text:
RAF Cranwell

Royal Air Force Cranwell or more simply RAF Cranwell is a Royal Air Force station in Lincolnshire, England, close to the village of Cranwell, near Sleaford. Among other functions, it is home to the Royal Air Force College (RAFC), which trains the RAF's new officers and aircrew. The motto, Altium Altrix, meaning "Nurture the highest" appears above the main doors of the Officers Mess. Since January 2023, RAF Cranwell has been commanded by Group Captain Tina Jessup.

History
The history of military aviation at Cranwell goes back to November 1915, when the Admiralty requisitioned 2,500 acres (10 km2) of land from the Marquess of Bristol's estate. On 1 April 1916, the "Royal Naval Air Service Training Establishment, Cranwell" was officially born.

In 1917 a dedicated railway station was established for the RNAS establishment on a new single track branch line from Sleaford, the train being known as The Cranwell Flyer.

With the establishment of the Royal Air Force as an independent service in 1918, the RNAS Training Establishment became RAF Cranwell. The Royal Air Force College Cranwell was formed on 1 November 1919 as the RAF (Cadet) College.

Royal Air Force College
Cranwell is home to the Royal Air Force College (RAFC), which overseas all RAF phase 1 Training. The RAF Officer Training Academy (RAFOTA) is the sub organisation of the RAFC which trains the RAFs new officers on a 24-week Modular Initial Officer Training Course (MIOTC), after which they are dispersed to their Phase II training for specific branch instruction. It is thus the RAF equivalent of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst or the Britannia Royal Naval College.

RAF Recruitment
The station is home to the Officer and Aircrew Selection Centre (OASC), where all applicants to the RAF as officers or non-commissioned aircrew, are put through a rigorous selection process.

Headquarters Central Flying School
HQ CFS has been located at RAF Cranwell since 1995 when it moved from RAF Scampton. The Central Flying School currently trains all RAF QFI flying instructors.

No. 3 Flying Training School
Cranwell is home to the headquarters of No. 3 Flying Training School (No. 3 FTS). The school provides elementary flying training for fixed wing and multi-engine student pilots from the RAF and Fleet Air Arm through No. 57 (Reserve) Squadron and No. 703 Naval Air Squadron. The UK Military Flying Training System (UKMFTS) operates the Grob Prefect T1 in this role. Although nominally based at Cranwell, elementary training largely takes place at nearby RAF Barkston Heath. After elementary training, aircrews streamed to fly multi-engine aircraft and rear-seat roles are trained by No. 45(R) Squadron, which operate five Embraer Phenom 100.

On 16 January 2018, the Skyes Building was opened at Cranwell by Air Marshal Sean Reynolds, the Deputy Commander Capability and Senior Responsible Owner of the UKMFTS. The building acts as a UKMFTS operational support building and is used to train new RAF pilots. It was named after Air-Vice Marshal Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes, a British military officer and politician who served during the First World War.

Air Cadets
Since the mid-1990s, Cranwell has been home to Headquarters, Air Cadets, and the Air Cadet Organisation's Adult Training Facility.

Based units
The following notable flying and non-flying units are based at RAF Cranwell.

Royal Air Force

 * No. 22 Group (Training) RAF
 * RAF College Cranwell
 * RAF Officer Training Academy
 * Recruitment and Selection
 * Tedder Academy of Leadership
 * Directorate of Flying Training
 * Central Flying School
 * Central Flying School Headquarters
 * No. 3 Flying Training School
 * No. 3 Flying Training School Headquarters
 * No. 45 Squadron – Embraer Phenom T1
 * No. 57 Squadron – Grob Prefect T1
 * No. 6 Flying Training School
 * No. 6 Flying Training School Headquarters
 * East Midlands Universities Air Squadron – Grob Tutor T1
 * No. 7 Air Experience Flight – Grob Tutor T1
 * Robson Academy of Resilience
 * Robson Academy of Resilience Headquarters
 * Aircrew SERE Training Centre
 * Defence Aviation Human Factors Training School
 * Stress Management and Resilience Team
 * RAF Air Cadets
 * RAF Air Cadets Headquarters
 * No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support) RAF
 * Air Security Force
 * No. 1 RAF Police & Security Wing
 * Defence Serious Crime Unit
 * Defence Flying Complaints Investigation Team
 * Engagement Team
 * Serious Crime Flight (B Flight)
 * No. 2 RAF Police & Security Wing
 * No. 1 Tactical Police Squadron (No. 22 Group Security Squadron)
 * RAF Music Services
 * Band of the RAF College & the RAF Swing Wing (RAF College Cranwell)
 * The Band of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force
 * RAF Air and Space Warfare Centre
 * Air Warfare School
 * Other RAF Units
 * RAF Disclosures

Civilian

 * RAF Cranwell Flying Club
 * Cranwell Gliding Club

Future
The RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine, which consists of three wings: Aviation Medicine Wing, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Wing, and Support Wing, will re-locate from RAF Henlow to RAF Cranwell by 2026. The equipment being relocated includes: "aircraft cockpit rigs; hypobaric chambers, which simulate the effect of high altitude on the body; hypoxia training rigs; and helmet-testing gear."

The Recruit Training Squadron, which delivers the Basic Recruit Training Course (Phase 1) to all Royal Air Force recruits, is planned to relocate from RAF Halton, which is due to close in 2027, to RAF Cranwell in December 2025.

title: RAF Cranwell


text:
Caspar Netscher

Caspar (or Gaspar) Netscher (1639 – January 15, 1684) was a Dutch portrait and genre painter. He was a master in depicting oriental rugs, silk and brocade and introduced an international style to the Northern Netherlands.

Life
According to Arnold Houbraken's 17th-century biographical study of Dutch painters he was born in Heidelberg or Prague. His father Johann Netscher was a sculptor from Stuttgart. The elder Netscher married Elizabet Vetter, the daughter of a mayor in Heidelberg, against her father's wishes. He died in Poland when Caspar was two years of age. It has been suggested that Caspar may have been the son of a Rotterdam painter. When Heidelberg was attacked during the civil war, Caspar's mother fled with four children to an estate outside the city. When the castle was laid under siege, the people there suffered from hunger and Caspar's two older brothers died. Caspar's mother fled in the night, carrying the young Caspar in her arms and with her young daughter on foot, staying at almshouses for widows and orphans. They travelled in this way to Arnhem, where they finally found safe quarter. In Arnhem Caspar was adopted by a rich physician named A. Tullekens. At first he was destined for the profession of his patron, but owing to his great aptitude for painting he was placed under a local artist named Hendrick Coster, and through the acquaintance of Wynant Everwyn in 1654, who had family connections to Tullekens, he became a student of Ter Borch in Deventer. He was Ter Borch's most gifted pupil, probably worked as an assistant as well and he appears several times as a model on Ter Borch's paintings.

When he came of age, he first worked for the Dutch "keelbeulen" (Houbraken called art dealers "cutthroats") until he had enough money to make a grand tour. In 1658 he set out for Italy to complete his education, booking passage on a ship to Bordeaux with letters of introduction from Tullekens for his cousin Neny there. From Bordeaux he planned to proceed overland to Italy. However, while in Bordeaux he met the mathematician and fountain designer Godijn, and married his daughter Margaretha Godijn on 25 November 1659, which halted his progress to Rome. In Bordeaux he toiled hard to earn a livelihood by painting small cabinet pictures which are now highly valued on account of their exquisite finish. Fearing the persecutions of Protestants, after his son was born he moved back North to The Hague in 1662, and turned his attention to portrait-painting. In this branch of his art, he was more successful. In 1668 he joined the Schutterij and Cosimo III de' Medici, traveling through the Netherlands bought four paintings.

It is likely that Netscher knew the painters Frans van Mieris, Sr. (1635?–1681) and Gerard Dou, but it is certain that he knew the painter Gerrit de Hooch from The Hague as his wife gave her name to Gerrit's new born daughter Margarita in 1676, the event being witnessed by Caspar as well as his wife. He was patronized by William III, and his earnings soon enabled him to gratify his own taste by depicting musical and conversational pieces.

