text:
National Fraternal Order of Police

The National Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) is a fraternal organization consisting of sworn law enforcement officers in the United States. It reports a membership of over 355,000 members organized in 2,100 local chapters (lodges), state lodges, and the national Grand Lodge. The organization attempts to improve the working conditions of law enforcement officers and the safety of those they serve through education, legislation, information, community involvement, and employee representation.

FOP subordinate lodges may be police unions and/or fraternal organizations, as the FOP has both Labor Lodges and Fraternal Lodges, and describes itself as a "full service member representation organization." It lobbies Congress and regulatory agencies on behalf of law enforcement officers, provides labor representation, promotes legal defense for officers, and offers resources such as "legal research."

History
The Fraternal Order of Police was founded in 1915 by two Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, patrol officers, Martin Toole and Delbert Nagle. They and 21 other members of the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police met on May 14, 1915, establishing the first local of the Fraternal Order of Police, Fort Pitt Lodge #1. The FOP official history states that the founders decided to not use the term "union" because of "the anti-union sentiment of the time," but nevertheless acted as a union, telling Pittsburgh mayor Joseph G. Armstrong that the FOP would "bring our grievances before the Mayor or Council and have many things adjusted that we are unable to present in any other way...we could get many things through our legislature that our Council will not, or cannot give us."

In 1918, it was decided that the Order should become a national organization. The Order's constitution stated that "Race, Creed or Color shall be no bar". The constitution also had a no strike pledge, but this has not been enforced since 1967 when FOP police in Youngstown, Ohio refused to work during a salary dispute. In 1974 and 1975 the FOP stated that it would take no action against members who violated the anti-strike clause until all efforts were exhausted on the local and state level.

During the 1960s the FOP opposed the creation of police review boards, spearheaded by Robert F. Kennedy, at one point describing them as a "sinister movement against law enforcement". The FOP also clashed with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) on the issue of police brutality, seeing it as a "liberal attempt to discredit law enforcement". The Order was "heartened by Richard Nixon's emphasis on law and order", though it claimed to remain strictly apolitical.

Emblem and motto
The Fraternal Order of Police emblem is a five-pointed star. According to the FOP:

"The five-cornered star tends to remind us of the allegiance we owe to our Flag and is a symbol of the authority with which we are entrusted. It is an honor the people we serve bestow upon us. They place their confidence and trust in us; serve them proudly. Midway between the points and center of the star is a blue field representative of the thin blue line protecting those we serve. The points are of gold, which indicates the position under which we are now serving. The background is white, the unstained color representing the purity with which we should serve. We shall not let anything corrupt be injected into our order. Therefore, our colors are blue, gold and white. The open eye is the eye of vigilance ever looking for danger and protecting all those under its care while they sleep or while awake. The clasped hands denote friendship. The hand of friendship is always extended to those in need of our comfort. The circle surrounding the star midway indicates our never ending efforts to promote the welfare and advancement of this order. Within the half circle over the centerpiece is our motto, 'Jus, Fidus, Libertatum' which translated means 'Law is a Safeguard of Freedom.'"

When adopted, the motto was believed to be Latin and assumed to mean "Fairness, Justice, Equality" or "Justice, Friendship, Equality". Actually, the motto is a grammatically impossible and hardly translatable sequence of Latin words; the current interpretation is the best that could be made of it.

In the center of the star is the coat of arms of Pittsburgh, itself based on William Pitt's own coat of arms.

Organization and membership
The FOP constitution and bylaws provide that active membership is open to "any regularly appointed or elected and full-time employed law enforcement officer of the United States, any state or political subdivision thereof, or any agency may be eligible for membership" and that "each state and subordinate lodge shall be the judge of its membership." Local lodges often have provisions for retired law enforcement officers. The subordinate lodges are supported by state lodges which are subordinate to the Grand Lodge. The Grand Lodge is the national structure of the order.

In 1978, the Order had 138,472 members, 1,250 lodges and 34 state structures.

In the late 1970s, the Order's headquarters were located in Indianapolis, Indiana. The national organization has three offices: the Labor Services Division in Columbus, Ohio, the Steve Young Law Enforcement Legislative Advocacy Center in Washington, D.C., and the Grand Lodge "Atnip-Orms Center" National Headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee.

Fraternal Order of Police Auxiliary
The Fraternal Order of Police Auxiliary (FOPA) is the auxiliary organization of FOP for family members of FOP members. It was formed by a group of wives of Pittsburgh police officers in 1920, and Kathryn M. Milton became its first national president, in 1941 as the Fraternal Order of Police Ladies Auxiliary. It reports over 2,000 members in 140 Auxiliaries in 25 states. In 1985, males older than 18 were admitted for the first time; in 1987, the current name was adopted, dropping the term "Ladies."

Fraternal Order of Police Associates
The Fraternal Order of Police Associates (FOPA) is a civilian affiliate organization that is made up of FOP supporters not eligible for membership. Its members include friends and family of members, businesspeople, professionals, and other citizens. It is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization.

Political advocacy
Passed legislation supported by FOP includes the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, Law Enforcement Officers Equity Act, and HELPS Retirees Act. Pending legislation that FOP lobbies for include the Social Security Fairness Act, the Public Safety Employer-Employee Cooperation Act of 2007, and the State and Local Law Enforcement Officers' Discipline, Accountability and Due Process Act.

The FOP distributes questionnaires for candidates for U.S. president and Congress asking them about their views on issues relating to police officers.

FOP has the following issue positions:
 * Supports the Social Security Fairness Act, which would repeal the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the Government Pension Offset (GPO) in current law.
 * Supports the recommendations of the President's Commission To Strengthen Social Security to privatize Social Security, and opposes "mandating participation in the Social Security system for either current or newly hired state and local government employees that do not currently participate in Social Security.
 * Supports "minimal collective bargaining rights for public safety employees," including law enforcement officers and firefighters, and supports the Public Safety Employer-Employee Cooperation Act of 2007.
 * Supports due process rights of law enforcement officers in non-criminal administrative proceedings and supports the State and Local Law Enforcement Discipline, Accountability and Due Process Act.
 * Supports the Law Enforcement Officers Equity Act, which would expand the definition of "law enforcement officer" under the Civil Service Retirement System and the Federal Employees Retirement System to include all U.S. federal police officers, as well as Customs and Immigration Inspectors.
 * Supports the REAL ID Act.
 * In response to the 2014 killings of NYPD officers, then President Chuck Canterbury asked Congress to consider making crimes against police officers fall under the category of hate crimes.

In 2008, the president of the Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 53, Eddison Ricketts, wrote Broward County Sheriff Scott Israel that the union supported him.

On September 16, 2016, the FOP endorsed Republican Party candidate Donald Trump for U.S. president. This endorsement was opposed by Blacks in Law Enforcement of America for not reflecting the will of the membership. It endorsed Trump again on September 4, 2020.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the FOP vehemently opposed vaccine requirements for police. COVID-19 was the top killer of police officers in 2020 and 2021.

Boycotts
The National Fraternal Order of Police has called for boycotts of various individuals and organizations throughout its history. In August 1999, the Fraternal Order of Police called for a boycott against all individuals and organizations that support Mumia Abu-Jamal, a journalist who was convicted of killing a Philadelphia police officer in 1981. FOP also called for a boycott of the Beastie Boys and Rage Against the Machine for their support of Abu-Jamal. In August 2007, FOP called for a boycott of eBay for selling police equipment. In 2015, the Fraternal Order of Police called for a boycott of Quentin Tarantino's films following his comments against police brutality at a protest in New York. The boycott of Tarantino was joined by the Border Patrol, as well as police unions in California, Philadelphia, New York, and New Jersey. After athletic company Nike aired an ad featuring former NFL player Colin Kaepernick in 2018, FOP condemned it and called it an insult. Fraternal Order of Police president Chuck Canterbury said Kaepernick's views were "uninformed and inflammatory" but declined to call for a boycott, saying that "in our experience, boycotts and similar exercises do not succeed and often serve only to enrich the company." Aside from the national organization, many local police unions have separately called for boycotts.

Data breach
In January 2016, the site was hacked and files released to a dark web activist known as Cthulhu.

Controversies

In 1991, the FOP was under scrutiny from the public in part because of the Rodney King incident. Dewey Stokes, the FOP president at the time, contextualized the incident by saying, "You have to put things in proper perspective. [...] These are not common occurrences. They are the result of stress on the job, emphasis of the system on the criminal and not the victim, and the media's exploitation of the negatives of law enforcement."

