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Jacques Davy Duperron

Jacques Davy Duperron (15 November 1556 – 6 December 1618) was a French politician and Roman Catholic cardinal.

Family and Education
Jacques Davy du Perron was born in Saint-Lô in Normandy, into the Davy family, of the Norman minor nobility, in the branch "Davy du Perron" after a property near St. Lô (in French his name is spelled Jacques Davy du Perron). He is never referred to as "Davy", and he usually signs his documents "Du Perron". The spelling "Duperron" is almost certainly wrong.

His father Julien was a physician, who, on embracing the doctrines of the Reformation, became a Protestant minister; his mother was Ursine Le Cointe, daughter of Guillaume Le Cointe, sieur de Tot et d' Héranville en Cotentin. During the siege of Rouen in 1562 by the troops of King Charles IX, Julien his father was arrested and imprisoned in Old Palais in Rouen. Ursine and her two children escaped through the royal lines and eventually was reunited with her husband in Bas Normandie. To escape persecution the family settled at Bern, in Switzerland. There Jacques received his education, being taught Latin and mathematics by his father, and learning Greek and Hebrew and the philosophy then in vogue, Aristotelianism, as well as that of Thomas Aquinas and that of the Calvinist favorite, St. Augustine of Hippo.

During the disorders following the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (23–24 August 1572 in Paris; a month later in Normandy) the family fled to the Island of Jersey, which was under Protestant English control.

Career under Henry III
Returning to Normandy, du Perron's existence and his talents were drawn to the attention of a courtier who was visiting General Jacques of Matignon, the Governor of Normandy. This courtier, named Lancosme, took du Perron along with him when he returned to Blois, where the new King, Henry III of France, was residing. He was presented to the King one evening during dinner, where he acquitted himself well both in speaking and in answering questions posed by the King's attendants.

After he had abjured Protestantism, by 1578 probably, he was again presented by Philippe Desportes, abbot of Tiron, as a young man without equal for knowledge and talent. He was appointed Reader to the King by Henry III [Lecteur de la chambre du Roy]. In 1578 he is also mentioned as Professeur du Roy aux langues, aux mathematiques, et en la philosophie. He was commanded to preach before the king at the convent of Vincennes (1585), when the success of his sermon on the love of God, and of a funeral oration on the poet Ronsard (on 24 February 1586, after dinner), induced him to take orders. On the death of Mary, Queen of Scots (8 February 1587), he was chosen by the King to compose a poem in her honor and about her fate.

Career under Henry IV
On the death of Henry III (2 August 1589), after having supported for some time the cardinal de Bourbon, the head of the league against the king, Du Perron eventually became a faithful servant of Henry IV. On 13 February 1590, however, he found himself compelled to write directly to the King, begging him not to believe the many calumnies being spread about by his enemies. On 11 December 1591 du Perron was appointed by the King bishop of Évreux. The Pope finally approved of the appointment at a Consistory on Monday 11 December 1595. He was finally consecrated in Rome on 27 December 1595 by Cardinal François de Joyeuse; the co-consecrators were Archbishop Guillaume d'Avançon of Embrun and Anne d'Escars de Givry, bishop of Lisieux. On 4 November 1596 he was one of those who attended the Assemblée des Notables at Rouen. He and Marechal de Matignon represented Normandy in the Third Chamber.

He instructed Henry in the Catholic religion; and in 1594 was sent to Rome with secretary Denis-Simon de Marquemont, where with the help of Abbé Arnaud d'Ossat (1536–1604), later  Cardinal d'Ossat (1599-1604), they obtained Henry's absolution from the status of relapsed heretic. Du Perron and d'Ossat performed the act of abjuration of Henri's heresy on the steps of St. Peter's Basilica on 17 September 1595, thereby ending six years of controversy over the status of France and its King in the eyes of the Papacy. He departed Rome on 28 March 1596. On his return to his diocese, Du Perron's zeal and eloquence were largely instrumental in withstanding the progress of Calvinism, and among others he converted and the Swiss general Sancy and Henry Sponde, who became bishop of Pamiers. At the conference at Fontainebleau in 1600 he argued with much eloquence and ingenuity against Du Plessis Mornay (1549–1623).

Cardinal du Perron
On 9 June 1604 the Bishop of Évreux was created a cardinal by Pope Clement VIII, at the request of King Henri IV. In a letter of 17 June 1604, King Henry IV was able to inform the Bishop that the Pope had indeed named him a cardinal. His red hat was bestowed personally by the King in a public assembly at Fontainebleau. His speech of thanks to the King on that occasion survives. He then set out for Rome to partake in the ceremonies of his elevation; he was sent to Rome, departing Fontainebleau on 29 October 1604 as chargé d'affaires de France. His instructions from Henri IV required him to hold conversations with the Duke of Savoy and the Duke of Tuscany along the way. He and the Grand Duke discussed, among other things, possible candidates for the Papacy in the next Conclave, most especially the Great-grand nephew of Leo X, Cardinal Alessandro de' Medici, Archbishop of Florence and Bishop of Palestrina. Cardinal de'Medici was well known in the French Court, since he had been Legatus a latere in France (1596-1598). Henry also sent along general instructions for the French Cardinals in Rome, anticipating a vacancy in the Papal throne. Cardinal du Perron made his solemn entry into Rome on 18 December. In the Consistory of 7 January 1605 he was named Cardinal Priest of S. Agnese in Agone, in Piazza Navona (where the current baroque church was not begun until 1652).

Immediately upon his appointment, Clement VIII found important work for du Perron in Rome. The Pope had formed a special commission, the Congregation de auxiliis, the chairmanship of which he retained for himself. But he appointed Cardinal du Perron to the Congregation. The purpose of this commission was to investigate and decide upon the work of the Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina, which had raised the acute question of God's Providence and human free will. Du Perron attended his first session on 21 January.

When Clement VIII died on Thursday 3 March 1605, the Congregation was suspended, and du Perron found himself involved in his first Conclave. Although he was not the leader of the French faction, he contributed loyally, after the failure of the candidacies of Cardinals Baronius and Seraphin, to the election of the French King's candidate, Cardinal de' Medici, Leo XI, to the papal throne. Du Perron sent off a long letter to Henry IV, reporting the day-to-day movements inside the Conclave in great detail. On the death of Leo XI only twenty-four days later, du Perron participated in the election of Cardinal Camillo Borghese as Paul V. At the conclusion of the Coronation festivities, Cardinal du Perron wrote a report of the Conclave for Henry IV.

After his election, Paul V decided to continue the Congregation de auxiliis, and therefore du Perron was one of the Judges who began meeting again on 14 September 1605. He complained in a letter to Henry IV that he was constrained to read everything that had been published on the question during the previous eight or nine years. Although he appeared to work well with the Jesuit Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, in presenting the positions of Molinism fairly, du Perron's repeated counsel was not to take any decisions on the basic issues of the matter. Du Perron, after all, had strong Augustinian tendencies, which tended to make Molina's positions uncongenial. Even when he had returned to France in 1607, the Jesuits kept attempting to draw him into their circle, but without success.

But, while du Perron was still in Rome, Pope Paul V decided to pick a quarrel with the Republic of Venice, over its conduct in exercising its sovereign rights. The Venetian government had passed a law against alienation of property in favor of the Church, and another requiring governmental approval for the building of new churches. In addition, there was the very old argument over the exemption of the clergy from civil court jurisdiction. On 17 April 1606 Pope Paul launched a bull against Venice, imposing an interdict on all the territories belonging to the Serenissima. This was certain to lead to war, and would very likely excite the greed of Spain for additional territory in Lombardy. Henry IV, wishing to prevent this, proposed mediation between the Pope and Venice, and offered Cardinal de Joyeuse and Cardinal du Perron as mediators. The status of the Jesuits, who supported the papal interdict, became the main sticking point; the Venetians wanted them gone. Finally, due to the forceful persuasion of Cardinal de Joyeuse (du Perron claimed to be ill), the Pope gave way, the edict was withdrawn, and the crisis averted. Nonetheless, for the work that he had done, the Republic offered du Perron its thanks.

