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Falcon 1

Falcon 1 was a small-lift launch vehicle that was operated from 2006 to 2009 by SpaceX, an American aerospace manufacturer. On 28 September 2008, Falcon 1 became the first privately developed fully liquid-fueled launch vehicle to go into orbit around the Earth.

The two-stage-to-orbit rocket used LOX/RP-1 for both stages, the first powered by a single Merlin engine, and the second powered by a single Kestrel engine.

The vehicle was launched a total of five times. After three failed launch attempts, Falcon 1 achieved orbit on its fourth attempt in September 2008 with a mass simulator as a payload. On 14 July 2009, Falcon 1 made its second successful flight, delivering the Malaysian RazakSAT satellite to orbit on SpaceX's first commercial launch (fifth and final launch overall).

While SpaceX had announced an enhanced variant, the Falcon 1e, following this flight, the Falcon 1 was retired in favor of the Falcon 9 v1.0, the first version of the company’s successful and long-running Falcon 9 launch vehicle.

Private funding
The Falcon 1 rocket was developed with private funding. The only other orbital launch vehicles to be privately funded and developed were the Conestoga in 1982; and Pegasus, first launched in 1990, which uses a large aircraft as its launch platform.

The total development cost of Falcon 1 was approximately US$90 million to US$100 million.

While the development of Falcon 1 was privately funded, the first two Falcon 1 launches were purchased by the United States Department of Defense under a program that evaluates new US launch vehicles suitable for use by DARPA.

Cancelled launches
As part of a US$15 million contract, Falcon 1 was to carry the TacSat-1 in 2005. By late May 2005, SpaceX stated that Falcon 1 was ready to launch TacSat-1 from Vandenberg. But the Air Force did not want the launch of an untested rocket to occur until the final Titan IV flew from nearby SLC 4E. Subsequent and repeated delays due to Falcon 1 launch failures delayed TacSat-1's launch. After TacSat-2 was launched on an Orbital Sciences Minotaur I on 16 December 2006, the Department of Defense re-evaluated the need for launching TacSat-1. In August 2007, the Department of Defense canceled the planned launch of TacSat-1 because all of the TacSat objectives had been met.

An August 2005 update on SpaceX's website showed 6 launches planned for Falcon 1, with customers including MDA Corp (CASSIOPE, which eventually launched in 2013 on Falcon 9), Swedish Space Corp and US Air Force.

Design
According to SpaceX, the Falcon 1 was designed to minimize price per launch for low-Earth-orbit satellites, increase reliability, and optimize flight environment and time to launch. It also was used to verify components and structural design concepts that would be reused in the Falcon 9. SpaceX started with the idea that the smallest useful orbital rocket was the minimum viable product (Falcon 1 with about 450 kg to orbit), instead of building something larger and more complicated, and then running out of money and going bankrupt.

First stage
The first stage was made from friction-stir-welded 2219 aluminum alloy. It employs a common bulkhead between the LOX and RP-1 tanks, as well as flight pressure stabilization. It can be transported safely without pressurization (like the heavier Delta II isogrid design) but gains additional strength when pressurized for flight (like the Atlas II, which could not be transported unpressurized). The parachute system, built by Irvin Parachute Corporation, uses a high-speed drogue chute and a main chute.

For the first two launches, the Falcon 1 used a Merlin 1A engine. An improved version of the Merlin 1A, the Merlin 1B, was supposed to fly on later flights of the Falcon 1, although it was further improved to create the Merlin 1C, which was first flown on the third Falcon 1 flight, and on the first 5 flights of the Falcon 9. The Falcon 1 first stage was powered by a single pump-fed Merlin 1C engine burning RP-1 and liquid oxygen providing 92000 lbf of sea-level thrust and a specific impulse of 245 s (vacuum Isp 290 s). The first stage burns to depletion, taking around 169 seconds to do so.

Second stage
The second stage Falcon 1 tanks were built with a cryogenic-compatible 2014 aluminum alloy, with the plan to move to aluminum-lithium alloy on the Falcon 1e. The helium pressurization system pumps propellant to the engine, supplies heated pressurized gas for the attitude control thrusters, and is used for zero-g propellant accumulation prior to engine restart. The Kestrel engine includes a titanium heat exchanger to pass waste heat to the helium, thereby greatly extending its work capacity. The pressure tanks are composite overwrapped pressure vessels made by Arde corporation with inconel alloy and are the same as those used in the Delta III.

The second stage was powered by a pressure-fed Kestrel engine with 7000 lbf of vacuum thrust and a vacuum specific impulse of 330 s.

Reusability
The first stage was originally planned to return by parachute to a water landing and be recovered for reuse, but this capability was never demonstrated. The second stage was not designed to be reusable.

Launch sequence
At launch, the first stage engine (Merlin) is ignited and throttled to full power while the launcher is restrained and all systems are verified by the flight computer. If the systems are operating correctly, the rocket is released and clears the tower in about seven seconds. The first-stage burn lasts about 2 minutes and 49 seconds. Stage separation is accomplished with explosive bolts and a pneumatically actuated pusher system. The second stage Kestrel engine burns for about six minutes, inserting the payload into a low Earth orbit. It is capable of multiple restarts.

Pricing
SpaceX quoted Falcon 1 launch prices as being the same for all customers. In 2005 Falcon 1 was advertised as costing $5.9 million ($7.3 million when adjusted for inflation in 2015). In 2006 until 2007 the quoted price of the rocket when operational was $6.7 million. In late 2009 SpaceX announced new prices for the Falcon 1 and 1e at $7 million and $8.5 million respectively, with small discounts available for multi-launch contracts, and in 2012 announced that payloads originally selected as flying on the Falcon 1 and 1e would fly as secondary payloads on the Falcon 9.

Historically, the Falcon 1 was originally planned to launch about 600 kg to low-Earth orbit for US$6000000 but later declined to approximately 420 kg as the price increased to approximately US$9000000. It was SpaceX's offering intended to open up the smallsat launch market to competition. The final version of the Falcon 1, the Falcon 1e, was projected to provide approximately 1000 kg for US$11 million. Several years ago, SpaceX was going to open up the smallsat launch market with the Falcon 1, which originally was to launch about 600 kilograms to LEO for $6 million; the payload capacity later declined to about 420 kg as the price increased to around $9 million. Later, the Falcon 1e was to provide approximately 1000 kg for $11 million, but the company withdrew the vehicle from the market, citing limited demand.

Launch sites
All flights were launched from Kwajalein Atoll using the SpaceX launch facility on Omelek Island and range facilities of the Reagan Test Site.

Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 3W was the original launch site for Falcon 1, but it was abandoned at the test-fire stage due to persistent schedule conflicts with adjacent launch pads. Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40 (the Falcon 9 pad) was considered for Falcon 1 launches but never developed before Falcon 1 was retired.

Launches
Falcon 1 made five launches. The first three failed, however the subsequent two flights were successful, the first successful launch making it the first privately funded and developed liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit. The fifth launch was its first commercial flight, and placed RazakSAT into low Earth orbit. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"

Launch attempts
!scope="col"|Flight No. !scope="col"|Date / time (UTC) !scope="col"|Launch site !scope="col"|Payload !scope="col"|Payload mass !scope="col"|Orbit !scope="col"|Customers !scope="col"|Launch outcome !scope="col"|Launch video !scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;|1 !scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;|2 !scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;|3 !scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;|4 !scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;|5
 * 24 March 2006, 22:30
 * Omelek Island
 * FalconSAT-2
 * 19.5 kg
 * LEO (Planned)
 * DARPA
 * Failure
 * colspan="8"|Engine failure at T+33 seconds. Loss of vehicle. FalconSAT-2 landed in a storage shed near the launch site.
 * colspan="8"|Engine failure at T+33 seconds. Loss of vehicle. FalconSAT-2 landed in a storage shed near the launch site.
 * colspan="8"|Engine failure at T+33 seconds. Loss of vehicle. FalconSAT-2 landed in a storage shed near the launch site.
 * 21 March 2007, 01:10
 * Omelek Island
 * DemoSat
 * LEO (Planned)
 * DARPA
 * Failure
 * colspan="8"|Successful first-stage burn and transition to second stage, maximal altitude 289 km. Harmonic oscillation at T+5 minutes. Premature engine shutdown at T+7 min 30 s. Failed to reach orbit.
 * colspan="8"|Successful first-stage burn and transition to second stage, maximal altitude 289 km. Harmonic oscillation at T+5 minutes. Premature engine shutdown at T+7 min 30 s. Failed to reach orbit.
 * colspan="8"|Successful first-stage burn and transition to second stage, maximal altitude 289 km. Harmonic oscillation at T+5 minutes. Premature engine shutdown at T+7 min 30 s. Failed to reach orbit.
 * 3 August 2008, 03:34
 * Omelek Island
 * Trailblazer PRESat NanoSail-D Explorers
 * 4 kg
 * LEO (Planned)
 * ORS NASA NASA Celestis
 * Failure
 * colspan="8"| Residual stage-1 thrust led to collision between stage 1 and stage 2.
 * colspan="8"| Residual stage-1 thrust led to collision between stage 1 and stage 2.
 * colspan="8"| Residual stage-1 thrust led to collision between stage 1 and stage 2.
 * 28 September 2008, 23:15
 * Omelek Island
 * RatSat
 * 165 kg
 * LEO
 * SpaceX
 * Success
 * colspan="8"|Initially scheduled for 23–25 Sep, carried dummy payload – mass simulator, 165 kg (originally intended to be RazakSAT).
 * colspan="8"|Initially scheduled for 23–25 Sep, carried dummy payload – mass simulator, 165 kg (originally intended to be RazakSAT).
 * colspan="8"|Initially scheduled for 23–25 Sep, carried dummy payload – mass simulator, 165 kg (originally intended to be RazakSAT).
 * 14 July 2009, 03:35
 * Omelek Island
 * RazakSAT
 * 180 kg
 * LEO
 * ATSB
 * Success
 * colspan="8"|Malaysian satellite was the only commercial contract launch of Falcon 1.
 * }
 * colspan="8"|Malaysian satellite was the only commercial contract launch of Falcon 1.
 * }

First flight
The maiden flight of the Falcon 1 was postponed several times because of various technical issues with the new vehicle. Scheduling conflicts with a Titan IV launch at Vandenberg AFB also caused delays and resulted in the launch moving to the Reagan Test Site in the Kwajalein Atoll. The maiden launch was scheduled for 31 October 2005, but was held off, then rescheduled for 25 November, which also did not occur. Another attempt was made on 19 December 2005 but was scrubbed when a faulty valve caused a vacuum in the first stage fuel tank which sucked inward and caused structural damage. After replacing the first stage, Falcon 1 launched Saturday, 25 March 2006 at 09:30 local time. The DARPA payload was the United States Air Force Academy's FalconSAT–2, which would have measured space plasma phenomena.

