text:
Friden Flexowriter

The Friden Flexowriter was a teleprinter produced by the Friden Calculating Machine Company. It was a heavy-duty electric typewriter capable of being driven not only by a human typing, but also automatically by several methods, including direct attachment to a computer and by use of paper tape.

Elements of the design date to the 1920s, and variants of the machine were produced until the early 1970s; the machines found a variety of uses during the evolution of office equipment in the 20th century, including being among the first electric typewriters, computer input and output devices, forerunners of modern word processing, and also having roles in the machine tool and printing industries.

Origins and early history
The Flexowriter can trace its roots to some of the earliest electric typewriters. In 1925, the Remington Typewriter Company wanted to expand their offerings to include electric typewriters. Having little expertise or manufacturing ability with electrical appliances, they partnered with Northeast Electric Company of Rochester and made a production run of 2500 electric typewriters. When the time came to make more units, Remington was suffering a management vacuum and could not complete contract negotiations, so Northeast began work on their own electric typewriter. In 1929, they started selling the Electromatic.

In 1931, Northeast was bought by Delco. Delco had no interest in a typewriter product line, so they spun the product off as a separate company called Electromatic. Around this time, Electromatic built a prototype automatic typewriter. This device used a wide roll of paper, similar to a player piano roll. For each key on the typewriter, there was a column on the roll of paper. If the key was to be pressed, then a hole was punched in the column for that key.

The Electromatic typewriter patents document the use of pivoted spiral cams operating against a hard rubber drive roller to drive the print mechanism. This was the foundation of essentially all later electric typewriters. The typewriter could be equipped with a "remote control" mechanism allowing one typewriter to control another or to record and play back typed data through a parallel data connection with one wire per typewriter key. The Electromatic tape perforator used a wide tape, with punch position per key on the keyboard.

In 1932, a code for the paper tape used to drive Linotype and other typesetting machines was standardized. This allowed use of a tape only five to seven holes wide to drive automatic typewriters, teleprinters and similar equipment.

In 1933, IBM wanted to enter the electric typewriter market, and purchased the Electromatic Corporation, renaming the typewriter the IBM Model 01, and continuing to use the Electromatic trademark.

IBM experimented with several accessories and enhancements for its electric typewriter. In 1942, IBM filed a patent application for a typewriter that could print justified and proportionally spaced text. This required recording each line of text on a paper tape before it was printed. IBM experimented with a 12-hole paper tape compatible with their punched-card code. Eventually, IBM settled on a six-hole encoding, as documented in their automatic justifying typewriter patents filed in 1945. Equipping an electric typewriter with both a paper-tape reader and punch created the basic foundation for what would become the Flexowriter.

By the late 1930s, IBM had a nearly complete monopoly on unit record equipment and related punched card machinery, and expanding the product line into automatic typewriters equipped with paper tape raised antitrust issues. As a result, IBM sold the product line and factory to the Commercial Controls Corporation (CCC) of Rochester, New York, which also absorbed the National Postal Meter Corporation. CCC was formed by several former IBM employees.

World War II
Around the time of World War II, CCC developed a proportional spacing model of the Flexowriter known as The Presidential (or sometimes the President). The model name was derived from the fact that these units were used to generate the White House letters informing families of the deaths of service personnel in the war. CCC also manufactured other complex mechanical devices for the war effort, including M1 carbines.

In 1944, the pioneering Harvard Mark I computer was constructed, using an Electromatic for output.

Postwar
In 1950, Edwin O. Blodgett filed a patent application on behalf of Commercial Controls Corporation for a "tape controlled typewriter." This machine used a six-level punched paper tape, and was the basis for the machines CCC and Friden built over the next 15 years. This improved machine was contemporaneous with the first generation of commercial computers. Applications for Flexowriters exploded in the 1950s, covering territory in commercial printing, machine tools, computers, and many forms of office automation. This versatility was helped by Friden's willingness to engineer and build many different configurations. In the late 1950s, CCC was purchased by Friden, a maker of electromechanical calculators, and it was under their name that the machines achieved their greatest diversity and success; applications are further detailed below.

Two tape stations allowed implementation of what was then called the form letter, the combination of standard text (one tape) with varying name and address information (the other tape).

End of product line
Edwin Blodgett, Chief Engineer of Friden R&D, was replaced in 1964 while ill. It is unclear what effect this had on development, especially as Blodgett was apparently biased against electronics, favoring electromechanical solutions to design problems.