In 1606, while still in Rome, du Perron was appointed archbishop of Sens by the King, an act approved by Pope Paul V in Consistory on 9 October 1606. Like his predecessor at Sens, he became Primate of the Gauls and Germany, and Grand Almoner of the King of France (which also made him President of the Bibliothèque du Roi, which at that time was located at Fontainebleau). He was also ex officio the director of the College Royal. The King also appointed him Commander of the Order of the Holy Spirit. Du Perron began his return to France in the Autumn of 1607. He was received by the Grand Duke of Tuscany in Florence, who wrote to King Henry in praise of du Perron on 21 September. He visited Cardinal Giustiniani in Bologna, and then went to Venice, from which he wrote to the King on 5 October. He then passed on toward France by way of Milan. After his return from Rome, he was present continually at the Royal Court for more than a year. He did not take possession of his throne in the Cathedral of Sens until 26 October 1608. After the death of Henry IV in 1610, he took an active part in the states-general of 1614, when he vigorously upheld the ultramontane doctrines against the Third Estate. His speech against an oath to the French crown, proposed at this Estates General, much like the English Oath of Allegiance, was printed in French and later translated into English. These publications occasioned a response from King James VI and I, to which the Cardinal replied (again, originally in French, with a later English translation).

He died on Wednesday 5 September 1618, at the age of 63. His viscera were entombed in the Jesuit church of Saint-Louis in Paris, while his body was buried in the Choir of his cathedral in Sens.

title: Jacques Davy Duperron


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Category:Pontiac (automobile)

 * The former Pontiac (automobile) brand — a General Motors marque.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Pontiac (automobile)


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Cramond

Cramond Village (Cair Amain) is a village and suburb in the north-west of Edinburgh, Scotland, at the mouth of the River Almond where it enters the Firth of Forth.

The Cramond area has evidence of Mesolithic, Bronze Age and Roman activity. In modern times, it was the birthplace of the Scottish economist John Law (1671–1729). Cramond was incorporated into the City of Edinburgh by the Edinburgh Boundaries Extension and Tramways Act 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. lxxxvii).

Etymology
It was once believed that Cramond Roman Fort was known to the Romans as Alaterva. A stone altar was dug up in the grounds of Cramond House dedicated "To the Alatervan Mothers and the Mothers of the Parade-ground." Early antiquarians interpreted the inscription as referring to the place where the stone was found, but this idea is no longer accepted among scholars, and "Alatervae" is presumably a native name for the deities the Matres and Matronae, perhaps originating with the Tungrian cohort who erected the altar.

In the centuries that followed the end of the Roman occupation, Cramond passed into the hands of the Votadini, who spoke Cumbric, a Brythonic Celtic language, and gave the settlement its name. Cramond is derived from the compound Caer Amon, meaning 'fort on the river', referring to the Roman fort that lay on the River Almond.

Pre-Roman
Archaeological excavations at Cramond have uncovered evidence of habitation dating to around 8500 BC, making it, for a time, the earliest known site of human settlement in Scotland. The inhabitants of the Mesolithic camp-site were nomadic hunter-gatherers who moved around their territories according to the season of the year. Although no bones survived the acid soil, waste pits and stakeholes that would have supported shelters or windbreaks were excavated. Numerous discarded hazelnut shells, the waste product of the inhabitants' staple food, were found in the pits and used to carbon-date the site. It is thought the site was chosen for its location near the junction of the Firth of Forth and the River Almond, where the rich oyster and mussel beds proved a reliable natural resource. Many microlith stone tools manufactured at the site were found, and pre-date finds of similar style in England.

Roman period
Around 142, Roman forces arrived at Cramond by order of the Emperor Antoninus Pius, with the task of establishing a fort at the mouth of the River Almond. This fort would guard the eastern flank of the fortified frontier known as the Antonine Wall (named after the Emperor, as with Hadrian's Wall) that the Romans had established across Scotland. Nearly five hundred men worked on the site, building a fort that covered nearly six acres, with a harbour for communication. However, the fort was only inhabited for a short time, perhaps fifteen years, before it was abandoned by the troops who were ordered to retreat south to Hadrian's Wall. Pottery and coins of later date indicate that the fort and harbour were reinhabited and used as a base for the army and navy of the Emperor Septimius Severus, sometime between 208 and 211.

The medieval parish church of Cramond parish (which retains its late medieval western tower in altered form), was built within the Roman fort. Though knowledge of the Roman presence at Cramond was recorded afterwards, the remains of the fort itself were only rediscovered in 1954. Substantial archaeological research was carried out upon its discovery to build up a reasonably accurate picture of the site in Roman times. The fort was rectangular in shape, with walls fifteen feet high on all sides. A gatehouse was set in every wall, allowing access in all four directions. Inside, there were barracks, workshops, granaries, headquarters and the commander's house. Later excavations revealed other constructions outside the boundary of the fort, including a bath-house, further industrial workshops and a native settlement.

In 1997, the Cramond Lioness was uncovered in the harbour mud by a local boatman (who received a substantial monetary reward for finding this major antiquity), and was identified as a sandstone statue of a lioness devouring a hapless male figure, probably one of a pair at the tomb of a military commander. After conservation, the statue was put on display in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. It is one of the most ambitious pieces of Roman sculpture to have survived in Scotland.

Medieval period

After the departure of the Romans, little is known about the state of Cramond for several centuries. The historiography of the period has been summed up by the historian J. Wood, who wrote 'a dark cloud of obscurity again settled over the parish of Cramond, of which I cannot find the smallest memorial in any historian till the year 995.'

A tower house, Cramond Tower, probably built in the early 15th century, and part of a now-demolished larger establishment, was once a manor house of the Bishops of Dunkeld, of whose diocese Cramond was a part. It was made structurally sound and converted to a private dwelling in the 1980s.

Modern history

Cramond developed slowly over the centuries, with Cramond Kirk being founded in 1656. After a brief period spent as an industrial village in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, by the late 19th century it became a desirable suburb of Edinburgh, which it remains to this day.

Cramond was officially made part of Edinburgh on 1 November 1920.

On 21 February 2009, Philippa Langley began her successful Looking For Richard Project at the Cramond Inn.

Geography
Cramond is located in northwest Edinburgh, about 5 mi from the city centre, at the mouth of the River Almond where it enters the Firth of Forth.

Historically, the parish of Cramond extended from the shore of the Firth of Forth in the north to the parish of Corstorphine in the south, and was bounded on the west by the parishes of Dalmeny and Kirkliston and on the east by the parish of St Cuthbert's. It covered an area of fifteen square miles, and encompassed the villages of Granton, Pilton, Muirhouse, Davidson's Mains, Blackhall, Ravelston, Craigcrook, Turnhouse and Craigiehall.

The area has a low, gently undulating topography that drops down from the top of Corstorphine hill to the shore in three gradual stages and is intersected by the River Almond which flows northward into the Forth. John Philip Wood writing in 1794 calls the river "Amon" and notes the stretch running from Craigiehall to the Firth of Forth has wooded, high and steep banks, "frequently chequered with bold and overhanging rocks". During the last ice age the area was heavily glaciated, and the main direction of the ice flow was west to east. Consequently, there are rock deposits on the east side of landforms such as the Almond river valley, and until the Cramond promenade was built in the 1930s large glacial boulders were strewn along the shore.

