves a great deal of micromanagement, due to the required involvement of the mech.

Both the player's ground forces and the mech have finite fuel and ammunition. A prolonged engagement requires considerable micromanagement, as vehicles will not auto-repair, and the fragile combat-supply vehicles have a limited radius of service.

With a total of eight different types of land units to purchase, the player can determine the composition of his army. Each combat vehicle type represents a tradeoff between speed, anti-air, ground-attack, and cost. Units are assigned mission orders from a menu selection: "fight from a fixed position", "patrol this area", "fight in fixed radius" and "go to/attack/occupy intermediate base". New orders can only be issued during the airlift, and every time a unit's mission orders are reassigned, a cost is incurred.

In addition to the player's main base, there are nine permanent outposts scattered across the battlefield. These indestructible buildings are the only production resources on the battlefield. Once under a player's control, an outpost generates additional revenue (for purchase of units) and serves as a remote base of operations (repair/refuel, pick up delivery of purchased unit). A key strategy is to capture as many outposts as possible or deny enemy use through nuisance actions.

Herzog Zwei supports both single-player mode against the AI, as well as a two-player multiplayer mode. In single-player, the entire screen is devoted to the human-player's field of view. The game partially offsets the AI's inherent weakness by increasing the armor and offensive damage of computer player side with each advancing level.

Reception
Herzog Zwei was not a huge commercial success, due to its lack of marketing, relatively early release on the Genesis platform, and non-arcade genre on what was considered an arcade game console. Upon its 1990 release in North America, Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game a rating of 4.25 out of 10, based on four individual reviewer scores of 4, 6, 4, and 3.

The Mega Drive version's reception in Europe was generally more positive. In the United Kingdom, in the April 1990 issue of Computer and Video Games, reviewer Paul Glancey gave the game an 82% score. He described it as "a game of conquest between two commanders in real time" and stated that what "sets it apart from other strategy games is that everything happens in real time. Both players are in action simultaneously and there are no pauses while decisions are taken so you have to think on the move or die". He noted that the command icons are "fairly easy to grasp" and concluded that it is a game that helps establish the Mega Drive as a "real" computer rather than "a machine for immobilized arcade players". Warren Lapworth reviewed the game in the March 1990 issue of The Games Machine magazine, giving the game a 75% score. He described it as an "unusual product" and stated that "whether it's intended to get strategists to consider buying the console or to broaden the horizons of trigger-happy lunatics, I don't know. Either way, it's quite refreshing and can be quite addictive in two-player mode, fierce rivalry developing between friends". In France, the game was reviewed in the November 1990 issue of Joystick magazine, where reviewer JM Destroy gave the game a 78% score. The game was particularly well received in Germany, where it was known as Herzog 2; Power Play magazine gave it an 80% score in its April 1990 issue, and Play Time gave it an 85% score in its June 1991 issue.

Retrospective coverage
Retrospective reviews have been very positive. David Filip of AllGame gave the game a score of 4 out of 5 stars, describing it as "one of the first" and "one of the best" strategy video games on home consoles and as "a fine cure for those days when you want a different kind of RTS to control". Game Informer in 1999 scored it 9.75 out of 10, making it the magazine's highest-rated Genesis game. Daniel Thomas of Sega-16 gave it a score of 10 out of 10 in 2004, describing it as "very probably the finest video game you've never played" and as the Genesis console's "finest hour". Lawrence Wright of Insomnia gave the game a score of 5 out of 5 stars in 2008. GameSpot users have given Herzog Zwei an average score of 8.8 out of 10 as of 2009.

It is often found on several "best of..." lists of video games, owing to its precedence in the real-time strategy genre, as well to the increasing understanding of finer points of its mechanics. It was featured in the "100 Best Games of All Time" list of Electronic Gaming Monthly, in the November 1997 issue which ranked it at #43, and in the January 2002 issue which ranked it #52. The September 1996 issue of Next Generation ranked it the 31st best game of all time, and the February 1999 issue ranked it 39th best— in both cases arguing that the strategic concept and level design were aped by more high-profile games like Cannon Fodder and Command & Conquer. It has been featured in IGN's "Top 100 Games of All Time", in the 2003 list which ranked it at #62, and in the 2005 list which ranked it #95. In 2003, GameSpy listed the game as one of the 25 most underrated games of all time. 1UP.com included the game in its "Essential 50" list of "The Most Important Games Ever Made". The U.S. game release packaging art was executed by veteran San Francisco game box illustrator Marc Ericksen, who had previously done the art for its sister game Thunder Force II.