The launch took place on Saturday, 24 March 2006 at 22:30 UTC, from the SpaceX launch site on Omelek Island in the Marshall Islands. It ended in failure less than a minute into the flight because of a fuel line leak and subsequent fire. The vehicle had a noticeable rolling motion after liftoff, as shown on the launch video, rocking back and forth a bit, and then at T+26 seconds rapidly pitched over. Impact occurred at T+41 seconds onto a dead reef about 250 feet from the launch site. The FalconSAT–2 payload separated from the booster and landed on the island, with damage reports varying from slight to significant. SpaceX initially attributed the fire to an improperly tightened fuel-line nut. A later review by DARPA found that the nut was properly tightened, since its locking wire was still in place, but had failed because of corrosion from saltwater spray.

SpaceX implemented numerous changes to the rocket design and software to prevent this type of failure from recurring, including stainless steel to replace aluminum hardware (which is actually less expensive, although the trade off is being a little heavier in weight) and pre-liftoff computer checks that increased by a factor of thirty.

Second flight
The second test flight was originally scheduled for January 2007, but was delayed because of problems with the second stage. Before the January launch date, SpaceX had stated earlier potential launch dates, moving from September 2006 to November and December. In December the launch was rescheduled for 9 March, but delayed because of range availability issues caused by a Minuteman III test flight, which would re-enter over Kwajelein. The launch attempt on 19 March was delayed 45 minutes from 23:00 GMT because of a data-relay issue, and then scrubbed 1 minute 2 seconds before launch at 23:45 because of a computer issue, whereby the safety computer incorrectly detected a transmission failure caused by a hardware delay of a few milliseconds in the process. 20 March attempt was delayed 65 minutes from an originally planned time of 23:00 because of a problem with communications between one of the NASA experiments in the payload and the TDRS system.

The first launch attempt on 21 March 2007 was aborted at 00:05 GMT at the last second before launch and after the engine had ignited. It was, however, decided that another launch should be made the same day. The rocket successfully left the launch pad at 01:10 GMT on 21 March 2007 with a DemoSat payload for DARPA and NASA. The rocket performed well during the first-stage burn. However, during staging, the interstage fairing on the top of the first stage bumped the second-stage engine bell. The bump occurred as the second-stage nozzle exited the interstage, with the first stage rotating much faster than expected (a rotation rate of about 2.5°/s vs. expected rate of 0.5°/s maximum), thereby making contact with the niobium nozzle of the second stage. Elon Musk reported that the bump did not appear to have caused damage, and that the reason why they chose a niobium skirt instead of carbon–carbon was to prevent problematic damage in the event of such incidents. Shortly after second-stage ignition, a stabilization ring detached from the engine bell as designed. At around T+4:20, a circular coning oscillation began, which increased in amplitude until video was lost. At T+5:01, the vehicle started to roll, and telemetry ended. According to Elon Musk, the second-stage engine shut down at T+7:30 because of a roll-control issue. Sloshing of propellant in the LOX tank increased oscillation. This oscillation would normally have been dampened by the Thrust Vector Control system in the second stage, but the bump to the second-stage nozzle during separation caused an overcompensation in the correction. The rocket continued to within one minute of its expected duration and also managed to deploy the satellite mass-simulator ring. While the webcast video ended prematurely, SpaceX was able to retrieve telemetry for the entire flight. The status of the first stage is unknown; it was not recovered because of problems with a nonfunctioning GPS tracking device. The rocket reached a final altitude of 289 km and a final velocity of 5.1 km/s, compared to 7.5 km/s needed for orbit.

SpaceX characterized the test flight as a success, having flight-proven over 95% of Falcon 1's systems. Their primary objectives for this launch were to test responsive launch procedures and gather data. The SpaceX team planned both a diagnosis and solution vetted by third-party experts, believing that the slosh issue could be corrected by adding baffles to the second-stage LOX tank and adjusting the control logic. Furthermore, the Merlin shutdown transient was to be addressed by initiating shutdown at a much lower thrust level, albeit at some risk to engine reusability. The SpaceX team wished to work on the problem to avoid a recurrence as they changed over into the operational phase for Falcon 1.

Third flight
SpaceX attempted the third Falcon 1 launch on 3 August 2008 (GMT) from Kwajalein. This flight carried the Trailblazer (Jumpstart-1) satellite for the US Air Force, the NanoSail-D and PREsat nanosatellites for NASA and a space burial payload for Celestis. The rocket did not reach orbit. However, the first stage, with the new Merlin 1C engine, performed perfectly.

When preparing for launch, an earlier launch attempt was delayed by the unexpected slow loading of helium onto the Falcon 1; thus exposing the fuel and oxidizer to the cryogenic helium, rendering the vehicle in a premature launch state. Still within the specified window, the launch attempt was recycled, but aborted half a second before lift-off because of a sensor misreading. The problem was resolved, and the launch was again recycled. With 25 minutes left in the launch window, the Falcon 1 lifted off from Omelek Island at 03:35 UTC. During the launch, small vehicle roll oscillations were visible. Stage separation occurred as planned, but because residual fuel in the new Merlin 1C engine evaporated and provided transient thrust, the first stage recontacted the second stage, preventing successful completion of the mission.

The SpaceX flight-3 mission summary indicated that flight 4 would take place as planned and that the failure of flight 3 did not make any technology upgrades necessary. A longer time between first-stage engine shutdown and stage separation was declared to be enough. The full video of the third launch attempt was made public by SpaceX a few weeks after the launch.

Musk blamed himself for the failure of this launch, as well as the two prior attempts, explaining at the 2017 International Astronautical Congress that his role as chief engineer in the early Falcon 1 launches was not by choice and almost bankrupted the company before succeeding: And the reason that I ended up being the chief engineer or chief designer, was not because I want to, it's because I couldn't hire anyone. Nobody good would join. So I ended up being that by default. And I messed up the first three launches. The first three launches failed. Fortunately the fourth launch which was – that was the last money that we had for Falcon 1 – the fourth launch worked, or that would have been it for SpaceX.

Musk further explained the situation to Ars Technica journalist Eric Berger: At the time I had to allocate a lot of capital to Tesla and SolarCity, so I was out of money. We had three failures under our belt. So it's pretty hard to go raise money. The recession is starting to hit. The Tesla financing round that we tried to raise that summer had failed. I got divorced. I didn't even have a house. My ex-wife had the house. So it was a shitty summer.

Fourth flight

Following the three prior failures, the SpaceX team assembled the fourth rocket using available parts in six weeks as a last chance for the company. A Boeing C-17 Globemaster III was chartered to quickly deliver the rocket, but along the way, the rocket partially imploded when depressurization exceeded what the SpaceX team had expected from the C-17's manual and the rocket had to undergo emergency repairs to be saved. Despite the challenges, the fourth flight of the Falcon 1 rocket successfully flew on 28 September 2008, delivering a 165-kilogram (363-pound) non-functional boilerplate spacecraft into low Earth orbit. It was Falcon 1's first successful launch and the first successful orbital launch of any privately funded and developed, fully liquid-propelled carrier rocket.

The launch occurred from Omelek Island, part of the Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Liftoff occurred at 23:15 UTC on 28 September 15 minutes into a 5-hour launch window. If the launch had been scrubbed, it could have been conducted during the same window until 1 October. 9 minutes 31 seconds after launch, the second-stage engine shut down, after the vehicle reached orbit. The initial orbit was reported to be about 330 × 650 km. Following a coast period, the second stage restarted and performed a successful second burn, resulting in a final orbit of 621 × 643 km × 9.35°.

The rocket followed the same trajectory as the previous flight, which failed to place the Trailblazer, NanoSail-D, PRESat and Celestis Explorers spacecraft into orbit. No major changes were made to the rocket, other than increasing the time between first-stage burnout and second-stage separation. This minor change addressed the failure seen on the previous flight, recontact between the first and second stages, by dissipating residual thrust in the first-stage engine before separating them.

Ratsat and the attached second stage are still in orbit as of 2021.

Fifth flight
SpaceX announced that it had completed construction of the fifth Falcon 1 rocket and was transporting the vehicle to the Kwajalein Atoll launch complex where it was to be launched on 21 April 2009, which would be 20 April 2009 in the United States. Less than a week before the scheduled launch date, Malaysian news reported that unsafe vibration levels had been detected in the rocket and repairs were expected to take about six weeks. On 20 April 2009, SpaceX announced in a press release that the launch had been postponed because of a potential compatibility issue between the RazakSAT spacecraft and the Falcon 1 launch vehicle. A concern had been identified regarding the potential impact of predicted vehicle environments on the satellite. On 1 June, SpaceX announced that the next launch window would open Monday, 13 July and extend through Tuesday, 14 July, with a daily window to open at 21:00 UTC (09:00 local time ).

The launch on Monday, 13 July was successful, placing RazakSAT into its initial parking orbit. Thirty-eight minutes later, the rocket's second-stage engine fired again to circularize the orbit. The payload was then successfully deployed. After the launch Elon Musk, founder and CEO of SpaceX, told a reporter the launch had been a success. "We nailed the orbit to well within target parameters...pretty much a bullseye" Musk said.

The Falcon 1 upper stage is still in low Earth orbit as of 2021.

