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Talk:Taurine

taurine and ageing
Hey I have added information about the new research relating taurine and ageing. Can someone edit and make it more fit for Wikipedia and more accurate?ArmorredKnight (talk) 16:43, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The studies you added were done on mice and worms. It is not good evidence. It is also primary research, see WP:MEDRS to why we need reliable secondary sources for biomedical claims. Psychologist Guy (talk) 20:50, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Psychologist Guy, the Nature article is a reliable secondary source. It is a review of the Science magazine research. ArmorredKnight (talk) 06:39, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It is a not a review paper . It is an article that contains only 3 references all to animal studies, see WP:MEDANIMAL. All 3 references are studies done on mice and worms. This is not clinical evidence. There is no human data here. It is not good evidence and does not belong on Wikipedia. Psychologist Guy (talk) 12:00, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why animal data does not belong to Wikipedia. This is not only about the role of taurine in humans. After it is mentioned that cats can not produce taurine by themselves. If taurine solves sown the aging of animals, it should be mentioned. after it is an article about taurine. It is not an article about an exclusively taurine role in humans.85.250.134.64 (talk) 13:58, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * also the rule says to avoid over emphasize, not to avoid mentioning at all.85.250.134.64 (talk) 14:00, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Exceptional claims require exceptional evidence. In many cases any mention at all is over emphasis. MrOllie (talk) 14:14, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll just note that the fact that the study only applies to animals is not relevant in terms of applicability to this specific article. This topic has been all over the news, so it is clearly notable. I'd suggest including cited concerns rather than dismissing it out of hand. Praemonitus (talk) 13:57, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You are correct it has indeed been all over the news at the moment but it is nutritional misinformation from news sources which are not reliable sources for biomedical information. Many of these news sources have misrepresented the study, , , and are making far-fetched claims. None of these are reliable to making biomedical claims about taurine. The paper notes that there is no clinical evidence as there is no human data currently . In 10 years maybe we will know more. Psychologist Guy (talk) 19:09, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Per WP:BMI, the concern regarding biomedical information is relevant to human health, not animals. Let me make the compromise proposal then to move a modified version under the "Animal physiology and nutrition" section, where it is also applicable. Would that be acceptable? My original addition made no claims about the study applying to humans; that was just speculation by the authors. Praemonitus (talk) 19:13, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I have no objection to well sourced content about animals in "Animal physiology and nutrition" section so if you want to add something about rats or worms from the study. The only issue here is because the topic of aging was mentioned then other users might start adding in suggestions about human health. It's worth watching the article. Psychologist Guy (talk) 19:24, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Massive undue weight, content is now being added to the lead . We shouldn't be citing mice studies in the lead per WP:MEDANIMAL. The paper in question is already cited in the "Animal physiology and nutrition" section. Psychologist Guy (talk) 10:22, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I will not update the lead of the article as to not reverse whatever edit you are referring to here. However, I have included the relevant claims from the paper in question by (Singh et al., 2023, Science) that are also supported by data from their human participants in the EPIC-Norfolk study. I'm assuming we're acting in good faith, but a quick note that reading your comments here makes it very clear that you didn't read the paper in question which isn't very helpful for the discussion at hand. I appreciate that the paper is behind a paywall and I am not sure what the official policy on wikiepedia is for this, perhaps the policy should be for you to defer to individuals who have actually read the primary source? 198.254.126.140 (talk) 22:19, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

I added some text to the header (now deleted) with the intent of clarifying upfront that taurine deficiency has *not* been shown to increase aging and that taurine supplementation has *not* been shown to slow aging. There is a lot of misinfo about taurine on this. In my view, there ought to be something in the header that mentions that despite the possible effect in other animals, this has not been shown in humans. Thoughts?sbelknap (talk) 18:59, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Apologies if the formatting here isn't right, although I have extensive experience in biomedical research, this is my first contribution to wikipedia. I would strongly reccomend including relevant facts from Singh et al., 2023 published in Science. The paper has extensive data from humans showing circulating taurine declines with age, that taurine increases with following excersise, and individuals with poor health have lower circulating taurine. However, we should also be clear that this does not prove that taurine supplementation shows a clinical benefit in humans, as noted by the researchers themselves we would need a randomized clinical study to prove this. The effect of taurine on animals shown by the research paper is fascinating and highly relevant to someone who is interested in taurine as a molecule. I understand that contributors are acting in good faith, but excluding relevant information to a wikipedia article because it's only in 'mice' and 'worms' is highly odd. It's worth noting that research teams spend years studying model animals such as mice. Animal studies are really interesting, least of all because we learn more about animal biology even if this is not relevant to humans. It's worth noting that the work by Singh et al., 2023 was done not only in mice but also rhesus monkeys, C. Elegans, and yeast. It may be worth creating an additional section for the animal studies to avoid confusing and misleading readers, but create a culture of excluding relevant data seems odd and highly offputting to someone with experience in the field like myself who could make genuine contributions to this article and wikipedia in general. 198.254.126.140 (talk) 22:11, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * It's a review of preliminary lab research in animals (WP:MEDANIMAL), and inconclusive early-stage human research years from being put into context or confirmed as accepted, evidence-based facts. The encyclopedia is not a journal for documenting work in progress, WP:NOTJOURNAL #6-7. Zefr (talk) 23:21, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback, I updated my contribution to exclude data from animal studies entirely. I then read through the WP:MEDRS as you linked and updated my contribution to fit that guideline. 198.254.126.140 (talk) 00:38, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * This paper you added has already been cited many times on this talk-page and elsewhere on Wikipedia. It is not reliable for several reasons. If you read the paper it says "taurine deficiency may be a driver of aging because its reversal increases health span in worms, rodents, and primates and life span in worms and rodents. Clinical trials in humans seem warranted to test whether taurine deficiency might drive aging in humans". Basically there is no good clinical evidence at present. The correct attitude to this is a wait and see position, to wait until further trials are done and the results are published. Psychologist Guy (talk) 01:09, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I know that a core principle of the culture here is to assume positive intent but I do not feel like this is being given here. Apologies if I am not doing it right, this is my first ever contribution to wikipedia. I agree with every statement you have made and go to lengths to make sure my contribution meets your standards, yet it is removed and I don't fully understand why. My original contribution was removed under the WP:MEDANIMAL principle, but it didn't include any data from animal studies. You seem to suggest here that my contribution imply Taurine is some kind of health supplement, but I said the exact opposite. So why are you making this claim about my work in the discussion page? It seems now you take issue with the title of the resarch paper, which isn't the same as the contribution I made or the data which supports the statement I added to the page. I went to lengths to make sure the contribution referred only to large human study (12k participants) which shows only that taurine levels fall with age. I did this because I read through WP:MEDANIMAL which you suggested that I read, and I replicated the style and writing as reccomended there. I took time to read that on your suggestion because I am making an active effort to learn and be better. I would much prefer you explain in good faith to help me understand how to best contribute. Another point, frankly, your tone is abrasive you are happy to undo my work, but don't go to any effort to help or explain so I can learn and contribute in a more productive way. I am taking time out of my work day (postdoc) to try and be part of the communit. Frankly I don't think I will contribute to wikipedia again. 198.254.126.140 (talk) 19:20, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You were directed to a particular section of WP:MEDRS (WP:MEDANIMAL). You need to read and comply with the whole policy. Avoiding one (of many) pitfalls is not good enough I am afraid. You're still relying on primary sources (single studies) where a review article would be needed. - MrOllie (talk) 19:35, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

Fringe claims being made about taurine
This article had heavy traffic in June because American and British newspapers misrepresented a study claiming that taurine has been shown to reduce aging and several chronic diseases in humans. This has caused a lot of fringe claims being promoted about taurine on social media. This is despite the fact that the cited study does not mention clinical data, it bases its conclusions on short-term studies done on mice, monkeys and worms. There is no clinical data here, so we cannot be making biomedical claims about humans. The paper admits "To test whether taurine deficiency is a driver of aging in humans as well, long-term, well-controlled taurine supplementation trials that measure health span and life span as outcomes are required". To date there are no long-term trials. We should not be making biomedical claims about disease without good evidence.

