text:
Walter Henry Medhurst

Walter Henry Medhurst (29 April 1796 – 24 January 1857), was an English Congregationalist missionary to China, born in London and educated at St Paul's School. He was one of the early translators of the Bible into Chinese-language editions.

Early life
Medhurst's father was an innkeeper in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire. As a young man, Medhurst studied at Hackney College under George Collison and he worked as a printer and typesetter at the Gloucester Herald and the London Missionary Society (LMS). He became interested in Christian missions and the LMS chose him to become a missionary printer in China. He sailed in 1816 to join their station at Malacca, which was intended to be a great printing centre. En route, he called at Madras where, in a little less than three months, he met Mrs Elizabeth Braune, née Martin (1794–1874), marrying her the day before he sailed to Malacca.

Malacca and Shanghai
Having arrived in Malacca, Medhurst learned Malay, and studied Chinese, Chinese characters, and the Hokkien group of Min Nan Chinese varieties, which is widely spoken in Southeast Asia. He was ordained there by William Charles Milne on 27 April 1819.

Medhurst served as a missionary in Penang in 1820, and then in Batavia (present-day Jakarta), capital of the Dutch East Indies in 1822. His son Walter Henry was born that year and born in 1828 was his daughter Eliza Mary who went on to marry Hong Kong's chief magistrate Charles Batten Hillier in 1846. Their youngest daughter was Augusta, born in 1840.

Today's All Saints Jakarta church and the Parapattan Orphanage were started by Medhurst.

In addition to compiling his Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries, Medhurst was a prolific translator, lexicographer, and editor.

Although Medhurst never traveled to Japan, in 1830 he published An English and Japanese, and Japanese and English Vocabulary Compiled from Native Works in 344 pages. Based upon his studies of Hokkien, in 1831 Medhurst completed his A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, but printing of all 862 pages of which reached finality only in 1837 after being affected by the end of the British East India Company's trade monopoly in 1834 and for lack of funds.

In the 1840s, Medhurst collaborated with John Stronach, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, and William Charles Milne translating the (1847) "Delegates' Version" of the Bible in Chinese. Medhurst, Elihu Doty, and John Van Nest Talmage developed the Pe̍h-ōe-jī Church Romanization of Southern Min Chinese that was widely used by missionaries.

When peace was concluded with China in 1842, he moved to Shanghai where he founded the London Missionary Society Press together with William Muirhead and Dr William Lockhart. They were later joined by Joseph Edkins, and William Charles Milne. He continued in Shanghai until 1856, laying the foundations of a successful mission.

In 1843, New York University conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.D.

Delegates' Version
Medhurst's principal labour for several years, was in leading the committee of delegates, which created the Delegates' Version of the Bible. In the 1840s, a group of four people (Walter Henry Medhurst, John Stronach, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, and William Charles Milne) cooperated to translate the Bible into Chinese.

The translation of the Hebrew language part was done mostly by Gutzlaff from the Netherlands Missionary Society, with the exception of the Pentateuch and the book of Joshua, which were done by the group collectively. The initial Gutzlaff translation, completed in 1847 is well known due to its adoption by the revolutionary peasant leader Hong Xiuquan of the Taiping Rebellion as some of the reputed early doctrines of the organization.

The translation of the New Testament was finished in 1850 and of the Old Testament in 1853, written in a version of Classical Chinese. With John Stronach, and the assistance of Wang Tao, Medhurst later translated the New Testament into the Mandarin dialect of Nanjing.

Significant books
Medhurst would also produce a Chinese translation of the Book of Common Prayer, published in Hong Kong in 1855.

His Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries (each in 2 vols.) were in use into the twentieth century.

Death & memorial
Medhurst left Shanghai in 1856, in failing health. He died two days after reaching London, on 24 January 1857 and was buried at the Congregationalists' non-denominational Abney Park Cemetery where his white stone obelisk monument can still be seen today. He left a son, Sir Walter Henry Medhurst (1822–1885), who was British consul at Hankou and afterwards at Shanghai.

title: Walter Henry Medhurst


text:
Yugawa, Fukushima

Yugawa (湯川村) is a village located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 3,051 in 924 households, and a population density of 190 persons per km2. The total area of the village was 16.37 sqkm..

Geography
Yugawa is located in the northern portion of the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture, in center of the Aizu Basin.

 * Rivers : Nippashi River, Agakawa River

Neighboring municipalities
Fukushima Prefecture
 * Aizuwakamatsu
 * Kitakata
 * Aizubange

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yugawa has declined steadily over the past 70 years.

Climate
Yugawa has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Yugawa is 11.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1383 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.8 °C.

History
The area of present-day Yugawa was part of ancient Mutsu Province. During the early Heian period, the Buddhist temple of Shōjō-ji was founded in what is now part of Yugawa village. The area formed part of the holdings of Aizu Domain during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, the area was organized as part of Kawanuma District. Fukushima Prefecture. The villages of Oikawa and Shōjō were created with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. These villages merged to form Yugawa on March 31, 1957.

Economy
The economy of Yugawa is centered on the production of rice, with much of the town area under paddy fields. Asparagus is also a major cash crop.

Education
Yugawa has two public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
JR East – Ban'etsu West Line
 * Oikawa

Local attractions

 * Shōjō-ji – Buddhist temple with Important Cultural Property buildings and National Treasure sculptures.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yugawa, Fukushima


text:
Yanaizu, Fukushima

Yanaizu (柳津町) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 3,304 in 1,269 households, and a population density of 19 persons per km². The total area of the town was 175.82 sqkm.

Geography
Yanaizu is located in the northern portion of the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture.The Takitani River flows north and south through the town and joins the Tadami River, which crosses the northern part of the town. The southern part of the town is mountainous.

 * Mountains : Mount Hakase
 * Rivers : Tadami River, Takitani River

Neighboring municipalities
Fukushima Prefecture
 * Nishiaizu
 * Aizubange
 * Aizumisato
 * Shōwa
 * Mishima
 * Kaneyama

Climate
Yanaizu has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Yanaizu is 11.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1428 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.9 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yanaizu has declined steadily over the past 70 years and is now much less than it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Yanaizu was part of ancient Mutsu Province. The area formed part of the holdings of Aizu Domain during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, the area was organized as part of Kawanuma District, Fukushima Prefecture. The village of Yanaizu was founded with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1898. Yanaizu annexed the neighboring villages of Kurado and Iitani on May 1, 1921. The village was raised to town status on May 20, 1942. On March 31, 1955, Yanaizu annexed the neighboring village of Nishiyama from Ōnuma District, Fukushima.

Economy
The economy of Yanaizu is based primarily on agriculture, with seasonal tourism.

Education
Yanaizu has two public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
JR East – Tadami Line
 * Aizu-Yanaizu - Gōdo - Takiya

Local attractions

 * Enzō-ji, Buddhist temple, the site of a Hadaka Matsuri every January 7. This festival was featured in the NHK World program "Out & About" on February 10, 2008.
 * Saitō Kiyoshi Art Museum
 * Yanaizu Onsen
 * Nishiama Onsen
 * Meibutsu
 * Akabeko
 * Awa-manju - millet based steamed buns stuffed with red bean paste

title: Yanaizu, Fukushima


text:
Baby food

Baby food is any soft, easily consumed food other than breastmilk or infant formula that is made specifically for human babies between six months and two years old. The food comes in many varieties and flavors that are purchased ready-made from producers, or it may be table food eaten by the family that has been mashed or otherwise broken down.

Readiness
As of 2023, the World Health Organization, UNICEF and many national health agencies recommended waiting until six months of age before starting a child on food. Neither too early nor too late.

