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The People's Court

The People's Court is an American arbitration-based reality court show, featuring an arbitrator handling small claims disputes in a simulated courtroom set. Within the court show genre, it is the first of all arbitration-based reality-style programs, which has overwhelmingly become the convention of the genre. The original series ran from 1981 to 1993, and the revival ran from 1997 to 2023. Both versions have run in first-run syndication. The show ranks as the longest-running traditional court show and second-longest-running court show in general, having a total of 38 overall seasons as of the 2022–23 television year, behind only niche court show Divorce Court by 2 seasons.

The first version of The People's Court was presided over solely by former Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Joseph Wapner. The current incarnation of the show has had different presiding judges: former New York City Mayor Ed Koch (1997–1999), former New York Supreme Court Judge Jerry Sheindlin (1999–2001), and former Florida State Circuit Court Judge Marilyn Milian (2001–2023). Milian is the show's longest-reigning arbiter, having made it to 20 years of presiding over the series by spring 2021.

The program is the third highest rated of court shows after only Judge Judy reruns (ended the original run in July 2021) and Hot Bench (produced by Judy Sheindlin), respectively. With Judge Judys end at 25 seasons in 2021, The People's Courts revival now boasts the genre's longest single production continuance having entered its 26th season in the 2022–23 television year (albeit having gone through 3 arbitrators). In June 2021, The People's Court won its 4th Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program, which officially gives it the most Daytime Emmy wins in the court show genre. In February 2023, it was confirmed that the 26th season of the revival would be its last.

The final episode aired on July 21, 2023. The show continues to air reruns during the 2023-24 television season.

Conception
When John Masterson devised the original camera-in-court concept in 1975, he first pitched it to Monty Hall, the producer and host of the game show Let's Make a Deal, and his partner, producer-writer Stefan Hatos. They put a young associate, Stu Billett, in charge of selling it, but the networks were not interested. Billett later went out on his own and refined the concept into a show shot in a studio rather than a real courtroom. Small-claims court participants agreed to drop their court cases and accept binding arbitration in a simulated courtroom. The networks expressed interest, but still did not buy it; however, it did sell into the first-run syndication market. The series was executive produced by Ralph Edwards, who also created and hosted the documentary show This Is Your Life, and Stu Billett, who later went on to create Moral Court. John Masterson, whom many consider a pioneer and originator of "reality TV" also created Bride and Groom and Queen for a Day.

The People's Court is the first court show to use binding arbitration, introducing the format into the genre in 1981. The system has been duplicated by most of the show's successors in the judicial genre. Moreover, The People's Court is the first popular, long-running reality in the judicial genre. It was preceded only by a few short-lived realities in the genre; these short-lived predecessors were only loosely related to judicial proceedings, except for one: Parole (1959) took footage from real-life courtrooms holding legal proceedings. Before The People's Court, the vast majority of TV courtroom shows used actors, and recreated or fictional cases (as did radio before that). Examples of these types of court shows include Famous Jury Trials and Your Witness.

The People's Court has had two incarnations. The show's first life was presided over solely by former Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Joseph Wapner. His tenure lasted from the show's debut on September 14, 1981, until May 28, 1993, when the show was canceled due to falling ratings. This left the show with a total of 2,484 half-hour episodes and 12 seasons. The show was taped in Los Angeles during its first life. After being canceled, reruns aired in syndication until September 9, 1994, and on the USA Network from October 16, 1995, to June 6, 1997.

On September 8, 1997, after being out of production for four years, The People's Court was revived in first-run syndication as a 60-minute program. Former lawyer and Mayor of New York Ed Koch was chosen as arbiter, which he maintained for two seasons. By the 1999–2000 season, former New York State Supreme Court Judge Jerry Sheindlin (husband of Judy Sheindlin from Judge Judy and Judy Justice) succeeded Koch. Sheindlin only lasted one and a half seasons and was replaced towards the end of the 2000–01 season. For the remainder of the revival's run, Marilyn Milian was the judge.

Original version (1981–1993)
The People's Court pilot episode was taped on October 23, 1980, with a second pilot episode taped on January 13, 1981. The show debuted as a half-hour program on September 14, 1981. The judge from the show's first 12 seasons (including the 1980 pilot) was Joseph Wapner. Rusty Burrell was his bailiff, Jack Harrell was the announcer, and Doug Llewelyn was the host and court reporter, who announced the matter of the dispute at the beginning of each trial. He also interviewed the plaintiff and the defendant after the court ruling, to gauge their responses to the verdict. Llewelyn often ended each episode with a jaunty "If you're in a dispute with another party and you can't seem to work things out, don't take the law into your own hands; you take 'em to court," which became something of the 1980s catchphrase. If a case ended with a verdict for the defendant, however, Llewelyn instead ended the episode by saying, "If someone files a lawsuit against you and yet you're convinced you've done nothing wrong, don't be intimidated. The best policy is to go to court and stand up for your rights." The cases often had pun-related names, such as "The Overdone Underthings" and "A Head with a Beer on It". Judge Wapner greeted his litigants by saying, "I know each of you has been sworn. I've read your complaint..." Occasionally, if an episode wrapped up a few minutes early, Judge Wapner fielded questions from the courtroom observers, or legal consultant Harvey Levin explained the legal reasons behind Wapner's decisions.

The People's Court deals in small-claims matters. When the show debuted as a half-hour program on September 14, 1981, litigants could not sue for more than US$1,500, which was the limit for small-claims court at the time in California. As the laws in California changed, so did this amount. Starting in 1990, litigants could sue for up to US$5,000, which is now the law in most states. Researchers for the show examined small-claims filings in Southern California and approached the plaintiff and defendant in interesting cases. The producers offered to have Judge Wapner arbitrate the dispute if they would agree to dismiss their action and be bound by Judge Wapner's decision. Through this approach, the show could get real people with real cases. Though the show is decorated and runs like a real courtroom, it is not a real court or part of any judicial system, but instead a form of binding arbitration.

The losing party does not need to pay the judgment, as such. Instead (as is stated in the disclaimer at the end of each show), both parties are paid from a fund (set up by Ralph Edwards-Stu Billett Productions). This fund was based on the amount of the lawsuit claim, but an exact formula was not stated. The fund was to be first divided equally, then any monetary judgment ordered was subtracted from the loser's half (and presumably both halves in the case of cross judgments). Each litigant received at least what remained of their half in shows concluding with that disclaimer. The disclaimer did not call this fund an "appearance fee", a term which appeared later in connection with The People's Court and other court shows. There may have been a later period when The People's Court paid the judgment, plus expenses and only a modest appearance fee to each litigant.

Cancellation
In 1993, after 12 seasons on The People's Court, Wapner was not invited back to the show. The show's producers wished to revamp the series, but they did not notify him of that decision, which he eventually learned of from his brother-in-law, who read about it in the San Francisco Chronicle. Wapner expressed holding great resentment and bitterness at the show's producers for his finding out this way, and additional resentment over being let go when, according to him, the show was still doing well. However, although the show had a good run ratings-wise, the ratings had dropped to an all-time low at around the time The People's Court was canceled.

Wapner stated that he was told years later that the producers did not want to hurt his feelings, but that it was exactly what they did. He also stated that he was not notified when the producers decided to revamp the series and that he held no opinions on The People's Court judges who succeeded him as he never watched the program. He did, however, note that the two People's Court judges who succeeded him, Ed Koch and Jerry Sheindlin, only lasted no more than two seasons each, whereas he lasted the original series' entire 12 seasons. He also emphasized that judges need to be respectful of litigants. In 2009, he returned to The People's Court during the Marilyn Milian era to preside over a case in honor of his 90th birthday.

Revival (1997–2023)
After the O. J. Simpson murder trial revived interest in court shows, and Judge Judy became very successful, on September 8, 1997, a revival of The People's Court debuted in first-run syndication. The series as a whole reached its 37th season in September 2021, with its 25th season in its current production cycle. The 1997–2023 reincarnation has vastly outlasted the program's original version, which ran 12 seasons. The show's second incarnation was headed by three judges in all.

The new The People's Court expanded from the original version's 30-minute length to a 60-minute broadcast where former New York Newscaster Carol Martin (1997–98) of WCBS-TV hosted from a studio. Harvey Levin (1997–2023) was also added to the show cast in a role that was added to reflect the court show's title People's Court: returning from breaks, Levin acting as a field reporter, is shown at an external public place taking questions and opinions from people about the case, and then, returning to the studio at the end of the show for a wrap-up. Curt Chaplin (1997–2023) replaced Jack Harrell as the show's announcer and appeared on camera as the court reporter with the addition of a litigant-final-thoughts interviewer, known for snippily interviewing the program's litigants following the conclusion of each case. Beginning with the 2016-17 season, Doug Llewelyn from the first incarnation of The People's Court took over this litigant interviewing role. Chaplin, however, maintained his voice-over role in the series. In this role, Chaplin narrated the court show in a manner that poked fun at the cases with melodramatic and exaggerated vocal expressions and verbiage.

Ed Koch era (1997–1999)
Former New York City Mayor Ed Koch presided over the court from September 8, 1997, to June 25, 1999, with reruns airing until September 10. In 1998, Carol Martin left the show, with Levin becoming the sole host. The studio segments were done away with and Levin hosted the entire episodes from the viewing area, which eventually moved from the Manhattan Mall to the Times Square visitors' center. Since Levin is now based in Los Angeles with TMZ, the viewing area has moved to the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica, California, while production of The People's Court has moved to Connecticut. The opening outlines of the taped cases are shown to people in the outdoor viewing area on a monitor. Their responses are edited into the program.

Judge Jerry Sheindlin era (1999 – March 2001)
Judge Jerry Sheindlin (husband of Judge Judy Sheindlin, the presiding judge over Judge Judy) sat on the bench from September 13, 1999, to March 9, 2001, and ratings on the show lagged. The bailiff for both of these judges' tenures was Josephine Ann Longobardi.

