text:
Talk:Unlambda

old talk
I think the article page should mention two things:

- that Unlambda had a great impact on a number of esoteric programming languages, and - that Unlambda is _not_ very pure, as a functional programming language.

opinions? --User:128.214.214.194 17:14, 29 Jul 2004

 * Please specify your points. What kind of impact on which languages and why is it not pure? You're free to add these straight in to the article yourself too... --ZeroOne 15:52, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * and  are impure. -- Dominus 15:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hey, nice work on rewriting the article, Dominus. :) I don't know any Unlambda myself but I'm willing to learn so this was a huge improvement. Could you check this sentence in the fifth paragraph: " represents the version of the identity function that has no such side effectl it is used here as a summy argument". You've obviously got a typo there but I don't know what it is supposed to say. :/ Please also add some headings, the text is now in a rather cumbersome junk. A list of all the commands in Unlambda with short descriptions would be nice at some point. --ZeroOne 15:52, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks; fixed. --Dominus 15:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's still not especially good in my opinion. --67.172.99.160 20:13, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * How unfortunate you have not been granted access to change it for the better, then. -- Dominus 14:52, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Is there a connection between Unlambda and SKI combinator calculus? --Jesse Ruderman

 * Yes. -- Dominus 04:20, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Is Joy really a "similar language"? It's not esoteric, perhaps not really even experimental, it has named functions instead of just few primitives, it's stack-based, and while it does have combinators I fail to see any other interesting similarities. 213.243.161.50 (talk) 10:51, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The original language listed there was Lazy K. "Joy" seems to be a typo for Jot (as in Iota and Jot). The Lazy K language is much more similar to Unlambda, but as for non-esoteric languages, Scheme would be a good example. The Call-with-current-continuation function originated in Scheme, and it's easy to implement the SKI combinators in Scheme. In fact, Scheme is what the Unlambda interpreter was originally written in. 69.54.60.34 (talk) 20:58, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Pure or impure?
"The notation .x denotes a function which takes one argument and returns it unchanged, printing the single character x as a side effect when it is invoked." Looks impure to me. Actually, I'm going to see if this language is mentioned in any WP:SECONDARY sources, and in what way. Pcap ping  06:48, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Verification/sources
It's rather difficult to verify much of this article, as it seems almost entirely based on a Japanese book, which isn't freely available online. It's certainly a valid source, and there's no reason to doubt the article follows it faithfully, but please post any other reliable sources if you find any.

Currently cited sources:
 * Felix-Hernandez Campos (1 April 2002), Lecture 28: More on functional programming, University of North Carolina COMP144
 * Felix-Hernandez Campos (1 April 2002), Lecture 28: More on functional programming, University of North Carolina COMP144
 * Felix-Hernandez Campos (1 April 2002), Lecture 28: More on functional programming, University of North Carolina COMP144

While most blogs wouldn't count as a reliable source, Chu-Carroll's is a published author in the field, and I think meets Wikipedia's "expert" requirements for self-published sources.

I think Campos' lecture notes should not be relied upon as a reliable source; Campos was a grad student, and the April 1 date suggests it may have been an April Fool's joke (e.g., "it is powerful", "it is the ideal language for abstraction elimination"; this could be serious, or a spoof of overstated language claims). I don't see any sentence in this article that is supported by the lecture notes, so it could probably be removed without an effect on the article, though perhaps it was the basis for parts of sentences (e.g., that it is Turing complete, or that it allows abstraction elimination).

原 悠's book was republished this year; Google preview doesn't show the text, but does show the table of contents, which list the 12-page section on Unlambda as a subsection of "Esoteric Languages":
 * (Later publication of already-cited book; Google preview is limited to table of contents, which shows

Other reliable sources I found that mention it had very minor coverage:
 * (It is just included among a large list of programming languages, in a line for languages beginning with a U).
 * (It is just included among a large list of programming languages, in a line for languages beginning with a U).
 * (It is just included among a large list of programming languages, in a line for languages beginning with a U).
 * (It is just included among a large list of programming languages, in a line for languages beginning with a U).

––Agyle (talk) 20:07, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unlambda


text:
Talk:International Crisis Group

Criticism section
I just paraphrased this from the information on the web page. Please add any information you can find. Especially helpful would be info from other sources. What people think of ICG's reports and how they affect world policy. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.5.113.57 (talk • contribs).

 * Why was the section about criticisms of the ICG removed? Personally, I believe it does good work, but a balanced view would surely include detractors? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by StephenThackeray (talk • contribs).

 * Dear Friends,
 * I have deleted the response of the ICG to its criticism. While I aknowledge the good things that ICG does, and in no way endorse slander, at the same time Wikipedia is not a 1) a promotional billboard for the ICG 2) a place where oppositing parties can debate. It is an encyclopedia which should give balanced views. If you want to fight it over, please go to a forum. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Yaneck (talk • contribs).

 * Dear Editor
 * If it an encyclopedia that is supposed to give balance views then why include the ranting of some Danish academic who makes entirely unjust criticisms? Why shouldn't there be a right of response? It is not balanced to include these criticisms when they are false, can be shown to be false and have been shown to be false. Responding to false criticisms is not promotional. If you don't endorse slander, then why allow on the site while not allowing a response? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.238.204.99 (talk •

contribs).

 * Dear Friends,
 * The Criticism has been watered down to a very thin point. I think this is just enough to show that there is criticism without harming the good name of ICG. In response to

 * [quote]If you don't endorse slander, then why allow on the site while not allowing a response? [/quote]

 * The whole section is or was a promotional brochure for the ICG. I viewed the part about criticism as a response to the overly positive tone of the article. The part about criticism struck a balance . There is no need for a counter response, this would create a response to a response, thus turining this page into a forum. Lets leave it the way it is now, allowing the reader to formulate his own opinion. Which I bet still wil not be very negative, at the least the reader will be aware of different views om the ICG, which is completely legitimate to have in an encyclopedia.

 * kindest of regards —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.157.131.108 (talk • contribs).

 * Dear Editor
 * But why allow false charge on the site? The charge that ICG's finances lack transparency is just plain false and is of course suggestive that ICG has something to hide. You can read fully, independently audited accounts in the annual report that is available on organisation's the website. Non-profit organisations have to maintain very high levels of financial transparency and disclosure in order to maintain that status. Non-profits that receive money from governments are also audited often. Every report ICG produces contains a list of its funders and the information is also available on a web site. This isn't a matter of the reader forming their own opinion -- it is a blatantly, proveably false lie and it shouldn't be included in something that purports to be a fact-based assessment of an organisation. Your site says "Encyclopedic content must be verifiable" So why include a verifiably false charge? It is just not legitimate to enclude false statements in an encyclopedia on the grounds that they are a different point of view. That just opens the door to the most ridiculous positions. You can have your own point of view but you can't have your own facts. I can see why you might link to the critique but to include it as fact undermines your credibility. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.238.204.99 (talk • contribs).

 * Dear Friends,
 * Indeed, i have read your post, then the Oberg's critique and finally the information about funding. I have refrased the critique and erased he part about funding. If it is still not to your liking, and if you have strong arguments I will again refrase it. Let me know. My aim is to work on the quality of the article, not to be a reactionair.
 * Kindest of regards —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.157.131.108 (talk • contribs).

 * Dear Editor and Friends,
 * where has the section the Editor said he refrased gone? Why does half the article consist of an unsourced quote by Kofi Annan; why can't there be one sentence uttering some critique?
 * best regards —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.164.229.102 (talk • contribs).

