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U.S. Route 35

U.S. Route 35 (US 35) is a United States Highway that runs southeast-northwest for approximately 412 mi from the western suburbs of Charleston, West Virginia to northern Indiana. Although the highway is physically southeast-northwest, it is nominally north–south. The highway's southern terminus is in Teays Valley, West Virginia, near Scott Depot, at Interstate 64 (I-64). Its northern terminus is near Michigan City, Indiana, at US 20. The West Virginia portion of the highway is mostly expressway, becoming a freeway shortly before it crosses the Ohio River into Ohio. The Ohio portion has been upgraded to a four-lane highway/freeway between the West Virginia state line and Trotwood, west of Dayton.

Route description
US 35 is signed north-south in West Virginia and Indiana, while in Ohio it is signed east-west.

West Virginia

As of November 11, 2021, the final West Virginia portion of the highway has been expanded to four lanes, mostly along a completely new route.

In Putnam County, the roadway that becomes US 35 is a short, four-lane, divided, unsigned US 35 Spur running northward from Teays Valley Road toward I-64 on the edge of Scott Depot in Teays Valley. Remaining on the edge of Scott Depot, and now at the edge of Teays Valley, the roadway reaches US 35's southern terminus at its junction with I-64, where the route becomes an expressway.

US 35's junction with I-64 is a hybrid semi-directional T/diamond interchange. All movements between US 35 and I-64 are free-flowing, except for eastbound I-64 to northbound US 35. The interchange also handles movements between I-64 and the US 35 spur similar to a diamond interchange.

Proceeding north from I-64, US 35 has two intersections, followed by an interchange with West Virginia Route 34 (WV 34). There follow a number of intersections along the route, with one being an indirect connection to WV 817, the former path of US 35. The next major junction is WV 869, which travels across the Kanawha River on the Lower Buffalo Bridge (often referred to as the "Buffalo Bridge"), connecting via WV 62 to the town of Buffalo and the nearby, large Toyota engine and transmission plant. The route continues as an expressway.

At WV 2, which leads to Point Pleasant, there is a partial cloverleaf interchange with six ramps; all movements are free-flowing except for northbound US 35 to southbound WV 2, and from southbound WV 2 to southbound US 35; the interchange is partially in Henderson. At this point, US 35 becomes a freeway and remains so, as it immediately crosses the Ohio River on the Silver Memorial Bridge, and enters Ohio.

Ohio
US 35 is signed east-west in Ohio, an exception to the numbering scheme for US Highways, which calls for odd-numbered routes to be signed north-south, as is US 35 in West Virginia and Indiana.

Continuing as a freeway, US 35 crosses the Ohio River from West Virginia on the Silver Memorial Bridge, and enters Gallia County, Ohio. The first, partial interchange, providing a westbound exit and an eastbound entrance, is with State Route 7 (SR 7), just outside the village of Gallipolis. Just after that, still, outside the village, the highway passes adjacent to the Gallia–Meigs Regional Airport within Gallipolis; there is another partial interchange, providing an eastbound left exit and a westbound left entrance to SR 735, which connects to SR 7.

From there, US 35 continues west, where there is a hybrid interchange with an unusual configuration at SR 160. SR 160 roughly parallels US 35 to the south; there is a westbound exit to SR 160 north which uses a flyunder ramp, an eastbound entrance from SR 160 south, and an eastbound entrance from SR 160 north. Additionally, another fly under ramp from SR 160 north merges with the westbound exit ramp; that exit ramp, in turn, splits to form an entrance ramp to westbound US 35. This interchange lacks an eastbound exit. As SR 160 turns north, it diverges from US 35, which travels somewhat northwest. There, US 35 once again meets SR 160, this time at a partial interchange with an eastbound exit and a westbound loop ramp entrance.

Turning more west-northwest, there is an interchange at SR 850 (Rodney Pike), followed by a rest area in each direction. Approaching the edge of Rio Grande, the route turns west and then west-southwest, where there is an interchange at SR 325.

Past the village, the highway travels northwest and becomes a four-lane, at-grade expressway when it reaches the Gallia County village of Centerville; here there is an intersection with SR 279 west.

Traveling north-northwest and northwest into Jackson County, the expressway configuration continues until SR 327, where there is a grade-separated, one-quadrant interchange, with the connecting road in the southeast quadrant of the junction. The road resumes as an at-grade expressway, approaching and then skirting the edge of Jackson.

The route then reaches a grade-separated, right-in/right-out interchange; westbound there is a right-in/right-out at Keystone Furnace Road; eastbound there is a right-in/right-out at McCarty Lane; these roads are connected via Industry Drive and Acy Avenue, which overpasses US 35.

Next, there is an unusual interchange configuration at SR 32/SR 124, which is an expressway in both directions. Each highway has ramps that exit to the other highway, with right-turning traffic merging onto the second highway, but left-turning traffic coming to an at-grade intersection. Both highways end up having at-grade intersections, albeit with grade separation of the main highway corridors. This interchange type is sometimes termed a "windmill" interchange, but it is not related to the interchange type of the same name. This junction is the only interchange of its type known to exist in the world.

Soon after passing the last interchange and still skirting Jackson, the highway once again becomes a freeway and has an interchange at Pattonsville Road/Broadway Street. Turning briefly north, then northwest, the route leaves Jackson and reaches an interchange with SR 93. It next has an interchange with Jackson County Road 84 (Chillicothe Pike).

After the last interchange, the highway becomes an at-grade expressway for about 12 mi. Along this section, there is a rest area next to the westbound lanes but accessible from both directions, with additional access via Cain Road (Jackson Township Road 213).

US 35 then turns roughly west, entering Ross County and reaching an interchange with Vigo Road/Watson Road at Richmond Dale. At this point the route again becomes a freeway. Turning north and northwest, the section between Richmond Dale and Chillicothe includes a large cut through a 1000 ft ridge and provides westbound motorists with a panoramic view of the Scioto River valley.

Southeast of Chillicothe, westbound US 50 joins US 35 in a concurrency at a hybrid interchange; similar to a diamond interchange, the exit ramp from US 35 east carrying US 50 east becomes a two-way road, curves around and crosses over US 35 about 1/2 mi east; the other ramps connect to this overpass. Next, US 50 west leaves the concurrency at a partial interchange at Eastern Avenue; there is only a westbound exit and an eastbound entrance. Then, the US 23 north freeway joins US 35 in a concurrency at a partial-Y interchange; there is an eastbound exit and a westbound left entrance.

Turning north-northwest, US 35 skirts Chillicothe to the east, coming to an interchange at Main Street. Turning northwest, the US 23 north freeway leaves the concurrency at a partial-Y interchange; there is a westbound exit and an eastbound left entrance.

Turning west and skirting through city boundaries, there is a partial cloverleaf interchange with five ramps at SR 159 (Bridge Street); there is a loop ramp from northbound Bridge Street and a directional ramp from southbound Bridge Street to westbound US 35. Travelers eastbound near this interchange can see the hills that are shown on the Great Seal of the State of Ohio.

Turning northwest, just outside the city limits, there is an interchange at SR 104 (High Street). The next, partial interchange, is at Pleasant Valley Road/Egypt Pike with a westbound exit and an eastbound entrance (via Larrick Lane). Continuing along, there is an interchange at Ross County Road 550/Pleasant Valley; despite this junction being a regular service interchange, it is configured as a hybrid trumpet interchange. Next is an interchange at Ross County Road 87, near Frankfort. Continuing, there is an interchange at SR 138.

Entering Fayette County, the road turns west-northwest, bypassing south of Washington Court House. The next major junction is with I-71 near Jeffersonville; rather than have a direct interchange, each freeway indirectly connects to the other via interchanges with SR 435.

As the route continues through flat farmlands, it enters Greene County, bypasses north of Jamestown and south of Xenia.

Past the Xenia bypass, the road reverts to an at-grade expressway. As of November 2021, the traffic pattern has been officially switched to the U.S. 35 Superstreet at both intersections of Orchard Lane and Factory Road in Beavercreek, according to the Ohio Department of Transportation.

US 35 once again returns to freeway status at the North Fairfield Road interchange in Beavercreek. It next has a full-access interchange with I-675, also in Beavercreek. Several miles later, in Montgomery County, the road opens into a three-lane highway (with five lanes in some parts) each way through downtown Dayton. Turning west, the highway has a full-access interchange with I-75 in downtown Dayton. Past I-75, the route becomes an expressway, with a mix of interchanges and at-grade intersections.

After entering Drexel, just west of Dayton, the highway turns north. At the border with Trotwood, the route turns due west on West Third Street/Eaton Pike; the roadway that had carried US 35 continues as an at-grade expressway SR 49 (the "Northwest Connector" or the "Trotwood Connector"). The roadway carrying US 35, now two lanes and undivided, travels through New Lebanon as Main Street.

