text:
Talk:Mortimer J. Adler

Needs Criticism
Adler's opinions are offered as fact, and we can wholly reject his proof of God. The article needs rewriting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.103.104.48 (talk) 08:53, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

God Section
Is it just me, or does this section contain absolutely no reference to a criticism or an opposing point of view, even though there is a reference supporting his argument? Hardly balanced, since I'm sure there are definitely an abundance of criticisms of his argument and even I can think of a dozen holes in his logic just reading it tentatively for the first time. I'm going to go find some sources! 21:58, 11 November 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.62.161.251 (talk)

Initial discussions
Religion in Modern Times section is plagiarized, strangely enough, from Adler's own essay cited at the bottom of the page. Is someone going to edit that section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.23.143.155 (talk) 17:27, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Thank you to the person who made the decision to remove the quote regarding black writers, for which no source was given. I also seriously doubt that Adler ever made such a statement. Now, it is possible that he said black writers had never written any "Great Books", but that one word, from "good" to "great", makes a huge difference where Adler was concerned. It must be understood that he had a very specific and technical definition of a "Great Book" that excludes 99.99999% of everything that has ever been written. Please see the following link for Adler's own comments on this issue: http://books.mirror.org/gb.sel1990.html.

 * For my comment on this, see the section below titled The "[blacks] didn't write any good books" Quote. Isokrates 15:14, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

I've seen this same article around the internet, and always there is no source given for the quote regarding black writers, "they've never written any good books". I doubt this quote is genuine without documentation. Adler was editor of the Great Ideas Today, which did include Black authors. In another instance, Adler was widley reported as once saying "we must abolish the United States". He never said such a thing, and the "quote" was from the notorius John Birch Society. So can someone find a source for this quote before putting it back in? PBTim

It is highly unlikely Mortimer Adler would have said or written something he would consider wreckless like "We must abolish the United States" I have studied Adler's writings for many years and I am almost certain that he would not make a racial generalization such as black writers have "never written any good books." The fact is Adler was probably the best dialectical thinker since Aristotle. He criticized Aristotle for his acceptance of slavery and his strong opinions about women. Adler's "Syntopicon" and his monumental comprehensive two volume work on Freedom are supreme examples of Aristotlean dialectical thought. I too challenge anyone to produce evidence that Adler ever expressed dismissal of American Government (see his "Capitalist Manifesto", "A Vision of the Future" & "The Annals of America,"20 Vols for his clearly stated views about American Government and race) Adler had many fans and many enemies. He knew John Dewey, was not taken in with his very verbose, misleadingly cavalier writing style and he was not afraid to meet him in public debate. To John Dewey's discredit, he responded to Adler's brilliant criticism with personal attack. He said Adler and his friends were fascists. Adler disliked Dewey but he did not let that blind him to the fact that Dewey did write one good, significant book, "Education and Democracy."

Correction: Mortimer Adler did not have a degree in philosophy. His only degree was the Phd in Psychology. He was not awarded his BA degree until many years later. An Unusually talented literature professor at Columbia, John Erskine, developed the great ideas approach to general education and he was Adler's chief instructor and mentor at Columbia. I believe it was Erskine who suggested to Adler that he prepare to prepare a dissertation and to apply for the Phd degree. Erskine, at the time, was America's most well known Professor. He was a gifted musician who toured and he was creator of the historical novel.

Martin Gardner anecdote about Adler and the Catholic church
There is an interesting interview of Martin Gardner (via ) in which Martin says some harsh things about Mortimer:

 * Gardner: I was at Chicago during the famous Hutchins-Adler period. Mortimer Adler came from an orthodox Jewish background and became fascinated by Catholicism, and he almost joined the Catholic church. Half a dozen or more students of Adler’s at Chicago became Catholics as a result of taking courses from him. I never liked Adler. I took one course, a Great Books course he taught with Hutchins. I wrote a letter to the New Republic—it was published—saying that readers should all pray for Adler’s conversion to the Catholic church, because that would clear the air, and we would know exactly what he believed. I have a very rare document, a speech that Adler gave at Northwestern University, and incredible as it may seem, he argued that, if the Catholic church is a true church, it had a right to execute heretics. Can you imagine somebody in this day and age saying that the church had a right to execute heretics? That’s in this lecture. Adler of course is very much ashamed of it. But the punch line is that, shortly before he died, Adler joined the Catholic church. So it took about half a century for the prayers of the New Republic readers to be answered.

 * Notices: You wrote that letter at the time you were at Chicago?

 * Gardner: Yes, I was an undergraduate. Adler was a character. He had a tremendous ego. He edited the Encyclopedia Britannica. If you look through the first volume, which has general articles, you will find very short articles on Bertrand Russell, no article on Carnap, a very short article on Quine—and when you turn to Adler, a big, long article of several columns! But the university was an exciting place partly because Adler aroused so much animosity among the faculty and among the students. This led somebody to propose the “Madman Theory of Education”, which says that every university should have a madman on the faculty who gets the students all riled up in opposing his views. There was also a joke going around at the time that the University of Chicago was a Baptist school where Jewish professors were teaching Catholic theology.

For the record, I'm actually a fan of both of these guys.

Well, that was certainly harsh, but I'm not sure how interesting it was. The only thing I learn from this is that Martin Gardner really didn't like Mortimer Adler, but he would not be the first. Every great mind had a thousand and one critics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.20.44.211 (talk) 13:16, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

More on this in Undiluted Hocus-Pocus: The Autobiography of Martin Gardner, pp. 42-43 :
 * Mortimer Jerome Adler, Hutchins’s good friend, was there. Hutchins had made the mistake of appointing Adler a professor of philosophy without consulting any of the philosophy faculty. This so enraged most of the philosophers that they resigned from the university, crippling the philosophy department for years. Hutchins was forced to move Adler to the law school as the school’s only philosopher.
 * During the time I was at the university, Hutchins and Adler energetically promoted the Great Books movement, a movement that had earlier started at Columbia. The idea was that a general education required an acquaintance with the greatest books of the Western world. Later the University of Chicago would publish a set of the Great Books edited by Adler. The university bought the Encyclopaedia Britannica, also to be coedited by Adler in a new fifteenth edition. It broke the set into two parts: the Syntopicon, a two-volume index of short articles, followed by the usual multivolume set of long articles by experts.
 * Adler was a peculiar fellow. Raised by Orthodox Jewish parents, he became enthralled by neo-Thomism, a Catholic movement based on the works of Saint Thomas Aquinas, the greatest of the medieval scholastics. For various personal reasons, which he never made clear, for most of his life Adler refused to convert to Rome even though intellectually he believed the church’s doctrines. In 1935 he gave a speech, recorded and released in mimeograph form, which I have carefully preserved to this day. In it he stated that if the Catholic Church is what it claims to be, God’s one true church, then it was justified in executing heretics! Adler later, greatly embarrassed by this speech, renounced it, but, alas, the speech was recorded for posterity.

--RZiman (talk) 19:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

The "[blacks] didn't write any good books" quote
Adler does indeed appear to have said it. I found two articles on the internet that refer to the quote: Sabrina Walters, "Great Books won Adler fame, scorn", Chicago Sun-Times, Jul 1, 2001and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "Best Schools Have White Affirmative Action; Good and Great Books", New York Times letters to editor, 23 June 1991  Based on these two references it looks like the original quote by Adler was: "They [blacks] didn't write any good books." And it looks like it originally appeared in a December 3, 1990 Los Angeles Times article by Elizabeth Venant titled "A Curmudgeon Stands His Ground", though I haven't seen the article myself.Isokrates 15:53, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * There is also a reference to the quote in Dave Newbart, "Adler of 'great books' fame is dead at 98", Chicago Sun-Times, Jun 29, 2001.Isokrates 13:56, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I have now read the original source of the quote: Elizabeth Venant (1990), "A Curmudgeon Stands His Ground", The Los Angeles Times, 3 December, pp. E1-E2. Venant does indeed quote Adler as saying about blacks, "They didn't write any good books."  Interestingly, and rather disturbingly, in response to a question about whether the "Great Books" list is "too Eurocentric", Adler is quoted as saying, "[Asians] came to the West, they better learn Western culture.  If they want to stay Japanese, they should stay in Japan."  (The backeted word is in Venant.)  In light of this, I have decided to restore (a somewhat edited version of) the line that was removed as unsourced from the 21 June 2004 version of the wikiarticle: "Adler was a controversial figure in some circles who saw his focus on the classics as eurocentric and dogmatic, and he was never afraid to speak his mind.  Once asked in an interview why his great books list did not include any black authors, he said simply "...they didn't write any good books."  Isokrates (talk) 16:09, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Regarding this alleged statement by Mortimer Adler, it seems to be a misquote. I would assume that he used the term "great books" rather than "good books". In this essay/article, titled "Good Books vs Great Books", he clearly distinguishes between what he calls "good" and "great" books and he explains that the index of the second edition of the Great Books series contains an additional reading list of "good books", which includes a number of black authors. His argument against the inclusion of black authors only extends to the actual Great Books selection, which is also what the criticism was directed against. So, in light of that, this alleged statement wouldn't make much sense with the more general term "good books" as that would go well beyond both his own arguments and the criticism he's responding to. Given the antagonistic title of the article used as a source, I wonder if this is not a typical case of journalistic liberty. Journalists generally have a looser vocabulary than academic scholars, so it wouldn't at all be strange if Adler's "blacks have not written any great books" was casually turned into "blacks have not written any good books". To grasp the difference, one would have to have read Adler's views more in-depth and I suspect that there's a good chance this journalist did not do that. Abvgd (talk) 08:41, 3 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this elaboration. Some write as if the criterion for a 'great book' was that Hutchins & Adler agreed with everything in it.
 * This is clearly not the case -- Adler, as pointed out above, publicly dissented from (even) Aristotle on two major issues.
 * Martin. Nick_cool (talk) 22:01, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

