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Luxury goods

In economics, a luxury good (or upmarket good) is a good for which demand increases more than what is proportional as income rises, so that expenditures on the good become a more significant proportion of overall spending. Luxury goods are in contrast to necessity goods, where demand increases proportionally less than income. Luxury goods is often used synonymously with superior goods.

Definition and etymology
The word "luxury" derives from the Latin verb luxor meaning to overextend or strain. From this, the noun luxuria and verb luxurio developed, "indicating immoderate growth, swelling, ... in persons and animals, willful or unruly behavior, disregard for moral restraints, and licensciousness", and the term has had negative connotations for most of its long history. One definition in the OED is a "thing desirable but not necessary". A luxury good can be identified by comparing the demand for the good at one point in time against the demand for the good at a different time, at a different income level. When personal income increases, demand for luxury goods increases even more than income does.

Conversely, when personal income decreases, demand for luxury goods drops even more than income does. For example, if income rises 1%, and the demand for a product rises 2%, then the product is a luxury good. This contrasts with necessity goods, or basic goods, for which demand stays the same or decreases only slightly as income decreases.

Scope of the term
With increasing accessibility to luxury goods, new product categories have been created within the luxury market, called "accessible luxury" or "mass luxury". These are meant specifically for the middle class, sometimes called the "aspiring class" in this context. Because luxury has diffused into the masses, defining the word has become more difficult.

Whereas luxury often refers to certain types of products, luxury is not restricted to physical goods; services can also be luxury. Likewise, from the consumer perspective, luxury is an experience defined as "hedonic escapism".

Confusion with normal goods
"Superior goods" is the gradable antonym of "inferior good". If the quantity of an item demanded increases with income, but not by enough to increase the share of the budget spent on it, then it is only a normal good and is not a superior good. Consumption of all normal goods increases as income increases. For example, if income increases by 50%, then consumption will increase (maybe by only 1%, maybe by 40%, maybe by 70%). A superior good is a normal good for which the proportional consumption increase exceeds the proportional income increase. So, if income increases by 50%, then consumption of a superior good will increase by more than 50% (maybe 51%, maybe 70%).

In economics terminology, all goods with an income elasticity of demand greater than zero are "normal", but only the subset having income elasticity of demand > 1 are "superior".

Some articles in the microeconomics discipline use the term superior good as an alternative to an inferior good, thus making "superior goods" and "normal goods" synonymous. Where this is done, a product making up an increasing share of spending under income increases is often called an ultra-superior good.

Art history

Though often verging on the meaningless in modern marketing, "luxury" remains a legitimate and current technical term in art history for objects that are especially highly decorated to very high standards and use expensive materials. The term is especially used for medieval manuscripts to distinguish between practical working books for normal use, and fully illuminated manuscripts, that were often bound in treasure bindings with metalwork and jewels. These are often much larger, with less text on each page and many illustrations, and if liturgical texts were originally usually kept on the altar or sacristy rather any library that the church or monastery who owned them may have had. Secular luxury manuscripts were commissioned by the very wealthy and differed in the same ways from cheaper books.

"Luxury" and "luxury arts" may be used for other applied arts where both utilitarian and luxury versions of the same types of objects were made. This might cover metalwork, ceramics, glass, arms and armor, and various objects. It is much less used for objects from the fine arts, with no function beyond being an artwork: paintings, drawings, and sculpture, even though the disparity in cost between an expensive and cheap work may have been as large.

Characteristics
Luxury goods have high income elasticity of demand: as people become wealthier, they will buy proportionately more luxury goods. This also means that should there be a decline in income, its demand will drop more than proportionately. The income elasticity of demand is not constant with respect to income and may change signs at different income levels. That is to say, a luxury good may become a necessity good or even an inferior good at different income levels.

Some luxury products have been claimed to be examples of Veblen goods, with a positive price elasticity of demand: for example, making a perfume more expensive can increase its perceived value as a luxury good to such an extent that sales can go up, rather than down. However, Veblen goods are not synonymous with luxury goods.

Although the technical term luxury good is independent of the goods' quality, they are generally considered to be goods at the highest end of the market in terms of quality and price. Many markets have a luxury segment including, for example, luxury versions of automobiles, yachts, wine, bottled water, coffee, tea, foods, watches, clothes, jewelry, cosmetics and high fidelity sound equipment. Luxuries may be services. Hiring full-time or live-in domestic servants is a luxury reflecting income disparities. Some financial services, especially in some brokerage houses, can be considered luxury services by default because persons in lower-income brackets generally do not use them.

Luxury goods often have special luxury packaging to differentiate the products from mainstream competitors.

Trends
Originally, luxury goods were available only to the very wealthy and "aristocratic world of old money" that offered them a history of tradition, superior quality, and a pampered buying experience. Luxury goods have been transformed by a shift from custom-made (bespoke) works with exclusive distribution practices by specialized, quality-minded family-run and small businesses to a mass production of specialty branded goods by profit-focused large corporations and marketers. The trend in modern luxury is simply a product or service that is marketed, packaged, and sold by global corporations that are focused "on growth, visibility, brand awareness, advertising, and, above all, profits." Increasingly, luxury logos are now available to all consumers at a premium price across the world, including online.

Global consumer companies, such as Procter & Gamble, are also attracted to the industry due to the difficulty of making a profit in the mass consumer goods market. The customer base for various luxury goods continue to be more culturally diversified, and this presents more unseen challenges and new opportunities to companies in this industry.

There are several trends in luxury:
 * Democratization of luxury. Also known as masstige (from mass-prestige), is a marketing strategy that aims to make brands prestigious while retaining their affordability.
 * Globalization: Consumers in some countries are becoming wealthier; thus, new markets are opening for luxury marketers. Reports by consulting agencies like McKinsey predicted that East Asia would become the world's largest personal luxury goods market. China will consume half the global market value of luxury goods.
 * Consolidation: Consolidation involves the growth of big companies and ownership of brands across many segments of luxury products. Examples include Kering, LVMH, and Richemont, which dominate the market in areas ranging from luxury drinks to fashion and cosmetics.
 * Luxury brand collaborations. This marketing strategy demonstrates the potential of unexpected partnerships and co-branding opportunities between luxury brands and an unconventional partner seemingly at the opposite end of the design spectrum. Collaborations include pairings of luxury brands like Fendi x Versace but also pairings with streetwear brands including skateboarding brand Supreme x LVMH, with celebrities such as Bad Bunny x Adidas, anime characters like Doraemon x Gucci, and now video game franchises like Fortnite x Balenciaga. The collaborations are often limited edition collections.

Size
The luxury goods market has been on an upward climb for many years. Apart from the setback caused by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the industry has performed well, particularly in 2000. That year, the world luxury goods market was worth nearly $170 billion and grew 7.9 percent. The United States has been the largest regional market for luxury goods. The largest sector in this category was luxury drinks, including premium whisky, champagne, and cognac. The watches and jewelry section showed the strongest performance, growing in value by 23.3 percent, while the clothing and accessories section grew 11.6 percent between 1996 and 2000, to $32.8 billion. The largest ten markets for luxury goods account for 83 percent of overall sales and include Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom, and United States.

In 2012, China surpassed Japan as the world's largest luxury market. China's luxury consumption accounts for over 25% of the global market. According to the Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report 2020, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tokyo and Singapore were four of the five most expensive cities for luxury goods in Asia. In 2014, the luxury sector was expected to grow over the following ten years because of 440 million consumers spending a total of 880 billion euros, or $1.2 trillion.

Advertising
The advertising expenditure for the average luxury brand is 5-15% of sales revenue, or about 25% with the inclusion of other communications such as public relations, events, and sponsorships.

A rather small group in comparison, the wealthy tend to be extremely influential. Once a brand gets an "endorsement" from members of this group, then the brand can be defined as a true "luxury" brand. An example of different product lines in the same brand is found in the automotive industry, with "entry-level" cars marketed to younger, less wealthy consumers, and higher-cost models for older and more wealthy consumers.

Economics
In economics, superior goods or luxury goods make up a larger proportion of consumption as income rises, and therefore are a type of normal goods in consumer theory. Such a good must possess two economic characteristics: it must be scarce, and, along with that, it must have a high price. The scarcity of the good can be natural or artificial; however, the general population (i.e., consumers) must recognize the good as distinguishably better. Possession of such a good usually signifies "superiority" in resources and is usually accompanied by prestige.

A Veblen good is a superior good with a prestige value so high that a price decline might lower demand. Veblen's contribution is demonstrated by the significance of the Veblen effect, which refers to the phenomenon of people purchasing costly items even when more affordable options that provide similar levels of satisfaction are available.

The income elasticity of a superior good is above one by definition because it raises the expenditure share as income rises. A superior good may also be a luxury good that is not purchased below a certain income level. Examples would include smoked salmon, caviar, and most other delicacies. On the other hand, superior goods may have a wide quality distribution, such as wine and holidays. However, though the number of such goods consumed may stay constant even with rising wealth, the level of spending will go up to secure a better experience.

A higher income inequality leads to higher consumption of luxury goods because of status anxiety.

Socioeconomic significance
Several manufactured products attain the status of "luxury goods" due to their design, quality, durability, or performance, which are superior to comparable substitutes.

Some goods are perceived as luxurious by the public simply because they play the role of status symbols, as such goods tend to signify the purchasing power of those who acquire them. These items, while not necessarily being better (in quality, performance, or appearance) than their less expensive substitutes, are purchased with the main purpose of displaying wealth or income of their owners. These kinds of goods are the objects of a socio-economic phenomenon called conspicuous consumption and commonly include luxury cars, watches, jewelry, designer clothing, yachts, private jets, corporate helicopters as well as large residences, urban mansions, and country houses.

Luxury brands
The idea of a luxury brand is not necessarily a product or a price point, but a mindset where core values that are expressed by a brand are directly connected to the producer's dedication and alignment to perceptions of quality with its customers' values and aspirations. Thus, it is these target customers, not the product, that make a luxury brand. Brands considered luxury connect with their customers by communicating that they are at the top of their class or considered the best in their field. Furthermore, these brands must deliver – in some meaningful way – measurably better performance.

What consumers perceive as luxurious brands and products change over the years, but there appear to be three main drivers: (1) a high price, especially when compared to other brands within its segment; (2) limited supply, in that a brand may not need to be expensive, but it arguably should not be easily obtainable and contributing to the customers' feeling that they have something special; and (3) endorsement by celebrities, which can make a brand or particular products more appealing for consumers and thus more "luxurious" in their minds. Two additional elements of luxury brands include special packaging and personalization. These differentiating elements distance the brands from the mass market and thus provide them with a unique feeling and user experience as well as a special and memorable "luxury feel" for customers.

Examples include LVMH, the largest luxury goods producer in the world with over fifty brands (including Louis Vuitton) and sales of €42.6 billion in 2017, Kering, which made €15.9 billion in revenue for a net income of €2.3 billion in 2019, and Richemont.

The luxury brand concept is now so popular that it is used in almost every retail, manufacturing, and service sector. New marketing concepts such as "mass-luxury" or "hyper luxury" further blur the definition of what is a luxury product, a luxury brand, or a luxury company. Lately, luxury brands have extended their reach to young consumers through unconventional luxury brand collaborations in which luxury brands partner with non-luxury brands seemingly at the opposite spectrum of design, image, and value. For example, luxury fashion houses partner with streetwear brands and video games.

Luxury department stores

Since the development of mass-market "luxury" brands in the 1800s. Extraordinary places will be the factor of development that can be achieved by enabling the conversion of items from the mass-market to the luxury market.

Many innovative technologies are being added to mass-market products and then transformed into luxury items to be placed in department stores.

Department stores that sell major luxury brands have opened up in most major cities worldwide. Le Bon Marché in Paris, France is credited as one of the first of its kind.

In the United States, the development of luxury-oriented department stores not only changed the retail industry, but also ushered the idea of freedom through consumerism, and a new opportunity for middle- and upper-class women.

