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Cooke, Troughton & Simms

Cooke, Troughton & Simms was a British instrument-making firm formed in York in 1922 by the merger of T. Cooke & Sons and Troughton & Simms.

Origins
Thomas Cooke set up a business in York in 1837 making astronomical telescopes. One early notable instrument was a 4.5 inch equatorial refractor which would have been exceptional at the time. In 1851 Cooke built a 7.25 inch equatorial telescope. Cooke made the optical elements himself for both these instruments. Thomas Cooke built a reputation for high quality optics and, as well as smaller instruments, supplied large instruments to observatories around the world.

From the outset in 1826 and earlier Troughton and Simms of London excelled in the high precision work of dividing circles and so provided many observatories with large transit instruments and supplied national surveys such as the Ordnance Survey, with large transit theodolites.

Merger
In 1922 with business in a depressed state Cooke and Troughton & Simms merged with head offices at York. However foreign competition was strong. In particular the Swiss firm of Wild was making theodolites which were lighter, smaller and more accurate than CTS products.

Vickers ownership

In 1924 the company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vickers. In 1926 a meeting was held in Tavistock, Devon with representatives from the Admiralty, the War Office and the Ordnance Survey and Cooke, Troughton & Simms, E. R. Watts and C. F. Casella & Co. On Dartmoor a comparison was made between the products of UK companies and their European competition, especially the Wild T2 theodolite which pioneered enclosed glass circles rather than exposed brass ones. Results were depressing for the British firms.

One result of this event was the Vickers CTS "Tavistock" theodolite which appeared in 1930. The unusual circle reading eyepieces which projected out from each side arose from a wish to avoid infringing the Wild patents. Work began in the autumn of 1931 on the Geodetic Tavistock. where the increased accuracy made it suitable for primary surveys of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the East African Arc and the retriangulation of Great Britain. In response to user requests a second, lighter version the Geodetic Tavistock appeared in 1937

By 1932 the depressed state of trade had reached a point where the York factory was working at only 40% capacity but was kept going making optical components for Vickers Armstrong and also building the Vickers Projection Microscope. By 1933 only 30% of the factory was in use. In 1938, the telescope manufacturing part of the business was sold to Grubb Parsons.

Wartime Production
In 1936 a list of military requirements was issued by the minister for co-ordination of defence, Sir Thomas Inskip. One result was the building of a new factory in 1938 in Haxby Road, York. The firm's telescope-making business was acquired by Sir Howard Grubb, Parsons and Co. Ltd. At the outbreak of war in 1939 the UK government placed large orders for military sighting telescopes and theodolites. By 1940 output was only limited by the supply of raw materials and orders exceeded £1,000,000.

During the Second World War many Tavistock theodolites were used in artillery observation and many other applications by survey regiments. During this period 3,300 people were employed by the company. Anticipating post war trading conditions several new products such as medical microscopes suited to a civilian role were developed using tooling created for wartime production.

At the end of the Second World War, a film entitled Cooke Troughton & Simms in Wartime 1939-1945 was released which documented the manufacturing processes used to produce many of the optical instruments which were used in tanks, aeroplanes and on ships. The Haxby Road factory was re-designated "Kingsway North" with a workforce of 900 in 1939, rising to 2000 in 1941 and peaking in 1943.

Post War Products
In 1963 CTS became a part of the new Vickers Instruments Ltd. During this period it made the Vickers V.11 and V.22 theodolites.

The company produced a range of precision microscopes and survey equipment including theodolites and it manufactured one of the first usable interference microscopes. A 1950 catalogue listed the following range of microscopes:
 * M1005/M1025 - student microscopes
 * M1000 - 'general purpose' microscope
 * M2000 - microscope for 'routine and research investigations'
 * M3000 - The M2000 with vertical adjustment to the stage
 * M4000 - 'universal stand' for visual and photographic examination
 * M6000 - stereo microscope
 * M7000 - polarizing microscope

Cooke, Troughton & Simms ceased trading in 1988. Upon closure all buildings on the site were demolished, leaving only the concrete foundations and as of October 2018, the site is still waiting to be redeveloped.

title: Cooke, Troughton & Simms


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Stopper (plug)

A stopper, bung, or cork  is a cylindrical or conical closure used to seal a container, such as a bottle, tube, or barrel.

Description
Unlike a lid or bottle cap, which encloses a container from the outside without displacing the inner volume, a bung is partially or wholly inserted inside the container to act as a seal. A bung can be defined as "a plug or closure used to close an opening in a drum or barrel. It is called a plug when referring to a steel drum closure."

A glass stopper is often called a "ground glass joint" (or "joint taper"), and a cork stopper is called simply a "cork". Stoppers used for wine bottles are referred to as "corks", even when made from another material.

A common every-day example of a stopper is the cork of a wine bottle. When used to seal the bungholes of barrels, the stopper is called a bung. Other bungs, particularly those used in chemical barrels, may be made of metal and be screwed into place via threading.

Ground glass joint
Ground glass joint (or ground glass stoppers) are commonly used with laboratory glassware, mainly because of their nonreactivity. Some stoppers used in labs have holes in them to allow the insertion of glass or rubber tubing. This is often used when a reaction is taking place in the flask or test tube and the byproduct or result of the reaction is desired to be collected. For instance, if one were to boil water in a test tube and wanted to collect the water vapor, one could seal the test tube with a stopper with holes in it. With tubing inserted into the hole(s), when the tube is heated, water vapor will rise through the hole, make its way through the tubing, and into the collection chamber of choice. The water vapor would not be able to escape into the air, because the stopper and the tubing, if set up correctly, would be airtight.

Rubber bungs
In chemistry, bungs made of hardened rubber are frequently used in small-scale experimental set-ups involving non-corrosive gases. Some chemistry bungs may also include one or more holes so a glass tube or laboratory funnel may be inserted through the bung and into the container or another piece of apparatus. The rubber bung may be used to seal a flask because the user may require the contents to be mixed via shaking the flask or may require that the contents be kept inside the flask and prevented from leaking out. In all cases, the bung keeps the experimentation environment sealed so that liquids or gases cannot escape (or enter).

For applications that place higher demands on the bung in terms of temperature and mechanical stability or solvent resistance, standardized glass stoppers and connectors are preferred.

Bottle stoppers made from gutta-percha, a natural rubber that is both chemically resistant and thermoplastic, were the first product of the Gutta Percha Company, better known for making submarine telegraph cables.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stopper (plug)


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Myōkōkōgen, Niigata

Myōkōkōgen (妙高高原町) was a town in Nakakubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan

In 1916, Myōkō Kōgen became nationally famous when it came first in a vote taken to find the most popular summer resort in Japan.

The area is dominated by 'Hokushingogaku' - a series of five mountains (Madarao, Myōkō, Kurohime, Togakushi and Iizuna) that make up the border of Nagano and Niigata prefectures. Mt. Myoko 妙高山 is listed as one of the hundred most famous mountains in Japan with its summit recorded as 2,454 meters above sea level.

, the town had an estimated population of 6,234 and a population density of 48.49 persons per km2. The total area was 128.57 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Myōkōkōgen, along with the former village of Myōkō (also from Nakakubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Arai. Arai changed its name to Myōkō City at the same time.

Activities
Myōkō Kōgen is famed for its ski resorts which were founded in the 1930s, making it one of the oldest established ski areas in the world. It is also a traditional mountain retreat of Japan's imperial family. The area includes nine mountain resorts: the main resorts of Akakura Onsen, Akakura Kanko Resort (also known as Akakan), Ikenotaira Onsen, Myōkō Suginohara (which boasts the longest ski run in Japan), the smaller Seki Onsen, Kyukamura RunRun and Myōkō Ski Park, and two resorts just over the border in Nagano: Madarao Kogen and Tangram Ski Circus.

Myōkō Kōgen is also well known for its many local onsen (hot springs) emanating from the Jigoku-dani valley between Mt. Myoko and Mt. Maeyama

title: Myōkōkōgen, Niigata


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Stopper knot

A stopper knot (or simply stopper) is a knot that creates a fixed thicker point on an otherwise-uniform thickness rope for the purpose of preventing the rope, at that point, from slipping through a narrow passage, such as a hole in a block. To pass a rope through a block, or hole, is to reeve it. To pull it out is to unreeve it. Stopper knots prevent the rope from unreeving on its own.

"Stopper" has three distinct meanings in the context of knotting and cordage. A decorative stopper knot may be referred to as a lanyard knot.

"The single-strand stopper knot is...[one variety] of knob knots. Generally it is tied as a terminal knot in the end of a rope, where it forms a knob or bunch, the general purpose of which is to prevent unreeving. It is found in the ends of running rigging. It secures the end of a sewing thread; it provides a handhold or a foothold in bell ropes and footropes. It adds weight to the end of a heaving line, and it is often employed decoratively, but it should not be used to prevent unlaying and fraying except in small cord, twine, and the like, as a whipping is in every way preferable for large and valuable material."

