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Tausūg people

The Tausūg (Tau Sūg), are an ethnic group of the Philippines and Malaysia. A small population can also be found in the northern part of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Tausūg are part of the wider political identity of Muslim Filipinos of western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago, and southern Palawan, collectively referred to as the Moro people. The Tausugs originally had an independent state known as the Sultanate of Sulu, which once exercised sovereignty over the present day provinces of Basilan, Palawan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga City, eastern part of Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and eastern part of North Kalimantan. They are also known in the Malay language as Suluk.

Etymology
"Tausug" (Tau Sūg) means "the people of the current", from the word tau which means "man" or "people" and sūg (alternatively spelled sulug) which means "[sea] currents", referring to their homelands in the Sulu Archipelago. Sūg and sulug both mean the same thing, with the former being the phonetic evolution in Sulu of the latter (the L being dropped and thus the two short U's merging into one long U). The Tausūg in Sabah refer to themselves as Tausūg but are called "Suluk" (the final "k" in Malay is a glottal stop) in official government records in Sabah.

Pre-Islamic era
During the 13th century, the Tausug people began migrating to present-day Zamboanga and the Sulu archipelago from their homelands in northeastern Mindanao. William Scott (1994) calls the Tausugs the descendants of the ancient Butuanons and Surigaonons from the Rajahnate of Butuan, who moved south and established a spice trading port in Sulu. Sultan Batarah Shah Tengah, who ruled in 1600, was said to have been an native of Butuan. The Butuanon-Surigaonon origin of the Tausugs is suggested by the relationship of their languages, as the Butuanon, Surigaonon and Tausug languages are all grouped under the Southern Visayan sub-family. Consequently, the Tausug language is closely related to other Southern Bisayan languages like the Butuanon language, which is still spoken in northeastern Mindanao to this day.

Prior to the establishment of the sultanate, the Tausug lived in communities called banwa. Each banwa was headed by a leader known as a panglima along with a shaman called a mangungubat. The shaman could be either a man or a woman. Each banwa was considered an independent state, like other city-states in Asia. The Tausug of the era had trade relations with neighboring Tausug banwas, the Yakan people of Basilan, and the nomadic Sama-Bajau.

The Tausug were Islamized in the 14th century and established the sultanate of Sulu in the 15th century, and eventually dominated the local Sama-Bajau people of the Sulu archipelago,

Sultanate era

In 1380, the Sunni Sufi scholar Karim-ul Makhdum, a Muslim missionary of the Ash'ari Aqeeda and Shafi'i madhhab, arrived in Sulu. He introduced the Islamic faith and settled in Tubig Indangan in Simunul, where he lived until his death. The pillars of a mosque he had built at Tubig-Indangan still stand. In 1390, Rajah Baguinda Ali landed at Buansa, and continued the missionary work of Makhdum. The Johore-born Arab adventurer Sayyid Abubakar Abirin arrived in 1450, and married Baguinda's daughter, Dayang-dayang Paramisuli. After Rajah Baguinda's death, Sayyid Abubakar became sultan, thereby introducing the sultanate as a political system (see Sultanate of Sulu). Political districts were created in Parang, Pansul, Lati, Gitung, and Luuk, each headed by a panglima or district leader. After the Sunni Sufi scholar Sayyid Abubakar's death, the sultanate system had already become well established in Sulu. Before the coming of the Spaniards, the ethnic groups in Sulu — the Tausug, Samal, Yakan, and the Bajau – were united to varying degrees under the Sulu sultanate following the Sunni Islam, they were Ash'ari in aqeeda and Shafi'i in Madh'hab as well as practitioners of Sufism.

The political system of the sultanate was patrilineal. The sultan was the sole sovereign of the sultanate, followed by various maharajah and rajah-titled subdivisional princes. Further down the line were the numerous panglima or local chiefs, similar in function to the modern Philippine political post of the barangay captain in the barangay system.

The Sulu Archipelago was an entrepôt that attracted merchants from south China and various parts of Southeast Asia beginning in the 14th century. The name "Sulu" is attested in Chinese historical records as early as 1349, during the late Yuan dynasty, suggesting trade relations around this time. Trade continued into the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), as envoys were sent in several missions to China to trade and pay tribute to the emperor. Sulu merchants often exchanged goods with Chinese Muslims, and there was also trade with Muslims who were of Arab, Persian, Malay, or Indian descent. Islamic historian Cesar Adib Majul argues that Islam was introduced to the Sulu Archipelago in the late 14th century by Chinese and Arab merchants and missionaries from Ming China. Moreover, these 7 Arab missionaries were called "Lumpang Basih" by the Tausug and they were Sunni Sufi Scholars from the Ba 'Alawi sada of Yemen.

Around this time, a notable Arab judge,Sunni Sufi and religious scholar named Karim ul-Makhdum from Mecca arrived in Malacca. He preached Islam,particularly the Ash'ari Aqeeda and Shafi'i Madh'hab as well as the Qadiriyya Tariqa to the people, and thus many citizens, including the ruler of Malacca, converted to Islam. The Sulu leader Paduka Pahala and his sons moved to China, where he died, and Chinese Muslims brought up his sons in Dezhou, where their descendants live and have the surnames An and Wen. In 1380 AD, Karim ul-Makhdum arrived in Simunul island from Malacca, again with Arab traders. Apart from being a scholar, he operated as a trader; some see him as a Sufi missionary originating from Mecca. He preached Islam in the area, and was thus accepted by the core Muslim community. He was the second person who preached Islam in the area, following Tuan Mashā′ikha. To facilitate easy conversion of nonbelievers, he established a mosque in Tubig-Indagan, Simunul, which became the first Islamic temple to be constructed in the area, as well as the first in the Philippines. This later became known as Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque. He died in Sulu, although the exact location of his grave is unknown. In Buansa, he was known as Tuan Sharif Awliyā On his alleged grave in Bud Agad, Jolo, an inscription reassure "Mohadum Aminullah Al-Nikad". In Lugus, he is referred to as Abdurrahman. In Sibutu, he is known by his name.

The difference of beliefs on his grave location came about due to the fact that the Qadiri Shaykh Karim ul-Makhdum travelled to several islands in the Sulu Sea to preach Islam. In many places in the archipelago, he was beloved. It is said that the people of Tapul built a mosque honouring him and that they claim descent from Karim ul-Makhdum. Thus, the success of Karim ul-Makhdum of spreading Islam in Sulu threw a new light in Islamic history in the Philippines. The customs, beliefs and political laws of the people changed and customised to adopt the Islamic tradition.

Sulu abruptly stopped sending tributes to the Ming in 1424. Antonio Pigafetta, in his journals, records that the sultan of Brunei went and invaded Sulu in order subjugate the nation and retrieve the two sacred pearls Sulu pillaged from Brunei during earlier times. A sultan of Brunei, Sultan Bolkiah married a princess (dayang-dayang) of Sulu, Puteri Laila Menchanai, and they became the grandparents of the Muslim prince of Maynila, Rajah Matanda, as Manila was a Muslim city-state and vassal to Brunei before the Spanish colonized them and converted them from Islam to Christianity. Islamic Manila ended after the failed attack of Tarik Sulayman, a Muslim Kapampangan commander, in the failure of the Conspiracy of the Maharlikas, when the formerly Muslim Manila nobility attempted a secret alliance with the Japanese shogunate and Bruneiean sultanate (together with her Manila and Sulu allies) to expel the Spaniards from the Philippines. Many Tausugs and other native Muslims of Sulu Sultanate already interacted with Kapampangan and Tagalog Muslims called Luzones based in Brunei, and there were intermarriages between them. The Spanish had native allies against the former Muslims they conquered like Hindu Tondo which resisted Islam when Brunei invaded and established Manila as a Muslim city-state to supplant Hindu Tondo.