Friden was acquired by the Singer Corporation in 1965. Singer had little or no understanding of the computer industry, and there was a clash of corporate culture with Friden employees.

There was a major redesign of the Flexowriter in the mid 1960s. The Model 2201 Programatic, introduced in 1965, had a sleek modern styling and 13 programmable function keys. This was the first major change in appearance of Flexowriters in nearly forty years. Programming was done using a 320-contact plugboard, and all of the logic was implemented using relays. The case, although modern looking, was entirely metal, giving the machine a shipping weight of 132 pounds (60 kg). The selling price was £2900 (British pounds).

Although primarily sold as a stand-alone word processor (a term not yet in use at the time), Friden also sold it with a communications option allowing it to be used as a computer terminal. Members of the 2200 family operated at 135 words per minute (11.3 characters per second). The family also included the 2210 and 2211, on which the function keys were replaced with a numeric keypad, and the 2261, using ASCII instead of the proprietary eight-bit code used by other members of the 2200 family.

The 2300 series were cosmetically similar to the 2200 series, although without the function keys or numeric keypad, with a simplified plugboard, and operating at 145 words per minute (12 characters per second). In addition to the basic 2301, the 2302 supported the auxiliary tape readers and punches from the 2200 family. The 2304 offered proportional spacing and a carbon ribbon mechanism, making it suitable for preparing camera-ready copy. The base price for the 2300 family was £1400 (British pounds). This would be the last hurrah for the line, with production halting in the early 1970s.

Sales and innovation declined. In the late 1960s, the market for word processing equipment was shifting to magnetic media. IBM introduced the Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter (MT/ST) in 1964. In October, 1968, Information Control Systems introduced the Astrotype word processing system. Both of these used magnetic tape and Selectric print mechanisms. With its fixed type font and paper-tape recording medium, the Flexowriter had difficulty competing with these machines, although some Flexowriter documentation emphasized the fact that, unlike IBM's MT/ST tapes, Flexowriter users could cut and splice paper tapes, particularly if they could recognize some of the common codes such as carriage return.

The Diablo daisy wheel printer, introduced in 1969, offered comparable print quality at twice the speed. Larger manufacturers such as IBM and DEC made their own console equipment, and video terminals began to appear, displacing paper-based systems. Eventually, even the CNC machine tool industry abandoned paper tape, although this was significantly slower because of the long working life of machine tools.

Automatic typewriters
From its earliest days through to at least the mid-1960s, Flexowriters were used as automatic letter writers.

While the US White House was using them during the Second World War, in the 1960s, United States Members of Congress used Flexowriters extensively to handle enormous volumes of routine correspondence with constituents; an advantage of this method was that these letters appeared to have been individually typed by hand. These were complemented by autopen machines which could use a pen to place a signature on letters making them appear to have been hand-signed.

Auxiliary paper-tape readers could be attached to a Flexowriter to create an early form of "mail merge", where a long custom-created tape containing individual addresses and salutations was merged with a closed-loop form-letter and printed on continuous-form letterhead; both tapes contained embedded "control characters" to switch between readers.

Console terminals
As the unit record equipment (tabulating machine) industry matured and became the computer industry, Flexowriters were commonly used as console terminals for computers. Because ASCII character coding had not yet been standardized, each type of computer tended to use its own system for encoding characters; Flexowriters were capable of being configured with numerous encodings particular to the computer system the machine was being used with.

Computers that used Flexowriters as consoles include:
 * The Electromatic on the Harvard Mark I
 * The MIT Whirlwind I computer, first designed to control a flight simulator, and later becoming the basis of the SAGE network.
 * The Lincoln Laboratory TX-0, an early experimental transistor-based minicomputer, which was to be a seminal influence on hacker culture at MIT in the late 1950s prior to the introduction of the PDP-1.
 * The BMEWS DIP computer, NORAD Combat Operations Center (COC), Colorado Springs, Colo., beginning in 1960. Tape code was essentially base-32.
 * Electrodata 205. ElectroData was purchased by the Burroughs Corporation, and many later Burroughs machines also used Flexowriters
 * The Librascope LGP-30 and LGP-21
 * The Packard Bell PB 250
 * The SEA CAB 500
 * The ALWAC III-E
 * The English Electric KDF9.

The Whirlwind I deployment in 1955 is notable as it seems to have been the first time that a typewriter-like input device was directly connected to a general-purpose electronic computer, becoming directly ancestral to today's computer keyboards.