It was in these that Netscher's genius was fully displayed. The choice of these subjects, and the habit of introducing female figures, dressed in glossy satins, were imitated from Ter Borch; they possess easy yet delicate pencilling, brilliant and correct colouring, and pleasing light and shade; but frequently their refinement passes into weakness. The painter was gaining both fame and wealth when he began to suffer from gout and took to his bed, where he continued to paint lying down and died prematurely in 1684, in The Hague. His sons Constantyn (1668–1722), and Theodorus (1661–1732), were also painters after their father's style, who Houbraken meant to include in his 4th volume of painters. He was also the father of Anthonie Netscher who emigrated to Batavia. According to the RKD, his registered pupils in the Confrerie Pictura besides his three sons were Johannes van den Brande, Otto Brandt, Olivier van Deuren, Jacob van der Does the younger, Van Hardenbroeck, Daniël Haringh, Mouritz van der Linden, J. Spick, Jan Tilius and Aleida Wolfsen.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Caspar Netscher


text:
Tyrone Guthrie

Sir William Tyrone Guthrie (2 July 1900 – 15 May 1971) was an English theatrical director instrumental in the founding of the Stratford Festival of Canada, the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Tyrone Guthrie Centre at his family's ancestral home, Annaghmakerrig, near Newbliss in County Monaghan, Ireland. He is famous for his original approach to Shakespearean and modern drama.

Early life
Guthrie was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, the son of Dr. Thomas Clement Guthrie (a grandson of the Scottish preacher Thomas Guthrie) and Norah Power. His mother was the daughter of Sir William James Tyrone Power, Commissary-General-in-chief of the British Army from 1863 to 1869 and Martha, daughter of Dr. John Moorhead of Annaghmakerrig House and his Philadelphia-born wife, Susan (née Allibone) Humphreys.

His great-grandfather was Irish actor Tyrone Power and he was a second cousin of famed film actor Tyrone Power. Guthrie's sister, Susan Margaret, married his close university friend, fellow Anglo-Irishman Hubert Butler. Tyrone Guthrie received a degree in history at Oxford University, where he was active in student theatre, and worked for a season at the newly established Oxford Playhouse.

Career
In 1924 Guthrie joined the BBC as a broadcaster and began to produce plays for radio. This led to a year directing for the stage with the Scottish National Players, before returning to the BBC to become one of the first writers to create plays designed for radio performance. From 1929–33, he directed at various theatres, including the Cambridge Festival Theatre in 1929 and a production of Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author at the Westminster Theatre in 1932. His work in London at the Old Vic and the Sadler’s Wells theatres earned him acknowledgment as a significant director.

During 1933–34, and again from 1936–45, he was director of the Shakespeare Repertory Company. While in Montreal, Guthrie produced the Romance of Canada series of radio plays for recalling epic moments in Canadian history. The series was broadcast on the Canadian National Railway radio network. Hubert Butler translated the text for Guthrie's 1934 production of Anton Chekhov's Cherry Orchard, for perhaps its first English-language production.

In the 1940s Guthrie began to direct operas, to critical acclaim, including a realistic Carmen at Sadler's Wells and the Metropolitan Opera in New York. He also returned to Scotland where, with James Bridie in 1948, he staged the first modern adaptation, by Robert Kemp, of Sir David Lyndsay's grand-scale medieval comedy Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis for the Second Edinburgh International Festival; a landmark event in the modern revival of Scottish theatre. Staged in the city's General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Mound, specially adapted for the occasion, it was here that Guthrie's hallmark thrust stage first proved its full worth.

Stratford Festival of Canada
In 1952, he was invited to help launch the Stratford Festival of Canada. Intrigued with the idea of starting a Shakespeare theatre in a remote Canadian location, he enlisted Tanya Moiseiwitsch to further develop his thrust stage design, successfully improvised in Edinburgh, and actors Alec Guinness and Irene Worth to star in the inaugural production of Richard III. All performances in the first seasons took place in a large tent on the banks of the Avon River. He remained as Artistic Director for three seasons, and his work at Stratford had a strong influence in the development of Canadian theatre.

Guthrie produced Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore in 1960 and The Pirates of Penzance in 1961, which were televised in Canada and also brought to the Phoenix Theatre in New York and on tour in the US. In 1962, as soon as the Gilbert and Sullivan copyrights expired, he brought these productions to Britain; they soon played at Her Majesty's Theatre and were broadcast by the BBC. They were among the first Savoy opera productions in Britain not authorized by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.

Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota
In 1963, he founded the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota, designed by Ralph Rapson. He published a small invitation in 1959 in the drama page of The New York Times soliciting communities' interest and involvement in a resident theater. From that beginning, the Twin Cities was chosen and the Guthrie Theater was established, with construction being completed in 1963. Guthrie served as Artistic Director until 1966, and continued to direct at the theater he founded until 1969, two years before his death.

Legacy
In the prologue to his biography, James Forsyth wrote, "Anti-Broadway, anti-West End, anti everything implied in the term 'Legitimate Theatre', he ended up with a legitimate claim to the title of 'most important, British-born theatre director of his time. Sir Peter Hall wrote, "Among the great originators in British Theatre...Guthrie was a towering figure in every sense. He blazed a trail for the subsidised theatre of the sixties. He showed how to run a company and administer a theatre. And he was a brilliant and at times great director..." Guthrie wrote two major books about the creation of effective drama: Theatre Prospect (1932) and A Life in the Theatre (1959).

Guthrie's autobiography, A Life in the Theatre, was adapted into a stage play, Guthrie on Guthrie by Margaret Dale. It was produced at the Stratford Festival in 1989, and again at the Glenn Gould Studio in 1998 for recording as an audiobook. Both productions featured Colin Fox as Guthrie.

Queen's University Belfast
He was Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast (1963–70). On 15 September 2010, a blue plaque in his memory was unveiled at the BBC in Belfast by the Ulster History Circle.

Personal life
In 1931, Guthrie married Judith Bretherton, who survived him by only a year. He was knighted in 1961, and died a decade later at his home, Annaghmakerrig, in Newbliss, County Monaghan, Ireland, aged 70, from a heart attack. His body was buried in the graveyard of Aghabog Church of Ireland, in Newbliss.

title: Tyrone Guthrie


text:
User talk:Siroxo/test

That was the todo list

This is a section
with some arguments!

Hey!
ho, lets go

title: User talk:Siroxo/test


text:
Talk:Nautiloid

Untitled (1)
I originally wrote this article in 1998 and published it on the Web.... It need links to other articles. Dlloyd 20:15, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Untitled (2)
Portions of this text are : "Copyright © 1995-1997 The Fossil Company Ltd. © 1997-1999 The British Fossil Company Inc. and licensed by the owner under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright." Please contact me if you need further clarification on this. Dlloyd 00:35, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Merge?
Should this be merged with Nautilus or vice versa? Seem like they overlap considerably, but I'm no cephalopod expert. --Lexor|Talk 13:36, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * I see, nautiloid's refer to all the extinct forms of cephalopod's as well. OK, nix that.  --Lexor|Talk

It actually might have been better to have merged the singular Nautiloid and Nautilus and to put the content of this article under the Nautiloidea,the subclass, or at least under Nautiloids. Even so there is a distinction between a nautiloid, any individual within the Nautiloidea, and the specific genus Nautilus J.H.McDonnell (talk) 14:18, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

ammonoids
"The ammonoids...evolved from the nautiloids" - does this mean ammonoids are not nautiloids? Perhaps it should say they are realted to the ammonoids. --DanielCD 16:22, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Tweaked the sentence a bit -- just a bit confused about which designation is higher or if they are equal -- ammonoid and nautiloid. --DanielCD 16:31, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I don't think taxonomists have this well in hand yet. There are references that say Ammonoidea and Belemnoidea (and other Coleoidea) evolved from older Nautiloidea, but that would mean, cladistically, that they are all nautiloids (see the classification tree on Cephalopoda. ToLWeb shows a somewhat different tree than the one we're using (which comes from this PDF which is also what CephBase uses. Neither show well any understanding of where the exticnt groupings fit in or how the extant and extinct groupings are related to each other. - UtherSRG 18:17, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

DanielCD, No, Ammonoids are not nautiloids, except perhaps in the narrow cladistic sense even though nautilidods through the Bactritida gave rise to the Ammonoidea. Ammonoids are not only related, being cephalopds, to nautiloids, but evolved from them. The problem may be with being able to distinguish the open ended cladistic approach from the descriptive based ordinary taxonomic one.

