text:
Talk:Sexual objectification

Joke?
Is this article a joke? or a hoax? Surely it is not for real? Even feminists can not be so sexist as to refer only to them selves as the only sex/gender mentioned in the process of objectification. shemyaza — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.146.19.84 (talk • contribs) 19:59, 12 January 2016
 * The point is not that only women are sexually objectified, merely that the vast majority are women. From a rational, empirical standpoint, that fact is hard to get away from. Its implications regarding blame, however, are another matter. Bearsca (talk) 18:53, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Women do command the greatest sex-appeal generally.
 * The problem with this article though, stems from the apparent bias, engendering a tone of victimization regarding objectification. A woman entering a bikini contest has chosen to objectify herself to her own advantage, and in the context of an encyclopedic entry, should not recieve the mistreatment characterizing blame or shame. And nor should any others participating in said objectification. It is a mutually consentual behaviour and presumably, mutually advantageous.
 * Encyclopedias should carry an informative, unbiased tone. They should not cater to popular and/or political biases. Baz Daniels (talk) 01:25, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Did the woman enter the contest willingly, or was she pressured by society to do so? Was their prize money to be had, therefore paying her to show her body? Why are the spectators there to see her body? And is there some desire on her part to 'show off' or 'tease?' This is why this article is so tricky. It isn't tying to fix or solve the issues; it is trying to describe the multiple layers of the bikini contest. StarHOG (Talk) 12:54, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Which article is this suppose to be?
The article seems to be a clear mix of an article on sexual objectification, and an article on sexual objectification in feminism. Which article is this suppose to be? Sexual objectification, as a concept laid-out by Kant, pre-dates feminism (broadly speaking) by around a century and continues on to the present as a topic of philosophical, psychological and sociological discussion. This is so entirely devoid of feminist approaches, just as the reverse is true. As an article on sexual objectification within feminism, it gives far too much weight, and contradictory weight at that, to non-feminist approaches. As an article on sexual objectification, it's highly slanted in favour of feminist ideologies. The very fact that the section entitled 'Views on Sexual Objectification' is formulated as a disjunct between feminists and social conservatives is a breath taking outcome example of such a muddled approach. No encyclopedic entry would ever define this subject matter as a disjunct between social conservatives and feminists. This article should certainly be separated into two articles, one on the topic of sexual objectification (which of course should address Kant, among others fyi) and one on sexual objectification in feminism. Maxxx12345 (talk) 03:22, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm no expert on this subject matter, however I keep this article bookmarked for research purposes. You could always add a new section on Immanuel Kant and the article might just evolve on its own. WriterWithNoName (talk) 12:20, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

 * As you can see below, those of us who are expects who note such issues are simply told 'no'. Kant is a problem of undue weight, regarding a principle he scribed?  Wow.  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which treats the subject just as I mention, is a problem of reliable sources?  Sexual objectification can't be formatted on wiki, as it is in other encyclopedias, because Kant would be undue weight and the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is not a reliable source...  It's amazing lay people openly state things like this, simply amazing. Maxxx12345 (talk) 23:05, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Since you are referring to my comment below, I will just note that if you have a problem with the way Wikipedia works, don't edit here. Your POV editing, both as Maxxx12345 and as different IPs, has not gone unnoticed. And as for me being a layperson, you are free to think that, especially since, in my eyes, you are the layperson. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 01:12, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

 * And, also, be careful not to twist my words in the future. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 01:17, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

 * This article is supposed to be about the topic as defined by WP:Reliable sources and as applied with WP:Due weight. WP:Content forking in this case would be a no. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 03:06, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

Men, boys, and self-objectification section
Ethanpet113, regarding this edit you made, that's not how WP:Neutrality works on Wikipedia. Also, if you want such a section in this article, find WP:Reliable sources for it and add it. Don't add an empty section. I reverted the empty section (followup comment here). Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 02:23, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Addition to Objectification Theory
Hi! I added a small section at the beginning of the subsection on objectification theory. This section seemed to be lacking a clear definition of the theory and its consequences, and I thought the section would be better clarified if this was stated first. I'm a student editor, so I'm still new to this process. If anyone has anything to add or anything that needs to be changed about my addition, the advice would be greatly appreciated. Charismatic88 (talk) 05:11, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Edit and Addition to Objectification Theory and Self-Objectification
Hi! On this page, I would like to edit the section on objectification theory and self-objectification for clarity and to expand the overview of information given. Right now, it’s repetitive and hard for readers to understand; I believe an edit would better further reader’s understanding. Because there needs to be an understanding about self-objectification before one can fully understand objectification theory, I would like to integrate the self-objectification sub-heading into the objectification theory heading. I’ll then define them both, explain how they interact, explain the suggested consequences of objectification, and give a brief overview of how mental health could be influenced by this. Lastly, since the content of Frederickson and Roberts article is about 20 years old, I would like to give some updates and discoveries from a more recent article by Moradi and Huang. The citations I plan to use will be on my user page. The structure in this section is also lacking, and I was wondering if anyone had ideas about how to improve upon that. This is my plan right now, but I would really appreciate any suggestions or insight. Charismatic88 (talk) 03:13, 17 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi, I was alerted that you had reverted the student's edits to this article. I was wondering if you could give a little further explanation as to why you did this and if you would be willing to help with the re-adding of the information - maybe give some feedback on their content? Shalor (Wiki Ed) (talk) 14:42, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for to Sexual objectification; unfortunately, I had to  it.  Try and not to be too disappointed, this is a normal part of the BRD cycle.  Much of the rationale for the revert is germane to all articles you may contribute to at Wikipedia, so rather than fill up this Talk discussion with a discussion of basic principles, I've written to you at your talk page about that.
 * As for specific ideas on how to improve this article, we can continue to discuss that here. I think if you start to make your changes in baby steps, you will have better results.  Adding new citations is fine, but be careful about removing existing ones; and if you do remove something, that should probably happen in an edit all by itself and have a talk section explaining it; if removing it is very uncontroversial, then you can just explain it in a long edit summary.  Other than that, I'd just recommend stepping slowly and carefully, add pieces a bit at a time, and justify your edits (as you have done) in the edit summary.
 * If you have a specific question, you can raise it here; and if you want to alert users ABC and XYZ to your question, then prefix your comments  and they will be notified. And again, welcome, and I hope you decide to stay, even when the course is over! Cheers, Mathglot (talk) 00:49, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Here is one concrete suggestion for improvement:
 * The article doesn't currently contain the phrase "male gaze" anywhere. And yet, this concept is completely basic to the article topic. Without writing a whole, long essay about it, why don't you see if you can include the concept in a way that fits nicely into the article, and links to the male gaze article where someone can go to find more information about it.  I think you could do this with a very small alteration to one of the sentences in the section Sexual objectification of women; probably only a few words need to be added to it, or at most, a single new sentence.  Can you do that?
 * As a corollary to that: the male gaze article includes the term "sexual objectification" twice, but no link back here. Can you fix that? (One is in a quotation; normally, it would be better to link the non-quoted text.) Mathglot (talk) 01:10, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for your constructive criticism! I’ve added a small section that overviews Frederickson and Roberts original theory at the beginning of the Objectification Theory if you would like to look that over for me! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Charismatic88 (talk • contribs) 16:50, November 30, 2017 (UTC)

