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Talk:Thames Gateway

POV
I have quite extensively rewritten this site as it seemed to be quite POV against the project so I trimmed much of the arguments down to "Environmental Concerns".

I have moved the information and history of the North Kent Marshes to their own page as it was not strictly relevent to the page, (except of course to mention they are threatened) but it seemed a shame to lose such good info. I don't know much about it, so did little editing. on it.

I have also added brief information as to what the future and current aspects of the project are. MrWeeble 02:58, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I removed some more text which was blatant POV. The article needs more work to make it balanced. MRSC 08:58, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've toned down some of the more loaded phrases in the Scope section (some were phrases from a Prescott speech) and added ref to Barker report. The first part of the article is still very 'Government Press Release' style: that's POV too! Will try to do more on this article. JackyR 01:05, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Backed up various POV comments on the Howbury project with actual policy issues, but note the project was approved and now appears to be in the hands of a company called Roxhill. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.150.18.36 (talk) 02:06, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Local Authorities
The article says the region involves fifteen local authority areas, and then lists sixteen. Sadly I don't know which is right, so cannot correct it. Magnate 17:31, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Kent International Gateway and the Swale crossing project
A couple of thoughts:- Cheers Dick G (talk) 07:22, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * In "criticism" is there scope for the current furore about the Kent International Gateway, a logistics depot planned on green-belt land in mid-Kent (see this for evidence of public objections) and backed by the Thames Gateway initiative.
 * Also I understood the second Swale crossing (Sittingbourne to Sheppey) was also part of the proposed infrastructure but could see no mention...

Citations needed!
This has the potential to be a Good Article, but is currently let down by unsourced statements and weasel wording. The citations should be very easy to find, so I've tagged the article with "citation needed" for the most obvious places where they are needed soonest. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 18:23, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

2010 update
The article needs to be updated to reflect the effects of the credit crunch and subsequent recession. Also the new coalition government has different housing policy which will have an impact, although this may not be reflected in published sources yet. MRSC (talk) 09:10, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Abolition of the RDAs is likely to have some effect, but it may just mean that there is less published. In the meantime I'm going to rename and perhaps break up the Criticism section, as these are deprecated in the encyclopedia. Itsmejudith (talk) 11:12, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Future investments
The article needs to be brought up to date.
 * Howbury sustainable multi-modal freight rail in Slade Green was approved in 2007 and plans were still being revised in 2015
 * Lower Thames Crossing
 * London Paramount in North Kent

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090324050149/http%3A//www.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid%3D19576 to http://www.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=19576

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Article rename?
According to this the article should be renamed - see etc. for further details. Jackiespeel (talk) 19:29, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Dates
In addition to my comment above 'The area was designated during the early years of the Blair ministry...' - when? Jackiespeel (talk) 19:57, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

Another link
Where would fit in? Jackiespeel (talk) 19:23, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thames Gateway


text: Category:Military of Germany

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Military of Germany


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Indo-Scythians

The Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the present-day South Asian regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Eastern Iran and northern India. The migrations persisted from the middle of the second century BCE to the fourth century CE.

The first Saka king of India was Maues/Moga (first century BCE) who established Saka power in Gandhara, the Indus Valley, and other regions. The Indo-Scythians extended their supremacy over the north-western subcontinent, conquering the Indo-Greeks and other local peoples. They were apparently subjugated by the Kushan Empire's Kujula Kadphises or Kanishka. The Saka continued to govern as satrapies, forming the Northern Satraps and Western Satraps. The power of the Saka rulers began to decline during the 2nd century CE after the Indo-Scythians were defeated by the Satavahana emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni. Indo-Scythian rule in the northwestern subcontinent ended when the last Western Satrap, Rudrasimha III, was defeated by the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II in 395 CE.

The invasion of the northern Indian subcontinent by Scythian tribes from Central Asia, often referred to as the Indo-Scythian invasion, played a significant role in the history of the subcontinent and nearby regions. The Indo-Scythian war was triggered by the nomadic flight of Central Asians from conflict with tribes such as the Xiongnu in the second century CE, which had lasting effects on Bactria, Kabul and the Indian subcontinent and Rome and Parthia in the west. Ancient Roman historians, including Arrian and Claudius Ptolemy, have mentioned that the ancient Sakas ("Sakai") were nomadic people. The first rulers of the Indo-Scythian kingdom were Maues (c. 85–60 BCE) and Vonones (c. 75–65 BCE).

Origins

The ancestors of the Indo-Scythians are thought to have been Saka (Scythian) tribes. "One group of Indo-European speakers that makes an early appearance on the Xinjiang stage is the Saka (Ch. Sai). Saka is more a generic term than a name for a specific state or ethnic group; Saka tribes were part of a cultural continuum of early nomads across Siberia and the Central Eurasian steppe lands from Xinjiang to the Black Sea. Like the Scythians whom Herodotus describes in book four of his History (Saka is an Iranian word equivalent to the Greek Scythes, and many scholars refer to them together as Saka-Scythian), Sakas were Iranian-speaking horse nomads who deployed chariots in battle, sacrificed horses, and buried their dead in barrows or mound tombs called kurgans." The Saka of western India spoke the Saka language (also known as Khotanese), first documented in the Tarim Basin.