I have raised this at WikiProject Medicine and WP:FTN  to get advice and opinions from experienced users. Psychologist Guy (talk) 15:05, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

 * The article was in dire need of a major cleanup, leading to this as a first pass to eliminate decades-old primary research and the speculation and misinformation resulting from it. Although there are reviews and meta-analyses shown in a PubMed search, none of these would meet WP:MEDRS standards, and there are no government regulatory or clinical guidelines recommending the use of taurine supplementation.
 * There are no dietary intake recommendations for taurine, indicating it is not essential to the human diet. For human consumption, it is only a dietary supplement having weak clinical trials conducted to date and with no MEDRS reviews supporting any dietary value for a role in human health.
 * Although it is present in human organs, a good review for its putative physiological roles is absent from the article. Zefr (talk) 17:37, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with that, thanks for cleaning up the article. They are only just in the early stages of conducting clinical trials on taurine supplementation, a recent example here . So far few randomized, placebo-controlled have been done. I believe it will be a decade or more until we have a serious review of clinical data. Nearly all of the studies that have been done are on mice. There is a lack of human data. Psychologist Guy (talk) 20:34, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * There is enough data on taurine in humans to mention in this article. Hundreds of peer-reviewed published research results. This includes clinical trials, reviews, and academic books. These findings about the role of taurine in humans results in ideological objections from some people favoring a plant-based diet. I've added a statement on taurine & aging in humans citing an authoritative source in the same issue as the allegedly controversial article just deleted.sbelknap (talk) 04:50, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * A statement on the clinical effects of taurine, supported by a high-quality secondary source, has now been deleted. Why are editors substituting their own judgement for that of the authors of a high-quality secondary source? This is an encyclopedia, not a place for original research.sbelknap (talk) 05:20, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You added this content and source where the abstract clearly states only small clinical trials have been done. See WP:MEDASSESS - the Science review of lab and preliminary human studies falls within the category of primary research, and so is not useful as a source supporting evidence of effects on "metabolic and inflammatory diseases", as you stated. You also wrote that taurine declines by 80% over life - of what significance is that statement?
 * In your other statement, you claim there are hundreds of reviews or books on taurine and, supposedly, its effects on human health. Show us two that meet WP:MEDRS. Zefr (talk) 05:38, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Sbelknap the problem is that they have only just starting doing clinical trials into this in the least few years. We are going to have to wait years until a good review of such studies is published. The clinical data does not exist yet you seem to be claiming that it does. This is the only clinical trial I could find that looked at taurine and "antiaging" . The trial was 16weeks so not long-term and the sample size was 24 women. Your claim of "clinical effects of taurine" is not supported by any evidence. It is best to be patient and wait until we have the data and good sources on this topic. Psychologist Guy (talk) 19:15, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Really?
 * doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100106
 * doi.org/10.1038/s41430-021-01010-4
 * doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17505.3
 * doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173533 sbelknap (talk) 22:13, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you misread what I wrote. I noted that there are hundreds of peer-reviewed published research results. This includes clinical trials, reviews, and academic books. See above. sbelknap (talk) 22:16, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Just because a review or trial has been published, does not mean it is good evidence. I have read over these reviews, they are not high-quality. For example, your third DOI is this . The review admitted "Only one paper was deemed "high quality" using the NOQAS tool." Only one paper? The conclusion of the review was "A formal clinical trial is needed to address whether taurine supplementation is beneficial to the approximately 1/250 individuals with DCM in the population." So there is no good evidence here. We do not have enough data. The same can be said for this review, no significant effects were found. If you wait 5 - 10 years there will be more data and reviews. Per MEDRS we should only cite reviews reporting high-quality and good evidence. There are not enough studies on this topic right now and many of the trials that have been done are not high-quality. Psychologist Guy (talk) 00:19, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The quality & strength of research results varies according to indication. I propose that we start with the best indication and cover these results in descending order of evidence quality and effect size. sbelknap (talk) 06:35, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This secondary source seems to be worth covering in the taurine article: doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173533 sbelknap (talk) 06:40, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

Use as a biomarker for meat consumption is doubtful
This statement in the article, "Taurine may be a biomarker for intake of animal-based foods", is not well-supported by the 2019 source used or in any other literature.

The 2019 review defines that "Good biomarkers for meat intake should reflect total dietary intake of meat, independent of source or processing and should be able to differentiate meat consumption from that of other protein-rich foods," then concludes its section on taurine by saying that taurine "does not appear robust enough to assess total meat intake."

There are no reviews retrieved when PubMed is searched for "taurine biomarker meat review". One study concluded that taurine was not useful as a biomarker for red meat consumption due to variability in taurine excretion among dietary groups. Methylhistidine excretion was a better biomarker.

As taurine is produced endogenously, its excretion as a meat consumption biomarker is clouded by its two origins of production. If taurine was useful as a meat consumption biomarker, it would be established by now in reputable epidemiological studies. But it is not in such use. The sentence and source should be removed. Zefr (talk) 17:59, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Seems to be a fringe-like claim not supported by any other sourcing. I would support removing the source. Apart from octopus, tuna, crab or raw lamb muscle and a few others, most common animal-based foods do not contain high amounts of taurine. If someone is really concerned about taurine the best way to get it in the diet is to take an energy drink or supplement. There doesn't appear to be any good evidence to suggest this is a good biomarker for animal-based foods. Psychologist Guy (talk) 18:10, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * "(B)eef is an abundant source of taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline as physiologically important nutrients for infants, children, and adults to maintain their health and prevent chronic diseases. For example, 30 g of dried beef can provide 80.4 mg taurine, which can meet 107% of daily taurine requirement of the 70-kg adult." doi.org/10.1007/s00726-020-02823-6 sbelknap (talk) 22:38, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * 30 g of dried beef may contain 80.4mg of taurine but look up when the beef is cooked, you will get less than half of that (there are many studies on this, , ). The author of the paper you cited had obviously not done his homework. A single serving of cooked beef contains between 33 and 35 mg of taurine. That is hardly anything and is unlikely to have any effect. You can get 500-2000 mg of taurine in an energy drink. If you are really looking to boost your taurine you would take a supplement (between 500 and 1000mg) or energy drink but there is no good evidence that people need to supplement with taurine. Psychologist Guy (talk) 00:03, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Homework? The paper I cited was about dried beef and the author reported taurine content of…dried beef. Seems to me he got that right.
 * What serving size are you assuming in your calculation? A typical steak dinner in the US would feature (at least) 350 gms of medium–rare beefsteak.
 * Vegans have lower taurine levels than carnivores. How do you suppose that happens if meat does not provide significant amounts of taurine? sbelknap (talk) 03:51, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
 * What a funny discussion this is. Austria is the country of Red Bull energy drinks. We drink millions of cans per year with a small can containing 1g of taurin. So if you want to search PubMed for claims about taurin supplementation, the best cohort you can watch out for are the millions of people who swapped coffee for energy drinks. CarlFromVienna (talk) 07:43, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Most people would not eat dried or raw beef (I have never come across anyone eating dried beef before!). Baby and infant formulas contain taurine, so certain foods are fortified for taurine. Mainstream medical advice is not telling people to eat red meat to get taurine. What you have said is true, animal-foods do contain taurine but if you are talking about good amounts of taurine they are found in crab, raw tuna, uncooked lamb muscle and octopus and other seafood, typically in the west these foods are not common consumed. But common animal-foods contain lower amounts of taurine but they all add up in the diet for omnivores. You ask why vegans have lower amounts of taurine, this is because those on an omnivorous diet consume a mixture of animal-based foods. They will obviously have higher amounts of taurine than vegans. The only plant-based foods that contain a good amount of taurine are seaweed such as dulse.
 * One 3-ounce cut of beef provides around 30 mg of taurine. A typical meal may include two cuts. I don't think many people would rely on beef for taurine. I see in various beef magazines a beefsteak gives 55mg of taurine . A taurine supplement gives 500mg to 1000mg of taurine and its been shown that the bioavailability of taurine is best absorbed on an empty stomach. You seem to be on this taurine promoting bandwagon, if you are really concerned about getting taurine then you would take a supplement or as mentioned above an energy drink. Psychologist Guy (talk) 16:40, 1 September 2023 (UTC)
 * My goal here is to improve this article. Please stop your accusations of bad faith. ("taurine promoting bandwagon")
 * Dried beef is just unsalted plain beef jerky. Beef jerky is sold in most every grocery & gas station in the USA.
 * A typical steak meal at home would be (at least) 12 ounces. In an American steakhouse, portion sizes for beefsteak are often greater than 20 ounces.
 * Most of the taurine that Americans get in their diet is from meat, and particularly beef.
 * Instead of relying on the original research of editors, our task here is to rely on peer-reviewed medical literature, with an emphasis on secondary sources. That is *not* being done for this article on taurine. We have info with high-quality secondary sources that has been proposed for inclusion and that has repeatedly been reverted or removed.
 * Why do you suppose that is? sbelknap (talk) 00:19, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The typical American diet provides between 123 and 178 mg of taurine daily. You have not disclosed your reference for beef and taurine. I do not live in the USA but I find it doubtful beef would be the main supplier of taurine, if it was the typical daily intake for Americans would be higher. This paper has a table of taurine content of foods, it reports that dark turkey has a high taurine content. Milks and eggs had no taurine detected in the following studies. The highest taurine animal-foods are octopus, scallops and squid. Another paper on topic "Taurine content in foods" does not list beef as having high taurine content , nor does the paper "The taurine content of common foodstuffs" . If you believe beef jerky has a high taurine content then you need a reference for that. I would support adding a table to the article to clarify which foods contain the highest amount of taurine. You will find that it is energy drinks and seafood. Psychologist Guy (talk) 02:18, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * There are high-quality secondary source articles that review the effects of taurine. Why are these articles not cited in the wikipedia taurine article?
 * Americans eat dark turkey exactly once a year—on Thanksgiving. They prefer turkey breast & chicken breast. Oysters, squid & scallops are luxury foods for most Americans.
 * Dried beef is unsalted, unseasoned beef jerky. Go to any gas station in America and ask for beef jerky and you will get some. Or make it in your oven. sbelknap (talk) 15:38, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, it is fine to cite primary source research in medical articles on wikipedia. While it is true that secondary or tertiary sources are preferred, it is not the case that primary literature is never to be cited. For example, in this taurine article, citing certain seminal sources would improve the article. See: doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198501173120302 sbelknap (talk) 16:09, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

