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Wayne Hancock

Thomas Wayne Hancock III (born May 1, 1965, in Dallas, Texas) better known as Wayne "The Train" Hancock, is an American singer-songwriter. Known as "The King of Juke Joint Swing," his performances incorporate jazz, blues, western swing, country and rockabilly, styles of music that he began listening to as a kid. His influences include Jimmie Rodgers, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, Hank Thompson, Hank Williams and Hank Snow because they were all in his parents' record collection.

Throughout his childhood, Hancock moved around seven times because his father was a Design engineer who worked at various engineering firms around the United States. Shortly after discovering country music, Hancock began writing songs at the age of twelve. Hancock's vocal style was initially influenced by Hank Williams, and he has been compared to him throughout his career.

At eighteen years old, Hancock won the Wrangler Country Showdown contest. The son of a WWII veteran, Hancock joined the United States Marine Corps immediately after winning the contest and was shipped to recruit training. Hancock served in the military for four years. During a six-month deployment at Camp Hansen in Okinawa, Japan, he wrote one of his most well known songs, "Cold Lonesome Wind" from Thunderstorms and Neon Signs.

In 1990, Hancock moved to Austin, Texas. In 1994, he met Lubbock, Texas native Joe Ely, a member of the Flatlanders at the Continental Club in, Austin, Texas. Shortly thereafter, Hancock landed a role in Terry Allen and Jo Harvey Allen's play, Chippy. Jimmie Dale Gilmore of the Flatlanders originally played Hancock's character Mr. Jukebox. When Gilmore was unable to do the second run of the play, Ely brought Hancock in, saying "This guy sounds just like Hank Williams, he'd be perfect." From there, Hancock joined the cast and went into the studio to record "Thunderstorms and Neon Signs," for the soundtrack. It was his first recording of the song.

Hancock met Grammy Award winning producer, pedal steel player, and Lubbock, Texas native, Lloyd Maines when Maines was running sound for Chippy. Maines has produced all of Hancock's albums, dating back to his 1995 debut, Thunderstorms and Neon Signs, released on Deja Disc Records. The album sold 22,000 copies in the first year. The follow-up was Hancock's sophomore 1997 album, That's What Daddy Wants released on Ark 21. Hancock gained the nickname The Train because of his marathon length shows, going on for 3, 4, even 5 hours long."

On his debut 1999 album, Risin' Outlaw, Hank Williams III, grandson of Hank Williams Sr., covered two songs from Thunderstorms and Neon Signs, the title track, and "Why Don't You Leave Me Alone." He also recorded "87 Southbound," from That's What Daddy Wants.

In April 2014, Hancock was involved in a serious motorcycle accident, which left him with a fractured elbow and a collapsed lung. He was forced to cancel several months' worth of tour dates due to the wreck, but by the end of the year he was fully recovered and back on the road. In 2016, Hancock returned to the studio with producer Lloyd Maines to cut his eighth studio album Slingin' Rhythm.

title: Wayne Hancock


text:
China National Highways of Beijing

The China National Highways of Beijing article focuses on Beijing, as a national transport hub, is the starting point for eleven of the twelve series-100 China National Highways. These are major (some toll) truck routes, primarily intended to connect Beijing with the rest of China.

China National Highway 112, despite being a series-100 China National Highway, does not begin Beijing, but begins in Gaobeidian and forms a long ring route.

The 'G' in front of the highway route numbers stands for 国 (pinyin: guó), meaning nation or country.

Beijing routes
The eleven China National Highway routes depart from Beijing in a spread of compass directions:

 * China National Highway 101 to Chengde and Shenyang leaves Beijing at Dongzhimen, heading north-east at Sanyuanqiao;
 * China National Highway 102 to Harbin leaves Beijing at Chaoyangmen, heading east;
 * China National Highway 103 to Tanggu leaves Beijing at Fenzhongsi, heading south-east near the Jingjintang Expressway;
 * China National Highway 104 to Fuzhou leaves Beijing at Yongdingmen, heading south;
 * China National Highway 105 to Zhuhai and Macau leaves Beijing at Yongdingmen as well, also heading south;
 * China National Highway 106 to Guangzhou leaves Beijing at Yuquanying;
 * China National Highway 107 to Shenzhen leaves Beijing at Guang'anmen, heading south-west;
 * China National Highway 108 (also known as Jingyuan Road) to Kunming leaves Beijing at Fuxingmen, heading west;
 * China National Highway 109 to Lhasa in Tibet leaves Beijing at Fuchengmen, heading west;
 * China National Highway 110 to Yinchuan leaves Beijing at Deshengmen, heading north.
 * China National Highway 111 leaves Beijing at Dongzhimen, heading northeast, ending in Heilongjiang province.

813 kilometres of the system lies within Beijing municipality.

Tiananmen is considered "km 0" for all China National Highways.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: China National Highways of Beijing


text:
Still Life (Opeth album)

Still Life is the fourth studio album by Swedish progressive metal band Opeth. It was produced and engineered by Opeth alongside Fredrik Nordström, and released on 18 October 1999 through Peaceville Records. It was the only Opeth album to be released through Peaceville, following the band's departure from Candlelight and Century Black after the release of My Arms, Your Hearse, and the first album to feature Martin Mendez.

Concept
Like its predecessor, My Arms, Your Hearse, Still Life is a concept album. Frontman Mikael Åkerfeldt explains: "Still Life was not Satanic but an anti-Christian theme. It sounds pretty naive when I explain it like this. It kind of takes place a long time ago when Christianity had a bigger importance than it has today. The main character is kind of banished from his hometown because he hasn't got the same faith as the rest of the inhabitants there. The album pretty much starts off when he is returning after several years to hook up with his old 'babe'. Obviously a lot of bad things start happening with, as I call it on the album, 'the council.' The big bosses of the town know that he's back. A lot of bad things start happening. They see him as a hypocrite in a way. It's almost like a devil's advocate or whatever it's called." The album then proceeds to portray Melinda's proclamation of love towards the protagonist. These events lead to her murder and the main character going on a rampage against the ones responsible. The last song of the record, "White Cluster" concludes the story with his execution and him meeting Melinda in the afterlife.

Preparation
Due to time constraints, the band was able to rehearse only twice before entering the studio. Delays with the album's artwork pushed the release back an additional month, and the album was released in Europe under the Peaceville/Snapper label on 18 October 1999. Due to problems with the band's new distribution network, the album was not released in American stores until 27 February 2001.

Still Life was the first Opeth album to bear any kind of caption on the front cover besides the band logo upon its initial release.

Style
Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic called Still Life a "formidable splicing of harsh, often jagged guitar riffs with graceful melodies".

Release and reception
The album was re-released by Peaceville Records in 2000 as a slipcase version and again as a digipak version in 2003. A third re-release came out on 31 March 2008, with reworked album artwork by original artist Travis Smith. This new edition has two discs, the first one being a remastered stereo mix of the album on Audio CD and the second one being an Audio DVD containing a 5.1 surround sound mix. The DVD also contains a live video for the album track "Face of Melinda" from The Roundhouse Tapes live performance in London. The remastered and remixed versions of the original recordings were done by Jens Bogren.

Accolades
In 2014, TeamRock put Still Life at #83 on their "Top 100 Greatest Prog Albums Of All Time" list with Jordan Griffin stating that it is "still regarded by many fans as a career high point, Still Life’s deft blend of beauty and brutality was lauded by metal and prog fans. Opeth’s first true classic.". Loudwire placed the album at #54 on their "Top 90 Hard Rock and Heavy Metal Albums of the 1990s" list commenting that Opeth closed out the 90s with their strongest album yet. In 2021, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1999 by Metal Hammer magazine.

Personnel
Credits for Still Life adapted from liner notes.

Opeth
 * Mikael Åkerfeldt − vocals, guitars, mixing (DVD)
 * Peter Lindgren − guitars
 * Martin Mendez − bass
 * Martin Lopez − drums

Production
 * Fredrik Nordström − engineering, mixing
 * Isak Edh − engineering
 * Göran Finnberg − mastering
 * Jens Bogren − 2008 reissue remastering, 5.1 remix, mixing (DVD)
 * Travis Smith − album art, photography
 * Harry Valimaki – photography
 * Timo Ketola – logo

title: Still Life (Opeth album)


text:
Tensiometer (surface tension)

In surface science, a tensiometer is a measuring instrument used to measure the surface tension ($γ$) of liquids or surfaces. Tensiometers are used in research and development laboratories to determine the surface tension of liquids like coatings, lacquers or adhesives. A further application field of tensiometers is the monitoring of industrial production processes like parts cleaning or electroplating.

Goniometer/Tensiometer
Surface scientists commonly use an optical goniometer/tensiometer to measure the surface tension and interfacial tension of a liquid using the pendant or sessile drop methods. A drop is produced and captured using a CCD camera. The drop profile is subsequently extracted, and sophisticated software routines then fit the theoretical Young-Laplace equation to the experimental drop profile. The surface tension can then be calculated from the fitted parameters. Unlike other methods, this technique requires only a small amount of liquid making it suitable for measuring interfacial tensions of expensive liquids.

Du Noüy ring tensiometer
This type of tensiometer uses a platinum ring which is submersed in a liquid. As the ring is pulled out of the liquid, the force required is precisely measured in order to determine the surface tension of the liquid.

The method is well-established as shown by a number of international standards on it such as ASTM D971. This method is widely used for interfacial tension measurement between two liquids but care should be taken to make sure to keep the platinum ring undeformed.

Wilhelmy plate tensiometer
The Wilhelmy plate tensiometer requires a plate to make contact with the liquid surface. It is widely considered the simplest and most accurate method for surface tension measurement. Due to a large wetted length of the platinum plate, the surface tension reading is typically very stable compared to alternative methods. As an additional benefit, the Wilhelmy plate can also be made from paper for disposable use. For interfacial tension measurements, buoyancy of the probe needs to be taken into account which complicates the measurement.

Du Noüy-Padday method
This method uses a rod which is lowered into a test liquid. The rod is then pulled out of the liquid and the force required to pull the rod is precisely measured. The method isn't standardized but is sometimes used. The Du Noüy-Padday rod pull tensiometer will take measurements quickly and will work with liquids with a wide range of viscosities. Interfacial tensions cannot be measured.

Bubble pressure tensiometer
Due to internal attractive forces of a liquid, air bubbles within the liquids are compressed. The resulting pressure (bubble pressure) rises at a decreasing bubble radius. The bubble pressure method makes use of this bubble pressure which is higher than in the surrounding environment (water). A gas stream is pumped into a capillary that is immersed in a fluid. The resulting bubble at the end of the capillary tip continually becomes bigger in surface; thereby, the bubble radius is decreasing.