In Italy in 2020, a survey of parents found that more than two-thirds of babies were first fed baby food when they were five or six months old. A survey in Scotland in 2017 indicated that almost no babies were fed baby food before the age of four months, and that about half of them were not given baby food until they were at least six months old.

Inappropriately early introduction of baby food (i.e., before the baby is at least four months old) was associated with the family being concerned that the baby's hunger was not satisfied by breastmilk alone. Feeding a baby baby food, or any food except breastmilk or infant formula, before the age of four months is also associated with the development of food allergies; delaying the introduction of potentially allergenic foods, such as peanuts, beyond six months provides no health benefit. It also increases the risk of choking (inability to breathe due to food stuck in the airway), strain on the kidneys, and gastroenteritis (a painful inflammation of the gut that can cause vomiting and diarrhea).

Health
As a global public health recommendation, the World Health Organization recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Most six-month-old infants are physiologically and developmentally ready for new foods, textures and modes of feeding. Experts advising the World Health Assembly have provided evidence that introducing solids earlier than six months increases babies' chances of illness, without improving growth.

One of the health concerns associated with the introduction of solid foods before six months is iron deficiency. The early introduction of complementary foods may satisfy the hunger of the infant, resulting in less frequent breastfeeding and ultimately less milk production in the mother. Because iron absorption from human milk is depressed when the milk is in contact with other foods in the proximal small bowel, early use of complementary foods may increase the risk of iron depletion and anemia.

In Canada sodium content in infant food is regulated; strained fruit, fruit juice, fruit drink, and cereal cannot be sold if sodium has been added (excluding strained desserts). Foods naturally containing sodium are limited to 0.05 - 0.25 grams per 100 grams of food, depending on the type of infant food.

If there is a family history of allergies, one may wish to introduce only one new food at a time, leaving a few days in between to notice any reactions that would indicate a food allergy or sensitivity. This way, if the child is unable to tolerate a certain food, it can be determined which food is causing the reaction.

Meeting the nutritional needs of infants as they grow is essential for their healthy development. Feeding infants inappropriately or insufficiently can cause major illnesses and affect their physical and mental development. Educational campaigns that share information on when to introduce solid foods, appropriate types of foods to feed an infant, and hygiene practices are effective at improving these feeding practices.

Nutritional needs and the amount of food
The World Health Organization recommends starting in small amounts that gradually increase as the child gets older: 2 to 3 meals per day for infants 6 to 8 months of age and 3 to 4 meals per day for infants 9 to 23 months of age, with 1 or 2 additional snacks as required.

Newborns need a diet of breastmilk or infant formula. In infants, minimum carbohydrate (mainly lactose) intake should be 40% of total energy, gradually increasing to 55% energy by the age of 2 years.

As shown in the 2008 Feeding Infants and Toddlers study, the overall diet of babies and toddlers, the primary consumers of baby food, generally meets or significantly exceeds the recommended amount of macronutrients. Toddlers and preschoolers generally ate too little dietary fiber, and preschoolers generally ate too much saturated fat, although the overall fat intake was lower than recommended. Micronutrient levels were typically within the recommended levels. A small group of older infants in the American study needed more iron and zinc, such as from iron-fortified baby foods. A substantial proportion of toddlers and preschoolers exceeded the upper recommended level of synthetic folate, preformed vitamin A, zinc, and sodium (salt).

Preparation and feeding
Baby foods are either a soft, liquid paste or an easily chewed food since babies lack developed muscles and teeth to effectively chew. Babies typically move to consuming baby food once nursing or formula is not sufficient for the child's appetite. Babies do not need to have teeth to transition to eating solid foods. Teeth, however, normally do begin to show up at this age. Care should be taken with certain foods that pose a choking hazard, such as undercooked vegetables, grapes, or food that may contain bones.

Babies begin eating liquid style baby food consisting of pureed vegetables and fruits, sometimes mixed with rice cereal and formula, or breastmilk. Then, as the baby is better able to chew, small, soft pieces or lumps may be included. Care should be taken, as babies with teeth have the ability to break off pieces of food but they do not possess the back molars to grind, so food can be carefully mashed or prechewed, or broken into manageable pieces for their baby.

Around 6 months of age, babies may begin to feed themselves (picking up food pieces with hands, using the whole fist, or later the pincer grasp [the thumb and forefinger]) with help from older family members or caregivers.

Homemade or commercial
Homemade baby food is less expensive than commercial baby foods. Homemade food is appropriate only when the family has a sufficient and varied diet, as well as access to refrigeration and basic sanitation. It is important to follow proper sanitation methods when preparing homemade baby food such as washing and rinsing vegetables or fruit, as well as the cooking and packaging materials that will be used.

Homemade food requires more preparation time than simply opening a jar or box of ready-to-eat commercial baby food. Food may need to be minced or pureed for young babies, or cooked separately without the salt, intense spices, or sugar that the family chooses to eat.

Picky eating
Parents and/or caregivers may perceive up to half of toddlers as being "picky" or "faddy", with the peak around 24 months. Adults who hold this opinion often stop offering new foods to the child after only three to five attempts, rather than continuing to offer the food until the child has tasted it eight to fifteen times. They may also engage in counterproductive behaviors, such as offering appetite-suppressing milk or other favorite foods as an alternative, or trying to force or bribe the child into eating.

Types
Through the first year, breastmilk or infant formula is the main source of calories and nutrients. By six months old, infants are ready to be introduced to table food.

Babies may be started directly on normal family food if attention is given to choking hazards; this is called baby-led weaning. Because breastmilk takes on the flavor of foods eaten by the mother, these foods are especially good choices.

Food type

 * Cereals
 * On a typical day about half of American babies aged four and five months old are fed infant cereal. The baby may have eaten as little as one small bite of infant cereal, or even as little as one small bite of a food that contains infant cereal mixed with other foods.  Other types of grain-based foods are rare at that age.  About 90% of babies aged six to twelve months eat some type of grain, although only half eat infant cereal.  The others eat rice, bread, crackers, pasta, or cereal designed for older children.

 * Fruits
 * On any given day, about 20% of babies aged four and five months eat some type of fruit, usually a prepared baby food. As with all of these, this may represent as little as one small bite of fruit or a food partly composed of fruit. Two-thirds of babies aged six to nine months, and between 75% and 85% of babies and toddlers older than nine months, eat some type of fruit.  At age six to nine months, half of the babies are eating prepared baby food fruits, but toddlers aged 12 months and older primarily eat non-baby food fruits, such as fresh bananas or canned fruits.  Apple and bananas are common fruits for babies of all ages.  Fruit juice, primarily apple and grape juice, is usually introduced later than fruit, and about half of older babies and toddlers drink some type of 100% fruit juice.
 * Vegetables
 * On a typical day, about a quarter of babies aged four and five months eat some type of vegetable at least once, almost always prepared baby food, and usually a yellow or orange vegetable like carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, and winter squash. At age six to nine months, about 60% of babies and about 70% of older babies and toddlers eat vegetables, with baby food vegetables rapidly being replaced by cooked vegetables after about nine months.  Raw vegetables are uncommon for all babies and toddlers.  By the first birthday, almost a third of babies eat potatoes on a given day.

 * Meat
 * Very few four- and five-month-old American babies eat meat or other protein sources (excluding milk). Six- to nine-month-old babies mostly eat meat as part of baby food that contains a small amount of meat along with vegetables or grains.  About three-quarters of nine- to twelve-month-old babies are given either meat or another protein source, such as eggs, cheese, yogurt, beans, or nuts.  More than 90% of babies aged 12 to 18 months old, and nearly all toddlers older than that, are given a protein source at least once a day.  Almost three-quarters of these toddlers are given non-baby food meat; prepared baby food meat (by itself) is uncommon at any age.