Battles and skirmishes were waged intermittently from 1578 till 1898 between the Spanish colonial government and the Moros of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago. In 1578, an expedition sent by Governor Francisco de Sande and headed by Captain Rodriguez de Figueroa began the 300-year conflict between the Tausūgs and the Spanish authorities. In 1579, the Spanish government gave de Figueroa the sole right to colonize Mindanao. In retaliation, the Moro raided Visayan towns in Panay, Negros, and Cebu, for they knew the Spanish conscripted foot soldiers from these areas. Such Moro raids were repelled by Spanish and Visayan forces. In the early 17th century, the largest alliance, comprising Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausūg, and other Moro and Lumad groups, was formed by Sultan Kudarat or Cachil Corralat of Maguindanao, ruler of domains extending from the Davao Gulf to Dapitan on the Zamboanga peninsula. Several Spanish expeditions suffered defeat at their hands. In 1635, Captain Juan de Chaves erected a fort and established a settlement in Zamboanga. In 1637, Governor General Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera personally led an expedition against Kudarat, and temporarily triumphed over his forces at Lamitan and Iliana Bay. On 1 January 1638, Hurtado de Corcuera, with 80 vessels and 2000 soldiers, defeated the Moro Tausūg and occupied Jolo, mainly staying inside captured Cottas. A peace treaty was forged, but Spanish sovereignty over Sulu still had not been firmly established; the Tausūg abrogated the treaty in 1646 soon after the Spaniards occupiers departed. It wasn't until 1705 that the sultanate renounced to Spain any sovereignty it had previously asserted over south Palawan, and in 1762 it similarly relinquished its claims over Basilan. During the last quarter of the 19th century, the sultanate formally recognized Spanish sovereignty, but these areas remained partially controlled by the Spanish, with their sovereignty limited to military stations, garrisons, and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato (the latter under the sultanate of Maguindanao). Eventually, as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish–American War, the Spanish had to abandon the region entirely.

In 1737, Sultan Alimud Din I, advancing his own personal interests, entered into a "permanent" peace treaty with Governor General F. Valdes y Tamon; and in 1746, he befriended the Jesuits sent to Jolo by King Philip. The "permission" of Sultan Azimuddin-I (*the first heir-apparent) allowed Catholic Jesuits to enter Jolo, but his younger brother, Raja Muda Maharajah Adinda Datu Bantilan (*the second heir-apparent) argued against this, saying that he did not want the Catholic Jesuits to disturb or dishonor Islamic faith among the Moro in Sulu. The two brothers' disagreement eventually caused Sultan Azimuddin-I to depart Jolo, first removing to Zamboanga and eventually arriving in Manila 1748. Upon his departure, his brother Raja Muda Maharajah Adinda Datu Bantilan was proclaimed sultan, taking the name Sultan Bantilan Muizzuddin.

In 1893, amid succession controversies, Amir ul Kiram became Sultan Jamalul Kiram II, the title being officially recognized by the Spanish authorities. In 1899, after the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War, Colonel Luis Huerta, the last governor of Sulu, relinquished his garrison to the Americans. (Orosa 1970:25–30).

In northern Borneo, most citizen families residing in Sabah are generally-recognized to have lived in the area since the time of the sultanate. Local North Borneo records indicate that during the period of British rule, a notable Bajau-Suluk warrior participated in the Mat Salleh Rebellion, participating in the conflict until his death. During the Second World War when the Japanese occupied the northern Borneo area, many Suluk people, along with ethnic Chinese emigrants, were massacred by Japanese soldiers during the Jesselton Revolt against the Japanese invasion and occupation.

The Tausug had a saying, “Mayayao pa muti in bukug ayaw in tikud-tikud”(It is preferable to see the whiteness of your bone due to wounds than whiten your heel from running away) and in magsabil “when one runs amuck and he is able tokill a nonbelie*er and in turn gets killed for it, his place in heaven is assured,”

The Tausug waged parang sabil (holy war) for their land (Lupah Sug) and religion against the United States after Bud Bagsak and Bud Dahu and during the Moro National Liberation Front's struggle against the Philippines since 1972, with them being memorialised in tales of Parang Sabil like "The Story of War in Zambo" (Kissa sin Pagbunu ha Zambo about MNLF commander Ustadz Habier Malik's 2013 attack in Zamboanga.

Some Tausug who went on parang sabil did it to redeem themselves in causes of dishonor (hiya). Tausug believe the sabils gain divine protection and can be immune to bullets while going on their suicide attacks. Tausug committed parrangsabil in 1984 at Pata island, 1974 at Jolo, 1968 at Corregidor island, 1913 at Bud Bagsak, 1911 at Bud Talipaw, 1911 and 1906 at Bud Dahu. Tausug believe that the rituals they undergo in preparation for magsasabil and parrangsabil will render them invulnerable to bulles, metal and sharp weapons and that Allah will protect them and determine their fate while using their budjak spears, barung and kalis against enemies like the Americans and Spanish.

Baker Atyani an Arab journalist, was kidnapped by the Abu Sayyaf group. On 3 February 2013 Ustaz Habir Malik led the MNLF to fight against Abu Sayyaf and demanded they released the hostages. Jolo was burned by Philippines on 7 February 1974, Spanish on 29 February 1896 & 27–28 February 1851.

On 5 April 2019 MNLF member Abdul was interviewed by Elgin Glenn Salomon and said about the battle of Jolo in 1974 between the Philippines and MNLF. “They could not defeat the people of Sulu. See the Japanese, the Americans, and the Spaniards! They cannot defeat the province of Jolo. Until now, they could not defeat…. See, they (MNLF) have three guns… At the age of 12, they already have a gun. Will the soldiers continue to enter their territory? The heavy-duty soldiers would die at their (MNLF) hands.”

Philippines
A "policy of attraction" was introduced, ushering in reforms to encourage Muslim integration into Philippine society. "Proxy colonialism" was legalised by the Public Land Act of 1919, invalidating Tausūg pusaka (inherited property) laws based on the Islamic Shariah. The act also granted the state the right to confer land ownership. It was thought that the Muslims would "learn" from the "more advanced" Christian Filipinos, and would integrate more easily into mainstream Philippine society. In February 1920, the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives passed Act No 2878, which abolished the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, and transferred its responsibilities to the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes under the Department of the Interior. Muslim dissatisfaction grew as power shifted to the Christian Filipinos. Petitions were sent by Muslim leaders between 1921 and 1924, requesting that Mindanao and Sulu be administered directly by the United States. These petitions were not granted. Realising the futility of armed resistance, some Muslims sought to make the best of the situation. In 1934, Arolas Tulawi of Sulu, Datu Manandang Piang and Datu Blah Sinsuat of Cotabato, and Sultan Alaoya Alonto of Lanao were elected to the 1935 Constitutional Convention. In 1935, two Muslims were elected to the National Assembly.

The Tausūg in Sulu fought against the Japanese occupation of Mindanao and Sulu during World War II and eventually drove them out. The Commonwealth sought to end the privileges the Muslims had been enjoying under the earlier American administration. Muslim exemptions from some national laws, as expressed in the administrative code for Mindanao, and the Muslim right to use their traditional Islamic courts, as expressed in the Moro Board, were ended. It was unlikely that the Muslims, who have had a longer cultural history as Muslims than the Filipinos as Christians, would surrender their identity. This incident contributed to the rise of various separatist movements – the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM), Ansar El-Islam, and Union of Islamic Forces and Organizations (Che Man 1990:74–75).Founders of the Ansarul Islam were Capt.Kalingalan Caluang, Rashid Lucman, Salipada Pendatun, Domocao Alonto, Hamid Kamlian, Udtog Matalam, Atty. Macapantun Abbas Jr.In 1969, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was founded on the concept of a Bangsa Moro Republic by a group of educated young Muslims.The Chief Minister of Sabah by then was Tun Mustapha, he was like a brother and had good relations with Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang. Through Tun Mustapha’s help, the first fighters of MNLF(Like Al Hussein Caluang) were trained in Sabah after staying in Luuk, Sulu(which is now Kalingalan Caluang). Nur Misuari became a part of the Ansarul Islam because of his good reputation as a UP professor. After the training of these first MNLF fighters, Yahya Caluang(Son of Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang) was asked by Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang to fetch the MNLF fighters in Sabah. When Yahya Caluang arrived,Nur Misuari took over and declared himself Leader of the MNLF. Nur Misuari eventually asked forgiveness to Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang and Apuh Inggal forgive him.

In 1976, negotiations between the Philippine government and the MNLF in Tripoli resulted in the Tripoli Agreement, which provided for an autonomous region in Mindanao. Nur Misuari was invited to chair the provisional government, but he refused. The referendum was boycotted by the Muslims themselves. The talks collapsed, and fighting continued. On 1 August 1989, Republic Act 673 or the Organic Act for Mindanao, created the Autonomous Region of Mindanao, which encompasses Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.