Judge Marilyn Milian era (2001–2023)
On March 12, 2001, late in The People's Court's fourth season, retired Florida State Circuit Court Judge Marilyn Milian replaced Sheindlin as presiding judge on the court show. Under Milian, People's Court ratings improved. Milian is the first Hispanic judge to preside over a courtroom series. By the completion of the 16th season of The People's Court (2012–13), Milian had completed $12 1/2$ seasons presiding over the series, officially making her the longest reigning judge over the program—outlasting Joseph Wapner's reign of 12 seasons. For the remainder of the 2000–01 season, Davey Jones took over the role of bailiff, replacing Longobardi. In September 2001, Jones was replaced by Douglas McIntosh, who remained on the show until its cancellation in July 2023.

In 2008, The People's Court, under Milian's reign, was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award under a new Courtroom/Legal Show category created by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. In 2009 and 2010, the show was nominated again for the Daytime Emmy Award under the same category but did not win. On May 1, 2013, The People's Court had again been nominated for an Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program Daytime Emmy, but again did not win.

The show was taped in Manhattan for the first 15 seasons of the revival; beginning with the 16th season (2012–13), it was taped in Stamford, Connecticut.

For the show's 20th season, Doug Llewelyn returned to the series for the first time since the end of the original series. He resumed his previous role as host/reporter, replacing Curt Chaplin, who remained in the announcer role. For Llewelyn's first show back, Judge Milian welcomed him "home" and handed him his suit jacket and microphone.

Cancellation
On February 18, 2023, it was announced that The People's Court revival would end after 26 seasons. Variety reported that the cancelation was due to a broader decline in advertising revenue for syndicated daytime shows, leading television stations to prioritize spending money on local news, rather than acquiring other programming.

This also ends a 26-year relationship with Harvey Levin and Telepictures which sold TMZ to Fox Corporation in 2021 while continuing the final two years doing  The People's Court.

In April 2023, it was reported that Allen Media Group had signed Milian to a new show, Justice for the People with Judge Milian, set to premiere in syndication in fall 2023.

Opening disclaimer
When The People's Court premiered on September 14, 1981, as a half-hour show, the first opening disclaimer was used during the first five seasons of the Wapner run, and was narrated by Jack Harrell:"What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are the actual people who have already either filed suit or been served a summons to appear in a California Municipal Court. Both parties in the suit have agreed to dismiss their court cases, and have their disputes settled here...in our forum...The People's Court."

Beginning in Season 6 (1986-1987), and running until the end of the Wapner run in 1993, the opening disclaimer by Jack Harrell was changed:"What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in a California Municipal Court. Both parties have agreed to dismiss their court cases, and have their disputes settled here...in our forum...The People's Court."

On September 8, 1997, when The People's Court expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes, where former New York mayor Ed Koch became the judge, the show moved to New York City, and the opening disclaimer was changed and was narrated by Curt Chaplin:"What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in a New York Metropolitan Area Court. Both parties have agreed to drop their claims, and have their dispute settled here...in our forum...The People's Court."

On September 13, 1999, when Jerry Sheindlin replaced Ed Koch as the judge, the opening disclaimer by Curt Chaplin was changed:"What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in civil court. Both sides have agreed to settle their dispute here in Judge Jerry Sheindlin's forum...The People's Court."

When Marilyn Milian replaced Jerry Sheindlin as the final judge on March 12, 2001, the opening disclaimer was changed:"What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with real cases. They will settle their disputes here...in Judge Marilyn Milian's forum...The People's Court."

Later, Milian's opening disclaimer was changed:"There's a new judge in town, the honorable Marilyn Milian. She will be hearing real cases presented by real litigants who have agreed to have their disputes settled here...in our forum...The People's Court."

Then, a couple of years later, Milian's opening disclaimer changed again: "The whole country's talking about the honorable Marilyn Milian... [soundbite of Judge Marilyn Milian saying, 'Judge here!']... the hottest judge on television. [Soundbite of Judge Marilyn Milian saying, 'It's my ruling!'] She'll hear real cases from real litigants. Here...in our forum...The People's Court."

After a few months, the soundbites of Judge Milian's voice were removed from the opening, and Curt Chaplin's opening disclaimer was slightly changed:"Everybody's talking about the honorable Marilyn Milian, the hottest judge on television. Real cases, real litigants. Here...in our forum...The People's Court."

In September 2009, the final opening disclaimer was used:"What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in civil court. Both parties have agreed to drop their claims, and have their cases settled here, before Judge Marilyn Milian...in our forum...The People's Court."

Litigant compensation
At the end of each show, the following disclaimer appeared: "Both the plaintiff and the defendant have been paid from a fund for their appearance. The amount, if any, awarded in the case, is deducted from this fund, and the remainder is divided equally between both litigants. The amount of the fund is dependent on the size of the judgment." No information is given as to what relation the amount of the fund bears to the size of the judgment, nor the amount of the fund if a verdict for the defense is rendered.

In a talk-show appearance, Judge Wapner gave a few more specifics as to how compensation was typically calculated. In his words, if the plaintiff won, the show would pay his/her judgment and give the defendant $50 for his/her time, whereas if the defendant won, the parties would "split $500".

In 1989, a litigant sued the producers, claiming, "I was only willing to appear because they guaranteed me $1,500. I never would have appeared on that show and made a fool out of myself for a chintzy $250." (In response, an associate producer said that before going on the show, participants are given a packet of information "where everything is clearly outlined to the nth degree.")

The New York Post reported on some of the details surrounding compensation for a lawsuit filed by Claudia Evart. "The show pays all damages awarded to defendants and plaintiffs, as well as a $250 appearance fee."

Production notes
The 1981–93 life of the show was initially taped at Golden West Broadcasters and, later, Metromedia Square in Los Angeles, before moving to The Production Group. In New York City, The People's Court first taped episodes at the NEP/Image studios in the former Grand Ballroom of the Hotel Pennsylvania, which was also the studio for the talk show Maury. In 1998, the show began taping at the MTI Studios on the 8th floor at 401 Fifth Avenue, where the courtroom received a makeover. In 2006, the MTI Studios were sold to NEP/Image. At the end credits of some episodes, the show is said to be taped at the NEP/Image studios. The former MTI studios are officially part of NEP Broadcasting's NEP Penn Studios.

In 2012, the show moved to the Connecticut Film Center in Stamford, taking advantage of the same state tax credits which attracted NBCUniversal's syndication and cable divisions to the Stamford area. The aired episodes are sometimes spliced together in a different order from which they are taped (a common procedure on some hour-long shows). This is why the judge's blouse color may change and why fewer courtroom observers may be seen during the second half of the show than during the first half. For the 2012 season, the show started broadcasting in widescreen standard definition, before eventually converting to high-definition broadcast shortly thereafter.

All versions of The People's Court are "A Ralph Edwards-Stu Billett Production" in association with Telepictures Productions and distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution (including its predecessors Telepictures and later Lorimar-Telepictures), all of which are now part of Warner Bros. Discovery.

Since June 2020, cases have been posted on the official The People's Court YouTube channel. The channel has over 250,000 subscribers and has amassed 300 million views. Both current and old cases are posted.

Theme music
The theme music, "The Big One (People's Court Theme)", was composed by Alan Stanley Tew. The uptempo theme music, with a prominent piano theme and bongo drum rhythm, has been sampled by many artists, including Nelly. It has also been featured in several films and television shows, including the 1977 pornographic film Barbara Broadcast, the 1979 low-budget film Malibu High, the BCTV current affairs program Webster!, SpongeBob SquarePants, The Loud House, "Blue Harvest", the sixth-season premiere episode of Family Guy, the December 5, 2005, and December 21, 2009, editions of WWE Raw in Tampa, Florida, Boy Meets World, and Popular.

2020 COVID-19 production adjustments
When The People's Court resumed production for the 2020–21 season, there were several protocols put in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States earlier in the year. The studio was still set up as normal, but no spectators were allowed inside. The two litigants for each case also did not appear in court, nor did Judge Milian. Instead, the trial was conducted remotely with monitors placed behind the plaintiff's and defendant's stands and behind the bench. Bailiff Douglas McIntosh was present in the courtroom area to swear in the litigants, while Doug Llewelyn still conducted the post-case interviews while stationed in the corridor. Harvey Levin continued to offer commentary, doing so from his office at TMZ headquarters in Los Angeles. After each case, in a segment called "After the Verdict," Judge Milian discussed her verdict in chambers with her husband, John Schlesinger, a former assistant United States attorney, who in 2004 was elected to the 11th Judicial Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County.

For the 2021–22 season, Judge Milian returned to the studio with the plaintiffs and defendants still appearing remotely.

For the start of the 2022 season, only reruns were served for the first month and a half. New episodes began to air on October 17 with all parties returning to the studio.

British version
A British version of the show was produced by STV Studios (then known as "SMG TV Productions") to replace Trisha Goddard's talk show on ITV from April 18 to May 27, 2005. Jerome Lynch and Rhonda Anderson served as judges, with Carol Smillie as the court reporter.

title: The People's Court


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All rights reversed

All rights reversed is a phrase that indicates a release of a publication under copyleft licensing status. It is a pun on the common copyright disclaimer "All rights reserved", a copyright formality originally required by the Buenos Aires Convention of 1910. However Arnoud Engelfriet writes that "[t]he phrase ['All rights reversed'] by itself is not enough; a license must explicitly state the rights that are granted".

"All Rights Reversed" (sometimes spelled rites) was used by author Gregory Hill in his Discordian text Principia Discordia.

In 1984 or 1985, programmer Don Hopkins sent Richard Stallman a letter labeled "Copyleft—all rights reversed". Stallman chose the phrase to identify his free software method of distribution. It is often accompanied by a reversed version of the copyright symbol. That said, the use of the reversed copyright symbol is considered legally risky by the Free Software Foundation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: All rights reversed


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Email attachment

An email attachment is a computer file sent along with an email message. One or more files can be attached to any email message, and be sent along with it to the recipient. This is typically used as a simple method to share documents and images.

History, and technical detail
Originally, ARPANET, UUCP, and Internet SMTP email allowed 7-bit ASCII text only. Text files were emailed by including them in the message body. In the mid 1980s text files could be grouped with UNIX tools such as bundle and shar (shell archive) and included in email message bodies, allowing them to be unpacked on remote UNIX systems with a single shell command.

