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User talk:Gemtiger

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IB
You did IB? Me too! Have you sat for exams yet? Mike H 02:30, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm part of the most recent batch of graduates (May 2004). Would I be correct in assuming that you are, too? Gemtiger 16:25, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I am. I got a 29. What'd you get? Mike H 20:10, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, actually, I'm quite self-conscious about telling people how I did... but in true IB style, I will include a handy-dandy equation to figure it out!
 * Find the sum of the digits of CAS hours that IB requires.
 * Take the subject area number for mathematics and add it to the first sum.
 * Multiply the total by 0.1% of the word limit for the EE.
 * I hope you don't find this too annoying, although I think you'll understand once you hit the total.
 * If I may ask, which subjects did you take? Gemtiger 00:19, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You got a 44? Or am I doing this wrong? You shouldn't be ashamed of a 44.

 * My exams:

 * 3 in Biology HL, 4 in Geography SL, 5s in English A1 HL and Math Studies SL, and 6s in French B SL and History HL. 0 extra.Mike H 00:37, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * No, you did it right. I'm just in disbelief, since I'm not sure I really deserve it.... I got my 7s in English A1 HL, French B HL, Math Methods SL, Physics SL, and Chemistry SL. A 6 in History of the Americas HL. And I got 3 "bonus" points. I never quite understood how they're considered "bonus," since the diploma is out of 45, not 42. I figure I had a good exam schedule, though: I didn't have to deal with Biology/History or Chemistry/Geography. Just English/Physics, and because I feel one can't really study for English, I focussed on Physics instead. What did you think when you saw Life of Pi on English Paper 1? I know I did a double take--I'd read the book a few months before after receiving it as a gift. Gemtiger 18:56, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Hardly any of us heard of that book, because we live in a hick town. Mike H 19:02, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

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Wikistory
We have started a sentence version Sandbox/Wikistory (Sentence) - check it out! Brookie :) - a will o' the wisp ! (Whisper...) 08:12, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Peter Atkins second divorce date
My changing the date to 2005 was based on several biographical sources, lik Who's Who (see list in bottom of he:פיטר אטקינס. Could you tell me on what basis you edit was(I didn't get completely understand your edit comments). Thanks, DGtal 13:45, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I rechecked (luckily I have home online access). According to the following biographies the marriage was disolved in 2005. Another biography in the database just ommites the divorce.
 * "Prof Peter William Atkins." Debrett's People of Today. Debrett's Peerage Ltd., 2006
 * "Susan Adele Greenfield" Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2006.
 * "Baroness (Life Peer UK 2001), of Ot Moor in the County of Oxfordshire; Susan Adele Greenfield Greenfield." Debrett's People of Today. Debrett's Peerage Ltd., 2006.
 * Remember that imminent is relative, especially in court. Good day, DGtal 22:05, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Save the List!
They are trying to delete the lists we've work so hard on help put a stop to it. List of J-pop Artists Vote to keep our precious list!!! -Bilaber 21:55, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Image:Coreofsoul.jpg
Hello, Gemtiger. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Coreofsoul.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Gemtiger/COS infobox. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 22:51, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Coreofsoul.jpg)
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MfD nomination of User:Gemtiger/COS infobox
User:Gemtiger/COS infobox, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Gemtiger/COS infobox and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Gemtiger/COS infobox during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 17:39, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gemtiger


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Talk:Quiff

Someone knowledgable in this subject might want to clean up this page, especially regarding the last comment made by someone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Avlund (talk • contribs)

Other Note: DA has nothing to do with a Quiff.... nor does the Devil Lock... who ever wrote the above definition probly listens to crap and has no clue what psychobilly is. - Nick 13

This is a horrible definition. The author obviously knows noting about psychobilly. Here is a more accurate definition: The Quiff also know as a Flat Top in Europe is a combination of the 50s style pompadour, the 50s style flat top and sometimes a mowhawk. It became a popular hairstyle in europe in the early 80s with early psychobilly acts, the meteors, demented are go and others.

Quiffs and Psychobilly have nothing to do with Misfits or AFI, who ever defined this knew nothing about what they were writing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.42.133.60 (talk • contribs)

a picture might be nice —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.136.246.151 (talk • contribs)

what up with the "also girls can also have them too, you know?" ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.76.163 (talk • contribs)

A quiff is also slang for a vaginal fart (not kidding). There should be a disambiguation page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.126.5.184 (talk • contribs) 03:47, June 2, 2006

 * That's a queef... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.66.136.163 (talk • contribs) 16:16, August 7, 2006

 * Some 25 years ago, a British friend told me that on girls a quiff was not called a quiff because of it sounding too much like "cuif". Anyone else hear this one?  I can hear some homonymity (is that a word?) while saying it out loud.  No idea how it sounds to other English speakers due to variations in dialects and various regional pronunciations.  Guess it's no more nor more less vulgar or silly a name for a hairstyle than "duck's ass".  On a more serious note, I don't see any need for a DAB page. Jaguara 23:41, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Rush Limbaugh's hair has receded too far to be a quiff... LoDown86 23:02, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

A "Qwiff" is shorthand for "quantum wave function", very different from hairstyles - please add a disambiguation page... —Preceding unsigned comment added by StaticOnTheWire (talk • contribs) 01:07, November 15, 2006
 * I had to look this one up. Per Dr. Wolf's usage, "Qwiff" now redirects to Wavefunction. Jaguara don't know much about quantum mechanics 23:41, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Quiff vs. Pompadour
I've noticed that some of the people listed as having notable quiffs (i.e. Elvis Presley) had more of a pompadour. As I have never heard of a quiff until today, can someone verify that some of the pompadour-sporting celebrities are actual quiff-wearers? talk toSailorAlphaCentauri 17:28, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

This hairstyle makes sense
Men's natural hairlines pull back at the corners more than women's, so they're exaggerating it :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 02:32, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Image
I have replaced the image to a more extreme, and obvious version. --Chachu207 talk to me 22:27, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

This article is of no use at all
I read it, and it went yada-yada-yada. I then did a Google Image search for 'quiff' and was immediately presented with all manner of pictures, each easily replacing ten words on here, let alone a thousand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.195.60.71 (talk) 01:21, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

 * truth. the description is practically gibberish and the picture is not useful.

Removing 'Popular figures' section
I'm removing the section on popular figures. It's very poor as a popular culture section, and is a magnet for pointless drive-by edits. Hairstyles can change frequently, so attempting to list every popular musician who has one that's fashionable is a Sisyphean waste of time. I wouldn't mind restoring some of them if solid sources could be found, of course. Grayfell (talk) 02:32, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

French crop redirects here
French crop currently redirects here. A french crop has nothing whatsoever to do with a quiff, except that they both involve hair. 118.210.157.12 (talk) 01:56, 25 October 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Quiff


text:
Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador

The Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador (in French: le Conseil exécutif de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, but informally and more commonly, the Cabinet of Newfoundland and Labrador, and in French: le Cabinet de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador) is the cabinet headed by the lieutenant governor and composed of the ministers in office. The Executive Council is composed only of ministers in office, and is the official body by which Cabinet's constitutional advice is given to the lieutenant governor.

The Executive Council is thus similar in structure and role to the federal King's Privy Council for Canada, though smaller in size, and, whereas the federal cabinet is a committee of the King's Privy Council, the Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador and Cabinet of Newfoundland one and the same. Also, unlike the King's Privy Council, members of the Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador are not appointed for life, and are not entitled to post-nominal letters due to their position.

The Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, as representative of the King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador, heads the council, and is referred to as the Governor-in-Council. Most cabinet ministers are the head of a ministry, but this is not always the case. The Lieutenant Governor, advised by the Premier, determines which portfolios will be created. Ministers organize their department and present legislation for the new ministry if none exists. Other members of the Cabinet, who advise, or minister, the vice-regal, are selected by the Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador and appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor.

The Executive Council has offices and meetings at Confederation Building East Block.

Current Cabinet
Members are listed in order of precedence. The Table of Precedence prescribes that order of precedence within this group be determined in order of appointment to Executive Council with ties broken by order of election to the House of Assembly. On July 19, 2024, Premier Furey shuffled his cabinet.


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Ely Cathedral

Ely Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, is an Anglican cathedral in the city of Ely, Cambridgeshire, England.

The cathedral can trace its origin to the abbey founded in Ely in 672 by St Æthelthryth (also called Etheldreda). The earliest parts of the present building date to 1083, and it was granted cathedral status in 1109. Until the Reformation, the cathedral was dedicated to St Etheldreda and St Peter, at which point it was refounded as the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely. It is the cathedral of the Diocese of Ely, which covers most of Cambridgeshire and western Norfolk, Essex, and Bedfordshire. It is the seat of the Bishop of Ely and a suffragan bishop, the Bishop of Huntingdon.

Architecturally, Ely Cathedral is outstanding both for its scale and stylistic details. Having been built in a monumental Romanesque style, the galilee porch, lady chapel and choir were rebuilt in an exuberant Decorated Gothic. Its most notable feature is the central octagonal tower, with lantern above, which provides a unique internal space and, along with the West Tower, dominates the surrounding landscape.

The cathedral is a major tourist destination, receiving around 250,000 visitors per year, and sustains a daily pattern of morning and evening services.

