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Louis Hartz

Louis Hartz (April 8, 1919 – January 20, 1986) was an American political scientist, historian, and a professor at Harvard, where he taught from 1942 until 1974. Hartz's teaching and various writings—books and articles—have had an important influence on American political theory and comparative history.

Early years
Hartz was born in Youngstown, Ohio, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, but grew up in Omaha, Nebraska. After graduating from Technical High School in Omaha, he attended Harvard University, financed partly by a scholarship from the Omaha World Herald.

Academic career
Hartz graduated in 1940, spent a year traveling abroad on a fellowship, and returned to Harvard as a teaching fellow in 1942. He earned his doctorate in 1946 and became a full professor of government in 1956. Hartz was known at Harvard for his talented and charismatic teaching. He retired in 1974 because of ill health.

The Liberal Tradition in America
Hartz is best known for his classic book The Liberal Tradition in America (1955), which presented a view of the United States’s past that sought to explain its conspicuous absence of ideologies. Hartz argued that American political development occurs within the context of an enduring, underlying Lockean liberal consensus, which has shaped and narrowed the landscape of possibilities for U.S. political thought and behavior. Hartz attributed the triumph of the liberal worldview in America, amongst other reasons, to:
 * its lack of a feudal past (and which would account for the absence of a struggle to overcome a conservative internal order);
 * its vast resources and open space;
 * the liberal values of the original settlers, who represented only a narrow middle-class slice of European society.

Hartz also wanted to explain the failure of socialism to become established in America, and he believed that Americans' widespread and generally consensual acceptance of classic liberalism was the major barrier.

The Founding of New Societies
Hartz edited and wrote substantial sections of The Founding of New Societies (1964), wherein he developed and expanded upon his “fragment thesis.” Hartz developed this thesis from the idea that those nations which originated as settler colonies are “fragments” of the original European nation that founded them. Hartz called them fragments because these colonies, in a sense, froze the class structure and underlying ideology prevalent in the mother country at the time of their foundation and did not experience the further evolution experienced in Europe. He considered Latin America and French Canada to be fragments of feudal Europe; the United States, English Canada, and Dutch South Africa to be liberal fragments; and Australia and English South Africa to be "radical" fragments (incorporating the nonsocialist working class radicalism of Britain in the early 19th century).

Later years and death
Hartz led a normal life until a sudden unexplained emotional disturbance changed his entire personality in 1971. He refused all medical help. He divorced in 1972, rejected all his friends, and feuded intensely with students, faculty and administrators. In 1974 he resigned from Harvard, but his scholarly skills and interests continued to remain strong. Hartz spent his last years living in London, New Delhi, New York City, then Istanbul, where he died of an epileptic seizure in January 1986.

Legacy
In 1956, the American Political Science Association awarded Hartz its Woodrow Wilson Prize for The Liberal Tradition in America, and in 1977 gave him its Lippincott Prize, designed to honor scholarly works of enduring importance. The book remains a key text in the political science graduate curriculum in American politics in universities today, in part because of the extensive, longrunning criticism and commentary that Hartz's ideas have generated.

The Canadian context of Hartz's fragment thesis was disseminated and elaborated upon by Gad Horowitz, in the latter’s essay "Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation" (1966). Horowitz's use and interpretation of Hartz has been influential in Canadian political theory, and was still being actively debated well into the 21st century.

In Australia, Hartz's fragment thesis "received respectful attention, but ... did not win assent or committed followers", according to historian John Hirst. It was applied to early colonial history by feminist historian Miriam Dixson in The Real Matilda (1976), in which she traced gender relations in colonial New South Wales to the culture of the proletarian fragment identified by Hartz. In 1973, the Australian Economic History Review dedicated an issue to analysis of Hartz's theory.

Books

 * Economic Policy and Democratic Thought: Pennsylvania 1776-1860. 1948. Harvard University Press.
 * The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution. 1955. Harcourt, Brace. ISBN 978-0-15-651269-5
 * The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia. 1964. Harcourt, Brace & World. (edited).
 * A Synthesis of World History, (Zurich, 1984).
 * The Necessity of Choice: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. Edited with an introduction by Paul Roazen. 1990. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88738-326-7

Selected articles

 * “John M. Harlan in Kentucky, 1855–1877”. Filson Club History Quarterly. 14 (1), January 1940. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
 * “Otis and Anti-Slavery Doctrine.” 1939. The New England Quarterly 12(4): 745-747.
 * “Seth Luther: The Story of a Working-Class Rebel.” 1940. New England Quarterly 13(3): 401-418.
 * “Goals for Political Science: A Discussion.” 1951. American Political Science Review 45(4): 1001-1005.
 * “American Political Thought and the American Revolution.” 1952. American Political Science Review 46(2): 321-342.
 * “The Reactionary Enlightenment: Southern Political Thought before the Civil War.” 1952. Western Political Quarterly 5(1): 31-50.
 * “The Whig Tradition in America and Europe.” 1952. American Political Science Review 46(4): 989-1002.
 * “The Coming of Age of America.” 1957. American Political Science Review 51(2): 474-483.
 * “Conflicts within the Idea of the Liberal Tradition.” 1963. Comparative Studies in Society and History 5(3): 279-284.
 * “American Historiography and Comparative Analysis: Further Reflections.” 1963. Comparative Studies in Society and History 5(4): 365-377.
 * “The Nature of Revolution.” 2005 [1968]. Society 42(4): 54-61.

title: Louis Hartz


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Griqualand West

Griqualand West is an area of central South Africa with an area of 40,000 km2 that now forms part of the Northern Cape Province. It was inhabited by the Griqua people – a semi-nomadic, Afrikaans-speaking nation of mixed-race origin, who established several states outside the expanding frontier of the Cape Colony. It was also ancestral home to the Tswana and Khoisan peoples.

In 1873 it was proclaimed as a British colony, with its capital at Kimberley, and in 1880 it was annexed by the Cape Colony. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, Griqualand West was part of the Cape Province but continued to have its own "provincial" sports teams.

Early history
The indigenous population of the area were the Khoi-khoi and Bushmen peoples, who were hunter-gatherers or herders. Early on they were joined by the agriculturalist Batswana, who migrated into the area from the north. They comprised the majority of the population throughout the region's history, up until the present day. By the early 19th century the whole area came to be dominated by the powerful Griqua people, who gave the region its name.

Origins of the Griqua people
The Griqua are a mixed people who originated in the intermarriages between Dutch colonists in the Cape and the Khoikhoi already living there. They turned into a semi-nomadic Afrikaans-speaking nation of horsemen who migrated out of the Cape Colony and established short-lived states on the Colony's borderlands, similar to the Cossack states of imperial Russia.

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) did not intend the Cape Colony at the Southern tip of Africa to become a political entity. As it expanded and became more successful, its leaders did not worry about frontiers. The frontier of the colony was indeterminate and ebbed and flowed at the whim of individuals. While the VOC undoubtedly benefited from the trading and pastoral endeavours of the trekboers, it did little to control or support them in their quest for land. The high proportion of single Dutch men led to their taking indigenous women as wives and companions, and mixed-race children were born. They grew to be a sizeable population who spoke Dutch and were instrumental in developing the colony.

These children did not attain the social or legal status accorded their fathers, mostly because colonial laws recognised only Christian forms of marriage. This group became known as Basters, or bastards. The colonists, in their paramilitary response to insurgent resistance from Khoi and San people, readily conscripted the Basters into commandos. This ensured the men became skilled in lightly armed, mounted, skirmish tactics.

Griqua migrations
Equipped with guns and horses, many of the Basters who were recruited to war chose instead to abandon their paternal society and to strike out and live a semi-nomadic existence beyond the Cape's frontier. The resulting stream of disgruntled, Dutch-speaking, trained marksmen leaving the Cape hobbled the Dutch capability to crew their commandos. It also created belligerent, skilled groups of opportunists who harassed the indigenous populations the length of the Orange River. Once free of the colonies, these groups called themselves the Oorlam. In particular, the group led by Klaas Afrikaner became notorious. He attracted enough attention from the Dutch authorities to cause him to be rendered to the colony and banished to Robben Island in 1761.

One of the most influential of these Oorlam groups was the "Griqua". In the 19th century, the Griqua controlled several political entities which were governed by Kapteins or Kaptyns (Dutch for "Captain", i.e. leader) and their Councils, with their own written constitutions. The Griqua had also largely adopted the Afrikaans language before their migrations.

Adam Kok I, the first Kaptein of the Griqua and recognised by the British, was originally a slave who had bought his own freedom. He led his people north from the interior of the Cape Colony. Probably because of discrimination against his people, they again moved north—this time outside the Cape, taking over areas previously controlled by San and Tswana people. This area, where most of the Griqua nation settled, was near the Orange River, just west of the Orange Free State, and on the southern skirts of the Transvaal. It came to be called Griqualand West, and the territory was centered on its capital "Klaarwater", later renamed Griekwastad ("Griquatown").

Waterboer dynasty and Griqualand West
While much of the Griqua people now settled, many remained nomadic, and Adam Kok's people later split into several semi-nomadic nations. After a significant schism, a portion of the Griqua nation migrated to the south-east under the leadership of Adam Kok's son Adam Kok II (to the south-east they were later to found Philippolis and then Griqualand East.

