text:
Eco-efficiency

Eco-efficiency refers to the delivery of goods and services to meet human needs and improve quality of life while progressively reducing their environmental impacts of goods and resource intensity during their life-cycle.

Terminology
As countries and regions around the world began to develop, it slowly became evident that industrialization and economic growth come hand in hand with environmental degradation. "Eco-efficiency" has been proposed as one of the main tools to promote a transformation from unsustainable development to one of sustainable development. It is based on the concept of creating more goods and services while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution. "It is measured as the ratio between the (added) value of what has been produced (e.g. GDP) and the (added) environment impacts of the product or service (e.g. SO2 emissions)." The term was coined by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in its 1992 publication "Changing Course". At the 1992 Earth Summit, eco-efficiency was endorsed as a new business concept and means for companies to implement Agenda 21 in the private sector. The term has now become synonymous with a management philosophy geared towards sustainability, combining ecological and economic efficiency.

History
Although eco-efficiency is a rather new method, the idea is not. In the early 1970s Paul R. Ehrlich and John Holdren developed the lettering formula I = PAT to describe the impact of human activity on the environment. Furthermore, the concept of eco-efficiency was first described by McIntyre and Thornton in 1978, but it wasn't until 1992, when the term was formally coined and widely publicized by Stephan Schmidheiny in Changing Course. Schmidheiny set out "to change the perception of industry as being part of the problem of environmental degradation to the reality of its becoming part - a key part - of the solution for sustainability and global development". The major drivers in the early phase of eco-efficiency's development were the "forward-looking managers and thinkers in 3M and Dow". It was their involvement which catapulted eco-efficiency into development. The results of the WBCSD's work creating the "linkage between environmental performance and the bottom line was published in 1997 in its report Environmental Performance and Shareholder Value".

Methods
According to the WBCSD definition, eco-efficiency is achieved through the delivery of "competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life while progressively reducing environmental impacts of goods and resource intensity throughout the entire life-cycle to a level at least in line with the Earth's estimated carrying capacity". It works by implementing 4 main types of ratios.
 * "The first two are environmental productivity and its inverse, environmental intensity of production, referring to the realm of production. The second pair, environmental improvement cost and its inverse, environmental cost-effectiveness, are defined from an environmental improvements measures point-of-view."

The ratios may be applied to any unit comprising economic activities because such activities always relate to cost and value, "and having some physical substrate, always influence the environment." Furthermore, there are two different levels upon which to orchestrate the ratios: micro and macro. There are three different methods to determine eco-efficiency at the micro-level. First, incremental eco-efficiency, which "specifies the effects of the total value of a product system or sector and its total concomitant environmental effects." Second, an analysis method nicknamed win-win, which "gives a comparison between a historical reference situation and potentially new situations based on the use of new technologies." The win-win micro-method is limited because it cannot give a concrete answer on the question of whether it improves overall environmental performance. And the third is difference eco-efficiency, which is similar to the win-win variant, but removes all irrelevant alternatives to heighten potential for optimal technologies while comparing two alternatives. Now the macro-level is much less defined and has shown less accurate results. However, "the ultimate aim of eco-efficiency analysis is to help move micro-level decision making into macro-level optimality." The main goal in years to come is to create headline indicators to carry out macro-level analysis at a country/world scale.

There are two life-cycle assessment (LCA)–based calculation systems on eco-efficiency: the analysis method of BASF, and the method of the eco-costs value ratio of the Delft University of Technology.

Uses
The reduction in ecological impacts translates into an increase in resource productivity, which in turn can create a competitive advantage. According to the WBCSD, critical aspects of eco-efficiency are: Strategies that have been linked to eco-efficiency include "Factor 4" and "Factor 10", which call for specific reductions in resource use, "natural capitalism", which incorporates eco-efficiency as part of a broader strategy, and the "cradle-to-cradle" movement, which claims to go beyond eco-efficiency in abolishing the very idea of waste. According to Boulanger, all versions of eco-efficiency share four key characteristics:
 * A reduction in the material intensity of goods or services;
 * A reduction in the energy intensity of goods or services;
 * Reduced dispersion of toxic materials;
 * Improved recyclability;
 * Maximum use of renewable resources;
 * Greater durability of products;
 * Increased service intensity of goods and services.
 * Confidence in technological innovation as the main solution to un-sustainability;
 * Reliance on business as the principal actor of transformation. The emphasis is on firms designing new products, shifting to new production processes, and investing in R&D, etc., more than on the retailer or the consumer, let alone the citizen.
 * Trust in markets (if they are functioning well);
 * "Growthphilia": the idea that there is nothing wrong with growth as such.

The view that improvements in eco-efficiency are sufficient for achieving sustainability has been challenged by Huesemann and Huesemann, who demonstrate using extensive historical evidence that increases in technological efficiency have not reduced overall resource use and pollution. Moreover, with "cradle-to-cradle", growth is conducive to sustainability per se. This broader concept is called Sustainable Production and Consumption (SPC). "This concept involves changes in production and consumption patterns that lead to sustainable use of natural resources;" business has taken a key role in accelerating the use of this concept because businesses both consume and produce. Eco-efficiency is routinely a concept used because it combines performance along two of the three axes of sustainable development, making it easier for academics and leading thinkers to tease out the associated social issues.

Examples
Furthermore, eco-efficiency can adapt and flex to be fit different sizes of companies, while also maintaining relevance with the larger scale of government and national policies. For example, larger national players such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 2002), European Commission (EU 2005), European Environment Agency (EEA) and the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE) have all recognized that eco-efficiency is a practical approach that businesses should adopt in setting and achieving their environmental performance objectives. It has been proven to heighten market values for firms, serve as an effective management tool for governments, benefit civil society, and increase quality of life. "It does this by changing industrial processes, creating new products and changing and influencing markets with new ideas and with new rules." More people aim to get more value for their money in the market, while also enjoying a better environment.

Eco-efficiency is also implemented in more non-traditional ways, such as the integration of environmental criteria into the credit approval process; looking at "eco-integrated economic risks of a customer". Besides, it plays a growing role where "eco-efficient choices are always preferred," especially in service sectors such as tourism (see ecotourism).

title: Eco-efficiency


text:
Talk:C. J. Cherryh

Writing Style
I first read this article in the French version, and I'm pleased to see both articles include the mention of the "internse third person" technique. This clarified for me something that had intangibly intrigued me for a long time about Cherryh's style, and it is much appreciated. Thank you to the authors of the articles! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.90.17.134 (talk • contribs) 13:35, 2 July 2007 UTC

I found a link off of wikipedia on her Writing Style. TimSSG (talk) 09:36, 20 February 2008 (UTC) http://www.encyclocentral.com/20357-C.J._Cherryh_Short_Story_Essay_Novel_Writer_.html
 * Thanks for the citation – I've added it to the "Writing style" section. --Bruce1eetalk 10:05, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking at that EncycloCentral link again, I see that it appears to have been sourced from C. J. Cherryh! Which means it can't be used as a citation in this article. Although at the bottom of the EncycloCentral page it states that it "provides original, informative & authoritative reviews & articles." What do you make of that? --Bruce1eetalk 13:17, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Major Themes reviewed
There seems to me to be an over-emphasis on gender issues, relative to the other major themes which Cherryh also deals with. On due consideration, I think that this mostly is due to the citing of many specific examples of damage suffered by male characters, which does not, in my opinion, contribute substantially to the value of the article.

This was the cut section:

"An underlying theme of her work is an exploration of gender roles. Her characters reveal both strengths and weaknesses regardless of their gender, although her female protagonists are portrayed as especially capable and determined.

