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Beeston Castle

Beeston Castle is a former Royal castle in Beeston, Cheshire, England, perched on a rocky sandstone crag 350 ft above the Cheshire Plain. It was built in the 1220s by Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester (1170–1232), on his return from the Crusades. In 1237, Henry III took over the ownership of Beeston, and it was kept in good repair until the 16th century, when it was considered to be of no further military use, although it was pressed into service again in 1643, during the English Civil War. The castle was slighted (partly demolished) in 1646, in accordance with Cromwell's destruction order, to prevent its further use as a bastion. During the 18th century, parts of the site were used as a quarry.

The castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument owned and managed by English Heritage. The walls of the outer bailey and the gatehouse and curtain walls of the inner bailey are recorded separately in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade I listed buildings. A legend states that the royal treasure of Richard II was buried in the castle grounds but many searches have failed to discover the hoard.

Location
The castle is built on Beeston Crag, which is in the southerly part of the Mid Cheshire Ridge, a chain of low sandstone hills that stretches from the River Mersey down to the central region of the Cheshire Plain. The low-lying area between the southerly and the northern ranges of the ridge is known as the Beeston Gap. It was formed by a meltwater channel at the end of the Ice age.

The crag, just like the neighbouring Peckforton Hills, is part of a thicker sequence known as the New Red Sandstone. It was formed from easterly dipping layers of Triassic sandstone. The lower slopes are formed from Wilmslow Sandstone Formation while the upper strata are part of the Helsby Sandstone Formation, which is around 245 million years old. The hillock is capped by a small outcrop of sandstones assigned to the Tarporley Siltstone Formation (and formerly known as the Keuper Waterstones). Both types of sandstones were once quarried at multiple sites within the castle grounds.

Along the eastern margin of the hill is the Peckforton Fault, a major north–south-aligned geological fault which downthrows the strata to the east. A low ridge of glacial moraine extending east from the castle lodge is interpreted as marking an ice front during the retreat (or stagnation in situ) of the Irish Sea ice sheet which had invaded Cheshire from the northwest during the last ice age.

Prehistory
Pits dating from the 4th millennium BC indicate that the site of Beeston Castle was inhabited or used as a communal gathering place during the Neolithic period. Archaeologists have discovered Neolithic flint arrow heads on the crag, as well as the remains of a Bronze Age community, and of an Iron Age hill fort. The rampart associated with the Bronze Age activity on the crag has been dated to around 1270–830 BC; seven circular buildings were identified as being either late Bronze Age or early Iron Age in origin. It may have been a specialist metalworking site.

Construction
Beeston was built for Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, in the early 13th century. The siting of the castle's outer bailey walls was chosen to take advantage of the fortifications remaining from the earlier Iron Age rampart. In medieval documents the castle is described as Castellum de Rupe, the Castle on the Rock. It is one of three major castles built by Ranulph in the 1220s, shortly after his return from the Fifth Crusade. The others are Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire, and Chartley, Staffordshire, both of which share similar architectural features with Beeston; in particular the design of the towers. Unlike many other castles of the period, Beeston does not have a keep as its last line of defence. Instead the natural features of the land, together with massive walls, strong gatehouses, and carefully positioned towers, made the baileys themselves the stronghold. The defences consisted of two parts. Firstly, a rectangular castle on the summit of the hill, with a sheer drop on three sides and a defensive ditch up to 30 ft deep in places cut into the rock on the fourth side. Secondly, an outer bailey was built on the lower slopes, with a massive gatehouse protected by a 16 ft wide and 10 ft deep ditch.

The outer bailey was roughly rectangular, with 6 ft thick walls faced in sandstone and infilled with rubble. The walls, parts of which still remain, contain a number of D-shaped towers, an innovation in English castles at that time. The towers allowed defenders to shoot across the walls as well as forwards, and their open-backed design meant that they would not offer cover to any attackers who gained access to the outer bailey. The inner bailey was on the rocky summit at the western end of the crag.

To provide the castle's inhabitants with a supply of fresh water, two wells were dug into the rock; one of them, 370 ft deep, is one of the deepest castle wells in England.

Royal castle
Although most of the defences were in place by the time of Ranulph's death in 1232, there were no living quarters, and neither were there on the death of Ranulph's successor John in 1237. John died without a male heir, allowing King Henry III to take over the Earldom of Cheshire. Henry enlarged Beeston Castle during his wars with Wales, and used it as a prison for his Welsh captives. No attempt was made to equip the castle as a permanent residence with halls and chambers; garrisons were probably housed in wooden structures within the outer bailey.

In 1254 Henry gave Beeston, together with other lands in Cheshire, to his son Prince Edward. He also gave the title Earl of Chester to the prince, a title that has been conferred on the heir to the throne of England ever since. During the Montfortian rebellion, in 1265, the castle was retaken from the Monfortians by James de Audley and Urian de Saint Pierre, following Edward's escape from captivity. The County Palatine had been briefly claimed by Simon de Montfort in January 1265. Edward succeeded Henry as King of England in 1272, and completed the conquest of Wales.

In the middle of the 14th century there are references to men of Cheshire who were made constables of the royal castle. The constable would probably have lived in or near the gatehouse. The habitation was described in an account of the castle in 1593 by Sampson Erdeswicke, which describes, "a goodly strong gatehouse, and strong wall with other buildings, which when they flourished were a convenient habitation for any great personage."

Beeston was kept in good repair and improved during Edward's reign, and throughout the 14th century. However, by the 16th century the castle was considered to be of no further use to the English Crown, and in 1602 it was sold to Sir Hugh Beeston (c. 1547–1626) of Beeston Hall.

There have been persistent rumours of a treasure hidden by Richard II somewhere in the castle grounds. Richard is supposed to have hidden part of his personal wealth at Beeston on his journey to Chester in 1399, before boarding a ship to Ireland to suppress a rebellion there. On his return, Richard was deposed by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, the future Henry IV, and his treasure is said to have remained undiscovered. Many searches have been carried out, most of them focusing on the deep well in the inner bailey, but nothing has ever been found. The rumour of hidden treasure may not be well founded, as Henry IV is recorded as having "recovered Richard's gold and jewellery from its various hiding places".

Civil War
During the English Civil War many neglected castles were pressed into service. Beeston was seized on 20 February 1643 by Parliamentary forces commanded by Sir William Brereton. The walls were repaired and the motte was cleaned out. During 1643 part of the royal army of Ireland landed at Chester. On 13 December 1643 Captain Thomas Sandford and eight soldiers from that army crept into Beeston at night (possibly aided by treachery) and surprised the castle governor, Captain Thomas Steele, who was so shaken by the event that he surrendered on the promise that he would be allowed to march out of the castle with honours. Steele was tried and shot for his failure to hold the castle.

