text:
Hungarian Dances (Brahms)

The Hungarian Dances (Ungarische Tänze) by Johannes Brahms (WoO 1), are a set of 21 lively dance tunes based mostly on Hungarian themes, completed in 1879. They vary from about a minute to five minutes in length. They are among Brahms's most popular works and were the most profitable for him. Each dance has been arranged for a wide variety of instruments and ensembles. Brahms originally wrote the version for piano four hands and later arranged the first ten dances for solo piano.

Background
Brahms' Hungarian Dances should be placed in the context of interest in folk music. Both Haydn and Boccherini refer frequently to gypsy music, but in Brahms' day it was Franz Liszt with his Hungarian rhapsodies who was an inspiration to Brahms, both artistically and financially (despite their differences in musical philosophy). In 1850 Brahms met the Hungarian violinist Ede Reményi and accompanied him in a number of recitals over the next few years. This was his introduction to "gypsy-style" music such as the csárdás, which was later to prove the foundation of his most lucrative and popular compositions, the two sets of Hungarian Dances (published 1869 and 1880).

Only numbers 11, 14 and 16 are entirely original compositions. The better-known Hungarian Dances include Nos. 1 and 5, the latter of which was based on the csárdás "Bártfai emlék" (Memories of Bártfa) by Hungarian composer Béla Kéler, which Brahms mistakenly thought was a traditional folksong. A footnote on the Ludwig-Masters edition of a modern orchestration of Hungarian Dance No. 1 states: "The material for this dance is believed to have come from the Divine Csárdás (ca. 1850) of Hungarian composer and conductor Miska Borzó."

List
Book 1. (published in 1869)
 * 1) in G minor: Allegro molto
 * 2) in D minor (orch. Hallén, 1882): Allegro non assai – Vivace
 * 3) in F major: Allegretto
 * 4) in F minor (F♯ minor in Juon's 1933 orchestration): Poco sostenuto – Vivace
 * 5) in F♯ minor (G minor in Parlow's 1876 orchestration): Allegro – Vivace

Book 2. (published in 1869)
 * 1) in D♭ major (D major in Parlow's 1876 orchestration): Vivace
 * 2) in A major (F major in Brahms's solo piano arrangement): Allegretto – Vivo
 * 3) in A minor: Presto
 * 4) in E minor: Allegro ma non troppo
 * 5) in E major (F major for orchestra): Presto

Book 3. (published in 1880; Parlow's orchestrations of these six were made in 1885 without any change of key)
 * 1) in D minor: Poco andante
 * 2) in D minor: Presto
 * 3) in D major: Andantino grazioso – Vivace
 * 4) in D minor: Un poco andante
 * 5) in B♭ major: Allegretto grazioso
 * 6) in F minor: Con moto – F major: Presto

Book 4. (published in 1880; Dvorak's orchestrations of these five were made in October and November of the same year without any change of key)
 * 1) in F♯ minor: Andantino – Vivace
 * 2) in D major: Molto vivace
 * 3) in B minor: Allegretto
 * 4) in E minor: Poco allegretto – Vivace
 * 5) in E minor: Vivace – E major: Più presto

Arrangements & influences
Brahms wrote orchestral arrangements for Nos. 1, 3 and 10. Other composers have orchestrated the other dances. These composers include Antonín Dvořák (Nos. 17 to 21), Andreas Hallén (Nos. 2, 4 and 7), Paul Juon (No. 4), Martin Schmeling (1864–1943) (Nos. 5 to 7), Hans Gál (Nos. 8 and 9), Albert Parlow (Nos. 5, 6 in 1876 and 11 to 16 in 1885) and Robert Schollum (Nos. 4, 8 and 9). More recently, Iván Fischer has orchestrated the complete set.

The first ten dances were arranged for solo piano by Brahms himself. The remaining dances (Nos. 11-21) were arranged for solo piano by Theodor Kirchner. Nos. 11-16 are also arranged for simplified piano by Robert Keller.

Hungarian Dances have also been arranged for violin and piano, most notably by Paul Klengel (Nos. 1-3, 5-8, 13, 17, 19-21) and Fritz Kreisler (No. 17).

Brahms's Hungarian Dances were influential in the development of ragtime, as noted in the role of German-American piano teacher Julius Weiss in ragtime composer Scott Joplin's early life and career.

Hungarian Dance No. 4 in F♯ minor was used by composer John Morris as the main theme in his score for Mel Brooks' comedy film The Twelve Chairs (1970), set in the Soviet Union in the 1920s. This included both the film's instrumental score and a song, Hope for the Best, Expect the Worst, with lyrics by Mel Brooks, all based on the Johannes Brahms composition.

Recordings
The earliest known recording of any movement of Hungarian Dances was a condensed piano-based rendition of Hungarian Dance No. 1, from 1889, played by Brahms himself, and was known to have been recorded by Theo Wangemann, an assistant to Thomas Edison. The following dialogue can be heard in the recording itself, before the music starts:
 * Theo Wangemann: "Dezember 1889."
 * Johannes Brahms: "Im Haus von Herrn Doktor Fellinger bei Herrn Doktor Brahms, Johannes Brahms." (English: "In the house of Dr. Fellinger with Dr. Brahms, Johannes Brahms.")

Joseph Joachim, a close friend of Brahms, in collaboration with an unnamed accompanying pianist, recorded their own renditions of Hungarian Dances Nos. 1 and 2.

Leopold Stokowski's very first recordings with the Philadelphia Orchestra were devoted to Hungarian Dances Nos. 5 and 6. They were recorded by the Victor Talking Machine Company in Camden, New Jersey in 1917.

The Boston Pops Orchestra with conductor Arthur Fiedler recorded Hungarian Dances Nos. 5 and 6 in Symphony Hall, Boston. Hungarian Dance No. 5 was recorded on June 25, 1950. It was released by RCA Victor as catalog number 10-3254B (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10631. Hungarian Dance No. 6 was recorded on June 16, 1950. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 10-3244B (in the USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10631. These were 78 rpm discs. The pieces were arranged by Albert Parlow.