 * In spite of his views about the contribution so far of black authors, he seems to have been optimistic about their contributions in the future: he is claimed to have said, "I think probably in the next century there will be some Black that writes a great book, but there hasn't been so far" (quoted on p. 14 of Michelle McCalope, "Blacks Furious Over Exclusion from New Great Books of the Western World", Jet, 19 November 1990; I found the quote at http://www-distance.syr.edu/ndacelech7.html, but have not seen the original). Isokrates 18:51, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

How about a little affirmative action here. Since every ethnic group gets a turn at the Presidency, Supreme Court, football quarterbacking, etc., why can't we have a Great Book by a non–Caucasian, non–Asian person of African descent? What book can we propose for that honor? If the Quran and Virginia Woolf can make the list, why not James Baldwin or Leroi Jones?Lestrade (talk) 18:44, 20 February 2008 (UTC)Lestrade

October 31, 1990 C-SPAN interview
Adler was interviewed on a C-SPAN call-in program hosted by Brian Lamb on the morning of October 31, 1990 where he made some relevant comments:

Adler: We have about a hundred and twenty-five Paideia schools in this country. Two in Chicago. An all-black school and a hispanic school in very bad ghettos. It changed the character of the schools, the teachers -- the neighborhood, even, by doing this.
 * [02:37]

Lamb: Great books. What is a great book? Adler: Since we just published the second edition of Great Books of the Western World, I will tell you very quickly. The difference between -- let me do it this way. Every year, in the United States, there are forty thousand books published. Of those forty thousand, not one thousand are worth reading once, carefully. Maybe eight-hundred, nine -- but a one thousand limit, the number of books out of the forty thousand are worth reading carefully. Of those thousand, probably not a hundred, or less than a hundred, are worth reading carefully twice. Of those that are worth reading carefully twice, probably not one in every five years is worth reading carefuly three times. A great book is worth reading carefully again, and again, and again for a lifetime, as I've been doing since 1941. Lamb: You're editor-in-chief... Adler: I'll give you a second distinction. There are lots of good books published every year, but they're relevant to one or two or three ideas. The Syntopicon contains a hundred and two ideas. The great books -- the great books -- are relevant to a hundred ideas, eighty-five ideas -- always more than twenty-five. In the Syntopicon, we have a list of recommended readings in each of the hundred-and-two chapters. Some of the books written by blacks, some of the books written by feminist authors, in recent years, are in those additional reading lists. They're not in the set. The reason why we didn't put them in the set is that they're not great books! They deal only with a few ideas. The second criterion of a great book is that it deals with a great number of the hundred and two great ideas. There's a third criterion, and then I'll stop. Every year we have popular bestsellers. They're dead -- they're dead, on the shelf, next year. They're current. The great books are always relevant to every generation for the last 2500 years. We don't regard them as archeological relics. We regard them as contemporary books, always, dealing with our problems today.
 * [04:24]

Lamb: By the way, we mentioned earlier in the program, that on this list of great books: no blacks. Adler: No blacks -- in the set. Blacks in the additional readings. Lamb: Why not in the set? Do you have any theory on that? Adler: Yes, because I gave you the criterion. The books in the set are relevant to twenty-five or more -- many of them fifty or sixty great ideas. The books written by the blacks that are in the additional readings are relevant to one or two ideas.
 * [35:00]

--RZiman (talk) 21:19, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

October 25, 1990 Chicago Tribune article
More on this from an October 25, 1990 article in Chicago Tribune :

 * By elevating 60 authors into the pantheon, including James Joyce, Joseph Conrad and F. Scott Fitzgerald, the "Great Books of the Western World" formally join the 20th Century on Thursday.
 * However welcome after almost 40 years, the second edition of the "Great Books," which will be introduced in ceremonies at the Library of Congress in Washington, may provoke more discussion (and dissension) for the writers who didn't make the roster than for those who did.
 * With the admission of its first female authors (Jane Austen, George Eliot, Virginia Woolf and Willa Cather), the extensively revised and modernized "Great Books" represent at least a token victory for feminists. But the absence of black writers from the expanded library of classics seems certain to rile an increasingly vocal body of critics who maintain that the standard literary texts (or canon) slight or ignore the work of women, blacks and various religions and ethnic groups.
 * "All that is irrelevant, and we're absolutely prepared for it," declared Mortimer Adler, the editor in chief of the "Great Books." Assisted by a platoon of sub-editors and consultants, Adler ushered the "Great Books" into the first half of the 20th Century, up to 1955, with six additional volumes that include works by George Orwell, Eugene O`Neill, John Maynard Keynes, Claude Levi-Strauss and Bertrand Russell, among the new authors.
 * [...] Adler visibly bristled with anticipation over the accusations of Eurocentricism, racism and sexism (also known as phallocentricism) that are bound to come from the loose canonists. Perhaps the strongest fusillade will originate with Afro-American scholars, objecting to the absence of blacks among the great writers. But Adler insisted there are no "Great Books" by black writers before the 1955 cutoff. "There are good books by blacks—about 10—that are worth reading for one or two ideas, and they are in the Syntopicon." Among those considered for canonization by Adler and his editorial and advisory boards (which included one black) were works by Gwendolyn Brooks, Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright and Zora Neale Hurston.
 * As for the academic dispute over the canon, Adler said: "Utter nonsense. Rubbish, rubbish, rubbish. . . . We had 90 percent agreement on the board of editors, and you can't get any better than that. This is the canon, and it's not revisable."

--RZiman (talk) 22:55, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Intro/Biography
Is it normal for the lead to simply mirror the start of the Biography section? What I mean is that the intro paragraph seems to be just a simple rephrasing of the start of the Biography. Just a suggestion, as it stands right now it is readable, if a bit repetitive. 76.177.143.10 23:47, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. It was uncritically pasted in by 24.23.36.221 on 23 June 2007.  I say "uncritically", because the original edit included a gross misrepresentation of fact: "...his command of the classics became so great that Columbia University awarded him a doctorate in philosophy...."  I edited this out, but left the rest, since it seemed harmless enough.  If you'd like to delete or reedit the whole intro, be my guest.  Isokrates 14:28, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:18, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Archive Available at the Harry Ransom Center
Sashafresh (talk) 20:17, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Hello,

I work with the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. I would like the Wikipedia community to know that the HRC has an Mortimer Jerome Adler. Due to conflict of interest, I cannot make changes on the page myself. Would someone please add the following in the External Links section:

"Mortimer Jerome Adler: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center".

It would link to: http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00003.xml&query=mortimer%20jerome%20adler&query-join=and

Thank you.

New Editing
My name is Tim Lacy, and I finished a dissertation in 2006 that involved extensive archival research on Adler. I made some changes to the intro (per a note above), and added a "works about" section and some new citations. Timothy.n.lacy (talk) 22:47, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Quote from Steven Pinker's "How The Mind Works"
Page 325 of How The Mind Works:

"As recently as the 1940's, the philosopher Mortimer Adler argued that just as there can be no three-and-a-half sided triangle, there can be nothing intermediate between an animal and a human, so human beings could not have evolved."

Is it just me, or is this a complete mischaracterization of Adler's ideas? Adler did argue that there is a radical difference in kind between animals and human beings, but this had nothing to do with essentialism; the idea that it is impossible for the form "human" to change - thus - to evolve.

Is Pinker attacking a straw man here, or is it possible that Adler actually argued this sometime in the 1940's and later changed his mind? If he did, I can't find it anywhere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.242.10.131 (talk) 23:17, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

I haven't read Pinker's book, but I can think of two possibilities. (1) Pinker was referring to The Difference of Man and the Difference It Makes, in which (as you note) Adler argues that there is a radical difference in kind between animals and human beings and that the difference requires us to postulate a non-material element in human nature that cannot be reduced to bodily evolution. The Difference was published in 1967, though. (2) Pinker was referring to Problems for Thomists: The Problem of Species (1940), a highly technical work in which Adler argues that "species" is mostly a term of art; that there are very few natural boundaries between "species", but when there is a boundary there cannot be any intermediate forms (just as there can't be an integer between 3 and 4); and that human beings are a different natural kind ("species") from other animals. It would be surprising, though, if Pinker had actually waded through The Problem of Species!