 * I have deleted the quote of Anan, there is absolutely no room for windowdressing in an enceclopedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)
 * I have removed the "criticism" section. It violates WP:SPS - essentially this is an article published by Øberg on his own site, which got cut and pasted onto someone else's site.
 * Full disclosure: I used to work for ICG (but don't any more) and the article in question includes an unfounded personal attack on me personally. (WP:ATTACK)
 * Nwhyte 05:54, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I understand how you feel, Nwhyte, but WP:ATTACK does not prohibit this. I've just read the now removed criticism section. It did not slander persons or include any attack on you or any person, the source possibly does. It did raise some concerns about the ICG (valid or not - that's not to Wikipedia to decide) and emphasized the word "allegedly". So it seemed to be WP:NPOV for me. WP:SPS also does not seem to be valid, as it is not a blog or something similar, but a press message ("Press Info #219" ) of another think tank (" Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research "). Sijo Ripa 09:20, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I take your point about WP:ATTACK; admittedly I was not mentioned in the text removed from the entry (though it still linke to an article elsewhere which does attack me unjustly). However, I think I am on firmer ground with respect to WP:SPS. The original source for the article is not the mirror site given in the text I removed, but here. The Transnational Foundation is Øberg's own little thinktank, and effectively anything published under his name on their web-site is self-published. WP:SPS applies not only to blogs but to any essentially self-published source. If Øberg had got his little rant published by a "reliable third-party" (to use the words of WP:SPS) it would be a different matter; but he didn't.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nwhyte (talk • contribs) 09:47, August 24, 2007 (UTC)
 * Your comment is (of course) valid for the mirror site, but it is not for the original source. So if the criticism would be put back in, the mirror source should of course be replaced by the original source. I don't really know what the status of the think tank is, but a quick glance shows that the think tank has quite some contributors and publications, and thus the comment that it's "Øberg's own little thinktank" does not sound to be (entirely?) true and would bring Wikipedia into POV waters. What I suggest is to put Øberg's criticism only back in if several other related or non-related criticisms are found in order to avoid an emphasis on his criticism. The criticism should also be properly attributed (e.g. Jan Oberg of the Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research criticized the ICG (...)). What do you think? Sijo Ripa 11:40, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that's fair enough; I would add that I don't think you will find much else that supports Øberg's credibility (and for obvious reasons, I am not about to go looking for it). NB that while dozens of WikiPedia articles accept ICG reports as a reputable source, Øberg's outfit is cited by fewer than ten!Nwhyte 19:12, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, then Øberg's criticism remains removed until then because we agree - based on WP:UNDUE - that no undue weight should be given to one author (Jan Øberg). I don't want to make a judgment whether the think tank is a reliable source (WP:RS). I personally think that the reliability criterion is mostly relevant for citing facts, not opinions. An opinion, if cited as an opinion and is rightly attributed, seldom violates the reliability criterion, but often does violate the undue weight criterion. Sijo Ripa 20:00, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Dear all
 * A much better critique is available from Spinwatch . The questions they raise are regarding:
 * a) Research credentials of the organisation - very few, if any researchers or professionals in peace/conflict resoultion - mainly ex-politicians.
 * b) Non-governmental/independent - 40% of funding from governments, 43% foundations, 16% private sector, NGOs virtually non existant
 * c) Commentary rather than research - virtually no analysis of Western government role in conflicts, and also factual errors plus highly simplified interpretations of situations
 * d) Conflict prevention - a misnomer. Conflict is inevitable, the question is how to peacefully resolve conflicts

 * The best quote IMHO

 * "Closed doors, close interaction with elites who have all the formal and informal connections to power! What power? Most often the power of governments, such as the US, the UK - but also Australia, Japan and Denmark - that have repeatedly chosen to not do something about conflicts when they could but later chose to aggravate the conflicts by exporting their arms and simplifying images of "good" versus "evil" by bombing and occupying - power who does not even bother to learn the history, philosophy, vocabulary, methods or potentials of non-violence but, instead, increasingly promote violence as an integral part of their worldwide conflict "prevention" - power that is pretty isomorphic with the structure of ICG and its worldwide operation."Pacificbiblio 15:51, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * (Shifted the previous comment to end of page)

 * I'm afraid this is just a reprint of Øberg's article, and is not an independent account at all!

 * I would contend that a) is inaccurate, in that the author has not looked at those who actually do the ICG's research in the field; b) is extraordinary, in that NGOs are in general recipients rather than donors, so complaining that one NGO does not receive funding from other NGOs is really rather hatstand; c) is inaccurate in that the ICG reports frequently do precisely what the writer accuses them of not doing; and d) is frankly incomprehensible, as indeed is the "money quote" provided.Nwhyte 18:32, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Criticism in Context
The ICG is a government sponsored NGO. It is used as a depository of former US, UK and other Western and Japanese diplomats out of power in their respective parties' normal rotating door in and out of office.

It cannot be viewed as independent of US or UK influence and is NOT an actor on its own in international conflict. It is also an opaque outfit more closely resembling a lobby or a think thank than an NGO worth its salt like MSF or Caritas.

The foundations are also extensions of the various national foreign affairs departments, rarely acting on their own, and often within the framework of their national policies -- e.g. the Ford Foundation during the cold war.

None of this is particularly odious, but it needs to be put here and I am frankly amazed at the vitriol I am reading above.

The ICG is NOT NEUTRAL and to try to present it as such is an attempt to control information, stifle debate, and squash alternatives.---UNSIGNED ANONYMOUS CONTRIBUTION.

SIGN YOUR EDITS.---Dagme (talk) 13:56, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

Lack of balance
I'm only passing but this article's pure whitewash and, reading the discussion page, it's pretty clear it's being deliberately kept so. A balanced rewrite from scratch which avoids any input from interested parties is high priority. As it stands currently it could be a bland corporate handout. JohnHarris (talk) 10:16, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

I stripped it of some of the subjective wording, in hopes to make it less obvious that Wiki is being used by to promote ICG. However a more detailed page with criticism of ICG is in the making. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.110.193.209 (talk) 21:13, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

"in hopes to make it less obvious that Wiki is being used by to promote ICG"....  really? Is that what we do here? I tremble to think of all of the people who come here looking for a subjective study. Also this was posted in 2009 and the 'critisism' section, which would likely outweigh the rest of the promotional advertisement, is STILL absent. I'm willing to bet that 89.110.193.209 made a valiant attempt- only to find his hard work deleted by the Sunstienian plant network. (ResearchALLwars (talk) 04:02, 29 January 2011 (UTC))
 * I wouldn't call the article whitewash, but it's not a decent encyclopedia article, it's more of an outreach page/extension of ICG's own website. 71.82.157.201 (talk) 02:12, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

WIKI IDIOCRACY
It is amazing how US diplomats are founding "goverment indepndent" organizations to "help" solving conflicts that are in major creatd by US goverment and accidentaly "facilitated" by exactly those organizations... It is also amazing how ICG is in tune with view of NATO goverments and James Layon is e.g now no more but OHR servant supported by, let me think, ah yes NATO goverments. And something that called itself encyclopedia cannot notice such a coincidence... :-D

Natzi could not do it better. Look just the views, of course un biassed and neutral, and it is hard to fail to notice that they are in compliance with NATO media... Just look any conflict in the world covered by CNN and compare with WIKI views, any difference? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.15.54.28 (talk) 14:11, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

74.15.54.28 (talk) 14:16, 31 August 2009 (UTC) Whose interest does ICG represent? It looks to me as if it is a front organization of US government circle, such as neocon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.247.54.58 (talk) 05:57, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Look at the 'Funding' section. I remember the time of Australian Foreign Minister Gareth Evans. 500 K was a great deal of money then - and must have been government money because Evans was not a multimillionaire. NGO should be 'NGO'. All organisations represent the agendae of their funders or people would lose their jobs. The Australian ABC writes as if the International Crisis Group was an official organisation. Proof of the pudding is in the eating - more crises since the existence of that organisation. Thumbs down?! 2001:8003:A02F:F400:352C:3664:E8D1:87A0 (talk) 23:57, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

Gibberish
I understand each word that is not red-linked. But the text is so un-wiki, that I do not understand its meaning/relevancy:

"Alumni/ae
 * Mike McGovern -- At 2/09, a professor at Yale University and former West Africa director of ICG, being quoted relative to Al Qaeda and Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb, or A.Q.I.M."

--Sølvguttene (talk) 06:07, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

 * If you go to the left pane and click on Deutsch you get the German wikipedia page for that NGO. I can read it, but if you cannot you can get a robo translation or you can look over the German version carefully and recognise some names.

 * I am no friend of NGOs because they owe allegiance only to their funders and the democratic process has no influence on them whatsoever. They have become far too influential and people have accepted that like nodding dolls. There is an NGO about bribery and corruption. They are HQed in Berlin where my family lost our land through government corruption of the Kohl-Regime (Leuna-Minol, elf Aquitaine, Mitterrand). If they cannot counter bad influence where they are, how is anyone expected to take them seriously? They are just another tool of the cabal and from Crisis Group I haven't heard anything positive, either. 2001:8003:AC60:1400:D12C:9276:6C6A:E118 (talk) 05:09, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

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SPA edits
A SPA, namely Msunnucks, came by on 3 April 2019, removed all refs to third party sources (and I do mean all), leaving as sole refs... citations to the International Crisis Group. The article ended up being a promotional advertisement for ICG.

I have not deleted the info Msunnucks added, as it provides additional detail regarding the organization, what it presumably does, etc., though, again, it is all clearly promotional to the organisation itself and is all sourced to itself. Maybe one day I should make my own Wiki entry with all the wonderful things I do in real life? Oh, no, I wouldn't, because it would be against policy!