A monkey's tail "is a permanent or semipermanent stopper that is put in the bight as well as the end. It is also called single throat seizing, seized round turn, clinch, and pigtail...A small round turn is first taken, and a throat seizing, in length about a quarter of the round of the clinch, is put in. The monkey's tail is preferred for the purpose just described because it does less damage to rope than any knot. When the monkey's tail fetches against the rack the seizing takes the burden."

At the end of a line

A stopper knot is tied at the end of a rope to prevent the end from unraveling. It then functions like a whipping knot.

A stopper knot is tied at the end of a rope to prevent the end from slipping through another knot, or passing back through a hole, block, or belay/rappel device. It then functions like a leash handle. Knots commonly used for this purpose are:

 * Overhand knot
 * Double overhand knot
 * Figure-eight knot
 * Stevedore knot
 * Ashley's stopper knot

The Chinese button knot and the Celtic button knot are decorative stopper knots.

Around the standing part
When a stopper knot is tied outside another knot and around the standing part it can also be called a backup knot. Tying the end around the standing part helps prevent the knot from unraveling by not allowing the end to slide back into the knot: a kind of insurance against failure of the knot. Examples of this usage are often seen in climbing, rope rescue, and other safety-of-life situations. Common knots used for this purpose are:

 * Overhand knot
 * Double overhand knot/strangle knot
 * Double fisherman's knot

Nautical usage
In nautical settings, a stopper may refer to a length of rope that is belayed at one end with the other end attached to a tensioned main line using a friction hitch in order to tension the stopper and thereby slacken the portion of the tensioned main line behind the friction hitch. For example, if a sheet becomes jammed on a winch while under sail, a "stopper" can be used to temporarily take the strain off the winch while the riding turn is cleared.

 * Rolling hitch & similar friction hitches

title: Stopper knot


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Gastornis

Gastornis is an extinct genus of large, flightless birds that lived during the mid-Paleocene to mid-Eocene epochs of the Paleogene period. Fossils have been found in Europe, Asia and North America, with the North American specimens formerly assigned to the genus Diatryma.

Gastornis species were very large birds that were traditionally thought to have been predators of various smaller mammals, such as ancient, diminutive equids. However, several lines of evidence, including the lack of hooked claws (in known Gastornis footprints), studies of their beak structure and isotopic signatures of their bones, have caused scientists to speculate that these birds were potentially herbivorous, feeding on tough plant material and seeds. Gastornis is, generally, agreed to be related to the Galloanserae, the group containing waterfowl and gamebirds.

History
Gastornis was first described in 1855 from a fragmentary skeleton. It was named after Gaston Planté, described as a "studious young man full of zeal", who had discovered the first fossils in clay (Argile Plastique) formation deposits at Meudon, near Paris. The discovery was notable, due to the large size of the specimens, and because, at the time, Gastornis represented one of the oldest known birds. Additional bones of the first known species, G. parisiensis, were found in the mid-1860s. Somewhat more-complete specimens, then referred to the new species G. eduardsii (now considered a synonym of G. parisiensis), were found a decade later. These specimens, found in the 1870s, formed the basis for a widely- circulated and reproduced skeletal restoration by Lemoine. The skulls of these original Gastornis fossils were unknown, other than nondescript fragments and several bones used in Lemoine's illustration, which turned out to be those of other animals. Thus, this European specimen was long reconstructed as a sort of gigantic "crane-like" bird.

In 1874, the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope discovered another fragmentary set of fossils at the Wasatch Formation, New Mexico. Cope considered the fossils to be of a distinct genus and species of giant ground bird; in 1876, he named the remains Diatryma gigantea, from the Ancient Greek διάτρημα (diatrema), meaning "through a hole", in reference to the large foramina (perforations) that penetrated some of the foot bones. In 1894, a single gastornithid toe bone from New Jersey was described by Cope's "rival" Othniel Charles Marsh, and classified as a new genus and species: Barornis regens. In 1911, it was recognized that this, too, could be considered a junior synonym of Diatryma (and therefore, later, Gastornis). Additional, fragmentary specimens were found in Wyoming in 1911, and assigned (in 1913) to the new species Diatryma ajax (also now considered a synonym of G. gigantea). In 1916, an American Museum of Natural History expedition to the Bighorn Basin (Willwood Formation, Wyoming) found the first nearly-complete skull and skeleton, which was described in 1917 and gave scientists their first clear picture of the bird. Matthew, Granger, and Stein (1917) classified this specimen as yet another new species, Diatryma steini. After the description of Diatryma, most new European specimens were referred to this genus, instead of Gastornis; however, after the initial discovery of Diatryma, it soon became clear that it (and Gastornis) were so similar that the former could be considered a junior synonym of the latter. In fact, this similarity was recognized as early as 1884 by Elliott Coues, though this would be debated by researchers throughout the 20th century. Meaningful comparisons between Gastornis and Diatryma were made more difficult by Lemoine's incorrect skeletal illustration, the composite nature of which was not discovered until the early 1980s. Following this, several authors began to recognize a greater degree of similarity between the European and North American birds, often placing both in the same order (†Gastornithiformes) or even family (†Gastornithidae). This newly-realized degree of similarity caused many scientists to, tentatively, accept the animals' synonymy—pending a comprehensive review of the anatomy of the birds. Consequently, the correct scientific name of the genus is Gastornis.

Description
Gastornis is known from a large amount of fossil remains, but the clearest picture of the bird comes from a few nearly complete specimens of the species G. gigantea. These were generally very large birds, with huge beaks and massive skulls superficially similar to the carnivorous South American "terror birds" (phorusrhacids). The largest known species, G. gigantea could reached about 2 m in maximum height, and up to 175 kg in mass.

The skull of G. gigantea was huge compared to the body and powerfully built. The beak was extremely tall and compressed (flattened from side to side). Unlike other species of Gastornis, G. gigantea lacked characteristic grooves and pits on the underlying bone. The 'lip' of the beak was straight, without a raptorial hook as found in the predatory phorusrhacids. The nostrils were small and positioned close to the front of the eyes about midway up the skull. The vertebrae were short and massive, even in the neck. The neck was relatively short, consisting of at least 13 massive vertebrae. The torso was relatively short. The wings were vestigial, with the upper wing-bones small and highly reduced, similar in proportion to the wings of the cassowary.

Classification
Gastornis and its close relatives are classified together in the family Gastornithidae, and were long considered to be members of the order Gruiformes. However, the traditional concept of Gruiformes has since been shown to be an unnatural grouping. Beginning in the late 1980s with the first phylogenetic analysis of gastornithid relationships, consensus began to grow that they were close relatives of the lineage that includes waterfowl and screamers, the Anseriformes. A 2007 study showed that gastornithids were a very early-branching group of anseriformes, and formed the sister group to all other members of that lineage.

Recognizing the apparent close relationship between gastornithids and waterfowl, some researchers classify gastornithids within the anseriform group itself. Others restrict the name Anseriformes only to the crown group formed by all modern species, and label the larger group including extinct relatives of anseriformes, like the gastornithids, with the name Anserimorphae. Gastornithids are therefore sometimes placed in their own order, Gastornithiformes. A 2024 study however found little support for gastornithiforms and instead places them as basal galliforms.

A simplified version of the family tree found by Agnolin et al. in 2007 is reproduced below.

Today, at least five species of Gastornis are generally accepted as valid. The type species, Gastornis parisiensis, was named and described by Hébert in two 1855 papers. It is known from fossils found in western and central Europe, dating from the late Paleocene to the early Eocene. Other species previously considered distinct, but which are now considered synonymous with G. parisiensis, include G. edwardsii (Lemoine, 1878) and G. klaasseni (Newton, 1885). Additional European species of Gastornis are G. russeli (Martin, 1992) from the late Paleocene of Berru, France, and G. sarasini (Schaub, 1929) from the early-middle Eocene. G. geiselensis, from the middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, has been considered a synonym of G. sarasini, however, other researchers have stated that there is currently insufficient evidence to synonymize the two, and that they should be kept separate at least pending a more detailed comparison of all gastornithids. The supposed small species G. minor is considered to be a nomen dubium.

Gastornis gigantea (Cope, 1876), formerly Diatryma, dates from the middle Eocene of western North America. Its junior synonyms include Barornis regens (Marsh, 1894) and Omorhamphus storchii (Sinclair, 1928). O. storchii was described based on fossils from lower Eocene rocks of Wyoming. The species was named in honor of T. C. von Storch, who found the fossils remains in Princeton 1927 Expedition. The fossil bones originally described as Omorhamphus storchii are now considered to be the remains of a juvenile Gastornis gigantea. Specimen YPM PU 13258 from lower Eocene Willwood Formation rocks of Park County, Wyoming also seems to be a juvenile – perhaps also of G. gigantea, in which case it would be an even younger individual.

Gastornis xichuanensis, from the early Eocene of Henan, China, is known only from a tibiotarsus (upper foot bone). It was originally described in 1980 as the only species in the distinct genus Zhongyuanus. However, a re-evaluation of the fossil published in 2013 concluded that the differences between this specimen and the same bone in Gastornis species were minor, and that it should be considered an asian species of Gastornis.