The COMSYS/MSGDMS system at MIT offered "Enclosures" beginning by 1976. Users inside COMSYS could receive the enclosure file directly. Messages sent to users out of the COMSYS world sent the enclosure as part of the message body, which was useful only for text files.

Attaching non-text files was first accomplished in 1980 by manually encoding 8-bit files using Mary Ann Horton's uuencode, and later using BinHex or xxencode and pasting the resulting text into the body of the message. When the "Attachment" user interface first appeared on PCs in cc:Mail around 1985, it used the uuencode format for SMTP transmission, as did Microsoft Mail later.

Modern email systems use the MIME standard, making email attachments more utilitarian and seamless. This was developed by Nathaniel Borenstein and collaborator Ned Freed - with the standard being officially released as RFC2045 in 1996.

With MIME, a message and all its attachments are encapsulated in a single multipart message, with base64 encoding used to convert binary into 7-bit ASCII text - or on some modern mail servers, optionally full 8-bit support via the 8BITMIME extension.

Size limits
Email standards such as MIME do not specify any file size limits, but in practice email users will find that they cannot successfully send very large files across the Internet.

This is because of a number of potential limits:
 * Mail systems often arbitrarily limit the size their users are allowed to submit.
 * A message will often pass through several mail transfer agents to reach the recipient. Each of these has to store the message before forwarding it on, and may therefore also impose size limits.
 * The recipient mail system may reject incoming emails with attachments over a certain size.

The result is that while large attachments may succeed internally within a company or organization, they may not when sending across the Internet.

As an example, when Google's Gmail service increased its arbitrary limit to 25MB it warned that: "you may not be able to send larger attachments to contacts who use other email services with smaller attachment limits".

Also note that all these size limits are based, not on the original file size, but the MIME-encoded copy. The common Base64 encoding adds about 37% to the original file size, meaning that an original 20MB file could exceed a 25MB file attachment limit. A 10MB email size limit would require that the size of the attachment files is actually limited to about 7MB.

Users should be cautious with certain file formats when received as email attachments, such as .zip and .tgz files, because they can contain harmful viruses and potential software. .iso files can also be used to spread malware and .exe is an executable file that can become active on a computer as soon as it is opened.

Malware
A lot of malware is distributed via email attachments with some even considering such to be the main vector for cyberattacks on businesses. Users are advised to be extremely cautious with attachments and to not open any attachments that are not from a trusted source and expected − even if the sender is in their address book as their account might have been taken over or misused. While many email servers scan attachments for malware and block dangerous filetypes, this should not be relied upon − especially as such cannot detect zero-day exploits.

Dangerous file types
Email users are typically warned that unexpected email with attachments should always be considered suspicious and dangerous, particularly if not known to be sent by a trusted source. However, in practice this advice is not enough – "known trusted sources" were the senders of executable programs creating mischief and mayhem as early as 1987 with the mainframe-based Christmas Tree EXEC.

Since the ILOVEYOU and Anna Kournikova worms of 2000 and 2001, email systems have increasingly added layers of protection to prevent potential malware. Now, many block certain types of attachments.

title: Email attachment


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ATC code P02

P02BA Quinoline derivatives and related substances

 * P02BA01 Praziquantel
 * P02BA02 Oxamniquine
 * P02BA03 Arpraziquantel

P02BB Organophosphorous compounds

 * P02BB01 Metrifonate

P02BX Other antitrematodal agents

 * P02BX01 Bithionol
 * P02BX02 Niridazole
 * P02BX03 Stibophen
 * P02BX04 Triclabendazole

P02CA Benzimidazole derivatives

 * P02CA01 Mebendazole
 * P02CA02 Tiabendazole
 * P02CA03 Albendazole
 * P02CA04 Ciclobendazole
 * P02CA05 Flubendazole
 * P02CA06 Fenbendazole
 * P02CA51 Mebendazole, combinations

P02CB Piperazine and derivatives

 * P02CB01 Piperazine
 * P02CB02 Diethylcarbamazine

P02CC Tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives

 * P02CC01 Pyrantel
 * P02CC02 Oxantel

P02CE Imidazothiazole derivatives

 * P02CE01 Levamisole

P02CF Avermectines

 * P02CF01 Ivermectin

P02CX Other antinematodals

 * P02CX01 Pyrvinium
 * P02CX02 Bephenium
 * P02CX03 Moxidectin

P02DA Salicylic acid derivatives

 * P02DA01 Niclosamide

P02DX Other anticestodals

 * P02DX01 Desaspidin
 * P02DX02 Dichlorophen

title: ATC code P02


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User:Topnotchtoast

Topnotch Toast is a name I use in nearly anything, so if you see that name, it's probably me. Unless it's an imposter. :|

I want everybody who comes to MY page to add something. Doesn't matter what, just make sure you leave some sort of identity, though anonymous entries are fine.

title: User:Topnotchtoast


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Fisher transformation

In statistics, the Fisher transformation (or Fisher z-transformation) of a Pearson correlation coefficient is its inverse hyperbolic tangent (artanh). When the sample correlation coefficient r is near 1 or -1, its distribution is highly skewed, which makes it difficult to estimate confidence intervals and apply tests of significance for the population correlation coefficient ρ. The Fisher transformation solves this problem by yielding a variable whose distribution is approximately normally distributed, with a variance that is stable over different values of r.

Definition
Given a set of N bivariate sample pairs (Xi, Yi), i = 1, ..., N, the sample correlation coefficient r is given by

 * $$r = \frac{\operatorname{cov}(X,Y)}{\sigma_X \sigma_Y} = \frac{\sum ^N _{i=1}(X_i - \bar{X})(Y_i - \bar{Y})}{\sqrt{\sum ^N _{i=1}(X_i - \bar{X})^2} \sqrt{\sum ^N _{i=1}(Y_i - \bar{Y})^2}}.$$

Here $$\operatorname{cov}(X,Y)$$ stands for the covariance between the variables $$X$$ and $$Y$$ and $$\sigma$$ stands for the standard deviation of the respective variable. Fisher's z-transformation of r is defined as
 * $$z = {1 \over 2}\ln\left({1+r \over 1-r}\right) = \operatorname{artanh}(r),$$

where "ln" is the natural logarithm function and "artanh" is the inverse hyperbolic tangent function.

If (X, Y) has a bivariate normal distribution with correlation ρ and the pairs (Xi, Yi) are independent and identically distributed, then z is approximately normally distributed with mean
 * $${1 \over 2}\ln\left({{1+\rho} \over {1-\rho}}\right),$$

and a standard deviation which does not depend on the value of the correlation rho (i.e., a Variance-stabilizing transformation)
 * $${1 \over \sqrt{N-3}},$$

where N is the sample size, and ρ is the true correlation coefficient.

This transformation, and its inverse
 * $$r = \frac{\exp(2z)-1}{\exp(2z)+1} = \operatorname{tanh}(z),$$

can be used to construct a large-sample confidence interval for r using standard normal theory and derivations. See also application to partial correlation.

Derivation

Hotelling gives a concise derivation of the Fisher transformation.

To derive the Fisher transformation, one starts by considering an arbitrary increasing, twice-differentiable function of $$r$$, say $$G(r)$$. Finding the first term in the large-$$N$$ expansion of the corresponding skewness $$\kappa_3$$ results in
 * $$\kappa_3=\frac{6\rho -3(1-\rho ^{2})G^{\prime \prime }(\rho )/G^{\prime }(\rho )}{\sqrt{N}}+O(N^{-3/2}).$$

Setting $$\kappa_3=0$$ and solving the corresponding differential equation for $$G$$ yields the inverse hyperbolic tangent $$G(\rho)=\operatorname{artanh}(\rho)$$ function.

Similarly expanding the mean m and variance v of $$\operatorname{artanh}(r)$$, one gets
 * m = $$\operatorname{artanh}(\rho )+\frac{\rho }{2N}+O(N^{-2}) $$

and
 * v = $$\frac{1}{N}+\frac{6-\rho ^{2}}{2N^{2}}+O(N^{-3}) $$

respectively.

The extra terms are not part of the usual Fisher transformation. For large values of $$\rho $$ and small values of $$N$$ they represent a large improvement of accuracy at minimal cost, although they greatly complicate the computation of the inverse – a closed-form expression is not available. The near-constant variance of the transformation is the result of removing its skewness – the actual improvement is achieved by the latter, not by the extra terms. Including the extra terms, i.e., computing (z-m)/v1/2, yields:
 * $$\frac{z-\operatorname{artanh}(\rho )-\frac{\rho }{2N}}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}+\frac{6-\rho ^{2}}{2N^{2}}}}$$

which has, to an excellent approximation, a standard normal distribution.

Application
The application of Fisher's transformation can be enhanced using a software calculator as shown in the figure. Assuming that the r-squared value found is 0.80, that there are 30 data, and accepting a 90% confidence interval, the r-squared value in another random sample from the same population may range from 0.588 to 0.921. When r-squared is outside this range, the population is considered to be different.

Discussion
The Fisher transformation is an approximate variance-stabilizing transformation for r when X and Y follow a bivariate normal distribution. This means that the variance of z is approximately constant for all values of the population correlation coefficient ρ. Without the Fisher transformation, the variance of r grows smaller as |ρ| gets closer to 1. Since the Fisher transformation is approximately the identity function when |r| < 1/2, it is sometimes useful to remember that the variance of r is well approximated by 1/N as long as |ρ| is not too large and N is not too small. This is related to the fact that the asymptotic variance of r is 1 for bivariate normal data.

The behavior of this transform has been extensively studied since Fisher introduced it in 1915. Fisher himself found the exact distribution of z for data from a bivariate normal distribution in 1921; Gayen in 1951 determined the exact distribution of z for data from a bivariate Type A Edgeworth distribution. Hotelling in 1953 calculated the Taylor series expressions for the moments of z and several related statistics and Hawkins in 1989 discovered the asymptotic distribution of z for data from a distribution with bounded fourth moments.