Luxury shopping districts
Fashion brands within the luxury goods market tend to be concentrated in exclusive or affluent districts of cities worldwide. These include:

 * Amsterdam's P.C. Hooftstraat
 * Abu Dhabi's Saadiyat Island
 * Athens Voukourestiou Street and Kolonaki district
 * Atlanta's Buckhead district
 * Auckland's Orakei Local Board area
 * Bangalore's UB City
 * Bangkok's Pathumwan
 * Barcelona's Passeig de Gràcia
 * Beijing's Yabaolu
 * Berlin's Kurfürstendamm
 * Bogotá's Zona T
 * Boston's Newbury Street
 * Brisbane's Teneriffe
 * Brussels Louizalaan/Avenue Louise
 * Budapest's Rózsadomb district
 * Buenos Aires's Recoleta
 * Cairo's Zamalek
 * Cartagena's Bocagrande
 * Chicago's Oak Street and Magnificent Mile
 * Dubai's Al Barsha and Jumeirah districts
 * Dublin's Dublin 4 district
 * Düsseldorf's Königsallee
 * Florence's Via de' Tornabuoni
 * Frankfurt's Freßgass
 * Guangzhou's Haizhu District
 * Hamburg's Neuer Wall
 * Hanoi's Hang Bac in Hoàn Kiếm district
 * Hong Kong's Central, Tsim Sha Tsui
 * Istanbul's Abdi İpekçi Street and İstinye Park
 * Jakarta's Menteng and Kebayoran Baru
 * Johannesburg's Sandton (Nelson Mandela Square)
 * Kuala Lumpur's Bukit Bintang and KLCC
 * Las Vegas's Strip
 * Leeds Victoria Quarter
 * Lisbon's Avenida da Liberdade
 * London's Bond Street and Sloane Street
 * Los Angeles Beverly Hills (Rodeo Drive)
 * Madrid's Calle de Serrano
 * Manila's Ayala Avenue
 * Medellín's El Poblado
 * Melbourne's Collins Street
 * Montreal's Rue Sainte-Catherine
 * Mexico City's Avenida Presidente Masaryk
 * Miami's Star Island and Coral Gables
 * Milan's Via Monte Napoleone
 * Moscow's Tverskaya Street and Stoleshnikov Lane
 * Munich's Maximilianstraße
 * New York's Madison Avenue, Fifth Avenue and SoHo
 * Paris Champs-Élysées, Avenue Montaigne and Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré
 * Palm Beach's Worth Avenue
 * Panama City's Multiplaza Pacific
 * Palm Desert's El Paseo
 * Perth's Dalkeith
 * Philadelphia's Walnut Street
 * Prague's Pařížská
 * Rio de Janeiro's Leblon and Copacabana districts
 * Rome's Via Condotti
 * Reykjavík's Vesturbær and Garðabær
 * San Francisco's Union Square
 * San Jose's Santana Row
 * Santiago's Alonso de Córdoba
 * São Paulo's Jardins district and Rua Oscar Freire Street
 * Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City)'s District 1
 * Seoul's Cheongdam-dong
 * Shanghai's Middle Huaihai Road
 * Singapore's Orchard Road
 * Stockholm's Biblioteksgatan
 * Sydney's Castlereagh Street
 * Taipei's Xinyi District
 * Tel Aviv's Kikar Hamedina
 * Tokyo's Ginza and Aoyama
 * Toronto's Mink Mile
 * Vancouver's Alberni Street
 * Vienna's Innere Stadt
 * Warsaw's Nowy Świat Street and Mokotowska Street
 * Zürich's Bahnhofstrasse

title: Luxury goods


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Jim Sheridan

Jim Sheridan (born 6 February 1949) is an Irish playwright and filmmaker. Between 1989 and 1993, Sheridan directed three critically acclaimed films set in Ireland, My Left Foot (1989), The Field (1990), and In the Name of the Father (1993), and later directed the films The Boxer (1997), In America (2003), and Brothers (2009). Sheridan received six Academy Award nominations.

Life and career
Jim Sheridan was born in Dublin on 6 February 1949. He is the brother of playwright Peter Sheridan. The family ran a lodging house, while Anna Sheridan worked at a hotel and Peter Sheridan Snr was a railway clerk with CIÉ. Sheridan's early education was at a Christian Brothers school. In 1969 he attended University College Dublin to study English and History. In 1972, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English. He became involved in student theatre there, where he met Neil Jordan, who also was later to become an important Irish film director. After graduating from UCD in 1972, Sheridan and his brother began writing and staging plays, and in the late 1970s began working with the Project Theatre Company.

In 1981, Sheridan emigrated to Canada, but eventually settled in the Hell's Kitchen section of New York City in the United States. He enrolled in NYU's Tisch School of the Arts and became the artistic director of the Irish Arts Center.

Sheridan returned to Ireland in the late 1980s. In 1989, he directed My Left Foot (with Daniel Day-Lewis), which became a critical and commercial success and won Day-Lewis and Brenda Fricker Academy Awards. He followed that with The Field (with Richard Harris) in 1990; then with In the Name of the Father in 1993, a fictionalised re-telling of the case of the Guildford Four. The film won the Golden Bear at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival.

In 1996 he co-wrote Some Mother's Son with Terry George. The Boxer was nominated for a Golden Globe for best film drama in 1997. The film was Sheridan's third collaboration with Day-Lewis after My Left Foot and In the Name of the Father, making him the only director to work with Day-Lewis on three films. In 2003, he released the semi-autobiographical In America, which tells the story of a family of Irish immigrants trying to succeed in New York. The film received positive reviews and earned Samantha Morton and Djimon Hounsou Academy Award nominations. In 2005 he released Get Rich or Die Tryin', a film starring rap star 50 Cent.

Sheridan helmed the 2009 film Brothers, starring Tobey Maguire. Jake Gyllenhaal, and Natalie Portman, which was shot in New Mexico. He also directed the thriller Dream House, which starred Daniel Craig, Naomi Watts, and Rachel Weisz.

He is the son of Anne and Peter Sheridan. He has four daughters. His youngest daughter, Clodagh Amira Sheridan, is his child with his partner, the film director Zahara Moufid. His three older daughters, Kirsten, Naomi, and Tess, were born to his late wife Fran Sheridan. Additionally, he has six siblings: Ita Rafferty, Peter Sheridan, John Sheridan, Frankie Sheridan, Gerard Sheridan, and Paul Sheridan.

In 2015, Sheridan was awarded UCD Alumnus of the Year in Arts & Humanities.

Films
Executive producer
 * Borstal Boy (2000)
 * On the Edge (2001)
 * Bloody Sunday (2002)
 * Where's Daddy! (2006) (Short film)
 * Dollhouse (2012)
 * Omar Sharif's Tribute (2015) (Documentary)
 * Shelter Me: Apollo House (2018) (Documentary)
 * First Disco (2019) (Short film)

Acting credits

Music video

 * "You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart" by Sinéad O'Connor (1994)

Awards and nominations
Academy Awards
 * Best Adapted Screenplay – My Left Foot (1990), nomination (as co-writer)
 * Best Director – My Left Foot (1990), nomination (as director)
 * Best Adapted Screenplay – In the Name of the Father (1994), nomination (as co-writer)
 * Best Director – In the Name of the Father (1994), nomination (as director)
 * Best Picture – In the Name of the Father (1994), nomination (as producer)
 * Best Original Screenplay – In America (2004), nomination (as co-writer)

Berlin International Film Festival
 * 1994, Golden Bear – In the Name of the Father, winner
 * 1998, Golden Bear – The Boxer, nomination

British Academy Film Awards
 * Best Adapted Screenplay – My Left Foot (1990), nomination (as co-writer)
 * Best Adapted Screenplay – In the Name of the Father (1993), nomination (as co-writer)

European Film Awards
 * European Director of the Year – My Left Foot (1989), nomination

Golden Globe Awards
 * Best Director – The Boxer (1997), nomination
 * Best Screenplay – In America (2002), nomination (as co-writer)

Gregory Peck Award
 * Lifetime Achievement - Dingle International Film Festival (2009)

Independent Spirit Awards
 * Best Director – In America (2002), nomination
 * Best Director - Brothers (2009), winner
 * Lifetime Achievement Award - (2015), Winner
 * Best Director - The Secret Scripture (2016), nomination

National Board of Review
 * Best Original Screenplay – In America (2002), winner (as co-writer)

Writers Guild of America
 * Best Original Screenplay – In America (2002), nomination (as co-writer)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jim Sheridan


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Lynne Truss

Lynne Truss (born 31 May 1955 ) is an English author, journalist, novelist, and radio broadcaster and dramatist. She champions correctness and aesthetics in the English language, which is the subject of her 2003 book, Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. The book was inspired by a BBC Radio 4 show about punctuation, Cutting a Dash, which she presented.

Besides her promotion of linguistic prescription and commentary on English grammar, Truss has written many radio plays, both comedic and dramatic. She has also written grammar guides for children and novels, including crime fiction. She was inducted into the Detection Club in 2021.

Early life
Truss was born on 31 May 1955 in Kingston upon Thames. She was educated at the Tiffin Girls' School and University College London, where she was awarded a first-class degree in English Language and Literature.

Career
Truss began her media career as a literary editor. She then spent six years as a television critic for The Times, before moving into sports journalism for the same newspaper. She spent four years in the latter field and in 2009 wrote a book about her experiences with it, Get Her Off the Pitch: How Sport Took Over My Life.

Politics
In August 2014, Truss was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

Novels

 * With One Lousy Free Packet of Seed – Hamish Hamilton (1994) ISBN 978-0-241-13410-8; Penguin (1995) ISBN 0-14-017938-0; Profile Books (2004) ISBN 1-86197-749-2
 * Tennyson's Gift – Hamish Hamilton (1996) ISBN 0-241-13521-4; Penguin (1997) ISBN 0-14-024671-1; Profile Books (2004) ISBN 1-86197-733-6
 * Going Loco – Review (Hodder Headline) (1999) ISBN 0-7472-5965-8; Profile Books (2004) ISBN 1-86197-733-6
 * Cat Out of Hell – Hammer (2014) ISBN 978-0-09-958534-3
 * The Lunar Cats (2017) ISBN 978-1-7847-5688-8
 * A Shot in the Dark (A Constable Twitten Mystery) – Raven Books (2018) ISBN 978-1-4088-9051-6
 * The Man That Got Away: A Constable Twitten Mystery (2019) ISBN 978-1-6355-7073-1
 * Murder by Milk Bottle (A Constable Twitten Mystery) (2020) ISBN 978-1-5266-0979-3
 * Psycho by the Sea (A Constable Twitten Mystery) (2021) ISBN 978-1-5266-0987-8

Non-fiction

 * Making the Cat Laugh: One Woman's Journal of Single Life on the Margins (1995)
 * Tennyson and his Circle (1999)
 * Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation (2003)
 * Glued to the Goggle Box: 50 Years of British TV with Freeze-Frames (2003) – with John Minnion
 * Talk to the Hand: The Utter Bloody Rudeness of Everyday Life (2005)
 * Get Her Off the Pitch: How Sport Took Over My Life (2009)

Children's books

 * The Girl's Like Spaghetti: Why, You Can't Manage Without Apostrophes! (2007)
 * Twenty-Odd Ducks: Why, Every Punctuation Mark Counts (2008)

Collections and published scripts

 * A Certain Age: Twelve Monologues From the Classic Radio Series – Profile Books (2007) ISBN 1-86197-879-0
 * Giving Up the Ghost – BBC Radio 4 (2008)

Selected radio series

 * Acropolis Now – set in Ancient Greece (2000–2002)
 * A Certain Age (BBC Audio Collection, two vols.) – BBC Audiobooks (2005, 2007) ISBN 0-563-51052-8, ISBN 1-4056-7687-6
 * Inspector Steine – set in a 1950s English police station (2007–2013)
 * Gossip from the Garden Pond (2014)
 * Rumblings from the Rafters (2016)

This list excludes standalone plays.

title: Lynne Truss


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Talk:Dalkeith

Eskbank and Woodburn
I'm not sure whether to bring back the links to Eskbank and Woodburn even though they had no articles. I would argue that any links to Eskbank and Wooburn would be pointless as I believe these places to be suburbs of Dalkeith. Even if they were to have separate articles they would probably end up being merged with the Dalkeith article anyway. As for now i'll leave redirect pages.Mr Eko Let You Live 11:06, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Update: a separate stub article on Woodburn existed for a while at Woodburn, Midlothian or similar name, but was deleted following Articles for deletion/Woodburn, Midlothian closed just now.  The decision to close should have been the consensus decision to redirect, and a redirect or two have been set up, from Woodburn, Midlothian to this article, Dalkeith.  Some mention of Woodburn neighborhood within this article would be very appropriate. -- do  ncr  am  21:52, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

==Tone of Article= The informal tone of the preamble is not suited to an encyclopedia article e.g Woodburn... could not be more different. I have therefore changed it to "Woodburn is an industrial and residential area to the South of Dalkeith" 13th Sept. 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by J.Zweiblumen (talk • contribs) 15:53, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Dalkeith


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IBM 407

The IBM 407 Accounting Machine, introduced in 1949, was one of a long line of IBM tabulating machines dating back to the days of Herman Hollerith. It had a card reader and printer; a summary punch could be attached. Processing was directed by a control panel.

