text:
Talk:Snake River

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This article was the subject of an educational assignment at Louisiana State University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Spring term. Further details are available on the course page.

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Comments on water volume
More images at User:Maveric149/images/Idaho. If you use any, then please either drop me a line on my talk page or move it from ==Orphan== to ==Images that have homes== on my image page. --mav 04:52, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The average volume of the Snake River is hardly 50,000 cfs. I really question the source of the person who claims it is 50,000 cfs. The Colorado and Sacramento Rivers are both larger than the Snake River. The mouth of the Snake River is near Anatone Washington and the average flow is about 27,500 cfs. The Sacremento is about 30,000 cfs and the Colorado 43,000 cfs. User:Peckvet55 17:49, 14 Feb 2007

Source http://waterdata.usgs.gov/id/nwis/uv/?site_no=13334300&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060

 * You need to look at data over an entire year and for a series of years – not simply grab the current measurement for one particular day. When I went to the same site and grabbed data for the Snake River at Ice Harbor Dam, I saw the following data (year, cusecs):
 * 1963 	46,310;
 * 1964 	56,610;
 * 1965 	73,120;
 * 1966 	37,390;
 * 1967 	48,830;
 * 1968 	45,480;
 * 1969 	54,960;
 * 1970 	54,050;
 * 1971 	74,640;
 * 1972 	70,300;
 * 1973 	36,130;
 * 1974 	76,140;
 * 1975 	64,840;
 * 1976 	63,720;
 * 1977 	27,940;
 * 1978 	53,730;
 * 1979 	41,620;
 * 1980 	46,710;

Myasuda 02:32, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

GAN?
Anyone have comments on if this article is ready for GA yet? I'll wait until November 30 for a reply, then I'll put it on GAN myself. Shannon talk   contribs   sign! :) 00:23, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh, heh, I'm two weeks late in responding, so anyone who wants to object has until the Santa Ana River Ga review is done to comment. Shannon  talk   contribs  02:56, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Largest Tributary
The Clearwater River is the largest tributary of the Snake, not the Salmon. According to USGS, the mean flow of the Clearwater is about 15,000 cfs, and the mean flow of the Salmon is just under 12,000 cfs. Check out the wiki pages on both the salmon and the clearwater for the source link. I suggest changing this to be accurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.212.196.128 (talk) 22:34, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The USGS's water data for the Clearwater is only from 1914 to 1927 and there are a lot of years missing in between, so there were only five years recorded on the Lewiston gauge. Additionally, the early 20th century was a wet period. The Salmon River has data from 1911 to present and it's true that the average flow is around 12,000 cfs. The Salmon is also longer and drains more area. However, this may need some additional research. I've seen conflicting statements between whether the Salmon or Clearwater is the largest tributary, so this might need some further poking around. Shannon  talk   contribs  00:58, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

New 1871 photo
I've just uploaded an 1871 photo of the Snake River, see right. Feel free to use if useful. Dcoetzee 03:26, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks. It looks like a nice replacement for the low res image in the exploration section.  Shannon   talk   contribs  18:34, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Lower Snake River Controversy
The Lower Snake River Controversy section is a contribution from a student in Spring 2011 Conservation Biology (Bill Platt) at Louisiana State University. Any feedback on the contribution by the community will be appreciated. BJC 16:11, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for your contribution to this Wikipedia article, and welcome to Wikipedia! As a Wikipedian and an Idahoan who grew up a stone's throw from the Snake River, I have some feedback, including the following three main recommendations: (If I find the time, I will come back and try to do some editing in the article to reflect this feedback, but in the meantime, anyone else is welcome to incorporate these suggestions also.)

 * 1) This section on the Lower Snake River Controversy is too long. One option would be to write a much more concise summary of the controversy -- in two to three paragraphs -- and then move this longer discussion into a separate article that you could create entitled "Lower Snake River Controversy."
 * 2) This section also does not fit best under the "Biology" section, since it deals more with politics than the actual biology of the Snake River. It could be moved into the "River modifications" section under "Dams" -- which already refers briefly to the dam removal proposal. Alternatively, a new section could be added to this article entitled "Controversies," which could contain this summary.
 * 3) My most important recommendation: This section violates the NPOV rule of Wikipedia, which is that all articles should present a neutral point of view. The following is an excerpt from Wikipedia's NPOV policy page, subheading Impartial tone:

 * Wikipedia describes disputes. Wikipedia does not engage in disputes. A neutral characterization of disputes requires presenting viewpoints with a consistently impartial tone; otherwise articles end up as partisan commentaries even while presenting all relevant points of view. Even where a topic is presented in terms of facts rather than opinions, inappropriate tone can be introduced through the way in which facts are selected, presented, or organized. Neutral articles are written with a tone that provides an unbiased, accurate, and proportionate representation of all positions included in the article.

 * The tone of Wikipedia articles should be impartial, neither endorsing nor rejecting a particular point of view.

In general, this section on the Lower Snake River Controversy is making an argument in favor of dam removal, and more broadly, it is heavily biased towards the side of the conservationists (perhaps because it was written for a Conservation Biology class -- which is fine for that class, but not for Wikipedia). When it does attempt to address both sides of the argument, it primarily only addresses the ecological and energy-related drawbacks to dam removal and does not provide equal treatment of the views of people in the agriculture and transportation sectors and the residents of the affected area in general (the majority of which are opposed to dam removal and view it as an extreme solution, according to ).

Examples of this POV (point of view) problem can be found throughout the section. I have copied a few such examples here, and after each example, I have provided an example of how the sentence could be modified to fix this problem of bias:

 * ORIGINAL: Dam removal is necessary for restoration and recovery of salmon, but politics get in the way.
 * SUGGESTION FOR REVISION: Advocates of dam removal argue that it is necessary for restoration and recovery of salmon. ("politics get in the way" is too biased of a phrase and should be eliminated completely.)

 * ORIGINAL: Save Our Wild Salmon website also recommends removing the four lower Snake River dams, which they believe would enable salmon to rebound with more habitat and easier passage on their journey to the ocean. The website criticizes the government for spending eight million dollars on salmon recovery that has failed. In addition the Save Our Wild Salmon group disapproves of the government for getting around legal requirements and politicizing science - ignoring sound science.[125]
 * SUGGESTION FOR REVISION: Add a brief description of the group "Save Our Wild Salmon" to make it more transparent that this organization has a particular agenda and is not a neutral scientific party in the debate. E.g. "Save Our Wild Salmon, a coalition that lobbies for restoration of salmon populations, recommends removing the four lower Snake River dams..." Also, to provide balance, add a quotation from or summary of the views of an organization that opposes dam removal, such as Northwest RiverPartners, a coalition of farmers, port operators, hydroelectric companies, and small businesses (information on their views can be found at http://www.nwriverpartners.org/).

 * ORIGINAL: Although many people in support of the Columbia salmon plan state that other factors such as climate change contribute the most to declining salmon populations, and that dam removal will not be an effective solution, in an article about the myths and facts of Lower Snake dam removal on the Save Our Wild Salmon website, it states: “In fact, the current federal salmon plan permits the federal dams to kill more than 90% of some of these salmon”.
 * SUGGESTION FOR REVISION: Advocates of dam removal attribute the deaths of more than 90% of some salmon species directly to the current federal salmon plan. However, some ecologists point out that factors such as climate change are the primary factor contributing to declining salmon populations and that dam removal will not be an effective solution. (Insert source here - an example of ecologists who make that argument.)

 * ORIGINAL: The Snake River Controversy is an ongoing conflict and it will not be resolved until a greater degree of transparency is reached by the government, and until biological and ecological values are placed above purely economic concerns.
 * SUGGESTION FOR REVISION: Delete the whole sentence. While such conclusion sentences are good for policy or academic papers, they are not necessary or suitable for encyclopedia articles, since an encyclopedia article is not making an argument and thus does not need a sentence to sum up that argument.

Just some ideas. Thanks again for your contribution and for joining Wikipedia's efforts. Resplin.odell (talk) 21:31, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Simplest solution was to revert it back to GA version. The diff is here. AIR corn (talk) 04:27, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

Discharge
Something doesn't seem right about the discharge stats here. There appears to be two key sources used: 1) Snake River below Ice Harbor Dam, WA, 1963-2000 (footnote #7), a gauge below Ice Harbor dam that operated from 1963-2000). 2) Ice Harbor Lock and Dam Pertinent Data, USACE (footnote #8), the "Hydrologic Data" section of that page says it is "based on streamflow data for the Snake River near Clarkston, WA", "period of record 1915-1972"--that must be some other now discontinued gauge.

Data from the first source, [7]: "Summary statistics": highest daily mean 305,000 cfs (19 June 1974). "EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD": Maximum discharge, 312,000 cfs (19 June 1974) (presumably something other than "max daily mean", perhaps "max instantaneous peak"). "Annual mean": 54,830 cfs. "Min daily mean": 2,700 cfs.

