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Roswell (TV series)

Roswell is an American science fiction television series that presents a timeline where the Roswell UFO exists, and aliens are hiding in plain sight as a trio of high school-aged teenagers. Developed, produced, and co-written by Jason Katims, the series debuted on October 6, 1999 on the WB, and later shifted to UPN for the third season. The final episode aired on May 14, 2002. Sixty-one episodes in total were broadcast over the shows three seasons. In the United Kingdom, the show aired as both Roswell High and Roswell.

The series is based on the Roswell High young adult book series, written by Melinda Metz and edited by Laura J. Burns, who later became staff writers for the television series.

A reimagining of the series, titled Roswell, New Mexico was ordered to series on May 11, 2018, and premiered on January 15, 2019, on The CW.

Main

 * Shiri Appleby as Liz Parker: A teenage girl who discovers the aliens' true identities after Max saves her life. The two develop a relationship.
 * Jason Behr as Max Evans: The Alien Leader of the Royal Four with healing powers. Throughout the series, Max struggles with his relationship with Liz, his mysterious past, and developing as a leader.
 * Brendan Fehr as Michael Guerin: Max's best friend. Michael is an alien who struggles to find his place on Earth. He has a relationship with Maria. He has the difficulty controlling himself, especially when his emotions are strong. His special power is never revealed.
 * Katherine Heigl as Isabel Evans: Max's sister, who struggles with the weight of her secret alien identity. Isabel has the power to "dream-walk", or enter people's minds during their dreams or her own.
 * Majandra Delfino as Maria DeLuca: Liz's best friend who is in on the secret. She is in a relationship with Michael and struggles with it.
 * Colin Hanks as Alex Whitman: Liz and Maria's best friend who helps them on their adventures while nurturing a crush on Isabel.
 * Nick Wechsler as Kyle Valenti: Jim's son who overcomes initial suspicions about Max to eventually become a friend.
 * William Sadler as Sheriff Jim Valenti: The town sheriff who starts out as an enemy but becomes a powerful ally.
 * Emilie de Ravin as Tess Harding: The "fourth" alien who was raised by Nasedo. Tess has the power to "mind-warp", or cause people to see things that are not really happening.
 * Adam Rodriguez as Jesse Ramirez

Recurring

 * Garrett M. Brown as Philip Evans: Max and Isabel's adoptive father
 * Mary Ellen Trainor as Diane Evans: Max and Isabel's adoptive mother
 * Diane Farr as Amy DeLuca: Maria's single mother
 * John Doe as Jeff Parker: Liz's father and owner of the Crashdown Cafe
 * Jo Anderson as Nancy Parker: Liz's mother
 * Nicholas Stratton as Young Michael (season 1): Appears in several flashback sequences
 * Julie Benz as Kathleen Topolsky (season 1): FBI agent posing as a high school guidance counselor
 * Jim Ortlieb as Nasedo (seasons 1–2): Alien sent from Antar to watch over the Royal Four.  He has the ability to shapeshift.
 * Michael Horse as Deputy Owen Blackwood: Sheriff Jim Valenti's assistant
 * Steve Hytner as Milton Ross (season 1): Owner of the UFO center
 * Richard Schiff as Agent John Stevens (season 1): FBI agent from a special unit tasked with investigating alien existence
 * David Conrad as Deputy David "Dave" Fisher/FBI Agent Daniel Pierce (seasons 1–2): Head of the FBI special unit assigned to investigate alien existence
 * Devon Gummersall as Sean DeLuca (season 2): Maria's delinquent cousin who has feelings for Liz
 * Desmond Askew as Brody Davis/Larek (season 2): New owner of the UFO center who has a young daughter and passion for researching aliens
 * Gretchen Egolf as Congresswoman Vanessa Whitaker (season 2): Congresswoman for whom Liz is an assistant before her identity as a "Skin" is discovered
 * Sara Downing as Courtney Banks (season 2): "Skin" who works at the Cafe and thinks Michael should be the leader of the Royal Four
 * Miko Hughes as Nicholas Crawford (season 2): Powerful "Skin" who has the appearance of a teenage boy

Guest stars

 * Daniel Hansen as Young Max (season 1)
 * Sebastian Siegel as Brad
 * Carroll Baker as Grandma Claudia (season 1)
 * John Cullum as James Valenti Sr. (season 1)
 * Jonathan Frakes as Himself (seasons 1 and 3)
 * Genie Francis as Queen Mother of Antar (season 1)
 * Erica Gimpel as Agent Susan Duff
 * Ned Romero as River Dog, old native American man (season 1)
 * Howie Dorough as Alien (season 1)
 * Nelly Furtado as Herself (season 2)
 * Jason Dohring as Jerry (season 2)
 * Spence Decker as Kivar (season 3)
 * Morgan Fairchild as Meris Wheeler (season 3)
 * Joe Pantoliano as Kal Langley (season 3)
 * John Billingsley as Himself (season 3)

Production
Roswell High was originally developed by 20th Century Fox Television and Regency Television for the Fox Network, but it eventually landed on The WB (retitled simply to Roswell) thanks to the latter network's offer to extend a full 22-episode upfront commitment. The pilot episode was filmed in 12 days with a budget of $2,000,000. "The Morning After," the second episode of the series, was the first episode with the full title sequence utilizing the theme song, "Here With Me" by Dido.

Filming locations
Roswell was filmed in various locations around California. City Hall, Charter Oak High School, and several other businesses and residences in Covina served as stand ins for fictional locations in Roswell, New Mexico, as well as Vasquez Rocks, a 905 acre park in Los Angeles County. Episode 1 of season 3 was filmed partially in Salina, Utah.

Airing history
The series premiered on October 6, 1999, on The WB in the United States to generally favorable reviews, and quickly gained an outspoken fanbase.

In response to low ratings during the first season, the relationship-driven stand-alone episodes of the early first season were to be replaced with more science fiction themes and multi-episode plot arcs. Starting with the second season, after a fierce fan-driven campaign involving bottles of Tabasco sauce—a favorite condiment of the show's alien characters—were sent to the network's offices, veteran science fiction writer Ronald D. Moore was brought in as an executive producer and showrunner to further develop the science fiction elements of the show.

Not all fans responded favorably to the shift to more science fiction-driven storylines during the second season and the ratings continued to disappoint, causing the network to finally cancel the show on May 15, 2001, after the show's second-season finale. However, producing studio 20th Century Fox persuaded UPN to commit to a third season as a package deal when UPN outbid The WB for one of its popular flagship series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer. During the 2001 – 2002 television season, Roswell, in its third season, aired directly after Buffy on Tuesday nights on UPN, though it was unable to hold on to the audience Buffy provided. This let to the show's final cancellation.

