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Kollam

Kollam, also known by its former name Quilon ( historical name Desinganadu ), is an ancient seaport and city on the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea, which is a part of the Arabian Sea. It is 71 km north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. The city is on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake and the Kallada river. Kollam is the fourth largest city in Kerala and is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is the southern gateway to the Backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination. Kollam is one of the most historic cities with continuous settlements in India. Geographically, Quilon formation seen around coastal cliffs of Ashtamudi Lake, represent sediments laid down in the Kerala basin that existed during Mio-Pliocene times.

Kollam has a strong commercial reputation since ancient times. The Arabs, Phoenicians, Chinese, Ethiopians, Syrians, Jews, Chaldeans and Romans have all engaged in trade at the port of Kollam for millennia. As a result of Chinese trade, Kollam was mentioned by Ibn Battuta in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four-year travels. Desinganadu's rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam. In the ninth century, on his way to Canton, China, Persian merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir found Kollam to be the only port in India visited by huge Chinese junks. Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublai Khan in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin. Kollam is also home to one of the seven churches that were established by St Thomas as well as one of the 10 oldest mosques believed to be found by Malik Deenar in Kerala. Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon is the first diocese in India.

V. Nagam Aiya in his Travancore State Manual records that in 822 AD two East Syriac bishops Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, settled in Quilon with their followers. Two years later the Malabar Era began (824 AD) and Quilon became the premier city of the Malabar region ahead of Travancore and Cochin. Kollam Port was founded by Mar Sabor at Tangasseri in 825 as an alternative to reopening the inland seaport of Kore-ke-ni Kollam near Backare (Thevalakara), which was also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils. Thambiran Vanakkam printed in 20 October 1578 at Kollam was the first book to be published in an Indian language.

Kollam city corporation received ISO 9001:2015 certification for municipal administration and services. As per the survey conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) based on urban area growth during January 2020, Kollam became the tenth fastest growing city in the world with a 31.1% urban growth between 2015 and 2020. It is a coastal city and on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake. The city hosts the administrative offices of Kollam district and is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the 500 most populous cities in India. Kollam is one of the least polluted cities in India.

During the later stages of the rule of the Chera monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the focal point of trade and politics. Kollam continues to be a major business and commercial centre in Kerala. Four major trading centers around Kollam are Kottarakara, Punalur, Paravur, and Karunagapally. Kollam appeared as Palombe in Mandeville's Travels, where he claimed it contained a Fountain of Youth.

Etymology
In 825 CE, the Malayalam calendar, or Kollavarsham, was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city. The present Malayalam calendar is said to have begun with the re-founding of the town, which was rebuilt after its destruction by fire.

The city was known as Koolam in Arabic, Coulão in Portuguese, and Desinganadu in ancient Tamil literature.

History
As the ancient city of Quilon, Kollam was a flourishing port during the Pandya dynasty (c. 3rd century BC–12th century), and later became the capital of the independent Venad or the Kingdom of Quilon on its foundation in c. 825. Kollam was considered one of the four early entrepots in global sea trade during the 13th century, along with Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, the Chinese city of Quanzhou, and Malacca in the Malaysian archipelago. It seems that trade at Kollam seems to have flourished right into the Medieval period as in 1280, there is instance of envoys of Yuan China coming to Kollam for establishing relations between the local ruler and China.

Pandya rule
The ancient political and cultural history of Kollam was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu. However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha) was under Ay dynasty, who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai than Cheras.

Along with (Muziris and Tyndis), Quilon was an ancient seaport on the Malabar Coast of India from the early centuries before the Christian era. Kollam served as a major port city for Pandya dynasty on the western coast while Kulasekharapatnam served Pandyas on the eastern coast. The city had a high commercial reputation from the days of the Phoenicians and Ancient Romans. Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentions Greek ships anchored at Muziris and Nelcynda. There was also a land route over the Western Ghats. Spices, pearls, diamonds, and silk were exported to Egypt and Rome from these ports. Pearls and diamonds came to the Chera Kingdom from Ceylon and the southeastern coast of India, then known as the Pandyan Kingdom.

Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek Nestorian sailor, in his book the Christian Topography who visited the Malabar Coast in 550, mentions an enclave of Christian believers in Male (Malabar Coast). He writes, "In the island of Tabropane (Ceylon), there is a church of Christians, and clerics and faithful. Likewise at Male, where the pepper grows, and in the farming community of Kalliana (Kalliankal at Nillackal) there is also a bishop consecrated in Persia in accordance with the Nicea Sunnahadose of 325 AD." The Nestorian Patriarch Jesujabus, who died in 660 AD, mentions Kollam in his letter to Simon, Metropolitan of Persia.

Kollam is also home to one of the oldest mosques in Indian subcontinent. According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayini, and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest Masjids in Indian subcontinent. It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.

Capital of Venad (9th to 12th centuries)
The port at Kollam, then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by the Nestorian Christians Mar Sabor and Mar Proth with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent Venad or the State of Quilon, a feudatory under the Chera kingdom.

It is believed that Mar Sapor Iso also proposed that the Chera king create a new seaport near Kollam in lieu of his request that he rebuild the almost vanished inland seaport at Kollam (kore-ke-ni) near Backare (Thevalakara), also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils, which had been without trade for several centuries because the Cheras were overrun by the Pallavas in the sixth century, ending the spice trade from the Malabar coast. This allowed the Nestorians to stay in the Chera kingdom for several decades and introduce the Christian faith among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and Nair sub-castes in the St. Thomas tradition, with the Syrian liturgy as a basis for the Doctrine of the Trinity, without replacing the Sanskrit and Vedic prayers. The Tharisapalli plates presented to Maruvan Sapor Iso by Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal granted the Christians the privilege of overseeing foreign trade in the city as well as control over its weights and measures in a move designed to increase Quilon's trade and wealth. The two Christians were also instrumental in founding Christian churches with Syrian liturgy along the Malabar coast, distinct from the ancient Vedic Advaitam propounded by Adi Shankara in the early ninth century among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and Nair Sub Castes, as Malayalam was not accepted as a liturgical language until the early 18th century.

Thus began the Malayalam Era, known as Kolla Varsham after the city, indicating the importance of Kollam in the ninth century. The Persian merchant Soleyman of Siraf visited Malabar in the ninth century and found Quilon to be the only port in India used by the huge Chinese ships as their transshipment hub for goods on their way from China to the Persian Gulf. The rulers of Kollam (formerly called 'Desinganadu') had trade relations with China and exchanged embassies. According to the records of the Tang dynasty (618–913), Quilon was their chief port of call before the seventh century. The Chinese trade decreased about 600 and was again revived in the 13th century. Mirabilia Descripta by Bishop Catalani gives a description of life in Kollam, which he saw as the Catholic bishop-designate to Kollam, the oldest Catholic diocese in India. He also gives true and imaginary descriptions of life in 'India the Major' in the period before Marco Polo visited the city. Sulaiman al-Tajir, a Persian merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of Sthanu Ravi Varma (9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and China at that time, based at the port of Kollam.

Kollam as "Colombo" in the Catalan Atlas (1375)
In 13th century CE, Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I, a Pandya ruler fought a war in Venad and captured the city of Kollam. The city appears on the Catalan Atlas of 1375 CE as Columbo and Colobo. The map marks this city as a Christian city, ruled by a Christian ruler.

The text above the picture of the king says:

"Açí seny[o]reja lo rey Colobo, christià. Pruvíncia de Columbo (Here reigns the Lord King Colobo, Christian, Province of Columbo)."

The city was much frequented by the Genoese merchants during the 13th-14th centuries CE, followed by the Dominican and Franciscan friars from Europe. The Genoese merchants called the city Colõbo/Colombo.

The city was founded in 825 by Maruvān Sapir Iso, a Persian East Syriac Christian merchant, and was also Christianized early by the Saint Thomas Christians. In 1329 CE Pope John XXII established Kollam / Columbo as the first and only Roman Catholic bishopric on the Indian subcontinent, and appointed Jordan of Catalonia, a Dominican friar, as the diocese's first bishop of the Latin sect. The Pope's Latin scribes assigned the name "Columbum" to Columbo.

According to a book authored by Ilarius Augustus, published April, 2021 ('Christopher Columbus: Buried deep in Latin the Indian origin of the great explorer from Genoa '), the words Columbum, Columbus and Columbo appear for the first time in a notarial deed (lease contract) of a certain Mousso in Genoa in 1329 CE. These words appear in the form of a toponym. The author then shows, through the Latin text of several other notarial deeds and the documents on church history, how Christopher Columbus - also carrying the same toponym.- was part of Mousso's family, and hence of the Indian lineage (although born in Genoa).

Kozhikode Influences
The port at Kozhikode held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.