Data from the second source, [8]: "Instantaneous max": 369,000 cfs (29 May 1948); "Extreme outside period of record" (ie, estimated): 409,000 cfs ("flood of June 1894"); "Instantaneous minimum": 6,660 cfs (2 Sep 1958); "Average annual flow": 48,840 cfs.

Anyway, I have to go and can't say any more. But it looks like these two sources are both used but not described quite right. Pfly (talk) 21:01, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Rivers of North America (p. 607) gives the mean discharge "below Ice Harbor Dam just before it enters the Columbia" as 1565 m3/s. This pretty much confirms the "annual mean" data from the first source. The discharge at Clarkston would naturally be smaller because Clarkston is quite a ways upstream from the mouth, and tributaries enter downstream of that gauge. Finetooth (talk) 21:47, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Back. The main thing was that the Discharge section describes the 369,000 cfs peak as the "max daily" recorded at the Ice Harbor gauge. I've a bit of time now, so I'll just fix it up. Pfly (talk) 03:29, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Salmon endangered in the Snake River
Idaho's Snake river once teemed with sockeye salmon. However, there are almost no wild sockeye salmon left in the river due to a number of factors. They are literally on the brink of extinction.

There are many reasons why Sockeye Salmon in the Snake River are going extinct. One reason is that the Snake river runs through 3 different states, and is over 1,000 miles long. Salmon swimming upstream in this river are faced with predators and dams. The Snake River has fifteen dams and is extremely difficult for salmon to access because of hydroelectric dams. Hell's Canyon Dam blocks passage to the entire upper Snake River. The Grand Cooley also blocks spawning grounds to the famous "June Hogs." (June Hogs were legendary Chinook Salmon that weighed over 100 pounds.)

Secondly, almost 160 years ago when settlers came into the Pacific Northwest, they exploited the rich natural resources of beaver pelts, gold, trees, and namely, the salmon. Technological advances in canning made shipping canned salmon meat possible all over the world. Overharvesting and habitat loss accounted for the mass majority of salmon becoming critically endangered, with the majority of salmon processing factories quickly shutting down and going out of business due to the decline.

The impacts of these salmon going extinct are unimaginable. Bears, plants, and numerous other wildlife would crumble and die because they depend on the salmon for food and nutrients. The fishing industry would collapse and so would the ecosystem, since salmon deposit nutrients to the environment after they spawn and die. Future generations of humans would only hear of these salmon as a legend, or story, and never get to see or taste these magnificent, mysterious creatures.

Between 1985 and 2007, only an average of 18 sockeye salmon returned to Idaho each year. Serious conservation efforts by wildlife biologists and fish hatcheries have captured the few remaining wild sockeye salmon, collected their sperm and eggs, and in a laboratory, have them spawn. Instead of spawning naturally, these sockeye begin their lives in an incubator in a fishery biologist's laboratory. These baby salmon then are transported by ship, bypassing the dams. (The dams can hurt juvenile baby sockeye salmon with their powerful tides and currents, which suck the baby salmon down.) Another conservation effort that has helped the salmon recover, is the destruction of old, outdated dams, such as the Savage Rapids Dam. After destroying the dam, salmon populations noticeably recovered.

Sources:

"Northwest Fisheries Science Center." Once Nearly Extinct, Endangered Idaho Sockeye Regaining Fitness Advantage -. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2016.

"Sockeye Salmon Facts." National Geographic. National Geographic, 11 Feb. 2012, Web. 13 Jan. 2016.

"Whooshh Innovations' "fish Gun" Shoots Salmon over Obstacles Small and Tall." Whooshh Innovations' "fish Gun" Shoots Salmon over Obstacles Small and Tall. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2016. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kxj5906 (talk • contribs) 19:52, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

Several notes
אביהו (talk) 17:32, 27 April 2016 (UTC)
 * 1) Origin of the name of the river is given (at the Name section) as "the name Snake River was derived from an S-shaped gesture the Shoshone tribe made with their hands to represent swimming salmon. Explorers misinterpreted it to represent a snake, giving the river its present-day name" or (at the Exploration and settling section) as "They also referred to the Shoshone Indians as the "Snake Indians", which became the present-day name of the river". Which version is the correct one? Maybe both are valid?
 * 2) It is stated (In the Exploration and settling section) that "One crossing the trail made over the Snake River was near the present-day site of Glenns Ferry." and that "Another place where pioneers crossed the Snake was further upstream, at a place called "Three Island Crossing", but according to Three Island Crossing on the Snake River site it is the same crossing.
 * 3) The statement "Another conservation effort that has helped the salmon recover, is the destruction of old, outdated dams, such as the Savage Rapids Dam. After destroying the dam, salmon populations noticeably recovered." is supported by a citation to an article called "Once nearly extinct, endangered Idaho sockeye regaining fitness advantage". Reading the this article I did not find any mention of Savage Rapids Dam destruction, so I search with Google to find out that the Savage Rapids Dam was indeed destroyed, but not on the Snake river! Savage Rapids dam was on Rogue River in Oregon. See Savage Rapids Dam Removal.
 * 4) The Salmon story is told in two sections. The first in the Dams sections starting from "There are many reasons why Sockeye Salmon in the Snake River are going extinct.", which continue to tell about Sockeye Salmon and not about dams, and the second under "Salmon and other anadromous fish". The first section should be merged with the second.
 * 5) The section "Lower Snake River dam removal" ends with the following statement "A final decision from Judge Redden is expected in the spring of 2011". It should be updated.
 * The source linked said it was the Shoshone name for themselves, so presumably both. This theory of mixing up the signs for "fish" and "snake" seems like mere speculation. The Yellowstone Nation Park website says: "The Snake name comes from sign language — a serpentine movement of the hand with the index finger extended — that referred to the weaving of baskets or grass lodges of the Snake or Shoshone Indians". The Indian sign language term for Shoshone given by W. P. Clark in 1885 is the same as the sign for "snake" (and is indeed quite similar to "fish"); he says he doesn't know how the Shoshone came to be called Snake Indians, but one old Shoshone man told them it was because they used to eat snakes. The name of the Snake Indians appears long before any European had reached the Snake River, AFAIK. The name appears in the journal of HBC explorer William Pink, on the Canadian Prairies in 1768, in both English and Cree, clearly from native sources. Granted it is not certain that the Snakes who terrorized the western plains in the 18th century were really the Shoshone, though surely they are the prime suspects. Megalophias (talk) 05:23, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Fish return
In the summer of 2013, more than 13,000 sockeye salmon returned to the spawning grounds.[93]

This comment is not substantiated by any evidence, and is likely being put here by people who have a strong interest in keeping the dams such as Bonneville Power or the Pacific Northwest Waterways association. The footnoted evidence links to an article by national geographic stating fish facts, not numbers. Again this number is NOT VERIFIED. Do not trust this fact until a source is connected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.208.183.168 (talk) 00:38, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

The Columbia River Gorge !
The Columbia River Gorge is a great geographical location, and there should be a wikilink to it here. Such careless is somewhat shocking, and altogether too common in the Wikipedia!24.156.78.205 (talk) 19:27, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

It's a great location... and it's a hundred miles downriver of the end of the Snake. It's called the "Columbia" River Gorge. 2600:6C54:7A00:7C8:64C1:76E2:217E:426A (talk) 16:11, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

Split dam removal section
Hi folks, I think it would be good to have a separate article to centralize content around the dam removal proposals and their supporting and opposing arguments. It feels like a mostly separate topic from the river itself, so I'm proposing to split the dam removal section into its own article.

