text:
Shanwick Oceanic Control

Shanwick is the air traffic control (ATC) name given to the area of international airspace which lies above the northeast part of the Atlantic Ocean.

The Shanwick Oceanic Control Area (OCA) abuts Reykjavík OCA to the north, Gander OCA to the west and Santa Maria OCA to the south. Shanwick also has eastern boundaries with the Scottish, Shannon, London, Brest and Madrid domestic ATC flight information regions.

History
Responsibility for the provision of air traffic services within international airspace is delegated to United Nations member states by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). ICAO divides such airspace into flight information regions, parts of which may be deemed controlled airspace and, where appropriate, classified as an Oceanic Control Area.

Prior to 1966, both the United Kingdom and Ireland were selected by ICAO to provide control and communications services to air traffic within adjacent areas of the north east Atlantic. The air/ground High Frequency (HF) radio communication station at Ballygirreen, near Shannon, County Clare, Ireland, provided HF communications to the Irish Aviation Authority ATC centre at Shannon. The HF radio communication station at Birdlip, Gloucestershire, England, provided HF communications to the Civil Aviation Authority (now NATS) ATC centre at Prestwick, Ayrshire, Scotland.

The resulting duplication of work between ATC providers resulted in an agreement being reached between the UK and Irish governments, where Birdlip and Ballygirreen would work as a single unit. The Prestwick Centre assumed the control function of the joint area and Ballygirreen ultimately assumed sole responsibility for HF communications. The name Shanwick is a portmanteau of Shannon and Prestwick.

Operation
Responsibility for providing an Air Traffic Control Service (Including Flight Information Service and Alerting Service) to aircraft in receipt of a procedural control or ADS-B surveillance service falls to the Prestwick Centre, which also provides CPDLC and ADS-C services for suitably equipped aircraft. Voice radio communications are shared between the CDOs (clearance delivery officers) based at Prestwick Centre and the Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) Radio Operators from Shannon Aeradio, based in Ballygirreen. Shanwick Control further delegates control of traffic within the NOTA (Northern Oceanic Transition Area) and the SOTA (Shannon Oceanic Transition Area) to Shannon Control, and traffic in the Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA) to Brest Control.

Ballygirreen establishes radio contact with flights within the Shanwick OCA by means of HF radio, using the radiotelephony callsign "Shanwick Radio". HF can provide global coverage due to its ability to reflect (see refraction) off the ionosphere and can span the globe in a series of skips. VHF coverage, however, is normally limited to line-of-sight range.

"Shanwick Radio" uses over twenty HF channels and two VHF channels. At peak times its communications with aircraft is in excess of 1,600 aircraft during a 24-hour period. Shanwick Radio maintain HF communications with all flights within the Shanwick Oceanic Control Area and are responsible for issuing voice clearances to those flights unable to contact Air Traffic Control Officers at Prestwick Centre directly via CPDLC.

Using the callsign "Shanwick Oceanic", the Prestwick Centre has two dedicated VHF frequencies specifically for the issue of oceanic clearances by Clearance Delivery Officers, (Radio operator licensed Air Traffic Services Assistants), to westbound flights entering the Shanwick OCA, and also provides an ACARS based system called Oceanic Clearance Link (OCL) for suitably equipped aircraft to obtain such clearances without the need for voice communications.

Using the callsign "Shanwick Control", Air Traffic Control Officers at Prestwick are able to communicate directly, on a dedicated VHF channel, with pilots in the south east corner of the Shanwick OCA, who are routing via the fixed Tango routes, (T9 and T290).

Operations transfer
During October 2009, NATS transferred its Oceanic ATC operations from the former Prestwick Oceanic Area Control Centre (OACC) into the £300M Prestwick Centre. The Prestwick OACC had been located within the Scottish & Oceanic Area Control Centre (ScOACC) at NATS' Atlantic House facility, adjacent to the Prestwick Centre. The Prestwick Centre is also home to the Scottish Area Control Centre (including, since January 2010, the former Manchester Area Control Centre).

Oceanic ATC operations at the Prestwick Centre are undertaken using the Nav Canada designed ATC flight data system, Gander Automated Air Traffic System+ (GAATS+). GAATS+ has been in service with NATS since November 2014. (Located close to Gander International Airport, Newfoundland, Canada, is the Nav Canada Gander ATC centre which is responsible for flights in the northwest part of the North Atlantic.) GAATS+ enables controllers to maintain accurate flight data, undertake communications with flights and electronically communicate with adjacent ATC units.

Upgrades
During 2005-2006, upgrades to the Shanwick Radio and Shannon Aeradio equipment at Ballygirreen took place and the IAA entered into an agreement with the Flugstoðir (Icelandic ATC, known as ISAVIA) subsidiary Gannet ATS Communications to provide additional HF communication services within the Shanwick OCA via the Gufunes Telecommunications Centre (in Reykjavík, Iceland). In June 2015, the IAA deployed a "Virtual Centre". With this system, ISAVIA operates VCCS (Voice Communications Control System) equipment at Gufunes. Additionally, an identical IAA also operates VCCS equipment at Ballygirreen. The two VCCS sites can function jointly as a single "virtual centre", or they can operate independently.

Long-range radar
In July 2015, it was revealed the Irish government would purchase a new long-range radar system for the Irish Aviation Authority and the Irish Defence Forces (military) to monitor covert aircraft flying in Irish-controlled airspace, including military aircraft that do not file a flight plan and do not have their transponders switched on. Irish Minister for Defence, Simon Coveney, said the increased capability would provide greater surveillance of airspace over the Atlantic Ocean which the IAA managed.

Traffic statistics
During the summer, Shanwick typically handles 1,400 flights per day. Approximately 80% of flights within the North Atlantic region fly through Shanwick airspace.

Approximately 80% of flights within Shanwick airspace communicate directly with Shanwick using ADS-C and CPDLC. These systems permit voice-free communications. However, all aircraft within Shanwick must still maintain HF contact with Shanwick Radio.

title: Shanwick Oceanic Control


text: Category:Languages of Asia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Languages of Asia


text:
Talk:Galactic halo

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sdrury164. Peer reviewers: Kirdem.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:00, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Galactic disc
Is the galactic disc all on a plane? Is the galactic bulge not part of the disc? Gerry Lynch 11:16, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, galactic discs are usually pretty thin and planar, although they are often warped - in the Milky Way, the disk is about 15 kpc in radius but much less than 1 kpc thick. And the galactic bulge is not really part of the galactic disc - it has a completely different stellar population for a start, although similar in many respects to the halo - indeed, the bulge is sometimes thought to be a dense inner part of the halo. But the bulge includes a significant quantity of the stars in a spiral galaxy, so I've added a line about it. -- ALoan (Talk) 13:24, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This article desperately needs some sort of image or diagram. What is the "main, visible component"? Isn't the whole thing visible? Or is that what they call the 'stellar halo'? What do they call the bulge in the middle - a 'bulge'? OsamaBinLogin (talk) 00:58, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

disambig
i've changed this to a disambig page - in the MW, the galactic spheroid is a totally negligible component from a dynamical point of view relative to the DM halo, the spheroid only constitutes about 0.1% of the total mass - so there's really a big danger in confusing the different components by calling them part of a single "halo". The only thing common to them is that they're more or less spherically symmetric (meaning that their stars/particles travel in a spatial distribution which is roughly spherically symmetric), which is where the word halo comes from, but there's no strong physical link between them.

The word corona was used by at least one galactic structure astronomer to describe the galactic spheroid during the '90s, but now it seems to have been picked up for something more closer, in physical nature, to the Sun's corona - this is relatively new stuff, so i've added a start galactic corona with 3 astro-ph links for anyone interested in reading/writing further.

 * 1) the galactic spheroid component - stars
 * 2) the galactic corona - some hot gas (ie. a plasma)
 * 3) the dark matter halo

Boud 15:26, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This seems reasonable so I've turned the page into a proper disambiguation. Sam Walton (talk) 15:31, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Lack of Information
The way you present the galactic halo is unclear. You say "several distinct components to galaxies comprise the halo," but it would be more helpful to discuss where relative to the center of the galaxy those components are found. Also, a picture would make what you are trying to present clearer. Hmedina19 (talk) 21:17, 12 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I've started a draft regarding the stellar halo here but never finished it: Draft:Stellar halo. Assistance appreciated. Sam Walton (talk) 15:33, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

Halos are illusions
Most halos we are familiar with are illusions. The halo around the moon due to clouds, Halos around a streetlight on a foggy night are some examples. They are caused by light refracted from material between the light source and the viewer not light reflected or emitted from material around the source. There should be some discussion on how we know the halo is attached to galaxies not just illusions caused by material between us and the source as most halos we are familiar with are. 98.164.67.198 (talk) 07:31, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galactic halo


text:
Talk:Georgiy Gongadze

The trial
I added: "Right now a trail in Kiev is taken place, two policeman ar charged with killing Georgiy Gongadze.", that is true right? I must admit the case has become a bit confusing for me... Mariah-Yulia 23:16, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Please do not add directly to article things about which you are not sure yourself whether they are right. In such cases, raise the issue at talk. --Irpen 00:41, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right (again ;)) but this time I looked it up (sourse: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4593938.stm), it's all correct now, unless the BBC lied about it, but I don't believe that. Mariah-Yulia 02:34, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

The works
I restored the vandalized link pointing on Gongadze's page of his latest Web-project. The link added by vandal is preserved but reformatted.