The 407 was the central component of many unit record equipment shops which were the mainstay of IBM's business at the time. It could print digits, letters and several special characters in any of 120 print positions, spaced 0.1 in.

IBM stopped marketing the 407 Accounting Machine in 1976.

Description
The 407 read punched cards, totaled fields on the cards, made simple decisions, printed results, and, with the aid of a summary punch, output results on punched cards that could be input to other processing steps.

The operation of the 407 was directed by the use of a removable control panel and a carriage tape. Exit hubs (impulse emitting) on the control panel are wired to entry hubs (impulse accepting) for the task to be done (see Wiring of unit record equipment). There are hubs for each card column (at both reading stations), print position, counter digit, and so on. Logic tests were also available.

Each input card was read at two successive reading stations. Thus, for example, fields in a card could be compared with the following card and, should a change be detected, say in invoice number, totals could be printed. Unlike earlier IBM tabulating machines, which had 80 read brushes at each read station, one for each column, the 407 had 960 brushes at each station, one for each possible hole in a punched card. Cards were held in position during each read cycle and the per digit pulses needed were generated using commutators, one for each column. This allowed the card to be read more than once at each station, for greater flexibility.

For printing, the 407 used type wheels, an improvement over earlier tabulators that used print bars. The 48-character wheels were stationary until a character impulse was to be printed; the wheel then rotated in two steps. the first step rotated each wheel to one of 12 groups of characters based on the digit impulse associated with that print position. Digit impulses included the digits 1 through 9 (in reverse order), the 8-3 and 8-4 combination punches and a group (N) for no digit impulse. One of four characters in each group was then selected based on the zone impulse (0, 11, 12 or none) for that character position. This selection happened at the same time the type wheel was driven against the ribbon. The timing of the zone impulse selection was controlled by a complex set of linkages and electromagnets called the Analyzer, one for each of the 120 print positions. Each type wheel also emitted an impulse (called "echo") for the character actually printed. The control panel could be wired so the echo impulses were accumulated for totals; report totals then reliably reflected what had actually been printed.

Mechanical systems including the card reader, printer, counters and storage units were all driven by a single motor, which also drove an oil pump and a generator that provided 46-volt power for the electrical logic. This included about 900 relays which were mounted on three swing-out gates. The control panel had a matrix of 43 by 52 holes, most of which were assigned.

The 407 was available in a model that could read 100 cards per minute, and one reading 150 cards per minute. The former had a relay which would inhibit every third card feed cycle (giving the machine a characteristic "shrink-shrink-thunk" sound). It was possible to insert a folded card between that relay's contacts to "overclock" the slower model to the faster speed.

Market impact
The 407 rented from $800 to $920 per month ($ to $ per month in  dollars), depending on the model.

Its print mechanism was used in the IBM 716 introduced in 1952 with the IBM 701 computer, and the 716 was used with many machines in the IBM 700/7000 series. The 407 itself was adapted as an input/output unit on the IBM 650. Later, the 407 print mechanism was used in the IBM 1132 line printer, part of the low cost IBM 1130 computer system, introduced in 1965.

The IBM World Trade Corporation marketed Computing Accounting Machines (CAM), variations of either the IBM 402 or 407 with an attached computer. CAM variations of the 407 included the IBM 421, 444, and 447.

title: IBM 407


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Category:Insects

Articles relating to insects, pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae.

title: Category:Insects


text: User talk:66.31.124.26

title: User talk:66.31.124.26


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List of automotive superlatives

Automotive superlatives include attributes such as the smallest, largest, fastest, lightest, best-selling, and so on.

This list (except for the firsts section) is limited to automobiles built after World War II, and lists superlatives for earlier vehicles separately. The list is also limited to production road cars that:

 * Are constructed principally for retail sale to consumers for personal use transporting people on public roads. No commercial or industrial vehicles are included
 * Have had 25 or more instances made by the original vehicle manufacturer offered for sale to the public in new condition (cars modified by either professional tuners or individuals are not eligible)
 * Are street-legal in their intended markets and capable of passing any official tests or inspections required to be granted this status

Calendar years rather than "model years" are used except when explicitly marked as otherwise.

Length

 * Longest
 * Car
 * Current production car – 5982 mm – 2018 Rolls-Royce Phantom EWB
 * Production car – 269.75 in – 1962–1977 eight door Checker Aerobus
 * Production station wagon – 269.75 in – 1962–1977 nine door Checker Aerobus
 * Limited production coupe – 6400 mm – 1931 Bugatti Royale Kellner
 * Production convertible – 6096 mm – 1934–1935 (for the 1934–1935 model years) Cadillac V-16
 * Truck
 * Pickup truck – 6762 mm – Ford F-250/F-350 crew cab long bed
 * SUV – 5766 mm – 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV
 * Van – 7628 mm Iveco Daily
 * Shortest
 * Current production car – 1371 mm – 2011 Peel P50
 * Production car – 1340 mm – 1962–1965 Peel P50
 * Two seat production car – 73 in – Peel Trident
 * Four seat production car – 2900 mm – 1957–1959 BMW 600 (international)
 * SUV / dually truck – 91.5 in – 1950–1952 Crosley Farm-O-Road
 * Four-wheel-drive car – 2718 mm – 1959–1962 M422 Mighty Mite
 * Light military truck – 2718 mm – 1959–1962 M422 Mighty Mite

Width (without mirrors)

 * Widest
 * Car
 * Current production car – 2099 mm – Lamborghini Countach LPI 800-4
 * Production car – 2105 mm – 1953–54 (for the 1954 model year) Chrysler Crown Imperial
 * Production convertible – 2096 mm – 2004 Maserati MC12
 * Production station wagon – 2070 mm – 1959–60 (for the 1960 model year) Mercury Colony Park/Commuter, and Ford Country Squire/Country Sedan/Ranch Wagon
 * Limited production convertible – 2100 mm (armoured) – 1938–1943 Mercedes-Benz 770 W150
 * Pickup truck – 2436 mm – Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD
 * SUV
 * SUV – 2197 mm – 1991–2006 (for the 1992–2006 model years) Hummer H1
 * Van
 * Current van – 2112 mm Ford Transit
 * Van – 2240 mm Mercedes-Benz Vario
 * Narrowest
 * Current production car – 1475 mm – all Japanese kei cars
 * Current production car (international) – 1495 mm – Maruti Suzuki Alto
 * Production car – 28 in – 1946 Larmar

Height

 * Tallest
 * Car
 * Current production car – 1835 mm – Daihatsu Wake/Hijet Caddie/Toyota Pixis Mega
 * Production car – 2550 mm – 1904–1909 Fiat 60 HP
 * Pickup Truck – 2956 mm – Brabus Unimog U500 Black Edition
 * SUV – 1989 mm – Lincoln Navigator
 * Van – 3055 mm Mercedes-Benz Sprinter 906 L4H3
 * Lowest
 * Current production car – 1015 mm – Caterham 7 CSR
 * Production car – 810 mm – 1956–1958 Lotus Eleven
 * Limited production car – 736.6 mm – 1969 Probe 15

Wheelbase

 * Longest
 * Car
 * Current production car – 4418 mm – 2016 Mercedes-Maybach Pullman
 * Production car – 4418 mm – 2016 Mercedes-Maybach Pullman
 * Production convertible – 3912 mm (29 produced) – 1933–1937 (for the 1934–1937 model years) Cadillac V-16
 * Production coupe – 3912 mm (20 produced) – 1933–1937 (for the 1934–1937 model years) Cadillac V-16
 * Production station wagon – 3340 mm – 1950–51 (for the 1951 model year) Chrysler New Yorker Town and Country
 * Limited production car – 4521 mm – 1937 Duesenberg Model J "Father Divine"
 * Limited production coupe – 4300 mm – 1931 Bugatti Royale Kellner
 * Limited production sedan – 4521 mm – 1937 Duesenberg Model J "Father Divine"
 * Pickup Truck – 4379 mm – Ford F-250/F-350 crew cab long bed
 * SUV
 * Current SUV – 3406 mm – Chevrolet Suburban, GMC Yukon XL, and Cadillac Escalade ESV
 * SUV – 3482 mm – Ford Excursion
 * Mid-sized SUV - 3140 mm – Haval H5
 * Compact SUV EV - 3000 mm – Hyundai Ioniq 5
 * Van – 4332 mm Nissan NV400, Opel/Vauxhall Movano and Renault Master
 * Shortest
 * Current production car – 1867 mm – Smart Fortwo
 * Production car – 1270 mm – 1962–1965 Peel P50

Track

 * Widest front
 * Car
 * Production car – 1784 mm – 2022 Lamborghini Countach LPI 800-4
 * Production station wagon – 1628 mm – 1968–1978 (for the 1969–1978 model years) Mercury Colony Park/Marquis/Monterey
 * Pickup truck – 1958 mm – 2019 Ram 5500 Regular Cab 120 CA
 * SUV
 * Current SUV – 1745 mm – Cadillac Escalade, Chevrolet Suburban and GMC Yukon
 * SUV – 1819 mm – 1991–2006 (for the 1992–2006 model years) Hummer H1
 * Van – 1786 mm Ford E-150 regular wagon
 * Widest rear
 * Car
 * Production car – 1722 mm BMW i8
 * Production convertible – 1722 mm – BMW i8 Roadster
 * Production station wagon – 1633 mm – 1968–1978 (1969–1978 model years) Mercury Colony Park/Marquis/Monterey and Ford Country Squire/Country Sedan/Ranch Wagon
 * Pickup truck – 1925 mm – Ram 3500 DRW
 * SUV
 * Current SUV – 1744 mm – Cadillac Escalade, Chevrolet Suburban and GMC Yukon
 * SUV – 1819 mm – 1991–2006 (for the 1992–2006 model years) Hummer H1
 * Van – 1915 mm Ford E-350 super duty dual rear wheels
 * Narrowest front – 990 mm – 1962–1965 Peel P50
 * Narrowest rear – 521 mm – 1953–1961 Isetta

Curb weight

 * Heaviest
 * Car
 * Production car – 5100 kg – 2017 Mercedes-Maybach S600 Pullman Guard
 * Production convertible – 2721.5 - 2857.5 kg (29 produced) – 1933–1937 (for the 1934–1937 model years) Cadillac V-16
 * Production coupe – 2975 kg – Rolls-Royce Spectre
 * Production station wagon – 2449.5 kg – 1973–74 (for the 1974 model year) Buick Estate and Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser (with third seat and woodgrain)
 * Limited production convertible – 4400 kg (armoured) – 1938–1943 Mercedes-Benz 770 W150
 * Limited production coupe – 3175 kg – 1931 Bugatti Royale Kellner
 * Pickup truck – 6600 kg – International XT
 * SUV
 * Current SUV – 5900 kg – 2008 Conquest Knight XV
 * SUV – 5900 kg – 2008 Conquest Knight XV
 * Van
 * Current van – 3075 kg – Iveco Daily
 * Van – 4380 kg – Mercedes-Benz Vario
 * Lightest
 * Current production car – 440 kg – Caterham 7 170
 * Production car – 59 kg – 1962–1965 Peel P50

