text:
Talk:Protein array

How related or how strictly different are they from DNA chips/microarrays? Are they the same technology with the Protein microarrays for protein and DNA microarrays for DNA?--Jondel 02:39, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Protein array


text:
Stephen Groombridge

Stephen Groombridge FRS (7 January 1755 – 30 March 1832) was a British merchant and astronomer.

Life
He was born at Goudhurst in Kent on 7 January 1755. He succeeded when about 21 to the business in West Smithfield of a linen draper named Greenland, to whom he had been apprenticed. Later, and until 1816, he was a successful West India merchant. He lived mainly at Goudhurst, where he built a small observatory; but moved to Blackheath in 1802.

In 1806, using a then new transit circle built by Edward Troughton, he began compiling a star catalogue of stars down to about eighth or ninth magnitude. He spent ten years making observations on the Groombridge Transit Circle and another ten years doing reductions of the data (correcting for refraction, instrument error and clock error). In 1827 he suffered a "severe attack of paralysis" from which he never fully recovered. Others continued the work, continuing with corrections for aberration and nutation among others.

Groombridge died in Blackheath. His Catalogue of Circumpolar Stars was published posthumously in 1838 with the help of fellow astronomer George Biddell Airy and others. An earlier edition had been published in 1833 but was found to contain errors and was withdrawn. In 1842, one of the stars in his catalogue, Groombridge 1830, was discovered by Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander to have a very high proper motion. For many decades its proper motion was the highest known; today it still occupies third place.

Selected writings

 * - edited by George Biddell Airy; has biographical information for Groombridge

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stephen Groombridge


text:
Loughton tube station

Loughton  is a London Underground station in the Epping Forest district of Essex. It is entirely above ground, and platforms are accessed by staircases which rise from ground level.

It is served by the Central line and lies between Buckhurst Hill and Debden, in Travelcard Zone 6. It is the larger of the two Underground stations in the town of Loughton, with Debden station being the smaller. It acts as a terminus for services from Ealing Broadway at peak hour.

History
The original station was opened by the Eastern Counties Railway on 22 August 1856 and formed the terminus of the branch from London. The actual location of the station building was on the site of what is now the garden and emergency exit of what later became Cafe Rouge, near the Lopping Hall in Loughton High Road, and of no9 Station Road, on a continuation of what eventually became the goods sidings, the line running across what are now the house sites and gardens on the west side of Station Road. The post 1865 goods and carriage sidings no longer exist and were located where the present car parks are. The pre-1865 station also had sidings and a coal wharf, extending almost to what is now St Mary's Church. This station is extensively documented in H W Paar and others, Loughton's First Station 2002 and in Pond, Strugnell and Martin The Loughton Railway 150 years on, 2006. There was also an excursion station or platform constructed along the westernmost edge of the goods yard site: this was used for the many thousands of excursionists who used Loughton as a base to visit nearby Epping Forest. The excursion station building, single-storey and brick built, was extant in 1935, but was demolished in the ensuing decade; it was replaced by a parcels and goods station, itself removed in the 1990s.

It was re-sited some 500 yards to the south on 24 April 1865 as part of the extension of the line to Epping and Ongar. A new station was opened on 28 April 1940 in readiness for London Underground trains, which took over the service from British Railways (Eastern Region) on 21 November 1948.

The station today
The current station is of notable architectural importance and is a Grade II listed building. Designed by John Murray Easton for the London and North Eastern Railway, on behalf of London Transport, the main structure consists of a high, square block dominated by large arched windows at high level. The main elevation is flanked by symmetrical wings and, to the south, a single storey extension. The whole building, as well as the associated disused signal cabin and sub-station, is finished in carefully bonded, incised, gault bricks. The ticket hall takes the form of a lofty arched hall, from which leads a subway that gives access to the two island platforms. The platforms are dominated by graceful, gull-winged shaped reinforced canopies that were altered during 1980s renovations. Although some original platform furniture has been lost the timber platform benches, with the London Underground roundel forming the seat backs, survive. The station has four platform faces and three tracks, with the middle bi-directional track usually used for services that terminate at the station. Those eastbound services that terminate at Loughton mostly return to central London, although some go into Loughton sidings (usually after the evening peak and late at night) which can accommodate 10 trains. A traincrew depot ("the Powerhouse") was converted from the matching electrical substation to the north-east of the station in 2006.

Services
The station is served by the Central line's Epping branch, between Buckhurst Hill and Debden stations. The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 9 tph eastbound to Epping
 * 3 tph terminate here
 * 9 tph westbound to West Ruislip
 * 3 tph westbound to Northolt

Connections
London Buses routes 20, 167, 397, 549 and school route 677 serve the station.

title: Loughton tube station


text:
Buckhurst Hill tube station

Buckhurst Hill is a London Underground station, in the Epping Forest district of Essex. It is served by the Central line and is between Woodford and Loughton. It is the larger of the two Underground stations in the town of Buckhurst Hill, with Roding Valley station being the smaller. It is the only London Underground station located in Zone 5 but not in a London Borough.

History
The station opened on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch from London to Loughton. It originally had staggered platforms, with the main buildings on the down side (tracks heading away from London). The 1856 station house survives to the south of the present platforms, but most of the present station dates from 1892, when the entrance was moved to Victoria Road. The building is similar to that at Billericay. Both were designed by W. N. Ashbee, the chief architect of the Great Eastern Railway, of which the station was a part, which was, from 1923, to become part of the London and North Eastern Railway.

The station was transferred to London Underground ownership as part of the New Works Programme, 1935-1940 scheme that saw the electrification of the branch to form part of the Central line. This occurred on 21 November 1948. The station maintains its late Victorian ambiance to a surprising extent.

When the line was electrified a pedestrian underpass was built in order to connect the two parts of Queens Road previously joined by a level crossing. At the same time a pair of exit/entrances to the south of the station were built giving direct access to Lower Queens Road and Queens Road via the new underpass. These exits were closed in 1982, but reopened in May 2018 in order to provide access to the station for mobility impaired passengers.

For the purposes of fare charging it is in Zone 5. As of 2007 it is the only station on the eastern portion of the Central line in that zone. Passengers travelling from the station leaving in either direction must cross a zone boundary.

title: Buckhurst Hill tube station


text:
In the Time of the Butterflies (film)

In the Time of the Butterflies is a 2001 feature film, produced for the Showtime television network, directed by Mariano Barroso and based on Julia Álvarez's book of the same name. The story is a fictionalized account of the lives of the Mirabal sisters, Dominican revolutionary activists, who opposed the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo and were assassinated on November 25, 1960.

In the film, Salma Hayek played one of the sisters, Minerva, and Edward James Olmos plays Trujillo. Marc Anthony has a minor role as Minerva's first love, and the impetus for her later revolutionary activities.

Plot
The film begins with pictures and video of the actual victims of Trujillo. During the montage, a title card appears that says:

 * From 1930 to 1961, General Rafael Leónidas Trujillo held absolute control of the Dominican Republic.
 * His secret alliance with the church, aristocrats, intellectuals and the press were the foundation of his dictatorship.
 * His formula to remain in power was simple: murder anyone who opposed him.
 * More than 30,000 people were executed during his regime of terror...

The scene shifts to a prison cell, where one of his victims, Minerva Mirabal (Salma Hayek), recounts the events of the story.

Minerva and her three sisters, Patria (Lumi Cavazos), Dedé (Pilar Padilla), and María Teresa "Maté" (Mía Maestro), live on a farm in rural Ojo De Agua. Minerva, the outspoken sister, convinces her father, Enrique Mirabal (Fernando Becerril), to send her, Patria, and Maté to a boarding school. The sisters spend five years away at school, during which time Minerva captures the attention of Trujillo (Edward James Olmos), who notices her at a school play.

When school is over, Minerva wishes to study to become a lawyer, but women are not allowed in law school. The sisters return to the farm, and Minerva soon meets and falls in love with Virgilio "Lio" (Marc Anthony), a member of the Dominican resistance, who gives her the nickname "Butterfly", or Mariposa in Spanish. Lio's activities during a college protest are noticed, and he is forced to leave the country out of fear for his life, though he continues to write to Minerva.

Minerva, along with her family, is invited to a formal ball at Trujillo's palace, where she dances with him. During their dance, Minerva asks for permission to attend law school, but Trujillo declines. He grabs Minerva inappropriately, and she responds by recoiling and slapping him in the face. Her family quickly rushes to her side, and Trujillo allows them to leave. The next day, the chief of police, Captain Peña (Pedro Armendáriz, Jr.), arrives at the family farm and takes Minerva's father away. The sisters spend several weeks dealing with the police bureaucracy, trying to locate their father, before it's suggested that there is a way Minerva can get her father out of prison. Minerva goes to the palace, and Trujillo suggests that her father can leave if she stays. Minerva points out that her mother is waiting outside and would "appreciate his hospitality" too. Trujillo decides that they should leave it to chance (a dice roll) to determine if Minerva and her family go free, or if Minerva stays at the palace while her family is released. Minerva accepts, but asks to "up the stakes"—if she wins, she goes free and also gets to attend law school, and if she loses, Trujillo can "have his wish". She rolls the dice and wins, and Trujillo lets her leave.

Minerva's victory is hollow. Her father is released from prison, but has been tortured and soon dies. While attending his funeral, the police chief delivers to Minerva a letter permitting her to attend law school. Minerva's hatred of Trujillo is intense, but she decides to accept his "gift" because she views it as her only way to effectively oppose him.

While in law school, Minerva discovers that Lio has been killed by Trujillo supporters even though he was out of the country. She meets other members of the resistance, who, through Lio, know of her as "Butterfly". She becomes a member of the resistance, and over time Patria and Maté learn of her activities and become involved too. She falls in love with Manolo Tavárez (Demián Bichir), a fellow law student and member of the resistance, and they are married.

When Minerva graduates from law school, Trujillo is present to pass out the diplomas. All the other students receive diplomas, but he refuses to give Minerva hers, saying he agreed to allow her to attend law school, not to practice law.