People watch this guy as well as the Web-page added by him. Note that a lot of politicians, PR-agents and intelligence guys from a dozen countries pursuit their interests over Gongadze's dead body. E.g. "delogongadze" site presents the collection of photocopied interrogation protocols which are supposed to be investigation secret until the case is closed (so is that all, where is the rest, qui prodest). People who established it do not disclose their identity (may be because they commited a crime of stealing those stuff). Anyway watch them thoroughly.

Added an explanation on the different name spelling in English. AlexPU 11:16, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't mean the vandalize the page, but the link Ukrayins'ka pravda's Web-page dedicated to Gongadze and his case seems dead and sends to the main page, btw in the mean time i found the correct one.

First it is stated he was born in Georgia. Later on, in the section about the various transcriptions of his name, it is stated he was born in Ukraine. Which one is true? Stupid girl 06:08, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * He was born in Tiflis, Georgia. --Steschke 08:04, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)

I think maybe a Georgian version of spelling his name might help.

Reporters killed in Ukraine
Guys, this section is a little bit irrelevant here. Just make a new article or section of a new article, and link them from here. BTW, if you tried to establish context for this article, this may be wrong. To the best of my professional knowledge, Gongadze's case is a kind of exception. See, dozens of journalists in Ukraine were killed, assaulted or expelled. But only Gongadze's fate has been noticed, despite the fact that he was neither most critical to Kuchma nor best known. I think he was just a "random" victim for a provokation.AlexPU 21:36, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You are welcome to make a new article, and move the text there. I have had several new articles deleted, so I am always hesitant to make them.Travb (talk) 01:52, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I too would make a new article - and then one about each of these journalists individually. Then have a template at the bottom of each article with all their names included plus date of death. Malick78 (talk) 17:18, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Timeline
I wrote a paper for my IR class about the Gongadze scandal, with a very heavily reseached timeline. I was thinking of maybe creating a timeline on this page, similar to the Business_Plot timeline I helped make. What do you all think?

Signed:Travb (talk) 06:54, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Here is the timeline:

Summary of events

''(US Embassy and general diplomatic US response are distinguished by an asterisk *)

April 2000 In April 2000 Heorhiy Gongadze, a Ukrainian journalist, co-founded the online newspaper "Ukrayinska Pravda" ("Ukrainian Truth") (http://pravda.com.ua/en). The online journal produced a range of investigative articles critical of the Kuchma government and Ukraine’s oligarchs.[1]

June 2000 Gongadze writes an open letter to the prosecutor-general stating that he had been forced into hiding because of harassment from the Ukrainian secret police.

September 2000 Gongadze disappears on September 16, 2000. After strong public pressure, parliament orders an inquiry into the disappearance on September 21, 2000.[3] * October 2000 On October 2 the US Embassy announces that it will provide a grant to the Ukrainska Pravda website.[4]

November 2000 On November 2, Gongadze's headless body is found on a rural forest road 70 kilometers from Kiev near the village of Tarashchareast-font-family: [5]. He was the 13th reporter to be murdered in the Ukraine in 10 years. [6] The body temporarily disappears and the coroners who investigate the body are harassed.[7] * In May 2001 the body was positively identified by the US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. [8] On 28 November, the Socialist Party leader Oleksandr Moroz announces tapes secretly recorded for the past year by a former presidential bodyguard, Mykola Melnychenko, in the presidential office. The tapes record Ukrainian President Kuchma saying: "Drive him [Gongadze] out! Throw him out! Give him to the Chechens!" Kuchma says the tapes have been doctored. The tape are later authenticated by several foreign experts.[9]

December 2000 - February 2001 Demonstrations in Kyiv. Police later break up the demonstrations.[10]

* February 2001 US Embassy accepts petitions from students and journalist about the Gongadze case and press freedom.[11]

* April 2001: April 19 US State Department announced that the US had granted Melnychenko and Gongadze's family political asylum.[12]

* April 2002 Ukraine officials refuse to share evidence about the Gongadze case with invited FBI agents.[13]

* September 2002 Newly released portions of the Melnychenko recordings show a transfer of a radar system to Iraq despite sanctions. The U.S. Government responds by suspending $50 million in aid to Ukraine. [14]

August 2003 A prime suspect, Igor Honcharov, dies in police custody. [15] His body was cremated soon after.[16]

June 2004 A special parliamentary committee dominated by the opposition which was investigating the killing states that the president should be impeached and that the prosecutor general should bring criminal proceedings against the Ukrainian leader.[17]

* August 2004 Director of the closed Kyiv radio station Kontinent gains refugee status in America.[18] March 2005 Newly elected President Yushchenko announces on 1 March that the suspected killers have been detained.[19] Prosecutor-General Svyatoslav Piskun announced the next day that two Interior Ministry policemen strangled Gongadze.[20] On March 4, Former Interior Minister Kravchenko is found dead the same day he was to testify about the Gongadze death. Authorities state that he committed suicide. He had two gunshot wounds to the chin and temple. A suicide note blames Kuchma for Gongadze's death.[21]]

* July 2005 Journalist Olena Prytula of the “Ukrayinska Pravda” co-wins the National Press Club 2005 Journalism Award.

November 2005 The European Court of Human Rights awards Gongadze's wife 100,000 euros, ruling that Ukrainian authorities had not done enough to protect Gongadze or to investigate his death. To date, Ukraine has not paid these awarded damages. [22]

January 2006 The trial of three former policemen charged with killing Gongadze begins.[23] The court ruled on January 24, 2006 to hold the trial without the public or press allowed in the court. [24]

n1.. Ukraine, Five Years And One Revolution Later: Heorhiy Gongadze Case Goes To Court, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 9 January 2006.

n2.. Outspoken Ukraine journalist missing, BBC News, Tuesday, 19 September 2000.

n3.. Press Coverage of the Investigation of the Ukrainian Parliament into the Murder of Journalist Georgy Gongadze, Myroslava Gongadze, 10th International Anti-corruption conference. 9 October 2001.

n4.. U.S. provides grant to Gongadze's Internet newspaper, The Ukrainian Weekly, October 15, 2000

n5.. Investigating Corruption in Ukraine A Case Study of Internet Journalist Georgy Gongadze, World Bank Institute, p 10.

n6.. Killing the story: a Tom Mangold investigation, Correspondent (BBC program), 18 April 2002.

n7.. World Bank Institute, p 10.

n8.. Ibid, p 13.

n9.. “Flaws in Ukrainian Laws Dog Due Process in Gongadze Case,” Peter Byrne, Kyiv Post, 25 January 2001.

n10.. Thousands March in Kiev Over Political Crisis, Patrick E. Tyler New York Times, 7 February 2001; Kuchma protesters in Kiev battle, CNN, 9 March 2001. Riot police break up Kiev protest, CNN, 17 September 2002.

n11.. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February, 2001.

n12.. East European Constitutional Review Constitutional Watch, NYU School of Law, Spring/Summer 2001

n13.. FBI Probe Blocked in Ukraine Murder, Natalia A. Fedushchak, The Washington Times, April 22, 2002

n14.. What Ukraine's Kolchuga radar does, BBC News, 14 October 2002.

n15.. 'Killer admits' Gongadze murder, BBC News, Monday, 21 June 2004.

n16.. News Analysis: The Gongadze Cover-Up, Ukraine Weekly, 25 July 2004.

n17.. 'Killer admits' Gongadze murder.

n18.. Threatened radio director gets refugee status in the U.S., Committee to Protect Journalists, 12 August 2004

n19.. 'Gongadze killers' held by police, BBC News, 1 March 2005.

n20.. Police Officers Arrested In Gongadze Case, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 4 March 2005.

n21.. Ukraine minister 'killed himself', BBC News, 31 March 2005.

n22.. Myroslava Gongadze wins case at the European Court of Human Rights, Vitaliy Voznyak Ukrayinska Pravda, 11 September 2005.

n23.. Key Ukraine murder trial begins, BBC News, 9 January 2006.

n24.. Call for public trial of journalist’s accused killers, Reporters without Borders, 25 January, 2006.

Signed:Travb (talk) 06:54, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Spelling of Kyiv
I changed the Russian spelling of Kiev to the proper internationally recognized Ukrainian spelling of Kyiv. -mjw

Article Neutrality
Section 'Crises and controversy' reads: [...] that the murder had been solved—it was attributed to a random act of violence committed by two "hooligans" with links to a gangster called "Cyclops". Conveniently, both of the killers were said to now be dead. [...] Suggest changing the last sentence to: Both of the killers were said to now be dead. Celtic1212 (talk) 20:11, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

According to Mykola Mel'nychenko
U.S. special services helped to detain Pukach. Is this relevant information? —  Mariah-Yulia  • Talk to me!  09:31, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Oleksiy Pukach confessed?
According to this article he did not. Other sourches say he did, quoting the Security Service of Ukraine. Who According to the article did not spoke with Pukach. I removed the confesion statment till it is clear if he did. —  Mariah-Yulia  • Talk to me!  14:29, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Split it
the article should be split into the biography article (namely this one), and the much lengthy, current-event Murder of Georgiy Gongadze.95.133.187.192 (talk) 15:53, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

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Not Gongadze
ღონღაძე / Гонгадзе = Ghonghadze / Honhadze. --Юе Артеміс (talk) 11:33, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:36, 7 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Gongadze.JPG

Andrii Derkach
Why isn't the involvement of Andrii Derkach in Gongadze's murder mentioned in this article?? 204.11.186.190 (talk) 15:43, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

Title
This was moved to Heorhii Gongadze because it is the "official transliteration". But "Georgiy Gongadze" looks to be the WP:COMMONNAME. At least this should be discussed first. Even "Heorhiy Gongadze" is used more often than "Heorhii Gongadze". Mellk (talk) 01:56, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georgiy Gongadze


text:
Elisabeth Frink

Dame Elisabeth Jean Frink (14 November 1930 – 18 April 1993) was an English sculptor and printmaker. Her Times obituary noted the three essential themes in her work as "the nature of Man; the 'horseness' of horses; and the divine in human form".