 * Sweet and salty foods
 * Sweet and salty foods are uncommon for babies. Compared to a prior study in 2002, the number of babies under the age of nine months that received any sort of sweetened food, snack, or beverage, had dropped by nearly half.  At age nine to twelve months, fewer than half of babies are given sweetened foods like cookies, ice cream, or fruit-flavored drinks. Prepared baby food desserts are uncommon at any age, but are given to almost 12% of babies aged nine to twelve months. It is recommended to consume natural sugars from fruits and vegetables to satisfy children’s cravings while providing essential nutrients, to prevent future health issues caused by added sugars and saturated fats.

Toddler foods
Some commercial baby food companies have expanded their lines to produce specialty foods for toddlers from the age of about 12 months to two and a half years old. These include juice, cereal, small microwaveable meals, baked goods, and other foods that have been formulated and marketed for toddlers.

Geriatric use
In the late 1940s, Gerber Products Company and Beech-Nut produced special cookbooks to promote the sale of commercial baby foods for use by elderly, sick, or disabled people.

Historical and cultural
Baby food varies from culture to culture. In many cultures, pastes of a grain and liquids are the first baby food. In human history and presently with many cultures around the world, babies are fed food premasticated by the caretaker of the baby in order to pulverise the food and start the digestion process.

In the Western world until the mid-1900s, baby food was generally made at home. The industrial revolution saw the beginning of the baby food market which promoted commercial baby foods as convenience items. In developed countries, babies are now often started with commercially produced iron-fortified infant cereals, and then move on to mashed fruits and vegetables. Commercial baby foods are widely available in dry, ready-to-feed and frozen forms, often in small batches (e.g. small jars) for convenience of preparation. On the contrary, in developing countries, breastfeeding is more widely accepted and socially tolerated in public, thus creating a societal contrast. Amy Bentley, author of Inventing Baby Food, talks about how infant feeding reflects one's "position in the postwar era of the American Century" because in developed countries, families are able to purchase processed baby foods to feed their children, whereas in developing country, natural breastfeeding is more popular.

Commercially prepared baby foods in the Netherlands were first prepared by Martinus van der Hagen through his NV Nutricia company in 1901. In United States they were first prepared by Harold Clapp who sold Clapp's Baby Food in the 1920s. The Fremont Canning Company, now called the Gerber Products Company, started in 1927. The Beech-Nut company entered the U.S. baby food market in 1931. The first precooked dried baby food was Pablum which was originally made for sick children in the 1930s. Other commercial baby food manufacturers include H. J. Heinz Company, Nestlé, Nutricia, Organix and Unilever. Heinz produced dehydrated baby food in the 1980s. The demand from parents for organic food began to grow in the 1960s; since then, many larger commercial manufacturers have introduced organic lines of infant food.

At the beginning of the 20th century in America, most babies began eating baby food around the age of seven months. During and shortly after World War II, the age at which solid food was first introduced dropped to just six weeks. This age has since increased to four to six months. By the mid-20th century, manufactured baby food was readily used and supplemented previous infant feeding practices. Author of Inventing Baby Food, Amy Bentley argues that the excessive additives of sugar, salt, and MSG in overused manufactured baby food conditioned infants to prefer processed foods later in life. Also, it is believed that exposing infants to solid foods at an earlier age well help them get used to foods later on in life. This subsequent misuse of salt and sugar was also feared to effect issues of weight and nutrition based diseases.

In China and other east Asian countries, homemade baby food remains common, and babies are started on rice porridge called xifan, then move on to mashed fruits, soft vegetables, tofu and fish.

In Sweden, it is common to start with mashed fruit, such as bananas, as well as oatmeal and mashed vegetables.

In western Africa, maize porridge is often the first solid food given to young children.

An infant's first bite of solid food is ceremonial and holds religious importance in many cultures. An example of this is annaprashan, a Hindu ritual where the infant is fed a sweetened rice porridge, usually blessed, by an elder family member. Similar rites of passage are practiced in other Hindu areas, including the Bengal region, Vietnam, and Thailand.

Market
According to Zion Market Research, the market size for baby food in the United States is estimated to be $53 billion in 2018 and growing to $76 billion by 2021.

Commercial baby food in the United States is dominated by Gerber, which had about 70% of the American market share in 1996. Beechnut had about 15% of the market, and Heinz had about 10%. Heinz's Earth's Best, the largest brand of organic baby food, had about 2% of the American market share.

In Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, Heinz had about 90% of the market share in 1996. Heinz is also the market leader in the UK, Italy, and several eastern European countries.

Controversies
Some commercial baby foods have been criticized for their contents and cost. Over the decades, there have been multiple recalls of baby foods because of concerns about contamination or spoilage. In 1984 and 1986, Gerber was involved in a scandal over glass baby food jars breaking in transit, which dramatically affected its sales and profitability, although the US Food and Drug Administration later concluded that the company was not at fault. In 1987, Beechnut paid US$25 million to resolve charges of selling adulterated apple juice in the early 1980s. In 2011, Nestlé France decided to recall a batch of P'tit pot baby food as a precautionary measure after a customer reportedly found glass shards in one of their jars. An investigation into the incident's scope led the company to conclude that it had been an isolated occurrence and that the rest of the batch had not been affected.

Pesticides
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is required by law to ensure that pesticide residues do not harm babies and children. Almost 40% of baby foods sold in stores in the U.S. contain toxic pesticides, according to a 2023 study by the Environmental Working Group, an American non-profit environmental research and advocacy organization. The most common pesticide residues found in the baby foods were acetamiprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide that is known to be harmful to humans and bees, and captan, a fungicide of the phthalimide class that has been correlated to cancer. None of the organic baby foods tested in the same study were found to contain pesticides.

title: Baby food


text:
Kawahigashi, Fukushima

Kawahigashi (河東町) was a town in Kawanuma District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On November 1, 2005, Kawahigashi was merged into the expanded city of Aizuwakamatsu.

As of 2003, the town has an estimated population of 9,289 and a density of 235 PD/km2. Its total area is 39.57 km2.

title: Kawahigashi, Fukushima


text:
Humberto Sousa Medeiros

Humberto Sousa Medeiros, GCIH (October 6, 1915 – September 17, 1983) was a Portuguese-American clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Boston from 1970 until his death in 1983, and was created a cardinal in 1973. An ecclesiastical conservative, Cardinal Medeiros was considered a champion of the immigrant worker, the poor and minorities.

Early life
Humberto Sousa Medeiros was born in Arrifes, on the island of São Miguel, Azores, to Antonio Medeiros and Maria de Jesus Sousa Massa Flor. He was baptized in the parish of Nossa Senhora da Saúde on November 1, 1915. His father raised vegetables and ran a small variety store until 1931, when the family emigrated to the United States and settled in Fall River, Massachusetts. The family attended St. Michael's Church, the local Portuguese parish.

Forced to leave school at age 16, Humberto swept floors in a local textile mill for 62 cents a day, studying English in his spare time. He was able to return to school in 1935, when his younger brothers became old enough to work to support the family. After graduating first in his class from B.M.C. Durfee High School in 1937, he entered the Catholic University of America. He became a naturalized citizen and obtained a Master of Philosophy degree in 1942 and a Licentiate of Sacred Theology in 1946.

Priesthood
Medeiros was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop James Edwin Cassidy on June 15, 1946. He then returned to the Diocese of Fall River, where he was assigned to St. John of God Church in Somerset. In 1949, he returned to Catholic University to pursue his doctoral studies. He earned a Doctor of Sacred Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome in 1952. After returning to Fall River, he was assigned to Holy Name Church and named assistant chancellor of the diocese. He later served as vicar for religious, vice-chancellor, and finally chancellor, during which time he was elevated to the title of Monsignor in 1958. He became pastor of St. Michael's Church in 1960 at which stage he finally mastered the English language.