The Royalists survived a siege by parliamentary forces from November 1644 until November 1645, when their lack of food forced them to surrender. The castle was partially demolished in 1646, to prevent its further use as a stronghold.

Later history
In the late 17th century, Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet, commissioned William Samwell to build Eaton Hall. It was arranged to draw attention of people at the hall to the ruins of Beeston Castle. Quarrying was carried out in the castle grounds during the 18th century, and the gatehouse leading into the outer bailey was demolished to build a track for the stones to be removed from the site.

In 1840 the castle was purchased by John Tollemache, 1st Baron Tollemache, at that time the largest landowner in Cheshire, as part of a larger estate. In the mid-19th century the castle was the site of an annual two-day fete, raising money for local widows and orphans and attracting more than 3,000 visitors a day.

Preservation
The castle is owned by English Heritage and, although in ruins, enough of the walls and towers are still in place to provide a clear picture of how it would have looked in its prime. It is open to visitors and has a small museum and visitor's centre. A lodge house was built by Tollemache in the 19th century, and was expanded in the 20th century. The lodge is two storeys high, with two circular towers either side of a central archway. It is designated as a Grade II listed building.

The views from Beeston stretch across eight counties from the Pennines in the east to the Welsh mountains in the west.

title: Beeston Castle


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Michael Dokes

Michael Marshall Dokes (August 10, 1958 – August 11, 2012) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1976 to 1997, and held the WBA heavyweight title from 1982 to 1983. As an amateur he won a silver medal in the heavyweight division at the 1975 Pan American Games.

Amateur career
Dokes won a silver medal at the 1975 Pan American Games. He lost a 5–0 decision to Teófilo Stevenson in the finals. He also lost a close decision to John Tate in the Olympic trials in 1976, after which he turned professional.

Amateur accomplishments

 * 1975 National AAU Heavyweight Champion
 * 1976 National Golden Gloves Heavyweight Champion, beating future pro champs John Tate and Greg Page en route.
 * As an underage 15-year-old, made it to the finals of both the 1974 National Golden Gloves and the National AAU tournaments. He lost to Leon Spinks in AAU final, and future Mike Tyson trainer Bobby Stewart in the Golden Gloves final.
 * Won 1974 North American championships.
 * Beat Marvin Stinson, who won the 1976 National AAU Heavyweight Championship.

Professional career
Dokes turned professional in 1976. He received national exposure in a televised exhibition with Muhammad Ali in 1977, which saw Ali clown and mug while slipping Dokes's punches, but also revealed glimpses of Dokes's potential. He came to real prominence in 1979 by defeating veteran contender Jimmy Young. His career faltered slightly after fighting to a draw with Ossie Ocasio, but Dokes returned to knock out Ocasio in one round soon thereafter. By early 1982, after a first-round knockout of Lynn Ball to win the NABF title, Dokes was in line for a title shot. He was ranked #2 by the WBC and #3 by the WBA. Dokes became WBA heavyweight champion in 1982 by knocking out Mike Weaver in the first round in a match held weeks after the Ray Mancini-Duk Koo Kim lightweight title fight that ended in Kim's death. Because of Nevada State Athletic Commission instructions to referee Joey Curtis regarding the stoppage of the fight in light of the incident, some felt it was premature. In the rematch, Dokes retained his title on a majority draw (tie).

Dokes's reign as the WBA title holder was short-lived. He lost his title by a tenth-round knockout to Gerrie Coetzee. He was later knocked out by future champion Evander Holyfield.

Dokes was knocked out by Donovan Ruddock in 1990. In 1993, Dokes faced newly crowned heavyweight champion Riddick Bowe in his first title defense since defeating Evander Holyfield. Bowe won by TKO in the first round. Although Dokes and his team protested that the fight was stopped prematurely, it was obvious that Dokes was in no condition to continue after taking a vicious barrage of punches from the heavy-hitting Bowe. After a nearly three-year hiatus, Dokes returned to the ring winning three of five matches over a two-year period before retiring for good in 1997.

Life after boxing
In 1999 Dokes was sentenced to between four and 15 years in prison after being convicted of an attack on his fiancée in August 1998. Late in 2008, Dokes was released on parole. Dokes died of liver cancer at a hospice in Akron in August 2012, a day after his 54th birthday.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michael Dokes


text:
User talk:PortSideShocker

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I'll add my greetings as well. You might, from your note on the new user log, be interested in this project. --ALargeElk | Talk 14:40, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:PortSideShocker


text:
Kenneth Lewis Anderson

Kenneth Lewis Anderson (September 11, 1805 – July 3, 1845) was a lawyer, the fourth and last vice president of the Republic of Texas, 1844 to 1845.

Anderson was born in Hillsborough, North Carolina, where he worked as a shoemaker at an early age. By 1824 he was living in Bedford County, Tennessee, where he became deputy sheriff in 1826 and sheriff in 1830; he was a colonel in the militia by 1832.

In 1837, he and his family moved to San Augustine, Texas, where his wife's brother-in-law Joseph Rowe had lived for five years. In 1838 Anderson served successively as deputy sheriff and sheriff. It was probably after he arrived in Texas that he studied to become a lawyer. President of Texas Mirabeau B. Lamar appointed him collector of customs for the district of San Augustine, and he was confirmed on November 21, 1839. He served as collector until he became a candidate from San Augustine County for the Texas House of Representatives of the Sixth Congress in 1841; he won with the largest majority in San Augustine County's history at that time.

As a partisan of Sam Houston, Anderson was elected Speaker of the House on November 1, 1841. He immediately led an unsuccessful attempt to impeach President Lamar and Vice President David G. Burnet. Anderson had for a time been considered for secretary of the treasury of the republic, a post that went to William Henry Daingerfield. In 1842 he helped convince President Houston to veto the popular but dangerous war bill, which sought to force an invasion of Mexico.

After one term, and despite Houston's pleas, Anderson retired later in 1842 to practice law in San Augustine with Royall T. Wheeler; he eventually formed a partnership with J. Pinckney Henderson and Thomas Jefferson Rusk. In December, Anderson became district attorney of the Fifth Judicial District. In 1844, Anderson was frequently mentioned as a candidate for president of the republic, but eventually he became the candidate for vice president, on a ticket headed by Anson Jones. Anderson's opponent, Patrick Jack, died before the election, and Anderson won nearly unanimously. He presided over the Senate at Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas in June 1845, when the Texas Congress approved the Texas Annexation by the United States.