Julius Katchen and Jean-Pierre Marty recorded the complete set in the 1960s, as part of Katchen's recording of the complete piano works of Brahms. Aloys and Alfons Kontarsky recorded them in 1976 for Deutsche Grammophon, released originally on LP catalog number 2530 710. The French sister duo-pianists Katia and Marielle Labèque recorded the complete set of dances for Philips in 1981, as catalog number 4164592.

Dances Nos. 17, 19 and 21 were recorded in 1966 by the Hollywood Symphony Orchestra for their album Orchestral Fireworks, released in the UK on the Music For Pleasure label.

The first complete orchestral versions were recorded by Mario Rossi conducting the Vienna State Opera Orchestra in 1956 and released on Vanguard Records. Robert Schollum's orchestrations of nos. 4, 8 and 9 were commissioned by Vanguard for this recording.

They were again recorded by Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt conducting the NDR Radio Symphony Hamburg in 1967 and released in the USA on Vanguard. The first digital by Claudio Abbado and the Vienna Philharmonic for Deutsche Grammophon was recorded in 1982, released on LP as 410 615-1 and on CD as 410 615-2. (Citation: https://www.discogs.com/release/11730199-Brahms-NDR-Symphony-Orchestra-Of-Hamburg-Hans-Schmidt-Isserstedt-Hungarian-Dances-Complete)

They were again recorded digitally by and the Budapest Symphony Orchestra for Naxos in 1988, released on CD as 8.550110. This recording was awarded a Rosette by The Penguin Guide. Their review called this recording "sheer delight from beginning to end... an outright winner among the available versions."

Another set of complete orchestral versions was recorded in 1998 by Iván Fischer conducting the Budapest Festival Orchestra on the Philips Records label, released as CD 289 462 589-2.

title: Hungarian Dances (Brahms)


text:
Talk:Mi último adiós

This should be Mi Ultimo Adios. Also, an English explanation and translation would be highly aprreciated here. (Which I will work on if nobody else will.)Thanks. --Jondel 07:38, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

My Last Farewell

Goodbye, Fatherland adored, region of the sun beloved.

Pearl of the sea, our lost paradise

---

WHOSE TRANSLATIONS ??
=The article does not cite the authors of the English and tagalog translations. does it??

=Can someone check the translation at the Rizal Park if it is by Nick Joaquin? I remember reading it there years ago that the translation inscribed there was by Andres Bonifacio (I think his name was inscribed in the bronze). I could be mistaken since it has been years... but I am out of the country and cannot make the check myself. Thanks a lot.

The current English translation on the page is not word-for-word accurate. Am going to do edits. -Object404 (talk) 23:43, 10 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Bah. The current version was made to ryhme in English, but it is not a completely accurate translation. Liberties were taken in order to make it rhyme. How now brown cow? -Object404 (talk) 23:49, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

Hi all. I have taken photos at the monument in Rizal Park which has the piece in a long wall in original Spanish, English & Tagalog and placed them verbatim in the translation sections, including translation credits. The English translation there is a modified version of the one previously posted in the translation section of the article, but is more modernized (replacing "thee" with "you", etc) and uses U.S. English & spellings (dropping of "u" in "ou" spellings, etc). Yeah, the translation at the monument in Luneta was by Gat Andres Bonifacio. It drops the diacritics (european symbols like in Spanish) which were present in Tagalog literature that shows how the Tagalog words (and literature in other Filipino languages) were supposed to be pronounced during the Spanish era, so will replace it with a version with the original diacritics.

Hello all. Luis G. Dato translated the poem into English in 1927. it is mentioned by Pablo Laslo from his book, German-English Anthology of Filipino Poets. I amended the Translation section. Thanks. Stephentalla (talk) 06:31, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

For Copyright issue checkers
- Original Message - From: "Nestor Enriquez"  To: "John Martinez"  Sent: Tuesday, March 08, 2005 6:06 AM Subject: Re: Request for publication of arti

> John, > I sure do remember you. You have my permission. Take > care. > > nestor > > --- John Martinez  wrote: > > > > Nestor, > > > > Hi Remember me? The writer in Japan? > > > > I wrote about Henry the black on wikipedia. > > > > I am again asking permission to write about Mi > > ultimo adios based on your > > webpage below. > > > > > > > http://members.tripod.com/philipppines/rizalhudson.htm > > > > > > Which will appear here: > > > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_Ultimo_Adios > > > > Best regards, > > > > John > > > > Nestor Palugod Enriquez > http://www.filipinohome.com > Coming to America > > Yesterday's history, tomorrow's a mystery. > Today is a gift,and that's why we call it the present. > > > >

VfD result
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Mi Último Adiós. The final result was Keep the article, but Transwiki the poem to Wikisource. I moved the poem to Mi Último Adiós/Poem to prepare it for the move. --Deathphoenix 00:50, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I am not familiar with Wikipedia... Is someone able to insert something about this song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNi8kITxAow that probably got nothing to do with this poem?

POV?
A line in the opening paragraph seems to be too "gushing" for an encyclopedia entry: It is probably the most sublime of all poems related to martyrdom in modern history, some of whose lines vibrate with a Castilian felicity that no translation could ever capture, Tambien por ti la diera, la diera por tu bien! It expresses an opinion that may not be shared by non-Nationalistic Filipinos or authorities of the Spanish language. Or, at the very least, it has no citation. Indeed, by adding the qualifier "probably," it becomes immune to challenges of fact-checking. Maybe it can be re-written with citations from Spanish language authorities that are not Filipinos. Otherwise, I don't see how it can have a place in an objective article in Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.212.82.164 (talk • contribs) 17:48, October 8, 2007

Quite. Removing it. -- Broken Sphere Msg me 06:41, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

The assertion that after the American acquisition (my choice of words) of the Philippines, "the Philippines was perceived as a community of 'barbarians' " needs a citation. My understanding of the period was that America perceived the Filipino people as "our little brown brothers," a condescending and paternalistic view, but NOT one suggesting they were "barbarians" - a violent and cruel population. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.28.61.230 (talk) 02:02, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

