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Deerhoof

Deerhoof is an American musical group formed in San Francisco in 1994. They consist of founding drummer Greg Saunier, bassist and singer Satomi Matsuzaki, and guitarists John Dieterich and Ed Rodriguez. Beginning as an improvised noise punk band, Deerhoof became widely renowned and influential in the 2000s through their self-produced albums.

They have released seventeen studio albums since 1997. Their most recent album, Miracle-Level, was released on March 31, 2023.

Formation
Deerhoof was formed in San Francisco in 1994 as Rob Fisk's improvisational bass/harmonica solo project. Greg Saunier joined on drums a week later. They were quickly signed to record a single for Kill Rock Stars after owner Slim Moon witnessed their performance at the 1994 Yoyo A Go Go festival. Satomi Matsuzaki joined Deerhoof within a week of moving to the United States from Japan in May 1995, with no prior experience playing in a band, and went on tour as Deerhoof's singer only a week later, opening for Caroliner. Their 1997 debut album The Man, the King, the Girl was recorded on a 4-track tape.

Deerhoof had a music practice space at the Art Explosion Studios at 2425 17th Street in the Mission District; other bands in this space included Creeper Lagoon, Beulah, Zmrzlina, Don't Mean Maybe, and S-- S-- Band Band.

Breakthrough
Chris Cohen joined Deerhoof on guitar in 2002, between Reveille completion and release.

In contrast to Reveille digital production process, 2003's Apple O' was played almost entirely live to tape in one nine-hour session with Jay Pellicci engineering. Extinction, nuclear holocaust, invasive species, and the Greek god of music all figure prominently in the album's themes. Karen O chose Apple O' in the Rolling Stone 2003 Music Awards, Artists' Top Albums, and the album received some critical praise, notably in the New York Times. But in what was to become a pattern for Deerhoof, the album's critical appraisal improved with time, and Apple O' was later listed by Pitchfork as one of the top albums of the 2000s. The anti-war themes of the record were underscored by Deerhoof's outspoken opposition to that year's invasion of Iraq.

By 2003 Deerhoof had become the longest-running band on Kill Rock Stars. Matsuzaki was editing a Bay Area Japanese magazine, Cohen was waiting tables at a Thai restaurant, and Dieterich and Saunier were doing data entry for legal and consulting firms, but that year they all decided to quit their jobs simultaneously and focus on touring. That year they contributed to ''Azadi! A Benefit Compilation for the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan''. Saunier also released Nervous Cop, a collaboration album with Zach Hill and Joanna Newsom.

Deerhoof's next record took its inspiration from a crudely drawn character created by the Japanese artist Ken Kagami. 2004's Milk Man the album featured an opulent, campy sound inspired by Broadway and Igor Stravinsky. It was nominated for "Outstanding Alternative Album" in the California Music Awards, and stayed at No. 1 on the Dusted Radio Chart for six consecutive weeks, and reached No. 1 on the CMJ Core Chart. Also in 2004 Deerhoof received the Editor's Choice Award from 7x7 magazine, and was voted "Best Local Rock Band" by readers of SF Weekly. In 2006 Milk Man was adapted to a children's ballet.

Deerhoof's next release was their first to be sung in Matsuzaki's native language of Japanese. 2005's mini-album Green Cosmos combined an orchestral sound with dance music styles.

Deerhoof spent several months in 2005 in a rented rehearsal space in Oakland, writing and recording daily as a full band. When the result was released that fall, the double album The Runners Four featured each band member taking turns as vocalist, singing unusually wordy lyrics in which Arks and time capsules recur, as though foretelling that this would be the final recording of this lineup. Instrumental roles were reversed for Matsuzaki (now on guitar) and Cohen (now on bass).

In 2006, Danielson released the critically acclaimed Ships, which featured Deerhoof as the backing band for many of the tracks. Later that year after an extensive world tour that ended at Coachella, Deerhoof composed and performed a live soundtrack to Harry Smith's hour-long animation masterpiece Heaven and Earth Magic at the San Francisco International Film Festival. This was Cohen's last activity with Deerhoof. The split was amicable and commemorating Cohen, Deerhoof posted a free EP on their website, one of several they have posted over the years. Chris Cohen now records and tours as a solo act.

Reconfiguration
Matsuzaki, Saunier, and Dieterich began a new recording as a trio. They recorded mostly in Dieterich's bedroom and mixed it on the band's laptop in hotel rooms during tours with Radiohead, the Flaming Lips, and Beck. Some material was from the "Heaven and Earth Magic" soundtrack, some was completely orchestral (without drums or guitars), and one song ("Matchbook Seeks Maniac") was created specifically for the end credits of a Hollywood film. The album was highly praised in Pitchfork and Rolling Stone.

By January 2008 Deerhoof became a quartet again with the addition of the Flying Luttenbachers/Gorge Trio/XBXRX guitarist and longtime friend Ed Rodriguez. That summer Deerhoof released the song "Fresh Born" online as sheet music only, anticipating similar experiments by Beck and Blur by several years. Fans recorded and uploaded their own versions of the song to a special site, before anyone outside the band had heard Deerhoof's own version. The October 2008s album Offend Maggie received critical praise from VH1, NPR, Entertainment Weekly, Alternative Press, The Guardian, and Mojo.

In April 2010 Deerhoof curated the Belgian music festival Sonic City, inviting an eclectic array of European acts including The Go! Team, Paolo Pandolfo, and sitting in with the Belgian punk band the Kids. Then in April and July 2010, Deerhoof and Xiu Xiu joined to perform Joy Division's album Unknown Pleasures live at the Donaufestival in Austria, and at Brooklyn's Williamsburg Waterfront.

Format experimentation
Building on "I Did Crimes For You", during this time they continued to record themselves in a rented rehearsal space in Oakland. Musical influences from the Beach Boys, new romanticism, tropicalia, and the Congotronics series all found their way onto 2011's Deerhoof vs. Evil. The band released the album one track at a time via different media outlets online, with a full map and schedule available on their own website. The album received critical acclaim notably from Entertainment Weekly, MOJO, and Paste. Matt Goldman's design was the second Deerhoof album cover to feature a mushroom cloud. A remix of "Behold a Marvel in the Darkness" was done by Shugo Tokumaru. Deerhoof immediately initiated a 7-inch series wherein guest vocalists (including Jeff Tweedy of Wilco, Kevin Barnes of Of Montreal, singer-songwriter David Bazan, rapper Busdriver, and others) sang new lyrics over an instrumental of a Deerhoof vs. Evil song of their choice.

Deerhoof was The Wire magazine's January 2011 cover story. They contributed to Polyvinyl's benefit compilation Japan 3.11.11 joining in the relief efforts to help with the devastation from March's earthquake and tsunami. Throughout the summer of 2011, Deerhoof toured in an international supergroup alongside Konono N°1, Juana Molina, Kasai Allstars and others, called Congotronics Vs. Rockers. Their onstage repertoire included the Deerhoof song "Super Duper Rescue Heads" from Deerhoof Vs. Evil. In April 2012 Deerhoof collaborated with Questlove, Reggie Watts, Sasha Grey, and others in a conceptual concert event called Shuffle Culture at Brooklyn Academy of Music. In April 2012 a young adult fiction book, Rules to Rock By, by Josh Farrar was published; it is about a 12-year-old girl who is inspired by Deerhoof to form her own band. Deerhoof's version of LiLiPUT's "Hitchhike" appears on the soundtrack. In June 2012 at a Deerhoof performance in Chicago's Millennium Park, contemporary classical music ensemble Dal Niente performed Marcos Balter's arrangement of Deerhoof's "Eaguru Guru". In the same month Deerhoof and The Flaming Lips performed onstage together playing songs by King Crimson, Canned Heat, and Deerhoof.

In 2012 Deerhoof also began home-recording their next record Breakup Song. The band said that the album was a response to the tradition of breakup songs, which they felt included too many sad songs and too few empowering ones. After a long final mixing session at Saunier's apartment, Matsuzaki took the front cover photo of a garbage truck in the early morning hours. The Polyvinyl Records release was also released on Joyful Noise Recordings in "flexi-book" format, allowing the listener to flip from song to song as if each track were a page in a storybook. Deerhoof hero Simeon of Silver Apples made a remix of "Mario's Flaming Whiskers III". Revealing some of Deerhoof's working methods and group chemistry, a rare full-band interview, with former MTV VJ John Norris, appeared in the fall 2012 Interview magazine.