Diet
A long-standing debate surrounding Gastornis is the interpretation of its diet. It has often been depicted as a predator of contemporary small mammals, which famously included the early horse Eohippus. However, with the size of Gastornis legs, the bird would have had to have been more agile to catch fast-moving prey than the fossils suggest it to have been. Consequently, Gastornis has been suspected to have been an ambush hunter and/or used pack hunting techniques to pursue or ambush prey; if Gastornis was a predator, it would have certainly needed some other means of hunting prey through the dense forest. Alternatively, it could have used its strong beak for eating large or strong vegetation.

The skull of Gastornis is massive in comparison to those of living ratites of similar body size. Biomechanical analysis of the skull suggests that the jaw-closing musculature was enormous. The lower jaw is very deep, resulting in a lengthened moment arm of the jaw muscles. Both features strongly suggest that Gastornis could generate a powerful bite. Some scientists have proposed that the skull of Gastornis was ‘overbuilt’ for a herbivorous diet and support the traditional interpretation of Gastornis as a carnivore that used its powerfully constructed beak to subdue struggling prey and crack open bones to extract marrow. Others have noted the apparent lack of predatory features in the skull, such as a prominently hooked beak, as evidence that Gastornis was a specialized herbivore (or even an omnivore) of some sort, perhaps having used its large beak to crack hard foods like nuts and seeds. Footprints attributed to gastornithids (possibly a species of Gastornis itself), described in 2012, showed that these birds lacked strongly hooked talons on the hind legs, another line of evidence suggesting that they did not have a predatory lifestyle.

Recent evidence suggests that Gastornis was likely a true herbivore. Studies of the calcium isotopes in the bones of specimens of Gastornis by Thomas Tutken and colleagues showed no evidence that it had meat in its diet. The geochemical analysis further revealed that its dietary habits were similar to those of both herbivorous dinosaurs and mammals when it was compared to known fossil carnivores, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, leaving phorusrhacids and bathornithids as the only major carnivorous flightless birds.

Eggs
In Late Paleocene deposits of Spain and early Eocene deposits of France, shell fragments of huge eggs have turned up, namely in Provence. These were described as the ootaxon Ornitholithus and are presumably from Gastornis. While no direct association exists between Ornitholithus and Gastornis fossils, no other birds of sufficient size are known from that time and place; while the large Diogenornis and Eremopezus are known from the Eocene, the former lived in South America (still separated from North America by the Tethys Ocean then) and the latter is only known from the Late Eocene of North Africa, which also was separated by an (albeit less wide) stretch of the Tethys Ocean from Europe.

Some of these fragments were complete enough to reconstruct a size of 24 by 10 cm (about 9.5 by 4 inches) with shells 2.3–2.5 mm (0.09–0.1 in) thick, roughly half again as large as an ostrich egg and very different in shape from the more rounded ratite eggs. If Remiornis is indeed correctly identified as a ratite (which is quite doubtful, however ), Gastornis remains as the only known animal that could have laid these eggs. At least one species of Remiornis is known to have been smaller than Gastornis, and was initially described as Gastornis minor by Mlíkovský in 2002. This would nicely match the remains of eggs a bit smaller than those of the living ostrich, which have also been found in Paleogene deposits of Provence, were it not for the fact that these eggshell fossils also date from the Eocene, but no Remiornis bones are yet known from that time.

Footprints
Several sets of fossil footprints are suspected to belong to Gastornis. One set of footprints was reported from late Eocene gypsum at Montmorency and other locations of the Paris Basin in the 19th century, from 1859 onwards. Described initially by Jules Desnoyers, and later on by Alphonse Milne-Edwards, these trace fossils were celebrated among French geologists of the late 19th century. They were discussed by Charles Lyell in his Elements of Geology as an example of the incompleteness of the fossil record – no bones had been found associated with the footprints. Unfortunately, these fine specimens, which sometimes even preserved details of the skin structure, are now lost. They were brought to the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle when Desnoyers started to work there, and the last documented record of them deals with their presence in the geology exhibition of the MNHN in 1912. The largest of these footprints, although only consisting of a single toe's impression, was 40 cm (16 in) long. The large footprints from the Paris Basin could also be divided into huge and merely large examples, much like the eggshells from southern France, which are 20 million years older.

Another footprint record consists of a single imprint that still exists, though it has proven to be even more controversial. It was found in late Eocene Puget Group rocks in the Green River valley near Black Diamond, Washington. After its discovery, it raised considerable interest in the Seattle area in May–July 1992, being subject of at least two longer articles in the Seattle Times. Variously declared a hoax or genuine, this apparent impression of a single bird foot measures about 27 cm wide by 32 cm long and lacks a hallux (hind toe); it was described as the ichnotaxon Ornithoformipes controversus. Fourteen years after the initial discovery, the debate about the find's authenticity was still unresolved. The specimen is now at Western Washington University. The problem with these early trace fossils is that no fossil of Gastornis has been found to be younger than about 45 million years. The enigmatic "Diatryma" cotei is known from remains almost as old as the Paris basin footprints (whose date never could be accurately determined), but in North America the fossil record of unequivocal gastornithids seems to end even earlier than in Europe. However, in 2009, a landslide near Bellingham, Washington exposed at least 18 tracks on 15 blocks in the Eocene Chuckanut Formation. The anatomy and age (about 53.7 Ma old ) of the tracks suggest that the track maker was Gastornis. Although these birds have long been considered to be predators or scavengers, the absence of raptor-like claws supports earlier suggestions that they were herbivores. The Chuckanut tracks are named as the ichnotaxon Rivavipes giganteus, inferred to belong to the extinct family Gastornithidae. At least 10 of the tracks are on display at Western Washington University.

Feathers
The plumage of Gastornis has generally been depicted in art as a hair-like covering similar to some ratites. This has been based in part on some fibrous strands recovered from a Green River Formation deposit at Roan Creek, Colorado, which were initially believed to represent Gastornis feathers and named ''Diatryma? filifera''. Subsequent examination has shown the fossil material to not actually be feathers, but root fibers and the species renamed as Cyperacites filiferus.

A second possible Gastornis feather has since been identified, also from the Green River Formation. Unlike the filamentous plant material, this single isolated feather resembles the body feathers of flighted birds, being broad and vaned. It was tentatively identified as a possible Gastornis feather based on its size; the feather measured 240 mm long and must have belonged to a gigantic bird.

Distribution
Gastornis fossils are known from across western Europe, the western United States, and central China. The earliest (Paleocene) fossils all come from Europe, and it is likely that the genus originated there. Europe in this epoch was an island continent, and Gastornis was the largest terrestrial tetrapod of the landmass. This offers parallels with the Malagasy elephant birds, herbivorous birds that were similarly the largest land animals in the isolated landmass of Madagascar, in spite of otherwise mammalian megafauna.

All other fossil remains are from the Eocene; however, it is not currently known how Gastornis dispersed out of Europe and into North America and Asia. Given the presence of Gastornis fossils in the early Eocene of western China, these birds may have spread east from Europe and crossed into North America via the Bering land bridge. Gastornis also may have spread both east and west, arriving separately in eastern Asia and in North America across the Turgai Strait. Direct landbridges with North America are also known.

European Gastornis survived somewhat longer than their North American and Asian counterparts. This seems to coincide with a period of increased isolation of the continent.

Extinction
The reason for the extinction of Gastornis is currently unclear. Competition with mammals has often been cited as a possible factor, but Gastornis did occur in faunas dominated by mammals, and did co-exist with several megafaunal forms like pantodonts. Likewise, extreme climatic events like the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) appear to have had little impact.

Nonetheless, the extended survival in Europe is thought to coincide with increased isolation of the landmass.

title: Gastornis


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Nakagō, Niigata

Nakagō (中郷村) was a village located in Nakakubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,916 and a density of 112.88 persons per km2. The total area was 43.55 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Nakagō, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

title: Nakagō, Niigata


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Talk:Olympic sports

Collapsible tables
I really dont like the current state of the tables. The colors to separate the disciplines in each sport are great. I think, however, to make this look more like a page than a list (which is where we wanted to go with it) we need to put less focus on the tables. I think we can do that by sucking all of the disciplines on the tables into one bar that lists the sport name, and it is collapsed by default only to be opened by the reader to see the events per year. This would both significantly shorten the page and make it less cluttered looking. Also, it would be more managable to look at the tables.