The geology of Cramond consists of calciferous sandstone, which mixed with two later sills to give the area its characteristic chocolate-brown soil. The leaflet "Geological history of cramond" provides information about the geology of the cramond area such as that there is a coal seam visible near the beach on the south west side of the river almond estuary.

On the coast, west of the River Almond is Hunter's Craig or Eagle Rock, with a carving traditionally maintained to be that of an eagle. The carving was described by William Maitland in 1753 to have become "prey to time and the inclemency of the weather". Canmore states the age of the carving as uncertain and its present condition as extremely weathered.

Landmarks and sculpture
The 8 tonne work Fish has been permanently installed on the Waterfront at Cramond in 2009 after a successful campaign by the Cramond community, paying homage to the eight months of carving of the pink granite there by sculptor Ronald Rae in 2002.

Cramond Kirk Church Hall also displays the smaller Cramond Fish. In the car park, to the rear of the Kirk Hall, another sculpture (elephant) is taking shape.

Architecture
The older houses along the wharf are typical of traditional south-east Scottish vernacular architecture, constructed in stone with harling white lime render finish, with facing stone window and door surrounds and crow-step gables, roofed with orangey-red clay pantiles imported from the Netherlands. A ruined water mill lies further up the Almond along a quiet walk past a yacht club and sailing boats moored in the river. To the east a sand beach and waterfront esplanade provides a popular walk to Silverknowes and Granton. On the other side of the Almond, (once accessible by a rowing-boat ferry) the Dalmeny Estate has a pleasant walk through Dalmeny Woods along the shore of the Firth of Forth.

A rare example of a morthouse is located in the Church of Scotland churchyard.

Near the kirk stands the imposing Cramond House. Its central part is late 17th century, with classical front added in 1778 and back in 1820. Queen Victoria visited while residing at Holyrood. It has been claimed as a possible original of R. L. Stevenson’s "House of Shaws" in Kidnapped. It is now owned by Trustees of the Church of Scotland and until 2010 was used as the headquarters of the Scottish Wildlife Trust. The Trust relocated to Leith. The Manse dates originally from the mid-17th century and was rebuilt in the mid-18th century. The north wing was added about 1770 and a south wing in 1857. Reverend Walker, the skating minister in Raeburn's famous portrait, lived here from 1776 to 1784.

Offshore, Cramond Island has WW II fortifications and is linked to land by a causeway with a line of concrete pylons on one side, constructed as an anti shipping barrier. At certain low tides, sand extends to the island, tempting visitors to visit the island, though occasionally some are stranded by the incoming tide.

In fiction
Cramond is associated with The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, where Mr. Lowther has his home and Miss Brodie spends much of her time. Cramond is also where the House of Shaws is located in Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped. Cramond is also mentioned in Ian Rankin's Fleshmarket Close.

Cramond features briefly in a series 2 episode of the Paul Temple (TV series) called 'Double Vision' filmed in 1970. More recently Cramond featured in Young Sherlock Holmes: Fire Storm.

Notable residents

 * Russell Barr, Minister and Former Moderator of The Church of Scotland.
 * Campbell Maclean, Minister
 * David Bruce (minister)
 * John Chesser (architect), buried in Cramond Kirkyard
 * Sir William Edmonstone
 * Sir John Inglis, 2nd Baronet
 * Rev George Muirhead (1764–1847) minister of Cramond 1816 to 1847
 * James Stuart (1775–1849), politician.
 * Rev. Leonard Small, Moderator of the General Assembly.
 * Robert Walker (clergyman), model of the Skating Minister, was at Cramond Kirk.
 * John Philip Wood
 * John Law (economist), Scottish Economist
 * J. K. Rowling

title: Cramond


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User talk:Zy26

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Ideographic repertoire for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Ideographic repertoire is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ideographic repertoire until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 11:24, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

Argument of a function
Earlier this year you edited this sentence in argument of a function: "When it is clear from the context which argument is meant, the argument may be denoted using subscripts." Can you explain, at that article's talk page, how the source that you cited supports that claim? An example of this notation would also help. 73.71.251.64 (talk) 00:58, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zy26


text:
User talk:Jdlh

Hi! Please leave me a message by creating a new section to hold our conversation. --Jdlh | Talk 22:28, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle
Just wanted to say you were exactly right about your concern on the Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle article. I reviewed the article and made a number of changes. Joema 01:17, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you. --Jdlh | Talk 06:13, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Arbitration Committee elections
Note to self: Arbitration_Committee_Elections_January_2006/Vote by 22 January 2006, 23:59 UTC. Review candidate info there and in Wikipedia_Signpost/2006-01-02/ArbCom_candidates and in Wikipedia_Signpost/2006-01-09/ArbCom_election. --Jdlh | Talk 22:46, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

category:College and Univeristy Types
I saw your note on Deathawk's talk page about this category. I've moved it to Category:University and college types. In general, to change which articles are listed in a category, one must edit all of the articles themselves (they will all have in the article source, usually at the very bottom.  If you run across another case where this would be a lot of work, you might want to check out   . btm talk 22:36, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Apology
It was inadvertant, so I should apologise - I'll take more care next time. Keras.

Constitution of Japan needs update?
Hi, Beland, thanks for your efforts on behalf of Wikipedia. You tagged the section of Constitution of Japan regarding the LDP 2005 proposed reforms as needing an update. Would you mind putting a note in Talk:Constitution of Japan clarifying what update you believe is necessary? Have you heard about some specific developments, or are you just thinking that it's nearly a year later, so it's time for more recent information? Thanks, --Jdlh | Talk 17:11, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

I posted a clarification there. Thanks for reading, Beland 02:05, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Churchill
Just added a picture to the discussion at the Churchill discussion, that guy who says he's serving is either a) lying or b) a bit thick :).. As for a published source about the Royal Navy officer hows this? http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2001/Apr/USS_Churchill.htm (although its not the man in the article anymore, its a woman as you can see by the other picture..) Goose. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by TheMongoose (talk • contribs) 01:16, 15 April 2007 (UTC).
 * Thanks! I put that reference into the article. --Jdlh  | Talk 06:36, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Bellingham Alphabatization
I alphabatized by the name currently displayed. Seeing as the names are not Lastname, Firstname, listing by lastname would only make them visually disorganized. If you go ahead and change the name formatting, I'd be happy to re-alphabatize. I didn't want to change anything on the page, just organize the existing format in some fashion. --Notmyhandle 00:45, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Commons:Commons:Move toward Commons 2.0 !
I (Yug) leaved Wikipedia. The project -probably too pionner for the moment- didn't raised support. The ideas was to change commons into a big Graphic Lab and fr:Wikipedia Atelier photographique, where people upload -yes- but also EDIT images, and help each other to improve theirs graphic skills. In editing images, or with photographic tips. Sorry for my english : I'm french.

The idea seems died (for now) since I leaved wikipedia. Bye Yug 08:19, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Meetup
– thedemonhog   talk •  edits  06:45, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Pitching moment
Hi Jdlh. On 29 August you edited Pitching moment to restore a web link to Ray Preston's book, including the "Retrieved date" of July 2008. The reason the link had been disconnected appeared to me to be because the web link no longer works - the web site can no longer be downloaded. After your recent edit I still can't download the web site.