Portuguese, Dutch and British Trade and Influences (16th to 18th centuries)
The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India. They were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in Tangasseri, Kollam in 1502, which became the centre of their trade in pepper. In the wars with the Moors/Arabs that followed, the ancient church (temple) of St Thomas Tradition at Thevalakara was destroyed. In 1517, the Portuguese built the St. Thomas Fort in Thangasseri, which was destroyed in the subsequent wars with the Dutch. In 1661, the Dutch East India Company took possession of the city. The remnants of the old Portuguese Fort, later renovated by the Dutch, can be found at Thangasseri. In the 18th century, Travancore conquered Kollam, followed by the British in 1795. Thangasseri remains today as an Anglo-Indian settlement, though few Anglo-Indians remain. The Infant Jesus Church in Thangasseri, an old Portuguese-built church, remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of the area.

Battle of Quilon
The Battle of Quilon was fought in 1809 between a troop of the Indian kingdom of Travancore led by the then Dalawa (prime minister) of Travancore, Velu Thampi Dalawa and the British East India Company led by Colonel Chalmers at Cantonment Maidan in Quilon. The battle lasted for only six hours and was the result of the East India Company's invasion of Quilon and their garrison situated near the Cantonment Maidan. The company forces won the battle while all the insurrectionist who participated in the war were court-martialed and subsequently hanged at the maidan.

Travancore Rule
In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur, and Parappanad based in present-day Malappuram district. Later, Venad Kingdom was completely merged with the Kingdom of Travancore during the rein of Marthanda Varma and Kollam remained as the capital of Travancore Kingdom. Later on, the capital of Travancore was relocated to Thiruvananthapuram.

Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755. The Government Secretariat was also situated in Kollam till the 1830s. It was moved to Thiruvananthapuram during the reign of Swathi Thirunal.

Excavation at Kollam Port seabed
Excavations are going on at Kollam Port premises since February 2014 as the team has uncovered arrays of antique artifacts, including Chinese porcelain and coins. A Chinese team with the Palace Museum, a team from India with Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR) discovered Chinese coins and artifacts that show trade links between Kollam and ancient China.

Geography
Kollam city is bordered by the panchayats of Neendakara and Thrikkaruva to the north, Mayyanad to the south, and Thrikkovilvattom and Kottamkara to the east, and by the Laccadive Sea to the west. Ashtamudi Lake is in the heart of the city. The city is about 71 km away from Thiruvananthapuram, 140 km away from Kochi and 350 km away from Kozhikode. The National Waterway 3 and Ithikkara river are two important waterways passing through the city. The 7.7 km long Kollam Canal is connecting Paravur Lake ans Ashtamudi Lake. The Kallada river, another river that flows through the suburbs of the city, empties into Ashtamudi Lake, while the Ithikkara river runs to Paravur Kayal. Kattakayal, a freshwater lake in the city, connects another water-body named Vattakkayal with Lake Ashtamudi. In March 2016, IndiaTimes selected Kollam as one of the nine least polluted cities on earth to which anybody can relocate. Kollam is one among the top 10 most welcoming places in India for the year 2020, according to Booking.com's traveller review awards.

Kollam is an ancient trading town – trading with Romans, Chinese, Arabs, and other Orientals – mentioned in historical citations dating back to Biblical times and the reign of Solomon, connecting with Red Sea ports of the Arabian Sea (supported by a find of ancient Roman coins). There was also internal trade through the Aryankavu Pass in Schenkottah Gap connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The overland trade in pepper by bullock cart and the trade over the waterways connecting Allepey and Cochin established trade linkages that enabled it to grow into one of the earliest Indian industrial townships. The rail links later established to Tamil Nadu supported still stronger trade links. The factories processing marine exports and the processing and packaging of cashewnuts extended its trade across the globe. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is considered the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The Kollam urban area includes suburban towns such as Paravur in the south, Kundara in the east and Karunagapally in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Eravipuram, Kottiyam, Kannanallur, and Chavara.

Climate
Kollam experiences a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with little seasonal variation in temperatures. December to March is the dry season with less than 60 mm of rain in each of those months. April to November is the wet season, with considerably more rain than during December to March, especially in June and July at the height of the Southwest Monsoon.

Population
India census, Kollam city had a population of 349,033 with a density of 5,400 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio (the number of females per 1,000 males) was 1,112, the highest in the state. The district of Kollam ranked seventh in population in the state while the city of Kollam ranked fourth. Kollam had an average literacy rate of 93.77%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy stood at 95.83%, and female at 91.95%. In Kollam, 11% of the population was under six years of age. In May 2015, Government of Kerala have decided to expand City Corporation of Kollam by merging Thrikkadavoor panchayath. So the area will become 73.03 km2 with a total city population of 384,892. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and official language of the city, while Tamil is understood by some sections in the city. There are also small communities of Anglo-Indians, Konkani Brahmins, Telugu Chetty and Bengali	migrant labourers settled in the city. For ease of administration, Kollam Municipal Corporation is divided into six zones with local zonal offices for each one.

 * Central Zone (headquartered at Cantonment), Kollam Municipal Corporation
 * Sakthikulangara Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation
 * Vadakkevila Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation
 * Kilikollur Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation
 * Eravipuram Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation
 * Thrikkadavoor Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation

In 2014, former Kollam Mayor Mrs. Prasanna Earnest was selected as the Best Lady Mayor of South India by the Rotary Club of Trivandrum Royal.

Religion
The city of Kollam is a microcosm of Kerala state with its residents belonging to varied religious, ethnic and linguistic groups. There are so many ancient temples, centuries-old churches and mosques in the city and its suburbs. Kollam is a Hindu majority city in Kerala. 56.35% of Kollam's total population belongs to Hindu community. Moreover, the Kollam Era (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham or Malayalam Calendar or Malabar Era), solar and sidereal Hindu calendar used in Kerala, has been originated on 825 CE (Pothu Varsham) at (Kollam) city.

Muslims account for 22.05% of Kollam's total population. As per the Census 2011 data, 80,935 is the total Muslim population in Kollam. The Karbala Maidan and the adjacent Makani mosque serves as the Eid gah for the city. The 300-year-old Juma-'Ath Palli at Karuva houses the mortal remains of a Sufi saint, Syed Abdur Rahman Jifri.

Christians account for 21.17% of the total population of Kollam city. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon (Kollam) is the first Catholic diocese in India. The diocese was first erected by Pope John XXII on 9 August 1329. It was re-erected on 1 September 1886. The diocese covers an area of 1,950 sqkm and contains a population of 4,879,553, Catholics numbering 235,922 (4.8%). The famous Infant Jesus Cathedral, 400 years old, located in Thangassery, is the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon. CSI Kollam-Kottarakara Diocese is one of the twenty-four dioceses of the Church of South India. The Headquarters of the Kerala region of The Pentecostal Mission for Kottarakkara, is in Kollam.

Civic administration
Kollam City is a Municipal Corporation with elected Councillors from its 55 divisions. The Mayor, elected from among the councillors, generally represents the political party holding a majority. The Corporation Secretary heads the office of the corporation. The present Mayor of Kollam Corporation is Adv.V. Rajendrababu of CPI(M). The police administration of the city falls under the Kollam City Police Commissionerate which is headed by an IPS (Indian Police Service) cadre officer and he reports to the Inspector General of Police (IGP) Thiruvananthapuram Range. The police administration comes under the State Home Department of the Government of Kerala. Kollam City is divided into three subdivisions, Karunagappally, Kollam and Chathannoor, each under an Assistant Commissioner of Police.

Urban structure
With a total urban population of 1,187,158 and 349,033 as city corporation's population, Kollam is the fourth most populous city in the state and 49th on the list of the most populous urban agglomerations in India. the city's urban growth rate of 154.59% was the second highest in the state. The Metropolitan area of Kollam includes Uliyakovil, Adichanalloor, Adinad, Ayanivelikulangara, Chavara, Elampalloor, Eravipuram (Part), Kallelibhagom, Karunagappally, Kollam, Kottamkara, Kulasekharapuram, Mayyanad, Meenad, Nedumpana, Neendakara, Oachira, Panayam, Panmana, Paravur, Perinad, Poothakkulam, Thazhuthala, Thodiyoor, Thrikkadavoor, Thrikkaruva, Thrikkovilvattom, and Vadakkumthala.

The Kerala Government has decided to develop the City of Kollam as a "Port City of Kerala". Regeneration of the Maruthadi-Eravipuram area including construction of facilities for fishing, tourism and entertainment projects will be implemented as part of the project.

Economy

The city life of Kollam has changed in the last decade. In terms of economic performance and per capita income, Kollam city is in fifth position from India and third in Kerala. Kollam is famous as a city with excellent export background. 5 star, 4 star and 3 star hotels, multi-storied shopping malls, branded jewellery, textile showrooms and car showrooms have started operations in the city and suburbs. Kollam was the third city in Kerala (after Kozhikode and Kochi) to adopt the shopping mall culture. Kollam district ranks first in livestock wealth in the state. Downtown Kollam is the main CBD of Kollam city.