End of Program
Following the fifth flight, future launches of Falcon-1 were postponed, and eventually cancelled, and the vehicle decommissioned from service, with SpaceX stating "We could not make Falcon 1 work as a business." Launches which had been booked onto Falcon-1 were moved to other vehicles or rebooked as Falcon-9 rideshare payloads.

title: Falcon 1


text:
Talk:XSL attack

old comments
Specifically, here is the discussion of the article during the FAC process:

Self-nomination. Article about an attack that may (or may not) herald an early retirement for the Advanced Encryption Standard (and not about XML stylesheets...) — Matt 21:10, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Object on the basis that it's too hard to understand. Links are great, but you need to explain some terms right off the bat.  Even the lead section is unclear to those without prior/specialized knowledge.  Exploding Boy 02:11, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed, but I think it can be fixed to the point that it is approachable enough to the average, well educated reader. That is the best an article on such a techical topic can hope for.  Specifically I defined some previously un-defined terms in the intro.  I think we'll have to put up with a longer than usual intro for an article this technical, in order to make it readable by more people. After the intro, the article could stand to have an even more specific discussion of the method itself. An example would be devine, but I would not object for the lack of it. - Taxman 17:42, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Let's see if we can improve it. I think this is a difficult question that pops up in a lot of technical articles; exactly how much technical know-how can you assume? For example, in semigroup, you can probably get away with presuming that your reader knows what a group (mathematics) is; otherwise, they would be unlikely to be reading the article in the first place. If you don't make at least some assumptions, then you end up with hundreds of articles all burdened with duplicated definitions (and it makes it less useful for a specialist); on the other hand, if you define too little, then it becomes incomprehensible to a non-specialist. Personally, I think it's a good idea to make the lead section especially accessible, and to bring out the general relevance of the topic in a understandable-to-all way, but it's less necessary in the nuts-and-bolts parts of the article. — Matt 20:20, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. This is an inherently complex topic not reducible to simplicity in any potentially feasible WP article. This property is not a bar (eg, Attack on Pearl Harbor whose complexity is political and historical, not technical, but which is on the featured list even so despite its length). This article is clearly written and sensibly structured about obscure material; this alone qualifies it as a good WP article in my opinion. As a bonus, the topic is an important (if technical) one in a field of considerable relevance to most everyone. DRM relies on such techniques and will, it appears, be ubiquitous shortly. I note that the writing is not 'sparkling' in a literary sense, but this is not, I feel, relevant for such topics and has not been required for past WP featured articles. ww 14:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * (Not a vote yet) Matt, maybe this sounds ridiculous, but do you think it would be possible to show how the XSL attack works by means of a simple example? Of course not with a 128-bit block cypher, but with a much smaller one? If that would seem possible, I think it would greatly improve the accessibility of the article. Jeronimo 17:58, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've taken a class in crypto and I still found this article a bit complex. To a layman, I can see how it could be Byzantine. I think an example would help a lot. →Raul654 20:19, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, fair comment; I can try and hack together an example, but I can't remember the details, only the gist, of the attack, so I'd have to wade through the relevant papers again. That could take a while (even Bruce Schneier notes that they're "dense and hard to understand"!), so I'm happy to let the nomination fail for now. — Matt 02:12, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This article annoys me. It seems to be a few paragraphs of vague "XSL may work by representing block cyphers as polynomials" and a few pages of solidly sourced "no, it really DOESN'T ruin AES." I suspect it needs more and easier to understand descriptions of how it (doesn't) work(s). PianoSpleen 12:16, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

The algorithm is just "hot air" and because of this doesn't deserve an in-depth description. I would suggest a kind of history of the "attack" and an explanation why it was subject to discussion in cryptography. anonymous 20:34 31 Jan 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.74.130.53 (talk) 19:34, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Language in Application to block ciphers section
There are a few sentences in here that are unencyclopedic: Most professional cryptographers think that Courtois' answer is just it: fun and nothing more. Like many modern cryptanalytic results, it would be a so-called "certificational weakness"

Furthermore, the section is written in a somewhat derisive tone and seems to be biased towards the "XSL is a load of rubbish" side. The following sentence is poorly written and seems almost mocking. Like many modern cryptanalytic results, it would be a so-called "certificational weakness" 87.113.25.201 (talk) 15:56, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Toli-Zanoni reference
The article refers to a paper by Toli and Zanoni.

In a paper in the AES 4 Conference (Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3373), Toli and Zanoni proved that the work of Murphy and Robshaw was flawed.

First, the article does not include the Toli and Zanoni paper in its references. More importantly, the referenced paper expands on the work of Murphy and Robshaw (the embedding of AES in BES) but does not claim to refute any of their results. This comment in the article should be explained or removed.

--Stevemit (talk) 20:33, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:XSL attack


text:
Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera

Tomás Cipriano Ignacio Maria de Mosquera y Figueroa Arboleda Salazar, Prieto de Tovar, Vergara, Silva, Hurtado de Mendoza, Urrutia y Guzmán (September 26, 1798 – October 7, 1878) was a Colombian general, political figure. He was president of Colombia four times. The first time was as president of Republic of New Granada from 1845 to 1849. During the Colombian Civil War of 1860–1862 he led liberal forces in a civil war against conservative factions. After the liberals won, a new, federalist constitution was implemented, which established a two-year presidency, and the nation renamed the United States of  Colombia. Mosquera served twice as president of the new government. From 1861 to 1862 he served in a non-elected, interim manner, while the constitution was written. From 1862 to 1864 he served in an elected manner. He had a fourth term from 1866 to 1867. Due to the liberal reforms carried out under his leadership, he is considered one of the most important persons in Colombian history of the 19th century.

Due to large facial wounds received during a battle in 1824, he required the use of a metal prosthesis in his jaw. This affected his ability to speak, which was marked by blowing and whistling sounds. As a result, Mosquera was derisively nicknamed "Mascachochas" (Gaga-chew) by some of his contemporary critics.

Family
Mosquera was born in Popayán, on September 26, 1798. His parents were wealthy farm-owner José María de Mosquera-Figueroa y Arboleda and María Manuela de Arboleda y Arrachea, both from prestigious families. His brother Joaquín was President of Gran Colombia, his brother Manuel José was Archbishop of Bogotá, and his brother Manuel María was a diplomat.

Marriage and Children
General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera married twice. As was the custom among bourgeoisie at the time, both times he married maternal relatives. His first marriage was to Mariana Benvenuta Arboleda Arroyo, but it has been characterized as unhappy as a result of the frequent cheating of Mosquera, who had a number of children outside of marriage. When Mariana died, he contracted marriage on 1872 to María Ignacia Arboleda Arboleda. Mosquera was 78 at the time, and reportedly when he proposed to her he said, 'Would you like to be the widow of General Mosquera?' In total he had eight children (with: Mariana Arboleda -Anibal Mosquera and Amalia Mosquera-; María Ignacia Arboleda -José Bolívar Mosquera-; Paula Luque -Clelia Mosquera, Teodulia Mosquera, Isabel Mosquera-; María Lorza -María Engracia Mosquera-; Candelaria Cervantes -Tomás Cervantes Mosquera-).

Academic life
Mosquera was a self-taught mathematician, historian, and writer, well-versed in Latin, English, French and Italian and wrote different books about philosophy and politics that have academical recognition.

Beginnings

Already by 1814 he was involved in the independence movement and he was under command of General Simón Bolívar. By 1824 he had already been promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and in that year he battled the royalist Spanish Army under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Agustín Agualongo, during the Pasto Campaign in Barbacoas, (Nariño). It was in this battle that he received the shot that broke his lower jaw and impaired his speech, and that made him the object of the infamous nickname of "Mascachochas." His prowess in battle was awarded by a promotion to colonel, and he became governor of a number of provinces in the southwest of the country (Buenaventura, Guayaquil, Cauca), at the same time raising among the ranks, and being promoted to general in 1829.

Mosquera was a diplomat in Perú between 1829 and 1830, and subsequently he was a diplomat in various countries in Europe and in the United States (1830–1833). At his return he became a congressman (1834–1837), and later Secretary of War for the conservative government of José Ignacio de Márquez. As secretary of war, Mosquera commanded and was victorious in the War of the Supremes in 1840. He was later sent as ambassador to Perú, Chile and Bolivia, between 1842 and 1845.

First Presidential Term (1845–1849)
In 1845, the so-called ministerial sector (who later would form the Conservative Party) supported Mosquera as a candidate for Presidency, and he was victorious. During his administration he emphasized economic opening up. In 1846 his administration signed the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty with the United States. He also was influential in the suppression of remnant colonial taxes, and reinvigorated the tobacco industry. It was also during his term that the International System of Units was implemented. Mosquera also started political measures to separate the State and Catholic Church. He also hired Thomas Reed to direct the building of Capitolio Nacional. His administration was also first one in the history of the Country to conduct a census. Finally, he promoted steam navigation over the Magdalena River, when he authorized in 1849 that exports could pass by the port of Barranquilla.

His political measures were frowned upon by the sectors that had previously supported him in his presidential election, and he was much closer to liberals. By the end of his term he moved to New York city to devote in his family business, and he created an international trade house in there which went bankrupt. While in New York, he wrote his 'Memoria sobre geografía física y política de Nueva Granada', one of his many treatises in Colombian geography. He was member of a number of scientific societies in Latin America and Europe. He went back to Colombia some years later to fight the so-called Artisans' Revolution, and to defeat the dictatorship of José María Melo in 1854. By then he had fully converted to the liberal party, and as such he was a representative and senator in the Congress, as well as a candidate to presidential reelection in 1857, which he lost to conservative Mariano Ospina Rodríguez. With the creation of Granadine Confederation, Mosquera was elected president of the Cauca State, a position from which he made opposition to president Ospina, to whom he accused of disrespecting the states' autonomy.

Civil War 1860–1862
In 1860 Mosquera declared the secession of the Cauca State and declared war to the Granadine Confederation. He soon received support from the states of Santander and Tolima, which proclaimed him governor. After heavy battles Colombian Civil War, Mosquera was able to seize the power in 1861, after which he promoted the creation of the United States of Colombia.

Second and Third Presidential Terms (1861–1864)
During his second term as president (1861–1863), Mosquera enacted several decrees aimed to control the power of the Catholic Church, selling many of its properties to invigorate the economy and giving them to the poor Colombian people, and banning Jesuits from the country for their open support for the Conservative faction. Despite some dissent, a federal and liberal constitution was proclaimed that guaranteed rights to citizens. All the signers supported this Constitution. It was decided that Mosquera should complete the first two-year term as President of the United States of Colombia, until April 1864.

Mosquera's third term included war against Ecuador in 1863, and he personally commanded the Colombian army to victory. This would be the only international conflict to date between the two countries. At the end of his term, he traveled to Paris as ambassador to France.

Fourth Presidential Term (1866–1867), retirement and death
In 1866 Mosquera went back to Colombia, to be elected President for the fourth time, despite the opposition of radical liberals. Nevertheless, tensions with the Catholic Church led to strong intervention by Pope Pius IX, and his use of dictatorial measures (such as the closing of the ordinary sessions of Congress in 1867) led the opposition to orchestrate a coup d'état on May 23, 1867. His enemies were besides aware that Mosquera was ready to sue corrupted politicians that had taken advantage of the properties that belonged to the Catholic Church and were assigned to the poor ones. He was exiled for the three next years, during which he lived in Lima, where he wrote his book 'Cosmogonía. Estudio sobre los diversos sistemas de la creación del universo' (Cosmogony. A study of the diverse systems of the creation of the universe). Back in Colombia by 1871, he ran for president again but failed, although he was elected to the presidency of Cauca State until 1873. He was a senator again in 1876.