After the annexation vote, he immediately left for home despite being sick. After only twenty miles, at the Fanthorp Inn in modern-day Anderson, Texas, his fever flared and he died in office at age 39. The Vice President had been considered the leading candidate to become the first governor of Texas. His law partner, Pinckney Henderson, was instead elected governor in December.

Both Anderson County and the town of Anderson in Texas are named after him.

title: Kenneth Lewis Anderson


text:
User talk:Nowozin

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PPS--thank you very much for the excellent and detailed image description. Keep up the good work!

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title: User talk:Nowozin


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Ford Taunus V4 engine

The Ford Taunus V4 engine is a 60° V4 piston engine with one balance shaft, introduced by Ford Motor Company in Germany in 1962. The German V4 was built in the Cologne plant and powered the Ford Taunus and German versions of the Consul, Capri, and Transit.

Design
In common with other V4 and V6 engines, but unlike longer V engines with more cylinders, the connecting rods do not share a crankpin on the crankshaft.

The V4 was later expanded into the Ford Cologne V6 engine that was used in the Ford Capri, Ford Taunus, Ford Cortina, Ford Consul, Ford Granada, Ford Sierra, Ford Scorpio, Ford Ranger, Ford Explorer, Ford Mustang, Mercury Capri, and many other cars. The V4 engine was also used in industrial applications: pumps, electrical generators, agricultural machinery and snowcats. In automobiles, the Taunus V4 was replaced by the Ford OHC/Pinto engine.

Initially the V4 engine was designed by Ford for a new entry compact car intended for the US market to be called the Ford "Cardinal", which eventually evolved into the Taunus 12m P4. Ford abandoned the "Cardinal" project and instead built the Ford Falcon for North America. Ford then sought other uses for the V4 engine which was initially tested in the Saab 96. Ford bought several Saab 96s for testing and eventually sold the cars back to Saab with the V4 engines in them. Saab tested the V4s at their Trollhättan test track which stimulated Saab to acquire the V4 engine for their 95, 96, and 97 (Sonett) introduced in August 1966 (1967 production model). The V4 engine eliminated the need to mix oil with fuel for the two-cycle Saab "Shrike" engine and provided better low end torque. Saab dealers offered the first owner a "Lifetime Warranty" for the V4 for US$50.

Applications:
 * Ford Taunus
 * Ford Consul
 * Ford Transit
 * Ford Capri
 * Saab 95
 * Saab 96
 * Saab Sonett (II-V4 and III)
 * Matra 530
 * Ford Mustang I

1.2
The 1183 cc version features an 80x58.86 mm bore and stroke. Output was 40 hp and 80 Nm or 45 hp and 82 Nm.

Applications:
 * 1962 - 1966 Ford Taunus 12M P4
 * 1967 - 1968 Ford Taunus 12M P6

1.3
The 1288 cc version had an 84x58.86 mm bore and stroke. Output was 50 hp and 95 Nm or 53 hp and 98 Nm.

Applications:
 * 1966 - 1970 Ford Taunus 12M P6
 * 1969 - 1972 Ford Capri (Mercury Capri)
 * Ford Transit 600

1.5
The 1498 cc V4 had a 90x58.86 mm bore and stroke. It produced 55 hp and 107 Nm, 60 hp and 114 Nm or 65 hp and 117 Nm at 2500 rpm.

 * 1962-1966 Ford Taunus 12M P4
 * 1966-1970 Ford Taunus 12M P6
 * 1966-1970 Ford Taunus 15M P6
 * 1964-1967 Ford Taunus 17M P5
 * 1967-1971 Ford Taunus 17M P7
 * 1969-1972 Ford Capri
 * Ford Transit 1000
 * 1967-1980 Saab 95 and Saab 96 (European market)
 * 1967-1974 Saab 95, Saab 96 and Saab Sonett (USA market)
 * The 1962 "Mustang I" Concept car (tuned to 90 hp)
 * 1970s Thiokol 1404 Imp snowcat

1.7
The 1699 cc V4 had a 90x66.8 mm bore and stroke. It produced 65 hp and 129 Nm, 70 hp and 137 Nm or 75 hp and 130 Nm.

 * 1966-1970 Ford Taunus 12M P6
 * 1966-1970 Ford Taunus 15M P6
 * 1964-1967 Ford Taunus 17M P5
 * 1967-1971 Ford Taunus 17M P7
 * 1965-1972 Ford Transit Mark I
 * 1967-1972 Matra 530
 * 1969-1972 Ford Capri
 * 1972-1975 Ford Consul (German version)
 * 1975-1981 Ford Granada (German version)
 * 1971-1974 Saab 95, Saab 96 and Saab Sonett, low compression version with 65 hp (same as its contemporary 1500 cc 95/96) for USA market

Also, some DKW Munga, a Jeep like vehicle used in the German army were retrofitted with this Ford V4, to replace its standard two-stroke engine.

Since the Saab 96 was used for rallying it was also tuned. In the rally versions it was bored and stroked to 1815 and 1933 cc giving around 150 hp in the naturally aspirated version and 200 hp DIN at 7000 rpm in the Saab 96 RC Turbo version, doing 0 to 100 km/h in five seconds. SAAB also tuned the engine to 240 hp.

title: Ford Taunus V4 engine


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Coach House Books

Coach House Books is an independent book publishing company located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Coach House publishes experimental poetry, fiction, drama and non-fiction. The press is particularly interested in writing that pushes at the boundaries of convention.

History
The company was founded as Coach House Press in 1965 by artist Stan Bevington. It is known for publishing early works by writers such as Fred Wah, Daphne Marlatt, Margaret Atwood, Michael Ondaatje, Ann-Marie MacDonald, George Bowering, Nicole Brossard, Gwendolyn MacEwen, Christopher Dewdney, bpNichol and Anne Michaels, Darren O'Donnell, Sean Dixon, Greg MacArthur, Matthew Heiti and Amiel Gladstone.

Coach House was at the centre of a number of innovations in the use of digital technology in publishing and printing, from computerized phototypesetting to desktop publishing. Notably, the pioneering SGML/XML company, SoftQuad, was founded by Coach House's Stan Bevington and colleagues Yuri Rubinsky and David Slocombe.

In 1991, Coach House was split into two separate companies: the printing house Coach House Printing, headed by Bevington, and the book publisher Coach House Press, headed by Margaret McClintock. Bevington subsequently tried, unsuccessfully, to reacquire the publishing company. Ultimately, the book publisher declared bankruptcy in 1996, and later the same year Bevington moved the printing company back into book publishing.