The human rights group Amnesty International has criticized the Fraternal Order of Police in Philadelphia for their vocal support of the death penalty in the case of Mumia Abu-Jamal.

Former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg has called the FOP a "fringe organization" for opposing his efforts to repeal the Tiahrt Amendment.

On September 18, 2009, The Providence Journal reported the Fraternal Order of Police representing several Rhode Island police departments had solicited donations from city massage parlors or "spas". Watchdog groups have claimed that these massage parlors are fronts for prostitution.

On August 27, 2017, as the FOP was holding its annual conference at the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center in Nashville, Tennessee, protesters compared the FOP to the Ku Klux Klan by putting up banners on interstate overpasses, one of which read, "Grand Wizards to Grand Lodges. White Supremacy By Another Name".

In June 2018, Fraternal Order of Police Tri-County Lodge #3 in South Carolina objected to the inclusion of award-winning novel The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas, and All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely in a high school summer reading list, because of their depictions of violence by police officers. The National Coalition Against Censorship offered the high school support, while prominent authors such as Hari Kunzru and Neil Gaiman pointed out the alarming nature of police officers trying to police what children read.

After the May 2020 murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis Police custody, the FOP said, in part: "...police officers should at all times render aid to those who need it... need to treat all of our citizens with respect and understanding and should be held to the very highest standards for their conduct..." In June 2020, the Fraternal Order of Police's Brevard County, Florida chapter offered on Facebook to recruit police officers from forces involved in police brutality controversies from Buffalo, Atlanta, and Minneapolis. The Brevard County sheriff denounced the remarks.

In October 2020, the FOP posted a photo to Twitter and Facebook of a policewoman holding a toddler, claiming he had been found wandering the streets of Philadelphia amid the protests over the killing of Walter Wallace. The toddler had in fact been pulled from the back of a vehicle unrelated to the protests after the police had surrounded it and violently arrested his mother and another passenger without probable cause. The posts were later deleted.

On April 15, 2021, the same day Chicago Police Department body camera footage of the Adam Toledo shooting was released, John Catanzara, president of Lodge 7 Chicago of the Fraternal Order of Police, said the officer was justified in his actions. "He was 100% right," Catanzara said. "The offender still turned with a gun in his hand." This claim is heavily disputed as the video appears to show Toledo turning toward the officer and raising both hands with nothing in them when he was shot and killed.

On August 13, 2023, HBO released Telemarketers, a 3-part limited documentary series exploring the controversial telemarketing and fundraising practices of various state and local lodges of The Fraternal Order of Police nationwide. The series and investigation stars former heroin addict and legendary telemarketer Patrick J Pespas, and graffiti artist turned filmmaker Sam Lipman-Stern.

title: National Fraternal Order of Police


text:
Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia

Vladislaus I (Vladislav I.; c. 1065 – 12 April 1125) was Duke of Bohemia from 1109 to 1117 and from 1120 until his death.

Life
Vladislav I was a son of Vratislaus II of Bohemia by his second wife Svatava, a daughter of Casimir I of Poland. Together with his cousin Svatopluk, Vladislav expelled his brother Bořivoj II from Bohemia in 1107. In 1109, Svatopluk was killed during a campaign in Poland, and Vladislav I succeeded him as Duke of Bohemia. Bořivoj II returned from exile with the support of Prince Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, but was defeated and imprisoned by Vladislav in 1110.

In spite of his victory, Vladislav I remained under Polish pressure and was forced to recognize a younger brother, Soběslav, as subordinate ruler of Moravia in Znojmo. In 1117, Vladislav I formally abdicated in favor of Bořivoj II, but retained much of the actual power. In 1120, Bořivoj was deposed again and endowed with Znojmo, while Vladislav resumed the throne, which he held until his death in 1125.

Vladislav I ruled in a difficult time with considerable success. Although he continued to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, he weathered the interventions of Poland into Bohemian affairs, conflicts with his kinsmen in Moravia, and undertook offensive campaigns against both Poland and Austria. In 1110–11, Vladislav accompanied Emperor Henry V on his Italian expedition, and he encouraged continued German settlement into Bohemia's border regions.

Abbey Kladruby
In 1115, the Benedictine abbey of Kladruby, west of Pilsen, was established, with Vladislav endowing the abbey with 25 manors and the lordship of Zbraslav. Although by 1117, he had enlarged the abbey with six monks and six lay brethren.

Family
By his wife Richeza of Berg (died 27 September 1125), daughter of Count Henry I of Berg. They had:
 * Svatava
 * Vladislav II of Bohemia (c. 1110 – 18 January 1174), King of Bohemia
 * Děpold I of Jamnitz (died August 1167)
 * Jindřich (Henry) (d. after 1169), married to Margaret. His son Bretislav became bishop of Prague and later duke of Bohemia as Bretislav III.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia


text:
User talk:Alreadyinuse

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Name
Ha ha. I like the name story. Mine is similar. I was thinking, "how about this", "how about that" and thus was born, Howabout, the one was added a few screen names later. :) Howabout1 Talk to me! 00:20, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

yo what up dawg
keepin it wikireal

Rubber cat 09:04, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alreadyinuse


text: Category:Battles of Alexander the Great

title: Category:Battles of Alexander the Great


text:
User talk:Claude girardin

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

List of waterfalls of Switzerland
Good start to an article but you need to expand it and preferably section it (similar to this article). Another note it may be worth editing List of waterfalls to include this article. •xytram• tk cs gy 15:27, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

A time-keeping
I couldn't figure out this article. Is it about an object called a "time-keeping"? We put the subject of the article in the first line in bold type. (which is done like this  example  ) Rmhermen 15:30, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

So sorry, actually it is about horology / watch / clock

mechanism.

Unfortunately I did it wrong on the "mechanism" disambiguation page.

Appreciating your assistance. One day I hope I shall be proficient.

Best regards

Claude Girardin

The Waltham.ch Website
Please refrain from adding links to the waltham.ch set. As per External links item 3), you are not supposed to add websites that you are in charge of. There is way too much temptation for people to add links to their own web in places that are not really appropriate and in biased ways, and thus creating link spam.  I have replaced many of the links to the waltham.ch website with more appropriate links, such as to articles in the wikipedia or to original sources.  Thanks.  Wrs1864 03:10, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Please note that I have now not been related with Waltham at all since over 2 years. Appreciating your caution. As my main subject of interest, I shall try step by step to include more informative articles about the Swiss Watch Industry, without further ado. Best regards claude 14:37, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Possible copyright violation
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. We appreciate your, but for legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted.

Feel free to re-submit a new version of the article. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

If the external website belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must include on the external site the statement "I, (name), am the author of this article, (article name), and I irrevocably release its content under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 and later, for use on Wikipedia and elsewhere."

You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here. You can also leave a message on my talk page. Schutz 13:54, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Reply to your reply is on my talk page. Schutz 20:30, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

The world to bee
Please do not post your original poems, such as The world to bee. See WP:NOR. NawlinWiki 18:13, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

swisswatchguy.blogspot.com
If you have a close connection to some of the people, places or things you have written about, you may have a conflict of interest. In keeping with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy, edits where there is a conflict of interest, or where such a conflict might reasonably be inferred from the tone of the edit and the proximity of the editor to the subject, are strongly discouraged. If you have a conflict of interest, you should avoid or exercise great caution when:
 * 1) editing articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with;
 * 2) participating in deletion discussions about articles related to your organization or its competitors;
 * 3) linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam);
 * and you must always:
 * 1) avoid breaching relevant policies and guidelines, especially neutral point of view, verifiability, and autobiography.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have conflict of interest, please see Business' FAQ. For more details about what constitutes a conflict of interest, please see Conflict of Interest. Wrs1864 (talk) 17:47, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Vacuum Chronometer Corp.
A tag has been placed on Vacuum Chronometer Corp., requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. ThaddeusB (talk) 17:00, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Foundation Quality Fleurier
A tag has been placed on Foundation Quality Fleurier, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising that only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

If you can indicate why the subject of this article is not blatant advertising, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of Foundation Quality Fleurier and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would help make it encyclopedic, as well as adding any citations from independent reliable sources to ensure that the article will be verifiable. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Drmies (talk) 21:26, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of La Venoge, poem
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article La Venoge, poem, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * I think the poem is still under copyright, and the article is currently just the poem.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. -- Austin512  ( talk  •  contribs ) 19:21, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Your questions
Hi, I have moved your questions to Category talk:Culinary Heritage of Switzerland and replied there. Discussion belongs on a talk page, not on a category page itself :-)  Sandstein   05:36, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of General Watch Co
A tag has been placed on General Watch Co requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Jeni ( talk )(Jenuk1985) 01:01, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

July 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from. When removing text, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the text has been restored, as you can see from the. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Pyho T / C 17:36, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Métaux Précieux SA Métalor
A tag has been placed on Métaux Précieux SA Métalor, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Start Existing (talk) 22:26, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Métaux Précieux SA Métalor Hangon

Firstly I would like to stress out that I am neither personally nor family-wise, nor in any other way connected with the company, neither financially nor in any other possible way.