"Taxonomists" may not have this well in hand but I dare say ordinary biologists and paleontologists do. John  —Preceding unsigned comment added by J.H.McDonnell (talk • contribs) 01:18, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Identical images, different labels.
Identical photos on this page, where it's labeled Trilacinoceras, and under Lituites (where it's labeled Lituites). There is no other mention of Trilacinoceras within the text of either article, nor does Trilacinoceras have its own article. To the uneducated reader (like myself) this is confusing. Was Trilacinoceras a species of the genus Lituites? If so, please specify the label in the Lituites article. If not, one of them seems to have been mislabeled. ---Sluzzelin 04:56, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Lituites lituus Montford is known from the Middle Ordovician (Middle Llanvirn) of the Baltic region (Sweden etc), but it seems that the genus (but different species) has also been found in China, where Trilacinoceras is also found. Accoridng to this reference, is found with Trilacinoceras  (it is hard to read the small writing, but the species names seems to be Lituites ninkianganae(?) - probably the wrong spelling because it doesn't come up on Google book search -   and Trilacinoceras discors. But according to these photos, Trilacinoceras looks nothing like Lituites (and is also found in Europe); assuming these speciomens are correctly identified of course.

 * According to this page the species would be Lituites breynius. But I don't know if this is a valid species, or if it is, if this is teh right identification.  I wouldn't trust these commercial fossil sellers to correctly identify a fossil.  In fact for all we know these fossils may be fakes, or at least in part painted and reconstructed; see Fake and enhanced Fossils - what to look out for (very useful page!) and Faked fossils from around the world.  In fact, the sale of fake fossils is quite a big industry!  M Alan Kazlev 08:32, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Classification
The classification used in this page seems to be a bit messy. First, Nautiloidea is called a subclass, then it contains several subclasses, one of which is also called Nautiloidea, and apparently it is also paraphyletic. Apparently, nautiloids are now an informal group, but nevertheless the introduction still mentions a "Subclass Nautiloidea" to which all nautiloids belong. Could this please be clarified? Ucucha 16:29, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed, this can be confusing. In the system derived from Bather's classification, cephalopods are divided into subclasses Nautiloidea, Ammonoidea, and Coleoidea, and the nautiloids are definitely paraphyletic with respect to the other two subclasses.  The Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology divides that Nautiloidea into several subclasses: Endoceratoidea, Actinoceratoidea, a restricted Nautiloidea, and Bactritida.  Nautiloidea in this system remains paraphyletic with respect to the other subclasses.  Bactritids have also been considered ammonoids, since they lie at the juncture of the major subclasses.
 * In Teichert's later system, he went beyond the Treatise system by separating Orthoceratoidea from Nautiloidea. The former became the paraphyletic root stock of the cephalopods, while Nautiloidea became a more restricted group comprising mostly the nautilus and its clear extinct relatives.
 * Ideally, we could resolve major clades of cephalopods, with the total group of the living nautilus standing in for Teichert's restricted Nautiloidea. Unfortunately the relationships of many fossil cephalopods to modern ones and to each other are not well resolved.  Though the traditional Nautiloidea has its shortcomings, it seems useful for the time being to use the name for non-ammonoid, non-coleoid cephalopods.  Cephal-odd (talk) 23:22, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Ucucha. Classification, half fact based on morphologic distinctions and evolutionary sequence, half opinion as to what those facts mean and how best to arrange them. There is overwhelming concesus regarding the validity of separate Nautiloidea, Ammonoidea, and Coleoidea, based on fundimental differences in things like the radula; whether there is a shell or not, construction of the seta and siphuncle. These is less consensus as to the Endoceratoidea and Actinoceratoidea and where the Bactritida should be placed. These are matters of perspective that should be understood as being primarily just that.

To understand Teicherts modification, one has to understand the taxonomy as it was previously. At that time the Nautiloidea were divided into a number of orders, starting with the Ellesmerocerida. Later the plectronocerids were separated out from the Ellesmerocerida as the Plectronocerida which bacame the oldest group. Among the various orders, not included the generally understood Ammonoidea and Coleoidea, Teichert determined that two were diverse and distinct enough to be called subclasses of their own. Rousseau Flower did not agree, finding them superflous and redundant.

In Teichert's new scheme the Plectronocerida and other exclusively Cambrian orders, the Ellesmerocerida, Ascocerida, and Orthocerid are reclassified in the Orthoceratoidea. The Nauiloidea is redefined as containing the Tarphycerida, Oncocerida, Discosorida and what should actually read, Nautilida. The Orthoceratiodea may be paraphyletic, nothing unusual about that, having given rise through the Ellesmerocerida to the Nautiloidea and through the Orthocerida to the Bactrtiida which gave rise to the Ammonoidea. Among the revised Nautloidea the Oncocerida are paraphyeltic, again nothing unusual, having given rise to the Nautilida. Of course if you prefer the cladistic approach and take it to its illogical conclusion, all cephalopds are reduced to plectronocerids. John —Preceding unsigned comment added by J.H.McDonnell (talk • contribs) 01:25, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Better Heading
It would probably have been better (more scientific) to have had this article under the formal taxon Nautiloidea rather than the vernacular term Nautiloid which may refer to any member, not just Nautilus. But since the article is well established and well written overall, I suppose it's best to leave as is and to further clarify within. JMtalk 8/15/09

Bather classification
This paragraph was recently deleted:
 * "Traditionally, the most common classification of the cephalopods has been a three-fold division (by Bather, 1888), into the nautiloids, ammonoids, and coleoids. This article is about nautiloids in that broad sense, sometimes called Nautiloidea sensu lato."

but I think we should restore it because it mentions the origin of the classification that appears in the taxobox, and explains the broad use of Nautiloidea that used in this article. It contrasts with the narrower usage of the Treatise, or the still narrower sense used by Wade, or Teichert 1988. Perhaps because the relations among several nautiloid orders remains unresolved, this broad sense of "nautiloid" has been used a great deal over the years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cephal-odd (talk • contribs) 18:00, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I've restored it. mgiganteus1 (talk) 23:58, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Title
The title of this article, Nautiloid, is misleading. There is a grammatical disconnect. The word nautiloid is singular and applies to an individual animal or fossil, or at best a single species. It calls only for a dictionary definition, not an encyclopedic discussion. The article on the other hand is about a plural group, the entire suite of nautiloids which go to make up the subclass Nautiloidea -- which is what the article really is about. I tried renaming the title to Nautiloids, the next best thing to renaming it according to the taxon, but was immediately thwarted.

Nautiloidea appears in taxoboxes. It's the subclass Nautiloidea, not subclass Nautiloid or even subclass Nautiloids. Nautiloid and nautiloids are useful vernacular terms that make conversation or reading less stilted, but they are not proper taxonomic terms. Shouldn't Nautiloidea link to a page with the same title. Isn't this where conformity should lie.

J.H.McDonnell (talk) 13:57, 4 April 2010 (UTC)
 * With regards to your first point, please see WP:PLURAL, and with regards to your second point, please see Taxobox usage. I'm not trying to thwart article improvement; I want to see these articles improved as much as anyone. I'm simply trying to abide by Wikipedia's guidelines, which are the result of community consensus. mgiganteus1 (talk) 17:20, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

Regarding consensus, I'm not sure how much there really is one beyond the expressions of a few. Not that their ideas should be disregarded, just taken in perspective. As for taxoboxes, they supposesdly list taxa, not vernacular names. This still doesn't quite get to the problem of the title. In that regard, why "dummy down", why not help people "smarten up". It's just as easy to redirect from Nautiloid to Nautiloidea, for those who might begin there. J.H.McDonnell (talk) 14:04, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Cladistics
Cladistics is a useful tool in determining and sorting out phylogenetic relationships. See Ammonoids above. But lets not get hung up on it. There is the real problem of diminishing returns. A clade is defined from an arbitrary beginning which may be useful only for a particular study. If the concern is nautiloids it is pointless to begin the clade with the ancestral mollusk. Beginning it with Plectronoceras goes back far enough. On the other hand if we're discussing ammonoids there is no need to go further back than the bactritids and include the entire suite of true nautiloids. A major problem with cladistics is the prohibition against paraphyeltic groups which results in evolved and distinctively different groups being regained within their ancestral group. J.H.McDonnell (talk) 14:56, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

Definition Nautiloid
In the section on Taxonomic relationships it states that nautiloids "are defined by the exclusion of both those descendent groups" (i.e. ammonoids and coleoids). In any case, it strikes me that this is a poor way of defining something, namely by exclusion. What if there were no ammonoids or coleoids and only nautiloids, then how would they be defined. Best to define them on their observable characters such as concave septa and retrochoanitic septal necks and leave off reference to exclusion. J.H.McDonnell (talk) 16:12, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

shell chemistry
No mention of shell chemistry in the section describing the shell, nor either at Ammonoidea - is anyone competent out there willing to add a paragraph? The fact that aragonite and calcite have different solubility is often so important in taphonomy of cephalopods that I think it should be detailed here. 22:52, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Nautiloid. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050411043421/http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~palaeont/fossilnautiloidea/fossnautpalneocephalopoda.htm to http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~palaeont/fossilnautiloidea/fossnautpalneocephalopoda.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050328205726/http://www.palaeos.com/invertebrates/Molluscs/Cephalopoda/Nautiloidea.htm to http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Cephalopoda/Nautiloidea.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:27, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Kröger 1007?
In the classification section Orthoceratoidea is listed as "the Orthoceratoidea of Kröger 1007". There are two Kröger citations used in this article (Kröger, B.; Landing, E. (2008) and Kröger, B.; Yun-bai, Y. B. (2009)) and it is not clear (at least to me) which of these is being referenced there (or if it is some other paper/article by Kröger). It is not clear what the "1007" is referring to.  Alphathon  /'æɫ.fə.θɒn/ ( talk ) 11:54, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nautiloid


text:
Withers

Withers are the ridge between the shoulder blades of an animal, typically a quadruped. In many species, this ridge is the tallest point of the body. In horses and dogs, it is the standard place to measure the animal's height. In contrast, cattle are often measured to the top of the hips.