He died October 7, 1878, in his farm Coconuco, in Puracé, close to Popayán. He was buried in the Panteón de los Próceres cemetery in Popayán.

Works

 * Vida de Bolívar ("Life of Bolívar," New York, 1853)
 * Cosmogonía. Estudio sobre los diversos sistemas de la creación del universo ("Cosmogony. A study of the diverse systems of the creation of the universe," 1868)
 * Memoria sobre geografía física y política de la Nueva Granada

title: Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera


text:
Toronto Telegram

The Toronto Evening Telegram was a conservative, broadsheet afternoon newspaper published in Toronto from 1876 to 1971. It had a reputation for supporting the Conservative Party at the federal and the provincial levels. The paper competed with an afternoon paper, The Toronto Daily Star, which supported the Liberals. The Telegram strongly supported Canada's connection with the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Empire as late as the 1960s.

History
The Toronto Evening Telegram was founded in 1876 by publisher John Ross Robertson. He had borrowed CA$10,000 to buy the assets of The Liberal, a defunct newspaper, and published his first edition of 3,800 copies on April 18, 1876. The editor of Telegram from 1876 to 1888 was Alexander Fraser Pirie (1849–1903), a native of Guelph. Pirie had worked for the Guelph Herald, his father's paper.

The newspaper became the voice of working-class, conservative Protestant Orange Toronto. In 1881, Robertson erected a building for the paper at the southeast corner of King and Bay Streets, on Melinda Street. John R. (Black Jack) Robinson succeeded Pirie as editor-in-chief in 1888 and held that position until he died in 1928.

The Telegram focused on local issues and became the largest circulation daily in Toronto, but it lost that position in 1932 to the Toronto Daily Star and never regained it. During the early 20th century, The Tely, as it was popularly known was one of the first Canadian newspapers to introduce Saturday (and in 1957 Sunday) colour comics section (which by its later years spanned two sections), and a radio (and after 1952 television) magazine with listings for the entire week. Following the death of Robertson's widow in 1947, the paper was bought by George McCullagh, the publisher of The Globe and Mail, for CA$3.6 million. Evening was dropped from the paper's name in 1949.

McCullagh died in 1952, and the paper was then purchased by John Bassett for CA$4.25 million with money borrowed from the Eaton family. In March 1957, the paper introduced a Sunday edition, the first Toronto paper to do so, and was threatened by the Attorney-General of Ontario with charges under the Lord's Day Act. The Sunday edition was unsuccessful and ceased publication after four months.

In December 1959, Bassett bought a 3.6 acre property on Front Street West and in 1963 moved the Telegram to a new building at that location from the site at Bay and Melinda Street where the paper had been produced since 1899. At the same time, Telegram Corporation acquired a majority interest in Toronto TV station CFTO-TV.

In July 1964, the International Typographical Union called a strike at the Telegram, the Star, and The Globe and Mail. All three papers continued to publish despite the strike.

The Telegram lost CA$635,000 in 1969 and $921,000 in 1970 and was on pace to lose another $900,000 in 1971 when it was shut down that year by Bassett on October 30, just as a strike was looming. Many employees moved to the Toronto Sun, which launched the Monday after the Telegram ceased publication. The Telegram subscriber list was sold to the Toronto Star for CA$10 million. The Star also leased the Telegram's Front Street facility, until it was sold to The Globe and Mail.

In the book The Death of the Toronto Telegram (1971), the former Telegram writer Jock Carroll described the decline of the paper and provided many anecdotes about the Canadian newspaper business from the 1950s to 1970.

York University's library holds about 500,000 prints and 830,000 negatives of pictures taken by the Telegram ' s photographers. Over 13,000 images are currently searchable on line, with more appearing on a regular basis.

Notable staff members
Well-known reporters, editors, columnists and cartoonists included:

 * George Bain - later joined the Globe and Mail and Toronto Star
 * Isabel Bassett - also a reporter at CFTO and wife of publisher John Bassett, later a provincial cabinet minister under Mike Harris
 * Jock Carroll - later an author and book editor
 * Greg Clark - previously a war correspondent and reporter with the Toronto Daily Star, was a humour columnist at the Telegram
 * Gordon Donaldson - reporter, later an author, television journalist and producer at CBC and CTV
 * Andy Donato - art director and cartoonist who was a key player in founding the Toronto Sun
 * John Downing - later editor-in-chief of the Toronto Sun
 * Frank Drea award-winning labour reporter, later a provincial cabinet minister under Bill Davis
 * Aaron Einfrank - award-winning journalist, United Nations Bureau Chief; Moscow Bureau Chief; Washington D.C. News Bureau Chief
 * Lillian Foster - fashion editor and columnist
 * Doug Fisher - freelance columnist while initially an NDP Member of Parliament, later joined the Toronto Sun
 * John Fraser - later a columnist for the Toronto Sun, Globe and Mail, Toronto Star and National Post, editor of Saturday Night, Master of Massey College
 * Trent Frayne - later a sports columnist for the Toronto Sun, Globe and Mail and Maclean's Magazine
 * Clyde Gilmour - CBC Radio broadcaster and later Toronto Star movie reviewer
 * Dale Goldhawk - later a broadcaster at CBC, CTV and Rogers
 * George Gross - later Toronto Sun sports editor
 * Ron Haggart - crime correspondent who played a key in ending the 1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot.
 * Fraser Kelly - political editor, later news anchor at CFTO and CBLT
 * Robert Kirkland Kernighan - columnist and poet
 * Bob MacDonald - later a Toronto Sun columnist
 * J. Douglas MacFarlane - vice-president and editor-in-chief, 50 years in the newspaper business, 1949 to 1969 at the Telegram, from city editor, advancing to top editorial position
 * C.A. (Arnie) Patterson Later founder of CFDR and CFRQ radio, Dartmouth NS and Press Secretary to Pierre Elliott Trudeau
 * H.W. (Pat) Patterson - North American politics editor
 * Earl Pomerantz - later a U.S. television sitcom writer-producer
 * Gary Ralph - covered many front-page stories including The October Crisis and Woodstock in the five years leading to the Tely's last edition. Award winner for his police reporting.
 * Jessie M. Read - Food Economist (Joined 1934) Three Meals A Day and First Cooking School Film in Canada Kitchen Talks and Radio Cooking School CKCL Toronto
 * Ted Reeve - later at Toronto Sun
 * Paul Rimstead - later at Toronto Sun
 * Judith Robinson - contributed a daily column from 1953 to 1961.
 * Margaret Scrivener - later a provincial cabinet minister under Bill Davis
 * Merle Shain - feature writer, later associate editor of the Chatelaine, and as a columnist for Toronto Sun
 * Walter Stewart - later at Toronto Sun
 * Bert Wemp - reporter who became mayor of Toronto (1930)
 * Ben Wicks - cartoonist, later joined the Toronto Star
 * Peter Worthington - played a major role in starting the Toronto Sun and served, initially, as its editor
 * Ritchie Yorke - later music writer for The Globe and Mail, Canadian editor of Billboard magazine and Rolling Stone
 * Scott Young - sports reporter and father of singer Neil Young, later ''Globe and Mail'
 * Lubor J. Zink - later a Toronto Sun columnist

title: Toronto Telegram


text:
User talk:Land1234567890

I'm sorry; I mistakenly thought your edit was the wrong one, when in reality you were fixing it. I apologize. Welcome to Wikipedia, by the way, and I hope all your edits are as productive as that one. Best wishes, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 21:27, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

P.S If you ever need help with editing, you can go to Help desk. Just thought I'd get a quick plug in.

Just a note--you can sign your name on talk pages by typing three tildes, like this:. 4 tildes will display your name and a timestamp. Thought it might make things easier.

NPOV
Please try to keep edits at a neutral point of view. If Ronald Reagan was a bad president, and you have proof, then you don't need to state he was a bad president, you simply need to show it in the article. I wasn't sure if NAMBLA was National Association of Marlon Brando Look-Alikes or North American Man/Boy Love Association...but either way I don't think this is true. If it is, please give a reference. Thanks. -[[User:Frazzydee|Frazzydee|✍]] 03:35, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Well, aren't you just hilarious? Everyking 04:11, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia rap
Please stop recreating this article. First of all, it's in the wrong namespace, and secondly, it's silly. --Slowking Man 01:19, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians who like NationStates
Hey! If you're interested, I started a series of userboxes for the game NationStates. Feel free to add any or add your own!- 🐦Do☭torWho42 ( ⭐ ) 04:56, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Land1234567890


text:
Stalldown Barrow

Stalldown Barrow, sometimes called Staldon, is a megalithic site in Devon, about 5 km from Harford. It consists of a long stone row. It is fairly close to the stone circle on Stall Moor.

title: Stalldown Barrow


text:
Aguanga, California

Aguanga (Luiseño: Awáanga, meaning "dog place") is a census-designated place located within the Inland Empire, Riverside County, California. It is located about 18 mi east of Temecula and 22 mi south-southeast of Hemet. Aguanga lies at an elevation of 1955 feet (596 m). As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 1,028.

History
The town gets its name from a former village of the Native village called awáanga, meaning 'dog place'. The Butterfield Overland Mail established a station 1.7 miles to the west of the current Post Office in 1858. It was at first called Tejungo Station and was located 14 miles east of Temecula Station and 12 miles northwest of Oak Grove Stage Station. The wooden building was located in a grove of trees a few hundred feet from the stage road. Soon, however, it became known as Aguanga Station after the name of the nearby Luiseño village.

The November 7, 1861, report of Lieut. Col. Joseph R. West, mentioned the abandoned station location was then called Giftaler’s Ranch, after its German owner Joseph Giftaler, in a journal of his unit's march to Fort Yuma on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route. In a later Civil War itinerary of the route, it is referred to as the "Dutchman's". In 1863, Camp Giftaler Ranch was established at the ranch as a post along the march route of troops to Arizona Territory by the Union Army.

In 1864, Giftaler's Ranch was purchased by Jacob Bergman, also a German immigrant, stagecoach driver and Union Army veteran, who operated the Bergman Ranch there for many years until his death on September 13, 1894. After the Civil War, he ran Bergman's Stage Station there for the Banning and Tomlinson Stage lines for many years. During the Julian Gold Rush, he ran the Guahonga post office there from July 27, 1870, to September 13, 1871. The post office for the area was then moved to Oak Grove until the Bergman post office was opened in 1894, but its name was changed to Aguanga in 1901.

Today the station site is on the Twin Creek Stage Stop Ranch, on Allmouth Road, found just east of the Stagecoach Inn at 43851 Highway 79. The ruins of the old wooden station building and ranch house is located among a grove of trees, at the foot of the west end of the hill at the bottom of the meadow, along the right fork of Allmouth Road. The small, fenced-in Bergman Family Cemetery and the Jacob Bergman Marker are found on Caprice Road, 200 feet from the highway, just across the highway from the entrance to the ranch and a short distance to the east.