Taurine Supplementation reduces glycemia
This meta-analysis entitled, "The effects of taurine supplementation on diabetes mellitus in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis" concludes that "Taurine supplementation is beneficial in reducing glycemic indices, such as HbA1c, Fasting Blood Sugar, HOMA-IR in diabetic patients, but has no significant effect on serum lipids, blood pressure and body composition in diabetic patients." Source: doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100106

I propose that this text (reworded to avoid copyright issues) with citation of source be included in the wikipedia taurine article. sbelknap (talk) 21:10, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Ths is a low-quality publication in an unestablished journal not indexed on Medline - typically a disqualifier for claims of anti-disease benefit; see the MEDRS guideline here.
 * The section 3.2 on glycemic effects shows that only 5 trials with low subject numbers were first included in the review, but not all trials were used for each parameter claimed to have been affected (trial numbers of 5, 2, and 3 respectively).
 * Such results are too shallow and too preliminary to be suggesting an effect or use of taurine for people with diabetes. "Exceptional claims require exceptional sources" - WP:EXCEPTIONAL. Zefr (talk) 00:36, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This is a *new* journal (2020). It has a reasonable impact factor for a new journal. It has a legitimate publisher. The review itself reflects the published literature. sbelknap (talk) 16:23, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

I proposed this meta-analysis: doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173533 Thoughts? sbelknap (talk) 16:24, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The review you mention was on patients with liver dysregulation (the trials were 15 days to 6 months), the finding was that taurine supplementation reduced blood pressure and total cholesterol. Psychologist Guy (talk) 17:41, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This is an abbreviation of the full report, but otherwise there is a paywall to read the whole article.
 * Keeping skeptical, 1) the people studied had severe diseases (diabetes, hepatitis, fatty liver, obesity, cystic fibrosis, chronic alcoholism, cardiac surgery), so were likely under various therapeutic treatments with corresponding variable baselines. Adding taurine as a new treatment factor would be inconsistent across the patients studied, clouding interpretation of the effect; 2) the taurine doses and durations varied widely (0.5 to 6 g/d for 15 days to 6 months), making an effective dose impossible to interpret; 3) as with the above publication in Food Chemistry, a review and meta-analysis on weak, poorly-designed trials transfers into a weak source for medical content in the encyclopedia. European Journal of Pharmacology is typically a location for primary research; it is not a journal where WP:MEDRS-quality reviews would be published on anti-disease effects. Zefr (talk) 17:57, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Have you read the primary sources? If not, why are you making claims about them? Randomization addresses heterogeneity. European Journal of Pharmacology has always published reviews & meta-research.The primary clinical trials that were reviewed were well-designed & published in established journals. These objections are specious. As have been all the objections so far, in my view. Taurine has been studied in many clinical trials. The results of these trials have been reviewed in multiple meta-analyses published in journals and discussed in books. sbelknap (talk) 18:50, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * As stated above on 26 August, provide two sources that meet WP:MEDRS for editors to comment on whether the studies give adequate evidence for an effect of taurine. So far, we have seen nothing. Zefr (talk) 18:58, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Just a note on doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100106 which is here, the source was added to the Wikipedia article by Sbelknap in December 2022 . See reference 36. As of 3/9/2023 the review he added is still on the article in the "research" section. I find it odd that he is requesting to include this review on the article when it is already on the article and has been on the article for nearly a year. It has been established that the journal is very weak. I think the reference should be removed. Psychologist Guy (talk) 19:08, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

So far, no engaged editor has provided a plausible reason for omitting mention of the many clinical trials that have been conducted on the health effects of taurine. Perhaps one might forbear judgment on a review article that one has not read, in a journal that one does not access whether due to a paywall or other reason. The journal Food Chemistry is a well-established journal https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/food-chemistry (CiteScore 14.9; Impact Factor 8.8). Food Chemistry has several companion journals, one of which is Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences (CiteScore 2.1; Impact Factor 3.3). The Editor of Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences is Sian Astley, who is also an editor of Food Chemistry. The editorial board includes many established scientists.

I've read a half-dozen articles in this new journal. There is good science being reported here. It is absurd to claim that this journal is weak. It is *new*. The reason that new journals are being established in nutrition is because the field requires additional outlets for reporting research results. I ask engaged editors to rethink their position on excluding high-quality secondary source articles about the clinical effects of taurine. The objections raised seem specious to me.sbelknap (talk) 17:11, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * My advice is to wait 5 or 10 years then come back here when a good review has been published in a good journal. Right now there is no good review that has been published because there is a lack of clinical data. There is no good science here, it is very weak stuff you have cited with no conclusive results. We simply do not have enough data because not enough trials have been done and there is no long-term data. If you are not happy with what other users have told you here, you can always ask at the WikiProject Medicine for an experienced editor to weigh in on this. Zefr is an experienced user who has edited many medical topics and they have told you similar to what I have said, currently you have not provided any good evidence.

 * Just going on online and trying to find any old review will not cut it. Here are some good journals from the top of my head The BMJ, JAMA, Annals of Internal Medicine, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, The Lancet, Diabetes & Endocrinology, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Advances in Nutrition, Nutrition (journal). I have never heard of Food Chemistry, it is not a good journal compared to what else is out there for this field. Psychologist Guy (talk) 17:45, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I am an academic physician & scientist. I've taught evidence-based medicine for > 40 years. My current area of interest is the pharmacology of taurine & other nutrients.
 * There has been no discussion of the primary clinical trials here on this wikipedia page, AFAIK. It appears that engaged editors have not read much of the secondary or primary source literature. What I see is not consistent with good stewardship of wikipedia. sbelknap (talk) 18:28, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * If you are a professional researching this topic you must have access to academic nutritional textbooks that you could cite here. Do you know of any dietary or nutritional textbooks that have content on taurine that review clinical data? If you do, then that is a possible way to improve the article. There is no mention of taurine in Paul Coates, Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements (2005) or Lyle Dean MacWilliam NutriSearch Comparative Guide to Nutritional Supplements (5th edition, 2014). I do not have access to Benjamin Caballero's Guide to Nutritional Supplements. Psychologist Guy (talk) 20:02, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

Taurine is commonly sold as a dietary supplement, but there is no good clinical evidence that taurine supplements provide any benefit to human health.[5]
I read the referenced article, #5. The original sentence in the Wikipedia article is slightly misleading. It would imply that large scale studies have been conducted, showing negligible benefit. I think what the author meant to say was that the existing studies have been too small to make the assertion of no benefit. There are many articles that suggest benefit. One example: "Taurine Provides Neuroprotection against Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration" by Nicolas Froger, et. al. (published 10/24/2012). The point is that the studies have been small, not that taurine has been "proven" to be ineffective. Billyarberry (talk) 19:06, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The text is correct. No good clinical evidence exists. The study you mention is not reliable, it is a study on mice Psychologist Guy (talk) 19:24, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition - a good source?
I came across a 2021 meta-analysis and review of taurine's effects on some markers, and I wonder whether the journal is good enough. They report decreased C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde after taurine supplementation. My interest had been sparked by a recent news report on decreased taurine in the hippocampus in depression, in a small 7T MRI study on women. Cheers, --CopperKettle (talk) 13:58, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Although EJCN has an acceptable (but low, 4.5) impact factor, the issue is not whether the journal is "good", but rather what the review studied and found: only minor effects on two biomarkers, MDA and CRP. As reflected by the article's poor metrics (low cite numbers), the article has not had significant impact and is WP:UNDUE in related clinical disciplines, providing little value to understand possible effects of supplemental taurine. There is nothing encyclopedic to add. Zefr (talk) 15:49, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taurine


text:
Henri Lefebvre

Henri Lefebvre (, ; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of social space, and for his work on dialectical materialism, alienation, and criticism of Stalinism, existentialism, and structuralism. In his prolific career, Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles. He founded or took part in the founding of several intellectual and academic journals such as Philosophies, La Revue Marxiste, Arguments, Socialisme ou Barbarie, and Espaces et Sociétés.

Biography
Lefebvre was born in Hagetmau, Landes, France. He studied philosophy at the University of Paris (the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was working with Paul Nizan, Norbert Guterman, Georges Friedmann, Georges Politzer, and Pierre Morhange in the Philosophies group seeking a "philosophical revolution". This brought them into contact with the Surrealists, Dadaists, and other groups, before they moved towards the French Communist Party (PCF).

Lefebvre joined the PCF in 1928 and became one of the most prominent French Marxist intellectuals during the second quarter of the 20th century, before joining the French resistance. From 1944 to 1949, he was the director of Radiodiffusion Française, a French radio broadcaster in Toulouse. Among his works was a highly influential, anti-Stalinist text on dialectics called Dialectical Materialism (1940). Seven years later, Lefebvre published his first volume of The Critique of Everyday Life. His early work on method was applauded and borrowed centrally by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960). During Lefebvre's thirty-year stint with the PCF, he was chosen to publish critical attacks on opposed theorists, especially existentialists like Sartre and Lefebvre's former colleague Nizan, only to intentionally get himself expelled from the party for his own heterodox theoretical and political opinions in the late 1950s. He then went from serving as a primary intellectual for the PCF to becoming one of France's most important critics of the PCF's politics (e.g. immediately, the lack of an opinion on Algeria, and more generally, the partial apologism for and continuation of Stalinism) and intellectual thought (i.e. structuralism, especially the work of Louis Althusser).