I have restored all third party sources. XavierItzm (talk) 14:27, 5 April 2019 (UTC)

Controversies comment founded on false information about funding
Please delete "The organization's actions and funding have been the subject of controversy". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scooke5 (talk • contribs) 13:08, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Reply 04-JUN-2019
Regards, Spintendo  02:39, 5 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Mentioning controversy in the lead section is usually not necessary, especially considering that the controversy section in the main prose is not especially hidden or otherwise difficult to find.
 * Also, mentioning that "the company is involved in controversy" in the lead section without at least a cursory elaboration on the elements of that controversy does not seem to fit with the intent of WP:CSECTION, which is that controversial items in an article ought to be well-explained and fully integrated into the overall article, and should not be made to stand out in a conspicuous way.

Qatar funding founded on false information and inaccurate source
Please delete "23% of the ICG's budget comes from the government of Qatar, it was reported in 2019.[19]" and replace with "It was wrongly alleged that Crisis Group received $4 million from the Qatari government in one year, making up around 23% of its budget. Crisis Group receives funding from about 20 governments, each contributing a maximum of $1 million/year. This is the case for Qatar, whose contribution accounts for roughly 5% of total funding from all sources. A breakdown of their funding is published on their website ." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scooke5 (talk • contribs) 07:43, 5 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I have now removed the mention of Qatar entirely, as it seemed odd to single out one donor. My preference would be for the article to include a summary of the organisation's largest funders (possibly including Qatar), but I will need to find a source that provides a breakdown because I don't want to have to work it out from the accounts. Cordless Larry (talk) 19:00, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

Criticism section - NPOV
Putting all criticism in one section all the way at the bottom is basically the worst way you can deal with negative information other than to completely remove it all. Poveglia (talk) 17:24, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:International Crisis Group


text:
Carl Culmann

Carl Culmann (10 July 1821 – 9 December 1881) was a German structural engineer.

Born in Bad Bergzabern, Rhenish Palatinate, in modern-day Germany, Culmann's father, a pastor, tutored him at home before enrolling him at the military engineering school at Metz to prepare for entry to the École Polytechnique. Culmann's ambitions were frustrated by an attack of typhoid and, after a long convalescence, he attended the Karlsruhe Polytechnic School. He joined the Bavarian civil service in 1841 as an apprentice engineer in the design of railroad bridges.

Continuing his mathematical studies, in particular under L. C. Schnürlein, in 1847 Culmann transferred to Munich so that he could improve his English in anticipation of a study tour to the United Kingdom and the United States. His tour lasted from 1849 to 1851, studying the comparative designs of truss bridges and developing new analytical techniques to facilitate his investigations.

In 1855, he took up the chair of engineering sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, holding the post until his death.

Inspired by the work of Jean-Victor Poncelet, Culmann was a pioneer of graphical methods in engineering ("graphic statics"), publishing his seminal book on the topic, Die graphische Statik in 1865. A French language translation was prepared in 1879.

Culmann had a profound influence on a generation of engineers including Maurice Koechlin, Otto Mohr and Luigi Cremona. He died in Zürich, Switzerland.

title: Carl Culmann


text:
Talk:Low church

Ritualism
Missing from both this article and the one on Anglo-Catholocism (to which High Church Redirects) is any discussion of the manifestation of high and low theology in vestments, liturgy and decoration of the worship space. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.78.77.2 (talk • contribs) 15:18, July 29, 2004

Merge
I have merged the article Low Churchman into this one. aliceinlampyland 15:28, 1 February 2006 (UTC).

Low Church and Roman Catholic Church
The article could maybe find room for discussion about Low Church theological currents within non-Evangelical and non-Anglican Christianity. Since the Second Vatican Council and the constitution Dei Verbum, the Church has made a good deal of room for the study of the Scriptures, to the point where many Churchmen could at least in theory be called Low Churchmen. There is a good amount of information already in the article Evangelical Catholic. Similar comparisons could also be made with the Eastern Orthodox. While in practice these liturgical Churches are known for their high degree of ritualism, the High Church sensibility is not always required among all the clergy and laity. ADM (talk) 17:25, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Dubious assertion
"More traditional low church Anglicans, under the influence of Calvinist or Reformed thought inherited from the Reformation era, reject the doctrine that the sacraments confer grace ex opere operato (e.g. baptismal regeneration) and lay stress on the Bible as the ultimate source of authority in matters of faith necessary for salvation. "

Is this correct ? "Down-playing" or "de-emphasising" particular aspects of the doctrine is not the same as "rejecting".Eregli bob (talk) 11:26, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Low church


text:
E. H. Crump

Edward Hull "Boss" Crump Jr. (October 2, 1874 – October 16, 1954) was an American politician from Memphis, Tennessee. Representing the Democratic Party, he was the dominant force in the city's politics for most of the first half of the 20th century, during which the city had a commission form of government. He also usually dominated Tennessee politics from the 1920s to the 1940s. He was elected and served as mayor of Memphis from 1910 to 1915 and again briefly in 1940. However, he effectively appointed every mayor who was elected from 1915 to 1954.

Career
A native of Holly Springs in northern Mississippi, 19-year-old Crump moved to Memphis, Tennessee, on September 21, 1893, according to the Holly Springs Reporter. When he first arrived in Memphis, the ongoing Panic of 1893, possibly the worst recession in the United States to that time, made it hard for Crump to find work. Eventually, he obtained a clerical position with the Walter Goodman Cotton Company, on Front Street in downtown Memphis. This was the start of his successful business career as a broker and trader.

Early in 1901, Crump began seriously courting 23-year-old Bessie Byrd McLean. Bessie (or Betty) McLean, the only child of Mr. and Mrs. Robert McLean (Mr. McLean was then the vice president of the William R. Moore Dry Goods Company), was a prominent Memphis socialite and considered "one of the city's most beautiful and most sought after women." Crump and McLean were married on January 22, 1902 at the Calvary Episcopal Church.

Politics
Alongside his rising business career, Crump began to make the political connections that served him for the rest of his life. He was a delegate to the Tennessee Democratic State Convention in 1902 and 1904. In 1905, he was named to the municipal Board of Public Works, and was elected to the powerful position of Commissioner of Fire and Police in 1907, among three commissioners who governed the city.

Starting in the 1910s, Crump began to build a political machine which came to have statewide influence. He was particularly adept in his use of what were at the time two politically weak minority groups in Tennessee: Blacks and Republicans. Unlike most Southern Democrats of his era, Crump was not opposed to Blacks voting. Memphis Blacks were reliable Crump machine voters for the most part. The party often paid the poll taxes required by state law since the late 1880s; otherwise this requirement resulted in disenfranchising many poor Black people. One of Crump's lieutenants in the Black community was funeral director N. J. Ford, whose family (in the persons of several sons, including Harold Sr. and John Ford, daughter Ophelia, and grandson Harold, Jr.) became influential in Memphis, state and national politics, continuing to be so today. A symbiotic relationship developed in which Black people aided Crump, and he aided them, as was usual in politics. Crump also skillfully manipulated Republicans, who were numerically very weak in the western two-thirds of the state due to the disenfranchisement of the Black population, but dominated politics in East Tennessee. Frequently, they found it necessary to align with Crump in order to accomplish any of their goals in the state government.

Crump was influential for nearly half a century. He usually preferred to work behind the scenes and served only three two-year terms as mayor of Memphis (1910–1915) at the beginning of his career. He essentially named the next several mayors. His rise to prominence disturbed many of the state political leaders in Nashville. The "Ouster Law", designed to remove officials who refused to enforce state laws, was passed primarily with Crump and his lax enforcement of state Prohibition in mind. He was county treasurer of Shelby County from 1917 to 1923. He was elected seven times as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention.

Crump became involved in earnest in state politics during the 1928 gubernatorial election when Henry Horton was seeking election in his own right. Horton had earlier been speaker of the state senate and succeeded to the position of governor when Austin Peay died in office. Crump supported Hill McAlister in the Democratic primary, while the Nashville machine of Luke Lea supported Governor Horton. Horton won the primary despite the strong vote for McAlister in populous Shelby County. When Horton ran for reelection in 1930, Crump and Lea cut a deal, and Crump swung his formidable political machine behind Horton. Horton defeated independent Democrat L. E. Gwinn in the primary and Republican C. Arthur Bruce in the general election.

After years of working behind the scenes, Crump decided to run for U.S. Representative in 1930. He was easily elected to the Tenth District, which was then co-extensive with Shelby County (it became the Ninth in 1932). He served two terms: from March 4, 1931, to January 3, 1935. (The Twentieth Amendment was enacted in 1933, shifting the starting date of Congressional terms.) During this time, he was also a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. He remained hugely influential in Memphis as well. He was in constant communication with his operatives there and visited during each congressional recess.

