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Bobby's World

Bobby's World (originally known as The World According to Bobby) is an American animated comedy children's television series that aired on Fox Kids from September 8, 1990, to February 23, 1998. The show was created by Canadian actor/comedian Howie Mandel, who also performs the voices of both Bobby and his father Howard Generic.

It was produced by Film Roman in association with Mandel's company Alevy Productions and Fox Children's Productions. The theme song for Bobby's World was composed by John Tesh and Michael Hanna.

Premise
The series follows the daily life of Bobby Generic, with his very overactive imagination and how he sees the world.

Main

 * Robert Adelvice "Bobby" Generic (voiced by Howie Mandel) – The main character of the series. He is a four-year-old boy (five in seasons 2 through 6, then six in season 7) who loves to fantasize. An imaginative Bobby claims however that he came from his dreams. Scenes with Bobby most often involve elaborate literal interpretations of the popular or colloquial sayings uttered by other characters during the show (i.e. a "traffic jam" becomes Traffic Jam, as Bobby imagines spreading tiny cars and trucks on a piece of bread and taking a bite). When he enters contests, he tends to end up losing because Bobby ends up being himself instead of using his common sense. Bobby has spiky black hair. He wears a white shirt with red short sleeves (which also reveals his stomach exposed), red shorts and blue sneakers.

Family members
The Generic family's surname is pronounced "JEN-uh-rik", but mispronounced as "juh-NEHR-ik" by other characters as a running gag.

 * Howard Generic (modeled upon and also voiced by Howie Mandel using his normal voice) – Bobby's father. Using his bossy temper, he usually punishes his son Bobby by sending him to his room for his misbehaving.
 * Martha Sven-Generic (voiced by Gail Matthius) – Bobby's mother, who has red hair and is often seen wearing a sky-blue tracksuit. She has a prominent Midwestern accent, and often peppered her speech with phrases like "Fer corn sakes", "Fer cryin' in the mud", "gee golly", "gosh darn" and "dont'cha know". Gail Matthius based Martha on her Saturday Night Live character, Roweena, a chain-smoking hairdresser.
 * Kelly Generic (voiced by Charity James) – Bobby's 15-year-old tomboyish rebellious sister, the eldest Generic sibling, sporting a blonde shag haircut, purple eyeshadow, pink-striped tights, and a valley girl accent and manner, and often uses her catchphrase "Get real!"
 * Derek Generic (voiced by Kevin Michaels from Seasons 1-6, then Pamela Adlon from Season 7) – Bobby's 10-year-old brother, who is a bully with a rat-tail hairdo, slashed blue jeans, and a sarcastic manner. He always teases and insults his younger brother and tends to call him a "dork" or a "dweeb". Bobby has a bad habit of listening to him and Derek is often reprimanded by his parents for fooling his kid brother.
 * Jake and Alex Generic – Bobby's younger twin brothers, who were introduced in Season 3 but mentioned in Season 2 as Martha was pregnant with them.
 * Ruth Sven (voiced by Susan Tolsky) – Bobby's aunt and Martha's sister, She is a blonde, amply-contoured lady with a sweet, pretty face and her hair tied in a bun, and kindly ways. She is loving and affectionate toward her younger nephew and particularly likes to pinch his cheeks, which Bobby really doesn't go for. Like her brother Ted, she is unpartnered but unlike him, makes no attempt to seek a sweetheart. Part of her signature attire is knee-high stockings rolled into a ring at the cuffs.
 * Ted Sven (voiced by Tino Insana) – Bobby's uncle and Martha and Ruth's brother. He is a blond, portly, jolly gentleman with a deep rough voice and his signature garment is a yellow shirt printed with red hearts. Uncle Ted is a fun-loving fellow who loves to joke around with Bobby and is a collector of various things, one of which is a novelty item called Socks in a Can. His last name is revealed to be Sven. He is unpartnered and his attempts to find a sweetheart end in disaster. He is also affectionate toward his youngest nephew and often calls him by the nickname "Bobbo." Bobby likes hanging out with Uncle Ted because he thinks of all kinds of fun stuff to do including giving Bobby noogies.
 * Roger (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) – The Generics' pet dog.
 * Webbly – Bobby's stuffed toy spider.

Recurring

 * Howie Mandel (portrayed by himself) – The show's creator in live-action who interacts with Bobby in the hybrid opening and ending scenes. In first-season episodes, the live-action Howie is Howard Generic and has the ability to change into his animated alter ego. Beginning with season two, and continuing until the end of the series, Howie and Howard Generic are two separate individuals.
 * George (voiced by Pauly Shore) – The boyfriend of Kelly.
 * Tiffany (voiced by Candi Milo) – One of Kelly's friends. She wears a hat.
 * Amber (voiced by Candi Milo) – One of Kelly's friends.
 * Andrea (voiced by Candi Milo) – Another one of Kelly's friends.
 * Jackie (voiced by Debi Derryberry) – Bobby's best friend with the floor-length pigtails who has a crush on Bobby. She always kisses him (which he hates, having to constantly wipe her kisses off). Jackie speaks with a monotone voice.
 * Charlotte – Rambunctious and sassy, Charlotte was the fun-loving adventurous girl who was famous for her dislike of chocolate, and her tendency to tease Bobby incessantly over minor things he does.
 * Mrs. Orso (voiced by Edie McClurg) – Bobby and Jackie's teacher at Little Red Preschool.
 * Meeker (voiced by Pat Fraley) and Snurd (voiced by Jeff Doucette from 1990 to 1991, then Rob Paulsen from 1991 to 1998) – A bumbling duo seen doing various jobs around town, whether it be mall cops, paramedics, or stage hands.
 * Captain Squash (voiced by Gary Owens) – Captain Squash is Bobby's favorite superhero. He often appears to help Bobby in his imaginations.

Development
Howie Mandel explained that he accidentally created the voice that would be later used to voice Bobby when he was choking on a piece of cake. Two of Mandel's friends Jim Fisher and Jim Staahl signed an agreement with the Fox Broadcasting Company's then newly created children's division in 1989. Fisher and Staahl asked Mandel to join them in creating a show based on Mandel's Bobby character and voice. Mandel explained that he believed Fox did not think his stand-up routines were "family entertainment". He, Fisher, and Staahl (co-producers) recalled stories from their childhoods as they discussed the formation of the show. Mandel said "that was the seed of Bobby's World". Later stories from the childhoods of writers Dianne and Peter Tilden along with Mitch Schauer were used as the basis of many of the stories. The other characters on the show were mixes of characteristics of the creators' parents' friends and relatives. Specifically, Uncle Ted was based on Fisher and Staahl's former comedy partner in a comedy trio formed by the three after leaving Chicago's Second City, called The Graduates. Ultimately, that partner Tino Insana read for and won the part of Uncle Ted.

Mitch Schauer drew the designs for the main characters. Bobby's character design was based on Schauer's then-4-year-old son.

On February 12, 2007, the character Bobby made a surprise appearance on an episode of Deal or No Deal.

Show format
Episodes often consist of a short live-action segment either before or after the main story (and sometimes both before and after). The segment would include Mandel describing some aspect of the story and often relating it back to his personal childhood. Sometimes during these segments, the character of Bobby would appear in animated form and converse with Mandel. Other times, a live action child would appear and exchange words with Mandel. Endings of the show also featured Mandel breaking the "fourth wall" by talking to viewers about the preceding episode. In some part of the episode, Bobby will break the fourth wall by telling the audience his perspective on life.

Music
The series' music was by Mark Koval. The theme music was by John Tesh and Michael Hanna.

Possible revival
In an April 2006 online interview, Mandel expressed his desire for a possible reboot of the series.

In November 2014, it was announced that Mandel told a crowd at Comikaze that plans to revive the series were in motion.

In May 2018, Mandel again made reference to his efforts to get the series revived in an interview with Entertainment Weekly's Dave Quinn.

Broadcast
During its original run, Bobby's World was seen on Fox Kids. After it was cancelled in 1998, reruns began airing on Fox Family until 2001. The series was available in its entirety on Netflix instant streaming and Kabillion as well. It was available on Amazon Prime Instant Video. Episodes can occasionally be seen in syndication, on a variety of websites, on Netflix or on Comcast's OnDemand service.

In the United States, starting in 1996, the show was open-captioned; this was intended as an aid to help younger children learn to read.

In Canada, it aired on YTV and later, Teletoon Retro.

In Russian, it aired on REN-TV, TV-3 and Jetix Play.

In Kazakhstan, is aired on Raisovka Television.

Home media
From 1994 to 1998, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released VHS titles of the series.

 * Volume 1 – Uncle Ted's Excellent Adventure / The Visit To Aunt Ruth's
 * Volume 2 – Bobby's Big Move / Bobby's Big Broadcast
 * Volume 3 – Swim By Me / Jets, Choo Choos & Cars
 * Fish Tales / Generics Under Construction
 * Me & Roger

In 2004, Anchor Bay Entertainment released two best-of compilations, Classic Scratch 'n' Sniff Episodes and The Signature Episodes, on DVD in Region 1.

On December 15, 2011, it was announced that MoonScoop Group had acquired the distribution rights to the series and planned to release all seven seasons of Bobby's World on DVD in early 2012 All seasons were made available for purchase on March 13, 2012.

Video game
A video game adaptation of Bobby's World was made for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995. It was developed by Riedel Software Productions and published by Hi Tech Entertainment. A Version for the Sega Genesis was in development, but never released.

In the game, Bobby's mother tells him to clean his room. As he is cleaning his room, Bobby starts daydreaming about a toy. After beating a level, Bobby has another daydream about another toy that he puts away.

Bobby's World is a platform game. In some stages, the gameplay changes to something similar to a shoot 'em up. The player is asked to control Bobby and make him jump, squat, walk, run, and throw objects at the enemies – the objects often change according to the level's thematic – and use Webbly to defend Bobby. On some stages, Webbly can be used to do other things too, like reach higher platforms, throw it at their enemies or even using it as a mount.

A Game Boy game based on the series was also planned, developed by Unexpected Development and published by Hi Tech Entertainment. The game was originally based on Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, taking place in Kevin McCallister's dreams, before being retooled into a Bobby's World game during development, retaining the same premise but replacing the characters with those of Bobby's World. However, the game was never released.

title: Bobby's World


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USS Prudent

USS Prudent (PG–96), originally ordered as HMS Privet, was an Action-class gunboat patrol gunboat in the United States Navy.

Prudent was laid down by the Morton Engine and Dry Dock Company, Ltd., in Montreal, Quebec, on 14 August 1942; launched on 4 December 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Vincent Godfrey; delivered to the U.S. Navy on 14 August 1943; and commissioned on 16 August 1943.

