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Pyridoxal phosphate

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P), the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has catalogued more than 140 PLP-dependent activities, corresponding to ~4% of all classified activities. The versatility of PLP arises from its ability to covalently bind the substrate, and then to act as an electrophilic catalyst, thereby stabilizing different types of carbanionic reaction intermediates.

Role as a coenzyme
PLP acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, and in certain decarboxylation, deamination, and racemization reactions of amino acids. The aldehyde group of PLP forms a Schiff-base linkage (internal aldimine) with the ε-amino group of a specific lysine group of the aminotransferase enzyme. The α-amino group of the amino acid substrate displaces the ε-amino group of the active-site lysine residue in a process known as transaldimination. The resulting external aldimine can lose a proton, carbon dioxide, or an amino acid sidechain to become a quinonoid intermediate, which in turn can act as a nucleophile in several reaction pathways.

In transamination, after deprotonation the quinonoid intermediate accepts a proton at a different position to become a ketimine. The resulting ketimine is hydrolysed so that the amino group remains on the complex. In addition, PLP is used by aminotransferases (or transaminases) that act upon unusual sugars such as perosamine and desosamine. In these reactions, the PLP reacts with glutamate, which transfers its alpha-amino group to PLP to make pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP). PMP then transfers its nitrogen to the sugar, making an amino sugar.

PLP is also involved in various beta-elimination reactions such as the reactions carried out by serine dehydratase and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3-dehydratase (ColD).

It is also active in the condensation reaction in heme synthesis.

PLP plays a role in the conversion of levodopa into dopamine, facilitates the conversion of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and allows SAM to be decarboxylated to form propylamine, which is a precursor to polyamines.

Role in human body
Pyridoxal phosphate has numerous roles in human body. A few examples below:
 * Metabolism and biosynthesis of serotonin. Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of aromatic L-amino acids decarboxylase. This allows for conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) into serotonin (5-HT). This reaction takes place in serotonergic neurons.
 * Metabolism and biosynthesis of histamine. Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of L-histidine decarboxylase. This allows for conversion of histidine into histamine. This reaction takes place in Golgi apparatus in mast cells and in basophils. Next, histamine is stored in granularity in mast cells as a complex with acid residues of heparin proteoglycan while in basophils as a complex with chondroitine sulfate.
 * Metabolism and biosynthesis of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). This allows for conversion of glutamate into GABA. Reaction takes place in cytoplasm of termination of GABA-ergic neurons, therefore vitamin B6 deficiency may cause epileptic seizures in children. Pyridoxal phosphate also participates in the oxidative deamination of GABA, where it is a cofactor of GABA aminotransferase.
 * Metabolism of ornithine. Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of ornithine carboxylase.
 * Transamination. Pyridoxal phosphate takes part in decomposition and synthesis of amino acids, fats, and carbohydrates, and in the biosynthesis of hormones, neurotransmitters, and heme.

Non-classical examples of PLP
PLP is also found on glycogen phosphorylase in the liver, where it is used to break down glycogen in glycogenolysis when glucagon or epinephrine signals it to do so. However, this enzyme does not exploit the reactive aldehyde group, but instead utilizes the phosphate group on PLP to perform its reaction.

Although the vast majority of PLP-dependent enzymes form an internal aldimine with PLP via an active site lysine residue, some PLP-dependent enzymes do not have this lysine residue, but instead have a histidine in the active site. In such a case, the histidine cannot form the internal aldimine, and, therefore, the co-factor does not become covalently tethered to the enzyme. GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3-dehydratase (ColD) is an example of such an enzyme. Human Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 regulates one-carbon transfer reactions required for amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, and exists in dimeric and tetrameric forms. The dimeric SHMT2 variant is a potent inhibitor of the BRISC deubiquitylase enzyme complex, which regulates immune-based cell signaling. Recent studies show that SJMT2 tetramerization is induced by PLP. This prevents interaction with the BRISC deubiqutylase complex, potentially linking vitamin B6 levels and metabolism to inflammation.