The pressure rises to a maximum level. At this point the bubble has achieved its smallest radius (the capillary radius) and begins to form a hemisphere. Beyond this point the bubble quickly increases in size and soon bursts, tearing away from the capillary, thereby allowing a new bubble to develop at the capillary tip. It is during this process that a characteristic pressure pattern develops (see picture), which is evaluated for determining the surface tension.

Because of the easy handling and the low cleaning effort of the capillary, bubble pressure tensiometers are a common alternative for monitoring the detergent concentration in cleaning or electroplating processes.

title: Tensiometer (surface tension)


text:
Talk:Still Life (Opeth album)

Magnum Opus
According to Wikipedia, all three Opeth albums "My Arms, Your Hearse", "Still Life", and "Blackwater Park" are widely considered to be the band's magnum opus. Obviously that doesn't make much sense. Perhaps they should be changed to say "like other Opeth albums, this album received universal praise" or something along those lines? DarkSinisity (talk) 03:58, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

There is no general consensus regarding Opeth's having one "magnum opus," and if there was it would probably lean toward Blackwater Park (though personally I like Still Life more). Hajatvrc hajatvrc 02:26, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Source
- When the album was released the band received several death threats on account of "Face Of Melinda"..

Anyone got a source for this?

I have looked and can't find anything, so I'm removing it --Nosmo 01:00, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

"Face Of Melinda" had been played before the 2004 US tour. They played it when I saw them live in Sweden 2003. 81.216.34.170 21:52, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Concept - White Cluster
I think the last paragraph of the concept section concerning White Cluster is wrong. I don't think the protagonist has any sort of religious experience, and I don't think he embraces Christianity. The people in white are members of the crowd at the execution, probably wearing white as some sort of religious symbolism. These people in white are "seemingly jaded and lost" perhaps because they are no longer passionate about their religion, or perhaps because they can see how it's being taken too far in this instance (namely the exile of an Atheist, followed by execution of Melinda due to unfaithfulness and the execution of the main character). He says "I forge myself into your dreams" as he's awaiting execution, perhaps begging the crowd not to forget what religion is capable of and asking them to reconsider the merits of such zealous dedication to a religion.

The phrase "I will come for you" could mean the character wishes to believe in the presence of some sort of afterlife just as he's about to be executed, or could be interpreted as being from the point of view of the hangman "hangman clutching at his tools, I will come for you" although I think the prior is the more likely.

I think the "touch" he feels at the very end is the imaginary touch of Melinda - a hallucination just prior to death.

Just another possible interpretation.

58.110.90.92 01:24, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Most technical Opeth album?
- Still Life is often considered Opeth's most technical album from a guitar standpoint, especially with its many complicated acoustic guitar passages.

Doesn't this seem like a completely baseless statement? I don't see how you could arrive at the absolute conclusion that Still Life surpasses Ghost Reveries and Deliverance as far as technicality goes. I think this statement ought to be removed unless someone points out something I may be missing. Obtsu 03:59, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * You are correct, there is nothing in Still Life which surpasses more recent albums greatly. The past few months I have been listening to the album intensely, and also studied the tabulatures which I could find intensely. While the acoustic parts of Still Life generally are "complicated" - for example "Face of Melinda" as a whole, and the 7/8 length bar before the jazzy solo in Benighted, then there are many examples of other acoustic fingerpicked Opeth songs that are equally complicated to play, and fingerpicked: The backing for the verse on "Isolation Years", the bridge in "A Fair Judgement" (~3:30), and the acoustic part of "Harlequin Forest". "A Fair Judgement" also has a pretty rythmically complex clean solo, same goes for "Ghost of Perdition" and most more recent Opeth solos. One thing that might have explained this statement might have been, that Opeth's sound and focus has developed towards a more progressive soundscape, for example with the inclusion of synths in the acoustic parts, and a "thicker" guitar sound. The sound on Still Life was more dry, and this left more room for the individual note to be heard, which could have an impact on complexity-judgement. - Jacob Kjær 04:43, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Deliverance is nowhere near as technical as Still Life. 76.5.78.156 (talk) 00:02, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

I have studied Opeth for some time and, in my opinion, Still Life has more complex guitar instrumentations than other albums. For example the "Fair Judgement" bridge mentioned above is a complex riff but played only on one guitar and Watershed's complicated because of the keyboards etc, but the bridges on the Moor and Godhead's Lament and also some parts in Face of Melinda have up to 4 guitars playing simultaneously. So it's the most complicated album ONLY in that specific way. Best not to mention it at all (though we can mention the multiple clean guitars as a trademark of the album as they appear many times) 91.140.36.253 (talk) 20:49, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Incorrect placement
Don't think that goes there but I saved it here until we can decide where it goes.

During this track a significant lapse in volume can be heard from right to left ear (in traditional earphone sets). This is the technical difficulty Mikael Akerfeldt speeks of in Still Life diary/bio section on Opeth.com. Akerfeldt went on to say no one could figuere out how to prevent the problem (since it had been occuring multiple times) so they ended up just leaving it on the album.

--CircafuciX (talk) 07:48, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Main Character
The main character appears to actually be an albino. "Wearing my death-mask at birth" would imply that he was born with whatever would afflict him and cause his fate - one is not born with "atheism". Also, in a pre-science culture (or a strong religious one) being an albino might be considered an illness (of the devil?) - "labelled a Jonah, with fevered blood, ungodly freak, defiler".

He also refers in one track to "red-eyes prowl the scene", and it seems odd that as part of his initial exile there would be "damp mud, burning in my eyes" - eyes being a particularly obvious feature of being an albino that might be targetted by the ignorant. He also refers to himself as a "pale touch"...

194.75.171.33 (talk) 09:27, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Whether Mikael ever meant for that detail to be present is unclear (and improbable) and thus it should not be placed in an encyclopedia. Hajatvrc hajatvrc 02:26, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

"one is not born with atheism." Yes, you are. Unless you mean atheism as some sort of physical feature. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fedryktulu (talk • contribs) 16:00, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

Concept error- Melinda
The concept section on the page says that Melinda is a nun and is "married" to the church, neither of which are true. In the deluxe edition of the CD, Aferkeldt's notes say that Melinda is supposed to be unwillingly married to another man after her family arranges the marriage. Zaruyache (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:49, 28 August 2009 (UTC).

You are completely correct, and this should definitely be changed. Hajatvrc 06:00, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Mikael was talking about the story in its initial form. The line "a harlot of god upon the earth", clearly proves that he changed that. Melinda is a nun in the final version of the story. Fedryktulu (talk) 16:02, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

Another Concept Error
The main character is in not deformed or anything. The notes on the special edition from Akerfeldt read "Tha main character was a religious man who somewhere down the line started questioning his faith and eventually would lose it. He was to be banished from his village by "the council" and would only return years later for his then past love, Melinda..."

So, not only was he not derformed, but, obviously, he also lived the first years of his life normally before becoming an atheist and being banished. The lyrics about his deformity are propably metaphorical and reffering to the way his was viewed by others.

So I'm changing this, if anyone has a good source to back up the whole deformed thing then he should post it here for discussion. 79.107.5.110 (talk) 12:43, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

In the note on te special edition Akerfeldt was talking about the story in its initial stage. Fedryktulu (talk) 16:05, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

Genre
Not that I disagree with the genres added, which is irrelevant anyways, but from the last edit which refers to AllMusic's statement "Having taken their oppressive black metal symphonies to their furious zenith with their third effort, My Arms, Your Hearse, Sweden's Opeth began deconstructing their sound on 1999's brilliant Still Life. A logical next step in their evolution, the album finds the band re-examining their unlikely fusion of progressive rock and black metal to highlight the former while staying in touch with the latter.". So with that, I'm not sure where "progressive death metal" comes from in this review, while identifying both prog rock and black metal from "the album finds the band re-examining their unlikely fusion of progressive rock and black metal to highlight the former while staying in touch with the latter." is a relatively weak argument. I suggest trying to find better sources from this relatively popular group. Andrzejbanas (talk) 15:27, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Still Life (Opeth album)


text:
User talk:Rtl207

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:Rtl207


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User:Hpeikemo

User started contributing to Wikipedia on the 13th of August 2004. Mostly minor edits

Contact Information
Email: [mailto:hpeikemo@mac.com hpeikemo@mac.com]

title: User:Hpeikemo


text:
Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber

'Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber', 329 U.S. 459 (1947), is a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court was asked whether imposing capital punishment (the electric chair) a second time, after it failed in an attempt to execute Willie Francis in 1946, constituted a violation of the United States Constitution. The issues raised surrounded the double jeopardy clause of the 5th Amendment, and the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the 8th Amendment, as made applicable to the State of Louisiana via the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.

In an opinion by Justice Stanley Forman Reed, which three other justices (Chief Justice Vinson and Associate Justices Hugo Black and Robert H. Jackson) joined, and with which Justice Felix Frankfurter concurred, the Court held that re-executing Francis did not constitute double jeopardy or cruel and unusual punishment. Justice Reed wrote, "Our minds rebel against permitting the same sovereignty to punish an accused twice for the same offense. But where the accused successfully seeks review of a conviction, there is no double jeopardy upon a new trial. Even where a state obtains a new trial after conviction because of errors, while an accused may be placed on trial a second time, it is not the sort of hardship to the accused that is forbidden by the Fourteenth Amendment ... For we see no difference from a constitutional point of view between a new trial for error of law at the instance of the state that results in a death sentence instead of imprisonment for life and an execution that follows a failure of equipment. When an accident, with no suggestion of malevolence, prevents the consummation of a sentence, the state's subsequent course in the administration of its criminal law is not affected on that account by any requirement of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. We find no double jeopardy here which can be said to amount to a denial of federal due process in the proposed execution. (Citations omitted)."

Dissenting, however, Justice Harold Burton (joined by Justices William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, and Wiley Rutledge) argued, "How many deliberate and intentional reapplications of electric current does it take to produce a cruel, unusual and unconstitutional punishment? While five applications would be more cruel and unusual than one, the uniqueness of the present case demonstrates that, today, two separated applications are sufficiently 'cruel and unusual' to be prohibited. If five attempts would be 'cruel and unusual,' it would be difficult to draw the line between two, three, four and five. It is not difficult, however, as we here contend, to draw the line between the one continuous application prescribed by statute and any other application of the current. Lack of intent that the first application be less than fatal is not material. The intent of the executioner cannot lessen the torture or excuse the result."