In 1961, Lefebvre became professor of sociology at the University of Strasbourg, before joining the faculty at the new university at Nanterre in 1965. He was one of the most respected professors, and he had influenced and analysed the May 1968 student revolt. Lefebvre introduced the concept of the right to the city in his 1968 book Le Droit à la ville (the publication of the book predates the May 1968 revolts which took place in many French cities). Following the publication of this book, Lefebvre wrote several influential works on cities, urbanism, and space, including The Production of Space (1974), which became one of the most influential and heavily cited works of urban theory. By the 1970s, Lefebvre had also published some of the first critical statements on the work of post-structuralists, especially Michel Foucault. During the following years he was involved in the editorial group of Arguments, a New Left magazine which largely served to enable the French public to familiarize themselves with Central European revisionism.

Lefebvre died in 1991. In his obituary, Radical Philosophy magazine honored his long and complex career and influence: "the most prolific of French Marxist intellectuals, died during the night of 28–29 June 1991, less than a fortnight after his ninetieth birthday. During his long career, his work has gone in and out of fashion several times, and has influenced the development not only of philosophy but also of sociology, geography, political science and literary criticism."

The critique of everyday life
One of Lefebvre's most important contributions to social thought is the idea of the "critique of everyday life", which he pioneered in the 1930s. Lefebvre defined everyday life dialectically as the intersection of "illusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersection of the sector man controls and the sector he does not control", and is where the perpetually transformative conflict occurs between diverse, specific rhythms: the body's polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physiological (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms (Lefebvre and Régulier, 1985: 73). The everyday was, in short, the space in which all life occurred, and between which all fragmented activities took place. It was the residual. While the theme presented itself in many works, it was most notably outlined in his eponymous three-volume study, which came out in individual installments, decades apart, in 1947, 1961, and 1981.

Lefebvre argued that everyday life was an underdeveloped sector compared to technology and production, and moreover that in the mid 20th century, capitalism changed such that everyday life was to be colonized. In this zone of everydayness (boredom) shared by everyone in society regardless of class or specialty, autocritique of everyday realities of boredom vs. societal promises of free time and leisure, could lead to people understanding and then revolutionizing their everyday lives. This was essential to Lefebvre because everyday life was where he saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real self-expression. The critique of everyday life was crucial because it was for him only through the development of the conditions of human life—rather than abstract control of productive forces—that humans could reach a concrete utopian existence.

Lefebvre's work on everyday life was heavily influential in French theory, particularly for the Situationists, as well as in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts). The third volume has also recently influenced scholars writing about digital technology and information in the present day, since it has a section dealing with this topic at length, including analysis of the Nora-Minc Report (1977); key aspects of information theory; and other general discussion of the "colonisation" of everyday life through information communication technologies as "devices" or "services".

The social production of space
Lefebvre dedicated a great deal of his philosophical writings to understanding the importance of (the production of) space in what he called the reproduction of social relations of production. This idea is the central argument in the book The Survival of Capitalism, written as a sort of prelude to La Production de l'espace (1974) (The Production of Space).

Lefebvre contends that there are different modes of production of space (i.e. spatialization) from natural space ('absolute space') to more complex spaces and flows whose meaning is produced in a social way (i.e. social space). Lefebvre analyzes each historical mode as a three-part dialectic between everyday practices and perceptions (le perçu), representations or theories of space (le conçu) and the spatial imaginary of the time (le vécu).

Lefebvre's argument in The Production of Space is that space is a social product, or a complex social construction (based on values, and the social production of meanings) which affects spatial practices and perceptions. Lefebvre argued that every society—and, therefore, every mode of production—produces a certain space, its own space.

Lefebvre's concept has been criticised: e.g. in The Urban Question, Manuel Castells. Many responses to Castells are provided in The Survival of Capitalism, and some such as Andy Merrifield argue that the acceptance of those critiques in the academic world would be a motive for Lefebvre's effort in writing the long and theoretically dense The Production of Space. In "Actually-Existing Success: Economics, Aesthetics, and the Specificity of (Still-)Socialist Urbanism," Michal Murawski critiques Lefebvre's dismissal of actually existing socialism by showing how socialist states produced differential space.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henri Lefebvre


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Fintel

Fintel is a municipality in the district of Rotenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany and has about 3,000 inhabitants. It is located on the rivers Fintau and Ruschwede.

History
Fintel belonged to the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Bishopric was transformed into the Principality of Verden, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Principality, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Principality was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Principality in a real union and the Princely territory, including Fintel, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

Politics
Fintel is part of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Fintel, population about 7,000.

title: Fintel


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Heinrich Scheidemann

Heinrich Scheidemann (ca. 1595 – 1663) was a German organist and composer. He was the best-known composer for the organ in north Germany in the early to mid-17th century, and was an important forerunner of Dieterich Buxtehude and J.S. Bach.

Life
He was born in Wöhrden in Holstein. His father was an organist in both Wöhrden and Hamburg, and probably Scheidemann received some early instruction from him. Scheidemann studied with Sweelinck in Amsterdam from 1611 to 1614, and evidently was one of his favorite pupils, since Sweelinck dedicated a canon to him, prior to Scheidemann's return to Germany. By 1629, and possibly earlier, Scheidemann was in Hamburg as organist at the Catharinenkirche, a position which he held for more than thirty years, until his death in Hamburg in early 1663 during an outbreak of the plague.

Music and influence
Scheidemann was renowned as an organist and composer, as evidenced by the wide distribution of his works; more organ music by Scheidemann survives than by any other composer of the time. Unlike the other early Baroque German composers, such as Praetorius, Schütz, Scheidt, and Schein, each of whom wrote in most of the current genres and styles, Scheidemann wrote almost entirely organ music. A few songs survive, as well as some harpsichord pieces, but they are dwarfed by the dozens of organ pieces, many in multiple movements.

Scheidemann's lasting contribution to the organ literature, and to Baroque music in general, was in his settings of Lutheran chorales, which were of three general types: cantus firmus chorale arrangements, which were an early type of chorale prelude; "monodic" chorale arrangements, which imitated the current style of monody—a vocal solo over basso continuo—but for solo organ; and elaborate chorale fantasias, which were a new invention, founded on the keyboard style of Sweelinck but using the full resources of the developing German Baroque organ. In addition to his chorale arrangements, he also wrote important arrangements of the Magnificat, which are not only in multiple parts but are in cyclic form towards liturgical use in alternation with the choir during the so-called Vespers, a technique in multiple-movement musical construction which was not to return with vigor until the 19th century. Among his students were Johann Adam Reincken, his successor at the St. Catharine Church in Hamburg, and (possibly) Dieterich Buxtehude.

Discography

 * The Organ Works of Heinrich Scheidemann. Vol. 1. Calcante Recordings. CAL-023. 1999. 2 CD (Cleveland Johnson and Claudia Heberlein Johnson in Stade/St. Cosmae, Tangermünde, and Wellesley)
 * The Organ Works of Heinrich Scheidemann. Vol. 2. Calcante Recordings. CAL-024. 1999. 2 CD (Cleveland Johnson and Claudia Heberlein Johnson in Stade/St. Cosmae, Tangermünde, and Wellesley)
 * The Organ Works of Heinrich Scheidemann. Vol. 3. Calcante Recordings. CAL-025. 2003. 2 CD (Cleveland Johnson and Claudia Heberlein Johnson in Stade/St. Cosmae, Tangermünde, and Wellesley)
 * The Art of Heinrich Scheidemann, William Dongois & Le Concert Brisé. Accent Records 2016. ASIN B01C9P355K

References and further reading

 * Article "Heinrich Scheidemann, in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  ISBN 1-56159-174-2
 * Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.  ISBN 0-393-09745-5
 * Pieter Dirksen, Heinrich Scheidemann's Keyboard Music. Its Transmission, Style and Chronology, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7546-5441-4

title: Heinrich Scheidemann


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Bunghole

A bunghole is a hole bored in a liquid-tight barrel to remove contents. The hole is capped with a cork or cork-like stopper called a bung. Acceptable usage includes other access points that may be capped with alternate materials providing an air- or water-tight access to other vessels. For example, a bunghole on a combustion chamber can be used to remove slag or add coal. Bungholes can also be utilized to insert and remove sensing probes or equipment like mixers to agitate the contents within a vessel.

History and usage
Bungholes were first used on wooden barrels, and were typically bored by the purchaser of the barrel using a brace and bit. Bungholes can be bored in either head (end) of a barrel or in one of the staves (side). With the bung removed, a tapered faucet can be attached to aid with dispensing. When barrels full of a commodity were shipped, the recipient would often bore new bungholes of the most suitable size and placement rather than remove the existing bung. Wooden barrels manufactured by specialty firms today usually are bored by the maker with suitable bungholes, since the hobbyists who purchase them for the making of beer, wine, and fermented foods often do not have a suitable brace and bit.

Closed-head steel barrels and drums now used for shipment of chemicals and petroleum products have a standardized bunghole arrangement, with one 2 inch NPT and one 3/4 inch NPT threaded bunghole on opposite sides of the top head. Some steel barrels are also equipped with a 2-inch threaded bunghole on the side.