Bishop of Brownsville
On April 14, 1966, Medeiros was appointed Bishop of Brownsville, Texas, by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal ordination on June 9 from Bishop James Louis Connolly, with bishops James Joseph Gerrard and Gerald Vincent McDevitt serving as co-consecrators, at St. Mary's Cathedral.

His appointment to the Southern Texas diocese came at the time of a threatened farm workers' strike. Many of the lay faithful of the diocese were Mexican-American migrant workers. Medeiros was an advocate on behalf of workers, supporting their demands for a minimum wage at $1.25 an hour. He also became known as an outspoken opponent of capitalism, denouncing an economic system that "considers profit the key motive for economic progress, competition the maximum law of economics, and private ownership of the means of production an absolute right that carries no corresponding social obligations."

During his tenure, Medeiros sold the episcopal limousine, converted all but one room of the episcopal residence into a dormitory for visiting priests, and often traveled with migrant workers to celebrate Mass in the fields during the harvest season. He spent Christmas and Easter visiting prisoners in Texas jails. He also served as the chaplain of the Texas state council of the Knights of Columbus.

Archbishop of Boston
Medeiros was appointed Archbishop of Boston on September 8, 1970, at the request of and in succession to Richard Cushing. He was installed on October 7 of that year. The appointment of Medeiros, a Portuguese-American, surprised Irish Catholics in Boston, as the Irish had long dominated the local clergy and some Irish Catholics in Boston looked down on the Portuguese as "third-class Catholics". In the days leading up to and following Medeiros' arrival, local Catholic institutions were targeted by vandals on several occasions. In one instance a cross was burned on the lawn of the diocese's chancery.

In 1971, Medeiros described abortion as "the new barbarism". As in Brownsville, he became an advocate for the poor: his Pastoral Letter "Man's Cities God's Poor" Boston 1972 reflects his passion for the poor. An opponent of the Vietnam War, Medeiros condemned the bombing of Hanoi in a 1972 Christmas homily.

Pope Paul VI created him Cardinal Priest of Santa Susanna in the consistory of March 5, 1973. Medeiros pleaded with the Vatican to lift the excommunication of Leonard Feeney, who disobeyed church authority and took a strict interpretation of the doctrine of Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus. In 1974, Medeiros refused to allow the baptism of the child of a Marlboro woman who supported the establishment of an abortion-information clinic. He strongly supported integration in the United States but not desegregation via busing. He refused to let parents enroll their children in parochial schools as a means of avoiding it. In May 1976, he spoke out against the racism in South Boston but apologized the following week. Medeiros served as a special papal envoy to the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima in Portugal in May 1977.

Medeiros was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II, respectively. Following John Paul I's sudden death, he said, "I've been trying to say to God, 'It's your doing, and I must accept it. Before the primaries for the 1980 congressional elections, Medeiros issued a pastoral letter that stated, "Those who make abortion possible by law cannot separate themselves from the guilt which accompanies this horrendous crime and deadly sin." His words were considered to be directed at pro-choice candidates James Michael Shannon and Barney Frank, and criticized by some as violating the separation of church and state.

Medeiros transferred John Geoghan from parish to parish despite multiple credible accusations of sexual abuse. He knew of dozens of sexual abuse accusations against Paul Shanley. Medeiros himself was accused of sexual impropriety posthumously by Gerry Garland, a student at Catholic Memorial High School.

Medeiros died from heart failure during open heart surgery in Boston, at age 67. He was laid to rest at his request with his parents in Saint Patrick's Cemetery in his hometown of Fall River. Massachusetts Governor (and future Democratic presidential nominee) Michael Dukakis described him as a "gentle, compassionate man".

Legacy
The Cardinal Medeiros Trust fund was created in 1981 by the Texas Knights of Columbus State Council Charities in his honor to provide educational grants to families of Knights.

Boston College named the freshman honors dormitory "Medeiros" in his honor. Cardinal Medeiros Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is named after him.

The main auditorium of the Catholic University of Portugal's campus in Lisbon is named in his honor. A statue on his honor was inaugurated in his home parish of Arrifes on 10 June 2000, at the Portugal Day.

Honours

 * PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ, Portugal (3 March 1972)
 * PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (21 May 1972)

title: Humberto Sousa Medeiros


text:
Kawanuma District, Fukushima

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Iwashiro Province > Kawanuma District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Fukushima Prefecture > Kawanuma District

Kawanuma (河沼郡) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 36,117 and a density of 111.59 persons per km2. The total area is 323.65 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Aizubange
 * Yanaizu
 * Yugawa

Mergers

 * On November 1, 2005, the town of Kawahigashi merged into the city of Aizuwakamatsu.

title: Kawanuma District, Fukushima


text:
Kymco

Kymco (an acronym for Kwang Yang Motor Co, Ltd ) (stylized as KYMCO) is a Taiwanese motorcycle manufacturer headquartered in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. With approximately 3000 employees, Kymco produces over 570,000 vehicles annually at its factory in Kaohsiung. The company also has production facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and PR China.

History
The company was founded in 1964. KYMCO originally made parts for Honda. The company built its first complete scooter in 1970 and began marketing under the "KYMCO" brand name in 1992. In the 2000s, Kymco became the largest scooter manufacturer in Taiwan, and the fifth largest scooter manufacturer worldwide. In early 2008, KYMCO was chosen by BMW to supply the engines for their G450 X Enduro bike. The optional range extender in the BMW i3 is also supplied by Kymco. In late 2013, Kawasaki announced that their new J300 scooter is manufactured in partnership with Kymco. It is based on a Kymco Downtown 300i.

Scooters

 * 150XLS
 * Activ 50/125
 * Agility 50/125
 * Agility City A/C 125/150/200
 * Agility 16+ 300I
 * KB 50
 * CV 3 550i
 * AK550
 * Bet & Win 50/125/150/250 (also known as Ego)
 * Caro 100
 * Cherry 50/100
 * Cobra Cross 50
 * Cobra Racer 50/100
 * Compagno 110i
 * Dink 50 A/C
 * Dink L/C
 * Dink/Yager 125
 * Dink 150/200
 * DJ 50 S
 * Downtown 125i/200i/250i/300i/350i
 * Nikita 300/125 (known as Downtown in the U.S., Canada and Europe)
 * Easy 100 (also known as Free LX 100/110)
 * Ego 125
 * Espresso 150
 * Famous 110
 * Filly 50LX
 * G3
 * Grand Dink (known as Grand Vista in the U.S. and the Frost in Canada) 125/150/250
 * Heroism 125/150-豪邁
 * Jockey 125
 * Like 50/125/200i/200i XL/125 EV
 * Miler 125
 * Movie 50
 * Movie XL 125/150
 * MyRoad 700i
 * New Sento 110cc
 * People 50
 * People S 50
 * People 125
 * People S 125
 * People 150
 * People S 200
 * People S 200 i
 * People 250
 * People S 250
 * People S 250i
 * People S 300i >2008
 * People GT 200i/300i
 * People One 125i
 * Sento 50
 * Sento 100
 * Sooner 100
 * Super 8 125/150
 * Super 9
 * Top Boy 50 On/Off Road
 * V-Link
 * Vitality 50 (2 stroke and 4 stroke models)
 * Vivio 125
 * VJR 125
 * Xciting 250/300/300 Ri/400I/500/500 Ri
 * X-Town 300i
 * Yager 125
 * Yager GT 125
 * Yager GT 200i
 * Yup 50/250
 * ZX 50