I have been lately doing my best, mainly on E and F wiki, to give a much clearer and thourough knowledge of the watch industry, in particular the Swiss Watch Industry. Having spent all my managerial career within the industry, I feel that it is necessary that the relaating articles give more knowledge to the people interested in, as has been the case up to now.

I had planned to continue constructing the article with much more technical knowledge of what involves the making of precious metal watch cases, etc.,

I do not feel that this page can be constructed as an advertisement for a company that does business only with manufacturers, who have the knowledge and can decide to place their orders wherever they please (mind you there are not so many refining companies in the field world wide.

At your disposal for further talks.

In any case, my trying to contribute to wikipedia might be somewhat more worthy than a quick deletion. Appreciating your kind cooperation. claude (talk) 23:13, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Century Time Gems Ltd

The article Century Time Gems Ltd has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Written like an advertisement, in a similar style to (now-deleted) Vacuum Chronometer Cord.. Does not show much notability, and does not have reliable sources.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ( X! ·  talk )  · @032  · 23:46, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Century Time Gems
An article that you have been involved in editing, Century Time Gems, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. --  Blanchardb - Me•MyEars•MyMouth - timed 22:21, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Endura Watch Factory
A tag has been placed on Endura Watch Factory, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. ArglebargleIV (talk) 15:36, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of IKEPOD NEW YORK
A tag has been placed on IKEPOD NEW YORK, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. ArglebargleIV (talk) 15:40, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Benrus

The article Benrus has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unreferenced, questionable notability

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Stifle (talk) 10:38, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Welcome!
I can see you've had a bit of a baptism of fire, but I hope you stick with Wikipedia. I have removed the deletion notice from Benrus; it is immediately apparent from my searches of news stories etc. that this was a significant watch manufacturer. Thank you for helping to improve Wikipedia by starting this article. The next step is to improve the article by adding references to reliable sources to verify the information in the article, and to find some useful external links for readers seeking to learn more about the company and its watches. If you'd like any help with editing, please drop me a note on my talk page. Fences &  Windows  22:02, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Jean Villard Gilles
Thank you for correcting that! Until you left a comment to me, I was not aware of the distinction of Swiss people as French Swiss, German Swiss and English Swiss. My husband (who lived in Germany many years before I met him) found my ignorance of that amusing. --Oddharmonic (talk) 22:38, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

Abraham-Louis Perrelet
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have performed a web search with the contents of Abraham-Louis Perrelet, and it appears to include a substantial copy of http://watches.3345.com.au/cyclopedia/watches_fine-automatic-history.html. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. See our copyright policy for further details.

This message was placed automatically, and it is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article and it would be appreciated if you could drop a note on the maintainer's talk page. CorenSearchBot (talk) 22:34, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Abraham-Louis Perrelet
If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Eeekster (talk) 22:34, 8 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi Claude. I've deleted the article because it used text taken from this website, which doesn't state that it is released under a license compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike. As text is automatically copyrighted, we can't use it without permission from the person who wrote it. The subject sounds very notable though and you are welcome to create a new article using your own text, not that taken from elsewhere. Regards, – Toon 23:13, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Hi, actually I just copied the text from the wiki article automatic watches, an article which has not been queried at all. Any diffrence of application of the wiki rules? Never mind, I'll come up with an article of my own if you help me to wikify it then. claude (talk) 05:06, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Hmm, in that case it's possible that the external site copied from us without attribution. I'll have a look, having been previously unaware of the other article. If it was originally on Wikipedia, I'll restore the article, but you should note that even on in-wiki copied our license requires that you link to the original article to preserve the attribution of the original author - see WP:SPLITTING. – Toon 13:35, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, that looks like what happened, I've restored the article. I should have noticed your note in the edit summary, apologies for that. – Toon 13:53, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Erare humanum est! Never mind. I am actually translating the wiki fr page into English in my own words. I would then appreciate that you possibly helped me in establishing the sources & references and wikified the whole page.

claude (talk) 18:26, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd be happy to help out where I can — but I'll have to leave the translation to you! – Toon 13:42, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

I am working on it and shall revert to you ASAP. :-)

claude (talk) 22:51, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Jacques Brel
Thank you for your comment re my "who" tag on the Brel article.

You seem to have been editing here for at least as long as I have. You must therefore be aware that claims such as "most of the French speaking people over 30-40 years of age" carry no weight unless properly referenced. I invite you to improve the article by providing the appropriate refs.

Your assertions that I am unfamiliar with this artists' work and would benefit from reading lyrics in translation should have been made with greater caution. It may be 15 years since I left France for other climes, but I think I've managed to keep a *fair* grasp on my own culture and language. :)

Chris(tophe) Et bien voilà! Ne soyez donc pas plus royaliste que le roi!

Cordialeent

claude (talk) 11:23, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland
Claude, yes I was aware that Grisons is also Graubunden and that that's what the Canton article is called. I agree that it should be called Graubunden for all the reasons that you mentioned. I just hadn't gotten around to changing it in the List of castles since I was mostly just adding them as placeholders while I was adding information on Swiss heritage sites to the municipalities articles. I'll put a note on the article talk page and change it in a few days if no one complains. Tobyc75 (talk) 22:48, 16 October 2009 (UTC) Appreciating. I am also planning to establish some of the missing articles on the Swiss Castles in French and English. As I am not a wiki pro, perhaps you could ten help me wikifying them (especially ref + images). :-) claude (talk) 09:36, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Williamine

The article Williamine has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * This proprietary brand is not sufficiently notable to merit an article.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Lambiam 21:49, 1 November 2009 (UTC) Like "Frigidaire", the brand Williamine has become a generic name for the pear "eau de vie" from the Williams pear. It has been for ages one of the few specific "Schnaps" of Switzerland, typical for the Canton of Valais, like "Absinthe" is from the Val de Travers (Canton de Neuchâtel) or the "Damacine" from Canton du Jura. Now by what criterias wouldl you judge whether it is sufficiently or unsuficiently notable? I can assure you that Williamine's notoriety is worldwide, at least in the best restaurants and watering holes. I would strongly oppose deletion, also from the viewpoint that it is a part of Switzerland's identity.

Best regards

claude (talk) 19:13, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Motorways of Switzerland
Hello Claude!

Good to see your edits to this article, you're keeping it well up to date. That said, there are a few problems with it, and I've tried to clarify what I think they are on the article's talk page. I noticed particularly that you re-worded the sentence about frequent exits - It wasn't that I couldn't understand what was written, but it isn't possible to prove it. Suggest you have a look at what I've written at Talk:Motorways of Switzerland. Thanks. --Peeky44 What's on your mind? 21:31, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Waltham Model 1857

The article Waltham Model 1857 has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Notability, no references.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Devourer09 23:31, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem: Benrus
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Benrus, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to contain material copied from http://www.thewatchguy.com/pages/benrus.html, and therefore to constitute a violation of Wikipedia's copyright policies. The copyrighted text has been or will soon be deleted. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with our copyright policy. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators are liable to be blocked from editing.

If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under license allowed by Wikipedia, then you should do one of the following:

 * If you have permission from the author to release the text under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC-BY-SA), leave a message explaining the details at Talk:Benrus and send an email with confirmation of permission to "permissions-en (at) wikimedia (dot) org". Make sure you quote the exact page name, Benrus, in your email. See Requesting copyright permission for instructions.
 * If a note on the original website states that re-use is permitted "under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC-BY-SA), version 3.0, or that the material is released into the public domain leave a note at Talk:Benrus with a link to where we can find that note.
 * If you own the copyright to the material: send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en(at)wikimedia(dot)org or a postal message to the Wikimedia Foundation permitting re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License and GNU Free Documentation License, and note that you have done so on Talk:Benrus. See Donating copyrighted materials for instructions.