In October, they released a single "Sexy, but Sparkly", produced by Fear of a Black Planet co-producer Chris Shaw, marking the first time Deerhoof worked with a producer. It was recorded as part of the series of short documentaries Masters From Their Day, which chronicles the efforts of a band and a record-producer as they attempt to record and mix a new single in one day. The song then appeared in the LAMC split-7" series, in which a more known artist chooses a lesser-known one (Deerhoof chose Half Waif) to make their recorded debut, with proceeds going to the Ariel Panero Memorial Fund at VH1 Save the Music.

Deerhoof's twelfth album, 2014's La Isla Bonita was self-recorded live in guitarist Ed Rodriguez's basement during a "weeklong sleepover arguing over whether to try and sound like Joan Jett or Janet Jackson". The recordings were meant as demos to be rerecorded with former music journalist and Mr. Dream drummer Nick Sylvester, but the band liked the raw DIY versions so much, they just kept them and recorded the vocals with Sylvester. The lyrics were heavily influenced by 24/7, a book by Columbia professor Jonathan Crary. The album art was by Sara Cwynar. Their music video for "Exit Only" featured Michael Shannon playing two roles, with a cameo by Rodriguez. The Guardian, on their exclusive preview stream of La Isla Bonita, collected testimonials about Deerhoof from a variety of notable musicians and artists, including Radiohead's Jonny Greenwood, Henry Rollins, Blur's Graham Coxon, Adam Green, the Yeah Yeah Yeahs' Brian Chase, and David Shrigley. The album received high praise from NPR, A.V. Club, Alternative Press, and The Wire, and was reviewed by Tune-Yards' Merril Garbus for Talkhouse.

20-year anniversary
For Deerhoof and Lightning Bolt's mutual 20-year anniversary, Matt Conboy directed a Pitchfork-premiered documentary called "Checking in at 20" about their respective drummers. 2014 also saw the release of Deerhoof's contribution to the BOATS compilation, an international arts project featuring and supporting Dalit "untouchable" children in south-east India and featuring samples of the Light of Love Children's Choir.

During the world tour for La Isla Bonita, three complete-performance live videos were shot: their November 4 record release show in Brooklyn, a nine-song Boiler Room session recorded in London while both Rodriguez and Matsuzaki were ill with fevers and Saunier had a black eye, and a December 16 performance recorded at a tiny Tokyo rock club called Fever, resulting in a live album, Fever 121614. The 2015 release included a downloadable video of the entire show, edited by longtime friend and collaborator Noriko Oishi. The LP/CD artwork included a massive collage of fan-contributed drawings of the band in manga style. Also in 2015 Deerhoof contributed a track in support of gay and transgender Hoosiers on the Joyful Noise compilation 50 Bands & a Cat for Indiana Equality.

In August 2015, the band was the first act invited to perform improvisational site-specific noise music at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, as part of the Ex/Noise/CERN project, founded by particle physicist James Beacham, who stated, "Musical curiosity is similar to scientific curiosity and, on a personal level, Deerhoof has inspired me as much as Einstein". The resulting film  of the project quickly became one of the top ten most-watched videos ever produced by CERN and received wide coverage in the music, art, and science press,      as well as positive responses from notable artists, musicians, and writers.

In 2016 Deerhoof released The Magic. The album blends glam metal, punk, and noise, but also includes a cover of "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire" by The Ink Spots. The cover art was by Matsuzaki. Joseph Baughman created the stop-motion music video for the album's "The Devil and his Anarchic Surrealist Retinue". Baughman described his style as a slow-motion improvisation. The clay animated video features chessboard pieces and multicolored minotaurs.

The Magic was the first Deerhoof album to hit No. 1 on CMJ, and was highly praised by NPR, A.V. Club and Exclaim. A.V. Club invited them to participate in A.V. Undercover, where bands choose from an ever-dwindling list of songs to cover on video. They ended up with "Goody Two Shoes" by Adam Ant but included an excerpt of "Hot for Teacher" by Van Halen. Those who pre-ordered The Magic from Polyvinyl were treated to a surprise cassette that included Deerhoof doing covers of Def Leppard, Van Halen, David Bowie, Madonna, Sonic Youth, Malaria!, and Public Enemy. Their cover of "Fight the Power" appears on the Planned Parenthood benefit compilation Cover Your Ass. They contributed a cover of Xiu Xiu's "Hi", played in the style of White Reaper, to the Polyvinyl Plays Polyvinyl compilation.

After a long world tour for The Magic, Deerhoof was invited by Red Hot Chili Peppers to open their concerts in northern European arenas in November 2016. Deerhoof is confirmed to open for Red Hot Chili Peppers again in summer 2017. They were one of the headliners of 2017's Big Ears Festival.

Joyful Noise Recordings
In 2017 Deerhoof was chosen as Joyful Noise Recordings' Artist in Residence. Deerhoof and several Deerhoof-related collaborative projects will be releasing five new LPs in 2017. Proceeds will be donated to a variety of causes, the first of which will be Brand New Congress. On June 28 Deerhoof announced a new album titled Mountain Moves and premiered the first single "I Will Spite Survive" (featuring Jenn Wasner on guest vocals) on Democracy Now!. A second single "Your Dystopic Creation Does Not Fear You" (featuring rapper Awkwafina) was premiered on the Adult Swim Singles Series. Mountain Moves was released on September 8, 2017.

On May 29, 2020, the band released their fifteenth album, Future Teenage Cave Artists. They had previously released three singles from it: the title track, "The Loved One", and "Farewell Symphony". Future Teenage Cave Artists is notable in that it is Deerhoof's first overt concept record.

Greg Saunier said in an August 2020 interview that a "sort of a sequel" to Future Teenage Cave Artists would be "coming out in a couple months". On September 28 they released Love-Lore.

On December 21, 2021, the band released the live album Devil Kids.

The band released Miracle-Level on March 31, 2023. It is notable in that it is their first to be produced in a recording studio (rather than ad hoc spaces) and to have its lyrics entirely in Japanese.

On April 8, 2024, Saunier announced his solo debut album We Sang, Therefore We Were, which was released on April 26 by Joyful Noise.

Musical style and legacy
Deerhoof's style has been described as indie rock, noise pop, punk rock, and "experimental pop mired in a pure punk sense of adventure". AllMusic characterizes them as "highly revered indie rockers ... who play fractured, whimsical noise pop with an avant-garde edge", while MaineToday describes them as "the beloved punk band whose erratic style veers between pop, noise, and classic rock and roll".

According to Noisey, Deerhoof formed as a "minimal noise improv" act before shifting to "pop-infused noise-punk". According to AllMusic, their early releases "had a more traditionally harsh, no wave-inspired sound, though they also included the quirky tendencies that dominated their later efforts ... [which] mix noise, sugary melodies, and an experimental spirit into utterly distinctive music that made them one of the most acclaimed acts of the 2000s and 2010s." Impose writes that since "their beginnings as a noise punk band ... [Deerhoof have] taken leaps and bounds artistically and stylistically, experimenting with pop and punk in ways we could've never imagined ... [and] ultimately [proving] that punk can fit into an artistic world." According to the Los Angeles Philharmonic, they made "some of the most difficult and unclassifiable noise of the mid-'90s [before] unexpectedly [rising] to international prominence as one of indie rock's most renowned and influential groups ... too 'pop' for 'noise,' and too 'noise' for 'pop.'" For The Guardian, their breakthrough after many albums of "elliptical art-pop" came with Friend Opportunity, which showcased "a band playing a constantly shifting mixture of psychedelia, post-punk, jazz and pop, which should have been difficult and forbidding, but was given an accessible focus by the sweet vocals and expressionist lyrics of bassist/chanteuse Satomi Matsuzaki. ... [The followup] Offend Maggie is head-spinning bliss from beginning to end, and proves that the quartet are the best prog-rock post-punk Afro-Oriental art-pop folk-jazz band in the world. Deerhoof also experiment with contemporary classical music.

In 2005, Nick Sylvester wrote in Pitchfork that they were "the best band in the world".