Motorcycles

 * Activ 110/125
 * Axr 110
 * Cruiser 125
 * CK1 125
 * Grand King 125/150
 * Hipster 125 2V
 * Hipster 125 4V (H/Bar and L/Bar)
 * Hipster 150
 * Jetix 50/125
 * KTR/KCR 125/150
 * K-Pipe 50/125
 * Kargador 150
 * Pulsar/CK 125
 * Pulsar Luxe 125
 * Pulsar S 125
 * Quannon (known as KR Sport in the U.S.)
 * Kymco Quannon 125/150/150 Fi
 * Kymco Quannon Naked 125
 * Spade 150
 * Kymco Spade 150.jpg 125
 * Stryker 750 (on- and off-road)
 * Stryker 550 (on- and off-road)
 * Visa R110
 * VSR 125i
 * Venox 250
 * Venox 1000i
 * Zing 125/150

ATVs

 * KXR 50/90
 * KXR 250 (on-road)
 * Maxxer 300 450i
 * Mongoose KXR250
 * MXer 50
 * MXer 125
 * MXer 125 (on-road)
 * MXer 150
 * MXer 150 (on-road)
 * MXU 50/150/250/300/400/500/500i IRS
 * MXU 450i/550i/700i
 * UXV 450i/500i/700i

Kymco in the United States
Kymco has its U.S. subsidiary KYMCO USA headquartered in Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States and sells its vehicles and products via 600 franchised dealerships located throughout the country. For the U.S. market, Kymco offers 10 scooters, eight side by sides, 14 ATVs and two small displacement motorcycles in its line of products. Kymco was the official Scooter and ATV for the NHRA and with Gray Motorsports primary sponsor of the 2014 NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series.

title: Kymco


text:
Duck's Pool, Dartmoor

Duck's Pool is a small depression set in a remote location in the southern half of Dartmoor, Devon, England at. It lies between the sources of the River Plym and the River Erme.

No record exists of it having been a water-filled pool although there is a suggestion that it was drained by tin miners. However, in all but the driest periods, the area is usually boggy, and may have a small amount of standing water. The name may be derived from the use of "duck" as a generic term for waterfowl.

At the end of the Pool there is the remains of a tinners' hut. Approximately 500 m downstream to the east are the remains of an old blowing house roughly 4 m by 6 m. A number of Dartmoor authors suggest that it may be the one recorded as being in use in the Forester's Accounts of 1532. This working may have been responsible for the draining referred to above. The area from the Pool to the River Erme has been extensively worked by tinners. In memory of Dartmoor author William Crossing a plaque and letterbox were placed at Duck's Pool by some members of a walking club known as Dobson's Moormen and other people in 1938.

title: Duck's Pool, Dartmoor


text:
Aizutakada, Fukushima

Aizutakada (会津高田町) was a town located in Ōnuma District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 15,024 and a population density of 76.78 persons per km2. The total area was 195.67 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Aizutakada, along with the town of Aizuhongō, and the village of Niitsuru (all from Ōnuma District), was merged to create the town of Aizumisato.

title: Aizutakada, Fukushima


text:
Omaha kinship

Omaha kinship is the system of terms and relationships used to define family in Omaha tribal culture. Identified by Lewis Henry Morgan in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, the Omaha system is one of the six major kinship systems (Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese) which he identified internationally.

Kinship system
In function, the system is extremely similar to the Crow system. But, whereas Crow groups are matrilineal, Omaha descent groups are characteristically patrilineal.

In this system, relatives are sorted according to their descent and their gender. Ego's father and his brothers are merged and addressed by a single term, and a similar pattern is seen for Ego's mother and her sisters. (Marriages take place among people of different gentes or clans in the tribe.)

Like most other kinship systems, Omaha kinship distinguishes between parallel and cross-cousins. While parallel cousins are merged by term and addressed the same as Ego's siblings, cross-cousins are differentiated by generational divisions. On the maternal side, cross-cousins are raised a generation (making them Ego's Mother's Brother and Ego's Mother), while those on the paternal side are lowered a generation (making them the generational equivalent of Ego's Children's).

The system is similar to that of Iroquois kinship. It uses bifurcate merging, but only the Iroquois system uses bifurcate merging as a label. In addition, Iroquois kinship is a matrilineal system.

Usage
The system is named for the Omaha, a Native American tribe historically located on the Northern Plains in present-day Nebraska. The Omaha system has been found among some indigenous groups of Mexico, the Mapuche people of Chile and Argentina, the Dani tribe of Indonesia, the Shona of Zimbabwe and the Igbo of Nigeria.

Sources and external links

 * William Haviland, Cultural Anthropology, Wadsworth Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-534-27479-X
 * The nature of kinship

title: Omaha kinship


text:
Centre for Alternative Technology

The Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT) (Canolfan y Dechnoleg Amgen) is an eco-centre in Montgomeryshire, Powys, Wales dedicated to demonstrating and teaching sustainable development. CAT, despite its name, no longer concentrates its efforts exclusively on alternative technology, but provides information on all aspects of sustainable living. It is open to visitors, offers postgraduate degrees as well as shorter residential and one day courses; and publishes information on renewable energy, sustainable architecture, organic farming, gardening, and sustainable living. CAT also runs education programmes for schools and sells environmentally friendly items through its on site shop, restaurant and mail order department.

History
CAT was founded by businessman-turned-environmentalist Gerard Morgan-Grenville, and opened in 1973 in the disused Llwyngwern slate quarry near Machynlleth (once served by the narrow-gauge Corris Railway), where it occupies a seven-acre (28,000 m2) site. The organisation was originally known as the "British National Centre for the development of Alternative Technology". Inspiration for the early CAT pioneers included the then-recent books Small Is Beautiful, A Blueprint for Survival, and The Limits to Growth as well as an aim to explore alternative ways of living.

CAT was previously aligned to the Urban Centre for Appropriate Technology (UCAT), which was based in Bristol and has since evolved into the Centre for Sustainable Energy.

David Lea and Pat Borer won the Gold Medal for Architecture at the National Eisteddfod of Wales of 2001 for their work on the WISE building at the CAT.

Visitor centre
In 1975 a permanent exhibition opened in order to generate wider interest. The 40 acre site with 7 acre of interactive displays is the largest tourist attraction in the area. It is open all-year except Christmas, seven days a week. It is a registered charity.

The facilities and exhibits include:
 * the water-balanced CAT funicular, the Centre for Alternative Technology Railway
 * solar, hydropower and wind power
 * a low-energy house
 * a site-wide electricity grid powered by renewable energy
 * displays of organic gardening methods
 * a hydraulic ram pump
 * strawbale and rammed earth buildings
 * Britain's largest green bookshop
 * Vegetarian/vegan restaurant
 * Events, activities and courses that take place throughout the year

In 2023, the CAT announced that financial pressures had forced it to stop admitting walk-up day visitors, although it would continue to hold group visits and other events and courses.

Education
The centre offers a range of courses which are between a day and a week in length. Some of these courses are offered to the general public while others are accredited courses for professional installers. CAT is involved with school education through training teachers, producing materials and offering special tours and materials on site.

The Centre includes a Graduate School of the Environment. It offers postgraduate courses in renewable energy, architecture and environmental studies.

Since 2008, the centre has run a Professional Diploma in Architecture course in Advanced Environmental and Energy Studies, which allows students to obtain an accredited Part II architectural qualification.

Wales Institute for Sustainable Education
In summer 2010, CAT inaugurated the Wales Institute for Sustainable Education (WISE), a large educational building designed as a case study of sustainable architecture. The building contains a lecture theatre and accommodation and demonstrates ecological building principles such as passive solar building design and heat recovery ventilation as well as low-impact building materials such as wood, hemp, lime and rammed earth. The external walls of the building are made from 500mm thick hempcrete, whereas the lecture theatre has 7.2m high walls made from 320t of rammed earth.

