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Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines

The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) is the permanent organizational assembly of the Catholic bishops of the Philippines exercising together certain pastoral offices for the Christian faithful of their territory through apostolic plans, programs and projects suited to the circumstances of time and place in accordance with law for the promotion of the greater good offered by the Catholic Church to all people.

Standing as the national episcopal conference in the Philippines, it consists all diocesan bishops and those equivalent to bishops in church law; all coadjutor and auxiliary bishops; and all other titular bishops who exercise for the entire nation a special office assigned to them by the Apostolic See. It has 90 active and 40 honorary bishops and other members. The chancery is centrally located within the Intramuros district, located just behind the Manila Cathedral.

Kalookan bishop Pablo Virgilio David is the current president.

Purpose
As provided in its constitution, the purposes of this episcopal conference is to promote solidarity in the Philippine Church; to engage the Philippine Church actively in the thrusts of the universal church; to assume the responsibilities as evangelizer in relation to all the people, and in particular to civil authority; and to foster relations with other Episcopal Conferences.

According to this document, the purpose of the conference is to promote solidarity in the Philippine Church, formulate joint pastoral policies and programs, engage the Philippine Church as abide in the pastoral thrusts of the universal church, assume the responsibilities as evangelizer in relation to all the people and with the civil authority in particular and to foster relations with other Episcopal Conferences.

Plenary Assembly
Bishops are gathered as a body in pursuit of its objectives constitute the Plenary Assembly, which is the highest decision-making body of the Conference.

It is the Plenary Assembly which elects through direct vote the officers of the Conference, composed of the following: President, Vice-President, Secretary General and Treasurer. It is likewise the Plenary Assembly which elects the members of the Permanent Council, the Chairmen of the Episcopal Commissions and the heads of the agencies attached to the Conference.

The Plenary Assembly meets in regular session twice a year: in January and in July. When the Plenary Assembly is not in session, the Permanent Council acts for and in behalf of the Conference.

The Permanent Council is composed of a chairman, Vice-Chairman, and ten regional representatives (five for Luzon, two for Visayas and three for Mindanao).

The President of the CBCP serves for a term of two years, and is limited to only two consecutive terms. The members of the Permanent Council, on the other hand, have a term of two years but are allowed a cumulative number of up to four terms. They may not, however, serve for more than two consecutive terms in succession.

Permanent Council
Bishops convene as a Plenary Assembly on a regular basis only twice a year. When the Plenary Assembly is not in session, it is the Permanent Council which acts for and on behalf of all the bishops.

The Permanent Council, composed of ten elected members representing the Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao regions, acts in accordance with the Constitution and By-Laws of the CBCP, and the policies and standing decisions of the Plenary Assembly.

The Council may be convened by the President at any time for the discharge of its regular functions or for special purposes. However, when the Council cannot have a quorum, the members present, together with other CBCP members available, may also act for and in behalf of the Conference.

The Permanent Council's regular functions include ensuring that the decisions made during the Plenary Assembly are properly executed and directing the activities of the Office and other agencies of the Conference. It is also tasked to prepare the agenda for the meetings of the Plenary Assembly and examine and approve the Conference's annual budget, prior to submission and final approval of the Plenary Assembly.

A crucial function of the Permanent Council is to prepare the Joint Statements or Pastoral Letters of the Hierarchy on subject matters decided on by the Plenary Assembly, and see to it that copies are sent to the members for comment and/or approval before they are officially released.

The council is likewise mandated to work with the Episcopal Commissions and assign to them functions of urgent character which may not have been taken up in the Plenary Assembly and which may not be provided for in the Constitution. It also has the power to set up temporary agencies for some particular inquiry or for some limited sphere of actions.

Composition
As of 2022, the episcopal conference has 90 active member cardinals, archbishops and bishops as well as 40 honorary members.

The Philippines has 16 archdioceses, 51 dioceses, 7 apostolic vicariates, 5 territorial prelatures and a military ordinariate.

Philippine politics
The episcopal conference expressed dismay (July 6, 2007) over the conduct of the May 14, 2007, midterm elections, saying "the challenge of credible, honest, meaningful and peaceful polls remains". CBCP president Lagdameo lamented that "vote-buying and other anomalies have already become systematic and even cultural." He stressed that election watchdogs, including the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV), noted that the problem no longer lies in the voters but the voting system itself and the irresponsibility of some election officials. PPCRV chairman Henrietta de Villa told the bishops that last May's elections merely repeated the unresolved poll fraud issues in the 2004 race between Arroyo and the late Fernando Poe Jr. Lagdameo promised that they would come up with a full assessment of the conduct of the May 14 midterm elections at the conclusion of the assembly (July 9). The CBCP is also expected to discuss other pertinent issues, including extrajudicial killings of activists and journalists as well as the implementation of the new Anti-Terror Law.

Lagdameo asked the government to review the controversial anti-terror law, fearing it could be abused. The CBCP warned that the Human Security Act may be used by authorities to quell popular dissent against the government of Mrs. Arroyo. The CBCP, in a press conference, further called for a change of leadership at the Commission on Elections as it noted the "continuing dominance" of political dynasties, dagdag-bawas, and poll violence. Demanding "full revamp of the Comelec", it sought for the appointment of people with "unquestioned integrity and competence, especially in systems and management" to succeed Chair Abalos and the five other members. There should also be "serious efforts to de-politicize and professionalize the bureaucracy," the CBCP said in a two-page pastoral statement read by its president Angel Lagdameo. Its call came after the vote of the 85-bishop CBCP during their two-day plenary assembly. Meanwhile, Comelec Commissioner Rene Sarmiento urged the early nomination process (which must be transparent and should involve the electorate) for the four poll commissioners. The terms of office of Chair Abalos and Commissioners Tuason and Borra would end in February next year, with an existing vacancy at the Comelec.

On December 17, 2007, in a statement on the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) website, Pampanga archbishop Paciano Aniceto stated that Pope Benedict XVI assured Filipinos that God and the church are still with them – in his encyclical "Spe Salvi facti sumus (In hope we are saved)." Also, Manila auxiliary bishop Broderick Pabillo was appointed the new chair of the Episcopal Commission on Social Action and Peace and the National Action for Social Justice and Peace (Nassa), the CBCP's social arm, replacing Marbel bishop Dinualdo Gutierrez.

On January 7, 2008, Bishop Leonardo Medroso, chairman of the CBCP Episcopal Commission on Canon Law and bishop of Tagbilaran diocese, Bohol, issued the appeal to priests to stay away from politics, ahead of the May 2010 elections. He cited Code of Canon Law, prohibition, Canon 287, which forbids all clerics from entering politics and that priests "cannot have an active role in political parties unless the need to protect the rights of the church or to promote the common good." Three priests—Crisanto de la Cruz, Ronilo Maat Omanio and Ed Panlilio—who ran in the last elections were suspended from their pastoral duties as a result of their entry into the political arena. Only Panlilio won.

On January 19, 2008, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (quoting from a letter of Vatican Cardinal Secretary of State Tarcisio Bertone) announced that Pope Benedict XVI "praised the courage of, and was saddened over the brutal and tragic killing of Reynaldo Roda in his ministry as head of Notre Dame School." The Pope wrote Jolo Bishop Angelito Lampon: "calls upon the perpetrators to renounce the ways of violence and to play their part in building a just and peaceful society, where all can live together in harmony."

Church insiders reported that the CBCP was still ruled by conservatives, amid renewed calls for Mrs. Arroyo's resignation. Bishops therefore, failed to join these clamors, since the President "continues to wield influence over a good number of CBCP members".

HIV/AIDS
In 2015, the head of CBCP's Episcopal Commission on Health Care, Dan Vicente Cancino, explained that the rise of HIV/AIDS cases in the Philippines due to Filipinos believing to "distorted concept of sexuality" due to lack of "family values formation". He urged Filipinos to adhere to traditional Filipino values and live a life of prayer.

The Rise of HIV/AIDS cases in the Philippines, as much as Ten people per day, has been attributed to the CBCP's stance against reproductive health education and condom use.

Philippine Anti-discrimination Bill
In December 2011, the CBCP reportedly urged the Philippine Senate not to pass the Bill 2814 known as "Anti-Ethnic, Racial or Religious Discrimination and Profiling Act of 2011" or "Anti-discrimination Bill". CBCP legal counsel Roland Reyes stated that he believes that the bill is a precursor for the passage of a same sex marriage bill in the country. Another CBCP legal counsel, Jo Imbong, questioned protecting homosexuals because she considers homosexuality to be a choice of the individual. The CBCP sees the Anti-discrimination bill as a challenge to religious freedom, but the CBCP stated that it supports the bill as long as it rejects second class treatment for the LGBT community.

PCSO controversy
The CBCP was embroiled in a controversy in 2011 over millions of pesos in donations from the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office at the behest of then president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. According to a Commission on Audit report in 2009, some bishops received donations for the purchase of vehicles from the PCSO.

Critics claim the donations was given to ensure church support for Arroyo, who was then buffeted by scandals and repeated threats of impeachment. The bishops were tagged as "Pajero bishops" as it was alleged that they received Pajero vehicles.

Cardinal Orlando Quevedo, Archbishop of Cotabato, explained that they asked for donations from the government because they are from "the provinces that have some of the most difficult areas that we have." He added that it is their duty to help the people from those provinces with the use of their resources and that "when we lack resources, we seek the assistance from others."

The bishops were summoned during the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee investigation on the anomalies within the PCSO, with the bishops returning the vehicles donated to them. The CBCP Permanent Council also conducted its own investigation regarding the controversy. Senator Teofisto Guingona, chairman of the Blue Ribbon Committee, said that since the vehicles were used for secular purposes, the donation is not considered as a violation of the Constitution, but added that the issue was a "litmus test to the Constitution" since the Constitution prohibits favoring a particular religious organization. Senator Juan Ponce Enrile said that the tag "Pajero bishops" were unfair since the bishops did not receive expensive vehicles and said that the PCSO leadership must be blamed for the controversy.

Pedophilia
Shay Cullen, founder of the People's Recovery Empowerment Development Assistance Foundation, accused CBCP members of covering up cases of sexual abuse and misconduct.

In year 2002, CBCP apologized for the cases of sexual abuse and misconduct that were committed by its priests. CBCP admitted that around 200 priests have been involved in various cases of sexual misconducts, not limited only to pedophilia, for time period of 20 years. According to one report, cases of pedophilia in the Philippines were settled out of courts, with the convicted members of clergy being transferred to another parishes by their Bishops. Several cases of pedophilia have been reported with some still pending trial.

John Mary Vianney Galilee Development and Retreat Center for Priests
The 54-room institution is a brainchild of now retired Manila Archbishop Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales. In 1991, at the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines (PCP II), the CBCP decided to build a national center for the ongoing renewal and rehabilitation of clergy, to operate under the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines’ Episcopal Commission on Clergy.

According to Noel Deslate, former director of the center, for every 20 priests in the Galilee Center, four are cases of pedophilia. "Unfortunately, we were not able to document it," he said. "But I am sure (of) the number." sic.

This center is supported by Felicidad Sy a member of the wealthy Sy family who owns BDO and SM Group.


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Sekijō, Ibaraki

Sekijō (関城町) was a town located in Makabe District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 15,961 and a density of 462.50 persons per km2. The total area was 34.51 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Sekijō, along with the city of Shimodate, the towns of Akeno and Kyōwa (all from Makabe District) was merged to create the city of Chikusei and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sekijō, Ibaraki


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Akeno, Ibaraki

Akeno (明野町) was a town located in Makabe District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 17,377 and a density of 359.40 persons per km2. The total area was 48.35 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Akeno, along with the city of Shimodate, the towns of Kyōwa and Sekijō (all from Makabe District) was merged to create the city of Chikusei and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

The area previously known as Akeno has five Elementary schools (Murata, Omura, Nagasa, Toba and Ueno), one Junior high school and one High School. Points of interest include the local Genkikan, a flower park, and nearby Mount Tsukuba.

title: Akeno, Ibaraki


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Döme Sztójay

Döme Sztójay (Димитрије Стојаковић, 5 January 1883 – 22 August 1946) was a Hungarian soldier and diplomat of Serb origin, who served as Prime Minister of Hungary in 1944, during World War II.

Biography
Born in Versec (modern-day Vršac) into a Serb family as Dimitrije Stojaković (Димитрије Стојаковић), Sztójay joined the Austro-Hungarian Army as a young man and served as a colonel during World War I. After the war, Sztójay served in Admiral Miklós Horthy’s counter-revolutionary Royal Hungarian Army, specializing in counter-espionage. After Horthy became Regent of Hungary, Sztójay was promoted to general and served as a military attaché in Berlin from 1927 to 1933. He Magyarized his name to Sztójay in 1927. From 1933 to 1935, Sztójay served in the Ministry of Defence. In 1935, Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös named Sztójay as Hungarian ambassador to Germany, a position he would hold until 1944. As ambassador, Sztójay formed strong ties with the Third Reich and often voiced support for German policies to his superiors in Hungary.

In Operation Margarethe in March 1944, the German Army occupied Hungary and forced Horthy to remove Prime Minister Miklós Kállay from office. Kállay, like Horthy, knew that Germany was losing the war, and had put out numerous feelers to the West. On 9 September 1943 László Veress, an employee of the Ministry of Exterior signed a secret agreement to surrender unconditionally to the Western Allies. Although Kállay and his government had promised on numerous occasions to surrender to the Western Allies as soon as they reached Hungary, Veress' agreement was unauthorized, as in Kállay's consideration it effectively gave up Hungary's sovereignty.

Nevertheless, the agreement didn't sit well with Berlin. When they took over the country, the Germans gave Horthy a choice between choosing a new prime minister who would cooperate with the Germans or undisguised occupation. Knowing that the latter would likely mean a Gauleiter who would treat Hungary in the same manner as the other Nazi-occupied countries, Horthy chose the former. The German Plenipotentiary for Hungary, Edmund Veesenmayer, proposed that Horthy reappoint Béla Imrédy, who had been prime minister earlier in the war (and who had, ironically, a Jewish great-grandfather). However, Horthy balked at appointing the strongly pro-German Imrédy and suggested Sztójay instead. Though Sztójay had been ambassador to Berlin for a decade and was known to be pro-German, Horthy believed that at bottom he was a soldier first and would not totally give in to German demands. The Germans readily approved of Horthy's choice, and on 23 March 1944, Sztójay was appointed Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

As prime minister, Sztójay legalized Ferenc Szálasi’s Arrow Cross Party, increased Hungarian troop levels on the Eastern Front, dissolved the nation's labor unions, jailed political opponents, and cracked down on left wing politicians and activists. He also significantly ramped up the pace of forced deportations of Hungarian Jews, but at the same time tried to reduce the consequences. Horthy quickly became appalled by Sztójay's actions and demanded his removal as prime minister, but Veesenmayer, backed by Adolf Hitler, sternly refused to do so. Horthy refused to give in entirely, however, and used his influence to stop the deportations of Hungary's Jews and to force Imrédy out of Sztójay's cabinet. The Germans finally submitted to Horthy's pressure in August 1944 and Sztójay resigned as prime minister in favour of Géza Lakatos.

When Horthy was removed from power by the Germans in October 1944, Sztójay was not reappointed prime minister due to poor health. Sztójay subsequently fled Hungary when the Germans were driven out of the country by the Red Army in April 1945. Sztójay was later captured by American troops and extradited to Hungary in October 1945, after which time he was tried by a People's Tribunal in Budapest. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against the Hungarian people, sentenced to death, and executed by a firing squad in Budapest in 1946.

title: Döme Sztójay


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Makabe, Ibaraki

Makabe (真壁町) was a town located in Makabe District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 19,368 and a density of 305.49 persons per km2. The total area was 63.40 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Makabe, along with the village of Yamato (also from Makabe District), and the town of Iwase (from Nishiibaraki District), was merged to create the city of Sakuragawa.

title: Makabe, Ibaraki


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Kyōwa, Ibaraki

Kyōwa (協和町) was a town located in Makabe District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 16,814 and a density of 463.96 persons per km2. The total area was 36.24 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Kyōwa, along with the city of Shimodate, the towns of Akeno and Sekijō (all from Makabe District) was merged to create the city of Chikusei and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kyōwa, Ibaraki


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CBCP

CBCP may refer to one of the following:
 * Center Beam Candle Power
 * Certified Building Commissioning Professional, an Association of Energy Engineers certification
 * Cross-Border Co-operation Process, a European union initiative
 * Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines
 * Certified Business Continuity Professional
 * Chicago Bulls College Prep, a high school in Chicago
 * City Boundary Coordination Project, a large scale project in City Boundaries of Iran

title: CBCP


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Makabe District, Ibaraki

Makabe (真壁郡) was a district located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of the Chikusei merger, but with 2003 population data, the district had an estimated population of 26,699 and a density of 288 persons per km2. The total area was 92.62 km2.

Towns and villages at the time of closure

 * Makabe
 * Yamato

Mergers

 * On March 28, 2005 - the towns of Akeno, Kyōwa and Sekijō were merged with the city of Shimodate to create the city of Chikusei.
 * On October 1, 2005 - the town of Makabe, and the village of Yamato were merged with the town of Iwase (from Nishiibaraki District) to create the city of Sakuragawa. Therefore, Makabe District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Makabe District, Ibaraki


text: Category:Vampires

title: Category:Vampires


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Yachiyo, Ibaraki

Yachiyo (八千代町) is a town located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 20,882 in 7,176 households and a population density of 354 persons per km². The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 30.7%. The total area of the town is 58.99 sqkm.

Geography
Yachiyo is located in the western part of Ibaraki prefecture, almost in the center of the Kanto Plain. It is about 60 kilometers to Tokyo and about 70 kilometers to the prefectural capital at Mito. The Kinugawa River flows through the town,

Surrounding municipalities
Ibaraki Prefecture
 * Yūki
 * Shimotsuma
 * Chikusei
 * Bandō
 * Koga

Climate
Yachiyo has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with little snowfall. The average annual temperature in Yachiyo is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1394 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.5 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yachiyo has remained relatively stable over the past 70 years.

History
During the Edo period, the area around Yachiyo was part of Shimōsa Province. It was transferred to Hitachi Province in 1875.

With the creation of the municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration on April 1, 1889, the villages of Nakayūki and Shimoyūki were created within Yūki District of Ibaraki Prefecture, as well as the village of Anjō in Okada District and Kawanishi in Makabe District, and Nishitoyoda in Toyoda District. These five villages merged to form the village of Yachiyo on January 1, 1955. Yachiyo was elevated to town status on February 1, 1972.

Government
Yachiyo has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Yachiyo, together with neighboring Jōsō, contributes two members to the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Ibaraki 7th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The local economy is dominated by agriculture. The town is noted for its production of Chinese cabbage.

Education
Yachiyo has five public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Ibaraki Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway

 * Yachiyo does not have any passenger train service.

Noted people from Yachiyo

 * Shigeo Nakajima, boxer
 * Hiroyuki Takasaki, professional soccer player

title: Yachiyo, Ibaraki


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Chiyokawa, Ibaraki

Chiyokawa (千代川村) was a village located in Yūki District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

On January 1, 2006, Chiyokawa was merged into the expanded city of Shimotsuma.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 9,589 and a density of 483.56 persons per km2. The total area was 19.83 km2.

title: Chiyokawa, Ibaraki


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Ishige, Ibaraki

Ishige (石下町) was a town located in Yūki District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 24,960 and a density of 569.34 persons per km2. The total area was 43.84 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Ishige merged with Mitsukaido; which was later renamed "Jōsō".

title: Ishige, Ibaraki


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Yūki District

Yūki (結城郡) is a district located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. As at May, 2008, the district had an estimated Population of 23,388 and a Density of 396 persons/km2. The total area is 59.1 km2.

The district contains one town, Yachiyo (八千代町)

Administrative changes
On April 1, 1889, due to the municipal status enforcement, the town of Yūki and the villages of Kinugawa, Egawa, Kamiyamakawa, Yamakawa, Nasaki, Nakayūki, and Shimoyūki were formed within Yūki District. On April 1, 1896, Yūki, Okada, and Toyoda Districts merged to form the new Yūki District. The village of Ishige gained town status on August 24, 1897, becoming the town of Ishige, the third town in the district.

On March 14, 1954 the village of Yamakawa merged into the town of Yūki, and the following day the town of Yūki absorbed the villages of Kinugawa, Egawa, and Kamiyamakawa and gained city status to become the city of Yūki. On June 1 of the same year, the villages of Fusakami and Toyokami merged into the town of Shimotsuma, Makabe District. The town of Shimotsuma gained town status to become the city of Shimotsuma on the same day. One month later, on July 10, the town of Mitsukaido absorbed the villages of Toyooka, Sugawara, Ōhanawa, Mitsuma, Goka, Ōnoo, and 坂手, Kitasōma District, and gained city status to become the city of Mitsukaido. On October 1, 1954, parts of the village of Tama merged into the village of Sōdō, and the town of Ishige and the villages of Toyoda, Okada, Iinuma, and the remaining parts of Tama merged to form the town of Ishige.

On January 1, 1955, the villages of Sōdō, Kokai, and Ōgata merged to form the village of Chiyokawa, and the villages of Nishitoyoda, Nakayūki, Anjō, and Shimoyūki merged with the village of Kawanishi, Makabe District to form the village of Yachiyo. On February 11 that year, the village of Nasaki merged with the villages of Kōjima and Yamata, Sashima District to form the Sanwa, Sashima District.

On February 1, 1972, the village of Yachiyo gained town status to become the town of Yachiyo.

On January 1, 2006, the village of Chiyokawa merged into the city of Shimotsuma, and the town of Ishige merged into the city of Mitsukaido. The city of Mitsukaido was renamed to become the city of Jōsō on the same day.

title: Yūki District


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Sōwa, Ibaraki

Sōwa (総和町) was a town located in Sashima District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 48,810 and a density of 924.43 persons per km2. The total area was 52.80 km2.

On September 12, 2005, Sōwa, along with the town of Sanwa (also from Sashima District), was merged into the expanded city of Koga. Sōwa's town hall is used as the new Koga City Hall.

title: Sōwa, Ibaraki


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Goka

Goka (五霞町) is a town located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 8,162 in 2987 households and a population density of 353 persons per km2. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 34.7%. The total area of the city is 23.11 sqkm.

Geography
Goka is located in the flatlands in the very western portion of Ibaraki Prefecture, bordered by Saitama Prefecture to the west and south, Chiba Prefecture to the east. The Tone River, along with the Edo River and Naka River pass through the town. Goka is approximately 50 kilometers from central Tokyo.

Rivers

 * Tone River
 * Edo River
 * Naka River
 * Gongendo River(Lake Miyuki)
 * Fuyugi-otoshi River
 * Goka-otoshi River

Place names

 * Motokurihashi
 * Kawatsuma
 * Kotesashi
 * Shinkōya
 * Kofukuda
 * Ōfukuda
 * Sanno-yama
 * Sanno
 * Egawa
 * Kōshu
 * Goka-mirai
 * Fuyugi
 * Maebayashi
 * Shaka
 * Harajukudai

Neighboring municipalities
Ibaraki Prefecture Saitama Prefecture Chiba Prefecture
 * Koga
 * Sakai
 * Kuki
 * Satte
 * Noda

Climate
Goka has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Goka is 14.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1326 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.4 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Goka peaked around the year 2000 and has declined since.

History
The area of present-day Goka was part of Shimōsa Province and was transferred to Ibaraki Prefecture in 1875 after the start of the Meiji period. The area was organized into the village of Goka within Nishikatsushika District, Ibaraki with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on 1 April 1889. The district was abolished in 1896, becoming part of Sashima District. Goka was raised to town status on 1 June 1996.

Government
Goka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 10 members. Goka, together with neighboring Bandō and Sakai, contributes two members to the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Ibaraki 7th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Industrial Park

 * Doyobu, Kawatsuma, Egawa, Ōsaki, Ondashi and Goka IC industrial park

Company office and plant

 * Kewpie Corporation, Goka plant
 * Yakult Honsha Company Limited, Ibaraki plant
 * Kyodo Printing Company Limited, Goka plant
 * SHINCHOSHA Publishing Company Limited, Goka Office
 * KIKKOMAN SoyFoods Company, Ibaraki plant
 * KATO WORKS Company Limited, Ibaraki plant

Education
Goka has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.
 * Goka-nishi elementary school
 * Goka-higashi elementary school
 * Goka junior high school

Public facilities

 * Goka town hall
 * Goka post office
 * Goka Harajukudai post office
 * Goka town B&G Marine center
 * Environmental purification center
 * Kawatsuma water purification plant

Fire department

 * Koga fire department(Koga-city)
 * Goka branch

Police department

 * Ibaraki prefectural police, Sakai police station(Sakai-town)
 * Motokurihashi police box
 * Kofukuda police box

Railway
Goka does not have any passenger railway service. The near station is Kurihashi on the JR East's Utsunomiya Line(Tohoku Main Line) and Minami-kurihashi or Satte on the Tōbu Nikkō Line. Tohoku Shinkansen pass through northern part of the town.

Expressway

 * – Goka Interchange

Highway

 * Roadside station Goka (government-designated rest area)
 * Roadside station Goka (government-designated rest area)

Prefectural Road

 * Prefecture Route 267
 * Prefecture Route 268

Bus

 * Route Bus(operated by Asahi bus)
 * Goka town hall - Tatsudō - Satte station
 * Community transportation "Gokarin-go" (operated by Asahi bus, operation route depending on the time of day except Sunday and holidays)
 * Minami-kurihashi station - Saiseikai Kurihashi Hospital - Goka town hall - Goka Egawa-honson (Morning and evening time route)
 * Beisia Supermarket Kurihashi Store - Minami-kurihashi station - Saiseikai Kurihashi Hospital - Goka town hall - Motokurihashi-ikenari - Dōmu Park - Tatsudō - Roadside station Goka - Goka Egawa-honson(Daytime route)

Local attractions

 * Kurihashi castle ruins
 * Tōshōji temple
 * Ana-yakushi ancient tomb
 * Fuyugi A・B shellmound
 * Nakanoshima Park
 * Dōmu Park
 * Roadside station Goka
 * Information and disaster station Goka

title: Goka


text:
Daimaru

Daimaru (大丸) is a Japanese department store chain, principally located in the Kansai region of Japan. The chain is operated by Daimaru Matsuzakaya Department Stores, a subsidiary of J. Front Retailing. At one time Daimaru was an independent company, The Daimaru, Inc. (株式会社大丸), headquartered in Chūō-ku, Osaka.

It has been a member of the International Association of Department Stores from 1962 to 1982. As of 2016, Daimaru had seven stores in Japan, and employed about 3,000 people.

History

Daimaru traces its history to Dai-Monjiya, a dry goods store in Kyoto founded by Shimomura Hikoemon Masahiro in 1717. The name "Daimaru" was first used for a store in Nagoya called Daimaruya, which opened in 1728.

The chain was incorporated in 1907 and reincorporated as Daimaru Dry Goods K.K. in 1920, changing its name to Daimaru in 1928. For several years in the 1960s, Daimaru was the largest retailer in Japan.

In 1960, Daimaru established a subsidiary called Peacock Sangyo. Now known as Daimaru Peacock, it operates 49 supermarkets in the Greater Tokyo Area, 28 in the Kansai region and 8 in the Chūbu region.

International expansion and closures
Daimaru expanded to Malaysia 1942 opening in Penang and later Singapore establishing a presence in November 1983 when Liang Court was opened. Daimaru would later close and reopen in 2003.

Its opened in Hong Kong in 1960 lasting until its exit from Hong Kong in 1998,

In the late 1964, it was the first Japanese department store to open in Thailand, under the name Thai Daimaru.

It opened its first store outside of Asia in Melbourne, Australia in 1991 operating across six levels of the Melbourne Central (in direct competition with Myer and David Jones). A second Australian store announced in 1996 opened on the Gold Coast in 1998. Daimaru announced its departure from the Australian market after nearly a decade of low profits in September 2001 commencing closure of both stores in late 2002.

In 1998, Daimaru entered into a partnership with the French grand couturier Dominique Sirop to produce Dominique Sirop for Daimaru, a high fashion prêt-à-porter (ready-to-wear) label.

Locations (Japan)

 * Shinsaibashi, Osaka - 7–1, Shinsaibashi Itchome, Chūō-ku. The main Daimaru department store, founded as Matsuya in 1726. Along Mido-suji.  Daimaru's corporate headquarters were located nearby, at 4–10, Minamisenba Yonchome.
 * Umeda, Osaka - 1-1, Umeda Sanchome, Kita-ku. Opened in 1983.  At South Gate Building in the south of Osaka Station.
 * Kyoto - 79, Shijo Takakura, Shimogyo-ku Kyoto. Opened in 1912. Along Shijō Dōri, north-east side of Karasuma Station.
 * Yamashina - 91, Takehana Takenokaido-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto. South of Yamashina Station.
 * Kobe - 40, Akashicho, Chūō-ku, Kobe. Opened in 1927.  Located in the south of Kyukyoryuchi-Daimarumae Station.
 * Shin-Nagata - Nagata-ku, Kobe
 * Suma - Suma-ku, Kobe
 * Ashiya - near JR West Ashiya Station
 * Tokyo - 9–1, Marunouchi Itchome, Chiyoda-ku, inside the new North Tower of the Tokyo Station Twin Towers. Opened in 2007.
 * Urawa PARCO - Urawa-ku, Saitama
 * LaLaPort Yokohama - Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama
 * Sapporo - 4–7, Kitagojonishi, Chūō-ku, inside Sapporo Station. Opened in 2003.
 * Stores operated by subsidiary companies in Fukuoka and Nagasaki (Hakata Daimaru K.K.), Shimonoseki, Tottori, Imabari, and Kōchi.

title: Daimaru


text:
Sanwa, Ibaraki

Sanwa (三和町) was a town located in Sashima District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 39,220 and a density of 787.87 persons per km2. The total area was 49.78 km2.

On September 12, 2005, Sanwa, along with the town of Sōwa (also from Sashima District), was merged into the expanded city of Koga.

title: Sanwa, Ibaraki


text:
Ashiya

Ashiya may refer to:

 * Ashiya, Hyōgo, Japan
 * Ashiya University, Hyōgo
 * Ashiya, Fukuoka, Japan
 * Ashiya, a subcaste of Charans from Rajasthan, India
 * Mizuki Ashiya, the lead character in the manga series Hana-Kimi
 * Ashiya Station (disambiguation)

title: Ashiya


text:
Sashima, Ibaraki

Sashima (猿島町) was a town located in Sashima District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 15,145 and a density of 466.57 persons per km2. The total area was 32.46 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Sashima, along with the city of Iwai, was merged to create the city of Bandō and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Sashima, Ibaraki


text:
Sakai, Ibaraki

Sakai (境町) is a town located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 24,061 in 8890 households and a population density of 516 persons per km2. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 29.1%. The total area of the town is 46.59 sqkm.

Geography
Sakai is located in the flatlands in the very western portion of Ibaraki Prefecture, bordered by Chiba Prefecture to the west. The Tone River runs east to west at the southern end of the town, which is located about 50 to 60 kilometers from central Tokyo.

Neighboring municipalities
Ibaraki Prefecture Chiba Prefecture
 * Koga, Ibaraki
 * Bandō, Ibaraki
 * Goka, Ibaraki
 * Noda, Chiba

Climate
Sakai has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Sakai is 14.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1321 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.3 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Sakai has remained relatively steady over the past 70 years.

History
In the Edo period, the village of Sakai was part of the jōkamachi of Sekiyado Domain on the opposite bank of the Tone River, and was a port for river traffic to and from Edo. The area was part of Shimōsa Province and was transferred to Ibaraki Prefecture in 1875 after the start of the Meiji period. The town of Sakai was proclaimed with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889.

Government
Sakai has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Sakai, together with neighboring Bandō and Goka, contributes two members to the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Ibaraki 7th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Sakai in primarily agricultural, with rice, lettuce and cabbage as the main cash corps. The town has three industrial parks.

Education
Sakai has five public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Ibaraki Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
The town does not have any passenger railway service.

Highway

 * – Sakai-Koga Interchange

Noted people from Sakai

 * Kishirō Nakamura, politician
 * Hiroshi Tomihari, printmaker

Sister city

 * 🇵🇭 Marikina, Metro Manila, Philippines–2017
 * 🇺🇸 Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America–2021

title: Sakai, Ibaraki


text:
Géza Lakatos

Géza Lakatos de Csíkszentsimon (Hungarian title/name: "Vitéz lófő csíkszentsimoni Lakatos Géza"; in German: Geza Ritter Lakatos, Edler von Csikszentsimon) (30 April 1890 – 21 May 1967) was a colonel general in the Hungarian Army during World War II who served briefly as Prime Minister of Hungary, under governor Miklós Horthy from 29 August 1944, until 15 October 1944.

Biography
Lakatos graduated at Ludovica Military Academy. He was a military attaché in Prague from 1928 to 1934. On 5 August 1943 he succeeded vitéz Gusztáv Jány as commander of the Second Army. On 1 April 1944 he was appointed commander of the 1st Hungarian Army, but this was only until 15 May 1944.

In August 1944 supporters of Lakatos and Horthy, armed with one tank, overthrew the German-installed government of Döme Sztójay. Lakatos's military government (also called shadow-army, since they operated in complete secrecy) stopped the deportation of Hungarian Jews, with acting Interior Minister Béla Horváth ordering Hungarian gendarmes to use deadly force against any deportation effort. Lakatos also reopened peace talks with the Allies that had previously been begun by Miklós Kállay. He even went as far as to begin talks with the Soviets. On 15 October 1944, Horthy tried to force the Germans out entirely and concluded an armistice with the Allies. However, when Horthy announced this in a nationwide radio address, the Germans kidnapped Horthy's son, Miklós Horthy, Jr., and Horthy surrendered to them. The far-right Arrow Cross Party, backed by the Germans, immediately staged a coup and took full control of the government. Lakatos was forced to resign that day, and was imprisoned by the Germans in Sopronkőhida. After that he was interned into Sopron.

Following the Soviet occupation of Hungary, Lakatos was interrogated several times in Kiskőrös. He was released from prison in January 1946 and thereafter appeared as a witness in war crime trials against the Arrow Cross Party and other pro-Nazi former officials before the so-called People's Tribunal of Budapest. In the forthcoming years he lived in his estate in Érd. His military pension was revoked by the Communist authorities and his lands were also confiscated in 1949. Following that he moved to Budapest where he worked as a book illustrator and silk painter, and lived in poor financial circumstances. His daughter emigrated to Australia in 1956, when the failed Hungarian Revolution briefly allowed people to emigrate from Hungary. Following his wife's death in 1965, the authorities permitted Lakatos to travel to Adelaide where his daughter lived since 1957. He died there two years later, in 1967.

title: Géza Lakatos


text:
Sashima District, Ibaraki

Sashima (猿島郡) is a district located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

Following the Bandō merger but with 2004 population data, the district has an estimated population of 125,153 and a density of 726 persons per km2. The total area is 172.25 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Goka
 * Sakai

Mergers

 * On March 22, 2005, the town of Sashima merged with the neighboring city of Iwai forming the city of Bandō.
 * On September 12, 2005, the towns of Sanwa and Sōwa merged into the city of Koga.

title: Sashima District, Ibaraki


text:
User:Goplat/monobook.css

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title: User:Goplat/monobook.css


text:
California State Route 38

State Route 38 (SR 38) is a mostly rural and scenic state highway in the U.S. state of California, connecting Interstate 10 in Redlands with State Route 18 in the Big Bear Lake area. It is one of the primary routes into the San Bernardino Mountains. Despite the orientation of its alignment, SR 38 is assigned in a west–east direction.

Route description
SR 38 begins at its west junction with State Route 18 adjacent to the westernmost point of Big Bear Lake near the City of Big Bear Lake. Bordering the north shore of the lake, it traverses North Shore Drive as it passes Fawnskin and Minnelusa. After it passes Big Bear City Airport, it reaches its northeast junction with State Route 18 at Greenway Drive in Big Bear City. Route 38 then turns south, sharing Greenway Drive with Route 18. Both route signs continue on Greenway Drive to its intersection with Big Bear Boulevard. At the intersection, Route 18 turns west and Route 38 turns east onto Big Bear Boulevard. Route 38 continues easterly on Big Bear Boulevard to its intersection with Greenspot Boulevard and Shay Road.

The route then turns southeast onto Greenspot Boulevard. SR 38 leaves Big Bear City, and ascends southeasterly, reaching Onyx Summit at 8443 ft, near 9114 ft Onyx Peak; in the vicinity of this location, Route 38 is one of the highest roads in southern California. After the summit, the highway turns briefly southerly and then southwesterly starting its slow descent as it continues along Cienaga Seca Creek until it is just west of the forest road to Heart Bar Campground and to one of the many trails to San Gorgonio Mountain, the highest land elevation in southern California. It then continues northwesterly along the upper Santa Ana River and then, after briefly crossing undulating terrain, westerly through the Barton Flats area, home to many campgrounds. After leaving the Barton Flats area, encountering many small-radius curves, it continues southwesterly through undulating terrain to Angelus Oaks, where Route 38 crosses the ridgeline of the highest peaks in the San Bernardino Mountains.

After leaving Angelus Oaks, the highway continues briefly to the south including many curves; then the highway descends more rapidly as it turns southeasterly and then briefly southerly and southwesterly along the southern face of the San Bernardino Mountains to its intersection with Valley of the Falls Drive, the access road to the community of Forest Falls and to the shortest and steepest trail to San Gorgonio Mountain. Now known as Mill Creek Road, Route 38 turns slightly north of west past the north side of Mountain Home Village and then southwesterly through and adjacent to Mill Creek Canyon before leaving the San Bernardino National Forest and entering Mentone. Upon entering Mentone, the route continues due west, becoming Mentone Boulevard. As one enters Redlands from Mentone, SR 38 becomes Lugonia Avenue before turning south on Orange Street and terminating at Interstate 10 in Redlands east of the State Route 210 interchange.

SR 38 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and the western portion of the route is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 38 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System; however, it is only a scenic highway as designated by the California Department of Transportation between a point east of the South Fork Campground and the intersection with State Lane, meaning that it is a substantial section of highway passing through a "memorable landscape" with no "visual intrusions", where the potential designation has gained popular favor with the community.

The segment of SR 38 from the westernmost point of Big Bear Lake to the San Bernardino National Forest boundary near Mill Creek Canyon is designated as part of the Rim of the World Scenic Byway, a National Forest Scenic Byway.

History
A road that went from Redlands to near Baldwin Lake was added to the state highway system in 1933, and became Route 190 in 1935. In the 1964 state highway renumbering, SR 38 was designated; at this time, the highway was rerouted to the northern side of Big Bear Lake.

title: California State Route 38


text:
Layer de la Haye

Layer de la Haye (often spelled Layer-de-la-Haye; locally known just as Layer) is a village and civil parish in the City of Colchester district of Essex, England. In the 2011 census it had a recorded population of 1,767.

History
The village is thought to have been founded in Saxon times, with its original name, Legra, meaning 'lookout'. Its elevation made it an ideal vantage point for the Saxons against raiding parties from the coast. Later its name changed to Leire or Leger, meaning 'mud'. A Norse word, this is likely to have referred to the soil and marshland around the village. During the time of the Norman Conquests, the village was "owned" by the de la Hayes, and its name thus changed to Layer de la Haye. Layer was ravaged by the Black Plague of the 14th Century. The Church became derelict until it was restored by monks.

In 1289, John de Rye donated 160 acre of land to St John's Abbey in Colchester. As a token of appreciation, a manor and farm were named after him (Rye Manor and Rye Farm respectively). At the end of the 15th century, the Abbey built a toll-gate house, now called the Greate House (originally the Gate House) near Malting Green.

At the time of the dissolution of the Monasteries which began in 1536, Sir Thomas Audley, who in turn became speaker of the House of Commons and Lord Chancellor, appropriated the manors of Rye and Blind Knights, together with the Mill and the patronage of the benefice. Layer Mill is mentioned in the Domesday Book as a water-mill. The mill wheel was powered by water from the Roman River.

Within the churchyard of St John the Baptist lie the graves of Arthur Cecil Alport (a South African physician who first identified the Alport syndrome in a British family in 1927), Cuthbert Alport (a Conservative Party politician, minister and life peer) and General Sir Ivo Vesey (a British Army officer who served as Chief of the General Staff in India from 1937 to 1939).

Layer de la Haye is among the villages which suffered damage from the 1884 Colchester earthquake.

Facilities
The village has a Church of England primary school for children up to the age of eleven. They run a number of after-school clubs, including a girls football club, which is organised by Colchester United F.C..

The parish church is dedicated to St John the Baptist. There has been a church building at its location since at least 1128, when it was mentioned in documents, although some of the fabric appears to be earlier than that date. For over 400 years, priests were supplied by the Abbey of St John or the Priory of St Botolph, in Colchester. The nave and tower date from 1350, when they were rebuilt by the monks of St Botolph. During the 19th century, a south aisle was added, to accommodate the increased population of the village. Parish registers go back to 1752, as earlier ones were destroyed in a fire. The tower houses five bells, the oldest of which dates from 1459. A project to install a new bell frame was completed in 2001. The church is part of the benefice of Thurstable and Winstree, a group of eight parishes covering an area to the south of Colchester. There are close links with the parishes of Birch, Layer Breton, and Layer Marney.

Part of Abberton Reservoir is located within the parish, and Essex Wildlife Trust manage a visitor centre which is accessed from Church Road, Layer de la Haye. The site is of international importance for wild fowl, with up to 40,000 birds visiting it each year. Construction of the reservoir was authorised in 1935 by an Act of Parliament, which also authorised the building of Layer de la Haye Treatment Works. This processes water from the reservoir, from where it is piped to Tiptree to be mixed with water from other sources, before it enters the drinking water supply system. The buildings at the treatment works are good examples of International Modern Movement structures.

Population
In 1950 its population was under 700; by 1975 it was over 1,000 and in 1990 it was just short of 2,000. However, the proximity of Colchester, with its large range of shops and facilities, eventually forced all of the three shops in Layer to close. The Layer Village Store was reopened by new owners in 2015.

Despite concerns over vandalism and anti-social behaviour, the village is generally regarded as a safe and happy place to be. Societies and clubs provide entertainment for the whole village community.

House Prices
Layer-De-La-Haye, with an overall average price of £444,714 was more expensive than nearby Lexden (£371,319), Stanway (£309,215) and Colchester (£273,543).

title: Layer de la Haye


text:
User talk:Esque~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 02:06, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Esque. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Esque~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:41, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Esque~enwiki


text:
Red Square (University of Washington)

Red Square, officially Central Plaza, is a large open square on the Seattle campus of the University of Washington that serves as a hub for two of the university's major axes, connecting the campus's northern Liberal Arts Quadrangle ("The Quad") with the science and engineering buildings found on the lower campus. The plaza is paved with red brick, and becomes notoriously slippery during rain.

During the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition in 1909, the square was the site for the temporary U.S. Government Building. After the exposition closed, the building was removed and the area left an open field that eventually became known as Central Plaza or Suzzallo Quadrangle, after Suzzallo Library, along its eastern edge.

In 1969, the field was excavated to construct an underground parking garage; the engineers who designed the garage thought that the rain on the grass would leak into the garage, leading to the choice of a distinctive red brick surface. Cassandra Amesely, then an editor of the student paper The Daily, convinced the student population to refer to the area as Red Square, presumably in reference to the color of the brick. Whether it was also meant to refer to Moscow's Red Square in an era known for student activism is unclear.

The northwest area of the square is dominated by three adjacent brick monoliths; one to ventilate the underground garage and the other two for aesthetic reasons. The northeast corner of the square features a version of Barnett Newman's Broken Obelisk sculpture. Steps to the southeast lead down Rainier Vista to Drumheller Fountain, aligned with Mount Rainier. A 1909 bronze statue of George Washington is below the west entrance, facing west toward The Brothers of the Olympic Mountains. The elevation of Red Square is approximately 150 ft above sea level.

The plaza is surrounded by the following buildings:
 * Suzzallo Library to the east: the university's central library
 * Gerberding Hall to the southeast: university administration
 * Meany Hall to the southwest: performing arts facilities
 * Odegaard Undergraduate Library to the northwest
 * Kane Hall to the northeast: lecture halls

College GameDay
Red Square has hosted ESPN's College GameDay three times, in 2013, 2016, and 2023, all starting at 6 a.m. PT.

title: Red Square (University of Washington)


text:
Zakaria Zubeidi

Zakaria Muhammad 'Abdelrahman Zubeidi (زكريا محمد عبد الرحمن الزبيدي; other spellings include Zakariyah Zbeidi, Zacharia and Zubaidi) (born 1976) is the former Jenin chief of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades.

He is considered a "symbol of the Intifada", and was on Israel's most-wanted list for several years. In an interview in 2005 he assumed responsibility for the 2002 Beit She'an attack that killed 6 people. He pledged to put away his weapons as part of an Israeli amnesty in 2007, though he never gave his guns up in the sense of relinquishing them to the authorities. Zubeidi nevertheless agreed to give up violence, and after a three-month probation period, was removed from Israel's wanted list. He subsequently devoted himself to 'cultural resistance' in the form of support for the Freedom Theatre at the Jenin Refugee Camp.

On 28 December 2011, Israel rescinded Zubeidi's pardon, and in May 2012 he was detained without charge by the Palestinian National Authority for six months. On 27 February 2019, Zubeidi was arrested again and in May charged before an Israeli military court with carrying out at least two shooting attacks on civilian buses in the West Bank. On September 6, 2021, he escaped from the Gilboa Prison in Israel's North, together with five other Palestinian prisoners, through a tunnel that they had dug. Five days later, on September 11, 2021, Zubeidi was caught near the Israeli village of Kfar Tavor.

Early life
Zakaria was born in 1976 into the family of Mohammed and Samira Zubeidi, one of eight children at the Jenin refugee camp. The family originally came from a village near Caesarea from which they were expelled in the 1947–1949 Palestine war. In an rare interview with a British reporter, Zakaria recalled his father, an English teacher, was prevented from teaching by the Israelis after he was arrested in the late 1960s for being a member of Fatah. He worked instead as a labourer in an Israeli iron foundry, did some private teaching on the side, and became a peace activist. The first Israeli Zubeidi had ever met was the soldier who came to take away his father away, leaving the mother to raise their children alone.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, during the First Intifada, Israeli human rights activist Arna Mer-Khamis opened a children's theater in Jenin, "Arna's House", to encourage understanding between Israelis and Palestinians. Dozens of Israeli volunteers ran the events, and Samira, believing that peace was possible, offered the top floor of the family house for rehearsals. Zubeidi, then aged 12, his older brother Daoud, and four other boys around the same age formed the core of the troupe.

Zubeidi attended the UNRWA school in Jenin Refugee Camp, and by all accounts was a good student. In 1989, at age 13, he was shot in the leg when he threw stones at Israeli soldiers. He was hospitalised for six months and underwent four operations, but was left permanently affected, with one leg shorter than the other and a noticeable limp. At age 14, he was arrested for the first time (again for throwing stones) and jailed for six months. At that time he had become the representative before the prison governor for the other child prisoners. On his release, he dropped out of high school after one year. A year later, he was re-arrested for throwing Molotov cocktails and imprisoned for $4 1/2$ years. In prison, he learned Hebrew, and became politically active, joining Fatah.

On his release following the 1993 Oslo Accords, he joined the Palestinian Authority's Palestinian Security Forces. He became a sergeant, but left, disillusioned, after a year, complaining: "There were colleagues whom I had taught to read who were promoted to senior positions because of nepotism and corruption."

He went to work illegally in Israel, and for two years earned a good living as a contractor for home renovations in Tel Aviv and Haifa. He was eventually arrested in Afula and, after being briefly imprisoned for working without a permit, deported back to Jenin. With his permit to work in Israel blocked, Zubeidi reportedly resorted to auto theft. In 1997, he was caught with a stolen car, and was given a fifteen-month sentence. After serving his time, he returned to the camp in Jenin. He became a truck driver, transporting flour and olive oil, but in September 2000 lost his job when the West Bank was sealed off due to the Second Intifada.

Battle of Jenin
Zubeidi himself traces his entry into armed militancy back to late 2001 when, after the killing of a close friend, he learned how to make bombs. On 3 March 2002, one month before the main assault on the refugee camp, his mother was killed during an Israeli raid into Jenin. She had taken refuge in a neighbor's home and was shot by an IDF sniper who targeted her as she stood near a window. She subsequently bled to death. Zubeidi's brother Taha was also killed by soldiers shortly afterward. A month later, a suicide bomber from Jenin killed 29 Israelis. The Israeli Army then launched a full-scale offensive in the Jenin refugee camp, demolishing hundreds of homes, leaving 2,000 homeless. Ten days of fighting ensued in which 52 Palestinians and 23 Israeli soldiers died.

Aside from grieving for lost family members and friends, Zubeidi was greatly embittered by the fact that none of the Israelis who had accepted his mother's hospitality, and whom he had thought were his friends, tried to contact him. In a 2006 interview he stated angrily, "You took our house and our mother and you killed our brother. We gave you everything and what did we get in return? A bullet in my mother's chest. We opened our home and you demolished it. Every week, 20-30 Israelis would come there to do theatre. We fed them. And afterward, not one of them picked up the phone. That is when we saw the real face of the left in Israel." The Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades may reach peace with Israel, he said, but personally he would not. He found himself unable to forgive the killing of his mother and brother and the razing of his house.

Losing hope in the Israeli peace camp, he joined the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, an armed wing of Fatah andbecame a leader of the group. The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades claimed responsibility for a November 2002 terrorist attack in Bet She'an in which 6 civilians were murdered, and Israel named Zubeidi as the prime suspect who planned the attack. This and other attacks he was involved in made him one of Israel's most wanted men in the West Bank.

Arna's son, Israeli actor Juliano Mer-Khamis, did return to Jenin in 2002 and looked for the boys who had been in the theater group. Zubeidi had turned to armed resistance, Daoud was sentenced to 16 years in prison for militant activities, and the other four were dead. In 2004, Mer-Khamis completed a documentary film about the group, Arna's Children. Zubeidi's face was slightly disfigured by fragments of shrapnel from a bomb that he mishandled in 2003.

Power-broker of Jenin
He took responsibility for a bombing in Tel Aviv that killed one woman and injured more than 30 in June 2004. During this period, he was considered the primary power-broker and most powerful man in Jenin. Zubeidi was de facto in charge of law and order in the city. He viewed the PA security forces as having little presence other than "disturbing traffic." Although he developed a friendly relationship with the former Palestinian president and Fatah head, Yasser Arafat, recalling him saying "'Zakaria, buddy, I love you, we're marching to Jerusalem!'", Zubeidi also stated "I don't take orders from anyone. I'm not good at following." At the time, he was enthusiastic about the intifada, dismissing the view of Palestinians who wanted to end it and warned the new generation of Palestinians would "fight better". Israel tried to assassinate him four times. In one such attempt in 2004, an Israeli police unit killed five other brigade members, including a 14-year-old boy, in a jeep carrying Zubeidi. On November 15, following Arafat's death, Israeli forces launched an incursion in Jenin to kill him, but he evaded them; in the raid, nine Palestinians were killed, including four civilians and his deputy, "Alaa". The raid uncovered an arms cache. Prior to these incidents, another attempt on his life had been made by a Palestinian; Zubeidi broke his assailant's hand as a punishment.

Zubeidi was at the center of controversy in 2004 when Tali Fahima, an Israeli legal secretary, was imprisoned due to her contacts with him. She was accused of preventing his arrest by the IDF by translating a document for him. Both of them denied allegations that they had a romantic relationship. He stated that year, "The intifada is in its death throes. These are the final stages.... Not only was the intifada a failure, but we are a total failure. We achieved nothing in 50 years of struggle; we've achieved only our survival." In an interview at this time with two Israeli journalists, Zubeidi assumed personal responsibility for a terrorist attack in Beit She'an in 2002, when two Palestinian gunmen from Jalbun shot six Israelis dead.

Elections and renewed conflict with Israel
During the Palestinian presidential elections in 2004, Zubeidi initially endorsed Marwan Bargouti, but shortly after Barghouti was imprisoned, he decided to support Mahmoud Abbas, who went on to win the election. The two were in contact with each other and Zubeidi, despite being considered a loose cannon and dangerously outspoken, appreciated Abbas' "subdued no-nonsense style." In December 2004, Israeli sources criticized Abbas for meeting Zubeidi. Despite his readiness to accept Abbas' election to the presidency, Zubeidi still stated that he did not trust the latter in regard to the fundamental Palestinian claims concerning the status of Jerusalem and the right of return for Palestinian refugees. According to Zubeidi, Arafat was the only figure who could have fulfilled those aspirations, claiming this was "why he was poisoned... why Israel killed him."

In September 2005 he declared that his group's cease-fire was at an end after Samer Saadi and two other militants were killed by Israeli forces in Jenin. On July 6, 2006, the IDF attempted to capture Zubeidi at a funeral, but he escaped after an exchange of gunfire.

Amnesty
On July 15, 2007, the Office of the Israeli Prime Minister announced that Israel would include Zubeidi in an amnesty offered to militants of Fatah's al-Aqsa-Brigades. As of 2008, he was hired by Juliano Mer-Khamis (who was later murdered) as director of the Freedom Theatre in the Jenin refugee camp.

In an interview on April 4, 2008, he stated that he still had not received a full pardon from Israel, and blamed the PA for "lying" to him. He continued to sleep at the PA's Jenin headquarters and receive a salary of 1,050 NIS almost half of what he received earlier (2000 NIS). Asked why he had stopped fighting even when he had not received a full pardon, Zubeidi replied "because of the conflict between Fatah and Hamas. Look, it's perfectly clear to me that we won't be able to defeat Israel. My aim was for us, by means of the resistance, to get a message out to the world. Back in Abu 'Ammar's day, we had a plan, there was a strategy, and we would carry his orders... now there's no one capable of using our actions to bring about... achievements." Zubeidi criticized the PA leadership, saying "they are whores. Our leadership is garbage." Faced with the question of whether or not he admitted defeat he claimed "Even [late Egyptian president] Gamal Abdel Nasser admitted his defeat, so why not me?"

Prior to Fatah's Sixth Conference in August 2009, Zubeidi called on fellow Fatah members to adopt a program of resistance in case peace negotiations with Israel failed and a Third Intifada broke out. Although he was accredited as one of 2,000 Fatah delegates to the conference in Bethlehem, Zubeidi was momentarily denied entry to the meeting hall. al-Aqsa Brigade members in Nablus and Jenin, as well as those outside of the Palestinian territories, protested the rebuff, describing it as "stabbing the resistance in the back." Fatah officials eventually gave him permission to attend on August 5, 2009. The PA was also asked by brigade members to ensure Zubeidi's safety from Bethlehem back to Jenin. A number of right-wing Israeli Knesset members submitted a petition to the Israeli military court on August 6 calling for Zubeidi's arrest, despite the fact that he had been amnestied, because his "hands have Israeli blood [on them].". In the speech he delivered at the conference, Zubeidi suggested the Fatah-ruled West Bank reunite with the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip through force, if necessary. He criticized the "old leadership," condemning them for failing the Palestinian people, stating that "(d)uring 18 years of negotiations [under Fatah], no hope has been created." Zubeidi suggested that a younger generation of Palestinians should lead Fatah.

Cancelling of amnesty
On 29 December 2011, Israel rescinded Zubeidi's pardon and Zubeidi stated to Ma'an News Agency that he had not violated any of the conditions of his amnesty. He was advised by PA security officials to turn himself in to Palestinian custody lest he be arrested by Israel's security forces. A week before Zubeidi was notified about the cancellation of his amnesty, his brother had been arrested by the PA.

Zubeidi was then kept in detention without charge by the Palestinian Authority from May to October 2012. During this period, Zubeidi undertook to study for a master's degree from Birzeit University, where he was supervised by Abdel Rahim Al-Sheikh, Professor of Cultural Studies,  with a thesis entitled The Dragon and the Hunter, that focused on the Palestinian experience of being pursued from 1968 to 2018 and was helped in collecting materials by his friend Gideon Levy, an Israeli journalist, who provided him with documents from Haaretz's archives.

On 27 February 2019, before he could complete his dissertation, Zubeidi was arrested again, on suspicion of having engaged in terrorist activities, and in May he was charged before an Israeli military court with carrying out at least two shooting attacks on civilian buses in the West Bank.

Escape and recapture
Zakaria Zubeidi was at the Gilboa Prison since his arrest, and on 6 September 2021, he succeeded to escape with five other prisoners. He was captured by the police on 11 September, with Mohammed Qassem Ardah, in northern Israel at a truck stop near the town of Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam. According to an eyewitness, they were found hiding under a semi-trailer. Zubeidi tried to escape but was overpowered.

title: Zakaria Zubeidi


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Colchester Royal Grammar School

Colchester Royal Grammar School (CRGS) is a state-funded grammar school in Colchester, Essex. It was founded in 1128 and was later granted two royal charters - by Henry VIII in 1539 and by Elizabeth I in 1584.

The school's main buildings and playing fields are located in the Lexden area of Colchester and there are around 950 pupils aged 11–18. Historically a boys' school, it has admitted girls to the sixth form since 1998 and specialises in science and languages. The school regularly tops national A-level league tables.

Before 1900: foundation, royal charters and early history
Despite the paucity of mediaeval documentation, there is evidence to suggest that the school's origins can traced back to 1206, and indeed earlier to 1132.

Several centuries later, following the dissolution of the monasteries by King Henry VIII, the royal charter of 1539 ensured that revenues were granted to the bailiffs and commonality of Colchester on condition that they founded a school; this was then enacted by the charter of Elizabeth I in 1585, on condition that at least £13 6s 8d be set aside annually for the schoolmaster. Revenue from other property was also granted, but this was later challenged in court during the reign of William III, and the arrangements were legally reconfirmed. By 1750, under the stewardship of Philip Morant, these revenues were worth £45 per annum and provided scholarships for two boys to study at the University of Cambridge.

For most of its history, the school was small and run mainly out of the headmaster's house, with only minor changes until 1852 when the "big school" was built. At this time there was very little secondary education in northern Essex, and difficulties were exacerbated through friction between the headmaster of the school and the town's Corporation. Pupil numbers dropped, although the school took in a few "parlour boarders" to prepare for entry into the army or university.

Since 1900: new school buildings, uniform and other developments
The school's situation changed in 1900 with the appointment of Percy Shaw Jeffrey as headmaster. He took over a school with 29 boarders and barely any staff, but his reforms rapidly turned the school around. He introduced day boys and established a preparatory school, a cadet corps, an orchestra, a bugle band, school entertainments and theatrical performances. He was a pioneer of the teaching of modern European languages through phonetics, employing language teachers from France and Germany and setting up arrangements for foreign study during holidays.

The resulting academic success, scholarships and local goodwill enabled Shaw Jeffrey to expand the school buildings, inspired by the designs of local rivals, such as Ipswich School and Earls Colne Grammar School. First, Mansfield House was purchased in 1903 and renamed Gilberd House. In 1908 Shaw Jeffrey convinced the governors and local education board to build a new school building for £4,000 on land previously used as kitchen gardens. The new buildings were designed by architects Newman, Jacques and Round and were opened by Lord Rosebery, the former Prime Minister, in May 1910. In 1911 the school was given 12 acre of playing fields and opened tennis courts and a small rifle range.

Until 1908 the school blazer was green, but other schools in the area had adopted the same colour. Wanting the school to be distinct and recognisable, Shaw Jeffrey approached a tailor and asked what the most expensive dye was. Told that it was purple, he chose it as the new colour for the school's blazer, which it remains to this day.

By 1912 numbers had grown to 144 pupils in the main school, split into four houses (School House, Parr's House (formerly North Town), Harsnett's House (formerly South Town) and Dugard's House), and 169 younger boys in the preparatory school.

Growth continued through the world wars, with 700 boys by 1947 and five scholarships for pupils to pursue university education. An outdoor swimming pool was constructed in the 1920s and remains in use. In 1966 Labour-controlled Colchester Borough Council put forward proposals to close Colchester Royal Grammar School and Colchester County High School and move to a comprehensive system, but this was rejected by Essex County Council. The educational expansion of the 1960s allowed the construction of new classrooms and a gymnasium.

Expansion continued into the 21st century, with a new art building opened in 2003 and the technology block upgraded. In 2006 a new extension to the science building was completed and two new chemistry laboratories were opened.

The school became grant-maintained in the 1980s and converted into an academy in 2012.

Following the launch of the Everyone's Invited website in 2020, allegations of misconduct were made by a former student of the school, which led to an inspection by Ofsted. The inspection found safeguarding to be ineffective and graded the school as "inadequate" overall. In February 2022, however, an Ofsted monitoring visit found that significant improvements had been made to the safeguarding and reporting processes, concluding that "safeguarding is effective" and that "pupils say school is a safe and enjoyable place to be".

Buildings and facilities
The school's main site on Lexden road houses classrooms, science and technology facilities, school hall, library, gymnasium, cafeteria and offices. The site also contains: Gurney Benham House, acquired in 1934 and named after William Gurney Benham, a former pupil; Elyanore House, used for music teaching; the George Young building, named after a former English teacher and used for drama; and the Jenkinson Building (opened in 2016), named after a former headmaster and containing computer rooms and chemistry laboratories.

The school has male and female boarders who mainly come from overseas (mostly from Hong Kong and parts of the European Union).

Academic situation
Being a selective school in the Consortium of Selective Schools in Essex, entrants are required to pass the eleven-plus exam.

The school has consistently achieved high results, coming first in the A-level league tables on many occasions. The school is also successful at GCSE level. In 2004 Colchester Royal Grammar School was named as the top state school in the country by the BBC.

The school's success was recognised in 1999 by the Prime Minister, Tony Blair, who invited the headmaster, Stewart Francis, along with other heads of the country's top schools, to a meeting to discuss the improvement of education in Britain.

In the early 2000s the headmaster Kenneth Jenkinson explained the success by saying that "although as a grammar school the academic success of our students is our principal priority, I tend to see the results as the by-product of an ethos where we encourage students to aim high in all that they do and approach challenges with confidence".

Classical Latin and Greek
The teaching of Classical Greek is offered to pupils, in addition to studying Latin, up to A-level. Between 1994 and 2004 the Government of Greece funded teaching of the subject in an effort to halt its decline in the United Kingdom state sector. This was the result of a pupil-led campaign following a decision by the governors to cease teaching of the subject following financial difficulties caused by becoming a grant-maintained school.

Colchester Royal Grammar School was also the first in the country to teach Classical Civilisation at A-Level. The subject "arose from a conversation between Arthur Brown, Head of Classics, and the Headmaster one afternoon in 1970."

Headmasters
The following have served as headmaster of Colchester Royal Grammar School since 1900:

 * 1900–1916: Percy Shaw Jeffrey
 * 1916–1937: Harry James Cape
 * 1937–1947: Arthur William Fletcher
 * 1948–1968: Jack F. Elam
 * 1968–1984: Stanley Gardner
 * 1985–2000: Stewart A. C. Francis
 * 2000–2015: Kenneth L. Jenkinson
 * 2015–present: John Russell

For a full list, see: List of headmasters at Colchester Royal Grammar School.

Old Colcestrians
Former pupils, known as "Old Colcestrians", include:

• James Acheson (b. 1946), costume designer

• George Biddell Airy (1801–1892), Astronomer Royal

• Mike Baker (1957–2012), BBC journalist

• Robert Barnard (1936−2013), crime writer

• Charles Benham (1860–1929), journalist and scientist

• William Gurney Benham (1859–1944), newspaper editor, author and Mayor of Colchester

• Andrew Blowers, geographer and environmentalist

• Laurie Bristow (b. 1963), diplomat

• Peter Currell Brown (b. 1936), novelist and anti-nuclear campaigner

• David Clary (b. 1953), theoretical chemist and president of Magdalen College, Oxford

• Tim Congdon (b. 1951), economist and government adviser on economic policy

• Benjamin Furley (1636–1714), Quaker merchant

• William Gilbert (1544–1603), physician and natural philosopher

• Charles Gray (1696–1782), lawyer and MP for Colchester

• Barry Gusterson (b. 1946), pathologist

• Samuel Harsnett (1561−1631), Archbishop of York and theologian

• Francis Hauksbee (1660–1713), natural philosopher and scientist

• Vic Keeble (1930–2018), footballer

• Richard Kemp (b. 1959), author and army officer

• Geoffrey Martin (1928–2007), historian and Keeper of Public Records

• Liam Neale (b. 1989), rugby union player

• Matthew Newcomen (c. 1610–1669), nonconformist churchman

• Leonard Olyott (1926–2005), clergyman

• Robin Osborne (b. 1957), historian, author, Professor of Ancient History

• Jan Pinkava (b. 1963), film director and writer

• John Pluthero (b. 1964), businessman

• Bertram Ramsay (1883–1945), Royal Navy officer responsible for the Dunkirk evacuation

• Kenneth Riches (1908–1999), clergyman (Bishop of Dorchester)

• John Edgell Rickword (1898–1982), poet, writer and communist intellectual

• Michael Rosenthal (b. 1950), art historian

• William St Lawrence, 12th Baron Howth (1628–1671), Civil War Royalist and member of the Irish House of Lords

• Andrew Sanger (b. 1948), travel writer and journalist

• Gerry Sayer (1905–1942), test pilot

• William Ashwell Shenstone (1850–1908), chemist and schoolmaster

• David Smith (b. 1988), rugby union player

• Giles Smith (b. 1962), journalist

• John Sutherland (b. 1938), academic and writer

• Thomas Twining (1735–1804), clergyman and classical scholar

• John Went (b. 1944), clergyman (Bishop of Tewkesbury)

• Alfred Wright (1848−1909), clergyman

• Peter Wright (1934–2012), footballer

• Derek Wyatt (b. 1949), MP for Sittingbourne and Sheppey and rugby union player

title: Colchester Royal Grammar School