Offline punch and printer
Flexowriters could also be used as offline punches and printers. Programmers would type their programs on Flexowriters, which would punch the program onto paper tape. The tapes could then be loaded into computers to run the programs. Computers could then use their own punches to make paper tapes that could be used by the Flexowriters to print output. Among the computers which commonly used Flexowriters for this task was the DEC PDP-1.

Machine tools
The ability to support diverse encodings meant that adapting Flexowriters to generate the paper tapes used to drive CNC machine tool equipment was a relatively simple affair, and many Flexowriters found homes in machine shops into the 1970s, when magnetic media displaced paper tape in the industry.

Unit record and early computing
Friden manufactured equipment which could connect their calculators to Flexowriters, printing output and performing unit record tasks such as form letters for bills, and eventually manufactured their own computers to further enhance these capabilities. These variants were sold as the Friden Computyper. Computypers were electromechanical; they had no electronics, at least in their earlier models. The calculator mechanism, inside a desk-like enclosure, was much like a Friden model STW desktop calculator, except that it had electrical input (via solenoids) and output (low-torque rotary switches on the dial shafts).

Commercial printing
A product known as the Justowriter (or Just-O-Writer) was developed for the printing industry. It allowed typists to produce justified text for use in typesetting. This worked by having the user type the document on a Recording unit, which placed extra codes for spacing on the paper tape. The tape was placed into a second specially adapted Flexowriter which had two paper tape reading heads; one would read the text while the other controlled the spacing of the print. Spacing codes were stored in relays inside the machine as a line of text progressed. At least some Justowriters used carbon (as opposed to ink-impregnated fabric) ribbons to produce cleaner type, suitable for mass photo-set reproduction, sometimes referred to as cold type composition.

The Line Casting Control or LCC product generated paper tapes for Linotype and Intertype automatic typesetters. In addition to punching a tape containing the text to be typeset, it turned on a lamp easily seen by the operator to show that the text on the line being typed could be typeset—it was within justifiable range. The LCC had a four-wheel rotary escapement, and a set of gears between the carriage rack and the escapement, to permit the smallest unit of spacing at the escapement to be quite small at the carriage. The spring-tensioned tape that moved the carriage had far more tension (possibly 20 lbs?) than did a standard Flexowriter.

American Type Founders produced a phototypesetter based on the Justowriter/Flexowriter platform.

Finance
There was an "accounting" model with an ultra-wide carriage and two-color ribbon for printing out wide financial reports. The Friden accounting model was called "5010 COMPUTYPER" and was capable of arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication & division) at electronic speeds and to print the results automatically in a useful document.

Hardware
As a cutting edge device of their time, Flexowriters, especially some of the specialized types like typesetters, were quite costly. They were made for extreme durability. There were porous sintered bronze bearings, many hardened steel parts, very strong springs, and a substantial AC motor to move all the parts. Most parts are made of heavy gauge steel. The housing and most removable covers were heavy die castings. While the final Singer models did make some use of plastics, even they were quite heavy compared to other electric typewriters of their time.

As a result, the platen carriage was very heavy, and when the "Carriage Return" key was pressed, the carriage moved with about 20 lb of force and enough momentum to injure a careless operator. If used only as manual typewriters, and properly maintained, Flexowriters might last a century. When reproducing form letters from punched tape, the considerable speed and loud sound of the device made watching it a somewhat frightening experience.

Towards the bottom of the unit there was a large rubber roller ("power roll") that rotated continuously at a few hundred rpm. It provided power for typing as well as power-operated backspace, type basket shift, and power for engaging (and probably disengaging) the carriage return clutch.

Referring to the photo of the cam assembly (often simply called a cam; it was not meant to be disassembled), the holes in the side plates at the lower left were for the assembly's pivot rod, which was fixed to the frame. At the extreme upper left was part of a disconnectable pivot that pulled down on the typing linkage. As installed, "down" was to the right in the photo.

Referring again to the part at the upper left, the mating part had a threaded mounting for adjusting cam clearance from the power roll. The irregular "roundish" part, lower right center, was the cam itself. It rotated in the frame while in contact with the power roll. The surface of the cam in contact with the power roll had grooves for better grip. As the radius at the contact patch increased, the frame rotated clockwise to pull down on the linkage to type the character.

This particular cam assembly had a cam that rotated a full turn for each operation; it might operate the backspace, basket shift, or carriage-return clutch disengage mechanism. Cams for typing characters rotated only half a turn, the halves being identical.