Smallest

 * Current production car – 660 cc – Caterham 7 160, as well as all kei cars
 * Production car
 * Single-cylinder – 49 cc – 1962–1965 Peel P50
 * Two-cylinder – 352 cc – 1967–1972 Honda N360
 * Three-cylinder – 356 cc – 1967 Suzuki Fronte
 * Four-cylinder – 356 cc – 1963–1967 Honda T360
 * Five-cylinder – 1921 cc – 1980–1982 Audi 100
 * Six-cylinder – 1203 cc – 1931–1933 Triumph 12-6 Scorpion
 * Eight-cylinder – 1991 cc – 1967–1969 Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale and 1975–1980 Ferrari 208 GT4
 * Ten-cylinder – 4805 cc – 2010–2012 Lexus LFA
 * Twelve-cylinder – 2000 cc – 1948–1950 Ferrari 166 Inter

Largest

 * Current production car – 7993 cc – W16 2017 Bugatti Chiron
 * Production car
 * Three-cylinder – 1988.25 cc – 2020 Koenigsegg Gemera
 * Four-cylinder – 4104 cc – 1995-2001 Toyota Mega Cruiser – 15B engine
 * Five-cylinder – 3653 cc – 2007–2012 Chevrolet Colorado
 * Six-cylinder – 7983 cc - 1930-1932 Bentley 8 Litre
 * Eight-cylinder – 8194 cc – 1970–1976 Cadillac Eldorado
 * Ten-cylinder – 8382 cc – 2013–2017 Dodge Viper
 * Twelve-cylinder – 11310 cc – 1935–1938 Hispano-Suiza J12
 * Sixteen-cylinder – 8350 cc – 2025– Bugatti Tourbillon

Highest power by engine type

 * Petrol engine (naturally aspirated) – 745.7 kW – Aston Martin Valkyrie, 6500 cc Cosworth V12
 * Petrol engine (forced induction) – 1177 kW – Bugatti Centodieci, 8000 cc W16
 * Diesel engine (naturally aspirated) – 138 kW – 1992 Ford F-250/F-350, 7276 cc – International Harvester IDI V8
 * Diesel engine (forced induction) – 368 kW – Audi Q7 V12 TDI, 5934 cc twin-turbo TDI V12 / 368 kW Ford Super Duty, 6651 cc turbocharged Powerstroke V8
 * Electric motor – 1973 hp – Lotus Evija
 * Plug-in hybrid – 1118 kW – Koenigsegg Regera (820 kW of combustion engine power on 95 octane RON (somewhat more on E85) from a 5000 cc V8 and 520 kW of electric propulsion)

Highest power by body style

 * 2-door coupé – 1471 kW – 2020 Lotus Evija; four electric motors
 * 4-door sedan – 761 kW – 2022 Tesla Model S Plaid; three electric motors
 * Pickup truck/ute – 530 kW 2024 Ford F-150 Raptor R; 5163 cc V8 petrol
 * SUV – 529 kW 2021 Dodge Durango SRT Hellcat; 6166 cc V8 petrol
 * Minivan – 375 kW 2007 Mercedes-Benz R 63 AMG 4MATIC; 6208 cc V8 petrol
 * Van – 299 kW 2021 Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana; 6551 cc V8 petrol
 * Heavy truck – non-hybrid 589 kW Shacman X6000; 16.6 L V8 diesel

Highest specific power (power-to-weight ratio)

 * Naturally aspirated (limited production) – undefined hp/kg – 2007 Caparo T1 – 429 kW and 470 kg
 * Forced-induction (limited production) – undefined hp/kg – 2020 SSC Tuatara – 1305 kW and 1247 kg

Highest specific engine output (power/unit displacement)

 * Petrol (naturally aspirated) piston engine – undefined kW per litre – 2008 Ariel Atom 500 373 kW 3.0 L V8
 * Petrol (forced-induction) piston engine – undefined kW per litre – 2022 Mercedes-AMG One 422 kW 1600 cc turbocharged V6
 * Biofuel piston engine – undefined kW per litre – 2020 Koenigsegg Jesko 1177 kW 5065 cc twin-turbocharged V8 on E85 fuel
 * Diesel engine (naturally aspirated) – undefined kW per litre – 1993 Mercedes E 300 diesel 100 kW DIN 2.996 L OM606 I6
 * Diesel engine (forced-induction) – undefined kW per litre – 2020 BMW Alpina D5 S 3.0 L I6 triturbo 300 kW
 * Pistonless rotary engine (naturally aspirated) – undefined kW per litre – Mazda RX-8 Renesis 184 kW JIS 1.3 L
 * Pistonless rotary engine (forced-induction) – undefined kW per litre – Mazda RX-7 206 kW JIS 1.3 L

Highest power by cylinder count (Production Cars)

 * Two-cylinder – 964 cc – 105 PS 145 Nm – 2007 Fiat 500
 * Three-cylinder – 1988 cc – 608 PS 600 Nm – 2020 Koenigsegg Gemera
 * Four-cylinder – 1991 cc – 476 PS 545 Nm – 2022 Mercedes-AMG C 63 S E Performance 4MATIC+
 * Five-cylinder – 2480 cc – 500 PS 581 Nm – 2022 KTM X-Bow GT-XR
 * Six-cylinder – 3799 cc – 720 PS 780 Nm – 2020 Nissan GT-R50 by Italdesign
 * Eight-cylinder – 6600 cc – 1842 PS 1617 Nm – 2020 Hennessey Venom F5
 * Ten-cylinder – 8382 cc – 654 PS 813 Nm – 2015 Dodge Viper
 * Twelve-cylinder – 6496 cc – 1014 PS 740 Nm – 2021 Aston Martin Valkyrie
 * Sixteen-cylinder – 7993 cc – 1600 PS 1600 Nm – 2022 Bugatti Chiron Super Sport

Highest torque by engine type

 * Forced induction petrol engine – 1818 Nm – 2020 SSC Tuatara, 5900 cc V8
 * Naturally aspirated petrol engine – 813 Nm – 2013-2017 Dodge Viper, 8390 cc V10
 * Forced induction diesel engine – 1200 lbft – 2022 (2023 MY) Ford Super Duty, 6653 cc V8
 * Naturally aspirated diesel engine – 488 Nm – 1988–94 Ford F-250/350 IDI diesel, 7276 cc V8
 * Electric motor – 2360 Nm – 2021 Rimac Nevera
 * Hybrid engine – 3500 Nm – Koenigsegg Gemera

Highest torque by body style

 * Car – 3500 Nm – 2020 Koenigsegg Gemera, hybrid 3-cylinder + 4 electric motors,
 * Pickup truck – 1200 lbft – 2022 (2023 MY) Ford Super Duty, 6653 cc V8
 * SUV – 1000 Nm – Audi Q7 V12 TDI, 6000 cc V12 diesel
 * Van – 712 Nm – 2014 Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana, 6599 cc V8 diesel

Highest specific torque (torque/unit displacement)
The mean effective pressure (MEP) is a useful comparison tool, giving the average cylinder pressure exerted on the piston.
 * Petrol engine (naturally aspirated) – MEP 16.7 bar, 132.6 Nm per litre – 2019 BAC Mono R 330 Nm
 * Petrol engine (forced-induction) – MEP 35.1 bar, 279.3 Nm per litre – 2014 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X FQ440 MR 558.6 Nm
 * Petrol engine (naturally aspirated pistonless rotary engine) – MEP 21.5 bar, 170.8 Nm per litre – 2005 Mazda RX-8 222 Nm
 * Petrol engine (forced-induction pistonless rotary engine) – MEP 30.3 bar, 241.38 Nm per litre – Mazda RX-7 turbo 313.8 Nm
 * Diesel engine (naturally aspirated) – MEP 9.03 bar, 71.88 Nm per litre – 1999 Nissan AD Van (Y11) 157 Nm 2.184 L Nissan YD
 * Diesel engine (forced-induction) – MEP undefined bar, undefined Nm per litre – 2021 Mercedes-Benz C300d 550 Nm 1.992 L OM654 D 20 R SCR

Most economical

The following are all vehicles once certified for sale in the United States. Some vehicles from other countries have better fuel economy. Figures (showed in miles per US gallon units) are based on laboratory estimates, not consumer data.

 * All-diesel production vehicle – 1984 Nissan Sentra with 41 combined / 37 city / 46 highway.
 * All-petrol production vehicle – 1986 Chevrolet Sprint ER with 48 combined / 44 city / 53 highway
 * All natural gas production vehicle – 2012 Honda Civic GX with 31 combined / 27 city / 38 highway
 * E85 production vehicle – 2013 Ford Focus SFE FWD FFV with 22 combined / 19 city / 27 highway
 * Production electric hybrid – 2021 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid (Ioniq Blue) with 59 combined / 58 city / 60 highway
 * Production plug-in electric hybrid – 2017/2023 Toyota Prius Prime with 133 combined MPGe (EV mode) and 54 MPG combined city/highway (petrol)
 * Production all-electric vehicle – 2021 Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus RWD with 142 combined / 150 city / 133 highway MPGe

The following are as sold in Europe:

 * Volkswagen XL1, diesel-electric PHEV, 0.9 L/100 km on the New European Driving Cycle

Fuel capacity
All below amounts are total capacities for fuel tanks, (lithium based) batteries and other energy storage devices, not usable/net capacity.

 * Diesel off-road van - Toyota Land Cruiser 70 series Troopcarrier, 180 L
 * Diesel SUV - Toyota Land Cruiser Prado, 150 L
 * Half-ton pickup truck - Toyota Tundra, 38 USgal
 * EV - GMC Hummer EV Edition 1, 246.8 kWh
 * PHEV - Li Auto L7 or L9, 44.5 kWh
 * Smallest EV - Smart fortwo coupe, 17.6 kWh
 * Smallest PHEV - BMW i3, 9 L

Price

 * Most expensive (production) – US$3260000 – Bugatti Chiron Sport
 * Least expensive (production) – US$125 1922 official general inflation – 1922 Briggs & Stratton Flyer
 * Most expensive (auction) – US$143,000,000 1957 Uhlenhaut Coupé
 * Most expensive (private sale) – US$70,000,000 (GB£52,000,000 at June 2018 exchange rates) 1963 Ferrari 250 GTO (2018)
 * Most expensive (concept car) – US$8,000,000 2005 Maybach Exelero

Acceleration

 * Quickest 0 to 60 mph with 1 foot rollout – 1.74 seconds – Rimac Nevera
 * Quickest 0 to 100 km/h with 1 foot rollout – 1.81 seconds – Rimac Nevera
 * Quickest 0 to 161 km/h with 1 foot rollout – 3.21 seconds – Rimac Nevera
 * Quickest 0 to 200 km/h with 1 foot rollout – 4.42 seconds – Rimac Nevera
 * Quickest 0 to 300 km/h with 1 foot rollout – 9.22 seconds – Rimac Nevera
 * Quickest 0 to 400 km/h with 1 foot rollout – 20.68 seconds – Koenigsegg Regera (with non-standard Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 R tyres)

Top speed

 * Highest top speed (forced induction petrol engine) – Bugatti Chiron Super Sport 300+ – 304.77 mph
 * Highest top speed (naturally aspirated engine) – McLaren F1 – 355-386 km/h
 * Highest top speed (forced induction diesel engine) – BMW Alpina D5 S – 286 km/h
 * Highest top speed (electric production vehicle) – Rimac Nevera – 258 mph
 * Highest top speed (unibody SUV) – Lamborghini Urus SE – 194 mph
 * Highest top speed (production half-ton pickup truck) – Dodge Ram SRT-10 – 154.587 mph
 * Highest top speed (current production half-ton pickup truck) – Ram 1500 TRX – 118 mph

Highest rpm redline

 * Internal combustion piston-engined production car – Gordon Murray T.50 – 12,100 rpm
 * Internal combustion Wankel rotary-engined production car – Mazda RX-8 – 9,000 rpm
 * Electric production vehicle – Zeekr 001 FR – 20,620 rpm

Sales

 * Best-selling models:

 * Best-selling vehicle nameplate – Toyota Corolla (more than 50,000,000 sold in 12 generations since 1966)
 * Best-selling single model – Volkswagen Beetle (21,529,464 of the same basic design sold worldwide between 1938 and 2003)
 * Best single-year sales – 1.36 million – 2005 Toyota Corolla
 * Best single-month sales – 126,905 – July 2005 Ford F-Series

Firsts
Mostly full-production vehicles are listed here. Many were preceded by racing-only cars. This list mainly includes developments that led to widespread adoption across the automotive industry.