I'm just not sure how to do this, so if someone could give this a look, that'd be great! Jared  (t)    18:11, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * If you're talking about something like this (diff), feel free to copy-paste the code over the current article. --necronudist (talk) 19:46, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Colors in tables
The background colors in the tables are impossible to distinguish on an LCD screen. I recommend using some colors that are a little more intense. Ericbodden (talk) 20:37, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. I would change it myself, but I'm not sure if there's a specific reason the current colors were chosen? Either way, higher contrast would be helpful. Xazy (talk) 04:11, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Canoe/Kayak
Both the official | 2008 Olympics website and the | IOC website list the official name of this event as "Canoe/Kayak" (not "Canoeing"), as both types (Canoes and Kayaks) are used in these events (C1 500m, K2 1000m etc....). It is correct on this page but currently most articles referring to this sport list it as just "Canoeing" (Canoeing at the Summer Olympics, Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics). Shouldn't these articles and all those related be moved to reflect this? (Canoe/Kayak at the Summer Olympics, Canoe/Kayak at the 2008 Summer Olympics etc...) The name of the sport should surely be "Canoe/Kayak" with the disciplines being Flatwater and Slalom Goldfinger820 (talk) 09:52, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The short version is that we like to keep things simple at WP:OLY. To give you a bit more of an explanation, I dove into the archives, and found this archived section from the talk pages of WP:OLY, and basically, it seems that Canoeing was actually the name of the sport up until 1992. Since we try to keep consistency throughout the years, it was just as well to leave out the "kayak" part. Plus, there is no way to write "Canoe/Kayak" and make it look visually appealing; the short name seems to have been working fine. Jared   (t)    00:08, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * sounds fair enough to me. Goldfinger820 (talk) 00:45, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Sports
there is no mention of Art competitions at the Summer Olympics??? The list of recognized sports is crazy. Does anyone have a real list?LedRush (talk) 15:40, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The list is taken from the IOC official website. Can't be anymore real than that. Parutakupiu (talk) 16:25, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * IOC is crazy. But that's the sad reality... --necronudist (talk) 20:16, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * But bridge isn't an olympic sport, is it? Is there a difference between sports recognized by the IOC and actual olympic sports?  If so, that should be made more clear in the article.LedRush (talk) 21:31, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Also, they don't have golf! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.170.192.5 (talk) 01:06, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

I would say we can remove Rugby and Golf from the Recognized Federations list as they are now Olympics Sports. I realize that they are referenced as being included in the 2016 Games, but it seems non-nonsensical to keep them on the Recognized list and not in the Current Summer Program. On a very pedantic point, you could argue that we are not yet in the 31st Olympiad and therefore they are not 'current', but this seems silly to me. I would say update the Current Program table to include 2016. Kurt O'Sys (talk) 13:26, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I just read a huffy Yahoo! comment that complained about rhythmic gymnastics being considered an Olympian sport, but Greco-Roman wrestling had been removed from the Summer Games line-up. Is that so? Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 04:34, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Telemark skiing: please add to list of recognized sports (it is under the FIS) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Langstrom7inchgangleywrench (talk • contribs) 11:34, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

single-gender sports/disciplines
Is there a list anywhere of sports or disciplines that are reserved to one gender only? Richardson mcphillips (talk) 20:51, 19 July 2010 (UTC)'

 * I was wondering that too. There's no female ski-jumping, and no male rhythmic gymnastics or synchronized swimming.  I think there's one other male-only discipline, but I'm having difficulty finding it based on the links from this article... AnonMoos (talk) 19:35, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Flatwater canoeing is also male only as is Nordic Combined. Ravendrop 21:55, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Additional Winter Olympic events
I made changes to the Winter Olympic table in light of recent decisions from the IOC. I do believe it is appropriate to have these new events considering that the schedule is getting finalized. --Perakhantu (talk) 06:08, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

US special case?
I am mystified by the following sentence:
 * In the United States, "Olympic sports" may also refer to any NCAA intercollegiate sport that does not generate revenue for a college the way college football and men's college basketball do.[2]

The citation given doesn't support the claim. And the claim makes no sense. --Rob (talk) 20:19, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 1 December 2011
Under the heading "Changes in Olympic Sport", the second paragraph states that only four sports have never been absent from the Summer Olympic programme.

However, this seems to be an error as Cycling is not included and according to the table on the same page, Cycling has taken place at every Summer Olympics. This is confirmed by the page "Cycling at the Summer Olympics".

Therefore, the sentence need to be changed to add Cycling to the end after Athletics, Swimming, Fencing and Gymnsatics.

ANC1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.182.238.117 (talk) 16:51, 1 December 2011

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. → Σ  τ  c . 07:18, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Reliable Source = Wikipedia page "Cycling at the Summer Olympics". Or is this not reliable ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.182.238.117 (talk) 11:59, 5 December 2011

 * I think it is OK to add this without a proper source as it is mentioned in Cycling at the Summer Olympics, the table on Summer Olympic Games and Track cycling. There are also articles on cycling for every year Summer Olympics has been held; see Category:Cycling at the Summer Olympics. I'll go ahead and add it unless Σ or anyone else disagree with this. jonkerz♠ 01:43, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Martial Arts
there used to be a portal on their respective pages link Olympic boxing, fencing, judo, taekwondo, and wrestling. what happened to it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.101.160.159 (talk) 19:36, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 2 August 2012
The totals for the chart listed under "CURRENT SUMMER PROGRAM" reads as follows Total events	43	89	96	78	110	102	156	126	109	116	129	136	149	151	150	163	172	195	198	203	221	237	257	271	300	301	302	302

The math for the totals is incorrect and should read as follows Total events	43	79	91	77	96	101	149	124	109	116	128	136	149	151	150	163	172	195	198	203	221	237	256	269	298	299	302	302

Drew.mcintire (talk) 14:11, 2 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done  Puffin  Let's talk! 14:28, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

Maths is still wrong - If you look down 2008/2012 you'll see a total of two additional events, yet they both total 302. Bejings total adds upto 300. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.22.0.226 (talk) 14:15, 3 August 2012 (UTC) Based on cycling at summer olympics page - think number may be right, but cycling total for Beijing wrong.

Broken link
FYI, the first footnote leads to a broken link. 67.142.163.22 (talk) 01:03, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

Track and field (athletics)
I came to the page to try and find some info on track and field. Took me like 5 minutes to figure out its only mentioned as athletics. I scrolled up and down the little grid, looking for track and field.. Couldn't find anything. I did a control+f search for the word running (didn't appear), track only appears as track cycling, a few other words that didn't come up.. I even had to link a friend and have him look for where track and field is in the article and he couldn't figure it out either, and I had the same problem on another Olympics page. Now after I saw the word athletics, I realized that's where track and field is, but it shouldn't have been so hard. I've been watching the Olympics all week and watched many broadcasts in my life, and I haven't heard a single commentator or anyone on t.v. refer to the entire track and field genre as "athletics." Now I'm sure it's officially all encompassed as athletics in some official documents and websites, but should ease of use and popular usage come in to play at all? Dancindazed (talk) 04:36, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * For the vast majority of the world athletics is the term that is used not track and field. Athletics is also used in all official documensta and websites as that's the IOC designation - Ba se me nt 12  (T.C) 07:36, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Volo volantes voto
> Air sports * (Those sports marked with an asterisk are not eligible to be included at the Olympic Games because the Olympic Charter specifically bans sports with an element of motorization from eligibility.)

This statement in the article makes no sense, because:

1. Several air sports are non-motorized, like wave-riding under a Rogallo wing or a large parachute. All that can be done by simply jumping off cliffs, no winch or tug plane needed. What about hot-air balloning? What about human powered pedal-flight, which has been a reality since 1979? (Google for Gossamer Albatros)

2. Summer Olympics already includes competitions with motorcycle escorts, that are used to cancel out the air drag to (unfairly) aid pedal-cyclists. Why is that not taboo then? Marathon runners are surrounded by 1000cc tour bikes with camera staff.

3. Gunpowder based shooting is an internal combustion machinery based sport and is present at the games. There is no fundamental thermodynamical difference between a motor and a firearm. In fact many engines can be run on gunpowder, instead of diesel or petrol with minimal mods.

It is common knowledge that the Summer Games includes no air games because the Olympic Comitte is mostly french and the french lost their previous love of aviation after they were crushed in the air by the germans in WW2. Bleriot and Exupery cannot rest in peace, seeing the cowardice of their present day compatriots! 91.82.39.124 (talk) 21:11, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

Number of summer sports
The article says 28 is the max, but all of the recent sources say 25 core sports and 1 core sport, so it should be 26. Wert7 (talk) 13:24, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It is 28. The sources I think you are referring to are the ones about dropping wrestling/selecting a new sport.  Those are omitting Golf and Rugby 7s, which have already been confirmed for 2016 but are not part of the review process.  I'm not totally sure if the IOC is terming Golf and Rugby 7s as "core" or not, though.  But, it is 28 sports.  Ravendrop 22:26, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

Edit request
I've never heard of it before, but several sources, including one in the Olympic movement makes it seem valid, and it certainly makes sense. It seems Olympic sports are categorised based on popularity and that this determines "share of Olympic revenue". This is important information and should be added to the article. "Summer Olympic sports are divided into categories based on popularity, gauged by ticket requests, televison viewing figures, press coverage and other factors. The category determines the share the sport's International Federation receives of Olympic revenue.

The current categories are: 85.167.109.26 (talk) 15:42, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Category A: athletics, aquatics, gymnastics.
 * Category B: cycling, basketball, football, tennis and volleyball.
 * Category C: archery, badminton, boxing, judo, rowing, shooting, table tennis and weightlifting.
 * Category D: canoe/kayaking, equestrian, fencing, handball, field hockey, sailing, taekwondo, triathlon and wrestling.
 * Category E: modern pentathlon, golf and rugby."