I know there have been some NPOV issues with this content in the past. Rest assured, I'm not intending to make this article a soap box. There's been a lot of content written by proponents and opponents over literal decades, and I think it's in Wikipedia's interest to put that content together into one article. Let me know how you feel and I'll revisit this in, say, a week. AdJHu 胡 14:33, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. There is already sufficient detail for a separate article. It's a complex and contentious issue but is currently getting lost in the main article. Precedent with Restoration of the Elwha River. QuincyMorgan (talk) 15:17, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I see no evidence that the topic satisfies either of Wikipedia's two guidelines for splitting, WP:WHENSPLIT. It is not out of scope, and it is not too long for it to maintain balance within the Snake River article as it stands. Moreover, splitting would increase maintenance loads, apparently without substantial benefits.
 * "It feels like a mostly separate topic from the river itself," you say. The current Snake River article keeps the dam removal material in context and in check, so it does not become a detached political bunfight, but remains anchored to the scientific, geographical, and existential realities of the river, for both sides of the argument. The dams cannot exist without the river, and nor can the fish. Unlike the dam removal argument, the Snake River is central, and would have to be considered the parent article if there were a split. The Snake River article is a long-term standard reference article suitable for an encyclopedia.
 * With out of scope being illogical as a motive for splitting, one must consider length and weight. The current long-standing GA, which I admire, summarizes the arguments succinctly, but not so briefly as to be incoherent (WP:SPLIT). Furthermore, I do not see that there is much more to add. It's not broken, it doesn't need fixing. This is where I agree with half this proposal, but not its contradictory other half, although I think the dismissive tone is excessive. Balance is what I look for: the current limited summary is needed, but I do not see where there is so much more material with which to create a child article. To that end, I would want to see, if not a draft, at least an outline with sources that would change my mind. Creating fragmentation and knowledge silos facilitates polarization, not centralization.
 * What would be the title of the child article? "The politics of Snake River dam removal," or "Plummeting fish numbers in the Snake River Basin?" Up-to-date fish numbers are missing from Wikipedia, but they could be incorporated into fish articles, where they are needed.
 * The C-class Elwha River article is a bad precedent, a lost child that looks pretty but only preaches to the already converted. It has had no scientific updates about what has actually happened for eight years. Totally neglected! That's what I mean about maintenance. Therefore I don't trust it, because it looks like the results are being hidden.
 * WP:POV FORK notes how splitting makes it harder to maintain neutrality. Moreover, the maintenance burden is especially increased when the subject is controversial. Indeed (WP:SPLIT), controversy is a motive for discouraging splitting.
 * Splitting does not mean removing all the dam removal content from the Snake River article. Summary style (WP:SUMMARY) requires a continuing updating of the summary of the child article in the parent article whenever the child article is significantly altered, maintaining synchronization (WP:SYNC). Flawed splits create messes for other Wikipedians to clean up.
 * In conclusion, the proposal appears to me ingenuous and lacking in forethought. I would not be so reckless. Rebecca Beecham Gotzl (talk) 15:33, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Undecided but still considering: To 's points, I agree that it's worthwhile to keep the topic in context, but the river itself is only one of several important pieces of that context. Others could be Columbia River Basin, dam removal, Columbia River drainange basin, as well as topics like major cases of the ninth circuit, local/federal politics of the Pacific Northwest, economy of Washington and economy of Idaho, etc. etc. To me, that seems like an argument for separating the issue (with how it has grown in significance), so it can be summarized and linked from each of those. It seems to me like a topic that could be covered in much greater depth, and maybe should. But, given its current size, it would probably make more sense to expand it to the point where it's straining at the size appropriate to this article prior to splitting, and that may or may not ever happen.
 * Separately, Rebecca, I think most of your points are very well thought out and helpful, but several times you veer into personal attacks. I'd urge you to strike out the part that speculate about the motivations of the people you disagree with. -Pete Forsyth (talk) 21:00, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Apologies. Less opposed now.: I welcome 's intervention. My comments above should not be taken personally as a reflection on the motivations of or, which are unknown to me. I apologize for any personal distress they may have caused.
 * My mistaken approach was triggered by panic that an article I love would have content removed from it. I felt the brevity of discussion showed insufficient respect for good content, which I think Wikipedia does not do enough to keep safe.
 * In my daily round, I see many new edits that are technically flawed, or disruptive; even a conspiracy theory can be published if blandly presented. I sometimes stress about these things.
 * On this occasion I was in a mood to tease people about these systemic, not individual, problems.
 * In particular, my comments about the Elwha River dams article are not intended to convey mistrust of editors' motivations, rather unintended consequences with the readership. Perhaps Unintended consequences. should have headed my comments.
 * Wikipedia was designed for a nicer (90s?) internet, not the world we are in. The thought-patterns of social media are affecting Wikipedia. Do Wikipedia's systems meet the moment, meet this time in American politics?
 * What price Lower Snake River dam removal? It's a cause célèbre that can starve other PNW environmental causes of attention and money. Pete's arguments are perfectly good in technical Wikipedia terms, and they softened my opposition. Yet, caring about the river, I would run a mile from reading the proposed article that would be heavy on politics, or have a polarizing, debate style of content. There are not only two POVs, and there are not only two types of people. Given my views, I will recuse myself from editing on it.
 * My being provocative was intended to illustrate some conundrums. Through opposition, I probably gained a greater intensity of attention. Nature's the same. Wildfires can be helpful if you learn from them. But does it have to be that way? Acknowledgments to Barry Lopez and Ursula Le Guin. Rebecca Beecham Gotzl (talk) 03:19, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snake River


text: User talk:68.55.93.144

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.55.93.144


text:
Talk:Snake River Canyon (Wyoming)

More images at User:Maveric149/images/Idaho. If you use any, then please either drop me a line on my talk page or move it from ==Orphan== to ==Images that have homes== on my image page. --mav 04:52, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Split
This article as written before implied that the canyon near Jackson, Wyoming, and the canyon near Twin Falls, Idaho, that Evel Knievel tried to jump were one and the same. They're not. I split the article and created a disambig at Snake River Canyon to clarify. --Faustus37 22:09, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snake River Canyon (Wyoming)


text:
Talk:Snake River Plain

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Cshields94. Peer reviewers: Chantel Saban, WoodPig.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:33, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Images
More images at User:Maveric149/images/Idaho. If you use any, then please either drop me a line on my talk page or move it from ==Orphan== to ==Images that have homes== on my image page. --mav 04:53, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Craters of the Moon
Even the Wikipedia article on CotM refer to their source as being Basin and Range faulting and not the Yellowstone Hot-spot. Also the Buttes referenced are not a feature of the Yellowstone Hot-spot. Rework in order... I will do later (when I have time) Ralph 1 March06

Wrong caldera in satellite photo
The caldera in the photo is the Henry's Fork caldera. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.248.169.116 (talk) 20:41, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

Indeed that IS the Yellowstone Caldera. Check the wiki on it.

Geothermal capacity Section-Magical Caldera?
The Yellowstone Caldera has never moved. Just thought I'd point this one out for ya. Refer to the Wiki on it if you need source...

Climate section additions
I have gathered 5 academic sources that can serve as broad outline of climatic changes on the plain from the early-Pliocene to the Holocene (with lots of gaps in between of course). I understand that the current "effects on climate" section mainly pertains to Yellowstone. The sources I have collected pertain to the western SRP in particular (Idaho Falls–Bruneau area) and disproportionately provide climate speculations for the Pliocene period (4Mya-2.3Mya, approximately) but also offer information on vegetation and moisture regimes for the last 30 thousand years. I am currently drafting in my sandbox a cohesive narrative and hope to start adding to this article in the next week! It may call for a new section or series of sub-sections...Whichever is easier on the eyes and the brain. Cshields94 (talk) 06:03, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

Not enough citations
This is a great topic, but the lack of reputable citations is a serious problem. I'm certain this will be corrected in the near future ^_^ Paleo_Broad 02:31, 12 June 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chantel Saban (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Snake River Plain


text:
More FM

More FM is a New Zealand radio network that plays hot adult contemporary music. It is operated by MediaWorks New Zealand.

More FM broadcasts in 25 centres throughout New Zealand on 81 transmitters with a mix of local and network programming. The station targets a 25 to 49-year-old audience and has the most local shows of any radio network in New Zealand. Currently there are 11 different breakfast shows and 14 day shows.

The More FM network has grown from a local Wellington station to a large Network brand developed through expansion, acquisitions and re-branding of local stations already owned by MediaWorks.

More FM had the 3rd or 4th largest audience of New Zealand's commercial radio stations in 2021.

Early years
More FM, with the on air position of "Not to Heavy, Not too Soft", first began in Wellington on 6 May 1991 as a local radio station. The very first station was started by Doug Gold and Craig Thompson; previously Doug Gold was the managing director of Wellington radio station Radio Windy. Gold and Thompson were joined by fellow investors Chris Muirhead, Simon "Swampy" Marsh, Lyn Chung and Bill Mathieson.The very first song to play on the first More FM station by Breakfast Show hosts Simon "Swampy" Marsh and Anemarie Gold was Rhythm of My Heart by Rod Stewart. In the early nineties More FM began broadcasting in Christchurch and Auckland, both as local stations separate from the Wellington station.

Change of ownership
In the late nineties More FM's parent company The More FM Group was sold to CanWest Mediaworks who at the time were the owners of TV3 New Zealand; the sale also included The Breeze in Wellington and Channel Z. Programming was extended to Dunedin in 1997 as a local station but networked from Christchurch during breakfast and evenings. A fifth More FM station was started in the Waikato in 1999 as a totally local station.

In 2000 CanWest Mediaworks purchased RadioWorks which at that stage was operating 4 network brands across New Zealand and a local station in most markets across New Zealand. RadioWorks later became known as MediaWorks.

Expansion to other regions
In December 2004 MediaWorks nationalised and networked all of their local stations previously marketed as LocalWorks stations. Regions with just one local station had their station rebranded as More FM, regions with more than one local station typically had the station considered to be the flagship station in that area rebranded as More FM and secondary stations rebranded as The Breeze. Some markets had secondary local stations replaced with a network station run by MediaWorks. The changes saw More FM extended to more than 15 markets with all stations initially retaining their local announcers up to 7pm. The number of stations was later expanded to 24 after further station re-branding as well as MediaWorks purchasing other independent stations.

Network night show
Network programming on More FM began with the Evening and overnight shows in January 2005. The 'More FM Most Wanted' Night show was originally hosted by Dominic Bowden until the middle of 2005 and then by Tarsha Tolson until the middle of 2007 when Tarsha moved to Wellington to co-host the More FM breakfast show. The overnight show was originally hosted by Asher Bastion until he left to go to Life FM in June 2006. From 2015, the show was hosted by Joe Cotton. Since 2022, the night show has been hosted by Tyler McDonald.