Dairy farming is fairly well developed. Also there is a chilling plant in the city. Kollam is an important maritime and port city. Fishing has a place in the economy of the district. Neendakara and Sakthikulangara villages in the suburbs of the city have fisheries. An estimated 134,973 persons are engaged in fishing and allied activities. Cheriazheekkal, Alappad, Pandarathuruthu, Puthenthura, Neendakara, Thangasseri, Eravipuram and Paravur are eight of the 26 important fishing villages. There are 24 inland fishing villages. The Government has initiated steps for establishing a fishing harbour at Neendakara. Average fish landing is estimated at 85,275 tonnes per year. One-third of the state's fish catch is from Kollam. Nearly 3000 mechanised boats are operating from the fishing harbour. FFDA and VFFDA promote fresh water fish culture and prawn farming respectively. A fishing village with 100 houses is being built at Eravipuram. A prawn farm is being built at Ayiramthengu, and several new hatcheries are planned to cater to the needs of the aquaculturists. Kerala's only turkey farm and a regional poultry farm are at Kureepuzha.

There are two Central Government industrial operations in the city, the Indian Rare Earths, Chavara and Parvathi Mills Ltd., Kollam. Kerala Ceramics Ltd. in Kundara, Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company in Kundara, Kerala Premo Pipe factory in Chavara, Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited in Chavara and United Electrical Industries in Kollam are Kerala Government-owned companies. Other major industries in the private/cooperative sector are Aluminium Industries Ltd. in Kundara, Thomas Stephen & Co. in Kollam, Floorco in Paravur and Cooperative Spinning Mill in Chathannoor. The beach sands of the district have concentrations of such heavy minerals as Ilmenite, Rutile, Monosite and Zircon, which offer scope for exploitation for industrial purposes. Besides large deposits of China clay in Kundara, Mulavana and Chathannoor, there are also lime-shell deposits in Ashtamudi Lake and Bauxite deposits in Adichanallur.

Known as the "Cashew Capital of the World", Kollam is noted for its traditional cashew business and is home to more than 600 cashew-processing units. Every year, about 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews are imported into the city for processing and an average of 130,000 tonnes of processed cashews are exported to various countries worldwide. The Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI) expects a rise in exports to 275,000 tonnes by 2020, an increase of 120 per cent over the current figure. The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited (KSCDC) is situated at Mundakkal in Kollam city. The company owns 30 cashew factories all across Kerala. Of these, 24 are located in Kollam district.

Kollam is one of many seafood export hubs in India with numerous companies involved in the sector. Most of these are based in the Maruthadi, Sakthikulangara, Kavanad, Neendakara, Asramam, Kilikollur, Thirumullavaram and Uliyakovil areas of the city. Capithans, Kings Marine Exporters, India Food Exports and Oceanic Fisheries are examples of seafood exporters.

Kollam's Ashtamudi Lake clam fishery was the first Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified fishery in India. The clam fishery supports around 3,000 people involved in the collection, cleaning, processing and trading of clams. Around 90 species of fish and ten species of clams are found in the lake.

Culture
Kollam Fest is Kollam's own annual festival, attracting mostly Keralites but also hundreds of domestic and foreign tourists to Kollam. The main venue of Kollam Fest is the historic and gigantic Ashramam Maidan. Kollam Fest is the signature event of Kollam. Kollam Fest seeks to showcase Kollam's rich culture and heritage, tourism potential and investments in new ventures.

Kollam Pooram, part of the Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple Festival, is usually held on 15 April, but occasionally on 16 April. The pooram is held at the Ashramam maidan.

The President's Trophy Boat Race (PTBR) is an annual regatta held in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam. The event was inaugurated by President Prathibha Patil in September 2011. The event has been rescheduled from 2012.

Air
The city corporation of Kollam is served by the Trivandrum International Airport, which is about 56 kilometers from the city via NH66. Trivandrum International Airport is the first international airport in a non-metro city in India.

Rail
Kollam Junction is the second largest railway station in Kerala in area, after Shoranur Junction, with a total of 6 platforms. The station has 17 rail tracks. Kollam junction has world's third longest railway platform, measuring 1180.5 m(3873 ft). Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit (MEMU) have a maintenance shed at Kollam Junction. The MEMU services started from Kollam to Ernakulam via Alappuzha and Kottayam in the second week of January 2012. By 1 December 2012, MEMU service between Kollam and Nagercoil became a reality and later extended up to Kanyakumari. Kollam MEMU Shed inaugurated on 1 December 2013 for the maintenance works of MEMU rakes. Kollam MEMU Shed is the largest MEMU Shed in Kerala, which is equipped with most modern facilities. There is a long-standing demand for the Kollam Town Railway Station in the Kollam-Perinad stretch and "S.N College Railway Station" in the Kollam-Eravipuram stretch. The railway stations in Kollam city are Kollam Junction railway station, Eravipuram railway station and Kilikollur railway station.

A new suburban rail system has been proposed by the Kerala Government and Indian Railways on the route Thiruvananthapuram - Kollam - Haripad/Chengannur for which MRVC is tasked to conduct a study and submit a report. Ten trains, each with seven coaches, will transport passengers back and forth along the Trivandrum-Kollam-Chengannur-Kottarakara-Adoor section.

Road
The city of Kollam is connected to almost all the cities and major towns in the state, including Trivandrum, Alappuzha, Kochi, Palakkad, Kottayam, Kottarakkara, and Punalur, and with other Indian cities through the NH 66, NH 183, NH 744 - and other state PWD Roads. Road transport is provided by state-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and private transport bus operators. Kollam is one among the five KSRTC zones in Kerala. Road transport is also provided by private taxis and autorickshaws, also called autos. There is a city private bus stand at Andamukkam. There is a KSRTC bus station beside Ashtamudi Lake. Buses to various towns in Kerala and interstate services run from this station.

Water
The State Water Transport Department operates boat services to West Kallada, Munroe Island, Guhanandapuram, Chavara Thekkumbhagom, Dalavapuram and Alappuzha from Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal situated on the banks of the Ashtamudi Lake. Asramam Link Road in the city passes adjacent to the ferry terminal.

Double decker luxury boats run between Kollam and Allepey daily. Luxury boats, operated by the government and private owners, operate from the main boat jetty during the tourist season. The West coast canal system, which starts from Thiruvananthapuram in the south and ends at Hosdurg in the north, passes through Paravur, the city of Kollam and Karunagappally taluk.

Kollam Port is the second largest port in Kerala, after Cochin Port Trust. It is one of two international ports in Kerala. Cargo handling facilities began operation in 2013. Foreign ships arrive in the port regularly with the MV Alina, a 145 m vessel registered in Antigua anchored at the port on 4April 2014. Once the Port starts functioning in full-fledged, it will make the transportation activities of Kollam-based cashew companies more easy. Shreyas Shipping Company is now running a regular container service between Kollam Port and Kochi Port.

Education
There are many respected colleges, schools and learning centres in Kollam. The city and suburbs contribute greatly to education by providing the best and latest knowledge to the scholars. The Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, the first private school of its kind in the state, is at Kilikollur, about 7 km east of Kollam city, and is a source of pride for all Kollamites. The Government of Kerala has granted academic autonomy to Fatima Mata National College, another prestigious institution in the city. Sree Narayana College, Bishop Jerome Institute (an integrated campus providing Architecture, Engineering and Management courses), and Travancore Business Academy are other important colleges in the city. There are two law colleges in the city, Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies under the control of Sree Narayana Trust and N S S Law College managed by the N.S.S. There are also some best schools in Kollam including Trinity Lyceum School, Infant Jesus School, St Aloysius H.S.S, The oxford school, Sri Sri Academy etc.

Kerala State Institute of Design (KSID), a design institute under Department of labour and Skills, Government of Kerala, is located at Chandanathope in Kollam. It was established in 2008 and was one of the first state-owned design institutes in India. KSID currently conducts Post Graduate Diploma Programs in Design developed in association with National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad.

Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction (IIIC-Kollam) is an institute of international standards situated at Chavara in Kollam city to support the skill development programmes for construction related occupations. The Institute of Fashion Technology, Kollam, Kerala is a fashion technology institute situated at Vellimon, established in technical collaboration with the National Institute of Fashion Technology and the Ministry of Textiles. In addition, there are two IMK (Institute of Management, Kerala) Extension Centres active in the city. Kerala Maritime Institute is situated at Neendakara in Kollam city to give maritime training for the students in Kerala. More than 5,000 students have been trained at Neendakara maritime institute under the Boat Crew training programme.

Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam. Kollam is known as India's hub for bank test coaching centres with around 40 such institutes in the district. Students from various Indian states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh also come here for coaching.

Sports
Cricket is the most popular sport, followed by hockey and football. Kollam is home to a number of local cricket, hockey and football teams participating in district, state-level and zone matches. An International Hockey Stadium with astro-turf facility is there at Asramam in the city, built at a cost of Rs. 13 crore. The land for the construction of the stadium was taken over from the Postal Department at Asramam, Kollam. The city has another stadium named the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam. It is a multipurpose stadium and has repeatedly hosted such sports events as the Ranji Trophy, Santhosh Trophy and National Games. Two open grounds in the city, the Asramam Maidan and Peeranki Maidan, are also used for sports events, practice and warm-up matches.