Below the cam in this photo (hidden) was a spring-loaded lever that pushed against a pin on the cam. On the upper edge of the cam, as shown, was a little projection that engaged the release lever, which was at the lowest part of the image; this was an irregular shape.

When a key was pressed down, it moved the release lever and unlatched the cam for that letter; the spring-loaded lever pressing on the pin rotated the cam until it engaged the power roll. As the cam continued to turn, increasing radius rotated the cam's frame slightly (clockwise in the photo) to operate the typing linkage for that character.

As the cam continued to rotate, the spring-loaded lever pushed on the pin to move it toward home position, but if the key were still down, the cam (now out of contact with the power roll) stalled because the projection on the cam would catch on another part of the release lever. The cam stalled until the key was released. When released, the lever would catch the projection so the cam was now in home position. This resembled a simple clock escapement, and prevented repeated typing. (The "key-down" anti-repeat stop could be removed, so that fast repetitive typing could be done, but this change was difficult to undo.)

Carriage return was done by a non-stretch very durable textile tape attached to the platen advance mechanism at the left of the carriage. For a return, the tape wound up on a small reel operated from the drive system through a clutch. A cam engaged the clutch; it was disengaged by the left margin stop, perhaps directly, perhaps via another cam. A light-torque spring kept the return tape wound on the reel.

The basic mechanism looked just like an IBM electric typewriter from the late 1940s. In fact, some Flexowriter parts were identical in fit and function to the early IBM electric typewriters (those with rotary carriage escapements, a gear-driven power roll, and a governor-controlled variable speed "universal" (wound-rotor/commutator) motor).

The early IBM rotary-escapement proportional-spacing typewriters (three wheel rotary escapement, spur gear differentials) had code bars to control the amount of carriage movement for the current character. They were operated by the cams. However, the Flexowriter's mechanical encoder was a very different and far more rugged design, although still operated by the cams.

Flexowriters (at least those prior to 1969) do not have transistors; electrical control operations were done with telephone-style (E-Class) relays, and troubleshooting often involved problems with the timing on the relays. Another reader has also found that the timing settings of the various leaf switches (such as in the tape reader) are also important.

The screws used in the Flexowriter were unique, having large flat heads with a very narrow screwdriver slot and a unique thread size and pitch. This may have been a conscious decision. Another reader found that standard 4-40UNC threads appear to fit some of the cover-attachments; internally, the headless set-screws require fluted Bristol keys, which were not commonly available in Great Britain.

There was a holder for a large roll of paper tape on the back of the unit, with tape feeding around to a punch on the left side, toward the rear. The tape reader was on the same side, toward the front, and was essentially identical to the reader shown on the front of the square housing in the photo of the auxiliary reader. The right side of a Flexowriter had a large (~1") connector for hooking the unit up to computers and other equipment. Depending on the model, this connector might be wired in many different ways.

At various times and in various configurations, "Flexos" came with 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-channel paper tape reader/punches, could have several auxiliary paper tape units attached, and could also attach to IBM punched card equipment.

title: Friden Flexowriter


text:
Vive le Québec libre

"Vive le Québec libre ! (, 'Long live free Quebec!') was a phrase in a speech delivered by French President Charles de Gaulle in Montreal, Quebec on July 24, 1967, during an official visit to Canada for the Expo 67 world's fair. While giving an address to a large crowd from a balcony at Montreal City Hall, he uttered "Vive Montréal ! Vive le Québec !" ("Long live Montreal! Long live Quebec!") and then added, followed by loud applause, "Vive le Québec libre !" ("Long live free Quebec!") with particular emphasis on the word libre. The phrase, a slogan used by Quebecers who favoured Quebec sovereignty, was seen as giving his support to the movement.

The speech caused a diplomatic incident with the Government of Canada and was condemned by Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, saying that "Canadians do not need to be liberated". In France, though many were sympathetic to the cause of Quebec nationalism, De Gaulle's speech was criticized as a breach of protocol.