Catalytic mechanism
The pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent enzymes (PLP enzymes) catalyze myriad reactions. Although the scope of PLP-catalyzed reactions appears to be immense, the unifying principle is the formation of an internal lysine-derived aldimine. Once the amino substrate interacts with the active site, a new Schiff base is generated, commonly referred to as the external aldimine. After this step, the pathway for each PLP-catalyzed reactions diverge.

Specificity
Specificity is conferred by the fact that, of the four bonds of the alpha-carbon of the amino acid aldimine state, the bond perpendicular to the pyridine ring will be broken (Dunathan Stereoelectronic Hypothesis). Consequently, specificity is dictated by how the enzymes bind their substrates. An additional role in specificity is played by the ease of protonation of the pyridine ring nitrogen.

PLP-enzymes
PLP is retained in the active site not only thanks to the lysine, but also thanks to the interaction of the phosphate group and a phosphate binding pocket and to a lesser extent thanks to base stacking of the pyridine ring with an overhanging aromatic residue, generally tyrosine (which may also partake in the acid–base catalysis). Despite the limited requirements for a PLP binding pocket, PLP enzymes belong to only five different families. These families do not correlate well with a particular type of reaction. The five families are classified as fold types followed by a Roman numeral.
 * Fold Type I  — aspartate aminotransferase family
 * Fold Type II — tryptophan synthase family
 * Fold Type III — alanine racemase family (TIM-barrel)
 * Fold Type IV — D-amino acid aminotransferase family
 * Fold Type V  — glycogen phosphorylase family

From vitamers
Animals are auxotroph for this enzyme co-factor and require it or an intermediate to be supplemented, hence its classification as a vitamin B6, unlike MoCo or CoQ10 for example. PLP is synthesized from pyridoxal by the enzyme pyridoxal kinase, requiring one ATP molecule. PLP is metabolized in the liver.

Prototrophy
Two natural pathways for PLP are currently known: one requires deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), while the other does not, hence they are known as DXP-dependent and DXP-independent. These pathways have been studied extensively in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Despite the disparity in the starting compounds and the different number of steps required, the two pathways possess many commonalities.

DXP-dependent biosynthesis
The DXP-dependent biosynthetic route requires several steps and a convergence of two branches, one producing 3-hydroxy-1-aminoacetone phosphate from erythrose 4-phosphate, while the other (single enzyme) producing deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) and pyruvate. The condensation product of 3-hydroxy-1-aminoacetone phosphate and deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate is pyridoxine 5'-phosphate. The condensation is catalyzed by PNP synthase, encoded by pdxJ, which creates PNP (pyridoxine 5' phosphate). The final enzyme is PNP oxidase (pdxH), which catalyzes the oxidation of the 4' hydroxyl group to an aldehyde using dioxigen, resulting in hydrogen peroxide.

The first branch is catalyzed in E. coli by enzymes encoded by epd, pdxB, serC and pdxA. These share mechanistical similarities and homology with the three enzymes in serine biosynthesis (serA (homologue of pdxB), serC, serB — however, epd is a homologue of gap), which points towards a shared evolutionary origin of the two pathways. In several species there are two homologues of the E. coli serC gene, generally one in a ser operon (serC), and the other in a pdx operon, in which case it is called pdxF.

A "serendipitous pathway" was found in an overexpression library that could suppress the auxotrophy caused by the deletion of pdxB (encoding erythronate 4 phosphate dehydrogenase) in E. coli. The serendipitous pathway was very inefficient, but was possible due to the promiscuous activity of various enzymes. It started with 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate (the product of the serA-encoded enzyme in serine biosynthesis) and did not require erythronate-4-phosphate. 3PHP was dephosphorylated, resulting in an unstable intermediate that decarboxylates spontaneously (hence the presence of the phosphate in the serine biosynthetic pathway) to glycaldehyde. Glycaldehyde was condensed with glycine and the phosphorylated product was 4-phosphohydroxythreonine (4PHT), the canonical substrate for 4-PHT dehydrogenase (pdxA).