Network drive and daytime shows
In August 2009 the first Network Drive show was created. The Wellington weekday Drive show team, 'Josh & Tom' Josh van Berkel and Tom McKenzie (ex-Classic Hits South Canterbury) were re-located to Auckland and their show was networked into 19 of the 22 More FM markets over the following months.

In March 2011 Josh & Tom announced they were leaving More FM. The structure of the day was reworked ending the traditional Breakfast/Day/Drive line up. From 4 April 2011 the More FM stations were local in all markets with the network programming starting at 1pm, an hour earlier. The afternoon lineup consisted of a 1pm-4pm Afternoon show hosted by former More FM Waikato breakfast host Stu Tolan and a 4-7pm Drive show hosted by media personality Clarke Gayford. Christchurch, Manawatū and Nelson were the exceptions to the change in format as these stations continued to broadcast locally up to 7pm until 2015.

Networked programming during the daytime began in 2013 with the introduction of a show presented by Geoff Stagg from Wellington and networked to selected regions.

In 2015 More FM reverted to the traditional Breakfast/Day/Drive line up and local programming was extended in some markets to run between 6am – 3pm or 10am – 3pm for those markets taking the networked breakfast show. From 2014, Jason Gunn and Lana Searle hosted the 3pm – 7pm show, before Lana was replaced by Jay-Jay Feeney in 2018. Paul 'Flynny' Flynn joined the show in 2019, as Jason Gunn moved to co-host the show part-time. Since April 2020, the drive show is hosted by Jay-Jay and Flynny, along with producers Matthew "Pledge" Pledger and Dave Rybinski.

Network breakfast
In 2007, the More FM Christchurch breakfast show, then presented by Si and Gary, was networked into the Nelson region. In October 2011, More FM Auckland breakfast presenter Jeremy Corbett resigned from his long-standing breakfast show. Marc Ellis was announced as his replacement along with Amber Peebles & Stu Tolan. In November 2011 an announcement was made that new Auckland based breakfast show would be networked into the Waikato and Wellington region. The 'local' daytime host read out local news and weather in their respective region as part of the networked breakfast show from 6am to 10am. In December 2012 Amber Peebles left the show to pursue a television project. Her replacement was Hayley Holt. Marc Ellis left the show in October 2013. Stu and Hayley continued to present the network breakfast for the remainder of 2013, along with Joe Cotton.

In 2014 the Christchurch breakfast, then presented by Si and Gary, became the new network breakfast show and continued to be presented from Christchurch. In April 2015 the networked breakfast was extended to Dunedin and Hawkes Bay with the local presenters in those markets moved to the local The Breeze station in their respective markets. The show is now presented by Lana Searle, Adam Percival and Paul Ego.

In July 2017, Pauline (Polly) Gillespie and Grant Kereama launched a Wellington-based breakfast show, which also airs in Kapiti/Horowhenua. In January 2018 this show was networked into five other markets, but in early 2020 the show reverted to a local Wellington breakfast show until June 2020.

Weekend programming
Originally weekend programming on all More FM stations remained local after the expansion and rebranding in 2005 including during Saturday and Sunday evenings and overnight. A networked evening show for weekends was introduced in late 2005. More FM began replacing local programming at the weekends with networked programming from 2007 onwards initially networking stations after 2pm. From 2014 all More FM stations were local on Saturday morning from 6am to 10am, with Auckland and Christchurch local to 7pm.

The More FM network
Networked shows on the More FM stations either originate from the Auckland or Christchurch studios.

Breakfast There are 10 local shows nationwide and one network show. Lana Searle, Adam Percival and Paul Ego present a networked breakfast show called "The Breakfast Club" from the More FM Christchurch studios to listeners in Auckland, Waikato, Tauranga, Rotorua, Hawkes Bay, Whanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough, Christchurch, South Canterbury, Dunedin and Clutha.

Workday "Workplace Social Club" programming runs from 10am to 3pm and some markets have a local show during this time. A networked workday show presented by Alisha from the Auckland studios can be heard in Auckland, Waikato, Tauranga, Taupō, Gisborne/Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, Manawatū, Wairarapa, Central Otago, Queenstown and Clutha.

Drive & Nights The network drive show is hosted by Jay-Jay Feeney and Paul (Flynny) Flynn, followed by an evening show Sunday to Thursday with Luka. All More FM stations are networked between 3pm and 5am.

Weekends Most More FMs run a local Saturday breakfast show. On Sunday a "Best of the Breakfast Club" show airs between 6am and 9am across 20 markets.

Northland
91-6 More FM Northland is a radio station serving the Whangārei urban area and the entire Northland Region on 91.6FM, Kerikeri on 107.3FM, Russell on 95.2FM and Tutukaka on 94.4FM. Before the re-branding to More FM in 2005 this station was known famously as KCC FM.

Local programming: Northland Breakfast is presented by John Markby, Angela "Flash" Gordon and Toast (Tauha Vallely-Tekani). John also hosts the local workday show from 10am-3pm.

Rodney
88-9 & 97-8 More FM Rodney is a radio station serving the Rodney District and the Hibiscus Coast, to the north and north-west of Auckland. A recent addition to the More FM network, this station was originally known as Times FM and was taken over by MediaWorks in 2002. The station was not affected MediaWorks rebranding of local stations to More FM in 2004 but was rebranded in 2015.

Local programming: Breakfast with Nick and Jacque

Auckland
91-8 More FM Auckland is a radio station serving the Auckland urban area and can be heard in parts of Waikato, such as Paeroa. More FM Auckland came to be in August 1993 and featured Kim (Kim Adamson) & Corbett (Jeremy Corbett) in the morning for 16 years. Its sole transmitter is at the top of the Sky Tower in central Auckland. The Auckland studios are used to present the network day, drive, night and weekend shows, the network news, and is the headquarters of the network.

Local programming: A local workday show with Alisha for Auckland is broadcast between 10am – 3pm. It is also heard in some areas as a network workday show.

Coromandel
Coromandel's More FM, formerly Coromandel FM, is the most recent addition to the More FM Network, serving the Coromandel Peninsula, Hauraki Plains, Western Bay of Plenty, Matamata-Piako, Auckland, Huntly and Raglan across 17 separate frequencies. The station boasts the biggest local coverage.

The station is effectively over 30 years old including the Coromandel FM era, and was rebranded by Mediaworks in 2015.

Local programming: A local breakfast show is presented by Matt Hobbs from 5.30am – 10am. Cam Loft hosts 10am – 3pm. Alan Beagle is the weekend announcer.

Waikato
92-2 More FM Waikato is a radio station based in central Hamilton. More FM was started in 1999 in the Waikato region when K-M and Darren left the breakfast show on Classic Hits to help start up More FM and the station was totally local through until midnight. The station no longer has local programming.

The sole transmitter for More FM Waikato is at Ruru, approximately 25 km east of Hamilton.

Bay of Plenty
93-4 More FM Bay of Plenty is a local radio station based in central Tauranga broadcasting across the Bay of Plenty Region. The transmitter is on Kopukairua. Before the re-branding to More FM, this local station was known as 93.4 Coastline FM. During part of 2015 and the start of 2016 the station also broadcast its programming into Rotorua to provide Bay of Plenty wide shows however this decision was later reversed in February 2016. Lauren White presented the local workday show between 10am – 3pm until the end of 2018 when she moved to host the breakfast show in Queenstown. The station no longer has local programming.

Rotorua
95-9 89-2 More FM Rotorua is a local radio station based on Ranolf Street in central Rotorua, broadcasting across the Rotorua region. The main transmitter is at Pukepoto, 9 km east of central Rotorua. A second transmitter in the Paeroa Range broadcasts to Reporoa, Broadlands, Ngakuru, Waikite Valley and Tokoroa on 89.2, and can also be picked up across most parts of the Northern side of Taupō. This station was formerly Lakes 96FM. During part of 2015 and the start of 2016 the station received its local programming from Tauranga however this decision was later reversed in February 2016. Maxwell Goodman presented the local workday show from 10am – 3pm until it was dropped and replaced by a network workday show. A local workday show was reinstated in January 2022.

Local programming: Jack Girling presents a local workday show between 10am – 3pm and a local Saturday morning show between 6am-12pm.

Gisborne/Wairoa
98-9 More FM Gisborne & Wairoa is a local radio station broadcasting from the heart of Gisborne City. The station was originally branded as 89FM and owned by Gisborne Media Centre, RadioWorks purchased the assets of Gisborne Media Centre in February 2005 and in May 2005 rebranded the station as More FM. Originally on 89.3, More FM Gisborne moved to 89.9 (rural coverage) and 98.9 (city coverage) in early 2007. Another repeater (also on 98.9) was set up to service the northern Hawkes Bay town of Wairoa in April 2007. The 89.9 frequency was adjusted to 90.1 in late 2010.