I would encourage the editors to, in the section on Objectification Theory, add a subsection on expectancy role value theory and gender socialization. Expectancy role value theory claims women and men possess internalized stereotypes about how they are supposed to behave and/or act, and what activities they “should” engage in, such as whether they “should” objectify others (Liss et al., 2019). Gender socialization is what happens when “individuals internalize the social expectations,” behaviors, and “attitudes” that are stereotypically “associated with their perceived gender” (Liss et al., 2019). Gender is a critical aspect of sexual objectification and objectification theory because gender strongly influences who is objectified, in what ways individuals are objectified, who is considered the “objectifier,” and what places the role of “objectifier” upon them.

Liss, Miriam., Richmond, Katie., and Mindy Erchull. 2019. Psychology of Women & Gender, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

EPWGSSEPWGSS200 (talk) 17:37, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

Porn causes animalization, not objectification
according to this source. Is this too primary? I don't have the experience to assess the quality of a journal or study in this field. Can someone point me in the right direction? -- Spacepine (talk) 13:26, 20 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Spacepine, it's not a quality source. And I wouldn't use it to state the matter in Wikipedia's voice; see WP:YESPOV. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 13:34, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * An academic paper out of Yale is not a quality source? Primary yes... Are you saying that the jouranl is suspect? Spacepine (talk) 12:44, 6 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Just now saw your comment. I stand by what I stated above. A Psychology Today blog is not a quality source. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:33, 8 January 2019 (UTC)
 * @User:Flyer22 Reborn / @User:Flyer22 Frozen (I hope it's okay I pinged you. I'm not sure if replying alone will send a notification to you.) Here is a link to the study itself, which should be used given that it is pertinent to the topic and peer-reviewed. Given the large amount of sources stating otherwise, it shouldn't be given too much weight though, I would assume. - 92.206.142.146 (talk) 01:05, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Use of "men" or "males" as the ones who objectify
StarHOG, regarding this, the sources on sexual objectification are usually speaking of boys and men sexually objectifying girls and women. We should not be removing that clarity from the article. That is not how WP:NPOV works. Yes, women also sexually objectify women, but it is not as widespread as boys and men doing it, and the literature is mostly focused on men as the ones who objectify. And, yes, there is talk of women sexually objectifying themselves, but it's commonly traced back to being a result of patriarchy or sex-positive feminism/female empowerment. That men sexually objectify women should not be removed from the "Sexual objectification of women" section any more than both women and gay men being the ones who objectify should be removed the "Sexual objectification of men" section. You removed "male" from the following sentence: "Female sexual objectification by a male involves a woman being viewed primarily as an object of male sexual desire, rather than as a whole person." While I don't mind the removal of "by a male", the "male sexual desire" part should be there, since that is usually what the sexual objectification of women concerns. I will restore it. If you reply to me on this, I ask that you don't WP:Ping me since this article is on my watchlist. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:50, 8 January 2019 (UTC)
 * All good points. When I read the article for the first time I felt that the entire article strained to say what sexual objectification was for the lay person reading this encyclopedia. I'm really not trying to downplay the males' role in this, just wanted to present it in a way that acknowledges that it can come from many different sources and genders. You're right about the source material, but it is also our job as editors to paraphrase when the source is not quoted and make a better article. I think the rest of the article needs a lot of trimming, too, but I didn't have time yesterday. My view is that it needs further editing to focus on sexual objectification. I hope you will look at the edits I make today and feel free to build on them with edits of your own. StarHOG (Talk) 14:24, 8 January 2019 (UTC)
 * StarHOG, thanks for explaining. Yeah, the article can obviously do with some improvement. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 11:12, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm not clear on what you feel needs trimming or where the article deviates from a focus on sexual objectification, though. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 11:21, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

Article overhaul
I feel that this article has a major problem with the message it is trying to convey. It briefly defines what sexual objectification is, then lists places where it can happen (without good examples) and the effects it has on victims (again, with poor examples or strange tangents). If the article is read objectively, from the viewpoint of a wiki-reader that wants to know what sexual objectification is, this article really misses the mark currently. I am engaged in trying to make bold edits to improve the article, and I encourage others to do the same. StarHOG (Talk) 16:21, 8 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Feel free, of course. I will help when I can or (here on the talk page) address issues I have with parts of the article or edits. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 11:12, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

 * As noted above, I don't see where the article fails to make clear what sexual objectification is. It's not something that needs a Definitions section. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 11:21, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