Anyhow, to return to the original question, I think Pinker states Adler's position fairly enough; Adler believed in the evolution of plants and animals and also believed that, however the human body may have developed, an extra non-material element was needed to push those bodies over the threshold into being human. The sentence quoted, however, suggests that Adler thought that merely because he didn't know of any intermediate critters; the argument was much more involved than that. Wgrommel (talk) 19:33, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

 * In Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, Martin Gardner cites numerous Adler quotes regarding evolution. In What Man has Made of Man, Adler called evolution a "popular myth" in the sense that he did not agree that species could possibly lie on a continuum where one species fades into another. In Problems for Thomists, Adler apparently states that he believes that there are only four "species" (matter, plant, animal, and man) within which each of several "types" was created. Which basically sounds like he is promoting baraminology.  According to Gardner (which is probably Pinker's source), the quote that Pinker cites above apparently comes from a 1951 lecture at a Catholic Club at the University of Chicago. The "three-and-one-half-sided figure" point is directly quoted by Gardner. According to Gardner, Adler appears to have been promoting either that humans were a separate creation or that mankind evolved but that the soul was at some point inserted into man by God.  Standard Catholic fare for the time.  Bueller 007 (talk) 14:44, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

Added section on Free Will
I reviewed arguments from Adler's two-volume set The Idea of Freedom. Cmsreview (talk) 02:14, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

John Cramer referenced is not John G. Cramer
I removed the wikilink to John G. Cramer since the John Cramer referenced, who lives in Georgia, is not the same guy. Pleasantville (talk) 13:51, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mortimer J. Adler. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20010703/ai_n13917760
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050216033737/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/ebarnes/101/101-freedom-topic.htm to http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/ebarnes/101/101-freedom-topic.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:53, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Mortimer J. Adler. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101127005042/http://radicalacademy.com/adlerarticlemcinerny2.htm to http://radicalacademy.com/adlerarticlemcinerny2.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110410224053/http://www.word-gems.com/philos.adler.died.html to http://www.word-gems.com/philos.adler.died.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070609175739/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/nov02/nov02_forum_adler.php to http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/nov02/nov02_forum_adler.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20011031015112/http://www.radicalacademy.com/adlerdirectory.htm to http://www.radicalacademy.com/adlerdirectory.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:09, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

It's sentences like this that are causing the comma shortage
He and Helen Boynton, with whom in 1938 and 1940, respectively, he adopted two children, Mark and Michael, were married in 1927 and later divorced in 1960. EEng 01:02, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

Missing coverage on his NET TV program "Great Ideas" around 1957
I have added one external link to this on AAPB (american archive of public broadcasting), maybe someone could add relevant info in the body text. Hym3242 (talk) 21:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mortimer J. Adler


text:
Herb Washington

Herbert Lee Washington (born November 16, 1951) is an American world-class sprinter who parlayed his speed into a brief Major League Baseball (MLB) stint in 1974 and 1975 with the Oakland Athletics.

He was replaced in 1975 when the Athletics acquired a baserunning specialist who was also a position player. Washington returned to professional track, then became the owner/operator of numerous McDonald's restaurants and a minor league professional hockey franchise. He has held a number of executive posts on varied boards and organizations.

Early life
Washington was born in Belzoni, Mississippi, and his family moved to Flint, Michigan, when Washington was an infant. His parents worked in the automotive industry. Washington attended Flint Northern High School until 10th grade, when it was discovered that he lived outside of the school's boundaries. Losing a semester of athletic eligibility, Washington was forced to transfer to a rival school, Flint Central High School. There he ran the 100-yard dash in 9.4 seconds, attracting numerous college scholarship offers. Washington chose Michigan State University because he knew that there were a number of black athletes at the school.

At Michigan State, the four-time all-American won one National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title, won seven Big Ten titles, and tied or broke the world record in the 50- and 60-yard dashes several times.

Washington was selected in the 13th round in the 1972 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Colts, but did not play for them; he informed the team that he was committed to competing in the Big Ten Conference meet, in addition to attempting to make the US Olympic track team for the 1972 Summer Olympics; at the time, amateur status was a much stricter requirement.

Track career
During the 1972 indoor season, he tied Kirk Clayton's two-year-old hand-timed world record in the 50-yard dash of 5.0 at a meet in Toronto, which Mel Pender also tied twice a month later. The following week, he set the 60-yard dash record outright, stopping the clock at 5.8 at a home meet in East Lansing. Neither record has been surpassed, as races run in yards are rare, with records for these having been discontinued in 1976, and hand times ceased to be accepted from 1977. A few years later, Washington said that his biggest disappointment had been not qualifying for the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Washington was on the cover of the February 1972 issue of Track and Field News. In 1973, Washington again tied the 50-yard record at the same meet in Toronto. Later that summer, Washington won the international Pacific Conference Games 100 metres which was also in Toronto.

Pro baseball career
In 1974, Washington was tapped by Oakland A's owner Charlie Finley to become the team's "designated runner". Finley and Washington worked out a one-year $45,000 contract with a $20,000 signing bonus. The contract had an unusual clause requiring Washington to grow facial hair before the beginning of the season. Washington had difficulty growing a full mustache, so he used an eyebrow pencil to simulate full facial hair.

Despite having no professional baseball experience, and having last played baseball in high school, Washington was a member of the Athletics 1974 World Series championship team. Finley announced that he would utilize Washington as a "designated runner" and that he did not expect Washington to develop other baseball skills. Washington received coaching on baserunning from Maury Wills. Though Washington's teammates recognized his speed, he received a mixed reception from them because of his unusual background. Reggie Jackson said, "He's a great athlete, but he's not a baseball player." Pitcher Rollie Fingers said that he thought the idea was "a little crazy" but that Washington "could run like crazy". Bert Campaneris said that the team could count on Washington to steal a base when needed.

Before the 1974 World Series, team captain Sal Bando said that he did not think Washington should be used in the World Series, noting that Washington might not have a second chance to make up for any mistakes committed during the series. Appearing as a pinch runner for Joe Rudi in game two of the World Series, Washington was picked off first base in a crucial ninth-inning situation by Dodgers reliever Mike Marshall.

Early in the 1975 season, Washington was released. Before the season, the Athletics had acquired Don Hopkins, a pinch running specialist who could also play in the outfield. The Athletics had also acquired a second pinch running specialist, Matt Alexander, just before Washington's release.

Washington played in 105 MLB games without batting, pitching, or fielding, playing exclusively as a pinch runner. He had 31 stolen bases in 48 attempts and scored 33 runs during his short career. Washington is one of only seven players to have more game appearances than plate appearances, presumably excluding starting pitchers who played primarily for the American League, and relief pitchers.

Washington's 1975 Topps baseball card is the only baseball card ever released that uses the "pinch runner" position label.

Business career
Following his 13-month stint as the only "designated runner" in MLB history, Washington joined the professional track and field circuit and remained in competition until 1976. He worked for Michigan Bell as an assistant director of personnel.

In 1980, he moved from Detroit to Rochester, New York, where he opened an inner-city McDonald's restaurant. He added his second local McDonald's franchise seven months later, and in 1986 he opened a McDonald's in suburban Pittsford, New York. He acquired a total of five Rochester-area McDonald's franchises. Washington's restaurant enterprise, HLW Fast Track Inc., owned 21 McDonald's franchises in Ohio and Pennsylvania by 2009; at that time, it was the largest McDonald's franchisee owned by an African-American. In 2021, Washington held a press conference to announce he was suing McDonald's for systemic racial discrimination. At the time of the lawsuit, Washington owned 14 franchises, down from his high of 27 franchises. Washington alleged that he was being discriminated due to having him operate restaurants with low-volume sales to go with unfair grading. The two sides announced a settlement of the lawsuit on December 16, in which McDonalds purchased 13 restaurants for $33.5 million in exchange for Washington exiting the McDonalds system and dismissing the lawsuit.

Washington was co-chairman of the Small Business Committee of the United Way, and was active in the Urban League of Rochester. Washington was named to the New York State Athletic Commission in 1990. In 1992, he became the chairman of the board of directors of the Buffalo, New York, branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and later was named Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

In 2005, he founded the Youngstown SteelHounds minor league hockey franchise in the Central Hockey League (CHL). The SteelHounds were removed from the CHL in 2008 for non-payment of league dues. Washington said that he had paid the league's expansion team fees but that he owed some money, which he was withholding because the league did not reimburse him for some travel expenses. The International Hockey League (IHL) expressed some interest in picking up the Youngstown team, but the league dropped the idea after no serious meetings were held between the team and the IHL.

Personal
Washington married Gisele Gibbs, who also attended Michigan State University, in 1980, and the couple had two children, Terrell and Arielle, both of whom also attended MSU. Washington's son Terrell ran track in college, and as of 2012, he was the general manager of his father's McDonald's franchising company.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Herb Washington


text:
Air Force Base Makhado

Air Force Base Makhado, formerly Air Force Base Louis Trichardt, is an airbase of the South African Air Force. It is the SAAF's northernmost base, situated at Louis Trichardt near the border with Zimbabwe, as well as being its most modern, and is known unofficially as Fighter Town, RSA.

The base motto is Castrum Borealis (Fortress of the North).

Units hosted

 * 2 Squadron – Fighter squadron
 * 85 Combat Flying School
 * 102 Squadron – Light transport (reserve)
 * 515 Squadron – Security services
 * 3 Air Servicing Unit – Maintenance support

History
The base was officially opened on 14 October 1987 as AFB Louis Trichardt, but changed its name to match that of the nearby town on 7 November 2003. The town has since reverted to its old name, but the base name remains unchanged. The base uses cheetahs to control wildlife.

title: Air Force Base Makhado


text:
Blanket

A blanket is a swath of soft cloth large enough either to cover or to enfold most of the user's body and thick enough to keep the body warm by trapping radiant body heat that otherwise would be lost through conduction.

Etymology
The term arose from the generalization of a specific fabric called blanke, a heavily napped undyed woolen weave. A popular theory has that the name derives from an eponymous Thomas Blanket (Blanquette), a Flemish weaver who lived in Bristol, England, in the 14th century. However, earlier usage of the term is possible as a borrowing of the Old French word blanket for the type of fabric, attested as early as 1278 and deriving from the adjective blanc, meaning "white". William Shakespeare is recognised as the first person to use the verb blanket, meaning to 'cover with or as with a blanket'. In the play King Lear, published in 1608, the character Edgar says: "My face ile grime with filth, Blanket my loynes, else all my haire with knots."

History
An ancient form of blanket is recorded as "Kambala". The 7th century Chinese traveler and scholar Xuanzang mentioned the stuff in his travelogue of his journey to India in 629–645 CE. He refers to "Kambala" as a woolen material made from sheep or goat's hair. He categorized it as a kind of material for clothing. The Sanskrit meaning of Kambala is 'a woolen blanket." According to India's ancient text, the Atharvaveda, kambala is a generic term for materials such as shawls and blankets. Known as "Kambali" in Kannada and Tamil, these thick coarse blankets are woven with sheep wool whose texture is extremely coarse and thick to provide adequate warmth in winter.