Francis was successfully executed the following year.

title: Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber


text:
William Ordway Partridge

William Ordway Partridge (April 11, 1861 – May 22, 1930) was an American sculptor, teacher and author. Among his best-known works are the Shakespeare Monument in Chicago, the equestrian statue of General Grant in Brooklyn, the Pietà at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan, and the Pocahontas statue in Jamestown, Virginia.

Life and career
He was born in Paris, the younger son of George Sidney Partridge, Jr. and Helen Derby Catlin. His father was the Paris representative for the New York City department store A.T. Stewart. His mother was a cousin of the painter George Catlin. His brother, Sidney Catlin Partridge, became a bishop of the Episcopal Church.

Education
Partridge's family returned to New York City in 1868, and enrolled him in Cheshire Academy in Connecticut, followed by Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn. He entered Columbia University in autumn 1881, but had to withdraw because of poor health. He traveled to Europe in 1882, and studied in Florence in the studio of Fortunato Galli, where he became friends with the young Bernard Berenson. Although he never formally enrolled at the Ecole de Beaux-Arts, he audited classes there in autumn 1883, and studied briefly in the Paris studio of sculptor Antonin Mercié. He returned to New York City in Spring 1884, and enrolled in the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He appeared in a New York City production of David Copperfield, and moved to Boston, where he supported himself by giving dramatic readings of Shakespeare and the Romantic poets. He continued to sculpt, and received encouragement in this from his cousin, the sculptor John Rogers.

In 1887, he married Augusta Merriam, a wealthy widow from Milton, Massachusetts, who was 15 years older. They traveled to Europe that year, where he studied briefly in the Paris studio of painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau. There he formed a close friendship with the neo-Gothic architect Ralph Adams Cram. The couple moved to Rome, where he studied in the studio of Polish sculptor Pio Welonski. They returned to Milton, Massachusetts in 1889, where he established his own studio.

Sculptures

Partridge created two larger-than-life bronze statues of Alexander Hamilton, executed 15 years apart. The first was commissioned by the Hamilton Club of Brooklyn, installed in front of the club's headquarters in Brooklyn Heights, and dedicated on October 4, 1893. For months before and after that dedication, Partridge's full-size plaster model of Hamilton was on exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The bronze statue stood in Brooklyn until 1936, when it was relocated to The Grange, Hamilton's country house in northern Manhattan. The second Hamilton statue was commissioned by the Alumni Association of Columbia College [now University]. It was installed on campus in front of Hamilton Hall, and dedicated on May 27, 1908. Both Hamilton statues stand in northern Manhattan, less than 1.5 mi apart.

In 1890, Partridge won a national competition to create a statue of William Shakespeare for Chicago, Illinois. He returned to Paris, where he set up a studio to work on the project. He exhibited his full-size plaster model of Shakespeare at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, along with nine other works. His bronze Shakespeare was installed in Lincoln Park the following spring, and dedicated on April 23, 1894, the Bard's 330th birthday. Partridge wrote a sonnet for its dedication.

The Equestrian Statue of General Ulysses S. Grant (1895–1896) was Partridge's most colossal work. Commissioned by the Union League Club of Brooklyn, it was installed in the center of Bedford Avenue, in front of the Club's headquarters, and dedicated on April 27, 1896. The bronze horse and rider are approximately 12 ft in height, and stand upon a granite pedestal approximately 15 ft in height.

A bequest from Englishman James Smithson (c. 1765–1829) funded the creation of the Smithsonian Institution. Partridge was commissioned in 1896 to create a bronze memorial tablet commemorating that bequest for Smithson's gravesite in Genoa, Italy. He based his relief portrait of Smithson on an 1817 relief portrait taken from life by Pierre-Joseph Tiolier (formerly attributed to Antonio Canova). Partridge initially made two casts of the bronze tablet, one for the gravesite and the other for the nearby Protestant Chapel of the Holy Spirit. He made a third bronze cast in 1898 for Smithson's alma mater, Pembrook College, University of Oxford. The gravesite's bronze tablet was stolen, and the chapel's bronze tablet was used as a model for a marble copy, that was installed at the gravesite in 1900. Upon learning that the Genoa cemetery was to be destroyed for the expansion of an adjacent quarry, Alexander Graham Bell, a member of the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, proposed that Smithson's remains be brought to the United States. In 1904, Smithson's remains and grave monument were relocated to the Crypt of the Smithsonian's Castle Building in Washington, D.C. The 1900 marble copy of Partridge's tablet was part of that move. The Chapel of the Holy Spirit was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II. A marble copy of Partridge's tablet was carved in 1963, and stands today at the site of the chapel.

Partridge's most famous religious work is the larger-than-life Pietà he created for St. Patrick's Cathedral, Manhattan. The dead Christ is collapsed before a seated Mary, who cradles his face with her hand. Critic Robert Burns Wilson wrote a sensitive appreciation of the work. Carved from white Carrara marble, Pietà is located in the Ambulatory behind the High Altar.

The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities commissioned Partridge to create a larger-than-life bronze statue of Pocahontas, the Native American princess, for the 1907 Jamestown Exposition in Norfolk, Virginia. The exposition commemorated the 300th anniversary of the founding of the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. Pocahontus stood in front of the Administration Building for the exposition, and APVA later loaned the statue to the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. APVA donated the statue to Jamestown, where it was re-dedicated on June 3, 1922. Queen Elizabeth II visited Jamestown in 1957 for the 350th anniversary, and was charmed by the statue. Her reaction inspired a posthumous replica to be cast, which was presented by the Governor of Virginia as a gift to the British people. Dedicated on October 5, 1958, the bronze replica was installed outside St. George's, Gravesend, the English church in which Pocahontas had been interred in 1617.

Teacher
Partridge lectured at the National Social Science Association, the Concord School of Philosophy, and the Brooklyn Institute. From 1897 to 1903, he lectured at what is now George Washington University, in Washington, D.C., and went on to lecture at Stanford University in California.

He wrote a manual on sculpting: Technique of Sculpture (1895).

Partridge's studio was at 15 West 38th Street, Manhattan. Lee Lawrie was among his studio assistants.

Personal
Partridge and Augusta Merriam had a daughter together, also named Augusta (d. 1916). The couple divorced in 1904.

On June 14, 1905 he married the poet Margaret Ridgely Schott. They had a daughter together, also named Margaret.

Partridge died in Manhattan, New York City, on May 22, 1930.

Major commissions

 * Bust of Charles H. Hackley (1890). Muskegon Museum of Art, Muskegon, Michigan.
 * Alexander Hamilton (1892), Hamilton Grange, Manhattan, New York City. Commissioned by the Hamilton Club of Brooklyn, the plaster of this was exhibited at Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, and the bronze stood in front of the Club's Brooklyn Heights building from 1893 to 1936. It was then relocated to the grounds of The Grange, Hamilton's country house in Manhattan.
 * William Shakespeare Monument (1893), Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois
 * Equestrian statue of General Ulysses S. Grant (bronze, 1896), Grant Square, Bedford Avenue & Dean Street, Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York City. Commissioned by the Union Club of Brooklyn, and unveiled April 27, 1896.
 * John Reece Monument (bronze, 1896), Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston, Massachusetts
 * Adin Ballou Memorial (bronze, 1900), Hopewell, Massachusetts
 * Christalan (marble, 1900), Spencer Trask Memorial, Yaddo, Saratoga Springs, New York. "Christalan" was the tile character of Katrina Trask's epic poem about a teenage boy apprenticed to a knight. The author and her husband commissioned the sculpture as a memorial to their four children, who all died young.
 * Jordan Font (marble, c. 1904), Baptistery, National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.
 * Pietà (white marble, 1905), Ambulatory, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Manhattan, New York City.
 * Pocahontas (bronze, c. 1906), Jamestown, Virginia
 * A posthumous 1958 cast of Pocahontas stands near her gravesite at St. George's Church, Gravesend, England.
 * Nathan Hale (bronze, 1907), Nathan Hale Park, Summit & Portland Avenues, St. Paul, Minnesota
 * The commission for a Nathan Hale statue at Yale University went to sculptor Bela Pratt.
 * Alexander Hamilton (bronze, 1908), Hamilton Hall, Columbia University, Manhattan, New York City
 * Joseph Pulitzer Memorial (1913). Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, New York City
 * Thomas Jefferson (bronze, 1914), Pulitzer Hall, Columbia University, Manhattan, New York City
 * Partridge's plaster model (1901) is at the New York Historical Society, Manhattan.
 * Partridge's plaster maquette (c. 1914) is at the Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester.
 * Horace Greeley Memorial (bronze, 1914), Sawmill Parkway, Chappaqua, New York
 * Memory (marble, 1914), Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. The sculpture's base features a bas relief bust of James G. Avrell, in whose memory the art gallery was founded.
 * Samuel H. Kauffman Memorial (marble & bronze, c. 1921), Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C. A bronze figure seated on a granite exedra, with 7 bronze bas-relief panels depicting Shakespeare's Seven Ages of Man.
 * Samuel J. Tilden (bronze, 1926), Riverside Drive at 112th Street, Manhattan, New York City
 * Paris Gibson (bronze, c. 1928), Gibson Park, Great Falls, Montana
 * Lion Gardiner (bronze, 1930), Fort Saybrook Monument Park, Old Saybrook, Connecticut. Inscription: "In Memory of Lion Gardiner, Builder and Commander of Saybrook Fort, 1635 — 1639." This sculpture was Partridge's last major work.