The company is located in several former coach houses on bpNichol Lane, near Spadina and Bloor, which were rented from Campus Co-operative Residence Incorporated. In 2004, controversy arose when the media reported that the cooperative would be demolishing the coach house buildings, and politicians and public interest groups campaigned to have the buildings declared a heritage site. In 2009, the company directly acquired the buildings for the first time in its history.

Operations
Coach House is one of the few Canadian publishing companies that prints its own titles; the printing operations also print books for several other small Canadian publishers and literary magazines, including Acta Victoriana and the Hart House Review.

The reputation of the new Coach House has been growing steadily since its rebirth in 1997, but it skyrocketed with the publication of Christian Bök's Eunoia. This work of experimental poetry won the Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize in 2002 and has sold over 19,000 copies. Coach House books have been the recipients of dozens of other awards and nominations, including the Governor General's Award, the City of Toronto Book Award, the Commonwealth Writers' Prize, the Lambda Literary Award, the Books in Canada/Amazon.ca First Novel Award and the Trillium Book Award.

Its most recent successes have been a series of books of collected essays by Toronto writers on various aspects of their city. The first, uTOpia (2005), about various writers' notions of a perfectible Toronto, was a surprise hit and was followed by The State of the Arts (2006), GreenTOpia (2007) and HtO (2008) about water in the city. Frequent contributors to the volumes include John Lorinc, Shawn Micallef, Derek McCormack, Dylan Reid, Bert Archer, Stéphanie Verge, Chris Hardwicke, Mark Fram, Liz Forsberg, Dale Duncan and Darren O'Donnell. Also recently published in 2020 was Watch Your Head: Writers and Artists Respond to the Climate Crisis, edited by Kathryn Mockler, among others.

In 2008, Coach House was awarded the Province of Ontario's "Arts Organization Award" as part of the "Premier's Award for Excellence in the Arts".

title: Coach House Books


text:
Talk:Mitchellville, Tennessee

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Investment Company Act of 1940

The Investment Company Act of 1940 (commonly referred to as the '40 Act) is an act of Congress which regulates investment funds. It was passed as a United States Public Law on August 22, 1940, and is codified at. Along with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and extensive rules issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; it is central to financial regulation in the United States. It has been updated by the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010. It is the primary source of regulation for mutual funds and closed-end funds, now a multi-trillion dollar investment industry. The 1940 Act also impacts the operations of hedge funds, private equity funds and even holding companies.

History
Following the founding of the mutual fund in 1924, investors invested in this new investment vehicle heavily. Five and a half years later, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred in the stock market, followed shortly thereafter by the United States entry into the Great Depression. In response to this crisis, the United States Congress wrote into law the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

In 1935, Congress requested that the SEC report on the industry, and the Investment Trust Study was reported between 1938 and 1940. The law as originally introduced was different from the law which passed; the original draft granted more broad power to the SEC, while the final bill was a compromise between the SEC and industry which was drafted and submitted to Congress by joint members of the SEC and industry, and Congress ultimately passed a similar version, unanimously. David Schenker, who became the head of the Investment Company Division at the SEC, was one of the original drafters.

By 1992, the act had remained largely unchanged aside from amendments in 1970 to provide additional protections particularly around independent boards and limiting fees and expenses.

Scope
The act's purpose, as stated in the bill, is "to mitigate and ... eliminate the conditions ... which adversely affect the national public interest and the interest of investors". Specifically, the act regulated conflicts of interest in investment companies and securities exchanges. It seeks to protect the public primarily by legally requiring disclosure of material details about each investment company. The act also places some restrictions on certain mutual fund activities such as short selling shares. However, the act did not create provisions for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to make specific judgments about or even supervise an investment company's actual investment decisions. The act requires investment companies to publicly disclose information about their own financial health.

Jurisdiction
The Investment Company Act applies to all investment companies, but exempts several types of investment companies from the act's coverage. The most common exemptions are found in Sections 3(c)(1) and 3(c)(7) of the act and include hedge funds.

In October 2021, over 60 law firms issued an "extremely unusual joint statement" that special-purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) are subject to regulation under the Act when the SPAC does not acquire an operational business within one year of offering company shares to the public. The statement followed opposition from Yale law professor John Morley and New York University law professor Robert Jackson regarding the dismissal of a lawsuit against the blank-check company GO Acquisition Corp. that had been filed on behalf of an investor.

Scale
When Congress wrote the act into federal law, rather than leaving the matter up to the individual states, it justified its action by including in the text of the bill its rationale for enacting the law:

"The activities of such companies, extending over many states, their use of the instrumentalities of interstate commerce and the wide geographic distribution of their security holders, make difficult, if not impossible, effective state regulation of such companies in the interest of investors."

Type
The act divides the types of investment company to be regulated into three classifications:

 * Face-amount certificate company: an investment company in the business of issuing face-amount certificates of the installment type.
 * Unit investment trust: an investment company which is organized under a trust indenture, contract of custodianship or agency, or similar instrument, does not have a board of directors, and issues only redeemable securities, each of which represents an undivided interest in a unit of specified securities; but does not include a voting trust.
 * Management company: any investment company other than a face-amount certificate company or a unit investment trust. The most well-known type of management company is the mutual fund.