Pandu-Kambala was a type of Kambala from Gandhāra, Ancient Indian scholar Pāṇini mentioned "pandu-kambala" from the upper parts of Gandhara, the place was "Uddiyana," which was famous for the said blankets. Some more variations of old Indian blankets are "keca-lakah", "kalamitika", "talicchakam", "varavanah", "sarumitika", "paristomah", "samanatabhad", "turangastaranam", "varnakam", "paristomah", "samanatabhad". Coarse qualities were used by farmers, and herdsmen. Some of them were used to spread out on the backs of animals like horses, elephants, and bullocks.

Types
Many types of blanket material, such as wool, are used because they are thicker and have more substantial fabric to them, but cotton can also be used for light blankets. Wool blankets are warmer and also relatively slow to burn compared to cotton. The most common types of blankets are woven acrylic, knitted polyester, mink, cotton, fleece and wool. Blankets also come with exotic crafting and exotic material such as crocheted afghan or a silk covering. The term blanket is often interchanged with comforter, quilt, and duvet, as they all have similar uses.

Uses
Blankets have been used by militaries for many centuries. Militaries are some of the biggest single consumers of woolen blankets. Military blankets tend to be coarse grey, with thick fibers of over 20 microns.

Special blankets known as baby blankets are used to protect infants from the cold. Small children (and some adults) may also use a blanket as a comfort object.

Blankets may be spread on the ground for a picnic or where people want to sit in a grassy or muddy area without soiling their clothing. Temporary blankets have been designed for this purpose.

title: Blanket


text:
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC)

Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (c. 129 – 82 BC) was thrice consul of the Roman Republic in 85, 84, and 82 BC. He was the head of the Marianists after the death of Cinna in 84 and led the resistance to Sulla during the civil war. He was proscribed by Sulla and beheaded by Pompey in Sicily in late 82.

Life
A nephew of Gaius Papirius Carbo (consul for 120 BC), he was a strong supporter of the Marian faction, and took part in the blockade of Rome (87 BC). In 85 BC he was chosen by Lucius Cornelius Cinna as his colleague in the consulship, and extensive preparations were made for carrying out war in Greece against Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who had announced his intention of returning to Italy. Cinna and Carbo declared themselves consuls for the following year, and large bodies of troops were transported across the Adriatic Sea; but when Cinna was murdered by his own soldiers after a major shipwreck, Carbo was obliged to bring them back.

He spent most of 84 BC bolstering his forces in Italy. Convincing the Italians that Sulla would reverse their citizenship and voting rights, it was not difficult for Carbo to raise forces. The urban plebs, moreover, feared of Sulla's response to a second civil war after hearing of Sulla's vicious sacks of Greek cities. He orchestrated the election of his successors, Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus to the consulship for 83 BC and assumed the proconsulship of the nearby province of Cisalpine Gaul. Shortly thereafter, he induced the Senate to deliver a senatus consultum ultimum declaring Sulla an enemy of the state and giving the consuls, Asiaticus and Norbanus, the province of Italy.

When Sulla returned from the east in the spring of 83 BC, he defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing his army to flee to Capua, and induced large defections from Asiaticus' army. Sulla captured Asiaticus, set him free to show his benevolence, and Norbanus extricated himself from Capua. In response to these setbacks, Carbo marched south from Cisalpine Gaul, but the Marian-allied forces were unable to mount an effective defence against Sulla and his allies.

Carbo induced the Assembly to elect him and Gaius Marius the Younger to the consulship for 82 BC. Carbo went north to Etruria to fight Sulla's allies Metellus and Pompey, while Marius the Younger marched on Sulla himself. Marius marched his army south-east into Campania and met Sulla's forces at Sacriportus (near Signia). The Battle of Sacriportus ended with Marius' army being routed (Marius lost 28,000 men; they were either killed, captured, turned coat or fled. Sulla claimed to have only lost 23 men). Marius survived the battle and with 7,000 men he retreated to Praeneste. Although he still had a large army and the Samnites remained faithful to him, Carbo saw that Sulla had won the balance of the conflict. Unable to relieve Praeneste he decided to leave Italy, ostensibly to raise forces in Africa, but never made it farther than Sicily. In 81 BC Sulla sent Pompey to Sicily with a large force (six legions, 120 warships and 800 transport ships). Carbo was soon discovered and arrested by Pompey, who "treated Carbo in his misfortunes with an unnatural insolence", taking Carbo in fetters to a tribunal he presided over, examining him closely "to the distress and vexation of the audience", and finally, sentencing him to death.

Although most notable for his role in the chaotic 80s, Carbo had also made a name for himself prior to that period, particularly during his tenure as Tribune of the Plebs in 92 BC. Under his supervision, and with his apparent encouragement, a meeting of the people broke down into disorder. The event was considered significant enough by the Senate to warrant a decree, championed by Lucius Licinius Crassus, placing responsibility for public disorder with the presiding officer; this decree was apparently still active forty years later in the time of Cicero.

As with several of the notable politicians of the 90s and 80s BC, such as Publius Sulpicius, Marcus Antonius the Orator, and Lucius Crassus, Carbo had a reputation for effective oratory. For instance, Cicero writes of one occasion when Carbo made use of a certain clausula (a dichoreus or double trochee – u – x), which was so effective that the audience all gave a shout.

title: Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC)


text:
User talk:Si morgan

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Si morgan


text:
Stark Law

Stark Law is a set of United States federal laws that prohibit physician self-referral, specifically a referral by a physician of a Medicare or Medicaid patient to an entity for the provision of designated health services ("DHS") if the physician (or an immediate family member) has a financial relationship with that entity.

The term "referral" means "the request by a physician for the item or service" for Medicare Part B services and "the request or establishment of a plan of care by a physician which includes the provision of the designated health service" for all other services. DHS includes "clinical laboratory services"; "physical therapy services"; "occupational therapy services"; "radiology services, including magnetic resonance imaging, computerized axial tomography scans, and ultrasound services"; "radiation therapy services and supplies"; "durable medical equipment and supplies"; "parenteral and enteral nutrients, equipment, and supplies"; "prosthetics, orthotics, and prosthetic devices and supplies"; "home health services"; "outpatient prescription drugs"; "inpatient and outpatient hospital services"; and "outpatient speech-language pathology services." A "financial relationship" includes ownership, investment interest, and compensation arrangements.

The Stark Law contains several exceptions, including physician services, in-office ancillary services, ownership in publicly traded securities and mutual funds, rental of office space and equipment, and bona fide employment relationship. It is named for United States Congressman Pete Stark (D-CA) who sponsored the initial bill.

History
In 1988, Stark introduced an "Ethics in Patient Referrals Act" bill concerning physician self-referrals. Some of the ideas in the bill became law as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. In specific, what is referred to as "Stark I" prohibited a physician referring a Medicare patient to a clinical laboratory if the physician or his/her family member has a financial interest in that laboratory. It was codified in the United States Code, Title 42, Section 1395nn (42 U.S.C. 1395nn, "Limitation on certain physician referrals").

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 contained what is known as "Stark II" amendments to the original law. "Stark II" extended the "Stark I" provisions to Medicaid patients and to DHS other than clinical laboratory services.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has issued rules in the Federal Register to implement Stark Law, including a 2001 "Phase I" final rule, a 2004 "Phase II" interim final rule, and a 2007 "Phase III" final rule.

Penalties
Penalties for violations of Stark Law include: denial of payment for the DHS provided; refund of monies received by physicians and facilities for amounts collected; payment of civil penalties of up to $15,000 for each service that a person "knows or should know" was provided in violation of the law, and three times the amount of improper payment the entity received from the Medicare program; exclusion from the Medicare program and/or state healthcare programs including Medicaid; and payment of civil penalties for attempting to circumvent the law of up to $100,000 for each circumvention scheme.

Physician self-referral
Physician self-referral is the practice of a physician referring a patient to a medical facility in which the physician has a financial interest, be it ownership, investment, or a structured compensation arrangement. Critics argue that this practice is an inherent conflict of interest, because the physician benefits from the physician's own referral. They suggest that such arrangements may encourage overutilization of services, in turn driving up health care costs. In addition, they believe that it would create a captive referral system, which limits competition by other providers.

Those who defend the practice contend that these problems are not widespread. They argue that physicians who own, invest in, or operate medical facilities are responding to a need for medical services which would otherwise not be met, particularly in medically under-served areas. In addition, it is often the case that physician owned entities present a lower-cost alternative to the facilities that are located at hospitals. This is due mostly to higher overhead costs that hospitals must pass down to their services.

Enforcement
Multiple federal entities oversee enforcement of Stark Law. These include the Department of Justice, CMS, and the Department of Health and Human Services. In recent years, enforcement of Stark Law has become increasingly aggressive, largely as a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and its amendments to the False Claims Act.

2014 saw some of the largest Stark Law violation settlements to date. On June 9, 2015, the Office of Inspector General issued a fraud alert targeting physician compensation arrangements with hospitals and health systems.

Risk abatement
Contracts between physicians and hospitals must fit within the seven safe harbors for Stark Law in order to fully alleviate violation risk: the contract's duration must be at least a year; in writing and signed by both parties; specify aggregate payment which is set in advance; payment is reasonable and fair market value; payment must not relate to volume or value of business; the exact services to be performed must be outlined; and be commercially reasonable. Because current processes for monitoring contract compliance and logging physician work hours are often done on paper, the majority of Stark Law violation settlements are the result of technical violations.