 * To solidify the sources for this - here it is straight from the ASOIF website: There are also articles on this at Yahoo! Sports and Reuters. I think this might be a better fit for another article... possibly International Olympic Committee. Thoughts? -- El Hef  ( Meep? ) 23:39, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * As it is a classification of sports based on their (not their federation's) popularity I think it is worthy of mention in this article, as well as mentioning it in some way in the revenue distribution sub-subsection of the IOC article. For this article I think a subsection ("Classification of summer sports" or similar) between "Current summer program" and "Discontinued summer sports" would be appropiate. Do you know if there is a categorisation for winter sports; AIOWF doesn't appear to have a website. Unrelated issue: Shouldn't the recognised sports be at the bottom of the page, after the "Winter Olympics" section? 85.167.109.26 (talk) 00:10, 4 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I've been mulling this proposed addition over and think it's a good idea to add to both this article and the IOC article as ElHef suggested above. Once I think of an appropriate location to add it I will. — KuyaBriBri Talk 14:46, 4 June 2013 (UTC)
 * First off, I agree with IP85's suggestion of moving the list of recognized IFs further down in the article and I've gone ahead and done that.
 * As to placement of this addition, I'm fine with adding it to both articles. For the IOC article I still think it would best fit in the International Olympic Sports Federations section, as that's specifically talking about revenue flowing from the IOC to the IFs. In this article... if there was a corresponding list for the Winter Olympics (which there would almost have to be - there's no way the IBU gets as much revenue share as the FIS or ISU), I would put it in its own section following the Winter Olympics, discussing both sets of sports under the umbrella of revenue - but I've been unable to track down such a list. As IP85 notes, the AIOWF doesn't have a website, and the IOC seems to be going out of its way not to publish these breakdowns. As it is I might still do that simply because revenue doesn't enter in anywhere else in this article (and it might go better at the end now that I've moved another "miscellany"-type section there). I could possibly see putting it in a subsection of Current summer program, but I think it's more awkward. Right now the article flows from present to past - that would make it go from present to money to past. -- El Hef  ( Meep? ) 22:25, 4 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for moving the recognised sports. I was also thinking a separate section after "Winter sports" if only winter sports classifications could be found. I'm thinking it would be fine to go ahead with that section for now, and just add the winter sports if/when the classification becomes public. (Presumably, if they have a new formula for calculating it changes are likely.) The only alternative I see is a subsection of Current summer program, but I agree with the flow issue and it was always intended as a temporary solution due to unavailable information. "[The] IOC seems to be going out of its way not to publish these breakdowns": Yes, their official page is incredibly detailed. 85.167.109.26 (talk) 23:47, 4 June 2013 (UTC)
 * They do detail as well, though, just much harder to find. Nothing about IFs in this one though, but if you want to know know how much any particular NOC got start at page 54. 85.167.109.26 (talk) 00:14, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I had found most of that too... not that specific report, but something very similar. I'm still coming up completely empty on funding information for winter IFs, though I did dig up a bit more potential information about summer. has information about the criteria used to determine the rankings, and  states that the ASOIF determines the formula and actually distributes the funds. I'm tired and done thinking for the day so I'm not going to evaluate past that right now, but that was new info I wanted to pass on. -- El Hef  ( Meep? ) 03:18, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I think we should just start the section on classification and revenue with the summer information, and then update when more is known. Re AIOWF: Did you notice how the leadership and contact information matches the IIHF? 85.167.109.26 (talk) 11:41, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

Not done: please make your request in a "change X to Y" format. - however, the talk page may be enough for someone to add it. Mdann52 (talk) 12:47, 26 June 2013 (UTC)
 * OK, was a bit tricky as there was no "x". 88.88.162.238 (talk) 12:41, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Change "empty space between sections 4 and 5" to "new section 5"
Create new section 5 per the discussion above: ==Classification of Olympic Sports for revenue share== Summer Olympic sports are divided into categories based on popularity, gauged by ticket requests, televison viewing figures, press coverage and other factors. The category determines the share the sport's International Federation receives of Olympic revenue.

The current categories are:
 * Category A: athletics, aquatics, gymnastics.
 * Category B: cycling, basketball, football, tennis and volleyball.
 * Category C: archery, badminton, boxing, judo, rowing, shooting, table tennis and weightlifting.
 * Category D: canoe/kayaking, equestrian, fencing, handball, field hockey, sailing, taekwondo, triathlon and wrestling.
 * Category E: modern pentathlon, golf and rugby.

88.88.162.238 (talk) 12:41, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to make this change, but I have a question first: what about other sports? This is not a comprehensive list of summer Olympic sports. Rivertorch (talk) 21:03, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you. To answer your question, it is a complete list of the 28 Olympic sports for the Rio Games, where this classification will apply. Aquatics, for example, includes the disciplines water polo, diving swimming and synchronised swimming. In other contexts they are occasionally considered distinct sports, but in the context of the Olympics a sport comprises of all the events controlled by the same International Federation, cf. the Olympic Charter. (Similarly for volleyball and beach volleyball etc.) 85.167.110.98 (talk) 22:48, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I see. That makes sense. In adding your proposed addition to the article, I've converted the references to standard templates, decapitalized "Sports" in the section title, and demoted it from a top-level section and placed it at the end of the Summer Olympics section. The placement you suggested didn't make sense to me, but please feel free to reopen this request if you still want it elsewhere. Rivertorch (talk) 05:11, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Perfectly happy with the placement; it was my original suggestion in the first edit request. The proposed placement was in anticipation of a similar system for winter sports. 85.167.110.98 (talk) 16:27, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

Please put Telemark Skiing under Recognized Sports (it is under the FIS) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Langstrom7inchgangleywrench (talk • contribs) 11:36, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

Needs works
The article needs an over-haul. A quick read shows a number of problems:
 * arcane language - the article use terms that are rarely, if ever, used in the general population. This makes the article hard to digest. Example: "athletics" as a reference to track and fields sports. The use of the term "contested" is also odd.
 * gender information with each sport - as mentioned earlier in this talk page several sports are only allowed for a single gender
 * sport inclusion/exclusion criteria - very imported yet absent or buried
 * now versus history - the article is a spaghetti mix of the history of sports and current information. The information should be separated, possibly into separate articles. For example, the large table of discontinued sports would go into a history article. War (talk) 15:30, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 December 2013
Wushu, camel racing, and chess will be added at the 126th IOC Session in Sochi.

EXPOFunner (talk) 22:03, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Number of events at Pyeongchang 2018
What is the correct number? There are 98 events listed at the official site of Pyeongchang 2018 http://pyeongchang2018.com/horizon/eng/page/sub03/sub03_03.asp with the note: The list of Events can be changed. Nitobus (talk) 13:01, 29 October 2014 (UTC) The way I did it was look at the 2018 olympic games Wikipedia page and then look at the website highlighted above in your post to view the number of events for those events not yet in the calendar. If I did indeed count wrong, please do correct it (or both articles if the other Wikipedia page is wrong)M00036 (talk) 12:47, 30 October 2014 (UTC) OK Nitobus (talk) 21:02, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 July 2015
Please add footnote "1" to "Ultimate" under "Recognized international federations" section. Ultimate is an official sport of the World Games listed as "Flying Disc (Ultimate)"

152.85.8.38 (talk) 13:35, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Stickee (talk) 05:09, 17 July 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 May 2016
Huj678i (talk) 17:12, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

Current and discontinued summer program
Sport climbing is the only sport not yet linked to an existing Wikipedia page in the "Current summer sports" table. Please link to the following, which presents the three sport climbing disciplines to be featured at the Games and describes current instances of the sport hosted by the governing Body (International Federation of Sport Climbing): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_competition IFSC (talk) 14:12, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Edit Request
The table cell for the image for greco-roman wrestling has an attribute rowspan=2 - this is incorrect, no rowspan attribute is necessary in this cell.