US 35 then enters Preble County and travels through West Alexandria as Dayton Street. The route next proceeds to Eaton; after passing through downtown as Main Street, the route turns northwest onto Eaton Richmond Pike (Main Street continues as SR 122). The highway travels toward I-70 near New Paris, widens to four lanes as it approaches SR 320, turns north and briefly becomes four lanes undivided, then reduces to single-lane ramps and merges with the Interstate at a partial interchange. Running concurrently with I-70, US 35 travels approximately 2 mi to the Indiana state line.

Indiana
US 35 enters Wayne County, Indiana with I-70 and passes north of Richmond, before splitting off on the northwest side of Richmond. US 35 then travels in a northwesterly path as a winding two-lane highway, passing through agricultural land, and through intersections with State Road 38 (SR 38), SR 1 and, in Randolph County, US 36. The highway then passes through a corner of Henry County, with no major junctions.

In Delaware County, the highway reaches the edge of the city of Muncie, where it merges with SR 3 and SR 67 as a four-lane expressway. The expressway heads north, skirting the east side of Muncie, passing over the White River and through interchanges with Memorial Drive in unincorporated Center Township and SR 32 in Muncie. Continuing along the east edge of Muncie, there is a right-in/right-out intersection in both directions with East Centennial Avenue and an intersection with East McGalliard Road. Northeast of Muncie, at the border of unincorporated Center Township and Hamilton Township, there is an intersection with East Riggin Road. Shortly thereafter, SR 67 splits off the expressway at an interchange, followed by a partial interchange with Old State Road 3, leading back into Muncie. Soon after the expressway ends, with the roadway becoming a two-lane highway.

Near the town of Royerton, US 35 turns west onto SR 28, toward I-69, as SR 3 continues north. After a short overlap with SR 28, US 35 turns north onto I-69.

US 35 overlaps I-69, passing into Grant County, through an interchange with SR 26, to SR 22, where US 35 leaves I-69 and heads west on SR 22 to travel through the cities of Gas City and, in Howard County, Greentown. Just east of Kokomo, US 35 turns north onto the US 31 freeway. It overlaps US 31 for only 4.5 mi, to a partial interchange where it splits off, heading west as a two-lane roadway. US 35 passes just north of a Chrysler manufacturing plant before an intersection with SR 931, the former route of US 31. The roadway briefly widens to a four-lane divided highway at a partial interchange with Davis Road, which connects from Kokomo. US 35 leaves the Kokomo area heading northwest into Cass County, toward Logansport.

As US 35 nears Logansport, the roadway becomes a four-lane expressway, just prior to its intersection with US 24. The expressway bypasses Logansport to the south as part of the Hoosier Heartland Highway. There is a northbound (westbound) exit to Monticello Road, the former routing of these highways. Northbound US 35 and westbound US 24 exit the Hoosier Heartland Highway at a split diamond interchange and run concurrently along the interchange's westbound one-way frontage road, having a very short overlap with SR 25 (southbound US 35 and eastbound US 24 run concurrently along the eastbound one-way frontage road, also overlapping SR 25). US 35 and US 24 then turn northwest from the frontage road onto another expressway on the west edge of Logansport. Along the roadway, there is an intersection with the aforementioned Monticello Road and a two-quadrant interchange with Old State Road 25. After crossing the Wabash River, the overlapped routes have a final interchange where US 24 exits heading due west, while US 35 continues north-northwest.

Soon after US 24 leaves US 35, US 35 narrows back to a two-lane road and travels through the town of Winamac, in Pulaski County. Once in Starke County, the route travels through the town of Knox. In Davis Township, near Hamlet, the US 30 expressway provides an interchange. After entering LaPorte County, US 35 travels to the community of South Center in Union Township; there it turns west on US 6 (the US 35 roadway continues north as South County Road 300 E). The route next turns north-northwest until it leaves the concurrency with US 6 northward in Washington Township, near Kingsbury. Turning northwest, US 35 travels through the city of La Porte; in northwestern La Porte, an intersection with SR 39 provides access to the Indiana Toll Road/I-80/I-90. US 35 next crosses under the Indiana Toll Road with no direct interchange access, in unincorporated Center Township. Farther northwest, US 35 has its northern terminus where it meets US 20 in Springfield Township, just east of an interchange with I-94, near Michigan City.

Logansport issues
Logansport area residents, the sheriff's department and at least one transportation expert have voiced concerns about the split diamond interchange used on the Logansport section of the Hoosier Heartland Highway. From the interchange's opening in October 2013 through February 28, 2016, there had been 71 two-vehicle crashes at or near the interchange, 53 of those at the interchange's four intersections, two fatalities, and a number of injuries. Possible causes for the accidents include drivers' unfamiliarity with this type of interchange, which is typically built in cities, and is not common in semi-rural small towns; drivers' mistaking the frontage roads for entrance ramps and not stopping when required; the complexity of four major traffic routes converging on one interchange; ramp/frontage traffic controlled by stop signs alone, with cross-traffic not having to stop; stop signs not clearly visible at the crest of the exit ramps. In response, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) 2014 added signage, placed flashing lights on the stop signs, and installed rumble strips. These steps reduced, but did not eliminate the problems, with one of the fatalities taking place after these fixes. INDOT was planning by spring 2016 to add overhead flashers, move the stop signs to more visible positions, install channelizing islands and increase overhead intersection lighting.

West Virginia
Originally, US 35 was routed from Charleston, West Virginia, on the north side of the Kanawha River (the current WV 62) to Point Pleasant until the collapse of the Silver Bridge in 1967. When the new Silver Memorial Bridge was completed in 1969, US 35 was moved to the south side of the river (the former WV 17) away from Point Pleasant, and its southern terminus was in St. Albans, West Virginia, at the junction of US 60.

Before funding was made available to convert US 35 to an expressway, a possibility had been put forward that the route would have been completed as a toll road.

Prior to June 15, 2009, US 35 was relocated onto a new four-lane, mostly at-grade, expressway alignment running from I-64 in Teays Valley to a point about 1.1 mi before the Lower Buffalo Bridge, for a length of 11.3 mi. On that date, the old segment of US 35 between US 60 and the Lower Buffalo Bridge was signed as WV 817.

Prior to July 2011, the expressway segment of US 35 between Beech Hill, near the junction with WV 817 north, and near Henderson was completed, tying into some older expressway segments in the Henderson area and crossing the Silver Memorial Bridge. This had an approximate total length of 9.9 mi.

The remaining 15.4 mi section of two-lane roadway from about 1.1 mi before the Lower Buffalo Bridge to Beech Hill, near the junction with WV 817 north, was completed and opened to traffic on November 11, 2021. This section had a $174 million contract awarded on June 2, 2015 for its completion. The section was tentatively to have been completed by fall of 2019, but the West Virginia Department of Transportation originally extended the completion date to August 2021, but then that was delayed to November 11, 2021. The speed limit for all of US 35 within West Virginia is 65 mph.

Ohio
Before the adoption of the U.S. Highway System in 1926, the route in Ohio was known in its entirety as SR 11. By 1966, the first freeway portion of the route began construction, comprising the Chillicothe bypass.

Freeway portions on the east side of Dayton and south side of Xenia were completed by 1971, and around Washington Court House by 1974.

Before 1988, westbound traffic on US 35 west of I-75 in Dayton turned north along Williams Street, then was routed along West Third Street (eastbound traffic on West Third Street turned south on Broadway Street back to US 35); on October 25, 1996, a new expressway alignment through west Dayton, known as the "US 35 West" project, was completed. This portion of the route in Dayton west of I-75 is designated the "C. J. McLin Jr. Parkway", in honor of the late state representative who advocated for and worked toward the construction of "US 35 West".

The portion of US 35 from Drexel to SR 320 is the only two-lane, an undivided section of the route remaining in Ohio. US 35 is a major Appalachian Development Highway System Corridor linking I-70 and points west to I-64 and points east.

The portion of the route within Gallia County is designated the "Bob Evans Highway", in honor of the restaurateur and pork sausage marketer who spent most of his life in the county.

The portion of the route between Gallipolis and Jackson is designated as part of the Welsh Scenic Byway by the Ohio Department of Transportation, celebrating Welsh immigrants who settled in southeastern Ohio during the 19th century.

The interchange at North Fairfield Road in Beavercreek opened on October 25, 2003. As part of the project, the existing ramp from State Route 835 (Research Boulevard) to westbound US 35 was removed, with the area converted to wetlands, and part of the pavement used as a connection to a regional rail trail.

The section between Richmond Dale and Chillicothe was upgraded to a freeway in 2005.

On August 26, 2015, the at-grade intersection with Keystone Furnace Road and McCarty Lane at the Jackson–Lick Township line was converted into a right-in/right-out interchange.

In Beavercreek as of November 2021, the traffic pattern has been officially switched to the U.S. 35 Superstreet at both intersections of Orchard Lane and Factory Road, according to the Ohio Department of Transportation.