Service history
Following shakedown off Bermuda, Prudent steamed to New York to begin a series of east coast-Cuba escort runs. Sailing with her first convoy on 7 December 1943, she completed her 11th run, at New York, on 21 December 1944. During January and into February 1945, she patrolled the sea lanes off the New England coast, then on 20 February, departed New York on her last escort assignment to Guantanamo Bay. Returning to New York on 15 March, she resumed patrol duties, and for the remainder of World War II in Europe plied the waters off the northeast coast.

Ordered inactivated at the end of the war, Prudent sailed south on 11 June, to Norfolk, Virginia, thence to Charleston, South Carolina, where she was decommissioned on 11 October 1945. Struck from the Navy List on 1 November 1945, she was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 22 September 1947.

In 1949 the ship was acquired by the Italian Navy and renamed Elbano. In 1951 she was converted to a hydrographic survey vessel and renamed a fourth time, Staffetta. She continued to serve the Italian Navy under that name until she was discarded in 1970.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Prudent


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John R. Dunning

John Ray Dunning (September 24, 1907 – August 25, 1975) was an American physicist who played key roles in the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic bombs. He specialized in neutron physics, and did pioneering work in gaseous diffusion for isotope separation. He was dean of the school of engineering and applied science at Columbia University from 1950 to 1969.

Early life
John Ray Dunning was born in Shelby, Nebraska, on September 24, 1907, the son of Albert Chester Dunning, a grain dealer, and his wife Josephine Dunning née Thelen. He graduated from Shelby High School in 1925,and entered Nebraska Wesleyan University where he became a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity, and received a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in 1929.

After graduation, Dunning commenced a doctoral program at Columbia University. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron, which influenced Dunning's career, as he thereafter devoted much of his professional interest to the characteristics and uses of this particle. Dunning's research was enthusiastically supported at Columbia by George B. Pegram. In 1933, Dunning was an instructor at Columbia University from 1929 to 1932, and a university fellow from 1932 to 1933. He received his Ph.D. in 1934, writing his thesis on "The Emission and Scattering of Neutrons" under Pegram's supervision.

Dunning married Esther Laura Blevins in 1930. They had two children, John Ray Jr., who became a professor of physics and astronomy at Sonoma State University, and Ann Adele.

Manhattan Project
After gaining his doctorate at Columbia, Dunning continued teaching and research there, becoming an assistant professor in 1935, and an associate professor there in 1938. Dunning was a central figure at Columbia on neutron research, and went on to publish 24 papers on neutrons between 1934 and 1938. In 1936, Dunning received a Traveling Fellowship, which he used to meet and discuss his neutron physics research with many eminent European nuclear physicists including Niels Bohr, James Chadwick, Fermi, Werner Heisenberg, and Ernest Rutherford.

Dunning closely followed the work of Ernest Lawrence on the cyclotron. Dunning wanted a more powerful neutron source and the cyclotron appeared as an attractive tool to achieve this end. Government funding was not available for such projects in those days, and university budgets were tight. Nonetheless, during 1935 and 1936 he was able construct a cyclotron using many salvaged parts to reduce costs and funding from industrial and private donations. It was announced in 2007 that Columbia University has decided to junk a 70-year-old atom smasher, which is the nation's oldest artefact of the nuclear era. After being decommissioned in 1965, the machine sat in the basement of Pupin Hall, home of Columbia's physics department. It was scrapped in 2008, although some components are in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.

In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons. They communicated these results to Lise Meitner, who, with her nephew Otto Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being the result of nuclear fission. Frisch then confirmed this experimentally on January 13, 1939. Even before it was published, Meitner’s and Frisch’s interpretation of the work of Hahn and Strassmann crossed the Atlantic Ocean with Niels Bohr, who was to lecture at Princeton University. Isidor Isaac Rabi and Willis Lamb, two Columbia University physicists working at Princeton, heard the news and carried it back to Columbia. Rabi said he told Fermi; Fermi gave credit to Lamb. It was soon clear to a number of scientists at Columbia that they should try to detect the energy released in the nuclear fission of uranium from neutron bombardment. On 25 January 1939, Dunning was a member of the Columbia team that conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States. in the Other members of the team were Herbert L. Anderson, Eugene T. Booth, Enrico Fermi, G. Norris Glasoe, and Francis G. Slack.

Bohr argued that it was the uranium-235 isotope that was responsible for fission. Dunning realised that if this was the case, then an atomic bomb would be possible. His thoughts turned to devising a process for uranium enrichment, and by 1940 he was investigating gaseous diffusion, which he felt appeared to be more effective than the electromagnetic method of Alfred Nier and offered the best route to enrichment on an industrial scale. The researchers at Columbia became the Manhattan Project's Substitute Alloy Materials (SAM) Laboratories. Dunning headed the laboratory division responsible for all aspects of the gaseous diffusion program, including engineering problems, pilot plants and research activities. Four papers co-written with James Rainwater, William W. Havens Jr., and Chien-Shiung Wu appeared in 1947 and 1948, but much remained classified. Due to the secrecy of this work, Dunning and three of his colleagues were awarded $300,000 each in lieu of patent royalties. For his part, Dunning was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Harry S. Truman. His citation read: "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service to the War Department, in accomplishments involving great responsibility and scientific distinction in connection with the development of the greatest military weapon of all time, the atomic bomb. As a physical researcher, he took a leading part in the initiation of the early phases of the project; then he was in charge of essential research in the SAM Laboratories for the Manhattan Engineer District, Army Service Forces, and then he served as advisor to the contractor for full scale operation of his process. A physicist of national distinction, Dr. Dunning's unselfish and unswerving devotion to duty have contributed significantly to the success of the Atomic Bomb project."

Later life
In 1946, Dunning became Thayer Lindsley Professor of Applied Science at Columbia. In the immediate post-war years he was scientific director for construction of the Nevis Laboratories, a collaborative effort of Columbia University, the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and the Office of Naval Research. He became dean of the school of engineering and applied science in 1950. This ended his active research career, but he was active in fundraising for what became the Seeley Wintersmith Mudd Building and the Terrace Engineering Center extension. By the time he stepped down as dean in 1969, he had raised $50 million for the school.

During the 1950s, Dunning was often consulted on nuclear technology matters by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Rear Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the head of the Navy's nuclear powered ships project. Dunning was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1948, and the Phi Kappa Tau Hall of Fame. Over the years he served as chairman of the New York City Board of Education Advisory Committee on Science Manpower, the President's Committee on Supersonic Transport and the Science Advisory Council to the Legislature of the State of New York. He was a member of the board of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the science advisory committee of the Department of Defense.

Fascinated by nuclear technology and eager to share his knowledge with the public, Dunning gave numerous public talks on the subject, and made frequent appearances on television and radio. He helped write a Blondie and Dagwood comic that explained nuclear energy in simple terms. In one experiment, he drank irradiated salt water, and used a geiger counter to demonstrate to his audience how his fingers became radioactive as sodium-24, with its half life of 15 hours, circulated through his bloodstream.

He died from a heart attack at his home in Key Biscayne, Florida, on August 25, 1975, and was buried at North Cemetery in Sherman, Connecticut, near where he had another home.

Selected publications

 * John R. Dunning The Emission and Scattering of Neutrons, Phys. Rev. Volume 45, Issue 9, 586–600 (1934). Institutional citation: Department of Physics, Columbia University. Received 5 March 1934.
 * H. L. Anderson, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, E. Fermi, G. N. Glasoe, and F. G. Slack The Fission of Uranium, Phys. Rev. Volume 55, Number 5, 511–512 (1939). Institutional citation: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 16 February 1939.
 * E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and F. G. Slack Delayed Neutron Emission from Uranium, Phys. Rev.  Volume 55, Number 9, 876–876 (1939). Institutional citation: Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 17 April 1939.
 * E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and F. G. Slack Energy Distribution of Uranium Fission Fragments, Phys. Rev. Volume 55, Number 10, 981–981 (1939). Institutional citation: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 1 May 1939.
 * E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and G. N. Glasoe Range Distribution of the Uranium Fission Fragments, Phys. Rev. Volume 55, Issue 10, 982–982 (1939). Institutional citation: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 1 May 1939.
 * A. O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse Nuclear fission of separated uranium isotopes, Phys. Rev. Volume 57, Issue 6, 546–546 (1940). Received 3 March 1940. Booth, Dunning, and Grosse were identified as being at Columbia University, New York, New York. Nier was identified as being at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
 * A. O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse Further experiments on fission of separated uranium isotopes, Phys. Rev. Volume 57, Issue 8, 748–748 (1940). Received 13 April 1940. Booth, Dunning, and Grosse were identified as being at Columbia University, New York, New York. Nier was identified as being at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
 * E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, A. V. Grosse, and A. O. Nier Neutron Capture by Uranium (238), Phys. Rev. Volume 58, Issue 5, 475–476 (1940). Received 13 August 1940. Booth, Dunning, and Grosse were identified as being at Columbia University, New York, New York. Nier was identified as being at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
 * A. V. Grosse, E. T. Booth, and J. R. Dunning The Fourth (4n+1) Radioactive Series, Phys. Rev. Volume 59, Issue 3, 322–323 (1941). Institutional citation: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 11 January 1941.

title: John R. Dunning


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Raith Rovers F.C.

Raith Rovers Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in the town of Kirkcaldy, Fife. The club was founded in 1883 and currently competes in the Scottish Championship as a member of the Scottish Professional Football League.

The club has won four national trophies, the 1994 Scottish League Cup, and the 2013–14, 2019–20 and 2021–22 editions of the Scottish Challenge Cup, and were runners-up in the 1949 Scottish League Cup and 1913 Scottish Cup. They have won the second tier of Scottish football six times, been runners-up four times, and reached its highest ever league finish in 1922, third in Division One.

As a result of winning the League Cup in 1994, Raith Rovers qualified for European football for the first time, entering the UEFA Cup the following season. The club managed to reach the second round, only to be defeated 4–1 on aggregate by eventual champions Bayern Munich.

Raith's home ground is Stark's Park, an all-seater stadium in the south of Kirkcaldy. The club has been based at the ground since 1891.

Beginnings and name
The modern Raith Rovers were founded in 1883 in the Scottish town of Kirkcaldy, playing first at Sands Brae, now part of the Esplanade, then Robbie's Park. Though there were other teams who incorporated the town name, such as Kirkcaldy Wanderers and Kirkcaldy United, Raith became the most successful of the local teams, winning five trophies in the 1890s. There had been a much earlier (and unrelated) Raith Rovers which merged with what is now Cowdenbeath in 1882.

Although it lends its name to many entities in the region, Raith is not itself a settlement. A Raith Rovers victory in the 1960s led to a BBC commentator's blunder that the fans would be "dancing in the streets of Raith tonight". Although commonly attributed to David Coleman, it was actually said by Sam Leitch. Raith (rath, "fort" or "fortified residence") as an area once stretched from south of Loch Gelly as far as Kirkcaldy and the Battle of Raith was once theorised to have been fought here in 596 AD. Raith House and Raith Tower sit on Cormie Hill to the west of Kirkcaldy and several parts of the town are built on land formerly of the Raith Estate, although the modern housing estate bearing the Raith name dates from long after the origins of the team.