It may also be necessary for the text be modified to have an encyclopedic tone and to follow Wikipedia article layout. For more information on Wikipedia's policies, see Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.

If you would like to begin working on a new version of the article you may do so at [ this temporary page]. Leave a note at Talk:Benrus saying you have done so and an administrator will move the new article into place once the issue is resolved. Thank you, and please feel welcome to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Happy editing! L Faraone  17:31, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Era Watch Company for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Era Watch Company is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Era Watch Company until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Liv it ⇑ Eh?/What? 22:57, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Era Watch Company for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Era Watch Company is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Era Watch Company (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. → TheSpecialUser TalkContributions* 08:42, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Alt.horology

The article Alt.horology has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "There is no evidence that this newsgroup is notable."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ― Susmuffin Talk 08:27, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Waltham Aircraft Clock Corporation for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Waltham Aircraft Clock Corporation is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Waltham Aircraft Clock Corporation until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Cardiffbear88 (talk) 06:26, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Claude girardin


title: File:Scifi0ne4.png


text:
Meir Shapiro

Yehuda Meir Shapiro (Majer Jehuda Szapira; 3 March 1887 – 27 October 1933) was a prominent Polish Hasidic rabbi and rosh yeshiva, also known as the Lubliner Rav. He is noted for his promotion of the Daf Yomi study program in 1923, and establishing the Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva in 1930.

During the years 1922 to 1927 Shapiro was the first Orthodox Jew to become a member in the Sejm (Parliament) of the Second Polish Republic representing the Jewish minority of the country.

Early years

Rabbi Yehuda Meir Shapiro was born on the 7th day of Adar (in Jewish tradition, also the birth date of Moses ) in the city of Shatz, Bucovina, then in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, now in Romania, in 1887. He was a descendant of Rabbi Pinchas Shapiro of Korets, one of the students of the Baal Shem Tov, and from his maternal side, of Rabbi Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor, a French tosafist. After cheder, Shapiro began to study with his grandfather, the Baal Minchas Shai (Rabbi . Another of his early teachers was Rabbi Shulem Moshkovitz (popularly known as the Shotzer Rebbe. He was also a well known kabbalist).

In 1906 he "married the daughter of Reb Ya'akov Breitman, a wealthy landowner of Tarnopol, Galicia." Shapiro began to get a reputation, and became known as the Illui of Shatz. From an early age, he was known as an outstanding leader and gifted speaker. He was soon ordained by many great scholars, including the Maharsham. His grandfather introduced him to the Chortkover Rebbe, and thus began his passion for Hasidism, and the beginning of his relationship with the Chortkover Rebbe.

Galina
His first rabbinical posting came in 1911 when he was appointed Rav of Galina. He spent ten years in the city, during which time he established a yeshiva called Bnei Torah. Construction commenced in 1920. The yeshiva held a Talmud Torah, a place to train rabbis, and a kitchen to feed orphaned children. It ran at a budget of over half a million marks. This yeshiva served as a prototype for what was later to become Chachmei Lublin.

Sanok
After leaving Galina, Shapiro began serving as Rav of Sanok in 1920.

Petrakov
In 1924, Shapiro accepted his third rabbinical position in Petrakov/Piotrkow.

Lublin
On 14 June 1931, he was appointed rabbi of Lublin in the old synagogue of the Maharshal.

Daf Yomi
Shapiro introduced the revolutionary idea of Daf Yomi (דף יומי, "page [of the] day" or "daily folio"), a daily regimen undertaken to study the Babylonian Talmud one folio (a daf consists of both sides of the page) each day. Under this regimen, the entire Talmud is completed, one day at a time, in a cycle of seven and a half years. Rabbi Shapiro introduced his idea at the First World Congress of the World Agudath Israel in Vienna on 16 August 1923. The first cycle of Daf Yomi commenced on the first day of Rosh Hashanah 5684 (11 September 1923). Now in its 14th cycle, Daf Yomi has been taken up by tens of thousands of Jews worldwide.

Yeshivas Chachmei Lublin
Yeshivas Chachmei Lublin was, along with Daf Yomi, Shapiro's greatest achievement. He conceived of a yeshiva for Hasidic Poland, modeled on Lithuanian yeshivas such as Volozhin, Slabodka and Novardok, but which would train Hasidic rabbis as the next generation to lead Polish Jewry. The Yeshiva was housed in a massive building, housed hundreds of students, and had a vast library of over 100,000 books.

On 22–28 May 1924, the cornerstone laying ceremony took place for the construction of the yeshiva building. Approximately 20,000 people participated in the event. The opening ceremony took place on 24–25 June 1930. Apart from thousands of local Jews, around 10,000 people arrived from all over Poland and abroad. Shapiro served as rosh yeshiva until his death.

Łódź
In 1932 Shapiro was approached by leaders of the Jewish Community of Łódź, who wanted to offer him the position of Chief Rabbi of Łódź. Many people wanted to appoint Rabbi Mendel Alter of Kalish, (b. 1877, Ger) the brother to the Gerrer Rebbe (and youngest son of the Sfas Emes) to this position. Rabbi Shapiro negotiated that a large part of his wage would go to pay off the debts that Chachmei Lublin was still struggling to pay off. Eventually it was decided to give it to Rabbi Shapiro. After all the protracted negotiation that went on to get Rabbi Shapiro into this position, he died three days after being appointed Chief Rabbi.

Agudat Yisrael
Whilst serving in Galina, Rabbi Shapiro began his involvement with Agudat Israel. He was present at its founding conference in 1912. In 1914 he was appointed head of the Education Department of Agudas Yisrael in East Galicia, becoming president in 1922 of Agudas Yisrael in Poland. He played a role in the conference in the city of Lvov, which had the purpose of launching the Aguda in Galicia, some two years after its founding in Katovitz in 5672 (c. 1911).

At the time, he was also added as a member to the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah. Rabbi Shapiro was initially very doubtful as to whether he should become an MP for the party, but was encouraged to do so by his rebbe, the Chortkover.

Rabbi Shapiro, together with Aron Levine and Zalman Sorotzkin, chaired the committee which as a part of the Polish Ministry for Religious Affairs, held responsibility for delegating Rabbinical positions throughout Poland. He was also part of the Vaad HaChinuch.

Beginning in 1922, Rabbi Shapiro served as a parliamentarian to the Polish Sejm. In 1928 he stepped down as a politician so that he could devote all his energies to Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva.

Death
Shapiro became ill with typhus in 1933 and died within the month, on 27 October 1933 (7 Cheshvan 5694) at the age of 46. His death was mourned in both Jewish and non-Jewish Poland. Countless newspapers across the entire political spectrum, from Orthodox to Yiddishist to socialist, featured front-page biographies of Rabbi Shapiro.

Shapiro's remains were reinterred in Israel in 1958, under the auspices of his brother. He was reburied in Har HaMenuchot with a full ceremony. Rabbi Yitzchok Meir Levin delivered a eulogy, as did those students of his who had survived the Holocaust.

Legacy
Shapiro is widely revered throughout the Jewish world as the founder of Daf Yomi. The neighborhood of Zikhron Meir in Bnei Brak was established in his memory by Yaakov Halperin; this is the neighborhood that hosts many of the major yeshivas in Bnei Brak.

Shlomo Artzi, a famous Israeli musical artist, is Shapiro's grand-nephew. Famous students of Rav Shapiro who continued his legacy, include Rabbi Pinchas Hirschprung and Rabbi Shmuel haLevi Wosner.

Works
Shapiro was considered a gaon (Torah genius) in his lifetime. He studied Torah extensively and was a great scholar even by the high standards of the era he lived in. His two major works are Ohr HaMeir and Imrei Da'as.