Achaemenid period (6th-4th century BCE)
During the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley c. 515 BCE, the Achaemenid army was not Persian and the Saka probably participated in the invasion of northwest India. The Achaemenid army was composed of a number of ethnic groups who were part of the Achaemenid Empire. The army included Bactrians, Saka, Parthians, and Sogdians. Herodotus listed the ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, which included Ionians (Greeks) and Ethiopians. These groups were probably included in the Achaemenid army which invaded India.

Some scholars (including Michael Witzel) and Christopher I. Beckwith suggested that the Shakya – the clan of Gautama Buddha – were originally Scythians from Central Asia, and the Indian ethnonym Śākya has the same origin as "Scythian". This would explain the strong Saka support of Buddhism in India.

The Persians, the Saka and the Greeks may have participated in the later campaigns of Chandragupta Maurya to gain the throne of Magadha c. 320 BCE. The Mudrarakshasa says that after Alexander the Great's death, Chandragupta Maurya used a Shaka-Yavana-Kamboja-Parasika-Bahlika alliance in his campaign to take the throne in Magadha and found the Maurya Empire. The Saka were the Scythians; the Yavanas were the Greeks, and the Parasikas were the Persians.

Yuezhi expansion (2nd century BCE)
During the second century BCE, a nomadic movement began among the Central Asian tribes. Recorded in the annals of the Han dynasty and other Chinese records, the movement began after the Yuezhi tribe was defeated by the Xiongnu and fled west; this created a domino effect, displacing other central Asian tribes in their path.

According to these ancient sources, Modu Shanyu of the Xiongnu tribe of Mongolia attacked the Yuezhi (possibly related to the Tocharians, who lived in the eastern Tarim Basin) and evicted them from their homeland between the Qilian Shan and Dunhuang c. 175 BCE. Leaving a few people behind, most of the population moved west to the Ili River region. They displaced the Saka, who migrated south into Ferghana and Sogdiana. According to the Chinese historical chronicles (who call the Saka "Sai" 塞): "[The Yuezhi] attacked the king of the Sai, who moved a considerable distance to the south and the Yuezhi then occupied his lands."

Sometime after 155 BCE, the Yuezhi were again defeated by an alliance of the Wusun and the Xiongnu. They were forced to move south, again displacing the Scythians (who migrated south towards Bactria and present-day Afghanistan and south-west towards Parthia. A tribe known to ancient Greek scholars as the Sacaraucae (probably from the Old Persian Sakaravaka, "nomadic Saka") and an allied people, the Massagetae, came into conflict with the Parthian Empire in Parthia between 138 and 124 BCE. The Sacaraucae-Massagetae alliance won several battles and killed the Parthian kings Phraates II and Artabanus I. The Yuezhi tribes migrated east into Bactria after their defeat, from which they conquered northern India to establish the Kushan Empire.

Settlement in Sakastan
The Saka settled in Drangiana, a region of southern Afghanistan, western Pakistan and southern Iran which was then named Sakastan or Sistan. The mixed Scythian hordes who migrated to Drangiana and the surrounding regions later spread into north and south-west India via the lower Indus valley. They spread into Sovira, Gujarat, Rajasthan and north India, including kingdoms on the Indian mainland.

The Arsacid emperor Mithridates II (c. 123–88/87 BCE) pursued an aggressive military policy in Central Asia and added a number of provinces to the Parthian Empire. This included western Bactria, which he seized from the Indo-Scythians.

Following military pressure from the Yuezhi (predecessors of the Kushana), some Indo-Scythians moved from Bactria to Lake Helmond (or Hāmūn) and settled in or near Drangiana (Sigal). The region came to be known as "Sakistana of the Skythian Sakai [sic]" towards the end of the first century BCE.

The presence of the Saka in Sakastan in the first century BCE is mentioned by Isidore of Charax in "The Parthian Stations". According to Isidore, they were bordered by Greek cities on the east (Alexandria of the Caucasus and Alexandria of the Arachosians) and the Parthian-controlled territory of Arachosia on the south:

"Beyond is Sacastana of the Scythian Sacae, which is also Paraetacena, 63 schoeni. There are the city of Barda and the city of Min and the city of Palacenti and the city of Sigal; in that place is the royal residence of the Sacae; and nearby is the city of Alexandria (Alexandria Arachosia), and six villages."

Pamirs to Taxila

From petroglyphs left by Saka soldiers at river crossings in Chilas and on the Sacred Rock of Hunza in Pakistan, Ahmad Hassan Dani and have established the route across the Karakoram mountains used by Maues (the first Indo-Scythian king) to capture Taxila from Indo-Greek King Apollodotus II.

The first-century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the Scythian territories: "Beyond this region (Gedrosia), the continent making a wide curve from the east across the depths of the bays, there follows the coast district of Scythia, which lies above toward the north; the whole marshy; from which flows down the river Sinthus, the greatest of all the rivers that flow into the Erythraean Sea, bringing down an enormous volume of water (...) This river has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town, Barbaricum. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia, Minnagara; it is subject to Parthian princes who are constantly driving each other out ..."