A mixture of local success and ambition took the club into the senior leagues where they established themselves and thereby became the pre-eminent team in the town. The club became a senior team in 1889 around the same time they were forced to leave Robbie's Park which was incorporated into a new public park called the Beveridge Park, named after Provost Michael Beveridge. The team subsequently moved to their current home of Stark's Park named after and run by councillor Robert Stark in 1891. The club turned professional by 1892 and were the first football team in Fife to be elected to the Scottish League in season 1902–03. The club were incorporated into a limited company: the Raith Rovers Football and Athletic Company, Ltd in 1907. After two consecutive successful seasons in 2nd Division, the club elected to join the 1st Division in 1909–10. Three years later, the club made their first (and only) appearance in the Scottish Cup Final, losing 2–0 to Falkirk.

Setting records
In 1921 an innovation in training, previously unknown to the Scottish game, was introduced by directors following a visit to England: the use of a ball in training. As noted in the Fife Free Press, "Hitherto, ball practice has been an absentee from the training curriculum on the grounds that being away from the ball for a week imparted eagerness on the Saturday." This heralded an era of success.

The club had its highest ever league finish in the Scottish top division, when they came third to the Old Firm in 1921–22 under manager James Logan (a former Raith player who had fought in World War I having enlisted in McCrae's Battalion, along with several teammates who died in the conflict). This was followed by the unusual incident where the players were shipwrecked in 1923. Along with a cargo of chilled meat bound for Buenos Aires, the team had been en route to play friendly matches on the Canary Islands when the SS Highland Loch ran aground off the coast of Galicia, near Vilagarcía. The players were able to safely disembark, being rescued by local fishermen. They continued on their way a few days later, winning all four of their games on the islands, including one against Third Lanark, returning from a tour of South America. In July 2023, the club marked the 100th anniversary of the shipwreck with its new away strip in the yellow and blue colours of UD Las Palmas, a team based in Gran Canaria, and including a map of the archipelago and the date of the shipwreck.

The team battled on during tough times between the 1920s and 1930s but things improved by the season of 1937–38, which saw Raith setting a British League Record with 142 goals in just 34 league matches while winning the 2nd Division championship. The record still stands today. The forward line of Glen (5 goals), Gilmour (35), Norrie Haywood (47), Whitelaw (26) and Joyner (21) scored 134 of the record 142 goals.

Around this time, a then record crowd of 25,500 filled Stark's Park on a Wednesday afternoon for a Scottish Cup quarter-final replay against East Fife (The first game had attracted 19,000 to the old Bayview ground). East Fife won 3–2 and went on to become the only 2nd Division club to win the Scottish Cup until Hibs matched the feat in 2016.

Record appearance holder Willie McNaught first appeared for Raith during the war before signing on a contract basis when normal football resumed after the end of global hostilities. McNaught went on to make 657 senior football appearances (many as captain) for Rovers. Raith reached the League Cup final for the first time in 1948–49 but lost 2–0 to Rangers. In an echo of what would happen four decades later, the club also went on to win the 2nd Division title. In the period of the club's greatest high level consistency, Rovers stayed in the top division until the season after McNaught's 1962 departure. In 1951, Raith had their largest ever gate for a Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden Park watched by a crowd of 84,640. Raith lost 3–2 to Celtic.

Promotions, relegations and Footballer of the Year
A disastrous season came in 1962–63, when the club finished bottom of the First Division conceding 118 goals in 34 games. After leaving Queen of the South, George Farm became Raith manager in 1964. Farm took Raith to promotion in 1966–67 before leaving for Fife rivals Dunfermline Athletic and was never able to repeat the formula when he returned in the season of 1971–72. Raith managed to avoid relegation in 1967–68, thanks to striker Gordon Wallace, who became the first player outwith the Old Firm to be voted SFWA Footballer of the Year. He scored 27 goals in 34 matches. However the club did find themselves being relegated again at the end of the 1969–70 season. Nonetheless, the Rovers during this time managed to get through to the quarter-finals of the Scottish cup for the second year running between 1970–71 and 1971–72 – although the latter saw them beaten 3–1 by Kilmarnock with a crowd of 10,815.

In 1975–76, the league set-up changed from Divisions 1 & 2 to a 3 tier system (Premier Division, Division 1 & Division 2). In the inaugural year of this system, Raith were promoted to the 1st Division, but were promptly relegated the next season, before bouncing back up the season after. Raith then performed reasonably well in the 1st Division, hovering around the top four until the early 1980s.

A new manager, Frank Connor took charge in early 1986, bringing many new faces onto the team which resulted in promotion on goal difference after a 4–1 win against Stranraer (while Ayr United lost to Stirling Albion) on the last day of the season.

The League Cup winning era
Raith reverted to being a full-time side again for the season of 1991–92 which was soon followed by winning the First Division title in the season of 1992–93. This was to start the most successful period in the club's history – which saw the team's first foray into the Scottish Premier Division (now the Premiership).

On 27 November 1994, Raith, managed by Jimmy Nicholl, surprisingly beat Celtic 6–5 on penalties to win the Coca-Cola Cup, after a 2–2 draw. Future Raith manager, Gordon Dalziel, scored the equalising goal for Raith in the dying minutes of regulation time. The same season, Raith were again promoted to the Premier Division after winning the First Division title.

As a result of the Cup win, Raith qualified for Europe (UEFA Cup) for the first time in their history. After eliminating both the Faroese and Icelandic champions (Gøtu Ítróttarfelag and Íþróttabandalag Akraness respectively) in the first two rounds, the club finally succumbed to eventual UEFA Cup winners Bayern Munich. They were beaten 2–0 by the German side in the 1st leg, which was not played at their home ground but at Easter Road, home of Hibernian. In the 2nd leg, at the Olympiastadion they led 1–0 at half time against all odds, eventually losing 2–1. This was the first time a Scottish team had qualified for a major European competition while playing outside the top league. The same season, Raith finished sixth in the Premier League.

Winning the Coca-Cola Cup, selling Steve McAnespie and playing in the UEFA Cup generated the money needed to redevelop Stark's Park as an all-seater ground with North and South Stands. It was completed in time for the 1995–96 season, and Bayern Munich were invited to play a friendly in the first match in the redeveloped ground, with Raith securing a narrow 1–0 win.

End of the fairytale
After the club were relegated from the Premier Division, they also struggled to succeed in the First Division. For the 2001–02 season they were relegated to the Second Division for the first time since 1987. The club returned to the First Division (with the lowest winning total, to date, for champions of 59 points), under the leadership of Antonio Calderón in 2002–03 season.

At the start of the 2004–05 season, Claude Anelka (brother of French striker Nicolas) offered £300,000 to any team who would offer him a manager's job and was subsequently appointed the manager of Raith Rovers, with Antonio Calderón refusing the offer of a coaching role and leaving the club. Anelka signed a team of (mostly) continental players from the lower leagues in France. A disastrous season followed, despite Anelka resigning halfway through the season (replaced by Gordon Dalziel) and his signings either leaving, or having their contracts terminated, and Raith were relegated to the Second Division, after finishing bottom of the First Division with just 16 points in the season.

Local takeover
During 2005–06, the future of the club looked doubtful after the club, and its traditional home of Stark's Park, were both placed under threat by previous owners Colin McGowan and Alex Short. The Glasgow based property developers had repeatedly threatened to sell Stark's Park for housing in a bid to find a buyer for their 50% stake in the club and after months of legal and financial wrangling a deal was struck with their company, West City Development.

Former chairman Turnbull Hutton and director Mario Caira, who were part of West City retained their investment and were joined by major investor John Sim, a Thailand-based senior financial figure with liquidator KPMG.

The Reclaim the Rovers fans' campaign, which was launched in a bid to secure a local future for the club, also secured a place for a Supporters' Representative on the new-look board after raising £100,000 towards the final figure.

On 30 December 2005, Raith Rovers' future was secured after a £1.2 million community buy-out (The New Raith Rovers Limited consortium) (assisted by the then Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown who later became Prime Minister, a fan and shareholder of the club). Previous chairman David Sinton also completed work on the takeover.

On 2 May 2009, Raith secured the Second Division title with a 1–0 win at the home of Scottish football, Hampden Park, with a travelling support of over 1500. They lifted the trophy in front of almost 5000 the following week following a 0–0 draw with Arbroath.

On 6 April 2014, Raith won the 2014 Scottish Challenge Cup Final 1–0 against Rangers after extra time.

In early 2022 the club signed David Goodwillie. Days later, after an outcry regarding the rape ruling against him, chairman John Sim announced Goodwillie will not play for Raith Rovers and the club would review his contract. Raith's women's teams had moved to sever ties with the club. Goodwillie was released from his contract in September, no details being given by the club.

Colours and badge
Raith's kit consists of dark blue tops with light blue detailing, with white shorts and dark blue socks. Raith's current badge has been used since 1998, replacing the previous lion and shield motif used in different colour combinations (including being framed in a shield shape from 1995 to 1998) since 1985.

Fife rivalries
There are three other SPFL clubs in Fife: East Fife around 8 miles to the east, with Kelty Hearts and Dunfermline Athletic 13 and 14 miles respectively to the west. Raith's traditional derby is with East Fife though the biggest rivalry is against Dunfermline Athletic, with the encounter at East End Park in April 2011 attracting a crowd of over 11,000.

Supporters and culture
In addition to former Prime Minister Gordon Brown, fans include author Ian Rankin, Coldplay bassist Guy Berryman and writer Harry Ritchie. Author Val McDermid is a former director but in February 2022 cancelled her sponsorship and ended her lifelong support of the club in protest at the signing of David Goodwillie to the playing squad. Current St Johnstone manager and former Scotland and Hearts manager Craig Levein has supported the team since boyhood.

Literature
The team is often mentioned in Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus novels, Rankin stating that Rebus is a supporter. In Giles Foden's novel The Last King of Scotland the protagonist, Nicholas Garrigan, is a Raith Rovers fan.

Music
The Raith Rovers anthem is "Geordie Munro", with its prominent mention of Kirkcaldy.

Managerial history
Managers of the club have included
 * 1945–1961: Bert Herdman – Oversaw some of the club's most successful seasons and a sustained period in the top flight.
 * 1964–1967 and 1971–1974: George Farm – In a career of distinction in both playing and managing, Farm included a promotion success with Raith among the numerous achievements he enjoyed throughout his career.
 * 1986–1990: Frank Connor – Took the club from depths of the Second Division to a solid First Division spot.
 * 1990–1996: Jimmy Nicholl – Manager (and player until 1994) who won two First Division titles, the historic League Cup victory and oversaw Rovers' only foray into European competition.