Early life
Elisabeth Frink was born in November 1930 at her paternal grandparents' home The Grange in Great Thurlow, a village and civil parish in the St Edmundsbury district of Suffolk, England. Her parents were Ralph Cuyler Frink and Jean Elisabeth (née Conway-Gordon). Captain Ralph Cuyler Frink, was a career officer in the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards and among the men of the cavalry regiment evacuated from Dunkirk in the early summer of 1940. She was raised in a Catholic household.

The Second World War, which broke out shortly before Frink's ninth birthday, provided context for some of her earliest artistic works. Growing up near a military airfield in Suffolk, she heard bombers returning from their missions and on one occasion was forced to hide under a hedge to avoid the machine gun attack of a German fighter plane. Her early drawings, from the period before she attended arts school in London, have a powerful apocalyptic flavour: themes include wounded birds and falling men. During the course of the war Frink was evacuated with her mother and brother Tim to Exmouth, Devon where she attended Southlands Church of England School. When Southlands School was commandeered for the war effort in 1943 Frink became a full time pupil at The Convent of the Holy Family School.

Career
Frink studied at the Guildford School of Art (now the University for the Creative Arts) (1946–1949), under Willi Soukop, and at the Chelsea School of Art (1949–1953). She was part of a postwar group of British sculptors, dubbed the Geometry of Fear school, that included Reg Butler, Bernard Meadows, Kenneth Armitage and Eduardo Paolozzi. Frink's subject matter included men, birds, dogs, horses and religious motifs, but very seldom any female forms. Bird (1952; London, Tate), one of a number of bird sculptures, and her first successful pieces (also Three Heads and the Figurative Tradition) with its alert, menacing stance, characterizes her early work. She created a bookrest in the form of an eagle, for the lectern of the new Coventry Cathedral, as well as a canopy for its Bishop's throne.

Although she made many drawings and prints, she is best known for her bronze outdoor sculpture, which has a distinctive cut and worked surface. This is created by her adding plaster to an armature, which she then worked back into with a chisel and surform. This process contradicts the very essence of "modelling form" established in the modelling tradition and defined by Rodin's handling of clay.

In the 1960s Frink's continuing fascination with the human form was evident in a series of falling figures and winged men. While living in France from 1967 to 1970, she began a series of threatening, monumental male heads, known as the goggled heads. On returning to England, she focused on the male nude, barrel-chested, with mask-like features, attenuated limbs and a pitted surface, for example Running Man (1976; Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Art). Frink's sculpture, and her lithographs and etchings created as book illustrations, drew on archetypes expressing masculine strength, struggle and aggression. In 1984 she explained that she "focused on the male because to me he is a subtle combination of sensuality and strength with vulnerability".

The 1980s held capstones for Frink's career. In 1982, a new publishing firm proposed to produce a catalogue raisonné of all of her works to date; and the Royal Academy planned a retrospective of her life's work. The date of the retrospective, originally to be held in 1986, was moved forward a year due to space demands at the gallery, causing Frink some headaches due to her busy commissioned work schedule. In 1985 alone, she was committed to two major projects: a set of three figures for a corporate headquarters, one of which was a nearly 7 ft male nude; and the other, a grouping entitled Dorset Martyrs for Dorchester, Dorset.

However, despite the potential for conflict, the retrospective was a success and spurred the art world to hold more exhibitions of Frink's worth, with four solo exhibitions and several group ones coming in the following year. Tirelessly, Frink continued to accept commissions and sculpt, as well as serve on advisory committees, meet art students who had expressed an interest in her work, and pursue other public commitments.

Having been elected a full Academician at the Royal Academy in 1979, there were moves to make the 54-year-old sculptor the first female president of the academy, Frink however did not want the post and it went instead to Roger de Grey.

Frink kept up this hectic pace of sculpting and exhibiting until early 1991, when an operation for cancer of the oesophagus caused an enforced break. However, short weeks later Frink was again creating sculptures and preparing for solo exhibitions. In September, she underwent further surgery. Again, Frink did not let this hold her back, proceeding with a planned trip for exhibitions to New Orleans, Louisiana, and New York City. The exhibitions were a success, but Frink's health was clearly deteriorating. Despite this, she was working on a colossal statue, Risen Christ, for Liverpool Cathedral. This sculpture would prove to be her last; just one week after its installation, Frink died from cancer on 18 April 1993, aged 62, in Blandford Forum, Dorset. Stephen Gardiner, Frink's official biographer, argued that this final sculpture was appropriate: "This awesome work, beautiful, clear and commanding, a vivid mirror-image of the artist's mind and spirit, created against fearful odds, was a perfect memorial for a remarkable great individual."

Exhibitions
Frink's first solo exhibition was held at St George's Gallery, London in 1955. In 1958 she joined the Waddington Galleries, London. Between 1959 and 1972 Frink exhibited with regularity (usually one show every year) at the Waddington Galleries. In the 1960s she was also represented by the Bertha Schaefer Gallery in New York City. 1971 saw Frink first exhibit in the Royal Academy, London as part of the Summer Exhibition. In the same year, Frink was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy. In 1974, Frink began exhibiting with Beaux Arts (Patricia and Reg Singh). In 1985, a retrospective of Frink's work was held at the Royal Academy of Art, London.

Personal life
Frink married Michel Jammet in 1955: their son was born in 1958 and the marriage was dissolved in 1963. Between 1964 and 1974 she was married to Edward Pool. Hungarian born Alexander Csaky, whom she married as her third husband in 1974, predeceased her by only a few months. Dame Elisabeth died of cancer on 18 April 1993, aged 62.

Highlights
Warhorse and Walking Madonna may be seen in the garden at Chatsworth House. Other work is at the Jerwood Sculpture Park at Ragley Hall. Uniquely in England, Desert Quartet (1990), Frink's penultimate sculpture, was listed at Grade II* in 2007, less than 30 years from its creation by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It may be seen opposite Liverpool Gardens in Worthing. Her 1975 bust of John Pope-Hennessy is in the collection of the British Museum.

Frink School of Figurative Sculpture
Before Frink died in 1993, she had given master classes at the Sir Henry Doulton School of Sculpture then headed by sculptor Colin Melbourne ARA in Stoke-on-Trent, England. Rosemary Barnett took over as principal of the Sir Henry Doulton School of Sculpture, Stoke-on-Trent, briefly before its closure. In 1990 she met Harry Everington there and their shared artistic outlook brought about the Frink School of Figurative Sculpture which opened in 1996 in Longton and closed in 2005 at Tunstall.

Permission from the Frink Estate was given to name a new school after her, because it was to continue the tradition which she represented. The Frink School of Figurative Sculpture opened in 1996, with an emphasis on sculptural form; it attempted to give some balance to the declining figurative training and increased conceptualism in sculpture schools in the UK.

Studio reconstruction
In 2019, Frink's studio at Woolland in Dorset was reconstructed in a historic tithe barn at Place Farm in Tisbury, Wiltshire by the art gallery Messums Wiltshire for their 2020 exhibition A Place Apart. A collection of original plasters were exhibited in the studio alongside tools and objects salvaged from the original studio.

Cultural reference
Frink was one of five 'Women of Achievement' selected for a set of British stamps issued in August 1996. The others were Dorothy Hodgkin (scientist), Margot Fonteyn (ballerina / choreographer), Marea Hartman (sports administrator) and Daphne Du Maurier (writer). Works by Frink are held in the collections of the Jerwood Gallery, National Galleries of Scotland, The Ingram Collection of Modern British Art, The Priseman Seabrook Collection and the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Frink was chosen as the subject of the British Art Medal Society medal in 1992. The medal by Avril Vaughan was featured in the Society's journal, The Medal, no 23 (1993). The medal was cast by the Royal Mint in an edition of 47 medals.

Frink's sculptures were featured in the 1963 science fiction film The Damned, directed by Joseph Losey. Frink not only lent these but also was on location for their shooting and coached actor Viveca Lindfors on performing the sculptor's method of building up plaster, which was then ferociously worked and carved. Frink's work also appeared in Losey's next film, The Servant.

A 1956 bronze statue of Frink, by F. E. McWilliam, stands outside the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum in Coventry.