An alternative to the Fisher transformation is to use the exact confidence distribution density for ρ given by $$\pi (\rho | r) = \frac{\Gamma(\nu+1)}{\sqrt{2\pi}\Gamma(\nu + \frac{1}{2})} (1 - r^2)^{\frac{\nu - 1}{2}} \cdot (1 - \rho^2)^{\frac{\nu - 2}{2}} \cdot (1 - r \rho )^{\frac{1-2\nu}{2}} F\!\left(\frac{3}{2},-\frac{1}{2}; \nu + \frac{1}{2}; \frac{1 + r \rho}{2}\right)$$ where $$F$$ is the Gaussian hypergeometric function and $$\nu = N-1 > 1$$.

Other uses
While the Fisher transformation is mainly associated with the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient for bivariate normal observations, it can also be applied to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient in more general cases. A similar result for the asymptotic distribution applies, but with a minor adjustment factor: see the cited article for details.

title: Fisher transformation


text:
Extreme points of Asia

This is a list of the extreme points of Asia, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location on the continent.

Asia

 * Northernmost Point — Cape Fligely, Prince Rudolf Island, Franz Josef Land, Russia (81°52'N)
 * Franz Josef Land is near the ill-defined border between Europe and Asia
 * if it is not considered a part of Asia, then the northernmost point is Arctic Cape, Komsomolets Island (81°17'N)
 * Southernmost Point — Pamana Island, Indonesia (11°00'S)
 * When Cocos (Keeling) Islands included as part of Southeast Asia, then South Island (12°04'S)
 * Westernmost Point — Cape Baba, Turkey (26°4'E)²
 * if the offshore Greek islands (North Aegean Islands and Dodecanese Islands), then the westernmost point is Skokia Island, Greece, a small island off the coast of Antipsara Island (25°29'E)
 * Easternmost Point — Big Diomede, Russia (169°03'W)³

Asia (mainland)

 * Northernmost Point — Cape Chelyuskin, Russia (77°43'N)
 * Southernmost Point — Tanjung Piai, Malaysia (1°16'N)
 * Westernmost Point — Cape Baba, Turkey (26°4'E)
 * Easternmost Point — Cape Dezhnev (East Cape), Russia (169°40'W)³

title: Extreme points of Asia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Interesting Nonetheless

Non-notable ad for a forum site. Fails Alexa test with a ranking of over 3 million (well over the established necessary rank of < 100,000). - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 18:12, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * UPDATE: User has also posted the alternate URL www.interestingnonetheless.com, but even that url has an alexa over 300,000.

 * Delete - advert - Tεx  τ  urε  18:21, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. Only contribution by creator. Andrewa 19:59, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, as Not Interesting Nonetheless. --Ianb 23:48, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gzornenplatz 23:52, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Who would spend all their time on a message board or...oh, nevermind.  (Non-notable, advertising.) Geogre 00:20, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, Actual domain is a .com with a rank in the 300,000's instead of millions.
 * Delete - non-notable, smells like self-promotion. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:18, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does anyone know why we're getting blitzed with forum promoting articles lately?  SWAdair | Talk  07:35, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: it's probably doing the rounds that Wikipedia can be used for SEO. Nip them in the bud before crawlers find the page, I say. --Ianb 10:13, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I am the creator of this page. I was unaware of the 100,000 rating rule, but after realizing that I agree that it should be deleted. But please note that I am not the owner of that site nor was it intended as advertising; I was reading the articles on two other forums that have much of the same userbase as this forum and thought I would add this one since it is somewhat related. I apologize for the inconvenience.
 * No harm done. It's just that there are so many others who only come here to abuse the Wikipedia's open nature that we've become hostile to anything resembling an advertisement.  (In the future, you can sign your edits with ~ .)  --Ardonik 04:29, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)


text:
In loco parentis

The term in loco parentis, Latin for "in the place of a parent", refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent.

Originally derived from English common law, the doctrine is applied in two separate areas of the law. First, it grants educational institutions such as colleges and schools discretion to act in the best interests of their students, although not allowing what would be considered violations of the students' civil liberties. Second, this doctrine may allow a non-biological parent to exercise the legal rights and responsibilities of a biological parent if they have held themselves out as the parent.

The in loco parentis doctrine is distinct from the doctrine of parens patriae, the psychological parent doctrine, and adoption.

Primary and secondary education
Cheadle Hulme School, originally known as the Manchester Warehousemen and Clerks Orphans Schools, formed in 1855, adopted in loco parentis as its motto, well before the world's first public education act, the Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 75).

The first major limitation to this came in the U.S. Supreme Court case West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), in which the court ruled that students cannot be forced to salute the American flag. More prominent change came in the 1960s and 1970s in such cases as Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969), when the Supreme Court decided that "conduct by the student, in class or out of it, which for any reason – whether it stems from time, place, or type of behavior – materially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others is, of course, not immunized by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech." Adult speech is also limited by "time, place and manner" restrictions and therefore such limits do not rely on schools acting in loco parentis.

In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969), the Supreme Court held that for school officials to justify censoring speech, they "must be able to show that [their] action was caused by something more than a mere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint," allowing schools to forbid conduct that would "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school." The court found that the actions of the Tinkers in wearing armbands did not cause disruption and held that their activity represented constitutionally protected symbolic speech.

In New Jersey v. T. L. O. (1985) Justice White wrote: "In carrying out searches and other disciplinary functions pursuant to such policies, school officials act as representatives of the State, not merely as surrogates for the parents, and they cannot claim the parents' immunity from the strictures of the Fourth Amendment."

The case upheld the search of a purse while on public school property based upon reasonable suspicion, indicating there is a balancing between the student's legitimate expectation of privacy and the public school's interest in maintaining order and discipline. However, in Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1987) the Supreme Court ruled that "First Amendment rights of students in public schools are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings, and must be applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment" and schools may censor school-sponsored publications (such as a school newspaper) if content is "...inconsistent with its basic educational mission." Other student issues such as school dress codes along with locker, cell phone, and personal laptop computer searches by public school officials have not yet been tested in the Supreme Court.

Private institutions are given significantly more authority over their students than public ones, and are generally allowed to arbitrarily dictate rules. In the Kentucky State Supreme Court case Gott v. Berea College (1913), it was upheld that a "college or university may prescribe requirements for admission and rules for the conduct of its students, and one who enters as a student implicitly agrees to conform to such rules of government", while publicly funded institutions could not claim the same ability.

In Morse v. Frederick (2007) Justice Clarence Thomas, concurring with the majority, argued that Tinker's ruling contradicted "the traditional understanding of the judiciary's role in relation to public schooling," and ignored the history of public education. He believed the judiciary's role to determine whether students have freedom of expression was limited by in loco parentis. He cited Lander v. Seaver (1859), which held that in loco parentis allowed schools to punish student expression that the school or teacher believed contradicted the school's interests and educational goals. This ruling declared that the only restriction the doctrine imposed were acts of legal malice or acts that caused permanent injury. Neither of these were the case with Tinker.

Higher education
Though in loco parentis continues to apply to primary and secondary education in the U.S., application of the concept has largely disappeared in higher education. This was not always the case.

Prior to the 1960s, undergraduates were subject to many restrictions on their private lives. Women were generally subject to curfews as early as 10 pm, and dormitories were sex-segregated. Some universities expelled students—especially female students—who were deemed "morally" undesirable. More importantly, universities saw fit to restrict freedom of speech, on campus, often forbidding organizations out of favor or with different views from speaking, organizing, demonstrating, or otherwise acting on campus. These restrictions were severely criticized by the student movements of the 1960s, and the Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley formed partly on account of them, inspiring students elsewhere to step up their opposition.

The landmark 1961 case Dixon v. Alabama was the beginning of the end for in loco parentis in U.S. higher education. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found that Alabama State College could not summarily expel students without due process. However, that still does not prevent students who exercise their rights from being subject to legal action for violation of institutional rules.

Hospital and nursing homes
Caregivers and management have the duty of care in place of the parent.

In the absence of parents, another relative or person in loco parentis can give consent for children. For children in care, the local authority usually has full parental rights and the director of social services or deputy needs to sign the consent form. If the child is in voluntary care, the parents still act as guardians and their consent should be obtained.

In law, parents have responsibility for their child. Staff have an ethical duty to ensure that the care of the child is equally good no matter the educational attainments of the parents. On rare occasions, however, physician is faced with parents whose level of literacy or understanding prevents them from properly grasping what is happening. Sometimes other members of the family may be able to act in loco parentis, and it is reassuring to have supportive grandparents who can make rational suggestions in the best interests of all concerned. Occasionally, it may be necessary to formalize this arrangement. If there is any doubt about who carries parental responsibility, or competence, the child-safeguarding team must be involved.

India
Indian law has provision for in loco parentis. Under Indian law non-human entities such as animals, trusts (including those established for estate planning), charitable organizations, corporations, managing bodies, etc. and several other non-human entitles have been given the status of "legal person" with legal rights and duties, such as to sue and be sued, to own and transfer the property, to pay taxes, etc. In court cases regarding animals, the animals have the status of "legal person" and humans have the legal duty to act as "loco parentis" towards animals welfare like a parent has towards the minor children. In a case of cow-smuggling, the Punjab and Haryana High Court mandated that "entire animal kingdom including avian and aquatic" species has a "distinct legal persona with corresponding rights, duties, and liabilities of a living person" and humans are "loco parentis" while laying out the norms for animal welfare, veterinary treatment, fodder and shelter, e.g. animal drawn carriages must not have more than four humans, and load carrying animals must not be loaded beyond the specified limits and those limits must be halved when animals have to carry the load up a slope.

title: In loco parentis


text:
Marilyn Milian

Marilyn Milian (born May 1, 1961), known professionally as Judge Milian, is an American television personality, lecturer, retired Florida Circuit Court judge and court-show arbitrator. For 22 seasons from March 12, 2001 to July 21, 2023, Milian starred in the American courtroom television series The People's Court, replacing Jerry Sheindlin. Justice for the People with Judge Milian, another arbitration-based reality court show, premiered in the fall of 2023. The show follows suit of The People's Court in which she handles legal disputes.

Milian is the first Hispanic arbitrator to preside over a court show and during The People's Court's 2012–2013 season she became the show's longest-serving judge, surpassing Joseph Wapner, the show's inaugural jurist.