 * "Little brown brothers" was the kindest description. But the most common terms being used by far in the American press at the time were "savages", "injuns", "island n****rs", "varmints", "coons", "monkeys", and yes "barbarians". See, , . Depictions of Filipinos usually involve them being dressed in a skirt of leaves more reminiscent of American caricatures of Africans and Native Americans at the time, unlike the more "civilized" depictions of Puerto Ricans and Cubans. It was mere decades after the Civil War, and racism against non-whites was still very popular.-- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  10:19, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

English translation
I was contacted via OTRS by Edwin Lozada, the author of this Englsh translation linked at the end of the article. It turns out some anonymous contributor to this article at one stage or another copied and pasted that translation into this article without the permission of Lozada. As a result, it was a copyright violation. Lozada has very kindly agreed to actually go ahead and license that text under the terms of the GFDL, so that Wikipedia can continue to use it. As a result of this, in order to comply with the GFDL license terms, we have to preserve attribution of that translation to Lozada, so I have placed a credit to him/her at the beginning of the translation. Please do not remove that attribution as it will be a copyright violation once more. - Mark 01:37, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

POV Check on Background
The paragraph on Background does not show NPOV toward Rizal nor the Spanish friars. I suggest this paragraph gets revised. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.167.215.130 (talk) 18:19, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

the article had me confused
the article said that Rizal may have written the poem between 12-5am... the last hours of his life. but then, the clipping said, Rizal's mother, sisters and nephews visited him on the afternoon of December 29, 1896 and thus kept the poem hidden on a stove given to Trinidad. i'm all confused. if the poem was written on his last hours, then how can he give it to Trinidad a day before? did the family stay in there the whole night and came home after the execution? or did Trinidad retrieve the stove after the execution? pls help. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.84.99.7 (talk) 21:25, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Comment: The alcohol burner and his remaining possessions were returned to the Rizal family only after his execution. It should stand to reason that he needed the alcohol burner which also served as a lamp till his final moments, i.e., 6-6:15 a.m. before he emerged from the darkness of the fort and began his march toward the execution grounds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.72.231.54 (talk) 21:01, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Opening paragraph - Spanish? Surely not
Why does the opening sentence say '"sa aking kababata" (Spanish for "My Last Farewell) ...'? Clearly "sa aking kababata" isn't Spanish. Zythophile (talk) 09:20, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Nice catch! Im tracking this down and removing the phrase.--Jondel (talk) 09:50, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mi último adiós. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110828090056/http://www.palhbooks.com/rizal.htm to http://www.palhbooks.com/rizal.htm

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Luis G. Dato translation
Hello all. Luis G. Dato translated the poem into English in 1927. It is mentioned by Pablo Laslo from his book, German-English Anthology of Filipino Poets. I amended the Translation section. Thanks. Stephentalla (talk) 06:35, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:25, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Mi Ultimo Adios Luneta.png

Filipino
Mo altimo adios 49.145.101.116 (talk) 12:10, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mi último adiós


text: Category:Politics of Greenland

title: Category:Politics of Greenland


text:
Talk:Pedro I of Brazil

Show his father's name correctly.
Why is his father's name not being shown as John VI, in this article? His father's article is named John VI of Portugal. Note aswell, it's shown as John VI in Maria I of Portugal's. The inconsistencies are weird. GoodDay (talk) 16:45, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

RFC: Should linked monarch names be in the form that their respective articles are?
Myself & are in dispute as to how the names John VI, Peter III, Ferdinand VII & Charles IV should be displayed in this article. IMHO, they should be shown in their english form, per their respective article titles (see WP:COMMONNAME), where's Lecen argues they should be shown (pipe-linked or redirect) in their portuguese form. What say you all? GoodDay (talk) 17:58, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

A) Show in english form B) Show in portuguese form

Survey

 * A - While said-linked articles are in their english language title forms. GoodDay (talk) 18:28, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * B. For consistency at this article. There's nothing wrong with redirects, see WP:NOTBROKEN and MOS:NOPIPE. DrKay (talk) 19:26, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * A. WP:LEASTASTONISHMENT and MOS:FOREIGN. A user following a piped link from João to John are going to be at least a little confused, and per FOREIGN we should aim to minimize the number of foreign words used, not maximize it. I also don't see any benefit in using the Portuguese version of the name; if a reader wishes to obtain additional information on the individual, they can follow the link and read the article which includes the Portuguese version of the name in the lede. BilledMammal (talk) 08:36, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * B. While some (primarily British) English language sources on European Portuguese history still tend toward substituting English names-pronunciations-spellings for native-language names-pronunciations-spellings, this is not the case with recent English language historians of Brazil (and even some 19th century English language sources) who commonly use the Portuguese spellings as reflected in their own source materials. One could argue convincingly that insistence on using anglicized versions of name is much more confusing, and a losing proposition (e.g., we have long abandoned using "Tamerlane", "Peking", "Lewis XIV", etc.). What is indeed confusing is when a reader looks up the citations and finds no mention of "John". In addition, each of the linked articles on the European monarchs contain (or should contain) the native Portuguese spellings on their first lines. • Astynax talk 16:19, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * A. Where the WP:COMMONNAME is the Anglicised form - which appears to be the case here for all 4 examples, then there is NO argument for using any other form than that used by the linked article. This isn't a case of English/Portugese in itself, so much as using the most commonly understood name throughout. Readers are able to follow links if they wish to know the full or original form of the name. Obviously if linked articles are wrongly named, then they should be renamed, but unilaterally adopting a different policy towards historical names makes no sense. But this RfC is asking the question the wrong way round. Pincrete (talk) 16:49, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * B. As pointed out earlier, the name used in all sources in this article is “Joao.” Either we’re are faithful to the sources or we will need to remove the gold star at the top. --Lecen (talk) 19:32, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * B. It is ridiculous that this is constantly an issue on Portuguese language articles. Firstly, I agree with DrKay's points on WP:NOTBROKEN and MOS:NOPIPE, meaning that even if the common name was simply John, having a link to his article from the name João is not confusing at all or disruptive, especially given that the article lead has both names within the first sentence. But secondly, the sources refer to him as such. As Astynax put very well, English language sources nowadays overwhelmingly refer to figures in Brazilian history using their Portuguese names. Unfortunately for figures in Portuguese history, a significant portion of english language historiography of Portugal originates in Britain, where the convention to translate names runs popular. It would be hugely disruptive to this article if every Portuguese and Brazilian figure is referred to by their actual Portuguese name and only the King has to be referred to as John. Also, it is ridiculous to make the argument of MOS:FOREIGN when referring to someone's given name, that standard refers to foreign terms not names! I mean, we're talking about names written with Latin script not Cyrillic or Arabic script, I truly don't understand the issue with using the original name, and as Astynax says, quite rightly in my opinion, the insistence of anglicizing names is a trend falling out of favor more and more. Anglocentric naming conventions are the true disruptive force here. Cristiano Tomás (talk) 23:39, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * English language sources nowadays overwhelmingly refer to figures in Brazilian history using their Portuguese names in that case, perhaps it would be worth short-circuiting this entire discussion by making an RM for those pages? If the Portuguese names are now the WP:COMMONNAMEs, then it should be a relatively uncontroversial move. BilledMammal (talk) 00:40, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I've called on to open up an RM for all those bio articles, but he chose not to. My guess is, he believes the end results will be the same. GoodDay (talk) 04:40, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Indeed, it's been a few years, since those RMs were last held. Perhaps the results there will be different this time. GoodDay (talk) 01:05, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