In addition, many of her male characters are mentally damaged in some manner, having been through a physical, emotional, or mental trauma, generally as a result of intentional abuse: Josh Talley in Downbelow Station was mind-wiped and sexually abused; Sandor in Merchanter's Luck had his entire family killed and often pushes the limits of exhaustion and the use of tranks for jumps; Ramey (also known as NG, or No Good) in Rimrunners was sent through jump without his tranks, as was Tully in the Chanur series and Sten Duncan in the Faded Sun Trilogy. Paul Dekker, the protagonist in Heavy Time went crazy after witnessing the murder of his close female friend, and is further abused in the sequel Hellburner. Several characters, including the main character, Thomas, in Tripoint have been psychologically and physically abused. Justin in Cyteen was repeatedly drugged and physically as well as psychologically violated."

I would suggest that in Downbelow Station, Elene Quen had suffered a similar degree of trauma, if not in the same way as Talley, and that Signy Mallory was, in yet other ways, as war-damaged as Talley. In fact, as I recall, the confrontations between Talley and Mallory seemed to me to indicate a degree of recognition of mutual damage. I'll give you Sandor. In Rimrunners, Bet Yeager had also suffered traumatically, if with a different response. In the Chanur series, Hilfy undergoes torture at the hands of the kif right along with Tully. I'll grant you Dekker, but what about Thomas' mother in Tripoint? (I forget her name) She was nuts, Thomas was sane. And in Cyteen, Justin is only a counterpoint to the wholesale manipulation that Ariane Emory II undergoes.

We could argue this back and forth, as I see has been done with the 'brilliant' vs 'difficult' interpretations of Cherryh's writing style, but I am not disagreeing that Cherryh does tend to portray her female protagonists as strong and her male ones as vulnerable. I am just saying that it is not as prominent, or dominating, a feature of her work as it appears to be from the section as it was.

Therefore, I have reduced the cut part of the section to this:

"One underlying theme of her work is an exploration of gender roles. Her characters reveal both strengths and weaknesses regardless of their gender, although her female protagonists are portrayed as especially capable and determined, and many of her male characters are portrayed as damaged, abused or otherwise vulnerable."

I actually think this is still overstating the case somewhat, but acceptable.

David FLXD (talk) 14:35, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

Lede - pronunciation of her middle name
I am rather surprised to discover that one of the most important facts about this author is the pronunciation of the middle name that she doesn't use when writing SF. Or at least I can only assume it is important as it is in the lede.Greglocock (talk) 04:43, 9 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree, there's no need to include the pronunciation of her middle name. I've removed it. —Bruce1eetalk 05:14, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Decision to publish as C.J.
Her initials, C.J., were used to disguise the fact that she was female at a time when almost all science fiction authors were male.

This conflates two distinct questions. She did choose to be published under her initials. The rationale is unclear; I am not persuaded by an offline citation. It might be because Cherryh or Wollheim felt that "almost all science fiction writers were male."

But that is not a true belief. At the time of her first sale, there were many prominent women sf writers who wrote under female first names. A few examples: Marion Zimmer Bradley was a best-selling author for Wollheim at the time. When Cherryh got her first Hugo Best Novel nomination in 1979, she was competing with Vonda McIntyre (winner) and Anne McCaffrey. The year she signed, Kate Wilhelm won. There's a similar presence in the Nebula Awards, e.g., 1976 shows Tanith, Vonda, Joanna, Marion, and Katherine.

Enoent (talk) 23:04, 3 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I've added a Google Book link to pages 19–20 of that offline source (The Cherryh Odyssey); you should see them in a Google preview. I believe that statement is supported by those pages in the source. —Bruce1eetalk 08:29, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Not quite true?
the article says "Using carbon paper to make at least one copy of a manuscript was standard practice until the advent of the personal computer.)"

Not quite true, I think. I don't have information on exactly what writers did in the 60's and early 70's, but Xerox machines came out, I'd say, AT LEAST 10 years before personal computers. Xerox came out with its first copier in 1963, according to Wikipedia, and the Altair 8800 in 1974. Before that there were kits one could buy, but you had to be a computer geek, not just a writer looking for a tool, and mass storage was on cassette tapes. Commodore and Apple started shipping around 1977. Also, to write on a computer you had to own one, and they were neither cheap nor very user friendly. You could go to a Staples store, whatever the equivalent was then, and make copies for $.05 a page. So I think there was a period of 10-15 years where there was a better alternative to carbon paper, but most people, even professional writers, didn't have computers yet, from about 1965 to the late 70's.

So I'd suggest changing it to "until the advent of copying machines and personal computers".2600:6C50:800:2787:3942:BE9B:9D88:742C (talk) 17:13, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:C. J. Cherryh


text:
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title: ATC code N05


text:
Plymouth Laser

The Plymouth Laser is a two-door 2+2 sports coupe sold by Plymouth from 1989 until 1994. The Laser and its siblings, the Mitsubishi Eclipse and Eagle Talon, were the first vehicles produced under the newly formed Diamond-Star Motors, a joint-venture between the Chrysler Corporation and the Mitsubishi Motors Corporation.

Overview
Introduced as "the first Plymouth of the '90s" in advertising, the Plymouth Laser debuted in January 1989 as a 1990 model. The company produced a Chrysler Laser model from 1984 to 1986. The 2-door hatchback was based on the Dodge Daytona model prior to the name badge moving, to the Plymouth brand. Commercials for the 1990 Laser featured R&B singer Tina Turner who appeared in a series of 1990 promotional ads for Plymouth. With three available engines, two transmission offerings, and sporty "aero" styling, the Laser was the most performance-oriented Plymouth since the Barracuda, Duster, and Road Runner muscle cars of the 1970s.

Despite its close resemblance to its Mitsubishi and Eagle siblings, it has several unique styling cues intended to set it apart from the other two. Apart from badging, Lasers sport a race-inspired look, with a plastic panel in the place of a grille, a full rear light-bar, a bulge on the hood for 2.0 L engine models (not necessarily turbocharged), and available stylish "lace" patterned alloy wheels. Rallye Sport (RS), models are set apart from the base models by their black roof with body-colored targa band, power steering, lower bodyside accent striping, and dual power mirrors, as well as an array of options not available on base Lasers.

Base model Lasers carry a 92 hp 1.8 L four-cylinder engine, whereas a 135 hp, 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC four-cylinder was optional with the Laser RS. The top-of-the-line RS Turbo came equipped with a 2.0 L DOHC 16-valve turbocharged 4-cylinder engine rated at 195 hp. A 5-speed manual transmission was standard. A 4-speed automatic was optional, except with the turbocharged engine, which could only be ordered with the manual transmission until 1991 models debuted.

Model year changes

1990: the Plymouth Laser was released in January 1989 as a 1990 model. Three models were initially offered: base, RS, and RS Turbo. The similar Mitsubishi Eclipse was also released in 1989, and the Eagle Talon soon followed. The RS models, among other options could be equipped with a factory-installed CD player, a first such option on any Plymouth.

1991: the Laser received anti-lock brakes (ABS), and the turbocharged engine could now be ordered with an automatic transmission.

1992: the Laser received cosmetic changes for 1992, and a new all-wheel-drive (AWD) model joined the lineup. The RS Turbo AWD came only with a manual transmission, while the front-wheel drive version could still be ordered with an automatic. There was also a freshening to the hood and front and rear fascias. The pop-up headlights were removed in favor of multi-form fixed headlights, making the car look more aerodynamic. The rear lightbar was replaced by two separate taillights. The RS model came with alloy wheels and other cosmetic differences. The RS could also be ordered with the Gold Package, which featured gold-trimmed wheels, pin stripes, and graphics. Only a limited number of RSs with this package were built.