 * Ohr HaMeir - It was in Petrakov that he printed his book of responsa entitled Ohr HaMeir in 1926. As a work it operates on many different subjects, from philosophy to halacha.
 * Imrei Daas - a compilation of Torah thoughts on Halacha and Aggada, which was lost during World War II. The book contained an approbation from Rabbi Meir Arik of Meturnah.
 * Vortelach - Shapiro was a quick and brilliant thinker, and his numerous vortelach (short responsa) have been collected in numerous volumes, and quoted in many books.

title: Meir Shapiro


text:
Amasya Province

Amasya Province is a province of Turkey, situated on the Yeşil River in the Black Sea Region to the north of the country. Its area is 5,628 km2, and its population is 338,267 (2022). The provincial capital is Amasya, the antique Amaseia mentioned in documents from the era of Alexander the Great and the birthplace of the geographer and historian Strabo. In Ottoman times Amasya was well known for its madrassas, especially as a centre for the Khalwati Sufi order. The district is also the birthplace of the Ottoman leader Kara Mustafa Pasha.

Geography
Amasya, between the Black Sea and inner Anatolia, lies at the centre of a region of fertile plains crossed by the Yeşilırmak, Çekerek, and Tersakan rivers. Despite being near the Black Sea, Amasya has hot summers and moderately cold winters. Amasya is an agricultural province known as the best apple growing province in the country, and also producing tobacco, peaches, cherries and okra.

Districts
Amasya province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
 * Amasya
 * Göynücek
 * Gümüşhacıköy
 * Hamamözü
 * Merzifon
 * Suluova
 * Taşova

title: Amasya Province


text:
Talk:LTK Commune

It'd be informative to try to fit the band within larger currents in the 1990s Taiwanese music scene. A-giau

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on LTK Commune. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040803183617/http://vm.rdb.nthu.edu.tw/mallok/AvZone/content.asp?post_serial=427 to http://vm.rdb.nthu.edu.tw/mallok/avzone/content.asp?post_serial=427

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:48, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:LTK Commune


text:
Guillaume de Fondaumière

Guillaume de Fondaumière (28 June 1971, Marseille, France) is co-CEO of Quantic Dream.

Early life
He created his first company at the age of 16, C. de C. Promotion, specializing in the organization of clubbings, fashion shows and live concerts. After obtaining the French Baccalaureate at the Lycée Français de Vienne in Austria in 1990 (he is fluent in French, German and English), he studied Management and Marketing at the European Business School Paris. He graduated in 1994.

Arxel Tribe
In 1993, he and an old schoolmate, Stephen Carriere, met architects Matjaz Pozlep and Diego Zanco while on a traineeship. They co-founded Arxel Tribe, a 3D graphics studio.

In 1996, Arxel Tribe joined the Brazilian author Paulo Coelho and star designer Mœbius to create the video game Pilgrim. The following year, Pilgrim was published by Infogrames Entertainment (now Atari). In 1998, Arxel Tribe developed a new game, Ring, adapted from Richard Wagner's opera Der Ring des Nibelungen. The game won a number of international awards and sold in excess of 500,000 copies.

In 2000, de Fondaumière became the President and Chief Executive of Arxel Tribe Group. In 2001, the company was sold for over €15 million to CTO S.P.A., Italy's leading video game distributor. De Fondaumière continued to supervise all publishing activities of the group, in addition to controlling all matters concerning the acquisition of book and film licenses for video game adaptations. He resigned in March 2003.

Quantic Dream
In December 2003, de Fondaumière joined the video game development company Quantic Dream as Chief Operating Officer. He currently is co-CEO with David Cage, the founder and creative figure of Quantic Dream, CFO and executive producer (Fahrenheit, Heavy Rain, Beyond: Two Souls, Detroit: Become Human).

Trade bodies
He was elected President of the French video game trade body Association des Producteurs d'Oeuvres Multimédia (APOM) (today Syndicat National du Jeu Vidéo or SNJV) in April 2005 and was re-elected in June 2006 for two years. He was re-elected in 2014 for another two year mandate. He has been appointed Chairman of the European Games Developer Federation. He announced in May 2015 that he would be stepping down from the Chairmanship of the EGDF in October 2015. He is also a member of the board of the Swiss Arts Council Pro-Helvetia and of PEGI (Pan European Game Information system)

He was knighted in France's National Order of Merit for his contribution to his country's digital economy.

title: Guillaume de Fondaumière


text: User talk:69.240.84.236

title: User talk:69.240.84.236


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/How to Build

Far too general title and the material only covers automobile engines. I don't think this title ever be useful for any article. Rmhermen 13:01, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Material is not usefull. --Starx 15:03, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with above, and Wikipedia isn't a "How-to" guide. Delete. -- Stevietheman 15:12, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Not true. There is plenty of how to info on wikiepdia. Also thwe title is a non issue as the page can easily be moved. However it reads like a wikibook page, so I suggest it's tranwikied to there. theresa knott 15:15, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Disagree. Wikipedia contains a good amount of info it's not supposed to contain. -- Stevietheman 15:37, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * But the issue of how-tos has never been resolved and there's isn't any established policy or consensus. There's nothing about this in What's_in,_what's_out. And How-to tells specifically how to write them. By all means express opinion on articles, but I wish people would please stop asserting that there is any established policy that excludes procedural knowledge from Wikipedia. You can start a section on this in What's_in,_what's_out or try listing How-to, but please do not assert policy where none exists. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:16, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: How-to, and not an actual how-to. It's along the lines of "To score a touchdown, be sure to go all 100 yards down the field."  Perhaps it belongs in Wikibooks, but I wouldn't judge that. Geogre 16:50, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not encylopedic Cutler 22:46, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is of no interest, this is an encyclopedia of knowledge not a guide to the web.  anon comment moved off main VfD page
 * Move to some better title, such as "Home-built automobile engines" or whatever phrase would be most natural to hobbyists who design and build their own high-performance auto engines. It's a vaguely interesting topic. I can see this growing into a decent article. Check to make sure we don't have one already. If someone objects deeply to the procedural language, this could easily be rewritten since, as other have noted, it's not really a procedural article at all. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:20, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Moved to Home-built automobile engines. Attempted cleanup. This is an area that I am sure Wikipedia has very little info on, but is in fact quite popular in the real world, it would not be very encouraging for new users if such stuff is simply deleted. Vote to keep. --Dittaeva 21:45, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
4.48 Psychosis

4.48 Psychosis is the final play by British playwright Sarah Kane. It was her last work, first staged at the Royal Court's Jerwood Theatre Upstairs on 23 June 2000, directed by James Macdonald, nearly one and a half years after Kane's death on 20 February 1999. The play has no explicit characters or stage directions. Stage productions of the play vary greatly, therefore, with between one and several actors in performance; the original production featured three actors. According to Kane's friend and fellow playwright David Greig, the title of the play derives from the time, 4:48 a.m., when Kane, in her depressed state, often woke.

Subject
The play is usually interpreted as an expression of the experience of clinical depression, a disorder from which Kane suffered. She died by suicide after writing the play, before its initial performance. Contemplation and discussion of suicide are prominent and while there is no strict narrative or timeline, certain issues and events are clearly dealt with: deciding whether to take medication to treat depression, the desires of the depressed mind, the effects and effectiveness of medication, self-harm, suicide and the possible causes of depression. Other themes that run throughout the script, in addition to depression, are those of isolation, dependency, relationships, and love.

Form
4.48 Psychosis is composed of twenty-four sections which have no specified setting, characters or stage directions. Its language varies between dialogues, confessions and contemplative poetic monologues reminiscent of schizophasia. Certain images are repeated within the script, particularly that of "hatch opens, stark light"; a repeated motif in the play is "serial sevens" which involves counting down from one hundred by sevens, a bedside test often used by psychiatrists to test for loss of concentration or memory.

Productions
Owing to its form, productions of the play differ vastly in their staging, casting and design. Aside from the initial production of 4.48 Psychosis at the Royal Court in 2000, there have been performances of 4.48 Psychosis at The Theatre Les Bouffes Du Nord in Paris (2005), Belarus Free Theatre in Minsk (2005), KUFER theatre in Croatia (2005.), Old Red Lion Theatre (Tangram Theatre, 2006), Arcola Theatre (2006), the Young Vic Theatre (2009), the Barbican Theatre (TR Warszawa, Easter 2010), Access Theatre (Raw Theatre Group, Easter 2010), The Theatre Project (Off Off-Broadway - The Red Room, Summer 2010), ADC Theatre (October 2010), York Theatre Royal (March 2011), Sittingbourne Community College Theatre Company (July 2011), The Hamilton Fringe Festival at Theatre Aquarius [Black Box Fire Theatre Company, July 2011] and the George Ignatieff Theatre at University of Toronto (27–29 October 2011), Fourth Monkey Theatre Company (March 2012), Rangi Ruru Girls' School performed it in the New Zealand Theatre Federation Festival (September 2012), Crooked Pieces (Drayton Theatre London, September 2012), The Questors Theatre (January 2015), director Roza Sarkisian and Theatre Actor, Kyiv, Ukraine (2018), Anton's Well Theater Company, Oakland, California (July—August 2018), Vernal & Sere Theatre, Atlanta, Georgia (September 2018), and Chico State Theater Company at California State University, Chico (December 2022).