Rovers managers since World War II:

Women's team
Raith Rovers Ladies and Girls F.C. was the oldest affiliated women's team in Scotland. In February 2022, the team resolved to cut ties with Raith Rovers due to the controversy over the signing of David Goodwillie, who was ruled to have raped a woman. The women's team renamed themselves McDermid Ladies, after the writer Val McDermid.

Honours

 * Scottish Football League Division Two / Scottish First Division
 * Winners: 1907–08, 1909–10, 1937–38, 1948–49, 1992–93, 1994–95
 * Runners-up: 1908–09, 1926–27, 1966–67, 2010–11
 * Scottish Second Division / Scottish League One:
 * Winners: 2002–03, 2008–09, 2019–20
 * Runners-up: 1975–76, 1977–78, 1986–87, 2017–18
 * Scottish Cup:
 * Runners-up: 1912–13
 * Scottish League Cup:
 * Winners: 1994–95
 * Runners-up: 1948–49
 * Scottish Challenge Cup:
 * Winners: 2013–14, 2019–20, 2021–22
 * Runners-up: 2022–23
 * B Division Supplementary Cup:
 * Runners-up: 1946–47, 1948–49
 * Scottish Qualifying Cup:
 * Winners: 1906–07
 * Runners-up: 1907–08

Minor honours

 * Fife Cup:
 * Winners (35): 1891–92, 1893–94, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1905–06, 1908–09, 1914–15, 1920–21, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1924–25, 1929–30, 1947–48, 1950–51, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1961–62, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1980–81, 1986–87, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2011–12
 * Shared (4): 1952–53, 1954–55, 1959–60, 1965–66
 * Runners-up (23): 1892–93, 1900–01, 1904–05, 1910–11, 1915–16, 1917–18, 1923–24, 1928–29, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1938–39, 1953–54, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1964–65, 1978–79, 1982–83, 1987–88, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2007–08
 * King Cup:
 * Winners (3): 1890–91, 1898–99, 1900–01
 * Wemyss Cup:
 * Winners (8): 1897–98, 1900–01, 1903–04, 1904–05, 1905–06, 1914–15, 1920–21, 1938–39
 * Shared (1): 1937–38
 * Stark Cup:
 * Winners (2): 1908–09, 1911–12
 * Shared (2): 1909–10, 1910–11
 * Penman Cup:
 * Winners (8): 1905–06, 1908–09, 1911–12, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1936–37, 1947–48, 1958–59
 * Runners-up (2): 1926–27, 1957–58
 * Fifeshire Charity Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1890–91
 * Runners-up (1): 1898–99
 * Kirkcaldy Cottage Hospital Charity Cup:
 * Winners: (4) 1896–97, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1902–03
 * Kirkcaldy Hospital Cup:
 * Shared (1): 1919–20
 * West Fife Charity Cup:
 * Runners-up (1): 1923–24
 * East Fife Charity Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1922–23
 * Fife Charity Cup:
 * Runners-up (1): 1925–26

The League Cup winning team
Players from the team that lifted the 1994–95 Scottish League Cup include:
 * Shaun Dennis – Over 400 appearances in three different spells between 1988 and 2004 before taking on a coaching role for a short period. Also played for Hibernian and Brechin City.
 * Colin Cameron – 'Mickey', a former Scottish internationalist who started his career with Raith Rovers. He was signed by Hearts where he won the Scottish Cup in 1998 before moving onto Wolves, Coventry City and Milton Keynes Dons.
 * Jason Dair – Experienced midfielder Dair, who can also play in defence, has also played for Millwall and Dunfermline, among many other teams. Like his one-time teammate, Shaun Dennis, Jason had three different spells at Raith.
 * Stevie Crawford – A former Scottish international who started his career with Raith Rovers. He played for Cowdenbeath after being released from his second spell with Dunfermline. Crawford has also played for Millwall, Hibernian, Plymouth Argyle, Dundee United, Aberdeen and East Fife (Was also manager of the latter club).
 * Gordon Dalziel – Record league goalscorer for Raith Rovers with 154 goals in the 1980s and 1990s, who returned as a manager in 2004. Scored the equalising goal in the Cup Final.
 * David Narey MBE – veteran player, formerly of Dundee United (1973–1994), who scored a goal against Brazil in the 1982 World Cup. David retired after the Coca-Cola Cup win, in which he was named Man of the Match.
 * Steve McAnespie – Sold to Bolton Wanderers for Raith's record transfer fee of £900,000 at the end of the 1994–95 season. Now coaching in the US. The money from his transfer helped redevelop Stark's Park.

Also involved in the squad were Scott Thomson, Julian Broddle, David Sinclair, Ally Graham, Brian Potter, Jason Rowbotham and Ian Redford.

Scottish Football Hall of Fame
As of 1 June 2020, 10 players to have been involved with Raith Rovers in their careers have entered the Scottish Football Hall of Fame:

 * Jim Baxter
 * Alex James
 * McCrae's Battalion
 * Willie Wallace
 * David Narey

Scottish Sports Hall of Fame
One former Raith Rovers player has been selected in the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame:
 * Jim Baxter

Club records

 * Record attendance: 31,306 vs Hearts, 7 February 1953
 * Record victory: 10–1 vs Coldstream, Scottish Cup, 1954
 * Record defeat: 2–11 vs Morton, Division 2, 1936
 * League goalscoring record: Norrie Heywood, 1937–38, 42 goals
 * Most league goals (individual): Gordon Dalziel, 154 (1987–1994)
 * Most goals in a league season (team): 142, 1937–38 (British Record)
 * Most capped player: David Morris, 6 caps for Scotland
 * Highest transfer fee paid: £225,000 for Paul Harvey (from Airdrie, July 1996)
 * Highest transfer fee received: £900,000 for Steve McAnespie (to Bolton Wanderers, September 1995)

title: Raith Rovers F.C.


text:
Talk:Judah

Untitled
The early classic work of rabbinic literature are often ambiguous on who is being spoken of; they often do not clearly distinguish between Judah I, Judah II, and Judah III. Later commentaries on the Talmud sometimes differ with each other in attributing quotes and actions because of this lack of clarity. We need to note this when working on articles relating to these men. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia provides the following information which may be of some use:

 * Judah I. Patriarch; redactor of the Mishnah; born about 135; died about 220. He was the first of Hillel's successors to whose name the title of hereditary dignity, "ha-Nasi" (= "the prince"), was added as a permanent epithet; and accordingly in traditional literature he is usually called "Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi." In a large portion of such literature, however, and always in the Mishnah, he is simply called "Rabbi," the master par excellence. He is occasionally called "Rabbenu" ("our master)

 * Judah II. Patriarch; son of Gamaliel III. and grandson of Judah I.; lived at Tiberias in the middle of the third century. In the sources he is called "Judah," "Judah Nesi'ah" (= "ha-Nasi"), and occasionally "Rabbi" like his grandfather; as Judah III. is also designated as "Judah Nesi'ah," it is often difficult, sometimes impossible, to determine which one of these patriarchs is referred to. In halakic tradition Judah II. was especially known by three ordinances decreed by him and his academy; one of these ordinances referred to a reform of the divorce laws (Yer. Giṭ. 48d; Giṭ. 46b).

 * Judah III. Patriarch; son of Gamaliel IV. and grandson of Judah II. The sources do not distinguish between Judah II. and Judah III., and, since the title "Nesi'ah" was borne by both, which of the two in any citation is meant by "Judah Nesi'ah" can be gathered only from internal evidence, especially from the names of the scholars mentioned in the context. Judah III. held the office of patriarch probably during the close of the third and the beginning of the fourth century.

Etymology

 * Judah (יהודה "Praise", Standard Hebrew Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhûḏāh)

The word יהודה does not mean "praise." According to Genesis 29:35, Leah chose the name to resemble the Hebrew word for "thanks", not "praise", and the word isn't the same in any case—"thanks" is תודה (toda) or הודיה (hodaya), not יהודה. If there are no objections, I'll change all these definitions to be accurate. --Simetrical 23:47, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Confusing
"Judah is the name of several Biblical ... figures."

"The Bible itself mentions no other people of the name"

Huh? Both statements cannot be correct. Which is it, or what needs clarifying? –OrangeDog (talk • edits) 15:24, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

There is a page
 * Judah (given name), or Yehudah, including a list of people with the name.

Why are these people listed here, and not there?
 * Judah (son of Jacob) (other than in the lead, because he's the source of ALL the other names).
 * Judah ha-Nasi, or Judah the Prince, Judah I, a second-century rabbi
 * Judah II, third-century Jewish sage
 * Judah III, third and fourth-century sage
 * Judah IV, fourth-century Talmudic sage
 * Judah b. Meremar, Babylonian sage

I will move them for now. If there are good arguments against it, we can bring them back. Arminden (talk) 22:51, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Judah (son of Jacob) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:02, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judah


text:
Queen of the South F.C.

Queen of the South Football Club is a Scottish professional football club formed in 1919 in Dumfries. The club plays in Scottish League One, the third tier of Scottish football. They are traditionally nicknamed the Doonhamers but are more usually referred to as Queens or QOS. Their home ground is Palmerston Park.

The club won the Division B Championship in 1950–51, the Second Division Championship in 2001–02 and 2012–13, and the Scottish Challenge Cup in 2002–03 and 2012–13. Queens led Scotland's top division until New Year in the 1953–54 season: their highest finish in Scotland's top division was fourth in 1933–34. The club reached their first major cup final in 2008 when they reached the final of the Scottish Cup, where they were runners-up to Rangers. The club's current manager is Peter Murphy.

Stadium
Palmerston Park is located on Terregles Street in Dumfries. The club has played there since 1919. South of Scotland League club Heston Rovers have shared Palmerston since 2013. The stadium has a capacity of of which 3,377 are seats.

Supporters and culture
Robbie Neilson, the former manager of Hearts, said about Queens from his loan period at the club in 2002: "It's a well-run club and a real family club with a good spirit about the place."

Marc Horne wrote in The Scotsman following Queens appearance in the 2008 Scottish Cup Final: "In the Palmerston Park club's songbook, it is clear there is no room for songs which feature religion, violent vendettas or centuries-old battles that took place in other lands."

In the 2008 UEFA Cup qualifying trip to Denmark Queen of the South fans were hailed as "a great credit both to their club and to Scotland" by Danish police. About 850 supporters of the Dumfries club travelled to Denmark to watch the UEFA Cup clash with FC Nordsjælland. Even though their team was eliminated, local police said their behaviour was impressive. Inspector Rune Hamann said: "It was a pleasure hosting such a visit by Queen of the South whose supporters were extremely well behaved and a great credit both to their club and to Scotland. Copenhagen was particularly busy in the build up to and after the match with a carnival, party atmosphere being evident. I look forward to welcoming Queen of the South and their terrific supporters back in Denmark in the future."

Chief Inspector Mickey Collins from Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary said the fans were a "pleasure to work along with". He added: "Despite the huge numbers of supporters who travelled to Denmark there were no arrests, incidents or issues of any concern. Great praise should be passed on to those fortunate enough to be at the match".