In the original area, which now came to be called Griqualand West, Andries Waterboer took over control and founded the powerful Waterboer dynasty. The Waterboer Kapteins ruled the region until the influx of Europeans accompanying the discovery of diamonds, and to some degree afterwards too. In 1834, the Cape Colony recognized Waterboer's rights to his land and people. It signed a treaty with him to ensure payment for the use of the land for mining. In both Griqualands, East and West, the Griqua were demographically outnumbered by the pre-existing Bantu people and, in some areas, by European settlers, and thus the two Griqualands maintained their Griqua identity only through political control.

Diamond fields and land disputes
In the years 1870–1871 a large number of diggers moved into Griqualand West and settled on the diamond fields near the junction of the Vaal and Orange rivers. This was land through which the Griqua regularly moved with their herds and it was additionally situated in part on land claimed by both the Griqua chief Nicholas Waterboer and by the Boer Republic of the Orange Free State.

In 1870, Transvaal President Marthinus Wessel Pretorius declared the diamond fields as Boer property and established a temporary government over the diamond fields. The administration of this body was not satisfactory to the Boers, the diggers, the Griqua or the indigenous Tswana. Tension rapidly grew between these parties until Stafford Parker, a former British sailor, organised a faction of the diggers to drive all of the Transvaal officials out of the area.

Diggers Republic (1870–71)
At the settlement of Klipdrift, on 30 July 1870 Stafford Parker declared the independent Klipdrift Republic (also known as the Digger's Republic and the Republic of Griqualand West) and was also chosen as president. Klipdrift was promptly renamed "Parkerton" after the new president, who began to collect taxes (often at gunpoint). Factions in the Republic also implored the British Empire to impose its authority and annex the territory.

By December of the same year about 10 000 British settlers made their home in the new republic. The republic sat next to the Vaal River, but existed for an extremely short time. During the following year, Boer forces unsuccessfully attempted to regain the territory through negotiation. British Governor Sir Henry Barkly was asked to mediate. Barkly set up the Keate Committee to hear evidence and, in the famous "Keate Award", ruled against the Boer Republics and in favour of Nicholas Waterboer.

Direct British rule (1871–1880)
At this juncture, Waterboer offered to place the territory under the administration of Queen Victoria. The offer was accepted, and on 27 October 1871 the district, together with some adjacent territory to which the Transvaal had laid claim, was proclaimed (under the name of Griqualand West Colony) British territory.

Further territorial disputes
Territorial disputes continued, even after the British annexation. When the annexation had taken place, a party in the Orange Free State volksraad had wished to go to war with Britain but the wiser counsels of its president prevailed. The Orange Free State did not abandon its claims, believing that the diamond fields were the means of restoring the credit and prosperity of the Free State. Griqualand West was not financially viable, and carried with it enormous public debt. The matter continued for a considerable time and caused immense tension in southern Africa.

In the face of claims from the Orange Free State and the Griqua authorities, the Griqualand West Land Court was established in 1875, under Justice Andries Stockenström. Waterboer's claims to the diamond fields, strongly presented by his agent David Arnot, were based on the treaty concluded by his father with the British in 1834 and on various arrangements with the Kok chiefs; the Orange Free State based its claim on its purchase of Adam Kok's sovereign rights and on long occupation. The difference between proprietorship and sovereignty was confused or ignored. That Waterboer exercised no authority in the disputed district was admitted. In a crucial finding Stockenström ruled that, as the Griqua people were nomadic, the Griqua chiefs (or "captains") were rulers over a people, but not over a fixed territory. The Griqua people had also only arrived in this part of southern Africa a little over 50 years before, in the early nineteenth century. The Griqua captains therefore did not automatically get the right to own & develop all of the land through which they moved, but only those areas in which they would settle. Other areas they could continue to move through, but were not given automatic title to own and develop. This resulted in the denial of many of the titles issued by the powerful Griqua Captain Nicolaas Waterboer, outside of his core areas around Griquatown and Albania, were also denied. It also effectively ruled in favour of the Orange Free State. A furore resulted, as accusations were leveled that Stockenström was biased, and sympathetic towards the Orange Free State President Johannes Brand.

A form of resolution eventually came about in July 1876, when Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, at that time secretary of state for the colonies, granted the Free State payment "in full satisfaction of all claims which it considers it may possess to Griqualand West."

In the opinion of Dr Theal, who has written the history of the Boer Republics and has been a consistent supporter of the Boers, the annexation of Griqualand West was probably in the best interests of the Orange Free State. "There was," he states, "no alternative from British sovereignty other than an independent diamond field republic." At this time, largely owing to the exhausting struggle with the Basutos, the Free State Boers, like their Transvaal Republic neighbours, had drifted into financial straits. A paper currency had been instituted, and the notes, known as "bluebacks", soon dropped to less than half their nominal value. Commerce was largely carried on by barter, and many cases of bankruptcy occurred in the state. But as British annexation in 1877 saved the Transvaal from bankruptcy, so did the influx of British and other immigrants to the diamond fields, in the early 1870s, restore public credit and individual prosperity to the Boers of the Free State. The diamond fields offered a ready market for stock and other agricultural produce. Money flowed into the pockets of the farmers. Public credit was restored. " Bluebacks " recovered par value, and were called in and redeemed by the government. Valuable diamond mines were also discovered within the Orange Free State, of which the one at Jagersfontein is the richest. Capital from Kimberley and London was soon provided with which to work them.

Pressure on the Cape Colony to annex the territory
After annexing Griqualand West, the British initially attempted to incorporate it into the Cape Colony, and put significant pressure on the Cape Government to annex it. The new Prime Minister of the Cape, John Molteno refused, citing the enormous public debt of the territory, as well as objections from portions of the indigenous and settler communities of Griqualand.

Local control continued to pass increasingly from the Griqua kaptijns into the hands of the growing digger community of the diamond fields. The prospect of complete dis-empowerment in a "Diamond Fields Republic" became a significant concern of the remaining Griqua.

Under pressure, the embattled Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer send a formal request to the Cape Government to request incorporation; a request that coincided with renewed pressure on the Cape Government to agree to the union.

Union with Cape Colony (1880)

On being presented with a request from Nicholas Waterboer for union with the Cape Colony, there had begun a protracted debate over whether Griqualand West should be joined to the Cape in a confederation, or whether it should be annexed to the Cape Colony in a total union. The former view was supported by Lord Carnarvon and the British Colonial Office in London – as a first step to bringing all of southern Africa into a British-ruled confederation. The latter view was put forward by the Cape Parliament, particularly by its strong-willed Prime Minister John Molteno, who had initially opposed any form of union with the unstable and heavily indebted territory, and now demanded evidence from Britain that the local population would be consulted in the process. Suspicious of British motives, in 1876 he travelled to London as plenipotentiary to make the case that union was the only viable way that the Cape could administer the divided and underdeveloped territory, and that a lop-sided confederation would be neither economically viable, nor politically stable. In short, Griqualand West should either be united with the Cape, or kept totally independent from it. After striking a deal with the Home Government and receiving assurances that local objections had been appeased, he passed the Griqualand West Annexation Act on 27 July 1877.

The act specified that Griqualand West would have the right to elect four representatives to the Cape parliament, two for Kimberley and two for the Barkly West region. This number was doubled in 1882 (Act 39 of 1882). The Cape Government also enforced its non-racial system of Cape Qualified Franchise. This meant that all resident males could qualify for the vote, with the property-ownership qualifications for suffrage applied equally, regardless of race. This was welcomed by the Griqua, but rejected by the recently arrived diggers of the Kimberley diamond fields. In the judiciary, the local Griqua attorney-general reported to the Cape Supreme Court, which got concurrent jurisdiction with the High Court of Griqualand West in the territory.

The implementation of the act was set for 18 October 1880, when Griqualand West was formally united with the Cape Colony, followed soon afterwards by Griqualand East.

Current
Today, Basters are a separate ethnic group of similarly mixed origins living in south-central Namibia; Northern Cape at Campbell and Griquatown; (the historic territory of Griqualand West); the Western Cape (around the small le Fleur Griqua settlement at Kranshoek); and at Kokstad.

The total Griqua population is unknown. The people were submerged by several factors. The most important factor were the racist policies of the Apartheid era, during which many of the Griqua people took on the mantle of "Coloured" fearing that their Griqua roots might place them at a lower level with than the blacks.

Genetic evidence indicates that the majority of the present Griqua population is descended from European, Khoikhoi and Tswana ancestors, with a small percentage of Bushman ancestry.

Independent Griqua Kaptyns (1800–1871)
(1820 split in the Griqua nation) (Continuation of dynasty in symbolic role until present day)
 * Adam Kok I (1800–1820)
 * Andries Waterboer (1820–1852)
 * Nicolaas Waterboer (1852–1896)

British imperial rule (1871–1880)
Source:

 * Commissioner Joseph Millerd Orpen (27 October 1871 – 10 January 1873)
 * Administrator and then Lieutenant Governor Richard Southey (10 January 1873 – 3 August 1875)
 * Lieutenant Governor William Owen Lanyon (3 August 1875 – March 1879)
 * Lieutenant Governor James Rose Innes (March 1879 – 15 October 1880)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Griqualand West


text:
Talk:Lü Meng

Untitled
a litle more explaining would be nice

I added a little more context. Still nowhere near being a full bio, of course.