Background
Even before his arrival, the Canadian federal government had been concerned about President de Gaulle's visit. Earlier that year, the French government had not sent a high-level representative to the funeral service for the Governor General of Canada, Georges Vanier. This attracted notice in Canada, as Vanier and his wife, Pauline, had been personal friends of de Gaulle since 1940, when the latter was in exile in London, England. In April, de Gaulle did not attend the 50th anniversary ceremonies commemorating the Canadian victory at Vimy Ridge. So worried was the Pearson government about potential interference of France in domestic affairs that the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, Paul Martin, was dispatched to visit de Gaulle in Paris to mend the two countries' relationship. The Montreal Gazette speculated in 2012—45 years after the speech—that de Gaulle was still annoyed over a perceived slight from World War II-era Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King's slow recognition of the new French government in late summer 1944.

In the spring of 1966, as part of the Expo 67 diplomatic protocols, de Gaulle and all world leaders whose countries had an exhibit at the fair were invited to visit Canada during the spring and summer of 1967. A few months later, de Gaulle was also sent a separate invitation to visit Quebec by Quebec premier Daniel Johnson. De Gaulle, as a visiting head of state, should have arrived in the Canadian capital of Ottawa, as would be conventional protocol. Instead, he took the time to sail to French islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon with French navy's Mediterranean flagship, the cruiser Colbert, so that he could arrive in Quebec City, the capital city of the province of Quebec. There, de Gaulle was cheered enthusiastically, while the new governor general, Roland Michener, was booed by the same crowd when viceregal salute was played at his arrival. In his speech, de Gaulle spoke of his country's "evolving" ties with Quebec, hinting at his support for Quebec sovereignty.

Speech
On July 15, before boarding the Colbert, de Gaulle told Xavier Deniau: "They will hear me over there, it will make waves!" He also confided to his son-in-law General Alain de Boissieu that: "I am going to strike a strong blow. Things are going to get hot. But it is necessary. It is the last chance to rectify the cowardice of France."

On July 24, de Gaulle arrived in Montreal and was driven up the Chemin du Roy to Montreal City Hall, where Mayor Jean Drapeau and Premier Johnson waited. De Gaulle was not scheduled to speak that evening, but the crowd chanted for him; he told Drapeau: "I have to speak to those people who are calling for me". According to a number of personal interviews with high-ranking French officials, as well as documents he uncovered, scholar Dale C. Thomson wrote that de Gaulle's statement was planned, and that he used it when the opportunity presented itself.

De Gaulle stepped out onto the balcony to give a short address to the assembled masses which was also broadcast live on radio. In his speech he commented that his drive down the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, lined as it had been with cheering crowds, reminded him of his triumphant return to Paris after the liberation from Nazi Germany. The speech appeared to conclude with the words "Vive Montréal ! Vive le Québec !" ("Long live Montreal! Long live Quebec!"), but he then added, "Vive le Québec libre ! Vive, vive, vive le Canada français ! Et vive la France !" ("Long live free Quebec! Long live, long live, long live French Canada! And long live France!"), whereupon the crowd roared with approval, especially after hearing, "Vive le Québec libre !".

Reaction
This statement, coming from the French head of state, was considered a serious breach of diplomatic protocol. It emboldened the Quebec sovereignty movement, and produced tensions between the leadership of the two countries. The crowd's reaction to de Gaulle's phrase was emotional and it sparked controversy with many English Canadians afterwards, as they were outraged at the implied threat to Canada's territorial integrity. Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson rebuked de Gaulle with an official statement, delivered to the French Embassy on July 25, and read on national television that evening. He said "The people of Canada are free. Every province in Canada is free. Canadians do not need to be liberated. Indeed, many thousands of Canadians gave their lives in two world wars in the liberation of France and other European countries."

A media and diplomatic uproar ensued thereafter, which resulted in de Gaulle cutting short his visit to Canada. The day after the speech, de Gaulle visited Expo 67 and hosted a banquet at the French pavilion. On July 26, instead of continuing his visit on to Ottawa, where he was scheduled to meet with Prime Minister Pearson, he decided to return to France on a French military jet.

The newly appointed Canadian Minister of Justice, Pierre Trudeau, publicly wondered what the French reaction would have been if a Canadian Prime Minister shouted, "Brittany to the Bretons". From then on, de Gaulle remained unimpressed by Trudeau, saying "Nous n'avons aucune concession, ni même aucune amabilité, à faire à M. Trudeau, qui est l'adversaire de la chose française au Canada." ("We have not one concession, nor even any courtesy, to extend to Mr. Trudeau, who is the adversary of the 'French cause' in Canada.") De Gaulle was also heavily criticized by a large part of the French media for his breach of international protocol, in particular by Le Monde.