A notable Queen of the South supporter is the DJ and producer Calvin Harris, who grew up in Dumfries. He considered writing a song to celebrate the team reaching the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, but the idea was scrapped due to the time constraints of recording his 2009 album Ready for the Weekend.

Bill Drummond, musician, producer, and former member of The KLF, is a supporter as well due to their proximity to his hometown of Newton Stewart.

Mascot
The club mascot is 'Dougie Doonhamer', a human-sized border collie dog. The character has been played for many years by local supermarket worker Brian Harkness.

On 25 August 2017, Dougie Doonhamer won the Ladbrokes SPFL mascot race at Hamilton Park, having been runner-up the previous year.

On 31 August 2018, Dougie Doonhamer won the Ladbrokes SPFL mascot race at Hamilton Park for the second consecutive year.

Biblical references
Queen of the South are often humorously cited as the only league club in the United Kingdom to be mentioned in the Bible. Luke 11:31 states "The Queen of the South shall rise up at the judgment with the men of this generation and condemn them..." Queen of the South is similarly quoted under Matthew 12:42. In the biblical quote the "Queen of the South" is considered to be the Queen of Sheba. In 2005, the issue was investigated by The Guardian website in their series "The Knowledge", which also found full references to Arsenal, Bury and Reading, as well as partial references to "hearts", "wolves", "forest", "hammer", "spurs" and "man's field".

Honours
National League Competitions  Division 2 – Champions 1950–51, 2001–02, 2012–13; Runners-up 1932–33, 1961–62, 1974–75, 1980–81, 1985–86

Division 3 – Runners-up 1924–25

National Cup Competitions

Scottish League Challenge Cup – Winners 2002–03, 2012–13; Runners-up 1997–98, 2010–11

Scottish Qualifying Cup – Winners 1923–24

Scottish Cup – Runners-up 2007–08

B.P. Youth Cup – Runners-up 1985–86

Invitational Tournaments

1936 Algiers Invitational Tournament – Winners

Border Cup – Winners 1991–92, 1992–93

Scottish Brewers Cup – Winners 2000–01, 2001–02, 2006–07

Regional League Competitions

Scottish League South and West (Wartime League) – Runners-up 1939–40

Western League – Champions 1922–23

Southern Counties League – Winners 1996–97

Regional Cup Competitions (Reserve squad)

Southern Counties Charity Cup – Winners 1920–24, 1926, 1930–32, 1934, 1937

Southern Counties Cup – Winners 1921, 1924, 1935, 1936, 1962, 1966, 1972, 1976, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1997, 2003, 2004

Southern Counties League Cup – Winners 1996–97

Southern Counties Consolation Cup – Winners 1922

Potts Cup – Winners 1921, 1960, 1961

Individual Awards

PFA Scotland Manager of the Year Award – Allan Johnston 2012–13

PFA Second Division Player of the Year Award – Jimmy Robertson 1980–81, Andy Thomson 1991–92, 1993–94, John O'Neill 2001–02, Nicky Clark 2012–13

Bell's SFL Fan of the Season Award – Ian Black 2003–04

SFL Phenomenal Achievement Awards

Recognition of Queens' remarkable Scottish Cup run – Gordon Chisholm 2007–08

Second Division Player of the Year Award – Nicky Clark 2012–13

SFL Goalkeeper of the Season Award – Lee Robinson 2012–13

SFL Second Division Manager of the Year Award – John Connolly 2001–02, Allan Johnston 2012–13

Ginger Boot Award – Nicky Clark 2012–13

Bell's SFL Angels Award – 2003–04

SFL Team of the Season Award – 2012–13

Records

Record victory: 11–1 versus Stranraer; Scottish Cup; 16 January 1932 *10–0 versus Bo'ness; Division Two; 1 October 1932 *This match was later declared void after Bo'ness were expelled from Scottish League football.

Record defeat: 10-2 versus Dundee at Dens Park; Attendance: 10,458; Scottish First Division; 1 December 1962. Queens played for 78 minutes with 10 men after goalkeeper George Farm was injured in the 12th minute and was carried off. Dundee's Alan Gilzean scored 7 of the goals. Dundee were the reigning Division One Champions and would make the European Cup semi-finals that season where they lost to the eventual winners AC Milan.

Record home attendance: 26,552 versus Heart of Midlothian; Scottish Cup 3rd Round; 23 February 1952; Queens 1 Hearts 3

Record home league attendance: 21,142 versus Rangers; 6 October 1962; Queens 0 Rangers 4

Record attendance (any venue): 58,975; 5 April 1950; Hampden Park; 3–0 Scottish Cup semi-final replay defeat to Rangers; 52,924 watched the 1–1 draw with Rangers four days earlier, also at Hampden Park.

Most league points (2 points for a win system): 55; Scottish Division 2; 1985–86

Most league points (3 points for a win system): 92; Scottish Division 2; 2012–13

First ever Scottish League Match under floodlights: Rangers versus Queen of the South; Ibrox Park; 7 March 1956; Rangers 8 Queens 0; Rangers player Don Kitchenbrand scored five goals in this match.

Highest free standing floodlights in Scottish football: Queens floodlights were first used on 29 October 1958 and at 85 ft high they are the tallest in Scotland. To mark the occasion Preston North End sent a team north for a friendly match.

Highest terrace in Scottish football: Following the trend towards all seater stadia, the height differential between the lowest and highest step on the Portland Drive terrace, records this as the highest remaining terrace in Scottish football.

Individuals
As of 4 May 2024

Longest serving player: Iain McChesney from 1960 to 1981 (615 appearances and 79 goals)

Record league scorer in a season: Alexander "Jimmy" Gray – 37 goals in the 1927-28 season

Record scorer (all competitions) in a season: Stephen Dobbie - 43 goals in the 2018-19 season

Most capped player: Billy Houliston (3 caps; 1948–49 season; 3–2 v Northern Ireland at Hampden (scoring two goals on his debut in the 30th & 89th minute), 3–1 v England at Wembley and 2–0 v France at Hampden. First Queens players to earn four senior Scottish football medals while playing for the club: Jim Thomson and Andy Aitken (winners of the 2001–02 Second Division and 2002–03 Scottish Challenge Cup; runners up in the 1997–98 Scottish Challenge Cup and 2007–08 Scottish Cup).

Most decorated Queens player with four winners medals: Derek Lyle (2001–02 & 2012–13 Second Division; 2002–03 & 2012–13 Scottish Challenge Cup)

Record transfer fee received: Andy Thomson; £250,000; Southend United; 1994

Fastest hat-trick: Tommy Bryce; 1 minute 46 seconds Guinness World Records in the 6–0 win versus Arbroath on 18 December 1993. Bryce's hat-trick was recorded in the 8th, 9th & 10th minutes by the match referee Louis Thow. Bryce also scored a fourth goal in this match.

Longest distance goal by an outfield player: Ryan McCann – 84 yd in the Scottish Cup Quarter Final 2–0 win versus Dundee on 8 March 2008.

First player to collect the complete set of four senior Scottish football winners medals: Andy Goram when he played in the 2002–03 Scottish Challenge Cup Final 2–0 win for Queens versus Brechin City, to add to his medals haul gathered elsewhere.

Oldest player to play for the club: Ally MacLeod versus St Mirren in the Reserve League West in April 1992. With Queens short of players the manager named himself as a trialist and played the whole 90 minutes. During the second half Queens were awarded a penalty and the former Scotland manager converted the spot kick. The final score was 7–1 to St Mirren and MacLeod received a standing ovation from the small crowd at the end of the game. MacLeod was 61 years old at the time.

European record
UEFA Cup/Europa League:

Current squad

 * For recent transfers, see 2024–25 Queen of the South F.C. season.

Notable players

 * For all former Queen of the South players with a Wikipedia article, see Category:Queen of the South F.C. players.

The following players were inducted into Queen of the South's Hall of Fame on 29 October 2011, 19 January 2013 and 24 October 2015 respectively.

The following players were inducted into Queen of the South's Hall of Fame on 23 March 2019.

The following players are listed on the club's official website as 'Queens Legends':

Managers
• Committee Members (1919–1921)

• Joe Dodds (P/C) (1922–1923)

• Board of Directors (1924–1927)

• Alex Wright (1928–1931)

• Board of Directors (1932–1934)

• George McLachlan (1935–1937)

• Willie Ferguson (1937–1938)

• Jimmy McKinnell Senior (1938–1946)

• Jimmy McKinnell Junior (1946–1961)

• George Farm (1961–1964)

• Board of Directors (1964–1965)

• Bobby Shearer (P/C) (1965–1966)

• Jackie Husband (1967–1968)

• Board of Directors (1968–1970)

• Harold Davis (1970–1971)

• Jim Easton (P/M) (1971–1973)

• Willie McLean (1973–1975)

• Mike Jackson (1975–1978)

• Willie Hunter (1978–1979)

• Billy Little (1979–1980)

• George Herd (1980–1981)

• Harry Hood (1981–1982)

• Drew Busby (P/M) (1982–1984)

• Nobby Clark (1984–1986)

• Mike Jackson (1986–1987)

• Davie Wilson (1987–1988)

• Tommy McGinn (1988-1989)

• Billy McLaren (1989–1990)

• Frank McGarvey (P/M) (1990–1991)

• Ally MacLeod (1991–1992)

• Derek Frye (P/C) (1992–1993)

• Billy McLaren2 (1993–1996)

• Rowan Alexander & Mark Shanks (1996–1999)

• George Rowe & Ken Eadie (1999–2000)

• John Connolly (2000–2004)

• Iain Scott (2004–2005)

• Ian McCall (2005–2007)

• Gordon Chisholm (2007–2010)

• Kenny Brannigan (2010–2011)

• Gus MacPherson (2011–2012)

• Allan Johnston (P/M) (2012–2013)

• Jim McIntyre (2013–2014)

• James Fowler (P/M) (2014 – March 2016)

• Gavin Skelton (P/M) (April 2016 – November 2016)

• Gary Naysmith (December 2016 – 4 May 2019)

• Allan Johnston2 (5 May 2019 – 13 February 2022)

• Willie Gibson (P/M) (14 February 2022 – 21 December 2022)

• Marvin Bartley (7 January 2023 – 4 May 2024)

• Peter Murphy (9 May 2024 – Present)

P/C = Player-Coach P/M = Player-Manager

2 Second Spell

Board of directors

 * Chairman: Billy Hewitson
 * Vice-chairman: Craig Paterson
 * Chief executive officer: Dan Armstrong
 * Director: Mark Blount
 * Director: Jim McLinden
 * Honorary directors: Norman Blount and Davie Rae