If you can get access to the web site please amend the article to correctly show the URL that works for you. If you can't get access you should probably revert your recent edit. Happy editing. Dolphin51 (talk) 06:35, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Vancouver Wikipedia 10th Anniversary Meetup

''The Interior cordially invites you to the Vancouver Wikipedia 10th Anniversary Meetup! It is being held at Benny's Bagels at 2505 W Broadway. Meetup will start at 6:30pm. Drop by for some Wikipedia-style conviviality and free gear! Feel free to forward this invitation to any Wikipedians who might be able to attend, and visit the discussion page to suggest activities. Hope to see you there and have a Happy 2011!

Invitation to Vancouver meetup
Hello,

Wikipedian British Columbians are planning a meetup at the Vancouver Public Library, Central Branch, on Sunday, October 16th, as part of the Wikipedia Loves Libraries events. If you wish to attend, please see Meetup/Vancouver and add your signature to the list.

Thank you! Inverse Hypercube 03:04, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Thank you!
While reading Talk:Malmedy massacre I was struck by your constructive tone, so I clicked through a bit. Read your notes and some of the links regarding "We stand by you". It brightened my evening a bit, so, thank you! Gijs Kruitbosch (talk) 22:06, 10 February 2012 (UTC)
 * You are welcome! I appreciate your taking the time to write. --Jdlh | Talk 22:28, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Invitation to Vancouver meetup
Hello,

You are invited to an edit-a-thon at the Prophouse Café on Sunday March 25, as part of Women's History Month events all over the world. If you wish to attend, please see Meetup/Vancouver WikiWomen's Edit-a-Thon and add your signature to the list.

Thank you! Inverse Hypercube (talk) 09:39, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Peter Tiboris article
[This is a continuation of a conversation which began at User talk:Dzeidman, regarding the Peter Tiboris article.]

Dear Jdlh, With all due respect, I am surprised that a year and a half after the Peter Tiboris article was accepted by Wikipedia you are questioning whether or not there was a conflict of interest in my creating the article. For more than a year prior to the article's acceptance, I received helpful guidance from other Wikipedia editors and tailored the document to meet all of Wikipedia's standards. I was a MidAmerica employee but created the article from scratch as I was told to do by Wikipedia editors. As for the photo, a letter was received from the photographer granting permission for its use and it was passed along to Wikipedia with a Wikipedia form and submitted prior to acceptance of the article. I had no idea that there was a problem with the photograph. I thought, erroneously, perhaps, that once an article was accepted, it had met the stringent criteria set by Wikipedia. As a side note, MidAmerica Productions has laid off all of its staff and is functioning now with a few part-time freelance employees. Dzeidman Dzeidman (talk) 17:36, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Hi, Dzeidman. Thank you for replying so quickly! I'm glad to be able to discuss this article and your situation with you. Let me take a few parts from your reply, in turn. If it's easier for you, I'm glad to continue the discussion here. --Jdlh | Talk 03:32, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * "I am surprised that a year and a half after the Peter Tiboris article was accepted by Wikipedia you are questioning..." Ah, welcome to Wikipedia. This is not a magazine, where articles are perfected, published, and never touched again. In principle every article is gradually getting improved, month by month, decade by decade. Weak parts are getting strengthened, stale facts are being refreshed with new developments. And Wikipedia is not a monolithic entity, that makes a decision once and is done. It is a set of principles and polices, and a swarm of editors (including yourself) that are making good faith interpretations of those principles and policies on the flawed and in-progress sets of articles currently in the encyclopedia. I don't know any of the people you worked with in developing the article. As I interpret the record, the big obstacle in getting the article approved for creation was your providing evidence for the subject's notability, and citing that from reliable sources. I see someone else did raise the issue of Conflict of Interest back in 2011. It's not just you, articles I created also get changed and improved all the time. --Jdlh  | Talk 03:32, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * "I was a MidAmerica employee..." OK, then you did have a Conflict of interest at the time you wrote the article. I'll note that on the Talk page. It would have been great for you to have absorbed the Plain and simple conflict of interest guide at the time. You might still want to read it now, because I hope you will be contributing to Wikipedia on other topics. And, it sounds like you are no longer a MidAmerica employee, so perhaps you no longer have conflict of interest regarding Mr. Tiboris. You are well positioned to improve the Neutral Point of View of the article. --Jdlh  | Talk 03:32, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * "...but created the article from scratch as I was told to do by Wikipedia editors..." Yes, I see that you did some rewriting from scratch. However, that was in response to the copyright violation of using the bio text from the article subject's own website, right? I didn't see comments about your conflict of interest in that discussion. Two separate issues. --Jdlh | Talk 03:32, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * "...MidAmerica Productions has laid off all of its staff and is functioning now with a few part-time freelance employees." Interesting! This fact would make a good addition to the MidAmerica Productions section of the article. Can you cite any Reliable Source that documents this event? If so, post it in the article's Talk page, and I'd be happy to help you word it in a neutral way for the main article. --Jdlh | Talk 03:32, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Dear Mr. DeLaHunt,

It is so nice to know that I am working with an editor who really knows about music! Did you know that at the same time you were singing in the chorus at Opera San Jose, Dr. Tiboris' wife, Eilana Lappalainen, was singing leading roles there? In fact, she was a founding member of the company.

I don't know the point of this discussion we are having. I would assume that it is so that I can improve the article that was previously approved and published on Wikipedia for a year and a half. Please let me know what needs to be done. I will be happy to fix the article.

And to comment on a point you made yesterday when you first contacted me, I will be happy to work on Wikipedia articles in the future, but first I need to devote my efforts to finding a job.

Thank you for your interest in this article.

Sincerely, Dale Dzeidman (talk) 15:04, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Dale, I know of Eilana Lappalainen, but her stint at Opera San José was before my time. You ask, "I don't know the point of this discussion we are having." My primary goal was to see if you had a Conflict of interest with respect to the article on Peter Tiboris. You have answered that question, thanks. I will go ahead and make improvements to the article as I get time to do so. Best of luck with your job search, and I'll see you around Wikipedia. --Jdlh | Talk 17:31, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

I really appreciate any help you can give me regarding this article. Thank you so much. Dzeidman (talk) 14:27, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

Jdlh - Just this morning I became interested in Peter Tiboris through a mention of MidAmerica Productions in the article on Washington Adventist University. That article has a lot of semi-questionable material about its student music groups. I'm a pretty prolific and (I hope) skilled editor, and would be interested in collaborating on anything about Tiboris, MidAmerica, or Washington Adventist. I also have an interest in ships. Lou Sander (talk) 14:52, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Great! Let's locate the collaboration at the Tiboris article's Talk page. JimDeLaHunt (talk) 19:24, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Sounds good! Lou Sander (talk) 23:25, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Copyright checks when performing AfC reviews
Hello. This message is part of a mass mailing to people who appear active in reviewing articles for creation submissions. First of all, thank you for taking part in this important work! I'm sorry this message is a form letter – it really was the only way I could think of to covey the issue economically. Of course, this also means that I have not looked to see whether the matter is applicable to you in particular. The issue is in rather large numbers of copyright violations ("copyvios") making their way through AfC reviews without being detected (even when easy to check, and even when hallmarks of copyvios in the text that should have invited a check, were glaring). A second issue is the correct method of dealing with them when discovered. If you don't do so already, I'd like to ask for your to help with this problem by taking on the practice of performing a copyvio check as the first step in any AfC review. The most basic method is to simply copy a unique but small portion of text from the draft body and run it through a search engine in quotation marks. Trying this from two different paragraphs is recommended. (If you have any question about whether the text was copied from the draft, rather than the other way around (a "backwards copyvio"), the Wayback Machine is very useful for sussing that out.) If you do find a copyright violation, please do not decline the draft on that basis. Copyright violations need to be dealt with immediately as they may harm those whose content is being used and expose Wikipedia to potential legal liability. If the draft is substantially a copyvio, and there's no non-infringing version to revert to, please mark the page for speedy deletion right away using. If there is an assertion of permission, please replace the draft article's content with. Some of the more obvious indicia of a copyvio are use of the first person ("we/our/us..."), phrases like "this site", or apparent artifacts of content written for somewhere else ("top", "go to top", "next page", "click here", use of smartquotes, etc.); inappropriate tone of voice, such as an overly informal tone or a very slanted marketing voice with weasel words; including intellectual property symbols (™,®); and blocks of text being added all at once in a finished form with no misspellings or other errors. I hope this message finds you well and thanks again you for your efforts in this area. Best regards--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 02:20, 18 November 2014 (UTC). Sent via--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:20, 18 November 2014 (UTC)

