text:
User:Lady Lysine Ikinsile~enwiki/This page contains an External links section with incorrect capitalisation H-J

H

 * 1) H._J._Heinz_Company
 * 2) H._Rap_Brown
 * 3) HARIBO
 * 4) HBO_Family
 * 5) HBasic
 * 6) HEPA
 * 7) HIPPI
 * 8) HKALE
 * 9) HK_P11
 * 10) HMCS_Pictou
 * 11) HMS_Conway_School_Ship
 * 12) HMS_Duncan_(F80)
 * 13) HMS_Warrior_(1860)
 * 14) HMS_Wasa
 * 15) HMV
 * 16) HM_Coastguard
 * 17) HNLMS_Abraham_Crijnssen
 * 18) HP_Pavilion
 * 19) HSBC_Arena
 * 20) Ha-Yerukim
 * 21) Ha_Jiwon
 * 22) Haaksbergen
 * 23) Haarlemmerliede_en_Spaarnwoude
 * 24) Haarlemmermeer
 * 25) Habikino
 * 26) HacX
 * 27) Hachinohe
 * 28) Hacker_Emblem
 * 29) Hacker_Manifesto
 * 30) Hadano,_Kanagawa
 * 31) Haddocks_eyes
 * 32) Haeinsa
 * 33) Haelen
 * 34) Hagakure
 * 35) Hagar_the_Horrible
 * 36) Hagashash_Hachiver
 * 37) Haggis_Hurling
 * 38) Hagi,_Yamaguchi
 * 39) Haida
 * 40) Haikouella
 * 41) Haileybury_College,_Melbourne
 * 42) Haitian_Creole
 * 43) Hakodate,_Hokkaido
 * 44) Hakone
 * 45) Hakui
 * 46) Halderberge
 * 47) Halfbakery
 * 48) Halfdan_the_Black
 * 49) Halifax_Explosion
 * 50) Halifax_Resolves
 * 51) Hall_of_Memory_(Birmingham)
 * 52) Halloween_VII
 * 53) Hallstahammar
 * 54) Hallé_Orchestra
 * 55) Halogen_(band)
 * 56) Halon
 * 57) Halon_1301
 * 58) Halong_Bay
 * 59) Halstead,_Kansas
 * 60) Ham_the_Chimp
 * 61) Hamada,_Shimane
 * 62) Hamakita
 * 63) Hamburger_Hill
 * 64) Hamburgisch
 * 65) Hamden,_Connecticut
 * 66) Hamma_Hamma_River
 * 67) Hammerfest
 * 68) Hampshire_College_Summer_Studies_in_Mathematics
 * 69) Hamura
 * 70) Hamza_Yusuf
 * 71) Hanamaki
 * 72) Handa
 * 73) Handlebar_moustache
 * 74) Hanged_Poems
 * 75) Hanham
 * 76) Hannan
 * 77) Hannover_Re
 * 78) Hans_Baldung
 * 79) Hans_Frank
 * 80) Hans_Guido_Mutke
 * 81) Hans_Herr
 * 82) Hans_Reiser
 * 83) Hans_Zimmer
 * 84) Hansard
 * 85) Hanunóo
 * 86) Hanyu,_Saitama
 * 87) Happy_Rhodes
 * 88) Happy_number
 * 89) Hara_Tamiki
 * 90) Harada_Masato
 * 91) Haramachi
 * 92) Harbin_Institute_of_Technology
 * 93) Harborne_Reserve
 * 94) Harborplace
 * 95) Hard_science_fiction
 * 96) Hardinxveld-Giessendam
 * 97) Hardwick,_Vermont
 * 98) Hardwood
 * 99) Hardy's_Monument
 * 100) Haren_(Groningen)
 * 101) Harenkarspel
 * 102) Harishchandra
 * 103) Harlan_Carey_Brewster
 * 104) Harlan_County,_USA
 * 105) Harland_and_Wolff
 * 106) Harmon_Leon
 * 107) Harmonia_research_project
 * 108) Harmonic_series_(music)
 * 109) Harnes
 * 110) Harold_Acton
 * 111) Harold_Baines
 * 112) Harold_Ford,_Jr.
 * 113) Harold_G._Hoffman
 * 114) Harold_II_of_England
 * 115) Harold_Stephen_Black
 * 116) Harrisburg_International_Airport
 * 117) Harrowing_of_Hell
 * 118) Harry_Brecheen
 * 119) Harry_Crosby
 * 120) Harry_Goz
 * 121) Harry_Greb
 * 122) Harry_Rawson
 * 123) Harry_Reems
 * 124) Harry_Stojan
 * 125) Hart_Crane
 * 126) Hartree-Fock
 * 127) Hartville,_Wyoming
 * 128) Harvard_Business_School
 * 129) Harvard_College_Observatory
 * 130) Harvard_Law_Review
 * 131) Harvey_Pekar
 * 132) Hasan_bin_Ali
 * 133) Hasbro_Interactive
 * 134) Hashima
 * 135) Hashimoto,_Wakayama
 * 136) Hashimoto_Gaho
 * 137) Hashomer_Hatzair
 * 138) Haskell_Curry
 * 139) Hasliberg
 * 140) Hassan_Fathy
 * 141) Hate_group
 * 142) Hate_sites
 * 143) Hatfield-McCoy_feud
 * 144) Hatikvah
 * 145) Hatogaya,_Saitama
 * 146) Hatsukaichi
 * 147) Hattem
 * 148) Hatter
 * 149) Haunted_Forest
 * 150) Hawker_Pacific_Aerospace
 * 151) Hawkeye_Community_College
 * 152) Haworth
 * 153) Hay-on-Wye
 * 154) Hayes_Township,_Clare_County,_Michigan
 * 155) Hayley_Wickenheiser
 * 156) Haymarket_Riot
 * 157) Hazard_ratio
 * 158) Hazel_McCallion
 * 159) Head_Start
 * 160) Health_Canada
 * 161) Hearst_Corporation
 * 162) Hearts_of_Darkness:_A_Filmmaker's_Apocalypse
 * 163) Heat_(movie)
 * 164) Heat_equation
 * 165) Heath_toffee
 * 166) Heather_Mills
 * 167) Hebrew_calendar
 * 168) Hector-Louis_Langevin
 * 169) Hector_Malot
 * 170) Hedgewitch
 * 171) Hedonistic_imperative
 * 172) Heemskerk
 * 173) Heerde
 * 174) Heerenveen
 * 175) Heerhugowaard
 * 176) Heerlen
 * 177) Heeze-Leende
 * 178) Hegyvidék
 * 179) Heidelberg_Catechism
 * 180) Heidelberg_School
 * 181) Heineken
 * 182) Heinrich_Brandt
 * 183) Heisler_locomotive
 * 184) Hekinan
 * 185) Helden
 * 186) Helen,_Georgia
 * 187) Helena_of_Constantinople
 * 188) Helge_Boes
 * 189) Heliopause
 * 190) Helix_database
 * 191) Hell,_Michigan
 * 192) Hellevoetsluis
 * 193) Hells_Gate
 * 194) Helmet_law_defense_league
 * 195) Helmond
 * 196) Helmut_Schmidt
 * 197) Helmut_Walcha
 * 198) Helsingin_Sanomat
 * 199) Helston
 * 200) Helter_Skelter_(book)
 * 201) Hemophilia_A
 * 202) Hemophilia_B
 * 203) Hendrick_Goltzius
 * 204) Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht
 * 205) Hendrix_College
 * 206) Henge
 * 207) Hengelo
 * 208) Henley_Royal_Regatta
 * 209) Henny_Youngman
 * 210) Henri_Maillardet
 * 211) Henrietta_Anne_Stuart
 * 212) Henrik_Wann_Jensen
 * 213) Henry_Box_Brown
 * 214) Henry_Chapman_Mercer
 * 215) Henry_Cooper
 * 216) Henry_Creamer
 * 217) Henry_F._Phillips
 * 218) Henry_Fillmore
 * 219) Henry_Frederick,_Duke_of_Cumberland
 * 220) Henry_Handel_Richardson
 * 221) Henry_Heerup
 * 222) Henry_Highland_Garnet
 * 223) Henry_Ian_Cusick
 * 224) Henry_Luce
 * 225) Henry_More_Smith
 * 226) Henry_Timrod
 * 227) Henry_Vaughan
 * 228) Henry_William_Watson
 * 229) Henry_Yates_Satterlee
 * 230) Herb_Ritts
 * 231) Herb_garret
 * 232) Herbert_Crossley
 * 233) Herbert_William_Garratt
 * 234) Heretic
 * 235) Hermann_Grassmann
 * 236) Hermann_Oberth
 * 237) Hermann_Tilke
 * 238) Hermann_and_Dorothea
 * 239) Hermann_grid_illusion
 * 240) Hero_Games
 * 241) Heroclix
 * 242) Heroic_bloodshed
 * 243) Heroic_fantasy
 * 244) Herta_Oberheuser
 * 245) Herðubreið
 * 246) Hesston,_Kansas
 * 247) Het_Bildt
 * 248) Heumen
 * 249) Heusden
 * 250) Hexham_Abbey
 * 251) Hey_Jude
 * 252) Hibernian_F.C.
 * 253) Hidaka,_Saitama
 * 254) Hideaki_Anno
 * 255) Hideo_Nakata
 * 256) Hierarchical_model
 * 257) Higashi-yamato,_Tokyo
 * 258) Higashihiroshima
 * 259) Higashikagawa,_Kagawa
 * 260) Higashikurume
 * 261) Higashimatsuyama,_Saitama
 * 262) Higashimurayama
 * 263) Higashine
 * 264) Higashiosaka
 * 265) High_King_of_Ireland
 * 266) High_Times
 * 267) Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England
 * 268) Higher_Self
 * 269) Highgate,_Vermont
 * 270) Highland_Football_League
 * 271) Highland_Park,_Illinois
 * 272) Highland_Park_Single_Malt
 * 273) Highland_Railway
 * 274) Highland_games
 * 275) Higuchi_Ichiyo
 * 276) Hikari,_Yamaguchi
 * 277) Hikari_Rail_Star_(Shinkansen)
 * 278) Hikone
 * 279) Hilary_Rosen
 * 280) Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)
 * 281) Hillegom
 * 282) Hillel
 * 283) Himeji
 * 284) Himi
 * 285) Hino
 * 286) Hinton,_Alberta
 * 287) Hirado,_Nagasaki
 * 288) Hirakata
 * 289) Hiram_Stevens_Maxim
 * 290) Hirara,_Okinawa
 * 291) Hirata,_Shimane
 * 292) Hirayama_Hideyuki
 * 293) Hiroki_Kikuta
 * 294) Hirosaki
 * 295) Hirosue_Ryoko
 * 296) Hirzweiler
 * 297) Hisai
 * 298) Histadrut
 * 299) Historical_reenactment
 * 300) Historically_black_colleges_and_universities
 * 301) History_of_Kashmir
 * 302) History_of_Württemberg
 * 303) History_of_elephants_in_Europe
 * 304) History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War
 * 305) History_painter
 * 306) Hita,_Oita
 * 307) Hitachi,_Ibaraki
 * 308) Hitachi_(company)
 * 309) Hitachinaka
 * 310) Hitachiota
 * 311) Hitler_Diaries
 * 312) Hitoyoshi,_Kumamoto
 * 313) Hitting_for_the_cycle
 * 314) Hizb_Al-Tahrir
 * 315) Hizb_ut-Tahrir
 * 316) Hjemmevaernets_Patruljer
 * 317) Hjo
 * 318) Hocking_College
 * 319) Hof_van_Twente
 * 320) Hofu,_Yamaguchi
 * 321) Hojo,_Ehime
 * 322) Hokianga
 * 323) Hokie
 * 324) Holiday_Inn
 * 325) Holiday_Trail_of_Lights
 * 326) Holland_Patent,_New_York
 * 327) Hollandaise_sauce
 * 328) Holly_Johnson
 * 329) Hollywood_Bowl
 * 330) Hollywood_Science
 * 331) Hollywood_and_Vine
 * 332) Holocaust_(disambiguation)
 * 333) Holocaust_theology
 * 334) Holon
 * 335) Holsteiner
 * 336) Holy_Ascension_Orthodox_Church
 * 337) Holyhead
 * 338) Home_zone
 * 339) Homer_E._Capehart
 * 340) Homesick_and_Happy_to_be_Here
 * 341) Homestead_principle
 * 342) Homesteading_the_Noosphere
 * 343) Homeworld
 * 344) Homeworld:_Cataclysm
 * 345) Homeworld_2
 * 346) Homocystinuria
 * 347) Homologation
 * 348) Honda_CB750
 * 349) Honda_Insight
 * 350) Hondo,_Kumamoto
 * 351) Honeywell
 * 352) Hong_Kong_Education_and_Manpower_Bureau
 * 353) Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum
 * 354) Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority
 * 355) Hong_Kong_Progressive_Alliance
 * 356) Hong_Kong_copyright_law
 * 357) Honinbo_Shusaku
 * 358) Honjo,_Saitama
 * 359) Honolulu_Hale
 * 360) Honor_Blackman
 * 361) Honourable_Company_of_Master_Mariners
 * 362) Hontenisse
 * 363) Hoodoo_Gurus
 * 364) Hoosier
 * 365) Hooters_Air
 * 366) Hopewell_Holdings_Ltd
 * 367) Hopwood_Award
 * 368) Horace_Darwin
 * 369) Horace_Donisthorpe
 * 370) Horace_Walpole,_4th_Earl_of_Orford
 * 371) Horchata
 * 372) Horizon_Air
 * 373) Horn_&_Hardart
 * 374) Hornby_Railways
 * 375) Horst_aan_de_Maas
 * 376) Horsted_Keynes
 * 377) Horticulture
 * 378) Horyu-ji
 * 379) Hot_Fudge
 * 380) Hot_dark_matter
 * 381) Hotchkiss_School
 * 382) Hotel_Vancouver
 * 383) Hotline_Connect
 * 384) Hotot_en_Auge
 * 385) Hottot_les_Bagues
 * 386) Houari_Boumédiènne
 * 387) Houdain
 * 388) Houlgate
 * 389) Houlle
 * 390) House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations
 * 391) House_of_Keys
 * 392) House_of_Representatives_of_Colombia
 * 393) House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines
 * 394) Household_Cyclopedia
 * 395) Houston_Zoo
 * 396) Hovertank_3D
 * 397) How_to_Good-Bye_Depression
 * 398) How_to_Succeed_in_Business_Without_Really_Trying
 * 399) How_to_avoid_cramps_while_swimming
 * 400) Howard_Bloom
 * 401) Howard_Kaloogian
 * 402) Howard_Kazanjian
 * 403) Howard_Nemerov
 * 404) Hoysala_architecture
 * 405) Hreðavatn
 * 406) Hrodna
 * 407) Hsinchu
 * 408) Hsinchu_County
 * 409) Huaian
 * 410) Huawei
 * 411) Hub_gears
 * 412) Hubble_Deep_Field
 * 413) Hubert-Folie
 * 414) Hubert_Laws
 * 415) Hubie_Brooks
 * 416) Hudson_Institute
 * 417) Hudson_Motor_Car
 * 418) Hue_and_Cry
 * 419) Huey_P._Newton
 * 420) Hugh_Hefner_First_Amendment_Award
 * 421) Hugh_Kenner
 * 422) Hugh_MacLennan
 * 423) Hugo_Porta
 * 424) Hugo_Simberg
 * 425) Hugo_Steinhaus
 * 426) Hugo_de_Vries
 * 427) Huizen
 * 428) Hula,_Lebanon
 * 429) Hulk_(film)
 * 430) Hull_note
 * 431) Hulst
 * 432) Human_Action
 * 433) Human_Events
 * 434) Human_experimentation
 * 435) Human_positions
 * 436) Humanoids_Publishing
 * 437) Humber_Forts
 * 438) Humboldt_State_University
 * 439) Humidor
 * 440) Hunan_University
 * 441) Hungarian_Citizens'_Party
 * 442) Hungarian_Democratic_Forum
 * 443) Hunky_Dory
 * 444) Hunt_Saboteurs_Association
 * 445) Huntington_Library
 * 446) Huntsville,_Ontario
 * 447) Huntsville_International_Airport
 * 448) Huron_River_(Michigan)
 * 449) Hurricane_Juan
 * 450) Hussars
 * 451) Hussein_of_Jordan
 * 452) Hutchison_Whampoa
 * 453) Hutterite
 * 454) Hvalfjörður
 * 455) Hvolsvöllur
 * 456) Hvítá
 * 457) Hwarang
 * 458) Hyatt
 * 459) Hyatt_International
 * 460) Hyde_Park_(town),_Vermont
 * 461) HydraIRC
 * 462) Hydrino_theory
 * 463) Hydrogeology
 * 464) Hydroplane_racing
 * 465) Hyeonjeong_non
 * 466) Hyksos
 * 467) Hylas
 * 468) Hyper-threading
 * 469) Hyper4
 * 470) Hypercane
 * 471) Hyperion_Entertainment
 * 472) Hyperlexia
 * 473) Håkan_Lans
 * 474) Hénin-Beaumont
 * 475) Húsafell
 * 476) Húsavík