Industry

 * First Self-Propelled Automobile - 1770 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's "Fardier à vapeur"
 * First fully functioning automobile – 1885 Benz Patent-Motorwagen
 * First production automobile – 1888 Benz Patent-Motorwagen
 * First automotive proving ground – 1915 Dodge Brothers Test Track, Hamtramck, Michigan
 * First auto company technical institute – 1919 General Motors Institute (now Kettering University)

Engine types

 * Straight engines
 * First production straight-twin engine – 1895 Panhard et Levassor and 1898 Decauville Voiturelle
 * First production straight-three engine – 1953 DKW F91 and 1956 Saab 93
 * First production straight-four engine – 1908 Ford Model T
 * First production Straight-five engine – 1974 Mercedes-Benz W115 300D
 * First straight-six engine – 1903 Napier
 * First production straight-eight engine – 1918 Isotta Fraschini
 * V engines
 * First production V2 engine – 1889 Daimler steel-wheel car
 * First production V4 engine – 1922 Lancia Lambda
 * First production V6 engine – 1911 Delahaye Type 44
 * First V8 engine – 1904 Marmon
 * First production V8 engine – 1910 De Dion-Bouton CJ
 * First V10 engine – 1987 Lamborghini P140
 * First production V10 engine – 1991 Dodge Viper
 * First production V12 engine – 1915 Packard Twin-Six, the 1915 National V12 engine,  and the 1917 Weidely Pathfinder
 * First V16 engine – 1929 Maserati Tipo V4
 * First production V16 engine – 1930 Cadillac V-16
 * Flat engines
 * First production flat-twin engine – 1900 Lanchester 8 hp Phaeton
 * First flat-four engine – 1900 Benz 20 hp racing car
 * First production flat-four engine – 1901 Wilson-Pilcher
 * First flat-six engine – 1904 Wilson-Pilcher
 * First production flat-six engine – 1948 Tucker 48
 * First flat-eight engine – 1962 Porsche 804 Formula One car
 * First flat-twelve engine – 1964 Honda RA271 Formula One car
 * First production flat-twelve engine – 1973 – Ferrari 365 GT4 BB
 * W engines
 * First production W engine – 2001 Volkswagen Passat W8
 * First production W12 engine – 2001 Audi A8 W12
 * First production W16 engine – 2005 – Bugatti Veyron

Engine technologies

 * Engine configuration and other miscellaneous fundamental construction details
 * First engine with removable cylinder head – 1889 Bernardi
 * First square engine – 1900 Georges Richard 3 1/2HP
 * First variable displacement engine – 1905 Sturtevant 38/45 six
 * First counterbalanced crankshaft – 1908 Mercer Type 35
 * First aluminum engine block – 1922 Lancia Lambda
 * First split-plane crankshaft – 1922 (for the 1923 model year) Cadillac V8 engine
 * First crankcase ventilation system – 1925 (for the 1926 model year) Cadillac V8 engine
 * First aluminum cylinder head – 1928 Fiat
 * First diesel engined production car – 1935 Citroen Rosalie
 * First gas turbine car – 1950 Rover
 * First functional fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV) – 1966 GM/Chevrolet Electrovan
 * First production fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV) – 2001 Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV and 2002 Honda FCX
 * First Miller cycle engine – 1996 Mazda Millenia
 * First Atkinson cycle engine – 1997 Toyota Prius
 * First Hydrogen vehicle – 2005 BMW Hydrogen 7 (Germany)

 * Wankel engines
 * First Wankel engine – 1964 NSU Spider
 * First front-wheel-drive car with Wankel engine – 1966 NSU Ro 80
 * First 2-rotor Wankel engine – 1966 NSU Ro 80
 * First 3-rotor Wankel engine – 1969 Mercedes C111
 * First 4-rotor Wankel engine – 1970 Mercedes C111
 * First turbocharged Wankel engine – 1982 Mazda Luce and Cosmo

 * Valvetrain
 * First overhead valve (OHV) engine – 1889 Bernardi
 * First overhead camshaft (OHC) engine – 1903 Marr Auto Car
 * First sleeve valve – 1909 Daimler (developed functional system from 1903 Knight Engine design)
 * First double overhead camshaft (DOHC) engine – 1913 Peugeot

 * Multi-valve engines
 * First limited production 3-valve engine – 1912 Bugatti Type 18
 * First limited production 4-valve engine – 1913 Peugeot Grand Prix
 * First limited production 5-valve engine – 1921 Peugeot Grand Prix
 * First production 3-valve engine – 1924 Bugatti Type 35
 * First production 4-valve engine – 1971 Ford Escort Mk1 RS1600
 * First multi-valve turbocharged engine – 1981 Maserati Biturbo (AM452)
 * First 6-valve engine – 1985 Maserati Biturbo 2.0 L V6 36v 261 hp (prototype)
 * First production 5-valve engine – 1989 Mitsubishi Dangan ZZ
 * First 3-valve diesel engine – 1989 Citroën XM
 * First 4-valve diesel engine – 1993 Mercedes-Benz C-Class (OM604 engine)

 * Variable valve timing (VVT)
 * First Variable Valve Timing (VVT) engine – 1980 Alfa Romeo Spider 2.0 L
 * First electronic VVT – 1983 Alfa Romeo Spider (All models)
 * First cam-switching VVT – 1989 Honda Integra RSi/XSi B16A VTEC 1.6 L DOHC I4
 * First VVT passenger car diesel engine – 2010 Mitsubishi ASX 4N13 1.8 L DOHC I4

Internal combustion engine cooling

 * First water-cooled automobile engine – 1901 Mercedes 35 hp
 * First air-cooled automobile engine – 1902 Franklin
 * First production air-cooled V8 engine – 1934 Tatra 77
 * Aspiration
 * First supercharged car – 1921 Mercedes 6/25/40 hp
 * First twin-supercharged car – 1935 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900
 * First turbocharged car – 1961 (for the 1962 model year) Oldsmobile F-85 (Turbo Jetfire)
 * First application of a wastegate to regulate a turbocharger's boost – 1961 (for the 1962 model year) Oldsmobile F-85 (Turbo Jetfire)
 * First twincharged car – 1985 Lancia Delta S4 Stradale
 * First variable-geometry turbocharger – 1988 Honda Legend Wing Turbo
 * First variable-geometry turbocharger (diesel) – 1991 Fiat Croma
 * First twin-turbocharged car – 1981 Maserati Biturbo
 * First triple-turbocharged car – 2012 BMW M550d xDrive
 * First quad-turbocharged car – 1991 Bugatti EB110

 * Fuel systems
 * First carburetor – 1889 Bernardi
 * First carburetor air filter – 1889 Bernardi
 * First automatic choke – 1931 (for the 1932 model year) Oldsmobile
 * First four-barrel carburetor – 1940 (for the 1941 model year) Buick (Compound Carburetion)

 * Fuel injection (FI)
 * First FI engine – 1910 Adams-Farwell Diesel
 * First non-diesel FI engine – 1952 Goliath GP700 and Gutbrod
 * First gasoline direct injection engine – 1952 Goliath GP700 and Gutbrod
 * First Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) – 1957 Rambler Rebel (prototypes)
 * First limited production EFI – 1957 (for the 1958 model year) Chrysler 300D, DeSoto Adventurer, Dodge D-500 and Plymouth Fury
 * First full mass-production EFI – 1968 D-Jetronic on Volkswagen Type 3 and Type 4
 * First diesel direct injection engine – 1987 Fiat Croma Turbo D i.d.
 * First turbocharged diesel direct injection engine – 1987 Fiat Croma Turbo D i.d.
 * First electronic gasoline direct injection – 1996 Mitsubishi Galant/Legnum 4G93 GDI I4
 * First passenger car common rail diesel direct injection engine – 1997 Alfa Romeo 156 JTD
 * First turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine – 2000 Mitsubishi Pajero IO 4G93

 * Ignition systems
 * First contact breaker point ignition – 1910 Cadillac Model Thirty / Delco
 * First optional electronic ignition – 1963 General Motors / Delco
 * First standard electronic ignition – 1968 Fiat Dino 2.0 / Dino 206 GT (Magneti Marelli Dinoplex)
 * First distributor-less ignition – Citroën 2CV (???)

 * General miscellany
 * First California Ultra Low Emission Vehicle – M.Y. 1998 Honda Accord
 * First California Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle – M.Y. 2000 Honda Accord I4
 * First flex-fuel vehicle (bioethanol and gasoline) – 1908 Ford Model T

Electric vehicles

 * First practical electric car – 1881 Gustave Trouvé electric vehicle
 * First mass-produced electric car – 1995 Peugeot 106 Electric / Citroën Saxo Electrique

Hybrid vehicles

 * First gas-electric hybrid – 1899 Lohner–Porsche Mixte
 * First modern hybrid car – 1904 Auto-Mixte (Belgium)
 * First mass-produced hybrid car – 1997 Toyota Prius
 * First hybrid bus – 1997 Hino
 * First hybrid SUV – 1997 Toyota RAV4 EV
 * First all-wheel drive hybrid – 2003 (for the 2004 model year) Ford Escape Hybrid
 * First hybrid luxury car – 2004 (for the 2005 Japanese model year) Lexus RX 400h (introduced January 2004)
 * First mild hybrid pickup truck – 2004 (for the 2005 model year) Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrid
 * First full hybrid pickup truck – 2008 (for the 2009 model year) Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrid
 * First hybrid heavy truck – 2018 Sisu Polar Hybrid
 * First 4-fuel hybrid – 2010 Monte Carlo Automobile Quadrifuel (powered with bio-ethanol, hydromethane, gasoline and LPG)

Plug-in electric vehicles

 * First all-electric car with lithium-ion battery – 1998 Nissan Altra
 * First series production plug-in hybrid – 1997 Audi Duo
 * First series production all-electric car available in global markets – 2011 Nissan Leaf
 * First series production plug-in hybrid car available in global markets – 2011 Chevrolet Volt/Opel Ampera
 * First series production all-electric commercial van – 1989 Citroën C15 Electrique
 * First series production all-electric long range highway capable car – 2009 Tesla Roadster
 * First series production all-electric luxury car – 2012 Tesla Model S
 * First series production plug-in SUV – 2013 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV
 * First series production all-electric SUV – 2016 Tesla Model X