They are known for their anti-capitalist, pro-social and radical DIY approach to art and life as exemplified by their work with and homages to David Graeber (an organizer of Occupy Wall Street),  their anti-marketing campaigns, trenchant published commentary,   and their use of a low-budget and eco-friendly style of production and touring, (for example, when they went on tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers they all rode together with all of their gear to arena gigs in a Prius minivan behind the Chili Peppers' fleet of busses and semi-trailers.)

The band has been appreciated by and/or influential to other artists, notably David Bowie, Radiohead, Questlove,  St. Vincent, Foo Fighters, Dirty Projectors, Tune-Yards, Stereolab, Henry Rollins, Sleigh Bells, and of Montreal. Deerhoof's songs are covered often by other artists (notably Phil Lesh, Los Campesinos!, Marco Benevento, David Bazan, and classical composer Marcos Balter ).

Members

 * Current
 * Greg Saunier – drums, vocals (1994–present)
 * Satomi Matsuzaki – vocals, bass (1995–present), guitar (1995–1997, 2005–2006)
 * John Dieterich – guitar (1999–present)
 * Ed Rodríguez – guitar (2008–present)

 * Former
 * Rob Fisk – guitar (1994–1999), bass (1994–1997) , harmonica (1994)
 * Kelly Goode – keyboards (1997–1999)
 * Chris Cohen – guitar (2002–2006), bass (2005–2006)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Dirt Pirate Creed (1996)
 * The Man, the King, the Girl (1997)
 * Holdypaws (1999)
 * Halfbird (2001)
 * Reveille (2002)
 * Apple O' (2003)
 * Milk Man (2004)
 * The Runners Four (2005)
 * Friend Opportunity (2007)
 * Offend Maggie (2008)
 * Deerhoof vs. Evil (2011)
 * Breakup Song (2012)
 * La Isla Bonita (2014)
 * The Magic (2016)
 * Mountain Moves (2017)
 * Future Teenage Cave Artists (2020)
 * Love-Lore (2020) (medley covers album)
 * Actually, You Can (2021)
 * Miracle-Level (2023)

EPs
 * Green Cosmos (2005)
 * Untitled (2006)
 * Deerhoof Plays the Music of The Shining (2018)

Live albums
 * Koalamagic (2001)
 * Bibidi Babidi Boo (2004)
 * 99% upset feeling (2011)
 * Fever 121614 (2015)
 * To Be Surrounded By Beautiful, Curious, Breathing, Laughing Flesh Is Enough (2020) (with Wadada Leo Smith)
 * Devil Kids (2021)

Collaborations
 * Nervous Cop (2003)
 * Balter/Saunier (2016)

Deerhoof has also released a large number of 7-inch singles, split releases with other artists, tracks on compilations, and free downloadable EPs.

title: Deerhoof


text:
Brian Wilde

Brian George Wilde (13 June 1927 – 20 March 2008) was an English actor, best known for his roles in television comedy, most notably Mr Barrowclough in Porridge and Walter "Foggy" Dewhurst in Last of the Summer Wine. Although very tall at 6' 3" (1.91m), his gentle demeanor became his hallmark. His lugubrious world-weary face was a staple of British television for forty years.

Career
Though born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, Wilde was brought up in Devon and Hertfordshire and attended Hertford Grammar School. He trained as an actor at RADA.

He had an early uncredited role as a small-time crook in the film Forbidden Cargo (1954), starring Jack Warner and Nigel Patrick, and a small but significant dramatic part in the horror film Night of the Demon (1957). His early television work included the series The Love of Mike (1960) and supporting Tony Hancock in episodes of his ATV series in 1963. Wilde also played Detective Superintendent Halcro in a series of two-part thrillers about undercover Scotland Yard officers, The Men from Room Thirteen (BBC, 1959–61). He had minor roles in films such as Life for Ruth (1962), The Bargee (1964), The Jokers (1967) and Carry On Doctor (1967), and on television in Room at the Bottom (1966–67) as Mr Salisbury.

His first major television success was in 1970 as refuse depot manager "Bloody Delilah" in the ITV sitcom The Dustbinmen. He showed his sinister side as the mischievous magician Mr Peacock in the children's drama series Ace of Wands between 1970 and 1972. That year he starred as a murderer in The Uninvited, an episode of the BBC's supernatural thriller series Out of the Unknown. Also in 1971, in the television drama Elizabeth R, Wilde played the efficient, merciless 'rackmaster' Richard Topcliffe, who was charged with the torture of prisoners in the Tower of London. He played a character in the 1970s British children's series The Ghosts of Motley Hall, by Richard Carpenter.

Porridge
In 1973, he starred as a different kind of gaoler in the second episode of Seven of One, a series of seven individual stories, all of which starred Ronnie Barker. In the episode, entitled "Prisoner and Escort", Wilde played Mr Barrowclough, one of two prison officers whose job it is to escort Barker's character Fletcher across the moors to his prison (the other was Mr Mackay, played by Fulton Mackay). The episode proved successful and a series was commissioned by the BBC, titled Porridge. Wilde reprised his role as the timid and eager-to-please Barrowclough. Porridge which ran until 1977, was a great success, with a film version being made in 1979.

Last of the Summer Wine
Wilde gained and established another role in 1976, when he took over from Michael Bates as the third member of a trio of old men in the BBC sitcom Last of the Summer Wine. The character, Walter "Foggy" Dewhurst, was a determined ex-army man who planned the group's misadventures with military precision and a painstaking eye for detail. Wilde saw the long-running series gather momentum and continue its success; he stayed with the series for nine years, before leaving in 1985 to work on other projects. Foggy was written out of the series and was replaced by Michael Aldridge as Seymour Utterthwaite.

When Aldridge left Last of the Summer Wine, Wilde returned as Foggy in 1990. He stayed until 1997, when he contracted shingles during the preparations for series 19 and decided to leave. Frank Thornton was invited to join the cast to replace Wilde, making his debut in the 1997 Christmas special "There Goes The Groom!". Wilde never returned to the programme, despite several invitations to do so.

Other work
He featured in "The Fear Merchants", an episode of ABC's The Avengers, in January 1967. In this he played Jeremy Raven, a ceramics manufacturer caught up in a sinister plot to get rid of the competition. In 1978, Wilde voiced the public information film series Play Safe, highlighting the dangers of overhead power lines to children.

He also supplied the voice of the magician Meredith in the children's animated series Alias the Jester, Shortie the Giraffe in adverts for Coco Pops and narrated an animated series, Microscopic Milton, about a tiny man who lives in a clock on the mantelpiece in the parlour of the house that belongs to a lady called Mrs. Witherspoon. Wilde starred in his own BBC series in 1988, Wyatt's Watchdogs, as retired soldier Major Wyatt who forms his own neighbourhood watch group. As a stuffy ex-army member who leads a motley bunch of comic characters, Wyatt was quite similar to Foggy. The programme, which co-starred Trevor Bannister, was written by Miles Tredinnick and ran for one series of six episodes.

Death
Wilde suffered a fall in January 2008 from which he never recovered. He died in his sleep, aged 80, on the morning of 20 March 2008, at his home in Ware, Hertfordshire.

His son, Andrew Wilde, had been film editor on Last of the Summer Wine from the mid-1990s until the final episode in 2010, working initially on many of the episodes that had starred his father and later on the Frank Thornton editions.