I

 * 1) I'd_Like_to_Teach_the_World_to_Sing
 * 2) I'll_Stay
 * 3) IBM_1130
 * 4) IBM_1442
 * 5) IBM_1800
 * 6) IBM_6400
 * 7) IBM_7030
 * 8) IBM_ASCI_White
 * 9) IBM_Electric_typewriter
 * 10) IBM_Electromatic_typewriter
 * 11) IBM_Research
 * 12) IBPlanet
 * 13) ICQ
 * 14) IEC_60027-2
 * 15) IEEE_754r
 * 16) IEEE_802.1
 * 17) IEEE_Medal_of_Honor
 * 18) IFATCA
 * 19) IIT_Bombay
 * 20) IIT_Roorkee
 * 21) IJsselstein
 * 22) ILR_scale
 * 23) IMI_Negev
 * 24) IMesh
 * 25) INSEE
 * 26) IPIX
 * 27) IRAF
 * 28) IRCle
 * 29) IRIS
 * 30) ISO/IEC_14882
 * 31) ISO_3166-2:2000-06-21
 * 32) ISO_3166-2:2002-05-21
 * 33) ISO_3166-2:2002-08-20
 * 34) ISO_3166-2:2002-12-10
 * 35) ISO_3166-2:2003-09-05
 * 36) ISO_3166-2:2004-03-08
 * 37) ISO_646
 * 38) ISO_8859-7
 * 39) ISPF
 * 40) ITESM
 * 41) ITV_News_Channel
 * 42) IUCN_Red_List
 * 43) I_Am_Not_Canadian
 * 44) I_Wandered_Lonely_as_a_Cloud
 * 45) Iain_Sinclair
 * 46) Ian_Botham
 * 47) Ian_MacKaye
 * 48) Ian_Murdock
 * 49) Ian_Vine
 * 50) Ibanez
 * 51) Ibara,_Okayama
 * 52) Ibaraki,_Osaka
 * 53) Iberia_Airlines
 * 54) Ibn_Taymiya
 * 55) Ibn_al-Khattab
 * 56) Ibrahim_Babangida
 * 57) Ibusuki,_Kagoshima
 * 58) IceShare
 * 59) Ice_nucleus
 * 60) Ice_stock_sport
 * 61) Icehouse_(game)
 * 62) Icehouse_pieces
 * 63) Icel
 * 64) Ichihara,_Chiba
 * 65) Ichikawa,_Chiba
 * 66) Ichinoseki
 * 67) Ichitaro
 * 68) Icon_programming_language
 * 69) Ide
 * 70) Idiom
 * 71) Idol_(Norway)
 * 72) Idol_(Poland)
 * 73) Idols_(South_Africa)
 * 74) Ightham_Mote
 * 75) Ignite
 * 76) Iida
 * 77) Iiyama
 * 78) Iizuka,_Fukuoka
 * 79) Ijangui
 * 80) Ijaw
 * 81) Ikeda,_Osaka
 * 82) Ikoma
 * 83) Illinois_Wesleyan_University
 * 84) Im_Kwontaek
 * 85) Imaichi
 * 86) Imam_Shafi
 * 87) Imam_Shamil
 * 88) Iman
 * 89) Imari,_Saga
 * 90) Immaculate_Conception
 * 91) Immanuel_Mifsud
 * 92) Immediate_Action_Unit
 * 93) Immutable_object
 * 94) Imparja
 * 95) Imperial_War_Museum
 * 96) Imperial_War_Museum_North
 * 97) Impossible_object
 * 98) Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974
 * 99) Impression,_soleil_levant
 * 100) ImprovOlympic
 * 101) Improvisational_theatre
 * 102) In_Times_of_War
 * 103) In_the_Mood_for_Love
 * 104) Ina,_Nagano
 * 105) Inagi
 * 106) Inazawa
 * 107) Incoterm
 * 108) Incremental_and_iterative_developments
 * 109) Incubus_(movie)
 * 110) Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning
 * 111) Independent_Radio_News
 * 112) Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum
 * 113) Index_of_Consumer_Confidence
 * 114) Indian_Institute_of_Technology,_Guwahati
 * 115) Indian_Nations_Council
 * 116) Indian_Removal
 * 117) Indian_Statistical_Institute
 * 118) Indian_cuisine
 * 119) Indian_gaming
 * 120) Indiana_Dunes_National_Lakeshore
 * 121) Indiana_Jones_and_the_Fate_of_Atlantis
 * 122) Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade_(adventure_game)
 * 123) Indic
 * 124) Individual_events
 * 125) Individualist_anarchism
 * 126) Indo-European_languages
 * 127) Inertial_fusion_energy
 * 128) Ines_Rivero
 * 129) Infant
 * 130) Infected_Mushroom
 * 131) Infertility
 * 132) Infomercial
 * 133) Infomorph
 * 134) Information_Processing_Technology_Office
 * 135) Infosys
 * 136) Ingush_language
 * 137) Inks_Lake
 * 138) Inland_Revenue
 * 139) Inner_Space_Cavern
 * 140) Innocence_project
 * 141) Innoshima
 * 142) Innovation_journalism
 * 143) Innovation_system
 * 144) Inoue_Takehiko
 * 145) Input/output_standards
 * 146) Inside_Out
 * 147) Insider_trading
 * 148) Inslaw
 * 149) Insolation
 * 150) Instant_coffee
 * 151) Instant_noodles
 * 152) Institute_for_Global_Communications
 * 153) Institute_for_Physical_Problems
 * 154) Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting
 * 155) Institute_for_the_Harmonious_Development_of_Man
 * 156) Institute_of_Cancer_Research
 * 157) Institute_of_Contemporary_Chinese_Studies
 * 158) Institute_of_Ideas
 * 159) Institute_of_Physics
 * 160) Institute_of_Radio_Engineers
 * 161) Institute_of_Technology,_Carlow
 * 162) Institute_of_Technology,_Tralee
 * 163) Instituto_Nacional_de_Estatística
 * 164) Integral_politics
 * 165) Intel_80286
 * 166) Intellectual_capital
 * 167) Intelligent_transportation_system
 * 168) Interaction_aléatoire
 * 169) Interahamwe
 * 170) Intercollegiate_Taiwanese_American_Students_Association
 * 171) Intergalactic_space
 * 172) Intermediate_circular_orbit
 * 173) International_Accounting_Standards_Board
 * 174) International_Action_Center
 * 175) International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers
 * 176) International_Center_for_Elementary_Particle_Physics
 * 177) International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature
 * 178) International_Council_for_Science
 * 179) International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda
 * 180) International_Defensive_Pistol_Association
 * 181) International_Epidemiological_Association
 * 182) International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development
 * 183) International_Ice_Hockey_Federation
 * 184) International_Imaging_Industry_Association
 * 185) International_Labour_Organization
 * 186) International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity
 * 187) International_Order_of_Risus
 * 188) International_Paper
 * 189) International_Peace_Garden
 * 190) International_Police_Association
 * 191) International_Rice_Research_Institute
 * 192) International_Roller_Sports_Federation
 * 193) International_School_Manila
 * 194) International_Society_for_Human_Rights
 * 195) International_Spiritist_Council
 * 196) International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day
 * 197) International_Union_of_Railways
 * 198) International_University_Bremen
 * 199) International_auxiliary_language
 * 200) Internationalized_domain_name
 * 201) Internet_Infidels
 * 202) Internet_Security_Association_and_Key_Management_Protocol
 * 203) Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database
 * 204) Internet_Storm_Center
 * 205) Internet_mail_standard
 * 206) Internet_standard
 * 207) Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics
 * 208) Interstate_515
 * 209) Interval_graph
 * 210) Interval_signal
 * 211) Introduction_(British_House_of_Commons)
 * 212) Introduction_(House_of_Lords)
 * 213) Inupiak_language
 * 214) Inuyama
 * 215) Invasion_of_the_Dinosaurs
 * 216) Invergordon_F.C.
 * 217) Inverted_sugar_syrup
 * 218) Invisible_Cities
 * 219) Invisible_Internet_Project
 * 220) Involute_gear
 * 221) Inzai,_Chiba
 * 222) Iowa_State_Chess_Association
 * 223) Iqaluit,_Nunavut
 * 224) Ira_Flatow
 * 225) Iraq_on_the_Record_Report
 * 226) Irem
 * 227) Irene_Mathyssen
 * 228) Irene_Morgan
 * 229) Iris_Chang
 * 230) Irish_Chamber_Orchestra
 * 231) Irish_Crown_Jewels
 * 232) Irish_Football_Association
 * 233) Irish_Primary_Principals_Network
 * 234) Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland
 * 235) Iron-sulfur_cluster
 * 236) Iron_&_Wine
 * 237) Iron_Crown_Enterprises
 * 238) Iron_Guard
 * 239) Iron_Seed
 * 240) Iron_law_of_wages
 * 241) Iruma,_Saitama
 * 242) Irvin_Leigh_Matus
 * 243) Irvine_Company
 * 244) Isaac_Hayes
 * 245) Isaccea
 * 246) Isahaya,_Nagasaki
 * 247) Isengard_(band)
 * 248) Isesaki
 * 249) Iseya_Yusuke
 * 250) Isham_Jones
 * 251) Ishigaki,_Okinawa
 * 252) Ishikari
 * 253) Ishikawa,_Okinawa
 * 254) Ishikawa_Takuboku
 * 255) Ishinomaki
 * 256) Ishioka
 * 257) Ishmael_Reed
 * 258) Isis
 * 259) Isla_Vista,_California
 * 260) Islam_in_the_United_States
 * 261) Islamic_Movement_of_Central_Asia
 * 262) Islamic_Party_of_Britain
 * 263) Island_Records
 * 264) Isobar
 * 265) Isocrates
 * 266) Isodrosotherm
 * 267) Isogon
 * 268) Isohume
 * 269) Isotach
 * 270) Isotherm
 * 271) Israel_Hanukoglu
 * 272) Israel_Tal
 * 273) Israel_Zangwill
 * 274) Israeli_Embassy_Attack_in_London
 * 275) Israelis_and_anti-Palestinian_racism
 * 276) Issei_Sagawa
 * 277) Istanbul_University
 * 278) Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica
 * 279) It's_Academic
 * 280) Itabashi,_Tokyo
 * 281) Itako,_Ibaraki
 * 282) Italia_dei_Valori
 * 283) Italian_Co-Belligerent_Air_Force
 * 284) Italian_Communist_Party
 * 285) Italian_Democratic_Socialists
 * 286) Itami,_Hyogo
 * 287) Ito_Shunya
 * 288) Itoigawa
 * 289) Itoman,_Okinawa
 * 290) Itzik_Kol
 * 291) Ivan_Franko
 * 292) Ivan_Noble
 * 293) Ivan_Vidav
 * 294) Ivar_Kreuger
 * 295) Ivo_Robic
 * 296) Ivor_Gurney
 * 297) Ivor_the_Engine
 * 298) Ivybridge
 * 299) Iwai
 * 300) Iwai_Shunji
 * 301) Iwaki
 * 302) Iwakura
 * 303) Iwamizawa
 * 304) Iwanuma
 * 305) Iwata
 * 306) Iwatani_Toru
 * 307) Iyo,_Ehime
 * 308) Iyomishima,_Ehime
 * 309) Iyonix_PC
 * 310) Izmir_Province
 * 311) Iztacalco
 * 312) Izumi,_Kagoshima
 * 313) Izumi,_Osaka
 * 314) Izumiotsu
 * 315) Izumisano