The Indo-Scythians established a kingdom in the northwest near Taxila, with two satraps: one at Mathura in the east, and the other at Surastrene (Gujarat) in the southwest.

Gandhara and Punjab

The presence of the Scythians in modern Pakistan and north-western India during the first century BCE was contemporaneous with the Indo-Greek Kingdoms there, and they apparently initially recognized the power of the local Greek rulers. Maues first conquered Gandhara and Taxila in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan c. 80 BCE, but his kingdom disintegrated after his death. In the east, the Indian king Vikrama retook Ujjain from the Indo-Scythians and celebrated his victory by establishing the Vikrama era in 58 BCE. Indo-Greek kings again ruled and prospered after Maues, as indicated by the profusion of coins from Kings Apollodotus II and Hippostratos. In 55 BCE, under Azes I, the Indo-Scythians took control of northwestern India with their victory over Hippostratos.

Sculpture

Excavations organized by John Marshall found several stone sculptures in the early Saka layer (layer number four, corresponding to the period of Azes I, in which a number of his coins were found). Several of them are toilet trays roughly imitative of finer Hellenistic examples found in earlier layers.

Bimaran casket
Azes is connected to the Bimaran casket, one of the earliest representations of the Buddha. The reliquary was used for the dedication of a stupa in Bamiran, near Jalalabad in Afghanistan, and placed inside the stupa with several coins of Azes. This may have happened during the reign of Azes (60–20 BCE), or slightly later. The Indo-Scythians were connected with Buddhism.

 Mathura region
is an Indo-Scythian Buddhist monument. (British Museum)]]

In northern India, the Indo-Scythians conquered the Mathura region c. 60 BCE. Some of their satraps were Hagamasha and Hagana, who were followed by Rajuvula.

The Mathura lion capital, an Indo-Scythian sandstone capital which dates to the first century CE, describes in Kharoshthi script the gift of a stupa with a relic of the Buddha by Nadasi Kasa (Rajuvula's queen). The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian Mathura satraps. Rajuvula apparently eliminated Strato II (the last Indo-Greek king) c. 10 CE and took Sagala, his capital city.

Coinage of the period, such as that of Rajuvula, tends to be crude. It is also debased; the silver content becomes lower and bronze content higher, an alloying technique suggesting a lack of wealth.

The Mathura lion capital inscriptions attest that Mathura came under Saka control. The inscriptions refer to Kharahostes and Queen Ayasia, the "chief queen of the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, satrap Rajuvula." Kharahostes was the son of Arta, as attested by his own coins. Arta was the brother of King Maues.

The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the Northern Satraps to distinguish them from the Western Satraps ruling in Gujarat and Malwa. After Rajuvula, several successors are known to have ruled as vassals of the Kushans. They include the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the satrap Vanaspara, who are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath and dated to the third year of Kanishka (c. 130 CE), when they pledged allegiance to the Kushans.

Pataliputra

The Yuga Purana describes an invasion of Pataliputra by the Scythians during the first century BCE, after seven kings ruled in succession in Saketa following the retreat of the Yavanas. According to the Yuga Purana, the Saka king killed one-fourth of the population before he was slain by the Kalinga king Shata and a group of Sabalas.

Kushan and Indo-Parthian conquests
After Azes' death, Indo-Scythian rule in northwestern India ended with the rise of the Indo-Parthian ruler Gondophares late in the first century BCE. For the following decades, A number of minor Scythian leaders maintained themselves in local strongholds on the fringes of the loose Indo-Parthian empire over the next few decades, some paying allegiance to Gondophares I and his successors.

Indo-Parthian rule was gradually replaced with that of the Kushans, one of the five Yuezhi tribes who lived in Bactria for over a century and expanded into India during the late first century CE. The Kushans regained northwestern India c. 75 CE and the Mathura region c. 100, where they prospered for several centuries.

Western Satraps

Indo-Scythians continued to hold the Sistan region until the reign of Bahram II (276–293 CE), and held several areas of India well into the first millennium; Kathiawar and Gujarat were under Western Satrap rule until the fifth century. Rudradaman I's exploits are inscribed in the Junagadh rock inscription. During his campaigns, Rudradaman conqured the Yaudheyas and defeated the Satavahana Empire. The Western Satraps were conquered by the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II (also known as Vikramaditya).

Coinage

Indo-Scythian coinage is generally of high quality, although the coins of Rajuvula deteriorate near the disintegration of Indo-Scythian rule c. 20 CE. A fairly high-quality, stereotypical coinage was continued by the Western Satraps until the fourth century.

Indo-Scythian coinage is generally realistic, artistically between Indo-Greek and Kushan coinage. It has been suggested that its coinage benefited from the help of Greek coin-makers. Indo-Scythian coins continue Indo-Greek tradition by using the Greek alphabet on the obverse and Kharoshthi script on the reverse. A portrait of the king is absent, with depictions of the king on a horse (sometimes on a camel) or sitting cross-legged on a cushion instead. The reverse of their coins typically show Greek gods.