Tourist places

 * Palaruvi Falls
 * Munroe Island
 * Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Ashtamudi
 * Paravur
 * Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park
 * Kollam Beach
 * Thenmala
 * Thirumullavaram
 * Thangassery
 * Adventure Park, Kollam
 * Thevally Palace
 * Punalur
 * Aryankavu
 * Oachira
 * Sasthamcotta lake
 * Sambranikodi island
 * Puthenkulam
 * Polachira
 * Kottukal Cave Temple
 * Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls
 * Azheekal Beach
 * Rosemala

Places of worship
Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple is a 400 years old ancient Hindu temple in the city. The 400-year-old Sanctum sanctorum of this temple is finished in teak. Ammachiveedu Muhurthi temple is another major temple in the city that have been founded around 600 years ago by the Ammachi Veedu family, aristocrats from Kollam. The Kollam pooram, a major festival of Kollam, is the culmination of a ten-day festival, normally in mid April, of Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple. Kottankulangara Devi Temple is one of the world-famous Hindu temples in Kerala were cross-dressing of men for Chamayavilakku ritual is a part of traditional festivities. The men also carry large lamps. The first of the two-day dressing event drew to a close early on Monday. Moreover, Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram in Kottarakkara, Guhanandapuram Subramanya Temple in Chavara Thekkumbhagom, Puttingal Devi Temple in Paravur, sooranad north anayadi Pazhayidam Sree Narasimha Swami Temple Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple in Poruvazhy, Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple in Sasthamkotta, Sakthikulangara Sree Dharma Sastha temple, Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple in Kadavoor and Kattil Mekkathil Devi Temple in Ponmana Padanayarkulangara mahadeva temple Karunagappally, Ashtamudi Sree Veerabhadra Swamy Temple are the other famous Hindu worship centres in the Kollam Metropolitan Area.
 * Hindus and temples

The Infant Jesus Cathedral in Tangasseri is established by Portuguese during 1614. It is now the pro-cathedral of Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon – the ancient and first Catholic diocese of India. The church remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of old Quilon city. St. Sebastian's Church at Neendakara is another important church in the city. The Dutch Church in Munroe Island is built by the Dutch in 1878. Our Lady of Velankanni Shrine in Cutchery is another important Christian worship place in Kollam city. Saint Casimir Church in Kadavoor, Holy Family Church in Kavanad, St.Stephen's Church in Thoppu and St.Thomas Church in Kadappakada are some of the other major Christian churches in Kollam.
 * Christianity and churches

Muslims and mosques Kottukadu Juma Masjid in Chavara, Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid, Valiyapalli in Jonakappuram, Chinnakada Juma Masjid, Juma-'Ath Palli in Kollurvila, Juma-'Ath Palli in Thattamala and Koivila Juma Masjid in Chavara are the other major Mosques in Kollam.

Notable people

 * List of people from Kollam

title: Kollam


text:
Assen Bossev

Assen Bossev (Асен Босев) (22 November 1913 – 24 April 1997) was a prominent Bulgarian author of children's literature, as well as a translator from Russian.

He was born in the village of Ruska Bela, Vratsa region. He was educated there as well as in the town of Berkovitsa. Afterwards Bossev was a teacher for a certain period of time. He settled in Sofia, where he graduated in law and diplomacy.

Soviet Russian poet Yelizaveta Tarakhovskaya translated most of Bossev's poetry into Russian.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Assen Bossev


text:
Dream (Japanese group)

Dream (ドリーム) was a Japanese pop girl group. The group was formed as a result of a 1999 talent contest called "Avex Dream 2000". Originally a three-piece group consisting of Mai Matsumuro, Kana Tachibana, and Yu Hasebe, the group has undergone many changes since its debut in 2000 on the Avex Trax label, and none of the original trio remain. The original trio sold over 950,700 records, and in total the group has sold over 1,100,000 records over the span of 10 years.

On July 7, 2002, the main lyricist Mai Matsumuro left the group to pursue a solo career. After Matsumuro's departure, Avex held another audition to replace Matsumuro. Instead of one, six new members won the audition, resulting in an eight-member (Dream) group with the debut single "Music is My Thing". In March 2004, Risa Ai left to pursue a solo career. They became a 7-member group as performed this way until 2007. During this time, the band's name changed from dream to DRM.

In August 2008, Yu Hasebe left the group to pursue a solo career, leaving Kana Tachibana behind as the only original member of dream. Afterward, DRM became Dream again.

In August 2010, Dream released their official major re-debut single, "My Way: Ulala" on the Rhythm Zone label. On November 24, 2010, Dream released their first album as a six-member group, titled Hands Up! on the Rhythm Zone label.

On November 23, 2010, Tachibana announced that she would leave the group. This marked the departure of the last member of the original three-member group. She officially left the group on February 20, 2011. On March 30, 2012, Sayaka Yamamoto departed to pursue a solo career.

Avex Dream 2000
In 1999, the Avex label organized a talent contest, called "Avex Dream 2000", looking for the next big hit idol group. Over 120,000 hopefuls auditioned in front of a panel of judges, notably including Kaori Mochida of the popular band, Every Little Thing. Another of the entrants was Kumi Koda, who placed second and is now a popular singer.

The final winners of the competition were Mai Matsumuro, Kana Tachibana, and Yu Hasebe. They formed Avex's idol group Dream.

Debut as 3-member Dream
On January 1, 2000, Dream debuted with the single "Movin' On", which charted within the top 15 on the Oricon charts. Their next few singles all charted in similar territory, failing to break the top 10 until their sixth single, "My Will", made it to number 6 at the end of 2000. "My will" was the song that gave Dream newfound fame as it was the first ending theme to the popular anime Inuyasha. The group's next single peaked at number 36.

On February 28, 2001, Dream released their debut album, Dear.... The album reached number 5 on the Oricon charts. Also on November 28, 2001, Dream released "Get Over", the first opening theme to the anime Hikaru no Go. It reached number 12 on the Oricon charts. On February 14, 2002, dream released their second album, Process, which reached number 8 on the charts. Following the release of Process, Matsumuro, who wrote most of the group's lyrics, announced that she was to leave in pursuit of a solo career. Dream then released their final single as a 3-member group, "Sincerely: Ever Dream". On June 26, 2002, Dream released their final release as a three-member group and their first best album, Eternal Dream. On July 7, 2002, Matsumuro left Dream.

8-member Dream
Following Matsumuro's departure, Avex held more auditions for a replacement, and ended up with six new girls. They were Risa Ai, Erie Abe, Aya Takamoto, Ami Nakashima, Shizuka Nishida, and Sayaka Yamamoto.

The new eight-girl group "re-debuted" in 2003 with the single "Music is My Thing". In February 2003, the group released their third album, Dream World. The album reached number 23 on the Oricon charts. Following Dream World, Dream's popularity once again peaked. They participated in the first a-nation summer concert festival held by Avex. They appeared on popular singer Ayumi Hamasaki's TV show, Ayuready. Subsequently, dream's next single, "I Love Dream World", became their first single to chart within the Oricon top 10 since "My Will" in 2000. In 2004, following the release of Dream's fourth album ID, Ai left Dream to pursue a solo career, bringing the group's member count down to seven.

7-member Dream/DRM
From 2004–2005, Dream released the singles "Pure", "Love Generation", and "Soyokaze no Shirabe / Story". They also released two mini albums, Natsuiro and Boy meets Girl. In addition, Dream released a best album (777: Best of Dreams), an Avex cover album (Dream Meets Best Hits Avex), and a self cover album (777: Another Side Story).

After a long period without much activity, Dream released 7th Anniversary Best (a best of album featuring songs from the group's debut as a three-member unit up till their latest single) and Greatest Live Hits (an album featuring recordings of their live performances) on January 1, 2007 (the group's 7th anniversary).

DRM
On June 27, 2007, Dream was "reborn" as the dance/chorus group DRM in an attempt to shed their image as idols. The group debuted with the mini album DRM.

In 2008, DRM released four digital singles, the first being released in January and the last, in April. The singles were released on the 7th of each month (January 7, February 7, and so on). Like their mini album, the singles were not met with much success.

LDH and re-debut as Dream
On August 1, 2008, Yu Hasebe left DRM in pursuit of a solo career, leaving Kana Tachibana behind as the only member of the original Dream. The group changed its name back to Dream and their official fanclub (Live Your Dreams) closed down. Also, the group changed management from Avex to LDH (Love Dream Happiness).

On September 9, 2009, the group released its first single as Dream and its first physical single since 2005's "Soyokaze no Shirabe / Story". The new single was titled "Perfect Girls / To The Top" and was sold exclusively at a series of free shows Dream performed throughout Japan as well as on mu-mo (an online store). As a special release, it did not chart on Oricon. To promote their comeback, Dream embarked on a nationwide tour of Japan, performing at free live appearances in numerous cities.