J

 * 1) J.B._Salsberg
 * 2) J.P._Morgan_Chase_Tower,_Houston
 * 3) J._B._Speed_School_of_Engineering
 * 4) J._D._Salinger
 * 5) J._J._Abrams
 * 6) J._League
 * 7) J._Neil_Schulman
 * 8) JAL
 * 9) JEDEC
 * 10) JET
 * 11) JOTA
 * 12) JOTT
 * 13) JT-60
 * 14) JVC
 * 15) Jaap_Sahib
 * 16) Jaci_Velasquez
 * 17) Jack_Bruce
 * 18) Jack_Brymer
 * 19) Jack_Dempsey
 * 20) Jack_Herer
 * 21) Jack_Heslop-Harrison
 * 22) Jack_Kingston
 * 23) Jack_Kirby
 * 24) Jack_Osbourne
 * 25) Jack_Parsons
 * 26) Jack_Rowell
 * 27) Jack_o'lantern
 * 28) Jack_the_Stripper
 * 29) Jackie_Gleason
 * 30) Jackson_International_Airport
 * 31) Jackson_Pollock
 * 32) Jacksonville_Suns
 * 33) Jacob_Sager_Weinstein
 * 34) Jacob_Westervelt
 * 35) Jacqueline_Susann
 * 36) Jacques_Callot
 * 37) Jacques_Kinnaer
 * 38) Jacques_Mayol
 * 39) Jacques_Tardi
 * 40) Jade_River
 * 41) Jae_Chul_Shin
 * 42) Jahre_Viking
 * 43) Jai_Rodriguez
 * 44) Jake_Beckley
 * 45) Jake_Delhomme
 * 46) Jakob_Friedrich_Fries
 * 47) Jakob_Lorber
 * 48) Jakob_Maria_Mierscheid
 * 49) Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Rumi
 * 50) Jam_Films
 * 51) Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladesh
 * 52) Jamaica_Labour_Party
 * 53) Jamaican_English
 * 54) James_Agee
 * 55) James_Alan_Gardner
 * 56) James_Apana
 * 57) James_Blood_Ulmer
 * 58) James_Booker
 * 59) James_Burnham
 * 60) James_Clark_(XML_expert)
 * 61) James_Coburn
 * 62) James_Coco
 * 63) James_Colledge_Pope
 * 64) James_Dunsmuir
 * 65) James_Florio
 * 66) James_Herriot
 * 67) James_Hird
 * 68) James_Jesus_Angleton
 * 69) James_Jones_(author)
 * 70) James_Joseph_Sylvester
 * 71) James_K._Bartleman
 * 72) James_Kreuser
 * 73) James_L._Dozier
 * 74) James_Montgomery_Flagg
 * 75) James_Moore_(Canadian_politician)
 * 76) James_O'Neil_Mayne
 * 77) James_Pradier
 * 78) James_Richardson_(Cisco)
 * 79) James_River_(Virginia)
 * 80) James_S._Albus
 * 81) James_Sanborn
 * 82) James_Scott
 * 83) James_Sevier_Conway
 * 84) James_Stannage
 * 85) James_Tenney
 * 86) James_Thornhill
 * 87) James_Tobin
 * 88) James_W._Prescott
 * 89) James_Wilson_(author)
 * 90) James_and_Browne
 * 91) Jamestown_Exposition
 * 92) Jamestown_Regional_Airport
 * 93) Jamie_Murphy_(soldier)
 * 94) Jan_Steen
 * 95) Jan_Sterling
 * 96) Jana_Sterbak
 * 97) Janathipathiya_Samrakshana_Samithy
 * 98) Jane_C._Folger
 * 99) Janet_Borgman
 * 100) Janville,_Calvados
 * 101) Japan_Airlines_Flight_123
 * 102) Japan_Society_of_London
 * 103) Japanese_Bush_Warbler
 * 104) Japanese_Experiment_Module
 * 105) Japanese_Peace_Bell
 * 106) Japanese_proverbs
 * 107) Japanese_translation_note
 * 108) Japanology
 * 109) Jaring
 * 110) Jaron_Lanier
 * 111) Jason_Alexander
 * 112) Jason_Shiga
 * 113) Jassie_Gift
 * 114) Jat_Airways
 * 115) JavaOne
 * 116) JavaSpaces
 * 117) Java_User_Group
 * 118) Java_virtual_machine
 * 119) Javed_Iqbal
 * 120) Jay_Bouwmeester
 * 121) Jay_Chow
 * 122) Jay_Farrar
 * 123) Jay_Ingram
 * 124) Jay_Inslee
 * 125) Jay_Ward
 * 126) Jayne_Ann_Krentz
 * 127) Jean-Baptiste-Siméon_Chardin
 * 128) Jean-Baptiste_Drouet_(Napoleonic_soldier)
 * 129) Jean-François_Champollion
 * 130) Jean-Léon_Gérôme
 * 131) Jean-Pierre_Brard
 * 132) Jean_Amery
 * 133) Jean_Erdman
 * 134) Jean_Renoir
 * 135) Jeantech
 * 136) Jebtsundamba
 * 137) Jedi_Knight_II:_Jedi_Outcast
 * 138) Jedi_Knight_Jedi_Academy
 * 139) Jeff_Grubb
 * 140) Jefferson_Highway
 * 141) Jefferson_Lines
 * 142) Jeffersonville,_Indiana
 * 143) Jeffrey_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst_of_Montreal
 * 144) Jeffrey_Miller
 * 145) Jeffrey_Shaara
 * 146) Jeffrey_Zeldman
 * 147) Jehad.net
 * 148) Jehoash_of_Judah
 * 149) Jelly_bean
 * 150) Jellyfish_(band)
 * 151) Jennie_Finch
 * 152) Jennifer_8._Lee
 * 153) Jennifer_Capriati
 * 154) Jennifer_Dunn
 * 155) Jennifer_Government:_NationStates
 * 156) Jennifer_Hale
 * 157) Jennifer_Jason_Leigh
 * 158) Jeremy_Rifkin
 * 159) Jeremy_Spencer
 * 160) Jerry_Lee_Lewis
 * 161) Jerry_O'Connell
 * 162) Jerry_Zucker
 * 163) Jersey_Girl_(2004_movie)
 * 164) Jerusalem_bus_20_massacre
 * 165) Jesse_Barfield
 * 166) Jesse_G._James
 * 167) Jesse_James
 * 168) Jesse_Owens
 * 169) Jesse_Pomeroy
 * 170) Jessica_Dee
 * 171) Jessie_Fauset
 * 172) Jesus_Music
 * 173) Jet_Airways
 * 174) Jet_toolbar
 * 175) Jewish_Agency_for_Israel
 * 176) Jewish_Defense_League
 * 177) Jewish_ethics
 * 178) Jews_for_the_Preservation_of_Firearms_Ownership
 * 179) Jhumpa_Lahiri
 * 180) Jicin
 * 181) Jijé
 * 182) Jill_De_Jong
 * 183) Jim_Abbott
 * 184) Jim_Bottomley
 * 185) Jim_Bunning
 * 186) Jim_Davis
 * 187) Jim_Gibbons_(US_politician)
 * 188) Jim_Gray
 * 189) Jim_McMahon
 * 190) Jim_Oberstar
 * 191) Jim_Ramstad
 * 192) Jim_Rice
 * 193) Jim_Steinman
 * 194) Jim_Whittaker
 * 195) Jimi_Hendrix
 * 196) Jimmy_Durante
 * 197) Jimmy_Fallon
 * 198) Jimmy_Giuffre
 * 199) Jimmy_Jump
 * 200) Jimmy_Yancey
 * 201) Jing_Ke
 * 202) Jiujiang_Financial_and_Economic_College
 * 203) Jizo
 * 204) Joanna_Lumley
 * 205) Joaquín_López-Dóriga
 * 206) Job's_Daughters
 * 207) Job_Corps
 * 208) Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003
 * 209) Jochen_Hippel
 * 210) Jodo_Shinshu
 * 211) Joe_Frazier
 * 212) Joe_Haldeman
 * 213) Joe_Hoeffel
 * 214) Joe_Jennings
 * 215) Joe_Kieyoomia
 * 216) Joe_Nuxhall
 * 217) Joe_Pesci
 * 218) Joe_Start
 * 219) Joe_Trippi
 * 220) Joe_job
 * 221) Joel_Bray_Marangella
 * 222) Joel_Grey
 * 223) Joel_Roberts_Poinsett
 * 224) Joel_Stransky
 * 225) Joetsu,_Niigata
 * 226) Johann_Aegidus_Bach
 * 227) Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann
 * 228) Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe_University_Frankfurt_am_Main
 * 229) Johannes_Jacobus_Poortman
 * 230) John5
 * 231) John_Abbott_College
 * 232) John_Abizaid
 * 233) John_Aspinall
 * 234) John_Billingsley
 * 235) John_C._McGinley
 * 236) John_Carpenter
 * 237) John_Casablancas
 * 238) John_Clark_Monks
 * 239) John_Clarkson
 * 240) John_Crook
 * 241) John_D._Rockefeller_III
 * 242) John_Day,_Oregon
 * 243) John_Dill
 * 244) John_Doe_(musician)
 * 245) John_Edward_Robinson
 * 246) John_Filo
 * 247) John_Flansburgh
 * 248) John_Frusciante
 * 249) John_Galt
 * 250) John_George_Haigh
 * 251) John_Gilmore
 * 252) John_Gilpin
 * 253) John_Goodricke
 * 254) John_H._Chapman_Space_Centre
 * 255) John_Hampden
 * 256) John_Hancock
 * 257) John_Hanning_Speke
 * 258) John_Hewson
 * 259) John_Holmes_(actor)
 * 260) John_Howe
 * 261) John_J._McCloy
 * 262) John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice
 * 263) John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent
 * 264) John_Kessel
 * 265) John_Kline
 * 266) John_Knox_House
 * 267) John_Law
 * 268) John_Laws
 * 269) John_Le_Mesurier
 * 270) John_Lewis_Partnership
 * 271) John_Lloyd_Stephens
 * 272) John_Logie_Baird
 * 273) John_Mahoney
 * 274) John_Marshall_Law_School
 * 275) John_Mason_School
 * 276) John_Mathieson
 * 277) John_Maynard_Smith_Prize
 * 278) John_Metcalf
 * 279) John_Moore-Brabazon
 * 280) John_Murtha
 * 281) John_Olerud
 * 282) John_Otway
 * 283) John_Paul_Pitoc
 * 284) John_Perry_Barlow
 * 285) John_Pershing
 * 286) John_Peter_Zenger
 * 287) John_Piper_(artist)
 * 288) John_Redcorn_(King_of_the_Hill)
 * 289) John_Renshaw_Starr
 * 290) John_Robertson_(U.S._Soldier)
 * 291) John_Sanderson
 * 292) John_Seigenthaler
 * 293) John_Shirley
 * 294) John_Singer_Sargent
 * 295) John_Sirica
 * 296) John_Squire
 * 297) John_Stagliano
 * 298) John_Surtees
 * 299) John_Tukey
 * 300) John_Wayne_Gacy
 * 301) John_White_(surveyor)
 * 302) John_Williams_(delegate)
 * 303) John_of_Damascus
 * 304) John_van_Melle
 * 305) Johnnie_Johnson_(musician)
 * 306) Johnny_Appleseed
 * 307) Johnny_Bench
 * 308) Johnny_Mnemonic
 * 309) Johnny_Sain
 * 310) Johnny_Turbo
 * 311) Johnson_(town),_Vermont
 * 312) Johnson_County_War
 * 313) Johnson_State_College
 * 314) Johrei
 * 315) Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS
 * 316) Joly_Braga_Santos
 * 317) Jon_B._Erpenbach
 * 318) Jon_Bridgman
 * 319) Jonathan_Edwards_(theology)
 * 320) Jonathan_Meier
 * 321) Jonathan_Pryce
 * 322) Jonathan_Zittrain
 * 323) Jones_Day
 * 324) Jonesboro_massacre
 * 325) Joni_Dourif
 * 326) Jonny_Greenwood
 * 327) Jonny_Quest
 * 328) Jordanian_dinar
 * 329) Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport
 * 330) Jorn_Barger
 * 331) Jort
 * 332) Jorvik
 * 333) Jose_Meiffret
 * 334) Joseph_Bartlett_Eastman
 * 335) Joseph_Buford_Cox
 * 336) Joseph_Dalton_Hooker
 * 337) Joseph_DeLuca
 * 338) Joseph_Enterprises,_Inc
 * 339) Joseph_Freinademetz
 * 340) Joseph_Gribble_(King_of_the_Hill)
 * 341) Joseph_Jefferson
 * 342) Joseph_Kasavubu
 * 343) Joseph_Lamb
 * 344) Joseph_Menusa
 * 345) Joseph_Stefan
 * 346) Joseph_Wharton
 * 347) Joseph_Yoakum
 * 348) Josh_Beckett
 * 349) Josh_Duhamel
 * 350) Joshua_Farber
 * 351) Joshua_Harris
 * 352) Josiah_Harlan
 * 353) José_Bono
 * 354) Journal_of_Evolution_and_Technology
 * 355) Jouxtens-Mézery
 * 356) Jowett
 * 357) Joy_of_Tech
 * 358) Joyo
 * 359) Juan_Atkins
 * 360) Juan_Maria_Solare
 * 361) Juan_O'Gorman
 * 362) Juan_Rodriguez_Cabrillo
 * 363) Juan_Santamaría
 * 364) Juaye-Mondaye
 * 365) Jude_Milhon
 * 366) Jude_Wanniski
 * 367) Judenburg
 * 368) Judge_Anderson
 * 369) Judith_Martin
 * 370) Judith_Resnik
 * 371) Judy_Martz
 * 372) Judy_Star
 * 373) Jug_band
 * 374) Jughead_Jones
 * 375) Juhan_Parts
 * 376) Jules_Dupuit
 * 377) Julian_Lloyd_Webber
 * 378) Julie_Newmar
 * 379) Julio_Dam
 * 380) Juneau-Douglas_High_School
 * 381) Juneau_Empire
 * 382) Juneau_body
 * 383) Junkanoo
 * 384) Junkers_Ju_52
 * 385) Juno_Awards_of_2004
 * 386) Junoon
 * 387) Jurmala
 * 388) Jurques
 * 389) Jusenkyo
 * 390) Just_For_Laughs_Gags
 * 391) Justice_(movie)
 * 392) Justin_Guarini
 * 393) Justin_King
 * 394) Justin_Pierce
 * 395) Juvigny_sur_Seulles
 * 396) Jägermeister
 * 397) Jón_Leifs
 * 398) Jökulsá_á_Fjöllum
 * 399) Jökulsárlón
 * 400) Jürgen_Möllemann