Buddhist symbolism is present in Indo-Scythian coinage. The Indo-Scythians adopted the Indo-Greek practice (since Menander I) of depicting gods forming the vitarka mudra with their right hand (like Zeus on the coins of Maues or Azes II), the Buddhist lion on the coins of those two kings, or the triratana symbol on the coins of Zeionises.

Art

Other than coins, few works of art are known to indisputably represent Indo-Scythians. Several Gandharan sculptures show foreigners in soft tunics, sometimes wearing the pointed hat typical of the Scythians. Kushan men seem to wear thick, rigid tunics, and are generally represented more simplistically.

Buner reliefs
Indo-Scythian soldiers in military attire are sometimes represented in Buddhist friezes in Gandharan art, particularly in the Buner reliefs. They are depicted in loose tunics with trousers, with heavy, straight swords. They wear pointed hoods or the Scythian cap; this distinguishes them from the Indo-Parthians, who wore a simple fillet over their bushy hair, and which is worn by Indo-Scythian rulers on their coins. With their right hand, some form the karana mudra to ward off evil spirits. In Gandhara, such friezes were used to decorate the pedestals of Buddhist stupas. They are contemporary with other friezes representing people in Greek attire, hinting at an intermixing of Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks. In another relief, the same type of soldiers are playing musical instruments and dancing; in Gandharan art, Indo-Scythians are typically depicted as reveling devotees.

Stone palettes

A number of stone palettes in Gandhara are considered representative of Indo-Scythian art. The palettes, which combine Greek and Iranian influences, often have a simple, archaic style. Stone palettes have only been found in archaeological layers corresponding to Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian rule, and are unknown in the preceding Mauryan layers or the succeeding Kushan layers.

The palettes often depict people in Greek dress in mythological scenes; a few have Parthian dress (headbands over bushy hair, crossed-over jacket on a bare chest, jewelry, belt, baggy trousers), and fewer have Indo-Scythian dress (Phrygian hat, tunic and straight trousers). A palette found in Sirkap, now in the New Delhi Museum, shows a winged Indo-Scythian horseman riding a winged deer and being attacked by a lion.

Buddhism
The Indo-Scythians seem to have supported Buddhism, with many of their practices continuing those of the Indo-Greeks.They had an active role in the dissemination of Buddhism beyond India.

Royal dedications

Several Indo-Scythian kings after Azes made Buddhist dedications in their name on plaques or reliquaries:
 * Patika Kusulaka (25 BCE – 10 CE) related his donation of a relic of the Buddha Shakyamuni to a Buddhist monastery, in the Taxila copper plate.
 * Kharahostes (10 BCE – 10 CE) is mentioned on the Buddhist Mathura lion capital and on a reliquary. His coins were also found in the Bimaran casket, a gold reliquary with an early image of the Buddha now in the British Museum. Some of his coins have the Buddhist triratna symbol.
 * Vijayamitra (ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE) dedicated a Buddhist reliquary. Some of his coins bear the Buddhist triratna symbol.
 * Indravarman, while a prince in 5-6 CE, dedicated the Bajaur casket now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
 * Zeionises and Aspavarma used the triratna on their coins.
 * Rajuvula erected the Mathura lion capital, which incorporates Buddhist symbols and relates the donations by his wife of relics to a stupa.

Butkara Stupa

Excavations at the Butkara Stupa in Swat by an Italian archaeological team have yielded Buddhist sculptures thought to belong to the Indo-Scythian period. An Indo-Corinthian capital of a Buddhist devotee in foliage has been found which had a reliquary and coins of Azes buried at its base, dating the sculpture to c. 20 BCE. A contemporary pilaster of a Buddhist devotee in Greek dress has been found at the same spot, again suggesting a mingling of the populations. Reliefs at the same location show Indo-Scythians, with characteristic tunics and pointed hoods, with reliefs of standing Buddhas.

In Indian literature
The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, a variation of the name "Saka" used by the Persians for Scythians. Shakas are mentioned in the Purāṇas, the Manusmṛti, the Rāmāyaṇa, the Mahābhārata, the Mahābhāṣya, the Bṛhat Saṃhitā by Varāhamihira, the Kāvyamīmāṃsā, the Bṛhatkathāmañjarīi, and the Kathāsaritsāgara. They are described as part of an group of other warlike tribes from the northwest.

There are references to the warring mleccha hordes of Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and Pahlavas in the Balakanda of the Ramayana. H. C. Raychadhury saw in these verses the struggles between the Hindus and the invading hordes of mleccha barbarians from the northwest beginning in the second century BCE, and fixed the date of the Ramayana around (or after) the 2nd century CE.

The Mahabharata also alludes to the invasion of mixed hordes from the northwest, with prophetic verses that "...the Mlechha (barbaric) kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas ... shall rule the earth un-righteously in Kali Yuga ..."