Malaysia
Most of the Tausugs in Malaysia have lived since the rule of the sultanate of Sulu in parts of Sabah with some of them actually descendants of a Sulu princess (Dayang Dayang) who had escaped from the Sulu sultan in the 1850s when the sultan tried to take the princess as a wife although the sultan already have many concubines. To differentiate themselves from the newly arrived Tausūg immigrants from the Philippines, most of them prefer to be called "Suluk".

However, more recent Tausug immigrants and refugees dating back to the 1970s Moro insurgency (the majority of them illegal immigrants) often face discrimination in Sabah. After the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff, there were reports of abuses by Malaysian authorities specifically on ethnic Tausug during crackdowns in Sandakan, even on Tausūg migrants with valid papers. Approximately nine thousand Filipino Tausūg were deported from January to November 2013.

Demographics
The Tausug number was of 1,226,601 in the Philippines in 2010. They populate the Filipino province of Sulu as a majority, and the provinces of Zamboanga del Sur, Basilan, Tawi-Tawi, Palawan, Cebu and Manila as minorities. Many Filipino-Tausūgs have found work in neighbouring Sabah, Malaysia as construction labourers in search of better lives. However, many of them violate the law by overstaying illegally and are sometimes involved in criminal activities. The Filipino-Tausūgs are not recognised as a native to Sabah.

The Tausugs who have already been living natively in Sabah by the time of the Sulu or Tausug sultanate have settled in much of the eastern parts, from Kudat town in the north, to Tawau in the south east. They number around 300,000 and many of them have intermarried with other ethnic groups in Sabah, especially the Bajaus. Most prefer to use the Malay-language ethnonym Suluk in their birth certificates rather than the native Tausūg to distinguish themselves from their newly arrived Filipino relatives in Sabah. Migration fueled mainly from Sabah also created a substantial Suluk community in Greater Kuala Lumpur. While in Indonesia, most of the communities mainly settled in the northern area of North Kalimantan like Nunukan and Tarakan, which lies close to their traditional realm. There are around 12,000 (1981 estimate) Tausūg in Indonesia.

Religion
The overwhelming majority of Tausūgs follow Islam, as Islam has been a defining aspect of native Sulu culture ever since Islam spread to the southern Philippines. They follow the traditional Sunni Shafi'i section of Islam, however they retain pre-Islamic religious practices and often practice a mix of Islam and Animism in their adat. A Christian minority exists. During the Spanish occupation, the presence of Jesuit missionaries in the Sulu Archipelago allowed for the conversion of entire families and even tribes and clans of Tausūgs, and other Sulu natives to Christianity. For example, Azim ud-Din I of Sulu, the 19th sultan of Sulu was converted to Christianity and baptised as Don Fernando de Alimuddin, however he reverted to Islam in his later life near death.

Some of the assimilated Filipino celebrities and politicians of Tausūg descent also tend to follow the Christian religion of the majority instead of the religion of their ancestors. For example, Maria Lourdes Sereno, the 24th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is of patrilineal Tausūg descent is a born-again Christian. Singer Sitti is of Tausūg and Samal descent (she claims to be of Mapun heritage, also native to Sulu), is also a Christian.

The Tausug used to be Hindus before converting to Islam. Najeeb Saleeby described them as still retaining Hindu practices. Saleeby said the Moros were ignorant of Islamic tenets, barely prayed or went to the mosque and their juramentados were not fueled by religion but by nationalism against the occupying enemy.

Tausug retain pre-Islamic practices in the form of folk-Islam like the pagkaja and other palipalihan, as mentioned by Samuel K. Tan, some of these practices were allowed by the majority of the Ulama like the former Grand Mufti of Region 9 and Palawan Sayyiduna Shaykh AbdulGani Yusop since the muslims in the Philippines were Ash'ari in Aqeeda, Shafi'i in Fiqh and practitioners of Sufism.

Traditional political structure
The political structure of the Tausug is affected by the two economic divisions in the ethnic group, mainly parianon (people of the landing) and guimbahanon (hill people). Before the establishment of the sultanate of Sulu, the indigenous pre-Islamic Tausug were organized into various independent communities or community-states called banwa. When Islam arrived and the sultanate was established, the banwa was divided into districts administered by a panglima (mayor). The panglima are under the sultan (king). The people who held the stability of the community along with the sultan and the panglimas are the ruma bichura (state council advisers), datu raja muda (crown prince), datu maharaja adensuk (palace commander), datu ladladja laut (admiral), datu maharaja layla (commissioner of customs), datu amir bahar (speaker of the ruma bichara), datu tumagong (executive secretary), datu juhan (secretary of information), datu muluk bandarasa (secretary of commerce), datu sawajaan (secretary of interior), datu bandahala (secretary of finance), mamaneho (inspector general), datu sakandal (sultan's personal envoy), datu nay (ordinance or weapon commander), wazil (prime minister). A mangungubat (curer) also has special status in the community as they are believed to have direct contact with the spiritual realm.

The community's people is divided into three classes, which are the nobility (the sultan's family and court), commoners (the free people), and the slaves (war captives, sold into slavery, or children of slaves).

Languages
The Tausug language is called "Sinug" with "Bahasa" to mean Language. The Tausug language is related to Bicolano, Tagalog and Visayan languages, being especially closely related to the Surigaonon language of the provinces Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur and Agusan del Sur and the Butuanon language of northeastern Mindanao specially the root Tausug words without the influence of the Arabic language, sharing many common words. The Tausūg, however, do not consider themselves as Visayan, using the term only to refer to Christian Bisayan-language speakers, given that the vast majority of Tausūgs are Muslims in contrast to its very closely related Surigaonon brothers which are predominantly Roman Catholics. Tausug is also related to the Waray-Waray language. Aside from Tagalog (which is spoken throughout the country), a number of Tausug can also speak Zamboangueño Chavacano (especially those residing in Zamboanga City), and other Visayan languages (especially Cebuano language because of the mass influx of Cebuano migrants to Mindanao); Malay in the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia; and English in both Malaysia and Philippines as second languages.

Malaysian Tausūg, descendants of residents when the Sulu Sultanate ruled the eastern part of Sabah, speak or understand the Sabahan dialect of Suluk, Malaysian language, and some English or Simunul. Those who come in regular contact with the Bajau also speak Bajau dialects. By the year 2000, most of the Tausūg children in Sabah, especially in towns of the west side of Sabah, were no longer speaking Tausūg; instead they speak the Sabahan dialect of Malay and English.

Cultures
Tausūgs are superb warriors and craftsmen. They are known for the Pangalay dance (also known as Daling-Daling in Sabah), in which female dancers wear artificial elongated fingernails made from brass or silver known as janggay, and perform motions based on the Vidhyadhari (Bahasa Sūg: Bidadali) of pre-Islamic Buddhist legend. The Tausug are also well known for their pis syabit, a multi-colored woven cloth traditionally worn as a headress or accessory by men. Nowadays, the pis syabit is also worn by women and students. In 2011, the pis syabit was cited by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as one of the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the traditional craftsmanship category that the government may nominate in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. The Tausug are additionally associated with tagonggo, a traditional type of kulingtan g music.

Both cross cousin marriage and paternal parallel cousin marriage are practiced by Tausug Moro Muslims.

Notable Tausūgs

 * Santanina T. Rasul, first Filipino Muslim woman senator.
 * Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, legitimate sultan of Sulu Filipino
 * Nur Misuari, former Filipino governor and founder of the Moro National Liberation Front.
 * Hadji Kamlon, freedom fighter
 * Jamalul Kiram III, descendant Filipino sultan.
 * Ismael Kiram II, descendant Filipino sultan.
 * Mat Salleh (Datu Muhammad Salleh), Sabah warrior from Inanam who led the Mat Salleh Rebellion until his death.
 * Ash Sharif Sayyid Capt. Kalingalan Caluang, descendant of Filipino Sultans, from the family of the Panglima Bandahala
 * Panglima Bandahala
 * Tun Datu Mustapha (Tun Datu Mustapha bin Datu Harun), first Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Sabah and third Chief Minister of Sabah.
 * Juhar Mahiruddin, tenth Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Sabah (also partial Kadazan-Dusun ethnic ancestry).
 * Musa Aman, fourteenth Chief Minister of Sabah.
 * Shafie Apdal, fifteenth Chief Minister of Sabah.
 * Sitti, Filipino singer.
 * Abdusakur Mahail Tan, Governor of Sulu.
 * Maria Lourdes Sereno, 24th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.
 * Darhata Sawabi, Filipino weaver known for pis syabit, a traditional Tausūg cloth tapestry. She is a recipient of the Philippine National Living Treasures Award.
 * Yong Muhajil, YouTube vlogger and 3rd runner up in Pinoy Big Brother: Lucky 7.
 * Omar Musa, author, poet, and rapper.

title: Tausūg people


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Mortise lock

A mortise lock (also spelled mortice lock in British English) is a lock that requires a pocket—the mortise—to be cut into the edge of the door or piece of furniture into which the lock is to be fitted. In most parts of the world, mortise locks are found on older buildings constructed before the advent of bored cylindrical locks, but they have recently become more common in commercial and upmarket residential construction in the United States. The design is widely used in domestic properties of all vintages in Europe.