Contents

 * Sec. 1. Findings and Declaration of Policy.
 * Sec. 2. General Definitions.
 * Sec. 3. Definition of Investment Company.
 * Sec. 4. Classification of Investment Companies.
 * Sec. 5. Subclassification of Management Companies.
 * Sec. 6. Exemptions.
 * Sec. 7. Transactions by Unregistered Investment Companies.
 * Sec. 8. Registration of Investment Companies.
 * Sec. 9. Ineligibility of Certain Affiliated Persons and Underwriters.
 * Sec. 10. Affiliations of Directors.
 * Sec. 11. Offers of Exchange.
 * Sec. 12. Functions and Activities of Investment Companies.
 * Sec. 13. Changes in Investment Policy.
 * Sec. 14. Size of Investment Companies.
 * Sec. 15. Investment Advisory and Underwriting Contracts.
 * Sec. 16. Changes in Board of Directors; Provisions Relative to Strict Trusts.
 * Sec. 17. Transactions of Certain Affiliated Persons and Underwriters.
 * Sec. 18. Capital Structure.
 * Sec. 19. Dividends.
 * Sec. 20. Proxies; Voting Trusts; Circular Ownership.
 * Sec. 21. Loans.
 * Sec. 22. Distribution, Redemption, and Repurchase of Redeemable Securities.
 * Sec. 23. Distribution and Repurchase of Securities: Closed-End Companies.
 * Sec. 24. Registration of Securities Under Securities Act of 1933.
 * Sec. 25. Plans of Reorganization.
 * Sec. 26. Unit Investment Trusts.
 * Sec. 27. Periodic Payment Plans.
 * Sec. 28. Face-Amount Certificate Companies.
 * Sec. 29. Bankruptcy of Face-Amount Certificate Companies.
 * Sec. 30. Periodic and Other Reports; Reports of Affiliated Persons.
 * Sec. 31. Accounts and Records.
 * Sec. 32. Accountants and Auditors.
 * Sec. 33. Filing of Documents With Commission in Civil Actions.
 * Sec. 34. Destruction and Falsification of Reports and Records.
 * Sec. 35. Unlawful Representations and Names.
 * Sec. 36. Breach of Fiduciary Duty.
 * Sec. 37. Larceny and Embezzlement.
 * Sec. 38. Rules, Regulations, and Orders; General Powers of Commission.
 * Sec. 39. Rules and Regulations; Procedure for Issuance.
 * Sec. 40. Orders; Procedure for Issuance.
 * Sec. 41. Hearings by Commission.
 * Sec. 42. Enforcement of Title.
 * Sec. 43. Court Review of Orders.
 * Sec. 44. Jurisdiction of Offenses and Suits.
 * Sec. 45. Information Filed With Commission.
 * Sec. 46. Annual Reports of Commission; Employees of the Commission.
 * Sec. 47. Validity of Contracts.
 * Sec. 48. Liability of Controlling Persons; Preventing Compliance With Title.
 * Sec. 49. Penalties.
 * Sec. 50. Effect on Existing Law.
 * Sec. 51. Separability of Provisions.
 * Sec. 52. Short Title.
 * Sec. 53. Effective Date.
 * Sec. 54. Election to Be Regulated As A Business Development Company.
 * Sec. 55. Functions and Activities of Business Development Companies.
 * Sec. 56. Qualifications of Directors.
 * Sec. 57. Transactions With Certain Affiliates.
 * Sec. 58. Changes in Investment Policy.
 * Sec. 59. Incorporation of Provisions.
 * Sec. 60. Functions and Activities of Business Development Companies.
 * Sec. 61. Capital Structure.
 * Sec. 62. Loans.
 * Sec. 64. Accounts and Records.
 * Sec. 65. Liability of Controlling Persons; Preventing Compliance With Title.

Summary of notable provisions
Sections 1 - 5 define terms and classify investment companies. The definition of investment company also includes some exemptions.

In addition to exemptions in the definitions, section 6 describes additional exemptions, with 6(c) notably giving the SEC broad discretion to "conditionally or unconditionally exempt any person ... from any provision". One of the original drafters, David Schenker (who became the head of the Investment Company Division at the SEC ), explained the provision in 1940 by pointing to the complexities of the industry. This was notably used to exempt venture capital firms in the 1970s, which preceded changes to the statute, ultimately including a section 3(c)(7) which exempts issuers of non-public securities to qualified purchasers. Section 3(c)(11) generally exempts collective trust funds.

Section 7 prohibits investment companies from doing business until registration, including public offerings; in 2018, the SEC acted against a cryptocurrency hedge fund for allegedly violating section 7. Section 7(d) is notable in that it restricts foreign investment firms from offering securities, and by 1992 no foreign firms had registered since 1973.

Section 9 outlines disqualification provisions which restrict people who have committed misconduct from practice in the industry; in practice, the SEC has historically granted waivers to allow such persons to remain involved.

Various provisions restrict the powers of investment companies in corporate governance over management particularly in transactions with affiliates, including section 10. These laws were passed as a reaction to self-dealing excesses in the 1920s and 1930s, where funds would, for example, dump worthless stocks into certain funds, saddling investors with their losses.

Filings
To register, a firm initially files a notification with Form N-8A, followed by a form which depends on the type of fund.

Among others, firms with open-end funds must file Form 24F-2.

title: Investment Company Act of 1940


text:
User talk:Hapsiainen

 No Solicitors '''Don't ask my help on pages I have never contributed anything significant. Don't tell about wiki projects I haven't participated. Don't advertise election candidates.'''

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

No! It is not correct. Thankyou for bringing it to my attention. Tannin 23:29, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I left a response for your comment on my talk page. Pollinator 02:03, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

"I'm more interested in categorizing articles ..."

 * Dear Hapsiainen, It is a great idea to have a finnish subcategory corresponding to Category:Dog breeds. To see all the InterWiki's look at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dog breeds/Categories. None of the other languages has (until now) so many dog categories as described at WikiProject Dog breeds/Categories. Thanks! Gangleri 22:16, 2004 Oct 20 (UTC)
 * I spend many hours with linking same / similar categories or articles. See fr:Discuter:Antoine de Saint-Exupery, Village pump (miscellaneous), Village pump (miscellaneous) for example.

 * Dear Hapsiainen, Thank you for linking to Bichon Frisé! How do you like the categories and the existing links? I signed in to ja: to. There are some uncatalogised articles in the dog list. Hope to get some help from fr: and nl: too.
 * Do you know w:de:Wikipedia:WikiProjekt Nordeuropa? You can recomend it to German speakers if you like. Regards Gangleri 03:42, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)
 * Thanks Hapsiainen! WikiProject Dog breeds Gangleri