Sai-Wang hordes
A portion of Central Asian Scythians under Sai-Wang reportedly moved south, crossed the Pamir Mountains and entered Chipin (or Kipin) after crossing the Xuandu (懸度, Hanging Pass) above the valley of Kanda in Swat. Chipin has been identified by Pelliot, Bagchi, Raychaudhury and others as Kashmir, but other scholars identify it as Kafiristan. Sai-Wang established his kingdom in Kipin. Konow interprets the Sai-Wang as the Śaka Murunda of Indian literature; murunda is synonymous with wang (king, master or lord). Bagchi interprets Wang as the king of the Scythians, but distinguishes the Sai Sakas from the Murunda Sakas. The Sai Scythians may have been Kamboja Scythians; the Sai-Wang were part of the Parama Kamboja Kingdom of Transoxiana, and returned after being evicted from their ancestral land. Maues might have belonged to this group of Scythians who migrated from the Sai country (Central Asia) to Chipin.

Evidence of joint invasions

The Scythian groups who invaded India and established kingdoms included, in addition to the Saka, allied tribes such as the Medii, Xanthii, and Massagetae. These peoples were absorbed into mainstream Indian society.

The Shakas were from the trans-Hemodos region—the Shakadvipa of the Puranas or the Scythia of classical writings. At the beginning of the first century CE, Isidore of Charax notes their presence in Sistan. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 70–80 CE) documents a Scythian district in the lower Indus Valley, with Minnagra its capital. Ptolemy (c. 140 CE) also documents an Indo-Scythia in south-western India which consisted of the Patalene and Surastrene (Saurashtra) territories. The second-century BCE Scythian invasion of India was probably carried out jointly by the Saka, Pahlavas, Kambojas, Paradas, Rishikas and other allied tribes from the northwest.

Descendants
Tadeusz Sulimirski notes that the Saka also invaded parts of northern India. Indian linguist Weer Rajendra Rishi has identified linguistic affinities between Indian and Central Asian languages, which also suggests a Saka influence in northern India.

title: Indo-Scythians


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Unit interval (telecommunications)

Unit interval (telecommunications) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

This page contains only a simple defintion. Copied to wiktionary. Mr. Jones 03:00, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. - SimonP 15:12, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * It has a new home now in Unit interval (though the entry still needs work there.) Delete.  --Ardonik 17:03, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete transwikied dicdef. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:50, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the only reason I created that article was that I was moving material from unit interval that was on a separate topic. The article titled unit interval was originally like many of the "telecommunications" articles: if the title is Atlantic Ocean, then the article begins like this: In telecommunication, the Atlantic Ocean is a body of water west of Europe and Africa and east of the Americas, across which the transatlantic cable was laid.....  In other words, I don't really have any interest in this article. Michael Hardy 17:10, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Luftwaffe squadrons

title: Category:Luftwaffe squadrons


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Roy Barnes

Roy Eugene Barnes (born March 11, 1948) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 80th governor of Georgia from 1999 to 2003. As of 2024, he is the most recent Democrat to serve as governor of Georgia.

A Democratic member of the Georgia Senate from 1974 to 1990, Barnes ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1990, losing to Lieutenant Governor Zell Miller in the Democratic primary. Barnes then served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1992 to 1998. He ran for governor again in 1998, handily winning the primary and general elections.

In 2003, Barnes was awarded the Profile in Courage Award by the John F. Kennedy Library for his success while governor of minimizing the Confederate battle emblem on the Georgia state flag despite the political fallout. It is widely believed that his support of the flag change significantly contributed to his re-election defeat in 2002.

After his defeat, he resumed the practice of law and co-chaired the Aspen Institute Commission on No Child Left Behind Act. He returned to politics when he ran for governor again in 2010, losing to Republican Nathan Deal. A decade later, he declined the invitation to act as special counsel in the Georgia election racketeering and fraud case involving former president Donald Trump, and stated, "I told DA Willis that I lived with bodyguards for four years and I didn’t like it, and I wasn’t going to live with bodyguards for the rest of my life."

Early life, education, and family
Roy Barnes was born on March 11, 1948, in Mableton, Georgia. His family owned a general store, which gave him his first exposure to politics as he listened to the conversations of the store patrons.

Upon his graduation from South Cobb High School, Barnes enrolled at the University of Georgia. He was active on the debate team; and spent his summers returning home to work in the family store. He graduated with a degree in history in 1969; and one year later married Marie Dobbs of Marietta, Georgia, with whom he has had three children.

After college, Barnes enrolled in the University of Georgia School of Law. While there, he was elected president of the student bar association, and was named outstanding senior. He graduated from law school in 1972 with honors, and returned to Cobb County to work as a prosecutor in the Cobb County District Attorney's Office  after serving four months in the Army.

Georgia Senate
Barnes’ political career began in 1974, when he was elected by the citizens of Mableton to the Georgia State Senate. Upon his election, Barnes became the youngest member of the Georgia Senate at age 26. Barnes went on to serve eight terms in the Georgia Senate.

After his second term, he was named floor leader to Governor Joe Frank Harris, and was appointed chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee. During his tenure in the Georgia Senate, he also served on the Senate Appropriations, Rules, and Transportation committees, and had a major leadership role in rewriting the Georgia constitution as chair of the Select Committee on Constitutional Revision.

1990 gubernatorial election
After eight terms in the Georgia Senate, Barnes entered the 1990 gubernatorial election. He faced Atlanta Mayor Andrew Young and Lt. Governor Zell Miller in the Democratic Primary. Barnes was defeated by Miller, who later won the election and became an ally of Barnes.