1993: AWD Lasers could now be ordered with an automatic transmission. With the automatic, the power rating of turbocharged models dropped to 180 hp. All Lasers except for the base model could be equipped with ABS.

1994: Production of the Laser ended on June 3, 1994., due to poor sales. Nothing, including the price, was changed.

Trim levels and prices
The original base prices for the Plymouth Laser. Figures are in United States dollars.

Awards
The Laser Turbo was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list from 1989 through 1992.

Discontinuation
The Plymouth Laser was not a major sales success. It did not sell as well as the Eagle Talon, and certainly not as well as the Mitsubishi Eclipse. Several factors influenced this. First, the Laser was a product of badge engineering, therefore it had to compete with two other cars that were virtually identical. Compounding the problem, it faced in-house competition from the Talon, as the Eagle brand was also owned by Chrysler. Where Plymouth was generally marketed as the value-oriented, mainstream brand, Chrysler was trying to market Eagle as their performance brand. Due to this, a much heavier amount of advertising was devoted to the Talon. The fact that the Laser was far different from any other product Plymouth was selling at the time did not help its popularity. In the early 1990s, Plymouth's bread and butter lineup still consisted of K-car-derived cars and minivans; the Laser simply did not fit into this group.

Due to these factors, the Laser was discontinued after a brief run of 1994 models. This failure of badge-engineering was just a preview of what would happen to the whole Plymouth marque in subsequent years. The Laser's discontinuation coincided with the introduction of its successor, the 1995 Plymouth Neon. The Neon was available as a two-door coupe and a four-door sedan and was a far better sales success than the Laser. The Mitsubishi Eclipse and Eagle Talon were both redesigned for 1995. The Talon became Eagle's last surviving model in 1998; the car and the Eagle marque were both dropped after that year. The Eclipse continued until the 2012 model year.

title: Plymouth Laser


text:
Zdzisław Marchwicki

Zdzisław Marchwicki (18 October 1927 – 26 April 1977), known as The Zagłębie Vampire (Wampir z Zagłębia), was an alleged Polish serial killer who, together with several accomplices, was convicted of killing 14 women and attacking 7 others around the country from 1964 to 1970. For this, Marchwicki was executed in 1977, but since then his guilt has been questioned.

Early life
Zdzisław Marchwicki was born on 18 October 1927, in a dysfunctional family from Dąbrowa Górnicza. His father Józef had married five times and had four children from his marriages. Later on, all of his siblings would aid Zdzisław in his crimes. Due to his lack of interest in studying and average intelligence, Marchwicki failed to graduate from school.

Murders
From 1964, a series of atrocious crimes took place on the territories of the Dąbrowa Basin and Upper Silesia, continuing (with short interruptions) until 1970. In total, 19 women were attacked, 14 of which were fatal. The Vampire's modus operandi consisted of stalking the chosen victim, running up and hitting them in the back of the head with a blunt object, then beating the victim until she died. In some cases, he had sexually abused the corpses, but never raped them, as no trace of his sperm was found in their bodies. Some of the women were left with exposed genitalia, with one having her pubic mound cut.

On 7 November 1964, the body of 15-year-old Anna Mycek was discovered in Katowice's Dąbrówka Mała district. The autopsy established that she had been killed by blunt force trauma to the head, inflicted with a heavy object, and the offender had hit her several times post-mortem. He then dragged the body about ten meters away, unbuttoned her coat, lifted her skirts and exposed her genitals. Despite an investigation by the MoD, nobody was arrested. In the following months, several attacks on women were recorded: on 20 January 1965, Ewa Pakan was found dead in Czeladź, followed by the murder of Lidia Nowacka in Będzin on 17 March and the non-fatal attack on Irena Szymańska in the same city on 14 May. Due to their similarities, the crimes were connected as serial in nature, and since the killer attacked in the vicinity of the Dąbrowa Basin, which is also known as the Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, he was nicknamed "The Zagłębie Vampire".

However, since Polish operatives had not yet encountered such a vicious criminal, a special summit was held in the second half of July 1965 by the provincial administration of the Ministry of Defence, which combined all the known cases into one investigation. Despite the fact that the authorities remained silent about the murders, rumours about the Vampire quickly spread, sending the local populace and that of nearby Silesia into fear. Female residents from Sosnowiec, Będzin, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Czeladź, Siemianowice Śląskie and even Katowice were afraid to go outside in the evening, prompting their husbands to escort them during the night. Another rumour claimed that the Vampire intended to kill a thousand women to commemorate Poland's millennium. Policewomen were dispatched as 'decoys' in an attempt to apprehend the killer, without any success.

In 1965, a total of 11 attacks were attributed to the Zagłębie Vampire, which further hampered investigators. On 12 November, the body of Jolanta Gierek, the niece of the First Secretary of the Polish's People Republic, Edward Gierek, was fished out of the Przemsza river in Będzin. While Gierek had little interaction with his niece, Jolanta's murder resulted in the apprehension and punishment of the criminal to become top-priority, and the Vampire was labelled public enemy number one.

Following this killing, the murder of a previous victim in July, Maria Gomółka, was examined under a different lens: it was suggested that she had been killed in anti-communist action, as her surname was similar to that of politician Władysław Gomułka, and the fact that she had been killed on 22 July - the date for which the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic was signed and the Polish Committee of National Liberation was established. Another victim, Jadwiga Sąsiek, had two high-ranking militia operatives in her family, and her brother was on duty at the police station in Będzin.

In 1968, the Polish authorities finally appealed to citizens of the voivodeship to provide any information that could lead to the arrest of the Vampire, offering a reward of one million zlotys. As a result, numerous false denunciations were sent to the police, both against neighbours and family members, which preoccupied the police with letters and phone calls. Each of these denunciations was carefully examined, and some even helped solve unrelated crimes.

At a meeting with the head of the Homicide Division of the Ministry of Defence, Col. Jerzy Muniak and Brigadier General Jerzy Gruba proposed a new, hitherto unused method of investigation, which the task force accepted. This consisted of compiling 483 known supposed characteristics of the Vampire, both physical and mental, which were then compared with those of the thousands of male residents of the Dąbrowa Basin. Following this, 267 potential suspects remained, and in fourth place was Zdzisław Marchwicki. For various reasons, the other top three suspects were later eliminated, and more attention was paid to Marchwicki, but authorities could not yet arrest him, as there was no direct evidence of his guilt. On 4 March 1970, renowned philologist and the first teacher of Silesian literature at the Silesian University in Katowice, 46-year-old Jadwiga Kucianka, was brutally murdered. This shocking crime was quickly attributed to the Vampire, but it was also established that in this case, he had not acted alone. A mentally ill craftsman from Sosnoweic, Piotr Olszowy, confessed to being the Vampire when he was interrogated for the crime, but was released due to lack of evidence. Not long after, on the night of 14–15 March, he killed his family and later committed suicide by setting the house on fire while still inside. As his corpse had been charred, no fingerprints could be taken and compared to those left behind by the Vampire on the crime scenes. Just three days prior, the militia had received an anonymous letter stating: "This was the last murder, there will be no more and you will never catch me".

Arrest, trial and execution
In November 1971, the police received a letter from Maria Marchwicki, in which she accused her husband Zdzisław of abusing her and their children, and also claimed that he was the Vampire. Because of this, on 6 January 1972, Marchwicki was arrested in Dąbrowa Górnicza. Three days after his arrest, newspapers published information about the arrest of a suspect in the murders, which was carried out by Brig. Gen. Gruba himself. There are several versions as to what Marchwicki may have said during his arrest: according to technician Wiesław Tomaszek, he said "Have you arrived in two Volgas for the sake of one person? How many of you are here - no more, no less, as the Vampire himself has been grabbed"; in the court files, he is recorded as saying "Well, now, finally, the Vampire has been caught". Almost immediately after his arrest, the task force was split into two groups: those who believed that Marchwicki was guilty (chief among them being Gruba) and those who strongly doubted it (among these were Colonels Zygmunt Kalisz and Stefan Tokarz, Lt. Zbigniew Gątarz and prosecutor Leszek Polański). Marchwicki himself denied responsibility, but behaved oddly at interrogations, talking about supposedly undisclosed murders, and when asked to sign the protocol, he wrote at the bottom that "this is all a lie". At one point, he took the protocol and attempted to swallow it.