Film

 * Street Corner (1953) – Pinky – Bogus Detective Sgt (uncredited)
 * Will Any Gentleman...? (1953) – 1st Clerk
 * Forbidden Cargo (1954) – Smuggler at Airfield (uncredited)
 * Simon and Laura (1955) – Peter Harbottle
 * Now and Forever (1956) – Policeman (uncredited)
 * Tiger in the Smoke (1956) – Trumps
 * Interpol (1957) – The Monk
 * Night of the Demon (1957) – Rand Hobart
 * The Gypsy and the Gentleman (1958) – (uncredited)
 * Girls at Sea (1958) – Bill
 * Corridors of Blood (1958) – Man in Operating Theatre Audience (uncredited)
 * Subway in the Sky (1959)
 * Beyond the Curtain (1960) – Bill Seddon
 * Scotland Yard (film series) (1961) - The Never Never Murder - Porter
 * Life for Ruth (1962) – Newspaper Photographer (uncredited)
 * We Joined the Navy (1962) – Petty Officer Gibbons
 * On the Run – Chief Warder
 * West 11 (1963) – Speaker
 * The Informers (1963) – Lipson
 * The Man Who Finally Died (1963) – Cemetery Superintendent (uncredited)
 * The Bargee (1964) – Policeman
 * Rattle of a Simple Man (1964) – Fred
 * Darling (1965) – Willett
 * Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966) – Mr. Gilbert (uncredited)
 * Rasputin the Mad Monk (1966) – Vassily's Father (uncredited)
 * The Jokers (1967) – Sgt. Catchpole
 * You Only Live Twice (1967) – 1st Policeman (uncredited)
 * Carry On Doctor (1967) – Man from Cox & Carter
 * Connecting Rooms (1970) – Ellerman
 * Goodbye Gemini (1970) – Taxi Driver
 * Carry On Henry (1971) – Warder (scenes deleted)
 * One Brief Summer (1971) – Lambert
 * No Sex Please, We're British (1973) – Policeman
 * Alfie Darling (1975) – Doctor
 * To the Devil a Daughter (1976) – Black Room Attendant
 * Adventures of a Taxi Driver (1976) – Harold
 * Play Safe (1978) – Owl (voice)
 * Porridge (1979) – Barraclough

Radio

 * Say Something Happened (1989)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brian Wilde


text:
Chrysler flathead engine

The Chrysler flathead engine is a flathead automotive engine manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation from 1924 through the early 1960s. The flathead engine came in four-,six-, and eight-cylinder configurations and varying displacement, with both a cast iron and cast aluminum cylinder head. It was installed in Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge and Plymouth branded vehicles.

Straight-4
Chrysler introduced a straight-four in 1926 when the Maxwell Motor Corporation was re-organised into the Chrysler Corporation in 1925. Initially used by Chrysler, the straight-four was fitted to Plymouth cars and Dodge light trucks beginning in 1929, lasting in production through 1933.

The original version displaced 3044 cc and produced 38 hp (28 kW). This was only produced in 1926, with displacement reduced to 2791 cc for 1927 and 1928. Power was initially rated the same but was upped to 45 hp (34 kW) during the 1928 model year.

After the introduction of the Plymouth brand in 1929, the base engine has been subjected to a major redesign and enlarged to 175.4 cuin with the power rating remaining the same. It also equipped Dodge light trucks in 1929–1930. It was enlarged again to 3213 cc in 1930 with 48 hp (36 kW). The engine was revised for 1931 with 56 hp (42 kW) and 1932 with 65 hp (48 kW) for Plymouth only, Dodge continued with the 48 hp (36 kW) from 1931 to 1933. A small-bore version was developed for export markets in 1931, with a narrower bore which brought the RAC rating down from 21 to 15.6 hp. For 1932 the bore was reduced further, bringing the tax horsepower rating to just beneath 15.5.

Chrysler did not offer a four-cylinder engine again until 1981 with the Chrysler 2.2 & 2.5 engine used in the Chrysler K platform.

Straight-6
The first six-cylinders was the B-Model (seven main bearings) and introduced in 1924 with the first Chrysler Corporation production, the B70. An upscale version designated E-Model equipped the new Chrysler Imperial E80 in 1926, and a downscale one named H-Model followed in 1927 (Chrysler Series 70). After the purchase of Dodge Brothers Inc. in 1928, Chrysler Corporation had five straight-6s in production with the addition of the Victory and Senior Dodge Brothers engines.

So, with the introduction of the new Desoto brand in 1929, came a new and cheaper to product six cylinders, the K-Model (four main bearings, deep skirts). By mid-1930, it partially replaced the previous engines in varying displacements on passenger cars, in conjunction with an all-new straight-8 block. Only the Imperial's engine remains in production for the Dodge Trucks 2-ton Models F-40 & K-50, 3-ton models F-60 & K-70, 2 & 3-ton Special, buses from 1930 to 1934-35. To replace these two engines, a new and very large six cylinders was launched in late 1936 (331 cu. in.). The 1956 C-3 Series was the last to use this big straight-6 (413 cu. in.).

In 1932, the Ford's V8 flathead launch shook up the market. The demand for larger engines was even for entry-level brands. A new straight-6 for Plymouth (PC/PD) and Dodge (DP/DQ) came in production in 1933 (shallow skirt, known as the "23 in block", with a head desk length of 580 mm), followed by a larger variant for Desoto (S3) and Chrysler Royal (C16) in 1937 ("25 in block" – 640 mm), marking the K-Model end. There is one exception to this: when Chrysler established an engine foundry in Windsor, Canada in 1938, it was decided to only use the long block for all Canadian-built engines. These engines received a trailing "C" in their designation, becoming P8C for example. Thanks to judicious dimensioning, the Canadian 201- and 218-cubic inch engines had nearly identical displacement to their American cousins.

Beginning in 1938, the 201.33 cuin inline-six was used in Massey Harris's Model 101 tractor (later known as the 101 Super). It continued to be used by Massey until 1940, when it was supplanted by the 217.76 cuin. In 1940, Chrysler's 242 cuin straight six went into Massey's 201 Super, which lasted until 1942.

During World War II, the 250.6 cuin flathead six was used as the basis for the Chrysler A57 multibank tank engine.

The last automotive use of the Chrysler flathead inline-six was in 1968. It was replaced by the much more efficient OHV Slant-6 released in 1960, which appeared in most Dodge trucks starting in 1961. According to the Standard Catalog of American Light-Duty Trucks, the Dodge Power Wagon WM300 used the 251 inline flathead six until 1968, after which the Dodge WM300 was dropped for the 1969 production year. The flathead remained in production until the early 1970s for industrial and agricultural use.

Straight-8
The new in-line 8-cylinder engine is largely based on the six-cylinder engine that appeared on the Desoto Model K. It has five main levels, the central one being wider. When the engineers had to rebore the cylinders to 3-1/2 inches, the space between each pair of cylinders was modified. This applies to all blocks with the same bore. In the case of the Imperial (CG, CH) then Custom imperial (CL, CW), a new and unique straight-8 engine was created with 9 main bearings and equipped with a two-barrel downdraft carburetor. From the CW model, the cylinder head is made of aluminium. It also powered the Dodge Trucks G-80 models (1931-1934) and Fargo buses (1930-1932).

title: Chrysler flathead engine


text:
Phillip Chen

Phillip Chen (born April 22, 1978) is an American politician and member of the California State Assembly. He is a Republican representing the 59th Assembly District, encompassing parts of North Orange County, and small parts of San Bernardino County. The district includes the cities of Brea, Yorba Linda, Placentia, Villa Park, Orange, North Tustin, Anaheim Hills, Chino, and Chino Hills. Prior to being elected to the state assembly, he was a school board trustee for the Walnut Valley Unified School District.

Early life
Chen graduated from Servite High School in Anaheim.

Education
In 2002, Chen earned his B.A. in Communications from California State University, Fullerton. In 2005, Chen earned a Master of Public Administration degree from USC. In 2014, Chen earned a Doctoral of Educational Psychology from the USC.

Career
Chen is the owner of a property management company.

In 2013, Chen became an Adjunct Faculty Professor at the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy.

From 1999 to 2003, Chen was a member of USAWKF National Wushu Taolu Team and represented the United States at the World Wushu Championships and the Pan American Wushu Championships. He also became an official judge for the USAWKF. Chen also started the first Wushu Chinese martial art course for credit at California State University Fullerton.

Chen is a former Los Angeles County Reserve Sheriff’s Deputy. Chen was appointed by former California Governor Pete Wilson to the Governor’s Office of Criminal Justice Planning, overseeing California’s juvenile justice programs. He was a member of the State Advisory Group, Juvenile Justice Legislative Committee and Juvenile Justice Native American Committee.

Chen was appointed to serve as a Board Member for the California Physical Therapy Board and worked as a health deputy to former Los Angeles County Supervisor Michael D. Antonovich.

Chen also served as adjunct faculty at California State Fullerton from 2007-2008 and at California State University, Los Angeles in 2016.

Political career
Chen was elected in November 2011 to the Walnut Valley Unified School Board and re-elected to a second term in 2015.