Georgia House of Representatives
Barnes returned to politics in 1992, when he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives. He was appointed vice chair of the Judiciary Committee, and chair of the Subcommittee on General Law. During his tenure in the Georgia House, he also served on the Rules and Banks, and Banking Committees.

Barnes was a founding board member of Georgia State Bank located in Mableton, Georgia. He served on the bank's board of directors from 1986 until 1997 when he resigned to run for governor. In addition to Georgia State Bank, Barnes has been involved with other community banks in Georgia.

1998 gubernatorial election
In 1998, Barnes ran for governor again, this time defeating Secretary of State Lewis A. Massey to win the Democratic primary. Running on the themes of education reform and health care reform, he defeated Republican businessman Guy Millner in the general election with a victory of 52% to 44% to become the 80th Governor of Georgia.

The Democrats retained control of both houses of the legislature and retained all but two state level offices (Republicans were elected Insurance Commissioner and School Superintendent).

Tenure
In January 1999 after being elected governor, Barnes’ first act of his new administration was to sign an order banning all lobbyist gifts to the 56,000 employees working in the state government's executive branch.

Barnes also took executive action to change the flag of the state of Georgia, despite vocal opposition. The state flag had featured the Confederate battle emblem since 1956.

Barnes' education reform measures included eliminating tenure for newly hired teachers and ending social promotion by requiring students to pass a test before advancing to the next grade. Teachers did not support his proposals for ending tenure and other protections for new teachers, but Georgia's Department of Education supported his calls for ending social promotion.

Georgia's Child Advocate Office within Georgia's Division of Family and Children Services (DFCS) was established by Barnes as a result of the death of five-year-old Terrell Peterson, whose care was under state supervision at the time of his death. Barnes signed the Terrell Peterson Act to protect children at risk of death due to abuse, also as a result of Peterson's death.

Barnes proposed highway safety measures to curb teen driving in an attempt to save lives of young drivers who are killed in automobile crashes. Barnes proposed a curfew for teens at 10 p.m., a limit on passengers riding in their vehicles, and a ban on 16-year-olds driving without adult supervision in 18 metropolitan Atlanta counties.

Further, Barnes supported the building of the Northern Arc, an outer perimeter north of Atlanta, which met with opposition from locals.

During most of his tenure, State Senator Charles B. Tanksley, served as his floor manager in the Georgia Senate.

2002 gubernatorial election
Facing re-election, Barnes lost in an upset in November 2002 as part of a larger Republican midterm sweep. Although some commentators have pointed to the ire of voters opposing the flag change and him upsetting teachers as leading to his defeat, the cause was finally attributed toward a strong shift to GOP within that election cycle across many offices in the State of Georgia, at that time. Barnes was defeated by Sonny Perdue, the first Republican to be elected Governor of Georgia since Reconstruction.

According to the February 2004 issue of Georgia Trend, "Democrat Roy Barnes was one of the most powerful governors in history. His nickname 'King Roy' was an affectionate term accorded him by supporters because he knew how to pull the levers and make things happen in the legislature." Barnes was also known as a powerful 'suburban governor.'

Return to legal career
Following his defeat, Barnes decided to lend his talents to a legal aid organization, the Atlanta Legal Aid Society, Inc., working for six months as a full-time volunteer. During this time, he provided legal advice to indigent clients pro bono, and established a website outlining the rights of consumers: www.myconsumerrights.com.

Profile in Courage Award
For his leadership in minimizing the Confederate battle emblem on the Georgia state flag despite the political fallout, Barnes was awarded the 2003 Profile in Courage Award by the John F. Kennedy Library.

Barnes Law Group
Upon completing his service at Atlanta Legal Aid Society, Barnes founded the Barnes Law Group with his daughter, Allison Barnes Salter; son-in-law, John Salter; and long-time law partner, Charles Tanksley. The Barnes Law Group continues Barnes' private law practice which began in 1975 when he formed his first law firm.

Georgia Supreme Court rulings as attorney
The Georgia Supreme Court, on June 11, 2007, unanimously dismissed a legal challenge to the state's voter ID law. Barnes argued before the court that the voter identification law was unconstitutional because Plaintiff Rosalind Lake - a first-time voter after having moved to Georgia - did not have a driver's license, and was therefore excluded in a discriminatory manner.

The state's highest court, however, stated that Lake, the only plaintiff in the case, had photograph identification through MARTA, the area's mass transit system, as a result of needed disability access to it, that would have qualified her to vote in July 2006, so she did not have legal standing to file suit. Justice Harold Melton wrote that since Lake had photograph identification that was acceptable for voting, in-person, under the 2006 Act, she did not have standing to challenge the state's voter identification law as an unconstitutional restriction on her voting rights.

Previously, Georgians could show one of 17 forms of identification, including those without photos, such as utility bills, to check in at the polls. Supporters said it would increase voter confidence through a better verification process. Legislators revised the law and made it easier for people to get free photo cards for voting, but the rules were repeatedly barred from implementation until early 2008.