After law school, Minerva has children but continues her resistance activities. After a series of increasingly dangerous events, she, Maté, and many resistance members are arrested and sent to jail. Minerva becomes a symbol, and many prisoners, guards, and outsiders secretly voice their support for "the Butterflies".

Eventually, Minerva and Maté are released from jail, but their husbands and Patria's are still held captive. The women continue their efforts to locate their husbands. Trujillo stops by to visit Minerva at her home, and she asks for his help to get their husbands released. Trujillo vows to help Minerva "end her troubles".

While returning from a trip to visit their husbands, Minerva, Patria, and Maté are stopped on the road by a large group of Trujillo's men. They are taken some distance off the main road, and the men surround them and beat them to death.

Another title card appears at the end that says:

 * The Death of the Mirabal Sisters was the final blow to the regime of Leónidas Trujillo, who was assassinated six months later.
 * Several of the children of the Mirabal sisters held important posts in the later democratic governments of the Dominican Republic.
 * The day of the sisters' death, November 25th, is observed in many Latin American countries as the International Day Against Violence Towards Women.

Cast

 * Salma Hayek as Minerva Mirabal
 * Edward James Olmos as Rafael Trujillo
 * Mía Maestro as Maté Mirabal
 * Demián Bichir as Manolo Tavárez
 * Pilar Padilla as Dedé Mirabal
 * Lumi Cavazos as Patria Mirabal
 * Marc Anthony as Lio
 * Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as Captain Peña
 * Ana Martín as Mrs. Mercedes Mirabal, the mother
 * Paulina Treviño as Sinita
 * Ana Layevska as Lina Lovatón
 * Fernando Becerril as Mr. Enrique Mirabal
 * Roger Cudney as Dominican Ambassador Manuel de Moya
 * Anthony Alvarez as Palomino
 * Ermahn Ospina as Jaimito
 * Raúl Méndez as Pedrito
 * Mariana Sánchez as Minerva at 13 years old

title: In the Time of the Butterflies (film)


text:
Talk:Nick Tahou Hots

GARBAGE PLATE
I grew up in Rochester and am very familiar with the "Garbage Plate" at Nick Tahoe's. I remember a time when using the term Garbage Plate at Nick's was frowned upon, I wonder when it became acceptable to do so?
 * Probably around the time Nick's started using the slogan "home of the garbage plate" on their to-go cups.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 00:28, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I noticed that the article states there are many other regional restraunts that have a similar theme. I wasn't sure if Fairport Hots or Penfield Hots actually existed because I'm from the other side of the city, but I know there is an Irondequoit Hots (near House of Guitars on Titus Ave) and Greece Hots (near Greece Apollo Middle School on Maiden Lane). It's not like it makes much of a difference though. I was also wondering if adding a reference to white hots would be valid. White hots are a type of hot dog local to Rochester and are served at Tahous either on a plate or alone. I was just wondering because no one I have ever talked to that is not from western New York has ever heard of a white hot. - martianpenguin

 * wow I had forgotten about white hots... add a section to hot dog about them and link to it :)  ALKIVAR ™ 07:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Name Change
In 1966 or so, I worked the graveyard shift at the original West Main location. Everyone called it Nick Tahoe's back then -- I think that was even on the signage. Nick was a great guy, though the crowd that hit the place after the bars closed at 2am could be a little um... rowdy. Clocke (talk) 18:22, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Should it be noted the resturant has now changed names. It's still owned by the same person, but a big argument with his family or something brought a name change, at least to the Gate's location. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.207.170.179 (talk • contribs) 16:45, 29 June 2007
 * It was only the spinoff location that was sold and renamed. —Cryptic 14:06, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You know, this makes absolutely no sense. Everyone knows Nick Tahou's as a brand name. Why would anyone in their right mind want to change a well established name?  With Nick Tahou's he was guaranteed to have business on just the name.  Oh, and dont bring it up with the owner.  I was there last year getting a plate, and started to ask the owner why the name change and he stopped smiling and looked angry and said in a quick, matter of fact way, "This is Steve T's now." Pretty much end of the conversation right there.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.50.141.112 (talk) 21:04, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 10:33, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Needs a reliable source
I removed the following:
 * The Roberts Wesleyan College Male Cross Country team also has an annual tradition. The team runs seven miles to Nick Tahou's, consumes a garbage plate, and then runs seven miles back to campus.

I couldn't find a source, but if someone else has one, then please add it back. Jennavecia (Talk)  05:01, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=2133

here is your source — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.230.170.118 (talk) 03:42, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Sauce
"Nick's proprietary hot sauce, a greasy sauce with spices and ground beef. " Otherwise known as last week's grill scrapings... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Maczenwes (talk • contribs) 20:46, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Couldn't be further from the truth, says an old worker. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.89.169.100 (talk) 14:44, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Health concerns
"Health.com named the Garbage Plate the fattiest food in the state of New York."

This is a meme which I believe is okay to be put in the public domain as I have since it's a modification of a US Government public domain work, unless the words 'garbageplate' and 'genny cream ale' prohibit this.

B137 (talk) 04:44, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * NTH doesn't appear to defend a trademark on "garbage plate", if they have one at all. My bigger question is what this image would contribute to the article. Ibadibam (talk) 22:53, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Not adding it, still might be a possibility of a Genny Cream Ale copyright issue. B137 (talk) 01:30, 26 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nick Tahou Hots


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Schoolboy

Cannot verify. (But it's hard to formulate an appropriate Google query for this). The only definition of schoolboy in AHD4 is "A boy attending school." Suggest deletion, unless the author or someone else can give a verifiable citation for this meaning. Dpbsmith 02:57, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * eh? What a sad, terminally unfunny prank. Sounds more like utter nonsense or something very local. Orphan article. Delete. Ianb 05:02, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * OMG, this happened to me in school! My assailants didn't call it "Schoolboy" though, they called it "Ha ha, you suck!". I searched Google too, to no avail. I agree with Ianb, unless some justification shows up, Delete. - Eisnel 05:34, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but ask contributor for some reference: This jape is old as the hills, has been featured in Three Stooges, etc.  I don't know if it has a name.  This would be a name for it, but I should like to see confirmed as in usage. Geogre 13:15, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Hey... I've got an idea. I'm gonna go over there and talk to that guy. You come up behind him a little bit later and kneel down. When you are set, I'll delete. - UtherSRG 15:05, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it is great! But it is a Dictionary entry not an encyclopedia article. Delete. Arevich 17:26, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - doesn't even make any sense to me. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:35, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Vision quest

A vision quest is a rite of passage in some Native American cultures. Individual Indigenous cultures have their own names for their rites of passage. "Vision quest" is an English-language umbrella term, and may not always be accurate or used by the cultures in question. Among Native American cultures who have this type of rite, it usually consists of a series of ceremonies led by Elders and supported by the young person’s community. The process includes a complete fast for four days and nights, alone at a sacred site in nature which is chosen by the Elders for this purpose. Some communities have used the same sites for many generations. During this time, the young person prays and cries out to the spirits that they may have a vision, one that will help them find their purpose in life, their role in a community, and how they may best serve the People. Dreams or visions may involve natural symbolism – such as animals or forces of nature – that require interpretation by Elders. After their passage into adulthood, and guided by this experience, the young person may then become an apprentice or student of an adult who has mastered this role. When talking to Yellow Wolf, Lucullus Virgil McWhorter came to believe that the person fasts, and stays awake and concentrates on their quest until their mind becomes "comatose." It was then that their Weyekin (Nez Perce word) revealed itself.

Use by non-Native Americans
Non-Native, New Age and "wilderness training" schools offer what they call "vision quests" to the non-Native public. However, despite the name, these experiences may bear little resemblance to the traditional ceremonies beyond fasting and isolation. Such use of the term "vision quest" has been criticized as "cultural appropriation", with those leading the exercises derided as "plastic shamans". Such exercises may include New Age versions of a sweat lodge, which has at times led to untrained people causing harm and even death, such as in the James Arthur Ray manslaughter incident, which involved a 36-hour, non-Native idea of a vision quest, for which the participants paid almost $10,000.

Like a number of other Indigenous ceremonies, the vision quest has been mentioned in statements by Indigenous leaders concerned about the protection of ceremonies and other Indigenous intellectual property rights; one of these documents is the 1993 Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality. In 2007 the United Nations adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), which has given further support to Indigenous people's rights to protect their cultures and ceremonies, and address restitution when intellectual, religious and spiritual property is taken without their free, prior and informed consent or in violation of their laws, traditions and customs.

title: Vision quest


text: User talk:68.234.92.2

title: User talk:68.234.92.2


text:
Talk:Disgaea: Hour of Darkness

Small changes
Removed the EGM silver award note. This is rather pointless as the game revieved numerous awards and marks in the 90% range, but review scores are rather difficult in terms of NPOV, as only listing high scores is indicative of bias in the same way the opposite would be true. The EGM quote on the graphics is not balanced by many professional reviewers who enjoyed the graphics so it doesn't seem worth keeping. The rest of that section is still there as it's relevent.

Changes
I'm going to make some changes to this article in response to the edits made by 24.119.167.106, and I feel that they should be justified here. I like some of the changes made, and think that having game features as a separate list is quite appropriate.

First of all, some of the text has been spun off into a seperate Laharl article. I do not think it is likely that someone would search for Laharl outside of the context of Disgaea to the extend that he requires a seperate article, so I'm going to merge this information back into Disgaea. As I'm currently trying to get nearly 50 character and item pages for a Zelda game either deleted or merged, I think it would hypocritical of me to ignore a similar spawn-off from this article.

The new Laharl article states that he was asleep for three years, but I'm fairly certain one of the vassels in Laharl's castle states that he was asleep for two at the beginning of the game.

Secondly, I'm moving the Prinnies and information on Hell (the currency), and putting it in a new humor section, and re-adding the information on the Next Episode shorts between the games. I'm also re-adding the information on the Dark Senate, as it really is a unique part of the game which I have seen mentioned in reviews.