Coaching staff

 * Manager: Peter Murphy
 * Assistant manager: Colin McMenamin
 * First-team coach: Alan Casey
 * Goalkeeping coach: Jon Connolly
 * Analyst: Andrew Stephenson
 * Physiotherapist: Gavin Lee
 * Club doctor: Dr Guy Beaumont
 * Groundsman: Kevin McCormick
 * Kitmen: Graeme Dalgleish, Kevin McCormick
 * Head of youth: Andy Irving
 * Youth coaches: David Mathieson, Neil Murray, Ross Newlands

title: Queen of the South F.C.


text:
Template talk:Infobox Biography/Archive2

Archive 1 - ended 2006

Adding signature field?
Would it be possible to add "signature field"? Like in the politician's boxes?--Jdavid2008 19:08, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

How to use this template
Here is the current syntax for using this template:
 * 1) Insert this starting as the first line of the article.
 * 2) If no information is available, leave it blank (ex. "death_date= ").
 * 3) * Don't wiki-link the name parameter.
 * 4) * Do wiki-link the others parameters as in the example below.
 * 5) If the subject is not yet deceased, define:
 * 6) * death_date = | (blank)
 * 7) * death_place = | (blank)

Example from Thomas Edison:

Blank for easy copying:

Remove | image_size = from code
The blank now appears as:

Without "| image_size    =", the remainder of the code produces a nice image. With "| image_size    =," the image produced is huge. Moreover, whether "| image_size    =1" or "| image_size     =100" is used, the same huge image appears. The line "| image_size    =" should be removed from the code and provided as an option to the code. Thoughts? -- Jreferee 16:10, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you were supposed to enter px behind the number to indicate it was a size in pixels -otherwise the input is ignored by the template. - Mgm|(talk) 10:16, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I was relatively new to Wikipedia back in October when I made the above post. It looks like the "How to Use" instructions above were clarified.  Thanks for contacting me. -- Jreferee 15:55, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Image caption text size - suggestion
Can you change the image caption text smaller than other text, by adding tags? Thanks. ---Majestic- 12:49, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I support this request. Currently, the large caption of the images attracts more attention than the more important stuff below it. --Cpt. Morgan (Reinoutr) 10:49, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

documentation
Please transclude the documentation. In addition, please place tags around the code. --PhantomS 05:54, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. Luna Santin 23:22, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

New placeholder image
Pfctdayelise has produced an excellent new placeholder which I propose to add to the infobox to be displayed when no  is specified. This should encourage people to add free images if they possibly can. It would probably be sensible to come up with some way to prevent it being printed out: any suggestions? HTH HAND —Phil | Talk 15:04, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There is also Image:No free image man (en).svg & Image:No free image woman (en).svg if you want to change it to something more specific. pfctdayelise (talk) 08:10, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Category additions
Can we add these categories. By default we can have then non displaying. siblings = | This way they will be available for researchers. I have noticed that info on siblings gets deleted from articles in favor of being concise, this way the info is preserved for researchers, but doesnt interfere with the flow of an article. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 17:21, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Birthname
Can we add a category of birthname? It is useful for women so their maiden name can be stored, and for people who changed their name later in life, or are known to Wikipedia by a nickname. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 17:21, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Siblings
Can we add siblings as a cat? That way if the info is removed from the article, at least the info will be easily found by those who need the info. The info doesn't have to display, but its a good place to store it. Answer at my page please. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 20:41, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Religion
Can we add a religion category?Dan 02:43, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

hCard Microformat
I would like us to add the hCard microformat (see also WikiProject_Microformats/hcard) to this template. I can advise on the required mark-up, but I'm not familiar with template code editing. Andy Mabbett 11:37, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Now done; see documentation. Andy Mabbett 11:31, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Education (Category addition)
Can we add an education section (:O) -Nima Baghaei (talk) 05:24, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Recap of prior requests
editprotected

Prior requests for changes to this template have apparently missed using the template as instructed above to draw their requests to anyone's attention. So. I am copying those requests below, & seconding the request for a birthname (or other names) line. Thanks. --Yksin 05:46, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Birthname
Can we add a category of birthname? It is useful for women so their maiden name can be stored, and for people who changed their name later in life, or are known to Wikipedia by a nickname. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 17:21, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd like to second this request. --Yksin 05:46, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Siblings
Can we add siblings as a cat? That way if the info is removed from the article, at least the info will be easily found by those who need the info. The info doesn't have to display, but its a good place to store it. Answer at my page please. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 20:41, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Education (Category addition)
Can we add an education section (:O) -Nima Baghaei (talk) 05:24, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Do other people feel this is needed? CMummert · talk 12:40, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I am going to deactivate the editprotected tag. Unless there is a lot of clamoring for these changes, they seem like infobox creep to me. CMummert · talk 03:02, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * i added it, hope everything works smoothly (:O) -Nima Baghaei talk · cont · email 20:37, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * ok its not working, any ideas? (:O) -Nima Baghaei talk · cont · email 20:39, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * my addition got reverted, i tried unreverting it, hopefully it works now (:O) -Nima Baghaei talk · cont · email 20:41, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I think its successful? (:O) -Nima Baghaei talk · cont · email 21:08, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Use of flag icons in Bio Infoboxes
Is there a generally accepted policy regarding the use of small flag icons on the birth/date lines? Should they be there at all?

If so, which flag is used in cases where national borders have changed? For example, should a person born in Helsinki in 1905 have the flag of Czarist Russia or the flag of modern Finland?

For Americans, should state flags be used?  JGHowes  talk  -  02:31, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Flags should only be used if there is for some reason insufficient space to list the name of the country, which I do not believe would ever be the case on this infobox. Otherwise, the flags are impair navigation, confer undue weight upon the locality, and are often used misleadingly, such as using the flag of a nation that did not even exist at the time or a flag from a different era. —Centrx→talk • 02:36, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * In that case, I find the presence of flags in the example in the /doc page confusing. Metamusing 07:06, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've removed the flags from the example. Slambo (Speak) 13:57, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Metamusing 21:15, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Date of birth optional
Can someone make the date of birth optional? Angela Beesley is one notable article where her DOB i snot listed, and it looked awkward to see an empty paramater. hbdragon88 01:47, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Merger
I've proposed that we merge this template with the similar Infobox Person. Please see discussion at talk:Infobox Person#Merge. Andy Mabbett 09:56, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Siblings (Category addition)
Can we add an Siblings section to link to siblings with articles, it can be optional


text:
Talk:Ken Park

Interaction

 * Even though these kids hang out together at the skateboard park, they never interact in their outside lives.

One teenage couple is discovered by the girl's father when having oral sex; then there's the threesome at the end. Aren't the participants in these scenes those same skateboard kids? They appear to me to be interacting quite heavily outside the skateboard park. AxelBoldt 22:20, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, I found this comment inaccurate. They interact all the time if you ask me. Tomee 14:12, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)

 * They "interacted" but they had no real idea what each others lives were like.

 * They talked about being friends, yet throughout most of the movie they do not interact with each other. Considering that Tate wasn't in the sex scene, he doesn't really interact with any of his "friends" in the movie at all.

Synopsis
Someone doesn't seem to know what the word "synopsis" means. Why are we providing a play by play of the entire movie?

 * Cos we can mate, cos we can. Actually, considering the film is banned in several countries, it may be worthwhile for readers from those countries to be able to know what happens in the film, and perhaps why it was banned.

That is not a synopsis. That is the entire movie, and as such is completely inappropriate. Should be removed.
 * I agree. It could be kept, but the article needs a true synopsis. (By the way, y'all need to sign and date your comments) ike9898 13:34, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

The film was banned in Australia and is yet to recieve a wide release outside of Europe. I think the plot summary is significant since the film is so controversial. It would be worthwhile for those who do not have access to the film to be able to know what happens in the film. And considering it includes pictures and detail, it would be such a waste to remove. Many other films have large Plot Summaries on Wikipedia. Lach Graham 08:42, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

If you are going to delete the entire Plot Summary, I will revert it. There is way too much work and detail there to be simply deleted it. Many film articles have long summaries. Wikipedia is all about information, and that summary is one of the best available on the internet. If you think it is too long, then try re-formatting it. Don't bother to delete the entire summary, or I will revert it. Lach Graham 10:43, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

This is WAY too much information. We don't need a complete, detailed summary of the film, Wikipedia is here to provide general information about the subject, not describing the whole movie in detail. DJLarZ 15:47, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Yes, but it often describes the entire plot; see Ronin for an example. If you really think there is way to much information, then reduce it, but not without cutting out large parts of the plot. If you can abridge the plot summary, and perhaps remove some of the pictures if necessary, so be it. But until someone can come up with a shortened version which stills accurately describes the film, it should be kept. Lach Graham 00:59, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The plot description is absolutely too long. "Too much work" isn't a reason to ignore the WP:FILM plot guidelines. Additionally, you don't own the article; you should work on a shorter, more appropriate plot summary instead of a scene-by-scene retelling. fethers 17:04, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

THE PLOT-DESCRIPTION, AS IT STANDS, IS A WORK OF PLAGIARISM. Viz., http://www.vureel.com/video/4719/Ken-Park —Preceding unsigned comment added by Admiral meriweather (talk • contribs) 13:34, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ken Park


text:
Jim Flegg

James John Maitland Flegg, OBE (23 April 1937 – 7 May 2024) was a British horticulturalist, broadcaster, ornithologist and writer on bird-related matters.

Life and career
Flegg was a zoology graduate of Imperial College London and spent much of his subsequent professional career working in horticulture at the East Malling Research Station.

Flegg also had a lifelong interest in ornithology, having joined the Rochester and District Natural History Society as a junior member. As an ornithologist, he became well-known, having become president of Kent Ornithological Society in 1977, and was Director of the British Trust for Ornithology. He was a national household name because of his role as a presenter on the Coastal Ways and Country Ways television programmes.

Flegg was a bird ringer and ringed over 30,000 birds. Among the books Flegg authored are the Photographic Field Guide: Birds of Australia, and a number of books designed to interest children in living things from an early age.