A bit Biased?
Is it just me or is this page heavily biased? Nothing is wrong with putting feminist views here, but would it hurt to put some of the men's opinions here too? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.189.10.142 (talk) 02:02, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

 * We go by WP:Due weight. Have a look at that policy. The literature on sexual objectification is overwhelmingly about the sexual objectification of women. Including more men's opinions is fine as long as it adheres to WP:Due weight. Men's rights views are WP:Fringe. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 03:19, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I've felt a little of this in editing the article, especially since there is a section on gay men being objectified. Remember, you're welcome to make bold edits to include some of this as long as it is well-sourced and relevant. StarHOG (Talk) 15:12, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Article tags
StarHOG, regarding this, this and this? That was WP:Drive-by tagging. They were added without any valid explanation being given for them on this talk page. In the case of these tags, what is WP:Peacock wording in the article? If it's there, it can be easily fixed. Any poor references can be easily removed. And citation style can be easily fixed. These tags will not help a thing. They will just sit there for years.

On side note: You keep re-adding this even though it keeps being removed. Exactly how does that commentary improve the article? How is this person's commentary WP:Due?

Please don't ping me when you reply. I did not ping you because it's not necessary. Clearly, we're both watching this article/talk page. And I pointed you to this talk page when reverting you. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 01:27, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

As for the "More citations needed" tag, the only spot in the article where I see that more are needed is the beginning of the "Objectification theory" section. The other few spots are tagged with Template:Citation needed. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 01:44, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Hey, I didn't really put any thought into the tags themselves. I know I had put some time into this article trying to make it better and it is a real chore, and I think i is far from being really good, so I thought the tags were a good idea to draw editors. But I didn't place the tags or put any thought into them. The Peterson statement and link I think, IMO, was an interesting commentary on self-objectification in a situation we don't really think about - your peers in a work environment. Not all self-objectification is Hooters, beauty contests, and playboy pictures. What do you think? StarHOG (Talk) 18:29, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Regarding the tags, I stand by what I stated above. Regarding that Peterson statement, no, I don't think it's WP:Due. Flyer22 Frozen (talk) 01:56, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

Here we are years later and Flyer22 is still trolling this article removing anything which doesn’t fit their preference on what sexual objectification is supposed to mean. Nothing is WP:Due unless it confirms to this editors personal political ideology. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.241.231.199 (talk) 17:19, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

"Media" Section in "Sexual Objectification of Men"
This section is not neutral (it even uses the pronoun "we"). Can someone fix this? Kokopelli7309 (talk) 17:53, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

Include Criticism of concept for NPOV
It'd be good to see a criticism of this concept included in the article for maintaining NPOV. Chantern15 (talk) 14:30, 28 September 2021 (UTC)chantern15

NPOV
I have eliminated the most outrageous biased sections, but this article still has problems. I will not be surprised if someone with a bias comes back and restores what I have deleted. I think editors should take a look at this. Island Pelican (talk) 13:59, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Women, girls, and self-objectification
The third paragraph of this section is not correctly cited, and the first sentence is not necessarily what the citation says. It is also written poorly. Additionally, the section right above it, called "self-objectification" seems like a very short paragraph that can be merged. Captchacatcher (talk) 08:19, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I apologize if I was supposed to put this at the very bottom... I wasn't sure with all of the Wiki-Education sections. Captchacatcher (talk) 08:20, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Charismatic88.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:06, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 January 2021 and 7 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ysilva-medina.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:06, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
— Preceding unsigned comment added by ACHorwitz (talk • contribs) 18:33, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

NPOV
Due to the numerous complaints and criticisms about this article’s point of view, I am adding an NPOV tag. As stated above (by someone else, not me) it uncritically states a very broad definition of objectification supported by anti-sex feminists (maybe they take issue with this term but I don’t know what else to call them) and social conservatives, and ignoring the views of sex-positive feminists and other classical liberals. Criticism of the article’s neutrality is not only common, but basically all this talk page consists of. Island Pelican (talk) 00:40, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender and Technoculture 320-01
— Assignment last updated by Marimend (talk) 21:41, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender and Technoculture 320-01
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title: Talk:Sexual objectification


text:
Extreme points of Eurasia

This is a list of the extreme points of Eurasia, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location on the continent. Some of these locations are open to debate, owing to the diverse definitions of Europe and Asia.

Mainland Eurasia is entirely located within the northern hemisphere and mostly within the eastern hemisphere, yet it touches the western hemisphere on both extremes. Thus, both the easternmost and westernmost points of Eurasia are in the western hemisphere. Mainland Eurasia crosses 200° of longitude and 76° of latitude north to south.

Extremes of Eurasia, including islands

 * Northernmost Point — Cape Fligeli, Rudolf Island, Franz Josef Land, Russia (81°50'N, 59°14'E)
 * Southernmost Point — Dana Island, Rote Ndao, Indonesia (11°00'S, 122°52'E)
 * When Cocos (Keeling) Islands included as part of Southeast Asia, then South Island (12°11'22"S, 96°54'22"E)
 * Westernmost point —Monchique Islet, Flores Island, Azores Islands, Portugal (39°29′42.8″N, 31°16′30″W)
 * Easternmost point — Big Diomede, Russia (65°46'N, 169°03'W). The International Date Line runs between the Russian Big Diomede and the neighbouring U.S.-governed Little Diomede.

Extremes of the Eurasian mainland

 * Northernmost Point — Cape Chelyuskin, Russia (77°44'N, 104°15'E)
 * Southernmost Point — Tanjung Piai, Malaysia (1°15'N, 103°30'E)
 * Westernmost Point — Cabo da Roca, Portugal (38°46'N, 9°29'W)
 * Easternmost Point — Cape Dezhnev, Russia (66°4'N, 169°39'W)

Other

 * Highest altitude: — Mount Everest, Nepal and China — 8848 m
 * Lowest point on dry land: — The shore of the Dead Sea, Israel and Jordan, 418 m below sea level. See List of places on land with elevations below sea level.
 * Farthest from the ocean: — A place near Hoxtolgay in China (46.28333°N, 86.66667°W) 2,645 km from the nearest coastline. See Pole of inaccessibility.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Extreme points of Eurasia


text:
Communist Party of Sweden (1967)

Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna (KFML; Communist League Marxists-Leninists) was formed at the 1967 party congress of VPK, when a pro-Chinese group left the party.