Meanwhile, the investigators also arrested his accomplices in the murder of Kucianka: they turned out to be his brothers, Henryk and Jan. Henryk was arrested on 21 May 1972, followed by Jan three days later. The latter, an employee for the administration at the Faculty of Law at the Silesian University, had come into conflict with Kucianka, who had accused him of accepting bribes from applicants and claimed that his sexual orientation sullied the university's reputation. At the same time, while he was a secret informant for the security service, Jan feared that Kucianka would report him to the rector Kazimierz Popelek, so he persuaded Zdzisław to kill her with his help. On 4 July, the investigators also arrested the Marchwickis' sister, Halina Flak, and on 11 November, Jan's lover, Józef Klimczak (who later testified that Jan had indeed participated in the murder) was also arrested. The final arrest occurred on 29 December, when Flak's son, Zdzisław, was also detained.

The investigation into the case lasted over two years, with the case file consisting of 166 volumes. The trial began on 18 September 1974, at the venue Klub Fabryczny Zakłady Zynkowe "Silesia" (Factory Club of Zakłady Zynkowe) in Katowice; due to the notoriety of the proceedings, people were only allowed to enter by purchasing a special ticket. The hearing was chaired by Justice Władysław Ochman and prosecuted by Józef Gurgul and Zenon Kopiński; Marchwicki's attorneys were well-known lawyers Bolesław Andrysiak and Mieczysław Frelich. The main defendant, Zdzisław Marchwicki, was charged with 23 crimes, the most serious of which were 14 murders and 7 attempted murders. The charges seemed sensible to the court, as he had a history of beating his family members, disrespecting police officers, embezzlement of public property and other offences. His brother, Jan, was charged with 8 crimes, the most notable of which was inciting and participating in the murder of Jadwiga Kucianka. Henryk Marchwicki and Józef Klimczak were accused of complicity in Kucianka's murder (Henryk was additionally charged with stealing her clock); Halina Flak was charged with selling stolen property, and her son Zdzisław was accused of not reporting any of the crimes to the authorities.

On 28 July 1975, the court announced the verdicts for all six defendants: Zdzisław and Jan Marchwicki were given the death penalty; Henryk - 25 years; Klimczak - 12 years; Halina and Zdzisław Flak - 4 years.

At 21:00 on 26 April 1977, Zdzisław Marchwicki was hanged in a specially-built police garage in Katowice; his brother Jan was executed in another garage an hour later. Both were buried in graves marked only with numbers in a special cemetery designated for criminals. Zdzisław's grave, at number 39, was next to that of another serial killer, Bogdan Arnold. In 1997, after the abolition of the death penalty in the country, the cemetery was destroyed by decree of the President, Aleksander Kwaśniewski.

Aftermath for accomplices

 * Henryk Marchwicki was remanded to a prison in Rzeszów to serve his 25-year sentence. While he was imprisoned, the militia harassed his family, demanding that his wife divorce him and change her name, or else they would imprison her and put the children in an orphanage. In 1985, they were falsely informed that Henryk had died in prison, but in 1990, the wife found from the media that her husband was still alive. Even when he was still in prison, Henryk began a campaign to clear his and his brothers' names, which he continued following his release in November 1992. In 1998, he died under suspicious circumstances, with the official cause of death being given as him falling down the stairs and breaking his spine, before going back up, going to bed and succumbing to his injuries while in a drunken stupor. The investigation into his death was later discontinued.
 * Halina and Zdzisław Flak were both released from prison; the former was granted amnesty, while the latter had his sentence reduced to 32 months and released.
 * Józef Klimczak was released in February 1982 due to prison overcrowding, and now lives in a large city in northern Poland (some sources erroneously claimed that he had emigrated to Sweden). He is married and has a child. Police files indicate that the militia blackmailed him into cooperating with the investigation under the pseudonym "Jastrząb", but he gave only one interview and then categorically refused to cooperate further.

Doubts of guilt
There is much confusion about the Zagłębie Vampire's true identity. The 2001–2002 series Paragraf 148 – Kara śmierci had an episode on the case, directed by Maciej Żurawski, which presented Marchwicki as innocent. The episode presents testimony from contemporary militia officers and lawyers, and claims that the whole case was a show trial. In a similar vein, director Maciej Pieprzyca produced the 1998 documentary Jestem mordercą..., in which he proclaimed that Marchwicki was innocent.

In the nineties, information appeared that undermined the fairness of the court. Attention was drawn to the fact that Zdzisław Marchwicki had never pleaded guilty, and that he was identified only by people who thought he corresponded to the perpetrator's suspected profile. The authorities were eager to convict somebody, and since Piotr Olszowy, the only alternative suspect, had committed suicide by self-immolation, it would bring shame on the justice system to not bring the purported killer to trial. The case remains controversial to this day.

In the media and culture

 * The 1977 fictionalized novel Na tropach zabójcy, written by Tadeusz Wielgolawski, was inspired by the case
 * The 1981 crime film "'Anna' and the Vampire", directed by Janusz Kidawa, was based on the case
 * In the 1992 crime thriller Pigs, the main character, played by Cezary Pazura, says that it was his father who captured Marchwicki
 * In 2004, Teatr Telewizji premiered a play entitled "Wampir", which incorporated private details about the investigation into the Vampire. The play's author, Wojciech Tomczyk, has expressed his belief that Marchwicki was innocent.
 * In 2006, a 3-part series titled Kryminalni: Misja śląska examined the case
 * The 2009 novel Róże cmentarne, by Marek Krajewski and Mariusz Czubaj, has references to Zdzisław Marchwicki
 * In the 2013 film The Closed Circuit, directed by Ryszard Bugajski, prosecutor Andrzej Kostrzewa (played by Janusz Gajos) mentions that he worked on the Marchwikci trial in his youth
 * Similar to his 1988 documentary, Maciej Pieprzyca released a film in 2016, titled I'm a Killer
 * 2016, (new edition 2021) "Wampir z Zagłębia", a documentary by Przemysław Semczuk
 * The 2019 crime novel Gwiazdy Oriona is partly inspired by the Marchwicki case

title: Zdzisław Marchwicki


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title: Template:Counties of China


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CSA Group

The CSA Group (formerly the Canadian Standards Association; CSA) is a standards organization which develops standards in 57 areas. CSA publishes standards in print and electronic form, and provides training and advisory services. CSA is composed of representatives from industry, government, and consumer groups.

CSA began as the Canadian Engineering Standards Association (CESA) in 1919, federally chartered to create standards. During World War I, lack of interoperability between technical resources led to the formation of a standards committee.

CSA is accredited by the Standards Council of Canada, a crown corporation which promotes voluntary standardization in Canada. This accreditation verifies that CSA is competent to carry out standards development and certification functions, and is based on internationally recognised criteria and procedures.

The CSA registered mark shows that a product has been independently tested and certified to meet recognized standards for safety or performance.

History
During World War I, lack of interoperability between technical resources led to frustration, injury, and death. Britain requested that Canada form a standards committee.