Body

 * First tricar – 1885 Benz Patent Motorwagen
 * First motorized truck – October 1896 Daimler
 * First sedan/saloon – 1900 Renault Voiturette
 * First production station wagon (estate) – 1908 Ford Model T
 * First production closed-body car – 1910 Cadillac Model Thirty
 * First cyclecar – 1910 GN/1910 Bédélia
 * First aerodynamic design – 1914 A.L.F.A. 40/60 HP Aerodinamica
 * First production aerodynamic design – 1921 Rumpler Tropfenwagen
 * First monocoque – 1922 Lancia Lambda
 * First shatter-resistant windshield glass – 1925 (for the 1926 model year) Cadillac
 * First minivan – 1932 Stout Scarab
 * First all-aluminium body – 1933 Riley Nine Kestrel
 * First coupé convertible – 1934 Peugeot 401 D Eclipse
 * First Pickup / Utility vehicle (Ute) – 1934 Ford Coupé utility
 * First retractable hardtop roof – 1934 Pourtout Lancia Belna Eclipse (coachbuilt)
 * First production retractable hardtop roof – 1957 Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner
 * First flush mounted gas door – 1936 Cord 810
 * First fully boxed frame – 1938 ERA R4D (racing car)
 * First fiberglass body – 1946 Stout Scarab Experimental (also first monocoque fiberglass body)
 * First safety windshield – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Tucker (popout safety glass)
 * First hardtop – 1948 (for the 1949 model year) Cadillac Coupe de Ville, Buick Roadmaster Riviera and Oldsmobile 98 Holiday
 * First production minivan – 1946 Chenard et Walcker CHV
 * First limited production fiberglass body – 1951 (for the 1952 model year) Woodill Wildfire
 * First production fiberglass body – 1952 (for the 1953 model year) Chevrolet Corvette
 * First hatchback – 1953 Aston Martin DB2/4
 * First body made of recycled material – 1954 Trabant P70
 * First 4-door hardtop – 1955 (middle of the model year) Buick Century Riviera and Special Riviera and Oldsmobile 98 Holiday and 88 Holiday
 * First hardtop station wagon – 1955 (for the 1956 model year) Rambler Six and V8
 * First production fiberglass monocoque – 1956 Berkeley SA322
 * First Mini MPV – 1956 Fiat 600 Multipla
 * First fiberglass bodied convertible – 1952 (for the 1953 model year) Chevrolet Corvette
 * First fiberglass bodied 4-door Sedan – 1970 Anadol A2
 * First fiberglass bodied Station wagon / Estate car – 1973 Anadol SV-1600
 * First factory clear-coat paint job – 1977 Lincoln Versailles
 * First active aerodynamics - 1984 Alfa Romeo 90
 * First electric boot spoiler – 1986 Lancia Thema 8.32
 * First all-aluminium space frame – 1990 Honda NSX
 * First carbon fibre monocoque – 1993 McLaren F1
 * First stress-bearing engine acting like a structural member – 1995 Ferrari F50
 * First Crossover – 1979 AMC Eagle
 * First single-piece carbon fibre monocoque – 2003 Invicta S1
 * First fully boxed frame Pickup – 1948 Land Rover Series 1

Transmission

 * First belt-driven automobile – 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen
 * First chain-driven automobile – 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen and 1897 Daimler Phoenix
 * First shaft-driven automobile – 1908 Mercedes Simplex 35 hp
 * Manual transmissions
 * First non-synchronous manual transmission (sliding-mesh design) – 1891 Panhard et Levassor
 * First non-synchronous manual transmission (constant-mesh design) – 1928–1929 Cadillac
 * First reverse gear – 1902 FIAT 8/16 HP
 * First synchronized transmission – 1924 Isotta Fraschini 8A
 * First overdrive – 1933 (for the 1934 model year) Chrysler Airflow
 * First modern cone-synchromesh (on all forward gears) transmission – 1952 Porsche 356
 * First 3-speed manual – 1894 Bernardi 3.5 HP
 * First 4-speed manual – 1901 Ceirano 5 HP
 * First 5-speed manual – 1948 Lancia Ardea Mk3
 * First 6-speed manual – 1967 Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale
 * First 7-speed manual – 2011 Porsche 911 (991)
 * First 8-speed manual – 1931 Maybach DS8
 * First clutchless manual – 1912 Bollée Type F Torpedo
 * First production clutchless manual – 1935 REO Self-Shifter, 1937 Oldsmobile 4-speed Automatic Safety Transmission, and 1938–1939 Buick Special 4-speed Self-shifter.
 * First electronically controlled clutchless manual – 1991 Ferrari Mondial T Valeo
 * First sequential manual – 1946 Porsche Type 360 Cisitalia.
 * First pre-selector gearbox – 1929 Armstrong Siddeley models, 1929 Maybach models, and 1930 Daimler Double-Six
 * First centrifugal clutch – 1936 Armstrong Siddeley
 * Automatic transmissions
 * First automatic transmission – 1939 Oldsmobile (Hydra-Matic; also the first 4-speed automatic)
 * First torque converter automatic – 1948 (middle of model year) Buick Roadmaster (Dynaflow)
 * First non-planetary automatic – 1968 Honda (Hondamatic)
 * First 2-speed automatic – 1947 GM Dynaflow 1948 model year Buick Roadmaster
 * First 3-speed automatic – 1950 Borg Warner Automatic Drive Studebaker Land Cruiser
 * First 4-speed automatic – 1939 Oldsmobile (Hydra-Matic; also the first automatic)
 * First 5-speed automatic – 1989 Nissan Cedric, Nissan Cefiro, Nissan Gloria, Nissan Skyline, Nissan Laurel, (RE5R01A, Jatco/Nissan transmission)
 * First 6-speed automatic – 2001 BMW 7 Series (E65) (ZF 6HP26)
 * First 7-speed automatic – 2003 Mercedes-Benz (7G-Tronic)
 * First 8-speed automatic – 2006 Lexus LS 460
 * First 9-speed automatic – 2013 Range Rover Evoque
 * First 10-speed automatic – 2017 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 and Ford F-150
 * First self-locking differential – 1939 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport
 * First limited slip differential – 1955 (for the 1956 model year) Studebaker
 * Note: In 1939, the Volkswagen Type 82 used a cam and pawl type differential which had a slip-limiting effect.)
 * First continuously variable transmission (CVT) – 1958 DAF 600 A-Type
 * First electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) – 1987 Subaru Justy E-CVT
 * First active differential – 1986 Porsche 959 PSK (limited production of 200 vehicles)
 * First toroidal continuously variable transmission – 1999 Nissan Cedric and Nissan Gloria
 * First manumatic (automatic transmission with manual control of gear selection) – 1990 Porsche 911 Tiptronic
 * First electronically controlled automated manual transmission – 1985 Isuzu Aska NAVi5
 * First modern single-clutch automated manual transmission – 1996 BMW E36 M3 SMG
 * First dual-clutch transmission – 2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32 (Direct-Shift Gearbox)
 * First road car with paddle-shifters – 1997 Ferrari 355 F1

Layout

 * First rear-engined car – 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen
 * First rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive car – 1934 Tatra 77
 * First rear-engine, four-wheel-drive car – 1940 Volkswagen Kübelwagen
 * First front-engine, rear-wheel-drive car – 1895 Panhard et Levassor
 * First front-engine, front-wheel-drive car – 1929 Cord L-29
 * First front-engine, four-wheel-drive car – 1903 Spyker 60 HP
 * First front-engined transaxle car – 1898 De Dion-Bouton
 * First four-wheel-drive car – 1903 Spyker 60 HP
 * First mid-engined car – 1921 Rumpler Tropfenwagen
 * First front-wheel-drive car – 1924 Tracta (Gregoire-Tracta)
 * First mass-produced transverse front-wheel-drive car – 1931 DKW F1
 * First front mid-engine, front-wheel-drive car – 1934 Citroën Traction Avant
 * First transverse front-wheel-drive I6 car – 1970 Austin Kimberley and Austin Tasman
 * First mass-produced four-wheel-drive car – 1955 GAZ M72, 4677 produced
 * First and only production vehicles manufactured to a four-seater, rear mid-engined, full-convertible design – 1982 Ferrari Mondial
 * First transverse four-wheel-drive car – 1983 Fiat Panda 4x4
 * First mid-engined, four-wheel-drive car – 1983 Peugeot 205 Turbo 16 (homologation special, 200 road cars produced for Group B regulations.)
 * First transverse front-wheel-drive I5 car – 1991 Volvo 850

Suspension

 * First front independent suspension – 1898 Decauville
 * First torsion bar suspension – 1921 Leyland
 * First hydraulic shock absorbers – 1922 Lancia Lambda
 * First coil spring / shock absorber suspension – 1922 Lancia Lambda
 * First fully independent suspension – 1931 Alfa Romeo 8C
 * First air suspension – 1946 Stout Scarab Experimental
 * First MacPherson strut suspension – 1949 Ford Vedette
 * First self-levelling suspension – 1954 Citroën Traction Avant 15/6 "H"
 * First anti-roll bars – 1955 Citroën DS (front and rear)
 * First self-levelling suspension on all four wheels – 1955 Citroën DS
 * First production air suspension – 1956 (for the 1957 model year) Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (standard)
 * First Chapman strut suspension – 1958 Lotus Elite
 * First electronic-adjustable suspension dampers – 1981 Nissan Skyline
 * First electronically controlled semi-active suspension – 1983 Toyota Soarer (Japan-market model Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension )
 * First active air suspension – 1984 Mitsubishi Galant CECS (Chassis Electronic Control Systems)
 * First fully active suspension without anti-roll bars: 1989 on Toyota Celica: Toyota Active Control Suspension
 * First semi-active hydraulic suspension – 1990 Citroën XM (Hydractive)
 * First semi-active suspension scanning the road ahead (sonar) – 1985 Nissan Cedric/Nissan Gloria/Nissan Laurel DUET-SS Super Sonic Suspension
 * First active anti-roll bars – 1994 Citroën Xantia Activa (Systeme Citroën de Contrôle Actif du Roulis)
 * First active suspension optically scanning the road ahead – 2013 Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) (MAGIC BODY CONTROL with ROAD SURFACE SCAN)

Brakes

 * First four-wheel brakes – 1910 Isotta Fraschini
 * First power brakes – 1919 Hispano-Suiza H6 (mechanically assisted and 4-wheel )
 * First hydraulic power brakes – 1921 Duesenberg Model A (4-wheel)
 * First vacuum-assist power brakes – 1927 (for the 1928 model year) Pierce-Arrow
 * First inboard drum brakes – 1937 Lancia Aprilia
 * First disc brakes – 1948 (for the 1949 model year) Chrysler Crown Imperial (4-wheel and standard)
 * First inboard disc brakes – 1955 Citroën DS19
 * First diagonally split, dual brake circuits – 1962 Saab 95/96
 * First antilock braking system – 1966 Jensen FF (Dunlop Maxaret system, previously used in aviation)
 * First electrical & electronic antilock braking system – 1969 (for the 1970 model year) Lincoln Continental Mark III (standard)
 * First 4-wheel electrical & electronic antilock braking system – 1970 (for the 1971 model year) Imperial
 * First asbestos-free brake pads – 1983 Saab Automobile
 * First regenerative brakes – 1996 GM EV1 (leased, not sold)
 * First electro-hydraulic brakes – 2001 Toyota Prius
 * First electric parking brake – 2002 BMW E65/E66