Healthcare experts agree that information technology is necessary to streamline hospital processes, including those relating to compliance and Stark Law. Certain electronic health record companies help healthcare systems collect, organize, and store data. Multiple technology solutions exist that specifically automate physician time logging and eliminates Stark Law violation risk.

Reform proposal
The Stark law may impede certain pay for performance value-based arrangements, which led to discussions around reform as of 2019.

title: Stark Law


text:
Bedding

Bedding, also called bedclothes or bed linen, is the materials laid above the mattress of a bed for hygiene, warmth, protection of the mattress, and decorative effect. Bedding is the removable and washable portion of a human sleeping environment. Multiple sets of bedding for each bed are often washed in rotation and/or changed seasonally to improve sleep comfort at varying room temperatures. Most standardized measurements for bedding are rectangular, but there are also some square-shaped sizes, which allows the user to put on bedding without having to consider its lengthwise orientation (e.g. a 220 x duvet).

In American English, the word bedding generally does not include the mattress, while in British English it often does. In Australian and New Zealand English, bedding is often called manchester, especially in shops. Manchester was a center of the cotton industry in the late 18th and the 19th century, and into the 20th century, and so cotton goods (principally sheets and towels) were given the name 'Manchester goods', which later was simplified to 'manchester'.

A set of bedding generally consists of at least flat or fitted bed sheet that covers the mattress; a flat top sheet; either a blanket, a quilt, or a duvet. Sometimes with a duvet cover is to be used in addition to or instead of – the top sheet; and a number of pillows with pillowcases, also referred to as pillow shams. (See for more info on all these terms.) Additional blankets, etc. may be added to ensure the necessary insulation in cold sleeping areas. A common practice for children and some adults is to decorate a bed with plush stuffed animals, dolls, and other soft toys. These are not included under the designation of bedding, although they may provide additional warmth to the sleeper.

Materials
Lightweight white, solid-color or printed plain weave, satin weave, or flannel cotton or cotton/polyester blends are the most common types of sheeting, although linen and silk may also be used, including in combination. Goose or duck down and other feathers are frequently used as a warm and lightweight filling in duvets, comforters and quilts. But such fill can protrude in part even from tightly woven fabric, and be an irritant for many people, particularly those with allergies. Natural and synthetic down alternatives are marketed. Cotton, wool or polyester batting is commonly used as fill in quilts and down alternative comforters. These are less expensive and more easily laundered than natural down or feathers. Synthetic fibers are best in the form of thermofused (where fibers cross) batting. Thick-woven or knitted wool, cotton, acrylic or other microfiber synthetics, or blends of these, are typically used for blankets. The fabric produced from the cotton warp and weft, cotton warp and lyocell weft has a significant improvement in all manner and is best suited for making bed linen.

History
Among the earliest discovered examples of bedding are remnants found in a Paleolithic structure at Ohalo II, Israel. Dating back 23,000 years, these remnants consist of partially charred stems and leaves positioned on the floor surrounding a central hearth. Potential earlier evidence of bedding, dating from the Middle Paleolithic, is evident in Spain's Esquilleu cave, displaying the gathering of grass near a hearth.

Around 3400 BC Egyptian pharaohs had their beds moved off the ground and slept on a raised surface. Bed linen was widely evolved in Egypt. It was seen as a symbol of light and purity, as well as a symbol of prosperity. The Egyptian mummies were often wrapped in bed linen. The complexity of applications has increased with research and developments in the area of bed linen materials over the years.

Roman Empire mattresses were stuffed with wool, feather, reeds or hay. The beds were decorated with paint, bronze, silver, jewels and gold. Interestingly, it was rare for a Roman couple to spend the night together. It was more common for each spouse to have a separate room. Researchers believe that the Roman bed was definitely less comfortable than today.

During the Renaissance, mattresses were stuffed with straw and feathers and then covered with silks, velvets or satin material. Embroidered canopies and ornamental hangings as well as the advent of the featherbed led to beds becoming extremely expensive, often willed down from generation to generation.

In the 18th century, Europeans began to use bed frames made from cast iron, and mattresses that were made of cotton. Until that time, assorted vermin were simply accepted as a component of even the most royal beds.

In the 19th century the bed spring was invented, also called the box spring.

In the 20th century United States, consumers bought the inner spring mattress, followed in the 1960s by the water bed (originating on the West Coast), and adoption of Japanese-style futons, air mattresses, and foam rubber mattresses and pillows.

Terminology

 * Drop: The vertical dimension of a bed skirt.
 * Flanged: Including a decorative band of fabric that is straight or tailored; often used to describe pillows or pillow shams.
 * Hotel bedding: sheets with a high-thread count and unadorned designs, marketed to replicate the bedding materials that hotels use. The expansion of business travel has created a consumer demand for such products.
 * Mako cotton: A high grade of cotton, the long staple or long fibre of Egyptian-grown cotton has more continuous fibres to use when creating threads or yarns. The yarn is smaller in diameter yet stronger than other cottons. Smaller yarn means that more threads per square inch can be used to create stronger fabrics which are lighter in weight yet breathe well. Mako cotton is frequently used to make upscale sheets and towels, which are marketed as a luxury product.
 * Palliasse: Bedding made from strong material, filled with organic material, such as straw or horsehair and used as a mattress.
 * Pima cotton: A high grade of cotton. It has the long staple similar to Mako cotton, which is what gives it its softness and luster, as well as its durability. Its superior characteristics improve with wear. Pima cotton is used to make upscale sheets, towels and clothing, which are marketed as a luxury product. Peru produces most of the world's Pima cotton.
 * Pleated: Material that is sewn in folds, like a fan.
 * Tailored: Fitted closely, i.e. made to fit the bed exactly.
 * Thread count: Usually measured either as the number of threads per square inch (i.e. 1 x) or per 10 cm2 (i.e. 3.16 x). The two measurement methods will yield different thread count numbers. For example, a count of 250 threads/in2 equals 31.2 threads/cm2.
 * Throw blanket (also throw): A small covering usually used for warmth and decoration; it is usually placed at the end of the bed.

Sizes
Bedding sizes are made with consideration of the dimensions of the bed and mattress for which it is to be used. Bed sizes vary around the world, with countries having their own standards and terminology.

title: Bedding


text:
Charlie Simmer

Charles Robert Simmer (born March 20, 1954) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward, most notably for the Los Angeles Kings in the National Hockey League, who was known for his scoring prowess.

Playing career
After a junior career with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey Association that saw him score 99 points in his only season (1973–74), Simmer was selected in the third round of the 1974 NHL amateur draft, 39th overall, by the California Golden Seals, where he joined a young field of players such as Larry Patey, Rick Hampton, George Pesut, Al McAdam and Stan Weir. He split his first three professional seasons between the Seals and the Salt Lake Golden Eagles of the CHL, having success in the minors but receiving limited playing time in the NHL. The Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976, but Simmer did not receive more playing time.

He was traded in 1977 to the Los Angeles Kings, but spent the season with the Springfield Indians of the AHL, winning All-Star accolades. The next season Simmer was promoted halfway through the campaign to the Kings, and scored 21 goals in 39 games.

While with the Kings, he played left wing on the "Triple Crown Line" with Marcel Dionne and Dave Taylor, one of the most potent and famed forward lines of the era. Despite injuries costing him significant playing time, Simmer had back-to-back 56-goal seasons and was further named an NHL first team All-Star in 1980 and 1981. In the latter season, Simmer almost accomplished one of hockey's most difficult feats: scoring 50 goals in 50 games. Simmer entered his 50th game with 46 goals and scored three times to finish just shy of the mark; that same night, Mike Bossy became only the second player in NHL history to score 50 in 50. Simmer scored his 50th goal the following night in his 51st game. Simmer's shooting percentage of 32.75 in 1981 was, and remains, an NHL record.

Simmer was traded at the beginning of the 1985 season to the Boston Bruins, where despite the cumulative effects of several injuries throughout his career, he starred for three more seasons. In 1986, Simmer won the Bill Masterton Trophy for his perseverance and dedication to hockey.

Simmer played his final NHL season, for the Pittsburgh Penguins, in 1988. He subsequently played the 1989 season for Eintracht Frankfurt in the German Bundesliga and, after a season off, parts of two seasons as a player-coach for the minor league San Diego Gulls before retiring.

Retirement
Simmer finished his NHL career with 711 points (342 goals, 369 assists) in 712 career games. At the time of his retirement, he was the last active player in North American professional hockey to have played for the Seals-Barons franchise (though Dennis Maruk was the last alumnus of the franchise to play in the NHL, upon his retirement in 1989.)

He was formerly married to one-time Playboy Playmate of the Year Terri Welles; the couple had one daughter. Simmer spent years as a color commentator for the Phoenix Coyotes and the Calgary Flames on Sportsnet.