-RedWordSmith 03:02, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I think there should be a section that mentions briefly the differences between the Asian versions and NTSC. Apparently there are some significant differences, as well as some confusion as to the language options and which version are region free. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.216.253.87 (talk) 21:23, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Non-fiction?
Copied from user talk pages:

Hey Lowellian,

I just noticed that you removed the fiction link from the Disgaea article. My interpretation of Check your fiction is that articles about fiction should always state that they're talking about fiction right away. I think that we need a link to fiction in the opening sentence in order to be in line with policy, since it's possible a nonfiction video game could exist. What's your take on this?

- RedWordSmith 21:11, Nov 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * For a book, it makes sense to put the descriptor "fictional" at the beginning of the article, since there are so many non-fictional books. But Disgaea is a video game. First, the vast majority of video and computer game articles on Wikipedia do not feature an adjective "fictional". Second, I think it's self-evident that Disgaea, as a video game, is fictional.

 * Furthermore, the designations of "fictional"/"non-fictional" don't even apply well to video/computer games. What is a "non-fictional" video/computer game? A simulator? Is a simulator "non-fictional", or does it merely simulate reality? Even video/computer games based on historical scenarios aren't really "non-fictional"—nor are they really "fictional"; the terms simply aren't entirely appropriate.

 * —Lowellian (talk)  23:00, Nov 7, 2004 (UTC)

You may have a point, but I still think it's important to establish context; maybe video games in the future will tend to be more realistic, even if not "nonfiction." The lead section should make it absolutely clear that Disgaea doesn't even aim for realism. Maybe something along the lines of "Disgaea: Hour of Darkness is a fantasy video game for the PlayStation 2..."? That also seems to convey a bit more information about what the game is like, so it also eliminates the problem of sounding obvious. - RedWordSmith 23:15, Nov 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * In the case of Disgaea, "fantasy" is acceptable to me.  —Lowellian (talk)   23:19, Nov 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't believe that a game to this date has been non-fiction. Even learning games are fantasy.

It's a DVD.
Someone changed the media from "DVD" to "CD-ROM"; this isn't right. Disgaea is on a DVD. The disk even has the DVD logo on it; There's a picture at.

Just to be absolutely sure that those wacky ATLUS marketing people weren't pulling a fast one on all of us, I put the disk in the CD and DVD drives on my computer. The CD drive refused to read it. The DVD drive read it and reported that it has 750 MB of data on it, well beyond the 700 of a CD-R and the standard 650 of a pressed CD-ROM. - RedWordSmith 19:43, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)

Or is it?
I know that in the European release of Disgaea at least (which only has the English voiceovers), Disgaea is on a blue-backed CD-ROM. (With the CD label, once again, even having the 'Compact Disc' logo instead of 'DVD'. I'm not sure which format the Japanese version was released on, but considering that it only had the Japanese voiceovers, I wouldn't be too suprised if that was released on CD-ROM too.  It seems that the American release which has both voiceovers included is the only version to be released on a DVD.

Though I'm certain about the European version, I've no idea about the Japanese one... can anyone else clarify? --CherryMay 07:12, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoops, my mistake. That's something I hadn't considered, and also information that's not very clear from the current article. I've tried to update the infobox accordingly. Apparently the European publisher is Koei, and GameFaqs seems to confirm this. - RedWordSmith 17:18, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)

The EU release is a CD (which is why it doesn't have the Japanese audio track on it). I did the same test to check :)

Big changes...
Eh, I decided that it'd be best to move the info to a separate page, so there's less room taken up. Tell me what you think. -- A Link to the Past 20:32, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

[above is 03:25, Dec 11, 2004 A Link to the Past]
 * Looking at the new Flonne and Laharl article, I have to agree that the time has probably come to spin the article off a bit; if every entry were that detailed, the page would probably would actually be very large. I'd like to keep things as concentrated as possible, so that people can compare stats and information without having to load up dozens of pages. Why don't we move Laharl to Disgaea characters, merge Flonne into that, create redirects for the other character names, and then we can put a summary in this article? - RedWordSmith 03:43, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Maybe. Though, a lot of people DO use tabs. I think it's convenient in different ways - your way would be convenient for the way you suggested, my way would be convenient if you're looking for information for just them. I also have a Secrets FAQ - Would something like that be applicable to Wiki? -- A Link to the Past 20:32, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it'll be any less convenient if someone is looking for information on a specific character - they'll be able to go to the character page and click on the name of the character they want stats on right away. Using Mozilla myself, I'm not really sure a large number of tabs is all that much better than a large number of windows, although that could just be my opinion. It's also worth remembering that the Disgaea article is just one of many in Wikipedia, which isn't a gaming guide -- we should try to make things useful for people who may not be familar for the game at all by showing the relationships between characters and the different things they can do.

 * I don't think a secrets FAQ would make a good stand-alone article. It'd probably be a bit much for a general encyclopedia, but I have thought that a section in this article on secrets would be a good thing to have. There might be someplace else for a full FAQ; let me dig around a bit. - RedWordSmith 05:34, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think strategy guides, et al (including the very statistic-specific character page or at least parts of it) should go to Wikibooks. Nifboy 22:58, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, I 'spose. I've made a page to test it out. Make some changes to make it come out better, if you want. -- A Link to the Past 20:32, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

Name Change
The article should be changed to its full name, Disgaea: Hour of Darkness. Agree or disagree? -- A Link to the Past 20:32, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Disagree. See Use common names. —Lowellian (talk) 01:30, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I also think it should be moved back since people are more likely to type the short version in. At any rate, something needs to be done about that copy and paste move - the page history is split now. - RedWordSmith 03:28, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * After talking to Link a bit more, the existence of the upcoming anime and already existing manga lead me to think that the move is not such a big deal. I can live with it. - RedWordSmith 03:38, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Anime Rumors
Anime News Network is reporting that a Disgaea anime is currently in the works. - RedWordSmith 03:36, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

'The Invasion From Within' in Koei version?
The description for the Tsunami Bomb link says that they are the "Creators of 'The Invasion From Within', the featured song in English versions of Disgaea." Is this song actually in the Koei version? I was under the impression that the decision to add the song came from Atlus, and that it wasn't present in the European version at all. - RedWordSmith 19:43, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, it is. --130.232.131.47 11:38, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Sequel and Anime
A sequel and Anime of Disgaea has been confirmed (google for it, I can't be bothered to find the link- it's gone 1am here and I'm tired), the sequel set several years after the game with the main characters of Disgaea 1 only appearing as secondary characters. Could someone please write something about this in the article? --83.67.100.40 00:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * On a related note, can anyone make sense of ? I've been able to gather that it's a game for cell phones of some sort, but beyond the few words of english on NIS's site and what a machine translation gives me I can't figure out what this is called or what platforms it runs on. - RedWordSmith 00:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Found some basic info – according to GameSpy the title is Mugen Keitai Disgaea - RedWordSmith 02:15, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Eighty bucks?!
Did they stop printing this game or something? It's eighty dollars even on Amazon.com (which I usually find things cheap on), and a friend of mine says the only copy he's seen is the one he has...

 * Eighty bucks? Wow.  The price of the game must have went up.  It's not being made anymore, so I suppose it would be a little bit more expensive.  Check out eBay.  You can probably find some for 50 or so. Fllmtlchcb 21:55, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * They just did a reprinting of it. However it sold out in less than a week even with the 1 per household restriction Atlus had in place. New copies are still going for $100 or more on ebay. There should likely be a part of the article on the insane demand for this game, and the low number of copies released in the US.

 * If you are lucky you can find them at stores like GameStop and EB games. I grabed a copy, I later traded in to reserve Soul Nomad, for around $40.

Article needs lots of improvement...
Many casual readers probably do not know what exactly a Prinny or a vassal is, or maybe even that the gameplay looks like. Some screenshots and definitions might help. Abby724 03:21, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

68.145.66.69 04:46, 19 June 2007 (UTC)== Additions to the original game on PSP version ==

In order to know that the PSP version of Disgaea has some features, like new secret scenarios where you can fight Adell and Rosalind from Disgaea 2. They are expected to be put before Baal, the last secret boss.

Also there is a new storyline about what if Etna accidentally killed Laharl at the beginning of the game/

Another omission notible to long time Disgaea fans is the removal of the Prinny's battle cry of "Prinny dood!". This may have resulted from the similar conditions as the removal of the theme song, however the Prinnys battle cry remains in the PAL version of the game.

I would like to note that I have a copy of the North American Release in NTSC and the battle Cry is very much intact. It sounds to be re-recored but I hear it plenty.

Also that there is an alternative story line as stated above following Etna as the main character. It can be access via a code at the title screen that you get from reading Etna's Secret Diary. Zetta from Makia Kingdom is also a boss in the game. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.242.51.133 (talk) 08:55, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Possible source
A small note - I happened to stumble across some copies of a Disgaea artbook that's been released here in the U.S. in a bookstore at the mall. I can't get a copy right now, but if anyone else wants to have a look, I think it's ISBN 978-1597411127, ISBN 1597411124 based on a quick look at Amazon - RedWordSmith 04:58, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd buy it if I could (afford it). :( - A Link to the Past (talk) 08:38, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The World of Disgaea (the artbook) is basically the translation of the Disgaea Character Collection. Basically, it contains official art, concept art, information on the characters and story as well as some ideas that were scrapped, and interviews with the cast. The World of Disgaea get quite in-depth with the properties of magic and the geo panels. It's definitely a valid source. 167.206.158.98 15:27, 26 April 2007 (UTC)burnfist23

Disgaea potentially going to DS.
It came straight from an N1 representative, so it should be valid. I don't know what exactly I would write in the article, so I'll leave it to someone else to do so.

http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q2-2007/060107d.html

74.117.97.176 00:40, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Japanese cover artwork
Whatever happened to the Japanese cover artwork?