Indiana
The first signed road along the what would later become US 35 was SR 35, which ran from west of Jonesboro and Kokomo, and SR 15 from Burlington to Michigan City. In 1926 state road numbers were changed; SR 35 became SR 18 and SR 15 became SR 29. Many changes took place in 1930 along what would later become US 35, the first of which was a state road proposed between SR 38, near Richmond, and Muncie. This was followed by SR 21 being added to the state road system between Muncie and St. Anthony, and a state road being proposed between St. Anthony and SR 9 west of Jonesboro. The last change in 1930 was a proposed state road between Kokomo and Burlington.

Between late 1930 and early 1932 SR 21 was added to the state road system between SR 38 and Muncie and between St. Anthony and Jonesboro. At the same time SR 18 became SR 22 and was extended east through Jonesboro and west to Burlington. Also during this time frame a state road was proposed between Kokomo and Logansport. In late 1932 or early 1933 SR 21 was paved between Richmond and Muncie and SR 22 was paved between Kokomo and Burlington.

US 35 was first designated in the state of Indiana in 1935, US 35 was routed from the Ohio state line, near Richmond, to Michigan City, via Muncie, Kokomo, Burlington and Logansport, along SR 21, SR 22 and SR 29. At this time the Indiana State Highway Commission authorized the addition of SR 17 between Kokomo and Logansport. The construction on the authorized segment of SR 17 began between 1939 and 1941, with the construction being completed by 1942. US 35 was rerouted away from Kingsbury between 1942 and 1945, with the old route through the town becoming SR 829.

The multi-lane road of US 35 from US 6 to La Porte opened either in 1951 or 1952. The US 35 designation was rerouted onto SR 3 and SR 28 between Munice and St. Anthony between 1956 and 1957. The old route of US 35 became locally maintained roads and streets. The bypass of Jonesboro was completed in either 1965 or 1966, and US 35 was routed along it from SR 15 to the west; east of SR 15 was signed as only SR 22. In 1967 or 1968 US 35 was rerouted onto SR 28, I-69, and SR 22 from St. Anthony to Jonesboro. The old route of US 35 became county roads or city streets.

By 1970 US 35 was rerouted onto US 31 (now SR 931) to bypass downtown Kokomo. US 35 was rerouted onto SR 3 to bypass downtown Muncie between 1972 and 1973. By 1974 US 35 was rerouted away from downtown Logansport on the a bypass around the south and east sides of the city. The US 35 designation in Richmond was moved onto I-70 between 1997 and 1999.

In October 2008 the Indiana Department of Transportation and the City of Michigan City came to an agreement for the city to assume maintenance of the segment of US 35 from the US 20/SR 212 interchange to US 12. The city did so in October 2009, and the former segment of US 35 became known as Michigan Boulevard. INDOT submitted an application in October 2008 to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to extend the decommissioning of US 35 to include the entire portion of the roadway from the east junction with US 20, through the US 20/SR 212 interchange, to US 12. INDOT still had signage, however, that indicated US 35 overlapped US 20 to the US 20/SR 212 interchange, which was not corrected until 2019.

New bypass roads in Kokomo and Logansport opened in 2013 and US 35 was rerouted along both new roadways.

West Virginia spur route
U.S. Route 35 Spur (US 35 Spur) is the unsigned continuation of US 35 past its southern end at I-64.

Jackson business route
The route runs from US 35 at the Chillicothe Pike exit to US 35 at the SR 32/SR 124 exit.

title: U.S. Route 35


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Maria Del Mar (singer)

Maria Morales (born c. 1966), known professionally as Maria Del Mar, is a Canadian rock singer.

She was the lead vocalist of the 1980s and 1990s rock band National Velvet.

Early life
Del Mar was born in Spain, where she lived until 18 months of age. As a child she danced in Spanish cultural shows and enjoyed holding public singing performances in her neighbourhood. At the age of 15, she dropped out of high school and moved to Vancouver. She later worked as a cigarette girl at Toronto nightclubs, such as RPM and The Copa. She also worked as a coat-check girl at The Diamond, where fellow National Velvet band member, Tim Welch, once worked as well.

Career
Del Mar met bassist Mark Storm in 1984 in a Toronto alleyway outside of party, where the two had a heated discussion about music. Storm asked Del Mar to be a backing vocalist in the band that he was part of at the time. The following year Del Mar and Storm formed National Velvet along with drummer Gary Flint, and guitarists Mark Crossley and Tim Welch.

Del Mar was noted for her energetic performances and goth-like image. She had a powerful presence, bolstered by her height, and was often dressed in black, sometimes in leather, with jet-black hair. She would dance wildly, often kicking into the air, sometimes climbing into the audience. Del Mar's strong, deep, vocal style was compared to artists such as Patti Smith, Carole Pope, Siouxsie Sioux and Nina Hagen. Journalists referred to her by such descriptions as a "raven-haired vamp", "Amazonian vamp', "gothic Cher", "post-goth vampirella" and "6-foot-tall dominatrix."

Del Mar provided backing vocals on the track "Blonde in the Bleachers", a Joni Mitchell cover song featuring the musician, Squiddly, from the 1992 tribute album Back to the Garden. After National Velvet's dissolution, Del Mar joined the all-female indie rock band, Hässenpfeffer. In 1996 they released the album, "Songs of Convenience" on the label MaGaDa Int'l.

Del Mar is sometimes confused with Canadian television and film actress Maria del Mar who was in the cast of the Canadian television series Street Legal, a popular series whose original run coincided with National Velvet's tenure. Del Mar (the vocalist) also played a role in the 1991 film The Events Leading Up to My Death, furthering the confusion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maria Del Mar (singer)


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Chapare Province

Chapare (, also called The Chapare, is a rural province in the northern region of Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia.

Topography
Most of the territory consists of valley rainforests that surround the area's main waterway, the Chapare River, which is also a tributary of the Amazon River. The provincial capital is Sacaba, 11 km east of Cochabamba. Its principal town is Villa Tunari, a popular tourist destination.

Coca planting controversy
In recent decades, the Chapare province has become a haven for illegal cultivation of the coca plant, which can be used to produce cocaine. This is due to Bolivian drug law, which until recently only permitted the Yungas region to legally grow coca, despite Chapare being a historical area for growth due to its fertility. For this reason, Chapare has been a primary target for coca eradication in recent years, with frequent and heated clashes between the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and Bolivian cocaleros. The law has since been changed by a deal that was struck between Evo Morales (a former coca activist and the country's first indigenous President (2006-2019)) and former President Carlos Mesa. This deal permits the region to grow a limited amount of coca every year.

Subdivision
Chapare Province is divided into three municipalities which are further subdivided into cantons.

Places of interest

 * Carrasco National Park
 * Inkachaka
 * Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory
 * Tunari National Park

title: Chapare Province


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EPF

EPF may refer to:

 * .epf, a file extension for CadSoft Eagle project files
 * Early pregnancy factor
 * Eclipse process framework, an open source project
 * Electricity price forecasting
 * Employees Provident Fund (disambiguation)
 * Endangered Planet Foundation, an American conservation organization
 * Ensuring Positive Futures, a British employment program
 * Episcopal Peace Fellowship, an American peace organization
 * EPF School of Engineering
 * Eritrean Police Force
 * Established Programs Financing, a former transfer program to the provinces managed by the Government of Canada.
 * European Parliamentary Forum for Sexual and Reproductive Rights
 * European Polymer Federation
 * Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia), the federal statutory body for Malaysia
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Expeditionary fast transport (EPF)
 * Club Penguin: Elite Penguin Force, a game released for the Nintendo DS
 * European Peace Facility, a financing instrument of the Common Foreign and Security Policy

title: EPF


text:
User:Sluj

User:Sluj

Hello

title: User:Sluj


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Time trialist

A time trialist is a road bicycle racer who can maintain high speeds for long periods of time, to maximize performance during individual or team time trials. The term cronoman, or chronoman, is also used to refer to a time trialist.

Details
In a traditional individual time trial, riders set off alone (not in a group or peloton) at intervals, typically anything from one to five minutes, and try to complete the course in as short a time as possible. In order to maximize the overall speed a time trialist must be able to maintain a steady effort throughout the event, of which the best measure is believed to be the rider's power at lactate threshold (LT) or aerobic threshold (AT). The best time trialists (such as Miguel Indurain, David Millar, Ellen van Dijk, Tony Martin, Tom Dumoulin and Fabian Cancellara), are believed to have very high power output at LT/AT, which they can then maintain for the duration of the time trials.

To be a successful time trialist, a cyclist must have exceptional aerodynamic posture and be able to take in plenty of oxygen. Aerodynamic performance can also be improved by riders using 'skin suits', overshoes and streamlined helmets.

Bike technology is also important in time trials. By using aerodynamic components, a bicycle can be designed to minimize its drag coefficient, allowing a rider to drop their time by minutes during a long course.