The term (pronounced ) derives from Old English wither ("against'), because the withers are the part of a draft animal that pushes against a load.

Horses
The withers in horses are formed by the dorsal spinal processes of roughly the 3rd through 11th thoracic vertebrae, which are unusually long in this area. Most horses have 18 thoracic vertebrae. The processes at the withers can be more than 12 in long.

Since they do not move relative to the ground as the horse's head does, the withers are used as the measuring point for the height of a horse. Horses are sometimes measured in hands – one hand is 4 in. Horse heights are extremely variable, from small pony breeds to large draft breeds. The height at the withers of an average thoroughbred is 163 cm, and ponies are up to 147 cm.

Conformational issues
The withers of the horse are considered in evaluating conformation. Generally, a horse should have well-defined withers, as they are considered an important attachment point for the muscles of the torso. Withers of medium height are preferred, as high withers make it difficult to fit a saddle and are often associated with a narrow chest, and low withers (known as "mutton withers") do not provide a ridge to help keep the saddle in place.

More importantly, the dorsal spinal processes provide an attachment for the muscles that support the shoulder and neck. Horses do not have a clavicle, so the shoulder can freely rotate backwards. If the vertebrae of the withers are long front-to-back, the shoulder is freer to move backwards. This allows for an increase of stride length. thus increasing the horse's speed. It is also important in jumping, as the shoulder must rotate back for the horse to bring its foreleg parallel to the ground, which will then raise the animal's knees upward and get the lower part of the forelegs out of the way. Therefore, the withers have a direct impact on one of the most important points of conformation: the shoulder.

Dogs
In dogs, the height of the withers is often used to determine the dog's jump height in various dog sports. It is also often a determining factor in whether the dog conforms to the show-quality standards for its breed.

title: Withers


text:
User talk:Siroxo/test/todo

 * make this page excellent
 * make it awesome
 * check the FACTS
 * get a picture of awesome stuff

title: User talk:Siroxo/test/todo


text: User talk:64.5.76.243

title: User talk:64.5.76.243


text:
Talk:Glossary of the Weimar Republic

Corrected spelling of "Hindenburg" and changed first year of "Reichswehr"-entry, as the Reichswehr got its name in 1921.

To Gzorenplatz, why did you remove the Beamte and Angestellte names from the glossary? I think they should belong to the glossary. WHEELER 20:18, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Beamte/Angestellte

 * I* didn't remove them, but I think they are not specific enough for a glossary of the Weimar Republic.

"Inheritance"...
...is unimportant for the Weimar REPUBLIC

just gay

2007-02-6 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 23:38, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of the Weimar Republic


text:
Norman Stanley Fletcher

Norman Stanley Fletcher, commonly nicknamed "Fletch", is the main fictional character in the BBC sitcom Porridge, and the spin-off, Going Straight. He was played by Ronnie Barker.

In the pilot episode, Fletcher claims to Mr. Barrowclough that he was sentenced for stealing a truck, which then crashed through garden walls and a toolshed when its brakes failed. This turns out to be a shaggy dog story leading up to the punchline "I asked for six other fences to be taken into consideration". In other episodes, it is stated that he was sentenced for breaking and entering and that he is a career burglar. The opening of each episode refers to Fletcher as a "habitual criminal."

His tactics range from the practical (stealing pills from the prison doctor and eggs from the prison farmyard), to the symbolic (finding new and imaginative ways to stick two fingers up at Mackay, the antagonist prison officer, and get away with it). In return, Mackay's frenzied, neurotic attempts to catch Fletcher out, when fruitful, give the warder a level of smugness and satisfaction that is only accentuated by his charge's hostility and skulking.

Fletch is also surprised when this spell in prison finds him taking on the role of father figure. It is left to him to help Warren when he needs a letter read or written and to oversee new, younger inmates such as McClaren and Godber.

Fletch is manipulative and can play upon the sympathies and weaknesses of people like the liberal warden, Mr. Barrowclough, and the ineffectual prison governor to acquire more pleasant employment, accommodation, or special privileges.

Fletcher was born, in his words, "two-two-thirty-two" - 2 February 1932. He is a native of Muswell Hill. His elder daughter Ingrid was conceived in Highgate Cemetery, shortly before his marriage to Isobel at the age of 19. He also has a younger daughter Marion and a son named Raymond. Fletcher did his post-war National Service in the early 1950s, including service in the Malayan Emergency. He joined the Royal Army Service Corps or RASC, which he refers to in army slang as "Run Away, Someone's Coming". He was "King of the Teds" in Muswell Hill, circa 1955, and retains fond memories of Gloria, a seamstress with whom he had an affair at that time, and who used to tighten his trousers for him.

Upon release from prison, Fletch decided to give up his criminal career. In the follow-up series, Going Straight, he took a job as a hotel night-porter but found himself often tempted back into crime, although he resisted. His wife, Isobel, had left him, leaving him in sole charge of Raymond.

When last seen, in the mockumentary Life Beyond the Box: Norman Stanley Fletcher, Fletch was the landlord of a pub in Muswell Hill, alongside his second wife, Gloria (an old flame briefly mentioned in Porridge).

In 2009, the character was revived in a stage production, penned by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, and is played by Shaun Williamson.

In the 2016 revival of the show, also titled Porridge, it is revealed that Fletcher died circa 2011.

Personality and traits
For a man of his age and poor education, Fletch is highly intelligent. He speaks with confidence and a large vocabulary on a wide range of topics including politics, race relations, the justice system, and society in general. It appears he possesses a considerable degree of natural intellect. He is a tolerant man who briefly dabbled in Marxist politics in his youth but is often cynical about the world and generally pessimistic. His attitude never goes beyond simple complaining and playful teasing of Mr. Mackay, although Fletch occasionally shows a darker side which reflects his true mental state, usually when he is talking about his past. The large amount of time he has spent in prison has left him feeling that he has wasted his life. In the final episode of Going Straight, he is convinced not to return to crime after walking into a pet shop and seeing the animals in cages, reminding him of his time in prison. He struggles to adapt to life on the outside after his spell in Slade prison, and his frayed nerves have resulted in a quick temper, shown by how quick he is to shout at his daughter Ingrid. He is also something of a drinker - on one occasion, after sneaking away from an outdoor trip, he goes straight to a pub and drinks several pints of beer, one of which he downs in one. In Going Straight, he consumes several pints of beer and a few whisky chasers just on the train from Carlisle to London. He mentions that an "average day" in Muswell Hill involved visiting four different pubs for a "swift half". He is upset that his wife Isobel has left him and struggles to cope with the responsibility of holding his family together.

Fletch is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter; in 'Porridge' S1E6, Fletch tells an inmate that he spent a weekend on compassionate leave "in the pub," "eating roast beef," and "watching Spurs win at home." In Going Straight S1E1 he collects his personal possessions upon his release from the prison which includes a Tottenham Hotspur key chain. The Fletch character may have a second team, though, since in the film version of 'Porridge' he says he's supported Leyton Orient for 20 years, and in 'Going Straight' S1E3 he plans to attend a match between Orient and Mansfield Town, hoping that Orient "might just scrape a point."

title: Norman Stanley Fletcher


text:
Coimbra Academic Association

The Associação Académica de Coimbra (AAC) is the students' union of the University of Coimbra (UC). Founded in Coimbra on November 3, 1887, it is the oldest students' union in Portugal. It is also the biggest Portuguese students' union belonging to an independent institution, since it represents all the students of its university, who gain automatic membership into the AAC as students of the University of Coimbra (25,580 students as of 2021 ).