A critically acclaimed adaptation of the play, as translated into Polish with English language surtitles, was performed at the 2008 Edinburgh International Festival by the Polish theatre company TR Warszawa. The production starred Polish film actress Magdalena Cielecka and featured a number of other performers from TR Warszawa in supporting roles. This was a revival of TR Warszawa's earlier production of the play, as performed in Warsaw. In 2003, there was a successful staging in Brazil, which played to a full house for six consecutive months in São Paulo, and also gained media attention for its defying gender aspect, as the role was performed by male actor Luiz Päetow. Indian director Arvind Gaur performed this play as a one-woman show with British actress Ruth Sheard in 2005.

Reception
4.48 Psychosis has divided critical opinions. Michael Billington of The Guardian newspaper asked, "How on earth do you award aesthetic points to a 75-minute suicide note?" Charles Spencer of the Telegraph said "it is impossible not to view it as a deeply personal howl of pain.” David Greig considered the play to be "perhaps uniquely painful in that it appears to have been written in the almost certain knowledge that it would be performed posthumously."

Opera
An operatic adaptation of 4.48 Psychosis, commissioned by Royal Opera and written by British composer Philip Venables, was staged at the Lyric Hammersmith in 2016. The first such adaptation of Kane's works, the production was approved by Sarah Kane's brother, and received critical acclaim.

References to the play
The British indie-rock band Tindersticks released a song called "4.48 Psychosis" on their album Waiting for the Moon. The song's spoken-word lyrics are excerpted from the play.

title: 4.48 Psychosis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Evocative

definition - Mattingly23 13:05, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef. -- Stevietheman 15:13, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: dictdef...doubtful Wiktionary. Geogre 16:51, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - dicdef Cutler 22:44, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete uninformative dicdef. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:36, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Johann Friedrich Overbeck

Johann Friedrich Overbeck (3 July 1789 – 12 November 1869) was a German painter and a founder of the Nazarene art movement.

Early life and education
Overbeck was born in Lübeck in 1789. His family had been Protestant pastors for three generations ; his father Christian Adolph Overbeck (1755-1821) was doctor of law, poet, mystic pietist and burgomaster of Lübeck. Near the family mansion in the Konigstrasse stood the Gymnasium, where his uncle, a doctor of theology and a voluminous writer, was the master; there Johann became a classic scholar and received instruction in art.

Art studies
Overbeck left Lübeck in March 1806, and studied at the academy of Vienna, then under the direction of Heinrich Friedrich Füger. While he gained some of the polished technical aspects of the neoclassic painters, he was alienated by lack of religious spirituality in the themes chosen by his masters. He wrote to a friend that he had fallen among a vulgar set, that every noble thought was suppressed within the academy and that losing all faith in humanity, he had turned inward to his faith for inspiration.

In Overbeck's view, the nature of earlier European art had been corrupted throughout contemporary Europe, starting centuries before the French Revolution, and the process of discarding its Christian orientation was proceeding further now. He sought to express Christian art before the corrupting influence of the late Renaissance, casting aside his contemporary influences, and taking as a guide early Italian Renaissance painters, up to and including Raphael. The training methods at the academy of Vienna were at an international level; however Overbeck wrote to his father around 1808, was it lacked "heart, soul, sensation!" Instead of technical skills and slavish studies ("sklavisches Studium") exercising and working "with a pure heart" ("in einem reinen Herzen") would aim to a renewal of art. Together with other disaffected young artists at the academy, he started a group named the Lukasbund, dedicated to exploring his alternative vision for art. After four years, the differences between his group and others in the academy had grown so irreconcilable, that Overbeck and his followers were expelled.

Career
He left for Rome, where he arrived in 1810, carrying his half-finished canvas of Christ's Entry into Jerusalem. Rome became the centre of his labor for 59 years. He was joined by a company of like-minded artists, including Peter von Cornelius, Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow and Philipp Veit, who jointly housed in the old Franciscan convent of Sant'Isidoro, and became known among friends and enemies by the descriptive epithet of Nazarenes. Their precept was hard and honest work and holy living; they eschewed the antique as pagan, the Renaissance as false, and built up a severe revival on simple nature and on the serious art of Perugino, Pinturicchio, Francesco Francia and the young Raphael. The characteristics of the style thus educed were nobility of idea, precision and even hardness of outline, scholastic composition, with the addition of light, shade and colour, not for allurement, but chiefly for perspicuity and completion of motive. Overbeck in 1813 joined the Roman Catholic Church, and thereby he believed that his art received Christian baptism. It has been suggested that the Nazarenes should be considered a special branch of German Romanticism.

Commissions followed regularly. The Prussian consul, Jakob Salomon Bartholdy, had a house on the brow of the Pincian Hill, called Palazzo Zuccari or Casa Bartholdy, and he engaged the quartet of Overbeck, Cornelius, Veit and Schadow to fresco a room 7 metres square (now in the Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin) with episodes from the story of Joseph and his Brethren. The subjects which fell to the lot of Overbeck were the Seven Years of Famine and Joseph sold by his Brethren, finished in 1818. In the same year, Prince Massimo commissioned Overbeck, Cornelius, Veit and Schnorr to cover the walls and ceilings of his garden pavilion, near St. John Lateran, with frescoes illustrative of Tasso, Dante and Ariosto. To Overbeck was assigned, in a room 5 metres square, the illustration of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered; and of eleven compositions occupying one entire wall, is the Meeting of Godfrey de Bouillon and Peter the Hermit. After ten years delay, the overtaxed and enfeebled painter delegated the completion of the frescoes to his friend Joseph von Führich. The leisure thus gained was devoted to a thoroughly congenial theme, the Vision of St Francis, a wall painting 6.5 metres long, finished in 1830, for the Porziuncola in the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli near Assisi.

Death
He died in Rome in 1869. He was interred in the Chapel of St Francis in the Church of San Bernardo alle Terme, where he had worshipped.

Honours
Overbeck was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1864.

Family
His nephew Johannes Overbeck, a professor of archaeology at the University of Leipzig, was noted for his work in art history.

Followers
In 1843 the Church of St. John the Baptist, Penymynydd, North Wales was built by the Glynne Family of Hawarden, Flintshire. The first vicar, Rev. John Ellis Troughton spent the first 20 years of the life of the church painting the interior with Overbeck murals, including the Palm Sunday one - of which the original was destroyed in an Allied Bombing raid in 1942, overnight into Palm Sunday.

Works

 * Portrait of the Painter Franz Pforra  (1810)
 * Vittoria Caldoni (1821)
 * Christ's Entry into Jerusalem (1824), in the Marienkirche (destroyed through Allied bombing, Palm Sunday 1942).
 * Christus am Ölberg  (1827-1833)
 * Italy and Germany (1828)
 * Christ's Agony in the Garden (1835), in the great hospital, Hamburg.
 * Lo Sposalizio (1836), Muzeum Narodowe, Poznań, Poland.
 * The Triumph of Religion in the Arts (1840), in the Städel Institute, Frankfurt.
 * The Banishment of Hagar (1841)
 * Pietà (1846), in the Marienkirche, Lübeck.
 * Lamentation of Christ (1846)
 * The Incredulity of St. Thomas (1851), first in the possession of Beresford Hope, London, now in the Schäfer collection, Schweinfurt, Germany.
 * The Assumption of the Madonna (1855), in Cologne Cathedral.
 * The Ascension of the Virgin Mary (1857)
 * Christ Delivered from the Jews (1858), tempera, originally on a ceiling in the Quirinal Palace. It is a commission from Pius IX, and a direct attack on the Italian temporal government, therefore later covered by a canvas adorned with Cupids, and now hanging in front of the Aula delle Benedizione in the Vatican.
 * The Seven Sacraments (sketches are kept in the cathedral of Orvieto) (1861)
 * Baptism 1862-64, Neue Pinakothek, Munich
 * Drawings for the frescoes for the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul in Đakovo (1867-1869).

title: Johann Friedrich Overbeck


text:
List of extinct animals of the British Isles

This is a list of extinct animals of the British Isles, including extirpated species. Only a small number of the listed species are globally extinct (most famously the Irish elk, great auk and woolly mammoth). Most of the remainder survive to some extent outside the islands. The list includes introduced species only in cases where they were able to form self-sustaining colonies for a time. Only Pleistocene species, and specifically those extinct since the Ipswichian/Eemian interglacial (c. 130,000 - c. 115,000 before present (BP)), Devensian glaciation (c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 BP) or into the Holocene (c. 11,700 BP - present), are included (that is, the assemblage that can be approximately considered the 'modern' fauna which displays insular differences from the mainland European fauna). The date beside each species is the last date when a specimen was observed in the wild or, where this is not known, the approximate date of extinction.