Legacy
The game concept of a central command and fighting vehicle directing other friendly units to attack remote enemy base appeared in past games, such as Sir Tech's 1984 game Rescue Raiders. However, Scott Sharkey of 1UP.com states that the 1988 game Modem Wars was possibly "[t]he closest predecessor" to Herzog Zwei, but that it "was fairly primitive and abstract by comparison", that earlier such games lacked the ability to construct units or manage resources which made them "much more tactical than strategic", and that the slower processors made the ticks "so long that the games were practically turn based". Total Annihilation (1997) and its spiritual successor Supreme Commander also inherit the concept of a large robotic command vehicle which is used to construct and command an army. Conversely, Total Annihilation and Supreme Commander are controlled in a similar fashion to traditional real-time strategy games; unlike in Herzog Zwei, the command vehicle in those games is mainly nothing more than a particularly powerful and versatile unit.

The producers of Dune II acknowledge Herzog Zwei as an influence, as do the producers of Warcraft (1994),  Command & Conquer (1995), StarCraft (1998), War of the Ring (2003), and Brütal Legend (2009). Herzog Zwei is considered a predecessor to the MOBA subgenre, also known as action RTS, though a key difference is that Herzog Zwei has a fully customizable command unit with role-playing video game elements that the player has full control over, while commanding an army to go into battle with rather than mindless drones that respawn at set intervals. The 2014 battle arena game AirMech is also inspired by Herzog Zwei.

Herzog Zwei was re-released on Nintendo Switch as the final entry in the Sega Ages line of rereleases in Japan on August 27, 2020. It has online multiplayer, an interactive tutorial mode, widescreen with extra HUD support, difficulty options, and the ability to save replays.

Herzog Zwei was re-released for the Sega Genesis Mini 2 on October 27, 2022.

title: Herzog Zwei


text:
Mole people

In the United States, the term mole people (also called tunnel people or tunnel dwellers) is sometimes used to describe homeless people living under large cities in abandoned subway, railroad, flood, sewage tunnels, and heating shafts.

In documentary film and non-fiction
Dark Days, a 2000 documentary feature film by British filmmaker Marc Singer, follows a group of people living in an abandoned section of the New York City Subway, in the area called Freedom Tunnel. Anthropologist Teun Voeten's book Tunnel People is also about the inhabitants of the Freedom Tunnel, where Voeten lived for five months.

Jennifer Toth's 1993 book The Mole People: Life in the Tunnels Beneath New York City, written while she was an intern at the Los Angeles Times, was promoted as a true account of travels in the tunnels and interviews with tunnel dwellers. The book helped canonize the image of the mole people as an ordered society living literally under people's feet. However, few claims in her book have been verified, and it includes inaccurate geographical information, numerous factual errors, and an apparent reliance on largely unprovable statements. The strongest criticism came from New York City Subway historian Joseph Brennan, who declared, "Every fact in this book that I can verify independently is wrong." Cecil Adams's The Straight Dope contacted Toth in 2004, and noted the large amount of unverifiability in her stories, while declaring that the book's accounts seemed to be truthful. A later article, after contact with Brennan, was more skeptical of Toth's truthfulness.

Cities
Other journalists have focused on the underground homeless in New York City as well. Photographer Margaret Morton made the photo book The Tunnel. Filmmaker Marc Singer made the documentary Dark Days in the year 2000, and a similar documentary, Voices in the Tunnels, was released in 2008. In 2010, Teun Voeten published Tunnel People.

Las Vegas
Media accounts have reported "mole people" living underneath other cities as well. In the Las Vegas Valley, it is estimated about 1,000 homeless people find shelter in the storm drains underneath the city for protection from extreme temperatures that exceed 115 F while dropping below 30 F in winter.

According to media reports, the people living in the tunnels underneath Las Vegas have managed to furnish their "rooms". In one ABC News report from 2009, a couple, who had been living in the tunnels for five years, had furnished their home with a bed, bookcase and even a makeshift shower. The tunnels are prone to flooding, which can be extremely dangerous for the tunnel's residents. Most lose their belongings regularly, and there have been some reported deaths.