Dream appeared on their first TV live on December 31, 2009 on CDTV Premium Live 2009>>2010, performing Perfect Girls. On March 1, 2010, Dream released their second single as a six-member group, titled "Breakout", another mu-mo exclusive. In May 2010, having completed their nationwide free performance campaign, Dream held a 3-date live tour titled Dream Live Tour 2010: Road to Dream. Dream also toured as a special guest on labelmate Exile's "Exile Live Tour 2010 Fantasy" alongside fellow LDH artists Happiness and Flower.

On August 18, 2010, Dream released their major label debut single, "My Way: Ulala" under the Rhythm Zone label. On October 6, 2010, Dream released their second major label single, "Ev'rybody Alright!". On November 24, 2010, Dream released their debut album as a six-member group and fifth studio album overall, Hands Up!. To promote the album, Dream went on the tour, titled Dream Live Tour 2010-2011 "Hands Up!!". On November 23, 2010, Kana Tachibana announced that she would leave the group on the group's official website. She officially graduated on February 20, 2011.

The 5 member Dream provided the theme song to the drama Detective Conan. The new song, titled "To you..." aired on April 15, 2011. However, it was only available via Japanese mobile services.

In 2011, the group became part of LDH's collaborative supergroup E-girls (which is the female counterpart of Exile) alongside Happiness and Flower.

Sayaka Yamamoto officially left the group on March 31, 2012.

In late 2016, Erie Abe announced that she would be leaving the entertainment industry by the end of year. Before that, Dream released their first photobook titled ''dreamはDreamの夢を見る. (dream wa Dream no yumewomiru. )'' after 14 years of the 4 members being together on November 30. The book describes the turbulent history of the group, the number of difficulties they had to face, the twists and turns in their career and the firm bond the members have. On December 31, 2016, Erie Abe officially left the group in hopes of studying abroad.

Disbandment
It was announced that Dream had disbanded due all members leaving to pursue on their own activities. Aya would be no longer be a vocalist or performer and instead focus on working behind the scenes as the E.G family chief creative manager, Ami would focus on her solo career, and Shizuka will be focusing on her other group Dance Earth Party.

On May 22, 2019, Shizuka made her solo debut as Dream Shizuka with the single "4FEELS", after Dance Earth Party announced their indefinite hiatus in December 2018.

Original members

 * Mai Matsumuro (松室 麻衣) (Dream 01) (2000–2002)
 * Yu Hasebe (長谷部 優) (Dream 08) (2000–2008)
 * Kana Tachibana (橘 佳奈) (Dream 07) (2000–2011)

Second generation members

 * Risa Ai (阿井 莉沙) (Dream 02) (2002–2004)
 * Sayaka Yamamoto (山本 紗也加) (Dream 09) (2002–2012)
 * Erie Abe (阿部 絵里恵) (Dream 03) (2002–2016)
 * Aya Takamoto (高本 彩) (Dream 04) (2002–2017)
 * Ami Nakashima (中島 麻未) (Dream 05) (2002–2017)
 * Shizuka Nishida (西田 静香) (Dream 06) (2002– 2017)

Discography

 * Dear... (2001)
 * Process (2002)
 * ID (2004)
 * Hands Up! (2010)

title: Dream (Japanese group)


text:
Talk:Tiffany Darwish

Upcoming country album
I lost the source, but recently she was in a few news articles mentioning an upcoming country album. If I haven't relocated this information and added it already, could someone else be so kind as to? Thanks. Granny Bebeb (talk) 04:02, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

"American expatriates in the United Kingdom"?
Is there a source for this category? Last I heard, she was living in Nashville. This could be considered contentious material, if there is no proper source for it. Granny Bebeb (talk) 23:52, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Discography for tracks on other compilations?
What would be the best way to list tracks of hers that were exclusive to compilations - such as her 3 songs from the Jetsons movie soundtrack, or tribute album contributions such as her cover of Morning Musume's Sexy Lady, or the U2 - New Year's Day cover with Front Line Assembly? There were quite a few others as well - many of which would probably be considered notable releases. Granny Bebeb (talk) 02:48, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 * She had some non-album B-sides on her singles too, back in the old days when singles had B-sides (as opposed to iTunes downloads, which truly are single!). *Dan T.* (talk) 03:15, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Yeah, definitely. Someone familiar with making the Wikipedia tables for discographies, please add these!Granny Bebeb (talk) 23:52, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Sourcing
This article could use a lot more sourcing + tone cleanup...also, there doesn't seem to be any mention of her first single, "Danny". It failed to chart, but should still be notable, at least compared to some of the unsourced facts listed. Granny Bebeb (talk) 00:25, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

Mall
I'm British and not entirely familiar with mall culture, but surely she can't possibly have played *every* mall in the USA? Bonalaw 09:46, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * She went on a mall tour, but no, she surely did not play every mall. Mike H 17:59, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

This article could probably use some expansion concerning "The Beautiful You: Celebrating The Good Life Shopping Mall Tour '87," as the mall tour was officially titled. - B.C.Schmerker 03:46, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Birthplace
Does anybody have proof that she was born in Oklahoma? This appears to be a matter of debate among fans, as there doesn't seem to have been a conclusive statement of her birthplace anywhere; it's variously given as Oklahoma or California in different biographical sketches. Similarly, the spelling of her last name has been given as "Darwish" and "Darwisch" in different sources. Tiffany herself doesn't seem to have shown much interest in insisting that reporters get these facts straight. Dtobias 17:12, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Her name is probably transliterated (from dervish).--Adoniscik 23:22, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hand Moves
Is this the singer that "danced" with her hands? Like doing dance moves which mainly involved her hand positions?

 * Yes TheMan232 02:48, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Middle Eastern Blood
Hi, I've seen and heard a lot about Tiffany's middle eastern blood lines. Obviously she's got middle eastern blood with the surname Darwish but is she part Lebanese or Syrian or both? And if so, aside from the rather obvious clue in the name, where is the proof to what's stated in this article? I'm sure many of Tiffany's middle eastern fans would love to know!

I am not sure which type of blood that you are referring to when you speak of the middle-east. Is it that Asian, African or mixed (arab) blood? From the boi, it appears as if her father was half something or they say 'part,' but that does not make her an arab. Just like Doug Flutie said that he does not recognize any arabness in him just because a family member is Lebanese. Arab and middle-eastern is not a race. If anything, it means that you are more likely than not to have some African blood in you!--71.235.94.254 04:40, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Other musical Tiffanys
Is this 'Other musical Tiffanys' section necessary at all? Considering that most of that section has anything to do with THIS Tiffany herself, that kind of stuff belongs in the disambiguation pages. Chad427 (talk) 03:17, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

 * You're probably right, even though I was the one who added that section in the first place a long time ago. *Dan T.* (talk) 03:44, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

 * And why isn't the most famous of them all -- Korean megastar Tiffany (aka Stephanie Chang?) -- included?!

66.3.106.1 (talk) 10:59, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Documentary: I Think We're Alone Now
Does anyone else think it would be good to mention the documentary "I Think We're Alone Now"? Its focus is on two of Tiffany's stalkers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jkdeadite (talk • contribs) 14:58, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I just saw this (creepy) documentary too, and was hoping to find more information. I don't think it's quite notable enough for its own article, but perhaps a sentence or two here would be appropriate(?). Hoof Hearted (talk) 15:58, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I also saw it. I think it should be included in the article. But where? Legacy section? Film appearances? Thoughts? Anna Frodesiak (talk) 06:35, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

I've added the documentary in a Legacy section, seems appropriate. Jonpatterns (talk) 10:18, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

correction to Playboy issue date
I'm going to change the date of Tiffany's appearance in Playboy. It was in April 2002, not 2009. Elsquared (talk) 02:37, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

FILM
i saw a horror film the other day with tiffany in it cant remember the name now but it was about friends staying at a log cabin in the snow —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.175.57.13 (talk) 08:41, 8 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Necrosis was already in the Acting career section of the article at the time of your comment. Hoof Hearted (talk) 21:41, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

Australian Chart Positions
Why no Australian chart positions? ITWAN reached #13 and 'Could've Been' and 'I Saw Him Standing There' both went top 10... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.186.228.10 (talk) 04:15, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 2014

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 05:49, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