History
Mortise locks have been used as part of door hardware systems in the US since the second quarter of the eighteenth century. In these early forms, the mortise lock mechanism was combined with a pull to open the unlocked door. Eventually, pulls were replaced by knobs.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, mortise locks were only used in the most formal rooms in the most expensive houses. Other rooms used box locks or rim locks; in contrast with embedded mortise locks, the latch itself is in a self-contained unit that is attached to the surface of the door. Rim locks have been used in the United States since the early eighteenth century.

An early example of the use of mortise locks in conjunction with rim locks within one house exists at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. In 1805, Jefferson wrote to his joiner listing the locks he required for his home. While closets received rim locks, Jefferson ordered 26 mortise locks for use in the principal rooms.

Depictions of available mortise lock hardware, including not only lock mechanisms themselves but also escutcheon plates and door pulls, were widely available in the early nineteenth century in trade catalogues. However, the locks were still expensive and difficult to obtain at this time. Jefferson ordered his locks from Paris. Similarly, mortise locks were used in primary rooms in 1819 at Decatur House in Washington, DC while rim locks were used in closets and other secondary spaces.

The mortise locks used at Monticello were warded locks. The term "warded lock" refers to the lock mechanism, while the term "mortise lock" refers to the bolt location. Warded locks contain a series of static obstructions, or wards, within the lock box; only a key with cutouts to match the obstructions will be able to turn freely in the lock and open the latch.

Warded locks were used in Europe throughout the medieval period and up until early 19th century. Three English locksmiths, Robert Barron, Joseph Bramah, and Jeremiah Chubb, all played a role in creating modern lever tumbler locks. Chubb's lock was patented in 1818. Again, the term refers to the lock mechanism, so a lock can be both a mortise lock and a lever tumbler lock. In the modern lever tumbler lock, the key moves a series of levers that allow the bolt to move in the door.

The next major innovation to mortise lock mechanisms came in 1865. Linus Yale, Jr.'s pin tumbler mortise cylinder lock put not only the latch or bolt itself inside the door, but also the tumblers and the bolt mechanism. Up to this point, the lock mechanism was always on the outside of the door regardless of the bolt location. This innovation allowed keys to be shorter as they no longer had to reach all the way through a door. Pin tumbler locks are still the most common kind of mortise lock used today.

Mechanism
Mortise locks may include a non-locking sprung latch operated by a door handle. Such a lock is termed a sash lock. A simpler form without a handle or latch is termed a dead lock. Dead locks are commonly used as a secure backup to a sprung non-deadlocking latch, usually a pin tumbler rim lock.

Mortise locks have historically, and still commonly do, use lever locks as a mechanism. Older mortise locks may have used warded lock mechanisms. This has led to popular confusion, as the term "mortise lock" was usually used in reference to lever keys in traditional European terminology. In recent years the Euro cylinder lock has become common, using a pin tumbler lock in a mortise housing.

The parts included in the typical US mortise lock installation are the lock body (the part installed inside the mortise cut-out in the door); the lock trim (which may be selected from any number of designs of doorknobs, levers, handle sets and pulls); a strike plate (or box keep), which lines and reinforces the cavity in the door jamb or frame into which the bolt fits; and the keyed cylinder which operates the locking/unlocking function of the lock body.

Selection and installation
The installation of a mortise lock can be undertaken by an average homeowner with a working knowledge of basic woodworking tools and methods. Many installation specialists such as carpenters use a dedicated mortising jig which makes precise cutting of the pocket a simple operation, but the subsequent installation of the external trim can still prove problematic if the installer is inexperienced.

Although the installation of a mortise lock actually weakens the structure of the typical timber door, the embedded lock is typically stronger and more versatile than the newer bored cylindrical lock format, both in external trim, and functionality. Whereas the newer mechanism lacks the physical volume and mechanical stability required for ornate and solid-cast knobs and levers, the mortise lock can accommodate a heavier return spring and a more substantial internal mechanism. Mortise locks are available in a wide range of functional security configurations, and are widely installed in industrial, commercial, and institutional environments.

Furthermore, a typical mortise lock typically accepts a wide range of other standardized manufacturers' cylinders and accessories, allowing architectural and functional conformity with other lock hardware already on site.

Manufacturers of mortise locks in the United States include Accurate, Arrow, Baldwin, Best, Corbin Russwin, Emtek Products, Inc, Falcon, Penn, Schlage, Sargent, and Yale. Distributors such as Nostalgic Warehouse carry a wide range of decorative trim and accessories to dress up the appearance of a lock installation. Also, many European manufacturers whose products had previously been restricted to "designer" installations have recently gained wider acceptance and use.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mortise lock


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List of Cajuns

This is a list of notable Cajuns, often from the Acadiana or the Greater New Orleans region of French Louisiana, though not limited in geographic origin. To be included in this list, the person must have a Wikipedia article showing they are Cajuns or Cajun descent.

Academia
• Carl A. Brasseaux (born 1951), Cajun historian, writer; worked at University of Louisiana at Lafayette from 1975 until 2010.

• Ryan Brasseaux (born 1976), Cajun music historian; Dean of Davenport College at Yale University since 2011.

Actors, models, and entertainment
• Mary Katherine Campbell (1905-1990), beauty pageants, two-time Miss America pageant winner, 1922 and 1923

• Trishelle Cannatella (born 1979), American actress and model of Cajun ancestry

• Lacey Chabert (born 1982), actress, father is of Cajun descent

• Andrew Dismukes (born 1995), comedian and Saturday Night Live cast member

• Val Dufour (1927-2000), soap opera actor

• Jesse Duplantis (born 1949), Evangelical Charismatic Christian minister

• Leigh Hennessy, film stunt performer, former gymnast and trampoline world champion

• Angela Kinsey (born 1971), actress most known for The Office

• Shia LaBeouf (born 1986), actor, father is of Cajun descent

• Ali Landry (born 1973), model, actress, 1996 Miss USA

• Lisa Landry, comedian, actress, writer

• Troy Landry, television personality on Swamp People

• Lash LaRue (1917-1996), actor, western motion picture star of the 1940s and 1950s

• Annie LeBlanc (born 2004), internet personality, YouTuber, actress, singer, and former gymnast.

• Jared Leto (born 1971), actor, musician, songwriter, director, artist; his maternal grandparents Metrejon were both of Cajun descent

• Shannon Leto (born 1970), actor, musician; his maternal grandparents Metrejon were both of Cajun descent

• Tyran Richard (born 1982), model, Playboy Playmate for March 2007.