K

 * 1) K-9
 * 2) K-Line
 * 3) KAvZ
 * 4) KINY
 * 5) KJNO
 * 6) KM_programming_language
 * 7) KTIS
 * 8) KTRK_TV
 * 9) KV62
 * 10) Kadoma
 * 11) Kaga
 * 12) Kaguya
 * 13) Kai,_Death_of_Dreams
 * 14) Kailash_(journal)
 * 15) Kainan,_Wakayama
 * 16) Kaizer_Chiefs_Football_Club
 * 17) Kakamigahara
 * 18) Kakegawa
 * 19) Kakogawa
 * 20) Kakuda
 * 21) Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho
 * 22) Kalakshetra
 * 23) Kalamazoo-Battle_Creek_International_Airport
 * 24) Kalamazoo_Civic_Players
 * 25) Kalki_Krishnamurthy
 * 26) Kamagaya,_Chiba
 * 27) Kamaishi
 * 28) Kamakura,_Kanagawa
 * 29) Kamal_Haasan
 * 30) Kamal_Kharrazi
 * 31) Kamancheh
 * 32) Kamaraj
 * 33) Kamathipura
 * 34) Kameoka
 * 35) Kameyama,_Mie
 * 36) Kamifukuoka,_Saitama
 * 37) Kaminoyama
 * 38) Kamo
 * 39) Kamogawa,_Chiba
 * 40) Kampen
 * 41) Kan'onji,_Kagawa
 * 42) Kanazawa,_Ishikawa
 * 43) Kander_and_Ebb
 * 44) Kandersteg
 * 45) Kane_(album)
 * 46) Kangaroo_court
 * 47) Kangiqsualujjuaq,_Quebec
 * 48) Kani
 * 49) Kano_school
 * 50) Kanoya,_Kagoshima
 * 51) Kansai_Gaidai_University
 * 52) Kansas-Nebraska_Act
 * 53) Kansas_City_Downtown_Airport
 * 54) Kansas_City_Southern_Railway
 * 55) Kanuma
 * 56) Kaohsiung_County
 * 57) Kaonde_language
 * 58) Kaoss_Pad
 * 59) Kapelle
 * 60) Kapuskasing,_Ontario
 * 61) Karatsu,_Saga
 * 62) Karen_Black
 * 63) Kariakoo
 * 64) Kariya,_Japan
 * 65) Karl_Arnold
 * 66) Karl_King
 * 67) Karl_Pearson
 * 68) Karmapa
 * 69) Karnak
 * 70) Karri_Turner
 * 71) Kasama
 * 72) Kasaoka,_Okayama
 * 73) Kase_Ryo
 * 74) Kaseda,_Kagoshima
 * 75) Kashiba
 * 76) Kashima,_Ibaraki
 * 77) Kashima,_Saga
 * 78) Kashiwara
 * 79) Kashiwazaki
 * 80) Kashubian-Pomeranian_Association
 * 81) Kasuga,_Fukuoka
 * 82) Kasugai,_Aichi
 * 83) Kasukabe,_Saitama
 * 84) Kasyapa
 * 85) Kataeb
 * 86) Katano
 * 87) Kate_Elliott
 * 88) Kate_Mulgrew
 * 89) Kate_and_Leopold
 * 90) Katharine_Lee_Bates
 * 91) Katharine_Merry
 * 92) Katherine_Bond
 * 93) Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend
 * 94) Kathryn_Hulme
 * 95) Kathy_Najimy
 * 96) Katla
 * 97) Katrina_Leung
 * 98) Katrina_and_the_Waves
 * 99) Katsushika,_Tokyo
 * 100) Katsuura,_Chiba
 * 101) Katsuyama
 * 102) Katwijk
 * 103) Katyusha_(Song)
 * 104) Kaurna
 * 105) Kawachinagano
 * 106) Kawagoe,_Saitama
 * 107) Kawaguchi,_Saitama
 * 108) Kawai_Nui_Marsh
 * 109) Kawanishi
 * 110) Kawanoe,_Ehime
 * 111) Kawasaki,_Kanagawa
 * 112) Kay_Francis
 * 113) Kazaam
 * 114) Kazakh
 * 115) Kazi_Nazrul_Islam
 * 116) Kazo,_Saitama
 * 117) Kazuno
 * 118) Ke_Huy_Quan
 * 119) Keane
 * 120) Keck_Graduate_Institute_of_Applied_Life_Sciences
 * 121) Keck_telescopes
 * 122) Keeneland
 * 123) Keflavík
 * 124) Kehlhof
 * 125) Kehtna
 * 126) Keiko_Kitagawa
 * 127) Keisha_Castle-Hughes
 * 128) Keith_Devlin
 * 129) Keith_Park
 * 130) Kelley_School_of_Business
 * 131) Kellogg_Company
 * 132) Kellogg_School_of_Management
 * 133) Ken_Boshcoff
 * 134) Ken_Burns
 * 135) Ken_O'Keefe
 * 136) Kenan_&_Kel
 * 137) Kenji_Kawai
 * 138) Kennedy_Western_University
 * 139) Kennesaw_Mountain_National_Battlefield_Park
 * 140) Kennet_and_Avon_Canal
 * 141) Kenneth_Burke
 * 142) Kenneth_Diplock
 * 143) Kenneth_Patchen
 * 144) Kennisbank_Filosofie_Nederland
 * 145) Kenny_Wayne_Shepherd
 * 146) Kentwood,_Michigan
 * 147) Kerguelen_cabbage
 * 148) Kerkrade
 * 149) Kerridge/temp
 * 150) Kerrier
 * 151) Kerry_King
 * 152) Kerry_Thornley
 * 153) Kesennuma
 * 154) Kettlebaston
 * 155) Kevin_Brown
 * 156) Kevin_Garnett
 * 157) Kevin_O'Neill_(comics)
 * 158) Kevin_Sheedy
 * 159) Kevin_Shelley
 * 160) Key_103
 * 161) Key_Biscayne,_Florida
 * 162) Keyed-hash_message_authentication_code
 * 163) Keynsham
 * 164) Keystone_Heights,_Florida
 * 165) Khadaffy_Janjalani
 * 166) Khair_ad_Din
 * 167) Khaki
 * 168) Khalid_bin_Walid
 * 169) Khalsa
 * 170) Khaosan_Road
 * 171) Khendon's_Law
 * 172) Khutba
 * 173) Khwarezmia
 * 174) Ki_no_Tsurayuki
 * 175) Kibo
 * 176) Kickingbird_District
 * 177) Kid_Frost
 * 178) Kielder_Forest
 * 179) Kielder_Water
 * 180) Kii_Peninsula
 * 181) Kikuchi,_Kumamoto
 * 182) Kilburn
 * 183) Killing_Miranda
 * 184) Killington,_Vermont
 * 185) Killology
 * 186) Kilogram_per_cubic_metre
 * 187) Kilsby_Tunnel
 * 188) Kim_Mitchell
 * 189) Kim_Saryan
 * 190) Kimberly-Clark_Corporation
 * 191) Kimiko_Date
 * 192) Kimitsu,_Chiba
 * 193) Kimura_Takuya
 * 194) King's_College,_London
 * 195) King's_College_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry
 * 196) King's_Hall
 * 197) King-James-Only_Movement
 * 198) King_Biscuit_Time
 * 199) King_Edward's_School
 * 200) King_Saud_University
 * 201) Kingdom_of_Heaven_(movie)
 * 202) Kipchoge_Keino
 * 203) Kirkenes
 * 204) Kirkjubæjarklaustur
 * 205) Kirkland_College
 * 206) Kirkstall_Abbey
 * 207) Kirundi_language
 * 208) Kiryu
 * 209) Kisarazu,_Chiba
 * 210) Kishiwada,_Osaka
 * 211) Kismet_(robot)
 * 212) Kit_Williams
 * 213) Kita,_Tokyo
 * 214) Kitahara_Hakushu
 * 215) Kitahiroshima,_Hokkaido
 * 216) Kitaibaraki,_Ibaraki
 * 217) Kitakami
 * 218) Kitakata
 * 219) Kitami
 * 220) Kitamoto,_Saitama
 * 221) Kitamura_Ryuhei
 * 222) Kitchener_Rangers
 * 223) Kitengela
 * 224) Kitsuki,_Oita
 * 225) Kiva_Kahl
 * 226) Kiyose
 * 227) Kiyoshi_Karl_Kawakami
 * 228) Klasky_Csupo_Inc.
 * 229) Klaus_Wowereit
 * 230) Klondike_solitaire
 * 231) Klæbu
 * 232) Knowbot_Information_Service
 * 233) Knowle
 * 234) Knowledge_technology
 * 235) Kobayashi,_Miyazaki
 * 236) Kobayashi_Masaki
 * 237) Kobayashi_Takiji
 * 238) Kobe_Electric_Railway
 * 239) Kobe_New_Transit
 * 240) Koch_Industries
 * 241) Kochi,_Kochi
 * 242) Kochikame
 * 243) Kodaira
 * 244) Koenraad_Elst
 * 245) Kofukuji
 * 246) Koga,_Fukuoka
 * 247) Koga,_Ibaraki
 * 248) Koganei
 * 249) Kogarkoite
 * 250) Kohl's
 * 251) Koizumi_Kyoko
 * 252) Koizumi_Takashi
 * 253) Koko
 * 254) Kokoda_Track
 * 255) Kokubu,_Kagoshima
 * 256) Kokubunji
 * 257) Kolf
 * 258) Kollumerland_en_Nieuwkruisland
 * 259) Kolob
 * 260) Komae
 * 261) Komagane
 * 262) Komaki,_Aichi
 * 263) Komatsu
 * 264) Komatsu,_Ishikawa
 * 265) Komatsushima,_Tokushima
 * 266) Kombucha
 * 267) Komenda
 * 268) Komoro
 * 269) Kon_Ichikawa
 * 270) Konami
 * 271) Konan
 * 272) Koninklijke_Nederlandse_Akademie_van_Wetenschappen
 * 273) Konsojaya_Trading_Company
 * 274) Kontich
 * 275) Korea_Teachers_and_Workers_Union
 * 276) Koreeda_Hirokazu
 * 277) Korendijk
 * 278) Koriyama
 * 279) Kornati
 * 280) Kosai
 * 281) Koshigaya,_Saitama
 * 282) Koto,_Tokyo
 * 283) Kotor
 * 284) Kottayam
 * 285) Kounosu,_Saitama
 * 286) Kranjska_Gora
 * 287) Krawk_Island
 * 288) Kreludor
 * 289) Krishna_district
 * 290) Krist_Novoselic
 * 291) Kruibeke
 * 292) Krumping
 * 293) Króna
 * 294) Kuala_Lumpur_Monorail
 * 295) Kuala_Lumpur_Putra_Light_Rail_Transit
 * 296) Kuala_Lumpur_Star_Light_Rail_Transit
 * 297) Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai
 * 298) Kudamatsu,_Yamaguchi
 * 299) Kuji
 * 300) Kuki,_Saitama
 * 301) Kumagaya,_Saitama
 * 302) Kumamoto_Castle
 * 303) Kumamoto_University
 * 304) Kumano
 * 305) Kumarajiva
 * 306) Kunduz
 * 307) Kunikida_Doppo
 * 308) Kunisada
 * 309) Kunitachi,_Tokyo
 * 310) Kurash
 * 311) Kurayoshi,_Tottori
 * 312) Kure,_Hiroshima
 * 313) Kurobe
 * 314) Kuroda_Fukumi
 * 315) Kurohone,_Seta,_Gunma
 * 316) Kuroishi
 * 317) Kuroiso
 * 318) Kurt_Harland
 * 319) Kurume,_Fukuoka
 * 320) Kusatsu
 * 321) Kushikino,_Kagoshima
 * 322) Kushima,_Miyazaki
 * 323) Kushiro
 * 324) Kusudama
 * 325) Kuwana
 * 326) Kverkfjöll
 * 327) Kwinana
 * 328) Kwisatz_Haderach
 * 329) Kwoh-Ting_Li
 * 330) Kyan_Douglas
 * 331) Kyle_Gann
 * 332) Kyotanabe
 * 333) Kyoto_Municipal_Transportation_Bureau
 * 334) Kypchakia
 * 335) Kyukyoku_Tiger
 * 336) Kálmán_Kalocsay
 * 337) Károly_Zipernowsky
 * 338) Käthe_Kollwitz
 * 339) Köping,_Sweden
 * 340) Kübelwagen


text:
User talk:Madeline~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
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 * Civility
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 19:00, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

How wonderful
I really appreciate your kind words. Very glad to have you here, and I hope to see alot more of you, Sam [Spade] 00:01, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Madeline. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Madeline~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:31, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:46, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Madeline~enwiki


text:
User talk:Ramendra

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 19:00, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hello Ramendra, nice to see another person whom lives in Thailand. I myself am Dutch and live in Bangkok in the Huay Kwang area. I mainly contribute to the Dutch wikipedia. Waerth 16:18, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hello Wearth, nice to see you. I am also live in Ramkhanheang of BKK. I tribute Ja:Wiki. If you have something to do with me, please come to write here.--Ramendra 16:39, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow than we live close to eachother!! Maybe we could meet? Give me a call! : 01-3437918 Waerth 05:52, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hey Ramendra, I'm a friend of Adam's. I look forward to seeing more of your articles here! Sekicho 22:16, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