Tiffany (American singer) → Tiffany Darwish – I checked Bing News, Google News, and Google Books. Her surname, Darwish, has been "fairly often used". Searching "tiffany singer" in these pages isn't very easy. Per WP:NCP, this singer should be disambiguated naturally, especially per WP:NATURAL. For Bing News, 30 results for "Tiffany Darwish"; Tiffany-singer has 33 results, but five articles refer to this person. I'm unsure about Google Books because of too many results, but I found out her surname is alternatively spelled Darwisch. George Ho (talk) 09:40, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm seeing from Google News articles such as  which states "that's her last name" and  "Tiffany, of course, has a last name." and  "You may remember Tiffany Darwish, the famous 80's singer, now better known simply as Tiffany" and  "Tiffany Renee Darwish, better-known as Tiffany" seems to indicate that her last name isn't very well known -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 22:43, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Why take journalists' wordings seriously? "better known" doesn't make her last name lesser known within and outside North America. --George Ho (talk) 23:57, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * For easy search, Tiffany singer teen pop (it has 108 search results actually, not 40,000+) and tiffany darwish. --George Ho (talk) 00:06, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * You've stated it yourself, it's very hard to search using just "Tiffany", since you'd need a variety of search terms added to it. So, I stand by the statement made above, which newspaper writers also say. -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 05:27, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry George. You often make good suggestions but, on this one, I think You're alone now. The name Darwish only appears three times in the article.  gregkaye  ✍ ♪  16:41, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 7 June 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. Several people made good arguments, and there is no name that is free of disadvantages. The move was favored by a majority of editors. EdJohnston (talk) 17:52, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Tiffany (American singer) → Tiffany Darwish – Tiffany Darwish is not the only American singer using the name "Tiffany". Tiffany, a member of South Korean girl group Girls' Generation, is also an American because she was born in the U.S. (however she is now based in South Korea thus everyone often misleads that she is a South Korean. Simon (talk) 08:31, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Strong Support per nom and WP:NATURAL disambiguation. "Darwish" is her family name. Khestwol (talk) 09:15, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Support. There is more than one American singer known as Tiffany, and Tiffany Darwish is a natural disambiguation. Random86 (talk) 09:21, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose prefer Tiffany (singer born 1971) instead, since her surname isn't widely known, and she's widely known as just "Tiffany" -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 18:41, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: The present title "Tiffany (American singer)", though, is highly ambiguous, while "Tiffany (singer born 1971)" is not WP:CONCISE and has no WP:CONSISTENCY with the pattern of similar articles' titles. In Google Books search, "Tiffany Darwish" gets about 134 results and it gets about 56,000 results in Google search. So "Tiffany Darwish" has at least some common usage, and provides a WP:NATURAL disambiguation while keeping conciseness. Her birthname is also "Tiffany Darwish". Khestwol (talk) 18:49, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * WP:UCN the common name is just "Tiffany" so it becomes Tiffany (singer born 1971) -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 05:54, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Her birth year can be hardly remembered, so "Tiffany (singer born 1971)" as an article title will not be easily searchable for users. Also, Category:21st-century American singers does not have article titles with birth years as disambiguators so "Tiffany (singer born 1971)" also fails as per WP:CONSISTENCY. Khestwol (talk) 09:54, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * It certainly does not fail CONSISTENCY, since it is consistent with biography disambiguation guidelines. And it follows UCN, since it clearly identifies this as a singer called "Tiffany" which using her widely unrecognized surname does not, since she isn't widely known that way. -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 04:44, 9 June 2015 (UTC)
 * As I stated above, Tiffany Darwish is not the only American singer named "Tiffany". Simon (talk) 02:32, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Strongly oppose any move to include the last name, as it is the overwhelmingly uncommon name for the subject, both in a general and professional context. No preference among parenthetical disambiguation options.--Yaksar (let's chat) 03:19, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * As I stated above, this "Tiffany" is not the only American singer. See Tiffany (South Korean singer), she is an American singer too but based in South Korea, thus everyone is misleading that she is Korean. Simon (talk) 04:57, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Support: As per WP:NCP, "Similarly, don't use a first name (even if unambiguous) for an article title if the last name is known and fairly often used. For example, Oprah Winfrey is the article title, and Oprah redirects there. Only if the single name is used as a true artist's name (stage name, pseudonym, etc.) can the recommendations of Nicknames, pen names, stage names, cognomens below be followed.". Tibbydibby (talk) 19:30, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * NCP recommends not using the surname, since it is not fairly often used and not very well known. -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 04:39, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, the thing is, Tiffany (this American singer) has the same type of notability for her first name AND last name as Oprah Winfrey. She is another case of Oprah in a sense with the naming convention. Oprah doesn't use her last name often, but people still recognize her last name as Winfrey. Same with Darwish. Tibbydibby (talk) 23:50, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * No, she doesn't, she is not known by her surname, and her surname is not widely known, unlike Oprah, whose suranme is widely known, Tiffany's is hardly known at all. -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 05:00, 12 June 2015 (UTC)
 * She is sometimes known by her surname, sir. Simon (talk) 06:39, 12 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Per the last move request, she is rarely known by her surname. It is not common nor widely recognizable. -- 70.51.203.69 (talk) 04:38, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Support - I was the one proposing this a while back. In the light of the American-born Korean singer, perhaps a title that is shorter to type would be more delightful than a title with parenthetical phrase. George Ho (talk) 10:21, 12 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: Can she not just be Tiffany? Unreal7 (talk) 17:19, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Post close comment: the views of regarding presenting the other Tiffany as being an American singer may not have complete relevance. The title of the Korean language page of that singer translates to : Tiffany (singer of the Republic of Korea). GregKaye 13:14, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

Tiffany Darwish discography
 Support split - Discography section takes up more than one third of the page, and should be split to a new article entitled Tiffany Darwish discography. --Jax 0677 (talk) 06:05, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 05:18, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

source for $40K from "passing the hat."
"She passed a hat amongst the crowd afterwards, and collected $40,000 in what would be her first career earnings." If there was ever something which needs a source, this is it, WikiAlto (talk) 08:49, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks, someone vandalised the article, and it seems no one noticed, until an IP did a partial revert, leaving this crazy number in there. corrected, and added citation needed, since that still seems like it would warrant a citation. —Th e DJ (talk • contribs) 13:55, 12 September 2017 (UTC)

Tiffany Darwish Lebanese origins
Tiffany Darwish is the daughter of James (Jamie) Darwish (1934-1995) and Jane Christine Wilson (1946-). They married in Los Angeles, California in 1970-1971 and divorced around the same time when Tiffany was born in 1971.

Tiffany Darwish's birth certificate- https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VG6J-G6T

Divorce certificate of Tiffany's parents https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VPRT-7PX https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VPRT-7PD

Tiffany's father James (Jamie) Darwish was born in Tebnine, Lebanon in 1934 according to his the Naturalization Act of 1940 of his parents Allie Darwish and Annie Osmon https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSDB-TXLF?cc=2546149&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AC9ZZ-Z93Z

James Darwish Grave Memorial https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/167417554

Her paternal grandfather Allie Darwish was born in Tebnine, Lebanon in 1909 and her paternal grandmother Annie Osmon was born in 1914-1915 in Highland Park, Michigan according to the act above. They were married in Tebnine, Lebanon in 1934 where James (Jamie) was born.

Annie Osmon was the daughter of Joe Osmon and Jennie Osmon both also from Tebnine, Lebanon. Joe Osmon/Ossman Draft Registration where it says he was from Tebnine, Lebanon https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K6XZ-MB5 Annie Osmon in the 1920 US Census https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MZ7P-6GWChris O' Hare (talk) 18:46, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

Tiffany then Tiffany
I think that the first sentence of the article should be worded differently. People are reading “Tiffany” followed by “Tiffany” which is quite badly worded. I propose that her full name should be first and then “also known simply as Tiffany” or “known simply as Tiffany” or anything to that effect. I’m not disputing that she’s known simply as Tiffany, but to read Tiffany followed by Tiffany again is a bit silly.
 * the article about Cher is not the same because the article states “Cher” then “Cherilyn”, not “Cher” and then “Cher”.--EsotericJoe (talk) 12:48, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Both articles start with the professional name they're most known by, followed by birth name. This doesn't change because you think this particular example sounds silly. NJZombie (talk) 16:52, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

Awards and nominations
Is there any awards and nominations received by Tiffany? 222.127.184.57 (talk) 13:37, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

Surname or mononym?
@FriendlyFerret9854, there has been considerable earlier discussion here about page moves, but not specifically about how to refer to Tiffany in the article. Our guidance at WP:SURNAME seems to indicate that since she is professionally known, and documented widely in WP:RS, as "Tiffany" we should refer to her mononymously as "Tiffany" throughout the article. Elizium23 (talk) 03:01, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

 * "After the initial mention, a person should generally be referred to by surname only"

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography

 * If Darwish were truly a mononymous person then there would be no need for 'Darwish' to be included in the title of the article. Thus, we should use 'Darwish' when referring to her throughout the article. FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 21:04, 9 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Then why is the article not "Tiffany (born 1971)"? People know her surname so it's nothing new. According to the manual of style her surname should be used.--FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 22:12, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