In 2014, Chen ran for the California State Assembly. He lost the jungle primary with a third place finish. Diamond Bar City Councilwoman Ling Ling Chang went on to easily win the general election.

Chen was elected to the California State Assembly in November 2016, when Chang left the State Assembly in an unsuccessful run for the California State Senate. He was appointed to serve in leadership as Deputy Whip to the Assembly Republican Caucus. His committee membership consists of the Banking and Finance Committee (where he serves as Vice-Chair), the Business and Professions Committee, the Insurance Committee, the Jobs, Economic Development and the Economy Committee, and the Utilities and Energy Committee.

In 2018, in the wake of California's growing mental health and homeless epidemic, Chen authored Assembly Bill 2156, to clarify and fine tune the definition of “gravely disabled”. Chen later pulled that bill from consideration by the Assembly's Health Committee. That same year, Chen also introduced AB 3005 which aimed to protect the sensitive personal information of children in foster care. Like his other bill, Chen also requested this bill to be pulled from consideration by the relevant committee.

In 2019, Chen introduced AB 517 to create a Property Crime Task Force in Orange County to prevent crimes as well as identify and arrest criminals who participate in property crimes. Chen's bill died after clearing the public safety committee.

To address the growing number of homeless encampments, Chen introduced AB 1908, the Homeless Encampment and Litter Program (HELP), putting more accountability on Caltrans in coordinating access to housing and supportive services for those who need it most. The bill died in committee with no action taken. A few days after introducing AB 1908, Chen introduced AB 2021 in an effort to preserve open space in Southern California. The bill would have required the California Department of Parks and Recreation to seek opportunities for acquiring land to expand Chino Hills State Park. The bill unanimously passed the Water, Parks and Wildlife Committee, but then died in the Appropriations Committee.

In 2021 Chen helped secure funds for the Titan Gateway Pedestrian Bridge at Cal State Fullerton. Chen, a graduate of the school, said that although the school is outside his district, many students are constituents in his district, and the bridge would be a great investment in the students.

2014
Ling Ling Chang went on to win the general election.

Personal life
Chen and his mother are small business owners who own and operate a property management company. Chen's brother, David, is a Deputy District Attorney with the Orange County District Attorney's office.

title: Phillip Chen


text:
Kendall Hailey

Kendall Hailey is an American writer and autodidact. She graduated from high school a year early, at age 16, to pursue unschooling and wrote about her experiences in the book, The Day I Became an Autodidact and the Advice, Adventures, and Acrimonies that Befell Me Thereafter (Delacorte Press, ISBN 0-385-29636-3, and Bantam Dell Publishing Group, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-440-55013-0). The book details first her decision to leave formal education, and follows her as she sets out to read everything ever published.

She is a daughter of playwright Oliver Hailey and novelist Elizabeth Forsythe Hailey.

title: Kendall Hailey


text:
Stepping-stone squeeze

The stepping-stone squeeze is an advanced type of squeeze in contract bridge. It is used when the declarer has enough high cards to take all but one of the remaining tricks, but does not have enough communication between the hands to cash them. It was analyzed and named by Terence Reese in the book "The Expert Game", also titled "Master Play in Contract Bridge".

The following position is an example of a Stepping-stone squeeze:

South has three winners: The K, A, and A. However, after cashing the K, there will be no entry to the North hand to enjoy the A.  However, on the play of A, West is squeezed. Discarding a spade allows South to overtake the K to get two tricks in the suit. Throwing the A lets South cash the K. Therefore, West parts with the 3. Now South is able to play the K and lead the K, putting West on lead with only the Q remaining in hand.

The name stepping-stone alludes to South's use of West's A to cross over to the abandoned A.

This squeeze would work equally well with the East and West hands reversed.

An interesting variation is the following ending playing in no trumps with the lead in South: Needing all but one of the remaining tricks, the declarer leads the 10 covered by West, dummy winning with the A. When the winning diamond is led from dummy (declarer throwing a heart) both defenders are subjected to a stepping-stone squeeze. If they both throw spades then declarer cashes the spades in dummy. If one defender keeps two spades then declarer plays a small spade to the J and leads a heart. Now the defender who kept spades wins his stiff honour and must lead a spade to dummy's winner. His partner cannot overtake as this sets up the Q.

title: Stepping-stone squeeze


text:
Talk:Madison Avenue

Appreciate
Amazing what you can learn on the internet. I appreciate the other recent contributions! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kaisershatner (talk • contribs) 18:11, 28 July 2004

Metonym?
If Madison Avenue is used as a symbol or metaphor for advertising, wouldn't that make it a metonym?Tomsintown 08:13, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Boutique listing
Why is Gucci listed before Dolce&Gabbana? And Roberto Cavalli deserves a higher listing than Gucci does. Why is it first? 202.51.17.250 (talk) 10:32, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Bus Lane
does this section add any value? it's just one sentance saying cars aren't allowed in the bus lane.. vote for deletion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.140.250.54 (talk) 13:00, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

Basic information missing
How long is Madison avenue?! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Miki Srbija (talk • contribs) 12:14, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

Walking Down Madison
No ref to this song? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.118.39.10 (talk) 10:58, 15 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Not unless a reliable source says that it's in some way connected to Madison Avenue in Manhattan. Our article doesn;t say so. Beyond My Ken (talk) 02:31, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

Overall tone not slick enough
I should come away from reading this article disappointed in myself for not owning property there, or in any case so enchanted with Madison Avenue that I immediately start looking up flights to NY and starting crafting a weasely story to get out of work for a week as soon as possible so I can get over there and marvel — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2000:12C1:44F5:C56A:DBF:74B1:5AB (talk) 20:38, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Your expectations are incorrect. Please read WP:NPOV. Beyond My Ken (talk) 23:03, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

"Fourth and a Half Avenue" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Fourth and a Half Avenue. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 06:51, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

No more ad agencies
TBWA/Chiat/Day has left Madison Avenue. And they were the last ones standing ... See: https://www.linkedin.com/posts/rob-schwartz-1bb630_first-day-of-the-new-office-last-ad-from-activity-7021094106802089984-MJVI — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:1810:291D:3900:4D72:9D02:ED3D:6F61 (talk) 15:43, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Madison Avenue


text:
Talk:Bile

What is the pH
whats the pH value of bile

 * I saw the "Bile is alkaline" so I googled it. Bile has a pH of "7.8" or "5 to 6", and many other contradictory values. Best I can find is , a paper that discusses changes in measured bile pH over time. It found that the pH of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile (6.80 to 7.65) and that it becomes more acidic in the gallbladder the longer you go without eating, though resting slows this fall in pH. It references older papers: gallbladder bile 5.6-8.0 liver bile 6.2 to 8.5 Altman (1961); normal gallbladder 6.5-9.0, abnormal 6.9-8.0 Crawford and Brooke (1955) but notes these earlier studies made no apparent effort to control for air exposure or temperature change of samples. Anyway, given all this, the "bile is alkaline" claim seems false (well, OK, it is on average, but not always...), so I'm updating it. DewiMorgan (talk) 21:46, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

The citation matter is a serious issue ...
... that needs to be addressed. Large blocks of factual information that cannot possibly be common knowledge appear without citations—as do, in at least two cases, entire sections. They are either plagiarized, or are original research. The tag indicates a problem since 2011. This is years. Take action, this embarrasses the encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.179.245.225 (talk) 19:32, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Fluid is not the same as liquid
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid Does Bile consist liquid and/or gas, as the word fluid implies, or is it simply liquid?

Fawby (talk) 15:50, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

Production of bile
I don't think this article currently says how bile is produced in the liver ...? Grassynoel (talk) 04:58, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bile


text:
Talk:Cankton, Louisiana

Untitled
I read somewhere that the town of Cankton was named after a local man who, as a youngster, would call "Cank Cank Cank" when duck hunting. If you've ever been duck hunting, you know the sound I mean. This man became a doctor and prospered, so the little town was named in his honor.

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title: Talk:Cankton, Louisiana


text: User talk:207.253.242.242

title: User talk:207.253.242.242


text:
AN thread

The AN thread (also A-N) is a particular type of fitting used to connect flexible hoses and rigid metal tubing that carry fluid. It is a US military-derived specification that dates back to World War II and stems from a joint standard agreed upon by the Army Air Corps and Navy, hence AN. The Air Corps-Navy involvement is also the origin of the red/blue color combination that was traditionally used in the anodized finishing process.