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Mogas listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Mogas. Since you had some involvement with the Mogas redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. MB 03:29, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

July 2019
Hello, I'm CLCStudent. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Janis Joplin have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the help desk. Thanks. CLCStudent (talk) 16:13, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * "Not constructive." "Vandalism." Heh. Why don't we both go over to Talk:Janis_Joplin and talk. --Jdlh | Talk 21:01, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jdlh


text:
Whiskey Creek

Whiskey Creek or Whisky Creek may refer to:

 * Whisky Creek (Red River of the North), a stream in Minnesota
 * Whiskey Creek, Florida, a census-designated place in Lee County, Florida
 * Whisky Creek (Touchet River), a stream in Washington
 * Whiskey Creek, a tributary of the American River, along the Sierra Crest

title: Whiskey Creek


text: User talk:83.148.64.129

title: User talk:83.148.64.129


text:
Whitaker (disambiguation)

Whitaker is a surname.

Whitaker may also refer to:

Places

 * Whitaker, Indiana, U.S.
 * Whitaker, Kentucky, U.S.
 * Whitaker, Pennsylvania, U.S.

Facilities and structures

 * The Whitaker, Rawtenstall, Rossendale, Lancashire, England, UK; a museum
 * Whitaker Airport, an airport near Oakland, Oregon, U.S.
 * Whitaker's Field, a property near Ojai, California, U.S
 * Whitaker Center for Science and the Arts, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.

Groups, organizations

 * Whitaker Foundation, an organization that supports biomedical engineering research and education
 * Whitaker and Baxter, an American political consulting firm

Other uses

 * Whitaker's Almanack, a British reference book
 * Whitaker baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
 * HMS Whitaker, more than one ship of the Royal Navy

title: Whitaker (disambiguation)


text:
White Bear

White bear may refer to:

Animals

 * Polar bear, also known as a white bear
 * Kermode bear, or spirit bear, a subspecies of American black bear in British Columbia, Canada

Buildings

 * The White Bear, Clerkenwell, a public house in London
 * White Bear railway station, a former train station in Adlington, Lancashire, England

People

 * Satanta (Kiowa leader) (ca. 1820–1878), or White Bear, great chief of the Kiowa tribe
 * White Bear (Wabimakwa) (died 1870), Chief of Temagami First Nation, Ontario

Canada

 * White Bear, Saskatchewan, a hamlet in Saskatchewan, Canada
 * White Bear 70, an Indian Reserve in Saskatchewan

United States

 * White Bear Township, Minnesota, in Ramsey County
 * White Bear, Missouri, an unincorporated community

Other uses

 * White Bear (album), by the Temperance Movement, or the title song, 2016
 * "White Bear" (Black Mirror), a 2013 television episode
 * Night of the White Bear, 1971 Canadian novel by Alexander Knox

title: White Bear


text:
Philippe Desportes

Philippe Desportes or Desports (1546 – 5 October 1606) was a French poet.

Biography
Philippe Desportes was born in Chartres. While serving as secretary to the Bishop of Le Puy he visited Italy, where he learned Italian poetry. This experience became a good account. On his return to France he attached himself to the duke of Anjou, and followed him to Cracow on his election as king of Poland. Nine months in Poland satisfied the civilized Desportes, but in 1574 his patron became king of France as Henry III. He showered favours on the poet, who received, in reward for the skill with which he wrote occasional poems at the royal request, the abbey of Tiron and four other valuable benefices.

A good example of the light and dainty verse in which Desportes excelled is furnished by the well-known villanelle with the refrain "Qui premier s'en repentira", which was on the lips of Henry, duke of Guise, just before his death. Desportes was above all an imitator. He imitated Petrarch, Ariosto, Sannazaro, and still more closely the minor Italian poets, and in 1604 a number of his plagiarisms were exposed in the Rencontres des Muses de France et d'Italie. As a sonneteer he showed much grace and sweetness, and English poets borrowed freely from him.

In his old age Desportes acknowledged his ecclesiastical preferment by a translation of the Psalms remembered chiefly for the brutal mot of Malherbe: "Votre potage vaut mieux que vos psaumes." He published in 1573 an edition of his works including Diane, Les Amours d'Hippolyte, Elegies, Bergeries, Œuvres chrêtiennes, etc.

An edition of his Œuvres, by Alfred Michiels, appeared in 1858.

Tributes

 * His hometown, Chartres, pays homage to the poet by attributing to him the name of one of his ways, the rue Philippe-Desportes, which connects the street of Marshal Leclerc and that of Dr. Maunoury. Place des Halles, a stele is also erected in honor of the Chartrain poets Philipe Desportes and his nephew Mathurin Régnier.

title: Philippe Desportes


text:
White Bear Lake

White Bear Lake may refer to:

Canada

 * White Bear (Carlyle) Lake

United States

 * White Bear Lake (Minnesota), a lake in Ramsey and Washington counties in Minnesota
 * White Bear Lake, Minnesota, a city in Ramsey County
 * White Bear Lake Area High School
 * White Bear Lake Township, Pope County, Minnesota

title: White Bear Lake


text:
Cadbury Dairy Milk

Cadbury Dairy Milk is a British brand of milk chocolate manufactured by Cadbury. It was introduced in the United Kingdom in June 1905 and now consists of a number of products. Every product in the Dairy Milk line is made with exclusively milk chocolate. In 1928, Cadbury's introduced the "glass and a half" slogan to accompany the Dairy Milk chocolate bar, to advertise the bar's higher milk content.

The bar was developed by George Cadbury Jr, and by 1914 it had become the company's best-selling product. A century on it has retained its position as a market leader in the UK where it was ranked the best-selling chocolate bar 2014. It is manufactured and distributed by the Hershey Company in the United States under licence from Cadbury, with a recipe that differs from the UK version. The chocolate is now available in many countries, including China, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Kazakhstan and Bangladesh.

History
In June 1905, in Birmingham, England, George Cadbury Jr made Cadbury's first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars; by 1914, it would become the company's best-selling product. Through its development, the bar was variously called 'Highland Milk', 'Jersey' and 'Dairy Maid'. Accounts on the origin of the Dairy Milk name differ; it has been suggested that the name change came about on the advice of a shopkeeper in Plymouth, but Cadbury maintains that a customer's daughter came up with the name.

Fruit and Nut was introduced as part of the Dairy Milk line in 1926, soon followed by Whole Nut in 1930. By that point, Cadbury's was the brand leader in the United Kingdom. Almost a century on it has retained this position, with Dairy Milk ranking as the best-selling chocolate bar in the UK in 2014. In 2020, Dairy Milk was the second most popular snack overall in the UK behind McVitie's Chocolate Digestive biscuits.

In 1928, Cadbury's introduced the "glass and a half" slogan to accompany the Dairy Milk bar, to advertise the bar's higher milk content. In the early 2010s, Cadbury made the decision to change the shape of the bar chunks to a more circular shape which also reduced the weight.