Early life
Milian was born in Manhattan to Cuban parents Jorge, a general contractor, and Georgina Milian. She spoke Spanish before learning English and is fluent in both languages. The family moved from Astoria, Queens, to Miami when she was eight years old. She graduated from St. Brendan High School.

Milian earned her undergraduate degree in psychology from the University of Miami. She then attended Georgetown University Law Center, earning her J.D. She spent a year working at Harvard Law School, where she served as director of training for the Guatemala Project. She was responsible for training the Guatemalan trial judiciary, defense, and prosecution bar in investigatory and trial techniques.

Legal career
Milian was appointed assistant state attorney for the Dade County State Attorney's Office by Janet Reno, who was then the county's state attorney. After ten years in that position, she then worked for the Miami County Court, serving in the domestic violence, criminal, and civil divisions. In 1999, Florida governor Jeb Bush appointed Milian to the Miami Circuit Court, where she served in the Criminal Division. In 2001, she replaced Jerry Sheindlin as judge of The People's Court, and became the first Hispanic judge on any English-language television court show. Milian has listed as an adjunct faculty member of the University of Miami School of Law, teaching litigation skills.

The People's Court
Milian served as presiding judge in the second life of the courtroom show The People's Court, the first arbitration-based reality court show and the second-longest running court show in history. Milian presided over the program from the spring of 2001, which was late in The People's Court's 17th season (or the fourth season of the revived version of the show), to the end of the 2022-23 season.

The People's Court has featured several arbitrators, with Milian currently holding the title of the longest-presiding arbitrator over the series. By the completion of the show's 28th season (2012–13), Milian had completed twelve and a half seasons presiding over the program, officially making her the longest-running judge on The People's Court. The late Joseph Wapner, the show's original judge, was the previous holder of this record. By the spring of 2021, she reached 20 years as presiding judge over the program.

In contrast to The People's Court's previous arbiters, Milian is considerably more animated in her role, but she's also known for being levelheaded and logical in her observations and handling of the cases. Although engaging for the most part, Milian also dishes out a good-natured, lively sass at the litigants and does not tolerate any disrespect from them.

Milian explains Americans' fascination with the court show genre: "We are a fast-food nation. People love to see resolution, they want to watch someone who has done wrong confronted and see justice prevail … all in an hour."

Milian was portrayed by Cecily Strong in a 2017 Saturday Night Live parody of The People's Court where she presided over a case between President Donald Trump and three judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

Justice for the People with Judge Milian
In April 2023, it was reported that Allen Media Group had signed Milian to a new show, Justice for the People with Judge Milian, the show premiered in syndication fall 2023.

Personal life
Milian is married to John Schlesinger, a former assistant United States attorney who was elected to the 11th Judicial Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Florida, the same position that Milian held before retiring to host The People's Court. They live in Coral Gables, Florida with their three children.

Milian is the spokesman for the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Safe Online Surfing (FBI-SOS) campaign. In 2019, she appeared on the daytime version of Who Wants to Be A Millionaire?, winning $5,000 for Camp Fiesta, a Florida summer camp free for children with cancer.

title: Marilyn Milian


text:
61st Street–Woodside station

The 61st Street–Woodside station (announced as the Woodside–61st Street station on trains) is an express station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway located at 61st Street and Roosevelt Avenue in Woodside, Queens. It is served by the 7 train, with additional peak-direction <7> service during rush hours.

61st Street–Woodside opened on April 21, 1917 as Woodside, as part of an extension of the IRT Flushing Line. Following a period of neglect, it was renovated in the early 2020s.

Early history
The 1913 Dual Contracts called for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) to build new lines in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. Queens did not receive many new IRT and BRT lines compared to Brooklyn and the Bronx, since the city's Public Service Commission (PSC) wanted to alleviate subway crowding in the other two boroughs first before building in Queens, which was relatively undeveloped. The IRT Flushing Line was to be one of two Dual Contracts lines in the borough, along with the Astoria Line; it would connect Flushing and Long Island City, two of Queens' oldest settlements, to Manhattan via the Steinway Tunnel. When the majority of the line was built in the early 1910s, most of the route went through undeveloped land, and Roosevelt Avenue had not been constructed. Community leaders advocated for more Dual Contracts lines to be built in Queens to allow development there.

61st Street–Woodside opened on April 21, 1917 as Woodside, as part of an extension of the IRT Flushing Line to Alburtis Avenue (now 103rd Street–Corona Plaza). The Long Island Rail Road station predates the station, as it originally opened in 1869.

On February 29, 1928, five petitions signed with 600 names were sent to the New York State Transit Commission (NYSTC), requesting that an escalator be constructed at the station to the southeastern corner of 61st Street and Roosevelt Avenue. On July 25, the NYSTC ordered the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) to install a double-width escalator from the mezzanine to that corner, similar to one at the Third Avenue entrance at Grand Central station on the same line. The new escalator was placed into service on December 27, 1930.

Later years
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route from Times Square to Flushing became known as the 7. On October 17, 1949, the joint BMT/IRT operation of the Flushing Line ended, and the line became the responsibility of the IRT. After the end of BMT/IRT dual service, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that the Flushing Line platforms would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths; the platforms were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long IRT cars beforehand. The platforms at the station were extended in 1955–1956 to accommodate 11-car trains. However, nine-car trains continued to run on the 7 route until 1962, when they were extended to ten cars. With the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair, trains were lengthened to eleven cars.

In 1981, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system. Although the adjacent LIRR station was renovated in the 1990s, the subway station remained in poor shape. By the late 2010s, the 61st Street station was in poor condition; one newspaper reported that the station had issues with falling debris, rust, and peeling paint. The escalator leading up from 61st Street to the mezzanine, which had been installed around 2000, was one of the least reliable escalators in any subway station in Queens.

As part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, the MTA announced plans to renovate the 52nd, 61st, 69th, 82nd, 103rd and 111th Streets stations, a project that had been delayed for several years. Conditions at these stations were reported to be among the worst of all stations in the subway system. Work on the 61st Street station included ADA upgrades; track, staircase, and platform replacement; and structural and waterproofing improvements. The Manhattan-bound platform at the 61st Street–Woodside station will close for renovation starting spring 2024, followed by the closure of the Flushing-bound platform. Throughout construction, trains in both directions will continue to stop at the station, and express service will be suspended. A separate contract was awarded to Skanska-Railroad JV to further improve structural conditions in the station; work began in early 2023.

Station layout
This station has two island platforms and three tracks. The two outer tracks are used for the full-time local service while the bidirectional center track typically is used for rush hour peak-direction <7> express service, but  the center track is closed. There is a mezzanine located at the center, underneath the platforms, with an ADA-accessible elevator to each platform, as well as another to each Long Island Rail Road platform. The elevator from the mezzanine to the street stops at the LIRR's eastbound Main Line platform.

The station is about 48 feet above street level, and is located above a natural depression in ground level along Roosevelt Avenue.

Artwork includes John Cavanagh's Commuting/Community (1986), located near the stairway down to LIRR Track 4, and Dimitri Gerakaris's Woodside Continuum (1999), which forms part of the steel-grating fare-control separation.

Exits
Entrance and exit are provided by long stairs down to street level on the northern curb of Roosevelt Avenue at 61st Street, as well as to other nearby locations via the LIRR platforms. An ADA-compliant elevator provides access to street level at the northeast corner of 61st Street and Roosevelt Avenue, while a long escalator at the southeast corner provides entrance only. The Woodside station of the Long Island Rail Road is located directly beneath the Flushing Line station; any of the three LIRR platforms can be accessed directly from the mezzanine.

title: 61st Street–Woodside station


text:
Anna Záborská

Anna Záborská (born 7 June 1948) is a Slovak politician of the Christian Union party, living in Bojnice. From 2004 to 2019 she was a Member of the European Parliament, where she was a member of the Group of the European People's Party (EPP). She was a member of the Christian Democratic Movement party (KDH).

Education
Born in Zürich. From 1966 to 1972 she studied medicine at the Comenius University (Univerzita Komenského) in Martin, Slovakia (Turčiansky Svätý Martin).

Family
On 10 July 1972, she married the architect Vladimír Záborský; together they have two children.

Medical doctor
From 1972 to 1998, she worked as a medical doctor in Žilina, Béjaïa (Algeria) and Prievidza.

Political career
Her political engagement was heavily influenced by her father, the medical doctor Anton Neuwirth (1921-2004), activist of Catholic Action, political prisoner, Member of Parliament, Presidential candidate, Honorary President of KDH and Ambassador.

In the Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) she served from 1999 to 2000 as vice-president for international relations. From 1998 to 2004 she was a member of the Slovak National Parliament "National Council" (Národná rada), where she worked primarily in the EU-Slovakia Joint Parliamentary Committee, which prepared the Slovak EU membership in 2004.

In 2019, she and Branislav Škripek created the Kresťanská únia (Christian Union) party.

European Parliament
In 2003 she was nominated as an observer in the European Parliament (EP). In 2004 she was elected as Member of the European Parliament, where she was elected President of the EP Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality (2004-2009). During that legislature, she was a member of the EP Committee on Development (2004-2009) and the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly (2004-2009).

In 2009 she was reelected to the EP. She stayed a member of the EP Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality (2009-2014) and member of the EP Committee on Development (2009-2014), and became an additional member of the EP Delegation for Relations with Canada (2009-2014) and of the EP Special Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering (2012-2014). In 2014 she was reelected to the EP. She stayed member of the EP Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, member of the EP Committee on Development, member of the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and became, in addition, a member of the EP Committee on Industry, Research and Energy.

Among others, she was the rapporteur of the following EP reports: Women and poverty in the European Union (A6-0273/2005, 22 Sep 2005), Gender mainstreaming in the work of the committees (A6-0478/2006, 22 Dec 2006), Non-discrimination based on gender and intergenerational solidarity (A6-0492/2008, 10 Dec 2008), Gender mainstreaming in the work of its committees and delegations (A6-0198/2009, 02 Apr 2009).