AN sizes range from -2 (dash two) to -32 in irregular steps, with each step equating to the OD (outside diameter) of the tubing in $1/16$-inch increments. Therefore, a -8 AN size would be equal to $1/2$-inch OD tube. However, this system does not specify the ID (inside diameter) of the tubing because the tube wall can vary in thickness. Each AN size also uses its own standard thread size.

AN fittings are a flare fitting, using 37° flared tubing to form a metal-to-metal seal. They are similar to other 37° flared fittings, such as JIC, which is their industrial variant. The two are interchangeable in theory, though this is typically not recommended due to the exacting specifications and demands of the aerospace industry. The differences between them relates to thread class and shape (how tight of a fit the threads are), and the metals used. Although similar, 37° AN and 45° SAE fittings and tooling are not interchangeable due to the different flare angles. Mixing them can cause leakage at the flare.

Note that AN threads are different for bolts and fittings. In bolts the number refers to the diameter of the bolt whereas in a fitting it refers to the OD of the tube and thereby have different threads. For example, AN6 bolt has a $3/8$-24 thread whereas an -6 AN fitting has a $9/16$-18 thread.

Originally parts were made compliant to the specification MIL-F-5509, but they are now controlled under SAE AS (Aerospace Standards) specifications AS4841 through AS4843 and AS4875.

title: AN thread


text:
Talk:Wild Fire

The da Vinci Project's home page refers to this craft as the "Wild Fire Mark VI" in their announcement regarding the date of its unveiling:

 * ..."the Wild Fire Mark VI spacecraft will be unveiled at a public and media photo opportunity on Thursday August 5th 2004, at the Project's Downsview Airport Hangar."

However, a Google search for "Wild Fire Mark VI" comes up blank, so this might be the first and only time they've had the "Mark VI" at the end of the name. Because of that, I'm tempted to wait until after August 5th to see if that name is used at the unveiling, or if they just refer to it as "Wild Fire". If they do start using "Wild Fire Mark VI", a move is in order, natch. - Eisnel 18:21, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wild Fire


text:
Do while loop

In many computer programming languages, a do while loop is a control flow statement that executes a block of code and then either repeats the block or exits the loop depending on a given boolean condition.

The do while construct consists of a process symbol and a condition. First the code within the block is executed. Then the condition is evaluated. If the condition is true the code within the block is executed again. This repeats until the condition becomes false.

Do while loops check the condition after the block of code is executed. This control structure can be known as a post-test loop. This means the do-while loop is an exit-condition loop. However a while loop will test the condition before the code within the block is executed.

This means that the code is always executed first and then the expression or test condition is evaluated. This process is repeated as long as the expression evaluates to true. If the expression is false the loop terminates. A while loop sets the truth of a statement as a necessary condition for the code's execution. A do-while loop provides for the action's ongoing execution until the condition is no longer true.

It is possible and sometimes desirable for the condition to always evaluate to be true. This creates an infinite loop. When an infinite loop is created intentionally there is usually another control structure that allows termination of the loop. For example, a break statement would allow termination of an infinite loop.

Some languages may use a different naming convention for this type of loop. For example, the Pascal and Lua languages have a "repeat until" loop, which continues to run until the control expression is true and then terminates. In contrast a "while" loop runs while the control expression is true and terminates once the expression becomes false. Consider a program that is play a game "guess the number Your program chooses the number to be guessed by selecting an integer at random in rang 1to 1000

Equivalent constructs
is equivalent to

In this manner, the do ... while loop saves the initial "loop priming" with  on the line before the   loop.

As long as the continue statement is not used, the above is technically equivalent to the following (though these examples are not typical or modern style used in everyday computers):

or

Demonstrating do while loops
These example programs calculate the factorial of 5 using their respective languages' syntax for a do-while loop.

BASIC
Early BASICs (such as GW-BASIC) used the syntax WHILE/WEND. Modern BASICs such as PowerBASIC provide both WHILE/WEND and DO/LOOP structures, with syntax such as DO WHILE/LOOP, DO UNTIL/LOOP, DO/LOOP WHILE, DO/LOOP UNTIL, and DO/LOOP (without outer testing, but with a conditional EXIT LOOP somewhere inside the loop). Typical BASIC source code:

C, C++, D
Do-while(0) statements are also commonly used in C macros as a way to wrap multiple statements into a regular (as opposed to compound) statement. It makes a semicolon needed after the macro, providing a more function-like appearance for simple parsers and programmers as well as avoiding the scoping problem with if. It is recommended in CERT C Coding Standard rule PRE10-C.

Fortran
With legacy Fortran 77 there is no DO-WHILE construct but the same effect can be achieved with GOTO:

Fortran 90 and later does not have a do-while construct either, but it does have a while loop construct which uses the keywords "do while" and is thus actually the same as the for loop.

Pascal
Pascal uses repeat/until syntax instead of do while.

PL/I
The PL/I DO statement subsumes the functions of the post-test loop (do until), the pre-test loop (do while), and the for loop. All functions can be included in a single statement. The example shows only the "do until" syntax.

Racket
In Racket, as in other Scheme implementations, a "named-let" is a popular way to implement loops:

Compare this with the first example of the while loop example for Racket. Be aware that a named let can also take arguments.

Racket and Scheme also provide a proper do loop.

title: Do while loop


text:
Woomera, South Australia

Woomera, unofficially Woomera village, refers to the domestic area of RAAF Base Woomera. Woomera village has always been a Defence-owned and operated facility. The village is located on the traditional lands of the Kokatha people in the Far North region of South Australia, but is on Commonwealth-owned land and within the area designated as the 'Woomera Prohibited Area' (WPA). The village is approximately 446 km north of Adelaide. In common usage, "Woomera" refers to the wider RAAF Woomera Range Complex (WRC), a large Australian Defence Force aerospace and systems testing range (the 'Woomera Test Range' (WTR)) covering an area of approximately 122000 km2 and is operated by the Royal Australian Air Force.

Woomera 'village' is part of RAAF Base Woomera which, along with the Woomera Test Range (WTR), forms the larger entity known as the Woomera Range Complex (WRC), promulgated by Chief of Air Force (CAF) in June 2014. As at the the Woomera Village had a population of 146, and its usual population varies between 150 and 200 people, yet the village can provide accommodation and services for up to 500 people per day. Although the complex is closed to the public, Woomera village, and its four museum elements, is open to the public all year round. The location of the Woomera Village can be described as being in the outback desert area of South Australia. It is approximately 446 km north-west of Adelaide and is in the State region known as the Far North. There are 27 pastoral stations within the Woomera Prohibited Area, which essentially forms the ground space of the Woomera Test Range, and there are currently four major mines (2013) - Challenger, Prominent Hill, Peculiar Knob, and Cairn Hill. There is also a long-established precious gems (mainly opal) field near the Coober Pedy end of the Stuart Highway which cuts through the middle of the Range.

Etymology
The settlement draws its name, woomera, from a suggestion from RAAF Group Captain Alfred George Pither and was subsequently chosen by the Board of the Long Range Weapons Establishment in April 1947. The new Village was established on Commonwealth land procured for the purpose, and named after the Aboriginal spear throwing implement the woomera which extends the range a spear can be thrown.

Establishment
Woomera, formerly a rocket range site located 183km north-west of Port Augusta, shares its name with an Aboriginal throwing tool, construction of Woomera Village began in mid-1947 to cater for thousands of people moving there as part of the Anglo-Australian Project. The project lasted for 34 years and saw Woomera become one of the most secret allied establishments in operation during the Cold War. During its heyday (1949–71), the village population reached around 7,000 as people lived and worked at Woomera and at Koolymilka campsite near Range Head, approximately 42 km west of Woomera village within the Woomera Prohibited Area. However, by the end of the 1960s the Anglo-Australian Joint Project was rapidly winding down following the UK Government's reduction in further experimental work.