 * A. Where the WP:COMMONNAME is the Anglicised form; per Pincrete. If the common names have changed, then move the articles. The article text should reflect the title of the linked article. If, here at en.wikipedia.org, that is in English, for WP:COMMONNAME or other reasons, then the article text should also be in English. Similarly, one would expect to find the Portuguese name, João VI de Portugal, at pt.wikipedia.org, and ジョアン6世 (ポルトガル王) at ja.wikipedia.org; and one does indeed find both article titles in the languages of those wikipedias. As Mateus 22:21, would have it: “Então, dêem a César o que é de César e a Deus o que é de Deus”.- Ryk72 talk 02:10, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * A. WP:COMMONNAME applies generally to article titles in wikipedia, and I see no great reason which it should be changed for this article. Deathlibrarian (talk) 13:43, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * A. WP:COMMONNAME, as suggested by pincrete and Deathlibrarian. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk • contribs) 16:45, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * A WP:COMMONNAME. As I stated earlier, links to any article should not be confusing and should be what would be commonly expected in English. Masterhatch (talk) 20:24, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * comment - either John or João, but NOT Joao, please. Mostly neutral on the issue itself: using the most common designation in English language sources makes sense, using the original name mekes even more sense, but either is good enough, just keep it consistent. And NO Joao!! :-) Nabla (talk) 18:32, 13 September 2021 (UTC) (which is Portuguese)
 * B. I'm not an expert nor well-versed in the subject, but I'd like to echo the points made by Cristiano Tomás and Astynax. If the sources use João, then João it is. This isn't to say I would support a move of all biographies to the Portuguese names (as GoodDay is asking "B" voters to do) since the main argument here applies to the sources and this page alone. FredModulars (talk) 00:32, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

Discussion
To elaborate. I found it confusing seeing those linked articles (pipelinked & redirected) into portuguese language form. Since I was twice reverted for making (IMHO) corrections to this. I've opened up this RFC. I would recommend that the objector, open RMs at said-linked articles. GoodDay (talk) 18:31, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Show in Portuguese form, which is how English-speaking historians call Pedro and João (not Peter and John). We need to respect what historiography says about the topic. Simply check the sources used in this article to prove my argument. João is called “John” in his article because a group of contributors refused to allow foreign words, despite being the names actually employed by historians. --Lecen (talk) 18:35, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * IF I may, will you ping this "group of contributors who refuse to allow foreign words..."? They deserve the chance to defend themselves, just as I've given you the chance (this RFC) to defend your two reverts. GoodDay (talk) 18:37, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * What you wish instead is to force an artificial majority by bringing the people who will support your point of view, even if they are not regular contributors to anything related to this topic. Thus you wish to force your way to "win" this RfC. It shows your character. Remember: canvassing is against Wikipedia rules. If I see you calling people in here to "win" this RfC, I will report you. Also, if I notice that people who were part of that move request start to suddenly appear in here as well, even though they never contributed to his article, I will know that you were sending emails to them and you will be reported. --Lecen (talk) 18:50, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Keep you threats to yourself & lower the hostilities. I'm asking you to ping them. Since you've mentioned them & their supposed deeds. BTW - I don't have email. GoodDay (talk) 19:04, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I would like to point out that user GoodDay has been attempting to force a name change to English in articles about Brazil and Portugal for over ten years now. It's clearly an obsession and I can provide the links. He has a bias against foreign names and I can also point to that. --Lecen (talk) 18:58, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Quit the exaggeration and possible breach of WP:AGF. PS: I was hoping there'd be no personal attacks in this RFC. Again, will you please ping the aforementioned group, so they can defend themselves? Note: We are not edit-warring, but discussing, which is the best thing to do. GoodDay (talk) 19:04, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm calling WP:MULTI on this, inclined to pulling the RfC outright, because GoodDay has failed to mention that they started Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Linking only a few minutes before raising this RfC. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 20:26, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I thought that was allowable. I've retracted it. GoodDay (talk) 20:28, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * A. WP:LEASTASTONISHMENT and MOS:FOREIGN. A user following a piped link from João to John are going to be at least a little confused, and per FOREIGN we should aim to minimize the number of foreign words used, not maximize it. I also don't see any benefit in using the Portuguese version of the name; if a reader wishes to obtain additional information on the individual, they can follow the link and read the article which includes the Portuguese version of the name in the lede. BilledMammal (talk) 06:38, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Best place your choice, in the survey section above :) GoodDay (talk) 06:58, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Oops, thank you. BilledMammal (talk) 08:36, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * For those opting for the B option. It's been quite a few years now since the last RMs, so please take the liberty of opening up an RM concerning all Portuguese monarchs' names (at least up to John VI). If you're successful at it, it would strengthen & make more acceptable, the linkages of those articles, in Portuguese language version, in this article. GoodDay (talk) 23:47, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * One wonders. Does the Portuguese language Wikipedia show their British monarch articles (for example) linked in the english language form? GoodDay (talk) 02:00, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Não, Isabel. Não, Jaime. Não, Guilly. - Ryk72 talk 02:16, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * In other words, you’re pushing this change in this articles out of pettiness because the Wikipedia in Portuguese translates names. Your goal here is not to have a meaningful discussion about how historiography has called Joao VI (which I’m certain that none of you ever read a history book about him or Portuguese-Brazilian events). Because if your goal were that, you’d have tried to look at the books published by university presses in the past thirty years, would have seen that he’s indeed called Joao. But this is not what you really want. It’s because of whatever happens at Wikipedia in Portuguese.--Lecen (talk) 02:55, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment I'm a true believer in most common usage in English. If Pedro is the most common way he's referred to in English sources, then that's it. But if it's Peter, then Peter should be used. I don't know why this is so hard. Masterhatch (talk) 05:39, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * This is about how to show the monarchs names, that are mentioned in this article. Do we show them as their article titles are named? or do we show them in the Portuguese language form. For examples: Do we show John VI or João VI; Ferdinand VII or Fernando VII. GoodDay (talk) 05:49, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Just to be certain. Which do you suggest in the above 'survey'? A or B? GoodDay (talk) 03:55, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