In literature
A notable use of the term occurs in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet: While holding the skull of the dead court jester, Hamlet wonders: "To what base uses we may return Horatio. Why, may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander, till he find it stopping a bunghole? … Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander returneth into dust, the dust is earth, of earth we make loam, and why of that loam (whereto he was converted) might they not stop a beer barrel? — Hamlet, act V, scene 1"

Slang and Technical Language
Usage of the term as a slang word for the anus dates back to at least the 17th century, as shown in Thomas Urquhart's translation of Gargantua by François Rabelais, first published in 1653. "... I say and maintain, that of all torcheculs, arsewisps, bumfodders, tail-napkins, bunghole cleansers, and wipe-breeches, there is none in the world comparable to the neck of a goose ..."

In popular culture

 * It was popularized in the MTV cartoon series Beavis and Butt-head, the term "bunghole" is used as both a personal insult and slang for anus. In his Cornholio persona, Beavis says, "I need TP [toilet paper] for my bunghole." The two central characters also use the term when referring to one another.
 * U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson was recorded using the word "bunghole" while ordering slacks over the phone.

In meat industry
Bung dropper is a device inserted into the rectum of a slaughtered animal, mostly of a pig, to separate it from carcass during the dressing process.

title: Bunghole


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Bill Stewart (journalist)

William D. Stewart (1941 – June 20, 1979) was an American journalist with ABC News who was murdered by Nicaraguan government National Guard ("Guardia") forces while reporting on the Nicaraguan Revolution as Sandinista rebel forces were closing in on the capital city of Managua in 1979. Footage of his execution was repeatedly broadcast on network television, resulting in an uproar in the United States against the Somoza regime.

Life and career
Stewart was from West Virginia and was a 1963 graduate of Ohio State University. While at Ohio State, he was active in many extracurricular activities including the Student Senate and the Sphinx honorary society, as well as a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. He came to ABC News from WCCO-TV in Minneapolis. He was an experienced foreign correspondent, and his assignments included coverage of the Iranian Revolution in February 1979. He had been in Nicaragua for 10 days reporting on the civil war between the Somoza dynasty and the leftist Sandinistas.

Death
On June 20, 1979, Stewart was traveling in a press van in the eastern slums of the capital city of Managua with his camera and sound crew when they were stopped at a roadblock run by the Nicaraguan Guardia, President Anastasio Somoza Debayle's main force. The van was clearly marked as a press vehicle as a precaution, which had become standard practice as the insurgency and revolution increased in intensity. On the previous day, the government newspaper Novedades had run an editorial describing foreign journalists as "part of the vast network of communist propaganda".

Stewart and his 26-year-old Nicaraguan interpreter Juan Francisco Espinoza exited the vehicle and approached the barricade. Stewart presented official press credentials issued by the office of the Nicaraguan president. When they were a few meters away from the soldiers, cameraman Jack Clark began filming from inside the van. A guardsman ordered the men to separate, and Stewart was ordered first to kneel and then to lie face down on the ground. A soldier approached him, kicked him once in the ribs, then stepped back and shot him behind his right ear, killing him instantly. Espinoza was shot to death off-camera by a different soldier, apparently before Stewart was killed, after he approached the guards to ask their permission for an interview. Pablo Tiffer López was driving the ABC van, and he testified that a soldier remarked of Stewart, "I'm sure he's no journalist. He's a dog." He also testified that the soldiers commanded the news crew to report that a Sandinista sniper was responsible.

Stewart was 37 years old. He was survived by his wife Myrna and his parents. His body was retrieved by his crew and flown on a U.S. Air Force C-130 from Nicaragua to Panama, then transferred to an airplane sent by ABC and returned to the United States. He was buried in Ashland, Kentucky.

Impact
The news crew smuggled the footage out of the country and sent it to New York. ABC, NBC, and CBS all ran it on their evening news broadcasts and repeatedly rebroadcast it in the following days. Millions of viewers in the United States and worldwide reacted with shock and outrage toward the Somoza regime. All three networks protested the killings by withdrawing their personnel from the country, with only CBS leaving a single correspondent to cover the conflict. President Jimmy Carter issued a statement describing the murder as "an act of barbarism that all civilized people condemn."

Shortly after the killings, the Nicaraguan national guard reported that they had arrested Corporal Lorenzo Brenes ("Brenis" in some reports), whom they said was the soldier responsible for Stewart's murder, and that he would be "brought before legal officers". Brenes had been in command of the roadblock, and he testified before a military tribunal that he had not witnessed the shootings. He said that Stewart's killer was a "Private González" who was killed in combat later the same day. Brenes testified that the private related to him that he had killed Stewart "because he tried to run away". The ultimate fates of the Guardia soldiers responsible for the killings of Stewart and Espinoza are not known, due to the chaotic demise of the Somoza regime. Somoza fled Nicaragua for Miami on July 17, and the regime was overthrown on July 19, 1979, less than a month after Stewart's murder.

Legacy
Footage of the incident appeared in the film Days of Fury (1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by Vincent Price. The footage was also used in From the Ashes: Nicaragua Today, a documentary released in 1983.

A fictional version of Stewart's murder was told in the 1983 film Under Fire, starring Gene Hackman, Nick Nolte, and Joanna Cassidy. Hackman's Alex Grazier and Nolte's Russell Price are amalgamations of Bill Stewart's life and career as a journalist and war correspondent. In the film, Stewart's death is presented differently: Hackman's character is shot in the chest while standing up, and his death is captured in a series of still images by Nolte's character, who escapes from the scene in a hail of gunfire. As in Stewart's case, the images are shown to television audiences around the world, and the public outcry signals the end for the embattled Somoza dictatorship.

After the fall of Somoza, the new Sandinista government created a park in Stewart's honor in Managua. The park, established at the site in Barrio Riguero where he was killed, featured a cement monument and a plaque with the inscription "In memory of Bill Stewart. He did not die in a strange land, and we will cherish his memory because he is part of Free Nicaragua." By 1984, the park had fallen into disrepair as the government diverted funds from municipal budgets to the war effort against the Contras, and the park was maintained only by the volunteer Ricardo Gonzalez, an elderly man who lived nearby and witnessed Stewart's murder. That year the American internationalist engineer Ben Linder, who lived in the area, and American nun Nancy Hanson persuaded the Committee of U.S. Citizens Living in Nicaragua to donate tools to Gonzalez and pay him a monthly stipend for his work. In 1987, Bill Stewart Park was described as "not unlike the hundreds of street-corner memorials that pay tribute to neighborhood martyrs of the insurrection."

Joan Kruckewitt in The Death of Ben Linder provides an account of Stewart's death and its impact, as well as the creation and maintenance of Bill Stewart Park.

title: Bill Stewart (journalist)


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User talk:Kzzl/archive1

Common acceptance of the word "animal" already excludes "human", no need to inject an off-topic perspective into the article at sexual attraction by changing "animal" to "non-human animal". I have changed it back. KeyStroke 15:48, 2004 Sep 16 (UTC)

Don't post nonsense to Wikipedia. Rick'''K 05:33, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

Threats are also unacceptable, and can lead to being blocked from editing. Rick'''K 05:51, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

Last warning. If you create Kzzl or any other nonsense one more time, you will be blocked from editing for 24 hours. Rick'''K 05:59, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

sir- kzzl is my name. you can't create an entry called rickk? and what do you do sit around and watch for misbehaving? I get kicked outta the visit everyday club if I displease you? see Nonsense

Just so you're aware, I know you're the same user as User:64.12.116.195 and similar IPs. Rather than block you pre-emptively, I'll give you one last chance to shape up or ship out. -- Hadal 06:51, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Dude, I think you just blew it with your rant. I think it's only fair to tell you that this isn't a blog page and "open content" doesn't mean you can paste just anything here.  Take a peek at my user page and the pages of some of the others here and check out their contributions, OK?  If you want to continue here, color inside the lines.  Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 23:11, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

In response to your message on my talk page:
See my standard welcome greeting: I'd like to welcome you to Wikipedia! You seem to be off to a great start, making numerous good contributions. If you have not yet registered a user name, I encourage you to do so, because while editing anonymously is great, anonymous users sometimes don't get to experience the full community aspect of Wikipedia. Registering a user name will give you an identity on Wikipedia and allow you to do several things anonymous users can't, such as vote in polls, set preferences, and upload images.