Anglo-Saxon abbey
Ely Abbey was founded in 672, by Æthelthryth (St Etheldreda), a daughter of Anna, King of East Anglia. It was a mixed community of men and women. Later accounts suggest her three successor abbesses were also members of the East Anglian Royal family. In later centuries, the depredations of Viking raids may have resulted in its destruction, or at least the loss of all records. It is possible that some monks provided a continuity through to its refoundation in 970, under a Benedictine rule. The precise siting of Æthelthryth's original monastery is not known. The presence of her relics, bolstered by the growing body of literature on her life and miracles, was a major driving force in the success of the refounded abbey. The church building of 970 was within or near the nave of the present building, and was progressively demolished from 1102 alongside the construction of the Norman church. The obscure Ermenilda of Ely also became an abbess sometime after her husband, Wulfhere of Mercia, died in 675.

Present-day church
The cathedral is built from stone quarried from Barnack in Northamptonshire (bought from Peterborough Abbey, whose lands included the quarries, for 8,000 eels a year), with decorative elements carved from Purbeck Marble and local clunch. The plan of the building is cruciform (cross-shaped), with an additional transept at the western end. The total length is 537 ft, and the nave at over 75 m long remains one of the longest in Britain. The west tower is 66 m high. The unique Octagon 'Lantern Tower' is 23 m wide and is 52 m high. Internally, from the floor to the central roof boss the lantern is 43 m high. The cathedral is known locally as "the ship of the Fens", because of its prominent position above the surrounding flat landscape.

Norman abbey church
Having a pre-Norman history spanning 400 years and a re-foundation in 970, Ely over the course of the next hundred years had become one of England's most successful Benedictine abbeys, with a famous saint, treasures, library, book production of the highest order and lands exceeded only by Glastonbury. However the imposition of Norman rule was particularly problematic at Ely. Newly arrived Normans such as Picot of Cambridge were taking possession of abbey lands, there was appropriation of daughter monasteries such as Eynesbury by French monks, and interference by the Bishop of Lincoln was undermining its status. All this was exacerbated when, in 1071, Ely became a focus of English resistance, through such people as Hereward the Wake, culminating in the Siege of Ely, for which the abbey suffered substantial fines.

Under the Normans almost every English cathedral and major abbey was rebuilt from the 1070s onwards. If Ely was to maintain its status then it had to initiate its own building work, and the task fell to Abbot Simeon. He was the brother of Walkelin, the then Bishop of Winchester, and had himself been the prior at Winchester Cathedral when the rebuilding began there in 1079. In 1083, a year after Simeon's appointment as abbot of Ely, and when he was 90 years old, building work began. The years since the conquest had been turbulent for the Abbey, but the unlikely person of an aged Norman outsider effectively took sides with the Ely monks, reversed the decline in the abbey's fortunes, and found the resources, administrative capacity, identity and purpose to begin a mighty new building.

The design had many similarities to Winchester, a cruciform plan with central crossing tower, aisled transepts, a three-storey elevation and a semi-circular apse at the east end. It was one of the largest buildings under construction north of the Alps at the time. The first phase of construction took in the eastern arm of the church, and the north and south transepts. However, a significant break in the way the masonry is laid indicates that, with the transepts still unfinished, there was an unplanned halt to construction that lasted several years. It would appear that when Abbott Simeon died in 1093, an extended interregnum caused all work to cease. The administration of Ranulf Flambard may have been to blame. He illegally kept various posts unfilled, including that of Abbot of Ely, so he could appropriate the income. In 1099 he got himself appointed Bishop of Durham, in 1100 Abbot Richard was appointed to Ely and building work resumed. It is Abbot Richard who asserted Ely's independence from the Diocese of Lincoln, and pressed for it to be made a diocese in its own right, with the abbey church as its cathedral. Although Abbot Richard died in 1107, his successor Hervey le Breton was able to achieve this and become the first Bishop of Ely in 1109. This period at the start of the twelfth century was when Ely re-affirmed its link with its Anglo-Saxon past. The struggle for independence coincided with the period when resumption of building work required the removal of the shrines from the old building and the translation of the relics into the new church. This appears to have allowed, in the midst of a Norman-French hierarchy, an unexpectedly enthusiastic development of the cult of these pre-Norman saints and benefactors.

The Norman east end and the whole of the central area of the crossing are now entirely gone, but the architecture of the transepts survives in a virtually complete state, to give a good impression of how it would have looked. Massive walls pierced by Romanesque arches would have formed aisles running around all sides of the choir and transepts. Three tiers of archways rise from the arcaded aisles. Galleries with walkways could be used for liturgical processions, and above that is the Clerestory with a passage within the width of the wall.

Construction of the nave was underway from around 1115, and roof timbers dating to 1120 suggest that at least the eastern portion of the nave roof was in place by then. The great length of the nave required that it was tackled in phases and after completing four bays, sufficient to securely buttress the crossing tower and transepts, there was a planned pause in construction. By 1140 the nave had been completed together with the western transepts and west tower up to triforium level, in the fairly plain early Romanesque style of the earlier work. Another pause now occurred, for over 30 years, and when it resumed, the new mason found ways to integrate the earlier architectural elements with the new ideas and richer decorations of early Gothic.

The West Tower
The half-built west tower and upper parts of the two western transepts were completed under Bishop Geoffrey Ridel (1174–89), to create an exuberant west front, richly decorated with intersecting arches and complex mouldings. The new architectural details were used systematically to the higher storeys of the tower and transepts. Rows of trefoil heads and use of pointed instead of semicircular arches, results in a west front with a high level of orderly uniformity.

Originally the west front had transepts running symmetrically either side of the west tower. Stonework details on the tower show that an octagonal tower was part of the original design, although the current western octagonal tower was installed in 1400. Numerous attempts were made, during all phases of its construction to correct problems from subsidence in areas of soft ground at the western end of the cathedral. In 1405–1407, to cope with the extra weight from the octagonal tower, four new arches were added at the west crossing to strengthen the tower. The extra weight of these works may have added to the problem, as at the end of the fifteenth century the north-west transept collapsed. A great sloping mass of masonry was built to buttress the remaining walls, which remain in their broken-off state on the north side of the tower.

Galilee Porch
The Galilee Porch is now the principal entrance into the cathedral for visitors. Its original liturgical functions are unclear, but its location at the west end meant it may have been used as a chapel for penitents, a place where liturgical processions could gather, or somewhere the monks could hold business meetings with women, who were not permitted into the abbey. It also has a structural role in buttressing the west tower. The walls stretch over two storeys, but the upper storey now has no roof, it having been removed early in the nineteenth century. Its construction dating is also uncertain. Records suggest it was initiated by Bishop Eustace (1197–1215), and it is a notable example of Early English Gothic style. But there are doubts about just how early, especially as Eustace had taken refuge in France in 1208, and had no access to his funds for the next 3 years. George Gilbert Scott argued that details of its decoration, particularly the 'syncopated arches' and the use of Purbeck marble shafts, bear comparison with St Hugh's Choir, Lincoln Cathedral, and the west porch at St Albans, which both predate Eustace, whereas the foliage carvings and other details offer a date after 1220, suggesting it could be a project taken up, or re-worked by Bishop Hugh of Northwold.

Presbytery and East end
The first major reworking of an element of the Norman building was undertaken by Hugh of Northwold (bishop 1229–54). The eastern arm had been only four bays, running from the choir (then located at the crossing itself) to the high altar and the shrine to Etheldreda. In 1234 Northwold began an eastward addition of six further bays, which were built over 17 years, in a richly ornamented style with extensive use of Purbeck marble pillars and foliage carvings. It was built using the same bay dimensions, wall thicknesses and elevations as the Norman parts of the nave, but with an Early English Gothic style that makes it 'the most refined and richly decorated English building of its period'. St Etheldreda's remains were translated to a new shrine immediately east of the high altar within the new structure, and on completion of these works in 1252 the cathedral was reconsecrated in the presence of King Henry III and Prince Edward. As well as a greatly expanded presbytery, the new east end had the effect of inflating still further the significance of St Etheldreda's shrine. Surviving fragments of the shrine pedestal suggest its decoration was similar to the interior walls of the Galilee porch. The relics of the saints Wihtburh, Seaxburh (sisters of St Etheldreda) and Ermenilda (daughter of St Seaxburh of Ely) would also have been accommodated, and the new building provided much more space for pilgrims to visit the shrines, via a door in the North Transept. The presbytery has subsequently been used for the burials and memorials of over 100 individuals connected with the abbey and cathedral.

Lady Chapel
In 1321, under the sacrist Alan of Walsingham, work began on a large free-standing Lady Chapel, linked to the north aisle of the chancel by a covered walkway. The chapel is 100 ft long and 46 ft wide, and was built in an exuberant 'Decorated' Gothic style over the course of the next 30 years. Masons and finances were unexpectedly required for the main church from 1322, which must have slowed the progress of the chapel. The north and south wall each have five bays, comprising large traceried windows separated by pillars each of which has eight substantial niches and canopies which once held statues.

Below the window line, and running round three sides of the chapel is an arcade of richly decorated 'nodding ogees', with Purbeck marble pillars, creating scooped out seating booths. There are three arches per bay plus a grander one for each main pillar, each with a projecting pointed arch covering a subdividing column topped by a statue of a bishop or king. Above each arch is a pair of spandrels containing carved scenes which create a cycle of 93 carved relief sculptures of the life and miracles of the Virgin Mary. The carvings and sculptures would all have been painted. The window glass would all have been brightly coloured with major schemes perhaps of biblical narratives, of which a few small sections have survived. At the reformation, the edict to remove images from the cathedral was carried out very thoroughly by Bishop Thomas Goodrich. The larger statues have gone. The relief scenes were built into the wall, so each face or statue was individually hacked off, but leaving many finely carved details, and numerous puzzles as to what the original scenes showed. After the reformation it was redeployed as the parish church (Holy Trinity) for the town, a situation which continued up to 1938.