A. Most recognisable by speakers of English, aka, most common usage in English. Masterhatch (talk) 05:50, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Would it be alright to 'move' that, to the survey section? GoodDay (talk) 05:55, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Did you bother doing any research or did you reach that conclusion based only on your personal preference? Can you prove that emperor Pedro I of Brazil is actually better known as “Peter I”? --Lecen (talk) 06:46, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * What about John VI, Ferdinand VII, Charles IV & Peter III, which are the focus here? Anyways, I'm only asking him to place his position in the 'survey' section. That's not canvassing because, he's already made his position on the topic known & we're within the RFC it self. GoodDay (talk) 06:51, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry guys, I was tired and short on time last night when I posted that. I didn't put my comment in the survey section because I was going to actually write a comment, not 'vote'. Anyways, I meant to say, the links to and the article itself should be most recognisable to English speakers, whether that's Pedro or Peter. I believe the links and the article should be the same, or at least similar whenever possible and shouldn't confuse the reader. I'm not voting, but between the 2 choices, I think A is best. Just my 2 bits.Masterhatch (talk) 12:24, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh, alright. It's a Kinda-A position (which you 'can' put in the survey, if you want). BTW, I do wish Lecen would 'lower-the-volume' in his edit-summaries. He snaps at me? fine. But he shouldn't be snapping at both of us. GoodDay (talk) 13:09, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

Now that the RFC template has expired. I've put in a request for closure/decision. GoodDay (talk) 20:00, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

Observations

 * Interesting discussion. After having now read the discussion and relevant policy Manual_of_Style in particular, I have a couple observations.
 * First, COMMONNAME refers to the common usage for that person, not the common english translation of their name. So if the majority of references call someone Pedro XIX, then that's what we should use.
 * And with that in mind (and per WP:FOREIGN), these probably should be handled on a case-by-case basis per individual, so I dunno if lumping them all together into a group rfc like this was the best course of action.
 * And it seems to me that several people tried to say something similar, but were pressured by the format of this rfc to instead pick A or B arbitrarily.
 * So, following current policy, I dunno if this rfc can be closed with a result of consensus for anything.
 * Anyway, just some observations. YMMV. of course. - jc37 03:19, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Not many english only readers, would be able to pronounce João VI. GoodDay (talk) 09:18, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I might presume the same about Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. Antidisestablishmentarianism, or even to correctly intone Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. But we do not name articles based on what we guess our readers can pronounce. - jc37 12:05, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * We each see it in our own way. GoodDay (talk) 08:29, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * You’ve been insisting on this for over ten years. This is a matter that only you care about it, no one else does.It’s time to move on. --Lecen (talk) 13:43, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * You also care about this topic greatly, otherwise you wouldn't have ever reverted my changes or participated in this RFC. I've already put in a request for closure. I'll accept the decision there (whatever it is) & hope you'll do likewise. GoodDay (talk) 18:17, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

, I will be implementing the ruling of this RFC, in the coming days. I'm willing to give you the time to challenge the closure, if that's what you intend to do. GoodDay (talk) 18:57, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * , it is what it is, and the thing is decided. Go for it. RandomCanadian, thanks for the close; please note that I have no opinion on it, and I have faith that it was correctly decided. Drmies (talk) 23:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Acknowledged & will implement. GoodDay (talk) 00:06, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pedro I of Brazil


text:
Dale Brown

Dale Brown (born November 2, 1956) is an American writer and aviator known for aviation techno-thriller novels. At least thirteen of his novels have been New York Times Best Sellers.

Early life
Brown was born in Buffalo, New York, and was one of six children. At 15, he began flying instruction, eventually earning a private pilot's license. He graduated in 1978 from Penn State University with a degree in Western European history.

Military
Brown joined the Air Force ROTC while in college. He received a commission in the United States Air Force in 1978. He was a navigator-bombardier (now known as a weapon systems officer (WSO)) in the B-52G Stratofortress long-range heavy bomber and the FB-111A Aardvark medium range fighter-bomber.

Brown received several military decorations and awards, including the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Combat Crew Award, and the Marksmanship ribbon. He rose to the rank of Captain and has 2,500 hours of flight time in B-52s.

He left the Air Force in 1986, having never seen combat. He is a Life Member of the Air Force Association and the U.S. Naval Institute.

Writing
Brown's first paid writing was a review of Fort Apocalypse for Compute!'s Gazette. In 1986, while still in the Air Force at Mather Air Force Base in Sacramento County, California, he wrote his first book, Flight of the Old Dog. His novels have been published in 11 languages and distributed to over 70 countries. He published 11 bestsellers in 11 years.

Brown has been represented by literary agent Robert Gottlieb of Trident Media Group.