1967–1980
KFML was oriented towards the People's Republic of China and Marxism–Leninism as interpreted by Mao Zedong, commonly known as Maoism. KFML was the first of the many New Left-groups that surged in Sweden during the 1960s and 1970s. KFML had a very important and leading role in the mass solidarity work with the Vietnamese people.

In 1970 a left wing faction based in Gothenburg broke away and formed KFML(r).

In 1973 KFML took the name Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti (Communist Party of Sweden), the old party name of VPK. SKP held its first party congress January 4–7, 1973. The second party congress was held in Gustavsberg April 15–19, 1976.

In 1980 SKP suffered another split, when a group of critics were expelled on the issue of China. The expelled formed a new party, Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti (Marxist-Leninisterna).

1980s
The 1980s meant crisis for SKP. They were divided on the issue of the new leadership in China, effectively under Deng Xiaoping. Vietnam, which had meant so much in the solidarity work of KFML/SKP, and Cambodia, "their" ally, had become involved in the Cambodian-Vietnamese War, fighting against each other. And SKP, who had succeeded in getting famous in Swedish politics, had not been able to expand and get more than fractions of a percent in votes. From 1982 and onwards, they supported the Swedish Social Democratic Party in the national elections. Many members, both leaders and base militants left the movement. The party became seriously ideologically disoriented.

The 4th congress of the party was held June 16–17, 1984. Roland Pettersson was elected chairman.

In the 1985 general election, the party won representation in the municipal councils in Gällivare (1 seat), Mariestad (2 seats), Vallentuna (1 seat), Laxå, Vadstena and Sigtuna (2 seats).

At the 5th congress of the party (October 31 – November 2, 1986) SKP changed its name to Solidaritetspartiet (The Solidarity Party), and adopted a non-communist programme. The new name was registered on November 28. It is probable that the name was inspired by the Polish Solidarity movement under Lech Wałęsa, as the party supported their struggle. There was a small section who wanted to keep the old name. There were also other, alternative proposals, such as Demokratiska Socialister (the runner-up proposal), Sveriges Socialistiska Vänsterparti and Sveriges Revolutionära Socialister. The name of the party publication was changed to Solidaritets-Gnistan and became a triweekly. The Mariestad branch of the party, which had municipal representation, broke with the and formed Municipal Left. The Mariestad branch had objected to the decision by the congress to remove the ban on local organizations to receive government financing.

The 5th congress elected the following central committee:
 * Jan-Olof Norell (chairman)
 * Inga Allard
 * Björn Fredriksson
 * Tomas Jonsson
 * Tomas Junkka
 * Göran Lundin
 * Lars-Åke Lönn
 * Lisa Norman
 * Lars Ströman
 * Pia Ryberg
 * Sanna Vestin
 * Göran Wicksell

In the 1988 general election, the party contested the municipal elections in Sigtuna and Vallentuna. In Laxå party took part in the elections as Municipal Left (Kommunal Vänster), on the list "VPK/Kommunal Vänster" a cooperation between the party and VPK. In Katrineholm, the party contested on the list of "VPK-Kommunal Vänster", together with VPK, SP and independents. In Hammarö it contested on the list of "Vänsterpartiet Kommunisterna/Kommunal Vänster". In Gällivare the party contested on the lists of United Socialists.

In Vallentuna the vore-share increased from 414 to 596 (4.7%). The party got two seats, and Norell and Wicksell became municipal councillors. In Sigtuna the seat of the party was retained, and the vote-share increased from 300 to 350. The party lost its municipal representation in Gällivare. VPK/Kommunal Vänster won five seats in Laxå. In Hammarö VPK/Kommunal Vänster won three seats. VPK-Kommunal Vänster failed to win any seat in Katrineholm.

Decline to obscurity
Ahead of the party congress on November 4–5, 1989 the central committee had proposed that the party be disbanded. By this time the party had only a handful of functioning local units, and there was a strong trend towards dissolving the national organization and let the local units continue to function on the municipal left in cooperation with other forces. The congress did however not approve that suggestion. The congress also decided that Solidaritets-Gnistan would cease to function as an external publication. The congress elected the following central committee:
 * Jan-Olof Norell (chairman)
 * Inga Allard
 * Christin Almgren
 * Leif Franzén
 * Björn Fredriksson
 * Tomas Jonsson
 * Pia Ryberg
 * Lars Ströman
 * Anna-Maria Valladolid
 * Göran Wicksell
 * Sanna Vestin

In the new central committee 4 out of 11 members came from Vallentuna. The congress also decided that another congress would convene in the summer of 1990 to decide the future of the party.

The last issue of Solidaritets-Gnistan was published on December 13, 1989.

By 1990 the party ceased to function as a nationwide party. The party transformed into an entirely municipal party in Vallentuna. Solidaritetspartiet ran in the municipal elections in Vallentuna until 1994, when they got 6% and 3 seats. They did not run in the 1998 elections.

Youth wing
Initially Clarté functioned as the youth and students wing of the party. Later Röd Ungdom (Red Youth, RU) was founded as the youth league of SKP. It published a magazine called Rödluvan (Little Red Ridinghood).

RU held its fourth congress on April 24–25, 1982. Notably the congress opposed the party line of voting in favour of the Social Democrats in the upcoming elections. Instead the youth wing appealed for blank voting. A resolution adopted by the congress read "...none of the parliamentary parties will fix the future of the Swedish youth. The future is decided by the organisation and struggle of the youth". A three-member delegation of the SKP party leadership was present at the congress, but were unable to convince RU to support the party line.