Many tunnel inhabitants have been turned away from the limited charities in Las Vegas. Matt O'Brien, a local author who spent nearly five years exploring life beneath the city to write the book Beneath the Neon, founded the Shine A Light Foundation to help the homeless people taking refuge in the tunnels. The charity helps tunnel residents by providing supplies, such as underwear, bottled water, and food.

According to the Clark County Regional Flood Control District, the valley has about 450 mi of flood control channels and tunnels, and about 300 mi of those are underground.

Fiction

 * K'n-yan, fictional subterranean land in works by H.P. Lovecraft
 * Hans Moleman, a recurring character on The Simpsons
 * City of Ember, a 2008 film
 * Neverwhere, a novel by Neil Gaiman based on the concept
 * The novel La Promesse des ténèbres by Maxime Chattam features communities of people living underground in New York City, including the "mole people" who live in the lowest parts. Jennifer Toth's book is cited by the author.

title: Mole people


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Limited recognition

Updating the list
The Republic of Artsakh has been de-jure and de-facto dissolved. Is there still any point to keep it in that list? Sincerely,  Aredoros87  (talk) 22:13, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Probably not on the highest level of Wikiproject importance, although I suspect the principles for editing current entities would be similar for past situations like Artsakh and Tamil Eelam. CMD (talk) 02:22, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I deleted it partly, but I don't know how to do it completely. Seems like it should be edited in a different way.  Aredoros87  (talk) 16:29, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

Kurds and the rule of crowd
Greetings, let me bring to your attention the case of an editor indef blocked recently. I've opened the discussion here Village pump (miscellaneous)/Archive 78, thanks. ManyAreasExpert (talk) 14:04, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

Discussion on List of states with limited recognition talk page
There is a discussion regarding the status of removing Armenia, China, Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, and North Korea from Talk:List of states with limited recognition which members of this project would be interested in. WikiCleanerMan (talk) 00:44, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

Discussion at Manual of Style
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style, which is within the scope of this WikiProject.  Kinsio  ( talk  ★  contribs ) 15:53, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

Taiwanese indigenous peoples at FAR
I have nominated Taiwanese indigenous peoples for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets the featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" in regards to the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Z1720 (talk) 19:33, 2 July 2024 (UTC)


text: Talk:The Beau

title: Talk:The Beau


text:
Francis Wurtz

Francis Wurtz (born 3 January 1948 in Strasbourg) is a former French Member of the European Parliament, serving from 1979 until 2009. Elected in the Île-de-France constituency on the French Communist Party (PCF) ticket, he sat with the European United Left - Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group, and was its President. He was nominated by GUE/NGL as their candidate for President of the European Parliament in the 2004 election, where he received 51 votes.

A university graduate in literature (philosophy), he worked for a time as a State school teacher. He has been a member of the central committee of the PCF since 1979.

title: Francis Wurtz


text:
ACAZ T.2

The ACAZ T.1  and T.2, very similar to each other, were the first Belgian all-metal aircraft, flown in 1924. They were single-engined touring monoplanes which seated two. Only two were built.

Development
The first example of ACAZ's all-metal two-seater tourer, registered as the ACAZ T.1 O-BAFK, was first flown in early 1924. It was the first Belgian all-metal aircraft. Its trials went well and on 21 June it was flown to Brussels to take part in the Concours des avions de tourisme (touring aircraft contest) but in low cloud it collided with a tree and crashed; happily, there were no deaths.

There is little detail recorded specifically on the T.1 apart from a photograph but its replacement, the ACAZ T.2, was noted as du même type (of the same type). It had made several successful flights by mid-July, just a few weeks after the crash of the T.1, though it was only registered as O-BAFM on 19 December 1924.

Design
The T.1 and T.2 were designed by Alfred Renard and Emile Allard. Each had a thick profile, two part, cantilever, high wing which could be rapidly detached for transport. In plan the wing was basically rectangular but with rounded leading edges at the tips. The wing was mounted with slight dihedral; its thickness was constant over most of the span but decreased over the outer parts, where its ailerons extended aft beyond the trailing edge.