• Zachary Richard (born 1950), musician, environmentalist, French language preservationist and founder of Action Cadienne

• Ian Somerhalder (born 1978), actor, father is of half Cajun descent

• Shane West (born 1978), American actor from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, best known for starring in A Walk To Remember, mother is of Cajun descent

Art, design
• Elemore Morgan, Jr. (1931-2008), painter

• George Rodrigue (1944-2013), painter

• Floyd Sonnier (1933-2002), pen and ink artist, his work often depicted Cajun culture

Chefs, restaurateurs
• John Folse (born 1946), Cajun chef, owner of several Louisiana restaurants

• Paul Prudhomme (1940-2015), chef of Cajun cuisine

• Justin Wilson (1914-2001), chef, comedian, storyteller

Literature, writers, poets
• Barry Jean Ancelet (born 1951), writer, folklorist, linguist

• James Lee Burke (born 1936), writer

• Mary Alice Fontenot (1910-2003), children's author

• Bob Hamm (1934-2009), writer, humorist

• Camille Martin (born 1956), poet

• Matthew Randazzo V (born 1984), American true crime writer and historian known for his work on the American Mafia; born in New Orleans

Military
• Robert H. Barrow (1922-2008), General; 27th Commandant of the Marine Corps, first Commandant of the Marine Corps to serve as a full member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

• Claire Lee Chennault (1893-1958), Texas-born aviator who commanded the American Volunteer Group of the Chinese Air Force nicknamed the "Flying Tigers" during World War II, then served in the US Army Air Force, ultimately promoted to the rank of Major General, commanding the Fourteenth Air Force. After the war, Chennault founded the Civil Air Transport firm which would later be owned by the US Central Intelligence Agency and known as Air America

• Jefferson J. DeBlanc (1921-2007), World War II Marine Corps fighter pilot and ace; shot down nine Japanese aircraft during two tours of duty in the Pacific at Guadalcanal and Okinawa; Medal of Honor recipient; retired as a Colonel after serving as commander, Marine Air Reserve Group 18

• Robert B. Landry (1909-2000), Major General; Air Force aide to President Harry Truman, February 1948 to February 1953; chief of combat operations of the 8th Fighter Command; commanding officer of the 56th Fighter Group; director of fighters, Eighth Air Force; executive officer, 93rd Combat Wing (Heavy); and commanding officer, 493rd Bomb Group, Heavy; deputy commander of the Second Air Force, Strategic Air Command, at Barksdale Air Force Base until Feb. 1, 1955 when he assumed command of the Fourth Air Force at Hamilton Air Force Base, Calif.

• John A. Lejeune (1867-1942), Lt. General; 13th and most celebrated Commandant of the Marine Corps. In the Marine Corps' annual celebration of its establishment on November 10, 1775, Commandant Lejeune's personal farewell message to the Marine Corps has been read every year since 1921

• Alfred Mouton (1829-1864), Brigadier General, Confederate States Army during the American Civil War

• Oliver Naquin (1904-1989), Admiral, U.S. Navy (ret.), commander of the submarine USS Squalus during the Battle of Midway, and was present at the Japanese surrender which ended World War II

• Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard (1818-1893), Brigadier General, Confederate States Army during the American Civil War

Music
• Balfa Brothers, a cajun music band.

• * Dewey Balfa (1927-1992), on fiddle.

• Vin Bruce (1932-2018), singer-songwriter. Born in Cut Off, Louisiana. Was one of the first Cajun musicians to appear on the Louisiana Hayride and Grand Ole Opry. Was known as "the King of Cajun Singers" Also, known for 1961 Jole Blon and 1979 Cajun Country songs.

• Lee Benoit (born 1959), accordion player and singer

• Al Berard (1960-2014), Cajun fiddler, guitarist, singer-songwriter

• Amie Comeaux (1976-1997), country music singer

• Michael Doucet (born 1951) founder of the Cajun band BeauSoleil

• Beyonce Knowles-Carter (born 1981), direct descendant of Acadian rebellion leader Joseph Broussard

• Edwin Duhon (1910-2006), musician and co-founder of the Hackberry Ramblers

• Cléoma Falcon (1906-1941), Cajun guitarist and vocalist, known for being the wife of Joe Falcon as well as being one of the first people to record Cajun music

• Joe Falcon (1900-1965), American accordionist known for being one of the first people to record Cajun music

• Mary Gauthier (born 1962), folk singer-songwriter

• Hunter Hayes (born 1991), accordion player and singer, both parents of part Cajun descent

• Beau Jocque (1953-1999), singer and accordionist

• Doug Kershaw (born 1936), singer-songwriter, fiddler

• Sammy Kershaw (born 1958), country music singer; candidate for Louisiana Lt. Governor

• Huey P. Meaux (1929-2011), songwriter, music producer, nicknamed "The Crazy Cajun"

• Amanda Shaw (born 1990), singer, fiddler and actress

• Wayne Toups (born 1958), musician

• Jo-El Sonnier (born 1946), musician

Politics, law
• Kathleen Blanco (1942-2019), former Louisiana Governor

• John Breaux (born 1944), former Louisiana U.S. Senator

• Joseph Broussard (1702-1765), led Cajuns from Acadia into Louisiana

• James Carville (born 1944), political strategist

• Paul N. Cyr (1878-1946), Lieutenant Governor in the Huey Pierce Long, Jr. administration

• Reggie Dupre (born 1957), Terrebonne Parish public official

• Edwin Edwards (1927-2021), governor of Louisiana

• Firmin Breaux (1749-1808), founder of the city of Breaux Bridge, Louisiana

• F. Edward Hebert (1901-1979), former Congressman, Chairman of Armed Services Committee

• Charlie Melancon (born 1947), U.S. congressman

• Billy Tauzin (born 1943), politician

Space Flight
• Hayley Arceneaux (born 1991), Chief Medical Officer on the Inspiration4 mission and child osteosarcoma survivor

Sports
• Caleb Blanchard (born 1987), bodybuilding champion and fitness model

• Calvin Borel (born 1966), hall of fame jockey

• Reid Brignac (born 1986), self-proclaimed "Cajun God of Baseball", shortstop for the Tampa Bay Rays, born in St. Amant, Louisiana

• Bubby Brister (born 1962), former NFL quarterback for the Steelers, Eagles, Broncos

• Roy Corcoran (born 1980), baseball pitcher for the Houston Astros

• Lance Cormier (born 1980), baseball pitcher

• Eddie Delahoussaye (born 1951), hall of fame jockey

• Jake Delhomme (born 1975), former NFL quarterback

• Kent Desormeaux (born 1970), hall of fame jockey

• Shane Dronett (1971-2009), professional football player, Cajun paternal grandparents

• Armand Duplantis (born 1999), pole vaulter, born in Lafayette, Louisiana, is of Cajun descent by his father Greg

• Mike Fontenot (born 1980), Philadelphia Phillies baseball player

• Eric Guerin (1924-1993), hall of fame jockey

• Ron Guidry (born 1950), former baseball player

• Bobby Hebert (born 1960), former NFL quarterback

• Leigh Hennessy, world champion gymnast

• Tom Landry (1924-2000), coach, Dallas Cowboys

• Stefan LeFors (born 1981), football quarterback

• John LeRoux (born 1976), professional wrestler

• Gil Meche (born 1978), baseball pitcher for the Kansas City Royals

• Ed Orgeron (born 1961), LSU Tigers head football coach

• Xavier Paul (born 1985), Cincinnati Reds outfielder

• Bob Pettit (born 1932), hall of fame basketball forward

• Andy Pettitte (born 1972), starting pitcher for the New York Yankees

• Dustin Poirier (born 1989), mixed martial artist

• Ryan Theriot (born 1979), infielder for the Chicago Cubs, born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana

title: List of Cajuns


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Maranao language

Maranao (Mëranaw; Kirim: باسا أ مراناو) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte and the cities of Marawi and Iligan City in the Philippines, as well as in Sabah, Malaysia. It is a subgroup of the Danao languages of the Moros in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

Iranun was once considered a dialect of Maranao.

Unique among other Danao languages, Maranao is spoken with a distinct downstep accent, as opposed to stress accent. Additionally, Maranao features aspirated "hard consonants", which also raise the quality of following vowels.

Distribution
Maranao is spoken in the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte and in northwestern Maguindanao, northwestern Cotabato, northwestern Bukidnon, and parts of Zamboanga del Sur all of which are located in the island of Mindanao in southern Philippines.

Writing system
Maranao was historically written in Arabic letters, which were known as Batang Arab. It is now written with Latin letters. Though there is no officially proclaimed standard orthography, Maranao is more or less written as influenced by contemporary Filipino conventions. The following are the letters used in writing out native words:

A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y

In general, double vowels are pronounced separately, for example, kapaar is pronounced as.

The final sound in diphthongs and "w" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "w". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe, which is currently spelled as "Y".

"H" is only used for Malay loanwords, and "sh" (pronounced as ) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as Ishak (Isaac).

"Di" or "j" are used to transcribe the sound, such as radia/raja (from the Sanskrit word for 'king', "Rāja") or the English name John.