RU held a fifth, extraordinary, congress in 1983. By that time the youth wing was in bad shape. Representatives from 15 local units took part in the congress. The congress approved the merger of MLK into RU.

At the time of the 1988 elections youth group was formed in Vallentuna, Solidarity Party Youth League (SPUF).

title: Communist Party of Sweden (1967)


text:
Vigan

Vigan, officially the City of Vigan (Siudad ti Vigan; Lungsod ng Vigan), is a 4th class component city and capital of the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 53,935 people.

Located on the western coast of the large island of Luzon, facing the West Philippine Sea, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and it is one of the few Spanish colonial towns left in the Philippines whose old structures have mostly remained intact. It is well known for its sett pavements and a unique architecture of the Spanish Philippines colonial era which fuses native Philippine and Oriental building designs and construction, with colonial Spanish architecture that is still abundant in the area, mainly the bahay na bato houses and an Earthquake Baroque church. Former Philippine president Elpidio Quirino, the sixth president of the Philippines, was born in Vigan, at the former location of the Provincial Jail (his father was a warden). He also resided in the Syquia Mansion, which is a wedding gift of his in-laws to his wife. The entire city of Vigan was later inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage City after being declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC).

In May 2015, Vigan was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Beirut, Doha, Durban, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, and La Paz. New7Wonders Foundation president and founding member Bernard Weber led a ceremony held at St. Paul Cathedral where he handed a bronze plaque to former Vigan Mayor Eva Grace Singson-Medina, signifying the heritage city's election as one of the world's wonder cities.

Etymology
The area of Vigan was originally a settlement of traders coming from the Fujian Province, China. At the time of Spanish colonisation, the Chinese settlers, whose language was Southern Min (Min Nan, often referred to as "Hokkien" by most Filipinos), referred to the area as Bee Gan, which means "Beautiful Shore." Since the Spanish settlers interchanged V and the B to refer to the /b/ sound, they spelled the Hokkien Chinese name "Bee Gan" as Vigan, which is the name used to this day.

Vigan's Chinese heritage is still evident from the numerous elite Chinese creole families who come from the area, many of whom adopted Hispanic family names. Others, such as the Syquia family, have retained Chinese-derived surnames. However all of the Chinese creole families are Christian and adopted the Hispanic culture themselves.

The most commonly known source of the city's name is from the Biga'a plant, which once grew abundantly along the banks of the Mestizo River, from which captain Juan de Salcedo derived the city's name (after a misunderstanding with the locals, thinking he was asking the name of the plants).

Other names
The city's full name at the time of its Spanish foundation was Villa Fernandina, or "Town of Ferdinand", in honor of Prince Ferdinand, the firstborn son of King Philip II of Spain. As the city grew, and the seat of the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia transferred to Vigan, it was later renamed Ciudad Fernandina de Vigan ("Ferdinand's City of Vigan/Fernandine City of Vigan").

Pre-Colonial Era
Due to silting of the Mestizo River, Vigan is no longer separated from the mainland, therefore no longer an island. The city is unique in the Philippines because it is one of many extensive surviving Philippine historic cities, dating back to the 16th century.

Vigan was a coastal trading post long before the Spaniards arrived; Chinese traders sailing from the South China Sea came to Isla de Vigan (Island of Vigan) via the Mestizo River that surrounded it. On board their ships were seafaring merchants who came to trade goods from other Asian kingdoms in exchange for gold, beeswax, and other mountain products brought by the indigenous peoples from the Cordillera region.

Spanish Colonial Era
In the book The Philippine Island (Vol. III, p. 276, Blair and Robertson) two letters from Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris to King Philip II of Spain mention: "It seemed best to send Captain Juan de Salcedo with 70 or 80 soldiers to explore the coast of Los Ilocanos on the shores of the river called Bigan." The Spaniards led by Salcedo marched north from Manila on May 20, 1572. They arrived in Vigan on June 13, 1572.

Villa Fernandina de Vigan
Thus, after the successful expedition and the exploration of the North, Juan de Salcedo founded "Villa Fernandina de Vigan" in honor of King Philip II's son, Prince Ferdinand, who died at the age of four. From Vigan, Salcedo rounded the tip of Luzón and proceeded to pacify Camarines, Albay, and Catanduanes. As a reward for his services to the King of Spain, Salcedo was awarded the old province of Ilocos, which consisted of the modern provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union and part of Mountain Province as his hacienda (estate), and was accorded the title of Justicia Mayor de esta Provincia de Ylocos (Province Mayor of Ilocos).

In 1574, Salcedo returned to the capital of his encomienda (trusteeship), Vigan, bringing with him his soldiers and some Augustinian missionaries to pioneer the evangelization of the Ilocos region. He established a Spanish city for the purpose of controlling the neighboring country.

Governor General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, in his account of encomienda dated in Manila on May 31, 1591, states: "The town of Vigan called Villa Fernandina consisted of Spanish settlers; a priest; a Justice Alcalde Mayor (Governor); and a Deputy. The King collects 800 tributes (equivalent to 3,200 subjects)." During this period, Vigan was composed of 19 barrios (districts).

Between 1645 and 1660, Vigan was divided into 21 Cabezas de Barrio (Town Mayors) as mentioned in the Libro de Casamiento (Book of Marriage); from the records of the parish house of Vigan found in its archives. Separated from the indigenous population, the Chinese migrants were residents in a neighbourhood called El Pariancillo, los Sangleyes del parian (The Sangleyes of the Parian); and the Spanish settlers were residents in a town called Los Españoles de la Villa (The Town Spaniards). The Spaniards consisted of about 60 Spanish Households. The region of Ilocos where Vigan is located is also recorded to have had 631 mixed Spanish-Filipino families. It also had 44,852 native families.