2020 shooting
On September 7, 2020, deputies with the Riverside County Sheriff's Department responded to reports of an assault with a deadly weapon at a residence along Route 371. Upon responding, they found a woman suffering gunshot wounds, who eventually died from her injuries after being rushed to a hospital. The deputies then discovered six additional victims inside the home, all of whom were dead from gunshots. Authorities believed the shooting was an isolated incident. The residence where the shooting occurred was reportedly being used to grow illegal marijuana. Authorities did not find a motive or any viable suspects. The shooting is the deadliest in Riverside County's history.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 13.6 square miles (35.2 km$2$), all of it land.

The community of Aguanga lies near the intersection of State Route 79 (SR 79) and State Route 371 (Cahuilla Road), along the historic Butterfield Overland Mail stage route. The area lies at about 1940 ft above mean sea level (AMSL) and is north of the Cleveland National Forest. The straight-line distance to Palomar Observatory is 5.9 mi south, and the observatory site is about 3500 ft higher than the community. The town is also home to Cottonwood Elementary School (K–8) operated by the Hemet Valley Unified School District. The largest nearby city is Temecula, along the Interstate 15 corridor, about 17 mi west of Aguanga on SR 79.

This area is in a canyon beside Temecula Creek near Pechanga tribal lands and the San Diego County line. Official U.S. Geological Survey NAD27 coordinates for the community are 33.44278°N, -116.86417°W. It is within area code 951 and shares its ZIP Code, 92536, with the San Diego County community of Holcomb Village.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Aguanga has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps. The climate makes it significantly easier to grow olive trees, so the Temecula Olive Oil Company is based here.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Aguanga had a population of 1,128. The population density was 82.9 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Aguanga was 929 (82.4%) White (69.2% Non-Hispanic White), 11 (1.0%) African American, 20 (1.8%) Native American, 24 (2.1%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 109 (9.7%) from other races, and 35 (3.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 274 persons (24.3%).

The Census reported that 1,128 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 470 households, out of which 81 (17.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 279 (59.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 33 (7.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 22 (4.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 36 (7.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 107 households (22.8%) were made up of individuals, and 65 (13.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40. There were 334 families (71.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.77.

The population was spread out, with 173 people (15.3%) under the age of 18, 89 people (7.9%) aged 18 to 24, 161 people (14.3%) aged 25 to 44, 365 people (32.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 340 people (30.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males.

There were 984 housing units at an average density of 72.4 /sqmi, of which 381 (81.1%) were owner-occupied, and 89 (18.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.2%. 881 people (78.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 247 people (21.9%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Aguanga had a median household income of $49,618, with 8.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

title: Aguanga, California


text:
Der Prozess

Der Prozess or Der Prozeß (German for "The Trial") may refer to:

 * The Trial (German: Der Process and variants), a novel by Franz Kafka first published in 1925
 * Der Prozeß (opera), of 1953 by Gottfried von Einem, based on the Kafka novel
 * The Trial (1948 film) (German: Der Prozeß), a 1948 Austrian drama film

title: Der Prozess


text:
Tectamus

Tectamus (Ancient Greek: Τέκταμος "craftsman", derived from tectainomai "to build", "plan", from tecton, "carpenter", "builder")  was a king of Crete and hero of ancient Hellenic mythology. He was also called Tectaphus (Τέκταφος), Teutamus (Τεύταμος), Tectauus (Τεκταῦος) and Tectaeus (Τεκταῖος).

Name
Joseph Vendryes had suggested that the name Teutamus, after the legendary Pelasgian founder, may contain the Proto-Indo-European root ('tribe, people'). Later scholars proposed a relation of Pelasgian Teutamus with similar names that appear in Italy in later times.

Mythology
Tectamus was the son of Dorus and grandson of Hellen. According to Diodorus Siculus, Tectamus invaded Crete together with a horde of Aeolian and Pelasgian settlers and became the island's king. It was the third of the tribes that migrated to Crete. According to another version, Tectamus was a chief of Dorians and Achaeans. He married Cretheus' (Cres’) daughter who gave birth to his son Asterion.

In later Greek historiography
Historian Ctesias wrote of a king of "Assyrian" provenance named Teutamus, and this historical personage appears in an epic tale involving Memnon, son of Eos.

title: Tectamus


text: Category:Elections in Belgium

title: Category:Elections in Belgium


text:
Talk:Thai six-hour clock

I don't understand the statement: "However most commonly used nowadays is a combination of the traditional six hour counting with a twelve hour counting, thus the numbering of the hours of the second and fourth quarter starts from 7 instead from 1."

That combination produces, in fact, a 12-hour clock. So what makes it a combination rather than a replacement?

Unless the only distinction is one of terminology for the hours, and if it is, then the article should state that.

TimBovee 21:18, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

My Thai wife also says: the list is wrong! "nɨng mong chaw" means 7am and not 8am. Going on with the counting 8am = sᴐng mong chaw, 9am = sam mong chaw, 10am = si mong chaw, 11am = ha mong chaw. Please check your article. Tom 19 Jul 2004

 * Your wife's right. ;) I've fixed it to the best of my understanding, and tweaked the romanisations. Markalexander100 00:44, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

You might want to add that one left over from the pre-1901 system is Song Yaam สองยาม that denotes midnight; also that the six hour clock is *only* used colloquially nowadays. 1 - 5 mong chaw is used less, 6 mong (6am) - 11 mong is perfectly understandable and is prone to less confusion; however this does not applys to "thum" or evenings, 7pm = 1tum and so on.... --Bobbagum 16:18, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. Markalexander100 01:44, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"7 am 	jet mong chao 	เจ็ดโมงเช้า" doesn't seem correct. I believe it is rather nueng mong chao (หนึ่งโมงเช้า) or simply mong chao, the หนึ่ง being omitted in the same sense as bai mong บ่ายโมง.--Paul C 14:10, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation of early morning hours "ti" is misleading
If you say "ti neung" it means "first." If you want to say one in the morning, you must say "dtee neung."

The initial consonant in that word is called "dtau dtau" in the Thai language. It is definitely not the same as a "t" sound. You make the sound by putting your tongue between your front teeth and making a sound somewhere between a "T" and a "D."

The author of the Thai language page made the same mistake regarding dtau dtao.

 * It's not a mistake- it's a consequence of transliteration. 'Dt' looks like a consonant cluster, and so is also unsatisfactory. HenryFlower 18:15, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia uses the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS). So ท (thahan) (as in Thai for first) is spelled "th", while ต (tao) (as in Thai for strike) is spelled "t". There are tourist language guides that use "t" and "dt" instead, but that is in no way a standard trancription and almost never used in Thailand itself. −Woodstone 19:02, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia does NOT "use" the RTGS. Rather Wikipedia has lots of rules for determining what is COMMON and USE. "T" is indeed a mistake as an English "T" is assumed. Dtau Dtaow ต is indeed a DT sound (both aspirates and voices) and at the very least a "D" should be used. Everyone knows RTGS blindly follows IPA, which itself is counter-intuitive and unhelpful in actual usable transcription. DT is in fact the most used system in Thailand for those learning and creating phonetic transcriptions. RTGS is not used for phonetic transcriptions but for legal and standardized reverse-transcribable latin alphabet words (aka used for Thai drivers' licenses and passports). --Jeffmcneill (talk) 15:40, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Jeffmcneill, This discussion is almost ten years old. If you wish to revisit the issue, it'd be better to start a new discussion in a more centralised location such as WT:WikiProject Thailand. --Paul_012 (talk) 08:26, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Paul_012, appreciate the suggestion but that project page has a few edits every year or so, and actually I am dealing with content on this particular page. I'm sure Wikipedia has a nuanced view of the value of discussion vs. its recency. --Jeffmcneill (talk) 04:56, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

The article seems a little confused, offering two versions of the time without explanation of the difference.

Lived in Thailand for eight years. Regionally and from person to person, Thais choose to say the time in different ways, and then write it in another. There's 4 systems and they can pick and choose to mix them in a single sentence.

However the most common method seems to be the list on the left with a few modifications. 4 in the afternoon is always considered 'yen' in everything I've read. However I've frequently heard Thais use 'bai' in conversation so is thus interchangeable in conversation. The list on the left list 7 in the morning onwards with 'chao' and the list on the right without. Actually it's purely optional to the speaker. Finally Thais most commonly ~(and irrationally) use 'jet mong [chow]' on the first list never 'neung mong [chow]' then go on to 'song mong [chow]', weird but if you don't believe me just listen.

Lastly the criticism about 't' in the 'ti' below is correct. But also the vowel is wrong too. There is no word 'ti' (unexasperated 't' followed by short 'ee' vowel) in the Thai language.

There is however the word 'thi' (exasperated 't' followed by short 'ee' vowel) meaning 'st/nd/rd/th' ect in Thai.

Correctly what should be used is 'tee' (unexasperated 't' followed by long 'ee' vowel)

Paul 19 November 2007

Literal translations
Taking another look at the article, I have to argue against the literal translations. Apart from looking stupid, they don't add anything to the article. Even worse, they give a false impression of the meanings of the terms, since ตี, โมง and ทุ่ม simply mean o'clock (in the six-hour sense), not the sounds of various timekeeping devices in the past. --Paul_012 (talk) 19:02, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Before this turns into an edit war
If one did actually look for the words ตี, โมง and ทุ่ม in the dictionary, they would find that the Royal Institute's dictionary defines them, when treated as nouns, as "the traditional timekeeping system for night after midnight / daytime / the first six hours of night". Yes, ตี is also a verb meaning "to hit", โมง is also a kind of plant, and ทุ่ม also means "to throw something heavy". But even though it may be reasonable for one to suspect those terms to be related, it is impossible to rationally deduce that they actually are. There are a plethora of homographs in the Thai language, and if one was to claim that all of them mean the same thing, they would be thinking unreasonably.