Season one
In the first season of Roswell, (premiering October 1999 on The WB) we meet high school students and best friends Liz Parker (Shiri Appleby), Maria DeLuca (Majandra Delfino), and Alex Whitman (Colin Hanks), residents of the small town of Roswell, New Mexico, site of the famed Roswell Incident. Liz Parker's parents own the Crashdown Café, which serves alien-themed dishes. At the beginning of the pilot episode, Liz is waitressing in her parents' restaurant when a disagreement between two customers breaks out. A gun is fired, and Liz is shot. We are introduced to a character named Max Evans (Jason Behr), a seemingly normal high school student, who rushes to Liz's aid and saves her life by healing the gunshot wound with his alien abilities. The healing leaves a silver hand print on her stomach. To hide what he has done, Max pours ketchup on Liz before fleeing the scene with his friend Michael Guerin (Brendan Fehr). The shooting acts as a catalyst for the rest of the series action.

Liz is presented as an insatiably curious character, obtaining a sample of Max's saliva, analyzing it, and finding that his cells do not look like normal human cells. When she confronts him, Max admits that he, his sister Isabel (Katherine Heigl) and their friend Michael, are aliens from the planet Antar, whose spaceship crashed at Roswell in 1947. A love triangle begins between Max, Liz, and Kyle Valenti (Nick Wechsler), the sheriff's son whom Liz was dating.

Max divulging the secret of his heritage to Liz and the series of revelations as other characters, first Maria and then Alex, give the first season of Roswell much of its narrative tension, secrecy and trust being important to character development, relationships, and plot. Fear of authority is another theme of the series, as the teenagers protect the secret from characters who are in positions of authority: Roswell's sheriff, Jim Valenti (William Sadler), and a series of FBI agents.

Two romances develop between human and alien characters. Liz and Max's romance is portrayed as tender and sweet, while Michael and Maria's is portrayed as passionate and often explosive. Later in the first season a tentative romance develops between Isabel and Alex.

Toward the end of the season another alien character is introduced. Nasedo is a shape shifter, with a violent, murderous past. The gang initially believes that new kid in town Tess Harding (Emilie de Ravin) is Nasedo because she seems to have a strange effect on Max, but this character turns out to be a teenage alien raised by Nasedo.

As the show's first season conculdes, it is revealed that Max, Isabel, Michael and Tess are clones of the "Royal Four" of Antar, the planet these characters come from. In a former life, Max was the king of his planet, Isabel his sister and a princess, Michael his second in command and Tess his wife and the queen. The four learn they are alien-human hybrids: their alien DNA was mixed with human DNA in order to allow them to look like humans and survive on earth. Their mission is to one day return to Antar and reclaim the throne from Kivar, Max's enemy in his previous life. As a result of this revelation, Liz distances herself from Max because she believes she cannot get in the way of Max's destiny.

Season two
Much of Roswell's second season (commencing October 2000 on The WB) concerns the 'will they/won't they' love story between Max and Liz, now that Liz knows Max has an ancient destiny to be with Tess. While Max reassures Liz of his love for her, and while Tess feels ostracised from the teenage gang of friends, a new upset to this romance arrives in the form of "Future Max." A version of Max from a future timeline has used time travel to return to a point where he can refocus Max away from his crush on Liz and back to his destined relationship with Tess, to save all the characters from a dark future. Liz steps aside but maintains hope that she and Max will one day be together.

The second season introduces the Skins, another alien race from Antar who have been searching for the alien hybrids since they hatched. Their mission is to locate and turn them over to Kivar, who is now king of Antar. It is revealed that Liz's new boss, Congresswoman Whitaker (Gretchen Egolf), is a Skin and her brother Nicholas is the leader of the Skins. Along with renegade Skin Courtney (Sara Downing), a Crashdown Café waitress, who believes Michael, not Max, should have been in charge of Antar, the group travels to Congresswoman Whitaker's home town to discover it is inhabited entirely by Skins who are ready for the "Harvest". Skins unlike "The Royal Four" do not contain a mix of alien and human DNA. In order to survive Earth's climate they create husks (fake bodies) which last around 50 years. Skins are so called because once their husks start to reach the end of their shelf lives, they shed their skin.

Tess's shape-shifting father Nasedo is killed by Congresswoman Whitaker, and Tess moves in with Sheriff Valenti and his son Kyle. The Roswell aliens destroy the Harvest and find out more about their past. Isabel is disturbed that on their home planet she was named Vilandra and was in love with Kivar, Max's enemy and rival, and betrayed her family in favor of Kivar. They also discover a second set of alien clones of the Royal Four were created, landing on Earth in New York City, exact copies of Michael, Max, Isabel and Tess, named Rath (Michael's clone), Zan (Max's clone), Lonnie (Isabel's clone), and Ava (Tess's clone). These clones have killed their Max/Zan and come to Roswell to convince Max to join them at a summit meeting of the families of the five warring planets.

Nicholas returns as a voice for Kivar, and it is revealed the owner of the UFO museum, Brody Davis (Desmond Askew), was used by an alien many times to communicate on Earth, acting as a puppet, explaining why he believes he was abducted by aliens although he has no memories of the incident. Max and Tess go with Isabel and Michael's clones to New York, where they are told they can return to their home planet if they give Kivar the Granilith (the rock which came with the Royal Four when they landed on Earth), but remembering advice from Liz, Max turns down Kivar's deal. Lonnie strikes a deal Nicholas exchanging Max's life for her own return to Antar, but her assassination attempt fails, and Rath and Lonnie "disappear". Tess's clone Ava is haunted by the death of her Zan/Max and remains in Roswell, revealing that since Max healed her she is no longer evil, and her character never reappears despite apparently living in the same town as Tess.

When Alex returns from a trip to Sweden, he finally makes a romantic connection but he dies tragically in a car accident. Liz is suspicious of the police ruling Alex's death a suicide and conducts her own investigation, uncovering evidence he may have been murdered. Liz's suspicions point to one of the aliens killing Alex, and she discovers that instead of Alex having been in Sweden, he had actually been in hiding while working on the translation of the Destiny book.