Local programming: Breakfast presented by Bevan Chapman from 5:30am.

Taupō
93-6 More FM Taupō is a radio station based in Taupō, broadcasting across the Central Plateau. The More FM brand replaced the previous local branded 93.5 KIS FM. More FM Taupō takes great pride in putting a tremendous amount of focus on their surrounding community and play an extremely active role in local events such as The New Zealand Ironman & The Lake Taupō Cycle Challenge. The station has regularly made the finals at the New Zealand Radio Awards in a variety of different categories including winning Best Provincial Breakfast Show in 2010, 2012, 2014 & 2015 plus being named Provincial Station of The Year in 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 & 2015.

Local programming: Breakfast presented by Andrew Leiataua.

Taranaki
93-2 More FM Taranaki, was formerly 93.2 Energy FM, named after the energy province. Broadcasts from central New Plymouth and broadcasts to all of Taranaki and can be heard in North Wanganui.

Local programming: Breakfast presented by Ken Swan and Anna Richardson along with Saturday breakfast. Will Johnston is a relief announcer on Saturdays and public holidays.

Hawke's Bay
88-7 More FM Hawke's Bay is a local radio station based in Hastings, New Zealand, broadcasting across Hawke's Bay. The More FM brand replaced the previous local station HOT 93FM, which began broadcasting in December 1983 as Radio Hawke's Bay 93FM, the frequency was always 92.7FM, and in April 2015 More FM relaunched and moved to 88.7FM. Along with the frequency change, the station also switched to the networked breakfast with the local breakfast announcers moving from More FM to a newly created local show on The Breeze Hawkes Bay.

Local programming on Hawke's Bays 88-7 More FM no longer exists.

Whanganui
92-8 More FM Whanganui (formerly Star FM) is a local radio station based in central Whanganui. The station became completely networked 24/7 in 2015 receiving the networked breakfast show, then the network day show. Local programming returned in 2016 with a local 10am – 3pm workday show.

Local programming: Sue Miller presents the local workday show from 10am – 3pm and Saturday Mornings 6am-10am.

Manawatū
92-2 More FM Manawatū is a local radio station based in the Hub Mall in central Palmerston North broadcasting across the Manawatū region. Before the More FM re-branding in 2005, this station was a very famous heritage station known as 2XS FM. The station's transmitter is located atop Wharite Peak in the Ruahine Range, approximately 20 km northeast of Palmerston North.

Local programming: "Mike West in the Morning" presented by Mike West and Gareth Pringle, and Saturday Breakfast hosted by Gareth Pringle.

Kāpiti Coast/Horowhenua
90-3 More FM Kapiti/Horowhenua is a local radio station based on the Kāpiti Coast and Horowhenua regions. Before the More FM re-branding in 2005 the Horowhenua station was named Horowhenua's 95FM with the Kapiti station named 2XX. Dave Key presented a local breakfast show up until 2015. In 2016 there was no local programming on the station. From July 2017 until June 2020, Pauline Gillespie and Grant Kereama's Wellington based breakfast show was broadcast to Kapiti / Horowhenua. Since June 2020 there is again no local programming.

Wairarapa
89-5 More FM Wairarapa is a radio station based in Masterton broadcasting to the Wairarapa province. The station was founded by Paul Henry in 1991 as "89.3 TODAY FM. In 1992 Paul Henry sold the station to PORT FM in Timaru and was later rebranded as HITZ 89FM Wairarapa's Best Music. XS Corporation in Manawatū purchased the station in the mid-1990s. The station broadcasts on 89.5 MHz from the Popoiti transmitter, 25 km south of Masterton, and since 2010 to the Castlepoint Beach region on 105.9 MHz.

Local programming: Brent Gare hosts the local weekday breakfast show.

Wellington
95-3 99-7 More FM Wellington is based in Wellington which is the birthplace of the More FM brand, with the first broadcast of a More FM station occurring there on 6 May 1991 as 99/100 More FM. "Not Too Heavy Not Too Soft". The station went to air with award-winning Breakfast Host Simon "Swampy" Marsh and Anemarie Gold. The station later became known as 94.7/100 More FM following a change in frequency. Today the station is known as 95-3 99-7 More FM Wellington, again following a change in frequency.

In 2004 the 98.9 MHz frequency originally used by More FM Wellington was relocated to 94.7 MHz (formerly used by Channel Z) and provided coverage to the Hutt Valley area of Wellington. The more powerful 100 MHz frequency provided coverage to the majority of the Wellington urban area, and could often be heard at the top of the South Island and into the southern Wairarapa. In 2010, the station frequencies were moved to 95.3 and 99.7 respectively after a nationwide reorganisation of the FM band. The main transmitter is located atop Mount Kaukau in Khandallah, 6 km north of central Wellington, and broadcasts on 99.7. Two secondary transmitters are located at Haywards on 99.7, to infill much of the Hutt Valley, and at Fitzherbert (between Naenae and Wainuiomata) on 95.3, to infill Lower Hutt and Wainuiomata.

The previous network weekday show was presented by Geoff Stagg from the Wellington studios until 2015. After Geoff's departure the network weekday show began being presented from Auckland leaving no local programming from Wellington. In June 2017 local weekday programming returned to the Wellington studio with the workday programme now presented locally between 10am and 3pm. From July 2017 until June 2020, Polly Gillespie and Grant Kereama did breakfast.

Local programming: Geoff Stagg presents the local workday show from 10am – 3pm.

Nelson
92-8 More FM Nelson is a local radio station broadcasting from the heart of Nelson city to the Tasman District; including Motueka and Tākaka on 92 MHz and Murchison on 94.1 MHz. Before the More FM re-branding in 2005 this station was known famously as Fifeshire FM. To this day the station broadcasts from the historic Fifeshire House.

Local programming: Max Goodman presents the local workday show from 10am to 3pm.

Marlborough
More FM Marlborough is based in Blenheim. At the end of 2007 MediaWorks purchased Marlborough Media which included two local stations, Sounds FM and Easy FM. Easy FM was rebranded as The Breeze earlier in 2008 and in August 2008 Sounds FM was rebranded as More FM. More FM Marlborough broadcasts on 92.9 MHz in Blenheim where the station is based, on 94.7 in Picton and also on 89.9 MHz in Kaikōura. Until 2015 the station had a local breakfast show presented by Josh Fogden and Natasha Knox.

Local programming: Max Goodman presents the workday show for both Nelson and Marlborough from 10am to 3pm (from the Nelson studios).

Christchurch
92-1 More FM Canterbury is a radio station broadcasting across Canterbury. The station was one of the original More FM stations. The station broadcasts on 92.1 across Canterbury and on 94.9 in Sumner/Redcliffs, 99.1 in Akaroa and 104.5 in Lyttelton.

The station was started as an adult contemporary (AC) format station and continues with that format to this day. More FM Christchurch was operated by the Frader Group Limited. The first hosts of the morning show were James Daniels and Ken Ellis who had moved from 91ZM.

From 1 April 1997 Simon Barnett and Phil Gifford became the new More FM Christchurch breakfast hosts after moving from Christchurch's then local 91ZM station. Si and Phil's show was networked into Dunedin from 1996 when The Radio Network started a networked ZM station in Dunedin. After Si and Phil moved to More FM Christchurch a new More FM station was established in Dunedin taking the Si and Phil breakfast show and running their own local programming during the day.

In April 2003 Gary McCormick joined the breakfast show in preparation for Phil Gifford's departure later in 2003. Networking of Si and Gary's breakfast show to Dunedin was discontinued at the end of 2004 following the changes made to the network at the time. The show was then networked to Nelson since 2007 and in 2014 became the new More FM network breakfast show, networked to various More FM stations across the country. Lana Searle, Gary McCormick (later replaced by Paul Ego) and Adam Percival are the current breakfast show that is networked around New Zealand's main centres.

In 2015 the Christchurch Afternoon show was networked nationwide presented by Lana Searle and Jason Gunn. In late April 2018, Lana moved to Breakfast and Jay-Jay Feeney joined Jason Gunn on drive.

Local programming: More FM network breakfast show with Lana Searle, Adam Percival and Paul Ego. Amber Russell presents the local workday show from 10am – 3pm. Saturday breakfast presented by Bondy from 6am – 10am. After 10am, local weekend shows are presented by various announcers.

South Canterbury
97.9 More FM Timaru is a radio station broadcasting across South Canterbury. The station broadcasts on 97.9 across Timaru, 94.9 & 98.9 in Ashburton, 100.8 in Oamaru & various frequencies through the Mackenzie country. A recent addition to the More FM network, this station was originally known as Port FM and was taken over by MediaWorks in 2018 and was rebranded in 2018.

Local programming: Jacob presents the local workday show from 10am – 3pm as well as weekend breakfast shows.