In 2000 a life-size statue of the Virgin Mary by David Wynne was installed above the lady chapel altar. The statue was criticised by local people and the cathedral dean said he had been inundated with letters of complaint.

Octagon
The central octagonal tower, with its vast internal open space and its pinnacles and lantern above, forms the most distinctive and celebrated feature of the cathedral. However, what Pevsner describes as Ely's 'greatest individual achievement of architectural genius' came about through a disaster at the centre of the cathedral. On the night of 12–13 February 1322, possibly as a result of digging foundations for the Lady Chapel, the Norman central crossing tower collapsed. Work on the Lady Chapel was suspended as attention transferred to dealing with this disaster. Instead of being replaced by a new tower on the same ground plan, the crossing was enlarged to an octagon, removing all four of the original tower piers and absorbing the adjoining bays of the nave, chancel and transepts to define an open area far larger than the square base of the original tower. The construction of this unique and distinctive feature was overseen by Alan of Walsingham. The extent of his influence on the design continues to be a matter of debate, as are the reasons such a radical step was taken. Mistrust of the soft ground under the failed tower piers may have been a major factor in moving all the weight of the new tower further out.

The large stone octagonal tower, with its eight internal archways, leads up to timber vaulting that appears to allow the large glazed timber lantern to balance on their slender struts. The roof and lantern are actually held up by a complex timber structure above the vaulting which could not be built in this way today because there are no trees big enough. The central lantern, also octagonal in form, but with angles offset from the great Octagon, has panels showing pictures of musical angels, which can be opened, with access from the Octagon roof-space, so that real choristers can sing from on high. More wooden vaulting forms the lantern roof. At the centre is a wooden boss carved from a single piece of oak, showing Christ in Majestry. The elaborate joinery and timberwork was brought about by William Hurley, master carpenter in the royal service.

It is unclear what damage was caused to the Norman chancel by the fall of the tower, but the three remaining bays were reconstructed under Bishop John Hotham (1316–1337) in an ornate Decorated style with flowing tracery. Structural evidence shows that this work was a remodelling rather than a total rebuilding. New choirstalls with carved misericords and canopy work were installed beneath the octagon, in a similar position to their predecessors. Work was resumed on the Lady Chapel, and the two westernmost bays of Northwold's presbytery were adapted by unroofing the triforia so as to enhance the lighting of Etheldreda's shrine. Starting at about the same time the remaining lancet windows of the aisles and triforia of the presbytery were gradually replaced by broad windows with flowing tracery. At the same period extensive work took place on the monastic buildings, including the construction of the elegant chapel of Prior Crauden.

Chantry Chapels
In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries elaborate chantry chapels were inserted in the easternmost bays of the presbytery aisles, on the north for Bishop John Alcock (1486–1500) and on the south for Bishop Nicholas West (1515–33).

John Alcock was born in around 1430, the son of a Hull merchant, but achieved high office in both church and state. Amongst his many duties and posts he was given charge of Edward IV's sons, who became known as the Princes in the Tower. That Alcock faithfully served Edward IV and his sons as well Henry VII adds to the mystery of how their fate was kept secret. Appointed bishop of Rochester and then Worcester by Edward IV, he was also declared 'Lord President of Wales' in 1476. On Henry VII's victory over Richard III in 1485, Alcock became interim Lord Chancellor and in 1486 was appointed Bishop of Ely. As early as 1476 he had endowed a chantry for his parents at Hull, but the resources Ely put at his disposal allowed him to found Jesus College, Cambridge and build his own fabulous chantry chapel in an ornate style. The statue niches with their architectural canopies are crammed so chaotically together that some of the statues never got finished as they were so far out of sight. Others, although completed, were overlooked by the destructions of the reformation, and survived when all the others were destroyed. The extent that the chapel is squashed in, despite cutting back parts of the Norman walls, raises the possibility that the design, and perhaps even some of the stonework, was done with a more spacious bay at Worcester in mind. On his death in 1500 he was buried within his chapel.

Nicholas West had studied at Cambridge, Oxford and Bologna, had been a diplomat in the service of Henry VII and Henry VIII, and became Bishop of Ely in 1515. For the remaining 19 years of his life he 'lived in greater splendour than any other prelate of his time, having more than a hundred servants.' He was able to build the magnificent Chantry chapel at the south-east corner of the presbytery, panelled with niches for statues (which were destroyed or disfigured just a few years later at the reformation), and with fan tracery forming the ceiling, and West's tomb on the south side.

In 1771 the chapel was also used to house the bones of seven Saxon 'benefactors of the church'. These had been translated from the old Saxon Abbey into the Norman building, and had been placed in a wall of the choir when it stood in the Octagon. When the choir stalls were moved, their enclosing wall was demolished, and the bones of Wulfstan (died 1023), Osmund of Sweden, Athelstan of Elmham, Ælfwine of Elmham, Ælfgar of Elmham, Eadnoth of Dorchester and Byrhtnoth, eorldorman of Essex, were found, and relocated into West's chapel. Also sharing Nicholas West's chapel, against the east wall, is the tomb memorial to the bishop Bowyer Sparke, who died in 1836.

Dissolution and Reformation
On 18 November 1539 the royal commissioners took possession of the monastery and all its possessions, and for nearly two years its future hung in the balance as Henry VIII and his advisers considered what role, if any, Cathedrals might play in the emerging Protestant church. On 10 September 1541 a new charter was granted to Ely, at which point Robert Steward, the last prior, was re-appointed as the first dean, who, with eight prebendaries formed the dean and chapter, the new governing body of the cathedral. Under Bishop Thomas Goodrich's orders, first the shrines to the Anglo-Saxon saints were destroyed, and as iconoclasm increased, nearly all the stained glass and much of the sculpture in the cathedral was destroyed or defaced during the 1540s. In the Lady Chapel the free-standing statues were destroyed and all 147 carved figures in the frieze of St Mary were decapitated, as were the numerous sculptures on West's chapel. The Cathedrals were eventually spared on the basis of three useful functions: propagation of true worship of God, educational activity, and care of the poor. To this end, vicars choral, lay clerks and boy choristers were all appointed (many having previously been members of the monastic community), to assist in worship. A grammar school with 24 scholars was established in the monastic buildings, and in the 1550s plate and vestments were sold to buy books and establish a library. The passageway running to the Lady Chapel was turned into an almshouse for six bedemen. The Lady Chapel itself was handed over to the town as Holy Trinity Parish Church in 1566, replacing a very unsatisfactory lean-to structure that stood against the north wall of the nave. Many of the monastic buildings became the houses of the new Cathedral hierarchy, although others were demolished. Much of the Cathedral itself had little purpose. The whole East end was used simply as a place for burials and memorials. The cathedral was damaged in the Dover Straits Earthquake of 6 April 1580, where stones fell from the vaulting.

Difficult as the sixteenth century had been for the cathedral, it was the period of the Commonwealth that came nearest to destroying both the institution and the buildings. Throughout the 1640s, with Oliver Cromwell's army occupying the Isle of Ely, a puritanical regime of worship was imposed. Bishop Matthew Wren was arrested in 1642 and spent the next 18 years in the Tower of London. That no significant destruction of images occurred during the Civil War and the Commonwealth would appear to be because it had been done so thoroughly 100 years before. In 1648 parliament encouraged the demolition of the buildings, so that the materials could be sold to pay for 'relief of sick and maimed soldiers, widows and children'. That this didn't happen, and that the building suffered nothing worse than neglect, may have been due to protection by Oliver Cromwell, although the uncertainty of the times, and apathy rather than hostility to the building may have been as big a factor.

Restoration
When Charles II was invited to return to Britain, alongside the political restoration there began a process of re-establishing the Church of England. Matthew Wren, whose high church views had kept him in prison throughout the period of the Commonwealth, was able to appoint a new cathedral chapter. The dean, by contrast was appointed by the crown. The three big challenges for the new hierarchy were to begin repairs on the neglected buildings, to re-establish Cathedral services, and to recover its lands, rights and incomes. The search for lost deeds and records to establish their rights took over 20 years but most of the rights to the dispersed assets appear to have been regained.

In the 1690s a number of very fine baroque furnishings were introduced, notably a marble font (for many years kept in St Peter’s Church, Prickwillow, ) and an organ case mounted on the Romanesque pulpitum (the stone screen dividing the nave from the liturgical choir) with trumpeting angels and other embellishments. In 1699 the north-west corner of the north transept collapsed and had to be rebuilt. The works included the insertion of a fine classical doorway in the north face. Christopher Wren has sometimes been associated with this feature, and he may have been consulted by Robert Grumbold, the mason in charge of the project. Grumbold had worked with Wren on Trinity College Library in Cambridge a few years earlier, and Wren would have been familiar with the Cathedral through his uncle Matthew Wren, bishop from 1638 to 1667. He was certainly among the people with whom the dean (John Lambe 1693–1708) discussed the proposed works during a visit to London. The damaged transept took from 1699 to 1702 to rebuild, and with the exception of the new doorway, the works faithfully re-instated the Romanesque walls, windows, and detailing. This was a landmark approach in the history of restoration.