Patrick McLanahan series
Brown's novels mostly center on a character named Patrick McLanahan, whose exploits as a US Air Force officer date back over 25 years.
 * 1) Flight of the Old Dog (1987) - A Soviet anti-ballistic missile laser destroys US strategic assets while the Kremlin argues the system's legality before the UN. USAF Lieutenant General Bradley Elliott recruits a team of officers to work on a modified B-52 bomber, called the Old Dog. A raid on Dreamland, itself coupled by the discovery of a B-1 Lancer strike team on the Soviet laser, forces the Old Dog crew to take the mission on themselves. In a heroic act, crewmember David Luger risks his life to save the bomber from destruction.
 * 2) Sky Masters (1991) - The pullout of US forces from the Philippines in 1994 sparks Chinese plans to occupy the Spratly Islands and Mindanao with the connivance of a Filipino Communist vice-president who declares a coup. McLanahan and the heavy bombers of the US Air Battle Force lead the American counterattack over Davao City. The novel also has a small cameo appearance by Day of the Cheetah antagonist Kenneth Francis James.
 * 3) Night of the Hawk (1992) - A simple defector extraction raid in Lithuania in late 1992 uncovers evidence that a member of the Old Dog crew, David Luger, survived the events of Flight of the Old Dog and was brainwashed to work on a new stealth bomber at a secret facility in Vilnius. Amidst the political upheaval in the country, General Elliott, McLanahan, and John Ormack join a US Marine contingent in assaulting the facility and rescuing Luger.
 * 4) Day of the Cheetah (1989) - In 1996, Kenneth Francis James - a Soviet deep-cover agent posing as a USAF officer - steals the new Dreamstar thought-controlled fighter. McLanahan and the High-Technology Aerospace Weapons Center scramble to recover it from James, or destroy it if necessary.
 * 5) Shadows of Steel (1996) - In May 1997, the US initiates covert operations to stop Iran's new carrier task force from controlling the Persian Gulf sea lanes. Now running a diner in Sacramento after the fiasco depicted in Day of the Cheetah, Patrick McLanahan is recalled to active duty to fly a B-2 Spirit mission over Iran.
 * 6) Fatal Terrain (1997) - Set a month after the ending of Shadows of Steel, Taiwan's declaration of independence forces China to go to war. The Old Dog crew is brought back to save the world from Chinese domination, but not everyone could come home alive.
 * 7) The Tin Man (1998) - A few months after the events of Fatal Terrain, Patrick McLanahan faces a new enemy, right in his home turf in Sacramento, California. The novel also introduces his brother, Sacramento police officer Paul McLanahan.
 * 8) Battle Born (1999) - In 2000, McLanahan is assigned to turn a group of Nevada Air Guard B-1 pilots into America's premier tactical air strike force. A new threat created by a sudden reunification of the Korean peninsula hastens the training.
 * 9) Warrior Class (2001) - Set in 2001, Russian billionaire Pavel Kazakov builds a huge pipeline through the Balkans with the support of the Russian Army and everybody gets rich. To make the scheme viable, he also finances the deployment of a secret stealth fighter-bomber originally developed by the same company that employed Dave Luger. However, a new US president and his brand of leadership tie McLanahan's hands from doing anything about Kazakov.
 * 10) Wings of Fire (2002) - When Libya plots to invade and control Egypt, McLanahan and his advanced force, the Night Stalkers, are sent in to stop the chaos. However, the consequences are personal for his family.
 * 11) Air Battle Force (2003) - The US deploys a new aerial strike force into Turkmenistan to fight a ragtag Taliban army and later a Russian invasion. The humiliation forces Russian General Anatoly Gryzlov to launch a coup, especially after McLanahan's forces level the Russian Air Force's strategic bomber base in Engels.
 * 12) Plan of Attack (2004) - Out of revenge for what happened in Air Battle Force, General Gryzlov orders a nuclear bomber strike against the United States, eliminating nearly all of its land-based strategic forces. Demoted to brigadier general and reassigned off the Air Battle Force after defying one order too many in Turkmenistan, McLanahan tries to convince the Air Force leadership about the threat. When the Russians attack, he and the rest of the Dreamland crew take matters into their own hands to save what is left of America.
 * 13) Strike Force (2007) - Three years after the events of Plan of Attack, now-Lieutenant General McLanahan uses new XR-A9 Black Stallion spaceplanes to intervene during a new crisis in Iran, where Shadows of Steel antagonist General Hesarak al-Buzhazi has launched a rebellion against the fundamentalist regime.
 * 14) Shadow Command (2008) - Set in 2009, the novel pits McLanahan and his team against a new US president, Joseph Gardner, who connives with Russia to take him down.
 * 15) Rogue Forces (2009) - Reverting to the private sector, Patrick McLanahan and former US President Kevin Martindale operate their own Private military company (PMC), Scion Aviation International. Their latest contract: stabilizing Iraq as US forces withdraw from the country. However, Kurdish raids into Turkey force Ankara to unleash its arsenal of former US aircraft against the rebels and McLanahan's team is caught in the crossfire.
 * 16) Executive Intent (2010) - The US deploys a new orbital bombardment system, the Thor's Hammer, with a Pakistani ballistic-missile battery hijacked by terrorists firing on Indian cities as the first target. However, some of the missiles destroys a chemical weapon, of which the chemicals injure civilians, which prompts Pakistan and nearby countries to help grant Indian Ocean access to China and Russia. McLanahan must join forces with Brigadier-General Kai Raydon to prevent war. Meanwhile, US Vice-President Kenneth Phoenix begins challenging President Gardner's leadership.
 * 17) A Time For Patriots (2011) - An economic collapse in late 2012 triggers destabilization efforts in the entire country. Now retired and flying for the Civil Air Patrol, McLanahan and his son Bradley enlists fellow citizens to eliminate a new terrorist threat.
 * 18) Tiger's Claw (2012) - China's test of a new anti-ballistic missile system in 2013 threatens US forces in the Pacific. Still reeling from the recession depicted in the previous novel, President Kenneth Phoenix recalls McLanahan again for combat duty - with Bradley James along for the ride after being kicked out of the Air Force Academy. The twice-retired general uses a new combined-arms concept using B-1s to challenge the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which has rolled out a massive arsenal. However, a raid into China turns out to be the elder McLanahan's last.
 * 19) Starfire (2014) - Bradley struggles to live without his father by devoting his efforts to develop and launch a new orbital solar power plant that has the potential to aid space exploration. However, with China and Russia flexing their military muscle, US President Phoenix pushes ahead with the militarization of space.
 * 20) Iron Wolf (2015) - When Russia invades Ukraine to protect ethnic Russians, a small group of surviving Ukrainian soldiers provoke the Russian military, hoping for a response that will draw in NATO. The Polish government worries about Russia's aggression and hires Scion Aviation to defend them against Russia.  Brad McLanahan is pulled out of his internship at Sky Masters to mold the individual hot-shot pilots of Scion into an effective fighting force.
 * 21) Price of Duty (2017) - Russia builds a new cyber warfare facility to take on the new Alliance of Free Nations, and Scion's Iron Wolf team must work to protect the Alliance from Russia's ambitions to bring back the old Soviet.
 * 22) The Moscow Offensive (2018) - Brad McLanahan and the heroes of the Iron Wolf Squadron—must counter a dangerous Russian strike from within the homeland.
 * 23) The Kremlin Strike (publish date May 2019) - When Russian President Gennadiy Gryzlov launches a hyper-advanced orbital weapons platform, catching the US and its allies off guard, Brad McLanahan, Nadia Rozek, and Hunter "Boomer" Noble are called into action to level the playing field using Sky Masters' advanced spaceplanes and robotic weaponry.
 * 24) Eagle Station (publish date May 2020) - The sixth Brad McLanahan book.