In 2003, Cadbury expanded the Dairy Milk brand range of new flavours and variants. Cadbury Dairy Milk was then the largest product range in Cadbury's portfolio in the brand’s history. The new products launched were: Biscuit, Crunchie Bits, Bubbly, Mint Chips, Turkish, Crispies and the then recently introduced Wafer and Orange Chips, whilst Cadbury's Caramel bar was also relaunched under the Dairy Milk brand.

In 2005, Cadbury celebrated the Centenary 100th Anniversary of Cadbury Dairy Milk. special limited edition bars in reproduced original 1905 packaging was launched.

Also in 2005 Cadbury buried a time capsule at the Bournville factory in the Midlands. On the company's website, Cadbury stated, "We're going to bury a Time Capsule that won't be opened until Cadbury Dairy Milk is 200 years young. But, we need your help in deciding what we should leave for future generations."

In 2012, Cadbury won a trademark dispute in the United Kingdom for the distinctive purple colour (Pantone 2685C) of its chocolate bar wrappers, a colour originally introduced in 1914, as a tribute to Queen Victoria. In October 2013, however, an appeal by Nestlé successfully challenged Cadbury's claim to the colour.

In July 2018, Cadbury announced it would launch a new Dairy Milk version with 30% less sugar. The chief nutritionist of Public Health England, Alison Tedstone, said she was "pleased that Mondelez is the latest … name" to offer "healthier" products.

On 8 January 2024, Mondelez International announced plans to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Cadbury. As part of the celebrations, seven retro limited edition packaging designs of Cadbury Dairy Milk bars were relaunched from 1915, 1940, 1961, 1980, 1993, 2003 and 2024.

Variations
The original Dairy Milk bar ("with a glass and a half of fresh milk") was launched in 1905.

There are various bars, including: Caramel; Fruit & Nut, a bar with raisins and almonds; Whole Nut, with hazelnuts; Dairy Milk Silk, launched in India, in 2010; Dairy Milk Ritz, a bar with salty Ritz crackers, launched in the United Kingdom in 2014; and Dairy Milk with LU biscuits. There is also Dairy Milk Oreo, a bar with an Oreo filling, also made as a mint flavoured bar .The 1970s television advertising campaign for the "Whole Nut" featured a series of commercials with the tag line "Nuts, whole hazelnuts. Ooh! Cadbury's taken them and they cover them in chocolate".

A Vegemite flavoured bar, which consists of milk chocolate, caramel, and Vegemite (5%), was launched in Australia in 2015.

In 1986, the glass and a half symbol appeared on the front of the Irish Dairy Milk wrapper.

Ingredients and tastes for local markets
According to a 2007 report in The New York Times, a British bar contained (in order) milk, sugar, cocoa mass, cocoa butter, vegetable fat and emulsifiers, whilst the American version manufactured by Hershey started its list of ingredients with sugar. It also listed lactose, emulsifier soy lecithin, and "natural and artificial flavorings". Cadbury supplied its chocolate crumb to Hershey, which then added cocoa butter during processing. According to its spokesman, Cadbury tries to adapt the taste of the product to that which local consumers are accustomed, meaning it is more akin to a Hershey bar for the US market.

Pre–2007 advertising
Cadbury's Fruit & Nut was advertised in a popular 1970s television advertisement that featured humourist Frank Muir singing "Everyone's a fruit and nutcase" to the tune of "Danse des mirlitons" from Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker.

In Ireland, Cadbury Dairy Milk used the jingle "The Perfect Word For Chocolate" from 1986 to 1988. Between 1989 and 1996, the popular jingle "The Choice Is Yours The Taste Is Cadbury" with the slogan "Mysteries of Love" was a well-known advertisement. The song "Show Me Heaven" was used in a 1996 advert, with the jingle "Tastes Like Heaven".

Cadbury has always tried to keep a strong association with milk, with slogans such as "a glass and a half of full cream milk in every half pound" and advertisements that feature a glass of milk pouring out and forming the bar.

In 2004, Cadbury started a series of television advertisements in the United Kingdom and Ireland featuring a human and an animal (representing the human's happiness) debating whether to eat one of a range of included bars.

Glass and a Half Full Productions (2007–2011)
In 2007, Cadbury launched a new advertising campaign entitled Gorilla, from a new in-house production company called "Glass And A Half Full Productions". The advert was premièred during the season finale of Big Brother 2007, and consists of a gorilla at a drum kit, drumming along to the Phil Collins song "In the Air Tonight". The advert has over twenty million views on YouTube, and put the Phil Collins song back into the UK charts.

On 28 March 2008, the second Dairy Milk advert produced by Glass and a Half Full Productions aired. The ad, entitled 'Trucks' features several trucks at night on an empty runway at an airport racing to the tune of Queen's "Don't Stop Me Now". The ad campaign ran at the same time as the problems at Heathrow Terminal 5 with baggage handling; in the advert baggage was scattered across the runway.

On 5 September 2008, the Gorilla advert was relaunched with a new soundtrack – Bonnie Tyler's "Total Eclipse of the Heart" – a reference to online mash-ups of the commercial. Similarly, a version of the truck advert appeared, using Bon Jovi's song "Livin' on a Prayer". Both remakes premiered once again during the finale of Big Brother 2008.

In January 2009, 'Eyebrows', the third advert in the series, was released, of two children moving their eyebrows up and down rapidly to the song "Don't Stop the Rock" by Freestyle. The ad starred Bradley Ford and Leah McArdle.

In April 2010, a fourth advert aired, entitled 'Chocolate Charmer', containing a scientist mixing milk and chocolate to make a dairy milk bar to the tune of "The Only One I Know" by The Charlatans.

In April 2011, a fifth advert aired, known as 'Charity Shop' or 'Dancing Clothes', featuring dancing clothes at a charity shop to the tune of "We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off" by Jermaine Stewart.

Glass and a Half Full Records
A new 'record label' was launched as part of the Glass and a Half Full Productions campaign. The first song released was Zingolo featuring Tinny, to promote Fairtrade Dairy Milk. A full music video was made incorporating the 60-second ads, as well as a Facebook page.

Joyville (2012–2014)
The 2012–2014 Joyville campaign focused on an 'organisation made to bring joy to people'. Chocolate fountains were put in shopping centres such as Westfield London and the first ad focused on the relaunch of Dairy Milk Bubbly. During the campaign in 2012, Cadbury Dairy Milk was launched in new flavours such as Toffee Popcorn, Golden Biscuit Crunch (an exclusive to Sainsbury's), Nutty Caramel and also Cadbury Dairy Milk with Oreo. Along with the new flavours, Cadbury also launched two new Bubbly bars including a mini version and a Mint Bubbly. Cadbury has also launched Crispello and, most recently, launched "Marvellous Creations" in the UK.

In addition, Cadbury also brought the Joyville concept into Asia, where Singapore bloggers were invited to join in the campaign in 2013.

Free The Joy (2014)
In 2014, Joyville was replaced with the "Free The Joy" campaign. The song in a television advert is "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" by Baccara. A new design was launched for Dairy Milk (and its variants) inviting consumers to scan an on-pack QR code and visit a website featuring "Free The Joy" moments.

Marketing in India
Initially, the company had appointed Amitabh Bachchan as the brand ambassador in 2004. However, the brand soon faced a significant backlash, with worms being spotted in a few of the chocolate bars. With its new campaigns, the company recovered again, with increased sales. One campaign that promoted the product by using the country's love for cricket was successful. The advert was noted to be the best advertisement made in India by The Times of India.