Time trials may also form individual stages of stage races. By incorporating time trial specialists into a cycling team, the team can lower its aggregate time dramatically.

In relatively flat mass-start stages and races, time trialists often work as domestiques for their team leaders, or participate in breakaways. Some riders who are primarily time-trialists have also been able to compete in everything but the steepest climbs because of their good power-to-weight ratio. Tour de France winners Miguel Indurain, Jan Ullrich and Bradley Wiggins were primarily time-trialists but were also among the best in the mountain stages during the years in which they won the Tour de France. Likewise, Tom Dumoulin was able to win the 2017 Giro d'Italia by defending the lead he had built in the individual time trial in subsequent mountain stages.

Famous time trialists

 * Men

 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Anquetil
 * 🇫🇷 Maurice Archambaud
 * 🇺🇸 Lance Armstrong
 * Chris Boardman
 * 🇧🇪 Victor Campenaerts
 * 🇨🇭 Fabian Cancellara
 * 🇫🇷 Sylvain Chavanel
 * 🇦🇺 Rohan Dennis
 * Alex Dowsett
 * 🇳🇱 Tom Dumoulin
 * 🇷🇺 Viatcheslav Ekimov
 * Chris Froome
 * 🇮🇹 Filippo Ganna
 * 🇨🇭 Daniel Gisiger
 * 🇫🇷 Bernard Hinault
 * 🇺🇦 Serhiy Honchar
 * 🇪🇸 Miguel Indurain
 * 🇧🇾 Vasil Kiryienka
 * 🇳🇴 Knut Knudsen
 * 🇺🇸 Greg LeMond
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Marie
 * 🇩🇪 Tony Martin
 * 🇧🇪 Eddy Merckx
 * David Millar
 * 🇮🇹 Francesco Moser
 * 🇪🇸 Abraham Olano
 * 🇵🇱 Lech Piasecki
 * 🇸🇮 Tadej Pogačar
 * 🇩🇰 Ole Ritter
 * 🇦🇺 Michael Rogers
 * 🇸🇮 Primož Roglič
 * 🇨🇭 Tony Rominger
 * Geraint Thomas
 * Didi Thurau
 * 🇩🇪 Jan Ullrich
 * 🇧🇪 Wout Van Aert
 * 🇧🇪 Remco Evenepoel
 * 🇧🇪 Herman Van Springel
 * Bradley Wiggins
 * 🇺🇸 David Zabriskie

 * Women

 * 🇦🇹 Anna Kiesenhofer
 * 🇺🇸 Kristin Armstrong
 * 🇩🇪 Lisa Brennauer
 * Beryl Burton
 * 🇺🇸 Chloé Dygert
 * 🇳🇱 Leontien van Moorsel
 * 🇳🇱 Ellen van Dijk
 * 🇳🇱 Annemiek van Vleuten
 * 🇳🇱 Anna van der Breggen
 * 🇫🇷 Jeannie Longo
 * Hayley Simmonds

title: Time trialist


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Talk:Banned in Boston

Bias in Wikipedia articles
Anyone wishing to study bias in a wikipedia article can start right here.

Whitman
Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass is said to have been banned in Boston.

Rlquall 22:31, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Was it or wasnt it? Facts, please! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:6145:5100:4D84:304A:A8E9:EA19 (talk) 01:16, 11 May 2016 (UTC)

Trivia section
If there was ever a wiki page that needed a trivia/popular culture section, it's this one. 64.131.243.239 16:13, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Examples would be useful, but see Trivia sections. -- Beland (talk) 03:03, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * There's an episode of the TV Series MASH in which Hawkeye his cohorts try to get ahold of a film which was "banned in Boston." Supposedly about an "unsatisfied virgin" they thought they were going to get a blue movie.  Maj. Charles Winchester (from Boston) warned them not to get their hopes up saying that Boston "would ban Pinnochio."  When they finally get the film, it turns out to be a boring potboiler that Boston banned simply because an actress says the word "virgin." Yanqui9 (talk) 05:17, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, the film in question was "The Moon is Blue", which was far from a potboiler. It was nominated for some Academy Awards, and won a few others. The swamp rats found it boring because they were expecting some lurid skin flick. Wschart (talk) 13:36, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

"public exhibitions of sex"
From the HISTORY section: "Boston was founded by Puritans in the early 17th century. Puritans held highly negative views regarding public exhibitions of sex. "

What is the second sentence intended to mean? That Puritans frowned upon sexual intercourse in public?

Wanderer57 (talk) 21:25, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Boston: de facto or de iure theocracy?
Was Boston a "de iure" theocracy (as written in the text), or rather a "de facto" theocracy? -- megA (talk) 20:11, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Banned in Boston


text:
Cairnpapple Hill

Cairnpapple Hill is a hill with a dominating position in central lowland Scotland with views from coast to coast. It was used and re-used as a major ritual site for around 4000 years, and in its day would have been comparable to better known sites like the Standing Stones of Stenness. The summit lies 312 m above sea level, and is about 2 miles (3 km) north of Bathgate. In the 19th century the site was completely concealed by trees, then in 1947–1948 excavations by Stuart Piggott found a series of ritual monuments from successive prehistoric periods. In 1998, Gordon Barclay re-interpreted the site for Historic Scotland. It is designated a scheduled ancient monument.

History
Neolithic rituals began about 3500 BC with signs of small hearths, and precious objects left on the hill, presumably as offerings, including fine pottery bowls and stone axe heads imported from Cumbria and Wales.

Probably around 3000 BC a Class II henge was constructed with the hilltop being surrounded by a bank outside a ditch about 12 ft wide cut over 3 ft into the rock, with wide entrances from north and south. Inside this an egg-shaped setting of 24 uprights (thought to have been timber posts, or possibly standing stones) enclosed an inner setting of similar uprights.

Some time later a Bronze Age ritual added a small stone and clay cairn just off-centre inside the monument, with a 7 ft high standing stone to the east and a setting of smaller stones. Also aligned to this cairn were sockets for three upright stones at the centre of an arc of seven small pits, six of which contained cremated bones and two contained remains of bone skewer pins. Under the cairn traces were found of at least one burial, with wooden objects (perhaps a mask and club) and beaker people style pottery which indicates a date around 2000 BC.

This cairn was later covered by a second much larger cairn about 50 ft across and several yards (metres) high, with a kerb of massive stone slabs, which incorporated Bronze Age burial cists, one of which contained a food vessel pot. Subsequently, more stone was brought in to increase this cairn to about 100 ft diameter, enclosing two cremation burials in inverted urns and now covering the original ditch and bank, making the whole site a tomb monument. Lastly, inside the ditch to the east four graves considered Iron Age are now thought to be early Christian because of their east-west alignment, and are dated to around 500 to 1000. Hilderston in the valley to the east was the site of a large but short-lived mining operation following the discovery of silver in 1606.

Present day
The site is open to the public April to September and has a small visitor centre. The 1940s excavations have been partly covered by a concrete dome replicating the second cairn (although the dome is much higher than the cairn) so that visitors can go inside what was once a solid cairn and see the reconstructed graves, and outside this the surrounding post holes and graves are marked by being filled with colour-coded gravel like an archaeological plan, with the red gravel indicating upright pits, and the white gravel denoting the alleged Christian burials. The current display attempts to show all the main phases of the site at the same time.

Cairnpapple Hill is the 445th highest Marilyn (sub 2000' peaks) in Scotland (Out of 571 total Marilyns) - the true top is to the south beside a trig point.

Derivation of the name
Although there is still some confusion about the origin of the name Cairnpapple Hill, or the alternative Cairniepapple, its meaning can be guessed to a certain extent. It is uncertain whether the name comes from a Brythonic language, related to Welsh; a Goidelic one, such as Scottish Gaelic; or a mixture of the two. The first part, cairn- means cairn, either from Brythonic (e.g. Welsh carn) or Goidelic (e.g. Gaelic càrn or càirn). The second part -ie-, means of the, as in Welsh y or Gaelic a'. The third part is the most problematic, possibly meaning any of tent (Welsh pabell, Gaelic puball), people/congregation (Welsh pob(o)l, Gaelic pobull), or even eye (compare Old Welsh pubell). Thus, Cairniepapple is most likely to mean Cairn of the tent, Cairn of the people, or Cairn of the eye.

title: Cairnpapple Hill


text:
User:El C

Feel free to comment on my Talk page, or via Email (trusted users only, please). On the Hebrew Wiki: El_C | On the Wikimedia Commons: ElC | On the Foundation Wiki: ElC -

Vanity page Songs from the homeland Songs from new lands

"Parliamentarism does not eliminate, but lays bare the innate character even of the most democratic bourgeois republics as organs of class oppression - Lenin"

title: User:El C


text:
Rabih Abou-Khalil

Rabih Abou-Khalil (ربيع أبو خليل, born August 17, 1957) is an oud player and composer born in Lebanon, who combines elements of Arabic music with jazz, classical music, and other styles. He grew up in Beirut and moved to Munich, Germany, during the Lebanese Civil War in 1978.