 * No, according the the Manual of Style, she should be referred to by her mononym, "If they use their mononym or pseudonym exclusively, then use that name (e.g. Aaliyah, Selena, and Usher).” Tiffany is the name she’s always used on albums, tours, etc., so that’s how’s she referred to on Wikipedia. It has nothing to do with if people know her surname or not or whether news articles acknowledge her surname. She uses her mononym exclusively. We all know Madonna’s surname but we don’t use it to refer to her. The Manual of Style section you’re quoting has to do with someone who uses their whole name regularly. It saying, for example, if their surname was Smith, not call them Mr. or Mrs. Smith throughout the article, but to simply use Smith. As explained above, she exclusively uses her first name as a mononym anyway. As far as to why to article title includes her surname, it’s because a discussion was held in one of the sections above in which consensus was reached to change the article from Tiffany (American singer) to Tiffany Darwish only to avoid confusion with another American singer who also uses Tiffany as a mononym. Tiffany (singer born 1971) was suggested as well but was shot down. I've never agreed with the change myself but alas, consensus was reached and that's what the article is currently known as. NJZombie (talk) 23:34, 9 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The reason on Madonna Ciccone’s article we don’t use “Ciccone” to refer to her throughout the article is because the title of the article is simply “Madonna”. That’s the same for the Aaliyah, Selena and Usher articles. Since Tiffany’s surname is included in the title of the article then it should be used and not her first name. If Darwish’s mononym were used exclusively then it would be the title of the article about her, but it is not. If it is the case then the title of the page should be reconsidered because Tiffany Young is the title of the other American singer who is known sometimes as Tiffany, so there will be no confusion between the two singers. But, Tiffany Darwish is quite often referred to as just “Tiffany” but she’s not exclusively known as that and if you search her name on Google news you will see that some people still refer to her by her full name.--FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 00:14, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * No, the reason we don’t use Ciccone in the Madonna article is because that’s not what she exclusively goes by, just like Tiffany never uses her own last name. There are no Tiffany albums where she uses her own name, save for possibly writing credits which are a legal requirement. There are no tours, posters, t-shirts, music videos, etc. that refer to her that way. The fact that newspaper reporters or magazine writers use her last name when speaking about her has little to no bearing on the subject. It’s how she, as a public figure, presents herself and her stage name, not the fact that others mention her surname.
 * The article used to be named Tiffany, as I’ve already stated, a 2015 discussion (that you can read several conversations above this one) decided to change that for disambiguation purposes whether you or I agree with it or not. No agreement could be made regarding how to disambiguate her from the other American singer who at one point was also using Tiffany as a mononym. Regardless of her last name being in the article title as a result of that discussion, the body of the article does NOT need to reflect that if it’s not the primary name she uses. There's no rule that requires her last name to start being used to refer to her throughout the article simply because someone decided to change the article's title. However, as a Wikipedia editor, you’re more than welcome to bring up yet another discussion about changing the name back to simply Tiffany or some version of it. I'd actually be one of the people to show strong support for such a move, but there’s no guarantee that you will achieve consensus to do so. NJZombie (talk) 00:51, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Well said, agree completely. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 02:42, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * If there’s no evidence of Darwish actually using her surname in her career then there’s absolutely no reason for it to be used. There is no confusion with Tiffany Young. And even if there were then we could quite easily use “Tiffany (born 1971)” to refer to Darwish and “Tiffany (born 1989)” to refer to Young, but there’s actually no reason to because Young actually uses her surname too. I wish for a review about the the title of this thread and argue that it should just be “Tiffany” since Young uses her surname and that’s part of the name of the article about her. How do I go about doing it?--FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 19:55, 13 July 2022 (UTC)
 * How do I bring up another discussion about the name of this article and a discussion about changing it? Thanks.--FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 15:03, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Refer to WP:DISCUSSCONSENSUS and maybe WP:RQM. NJZombie (talk) 16:58, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 21 July 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. There is rough consensus that Tiffany Young is another American singer known mononymously as Tiffany. While their full names may not be their common names, discussion has generated consensus that the guideline for preferring natural disambiguation prevails in this case. (non-admin closure) Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 02:42, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Tiffany Darwish → Tiffany Tiffany (American singer) – Why is Tiffany Darwish's surname being used as part of this article's name? She's not generally speaking known by her full name, she has never been known by her full name on any music videos or any merchandise like posters, t-shirts, tours, etc. There's no confusion between her and Tiffany Young with the latter going by and being known by her full name. Even if there were two people sharing the same mononym that's still not a good enough reason to include the surnames of both of them when one of them has never really been known by her surname and a simple (born 1971) for Tiffany Darwish and (born 1989) for Tiffany Young would solve it anyway. We all know that Madonna's full name is Madonna Ciccone, but her surname isn't used in the article's name about her because she's never gone by her surname, the same goes for Tiffany. FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 20:19, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose - per WP:MONONYM, because her "last name is known and fairly often used". There is no way this topic is primary over Tiffany (given name) nor other topics listed on the disambiguation page. The only other option would be to move back to Tiffany (American singer), reversing the prior move discussion at, which I don't think is better. -- Netoholic @ 22:17, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The rest of that sentence in WP:MONONYM however states, "Only if the single name is used as a true artist's name (stage name, pseudonym, etc.) can the recommendations of Nicknames, pen names, stage names, cognomens below be followed." In the case of Tiffany, her first name is her stage name which she uses exclusively. If someone chooses to write an article about her, using her surname, that's not her using it. Madonna's last name of Ciccone is FAR more known and used than Darwish is for Tiffany but as mentioned above, that's not how she's referred to here. NJZombie (talk) 22:52, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Support - While I don't agree with simply Tiffany being the new article title, there has to be some term that can be thrown in the parentheses to disambiguate. (80's singer) perhaps as that's the era she's best know in. As far as reasoning, as mentioned above, Tiffany is her stage name and despite her last name being public knowledge and used by journalists, she does not use her last name as a performer. Darwish is by far not a name the general public know her by or would search for. NJZombie (talk) 22:57, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support: Tiffany (American singer) which already directs here, per common name. '80s singer wouldn't do since she's worked in the music and film industry ever since. The hatnote already refers to Tiffany Young. Randy Kryn (talk) 23:35, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support move to Tiffany (American singer) per the above. BD2412  T 00:27, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Tiffany (American singer), definitely not PRIMARY for the name Tiffany.--Ortizesp (talk) 01:58, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment Why not Tiffany (singer)? The only other singer mononymously known as Tiffany that I can see is Tiffany Young, who is also American. 162 etc. (talk) 05:25, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Both Tiffany (American singer) and Tiffany (singer) are problematic due to Tiffany Young. This was all brought up in the 2015 move decision, and is why leaving this article at Tiffany Darwish is the least bad option out of many. -- Netoholic @ 09:33, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Tiffany (American singer) alresdy redirects to the article. Tiffany Young uses her surname professionally, but Tiffany Darwish does not so there’s no reason to mention to make it part of the article’s title.--FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 10:04, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that “Tiffany (American singer)” is much better than just “Tiffany” - the former redirects to the article anyway. It doesn’t matter if journalists and other people use her surname sometimes, most of the time they do not; she sold records using just her first name and the merchandise about her is just her first name too. We all know Madonna’s surname is Ciccone but she’s always just presented herself with her first name and sold records like that too. The idea that “Darwish” should be included in the title of the article because of another person named Tiffany is balderdash. Tiffany Young is widely known by her surname, Tiffany Darwish is nowhere near as much. There’s nothing problematic about it at all.--FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 10:08, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there even any other non-American singer that frequently goes by the mononym "Tiffany"? If not, then (American singer) should be eliminated from consideration outright, replaced by Tiffany (singer) instead, for WP:CONCISE reasons. -- Netoholic @ 13:24, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Tiffany (American singer) would be an appropriate move target for this article; just Tiffany is not, as it has far, far too many other meanings (jewellery, a car company, etc.) to award Ms. Darwish WP:PRIMARYTOPIC rights for the plain name. No comment on whether "Tiffany (American singer)" should be preferred over "Tiffany Darwish" or not — the considerations that were brought up when it was moved the other way several years ago are still applicable — but definite oppose on just plain undisambiguated "Tiffany". Bearcat (talk) 16:11, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose – This singer definitely isn't the primary topic for the bare title "Tiffany". "Tiffany Darwish" is also preferable to "Tiffany (American singer)" along the WP:CRITERIA – it's more concise, uses natural disambiguation over parenthetical, and guarantees no ambiguity with Tiffany Young. I am sympathetic to the idea that "Tiffany (American singer)" is a less WP:ASTONISHing title, but I think it would be better for it to remain a redirect instead. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 16:48, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not the primary topic for "Tiffany" (that's likely Tiffany & Co.). I have no opinion on the alternatives being proposed above. -- Vaulter  18:26, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Current title is naturally disambiguated. BilledMammal (talk) 03:23, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose she's long out of the spotlight, so it just keeps getting less likely she is the primary topic. If anything, it would be Tiffany & Co. -- but this should keep being a disambiguation page -- 64.229.88.43 (talk) 05:50, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I should have made it more clearer from the beginning, I am suggesting the article be moved to "Tiffany (American singer)" and not just "Tiffany".--FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 20:28, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Comment. Reading back through the previous move requests, Tiffany Young is also an American singer usually known as "Tiffany", and the two articles get |Tiffany_Young similar numbers of pageviews. I am not sure why the PDAB title redirects to this article. It looks like a dab was created at one point but when the DPL tag was added, the editor decided it would be too much trouble to fix the links. Dekimasu よ! 03:01, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * No primary topic per views[] but this no longer appears to be the proposal.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 10:50, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:13, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per the ambiguity with Tiffany Young, no objection to a more precise disambiguator though.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:05, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per wp:concise. Khestwol (talk) 20:06, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment: I was half-tempted to close this discussion to "no consensus" since at some point, the proposed move location was changed in the opening text here on 23 July 2022, but not in the transclusion of requested move/dated, leaving it somewhat unclear who is referring to what. Maybe another potential closer who has the patience to determine what comments refer to which proposal (based on the diff's timestamp) can ascertain what is going on, but even then, there's a chance that editors may have put a comment in this discussion based on the original move proposal since that is the proposal that displays at WP:RM since the "old" proposal is what is currently in the transclusion of requested move/dated. Steel1943  (talk) 07:33, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 12 August 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. No such user (talk) 09:28, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