In representing the mid central vowel (or schwa), different authors have employed various means to represent this sound (e.g. "E" or "U"). In social media, speakers use either of the two letters or just leave it blank (e.g. saken can also be spelled sakn and sakun on the internet). Meanwhile, the Commission on the Filipino Language recommends spelling this sound using "Ë" for different Philippine languages in its 2013 Ortograpiyang Pambansa.

In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996, the digraph "'ae" was introduced and used to represent the supposed presence of the vowel. However, analysis by Lobel (2009, 2013 ) showed that this may actually be an allophone of after hard consonants. McKaughan and Macaraya also used "q" for the glottal stop regardless of position. Diphthongs such as were spelled as "ao, ai, oi".

The orthography used in the study by Lobel (2009) was the one developed by Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano of Taraka (1943–2008), Senator Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto of Ramain (1914– 2002), and Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang of Tugaya (1923–2003). In this orthography, the "hard consonants" are written as "ph, th, kh, z".

Phonology
Below is the sound system of Maranao including underlying phonetic features.

Vowels
Maranao has four vowel phonemes that can become more close or higher when in certain environments (see hard consonants below). The vowel raising effects of hard consonants may have led earlier studies to Although previous studies have analyzed the sound as a separate phoneme (written with ae) instead of a raised allophone of.

Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay.

Consonants
According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants:

In Maranao, is not phonemic word-initially (similar to non-Philippine English). Hence, layok aken ('friend of mine') is smoothly pronounced.

Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially.

Orthography-wise, "r" is used for, "y" is used for , and "ng" is used for

Fricative [h]
According to Lobel (2013), only occurs in a few recent Malay loanwords: Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that entered Proto-Danao or earlier Maranao were realized as k.
 * tohan 'God'
 * tahon 'astrological sign'
 * hadapan 'in front (of God)'

 * kalal 'halal (anything permissible in Islam)'
 * karam 'haram (anything not permissible in Islam)',
 * kadî 'hadji (title for a man who has made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca)'
 * Kadis 'Hadith'

Consonant elongation
Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with a schwa. However, this process is not a form of gemination since consonant elongation in Maranao is not distinctive as seen in other Philippine languages such as Ilokano and Ibanag. Some of these are:
 * tepad 'get off a vehicle'
 * tekaw 'startled; surprised'

Hard consonants and vowel raising
Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants, these four "heavy" consonants being. Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position. There are four possible environments for that determine whether the vowel will be raised or not:

 * 1) Non-raising –
 * 2) Obligatory raising –
 * 3) * Tohan is pronounced as instead of
 * 4) Optional raising –
 * 5) * Evidenced by some younger speakers writing gagaan as gegaan.
 * 6) Transparent –  – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel.

Historical development
Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: *-gp- > *-bp-).

A study by Allison noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: *bp > *p), but preserved elsewehere.

Lobel noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (* > ). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way in Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon, but without the vowel-raising.

Case markers
In contrast to Tagalog which has three case markers (ang/ng/sa), and Iloko which has two (ti/iti), Maranao has four: (so/ko/o/sa). Curiously, the sa is indefinite in Maranao, whereas it is definite/specific in Cebuano and Tagalog.

Pronouns
Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to the word/morpheme before it.

Common words
Below are common words found in Maranao sentences, their translations in English, Cebuano, and Tagalog, and similar words in distant Philippine languages.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Maranao:Langon a taw na inimbawata a ndudon so kapaar ago ndatadatar sa bantogan ago kabnar. Bigan siran sa kabnar ago gagaw na aya patot a di kapakasusurota o omani isa ko kapakiphapagariya. Cebuano:Ang tanáng tawo kay gipakatawo nga may kagawasan ug managsama sa kaligdong. Silá gigasahan og pangisip ug tanlag ug mag-ilhanáy sa usá'g usá sa diwà managsoon. English:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Noun phrases
These phrases were taken from Alonto's Maranao Drills. Legend: topic, direct object, indirect object, possessive, verb

Object-focus Sentences
{| class="wikitable" Time !Tense !Maranao !Cebuano !English
 * Present
 * Pemasaan ko so libro.
 * Palitón nakò ang libro.
 * I am buying book.
 * Past
 * Pipesa ko so walay.
 * Gibaligyà nakò ang baláy.
 * I sold the house.
 * Present
 * Pemasaan aken so libro.
 * Palitón nakò ang libro.
 * I am buying book.
 * Past
 * Piyamasa aken so kamays.
 * Palitón nako ang mais.
 * I bought the corn.
 * Future (-en)
 * Barbikiun giya i.
 * Barbikyuhon nakò ni.
 * I will barbecue this.
 * Future (-en)
 * Kupiyaan giya i.
 * Kopyahon nakò ni.
 * I will copy this.
 * Future (i-)
 * Ipelebeng aken anan.
 * Ilubóng nakò nâ.
 * I will say that.
 * Future (i-)
 * Imbegay aken anan.
 * Ihatag nakò nâ.
 * I will barbecue that.
 * Future (-an)
 * Pembisitaan aken anan.
 * Bisitahan nakò nâ.
 * I will visit that.
 * Future (-an)
 * Bayadan aken anan.
 * Bayran nakò nâ.
 * I will pay that.
 * Command (-a)
 * Pageda ngka ini.
 * Sakyi ni.
 * Ride this.
 * Command (-an)
 * Sigopan angka nan.
 * Suyopi nâ.
 * Smoke that.
 * Command (-i)
 * Galidi ngka nan.
 * Aniha nâ.
 * Harvest that.
 * Pageda ngka ini.
 * Sakyi ni.
 * Ride this.
 * Command (-an)
 * Sigopan angka nan.
 * Suyopi nâ.
 * Smoke that.
 * Command (-i)
 * Galidi ngka nan.
 * Aniha nâ.
 * Harvest that.
 * Aniha nâ.
 * Harvest that.

 * colspan=4 |
 * colspan=4 |

title: Maranao language


text: User talk:67.11.217.119

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Maguindanao language

Maguindanaon (Basa Magindanawn, Jawi: ), or Magindanawn is an Austronesian language spoken by Maguindanaon people who form majority of the population of eponymous provinces of Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur in the Philippines. It is also spoken by sizable minorities in different parts of Mindanao such as the cities of Zamboanga, Davao, and General Santos, and the provinces of North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Davao del Sur, as well as Metro Manila. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the ninth leading language spoken at home in the Philippines with only 365,032 households still speaking the language.

History
The Maguindanaon language is the native language of the Maguindanaon people of the province of Maguindanao located in the west of Mindanao island in the south of the Philippines. It was the language of the Sultanate of Maguindanao, which lasted until near the end of the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.

The earliest works on the language by a European were carried out by Jacinto Juanmartí, a Catalan priest of the Society of Jesus who worked in the Philippines in the second half of the 19th century. Aside from a number of Christian religious works in the language, Juanmartí also published a Maguindanao–Spanish/Spanish–Maguindanao dictionary and reference grammar in 1892. Shortly after sovereignty over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War, the American administration began publishing a number of works on the language in English, such as a brief primer and vocabulary in 1903, and a translation of Juanmartí's reference grammar into English in 1906.

A number of works about and in the language have since been published by Filipino and foreign authors.

Distribution
Maguindanaon has 3 major dialects: Taw sa ilud, Taw sa laya, and Biwangen.

Maguindanaon dialects are:
 * Ilud dialect: is spoken in Cotabato City, municipalities of Sultan Kudarat, Parang, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Upi, North Upi, Kabuntalan, Datu Piang, Datu Unsay, Shariff Aguak, Ampatuan, Mamasapano, Guindulungan, Sultan sa Barongis, Pagalungan, Pagagawan, Talitay and Talayan. From the province of North Cotabato, the municipalities of Pigcawayan, Libungan, Midsayap, Aleosan, Alamada, Banisilan, Carmen, Pikit, Midsayap, Kabacan, Matalam, Kidapawan and Mlang. The speech of the municipalities of Pikit, Matalam, Pagalungan and Pagagawan differs in pronunciation and intonation from the ilud dialect, but is similar in vocabulary.
 * Laya dialect: is spoken in municipalities of Buluan, Datu Paglas, Salipada K. Pendatun, and Paglat, all in the province of Maguindanao, and Tulunan in the province of North Cotabato; the municipalities of Lambayong, Esperanza, Isulan, Senator Ninoy Aquino, Bagumbayan, Tacurong, President Quirino, Columbio and Lutayan, all in the province of Sultan Kudarat; the municipalities of Sto. Nino, Surallah, Norala, Banga, Lake Sebu, Koronadal, Tantangan, Polomolok, Tampakan and Tupi, all in the province of South Cotabato as well as some other parts of Davao City, Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental and Bukidnon.
 * Biwangen dialect: is spoken in General Santos City, Sarangani Province, the coastal municipalities of Sultan Kudarat: Palimbang, Kalamansig and Lebak; the coastal municipalities in the province of Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay some municipalities in Zamboanga del Norte and in Pagadian City.