The engine was a 70 hp Anzani 6, a six-cylinder radial engine mounted uncowled on the nose with its fuel tank behind a firewall. The fuselage was rectangular in cross-section apart from a slightly shaped roof and was built around frames and longerons with sheet metal covering. The enclosed cabin, which held two sitting side-by-side, was under the wing and had both forward and side glazing. The fuselage frame in the cabin region was strengthened; access was via a side door. At the rear the empennage was conventional, with a tailplane of the same plan as the wings, mounted on top of the fuselage. It carried broad, straight-edged elevators with a deep cut-out for movement of the tall, round-tipped rudder which was hinged from a small, triangular fin.

The fixed undercarriage had mainwheels with stub-axles on short, rigid duralumin tubes from the lower fuselage, giving a track of only 2.07 m. The tailskid was designed to double-up as a forward hook for transport as a trailer.

Operational history
Though O-BAFM remained on the registrar until 1933 there are few, if any, records of its activities in the French aviation press. No more T.2s were built, as no customers could be found.

title: ACAZ T.2


text:
Elastomer

An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity (i.e. both viscosity and elasticity) and with weak intermolecular forces, generally low Young's modulus (E) and high failure strain compared with other materials. The term, a portmanteau of elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with rubber, although the latter is preferred when referring to vulcanisates. Each of the monomers which link to form the polymer is usually a compound of several elements among carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and silicon. Elastomers are amorphous polymers maintained above their glass transition temperature, so that considerable molecular reconformation is feasible without breaking of covalent bonds. At ambient temperatures, such rubbers are thus relatively compliant (E ≈ 3 MPa) and deformable. Their primary uses are for seals, adhesives, and molded flexible parts.

Rubber-like solids with elastic properties are called elastomers. Polymer chains are held together in these materials by relatively weak intermolecular bonds, which permit the polymers to stretch in response to macroscopic stresses.

Elastomers are usually thermosets (requiring vulcanization) but may also be thermoplastic (see thermoplastic elastomer). The long polymer chains cross-link during curing (i.e., vulcanizing). The molecular structure of elastomers can be imagined as a 'spaghetti and meatball' structure, with the meatballs signifying cross-links. The elasticity is derived from the ability of the long chains to reconfigure themselves to distribute an applied stress. The covalent cross-linkages ensure that the elastomer will return to its original configuration when the stress is removed.

Crosslinking most likely occurs in an equilibrated polymer without any solvent. The free energy expression derived from the Neohookean model of rubber elasticity is in terms of free energy change due to deformation per unit volume of the sample. The strand concentration, v, is the number of strands over the volume which does not depend on the overall size and shape of the elastomer. Beta relates the end-to-end distance of polymer strands across crosslinks over polymers that obey random walk statistics.

$$\Delta f_d = \frac{\Delta F_d}{V} = \frac{K_BT\nu_{el}\beta\lambda_1p^2 + \lambda_2p + 2\lambda_3p^2 - 3}{2}$$

$$v_{el} = \frac{n_{el}}{V}, \beta = 1$$

In the specific case of shear deformation, the elastomer besides abiding to the simplest model of rubber elasticity is also incompressible. For pure shear we relate the shear strain, to the extension ratios lambdas. Pure shear is a two-dimensional stress state making lambda equal to 1, reducing the energy strain function above to:

$$\Delta f_{d}= \frac{k_{B}T\nu_{s}\beta\gamma^2}{2}$$

To get shear stress, then the energy strain function is differentiated with respect to shear strain to get the shear modulus, G, times the shear strain:

$$\sigma_{12} = \frac{d(\Delta f_{d})}{d\gamma} = G\gamma$$

Shear stress is then proportional to the shear strain even at large strains. Notice how a low shear modulus correlates to a low deformation strain energy density and vice versa. Shearing deformation in elastomers, require less energy to change shape than volume.

$$\Delta f_d = W = \frac{G(\lambda_{1p}^2+\lambda_{2p}^2+\lambda_{3p}^2-3)}{2}$$

Examples
Unsaturated rubbers that can be cured by sulfur vulcanization:
 * Natural polyisoprene: cis-1,4-polyisoprene natural rubber (NR) and trans-1,4-polyisoprene gutta-percha
 * Synthetic polyisoprene (IR for isoprene rubber)
 * Polybutadiene (BR for butadiene rubber)
 * Chloroprene rubber (CR), polychloroprene, neoprene
 * Butyl rubber (copolymer of isobutene and isoprene, IIR)
 * Halogenated butyl rubbers (chloro butyl rubber: CIIR; bromo butyl rubber: BIIR)
 * Styrene-butadiene rubber (copolymer of styrene and butadiene, SBR)
 * Nitrile rubber (copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile, NBR), also called Buna N rubbers
 * Hydrogenated nitrile rubbers (HNBR) Therban and Zetpol