In 1936, Crump was named to the Democratic National Committee, serving on that body until 1945. In 1939, he was elected a final time as mayor, although that term was officially served by Walter Chandler. Chandler was U.S. Representative for the Ninth District, and Crump thought that Chandler's time was better spent tending to congressional matters in Washington than campaigning for mayor in Memphis. So, without a platform, without a speech, and without opposition, Crump was elected mayor of Memphis.

Crump was sworn in at a few minutes past midnight on January 1, 1940, in a snowstorm on the platform of the railroad station, just before leaving for New Orleans to attend the Sugar Bowl football game. In high humor, he resigned immediately. Vice Mayor Joseph Boyle became Mayor until the next day, when the faithful City Commission met and elected Chandler. Watkins Overton's term had ended at midnight, and thus Memphis had four mayors in less than twenty-four hours.

In 1940, Crump initiated a campaign of political persecution against J. B. Martin, a founder of the Memphis Red Sox and the head of the Negro American League. Martin, a longtime Republican Party activist, had become chair of the Shelby County Republican Party in October. After he staged a rally for Republican Wendell Willkie later than month, Crump ordered officers to "police" or search all patrons of Martin's South Memphis Drugstore, including children. Because Crump threatened a possible term for him in prison workhouse on trumped up charges, Martin left the city. Republican leaders and civil rights organizations, such as the NAACP, urged the Roosevelt administration to bring charges against, or denounce, Crump, who benefited from a close alliance with President Roosevelt, but had no success. Although the head of the Civil Rights Section of the Department of Justice indicated a willingness to prosecute Crump for violation of Martin's civil rights, more senior officials in the Roosevelt administration refused to do so. When Martin briefly returned to Memphis in 1943 to attend a game at the Martin Stadium (which he had helped to build), police arrested him, put him in a holding cell, and ordered to leave Memphis. By this time, Martin had settled permanently in Chicago.

Less than a month after this incident, Martin and Robert Church Jr., another Black Republican leader who had also been driven out of the city by Crump, successfully urged labor leader A. Philip Randolph to come to Memphis to speak out against Crump's suppression of free speech. Crump's subordinates responded by denying Randolph speaking venues by intimidating local Black leaders into withdrawing invitations and shunning him. When Randolph urged Eleanor Roosevelt, who had friendly political ties with Crump, to do something to counter Crump's "fascist" denial of free speech, she refused. Her reply on December 18, 1943 to Randolph read in full: "I referred your letter to a friend of mine when I received it and I am sorry it has not been answered before. I was advised not to do anything, as it might do more harm than good."

Crump's statewide influence began to wane in the late 1940s. Edward J. Meeman, editor of the Memphis Press-Scimitar, opposed Crump's initiatives and called for a city manager government and abolition of the poll tax to weaken the power of the machine. He also worked to unseat U. S. Senator Tom Stewart, whom Crump supported in the 1948 Democratic primary against his intra-party challenger, U.S. Representative Estes Kefauver. Gordon Browning, a one-time protégé whom Crump had helped elect governor in 1936, was elected governor again in 1948, this time over Crump's opposition. For the rest of his life, Crump's influence was largely limited to Memphis. In 1952, his longtime associate, Senator Kenneth McKellar, was defeated in the Democratic primary — in those days with a practically powerless state Republican party, the real contest in Tennessee — by Congressman Albert Gore, Sr. A final triumph for Crump was the victory in 1952 of his chosen candidate, Frank G. Clement in the gubernatorial primary over Browning.

Crump died less than two years later. He is interred at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis.

Political machine
From the 1910s to the 1950s, Memphis was a locus of machine politics under the direction of "Boss" Crump, a Democrat. He obtained a state law in 1911 to establish a small commission to manage the city. The city retained a form of commission government until 1967, but Crump was in full control at all times. He used all of the familiar techniques of the big city boss: ballot manipulation, patronage for friends, and frustrating bureaucratic obstacles for the opposition. Crump built a complex alliance with established power figures at the local, state, and national levels. He ensured that dissidents had little or no voice.

At the center of his network was "Cotton Row," the business elite that dominated the cotton industry. Secondly, he included the modernizers: business-oriented progressives who were most concerned with upgrading the city's waterfront, parks, highways, and skyscrapers, as well as a moderately good school system. Working-class whites got their share of jobs, but labor unions had marginal influence.

Roger Biles argues that the political system was virtually unchanged from 1910 into the 1950s and 1960s, thanks to Crump's wire-pulling. Crump was the leading Tennessee supporter of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. In return, the city received ample relief programs, which provided jobs for the unemployed, as selected by machine lieutenants. The city also got major federal building projects, which helped to fund the business community. Crump incorporated hand-picked black leaders of proven loyalty to the machine in his outer circle by dispensing patronage in return for the black vote. Memphis was one of the largest southern cities in which blacks could vote, although segregation was as rigid as elsewhere in the South. The amounts which African Americans received from Crump's largess, however, were comparatively minuscule. Of the more than $300,000 spent on Memphis parks in 1937, for example, only $3,000 went to African Americans though they were forty percent of Memphis's population.

Legacy

 * Crump was a strong supporter of fire service and for many years the Memphis Fire Department was considered one of the best in the country; it still has a high reputation.
 * He believed that separate operations for each municipal utility were inherently inefficient and combined them; in the early 21st century, Memphis Light, Gas and Water is one of the largest combined municipal utilities in the United States.
 * Crump thought that cities should not be too noisy; Memphis has strong noise ordinances that are more aggressively enforced than those of many other jurisdictions.
 * He was an early supporter of requiring automobile safety inspections; all of Memphis-registered vehicles were inspected annually (twice a year until the 1990s), until June 28, 2013, when all city inspections ceased after a de-funding of the department by the Memphis City Council.
 * The city's Crump Stadium, E. H. Crump Memorial Hospital, and Crump Boulevard are named after him. He also chaired the joint Memphis-Arkansas commission that oversaw the construction of the Memphis & Arkansas Bridge, originally (1949) at the end of Crump Boulevard but now part of Interstate 55.
 * The lyrics to "The Memphis Blues" by composer and bandleader W. C. Handy mention "Mr. Crump." The song was published in 1912, but may have originated during Crump's 1909 mayoral campaign.
 * The lyrics to "Motel in Memphis" by Old Crow Medicine Show also mention "Mr. Crump" and his involvement in the political machine that shaped the city.
 * Crump appointed Lloyd Binford to be head of the Memphis Censor Board which governed approval and editing of movies, a position he maintained with Crump's support from 1928–1955. Binford imposed harsh and erratic censorship during his era, leading Memphis to have a different selection of movies available than any other part of America.  Among Binford's objections included movies with train robberies, movies that showed blacks and whites together at any time, movies that included actors of whom he disapproved, and other quibbles.  Theaters in nearby towns would advertise that their movies were "banned in Memphis".
 * One of Crump's Memphis society friends was Georgia Tann, who served as head of the Tennessee Children's Home Society. Historians generally believe that Crump saw Tann as most other respectable residents did - as a hard-working, dedicated social worker worthy of support and protection - but in reality, Tann performed unethical black market adoptions for fees, acquired many adoptees via misrepresentation and trickery to their birth parents, and let difficult-to-place orphans and wards simply die of malnutrition, conduct considered scandalous even for the era had it been more widely known.

title: E. H. Crump


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/National credit union administration

On 29 July 2004, National credit union administration was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT to the correct capitalization and keep harmless redirect. Rossami 00:03, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I got the capitalization wrong. A bit later I put up National Credit Union Administration with the correct capitalization. Sorry. [moved from main VfD page] This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I've made the lc version a redir to the uppercase version. I don't think this needs to go thru the full VfD process. Niteowlneils 14:21, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The downside that occurred to me is that the lc redir might make it a bit more likely another editor might link to it, not realizing it's a redir. If others believe that is a serious problem, then sure, delete it. Niteowlneils 14:31, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think the lowercase is fine--someone could type it that way from the search box.  --Ardonik 04:59, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)


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BBC Studios Natural History Unit

The BBC Studios Natural History Unit (NHU) is a department of BBC Studios that produces television, radio and online content with a natural history or wildlife theme. It is best known for its highly regarded nature documentaries, including The Blue Planet and Planet Earth, and has a long association with David Attenborough's authored documentaries, starting with 1979's Life on Earth.

The Natural History Unit is a specialist department within BBC Studios Productions. Each year it produces around 100 hours of television and 50 hours of radio programmes, making it the largest wildlife documentary production house in the world. The BBC commissions programmes from the Unit for broadcast on five terrestrial television channels (BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Four, CBBC and CBeebies) and BBC Radio 4. It also makes programmes for other broadcasters and services including Apple TV+, Warner Bros. Discovery, National Geographic Global Networks and NBC Universal. Content is marketed internationally under the BBC Earth brand. Original content is also broadcast on the Earth Unplugged YouTube channel.