You may wish to review some or all of the following pages to aid you in your editing:
 * Welcome!
 * Wikipedia Help
 * Wikipedia Tutorial
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Wikipedia Manual of Style
 * Avoiding common mistakes

Again, welcome, and thanks for contributing. Hope to see you around. blankfaze | (беседа!)
 * Also see Policies and guidelines. There is no master of The West Wing article.  Anyone can contribute to it.  I have noticed, however that you made one particularly poor taste edit to it, which I removed.  However, the majority of your edits seem to be okay.  So, if you're here to contribute positively and constructively to Wikipedia, I encourage you to do so.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  22:20, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm vocal about users putting anything they wish on their own pages, but creating a list of "people who've been mean to me" could possibly burn potential bridges before they can even be built. Mike H 23:55, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I saw you editing your page, with the section "people who've been mean to me" coming up under the edit summary in Recent Changes. I've only seen West Wing a few times, so I'll see what you did and get back to you. Mike H 00:07, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Look, some of us are trying to help. PLEASE don't post these bizarre little articles of yours.  You seem like a smart guy.  Don't blow it by screwing around and getting banned. - Lucky 6.9 02:53, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Here's my answer to the question you left on my talk page. Hope this helps.  It's always much more pleasant to try and deal with someone who is at least making an effort, however misguided:

''Call it a learning curve, not a fuck-up. You did a no-no by posting copyrighted material from another website. I think the admins are keeping an eye on you, so be careful that you don't get banned. Best way to do that is to browse around some of the articles on the site, maybe via the "random page" link on the left side of the page. That'll give you a better idea of what this is all about. You seem to have a knack for pop culture...why not concentrate on a subject you like by either creating or expanding an article?'' - Lucky 6.9 03:08, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I was mean to you by giving you a second (actually, more like a fourth) chance, eh? I've already blocked you under two IP addresses, but I did not block your username because you seemed to have smartened up. However, you've now committed a copyright violation and you've chosen to continue your personal attack on another user. While the former can be excused as a mistake, the latter is unacceptable; if I see one more bad edit from you, it'll be your last. I strongly suggest you take Lucky's sagely advice to heart. -- Hadal 03:16, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Hadal. Kzzl, here's a copy of my answer to your latest question:

''Best thing to do for now is to assume that just about anything you cut and paste from the internet belongs to someone else unless they've expressly given permission to use the text, image or whatever. I think there's a form letter here on the site that you can e-mail to whomever you wish asking for clearance to use the info. It's tricky, though. The wigwag article I wrote had some photos that I'd received permission to use...and I still couldn't use them. They belonged to other parties. All but one of the photos were taken by the person that granted permission in the first place. One's mine. Anyway, if you go to the bottom of any page, it talks about the "GNU" license and what constitutes fair use. Good luck!'' - Lucky 6.9 05:48, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Right-wing conspiracy stub

 * Now you're getting the idea! Nice little stub, well-written and has a link to a corresponding article to boot.  I did a couple of minor appearance tweaks and a couple of wikis.  Take a look. - Lucky 6.9 18:25, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Nonsense
I warned you that I would block you if you insisted on creating nonsense. Last warning. RickK 23:55, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)

Redirects
I see you've been trying to make several redirects to articles, but you have it all wrong. The correct way is to place the following:

 * 1) redirect article title

on both the edit text and the summary. Thanks. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 02:29, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Question for you on Talk:Ben Folds Five -- Tim Starling 03:18, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

BLocking. It looks like I blocked an Id that you were using that Michael, who is a hard-banned user, was also using yesterday. If you log in, you won't have that problem. Michael is not allowed to edit Wikipedia under any circumstances, and it looks as if you stumbled onto the same ID. It will go away after 25 hours, but if you log in, you won't be blocked. RickK 18:49, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Wictionary
The fact that wiktionary needs a lot of work is not grounds for putting dictionary defintions on wikipedia. Wikipedia needed a lot of work in it's early days too. Wictionary will grow as more more people work on it. theresa knott 19:20, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ish
I've undeleted Ish after discussions indicate that several admins all agreed that it didn't qualify as a speedy deletion. Policy requires that it be listed on VfD after that, so don't be surprised when it gets that tag and appears there. If you want this to be in the encyclopedia, I recommend that you add some description of how it came about, the use to avoid censorship and similar. Otherwise it's going to be deleted according to normal process as a dictionary definition. In short: do make it an article or it'll be gone again in five days. Don't take this action by me as support or opposition to the presence of it - it's just following process. As theresa knott noted, if you do want it to be simply a dictionary definition, Wictionary is the best place for it. Jamesday 00:26, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * As required by policy, I'll be listing this on VfD in a few minutes. Jamesday 19:17, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Less than objective articles
If you see a less than objective article which you don't want to edit directly, one way to approach it is to write your concerns on the talk page for the article to see whether others agree with you. Use an edit comment for the talk which makes it clear to anyone who is watching the page that you're asking for opinions about a proposed change. Jamesday 19:17, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Handbags
Hi Kzzl. Thanks for you message about deletion on my talk page. I always knew that it would be a difficult article to keep. It is real and verifiable, but not important in the grand scheme of things. By attempting to keep it, I was trying to highlight concerns about systematic bias - because of the background of people who edit at Wikipedia we have lots of information about computer games and fictional characters but less on companies, particular non-Western ones. I suspect if the company had been on Middle-earth instead of Hong Kong island we would've kept it! :)

Looking at your talk page it seems like you've had a few run-ins with some of our admins in your early days. I hope that that's all settled down and you appreciate that they're all just trying to create the best encyclopedia there is. Hope you enjoy doing that too. Pcb21| Pete 09:46, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

User subpage
You put at User:Kzzl/message to meddler. Do you really want this page to be deleted? -- Merovingian ✍  Talk  22:12, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

Personal attacks
Personal attacks can get you banned from editing. RickK 04:50, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)

editing your user page
I was reverting what appeared to be vandalism of your user page. Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 23:42, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject still active?
I've moved WikiProject Sociolinguistics/Slang to the Inactive section of the WikiProject page, as it hasn't been edited since Nov 1st; I wanted to let you know, and ask if you're still working on it. If so, feel free to move it back up into the active section. JesseW 07:50, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Category:Nonsense slang
Hi - I see you've added some subpages off your user page into category:Nonsense slang. Reading your user page, I assume you created these as subpages of your user page rather than as wikipedia articles to keep them from being deleted. Do you think you could recategorize what you've put in category:Nonsense slang into category:Kzzl pages (or perhaps category:Kzzl's nonsense slang which could be a subcategory of Kzzl pages)? I suggest this since I suspect there might eventually be a category for nonsense slang with articles from the wikipedia article namespace, and categories themselves only have a single namespace which is nearly exclusively used for articles (and categories) in the main wikipedia article namespace. Please let me know what you think about this. -- Rick Block 16:59, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Orwellian
Thanks, unlooked for, random praise always good to get. I certainly think the word is important to include and so do the other people, including you, who have created it or saved it from redirection. The word is far mor important than other -ians such as Shakesperian because Orwellian means much more than simply writing in Orwell's style. It seems important to me to state that Orwell probably would not have liked many of the uses that the word is put to but I can understand why people may regard this as POV especially if they have just linked to the article and the article itself criticises people for promiscious use of the term. MeltBanana 14:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WordSmithery
Dear Kzzl,

The WordSmithery that can be known is not WordSmithery. (With apologies to Tao). - RedWordSmith 14:42, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kzzl/archive1


text:
Mercedes-Benz GLE

The Mercedes-Benz GLE, formerly Mercedes-Benz M-Class (designated with the "ML" nomenclature), is a mid-size luxury SUV produced by the German manufacturer Mercedes-Benz since 1997. In terms of size, it is slotted in between the smaller GLC and the larger GLS, the latter with which it shares platforms.

The first-generation M-Class, designated with the model code W163, is a body-on-frame SUV and was produced until 2004. For a short time, between 1999 and 2002, the W163 M-Class was also built by Magna Steyr in Graz, Austria, for the European market, before all production moved to the U.S. plant near Vance, Alabama. The second-generation M-Class (W164) moved to a unibody platform while sharing most components with the GL-Class, which sports a longer body to accommodate third-row seating.

Since April 2015, the M-Class has been renamed to the GLE with the release of the facelifted W166 model, in an effort to harmonize Mercedes-Benz SUV nameplates by aligning it with the E-Class.

Nomenclature update from M to GLE
Although grouped under the "M-Class" naming banner since the first launch, BMW, who sells M models such as the M3, objected to the car being badged "M" with the three-digit engine level afterwards (e.g. M 320). This forced Mercedes-Benz to defer to a double-tiered marketing strategy of "ML" badging (e.g. ML 320) under an M-Class umbrella. There has been some confusion surrounding this nomenclature, with many sources erroneously referring to the series as the "ML-Class", including Mercedes-Benz itself.

From 2015, with the release of the facelifted W166 third-generation model at the New York Auto Show in April, the M-Class was renamed to GLE as per the revised nomenclature adopted by the brand. Under this scheme, SUVs use the base name "GL", followed by the model's placement in Mercedes-Benz hierarchy. The "G" is for Geländewagen (German for off land wagon or off-road vehicle) and alludes the long-running G-Wagen. This is followed by the letter "L" that acts as a linkage with the letter "E"—the GLE being the SUV equivalent to the E-Class.

Development
Mercedes-Benz proposed a plan to replace the G-Class, which at the time had been in production for 11 years. A joint agreement with Mitsubishi Motors to develop and produce a sports-utility vehicle was made in early 1991 and was confirmed publicly that June. Plans were made to base it on the Montero/Pajero platform, with one of them being badged as a Mercedes-Benz and the other a Mitsubishi. In May 1992, these plans were abandoned citing "technical problems" and Mercedes-Benz continued on with in-house development from January 1993.

In March 1993, a search for a location to build a U.S. manufacturing plant began. By September 1993, a location in the state of Alabama was chosen and construction started in 1994.

While plans were being made overseas, in Germany development continued. Design work took place from late 1992 to 1994. A design from Mercedes' Sindelfingen studio was chosen in 1993 and approved by the executive board in February 1994. The design patents were filed in Germany on 13 July 1994, and in the U.S. on 13 January 1995. Prototype testing started with test mules and crash tests using mock-ups in May 1994. First functional prototype's crash test took place in February 1995, with full testing run from March 1995 to December 1996 in various climates and regions of the world. Pilot production began in May 1996.

In July 1996, construction on the Mercedes-Benz U.S. International plant in Vance, Alabama concluded, with the very first production M-Class rolling off the assembly line the week of 9 February 1997.