Act of War series

 * Act of War (2005) - The US assembles Task Force Talon, a special anti-terrorist unit of military personnel and police officers equipped with the most advanced combat equipment. Their first assignment: to destroy GAMMA, a terrorist group that detonated a nuclear device on a major facility run by top energy producer Kingman Group.
 * Edge of Battle (2006) - Rivalry between drug lords in Mexico and an increased flow of illegal immigrants across the US border heightens the tension between both countries. Task Force Talon is assigned to man a new base in southern California to combat the threat.

Independent series

 * Silver Tower (1988) - The US successfully activates the new military space station Armstrong in the then-future of 1992. Feeling threatened by the station's potential for US space supremacy, the USSR plots to destroy it as part of a plan to invade Iran and threaten the Persian Gulf oil reserves. It is up to General Jason St Michael and his team aboard the Armstrong to stop Soviet forces coming into the area.
 * Hammerheads (1990) - The US activates the new Border Security Force as part of efforts to stop drug smuggling operations handled by a former Cuban Air Force officer in cahoots with the Medellin cartel (with Patrick McLanahan and General Elliott making cameo appearances).
 * Chains of Command (1993) - Russian President Valentin Sen'kov plans an invasion of the Ukraine in 1995. When the invasion gets underway, the US is prompted to send an Air Force Reserve F-111 unit to help the Ukrainians. The novel introduces future McLanahan saga characters Lieutenant Colonel Darren Mace and Major Rebecca Furness, the USAF's first female combat pilot.
 * Storming Heaven (1994) - The absence of an air-defense network on US soil prompts terrorist Henri Cazaux to use airliners covertly equipped with bombs in attacking many airports. When the danger goes national, Hammerheads protagonist Ian Hardcastle, now an admiral, is tasked with getting the network up and running to stop Cazaux's activities.

Short stories

 * Leadership Material (2001) - Set in the Arabian Peninsula post-Desert Storm in March 1991, then-Major McLanahan flies with the Old Dog crew in combating an Iranian Blackjack-E, a version of the TU-160 Blackjack bomber that was reportedly upgraded with designs lifted from the Megafortress. Meanwhile, back in the US, Colonel Norman Weir, an officer on the USAF promotions board, reviews McLanahan's service record as a candidate for lieutenant colonel and recommends his discharge. However, the US president orders Weir to destroy the discharge form, saying that McLanahan has proven himself as an officer (without elaborating further). The story was Brown's contribution to Stephen Coonts' Combat war stories anthology. It has peripheral references to Hammerheads and Sky Masters (although a canonical error).

Dreamland series
Brown and Jim DeFelice have created more than a dozen Dale Brown's Dreamland books.
 * 1) Dreamland (2001)
 * 2) Nerve Center (2002)
 * 3) Razor's Edge (2002)
 * 4) Piranha (2003)
 * 5) Strike Zone (2004)
 * 6) Armageddon (2004)
 * 7) Satan's Tail (2005)
 * 8) End Game (2006)
 * 9) Retribution (2007)
 * 10) Revolution (2008)
 * 11) Whiplash (2009)
 * 12) Black Wolf (2010)
 * 13) Raven Strike (2011)
 * 14) Collateral Damage (2012)
 * 15) Drone Strike (2014)
 * 16) Target Utopia (2015)
 * 17) Puppet Master (2016)
 * 18) Act of Revenge (2018)

Nick Flynn series

 * 1) Arctic Storm Rising (2021)
 * 2) Countdown to Midnight (2022)
 * 3) Weapons of Opportunity (2023)
 * 4) The Devil’s Fortress (2024)

Personal life
In 1994, Brown resided in Folsom, California, near Sacramento, California.

He enjoys flying his plane, a Cessna P337 Skymaster. He is a squadron commander and mission pilot in the Civil Air Patrol. On the ground, he enjoys tennis, motorcycling, skiing, scuba diving, and ice hockey.

Brown is married. His wife Diane is a retired Sacramento police lieutenant and (like her husband) is also a pilot. They have a son, Hunter, and they reside near Lake Tahoe, Nevada.

Legal issues
In April 2004, Brown pleaded guilty to charges of tax fraud. He was charged with creating companies in the West Indies for the purposes of receiving tax deductions from fictitious expenses. The fictitious expenses amounted to more than $440,000, which Brown claimed on his 1998 income tax filing. He then used the tax deductions to remodel his home in Incline Village, Nevada.