The Unit has been based in Broadcasting House, Bristol since its formation in 1957, and has been headed by Jonny Keeling since 2021.

First steps in natural history broadcasting

The BBC natural history unit's links to Bristol date back to the 1940s, when Desmond Hawkins, then a young producer, joined the West Region staff. His personal interest in the subject led to a radio series called The Naturalist, which began on the Home Service in 1946 and proved an immediate success, later augmented by Out of Doors and Birds in Britain.

By the early 1950s, Hawkins had been promoted to Head of Programmes, West Region and was keen to translate his success to the developing medium of television. At the time, radio still commanded much higher audiences than the fledgling television service, but Hawkins was not alone in recognising the potential for natural history programmes for the newer medium. His vision was shared by Frank Gillard, the regional Head, and the two men would become the driving force behind the establishment of the Natural History Unit (NHU) in Bristol.

Until such formalities were completed, natural history programmes were the responsibility of the Features office of the West Region. One of the first programmes was an outside broadcast from the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust's centre at Slimbridge in 1953, the first TV collaboration between the BBC and Peter Scott. Occasional programmes continued the following year, but it was not until 1955 that the BBC began a regular studio-based series, Look, presented by Scott.

One of the early problems for the Unit was the difficulty in sourcing film stock. At the time, the only wildlife cameramen were amateurs, and the footage wasn't always good enough for broadcast. The embryo unit's first film camera, a clockwork Bolex, was bought from a Bristol camera shop with petty cash by Desmond's assistant, Tony Soper. Some of Scott's own expedition films were used for early episodes of Look. One particularly outstanding film from 1955, shot by Heinz Sielmann, showed woodpeckers inside a nest hole.

Unit formation
By 1957, with Look firmly established and Gillard and Hawkins lobbying hard, the BBC management in London approved the official formation of a Natural History Unit. Gillard was on the search for a senior producer to head the new Unit, and asked David Attenborough to take on the role. Attenborough had good credentials (he was a trained zoologist) but declined, having recently settled in London with his young family. Instead, he was placed in charge of the newly formed Travel and Exploration Unit, striking a deal which would allow him to continue to film his popular Zoo Quest (1954–1963) series alongside natural history output from the fledgling Bristol unit. The Travel and Exploration Unit in London also introduced viewers to more exotic wildlife, and made household names of the first natural history presenters. Armand and Michaela Denis filmed East African wildlife for their On Safari programmes, whilst another pioneering husband-and-wife team, Hans and Lotte Hass, created some of the first underwater films.

Nicholas Crocker, a senior producer with West Region, became the Unit's first Head in September 1957. Founder members included Tony Soper (producer) and Christopher Parsons (assistant film editor), both of whom would go on to play a major part in the Unit's development.

Although much of the Unit's early output concentrated on British and European wildlife, one of its first productions to be broadcast was Faraway Look featuring Peter Scott in Australia. The early programmes were limited by the available technology, but it was also a time of great experimentation in style and content, bringing the Unit notable success. Animal Magic (1962–1983), presented by Johnny Morris and Tony Soper, was a successful format for young audiences which ran for over 20 years. The Unit also collaborated with Gerald Durrell on several films of his animal-collecting expeditions, beginning with the studio-based series To Bafut for Beef (April 1958), using African footage shot by Durrell.

Colour television arrives
In the early 1960s, natural history filmmaking was being held back by the limitations of the available technology, particularly the restrictions of shooting often fast-moving subjects in poor light and spectacularly colourful subjects in black and white. The second of these problems was about to be resolved.

Around the same time, the technology to broadcast and receive colour television was being developed, and the BBC made funds available to begin filming in colour to allow filmmakers to experiment with the latest equipment in preparation for the switchover. The Major (1963), produced by Parsons and filmed largely by New Forest cameraman Eric Ashby, told the story of an ancient English oak and was the Unit's first colour production. This was one of six films made for the BBC by part-time film-makers Ron Peggs and Leslie Jackman. Leslie filmed the insect sequences at his home in Paignton using specimens collected by John Burton.

Colour transmission finally arrived in 1967 on BBC 2 under the stewardship of David Attenborough, who had retired from programme-making to move into BBC administration. The first natural history film to be shown in colour was Ron Eastman's The Private Life of the Kingfisher (1968), written and produced by Jeffery Boswall.

Attenborough, by then controller of BBC 2, wanted to make a strong statement on BBC's second channel of the boundless possibilities that colour television offered, and recognised that natural history was the obvious subject matter to choose. He commissioned a series called The World About Us (1969–1982) that would broadcast in a 50-minute Sunday evening slot. Because of the challenge of producing enough colour material, the commission was shared between the NHU and London's Travel and Exploration Unit. The extended opportunities offered by the 50-minute format and improvements in film technology and expertise finally allowed the NHU to begin showcasing its talent.

Birth of the 'personal view' series
One of Attenborough's main achievements as Controller of BBC 2 was to commission Civilisation (1969), a major series presented by the respected art historian Kenneth Clark. It was a resounding success with critics and the public, pioneering the 'personal view' form of documentary films for television. Parsons, by then an experienced producer with the NHU, recognised the potential for a similar treatment with natural history as the subject and approached Attenborough in 1970 with the idea. Attenborough was receptive, even to the idea that he should present the series, but both men realised at that time that it was beyond the scope of the Unit's capabilities.

When Attenborough resigned from his administrative duties to return to programme making at the start of 1973, planning for the proposed series resumed. It was another three years before the resourcing and financing were agreed, the outline episode scripts written (by Attenborough) and a production team in place. Parsons would serve as series producer and share production duties for the individual episodes with Richard Brock and John Sparks. Filming took place in 39 countries, featured over 650 different species and involved over 1 million miles of travel. Attenborough himself has said that if it had not been for computerised airline schedules, the series would have probably been impossible to undertake. When it was finally broadcast in 1979 on BBC 1, Life on Earth drew an audience of 15 million people in the UK and was eventually seen by an estimated 500 million people worldwide.

Building on success
The Natural History Unit made its name with Life on Earth, and was rewarded by being awarded departmental status by BBC management in December 1979. Christopher Parsons, by then its most experienced producer, became the first official Head of the Unit. It celebrated its silver jubilee in 1982 with the miniseries Flight of the Condor, and sealed its reputation as one of the foremost production companies for popular natural history films in the following decades. A succession of series have followed the format established by Life on Earth, often presented or narrated by Attenborough, and transmitted on the BBC's main channel. The Blue Planet (2001) and Planet Earth (2006) typify these signature programmes, characterised by high production values, specially-commissioned musical scores and often ground-breaking footage of wildlife from around the globe.

The NHU has also diversified into other programme formats. Its Diary series have featured African big cats, elephants, orang-utans and bears in a nightly wildlife soap opera. Among of the longest-running programmes has been Wildlife on One (1977–2005) which was broadcast in a regular evening slot.

The Continents strand on BBC Two has featured series on all the world's major land areas over the past eighteen years, including Spirits of the Jaguar (1996), Land of the Tiger (1997), Andes to Amazon (2000) and Wild Down Under (2003). Also on BBC Two, the annual Springwatch (since 2005) and Autumnwatch (since 2006) series have brought live pictures of British wildlife into millions of homes.

50 years of wildlife film making
In 2007, the Unit celebrated its 50th anniversary and was rewarded with a special award at the International Broadcasting Convention in recognition of its unique contribution to wildlife film and documentary making.

On television, the anniversary was marked with the broadcast of Saving Planet Earth, a conservation-themed series which helped to raise over £1.5 million for the BBC Wildlife Fund.

In October 2007, the BBC announced that the NHU would suffer cuts of a third in both staff numbers and its £37 million annual budget, as a result of the Government's decision to impose a lower than inflation increase in the television licence fee. The cutbacks were widely condemned within the media industry and by programme-makers, including David Attenborough.

In response to the criticism, Keith Scholey, Factual Controller of BBC Vision, promised that the BBC would "continue to make and show the ambitious, large-scale, truly memorable series that audiences associate with BBC natural history output". Titles affected by the cuts include the BBC Two Wild strand.

Productions already underway were not affected by the cuts, so the following year came Wild China, Pacific Abyss, Lost Land of the Jaguar and Big Cat Live, as well as the Unit's most ambitious radio event to date, World on the Move. Natural World also received a three-year commission from BBC Two on its 25th anniversary.

Modern Era
Post 2010, a greater emphasis was placed on climate change, which several special programmes broadcast focusing on the issue. More broadly, series looked at the negative effects of climate change and habitat destruction within series that did not focus solely on the topic.