Bentham and Essex
Two people stand out in Ely Cathedral's eighteenth-century history, one a minor canon and the other an architectural contractor. James Bentham (1709–1794), building on the work of his father Samuel, studied the history of both the institution and architecture of the cathedral, culminating in 1771 with his publication of The History and Antiquities of the Conventual and Cathedral Church of Ely. He sought out original documents to provide definitive biographical lists of abbots, priors, deans and bishops, alongside a history of the abbey and cathedral, and was able to set out the architectural development of the building with detailed engravings and plans. These plans, elevations and sections had been surveyed by the architect James Essex (1722–1784), who by this means was able to both highlight the poor state of parts of the building, and understand its complex interdependencies.

The level of expertise that Bentham and Essex brought to the situation enabled a well-prioritised series of repairs and sensitive improvements to be proposed that occupied much of the later eighteenth century. Essex identified the decay of the octagon lantern as the starting point of a major series of repairs, and was appointed in 1757 to oversee the work. 400 years of weathering and decay may have removed many of the gothic features, and shortage of funds allied to a Georgian suspicion of ornament resulted in plain and pared down timber and leadwork on the lantern. He was then able to move on to re-roof the entire eastern arm and restore the eastern gable which had been pushed outwards some 2 ft.

Bentham and Essex were both enthusiastic proponents of a longstanding plan to relocate the 14th-century choir stalls from under the octagon. With the octagon and east roof dealt with, the scheme was embarked on in 1769, with Bentham, still only a minor canon, appointed as clerk of works. By moving the choir stalls to the far east end of the cathedral, the octagon became a spacious public area for the first time, with vistas to east and west and views of the octagon vaulting. They also removed the Romanesque pulpitum and put in a new choir screen two bays east of the octagon, surmounted by the 1690s organ case. Despite their antiquarian interests, Bentham and Essex appear to have dismantled the choir stalls with alarming lack of care, and saw no problem in clearing away features at the east end, and removing the pulpitum and medieval walls surrounding the choir stalls. The north wall turned out to incorporate the bones of seven 'Saxon worthies' which would have featured on the pilgrim route into the pre-Reformation cathedral. The bones were rehoused in Bishop West's Chapel. The choir stalls, with their misericords were however retained, and the restoration as a whole was relatively sympathetic by the standards of the period.

The Victorians
The next major period of restoration began in the 1840s and much of the oversight was the responsibility of Dean George Peacock (1839–58). In conjunction with the Cambridge Professor Robert Willis, he undertook thorough investigations into the structure, archaeology and artistic elements of the building, and made a start on what became an extensive series of refurbishments by restoring the south-west transept. This had been used as a 'workshop', and by stripping out more recent material and restoring the Norman windows and arcading, they set a pattern that would be adopted in much of the Victorian period works. In 1845, by which time the cathedral had works underway in many areas, a visiting architect, George Basevi, who was inspecting the west tower, tripped, and fell 36 feet to his death. He was given a burial in the north choir aisle. Works at this time included cleaning back thick layers of limewash, polishing pillars of Purbeck marble, painting and gilding roof bosses and corbels in the choir, and a major opening up of the West tower. A plaster vault was removed that had been put in only 40 years before, and the clock and bells were moved higher. The addition of iron ties and supports allowed removal of vast amounts of infill that was supposed to strengthen the tower, but had simply added more weight and compounded the problems.

George Gilbert Scott
George Gilbert Scott was, by 1847, emerging as a successful architect and keen exponent of the Gothic Revival. He was brought in, as a professional architect to bolster the enthusiastic amateur partnership of Peacock and Willis, initially in the re-working of the fourteenth-century choir stalls. Having been at the East end for 80 years, Scott oversaw their move back towards the Octagon, but this time remaining within the eastern arm, keeping the open space of the Octagon clear. This was Scott's first cathedral commission. He went on to work on a new carved wooden screen and brass gates, moved the high altar two bays westwards, and installed a lavishly carved and ornamented alabaster reredos carved by Rattee and Kett, a new font for the south-west transept, a new Organ case and later a new pulpit, replacing the neo-Norman pulpit designed by John Groves in 1803. In 1876 Scott's designs for the octagon lantern parapet and pinnacles were implemented, returning it to a form which, to judge from pre-Essex depictions, seems to be genuinely close to the original. Various new furnishings replaced the baroque items installed in the 1690s.

Stained glass
In 1845 Edward Sparke, son of the bishop Bowyer Sparke, and himself a canon, spearheaded a major campaign to re-glaze the cathedral with coloured glass. At that time there was hardly any medieval glass (mostly a few survivals in the Lady Chapel) and not much of post-reformation date. An eighteenth-century attempt to get James Pearson to produce a scheme of painted glass had produced only one window and some smaller fragments. With the rediscovery of staining techniques, and the renewed enthusiasm for stained glass that swept the country as the nineteenth century progressed, almost all areas of the cathedral received new glazing. Under Sparke's oversight, money was found from donors, groups, bequests, even gifts by the artists themselves, and by Edward Sparke himself. A wide variety of designers and manufacturers were deliberately used, to help find the right firm to fill the great lancets at the east end. In the event, it was William Wailes who undertook this in 1857, having already begun the four windows of the octagon, as well as contributions to the south west transept, south aisle and north transept. Other windows were by the Gérente brothers, William Warrington, Alexander Gibbs, Clayton and Bell, Ward and Nixon, Hardman & Co., and numerous other individuals and firms from England and France.

A timber boarded ceiling was installed in the nave and painted with scenes from the Old and New Testaments, first by Henry Styleman Le Strange and then, after Le Strange's death in 1862, completed by Thomas Gambier Parry, who also repainted the interior of the octagon.

A further major programme of structural restoration took place between 1986 and 2000 under Deans William Patterson (1984–90) and Michael Higgins (1991–2003), directed by successive Surveyors to the Fabric, initially Peter Miller and from 1994 Jane Kennedy. Much of this restoration work was carried out by Rattee and Kett. In 2000 a Processional Way was built, restoring the direct link between the north choir aisle and the Lady Chapel.

In 1972, the Stained Glass Museum was established to preserve windows from churches across the country that were being closed by redundancy. It opened to the public in 1979 in the north triforium of Ely Cathedral and following an appeal, an improved display space was created in the south triforium opening in 2000. Besides rescued pieces, the collection includes examples from Britain and abroad that have been donated or purchased through bequests, or are on loan from the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal Collection, and Friends of Friendless Churches.

Religious community
Ely has been an important centre of Christian worship since the seventh century AD. Most of what is known about its history before the Norman Conquest comes from Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum written early in the eighth century and from the Liber Eliensis, an anonymous chronicle written at Ely some time in the twelfth century, drawing on Bede for the very early years, and covering the history of the community until the twelfth century. According to these sources the first Christian community here was founded by Æthelthryth (romanised as "Etheldreda"), daughter of the Anglo-Saxon King Anna of East Anglia, who was born at Exning near Newmarket. She may have acquired land at Ely from her first husband Tondberht, described by Bede as a "prince" of the South Gyrwas. After the end of her second marriage to Ecgfrith, a prince of Northumbria, in 673 she set up and ruled as abbess a dual monastery at Ely for men and for women. When she died, a shrine was built there to her memory. This monastery is recorded as having been destroyed in about 870 in the course of Danish invasions. However, while the lay settlement of the time would have been a minor one, it is likely that a church survived there until its refoundation in the tenth century. The history of the religious community during that period is unclear, but accounts of the refoundation in the tenth century suggest that there had been an establishment of secular priests.

In the course of the revival of the English church under Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Aethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, a new Benedictine abbey for men was established in Ely in 970. This was one of a wave of monastic refoundations which locally included Peterborough and Ramsey. Ely became one of the leading Benedictine houses in late Anglo-Saxon England. Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the abbey allied itself with the local resistance to Norman rule led by Hereward the Wake. The new regime having established control of the area, after the death of the abbot Thurstan, a Norman successor Theodwine was installed. In 1109 Ely attained cathedral status with the appointment of Hervey le Breton as bishop of the new diocese which was taken out of the very large diocese of Lincoln. This involved a division of the monastic property between the bishopric and the monastery, whose establishment was reduced from 70 to 40 monks, headed by a prior; the bishop being titular abbot.

In 1539, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the monastery surrendered to Henry VIII's commissioners. The cathedral was refounded by royal charter in 1541 with the former prior Robert Steward as dean and the majority of the former monks as prebendaries and minor canons, supplemented by Matthew Parker, later Archbishop of Canterbury, and Richard Cox, later Bishop of Ely. With a brief interruption from 1649 to 1660 during the Commonwealth, when all cathedrals were abolished, this foundation has continued in its essentials to the twenty-first century, with a reduced number of residentiary canons now supplemented by a number of lay canons appointed under a Church Measure of 1999.

As with other cathedrals, Ely's pattern of worship centres around the Opus Dei, the daily programme of services drawing significantly on the Benedictine tradition. It also serves as the mother church of the diocese and ministers to a substantial local congregation. At the Dissolution the veneration of St Etheldreda was suppressed, her shrine in the cathedral was destroyed, and the dedication of the cathedral to her and St Peter was replaced by the present dedication to the Holy and Undivided Trinity. Since 1873 the practice of honouring her memory has been revived, and annual festivals are celebrated, commemorating events in her life and the successive "translations" – removals of her remains to new shrines – which took place in subsequent centuries.