Driver aids

 * First steering wheel – 1894 Panhard
 * First speedometer – 1901 Oldsmobile
 * First windscreen wiper – 1903 Mary Anderson (inventor)
 * First electromechanical vehicle horn – 1908 Klaxon
 * First tilt-away steering wheel – 1912 Peerless
 * First standard rear-view mirror – 1912 Marmon
 * First adjustable steering column – 1913 Lancia Theta
 * First dash-mounted fuel gauge – 1914 Studebaker
 * First power windscreen wiper – 1916 Willys-Knight
 * First turn signals – 1919 Phianna
 * First electric windscreen wiper – 1922 William M. Folberth (inventor)
 * First windscreen defogger – 1927 (for the 1928 model year) Studebaker
 * First horn ringed steering wheel – 1935 (for the 1936 model year) Cord 810
 * First windscreen washer – 1936 (for the 1937 model year) Studebaker
 * First rear window defogger – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Cadillac
 * First power steering – 1950 (for the 1951 model year) Chrysler Imperial
 * First cruise control – 1956 (for the 1957 model year) Imperial
 * First trip computer – 1958 Saab GT750
 * First adjustable control pedals – 1964 Marcos GT
 * First tilt/telescope steering wheel – 1964 (for the 1965 model year) Cadillac
 * First traction control system – 1970 (for the 1971 model year) full-size Buick (MaxTrac)
 * First LED display – 1976 Aston Martin Lagonda instrument cluster
 * First original-equipment (OEM) Citizens Band radio – 1976 (for the 1977 model year) Lincoln, Cadillac, Buick (except Skyhawk), Oldsmobile (except Omega and Starfire) and Pontiac (except Ventura, Sunbird and Astre)
 * First electronic trip computer – 1978 (in middle of model year) Cadillac Seville
 * First navigation system – August 1981 Honda Accord (analog, dealer-installed)
 * First parking sensor – 1982 Toyota Corona
 * First built-in cup holder – 1983 Dodge Caravan/Plymouth Voyager
 * First Rain-Sensing Windshield Wipers – 1984 Nissan 200SX and Silvia
 * First CRT display – 1984 Buick Riviera computer controlled instrument cluster
 * First electronic four-wheel steering – 1985 Nissan Skyline HICAS
 * First automotive head-up display (auto-HUD) – 1987 (for the 1988 model year) Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
 * First drive-by-wire throttle – 1988 BMW 750iL
 * First mechanical four-wheel steering – 1988 Honda Prelude 4WS
 * First electrochromic rear-view mirror – 1988 Nissan Cedric/Gloria/Cima
 * First digital navigation system – 1990 Acura Legend
 * First original-equipment built-in GPS navigation system – 1990 Mazda Eunos Cosmo Type-E CCS (Japan Only)
 * First Backup camera – 1991 Toyota Soarer Limited (Japan Only)
 * First dynamic stability control system/Electronic Stability Programme/Vehicle Stability Control – 1995 BMW 7 Series (E38)-(DSC III), Mercedes-Benz S 600 Coupé-(ESP), and Toyota Crown Majesta-(VSC)
 * First adaptive cruise control – 1995 (for 1996 model year) Mitsubishi Diamante (like the later Toyota Celsior system, this LIDAR did not apply brakes, only throttle&shifting)
 * First backup sensors – 1995 Mercedes-Benz S-Class
 * First telematics assist system – 1996 (for the 1997 model year) Cadillac Seville (OnStar) and Lincoln Continental (Motorola RESCU)
 * First minivans and SUVs with backup sensors – 1999 Ford Windstar and Ford Explorer/Lincoln Navigator
 * First night vision – 1999 (for the 2000 model year) Cadillac Deville
 * First lane-departure warning system (LDWS) – 2001 Nissan Cima
 * First navigation system with voice controls – 2002 Infiniti Q45
 * First backup camera in North American market – 2002 Infiniti Q45
 * First radar Collision avoidance system (no autonomous braking) – 2003 Toyota Harrier-Pre-Collision System PCS
 * First automatic/automated self-parking system – 2003 Toyota Prius IPAS
 * First Blind Spot Intervention System – 2005 Volvo S80
 * First Around View Monitor (AVM) – 2007 Infiniti EX35
 * First Driver drowsiness detection – 2007 on the Volvo S80-Driver Alert Control
 * First driver eyelid monitoring system – 2008 on the Toyota Crown-Driver Monitoring System
 * First Synchronized down shift rev-matching system – 2009 Nissan 370Z and Fairlady Z
 * First active pedestrian avoidance with steering correction – 2013 on Lexus LS (XF40) (Japan only)

Passive restraint

 * First safety padding – 1936 (for the 1937 model year) Chrysler
 * First seat belts – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Tucker
 * First padded dash – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Tucker
 * First rear seat belts – 1954 (for the 1955 model year) Ford
 * First standard seat belts – 1958 Saab GT 750
 * First shoulder belts – 1959 Volvo PV444/544
 * First standard shoulder belts – 1959 Volvo 122

Active restraint

 * First airbags – 1973 (for the 1974 model year) full-size Cadillac, Buick and Oldsmobile (Air Cushion Restraint System)
 * First standard dual frontal airbags – 1987 Porsche 944
 * First rear-seat frontal airbag – 1993 Nissan President
 * First side torso airbags – 1994 (for the 1995 model year) Volvo 850
 * First knee airbag – 1996 Kia Sportage
 * First six-airbag system – 1997 Audi A8: 1 side airbag in every door + 2 front airbags.
 * First side head airbags – 1997 BMW 7 Series (E38)
 * First rear window curtain airbag – 2008 Toyota iQ
 * First rear seat centre airbag – 2009 Toyota
 * First seatbelt airbags – 2011 Ford Explorer and Lexus LFA
 * First front center airbag – 2013 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave and GMC Acadia
 * First rear seat airbag – 2021 Mercedes Benz S Class

Tires

 * First use of pneumatic tires – 1895 Peugeot L'Eclair (Michelin)
 * First standard pneumatic tires – 1896 Bollée Voiturette
 * First radial-ply tires – 1946 Michelin "X" (Optional fitment on 1949 Peugeots, Citroën 11CV and Simca 8, standard on the 1950 Lancia Aurelia)
 * First self-repairing tires – 1950 Goodyear
 * First run flat tire – 1974 Mini 1275GT (Dunlop Denovo; optional)

Lighting

 * First electrical lighting – 1898 Columbia electric
 * First bright headlamps – 1899 Bleriot carbide generator
 * First standard lights – 1904 "Prest-O-Lite" acetylene
 * First standard electrical lights – 1908 Peerless
 * First integrated electrical and lighting system – 1912 Cadillac Model 1912 Delco
 * First "dipping" headlamps – 1915 Guide Lamp Company
 * First original-equipment (OEM) "dipping" headlamps – 1917 Cadillac
 * First stop or brake lights – 1919 Phianna
 * First dual-beam headlamp – 1924 Bilux
 * First directional headlamps – 1934 Tatra 77
 * First hidden headlamps – 1935 (for the 1936 model year) Cord 810 (hand cranked from dash)
 * First flush mounted taillights with the body – 1935 (for the 1936 model year) Cord 810
 * First fog lights – 1937 (for the 1938 model year) Cadillac
 * First power hidden headlamps – 1938 Buick Y-Job
 * First production power hidden headlamps – 1941 (for the 1942 model year) DeSoto (standard)
 * First auto-dimming headlamps – 1951 (for the 1952 model year) Cadillac and Oldsmobile (Autronic Eye)
 * First auto-on/off headlamps – 1959 (for the 1960 model year) Buick (Twilight Sentinel)
 * First headlamp wipers – 1970 Saab (95, 96, 99)
 * First AC HID (lowbeam only) lights – 1991 BMW 7 Series (E32)
 * First neon lights – 1994 (for the 1995 model year) Ford Explorer
 * First DC HID lights – 1996 (for the 1997 model year) Lincoln Mark VIII
 * First all-LED tail lights – 1998 Maserati 3200 GT
 * First lowbeam/highbeam HID headlamps (Bi-Xenon) – 1999 on Mercedes-Benz CL-Class
 * First all-LED headlamps – 2007 Audi R8
 * First low beam, front position light and sidemarker LED headlights – 2008 Lexus LS600h
 * First continuously adaptive highbeam (HID) – 2009 on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212)
 * First headlamps with pedestrian highlighting/warning – in 2011 on Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)
 * First full-LED car + tail lights with automatic variable intensity control – 2013 on the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)
 * First laser headlights – 2014 Audi R8 LMX

Electrical system

 * First magneto – 1897 Lanchester Motor Company
 * First electric self-starter – Arnold (copy of the Benz Velo) before 1900.
 * First power door locks – 1914 Scripps-Booth
 * First twin-spark engine – 1914 Alfa Romeo Grand Prix
 * First electric power windows – 1938 Buick Y-Job (see "Other" for nonelectric production power windows)
 * First combination key and ignition switch – 1948 (for the 1949 model year) Chrysler
 * First 12 volt system – 1948 Lancia Ardea mk3
 * First alternator – 1959 (for the 1960 model year) Plymouth Valiant
 * First sealed battery – 1969 (for the 1970 model year) Pontiac "Freedom Battery"
 * First keyless entry system (by keypad) – 1980 for the 8th gen Ford Thunderbird, 5th gen Mercury Cougar, and Lincoln Continental Mk VI, and Town Car
 * First multiplexing wiring – 1986 (for the 1987 model year) Cadillac Allanté & Chrysler C-Body [1988]
 * First integrated car systems control – 1987 Toyota Soarer (Electro Multi Vision)

Climate control

 * First exhaust system heat – 1917 (???)
 * First cooling system heat – 1926 (???) (Cadillac also lists heat as an option for $32 in the 1926 model year although it is not clear what the source is)
 * First automobile air conditioning – 1939 (for the 1940 model year) Packard
 * First automatic climate control – 1963 (for the 1964 model year) Cadillac
 * First heated seats – 1965 (for the 1966 model year) Cadillac
 * First digital climate control – 1975 Rolls-Royce Camargue
 * First electrically heated windshield – 1985 Ford Scorpio/Granada Mk. III and 1986 model year Ford Taurus/Mercury Sable
 * First ventilated seats – 1998 Saab 9-5
 * First cooled seats – 2000 Lincoln Navigator
 * First heated steering wheel – 2001 Audi A6 and BMW 7 Series

In-car entertainment

 * First radio – May 1922 Ford Model T (fitted to the passenger door by 18-year-old George Frost, president of the Lane High School Radio Club in Chicago)
 * First radio installed by a corporation – November 1922 Daimler (installed in a limousine by the Marconi-phone company)
 * First aftermarket radio – 1923 Springfield Body Corporation
 * First original-equipment (OEM) radio – 1929 (for the 1930 model year) Cadillac and LaSalle
 * First in-car phonograph – 1955 (for the 1956 model year) Chrysler (optional on all makes)
 * First FM radio – 1958 (for the 1959 model year) Lincoln
 * First stereo – 1964 (for the 1965 model year) full-size Chevrolet
 * First 8-track tape – 1965 (for the 1966 model year) Lincoln and Ford Thunderbird and Mustang
 * First Compact Cassette – 1977 (for the 1978 model year) Cadillac and Buick (except Skyhawk)
 * First steering wheel mounted audio controls – 1984 Nissan 300ZX AE
 * First compact disc – 1986 (for the 1987 model year) Lincoln Town Car
 * First active audio volume control – 1989 (for the 1990 model year) Chevrolet Corvette Bose/Delco Gold Series
 * First front auxiliary input (for portable devices) (OEM systems) – 1991 Mitsubishi 3000GT and Galant VR-4
 * First VCR – 1998 Oldsmobile Silhouette
 * First Bluetooth-capable audio system – 2003 Saab 9-3
 * First MP3-capable audio system – 2001 Mazda Protegé MP3
 * First karaoke – 2003 Geely BL
 * First 5.1 surround sound – 2004 Acura TL
 * First in-car iPod player integration – 2004 BMW
 * First active noise cancellation – 2005 Acura RL
 * First built-in USB port – 2006 Kia Rondo

Other

 * First anti-theft device – 1930 Ansaldo Tipo 22
 * First power windows – 1939 (for the 1940 model year) Packard 180 (hydro-electric)
 * First power seat – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Cadillac, Buick and Oldsmobile (hydraulic)
 * First split folding rear seats – 1959 Auto Union (all makes)
 * First composite wheels – 1970 Citroën SM
 * First production car to achieve 200 mph – 1987 Ruf CTR in April 1987
 * First standard composite wheels – 1989 Shelby CSX
 * First active exhaust – 1991 Mitsubishi 3000GT