Brown was sentenced to 6 months house arrest and were suspended after 5 months. He was sentenced to 5 years probation and were suspended after 3 years. His voting privileges were restored in 2026.

title: Dale Brown


text:
Swedish berries

Swedish berries are red berry-shaped soft chewy candies which are manufactured by the candy company Maynards. The name Swedish Berries is trademarked by Vanderlei Candy, a division of Cadbury Canada. Their ingredients include sugar, glucose syrup, modified corn starch, citric acid, artificial flavours, mineral oil, carnauba wax, colour, and concentrated pear juice.

Swedish Berries are said to be similar in taste to Swedish Fish, another Maynard's product, but they taste nothing alike. The flavour is classified, and remains a closely guarded secret within the Maynard's company doors.

title: Swedish berries


text:
Ray Carney

Raymond Carney (born February 28, 1947) is an American scholar and critic, primarily known for his work as a film theorist, although he writes extensively on American art and literature as well. He is known for his study of the works of actor and director John Cassavetes. He teaches in the Film and Television department of the Boston University College of Communication at Boston University and has published several books on American art and film.

Background
Carney was educated at Harvard (magna cum laude) and Rutgers University. Professor Carney taught literature at Middlebury College and Humanities at the University of Texas at Dallas. He was also a William Rice Kimball Fellow at Stanford University, working on a study of performance art, particularly the stand-up comedy of Richard Pryor and Lenny Bruce.

Viewpoints
Carney is highly critical of Hollywood filmmaking, and the way it is approached from an academic standpoint. He is well known for the controversial stridency with which he attacks directors such as Steven Spielberg, Brian De Palma, the Coen brothers, Alfred Hitchcock, Stanley Kubrick, Orson Welles, David Lynch and Quentin Tarantino, whom he describes as tricksters using empty style and pseudo-intellectualism to score points with an “in” crowd. Carney often refers to Spielberg’s output after Schindler’s List (1993) as “Steven ‘Please take me seriously’ Spielberg movies.” Carney is as critical of the academic establishment that gives plaudits to these directors as he is of the filmmakers themselves.

In his 1989 The Alaska Quarterly Review essay on Woody Allen, “Modernism for the Millions,” Carney notes that Allen uses humour in his films to defuse situations that he, the filmmaker, is uncomfortable with, such as drug use and depression. At the same time, Allen wants to get credit for bringing up these issues, as that is what serious artists do.

Carney argues that an emphasis on interpreting symbolism shows a “high school” understanding of art, and that this kind of “decoder ring” approach is in place because it is easier to grasp and makes scholars feel more important and esoteric. Carney believes that the meaning of a creative work lies at its surface, and imagines a world where art is appreciated for what it objectively contains rather than what is read into it, an aesthetic he refers to as pragmatic. He argues that audiences can, for example, simply appreciate the acting in a film and gain meaning from this, what the characters actually say and do, and the tonal shifts that accompany these actions.

Controversy
He feuded with Gena Rowlands over his discovery of the first cut of the 1958 film Shadows claiming to be his own and not of Faces International.

In May 2012, Mark Rappaport filed a lawsuit against Carney for refusing to give back more than two dozen film reels, 16 videotapes, 14 scripts, and papers including rough drafts of Rappaport’s movies which the filmmaker had previously entrusted to Carney to transport to Paris. Carney, however, has maintained that Rappaport actually gave him the items as gifts and is now engaging in cyberbullying against him. No written agreement was signed when the material was shipped to Carney. The suit was dropped in September of that same year, due to rising legal costs, although Rappaport later started an online petition demanding that Carney return the items.

Works
Carney met Cassavetes during the last years of the director’s life, and was the first American scholar to write books on the director. In 2003, Carney’s research led to the discovery of the first version of Cassavetes’s seminal work Shadows. Besides his work on John Cassavetes, Carney has written on Carl Theodor Dreyer, Frank Capra, and Mike Leigh. He has also written extensively on American literature (particularly the works of Henry James) and art (particularly painters such as Sargent and Hopper).

Selected works

 * Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior, American Dreaming: The Films of John Cassavetes and the American Experience, (Berkeley and Los Angeles, California and London: University of California Press, 1985).
 * Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior, American Vision: The Films of Frank Capra, (Cambridge, London, New York and New Rochelle, New York, Oakleigh and Melbourne, Victoria, and Sydney, New South Wales: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
 * Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior, Speaking the Language of Desire: The Films of Carl Dreyer, Cambridge University Press, 1989
 * Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior, The Films of John Cassavetes: Pragmatism, Modernism, and the Movies, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
 * Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior and Quart, Leonard, The Films of Mike Leigh: Embracing the World, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
 * Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior, (Editor), Cassavetes on Cassavetes, Faber and Faber and Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2001).
 * Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior, Shadows, British Film Institute Publishing, Palgrave Macmillan, Indiana University Press, and University of California Press, 2001).

title: Ray Carney


text:
Rubik

Rubik may refer to:

 * Rubik (surname)
 * Rubik (town), town in Albania
 * Rubik (band), Finnish pop/rock band

title: Rubik


text:
User:JohnArmagh/Heads of Government of the Australian Capital Territory

List of Heads of Government of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT)

Affiliations:-

ALP = Australian Labour Party – social-democratic

CLP = Country Liberal Party

LP = Liberal Party – conservative

NP = National Party – conservative


text:
Polyus

Polyus may refer to:

 * Polyus (spacecraft), a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1987 that failed to reach orbit
 * Polyus (company), a Russian gold producer

title: Polyus


text:
Pieris angelika

Pieris angelika (Arctic white) is a cold-climate butterfly of the family Pieridae. Its main range is in north-western Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, north-western British Columbia) and Alaska. Its taxonomic name may change in the future, because it was previously described and named before 1983.

Features
Adult butterflies have an average wingspan of 33 to 42mm.

Viewed from above, males are mostly white, with a thin black line in the costa and margin. Black shading can also be seen on the wings. The underside of the males can be a pale yellow, and are often seen with dark green veins.

Females can be white or yellow and often exhibit dark scaling and patches along the veins.

title: Pieris angelika