Dean and chapter

 * Dean – Mark Bonney (since 22 September 2012 installation)
 * Precentor – James Garrard (since 29 November 2008 installation)
 * Canon residentiary – James Reveley
 * Canon residentiary and (Diocesan) Initial Ministerial Education (IME) co-ordinator – Jessica Martin (since 10 September 2016 installation)
 * Canon residentiary and (Diocesan) Initial Ministerial Education (IME) co-ordinator – Jessica Martin (since 10 September 2016 installation)

Burials
The burials below are listed in date order

 * Æthelthryth – Abbess of Ely in 679. The shrine was destroyed in 1541, her relics are alleged to be in St Etheldreda's Church, Ely Place, London and St Etheldreda's Roman Catholic Church, Ely
 * Seaxburh – Abbess of Ely in about 699
 * Wihtburh – possible sister of Æthelthryth, founder and abbess of convent in Dereham. Died 743 and buried in the cemetery of Ely Abbey, reinterred in her church in Dereham 798, remains stolen in 974 and buried in Ely Abbey
 * Byrhtnoth – patron of Ely Abbey, died leading Anglo-Saxon forces at the Battle of Maldon in 991
 * Eadnoth the Younger – Abbot of Ramsey, Bishop of Dorchester, killed in 1016 fighting against Cnut, his body was seized and hidden by Ely monks and subsequently venerated as Saint Eadnoth the Martyr
 * Wulfstan II – Archbishop of York (1002–1023), he died in York but according to his wishes he was buried in the monastery of Ely. Miracles are ascribed to his tomb by the Liber Eliensis
 * Alfred Aetheling – son of the English king Æthelred the Unready (1012–1037)
 * Hervey le Breton – First Bishop of Ely (1109–1131)
 * Nigel – Bishop of Ely (1133–1169), may have been buried here
 * Geoffrey Ridel – the nineteenth Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely (1173–1189)
 * Eustace – Bishop of Ely (1197–1215), also the twenty-third Lord Chancellor of England and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. Buried near the altar of St Mary
 * John of Fountains – Bishop of Ely (1220–1225), "in the pavement" near the high altar
 * Geoffrey de Burgo – Bishop of Ely (1225–1228), buried in north choir but no surviving tomb or monument has been identified as his
 * Hugh of Northwold – Bishop of Ely (1229–1254), buried next to a shrine to St Etheldreda in the presbytery that he built, his tomb was moved to the north choir aisle but the location of his remains is unclear
 * William of Kilkenny – Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely (1254–1256), his heart was buried here, having died in Spain on a diplomatic mission for the king
 * Hugh de Balsham – Bishop of Ely (1256–1286), founder of Peterhouse, his tomb has not been firmly identified
 * John Kirkby – Lord High Treasurer of England and Bishop of Ely (1286–1290), a marble tomb slab located in the north choir aisle may possibly be from his tomb
 * William of Louth – Bishop of Ely (1290–1298), his elaborate tomb is near the entrance to the Lady Chapel in the south choir aisle
 * John Hotham – Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord High Treasurer, Lord Chancellor and Bishop of Ely (1316–1337), died after two years of paralysis
 * John Barnet – Bishop of Ely (1366–1373)
 * Louis II de Luxembourg – Cardinal, Archbishop of Rouen and Bishop of Ely (1437–1443). He is not known to have ever visited the cathedral; after his death at Hatfield his bowels were interred in the church there, his heart at Rouen and his body at Ely on the south side of the Presbytery
 * John Tiptoft – 1st Earl of Worcester ('The Butcher of England') (1427–1470), in a large tomb in the South Choir Aisle
 * William Grey – Lord High Treasurer of England and Bishop of Ely (1454–1478)
 * John Alcock – Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely (1486–1500), in the Alcock Chantry
 * Richard Redman – Bishop of Ely (1501–1505)
 * Nicholas West – Bishop of Ely (1515–1534), buried in the Bishop West Chantry Chapel, which he built, at the eastern end of the South Choir Aisle
 * Thomas Goodrich – Bishop of Ely (1534–1554), buried in the South Choir
 * Robert Steward – First Dean of Ely (1541–1557)
 * Richard Cox – Bishop of Ely (1559–1581), buried in a tomb over which the choir box was built
 * Martin Heton – Bishop of Ely (1599–1609)
 * Humphrey Tyndall – Dean of Ely (1591–1614)
 * Henry Caesar – Dean of Ely (1614–1636)
 * Benjamin Lany – Bishop of Ely (1667–1675)
 * Peter Gunning – Bishop of Ely (1675–1684)
 * Simon Patrick – Bishop of Ely (1691–1707)
 * William Marsh – Gentleman of Ely (1642–1708), Marble mural erected above the entrance to the Lady Chapel.
 * John Moore – Bishop of Ely (1707–1714)
 * William Fleetwood – Bishop of Ely (1714–1723), in the north chancel aisle
 * Robert Moss – Dean of Ely (1713–1729)
 * Thomas Green – Bishop of Ely (1723–1738)
 * Robert Butts – Bishop of Ely (1738–1748)
 * Matthias Mawson – Bishop of Ely (1754–1771)
 * Edmund Keene – Bishop of Ely (1771–1781), in the Bishop West Chantry Chapel (his wife, Mary, was buried in the south side of the choir)
 * Bowyer Sparke – Bishop of Ely (1812–1836), in the Bishop West Chantry Chapel
 * George Basevi – Architect. Died 1845, aged 51, after falling through an opening in the floor of the old bell chamber of the west tower of Ely Cathedral while inspecting repairs. Buried in North Choir Aisle under a monumental brass
 * Joseph Allen – Bishop of Ely (1836–1845)
 * William Hodge Mill – (1792–1853) the first principal of Bishop's College, Calcutta, and later Regius Professor of Hebrew at Cambridge and Canon at Ely Cathedral
 * James Woodford – Bishop of Ely (1873–1885), in Matthew Wren's chapel on the south side of the choir
 * Harry Legge-Bourke – died 1973 while Member of Parliament for the Isle of Ely

Music

The cathedral retains six professional adult lay clerks who sing in the Cathedral Choir along with boy and girl choristers aged 7 to 13 who receive choristerships funded by the cathedral to attend the King's Ely school as day or boarding pupils. From 2021, boy and girl choristers sing an equal number of services, and receive an equal scholarship off of school fees at King’s Ely. The Director of Music leads the Boy choristers, and the Girl choristers are led by Sarah MacDonald.

The Octagon Singers and Ely Imps are voluntary choirs of local adults and children respectively.

Organ
Details of the organ from the National Pipe Organ Register

Organists
The following is a list of organists recorded since the cathedral was refounded in 1541 following the Second Act of Dissolution. Where not directly appointed as Organist, the position is inferred by virtue of their appointment as Master of the Choristers, or most recently as Director of Music. • William Smith 1541–1542

• Christopher Tye 1542–1561

• Robert Whyte c. 1561−1566

• John Farrant 1566–1570

• William Fox 1571–1579

• George Barcroft 1580–1610

• John Amner 1610–1641

• Robert Claxton 1641–1662

• John Ferrabosco 1663–1682

• James Hawkins 1682–1729

• Thomas Kempton 1729–1762

• John Elbonn 1762–1768

• David Wood 1768–1774

• James Rodgers 1774–1777

• Richard Langdon 1777–1778

• Highmore Skeats 1778–1803

• Highmore Skeats 1803–1830

• Robert Janes 1830–1866

• Edmund Chipp 1866–1886

• Basil Harwood 1887–1892

• T. Tertius Noble 1892–1898

• Hugh Allen 1898–1900

• Archibald Wayett Wilson 1901–1919

• Noel Edmund Ponsunby 1919–1926

• Hubert Stanley Middleton 1926–1931

• Marmaduke Conway 1931–1949

• Sidney Campbell 1949–1953

• Michael Howard 1953–1958

• Arthur Wills 1958–1990

• Paul Trepte 1990–2019

• Edmund Aldhouse 2019−incumbent

Stained Glass Museum
The south triforium is home to the Stained Glass Museum, a collection of stained glass from the thirteenth century to the present that is of national importance and includes works from notable contemporary artists including Ervin Bossanyi.