In addition to several departments dedicated to culture and student life, ranging from theatre and musical groups to radio and cinematography, the AAC has several sports' departments (called sections) based in Coimbra. All teams and athletes of the AAC sports departments bear the same name and logo with black uniforms. This is one of the largest multi-sports clubs of Portugal. The Associação Académica de Coimbra - O.A.F., an autonomous football organization inside the AAC, houses one of its better known teams across Portugal due to a historical presence on the main Portuguese Football Championships and the popularity of football in the country. Despite that, the Associação Académica de Coimbra - S.F. (sports section) is also in operation as a student-only football team of AAC which has been playing in the lower, regional football leagues. In rugby (Portuguese Rugby Union Championship), volleyball (Portuguese Volleyball Championship) and basketball (Portuguese Basketball League (LCB)) top flight competitions, through the Associação Académica de Coimbra (rugby union), the Associação Académica de Coimbra (volleyball) and the Associação Académica de Coimbra (basketball) departments, the AAC has also been represented at the highest level in the Portuguese major competitions across its history, as well as in several olympic sports ranging from athletics to martial arts disciplines. The chess team has been Portuguese champion on several occasions.

History
The Associação Académica de Coimbra was predated by several older student organisations, for example the Orfeon Académico de Coimbra (1880). This choir remains as an autonomous entity within the association. The Associação Académica was founded on the base of the student dramatic society, the Academia Dramática de Coimbra (1849-1887). The main mover was António Luís Gomes, a law student. In 1971, student protests against policies of the Estado Novo regime led to the Associação Académica being closed down, preceding a round of repression.

Organization
The AAC is governed by a "D.G. - Direcção Geral" (Directorate-General, the main board) made up entirely of students of the University of Coimbra; yearly elections take place to name the members of this board, any student can sign up to be a candidate. All the students of UC are entitled to vote for the AAC board. The current president of the main board is João Assunção.

Since the late 1990s inside the AAC structure have been created several local student unions, representing courses, departments or sometimes faculties/colleges. Known as “Núcleos” (Portuguese for nucleus), these semi-independent unions have their own elected internal organs. All of them represent a major role in the AAC political, cultural, sportive and social life. In 2008 the AAC comprehended 25 of such unions, of which NEFLUC (Students union of the Faculty of Letters) is the biggest, representing nearly 3000 students. The main building of the Coimbra's Academic Association was inaugurated in 1961 and holds the offices of many sports clubs (secções desportivas) and arts sections (secções culturais). There are also rehearsal halls, a medical centre, academic services, extensive indoor gardens, a theatre-cinema with approximately 1,000 seats (Teatro Académico de Gil Vicente), and a café–restaurant where many students meet up and enjoy a wide selection of foods. AAC is the umbrella organization for a number of autonomous entities, the organismos autónomos.

Some of its better known former members include Salgado Zenha, Manuel Alegre, António de Almeida Santos, Miguel Torga, António Nobre, Vergílio Ferreira, Zeca Afonso, and Adriano Correia de Oliveira.

In addition, the AAC is the organizing and regulating body of the typical student Praxe (Praxis) of the University of Coimbra (UC), a rich tradition of rituals and festivities organized by UC's students, for the students.

Sports sections
Many sports teams and athletes of the AAC sports sections have been regularly involved with major national and international sports clubs and competitions. The AAC sports sections, which are the sports departments of AAC, hold many of their training sessions and games in the University Stadium and Sports Complex of the University of Coimbra located in the Santa Clara area of the city, in the southern bank of the Mondego river. There is also the historical Campo de Santa Cruz close by the Pólo I campus of the University of Coimbra, the oldest campus of this university, which as facilities that include 2 fields for the practice of several sports events including football, rugby and baseball.

The AAC sports sections (sports departments) include:

 * Archery
 * Athletics
 * Badminton
 * Baseball since 1994.
 * Basketball: is played at Pavilhão Multiusos de Coimbra. The team (Associação Académica de Coimbra - basketball) currently plays in the highest level of Portuguese basketball, the Portuguese Basketball Premier League.
 * Body building
 * Boxing
 * Canoeing
 * Chess
 * Competitive swimming
 * Fencing
 * Football: Associação Académica de Coimbra - Secção de Futebol (AAC - SF)
 * Gymnastics
 * Handball
 * Judo
 * Karate
 * Motorized sports
 * Nautical sports
 * Radio-controlled car
 * Rink hockey
 * Associação Académica de Coimbra (rugby union): The team has been a major contender in the Portuguese top level rugby union championship. They represented Portugal once at the European Challenge Cup, as an amateur side, for the season of 2004/05, being eliminated by Borders, from Scotland, after heavy losses of 3-98, home, and 3-107, away, in an aggregate of 6-205. Académica didn't attend the European Shield the same season. The Coimbra side had one of its players, Rui Cordeiro, in the Portugal national rugby union team which was present at the 2007 Rugby World Cup.
 * Roller skating
 * Sport fishing
 * Taekwondo
 * Tennis
 * Volleyball: The team currently plays in the Portuguese Volleyball League A1.
 * Weightlifting
 * Wrestling

Arts sections
Among the Arts sections of the AAC, the Coimbra's University radio station is best known for its unique profile, youthful and refreshing attitude and avant-garde style. All the cultural sections of AAC are open to the entire society, promoting respected events, workshops and courses, both for students and the city community.

AAC cultural sections include:

 * Astronomy
 * Cinematography:
 * Ecological Group: Founded in 1974, it is a place for debate, divulgation and intervention on ecological manners.
 * Fado de Coimbra music
 * Gastronomy
 * Human rights
 * Informatics
 * Journalism: A Cabra (university newspaper)
 * Philately
 * Portuguese language and culture divulgation
 * Radio: Rádio Universidade de Coimbra
 * Student SOS - Phone line to support and help students with any kind of personal problems
 * Television: TV-AAC
 * Writing and Reading
 * Yoga

Autonomous organisations
Besides the sports clubs and the arts sections of the Associação Académica de Coimbra, there are also independent organisations within the AAC, the Organismos Autónomos. Such as the above-mentioned Orfeon Académico de Coimbra (1880), which today represents the city of Coimbra and the university during its world tours.

The same applies to the professional football team of the AAC, the Associação Académica de Coimbra – O.A.F. (not to be confused with the Associação Académica de Coimbra - Secção de Futebol devoted to amateur football), usually known as "Académica" or "Briosa", which has a legally-binding link to the student association AAC and its university, the University of Coimbra. This team is amongst the top Portuguese football leagues and was created in 1887. It is a professional football club, established by the AAC and also part of the AAC as an independent club. The AAC football club was the first ever winner of the Portuguese Football Cup, in 1939.

Among the autonomous organisations of AAC there are also some well reputed theatre groups with a vast curriculum of acclaimed performances and playing a critical part in the city's cultural life. AAC autonomous organisations include:

 * Choral music: OAC - Orfeon Académico de Coimbra and CMUC - Coro Misto da Universidade de Coimbra
 * Folk music and Ethnography: Grupo de Etnografia e Folclore da Academia de Coimbra
 * Professional football team: Associação Académica de Coimbra - O.A.F.
 * Music: Tuna Académica da Universidade de Coimbra
 * Plastic arts: Círculo de Artes Plásticas de Coimbra
 * Theatre: TEUC - Teatro dos Estudantes da Universidade de Coimbra and CITAC - Círculo de Iniciação Teatral da Academia de Coimbra

Events
The AAC is also responsible for the organization of the Queima das Fitas, one of the biggest student festivals in Europe and a great event in the city. The Festa das Latas, a smaller-scale event is the freshman's week of the University of Coimbra, also organised by the AAC. The AAC is the official body of the traditional Praxe, a sort of students' rite of passage, created by students of the University of Coimbra, which has a code of conduct, the Código da Praxe), a book published within the students' union.

The Symbol
Before the current logo, the AAC used to be represented by a black cape to reflect the university's traditional students' uniform. The AAC logo was created by Francisco Pimentel in 1927 by request of the AAC's Main board. The logo of the Associação Académica de Coimbra has a stylized drawing of the tower of the university and the acronym AAC.