Ciudad Fernandina de Vigan
In 1755, Bp. Juan de la Fuente Yepes made a request to the King Fernando VI to move the Diocese of Nueva Segovie to Villa Fernandina due to the deteriorating status of Lal-lo. In 1758, with the Royal Decree signed by Fernando VI, Villa Fernadina became Ciudad Fernandina de Vigan and the See of Nueva Segovia was transferred from Lal-lo, Cagayan. The bell ensconced within the belfry of Vigan, has the imprinted words of the decree. Wherever the clang of the bell reaches, it marks the territory of Ciudad Fernandina de Vigan. In 1849, Leona Florentino, the mother of Philippine women's literature, was born in Vigan.

Philippine Revolution and American Occupation
During the Philippine Revolution, revolutionary forces under Manuel Tinio, supported by the Ilocano rebels, attacked and defeated the Spanish colonial forces and captured the city in the Siege of Vigan. During the Philippine–American War, American forces led by Commander McCracken and Lt. Col. James Parker occupied the town in Nov. 1899.

World War II
At the start of World War II, Vigan was one of the first places in the Philippines invaded by Japan on December 10, 1941. In 1945, combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops, aided by Ilocano resistance fighters, defeated the Japanese Imperial forces and liberated Vigan.

UNESCO World Heritage City
In 1999, Vigan was listed by UNESCO as the best preserved example of Spanish colonial towns in Asia. Its architecture is the conglomeration of cultural elements from the Philippines, China, and Spain, making it unique in the world.

Cityhood
On December 27, 2000, then President Joseph Estrada signed Republic Act No. 8988, that "revalidated and recognized" Vigan's city status granted by virtue of the Royal Decree of September 7, 1757, issued by Ferdinand VI, King of Spain. This legislation serves as Vigan's present city charter. The charter did not provide a clause for a plebiscite and the law took effect in January 2001.

New7Wonders
On December 7, 2014, Vigan was named as one of the New7Wonders Cities.

2022 Luzon earthquake
On July 27, 2022, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck parts of Luzon, damaging the city's UNESCO World Heritage sites including the Vigan Cathedral and old-century houses, as well as few power lines toppled along Calle Crisologo.

Geography
Vigan is situated in the northern part of Luzon, the Philippines’ largest island. It serves as the capital of Ilocos Sur and has been a major political and trading center since before the Spanish colonizers arrived in the Philippines.

It is 407 km away from Manila, 82 km away from Laoag City, and 138 km away from San Fernando, La Union, the regional capital of Ilocos Region.

Topography
Its 2511 ha of land consists mostly of plains with gentle hills. Its boundaries on the north, east, south, and west are the municipalities of Bantay, Santa, Caoayan, and Santa Catalina, respectively. The South China Sea is on its southwest portion.

Majority of its land, 60 percent of it, is used for agriculture. Around 32 percent is made up of residential area, nearly three percent are for commercial and industrial use, and around one percent is for institutional purposes. There are also forest reserves and fishponds included in Vigan's land area.

Vigan is made up of 39 barangays. Thirty of them are classified as rural, but they occupy only 2,366 hectares. The remaining nine are classified as poblacion barangays and are together 144.75 hectares big.

The barangays of Pagburnayan, Paoa, and Tamag are on the area of rolling plains. On the other hand, portions of Barangays Tamag and the barangays of Bulala and Salindeg are found on the city's hilly parts.

Its most dominant hill feature is the Vigan Gap Hill in the eastern part, just 10 kilometers away from the city. Vigan used to be separated from the rest of the mainland by the rivers of Abra, Mestizo and Govantes, making it an island during that time. The Govantes River cuts the current Vigan plain from North to South.

The large Abra and Mestizo rivers, together with the rivers of Bantay, Bantaoay, Nauman and Santo Tomas serve as part of a network that drain the Vigan plains. These rivers are not only important in safekeeping the city from floods, they also served as important ways of transport for trade-related activities from the 15th century to the 19th century, that helped make Vigan a thriving center. The most vital of these rivers is said to be the Mestizo River which was used by the small vessels to transport goods and people.

There is a faulting trend in the Vigan plain that ends in Santa Catalina.

Soil type
The land area of Vigan is generally flat. Slopes of 20 are found at Barangay V, Tamag, and Paoa. There are no forest reserves in the city in terms of potential and raw materials. Bamboo is the only forest product in Vigan.

There are five soil types in the city. First, the Bantay Loam, located at the southern portion of Raois, has a land area of 36.67 hectares, and is good as pastureland. The second, Umingan sandy, with a land area of 1191.57 hectares, is good for upland rice and vegetables. The third, San Manuel clay loam, which is best for bananas, cotton and vegetables, has an area of 1244.57 hectares. The fourth, Bantog clay—considered as the most significant type for soil, and the best clay material for making pots, jars and all earthenware, has a land area of 31.65 hectares. The fifth, beach sand, with a land area of 7.28 hectares, is generally found on the shores of all the beaches of Vigan, and is best for coconut plantation.

Barangays
Vigan is politically subdivided into 39 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Ayusan Norte
 * Ayusan Sur
 * Barangay I (Poblacion)
 * Barangay II (Poblacion)
 * Barangay III (Poblacion)
 * Barangay IV (Poblacion)
 * Barangay V (Poblacion)
 * Barangay VI (Poblacion)
 * Barangay VII (Poblacion)
 * Barangay VIII (Poblacion)
 * Barangay IX (Poblacion)
 * Barraca
 * Beddeng Daya
 * Beddeng Laud
 * Bongtolan
 * Bulala
 * Cabalangegan
 * Cabaroan Daya
 * Cabaroan Laud
 * Camangaan
 * Capangpangan
 * Mindoro
 * Nagsangalan
 * Pantay Daya
 * Pantay Fatima
 * Pantay Laud
 * Paoa
 * Paratong
 * Pong-ol
 * Purok-a-bassit
 * Purok-a-dackel
 * Raois
 * Rugsuanan
 * Salindeg
 * San Jose
 * San Julian Norte
 * San Julian Sur
 * San Pedro
 * Tamag

Geologic base and mineral resources
The sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that are present in the city are alluvium, fluviatile, lacustrine, paludal and beach deposits such as coral, stools, and beach rock. These are predominantly found along the coastal areas of Vigan. An important non-metallic mineral resource found in Vigan is the kind of clay that is used in making earthen jars locally called burnay. Earthenware of different uses and sizes are made of this kind of clay. Known as Bantog clay, the mineral is the basic material in making bricks. These bricks are the original materials in building the Hispanic houses of Vigan.