Awards and achievements

 * MJHL first All-Star team (1973)
 * MJHL Scoring Champion (1973)
 * NHL All-Star Game in 1981 and 1984.
 * NHL first All-Star team in 1980 and 1981.
 * Bill Masterton Trophy in 1986.
 * Central Hockey League second All-Star team in 1977.
 * American Hockey League second All-Star team in 1978.
 * Scored goals in thirteen consecutive games in 1980, the longest such streak since Punch Broadbent's still unbroken record of sixteen in 1922.

title: Charlie Simmer


text:
Harry Davis

Harry Davis may refer to:

Sports

 * Harry Davis (1900s first baseman) (1873–1947), Major League Baseball first baseman
 * Harry Davis (1930s first baseman) (1908–1997), played for the Detroit Tigers and St. Louis Browns (1932–1937)
 * Harry Davis (Australian footballer) (1879–1948), Australian rules footballer
 * Harry Davis (basketball) (born 1957), American professional basketball player
 * Harry Davis (footballer, born 1873) (1873–1938), English footballer for Sheffield Wednesday
 * Harry Davis (footballer, born 1879) (1879–1945), English footballer for Barnsley, Sheffield Wednesday
 * Harry Davis (footballer, born 1991), English association football player

Others

 * Harry Davis (soldier) (1841–1929), American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Harry Davis (potter) (1910–1986), English potter
 * Harry Edward Davis, state legislator and community leader in Cleveland, Ohio
 * Harry L. Davis (1878–1950), 50th Governor of Ohio
 * Harry Davis (gangster) (1898–1946), Montreal gangster
 * W. Harry Davis (1923–2006), American civil rights activist, boxing coach and businessman
 * Birthname of the actor Tyrell Davis (1902–1970)

title: Harry Davis


text:
Workaholic

A workaholic is a person who works compulsively. A workaholic experiences an inability to limit the amount of time they spend on work despite negative consequences such as damage to their relationships or health.

There is no generally accepted medical definition of this condition, although some forms of stress, impulse control disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder can be work-related; ergomania is defined as "excessive devotion to work especially as a symptom of mental illness".

The phenomenon of hustle culture, while disregarding healthy work–life balance, may exacerbate workaholism.

Etymology
The word itself is a portmanteau word composed of work and alcoholic. Its first known appearance, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, came in Canada in the Toronto Daily Star of April 5, 1947, page 6, with a punning allusion to Alcoholics Anonymous:

"If you are cursed with an unconquerable craving for work, call Workaholics Synonymous, and a reformed worker will aid you back to happy idleness."

Details
The term workaholic refers to various types of behavioral patterns, with each having its own valuation. For instance, workaholism is sometimes used by people wishing to express their devotion to one's career in positive terms. The "work" in question is usually associated with a paying job, but it may also refer to independent pursuits such as sports, music, art, and science. However, the term is more often used to refer to a negative behavioral pattern that is popularly characterized by spending an excessive amount of time on working, an inner compulsion to work hard and a neglect of family and other social relations.

Researchers have found that in many cases, incessant work-related activity continues even after impacting the subject's relationships and physical health. Causes of it are thought to be anxiety, low self-esteem, and intimacy problems. Furthermore, workaholics tend to have an inability to delegate work tasks to others and tend to obtain high scores on personality traits such as neuroticism, perfectionism, and conscientiousness.

Clinical psychologist Bryan E. Robinson identifies two axes for workaholics: work initiation and work completion. He associates the behavior of procrastination with both "Savoring Workaholics" (those with low work initiation/low work completion) and "Attention-Deficit Workaholics" (those with high work initiation and low work completion), in contrast to "Bulimic" and "Relentless" workaholics – both of whom have high work completion.

Workaholism in Japan is considered a serious social problem leading to early death, often on the job, a phenomenon dubbed karōshi. Overwork was popularly blamed for the fatal stroke of Prime Minister of Japan Keizō Obuchi, in the year 2000. Death from overwork is not a uniquely Japanese phenomenon; in 2013, a Bank of America intern in London died after working for 72 hours straight.

Workaholics tend to be less effective than other workers because they have difficulty working as part of a team, trouble delegating or entrusting co-workers or organizational problems due to taking on too much work at once. Moreover, workaholics often suffer sleep deprivation, which results in impaired brain and cognitive function.

The business risk that workaholism presents is an underestimated risk in companies and human resources management, which can develop into an existential threat to a business.

title: Workaholic


text:
Category:Quantum information science

The category quantum information science concerns information science that depends on quantum effects in physics. It includes theoretical issues in computational models as well as more experimental topics in quantum computing.

title: Category:Quantum information science


text:
Talk:Atlus

Misdirected wikilinks
Re Special:Diff/951851646: yes, the links were broken. A target of the form A#B takes the reader to page A (and to section B within it, if that exists). I can understand the argument that the first link is not broken, as someone has kindly put up a redirect sending the reader to (a non-existent section of) the right page as a workaround, but the other three simply lead to the wrong article. Certes (talk) 12:06, 19 April 2020 (UTC)
 * When I first created the redirects I could have sworn they redirected properly. But it seems they must be piped to avoid this (for now anyway). ~ Dissident93 (talk) 21:13, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Atlus USA into Atlus
Fails WP:GNG and WP:NCORP. Articles for deletion/Atlus USA frankly should have been closed as merge/redirect, as none of the Keep !votes could provide or point to suitable sourcing that would satisfy the guidelines. The only source thus far identified is the GameInformer article. I plan to redirect the article in seven days, unless new in-depth sourcing that is independent and specific to Atlus USA is dug up. -- ferret (talk) 21:32, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Support ~ Dissident93 (talk) 22:07, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Support: I never quite understand why this gets a standalone article (it is essentially the western offices of a Japanese publisher). Stuff about localization can go to the main publisher page. OceanHok (talk) 03:33, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Redirected. -- ferret (talk) 02:34, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atlus


text: Category:Battles of the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)


text:
DayQuil

Vicks DayQuil is an over-the-counter combination medication product used for the temporary relief of common cold and flu symptoms. DayQuil is available in several formulations.

DayQuil was introduced in 1974 under the name "DayCare" and is currently advertised for daytime use because of its non-drowsy active ingredients. The brand name was reintroduced as "DayQuil" in 1992. DayQuil's nighttime counterpart, NyQuil, is also available for the relief of cold and flu symptoms during the night. These products are not intended to cure the common cold or the flu.

Product selection
Selecting a product should depend on the specific symptom presentation of the user. Products should be selected with active ingredients limited only to those symptoms, thereby reducing the risk of over treatment with medications that the user is not showing symptoms for. Additionally, careful note should be taken when purchasing multiple over-the-counter cold and flu medicines because many products may contain the same active ingredient. The potential for overdose increases when consumers are unaware of the duplication of active ingredients in these medicines.

Research
There are conflicting studies showing the effectiveness of over-the-counter cold medicine in reducing cold and flu symptoms. A number of studies have found acetaminophen (alone and in combination) to be effective and a safe treatment for common cold symptoms such as sore throat and body aches. In contrast, a systematic review including 26 randomized controlled trials compared the use of over-the-counter cough medicines with no treatment in children and adults exhibiting cough in the ambulatory or outpatient setting. Among the studies, there was conflicting evidence of the effectiveness of cough medicines containing an antitussive, antihistamine or decongestant in providing better cough resolution outcomes versus no treatment.

Recreational use
Abuse and recreational use of dextromethorphan have been reported with over-the-counter preparations and can cause euphoric and dissociative effects at higher than recommended doses.

Products containing acetaminophen
There is a risk of severe liver damage with the concurrent use of acetaminophen products and excessive alcohol use (≥3 alcoholic drinks/day depending on body weight). Acetaminophen is an active ingredient of many over-the-counter single ingredient products (e.g. to treat headache), multiple ingredient combination products as well as prescription-only medications written by a physician. Each formulation also varies per dose. When purchasing over-the-counter medications, avoid purchasing multiple products with acetaminophen ingredients. The suggested maximum daily intake of acetaminophen is limited to <4 grams (4,000 mg) daily in adults or <2.6g (2,600 mg) daily in children <12 years of age to reduce the risk of liver damage.

Products containing dextromethorphan
Those prescribed monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-i) should avoid the use of DayQuil products containing dextromethorphan within 2 weeks to avoid risks of Serotonin Syndrome.

title: DayQuil


text:
User talk:Amlder20

Requests for Mediation
Hello Amlder!!! Its been a long time since you and I contributed together! But now I need your voice!

Greetings Wales community! We need your Voice! We need mediation and impute from the wider community who regularily contribute to articals of Wales interest. At issue is the use of a distinctive border around the country info box, as well title bar. The issue seems to have become a crusade against Wales by certin editors, who have almost never contributed to and practically never visit (by their own admission) the Wales page. I do not tust the motives of the editor, whome seems to be stalking my edits and reverting them purposefully. This editor even dismisses the colors of Wales red and green saying that Wales does not have any official colors! (quote: "I imagine that this use of "national colours" (of which Wales has none by custom or tradition)...", Unfortunatly, I must deal with these cyber bullying tactics if I am to contribute here. However, I implore the Wales commmunity to weigh in on the topic of allowing info box borders and title headers. Please submit views on Template talk:Infobox Country and talk:Wales. If the wider Wales community decides not to support a border and title header color in the colors of Wales then I will withdrawal from this position. However, I and other editors do feel it makes the Wales page far more distinctive. Sincerly, David Llewellyn ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 02:20, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of .vsd.nu
I have nominated .vsd.nu, an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/.vsd.nu. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? rootology ( C )( T ) 22:56, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of AGCE

The article AGCE has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unsourced since 2009"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Chidgk1 (talk) 18:30, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of Wales-only laws for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Wales-only laws is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Wales-only laws until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Elshad (talk) 11:20, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Amlder20


text:
Gaius Papirius Carbo (consul 120 BC)

Gaius Papirius Carbo (c. 163 – 119 BC) was a Roman orator and politician.

Career
Carbo was associated with the populist politician Gaius Gracchus in carrying out the provision of the agrarian law of his brother, Tiberius Gracchus. As tribune of the people in 131 BC, Carbo carried the lex Papiria extending the secret ballot for the enactment and repeal of laws. He also proposed that the tribunes should be allowed to become candidates for the same office in successive years, a response to the fate of Tiberius. The proposal was defeated, having been opposed by Scipio Aemilianus, in whose sudden death in 129 BC Carbo was suspected of having a hand.