Flegg died at home on 7 May 2024, at the age of 87.

title: Jim Flegg


text:
Talk:Mister X (Marvel Comics)

Untitled
There was also "Mister X" from Vortex (and later Caliber) Comics. See http://www.albany.net/~dsissman/misterx

Should this be included here or in a separate article?

title: Talk:Mister X (Marvel Comics)


text:
Category:Consumer electronics

Consumer electronics are products used in a domestic or personal context, in contrast to items used for business, industrial, or professional recording purposes. These can include television sets, video players and recorders (VHS, DVD, Blu-ray), videocams, audio equipment, mobile telephones and pagers, portable devices and computers and related devices.

title: Category:Consumer electronics


text:
No Man's Land (disambiguation)

No man's land is an unoccupied area between two opposing military positions'

No Man's Land and variants may also refer to:

Unclaimed places

 * No one's land (Terra nullius), land claimed by no country

Disputed places

 * No man's land (Latrun) in Palestine/Israel

United Kingdom

 * No Man's Land, Cornwall, England
 * No Man's Land Fort, off the coast of the Isle of Wight, England
 * Nomansland, Devon, England
 * Nomansland, Hertfordshire, England
 * Nomansland, Wiltshire, England

United States

 * No Man's Land, Illinois
 * No Man's Land (Louisiana) or Neutral Ground
 * No Man's Land (Oklahoma) or Oklahoma Panhandle
 * Nomans Land (Massachusetts)
 * No Man's Land Navy Airfield
 * Nomans Land Range
 * Nomans Land Island National Wildlife Refuge

Film

 * No Man's Land (1918 film), an American silent drama film by Will S. Davis
 * No Man's Land (1931 film) or Hell on Earth, a German film
 * No Man's Land (1939 film), an Italian drama film
 * No Man's Land (1962 film), a film starring Roger Moore
 * No Man's Land (1964 film), a war film
 * No Man's Land (1984 film), an American television film by Rod Holcomb
 * No Man's Land (1985 film), a French-language film by Alain Tanner
 * No Man's Land (1987 film), an American film by Peter Werner
 * No Man's Land (2001 film), a Bosnian-language film by Danis Tanović
 * No Man's Land: The Rise of Reeker, a 2008 American film by Dave Payne
 * No Man's Land (2013 film), a Chinese film by Ning Hao
 * No Man's Land (2021 film), an American film starring Andie MacDowell

Literature

 * No Man's Land (play), a play by Harold Pinter
 * No Man's Land (Baldacci novel), a novel by David Baldacci
 * No Man's Land (Greene novel), a 1950 novel by Graham Greene
 * No Man's Land: An Investigative Journey Through Kenya and Tanzania, a 1994 book by George Monbiot
 * No Man's Land (manga), an English-language manga series
 * Batman: No Man's Land, a 1999–2000 Batman comic book crossover storyline
 * No Man's Land (short story collection), a 1917 short-story collection by H. C. McNeile
 * Nomansland, a 1993 novel by David G. Compton
 * No Man's Land, a hip-hop theater play by Marc Bamuthi Joseph
 * No Man's Land, a novel by Simon Tolkien

Television

 * "No Man's Land" (CSI: Miami)
 * "No Man's Land" (Gotham)
 * "No Man's Land" (Grey's Anatomy)
 * "No Man's Land" (Stargate Atlantis)
 * No Man's Land (audio drama), a 2006 audio drama based on Doctor Who
 * No Man's Land (2020 series), a 2020 series distributed by Hulu about the ISIS and Syria

Music

 * No Man's Land (record label), a German record label based in Würzburg, Germany

Albums

 * No Man's Land (Jacques Higelin album) (1978)
 * No Man's Land (Lene Lovich album) (1982)
 * No Man's Land (Souls of Mischief album) (1995)
 * No Man's Land (Frank Turner album) (2019)
 * No Man's Land, a 1985 album by Terry Riley
 * No mans land, a 2011 album by Milk Inc.

Songs

 * "No Man's Land" (Eric Bogle song) (1976)
 * "No Man's Land" (Billy Joel song) (1993)
 * "No Man's Land" (Beverley Knight song) (2007)
 * "No Man's Land" (Koda Kumi song) (2012)
 * "No Man's Land" (John Michael Montgomery song) (1995)
 * "No Man's Land" (Midnight Oil song) (2003)
 * "No Man's Land", by Stela Cole from "Woman of the Hour"
 * "No Man's Land", by Bella Poarch featuring Grimes from "Dolls EP"
 * "No Man's Land", by Syd Barrett from The Madcap Laughs
 * "No Man's Land", by Alice Cooper from DaDa
 * "No Man's Land", by Download from Furnace
 * "No Man's land", by Marshmello and Venbee 2024
 * "No Mans Land", by Mike Oldfield from Tres Lunas
 * "No Man's Land", by OMD from English Electric
 * "No Man's Land", by Panda Bear from Crosswords
 * "No Man's Land", by Bob Seger from Against the Wind
 * "No Man's Land", by Soul Asylum from While You Were Out
 * "No Man's Land", by Sufjan Stevens from The Avalanche
 * "No Man's Land", an instrumental composition by Tangerine Dream from Hyperborea
 * "No Man's Land", by AC/DC from their 2020 album Power Up (AC/DC album)

Sport

 * No man's land, a strategically vulnerable area on a pickleball court
 * No-man's land, a strategically vulnerable area on a tennis court

Other uses

 * No Man's Land, a sculpture by Charles Sargeant Jagger
 * No Man's Land (video game), a 2003 video game

title: No Man's Land (disambiguation)


text:
Polish Scouting and Guiding Association

The Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego, ZHP) is the coeducational Polish Scouting organization recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. It was founded in 1918 and currently is the largest Scouting organization in Poland (138,112 members in 2012). The first ZHP was founded in 1916, the current one is the fourth organization with this name. It is a public benefit organization as defined by Polish law.

Pre-war history
The Polish Scout movement was started in 1910. Initially, the ideas of Scouting were implemented by Andrzej Małkowski and his wife Olga. The three main branches of Polish Scouting included the Strzelec paramilitary organization for boys, a sport and education society Sokół and the anti-alcoholic association Eleusis. However, it wasn't until the Partitions of Poland came to an end that the ZHP would be officially founded by the merging of existing groups.

Soon after the merger in 1918, the ZHP members fought in all the conflicts Poland was engaged in around this time: Great Poland Uprising, Polish-Bolshevik War, Silesian Uprisings, and Polish-Ukrainian War, much like their predecessors during the Siege of Mafeking.

All of the units joined in 1918 and formed the ZHP, one of the founding members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. Although many units retained their own traditions, a common law, common symbols, and a common oath were introduced. The primary difference between most Scouting organizations and the Polish Harcerstwo was described by Andrzej Małkowski: "Harcerstwo is Scouting plus independence."

Before 1939 the ZHP was one of the largest social and educational associations in Poland with over 200,000 members. Among the "sponsors" of Polish Harcerstwo were all the presidents of Poland and several high-ranking officers of the Polish Land Forces, including general Józef Haller.

Grey Ranks

After the invasion of Poland of 1939, the ZHP, many of whom joined defense militias, were branded partisans and criminals by Nazi Germany, who had executed many scouts and guides, along with other possible resistance leaders (for example during the Katowice massacre ). Nonetheless, the ZHP carried on as a clandestine organization. In 1940, the Soviet Union executed most of the Boy Scouts held at Ostashkov prison.

The wartime scouts evolved into the paramilitary Szare Szeregi (Grey Ranks), cooperating with the Polish underground state and the Armia Krajowa resistance. Older scouts carried out Deez sabotage, armed resistance, and assassinations. The Girl Guides formed auxiliary units working as nurses, liaisons, and munition carriers. At the same time, the youngest scouts were involved in so-called small sabotage under the auspice of the Wawer organization, which included dropping leaflets or painting the kotwica sign on the walls. During Operation Tempest, and especially during the Warsaw Uprising, the scouts participated in the fighting, and several Szare Szeregi units were some of the most effective in combat.

In December 1944 the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) reformed the scouting movement under the name of the pre-WWII scouting organization, though with authorities loyal to the new government and an ethos in line with that of the Soviet Pioneer Movement, pressuring the organization to become a member thereof, eventually altogether disbanding in even in that form in 1949. The organization was integrated into the Polish United Workers' Party, with most of its members now part of a new Soviet-style, government-sponsored pioneer organization – the Scouts of the Working Youth of Poland (Scouting Organisation of the Association of Polish Youth – Organizacja Harcerska Związku Młodzieży Polskiej or ZMP-OH), which retained the original Polish scouting movement's motto while adopting pioneer traditions of Eastern Bloc countries, save for the uniform and the pioneer salute used in the Soviet Union and other pioneer associations of the Eastern Bloc (the scouts retained the two-finger salute in honor of the young boys and girls who fought in the Second World War with both the Polish People's Army and the Home Army). The only existing part of pre-war ZHP is the ZHP pgK, established to serve Polish scouts outside their homeland.

Modern history
In 1956, after Stalin's and Bolesław Bierut's death, the Polish United Workers' Party youth movement ZMP OH was transformed and renamed to ZHP. However the new ZHP did not consider itself as a continuation of the pre-war ZHP, but as a new organization (until 1980). After 1958 many pre-war instructors were removed from the new ZHP or marginalized (like Aleksander Kamiński) and the original oath, law, educational content and methods were changed (mention of God was removed from the oath, Lenin introduced as a hero, the Bolshevik Revolution was commemorated, the brigades became co-educational similar to Eastern Bloc Pioneer associations). The two-finger salute common to the Polish Scouts was retained, and a new uniform debuted.

Despite this, the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association became one of the very few official organizations that retained some independence from the communist party. Because of this, its growth was rapid, and in 1980 it had more than three million active members. The Polish Scouts were engaged in a variety of duties, varying from helping in the fields of the poorest regions to organizing the visits of Pope John Paul II. After the martial law was imposed in 1981 the ZHP was the only large social organization not to be banned. The "VIII ZHP Convention" even supported the martial law. However, many of its high-ranking officials were interned because of their involvement in the Solidarność movement, as well as several Scoutmasters. The ZHP would later be admitted in the 1980s as part of the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth.

In 1989, after the period of peaceful transformation began, many groups of instructors formed separate Scouting organizations (like the ZHR, Stowarzyszenie Harcerstwa Katolickiego Zawisza or ZHP-1918 ). These moves were prompted by political disagreements with the character of ZHP; they felt that its communist takeover left a permanent mark upon the organisation, and that the only way to effectively reform the movement was to found a new organisation. ZHR's founding will serve as an adequate example of this principle. After pope John Paul II's first pilgrimage to Poland in August 1980, some "non-conforming" instructors inside the ZHP created the Andrzej Małkowski Circle of Scout Instructors (KIHAM), with the objective to restore original Scout ideals. These instructors presented reformative motions to the 7th Congress of ZHP at the beginning of 1981, but these were all rejected. When martial law was imposed in December 1981, a large number of organisations were outlawed, so ZHR was forced to conduct their activities – weekly meetings, yearly camps and so on – underground. The underground movement came to light in the fall of 1988. After they were unsuccessful in reforming the ZHP their way, the ZHR was founded.

In this reformative climate, ZHP did adopt some of Polish Scouting's pre-war traditions: e.g. the original oath and Scouts Law were reintroduced, and of course the overt communist aspects, such as the glorification of Lenin, were removed. However, the organisation remains co-educational. In 1993 Lech Wałęsa became the honorary protector of the ZHP, just like all former Polish presidents. In 1996 the ZHP rejoined the World Organization of the Scout Movement. The Scout Association is also a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (since 1996), International Scout and Guide Fellowship, International Catholic Conference of Scouting, International Catholic Conference of Guiding. These memberships have allowed ZHP to claim the greatest legitimacy, successfully dominating the other organisations of Polish Scouting, such as ZHR and ZHP pgK, the organisation which brings together Polish Scouts in the international Emigree community, with members in Australia, Argentina, Belarus, Canada, France, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Sweden, the United States, Ukraine, among other countries with Polish residents in the diaspora and as such the organization is affiliated to the International Link of Orthodox Christian Scouts. ZHP PGK, also known as ZHP Świat, has adopted policies similar to those of the Boy Scouts of America, where agnostics and atheists are not allowed to be instructors.