Physiography
Vigan is situated in a Quaternary Age sedimentary plain called the Vigan-Bantay Plain which is part of the Ilocos coastal plain. The Vigan-Bantay Plain is bounded on the east by a moderately rugged Miocene sediments consisting of interbedded sandstones and shale to very rugged Meta-volcanics and Meta sediment topography; on the south is the Municipality of Santa where the north–south trending fault terminates; to the west is the South China Sea; while the northern boundary opens to the northern extension of the Ilocos coastal plain.

The central part of the plain is characterized by a dissected ridge of Plio-Pleistocene age that trends in a northeast–southwest direction. The ridge divides the Vigan-Bantay Plain into northern and southern plains.

The northern part of the plain is drained by minor rivers namely: Bantaoay, Santo Tomas, and Nauman rivers, while the Abra River is the main drainage network of the southern portion of the plain. The Abra River meanders into the hinterland but exhibits a braided pattern across the plain.

The drainage network of the eastern margin of Vigan-Bantay plain consist of deeply cut valleys whose pattern is strongly controlled by main faulting trends, particularly those in the northerly and easterly directions.

Vigan is being drained by the Vigan River and Bantay River, respectively, on the north and on the south by Mestizo River whose water discharge comes from the Bantaoay head waters.

The relief of the Vigan-Bantay plain is actively level to undulating with a slope ranging from 0% to 8%. Vigan in particular is generally in level with several hills in Barangays Tamag, Bulala, and Salindeg, sometimes reaching about 50 meters in elevation and has a slope ranging from 3% to 8%.

The eastern margin of the plain characterized by a steep to very steep slope, about 40% to 60%, the relief often reaches an elevation of more than 600 meters especially the northerly and easterly portion.

The dominant topographic feature in the eastern margin of the town is the Vigan Gap Hill where the continuously shifting Vigan River cuts its way. The Gap Hill is located approximately 10 kilometers east of Vigan.

Weather and climate
The city of Vigan falls under (tropical savanna), which is characterized by two pronounced seasons – the dry season which starts from the month of November and ends in April; and the wet season which spans the months of May to October. The average annual rainfall is 2506 mm and the heaviest registered rainfall is 6933 mm.

The average temperature is 26 °C. The average warmest temperature is 30.9 °C and the average coldest temperature is 21.1 °C. An average of 7-10 typhoons visit Vigan annually. The average relative humidity is 81%.

Demographics

In the 2020 census, Vigan had a population of 53,935. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Vigan, belonging to the first congressional district of the province of Ilocos Sur, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a city council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

Architecture

When Juan de Salcedo founded Vigan in 1572, he decided to pattern its urban plan with that of Intramuros, the walled city in Manila.

The urban planners of the Spanish government also followed a basic pattern that can be observed in most old towns in the country, whose establishment dates back to the Spanish colonial period. This pattern is detailed in the Ley de las Indias, the Law of the Indies, and was put into force in the 18th century. Under the Law of the Indies streets were to follow a grid pattern, the center of which being a plaza or central park.

In Vigan, the central park is the Plaza Salcedo. Next to it are the administrative buildings—the Casa Real or provincial administrative office, and the municipio (municipal hall). A stone's throw away are the religious buildings—the seminary of the archdiocese, the Arzobispado (Archbishop's Palace), and the St. Paul's Cathedral. Beside these religious structures is the church-run school, the Saint Paul College, known in its early days as the Colegio de Niñas. After the full transfer of the said school to the neighboring towns of Bantay and San Vicente, the building was handed over to the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia and is currently being occupied by a retail store chain, with only a commemorative plaque at the building's entrance and the old "ROSARY COLLEGE" concrete sign at its rear reminding visitors of its past (the school's old logo, once found at the building's facade, has been removed sometime later).

A unique thing is the existence of another plaza, the Plaza Burgos, which is immediately beside the St. Paul's Cathedral. After the first tier emanating from Plaza Salcedo are the houses of prominent residents that now make up the preserved heritage houses of Vigan. This urban plan remained relatively intact despite wars and natural calamities that have been endured by Vigan since its foundation.

The major changes to the original urban landscape were caused by fires. The Casa Real was replaced with a provincial capitol building during the American period when the original structure burned down. The archdiocese seminary was also destroyed by fire in 1968, and it lay in ruins until the late 1990s, when part of a shopping mall was built on the site.

The residential areas were not spared. Some of the houses on Crisologo Street were casualties of fire during the Japanese period; several houses on Quezon Avenue were destroyed by fire as well in 1952; while in 1971, some houses near Plaza Burgos burned down as well. The houses along Crisologo Street that were burned were later reconstructed faithfully following the architecture of the former structures.

Presently, there are other major areas of activities other than the two plazas, though these are still where most recreation and shopping are done. One may also go to the southern part of the city to reach the commercial area and public market. The current Public Market is a new one, as the old one (formerly the Imelda Socio-Commercial Complex), on the same site, was (also) destroyed by fire. A new mall (opened in December 2017) has risen from the site of the city's first Public Market, found in the center of the business district, after being the site of some business establishments and a tricycle-for-hire terminal.