I think we should also include Japanese cover artwork on this article. Is there any way we could do this?

(Just because they were made in Japan and sold in Japan, it seems to be...original unlike the US cover artwork.)

76.233.81.56 (talk) 00:41, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * There's no reason, since there's generally only one difference between any US and Japanese artwork – whether the logo is in Japanese or English. And did you have to post this on every single game article?—Ｌｏｖｅはドコ？ (talk • contribs) 00:43, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Originality: What came first came from Japan. Until a US cover artwork has released, it felt like being second (although we're down here in the US).
 * Why US cover artwork? Why without Japanese cover artwork--originality? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.233.81.56 (talk) 00:51, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The non-free use guidelines are as follows: as few non-free content uses as possible are included in each article and in Wikipedia as a whole. Multiple items are not used if one will suffice. The cover of an English version of the game will suffice in the English Wikipedia.—Ｌｏｖｅはドコ？ (talk • contribs) 00:57, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Heya just wondering about a little fact on the English box art. According to the current page, two different arts were available, with either Laharl or a Succubus in the lower left corner. I'm not positive, but wasn't it either Prinny Kurtis or Succubus? I'm basing this only on the pictures from the japanese artbook, though, so don't rawrg at me.... Sanctuary7 (talk) 00:32, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Just thought I'd chime in after reading this. I saw something along the lines of "since we're in the US" in one of those above posts, and I'm pretty sure that Wikipedia has a policy that they are not American and that they strive to be internationally neutral in order to contain relevant information to all English speakers. So really all alternative box arts should be included or else only the box art for the initial release of a title should be included by this logic; it wouldn't be fair to put only the American box art if the PAL release had a different art, right?98.27.162.44 (talk) 03:00, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

 * You can find some policies on video game cover art at the Wikipedia video game project: guidelines on cover art. They state that generally only one cover should be present, and that it should be posted in the infobox for the article.  If you are going to post alternative cover art in the article you'll have to find significant commentary from outside sources to accompany the new image.  There is a good and bad example of this in the guideline page. They also specifically indicate a preference for english art over the original Japanese cover art, unless no english cover art exists.

 * At the moment, the cover art presented in this article fall within the VG project's guidelines. Hewinsj (talk) 13:59, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

DS version
just about the sentence "probably due to the limited storage capacity of the DS game card" the game is 64Mo, some games are 256Mo so they were far from the limit.

and about "Demon Gadgets", it's maybe worth to say it's only in multiplayer. 86.200.27.241 (talk) 02:52, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Disgaea: Hour of Darkness


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Nick Tahou Hots

This restaurant is a cultural Icon for the region that has been around for decades. Search Google for Nick Tahou and you will see many more entries for it than for your average hometown restaurant. This is attributable to the large student population from the city's half dozen 4-year schools including the university of Rochester and Rochester Institute of Technology.


text:
Category:Planescape

Articles relating to the Planescape campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

title: Category:Planescape


text:
User:Sideshow~enwiki

I am new to this Wikipedia thing, so please let me know if I've made any mistakes. So far I have only been reading and editing articles. I've made some commends on the vfd page, I hope to write a few articles myself soon though.

title: User:Sideshow~enwiki


text:
Love beads

Love beads are one of the traditional accessories of hippies. They consist of one or more long strings of beads, frequently handmade, worn around the neck by both sexes. The love bead trend probably evolved from the hippie fascination with non-Western cultures, such as those of Africa, India, and Native America, which make common use of similar beads.

Quotes
"At moments of suburban relaxation, in our circle of semi-bohemian homes, we smoked pot, wore dashikis and love beads, and frugged ourselves into a lather…" —John Updike

"Love beads, mood rings, and candle light. Zodiac says the time is right ...", Janet Jackson, "70s Love Groove"

In music

 * Chet Atkins released a single titled "Love Beads" in 1970.
 * The Lemon Pipers released a song called "Love Beads and Meditation" in 1968.
 * Ray Stevens mentioned love beads as a key element of hippie attire in the song "Old Hippie Class Reunion" on his album I Never Made a Record I Didn't Like in 1988.

In products

 * According to the official history of the original 1962 Pier 1 Imports store in San Mateo, California, "Our first customers were post-World War II baby boomers looking for beanbag chairs, love beads and incense."

In television

 * In the "Bendin' in the Wind" (2001) episode of the animated series Futurama, Fry, Leela, Amy and Dr. Zoidberg follow Beck's musical tour in a Volkswagen microbus and soon run out of money during their cross country road trip. After inadvertently discovering Dr. Zoidberg naturally produces multicolored pearls as a byproduct of being ill and coughing, the crew fund the rest of their travels by stringing the pearls together and selling them as love beads to highly demanding music festival goers.
 * In an episode of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show titled "Beads" (1983), Lucy makes love beads for Schroeder.
 * In the Mad Men season 6 episode "A Tale of Two Cities", Danny Siegel and other characters whom Don, Roger, and Harry encounter at the Los Angeles parties they attend are wearing love beads.
 * In Bewitched, season 5, episode 6, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall" (Nov. 7, 1968), Endora puts a vanity spell on Darrin. He buys a beaded necklace on his way to work, where a conservative advertising client asks what he's wearing. Darrin replies, “Love beads. They go all the way back to ancient Egypt. The high priest used to wear them.” Later, on his way to a luncheon meeting with the client, Samantha zaps the beads off Darrin, with the words "Come flower power, rip off his beads!"

In print
In Peanuts newspaper comic, Lucy makes love beads for Schroeder who states he does not like Lucy, causing her to react violently, snatching the beads back and giving them ultimately to Snoopy who appears in the last panel wearing them. Originally appearing in 1968, it was seen in syndicated reprint on September 13, 2015.

title: Love beads


text:
Duke of Medina Sidonia

Duke of Medina Sidonia (Duque de Medina Sidonia) is a peerage grandee title of Spain in Medina-Sidonia, holding the oldest extant dukedom in the kingdom, first awarded by King John I of Castile in 1380. They were once the most prominent magnate family of the Andalusian region, the best-known of whom, Don Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia, commanded the Spanish Armada at the end of the 16th century. The defeat at the hands of weather and the English in 1588 brought disgrace to this family. The House of Medina Sidonia traces its descent from Alonso Pérez de Guzmán.

title: Duke of Medina Sidonia


text:
Kevin Lowe

Kevin Hugh Lowe (born April 15, 1959) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive, former coach and former player. Lowe was the vice-chairman of Oilers Entertainment Group until his retirement on August 2, 2022 (behind only Glen Sather in terms of Cup wins as Oilers' GM), having formerly served as head coach and then general manager of the Edmonton Oilers. As a defenceman, he played for the Edmonton Oilers and the New York Rangers from 1979 to 2000.

Over his career, Lowe won the Stanley Cup six times. In 1990, he was awarded the King Clancy Memorial Trophy. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2020 and named to the Order of Hockey in Canada in 2021.

Background and early career
In 1976 Lowe joined the Quebec Remparts of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. An Anglophone, he learned French as the team used it, and in 1978 was named captain, the first English captain in team history. Over 201 games with the Remparts Lowe scored 42 goals and 131 assists for 173 points, along with 245 PIM. At one point he was in negotiations with the Birmingham Bulls of the World Hockey Association (WHA), but was reluctant to join them, and when it was announced the Bulls would not join the NHL the point was moot.

He was drafted in the first round, 21st overall, of the 1979 NHL Entry Draft by the Edmonton Oilers, the franchise's first-ever NHL draft selection.

NHL playing career
Lowe played 13 full seasons in his first stint with the Oilers and helped lead them to five Stanley Cup championships. As one of the alternate captains during his first tenure, Lowe was regarded as the third among equals when it came to the leaders of the Oilers' 1980s dynasty, along with Wayne Gretzky (team captain) and Mark Messier (alternate captain).

During the Oilers' run to the 1988 Stanley Cup, Lowe played with a broken wrist and a full cast, a potential explanation for his point totals (0-2-2 in 19 games), yet he didn't miss a single playoff game. On the night the Oilers won the Cup, Wayne Gretzky informed the media that Lowe was also hiding broken ribs throughout the playoffs.

Lowe became team captain for the 1991–92 season after Mark Messier was traded to the New York Rangers. Leading the Oilers to an ugly 1-5-1 start in early October, the team overcame the change of captaincy to finish with a 36-34-10 record.

The Oilers traded him to the New York Rangers, in December 1992 (Lowe was a restricted free agent). In 1994, he won the Stanley Cup with six other ex-Oilers—Glenn Anderson, Jeff Beukeboom, Adam Graves, Craig MacTavish, Mark Messier, and Esa Tikkanen—bringing his total to six.

In 1996, he re-joined the Oilers as a free agent and played another full season. He started the 1997–98 season with the Oilers as well but only played 7 games before being forced to retire due to an inner-ear virus that affected his balance.

In total, Lowe played in 1254 career regular season games, scoring 84–347–431 with 1498 penalty minutes. He added another 214 playoff games, scoring 10–48–58 and earning 192 penalty minutes.

Lowe played more regular season and playoff games in an Oilers uniform than anyone in franchise history (1037 and 172). He was the team's first-ever NHL draft pick and scored their first NHL goal (a power play goal against the Chicago Blackhawks assisted by Wayne Gretzky and Brett Callighen; Gretzky's first NHL point). Many, including Gretzky himself, believe the Great One tipped the puck on its way to the net. During his professional hockey career, Lowe did not play a single game in the minor leagues, and his teams only once failed to make the playoffs.

Lowe was named to play in the NHL All-Star Game in 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1993. He also won the league's King Clancy Memorial Trophy in 1990.

Post playing career
Lowe joined the Oilers staff in 1998 as an assistant coach. In 1999, he took over head coaching duties from Ron Low. He was head coach for just a single season, winning 32 out of 82 games (32-26-16-8), and getting the Oilers to the first round of the playoffs where they fell to the Dallas Stars in five games. He was promoted to general manager of the Oilers in 2000 when long-time GM Glen Sather left for the New York Rangers. He remained the Oilers' Executive Vice President and General Manager until the 2008–09 season when he was promoted to President of Hockey Operations.