Aspen Institute Commission on No Child Left Behind
On February 14, 2006, the Aspen Institute announced the forming of the Commission on No Child Left Behind. Barnes, along with former Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson, was named co-chair of the commission.

According to its mission, the commission "is a bipartisan effort to identify and build support for improvements in federal education policy to spur academic achievement and close persistent achievement gaps."

2010 gubernatorial election
Barnes announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Georgia in the 2010 election on June 3, 2009 in his hometown of Marietta, Georgia.

Barnes’ campaign, Roy 2010, emphasized growing jobs, securing water sources, improving education, and expanding transportation options. Barnes won the 2010 Democratic Primary on July 20, 2010, and faced off against Republican Nathan Deal and Libertarian John Monds.

On November 2, 2010, Barnes conceded to Deal as the Republican rode a wave of GOP backing in the 2010 midterm elections.

title: Roy Barnes


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User talk:Eudyptes

Congratulations, Eudyptes, the Kakapo article, to which you made a major contribution, appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on April 8, 2006. Nurg 12:20, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Kakapo FAR
Kakapo has been nominated for a featured article review. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to featured quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, articles are moved onto the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article from featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Reviewers' concerns are here. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 01:17, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Kākāpō Featured article review
I have nominated Kākāpō for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets the featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" in regards to the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 17:42, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of List of kākāpō for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of kākāpō is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of kākāpō until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. AryKun (talk) 14:26, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eudyptes


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Arizona State University West campus

Arizona State University at the West Valley campus is a public university in Phoenix, Arizona. It is one of five university campuses that compose Arizona State University (ASU). The West Valley campus was established by the Arizona Legislature in 1984, and is located in northwest Phoenix, bordering the city of Glendale.

For many purposes, ASU's campuses are unified as a single institution so the West Valley campus shares students, faculty, administration, and accreditation with the other campuses. As of Fall 2009, 10,380 students were enrolled in at least one course on the West Valley campus, while the FTE enrollment for the campus is 6,173. Since Fall 2018, on campus enrollment has been about 5,000 on ground students every year.

In 2008, the West Valley campus was designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride, and in 2011, construction concluded on a large solar array that powers nearly the entire campus with solar power.

History
Arizona state legislator, Anne Lindeman, located three hundred acres of state land that the West Valley campus currently occupies in 1982. She also drafted the 1984 legislation that created the ASU West Valley campus. Lindeman also created the legislation for the lease-purchase agreement that allowed for $48 million for additional campus construction in 1988.

Established as the second ASU campus in 1984, construction of the West Valley Campus began in February 1986. Prior to the opening of the campus, some classes were held at five other locations in the area including Metrocenter Mall. The Fletcher Library was the first building completed, dedicated in 1988 to honor Robert L. Fletcher and his family, whose gift of property resulted in an endowment for the perpetual support of the library. More buildings were completed like the Sands Classroom Building and the Administration Offices Building, the following year, in 1989. The second main classroom building, Classroom/Lab/Computer Classroom Building, was constructed in 2 phases, with Phase 1 opening in Spring 1991 and Phase 2 opening Spring 2002.

Originally known as "ASU West," this campus operated quasi-independently of the Tempe campus and had its own administration, faculty, and student admissions process. At the time, the West Valley campus was designed to offer only upper-level undergraduate courses (with lower-level courses to be taken at nearby Glendale Community College). In 2001, freshmen students were admitted, allowing them to complete their entire undergraduate education on the West Valley campus. The academic offerings on the West Valley campus were designed to highlight an interdisciplinary focus in the liberal arts and sciences, education, and business. With the arrival of current ASU president Michael Crow in 2002, the academic structure of ASU was reorganized to integrate the West Valley campus into the university as a whole. Today, the West Valley campus shares faculty, students, accreditation, and administration with the other ASU campuses.

In March 2023, the university announced it would be expanding its West Valley campus adding two new buildings in order to add more programs to the campus, among these was a second residence hall. It also announced that it would begin more classes in business, forensics, and engineering starting that fall semester. The University hopes that with this new expansion is can add roughly ten thousand new students to its West Valley campus, helping those in the West Valley, more easily access ASU programs.

Academics and Programs
The programs offered on the West Valley campus focus on interdisciplinary and collaborative programs in the liberal arts and sciences, education, and business, leading to bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. The West Valley campus is the headquarters of ASU's New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences and Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, and offers additional programs from the W. P. Carey School of Business. ASU's Graduate College, Honors College and University College also have an administrative presence on the campus.

In 2015, the Thunderbird School of Global Management, which had recently become part of ASU, began offering an undergraduate program at ASU's West Valley campus. ; (See also and .) Thunderbird's headquarters and its graduate programs, previously based in Glendale, Arizona, are now located at and integrated into ASU’s downtown Phoenix campus, while the undergraduate programs remain in the West Valley.

In 2023, the West Valley Forward campaign announced the development of three new schools that will be housed in the new academic building being built. This is bringing Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering to the West Valley campus.

Facilities
The West Valley campus is the smallest of ASU's campuses in terms of facility space (square footage of buildings). The campus primarily consists of five academic buildings arranged around a quad, with a secondary quad surrounded by the campus's dormitories, dining hall, and recreation center.