In popular culture

 * The cathedral was the subject of a watercolour by J. M. W. Turner, in about 1796.
 * The cathedral appears on the horizon in the cover photo of Pink Floyd's 1994 album The Division Bell, and in the music video of a single from that album, "High Hopes".
 * The covers of a number of John Rutter's choral albums feature an image of the cathedral, a reference to early recordings of his music being performed and recorded in the Lady chapel.
 * Direct references to the cathedral appear in the children's book Tom's Midnight Garden by Philippa Pearce. A full-length movie with the same title was released in 1999.
 * A section of the film Elizabeth: The Golden Age was filmed at the cathedral in June 2006.
 * Filming for The Other Boleyn Girl took place at the cathedral in August 2007.
 * Parts of Marcus Sedgwick's 2000 novel Floodland take place at the cathedral after the sea has consumed the land around it, turning Ely into an island.
 * Direct references to Ely Cathedral are made in Jill Dawson's 2006 novel Watch Me Disappear.
 * A week's filming took place in November 2009 at the cathedral, when it substituted for Westminster Abbey in The King's Speech.
 * In April 2013 Mila Kunis was at the cathedral filming Jupiter Ascending.
 * In 2013, in the movie Snowpiercer, the west tower appeared in a collection of frozen ruined man-made structures in the dystopian future when a view of the outside world was briefly shown as the train Snowpiercer was encircling the globe.
 * The film Assassin's Creed shot scenes in Ely Cathedral in July 2013.
 * The film Macbeth used the cathedral for filming in February and March 2014.
 * In 2016 the cathedral was substituted for Westminster Abbey again in the Netflix original series The Crown.
 * Shooting for the 2023 film Maestro took place at the cathedral between October 20 and 22, 2022

title: Ely Cathedral


text:
Talk:Ronald McDonald

David Hussey / Joe Maggard
Actor David Hussey was the real actor that portrayed Ronald, he played him from 2000 to 2014. He's the one that portrayed Ronald all these years, not Joe. Joe actually lied about portraying him from 1995 to 2007, it's true. The McDonald's wiki itself even says that he lied about portraying him. David Hussey also played Ronald in The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald not Joe as well. There faces both look very similar with the makeup on, but it was really David Hussey. Joe just stole all the credit about it and lied. Also, Jack Doepke actually portrayed Ronald from 1991 to 1999, not 1995. Were he also played Ronald in the first three episodes of The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald and David played Ronald in the last three episodes of the series. So David Hussey is the real person that portrayed Ronald from 2000 to 2014, and then Brad Lennon took over in 2014 to present, not 2007. 2600:1000:B018:1E5A:D963:AB84:1DCC:5AF4 (talk) 18:49, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Here is the list of actors that portrayed him. http://mcdonalds.wikia.com/wiki/Actors_who_have_played_Ronald_McDonald 2600:1000:B018:1E5A:D865:42F0:A2:D426 (talk) 18:54, 5 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Wikia isn't an reilable source and there will be consensus against it if a RFC was opened. KGirlTrucker81huh? what I'm been doing 22:21, 23 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Nope, not a WP:RS ... richi (hello) 23:10, 23 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes it is an unreliable source. Addicted4517 (talk) 05:11, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

But you guy's are still wrong, David did "TOO" play the role of Ronald McDonald from 2000 to 2014. Joe lied about portraying Ronald from 1995 to 2007 he stole all the credit and lied about it. David was the real person that played Ronald from 2000 to 2014. and Jack played Ronald from 1991 to 1999, not 1995. User:BigWalt71 the admin from McDonald's wiki even confirmed it when he met Rich Seidelman, the former sketch artist and writer for McDonaldland commercials and he himself even confirmed that it wasn't Joe. BigWalt also said you will find the answer here https://www.facebook.com/FilmingInMcDonaldland and it well confirm the real answers. 174.192.17.245 (talk) 23:34, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Unless you can offer a WP:RS to support it, any edits to the articles that claim Hussey played the character are ipso facto vandalism ... richi (hello) 23:38, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Perhaps Wikia isn't a reliable source, but what source is there that Joe Maggard ever portrayed Ronald McDonald other than Maggard himself? Neb-Maat-Re (talk) 00:43, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

can maggard please be removed, there is NO source stating he portrayed ronald. NOT ONE. Maggard makes the claim but has no proof while there is VIDEO proof that he DID NOT during the dates he gives as other actors are obvious and Maggard is NEVER seen nor heard portraying the character, ever. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.255.7.111 (talk) 17:09, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

Just to clear things up with all this Maggard information, here's an article from 2003. It states from McDonald's themselves that Joe isn't Ronald: http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal-ronald060203-story.html. 2600:1000:B073:AF01:4C32:D4DE:6A94:BD3C (talk) 20:23, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

Geoffrey Giuliano
Why is there no mention of actor Geoffrey Giuliano who later became an animal right's activist?

Topher67 (talk) 19:29, 9 September 2018 (UTC)

King Moody issue
They are right, it's best to bring the issue here to the talk page instead of changing it back and fourth, I apologize for all these edit reverts. Anyways, I was the one that changed the info to 1975, by mistake in the past edits. I was only trying to fix it back the way it was before. Even user:CyberJudoon stated that it was 1969 to 1985 that King Moody portrayed the character, saying it here:https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_McDonald&diff=959636300&oldid=958022106. Because originally, the source I found before according here: it turned out that it wasn't reliable enough to be a source, it was just past edits in what use to be on the article before. So I wasn't trying to cause harm, it was only trying to correct it back to the way it was before. Because I changed it to 1975 by mistake. 2600:1000:B009:C440:FD6E:2CD7:B03F:7FA4 (talk) 19:47, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

 * It seems McDonalds doesn't even like to admit Ronald McDonald is played by a human actor. I decided to look into it a bit, and found several contradictory sources on the Internet. One, https://www.aol.com/2011/03/30/working-stiff-being-ronald-mcdonald/, mentions one (Aye Jaye) that isn't included in this WP article:
 * "But then in 1965 Aye Jaye was anointed Boss Clown, in charge of hiring and messaging and the standardization of the character. He actually 'wrote the book' for rules of conduct that all Ronalds had to follow – and still do, for all I know. There were more than 300 hired Ronalds at the time in the United States. One of his jobs was to travel across the nation and the world training Ronalds and holding seminars. Also, whenever a Ronald got into a tight spot, he was dispatched to calm turbulent seas."
 * The IMDb page for "Ronald McDonald" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0567982/bio) contains the following (and, yes, I realize IMDb isn't a reliable source):
 * "As of 2014, nine actors have portrayed him since 1963. They are as listed: Willard Scott (1963-1965), Bev Bergeron (1966-1968), George Voorhis (1968-1970), Bob Brandon (1970-1975), King Moody (1975-1984), Squire Fridell (1984-1991), Jack Doepke (1990-1999)), David Hussey (2000-2014), & Brad Lennon (2014-present)."
 * Tellingly, it's mentioned in a few places that there is only one main Ronald McDonald actor at a time, and the actors in the current WP article (minus the ones listed as "Southern California" folks) all fit into that sequence nicely if King starts in 1975. If he starts in 1969, there is overlap, which breaks the timeline.
 * This particular subject is a little confusing and we may all have to admit that we're not going to get a complete picture of the character's history without a lot of research (that would, itself, be [WP:OR], and not allowable here). — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 20:43, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

 * OK, in between phone calls today, I had a chance to research this a little, and what I said above pretty much holds true: we aren't going to find a preponderance of sources to justify either one, so I'm putting both the dates into the article—in both places. That should address the issue and eliminate the need for argument. — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 22:59, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Done. — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 23:11, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Terry Teene (Rockabilly Hall of Fame and professional clown) 'Clownzo the Clown' and another professional clown, George Vorhees (Vorhis is incorrect) invented, from scratch, the character; costume; and name of Ronald MacDonald, Willard Scott's claim is erroneous. Terry and George both performed on separate days at one of the original Kroc's restaurants. At least one of their appearances was chronicled in the Valley News and Green Sheet in the San Fernando Valley User:Pedant (talk) 19:21, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

Even though I know that YouTube doesn't count as a source, but here are some old clips of the 1969 McDonald's commercials: https://youtube/AgU4h2TyxdA, https://youtube/QC3sEhzJacg, https://youtube/yMxIRkusKsU, https://youtube/AOnAr9ZyK-Q. The description in the videos themseles even states that King Moody was in those commercials. 2600:1000:B044:A988:B999:8D5F:3EEC:C6E0 (talk) 01:16, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Regarding the YouTube vids of old commercials, that's not usable here, but not because they are from YouTube. Using them would constitute original research, and that's not what we do here. (Click the link for more info.) Cheers! — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 12:42, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

RFPP request
I initially protected the page due to this content dispute, but I see that you're now discussing it, and there is unlikely to be much further disruption. I'll remove the protection, but please don't resume edit warring. I encourage everyone to reach a consensus above. –Darkwind (talk) 21:58, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Removed 'globalize' tag
Am I missing something? Why was this still here? "" ЄlєvєN єvєN | | иэvэ иэvэl3  04:31, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

Viv Weekes?
Anyone know if Viv Weekes is a legitimate portrayer? The only reference of them being an actor in general is an IMDb entry, and the only thing that lists them as an actor for Ronald McDonald is an old talk-page edit from 2009. There are sites who list him as an actor, but they're clearly just copying this article. Anyone know what to do?--Amelia-the-comic-geek (talk) 01:36, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

 * If it's unsourced, remove it. You could wait a little while to see if anyone posts any relevant info here. I'm usually pretty quick to pull source-less information from BLPs, which, admittedly, this is not, even though it does discuss some living people. Cheers! — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 02:07, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 March 2021
Brad Lennon did not stop portraying Ronald in 2015. In the “Actors” section in the article below here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_McDonald#Actors, someone mistakenly changed it from “Brad Lennon (2014–present)” to “Brad Lennon (2014–2015)”. Is there anyway if someone can change fix this back to the way it was, because there isn’t a source that states he stopped portraying him in 2015. 73.61.16.189 (talk) 21:40, 4 March 2021 (UTC)–
 * ✅. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 08:41, 5 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:17, 31 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Ronald65.jpg

Sourcing
The section reading as follows has no citations, despite the implication that it comes from McDonald's. The same wording can be found on other wikis and online sources, but may well come from Wikipedia rather than an original source:

"The smile known around the world," Ronald McDonald is second only to Santa Claus in terms of recognition. (According to one survey, 96% of all schoolchildren in the United States of America recognize Ronald (stunning-stuff.com)). In his first television appearance in 1963, the clown was portrayed by Willard Scott. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Qlangley (talk • contribs) 20:31, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Not from MacDonald's -- because Terry Teene and George Voorhees created the character; costume; and name of Ronald MacDonald -- but were not paid for the IP and were subsequently enjoined from portraying Ronald, probably because MacDonalds straight stole the character from its creators they don't want to say who created it. The never said Willard Scott created him either, and in Scott's first commercial a kid says "you really ARE Ronald MacDonald!". The character existed before the tv ads. User:Pedant (talk) 19:29, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 September 2021
There should be some mention of this 2003 press release: http://mcdonalds.mediaroom.com/2003-08-28-McDonalds-Corporation-Names-Ronald-McDonald-Chief-Happiness-Officer (The title is used in branding around the world and in an official LinkedIn profile as well). 96.250.80.27 (talk) 05:20, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 21:00, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The change I recommend is that mention be made of the company's announcement that the character was named "Chief Happiness Officer" in 2003 as stated in the official sources I linked and referred to. 96.250.80.27 (talk) 07:25, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. You need to provide the exact prose. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:26, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Clarity on response to semi-protected edit requests
Are these responses made by a bot that is triggered by certain language? 71.105.190.154 (talk) 20:18, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

Regarding Reference 7.
Reference 7 contains no citation or source of information provided. Turtleshell3 (talk) 23:30, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 December 2021
Removal of vandalism in "Criticism and 2016 appearances section". Removal of unnecessary link to the page for Osama Bin Laden at the end of the first paragraph in this section. 151.196.245.56 (talk) 17:21, 30 December 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks for pointing this out. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 21:28, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Ronald McDonald invented
Terry Teene and George Voorhees were the originators and inventors of The Name, Costume, and Character of Ronald McDonald. The first appearance of Ronald was not the tv commercials in which Willard Scott performed, as he claims in the Sunshine Boys, but personal appearances at two of Kroc's southern California restaurants. There was an image of George or Terry as Ronald in the Valley News and Green Sheet. McDonald's was soon after granted an injunction enjoining Terry and George from portraying the character which they invented. They were never compensated. Terry died in a bicycle accident in Texas. I have personally seen the costume and a news article from the Green Sheet. It was in the green section. I have tried to find anything else that supports this but I can't. I personally assure you that to my own certain knowledge, Terry and George invented Ronald McDonald. I don't know if Willard Scott even knows. User:Pedant (talk) 04:08, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

Evolution of the character
I think a section on the evolution of the character in ads would be nice. For instance my memory is that when I first saw Ronald on TV, he was a pantomime character and did not speak. I also recall there was a series of ads where he had an overbearing boss and would fail a various tasks the boss would set him to. It would be nice to know if I am recalling correctly. And if I am, when did Ronald start to speak? When were the various other character pieces, like miming the arches with a hand gesture introduced, or the idea that Ronald is sort of in charge in the McDonaldland setting? 173.93.227.59 (talk) 06:01, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

"Scared Silly" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scared_Silly&redirect=no Scared Silly] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached.  cogsan (nag me)  (stalk me) 16:03, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ronald McDonald


text:
Talk:Morning sickness

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 March 2021 and 15 June 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Harneet120.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:28, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Logical falacies
I have seen this observation many times: that women who do not suffer morning sickness are more likely to miscarry. From there, it's easy to conclude that being wretchedly ill is good for a pregnant woman. The problem is, only well established pregnancies have any of the side-effects of pregnancy, and we all know that fresh vegetables are good for you under all other circumstances. Using this "post hoc ergo propter hoc" formulation, you could also argue that women who do not develop rounded bellies are more likely to miscarry (if they haven't already!) or that the cessation of menstruation must serve an evolutionary function since it's another symptom of a successful pregnancy. Nausea is probably an unfortunate side-effect of pregnancy, not an indicator that one woman is more successfully pregnant than another. Birth contol pills made me quite sick; I felt wonderful throughout my pregnancies, and my ability to consume fresh vegetables has had no ill effect on my children.

Nausea in the morning, incidentally, is often a sign of migraine. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.102.94.76 (talk) 03:59, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

 * With respect, your entire rant is OP and not reflected in the science of medicine. You are incorrect on a scientific basis on nearly every point you state, even including migraines being heralded by nausea in the morning. For an equally OP statement, I and my wife were never nauseous in the morning before we had a migraine. Ever. My wife also suffered from morning, noon and night sickness, as in she was incessantly sick that our physicians were concerned. She was never ill with birth control pills at all, other than more frequent migraines that caused her to abandon the birth control pills.Wzrd1 (talk) 04:34, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Detoxify the embryo
"The body's effort to detoxify thoroughly for the health of the developing embryo. This is supported by evidence that the liver and kidneys become more active than usual at the start of a pregnancy." This is unreferenced, and reads like an alternative medicine pamphlet - added a request for verification. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ratznium (talk • contribs) 22:03, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

As a woman that is now expecting, I'd have to support this theory that pregnancy induces some degree of detox of the mother's body. That would explain the frequent urination and also the symptoms associated with detox: heachaches, breakouts, etc. all of which I am now experiencing. I've experienced similar detox symptoms when I eliminated meat and dairy from my diet. I think it's important to note that while I respect doctors, I feel that medicine being a male-dominated industry have led to some very ridiculous claims. i.e. Sigmund Freud. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.16.9.11 (talk) 16:50, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Detox is a nonsense term invented by marketers in pseudoscience. There is no detoxification of an embryo. There IS a significant aversion to odors and foods on what appears to be a protein based basis. Don't mistake a significant change in diet with hormonal changes in pregnancy. They're TOTALLY different things. Frequent urination is due to compaction of the urinary bladder, due to a uterus full of vascular tissue and a fetus, it's largely absent in the first trimester. The latter numeric poster mentioned ONE single thing that is valid and correct from a medical standpoint, the existence of male dominated medicine. That is slowly changing and the "female hysterical complaint" mentality is fading rapidly. One should also note that Freud was from a century ago and largely debunked a quarter century and more ago (depending on the theory) AND was not a medical professional. Indeed, the practice at the time for a female hysterical complaint was clitoral masturbation of the female patient. Freud considered a clitoral orgasm an immature and improper orgasm and a sign of disease.Wzrd1 (talk) 04:41, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Odors and vegetables
Is there any credibility in claims that these cause morning sickness? --Eequor 22:02, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * yes, odors can causes morning sickness, and i should also note that the article seems to exclude morning sickness to only pregnant women, which is not true --thenetblob

But... if you're not pregnant it's simply called "nausea"... isn't it? I mean, I'm nauseas right now (because of going on the pill, so it's even the same cause) and I'm not pregnant, are you trying to say I have "morning sickness"? I'm confused. Kuronue 00:57, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * My theory is that the stomach of a pregnant woman is already upset when odors make it worse. I was looking at wikification and I see some rather serious treatments under the latin name. BTW, diluting jinjer with cabbage juice makes a lot of sense to me. The stuff is nearly tasteless when it's fresh, but it gains strength in flavour from jinjer in about three hours. Um...and to answer your question, since "the pill" is designed to mimic hormones during pregnancy, yes, what you hav is about the same thing.BrewJay (talk) 02:29, 6 May 2008 (UTC)Duy Nguyen

Simple Error
Estrogen levels do not increase up to a hundredfold, but progesterone levels can.

Additional error- "In extreme cases,vomiting may be severe enough to cause dehydration,weight loss,acidosis and hypokalemia"

Please correct me if I am wrong but in severe vomiting would there not be an alkalosis? Sonicsouts (talk) 12:34, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Pretty sure you're correct about alkalosis- I'm changing it. Shippingpetals (talk) 15:45, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Other mammals
Do other mammals (say, primates) get NVP? If not... what, we selected for this? 86.42.149.134 07:57, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

According to one article I saw, NVP has been selected, though it doesn't say whether humans or some earlier ancestor did the selecting - http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/May00/morning.sickness.hrs.html

Peak time
Is it true that morning sickness peaks week 5-7? I don't have the citation but week 7-9 is more likely.

i didnt puke till week 11, but that's original research, aint it? :) 76.217.121.84 18:41, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Generally morning sickness Starts at week 5-7 and peaks around week 12. For the lucky ones. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.244.25.30 (talk) 22:14, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

The article states that morning sickness usually ends around week 12 in the introduction, yet later says 'Fetal vulnerability to toxins peaks at around 3 months, which is also the time of peak susceptibility to morning sickness' - maybe my math is off, but those numbers don't seem to match for me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.241.34.67 (talk) 23:46, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Category:Human reproduction
I propose removing this article from Category:Human reproduction. I have proposed narrowing the scope of that category at Category talk:Human reproduction. Please comment on the category talk page. Lyrl Talk C 15:05, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Rewording
This sentence: "Foraging people are at an unusually high risk of ingesting plant toxins, due to wild plants being a substantially larger part of their diet than civilized people's" seems a little un-politically correct. The connotation of "civilized people" is throwing up red flags for me, as using that phrasing essentially implies that hunter-gatherers are savages. Though the terminology is accurate, I suppose, perhaps a better word choice is in order to help with the connotation issues. CrashCart9 12:00, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Removal?
Other doctors disagree with these links and claim that the mother's sensitivity to the changes in her body is not a variable that indicates risk of miscarriage.