Hello! Thank you for comming here, Sekicho. For my english is like this, my contribution is very limited. I hope my english will be better than now. See you! :-( --Ramendra 14:06, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to the Thai wikipedia! Waerth 21:05, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your celebrationg

Where did you find the subdivisions of the Lao provinces? When I created those stubs some time ago I found hardly any info on the provinces - google showed just a few links for them, at least in german or english. Do you have some more material which can be added to the articles? andy 19:20, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * This infomation is from P. 14 of Atlas of Laos pulished in 2000 from Silkworm Books, which I found in Asia books. This Endlish version book is seld in Asia only. But it is published in Franch (Atlas de la R.D.P Lao) too - However, this book is a translation of French version. --Ramendra 12:21, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I will have a look at it when I am in BKK next time - I will visit Asia books then for sure. Yet another book on my shopping list :-) andy 12:25, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

English
Hi. Please disambiguate English on your user page. For example, English. Thanks. RedWolf 02:50, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

Template:Infobox Thai Province
Strangely I cannot answer you where you put the question... But that template should work in japanese as well - however categorization in templates has a few problems. Any change in the template does not get the articles which use the template updated immidiatly, only after the next edit in the article. For example the navigational template for the Thai provinces contains a category, but that category only contain 50 of the 72 articles. Another one is Bug#31 - you cannot use any "calculated" category, something like does not work. andy 21:05, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Then I should not use it...... :(  what i wanted to do in Japanese wikipedia. --Ramendra 21:12, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I changed the history section of Ubon Ratchathani province slightly - rereading it now I noticed it was mixing monthon and province. You might have to update the japanese translation as well. andy 19:57, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I have changed it.--Ramendra 17:17, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Area of Tambon Lamet (Amphoe Chaiya)
I noticed that you added the area of that one tambon of the Amphoe Chaiya in your Japanese translation of the article. After some googeling it seems like you found that number on thaitambon.com, right? I haven't been able to find a complete listing with the area of all tambon - and as you only added that one number I guess you haven't either. andy 12:12, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thats right. the lists are exactly from thaitambon.com. I think they are in developing, so they cannot list them all up. Also there is one question; there was a homepage - where I forgot - that explains Talat Chaiya is not an amphoe, but thesaban amphoe. So confusing.... --Ramendra 16:38, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I don't know for sure, but if I understood the few sources I found correctly the thesaban (as well as the sanitary districts - Sukhaphiban) are no longer existing, converted to normal tambon with the 1997 constitution. Maybe Talat Chaiya had Thesaban status before, and that website wasn't updated yet. But I quite confused as well about the administration scheme and their changes... andy 19:35, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, That's what I am also afraid of. Well, Thai government now plannning to change the country from the one centralized to the local administrative country - I don't think it would take place near future but there will be small or big changes. Thus Thai's wikipedia worth nothing more than trivia, we have no way to know its changes. In my point of view, we can just put information from thiatanbom.com.--Ramendra 17:47, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I have created Thai wikipedians' notice board, for coordinating the article writing on Thai topics. Hopefully with that one important discussions won't get overlooked so easily. andy 20:59, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

---

Purnululu
Hi Ramendra

I have now released the image of the Bungle Bungle Range as shown on Purnululu National Park. I should fix the black border on the left side but have never got around to it. One day! Tiles 08:20, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Songkhla province
Did you see my change in the history section of Songkhla? I checked it with the book by Tej Bunnag, and thus corrected and enlarged it slightly. Maybe you can check if that fits with your source, and then adapt the japanese version as well. andy 13:15, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for noticing me. I already renewed it.--Ramendra 13:51, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

--- fill out a survey? -+sj +

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

 * You mentioned that you can only use GFDL or PD. If you'd use PD instead of CC that would be great, but you'd have to use the template.  I'm only concerned with English Wikipedia edits at this point.    – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)   20:53, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary
I've done some copy editing of the Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, but there were a couple of places where I wasn't quite sure of what was intended and I had to make guesses. Could you look at my rewrite to make sure that I haven't added any inaccuracies or done any major damage to the intent to your original comments. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 10:19, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Nothing was wrong. I am sorry for that I did not reply, these days I am busy in Ja:. Maybe It needs some more inprovement as you said. Let me have more times to add more infomation. Thank you for coming to notice me. --Ramendra 18:32, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Amphoe
I notice that after you finished with the provinces you now continue to translate the articles of Amphoe. As uploading the maps to commons takes some time I did not upload all the maps I have prepared already, and of course for most provinces I still have to prepare maps. But I will be underway in January (in Thailand of course, maybe we can meet in BKK) and thus offline from Wikipedia, so if you plan to create article on Amphoe which have no map on commons yet just let me know soon, and I will prepare those you need. andy 12:06, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for comming here to noticing me. If you can, I want the maps that you have already made into article but not templated any maps. If you have some infomation - such as poplation or area, do not forget attach it too. Maybe I can help making table it in English too. --Ramendra 13:36, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

IIRC it's only the Amphoe Mueang which usually have no table yet, especially those which were recently created as redirects to the province article. The only Amphoe without Infobox and map that I can remember is Phutthamonthon - and there I am still not sure whether it is a good idea to mix the Amphoe with the park or make a separate article Amphoe Phutthamonthon. Similar is the Bang Pa-In. At least those are only ones in Category:Amphoe. I more think about cases where you already have an article in japanese without the english equivalent or plan to write one soon, e.g. ja:& (OK, I will upload those of Kan'buri ASAP). I am no fan of geo-stubs which only contain the infobox and the tambon list like e.g. Amphoe Sai Noi, thus if I start an article on an Amphoe I only do it when I have enough topics to fill at least a paragraph of additional information (e.g. Amphoe Kanchanadit). andy 17:05, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I agree that Phutthamonthon is hard to separate. As for Bang Pa-in I heard there are some temple ruins like Ayutthaya so it can possibily be devided. I also agree that there will be many stubs which does not have any infomation. Basically I start new Amphoes in the way you do - means start articles when I have information. I hope I can help full of my knowkedge, but my language skill is not enough. So sorry (_;).....--Ramendra 10:04, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Uh.. I have forgot to write that I wanted you to make maps of articles which is already on the en:. But anyway.... ;-) --Ramendra 10:08, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wikimeet
Just i case you did't see it already - there'll be a Wikimeeting in BKK, and I now suggest January 15 as the date. See notice board for details. I hope to meet you there as well - and don't worry, most participants don't have English as their mother tongue. andy 19:49, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Prince Damrong
I've made an error in the article on Damrong Rajanubhab, as he did not die in exile, but returned to BKK before. Probably you also copied that error to the japanese version. andy 18:49, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Your request for name change
Hi, I noticed the page Changing username is a mess. I am cleaning it out now. Your request is now moved to Changing_username.