Marathon Swimming Link
The link for Marathon Swimming on the list of which sport was part of the olympics on which year is wrong. It leads to Synchronised Swimming instead of the Marathon Swimming's article. HarryShezar (talk) 13:15, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

Subdivision of winter sports into disciplines
We need to ascertain how many sports there are in the winter olympics and whether they are divided into disciplines or not. Up to and including the 2014 Winter Olympics the consensus appears to have been 7 sports and 15 disciplines, but in the Infobox Olympic games/events sub-template the 2018 and 2022 entries have consistently been reverted back to 15 sports with no division into disciplines. Why would the IOC suddenly change their approach anyway? The official list (https://www.olympic.org/sports) shows 15 sports with no subdivision, but is this just for the sake of convenience rather than an official line? Does anyone have a contact at the IOC that they can ask? Please join the discussion here. Thanks, Rodney Baggins (talk) 06:16, 22 June 2018 (UTC)

 * http://olympstats.com/2018/01/24/sports-disciplines-and-phases/   Jeff in CA (talk) 21:28, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

Sources?
This article describes the distinction between sports and disciplines in great detail but it is not adequately sourced. Where did all the information come from in the first place? There is no official IOC source and the only source given is from a dubious blog which is now unavailable even via the WayBackMachine (https://web.archive.org/web/20070418084050/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/olsports.shtml) I've had no luck finding alternative sources to back up any of the information stated in this article. It's all very well citing the individual sports governing bodies, but in terms of the Olympics, we need to source the information from the Olympic governing body, i.e. the IOC, who make the rules for Olympic terminology. Rodney Baggins (talk) 06:20, 22 June 2018 (UTC)

 * http://olympstats.com/2018/01/24/sports-disciplines-and-phases/   Jeff in CA (talk) 21:28, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 July 2018
Change link to "lifesaving" from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifesaving#Sport to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation#Lifesaving_sport Canadasurf (talk) 02:41, 6 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done L293D (☎ • ✎) 11:51, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

Breaking (breakdancing) in 2024
Sky ESPN USA Today CBS --2602:306:348E:17B0:C561:5DAB:5F35:845F (talk) 18:20, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

Outdated organizing body for sailing
ISAF has been renamed to World Sailing (WS) as of 2015, but that has not been reflected in the table here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:586:4100:25E0:C921:9B25:1B5D:D8D1 (talk) 03:30, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

Archery 1900
Archery in 1900 has 7 events, not 6 as shown un the tablet. Igor Agarraberes (talk) 15:02, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

Serious flaws in tables
The four tables that list “alphabetic sports” and Olympic debuts are in need of serious revamping or removal. They contain misleading and inaccurate information, degrade the look and feel of the page, disrupt the text flow by taking up too much space, imply that international federations existed well before they did, use inferior presentation and disregard useful templates, and more. Jeff in CA (talk) 12:29, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree. They must be removed. All information exists in the main table. Unnecessary duplication. Nitobus (talk) 12:45, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Removed. -- Jonel (Speak to me) 12:49, 6 August 2021 (UTC),

Suggestion for discontinued athletics events
Due to the particular nature of athletics, which are not officially divided into disciplines, I think it would be very interesting to include somehow, either for example in the table of discontinued summer sports, or in a different table, discontinued athletics events, and especially those resembling to different "disciplines", such as for example Standing long jump, Standing high jump, Standing triple jump,Greek or ancient style discus, Freestyle javelin, Weight throw, throws (javelin, shot put, discus) with both hands etc. Otherwise, at least to mention them in the text and indicate that a full list of discontinued athletic events exist in the page of Athletics at the Summer Olympics.--Harry Deconstructing (talk) 07:05, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Sports that would interest me

 * 1) Is there anyplace where nations put together a monobob, luge and skeleton combined team to compete? --TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 06:41, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * 2) What about a triathalon of these events?--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 06:41, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * 3) Is dogsled racing a popular enough event to merit serious consideration for the Winter Olympics?--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 06:41, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

Adding IOC Sport Codes to the Summer Program and Winter Program tables
Would someone be able to add the respective sport discipline codes from here: https://odf.olympictech.org/ioc/Olympic_Movement_Sport_Codes.pdf to the Summer and Winter tables ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Inferrinizzard (talk • contribs) 21:11, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olympic sports


text:
Myōkō, Niigata (village)

Myōkō (妙高村) was a village located in Nakakubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,918 and a density of 34.92 persons per km2. The total area was 140.82 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Myōkō, along with the town of Myōkōkōgen (also from Nakakubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Arai. Arai changed its name to Myōkō City at the same time.

title: Myōkō, Niigata (village)


text:
Category:Olympic sports

This category contains articles about former and present Olympic sports.

For information on sports competitions featured on the Olympic program see and .

title: Category:Olympic sports


text:
Itakura, Niigata

Itakura (板倉町) was a town located in Nakakubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,526 and a density of 113.16 persons per km2. The total area was 66.51 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Itakura, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

title: Itakura, Niigata


text:
1943: The Battle of Midway

1943: The Battle of Midway (1943 ミッドウェイ海戦) is a 1987 vertically scrolling shooter arcade video game developed and published by Capcom.

It was the first follow-up to Capcom's earlier 1942. Like 1942, despite the game being created by Japanese developers, it has the player-controlled Americans attacking the Japanese air fleet; this was due to being one of the first Capcom games designed with Western markets in mind. The game's name is a reference to the Battle of Midway, which occurred in June 1942.

Gameplay
The game is set in the Pacific theater of World War II, off the coast of the Midway Atoll with the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces as the main group of antagonists. The player takes the role of an unnamed U.S. Navy ace pilot seeking revenge to defeat the Japanese naval aerial forces that attacked the American aircraft carrier, destroy all Japanese air and sea forces, fly through the 16 stages of play, and ultimately destroy the battleship Yamato, the game's final boss. 11 of these stages consist of an air-to-sea battle with a battleship or an aircraft carrier as the stage boss, while 5 stages consist of an all-aerial battle, either against a squadron of multiple strategic bombers or a single heavy bomber, the latter requires the player to shoot its engines to destroy it.

As in 1942, players pilot a P-38 Lightning. Controls are also similar: button 1 fires main weapons, and button 2 performs two special actions: one of three special lightning attacks in exchange for some of the player's fuel, or a loop maneuver like in 1942 if buttons 1 and 2 are pressed simultaneously. Indeed, players now have only one life, in the form of a large "fuel" meter, constantly depleting, but refillable by collecting various powerups. In 2-player mode, when both players overlap their planes on screen, the energy bar can be transferred from the player with more fuel to the player with less. Destroying a complete formation of red enemy planes will result in a power-up, such as a health boost or a new main weapon.

There are cheat codes, different for every stage, ranging from holding down a fire button or pointing the joystick in a certain direction; player(s) are rewarded with fully upgraded weapons.

Attacks and Items

There are a number of different weapons, attacks, and items the player can use in total.

Weapons

There are 6 different weapons in the game. The player comes equipped with a standard weapon at all times unless a power up is obtained by destroying a group of red planes, in which case the player will have a chance to receive a special weapon. The power up can also be cycled to various weapons by shooting it. Weapons include:

 * Standard Machine Gun: The player comes first equipped with this. Two shots are fired simultaneously when the fire button is pressed.
 * Shotgun: Shoots a wide, short-ranged, shot of bullets. These bullets can also destroy enemy fire. If a second shotgun power-up is obtained it will increase its power
 * Three-way MG: Like the standard MG but will also shoot bullets diagonally allowing for wider spread.
 * Auto: Will shoot a short burst of eight bullets with every press of the fire button.
 * Shell: The shell, sometimes referred to as the Super Shell, will shoot a single line of shells with no spread. A wider spread can be obtained through the side fighter item. The shell is powerful and requires good accuracy and is the only weapon that can be continuously shot with the fire button being pressed down.
 * Laser: A rare item that shoots a powerful piercing laser. This item can be obtained by collecting the maneki-neko (beckoning cat) that will flash around the screen.

Special Attacks

There are three separate special attacks that the player can use by pressing the B button. Each attack uses a chunk of energy from the player. Using the attack cannot kill the player but instead the player will be unable to use the attack when low on energy.

 * Lighting Attack: Only usable during the air section of the game. This attack instantly destroys any small air targets.
 * Tsunami Attack: Only usable during the surface attacks, it destroys all small air targets, damages ships, and stops the screen from scrolling for a few seconds.
 * Cyclone: Destroys all enemy fire.

Items

There are five separate items that can be obtained through playing:

 * POW: POWs can be obtained by destroying a group of red planes. A POW will restore 8 of the players energy.
 * Energy tank: An energy tank can be obtained by shooting a POW or weapon enough to cycle it to the energy tank. The energy tank will restore 24 of the player's energy.
 * Yashichi: Can be obtained by shooting special locations or obtained rarely by shooting a fighter under certain circumstances. This will completely refill the player's energy bar.
 * Star: A rare item to appear, more rare than the Yashichi. It will reset the special weapon timer to max and give the player 5,000 points.
 * Side fighters: Adds two fighters to the side of the player that add to the projectile amount with certain weapon upgrades. The side fighters are weak and can be destroyed in a few hits.

Bonus Items

There are six bonus items the player can get which will give them differing numbers of points:

 * Bamboo Shoots: In order to make them appear the players must fly over the clouds in a certain way. 500 points are awarded for making them appear and 2,200 for collecting them.
 * Strawberry: To make appear the player typically has to shoot the higher and smallest battleship just before dropping down. Collecting them will give 10,000 points.
 * Barrels: Barrels can be found by shooting hidden locations when closer to the water. Barrels are worth 10,000 points.
 * Dragonfly: The hardest item to get. It is said to appear when a battleship becomes visible from aerial battle or when the credit notation is at 9. It is worth 10,000 points if collected.
 * Cow: Can be revealed by shooting secret locations and is worth 20,000 points when collected.
 * Mobi-chan: When a battleship receives 100% destruction four pieces will come from the bridge and fly towards the player. Each piece will deal massive damage to the player if they hit them but if shot down before hitting the player gets 10,000 points for each one. In addition Mobi-Chan from Hyper Dyne Side Arms may escape when the bridge explodes. If shot down it is worth 100,000 points.