Saturated rubbers that cannot be cured by sulfur vulcanization:
 * EPM (ethylene propylene rubber, a copolymer of ethene and propene) and EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene rubber, a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a diene-component)
 * Epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO)
 * Acrylic rubber (ACM, ABR)
 * Silicone rubber (SI, Q, VMQ)
 * Fluorosilicone rubber (FVMQ)
 * Fluoroelastomers (FKM, and FEPM) Viton, Tecnoflon, Fluorel, Aflas and Dai-El
 * Perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) Tecnoflon PFR, Kalrez, Chemraz, Perlast
 * Polyether block amides (PEBA)
 * Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM)
 * Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)

Various other types of elastomers:
 * Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE)
 * The proteins resilin and elastin
 * Polysulfide rubber
 * Elastolefin, elastic fiber used in fabric production
 * Poly(dichlorophosphazene), an "inorganic rubber" from hexachlorophosphazene polymerization

title: Elastomer


text:
Pâté

Pâté is a forcemeat. Originally, the dish was cooked in a pastry case; in more recent times it is more usually cooked without pastry in a terrine. Various ingredients are used, which may include meat from pork, poultry, fish or beef; fat, vegetables, herbs, spices, wine and brandy.

History and etymology
Both the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française and the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) date the term back to the 12th century. The former gives the original meaning as a "culinary preparation consisting of minced meat or fish surrounded by dough and baked in the oven"; the OED's definition is "a pie or pastry usually filled with finely minced meat, fish, vegetables, etc." The French words pâte (pastry) and pâté are both derived from the Latin pasta meaning paste or dough (as is the English "pastry"). By the 19th century the pastry case was often dispensed with. According to Larousse Gastronomique, when there is a pastry case the dish is pâté en croute and when there is not, and the mixture is cooked in a dish (called a terrine), it is pâté en terrine, often abbreviated to terrine or pâté, terms used interchangeably in both French and English usage.

Pâté was known to the Romans, who generally made it with pork, although other main ingredients might include marinated and spiced birds' tongues. In the Middle Ages, there were numerous recipes for pâtisseries (meats – pork, poultry, game or fish – cooked in pastry).

Tinned pâté, being shelf-stable, has sometimes been included in military rations, for, among others, the French Armed Forces, whose rations have included tinned pâté for more than 100 years.

Parfait
Chicken liver parfait is considered a subtype of pâté. Instead of cooking the livers in butter first, to make a parfait you initially pureé the livers then pass it through a sieve before cooking it in a bain marie until it sets. This allows you to get a smoother texture.

Variations
There are numerous varieties of French pâtés or terrines, including:

Other countries
In Russia, the dish is commonly known as pechyonochniy pashtet (печёночный паштет, "liver pâté"), and meat from other animals can also be used. The liver is first cooked (boiled or fried) and mixed with butter or fat and seasonings such as fresh or fried onions, carrots, spices, and herbs. It can be further cooked (usually baked), but most often used without any other preparation. In Russia, the pâté is served on a plate or in a bowl, and is typically moulded into the shapes of animals, such as hedgehogs.

In Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine, a similar recipe is known as chopped liver, with schmaltz used instead of butter and hard-boiled eggs frequently added. Another common type of pâté in Jewish cuisine, also popular in Russia and Ukraine, is vorschmack, or gehakte herring (chopped herring). In Vietnamese cuisine, pâté is commonly used on bánh mì baguette-type sandwiches.

title: Pâté


text:
Florbela Espanca

Florbela Espanca (born Flor Bela d'Alma da Conceição, 8 December 1894 – 8 December 1930) was a Portuguese poet. She is known for her passionate and feminist poetry. Fernando Pessoa later said she was his "twin soul".