Image:MichelineBernardini.jpg
The page says its from Bikini Science, but I can't find any text that says the image is in the public domain or that it's otherwise compatible with the GFDL. Did you get explicit permission to use this image on Wikipedia? Regardless, it'd be great if you could add an image copyright tag to the image. Thanks! --David Iberri | Talk 18:26, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Before I uploaded my version, there was a scruffier version of the image. I saw it, and supposed that it would be legal to use the image. I have tried to find out the picture's copyright status. I believe the picture was taken in 1946, because then the bikini was introduced. And the picture must have been taken in Paris. I don't have any other facts about it. If the picture is still under copyright protection in US, the copyright must have either been renewed in 1974 or restored in the 1990s. So there should be a mention about it in a archive. But I don't know the name of the photographer or the magazine that published the picture, so I don't know what to look for. -Hapsiainen 20:16, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation. I've added a tag to the image for now, indicating that it is a possibly unfree image. If you think a better image tag applies, feel free to change it. Thanks, David Iberri | Talk 20:40, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * You say WP:PUI is meant for images that are both unfree and not in fair use. Actually, PUI is intended for possibly unfree images, not just images that are known to be unfree. Also, you gave no indication that you believed the image was used under fair use -- that would require you to put the tag on the image page, along with reasons for why you think fair use is applicable. You are welcome to add the tag, but the fact still remains that it may not be a free image, so I don't see why it should be removed from PUI. --David Iberri | Talk 19:17, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * That discussion concludes that -tagged images should be removed from WP:PUI, but your image didn't have that tag, which is why I listed it there. If you tag it and give some reasons why it should be considered free use, I'd be more than happy to remove it from WP:PUI. Best, David Iberri | Talk 22:51, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I've removed Image:MichelineBernardini.jpg from WP:PUI. --David Iberri | Talk 00:29, Nov 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Hapsiainen, the email address of bikiniscience.com is "Rosebush Judson ". Please drop me a note on my discussion page, if you are making any further process, or general Mr. Rosebushs responsivness. Also wanting some of his pictures, but  let us first check that one -- Test-tools 11:59, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Ringed snake???
I noticed your change of grass snake to ringed snake in Common toad. I know there is a stud article called ringed snake, but I have never in 42 years heard them described as anything but grass snakes in the UK (and I have had them as pets), so I think most British readers would find the term confusing. And as the only English speaking country where the snake is native is the UK I think we should go with the usual British name. I will take my argument over to the Ringed Snake page when I get the chance! Billlion 22:48, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Michael Stipe
NO, I DIDN'T KNOW THAT HE IS STIPE. All my life I've been pronouncing it Stripe. On www.ateaseweb.com (Radiohead site which frequently mention St(r)ipe) I see him as Stripe. Even I think that on www.nme.com he is known as Stripe. I didn't do it just to fuck with the tread. I did it with an itention to correct this "mistake". If I'm mistaken - ok, it's me. I fuck it up. But don't bann me because one blunder. I'm not a wanker... I'm doing my best about Radiohead, Oasis, Blur and britpop overall...

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * Umm, well, there you go. That's what user talk pages are for, to a certain extent. As one grump to another, I appreciate your feedback. --Tagishsimon (talk)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Subpages
Hi! I read your question about creating subpages at Help desk. As I have posted there, creating a subpage to the list you mentioned works just fine for me. You might want to try again and if unsuccessful, to describe your actions in detail. Good luck. --Plek 10:07, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

re: List of music videos: A
Good evening. On 23 Jan, you nominated List of music videos: A for deletion. I just closed the discussion on that article by redirecting it to the original article. In your nomination, you noted the problem with forks in articles. I agree. However, I prefer to solve them with redirects. A big part of why I prefer to solve them that way is that a redirect does not require a VfD vote nor an adminstrator to take action.

In your nomination, you noted that there seem to have been more of these popping up. If you are so inclined, I believe you could use Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/List of music videos: A as a precedent/justification to be bold and redirect the others as appropriate. Thanks. Rossami (talk)

Autofellatio
There is at least one other photograph in that series handing around somewhere, which shows clearly that the man is fellating himself and not a penis dildo or another man. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:19, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Other
SORRY for editing volcanos.

Image copyright
Thank you for the message on my talk page. Those were some of the first fotos I uploaded when new to Wikipedia. I have uploaded many more all correctly tagged. I hope the following information is sufficient for your needs:-. Giano | Talk 14:09, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Queen Elizabeth II
Please note that I have disputed the neutrality of this article. Jguk reverted my NPOV template, claiming that the NPOV dispute is just a personal campaign of one person. Whig 09:52, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

images
The images you list were taken from Ron's site which permits this for non-commercial and educational purposes. If that is not adequate, please delete them. the Dalmatian Pelican is a copyright free image from 777life, probably not tagged since it is a larger version of an image that may have now gone?? jimfbleak 04:50, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cochineal image copyright
You are right, I have started Crimson article 2 years ago and a Cochineal by-product has resulted. I don't remember where the questioned image came from nor what is the license. I have removed that image from cochineal article. I think it is right to delete this image now

REM
The links to Buy.com are one sentence excerpts from reviews and are pointless. I don't want to get into a revert war, but any superior additions of mine that are reverted will be changed back. It seems to me you're just getting sore because your efforts were improved upon. BGC 15:22, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Let's quote here, what I first wrote to your talk page for other readers' ease: "You have worked on album related articles, but you have also destroyed other people's work by removing the excerpts of reviews, which used Buy.com as their source. Please read the guidelines of WikiProject Albums closely. They allow such links and review summaries, if the original article isn't available online. They even allow review summaries without links, if one really can't find any quote online. You have deleted correct and useful material from articles about several R.E.M. albums. I'm reverting it. I don't even dare to imagine, what you have done to other album articles. IMHO you don't deserve a barnstar. You should absolutely start reverting the review excerpts and links that you have removed. -Hapsiainen 14:57, August 26, 2005 (UTC)"

 * And now my response: I am not the only one who thinks that Buy.com excerpts can do as a source, if they have something concrete like a number of stars. I still appeal to the WikiProject album's opinion. I'm only adding the reviews back, not removing any text. I have noticed a couple of errors in them, and admit that they are often my fault. But I have gathered most of the reviews, so I have made the most of mistakes, too. -Hapsiainen 15:39, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

images
I can see that there might be a problem with Ron Eggert's images, since his terms for use may not be totally in line with GNFU. Do what you want with those.

I can't see why the Liz Leyden images are a problem. At the time I downloaded them, her site waived copyright on the images, with just a request not to link and therefore steal her bandwidth -surely this must be puplic domain by any criteria? jimfbleak 05:48, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Whatever Liz Leyden's website says now, at the time I uploaded the images, she waived copyright, might have changed wording since, but I don't know if you can reclaim copyright once released - as always, I leave it to you - seems a pity to lose her images though. jimfbleak 04:58, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * At no time have I waived copyright: something I've been advised that you can't actually do anyway. My copyright notice has always been the same.

 * Did you think it might have been much easier and better mannered had you sent me a nice email asking permission to use my images?
 * Liz Leyden

 * I didn't upload your images here, so don't blame me for it. I later noticed that Jim Bleak had uploaded some and they didn't have a correct copyright notice. I visited your website. I started looking for your images in Wikipedia. (Basically, I just went through all the images that Jim Bleak had saved here.) Then I notified other users about those images. I thought that they were not fair use because it isn't very difficult to take photographs of birds. Some other users thought that they are fair use because there are not replacement images yet, and Wikipedia is an educational, non-commercial website. I managed to get rid of some (not sure whose) non-commerial images by finding replacement images. I have also searched from other Wikipedias, if they have copied your images. Many people interpreted that the images are public domain, when they read the image description written by the image uploader. Now the images here don't have such misleading copyright descriptions any more.