Dunedin
97-4 & 100.6 More FM Dunedin is a radio station broadcasting across Dunedin. More FM was originally broadcast in Dunedin on 98.2 and was locally presented, except for the Christchurch 'Si & Gary' breakfast show which was networked. In 2004 as part of the More FM brand roll out across the country, it moved to the 97.4 MHz frequency, and replaced Dunedin radio station 4XO, creating 97.4 More FM Dunedin. An integration of the former presenters of 4XO & 98 More FM could be heard on the station. The 98.2 MHz frequency is now Dunedin's The Breeze 98.2 MHz – another of MediaWorks networked stations. In April 2015 breakfast presenters Damian and Kellie were moved from More FM to Dunedin's The Breeze and the networked breakfast show presented by Si & Gary returned to the Dunedin market after a 10-year absence. From January 2018 Mediaworks allocated 100.6FM as an additional frequency for the station. 100.6FM was used to broadcast dual programming into the market with Polly & Grant for breakfast followed by a workday show however as of the start of 2020, Polly & Grant were removed and replaced with the network breakfast show.

97.4 FM exclusive programming: Breakfast presented from Christchurch by Lana Searle, Adam Percival and Paul Ego between 5:30am – 10 am. Amber Russell presents the local workday show from 10am – 3pm, also from Christchurch.

100.6 FM exclusive programming: Workday show playing More FM High School Hits from 10am-3pm plus overnights and weekends.

Clutha
92-9 93-7 More FM Clutha is a radio station based in Balclutha the station transmits on 93.7 MHz and 92.9 MHz. The station was previously known as Big River Radio with limited local programming and a simulcast of More FM Dunedin outside of local hours, the history of this simulcast goes back to 1992 when Big River Radio ran 4XO programming outside of local programming hours. In recent years the station was branded as More FM's Big River Radio during local programming. Local programming was removed in 2017 with local announcer Brad Jeffrey moved to Dunedin to present a local daytime show for Dunedin and Balclutha. Today More FM Clutha runs network programming at all times with local station ids and adverts.

Queenstown, Wānaka and Central Otago
More FM Queenstown, Wanaka and Central Otago broadcasts on 92.0, 99.4 90.3 and 94.3 MHz and covers Queenstown, Wānaka, Alexandra, Cromwell and other parts of Central Otago. Initially Queenstown and Central Otago had separate More FM stations.

More FM Queenstown began broadcasting in Queenstown on 99.2 MHz after local station Resort Radio was rebranded as More FM. In 2009 More FM traded places with Q92 The Breeze on the FM dial. Previously the Central Otago frequencies operated as More FM Central Otago following a rebrand from Radio Central. Following the rebrand to More FM the station remained local between 6am and 7pm however the station operations were gradually integrated with More FM Queenstown and the More FM network. Advertising and Station ID's remain localised to both the Queenstown and Central Otago Markets.

Local programming: Breakfast presented by Joel Palmer 6am-10am weekdays. Workplace Social Club presented by Finn 10am-3pm weekdays.

Southland
89-2 More FM Southland broadcasts to the Southland region. The location of transmission is the Kordia (formerly BCL) site at Hedgehope. The station was originally started by a group of local investors as Foveaux Radio (4XF, 1224 kHz) in 1982, the station was bought by Radio Otago in the late 1980s and started broadcasting as "89.2 Foveaux FM" in the early 1990s.

Foveaux FM became Southland's 89.2 More FM in January 2005 as part of RadioWorks' move to rebrand all 'heritage' stations as More FM. Announcers were James McRobie, Gretchen Blomfield, Carl Mills and Daryl Shuttleworth. More FM also continued to broadcast on 1224 AM until October 2007 when BSport launched on this frequency. The 91.6 MHz frequency that Radio Pacific (BSport's predecessor) broadcast on was used to launch The Breeze into Southland. In December 2007 Southland's More FM began broadcasting in the Te Anau area on 96.0 MHz.

Local programming: Simon 6am-10am, Corbyn 10am-3pm

More FM News & Sport
News and sports bulletins are broadcast on all More FM stations seven days a week. The news is supplied by the MediaWorks newsroom and is sub-edited by More FM on weekdays. During weekday breakfast until midday (6am – 11.30am), the bulletins are on the half hour, presented by Glen Stuart. From 12pm – 6pm weekdays, the bulletins are read at the top of each hour by Tyler McDonald. From 6am – 6pm weekends the bulletins are at the top of the hour only, provided by the MediaWorks newsroom.

Defunct More FM stations
Hawke's Bay's 92 More FM was New Zealand's first franchised More FM radio station and began transmission from its Napier studios in 1994 and continued until the mid to late 1990s when the More FM name was dropped to become 'Hawke's Bay's 92FM'. The station broadcast on 91.9 MHz from studios in Hastings Street and featured Peter Mac (McIlwaine) and Nicki Sunderland on breakfast. Other announcers included Kyllee Higgins (now Kyllee King-Turner), Scotty Mac, Nik Menzies, Cath White, James Milner, Grant Magrath (pre-recorded mid-dawns) Kev Stanton and Greg Wattam. The station's slogan was 'More Music, More Variety' which was in line with the other More FM stations around the country at that time. The station was operated as a franchise by Radio Otago. In 1996, 92 More FM was relocated to Hastings where it joined fellow Radio Otago station Hot 93 in the BNZ Building. Live content was reduced around this time with the night show being fully automated. In 1997 Radio Otago sold their 7 North Island stations to Energy Enterprises, at this point the More FM branding was dropped and later the station was replaced with network station Solid Gold FM. Solid Gold has since been rebranded as The Sound.

Kapiti's 99.6 More FM began transmission across the Kāpiti Coast and Horowhenua regions around 1994 and remained on air until 2004 when it was replaced by The Breeze. The station's programming was generated from More FM in Wellington, although it ran an entirely separate programme to the Wellington station outside of breakfast. Voicebreaks were recorded in advance by the announcer in the Wellington studio. Localised weather forecasts, station IDs and jingles also helped create a local sound. 99.6 More FM played a slightly different music mix to the Wellington station where its programming originated from, although they both shared the 'More Music, More Variety' and later 'Today's Best Music Mix' slogans.

Dunedin's 98 More FM began broadcasting in Dunedin around 1997. The breakfast show, originally presented by Simon Barnett and Phil Gifford was a simulcast from Christchurch's 92 More FM. Other shows were a mixture of locally produced shows and shows prerecorded also from More FM in Christchurch. 98 More FM was replaced with a simulcast of The Breeze Christchurch when local station 4XO was rebranded as 97.4 More FM.

title: More FM


text:
Talk:Singer

Untitled
Promoted from being a stub. -- Beland 2 July 2005 04:22 (UTC)

Songstress
The information under this heading, apart from the spelling errors, is wrong; the word can be applied to any woman who sings. At best this definition should be folded into the material above, not given its own section.--Adoorajar 22:19, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur; the songstress need not be in her own category, since the term refers to a female who crafts songs, prob. a subset of the singer-songwriter. I therefore recommend redirection of "songstress" to the "singer-songwriter" article. - B.C.Schmerker 09:55, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Simon Le Bon ? COME ON !
We can do better. How about a picture of Freddie Mercury or Chris Cornell, you know, good singers.

I agree, someone should change Simon LeBon, you can hardly regard him as being one of the great frontmen. --Lemmy Kilmister--
 * I don't care if he's replaced, but the replacement must be a free image, not a "fair use" image, per WP:FUC. I removed the Lennon pic. --Rob 00:22, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Replaced with Freddie Mercury. --Lemmy Kilmister 09:43, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Screaming???
What on earth is "hardcore screaming"? There is no link to a hardcore screaming article, and no definition on this page. It should be defined or removed. --Rosencrantz1 18:19, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

No modern singers
This section seems to be devoted to classical singers only, as it leaves out other kinds of music. Someone expand it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Orthologist (talk • contribs) 11:46, 24 December 2006 (UTC).