Sir John Kennedy, as chairman of the Civil Engineers' Canadian Advisory Committee, led the investigation into the necessity of an independent Canadian standards organization. As a result, the Canadian Engineering Standards Association (CESA) was established in 1919. CESA was federally chartered to create standards. At the beginning, they attended to specific needs: aircraft parts, bridges, building construction, electrical work, and wire rope. The first standards issued by CESA were for steel railway bridges, in 1920.

In 1927, CESA published the Canadian Electrical Code. Enforcing the code called for product testing, and in 1933, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario became the sole source for testing nationwide. In 1940, CESA assumed responsibility for testing and certifying electrical products intended for sale and installation in Canada. CESA was renamed the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) in 1944. The certification mark was introduced in 1946.

Known in the French-language as Association canadienne de normalisation, CSA used the French-language acronym of ACNOR. The initialism "CSA" is now used in both official languages.

In the 1950s, CSA established international alliances in Britain, Japan, and the Netherlands, to expand its scope in testing and certification. Testing labs were expanded from their first in Toronto, to labs in Montreal, Vancouver, and Winnipeg.

In the 1960s, CSA developed national occupational health and safety standards, creating standards for headgear and safety shoes. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the CSA began to expand its involvement in consumer standards, including bicycles, credit cards, and child resistant packaging for drugs.

Tom Pashby became chairman of the CSA in 1975, serving for two decades to set standards for manufacturers of ice hockey helmets and lacrosse helmets.

In 1984, CSA established QMI, the Quality Management Institute for registration of ISO9000 and other standards. In 1999, CSA International was established to provide international product testing and certification services while CSA shifted its primary focus to standards development and training. In 2001, these three divisions were joined under the name CSA Group. In 2004, OnSpeX was launched as the fourth division of CSA Group. In 2008, QMI was sold to SAI-Global for $40 million.

In 2009, CSA purchased SIRA.

Standards development
CSA exists to develop standards. Among the fifty-seven different areas of specialization are business management and safety and performance standards, including those for electrical and electronic equipment, industrial equipment, boilers and pressure vessels, compressed gas handling appliances, environmental protection, and construction materials.

Most standards are voluntary, meaning there are no laws requiring their application. Despite that, adherence to standards is beneficial to companies because it shows products have been independently tested to meet certain standards. The CSA mark is a registered certification mark, and can only be applied by someone who is licensed or otherwise authorised to do so by the CSA.

CSA developed the CAN/CSA Z299 series, now called N299, of quality assurance standards, which are still in use today. They are an alternative to the ISO 9001 quality management standard, specific to companies supplying goods to nuclear power plants. Currently forty percent of all the standards issued by CSA are referenced in Canadian legislation.

Laws in many jurisdictions in North America require that certain products be tested for standards compliance by a body officially recognized for that purpose. CSA Group is accredited to do so in a variety of areas by the SCC in Canada and OSHA in the United States (as a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory).

title: CSA Group


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Adolf von Baeyer

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (31 October 1835 – 20 August 1917) was a German chemist who synthesised indigo and developed a nomenclature for cyclic compounds (that was subsequently extended and adopted as part of the IUPAC organic nomenclature). He was ennobled in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1885 and was the 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Family and education
Baeyer was born in Berlin as the son of the noted geodesist and captain of the Royal Prussian Army Johann Jacob Baeyer and his wife Eugenie Baeyer née Hitzig (1807–1843). Both his parents were Lutherans at the time of his birth and he was raised in the Lutheran religion. His mother was the daughter of Julius Eduard Hitzig and a member of the originally Jewish Itzig family, and had converted to Christianity before marrying his father, who was of non-Jewish German descent. Baeyer had four sisters: Clara (born 1826) Emma (born 1831), Johanna (Jeanette) (born 1839), Adelaide (died 1843) and two brothers: Georg (born 1829) and Edward (born 1832). Baeyer lost his mother at a young age while she was giving birth to his sister Adelaide.

Although his birth name was Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Baeyer, he was known simply as Adolf throughout most of his life. The poet Adelbert von Chamisso and the astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel were his godparents. On his 50th birthday he was raised to the hereditary nobility by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, conferring on him the "von" distinction.

Baeyer became interested in science early, performing experiments on plant nutrition at his paternal grandfather's Müggelsheim farm as a boy. In Berlin he began chemical experimentation at the age of nine. Three years later, he synthesized a previously unknown chemical compound -double carbonate of copper and sodium. On his 13th birthday, he initiated his lifework, buying a chunk of indigo worth two Thalers for his first dye experiments.

When a schoolboy, his chemistry teacher at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium appointed him as his assistant. After graduating from secondary school in 1853, he entered the Berlin University to study physics and mathematics. A stint in the Prussian army interrupted his study until 1856, when he returned to academia at the University of Heidelberg, intending to study chemistry under Robert Bunsen. After an argument with the renowned chemist he changed his mentor to August Kekulé. He continued to collaborate with Kekulé even after he returned to Berlin in 1858 for the completion of his doctorate on arsenic methyl chloride, or cacodylic chloride.

Academic career and achievements
After completing his doctorate, he followed Kekulé to the University of Ghent, when Kekulé became professor there. He became a lecturer at the Gewerbeinstitut Berlin (Royal Trade Academy) in 1860 and a professor at the University of Strasbourg in 1871. In 1875, he succeeded Justus von Liebig as Chemistry Professor at the University of Munich.

Baeyer's chief achievements include the synthesis and description of the plant dye indigo, the discovery of the phthalein dyes, and the investigation of polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, nitroso compounds (1869) and uric acid derivatives (1860 and onwards) (including the discovery of barbituric acid (1864), the parent compound of the barbiturates). He was the first to propose the correct formula for indole in 1869, after publishing the first synthesis three years earlier. His contributions to theoretical chemistry include the 'strain' (Spannung) theory of triple bonds and strain theory in small carbon rings.

In 1871 he discovered the synthesis of phenolphthalein by condensation of phthalic anhydride with two equivalents of phenol under acidic conditions (hence the name). That same year he was the first to obtain synthetic fluorescein, a fluorophore pigment which is similar to naturally occurring pyoverdin that is synthesised by microorganisms (e.g., by some fluorescent strains of Pseudomonas). Baeyer named his finding "resorcinphthalein" as he had synthesised it from phthalic anhydride and resorcinol. The term fluorescein would not start to be used until 1878.

In 1872 he experimented with phenol and formaldehyde; the resinous product was a precursor for Leo Baekeland's later commercialization of Bakelite.

In 1881 the Royal Society of London awarded Baeyer the Davy Medal for his work with indigo. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1884. In 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds", and he continued in full active work as one of the best-known teachers in the world of organic chemistry up to within a year of his death.

Honours
The has been awarded annually since 1911.
 * 1881: Davy Medal of the Royal Society in London
 * 1884: American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow.
 * 1884: Prussian Academy of Sciences
 * 1884: International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1885: foreign member of the Royal Society.
 * 1885: survey in the hereditary nobility of the Kingdom of Bavaria
 * 1895: admission into the Order Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts
 * 1989: International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences
 * 1903: Liebig Medal, awarded by the German Chemical Society
 * 1905: Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * 1910: International Member of the American Philosophical Society

His name is reflected in various "name reactions" as the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and Baeyer's reagent. There is also the Von Baeyer nomenclature in structural chemistry and Baeyer strain theory (which granted him the Nobel prize) of alicyclic compounds.

In 2009 von Baeyer lunar crater was named after him.

Personal life
In 1868, Baeyer married Adelheid (Lida) Bendemann, the daughter of a family friend, and together the couple had three children: Eugenie, Hans, and Otto von Baeyer.

He died on 20 August 1917 in Starnberg at the age of 81.

title: Adolf von Baeyer


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Jake Hess

Jake Hess (December 24, 1927 – January 4, 2004) was an American Grammy Award-winning southern gospel singer.