Ports
Capcom released their own port for the NES, but the game has also been ported to the Atari ST, the ZX Spectrum, the Amstrad CPC, the Commodore 64 and the Amiga. In 1998 it was rereleased as Capcom Generation 1 for the Sega Saturn and the PlayStation. In 2005 it was re–released for Xbox and PlayStation 2 as part of Capcom Classics Collection, and again in Capcom Classics Collection: Reloaded on the PlayStation Portable. It is also included as the initial game in Capcom Arcade Cabinet, a compilation of games released digitally for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in February 2013, in which the games are sold individually or in packs. The overall faithfulness and quality of execution of these third party versions varies greatly.

NES
Released exactly one year after the arcade version, the NES version of 1943 introduced the ability to improve the player's plane by permanently upgrading certain aspects of its abilities. These include the plane's offensive and defensive powers, the maximum fuel level, and its special weapons and their durations. This somewhat alters the game balance and a different tactic is required to survive the game. For example, initially few weapons are made available; more can be attained from power-ups by putting statistic points into "special weapons ability".

Kai
Developed and released alongside the Family Computer version, 1943 Kai: Midway Kaisen (1943改 ミッドウェイ海戦) is an arcade game, an "alternate" version of the original 1943, released in 1987 in Japan.

In 1991, this version was converted to the PC Engine as simply 1943 Kai, again exclusively in Japan; this version contains many additional levels and original music.

Although the arcade release was exclusive to Japan, the arcade version itself was included in the 1998 Capcom Generations for the Sega Saturn and the PlayStation and in the 2005 Capcom Classics Collection for PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed 1943: Midway Kaisen in their July 15, 1987 issue as being the most-popular arcade game at the time. It went on to become Japan's second highest-grossing table arcade game of 1987, and tenth highest-grossing arcade conversion kit of 1988. Game Machine also listed 1943 Kai: Midway Kaisen in their August 1, 1988 issue as being the sixteenth most-popular arcade game at the time.

Yoshiki Okamoto, the producer of the game, said on his YouTube channel that protests were made against this game by the Japanese right wing. According to him, they criticized the development team for the game content, in which the player controls fighter airplanes to destroy the aircraft and warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, being an insult to the souls of the soldiers who fought and died for the Empire. Okamoto said that the protest touched their hearts, that it was wrong for Japanese citizens to make a game to defeat the Japanese Navy, and that he had been too young to be aware of that. He also said that it was to make the game successful to set the player on the winner of the war, and that the setting was a fantasy as it was far from historical accuracy with the airplanes of the Navy and the Army mixed up and the final boss being battleship Yamato, which in reality did not participate in the Battle of Midway. In the NES version, the names of the warships and the battlefield were replaced by fictional ones.

title: 1943: The Battle of Midway


text: User talk:81.82.86.195

title: User talk:81.82.86.195


text:
Talk:Subscription business model

Pay-as-you-go?
"A pay-as-you-go subscription where you subscribe to purchase a product periodically."

Is this really the right terminology? I've only ever seen that phrase used for non-subscription services where payment is not automated. That's seemingly implied by the phrasing too, pay as you go. A subscription pays regardless of any going. If anything, that description seems to simply describe a straight subscription model of automatically paying for a product at regular intervals in an ongoing contract. Whereas the only use of pay-as-you-go I've ever seen, is as the name implies, paying only as your need arises (by depleting an allowance/quota) instead of by month or year. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.15.214.145 (talk) 14:40, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

 * office

keazijoseph 116.68.111.212 (talk) 04:08, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

Leasing vehicles another example of paying subscriptions?
Is leasing vehicles another example of paying subscriptions? Gavin Moodie (talk) 08:20, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 25 April 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. (Second relists are generally disfavored WP:RMRELIST. In this instance, it would be a third relist.) (non-admin closure) SilverLocust (talk) 04:39, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

Subscription business model → Subscription – Clear WP:BROADCONCEPT and primary topic for the term. Subscription is already a redirect here. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 23:44, 25 April 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. – Material  Works  16:08, 3 May 2023 (UTC)  — Relisting. Jerium (talk) 18:16, 10 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. If we were writing a dictionary, you might be right. But for a encyclopaedia, "Subscription business model" is a much better article title because it encompasses both the subscription, and how organisations that operate subscription schemes do business.  It can therefore hold information that would be irrelevant to an article focussed on the subscription itself. -- Toddy1 (talk) 14:29, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Relisting to get a clearer consensus. – Material  Works  16:08, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. I see little reason as to why the more complicated "subscription business model" title is better that "subscription." The lead section will need a minor edit after the change, but I see "subscription" as a term more people are familiar with. Additionally, the contents of the article would still match the new title. A move seems appropriate in this case for simplicity. aaronneallucas (talk) 05:23, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Why the original research tag is still appropriate, three and a half years after it was originally placed on the article
Most of the article consists of statements that are not backed by citations. It reads as though someone wrote it based on their understanding of the subscription business model, and later on various editors added bits, sometimes giving citations for the bits they added. It needs to be improved by adding inline citations that support the statements made, and/or replacing statements made with statements based on reliable sources and giving citations to those sources. -- Toddy1 (talk) 18:14, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Qute a lot of the statements in the 'subscriptions' and 'effects' sections can be found in the blog/article on blackcurve which might be a main missing source? I have added citations to this and and cut some of the text. However, there are problems with close paraphrasing. I think further text could be replaced or removed to avoid this CP problem and perhaps then the original research tag can then be reviewed ? Richarit (talk) 11:02, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Subscription business model


text:
Kiyosato, Niigata

Kiyosato (清里村) was a village located in Nakakubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,215 and a density of 85.64 persons per km2. The total area was 37.54 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Kiyosato, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kubiki, Nakagō and Sanwa (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

title: Kiyosato, Niigata


text:
Sanwa, Niigata

Sanwa (三和村) was a village located in Nakakubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 6,191 and a density of 157.29 persons per km2. The total area was 39.36 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Sanwa, along with the town of Yasuzuka, the villages of Maki, Ōshima and Uragawara (all from Higashikubiki District), the towns of Itakura, Kakizaki, Ōgata and Yoshikawa, the villages of Kiyosato, Kubiki and Nakagō (all from Nakakubiki District), and the town of Nadachi (from Nishikubiki District), was merged into the expanded city of Jōetsu.

title: Sanwa, Niigata


text:
Age of majority

The age of majority, also known as legal age, is the threshold of legal adulthood as recognized or declared in law. It is the moment when a person ceases to be considered a minor and assumes legal control over their person, actions, and decisions, thus terminating the control and legal responsibilities of their parents or guardian over them. Most countries set the age of majority at 18, but some jurisdictions have a higher age and others lower. The word majority here refers to having greater years and being of full age as opposed to minority, the state of being a minor. The law in a given jurisdiction may not actually use the term "age of majority".

The term typically refers to a collection of laws bestowing the status of adulthood. Those under the age of majority are referred to as minors and are legally forbidden from enjoying certain privileges or rights (e.g. the right to vote, buy and/or drink alcohol, marry, sign a binding contract). There are other exceptions, however, in which also those who have reached the age of majority can be referred to as minors. For example, if a country's age of majority is 18, but the legal drinking age is 21, then a 20 year old would still be considered a "minor" in situations involving buying or consuming alcohol. Another example is the age to consent to sexual activity, that in most of the cases in the world is under the age of majority, however, in other cases it can be even above the age of majority and even in that case the younger part, despite having already reached the legal adulthood, would be still referred to as minor or underage to consent to sexual activity.

If a minor attempts to use adult privileges without being of age, they have committed a crime. Therefore, they could be prosecuted as a criminal and sentenced to fines or, more rarely, incarceration.

Age of majority should not be confused with the age of maturity, age of sexual consent, age of criminal responsibility, marriageable age, school-leaving age, legal working age, drinking age, driving age, voting age, smoking age, gambling age, etc., which each may be independent of and set at a different age from the age of majority.

Explanation
The term "age of majority" can be confused with the similar concept of the age of license, which also pertains to the threshold of adulthood but in a much broader and more abstract manner. As a legal term of art, "license" means "permission", which leads to implications of a legally enforceable right or privilege. Thus, an age of license is an age at which one has legal permission from a given government to participate in certain activities or rituals. The age of majority, on the other hand, is a legal recognition that one is gradually becoming an adult, not necessarily stating that one is legally allowed to partake in any or all activities specified for adults.

Many ages of license are correlated to the age of majority to recognize the transition to legal adulthood, but they are nonetheless legally distinct concepts. One need not have attained the age of majority to have permission to exercise certain rights and responsibilities. Some ages of license may be higher, lower, or match the age of majority. For example, to purchase alcoholic beverages, the age of license is 21 in all U.S. states. Another example is the voting age, which prior to 1971 was 21 in the US, as was the age of majority in all or most states. After the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18, the age of majority was lowered to 18 in most states. In most US states, one may obtain a driver's license, consent to sexual activity, and gain full-time employment at age 16 even though the current age of majority is 18 in most states. In the Republic of Ireland the age of majority is 18, but one must be over 21 to stand for election to the Houses of the Oireachtas. Also, in Portugal the age of majority is 18, but one must be at least 25 years of age to run for public office and 35 to run for president. A child who is legally emancipated by a court of competent jurisdiction automatically attains to their maturity upon the signing of the court order. Only emancipation confers the status of maturity before a person has actually reached the age of majority.