Carbo subsequently went over to the anti-populist optimates, and as consul in 120 BC successfully defended Lucius Opimius, when he was impeached for the murder of a citizen (Gaius Gracchus) without a trial. At trial, he said that Gracchus had been justly slain. But the optimates did not trust Carbo, and he was impeached by Lucius Crassus on a similar charge. Feeling that he had nothing to hope for from the optimates and that his condemnation was certain, he committed suicide.

His son, Gaius Papirius Carbo Arvina, was remembered for his attempts to avenge his father's fate. He followed his father's prosecutor, L. Crassus, to the latter's province in 94 BC with the aim of finding a reason to prosecute him. Finding this out, L. Crassus decided not only to forgive the son, but even to grant him a position within his close circle of advisors.

title: Gaius Papirius Carbo (consul 120 BC)


text:
Gaius Papirius Carbo Arvina

Gaius Papirius Carbo Arvina (c. 124 – 82 BC) was a Roman orator and politician. He was an opponent of the reforms championed by the tribune Marcus Livius Drusus and the orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, and held the plebeian tribunate the year following Drusus's murder. He held senior state positions in the interlude between the civil wars of 87 and 83 BC, when his cousin, Gnaeus Carbo, dominated the government. Nevertheless, during the war in 82 his loyalty was seen as suspect, causing Arvina to be murdered by government agents during a meeting of the Senate.

Life
Gaius Papirius Carbo Arvina belonged to a large generation of Roman orators whose members were all born around 124 BC and flourished during the youth of Cicero. He came from a family (the Papirii Carbones) which was prominent in Roman politics and the Senate during the late 2nd century and early 1st century BC. His father, Gaius Papirius Carbo, consul in 120 BC, had been an ally of the Gracchi brothers, deserting their cause after their deaths, only to commit suicide in 119 BC after being prosecuted by the young and rising orator Lucius Licinius Crassus.

Arvina grew up with bitter resentment for Crassus and was said to have conceived a lifelong enmity towards him. In 94 BC, Arvina followed Crassus to Gaul, of which the latter had been appointed governor, with the secret intention of gathering evidence with which he might prosecute Crassus for maladministration. Not only did Carbo find nothing incriminating within the governor's impeccable administration, but Crassus found out about Carbo's intentions and decided, to the surprise of later commentators, to incorporate him into his close circle of advisors. As a result, "the keen and bitter Carbo got nothing from his trip to Gaul, except the realization that his father had been guilty and had been sent into exile by a man of complete integrity".

In 91 BC, Carbo Arvina was an opponent of the abortive political reforms promoted Crassus and his pupil, the tribune Marcus Livius Drusus. The following year he was a tribune of the plebs, and was very frequently seen giving speeches in the Rostra (denouncing Drusus, who had been murdered the previous year, in one of them). He is known for the law (Plautia Papiria) carried by him and Marcus Plautius Silvanus while tribunes of the people in 90 (or 89), whereby the Roman franchise was offered to every Italian ally domiciled in Italy at the time when the law was enacted, provided he made application personally within sixty days to the praetor at Rome. The object of the law was to conciliate the states at war with Rome and to secure the loyalty of the federate states.

During the interlude between the civil wars of 87 and 82 BC, Arvina made some rare appearances in the courts as an advocate; Cicero describes him as one of the few orators of note still active at the time. He cooperated carefully with the government at the time, which was dominated by Cornelius Cinna and Arvina's cousin, Gnaeus Carbo, and held the office of praetor in one of those years. In 82 BC, during the government's civil war against the renegade general Sulla, the faction in power became suspicious of Arvina's loyalty, notwithstanding his relation to the consul Gnaeus Carbo, and arranged for him and other unreliable senators to be murdered during a senate meeting in the Curia Hostilia. According to Appian, he was slain while still seated. His head was torn off, affixed to a cross, and set up on public display, whereas his corpse was thrown into the Tiber river.

Cicero, who heard the tribunes of 90 BC speak in the popular assemblies, identified Arvina as a second class orator, and described his style of rhetoric as follows: "his language was tolerably nervous, he spoke with ease, and there was an air of authority in his address that was perfectly natural". Cicero also considered him the only member of the Papirius Carbo family who was a good citizen. Arvina may be the father of Gaius Papirius Carbo, a senator condemned for extortion while as governor of Bithynia.

title: Gaius Papirius Carbo Arvina


text:
Harry Davis (1900s first baseman)

Harry H. Davis (July 19, 1873 – August 11, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman who played for the New York Giants (1895–96), Pittsburgh Pirates (1896–98), Louisville Colonels (1898), Washington Senators (1898–99), Philadelphia Athletics (1901–11, 1913–17), and Cleveland Naps (1912). He was the first player to hit for the cycle in American League history, doing so in 1901.

Early life
Davis was born in Philadelphia. He had no middle name, but he added the middle initial H to distinguish himself from others who shared his first and last names. He attended Girard College; the institution served as an elementary school and high school. Davis, who picked up the lifelong nickname of "Jasper" at Girard, graduated in 1891 and played amateur baseball until beginning his professional baseball career in 1894.

Career
After having played the 1900 season for the minor league Providence Grays, he decided to quit baseball, but Athletics manager Connie Mack made him an offer too large to refuse to return to baseball in 1901 with the Athletics. He led the American League in home runs from 1904 to 1907, one of only five players to have ever led their league for four consecutive seasons. He also hit for the cycle on July 10, 1901. He led the AL in doubles three times and the NL in triples once.

Davis was the starting first baseman and first captain of manager Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 to 1910. In 1905 he led the American league in home runs, RBI, runs and doubles, and led the Athletics to the 1905 World Series against the New York Giants. He was the starting first baseman for the 1910 World Champions and hit .353 in the 1910 World Series. In 1911, the 37-year-old Davis was replaced at first base by the younger Stuffy McInnis, and Davis played a reserve role for the 1911 World Champions.

Davis managed the 1912 Cleveland Naps, but left with 28 games left in the season and a record of 54–71. He returned to the Athletics as a player, coach and assistant captain in 1913, amassing only 33 plate appearances over the next five seasons combined.

In 1755 games over 22 seasons, Davis posted a .277 batting average (1841-for-6653) with 1001 runs, 361 doubles, 145 triples, 75 home runs, 951 RBI, 285 stolen bases, 525 bases on balls, .335 on-base percentage and .408 slugging percentage. He finished his career with an overall .978 fielding percentage primarily as a first baseman. In 16 World Series games (1905,'10,'11) he batted .246 (15-for-61) with 8 runs, 5 doubles, 7 RBI and 3 walks.

Later life
He continued as a coach and scout with Mack's Athletics until 1927 and also served as a Philadelphia City Councilman.

Davis died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 11, 1947, at the age of 74.

title: Harry Davis (1900s first baseman)


text:
Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science

Diploma in Computer Science, originally known as the Diploma in Numerical Analysis and Automatic Computing, was a conversion course in computer science offered by the University of Cambridge. It is equivalent to a master's degree in present-day nomenclature but the title diploma was retained for historic reasons, "diploma" being the archaic term for a master's degree.

The diploma was the world's first full-year taught course in computer science, starting in 1953. It attracted students of mathematics, science and engineering. At its peak, there were 50 students on the course. UK government (EPSRC) funding was withdrawn in 2001 and student numbers dropped dramatically. In 2007, the university decided to withdraw the diploma at the end of the 2007-08 academical year, after 55 years of service.

History
The introduction of this one-year graduate course was motivated by a University of Cambridge Mathematics Faculty Board Report on the "demand for postgraduate instruction in numerical analysis and automatic computing … [which] if not met, there is a danger that the application to scientific research of the machines now being built will be hampered". The University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory "was one of the pioneers in the development and use of electronic computing-machines (sic)". It had introduced a Summer School in 1950, but the Report noted that "The Summer School deals [only] with 'programming', rather than the general theory of the numerical methods which are programmed." The Diploma "would include theoretical and practical work … [and also] instruction about the various types of computing-machine … and the principles of design on which they are based." With only a few students initially, no extra staff would be needed.

University-supported teaching and research staff in the Laboratory at the time were Maurice Wilkes (head of the laboratory), J. C. P. Miller, W. Renwick, E. N. Mutch, and S. Gill, joined slightly later by C. B. Haselgrove.

In its final incarnation, the Diploma was a 10-month course, evaluated two-thirds on examination and one-third on a project dissertation. Most of the examined courses were shared by the second year ("Part IB") of the undergraduate Computer Science Tripos course, with some additional lectures specifically for the Diploma students and four of the third year undergraduate ("Part II") lecture courses also included.

There were three grades of result from the Diploma: distinction (roughly equivalent to first class honours), pass (equivalent to second or third class honours), and fail.

Notable alumni

 * Ann Copestake
 * Samson Abramsky
 * Ian Bell
 * Steve Bourne
 * Simon Peyton Jones
 * Stan Kelly-Bootle
 * Lee Hsien Loong
 * Martin Richards
 * Simon Tatham
 * Bill Thompson
 * Eben Upton

title: Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science


text:
Industria Aeronautică Română

Industria Aeronautică Română (IAR) (now IAR S.A. Brașov) or Romanian Aeronautic Industry in English, is a Romanian aerospace manufacturer. It is based in Ghimbav, near Brașov, Romania.

IAR was founded in 1925 with the aid of the Romanian government, which sought to reduce reliance on foreign companies to supply the Royal Romanian Air Force with aircraft and associated equipment. In addition to its designs, the company built numerous foreign-designed aircraft under license as well. IAR produced a low-wing all-metal monoplane, the IAR 80, during the Second World War; this combat aircraft was extensively used by the nation during the conflict. During the Cold War era, the company branched out into helicopters, securing licensing agreements with France for their designs in the field, leading to the IAR 316 and IAR 330. In 2000, IAR partnered with the multinational helicopter manufacturer Eurocopter Group to create the Eurocopter Romania joint venture company. Presently, the company employs around 1,200 specialists including more than 170 engineers; it carries out upgrades, revisions, and overhauls on helicopters and light aircraft.