Tourism
Popular sites include Calle Crisologo located in the Mestizo district- the old quarters of the city. Syquia Mansion Museum, Plaza Salcedo's Dancing Fountain, Padre Burgos House, and the National Museum of the Philippines. Nearby is the Bantay Church Bell Tower. Of special note is the Hotel Luna, which houses an extensive collection of art, including La Mandolinera by Jose Luna. Centuries-old Sta. Maria Church, designated also as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Longganiza festival
Mayor Jose 'Bonito' Singson, Jr. led the 2024 Grand Parade of Vigan City Fiesta and Vigan longganisa Festival. The 2024 Fiesta featured Banaoang Marathon, a 12-kilometer track from Banaoang Bridge from Santa, Ilocos Sur and Bantay, Ilocos Sur boundary to the Plaza Burgos, Vigan, LGBTQIA+ Day, Vigan Conservation Complex symposium, Community Alay Gupit, Got Talent and fashion show, Vigan Food Festival, Search for Miss Vigan, Dog and Cat Fun Day, Longganisa Street Dance Showdown, Pinaka-Livestock contest, Education Day, and Social Services Night. On January 22, 2024, Vigan launched '101 Ways to Cook Longganisa' cookbook for the January 18-27, 2024 Longganisa Festival.

Metro transport
Modes of transport within the city are purely land-based. Vehicles for public use include jeepneys, tricycles, vans-for-hire (or PUVs/public utility vehicles) and calesas (horse-drawn vehicles). Buses, mini-buses and jeepneys provide transportation to and from Vigan. The metro Vigan transport system is mostly served by tricycles, which are color- and number-coded to identify their municipality of origin.

Land transportation
Vigan City is well-served by a network of roads and a major highway that connects to Manila North Road, the highway leading to Manila and the rest of the country. Major bus companies such as Dominion Bus Lines, Viron Transit, Partas, and Aniceto/St. Joseph operate terminals in Vigan. GMW Florida Transport operates a terminal in Bantay, just outside Vigan. Bus companies such as Maria de Leon and Fariñas pass by Vigan on their way to Laoag. They operate direct and/or indirect bus services from Vigan City to points in Luzon, mostly to Manila, Baguio, and Laoag and vice versa. There are also independent bus operators, who recently banded together to form different transport cooperatives, plying the Laoag-Vigan-Carmen and Vigan-Abra routes, and have a joint terminal found at the New Vigan Public Market Annex. A taxi service started operating in 2019, just before the COViD-19 pandemic struck.

Air transportation
A secondary airport called Vigan Airport (also known as Mindoro Airport) is located at Barangay Mindoro. It has one asphalted runway, 900 meters long and 30 meters wide. The airport was once a dormant asset of the city for it does not generate revenue, with only chartered and private planes using it; it is currently being upgraded and is on its way toward commercialization.

Education

 * University of Northern Philippines Main Campus — in Barangay Tamag. It is the oldest state university in Northern Luzon, founded by virtue of Republic Act 4449, authored by Congressman Floro Crisologo.
 * Divine Word College of Vigan (formerly known as the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción) — the oldest privately funded school in Ilocos Sur, founded by priests belonging to the Society of the Divine Word (SVD) in 1822.
 * Macro Colleges Inc. — the first computer college in the province, having evolved from being the first shop in Ilocos Sur to offer computer-based services. The school is now K-to-12 College, located at Quezon Avenue. Currently operated by the Nueva Segovia Consortium of Cooperatives.
 * Ilocos Sur National High School (ISNHS) — the major national high school in the province.
 * Lyceum de Ylocos — is a new school offering Technical-Vocational courses and is a registered Senior High School offering various Tracks that include ABM, GAS, HUMSS and TLE-Technical-Vocational Courses. Situated at the heart of the Heritage City, 3F Vigan Landmark Building, Barangay VIII. The school adopted a classical name to emphasize the grandeur of its location, the Heritage City of Vigan, the only awardee of the title New World Wonder City in the Philippines. It fosters the promotion of tourism and hospitality; promotes preservation of the cultural heritage and innovates towards service delivery and business processing. Lyceum de Ylocos is committed to be of service to students through the provisions of an environment where there would be opportunities to relate theories and knowledge to practical training.
 * Data Center Colleges Philippines Vigan Branch - Data Center Philippines (DCPI) first came to Ilocos Sur through a partnership with the University of Northern Philippines for its computerization efforts in the late 80s. It later evolved independently as a college offering computer- and non-computer-related courses.  Formerly operating where Lyceum de Ylocos is operating today, they are currently located in a building just outside UNP's Vigan Campus.

TV Stations

 * PTV Vigan Channel 4
 * GNN Vigan Channel 30
 * TV5 Vigan Channel 32
 * UNTV Vigan Channel 36
 * Sonshine TV Vigan Channel 38
 * GTV Vigan Channel 40
 * One Sports Vigan Channel 46
 * GMA Vigan Channel 48

Cable & Satellite

 * Eaglevision Cable
 * Vigan Satellite Cable TV
 * Cignal TV
 * Sky Direct

Radio
AM Stations:
 * DZVV Bombo Radyo 603 (Bombo Radyo Philippines)
 * DWAE Radyo Pilipinas 747 (Philippine Broadcasting Service)
 * Radyo Commando 927 (Solidnorth Broadcasting)
 * DZNS 963 Radyo Totoo (Catholic Media Network)

FM Stations:
 * 91.7 Brigada News FM (Brigada Mass Media Corporation)
 * 94.1 Magik FM (Century Broadcasting Network)
 * 99.7 Core FM (Iddes Broadcast Group)
 * 100.5 Campus Radio (University of Northern Philippines)
 * 102.5 Live Frequency

Notable person

 * Chavit Singson, ex politician, milionaire businessman.
 * Vincent Crisologo, ex politician.
 * Floro Crisologo, lawyer, late politician.
 * Rogelio Singson, ex politician cabinet member.

title: Vigan


text:
KFML

KFML may refer to:

 * KFML (FM), a radio station (94.1 FM) licensed to Little Falls, Minnesota, United States
 * Communist Party of Sweden (1967), originally named Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna

title: KFML