Wise stratigist
It is amazing how a man who was no smarter than Wei Yan, could ever be as smart as Zhuge Liang.Well mabie not as smart, but still, I am Impressed with this guy's seriousness during battle, like the battle of He Fei, when he defeated greats like Zhang Liao,or other greats. Whopper 04:27, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Chinese first/last name proper reference
In this article as in the Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms) article the person is referred to as Lü throughout the article. Is this the proper way to reference persons of a Chinese lineage? If he is to be referenced informally should it be as Meng? If not how is he to be distinguished from other family members? Would it be best to change all references as Lü to Meng or to simply refer to him as Lü Meng throughout the article? Stormcellardoor (talk) 19:18, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lü Meng


text:
User talk:Sluj

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Laïcité
I do not see why you removed the reference to military chaplains and Alsace-Moselle from laïcité. They are very real exceptions to laïcité and the separation of Church and State, inherited from the pre-1905 concordat situation - military chaplains, paid by the state, are provided only for the Catholic, Jewish and protestant religions; in Alsace-Moselle, priests and bishops of the recognized religions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism) are paid by the state. David.Monniaux 19:59, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Formatting
I thought the change had been made by an anon and I had no time to check what the table looked like. I did afterwards and was in the process of reverting to your version, but continued ongoing vandalism stopped me from doing this. Sorry. —Cantus… ☎   22:03, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)

Spanish entry
Hi, Sluj. Thank you for your suggestion, which has been translated and added on the Spanish entry about the Indian Ocean Earthquake. Cheers! -- Julián Ortega 16:51 UTC.

French entry
Hello, Sluj. I also added a box for donations on the top of the page on the french wikipedia, translated in french. Thanks for the suggestion. Meanos (fr.wikipedia) 17:47, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

League of Nations
Hi, thanks for your edit to this article. Perhaps you would like to have a look at this page to comment on its worthiness for becoming a featured article. I am curious to know why you made a couple of the edits you did - moving links from the heading to the article text. Is this a Wikipedia convention I have managed to miss? Thanks. Smoddy | Talk 12:51, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the hint. Smoddy | Talk 15:26, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

St. Clair (TTC)
Hi Sluj. I noticed your edit to this to specify that this station is in Canada. Do you intend to make similar edits to all of the 68 TTC pages? If so, that's a hard row to hoe (take it from me). If not, I think it's probably a good idea to keep the articles consistent -- or make a modification to the TTCStations template. Anyone who wants to know where the TTC is located can click the Toronto subway or Toronto links. It does specify Toronto, of which there appears to be only one (so far). -- Cleduc | Talk 04:29, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Genial. Acabmos de venir de Veracruz - sus saludos, se los paso, pero va a ser hasta el fin del año. Eres jarocho? -- Cleduc 04:47, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of International Association for Human Values

A tag has been placed on International Association for Human Values, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. SwisterTwister  talk  18:34, 3 December 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sluj


text:
Special K

Special K is an American brand of breakfast cereal and meal bars originally manufactured by Kellogg's. The cereal was introduced to the United States in 1955. It is made primarily from grains such as lightly toasted rice, wheat and barley. Special K used to be marketed primarily as a low-fat cereal that can be eaten to help one lose weight. Following the 2023 spinoff of Kellogg's North American cereal division, the cereal is manufactured by WK Kellogg Co for the United States, Canada, and Caribbean markets. The former Kellogg's, renamed Kellanova, continues to manufacture the cereal for the rest of the world and the meal bars for all markets.

Special K Challenge
The Special K brand previously advocated the "Special K Challenge." The goal of this challenge was to help an individual lose six pounds in two weeks; this loss was achieved by eating specific Special K products throughout the day. The diet began with a single serving of any Special K cereal, accompanied with 2/3 cup of skim milk and a side of fruit. The second meal of the diet included either a Special K Protein Meal Bar, Special K Protein Shake, or another serving of Special K cereal with 2/3 cup of skim milk and a side of fruit. The third meal of the day could be consumed normally, without any Special K restrictions. Throughout the day, an individual is allotted two Special K snacking times, eating any of the following specified snacks: Special K Protein Meal Bars, Special K Protein Shakes, Special K Breakfast Shakes, Special K Protein Granola Bars, Special K Crackers, Special K Cracker Chips, or Special K Popcorn. For any additional snack servings, an individual could consume fruits and vegetables. During the challenge, drinks could be consumed normally.

Critics of the Special K diet feel that it may leave dieters feeling hungry because of its limited food options and deter people from sticking to the diet. The diet has been criticised for being too low in protein, fiber, vegetables, and fruits. The diet does not include guidance on how to change unhealthy overeating or lack of exercise and their importance to permanent weight loss.

Nutrition
In the United States, Special K Original has 120 calories per 31g cup serving. One serving contains 0.5g fat, 23g carbohydrates, 4g sugar, and 6g protein. In the United Kingdom, Special K Original is 17% sugar, meaning a 30g serving contains 5g of sugar.

In the UK in 2014, an advertising campaign focused on a study run in collaboration with the Department of Human Sciences at Loughborough University, requiring overweight volunteer subjects to replace two meals a day with a bowl of the cereal, for a period of two weeks. At the conclusion of the study three-quarters of participants experienced fat loss.

Varieties
In the US, Special K cereal currently comes in fifteen different varieties: Original, Chocolatey Delight, Chocolatey Strawberry, Cinnamon Pecan, Red Berries, Vanilla Almond, Fruit & Yogurt, Brown Sugar Gluten Free, Oats & Honey, Touch of Honey Granola, Chocolate Almond, Cranberry Granola, Protein, Cinnamon Sugar Crunch Protein, Blueberry Lemon, and Apple Cinnamon Crunch (Seasonal).

In the UK & Ireland, Special K cereal comes in ten different varieties: Original, Red Berries, Hazelnut & Almond, Milk Chocolate, Strawberry and Chocolate, Fruit & Nut, Creamy Berry Crunch, Peach & Apricot, and Yoghurty.

Meal replacement
In the US, Special K provides meal replacements in two forms: protein meal bars and protein shakes.

There are eleven varieties of Special K Protein Meal Bars: Mocha Crunch Protein, Chocolate Peanut Butter, Strawberry, Double Chocolate, Chocolatey Chip, Honey Almond, Cranberry Walnut, Chocolate Caramel, Chocolatey Brownie, and Chocolatey Dipped Mint.

There are eight varieties of Special K Protein Shakes: Milk Chocolate, Strawberry, French Vanilla, Rich Chocolate, Strawberry Banana, Chocolate Mocha, Vanilla Cappuccino, and Raspberry Cheesecake.

Snacks
Kellogg's Special K snacks are marketed as low-fat alternatives to regular snacks. There are several varieties of Special K snacks, including Special K Protein Granola Bars, Special K Breakfast Shakes, Special K Cereal Bars, Special K CrackerChips, Special K Popcorn, and Special K Crackers.

There are four varieties of Special K Protein Granola Bars: Chocolatey Peanut Butter, Dark Chocolate, Greek Yogurt & Fruit, and Almond Honey Oat.

There are five varieties of Special K Breakfast Shakes: Chocolate Mocha Coffee House, Vanilla Cappuccino Coffee House, Chocolate Delight, Red Berries, and French Vanilla.

There are two varieties of Special K Cereal Bars: Red Berries, and Chocolatey Pretzel.

There are five varieties of Special K Cracker Chips: Sea Salt, Cheddar, Sour Cream & Onion, Barbecue, and Salt & Vinegar.

There are two varieties of Special K Popcorn: Kettle Corn and White Cheddar.

There is one variety of Special K Crackers: Multi-grain.

Special K2O Protein Water
Kellogg's Special K2O Protein Water was a beverage released in September 2006 by the Kellogg Company. It was produced in several flavors and has been marketed as a weight-control and weight-loss product. The product was re-launched in 2007 by the Kellogg Company. The product is no longer available. Special K2O Protein Water was available in several flavors, including Strawberry Kiwi, Lemon Twist, and Tropical Blend. Marketed as a low-calorie alternative protein drink, a 16-ounce bottle of K2O contains 5 grams of protein, 10% DV of calcium, and 50 calories. The product has also been marketed as a weight-loss product, and has been marketed as part of "The Special K Challenge" and "Feeling good never looked better" advertising campaigns.

On August 15, 2007, Kellogg's re-launched Special K2O Protein Water with enhanced graphics and a new flavor, Mixed Berry. In addition to the 5 grams of protein, the product was formulated with 5 grams of soluble fiber, from polydextrose, and 20% DV each of vitamins B3 (Niacin), B6, and B12 while maintaining 50 calories. The product was also manufactured in a powdered form as a drink mix that is sold in packets, which is then added to water. The powdered product has 30 calories, 5 grams of fiber and 5 grams of protein per serving. The powdered mix has also been marketed as a weight-control product.

Special K Protein Shakes
Kellogg's produces Special K Protein Shakes.

Canada
Until mid-2014, Kellogg's used a special Special K formula that was different in Canada from that used in the U.S. This formulation was similar to the original Special K introduced in the US in 1955. With the June 2014 closure of Kellogg's London, Ontario plant, Canadians now eat Special K that is made in the U.S.