Portrait busts

 * Nearing Home (plaster, 1887), original unlocated. This bust of a 101-year-old woman was Partridge's first popular success.
 * Nearing Home (marble, 1892), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C. Exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
 * Bust of Benjamin Franklin (bronze, c. 1891), The Franklin Trust Company, Brooklyn, New York City
 * Bust of Reverend Edward Everett Hale (bronze, 1891), Union League Club of Chicago, Illinois Exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
 * Replicas at Brooklyn Museum, Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.), and elsewhere.
 * Madonna in Her Maturity (marble, 1892), Dayton Arts Institute, Dayton, Ohio. Exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
 * A marble replica is at Brooklyn Museum
 * Bust of William Wood (bronze, 1895), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Head of Peace (marble, c. 1898), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City
 * Bust of Alfred, Lord Tennyson (bronze, by 1899), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
 * Bust of Percy Bysshe Shelly (plaster, 1899), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
 * Bust of Admiral Robert E. Peary (bronze, c. 1899), Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine
 * Bust of George Washington (bronze, c. 1900), Metropolitan Republican Club, Manhattan, New York City
 * A bronze replica is at Sulgrave Manor, Oxfordshire, England, the Washington Family's ancestral home.
 * Bust of Captain William Clark (bronze, 1903-1904), William Clark Memorial, Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri
 * Bust of William Colford Schermerhorn (bronze, 1904), Schermerhorn Hall, Columbia University, Manhattan, New York City
 * Bust of Sarah Baker Hester (marble, 1905), Brooklyn Museum, New York City
 * Bust of Abraham Lincoln (bronze, 1906), Lincoln Club of New York City
 * Bust of Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell (marble, 1910), College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Bronze replicas at Yale University School of Medicine, and Bar Harbor Historical Society, Bar Harbor, Maine.
 * Bust of Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary (bronze, 1912), Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine
 * Bust of Chief-Justice Melville W. Fuller (marble, 1914), United States Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C.
 * A bronze replica is in Fuller Park, Chicago, Illinois.
 * Bust of John Howard Van Amringe (bronze, 1917-1918), Van Amringe Memorial, Columbia University, Manhattan, New York City
 * Bust of Theodore Roosevelt (bronze, 1919), Metropolitan Republican Club, Manhattan, New York City

Bas reliefs

 * Midsummer Night's Dream (marble, 1892), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C. Exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
 * Head of Garrick Mallery (bronze, 1898), Mallery Monument, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia
 * James Smithson Memorial Tablet (bronze, 1896), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Created for Smithson's gravesite in Genoa, Italy, the bronze original was stolen, and replaced in 1900 with a marble copy.
 * An 1896 bronze replica was given to the Chapel of the Holy Spirit, Genoa, Italy. This was destroyed during World War II, and replaced in 1963 with a marble copy.
 * An 1898 bronze replica was given Smithson's alma mater, Pembroke College, University of Oxford, England.
 * 8 panels from the life of Christ (marble, 1902-1904), Jordan Font, National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.
 * Elias Boudinot Memorial Tablet (bronze, 1903), Nassau Hall, Princeton University, New Jersey
 * The Last Supper (marble, 1907), Church of the Epiphany (over altar), Washington, D.C.
 * Head of Abraham Lincoln (bronze, 1909), Lincoln Memorial, Nay Org Park, Scranton, Pennsylvania
 * 24 "Hours of the Day" panels (bronze, 1914), Class of 1885 Sundial, College Walk, Columbia University, Manhattan, New York City. The sundial was designed by Charles Follen McKim, of McKim, Mead & White, and featured a 16-ton green granite sphere that cast a shadow on a circular dial. The sphere cracked and was removed in the 1940s. Only the dial's base, encircled by Partridge's decorative panels, survives.
 * Mother and Children (bronze, 1915), Charles T. How Memorial, Woodbury Park, Bar Harbor, Maine
 * Anne's Tablet (bronze, 1916), Constance Fenimore Woolson Memorial, Mackinac Island State Park, Mackinac Island, Michigan

Other works

 * Temporary sculpture: Admiral David Farragut (staff, 1899; demolished 1900), attic figure of Dewey Arch, Madison Square, Manhattan, New York City
 * Group: Homer Reciting the Iliad (bronze, 1900), Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois Width: 43.25 in
 * Statuette: General Grant as President (bronze, 1900), Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minnesota Height: 21 in
 * Architectural sculpture: Entrance Portal (marble, 1904), Henry W. Poor House, Tuxedo, New York, T. Henry Randall, architect

Writings
Partridge's published writings include articles on aesthetics, books on art history, and a manual on sculpting. He published two volumes of poetry, and three verse novels:
 * Poetry:
 * The Song-Life of a Sculptor (1894)
 * Sonnets and Lyrics (1902)
 * Fiction:
 * The Angel of Clay (1900)
 *  Nathan Hale: The Ideal Patriot (1902)
 * The Czar's Gift (1906)
 * Non-Fiction:
 * Art for America (1894)
 * Technique of Sculpture (1895)
 * The Works in Sculpture of William Ordway Partridge (1914)
 * Articles and lectures:
 * "Goethe as a Playwright," in F. B. Sanborn, ed., The Life and Genius of Goethe (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1886)
 * "The True Education and the False," The Arena (magazine), vol. 9, no. 50 (January, 1894), Boston, MA
 * "Thomas Ball," The New England Magazine, vol. 12, no. 3 (May 1895)
 * "John Rogers, The People's Sculptor," The New England Magazine, vol. 13, no. 6 (February 1896)
 * "The Relation of Art to Religion," The Arena (magazine), vol. 17, no. 85 (December 1896), Boston, MA
 * "Sculpture in Its Relation to Architecture," lecture given at the 33rd Annual Convention, American Institute of Architects, Philadelphia, November 1900
 * "Greek versus Modern Sculpture," Brush and Pencil (magazine), vol. 16, November 1905,

Affiliations

 * Architectural League of New York
 * National Sculpture Society
 * Sons of the American Revolution
 * Veteran Corps of Artillery, State of New York
 * American Institute of Architects (honorary)
 * Royal Society of Arts, London
 * He was also a member of the literary and artistic Lotos Club, New York

title: William Ordway Partridge


text:
Healfdene

Halfdan (Halfdan, Healfdene, Medieval : "half Dane") was a late 5th and early 6th century legendary Danish king of the Scylding (Skjöldung) lineage, the son of king named Fróði in many accounts, noted mainly as the father to the two kings who succeeded him in the rule of Denmark, kings named Hroðgar and Halga in the Old English poem Beowulf and named Hróar and Helgi in Old Norse accounts.

Various accounts
According to the Chronicon Lethrense and Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum (Book 2), Halfdan had two brothers named Ro and Skat who also sought the throne. Both were killed by Halfdan. Saxo adds that his brothers' supporters were hanged and that Halfdan continued to reign with great cruelty, but that he reigned long and died peaceably in extreme old age.

The Ynglinga saga gives Halfdan (in this work also son of a king named Fróði) a brother named Fridleif and says both were great warriors but that Halfdan was the better of the two. This might have been a lead-in to a feud between the brothers if Snorri had been dealing with Danish matters rather than Swedish matters.

Snorri here only tells us that Halfdan attacked King Aun of Sweden and drove him into exile into Götaland. Halfdan then ruled Sweden for twenty years until he died in Uppsala of sickness and was buried in a mound.

According to Ynglinga saga, a Danish king named Fróði the Bold aided Aun's successor Egil against the rebelling thrall Tunni. This may be Froda the Heathobard of Beowulf who becomes Fróði the slayer of Halfdan in other Norse traditions which do not make his end peaceful.

In the Saga of Hrolf Kraki, this Fróði is Halfdan's younger brother but in the Latin epitome to the Skjöldunga saga the younger brother, here a half-brother, is named Ingjalldus and this Ingjalldus is later father of a son named Frothi. Since in Beowulf Froda is father of a son named Ingeld, it is usually considered that the names have accidentally been interchanged in the tradition behind the Skjöldunga saga. In the Saga of Hrolf Kraki, Fróði brother of Halfdan is ruler of a separate kingdom. Halfdan was calm and good-natured but Fróði was cruel and vicious. Fróði attacked Halfdan's hall by night and burned it. Halfdan was killed in the battle and Fróði took over his country and his widow.

But eventually Halfdan's sons in turn killed Fróði to avenge their father's death. Thus the tradition in Beowulf of a feud between the Danes and Heathobards in which Fróda king of the Heathobards was slain appears in Norse texts as a family feud in which Halfdan's brother Fróði kills Halfdan and Halfdan's sons kill Fróði.

Children of Halfdan
The poem Beowulf mentions Healfdene as follows:

There is obviously something wrong with line 62. A name of a daughter has dropped out, a daughter who was the wife of someone whose name ends in -ela and who was a Heatho-Scylfing, a battle-Scylfing. It is likely enough that at some time in copying the poem a scribe was unable to make out the exact spelling of these names and so left the text blank at that point to be fixed up later. It was never fixed up and so the names were lost in later copies.

Surviving Scandinavian texts know nothing about Heorogar though they speak much of the other two sons. Two sources also mention Halfdan's daughter. According to the Latin epitome of the Skjöldung saga, the sons of Halfdanus are called Roas and Helgo and their sister Sigyna is married to a certain Sevillus. In Hrólf Kraki's Saga, Halfdan's eldest child is his daughter Signy who is married to a certain Jarl Sævil. Then Hróar and Helgi are born.

Friedrich Kluge (1896) accordingly suggested that the line be restored as hyrde ic þ Sigeneow wæs Sæwelan cwen, rendering the Norse names in Old English forms. But Kluge has been seldom followed by editors or translators, in part because Sævil in Hrólf Kraki's Saga is in no way connected with Sweden so far as is told. Since the only certain Swedish (Scylfing) royal name ending in -ela that has come down to us is Onela, more often -ela is expanded instead to Onela. By Old English poetic rules of alliteration the name of the daughter must also begin with a vowel. The choice is usually the name Yrs or Yrse, since Scandinavian tradition speaks much of Yrsa the granddaughter of Halfdan and wife of King Adils of Sweden. This assumes great shifting of names and roles, since Adils is the Eadgils of Beowulf, the enemy of Onela. Onela appears in Norse texts as Áli. Accordingly, many editors and translators prefer to simply note that the line is corrupt. But modern commentary sometimes refers to the marriage of Onela and Yrsa without indicating that this exists only through somewhat dubious conjectural emendation.

If the tradition of Halfdan/Healfdene being slain by Fróði/Froda is an old one, it might be that the Beowulf poet knew that tale and that Heorogar (Healfdene's eldest son in Beowulf) was imagined Heorogar to have died with Halfdan. Unfortunately the Beowulf poet skims over all such matters.

Other traditions of Harold, Fróði and Halfdan
A similar story is told in the Gesta Danorum (Book 7) of two brother kings named Harold and Fróði in which the envious Fróði has his brother Harold killed by treachery. Harold leaves two sons behind named Harald and Halfdan, and the story of their vengeance on their uncle Fróði for killing their father Harald is almost identical to that found in Norse texts about Hróar and Helgi's vengeance on their uncle Fróði for killing their father Halfdan.

The Chronicon Lethrense indeed says that some call Halfdan's son Ro (that is Róar/Hrothgar) Halfdan instead.

As to this second Halfdan, Saxo has much to say about him, including his slaying of Siward king of Sweden and his battles against Erik son of his uncle Fróði by Signe, this Erik now the rightful king of Sweden. After many battles Halfdan gained the upper hand, Erik was bound with chains and left in a wild place for beasts to consume, and Halfdan became king of both Denmark and Sweden. Saxo relates further warlike exploits. Finally, this Halfdan died childless and left his kingdom to his friend King Ungvin of Götaland (see Geatish kings).