A building management system is used to monitor a wide variety of parameters inside the building, providing data for research projects by CAT's sustainable architecture students. The building is used for teaching postgraduate degrees and short courses and is also available as a conference venue and exhibition space.

In 2010 the WISE building was awarded the first place in The Daily Telegraph's list of Top 10 Buildings 2010 and came fourth in The Guardian Top 10 list of buildings for 2010. It received a Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Award in 2011.

Energy
CAT originally relied on a collection of water, wind and solar power, but following power shortages it began to receive power from the National Grid. Shortly afterwards, in 2004, a large new wind turbine was built using funds generated by selling shares in the project to the community, Bro Dyfi Community renewables. From 2009 September onwards CAT has operated a microgrid system, which includes elements of on- and off-grid operation.

CAT gets its water from an existing man-made reservoir in the slate quarry in which it is based and processes its own sewage in its reedbeds.

Regional impact
The presence of the Centre in the Dyfi Valley has brought an increased environmental emphasis to the area, which is now designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. In the nearest town, Machynlleth, CAT plc formerly operated a wholefood vegetarian café and a separate shop. Following the closure of CAT plc the CAT charity retained ownership of the vegetarian cafe but subsequently sold it to its workers. The cafe is now run as a private enterprise but continues to operate as a vegetarian cafe. The wholefood shop was closed, since the building was not owned by CAT. However a new wholefood shop, Dyfi Wholefoods, was opened by the staff who were made redundant. An industrial estate (the Dyfi Eco Park) near Machynlleth railway station houses the offices of Dulas Ltd, a renewable-energy company founded by ex-CAT employees.

title: Centre for Alternative Technology


text:
Aizuhongō, Fukushima

Aizuhongō (会津本郷町) was a town located in Ōnuma District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,500 and a population density of 161.85 persons per km2. The total area was 40.16 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Aizuhongō, along with the town of Aizutakada, and the village of Niitsuru (all from Ōnuma District), was merged to create the town of Aizumisato.

title: Aizuhongō, Fukushima


text:
Talk:Viktor Suvorov

Include dates of fiction books
Mike Novikoff - I added the date of publication of "Snake-eater" because 2010 is more specific than the term "recent". I added Bulgaria because that was where it was first published. Parkwells (talk) 17:39, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

May 2020 edit
Preserving here by providing this link; my rationale was: "rm non-defining cats; see WP:CATDEF". --K.e.coffman (talk) 23:22, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

A wrong name for the section
Working as columnist is surely not "personal life", so I changed that. ChalSeismo (talk) 09:40, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

Common name
He is known mostly by his pen name, i.e. Viktor Suvorov. Hence the title of this page. I fixed this accordingly. My very best wishes (talk) 23:03, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

OK that I am ok with also thank you for showing me a new link to look at.Thelostone41 (talk) 23:08, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * If you disagree with any of my changes or something else, please do not revert everything, but make one change at a time. Are you familiar with writings by Suvorov? My very best wishes (talk) 23:15, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * My favorite one is this one https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/viktor-suvorov/2439784/#edition=4234242.Thelostone41 (talk) 23:20, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

WP:Fringe
Academic consensus is clear his work is reject by Most academic historians and yes I am.Thelostone41 (talk) 23:17, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, we have other pages (about his books and about the "controversy") where any criticism and discussion of his views should be and were already included. Here, we should just describe his views/claims very briefly and refer to other pages. Speaking about his ideas, they can be most briefly summarized as "In his Icebreaker, M Day and several follow-up books Suvorov argued that Stalin planned to use Nazi Germany as a proxy (the “Icebreaker”) against the West." That is why he called his book "Icebreaker" (the proxy). Is not it the case? I am not saying he was right or wrong, but that is what he claimed in the book. My very best wishes (talk) 23:31, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Well as of now his views are briefly mentioned with the academic response to them. Just like for Grover Furr his views are represented and the academic consensus is also represented.Thelostone41 (talk) 00:21, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * We have whole page with discussion of his views, Soviet offensive plans controversy. Here, we can only briefly say what his views are (e.g. his claim about the proxy/"Icebreaker" - that was in a paragraph you deleted -why?) and list of other authors who did and did not support his views. Note that the thesis about "proxy" was NOT disputed by many, only the suggestion about the motivations by Hitler, which is obviously a pure speculation, and it was described by Suvorov in his books as such. My very best wishes (talk) 01:39, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

 * After looking at the page right now can we just leave everything the way it is. The academic consensus view point and his viewpoint, are both represent can we just compromise on that leaving the page. The way it is so we're not arguing back and forth forever?Thelostone41 (talk) 02:15, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * "The academic consensus" about what, exactly? Books by Suvorov include a lot of materials, claims, concepts, etc. Some of them are nothing new, others are more or less accepted, yet others are speculative and were a matter of debate. This is the reason we have a separate page about it. My very best wishes (talk) 13:48, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

 * The academic consensus" about is views on ww2 just like the academic consensus'' on Grover Furr we show on his page.Thelostone41 (talk) 14:55, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

 * I was notified of this discussion on my talk page. From having reviewed the literature on this topic as part of drafting the relevant para in the Operation Barbarossa article, I agree that the article should note that the Icebreaker thesis is rejected by most historians. Saying that "His ideas were extensively debated by historians" in the lead is a bit of a cop-out given that his idea here is generally not considered credible by experts. The 'Works about World War II section' also dodges the issue somewhat. References establishing that Icebreaker is generally rejected are available in the last para of Operation Barbarossa. Nick-D (talk) 10:38, 14 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Viktor Suvorov


text:
User talk:CheekyMonkey

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

List of number one singles in the United Kingdom
Please stop deleting valid information and do not call my additions vandalism. The midweek charts show that 3 Of A Kind are selling out the #2 single by 2:1. So the number one position is almost guaranteed. The reason why this feat correlates with the date August 21 is that the British charts are classified by the traditional publication date of Musik Week. The charts published on August 21 cover the sales between August 9 and August 17. -- 141.40.169.176 15:53, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I concede the word vandalism was too strong in this case. However, just because something is "almost guaranteed" does not mean that it is fact. I would suggest the addition of a note such as "(Predicted)" in front of the entry would help clarify things. CheekyMonkey 23:15, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Do we consider an US president as elected from November on or from his inauguration in January on? I've just added a note that might help to indicate the provisional character of this information. -- 141.40.169.176 04:23, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I looked at the page history and it certainly made more sense with the "as indicated by midweeks sales" note. Although Auximines has now removed the entry. No hard feelings and I'll certainly be more careful in future before using the vandalism word. CheekyMonkey 09:18, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Glycophorin C
On Glycophorin C:

The 'p55' is a pointless link. There are hundreds of p55's in the literature. There is only one in the red cell so that partciular usage is OK in an articlce on the red cell. An ambiguation page probably would not help as most of these p55 sound similar to the inexperienced. Not to worry - this is an area where expertese is needed.

 * That's a fair enough point. A disambiguation page would certainly be a nightmare to maintain. I'm tempted to say that a generic page explaining that the p-number refers to the size of the polypeptide in kDa might be useful. However even this wouldn't completely solve the problem as functions and even in-order-of-discovery can apply instead. CheekyMonkey 23:05, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks :)
I recently made it my goal to write from scratch or greatly enhance three articles per week, preferably from the "request articles" page. I would do more, but the graduate student lifestyle is a demanding one. ClockworkTroll 23:35, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Admin vote
Thank you very much for supporting my nomination for adminhood. It means a great deal to me.