Life
The son of "a sharecropper who was a shape-note singing-school teacher," Hess was born in Mt. Pisgah, near Athens, in Limestone County, Alabama. His parents were Stovall and Lydia Hess. He was the youngest of 12 children.

Hess's entry on the Encyclopedia of Alabama's website says of his name: "His parents did not officially name him, so the attending physician entered his name as 'Man Child' Hess in official documents."

When he registered with the draft board in Lincoln, Nebraska, he gave his name as "William Jesse Hess." In 1997, when Hess was preparing to get a passport to travel overseas, he discovered that his birth certificate actually read Manchild Hess. His son, Jake Jr., named his recording company Manchild Records in honor of his father.

Career
Hess' career started at the age of 16, when he joined the popular John Daniel Quartet in 1943, making his recorded debut on "Just a Prayer Away". (He had previously sung with Louie Auten and the Tennessee Valley Boys.) After that, he sang with three of his brothers as the Hess Brothers Quartet. He also sang with the Sunny South Quartet and their rival, the Melody Masters Quartet. In the latter part of his life, Hess sang with The Old Friends Quartet which was featured on the Bill Gaither Homecoming videos.

Statesmen Quartet
Hess sang lead with the Statesmen Quartet from 1948 until 1963. Their recordings included projects long-term with RCA Victor. In 1977-1978 Hess reunited with the surviving members of The Statesmen Quartet, Hovie Lister, Doy Ott, and Rosie Rozell to record three projects, including "Songs Elvis Loved". The reunited Statesmen sung at Elvis's funeral. In the fall of 1980, Hess, Lister, and Rozell assembled a new group with James Blackwood and J.D. Sumner. As a result, the southern gospel group the Masters V was born. They toured from 1981 until 1988 when illnesses prompted several of the members to retire from full-time singing.

The Imperials
Upon leaving the Statesmen Quartet at the end of 1963, Hess formed his "dream" group, the Imperials. Although they were not immediately accepted by his peers because of their innovative use of electric guitars and drums, they went on to become pioneers in Contemporary Christian Music, and would eventually be inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. They backed Elvis Presley from 1966 to 1971. Elvis has been quoted as noting Hess as his favorite singer. Hess left the Imperials in 1967 due to health problems.

The Jake Hess Sound
Hess also sang with his children, Becky and Chris, in a group he named "The Jake Hess Sound". In the late 1970s, Hess and his son Chris were featured singers on the television broadcasts of evangelist Dr. Gene Scott.

With Elvis Presley
Jake Hess was an idol of Elvis Presley, and had a major influence on Presley's career. As a teenager, Presley would attend gospel sings and Hess's style so impressed Elvis, that Presley would emulate it for the remainder of his life. Hess sang backup on several albums recorded by Elvis, and also sang at Presley's funeral in 1977.

Solo career
Jake Hess was a noted soloist in his own right. He had won several Grammy Awards on RCA Victor as a solo artist. His last 12 years, he appeared on the Gaither Homecoming concerts and videos. These videos featured Hess from noted concerts in the U.S. at the Kennedy Center, the Ryman Auditorium, and Hawaiian islands and Europe.

Television
Hess had The Jake Hess Show on WLAC in Nashville, Tennessee and performed in the Old Time Singing Convention.

Family
Hess and Joyce McWaters were married on October 5, 1952. They had three children.

Jake Hess, Jr. has become a well-known southern gospel songwriter, in addition to being married to Judy Martin of The Martins. In 1989 Jake's nephew Steve Hess & Eugene Baker (Hess & Baker, Skylite/Sing) were in Nashville to record several segments on Bobby Jones Gospel (BET Network). Jake accompanied them to the studio and liked what he heard. While they were visiting with Jake in Brentwood, he asked whether they would be interested in forming with him a new version of Jake Hess & Friends. The group would ultimately consist of Jake, Steve, Eugene & Chris, Jake's son. They started rehearsals in Jake's family room and started touring later in the year. There were several dates in Missouri and Florida, but Jake determined that the traveling was going to be more demanding than he anticipated, so by 1990 the tours were put on hold with the possibility of doing something with television.

Jake Hess III continues the family's musical heritage by singing in the highly acclaimed The Voices of Lee, part of Lee University in Cleveland, Tennessee.

Book
In 1995, Hess's autobiography, Nothin' but Fine: The Music and the Gospel According to Jake Hess, was published by Buckland Press.

Death
Hess died January 4, 2004, in Opelika, Alabama after suffering a heart attack December 14, 2003, just days after a performance in Atlanta, Georgia.

He was survived by a daughter, two sons, 10 grandchildren, one great-grandchild and a sister.

Awards and honors

 * 1968: Grammy Award for Best Sacred Performance for "Beautiful Isle Of Somewhere"
 * 1969: Grammy for Best Sacred Performance (Non-Classical) for "Ain't That Beautiful Singing"
 * 1970: Grammy for Best Sacred Performance (Musical) for "Everything Is Beautiful"
 * 1981: Grammy for Best Gospel Performance, Traditional for "The Masters V"
 * 1987: Inducted into the Gospel Music Association's Gospel Music Hall of Fame
 * 1995: Inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame, with a John Herbert Orr Pioneer Award
 * 1997: Inducted into the Southern Gospel Music Association's Hall of Fame.
 * 1998: Inducted into the Gospel Music Association's Gospel Music Hall of Fame as a member of The Imperials

Solo albums

 * 1962: The Great Voice of Jake Hess (BibleTone Records)
 * 1968: The Incomparable Jake Hess (RCA Victor)
 * 1968: Beautiful Isle of Somewhere (RCA Camden)
 * 1969: Ain't That Beautiful Singing (RCA)
 * 1969: Spiritual Reflections (RCA)
 * 1970: Everything Is Beautiful
 * 1981: I'm Gonna Keep On Singing (Skylite)
 * 1996: Terry & Jake (Terry Bradshaw) (Chordant [Gaither Series])
 * 2001: All of Me (Cathedral)
 * 2005: Gotta Get a God Said (Crossroads Records) (released posthumously)

With The Statesmen

 * 1957: The Statesmen Quartet with Hovie Lister
 * 1958: The Statesmen Quartet Sings with Hovie Lister
 * 1958: The Bible Told Me So
 * 1959: Hymns
 * 1959: I'll Meet You By the River
 * 1959: Get Away Jordan
 * 1960: Mansion Over the Hilltop
 * 1960: On Stage
 * 1960: Something To Shout About
 * 1960: Encores
 * 1960: Peace, O Lord
 * 1960: Statesmen Blackwood Favorites
 * 1961: Out West
 * 1961: Through the States
 * 1962: Stop, Look & Listen for the Lord
 * 1962: Camp-Meeting Hymns
 * 1962: Singing Time in Dixie
 * 1963: The Mystery of His Way
 * 1963: Message in the Sky
 * 1963: A Gospel Concert
 * 1977: The Legendary Statesmen Return
 * 1977: Sing Gospel Songs Elvis Loved
 * 1978: His Love Put A Song In My Heart
 * 1978: Merry Christmas
 * 1978: Glory, Glory, Clear The Road
 * 1992: I Surrender All
 * 1992: The Bible Told Me So
 * 1992: Get Away Jordan
 * 1992: Jubilee's A Coming
 * 1992: Revival
 * 1992: O What a Savior
 * 1993: O My Lord What a Time
 * 1997: Hovie Lister & The Statesmen

Albums with Elvis Presley

 * 1966 How Great Thou Art

With the Masters V

 * 1981: The Masters V (Skylite Records)
 * 1982: O What a Savior (Skylite)
 * 1982: The Legendary Masters V
 * 1983: Featuring…
 * 1983: Live at the Joyful Noise
 * 1984: Thru the Years
 * 1984: Good Things
 * 1985: The Master's Hymns