It is likely that more than one Halfdan has been confused with one another and with other kings, not to speak of simple invention by story tellers.

title: Healfdene


text:
Ernst Raupach

Ernst Benjamin Salomo Raupach (21 May 1784 – 18 March 1852) was a German dramatist.

Biography
He was born at Straupitz (Strupice), near Liegnitz in Silesia, a son of the village pastor. He attended the gymnasium at Liegnitz, and studied theology at the university of Halle. In 1804 he obtained a tutorship in St Petersburg. He preached at times in the German Lutheran church, wrote his first tragedies, and in 1817 was appointed professor of German literature and history at a training college in connection with the university.

Owing to an outburst of jealousy against Germans in Russia, culminating in police supervision, Raupach left St Petersburg in 1822 and undertook a journey to Italy. The literary fruits of his travels were Hirsemeuzels Briefe aus und über Italien (Hirsemeuzel's Letters from and about Italy, 1823). He next visited Weimar, but, being coldly received by Goethe, abandoned his idea of living there and settled in 1824 in Berlin. Here he spent the remainder of his life, writing for the stage, which for twenty years he greatly influenced, if not wholly controlled, in the Prussian capital. He died in Berlin on 18 March 1852.

Works
Raupach wrote both tragedies and comedies; of the former, Die Fürsten Chawansky (1818), Der Liebe Zauberkreis (1824), Die Leibeigenen, oder Isidor und Olga (1826), Rafaele (1828), Der Nibelungenhort (1834) and Die Schule des Lebens (1841), and of the latter Die Schleichhändler (1828) and Der Zeitgeist (1830) are pieces which enjoyed great popularity.

The historical dramas with which his name is chiefly associated are Die Hohenstaufen (1837–38), a cyclus of 15 dramatic pieces founded on Friedrich von Raumer's Geschichte der Hohenstaufen, and the trilogy Cromwell (1841–44).

Raupach's "Laßt die Todten ruhen" (1823) published in Minerva magazine, was an early prose vampire story, which was soon translated into English as "Wake not the Dead" in Popular Tales and Romances of the Northern Nations (1823). It was incorrectly attributed to Ludwig Tieck in the English speaking world for many years, despite German scholars consistently identifying Raupach as the author.

Also noteworthy among his early pieces are: Die Gefesselten (1821) and Die Freunde (1825). Among his comedies may also be mentioned the farces Denk' an Cäsar and Schelle im Monde. Among his posthumous works are: Der Kegelspieler (1853); Mulier Taceat in Ecclesia, a tragi-comedy (1853); and Saat und Frucht (1854). The drama Der Müller und sein Kind was still on the stage in the early 20th century.

Raupach wrote in all about eighty plays, besides letters and poems. His collected dramas appeared under the title Dramatische Werke ernster Gattung (16 vols., 1830–43) and Dramatische Werke komischer Gattung (4 vols., 1829–35).

Evaluation
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition attributed the popularity of his comedies and tragedies to their skillful dramatic handling, but thought the historical dramas cited superficial in treatment. The article conceded a great knowledge of theatrical effect and situations to Raupach, but complained that he contorted historical facts in order to foster support for the separation of church and state.

The 1905 New International Encyclopedia thought his writings display great knowledge of stage effect, a talent for the invention of new and interesting situations, and a fine play of verbal wit.

title: Ernst Raupach


text:
Carlos Finlay

Carlos Juan Finlay (December 3, 1833 – August 20, 1915) was a Cuban epidemiologist recognized as a pioneer in the research of yellow fever, determining that it was transmitted through mosquitoes Aedes aegypti.

Early life and education
Finlay was born Juan Carlos Finlay y de Barrés in Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), Cuba to Scottish-born Dr. Edward (Eduardo) Finlay and French-born Elisa (Isabel) de Barrés.

At that time Cuba was part of the Kingdom of Spain. He reversed the order of his given names to "Carlos Juan" later in his life. His father was a physician who had fought alongside Simón Bolívar, and his family owned a coffee plantation in Alquízar. He attended school in France in 1844, but was forced to return to Cuba after two years because he contracted chorea.

After recovering, he returned to Europe in 1848, but became stuck in England for another two years due to political turmoil, and after arriving in France to continue his education, he contracted typhoid fever and again returned to Cuba.

Because the University of Havana would not recognize his European academic credits, he enrolled at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which did not require prerequisites. Here Finlay met John Kearsley Mitchell, a proponent of the germ theory of disease, and his son Silas Weir Mitchell, who supervised his studies. He graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1855.

He then returned to Havana and set up an ophthalmology practice in 1857, and then studied in Paris in 1860–61. In October 1865 he married Adela Shine, a native of the Island of Trinidad. They had three sons, Charles, George and Frank Finlay.

Professional career
Finlay's work, carried out during the 1870s, finally came to prominence in 1900. He was the first to theorize, in 1881, that a mosquito was a carrier, now known as a disease vector, of the organism causing yellow fever: a mosquito that bites a victim of the disease could subsequently bite and thereby infect a healthy person. He presented this theory at the 1881 International Sanitary Conference, where it was well received. A year later Finlay identified a mosquito of the genus Aedes as the organism transmitting yellow fever. His theory was followed by the recommendation to control the mosquito population as a way to control the spread of the disease.

His hypothesis and exhaustive proofs were confirmed nearly twenty years later by the Walter Reed Commission of 1900. Finlay went on to become the chief health officer of Cuba from 1902 to 1909. Although Reed received much of the credit in history books for "beating" yellow fever, Reed himself credited Finlay with the discovery of the yellow fever vector, and thus how it might be controlled. Reed often cited Finlay's papers in his own articles and gave him credit for the discovery in his personal correspondence. In the words of General Leonard Wood, a physician and U.S. military governor of Cuba in 1900: "The confirmation of Dr. Finlay's doctrine is the greatest step forward made in medical science since Jenner's discovery of the vaccination [for smallpox]."

This discovery helped William C. Gorgas reduce the incidence and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases in Panama during the American campaign, from 1903 onwards, to construct the Panama Canal. Prior to this, about 10% of the workforce had died each year from malaria and yellow fever.

Finlay was a member of Havana's Royal Academy of Medical, Physical and Natural Sciences. He was fluent in French, German, Spanish, and English and could read Latin. His interests were widespread and he wrote articles on subjects as varied as leprosy, cholera, gravity, and plant diseases. His main interest, however, was yellow fever, and he was the author of 40 articles on this disease. His theory that an intermediary host was responsible for the spread of the disease was treated with ridicule for years. A humane man, he often took on patients who could not afford medical care. As a result of his work, Finlay was nominated seven times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, although he was never awarded the prize. He received the National Order of the Legion of Honour of France in 1908.

Finlay died from a stroke, caused by severe brain seizures, at his house in Havana on August 20, 1915.

Legacy
In 1928, President Gerardo Machado established the National Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, rewarding contributions to healthcare and medicine. It is the highest scientific decoration awarded by the Cuban Council of State. The order was discontinued between 1959 and 1981.

On Cuba Street in downtown Old Havana, the Revolutionary Government in 1962 founded a medical history museum in honor of Carlos J. Finlay. On the wall of the Finlay Medical History Museum in Havana, the inscription states, "History Museum of the Medical Sciences ' Carlos J. Finlay', created by the Revolutionary Government in eternal homage to the men who contributed to the advance of the sciences in Cuba. National Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Cuba. Havana, 13 June 1962."

In the municipality of Marianao, now within the city of Havana, there is a monument in the shape of a syringe, honoring Finlay and usually referred to as El Obelisco (The Obelisk). Finlay was also commemorated on a 1981 Cuban stamp. A statue commemorating Finlay is located on the bayfront in Panama City, near the canal he helped make possible.

The UNESCO Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology is named in his honor.

Finlay was honoured with a Google Doodle on December 3, 2013, on the 180th anniversary of his birth. Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital is named after him. The Finlay Institute for Vaccines (Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, in Spanish), created in 1991, is named after him, as is the exoplanet BD−17 63 b in Cetus. Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Elementary School on the campus of Florida International University, in Westchester, Florida (formerly in the University Park census-designated place).

title: Carlos Finlay


text:
It's in the Bag

It's in the Bag can refer to:

 * It's in the Bag, a pricing game on The Price Is Right
 * It's in the Bag (game show), a long-running New Zealand game show
 * L'affaire est dans le sac (English: It's in the Bag), a 1932 French film
 * It's in the Bag (1936 film), a British film
 * It's in the Bag (1944 film), a British film
 * It's in the Bag! (1945 film), a 1945 American film starring Fred Allen

title: It's in the Bag


text:
Ale the Strong

Ale the Strong (Heimskringla) or Ole (English: Ola), in Scandinavian legend, belonged to the House of Skjöldung (Scylding), and he was the son of king Friðfróði of Denmark and a cousin of Helgi's (and consequently of the Hrothgar of Beowulf). He fought several battles against king Aun of Uppsala, and he ruled in Uppsala for 25 years until he was killed by Starkad the old.

According to Starbäck and Bäckström, Saxo Grammaticus tells a related story in Gesta Danorum.