Age groups
There are four age groups, although the age limits are not strictly adhered to:
 * zuchy (Cub Scouts and Brownies) – 6–10 years
 * harcerze and harcerki (Scouts and Guides) – 10–13 years
 * harcerze starsi and harcerki starsze (Venture Scouts and Venture Guides) – 13–16 years
 * wędrownicy and wędrowniczki (Rovers and Rangers) – 16–21 years

Structure

The basic unit of ZHP is a drużyna (troop), consisting of approximately 30 boys or girls. Each drużyna is formed by several units named zastęp (patrol) consisting of about seven people. A few troops (especially working at the same school or housing estate) can be connected in one szczep (group). Several groups or/and troops from a specified area (borough, village, town) form a hufiec (district) which in turn is a part of one of the regions called chorągiew (literally banner). For example, a particular Scout can be a member of
 * zastęp starszoharcerski Pantery (patrol of senior Scouts The Panthers)
 * 156 Warszawska Drużyna Harcerzy Dżungla (156th Warsaw Troop of Boy Scouts Jungle)
 * Szczep 156 Warszawskich Drużyn Harcerskich i Zuchowych (Group of 156th Warsaw Troops of Boy Scouts and Girl Guides and Cub Scouts)
 * Hufiec ZHP Warszawa-Mokotów (Warsaw-Mokotów District)
 * Chorągiew Stołeczna ZHP (Warsaw (Capital) Region of ZHP)

title: Polish Scouting and Guiding Association


text:
Category talk:Consumer electronics

My definition and list is pretty much a guess, just wanted something to be there as I am adding the Category to some articles that need it... pomegranate 22:26, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

I don't think there should be an emphasis put on "consumer electronics". I understand there is some validity to the term but isn't the real difference between consumer electronics and (non-consumer) electronics just marketing (and a few gimmiks)? Chendy 23:58, 21 May 2007 (UTC) I understant the term consumer electronics in wide rank. Think of this term, I think about electronic product suppliers who can offer me equipment I may need. That why I think we should add more detail categories so that members can have more chances to share things together. If we just limit in general words, there will be inconvenience. For example, I am interested in Cameras, how can I know the website www.Schoolhouseelectronics.com and lots of other pages giving information about cameras if no one finds category Cameras to share opinions and contribute knowledge. So I hope we can have terms in detail for us to post and make our knowledge spread. Nhunguyen

title: Category talk:Consumer electronics


text:
Saalfeld

Saalfeld (Saalfeld/Saale) is a town in Germany, capital of the Saalfeld-Rudolstadt district of Thuringia. It is best known internationally as the ancestral seat of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha branch of the Saxon House of Wettin.

Geography
The town is situated in the valley of the Saale River north of the Thuringian Highland, 48 km south of the German cultural centre Weimar. Saalfeld station is currently served by Intercity-Express trains running from Berlin to Munich.

Saalfeld has 28,000 inhabitants. Together with neighbouring Rudolstadt and Bad Blankenburg, Saalfeld forms a tri-city area with a population of about 70,000.

The local mountain is the Kulm, which is 481.9 metres above sea level.

History

Saalfeld is one of the historic towns of Thuringia, possibly founded by the 7th century around a Thuringii (Gothic) fortress today called Hoher Schwarm or Sorbenburg (Sorbs' Castle). The area was first mentioned in an 899 deed. Kitzerstein Castle standing on an eminence above the Saale River, was said to have been originally erected by the German King Henry the Fowler, although the present-day building was not built before the 16th century. In 1012 the last Ottonian emperor Henry II ceded the former Carolingian Kaiserpfalz to Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia, whose daughter Richeza bequested it to the Archbishops of Cologne.

According to the local chronicler Lambert of Hersfeld, Archbishop Anno II of Cologne in 1071 established a Benedictine abbey here, which quickly became an ecclesiastical centre in eastern Thuringia but was destroyed during the German Peasants' War in 1526. A Franciscan monastery was established about 1250, which also was dissolved during the Protestant Reformation. The Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa had ordered the layout of an Imperial city, parts of its medieval walls and bastions are preserved up to today. Nevertheless, the citizens in 1208 had to receive town privileges from the hands of the Counts of Schwarzburg as their feudal lords.

House of Wettin
In 1389 the town finally was acquired by Landgrave Balthasar of Thuringia, a member of the House of Wettin. Saalfeld's economy prospered from surrounding mines, transport on the Saale River as well as from fishing (expressed by the barbels in the town's coat of arms). The Wettin rulers had the Gothic Saint John hall church erected at the site of a Romanesque predecessor building until 1514. The Gothic town hall was completed in 1537. The ruling dynasty reached its height of importance, when in 1423 all Wettin lands including the Thuringian estates were incorporated into the Electorate of Saxony (Upper Saxony).

However, already in 1485 Elector Ernest of Saxony agreed on the Leipzig partition with his younger brother Duke Albert III. Ernest retained the southern Thuringian estates with Saalfeld; his grandson John Frederick I lost the electoral dignity in the 1547 Capitulation of Wittenberg ending the Schmalkaldic War, along with all his possessions outside of Thuringia. Confirmed by Emperor Maximilian II at the 1570 Diet of Speyer, John Frederick's Ernestine descendants only retained the duchies of Saxe-Weimar and (from 1572) Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. Upon the death of Duke Frederick William I of Saxe-Weimar in 1602, Saalfeld passed to the newly established Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, from 1673 Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

After several blazes in the early 16th century, Saalfeld had been rebuilt in a lavish Renaissance style. In 1675 Duke Albert V of Saxe-Coburg upon his accession chose the town as his residence and from 1677 onwards had Saalfeld Castle erected on the site of the destroyed Benedictine abbey, which in 1680 fell to his younger brother John Ernest IV. After Albert's death in 1699, John Ernest also claimed Saxe-Coburg and called himself a duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

The Castle, which has been renovated and is today the town administrative building, was home to four generations of the Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld branch. Until 1825, Saalfeld remained one of two capitals of the duchy, together with Coburg, its Franconian sister town to the south. The 4th Duke Ernest Frederick (1724–1800) was the last to be born in Saalfeld; in 1764, he moved the capital from Saalfeld to Coburg, where in 1805 his son and heir Duke Francis (1750–1806) would buy Rosenau Castle as his residence.

Francis' children were linked to many of Europe's royal families: His daughter Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1786–1861) by her marriage with Prince Edward became the mother of Queen Victoria. Her brother Duke Ernest III of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1784–1844) was the father of Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Consort Albert. This line continues unbroken from Queen Victoria through to King Charles III today. At about the same period, their brother Duke Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1790–1865) became the ancestor of the royal House of Belgium in 1831, while their sister Princess Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1781–1860) married Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. Other descendants of Duke Francis include Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Alexandra, Empress consort of Russia, Victoria, Queen consort of Spain, Ferdinand II, King consort of Portugal, Carlota, Empress consort of Mexico, Ferdinand I, King of Bulgaria, Sofía, Queen consort of Spain, Princess of Greece and Denmark, Maud, Queen consort of Norway, and Marie, Queen consort of Romania.

During the time of Duke Ernest III in 1826, the neighbouring ducal line of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg became extinct. Ernest received the former Saxe-Gotha but in exchange had to give up Saalfeld in favour of his Ernestine cousin Duke Bernhard II of Saxe-Meiningen.

Modern times
On 10 October 1806 a united Prussian and Saxon contingent met with a corps of the French Grande Armée under Marshall Jean Lannes at the Battle of Saalfeld, whereby Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia was killed. The opening of the Leipzig-Probstzella railway further boosted the town's development. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Saalfeld became part of the newly established Free State of Thuringia. As a railway junction and garrison town of the Wehrmacht armed forces from 1936, it was strongly affected by strategic bombing during World War II.

Upon the post-World War II division of Germany, Saalfeld was an Inner-German border station on the Saal Railway—one of two routes that could be taken by trains between Leipzig/Halle and Nuremberg. As a border station its steam locomotive shed assumed extra importance as Saalfeld essentially became the southern terminus of GDR train services. Due to the continued use of steam locomotives in East Germany after the end of steam working in West Germany, the area became a mecca for railway enthusiasts for some years. However, despite being very close to the Inner German border to the south, it was only accessible by a very roundabout route.

In July 2018 the former municipalities of Saalfelder Höhe and Wittgendorf were merged into Saalfeld. The former municipalities Reichmannsdorf and Schmiedefeld were merged into Saalfeld in January 2019.

Economy
Traditionally, Saalfeld was known for its silver mines. Today, Saalfeld has a number of prosperous industries, including the manufacture of machinery, bricks, paint, malt, cigars, hosiery, chocolate and vinegar. Other industries are brewing, printing and iron-founding, and there are ochre and iron mines in the area.

Tourism and recreation-related activities make up a significant part of the local economy. Saalfeld is located in the mountainous forests of Thuringia, a province well known for its winter sports, supplying half of the gold medals for overall medal table winner Germany in the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics.

Saalfeld is a popular base for hikers taking on the mountainous 168 km Rennsteig ridge, one of Germany's best known hiking trails.

Twin towns – sister cities
Saalfeld is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Kulmbach, Germany
 * 🇧🇴 Samaipata, Bolivia
 * 🇨🇿 Sokolov, Czech Republic
 * 🇫🇷 Stains, France
 * 🇵🇱 Zalewo, Poland

Notable people

 * Britta Bilač (born 1968), high jumper
 * Hugo Eberlein (1887–1941), politician (SPD, USPD, KPD)
 * Petra Felke (born 1959), track and field athlete, Olympic winner
 * Karl Friedrich Geldner (1852–1929), professor of linguistic and noted Sanskrit scholar
 * Wolfram Grandezka (born 1969), actor
 * Jörg-Wolfgang Jahn (born 1936), violinist and music educator
 * Max Jüttner (1888–1963), military officer and SA general
 * Johann Kirnberger (1721–1783), composer and royal music director, student of J. S. Bach
 * Paul Oßwald (1905–1993), football manager
 * Erasmus Reinhold (1511–1553), mathematician and the most influential astronomer
 * Oscar Bernhard Richter (1823-1905), founder and owner of the Optical-mechanical workshop "Oscar Richter" in St. Petersburg
 * Michael Schönheit (born in 1961), conductor and organist
 * Heinrich Schulz (1893–1979), officer and political assassin
 * Johann Semler (1725–1791), theologian and father of German rationalism
 * Ror Wolf (1932–2020), artist, writer, and poet

title: Saalfeld