Vowels
The vowels and  only occur in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay.

Consonants
The phonemes and  only appear in loanwords. The sound also appears an allophonic realization for the sequences  (e.g.   'repeat that!') and  (only before another vowel before vowel, e.g.   'stockings'); the sound  also appears as an allophone of  before voiced consonants. can also be trilled. Intervocalic is realized as.

and are interchangeable in words which include a written l, and the prevalence by which it is used or is dominant denotes the local dialects of Maguindanaon. may also be heard as a retroflex in intervocalic positions. The Laya (Raya) or lowland dialect of Maguindanaon, spoken in and around Cotabato City, prefers the flapped r over l, while the more conservative upland variety spoken in Datu Piang and inland areas favors l.

Personal pronouns
As in the Maranao language, Maguindanaon pronouns can be also free or bound to the word/morpheme before it.

Numbers
Maguindanaon numerals:

Writing system
Maguindanao is written with the Latin script, and used to be written with the Jawi script. Among works on the language published by Jacinto Juanmartí, his sacred history Compendio de historia universal contains Maguindanao texts in both Jawi and the Latin script.

title: Maguindanao language


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Burhanpur

Burhanpur is a historical city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative seat of Burhanpur District. It is situated on the north bank of the Tapti River and 512 km northeast of city of Mumbai, 340 km southwest of the state's capital city of Bhopal. The city is a Municipal Corporation.

Pre-Mughal period
Burhanpur was an important town under the Rashtrakuta Dynasty from 753–982. Excavations of the Tapti River and Asirgarh Fort have discovered many coins, goddess idols and temples from the prehistoric era. However, Burhanpur came to prominence during the medieval period.

In 1388, Malik Nasir Khan, the Faruqi dynasty Sultan of Khandesh, discovered Burhanpur, at the behest of Shaikh Zainuddin and named it after a well-known medieval Sufi saint, Burhan-ud-Din. Burhanpur became the capital of the Khandesh sultanate. Later, Miran Adil Khan II (reigned 1457–1501), another sultan of this dynasty, built a citadel and a number of palaces in Burhanpur. During his long reign, Burhanpur was transformed into a major centre for trade and textile production.

Under the Mughals
In 1601, the Mughal emperor Akbar annexed the Khandesh sultanate and Burhanpur became the capital of Khandesh subah, one of three new top-level provinces in the Mughal empire, added in 1601 (like Berar Subah in 1869 and Ahmadnagar subah in 1601–35) to the initial dozen as he conquered much of the Deccan. The town served as the residence of Khandesh's Mughal governor, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, during Akbar and Jahangir's rule. He constructed a new water supply for the town, as well as several gardens. In 1609, Mughal emperor Jahangir appointed his second son Parviz to the governorship of the Mughal provinces of the Deccan, and the prince chose Burhanpur as his headquarters and his residence.

Many historical monuments survive in the area around Burhanpur, mainly dating from the rule of the great Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Burhanpur was an important Mughal outpost. Shah Jahan spent a considerable amount of time in this town, and helped add to the Shahi Qila. The Shahi Qila is one majestic palace in Burhanpur, located to the west of the Tapti River. Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas were built on the terrace of the Qila. Little of it remains today, as the Qila is mostly in ruins. However, the parts of the palace that are still standing display exquisite sculpture and carvings. The main attraction at the palace is the hamam or royal bath. It was specifically built for Shah Jahan's wife, Mumtaz Mahal so that she could enjoy a luxurious bath. It is said that she died there while giving birth to her fourteenth child. Even today, the ceiling has many intricate paintings. One of these paintings depicts a monument which is said to have been the inspiration for the Taj Mahal, her final resting place. She was initially buried there for six months before being moved. The original grave called the Aahukhana is in disrepair.

Around 1670 Daud Khan was the Subhadar (Governor) of Khandesh province, under the rule of Aurangzeb.

Maratha conquest
In the 1720s, the town was taken by the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao during his expedition to Malwa and Delhi. In the 1750s, a Maratha army under Sadashivrao Bhau, who defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad, took control of the town. At the downfall of the Maratha Empire, the town was given to Maratha Sardar Holkar, Scindia, and then finally in 1818 was handed over to British by the Marathas.

Geography
Burhanpur is situated on the southwestern border of Madhya Pradesh, near the banks of the Tapti River.

Demographics
As 2011 Indian Census, population of Burhanpur in 2011 was 210,886, of which males and females were 108,187 and 102,699 respectively. The population in the age group of 0 to 6 years was 28,930, of which 15,035 were males and 13,895 were females. The total number of literates in Burhanpur was 147,056, which constituted 69.7% of the population with male literacy of 73.3% and female literacy of 65.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Burhanpur was 80.8%, of which male literacy rate was 85.1% and female literacy rate was 76.3%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 14,440 and 2,179 respectively. Burhanpur had 38118 households in 2011.

Islam and Hinduism is followed by 50.5% and 45.8 of the population respectively, with small number of Sikhs and Christians.

Urdu is the most commonly spoken language. Hindi and Marathi are the other prominent languages. Gujarati, Sindhi and Marwari are also spoken. Nimadi is the local dialect.

Industries
Burhanpur is known for its textile industry. It is the largest hub for the power loom industry in the state. It is also known for having one NTC (National Textile Corporation) project. It has a number of textile companies which are well known for interlining cloths, Grey Markin, Bleached Dhoti, Cambric, Power loom Cloth bakram and other types of fabric. There are also several cotton and oil mills in the city.

Tourism
Burhanpur was ruled by several dynasties, and consequently has many visitor attractions of historical interest. It has three rivers, the Tapti, the Utavali and the Mohna, with several natural sights for visitors to Burhanpur. The city has four small ghats. Being the home of a very diverse population, Burhanpur has a notable Gurudwara, Masjid, Church, a world-famous Dargah
 * Asirgarh Fort – The fort built by Asa Ahir of the Ahir dynasty is notable for its historical architecture. This fort during its prime time was difficult to win because of being built at a great height, with strong outer walls which are still standing intact. It is situated on Burhanpur-Khandwa Highway, 20 km from Burhanpur.
 * Shahi Qila – A rare fort with a complete garden on its terrace. It was built in the Farooqi Dynasty and ruled by Shahjahan for a long period of time. His beloved wife Mumtaz died here and it is believed that the Taj Mahal was decided to be made in Burhanpur before the plan was cancelled due to lack of white marble here at the time, though Mumtaz was buried here for six months after her death until Taj Mahal construction was completed.
 * Jama Masjid – The Jama Masjid is a historic monument as well as a place of worship. It is centrally located in Gandhi Chowk. The construction of Jama Masjid started in Farooqi rule. The construction of the monument took very long and continued even after Farooqi leader Adil Shah's demise. Then Emperor Akbar supervised and completed the work of the Masjid. There are two large minarets, three round cupolas and extensive artwork on its symmetric pillars which are well conserved.
 * Dargah-e-Hakimi – The tomb complex 'Dargah-e-Hakimi' includes mosques, gardens, and accommodation facilities for visitors. Here the holy Dawoodi Bohra saint, Sayyedi Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin is buried, with his monument visited by pilgrims from several countries.
 * Tomb of Shah Nawaz Khan - The tomb of Shah Nawaz Khan is a visible grand tomb of the Mughal rule built of black stone on the banks of the Utavali River, at a distance of 2 kilometres north of Burhanpur. This building has its own special place among other buildings built during the Mughal period in Burhanpur. Shah Nawaz Khan's real name was 'Iraj'. He was born in Ahmedabad (Gujarat). He was the eldest son of Subedar Abdul Rahim Khankhana of Burhanpur. This tomb is in good condition even after so many years. This place is considered the best tourist destination for the city residents.