Woomera Village initially operated as a "closed town" between 1947 and 1982, when the facility supported the operations of the Woomera Rocket Range during the Anglo-Australia Project. Since 1982, the general public has been able to visit and stay at Woomera. However, only Australian Government (mostly Department of Defence) personnel and contractors to the Commonwealth are able to live at Woomera on a permanent basis. The settlement was established in 1947 as a result of the Department of Defence establishment of the adjacent rocket testing range. The Woomera Village grew rapidly from 1950. A school opened that year with two teachers and by 1955 had grown to be a 'Higher Primary' school from Year 1 to Intermediate (Year 10) with over 300 pupils.

Following its construction over 1947–53, Woomera Village essentially operated under a specialised Commonwealth/Defence township management model rather than a local government (council) model. At the height of its operations (1947–99), over 7,000 people lived in Woomera Village. To service the needs of the town during this period, the Woomera Board, staffed by members of the Defence community at Woomera elected to the Board by town residents, essentially acted in the role normally provided by a local government council. However, the creation of a Defence Estate management organisation in the 1990s shifted the focus of the Board's activities away from estate and infrastructure management toward principally that of a base welfare organisation supporting the small permanent community and the large number of transit Defence personnel who deploy to Woomera each year. Woomera Village, when originally established, was administered by the Long Range Weapons Establishment (LRWE) under the terms of the 'Anglo-Australian Joint Project'. LRWE was based at to the north of Adelaide city, the site now occupied by Defence Science & Technology Group (DSTG).

When the Anglo-Australian Joint Project began to wind down in the early 1970s, the village population began to rapidly drop from its peak of about 7000 residents in the mid-1960s. However, with the establishment of the USAF/ADF Joint Defence Communications Facility in 1969 at the nearby Nurrungar site, approximately 18 km south of Woomera, along with its 1100 permanent staff, the village population stabilized at around 4,500 people (including around 800 children). In the late 1990s, as the Nurrungar program was winding down, the ADF reassessed the role of Woomera in its future force structure. What became apparent to the ADF at that time was that the Woomera Test Range was the only land-based test range left in the Western world capable of testing the next (or what is now termed '5th') generation of weapons systems within a fully instrumented, land-based, specialized [test and evaluation] range. This assessment was to result, positively, in redefining the future role and strategic importance of the Woomera Range Complex within Australia's long-term Defence requirements.

Defence facilities
Woomera Village is a Department of Defence-owned and operated facility. RAAF Base Woomera, when it was established in January 2015, also included the RAAF Woomera Airfield, which is approximately 6 km north of Woomera Village. The aerodrome lies within the 'Red Zone' of the Woomera Prohibited Area (WPA) and public access to this part of the base is not permitted. Woomera Village, however, is within a "Green Zone" of the WPA and thus public access to the facilities and services of Woomera, including the several museums located in this historic site, is permitted year round. Visitors may also stay in the Defence operated Eldo Hotel, and there is a privately operated public caravan park at the entrance to Woomera Village.

While the WRC operates under the higher management of Woomera Range Headquarters (WRHQ), located at RAAF Base Edinburgh, the operation of the Base itself is co-managed by the RAAF's Combat Support Group (CSG) and Defence Estate & Infrastructure Group (DEIG). CSG focus on the operational aspects of the base's role, while DEIG focuses on ensuring the base's (and the Range's) facilities and general infrastructure remains fit for the purpose it is needed to support the Range's activities. Woomera Village has always been and continues to be the domestic support facility for the Woomera Range Complex.

, the WPA covers an area of approximately 47 km2 and forms the essential ground area of the whole Range Complex. The Nurrungar Test Area (NTA) is 18 km south of Woomera, and although not within the WPA, it is under the operational control of Woomera Range Headquarters in Adelaide. The WPA is the world's largest land-based instrumented defence systems test and evaluation range facility.

The complex was established in support of the Anglo-Australian Joint Project. This cold-war project focussed on the development of long-range weapons systems, principally to counter the growing intercontinental ballistic missile threat from the former Soviet Union. The cold-war heyday of the Range was 1947 to about 1972. In 1980 the Anglo-Australia Project was closed and the range itself saw little use until about 1991 when the RAAF's Aircraft Research and Development Unit (ARDU) took over the old instrumented range from Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). Since that time, the RAAF has gradually assumed full control of the entire facility. The complex today is much smaller than it was in 1947, but still covers one-seventh of South Australia. Although there are now several major mines established within the WPA, the Woomera support base is the only permanently established township facility in the WPA.

Officially, the village area is referred to as 'Base Sector South' of RAAF Base Woomera, and like the RAAF Base at Point Cook in Victoria, this part of the complex is open to public access. This is principally so that tourists can access the significant historical displays and museums which cover the range's air and space activities since its establishment in 1947. At the Woomera Heritage Centre, there are also displays covering the Indigenous and Pioneer heritage of the region. In particular, there is a dedicated section on Len Beadell who became something of an outback legend as a Royal Australian Survey Corps Sergeant surveyor (1947–48) and road builder (1953–63). There is also a memorial cairn for Len Beadell and his wife Anne in the nearby Woomera Cemetery.

At the, the village had 146 permanent residents, whereas the operation of the complex may be up to an additional 500–700 personnel per day. Public visitors (estimated at in excess of 70,000 per annum) generally find Woomera village to be a very quiet place. Principally this is due to the fact that the base is essentially the dinner, bed, and breakfast facility for Defence personnel. Today the complex embraces a much wider range of Defence systems technology and tactics testing and evaluation activities. In terms of space activities only a small number of sub-orbital sounding rocket tests are conducted. In June 2010, however, Woomera hosted the return of the Hayabusa Deep Space Probe. This was the first planned space re-entry to Australian soil and created another milestone for the Range.

Nurrungar project
In 1969, as the Anglo-Australia Project was winding down, the United States Air Force (USAF) began construction and installation of the Nurrungar Joint Tracking Facility. This facility was located approximately 18 km south of Woomera. Over the next 30 years, this project ensured the maintenance of Woomera village infrastructure, with improvements and modernization of facilities. During the period of operations, around 1,100 USAF and ADF personnel and their families were accommodated at Woomera, and the population was around 4,000.

The new era of Woomera
When the Nurrungar Project came to an end in 1999, the future of the village looked bleak. However, the RAAF was set to take over the range following a long-term study of Defence needs through to 2035, which found that the Woomera Test Range was the only test and evaluation range left in the western world capable of testing the next generation of ADF defence systems within its land borders – and it could be utilized all year round given its climatic advantages. Additionally, the Federal Government decided to establish several immigration detention centres around the country to deal with a growing number of illegal immigrants and asylum seekers arriving by sea, and Woomera was chosen as a site for such a facility.

The establishment of the Woomera Immigration Detention Centre in 1999, through the refurbishment of the original Woomera Village construction camp at 'Woomera West', eventually brought in new permanent staff (as the Nurrungar people were leaving) to settle and maintain the village population at around 1,200. The immigration detention centre, however, proved to be a highly controversial facility and it closed in early 2003 after only about 36 months of operation, at which point the land and buildings were handed back to the Defence Department.

Camp Rapier
Following the closure of the Immigration Detention Centre, and the return of the site to the ADF, Woomera West was redesigned, altered, and re-established as a secure defence garrison support facility and renamed 'Camp Rapier'. It is now frequently used by the Australian Army and squadrons of the RAAF's Airfield Defence Guards as a base camp for specialized training and testing activities. It also has had a detachment of Australian Air Force Cadets from South Australia stay there.

Post-2003
Post-2003, the village population stabilized at about 400, but has subsequently dropped to around 150–200. When the RAAF assumed operational command of Woomera in 1999, there was an increase in the number of temporary residents associated with the conduct of test and evaluation activities on the range. In 2009 Woomera village was the largest ADF domestic base support facility in Australia, and the village is open to public access. There is a high visitation rate by tourists to view the National Missile Park in the centre of the village (which features aircraft, rockets, bombs and missiles covering the full period of the Range's operations), the Woomera Heritage Centre (which features an introductory audio visual presentation and an interpretive gallery that tells the story of this site), and the Community Museum that is maintained by the village's volunteer community board and which is located within the missile park precinct.

Generally, the residents of Woomera are defence workers or contractors. There are no privately owned homes in the village although some are leased to agencies such as the Bureau of Meteorology. The facilities in the village include a gym, hotel, swimming pool, hospital, cinema, school, two museums and missile park. There is also a supermarket, community radio station (107.3 Triple-R FM Woomera - 'rocket range radio'), post office, bowling alley, a football sports club ('Sporties'), Returned Services League, Thrift Shop, and Bowling Club.