Angry at Liz's investigations of the aliens, Max sleeps with Tess who falls pregnant. Tess says alien pregnancies last a month and that the baby will not survive on Earth, and for the sake of the baby Max, Michael, Isabel and Tess prepare to travel to their home planet. As they say goodbyes to their human friends, Michael and Maria make love for the first time and Max and Liz make a last-ditch effort to find Alex's killer. Liz discovers that Tess is the villain, having brainwashed Alex to translate the Destiny book and is responsible for his death. It is revealed Nasedo made a deal with Kivar: Tess can return home safely as long as she's carrying Max's child, but she must turn over Max, Isabel, and Michael to Kivar. Max lets Tess go and the gang watches as Tess leaves Earth via the Granilith. Maria realizes Michael stayed for her. Max tells Liz he loves her and now must save his son.

Season three
After being cancelled by The WB, Roswell returned for a third season on UPN with a storyline around Max's quest to save his son which doesn't get off to a good start when he and Liz are arrested in Utah after holding up a convenience store. They both end up getting out of jail, but their actions have serious consequences for the rest of the season. Liz's father sends Liz to a boarding school in Vermont. Max continues his hunt for an alien ship and the diamond key to the spaceship, his search taking him to Los Angeles where a shape-shifting alien is working as a film producer. Max tries out acting and auditions for a role in Star Trek: Enterprise. The fifth alien is, in fact Max's protector and they discover the location of an alien ship at a military base. They attempt to fly it, but the ship is too damaged from the crash in 1947. Max leaves L.A. disappointed, and he feels as though he has let down his son.

Isabel is being haunted by Alex's ghost, and begins a relationship with Jesse Ramirez, an attorney several years older than her and who works with Isabel and Max's adoptive human father. As the season unfolds, their father is diving deeper into the past of his children, not happy with Max's criminal behaviour. Isabel marries Jesse, but on her honeymoon is contacted by Kivar who reawakens Isabel's evil past self, Vilandra. Kivar tries to compel Isabel/Vilandra to travel through a portal back to their home world, while Max and Michael attempt to stop them. In the end, Isabel pushes Kivar into the portal.

Maria feels the whole "alien thing" is ruining her life and decides to take a break from the gang so she can try to live out a "normal" life. Michael takes a night job as a security guard at a local pharmaceutical factory, where its owners have set a trap for Michael. Knowing that he is an alien, they kill one of Michael's co-workers "Munk" to see if Michael is "the healer". Former Sheriff Valenti has been helping Michael uncover this conspiracy and is shot near his heart. Max gives away his identity as "the healer" saving Valenti, and is taken by the millionaire's desperate wife and goons and coerced into healing the dying millionaire. Max is wary of doing so, as the millionaire has lived out his life and will die of natural causes, but he tries anyway. Max ends up transferring his youth, and the millionaire's body transforms into Max's body, killing Max.

A grieving Michael and Isabel use their powers to escape the millionaire's security staff, but Isabel is shot. Michael unknowingly inherited Max's powers after his death, and then he heals Isabel during an emotional moment. He also reveals their alien secret to Jesse, who was going to cal the police. Meanwhile the millionaire, in Max's body, starts receiving Max's memories, especially unable to stop thinking about Liz. He feels the only way to kill Max's soul inside him is to find and kill Liz, and so travels to Vermont with his reluctant wife to find Liz. He murders his wife and in a struggle, falls with Liz from a window of Liz's boarding school. Seeing Liz is about to die, Max takes control over the body and uses his powers to save her life while he hits the ground. The millionaire's soul dies, and Max miraculously survives after Liz kisses him. The group heads back to Roswell.

Meanwhile, the FBI has been studying the group for many months and is closing in on them, and after Liz also displays alien powers inherited from Max, including premonitions, she also becomes their target. Tess returns from their alien homeworld with Max's son, Zan, and they too become targets of the FBI. Tess decides to sacrifice herself by turning herself in and blowing up the military base. The baby is revealed to be fully human, as only Max's and Tess' human DNA produced the baby. Max, realizing his son can have a normal life, gives him up for adoption; showing the Evans' parents driving the child away to New York.

The series closes with Liz getting a premonition of her, Max, Michael, and Isabel dying in an FBI setup, so they decide to leave Roswell after their high school graduation. Michael professes his love for Maria and she makes the decision to be with him no matter what. After Liz, Max, Michael, Isabel, Maria, and Kyle escape an FBI setup at their high school graduation, they hit the road in a van, where there are several emotional goodbyes, especially between Kyle and his father, Jim Valenti. Isabel decides to leave her husband behind in order to save his life. The final scenes of the show feature Max and Liz getting married and Liz's father reading her journal, chronicling the last three years. The series closes with Liz climbing into the van in her wedding dress and narrating, "I'm Liz Parker, and I'm happy".

Soundtrack
A soundtrack of the series was released on February 26, 2002. The soundtrack featured Ash, Coldplay, Sarah McLachlan and others.

Although the show used many popular songs throughout its original airing, due to licensing issues many songs were replaced on the home video releases, with the new songs handpicked by the show's original music supervisors. There are notable exceptions in which songs that became important or symbolic plot moments were retained, such as the use of "Fear" by Sarah McLachlan and "Crash Into Me" by Dave Matthews Band in the pilot and "I Shall Believe" by Sheryl Crow in a later episode. Similarly, Dido's "Here with Me" was also kept as the show's opening theme music throughout all three seasons on DVD.

However, the German language track is the only audio track to contain the original music. Similarly, the syndicated episodes of the show also contain all of the original music.

Novels
In addition to the original Roswell High book series that inspired the television series, a range of novels were published based on the events depicted in the show. These focused on events that largely went unexplained on screen.

Pocket Books
While Roswell was still on air, three novels were published by Pocket Books. When the show was cancelled, this series ceased publication.

 * 1) Loose Ends by Greg Cox (June 2001)
 * 2) No Good Deed by Dean Wesley Smith & Kristine Kathryn Rusch (August 2001)
 * 3) Little Green Men by D.W. Smith and K.K. Rusch (April 2002)

Simon Spotlight Entertainment
In 2002, Simon Spotlight Entertainment picked up the Roswell range and published eight more novels. Following low sales, the series ended a year later. The first four novels act as a bridge between seasons two and three, and the last four are set after the events of the series.

 * 1) Shades by Mel Odom (September 2002)
 * 2) Skeletons In The Closet by Andy Mangels & Michael A. Martin (November 2002)
 * 3) Dreamwalk by Paul Ruditis (January 2003)
 * 4) Quarantine by Laura Burns (March 2003)
 * 5) A New Beginning by Kevin Ryan (June 2003)
 * 6) Nightscape by Kevin Ryan (July 2003)
 * 7) Pursuit by Andy Mangels & Michael A. Martin (September 2003)
 * 8) Turnabout by Andy Mangels & Michael A. Martin (November 2003)

Re-imagining
On October 12, 2017, The CW announced that a re-imagining of the book series was in development. Unlike the original series, the new series has an immigration twist, focusing on the young daughter of undocumented immigrants who returns to her hometown of Roswell to shockingly discover that her teenage crush, now a police officer, is an extraterrestrial. On January 30, 2018, The CW issued a pilot order for the new version. On February 15, 2018, it was announced that Julie Plec would direct the pilot.

Production companies involved with the pilot include Amblin Television, Bender Brown Productions, CBS Television Studios and Warner Bros. Television (previously produced from Regency Television and 20th Century Fox Television).

On February 16, 2018, Jeanine Mason was cast in the lead role. Weeks later, it was announced that Nathan Parsons, Michael Trevino, Heather Hemmens, Michael Vlamis, Lily Cowles and Tyler Blackburn were added to the cast.

On May 11, 2018, it was announced that The CW ordered Roswell, New Mexico and would premiere on January 15, 2019. It is set to conclude its run after four seasons in the latter half of 2022.

title: Roswell (TV series)


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Talk:2004 Republican National Convention

Untitled
As a hundred thousand protesters clogged city streets and assembled informally in Central Park, Vice-President Cheney was safely helicoptered onto Ellis Island in New York Harbor to shake hands with some carefully-screened well-wishers.

Any substantation of claims "carefully-screened" ... violates NPOV?

205.188.116.137's comments
Noticeably absent from the slate of speakers is one of the most respected Republican elders and wife of the late President Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan. In early August 2004, the New York Daily News confirmed reports that Reagan vehemently declined several invitations to speak at the convention and voiced her opposition to the use of quotes and images of her late husband, who died earlier in the year, for any bid to reelect the incumbent. She was reportedly disgusted by revelations that the Republican National Committee had produced, during the week of the presidential funeral, advertisements implying President Reagan endorsed Bush for a second term. The Bush campaign and party leaders defended themselves, claiming that they did not seek to exploit President Reagan's memory.

This seems a bit suspicious can someone cite some sourcing for this or at least the actual article in Daily news. I find it hard to believe that any party would attempt to implying that a man with Alzhemir could endorese anyone. I suppose what is really meant is that if Reagan was alive and able to comprehead stuff he would support Bush.

While Boston police officers wielded batons and body shields for the Democratic convention, Hercules teams will be equipped with machine guns for the Republicans.

I think it is funny that we need to point out that for Dems they didn't need machine guns but only batons and shields, actually those this might be misleading because the "Hercules" team has machines guns whoever they are .I am sure Boston has a SWAT team that would have machine guns in case of problems or attacks but of course if they only had  batons and terriorts had struck we could have blamed evil Bush for not giving them guns in Boston

 * I wasn't able to find any concrete information either backing or denying the the rumors in that article. However, I DID find a cluster of reports (all copied from the AP) on August 3rd about how Nancy Reagan does support Bush's re-election. I think the section has enough disclaimers and whatnot to be safely included, especially since I added the part directly below it about Nancy Reagan's continuing support for Bush. Oh, and please sign any future posts, as disappearing sections of article + on-face anonymous posts on talk page makes it easy for someone to misconstrue your actions and overreact. Thanks. --Gregb 02:44, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Edited from "machine guns" to "submachine guns and rifles" since I doubt they're lugging M60s or M249 SAWs around.

I removed the comparison with the Boston cops, it was irrelevant. Threat levels are far higher for the RNC than they were at the DNC, and as one of the above posters said, there's no doubt Boston had an armed SWAT team on notice. It's not as if the Hercules teams are going to be performing riot duty... So it's comparing apples and oranges and had no place in an encyclopedic article. Impi 19:41, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Speakers list
I just added some more unaffiliated speakers to the bottom of the speakers list. Once we get a more concrete schedule, we can move those as "featured" speakers onto each of the dates, just like the DNC speakers list is set up.

As far as the structure is concerned, I think that we should do like the Democratic National Convention article and keep everything together until a while after the convention when we prep it for Featured Article nomination. It's just easier to move things around, rearrange quotes, and all that. Then after the article has been fully fleshed out we can move the speakers list and assorted quotes to a seperate article like before. I just want to get this article into FA shape as fast as possible so we can try and front-page them back-to-back. Sound good? Gregb 20:15, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Choice of New York
How can we say that the Republicans chose New York City in order to capitalize on Ground Zero and 9/11, while still sounding NPOV? RickK 23:36, Aug 29, 2004 (UTC)

How about "Some groups/people/parties/&c. believe that the RNC chose NYC..."?

Do not use the word "capitalize," that's the pejorative part. Hum how about: "New York was seen as the best place for the convention, as it demonstrated that the Republican party had the strength to organize the convention in a democratic stronghold, and underlined the President's handling of the September 11 crisis." Or something like that... Oh, and saying that they rely on the attacks in biased, saying that they rely on their handling of the attacks is not.

 * We could say that "the Republican party chose New York City, a heavily liberal city, to evoke the themes of homeland security that have proved prominent throughout George W. Bush's 2004 presidential campaign" or something to that effect. Would that be agreeable? (obviously I'd prefer to avoid as many edit wars as possible :P) Gregb 22:58, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Well, to hear my .02 cents as a liberal myself, and the best route is: "The Republicans chose New York City as a spot for their convention. Though the city itself is very liberal (5 Democrats to 1 Republican) the Republicans hope to spotlight President Bush's agenda for homeland security and his approach over the September 11th attacks. Sean 00:46, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Is there any intent to add a mention to this article that a Republican activist was handing out "Purple Ribbon bandages" on the convention floor Tuesday? -- llywrch 18:15, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Arnold caption
The phrase "oratory excellence" seems a bit florid. Did someone actually say that, so that we can put it in quotes? Otherwise it should be removed. --Tothebarricades.tk 07:04, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

NY Times Article on 4/12/05
Today's NY Times reveals that of the 1806 people arrested during the RNC, 1670 have "run their course." Of those 1670, 91% ended in not guilty verdicts or the charges being dismissed. Only 162 defendants were convicted (or plead guilty). Seeing as how the number of arrests is mentioned more than once in our article, this kind of information should be included as well. --Feitclub 12:31, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Dropped links
Dropped this link:

http://www.gopconvention.com Official Website of the 2004 Republican National Convention

The official site has been taken down, that address redirects to the official Party site at gop.com. Ellsworth 23:49, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Dropped this link:

http://www.2004nycgop.org/ Official Website of the 2004 Convention Committee

Same reason. Ellsworth 16:32, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Comparison to 2004 Democratic National Convention
In the Wikipedia article about the Democrats, it says, even in the table of contents box, no less, that the convention caused several negative consequences to the venue (Boston):

 * 1) 3 Boston venue

* 3.1 Site Selection * 3.2 Security * 3.3 Free speech zone * 3.4 Police strike * 3.5 Loss of business

Was there nothing at all comparable to this in New York? Indeed, the article cites Bloomberg hailing it as an economic boon. Is the implication "Democrats bad for business, Republicans good"? Shanoman 21:47, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.rasmussenreports.com/Weekly%20Tracking%20Updates.htm
 * In 2004 Republican National Convention on 2011-05-25 07:47:49, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Republican National Convention on 2011-06-11 12:00:55, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 12:01, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Crab soccer

Crab soccer (American English and Australian English), or crab football (British English), is an informal sport that originated in Britain in 1863, derived from soccer played by two teams, commonly in physical education classes. As with regular soccer, the objective is to kick an inflated ball into a goal to score the most points. Unlike soccer, players support themselves on their hands and move with their feet, in motions that make them look like crabs, a method known as crab walking. Crab soccer may be played outdoors or in a gymnasium, and is more commonly thought of as being a sport played by children. The game can be played with a regular soccer ball, but is often played with a cage ball.

There are various sets of rules, with the main one being that each team must have an equal number of players, teams can vary in sizing 2-11 people depending on space. This sport involves kicking, so safety is at the root of many rules. Like soccer, the only player that may use their hands is the goalkeeper: all other players must not touch the ball with their hands and must stay in a "crab position" at all times. No players may stand except for the goalkeeper. Once players are equally divided the ref will drop the ball in the middle of the court to begin the game, after each point is scored, and when the ball goes out of bounds. The first team to reach five points wins.

title: Crab soccer


text: User talk:81.224.202.26

title: User talk:81.224.202.26


text:
Robert P. Griffin

Robert Paul Griffin (November 6, 1923 – April 16, 2015) was an American politician. A member of the Republican Party, he represented Michigan in the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate and was a Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. He co-sponsored the Landrum-Griffin Act, which regulates the internal affairs of labor unions. As a deputy minority leader in the Senate, he called on President Richard Nixon, a fellow Republican, to resign during the Watergate scandal.

Early life
Griffin was born in Detroit, Michigan, and attended public schools in Garden City and Dearborn. During the Second World War, he enlisted in the 71st Infantry Division in 1943 and spent fourteen months in Europe. After the war, he graduated from Central Michigan College (now Central Michigan University) in Mount Pleasant in 1947. He received a law degree from the University of Michigan Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1950. He commenced the practice of law in Traverse City.

Career
Griffin was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan's 9th congressional district in 1956, unseating incumbent Ruth Thompson in the Republican primary. Griffin served in the House during the Eighty-fifth United States Congress as well as the four succeeding Congresses, a period spanning January 3, 1957, until May 10, 1966. After the revelations of the McClellan Committee, which investigated corruption and organized crime influence in labor unions, he and Rep. Phil Landrum sponsored the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act. He later supported Gerald Ford as the Republican Conference Chairman and later, the House Minority Leader. During his tenure in the House, Griffin voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1960 and 1964, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965,  but did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

He resigned May 10, 1966, to take a seat in the United States Senate. Following the death of Sen. Patrick V. McNamara, Michigan Governor George Romney appointed him for the remainder of McNamara's term. In the 1966 election, he won election to a full term, defeating former Governor Soapy Williams by a 56% to 44% margin. He defeated Attorney General Frank J. Kelley in the 1972 election for a second term.

In 1968, Griffin led a successful filibuster against the nomination of Supreme Court Associate Justice Abe Fortas to be elevated to the position of Chief Justice, charging President (and former Senate Majority Leader) Lyndon B. Johnson with cronyism, noting the close relationship between the two. Fortas resigned his Associate Justice seat in May 1969 when it was discovered Fortas had been paid a $20,000 a year retainer by Louis Wolfson, a close friend and former client, since 1966. Griffin voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court. He became the Republican Whip in the Senate on September 24, 1969, and served until 1977.

In 1974, he wrote to President Richard Nixon to inform him that if the White House did not release tapes that the Watergate Committee subpoenaed, the President would face impeachment and trial in the Senate. He also told the President that he considered the failure to comply with the subpoena as an impeachable offense. Up to that point, Griffin had been a supporter of the President.

Griffin was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978, narrowly defeated by former Detroit City Council president Carl Levin. He initially announced in April 1977 that he would not run for re-election in 1978, saying that he was tired and that Washington needed new blood. He went on to miss a third of the votes in 1977. He changed his mind later in the campaign and Levin used his own words and his attendance record against him during the campaign.

Later, Griffin served as a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1987 to 1994. His son, Richard Allen Griffin, was a judge on the Michigan Court of Appeals from 1989 to 2005, when he was appointed by President George W. Bush to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.

During the elder Griffin's first Senate campaign in 1966, a suburban Detroit rock band, Doug Brown and the Omens, released a promotional flexidisc in support of Griffin's candidacy. The song, "Give Bob The Ball" (which extolled Griffin's "youth and experience") has been included on the garage rock compilation album Friday At The Hideout.

Personal life and death
Griffin was a resident of Traverse City, in Northern Michigan. He married Marjorie Anderson of Ludington in 1947. Together, they had four children, including Richard Griffin. Griffin died on April 16, 2015, aged 91. He is buried at Linwood Cemetery near Traverse City's Long Lake.

title: Robert P. Griffin


text:
Accrual

In finance, an accrual (accumulation) of something is the adding together of interest or different investments over a period of time. The term may also refer to forward provision made at the end of a financial period for work which has been done but not yet invoiced for.

Accruals in accounting
For example, a company delivers a product to a customer who will pay for it 30 days later in the next financial year, which starts a week after the delivery. The company recognizes the proceeds as a revenue in its current income statement still for the financial year of the delivery, even though it will not get paid until the following accounting period. The proceeds are also an accrued income (asset) on the balance sheet for the delivery financial year, but not for the next financial year when cash is received.

Similarly, the sales person who sold the product earned a commission at the moment of sale (or delivery). The company will recognize the commission as an expense in its current income statement, even though the sales person will actually get paid at the end of the following week in the next accounting period. The commission is also an accrued liability on the balance sheet for the delivery period, but not for the next period when the commission (cash) is paid out to the salesperson.

The term accrual is also often used as an abbreviation for the terms accrued expense and accrued revenue that share the common name word, but they have the opposite economic/accounting characteristics.

 * Accrued revenue: revenue is recognized before cash is received.
 * Accrued expense: expense is recognized before cash is paid out.

The basis of accounting which is based on accruals is called accrual basis

Accrued revenue
Accrued revenue (or accrued assets) is an asset, such as unpaid proceeds from a delivery of goods or services, when such income is earned and a related revenue item is recognized, while cash is to be received in a later period, when the amount is deducted from accrued revenues.

In the rental industry, there are specialized revenue accruals for rental income which crosses month end boundaries. These are normally utilized by rental companies who charge in arrears, based on an anniversary of a contract date. For example, a rental contract which began on 15 January, being invoiced on a recurring monthly basis will not generate its first invoice until 14 February. Therefore, at the end of the January financial period an accrual must be raised for sixteen days' worth of the monthly charge. This may be a simple pro-rate basis (e.g. 16/31 of the monthly charge) or may be more complex if only week days are being charged or a standardized month is being used (e.g. 28 days, 30 days etc.)

Accrued expense
Accrued expense is a liability whose timing or amount is uncertain by virtue of the fact that an invoice has not yet been received. The uncertainty of the accrued expense is not significant enough to qualify it as a provision. An example of an accrued expense is a pending obligation to pay for goods or services received from a counterpart, while cash is to be paid out in a later accounting period when the amount is deducted from accrued expenses.

Under International Financial Reporting Standards, this difference is best summarized by IAS 37 which states:

""11 Provisions can be distinguished from other liabilities such as trade payables and accruals because there is uncertainty about the timing or amount of the future expenditure required in settlement. By contrast:

"(a) trade payables are liabilities to pay for goods or services that have been received or supplied and have been invoiced or formally agreed with the supplier; and

"(b) accruals are liabilities to pay for goods or services that have been received or supplied but have not been paid, invoiced or formally agreed with the supplier, including amounts due to employees (for example, amounts relating to accrued vacation pay). Although it is sometimes necessary to estimate the amount or timing of accruals, the uncertainty is generally much less than for provisions.

"Accruals are often reported as part of trade and other payables, whereas provisions are reported separately.""

To add to the confusion, some legalistic accounting systems take a simplistic view of accrued revenue and accrued expenses, defining each as revenue or expense that has not been formally invoiced. This is primarily due to tax considerations, since in some countries, the act of issuing an invoice creates taxable revenue, even if the customer does not ultimately pay and the related receivable becomes noncollectable.

Accruals in payroll
In payroll, a common benefit that an employer will provide for employees is a vacation or sick accrual. This means that as time passes, an employee accumulates additional sick leave or vacation time and this time is placed into a bank. Once the time is accumulated, the employer or the employer's payroll provider will track the amount of time used for sick or vacation.

Length of service
For most employers, a time-off policy is published and followed with regard to benefit accruals. These guidelines ensure that all employees are treated fairly with regard to the distribution and use of sick and vacation time.

Within these guidelines, the rate at which the employee will accumulate the vacation or sick time is often determined by length of service (the amount of time the employee has worked for the employers).

Trial period
In many cases, these guidelines indicate there is a trial period (usually 30 to 90 days) where no time is awarded to the employee. This does not prevent an employee from calling in sick immediately after being hired, but it does mean that they will not get paid for this time off. However, it does prevent an employee, for example, scheduling a vacation for the second week of work. After this trial period, the award of time may begin or it may be retroactive, back to the date of hire.

Rollover/carry over
Some accrual policies have the ability to carry over or roll over some or all unused time that has been accrued into the next year. If the accrual policy does not have any type of rollover, any accrued time that is in the bank is usually lost at the end of the employer's calendar year.

Other uses
When referring to clinical trials, the definition of "accrual" is either the process of recruiting patients into a trial, or the number of patients in a trial.

title: Accrual


text:
Leek Wootton

Leek Wootton is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Leek Wootton and Guy's Cliffe, in the Warwick district, in the county of Warwickshire, England, approximately 2 miles south of Kenilworth and 2.5 miles north of Warwick. It lies in the triangle created by Kenilworth, Warwick and Leamington Spa. In 1961 the parish had a population of 671.

Geography
The civil parish of Leek Wootton and Guy's Cliffe, including the hamlets of Hill Wootton, Chesford, Goodrest, North and Middle Woodloes, has a population of approximately 1,100. The village is adjacent to the A46 dual-carriageway trunk road. The nearest railway station is Warwick town with Warwick Parkway further away. The nearest airport is Birmingham Airport (11.7 miles).

There are numerous public footpaths and walks in the parish, including the Tink-a-Tank, (believed to have been named because people used to use the path to walk to church and think about God and thank him for his blessings), several across the golf courses, a woodland walk between the Coventry Road (B4115), which crosses the A46 road and comes out at the north end of the village on the Warwick Road, and a small area of woodland to the north west of the village (accessed from Waller Close and the Recreation Ground). To the north of Leek Wootton is the Cattle Brook and just north of Hill Wootton this meets the much larger River Avon, which forms the south-eastern boundary of the Parish.

History
Blacklow Hill is found to the south of the village, close to the A46 road. Its name comes from the fact the trees that partly cover it are very dark (black) and the Anglo-Saxon hlaew (burial mound). In 1971 an archaeological team found flints and hunting tools from the early Mesolithic period, around 9,000. They also found three graves of Anglo-Saxon origin.

The monument Gaveston's Cross is in the wood on the hill. It marks the point where Piers Gaveston was murdered. In 1308 Edward II travelled to Boulogne to marry Isabella, leaving Piers Gaveston, a Gascon knight to act as regent. Resentment against Edward II rule and Piers Gaveston's position of power grew, some barons began to insist Gaveston be banished. Edward could do little to prevent Gaveston being captured in 1312 under the orders of the Earl of Lancaster and his allies. He was captured first by the Earl of Warwick, whom he was seen to have offended, and handed over to two Welshmen. They took him to Blacklow Hill and murdered him; one ran him through the heart with his sword and the other beheaded him.

The railway bridge over the road between Leek Wootton and Hill Wootton on the Coventry to Leamington Line collapsed in a railway accident on 11 June 1861 with the driver and fireman being killed.

On 1 April 1986 the parish was abolished and merged with Guy's Cliffe to form "Leek Wootton and Guy's Cliffe".

All Saints' Church, Leek Wootton
The parish church is All Saints', an Anglican church centred in the middle of the village. The current vicar of the church is The Reverend Jim Perryman.

All Saints' CofE Academy, Leek Wootton
When Leek Wootton First School was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, the community campaigned to save it and a new school was built at the southern end of the village and All Saints' Church of England (Voluntary Aided) Primary School was opened in 1996 by The Right Reverend Simon Barrington-Ward, Bishop of Coventry. Since 1 September 2014 All Saints’ and Burton Green Primary Schools have been working together as a federation of schools. On 1 March 2018 All Saints' and Burton Green schools became academies and members of the Coventry Diocesan Multi-Academy Trust. On 24 April 2018 The Right Reverend Christopher Cocksworth, Bishop of Coventry, attended both schools to formally welcome them into the trust.

Leek Wootton War Memorial Recreation Ground
The War Memorial Recreation Ground is to the north-west of the village. "The Rec" as it is known locally is home to a children's playground, Leek Wootton Village Hall and Leek Wootton Sports Club, which includes a cricket club that competes in the Cotswold Hills League, and a junior football club.

The Warwickshire Golf and Country Club
Leek Wootton is home to The Warwickshire Golf and Country Club, and has the Anchor Inn public house at its centre. The Chesford Grange Hotel also falls within the boundaries of the civil parish, as does the Saxon Mill at Guy's Cliffe. The Warwickshire Golf and Country Club is an exclusive members only club and comprises two 18-hole golf courses, a par-3 course and a comprehensive leisure centre with gym, indoor pools, and spa.

Woodcote House and Estate
Woodcote is a 19th-century manor house and estate on the western boundary of the village. During the Second World War it was repurposed as a convalescent home for military personnel and was home to the headquarters of Warwickshire Police from 1949. A new purpose-built headquarters for the Police at Woodcote was proposed, but the planning application was refused by Warwick District Council on 31 October 2007. A revised application was subsequently approved, but the site was not redeveloped. In 2011 it was announced that Woodcote was to be sold, and the headquarters relocated to Leamington Spa. Following the construction of a new control room in Warwick and the inclusion of some of the estate in a local housing planning allocation, the site was put up for sale in 2018. On 1 April 2019 Warwickshire Police announced that, due to the collapse of its alliance with West Mercia Police, Warwickshire Police would be returning to Woodcote and it would become the Service's headquarters again. This resulted in the sale of the estate being halted.

Community Events
In 2016, for HM The Queen's 90th Birthday celebrations, the annual Church Garden Fete was amalgamated into a Parish Fete held on "The Rec". This has remained a regular event, with a break in 2020 and 2021 due to COVID-19. In 2022 a Big Jubilee Lunch was held instead for HM The Queen's Platinum Jubilee.

Leek Wootton & District Horticultural Society holds an Annual Flower Show at the Village hall on the Saturday of the weekend before the August Bank Holiday. There are various gardening, cooking and household classes and children's competitions, ranging from miniature gardens to digital art. Unclaimed entries are entered into an arction of produce at the end of the event.

title: Leek Wootton


text:
Frobenius–Schur indicator

In mathematics, and especially the discipline of representation theory, the Schur indicator, named after Issai Schur, or Frobenius–Schur indicator describes what invariant bilinear forms a given irreducible representation of a compact group on a complex vector space has. It can be used to classify the irreducible representations of compact groups on real vector spaces.

Definition
If a finite-dimensional continuous representation of a compact group G has character χ its Frobenius–Schur indicator is defined to be

 * $$\int_{g\in G}\chi(g^2)\,d\mu$$

for Haar measure μ with μ(G) = 1. When G is finite it is given by

 * $${1\over |G|}\sum_{g\in G}\chi(g^2).$$

If χ is a complex irreducible representation, then its Frobenius–Schur indicator is 1, 0, or -1. It provides a criterion for deciding whether a real irreducible representation of G is real, complex or quaternionic, in a specific sense defined below. Much of the content below discusses the case of finite groups, but the general compact case is analogous.

Real irreducible representations
There are three types of irreducible real representations of a finite group on a real vector space V, as Schur's lemma implies that the endomorphism ring commuting with the group action is a real associative division algebra and by the Frobenius theorem can only be isomorphic to either the real numbers, or the complex numbers, or the quaternions.

 * If the ring is the real numbers, then V⊗C is an irreducible complex representation with Schur indicator 1, also called a real representation.
 * If the ring is the complex numbers, then V has two different conjugate complex structures, giving two irreducible complex representations with Schur indicator 0, sometimes called complex representations.
 * If the ring is the quaternions, then choosing a subring of the quaternions isomorphic to the complex numbers makes V into an irreducible complex representation of G with Schur indicator −1, called a quaternionic representation.

Moreover every irreducible representation on a complex vector space can be constructed from a unique irreducible representation on a real vector space in one of the three ways above. So knowing the irreducible representations on complex spaces and their Schur indicators allows one to read off the irreducible representations on real spaces.

Real representations can be complexified to get a complex representation of the same dimension and complex representations can be converted into a real representation of twice the dimension by treating the real and imaginary components separately. Also, since all finite dimensional complex representations can be turned into a unitary representation, for unitary representations the dual representation is also a (complex) conjugate representation because the Hilbert space norm gives an antilinear bijective map from the representation to its dual representation.

Self-dual complex irreducible representation correspond to either real irreducible representation of the same dimension or real irreducible representations of twice the dimension called quaternionic representations (but not both) and non-self-dual complex irreducible representation correspond to a real irreducible representation of twice the dimension. Note for the latter case, both the complex irreducible representation and its dual give rise to the same real irreducible representation. An example of a quaternionic representation would be the four-dimensional real irreducible representation of the quaternion group Q8.

Definition in terms of the symmetric and alternating square
If V is the underlying vector space of a representation of a group G, then the tensor product representation $$V\otimes V$$ can be decomposed as the direct sum of two subrepresentations, the symmetric square, denoted $$\operatorname{Sym}^2(V)$$ (also often denoted by $$V\otimes_S V$$ or $$V\odot V$$) and the alternating square, $$\operatorname{Alt}^2(V) $$(also often denoted by $$\wedge^2V$$, $$V\otimes_A V$$, or $$V \wedge V$$). In terms of these square representations, the indicator has the following, alternate definition:

where $$W_{\text{triv}}$$is the trivial representation.

To see this, note that the term $$\chi(g^2)$$naturally arises in the characters of these representations; to wit, we have"$\chi_V(g^2)=\chi_V(g)^2-2\chi_{\wedge^2V}(g)$"and"$\chi_V(g^2)=2\chi_{\operatorname{Sym}^2(V)}(g)-\chi_V(g)^2$."Substituting either of these formulae, the Frobenius–Schur indicator takes on the structure of the natural G-invariant inner product on class functions: The inner product counts the multiplicities of direct summands; the equivalence of the definitions then follows immediately.

Applications
Let V be an irreducible complex representation of a group G (or equivalently, an irreducible $$\mathbb{C}[G]$$-module, where $$\mathbb{C}[G]$$ denotes the group ring). Then
 * 1) There exists a nonzero G-invariant bilinear form on V if and only if $$\iota\chi\neq 0$$
 * 2) There exists a nonzero G-invariant symmetric bilinear form on V if and only if $$\iota\chi=1$$
 * 3) There exists a nonzero G-invariant skew-symmetric bilinear form on V if and only if $$\iota\chi=-1$$.

The above is a consequence of the universal properties of the symmetric algebra and exterior algebra, which are the underlying vector spaces of the symmetric and alternating square.

Additionally,
 * 1) $$\iota\chi=0$$ if and only if $$\chi$$ is not real-valued (these are complex representations),
 * 2) $$\iota\chi=1$$ if and only if $$\chi$$ can be realized over $$\mathbb{R}$$ (these are real representations), and
 * 3) $$\iota\chi=-1$$ if and only if $$\chi$$ is real but cannot be realized over $$\mathbb{R}$$ (these are quaternionic representations).

Higher Frobenius-Schur indicators
Just as for any complex representation ρ,

 * $$\frac{1}{|G|}\sum_{g\in G}\rho(g)$$

is a self-intertwiner, for any integer n,

 * $$\frac{1}{|G|}\sum_{g\in G}\rho(g^n)$$

is also a self-intertwiner. By Schur's lemma, this will be a multiple of the identity for irreducible representations. The trace of this self-intertwiner is called the nth Frobenius-Schur indicator.

The original case of the Frobenius–Schur indicator is that for n = 2. The zeroth indicator is the dimension of the irreducible representation, the first indicator would be 1 for the trivial representation and zero for the other irreducible representations.

It resembles the Casimir invariants for Lie algebra irreducible representations. In fact, since any representation of G can be thought of as a module for C[G] and vice versa, we can look at the center of C[G]. This is analogous to looking at the center of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra. It is simple to check that

 * $$\sum_{g\in G}g^n$$

belongs to the center of C[G], which is simply the subspace of class functions on G.

title: Frobenius–Schur indicator


text: User talk:64.216.106.197

title: User talk:64.216.106.197


text:
Gol Gumbaz

Gol Gumbaz (lit. 'Round Dome'), also written Gol Gumbad, is a 17th-century mausoleum located in Bijapur, a city in Karnataka, India. It houses the remains of Mohammad Adil Shah, seventh sultan of the Adil Shahi dynasty, and some of his relatives. Begun in the mid-17th century, the structure never reached completion. The mausoleum is notable for its scale and exceptionally large dome. The structure is an important example of Adil Shahi architecture.

The building is one of those put by UNESCO on its "tentative list" to become a World Heritage Site in 2014, under the name Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate.

History
The construction of the Gol Gumbaz began in the mid-17th century, during the close of Mohammed Adil Shah's reign, which was from 1627 to 1656. It is located directly behind the dargah of Hashim Pir, a Sufi saint; Richard Eaton views this as suggestive of the close relationship between the ruler and the saint. The mausoleum was never completed; construction may have halted in 1656 due to Mohammed Adil Shah's death that year.

Architecture
The Gol Gumbaz is one of the most ambitious structures built by the Adil Shahi dynasty. It is the most technically advanced domed structure to have been erected in the Deccan, and one of the largest single-chamber structures in the world. The architect of the structure is not known. Bianca Alfieri asserts that the building's size was a conscious decision made by Mohammed Adil Shah in order to rival the architecture of the Ibrahim Rauza, the tomb of the ruler's predecessor Ibrahim Adil Shah II. Alternatively, Elizabeth Merklinger suggests that the size was an attempt to assert the stature of the Adil Shahi dynasty, in light of its later absorption by the Mughal Empire.

The mausoleum is contained in a larger walled complex, with other buildings such as a mosque, a naqqar khana, and a dharmshala.

Plan and exterior
Despite the grand nature of the monument, the plan of the Gol Gumbaz is simple. It is a cube 47.5m on each side, topped by a hemispherical dome of diameter approximately 44m domed octagonal towers, each divided into seven floors and topped by a bulbous dome, line the four corners of the cube. The levels of the towers are marked by arcades and contain staircases within.

The walls of the structure are built of dark grey basalt and decorated plaster. Each side wall of the cube bears three blind arches; the spandrels of the arches contain medallion motifs, and the central arch on each side wall is filled with a stone screen containing doorways and windows. Cornices project from the building, supported by corbels. Atop the cornices are rows of small arches, themselves topped by large merlons. Leaves surround the base of the mausoleum's dome, hiding the joint between the dome and its drum.

Interior
The interior is a huge single chamber that is approximately 41 m across and 60 m high. In the centre of the chamber floor is a raised platform bearing the cenotaphs of Mohammad Adil Shah, his younger wife Arus Bibi, his older wife, his favourite mistress Rhamba, his daughter, and a grandson. The cenotaphs mark the location of the actual tombs, which are found in a crypt underneath and accessed by a staircase under the western entrance of the mausoleum. Though typical of Indian Muslim tombs, this is the only instance of such a practice in Adil Shahi architecture. Mohammad Adil Shah's cenotaph is covered by a wooden canopy; Michell and Zebrowski speculate that this is a later addition. A half-octagonal room is attached to the north facade of the building, though this is also a later addition.

Dome
At the time of its construction, the Gol Gumbaz boasted the largest dome in the Islamic world. Its external diameter is nearly 44 m. The dome is built of brick and cemented with layers of lime. It has six small openings in its base as well as a flat section at its crown. The dome rests on a circular base, which is internally supported by interlocking pendentives, formed from eight intersecting arches that arise from the interior hall. Similar vaulting is found, though on a smaller scale, in the Jami Masjid of Bijapur and the Ibrahim Rauza. Outside of Bijapur, this pendentive support system is virtually unknown. The conceptual origin of the Gol Gumbaz's pendentives is debated, though a Central Asian influence has been suggested by multiple scholars.

Around the base of the dome is a gallery, accessed by the staircases in the towers. It is known as the 'whispering gallery' since the faintest sound from here is heard across the dome, due to sound reflecting off the dome.

Art and literature
In Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833 is a picture of Gol Gumbaz entitled Tomb of Mahomed Shah by Samuel Prout, engraved by R. Sands and accompanied by a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon reflecting on the claim that he had a happy end.

title: Gol Gumbaz