Meanwhile, to members of the Quebec sovereignty movement, the speech was viewed as a watershed moment. Occurring soon after the Quiet Revolution, and taking into account the low economic and political state of French Canadians at the time, the support of a foreign head of state seemed to add credibility to the movement in the eyes of many, including future Quebec premier René Lévesque.

On the flight home from Montreal, de Gaulle told René de Saint-Légier de la Saussaye—his diplomatic counsellor—that the event was "a historical phenomenon that was perhaps foreseeable but it took a form that only the situation itself could determine. Of course, like many others I could have got away with a few polite remarks or diplomatic acrobatics, but when one is General De Gaulle, one does not have recourse to such expedients. What I did, I had to do it."

In 1969, de Gaulle visited Brittany, during which, in Quimper, he declaimed a poem written by his uncle (also called Charles de Gaulle) in the Breton language, expressing devotion to Breton culture. The speech, well received by the crowd, followed a series of crackdowns on Breton nationalism. He was accused of double standards for, on the one hand demanding a free Quebec, while on the other oppressing the movement in Brittany. During this Quimper speech, he replied to this criticism that Brittany was free and had been freed by Bretons and other French forces during the Liberation, reminding them that the Resistance was more intense in Brittany than in any other part of France, and that many Bretons had joined the Free French Forces.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vive le Québec libre


text:
155 (number)

155 (one hundred [and] fifty-five) is the natural number following 154 and preceding 156.

In mathematics
155 is:
 * a composite number
 * a semiprime.
 * a deficient number, since 1+5+31=37<155.
 * odious, since its binary expansion $$10011011_2$$ has a total of 5 ones in it.

There are 155 primitive permutation groups of degree 81.

If one adds up all the primes from the least through the greatest prime factors of 155, that is, 5 and 31, the result is 155. Only three other "small" semiprimes (10, 39, and 371) share this attribute.

In the military

 * USS Capable (AM-155) was a United States Navy Admirable-class minesweeper during World War II
 * USS Cole (DD-155) was a United States Navy Wickes-class destroyer during World War II
 * USS General A. W. Brewster (AP-155) was a United States Navy General G. O. Squier-class transport during World War II
 * USS Hopping (DE-155) was a United States Navy Buckley-class destroyer escort during World War II
 * USS Lycoming (APA-155) was a United States Navy Haskell-class attack transport during World War II
 * USS Mustang (IX-155) was a United States Navy four-master wooden schooner during World War II
 * 155mm artillery, a common caliber

In sports

 * The maximum possible score in a single break in snooker, with a free ball at the start of the break (147 is the highest possible without a free ball)

In transportation

 * Alfa Romeo 155, a compact executive car produced from 1992 to 1998
 * Seattle Bus Route 155
 * London Bus Route 155
 * The British Rail Class 155 is a diesel multiple unit British train
 * Blériot 155 was a French airliner of the 1920s
 * 155th Street, Manhattan, New York
 * 155th Street New York City Subway stations:
 * 155th Street (IND Concourse Line)
 * 155th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)
 * 155th Street (IRT Ninth Avenue Line) (former)

In other fields
155 is also:
 * The year AD 155 or 155 BC
 * 155 is the number for the International Operator in the United Kingdom
 * 155 is the number for the emergency medical services in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
 * 155 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 771–772 CE
 * 155 Scylla is a main belt asteroid
 * Europium-155 is a radioisotope or Europium and fission product with a half-life of 4.76 years
 * 155, a 2007 song by the band +44
 * The dialing code for Obihiro, Japan
 * The atomic number of an element temporarily called unquintquinttium
 * 155 North Wacker is a 46-story skyscraper in Chicago
 * Wolseley No. 155, Saskatchewan, is a rural municipality in Canada

title: 155 (number)


text:
User:JimJast

My name is W. Jim Jastrzebski (where W stands for "Wlodzimierz", too long to spell, so I just use the middle sylable as a second name). I'm a graduate student doing my PhD in general relativity and trying to gain enough knowledge to be able to demonstrate to mathematicians, using their language, what I did in 1985 in plain physics, proving on the basis of the principle of conservation of energy, that the accelerating expansion of the universe is an illusion caused by certain generally unknown feature of Einsteinian gravitation (see my page Gravitation Demystified). My popular paper about gravitation Einsteinian Gravitation for Poets and Science Teachers is explaining physics of gravtiation without any math except for a short demonstration that contrary to the assumption of Big Bang hypothesis the energy is conserved also in gravitation. A one page paper that explains the whole Einsteinian physics to physicists though in an extremely condensed way is in Hubble redshift in Einstein Universe in PDF format.