The Tower of Coimbra's University is the city's «ex-libris» with its iconic bell. The tower's bell is known amongst the students as the cabra (she-goat). The tower is of Baroque style by the school of the German-born architect Ludovice who built it between 1728 and 1733. It is almost 34 metres high, and has a narrow and circular staircase which leads to a belvedere with remarkable views over the university, the historical part of the city centre and the river Mondego.

AAC uniqueness
University of Coimbra's AAC is the biggest organization of its kind in Europe. It is also the oldest in Portugal.

Other similar students' unions in the country, such as (Associação Académica da Universidade de Lisboa) (University of Lisbon),  Associação Académica da Universidade de Aveiro (University of Aveiro), Associação Académica da Universidade da Beira Interior (University of Beira Interior), Associação Académica da Universidade do Minho (Minho University), or Associação Académica da Universidade do Algarve (University of the Algarve), are smaller students' unions by number of associates because its universities have a smaller number of students or because the universities' student's aren't automatically members of the union, with a membership fee being required.

In other places in Portugal, there are many independent faculty, college, institute and school organizations of students from many mother-institutions (universities or polytechnical institutes) that are not representative of the whole mother-institution, being this fragmentation the reason for their smaller size, importance, and strength. There are also federations of students' unions comprising public and private, university and polytechnic independent and not related institutions from a city, like FAP - Federação Académica do Porto (from Porto) which is the largest students organization in the country, that do not represent a single university or polytechnic, but many independent federated students' unions from institutions of the most diverse kind.

title: Coimbra Academic Association


text:
User talk:Fatal

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Appology
Sorry for getting mad at you earlier, I'm tired of editing articles in which people don't want to cooperate. And I feel like I've been constantly denfending my edits against certain people who refuse to talk civily. The articles I'm interested in usually deal with subjects I feel a strong attachment to, but that "main stream" culture apparently finds so offesive (anarchism, libertarian socialism, atheism, etc.) that some people go out of their way to insert statements which are clearly misguided sterotypes, and then claim NPOV for their offensive behaviour.

Articles like anarchism are mangled in the name of NPOV, while articles like Christianity get nominated as featured articles, because people who disagree with it are strong enough in their own convictions to know that they don't have to demand that the article present falsehoods in hope that others might not be exposed to it sinful ideas. millerc 01:35, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey man, it's cool, I know how you feel. As you can see, I get pretty angry when people come in and start downtalking about things I feel strongly about, especially when they don't know what the hell they're talking about.  But it's cool, just a misunderstanding, thanks for your apology though. ;)

Ad Hominem
It is important that you focus on logic and reason, and refrain from logical fallacy's on the wikipedia. When you say something to suggest that a given user is not to be heard, you not only betray No Personal Attacks, but you also damage your image and reputation by promoting intellectual dishonesty. I was not offended of course, but I was saddened. I understand it must be hard for you defending the indefensible, but when you feel such conflict over your inability to resolve the contridiction, please open your mind and think outside the box, rather than insulting those who contridict you. God be with you, 17:46, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * My intent was not to attack you, but to make clear to other users that you have an extreme lack of knowledge on the subject of the article you are editing and discussing. Other than fixing spelling mistakes, one should not be working on an article when they clearly know nothing about it, and if they do, other should know this fact, especially when the user has admitted it openly.  --Fatal 18:30, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Your idea is anti-wiki, see: Foundation issues. It is also extremely hierarchical, more so than even I accept. I volunteer to proofread encyclopedias to learn, not to get bossed by self appointed "experts" and page masters, thank you very much. I defer only to bone fide, verifiable expertise, and then only where appropriate. 23:19, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not hierarchal to display to others your lack of expertise in the field you're trying to be involved in. And it's not anti-wiki.  As I have said, and you have pretended I haven't said, I have nothing against you doing your spelling runs on pages you know nothing about.  Pushing a false point of view on a subject you know nothing about is what I am against.  You have not just been doing grammar on the page but were one of the defenders of the anti-statist capitalist argument to keep wrong POV existing.  I haven't at all stopped you from making a thousand edits to whatever pages you want.  If you think it's anti-wiki to make it clear to others that you're not to be taken seriously when talking about or editing a certain article, then you have further proven that you don't know what you're talking about and that you don't want others talking about it.  If you don't want others to call you out on your lack of knowledge, then don't overtly display your lack of knowledge. --Fatal 19:31, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Do not persist in your personal attacks. You have been warned. 19:58, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Free-market anarchism
Well, I'm sorry but I disagree. I will continue to put the link in. Regardless of whether it's anarchism or not, something called "free market anarchism" should be in the See also section. See also doesn't necessarily mean "synonym" but just "see also." Those who think government, or governing, should not exist would be interested in seeing other systems that advocate, or believe to be advocating such. RJII 03:03, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Anarchy
I'm afraid I would have to disagree about anarchy not meaning a state of chaos and disorder. What I can agree with you on is that this is not the only meaning, and it certainly is not the meaning used by anarchists when they refer to anarchy. However, misused or no, anarchy has come to have multiple meanings, and one of those is chaos and disorder. Obviously this meaning was infered from those who believe that lack of hierarchy leads to disorder, in fact there was a time when those advocating democracy or even a republic were refered to by monarchists as advocating anarchy because said monarchists could not imagine a world in which political power was not mostly or entirely centralized. It is important to keep in mind that while Proudhon was the first person in recorded history to use the term anarchist as a self-descriptive, and he certainly did not mean chaos and rioting in the streets, the term "anarchy" itself predates Proudhon and was used for hundreds of years prior to refer to a disordered state that (supposedly) occurs in the absence of authoritarian leadership. I believe it is important to make the distinction between anarchism and anarchy apparent because some very misguided folk on wikipedia are on a bit of a crusade to demonstrate that because one of the meanings of anarchy is disorder, that must mean that anarchists advocate disorder. This is not the case, in no small part because anarchy has more than one meaning, but that level of nuance is lost on those taking part in the crusade. Kev 04:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand, however I advocate a different approach. I've seen anarchists before that are afraid of the word "anarchy" but we can't allow power to redefine words for us.  Like you said (and I agree), the word was defined as chaos throughout centuries because there lacked a significant argument to say that a lack of hierarchy wasn't chaos, but of course it's different now with a whole movement of the contrary.  You can actually read the play Antigone from Greek B.C. times and even then in the play, the main character is labeled an anarchist by the king and the king in response is accused of being like all men of power, concerned only with their own power and whatnot.  One can read Antigone and see that the word anarchist in that play is used negatively by a king and subject to reader interpretation, one can interpret from things the character has said that they could be an anarchist but not in the sense that the king defines it.  Regardless of what the word implies to certain people based on their own beliefs about hierarchy, the main meaning of the word has remained for all of these centuries and millenia.  This is similar to how some hackers are tired of everyone (especially the media) using the word in a negative light to describe a hacker and something which they are not.  Some run away from words that are cursed, while most of the hacker community has further embraced the word, proud to call themselves hackers and seekers of further knowledge despite what the media labels people who wish to free all information.  In the same way, anarchists should be embracing anarchy, it is afterall what they believe in.  I find that many anarchists often use the term "anarchism" more often because they feel with some audiences, putting an "ism" on the end of a word makes their argument seem more valid to the ignorant.  Anarchists do not seek to create anarchism, anarchism is only a term referring to the root philosophy written about by various anarchists.  Anarchy is a society based on voluntary cooperation, equality, and complete lack of hierarchy and oppression.  That is anarchy!  Shout "anarchy!" and mean it!  People cannot conform to the ignorant's requests that we make our terms more appealing to them just because they feel like soiling another word.  We want freedom, but freedom is also used by those in power to really mean slavery, so will we abondon the word "freedom" because some have falsely defined it and used it in a sense that has nothing to do with its definition?  Anarchism is about anarchy and anarchy is taught through anarchism, they are in the end practically the same word said in a different way.  I don't feel there's any distinction at all to be made between them.  A much more important distinction to make is the fact that the word anarchy has been distorted and falsified and what it really means is something totally different than what power definies it as....although the article already has some of these facts in it.  --Fatal 03:06, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I may have been somewhat unclear, certainly at least one other person on the anarchism talk page has gotten the impression that I'm claiming no relation between the term anarchy and anarchism. That is not the case.  What I think you and I still disagree on is that there is no distinction between the two words, that the one basically equates to the other.  I don't think that this is the case.  I am not ashamed of the term anarchy, nor would I try to distance myself from it simply because it has some negative connotations.  Anarchism also has negative connotations, and if I abandoned a term everytime someone used it to express something I disagree with then I would have to have abandoned anarchist the day it was embraced by Proudhon, given that many of his positions unrelated to anarchism were worthy of scorn.  Indeed, still to this day I insist on refering to our philosophy as a form of libertarianism, because in fact it is, despite the unfortunate events that have eclipsed its original meaning in the U.S. and left it synonymous with capitalist apologists.  However, I still believe that it is very important to recognise the fact that anarchy means, and has come to mean, more than what anarchists believe it does.  I'm not saying this is a good thing, I'm not denying that there has been a history of willful attempts to support a negative connotation to the word.  I'm simply saying that we are left with the reality that the meaning it has for us is not universal, and on wikipedia we are required to deal with all the notable interpretations it has, even those we disagree with.  This is not an obstacle, imho, but an opportunity for us to set the record straight.  In order to do this, I think it is important to distance ourselves from the meaning that anarchy has which we have never embraced while at the same time emphasising those meanings which we do.  Kev 07:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Judging from your last few sentences then, I think we both want the same thing: to clearly explain the meanings of these often abused words that are false and those that are right. --Fatal 00:30, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