In 2016, BBC's non-news content production, including natural history, was separated into a commercial subsidiary BBC Studios. NHU head Wendy Darke departed and was succeeded by Julian Hector.

Filmography
Since its inception in the 1950s, the Natural History Unit has produced a wealth of material for television, radio, and more recently, cinema. Being the first and the largest production unit devoted to natural history programme making, it maintains an extensive archive of images and sound recordings as well as film materials. The filmography article presents a chronological summary of the Unit's major television and film productions.

In production
As well as returning series such as Springwatch and Autumnwatch and natural history content for BBC One's The One Show, the Unit has been commissioned to produce or co-produce the following announced titles:

 * Our Changing Planet, a 7-year environmental series for BBC One and BBC iPlayer, co-produced by PBS. It launched in April 2022 and is due to conclude in 2028.
 * The Americas, a 10-part series for NBC, due for transmission in spring 2024.
 * OceanXplorers, a 6-part series for National Geographic, co-produced with James Cameron and OceanX, due for transmission in 2024.
 * Big Cats 24/7, a 6x60' series co-produced by PBS, due for transmission on BBC Two and BBC iPlayer in 2024.
 * Asia, a 7x60' series co-produced by BBC America and ZDF, due for transmission on BBC One and BBC iPlayer in 2024.
 * Kingdom, a 6x60' series due for transmission on BBC One and BBC iPlayer in 2025.
 * Blue Planet III, a 6x60' series due for transmission on BBC One and BBC iPlayer in 2026.
 * Hidden Planet, a 5x60' series co-produced by The Open University, for BBC One and BBC iPlayer.
 * Expedition Killer Whale, a 1x60' one-off film for BBC Two and PBS with the WNET Group.
 * Home, produced for Disney+ and National Geographic and billed as "the most ambitious and definitive portrait of life on Earth ever attempted", with a planned 9 seasons spanning a decade. Transmission dates have yet to be announced.
 * Lion, produced for Disney+ and National Geographic in conjunction with Jon Favreau. Transmission dates have yet to be announced.

Awards and recognition
The Natural History Unit as a whole was awarded the Gold Medal at the 2001 Royal Television Society awards for its "outstanding contribution over the past 44 years to broadcasting about the natural world". It was praised for being "a national resource for people's understanding and love of wildlife on our planet, and a symbol of both quality and talent in public service broadcasting".

NHU filmmakers are regularly nominated and rewarded at film festivals such as Wildscreen, the Missoula International Wildlife Film Festival and the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival and their output has been recognised by the wider broadcasting industry too, winning four Emmys, eleven BAFTAs, and the Prix Italia on three occasions.

Recognition has also come in the form of high audience viewing figures and audience approval ratings, particularly for 'blue-chip' series such as Planet Earth. When first screened in the UK it was watched by more than 8 million people. In 2008, episodes of Life in Cold Blood and the Wildlife Special miniseries Tiger: Spy in the Jungle both reportedly achieved the highest-ever audience appreciation index (AI) rating for a factual programme.

New customers and audiences
Since launching commercially, the Natural History Unit has won commissions from international broadcasters including Apple TV+ (The Year Earth Changed and Prehistoric Planet ), Discovery Channel (Endangered, narrated by Ellen DeGeneres ), NBCUniversal (The Americas previously known as The New World), National Geographic (Ocean Xplorers in partnership with James Cameron), and PBS (Wild Scandinavia, narrated by Rebecca Ferguson ), as well as producing for the BBC.

Content is marketed internationally under BBC Studios' BBC Earth brand. Original content is also broadcast on the BBC Earth YouTube channel.

Heads
According to
 * Nicholas Crocker (1957–1959)
 * Bruce Campbell (1959–1962)
 * Nicholas Crocker (1962–1973)
 * Mick Rhodes (1973–1979)
 * Christopher Parsons (1979–1983)
 * John Sparks (1983–1988)
 * Andrew Neal (1988–1992)
 * Alastair Fothergill (1992–1998)
 * Keith Scholey (1998–2003)
 * Neil Nightingale (2003–2009)
 * Andrew Jackson (2009–2012)
 * Wendy Darke (2012–2016)
 * Julian Hector (2016–2021)
 * Jonny Keeling (2021–present)

Other

 * Mary Colwell, BBC Natural History producer
 * Richard Matthews, BBC Natural History wildlife filmmaker
 * Mike Gunton, the Unit's first Creative Director

title: BBC Studios Natural History Unit


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User:Roberto.arias~enwiki

Roberto Arias Alegria

Roberto was born in Mexico some time ago. He likes technology, photography, travelling and Poland.

He may or may not also be a monkey. With an addiction to cupcakes and Tim-Tams.

title: User:Roberto.arias~enwiki


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The Quatermass Experiment

The Quatermass Experiment is a British science fiction serial broadcast by BBC Television during the summer of 1953 and re-staged by BBC Four in 2005. Set in the near future against the background of a British space programme, it tells the story of the first crewed flight into space, supervised by Professor Bernard Quatermass of the British Experimental Rocket Group.

When the spaceship that carries the first successful crew returns to Earth, two of the three astronauts are missing, and the third – Victor Carroon – is behaving strangely. It eventually becomes apparent that an alien presence entered the rocket during its flight, and Quatermass and his associates must prevent the alien from destroying the world.

Originally comprising six half-hour episodes, it was the first science fiction production to be written especially for a British adult television audience. The serial was the first of four Quatermass productions to be screened on British television between 1953 and 1979. It was transmitted live from the BBC's original television studios at Alexandra Palace in north London, one of the final productions before BBC television drama moved to west London.

Despite its success and influence, only two episodes have survived, the other four having never even been recorded on their live broadcast. As well as spawning various remakes and sequels, The Quatermass Experiment inspired much of the television science fiction that succeeded it, particularly in the United Kingdom, where it influenced successful series such as Doctor Who and Sapphire and Steel. It also influenced successful Hollywood films such as 2001: A Space Odyssey and Alien.

Plot
Along with his laboratory assistants, Professor Bernard Quatermass anxiously awaits the return to Earth of his new rocketship and its crew, who have become the first humans to travel into space. The rocket is at first thought to be lost, having dramatically overshot its planned orbit, but eventually it is detected by radar and returns to Earth, crash-landing in Wimbledon, London.

When Quatermass and his team reach the crash area and succeed in opening the rocket, they discover that only one of the three crewmen, Victor Carroon, remains inside. Quatermass and his chief assistant Paterson (Hugh Kelly) investigate the rocket's interior and are baffled by what they find: the space suits of the others are present, and the instruments on board indicate that the door was never opened in flight, but there is no sign of the other two crewmen.

Carroon, gravely ill, is cared for by the Rocket Group's doctor, Briscoe (John Glen), who has been having a secret affair with Carroon's wife, Judith (Isabel Dean). It is not just Quatermass who is interested in what happened to Carroon and his crewmates; journalists such as James Fullalove (Paul Whitsun-Jones) and Scotland Yard's Inspector Lomax (Ian Colin) are also keen to hear his story. Carroon is abducted by a group of local gangsters hoping to ransom him back to British Rocket Group. It is clear that there is something critically wrong: he appears to have absorbed the consciousness of the other two crew members, and is slowly mutating into a plant-like alien organism.

As the police chase the rapidly transforming Carroon across London, Quatermass analyses samples of the mutated creature in a laboratory, and realises that it has the ability to end all life on Earth should it spore. A television crew working on an architectural programme locates the creature in Westminster Abbey, and Quatermass and British Army troops rush in to destroy it in the hour just before it will bring about doomsday. Quatermass convinces the consciousness of the three crewmen buried deep inside the creature to turn against it and destroy it. This appeal to the remnants of their humanity succeeds in defeating the organism.

Cast and crew
Following the success of The Quatermass Experiment, Nigel Kneale became one of the best-regarded screenwriters in the history of British television. In addition to the various Quatermass spin-offs and sequels, he wrote acclaimed productions such as Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954) and The Stone Tape (1972). A tribute article by writer and admirer Mark Gatiss, published on the BBC News Online website shortly after Kneale's death in 2006, praised his contribution to British television history: "He is amongst the greats—he is absolutely as important as Dennis Potter, as David Mercer, as Alan Bleasdale, as Alan Bennett".

Kneale's actions were represented on screen in the final episode of The Quatermass Experiment. He manipulated the monster seen in Westminster Abbey at the climax, with his hands stuck through a photographic blow-up of the interior of the Abbey. The monster actually consisted of gloves covered in various plant and other materials, prepared by Kneale and his girlfriend (and future wife) Judith Kerr. The couple kept the gloves as a memento, and still owned them fifty years later, when Kneale wore them again in a television documentary about his career.