Starkad was accepted with honour in the warband of the Norwegian hero Ole (Olo). However, when Ole had succeeded in conquering Zealand, Starkad was convinced to join Lennius/Lenus/Lennus scheme to attack and kill Ole. However, Ole was hard to kill as his gaze scared everyone. It was not until Starkad managed to cover Ole's face that he could kill him. Starkad was rewarded with 120 pounds in gold, but regretted his crime, and avenged Ole's death by killing Lennius.

title: Ale the Strong


text:
Talk:Salton Sea

Game stuff
To the various ips, your favorite video game may contain references to a sea resembling this one, but that is irrelevant here. The info about that fictional sea belongs on the game page - not here. Vsmith (talk) 13:36, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

Is this not pop culture? I'm just trying to show that there is a rendition of the Salton Sea in the video game and that the Salton Sea continues to make marks in pop culture. (121.214.63.232 (talk) 09:36, 11 October 2013 (UTC))
 * If you examine the other items in the list, you will note they are about the sea or some aspect of it. That the video game makers modeled a fictional place after the sea is rather not about the sea nor relevant to this article. It would be relevant to discuss that fictional place in the article about the game. Don't rightly know what "making marks in pop culture" means. Vsmith (talk) 13:18, 11 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I understand now that it has to be about the Salton Sea or an aspect about it and not about something being modeled after it. Though, I still don't know why it was called sock puppetry. I also don't understand how any of the documentaries and in particular the mentioning of an article in the Los Angeles Times have any relation to popular culture. According to the Oxford Dictionary, popular culture means 'culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite'.  (121.219.57.235 (talk) 23:25, 11 October 2013 (UTC))
 * Perhaps the section should be retitled to Media appearances or something akin to that. Although the History Channel and others there are aimed at "ordinary people". About the sock puppetry -- when one user edits with different "accounts" ... however, as you appear to be editing with a dynamic service you ip changes often, making it appear problematic. Probably shouldn't have used that ... apologies. Vsmith (talk) 01:14, 12 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Aplogy accepted, the name doesn't need to be changed after all, the History Channel and others are aimed at ordinary people. I'm sorry for writing in such an angry tone on your talk page. (121.219.165.146 (talk) 02:55, 12 October 2013 (UTC))

Perhaps it should be added to the popular culture section that there is a representation of the Salton Sea in GTA V. It is called the Alamo sea, and the beginning of the Trevor Phillips missions take place at this location. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.108.62.194 (talk) 19:20, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * If you can provide a WP:reliable source indicating the game is relevant to the sea, perhaps so. Meanwhile, it seems that you should focus on explaining the connection in the game article where there may be relevance. Have you read the above comments? Vsmith (talk) 20:40, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The above comments have nothing with what 68.108.62.194 is asking. This link http://voices.mydesert.com/2013/09/17/gta-v-palm-springs-pala-springs-alamo-sea/ mentions the Salton Sea and how Rockstar Games parodied the sea and named it Alamo Sea. (143.238.228.185 (talk) 07:43, 17 October 2013 (UTC))

Size
The surface area has been estimated as 362 sq mi per USBR and 376 sq mi per Salton Sea Authority. I understand that 15 mi x 35 mi = 525 sq mi, but it would only work if the lake were rectangular, with no peninsulas or marinas. In reality, the Salton Sea's shoreline has very complicated contours. Small yet numerous peninsulas and artificial elements (such as marinas) probably reduce the surface area of the lake significantly. Moreover, the "525 sq mi" figure only seems to be used by blogs, Facebook, Flickr and other social media... and I suspect they got it from Wikipedia. In short, we have reliable sources for 362 and 376, but not for 525. We certainly shouldn't post our own calculations (read "original research") here no matter how accurate it may seem. This is the logic behind this edit. You're welcome to revert it if you can support "525 sq mi" with a more reliable reference. Nandaro (talk) 23:31, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Text and ref added for surface area 2023 = 318 sq mi (lake continues to shrink). David notMD (talk) 12:48, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

In popular culture
The Salton Sea also features in Jon Krakauer's "Into The Wild". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.162.26.178 (talk) 13:42, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Question on the Colorado River
Is there a reliable source for the statement that the Colorado river (sic) has flowed into the area for "millions" of years?THX1136 (talk) 15:55, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

Add film 'Little Birds' (2011) to "In Popular Culture" section
The film 'Little Birds' premiered at Sundance in 2011. It was set and filmed at the Salton Sea. It has both a Wikipedia page and an IMDb page. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Birds_(film) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1623745/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:6000:1701:8007:7D99:AAFE:E046:C0 (talk) 04:13, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

Where Does the Salt Come From?
The source of the salt should be in the lede, as it's one of the 1st questions the interested reader is going to have. Too much technical detail in the lede, and not enough basic information.2605:6000:6961:5E00:FDB8:2191:6665:8F31 (talk) 02:34, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

 * It's a sea with no standard in-flow of freshwater. I'm not sure clearly how it should be edited, but certainly a lot of the interested readers will know that causes salinity without Wikipedia saying anything.--Prosfilaes (talk) 09:33, 5 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Why this happens is described in the article Endorheic basin, which is linked from the lead. Britmax (talk) 12:25, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

Air Pollution and other toxicities
Hello! I am new to Wikipedia and trying to improve this article as part of a class project. I was wondering where I could add recent research about air pollution (see this April 2020 research article). Tim-timata (talk) 21:15, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The article could definitely use some information on air pollution; I am surprised there is so little, given the importance of the issue. There is not an obvious spot so I can see why you asked. I did not read the technical article you mention but the scientific aspect will improve the article. I see that smell is mentioned in the History subsection Subsequent evolution. Dust is mentioned several times near the end of the subsection State restoration plan. You might expand these sections if they are relevant to the article. You might add a paragraph somewhere if it seems to fit in. My recommendation is to be constantly rereading the entire article as you edit. You may be surprised where something fits in that you hadn't thought of yet. You don't have to edit all at once. Keep saving and then don't be afraid to completely change what you just added! You may also see existing content that you edit given the information in the new reference. Cheers, have fun. Fettlemap (talk) 22:30, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Mitigation plans
I did a minor update on the mitigation plans (latest info was from 2018). The California National Resources Agency has released a new annual report in 2020. Tim-timata (talk) 21:15, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * , Nice job. Fettlemap (talk) 22:51, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * , I like the way you organized the sections. Flows much better.
 * , I'm not sure what the extent of your school project is, but if your intent is to significantly improve this article, one area that could use improvement is the introductory section, also called the lead. It is a bit long, and isn't focused. You can find more information regarding how write a good lead here: Manual of Style/Lead section.

If that is outside of what you feel comfortable doing, I can take a crack at it. OvertAnalyzer (talk) 23:17, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Another area that needs work is the Geology section. I believe the first sentence is inaccurate, but is definitely not sourced. It is my understanding the San Andreas Fault ends at the Salton Sea, where the Brawley Seismic Zone starts. I don't believe the San Jacinto Fault reaches the Salton Sea. In order to make the necessary changes, you will need appropriate sources (see Reliable sources).
 * yes, I didn't mention the lead. Drive by editors often add good stuff to the lead without integrating it into the article. The current lead does not summarize the article. Cheers, Fettlemap (talk) 00:33, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Good source
https://www.hcn.org/issues/53.1/south-water-will-california-finally-fulfill-its-promise-to-fix-the-salton-sea? -- John Broughton (♫♫) 22:15, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

Additional TV show about the sea
There was a show called Abandoned on the Vice Channel that profiled the Salton Sea communities and the handful of folk who still lived there. It was where I learned of the Sea. 2600:1700:C2C0:8300:24C0:514C:DBDA:EE76 (talk) 18:15, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

History of the Salton Sea
It seems to me that this article should be broken up into two (or more) articles. If I were doing it myself, I would create two articles: I doubt that I'm going to get around to this, so if someone else does it, that would be wonderful. I'm curious: what do others think of this proposal? -- RobLa (talk) 05:41, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) . History of the Salton Sea - take the history section of the "Salton Sea" article (Salton Sea), and create an article with part of the current summary becoming the summary of the article.
 * 2) . Salton Sea - after moving Salton Sea to a new article, use summary style (WP:SS) on the Salton Sea section by pulling in parts of the lede section down.

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by Chessfunblast (talk) 09:23, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

Atmospheric Rivers
Have the massive 2023/2024 Torential Rains had an effect on the Salton Sea water/saline Height Levels? 2601:5C6:C201:3D90:79D9:FC64:C6:ECF9 (talk) 14:50, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The lake would dry up naturally, but farmers using flood irrigation provide the main source of water. Storms have minimal impact. 〜 Adflatuss  •  talk  20:29, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Salton Sea


text:
Basking shark

The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is the second-largest living shark and fish, after the whale shark. It is one of three plankton-eating shark species, along with the whale shark and megamouth shark. Typically, basking sharks reach 7.9 m in length. It is usually greyish-brown, with mottled skin, with the inside of the mouth being white in colour. The caudal fin has a strong lateral keel and a crescent shape. Other common names include bone shark, elephant shark, sailfish, and sunfish. In Orkney, it is called hoe-mother (contracted homer), meaning "the mother of the picked dogfish".

The basking shark is a cosmopolitan migratory species found in all the world's temperate oceans. A slow-moving filter feeder, its common name derives from its habit of feeding at the surface, appearing to be basking in the warmer water there. It has anatomical adaptations for filter-feeding, such as a greatly enlarged mouth and highly developed gill rakers. Its snout is conical, and the gill slits extend around the top and bottom of its head. The gill rakers, dark and bristle-like, are used to catch plankton as water filters through the mouth and over the gills. The teeth are numerous and very small and often number 100 per row. The teeth have a single conical cusp, are curved backwards and are the same on both the upper and lower jaws. This species has the smallest weight-for-weight brain size of any shark, reflecting its relatively passive lifestyle.

Basking sharks have been shown from satellite tracking to overwinter in both continental shelf (less than 200 m) and deeper waters. They may be found in either small shoals or alone. Despite their large size and threatening appearance, basking sharks are not aggressive and are harmless to humans.

The basking shark has long been a commercially important fish as a source of food, shark fin, animal feed, and shark liver oil. Overexploitation has reduced its populations to the point where some have disappeared and others need protection.

Taxonomy
The basking shark is the only extant member of the family Cetorhinidae, part of the mackerel shark order Lamniformes. Johan Ernst Gunnerus first described the species as Cetorhinus maximus, from a specimen found in Norway, naming it. The genus name Cetorhinus comes from the Greek ketos, meaning "marine monster" or "whale", and rhinos, meaning "nose". The species name maximum is from Latin and means "greatest". Following its initial description, more attempts at naming included: Squalus isodus, in 1819 by Italian zoologist Saverio Macri (1754–1848); Squalus elephas, by Charles Alexandre Lesueur in 1822; Squalus rashleighanus, by Jonathan Couch in 1838; Squalus cetaceus, by Laurens Theodorus Gronovius in 1854; Cetorhinus blainvillei by the Portuguese biologist Felix Antonio de Brito Capello (1828–1879) in 1869; Selachus pennantii, by Charles John Cornish in 1885; Cetorhinus maximus infanuncula, by Dutch zoologists Antonius Boudewijn Deinse (1885–1965) and Marcus Jan Adriani (1929–1995) in 1953; and Cetorhinus maximus normani, by Siccardi in 1961.

Evolutionary history
The oldest known members of Cetorhinidae are members of the extinct genus Keasius, from the middle Eocene of Antarctica, the Eocene of Oregon and possibly the Eocene of Russia. Members of the modern genus Cetorhinus appear during the Miocene, with members of the modern species appearing during the Late Miocene. The association of Pseudocetorhinus from the Late Triassic of Europe with Cetorhinidae is doubtful.