 * If you want to remove your images from Wikipedia, you announce it in Request for immediate removal of copyright violation. This page has a probably complete list of your images here, just look what Hapsiainen has written there. Many of your images are still used here because they have on replacement yet. But Wikipedia is a non-commercial website, and you allow your images to be used to non-commercial purposes. The animal articles in Wikipedia are educational, too. We have a policy to avoid using images, which you can use only for restricted purposes. Fair use images by US copyright law are accepted, though. That's why I originally tried to get your images deleted here. -Hapsiainen 13:44, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Image deletion announcement
I actually preferred Image:BonaparteGull23.jpg to some others and it included an immature bird as well. Enough said. On Image:Larus philadelphia, California.png, why did you bother converting it to .png when .jpg is the prefered format for photographs? --Big_Iron 10:17, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I misspoke, the use of jpeg for photographs is a policy, see Image use policy. There are some trade-offs between image size and quality, and everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but .png is generally not felt to be a replacement for .jpg. --Big_Iron 17:21, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * My comment related to the word "obsolete" which means "having been replaced". The update that replaced the image in question did not conform to policy and so was not valid. I have no objection to it being replaced by a better picture if that happens. --Big_Iron 21:16, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

album box 2 debate
hi Hapsiainen, i assume your vote is for delete, so i've appended that to your comment. (well technically i suppose i've pre-pended it :P) please correct this if i am wrong and i apologize if you did not want me to do this. i've continued the discussion there rather than here so that everyone can read it. cheers. (incidently, Jag talar svenska också, men bara liten.) — deanos {ptaaglek} 23:38, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Gmail
As I'm still a newbie to Wikipedia, I'm just wondering...

Why did you remove the See Also links just because they were already in the text?

I can imagine myself going into a text and just wanting to find further reference without needing to read the whole text to be able to do that. And those links you've removed are good references.

Sorry to sound bitchy, but I may be missing something here, and I wish to know. :)

--Cawas 20:41, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

See Also my talk page, since it's the place we've continued.

--Cawas 06:31, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

REM revert war
I don't know what this template revert war is about, but I'm seeing it happening on a number of articles. Please resolve this problem through discussion (or provide a link to an ongoing discussion) or I'm going to start locking all of these articles. I have left the same message for BGC. Gamaliel 20:54, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The album template discussion 1 & 2 and the review links discussion are in WikiProject Albums discussion pages. You can see that I have tried to resolve the conflict. The template conflict is really wide, in theory it could cover all the album articles. -Hapsiainen 21:14, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The only thing you've "tried" to do is enforce what you want, without looking at the facts that the template is valid, because it was never deleted. BGC 21:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please, discuss in the project page. Here hardly no-one reads your comments. -Hapsiainen

BGC/infobox dispute
On the suggestion of an admin, I'm preparing an RfC regarding user:BGC (formerly user:PetSounds), particularly with regard to his conduct in recent disputes. Assuming I can draft a reasonable statement, would you be willing to certify an RfC? I'm not asking for a binding commitment, but simply an indication that you believe it's appropriate to bring the dispute up to this level. Monicasdude 22:49, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I am willing. People have already tried to resolve this elsewhere, and the situation hasn't changed. -Hapsiainen 02:07, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Monicasdude...
I wasn't referring to you. I was referring to him. That ID number (from one of the R.E.M. article reverts) is his own. And it's not the first time he's used it. BGC 23:04, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Here's the contributions page for the alternate user name:. I know how this guy works. Trust me - it's intentional. BGC 03:20, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

I left a comment on Talk:List_of_wikis you might wish to see.
I left a comment on Talk:List_of_wikis you might wish to see.

—

— Ŭalabio‽ 02:18, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation pages
I was under the assumption that rivers were not exactly places. It's not 'Multiple-geography names' it's 'Multiple-place names'. Rivers were on the normal disambiguation pages when I started, so I was just going by precedent. At any rate, I didn't go through everything of mine you removed, but the first one I checked was Baranof - which if you'll check, disambiguates to both place-names and a non-geographic page, so it's not a pure multiple-place name disambiguation page.

If you can cite something other than your opinion I'll be happy to change my ways... but I don't really think I'm doing anything wrong. --W.marsh 19:00, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * But just for the sake of not annoying anyone, I'll list rivers on the placename disambig pages, after reviewing Placenames. --W.marsh 19:15, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Since you're apparently not going to reply.. you also might consider reading WP:AGF and think about the (incorrect) assumptions you made about my intentions. --W.marsh 23:40, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * You assumed I hadn't read those pages when you said things like "I quote the part that you didn't notice". I just took some offense to being belittled like that over a minor misunderstanding... adding a few rivers amongst what is probably now well over a hundred legitimate and helpful additions. --W.marsh 01:48, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Date links
Since you have taken an interest in links. Please be kind enough to vote for my new bot application to reduce overlinking of dates where they are not part of date preferences. bobblewik 20:31, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Doing something about the ridiculous date autoformatting/linking mess
Dear Hap—you may be interested in putting your name to, or at least commenting on this new push to get the developers to create a parallel syntax that separates autoformatting and linking functions. IMV, it would go a long way towards fixing the untidy blueing of trivial chronological items, and would probably calm the nastiness between the anti- and pro-linking factions in the project. The proposal is to retain the existing function, to reduce the risk of objection from pro-linkers.Tony 15:04, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Ivory Coast move
Since you participated in previous discussions on Ivory Coast, you might be interested in the requested move at Talk:C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire. —  AjaxSmack     00:23, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Monsteralbumrem.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Monsteralbumrem.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:00, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:REMNewAdventuresInHiFi.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Reveal.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 04:37, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

NowCommons: Image:Forster's Tern.jpg
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Image:Aix galericulata, Hannover.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Aix galericulata, Hannover.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Angus McLellan (Talk) 08:02, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Pangender
An article that you have been involved in editing, Genderqueer, has been proposed for a merge with the article Pangender. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. --April Arcus (talk) 07:40, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"Abujmaria langauge" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Abujmaria langauge. Since you had some involvement with the Abujmaria langauge redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 20:13, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hapsiainen


text:
NK Travnik

NK Travnik (Nogometni Klub Travnik), commonly known as Travnik is a professional association football club from the city of Travnik that is situated in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Currently, Travnik plays in the First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and plays its home matches on Stadion Pirota which has a capacity of 3,076 seats.

Early period
NK Travnik was founded in 1922. The club is not really known for its period during the former Yugoslavia, as its mostly known since the end of the Bosnian War and since the mid-1990s.

Post-Yugoslav period
The club played in the First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1995 to 1998, finishing 11th in the 1995–96 season, 14th in the 1996–97 and then getting eliminated in the 1997–98 after finishing on 15th place.