Another famous campaign hosted by the company in the past was the 'Shubh Aarambh' Campaign. This campaign made use of the traditional practice of Indian households of having something sweet before every auspicious occasion. This campaign was successful, and positioned Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolates as part of a family name. Cadbury today holds 70% of the market share of the chocolate industry in the country.

Grey imports in U.S.
In 2015, Hershey's blocked imports of overseas-made Cadbury chocolate and other confectionery to the US that infringed on its trademark licensing in a settlement with a grey importer. British Dairy Milk has been blind taste-tested as providing a creamier taste and texture, with the Hershey's-made chocolate reportedly leaving a less pleasing coating on the tongue and a somewhat stale aftertaste.

Recalls
Cadbury was fined GB£1 million in July 2007 due to its products having been found to have been at risk of infection with salmonella (at a factory in Marlbrook, Herefordshire, England). It spent a further £30 million decontaminating the factory.

On 14 September 2007, Cadbury Schweppes investigated a manufacturing error over allergy warnings, recalling for the second time in two years thousands of chocolate bars. A printing mistake at the Keynsham factory resulted in the omission of nut allergy labels from 250g Dairy Milk Double Chocolate bars.

The 2008 Chinese milk scandal affected Cadbury, when much of the Cadbury Dairy Milk manufactured in mainland China was tainted with melamine. Although it can be safely used in plastic manufacturing, melamine is toxic, particularly to infants.

In 2003 worms were found in some of the chocolate bars in India.

title: Cadbury Dairy Milk


text:
White Bird

White Bird may refer to:

Music and entertainment

 * "White Bird" (song), a 1969 song by the San Francisco band It's a Beautiful Day from the album It's a Beautiful Day
 * "White Bird", a 1969 song by the Incredible String Band on their album Changing Horses
 * "White Bird", a 1983 episode of the American television series Knight Rider
 * White Bird, an upcoming 2023 American film

Other

 * White Bird (Native American leader) (died 1892), Nez Perce leader
 * White Bird, Idaho, a town in the United States
 * White Bird: A Wonder Story, a 2019 graphic novel
 * The White Bird, a French biplane which disappeared while attempting a transatlantic crossing in 1927
 * White Bird Hill Summit, a mountain grade and mountain pass on U.S. Highway 95 in North Central Idaho

title: White Bird


text:
White Bluff

White Bluff(s) may refer to several places in the United States:

Places

 * White Bluff, Georgia, a former community, now a part of Savannah, Georgia
 * White Bluff, Tennessee
 * White Bluffs, Washington
 * White Bluffs AVA

Other uses

 * White Bluff (Demopolis, Alabama), a national historic site
 * White Bluff Formation, a geologic formation in Arkansas
 * White Bluff Power Plant, a coal-fired power station in Arkansas

title: White Bluff


text:
Rates (tax)

Rates are a type of property tax system in the United Kingdom, and in places with systems deriving from the British one, the proceeds of which are used to fund local government. Some other countries have taxes with a more or less comparable role, like France's taxe d'habitation.

Australia
Local government authorities levy annual taxes, which are called council rates or shire rates. The basis on which these charges can be calculated varies from state to state, but is usually based in some way on the value of property. Even within states, individual local government authorities can often choose the specific basis of rates – for example, it may be on the rental value of houses (as in Western Australia) or on the unimproved land value (as in New South Wales). These rateable valuations are usually determined by a statutory authority, and are subject to periodic revision.

Canada
Rates are referred to as property taxes in Canada. These taxes are collected primarily by municipal governments on residential, industrial and commercial properties and are their main source of funding.

Hong Kong
Levied on domestic property as well as non-domestic premises. Prior to 2000, it was used to fund municipal services, the responsibility of the now-abolished Urban Council and Regional Council, through the Urban Services Department and Regional Services Department. The revenue now goes to the Treasury. The bill is issued quarterly.

Ireland
Business rates and domestic rates existed in Ireland as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and were retained after independence. Business or commercial rates are still collected. Fianna Fáil promised to abolish domestic rates in its 1977 general election manifesto, won a landslide, and implemented this with effect from 1979. Local authorities lost 33% of their budget and made cutbacks. From the mid 1980s until 1997, most levied "water charges" to make up part of the shortfall. In 2013 a Local Property Tax (LPT) was introduced, which has been compared to the reintroduction of domestic rates; one difference is that LPT is collected centrally by the Revenue Commissioners before being disbursed to the local authorities.

Israel
Israel has a similar tax known as arnona that goes back to the days of the British Mandate of Palestine. It is levied by the municipality (or, in smaller localities, by the Regional Council based (currently) on the square meterage of dwelling or business. Specific rates vary widely among municipalities, with Jerusalem and Rehovot having the highest rates in the country. In rental dwellings, tenants (rather than owners) generally pay the arnona. Single parents and some forms of economic hardship qualify for discounts or even exemptions.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, rates have provided the major source of revenue for territorial authorities since the late-19th century. Rates are basically a tax on real property. , rates made up 56% of local-authority operating-revenue.

Almost all property owners in New Zealand pay rates; those who do so are referred to as ratepayers. People who rent property do not pay rates directly, but property owners will take account of the cost of rates when they set the rent. As a result, those who rent properties also have an interest in the level of rates, as well as in the services provided by councils using these rates.

Some types of property are exempt from rate levies - government land and rail land, for example. Other categories of property may possibly only be rated at 50% (land used for some types of sports purposes). Māori land - particularly where ownership and therefore liability for rates are hard to establish - can also get special treatment. Exceptions are listed in Schedule 1 Part 1 of the Local Government (Rating) Act 2002.

Territorial authorities may assess property values in three different ways – on the basis of land, annual or capital value – using valuations prepared in accordance with the Rating Valuations Act 1998. The valuation process is overseen by the Valuer-General. Each local authority, after consulting with their community, can decide which basis to use.

Councils can use a mix of these different methodologies when assessing rates based on the value of holdings, for example land value for its general rate and capital value for a targeted rate.

Councils can also levy flat charges per rating unit (i.e. each lot of land, with some exceptions where multiple adjacent lots may be considered one rating unit if in common ownership, or where multiple dwelling-units are on a single lot) - generally called a uniform annual general charge. Other methodologies also exist, such as a charge per toilet bowl or urinal, or a water charge per cubic metre of water supplied.

The Local Government (Rating) Act 2002 is the governing legislation and provides a number of options for setting rates, such that local authorities can use combinations of general rates, targeted rates and/or uniform annual general charges.

United Kingdom
Rates in the United Kingdom are a tax on property used to provide some of the funding of local government.

Domestic rates, split into regional and district rates, are currently collected in Northern Ireland. They were collected in England and Wales before 1990 and in Scotland before 1989. Outside Northern Ireland Council Tax is collected instead of domestic rates.

Business rates are collected throughout the United Kingdom, with different systems in England, in Wales, in Northern Ireland and in Scotland.

United States
In the US, real estate taxes which are based on a percentage of the property's actual or nominal value are referred to as "property taxes". The term "rates" is not used in this context. Property taxes are the prime funding method for local government (i.e., counties, cities, townships, etc.), and are normally paid by the property owner, regardless of whether the property owner lives on the property.

title: Rates (tax)


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Chargé d'affaires

A chargé d'affaires, plural chargés d'affaires, often shortened to chargé (French) and sometimes in colloquial English to charge-D, is a diplomat who serves as an embassy's chief of mission in the absence of the ambassador. The term is French for "charged with business", meaning they are responsible for the duties of an ambassador. Chargé is masculine in gender; the feminine form is chargée d'affaires.