Initial release
Mercedes-Benz launched the first generation W163 series M-Class on 19 February 1997, in the United States for the 1998 model year, with sales beginning that September. It is a mid-sized body-on-frame SUV with seating for five, or seven with an optional third-row, seven-seat version. Access to the third-row was deemed problematic and the seats were not suitable for large adults. As the result, the seven seater M-Class was discontinued after the 2005 model year and replaced by the larger GL-Class.

The Mercedes-Benz M-Class (W163) was available with permanent 4Matic four-wheel drive, which routed torque to all four wheels through open front, center, and rear differentials. The system used a two-speed dual range BorgWarner 4409 transfer case with a planetary center differential that provides a 48% front/52% rear default torque split. The transfer case featured reduction gearing, and Mercedes' new Four-wheel Electronic Traction System (4-ETS). 4-ETS simulated three differential locks on all three open differentials, via aggressively braking one or more spinning wheels.

The M-Class was the first luxury SUV to feature electronic stability control, a system designed to detect loss of control and instantaneously intervene with selective braking to bring the vehicle back on its intended course. Furthermore, the M-Class boasted front- and side-impact airbags with advanced occupant detection for the front passenger seat, which helped earn the W163 the highest marks in insurance industry crash tests.

Manufactured in Vance, Alabama, in the United States, the M-Class launched in the North American market first as the ML 320. The ML 320 was sold internationally, with the "320" suffix alluding to the 3.2-litre V6 engine. An entry-level, manual transmission-only ML 230, fitted with a 2.3-litre inline-four was available in Europe from launch in March 1998 until 2000. From launch in 1998, European markets also received the ML 270 CDI with a 2.7-litre inline-five turbodiesel engine. This unit was made available in Australia in 2000 and continued on in the W163 until being replaced upon the release of the W164 M-Class in 2005.

Later, in 1998, the more powerful ML 430 became available with the newly introduced Mercedes-Benz 4.3-litre V8. This was followed by the February 1999 debut of the 2000 ML 55 AMG, featuring a 5.4-litre V8 engine made by AMG, modified bodywork, and other performance features.

In September 1996, before the vehicle was launched, Mercedes-Benz allowed the producers of the 1997 film The Lost World: Jurassic Park to make use of modified pre-production M-Class SUVs as a way to advertise the W163 when it was launched in 1997. As a result, a Mercedes-Benz advertisement appears before the film on original VHS copies of the film. Jeff Goldblum, the star of the film, received a complimentary ML 320 from Mercedes-Benz as a result of the tie-in. Three versions were used in the movie, two of which of each were built. Two are displayed at the Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida, there is one at the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart, Germany, and one at the Visitor Center at the M-class factory in Alabama.

Awards
The ML 320 was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 1998 and was voted the 1998 North American Truck of the Year at the North American International Auto Show, Detroit, in January 1998. It also received the World Car Award in March 1999, voted by an international jury of automotive journalists in Geneva. Despite the accolades, Mercedes-Benz received considerable criticism with respect to the substandard quality of the W163, resulting in the car being nicknamed Alabama Trashcan. Quality improved over the years, especially after the facelift in 2001 for the 2002 model year. DaimlerChrysler spent US$600 million (~$ in ) on improvements at the Alabama factory before launching the second generation ML in 2005.

Facelift
Mercedes-Benz revised and updated the W163 in 2001 for the 2002 model year. Styling updates involved the fitment of new head- and tail-lamp lenses, front and rear bumpers, new alloy wheels on most variants, the relocation of the side turn signals from the fenders to the side-view mirrors, and various interior trim changes. At the same time, the ML 430 was replaced by the 5.0-litre V8-powered ML 500 and a new 4.0-litre V8 turbodiesel ML 400 CDI became available in Europe. The following year, in 2002, Mercedes-Benz launched the ML 350 fitted with a 3.7-litre V6 engine. The ML 350 replaced the ML 320 in some markets, but supplemented it in others.

The previous Popemobile was based on a W163 series ML 430 and has been in service since July 2002. Volkswagen had offered to build a new vehicle based on the Touareg, but Pope Benedict XVI opted to continue using his predecessor's Mercedes-Benz-manufactured vehicle.

Second generation (W164; 2005)
In 1999, development on a successor to the W163 began under the codename "W164" and spanned a period of six years. First design drafts appeared in 2000 with the first models in scale 1:4, and in 2001 three full-sized models were prepared. In 2002 the design styled by Steve Mattin under Peter Pfeiffer was chosen and approved by the executive board. Design patents were filed in Germany on 10 June 2003 and in the U.S. on 25 July. Prototype testing was conducted throughout 2003 and 2004, concluding in early 2005. The redesigned M-class (chassis name W164) was introduced in April 2005 as a 2006 model after a showing at the North American International Auto Show in January. It was almost entirely new, with a more sporting, aerodynamic look. The coefficient of drag was reduced to 0.34. Mercedes-Benz made the new M-Class 71 mm larger, 150 mm longer and 5 mm lower than the first model. The M-Class was named "Best New Sport Utility Vehicle" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards.

Mercedes-Benz extensively publicised the US$600 million spent to update its factory and add manufacturing space for the new R-Class. According to early automotive press reports, the 2006 M-Class vehicles demonstrated vast improvements in quality.

The W164 platform used for the new M-Class is shared with the new GL-Class and is a unibody type rather than the former (W163) body-on-frame used by the M-Class vehicles produced from 1998–2005. The X164 GL-Class, a longer seven-seater version of the W164 platform, is also available.

New features in the 2006 M-Class include the 7G-Tronic seven-speed automatic transmission, optional Active Curve-Illuminating Bi-Xenon headlights which "steer" in the path of the vehicle, and an adjustable-height air suspension. The manual transmission has been dropped. Permanent 4Matic four-wheel drive remained, with one-speed transfer case (no low range), center limited-slip differential and four-wheel electronic traction system (4-ETS). In most countries except the U.S., an Off-Road Pro package with center and rear differential locks, 4-ETS, two-speed transfer case with reduction gearing, and adjustable ground clearance was available as an option increasing the original fording depth from 500 mm to 600 mm.

The AMG version of the W164, the ML 63 AMG, was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show as a limited edition 2007 model. It features a 6.2 L M156 V8 engine producing 510 PS and 465 lbft that is handcrafted in Germany. The engine is added to an AMG Speedshift 7G-Tronic seven-speed automatic transmission. The 2006 ML 63 AMG can accelerate from 0–60 mph in just 4.8 seconds, or from 0–62 mph in just 5.0 seconds. These features made the ML 63 AMG the most powerful naturally aspirated V8 SUV in the world at the time of its launch.

Facelift
By 2007, design work on updates to the W164 were finalized and patented domestically in Germany on 23 November 2007. The 2009 Mercedes-Benz M-Class got a minor facelift as it debuted at the 2008 New York International Auto Show in March 2008.

This facelift includes new front headlights, redesigned front and rear bumpers, new exterior mirrors, new rim choices, a larger front grille, restyled interior, and a new ML 420 CDI engine choice. The ML 280 CDI became the ML 300 CDI, the 320 CDI became the 350 CDI, and the 420 CDI became the 450 CDI.

Models using Bluetec Diesel engine with urea injection were introduced in 2008 for the 2009 model year.

At the 2009 New York International Auto Show, Mercedes-Benz showed their ML 450 Hybrid SUV, which was announced on 8 April 2009. The ML 450 Hybrid consumes almost 50% less fuel than the ML 550 does, even though it produces over 90% of the power generated by the V8 model. Total power generated will be 335 hp and 381 lbft of torque, while getting 24 mpgus on the highway and 21 mpgus in the city, according to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates. The engine itself runs on the Atkinson cycle and by itself makes 275 hp. The ML 450 was developed under the Global Hybrid Cooperation, and will only be available in the United States under lease.

In 2011, Mercedes-Benz came out with their flagship SUV model, the Mercedes-Benz M BlueTec Grand Edition. The vehicle had cosmetic changes, including specially-manufactured 22-inch 10 spoke wheels, black leather with white stitching, and smokers package with Grand Edition modeling. The exterior consisted of new wheels, tinted headlights and tail lights, xenon-package (LED tail lights and daytime running lights, Xenon headlights), black grille, AMG, and side-view mirrors. The Grand Edition was offered in Midnight Blue, Black, and Ivory White, differentiating the basic model by colour already. The interior had changes, including deletion of the heated steering wheel and the replacement with an AMG steering wheel.

Third generation (W166/C292; 2011)
In 2006, development began on the next-generation M-Class and spanned over a period of 5 years, a shorter duration than its predecessor. In 2008, the final design by Emiel Burki was approved and patented domestically on 16 December 2008 (U.S. design patent filed on 15 June 2009). The newly redesigned M-Class (chassis name W166) was introduced in pre-production form 10 June 2011 as a 2012 model. The first customer-designated W166 rolled off the Vance production line on 20 July. It is moderately refined, taking styling cues from the new generation Mercedes-Benz E-Class. An increase in rear seat legroom has been implemented, alongside adjustable rear backrests. It was to be launched in September 2011.

New features in the 2012 M-Class include an updated 7G-Tronic Plus seven-speed automatic transmission to provide improved fuel economy, optional adaptive cruise control (Distronic Plus), active lane departure warning system, and an adjustable-height air suspension (AirMatic). An active curve system with active anti-roll bars for body roll compensation was introduced.