Lowe has also been responsible for assisting Canadian national hockey teams. He was a member of the management team for the Canadian men's ice hockey team at the 2002 Winter Olympics that won the gold medal and was also named a manager for the 2004 World Cup of Hockey team. In addition, he has managed Team Canada at World Hockey Championships.

In 2005, the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League created the Kevin Lowe Trophy (Trophée Kevin Lowe), awarded annually to the player in the QMJHL judged to be the best defensive defenceman.

In the 2006–2007 NHL offseason, Lowe offered contracts to restricted free agents Thomas Vanek, which was matched by the Buffalo Sabres, then to Anaheim forward Dustin Penner, which was signed. Following the offer sheet to Penner, Brian Burke, then-GM of the Anaheim Ducks, publicly blamed Lowe for inflation in player salaries, accusing Lowe of "colossal stupidity." Then head coach Craig MacTavish responded by referring Burke to the Wizard of Oz, "You comb his hair, put a white shirt on, wheel him out in front of the camera and he'll say whatever you guys want." Lowe did not respond to Burke's attacks until July 4, 2008, on a local radio show, Total Sports with Bob Stauffer, calling Burke a "moron" and "a media junkie."

Lowe's No. 4 was not retired by the Oilers until 2021; he had been the only player in the Oilers' NHL history to wear No. 4 until he issued it to Taylor Hall, the Oilers' first-overall draft pick in 2010. Kris Russell wore No. 4 for the Oilers as well until the beginning of the 2021-2022 season.

In 2021, Lowe was appointed to the board of directors for Play On! Canada. Play On! Canada is the world's largest road hockey tournament.

Personal life
Lowe was the fourth child of Clifford and Jessie Lowe (after Carol, Nancy, and Kenneth). The Lowe family operated a dairy farm in Lachute, Quebec, and were one of the few English Catholic families in the region, with most people being francophones. Clifford was involved in operating a local hockey rink, so his children skated there from an early age, with Lowe starting when he was 3 years old.

His brother Kenneth later worked as the Head Medical Trainer of the Oilers. He is married to Canadian Olympian Karen Percy and is the father of Bakersfield Condors defenceman Keegan Lowe, who was drafted by the Carolina Hurricanes in the third round, 73rd overall of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. Lowe's oldest son is Canadian filmmaker, Shane Fennessey. Kevin is also the uncle of Melissa Lowe, a Canadian bobsleigh athlete.

Awards and achievements
Lowe was named to the Hockey Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2020. Primarily a defensive defenceman during his playing career, Lowe was the first defensive defenceman named to the Hall since Rod Langway in 2002. Lowe was the final member of the Oilers' "Group of Seven" to be inducted into the Hall.

On February 26, 2021, Lowe was named to the Order of Hockey in Canada by Hockey Canada, in recognition of his career and contribution to the game in Canada.

title: Kevin Lowe


text:
Grayling

Grayling or Greyling may refer to:

Fish

 * Grayling, generically, any fish of the genus Thymallus in the family Salmonidae
 * European grayling (Thymallus thymallus), the type species of the genus Thymallus
 * Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus)
 * Australian grayling (Prototroctes maraena), a fish in the family Retropinnidae
 * New Zealand grayling (Prototroctes oxyrhynchus), a recently extinct fish of New Zealand

Butterflies

 * Grayling, many of the butterflies in the genus Hipparchia and Oeneis
 * Grayling (butterfly) (Hipparchia semele)
 * Common wood-nymph or grayling (Cercyonis pegala)

United States

 * Grayling, Alaska
 * Grayling, Michigan
 * Grayling Charter Township, Michigan
 * Camp Grayling, National Guard training facility near Grayling, Michigan

People

 * A. C. Grayling (born 1949), British philosopher
 * Chris Grayling (born 1962), British politician
 * Eduard Greyling (born 1948), South African ballet dancer

Other uses

 * Grayling (PR firm), a public relations firm
 * USS Grayling, several US Navy ships and submarines
 * Dr Grayling Russell, a fictional character in the Inspector Morse TV series

title: Grayling


text:
U.S. Route 201

U.S. Route 201 (US 201) is part of the nationwide system of United States Numbered Highways. It runs for 157.46 mi entirely within the state of Maine and is a spur route of U.S. Route 1. Its southern terminus is in Brunswick at US 1 and Maine State Route 24 Business. Its northern terminus is at the Canada–US border near Jackman (a terminus it shares with Maine State Route 6), where it connects to Quebec Route 173.

Between Solon and its northern terminus, US 201 is known as the Old Canada Road National Scenic Byway.

Route description
US 201 begins in Brunswick along SR 24 Business (former SR 24) at an interchange with US 1. It follows the Kennebec River from Gardiner, to The Forks, where it winds away from the river and runs up into the north woods mountains. The highway crosses the Appalachian Trail at Caratunk.

North of The Forks, US 201 climbs in elevation over Johnson Mountain and around Coburn Mountain, near Upper Enchanted and Parlin Pond Townships. Before reaching Jackman, the road peaks at the Attean Pond Lookout, a popular rest area, before descending into town. US 201 intersects the northern end of SR 15 in Jackman and is cosigned with SR 6 for the remaining 16.4 mi north to the Canadian border. The road continues through parts of Moose River and Dennistown before reaching the Armstrong–Jackman Border Crossing at Sandy Bay Township. US 201 and SR 6 ends as the highway crosses into Quebec, Canada and becomes Route 173.

A former alignment designated US 201A runs through the towns of Madison and Norridgewock.

History
US 201 follows old river trading routes of the Abenaki people. Parts of Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec took place along the route that today make up US 201. On June 15, 2000, the route was designated a National Scenic Byway.

US 201 used to be New England Interstate Route 20 (NEI 20) in the 1920s. The original 1922 plan had NEI 20 starting in Portland. The southern half was later shifted east to start in Brunswick (the realignment may have been done prior to actual signing of the route.) The southern end of the original NEI 20 is now SR 100 from Portland to Augusta. The Brunswick end of the original NEI 20 intersected with NEI 1 (which is now US 1), which remained the southern terminus of US 201 until the construction of the US 1 freeway, at which point its terminus was moved to its current location on SR 24.

Since its designation in 1926, US 201 has only undergone one major realignment. The original highway used to run through Norridgewock, Anson, and Madison on its way to Solon. In 1954, US 201 was moved to a new eastern alignment which completely bypasses this area and the existing alignment was redesignated US 201A. US 201 has also undergone various other minor route adjustments, but largely maintains its original 1926 routing.

Somerset County Alternate route
U.S. Route 201 Alternate (US 201A) is the designation of a former alignment of US 201 in the towns of Skowhegan, Norridgewock, Madison and Anson. The route is 26.18 mi long and forms a western loop of US 201, which was rerouted in 1954 to bypass to the east. US 201A runs along the Kennebec River over its entire length.

The southern terminus of US 201A is at US 2, US 201 and State Route 104 in Skowhegan. The northern terminus is at US 201 in Anson, a terminus it shares with State Route 8.

US 201A is also part of the Arnold Highway (named for Benedict Arnold), established in 1931 over the original US 201.

US 201A is completely overlapped with other routes due to various realignments of the routes signed over it.

Route description
US 201A begins in Skowhegan just south of the Kennebec River, at an intersection with US 2, US 201, and SR 104 (which has its northern terminus here). US 201A begins overlapped with US 2 and the two routes proceed southwest along the southern bank of the river on the way to Norridgewock. Upon reaching town, the highway intersects with SR 8 and SR 139. SR 139 has its western terminus at this intersection while SR 8 northbound joins the concurrency. Just to the west, US 2 splits off to the southwest, while US 201A goes to the northwest with SR 8 in tow. US 201A and SR 8 are cosigned for the remainder of their lengths.

US 201A and SR 8 continue along the riverbank, turning north into Madison and intersecting with SR 43 and SR 148. US 201A and SR 8 then turn west, joining the converging routes to cross the river as a four-route concurrency. On the west side of the bridge lies the town of Anson, where US 201A and SR 8 split to the north off SR 43 and SR 148, which continue west concurrently. The highway turns north along the west bank of the river into the village of North Anson, intersecting the eastern end of SR 234 before meeting SR 16 just to the north. SR 16 joins US 201A and SR 8, proceeding north along the river out of town, and eventually passing into Solon. Nearing the riverbank once more, SR 16 splits to continue north along the river, while US 201A and SR 8 turn northeast to cross the river. Both routes terminate at US 201.

title: U.S. Route 201


text:
Codification (linguistics)

In linguistics, codification is the social process of a language's natural variation being reduced and features becoming more fixed or subject to prescriptive rules. Codification is a precursor to standardization: the development of a standard variety of a language.

Codifying a language can vary from case to case and depends on the stage of standardization that might have already occurred naturally. It typically means to develop a writing system, set up normative rules for grammar, orthography, pronunciation, and usage of vocabulary as well as publish grammar books, dictionaries and similar guidelines. In cases where several variants exist for a specific aspect, e.g. different ways of spelling a word, decisions on which variant is going to be the standard one have to be made.

In some countries such codification is done by a body constituted by the state, such as the Académie française. Codification often happens due to new inventions, changes in values or other cultural influences. After the process of decolonialization, many African states had to decide whether they wanted to keep the colonial language or chose one (or more) of their indigenous language varieties as official languages, which made language planning necessary.