A chargé enjoys the same privileges and immunities as an ambassador under international law, and normally these extend to their aides as well. However, chargés d'affaires are outranked by ambassadors and have lower precedence at formal diplomatic events. In most cases, a diplomat serves as a chargé d'affaires on a temporary basis in the absence of the ambassador. In unusual situations, in cases where disputes between the two countries make it impossible or undesirable to send agents of a higher diplomatic rank, a chargé d'affaires may be appointed for an indefinite period.

Types of chargés
Chargés d'affaires ad interim ("a.i.") are those who temporarily head a diplomatic mission in the absence of the accredited head of that mission. It is usual to appoint a minister-counsellor, counsellor, or embassy secretary as chargé d'affaires ad interim, and that person is presented to the foreign minister of the receiving state. By definition, chargés d'affaires ad interim do not possess diplomatic credentials.

Chargés d'affaires en pied ("e.p.") are appointed to be permanent heads of mission, in cases where the two countries lack ambassadorial-level relations. They are appointed by letters of credence from the foreign minister of the sending state to the foreign minister of the receiving state. Chargés d'affaires en pied have precedence over chargés d'affaires ad interim, but are outranked by ambassadors. They are sometimes referred to as chargés d'affaires ad hoc or en titre.

Long-term chargé-level relations
In certain cases, a chargé d'affaires may be appointed for long periods, such as when a mission is headed by a non-resident ambassador who is accredited to multiple countries. In addition, a mission may be downgraded from an ambassadorial to a chargé d'affaires level to show displeasure, yet avoid taking the extremely serious step of breaking diplomatic relations. For example, Saudi Arabia and Thailand did not exchange ambassadors between 1989 and 2022, due to the Blue Diamond Affair. The Holy See recalled the ambassador to Taipei right after United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 ceased to recognize the Republic of China as the sole legitimate representative of China, and thus chargé d'affaires becomes the most top-ranked de facto envoy to Taipei since then (the ambassador did not leave his position until 1979).

Sometimes when diplomatic recognition is extended to a new government, a chargé may be sent to immediately establish diplomatic representation. However, if a timely exchange of ambassadors does not take place, this may result in a prolonged period of chargé-level relations. For example, the United Kingdom recognized the People's Republic of China in 1950 and posted a chargé d'affaires in the new capital of Beijing. However, China was unwilling to exchange ambassadors until the United Kingdom withdrew its consulate from Taipei. Sino-British relations were not upgraded to the ambassadorial level until 1972.

Since a chargé d'affaires presents his or her credentials to the foreign minister rather than the head of state, the appointment of a chargé may avoid a politically sensitive meeting that would imply approval or recognition of that head of state or government. Similarly, the receiving country may decline to receive an ambassador, but still maintain diplomatic relations by accepting a chargé. For example, the Republic of Cyprus appoints a number of chargés d'affaires en pied to its embassies abroad.

History
In modern use, chargés d'affaires essentially differ from ambassadors in that, like all diplomats, chargés represent their nation, but unlike an ambassador, they are not personal representatives of their head of state. Apart from rank and precedence, chargés enjoy the same privileges and immunities as other diplomatic agents.

However, there have been rare historical circumstances in which the title chargé d'affaires was in fact employed in a more significant colonial role, as commonly held by a resident. Thus, in Annam-Tonkin (most of present Vietnam), the first French chargé d'affaires at Huế, the local ruler's capital, since 1875, one of them (three terms) was appointed the first resident-general on 11 June 1884, as they stopped being tributary to the Chinese Empire, less than a year after the 25 August 1883 French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin (central and northern regions).

In French, chargé d'affaires may be used outside diplomacy to designate an individual with some more or less temporary responsibility for a specific area of business, understood broadly.

Spelling and grammar
Chargé d'affaires generally follows French usage: chargé d'affaires is singular, chargés d'affaires for plural. The "d'affaires" is always in the plural form, and should be lowercase even if Chargé is capitalized. Following the French declension, chargée d'affaires (with the feminine ending) may be seen where the chargé is female.

For temporary chargés, ad interim may or may not be added depending on the context, but is always lower case; it may be italicized or shortened to simply a.i.

title: Chargé d'affaires


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Wernicke

Wernicke is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen, Danish scholar
 * Brian P. Wernicke (born 1958), American geologist
 * Carl Wernicke (1848–1905), German physician
 * Catharine Wernicke (1789–1862), Danish pianist
 * Christian Wernicke (1671–1725), German writer
 * Eva-Maria Wernicke (born 1953), German luger
 * Heinz Wernicke (1920–1944), German military officer
 * Herbert Wernicke (1946–2002), German opera director
 * Hermann Wernicke (1851–1925), German entomologist
 * Julia Wernicke (1860–1932), Argentine painter and engraver
 * Kenneth Wernicke (1932–2022), American aerospace engineer
 * Otto Wernicke (1893–1965), German actor
 * Roberto Wernicke (1852–1922), Argentine physician

title: Wernicke


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USS Argus

USS Argus may refer to one of these United States Navy ships:

 * USS Argus (1803), a brig commissioned in 1803 that served in the First Barbary War and the War of 1812 until captured by the British in 1813;
 * USS Argus (1813), was laid down at the Washington Navy Yard and was still on the ways when the British advanced on Washington, D.C., late in the summer of 1814. She was burned to prevent her capture by the British; and
 * USS Argus (PY-14), a patrol yacht in commission from February to September 1941 and from 1942 to 1946 that served during World War II.

title: USS Argus


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Lake Sebu, South Cotabato

Lake Sebu, officially the Municipality of Lake Sebu (Tboli: Benwu Sbù, ; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Sëbu ; Tagalog: Bayan ng Sëbu), is a 1st class municipality in the province of South Cotabato, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 81,221 people.

The bestselling Lonely Planet described Lake Sebu as a place located in a "bowl of forests and mountains". The 42,450-hectare landscape consisting the domains of the Allah Valley is recognized by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a cultural landscape in Mindanao.

Geography
The placid lake of Lake Sebu can be found in Allah Valley near the municipality of Surallah, South Cotabato. Surrounded by rolling hills and mountains covered with thick rain forest, the lake has an area of 354 ha, with an elevation of approximately 1000 m.

Barangays
Lake Sebu is politically subdivided into 19 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

 * Bacdulong
 * Denlag
 * Halilan
 * Hanoon
 * Klubi
 * Lake Lahit
 * Lamcade
 * Lamdalag
 * Lamfugon
 * Lamlahak
 * Lower Maculan
 * Luhib
 * Ned
 * Poblacion
 * Siloton
 * Lake Seloton
 * Talisay
 * Takunel
 * Upper Maculan
 * Tasiman

Demographics
The lake's shores and the surrounding rainforest are home to the Indigenous Tbolis, Tirurays, Ubos, and Manobos. One of the major tribes, the Tbolis are known for their weaving skills and brassware production as well as fishing skills. The rest of the population are made of Maguindanaons, Ilonggos, Cebuanos, Bicolanos, and Ilocanos.

Economy
The economy is based on aquaculture of Tilapia grown in large fish cages floating in the lake. More than one half of the land around the lake is cultivated for agriculture. The Philippine government is also trying to promote ecotourism in the area. The finishing of a concrete road cut the travel time from 4 hours to less than 30 minutes greatly improving trade and commerce.

Wildlife
Wild boars and Philippine Deer which are considered endangered live around the lake. The lake and the surrounding rainforest are natural habitat to egrets, kingfishers, swallows, herons, Philippine cockatoos and kites.

Environmental conservation
The Philippine government proclaimed a 924.5 km2 area as a protected landscape. On the south-eastern watershed of the lake, a bamboo plantation was established.

title: Lake Sebu, South Cotabato