In my earlier life I was a sculptor. I acquired my skills in visual arts mostly at The Art Institute of Boston and at The Boston Museum School in Boston, MA learning mostly from Vincent Ricci (a student of Malvina Hoffman) becoming after about 15 years of hard work a figurative realistic sculptor. Here are pictures of some of my sculptures and my article Teory of Art that is explaining why art needs an explanation as much as science does and why a beautiful piece of art (as Randolph Rogers' "Nydia") might be just a kitsch similarly as a beautiful piece of science (as the Big Bang hypothesis) might be just magic.

I started my adult life as a mechanical engineer (internal combustion engines) got converted into an electronic engineer (with MS in cybernetics) and then into a software engineer (real time software) before becoming a sculptor. My free time activities consisted mostly of sailing (on many lakes including Lake Champlain as crew an then as a skipper on Long Island Sound, Chesapeake Bay, Virgin Islands) and before that Motorcycle speedway (a few scratches on my face), judo, and fencing (foil). Other wikis: RW, RWW

If you have any questions and comments please place them in discussion page. Jim (talk) 20:20, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

title: User:JimJast


text:
AnimeSuki

AnimeSuki (from Japanese anime and suki (好き)) is a website and once considered "... the largest database of BitTorrent anime shows" that focused on providing unlicensed anime fansubs using the BitTorrent peer-to-peer system. The website was created by GHDpro on December 26, 2002. Animesuki was not a tracker; instead, it provided links to many trackers across the web. It did not list pornography or series that had been licensed in North America. However, in 2013 it stopped maintaining its database of torrents, and the forums remain as the only active part of the site.

Legal status
The site only linked to anime that had not been licensed by any American companies. Once a title was licensed, the corresponding fansub links were removed from the site and the series was listed on its licensed list. Nonetheless, although none of the files were hosted on the site itself, AnimeSuki could be held accountable for violating copyright law, as linking to sites that themselves infringe on the law has been considered a form of contributory infringement in the United States (Intellectual Reserve v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry).

Though fansubs are technically copyright violations, AnimeSuki's legal page alleges that the WTO TRIPS Agreement specifies that the distribution of copyrighted material is only necessarily illegal when done on a commercial scale, thus making it difficult for anyone besides the copyright holder to prosecute fansubbers. To date, only one Japanese company, Media Factory, has requested its content removed from the site. However, Funimation and Kadokawa Pictures USA have also sent them separate cease and desist letters concerning several titles, which were promptly removed. In Singapore, Odex has targeted AnimeSuki's users with legal action.

AnimeSuki was also known for erring on the side of caution regarding licenses. Even though some series such as Hanaukyo Maids were not initially licensed, AnimeSuki kept them from being listed because of the likelihood that Geneon would secure the rights to it.

Present
Over time, AnimeSuki experienced a decline in new fansub entries, due to various changes in online anime distribution, such as preference to download episodes directly from translators' websites, competition with other database websites, frequent updates, and disbandment of translation groups. Fan translations have further declined, as more anime became licensed and professionally translated for official release worldwide. And since the growing popularity of video streaming websites such as Crunchyroll, HIDIVE, Amazon Prime Video and Netflix, which provide licensed anime and can stream to smartphones, AnimeSuki has ceased all updates and activity.

As of February 15, 2019, the main website is closed. However, as of 2024, the discussion boards remain active.

title: AnimeSuki


text:
ATC code M03

M03AA Curare alkaloids

 * M03AA01 Alcuronium
 * M03AA02 Tubocurarine
 * M03AA04 Dimethyltubocurarine

M03AB Choline derivatives

 * M03AB01 Suxamethonium

M03AC Other quaternary ammonium compounds

 * M03AC01 Pancuronium
 * M03AC02 Gallamine
 * M03AC03 Vecuronium
 * M03AC04 Atracurium
 * M03AC05 Hexafluronium
 * M03AC06 Pipecuronium bromide
 * M03AC07 Doxacurium chloride
 * M03AC08 Fazadinium bromide
 * M03AC09 Rocuronium bromide
 * M03AC10 Mivacurium chloride
 * M03AC11 Cisatracurium