In a well-known model of language planning by Einar Haugen, codification is only the second step. Step one is the selection process, step three is the implementation of the changes in society and step four is the elaboration of vocabulary (especially technical terms). In the process of language planning, two major levels exist: corpus planning and status planning (Heinz Kloss). Codification is part of the corpus planning of a language, because the "body" of the language itself is being planned as opposed to status planning, where the prestige and usage of a language is enhanced:

 * Corpus planning: Codification of a language (step 2); elaborating its functions to meet language needs (step 4)
 * Status planning: Selection of a language (step 1); implementing its functions by spreading it (step 3)

Whether the codification is successful depends heavily on its acceptance by the population as well as its form of implementation by the government, e.g. promoting its prestige and spread, teaching the codified norm in school and language courses, and so on.

title: Codification (linguistics)


text:
Talk:DJ Premier

Untitled

 * ✅I believe it is better, i.e. cleaner, to divide the article into two parts. After all, no information is lost. The huge production credits just don't "crush" the rest of the article this way and one can focus on biographical facts or other interesting aspects I still miss in this article, like production techniques (chopping and sampling style, production equipment) attitude, working anectodes etc. You could also expand the credits with some side notes such as what samples were used. --80.132.224.254 21:47, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't believe that you should post what samples that he has used...that would be called snitching, honestly what if some artist didn't know and found out & sued Premo? That wouldnt be good. And yeah seperating it was a good idea. -- Suntzulive
 * People have a write to know if someone else has 'borrowed' their work without asking. --MartinUK 15:27, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There was nothing wrong with that list. It even enlightened me on some of Primo's work. You should have just suggested some changes. Now the external discography link, THAT one is incomplete and hardly informative. - User:Majik43

 * That site is complete garbage...whoever did that just wanted traffic for their own garbage website. The problem is the ego of the site owner of the discography site. Just wants props when in reality DJ Premier did the work himself, so why do you want credit for writing up what HE did? I say we bring back the wiki discography of Premo -- Suntzulive

Merging
No need to merge them. It would make either article incredibly long and unassimilated. Lajbi 18:10, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Premo vs Primo
As I think, he uses Primo as in Spanish "Cousin", I wonder where you got Premo from. Coming from Premier it would be pronounced differently, wouldn't it?!

Primo/Premo is just a nickname shortening of Premier. There's no specific spelling I think.. PCP MC 12:23, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

On the D.I.T.C. album, the Ebonics Remix is called the (Premo Mix), end of discussion

Origin
Why is it listed as New York even thought the article states that he is originally from Houston, Texas? Is it because stylistically he is seen as a New York-esque producer? Some say DJ Premier is one of the (if not THE) greatest producer of all time. What are your thoughts on this? - Srivatsan

 * You are free to believe what you want as long as the article itself stays neutral and objective. Not that I would not tend to agree with you... --80.132.224.254 21:47, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

suprimo?
in the track mos def makes reference in the track Mathematics he says ...Beats by Su-Primo.. is he refering to DJ Premier? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.15.183.0 (talk) 06:46, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

Yes he is,mos def gives him a shout out becuase premo does that track

DJ Premier Trackology
I think we should add a link to all his productions, just to give the visitor more information. That's what this site is about. I have seen the gang starr trackology page is deleted, but we can add this one: djpremiertrackology.8kilo.com

The DJ Premier discography page on wiki contains a lot of mistakes, dj premier would cry if he see that.

And why not put a link to a forum where you can get a lot of imformation for your questions? Here is the link to the forum: djpremierforum.8kilo.com

Peace!

DJ Premier's Real Birthday
DJ Premier's Birthday is May 4. I have proof. Who watched last months 106 and Park? Rocsi the girl that hosts 106 and Park announced it. I'm right, don't get me wrong. And not to be on some non-sense, he's a Taurus, he works twice as hard as the other producers that are out there (no disrespect to dudes that's been in the game grinding).

A Million and One Questions
It says in the article that he plays the melody backwards during the second part of the song. This is inaccurate. He uses completely different samples in the first and second parts.

Multiple beats

“Jay-Z's "A Million and One Questions" (flips halfway through changing from a light preemo beat, to a dark bass headnodder)″ This is also innacurate as this is not two beats in the same song - there are two different songs on the track and it is a progression into 'Rhyme No More'. The track is 'Intro/A Million and One Questions/Rhyme No More'. I removed this text. Redemption Face (talk) 19:27, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

about.com
the article in about.com is actually written by 1 editor and those are his favorites. One guy isn't notable enough to add as saying that Dj Premier is the no 1 producer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.166.189.2 (talk) 18:57, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

water-like effetc created by DJ Premier?
"When DJ Premier sampled an obscure electronic funk song (Jean-Jacques Perrey's "E.V.A.") from the 1970s to construct Gang Starr's 1991 hit "Just to Get a Rep," he achieved a water-like effect."

The "water-like effect" is already in the original sample. DJ Premier may have equalized or otherwise processed the sample to bring out the effect, but that's it. If no one objects I am for deleting this misinformation. Anyone who would like to check if I am right or wrong can listen to the sample, for instance here: http://www.90bpm.net/users/monox/mp3/eva.mp3

Flexflex2 (talk) 13:09, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Since there have been no objections, I have now deleted the section.

Flexflex2 (talk) 09:43, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Why was the section about his use of atonal samples deleted?
The section concerning the use and manipulation of samples is vital to understanding how DJ Premier works. Why was it deleted?! Peace. —MuzikJunky (talk) 07:14, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

why state that his african american.
you dont describe mozart as a white composer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.73.107.226 (talk) 04:29, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

A bit bias
Although I agree that primo is indeed one of the best producers, some of the statements in this article are very obviously biased. Here's one example: "Also from the Gang Starr Foundation, Premier would produce and supervise Group Home's Livin' Proof; although overlooked at the time of its 1995 release, the album has since come to find similar acclaim.[1] Many Hip-Hop enthusiasts talk of Premier as a legend because of his contribution to Hip-Hop music." I guess it's mainly the weasel words that are the problem - Drthatguy (talk) 10:08, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

MoSS???
Why does MoSS redirect to DJ Premier? They are 2 completely different producers... MoSS produced tracks for Vinnie Paz, Eternia and other underground MCs like them (Category:albums produced by Moss) This should be fixed. Thanks, FOsk8 (talk) 04:20, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. I have already tried to write a stub on MoSS for people to add to, but it just got redirected here again. Maybe someone should devise an informative MoSS page, with references and a discography, and post it up. Maybe then it won't get redirected. MoSS and DJ Premier are not the same person, redirectin MoSS here is just misleading; I would much rather the article just be deleted rather than redirected, if we can't get a decent MoSS article written. -220.245.253.81 (talk) 03:04, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Background info "Website" is not his official url
The background information section linked to a fan site is not officially affiliated with him in any way. I replaced it with the url he lists on his official twitter and facebook. the fan site ranks higher for his name than his own site in google currently, it's still in external links — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1010:B02C:545F:ACBD:1E5:2E7F:3D41 (talk) 06:46, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

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Krsone gets no mention here??? Why?
Krsone gets no mention here??? why? 92.40.200.236 (talk) 07:59, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:DJ Premier


text:
The Honourable Schoolboy

The Honourable Schoolboy (1977) is a spy novel by British writer John le Carré. George Smiley must reconstruct an intelligence service in order to run a successful offensive espionage operation to save the service from being dismantled by the government. In 1977, the book won the Gold Dagger award for the best crime novel of the year and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. The Honourable Schoolboy is the second novel in the omnibus titled either Smiley Versus Karla or The Quest for Karla.

Chronology
This is the sixth le Carré spy novel featuring George Smiley. Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy and Smiley's People were later published as an omnibus edition titled Smiley Versus Karla in 1982.

Plot
In 1974 George Smiley, the chief of the British secret intelligence service referred to as The Circus, is repairing the damage done to their operations by double agent Bill Haydon and looking for opportunities to target Karla, the Moscow Centre spymaster. The Circus is operating in a minimal way with most of its overseas facilities closed, its agents withdrawn and its operations under close political supervision. Smiley and analysts Connie Sachs and Doc di Salis look into investigations suppressed by Haydon and find that a historic investigation of a money laundering operation in Laos by Sam Collins could indicate a Moscow intelligence operation.

Through code and contacts already in Southeast Asia, Smiley dispatches Jerry Westerby, a newspaper reporter in Tuscany and occasional Circus operative, to Hong Kong under the guise of a sports journalist. Westerby traces the Soviet money to Drake Ko, a local businessman with links to both the criminal underworld and the British establishment. London establishes that Drake has a brother, Nelson, who is a high-ranking Chinese official and who has been spying on the Chinese for the Soviets.

Westerby, following up leads provided by Smiley in London, interviews Drake's English mistress Lizzie Worthington; undercover, Smiley had interviewed both her parents and the husband she had walked out on. Westerby discovers that Drake has been attempting to set up an illicit air route into China. Charlie Marshall and Tiny Ricardo (both pilots and smugglers) were approached by Drake to carry opium into China and return with a package. The flights were never completed, and Smiley surmises that the package was Nelson, who wished to defect from China. The money supplied by Moscow to Drake was intended for Nelson, to be accessed after he left China. Sam Collins, who had previously employed Lizzie in Laos as a minor field agent, is brought back into the Circus. Peter Guillam, Smiley's right-hand man, is suspicious of Collins, especially when he discovers Collins has been having extended meetings with Saul Enderby of the Foreign Office and Oliver Lacon, the permanent Cabinet secretary currently overseeing the Circus for the government. It is Enderby and Lacon who are supplying Smiley with the permissions and funds to run Westerby in Asia.

Nelson would be a prime intelligence source on both Soviet and Chinese capabilities, but political maneuverings between London and Washington hamper the investigation. It is finally agreed that the Circus will run the operation to capture Nelson and interrogate him afterwards, with all information shared with the United States. However, the Circus is given a limited time to carry out the operation and if Nelson is not captured by the time limit set, Drake Ko will be arrested and handed over to the US to face drug-related charges.