In 2011, the Gary K. Herberger Young Scholars Academy, a private school for gifted children, opened on the east side of the campus. In August 2017 the school moved into a new 19,500 sq foot building near the secondary quad. The school currently uses the Cambridge Learning Curriculum and a move on when ready program. The six levels range from Middle Years 1 to A-Level years. The two levels of Middle Years houses students from 10 to 14 years old. The IGSCE year houses students from 12 to 15 years old. A-Level years usually host students 15–18 years old. The Herberger Young Scholars Academy shares facilities with the rest of the ASU West Valley campus.

Academic Buildings
There are two main classroom buildings on the West Valley Campus: Sands and Classroom/Lab/Computer Classroom (CLCC). These buildings house a majority of the classrooms on campus. Sands is mainly standard lecture rooms with the average capacity of about 36 students. CLCC has standard classrooms with a wide range of capacities, but is mostly home to the laboratories of the West Valley campus. CLCC houses all of the teaching laboratory classrooms as well as the research laboratories of New College faculty, namely the wet lab laboratories of the School of Mathematical and Natural Science faculty and the School of Interdisciplinary Forensics faculty.

ASU West Valley has a single standard lecture hall, Lecture Hall 110, with a capacity for 150 students. It is the largest classroom on campus.

A new academic building is being constructed as part of the West Valley Forward Campaign launched in March of 2023. Construction started in Fall of 2023, and the building is expected to be finished Spring 2025. The new building will house additional classrooms, computer classrooms, faculty offices, research labs, and additional growth space as more programs move to West Valley campus.

Residence Halls
Two residential complexes are located on the West Valley campus: Casa De Oro, a LEED Silver complex built in 2012, offers traditional dormitory-style accommodations in which students are arranged based on their academic area of study. Las Casas, built in 2002, offers apartment-style units for upper-division and graduate students.

A new residential building named Casa Del Valle is also being constructed as part of the West Valley Forward Campaign. Construction started in Fall of 2023, and the building is expected to be open Fall 2024. The new residential hall will bring an additional 500 beds to West to house on campus students.

title: Arizona State University West campus


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Wangfujing

Wangfujing Street is a shopping street in Beijing, China, located in Dongcheng District. The majority of the main area is pedestrianised. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty there have been commercial activities in the area. In the Qing Dynasty, ten aristocratic estates and princess residence were built here, soon after when a well full of sweet water was discovered, thereby giving the street its name "Wangfu" (Prince's residence), "Jing" (Well). Many exotic foods are served on Wangfujing snack street.

Location
Wangfujing Street starts from Wangfujing South Entrance (王府井南口, Wángfǔjǐng Nánkǒu), where the Oriental Plaza, Beijing Hotel, and the Wangfujing metro station are located. The street then heads north, passing the Wangfujing Bookstore, the Beijing Department Store as well as the Beijing Foreign Languages Bookstore before ending at the Beijing apm and St. Joseph's Catholic Church.

History
The street was also previously known as Morrison Street in English, after the Australian journalist George Ernest Morrison. Wangfujing is also one of the traditional downtown areas of Beijing, along with Liulichang.

Until the late 1990s, the street was open to traffic. Modifications in 1999 and 2000 made much of Wangfujing Street pedestrian only (aside from the tour trolley). Now through traffic detours to the east of the street.

The 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests were planned to take place in Wangfujing. Some violence occurred there between police and foreign journalists.

Stores
Wangfujing is now home to around 280 shops. Wangfujing malls include the Beijing Department Store, Beijing apm, Beijing Mall and The Malls at Oriental Plaza, and WF Central.

Food and snacks
Wangfujing snack street, (closed as of February 2024) located in hutongs just west of the main street, contains many restaurants and street food stalls. The food stalls serve a variety of common and exotic street food, including chuanr (meat kebabs, commonly made of lamb) and desserts, such as tanghulu or candied fruits on a stick.

Transport
The Wangfujing station of Beijing Subway Lines 1 and 8, is located at the intersection of Wangfujing Street and Chang'an Avenue.

title: Wangfujing


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User:Eudyptes

Hello, I'm a 23 year-old female Latin teacher and Graduate Student. I hope my contributions are helpful, thanks in advance for your gentle feedback.

title: User:Eudyptes


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Talk:Peloton

usage of "peloton"
69.151.250.5 (talk) 06:19, 31 July 2008 (UTC)This word also has been used for men at the head of a military formation on parade. See the 1886 military plate "Cuirassiers Peloton D'Escorte," by the well-known French military artist Edouard Detaille. Depicted are two "heavy" calvarymen in battle dress preceding a calvary formationa in dress uniform.

" A similar situation occurs at the end of the race when teams will cluster in front of their sprinter, blocking the wind as long as possible while still leaving an open path in front for the sprinter to break out near the finish line" Actually with a sprint or bunch-sprint finish what then happens is that the teams form 'leadouts' for their sprinter. Teams tend to form a single file paceline with the sprinter last. The front pulls for all he's worth until he can't maintain pace at which time he drops off and the next leader pulls. The idea here is to conserve the sprinter's energy until they decide to make their break for the line.

title: Talk:Peloton