Together with MEP it: Tiziano Motti, she introduced in April 2010 an EP Written Declaration (P7_TA(2010)0247), which asked the EU Council of Ministers and the EU Commission to extend the Directive 2006/24/EC to make it possible to have an "early-warning system" on pedophilia. In June 2010 this text was adopted as the official text of the EP after having been signed by 371 of 732 MEPs.

She is opposed to abortion. On 24 January 2011, she spoke at the March for Life in Washington, D.C. On 22 September 2013, she was led one of the side events at the March for Life in Košice.

In September 2014 she nominated Louis Raphael I Sako (Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon) as a candidate for the 2014 EP Human Rights Sakharov Prize.

In 2024, she is the Vice-President of the International Pan-European Union. She is also head of the President of the Slovak Pan-European Union. In March 2024, she was preparing the KU for the European Parliament elections.

National Council of the Slovak Republic
Záborská is a member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic since the 2020 parliamentary election. She has been voted in with the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO) party.

Political positions
In 2020, Záborská proposed an anti-abortion bill to the National Council of the Slovak Republic, however, it did not pass.

In 2021, she voted to pass a proposal to amend the constitution, which would tie one's legal sex to that assigned at birth, effectively prohibiting transgender people from changing their legal sex. The bill would also amend the constitution to say that "parents are a father - a man, and a mother - a woman."

title: Anna Záborská


text:
ATC code P03

P03AA Sulfur containing products

 * P03AA01 Dixanthogen
 * P03AA02 Potassium polysulfide
 * P03AA03 Mesulfen
 * P03AA04 Disulfiram
 * P03AA05 Thiram
 * P03AA54 Disulfiram, combinations

P03AB Chlorine containing products

 * P03AB01 Clofenotane
 * P03AB02 Lindane
 * P03AB51 Clofenotane, combinations

P03AC Pyrethrines, including synthetic compounds

 * P03AC01 Pyrethrum
 * P03AC02 Bioallethrin
 * P03AC03 Phenothrin
 * P03AC04 Permethrin
 * P03AC51 Pyrethrum, combinations
 * P03AC52 Bioallethrin, combinations
 * P03AC53 Phenothrin, combinations
 * P03AC54 Permethrin, combinations

P03AX Other ectoparasiticides, including scabicides

 * P03AX01 Benzyl benzoate
 * P03AX02 Copper oleinate
 * P03AX03 Malathion
 * P03AX04 Quassia
 * P03AX05 Dimeticone
 * P03AX06 Benzyl alcohol
 * P03AX07 Abametapir

P03BA Pyrethrines

 * P03BA01 Cyfluthrin
 * P03BA02 Cypermethrin
 * P03BA03 Decamethrin
 * P03BA04 Tetramethrin

P03BX Other insecticides and repellents

 * P03BX01 Diethyltoluamide
 * P03BX02 Dimethylphthalate
 * P03BX03 Dibutylphthalate
 * P03BX04 Dibutylsuccinate
 * P03BX05 Dimethylcarbate
 * P03BX06 Etohexadiol

title: ATC code P03


text:
Newry and Armagh (UK Parliament constituency)

Newry and Armagh is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Dáire Hughes of Sinn Féin who was first elected at the 2024 election.

Boundaries
1983–1997: The District of Armagh, and the District of Newry and Mourne wards of Ballybot, Belleek, Bessbrook, Camlough, Creggan, Crossmaglen, Daisy Hill, Derrymore, Drumalane, Drumgullion, Fathom, Forkhill, Newtownhamilton, St Mary's, St Patrick's, Tullyhappy, and Windsor Hill.

1997–present: The District of Armagh, and the District of Newry and Mourne wards of Ballybot, Bessbrook, Camlough, Creggan, Crossmaglen, Daisy Hill, Derrymore, Drumgullion, Drumalane, Fathom, Forkhill, Newtownhamilton, Silver Bridge, St Mary's, St Patrick's, Tullyhappy, and Windsor Hill.

The seat was created in boundary changes in 1983, as part of an expansion of Northern Ireland's constituencies from 12 to 17, and was predominantly made up from the old Armagh constituency with the addition of Newry town from the old South Down constituency. In 1995, the Boundary Commission originally proposed to abolish the seat with the Armagh district joining most of Dungannon in a new 'Blackwater' constituency with the rest becoming part of a new Newry and Mourne constituency. This was strongly opposed during the local enquiries and the eventual boundary review did not implement it. The constituency contains the entirety of the former Armagh district and the Newry half of the former Newry and Mourne district.

History
For the history of the equivalent constituency prior to 1983, please see Armagh.

The constituency is majority nationalist, though initially on its creation in 1983 Jim Nicholson of the Ulster Unionist Party won the seat due to the nationalist vote being divided between the Social Democratic and Labour Party and Sinn Féin. In 1986 Nicholson, along with all the other unionist MPs, resigned his seat in protest over the Anglo-Irish Agreement and stood in a by-election to provide voters the opportunity to decide on it. However the nationalist parties contested the seat and Seamus Mallon of the SDLP gained sufficient votes to outpoll Nicholson and win the seat. Mallon held it until his retirement in 2005.

The main attention has been upon the rise of the Sinn Féin vote. In the 2001 election they surged forward, cutting Mallon's majority drastically, as well as heavily outpolling the SDLP in the equivalent area local elections held on the same day. Then in the 2003 Assembly election Sinn Féin won three seats to the SDLP's one. Mallon stood down at the 2005 general election fearing the loss of his seat as was widely predicted among political pundits, the seat subsequently fell to Sinn Féin with Murphy out polling the SDLP by almost 8000 votes.

Newry is overwhelmingly nationalist, and was one of two districts in Northern Ireland to return a numerical majority of people identifying themselves as "Irish" at the 2011 census at 52.1% Irish. Armagh is more unionist, though it does have a larger proportion of people identifying as "Irish" in comparison to the Northern Ireland average at 44.4% "British" 32.4% "Irish".

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since the 2024 general election is Dáire Hughes of Sinn Féin.

Elections in the 1990s
1997 Changes are compared to the 1992 notional results shown below.


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Octopus (yacht)

Octopus is a 126 m megayacht built for Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. She is one of the world's largest yachts. Launched in 2003 at a cost of $200 million, Octopus is a private vessel that has been loaned out for exploration projects, scientific research and rescue missions.

Description
Octopus's exterior was designed by Espen Øino Naval Architects and built by the German shipbuilders Lürssen in Bremen and Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft in Kiel. The interior was by designer Jonathan Quinn Barnett.

Consisting of eight decks, including a private owners' deck, Octopus can host up to 26 guests accommodated in 13 staterooms and is crewed by a complement of 63 spread across 30 cabins. Entertainment facilities include several bars, a spa, library, cinema, gym, basketball court and multiple lounges including a forward-facing observation area. It has two helicopter pads on the main deck: a twin pad and hangars at the stern and a single pad on the bow; and a 43 ft tender docked in the transom and a landing craft. There are a total of seven tenders aboard. The yacht also has a pool, located aft on one of its upper decks, and two submarines (one of them operated by remote control and capable of attaining greater depths). The latter was lent to Google Earth for the "Explore the Ocean" project. Side hatches at the water line form a dock for personal watercraft. At an economical cruising speed of 12.5 knots, Octopus has a range of 12,500 nmi.

History
Allen loaned Octopus, which is equipped with a submarine and ROV, for a variety of rescue and research operations. These include assisting in a hunt for an American pilot and two officers whose plane disappeared off Palau, and loaning his yacht to scientists to study the coelacanth, a "living fossil" that was once believed to be extinct.

In January 2011, while en route to Antarctica, one of its helicopters was forced to make an emergency landing in the waters off the coast of Argentina. While the helicopter was severely damaged, there was no loss of life, with only the co-pilot suffering minor injuries. Allen was not aboard at the time.

In 2012, he loaned the ship to the Royal Navy in their attempt to retrieve the ship's bell from the Admiral-class battlecruiser HMS Hood, which sank to a depth of 9,000 ft in the Denmark Strait during World War II, as a national memorial. HMS Hood was hit by a shell from the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck; its magazines exploded and the ship sank in minutes with a loss of over 1,400 lives. The bell was located but not recovered, due to adverse weather conditions. On August 7, 2015 it was announced that the bell from HMS Hood had been recovered by the ROV operating from Octopus. After conservation, the bell was put on display in 2016 at the National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth.

In March 2015, an Allen-led research team announced that it had found the Japanese battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Musashi in the Sibuyan Sea off the coast of the Philippines. Armed with 46 cm main guns and displacing 73000 t at full load, Musashi and its sister ship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamato were the largest and most heavily armed battleships in naval history.

Allen died in 2018. From December 2018 to July 2019, the yacht underwent a refit at Blohm+Voss and was advertised for sale in September 2019 with an asking price of €295 million. The asking price was later reduced to €235 million and the yacht was sold to an anonymous buyer in 2021. Later on, the buyer was announced by insideryachtfan.com to be the Swedish "pharma billionaire" Roger Samuelsson.

title: Octopus (yacht)


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Queensboro Plaza station

The Queensboro Plaza station (originally named Queensboro Bridge Plaza station or simply Bridge Plaza station) is an elevated New York City Subway station at Queens Plaza (originally called Queensboro Bridge Plaza or simply Bridge Plaza) in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens. It is near the east end of the Queensboro Bridge, with Queens Boulevard running east from the plaza. The station is served by the 7 and N trains at all times, the W train on weekdays, and the <7> train rush hours in the peak direction.

Queensboro Plaza was originally built in 1916–1917 as part of the Dual Contracts between New York City and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The station initially had eight tracks to allow BMT and IRT passengers to transfer between the Astoria, Flushing, and Second Avenue elevated lines. The northern section of the station was closed in the late 1940s and demolished in 1964. Queensboro Plaza now contains only four tracks: two each for the IRT Flushing Line and the BMT Astoria Line.

Today, Queensboro Plaza is the only station in the entire system to provide cross-platform transfers between "A" Division and "B" Division  trains. While the station is near the Queens Plaza underground subway station, which serves the IND Queens Boulevard Line, the two stations are separate and do not offer free transfers. West of the station, the Astoria Line descends into the 60th Street Tunnel under the East River into Manhattan, while the Flushing Line turns south before descending into the Steinway Tunnel past Court Square.