Denmark
Denmark has outlawed the addition of vitamins in Kellogg's products since 2004. Danish health officials banned cereals containing added vitamins because they claimed Kellogg's Special K wanted to add extremely high levels of vitamin B6, calcium, folic acid, and iron, which would reach toxic levels when eaten on a daily basis. Young children risk liver and kidney damage while the fetuses of pregnant women could suffer complications.

The Netherlands
In an episode aired on October 15, 2009, the Dutch television show , followed up one of Kellogg's Special K nutritional claims, namely the addition of iron. The show provided evidence that the iron was not nutritional ionic iron—as it occurs in natural foods like spinach—but was, in fact, metallic iron. The nutritional experts in the show agreed that metallic iron should not be part of a diet. After the airing, the Dutch food authority nuanced the claims made in the TV program, claiming there are no health risks. They also challenged the claim that the cereal could contain "shredded bites," and responded that iron powder is suitable for human consumption.

United States
In late February 2013, the company recalled three sizes of the Special K Red Berries in the US which may have contained pieces of glass.

title: Special K


text:
Talk:Berkshire Hathaway

Re: Advertising for the "intrinsic value" site
I think Jaysbro has a point. In fact, I will go further and vote against linking to any ".com" sites that claim to "calculate" an authoritative "Intrinsic value" figure. I feel strong enough about this and have gone ahead to remove the paragraph. Just my (strong) 2 cents. Of course, I might be wrong and am very willing to further discuss this. – Kempton   "Ideas are the currency of the future." - a quote by Kevin Roberts 21:46, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * just for the sake of argument, it's the way you calculate the IV, not the number itself. Alice Schroeder did it in her report on the company (once available online, now broken link).  the intrinsivaluator site is not an ad, but it's the assumptions behind the spreadsheet that tell the tale. it would be useful in a section that explains the investment methodology, i.e. the present value of the future cash flows from the business versus the price. Intrinsic value (finance)   pohick (talk) 21:01, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Removal of Medical Protective in Common stock holdings
According to page 36 &54 of the 2006 Annual report, the Medical Protective Corporation was acquired by Berkshire on June 30, 2005. It probably shouldn't be listed as part of Berkshire's Common stock holdings. I might be wrong as this is just my 2 cents and my reading of the AR. – Kempton   "Ideas are the currency of the future." - a quote by Kevin Roberts 05:18, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Section of operations NPOV
The paragraph in the history section of the article that says "One of the best-run subsidiaries of Berkshire Hathaway is the Oakriver Insurance Co..." is blatantly biased and reads like a whole paragraph of marketing/PR spin on that company. It is not neutral at all. Maybe provide some statistics showing that it's the highest-earning, or something along those lines. Kevinlipe 16:29, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Removing the paragraph on Oak River. Besides the POV nature of the entry, the company is immaterial to the operations of Berkshire, having 2006 written premium of $23,290,000.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dougz1 (talk • contribs) 17:47, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

History
What is the NPOV problem with History? Superm401 - Talk 05:40, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

CEO pay
I think it's a little misleading calling the salery of the CEO $100,000 considering buffet s worth $50-60 billion. Any ideas on how to make this clearer.JakeH07 (talk) 03:22, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * It's not misleading at all because that is his salary. He doesn't receive any other compensation, either. His net worth is from his BRK stock issued long ago. Hondo77 (talk) 05:24, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * yes but - check the 10k - he gets directors fees as well: 2007 = $75,000; he reimbursed the company $50,000 for postage, phones, and personal (presumably plane), (but never stock options). he purchased the stock, with money he earned on his paper route, and pin ball machines, compounded in the investment partnership (in the 50's and 60's) it's all in snowball.pohick (talk) 20:49, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that this tacked-on statement regarding his compensation lacks broader context. While not directly misleading it comes off as a financial statistic or company PR item and not comprehensive. A more comprehensive expansion should include the details of Warren buffets's stake in the company. The Berkshire Hathaway entry generally focuses on narrow financial details and does not provide broader cultural, social and critical entries on this significant institution. This small detail would be a step in expanding the entry to being more and comprehensive and useful to a general and non-specialised reader. Buddyzapfa (talk) 10:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

Investments in Wrigley, Goldman Sachs and GE
The article states the following:

Recently, Berkshire has purchased preferred stock in Wrigley, Goldman Sachs, and GE totaling $14.5 billion.[16]

The 2008 annual report actually states this:

On the plus side last year, we made purchases totaling $14.5 billion in fixed-income securities issued by Wrigley, Goldman Sachs and General Electric. We very much like these commitments, which carry high current yields that, in themselves, make the investments more than satisfactory. But in each of these three purchases, we also acquired a substantial equity participation as a bonus.

My comment is that the reader of the article could think that the $14.5 billion refers completely to equity positions in these stocks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pauli muc (talk • contribs) 09:18, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

I agree with that, In the article it definitely sounds like they acquired $14.5B in equity, I don't know whether that's correct though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.41.20.160 (talk) 17:51, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Class B Split
Class B shares are going to be splitting 50 to 1. Ignignot (talk) 20:04, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Investment policy
I'm British, and therefore clueless about business and finance. Doesn't BH have a general policy of investing for value and of maintaining holdings for a long time? If this is correct could anyone add a note to that effect, giving a proper source?

Regards to all, Notreallydavid (talk) 21:07, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Early years under Buffett's management
Hi, I'm still British, and still clueless about business and finance (see subheading above). Shouldn't it be made explicit (if I have this correct) that Buffett closed the remaining textile plants (they didn't just 'close'), resulting in considerable job losses?

Regards to all again, Notreallydavid (talk) 21:13, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Corporate affairs - Out of Date
I have tagged the Corporate affairs section of this article as out of date, as it discusses share prices of $140,000 as of January, and notes that they 'closed at an all-time high of $150,000 on December 13, 2007.' As of the time of tagging, shares were higher than that, at approximately $166,000. As I am unfamiliar with the policies for updating changing information, I figured I would tag it and let a veteran editor make a call instead of editing it myself. 75.159.77.50 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 07:51, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

fold in hundredfold
The word "fold" is often used instead of "times". I doubt the correctness of the statement: "... those investments would have paid off several hundredfold."

If it is, there may not be sufficient money, on earth, to account for such a growth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.10.243.197 (talk) 20:56, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

"Warren Buffet (current Illuminati leader)" ?
Who added this parenthesis in the article? Even assuming it is true (which seems far-fetched) doesn't it require attribution and source? Kmf-mit (talk) 19:24, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

Now removed--good catch. Kmf-mit (talk) 19:27, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Berkshire Hathaway - MIssworded
The name Berkshire Hathaway is incorrectly worded in the topic of article, it needs an revised back to Berkshire Hathaway instead of the current Berkshire Hathaway (sligthly) incorrectly worded. The word seems to have changed in half of the article and needs to be changed back, the words of names / sections / words seems to be off in a few other parts of the article and could be properly adjusted they seems to have changed since earlier and they need an adjustment / be changed back to properly modified words with proper naming.

Example:

Bar - Poweraid bar Bar - Local bar where you buy ale Bar - Name

The concuccrent problem is the wording. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cwittler (talk • contribs) 23:18, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

board changes
see sec filing NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS Upon the recommendation of the Governance Committee and Mr. Buffett, the Board of Directors has nominated for election 13 of the 14 current directors of the Corporation and Mr. Kenneth I. Chenault.

Mr. William H. Gates III who has served as a director since 2004 will be retiring from the Board of Directors. Certain information with respect to nominees for election as directors follows: — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.246.9.22 (talk) 11:33, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

The removal of the paragraph on BH investment in real estate
you removed the paragraph about the investment by Berkshire Hathaway in real estate, citing a "deprecated source". However, I couldn't find International Business Times in Wikipedia's list of deprecated sources. Could you please explain why do you call it a deprecated source? Thank you! Vgbyp (talk) 10:22, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

Class B Shares
Hello Wikipedians!

I've included hyperlinks to a new page that I have worked on regarding Class B shares! Hopefully, the explanation will be clearer with the link :)) Let me know if I can improve on it as well! Thank youuu Cosette Michaela Koon (talk) 06:39, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

the board of directors section is very out of date
Don Keough, for instance, has been deceased since 2015.

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1067983/000119312522073447/d208624ddef14a.htm

This is a link to the latest DEF 14A SEC filing, if any wiki editors care to update it.

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1067983/000119312522308039/d435103dex991.htm

More recently still, Thomas Murphy Jr. replaced Gottesman, who just recently passed. 24.176.1.136 (talk) 16:36, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I've updated the section. Vgbyp (talk) 17:40, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * As Charlie Munger already passed away, the governance sub section of the corporate affairs section should be updated so that Charlie Munger would not be on the board of directors and vice chairman. Please also check whether the rest of the list of people on the board of director is still up to date. Riavt Okgan (talk) 07:25, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * This article is unprotected. Feel free to implement these changes. Vgbyp (talk) 09:44, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berkshire Hathaway


text:
Etymology

Etymology is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of a word's semantic meaning across time, including its constituent morphemes and phonemes. It is a subfield of historical linguistics, philology, and semiotics, and draws upon comparative semantics, morphology, pragmatics, and phonetics in order to construct a comprehensive and chronological catalogue of all meanings that a morpheme, phoneme, word, or sign has carried across time.