M03AX Other muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents

 * M03AX01 Botulinum toxin

M03BA Carbamic acid esters

 * M03BA01 Phenprobamate
 * M03BA02 Carisoprodol
 * M03BA03 Methocarbamol
 * M03BA04 Styramate
 * M03BA05 Febarbamate
 * M03BA51 Phenprobamate, combinations excluding psycholeptics
 * M03BA52 Carisoprodol, combinations excluding psycholeptics
 * M03BA53 Methocarbamol, combinations excluding psycholeptics
 * M03BA71 Phenprobamate, combinations with psycholeptics
 * M03BA72 Carisoprodol, combinations with psycholeptics
 * M03BA73 Methocarbamol, combinations with psycholeptics
 * QM03BA99 Combinations

M03BB Oxazol, thiazine, and triazine derivatives

 * M03BB02 Chlormezanone
 * M03BB03 Chlorzoxazone
 * M03BB52 Chlormezanone, combinations excluding psycholeptics
 * M03BB53 Chlorzoxazone, combinations excluding psycholeptics
 * M03BB72 Chlormezanone, combinations with psycholeptics
 * M03BB73 Chlorzoxazone, combinations with psycholeptics

M03BC Ethers, chemically close to antihistamines

 * M03BC01 Orphenadrine (citrate)
 * M03BC51 Orphenadrine, combinations

M03BX Other centrally acting agents

 * M03BX01 Baclofen
 * M03BX02 Tizanidine
 * M03BX03 Pridinol
 * M03BX04 Tolperisone
 * M03BX05 Thiocolchicoside
 * M03BX06 Mephenesin
 * M03BX07 Tetrazepam
 * M03BX08 Cyclobenzaprine
 * M03BX09 Eperisone
 * M03BX30 Phenyramidol
 * M03BX53 Pridinol, combinations
 * M03BX55 Thiocolchicoside, combinations
 * QM03BX90 Guaifenesin

M03CA Dantrolene and derivatives

 * M03CA01 Dantrolene

title: ATC code M03


text:
User:R.L.Kennedy

I am a retired career railroader, 40 years with the Canadian Pacific Railway Operating Department based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. I am a fourth generation CPR railroader. I hired on at age 14 and began in 1956 as a call boy waking up engine crews in the bunkhouse and train crews in the caboose. I became an engine dispatcher at the roundhouse in steam engine days, later a crew dispatcher and held a number of other positions until retiring in December 1996.

I have long had an interest in the history of the CPR and was considered their "resident expert" (their words) on steam, history etc. Un-official historian, in my words. My interest continues in retirement through my writings on my own web site, the largest in Canada of Canadian Railways and Stories, all written by railroaders.

Old Time Trains []

title: User:R.L.Kennedy


text:
ATC code M04

M04AA Preparations inhibiting uric acid production

 * M04AA01 Allopurinol
 * M04AA02 Tisopurine
 * M04AA03 Febuxostat
 * M04AA51 Allopurinol, combinations

M04AB Preparations increasing uric acid excretion

 * M04AB01 Probenecid
 * M04AB02 Sulfinpyrazone
 * M04AB03 Benzbromarone
 * M04AB04 Isobromindione
 * M04AB05 Lesinurad

M04AC Preparations with no effect on uric acid metabolism

 * M04AC01 Colchicine
 * M04AC02 Cinchophen
 * M04AC51 Colchicine and probenecid

M04AX Other antigout preparations

 * M04AX01 Urate oxidase
 * M04AX02 Pegloticase

title: ATC code M04


text:
Talk:Deacon Blue

Untitled
I'm very confused as to why this article has been identified as non-encyclopaedic, so I've taken it on myself to remove the template notice, whilst expanding the article. Deb 16:07, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I assume these guys were named for the Steely Dan song Deacon Blues. Bastie 01:16, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Past tense
Why is this article written in the past tense? Deacon Blue reformed in 1999 and are still gigging. Waggers 16:44, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DBRaintown.jpg
Image:DBRaintown.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:09, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Rational added previously. Etweeks 03:29, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's fair use in the album article only. I took it down, along with the flag. WP:FLAGCRUFT is an interesting essay which explains why proliferating national flags throughout Wikipedia is a bad thing. --John 06:02, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DeaconBlueLogo.png
Image:DeaconBlueLogo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 15:38, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Origin of the name
The opening says they got their name from a Steely Dan song, but I thought they got their name from a song by Maddy Prior. This was just something I once heard on a quiz programme - perhaps compilers of the quiz confused Steely Dan with Steeleye Span! ACEOREVIVED (talk) 19:23, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deacon Blue