Album with The Talleys

 * 2007 Stages (Crossroads Records) (posthumous duet)

Video

 * 1994: Hovie Lister And The Sensational Statesmen: An American Classic
 * 1998: Jus' Jake And A Few Close Friends
 * 2002: Old Friends Quartet: Encore
 * 2004: A Tribute To Jake Hess

Gaither Homecoming Performances

 * 1991: Homecoming
 * 1995: All Day Singin' with Dinner on the Ground "Waiting For His Return"
 * 1995: Revival "Prayer Is The Key To Heaven (But Faith Unlocks The Door)"
 * 1995: Ryman Gospel Reunion "Goodbye, World, Goodbye," "You And Me, Jesus," "Sunday Meetin' Time"
 * 1998: Atlanta Homecoming "Where Could I Go?"
 * 1998: Down By The Tabernacle "Old Camp Meeting Days," "Come Sunday"
 * 1998: Hawaiian Homecoming "I Don't Think, I Know," "Jesus, I Believe What You Said," "Over The Moon"
 * 1998: Marching To Zion "When He Calls, I'll Fly Away"
 * 1998: Rivers Of Joy "I Came To Praise The Lord"
 * 1998: Singin' With The Saints "He Keeps Me Singing," "I Know Where I Am Now"
 * 1999: Kennedy Center Homecoming "Old Friends." "It Is No Secret"
 * 1999: Singin'  In My Soul "Wore Out"
 * 1999: Sweet, Sweet Spirit "I'm Telling The World About His Love"
 * 2000: Harmony in the Heartland "Thanks For Sunshine," "Move That Mountain," "Get Away, Jordan"
 * 2000: Irish Homecoming "No Fishin'"
 * 2000: Memphis Homecoming "Give The World A Smile," "Up Above My Head"
 * 2000: Whispering Hope "Doesn't Get Any Better Than This"
 * 2001: Christmas... A Time for Joy "White Christmas"
 * 2001: Journey To The Sky "He Knows Just What I Need"
 * 2001: London Homecoming "Too Much To Gain To Lose," "O, How I Love Jesus/To Me, It's So Wonderful"
 * 2001: What A Time "Oh, What A Time"
 * 2002: Freedom Band "I Shall Not Be Moved"
 * 2002: I'll Fly Away "So Many Reasons"
 * 2002: New Orleans Homecoming "When The Saints Go Marching In"
 * 2003: A Gospel Bluegrass Homecoming, Volume 1 "Sunday Meetin' Time"
 * 2003: Heaven "Beautiful Isle Of Somewhere"
 * 2003: Red Rocks Homecoming "I've Never Loved Him Better Than Today"
 * 2003: Rocky Mountain Homecoming "I Just Love Old People"
 * 2004: A Tribute: Howard & Vestal Goodman "I'm Winging My Way Back Home"
 * 2004: Build a Bridge "Get Away, Jordan"
 * 2004: Dottie Rambo with The Homecoming Friends "Too Much To Gain To Lose"
 * 2004: We Will Stand "Sweeter As The Days Go By"
 * 2005: Hymns "Without Him"
 * 2012: Homecoming Celebration! "Faith Unlocks The Door Medley"

title: Jake Hess


text:
User talk:Pangguan

Possible copyright violation
Hi Pangguan! I noticed your addition of Beijing Normal University, which appears to have been copied verbatim from. If you are the original author of or have permission to release it under the GFDL then please make a note of it at the article's talk page. Otherwise, please do not simply copy text from other websites and post it as an article here -- in most cases this is considered a violation of copyright and is against Wikipedia policy. Thanks! --Diberri | Talk 16:37, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Discussion continued on my talk page. --Diberri | Talk 17:53, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Liu Di

The article Liu Di has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp/dated tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Snowycats (talk) 23:11, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pangguan


text:
Talk:Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan

Untitled
By the way, the dates and ages don't match. If the prince was born in 1945, and his father's reign ended in 1967, then he would have been 22, not 18. DS 16:41, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

yeah..he was born in 1949. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Azfarhan (talk • contribs) 08:14, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

I've just rechecked this article and was shocked that someone from this ip 121.1.18.242 has made copy and paste from BERNAMA news report. The structure of sentences are quite similar and need to be edited or wikipedia could possibly be sued by BERNAMA for copyrights infringement.BBC News (talk) 17:11, 29 December 2008 (UTC)azfarhan

There are contents of 'hearsay' in the article and was not supported by facts. Shouldn't be allowed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.26.67.35 (talk) 03:07, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a license compatible with GFDL. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 16:15, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan


text:
QMI

QMI may refer to:

 * QMI press agency, a division of the Canadian media conglomerate Quebecor Media
 * Quality Management Institute, a management systems registrar owned by SAI Global
 * Quebecor Media Inc., a Canadian media company
 * Qualcomm MSM Interface, a proprietary interface
 * Q-wave myocardial infarction, an older classification of myocardial infarction

title: QMI


text:
Talk:Sales

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 April 2021 and 21 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Optninja1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:41, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sales


text:
User talk:Dmr2

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Image Tagging Image:Ben Green, Mathematician.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ben Green, Mathematician.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Riemann curvature tensor
Hi, Dmr2, did you write this?: "For a two-dimensional surface, there is (up to symmetries) only one non-zero component of the Riemann tensor, $$R_{1212}$$, which is equal to the determinant of the metric tensor $$g_{ij}$$." I take it that last bit was a brain blip :-/ ---CH 13:58, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, no I didn't write it. I just corrected the English without thinking about whether it made sense! I have tried to amend it so that now it does make sense. --Dmr2 10:24, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Hi
I noticed that you correct my deficient english and I thank you. But I also want to ask (respectfully) about the meaning of the sentence above:
 * I take it that last bit was a brain blip.

Further, what about the components $$ {R^i}_{jkl}$$ for 3-manifolds? Do you know of something basic about them, worth for the Riemann curvature tensor article?

Thanks again!--Juan Marquez 02:12, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Juan. In think "brain blip" is referring to forgetting the Ricci scalar. For surfaces, $$R_{1212}$$ should be Rg/2, not g.
 * I'm not sure what we could write about the Riemann tensor for 3-manifolds other than that there are 6 independent components, which can be thought of as the components of the Ricci tensor, $$R_{ab}$$. --Dmr2 10:33, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * could you please tell us how are organized these $R_{ijkl}$ for a generic 3-manifold and any other meaning about these functions?

--kiddo 05:58, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Request for edit summary
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trouble with Dead-End Pages?
you made one edit that seemed to restore a lot of stuff recently deleted. Finger trouble?

I restored it, anyway - but if there was one you wanted to delete, better check again. --Alvestrand 18:02, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I think I must have edited a previous version! --Dmr2 10:30, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

beta-functions
Dear dmr2, I have recently started editing wikipedia articles, focussing particularly on theoretical physics. I thought you might like to look over my recent contributions on beta-functions, and also the Landau pole and asymptotic freedom in Coupling constant. --Jpod2 12:20, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Jpod2. Welcome to Wikipedia. You seem to have got the hang of things ;) --Dmr2 13:47, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Re: Dilaton->Dilation
Hi, your bot incorrectly changed dilaton to dilation in Chiara Nappi. Dmr2 11:02, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * My apologies. I thought I knew a bit of physics, but I'd never heard of dilatons. Ah, the wacky world of string theory; although I guess I've learned something new for today! :) Thanks for catching that. Cheers, CmdrObot 20:45, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Oops
My note about the "Ave verum corpus" came from notes from a music history class I took, but based on a quick internet check I no longer believe it is correct. Thanks for pointing that out. Geriguiaguiatugo 14:04, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

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Motto of the day
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Image licensing
Hey there...