For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts, and texts about the language, to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods, how they developed in meaning and form, or when and how they entered the language. Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about forms that are too old for any direct information to be available. By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the comparative method, linguists can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In this way, word roots in many European languages, for example, can be traced back to the origin of the Indo-European language family.

Even though etymological research originated from the philological tradition, much current etymological research is done on language families where little or no early documentation is available, such as Uralic and Austronesian.

Origins
The word etymology is derived from the Ancient Greek word, itself from  , meaning true sense or sense of a truth, and the suffix , denoting the study or logic of.

The term etymon refers to the predicate (i.e. stem or root ) from which a later word or morpheme derives. For example, the Latin word candidus, which means white, is the etymon of English candid. Relationships are often less transparent, however. English place names such as Winchester, Gloucester, Tadcaster share in different modern forms a suffixed etymon that was once meaningful, Latin castrum fort.

Reflex is the name given to a descendant word in a daughter language, descended from an earlier language. For example, Modern English heat is the reflex of the Old English hǣtu. Rarely, this word is used in reverse, and the 'reflex' is actually the root word rather than the descendant word. However, this usage is usually filled by the term etymon instead. A reflex will sometimes be described simply as a descendant, derivative or derived from an etymon (but see below). Cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language. Doublets or etymological twins or twinlings (or possibly triplets, and so forth) are specifically cognates within the same language. Although they have the same etymological root, they tend to have different phonological forms, and to have entered the language through different routes.

A root is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed). Similar to the distinction between etymon and root, a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a descendant and a derivative. A derivative is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to the vowels or to the consonants of the root word. For example unhappy, happily, and unhappily are all derivatives of the root word happy.

The terms root and derivative are used in the analysis of morphological derivation within a language in studies that are not concerned with historical linguistics and that do not cross the language barrier.

Methods
Etymologists apply a number of methods to study the origins of words, some of which are:

 * Philological research. Changes in the form and meaning of the word can be traced with the aid of older texts, if such are available.
 * Making use of dialectological data. The form or meaning of the word might show variations between dialects, which may yield clues about its earlier history.
 * The comparative method. By a systematic comparison of related languages, etymologists may often be able to detect which words derive from their common ancestor language and which were instead later borrowed from another language.
 * The study of semantic change. Etymologists must often make hypotheses about changes in the meaning of particular words. Such hypotheses are tested against the general knowledge of semantic shifts. For example, the assumption of a particular change of meaning may be substantiated by showing that the same type of change has occurred in other languages as well.

Types of word origins
Etymological theory recognizes that words originate through a limited number of basic mechanisms, the most important of which are language change, borrowing (i.e., the adoption of "loanwords" from other languages); word formation such as derivation and compounding; and onomatopoeia and sound symbolism (i.e., the creation of imitative words such as "click" or "grunt").

While the origin of newly emerged words is often more or less transparent, it tends to become obscured through time due to sound change or semantic change. Due to sound change, it is not readily obvious that the English word set is related to the word sit (the former is originally a causative formation of the latter). It is even less obvious that bless is related to blood (the former was originally a derivative with the meaning "to mark with blood").

Semantic change may also occur. For example, the English word bead originally meant "prayer". It acquired its modern meaning through the practice of counting the recitation of prayers by using beads.

History
The search for meaningful origins for familiar or strange words is far older than the modern understanding of linguistic evolution and the relationships of languages, which began no earlier than the 18th century. From Antiquity through the 17th century, from to Pindar to Sir Thomas Browne, etymology had been a form of witty wordplay, in which the supposed origins of words were creatively imagined to satisfy contemporary requirements; for example, the Greek poet Pindar (born in approximately 522 BCE) employed inventive etymologies to flatter his patrons. Plutarch employed etymologies insecurely based on fancied resemblances in sounds. Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae was an encyclopedic tracing of "first things" that remained uncritically in use in Europe until the sixteenth century. Etymologicum genuinum is a grammatical encyclopedia edited at Constantinople in the ninth century, one of several similar Byzantine works. The thirteenth-century Legenda Aurea, as written by Jacobus de Varagine, begins each vita of a saint with a fanciful excursus in the form of an etymology.

Ancient Sanskrit
The Sanskrit linguists and grammarians of ancient India were the first to make a comprehensive analysis of linguistics and etymology. The study of Sanskrit etymology has provided Western scholars with the basis of historical linguistics and modern etymology. Four of the most famous Sanskrit linguists are:

 * Yaska (c. 6th–5th centuries BCE)
 * (c. 520–460 BCE)
 * Katyayana (6th-4th centuries BCE)
 * Patanjali (2nd century BCE)

These linguists were not the earliest Sanskrit grammarians, however. They followed a line of ancient grammarians of Sanskrit who lived several centuries earlier like Sakatayana of whom very little is known. The earliest of attested etymologies can be found in Vedic literature in the philosophical explanations of the Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads.

The analyses of Sanskrit grammar done by the previously mentioned linguists involved extensive studies on the etymology (called Nirukta or Vyutpatti in Sanskrit) of Sanskrit words, because the ancient Indians considered sound and speech itself to be sacred and, for them, the words of the sacred Vedas contained deep encoding of the mysteries of the soul and God.

Ancient Greco-Roman
One of the earliest philosophical texts of the Classical Greek period to address etymology was the Socratic dialogue Cratylus (c. 360 BCE) by Plato. During much of the dialogue, Socrates makes guesses as to the origins of many words, including the names of the gods. In his Odes Pindar spins complimentary etymologies to flatter his patrons. Plutarch (Life of Numa Pompilius) spins an etymology for pontifex, while explicitly dismissing the obvious, and actual "bridge-builder": "The priests, called Pontifices.... have the name of Pontifices from potens, powerful because they attend the service of the gods, who have power and command overall. Others make the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases; the priests were to perform all the duties possible; if anything lays beyond their power, the exception was not to be cavilled. The most common opinion is the most absurd, which derives this word from pons, and assigns the priests the title of bridge-makers. The sacrifices performed on the bridge were amongst the most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office, to the priesthood."

Medieval
Isidore of Seville compiled a volume of etymologies to illuminate the triumph of religion. Each saint's legend in Jacobus de Varagine's Legenda Aurea begins with an etymological discourse on the saint's name: "Lucy is said of light, and light is beauty in beholding, after that S. Ambrose saith: The nature of light is such, she is gracious in beholding, she spreadeth over all without lying down, she passeth in going right without crooking by right long line; and it is without dilation of tarrying, and therefore it is showed the blessed Lucy hath beauty of virginity without any corruption; essence of charity without disordinate love; rightful going and devotion to God, without squaring out of the way; right long line by continual work without negligence of slothful tarrying. In Lucy is said, the way of light."

Modern era
Etymology in the modern sense emerged in the late 18th-century European academia, within the context of the wider "Age of Enlightenment", although preceded by 17th century pioneers such as Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Gerardus Vossius, Stephen Skinner, Elisha Coles, and William Wotton. The first known systematic attempt to prove the relationship between two languages on the basis of similarity of grammar and lexicon was made in 1770 by the Hungarian, János Sajnovics, when he attempted to demonstrate the relationship between Sami and Hungarian (work that was later extended to the whole Finno-Ugric language family in 1799 by his fellow countryman, Samuel Gyarmathi).

The origin of modern historical linguistics is often traced to Sir William Jones, a Welsh philologist living in India, who in 1782 observed the genetic relationship between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin. Jones published his The Sanscrit Language in 1786, laying the foundation for the field of Indo-European linguistics.

The study of etymology in Germanic philology was introduced by Rasmus Christian Rask in the early 19th century and elevated to a high standard with the German Dictionary of the Brothers Grimm. The successes of the comparative approach culminated in the Neogrammarian school of the late 19th century. Still in the 19th century, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche used etymological strategies (principally and most famously in On the Genealogy of Morals, but also elsewhere) to argue that moral values have definite historical (specifically, cultural) origins where modulations in meaning regarding certain concepts (such as "good" and "evil") show how these ideas had changed over time—according to which value-system appropriated them. This strategy gained popularity in the 20th century, and philosophers, such as Jacques Derrida, have used etymologies to indicate former meanings of words to de-center the "violent hierarchies" of Western philosophy.

Notable etymologists

 * Ernest Klein (1899–1983), Hungarian-born Romanian-Canadian linguist, etymologist
 * Marko Snoj (born 1959), Indo-Europeanist, Slavist, Albanologist, lexicographer, and etymologist
 * Anatoly Liberman (born 1937), linguist, medievalist, etymologist, poet, translator of poetry and literary critic
 * Michael Quinion (born c. 1943)

title: Etymology


text: Category:Mexican painters

title: Category:Mexican painters


text: Category:Burundian athletes

title: Category:Burundian athletes


text: Category:Burundian sportspeople

title: Category:Burundian sportspeople


text: Category:Burundian people

title: Category:Burundian people


text:
See's Candies

See's Candies is an American manufacturer and distributor of candy, particularly chocolates. It was founded by Charles See, his wife Florence, and his mother Mary in Los Angeles, California in 1921. The company is now headquartered in South San Francisco, California. See's kitchens are located at its headquarters and maintained at its original factory in Los Angeles, where there are also retail shops. It also has an office in Carson, California. The company has been owned by Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway Corporation since 1972.