Thanks again, ClockworkTroll 14:44, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A quick note to say thanks

I just wanted to drop you a quick note to thank you again for your support in my request for adminship. It was certainly a wild ride, and I really appreciate you taking some time out to contribute. ClockworkSoul 16:10, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Ewe (people)
Only thirteen minutes after I made the faulty redirect into a substub you came along to double the article in size :). That was fast! Cheers, — mark ✎ 22:20, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Heh, I was just lurking around Recent Changes and African stubs are a bit overlooked generally. CheekyMonkey 22:31, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Architecture of Btrieve
The indexing section now has a diagram, as you suggested on WP:FAC. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:27, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Category:UK Wikipedians
Hi, just to let you know that the list of UK participants at the UK notice board was getting rather long, so I have replaced it with the above category which I have added to your user page. -- Francs2000 | Talk 30 June 2005 19:00 (UTC)

'fraid so...
... tragic, ain't it? :P Actually, someone close to me got an offer to buy shares way below market price by this man, so figured it was time to start a Wikipedia article about him. - Ta bu shi da yu 16:19, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * True :-) I'll listen to the voice of reason and go to bed now! :P Ta bu shi da yu 16:25, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

thanks (hyperglycinemia)
I'd just realized my error (must be too early for proper reading?) and was digging around to write something -correct- about hyperglycinemia, when I saw you'd fixed it. Are you going to write the page/stub on nonketotic hyperglycinemia, or shall I? Csari

WoW
That was a fast link [or what ever] to Frederick Moynihan. Carptrash 18:23, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks CheekyMonkey :-)
I very much appreciate your kind note on my talk page! - Ta bu shi da yu 12:44, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks CheekyMonkey!

I really appreciate your edit here to "Mifunesaurus". Even little edits like that vastly improve the quality of one of the shortest dinosaur articles on Wikipedia. If only there were a hundred more people like you! Thanks so much. I did make one minor change, though, changing "described" back to "coined", as the rest of the stub says it hasn't yet been formally described, it looks odd for the last sentence to say it was described. Anyway, thanks again! And feel free to edit any of the other hundreds of dinosaur stubs with those much-needed additions! :) Firsfron of Ronchester  20:39, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Your observation about there being so few on-line sources for many of these dinosaurs is spot on, Cheeky. It's really frustrating to want to expand an article, but have no information. Many sites will list a dinosaur, but give no other detail.
 * If you're still interested in trying to expand some of the shortest articles, might I suggest the Dinosaur Mailing List? It sometimes takes months for newly described dinosaurs mentioned there to appear on Google, and since many of those folks are actual paleontologists, it cuts out the "middleman" approach, getting the info from a web-site: you get the straight dope from real experts. Plus, they have a searchable database that works pretty well. Some of the threads go off-topic, but there's a lot of valuable material there. Anyway, thanks again, Firsfron of Ronchester  21:44, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

All Caps and AVB
Yep, it's intended behaviour, 99.9%ish of ALL CAPS additions are vandalism and the likes. You get the odd false positive when someone's doing that kinda edit tho -- Tawker 16:27, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, that's Ok then. CheekyMonkey 13:01, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject Dinosaurs:Shortest Articles
Congrats! CheekyMonkey 20:57, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Cheeky! It feels really great to see that list finally empty. I appreciated your help, and the work of so many others building up the sub-stubs as much as possible. Happy editing, Firsfron of Ronchester  00:12, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

MicroRNA entries
Hi CheekyMonkey, Thanks for your contributions to the RNA entries over the last week or so. We really appreciate your help! I see you edited a couple of microRNA entries. I saw you added links to many sequence in the miRBase sequence database. As there will be many more sequences added to each family keeping these links up to date will not be maintainable, so I changed them over to a single link to the families in miRBase. This should essentially give users the same inforamtion and scale better. Hope thats OK with you. Alexbateman 12:04, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see that User:Willow added the links not you, sorry for not checking more carefully. Oh well I will start going through and tidying these up. Alexbateman 13:21, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of WTN X Prize

The article WTN X Prize has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * There's no refs (here or that I could find) that this award ever actually eventuated, though the original press releases got speculative coverage at the time (2004). World Technology Award just got deleted at AFD. If this has nothing more than a bit of coverage of a speculative announcement, it's not clear it passes GNG.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. David Gerard (talk) 11:06, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of WTN X Prize for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article WTN X Prize is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/WTN X Prize until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. David Gerard (talk) 23:43, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:CheekyMonkey


text:
Harvey Haddix

Harvey Haddix Jr. (September 18, 1925 – January 8, 1994) was an American professional baseball left-handed pitcher and pitching coach, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals (1952–1956), Philadelphia Phillies (1956–57), Cincinnati Redlegs (1958), Pittsburgh Pirates (1959–1963), and Baltimore Orioles (1964–65).

Haddix is most notable for pitching 12 perfect innings in a game against the Milwaukee Braves on May 26, 1959; the Pirates lost the game in the 13th inning.

Haddix enjoyed his best season in 1953, pitching for the Cardinals. He compiled a 20–9 record with 163 strikeouts, a 3.06 earned run average (ERA), 19 complete games, and six shutouts. After five-plus seasons with the Cardinals, Haddix was traded to the Phillies. He also pitched for Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, and finished his pitching career as an effective reliever with the Orioles. Haddix was on the Pirate team that won the 1960 World Series, and was the winning pitcher of Game Seven, pitching in relief as the Pirates’ Bill Mazeroski clubbed a walk-off home run in the bottom of the ninth.

Early life
Haddix was born in Medway, Ohio, located just outside Springfield. He was nicknamed "the Kitten" in St. Louis for his resemblance to Harry "The Cat" Brecheen, a left-hander on the Cardinals during Haddix's rookie campaign.

Near-perfect game
Haddix took a perfect game into the 13th inning against the Milwaukee Braves on May 26, 1959. He retired 36 consecutive batters in 12 innings, essentially relying on two pitches: fastball and slider. However, Braves pitcher Lew Burdette was also pitching a shutout, which was seriously jeopardized on only three occasions: the 3rd inning, when a base-running blunder negated three consecutive singles; the 9th, when Pittsburgh finally advanced a runner as far as third base; and the 10th, when pinch hitter Dick Stuart came within a few feet of ending Burdette's shutout bid with a two-run homer.

A fielding error by third baseman Don Hoak ended the perfect game in the bottom of the 13th, with the leadoff batter for Milwaukee, Félix Mantilla, reaching first base. Mantilla then advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt by Eddie Mathews, which was followed by an intentional walk to Hank Aaron. Joe Adcock then hit an apparent home run, ending the no-hitter and the game. However, in the confusion, Aaron left the basepaths and was passed by Adcock for the second out and the Braves won 2–0. Eventually the hit was changed from a home run to a double by a ruling from National League (NL) president Warren Giles; ultimately, only Mantilla's run counted, resulting in a final score of 1–0, but the Pirates and Haddix still lost. I could have put a cup on either corner of the plate and hit it.

Haddix's $12 2/3$-inning, one-hit complete game, against the team that had just represented the NL in the previous two World Series, is considered by many to be the best pitching performance in MLB history. Mazeroski later said of Haddix's dominance in the game, "Usually you have one or two great or spectacular defensive plays in these no-hitters. Not that night. It was the easiest game I ever played in."

After the game, Haddix received many letters of congratulations and support, as well as one from a Texas A&M fraternity which read, in its entirety on university stationery, "Dear Harvey, Tough shit." "It made me mad", recounted Haddix, "until I realized they were right. That's exactly what it was."

In 1991, Major League Baseball changed the definition of a no-hitter to "a game in which a pitcher or pitchers complete a game of nine innings or more without allowing a hit." This retroactively disqualified Haddix, which some had considered to have thrown a perfect game because he retired the first 27 batters in order. Despite his having thrown more perfect innings than anyone in a single game, Haddix's game was taken off the lists of perfect games and no-hitters. Haddix's response was "It's O.K. I know what I did."