Biography and sources

 * Stephen Gardiner, 1998, Elisabeth Frink: The Official Biography. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-00-255606-5
 * Elisabeth Frink: catalogue raisonné. Sculpture to 1984. Foreword by Peter Shaffer. Introduction and Dialogue by Bryan Robertson. Published by Harpvale Books. ISBN 0-946425-05-1
 * Edward Lucie-Smith. Elisabeth Frink: catalogue raisonné. Sculpture since 1984 & Drawings. Published by Art Books International. ISBN 1-874044-04-X
 * Caroline Wiseman. Elisabeth Frink: original prints catalogue raisonné. Published by Art Books International. ISBN 1-874044-25-2
 * Art is Why I Get Up in the Morning: Unseen and Rare Pieces by Elisabeth Frink and work by four contemporary British artists who continue today in the figurative expressionist tradition. Published by Mumford Fine Art

title: Elisabeth Frink


text:
Good morning

"Good morning" is a common greeting in the English language. It may also refer to:

Television

 * Good Morning!!! (Australian show), a children's show
 * Good Morning (New Zealand show), a daytime talk show
 * Good Morning (Russian show), a news talk show
 * Good Morning (CBS), a predecessor of the American news talk show The Early Show
 * GMTV, a former national UK breakfast television contractor
 * "Good Morning", an episode of the television series Teletubbies

Film

 * Good Morning (1955 film), a Russian film
 * Good Morning (1959 film), a Japanese film
 * Good Morning, a 2008 short Japanese animated film featured in Ani*Kuri15
 * Good Morning (2022 film), a South Korean film
 * Good Mourning (film)

Artists

 * Good Morning (duo), an Australian indie rock duo

Albums

 * Good Morning, a 1976 album by Daevid Allen, or the title song
 * GO:OD AM, a 2015 album by Mac Miller

Songs

 * "Good Morning" (1939 song), a song by Nacio Herb Brown from the 1939 film Babes in Arms, also used in the 1952 musical Singin' in the Rain
 * "Good Morning" (Kanye West song), a 2007 song by American hip-hop artist Kanye West
 * "Good Morning", a song by D'Cinnamons
 * "Good Morning", a song by Eggstone from Somersault
 * "Good Morning", a song by Grouplove from Big Mess
 * "Good Morning", a song by Blackfoot from Marauder
 * "Good Morning", a song by Brymo from The Son of a Kapenta
 * "Good Morning", a song by Lionel Richie from Just Go
 * "Good Morning" (Chamillionaire song), a 2009 hip-hop single
 * "Good Morning", a song by John Legend from Evolver
 * "Good Morning" (Max Frost song), a 2018 pop single
 * "Good Morning", a song by Rogue Wave from Permalight
 * "Good Mornin', a song by You Am I
 * Goodmorning", a song by Bleachers from Gone Now

Other uses

 * Good-morning, a weight training exercise
 * Good Morning (magazine), Magazine published by Ellis Jones and cartoonist Art Young from 1919 to 1921

title: Good morning


text:
Category talk:Terrorist incidents

earlier comments
The problem with this category is that one person's terrorist is often another person's freedom fighters, especially when attacks are directed towards the police or the military of a state perceived as oppressive. David.Monniaux 11:23, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Which is why this category only lists (and only should list) acts, perpetrated by non-state-aligned groups, which have resulted in (and/or intended to result in) civilians casualties. The USS Cole bombing is not listed for instance, since it was a military target, despite the fact that most would classify its perpetrators as terrorists. Neither is the Fire-bombing of Dresden, since the perpetrators were aligned with the Allied governments. Of course, when we are concerned with acts directed against military targets, and/or carried out by a state, we enter into a whole debate about legitimacy etc. but not with the current listed articles of this category. Right? —Gabbe 11:01, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that it should be limited to attacks on civilian targets. If the Marine barracks bombing was a terrorist incident then so was George Washington's attack on sleeping Hessians on Christmas Eve, 1775 (unwelcome foreign troops are present here, and we'll try to kill a lot of them by a sneak attack instead of lining up for a classical battle).  I don't agree with "non-state-aligned", though.  Governments may use terrorism as an instrument of policy.  Certainly some people would argue that the Janjaweed are practicing terrorism and are being sponsored by the government of the Sudan.

 * Some categories have a definitional paragraph at the top. Here, there's only the link to the larger "Terrorism" category, where the key language is "at some point in time been referred to as terrorism, terrorists, etc. by some government."  I wouldn't be surprised if some government has denounced the U.S. for "terrorism" in the Fire-bombing of Dresden.  This category, like too many others, raises inherent POV problems. JamesMLane 04:32, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Why 'incident'?
An 'incident' implies a close call, i.e. that there were no serious consequences. Is that really the correct term for this category? --Drdan 23:51, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Incidents covers plots, attacks, failed attempts at attacks etc. Jim Michael (talk) 11:55, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

Page organization
An observation: Given that users might not know what title has been given to an article/incident, and the substantial number of entries, maybe a chronological organization for this category might be useful. For example, the article for 9/11 would have to have the category notation re-formatted to:

Category:Terrorist incidents|2001, 09-11

It would likely make things easier to find, I think. There's a lot of articles here, and I'd prefer that someone more familiar with everything here do the revisions if it's deemed appropriate. MisfitToys 06:05, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)

USS Cole bombing should be listed
The USS Cole bombing should in fact be listed, since it was committed by a non-state actor with whom the United States was not in a declared state of war and the Cole was not on active combat duty at the time. By many definitions, if not the legal one under the US Code at the time, the bombing of the Cole was an act of terrorism. Moreover, if the Cole bombing was not an act of terrorism, the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing should not be listed or even the 1989 Deal barracks bombing - both of these were military targets. In fact, "noncombatants" means not just civilians but also military personnel who at the time of the incident are not at combat alert.--Xinoph 03:31, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd think that military personnel not at combat alert at that moment are, at a minimum, in a different category from civilians. To return to an example I mentioned earlier, your definition would suggest that the Hessians whom Washington attacked after crossing the Delaware were noncombatants.  They were asleep at the time of the attack.  The British would also claim that Washington was a non-state actor. JamesMLane 04:18, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Certainly if one took a modern word, and applied it through the lens of 18th century British statesmen, Washington would be considered a terrorist. However, note that I also used the term declared state of war.  The Colonials had certainly declared war on the British, and the British in their actions created a de facto, if not de jure, state of war with the insurrection.  Consider my whole definition when responding to it, not simply parts.  There is another important difference, I think: the Hessians would not have been there had they not been soon to be used as combatants, while the Cole was on normal, peacetime manuevers. Bringing the Revolutionary War into it is neither here nor there - the term did not exist at the time.  We're talking about modern definitions of a modern word, so let's stick to events that have occurred since the introduction of the word.  We may as well label the Visigoths as terrorists.  The definition of terrorism was not originally foggy, and not originally pejorative - the Narodnaya Volya were proud to call themselves terrorists.  However, now that it has become pejorative and a loaded term, we often get bogged down into debates of definitions. Perhaps with terrorism one can be more realistic rather than academic, and take Justice Stewart's approach to pornography: that one knows it when they see it.  --Xinoph 06:06, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * The underlying problem is that this category is inherently POV. There's a frequent situation in which one side in a conflict has a much more powerful conventional military machine.  The other side, numerically or technologically inferior, will usually find it advantageous to adopt unorthodox tactics.  Those tactics can then be branded with pejoratives like "terrorist".  The reason to bring in the Revolutionary War is that, back then, the U.S. (more precisely, the side in the conflict that contemporary Americans would identify with) was not the side with the stronger conventional force.  That's not a situation that's occurred recently.  I think it's helpful to ask how definitions offered today would apply to Washington because it's one way to identify and overcome bias.

 * I agree with you that there's a danger of being bogged down in definitions. The Potter Stewart approach may be necessary for a court that has to decide what's obscene but it's unsuitable for a neutral encyclopedia.  You may encounter little argument from readers here when you say that the Colonials had declared war on the British, so it wasn't terrorism, but that won't work for more contentious issues.  Some people will see Palestinian suicide bombers as being in exactly the same situation as Washington; others will see the suicide bombers as the epitome of terrorism.  (And maybe some people would actually adopt both positions and call Washington a terrorist!)  For my part, if I had to try to define terrorism, I'd be inclined to exclude attacks on military targets -- a class that I'd define broadly, not limited to people on combat alert at the time, but then I'd probably make an exception for attacks primarily intended to terrorize a civilian population, so my attempt to give more precision to "I know it when I see it" turns out not to be so easy to apply, either.

 * This category is just a breeding ground for trouble. If I had enough willpower and good sense, I'd take it off my watchlist and abandon it to the people who want to harangue each other about the definition. JamesMLane 06:35, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that the point that the Cole was not in any kind of conflict recognized, whether officially or unofficially, by the controlling government is an important one. Once again, the Cole was on peacetime manuevers where U.S. officials had no reason to suspect there was any kind of conflict.  To take up the earlier historical example, the Hessians were there to fight the insurrection.  They weren't merely stationed in North America and on manuevers.  I think there are many actions committed in wartime, against both civilians and military noncombatants, that would be considered terrorism in peacetime.  However, in war they are considered the normal course of events.  It is not the normal course of events for warship visiting a friendly port in peacetime to be bombed.--Xinoph 06:46, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Terrorist incidents


text:
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst (1 November 1743 – 5 November 1807) was a German naturalist and entomologist from Petershagen, Minden-Ravensberg. He served as a chaplain in the Prussian army. His marriage in Berlin, 1770, with Euphrosyne Luise Sophie (1742–1805), daughter of the Prussian Hofrat Libert Waldschmidt seems to have been childless.