Location and market area
The See's Candy company primarily vends its products in its own stores, and those of fellow Berkshire Hathaway subsidiary Nebraska Furniture Mart. See's candies are also available at its stores in a number of airports in the United States. See's Candies also operates more than 200 stores in the following U.S. states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington; more than 70% of the stores are in California. There are also stores outside the U.S. in Hong Kong, the Philippines, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea, taking advantage of the proximity of the plant to San Francisco International Airport. Seasonally –primarily during the year-end holiday shopping season –See's also offers its product in select markets in kiosks at malls and other shopping centers.

See's markets its product outside these areas via mail order catalog, in order to control the age of its product. The candies are also available through online orders, and links to the candy company's site can be found on Walmart.com and similar internet stores. Through an arrangement with Costco, coupons for boxes of candies may be purchased at the warehouse outlets and redeemed at See's stores or by mail. Coupons are also sold in fundraising efforts.

In 2020, See's Candies temporarily suspended operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first such suspension since WWII when it became difficult to acquire sugar and other ingredients due to the war effort.

In 2020, See's Candies opened a store in Abu Dhabi in Nation Towers.

History

According to the corporate website, Charles Alexander See II (1882–1949) arrived in the United States from Canada in 1921 with his wife Florence MacLean Wilson See (1885–1956), and his widowed mother Mary Wiseman See (1854–1939). Mary See had developed the recipes that became the foundation of the See's candy business while helping run her husband's hotel on Tremont Island in Ontario.

The family opened the first See's Candies shop and kitchen at 135 North Western Avenue in Los Angeles in November 1921. They had twelve shops by the mid-1920s and operated thirty shops during the Great Depression. See's first white and black "all porcelain" store was opened in Bakersfield, California on May 1, 1941.

In 1936 See's opened a shop in San Francisco. It moved operations to make creams and truffles (60% of product sales) to South San Francisco in order to take advantage of the location's cold weather.

In 1972, the See family sold the company, which generated $4 million in pre-tax profit that year, to Berkshire Hathaway for $25 million. On January 3, 1972, Blue Chip obtained a controlling interest in See's Candy Shops. Blue Chip later acquired 100% of See's for an overall price of $25 million. Wesco Financial Corporation was an 80.1% owned subsidiary of Blue Chip Stamps until its complete merger into Berkshire Hathaway in 2011. Warren Buffett has called See's "the prototype of a dream business." (2007) At a 1996 luncheon in San Francisco, Charlie Munger revealed that See's was the first high quality business that Berkshire ever bought. Previous to that point, Berkshire had focused on undervalued assets that could be bought cheaply. The See's acquisition influenced their commitment to buying businesses with a strong reputation and brand recognition.

See's production and warehouse workers are unionized.

The 'couverture' chocolate used by See's is provided by the nearby Guittard Chocolate Company, and nuts come from Mariani Nut Company of Winters, California, just about an hour and 20 minutes away. On June 20, 2012, See's Candies was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records for the world's largest lollipop, a giant chocolate lollipop weighing 7,003 lb and measuring 4 ft long, 3 ft wide, and 5 ft high, equivalent to 145,000 regular-size lollipops. The previous largest lollipop record stood at a hefty 6,514 lb.

In popular culture
In 1952, Lucille Ball and Vivian Vance spent a half day at the See's Candies store on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, learning to dip chocolates and work the production line, in preparation for the "Job Switching" episode of I Love Lucy. The episode, which featured Lucy and Ethel getting jobs in a chocolate factory, became one of the most popular in the show's history.

Singer Cher was working at See's in 1962, when she met Sonny Bono; she quit her job to become his housekeeper.

In a 1987 Kidsongs video, "What I Want to Be", The Kidsongs Kids visit the See's Candies factory during "The Candy Man" song sequence.

In 1994, a driver delivering a bulk order of chocolate fell asleep while his truck was hooked up to one of the vats and pumping; the adjacent El Camino Real and Spruce Avenue were flooded with chocolate. Workers had to shovel it away from the storm drains once the fog had cooled it.

A factory was visited to research the Sugar Rush sequence for Wreck-It Ralph.

See's Candies was featured by Huell Howser in California's Gold Episode 908.

Every year the South San Francisco facility mounts oversized holiday decorations atop its plant for Christmas, Thanksgiving, Valentine's Day, Mothers' Day, and Independence Day.

On Mindy Kaling and Lang Fisher's 2020 Netflix show, Never Have I Ever, the main character, Devi Vishwakumar's mom keeps a cabinet of See's Candies as housewarming/hostess gifts.

title: See's Candies


text:
Maria del Mar

Maria del Mar may refer to:

 * Maria Del Mar (singer) (born c. 1966), Canadian rock singer, and occasional actress
 * Maria del Mar (actress) (born 1964), Canadian television and film actress
 * María del Mar Blanco (born 1974), Spanish politician
 * Maria del Mar Bonet (born 1947), Spanish singer
 * Maria del Mar Bonnin Palou (born 1990), Spanish cyclist
 * María del Mar Feito (born 1975), Spanish field hockey player
 * María del Mar Fernández, multiple people
 * María del Mar Jover (born 1988), Spanish long jumper
 * María Del Mar Olmedo Justicia (born 1983), Spanish Paralympic judoka
 * María del Mar Rey (born 1968), Spanish volleyball player
 * María del Mar Rodríguez Carnero (born 1975), Spanish singer
 * María del Mar Sánchez (born 1979), Spanish pole vaulter
 * María del Mar (TV series), a Venezuelan telenovela

title: Maria del Mar


text:
Plain Old Documentation

Plain Old Documentation (pod) is a lightweight markup language used to document the Perl programming language as well as Perl modules and programs.

Design
Pod is designed to be a simple, clean language with just enough syntax to be useful. It purposefully does not include mechanisms for fonts, images, colors or tables. Some of its goals are:
 * Easy to parse
 * Easy to convert to other formats, such as XML, TeX or Markdown
 * Easy to incorporate sample code
 * Easy to read without a pod formatter (i.e. in its source-code form)
 * Easy to write in

An extended version of pod that supports tables and footnotes called PseudoPOD has been used by O'Reilly & Associates to produce several Perl books, most notably Programming Perl by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Jon Orwant.

Pod makes it easy to write manual pages, which are well suited to user-oriented documents. In contrast, other documentation systems, such as Python's Docstring or Java's Javadoc, though they can be used for user documentation, are designed to facilitate generating developer-oriented documentation about the source code for a software project.

Use
Pod is the language used for most documentation in the Perl world. This includes Perl itself, nearly all publicly released modules, many scripts, most design documents, many articles on Perl.com and other Perl-related web sites, and the Parrot virtual machine.

Pod is rarely read in the raw, although it is designed to be readable without the assistance of a formatting tool. Instead, it is read with the perldoc tool, or converted into Unix man pages or Web-standard HTML pages.

It is also possible to use pod in other contexts than Perl. For example, to add simple documentation to bash scripts, which can then be easily converted to man pages. Such uses rely on language-specific hacks to hide the pod part(s), such as (in bash) prefixing the POD section with the line  which works by calling bash's no-op   command, with the whole block of Pod as a here document as input to it.

Pure pod files usually have the extension, but pod is mostly used directly in Perl code, which typically uses the  and   extensions. (The Perl interpreter's parser is designed to ignore pod in Perl code.) In source code files, the documentation is generally placed after the  marker (which also helps syntax highlighting in some editors to display it as comments).

Pod can easily be converted to other formats, for example some of the various Wiki formats like: WikiWikiWeb, Kwiki, TWiki, UseModWiki, TiddlyWiki, Textile, MediaWiki, MoinMoin or Confluence using Pod::Simple::Wiki.

Example
This document is syntactically correct pod, which attempts to follow the major conventions on section naming as well. =head1 NAME

- An example module

=head1 SYNOPSIS

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module does not really exist, it was made for the sole purpose of demonstrating how POD works.

=head2 Methods

=over 12

=item C

Returns a new object.

=item C

Returns a stringified representation of the object. This is mainly for debugging purposes.

=back

=head1 LICENSE

This is released under the Artistic License. See L.

=head1 AUTHOR

Juerd - L< http://juerd.nl/ >

=head1 SEE ALSO

L, L

=cut

Formatting details
Pod files are written in an ASCII-compatible encoding, such as Latin-1 or UTF-8. A pod parser always assumes that the file it is parsing doesn't start with pod; it ignores all lines until it sees a pod directive. pod directives must come at the beginning of a line, and all begin with an equal sign. The pod parser will then assume that all following lines are pod, until it encounters a line consisting of the "=cut" directive. Any content following that is ignored until the parser encounters another pod directive. Thus, pod can be intermixed with executable source code if the language's parser knows how to recognize and ignore pod.

Pod content is divided into paragraphs by empty lines. Paragraphs that begin with whitespace characters—tabs or spaces—are considered to be "verbatim paragraphs", and are left completely unformatted; these are used for sample code, ASCII art, etc. Paragraphs that begin with an equal sign are "command paragraphs"; the sequence of alphanumeric characters immediately following the equal sign is treated as a pod directive, and the rest of the paragraph is formatted according to that directive. Some directives also affect the following paragraphs. If a paragraph starts with something besides an equal sign or whitespace, it's considered an "ordinary paragraph".