First paragraph of Anarchism
Hierarchy meaning all? I feel zat zee capitalism should be in the first section no? i have not yet digested the whole archive discussion dude max rspct 00:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Traditionally the first few lines of an encyclopedic entry are general and encompass the whole article. Mentioning specific things like capitalism I think are supposed to be left for later.  Plus, I don't see the need to mention "anarcho" capitalism as if it's being advertised in like the first sentence of the article, especially since it's been concluded over and over again (and later in the article) that no one consider it anarchism except the people that promote it and therefore it would be poor wording to have it be referred to as anarchism at the beginning of the article and then debunked later on.  Kinda like saying "Lettuce is a type of fruit.......................no one really considers lettuce a fruit though, except for maybe a few crazy people."  --Fatal 02:12, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Anarchism vs. anarcho-capitalism
Oi! I've put this cloned nonsense up for deletion.. interested? -max rspct 21:30, 20 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm interested in deleting anything related to capitalism! --Fatal 21:54, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Anarchism
Please calm down a little bit. Let's avoid turning the discussion into a huge flame war. As some say, you catch more flies with honey than with vinegar. --cesarb 21:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well said. --Fatal 22:54, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hogeye on RFC
Please help out: User:CesarB/RFC/Hogeye. --Tothebarricades 19:36, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Dude
Personally, I hate the anarcho-capitalists as much as the next guy. But man, I'm trying to make a case for arbitration! Would you mind revising your additions to the summary to be briefer or....shit, I'm so tired and I'm covered in drywall dust, so I'm going to take a shower... I dunno anymore. :P --albamuth 01:24, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I took a shower and feel better now. Anyhow, I was going to say that there's no way to win this fight on anarchist principles or appeal to common sense. We have to be even more wikipedian than them -- that is the only basis upon which arguments are judged: how does it best serve the wikipedia and conform to accepted policy? anyhow, rock on. --albamuth 01:40, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fatal


text: User talk:82.154.45.118

title: User talk:82.154.45.118


text:
James H. McClure

James Howe McClure (9 October 1939, Johannesburg, South Africa – 17 June 2006, Oxford, England) was a British author and journalist best known for his Kramer and Zondi mysteries set in South Africa.

Early life and career
James McClure was born and raised in South Africa and educated in Pietermaritzburg, Natal, at Scottsville School (1947–51), Cowan House (1952–54), and Maritzburg College (1955–58). He worked first as a commercial photographer with Tom Sharpe, who later wrote a series of celebrated comic novels, and then as a teacher of English and art at Cowan House in 1959–63, before becoming a crime reporter and photographer for the Natal Witness in his home town of Pietermaritzburg.

His journalistic career saw him headhunted first by the Natal Mercury and then by the Natal Daily News. After the birth of his first son, he moved to Britain with his family in 1965, where he joined the Scottish Daily Mail as a sub-editor. From there, he moved to the Oxford Mail and then to the Oxford Times.

Writing career
His first crime novel, The Steam Pig, won the CWA Gold Dagger in 1971. He resigned as deputy editor in 1974 to write full-time. He added to his series of police procedurals based on his experiences in South Africa, featuring the detective partnership of Afrikaner Lieutenant Tromp Kramer and Bantu Detective Sergeant Mickey Zondi.

McClure also wrote a spy novel set in Southern Africa – Rogue Eagle – which won the 1976 CWA Silver Dagger, a number of short stories, and two large non-fiction works that won wide acclaim: Spike Island: Portrait of a Police Division (Liverpool) and Copworld: Inside an American Police Force (San Diego).

After publishing 14 books, he returned to the bottom rung of "The Oxford Times" in 1986, as his police books had made him aware of how much he had missed working with others – his intention being to write in his spare time. What proved his most popular Kramer and Zondi novel then followed, The Song Dog, but journalism soon became all consuming. He became editor in 1994 and three years later The Oxford Times won the Weekly Newspaper of the Year award, beating all comers from across the United Kingdom.

He was promoted to editor of the Oxford Mail in 2000, and spent the next three years on a variety of objectives to enhance the quality and revenue of the county's daily paper. That done, he decided it was time to again step down, and retired to return to writing. He was working on a novel set in Oxford and had just started his own blog when he came down with a respiratory illness and died on 17 June 2006. He lived in Wallingford, Oxfordshire.

Kramer and Zondi novels

 * The Steam Pig (1971)
 * The Caterpillar Cop (1972)
 * The Gooseberry Fool (1974)
 * Snake (1975)
 * The Sunday Hangman (1977)
 * The Blood of an Englishman (1980)
 * The Artful Egg (1984)
 * The Song Dog (1991)

Other novels

 * Four and Twenty Virgins (1973)
 * Rogue Eagle (1976)
 * Imago: A Modern Comedy of Manners (1988)

Short story and script collection (including The Steam Pig film adaptation)

 * God It Was Fun (2014)

Non-fiction books

 * Killers: A Companion to the Thames Television Series By Clive Exton (1976)
 * Spike Island: Portrait of a British Police Division (1980)
 * Cop World: Inside an American Police Force (1984)

title: James H. McClure


text: User talk:200.157.75.130

title: User talk:200.157.75.130


text:
User:Smiller933

Smiller933, bored with the real world, decided to contribute to the Des Moines, Iowa page, and some other pages that are tied to the the same geographic region. Over time, following his own broad interests, Smiller933 has made contributions to articles in whatever page seems to interest him at that moment in time.

title: User:Smiller933


text:
L.L.Bean

L.L.Bean is an American privately held retail company that was founded in 1912 by Leon Leonwood Bean. The company, headquartered in the place in which it was founded, Freeport, Maine, specializes in clothing and outdoor recreation equipment.

Company history
L.L.Bean was founded in 1912 by its namesake, hunter and fisherman Leon Leonwood Bean, in Freeport, Maine. The company began as a one-room operation selling a single product, the Maine Hunting Shoe, also known as duck boots and later as Bean Boots. Bean had developed a waterproof boot, which is a combination of lightweight leather uppers and rubber bottoms that he sold to hunters. He obtained a list of nonresident Maine hunting license holders, prepared a descriptive mail order circular, set up a shop in his brother's basement in Freeport and started a nationwide mail-order business. The company's first hunting boot was sewn by Gertrude Goldrup, whose sewing machine is on display in the flagship store. By 1912, Bean was selling the Bean Boot through a four-page mail-order catalog, and the boot remains a staple of the company's outdoor image. Defects in the initial design led to 90 percent of the original production run being returned: Bean honored his money-back guarantee, corrected the design, and continued selling them.

According to Bean, relating the incorporation of the company, "officers elected Nov. 16, 1934...L.L. Bean, President and Treasurer; Carl Bean Vice President and Assistant Treasurer; Jack Gorman, my son-in-law, Vice President and Clothing Buyer; and Warren Bean, my son, Clerk." Gross sales for his company amounted to $1 million in 1946, increasing to $3.8 million in 1966, $20.4 million in 1974, and $237.4 million in 1984.

The 220000 sqft L.L.Bean retail store campus in Freeport, Maine, is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

As of February 26, 2024, L.L.Bean is discontinuing mail orders, shifting business entirely to online and telephone orders.

Leadership
After Leon L. Bean's death in 1967, the company passed into the directorship of Bean's grandson, Leon Gorman, from that time until 2001, when Gorman decided to take the position of chairman. Christopher McCormick assumed the role of CEO, the first non-family member to assume the title. On May 19, 2013, Shawn Gorman, 47, a great-grandson of the company's founder, was elected L.L.Bean's chairman. The company announced a US$125,000 donation to a new scholarship fund upon Leon Gorman's death in 2015, representing about 2.5 years of tuition at Bowdoin College, Gorman's alma mater.