Pre-war

 * Best-selling pre-war vehicle – Ford Model-T (15,000,000 sold between 1908 and 1928)
 * Least-expensive – US$125 1922 – 1922 Briggs & Stratton Flyer
 * Least-expensive full-featured automobile – US$300 1926 – 1926–27 (for the 1927 model year) Ford Model-T
 * Fastest pre-war stock production vehicle – Cord Automobile – 1937 supercharged 812 Beverly sedan 107.66 mph – September 1937 at the Bonneville Salt Flats
 * Fastest pre-war limited production vehicle – Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 – 1939 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 clocked to 131 mph average at Brooklands Speedway (41 made)
 * Fastest pre-war vehicle – Railton Mobil Special – 2-SC Napier Lion V-12 – 369.740 mph – Driver John Cobb on 23 August 1939 at the Bonneville Salt Flats
 * Longest pre-war production – 6096 mm – 1933–35 (for the 1934–35 model years) Cadillac V-16
 * Longest pre-war limited production – 6400 mm 1927–33 Bugatti Royale
 * Longest pre-war production wheelbase – 3912 mm – 1933–37 (for the 1934–37 model years) Cadillac V-16
 * Longest pre-war limited production wheelbase – 4572 mm 1927 Bugatti Royale Prototype
 * Longest pre-war Production convertible – 6096 mm (29 produced) – 1933–1935 (for the 1934–35 model years) Cadillac V-16
 * Longest pre-war Production coupe – 6096 mm (20 produced) – 1933–1935 (for the 1934–35 model years) Cadillac V-16
 * Longest pre-war Limited production convertible – 6401 mm – 1932 Bugatti Royale Weinberger
 * Longest pre-war Limited production coupe – 6401 mm – 1931 Bugatti Royale Kellner
 * Widest pre-war – 2100 mm 1938–43 Mercedes-Benz 770 W150 (armoured)
 * Widest pre-war front track – 1626 mm – 1938–43 Mercedes-Benz 770 W150
 * Widest pre-war rear track – 1676 mm – 1938–43 Mercedes-Benz 770 W150
 * Tallest pre-war production car – 2550 mm – 1904–09 Fiat 60 HP
 * Heaviest pre-war curb weight – 4800 kg – 1938–43 Mercedes-Benz 770 W150 (armoured)
 * Largest pre-war straight-6 – 9120 cc – 1920-28 Reanault 40CV
 * Largest pre-war limited production straight-8 – 14726 cc – 1927 Bugatti Royale
 * Largest pre-war V8 – 14700 cc – 1910–12 De Dion-Bouton
 * Largest pre-war V12 – 13514 cc – 1912 Pierce-Arrow
 * Largest pre-war V16 – 8048 cc – 1930–33 (for the 1931–33 model years) Marmon Series 16

title: List of automotive superlatives


text:
Talk:Oegopsida

Getting to know you
No morphological description. How would I recognize an oegopsin if I happened to bump into one down town or came across one out in the ocean. Exhaustive taxonomic lists are OK, but they say nothing about what they are listed under. J.H.McDonnell (talk) 20:30, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:29, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Ommastrephes bartramii1.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:26, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Ommastrephes bartramii1.jpg

title: Talk:Oegopsida


text:
Ulrich von Hutten

Ulrich von Hutten (21 April 1488 – 29 August 1523) was a German knight, scholar, poet and satirist, who later became a follower of Martin Luther and a Protestant reformer.

By 1519, he was an outspoken critic of the Roman Catholic Church. Hutten was a bridge between the Renaissance humanists and the Lutheran Reformation. He was a leader of the knights of the Holy Roman Empire along with Franz von Sickingen. Both were the leaders in the Knights' War.

Biography
His life may be divided into four parts: his youth and cloister life (1488–1504); his wanderings in pursuit of knowledge (1504–1515); his strife with Ulrich of Württemberg (1515–1519); and his connection with the Reformation (1510–1523).

Youth and cloister life
Hutten was born in Steckelberg Castle, now in Schlüchtern, Hesse. He was the eldest son of a poor but not undistinguished knightly family. As he was small of stature and sickly his father destined him for the cloister, and, when he was ten years old, his father placed him at the nearby Benedictine monastery in Fulda to be educated as a monk. The monastic school there was highly regarded in Germany, and he received an excellent education. However, he disliked the mode of life, and in 1505 fled to Cologne. He thus obtained his freedom, but incurred the undying anger of his father.

Pursuit of knowledge
In Cologne, Hutten met Hoogstraten, Johannes Rhagius (also known as Johannes Aesticampianus), and other scholars and poets. In 1506, he went to Erfurt, but soon after rejoined Rhagius at Frankfurt an der Oder where a new university was opening. There he took his master's degree and published his first poem. In 1507, he followed Rhagius to Leipzig. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica reported that in 1508 he was a shipwrecked beggar on the Pomeranian coast, while the New International Encyclopedia described him as stricken down with the pestilence and recovering.

In 1509, he was studying theology at the University of Greifswald, where he was at first received kindly. In 1510 he spent time further studying theology at University of Wittenberg.

However his burgher patrons could not tolerate the poet's airs and vanity and ill-timed assertions of his higher rank. Wherefore Hutten left Greifswald, and as he went was robbed of clothes and books, his only baggage, by the servants of his late friends. In the dead of winter, half starved, frozen, penniless, he reached Rostock.

In Rostock, again the humanists received him gladly, and under their protection he wrote against his Greifswald patrons, thus beginning the long list of his satires and fierce attacks on personal or public foes. Rostock could not hold him long, and he wandered on to Wittenberg, where in 1511 he published his Ars Versificatoria, a work on versification. His next stop was Leipzig, and thence to Vienna, where he hoped to win the emperor Maximilian's favour by an elaborate national poem on the war with Venice. But neither Maximilian nor the University of Vienna would lift a hand for him.

So Hutten went on to Italy, and settled at Pavia to study law. In 1512, his studies were interrupted by war: in the siege of Pavia by papal troops and Swiss, he was plundered by both sides, and escaped, sick and penniless, to Bologna. On his recovery, he served for a short time as a private soldier in the emperor's army, but by 1514 was back in Germany. Thanks to his poetic gifts and the friendship of Eitelwolf von Stein (d. 1515), he won the favour of the elector of Mainz, Archbishop Albert of Brandenburg. Here high dreams of a learned career rose on him: Mainz should be made the metropolis of a grand humanist movement, the centre of good style and literary form.

Strife with Ulrich of Württemberg
But the murder in 1515 of his relative Hans von Hutten by Ulrich, duke of Württemberg changed the whole course of Hutten's life; satire, chief refuge of the weak, became his weapon. With one hand he took his part in the famous Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum (The Letters of Obscure Men), and with the other launched scathing letters, eloquent Ciceronian orations, or biting satires against the duke. These works made him known throughout Germany.

Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum was written in support of Hutten's mentor, the prominent theologian Johannes Reuchlin, who was engaged in a struggle to prevent the confiscation of Hebrew texts. Epistolæ contained a series of fictitious letters, addressed to Hardwin von Grätz, that sarcastically attacked the scholastic theologians who were acting against Reuchlin.

Hutten went again to Italy to take the degree of doctor of laws, and returned to Germany in 1517. There the emperor took him under his protection and bestowed on him the honors of a poet's laureate crown and knighthood. However, he also spared Ulrich, duke of Württemberg. While in Italy, Hutten conceived a fierce hatred for the papacy, which he bitterly attacked in his preface to an edition of Laurentius Valla's De Donatione Constantini, published in 1517. He thus helped prepare the way for Martin Luther.

In 1518, Hutten accompanied his patron, Archbishop Albert, on several official journeys to Paris and to the Diet of Augsburg, where Luther had his famous conference with Thomas Cajetan. Subsequently, Hutten established a small printing press, and published pamphlets written in the German language attacking the Pope and the Roman clergy.

Participation in the Reformation
Archbishop of Mainz Albrecht von Brandenburg denounced him at Rome, whereupon in 1519 Hutten became a supporter of Luther and his calls for religious reform. Unlike Luther, Hutten tried to enforce reformation by military means when he, along with Franz von Sickingen attempted to begin popular crusade within the Holy Roman Empire against the power of the Roman Catholic Church in favour of Luther's reformed religion.

In what is known as the Knights' Revolt, they attacked the lands of the Archbishop of Trier in 1522. The archbishop held out, however, and the knights were eventually defeated in 1523, destroying them as a significant political force within the empire. Following his defeat, Hutten tried to convince Erasmus of Rotterdam to side with the Reformation. Erasmus refused to take sides. Their estrangement culminated in a literary quarrel between the two humanists. Hutten's Ulrichi ab Hutten cum Erasmo Rotirodamo, Presbytero, Theologo, Expostulatio is a collection of his arguments against Erasmus; it was printed by Johannes Schott from Strasbourg in 1523. It contains a woodcut of Hutten and Erasmus; it was thought (in 1850) to be the earliest known woodcut of the latter. Erasmus refused to see Hutten when the latter came to Basel in 1523, ill and impoverished, to see him.

Hutten died in seclusion on the island of Ufenau on Lake Zurich.

Health issues
For the final 15 years of his life, Hutten suffered from the "French disease" (or syphilis), of which he died. He wrote a text in 1519, De morbo Gallico (On the French disease), about the symptoms of what is thought to be syphilis and its treatment with Guaiacum. His text is regarded as one of the first patient narratives in the history of medicine; Holbein the Younger's portrait of him from 1523 is the first known realistic portrait of a person with the disease.

In the last hundred years, two skeletons have been dug up: a male without signs of syphilis and a female with signs of syphilis. This has led to recent speculation in the American Journal of Medicine that von Hutten may have been a cross-dressing woman.

Works
Hutten was more open in the expression of his opinions than any other man, probably, of his age. He did much to prepare the way for the Reformation and to promote it. He was a master of the Latin language, and excelled in satirical and passionate invective. His literary life is generally divided into three periods: (1) Period of Latin poems (1509–16); (2) period of letters and orations (1515–17); (3) period of dialogues and letters in Latin and German (1517–23). In all he published some 45 different works.

His chief works were his Ars versificandi (The Art of Prosody, 1511); the Nemo (1518); a work on the Morbus Gallicus (1519); the volume of Steckelberg complaints against Duke Ulrich (including his four Ciceronian Orations, his Letters and the Phalarismus) also in 1519; the Vadismus (1520); and the controversy with Erasmus at the end of his life. Besides these were many poems in Latin and German.

Letters of Obscure Men
His most noteworthy contribution to literature was his portion of the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum (Letters of Obscure Men). At first the cloister world, not discerning its irony, welcomed the work as a defence of their position against Johann Reuchlin; though their eyes were soon opened by the favor with which the learned world received it. The Epistolæ were eagerly bought up; the first part (41 letters) appeared at the end of 1515; early in 1516 there was a second edition; later in 1516 a third, with an appendix of seven letters; in 1517 appeared the second part (62 letters), to which a fresh appendix of eight letters was subjoined soon after.

How far Hutten was the parent of this celebrated work was long a matter of dispute. Hutten, in a letter addressed to Richard Croke, denied that he was the author of the book, but there is no doubt as to his connexion with it. Erasmus was of opinion that there were three authors, of whom Crotus Rubianus was the originator of the idea, and Hutten a chief contributor. D. F. Strauss concluded that Hutten had no share in the first part, but that his hand is clearly visible in the second part, which Strauss attributed—along with the more serious and severe tone of that bitter portion of the satire—in the main to Hutten. Holborn, however, citing the later scholarship of Bömer, regards the matter of authorship "as closed in all essential points". According to them, the first part was the work of Rubianus (save for the first epistle, written by Hutten), while the appendix and the second part were mostly by Hutten, with additional contributions from Hermann von dem Busche and others.

Life as a vassal knight
Hutten writes a graphic description of the harshness of life as a vassal knight (a Lehnsmann) in medieval Europe in a letter to Willibald Pirckheimer(1470–1530) that dispels the glamour with which the life of the nobility is sometimes viewed.

Family
In addition to Hans von Hutten, Ulrich von Hutten was also related to the German adventurer Philipp von Hutten.

Legacy

 * As a student at the University of Bonn, Carl Schurz began work on a tragedy based on Hutten's life. He abandoned it, never to return to finish the work, when the 1848 revolution broke out in Germany.
 * During World War II, the German Wehrmacht named some of its final infantry divisions after noteworthy individuals of German history. One such infantry division, fielded in March 1945, was the Infantry Division Ulrich von Hutten.

title: Ulrich von Hutten