As I understand things, most of the basic training for the classical singer is directly applicable to the modern singer as well. The similarities and differences between classical and modern-music applications of singing could use more research before further addition to applicable sections of this article. - B.C.Schmerker 10:02, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Ozzy Osbourne?
He looks a lot like LeAnn Rimes in that picture. What picture/caption is supposed to be there? Agatehawk 17:35, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

According to Alfred Alexander...
"According to Alfred Alexander (formally a ENT consultant to the home office), "a singer is a person of adequate musicality, who is gifted with a voice of such power and beauty that competent judges can recommend singing as a career". Alexander believes that 1 in 50,000 in the UK possess such gifts, which means in England (800,000 births a year average) 16 people are born with such a voice a year, making 500 "first class voices" active in any particular generation (taken as 30 years) at any one time.[1]"

What does ENT mean? Is this paragraph really relavent/appropriate? It seems kind of random to me. kaiti-sicle 05:22, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Ear nose throat specialist. And you don't think a paragraph about how many people make good singers is appropriate to an article about singing?--I'll bring the food (Talk - Contribs - My Watchlist) 20:43, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * This whole paragraph is total nonsense and should be removed. Alfred Alexander is a nose and throat doctor. So what? Why are his silly statistics worthy of being cited here?--Gilabrand 14:33, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

POV-check
Singers are not only in euorope but also in all over the world. This article contains only about europe. Jpandey 08:30, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I have rm'd the tag, if you think it's too euro-centric, add info about other places. Other wiki editors are not here to do what you want for you at yr whim.--I'll bring the food (Talk - Contribs - My Watchlist) 20:57, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Why would this page not qualify for a style tag? The tags exist to bring attention to the article from experts, which this article is in need of. It does quite well for Europe, but needs to deal with the rest of the world as well. I am going to add a globalize tag in a day (unless somebody can make changes otherwise) as I agree with Jpandey on this issue. --Edwin Herdman 10:30, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Second paragraph might need deleting/moving
I don't think that the second paragraph about "how good a singer is" makes much sense in the context of this brief article. Also, it seems more opinion based than factually verifiyable. Peter 21:55, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Just because you don't agree with something doesn't make it POV. The paragraph is from a respected British Ear nose throat specialist who says that out of many people, only a few people are actually good singers. Now, given what we see on programs such as American Idol, i'd say it's pretty close to the nail. --I'll bring the food (Talk - Contribs - My Watchlist) 20:46, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * You are also saying the only cited paragraph in the article should be removed. It's simply not going to happen. I am however perfectly allowed to delete the rest of the article, what with it being completely unsourced.--I'll bring the food (Talk - Contribs - My Watchlist) 20:49, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It did happen, and the article is better for it. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 00:19, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Lead vocal
Lead vocals redirects to this page, but doesn't appear on it. Can someone please add the info? Also, is "lead vocal" a valid singular form? Thanks. Xiner (talk, email) 19:19, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Depending on the context of a particular song, the lead vocal could be assigned to any range from baritone to soprano in a modern work. The lead part in American men's quartets corresponds to the tenor in specific, while in other styles it could be higher or lower. It looks as though the lead vocal issue could be better explained in terms of task specifics. - B.C.Schmerker 10:11, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

there are new forms f singing all diffrent kinds like r and b gospel and so on

Frontman redirects to this page but this it says nothing about it. Someone should add this information. Also, a frontman of a band is not necessarily always the singer of a band. 154.20.173.218 (talk) 02:46, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I second that. Front man also redirects here, but the term is not specific to singers. In this case I had just read the article on mobster Allen Glick, in which he is described as a front man for a crime syndicate. "Front man" is a very general term, e.g. this article from the Washington Post in which an American General is described as a front man. It's certainly used a lot to describe lead singers, but even then it should redirect to something like rock group or rock star. I suggest that the redirects at frontman and front man are removed and that those pages are deleted, and that every adult male in the US sends me one dollar (in dollars). -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 00:19, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Odd wording
"Backing vocals is to sing certain parts of the song, but less than 50%," Seems a bit awkward to me - is "backing vocals" really singular, and where did the 50% come from? Huw Powell (talk) 22:39, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation needed
I've tried to find the page about Peter Singer, but had forgotten his first name. In the course of doing so, I realized that "Singer" is also a name for various things or notable people. Therefore, I suggest that someone removes the immediate redirection, and make the page a disambiguation page instead. 79.228.168.191 (talk) 00:38, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree this should really be a disambiguation page. I tried to find the carbrand of the same name and only succeeded by typing "Singer (car)" in the search box. And of course there's also the Singer Corporation. Any objections? Mark in wiki (talk) 08:53, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Singer


text:
David S. Terry

David Smith Terry (March 8, 1823 – August 14, 1889) was an American politician and jurist who served as the fourth chief justice of the Supreme Court of California; he was an author of the state's 1879 Constitution.

Terry killed U.S. Senator David C. Broderick in a duel in 1859. On August 14, 1889, Terry attacked Associate Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Field and was shot and killed by Deputy U.S. Marshal David Neagle.

Early life
Terry was born in Todd County, Kentucky. In 1831, his family moved and settled in Brazoria County, Texas. He studied law in the office of his uncle, T. J. B. Hadley, and was admitted to the bar in Galveston in 1845. During the Mexican–American War, Terry served in Captain Samuel L. S. Ballowe's company of Colonel John Coffee Hays's First Regiment of Texas Mounted Rifle Volunteers and participated in the Battle of Monterrey. In 1847, he lost the election for district attorney of Galveston, and in 1849 he joined the gold rush to California, where he attained success with his law practice in Stockton and became active in politics as a Democrat.

Widow Sanchez case
In 1855, he took up the cause of the "Widow Sanchez". Maria Encarnacion Ortega de Sanchez, the widow of a wealthy rancher, was being cheated by local authorities, including the Sheriff, William Roach, who took her fortune under the guise of guardianship. After kidnapping Roach with the help of a local gunslinger named Anastacio Garcia, they held Roach in a jail cell in Stockton until he agreed to release the widow's gold. But Roach had bribed a guard to ride to Monterey and urge Roach's family to hide the gold. The treasure was hidden somewhere in Carmel Valley by Roach's brother-in-law, Jerry MacMahon. MacMahon was killed in a barroom brawl before he could reveal the location of the money.

Public office
In August 1855, he was nominated by the American Party (Know Nothings), in the special election for the Supreme Court of California seat left vacant by the death of Alexander Wells. He won the election and served from November 15, 1855, to September 12, 1859, as a State Supreme Court Justice; from September 18, 1857, to the end of his term, he was the 4th Chief Justice of California.

In 1856, the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance challenged the corrupt city government controlled by David C. Broderick. Hundreds of armed "Vigilantes" seized two notorious murderers from the city jail and hanged them. The State of California, sympathetic to Broderick, declared San Francisco to be in a state of insurrection. Judge Terry, a Broderick ally, traveled from Sacramento to San Francisco for negotiations between the Vigilance Committee and Broderick's henchmen. He was seized by Vigilance Committee gunmen. Terry was a big man, known for his physical strength and for his skill with the Bowie knife he routinely carried in a sheath under his coat. He stabbed Vigilante Sterling A. Hopkins, who survived. Terry was tried and convicted by the Vigilance Committee, but released, "the usual punishments in their power to inflict, not being applicable, in the present instance."

On January 8, 1858, Chief Justice Terry administered the oath of office at the inauguration of Governor John B. Weller.

Killing of U.S. Senator David Broderick
On June 25, 1859, the California Democratic Party state convention nominated Warner Cope for Supreme Court over Terry. Although Terry was a close friend of Democratic U.S. Senator from California David Broderick, Terry accused Broderick, a Free Soil advocate, of having engineered Terry's loss for nomination for re-election in the 1859 state elections.

Terry made inflammatory comments at a state convention in Sacramento, which offended Broderick.

On September 13, 1859, Terry and Broderick, having agreed to a duel, met just outside San Francisco city limits. Terry won the coin toss to select weapons and chose pistols. Broderick's discharged early, leaving him open for Terry's shot. At first Terry thought that he had only wounded Broderick, but the senator died three days later. The day before the duel, Terry had resigned as Chief Justice.

In June 1860, Terry was acquitted of murder. In November 1862, he campaigned for the Breckenridge Democratic Party. But by March 1863 he left the state for Texas. He fought during the American Civil War, serving in the 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment of the Confederate States Army. The unit was raised by his brother Benjamin Franklin Terry and was also known as Terry's Texas Rangers. Terry later became Colonel of the 37th Texas Cavalry Regiment and was wounded at the Battle of Chickamauga. In November 1865, after the war was over, he moved to a ranch at Guadalajara, near Mazatlan, Mexico.

In 1869, Terry came back to Nevada, and by 1870 returned to Stockton and engaged in private practice. From March 1878 to March 1879, he was a delegate from San Joaquin County, California, to the state Constitutional Convention. Terry was chair of the Committee on Legislative Department, and his proposed language on bank directors' liability to depositors was adopted.

In August 1879, the Democratic Party nominated Terry for California Attorney General. The nomination triggered criticism of his record of dueling with Broderick and fighting for the Confederacy. Terry lost the election to Republican Augustus L. Hart.

Marriage to Althea Hill
In the 1880s, Terry became entangled in a volatile public scandal. Thirty year old Sarah Althea Hill had been the mistress of 60 year old silver millionaire and former U.S. Senator William Sharon. When he ended the relationship and took up with another woman, she sued for divorce, claiming adultery.

Sharon countersued, claiming that the marriage contract she provided was a forgery, and that they had never married. Hill wanted a share of Sharon's wealth. The court ruled that the marriage contract was a forgery. Terry appealed the ruling to the United States Supreme Court. After Sharon died on November 13, 1885, Althea married Terry on January 7, 1886, in Stockton. She produced a will that she said she found in Sharon's desk which gave her all of his assets. United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Field, a former friend of Broderick's, heard the case in 1888 as the senior justice of the Federal circuit court in California. On September 3, 1888, Field delivered the final Circuit Court opinion. He ruled that the will was a forgery. Sarah Althea Hill suddenly stood up, screamed obscenities at the judge, and fumbled in her handbag for her revolver. When Marshal John Franks and others attempted to escort her from the courtroom, attorney Terry rose to defend his wife and drew his Bowie knife. He hit Franks, knocking out a tooth, and the marshals drew their handguns. Spectators subdued Terry and led him out of the courtroom, where he pulled his Bowie knife and threatened all around him. David Neagle was among the Marshals present and put his pistol in Terry's face. Both Terrys were subdued and placed under arrest. Justice Field had them returned to the courtroom and sentenced both to jail for contempt of court. David Terry got six months in jail, and Sarah Terry got one month.