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All files in category Unclassified Chemical Structures listed for deletion
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File:Stu1.png needs authorship information
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Speedy deletion nomination of Johannes Spech

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Johannes Spech
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Ways to improve Felipe Rodríguez (composer)
Hi, I'm Boleyn. Dmr2, thanks for creating Felipe Rodríguez (composer)!

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The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse.

Boleyn (talk) 20:21, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Dmr2


text:
Weekly Alibi

Weekly Alibi, commonly referred to as The Alibi, was a free weekly news, arts, culture, and entertainment newspaper and website in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The main features were the website's award-winning news section, featuring cultural commentary by August March; the calendar listings; reviews and guides to arts; art criticism; entertainment news; music interviews; and film reviews by noted film critic/Managing Editor Devin O'Leary. Its "Chowtown" restaurant guide and its "Best of Burque" award issues, which covered everything from "Best Community Action Group" and "Best All-You-Can-Eat" to "Best Gay Bar" were popular features of Weekly Alibi.

Originally the newspaper was a bi-weekly newspaper called NuCity, but changed its name due to a similar Chicago newspaper entitled Newcity.

The newspaper and website were members of the Association of Alternative Newsmedia as well as the National Newspaper Association.

The Weekly Alibi is closed; its last edition was published in late August, 2020.

title: Weekly Alibi


text:
DWM

DWM may refer to:

Computing

 * dwm, a window manager for X11
 * Desktop Window Manager in Microsoft Windows
 * Domain-wall memory, experimental computer memory

Organisations

 * Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken, a munitions company, Karlsruhe, Germany
 * Deutsche Waggon und Maschinenfabrik, a German rail and bus manufacturer

Other uses

 * Dandy–Walker malformation, a congenital malformation of the brain
 * Distinguished Warfare Medal, a cancelled US award
 * Doctor Who Magazine

title: DWM


text:
User talk:Richard Taylor

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- ke4roh 16:44, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Captions
Many thanks for jumping in and editing the captions! I hope you don't mind I did London Underground's captions again - let me know what you think of them. I'm trying to stick to the pointers at Captions.

 * Richard Taylor : I've seen what you've edited there, it's an improvement, but I'd have left the external link in.

 * I thought about it. Most external links are in the "External links" section of the article, so I'm reticent to use them elsewhere (though I will when it makes good sense).  I did make sure that link was on the image description page for those who are particularly interested.  Mind you, that's not gospel — it's just my opinion ;-) -- ke4roh 18:49, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks also for tackling the captions on action potential, though between reading the first couple of paragraphs and the image caption, I'm not sure I understand the relevance of the image to the article (my background is computer science, so it doesn't really help). I copied your caption over to the image description page, since it is a good description of the image in general. Would you be so kind as to take another look at that caption with an eye towards connecting the picture with the article? Thanks!

 * Richard Taylor : I've edited that caption as requested.

 * Thanks! Now I understand much better.  I may try shortening it, though I'll give it plenty of time to soak in first.   -- ke4roh 18:49, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Would you like to join WikiProject Writing Captions? All you need to do is sign your name in the participants list. Three tildes will do the trick. -- ke4roh 16:44, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

Formatting tricks
~ will sign your name and date it. A colon at the beginning of a line will indent that paragraph (as is often the custom for replies on talk pages. -- ke4roh 18:49, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Warsaw Uprising
Many thanks for editing the captions. However, I have to revert most of your additions since there are simply too many mistakes and the captions seem too long. Sorry for that. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 13:10, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Replied to at Talk:Warsaw_Uprising, noting some of my captions did introduce ambiguity, and providing an alternative solution to the problem of some very short captions eg. "...2004", on that page by introducing a table (though I would have prefered the full captions for each image). Richard Taylor 17:05, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Template:FA current month Calendar
Neat! Nice work. --mav 20:50, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Typewriter captions
I redid the first caption, which seemed to me to be doing too much of stating what's clearly visible in the picture. I went a little ways out on a limb and from my exaimnation of the picture and the article text I concluded that the typewriter depicted could not have shown the operator characters as they were typed. I'm also a little uncomfortable with the appearance of the image's date attribution and wonder if the c. 1910 shouldn't be inside parenthesis or something. If you care to, please take another look and improve it as you see fit. If you're happy, you may want to strikeout typewriter on WikiProject Writing Captions lest somebody like me ruin your nice captions.--Kop 22:35, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Headers, capitals, and grammatical numbers
Hello. In Viluppuram, sterile insect technique, and Susan Hockfield, you used too many capital letters in section headings. See Manual of Style. The first word in a section heading is to be capitalized; the later one are not unless they would otherwise be capitalized (i.e., same conventions as with article titles). I changed your link to insects to insects, thereby bypassing a redirect page. Sometimes the redirect to the singular won't be there. Michael Hardy 16:15, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Where have you gone
Richard, where have you gone? You're missed. →Raul654 09:58, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Improper conduct?
Am I reading correctly that you added a badly-hidden Amazon referrer link to the Global Positioning System article as part of an edit? --Carnildo 00:05, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm interested in the answer to this question too. I can't find any response, so could you please respond here? -- Jeronim 03:17, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image:Superscorpio.gif
Obsoleted by Image:Super_Scorpio.jpg. Bobbis 00:20, 6 August 2005 (UTC) As this was only on one page it doesn't matter - but replacing one image by one that's "the same but better" can be done (is preferably done??) by replacing it (clicking upload new version of this file) on the image page Richard Taylor 01:57, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Harry Potter
Thanks for doing some reversion at Harry Potter, but if you look carefully, you'll note that you only reverted one of several vandalous edits to the page, which stayed in for longer than they needed to. Be sure you revert back to the correct version! Thanks. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 21:40, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

AIDS dissidents
Are you honestly comparing AIDS dissidents to moon landing hoaxers??? 198.59.188.232 03:43, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No I'm not. I'm pointing to the Apollo moon landing hoax accusations article as an example of how Wikipedia can deal effectively, in a NPOV fashion, with unconventional theories where currently the vast body of evidence supports the conventional point of view. Richard Taylor 11:17, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Let me rephrase. Are you honestly saying the "vast body of evidence supports the conventional point of view" on HIV??? 198.59.188.232 12:10, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I am yes, and that's essientially encapsulated in the title "AIDS dissidents". However that doesn't mean I believe the conventional wisdom is entirely correct - it most probably isn't, or at least isn't complete. Phlogiston was a conventional theroy supported by all the available evidence at one point. In terms of creating an excellent encyclopedia, the key thing is to ensure the article is NPOV, to promote that process I added the scipeerreview tag. As I've written elsewhere I think the AIDS and related articles have the potential to be a very valuable educational resource, and in this field education can save lives, and make people's lives better, so its very worthwhile getting the articles to the highest possible standard. Any personal opinions held by editors should be irrelevant, they shouldn't stop the community as a whole producing valuable balanced articles. Richard Taylor 16:39, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "Isn't entirely correct..." That's an understatement. Have you read this this paper? I'm sure with your biological background, you can understand its implications. 198.59.188.232 23:24, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

FYI
CUT AND PASTED FROM Talk:HIV test (Removed cut and pasted content) Richard Taylor 19:35, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Did you read those papers? 198.59.188.232 08:38, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This is not an academic matter. It's honest scientists like yourself who seem unwilling to look into the real literature who keep this scam going. 198.59.188.232 08:39, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

RE:Template update
Fair enough. An entirely new template might be more appropriate.--Esprit15d 17:13, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Image:STS-121 debris clear.jpg listed for deletion
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Possibly unfree Image:Susan_hockfield.jpg
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title: User talk:Richard Taylor