He was the joint editor, with Carl Gustav Jablonsky, of Naturgeschichte der in- und ausländischen Insekten (1785–1806, 10 volumes), which was one of the first attempts at a complete survey of the order Coleoptera. Herbst's Naturgeschichte der Krabben und Krebse, released in installments, was the first full survey of crustaceans.

Herbst's other works included Anleitung zur Kenntnis der Insekten (1784–86, 3 volumes), Naturgeschichte der Krabben und Krebse (1782–1804, 3 volumes), Einleitung zur Kenntnis der Würmer (1787–88, 2 volumes) and Natursystem der ungeflügelten Insekten (Classification of the unwinged insects) (1797–1800, 4 parts).

title: Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst


text:
List of Japanese writers: Z

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter Z

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z
 * Zeami Motokiyo (1363–1443)

title: List of Japanese writers: Z


text:
Ruggles Wright

Ruggles Wright (1793 – August 18, 1863) was a Canadian lumber merchant, the second youngest son of Philemon Wright.

He was born in Woburn, Massachusetts but moved to Canada with his parents while still young. He later joined the family business in the timber trade. Wright also served as justice of the peace and postmaster during the 1820s. In 1829, he built the first timber slide on the Ottawa River to transport logs past the Chaudière Falls, creating Philemon Island. However, by 1840, a competing slide built on the opposite (Ontario) side of the river had won over most of the business. He also took on management of the family cement manufactory and greatly expanded it during the construction of the Rideau Canal.

Wright was married twice: first to Hannah Chamberlain and later to Rosina McDowell. His daughter Hannah, married Joseph Merrill Currier, a lumber baron, in 1868. His son William McKay Wright served in the Canadian House of Commons.

In partnership with John Egan, he operated steamships transporting goods on the Ottawa River.

title: Ruggles Wright


text:
Huijong of Goryeo

Huijong of Goryeo (21 June 1181 – 31 August 1237, r. 1204–1211), personal name Wang Yŏng, was the 21st king of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea.

It is said of King Huijong that if he were to have grown old he would have made a great king. When his father ascended to the throne and Huijong became Crown Prince, he rebelled against Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn, the military leader of that time, and his younger brother Ch'oe Ch'ung-su. Huijong grew truly hostile towards them after Ch'ung-su forced the Crown Princess to abdicate so that he could replace her with his daughter. During the rebellion, Huijong masterminded a plan to make Ch'ung-hŏn kill Ch'ung-su, but Ch'ung-hŏn found out about it. Huijong was forced to beg for forgiveness and humble himself before one of his own subjects, which only made him hungrier for revenge.

When King Sinjong fell ill in 1204, he stepped down from the throne to let his son Huijong be king. Huijong, knowing that he had to lull Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn into a false sense of security in order to be able to kill him, promoted him to Prime Minister of the State. This title was the one most often given out during the time of military rule to people such as Chŏng Chung-bu, Yi Ŭi-min, and even Ch'ung-hŏn's father posthumously. Huijong also named Ch'ung-hŏn the Royal Protector, the greatest honor of the time, which was usually only given to relatives of the King. With these two titles, Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn had political power nearly equal to that of the King himself. He used it to obliterate three rebellions, one led by his slave, another by Silla partisans, and one by his nephew Pak Chin-jae.

As Ch'ung-hŏn became secure in his new position, however, Huijong began to make preparations. Claiming illness, he tricked Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn into coming alone into the palace without his usual host of guards. Once he arrived, Huijong attempted a coup d'état against him. Unfortunately, this failed and Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn barely escaped with his life. Enraged, he exiled King Huijong to Yeongjongdo. Ch'ung-hŏn had realized by this time that he held the 'power of the heavens' in his hand, and could crown and exile whomever he wished whenever he wished. King Gangjong was crowned in Huijong's place. Huijong was later allowed to go to Ganghwa Island by Ch'oe, who exercised moderation and leniency to the dethroned Hujiong, though Huijong was later exiled back to Yeongjongdo by Ch'oe's son Ch'oe U after he caught wind of Huijong's attempts to plot a restoration.

Family

 * Father: Sinjong of Goryeo (1144–1204)
 * Grandfather: Injong of Goryeo (1109–1146)
 * Grandmother: Queen Gongye (1109–1183)
 * Mother: Queen Seonjeong (1137–?)
 * Grandfather: Wang On, Duke Gangneung (1090–1146)
 * Grandmother: Lady Kim of the Gangreung Kim clan (1090–?)
 * Consorts and their Respective issue(s):
 * 1) Deposed Crown Princess Consort of the Kaesong Wang clan (1185–?); third cousin once removed – No issue.
 * 2) Queen Seongpyeong of the Jangheung Im clan (d. 1249); fifth cousin.
 * 3) Princess Seungbok (1195–1232)
 * 4) Wang Chi, Duke Changwon (1197–1262)
 * 5) Wang Wi, Marquess Siryeong (1199–?)
 * 6) Wang Cho, Duke Gyeongwon (1201–?)
 * 7) Wang Kyŏng-ji (1203–?)
 * 8) Wang Kak-ŭng (1205–?)
 * 9) Princess Yeongchang (1210–?)
 * 10) Princess Deokchang (1211–?)
 * 11) Princess Gasun (1212–?)
 * 12) Princess Jeonghui (1213–?)

Popular culture

 * Portrayed by Jung Tae-woo in the 2003–2004 KBS TV series Age of Warriors.

title: Huijong of Goryeo


text:
Talk:Mazda 121

This is not accurate: but I am not qualified to update. The Mazda 121 was also sold as such in Australia (I had one), and in Europe (i have seen them). I do not think that it was ever rebadged as a Ford Festiva in Australia.

--GPoss 11:30, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

The first 121 I know of (not sure about the Cosmo-based one) was sold in some regions (including Japan) as the Festiva (I'm not sure if it was sold in Japan as a Mazda at all), and was sold in Europe during the late '80s up until the replacement by the the Revue-based 121. Also, during the late '90s up until around 2001-3 there was another 121, which was a rebadged UK-built Ford Fiesta - this was at least sold in the British Isles, and the Demio was sold as a Demio and not as the 121 here. --Zilog Jones 18:44, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No, no, no ! The Festiva is a _Mazda_, not the Mazda a Festiva ! (not to be confused with thwe Fiesta). Mazda DEFINITELY sold the Japanese WA Mazda 121 (boxy model) _at the same time_ as the Festiva (made in Korea by Kia)was sold by Ford.  The cars are identical.

The later model (called here an Autozam Revue) is mechanically identical to the WA model.

203.26.122.12 (talk) 07:39, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Mazda 121 'bubble'
Is this version mentioned? -- Astrokey44 |talk 03:07, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

The bubble-shaped 121 is the Mazda 121 DB (Europe, Australia) / Autozam Revue (Japan).

Mazda 121
This article is wrong. The small Mazda 121 was designed entirely by Mazda. The Ford Festiva was made by Kia Motors under licence. 203.39.81.92 (talk) 03:40, 29 February 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.39.81.92 (talk) 03:14, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Removed details
I removed text refering to the different models as I think it is unecessary repitition - please use the articles relevant to particular models for more information. --Zilog Jones (talk) 03:13, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mazda 121


text:
Bamzooki

Bamzooki (styled as BAMZOOKi) was a British children's television game show for CBBC. Teams engaged in knockout tournaments comprising a series of augmented reality contests, utilizing their virtual mobile creatures, known as "Zooks." The Zooks were created by the contestants using a computer-generated toolkit developed by Gameware Development. The toolkit was free to download from the CBBC website for the public to use.

The original series premiered in March 2004 on the CBBC channel, and was presented by Jake Humphrey. It initially ran until 2006, airing over forty episodes across three seasons. A new thirteen-part revival series, set on a street, titled "Bamzooki: Street Rules”, premiered in November 2009 with new presenters—Barney Harwood and Gemma Hunt—, a revamped toolkit with improved graphics and physics, new contests, new "House Zooks," a new format, and a "Zook Doctor."

Bamzooki: Street Rules
Following the show's initial run, a new series entitled "Bamzooki: Street Rules" was broadcast between 2009 and 2010. The premise of "Street Rules" involved the government treating the competition as if it were an illegal combat sport, leading to attempted crackdowns. In each episode, four teams participated, with each team having one Zook.

They took part in a street race at the beginning of each show, and the winning team picked an opponent for the next game, a best of three, one-on-one round. The two losing Zooks took part in another challenge called "Pressure Pusher," with the loser being destroyed. The final three Zooks competed in a time-trial challenge, with the losing zook being destroyed. The final two competed in a rooftop assault course, with the going to the next stage, along with the three losers.

A total of nine house Zooks competed in the game, including Mimi (who serves as the mascot in this series as well as in the Boulder Dash and Zook chicken games), The Beast, Peachy, Derek, Predator, Centi, Punka, Punkalicious, and Mean Green.

Technology
A Zook is an autonomous creature designed by users and contestants on the gameshow. Created using 3D primitives, Zooks move autonomously based on IK points assigned by the designer.