Rudolph Cartier had emigrated from Germany in the 1930s to escape its Nazi regime, and joined the staff of the BBC the year before The Quatermass Experiment was made. He collaborated with Kneale on several further productions, and became a major figure in the British television industry. He directed important productions such as Kneale's Nineteen Eighty-Four adaptation, the two further BBC Quatermass serials, and one-off plays such as Cross of Iron (1961) and Lee Oswald: Assassin (1966). His 1994 obituary in The Times praised his contribution to 1950s television drama: "At a time when studio productions were usually as static as the conventional theatre, he was widely respected for a creative contribution to British television drama which gave it a new dimension". The same piece also named The Quatermass Experiment as a high point in his career, calling the serial "a landmark in British television drama as much for its visual imagination as for its ability to shock and disturb".

Quatermass was played by the experienced Reginald Tate, who had appeared in various films, including The Way Ahead (1944). He died two years later, while preparing to take the role of the Professor again in Quatermass II. Tate was the second choice for the part; Cartier had previously offered it to André Morell, who declined the role. Morell did later play Quatermass in the third instalment of the series, Quatermass and the Pit. Victor Carroon was played by Scottish actor Duncan Lamont, who later appeared in the film Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), and as a different character in the film adaptation of Quatermass and the Pit (1967). He enjoyed working on The Quatermass Experiment so much that, although he was not required for the final episode, he went to Alexandra Palace to lend moral support. While there, he helped Kneale and Kerr to prepare their 'monster' prop.

Appearing in a small role as a drunk was Wilfrid Brambell, who later appeared as a tramp in Quatermass II. Brambell, who also appeared in Cartier and Kneale's production of Nineteen Eighty-Four, later became widely known for his roles in the sitcom Steptoe and Son (1962–74) and the film A Hard Day's Night (1964). The 74-year-old actress Katie Johnson played a supporting part; she later became well known and won a British Film Award for her role as the landlady Mrs. Louisa Wilberforce in the film The Ladykillers (1955).

Production
The serial was written by BBC television drama writer Nigel Kneale, who had been an actor and an award-winning fiction writer before joining the BBC. The BBC's Head of Television Drama, Michael Barry, had committed most of his original script budget for the year to employing Kneale. An interest in science, particularly the idea of 'science going bad', led Kneale to write The Quatermass Experiment. The project originated when a gap formed in the BBC's schedules for a six-week serial to run on Saturday nights during the summer of 1953, and Kneale's idea was to fill it with "a mystifying, rather than horrific" storyline.

Rudolph Cartier, one of the BBC's best-regarded directors, directed the serial. He and Kneale had collaborated on the play Arrow to the Heart, and worked closely on the initial storyline to make it suit the television production methods of the time. Kneale claimed to have picked his leading character's unusual last name at random from a London telephone directory. He chose the character's first name, Bernard, in honour of astronomer Bernard Lovell. The working titles for the production were The Unbegotten and Bring Something Back...!, the latter a line of dialogue spoken in the second episode. Kneale had not finished scripting the serial's final two episodes before the first episode was broadcast. The production had an overall budget of just under £4000. The theme music used was the BBC Symphony Orchestra's 1945 recording of "Mars, Bringer of War" from Gustav Holst's The Planets, conducted by Adrian Boult.

Each episode was rehearsed from Monday to Friday at the Student Movement House on Gower Street in London, with camera rehearsals taking place all day on Saturday before transmission. The episodes were then transmitted live—with a few pre-filmed 35mm film inserts shot before and during the rehearsal period—from Studio A of the BBC's original television studios at Alexandra Palace in London. It was one of the last major dramas to be broadcast from the Palace, as the majority of television production was soon to transfer to Lime Grove Studios, and it was made using the BBC's oldest television cameras, the Emitrons, installed with the opening of the Alexandra Palace studios in 1936. These cameras gave a (by modern standards) poor-quality picture, with areas of black and white shading across portions of the image.

The Quatermass Experiment was transmitted weekly on Saturday night from 18 July to 22 August 1953. Episode one ("Contact Has Been Established") was scheduled from 8.15 to 8.45 p.m.; episode two ("Persons Reported Missing"), 8.25–8.55 p.m.; episodes three and four ("Very Special Knowledge" and "Believed to be Suffering"), 8.45–9.15 p.m.; and the final two episodes ("An Unidentified Species" and "State of Emergency") from 9.00 to 9.30 p.m. Due to the live performances, each episode overran its slot slightly, from two minutes (episode four) to six (episode six). The long overrun of the final episode was caused by a temporary break in transmission to replace a failing microphone. Kneale later claimed that the BBC's transmission controllers had threatened to take them off the air during one significant overrun, to which Cartier replied, "Just let them try!" Some BBC documentation suggests that at least one transmitter region did cut short the broadcast of the final episode.

The BBC intended that each episode be telerecorded onto 35mm film, a relatively new process that allowed for the preservation of live television broadcasts. Sale of the serial had been provisionally agreed upon with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and Cartier wanted the material available to use for trailers and recaps. Only poor-quality copies of the first two episodes were recorded before the idea was abandoned, although the first of these was later shown in Canada. During the telerecording of the second episode, an insect landed on the screen being filmed, and can be seen on the image for several minutes. It is very unlikely that material from the third to sixth episodes of the serial will ever be recovered to the BBC's archives. The two existing episodes are the oldest surviving examples of a multi-episodic British drama production, and some of the earliest existing examples of British television drama at all, with only a few earlier one-off plays surviving.

In November 1953, it was suggested that the existing two episodes could be combined and followed with a condensed live production of the latter part of the story for a special Christmas omnibus repeat of the serial. This idea was later abandoned. Although Cartier and star Reginald Tate were keen to make an all-film omnibus version for television, this also did not come to fruition. In 1963, one of the existing episodes was selected as a representative of early British programming for the Festival of World Television at the National Film Theatre in London.

Reception and influence
The Quatermass Experiment achieved favourable viewing figures in 1953, opening with an estimated audience of 3.4 million for the first episode, increasing to 5 million for the sixth and final episode, and averaging 3.9 million for the entire serial. The Times estimated that one year before The Quatermass Experiment was broadcast, in August 1952, the total television audience consisted of about 4 million people. In March of that year, the BBC estimated that an average of 2.25 million people watched BBC programmes each evening.

In 1954 Cecil McGivern, the Controller of Programmes at BBC Television, referred to the success of the serial in a memo discussing the impending launch of a new commercial television channel, ending the BBC's monopoly: "Had competitive television been in existence then, we would have killed it every Saturday night while The Quatermass Experiment lasted. We are going to need many more 'Quatermass Experiment' programmes". Following Kneale's death in 2006, film historian Robert Simpson said that the serial had been "event television, emptying the streets and pubs for the six weeks of its duration". When the digital television channel BBC Four remade the serial in 2005, the channel's controller, Janice Hadlow, described the original as "one of the first 'must-watch' TV experiences that inspired the water cooler chat of its day".

Viewers' responses were generally positive. Letters praising the production were sent to the BBC's listings magazine, the Radio Times, while the writer and producer were also applauded by readers of TV News magazine, which nominated them for one of the publication's "TV Bouquet" awards. Looking back at The Quatermass Experiment in a 1981 article for The Times, journalist Geoffrey Wansell highlighted the finale:"'Westminster Abbey undoubtedly dominated television during the summer of 1953 but it was not just the Coronation of the Queen that sticks in my mind now. It is also the memory of Professor Bernard Quatermass grappling with the pulsating giant plant that threatened to destroy the world from its rooting place in the Abbey's nave… The Quatermass Experiment frightened the life out of a vast new generation of television viewers whose sets had been acquired in order to watch the Coronation… Quatermass was one of the first series on British television to make life seem potentially terrifying'." Subsequent audience research showed that technical problems interrupting the final episode's broadcast had a negative impact on audiences' views of the serial; the audience felt that the climax had been spoiled.

Despite such problems—and the existence of only the first two episodes in the archives—The Quatermass Experiment continued to earn critical praise in the decades following its transmission. The British Film Institute's "Screenonline" website describes the serial as "one of the most influential series of the 1950s", adding that "with its originality, mass appeal and dynamism, The Quatermass Experiment became a landmark of science fiction and the cornerstone of the genre on British television". The website of the Museum of Broadcast Communications praises the serial's underlying themes as its most effective feature: "The Quatermass Experiment's depiction of an Englishman's transformation into an alienated monster dramatized a new range of gendered fears about Britain's postwar and post-colonial security. As a result, or perhaps simply because of Kneale and Cartier's effective combination of science fiction and poignant melodrama, audiences were captivated". The website also points to the programme's influence on the British science-fiction television productions that followed, claiming that "with [The Quatermass Experiment] began a British tradition of science fiction television which runs in various forms from Quatermass to A for Andromeda to Blake's 7, and from Doctor Who to Red Dwarf".