The W166 was one of the last vestiges of the joint venture between Daimler and Chrysler while they were a consolidated company. DaimlerChrysler developed the core platform and technology, benefitting from Chrysler's strong SUV sales and R&D domestically. The underlying platform work was largely completed in 2006, as the two companies were separated. Chrysler uses the same platform to power the Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) and Dodge Durango. Because of the separation however, the cars are extremely different in terms of interior and body design as well as engine choices. Aside from engines, the three SUVs share many powertrain components, including some transmissions.

An On&Off Road Package is available for most markets (now including North America) as of the 2013 model year. The package adds a two-speed dual range Magna Powertrain transfer case with center differential lock, reduction gearing, underbody skid plates, and a 6-mode selectable terrain driving program system. The rear differential lock has been discontinued.

Open front and rear differentials are fitted, and use four-wheel electronic traction system (4-ETS) to simulate front and rear differential locks.

The Mercedes M-Class won first place in the "Luxury Crossover SUV" category and has been named the most ideal vehicle for Americans based on a study undertaken by California-based automotive research and consulting firm AutoPacific.

Mercedes-Benz India established a manufacturing plant in Chakan, Pune in early 2009 that rolled out the first W166 M-Class to be built outside the US in October 2012. In the following month, Mercedes-Benz Indonesia began M-Class assembly at a factory in Wanaherang, West Java. These plants perform final assembly of vehicles shipped as "knocked-down" kits from Vance, USA.

In the second half of 2015 a facelifted W166 was released as the GLE, along with a coupé version.

The previous Popemobile was based on the 2012 M-Class and was delivered in December 2012.

Facelift (GLE)

The GLE name was used in 2015 for the facelifted W166 along with the new five-door coupé derivative GLE Coupé (C292) which was unveiled to the public in January 2015 at the North American International Auto Show. As part of Mercedes-Benz's new naming strategy, the GLE will define the SUV's positioning in the middle of its segment and between the future GLC and GLS (the former GLK and GL, respectively), the same way the E-Class is positioned in relation to the C and S-Classes.

SUV (W166)
The W166 facelift was unveiled at the New York Auto Show. The GLE 500 e is the first plug-in hybrid in this model range, combining a 333 hp V6 engine with a 116 hp electric motor. The first 19 units were delivered in the American market in June 2016.

Coupé (C292)
The GLE Coupé (C292) is the coupé SUV version and is heavily related to the W166, sharing its platform, mechanicals and interior (but having a unique body with a similar design). The C292 coupé was unveiled to the public in January 2015 at the North American International Auto Show, it was discontinued in August 2019 after the introduction of the W167.

The GLE Coupé was built in Alabama with the GLE on which it is based. Sales are expected from the second half of 2015. The range is topped by the Mercedes-AMG GLE 63 S-Model, powered by 5.5-litre twin turbo V8 producing 585 bhp and 768 Nm of torque, making it one of the quickest of its type.

Safety

 * 1 vehicle structure rated "Acceptable"
 * 2 strength-to-weight ratio: 6.68

Fourth generation (V167/C167; 2019)
The fourth generation GLE was unveiled at the 2018 Paris Motor Show.

At launch, the GLE was sold in the U.S. with two engine options. The GLE 350 has a 2-liter 4-cylinder engine with 255 hp and the GLE 450 has a 3-liter, inline-6, turbocharged engine with 362 hp and 369 lbft torque. The GLE 450 has a 48V electric system with an integrated starter motor. The system powers the air-conditioner, in-car electronics and the electronically driven turbocharger. The GLE 450 features a refined Active Body Control system, that does away with mechanical roll bars, notably enhancing performance.

Other engine options are also available. The AMG GLE 53 was introduced at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show in March. It has a 3.0 L turbo I6 boosted to 429 hp and 384 lbft torque. A 48V electric system like in the GLE 450 features EQ Boost for an extra 21 hp and 184 lbft torque on demand.

For the first time under the "GLE" name, the GLE also adds a seven-seat option.

Plug-in hybrid
In the European market, two plug-in hybrid versions are available: the GLE 350e, using a petrol engine, and the GLE 350de, using a diesel engine. Both use a 31.2-kWh battery. The vehicle can be equipped with a 60 kW quick charging option. The declared WLTP all-electric range is 90 to 99 km.

MY2024 LCI
For 2024, the GLE receives a facelift, adding completely restyled headlights and taillights. It now has a new steering wheel, restyled bumper, newer wheels and a new trim called GLE450e. It now competes with the facelifted 2024 Porsche Cayenne and facelifted BMW X5.

Long-wheelbase
The fourth-generation GLE saw the introduction of a long-wheelbase (LWB) variant, which as of 2020 is currently only sold in India. The LWB has a wheelbase that is 8 centimetres longer than that of the standard version. The variant is still designed as a default 2-row SUV, with most (69 mm) of the additional length being put into use in the second row. Available powertrains include a 2.0-litre turbodiesel (300d), 3.0-litre turbodiesel (400d), and 3.0-litre petrol (450), all making the same power as in the short-wheelbase (SWB) counterparts.

In India, the LWB's only market, the SWB variant is not marketed. Mercedes currently has no plans on bringing the LWB to Europe or North America.

Recall
In March 2024, Mercedes-Benz recalled over 116,000 GLE and GLS cars, built from 2019 to 2024, due to a loose 48-volt ground cable that may not have been tightened properly during assembly. The ground cable is located under the front passenger seat that could pose a potential safety risk when the cables become hot.

title: Mercedes-Benz GLE


text:
Fédéré

The term "fédérés" (sometimes translated to English as "federates") most commonly refers to the troops who volunteered for the French National Guard in the summer of 1792 during the French Revolution. The fédérés of 1792 effected a transformation of the Guard from a constitutional monarchist force into a republican revolutionary force.

"Fédérés" has several other closely related meanings, also discussed in this article.

Origin and terminology
The term "fédérés" derives from the Fête de la Fédération, the annual celebration during the revolutionary era, celebrated at the Champ de Mars in Paris the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789. However, the term "fédérés" as used by historians today almost always refers to the volunteer troops of 1792. The third fête of 1792 was of a far more radical nature than that of 1790, and prefigured the militant insurrections later in the year.

1790 celebration
At the first fête de la Fédération in 1790, Talleyrand said Mass, Lafayette addressed the crowd, and King Louis XVI gave a secular sermon. The attendees, known as fédérés, came from all over France and brought the spirit of the revolution back to the provinces.

Provincial militia in Paris – 1792

In early May, 1792, the Girondin Minister of War Joseph Servan made the proposal to bring armed volunteers from the provinces to Paris. The citizen-soldiers were to be invited to the city for the third fête, but they were also intended to become an effective supplement to the regular army. They were to receive military training in Paris and eventually take their place at the frontlines in the French Revolutionary War.

The prospect of thousands of new militiamen descending upon the capital for an indeterminate length of time was a highly contentious one. Some, like the king, saw it as a plot to stack Paris full with anti-monarchists, while others, like Maximilien Robespierre, feared the outsiders might be used as a provincial counterweight to the radical Parisian sans-culottes.

King Louis employed his constitutional prerogative to quash the proposal, and this use of the greatly unpopular royal veto was met with a storm of protest from all quarters. In the ensuing political struggle, the king dismissed the entire Girondin ministry. With the government in disarray, radical agitators seized the issue and it rapidly became the source of massive citywide unrest.

Eventually thousands of the provincial volunteers arrived regardless of the king's disapproval, and they were given a warm welcome by members of the Legislative Assembly. Robespierre himself, now fully supportive, greeted the provincial “defenders of liberty” as the "last hope of the country." (Meanwhile, 20,000 Fédérés entered the city for the celebration of 14 July; Pétion was reinstalled.) At the end of July more than 3,000 Fédérés had entered Paris useful in provoking various measures, notably the overthrow of the king. They were allowed to join the National Guard, and would focus on the "enemy within". A significant maneuver took place during the night when volunteers from Marseille led by Charles Barbaroux moved into the Cordeliers Convent. On 7 August, Pétion proposed that Robespierre assist in facilitating the departure of Fédérés to pacify the capital, suggesting their more effective service at the front lines.

The fédérés issue helped lead to a series of Parisian insurrections throughout the spring and summer, culminating in the assault on the Tuileries Palace on 10 August. The fédérés themselves played a large part in the Tuileries assault, and afterwards they contributed further to the climate of republican solidarity by adopting an uncommonly grateful public posture towards the female participants of the Revolution. In a post-victory ceremony, leaders of the fédérés honored their female colleagues and awarded civic crowns to three who displayed outstanding conduct in the assault – Louise Reine Audu, Claire Lacombe, and Theroigne de Mericourt.

1815
The term "Fédérations" was revived during the Cent-Jours. It was an anti-royalist movement intended to repress local revival of monarchists after the flight of the Bourbons.

1871

The term "fédérés" was revived during the Paris Commune. The Communards' Wall is known in French as the Mur de Fédérés.

1964

 * Fœderatio Internationalis Una Voce, a federation of Roman Catholic lay organizations founded in 1964.

 * Fœderati, any one of several outlying nations providing military assistance to ancient Rome in exchange for payment, often in the form of grants of land, serving as monoëthnic units under native leaders (as opposed to traditional polyethnic “auxiliaries” commanded by Roman officers).

title: Fédéré