In May 1989, Milwaukee's Bob Buhl revealed that the Braves pitchers had been stealing signs from Pittsburgh catcher Smokey Burgess, who was exposing his hand signals due to a high crouch. From their bullpen, Braves pitchers repeatedly repositioned a towel to signal for a fastball or a breaking ball, the only two pitches Haddix used in the game. Despite this assistance, the Milwaukee offense managed just one hit. All but one Milwaukee hitter, Aaron, took the signals.

Career overview
Over his 14-year career, Haddix had a 136–113 record with 1,575 strikeouts, a 3.63 ERA, 99 complete games, 21 shutouts, 21 saves, and 2,235 innings pitched in 453 games (285 as a starter). He was in the spotlight in the 1960 World Series against the Yankees. After winning Game 5 as a starter, Haddix relieved late in Game 7 and was credited with the win when Bill Mazeroski hit his Series-ending famous walk-off home run. Haddix went 2–0 in the 1960 Series, with a 2.45 ERA.

As a hitter, Haddix was better than average, posting a .212 batting average (169-for-798) with 95 runs, 37 doubles, 9 triples, 4 home runs, 64 RBI, 4 stolen bases and 46 bases on balls. Defensively, he recorded a .957 fielding percentage which was the league average at his position.

Jim Palmer said he learned a lot about pitching from Haddix during the veteran's time with the Orioles.

Haddix later followed his namesake Brecheen into the ranks of major league pitching coaches, working with the New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, and Pirates for 14 years spanning 1966 to 1984.

Death
A heavy smoker in his playing days, Haddix died from emphysema in 1994 in Springfield, Ohio, at the age of 68.

Highlights

 * 3-time All-Star (1953–1955)
 * 3-time Gold Glove Award (1958–1960)
 * Co-Player of the Month for May 1959
 * Major League record, Most consecutive batters retired in one game (36) achieved on May 26, 1959

Tributes
Haddix's near-perfect game is memorialized by The Baseball Project, whose song, "Harvey Haddix", appears on their debut album, Volume 1: Frozen Ropes and Dying Quails (2008).

Haddix Field, the Little League baseball park in New Carlisle, Ohio, is named for Haddix.

title: Harvey Haddix


text:
Niitsuru, Fukushima

Niitsuru (新鶴村) was a village located in Ōnuma District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,874 and a population density of 95.56 persons per km2. The total area was 40.54 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Niitsuru, along with the towns of Aizuhongō and Aizutakada (all from Ōnuma District), was merged to create the town of Aizumisato.

title: Niitsuru, Fukushima


text:
User talk:Huckfinnifkcuh

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Speedy deletion nomination of Will Phillips
A tag has been placed on Will Phillips requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Joe Chill (talk) 16:40, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Constlawchart.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Constlawchart.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 17:28, 3 December 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of QuickStudy for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article QuickStudy is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/QuickStudy until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Tyw7 (🗣 Talk) — If (reply) then (ping me) 22:47, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of QuickStudy

A tag has been placed on QuickStudy, requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the criteria for speedy deletion, by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
 * It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Business for more information.
 * It is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. (See section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Wikipedia has standards for the minimum necessary information to be included in short articles; you can see these at Wikipedia:Stub. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.
 * It is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, a rephrasing of the title, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. (See section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Wikipedia has standards for the minimum necessary information to be included in short articles; you can see these at Wikipedia:Stub. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Tyw7 (🗣 Talk) — If (reply) then (ping me) 17:48, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Will Phillips for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Will Phillips is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Will Phillips until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Tyw7 (🗣 Talk) — If (reply) then (ping me) 20:32, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Will Phillips

A tag has been placed on Will Phillips requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a real person or group of people that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Tyw7 (🗣 Talk) — If (reply) then (ping me) 20:46, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Huckfinnifkcuh


text:
User talk:Notfake

Please stop adding nonsense to the Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Lupo 14:32, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Notfake


text:
Tanette

Tanette was an Indonesian monarchy founded around 1547.

Rulers

 * Puange 1547?-?
 * Datu Gollaya Lamarumpia ?-?
 * Topalannyari ?-?
 * Lamamula Daeng Limba ?-?
 * Daeng Ibrahim ?-?
 * Mapatjantji Daeng Matayan Matinrowe ri Sombapopa ?-?
 * Paketana Datu Mario Matinrowe ri Tanette ?-?
 * Battara Tunka Datu ri Luwu Datu Mario Karaeng Patiru ....-1735
 * Laodan Yusuf Fakhr ed Din Matinrowe ri Musuna 1735-1747
 * Tanrelile 1747-1768
 * Abd el Kadir Mohidin Matinrowe ri Dusang 1768-1807
 * Abdallah Saipu Aru Pantjana Lapatua 1807–1824, 1824-1825 and 1827-1840
 * Daeng Tanisanga 1824 and 1825-1827
 * Datu Mario La Rumpang La Combong Matinrowe ri Mutiara 1841–1855, Datu of Marioriwawo 1844–1855. Son of La Rumpang, Datu of Marioriwawo and brother or husband of:
 * Siti Aisyah We Tenriolle 1855–1898, Datin of Marioriwawo 1855-1898

....

 * Datin Pateka Tana, Tanra Lipue, Aru Lalolang alias Pettekketana Aru Lalolang 1926-1927
 * Andi Baso 1927-abdicated 1950. Son of a brother of Datin Pettekketana Aru Lalolang
 * Andi Iskandar, temporary ruler 1950–1960. Grandson of Datin Pettekketana Aru Lalolang

title: Tanette


text:
User:Ruhrjung/redirects

(and disambiguation-pages)
 * American value
 * American values
 * Axis Power
 * British campaign in Norway
 * Civil War in Finland
 * Conservative
 * Ethnic Danish
 * Finland's Senate
 * Finnish war-children
 * Free city
 * Great Patriotic War
 * Jutland Peninsula
 * Legitimacy
 * Livonians
 * Margrave
 * Mother tongue
 * Neutralist
 * Noble
 * Nuremberg Laws
 * Pakkoruotsi
 * Paris Peace Treaty
 * Pia Kjærsgaard
 * Political conservatism
 * Populism and nationalism
 * Prince Oscar of Sweden
 * Qualified majority
 * Ranks of nobility and peerage
 * Royal and Noble
 * Social Liberal
 * Social liberal
 * Social Liberalism
 * Socio-economic
 * Title of nobility
 * Toinen kotimainen kieli
 * Totenkopf Unit
 * Wall Street Crash
 * War reparation
 * Western countries
 * Western society

title: User:Ruhrjung/redirects


text: Category:Kenyan athletes

title: Category:Kenyan athletes


text:
Talk:Politics of French Polynesia

Untitled
This article should not be merged with French Polynesia if Wikipedia is going to continue to have "Politics of ..." articles about other jurisdictions. 207.69.140.35 14:36, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Today sept 14th new president was elected.(see link below) http://www.pacificmagazine.net/news/2007/09/14/oscar-temaru-named-president-of-french-polynesia

Therefore I changed the page, please don t revert my correct information as you has done hundreds of times by replacing it with incorrect or old data. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.9.138.45 (talk) 05:15, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Updates needed
I've asked for attention to many of the articles on French Polynesian politics at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Polynesia/Archive 1.- gadfium 21:11, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of French Polynesia" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

title: Talk:Politics of French Polynesia


text: Category:Ugandan athletes

title: Category:Ugandan athletes


text:
Robert Salisbury

Robert Salisbury may refer to:
 * Sir Robert Salisbury (educationalist), and author of Field of Dreams
 * the pen-name of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury (born 1946), political columnist and former leader of the House of Lords
 * Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830-1903) British prime minister and origin of the phrase "Bob's your uncle".

title: Robert Salisbury