Smiley instructs Westerby to become more proactive in his investigations, referred to as "shaking the tree," to force Drake into moving forward more quickly with his plans to extract Nelson. Frost, the banker from whom Westerby had acquired Ko's identity, is brutally murdered; Westerby and his Hong Kong colleague Luke are shown the mutilated body. Westerby travels on his own in and out of war-torn Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand searching for Ricardo, who he eventually finds. Ricardo says he had been told Westerby was dead; Westerby ignores this and convinces Ricardo that he knows enough about Drake's attempts to bring opium into China to, under his sports writer's cover, blackmail Drake with Ricardo's help. Ricardo agrees but then tries to kill him with a car bomb as Westerby leaves his compound. On his return to Hong Kong, Westerby finds Luke murdered in his apartment; Drake's right-hand man, Tiu, has confused the two Westerners and murdered the wrong journalist. Westerby becomes increasingly stressed, guilty over Luke's death, and begins to romantically obsess over Lizzie.

Collins is instructed to blackmail Lizzie into bugging and informing on Drake. The Circus now has enough information to predict Drake's plan, which replicates his own escape from China decades earlier via sea. Westerby ignores orders to return to London and contacts Lizzie to profess his love. Smiley, along with Guillam and Circus and CIA operatives, arrive in Hong Kong to oversee the final stages of the operation. Smiley and Guillam catch Westerby at Lizzie's apartment, where Smiley has come to question Lizzie personally about Drake's plans. Smiley sends Guillam and body-man Fawn with Westerby to force him to board a plane out of Hong Kong, but Westerby assaults them viciously and escapes. He then abducts Lizzie and, through questioning her, realizes Drake's plan. He and Lizzie travel to the island where Drake will meet with Nelson, and Westerby sends Lizzie back, arranging a time and place to meet with her that evening to escape the country. Alone and watchful, Westerby reaches the rendezvous point where Drake intends to meet his brother. Westerby almost kills Tiu, and warns Drake of Smiley's plans in an effort to make a deal which would protect Lizzie from reprisal. But Nelson is already approaching, and Drake cares about nothing but being reunited with his brother. At their appointed meeting place on the beach, CIA forces seize Nelson and Westerby is killed by Fawn.

In the aftermath, it is revealed that the British government (Lacon, Collins and Enderby) have made a deal behind the scenes where the CIA will interrogate Nelson alone, freezing out Smiley and the Circus. The success of the operation yields top promotions for Enderby, who becomes Chief, and Collins, who becomes Head of Operations. Smiley and Connie Sachs are retired and most of the older generation of Circus personnel are moved on, even as Smiley is revered within the Circus for getting the agency back in the government's favor. In the aftermath of the debacle, Guillam contemplates the possibility that Smiley allowed the CIA to gain the upper hand so as to have himself removed as head of the Circus.

Characters
The Circus
 * The Hon. Jerry Westerby — a reporter and retired secret agent
 * George Smiley — (temporary) chief of the Circus
 * Peter Guillam — Circus "cup-bearer" to Smiley
 * Fawn – Hardman Scalphunter and Smiley's bodyguard
 * Connie Sachs — chief Moscow-gazer
 * Doc di Salis — head China-watcher
 * Molly Meakin — skilful, junior staff; a pretty Circus girl who catches Peter Guillam's eye
 * Sam Collins — an "old Circus" field officer, formerly based in Vientiane, Laos. Codename: "Mellon"
 * Stubbs — Westerby's managing editor at the newspaper

The Steering Committee (authorising further operations after the Ko bank account papers are obtained)
 * Oliver Lacon — Circus watchdog from the Cabinet Office
 * Roddy Martindale — of the Foreign Office, a gossiping poseur
 * Saul Enderby — of the Foreign Office, was ambassador to Indonesia; the chief pundit on South East Asia; future chief of the Circus
 * Wilbraham — of the Colonial Office
 * Pretorius — of the Security Service
 * The Welsh Hammer — a Treasury banker

Other characters
 * Ann — Smiley's unfaithful wife
 * Peter Worthington — the husband Elizabeth Worthington abandoned
 * Mr. and Mrs. Pelling – Elizabeth Worthington's parents
 * Mrs. Matthews – unofficial widow of Control
 * Mr. Hibbert – as a missionary in Shanghai, knew Drake Ko and his brother Nelson
 * Martello – CIA chief of London station (COS London)
 * Murphy – Martello's assistant
 * Tiny Ricardo – Mexican frontman for Indocharter Vientiane S.A.
 * Elizabeth Worthington, alias Lizzie, alias Lizzie Ricardo, alias Liese Worth – first, common-law wife of Tiny Ricardo; then, mistress of Drake Ko
 * Charlie Marshall – sometime business partner of Tiny Ricardo
 * Luke – Californian journalist in Hong Kong
 * Big Moo – local journalistic jargon for the governor of Hong Kong
 * Rockhurst ("The Rocker") – Superintendent of Police in Hong Kong
 * William Craw – an ageing journalist, working for the Circus, character based on Richard Hughes
 * Jake Chiu – Luke's landlord, a real-estate entrepreneur
 * Major Tufty Thesinger – Erstwhile SIS Head of Station, Hong Kong
 * Frost – works at a Hong Kong bank, is used by Westerby
 * Drake Ko – Hong Kong Fat Cat, receiving US$25K a month from the Soviets
 * Nelson Ko – Drake's brother; also the name of Drake's deceased son
 * Tiu – Ko's assistant
 * Arpego – wealthy Filipino, friend of Ko
 * Phoebe Wayfarer – half-English, half-Chinese agent for Brit Intel
 * Sally Cale – art faker, illicit bullion dealer, occasional heroin trafficker, business partner or employee of Ko, introduced Liese to him
 * Max Keller – veteran journalist whom Westerby meets in Phnom Penh
 * Lorraine – American journalist in Phnom Penh

Adaptations
Jonathan Powell, producer of Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (1979), said the BBC considered producing The Honourable Schoolboy but a production in Southeast Asia was considered prohibitively expensive and therefore the BBC instead adapted the third novel of the Karla Trilogy, Smiley's People (1979), which was transmitted in 1982.

In 1983 the BBC adapted The Honourable Schoolboy to radio; Martin Jarvis played Jerry Westerby and Peter Vaughan played George Smiley. A subsequent BBC radio adaptation, first broadcast in 2010 in the Classic Serial slot, featured Simon Russell Beale as George Smiley and Hugh Bonneville as Jerry Westerby, as part of Radio 4's year-long project to adapt all eight Smiley novels.

title: The Honourable Schoolboy


text:
Sesquilinear form

In mathematics, a sesquilinear form is a generalization of a bilinear form that, in turn, is a generalization of the concept of the dot product of Euclidean space. A bilinear form is linear in each of its arguments, but a sesquilinear form allows one of the arguments to be "twisted" in a semilinear manner, thus the name; which originates from the Latin numerical prefix sesqui- meaning "one and a half". The basic concept of the dot product – producing a scalar from a pair of vectors – can be generalized by allowing a broader range of scalar values and, perhaps simultaneously, by widening the definition of a vector.

A motivating special case is a sesquilinear form on a complex vector space, $V$. This is a map $V × V → C$ that is linear in one argument and "twists" the linearity of the other argument by complex conjugation (referred to as being antilinear in the other argument). This case arises naturally in mathematical physics applications. Another important case allows the scalars to come from any field and the twist is provided by a field automorphism.

An application in projective geometry requires that the scalars come from a division ring (skew field), $K$, and this means that the "vectors" should be replaced by elements of a $K$-module. In a very general setting, sesquilinear forms can be defined over $R$-modules for arbitrary rings $R$.

Informal introduction
Sesquilinear forms abstract and generalize the basic notion of a Hermitian form on complex vector space. Hermitian forms are commonly seen in physics, as the inner product on a complex Hilbert space. In such cases, the standard Hermitian form on $V$ is given by
 * $$\langle w,z \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^n \overline{w}_i z_i.$$

where $$\overline{w}_i$$ denotes the complex conjugate of $$w_i ~.$$ This product may be generalized to situations where one is not working with an orthonormal basis for $V × V → C$, or even any basis at all. By inserting an extra factor of $$i$$ into the product, one obtains the skew-Hermitian form, defined more precisely, below. There is no particular reason to restrict the definition to the complex numbers; it can be defined for arbitrary rings carrying an antiautomorphism, informally understood to be a generalized concept of "complex conjugation" for the ring.

Convention
Conventions differ as to which argument should be linear. In the commutative case, we shall take the first to be linear, as is common in the mathematical literature, except in the section devoted to sesquilinear forms on complex vector spaces. There we use the other convention and take the first argument to be conjugate-linear (i.e. antilinear) and the second to be linear. This is the convention used mostly by physicists and originates in Dirac's bra–ket notation in quantum mechanics. It is also consistent with the definition of the usual (Euclidean) product of $$w,z\in\mathbb C^n$$ as $$w^*z$$.

In the more general noncommutative setting, with right modules we take the second argument to be linear and with left modules we take the first argument to be linear.

Complex vector spaces

 * Assumption: In this section, sesquilinear forms are antilinear in their first argument and linear in their second.

Over a complex vector space $$V$$ a map $$\varphi : V \times V \to \Complex$$ is sesquilinear if
 * $$\begin{align}

&\varphi(x + y, z + w) = \varphi(x, z) + \varphi(x, w) + \varphi(y, z) + \varphi(y, w)\\ &\varphi(a x, b y) = \overline{a}b\,\varphi(x,y)\end{align}$$ for all $$x, y, z, w \in V$$ and all $$a, b \in \Complex.$$ Here, $$\overline{a}$$ is the complex conjugate of a scalar $$a.$$

A complex sesquilinear form can also be viewed as a complex bilinear map $$\overline{V} \times V \to \Complex$$ where $$\overline{V}$$ is the complex conjugate vector space to $$V.$$ By the universal property of tensor products these are in one-to-one correspondence with complex linear maps $$\overline{V} \otimes V \to \Complex.$$

For a fixed $$z \in V$$ the map $$w \mapsto \varphi(z, w)$$ is a linear functional on $$V$$ (i.e. an element of the dual space $$V^*$$). Likewise, the map $$w \mapsto \varphi(w, z)$$ is a conjugate-linear functional on $$V.$$

Given any complex sesquilinear form $$\varphi$$ on $$V$$ we can define a second complex sesquilinear form $$\psi$$ via the conjugate transpose: $$\psi(w,z) = \overline{\varphi(z,w)}.$$ In general, $$\psi$$ and $$\varphi$$ will be different. If they are the same then $$\varphi$$ is said to be. If they are negatives of one another, then $$\varphi$$ is said to be. Every sesquilinear form can be written as a sum of a Hermitian form and a skew-Hermitian form.