The village is jointly managed by the RAAF and the Defence Estate & Infrastructure Group (E&IG). Garrison support services for the complex are provided by Defence contractors managed by E&IG. These services include care and maintenance of the base and range infrastructure, messing, accommodation, security, and limited emergency response and airfield service as well as operational support to Defence activities on the Range.

Climate
Woomera has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with hot summers, mild winters and low rainfall year-round. The highest recorded temperature is 48.2 C on the 20th December 2019, whilst the lowest is -1.4 C on the 12th August 1966.

Woomera village today
The population of Woomera is about 136 permanent residents. However, this number can quadruple with the passage of personnel moving in and out of the base as part of range trials activities. 40 years ago the people who conducted the trials also lived at Woomera, however, with modern communications technology only the people who provide the range support services now need to live at Woomera. Annually, a total of about 5,000 to 6,000 people deploy to Woomera to conduct tests, trials and training activities at the Range.

The management of the Range's infrastructure is the responsibility of Defence Support and Reform Group (DSRG), but the Woomera Board is a long-standing and integral part of the base's local support network. The Woomera Board is composed of five elected members from the village's permanent residents, and four members who are appointed by the current Base Support Manager. The aim of the Woomera Board is to build the sense of community, given its remote location. The Board also prints a weekly news letter - Gibber Gabber.

The base is located in the Woomera Prohibited Area (WPA) and it is an RAAF establishment. However, similar to the RAAF Base at Point Cook, Woomera is open to the visiting public. Non-Defence visitors to Woomera are able to stay at the 'Eldo Hotel' which offers 400 beds in a varying range of formats. The hotel reception, including the "Oasis" bar and restaurant, is located in the former Eldo administration facility. Rooms are generally located close to the main hotel facility and some blocks have names such as "Redstone", "Black Knight", "Blue Steel" and "Skylark" - all former rocket or missile systems once tested at Woomera. The nearby "Traveller's Village Caravan Park" is a privately operated venture centred around the old "senior ranks' mess" facility at the entrance to the base from the main road. It mostly services the motor home and backpacker travellers passing through Woomera.

Tourism
Woomera's attractions include the Woomera National Aerospace and Missile Park, located near the centre of the village. This park features missiles and rockets that were developed and tested at Woomera over the last 60 years, as well as a number of aircraft which were used in trials at Woomera. The Woomera Heritage Centre, which was the former recreation centre for USAF personnel and their families from Nurrungar, features a cafe, a tenpin bowling alley (which was installed by the US Air Force personnel in the 1990s and is still in good working order), a modern interactive display and interpretive centre covering the full life of the Range, a souvenir shop, and a significant display of regional history. This display also features the story of Len Beadell, the famous surveyor who laid out the original range across vast tracts of the Australian Outback stretching from Woomera to the North-West coast of Western Australia. Next to Missile Park, there is a museum featuring range artifacts and the activities and people who lived and worked at Woomera in the early years. This museum is located in the former Church of England, one of four former churches which existed in Woomera. Other attractions include a movie theatre (but movie screenings might be infrequent), swimming centre, a well stocked general store and bottle shop, along with two main clubs which offer counter meals on a Thursday (RSL Club) and Friday (Sports Club) nights. Woomera is a haven for observing and understanding Australia's desert flora and fauna, and there is a space observatory which operates one night a week or by appointment.

The historic precinct of the town attracts visitors to view local attractions including the Missile Park, Heritage Centre, History Museum and other attractions such as Butement Square, the Eldo Hotel (formerly the "Eldo Mess" for personnel working with the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO). There were three other "Messes": Senior, Staff and Junior Staff ("Jazza") based on military ranking, and then Eldo), and the local observatory. Approximately 65,000 tourists a year visit Woomera, with about half of that number going on to visit Roxby Downs (location of the BHP Olympic Dam Mine).

title: Woomera, South Australia


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South Antrim (UK Parliament constituency)

South Antrim is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Robin Swann (UUP)

Boundaries
From 1885, this constituency was one of four county divisions of the former Antrim constituency. It comprised the baronies of Massereene Upper, Massereene Lower, that part of the barony Antrim Upper in the parish of Antrim, that part of the barony of Toome Upper not in the constituency of Mid Antrim, that part of the barony of Belfast Upper not in the constituency of East Antrim, and so much of the Parliamentary Borough of Belfast as was in the County of Antrim.

It returned one Member of Parliament. In 1922, it was merged into a new Antrim constituency.

The seat was re-created in 1950 when the old Antrim two MP constituency was abolished as part of the final move to single member seats. The seat was reduced in size for the 1974 general election, with the town of Carrickfergus and the areas between it and Larne town transferred to North Antrim. Additionally some territory was transferred to Belfast West. Despite these changes, the seat had become the largest in the entire United Kingdom by the time of the Northern Ireland Assembly elections of 1982, by which time its electorate had passed the 131,000 mark. For the 1983 general election Northern Ireland received new seats. Consequently, South Antrim was significantly reduced, losing a lot of territory to the new seats of East Antrim and Lagan Valley as well as minor sections to Belfast West, Belfast North and Upper Bann. The new South Antrim which was fought for the 1983 election contained only 43% of the previous seat. In 1995 there were minor changes around the borders with North Belfast and West Belfast. The seat fought at the 2005 election encompassed the entirety of the district of Antrim and part of the district of Newtownabbey.

Following consultation of boundary changes across Northern Ireland, the altered South Antrim constituency fought at the 2010 general election is made up as follows:

 * Glenavy from Lisburn City government area
 * Ballyclare North, Ballyclare South, Ballyduff, Ballynure, Ballyrobert, Burnthill, Carnmoney, Doagh, Hawthorne, Mallusk, and Mossley, from Newtownabbey
 * The district of Antrim

History
South Antrim is an overwhelmingly unionist constituency which once had the strongest vote for the Ulster Unionist Party anywhere in the province. From 1886 to 1974 the Conservative and Unionist members of the United Kingdom House of Commons formed a single Parliamentary party, and they continuously represented South Antrim.

In 1951, it was one of the last four seats to be uncontested in a British General Election. In the 1979 general election James Molyneaux had the largest majority of any MP in the entire of the United Kingdom, helped also by having one of the largest electorates.

The boundary changes in 1983 reduced the Ulster Unionist vote somewhat, with a significant portion now contained in the new Lagan Valley (which Molyneaux then contested) but the constituency still gave strong results for the party.

However, in April 2000 the Ulster Unionist incumbent, Clifford Forsythe, died suddenly. The ensuing by-election took place amidst a fierce political struggle between the Ulster Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party over the Good Friday Agreement, an agreement that the UUP were themselves split over. The DUP had not contested the seat at the previous general election but on this occasion stood William McCrea, the former MP for Mid Ulster, who campaigned strongly on the DUP's refusal to co-operate with Sinn Féin in the absence of arms decommissioning by the IRA. The local UUP branch selected David Burnside to contest the seat who declared that he had supported the Good Friday Agreement at the time that it was signed but had since become disillusioned with its implementation. As a result, many commentators predicted that whatever the outcome of the election it was a severe blow for the UUP's leader David Trimble. On a low turnout amidst a fierce contest McCrea narrowly won the seat.

Burnside was nominated again to contest the seat in the 2001 general election in which he overturned McCrea's majority, aided by tactical voting by SDLP and Alliance voters. However the DUP were eager to regain the seat and in the 2003 Assembly election they outpolled the UUP by 298 votes. In the 2005 general election McCrea defeated Burnside in their third contest, but with a noticeably lower swing than those garnered by other DUP candidates who ousted UUP MPs. McCrea held the seat in the 2010 general election with a reduced majority. The seat was won by the UUP at the 2015 general election following the defeat of McCrea by Danny Kinahan. The DUP regained the seat following the 2017 general election with the defeat of Kinahan by Paul Girvan. Girvan would hold the seat until 2024, when Robin Swann, a former Health Minister who led Northern Ireland's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, retook the seat for the UUP on a 12.3% swing, giving them a seat in the Commons for the first time in 9 years.