Inspired by nature, contestants design Zooks to compete in various competitions. The toolkit for designing Zooks is available for download on the show's website. Recently, two new features have been added to the Zook-Kit, allowing users to simulate TV contests and replay their Zooks' performances from multiple angles.

Gameware's Creature Labs team uses artificial life programming techniques to provide the Zooks' autonomous movement and behavior. This is integrated with the BBC's virtual studio system for real-time visualizations in a studio setting.

The Bamzooki Zook Kit enables users to build virtual creatures, called Zooks, and test them in a real-time, physically simulated environment. Kids used this software to build Zooks and submitted them to the BBC. Selected teams were invited to the studio to enter their Zooks in various contests. The new series "Bamzooki: Street Rules," which aired in November 2009, features fully interactive contests where participants direct their Zooks by shouting instructions, as well as contests set on the streets and rooftops. Thirty-six teams were selected for the championships, which included nine heats, a semi-final, and a final.

The software and manual were freely available from the BBC website. Although designed to be easy enough for children to use, it is highly flexible and versatile. Zooks are constructed from basic components that users shape and assemble. Users are not restricted to particular body designs or topologies, although the control system uses a standard Braitenberg architecture.

The BBC's Virtual Studio technology was used to enable real-time composition of the 3D-rendered graphics with live camera feeds. Each studio camera has a dedicated render PC to render the virtual scene from that camera's perspective. To know what a studio camera's perspective is, each camera is fitted with a second "Free-D" camera that points towards the ceiling. On the ceiling are reflective, circular bar codes. The 3-D camera data is fed to a computer system that identifies the targets on the ceiling and calculates the camera's position and orientation 50 times a second. Series 4 adopted Vinten tracking peds instead of FREE-D as an alternative approach.

The contest runs in real time on a networked PC. All the clients receive contest scene information and render their scenes from their studio camera's point of view. A bank of chroma key boxes then composites the virtual and the live feed together to provide a real-time composite. This video stream can be sent to the studio camera monitors so that camera operators can view the composite and hence follow the action in real time.

The toolkit (a modified version of the Bonsai artificial life program) has at times been utilized by adults for their own purposes, including research.

Community
A popular aim in Bamzooki was to get a Zook into the galleries or leagues, as they are often the most viewed and downloaded Zooks. To get into the leagues, you have to make a maxed-out zook on a specific event; these events are sprint, block push, hurdles, high jump, and lap. Every month, the CBBC Bamzooki site releases a new gallery based on a topic like "space zooks" or "spooky zooks." For every gallery, there are 16 spaces, and the Zook moderators choose the best-looking zooks to take those places. A toolkit was praised for its educational value, teaching basic principles of physics, animation, and programming. Although primarily aimed at children, the software was sophisticated enough to be used by adults for research purposes.

A relatively new league is the Ultimate Zook Leaderboard, where scores from all the trials are aggregated into one score, which zooks are then compared on.

title: Bamzooki


text:
Jakub Jan Ryba

Jakub Šimon Jan Ryba (surname also Poisson, Peace, Ryballandini, Rybaville; 26 October 1765 – 8 April 1815) was a Czech teacher and composer of classical music. His most famous work is Czech Christmas Mass "Hey, Master!" (Česká mše vánoční "Hej mistře!").

Ryba was born in Přeštice near Plzeň. His father was a schoolteacher, which was a very poorly paid occupation at the time. In 1780 Ryba went to Prague, where he studied at the Piarist gymnasium. His teacher Cassianus Hanel taught him music. Ryba was a very good student and he soon started to compose. He dreamt of being a famous composer. In 1784 his father ordered him to work as a teacher in Nepomuk. Ryba reluctantly obeyed, but he was soon fired. After wandering for a few months, he received a message that his mother had died. After a long illness, he moved to Mníšek pod Brdy. Being popular among local inhabitants for performing music, he was quite happy there, but after some hesitation he accepted a schoolteacher position in Rožmitál pod Třemšínem.

The school prospered under his superintendence, but he had constant conflicts with the local pastor and council. His frequent requests for funds for repairs of the school building were usually rejected. In 1796, he wrote his most famous work, Czech Christmas Mass "Hey, Master!" (named by him as Missa solemnis Festis Nativitatis D. J. Ch. accommodata in linguam bohemicum musicam), also as a consequence of a reconciliation with the local pastor. This work continues to be frequently performed at Christmas time in Bohemia.

An insufferable lack of money, the hostility of his superiors and total exhaustion led him to commit suicide at Voltuš near Rožmitál pod Třemšínem. On April 8, 1815, Ryba attended morning mass. Later, he was found in a dense forest with his throat cut with a razor. He had Essay on Peace of Soul by Seneca the Younger, his favourite author, with him. He was buried at a plague cemetery near Rožmitál pod Tremšínem.

His works mainly include many pastorellas and masses, but few compositions beyond the Czech Christmas Mass are performed regularly today. This composition is popular in many countries.

Literature

 * Jiří Berkovec: Jakub Jan Ryba, Prague, 1995, ISBN 80-85787-97-0
 * Václav Spěváček: Jakub Jan Ryba, vychovatel našeho lidu [ Jan Jakub Ryba, Educator of Our Nation ], Prague, 1984
 * Jan Němeček: Jakub Jan Ryba: život a dílo [ Jan Jakub Ryba, Life and Works ], Prague, 1963
 * Jan Němeček: Školní deníky Jakuba Jana Ryby [ School Diaries by Jakub Jan Ryba ], Prague, 1957
 * Irena Janáčková: Jakub Jan Ryba o svém hudebním životě [ Jakub Jan Ryba About His Life With Music ], Prague, 1946. Translation of autobiography Mein musikalischer Lebenslauf (in German) from 1801.

title: Jakub Jan Ryba


text:
Talk:Elisabeth Frink

Untitled
Wasn't she "Elisabeth" Frink? Deb 11:38, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Many sources use "z" but Britannica, Encarta, the Dictionary of National Biography and Grove all use an "s", which is pretty conclusive I think. Calsicol 01:57, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Elisabeth Frink


text: Category:Languages of China

title: Category:Languages of China


text:
Aran

Aran may refer to:

Azerbaijan
Villages and municipalities:
 * Aran, Aghjabadi
 * Aran, Lerik
 * Aran, Shaki
 * Aran, Tovuz
 * Aran, Yevlakh

Iran

 * Aran, Alborz, a village in Alborz Province
 * Aran, Nain, a village in Isfahan Province
 * Aran, Kermanshah, a village in Kermanshah Province
 * Aran, former name of the city of Rezvanshahr, Isfahan
 * Aran, former name of Bileh Savar in Ardabil Province

Russia

 * Aran, Republic of Dagestan

Elsewhere

 * Aran Fawddwy, mountain in Wales, United Kingdom
 * Aran Benllyn, subsidiary summit
 * Aran (river), in France
 * Aran Islands, a group of islands across the mouth of Galway Bay, Ireland
 * Arranmore, also known as Aran Island, off the coast of County Donegal, Ireland
 * Val d'Aran, a comarca of Catalonia consisting of the Aran Valley
 * Aran Island (disambiguation), several islands

People

 * Aran Bell, American ballet dancer
 * Aran Embleton (born 1981), English female international footballer
 * Aran Fox (born 1988), English ice hockey goaltender
 * Aran Hakutora (born 1984), Russian sumo wrestler
 * Aran Jones, chief executive of Cymuned, a Welsh pressure group
 * Aran Tharp (born 1977), New York filmmaker
 * Aran Zalewski (born 1991), Australian field hockey player
 * François-Amilcar Aran (1817–1861), French physician

Fictional characters

 * Samus Aran, the protagonist of Nintendo's Metroid video game series
 * Aran Linvail, in the role-playing game Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn
 * Aran Ryan, in the Nintendo-produced Punch-Out!! game series

Other uses

 * Aran or Haran, brother of Abraham in the Bible
 * Aran sweater, a sweater manufactured in Ireland
 * HSWMS Äran, a former vessel of the Swedish Navy
 * Aran (film), a 2006 film in the Tamil language
 * Aran, ISO 15294 code for the Nastaliq (Persian and Urdu) script

title: Aran


text: Category:Tungusic languages

title: Category:Tungusic languages


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Free Spirits

Free Spirits was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP as a redirect. User:Sj

Boylover (a.k.a. pedophile) website. Alexa rank of 866,655. I believe this clearly fails our criteria on notability grounds. Wikipedia should not serve as free advertising for websites. Andris 11:46, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: In their own words: "Nobody "belongs" to Free Spirits. Free Spirits is just a web site that a bunch of people maintain." Wikipedia is not a web directory.--leandros 12:13, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable... or delete and recreate as a redirect to Free Spirit. Sean Curtin
 * Delete. Maybe add a brief description to the Childlove movement page, if that survives. Darksun 12:43, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Further this makes me worried about the Childlove movement article.  I was under the impression that the latter was not the primary name of the movement and that it had been renamed to avoid allowing for a shadow pedophiliac information service on WP.  The fact that this article links to it makes me very uneasy.  As for this article itself, it has no rationale for existing, and it violates deletion criteria several ways.  It's not notable.  The article is a copy & paste from the movement's "mission statement."  It's an online service and seeks to make us a web directory.  Geogre 12:50, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. We should be very sure to pick out and delete all ads on this subject. Salasks 13:24, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or if the free speech concept is expanded to cover euphemism and propaganda, rename. I like Child raping bastards for this and for Childlove movement. Seriously, just delete. Fire Star 14:20, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Elf-friend 21:33, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Isn't there a policy on removing the HTML links (leaving them as plain text) from such pages during the vfd period? I've been doing this as a matter of course, having read it somewhere, but can't find the reference. --Ianb 21:35, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: It used to be part of the instructions in the VfD footer. That instruction has been temporarily removed. Please comment at Template talk:VfDFooter. Rossami
 * Point of information: Yes, Ianb. It's to insert before and the same with a /nowiki after.  I'm glad somebody did that upon reading your comment, and I'm ashamed that I didn't think of it. Geogre 01:50, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete/redirect to Free Spirit. Everyking 21:50, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Free Spirit.   — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 21:34, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Jonas Feiring