After winning the Second League of BiH in the 1999–2000 season, Travnik got promoted to the first 2000–01 Bosnian Premier League season, but got relegated after only one year of playing top league football. The club played two years in the First League of FBiH, before once again getting promoted in the 2002–03 season. The 2005–06 season got saw Travnik get relegated from the Premier League for the second time, but it got promoted the next year in the 2006–07 First League of FBiH season.

Present years
Since the 2006–07 promotion, Travnik played in the Premier League for 9 seasons in a row, finishing almost every season in the lower part of the league table. It got relegated for a third time in the 2015–16 season, and has not got promoted to the Premier League ever since, even getting relegated from the First League of FBiH in the 2017–18 season.

Travnik did get promoted right away from the Second League of FBiH (West division) to the First League in the 2018–19 season, and currently plays in the already mentioned second tier of the Bosnia and Herzegovina football league system.

League

 * First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
 * Winners (3): 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07
 * Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
 * Winners (2): 2018–19 (west), 2023–24 (west)

Players with multiple nationalities

 * 🇧🇦 Marko Baltić

Coaching staff
{|
 * valign="top"|

title: NK Travnik


text:
Talk:Optoelectronic

I suggest merging this page with Optoelectronics, and someone knowledgable filling out the stubbiness in both articles. For now, I'm placing a "See:" notice. 24.75.67.179 14:52, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Merged. --DavidCary 03:13, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Optoelectronic


text:
User talk:Qlmatrix

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Qlmatrix


text:
Tornjak

The Tornjak, also known as the Bosnian-Herzegovinian sheepdog, is a recreated breed of livestock guardian dog native to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. They are molosser-type mountain dogs, similar to other livestock guardian breeds of the region, the Šarplaninac, Bucovina Shepherd Dog, and the Greek Shepherd.

History
The earliest written reference to the breed dates back to the 11th century. Descriptions of the Tornjak are present in the writings of Peter Horvat, Bishop of Đakovo, in 1374, and Peter Lukić, Canon of the Đakovo diocese, in 1752. The dogs are described as guarding dogs, intelligent and bred to limit aggression. They were the transhumance shepherd dog of Vlachs in medieval Bosnia.

Prevalence of the Tornjak gradually declined with the end of nomadic sheep herding in the region. In the early 1970s, a group of cynologists began a project to identify and breed dogs sharing similar characteristics to those found in historic writings about the breed. Pure blood breeding began in 1978 and the foundation stock of the modern breed is genetically homogeneous landrace shepherding dogs identified through this process.

Tornjaks were first imported to the UK in 2013 with intentions of working towards UK Kennel Club Recognition.

Name
Numerous names are used to describe dogs from this region sharing similar characteristics and fulfilling a similar role.

The FCI standard name, Tornjak, is derived from the word tor, meaning sheep pen. The breed is called Toraši in Sinj and the Kamešnica mountain, and the shepherds of the Dinara mountains call the breed Dinarci. Bosanski Ovčar Tornjak, meaning Bosnian Shepherd Dog and Hrvatski pas planinac, meaning Croatian mountain dog, are also used.

Appearance
The Tornjaks are large dogs, with somewhat square-bodied features and relatively agile movements. Despite this, their bones are not lightweight. The Tornjak is a long-coated breed with short hair over the face and legs. The hair is distinctively long and abundant over the neck (mane), and on the back of the upper thighs (breeches). The tail is notably feathered and carried like a flag while the dog moves. The coat is very dense and cannot be parted.

As a rule, the Tornjaks are particolored, with white being the dominant ground color. White markings are most commonly found around the neck, over the head, and along the legs. The patches can be any color. Similar to other livestock guardian dogs, the distinct markings served a utilitarian purpose, helping shepherds distinguish their dogs from both sheep and wolves.

 * Temperament

Tornjaks have a calm temperament. A typical adult Tornjak is a calm, peaceful, and seemingly indifferent animal, but when the situation demands, it is a vigilant and alert watchdog. The character is equal to the temperament; they are not nervous nor aggressive. In general, they are very tough, sturdy, and not overly demanding dogs. With their human family, they can be very affectionate. When living in a pack they are highly social animals, without fighting between the pack members. Towards strangers or other animals, as a rule, Tornjaks are not overly aggressive. But when the situation calls upon it, Tornjaks are quite decisive, and they can attack even stronger rivals without consideration. Shepherds used to say that a Tornjak that guards the flock is a fair match to two wolves and that a couple of Tornjaks will confront and chase away a bear. In these situations, Tornjaks can be very tenacious.

Activities
A Tornjak's exercise levels are usually not demanding, especially in the first 9–12 months (during the last intensive growth period). They prefer long walks without a leash and a lot of playing with other dogs. They will also be just as satisfied with only a 20-minute walk if their owner is in a hurry. Tornjaks learn quickly and do not forget easily; they happily perform tasks and are therefore easy to train. Strong and hardy, these dogs lie on the ground during the snowy winter nights and often get covered with snow without freezing due to their thick coats. They are primarily used for herding and protection of livestock.

Care
The Tornjak is not suited for apartment life. They need lots of space and will do best with at least a large yard. Because its thick coat protects it so well, it can cope well with living outdoors provided it has proper shelter. This breed is best suited to a family with space surrounding the home where it can attend to its own exercise needs.

Climbing up and down stairs the first six months can ruin hock joints or lead to hip dysplasia.

Tornjaks need early socialization. Early experiences (before 9 months of age) have a very significant effect throughout the dog's life. They need to be confronted with potentially frightening stimuli as early as possible to avoid later fear reactions. Traffic noise, big trucks, and buses will provoke fear reactions in adulthood if the Tornjak has not previously faced these situations as a puppy. At this early age, all Tornjak puppies have to meet as many unknown people as possible, and also other animals, dogs, and pets especially, to develop good and stable social behavior as an adult.

Ban
This breed is banned in Denmark.

title: Tornjak


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Talk:Taiwan Esperanto Association

Note: the link to minnan:Tâi-oân ESP Hia& is currently buggy, but the article does exist. A-giau 14:56, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

A-giau, good job with this one as well. -- Kaihsu 20:28, 2004 Aug 16 (UTC)

Removed the following broken external link Open2universe 12:50, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Timeline of Japanese Esperanto events - including Taiwan and Korea (in Japanese)

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title: Talk:Taiwan Esperanto Association


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ISV

The initialism ISV may refer to:

Technology

 * Independent software vendor
 * Infantry Squad Vehicle
 * Internal security vehicle, armoured vehicle
 * International scientific vocabulary

Other

 * Cardiff International Sports Village
 * International Standard Version of the Bible
 * International Student Volunteers
 * "ISV", the International Olympic Committee (IOC) country code for the United States Virgin Islands
 * Immediate Support Vessel of the Indian Navy

title: ISV