To be proccesed you sould put on the talk page of the accounts you whould like to be changed a notice about this and link that notice to your request for change of username. Walter 12:56, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Tsuji Masanobu
Please provide references for the material in this article. Thanx. TheRingess 16:58, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ramendra


text:
List of geological features on Europa

This is a list of named geological features on Europa, a moon of the planet Jupiter. Craters and lineae are listed on separate pages: list of craters on Europa and list of lineae on Europa.

Cavi
Cavi are irregular steep-sided depressions that do not seem to be impact craters.

Chaos
On Europa, regions of chaotic terrain are named after places in Celtic mythology.

Flexūs
A flexus is a low, curved ridge with a scalloped pattern. Europan flexūs are named after the places visited by Europa during her journey with Zeus the bull.

Fossae
Fossae are named after ancient Celtic ancient stone rows.

Large ringed features
These impact structures are named after important locations in ancient history.

Maculae
Europan maculae (dark spots) are named after locations in Greek mythology, especially in the legend of Cadmus and his search for his sister, Europa.

Regiones
Europan regiones (regions) are named after locations in Celtic mythology.

title: List of geological features on Europa


text:
Talk:Chess clock

Reference to LEDs
LED's contain significant amounts of power ... this seems inaccurate. LEDs are quite efficient wrt to power.

 * Both statements can be true. LEDs are efficient in the sense of converting DC power to light. But they always draw DC current. As a digital display, LCDs consume significantly less power. In fact, if you are not changing the display, an LCD draws virtually zero DC current. As empirical evidence of this difference, notice that nobody makes LED wristwatches any more. They are all LCD now. LED watches consumed too much power and ran down the batteries too quickly. --Wiredknight 06:33, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

I believe the text about the Fischer clock is inaccurate, but I don't have a source to prove it. As I remember, Fischer's patent was not for adding time to each player's store of time on each move. A player could not end a move with more time than before the move, because Fischer didn't want the players to have any incentive to move excessively quickly. Thus if the time control allowed the players 30 seconds per move, their clocks would simply not move for the first thirty seconds of thinking time, and only begin to tick down after that. Moving in 1 second or moving in 29 seconds would have exactly the same effect, i.e. no change in one's clock, so one might as well take 29 seconds.

Peace, --Fritzlein 19:00, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * You are mistaken: see the patent itself at . The part that makes it clearest, I think, is about half way down:

 * As an example of the present method, one may select an initial time period of 62 minutes (60 minutes plus the first two minutes which is credited prior to the first move) for each player. Each player's clock is preset to give a 62-minute time period for the entire game. Then, a time interval such as 2 minutes is selected. Assuming that the first player takes 10 seconds for his first move, he will have 61 minutes and 50 seconds remaining from his initial 62-minute time period. Upon completion of his first move, the preselected 2-minute interval will be added to the first player's time, thus giving him a total of 63 minutes and 50 seconds remaining on his clock. The same procedure is repeated for the second player and then the first player makes his second move. Assuming that the first player's second move takes 45 seconds, his clock will have 63 minutes and 5 seconds remaining. Again, upon completion of his second move, the 2-minute interval will be added to the first player's time to give him 65 minutes and 5 seconds for the remainder of the game.

 * I have seen what you're talking about--where the added time is not accumulated from one move to the next, but rahter acts as a sort of delay--described as the "Botvinnik" system, though I've never seen anything definite about Botvinnik proposing it. --Camembert

Merge Digital chess clock into Game clock?
Yes, definitely. The existing Digital chess clock, while worth keeping, is completely out of place when the more mainstream issues of digital clocks (especially the Fischer clock) are already in the Game clock article. So I propose that the current text of Digital chess clock should becomes a section in Game clock called something like "Early digital game clocks". And Digital chess clock should become a redirect to Game clock. Rocksong 03:45, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd support the merge as that content is not big enough to merit an article of its own, particularly because it also talks about analog clocks and variations, which should be here rather than there. However, if the section of this article does become informative enough for a new article (which I think is plausible), we should recreate.  F e  tofs  Hello! 12:53, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

OK, I've finally merged things. I re-ordered the paragraphs and added sections, but review by another editor would be helpful.--Chaser T 19:37, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Five Minute Clocks
In the late 1970s, and through the 1980s, there were chess clocks whose dials were circular, but whose minute hands would make a complete revolution of 360 degrees in five minutes; the second hands, if there were any, were nothing more than little sprockets that rotated quickly at the top of the dial. As I remember, these were invariably imported from Germany. The last time I bought one, was sometime around 1989, and it cost me upwards of $100 US dollars.

Did they get driven out of business with the advent of the digital chess clocks?

Fischer clock behaviour
These two statements seem to be contradictory: "Fischer's digital clock gave each player a fixed period of time at the start of the game and then added a small amount after each move" "Fischer delay - when it becomes a player's turn to move, the delay is added to the player's remaining time"

According to the patent it appears the first statement is correct, i.e. time is added to the white clock before the game and after each white move. The second statement makes it sounds like white time is added on the completion of a black move. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.189.217.40 (talk) 00:19, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

History of the digital chess clock
I write the following letter in 1997 to clarify some historical facts about my role in the development of the digital chess clock. These facts have not changed. _________________________________________________________________ In the 1950’s and ‘60’s I was a very active chess player. I used to play at least 40 hours per week, was the captain of our strong college chess team and played in quite a few tournaments. Although I was not a particularly strong player, I sure spent a lot of my youth enjoying the game.

I am now in my fifties, and my interest in chess has subsided. However, I do want to claim my rightful place in chess history as the inventor and first commercial vendor of the digital chess clock.

In 1966 I retired from chess and committed my time to a professional career. However, in 1973 I was invited by a neighbor to play in a local tournament in the San Diego (California) area. At that tournament I noticed that every one of the players was still using a mechanical chess clock – of a design patented in about the year 1900. Since I was at the time involved in electronics, I decided to investigate the possibility of commercializing a digital version of this device. More – I decided to concurrently dramatically advance the method of time keeping in chess.

For the next eight years I focused nearly all my “free” time on this endeavor. In 1975 (together with my electrical engineer Jeff Ponsor – who has passed away about ten years ago) I filed for and received the first patent (Number 4,062,180) on a fully operational (microprocessor based) digital chess clock. An additional patent (USA & European) for a more advanced version with many additional features was awarded in 1981 (4,247,925).

My chess clock concept resulted from years of conceptualization and testing and thousands of hours of work. I even published my MBA thesis on this subject – “Demand Analysis for a New Product (Digital Chess Clock)” - at San Diego State University, 1978. For this thesis I interviewed and surveyed thousands of chess players from all over the world, and every chess association and identified chess club worldwide.

I actually designed and built two versions of the clock – the Micromate-80 (based on the original patent), and the Micromate-180, which incorporated the latest innovations. Only one unit of the Micromate-80 was ever built. This unit was extensively tested in tournament play for over a year and resulted in the development and commercialization of the Micromate-180. The Micromate-180 was truly revolutionary and clearly ahead of its time. It featured a rich repertoire of options for timing the game of chess including for example, the ability to set a fixed time per move, then add the unused time for each move to the player’s total time remaining. This feature, which I called “Accumulation”, became the linchpin of Bobby Fischer’s chess clock that was patented almost ten years later.

Some of the innovations claimed for and incorporated in the Micromate were:

• Down counting clocks showing the time remaining to each player. Interestingly, Ed Edmondson who headed the USCF at the time, strongly objected to this concept on historic grounds. So much so that for more than a year he refused to allow me to advertise the Micromate in Chess Life. Eventually he relented, and the Micromate was promoted with full-page adverts. In 1980 I donated one of the Micromate-180 units and a copy of my thesis to the USCF’s museum.

• Extremely accurate, the Micromate depicted time to the nearest second. The merit of this capability was first demonstrated at the Lone Pine tournament in 1979, where a grandmaster game was decide with just about one second left on the clock! This Lone Pine tournament was the first international event in which the Micromate-180 was used to time an officially sanctioned game (Formanek vs. Chandler), and was used by the contemporary challenger, Viktor Korchnoi (photos available).

• The clock was fully programmable by the user. A large variety of game types and time permutations were possible.

• Time lost to an illegal move was recoverable, even to several moves back, since the clock recorded the time for all moves.

More comprehensive information, including a user manual, is available.

In 1981, after selling about 200 units (at about $200/unit) and when it became clear that the Micromate-180 would never be a commercial success, I pulled the product off the market. Reality confirmed my thesis’ conclusions and I could no longer afford to support the substantial cost of this project.

My current interest is simply to preserve my place in chess history as the inventor and first commercial producer of the digital chess clock and of the many innovative features that it pioneered. I am sure that in time most or all of these innovations will become commonplace.

Sincerely,

Joseph Meshi —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joemeshi (talk • contribs) 01:48, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Earlier Yet?
Some early chess competitions used sand glasses to enforce time limits on moves. I don't know any details. One can imagine that two such tubes could be set in a holder at right angles to one another, so that one would stop as the other ran. WHPratt (talk) 16:17, 13 November 2009 (UTC) Thinking about it some more, I suspect that one sand glass could suffice, with each player turning it completely over after moving. Say there are 120 minutes of sand in each half of the glass. If White takes a long time on a move, the sand falling through will be available for Black to use on his turn. If either player habitually takes more time than his opponent, he'll be working with less and less sand, and therefore in time trouble. When either player's sand runs out, he loses. Would that work? WHPratt (talk) 01:46, 21 November 2019 (UTC) Well,it seems unlikely that anybody would fall two hours behind his opponent with regards to time, so maybe 60 or 30 minutes worth of sand each would suffice. WHPratt (talk) 17:46, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

Final Delay / Gong
This article doesn't mention the final delay: the players have a limited amount of time to play one move (for exemple 10 seconds/move) either for the whole game or for the final part of the game. Someone should write about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.224.110.217 (talk) 14:42, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

The Flag
It's only of historical interest now, but it might be nice to include something about how the "flag" operated on an analog chess clock, perhaps with photographs. As it approached the "12" marker, the minute hand would at one point engage the "flag" item (a short bar which was secured on a single pivot) and slowly push it up, higher and higher as time went on. When the minute hand touched the "12," it would be clear of the flag item, and the flag would drop back to vertical. On some clocks there was an expanded scale that marked off a few minutes, using the flag as an auxiliary clock hand. I hate to think of someone reading of a classic game in which So-and-So's flag fell, and picturing some checkered cloth coming down as if in a race. WHPratt (talk) 13:46, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Why are clocks set to 4 PM?
The only chess tournaments I'd ever had any experience with, required you to set the check clock to 4 PM at the very start of the game. What is the rationale for that? The time control was usually 40 moves in 2 hours, but sometimes it was 45 in 2. So far as I can remember (as it has been over 20 years since I have gone to a tournament), this resulted in a way of telling how late somebody was before forfeiting on time. In other words, the player with the black pieces, would have the chess set completely set up on the first game of the first round of the tournament, and the clock would be ticking away. This has special significance for people who don't go to sleep at the tournament site, but actually faced an hour's worth of commuting before arriving at the tournament site. I usually went to sleep in my own house, upwards of an hour's worth of driving, before arriving at the tournament site.