Construction

The New York Public Service Commission adopted plans for what was known as the Broadway–Lexington Avenue route (later the Broadway Line) in Manhattan on December 31, 1907. A proposed Tri-borough system was adopted in early 1908. Operation of Manhattan's Broadway Line was assigned to the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, subsequently the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation or BMT) in the Dual Contracts, adopted on March 4, 1913. The Dual Contracts also included opening the Steinway Tunnel, an incomplete tunnel between the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Queens. The Steinway Tunnel would be operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT).

The Dual Contracts negotiations had been intricate and sometimes fractious. The IRT had initially been loath to let the BRT operate its Broadway Line through Midtown Manhattan, but relented when negotiators offered the BRT all of the proposed lines in the planned dual system. In Queens, which heretofore had no subway service, two lines had been proposed, both extending from an interchange station (later Queensboro Plaza) in Long Island City. The shorter Astoria Line would run to Astoria in northwestern Queens, while the longer Flushing Line would be built initially to Corona, and eventually to Flushing, in north-central Queens. As part of the Dual Contracts, the IRT was given ownership of both lines, but the BRT was given trackage rights over the routes, allowing both companies to share revenue from their Queens operations.

The Snare & Triest Construction Company was hired to construct the station for $884,859. The firm employed an average of 114 workers for each day. The Queensboro Plaza station was built as an eight-track station, with four tracks across each of two levels. Each company took two tracks on each level; the BRT took the two northernmost tracks, while the IRT took the two southernmost tracks. The lower level was for trains to Manhattan, while the upper level was for trains to Astoria or Corona (and later Flushing). By September 1915, the station was nearly 75 percent complete.

Operation
The southern half of the station opened on November 16, 1916, followed by the northern half of the station on February 1, 1917. In general, BRT trains were wider and longer than those on the IRT, and the Queens lines were built so that they could only fit the narrower IRT trains. The IRT had direct service into Manhattan via the Steinway Tunnel, as well as via the Queensboro Bridge to the Second Avenue elevated line. However, BRT trains from the 60th Street Tunnel and the Broadway Line in Manhattan could not run north or east of Queensboro Plaza, as they were wider. Consequently, BRT trains from Manhattan had to terminate on the northern side of the station, where cross-platform interchanges were available to narrower BRT shuttle trains that could run in Queens.

The city government took over the BMT's operations on June 1, 1940, and the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. Second Avenue elevated service ceased on June 13, 1942.

The service on the Flushing and Astoria lines east of Queensboro Plaza was shared by the IRT and BMT until 1949. BMT trains on the Flushing Line were designated 9, while IRT services on that line were designated 7 on maps only. BMT and IRT trains on the Astoria Line were both designated 8. The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route from Times Square to Flushing became known as the 7.

1940s to 1960s
On October 17, 1949, the $1.375 million renovation of the station was completed which allowed the rerouting of trains between Manhattan and Queens. As part of the project, the Astoria Line platforms were shaved back to allow BMT service to operate through to 60th Street, and new connections were built between the 60th Street Tunnel approach and the west tracks at the east (former IRT) platforms, and the west (former BMT) platforms were closed. Once the project was completed, the IRT started using the Flushing Line only and the BMT started using the Astoria Line only. With the station's renovation, it became easier for passengers to transfer between the IRT and BMT lines. Instead of having to climb between the upper and lower level platforms, passengers were able to use cross-platform transfers. There was a crossover just west of the station which allowed the Astoria trains to access the Steinway tunnels. This was removed directly after the joint operation ceased in 1949. Much of the mezzanine was rebuilt as part of the project, including the pedestrian bridges leading to either side of Queens Plaza. On the north side of the lower level, a new window wall was constructed.

After the end of BMT/IRT dual service, the BMT's Astoria Shuttle was replaced with service from the 2 Fourth Avenue Line (later the RR train, then the R train), operating from Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard to Bay Ridge–95th Street in Brooklyn; additional service was provided part-time by the 1 train (Brighton Express) and later the QT and QB trains (Brighton Local) and the T (West End Express). the New York City Board of Transportation announced that platforms on the Flushing Line would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths. With the exception of the Queensboro Plaza station, which was already 600 ft long, the platforms were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long IRT cars beforehand. The platforms at the other Flushing Line stations were extended in 1955–1956 to accommodate 11-car trains. However, nine-car trains continued to run on the 7 route until 1962, when they were extended to ten cars. With the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair, trains were lengthened to eleven cars.

In 1960, the city's Department of Traffic proposed demolishing the abandoned northern half of the Queensboro Plaza station to improve traffic flow. The abandoned structure was demolished in 1964. As part of the project, an overpass was constructed from the station towards Queens Plaza North, spanning the site of the demolished platforms. One set of crossovers between the BMT and IRT lines remains on the upper level; this is the Flushing Line's only track connection to the rest of the system.

1970s to 1990s
During the first half of the 1970s, annual ridership at the station dropped 17 percent to 2.344 million by 1975. The subway system's operator, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), allocated funding for the installation of reversible escalators in 1975 as part of the MTA's six-year capital plan. The New York City Department of City Planning proposed renovating the Queensboro Plaza station in 1979 as part of a $170 million project. The station would have been connected to the Queens Plaza station of the IND Queens Boulevard Line, as well as the proposed Northern Boulevard station on the 63rd Street Line, as part of the 63rd Street subway project. The project would have also included a new bus terminal, access to a parking garage, and a pedestrian mall on the north side of Northern Boulevard. The proposal was intended to attract business to the Queens Plaza area. Ultimately, the 63rd Street Line was constructed only as far as 21st Street–Queensbridge with no connections to the stations at Queens Plaza.

In 1981, the MTA listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system. A renovation of the Queensboro Plaza station were funded as part of the MTA's 1980–1984 capital plan. The station was repainted in 1986. In addition, as part of an initiative called Creative Station, colorful nylon banners were installed on the viaducts next to the station for $15,000. The R train's northern terminal was swapped with that of the N in 1987, so the N went to Ditmars Boulevard (serving Queensboro Plaza) and the R went to 71st Avenue.

In April 1993, the New York State Legislature agreed to give the MTA $9.6 billion for capital improvements. Some of the funds would be used to renovate nearly one hundred New York City Subway stations, including Queensboro Plaza. The contract for the project's design was awarded in May 1994. Work on the renovation began in early 1998, at which point the project was expected to last four years. The W train started serving the Astoria Line, including the Queensboro Plaza station, in 2001. The W was discontinued in June 2010 and replaced with the Q until November 2016, when the W was restored.

Elevator installation
In 2018, it was announced that the Queensboro Plaza station may receive elevators as part of a process to expand the New York City Subway system's accessibility. , funding had been committed to accessibility renovations at the Queensboro Plaza station. Accessibility improvements at Queensboro Plaza were approved in December 2021, and the MTA began preliminary work shortly afterward, with plans to complete the project in 2024. The work will include a new elevator from the south side of Queens Plaza to the mezzanine and a second elevator from the mezzanine to the platforms. In addition, the overpass to the northern exit will be widened, and the mezzanine will be extended 50 ft east. The elevator from the platform will lead to the mezzanine extension. The project will also install new platform edges with ADA boarding areas, an ADA ramp at mezzanine level, additional digital information screens, and new CCTV and public address systems. The entire project is expected to cost $74 million.

In February 2022, developer Grubb Properties filed plans for a 26-story apartment tower at 25–01 Queens Plaza North. The project will include a third elevator, running between the north side of Queens Plaza and the mezzanine. The MTA began installing the elevators from the mezzanine to the south entrance, and from the mezzanine to the platforms, in early 2023. To accommodate the new elevator, the southbound platform was closed for two weeks and partially rebuilt in August 2023.

Station layout
This two-level station has two island platforms (one on each level) and four tracks. It stands over the south (railroad east) side of the roadway, but formerly spanned the whole plaza. Trains running into Queens stop on the upper level and Manhattan-bound trains below. On both levels, the BMT Astoria Line (which to the south joins with the 60th Street Tunnel Connection and heads through the 60th Street Tunnel to the BMT Broadway Line) uses the north track and the IRT Flushing Line uses the south track.

In 2014, the station was renovated by NYCTA employees (as opposed to an outside contractor). A computer assisted tower was installed on the south end, as part of the IRT Flushing Line automation.

Track layout
In the original configuration, the station had eight tracks: four on each level. The station was 840 ft long in total. Originally, the IRT used both sides of the current platforms, and the BMT used now-demolished platforms north of the current platforms, also double-decked. The south side of the IRT platforms was used by the Flushing Line, as today. The north side was used by Astoria trains, but instead of going through the 60th Street Tunnel, they went over the Queensboro Bridge to the elevated IRT Second Avenue Line. Double crossovers south (lower tracks) and north (upper tracks) of the platforms allowed trains from either side to switch to the other line after leaving the station.

At the BMT half, the south track served subway trains to Manhattan and the BMT Broadway Line. By 1924, trains came from Manhattan on the upper level, continued north to a merge with the lower level, and then returned via the lower level. Before that, trains reversed direction using a double crossover south of the platforms. Since the platforms were IRT-size, the BMT used its own elevated cars to provide service on the lines, with a required transfer at Queensboro Plaza. Shuttles from Astoria came in on the west side lower track and then reversed direction to head to Flushing; Flushing trains came in on the upper track and reversed direction towards Astoria.

During the early period of dual service on the Astoria and Flushing portions, IRT and BMT trains had their own stopping marks on the platforms and the sections of the platforms were separated. Passengers had separate entrances to the platforms depending on which service they wanted. This set-up prevented free transfers between the trains of the two companies. This arrangement had to end when the IRT lengthened trains. The two companies worked out an agreement in which the revenue collected on those stations was shared.

After 1949, the track layout around the station was greatly simplified. Only the original southern side of the Queensboro Plaza station remains in service, with two tracks on each level. Queens-bound trains use the upper level, while Manhattan-bound trains use the lower level. BMT trains use the northern tracks on each level and IRT trains use the southern tracks. A double crossover remains on the upper level. This connection is used for non-revenue moves, specifically to transfer subway cars to the Coney Island Shops for repairs, or to move rolling stock to or from the Flushing Line.