The claim that they are dictionary words only supports their translation as "o'clock", per the definitions given above. Yes, their origins have been explored and citations could be provided if one cared to, but even then, they should be treated as the origins of those terms, not as their definitions, because, as stated, their current definitions are as timekeeping words.--Paul_012 (talk) 22:20, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

 * They do not all mean just o'clock. They are each a distinct flavour of o'clock. The essence is that the specific term used makes the meaning of each of the four six-hour blocks unambiguous. If you translate ti, mong and thum (and yen) all by "o'clock", the distinction is lost and the translations become meaningless and thus invalid. That in a wider sense they all mean o'clock is obvious from their use in the table and adds no information. I had looked them up to make sure. −Woodstone (talk) 08:29, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Here's a good reference (in Thai)
. Covers most aspects this article deals with. --Paul_012 (talk) 12:43, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus Dabomb87 (talk) 01:43, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Six-hour clock → 6-hour clock — more consistent with existing articles 12-hour clock and 24-hour clock. Woodstone (talk) 17:57, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support. Would seem to be consistent with WP:ORDINAL ("single-digit whole numbers from zero to nine are spelled out in words; numbers greater than nine are commonly rendered in numerals" but "numerical elements of dates and times are not normally spelled out").   Wikiscient  (talk) 18:35, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose; I don't think this counts as a "numerical element" of a date or time. That's intended for things like "6:00", not "six o'clock" or "six-hour".  Powers T 20:07, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I initially agreed with the consistency argument, but actually WP:ORDINAL seems fairly clear on the subject and, as User:LtPowers says, this does not qualify for the "numerical elements of dates and times" exception. — Amakuru (talk) 21:56, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support For the purpose of being consistent with 24-hour clock and 12-hour clock. In other words I think consistency trumps WP:ORDINAL in this matter. --Labattblueboy (talk) 00:54, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support As Wikiscient. Cloudz679 (talk) 10:33, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I agree with Powers and Amakuru. Use proper English first, unless there is a very good reason not to. --Bejnar (talk) 23:37, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

More from WP:ORDINAL
Okay, I agree that "numerical elements of dates and times" doesn't really apply here (though "times" could be considered to include "periods of time with numerical elements in their name" -- but fine).

There is also this though at WP:ORDINAL: Which could be applied here according to the common usage of this "time-keeping" phrase. What would be an acceptable determination of the form of its most common usage? It would seem to be mostly used in Thai language but there does not seem to be a corresponding article at thai-wikipedia to consult on that. Google hits about 100,000 pages (in English) using "6-hour clock" and about 90,000 using "Six-hour clock". On that basis, I suppose I can just marginally maintain my support for the proposed move. Wikiscient (talk) 00:01, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * "Proper names, formal numerical designations, and other idioms comply with common usage; e.g., write Chanel No. 5, 4 Main Street, 1-Naphthylamine, Channel 6, Fourth Amendment, Seventeenth Judicial District, Seven Years' War. This is the case even where it causes a numeral to open a sentence, although this is usually avoided by rewording."
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Medieval six hour time counting in Europe
Also in parts of Europe, e.g. in Italy, the day was counted in 6 hours x 4. Here are two examples:
 * Photo of six hour clock in Tuscany (Italy) in travel blog of http://kathleenjonesauthor.blogspot.ch/2010/04/six-hour-clocks-of-italy.html
 * The clock strikes 6 times in Verdi's opera Rigoletto, act 3. The time? Midnight ("mezzanotte" in the libretto; in the musical score, the clock sounds 6 times not 12!).

83.77.253.211 (talk) 13:46, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Start of Quarter Day
Do the Thais actually think of the quarters beginning at 01:00, 07:00 etc. or is this just an inference of an author? Karl (talk) 14:16, 11 April 2015 (UTC)
 * A look at the Thai language version of this article suggests that the quarters really do begin at 01:00, 07:00 etc. Karl (talk) 15:06, 11 April 2015 (UTC)

Request to change title to "6-hour clock"
For the 12 and 24 hour clock tiles, they are called "12-hour clock" and "24-hour clock", not "Twelve-hour clock" and "Twenty four-hour clock". So therefore, the page title should be called "6-hour clock", not "Six-hour clock". Could someone please tell me why this is called "Six hour clock" and not "6-hour clock" and maybe you could change the title? Thanks. 24.150.217.182 (talk) 18:00, 10 June 2017 (UTC)

English/ translated version of 6-hour clock?
It shows the 6-hour time in the table but it is in Thai, how do you write the 6-hour notation in English? What are the digits of the 6-hour clock? What is 7:30 am in 6 hour notation? Can someone help me please? Is there also an 8-hour clock, 4-hour clock, 3-hour clock, 2-hour clock, and 1-hour clock? Thanks. 24.150.217.182 (talk) 20:10, 10 June 2017 (UTC)

What is this?
"However most commonly used nowadays is a combination of the traditional six hour counting with a twelve hour counting, thus the numbering of the hours of the second and fourth quarter starts from 7 instead from 1." That is a 12-hour clock, not a 6-hour clock. The 6-hour clock divides the day into quarters, not halves. So therefore, it should be 1, not 7. 2, not 8. Why do people use this corrupted form? Thanks! 24.150.217.182 (talk) 14:21, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

 * You're quoting an erroneous passage from more than ten years ago. Please take a look at the current article version and see if your concerns have been solved since. --Paul_012 (talk) 15:22, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Thai six-hour clock


text:
Kilwinning

Kilwinning (, Kilwinnin; Cill D’Fhinnein) is a town in North Ayrshire, Scotland. It is on the River Garnock, north of Irvine, about 21 mi southwest of Glasgow. It is known as "The Crossroads of Ayrshire". Kilwinning was also a Civil Parish. The 2001 Census recorded the town as having a population of 15,908. The estimated population in 2016 was 16,460.

History
According to John Hay, once the headmaster of the parish school in Kilwinning, "North Ayrshire has a history of religion stretching back to the very beginning of missionary enterprise in Scotland. The Celtic Christians or Culdees of the period of St Columba and St Mungo found here, in this part of Scotland, a fertile field for the propagation of the faith. Kilmarnock, Kilbride, Kilbirnie, are all, like Kilwinning, verbal evidence of the existence of 'Cillean' or cells of the Culdee or Celtic Church."

In the distant past, the town was called Sagtoun, or Saint's Town, after St. Winning, the founder of an early seventh-century church on this site. However, the actual identity of St. Winning is unclear. Some scholars have associated him with the Irish saint known as St Finnian of Moville, who died in the late sixth century. Others believe he was a Welshman by the name of Vynnyn, and the Aberdeen Breviary of 1507 asserts that he was from Scotland. The work of Professor Owen Clancy of the University of Glasgow in 2001 makes another identification possible. Clancy argued that, in fact, Saint Ninian and Saint Finnian were the same person, the difference being attributed to an error on the part of a medieval scribe. If that is so, then Ninian, who was a missionary to the Picts in Scotland, and Winning, who was deemed a Scotsman in the Aberdeen Breviary, could theoretically be one and the same as the Irishman named Finnian. The Aberdeen Breviary implies he was Irish. In early medieval times the term Scots/Scotland applied also to Ireland. It speaks of the saint originating from a Scottish province, setting sail with companions, and landing at Cunninghame in Lesser Scotland, the latter being a term used in those times to refer to the country which would later be designated by name Scotland.

The original town was situated at the Bridgend and Corsehill while the other bank of the river was the site of the abbey, its outbuildings, orchards, doocot, etc.

The Kilwinning Community Archaeology Project carried out a dig in Kilwinning Abbey in 2010, which revealed much about the life of the people in the area during the medieval period.

Architecture
Abbot Adam's Bridge, was constructed in mediaeval times with much of the original structure standing today. The bridge was widened in 1859.

Geography
Kilwinning is located on the banks of the River Garnock in Ayrshire, west/central Scotland. Kilwinning's neighbours are the coastal towns of Stevenston to the west and Irvine to the south while inland lies Dalry to the north.

Masonic links

Kilwinning is notable for housing the original Lodge of Freemasonry in Scotland. When the Lodges were renumbered, Kilwinning was kept as Lodge Number '0', the Mother Lodge of Scotland.

The origin of the Lodge is unclear with the first documentary evidence being a mention in The Schaw Statutes of 1598 and 1599, which identify it in its first paragraph as the "heid and secund ludge of Scotland".

The lodge's own legend attributes the formation to the building of the Abbey at Kilwinning in the 12th century. There existed in this period corporations or fraternities of masons, endowed with certain privileges and immunities, capable of erecting religious structures in the Gothic style. A party of these foreign masons is supposed to have come from Italy, or Cologne, for the purpose of building the Abbey at Kilwinning and to have founded there the first regularly constituted Operative Lodge in Scotland. The Lodge is reputed to have been held in the chapter house on the eastern side of the cloisters. On the broken walls and moldering arches of the Abbey numerous and varied Masons' marks may be seen.

Modern Kilwinning
In 1966, Kilwinning fell within the area designated Irvine New Town. Kilwinning rapidly expanded with new estates built on surrounding farm land to meet the planned increase in population.

Today Kilwinning consists of the pedestrianised historic town centre, Bridgend (which originally was a separate village), both now surrounded by the estates of Corsehill, Woodwynd, Blacklands, Pennyburn, Whitehirst Park, and Woodside with the last three being added after its incorporation into Irvine New Town. Kilwinning is a diverse town as areas like Whitehirst Park and Woodside are very affluent and have very high house prices, Parts of Woodwynd also have affluent areas while parts of the town, More so Blacklands, Pennyburn and Corsehill are more working class

Older residents sometimes refer to the Blacklands as the "Ironworks" after the Eglinton Iron Works which once occupied the land, the only surviving building of that time is now Nethermains Community Centre, although for many years the "slag hill" towered over the area. It was cleared in 1979, and the stone used to build the terminal at Hunterston, with the site being landscaped as Almswall Park.

The Main Street of Kilwinning has recently been refurbished as part of the regeneration of the Irvine Bay area by Irvine Bay Regeneration Company.

Eglinton Castle and Country Park

The ancient seat of the Earls of Eglinton, it is located just south of Kilwinning. Built between 1797 and 1802 in Gothic castellated style dominated by a central 100-foot (30 m) large round keep and four 70-foot (21 m) outer towers, it was second only to Culzean Castle in appearance and grandeur. The foundation stone of the new Eglinton Castle in Kilwinning was laid in 1797, the 12th Earl of Eglinton, was proud to have the ceremony performed by Alexander Hamilton of Grange, grandfather of the American Alexander Hamilton.

The castle is chiefly remembered, in modern times, as the scene of the Eglinton Tournament in 1839, which was a magnificent display. Funded and organized by Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, the revival-medieval tournament, attracted thousands of visitors to see the combatants and the ladies in their finery. Among the guests was the future Emperor of the French—Napoleon III. The tournament was an ironic contrast between the old and the new! Excursion trains, among the first ever, were run from Ayr (pre-dating the formal opening of the line in 1840).