Overview
For most of its history, the British Isles were part of the main continent of Eurasia, linked by the region now known as Doggerland. Throughout the Pleistocene (Ice age) the climate alternated between cold glacial periods, including times when the climate was too cold to support much fauna, and temperate interglacials when a much larger fauna was present. Insularity first occurred around 125,000 BP, during the Ipswichian interglacial, when a warming climate raised sea levels and flooded Doggerland. This temperate climate supported an assemblage of species characterised by straight-tusked elephant (Palaeodoxodon antiquus). Around 115,000 BP the climate began to cool again as the Devensian glaciation began. The temperate species began to go extinct locally (many survived in southern refugia elsewhere in Europe). With the cooling climate, the sea level fell and by 60,000 BP a land bridge reformed so new or returning species could repopulate Britain. The colder climate supported a biome favoured by woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius). By around 20,000 BP the climate was so cold, with much of Britain under ice and the rest a polar desert, so that little life could survive, and the glacial fauna also went extinct. The climate began to warm again around 11,700 BP, entering the present climatic period known as the Holocene. Animals repopulated Britain and Ireland. Many of the former species had gone extinct during the interval, but the majority of the surviving European temperate fauna, and some new immigrants, including modern humans (Homo sapiens), were able to reach Britain until the rising sea level once again isolated the islands. Great Britain was cut off from mainland Europe in around 8,200 BP by the Storegga Slide tsunami flooding Doggerland.

Extinctions in Britain over the period have thus had three main causes:
 * Climate change as the ecosystem swung from temperate woodland and pasture, through open mammoth steppe to uninhabitable polar desert, and back.
 * Habitat loss brought about by human activities, such as the clearing of woodland or draining of marshland.
 * Hunting by humans.

It is important to remember that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence; the fossil record is always incomplete; and many of the early dates are very approximate, since caves in Britain were often excavated before modern archaeological stratifications and dating techniques.

Key
† - A species that is globally extinct

* - A species that is known to have been introduced by humans and was never present by natural immigration.

Some animals have gone extinct several times and then recolonized. The date given is of the most recent extinction. Species that have been introduced or reintroduced by humans are noted.

Birds

 * Common crane – late medieval period (re-established)
 * Dalmatian pelican – c. 5000 BP
 * Gadfly petrel (unknown Pterodroma species, presumed Fea's petrel) – Iron Age
 * Eurasian spoonbill – 17th century (as a breeding bird) (re-established)
 * †Great auk – 1844
 * Great bustard – 19th century (reintroduced)
 * Kentish plover – 20th century (last breeding record 1979)
 * Little egret – late medieval period (re-established)
 * Pied avocet – 19th century (re-established)
 * Red-backed shrike – 1989 (as a regular breeding bird)
 * Western capercaillie – 1780s (reintroduced)
 * Hazel grouse – Last Glacial Period and only found in South West England
 * White stork – 1416 (reintroduced)
 * Wryneck (as a regular breeding bird)
 * White-tailed eagle – 1916 (reintroduced)
 * Lanner falcon - 1236–1300 (change of climate)
 * Western marsh harrier – late 19th century (re-established)
 * Northern goshawk – late 19th century (re-established)
 * Red kite - 1870s (England), 1886 (Scotland); reintroduced
 * Osprey – 1916 (re-established)
 * Eurasian eagle owl - c. 10000 BP (re-established)

Fish

 * Burbot – A fisherman caught the last recorded burbot in July 1970 from the Great Ouse Relief Channel, Norfolk. The species was then presumed extirpated.
 * †Houting – In the UK, the houting was declared extinct in 1977 by D. A. Ratcliffe. It was last recorded in the UK from the River Colne, West Yorkshire in 1925.

Amphibians

 * Agile frog – c. 1000, possibly 1500 present on Jersey
 * European tree frog – 1986
 * Moor frog – c. 1000, possibly 1500
 * Pool frog – 1999 (reintroduced)

Reptiles

 * Aesculapian snake – c. Atlantic period >3000 BC (escaped populations in London and North Wales)
 * European pond turtle – ≤ 3000 BC (possible escaped colonies established)
 * Western green lizard – c. unknown (escaped populations in Bournemouth); present on Jersey and Guernsey

Beetles

 * Agonum sahlbergi (ground beetle) – 1914
 * Platycerus caraboides (blue stag beetle) – 19th century
 * Graphoderus bilineatus (water beetle) – 1906
 * Harpalus honestus (ground beetle) – 1905
 * Copris lunaris (horned dung beetle) – 1974
 * Ochthebius aeneus (water beetle) – 1913
 * Platydema violaceum (tenebrionid) – 1957
 * Rhantus aberratus (water beetle) – 1904
 * Scybalicus oblongiusculus (ground beetle) – 1926
 * Teretrius fabricii (histerid) – 1907

Bees, wasps and ants

 * Andrena polita (mining bee) – 1934
 * Bombus pomorum (apple bumblebee) – 1864
 * Bombus cullumanus (Cullum's bumblebee) – 1941
 * Eucera tuberculata (mining bee) – 1941
 * Halictus maculatus (mining bee) – 1930
 * Mellinus crabroneus (digger wasp) – c. 1950
 * Odynerus reniformis (mason wasp) – 1915
 * Odynerus simillimus (mason wasp) – 1905
 * Bombus subterraneus (short-haired bumblebee) – 1989

Flies

 * Poecilobothrus majesticus – after 1907

Butterflies and moths
General reference: Waring et al., 2009.
 * Aporia crataegi, black-veined white – 1925
 * Borkhausenia minutella – 1950
 * Lithophane furcifera, conformist (moth) –
 * Euclemensia woodiella (moth) – 1829
 * Flame brocade (moth) – 1919
 * Frosted yellow (moth) – 1914
 * Gypsy moth – 1907; reappeared 1995
 * Isle of Wight wave (moth) – 1931
 * Large chequered skipper – c. 1989 (non-native, Channel Islands)
 * Large copper – 1865
 * Large tortoiseshell - 1960s (recolonising from 2019)
 * Many-lined (moth) – 1875
 * Map – c. 1914 (non-native)
 * Mazarine blue – 1906
 * Orache moth – 1915
 * Reed tussock (moth) – 1875
 * Scarce black arches (moth) – 1898 (transitory resident)
 * Speckled beauty (moth) – 1898
 * Union rustic (moth) – 1919
 * Viper's bugloss (moth) – 1969

Dragonflies and damselflies

 * Norfolk damselfly – 1957
 * Orange-spotted emerald (dragonfly) – 1957

Caddisflies

 * Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum (caddis fly) – 1926
 * Hydropsyche exocellata (caddis fly) – 1901

Cicada

 * Cicadetta montana (New Forest cicada) – not seen in Britain since 2000.

Arachnids

 * Gibbaranea bituberculata — 1954
 * Hypsosinga heri — 1912
 * Mastigusa arietina — 1926

Crustaceans

 * Artemia salina (brine shrimp) – after 1758

Land snails

 * Fruticicola fruticum
 * Cernuella neglecta

Reintroduction and re-establishment
The white-tailed eagle has been successfully re-established on the western coast of Scotland. Having clung on in parts of Wales, red kites have been successfully re-established in parts of England and Scotland. Ongoing projects involve both these species: the corn crake into parts of England and Scotland, and the great bustard on Salisbury Plain.

European beavers have been reintroduced to parts of Scotland, and there are plans to bring them back to other parts of Britain. A five-year trial reintroduction at Knapdale in Argyll started in 2009 and concluded in 2014. A few hundred beavers live wild in the Tay river basin, as a result of escapes from a wildlife park. A similar reintroduction trial is being undertaken on the river otter in Devon, England. Also, around the country, beavers have been introduced into fenced reserves for many reasons including flood prevention. In 2016, beavers were recognised as a British native species, and will be protected under law.