Transport
Burhanpur is well connected to other cities of India via railway network. The city has one railway station, while regular buses are available for travel to nearby cities. The closest airport is Jalgaon Airport, a domestic airport, which is present on south side of the city, while Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport is the nearest customs airport within the state. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport is the nearest international airport located in Mumbai in Maharashtra.

In popular culture

 * The city is mentioned in Jules Verne's Around the World in 80 Days as Burhampoor.

title: Burhanpur


text: User talk:68.98.183.227

title: User talk:68.98.183.227


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Category talk:Radio personalities

from 2004
For a discussion on whether Category:Radio DJs & Category:Radio personalities can co-exist, see Category talk:Radio DJs. -gadfium 04:31, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Merge
I think that this category and its subcategories should be merged with category:radio presenters. Radio personalities is much larger so it would make sense to merge it into that --Vince 21:12, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Radio personalities


text:
User talk:Vince251

Hello, "Vince251" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. -- Infrogmation 04:33, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

Thanks!
Hi, I just wanted to say thank you for the quick reverting of the vandalism of Jew. -- Schnee 01:22, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vince251


text:
State bank

In Australia and the United States, a state bank in a federated state is usually a financial institution that is chartered by the government of that state, as opposed to one regulated at the federal or national level.

In British English, the term is more or less synonymous with the term "national bank", which refers to any bank owned and operated by a government or state.

Australia
Each Australian state formerly had a state bank, but all have since been privatised.

 * New South Wales
 * Government Savings Bank of New South Wales: established 1871, collapsed 1931 and taken over by Commonwealth Bank
 * State Bank of New South Wales: established 1933, privatised and sold to Colonial Mutual in 1994
 * Queensland
 * Queensland Government Savings Bank: established 1865, taken over by Commonwealth Bank of Australia in 1920
 * South Australia
 * Savings Bank of South Australia: established 1848 as a private institution, nationalised in 1945, merged into the State Bank of South Australia in 1984
 * State Bank of South Australia: established 1896, collapsed in 1991, subsequently privatised and rebranded as BankSA
 * Tasmania
 * State Savings Bank of Tasmania: established 1902, taken over by Commonwealth Bank in 1913
 * Victoria
 * State Bank of Victoria: established 1842, collapsed in 1991 and sold to the Commonwealth Bank
 * Western Australia
 * Bank of Western Australia: established 1895, privatised and sold to Bank of Scotland in 1995, now owned by Commonwealth Bank trading as Bankwest
 * State Savings Bank of Western Australia: established 1863, taken over by Commonwealth Bank in 1931

United States
In the United States, the terms "state-chartered bank" or "state-chartered savings bank" are used in contradistinction to "national bank" or "federal savings bank", which are technically chartered across all US states. A national bank must have "National" or "N.A." in its corporate name, a Federal Savings Bank must have "Federal" or "F.S.B." in its name, while a state chartered bank cannot have "National" or "Federal" in its name. All national banks and savings institutions are chartered and regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.

State banks are chartered and regulated by a state agency (often called the Department of Financial Institutions) in the state in which its headquarters are located. In addition, state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve are regulated by the Federal Reserve; state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve are regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Therefore, virtually every state chartered bank has both a state and federal regulator. There are a very small number of state banks that do not have FDIC insurance.

Other countries
Usage of the term "state bank" varies in other countries. It is often a national bank of some type.

In India, the State Bank of India is an Indian multinational public sector bank and financial services statutory body. It is a defined type of bank in India known as a public sector bank, and the largest bank in India. It was founded as a private commercial bank, then nationalised by the Government of India, and the product of several mergers

title: State bank


text: Category:Stadia

title: Category:Stadia


text: User talk:4.245.72.93

title: User talk:4.245.72.93


text: Template:National Basketball Association


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of fictional people who were delivered by caesarean section

From VfD:

Ok, first of all, this page was proposed in jest (see "List of fictional people who were cremated" above). Secondly it has 1 person on it (though yes, more could be added), third, I believe it wasn't Macbeth but MacDuff who was "untimely ripped from his mother's womb" (or whatever the quote was, I can't remember), and fourth, I believe he's not fictional (Macbeth wasn't anyway), although his birth by caesarian certainly could be. I mean, yeah, this eventually could serve a purpose, but as the comments on fictional cremated people stated, there isn;t a page like this for real people, who I think generally take precedence. -R. fiend 04:35, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC) Delete. Although I have to admit that the idea made me chuckle. Klanda 05:05, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * So add the page about real people, as I did for real people who have been cremated.--Samuel J. Howard 05:41, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I created it because this is notable in Macbeth at least, I fixed that it was Macduff who was the character.  Note that while Macbeth incorporates some historical elements it is a work of fiction.  I came up with a second example already, other people may be able to come up with others.  Give it a chance, it's new.--Samuel J. Howard 05:41, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, in that case the same could be said of Caesar himself. But anyway, VfD policy gives you time to make the article into something worthwhile. We'll be here for a week or so. Do your best, and good luck. -R. fiend 06:27, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fringely marginal at best. Fuzheado | Talk 08:24, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Reminds me of list of people who have not committed suicide. Delete. Lacrimosus 12:31, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Other than MacDuff, who do we have? Seriously.  I can think of real people delivered that way (including me (non-notable, original research, a stub) and Caesar), but I've been trying to think all day about any other fictional C-sections.  Agreed that it's important to the plot, but, um, that's covered in Macbeth.  (On the list of people who have not committed suicide, does a person have to remove his or her name before killing himself?  Perhaps it should be a national list.)  Geogre 16:45, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm no fan of lists, but they're here, so the redirect and subsection is a good solution. Geogre 16:49, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic information. I'm not aware of any fictional contexts where delivery by C-section is at all notable except for the one already discussed. --Michael Snow 20:49, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. All stated reasons, too short (not going to find many takers in this) and generally not a notable reason to set people apart. --Golbez 21:36, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, will never be an interesting or useful list. (Besides, I never liked that plot device in Macbeth. Don't know enough about what the word "born" meant to Elizabethans to judge whether it seemed like a clever or satisfying riddle back then—but I have my suspicions. I was recently overjoyed to have a surmise of mine about about Tolkien confirmed: that he created the Ents because, as a kid he'd been so dissatisfied with the wretched way in which Shakespeare realized the concept of Birnham Wood coming to Dunsinane. You could enlarge the topic to "List of fictional people with unusual birth circumstance" and add David Copperfield (the DIckens character, not the magician), because was born in a caul... [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:38, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Weird, but has potential. I can't think of additions offhand, but I bet there are quite a few. I know I've come across such things in my reading. It's pretty much trivia, but we have some far less interesting (and far more readily available) trivia. -- Jmabel 01:39, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * The best chance I think this has is if (like with the fictional cremations article above) it's merged with a potentially longer list of real people who were C-sectioned. If someone (not me, I'm looking in your direction Sam Howard) wants to make such a list then go ahead and add these two in a section at the bottom. I'm not exactly sure how useful such a page will be, particularly with c-sections being as common as they are these days. It's almost not notable, but I'm willing to give it a chance. -R. fiend 02:46, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It is common enough, that I agree a list of real people who were born by c-section is not by itself notable enough. Thinking it over, this can go at the bottom of the actual article on c-sections, I'll move the content there and make this a redirect.  We can then delete that redirect when the comment period is over as it is not a likely search term.  If someone feels we must, they can list it on redirects for deletion instead though.--Samuel J. Howard 03:37, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * I can go with that. Retract my "keep", this will do. -- Jmabel 05:44, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * That seems like a good solution. -FZ 17:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with that, too. The list of C-sections, and then a subdivide on "fictional" C-sections. (Oh, and Tolkein does his own game with the "killed by no man" thingie.  I could go on for a while about Anglo-Saxon riddle formats and stuff, the classical riddle, etc., but I suppose there isn't much point.)  Geogre 16:49, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Delete Like someone already pointed out, this article was suggested (originally be me) as a joke in my vote on List of fictional people who were cremated. I was only trying to point out the non-encyclopedic value of that article by suggesting this absolutely absurd topic. Amusing that someone actually created it but not worth keeping. RedWolf 05:20, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

Delete. This is ridiculous, both worthy of ridicule and absurd. - Centrx 21:24, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion