text:
Al Rosen

Albert Leonard Rosen (February 29, 1924 – March 13, 2015), nicknamed "Flip" and "the Hebrew Hammer", was an American baseball third baseman and right-handed slugger for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball for ten seasons in the 1940s and 1950s.

After serving for four years in the U.S. Navy during World War II, Rosen played his entire ten-year career (1947–1956) with the Cleveland Indians in the American League (AL). A stand-out on both offense and defense, he drove in 100 or more runs five consecutive years, was a four-time All-Star, twice led the league in home runs and twice in runs batted in (RBIs), and was an AL Most Valuable Player. Rosen was a .285 career hitter, with 192 home runs and 717 RBIs in 1,044 games. He was selected for the All-Star Game from 1952 to 1955. Rosen appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1955.

Following two decades as a stockbroker after retirement from baseball, Rosen returned to the game as a top front office executive in the late 1970s, serving the New York Yankees, Houston Astros and San Francisco Giants variously as president, CEO, and general manager. Regarded as a GM who still thought like a player, he became the only former MVP to also earn baseball's Executive of the Year award.

Early life
Rosen was born in Spartanburg, South Carolina, to Louis and Rose (née Levin) Rosen. His father left the family shortly thereafter, and Rosen's mother and grandmother moved the family to Miami, Florida, when he was 18 months old.

Rosen suffered from asthma as a child, which prompted his family to move further south. While growing up, his two favorite baseball players were Lou Gehrig and Hank Greenberg. He attended Riverside Elementary School, Ada Merritt Junior High School, and then Miami Senior High School for a year before attending Florida Military Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida, on a boxing scholarship. After graduating from Florida Military Academy, Rosen enrolled in the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. He left the university after a semester to play minor league baseball in North Carolina.

Rosen enlisted in 1942, and spent four years in the U.S. Navy fighting in the Pacific during World War II, delaying his professional baseball career. He navigated an assault boat in the Battle of Okinawa. He left the Navy as a lieutenant the following year, returning to baseball.

Minor league career
Rosen played for the 1946 Pittsfield Electrics, where he was initially given a back-up role. Upon leading the Canadian–American League in home runs (16) and RBIs (86), while batting .323, however, he was bestowed his idol Hank Greenberg's nickname, "the Hebrew Hammer". Rosen played for the Oklahoma City Indians of the Texas League in 1947, and had one of the finest individual seasons in league history. He led all hitters in average (.349), hits (186), doubles (47), extra-base hits (83), RBIs (141), total bases (330), slugging percentage (.619), and on-base percentage (.437). He won the Texas League Player of the Year Award. Rosen played for the New York Yankees' Kansas City Blues farm team in 1948. He was loaned to the Blues for the duration of the team's American Association season as part of a deal that sent reliever Charley Wensloff from the Yankees to the Indians. Rosen was named Rookie of the Year in the American Association for his play with the Blues.

Major League Baseball career
Rosen made his first appearance in the major leagues in 1947 at age 23. In 1948, Rosen played most of the year in minor leagues with the Kansas City Blues, before joining the Indians in September. He played in the 1948 World Series as a reserve behind regular third baseman Ken Keltner despite only playing five games during the season after the Indians requested his inclusion on the World Series roster. When Keltner was traded in 1950, Rosen took over as the Indians' third baseman, leading the American League in home runs with 37, hitting more than any previous American League rookie. It stood as the AL rookie record until Mark McGwire surpassed it in 1987. He homered in four straight games in June, a feat unmatched by an Indians rookie until Jason Kipnis in 2011. Rosen averaged a league-best homer every 15.0 at bats, and led the league as well in HBP (10). He batted .287 and had 116 runs batted in, while finishing fifth in the league with 100 walks and a .543 slugging percentage. His 100 walks remained a team rookie record for a right-handed batter, through 2014. He also remained the most recent AL rookie to record at least 100 walks until Aaron Judge in 2017. Despite his home run title, he finished 17th in the American League MVP Award voting.

In 1951 Rosen led the league in games played, and was fifth in the league in RBIs (102), extra-base hits (55), and walks (85). He batted .265, with 24 home runs. Rosen hit four grand slams, a team season record that was not broken until Travis Hafner hit five in 2006.

Rosen led the American League with 105 RBIs and 297 total bases in 1952. He also was third in the league in runs (101) and slugging percentage (.524), fifth in hits (171) and doubles (32), sixth in home runs (28), and seventh in batting average (.302). On April 29, he matched the then team record of three home runs in one game, which was surpassed only when Rocky Colavito tied the Major League single-game record with four home runs on June 10, 1959. Rosen came in tenth in the American League MVP Award voting.

In 1953, Rosen led the American League in home runs (43), runs batted in (145), runs (115), slugging percentage (.613), and total bases (367). He also came in second in OBP, and third in hits (201), and tied for eighth in stolen bases. He also had a 20-game hitting streak. Defensively, he had the best range factor of all third basemen in the league (3.32), and led it in assists (338) and double plays (38). His RBI total is still the most for an Indians third baseman, through 2017, and is fourth most for any Indian in a season.

He batted .336, and missed winning the batting title – and with it the Triple Crown – on the last day of the season, by just over one percentage point. He was elected American League MVP by a unanimous vote, the first to be elected unanimously since the original "Hebrew Hammer", Hank Greenberg.

In the 2001 edition of the New Historical Baseball Abstract, Bill James named Rosen's 1953 season the greatest ever by a third baseman. It is ranked 164th overall, and 48th best by a position player by Baseball-Reference.com as of Rosen's passing.

In 1954 he hit an even .300, led the league in sacrifice flies with 11, was fourth in SLG (.506), and fifth in home runs (24), RBI (102), and OBP (.404). He also hit consecutive home runs in the All-Star game despite a broken finger, earning him the game MVP. His five RBI in the game matched the record set by Ted Williams five years earlier, which still stood through the 2011 season.

Hall of Fame manager Casey Stengel said of him: "That young feller, that feller's a ball player. He'll give you the works every time. Gets all the hits, gives you the hard tag in the field. That feller's a real competitor, you bet your sweet curse life." Cleveland won the pennant, but lost the World Series. In spite of Rosen's 5th straight year with 100 or more RBIs Cleveland cut his $42,500 ($0 today) salary to $37,500 ($0 today) for 1955.

In 1955 Rosen finished in the top ten in the league in at-bats per home run, walks, and sacrifice flies. By 1956, back problems and leg injuries caught up with Rosen and he retired at age 32 at the end of the season.

After baseball
After retiring in 1956 Rosen pursued a career as a stockbroker, an occupation he held for the next 22 years.

In 1973, Rosen left investments for Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, where he worked for five years.

Baseball executive
In 1978, Rosen became president and CEO of the New York Yankees. They won the 1978 World Series, but Rosen quit on July 19, 1979. Tommy John thought he left because owner George Steinbrenner had replaced Bob Lemon, a friend of Rosen's, with Billy Martin as the team manager a month before. The two had made a pact to stick together against Steinbrenner (rather than have a Rosen serve as a go-between for feuds) by the mid-summer of 1978, but the combination of Martin's resignation later that year and subsequent return made it impossible for Rosen to continue; the final straw was when Rosen wanted a game to start earlier to accommodate a national telecast, but Steinbrenner sided with Martin, who wanted it to start on time. Rosen served as a supervisor of credit operations at Bally's in Atlantic City before a loan going sour led to him resigning.

Rosen then served as team president and general manager of the Houston Astros (1980–1985). Rosen was hired two weeks after the 1980 season ended for the Astros by owner John McMullen, who in a controversial decision had fired Tal Smith despite forming a core that won the National League West title. From 1981 to 1985, the Astros went 386–372 with one playoff appearance [1981 NLDS] before a mutual agreement was reached by both as Rosen departed in September 1985.

He was hired as president and general manager by Bob Lurie of the San Francisco Giants a week after he left the Astros, where he would serve until 1992. Notably, one of his first actions was to remove the television and stereo systems from Candlestick Park as a means to have the players totally focused on baseball. Roger Craig was retained as manager after taking over for Jim Davenport in September, complete with Rosen allowing Craig full control. Through acquisitions (such as Rick Reuschel) and promoting draft picks such as Will Clark, Rosen and his maneuvering brought San Francisco from last place in 1985 to the NL West title in 1987 and the National League pennant in 1989, earning him the National League Executive of the Year honors. Regarded as a GM who still thought like a player, he became the only MVP in history to also earn the top executive award. The Giants went 589–475 with Rosen as general manager. An announcement of the sale of the team by Lurie in June 1992 (which was bought by Peter Magowan in January 1993 after a scuttled sale to Florida investors) precluded the departure of Rosen, who resigned in late November 1992. He was replaced by Bob Quinn. Quinn fired Craig as manager the following month. To replace him, Quinn named Dusty Baker as manager; Rosen had hired him to serve as first base coach of the Giants in 1988 after telling him he would be better suited for the role rather than assistant general manager.

In 1979, Rosen appeared with Spec Richardson (general manager of the San Francisco Giants) in a television commercial entitled "Baseball Executives" for Miller Lite, as one of the commercials in the legendary "Great Taste, Less Filling" advertising campaign. The idea was two major league high-level baseball executives are discussing a big trade in a formal, stuffy members only club, only to reveal that they are actually trading baseball cards much like a couple of children, ending on a throw-down of a bunch of baseball cards on the polished wooden table. The commercial ran heavily during the summer of 1979 along with every game of the World Series that year.

Personal life
Rosen's wife of 19 years, the former Teresa Ann Blumberg, died on May 3, 1971. He remarried to second wife, Rita (née Kallman) several years later. He had three sons, and a stepson and stepdaughter. Rosen occasionally consulted for baseball teams, including a stint with the Yankees as special assistant to the general manager in 2001 and 2002. He was featured in the 2010 movie narrated by Dustin Hoffman, Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story.

Rosen died on March 13, 2015, in Rancho Mirage, California.

Jewish heritage
Rosen was Jewish. He was tough, an amateur boxer, and had a reputation for standing up to anyone who dared insult his ancestry. While some reports have him commenting that, as a minor leaguer, he wished his name were something less obviously Jewish, he is later known to have remarked that he wished it were more Jewish—something like Rosenstein. When Ed Sullivan, himself a Catholic with a Jewish wife, suggested that Rosen might be Catholic, pointing to his habit of drawing a "cross" in the dirt with his bat, Rosen said the mark was an "x" and told Sullivan he wished his name were more Jewish so he wouldn't be mistaken for Catholic.

Once a White Sox opponent called him a "Jew bastard". Sox pitcher Saul Rogovin, also Jewish, remembered an angry Rosen striding belligerently to the dugout and challenging the "son of a bitch" to a fight. The player backed down.

Rosen challenged another opposing player who had "slurred [his] religion" to fight him under the stands. And during a game, when Red Sox bench player Matt Batts taunted Rosen with anti-Semitic names, Rosen called time and left his position on the field to confront Batts. Hank Greenberg recalled that Rosen "want[ed] to go into the stands and murder" fans who hurled anti-Semitic insults at him.

A 2010 documentary, Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story, highlighted Rosen, who in it is frank about how he dealt with anti-Semitism: "There's a time that you let it be known that enough is enough. ... You flatten [them]."

During his career, Rosen refused to play on the High Holy Days, as would baseball Hall of Famer Sandy Koufax, arguably the most famous American Jewish baseball player.

Through 2014, he was fifth in career home runs (behind Sid Gordon), seventh in RBIs (behind Ryan Braun), and tenth in hits (behind Mike Lieberthal) among all-time Jewish major league baseball players.

Awards

 * Member of the Cleveland Indians Hall of Fame (2006).
 * Member of the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame (1980).
 * Member of the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.
 * Member of the Texas League Hall of Fame (2005).

title: Al Rosen


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/July 1, 2004

Blackjack is one of the most popular casino card games in the world. Much of its popularity is due to the mix of chance with elements of skill and decision making, and the publicity that surrounds the practice of card counting, in which players can turn the odds of the game in their favor by making betting and strategy decisions based on the previous hands of cards that have been dealt. Casinos strongly frown upon card counting, but it is a difficult skill to master and few players are successful at it. In blackjack, the players bet against the house dealer rather than against each other. The goal of each player is to have a higher point total than the dealer without going over 21. (more...)

Recently featured: John Major – Revised Standard Version – Synapse

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
List of rulers of the Akan state of Gyaman

Gyaman (also spelled Jamang, Gyaaman) was a medieval Akan people state, located in what is now the Bono region of Ghana and Ivory Coast.


text:
Sally Oldfield

Sally Patricia Oldfield (born 3 August 1947) is an Irish singer-songwriter. She is the sister of composers Mike and Terry Oldfield.

Early life
Born in Dublin, Ireland, Oldfield was raised in the Roman Catholic faith of her mother, Maureen. Spending her childhood in Reading, Berkshire, Oldfield studied ballet from the age of four and won numerous competitions in all styles of dance, including ballet, tap and modern. At the age of eleven, she won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dancing, then located in Holland Park, London, and two years later was starred to move on to the Royal Ballet School at White Lodge. However, she gave up ballet two years later, and achieved three A-Levels at Grade A. She studied classical piano to Grade 7. All her school years were spent at St Joseph's Convent School, Reading, where she became friends with Marianne Faithfull. Oldfield read English Literature and Philosophy at Bristol University.

Musical career
Oldfield's musical career started in early 1968, when she made some demo recordings with her younger brother Mike Oldfield. These sessions were suggested and overseen by Mick Jagger. It is not known what became of those recordings.

Soon after this she founded the folk music duo The Sallyangie together with her brother Mike. The duo was signed to Transatlantic Records and recorded their only album at the recommendation of Pentangle band guitarist, John Renbourn, whom Oldfield met at the Troubadour Folk Club in Bristol. The album Children of the Sun was recorded in August 1968. The songs on it are mainly co-written by Sally and Mike Oldfield, and the album contained some of her brother's early guitar work. Guesting were Terry Cox on drums and Ray Warleigh on flute.

Oldfield's first mainstream recorded release was by a Finnish bass player named Pekka Pohjola. This album was mainly recorded at her brother's studio Througham Slad, Gloucestershire, between 22 November – 5 December 1976 and was originally released in 1977 as Keesojen Lehto by Pekka Pohjola. Later different labels translated the titles and changed the artist's name due to the name recognition of Mike and Sally Oldfield.

Oldfield's debut solo album, Water Bearer, was released in 1978. Her song, "Mirrors", was on the album. It peaked at No. 19 in the UK Singles Chart, spanning 1978 and 1979, and remained in that chart for thirteen weeks. The song also peaked at number 88 in Australia.

Since then, she has released fifteen solo albums.

On the demise of her record label Bronze Records in 1984, Oldfield relocated to Germany and based her musical career there. Most of her albums from 1983 onwards were not released in the UK. She worked with many German record producers and musicians, including Gunther Mende and Candy DeRouge. Oldfield regularly appeared on national television and radio, and undertook several European concert tours, the last being in Germany in 2003.

Guest appearances
Oldfield provided background vocals in sections of brother Mike's 1970s albums Tubular Bells, Ommadawn and Incantations. She reprised her role on Tres Lunas in 2002 and for the 2003 re-recording, Tubular Bells 2003. In addition, she worked on her other brother Terry's recordings. She sang "Shadow of the Hierophant" on Steve Hackett's 1975 album, Voyage of the Acolyte. On her 1988 CD album "Instincts", released by CBS Records UK, she did a vocal duet with Justin Hayward of The Moody Blues, titled "Let It Begin", which was a hit in the UK and Europe, and was a popular music video.

Discography
Solo
 * 1978 – Water Bearer – AUS No. 94
 * 1979 – Easy
 * 1980 – Celebration
 * 1981 – Playing in the Flame
 * 1982 – In Concert
 * 1983 – Strange Day in Berlin
 * 1987 – Femme
 * 1988 – Instincts
 * 1990 – Natasha
 * 1992 – The Flame as 'Natasha Oldfield'
 * 1994 – Three Rings
 * 1996 – Secret Songs
 * 2001 – Flaming Star
 * 2009 – Cantadora
 * 2012 – Arrows of Desire
 * 2018 – The Enchanted Way
 * 2019 – Mystique

With Steve Hackett
 * 1975 – Voyage of the Acolyte - Vocals on "Shadow Of The Hierophant" song.

With Mike Oldfield
 * 1973 – Tubular Bells
 * 1974 – Hergest Ridge
 * 1975 – Ommadawn
 * 1978 – Incantations
 * 2002 – Tres Lunas
 * 2003 – Tubular Bells 2003

With Pekka Pohjola
 * 1977 – The Mathematician's Air Display

title: Sally Oldfield


text: List of rulers of the Adangbe state of Manya Krobo


text:
Fruit of the poisonous tree

Fruit of the poisonous tree is a legal metaphor used to describe evidence that is obtained illegally. The logic of the terminology is that if the source (the "tree") of the evidence or evidence itself is tainted, then anything gained (the "fruit") from it is tainted as well.

United States
The doctrine underlying the name was first described in Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385 (1920). The term's first use was by Justice Felix Frankfurter in Nardone v. United States (1939).

Such evidence is not generally admissible in court. For example, suppose a police officer obtained a key to a train station locker in the process of conducting a search of a home that was unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated the Fourth Amendment. Any evidence of a crime that came from that locker would most likely be excluded under the "fruit of the poisonous tree" legal doctrine. The testimony of a witness who is discovered through illegal means would not necessarily be excluded, however, due to the "attenuation doctrine", which allows certain evidence or testimony to be admitted in court if the link between the illegal police conduct and the resulting evidence or testimony is sufficiently attenuated. For example, a witness who freely and voluntarily testifies is enough of an independent intervening factor to sufficiently "attenuate" the connection between the government's illegal discovery of the witness and the witness's voluntary testimony itself. (United States v. Ceccolini, 435 U.S. 268 (1978))

The "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine is an extension of the exclusionary rule, which, subject to some exceptions, prevents evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being admitted in a criminal trial. Like the exclusionary rule, the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is intended to deter police from using illegal means to obtain evidence.

The doctrine is subject to four main exceptions. The tainted evidence is admissible if:
 * 1) it was discovered in part as a result of an independent, untainted source; or
 * 2) it would inevitably have been discovered despite the tainted source; or
 * 3) the chain of causation between the illegal action and the tainted evidence is too attenuated; or
 * 4) the search warrant was not found to be valid based on probable cause, but was executed by government agents in good faith (called the good-faith exception).

Australia
The American doctrine of the fruit of the poisonous tree has generally been rejected by the courts and legislators in Australia. Courts have tended to reject evidence where there is serious risk of unreliability, but where evidence is obtained unlawfully or improperly, the interest in deterring the police from unlawful, improper, or unfair treatment of the accused is balanced against the public interest in ensuring that those who commit crimes are brought to justice, and the seriousness of the crimes committed. Improperly obtained evidence is therefore several times more likely to be excluded from less serious offences like drug possession or disorderly conduct than from more serious ones like robbery and murder.

India
English courts have relied on an 1861 verdict, R v Leathem, to admit evidence irrespective of the legality of the source. This is the general stance.

Drawing on the English tradition, the doctrine does not have a parallel in India and courts will admit evidence, even if it is illegally obtained (stolen, etc.), especially if it will help prove guilt or innocence. While the quality of the evidence may be suspect, the position that the evidence should not be considered at all is not a position Indian courts take.

There are other considerations as to the admissibility of the evidence, such as whether it was extracted under duress or other violation of human rights including privacy in modern times, or "if its prejudicial effect on the jury was likely to outweigh its probative value". However, this article deals only about cognisance in case the source of the evidence itself may be unlawful.

The Supreme Court of India, the highest appellate and constitutional court of India, has dealt with the matter multiple times, decisively so in 1971, ruling against the applicability of this doctrine in India.

In the 2019 Rafale deal controversy, the Attorney General K. K. Venugopal argued in front of a three-member bench of the court, which included the sitting Chief Justice, that official, classified documents stolen from the government – which happened to be integral to the case in question – should not be taken cognisance of by the court, as they were classified, and the stealth and subsequent leakage to a newspaper was a crime under the Official Secrets Act. K M Joseph, from the bench, noted that "even stolen evidence can be looked into by the Court. It is well settled under Evidence Act", while the Chief Justice, Ranjan Gogoi, queried whether it would be correct for the court to ignore the claim of an alibi (of an accused) if it were based on stolen evidence. The third constituent of the bench, Sanjay Kaul, further noted that even if the Attorney General's argument were correct, any evidence would be admissible if it would shock the conscience of the court.

Admissibility of evidence in Indian courts hinges primarily on relevance and then on the source. The Supreme Court, especially, is empowered by the Constitution of India to have any document produced before it. In fact, in the 1971 verdict touched upon above, the Supreme Court decision relies on R v Leathem (1861).

However, considerations of protection against self-incrimination – a right guaranteed by the Constitution – are taken into account and evidence obtained under duress will be grounds to reject its validity, but not the legality of the source alone.

Ireland
In Ireland the only absolute prohibition on admitting illegally-obtained evidence is where the evidence was knowingly obtained in breach of constitutional rights. Evidence obtained in breach of constitutional rights where this breach was inadvertent, or where it was illegal but not in breach of constitutional rights, may be admitted.

Sweden
The judicial system in Sweden follows a principle of "fri bevisprövning", i.e. "free evaluation of evidence", where all sides may announce and use any and all evidence available, regardless of the source or how it was obtained. It is then up to the court to evaluate the evidence via the principle of "free evaluation of evidence", "Fri bevisvärdering". If a crime was committed when acquiring the evidence, it may still be used in the trial and the accused party may still be tried later for the crime. At the same time, the court may take the crime into consideration when evaluating the value and impact of the evidence.

title: Fruit of the poisonous tree


text:
User:Marius~enwiki/sandbox

ESEMPIO
 ''National motto: [none]  Official language           Italian         (+ German in South Tyrol and French in Valle d'Aosta.) Capital                     Rome Largest City Rome President                       Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Prime Minister    Silvio Berlusconi Area - Total - % water Ranked 69th 301,230 km² 2.4% Population - Total (2002) - Density                Ranked 22nd 57'715'625  196/km² Unification March 17, 1861 Currency                    Euro¹ € (EUR) see Italian euro coins Time zone                   UTC +1 National anthem             Fratelli d'Italia Internet TLD .IT Calling Code 39 (1) Prior to 1999: Lira

title: User:Marius~enwiki/sandbox


text:
Talk:Persian mythology

untitled
T"he original Avesta dates back to 1400 - 1200 BCE, and was kept in Istakhr until Alexander of Macedon destroyed it." I think I know what city is being referred to under this mysterious name! Wetman 07:57, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think they mean Edinburgh. 62.253.128.12 17:27, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Silly people :) I don't know what tomfoolery is going on, but you must know we're talking about the Persian equivalent of the Library of Alexandria near Persepolis here, where the Golden Avesta was said to be housed. My problem with that statement is the date. The Avesta survived through oral transmission and was written down much later (as with so many other traditions), and in truth, only Zarathushtra's Gathas can be said to be that old. Oh yeah, I'm putting this on my list of articles which need my attention. It could definately be expanded. Khiradtalk 02:39, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

incorrect statement
"Unlike many other mythologies, Persian mythology has only 2 main gods: Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu." my problem with this is that persian mythology dates far back, before the advent of zoroastrianism in the culture.

Merging with Iranian folklore?
It has been suggested to merge Persian mythology page with Iranian folklore.That's wrong... the contemporary Iranian folklore or games or folklore medical beliefs are sure different with mythology!--Alborz Fallah (talk) 14:33, 29 November 2007 (UTC) e.g:"(چرچیل) به عنوان دغل باز و مهره ی مکار در زبانزدهای ما حضور یافته است در بختیاری به آدم های فریبکار و سیاست باز "چرچیل" می گویند"[www.odivi.persianblog.ir] Or " در تمام انگلیسی ها را به مثابه آدم هایی موذی و مکار وحیله گر می شناسند که روباه در برابر آنها لنگ انداخته است ! با این اوصاف چرچیل را موذی ترین آدم انگلیسی می شناسند! ( حالا قیاس فرمائید چرچیل چگونه موجودی بوده است " then what do you think ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alborz Fallah (talk • contribs) 19:02, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not sure how both article topics wouldn't be better served by a merge. After all, folklore arises out of the mixing of mythology and real events (or the resulting tall tales that arise from oral storytelling tradition). Maybe it's own section, as the folklore arises from both religious observances as well as pre-Islamic mythology. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  23:21, 4 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with my dear, honorable, and fair friend, Arcayne. The two articles ought to be merged. The folklore article has very little material that is actually sourced as folklore.--Agha Nader (talk) 05:20, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The article is completely synthesis OR, and some pure OR. I quote the article "Churchill used for any mischievous person" This is ridiculous.The editors who add unsourced material like that do not belong at Wikipedia. They blatantly ignore WP:V and WP:OR. I suspect that not a single sentence in that article has a source that supports the claim the sentence makes (i.e. a source that says it is folklore).--Agha Nader (talk) 17:20, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think you are making it personal. About the "Churchill", that's a usage in new Persian folk language. I don't think your expression of naming the other wikipedians editions "ridiculous" ,is under the wikipedia's way of editing.Please be polite! Thankyou --Alborz Fallah (talk) 17:30, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * And to add ; if you google the two words of "چرچیل"(Churchill), and "مکار"(mischievous); the outcome would be informative! google search.But expectance to show an academic article for a recent usage of a new word for a contemporary person,seems to be impossible.--Alborz Fallah (talk) 17:56, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Then why in the world show it be included in Wikipedia?! Note: I am not the least bit interested in your original research with search engines. By the way, if someone makes a ridiculous edit, I am going to call it ridiculous. That is very different than calling an editor ridiculous. The former comments on content, the latter comments on the editor and is a PA. --Agha Nader (talk) 18:38, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Anyway, what are you interested in or are not, does not determines the rightfulness of the article.Labeling "original research" is in contrast with the sources that I mentioned
 * And about calling persons or edits names, I think both are wrong . Please Assume good faith and keep in mind nothing scares potentially valuable contributors away faster than hostility ! --Alborz Fallah (talk) 19:11, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Are you a "newcomer"? Please elaborate on how I failed to assume good faith. As for your statement "calling persons or edits names, I think both are wrong," am I supposed to ignore bad edits? --Agha Nader (talk) 19:20, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * No you don't. But using such words as "ridiculous" or sentences like "The editors who add outsourced material like that do not belong at Wikipedia"; is personal attack and is against the good faith. Is the decision making about someone's "belonging to Wikipedia" or not is your responsibility?--Alborz Fallah (talk) 21:34, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Please do not misquote me. I said "The editors who add unsourced [not outsourced] material like that do not belong at Wikipedia." I stand by that statement. Why should Wikipedia allow (experienced) users to blatanly violate Wikipedia policies? Moreover, am I supposed to use euphemisms for 'ridiculous edits?' If an edit is ridiculous, I am going to call it ridiculous. I think the best way to resolve this is for the editors that violate WP:V and WP:OR, to stop doing so. Attacking me for criticizing awful edits will not help.--Agha Nader (talk) 02:19, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * You are not allowed to express your opinion about the editors. You can change their edition under certain rules. If you think you are able to use your way of name-calling the editors and/or expressing your personal idea about their permission of editing ("belonging to Wikipedia"),I will report that to the admin's notice board.--Alborz Fallah (talk) 10:41, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

(←dent) Let's all calm down here, please. While I am thinking that the information that Agha Nader is calling into question does in fact need more solid sourcing, I think that Nader could express his frustration more politely. the main policy here at Wikipedia is to address the edit, not the editor. To do any less is to invite recrimination and bad feelings, both of which are not conducive to friendly and professional editing. It's a new year. Let's try to approach these situations anew, and give our fellow editor the same level of politeness that we ourselves would appreciate having. Alborz Fallah, I agree that finding contemporaneous (read: new) references for folklore is going to be difficult, especially in an a culturally non-permissive environment like Iran. You might find it helpful to scan entertainment magazines and the like, or books of children's collections. With the titles of these stories, you can search anew with their titles, to see if any scholarly research has been done on their origins or influences on folklore and mythology. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  14:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, I will do my best to provide the sources. Anyway; I think calling Iran a "culturally non-permissive environment" is not the definition of the real cultural situation of Iran.thankyou, --Alborz Fallah (talk) 08:29, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I must agree with Alborz Fallah: It is completely inappropriate for Arcayne to make sociological and political commentary (especially derisive commentary) on this talk page.--Agha Nader (talk) 15:50, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Could you perhaps point out what I said that fulfills the criteria of "derisive commentary"? I pointed out an opinion based on available evidence. Please point out the existence of a permissive environment in Iran. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  06:49, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not the least bit interested in arguing about politics with you on this talk page. I would like to remind you that this is the page is for discussing the Persian mythology article, not Ahmadinejad. I think you know why your comments were derisive and inappropriate; it is why you removed your inappropriate comment "That't [sic] a man [Ahmadinejad] screaming out to be laughed at." To return the main issue, the Iranian folklore would make a better section than an article.--Agha Nader (talk) 22:36, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, returning to the real problem (Iranian folklore)is better. I think sensitivity of Agha Nader stems in that he think I'm diminishing a religious ceremony to a vulgar and folklore show (correct me if I'm wrong!). Indeed I'm not saying the whole ceremony and it's core is "folklore"! But I think the performance and practical ways of showing the grief may have a color of people's folklore. As an example do Agha Nader knows still in some places in Iran, the local people call the Ashura "Souvashoon"? (Related to the mythological Siyâvash of Shahnameh) ...that shows the minds of people "See" the religious event under their background (read folklore)--Alborz Fallah (talk) 17:50, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I would appreciate it if you did not make ill-considered insinuations about me being "sensitive." I wonder if your statements qualify as what you term "improper language." You claim that I think you are "diminishing a religious ceremony to a vulgar and folklore show ." However, I think you are diminishing the article to original research! --Agha Nader (talk) 03:40, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Folklore and Mythology
They are not the same but there could be overlaps. Just like there is an overlap between Physics and Mathematics. So the merge tag should be removed. Encyclopedia Iranica has two different articles devoted to each topic. Greek mythology and Greek folklore are not the same. The merge tag should be removed. --alidoostzadeh (talk) 18:10, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe you are fighting a Strawman. No one has argued that folklore and mythology are the same thing. We are arguing that the Iranian folklore article would make a better section than an article. I have enumerated some reasons for this: the article is largely original research; the article lacks sources that attribute the material as folklore. --Agha Nader (talk) 19:08, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * We do not need an English source for such triviality and one can look at many Persian sources on Iranian culture. Anyhow the two articles can not be merged since folklore (and there is no OR in the article) is different than mythology.  Why should two different topics be merged? Folklore and Mythology?  Persian Mythology is a well know subject and there are a good deal of books on it even in English. As per folklore, attribution to folklore is done based on the defition of folklore:"Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or group." or check the www.dictionary.com definition.  The net is wide enough to include customs and ceremonies.  Tazziya is part of folklore by definition of folore (custom, tradition) but it is not part of mythology.  So we shouldn't combine these two articles.  I don't see the rational for combining an article on folklore with one on mythology.--alidoostzadeh (talk) 21:51, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

These characteristics are: a) ... it is a literary preservation of Iranian myths, legends and folk tales (as opposed to an oral tradition of these) b) ... its texts are New Persian compositions (as opposed to being in the plethora of languages of the pre-Islamic-era) c) ... are "polite" language compositions (to be contrasted with folk and religious compositions)
 * There are evidently two issues at stake here.
 * The specific distinction of "Persian mythology" vis-a-vis "Iranian mythology".
 * The general distinction between mythology and folklore.
 * Tackling them one at a time:
 * "Persian mythology" and "Iranian mythology" are distinct even though they are thematically synonymous. This is because "Persian mythology" has genre-defining characteristics that most "xyz mythologies", including "Iranian mythology," do not have.
 * mythology and folklore have the same memes, and both equally represent "traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or group." As such, they are both just two faces of the same coin. The difference is that mythology constitutes a rationalization or idealization of some higher moral or ethical cause(s) -- in the case of "Persian"n1 mythology in its rationalization and idealization of (and justifications for) Iranian identity.
 * But... neither article says anything that distinguishes it from the other (heck, both articles say next-to-nothing about their respective topics). Since they are both just basically lists, and the list at "Persian mythology" is actually just a list that belongs at Iranian folklore, the two articles might as well be merged.n2
 * However, the Iranian folklore article is really quite pathetic. While the Persian mythology article is not good either, at least it is in prose. Adding the unencyclopedic cruft from Iranian folklore would obliterate even that.
 * -- Fullstop (talk) 22:02, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * n1 This is also true for Iranian mythology, but to a lesser extent because it is from an era when asserting identity was not yet an imperative.
 * n2 Under normal circumstances to Iranian folklore because of the implications of exaggeration and untruth in any idealization (i.e. in mythology) -- this is why the term "mythology" is often avoided in favor of "folklore" or "tradition", particularly when notions of peoplehood hinge on it.

Epic vs. Mythology
Shahnama is an epic (حماسه), not a mythological narration. A mythology deals with the story of the creation, explaining different phenomena like catastrophes, day cycle, constellations, reasons for sins and good deeds, death and life and afterlife and evilness or purity of objects. These things are mostly found in pre-Islamic texts such as Bundahishn, Yasna, Denkart, ... so stop inserting parts of Shahnama in this article. This is just ridiculous. And there is no "Persian Mythology" because Persians did not have an independent mythology, but they followed the Iranian Mythology which was the same for the Medes and the other Iranian people. There is no such thing as Persian mythology (اسطوره‌های پارسی). What you mean is Perhaps Iranian Mythology ( اسطوره‌های ایرانی ) ? Exactly because: 1) They are not confined to the Persians. Many of the Ancient Iranian people living in the Iranian Plateau believed in it, like Medes, Sogdians or the eastern Iranian People of the Avestan era. 2) They are for the most part not compiled in the Persian language. The main sources of Iranian mythology today are written in Avestan. There are of course commentaries in the Pahlavi language but they are just that, "commentaries".

حضرت محمود (talk) 19:53, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

 * In English language, they consider Persia and Iran as equal (at least in historical aspect). Inside Iran , there is a clear differentiation between these two names , but westerners do know much about the differences . Please look at the article Name of Iran.--Alborz Fallah (talk) 06:46, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

You bunch of hypocrites!!! You keep playing with words for your political gains! Avestan language was the language in Aryana, Ancient Afghanistan. If you check the Avestan Geography, you will see that all the 16 cities mentionned in Avestan ancient texts are now located in Afghanistan. Also, Ferdowsi was born in Tus, a city of the Afghan Samanid empire from Balkh, and he grew up in Ghaznavid empire, an Afghan empire with its capital in Ghazni. Ferdowsi was financed and paid by the Afghan king Mohmud of Ghazni. The latter told Ferdowsi to create shanameh so he will gain the sympathy of HIS Iranian subjects (Iranian as Iranian people, meaning Tajiks, Pashtos and Baluchs who were the main people of the Ghaznavid empire). They did not even care about you IRAN, since the east of it was a province of Afghanistan and the West of it was controlled by Arabs. --Kasparov49acer 20:51, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Brief, your so called "Persian mythology" comes from Avestan, Zoroastrian, Ghaznavid empire, which are all located in today's AFGHANISTAN. How do you then link the page of persian mythiology to IRAN??? Because some ignorant white guy centuries ago called IRAN and PERSIA interchangeably, so you bunch of hypocrites want to build the whole history of your nation on those lies and misunderstandings??? You keep refering to some dumb guy who called Iran as Persia and Persia as Iran, and you link this to millennia of mythology that comes from Afghanistan??? Do you idiots know Avestan Geography??? Get some education, you morons, instead of building your history on lies and misunderstandings!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yamaweiss (talk • contribs) 20:57, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Much better !!!--Kasparov49acer 02:06, 25 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yamaweiss (talk • contribs)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 13:37, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Ferdosi Square.JPG

title: Talk:Persian mythology


text:
Talk:Order of the Dannebrog

Copyvio?
The page seems to borrow very heavily from http://www.denmarkemb.org/chivalry.html. It does not look like the usual copyvio, though. So I thought I would ask on the page first. Do we have permission to use this text? It is marked as © Copyright 2002 Royal Danish Embassy and GlobeScope, Inc..

Rasmus (talk) 08:00, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The text mentioned above is now located at http://www.ambwashington.um.dk/en/menu/InformationaboutDenmark/Culture/DanishNationalSymbols/The+Danish+Orders+of+Chivalry/ . If I still don't get any responses, I am afraid we need to remove the text. It is a shame, since quite a few people seems to have made an effort to improve it. Rasmus (talk) 11:24, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Is it appropriate to list a non-Dane before any Danes as Grand Commander? I understand his seniority, but it is a Danish order.--The reverend 01:43, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Make list of First Order class
Does someone know how to make a category for, First Order class Grand Cross and Commander 1st Degree.

Then make a list like the List of Grand Commanders of the Dannebrog. (Ice Explorer (talk) 13:51, 16 November 2009 (UTC))

Move page
This site should be moved to Order of Dannebrog. Order of the Dannebrog is wrong.. If the current name is to be correct the order should be called dannebrogensorder in Danish.. Skibden (talk) 21:28, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * No, it shouldn't be moved. The English language does use an article in "Order of the Danish flag", i.e. Order of the Dannebrog. Also, per WP:English Wikipedia uses the most common English name for subjects in page naming, so even if the most popular English term was "Dannebrogensorder" which is obviously wrong in Danish we'd still use it. De728631 (talk) 23:41, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

diplomatic use
is this a de facto or de jure use of the order? Is it a written rule? how strictly is it followed? 98.206.155.53 (talk) 19:48, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

Dannebrog flag
I may have missed it, but it seems not once in this article is it stated that "Dannebrog" is the Danish national flag, and not once is Flag of Denmark wikilinked (e.g. as a pipe from Dannebrog). Not sure where to do it, but it should be done!--Nø (talk) 12:02, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Order of the Dannebrog


text:
Spalding, Idaho

Spalding is an unincorporated community in the northwest United States, located in northern Nez Perce County, Idaho.

Description
The community is located 10 mi east and upstream of Lewiston, on the Clearwater River, at the mouth of the Lapwai Valley. U.S. Route 95 runs through the community and has a junction with U.S. Route 12 just west of town. Spalding is part of the Lewiston, ID-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The village was named after Reverend Henry Spalding, a missionary who taught the neighboring Nez Percé irrigation.

The headquarters and visitor's center for the Nez Perce National Historical Park are located at Spalding.

This place is notable as the birthplace of Lillian Disney, the wife of Walt Disney.

In the 1966 film El Dorado, John Wayne rode a six-year-old Appaloosa stallion named Zip, from Spalding.

title: Spalding, Idaho


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 7, 2004

Calvin and Hobbes is a comic strip, written and illustrated by Bill Watterson, which follows the humorous antics of Calvin, an imaginative six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his energetic and sardonic tiger. Syndicated from November 18, 1985 until December 31, 1995, at its height Calvin and Hobbes was carried by over 2,400 newspapers worldwide. To date, almost 23 million copies of 17 Calvin and Hobbes books have been printed. (more...)

Recently featured: Pufferfish – Order of the Garter – Father Damien


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 8, 2004

War elephants were important, although not widespread, weapons in ancient military history. Their main use was in charges, to trample the enemy and/or break their ranks. War elephants were exclusively male animals, as they are faster and more aggressive. An elephant charge could reach about 30 km/h and was difficult to stop by an infantry line. Its power was based on pure force and the fear that a charging 10-ton animal could inspire in the enemy lines. With the advent of gunpowder warfare in the late 15th century, war elephants became obsolete as a charging element because they could be easily knocked down by a cannon shot. (more...)

Recently featured: Calvin and Hobbes – Pufferfish – Order of the Garter


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 9, 2004

The Great Mosque of Djenné is the largest mud brick building in the world and is considered by many architects to be the greatest achievement of the Sudano-Sahelian architectural style, albeit with definite Islamic influences. The mosque is located in the city of Djenné, Mali on the flood plain of the Bani River. The first mosque on the site was built in the 13th century, but the current structure dates from the 1900s. As well as being the centre of the community of Djenné, it is one of the most famous landmarks in Africa. Along with the entire city of Djenné it was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. (more...)

Recently featured: War elephant – Calvin and Hobbes – Pufferfish


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 10, 2004

Middle-earth is the name for the lands on J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional ancient Earth. The term can apply generally to the entire world (Arda) depicted in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion, or in a narrow sense relating only to the main continent (also properly called Endor). Although Middle-earth's setting is often thought to be another world, it is actually a fictional period in Earth's own history — set 6,000 to 7,000 years ago. Tolkien emphatically insisted that Middle-earth is our Earth in several of his letters. The action of the books is largely confined to the north-west of the continent, corresponding to modern-day Europe. (more...)

Recently featured: Great Mosque of Djenné – War elephant – Calvin and Hobbes


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 11, 2004

MKULTRA was the code name for a CIA mind control research program lasting from the 1950s through the 1970s. Starting from 1964, the project was renamed to MKSEARCH. The project's goal was to produce a perfect truth drug for use in interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and generally to explore any other possibilities of mind control. Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or consent. The project was headed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb. (more...)

Recently featured: Middle-earth – Great Mosque of Djenné – War elephant


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 12, 2004

Plate tectonics is a theory of geology developed to explain the phenomenon of continental drift. In the theory of plate tectonics the outermost part of the Earth's interior is made up of two layers, the outer lithosphere and the inner asthenosphere. Plate tectonic theory arose out of two separate geological observations: seafloor spreading and continental drift. Tectonic plates are broadly divisible into two groups: continental and oceanic plates. The distinction is based on the density of their constituent materials; oceanic plates are denser than continental plates due to their greater mafic mineral content. As a result, the oceanic plates generally lie below sea level, while the continental plates project above sea level. (more...)

Recently featured: MKULTRA – Middle-earth – Great Mosque of Djenné


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 13, 2004

Jim Thorpe is considered by many to be one of the most versatile athletes in modern sports. He won Olympic gold medals in the pentathlon and decathlon, starred in college and professional American football, and played Major League Baseball. He subsequently lost his Olympic titles for violating amateurism regulations. Only in 1983, thirty years after his death, were his medals restored. (more...)

Recently featured: Plate tectonics – MKULTRA – Middle-earth


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 14, 2004

Monopoly is one of the best-selling board games in the world. At first sight it appears to be a race game with players moving their tokens around the squares at the edge of the board according to the roll of the dice. However, the conditions for winning are actually based on the acquisition of wealth through a stylised version of economic activity involving the purchase, rental and trading of real estate using play money. It is named after the economic concept of monopoly, the domination of a market by a single seller. (more...)

Recently featured: Jim Thorpe – Plate tectonics – MKULTRA


text:
List of kings of Dagbon

This is a tree of the monarchs of the traditional Kingdom of Dagbon, the kingdom of the Dagomba people, located in northern Ghana.

The term Yaa-Naa means "king of strength/power" in the Dagbanli language. It was adopted by king (Naa) Shitobu, and has since been the title for the king of Dagbon.

title: List of kings of Dagbon


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 15, 2004

Peer review is a scholarly process used in the publication of manuscripts and in the awarding of funding for research. Publishers and funding agencies use peer review to select and to screen submissions. The process also assists authors in meeting the standards of their discipline. Publications and awards that have not undergone peer review are liable to be regarded with suspicion by scholars and professionals in many fields. (more...)

Recently featured: Monopoly – Jim Thorpe – Plate tectonics


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 16, 2004

Operation Downfall was the overall Allied plan for the invasion of Japan at the end of World War II, but was ultimately never used. It was scheduled to occur in two parts — Operation Olympic, the invasion of Kyūshū, set to begin in November, 1945; and later Operation Coronet, the invasion of Honshū near Tokyo, scheduled for the spring of 1946. Kyūshū was to be invaded at three points — Miyazaki beach, Ariake beach, and Kushikino beach. Southern Kyūshū would become a staging ground for operation Coronet, and would give the Allies a valuable airbase from which to operate. Following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Soviet declaration of war against Japan, the Japanese surrendered and the operation was cancelled. (more...)

Recently featured: Peer review – Monopoly – Jim Thorpe


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 17, 2004

The Governor-General of India was the head of the British administration in India. The office was created in 1773, and gained complete authority over all of British India in 1833. In 1858, India came under the direct control of the British Crown, and the Governor-General acted as the Sovereign's representative. To reflect this role, the term "Viceroy" was informally applied; the title was abandoned when India became independent in 1947. The office of Governor-General continued to exist until India adopted a constitution in 1950. (more...)

Recently featured: Operation Downfall – Peer review – Monopoly


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 20, 2004

Papal elections are the method by which the Roman Catholic Church fills the office of Bishop of Rome, whose incumbent is informally (but usually) referred to as the Pope. An occasion steeped in centuries-old tradition, a meeting of clergymen held to select the Pope is referred to as a conclave. The term comes from the Latin phrase cum clavi ("with a key"), referring to the "locking away" of the electors during the process. Conclaves have been employed since the Second Council of Lyons decreed in 1274 that the electors should meet in seclusion. They are held in the Sistine Chapel in the Palace of the Vatican. (more...)

Recently featured: Fractal – Barack Obama – Governor-General of India


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 19, 2004

A fractal is a geometric object with an irregular, broken or fractured shape, generated by a repeating pattern, typically a recursive or iterative process. This gives it many interesting features, most notably self-similarity and infinite detail regardless of magnification. Classical attempts to measure the size of a fractal's perimeter, area or volume fail, due to the lack of definite limit of detail. Fractal geometry has numerous applications in science, technology and computer-generated art. (more...)

Recently featured: Barack Obama – Governor-General of India – Operation Downfall


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 23, 2004

Humphrey Bogart was an iconic American film actor during his life and remains a legend decades after his death. Bogart typically played smart, playful, courageous, tough, occasionally reckless characters who lived in a corrupt world, anchored by a hidden moral code. Outside of the U.S., Bogart is seen as a cult figure; French actors such as Jean-Paul Belmondo were deeply influenced by his work and image. Bogart appeared in 75 feature films, including Casablanca, the The Maltese Falcon and The African Queen, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor. (more...)

Recently featured: Montparnasse – Data Encryption Standard – Papal election


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 24, 2004

Cold fusion is the name for a nuclear fusion reaction that occurs well below the temperature required for thermonuclear reactions — such reactions may occur near room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and even in a relatively small experiment. The term was coined by Dr. Paul Palmer of Brigham Young University in 1986 in an investigation of the possible existence of fusion in a planetary core. It was brought into popular consciousness by the controversy surrounding the Fleischmann-Pons experiment in 1989. Unfortunately, no "cold" fusion experiments that gave an otherwise unexplainable net release of energy have so far been reproducible. (more...)

Recently featured: Humphrey Bogart – Montparnasse – Data Encryption Standard


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 21, 2004

The Data Encryption Standard, or DES, is a cipher selected as an official FIPS standard for the United States in 1976, and which has subsequently enjoyed widespread use internationally. The algorithm was initially controversial, with classified design elements, a relatively short key length, and continuing suspicions about a National Security Agency (NSA) backdoor. DES consequently came under intense academic scrutiny, and motivated the modern understanding of block ciphers and their cryptanalysis. Due to its short key length, DES is considered to be insecure for many applications, and has in recent years been superseded by the Advanced Encryption Standard. (more...)

Recently featured: Papal election – Fractal – Barack Obama


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 26, 2004

Art competitions were held from 1912 to 1948 at the Olympic Games. The competitions were an idea of Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Movement. Medals were awarded in five areas: architecture, literature, music, painting and sculpture, to works of art inspired by sport. The art competitions were abandoned in 1954 because artists were contended to be professionals, while Olympic athletes were required to be amateurs. Since 1956, the Olympic cultural programme has taken the place of the art competitions. (more...)

Recently featured: Tuberculosis – Cold fusion – Humphrey Bogart


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 25, 2004

Tuberculosis is the most common major infectious disease today, infecting one-third of the world's population with nine million new cases of active disease annually, resulting in two million deaths, mostly in developing countries.

Hopes that the disease could be completely eliminated have been dashed since the rise of drug-resistant strains in the 1980s. (more...)

Recently featured: Cold fusion – Humphrey Bogart – Montparnasse


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 22, 2004

Montparnasse is an area of Paris, France, on the left bank of the river Seine, centered on the intersection of the Boulevard de Montparnasse and the Boulevard Raspail. It is part of the 14eme arrondissement, having been absorbed into Paris along with other districts and villages in 1860. Like its counterpart, Montmartre, the neighborhood of Montparnasse became famous at the beginning of the 20th century, referred to as the Années Folles (the Crazy Years), when it was the heart of intellectual and artistic life in Paris with its legendary cafés. (more...)

Recently featured: Data Encryption Standard – Papal election – Fractal


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 27, 2004

Coca-Cola is a popular carbonated drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines in many nations of the world. It is one of the world's most recognizable and widely sold commercial brands, available in over 200 countries, and is the best-selling soft drink in all but three of those countries. The Coca-Cola Company's international headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia. Coke's major rival is Pepsi, which began as its imitator in the early 20th century. (more...)

Recently featured: Art competitions at the Summer Olympics – Tuberculosis – Cold fusion


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 28, 2004

Russian is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. It belongs to the group of Indo-European languages, and is therefore related to Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, as well as the modern Germanic, Romance, and Celtic languages, including English, French, and Gaelic. Written examples are extant from the tenth century A.D. onwards. While it preserves much of its ancient synthetic-inflexional structure and a Common Slavonic word base, modern Russian shares a large stock of the international vocabulary for politics, science, and technology. A language of political importance in the twentieth century, Russian is one of the official languages of the United Nations. (more...)

Recently featured: Coca-Cola – Art competitions at the Summer Olympics – Tuberculosis


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 29, 2004

The traditional counties of England are historic subdivisions of the country into around 40 regions. They were used for administrative purposes for hundreds of years, and over time became established as a geographic reference frame. The usually-accepted set of counties was established in the 12th century, although it did not become finalized until the 16th century. After local government reform since the late 19th century, they are no longer in general use for geographic purposes (in favour of ceremonial counties or administrative counties), but the system in use is partially based on the traditional counties, and the postal counties often still follow them. (more...)

Recently featured: Russian language – Coca-Cola – Art competitions at the Summer Olympics


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 30, 2004

A tank is a tracked and armoured combat vehicle designed primarily to destroy enemy ground forces by direct fire. A modern main battle tank, designed predominantly for combat, is the most powerful direct-fire land-based weapon. It is distinguished from other armoured fighting vehicles primarily by its heavy armour and armament. It can cross rough terrain and move relatively quickly in short bursts, but is power-, maintenance-, and ammunition-hungry and is not designed for sustained operations. Tanks were first used in World War I and have undergone many generations of design evolution since then. Tanks are now a fairly mature technology, but significant improvements continue to be made in tank subsystems. (more...)

Recently featured: Traditional counties of England – Russian language – Coca-Cola


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 31, 2004

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sea explorer who sailed for Spain. He was the first to sail from Europe westwards to Asia, the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean, and the first to lead an expedition for the purpose of circumnavigating the globe. Though Magellan himself died in the East Indies before returning to Europe, some of the crew and fleet he organized and guided for half the journey did return there in 1522, having circumnavigated the globe. (more...)

Recently featured: Tank – Traditional counties of England – Russian language


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 18, 2004

Barack Obama is an American politician from Chicago, Illinois. A Democrat and current state senator, Obama was the third African-American to deliver a keynote address at a Democratic National Convention. A former law professor, Obama is currently running for an open seat in the U.S. Senate. If successful, Obama would be only the third black U.S. senator since Reconstruction (the two previous being Edward Brooke and Carol Moseley-Braun). (more...)

Recently featured: Governor-General of India – Operation Downfall – Peer review


text:
List of rulers of the Northern state of Gonja

List of rulers of Gonja, a kingdom located in the north of Ghana
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)


text:
Albert Günther

Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther, also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Günther (3October 1830 – 1February 1914), was a German-born British zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. Günther is ranked the second-most productive reptile taxonomist (after George Albert Boulenger) with more than 340 reptile species described.

Early life and career
Günther was born in Esslingen in Swabia (Württemberg). His father was a Stiftungs-Commissar in Esslingen and his mother was Eleonora Nagel. He initially schooled at the Stuttgart Gymnasium. His family wished him to train for the ministry of the Lutheran Church for which he moved to the University of Tübingen. A brother shifted from theology to medicine, and he, too, turned to science and medicine at Tübingen in 1852. His first work was "Ueber den Puppenzustand eines Distoma". He graduated in medicine with an M.D. from Tübingen in 1858, the same year in which he published a handbook of zoology for students of medicine. His mother moved to England, and when he visited the country in 1855, he met John Edward Gray and Professor Richard Owen at the British Museum. This led to an offer to work at the British Museum in 1857, where his first task was to classify 2000 snake specimens. After the death of John Edward Gray in 1875, Günther was appointed Keeper of Zoology at the Natural History Museum, a position he held until 1895. The major work of his life was the eight-volume Catalogue of Fishes (1859–1870, Ray Society). He also worked on the reptiles and amphibians in the museum collection. In 1864, he founded the Record of Zoological Literature and served as editor for six years. He was one of the editors for the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for more than thirty years. His landmark paper on tuatara anatomy was the first to establish that the tuatara reptile was not a lizard, but in fact the only living member of an entirely new group of reptiles, which he named Rhynchocephalia. Fossil and genetic evidence have subsequently confirmed Günther's assertion, and the tuatara is now recognised as the only living member of a once diverse lineage that shared a common ancestor with Squamata (lizards and snakes) over 240 million years ago.

Royal Society
Günther was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1867 and served as vice-president 1875–6. He served on the council of the Zoological Society for nearly 40 years (1868–1905). He was elected a fellow of the Linnaean Society in 1877 and was president 1896–1900. He became a naturalised British citizen in 1874. Günther died at Kew Gardens on 1 February 1914.

Family
Günther was the son of Friedrich Gotthilf Günther (1800–1835) and Eleonora/Eleonore Louise née Nagel (1806–1899).

He married, firstly, in 1868, Roberta Mitchell née McIntosh (1842–1869), sister of William M'Intosh. They had one son, the historian Robert William Theodore Günther (1869–1940). Roberta died shortly after his birth.

In 1879 he married again, to Theodora Dowrish née Drake (1863–1944). They had a son Frederic Albert Günther (1883–1953), a merchant; and a daughter Theodora Alberta Günther (1889–1908) who died aged nineteen.

Legacy
Albert Günther is commemorated in the scientific names of many species of reptiles.
 * Aparallactus guentheri – an African venomous snake
 * Aspidura guentheri – a Sri Lankan snake
 * Atractus guentheri – a Brazilian snake
 * Chalcides guentheri – a Near Eastern lizard
 * Christinus guentheri – an Australian lizard
 * Coluber gracilis– an Indian snake, known as Günther's racer
 * Draco guentheri – a Philippine lizard
 * Elapsoidea guentherii – an African venomous snake
 * Erythrolamprus albertguentheri – a South American snake
 * Erythrolamprus guentheri – a South American snake
 * Euspondylus guentheri – a South American lizard
 * Holaspis guentheri – an African lizard
 * Lycodryas guentheri – a Malagasy snake
 * Monopeltis guentheri – an African amphisbaenian
 * Perochirus guentheri – a South Pacific lizard
 * Phelsuma guentheri – a Mauritian lizard
 * Plectrurus guentheri – an Indian snake
 * Proctoporus guentheri – a South American lizard
 * Ramphotyphlops guentheri – an Australian snake
 * Riopa guentheri – an Indian lizard
 * Ristella guentheri – an Indian lizard
 * Scelotes guentheri – an extinct South African lizard
 * Sphenodon guntheri – a New Zealand rhynchocephalian
 * Stegonotus guentheri – a Papua New Guinean snake
 * Stenocercus guentheri – a South American lizard
 * Trachischium guentheri – an Asian snake
 * Uroplatus guentheri – a Malagasy lizard
 * Urotheca guentheri – a Central American snake
 * Xenodon guentheri – a Brazilian snake

As well as fish:

 * The carnivorous species of catfish Astroblepus guentheri (Boulenger, 1887)

Selected publications

 * Günther, Albert (1858). Handbuch der Medicinischen Zoologie.
 * Günther, Albert (1858). Catalogue of the Batrachia salientia in the collection of the British Museum. London.
 * Günther, Albert (1858). "On the Geographical Distribution of Reptiles". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1858: 373–389.
 * Günther, Albert (1859–1870). Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, eight volumes.
 * Günther, Albert (1863). "On new Species of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Third Series 11: 20–25.
 * Günther, Albert (1863). "Third account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum". Sep. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1–17.
 * Günther, Albert (1864). "Report on a collection of Reptiles and Fishes made by Dr. Kirk in the Zambesi and Nyassa regions". Sep. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1–12.
 * Günther, Albert (1864). "Descriptions of new species of Batrachians from West Africa". Sep. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1–4. (Folha manuscrita por Bocage no interior com descrição de Cystignathus Bocagei'' de Bolama).
 * Günther, Albert (1865). "Fourth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum". Sep. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., 1–10.
 * Günther, Albert (1867). "Descriptions of some new or little-known species of Fishes in the collection of the British Museum". Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 24 Jan.: 99–104, 1 estampa.
 * Günther, Albert (1868). Sixth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Sep. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., 1–17.
 * Günther, Albert (1868). First account of species of Tailless Batrachians added to the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (III), 25 June: 478–490. 4 pranchas.
 * Günther, Albert (1868). Report on a collection of Fishes made at St. Helena by J.C. Meliss. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (II): 225–228.1 estampa.
 * Günther, Albert (1868). Descriptions of freshwater Fishes made from Surinam and Brazil. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (II): 229–246. 3 estampas.
 * Günther, Albert (1870). Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. London. 8 vols., online text, hathitrust.org
 * Günther, Albert (1872). Seventh account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., 13–37.
 * Günther, Albert (1874). Description of a new European species of Zootoca. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, August.
 * Günther, Albert (1874). Descriptions of some new or imperfectly known species of Reptiles from the Camaroon Mountains. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 16 June: 444–445. Plate 56 – Chamaeleon montium Buckholz, 1874. B – juvenil. Pl. 57: Rhampholeon spectrum Buckholz e Bothrolycus ater sp. nov. . Del. G.H. Ford..
 * Günther, Albert (1875). Second report on collection of Indian Reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 16 March : 224–234. Plates XXX-XXXIV. Col. Tenente Beddome no Sul da Índia e Dr. Jerdon no Norte e nos Himalaias. Plate 30 – Calotes grandisquamis Günther, 1875 – col. Bedomme no sopé do Canoot Ghat; Pl. XXXIV – Trimeresurus jerdoni sp. nov. – Jerdon, Khassya. G.H. Ford del.
 * Günther, Albert (1875). Third report on collections of Indian Reptiles obtained by the British Museum. From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 567–577. 4 estampas.
 * Günther, Albert (1876). Statement regarding dr. Welwitsch's Angola Reptiles. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, V (20): 275–276. Welwitsch. Seguem declarações de J.V. Barboza du Bocage.
 * Günther, Albert (1876). Notes on a small collection brought by Lieut. L. Cameron, from Angola. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pág. 678. Herpetologia. Ahaetulla dorsalis (Bocage). Reptilia. Serpentes.
 * Günther, A. (1876). Remarks on Fishes, with Descriptions of new Species in the British Museum, chiefly from the Southern Seas. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Volume XVII, Fourth Series.
 * Günther, A. (1876). Remarks on some Indian and, more especially, Bornean Mammals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, III: 424–428. Plate XXXVII – Viverra megaspila Blyth, 1863. J.G. Keulemans del.
 * Günther, A. (1876). Carta para Bocage, do Zoological Department (British Museum), 26 de Junho, a falar de Welwitsch. Arquivo histórico do Museu Bocage, CE/G-88.
 * Günther, A. (1877). The gigantic land tortoises (living and extinct) in the collection of the British Museum.
 * Günther, Albert (1878). – On Reptiles from Midian collected by Major Burton. From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 977–978. 1 estampa.
 * Günther, A. (1879). The extinct reptiles of Rodriguez. Sep. Philosoph. Trans. Roy. Soc, 168 (extra-vol.), London: 470–472.
 * Günther, Albert (1879). List of the Mammals, Reptiles, and Batrachians sent by Mr. Everett from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 14 January: 74–79. Plate IV – Dendrophis philippinensis Günther, 1879 – Norte de Mindanao . Del. R. Mintern.
 * Günther, Albert (1880). An Introduction to the Study of Fishes.
 * Günther, Albert (1882). Observations on some rare Reptiles and a Batrachian now or lately living in the Society's Menagerie. Transactions of the Zoological Society, London VI, part VII (1) : 215–222, pl. 42–46. Chelys fimbriata (Schneid.) – a Matamata habita as águas estagnada do Brasil e Guiana. Pl. 43–44: Metopoceros cornutus (Wagler). A imagem representa o segundo exemplar chegado aos museus da Europa, o primeiro pertencia ao Museu de Paris e tinha vindo de San Domingo. Deste não se conhece a proveniência exacta. Ceratothrys ornata (Bell). Tejus rufescens – Mendoza.
 * Günther, A. (1884). Contributions to our Knowledge of Hydromedusa, a genus of South-American freshwater Turtles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fifth Series, Volume XIV: 421–425. Plate XIV.
 * Günther, A. (1884). Note on some East-African Antelopes supposed to be new. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fifth Series, Volume XIV: 425–429.
 * Günther, Albert (1885). – Note on a supposed melanotic variety of the Leopard, from South Africa. From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 March: 243–245, estampa de Felis leopardus.
 * Günther, A. (1888). Contribution to the knowledge of Snakes of Tropical Africa. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) 1: 322–335. Ahoetulla bocagei, sp. nov.. Angola.
 * Günther, A. (1888). Report on a collection of Reptiles and Batrachians sent by Emin Pasha from Monbuttu, Upper Congo. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 50–51.
 * Günther, A. (1895). Notice of Reptiles and Batrachians collected in the Eastern Half of Tropical Africa. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) 15: 523–529.
 * Günther, A. (1888). Contribution to the knowledge of Snakes of Tropical Africa. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) 1: 322–335. Ahoetulla bocagei, sp. nov.. Angola.
 * Günther, A. (1888). Report on a collection of Reptiles and Batrachians sent by Emin Pasha from Monbuttu, Upper Congo. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 50–51.
 * Günther, A. (1895). Notice of Reptiles and Batrachians collected in the Eastern Half of Tropical Africa. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) 15: 523–529.

title: Albert Günther


text:
Yakubu II

Yaa Naa Yakubu Andani II (1945–2002) was the King of Dagbon, the traditional kingdom of the Dagomba people in northern Ghana, from 31 May 1974 until his assassination on 27 March 2002. He was born in August 1945 in Sagnarigu, a suburb of Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana. Yakubu II was killed on 27 March 2002 at Yendi, the capital of the Kingdom of Dagbon, by unknown people when clashes broke out between the two feuding Gates of Dagbon Kingship. For 600 years the Abudu and Andani clans, named after two sons of the ancient Dagbon king Ya Naa Yakubu I, cordially rotated control of the kingdom centred in Yendi, 530 km north of Accra, the capital of Ghana. A regent (installed on 21 April 2006) acted as sovereign of the kingdom until 18 January 2019 when a new ruler is chosen to occupy the revered Lion Skins of Yendi (Yaan Naa Gariba II).

Overview
After three days of unrest and sporadic violence, Gbewaa Palace, the residence of the king together with thirty surrounding houses were burned down. Thirty members of his household and other members of the community were killed and several others injured. The king's body was dismembered and decapitated after he was killed and set on fire. His head was paraded on a spear and parts of his body were paraded around town. Nobody has been jailed in relation to the incidence (January 2014).

Minister of State, Jake Obetsebi-Lamptey, announced his death on March 27, 2002. News of his death and the gruesome manner in which it took place shook the entire country and has since affected the lives of Dagombas in Ghana and beyond in diverse ways especially with regard to their political affiliations. Dagbon citizens who occupied prominent government positions were inescapably caught up in the dispute. Some ministers and government appointees resigned under the heat of the dispute. Aliu Mahama, then Vice President of Ghana, vehemently refused to comment on the matter. Death of Yakubu II set a lot of Dagombas against the Government of John Agyekum Kufuor (incumbent 2002), further deepening the common asseveration that Dagombas are more generally sympathetic towards the National Democratic Congress than the New Patriotic Party.

Many Ghanaians accused the government of not supporting Yaa Naa Yakubu II enough and so made his assassination possible. Former President Jerry John Rawlings is at the forefront of such accusations stating that he has evidence to support his claims and wishes to be given the platform to expose the contrivers of the assassinations. Alex Segbefia, one time deputy Chief of Staff, said that the New Patriotic Party was to blame for the conflict. John Agyekum Kufuor, then president of the country and leader of the New Patriotic Party, however, has always disassociated himself from such allegations. In spite of state of affairs, John Agyekum Kufuor was reelected on December 7, 2004, amazing votes in Yendi and Gushiegu parliamentary constituencies, which have strong representation of supporters of Abudu Royal Gate, whiles the rest of Dagbon and most of Northern Ghana voted overwhelmingly for the National Democratic Congress, snatching away some New Patriotic Party parliamentary seats in the process.

Early life
Yaa Naa Yakubu II (1945–2002) was born in August 1945 at Sagnarigu, a suburb of Tamale in present-day Northern Ghana. His father was Andani Zolikuɣuli, also a previous king of Dagbon who reigned from 1968 to 1969, and his mother was Faati Mahama, who hailed from Savelugu. He was named after his Great-grandfather, Yaa-Naa Yakubu I (1824–1849). He was his father's eldest son and the only child of his mother. He attended Yendi primary and middle schools and taught as a pupil teacher for several years.

Before he became Yaa Naa, he had already married three wives; shortly after his inauguration, they were sent to Zohi, a suburb of Yendi, where they were conferred with titles. The first wife obtained the title Gbanzalun, the second wife became Katini, while the third one was given the title Sologu. By the time of his death in March 2002, Yaa Naa Yakubu II had 26 wives, and each of them was similarly conferred with titles in accordance with Dagomba tradition. He was survived by 103 children including Kampakuya Naa Abdulai Yakubu Andani; his first son and caretaker king of Dagbon.

Events of the massacre at Yendi
The perpetrators are believed to have been an assassination squad of Liberian mercenaries brought to Yendi to incapacitate the Yaa-Naa and his bodyguards, paving way for the local militia of Abudu Gate to finish him off. Eyewitnesses say they numbered around 50 and were armed with sub-machine guns, rifles, and hand grenades.

On the day of the incident, all means of communication to Yendi were hijacked. All thought the seizure of the Gbewaa Palace and attack on Yaa-Naa Yakubu II by the hired assassins and members of Abudu family took several hours to complete amidst firing of heavy artillery, incessant pleas made by the Yaa-Naa to a police station under 2 minutes walk away to come and contain the situation was declined. Some occupants of the palace who managed escape to the station for protection were turned away by the police. A number of such persons were assaulted by the police and handed over to the Abudus to be shot. By way of calculated interferences in communication by means of electricity or telephone to the rest of the world, Yaa-Naa was left to his own fate. It appears the king was designedly cordoned in his palace alongside his eminent chiefs and some members of his family and friends who were with him. He was bombarded with firepower and grenades by the armed assassins till his bodyguards and brave young men in his household who swore to protect him were all taken out. At that time, the mercenaries having completed their task, disappeared into thin air. His palace and surrounding houses was burned to ruins. That was when the local militia from Abudu Family took over. Yaa-Naa Yakubu II was killed and mutilated alongside some of his elders.

Twenty-two members of Andani Family were brutally murdered whiles others were severely maimed. The king slayers made away with parts of his body including his head they had decapitated. The vicinity was charged with wild jubilations among members of Abudu Gate amid drumming, dancing and singing Dagomba war victory songs. Famous triumphal rhythm Bangumanga could be heard on loud Talking drum from the house of the leader of Abudus, Bolin Lana Mahamadu Abduliai where the severed head of the Yaa-Naa was presented him. Dagomba talking drums are capable of being heard across the capital of the kingdom (Yendi) and beyond.

Aftermath of Yaa-Naa Yakubu II's death
A new ruler of Dagbon cannot be chosen until his predecessor is buried. A pathologist from the 37 Military Hospital confirmed that the body of Yaa-Naa Yakubu II is incomplete; his head, a hand or a foot were detached from the rest of his body. However the severed head and hand of the king were mysteriously returned to the Yendi District Hospital Morgue where the body was kept by an unknown person.

The burial of the king finally took place on Monday 10 April 2006 after a compromise reached between the Andanis and the Abudus concerning his successor. The king was given a state burial in the royal musuleum at the Gbewaa Palace in Yendi. The elder son (Zuu) of the king was enskined as the Regent of Dagbon on 21 April 2006 to manage the affairs of the kingdom until the final funeral rites when a new Yaa-Naa will be enskined. The traditional title of the Regent is Kampakuya Naa Abdulai Yakubu Andani. His successor is Yaa-Naa Abdulai Yakubu. On 29 May 2011, a court in Accra acquitted and discharged 15 persons who were accused of murdering the Ya-Naa. This sparked violent protests in Dagbon and other parts of the country.

The late king of Dagbon was survived by 103 children.

Names in the spotlight surrounding the conflict

 * Yidana Sugri. He hung the dismembered arm around his neck and dared anyone to remove it.
 * Iddrisu Jahinfo. He carried the dismembered head around and at some point was kicking it like a football whiles proclaiming himself the sole and actual slayer of the late king.
 * Constable Nyarkotey Adjetey. He and his colleagues arrested escapees of the palace that was under fire attack, assaulted them and handed them over to be shot by Abudu fighters.
 * Zakaria Forest. Alleged to have cut off the head and hands of the Yaa-Naa. He is currently at large (January 2014).
 * Sau Billa. Earliest known initiator of gunfire towards the Gbewaa Palace.
 * Mohammadu Abdulai. He and Sani Moro dragged the body.
 * Mohammed Habib Tijani, former District Chief Executive (DCE) of Yendi and one of prime suspects of Yaa-Naa's Murder. He is taught to be the mastermind behind the interruption in communications in Yendi on day of murder as well as preventing the police force moving in to save the King as he was under attack. A witness against him in court revealed he continuously lambasted the Yaa-Naa for being an arrogant person (by refusing to flee his Palace) and got himself killed as a result.
 * Major (rtd) Abubakar Suleimana, some survivors of the Yendi massacre identified Major Sulemana leading what is believed to be dozens of heavily armed Liberian mercenaries in the attack on the Yaa-Naa's palace. He was again spotted fleeing the country to Burkina Faso in the company of the Liberian mercenaries after the attack.
 * Lieutenant General Joshua Mahamadu Hamidu, was arraign in court along with Major (rtd) Abubakar Suleimana for allegedly supplying arms and military assistance to Abudus, both of them were heads at National Security Advisory with Mr. Hamidu as the Chief of Defence Staff.
 * Hackman Owusu-Agyeman. The former Interior minister is said to be in possession of a video of the murder of Yaa-Naa, but has not revealed any details about it.
 * Supreme Court judge (2015) Justice Yaw Apau accused the media of over-publicizing the report about the murder. He proclaimed as false the report that the body parts of the late King was dismembered. He further rubbished the evidence that was made available to incriminate the suspects of the murder claiming the incidence was an act of war and as such one could not be found guilty of murder.
 * Ministers Malik Al-Hassan Yakubu and Imoro Andani resigned as a result of the incident.

Influence and notable works
Yakubu II wielded authority over 2 million people aside from the administrative responsibilities the King of Dagbon traditionally has over acephalous groups like the Konkomba, Bimoba, Chekosi, Basaari, Chamba, Waala, Zantansi, and others.

School for Life
Yaa-Naa Yakubu II attempted to improve the literacy rate in the Northern Region, where the majority of citizens could not read or write. Along with Dr. Abubakari Alhassan, he appealed to the Danish government for some support. . In response to this, the Ghana Danish community, which eventually developed a Non-governmental organisation called School for Life, was established in 1995. School for life designed a free Educational program targeted at out-of-school children between the ages of eight and fourteen. The program expanded to cover twenty districts in Northern Ghana and has since benefited over 109,000 children (2004) who would otherwise have had no access to education.

University for Development Studies
Yaa Naa Yakubu II was also instrumental in the establishment of the University for Development Studies in Northern Ghana. Plans to set up a university in northern Ghana had been planned since the regime of General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (1972–1978), but had never been implemented. Yakubu II was unrelenting in his efforts to put pressure on the national government to establish the university. He led several protest delegations to Accra to meet leaders of the country. President Jerry John Rawlings, 10th Head of state of Ghana and good friend of Yakubu II finally cut sod for establishment of the university in 1992. Yakubu II was present at the occasion for that historic moment in Tamale. University for Development Studies now has campuses in Tamale, Nyankpala, Wa and Navrongo. It also has an annual intake of over six-thousand students.

Sabali bridge
Between Yendi and Zabzugu, the river Sabali (a tributary of the White Volta) used to flood over its banks, making it difficult for people to transact business at the other side of the river, or transport their farm produce to the market across the river. In 1990, Yaa Naa Yakubu II asked the PNDC government to bridge the river. His request was granted and the river was bridged.

Elevation of paramount chiefs
Yaa Naa Yakubu II realised that there was a need to elevate the divisional chiefs under him to the status of paramount chiefs. Paramount chiefs controlled a large area or province, whereas divisional chiefs controlled a small area such as a district or a village. Thus, between 1991 and 1993, he spent considerable time trying to accomplish this. Before he undertook this effort, Yaa Naa Yakubu II was the only paramount chief in the whole of Dagomba traditional area. He was the first chief among the then four paramount chiefs in the northern region to have undertaken this exercise. Yakubu II's own status was elevated to that of king. Even today, as a result of the Yaa Naa's efforts, there are fifty-five paramount chiefs in the Dagomba traditional area.

Konkomba war
The creation of paramount chiefs motivated the Konkombas, who are under the domain of the Yaa-Naa, to request for their own system of paramount chiefs, to be created at Saboba. Initially, Yaa Naa Yakubu II refused to grant them this request, and this was one of the causes of skirmishes between Konkombas and Dagombas, later culminating into the 1994 Konkomba-Nanumba conflict. The war started at Nakpayili, in the Nanumba traditional area, and spread to the Dagomba and Gonja traditional areas. It claimed two thousand lives, and numerous houses and properties were destroyed. Later, the Yaa Naa gave the Konkomba three paramount chiefs.

title: Yakubu II


text:
List of rulers of Nanumba

Territory located in Ghana. Traditional authority of the Nanumba people.

title: List of rulers of Nanumba