Both ordinary paragraphs and the contents of command paragraphs are parsed for formatting codes. Formatting in pod is very plain; it's mainly limited to bold, italic, underlined, monospaced, and a few other formats. There is also a code for linking between pod documents or to another section within the same document. Formatting codes consist of either:

 * A single uppercase letter, followed by a less-than sign (<), the content to be formatted, and a greater-than sign (>), e.g., or
 * A single uppercase letter, two or more less-than signs (<<), a space, the content to be formatted, another space, and the same number of greater-than signs as were used before, e.g. .  This form is often used for code snippets containing a greater-than sign, which would otherwise end the formatting code.

Commands in pod include four levels of headings, bulleted and numbered lists, and commands to mark sections as being in another language. The latter feature allows for special formatting to be given to parsers that support it.

title: Plain Old Documentation


text:
Talk:Minyan

Harlan Ellison: I'm looking for Kadak
Is a terrifically funny story that touches on most of the points of this article regarding who can be considered in the makeup of a minyan.

http://harlanellison.com/herc.htm

Approaching Oblivion

Golems
In the mid-17th century, the Chacham Tzvi asked whether a golem could be a member of a minyan. His answer was "no". Should this be mentioned in the article? Jhobson1 (talk) 17:37, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Use of "extraneous" on this page
The word "extraneous" is used in several places on this page where it makes little sense, e.g.,

"...in extraneous [sic] circumstances there are those who are lenient and permit a minor over six years...."

The word "extraordinary" is the intended meaning in all cases, isn't it? -- John W. Pierce (talk) 21:01, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. A word needed for the phrase Beshas Ha'dechak: A time of great need, pressing circumstances; sometimes extenuating circumstances is used. Chesdovi (talk) 10:05, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Minyan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100514153121/http://www.mechonhadar.org/minyan-project1 to http://www.mechonhadar.org/minyan-project1

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:30, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

Source for mentioning Gen 18 here
What is the source for "The minimum of 10 Jews needed for a meeting has its origin in Abraham's prayer to God in Genesis 18:20"? The idea that a minyan is related to counting "righteous" people is deeply problematic and not supported by the places in Talmud where quorum is discussed. Maybe there is midrash on this. But, if so, it should be cited here. Students of basic Judaism are confused by this unsupported statement. Virginia Avniel (talk) 00:02, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

 * https://www.sefaria.org/Midrash_Tanchuma%2C_Miketz.6.5?lang=bi 71.112.194.9 (talk) 02:49, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minyan


text:
Grenada Grenadines

Grenada Grenadines may refer to:
 * The islands of the Grenadines belonging to the country Grenada
 * The name used on some postage stamps of Grenada

title: Grenada Grenadines


text:
Teledyne Technologies

Teledyne Technologies Incorporated is an American industrial conglomerate. It was founded in 1960, as Teledyne, Inc., by Henry Singleton and George Kozmetsky.

From August 1996 to November 1999, Teledyne existed as part of the conglomerate Allegheny Teledyne Incorporated – a combination of the former Teledyne, Inc., and the former Allegheny Ludlum Corporation. On November 29, 1999, three separate entities, Teledyne Technologies, Allegheny Technologies, and Water Pik Technologies, were spun off as free-standing public companies. Allegheny Technologies retained several companies of the former Teledyne, Inc. that fit with Allegheny's core business of steel and exotic metals production.

At various times, Teledyne, Inc., had more than 150 companies with interests as varied as insurance, dental appliances, specialty metals, and aerospace electronics, but many of these had been divested prior to the merger with Allegheny. The new Teledyne Technologies was initially composed of 19 companies that were earlier in Teledyne, Inc. By 2011, Teledyne Technologies had grown to include nearly 100 companies.

Segments
Teledyne Technologies operates with four major segments: Digital Imaging, Instrumentation, Engineered Systems, and Aerospace and Defense Electronics.

Digital imaging
This segment handles sponsored and central research laboratories for a range of new technologies, as well as development and production efforts in digital imaging products for government applications. Included are infrared detectors, cameras, and opto-mechanical assemblies.

Instrumentation
This segment provides monitoring and control instruments for marine, environmental, scientific, industrial, and defense applications as well as harsh environment interconnect products.

Engineered systems
This segment provides systems engineering and integration, advanced technology application, software development, and parts to space, military, environmental, energy, chemical, biological and nuclear systems, and missile defense requirements. It also designs and manufactures hydrogen gas generators, thermoelectric and fuel-based power sources, and small turbine engines.

Aerospace and defense electronics
This segment provides complex electronic components and subsystems for communication products, including defense electronics, data acquisition and communications equipment for air transport and business aircraft, and components and subsystems for wireless and satellite communications, as well as general aviation batteries.

Companies
, Teledyne Technologies listed the following companies:

 * Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation
 * Teledyne Anafocus
 * Teledyne Analytical Instruments
 * Teledyne Battery Products
 * Teledyne Benthos
 * Teledyne BlueView
 * Teledyne Bowtech
 * Teledyne Brown Engineering
 * Teledyne Brown CollaborX
 * Teledyne CDL
 * Teledyne CML Composites
 * Teledyne CARIS
 * Teledyne CETAC / Photon Machines
 * Teledyne Controls
 * Teledyne Cormon
 * Teledyne Cougar
 * Teledyne D.G.O'Brien
 * Teledyne DALSA
 * Teledyne Defence & Space
 * Teledyne e2v
 * Teledyne Electronic Manufacturing Services
 * Teledyne Electronic Safety Products
 * Teledyne Electronics & Communications
 * Teledyne Energy Systems
 * Teledyne Energetics
 * Teledyne ETM
 * Teledyne Europe
 * Teledyne FLIR
 * Teledyne Gavia ehf.
 * Teledyne Gas Measurement Instruments
 * Teledyne Geophysical Instruments
 * Teledyne Hanson
 * Teledyne Hastings Instruments
 * Teledyne Imaging Sensors
 * Teledyne Impulse
 * Teledyne Instruments
 * Teledyne Interconnect Devices
 * Teledyne ISCO
 * Teledyne Judson Technologies
 * Teledyne KW Microwave
 * Teledyne Labtech
 * Teledyne LeCroy
 * Teledyne Leeman Labs
 * Teledyne Lighting & Display Products
 * Teledyne Lumenera
 * Teledyne Marine
 * Teledyne MEC
 * Teledyne Micralyne
 * Teledyne Microelectronic Technologies
 * Teledyne Microwave
 * Teledyne Monitor Labs
 * Teledyne Ocean Designs, Inc.
 * Teledyne ODI, Inc.
 * Teledyne Odom Hydrographic
 * Teledyne Optech
 * Teledyne Paradise Datacom
 * Teledyne Photometrics
 * Teledyne Princeton Instruments
 * Teledyne Printed Circuit Technology
 * Teledyne RESON
 * Teledyne RD Instruments
 * BlueView Technologies
 * Teledyne Relays
 * Teledyne Reynolds
 * Teledyne Reynolds, a Division of Teledyne Limited
 * Teledyne RISI
 * Teledyne Scientific and Imaging
 * Teledyne Scientific Company
 * Teledyne SeaBotix
 * Teledyne Storm Products, Cable Solutions Group in Dallas
 * Teledyne Storm Products, Microwave in Chicago
 * Teledyne TapTone
 * Teledyne Tekmar Company
 * Teledyne Test Services
 * Teledyne TSS
 * Teledyne Turbine Engines
 * Teledyne VariSystems
 * Teledyne Webb Research

Some companies previously in Teledyne Technologies include the following:
 * Acoustic Research (formerly Teledyne AR Loudspeakers)
 * Continental Aerospace Technologies (formerly Continental Motors, Inc., Teledyne Continental Motors, Teledyne Aerosance, Teledyne Piston Engines)
 * Laars (formerly Teledyne Laars)
 * Mattituck Services (formerly Teledyne Mattituck Services)
 * Ryan Aeronautical (formerly Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical)
 * Teledyne Readco
 * Wisconsin Motor Manufacturing Company (formerly Teledyne Wisconsin Motors, Teledyne Total Power)

History
In June 1960, Henry Singleton and George Kozmetsky, both previously executives with Litton Industries, formed a firm named Instrument Systems located in Beverly Hills, California. Arthur Rock, one of America's first and most successful venture capitalists, financed the startup with a $450,000 investment. Their basic plan was to build a major firm centering on microelectronics and control system development, primarily through acquiring existing companies.

Early years
In October 1960, the first acquisition was made by purchasing the majority of stock in Amelco, a small electronics manufacturing plant. Within a short time, rights to the name Teledyne and its associated logo were bought. In addition to Amelco, two other electronics manufacturing firms were acquired, and by the end of 1960, Teledyne had about 400 employees and 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of floor space devoted to engineering development and manufacturing. Teledyne stock was first offered to the public in May 1961. During its first full fiscal year of operations ending in October 1961, Teledyne had sales of $4,491,000 with a net income of $58,000.