Exits
The station's only exits are through a mezzanine located below the lower level (and formerly connected to the now torn-down BMT platforms to the west). From the mezzanine, there is a concrete footbridge across Queens Plaza North to the second floor of a building. There is also an overpass leading to Queens Plaza South.

In popular culture
Queensboro Plaza is featured in a defining moment in the film Beneath the Planet of the Apes. The protagonist astronaut ("Brent") unknowingly enters the ruins of an underground station; upon seeing the words "Queensboro Plaza" in tiles, and finding an advertisement for the New York Summer Festival, he realizes that he is indeed on Earth and not another planet, and that New York City has been destroyed in a nuclear war. In reality, Queensboro Plaza is an elevated station and has no tilework.

The station is also featured in the Seinfeld episode entitled "The Cigar Store Indian", as the location of a renowned gyro stall, and again incorrectly depicted as an underground station, on an IRT Lexington Avenue Line train.

The station is also incorrectly depicted as an underground station in an episode of Brooklyn Nine-Nine.

The station and nearby MetLife Plaza were a regular CG composite as location shots between scenes in ABC series Ugly Betty.

The station also appears briefly in the season 2 opening sequence of HBO political drama The Newsroom.

The station is also shown in the TV show The King of Queens's theme song, which shows a Redbird 7 train entering the station's upper level.

The station also appears on Sesame Street in a looking for triangles film with Maria (Sonia Manzano).

A shot of the station appears in the 2020 Pixar movie Soul.

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William Sanford Evans

William Sanford Evans (December 18, 1869 – June 27, 1949) was a Manitoba politician. Between 1933 and 1936, he was the leader of that province's Conservative Party caucus.

Evans was born in Spencerville, Ontario, the son of Rev. J.S. Evans and Mary Jane Vaux. He was educated at the Collegiate Institute in Hamilton, Ontario, Victoria University and Columbia University. He subsequently moved to Manitoba.

Evans was active in the publishing industry of his new province, founding the Winnipeg Telegram and writing a book on Canadian Imperialism during the Second Boer War. In 1920, he co-founded a publishing firm specializing in grain industry news. He married Mary Irene Gurney, a noted pianist, in 1900.

Evans ran for the federal Conservatives in Winnipeg in 1904, but was defeated by Liberal David Bole. He was elected Mayor of Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1909, and served in that position until 1911.

Evans was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in 1922, leading the Conservative party list in Winnipeg (which elected ten MLAs through preferential balloting). He was re-elected in 1927 and 1932, topping the Winnipeg ballot on the latter occasion. Evans was chosen as Conservative party parliamentary leader following the resignation of Col. Fawcett Taylor in 1933. He did not run against Errick F. Willis for the party leadership in 1936 and did not run for reelection in the provincial election which followed.

In 1931, while still serving in the Manitoba legislature, Evans was appointed by British Columbia Premier Simon F. Tolmie to head a commission investigating that province's fruit-growing cooperatives. The commission's report recommended a return to open competition and was opposed by many within the industry.

He was president of the first Canadian Club, formed in Hamilton, and helped form the Canadian Club of Winnipeg, also serving as its president.

Evans continued to publish grain industry news following his retirement from parliament. He died in 1949.

Notably, Evans's brother Harry M.E. Evans served as Mayor of Edmonton, Alberta. As well, Evans's son Gurney Evans served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Dufferin Roblin and Walter Weir in Manitoba.

title: William Sanford Evans


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Andrew Taylor (author)

Andrew Taylor (born 14 October 1951) is a British author best known for his crime and historical novels, which include the Lydmouth series, the Roth Trilogy and historical novels such as the number-one best-selling The American Boy and The Ashes of London. His accolades include the Diamond Dagger, Britain's top crime-writing award.

Biography
Andrew Taylor grew up in East Anglia. He read English at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and has an MA in Library, Archive and Information Science from University College London.

His first novel, Caroline Minuscule (1982), won the John Creasey Memorial Award of the Crime Writers' Association of Great Britain. He is the only author to have won the CWA's Historical Dagger three times, with The Office of the Dead, The American Boy and The Scent of Death. He has also won the Cartier Diamond Dagger, for sustained excellence in crime writing and has been shortlisted for the Gold Dagger, the Theakston's Old Peculiar (twice), and the Edgar award. Bleeding Heart Square won Sweden's Martin Beck Award, the Golden Crowbar, in 2009. The King's Evil won the Gold Crown for the best historical novel of the year. He was inducted into The Detection Club in 1995.

The American Boy, a gothic mystery linked to Edgar Allan Poe's boyhood years in England, was one of the ten titles featured in Channel 4's Richard and Judy Book Club 2005 and was also selected for The Times Top Ten Crime Novels of the Decade.

The Roth Trilogy (now also available in an omnibus edition as Requiem for an Angel) was shown on ITV in March 2007. It was a three-part drama series under the title of Fallen Angel, starring Charles Dance and Emilia Fox. The series was broadcast on three consecutive nights, beginning 11 March 2007.

His most recent books are historical novels as well as crime fiction. They explore different historical eras: Bleeding Heart Square, is set in the 1930s mainly in London (2008); The Anatomy of Ghosts (2010), set in eighteenth-century Cambridge; The Scent of Death, set in British New York, 1778–80; and its sequel, The Silent Boy (2014), during the French Revolution.

The Ashes of London (2016) is set during and just after the Great Fire of 1666. It is the first of a series set in Restoration England. The paperback edition was made Waterstone's thriller of the month for two consecutive months through January and February 2017 and was the number one bestseller for eight weeks in The Times/Waterstones chart. In 2018 he published a sequel- The Fire Court, and the third of the series, The King's Evil, was released in March 2019. The series continued with The Last Protector (2020), The Royal Secret (2021) and The Shadows of London (2023).

Andrew Taylor has also written a number of novellas with ghostly or other-worldly themes, originally as Kindle Singles. Three have been collected under the title Fireside Gothic (2016).

He has reviewed in many publications, in particular the Spectator (whose crime fiction reviewer he was for ten years) and The Times. He has also written short stories and articles on crime fiction. He has contributed the Grub Street column to The Author, the journal of the Society of Authors 2003-21. He edited The Author 2004-06. He has also taught fiction courses for the Arvon Foundation and elsewhere.

He is married with two children. He and his family have lived for many years in Coleford in the Forest of Dean on the borders of England and Wales.

Dougal series

 * Caroline Minuscule (1982)
 * Waiting for the End of the World (1984)
 * Our Fathers' Lies (1985)
 * An Old School Tie (1986)
 * Freelance Death (1987)
 * Blood Relation (1990)
 * The Sleeping Policeman (1992)
 * Odd Man Out (1993)

Sergeant Jim Bergerac series (written as Andrew Saville)

 * Bergerac: Crimes of the Season (1985) (in hardback published as Bergerac is Back)
 * Bergerac and the Fatal Weakness (1988)
 * Bergerac and the Traitor's Child (1988)
 * Bergerac and the Jersey Rose (1988)
 * Bergerac and the Moving Fever (1988)

Blaines novels

 * The Second Midnight (1987 – reissued 2019)
 * Blacklist (1988)
 * Toyshop (1990)

Lydmouth series (Richard Thornhill & Jill Francis)

 * An Air That Kills (1994)
 * The Mortal Sickness (1995)
 * The Lover of the Grave (1997)
 * The Suffocating Night (1998)
 * Where Roses Fade (2000)
 * Death's Own Door (2001)
 * Call The Dying (2004)
 * Naked to the Hangman (2006)

Roth trilogy

 * Requiem for an Angel (2002) (Omnibus edition) (reissued as Fallen Angel in 2007)
 * The Four Last Things (1997)
 * The Judgment of Strangers (1998)
 * The Office of the Dead (2000)

Children's novels

 * Hairline Cracks (1988)
 * Private Nose (1989)
 * Snapshot (1989)
 * Double Exposure (1990)
 * Negative Image (1992)
 * The Invader (1994)

Psychological thrillers

 * The Raven on the Water (1991)
 * The Barred Window (1993)
 * A Stain on the Silence (2006)

Historical novels

 * The American Boy (2003) (US title: An Unpardonable Crime)
 * Bleeding Heart Square (2008)
 * The Anatomy of Ghosts (2010)
 * The Scent of Death (2013)
 * The Silent Boy (2014)

Marwood and Lovett series

 * The Ashes of London (2016)
 * The Fire Court (2018)
 * The King's Evil (2019)
 * The Last Protector (2020)
 * The Royal Secret (2021)
 * The Shadows of London (2023)

Short Stories

 * Nibble-Nibble
 * The Cost of Living (Dougal)
 * The Woman Who Loved Elizabeth David (Lydmouth)
 * Waiting For Mr Right
 * Fingers to the Bone
 * Keeping My Head
 * Catch-13
 * Little Russia (Lydmouth)
 * The Long Sonata of the Dead (Roth)
 * The False Inspector Lovesey (Lydmouth)
 * The Five-Letter Word (Lydmouth)
 * Wrong Notes (Lydmouth)

Other

 * Fireside Gothic (2016)

title: Andrew Taylor (author)


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Raymond J. Bishop

Raymond J. Bishop (January 15, 1906 – February 19, 1978) was a Catholic priest who was one of the several involved in the case of exorcising a boy in Maryland, who allegedly was possessed after using a ouija board. The case inspired author William Peter Blatty to write his 1971 novel The Exorcist.

Life
In 1949, Father Bishop taught at St. Louis University, where one of his female students asked for help concerning her 13-year-old cousin (for reasons of anonymity referred to by the pseudonym Robbie Mannheim), who she said had been experiencing supernatural attacks after playing with a ouija board, and who had gone through one unsuccessful exorcism. Bishop contacted his close friend, Father William S. Bowdern, and they performed another exorcism on the boy.

In the 1950s, Bishop was sent to Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, where he taught for more than 20 years. He died on February 19, 1978, in Nebraska.

title: Raymond J. Bishop