Musical style
Abou-Khalil studied the oud at the Beirut conservatory with oudist Georges Farah. After moving to Germany, he studied classical flute at the Academy of Music in Munich under Walther Theurer.

In his compositions and live concerts, he combines elements of Arabic music with jazz, rock, or classical music, and has earned praise as "a world musician years before the phrase became a label". — According to a review of his concert in The Guardian of 2002, Abou-Khalil "makes the hot, staccato Middle Eastern flavour and the seamless grooves of jazz mingle, as if they were always meant to."

In a review of his 2007 album Songs For Sad Women, the BBC wrote "the characteristic blend of jazz-inflected Arabic melody with subtle rhythms combines into a hypnotic whole, as ever with Abou-Khalil’s fluent oud playing in a central role."

Along with Tunisian oud virtuosos Anouar Brahem and Dhafer Youssef, he has helped establish the oud as an important instrument of Ethno jazz and world fusion.

Among other musicians, Abou-Khalil has worked with ARTE Quartett (saxophone quartet), Alexander Bălănescu (violin), Luciano Biondini (accordion), Milton Cardona (conga), Sonny Fortune (alto saxophone), Michel Godard (tuba), Joachim Kühn (piano, alto saxophone), Howard Levy (harmonica), Charlie Mariano (alto saxophone), Gabriele Mirabassi (clarinet), Glen Moore (bass), Mark Nauseef (percussion), Setrak Sarkissian (darabukka), Ramesh Shotham (Indian percussion), Steve Swallow (bass), Glen Velez (frame drum, percussion), or Kenny Wheeler (flugelhorn).

Albums
His only album for the Munich-based label ECM was called Nafas (1988). Since 1990, his albums have been published by Enja Records, Munich. For Al-Jadida (1992), Abou-Khalil invited alto saxophonist Sonny Fortune; Blue Camel (1992), featured alto saxophonist Charlie Mariano and flugelhorn player Kenny Wheeler. Morton's Foot (2004) presents Luciano Biondini on accordion and Sardinian singer Gavino Murgia. Journey to the Centre of an Egg (2005) features a trio of oud, piano (Joachim Kühn, who doubles on alto saxophone) and Jarrod Cagwin on drums.

Nafas and Tarab make use of the ney, the Middle Eastern end-blown flute. Arabian Waltz features Abou-Khalil's compositions for string quartet (performed by the Balanescu Quartet), along with oud, Michel Godard on tuba (or serpent), and frame drums.

In 2008, Abou-Khalil released an album entitled "Em Português" ("In Portuguese"), where he mixes fado with Arabic music with the participation of the fadista Ricardo Ribeiro.

TV series: Visions of Music
In 1998, Rabih Abou-Khalil hosted the television series Visions of Music. This 13-part documentary series produced by EuroArts Entertainment set out to explore the blending of jazz with different music styles of the world (Caribbean salsa, Brazilian samba, Argentine tango, French musette, Spanish flamenco, Jewish klezmer, New Orleans R&B and Mississippi blues, as well as West African, South African, Indian, and Middle Eastern music) through historical footage and interviews with musicians by Abou-Khalil. The music of the TV-series was released on the album Visions of Music - World Jazz by Enja Records.

Discography

 * Compositions & Improvisations (MMP, 1981)
 * Bitter Harvest (MMP, 1984)
 * Between Dusk and Dawn (MMP, 1987; Enja, 1993)
 * Bukra (MMP, 1988; Enja, 1994)
 * Nafas (ECM, 1988)
 * Roots & Sprouts (MMP/Enja, 1990)
 * World Music Orchestra: East West Suite (Granit, 1990)
 * Al-Jadida (Enja, 1991)
 * Blue Camel (Enja, 1992)
 * Tarab (Enja, 1993)
 * The Sultan's Picnic (Enja, 1994)
 * Arabian Waltz (Enja, 1996)
 * Odd Times (Enja, 1997)
 * Yara (Enja, 1998)
 * The Cactus of Knowledge (Enja, 2001)
 * Il Sospiro (Enja, 2002)
 * Morton's Foot (Enja, 2003)
 * Journey to the Centre of an Egg (Enja, 2005)
 * Songs for Sad Women (Enja, 2007)
 * Em Português (Enja, 2008)
 * Trouble in Jerusalem (Enja, 2010)
 * Hungry People (World Village, 2012)
 * The Flood and the Fate of the Fish, (Enja Records, 2020)

As guest musician

 * Chris Karrer: Dervish Kish (Schneeball/Indigo, 1990/91)
 * Michael Riessler: Heloise (Wergo, 1992)
 * Charlie Mariano & Friends: Seventy (veraBra records, 1993)
 * Glen Moore: Nude Bass Ascending (Intuition, 1996/97)
 * Ramesh Shotam: Madras Special (Permission Music, 2002)

Other

 * Jakob Wertheim & Rabih Abou-Khalil: KopfKino cassette (Ohrbuch-Verlag, 1988)
 * The Jazz Club Highlights DVD (TDK JAZZ CLUB, 1990)
 * Rabih Abou-Khalil presents Visions of Music - World Jazz accompanying TV series (Enja, 1999)

title: Rabih Abou-Khalil


text:
Centrale des syndicats du Québec

The Centrale des syndicats du Québec (CSQ; Quebec Labour Congress) is the third biggest trade union in Quebec, Canada, by membership.

It was founded in 1946 when three earlier unions merged to form the Corporation générale des instituteurs et institutrices catholiques de la province de Québec (CIC; General Corporation of Catholic Teachers in the Province of Quebec). Léo Guindon was its first president.

It changed its name in 1967 to Corporation des enseignants du Québec (Quebec teachers corporation), and then again in 1974 when it officially became a labour union to Centrale des enseignants du Québec (CEQ; Quebec teachers labour congress). It finally became the Centrale des syndicats du Québec in 2000 to acknowledge the fact that its membership base had expanded beyond teaching profession.

Today over 100,000 of its 175,000+ members are education workers, working primarily in the public sector. Most (69%) of its members are women. The CEQ was the first Quebec trade union to appoint a woman (Lorraine Pagé) as its president, in 1988.

Louise Chabot has been president since 2012 and Marc Nantel, Line Camerlain and Pierre Jobin are 1st, 2nd and 3rd vice presidents. Daniel B. Lafrenière is the secretary-treasurer.

Centrale des syndicats du Québec currently acts as a liaison for the J. W. McConnell Family Foundation as well.

It is a member organization of Education International and Public Services International.

title: Centrale des syndicats du Québec


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Borza lesa

Discussion moved from Pages needing translation into English
 * Borza lesa - Something Slavic. Stub. -- Jmabel 23:34, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Word-by-word googlesearches suggest Slovenian. From the few words I can understand ("interaktivni spletni" = "interactive conversations"), it might be about a website (which probably does not merit being in Wikipedia). Andris 09:12, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I confirm Slovenian, but I'm not good enough at actually reading it. Alfio 19:30, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This page is indeed in Slovenian, but IMHO it's just a commercial for a company. Verbatim translation is:
 * Borza lesa (English: Wood Exchange) is interactive web accessory for exchanging business information among people dealing with wood. It works by the means of classified ads. You can visit it on the .
 * I would suggest that you delete it; if the contributor really thinks that it is wortwhile to include it here s/he should at least translate it to English. --Romanm 16:16, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, non-notable. -- Jmabel 22:40, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, ad, non-notable, not-in-English to boot. Prefer good honest wood trading to thingymon card swapping though.--Ianb 23:10, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: "I'm a lumberjack, and I'm Ok.  If you are too, please carve your name on Borza lesa, and I'll get back to you."  Delete for advertising and web guide. Geogre 01:50, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Spam in Slovenian. Zocky 01:37, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
U.S. Route 36

U.S. Route 36 (US 36) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway that travels approximately 1,414 mi from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado to Uhrichsville, Ohio. The highway's western terminus is at Deer Ridge Junction, an intersection in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, where it meets US 34. Its eastern terminus is at US 250 in Uhrichsville, Ohio.

Colorado
US Route 36 begins at US 34 at Deer Ridge Junction in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, just west of Estes Park. It then passes through Boulder and Denver on its way to Kansas. Between Boulder and Denver, the road that is now US 36 was originally built as the Denver-Boulder Turnpike. It serves today as a major arterial freeway in the Front Range Urban Corridor. Between Denver and Byers, US 36 exists in unsigned overlaps with I-270 and I-70, while some parts of its original route are signed separately as Colorado State Highway 36 (SH 36). After it diverges from I-70 in Byers, US 36 is a relatively lightly-traveled two-lane rural highway to the Kansas state line.

Kansas
US-36 passes through all 13 counties in Kansas which border Nebraska. The highway enters the Sunflower State from Colorado in Cheyenne County, and leaves the state by crossing the Missouri River on the Pony Express Bridges entering Missouri.