Can anybody explain why chess clocks - the ones with dials - were always set to 4 PM? Did tournaments with different time controls expect people to set their clocks to some other time?

The main page of this article would be improved greatly if there were a reference to the time that the chess clock should be set, before starting the timere? In the early 1800s - about two hundred years ago - people didn't have chess clocks. They probably used hourglasses that were full of sand, and that was to keep any one player from spending more than an hour on a single move. Even still, when a chessplayer took two hours to make a single move, this was unusual enough to merit comment (by the spectators, who were apparently keeping score). For instance, the match between McDonnell and de la Bourdonnais was said to be a real test of endurance:

 * Every game was a minor marathon.  Some went on all night (though the conditions of one nineteenth-century match stipulated that the play should be adjourned  at four o'clock in the morning).   There were no time-limits in those days:   instances are recorded  where players occupied two hours in the consideration of a single move.   This exasperated the best players who were aware that no amount of taking thought could repair a deficiency of natural talent.  "Sir," the great Buckle  once burst out:  "the slowness of genius is hard to bear,  but the slowness of mediocrity is insufferable."   British Chess, (1948) Kenneth Matthews,  Ed. W. J. Turner,  printed by Clarke & Sherwell LTD.,  pp 30-31.

If this rule is observed by FIDE, maybe a reference to it could be mentioned in the main page of this article? 216.99.198.191 (talk) 18:51, 28 June 2013 (UTC)216.99.198.191 (talk) 19:01, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing that, if you had a two-hour time control and set the clocks to ten p.m. (i.e., two hours short of midnight) then, as the clock got near 12:00, it might be difficult to follow the progress of the minute hand with the hour hand right behind it. Using some other hour marker as the zero-hour might be preferable, and counting up to 6:00 has the hour hand about as far away from 12:00 as it can get. WHPratt (talk) 19:03, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Is this practice still in place?   Does FIDE take a position on the initial time that a digital chess clock must be set to?   216.99.198.191 (talk) 19:18, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I assumed that analogue clocks were being discussed here. Time-of-day shouldn't be an issue with digital clocks, as these count down to (or up from) zero.  However, the old-style clocks had a 12-hour clock face, just like a common timepiece, so the hour hand had to point someplace, although it might be arbitrary. WHPratt (talk) 20:47, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 11 October 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 09:14, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Game clock → Chess clock – Unclear title, common name is "chess clock" not "game clock". The proposed new title already redirects here. The common name for a clock to play chess is called a "chess clock". The internationally accepted regulators of chess called, FIDE, uses the term "chess clock" in their handbook. I would like to build a consensus to change to the title from "game clock" to "chess clock" and move the article. Thank you IQ125 (talk) 12:22, 11 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. 'Game clock' can be a term used for many games, and I've heard it used often, if not always, in American football. 'Chess clock' gives a concise, clear, and likely the common name most people use when referring to the object. Randy Kryn 2:49, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Support. "Game clock" can just as easily refer to the time clock used in many team sports. The current title should be a disambiguation page. 209.211.131.181 (talk) 02:59, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment. The closest existing article that references the clock or instrument used to keep track of the time in a sporting event is timekeeper. I have temporarily added a hatnote to that article. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:32, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Support: "Game clock" is ambiguous, as there are various types of clocks used in games that are not this type of clock; "Chess clock" is not ambiguous, and is what this type of clock is ordinarily called AFAIK. —BarrelProof (talk) 09:42, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Support many sports have game clocks, they do not work like the thing in this article -- 70.51.44.60 (talk) 16:02, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Game clock can then (optionally) become a redirect to the article if it is deemed common enough, for the article itself mentions that this kind of timekeeping can be and has been applied to a variety of other games. No question what the most prominent one is, though. Evensteven (talk) 01:25, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:ASTONISH.  Calidum   03:06, 16 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi fellows, as the article Chess clock is already created I cannot move the article. Can an admin get involved and move the article?  IQ125 (talk) 23:49, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Support. As said above, "game clock" refers to the time keeping of any game and not to the specific device so firmly associated with chess.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 02:25, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Request for information
What does the player do when he resigns? 69.22.242.15 (talk) 19:18, 8 February 2017 (UTC)

The Article is a bit obtuse in parts, like in discussing the various clock systems
The article speaks of "adding time," but it is unclear is that means 1) adding the time used (so if the time which the player has played is 20 minutes and you add 1 minute, the player has used 21 minutes legally. Or 2) adding time could be adding time left, so if a player has 20 minutes left of playing time, and 1 minutes is added, now he has 21 minutes of playing time to use. Perhaps somebody can clarify these alternative clock systems. (PeacePeace (talk) 22:50, 27 December 2019 (UTC))

Section "Timing methods" exactly the same as in main article
The section Timing methods is exactly the same as the section Increment and delay methods in main article. Per my understanding, this section should be shortened, as the information is already in the main article. Is there a reason for duplicating this section? Dlbbld (talk) 07:16, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chess clock


text:
The Life and Loves of a She-Devil

The Life and Loves of a She-Devil is a 1983 novel by British feminist author Fay Weldon. A story about a highly unattractive woman who goes to great lengths to take revenge on her husband and his attractive lover, Weldon stated that the book is about envy, rather than revenge.

Plot
Ruth is an abnormally tall and ugly housewife whose husband, Bobbo, considers their relationship an open marriage based on convenience alone and only married her because he got her pregnant when they were teenagers. Bobbo only truly loves his mistress Mary Fisher, a famous, wealthy romance novelist. When Ruth passionately indicates her disapproval for Bobbo's extramarital affair, he calls her a "she-devil", causing her to reassess her life. She resolves to behave in accordance with the label he has given her.

Bobbo leaves Ruth and their two children and goes to live with Mary, to whom he soon proposes. Ruth plots her revenge on them, beginning by burning down her own house, therefore forcing the children to live with their father at Mary's lavish home which is a converted lighthouse. Ruth engages in a string of meaningless sexual relationships in order to emotionally detach herself from sex. In the meantime, she works at the retirement home which houses Mary's mother, Pearl. Her actions there cause Pearl to be expelled from the home, thus inconveniencing Mary and Bobbo who must now care for her.

Ruth finds work at a psychiatric hospital while taking classes in accounting and bookkeeping. She uses this knowledge to discreetly steal money from Bobbo's corporate clientele in a way that will incriminate Bobbo later on. Ruth starts her own employment agency for female secretaries, under the alias of "Vesta Rose". Through her agency, she sends a secretary to Bobbo's office who begins another affair with him. When the police arrive to arrest Bobbo, Ruth has made it appear as though he and the secretary were going to take the stolen money to Switzerland and leave the country, though with the assistance of the same secretary, Ruth is in possession of the money herself, becoming rich as a result. Ruth, nonetheless feels slight sympathy for the secretary and encourages her to send a letter revealing the affair to Mary then arranges for her to take a new job in New Zealand so she can evade the police. The stress and subsequent expense of his arrest after the problems created by unexpectedly being forced to share her home with Bobbo's children, pets and her mother has detrimental effect on Mary's physical and mental wellbeing, as a result her writing suffers, leading to further financial struggles.

Under a new alias, Ruth works as a nanny for the children of the judge who presides over Bobbo's trial, satisfying his masochistic desires and successfully persuading him to extend Bobbo's prison sentence if he is convicted. Bobbo is found guilty and imprisoned. While a desperate Mary turns toward religion for guidance, Ruth manipulates the entire situation by seducing and corrupting a priest, Father Ferguson, and sending him to Mary. Ruth continues to recreate herself with a variety of aliases and love affairs.

Ruth uses her money to change her lifestyle and appearance, undergoing over several years, a series of surgeries to completely restructure her body to be identical to Mary. Mary continues to love Bobbo, spends her entire fortune on Bobbo's trial and finally wastes away, developing cancer and ultimately dying. Before her passing away the mansion is purchased by Ruth. Ruth even attends Mary's funeral, externally looking like her. She hires Mary's former manservant and lover Garcia. Ruth now lives a life of wealth, extravagance, and control, and plans to sexually dominate Bobbo once she secures his release from prison, causing him the misery that he once caused her.

Editions
Paperback editions of the novel were issued in 1993 by Ballantine Books, New York (ISBN 0-345-32375-0) and by Sceptre, London (ISBN 0-340-58935-3).

Sequel
A sequel, Death of a She Devil, was released in the U.K. in 2017.

Television
The novel was adapted in 1986 as an award-winning BBC television serial, starring Patricia Hodge as Mary Fisher, Dennis Waterman as Bobbo and Julie T. Wallace as Ruth, with only minor changes from the book.

Movies
 The novel was adapted less faithfully by Hollywood in 1989 as She-Devil, starring Roseanne Barr as Ruth and Meryl Streep as her adversary, Mary.

 The 1995 film Sathi Leelavathi has a very similar plot to 1989's She-Devil.

Radio
The BBC Radio 4 adaptation was broadcast as a Classic Serial on 21 and 28 February 2016, total duration 106 minutes.

title: The Life and Loves of a She-Devil


text:
Ladybird Books

Ladybird Books is a London-based publishing company, trading as a stand-alone imprint within the Penguin Group of companies. The Ladybird imprint publishes mass-market children's books.

It is an imprint of Penguin Random House, a subsidiary of German media conglomerate Bertelsmann.

History
The company traces its origins to 1867, when Henry Wills opened a bookshop in Loughborough, Leicestershire. Within a decade he progressed to printing and publishing guidebooks and street directories. He was joined by William Hepworth in 1904, and the company traded as Wills & Hepworth.

By August 1914, Wills & Hepworth had published their first children's books, under the Ladybird imprint. From the beginning, the company was identified by a ladybird logo, at first with open wings, but eventually changed to the more familiar closed-wing ladybird in the late 1950s. The ladybird logo has since undergone several redesigns, the latest of which was launched in 2006.

Wills & Hepworth began trading as Ladybird Books in 1971 as a direct result of the brand recognition that their imprint had achieved in Britain. In the 1960s and 1970s the company's Key Words Reading Scheme (launched in 1964) was heavily used by British primary schools, using a reduced vocabulary to help children learn to read. This series of 36 small-format hardback books presented stereotyped models of British family life: the innocence of Peter and Jane at play, Mum the housewife, and Dad the breadwinner. Many of the illustrations in this series were by Harry Wingfield, John Berry, Martin Aitchison, Frank Hampson and Charles Tunnicliffe.

In the 1960s, Ladybird produced the Learnabout series of non-fiction (informational) books, some of which were used by adults as well as children.

An independent company for much of its life, Ladybird Books became part of the Pearson Group in 1972. However, falling demand in the late 1990s led Pearson to fully merge Ladybird into its Penguin Books subsidiary in 1998, joining other established names in British children's books such as Puffin Books, Dorling Kindersley and Frederick Warne. The Ladybird offices and printing factory in Loughborough closed the same year, and much of the company's archive of historic artwork was transferred to public collections.

In November 2014, Ladybird signed up to the Let Books Be Books campaign and announced that it was "committed" to avoiding labelling books as "for girls" or "for boys" and would be removing such gender labelling in reprinted copies. The publisher added: "Out of literally hundreds of titles currently in print, we actually only have six titles with this kind of titling". Its parent company, Penguin Random House Children's division, would also be following suit.

Imprints of Ladybird Books included Balloon, Paperbird, Sunbird, and Disney.

In October 2015, it was announced that Ladybird books would be publishing its first series of books for adults. The eight books, which parody the style and artwork of the company’s books for children, include the titles The Hangover, Mindfulness, Dating and The Hipster, and were written by television comedy writers Jason Hazeley and Joel Morris. They were published on 18 November 2015. The series follows a trend of other spoof Ladybird books including We Go to the Gallery by Miriam Elia who had previously been threatened with legal action by Penguin. On 5 July 2016, Touchstone Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, announced that they would publish American adaptations of the Ladybird Books for Grown-ups, called The Fireside Grown-Up Guides.

Ladybird Expert (Series 117) was launched in January 2017 following the success of Ladybird for Grown-Ups. The books in this series are not parodies, but instead use the classic format to serve as clear introductions to a wide variety of subjects, generally in the fields of science and history. The first book published and the inspiration for the series is Climate Change by the Prince of Wales, Tony Juniper and Emily Shuckburgh. Four more titles were released in 2017 by Jim Al-Khalili (Quantum Mechanics), Steve Jones (Evolution), James Holland (The Battle of Britain) and Ben Saunders (Shackleton). The line was expanded with fifteen further books in 2018 and more titles were published in 2019.