Range and habitat
The basking shark is a coastal-pelagic shark found worldwide in boreal to warm-temperate waters. It lives around the continental shelf and occasionally enters brackish waters. It is found from the surface down to at least 910 m. It prefers temperatures of 8 to 14.5 C but has been confirmed to cross the much warmer waters at the equator. It is often seen close to land, including in bays with narrow openings. The shark follows plankton concentrations in the water column, so it is often visible at the surface. It characteristically migrates with the seasons.

Anatomy and appearance
The basking shark regularly reaches 7 - 8.5 m in length with some individuals reaching 9 - 11 m.   The average length of an adult is around 7.9 m weighing about 4.65 t. Historical sightings suggest basking sharks around 12 m in length, including three basking sharks estimated at ~40 fod (12.5 m) and a one ~45 fod (14 m) were reported between 1884 and 1905, but these visual estimates lack good evidence. A 12.27 m specimen trapped in a herring net in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, in 1851 has been credited as the largest recorded. Its weight has been estimated at 16 t. A study looking at the growth and longevity of the basking shark suggested that individuals larger than ~10 m are unlikely. This is the second-largest extant fish species, after the whale shark.

They possess the typical shark lamniform body plan and have been mistaken for great white sharks. The two species can be easily distinguished by the basking shark's cavernous jaw, up to 1 m in width, longer and more obvious gill slits that nearly encircle the head and are accompanied by well-developed gill rakers, smaller eyes, much larger overall size and smaller average girth. Great whites possess large, dagger-like teeth; basking shark teeth are much smaller 5 - 6 mm and hooked; only the first three or four rows of the upper jaw and six or seven rows of the lower jaw function. In behaviour, the great white is an active predator of large animals, not a filter feeder.

Other distinctive characteristics include a strongly keeled caudal peduncle, highly textured skin covered in placoid scales and a mucus layer, a pointed snout—distinctly hooked in younger specimens—and a lunate caudal fin. In large individuals, the dorsal fin may flop to one side when above the surface. Colouration is highly variable (and likely dependent on observation conditions and the individual's condition): commonly, the colouring is dark brown to black or blue dorsally, fading to a dull white ventrally. The sharks are often noticeably scarred, possibly through encounters with lampreys or cookiecutter sharks. The basking shark's liver, which may account for 25% of its body weight, runs the entire length of the abdominal cavity and is thought to play a role in buoyancy regulation and long-term energy storage.

Life history
Basking sharks do not hibernate and are active year-round. In winter, basking sharks often move to deeper depths, even down to 900 m and have been tracked making vertical movements consistent with feeding on overwintering zooplankton.

Surfacing behaviors
They are slow-moving sharks (feeding at about 2 knot) and do not evade approaching boats (unlike great white sharks). They are not attracted to chum.

The basking shark is large and slow, but it can breach jump entirely out of the water. This behaviour could be an attempt to dislodge parasites or commensals. Such interpretations are speculative, however, and difficult to verify; breaching in large marine animals such as whales and sharks might equally well be intraspecific threat displays of size and strength.

Migration
Argos system satellite tagging of 20 basking sharks in 2003 confirmed basking sharks move thousands of kilometres during the summer and winter, seeking the richest zooplankton patches, often along ocean fronts. They shed and renew their gill rakers in an ongoing process, rather than over one short period.

A 2009 study tagged 25 sharks off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and indicated at least some migrate south in the winter. Remaining at depths between 200 and 1000 m for many weeks, the tagged sharks crossed the equator to reach Brazil. One individual spent a month near the mouth of the Amazon River. They may undertake this journey to aid reproduction.

On 23 June 2015, a 20 ft, 7716 lb basking shark was caught accidentally by a fishing trawler in the Bass strait near Portland, Victoria, in southeast Australia, the first basking shark caught in the region since the 1930s, and only the third reported in the region in 160 years. The whole shark was donated to the Victoria Museum for research, instead of the fins being sold for use in shark fin soup.

While basking sharks are not infrequently seen in the Mediterranean Sea and records exist in the Dardanelles Strait, It is unclear whether they historically reached deeper basins of Sea of Marmara, Black Sea and Azov Sea.

Social behaviour
Basking sharks are usually solitary, but during summer months in particular, they aggregate in dense patches of zooplankton, where they engage in social behaviour. They can form sex-segregated shoals, usually in small numbers (three or four), but reportedly up to 100 individuals. Small schools in the Bay of Fundy and the Hebrides have been seen swimming nose to tail in circles; their social behaviour in summer months has been studied and is thought to represent courtship.

Predators
Basking sharks have few predators. White sharks have been reported to scavenge on the remains of these sharks. Killer whales have been observed feeding on basking sharks off California in the US and New Zealand. Lampreys are often seen attached to them, although they are unlikely to be able to cut through the shark's thick skin.

Diet
The basking shark is a ram feeder, filtering zooplankton, very small fish, and invertebrates from the water with its gill rakers by swimming forwards with its mouth open. A 5 m basking shark has been calculated to filter up to 500 ST of water per hour swimming at an observed speed of 0.85 m/s. Basking sharks are not indiscriminate feeders on zooplankton. Samples taken in the presence of feeding individuals recorded zooplankton densities 75% higher than adjacent non-feeding areas. Basking sharks feed preferentially in zooplankton patches dominated by small planktonic crustaceans called calanoid copepods (on average 1,700 individuals per cubic metre of water). They will also feed on copepods of the genera Pseudocalanus and Oithona. Basking sharks sometimes congregate in groups of up to 1,400 spotted along the northeastern U.S. Samples taken near feeding sharks contained 2.5 times as many Calanus helgolandicus individuals per cubic metre, which were also found to be 50% longer. Unlike the megamouth shark and whale shark, the basking shark relies only on the water it pushes through its gills by swimming; the megamouth shark and whale shark can suck or pump water through their gills.

Reproduction
Basking sharks are ovoviviparous: the developing embryos first rely on a yolk sac, with no placental connection. Their seemingly useless teeth may play a role before birth in helping them feed on the mother's unfertilized ova (a behaviour known as oophagy). In females, only the right ovary appears to function, and it is currently unknown why only one of the organs seems to function.

Gestation is thought to span over a year (perhaps two to three years), with a small, though unknown, number of young born fully developed at 1.5 - 2 m. Only one pregnant female is known to have been caught; she was carrying six unborn young. Mating is thought to occur in early summer, and birthing in late summer, following the female's movement into shallow waters.

The age of maturity is thought to be between the ages of six and 13 and at a length of 4.6 - 6 m. Breeding frequency is thought to be two to four years.

The exact lifespan of the basking shark is unknown, but experts estimate it to be about 50 years.

Conservation
Aside from direct catches, by-catches in trawl nets have been one of several threats to basking sharks. In New Zealand, basking sharks had been abundant historically; however, after the mass by-catches recorded in the 1990s and 2000s, confirmations of the species became very scarce. Management plans have been declared to promote effective conservation. In June 2018 the Department of Conservation classified the basking shark as "Threatened - Nationally Vulnerable" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

The eastern north Pacific Ocean population is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service species of concern, one of those species about which the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).

The IUCN Red List indicates this as an endangered species.

The endangered aspect of this shark was publicized in 2005 with a postage stamp issued by Guernsey Post.

Importance to humans

Historically, the basking shark has been a staple of fisheries because of its slow swimming speed, placid nature, and previously abundant numbers. Commercially, it was put to many uses: the flesh for food and fishmeal, the hide for leather, and its large liver (which has a high squalene content) for oil. It is currently fished mainly for its fins (for shark fin soup). Parts (such as cartilage) are also used in traditional Chinese medicine and as an aphrodisiac in Japan, further adding to demand.

As a result of rapidly declining numbers, the basking shark has been protected in some territorial waters and trade in its products is restricted in many countries under CITES. Among others, it is fully protected in the United Kingdom and the Atlantic and Mexican Gulf regions of the United States. Since 2008, it has been illegal to fish for, or retain if accidentally caught, basking sharks in waters of the European Union. It is partially protected in Norway and New Zealand, as targeted commercial fishing is illegal, but accidental bycatch can be used (in Norway, any basking shark caught as bycatch and still alive must be released). As of March 2010, it was also listed under Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks Memorandum of Understanding.

Once considered a nuisance along the Canadian Pacific coast, basking sharks were the target of a government eradication programme from 1945 to 1970. , efforts were underway to determine whether any sharks still lived in the area and monitor their potential recovery.

It is tolerant of boats and divers approaching it and may even circle divers, making it an important draw for dive tourism in areas where it is common.

Carcass misidentification
On several occasions, "globster" corpses initially identified by non-scientists as a sea serpents or plesiosaurs have later been identified as likely to be the decomposing carcasses of basking sharks, as in the Stronsay Beast and the Zuiyo-maru cases.

title: Basking shark


text:
Halga

Halga, Helgi, Helghe or Helgo was a legendary Danish king living in the early 6th century. His name would in his own language (Proto-Norse) have been *Hailaga (dedicated to the gods).

Scholars generally agree that he appears in both Anglo-Saxon (Beowulf) and Scandinavian tradition (Norse sagas and Danish chronicles). In both traditions, he was a Scylding, the son of Healfdene and the brother of Hroðgar. In Beowulf, his relationship to Hroðulf is not explained, but if he was not his father, as in the Scandinavian tradition, he was at least his uncle. Both traditions also mention his family's feud with Froda and Ingeld.

Whereas, not much is said about Halga in Anglo-Saxon sources, much more is said in Scandinavian ones. It is also noticed a curb in Halga storyline's direction, all of them containing a version of the story of his incestuous relationship with his own daughter Yrsa. This liaison resulted in Halga's son Hroðulf.

Beowulf
In the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf, Halga is hardly mentioned. He appears early in the poem where he is listed as the brave Halga, one of the four children of Healfdene, the others being Heorogar, Hroðgar and a daughter (who is unnamed, but called Signý in Norse sources) who was married to the king of Sweden.

59 Ðæm feower bearn    forðgerimed 60 in worold wocun    weoroda ræswa 61 heorogar. 7 hroðgar   7 halga til 62 hyrde ic þ    elan cwen 63 heaðo-Scilfingas    healsgebedda This appears in Gummere's translation as: 59 Then, one after one, there woke to him, 60 to the chieftain of clansmen, children four: 61 Heorogar, then Hrothgar, then Halga brave; 62 and I heard that — ela's queen, 63 the Heathoscylfing’s helpmate dear.

Hroðulf (Hrólfr Kraki) is only mentioned as Hroðgar's nephew, whereas he is specified as Halga's son in Norse sources.

Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses
The Chronicon Lethrense (and the included Annales Lundenses) tells that Haldan (Healfdene) had two sons, Helghe and Ro (Hroðgar). When Haldan died of old age, Helghe and Ro divided the kingdom so that Ro ruled the land, and Helghe the sea. One day, Helghe arrived in Halland/Lolland and slept with Thore, the daughter of one of Ro's farmers. This resulted in a daughter named Yrse. Much later, he met Yrse, and without knowing that she was his daughter, he made her pregnant with Hrólfr Kraki (Hroðulf). Helghe later warred in Wendland and killed the king of the Wends. He also won all of Denmark by killing a Hodbrod. Lastly, he found out that Yrse, with whom he had slept, was his own daughter, went east and killed himself.

Both Helghe and Ro being dead, the Swedish king Hakon/Athisl (i.e. Eadgils) forced the Danes to accept a dog as king. The dog king was succeeded by Hrolf Kraki.

Gesta Danorum
If the Chronicon Lethrense reports that the Swedes humiliated the Danes after Helghe's death, Saxo Grammaticus mentions nothing of this, but instead he has Helgo humiliate the Swedes in his Gesta Danorum, book 2. He also confused, or merged, Helgo with Helgi Hundingsbane, who in other sources is either a Völsung or a Geatish Wulfing (Ylfing). It is possible that it was the information that both killed a Hothbrodd and were called Helgi that inspired the merger.

Saxo agrees with Beowulf and the Chronicon Lethrense by describing Helgo and Ro (Hroðgar) as the sons of Haldanus (Healfdene). Like the Chronicon Lethrense, he relates that Ro and Helgo shared the kingdom after Haldanus' death (of old age), Ro taking the land, and Helgo the sea. Saxo adds that Helgo was a rather tall man.

Helgo attacked and killed king Skalk of Sklavia (i.e. the king of Wendland), subduing Sklavia into a Danish province. Continuing his sea roving, Helgo arrived at Thurø, where he found and raped the young girl Thora, which resulted in Urse.

He earned the name Hundingsbane by slaying Hunding, the king of Saxony, and conquered Jutland from the Saxons and entrusted it to his commanders Heske, Eyr and Ler. He then humiliated the Saxon aristocracy by enacting a law that the killing of one of them would be no more costly in wergild than the killing of a commoner.

When Helgo after many years returned to Thurø, Thora avenged her lost virginity by sending Urse to Helgo, who unknowingly raped his own daughter. This resulted in Roluo Kraki (i.e. Hroðulf).

Whereas the Chronicon Lethrense and the Annales Lundenses do not explain why Halga needed to kill Hodbrod to win all of Denmark, the Gesta Danorum presents Hothbrodd as a king of Sweden, who invaded Denmark and killed Ro. After having killed Hothbrodd, avenging the death of his brother, he humiliated the Swedes by forbidding that any crime against a Swede should result in any punishment by law. Then, hating his own country, he went east and died, reputedly by throwing himself onto his own sword. He was succeeded by his son Roluo.

Hrólfr Kraki's saga
In Hrólfr Kraki's saga, Halfdan (Healfdene) had three children, the sons Helgi and Hróarr (Hroðgar) and the daughter Signý. The sister was the eldest and married to Sævil Jarl, with whom she had the son Hrókr. Halfdan was murdered by his own brother Fróði (Froda) and the two brothers had to seek refuge with a man called Vivil on an island, until they could avenge their father and kill Fróði.

Hróarr moved to Northumbria and married king Norðri's daughter Ögn, whereas Helgi became the new king of Denmark, but stayed unmarried. Wanting a spouse, Helgi went to the Saxons to woo their warlike queen Oluf. She was, however, not interested and humiliated Helgi by shaving his head and covering him with tar while he was asleep, and sending him back to his ship. Some time later, Helgi returned and through a ruse, he kidnapped the queen for a while during which time he got her pregnant.

Having returned to her kingdom, the queen bore a child, a girl whom she named Yrsa after her dog. Yrsa was set to live as a shepherd until she was 12 years old, when she met her father Helgi, who fell in love with her, not knowing it was his daughter. Oluf kept quiet about the parentage and saw it as her revenge that Helgi would wed his own daughter. Helgi and Yrsa had a son, Hrólfr Kraki (Hroðulf).

For his share of the kingdom, Hróarr had been given a precious ring, an heirloom. There was, however, a second relative who wanted his share, their nephew Hrókr. Since Hrókr was given neither a part of the kingdom nor the ring, he went to Northumbria, killed Hróarr and threw the ring into the water (later retrieved by Hróarr's son Agnar). Helgi avenged his brother by cutting off Hrókr's arms and legs.

Learning that Helgi and Yrsa were living happily together, Queen Oluf travelled to Denmark to tell her daughter the truth. Yrsa was shocked and although Helgi wanted their relationship to remain as it was, Yrsa insisted on leaving him. She was later taken by the Swedish king Aðils (Eadgils) as his queen, which made Helgi even more unhappy.

Later, one Yule, Helgi was visited by an ugly being while he was in his hunting house. No person in the entire kingdom would allow the being to enter their house, except Helgi. Later, the thing asked to sleep in his bed. Unwillingly he agreed, and as the thing got into bed, it turned into an elvish woman, who was clad in silk and who was the most beautiful woman he had ever seen. He raped her, and made her pregnant with a daughter named Skuld. Helgi forgot the woman and a couple of days after the date had passed, he was visited by the woman, who had Skuld in her arms. The daughter would later marry Hjörvarðr (Heoroweard), Hrólfr Kraki's killer.

Missing Yrsa, Helgi went to Uppsala to fetch her, but was killed by Aðils in battle. He was succeeded by his son Hrólfr.

Skjöldunga saga and Bjarkarímur
The Skjöldunga saga and Bjarkarímur relate that Halfdan (Healfdene) and his queen Sigrith had three children: the sons Roas (Hroðgar) and Helgo and the daughter Signy.

Ingjaldus (i.e. Ingeld, but here he is presented as Halfdan's half-brother) attacked Halfdan, killed him and married Sigrith. Ingjaldus and Sigrith had the sons Rærecus and Frodo (Froda), while Signy grew up with her mother until she was married to Sævil, the jarl of Zealand. Roas and Helgo survived by hiding on an island near Skåne, and when they were old enough, they avenged their father by killing Ingjaldus.

The two brothers both became kings of Denmark, and Roas married the daughter of the king of England. Helgo, on the other hand, raped Olava, the queen of the Saxons, and she bore a daughter named Yrsa. The girl later married king Adillus (Eadgils), the king of Sweden. Some years later, Helgo attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa, whom he raped. His daughter bore him the son Rolfo (Hroðulf). After a few years, Yrsa's mother, Queen Olava, came to visit her and told her that Helgo was her own father. Yrsa returned to Adillus, leaving her son behind. Helgo died when Rolfo was eight years old, and Rolfo succeeded him. Not much later, Roas was killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo, whereupon Rolfo became the sole king of Denmark.

Ynglinga saga
In Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga, a part of the Heimskringla, he mentions the tradition of Halga, Eadgils and Yrsa, and he based his account on the Skjöldunga saga (he had access to the now lost original version).

He wrote that king Halfdan's (Healfdene) son Helgi ruled in Lejre. He invaded Sweden with such a large army that king Aðils (Eadgils) could not do anything else but to flee Uppsala. Helgi amassed a great deal of booty and took queen Yrsa (whom Aðils had found in Saxony) with him. Yrsa bore a son named Hrólfr Kraki (Hroðulf). When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her own father. Then Yrsa returned to Sweden and king Aðils. Hrólfr Kraki was only eight years old when Helgi died during a war expedition, and Hrólfr was proclaimed his successor.

title: Halga


text:
Anne Cox Chambers

Anne Beau Cox Chambers (December 1, 1919 – January 31, 2020) was an American media proprietor, diplomat, and philanthropist who served as United States Ambassador to Belgium from 1977 to 1981. She co-owned the family company Cox Enterprises, a privately held media empire, with her sister Barbara Cox Anthony for 33 years. Her net worth was estimated by Forbes at $16.1 billion in September 2014.

Early life
Cox was born in Dayton, Ohio. She was the daughter of James M. Cox, a newspaper publisher and politician who was the 1920 Democratic Presidential nominee, and his second wife, Margaretta Parker Blair. She attended the Hacienda Del Sol School for Girls in Tucson, Arizona, alongside Woodrow Wilson’s granddaughters. She later attended Miss Porter’s School in Farmington, Connecticut, and Finch College in New York.

Career
In 1974, upon the death of their brother, James M. Cox (known as "Jim Jr."), Chambers and her sister Barbara Cox Anthony gained a controlling interest in the family company. That same year Chambers became chairwoman of Atlanta Newspapers. Anthony became chairwoman of Dayton Newspapers, while her husband, Garner Anthony, became the administrative head of Cox Enterprises, a large media company that includes newspapers, television, radio, cable television, and other businesses. In 1988 Anthony's son James Cox Kennedy became chairman and chief executive officer. Henceforth Chambers remained a close advisor concerning the daily operation of the company, serving as a director of it.

Chambers was appointed ambassador to Belgium by U.S. president Jimmy Carter, a post she held from 1977 to 1981. She was a director of the board of The Coca-Cola Company during the 1980s, and she was the first woman in Atlanta to serve as a bank director (Fulton National Bank). She was also the first woman in Atlanta appointed to the board of the city's chamber of commerce.

Philanthropy
Chambers was a supporter of a wide range of cultural and educational charities, particularly relating to the arts and international affairs. She served on the boards of the Atlanta Botanical Garden, the Atlanta Historical Society, and the Woodruff Arts Center, as well as on the boards of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Pasteur Foundation, and the Whitney Museum in New York. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003. In 1983, she received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University. Following her service in Belgium, she received the French Legion of Honour award.

High Museum of Art
Her work with the High Museum of Art began in 1965 when Chambers helped to establish the Forward Arts Foundation, a fund-raising group for the museum. In the early 1980s Chambers served as honorary chair of the fund-raising effort to construct the museum's Richard Meier–designed complex. In October 2006, the High, in collaboration with the Louvre in Paris, France, presented the exhibition "Louvre Atlanta"; the partnership had been facilitated by Chambers.

In 2005, the museum named one of the wings of its expanded facility after Chambers in recognition of her lifetime of support.

Personal life and death
Chambers was married to Louis G. Johnson with whom she had two daughters, Katherine and Margaretta. The marriage ended in divorce. In 1955, she married Robert William Chambers, with whom she had a son, James.

Chambers died at her home in Atlanta on January 31, 2020, at the age of 100 due to natural causes. Congressman Carter of Georgia included a note of remembrance in the Congressional Record on February 11, 2020.

title: Anne Cox Chambers