Kneale disliked Doctor Who - the most successful of the British science-fiction programmes - saying that it had stolen his ideas. An article for The Daily Telegraph in 2005 described Doctor Who as the "spiritual successor" to the Quatermass serials, and Mark Gatiss, a scriptwriter for Doctor Who, wrote of his admiration of Kneale in an article for The Guardian in 2006: "Kneale wrote that [1953] was 'an over-confident year' and he piloted his hugely influential tale like a rocket into the drab schedules of Austerity Britain… What sci-fi piece of the past 50 years doesn't owe Kneale a huge debt?"

In 2007, Gatiss appeared as the character Professor Lazarus in the Doctor Who episode "The Lazarus Experiment". The Radio Times noted in its preview of the episode that "tonight's story is an enjoyable synthesis of She, The Fly and The Quatermass Experiment—even down to the final battle in a London cathedral".

Other media
The popularity of The Quatermass Experiment gained the attention of the film industry, and Hammer Film Productions quickly purchased the rights to make an adaptation. It was released in 1955, and starred the American actor Brian Donlevy, supported by the English actor Jack Warner, with Val Guest directing and co-writing the screenplay. Nigel Kneale was unhappy with the result, and was especially displeased with the casting of Donlevy as Quatermass: "[Donlevy] was then really on the skids and didn't care what he was doing. He took very little interest in the making of the films or in playing the part. It was a case of take the money and run. Or in the case of Mr Donlevy, waddle". The film was titled The Quatermass Xperiment to emphasise its X-certificate status. In America the film was renamed The Creeping Unknown after the title Shock! was considered for that territory, and an alternative opening title sequence with that name was prepared.

The BBC was also pleased with the success of The Quatermass Experiment and in 1955 a sequel, Quatermass II, was broadcast, with John Robinson in the title role following Tate's death. This was followed in 1958 by Quatermass and the Pit, and both serials also had feature film versions made by Hammer. The character returned to television in a 1979 serial, simply titled Quatermass, for Thames Television.

A script book of The Quatermass Experiment, containing several production stills from the missing episodes, was published by Penguin Books in 1959. To coincide with the broadcast of the Thames serial, it was republished in 1979 with a new introduction by Kneale.

In April 2005, BBC Worldwide released a boxed set of all their Quatermass material on DVD, containing digitally restored versions of the two existing episodes of The Quatermass Experiment, the two subsequent BBC serials, and various extra material, including PDF files of photocopies of the original scripts for episodes three to six, but the quality of these photocopies is in some cases quite poor. The missing episodes were also semi-reconstructed using production stills, with subtitles to describe the actions depicted in the photographs.

On 2 April 2005, the digital television channel BBC Four broadcast a live remake of the serial, abridged to a single special, also entitled The Quatermass Experiment.

On 9 September 2023, a live script-reading production of The Quatermass Experiment was staged at Alexandra Palace in London, with Mark Gatiss playing the role of Quatermass.

title: The Quatermass Experiment


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Robert L. Caruthers

Robert Looney Caruthers (July 31, 1800 – October 2, 1882) was an American judge, politician, and professor. He helped establish Cumberland University in 1842, serving as the first president of its board of trustees, and was a cofounder of the Cumberland School of Law, one of the oldest law schools in the South. He served as a Tennessee state attorney general in the late 1820s and early 1830s, and was a justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court in the 1850s and early 1860s. He also served one term in the United States House of Representatives (1841–1843). In 1863, he was elected Governor of Tennessee by the state's Confederates, but never took office.

Early life and career
Robert Looney Caruthers was born near Carthage, Tennessee, the youngest of seven children of Samuel and Elizabeth Looney Caruthers. His father had represented Sullivan County at the constitutional convention of the State of Franklin in the 1780s. After his death, Robert went to live with an uncle in Columbia, Tennessee, where he attended Woodward Academy. He later attended Washington College near Jonesborough and Greeneville College in Greeneville, and studied law under Judge Samuel Powell in Greeneville.

Caruthers returned to Carthage in 1823 to practice law. He served as the clerk for the Tennessee House of Representatives for the 1823–1824 term, and worked as editor of the Tennessee Republican newsletter. In 1826, he moved to Lebanon, Tennessee, and married Sally Sanders, a niece of Andrew Jackson's wife, Rachel Donelson Jackson. That same year, he was appointed attorney general for the Sixth Judicial District (based in Lebanon) by Governor Sam Houston. He served in this position until 1832. In 1834, he was elected brigadier general in the Tennessee militia. In 1836, he and Alfred O. P. Nicholson published A Compilation of the Statutes of Tennessee, which remained the state's standard compilation of statutes for over two decades.

In 1835, Caruthers was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives, representing Wilson County. He served on the House Judiciary Committee, and did not seek reelection. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives for Tennessee's 7th District for the 1841–1843 term. Once again, he served just one term, and did not seek reelection. In 1844, he was the Whig elector for Tennessee's at-large district, and as such, canvassed the state for unsuccessful presidential candidate Henry Clay.

In 1852, Caruthers was appointed by Governor William B. Campbell to fill the term of Nathan Green (who had retired) as Middle Tennessee's justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court. The following year, the state legislature voted to give Caruthers a full term. In 1854, after the state constitution was amended to allow popular election of justices, Caruthers managed to win reelection to the court.

One of Caruthers' most important decisions on the court was his opinion in Rippy v. State (1858), which involved killing in self-defense. In this decision, he rejected a literal interpretation of a statement in Judge John Catron's opinion in Grainger v. State, issued three decades earlier, that suggested a person did not need sufficient grounds to kill in self-defense, but merely needed to testify that there was imminent danger. Caruthers' opinion reinstated the "sufficient grounds" rule. He wrote of Grainger, "no case has been more perverted and misapplied by advocates and juries."

Prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, Caruthers was a delegate to the Washington Peace Convention in February 1861, which sought to find a peaceful resolution to the sectional strife between the North and South. He remained pro-Union until the Battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861, after which he aligned himself with the Confederacy. In August 1861, he resigned from the court to represent Tennessee in the Provisional Confederate Congress.

On July 17, 1863, the state's Confederate leaders met in Winchester, Tennessee, and nominated Caruthers for governor to replace Isham G. Harris, who was prohibited by the state constitution from seeking a fourth consecutive term. Caruthers was officially elected on August 6, but the state constitution required that the governor-elect take the oath of office before the General Assembly. Since the Union Army controlled most of Middle and West Tennessee at this time, the Assembly was unable to convene, and Caruthers never officially took office. Confederates continued to recognize Harris as governor until the end of the war. Union forces, in the meantime, had installed Andrew Johnson as military governor.

Cumberland University
Cumberland University was established in Lebanon by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in 1842. Winstead Paine Bone, in his book, A History of Cumberland University, wrote that Caruthers, a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, "had more to do with the founding of Cumberland University than any other person." He was appointed president of the school's first board of trustees in the Summer of 1842, and helped the school secure a charter in December of the following year. He remained president of the board until his death in 1882.

In 1847, Caruthers and his brother, Abraham Caruthers, founded the Cumberland School of Law, one of the first law schools in the South. The school, which had an initial enrollment of seven students, held its first classes in Robert Caruthers' law office. As an instructor, Abraham Caruthers abandoned the lecture system, and instead assigned a chapter from a law text, and quizzed each student on the chapter the following day, considering this the best way to determine the areas in which a student was struggling. He also held moot courts. During the Civil War, Nathan Green, Jr., whose father had been succeeded by Robert Caruthers on the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1852, managed to keep the school open.

Caruthers joined the Cumberland School of Law's faculty as a professor of law in 1868, replacing Judge Henry Cooper. In 1878, in memory of his brother, Abraham, he funded the construction of Caruthers Hall, which housed the law school for several decades. He resigned from the faculty in 1880. In 1961, Cumberland University sold the law school to Birmingham-based Samford University.

Death and legacy
Caruthers died in Lebanon on October 2, 1882. He was buried in the city's Cedar Grove Cemetery. His gravestone contains the Latin inscription, "semper verus, semper sapiens, semper fidelis" ("always true, always wise, always faithful"). Along with being an elder in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Caruthers was the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee Free and Accepted Masons. His house, built in 1828, still stands on West Main Street in Lebanon. The house was designed by Henry Reiff, who built the original Hermitage mansion for Andrew Jackson in Hermitage in 1819. Since 1938, the Caruthers house has been home to the Ligon and Bobo Funeral Home.

title: Robert L. Caruthers