Today the castle is a ruin. The Tournament perhaps marked a turning point, being a severe drain on the Eglinton family fortune, which coincided with bottomless expenditure on the Ardrossan harbour and the Glasgow, Paisley and Ardrossan Canal. The castle fell into disrepair after being unroofed in 1925 and was used for Commando demolition practice during World War II, the remains were demolished to the level they are today in 1973. Eglinton Country Park is now a tourist attraction.

Industry and commerce
Kilwinning was a noted centre of Archery in medieval times. Later the town had an association with coal mining, quarrying, iron-founding and textile manufacture, now long since declined.

The Pringle knitwear company originally manufactured their goods in Kilwinning. Another company that existed was Wilson's Foods, which operated a plant in the grounds of the Eglinton Estate, but this has since closed.

The mill on the banks of the River Garnock briefly fell under the ownership of Blackwood Brothers of Kilmarnock before closing entirely. The site of the mill is largely unchanged, though part of the old factory has been demolished, and the former mill shop now operates as the offices and salesroom for a local car dealership that now uses the site.

The Nethermains Industrial Estate is home to many industrial units of the type commonly built in the 1960s and 1970s as modular units ideal for light industry. Fullarton Computer Industries are one of the large employers in this site. Modern Kilwinning's industries include the manufacture of plastics and electronics. Almost 1/4 of Kilwinning's workforce is employed by manufacturing.

Rail
The services stopping at Kilwinning:

 * Glasgow Central – Largs + Ardrossan Harbour
 * Glasgow Central – Ayr – Stranraer
 * Edinburgh Waverley or Glasgow Central – Ayr

Road
Kilwinning has road links with the rest of Ayrshire. The town is bypassed by the A78 dual carriageway, which provides connections to the A71 and A77 dual carriageways and the Glasgow bound M77 motorway.

Bus
Kilwinning is served by Stagecoach West Scotland and Shuttle Buses.

 * 11 Ardrossan – Kilmarnock
 * 25 Montgomerie Park / Bourtreehill / Broomlands / Irvine Cross – Kilbirnie / Beith
 * 27 Irvine – Whitehurst Park (Mon – Sat Evenings Only)
 * 29 Irvine / i3 Industrial Area – Whitehurst Park (Mon – Sat)
 * 38 Riverway Retail Park – David Gage St (Mon – Sat)
 * X34 Glasgow – Irvine Cross / Irvine railway station / Bourtreehill
 * X36 Glasgow – Ardrossan

Air
Kilwinning is well served by Glasgow Prestwick Airport, which is only 12.9 mi south on the A78 dual carriageway (around 21 min), or three stops on the train (around 14 min). Airline operators within the Airport maintain routes to many UK, European and North American destinations.

Education
There is one secondary school in the town, Kilwinning Academy, although until recently the town was also served by St Michael's Academy.

Kilwinning's primary schools are: Corsehill Primary School, Abbey Primary School, Blacklands Primary School, St Winning's Primary School, Pennyburn Primary School, Whitehirst Park Primary School and St Luke's Primary School. (St Michael's Academy amalgamated with St Andrew's Academy of Saltcoats. Both previous Catholic secondary schools have since been demolished. A new building stands in its place, next to the St Andrews Academy site now known as St Matthews Academy providing education for the towns surrounding Saltcoats.

A large campus of Ayrshire College (formerly James Watt College) was built in Kilwinning in 1998 and was completed in the summer of 2000 ready for the first intake of students in August that year. Its arrival has brought some benefits to the town with increased revenue from the students supporting local businesses. Since 2013 the campus has been part of Ayrshire College, having merged with the Largs campus as well as Kilmarnock College and Ayr College.

It is notable that 37% of Kilwinning residents aged 16–74 have no formal qualifications; the national average is 33%.

There are a number of Community Halls in Kilwinning: Nethermains Community Centre, Cranberry Moss Community Centre, Whitehurst Community Centre, Pryde, The Woodwynd Hall and the Love Memorial Hall.

Archery
The Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers is believed to date back to 1483 and while records are only available from 1688, there is a reference in the early minutes, which would appear to confirm this assumption.

The sport still continues in Kilwinning to this very day. The annual papingo shoot is held in the grounds of the old Abbey on the first Saturday in June, when the wooden bird is mounted on a pole and suspended from the clock tower to allow the archers to attempt to dislodge the wings and then the bird itself. In 2014, Michael Portillo visited the Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers during a visit to Kilwinning on his Great British Railway Journeys TV series for the BBC.

Football
Kilwinning Rangers F.C., or The Buffs as they are more affectionately known, play their home games at Buffs Park and compete in the second tier of the West of Scotland Football League (WoSFL). They play in blue and white hoops.

The team was formed in 1899 as a Juvenile football club, originally playing at Blacklands Park, which they shared with the then senior side of Eglinton Seniors. They officially became a Junior football club on 26 July 1902.

The name Buffs was first recorded on 21 September 1900 when the local paper, the Irvine Herald, recorded that the so-called Buffs had had an emphatic victory over Kilmarnock Belgrove. Kilwinning Rangers have had periods of success throughout their history, and proudly boast that they were the first, and last Ayrshire Club to win the Scottish Junior Cup in the twentieth century!

Dirrans Athletic AFC were formed in 1946. They currently play in the Ayrshire Amateur Football League Premier Division.

Kilwinning Sports Club, or KSC as it is known locally, was launched in July 2002 in the Pennyburn area of Kilwinning.

In 2022, Kilwinning Rangers Amateurs became known as Eglinton F.C. and joined the fifth tier of the WoSFL.

Notable residents

 * Robert Baillie, (1602–1662), Covenanter, professor of divinity at the University of Glasgow, member of the Westminster Assembly and Presbyterian propagandist
 * Bernard, Abbot of Kilwinning, Abbot of Arbroath and Bishop of the Isles
 * Crawford Boyd, footballer
 * Des Browne, politician
 * Quintin Craufurd, author
 * Joe Donnachie, footballer
 * Hal Duncan, writer
 * Henry Eckford, shipbuilder
 * Julie Fleeting, footballer
 * Colin Friels, actor
 * Colin Hay, musician and lead singer of Men at Work
 * Joseph Kain, American businessman and politician
 * James MacMillan, composer
 * Dougie McCracken, footballer
 * Gerry McGowan, footballer
 * Lewis Morrison, footballer
 * Andrew O'Hagan, author and novelist
 * James Service, Australian colonial politician, Premier of Victoria, born in Kilwinning in 1827
 * Robert William Service, poet and writer, spent part of his childhood in Kilwinning with his grandfather
 * Gordon Smith, footballer
 * Penny Tranter, weather forecaster
 * John White, Church of Scotland minister and twice Moderator of the General Assembly
 * Lorna J Waite, academic, community activity and poet who wrote in Scots and English

title: Kilwinning


text: Category:Elections in Belize

title: Category:Elections in Belize


text:
Vorarephilia

Vorarephilia (often shortened to vore) is a paraphilia characterized by the erotic desire to be consumed by, or to personally consume, another person or creature, or an erotic attraction to the process of eating in general practice. Soft vore fantasies are separated from sexual fantasies of cannibalism, also referred to as "hard vore", because the soft vore victim is normally swallowed alive and whole. The word vorarephilia is derived from the Latin vorare (to "swallow" or "devour"), and Ancient Greek φιλία (philía, "love").

Content
Usually, vorarephilic fantasies involve a consumer (usually referred to as predator or pred for short) ingesting one or multiple victims (sometimes called prey) in some way. Since vorarephilic fantasies cannot be acted out in reality, they are often expressed in stories or drawings as well as sexual roleplay.

Vore is most often enjoyed through pictures, stories, videos, and video games, and it can appear in mainstream media. Expressions can involve humans, animals, dragons, giant snakes, and other creatures, real or fictional. In some cases, vorarephilia may be described as a variation of macrophilia and may combine with other paraphilias. Apart from macrophilia, vore fantasies often have themes of BDSM, microphilia, pregnancy fetishism, anthropomorphized animals, and sexual cannibalism.

Most vorarephiles are not overly interested in sadomasochism; instead, they may get their pleasure from the psychological aspects, such as the total annihilation of identity. This does not necessarily indicate suicidal tendencies but is more often linked to general fantasies of escapism and solitude.

Variations
There are several variations to the fantasy, often changing the way in which the victim is ingested. Typically, when the victim is consumed orally, artwork may depict what is known as "soft vore", meaning that the victim is swallowed whole and enters the stomach of the consumer, then is either left unharmed or digested inside. If the victim is kept safe (also known as endo vore or endosoma), the victim can eventually be let out by regurgitation or defecation, whereas if digestion happens, the victim is usually killed, but may be magically reformed in some cases. The more extreme and less common form of the fetish is "hard vore", in which the victim is chewed and torn apart by the consumer, followed by a more gruesome depiction of digestion.

Aside from oral vore, there are plenty of subcategories, some of which are: As there is room for artistic interpretation and niches, there are many other subcategories that may be less commonly seen, but they all more or less amount to a victim being inserted through a consumer's orifice in some way.
 * Anal vore depicts the victim being ingested through the anus instead of the mouth.
 * Unbirth is the ingestion of a victim through the vagina of the consumer.
 * Cock vore depicts the insertion of a victim into the penis of the consumer (which may be depicted as erect).
 * Breast vore depicts the insertion of a victim into the breasts of the consumer.

The size of the consumer and/or victim can vary. Macro/micro vore is used to describe art in which the victim is much smaller than the consumer. Same-size vore, on the other hand, depicts a scenario where the victim and consumer are roughly the same size.

Research
One case study analysis connected the fantasy with sexual masochism, and suggested that it could be motivated by a desire to merge with a more powerful other or permanently escape loneliness. With "no known treatment" for vorarephiles who feel 'ill' with their sexuality, psychologists at Toronto's Centre for Addiction and Mental Health have recommended trying to "adjust to, rather than change or suppress" the sexual interest. Medication for libido reduction could be used if deemed necessary.

title: Vorarephilia


text:
William Blake's mythology

The prophetic books of the English poet and artist William Blake contain an invented mythology, in which Blake worked to encode his spiritual and political ideas into a prophecy for a new age. This desire to recreate the cosmos is the heart of his work and his psychology. His myths often described the struggle between enlightenment and free love on the one hand, and restrictive education and morals on the other.

The Fall of Albion
The longest elaboration of this private myth-cycle was also his longest poem, The Four Zoas: The Death and Judgment of Albion The Ancient Man, written in the late 1790s but left in manuscript form at the time of his death. In this work, Blake traces the fall of Albion, who was "originally fourfold but was self-divided". This theme was revisited later, more definitively but perhaps less directly, in his other epic prophetic works, Milton: A Poem and Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion.