Matrix representation
If $$V$$ is a finite-dimensional complex vector space, then relative to any basis $$\left\{ e_i \right\}_i$$ of $$V,$$ a sesquilinear form is represented by a matrix $$A,$$ and given by $$\varphi(w,z) = \varphi \left(\sum_i w_i e_i, \sum_j z_j e_j \right) = \sum_i \sum_j \overline{w_i} z_j \varphi\left(e_i, e_j\right) = w^\dagger A z .$$ where $$w^\dagger$$ is the conjugate transpose. The components of the matrix $$A$$ are given by $$A_{ij} := \varphi\left(e_i, e_j\right).$$

Hermitian form

 * The term Hermitian form may also refer to a different concept than that explained below: it may refer to a certain differential form on a Hermitian manifold.

A complex Hermitian form (also called a symmetric sesquilinear form), is a sesquilinear form $$h : V \times V \to \Complex$$ such that $$h(w,z) = \overline{h(z, w)}.$$ The standard Hermitian form on $$\Complex^n$$ is given (again, using the "physics" convention of linearity in the second and conjugate linearity in the first variable) by $$\langle w,z \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^n \overline{w}_i z_i.$$ More generally, the inner product on any complex Hilbert space is a Hermitian form.

A minus sign is introduced in the Hermitian form $$w w^* - z z^*$$ to define the group SU(1,1).

A vector space with a Hermitian form $$(V, h)$$ is called a Hermitian space.

The matrix representation of a complex Hermitian form is a Hermitian matrix.

A complex Hermitian form applied to a single vector $$|z|_h = h(z, z)$$ is always a real number. One can show that a complex sesquilinear form is Hermitian if and only if the associated quadratic form is real for all $$z \in V.$$

Skew-Hermitian form
A complex skew-Hermitian form (also called an antisymmetric sesquilinear form), is a complex sesquilinear form $$s : V \times V \to \Complex$$ such that $$s(w,z) = -\overline{s(z, w)}.$$ Every complex skew-Hermitian form can be written as the imaginary unit $$i := \sqrt{-1}$$ times a Hermitian form.

The matrix representation of a complex skew-Hermitian form is a skew-Hermitian matrix.

A complex skew-Hermitian form applied to a single vector $$|z|_s = s(z, z)$$ is always a purely imaginary number.

Over a division ring
This section applies unchanged when the division ring $C^{n}$ is commutative. More specific terminology then also applies: the division ring is a field, the anti-automorphism is also an automorphism, and the right module is a vector space. The following applies to a left module with suitable reordering of expressions.

Definition
A $C^{n}$-sesquilinear form over a right $K$-module $σ$ is a bi-additive map $K$ with an associated anti-automorphism $M$ of a division ring $φ : M × M → K$ such that, for all $σ$ in $K$ and all $x, y$ in $M$,
 * $$\varphi(x \alpha, y \beta) = \sigma(\alpha) \, \varphi(x, y) \, \beta .$$

The associated anti-automorphism $α, β$ for any nonzero sesquilinear form $K$ is uniquely determined by $σ$.

Orthogonality
Given a sesquilinear form $φ$ over a module $φ$ and a subspace (submodule) $φ$ of $M$, the orthogonal complement of $W$ with respect to $M$ is
 * $$W^{\perp}=\{\mathbf{v} \in M \mid \varphi (\mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w})=0,\ \forall \mathbf{w}\in W\} . $$

Similarly, $W$ is orthogonal to $φ$ with respect to $x ∈ M$, written $y ∈ M$ (or simply $φ$ if $x ⊥_{φ} y$ can be inferred from the context), when $x ⊥ y$. This relation need not be symmetric, i.e. $φ$ does not imply $φ(x, y) = 0$ (but see  below).

Reflexivity
A sesquilinear form $x ⊥ y$ is reflexive if, for all $y ⊥ x$ in $φ$,
 * $$\varphi(x, y) = 0$$ implies $$\varphi(y, x) = 0.$$

That is, a sesquilinear form is reflexive precisely when the derived orthogonality relation is symmetric.

Hermitian variations
A $x, y$-sesquilinear form $M$ is called $σ$-Hermitian if there exists $φ$ in $(σ, ε)$ such that, for all $ε$ in $K$,
 * $$\varphi(x, y) = \sigma ( \varphi (y, x)) \, \varepsilon .$$

If $x, y$, the form is called $M$-Hermitian, and if $ε = 1$, it is called $σ$-anti-Hermitian. (When $ε = −1$ is implied, respectively simply Hermitian or anti-Hermitian.)

For a nonzero $σ$-Hermitian form, it follows that for all $σ$ in $(σ, ε)$,
 * $$ \sigma ( \varepsilon ) = \varepsilon^{-1} $$
 * $$ \sigma ( \sigma ( \alpha ) ) = \varepsilon \alpha \varepsilon^{-1} .$$

It also follows that $α$ is a fixed point of the map $K$. The fixed points of this map form a subgroup of the additive group of $φ(x, x)$.

A $α ↦ σ(α)ε$-Hermitian form is reflexive, and every reflexive $K$-sesquilinear form is $(σ, ε)$-Hermitian for some $σ$.

In the special case that $(σ, ε)$ is the identity map (i.e., $ε$), $σ$ is commutative, $σ = id$ is a bilinear form and $K$. Then for $φ$ the bilinear form is called symmetric, and for $ε^{2} = 1$ is called skew-symmetric.

Example
Let $ε = 1$ be the three dimensional vector space over the finite field $ε = −1$, where $char K = 2$ is a prime power. With respect to the standard basis we can write $1 = −1$ and ${ e_{i} }$ and define the map $V$ by:
 * $$\varphi(x, y) = x_1 y_1{}^q + x_2 y_2{}^q + x_3 y_3{}^q.$$

The map $φ$ is an involutory automorphism of $V$. The map $M_{φ}$ is then a $F$-sesquilinear form. The matrix $V^{∗}$ associated to this form is the identity matrix. This is a Hermitian form.

In projective geometry

 * Assumption: In this section, sesquilinear forms are antilinear (resp. linear) in their second (resp. first) argument.

In a projective geometry $V$, a permutation $V$ of the subspaces that inverts inclusion, i.e.
 * $F = GF(q^{2})$ for all subspaces $q$, $x = (x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3})$ of $y = (y_{1}, y_{2}, y_{3})$,

is called a correlation. A result of Birkhoff and von Neumann (1936) shows that the correlations of desarguesian projective geometries correspond to the nondegenerate sesquilinear forms on the underlying vector space. A sesquilinear form $φ$ is nondegenerate if $σ : t ↦ t^{q}$ for all $F$ in $φ$ (if and) only if $σ$.

To achieve full generality of this statement, and since every desarguesian projective geometry may be coordinatized by a division ring, Reinhold Baer extended the definition of a sesquilinear form to a division ring, which requires replacing vector spaces by $M_{φ}$-modules. (In the geometric literature these are still referred to as either left or right vector spaces over skewfields.)

Over arbitrary rings
The specialization of the above section to skewfields was a consequence of the application to projective geometry, and not intrinsic to the nature of sesquilinear forms. Only the minor modifications needed to take into account the non-commutativity of multiplication are required to generalize the arbitrary field version of the definition to arbitrary rings.

Let $G$ be a ring, $δ$ an $S ⊆ T ⇒ T^{δ} ⊆ S^{δ}$-module and $S$ an antiautomorphism of $T$.

A map $G$ is $φ$-sesquilinear if
 * $$\varphi(x + y, z + w) = \varphi(x, z) + \varphi(x, w) + \varphi(y, z) + \varphi(y, w)$$
 * $$\varphi(c x, d y) = c \, \varphi(x,y) \, \sigma(d)$$

for all $φ(x, y) = 0$ in $y$ and all $V$ in $x = 0$.

An element $R$ is orthogonal to another element $A$ with respect to the sesquilinear form $F$ (written $A$) if $F$. This relation need not be symmetric, i.e. $F$ does not imply $α$.

A sesquilinear form $F$ is reflexive (or orthosymmetric) if $f : A × A → F$ implies $a, b, c ∈ A$ for all $f(a + b, c) = f(a, c) + f(b, c)$ in $f(a, b + c) = f(a, b) + f(a, c)$.

A sesquilinear form $t ∈ F$ is Hermitian if there exists $x, y ∈ A$ such that
 * $$\varphi(x, y) = \sigma(\varphi(y, x))$$

for all $f(tx, y) = tf(x, y)$ in $f(x, ty) = f(x, y) t^{α}$. A Hermitian form is necessarily reflexive, and if it is nonzero, the associated antiautomorphism $t ↦ t^{α}$ is an involution (i.e. of order 2).

Since for an antiautomorphism $α$ we have $A$ for all $α$ in $α$, if $f$, then $α$ must be commutative and $ε$ is a bilinear form. In particular, if, in this case, $ε = ±1$ is a skewfield, then $R$ is a field and $V$ is a vector space with a bilinear form.

An antiautomorphism $R$ can also be viewed as an isomorphism $σ$, where $R$ is the opposite ring of $φ : V × V → R$, which has the same underlying set and the same addition, but whose multiplication operation ($σ$) is defined by $x, y, z, w$, where the product on the right is the product in $V$. It follows from this that a right (left) $c, d$-module $R$ can be turned into a left (right) $x$-module, $y$. Thus, the sesquilinear form $φ$ can be viewed as a bilinear form $x ⊥ y$.

title: Sesquilinear form