In almost all places, minors who marry are automatically emancipated. Some places also do the same for minors who are in the armed forces or who have a certain degree or diploma. Minors who are emancipated may be able to choose where they live, sign contracts, and have control over their financial and medical decisions and generally make decisions free from parental control but are not exempt from age requirements set forth in law for other rights. For example, a minor can emancipate at 16 in the US (or younger depending on the state) but must still wait until 18 to vote or buy a firearm, and 21 to buy alcohol or tobacco.

The age 18 is identified as the age of adulthood in the Jewish Talmud relative to having sound judgement to make monetary decisions as a judge. Here, the Talmud says that every judgment Josiah, the sixteenth king of Judah (c. 640–609 BCE), issued from his coronation until the age of eighteen was reversed and he returned the money to the parties whom he judged liable, due to concern that in his youth he may not have judged the cases correctly. Other Jewish commentators have discussed whether age 13 or 18 is the age to make decisions in a Jewish Court.

The highest known age of majority historically was around age 30, during the age of the Roman Empire, where young males were placed under the guardianship of adults known as "Curatores" whose permission was needed to engage in formal acts and sign contracts until the youth turned 30. This was later lowered down to 25, and eventually 21 became the common age of majority. In some places historically, 23 or 27 could have also been this age. It has also gone down to as low as 14 or 15 years of age. They are somewhat arbitrarily chosen, but have rarely been designated outside of this approximate age range. It has not always been 18 or 21 but rather a variety of ages. In Medieval England, the age of majority was 15 but further raised to 21.

Since 2015, some countries have started to lower the voting age to 16. Some countries, like England and Wales, are even considering lowering the age of majority to 16, similar to how it already is in Cuba. The main arguments for lowering is that, on average, young people are much more educated currently (both because of better individual educational outcomes and being raised by more educated parents) than in the past (the same argument made in the 1970s when most countries lowered the age of majority from 21 to 18, which is the age still used presently for most countries). In addition, compared to the past, nowadays information is much more easily accessible as a result of the invention of the Internet, which can now be accessed through both a computer and also a smartphone.

A person reaches the age of majority at midnight at the beginning of the day of that person's relevant birthday; under English common law this was not always the case.

Civil law
In many countries minors can be emancipated: depending on jurisdiction, this may happen through acts such as marriage, attaining economic self-sufficiency, obtaining an educational degree or diploma, or participating in a form of military service. In the United States, all states have some form of emancipation of minors.

The following list the age of majority in countries (or administrative divisions) in the order of lowest to highest:

Up to age 15

 * Indonesia

 * Yemen

Age 16

 * Cambodia
 * Cuba
 * Myanmar
 * United Kingdom
 * Scotland
 * Vietnam

Age 17

 * North Korea
 * Timor-Leste

Age 18
• Afghanistan

• Albania

• Andorra

• Antigua and Barbuda

• Argentina

• Angola

• Armenia

• Australia

• Austria

• Azerbaijan

• Bahamas

• Bahrain

• Bangladesh

• Barbados

• Belarus

• Belgium (see Minimum legal ages in Belgium)

• Belize

• Bhutan

• Bolivia

• Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Botswana

• Brazil

• Brunei

• Bulgaria

• Burundi

• Canada

• *Alberta

• *Manitoba

• *Ontario

• *Prince Edward Island

• *Quebec

• *Saskatchewan

• Chile

• China

• *Mainland China

• *Hong Kong

• *Macau

• Colombia

• Comoros

• Costa Rica

• Croatia

• Cyprus

• Czech Republic

• Denmark (incl. Faroe Islands and Greenland)

• Djibouti

• Dominica

• Dominican Republic

• Ecuador

• Egypt

• El Salvador

• Estonia

• Fiji

• Finland

• France

• Germany

• Georgia

• Ghana

• Greece

• Guatemala

• Guinea

• Guinea-Bissau

• Guyana

• Haiti

• Hungary

• Iceland

• India

• Iran

• Iraq

• Ireland

• Israel

• Italy

• Jamaica

• Japan

• Jordan

• Kazakhstan

• Kenya

• Kyrgyzstan

• Laos

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Libya

• Liechtenstein

• Lithuania

• Luxembourg

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Malta

• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico

• Moldova

• Monaco

• Morocco

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Netherlands

• Nicaragua (female only)

• Nigeria

• North Macedonia

• Norway

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Palestine

• Panama

• Paraguay

• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland

• Portugal

• Qatar

• Romania (see Minimum legal ages in Romania)

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts and Nevis

• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Seychelles

• Singapore

• Slovakia

• Slovenia

• Somalia

• South Africa

• Spain

• Sri Lanka

• Sudan

• Sweden

• Switzerland

• Syria

• Serbia

• Taiwan

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Trinidad and Tobago

• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• United Kingdom (excluding Scotland)

• *England

• *Wales

• *Northern Ireland

• *Crown Dependencies

• **Isle of Man

• **Jersey

• **Guernsey

• *British Overseas Territories

• **Gibraltar

• United States: all states, territories, and Washington, D.C. except for those listed below

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vatican City

• Venezuela

• Zimbabwe

Age 19

 * Algeria
 * Canada
 * Nova Scotia
 * New Brunswick
 * British Columbia
 * Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Northwest Territories
 * Yukon
 * Nunavut
 * South Korea
 * United States
 * Alabama
 * Nebraska

Age 20

 * New Zealand
 * Thailand

Age 21 and above
• Cameroon

• Chad

• Côte d'Ivoire

• Eswatini

• Gabon

• Grenada

• Honduras

• Kuwait

• Lesotho

• Madagascar

• Nicaragua (male only)

• Niger

• Puerto Rico

• Samoa

• United Arab Emirates

• United States

• *Mississippi

• Zambia

Religious law
Religions have their own rules as to the age of maturity, when a child is regarded to be an adult, at least for ritual purposes:
 * Islam: Different Islamic fiqh schools have different criteria for adulthood. In general, males are considered adults when they have manifested specific physical attributes such as nocturnal emission and growth of pubic hair. Females are considered adults when they manifest physical attributes such as menstruation, growth of pubic hair, and nocturnal emission. However, in the absence of these physical attributes in either male or female, different schools of fiqh have different rulings on the age limit after which the male or female are considered adults even if they do not manifest any of the physical attributes earlier mentioned. Some schools rule based on the limit being 18 years for both males and females, some 18 for males and 17 for females, and some 15 for both. There is also a distinction in islamic law between the state of adulthood and the ability to have sexual intercourse.
 * Judaism: The age of majority is 13 years for boys (bar mitzvah) and 12 years for girls (bat mitzvah) for religious purposes. However, Jewish law follows (according to some interpretations) the law of the land if there is a difference, such as in marriage age.
 * Christianity (only the Roman Catholic Church): 18 years.
 * Baháʼí Faith: The spiritual age of maturity for every person born into a Baháʼí family is 15. At 15, the person is old enough to decide for themselves what religion they want to be, so they could decide to stay a Baháʼí or choose a different path. At this age, Baháʼís are considered youth (as opposed to children before 15). Baháʼí youth are 15–21 years old. Once a Baháʼí turns 15, if they declare themselves a Baháʼí, they are expected to recite a daily obligatory prayer and participate in the fast. Baha'is can vote in Baha'i elections once they turn 18 (recently changed from 21).

Effects

 * End of the parental authority and guardianship (in some legal systems it causes the pre-end of said institutions).
 * Right to be considered legally capable.
 * Right to freely manage and dispose of their goods, buy and sell properties and sign rental contracts.
 * Right to inherit, manage the inheritance and, in countries where testaments exist, the possibility of testament.
 * Right to receive bank credits and have bank accounts.
 * Right to demand public authority.
 * Possibility of being sued for not paying debts or other contracts.
 * Possibility of being a member of the jury (in countries where trials use a jury).
 * Possibility of being sued for child support and medical bills due to the birth of a child.

In some countries, reaching the age of majority carries other rights and obligations, although in other countries, these rights and obligations may be had before or after reaching the aforementioned age.
 * Right to vote and to run for government office: although in some countries the minimum voting age may be lower and in other countries there are age restrictions to be elected to certain public offices.
 * Right to drive a car: it may vary in some countries with respect to the age of majority.
 * Right to drink alcoholic drinks and to smoke tobacco or marijuana: In some countries, the legal drinking age and the smoking age differ from the age of adulthood.
 * Right to buy and possess firearms or guns.
 * Right to work, pursue trade, profession or industry: may vary in some countries with respect to the age of majority.
 * Right to freely leave the country (in some European countries like Italy, minors can leave the country unimpeded).
 * In trials, the possibility of being treated as an adult, found guilty and sentenced to prison: It may vary in some countries with respect to the age of majority.

title: Age of majority