While being transported to jail and while serving their sentences, Terry and his wife repeatedly threatened Judge Field. The Terrys suffered several more setbacks. Both David and Althea were indicted by a federal grand jury on criminal charges arising out of their behavior in the courtroom before Justice Field. In May 1889, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to review the order that invalidated Althea Terry's marriage contract with Senator Sharon. Then, in July, with only one of the four judges who had earlier ruled in their favor, the California Supreme Court reversed itself. It ruled that because Althea Terry and Sharon had kept their alleged marriage a secret, they were never legally married. While in jail or shortly afterward, pregnant Althea suffered a miscarriage.

Attack on judge and death
A year later, on August 14, 1889, David Terry and Field were on the same train headed to San Francisco when it stopped at the train station in Lathrop for breakfast. Terry slapped Field in the face. Field's bodyguard, Deputy United States Marshal David B. Neagle, fearing that Terry was reaching for the Bowie knife he was known to carry in his breast pocket, shot and killed Terry. Neagle was arrested by San Joaquin County Sheriff Tom Cunningham on a charge of murder. The United States attorney general secured the release of Neagle on a writ of habeas corpus. The issue was resolved by In re Neagle, 135 U.S. 1 (1890), a United States Supreme Court decision that determined that the United States Attorney General had authority to appoint U.S. Marshals as bodyguards.

Terry is buried at Stockton Rural Cemetery in Stockton.

Wife declared insane
The widow Sarah Terry gradually went insane. She wandered the streets of San Francisco aimlessly, ignoring her appearance. She constantly talked to "spirits," especially that of her husband. She was diagnosed with "dementia praecox," an early term for schizophrenia. On March 2, 1892, she was found insane and committed at age 41 to the California Asylum at Stockton, where she lived for 45 years until her death. She is buried in the same grave as her husband. Terry's first wife, Cornelia Runnels, who died in December 1884, is also buried next to him.

In popular media
In the 1952 novel, Incident at Sun Mountain, by Todhunter Ballard, Judge Terry is the leader of a chapter of the Knights of the Golden Circle operating in Virginia City and Carson City, Nevada, on the eve of the Civil War.

In 1963, Brad Dexter was cast as Justice Terry, with Carroll O'Connor as Senator Broderick, in "A Gun Is Not a Gentleman" on the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. Though past allies as Democrats, Terry, a defender of slavery, challenged the anti-slavery Broderick to a duel.

title: David S. Terry


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Bella Lewitzky

Bella Rebecca Lewitzky (January 13, 1916 – July 16, 2004) was an American modern dance choreographer, dancer and teacher.

Lewitzky was a lifelong advocate for artistic freedom in dance, and continuously pursued political and artistic objectives in her works. Throughout her over 70-year career, Lewitzky asserted her independence as an artist and a teacher, repeatedly confronting major institutions and the federal government in the process.

Lewitzky's unique technique emphasized seriousness and stability, extending to both the movements performed by her dancers and the approach she took to operating her company.

Early life and education
Bella Rebecca Lewitzky was born on January 13, 1916, in Llano del Rio, California, a short-lived utopian community in the Antelope Valley led by Socialists. Her parents, Joseph Lewitzky and Nina (Ossman) Lewitzky, were Russian Jewish immigrants, who joined Llano del Rio for the artistic and political benefits it provided. Llano del Rio disbanded in 1918, and the family moved back to Los Angeles, the birthplace of Bella's older sister Sarah.

In Los Angeles, the Lewitzky family struggled, and the family moved to San Bernardino when Bella was six. San Bernardino did not offer the artistic opportunities of either Llano del Rio or Los Angeles, but it was where Joseph could sustain the family. Lewitzky's childhood, marked by serious commitments to the arts, politics, and education, would inform her works throughout her career.

Lewitzky moved back to Los Angeles in her teens, briefly studying ballet with a former member of the Ballets Russes, before joining the Lester Horton company in 1934. As a student, and later an integral collaborator, of the Horton company, Lewitzky was closely involved in the development of the Horton technique. Fred Strickler, an accomplished dancer and educator who studied under Lewitzky, argued that "[Horton] built his technique, which is now known as the Horton technique, on her body. Specifically. On her body."

Career
In 1946, Lewitzky was a co-founder of a unique organization in Los Angeles, the Dance Theater. The Dance Theater was one of the few institutions in the United States to house both a dance school and theater under the same roof, and was known for its progressive politics and insistence on racial integration. Lewitzky parted ways with Horton and the Dance Theater in 1950, after disagreements with Horton over technique and administration. In parting with Horton, Lewitzky had codified her own technique.

Lewitzky appeared as a specialty dancer in the 1943 Technicolor adventure film White Savage, and she choreographed the films Bagdad (1949) (with Lester Horton), Tripoli (1950), and Prehistoric Women (1950).

Lewitzky was summoned to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1951, accused of being a Communist. She refused to answer many of the committee's questions on constitutional grounds, as advised by her lawyers. Following the hearing, Lewitzky famously told the news media "I am a dancer, not a singer," poetically refusing to "sing" names to the committee. For this action, Lewitzky was blacklisted, preventing her from securing roles on the stage or screen. Her studio was relatively unaffected, despite the presence of numerous threatening letters and phone calls.

In 1955, Lewitzky gave birth to her only child, her daughter Nora. The same year, she moved her rehearsals to Idyllwild, California, in the San Jacinto Mountains outside of Los Angeles. In 1956, Lewitzky became the founding chair of the dance department at the Idyllwild School of Music and the Arts, continuing her affiliation until 1972. Her daughter, Nora, joined the dance faculty in 2003 and continues teaching Lewitzky technique. The Idyllwild Arts Academy is one of the few dance programs in the United States that offers Lewitzky Technique as part of their curriculum. In 1966, she founded the Lewitzky Dance Company. Under her artistic guidance, the company became one of the leading international modern dance companies, performing to critical acclaim in forty-three states across the U.S. as well as twenty countries on five continents. Among her dance associates was the former television child actress Noreen Corcoran of Bachelor Father.

Lewitzky was the founder of the dance program at California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In accepting the appointment, she saw an opportunity to differentiate the program from other academic dance programs, which she distrusted and generally did not interact with. Lewitzky's goal for the program was to "train dancers for every need they might have," including publicity and stage lighting. Despite her commitment to the purpose of CalArts, Lewitzky disliked being an administrator, and she resigned in early 1972. A major component of Lewitzky's legacy was to be the Dance Gallery, a new facility in California Plaza that would integrate studios and a 1000-seat theater. Plans for the Dance Gallery were in progress by 1978, but the project stalled, and was still unbuilt a decade later. The Colburn School took over the project in 1992, committing to constructing a building and amicably parting ways with Lewitzky and her company.

Following her activism against HUAC in the 1950s, Lewitzky continued to advocate for artistic freedom. In 1990, Lewitzky's company was awarded a $72,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, which required that the company not produce obscene works. This anti-obscenity provision was imposed in 1989 on all NEA grants, in an effort led by Senator Jesse Helms. Lewitzky refused to sign the anti-obscenity provision and instead sued the NEA, arguing that the anti-obscenity provision was in violation of the First and Fifth Amendments. The case was decided in Lewitzky's favor in early 1991.

The Lewitzky Dance Company disbanded in 1997 after 30 years, with Lewitzky describing the decision to do so as "a political act, there’s no question about it." Lewitzky criticized the corporate structure and funding models that became necessary for an arts company the size of hers to survive. In closing the company, Lewitzky also condemned her funders, whom she did not name, for ending her hopes of handing off the company to her associates.

Personal life
Lewitzky was married to Newell Taylor Reynolds, an architect and set designer. Lewitzky and Reynolds met while they were dancers in the Lester Horton company, and married in 1940. Reynolds designed sets for the Lewitzky Dance Company, among other collaborations. Their wedding reception was held at the Samuel Freeman House, which they frequented as part of an avant garde salon.

Lewitzky and Reynolds had one daughter, Nora Reynolds, born in 1960.

Death and legacy
Lewitzky died in Pasadena, California, on July 16, 2004, of complications following a stroke.

Lewitzky's technique and works are celebrated as part of the distinctive tradition of modern dance in California. Her life and works are the subject of the 2022 documentary film Bella, directed by Bridget Murnane.

The records of the Bella Lewitzky Dance Company are held at the University of Southern California Music Library.

Awards and honors
Lewitzky received many awards including honorary doctorates from California Institute of Arts (1981), Occidental College (1984), Otis Parsons College (1989), and the Juilliard School (1993). In 1991 she was a recipient of the Heritage Award from the National Dance Association. In 1996, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.

title: Bella Lewitzky