The section of US-36 from Washington, Kansas to St. Joseph, Missouri is officially called the Pony Express Highway because it marks the starting section of the Pony Express. It crosses the Missouri River on the Pony Express Bridges. From the western junction with K-383 to the Missouri state line, US-36 is part of the National Highway System.

Except for wider sections in towns and passing lanes on hills, US-36 through Kansas is mostly a two-lane surface road. However some of the principal intersections all along the road are grade-separated diamond interchanges. From the Little Blue River just west of the K-148 junction to the US-77 North junction just west of the Big Blue River at Marysville, US-36 is a four-lane divided surface highway. From Hiawatha to west of Wathena, the road is a two-lane freeway. After passing through Wathena as a surface street (Riverside High School in Wathena fronts the westbound lanes), it becomes a four-lane freeway to the Missouri state line.

Missouri
US 36 across Missouri is a four-lane expressway with some freeway sections, passing through or near St. Joseph, Cameron, Chillicothe, Brookfield, Macon, Monroe City and Hannibal. Between I-35 in Cameron and the Illinois state line, it runs concurrently CKC (Route 110) and forms part of the principal route between Kansas City and Chicago. Just prior to crossing the Mark Twain Memorial Bridge, US 36 also encounters the western terminus of I-72 and all three routes run concurrently into Illinois.

Illinois
In the state of Illinois, US 36 runs concurrently with much of I-72. It enters from Missouri across the Mississippi River on the Mark Twain Memorial Bridge, and runs east with the concurrency with the CKC (IL 110) ending when IL 110 diverges to follow I-172. US 36/I-72 then continue eastward, crossing I-55 in Springfield. At the US 51 bypass in Decatur, US 36 leaves I-72 and runs due east through downtown Decatur. US 36 then continues east, through Tuscola and several smaller communities, to the Indiana border.

Indiana
US 36 enters Indiana near Dana in Vermillion County. It then passes through the towns of Montezuma, Rockville, Bainbridge, Danville, and Avon before approaching Indianapolis. US 36 then joins I-465, traveling around the south side of the city (counter-clockwise in the eastbound direction). East of the city, US 36 exits onto Pendleton Pike and travels northeast. It passes through Lawrence, McCordsville, and Fortville before passing around the east side of Pendleton, where the route turns east. The route then travels mostly in a straight line, passing through Sulphur Springs, Losantville, Modoc, and Lynn before entering Ohio.

The former routing through Indianapolis consisted of Rockville Road, Washington Street, West Street/Michigan Road (the latter once Northwestern Avenue, now Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Street), 38th Street, and Pendleton Pike.

Ohio
US 36 enters Ohio in Darke County near the small village of Palestine, after which it passes through Darke, Miami, Champaign, Union, Delaware, Knox, and Coshocton counties before reaching its terminus at Uhrichsville in Tuscarawas County. It travels concurrent with US 127 in Greenville for about 5 mi. Within the state, US 36 is classified as 83.1% rural and 16.9% urban with only 6.01 mi coded as freeway (out of 204.88 mi total). It also travels concurrent with US 33 in Marysville for about 5 mi. The Birthplace of Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States, 17 E. William St., Delaware, is on the north side of US 36, approximately 0.2 mi west of the US 23 overpass. The home was demolished in 1926 and the location is marked with a historical monument.

Major intersections

 * Colorado
 * in Deer Ridge Junction
 * in Estes Park
 * in Westminster
 * on the Sherrelwood–Twin Lakes–Welby line. I-270/US 36 travels concurrently to Denver.
 * in Welby
 * in Commerce City
 * in Denver. I-70/US 36 travels concurrently to Byers.
 * on the Denver–Aurora city line
 * in Aurora. The highways travel concurrently to Byers.
 * east of Idalia. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Idalia.

 * Kansas
 * in Oberlin
 * in Norton
 * in Phillipsburg. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Smith Center. The highways travel concurrently to south of Lebanon.
 * in Belleville
 * in Marysville. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * west of Fairview
 * in Hiawatha

 * Missouri
 * in St. Joseph
 * in St. Joseph
 * in St. Joseph
 * in Cameron
 * in Cameron
 * in Chillicothe
 * in Macon
 * in Monroe City. The highways travel concurrently to Miller Township.
 * in Hannibal. I-72/US 36 travel concurrently to Harristown, Illinois.

 * Illinois
 * in Levee Township
 * in Griggsville Township
 * southwest of Jacksonville
 * in Springfield. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Harristown
 * in Tuscola Township
 * in Tuscola
 * on the Edgar–Ross township line

 * Indiana
 * in Rockville
 * in Monroe Township
 * in Indianapolis. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Indianapolis. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Indianapolis
 * in Indianapolis. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Indianapolis
 * in Indianapolis. US 36/US 421 travels concurrently through the city.
 * in Indianapolis. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Indianapolis
 * in Indianapolis
 * in Union Township
 * in Lynn

 * Ohio
 * in Neave Township. The highways travel concurrently to Greenville.
 * in Piqua
 * in Urbana
 * in Paris Township. The highways travel concurrently to Marysville.
 * in Delaware
 * near Sunbury
 * at Millwood
 * near Newcomerstown
 * in Uhrichsville

title: U.S. Route 36


text:
3554 Amun

3554 Amun is an Aten asteroid, meaning it crosses Earth's orbit, and a Venus-crosser. It was discovered on 4 March 1986 by Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at Mount Palomar Observatory, and named for the ancient Egyptian deity Amun. Amun was the fifth Aten asteroid to be numbered.

Photometric observations of 3554 Amun during 2017–2018 were combined to determine a rotation period of 2.53029$~1.6 kg$ hours. It has been classified as an M-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy, X-type in the Bus taxonomy, and C-, X-, and D-type in the Bus-DeMeo taxonomy. The featureless optical spectrum has a similar slope to the Tagish Lake meteorite, although 3554 Amun is not considered the source. The infrared spectrum of 3554 Amun was found to match a D-type asteroid taxonomy. The estimated diameter is 3.341 kilometers, making it one of the smallest known asteroids to have an M-type classification.

Amun was once considered metallic, based on an M-type optical spectrum. In Mining the Sky, planetary scientist John S. Lewis calculated the purported value of a metallic 3554 Amun at $20 trillion. (6178) 1986 DA is another M-type near-Earth asteroid with lower inclination that is actually metallic.

Amun passes close to Venus, and in 1964, 2034, and 2103 comes within 10 Gm of it.

title: 3554 Amun


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Kenneth Alan

This page is no longer featured in the host directory for comment. If you would like to reinitiate discussion, make sufficient changes in the host directory. Lord Kenneð Alansson 10:31, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Category:Urban legends

An urban legend, urban myth, urban tale, or contemporary legend is a form of modern folklore consisting of stories that may or may not have been believed by their tellers to be true.

title: Category:Urban legends


text:
Kid Elberfeld

Norman Arthur "Kid" Elberfeld (April 13, 1875 – January 13, 1944) was an American professional baseball shortstop. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (1898), Cincinnati Reds (1899), Detroit Tigers (1901–1903), New York Highlanders (1903–1909), Washington Senators (1910–1911), and Brooklyn Robins (1914). Elberfled also managed the New York Highlanders for the last half of the 1908 season.

Elberfeld was given the nickname "the Tabasco Kid" because of his fiery temper. He was known for his ferocious verbal, and sometimes physical, assaults on umpires. On one occasion, while in the minors, Elberfeld threw a lump of mud into the umpire's open mouth. Later in his career, Elberfeld assaulted umpire Silk O'Loughlin and had to be forcibly removed by police; Elberfeld was suspended for just 8 games. Records show he was tossed from a major league game 22 times as a player and 4 times as a manager.

Early career
Elberfeld broke into organized baseball in 1892 in Clarkson, Tennessee. He was so highly regarded as a prospect that a scout for the Philadelphia Phillies recommended signing him over another shortstop prospect, Honus Wagner (a Hall of Famer). Elberfeld played only 14 games for the Phillies in 1898 before being sent to the Detroit Tigers, then a minor league team in the Western Conference. A year later, Elberfeld was purchased from Detroit by the Cincinnati Reds. Elberfeld lasted only 41 games in Cincinnati.

Detroit Tigers: 1900–1903
Prior to the 1900 season, the Reds sent Elberfeld back to Detroit, then still part of the Western League. Elberfeld remained with Detroit when they joined the newly formed American League in 1901. He was the Tigers' starting shortstop during their first two seasons as a Major League team. In the team's debut, on April 25, 1901, the Tigers committed 7 errors, including 3 by Elberfeld. Later in the season, Elberfeld had 12 assists in a game on September 2, 1901. Elberfeld went on to bat .308 (with 76 RBIs and a .397 On Base Percentage) in the Tigers' inaugural season, becoming the Tigers' first team batting leader and its first .300 hitter.