In 2008, Eurasian elk were released into a fenced reserve on the Alladale Estate in the Highlands of Scotland. Reindeer were re-established in 1952; approximately 150–170 reindeer live around the Cairngorms region in Scotland.

Set up by the Wildwood Trust, Konik horses have been established across many reserves as a proxy for the extinct tarpan.

In 1998, MAFF, now known as DEFRA released a report concerning the presence of two populations of wild boar living freely in the UK. These boar are thought to have escaped from wildlife parks, zoos and from farms where they are farmed for their meat, and gone on to establish breeding populations.

Around 20 white storks pass through the UK each year. A colony at the Knepp Wildland in West Sussex, aided by zoologist Roisin Campbell-Palmer, hopes to reinforce these off-path migrants by introducing adults into a fenced reserve, where the juveniles born will be able to establish other colonies further afield.

The northern clade of the pool frog was reintroduced from Swedish stock in 2005, to a single site in Norfolk, England, following detailed research to prove that it had been native before its extinction around 1993.

Smaller species, mainly reptiles, such as the green lizard and Aesculapian snake, have formed colonies probably due to a result of release from captivity. There have also been calls for the return of the European tree frog to the wild.

Established in 2020, Celtic Reptile & Amphibian, aims to reintroduce the lost species of reptile and amphibian that once inhabited Britain, back to rewilding projects. These include the moor frog, European tree frog, agile frog and European pond turtle. They have already had significant success breeding the moor frog in captivity. The organisation also wants to see European pond turtles re-established within wetland restoration projects.

The large blue butterfly has been successfully re-established from Swedish stock at several sites, but very few of these are open-access. There are also several successful cases of the establishment of new populations of heath fritillary.

There have been calls for the reintroduction of the Eurasian lynx, brown bear and grey wolf to the UK, because no large predators are living in viable populations in Great Britain. It is theorized that a large predators presence could create a trophic cascade, thus improving the ecosystem.

There are plans to reintroduce European bison into England in spring 2022. The initial reintroduction would consist of one male and three females being released into a 150-hectare area with no accessible footpaths.


text:
Harpeth Hall School

Harpeth Hall School is a private, college-preparatory school for girls in the Green Hills neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Its beginning dates back to 1865 as a seminary for young ladies. After various mergers and name changes, the antecedent school closed in 1951, leading to the founding of the present school. The campus consists of a middle school and high school on a 40 acre site.

History
With the scheduled closing of Nashville's Ward-Belmont College's high school pending about 1950, a group of concerned citizens organized to ensure that a college-preparatory school for girls would continue in the city. This group purchased a 26-acre tract of land known as the P.M. Estes estate in southwest Nashville at the corner of Estes Road and Hobbs Road. One of the building committee members, Mary Elizabeth Cayce, suggested the name of the new school be "Harpeth Hall", because of the proximity to the Harpeth River and that the words sounded "euphonius"

In the fall of 1951, the Ward-Belmont college-preparatory division reopened on a new campus and with a new name—the Harpeth Hall School. Harpeth Hall began the new school term with 161 students in grades 9 through 12, almost all of whom had transferred from Ward-Belmont. A Nashville historical marker at the 3801 Hobbs Road site commemorates the event. The first head of school, Mrs. Susan S. Souby, had previously headed the high school department at Ward-Belmont. The first administrators of Harpeth Hall and all but two members of the faculty were former members of the Ward-Belmont staff. The existing house on the newly acquired property served as Harpeth Hall's first school building, later named Souby Hall. Within the next year, the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools accredited the school. It rapidly gained membership in the National Association of Independent Schools, the Southern Association of Independent Schools, and the Mid-South Association of Independent Schools.

During Harpeth Hall's first decade, the facilities were expanded to include additional classroom space, an auditorium, gymnasium and cafeteria. In 1968, under the leadership of school head Idanelle McMurry, the Daugh W. Smith Middle School opened.

In 1998, a strategic plan was developed to address future faculty, program and facility needs. In 2000, a five-year, $42 million capital campaign entitled the "Campaign for Harpeth Hall" was launched to address these needs. By 2005, significant improvements to facilities were completed including a new library, a track and soccer complex, a visual arts center, and a middle school. In addition, the following facilities were renovated: the Jack C. Massey Center for Mathematics and Science, George N. Bullard Gymnasium, Frances Bond Davis Theatre, Marnie Sheridan Gallery, and Souby Hall. In 2007, the Hortense Bigelow Ingram Upper School completed major renovations on multiple buildings. A new Athletic and Wellness Center was completed in 2014.

Diversity
When Nashville public schools were desegregated in September 1970, it was a time of turbulence in public education, for fear of the uncertain effects of court-ordered busing of students to achieve racial balance. Thirteen of Nashville's established private schools, including Harpeth Hall, saw an increase in enrollment after the court decision. The IRS was ordered to deny tax-exempt status of any private school with a racially discriminatory admissions policy, but found no such discrimination even though many private schools had no black students. MBA headmaster Francis E. Carter told The Tennessean that black students were welcome, but that none had ever applied, which was typical of private schools in Nashville. Harpeth Hall developed an active program to increase diversity in its student body. In 1979, Harpeth Hall's first black student was Cezanne Gray, who stated, "I like breaking barriers and being the first". In 2015, ethnic and racial minority students comprised 13% of the student body; as of 2018, 16% of the student body received need-based financial grants. According to the school's website, for the school year of 2020–2021 the average per aid grant is $18,568.

Campus facilities
Harpeth Hall School is located in the residential Green Hills neighborhood of Nashville. The nucleus of the campus is Souby Hall, which is the administration building and is the original structure present when the land was purchased. Souby Hall has been extensively remodeled, but retains its original classic facade. As of 2016, there are 11 additional buildings including the upper school complex, a middle school, a library, a gymnasium, a theater, a gallery, a mathematics and science center, a visual arts center, a center for arts and athletics, a track and soccer complex, and an athletic and wellness center. The school has a field house, an eight lane track and two softball fields. In 2007, the school installed AstroTurf, a synthetic playing surface which is used for soccer and lacrosse, a first for a girls school in Tennessee.

In 2000, Harpeth Hall introduced a "laptop initiative" into the curriculum, creating a 1:1 student-to-computer ratio. Each student is given a laptop computer which is provided on a lease and maintained by the school's technology department. A campus network links students and teachers for projects, homework and assignments.

Harpeth Hall collaborates with Montgomery Bell Academy, a school for boys located nearby. Both schools have a strong tradition of single-gender education, but have agreed to participate in joint drama and music programs, community service projects, sharing of athletic field space, and transportation to athletic competitions.

Academics
In 2009, Harpeth Hall became one of the founding members of the Online School for Girls, a program that allows students to take advanced placement classes not offered by their own school. Harpeth Hall students participated in the inaugural year of the Online School, taking classes in Multivariable Calculus, Differential Equations, Computer Programming and Genetics. Eventually the program will allow any girl to enroll in courses, whether she is in public school or home schooled.

In 2011, the school opened a "Center for STEM Education for Girls". The letters stand for "Science, Technology, Engineering and Math", subjects that have stereotypically belonged to boys. The purpose of this program is to increase the number of young women pursuing college degrees and careers in the STEM fields. The program is funded through an Edward E. Ford Foundation Leadership Grant and other donors.

Harpeth Hall has received the National Service-Learning School award. In 2011, the school created a strategic partnership with a rural village in Western Kenya's Lwala Province to support girls' education there and to provide service opportunities for Harpeth Hall students. An example is providing uniforms for sixth-grade African girls.

Timeline
The following table is adapted and condensed from All-Girls Education from Ward Seminary to Harpeth Hall, 1865 to 2015.

Notable alumnae

 * Tracy Caulkins, Olympic swimmer
 * Amy Grant, singer, songwriter, musician, author and media personality
 * Margaret Groos, Olympic runner
 * Minnie Pearl, comedienne
 * Mildred T. Stahlman, neonatologist
 * V.E. Schwab, author
 * Alexandra Walsh, Olympic swimmer
 * Linden Wiesman, Olympic equestrian
 * Reese Witherspoon, actress, producer, and entrepreneur

title: Harpeth Hall School