The classic Ladybird book
The pocket-sized hardback Ladybird measured roughly four-and-a-half by seven inches (11.5 cm by 18 cm). Early books used a standard 56-page format, chosen because a complete book could be printed on one large standard sheet of paper, a quad crown, 40 inches by 30 inches, which was then folded and cut to size without waste paper. It was an economical way of producing books, enabling the books to be retailed at a low price which, for almost thirty years, remained at two shillings and sixpence (12.5p).

The first book in the line, Bunnikin's Picnic Party: a story in verse for children with illustrations in colour, was produced in 1940. The book featured stories in verse written by W. Perring, accompanied by full-colour illustrations by A. J. (Angusine Jeanne) MacGregor. The appeal of Bunnikin, Downy Duckling and other animal characters made the book an instant success. Later series included nature books (series 536, some illustrated by, for example, Charles Tunnicliffe and Allen W. Seaby) and a host of non-fiction books, including hobbies and interests, history (L du Garde Peach wrote very many of these) and travel.

Ladybird began publishing books in other formats in 1980. Most of the remaining titles in the classic format were withdrawn in 1999 when their printing facility in Loughborough closed.

Cultural impact
In 2014, the artist Miriam Elia, along with her brother, Ezra Elia, produced We go to the gallery, a satire on modern art in the form of a Ladybird book. The book drew a threat of legal action from Penguin Group for breach of copyright, and some changes were made to the names of characters and logos, so it could be published as a parody. In 2015 Penguin released their own series of satirical adult-oriented Ladybird books written by Jason Hazeley and Joel Morris.

title: Ladybird Books


text:
Henri Harpignies

Henri-Joseph Harpignies (June 28, 1819 – August 28, 1916) was a French landscape painter of the Barbizon school.

Life
He was born at Valenciennes. His parents intended for him to pursue a business career, but his determination to become an artist was so strong that it conquered all obstacles, and he was allowed at the age of twenty-seven to enter Jean Achard's atelier in Paris. From this painter he acquired a groundwork of sound constructive draughtsmanship, which is so marked a feature of his landscape painting. After two years under this exacting teacher he went to Italy, whence he returned in 1850.

During the next few years he devoted himself to the painting of children in landscape setting, and fell in with Corot and the other Barbizon masters, whose principles and methods are to a certain extent reflected in his own personal art. To Corot he was united by a bond of warm friendship, and the two artists went together to Italy in 1860.

On his return, he scored his first great success at the Salon, in 1861, with his Lisière de bois sur les bords de l'Allier. After that year he was a regular exhibitor at the old Salon; in 1886 he received his first medal for Le Soir dans la campagne de Rome, which was acquired for the Luxembourg Gallery.

Many of his best works were painted at Hérisson in the central France region of Bourbonnais, as well as in the Nivernais and Auvergne regions. Among his chief pictures are: He also did some decorative work for the Paris Opéra—the Vallée d'Egérie panel, which he showed at the Salon of 1870.
 * Soir sur les bords de la Loire (1861)
 * Les Corbeaux (1865)
 * Le Soir (1866)
 * Le Saut-du-Loup (1873)
 * La Loire (1882)
 * Vue de Saint-Privé (1883).

He had numerous students, among them Émile Appay (1876–1935), James Wilson Morrice (1865-1924), Jeanne Rongier, Jane Le Soudier (1885–1976), Louis-Alexandre Cabié, Pierre Vignal, Raymond Verdun, and Émile Dardoize (1826–1901).

title: Henri Harpignies


text:
Chambers's Encyclopaedia

Chambers's Encyclopaedia was founded in 1859 by William and Robert Chambers of Edinburgh and became one of the most important English language encyclopaedias of the 19th and 20th centuries, developing a reputation for accuracy and scholarliness that was reflected in other works produced by the Chambers publishing company. The encyclopaedia is no longer produced. A selection of illustrations and woodblocks used to produce the first two editions of the encyclopaedia can be seen on a digital resource hosted on the National Museums Scotland website.

Chambers's Information for the People
Before publishing an encyclopedia, Chambers produced a smaller publication, Chambers's Information for the People. This began as a serial publication in 1835. Like the Penny Cyclopaedia, and others of the time it was meant to be a cheap reference work that was targeted at the middle and working classes. Hence, it focused only on subjects that would be of interest to the common man and pertinent to his self education. It also eschewed the bulky format that and "found it necessary to disregard all common idea as to what constitutes dignity in the externals of books". The undertaking was a success, selling seventy thousand issues in its first year. The original edition consisted of 48 numbered "treatises", plus an unnumbered introductory treatise "An Account of the Earth, Physical and Political." Improved two volume editions were published in 1842 and 1848. A third improved edition appeared in 1857., shortly before the Chambers Brothers publication of the first edition of their major encyclopedia in 1860. Further new, two volume editions were published in 1875 and 1884, both of which are denominated the Fifth edition.

Congruently with this a second series of editions were published in Philadelphia by a succession of publishers including J. B. Lippincott. The 1848 edition is stated to be the first American edition, while the 1856 ed. is claimed to be the 15th. Further American editions were published up to 1867.

First edition
The first edition, entitled Chambers's Encyclopaedia A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People, was partly based on a translation into English of the 10th edition of the German-language Konversations-Lexikon, which would become the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie.

The publishers found it necessary, however, to supplement the core text with a significant amount of additional material, including more than 4000 illustrations not present in Brockhaus. Andrew Findlater was the acting editor and spent ten years on the project.

The work appeared between 1859 and 1868 in 520 weekly parts at three-halfpence each and totalled ten octavo volumes, with 8,320 pages, and over 27,000 articles from over 100 authors. Over 250 authors were traced by Professor Cooney in 1999. Volume 10 included a supplement of 409 pages at the back for new and revised content. A revised edition appeared in 1874. The index of matters not having special articles contained about 1,500 headings. The articles were generally considered excellent, especially on Jewish literature, folk-lore, and practical science. As in Brockhaus, however, the scope of the work did not allow extended treatment.

Later editions
An entirely new edition was published 1888–1892 in ten volumes edited by David Patrick. In this edition, the majority of the articles were rewritten and the articles on American matters were written mainly by Americans and an edition published there by Messrs. Lippincott of Philadelphia so that Lippincott and Chambers could claim relevant copyright in their respective countries. This second edition had about 800 fewer illustrations than the first edition, although other visual features, such as tables and fold-out maps increased.

Further new editions followed in the 1890s, 1901, 1908, the 1920s and 1935. This last edition was also issued as a special British Universities Encyclopedia. Each of these kept the 10 volume format. Patrick wrote the preface for the 1901 and 1908 editions and was listed as the editor in the 1920s and 1935 editions, despite having died in 1914. These were actually edited by William Geddie (1877–1967).

In the United States a version of Chambers was published in 1880 as the Library of Universal Knowledge. This began the process of creating the New International Encyclopedia family of encyclopedias.

Newnes era
In 1944 the licence to Chambers's Encyclopaedia was acquired by George Newnes, Ltd., which had been publishing one-volume reference works for about a decade. In 1950, ''Chambers's Encyclopaedia. New Edition'' was published in fifteen volumes with great fanfare. While being international in scope, it has been described by Encyclopædia Britannica as British in orientation and conservative in approach with largely British contributors. Managing editor Margret D. Law called it a completely new work with an historic name and noted in the preface that the encyclopaedia "...is primarily a British production and therefore no doubt reflects to some extent the intellectual atmosphere of post-war Britain. This implies belief in international co-operation rather than nationalistic isolationism, and in freedom of speech, and worship, information and association rather than in any totalitarian conception". The publication was celebrated at a luncheon at Grocers' Hall attended by over one hundred contributors and chaired by Sir Frank Newnes. It was announced that the encyclopaedia, which had taken six years to prepare, had cost £500,000 and included the work of over 2,300 authors. Lord Jowitt, the Lord Chancellor, gave the toast and described the endeavour as "outstanding proof" of British scholarship, while Mrs Law commented that she believed the work to be the first major encyclopaedia to be published in Britain since before the First World War.

Subsequent reports from the publishers, Newnes, confirmed that the work was a great success, with sales requiring regular reprinting; this allowed for considerable revision of the work. By the 1961 revised edition, several million words had been revised or replaced and over half the total pages had been reset or changed in some way. The encyclopaedia was regarded as such a scholarly achievement that Mrs Law was made an OBE for her efforts. She retired in 1963.

Unlike other encyclopedias of the time, Chambers's Encyclopaedia forwent annual revision and attempted to publish new editions at roughly five-year intervals. A new edition was published in 1955 and another at the turn of the next decade.

Pergamon era
The Encyclopaedia was acquired by Pergamon Press in 1966, the same year as the next edition was published. Despite its publication date, information within the set was not up to date beyond 1963. A revised printing was made in 1973 and the encyclopedia went out of print in 1979. The final edition included 12,600 pages, 28,000 articles, and 14.5 million words. The articles averaged slightly more than 500 words, or half a page, each. There were 4,500 illustrations, mostly in black and white and 416 maps. 3,000 contributors were listed in the final volume and all but the briefest articles were signed. There were 10,000 cross references and an index of 225,000 entries.

Attribution

 * Democratising knowledge and visualising progress: illustrations from Chambers's Encyclopaedia, 1859–1892

title: Chambers's Encyclopaedia


text:
Precordial thump

Precordial thump is a medical procedure used in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia under certain conditions. The procedure has a very low success rate, but may be used in those with witnessed, monitored onset of one of the "shockable" cardiac rhythms if a defibrillator is not immediately available. It should not delay cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation, nor should it be used in those with unwitnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Procedure
In a precordial thump, a provider strikes at the middle of a person's sternum with the ulnar aspect of the fist. The intent is to interrupt a potentially life-threatening rhythm. The thump is thought to produce an electrical depolarization of 2 to 5 joules.

Effectiveness
Precordial thump may be effective only if used within seconds near the onset of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and so should be used only when the arrest is witnessed and monitored. There is no evidence that precordial thump improves recovery in unwitnessed cardiac arrest. It is also not useful against ventricular fibrillation after time has passed. It has very low efficacy against ventricular arrythmia (possibly even making it worse) and ventricular tachycardia, especially compared to the alternatives of CPR and defibrillation.

While the odds of success are poor, the procedure is rapid, allowing the provider to continue with other resuscitation procedures, including CPR, medication and defibrillation as appropriate.

Adverse effects and appearance
There are concerns that the precordial thump can result in worsening of a person's heart rhythm more often than it improves it.

The use of the precordial thump technique has sometimes been shown in famous movies and television, such as in The Good Doctor Season 2 episode 5 in which it is performed by Dr. Brown, and The Resident Season 1 episode 2 in which it is performed by Conrad Hawkins, usually in passing without any explanation. Untrained laypersons have been known to attempt it, and sometimes cause additional injury to the person as the blow must be carefully aimed. If applied incorrectly it may cause further injury, for instance inducing cardiac arrest by blunt trauma, or breaking the tip of the sternum, risking fatal damage to the liver or other abdominal organs.

At one time, the technique was also taught as part of standard CPR training with the requirement that it must be administered within 60 seconds of the onset of symptoms. That time restriction, combined with a number of injuries caused by improper technique, resulted in the procedure being removed from CPR training.

History
James E. Pennington and Bernard Lown at Harvard University are credited with formalizing this technique in the medical literature. They published their report in the New England Journal of Medicine in the early 1970s. Richard S. Crampton and George Craddock, at the University of Virginia helped to promote the paramedic use of chest thump through a curious accident. In 1970, the Charlottesville-Albemarle Rescue Squad (VA) was transporting a patient with an unstable cardiac rhythm in what was then called a Mobile Coronary Care Unit. When the vehicle inadvertently hit a speed bump in a shopping center parking lot, the patient's normal heart rhythm was restored. Further research confirmed that chest thumping patients with life-threatening arrhythmias could save lives.

Fist pacing
Percussion pacing or fist pacing was proposed as a method of delivering mechanical pacing to someone in cardiac arrest. There is little evidence to support its use. In 1920, German physician Eduard Schott originally described percussion pacing, and a 2007 BJA article describes good benefit to this technique.

title: Precordial thump