Teledyne’s growth continued in 1962, with the acquisition of companies primarily through equity agreements. Internally, Teledyne Systems was formed as the centerpiece of the firm’s aerospace systems business, diversifying the business base into government contracts with NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). By the end of the second fiscal year, Teledyne sales had increased 230 percent and net income by about 570 percent.

Over the next three years, new companies were acquired in microwave and power electrical products – including the first consumer products. Teledyne Controls was established, moving the Company into the field of hydraulics. Teledyne entered the optics field with the acquisition of Kiernan Optics, producing windows for the Apollo spacecraft and infrared optical domes for missiles.

In early 1965, Teledyne had a major breakthrough in winning a large contract from the U.S. Navy for the Integrated Helicopter Avionics System (IHAS), giving Teledyne a name in the military market. This caused a major jump in the stock price, from $15 to $65. By the end of the fiscal year, Teledyne had acquired 34 companies, sales were $86.5 million with net income of $3.4 million, there were about 5,400 employees, assets reached $66.5 million, and there were near 8 million outstanding shares of stock.

Major growth years
A new era for Teledyne started in 1966. In June, Kozmetsky left to become dean of the School of Business Administration at the University of Texas. In July, Vanadium-Alloy Steel Company (Vasco), including its subsidiary Allvac, was merged into Teledyne. This expanded the company into the Eastern U.S. and started the formation of material technologies as a major business activity of Teledyne. With the merger, Singleton turned his position of President over to George A. Roberts, a close friend from Naval Academy days, who had headed Vasco.

Singleton, now assisted by Roberts, continued in acquiring new companies. In 1967, one of the largest of these was Brown Engineering, a firm with about 3,500 employees headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama. With NASA and DoD contracts for engineering services and research, Brown Engineering added a new line of business for Teledyne. Ryan Aeronautical in San Diego, was acquired in 1968. Continental Motors was primarily owned by Ryan, and this acquisition brought Teledyne into the piston-powered engine business with both commercial and military customers.

In the remainder of the 1960s, Teledyne acquired some 90 more companies. A number of these businesses were in consumer products, such as Water Pik, Acoustic Research with high-fidelity speakers, and Olson Electronics, a mail order retailer founded in 1927, in Akron, Ohio, as Olson Co., by Irving, later including brothers, Sidney and Philip,   that operated retail stores across America. Packard Bell Corporation had both consumer and government sales in computers and television receivers. A number of electronic product lines and smaller acquisitions were consolidated in Teledyne Electronics and Teledyne Microelectronic Technologies. Two acquired firms, Geophysical Exploration and Geotronics, brought Teledyne into off-shore drilling and earth-science instrumentation fields. Twenty-one acquired companies were in the metals business, including Wah Chang Corporation and Cast Products, and this led to the acquisition of firms producing industrial machines and machine tools. Other diverse acquisitions included Monarch Rubber, Sewart Seacraft, Isotopes, Radar Relays, Getz Dental, and the agreement with Subaru to market Wisconsin engines.

Singleton also added a diverse group of financial institutions, giving Teledyne contact and intimacy with the capital world. These included thrift and loan banks and insurance firms dealing with property, workers compensation, casualty, and life insurance. Most of the insurance investments were later consolidated into the Argonaut and Unitrin subsidiaries, and were ultimately spun off as independent companies.

Teledyne was divided into groups, and by the end of the 1960s, there were 16 groups with 94 profit centers in 120 locations. Company presidents were given considerable freedom in their operations, but corporate maintained close financial control and capital management. Teledyne sales in 1969 were $2.7 billion and net income was $372 million. The stock had a 2-for-1 split during 1967 and the same split in 1969.

As Teledyne moved into its second decade, some 150 firms had been acquired. Singleton then essentially stopped direct acquisition of companies and began investments in stock of technical firms. By the end of the second decade, Teledyne owned 31 percent of Curtiss-Wright, 24 percent of Litton, as well as significant portions of a number of other well-known companies. This stock was mainly held by the insurance subsidiaries.

In the "bear" market of the early 1970s, Teledyne stock fell from about $40 to less than $8; Singleton saw this as an opportunity to buy back Teledyne stock. In buybacks from October 1972 to February 1976, 22 million shares were repurchased at $14 to $40 – well above the market price. This raised the value of Teledyne stock, eventually increasing to near $175 at the end of the decade. In this period, annual income increased by 89 percent and net income by 315 percent. Stockholders who had remained through the buyback achieved a phenomenal gain of about 3,000 percent.

Peak and decline
Going into its third decade, Teledyne sales passed the $3 billion mark in 1980, with industrial products leading in both sales and net income. In the race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, government sales reached almost $800 million. The first significant slump in Teledyne business began in 1985. Sales for 1984 had been about $3.49 billion, but decreased to around $3.26 billion the next year and remained essentially flat for the remainder of the decade.

In April 1986, Singleton, who was then 69 years old, turned the position of CEO over to Roberts, but remained as Board Chairman. During 1988, Teledyne faced a number of legal problems, none of which were the direct result of wrongdoings of Singleton or Roberts. After agreeing to plead guilty to officials in Teledyne Electronics having made false statements, Teledyne was fined $17.5 million.

After guiding Teledyne for 29 years, Singleton retired as an employee and officer in April 1989. Nevertheless, that was a peak year for Teledyne sales ($3.53 billion) and earnings ($392 million). Teledyne stock price reached $388.88. Total employment also peaked at near 43,000.

Henry Singleton retired as Teledyne Chairman in 1991, and was replaced by George Roberts; William P. Rutledge was named President and CEO. Roberts then retired in 1993 and was replaced by Rutledge; Donald B. Rice, previously Secretary of the U.S. Air Force, was then named President and CEO. Many companies had been sold during the prior several years, and in 1993, through consolidations, the number was further reduced from 65 to 18. In January 1995, Teledyne Electronic Systems was sold to Litton Industries, essentially ending the business on which Teledyne had originally been formed.

In the early 1990s, while the company underwent these turnovers in leadership, two lawsuits were brought against Teledyne by whistleblowers under the False Claims Act. The suits charged the company with falsifying test reports for relay devices sold to the US government for weapons and spacecraft use, and with padding government contract cost estimates. In April 1994, Teledyne settled both cases for $112.5 million, at the time one of the largest settlements by military contractors in a qui tam case.

In late 1994, Teledyne was subjected to a hostile takeover attempt by WHX Corporation. This was successfully challenged, but the Teledyne pension fund had a surplus of $928 million and this was of wide interest. To forestall further hostile takeovers, Allegheny Ludlum, a steel and specialty metal firm, offered to serve as a white knight friendly acquirer. On August 15, 1996, an agreement was reached to merge Teledyne with Allegheny Ludlum, forming Allegheny Teledyne, Inc. (ATI), with headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

After some reorganization, ATI operated with three segments: Aerospace and Electronics, Specialty Metals, and Consumer Products. The former Teledyne high-technology companies were mainly in the A&E Segment, led by Robert Mehrabian. ATI eventually decided to spin off the segments into independent entities, and on November 29, 1999, Teledyne Technologies Incorporated, Allegheny Technologies Incorporated, and Water Pik Technologies, Inc., were formed.

Renewal
With Robert Mehrabian as Chairman, CEO, and President, Teledyne Technologies (or simply Teledyne, as it is most often called) was initially composed of 19 companies, all dating (in some form) from the original Teledyne, Inc. There were about 5,800 employees, including some 1,400 engineers and scientists. One of these companies, Ryan Aeronautical, was sold to Northrop Grumman before the end of 1999 to raise initial operating capital.

In November 1999, Teledyne acquired certain assets of Mattituck Aviation Corporation, a privately owned aftermarket supplier and piston engine rebuilder and overhauler to the general aviation marketplace.

Headquarters was initially in the Century City district of Los Angeles, but was later moved to one of the city's suburbs, Thousand Oaks. The Thousand Oaks location was the site of the Rockwell Scientific Company (formerly Rockwell International Science Center). Teledyne acquired Rockwell Scientific in 2006, and continued doing scientific and industrial research at the site (as Teledyne Scientific Company), in addition to having its corporate offices there.

In 2000, its first full year of operation, Teledyne Technologies had sales of $795.1 million and net income of $40.5 million. The renewed Teledyne operated in much the same manner as Singleton’s early Teledyne, functioning as a conglomerate with growth mainly due to acquisitions. In 2010, the sales were $1,644.2 million with net income of $120.5 million, a cumulative financial growth in the decade of approximately 100 percent. About 44 percent of the 2010 sales were derived from contracts with agencies of, or prime contractors to, the U.S. government. By the start of 2011, there were near 100 companies, functioning in a wide range of products and services.

Teledyne reported third quarter 2019 net sales of $802.2 million, a 10.6% increase compared to 2018.

On 4 January 2021, it was announced Teledyne Technologies would acquire FLIR Systems for $8 billion.

In October 2023, Teledyne Technologies acquired Xena Networks, a high-speed terabit Ethernet validation, assurance, and production test solutions provider.

title: Teledyne Technologies


text:
User talk:Homeobocks

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Homeobocks


text:
User talk:Gruesome~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
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 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 17:45, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gruesome. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gruesome~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:19, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:27, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gruesome~enwiki


text:
User talk:Rajneeshhegde

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 17:46, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rajneeshhegde