Stephen Smith was named chief executive officer (CEO) in November 2015, the first time in the company's 103-year history that a CEO had been hired from outside the company.

List of chairmen

 * 1) Leon Gorman (2001–2013)
 * 2) Shawn Gorman (since May 2013)

List of CEOs

 * 1) Leon L. Bean (1912–1967)
 * 2) Leon Gorman (1967–2001)
 * 3) Christopher McCormick (2001–2015); first non-family CEO
 * 4) Stephen Smith (since November 2015)

Product line
The company sells a variety of hiking, weather, and other utility boots, along with other outdoor equipment such as firearms, backpacks, and tents, and produces a full line of clothing, which is now its mainstay.

L.L.Bean sources its products from the US and across the globe. As of 2016, its factory in Brunswick, Maine, employed more than 450 people who made the company's products by hand, such as the Maine Hunting Shoe, L.L.Bean Boot, Boat and Totes, dog beds, leather goods, and backpacks.

In 2000, L.L.Bean partnered with Japanese automaker Subaru, making L.L.Bean the official outfitter of Subaru, spawning the L.L.Bean edition Subaru Outback and Subaru Forester for the US market. The L.L.Bean trim levels were top-spec versions, with most available options included as standard equipment. This relationship with Subaru ended June 28, 2008.

In 2010, L.L.Bean created a contemporary sub-brand called L.L.Bean Signature. The Signature line is a modern interpretation of L.L.Bean's previous products with modern fits.

Retail stores

Along with a number of retail and outlet stores, the company maintains its flagship store on Main Street in Freeport. This branch, originally opened in 1917, remained open continuously, 24 hours a day, between 1951 and 1962, when Maine changed its blue laws; a town vote later reinstated the store's open-door policy. The flagship has closed to honor the death of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, and the deaths of founder Leon L. Bean in 1967 and his grandson Leon Gorman in 2015. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, all L.L.Bean stores were closed indefinitely starting on March 17, 2020, at midnight. It was the first time it had ever closed for more than 24 hours. The company began to reopen stores in May 2020.

L.L.Bean has invested heavily in activities for both visitors and residents in Freeport, including its Outdoor Discovery Schools, Christmas light displays, and its Summer Concert Series, which has attracted artists such as Grace Potter, Lake Street Dive, Edwin McCain, Great Big Sea, Buckwheat Zydeco, and Rockapella.

L.L.Bean opened its first outlet store in North Conway, New Hampshire, in 1988. The company operates 30 retail stores and 10 factory outlets in the US, and 25 retail stores in Japan, in addition to its catalog and online sales operations.

The L.L.Bean Bootmobile travels the United States and serves as a mobile store during its college tour with a limited selection of products.

In March 2018, L.L.Bean opened its first urban location in Boston's Seaport District. The 8600 sqft store will be the model for further expansion in urban areas and carry a selection of merchandise selected to fit the surrounding community.

In November 2019, it was announced that L.L.Bean will be launching in the UK.

Returns policy
From its founding, L.L.Bean had an unlimited return policy, which allowed customers to return items with which they were dissatisfied at any time, even without a purchase receipt. On February 9, 2018, the company announced it would be limiting returns to within one year of purchase, and only with a receipt or other proof of purchase. L.L.Bean said that some customers had been abusing the policy by returning items that had been purchased from yard sales and third parties or used the policy as a lifetime replacement program for items with normal wear and tear. L.L.Bean has also stated it reserves the right to deny returns to those who regularly return items.

International expansion
L.L. Bean has ventured into international markets notably Japan and Canada, starting with Japan in 1976 with L.L. Bean bags debuting at American Life Shop BEAMS in Tokyo's Harajuku district in 1976. It opened its first outlet in Japan in November 1992, and then expanding to 28 stores in the country by November 2018. The company then ventured into the Canadian market, launching an e-commerce site in 2018 under licensing by Toronto-based Jaytex Group and expansion directed under Brokerage Oberfeld Snowcap, and opening its first outlet in 2019 in Oakville, Ontario, with at least eight stores opened by the end of 2021 with plans to operate at least 20 more.

In 2020, the company expanded its outlets in Ontario, including one at Ottawa's Train Yards, one at the Georgian Mall in Barrie, and one at Vaughan Mills.

In 2021, the company opened outlets at Toronto's Shops at Don Mills, one at Halifax, Nova Scotia's Dartmouth Crossing, two in British Columbia, one in Victoria's Mayfair Mall and one at Burnaby's The Amazing Brentwood, one at Calgary, Alberta's Deerfoot Meadows retail centre. 2022 saw the Ontario openings of one at Kitchener's The Boardwalk, Kingston's Cataraqui Mall, and one at Moncton, New Brunswick's Champlain Place, Niagara Falls' Canada One and Edmonton, Alberta's West Edmonton Mall.

Political controversy
In January 2017, a group of political activists called for a boycott against the company after it was disclosed that Linda Bean, one of the descendants of founder Leon Leonwood Bean who sits on the board of directors, had donated US$60,000 to a political action committee that supported Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign. There were assertions that the contribution may be illegal. Trump posted on Twitter, in support of Linda Bean after calls for the boycott, "Thank you to Linda Bean of L.L.Bean for your great support and courage. People will support you even more now. Buy L.L.Bean." The company said it had not donated to Trump, nor have any of the other directors or any of the 50 other Bean heirs. It was unclear if the publicity hurt business, since sales were flat prior and for a second consecutive year in 2016.

Outdoor Discovery Schools
L.L.Bean has education programs connected to many of its retail outlets to support the outdoor interests of its customers. Customers can sign up to participate in a number of outdoor activities; all equipment and instruction are provided. Activities include archery, clay shooting, fly casting, and sea kayaking. More advanced classes are conducted as well, and must be reserved in advance. Snowshoeing and cross country skiing are available December to March. All other retail stores offer fly casting and kayaking and stand-up paddleboarding.

In popular culture

 * Netflix Show Luke Cage refers to the company's return policy in Season 1, Episode 3. The character Cornell "Cottonmouth" Stokes (Mahershala Ali) is quoted saying "There ain't no return policy, this ain't L.L.Bean."
 * Netflix Show Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt character Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski) jokes that the title character is "a model for L.L.Bean’s performance fleeces" in Season 2 Episode 3.
 * The Official Preppy Handbook, a description of upper-class and upper-middle-class life in America, describes L.L.Bean as "nothing less than Prep mecca."
 * Author Hunter S. Thompson referred to wearing L.L.Bean shorts in a number of his works, most notably during the "Wave Speech" featured in chapter eight of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.
 * The 1990 Paul Rudnick novel I'll Take It was a humorous tale of a Long Island mother taking some of her children on a fall shopping trip through New England with L.L.Bean being the final destination. As the plot unfolds, the mother divulges to her son that she is actually planning to rob L.L.Bean in order to update her and her husband's furniture in their retirement.
 * The blog Your LL Bean Boyfriend features the male models of the L.L.Bean Catalog paired with captions that the perfect boyfriend might say.
 * In the 1988 film Beetlejuice, while looking around the horribly outdated house the interior designer character Otho exclaims "Ooo. Deliver me from L.L.Bean!"
 * Alfred Gingold's Items from Our Catalog is a parody of the L.L.Bean catalog.
 * In "Nothing to Fear" from the Muppet series Bear in the Big Blue House, Bear receives a skunk clock in the mail from the parody company "L.L. Bear."

title: L.L.Bean


text:
Hans Dülfer

Hans (Johannes Emil) Dülfer was a German mountain climber (23 May 1892 in Barmen / Wuppertal – 15 June 1915 in Arras).

Dülfer started studying medicine from 1911 in Munich, and then changed to law and later to philosophy. The proximity of the Alps enticed him to make 50 first ascents, particularly the Kaisergebirge (in the Northern Limestone Alps) and in the Rosengarten in the Dolomites.

 * 1911 Dülfer-Kamin am Totenkirchl (literal English: Duelfer chimney at the dead church)
 * 1912 Fleischbank-Ostwand (literal English: meat-bank east wall)
 * 1913 Dülfer-Riss der Fleischbank (literal English: Duelfer crack of the meat bank)

Dülfer developed several early climbing techniques, such as the Dülfersitz rappel, a basic emergency abseil skill.

He died in World War I, on the battlefield at Arras.

title: Hans Dülfer