Tiffany Darwish → Tiffany (American singer) – I did not make this clear last time. I do not believe that there’s any need for “Darwish” to be included in the name of the article so I propose changing the article to “Tiffany (American singer)”.FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 17:59, 12 August 2022 (UTC)
 * This was clear in the previous discussion. The closer found rough consensus that "Tiffany (American singer)" is too ambiguous to be used for the article title here. I suggest withdrawing this request. It simply restates points that were covered at length in the last discussion, closed only two weeks ago. Dekimasu よ! 16:17, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Speedy close per above there was a consensus against this proposal as well.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:52, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * No, I initially only used "Tiffany" rather than "Tiffany (American singer)" and there was quite a bit of support for a move to the latter. I changed it a bit too late, so I would rather people decide on "Tiffany (American singer)". There's no reason to include her surname when she is never referred to as such and is referred to by her first name throughout the article.--FriendlyFerret9854 (talk) 20:58, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Speedy close - we've exhausted this too much too recently. -- Netoholic @ 12:59, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiffany Darwish


text:
Tricontinental

Tricontinental is a left-wing quarterly magazine founded after the Tricontinental Conference 1966. The magazine is the official publication of the Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America (OSPAAAL) which also published it until 2019.

History and overview
From the founding of Tricontinental in August 1967 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which led to a rapid recession in the Cuban economy, propaganda posters were folded up and placed inside copies of the magazine, however, this was stopped, along with publication of Tricontinental, due to ink shortages and financial trouble.

Tricontinental began to be printed again in 1995. In 2000, the decision was made to begin to reprint posters. Production of these materials ceased with the OSPAAAL's closure in 2019.

The magazine is distributed around the world, and at its height, 87 countries received Tricontinental, and there were more than 100,000 subscribers, mostly students. At one time, it was very common for posters from issues of Tricontinental to be posted on the walls of student community centres.

title: Tricontinental


text:
Broadcatching

Broadcatching is the downloading of digital content that has been made available over the Internet using RSS.

The general idea is to use an automated mechanism to aggregate various web feeds and download content for viewing or presentation purposes.

History
A broadcatcher was originally a term created in the 1920s for someone who listened in to radio broadcasts, as the winner in a competition run by The Daily News paper in Britain, published on 16 February 1923.

Fen Labalme describes coining the term 'broadcatch' in 1983. It refers to an automated agent that aggregates and filters content from multiple sources for presentation to an individual user.

Stewart Brand later used the term independently in his 1987 book The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT to describe artificial-intelligence technology (in one application) to assist content selection ('hunting') and viewing ('grazing' or 'browsing').

RSS+BitTorrent
In December 2003 Steve Gillmor described combining RSS and BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing as a method for subscribing to an ongoing series of media files, in an article for Ziff-Davis. Scott Raymond described its specific application for gathering scheduled programming in an article entitled Broadcatching with BitTorrent. The combination of these technologies allows a computer connected to the Internet to act like a digital video recorder (DVR) such as TiVo connected to cable.

One of the first practical implementations was released in 2004. Programmer Andrew Grumet announced the release of a beta version of an RSS and BitTorrent integration tool for the Radio Userland news aggregator here.

Today, content can be delivered to large groups at low cost through RSS-and-BitTorrent-based broadcatching. Large groups can be notified of new content through RSS, and bulky content can be distributed inexpensively through BitTorrent. Recipients subscribe to an RSS feed through which a content provider notifies recipients' software of new content, and that software uses BitTorrent to retrieve the content. Tags, be they applied by one user or many users, are also used to topically drive syndication of torrents.

Uses
Although broadcatching can be classified as a method independent of technology and implementation, today broadcatching finds much use with Internet television and Internet radio (also called podcasting or IPradio).

Broadcatching is often used in situations where multicasting may be used but is cost prohibitive.

Broadcatching television broadcasts
Perhaps the most popular use of broadcatching is using a BitTorrent client with inbuilt RSS support to automatically download television episodes as they are 'released'—internet users capture the broadcast as it is transmitted, then transcode it (typically after removing advertisements) and send it on to others.

The practice has become quite popular, particularly in countries such as Australia and the United Kingdom where television programs produced in the US tend to be aired more than six months after US broadcasts, if at all.

, there has been no legal action taken against sharers of TV episodes (compared to distribution of copyrighted movies and music which the MPAA and RIAA have taken a strong stance against).

Measurement Study
Zhang et al. have evaluated Broadcatching using PlanetLab testbed in 2008. About 200 PlanetLab nodes all over the world were used in their study. Their results have demonstrated Broadcatching can greatly improve the performance of the BitTorrent system. Through this mechanism, every node is able to complete the file downing much faster.

Clients

 * BitLord
 * BitTorrent 6
 * Deluge
 * KTorrent
 * qBittorrent
 * Tixati
 * Torrent Swapper
 * TorrentFlux
 * Tribler
 * μTorrent
 * Vuze
 * ZyXEL Network Storage Appliance (NSA) series: NSA210 / NSA310 / NSA-220 PLUS / NSA221 / NSA320

Players with broadcatching functions

 * Miro
 * μTorrent

title: Broadcatching


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aurum Solis

Copied from. Either an advert or a copyvio, I suspect an advert. "Aurum Solis" returns 8,000 hits on google but very few of those are about this product. Andris 09:51, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Do a search on David Radius Hudson on Google, and you get some fascinating links to stuff that I would consider pseudo-science. He seems to be a sort of New-Age guru who claims to have discovered a way to create or separate (depending on which article you read) monoatomic gold (which is a reasonable translation of Aurum Solis) from the dirt on his farm. I think this material belongs in an article about him, but doesn't otherwise deserve an article of it's own. Delete. - Kenwarren 13:36, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I concur. Hudson seems to be at least a little bit notable in the fringe community, might be worth an article someday, but this one random chunk of (pretty much incomprehensible) theory isn't. Some of this could be used in a piece on him, if anyone wants to write one; this article, though, is a loss. (Anyone who, according to [], can find connections between superconductivity, the Book of the Dead, and the Adam's (sic) Family is probalby notable, right?). Meanwhile, Delete. FZ 17:39, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete ad/copyvio/pseudoscience. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:04, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Worthless.  Postdlf 03:23, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Pipestone County, Minnesota

title: Category:Pipestone County, Minnesota


text:
Talk:Types of rural communities

As it stands, this article seems to represent the POV of a particular school of thought about rural communities. Who are these "sociologists" who have identified these particular types of communities?

I don't believe it is the case that all economically successful rural communities have to fall into one of these niches, nor that they have to actively choose a niche and market themselves into it. In particular, what about rural communities that focus on farming for domestic consumption or export? Why are they excluded from the list? What about communities that have "failed" economically? Don't they belong on a list of "types of rural communities"?

The list also seems incomplete because the municipalities mentioned in the introduction don't fall into any of the categories mentioned. Aren't they supposed to?

Also the "changing economic trends" are not explained by the link to the general article Economics. Isn't there a particular driving trend being hinted at here - the long-term reduction in the size of the labor force in the agricultural sector? -- Beland 10:00, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Madison is rural?
Why is Madison considered an example of a rural community? Even as an example of a community centered around a university, Madison is still a somewhat large city (around 200,000 in population, not huge, of course, but certainly not "rural")? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Benfergy (talk • contribs)
 * The question was asked in 2005 and no longer applies.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); September 3, 2013; 18:00 (UTC)

title: Talk:Types of rural communities


text:
User:Jal

Computer science graduate student from Cambridge, England. Gaming journalist.

>> Using this as a testbed for some math formatting.

In this case, the cosine between items 1 and 2 is:

$$\frac{(1,0,0)\cdot (0,1,1) }{ \Vert (1,0,0)\Vert \Vert (0,1,1)\Vert }= 0$$,

The cosine between items 1 and 3 is:

$$\frac{(1,0,0)\cdot (1,1,0) }{ \Vert (1,0,0)\Vert \Vert (1,1,0)\Vert }= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$$,

Whereas the cosine between items 2 and 3 is:

$$\frac{(0,1,1)\cdot (1,1,0)}{ \Vert (0,1,1)\Vert \Vert (1,1,0)\Vert }= \frac{1}{2}$$.

title: User:Jal


text:
User talk:Jal

Please feel free to put requests, questions and comments about my contributions here.

title: User talk:Jal