Early life
Born Flor Bela d'Alma da Conceição on 8 December 1894 in Vila Viçosa, Portugal, Espanca was the daughter of Antónia da Conceição Lobo who worked as a housemaid for Espanca's father, João Maria Espanca, a photographer and businessman. Her father's wife, Mariana do Carmo Inglesa Espanca, who was unable to have her own children, agreed for Espanca to live in their home, where she was raised from birth by both her father's wife and her biological mother, who was 15 years old when Espanca was born. Since her parents weren't married, when Espanca was baptized on 20 June 1895, she was christened as Flor Bela Lobo, the daughter of Antónia Lobo and an unknown father. Her father, whom Espanca referred to in a poem as "dear Daddy of my soul", officially claimed paternity in 1949, 19 years after Espanca's death.

Espanca's full brother, Apeles Espanca, was born in 1897 and was also baptized as the child of an unknown father. In 1903, Espanca wrote her earliest known poem, "A Vida e a Morte" (Life and Death), when she was 8 years old. In 1908, her mother died at the age of 29 with "neurosis" recorded as her official cause of death. A few months after her mother's death, Espanca became one of the first female students to enroll in the Liceu André de Gouveia, a traditionally male school in Évora, Portugal.

Later life and career
In 1913, Espanca failed a final examination and dropped out of school, and on her 19th birthday, she married Alberto Moutinho, a longtime friend and classmate. Espanca and Moutinho moved to Redondo, Portugal, where they both worked as teachers. Espanca taught French, English, geography, and history and Moutinho taught science. In 1915, due to financial difficulties, they moved in with Espanca's father in Évora and continued teaching. From 1915 to 1917, she collected all of her poems into a work entitled O livro D'ele (His book) that she dedicated to her brother.

In 1916, Espanca re-enrolled in secondary school at the Liceu de Évora. After graduating in 1917, she and Moutinho moved to Lisbon so Espanca could attend the University of Lisbon, where she was one of seven women, out of a total of 313 students, enrolled in the School of Law. Six months later, Espanca had a miscarriage and took a temporary break from university in order to recover in the southern region of Algarve, away from the capital city of Lisbon. She had another miscarriage in 1919 and around the same time, Espanca began to show the first serious symptoms of mental illness. Later that same year, Livro de Mágoas (The Book of Sorrows) was published. In 1921 Espanca and Moutinho divorced, which exposed her to significant social prejudice.

She was remarried in 1922 to António Guimarães. Espanca had another miscarriage in 1923 and Guimarães filed for divorce a few months later. Livro de Soror Saudade (Sister Saudade's Book) was published the same year. In 1925 she was married for a third time to Mário Lage, a doctor who had treated her for a long time. In the sonnet, "Amar" (Love), which was published in her last book, Charneca em Flor (Heath in Bloom), Espanca expressed a "consuming desire to satisfy her need to love freely as a woman and her inability to channel that love into a socially acceptable, exclusive, monogamous mode," which according to Thomas Braga, was a revolutionary statement for Portuguese love sonnets.

Espanca's brother died in an airplane accident (some believe he committed suicide, due to his fiancée's death), which deeply affected her. His death inspired the writing of As Máscaras do Destino (The Masks of Destiny). After being diagnosed with pulmonary edema, Espanca starting keeping a diary and twice attempted suicide shortly before the completion of Charneca em Flor.

Death and posthumous publications
Espanca died by suicide on 8 December 1930, her 36th birthday, from an overdose of barbiturates. Charneca em Flor was published a month later in January 1931. In 1931, Reliquiare, a title given by the Italian professor Guido Battelli, was published with the poems she wrote on a further version of Charneca em Flor.

title: Florbela Espanca


text:
Talk:Amusing Ourselves to Death

Cover Art
I much prefer the older cover, I believe it was the 70's edition. It was text only, which I believe stands much better with the author's point. -Rich

Cover Art
The photo is vandalism. There is a place for humor, but Wikipedia is not a comedy website. The proper book cover picture is at: http://books.google.com/books/about/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death.html?id=oup6iagfox8C. Bruce 21:18, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

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He's too Eurocentric
The view of the book is too Eurocentric. Maybe first world people will amuse themselves to death, however, much more people are shackled in dictatorship and terrorism, they are living in Orwellian status. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.161.35.183 (talk) 07:04, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amusing Ourselves to Death