This seems like its trying to imply that doctors consider morning sickness nothing more than a mother's sensitivity to the changes in her body which, is ridiculous if you read the rest of the article. their is no offical cure to morning sickness

Statistics
Could someone explain what "...affects between 50 and 95 percent of all pregnant women" actually means? --Spud Gun (talk) 10:28, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Note that partners of pregnant women can also experience morning sickness (not a joke, there is serious research into mimicking). Guido den Broeder (talk, visit) 23:31, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Guido den Broeder, but what I was really referring to was what exactly does "..between 50 and 95 percent..." mean? --Spud Gun (talk) 14:09, 23 September 2008 Duy Nguyen (UTC)

Lack of morning sickness
I reverted changes by Breezy724, who added a link to a commercial web page from a company that sells quack remedies.UVA Astronomer (talk) 07:33, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

I have added a comment to say that a reference is required for this statement: Women who have no morning sickness are more likely to miscarry or to bear children with birth defects. This is presumably because such women are more likely to ingest substances that are toxic to the fetus. (Reference needed to back up this statement) If the statement cannot be backed up factually, I believe it should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.9.102.35 (talk) 18:43, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

I checked the abstract for the reference on the above statement and there is no mention of "birth defects" in the study being used. This should probably be removed from the article. --98.160.180.41 (talk) 00:47, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Correlating Morning Sickness With Sex of Fetus
Is there any scientific evidence to prove a common old wives' tale, that a higher degree of morning sickness is most common with a girl baby? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.204.101.101 (talk) 14:38, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

 * No, it's a tale told by the ignorant. There is no hint of evidence that science could verify to that effect.Wzrd1 (talk) 04:48, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Ginger
I removed the how-to instructions for ginger tea and added a note about safety concerns. I added a second journal reference about ginger safety and added a journal article and two patient education web resources recommending ginger (Mayo Clinic and U. of Md.). I hope this justifies my removing the "medical citation needed" tag. Kjtobo (talk) 20:36, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

updating with new reviews
Hi, Over the next few weeks I plan to update this article with the newest Cochrane reviews. I'm new to Wiki so please feel free to offer advice/help. Thanks Dogboxer (talk) 03:50, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I'd really like to see citations to Gideon Koren removed. Koren's articles rarely reflect original research on this topic, and contain, for lack of a better term, "concern-troll" headlines, e.g., "Is ondansetron safe for use during pregnancy?" (2012) and "Scary Science: Ondansetron Safety in Pregnancy" (2014) (both excerpted), and conclusions like "The spontaneous reporting system of WHO confirms that this potentially life threatening complication is more common than what the peer review literature may suggest" (2014).  Koren's recommendations regarding FDA guidance doesn't account for the latest research, simply because the FDA lags the latest research.  Sadly, this means that the path of least liability doesn't maximize the benefit to mother and child.  The following are a sampling of relevant citations for this topic:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26196894 (Fejzo, 2015), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198265 (Oliveiria http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23751910 (Fejzo 2013), and http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1211035 (Pasternak, et al., 2013).

Zipf (talk) 15:26, 18 January 2016 (UTC)
 * We should use review articles per WP:MEDRS. I assume it is the 2012 paper you wish updated?  Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 21:54, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

 * This systematic review 10.1001/jama.2016.14337 may help. JFW | T@lk  14:53, 5 October 2016 (UTC)

Reference article retracted
The following reference was retracted with unknown reason. Please review the content and change the refs, Thanks! "" --- Koala0090 (talk) 05:51, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morning sickness


text:
Badaling

Badaling is the site of the most visited section of the Great Wall of China, approximately 80 km northwest of Beijing's city center, in Badaling Town, Yanqing District, Beijing municipality. The portion of the wall running through the site was built in 1504 during the Ming Dynasty, along with a military outpost reflecting the location's strategic importance. The highest point of Badaling is Beibalou (北八樓), approximately 1015 m above sea level.

Badaling Great Wall was built in the Ming Dynasty (1505) to occupy a commanding and strategic position for protecting the Juyongguan Pass (Juyongguan section of the Great Wall) to its south, further protecting the city of Beijing.

The portion of the wall at Badaling has undergone restoration, and in 1957, it was the first section of the wall to open to tourism. Now visited annually by millions, the immediate area has seen significant development, including hotels, restaurants, and a cable car.

Expressway
The Badaling Expressway connects Badaling with central Beijing.

Railway
Two China Railway lines serve Badaling:

 * The Beijing-Zhangjiakou intercity railway has CRH high-speed trains running from Beijing North station, stopping at the underground Badaling Great Wall station.
 * Line S2 of the Beijing Suburban Railway serves people who want to go to the at-grade Badaling station from Huangtudian station.

Bus
The 877 bus runs frequently between Deshengmen Bus Station (adjacent to the Jishuitan station on Line 2 and Line 19 of Beijing Subway) and Badaling Great Wall.

Fame
It was here that President Richard Nixon and his wife, accompanied by Vice Premier Li Xiannian, visited on February 24, 1972, during his historic journey to China. Many other world leaders have made a trip to the site including Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.

Badaling and the expressway were the site of the finishing circuit of the Urban Road Cycling Course in the 2008 Summer Olympics. Laps of the circuit passed through gates in the wall.

Funicular
Badaling Great Wall Funicular starts from the opposite of Zhan Tianyou Memorial Hall and goes to the fourth floor of the best viewing point of Badaling Great Wall-South.

title: Badaling


text:
Thomas Osborne

Thomas Osborne, or variants thereof, may refer to:

England

 * Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds (1632–1712), English Lord High Treasurer, Lord President of the Council and MP for York
 * Thomas Osborne, 4th Duke of Leeds (1713–1789), English Justice in Eyre and Cofferer of the Household
 * Thomas Osborne (publisher) (1704?–1767), English publisher and bookseller

Ireland

 * Sir Thomas Osborne, 5th Baronet (1639–1715), Irish baronet and landowner
 * Sir Thomas Osborne, 9th Baronet (1757–1821), Irish baronet and politician

United States
Listed chronologically by year of birth
 * Thomas Burr Osborne (politician) (1798–1869), U.S. Representative from Connecticut
 * Thomas O. Osborn (1832–1904), American lawyer, soldier, and diplomat
 * Thomas W. Osborn (1833–1898), U.S. Senator from Florida
 * Thomas A. Osborn (1836–1898), American lawyer, politician, and diplomat
 * Thomas Mott Osborne (1859–1926), American prison reformer
 * Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist) (1859–1929), American chemist, co-discoverer of Vitamin A
 * Tom Osborne (born 1937), American college football head coach (Nebraska), and member of Congress
 * Tom Osborne (American football, born 1960), American football coach (Oregon)
 * Tom Osborne (engineer), American engineer who created the Green Machine which led to the Hewlett-Packard 9100A

Elsewhere

 * Thomas Osborne (Australian journalist) (c. 1806–1853), Australian journalist and politician in the Victorian Legislative Council
 * Tom Osborne (Canadian politician) (born 1964), Canadian politician in Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Tom Osborne (rugby union) (born 1998), Australian rugby player

title: Thomas Osborne


text:
Argenta (bank)

Argenta is a bank based in Antwerp, Belgium that also operates in the Netherlands and Luxembourg. It was Belgium's sixth-biggest bank in 2020, after BNP Paribas Fortis, KBC Group, Belfius, ING Group, and Crelan.

Argenta has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.

History
The Argenta Group has been active in Belgium since 1956, in the Netherlands since 1989 and in Luxemburg since 1990.

In 2001, Argenta acquired the branch network and brand name of the Office Central de Crédit Hypothécaire, a public financial institution that had been created in 1936 to support mortgage credit.

Group structure
Investeringsmaatschappij Argenta N.V. (abbreviated, Investar N.V.), a mixed financial holding of the Van Rompuy family, holds 86.81% of the shares in the parent, with the remainder of the shares owned by Argenta Coöperatieve C.V. (abbreviated, Argen-Co C.V.), which is a recognised cooperative undertaking in accordance with the Act of 20 July 1955 on a National Council for Cooperatives. Argenta Bank- en Verzekeringsgroep N.V. is the holding company of the Argenta Group. Argenta Bank- en Verzekeringsgroep N.V. is a mixed financial holding within the meaning of article 3, 39° of the Banking Act.

Argenta Spaarbank N.V. has one subsidiary, Argenta Asset Management S.A., a Luxembourg company which is responsible for the management and central administration of the Argenta Group's collective investment undertakings, i.e. Argenta Fund SICAV and Argenta Fund of Funds SICAV, which are open-end investment undertakings under Luxembourg law. The latter is a fund of funds (also known as an umbrella fund). This means that the assets of various sub-funds are invested in other collective investment undertakings. This company has its own subsidiary in Luxembourg, Arvestar Asset Management S.A. In addition, Argenta Spaarbank N.V. has a branch office in the Netherlands of the same name.

Argenta Assuranties N.V. is a duly licensed Belgian insurance undertaking. It has one subsidiary, Argenta-Life Nederland N.V., an insurance undertaking organized under the laws of the Netherlands. It offers term life insurance linked to housing loans. It also manages a portfolio of mortgage insurance policies.

Operations
All group activities exclusively consist of financial activities for families and individual clients relating to attracting savings, granting loans, distribution of collective investments and offering life and non-life insurance products. In 2021, Argenta reported to own and operate 348 ATMs.

title: Argenta (bank)


text:
Talk:Aryan Games

Aryan Games survived VFD (no consensus to delete). See: Votes for deletion/Aryan Games. I've put it on the cleanup list with a request for verification. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:05, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aryan Games