In 1902, Elberfeld's batting average dropped to .260, but he started the 1903 season on a hitting tear. In June 1903, with Elberfeld hitting .341 for the Tigers, he was traded to the New York Highlanders for Herman Long and Ernie Courtney. Despite his hot hitting, Elberfeld had fallen out of favor in Detroit after being suspended for abusing an umpire. Tiger manager Ed Barrow accused Elberfeld of deliberately throwing games to get himself traded.

New York Highlanders: 1903–1909
Elberfeld was with the Highlanders from 1903 to 1909. During that time, he broke the .300 mark only once, batting .306 in 1906. Nevertheless, he was considered an integral part of the Highlanders teams, contributing in many small ways. For example, on May 20, 1907, Elberfeld stole home twice in the same game, the first American League player to accomplish that feat.

Elberfield would become the second Yankee captain after Clark Griffith. He would hold the captaincy from 1906 through 1908. In late June 1908, New York manager Clark Griffith resigned, and Elberfeld took over as the manager. The Highlanders finished the 1908 season, Elberfeld's only season as a Major League manager, in last place having gone 27–71 (a .276 winning percentage) under Elberfeld.

Washington Senators and Brooklyn Robins: 1910–1914
In December 1909, Elberfeld was sold to the Washington Senators for $5,000 ($0 in current dollar terms). He played two seasons for the Senators before being released. He signed with Montgomery in the Southern League, where he befriended a young Casey Stengel. According to Stengel biographer Maury Allen in his 1979 book, "'You Could Look It Up: The Life of Casey Stengel'", Elberfeld was generous with his time and his wisdom. The grizzled veteran and the 22-year-old youngster sat together on trains, roomed together in hotels, dined together in restaurants, shared thoughts on the bench and talked for hours about baseball. On September 15, 1912, Stengel was called up to Brooklyn. Elberfeld threw a farewell party for Stengel, ordering him to buy a new suit ("You gotta dress like a big leaguer before they believe you are one", Elberfeld said) for $22.00, and a new suitcase for $17.50. After a long night of drinking, Elberfeld walked with Stengel to the train station, and advised Stengel: "Keep your ears open and your mouth shut up there." Stengel went on to be known as much for his mouth as for his baseball talent.

Elberfeld returned briefly to the Major Leagues in 1914, where he played with the Brooklyn Robins.

Player profile
Aside from his temper, Elberfeld became known as one of the best shortstops in the early years of the twentieth century. He was known as a tough competitor who challenged baserunners to slash him out of their way. On May 1, 1908, Elberfeld was severely spiked in the foot by Bob Ganley‚ essentially ending his season. During Ty Cobb's rookie season, Cobb slid headfirst into second base, only to have Elberfeld dig his knee into the back of Cobb's neck, grinding his face in the dirt. According to a Cobb biographer, the incident marked the last time that Cobb would slide headfirst into a base. Shortly before his death, Elberfeld was quoted as saying "Ty found out my feet were harder than his head. Then he started coming in spikes first. I had to protect myself." Elberfeld's legs were badly scarred from years of high-flying spikes, and it was reported that he poured raw whiskey into spike wounds to cauterize them.

Further showing his toughness, Elberfeld led the American League in times hit by a pitch in 1903 and 1911, and was among the league leaders in the category nine times. In 1911, he was hit by a pitch 25 times, setting an American League record that was not broken until 1986 when Don Baylor was hit 35 times. In his career, Elberfeld was hit 165 times, 13th on the all-time list.

Despite 458 errors at the shortstop position, Elberfeld had great range in his early years. In 1901, he made 332 putouts and had a range factor rating of 6.14 – 87 points higher than the league average for shortstops. He also recorded a career-best 459 assists at shortstop the following season with the Tigers. Elberfeld collected 12 assists in a single game in 1901. As injuries and age slowed him down, Elberfeld's range was more limited later in his career.

Minor league manager and retirement
Elberfeld remained active in major and minor league baseball for 30 years. From 1915 to 1917, Elberfeld managed the Chattanooga Lookouts, then went on to the Little Rock Travelers, where he managed for several years, winning a pennant in 1920. While managing the Travelers, Elberfed met a 14-year-old Travis Jackson. Elberfeld observed Jackson in an impromtu workout, and later signed Jackson to his first professional contract. Early in his baseball career, Elberfeld bought an apple orchard on Signal Mountain, near Chattanooga. Elberfeld built his home and raised a family of five daughters and a son on Signal Mountain. His daughters formed a basketball team that played as "The Elberfeld Girls" and appeared on many Southern programs for several years. Elberfeld lived at his Signal Mountain home until his death in 1944.

title: Kid Elberfeld


text:
Dero

Dero may refer to:
 * Dero (annelid), a genus of annelids in the family Naididae
 * Dero Goi (born 1970), German musician
 * Dero, "detrimental robots" in the writing of Richard Sharpe Shaver
 * Dero, one of the Nereids in Greek mythology
 * Dero, a Romanian brand of detergents
 * DeRo, the pairing of Deniz and Roman on Alles was zählt
 * Dero!, a Japanese game show that formed the basis for Syfy's Exit
 * Dwayne De Rosario, Canadian soccer player, nicknamed DeRo
 * DeRo United Futbol Academy, Canadian soccer club founded by the above player

title: Dero


text:
Domestique

In road bicycle racing, a domestique is a rider who works for the benefit of their team and leader, rather than trying to win the race. In French, domestique translates as "servant". The use of the term dates back to 1911, although such riders had existed before then.

Theoretical basis
Much of a cyclist's effort is to push aside the air in front of them. Riding in the slipstream of another rider is easier than taking the lead. The difference increases with speed. Racers have known this from the start and have ridden accordingly, often sharing the lead between them. From there it is a small step to employing a rider to create a slipstream while their leader rides behind them.

More complicated tactics become possible as the number of domestiques available increases (see below). Where the domestique finishes a race is less important than the help he gives. During their role as domestiques, riders do not share the fame of their respective leaders, such as Eddy Merckx, Bernard Hinault, or Miguel Induráin.

Many domestiques have ultimately gone on to achieve fame of their own, however. Lucien Aimar, who supported Jacques Anquetil, won the 1966 Tour de France. Greg LeMond won the 1986 Tour de France after being Bernard Hinault's domestique in the 1985 Tour de France, as did Jan Ullrich in 1997 after riding for Bjarne Riis in 1996, Chris Froome in 2013 after riding for Bradley Wiggins in 2012, and Jonas Vingegaard, who scored second place at the Tour in 2021 before ultimately going on to win in 2022 and 2023 after being domestique for Primož Roglič in 2020. The writer Roger St Pierre said:

"Roger St Pierre"

First domestiques
The first riders known to have been employed to help a leader were Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban. They rode in the 1907 Tour de France for Henri Pépin, who promised them the equivalent of first prize if they would pace him from restaurant to restaurant. The three never hurried. They took 12 hours and 20 minutes longer than Émile Georget on the stage from Roubaix to Metz – they were far from last – and the judges were powerless because the race was decided not on time but points. It mattered less what speed riders competed than the order in which they crossed the line. In an era when riders could be separated by hours, there was no point in hurrying after a rival who could not be caught and passed. The judges had to wait for everyone.

The rules of the Tour in its first decades forbade team riding, but Pépin did little to affect the result. He dropped out on stage five.

Terminology origin
The word was first used in cycling as an insult for Maurice Brocco, known as Coco, in 1911. Brocco started six Tours de France between 1908 and 1914, finished none of them, although a stage he won in 1911 caused the coining of domestique. Brocco's chances in 1911 ended when he lost time on the day to Chamonix. Unable to win, the next day he offered his services to other riders, for which he had a reputation. François Faber was in danger of being eliminated for taking too long and the two came to a deal. Brocco waited for Faber and paced him to the finish. Henri Desgrange, the organiser and chief judge, wanted to disqualify him for breaking the rules. But he had no proof and feared Brocco would appeal to the national cycling body, the Union Vélocipédique Française. He limited himself to scorn in his newspaper, L'Auto, writing: "He is unworthy. He is no more than a domestique."

Next morning Brocco greeted Desgrange with: "Today, monsieur, we are going to settle our accounts." He won the day by 34 minutes. Desgrange followed him and the yellow jersey, Gustave Garrigou, as they climbed the Tourmalet. "So, am I forbidden to ride with him?" Brocco shouted. On the following mountain, the Aubisque, he dropped Garrigou, passed Paul Duboc, who had been poisoned and was in agony beside the road, and took the lead with Émile Georget. Desgrange was still watching. "Alors, quoi", Brocco shouted, "do I have the right to stay with him?" And then he rode off alone and won. He had made two points to Desgrange. The first was that he was a talented rider and not a servant. The second was that he had so much talent that his poor riding with Faber could only have been through a commercial arrangement. Desgrange replied that any rider with such flair had clearly been selling the race. "He deserves his punishment", Desgrange wrote, "immediate disqualification."