The parts into which Albion is divided are the four Zoas:
 * Tharmas: representing instinct and strength.
 * Urizen: reason and conventional society; a cruel god resembling the Gnostic Demiurge.
 * Luvah: love, passion and emotive faculties; a Christ-like figure, also known as Orc in his most amorous and rebellious form.
 * Urthona, also known as Los: inspiration and the imagination.

The Blake pantheon also includes feminine emanations that have separated from an integrated male being, as Eve separated from Adam:
 * The sexual Enion is an emanation from Tharmas.
 * The intellectual Ahania is an emanation from Urizen.
 * The nature goddess Vala is an emanation from Luvah.
 * The musical Enitharmon is an emanation from Los (Urthona).

The fall of Albion and his division into the Zoas and their emanations are also the central themes of Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion.

Rintrah first appears in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, personifying revolutionary wrath. He is later grouped together with other spirits of rebellion in the Visions of the Daughters of Albion:
 * The loud and lustful Bromion.
 * The "mild and piteous" Palamabron, son of Enitharmon and Los (also appears in Milton).
 * The tortured mercenary Theotormon.

The mythology and the prophetic books
Scholarship on Blake has not recovered a "perfected" version of Blake's myth. The characters in it have to be treated more like a repertory company, capable of dramatising his ideas (which changed, over two decades). On the other hand, the psychological roots of his work have been revealed, and are now much more accessible than they were a century ago.

America a Prophecy is also one of the "prophetic works". Here, the "soft soul" of America appears as Oothoon.

Other works concerning this pantheon:
 * America a Prophecy
 * The Book of Urizen
 * The Book of Los
 * The Book of Ahania
 * Visions of the Daughters of Albion

title: William Blake's mythology


text:
Sault, Vaucluse

Sault (Saut), also known as Sault-en-Provence, is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the southeastern Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur French region. It is located just north of the Luberon massif, not far from the departmental border with Drôme to the north and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence to the east. In 2021, Sault had a population of 1,354.

title: Sault, Vaucluse


text:
Alien Nations

Alien Nations (Die Völker) is a real-time strategy video game developed by Neo Software and published by JoWooD Productions for Microsoft Windows in 1999. It was re-released on GOG.com in 2009. A sequel, The Nations, was published in 2001. Alien Nations was a commercial hit in the German market, and ultimately sold close to 1 million units worldwide.

Gameplay
Alien Nations is a real-time strategy game based on building a nation and conquering others. The player may choose from 3 races – the Pimmons, the Amazons and the Sajkhi. In single-player mode, there are three gameplay modes: Introduction, Campaigns, and Never-ending Game.

Sales
Alien Nations was a commercial hit in the German market. Der Spiegel's Frank Patalong noted that it was one of the construction and management simulations that "dominated the German sales charts for years", alongside Anno 1602 and the Settlers series. In German-speaking countries, it sold 150,000 units after two months on shelves, according to the game's Russian publisher Snowball Studios. It was also a success in Russia, with sales of 80,000 units by April 2001. Alien Nations ultimately sold "just under a million copies" by 2016, reported Micharl Furtenbach of Red Bull.

Critical reviews
Oleg Hazhinskiy of Game.EXE gave the game 4.1/5 and noted its strong similarities with The Settlers series. Among differences, he praised the marketing system, but also mentioned lacking combat.

title: Alien Nations


text:
The Beach Boys (album)

The Beach Boys is the 25th studio album by American rock band the Beach Boys, released on June 10, 1985. Produced by Steve Levine, the album is the band's first after the drowning of founding member Dennis Wilson as well as the first in the Beach Boys chronology to be released following the drowning. It was also the band's first album to be recorded digitally and the last released by James William Guercio's Caribou Records. The record sold poorly, charting at number 52 in the U.S. and number 60 in the UK.

Production
Brian Wilson's psychologist Eugene Landy, who was originally awarded co-writing credits on Wilson's songs, stated in a contemporary interview, "I'm practically a member of the band [...] Brian's got the talent to make the music. [...] He's the creator. The other band members are just performers. So I'm the one who's making the album."

Among the guest musicians, Ringo Starr played drums on "California Calling", while Stevie Wonder played most of the instruments on "I Do Love You".

Reception
Critical reaction was mixed. Writing in Rolling Stone, Parke Puterbaugh called the album 'pretty entertaining', adding 'though not a world-beating act of artistic reassertion, the LP does serve to showcase those amazing voices, and to remind the world that nobody does it better—still.'

Legacy
Levine reflected that he had remained "immensely proud" of the album and lamented its poor sales.

Track listing
Eugene Landy originally received co-writer's credit for all Brian Wilson compositions. This credit was omitted starting with the album's 2000 CD reissue.

Personnel
Credits sourced from Craig Slowinski, John Brode, Will Crerar and Joshilyn Hoisington. Track numbers refer to the CD release.

The Beach Boys
 * Al Jardine – lead (3, 6, 9, 10) and backing vocals (all but 4 and 5), electric guitars (6)
 * Bruce Johnston – lead (5) and backing vocals (all tracks), Kurzweil K250 (5)
 * Mike Love – lead (1, 6, 11, 12) and backing vocals (all but 4)
 * Brian Wilson – lead (1, 3, 8, 11, 12) and backing vocals (all but 5), Yamaha DX1 (3, 6, 8, 11, 12), Roland Jupiter-8 (3), Oberheim OB-8 (3), Oberheim Xpander (12), piano (6)
 * Carl Wilson – lead (2, 4, 5, 7-10) and backing vocals (all tracks), Yamaha DX1 (2, 4, 9), electric guitar (2)

Additional players

 * John Alder – electric (1, 6, 8) and acoustic guitars (1), guitar synthesizer (4), dobros (11)
 * Graham Broad – drums (4), drums with brushes (11), jingle stick (1), castanets (1), maracas (1), bongos (1), hi-hat (2, 5), cowbell (4), congas (5), shaker (5), tom-tom (11), tambourine (1, 11)
 * Jeffrey Foskett – backing vocals (5)
 * Stuart Gordon – violins (5), violas (5), cellos (5)
 * Steve Grainger – baritone saxophone (1, 2), tenor saxophone (7)
 * Roy Hay – electric guitars (7), Yamaha DX1 (7), PPG Wave 2.3 (7), Oberheim OB-8 (7), Oberheim Xpander (7), Prophet-5 (7)
 * Simon Humphrey – bass guitar (6)
 * Judd Lander – harmonica (11)
 * Steve Levine – Fairlight CMI programming (all tracks), LinnDrum programming (1-4, 7, 8, 12), Simmons hi-hat (3)
 * Julian Lindsay – Kurzweil K250 (1, 9, 11), PPG Wave 2.3 (1-3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12), Oberheim OB-8 (2, 4, 6, 9, 11), Yamaha DX1 (1, 2, 4, 5, 9), Oberheim Xpander (5), Prophet-5 (2), Roland Jupiter-8 (4), E-mu Emulator (9), bass guitar (1, 2, 4), organ (6, 11), acoustic piano (10)
 * Marcus Miller – bass guitar (3)
 * Kenneth McGregor – trombone (2, 5)
 * Terry Melcher – Kurzweil K250 and backing vocals (1)
 * Gary Moore – electric guitars (4, 5), Synthaxe (5)
 * Ian Ritchie – tenor saxophone (2, 8), Lyricon (3), baritone saxophone (12)
 * Dave Spence – trumpet (2)
 * Ringo Starr – drums and timpani (6)
 * Stevie Wonder – Fender Rhodes electric piano (10), harmonica (10), bass guitar (10), Linn 9000 drum machine (10), tambourine (10)

title: The Beach Boys (album)


text:
Companies Registration Office

Companies Registration Office can be:
 * Companies Registration Office (Ireland)
 * Swedish Companies Registration Office
 * Companies House - England and Wales
 * Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC), South Africa
 * Trade Register (disambiguation) in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, and Finland

title: Companies Registration Office


text:
Wikipedia talk:Talk etiquette FAQ

Carrying on a discussion with another user, back and forth between his User_talk and mine?
What's the generally-accepted method of carrying on a discussion with another Wikipedia user? Say someone adds a comment to my User_talk page... if I reply beneath it, he doesn't get any notification that I replied, does he? So I go post to his User_talk page instead, and then posts his reply to mine, and I post my reply to his... and then each of our User_talk pages has half a conversation, and someone wishing to read the whole conversation has to keep jumping back and forth between two pages. Is there a better way, short of resorting to email? Or does Wikipedia have a way of letting me know if someone's replied on his User_talk page to a comment I left there? Brian Kendig 23:17, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If you post something at some users talk page tick the 'watch this page' box, this will inform you when he/she responds. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 23:21, 2004 Jul 12 (UTC)

 * Generally, you can reply to them and just say "see reply on my talk page", letting them know that the conversation will continue there. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 23:20, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I usually answer on the other talk page, but cut copy so my talk page has a complete conversation for reference purposes. -- Chris 73 | Talk 05:56, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I never no what to do... (it gives me the same anxiety I get about if I'm supposed to shake hands or not) :-) Erich 08:53, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Once the discussion is over (and hope it gets over!) copy the bits and parts and format them on your user-talk page. If your talk partner/s are interested, they can do the same with their user-talk pages. Jay 17:08, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This section has now been summarized on the project page. -- Beland 04:38, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Talk etiquette FAQ


text: Category:Elections in Bolivia

title: Category:Elections in Bolivia


text:
Category:Yorkshire

Yorkshire is the largest historic county in Great Britain. It has a complex administrative history. The principal divisions are currently as follows:
 * North Yorkshire is a shire county. It is also a ceremonial county, and in this guise it includes York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and part of Stockton-on-Tees, which are unitary authorities for administrative purposes.
 * The East Riding of Yorkshire is a unitary authority. It is also a ceremonial county, and for this purpose only it includes the unitary authority of Kingston upon Hull.
 * South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county and ceremonial county.
 * West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county and ceremonial county.

Where possible, Wikipedia articles about things in Yorkshire are allocated to the main divisions of the county shown in bold above. There are also subcategories for some of Yorkshire's cities.

Until 1974 Yorkshire was divided into three ridings, the East Riding, the North Riding, which also included some places now in County Durham, and the West Riding, which also included some places now in Cumbria, Greater Manchester and Lancashire. Articles on places historically in the ridings are categorised according to the county in which they are now located. Articles relating to the ridings themselves are in Category:History of the East Riding of Yorkshire, Category:North Riding of Yorkshire and Category:West Riding of Yorkshire.

title: Category:Yorkshire


text: Category:Bosnian political parties

title: Category:Bosnian political parties