Jonas Feiring

Former founding partner in the norwegian interaction design and developement firm Fatguy. Currently employed at Making Waves

title: User:Jonas Feiring


text:
Alexandrov (surname)

Alexandrov or Aleksandrov, Alexandroff, Aleksandrow (Александров; Александров; masculine) or Alexandrova/Aleksandrova (feminine) is a Slavic surname derived from the name Alexander and common in Bulgaria and Russia. It is shared by the following people:

Science and mathematics

 * Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov (1912–1999), Russian mathematician, physicist, philosopher and mountaineer
 * Anastassia Alexandrova, Russian-American chemist
 * Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov (1903–1994), Soviet/Russian physicist and academician
 * Ivan Alexandrov (1875-1936), Soviet engineer and academician
 * Pavel Alexandrov (1896–1982), Russian mathematician who introduced the Alexandrov topology
 * Vladimir Alexandrov, Soviet physicist

Military, government, and exploration

 * Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov (born 1951), Bulgarian cosmonaut
 * Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov (born 1943), Russian cosmonaut
 * Todor Aleksandrov (1881–1924), Bulgarian revolutionary

Arts, music, and drama

 * Mihail Aleksandrov (1949 ~), Lithuanian-born painter who specializes in oil painting, watercolor and tempura.
 * Sasha Alexandrov (1980 ~), Croatian fashion and glamour photographer specialized in nudes and fetish photography.
 * Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov (1883–1946), Russian composer who wrote the musical score to the National Anthem of the Soviet Union
 * Anatoly Nikolayevich Alexandrov (1888-1982), Soviet composer and People's Artist of the USSR
 * Boris Alexandrovich Alexandrov (1905-1994), Conductor of Alexandrov Ensemble, composer, People's Artist of the USSR, and Hero of Socialist Labor
 * Constantin Alexandrov (1940), French actor, producer, and movie maker
 * Grigory Alexandrov (1903-1983), Soviet film director and script writer
 * Josip Murn Aleksandrov (1879–1901), Slovenian poet
 * Nikolay Grigoryevich Alexandrov (1870-1930), Russian actor, founding member of MKhAT
 * Vladimir Alexandrov (critic) (1898-1954), Soviet literary critic
 * Gina Alexandrov (Architect) (1975 ~), Architect and Designer specializing in mid-century modern renovations.

Other people

 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (born 1975), Bulgarian footballer
 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (born 1986), Bulgarian footballer
 * Aleksej Aleksandrov (born 1973), Belarusian chess grandmaster
 * Alexander Petrovich Alexandrov (1906-?), Soviet engineer and twice Hero of Socialist Labor
 * Ekaterina Alexandrova (born 1994), Russian tennis player
 * Evgeny Alexandrov (born 1982), Russian ice hockey player
 * Georgy Aleksandrov (1908–1961), Soviet philosopher and culture minister
 * Igor A Aleksandrov (1956-2001), Ukrainian journalist
 * Mihail Aleksandrov, (born 1989), Bulgarian footballer
 * Nikita Alexandrov (born 2000), Russian ice hockey player
 * Pavel Alexandrovich Alexandrov (1866-1940), Lawyer of the Russian Empire, the prosecutor, State Councillor
 * Stoyan Alexandrov, Bulgarian economist
 * Teodora Alexandrova (born 1981), Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast
 * Vera Aleksandrova (1895–1966), Russian literary critic, historian, and editor
 * Yuri Alexandrov, multiple people

title: Alexandrov (surname)


text:
Talk:Utu

Section
the semitic root sh-m-sh means sun (eg. Maltese 'xemx'). Which came first, the god or the word?

 * I'd say neither. Shamash is the Sun : God and thing are one. While deification of concepts, wearing the name of the thing is much more strikingly present in Greco Roman mythology, this looks like an instance of it. --Svartalf 23:36, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Shamash
As noted in the article, Shamash means attendant, or caretaker in Hebrew. But what should also be noted, as that in the Hanukiya (the 9-stemed menorah of Hanuka), the central Shamash is the first candle to be lit. It is then used to light the other ones (and could be considered a caretaker for the others). The Shamash is not counted with the other candles. For example, on the third evening of Hanuka, one should light 3 candles. There are actually 4 lit candles, one of them being the Shamash. --okedem 20:57, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It means that? last time I heard, the Hebrew meaning of "shemesh" was sun ... the closeness between that word, and the Akkadian led me to believe that the Semitic root sh-m-sh was tied to the sun... then again, I never studied Semitic languages much. --Svartalf 13:17, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

A — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.118.48.251 (talk) 23:37, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

Merge
Yes, the Shammash page ought to be merged into this one, the doubloon is obvious --Svartalf 23:36, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree--67.66.219.252 19:46, 30 June 2006 (UTC)Erick Otchere

 * I agree that the content of the Shammash page should be merged. With the exception that shammash should be respelled as Shamash as it is spelled in the Epic of Gilgamesh which it references. (Please forgive my spelling also). --Zbonks

Shamash is Sun
I agree to merge Sammash in to Shamash, since Shamash is more likely to be correct. Tracking the root of the word, clearly it is of Assyrian origin, in addition, it is a common vocabulary morph to substitute “Sh” to “S” and thus, nowadays, it is spelled as Shams in Modern Arabic. --Zbonks

Look it. The name Shamash can only mean "sun" if you have read anything beyond the Bible in your life. The reconstructed word for "sun" in Proto-Semitic, which is the ancestor of all Semitic languages, including that language the Old Testament was supposed to be written in, is šamš-. So it is without a shred of a doubt "sun".

The idea that it means "servitor" is clearly from the Bible-belt crowd who think that Samson came first and Shamash later. Sorry, people. Got news for ya. The Bible is full of stories that derive from polytheistic, and hence "pagan", sources. Being a Christian is cool but being an ignorant Christian is so not cool. --Glengordon01 08:46, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Just so everyone knows I do not know how my name was listed as the editor of the second to last remark about Shamash being of Assyrian origin. I had added something else than my commetn above it but thought it was to argumentative for this conversation.

My comment was the Shamash was the Babylonian name for the Sumerian sun god Utu and that if you read the transliterated texts of the Sumerian cuniform your will see that when the word sun in the translation is used the Sumerians used the word Utu because the Sun was Utu and Utu was the sun but when they were talking about the god himself they added a determitive sign. I can only assume since I have not read or learned how to read Babylonian tranliterations that the same would apply in the Babylonian language. Now my knowledge of the Assyrians is not very good if not at all but the order of ruleing society in the Ancient Near East was Sumeria, Babylon and then Assyria. Now Babylon was conquered by Assyria nad since the pattern of the languages in the area shows each civilization absorbed language material from the previous one. In fact the Babylonian and Assyrian cuniform are all derivitives of Sumerian cuniform. This would explain why Shammash would mean sun in the Assyrian language and it is interesting to note that the word for sun in a form of Arabic is Sham. Thus basically this is a very convincing argument with (facts to back it up) for the proof that Shamash means "SUN" and that it is of Babylonian and Assyrian orgin.

Now this also presents an interesting question or topic of its self. Since the word Shamash has derivitives in the Hebrew language and Abraham was thw father of the Hebrew people and Abraham was from Ur and the tim eof his birth was the transition period from Sumerian to Akkadian but before Babylonia was in control. So the question is how do the Hebrews have a word that was of Babylonian Orgin when the father of the race was born and lived before the time period the word Shamash was first recorded being used. Perhaps I am missin gsomething or perhaps I am not if you have any comments or ideas let me know. --Zbonks 06:00ish, 5 October 2006

Good, we both see that Babylonian šamšu means "sun". But then you ask:
 * How do the Hebrews have a word that was of Babylonian origin when the father of the race was born and lived before the time period the word Shamash was first recorded being used.

Answer:
 * First and foremost, your assumptions prevent understanding. Shed your assumptions.
 * Hebrew shemesh is not from Babylonian.
 * Hebrew shemesh is inherited from ancestors who spoke Proto-Semitic.
 * Babylonian speakers also inherited their word šamšu from Proto-Semitic

 * šamš-.
 * The Proto-Semitic language is dated to approximately 5000 BCE.
 * Genetic origins, cultural origins and linguistic origins often do not correlate with each other in the real world.
 * "Genetic fathers" of "races" one may perceive to exist are therefore irrelevant to your question.