Domestiques had long been accepted in other races. Desgrange believed the Tour should be a race of individuals and fought repeatedly with the sponsors, bicycle factories, who saw it otherwise. Desgrange got rid of the factories' influence only by reorganising the Tour for national teams in 1930, with the effect that he thereby acknowledged teamwork and therefore domestiques.

Devoted domestiques
The dominant climber of the 1950s, Charly Gaul, was followed for as long as he could last by Luxemburger Marcel Ernzer. The two men were of similar size and rode bikes of exactly the same dimensions, even though that made Ernzer a little low in the saddle. He was always there to give his bike to Gaul when it was needed.

Andrea Carrea was a domestique for Fausto Coppi. "He was a gregario par excellence", said the journalist Jean-Luc Gatellier, "the incarnation of personal disinterest ... showing to perfection the notion of personal sacrifice. He refused the slightest bit of personal glory." Carrea was riding the Tour de France of 1952 and joined an attack to Lausanne to protect his leader's interests. "Carrea said: 'Without knowing it, I had slid into the important break of the day and at Lausanne, to my great surprise, I heard I had inherited a jersey destined for champions. For me, it was a terrible situation.'"

Carrea had no idea he had become race leader. When officials told him, he burst into tears. He had ousted Coppi and he dreaded the consequences. He wept as he received his jersey, looking constantly down the road for the main field that included his leader.

"Jean-Paul Ollivier said: Carrea thought the sky had fallen in. How would Fausto take it? When the champion arrived a few minutes later, Carrea went towards him in tears to offer his excuses. 'You must understand that I did not want this jersey, Fausto. I have no right to it. A poor man like me, the yellow jersey?'"

"Coppi said: 'I wondered how Carrea, so shy and so emotional, was going to take it. When I went to congratulate him on the track at Lausanne, he didn't know what face he ought to adopt'."

José Luis Arrieta was a domestique for Miguel Induráin. L'Équipe said: "He no longer counts the hours, the years, spent with his nose in the wind trying to protect his leader for as long as possible". Arrieta said:

When you have the chance to start your career in so big a team and at the side of a champion as great as Indurain, you grow in the service of sacrifice. I don't complain. To the contrary, I had the chance to live some wonderful moments. When Indurain won, or another rider for whom we had decided to work, it was a victory for all the team men as well".

Basic support
Domestiques bring water and food from team cars and shield teammates from opponents. They help teammates with mechanical disasters – should the leader puncture a tire, the domestique will cycle in front to create a slipstream allowing him to reclaim their position. A domestique may also sacrifice his bicycle or wheel.

Tactical support
Domestiques race in the interest of the team, or against opposing teams. By putting themselves in a breakaway they force other teams to chase. In turn, they chase a breakaway that threatens their team.

Domestiques lead out sprinters by letting them 'draft' behind to conserve energy until the last few hundred meters. The lead-out train sometimes starts 10–15 km to the finish with up to eight domestiques setting a pace to discourage others from breaking away. One by one, worn-out teammates drop off. The last to lead a sprinter is often a good sprinter himself. The sprinter will launch into a dash to the line with one or two hundred meters to go.

In mountainous races, domestiques help their leaders by setting a pace or thwarting attacks from others.

Super-domestique
There is a hierarchy among domestiques; the more accomplished, often called lieutenants or super-domestiques, are called upon during critical times. The lieutenant stays with the leader as long as possible during demanding periods. For example, Lance Armstrong used teammates Roberto Heras and José Azevedo as climbing domestiques to set pace during mountain stages of the Tour de France before making a decisive attack. Experienced super-domestiques often also have the role of captain, passing on tactical instructions to other riders and making tactical decisions when there is little or no contact with the coaching staff. Examples of traditional super-domestiques are Andreas Klöden with Astana Pro Team and George Hincapie who was a key lieutenant of U.S. Postal Team. Hincapie was also a domestique for Alberto Contador in 2007 and for Cadel Evans in 2011, when both went on to win the Tour.

Recent developments in the compositions of the rosters of leading teams have led to an increasing number of high-status riders fulfilling super-domestique duties, especially during the Grand Tours. This approach was largely originated by Team Sky, beginning with their success at the 2012 Tour de France, where Chris Froome finished second on the overall podium behind his teammate and compatriot Bradley Wiggins. This finish came after some tension between the two lead riders, in particular during Stage 17 of the race, where Froome was forced to wait for Wiggins – his defined team leader – three times on the climb to the summit finish at Peyragudes, allowing Alejandro Valverde to win the stage, while both Wiggins and Froome cemented their overall general classifications standings. Following this, a number of teams have adopted fluid, or shared team leadership at the Tour de France and the other Grand Tours. The 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions of the Tour de France all saw Sky – in 2019, changing sponsorship to become known as – successfully capture the yellow jersey, while a second rider from the team finished elsewhere within the top four: 2017 saw Froome win, with Mikel Landa coming fourth; in 2018, Geraint Thomas won his first Tour de France, while Froome finished third; and in 2019, Egan Bernal, who had himself served as a super-domestique to Froome and Thomas the previous year, subsequently finished first himself, with Thomas finishing second.

This top-heavy strategy has also been a feature of other teams in contention, with mixed results. The for the 2018 and 2019 Tours saw the deployment of the so-called 'Trident' of Mikel Landa, who had moved from Sky for the 2018 season, alongside long-term Movistar leaders and general classification contenders Nairo Quintana and Alejandro Valverde. This tactic was largely unsuccessful for Movistar, who experienced difficulties in coordinating their three leaders, none of whom appeared willing to sacrifice their own ambitions to serve as super-domestiques for one of the other two. Comparatively, a more successful and more hierarchical example of the super-domestique system featured at the 2020 Tour de France through having entered the Tour with shared leadership between Tom Dumoulin and Primož Roglič – both of whom were previous Grand Tour winners, alongside high finishes at the Tour de France itself – Dumoulin recognised that he would be unable to maintain his own general classification campaign, and voluntarily assumed a super-domestique role to Roglič. This allowed Jumbo-Visma to operate with similar tactics to those used by Sky/INEOS in previous years, by setting a higher pace throughout difficult climbs, buoyed by the fact that Dumoulin and other Jumbo-Visma support riders such as Sepp Kuss would remain present in breakaways and leaders' groups to protect Roglič, while the weaker support riders surrounding other contenders would be whittled away. However, their defensive tactics had the unforeseen consequence of Jumbo-Visma helping eventual winner and rival Tadej Pogačar of UAE Team Emirates.

Nonetheless, the traditional domestique role remains an important one, and a 2020 poll of riders in the professional peloton by cyclingnews.com named Tim Declercq as the best domestique in the world, followed by Luke Rowe, Michael Mørkøv, Andrey Amador, Imanol Erviti, Michael Schär and Iljo Keisse.

Individual glory
Domestiques sometimes get a chance to win stages in stage racing. Typically this would be late in a stage race. Domestiques whose standings do not threaten the leaders will often not be chased if they break away. Domestiques can progress to more senior roles if they show ability. For example, at the 2012 Tour de France Tejay van Garderen of BMC Racing Team began the tour as a domestique for 2011 winner Cadel Evans but later became team leader due to Evans struggling and eventually won the young rider classification. Chris Froome of Team Sky also won a stage while riding in support of winner Bradley Wiggins, and became team leader the following year, where he eventually won the general classification.

Assigned team roles vary substantially from race to race based on a variety of factors, including the course, the team members riding the race, their current physical condition, or even commercial factors. For instance, Stuart O'Grady, a veteran professional rider riding for Leopard-Trek, served as a domestique supporting Carlos Sastre in the 2008 Tour de France. By contrast, in the 2008 Herald Sun Tour, a much less-prominent race in which Sastre (and other high-profile members of the team) did not ride, the Australian O'Grady acted as team leader and was assisted by his teammates to win two stages and the general classification.

Evolution of the domestique
The UCI points system changed the relationship between domestiques and leaders. Previously, domestiques were not concerned with their finishing order. However, riders now get points for their finish position. This presses domestiques to also consider their own performance in addition to their leader's.

The 1990s saw the introduction of radio communication, allowing managers to assign tasks to domestiques wherever they are on the road. The influence of radios on race tactics is a topic of discussion amongst the cycling community, with some arguing that the introduction of radios in the 1990s has devalued the tactical knowledge of individual riders and has led to less exciting racing. In September 2009, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the governing body of pro cycling, voted to phase in a ban on the use of team radios in men's elite road racing. Finally radio found its undisputed place in peloton for good and, as some races with imposed radio ban proved, the ban changed nothing in racing tactics.

In track cycling
In track cycling's team pursuit event, a team of four riders must complete 4 km, with the third rider being used to stop the clock. Therefore, one rider often sprints towards the finish line to tow the teammates.

title: Domestique