Origins and early years
To ensure that the Royal Romanian Air Force (the Aeronautica Regală Română, or ARR) would be supplied with aircraft without reliance on foreign producers, the Romanian government subsidized the creation of three major aircraft manufacturers in the interbellum period. The first was Societatea pentru Exploatări Tehnice (SET) which was founded in Bucharest in 1923. Next came IAR, which was formed in Brașov since 1925. Finally there was Întreprinderea de Construcții Aeronautice Românești (ICAR), which was created in Bucharest in 1932, and operated a factory in Brașov known as ICA-Brașov (Întreprinderea de Construcții Aeronautice - Brașov).

One of the engineers designing IAR aircraft in the early 1930s was Elie Carafoli. During 1930, IAR's first original aircraft, the IAR CV 11, performed its maiden flight; it functioned as an experimental design only. One of its earliest aircraft to reach quantity production was the IAR 14, a trainer aircraft derived from the IAR 12 prototype. The IAR 27 was a more advanced trainer that was introduced in larger quantities during the late 1930s.

In addition to pursuing its own designs, IAR also pursued work via the licensed production of foreign-developed aircraft. Poland's innovative PZL P.11 fighter captured the attention of Romanian officials, leading to a batch of 95 aircraft, referred to as the P.11f, being built by IAR starting in 1936. The Romanian Air Force was greatly appreciative of the type, which heavily contributed to the decision to also licensed produce its upgraded derivative, the PZL P.24, which had been designed exclusively for the export market. Both models would see combat service during the Second World War.

IAR worked throughout the conflict to produce large numbers of combat aircraft to equip the Romanian military. Perhaps one of the most significant aircraft to be produced by the company was built during these years in the form of the IAR 80, a low-wing monoplane all-metal monocoque fighter and ground-attack aircraft. When it first flew in 1939, the IAR 80 was claimed to be comparable to contemporary designs being deployed by the most advanced military powers, including the British Hawker Hurricane and the German Messerschmitt Bf 109E. An improved model, the IAR 81 fighter aircraft, was designed and produced mid-way through the war as well. The type remained in frontline use until May 1945, when the conflict was brought to an end.

Cold War era
After World War II, starting from 1946, the production of IAR was oriented towards the manufacture of tractors. The first tractor produced being the IAR 22.

Between 1945 and 1947, under the coordination of Radu Manicatide and Radu Mărdărescu, IAR developed a microcar, named M.R., and an automobile. However, the company did not persist with road vehicle development in the long term. From 1947, IAR became the Intreprinderea Metalurgica de Stat (State Ironworks) and from 1948, the company was renamed to Uzina Tractorul Brașov (UTB).

The current IAR was re-established in 1968 at Ghimbav, under the name Intreprinderea de Construcţii Aeronautice (ICA). The ICA developed from the former Intreprinderea de Industrie Locală (IIL) glider manufacturer. During this time, the company began to produce helicopters, motor gliders and airplanes, besides gliders. Romania arranged multiple licensing agreements with France, resulting in IAR producing Aérospatiale's SA 316B Alouette III under the local designation of IAR 316. The company also manufactured a localised version of the Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma, designated IAR 330. These rotorcraft were not only manufactured for domestic consumption, such as the Romanian Air Force, but also for the global market; roughly one-third of all IAR 330s were reportedly sold to export customers. During the late 1980s, a Soviet-Romanian partnership led to the development of the Kamov Ka-126 helicopter; only a handful were built before production was terminated shortly following the Romanian Revolution and the collapse of the Communist government.

Since 1968, IAR has produced more than 360 helicopters, along with 830 gliders and including motor gliders, as well as 136 light aircraft.

Twenty-first century
During the late 1990s, American aerospace company Bell Helicopters entered negotiations on the topic of acquiring a majority stake in IAR. According to aerospace periodical Flight International, Bell was at one stage set to purchase a 70 percent shareholding in the firm; this arrangement was closely tied to a planned procurement of the AH-1RO Dracula attack helicopter by Romania, which would have been manufactured locally by IAR. However, by 1998, the purchase was put on hold while efforts were made to raise funds for the AH-1RO purchase. Following a period of negotiations, in November 1999, Bell announced that it had abandoned its intentions to take over IAR and to locally produce the AH-1RO.

During 2000, it was announced that the multinational helicopter manufacturer Eurocopter Group was holding discussions over its own bid for IAR. Later that same year, IAR established Eurocopter Romania in conjunction with Eurocopter, the former held a 49% stake in the newly-created joint venture. In November 2015, Airbus Helicopters announced plans to invest €52 million in a Romanian facility to manufacture the 8.6t H215M Super Puma; this arrangement was reportedly reliant upon an initial order for 16 being placed by the Romanian government to extend the type's production.

title: Industria Aeronautică Română


text:
Top-down parsing language

Top-Down Parsing Language (TDPL) is a type of analytic formal grammar developed by Alexander Birman in the early 1970s  in order to study formally the behavior of a common class of practical top-down parsers that support a limited form of backtracking. Birman originally named his formalism the TMG Schema (TS), after TMG, an early parser generator, but it was later given the name TDPL by Aho and Ullman in their classic anthology The Theory of Parsing, Translation and Compiling.

Definition of a TDPL grammar
Formally, a TDPL grammar G is a quadruple consisting of the following components:

 * A finite set N of nonterminal symbols.
 * A finite set Σ of terminal symbols that is disjoint from N.
 * A finite set P of production rules, where a rule has one of the following forms:
 * A → ε, where A is a nonterminal and ε is the empty string.
 * A → f, where f is a distinguished symbol representing unconditional failure.
 * A → a, where a is any terminal symbol.
 * A → BC/D, where B, C, and D are nonterminals.

Interpretation of a grammar
A TDPL grammar can be viewed as an extremely minimalistic formal representation of a recursive descent parser, in which each of the nonterminals schematically represents a parsing function. Each of these nonterminal-functions takes as its input argument a string to be recognized, and yields one of two possible outcomes:

 * success, in which case the function may optionally move forward or consume one or more characters of the input string supplied to it, or
 * failure, in which case no input is consumed.

Note that a nonterminal-function may succeed without actually consuming any input, and this is considered an outcome distinct from failure.

A nonterminal A defined by a rule of the form A → ε always succeeds without consuming any input, regardless of the input string provided. Conversely, a rule of the form A → f always fails regardless of input. A rule of the form A → a succeeds if the next character in the input string is the terminal a, in which case the nonterminal succeeds and consumes that one terminal; if the next input character does not match (or there is no next character), then the nonterminal fails.

A nonterminal A defined by a rule of the form A → BC/D first recursively invokes nonterminal B, and if B succeeds, invokes C on the remainder of the input string left unconsumed by B. If both B and C succeed, then A in turn succeeds and consumes the same total number of input characters that B and C together did. If either B or C fails, however, then A backtracks to the original point in the input string where it was first invoked, and then invokes D on that original input string, returning whatever result D produces.

Examples
The following TDPL grammar describes the regular language consisting of an arbitrary-length sequence of a's and b's:

 * S → AS/T
 * T → BS/E
 * A → a
 * B → b
 * E → ε

The following grammar describes the context-free Dyck language consisting of arbitrary-length strings of matched braces, such as '{}', '{{} – }', etc.:

 * S → OT/E
 * T → SU/F
 * U → CS/F
 * O → {
 * C → }
 * E → ε
 * F → f

The above examples can be represented equivalently but much more succinctly in parsing expression grammar notation as S ← (a/b)* and S ← ({S})*, respectively.

Generalized TDPL
A slight variation of TDPL, known as Generalized TDPL or GTDPL, greatly increases the apparent expressiveness of TDPL while retaining the same minimalist approach (though they are actually equivalent). In GTDPL, instead of TDPL's recursive rule form A → BC/D, the rule form A → B[C,D] is used. This rule is interpreted as follows: When nonterminal A is invoked on some input string, it first recursively invokes B. If B succeeds, then A subsequently invokes C on the remainder of the input left unconsumed by B, and returns the result of C to the original caller. If B fails, on the other hand, then A invokes D on the original input string, and passes the result back to the caller.

The important difference between this rule form and the A → BC/D rule form used in TDPL is that C and D are never both invoked in the same call to A: that is, the GTDPL rule acts more like a "pure" if/then/else construct using B as the condition.

In GTDPL it is straightforward to express interesting non-context-free languages such as the classic example {anbncn}.

A GTDPL grammar can be reduced to an equivalent TDPL grammar that recognizes the same language, although the process is not straightforward and may greatly increase the number of rules required. Also, both TDPL and GTDPL can be viewed as very restricted forms of parsing expression grammars, all of which represent the same class of grammars.

title: Top-down parsing language


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Hetzron

Whoever Robert Hetzron might be, the article/substub doesn't do anything to educate us about him -- Ferkelparade 15:19, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This seems to be content originally destined for Beja language. Perhaps move there as an external link and speedy delete? My guess is that someone clicked on the link to Robert Hetzron on that page trying to edit it and ended up creating a page by accident. Yelyos 15:26, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not sure exactly what this is, but I know it should be deleted. Skyler 21:55, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The link is cool, but belongs in Beja language, where I've put it.  Robert Hetzron is a major Afroasiaticist and Semitist, but not a newspaper. - Mustafaa 23:25, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Substub tells us nothing and is just a link. Geogre 00:21, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not an article. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:12, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)