--Glengordon01 09:38, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your comment on my question that I presented. I can see that there were indead a few things that I had missed as I had stated in the closing to the question, which I see you did not include in your cut and paste. "Perhaps I am missin gsomething or perhaps I am not if you have any comments or ideas let me know."

I have a few questions concerning your comment's that I hope you can enlighten me on, since this is a discussion to gain insight into other peoples point of views and walk away with more knowledge than arrived with.

Why do you say I am making assumption that prevent my understanding when I had closed my question with the above initial comment? I agree in hindsight that I maybe should have worded it differently, but I was hoping that someone with understanding would have relized what I getting at.

There has been some growing comment and speculation into the idea that the Sumerians were indead Semitic people's based on a great many things. Including the fact that just about all of the stuff in the Old Testiment was first found in an almost identical context in the Sumerian culture and readings. Now if they were to actually find a non-theoretical Proto-Semitic language in writing that pre-dates the Sumerians or the "black-headed people" since that is what they called them selves since to them genetic heritig was not what made one a sumerian. If you spoke the language you were a sumerian. Then that would make for some good reading to see if it was them or the Sumerians who first displayed these idea's that we now find in the Old Testement and the rest of the world. Now if this is so why did the proto-semitic language not have any influence on the Sumerian language. I finish this question with one last thing. How can you create a theroetical dead spoken language when using other non-theoretical dead spoken language's that we do not even know the entirely correct way to pronounce them and if we were to somehow find a person from that time frame they most likely would not be able to understand us unless were wrote in their language because we would not be able to pronounce it right. How can one use this theoretic dead spoken language to prove the basis of other languages? I am not saying it does not exist but how can you use it to prove anything without including that the basis of your proof is a hypothetical conept.

If proto-semetic is from 5000 B.C. amd the Sumerians spoken language of the region is estemated at around 5000 B.C. on and the written at around 4000 B.C. on  and in the Sumerian writings them selves they write about hordes from the north and peoples from all over the area appart from themselves. Would it not be logical that as the other people conquered parts of Sumeria and other area's outside of it and with the trade influence from Eqypt (the "Magan" whome many specialist agree was the Egyptian people ; for a reference to the Magan see Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living)and other areas would have influence the language's of the area. An would it not be resonable to say that the proto-semitic language you speak of would be Sumerian since Sumerian Cuniform was absorbed by each culture that gained conltrol of the Near East and as the cultural progression gets more wide as time goes on each spoken language that is recorded in cuniform (wich is based on Sumerian cuniform) has reminents of the Sumerian spoken language. Such as The Babylonian word for the god An is the same as the Sumerians and the pantheon is the same including the Anunnaki but with a few different names and a couple different concepts such as the whole Marduk motif from the Enuma Elish.

The point about Abraham I was trying to make and hoping that people would find out for themselves was that he was born a Sumerian and thus would have attended a Sumerian Edubba which would explain why most of the Old Testament has Sumerian and Babylonian concepts in it since the Hebrew race orginated from Sumerian and Babylonian people and that there God motifs have been passed down into the Jewish faith and Christianity as a whole (at least that is a on going theory I am tossing around). Now if you have read the Bible or more specificaly the Old Testament like anyone with an impartial mind would to get a overtall view of how cultures rellate to each other. Abraham was chosen by the Jewish god to "lead" the Semitic people of the time and become the father of teh Tribes of Israel (the Jewish people). There is no way the Abraham could have just created a new race of people from nothing so he lead and had a family from the existeng people of his time the "Sumerians and Babylonians." This obvious information would make your last two comments irrelevent.

 * Genetic origins, cultural origins and linguistic origins often do not correlate with each other in the real world.

"Genetic fathers" of "races" one may perceive to exist are therefore irrelevant to your question.

I would like to hear any comments on what I have just said concerning your coments. I am a very open minded person and willing to hear any side of the story. If I tell you that you are wrong and you reply with a comment backed by facts I may find that it was indeed I who was wrong.

--Zbonks my clock is broken, 7 October 2006

-- There is a word Shemash (Strong's Number H-8120 Minister) and Shamash Sexton Attendant, also tallest candle used in Hanukkah. Glengordon01 made reference to She-mash. Correctly Shemash is not Shamash. However I might just be Gabbai. <see the link page).

--99.118.199.58 (talk) 22:33, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

back-and-forth
There are quite a few of what I call "back-and-forth"s in the "Shamash in Judaism" section of this article, where it states "Such and such is true; on the other hand, other and other could explain this a different way." or "Such and such; one difficulty with this..." and so on. These weaselly-looking pieces of discourse come from multiple edits, I think, with one person adding on to the previous person's comments. Normally I'd just copyedit to bring the prose together, but I notice there are no sources given for either side of these presentations. I have marked the page so that I can come by later when I have more time and try to get some references; otherwise, there will be some trimming going on. :-) Please help if you have the time!  -- tiny plastic Grey Knight   ⊖  16:41, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The "Shamash in Judaism" section is just nonsense. It had no business being merged into this page in the first place.
 * The noun shemesh (sun) and the verb Sh-M-Sh (to serve) have no connection – the verb doesn't appear in the Bible at all, where the verb for service is Sh-R-Th; Sh-M-Sh first appears in the Mishneh.
 * The central stem of the Menorah (Temple) was not called shamash, or any variant thereof.
 * The shamash on the Menorah (Hanukkah) is not usually in the centre; often it's off to a side. In any case it's not in line with the eight real lights, because it isn't one of the lights, it's there to serve them, hence the name shamash.
 * That leaves us with what? Shimshon's name may well have derived from the sun, because of his bright hair; so what?  What has that to do with an Akkadian sun-god?  The sun is mentioned directly in the Bible many times (e.g. "and the sun rose as he passed Peniel"); should all of those references be related to an Akkadian sun-god?  Obviously not.
 * I'm radically cutting the section down, rather than deleting it entirely, but what's left may not be worth keeping.
 * -- Zsero (talk) 15:52, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Great! I see what you mean, the remainder doesn't fit in too well with the rest of the page.  Perhaps it could be expanded into an article of its own, if the shamash is notable enough by itself; otherwise a merge to Menorah (Hanukkah) seems about right, and we can list a disambiguation note on this page. -- tiny plastic Grey Knight   ⊖  15:58, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I was also struck by how out-of-place this looks. One starts reading in the expectation of the connection between the two being explained... and then learns that there is no connection.  Either splitting out into a stub of its own, or a merge, would be fine by me.  If no-one else has any better idea, I'll farm it out, but put a merge notice on it, to cover my bases.  Alai (talk) 04:23, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅ -- Zsero (talk) 01:21, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

 * What part of the above is "done", precisely? Alai (talk) 03:20, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I removed the entire section. -- Zsero (talk) 03:40, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Nothing worth merging? And does it merit a hatnote at this article?  Alai (talk) 06:28, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * No. The menorah article already has all it needs about the shamash.  A hatnote?  maybe.  Do you think people will actually go looking for the chanukah shamash and expect to see an article on it?  It's not as if it's some major part of anything; it's just a utility candle, much like the match used to light it.  -- Zsero (talk) 06:48, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Shamash symbol
Should include the symbol of Shamash (a kind of 4-pointed star with wavy rays between the points). One version of it is shown at http://www.symbols.com/encyclopedia/25/2516.html ... AnonMoos (talk) 01:59, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I strongly concur, especially since I am working on various "glyphs". And....my two cents are that all the later interpretations (of 'Shamash') should be tweaked after a moderate analysis of Shamash on the Cylinder seals, reliefs, etc from the many regions of Mesopotamia, (and surrounding influences, if any)(i.e. step forward from the original, and then talk of the uses by the later cultures)(i.e. Again, The religious interpretaions don't completely cut it, (unless one talks of literature, culture, etc(like the great EpicOfGilgamesh-I still say it is the first Great existential work of our species.))-(The Shamash Sun glyph needs a separate category or Article-As Do many of the other Mesopotamian Glyphs)-...Mmcannis (talk) 02:53, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

The symbol supposedly showing "Shamash" from the Northwest Palace in Nimrud is not actually Shamash. It is more likely to be the Assyrian god Ashur. I don't understand why this photo was posted. Maybe there is some scholarly explanation that I am missing. Otherwise, it should be taken down. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.228.119.190 (talk) 05:55, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Jewish meaning
I've added. I am not sure that link is ideal; at the moment, the Gabbai article discusses the role of a shamash in a synagogue, so that's what I've added, but to my understanding a shamash is distinct from a gabbai, with the former having more of a custodial role and the latter more assisting during services. - Jmabel | Talk 23:53, 12 October 2009 (UTC)
 * You're right. A shamash is by definition a servant; in a synagogue he cleans up, straightens things, puts books away, etc.  This is often a paid position.  A gabbai is by definition someone who is in charge of something; generally he decides who does what during the services, handles finances, etc.  This is almost never a paid position.  -- Zsero (talk) 22:23, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

The photo of Ashur Bas Relief is not Shamash or Ashur but Farhovar
The photo in this link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shamash.jpg is not of Shamash or Ashur but the Persian Farhovar. It dates to Persian rule of the region. The fingers' raised in sign of respect is also a Persian gesture of respect.

It is correct to say the Zorastrians and Persians copied the Egyptian sun disc and Sumerian winged disc but that bas relief is Farhovar.

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Utu which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Utu