DXP-independent biosynthesis
The DXP-independent PLP-biosynthetic route consists of a step catalyzed by PLP-synthase, an enzyme composed of two subunits. PdxS catalyzes the condensation of ribulose 5-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and ammonia, this latter molecules is produced by PdxT which catalyzes the production of ammonia from glutamine. PdxS is a (β/α)8 barrel (also known as a TIM-barrel) that forms a dodecamer.

Abiotic synthesis
The widespread utilization of PLP in central metabolism, especially in amino acid biosynthesis, and its activity in the absence of enzymes, suggests PLP may be a "prebiotic" compound—that is, one that predates the origin of organic life (not to be confused with prebiotic compounds, substances which serve as a food source for beneficial bacteria). In fact, heating NH3 and Glycolaldehyde spontaneously forms a variety of pyridines, including pyridoxal. Under certain conditions, PLP is formed from cyanoacetylene, diacetylene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water, and a phosphoric acid.

Inhibitors
Several inhibitors of PLP enzymes are known.

One type of inhibitor forms an electrophile with PLP, causing it to irreversibly react with the active site lysine. Acetylenic compounds (e.g. propargylglycine) and vinylic compounds (e.g. vinylglycine) are such inhibitors. A different type of inhibitor inactivates PLP, and such are α-methyl and amino-oxy substrate analogs (e.g. α-methylglutamate). Still other inhibitors have good leaving groups that nucleophilically attack the PLP. Such is chloroalanine, which inhibits a large number of enzymes.

Examples of inhibitors:
 * Levothyroxine In rats given only 10 μg of D, L-thyroxine daily for 15 days, liver cysteine desulfhydrase activity disappears and serine and threonine dehydrase and alanine glutamate transaminase activities decrease about 40%. Either in vivo feeding of pyridoxal-5-phosphate or in vitro addition of the coenzyme to the liver preparations restores full activity to all these enzymes, and the slight in vitro inhibition in the presence of 10−5 M thyroxine is also reversed by pyridoxal-5-phosphate.
 * The inactive form pyridoxine competitively inhibits the active pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Consequently, symptoms of vitamin B6 supplementation in the pyridoxine form can mimic those of vitamin B6 deficiency; an effect which perhaps might be avoided by supplementing with P5P instead.
 * AlaP (alanine phosphonate) inhibits alanine racemases, but its lack of specificity has prompted further designs of ALR inhibitors.
 * Gabaculine and Vigabatrin inhibit GABA aminotransferase
 * Canaline and 5-fluoromethylornithine inhibit ornithine aminotransferase
 * Amino-oxy SAM inhibits ACC synthase

Evolution
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (vitamin B6)-dependent enzymes have multiple evolutionary origins. The overall B6 enzymes diverged into four independent evolutionary lines: α family (i.e. aspartate aminotransferase), β family (serine dehydratase),D-alanine aminotransferase family and the alanine racemase family. An example of the evolutionary similarity in the Beta family is seen in the mechanism. The β enzymes are all lyases and catalyze reactions where Cα and Cβ participate. Overall, in the PLP-dependent enzymes, the PLP in every case is covalently attached via an imine bond to the amino group in the active site.

title: Pyridoxal phosphate


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Julio Medem

Julio Medem Lafont (born 21 October 1958) is a Basque film director, producer, editor, and screenwriter.

Biography
Medem was born on 21 October 1958 in San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain and showed an interest in movies since childhood, when he would take his father's Super 8 camera and shoot at night, while nobody was paying attention. After college graduation, with degrees in Medicine and General Surgery, he worked as a film critic and later as a screenwriter, assistant director and editor. After a few shorts, he directed his first full-length feature, Vacas (Cows) for which he won a Goya Award.

After this film he directed The Red Squirrel and Earth, both receiving good reviews at Cannes. His next film, Lovers of the Arctic Circle, has been compared to the works of Krzysztof Kieślowski. In 2002 was released his following film, Sex and Lucia.

Medem explored the documentary format with his next production La pelota vasca ('The Basque Ball'), a film about the political problems of the Basque Country, which caused a furor amongst some victims of terrorism and far right politicians. Following this, his film Caótica Ana debuted in 2007.

Super 8

 * El ciego (The Blind, 1974)
 * El jueves pasado (Last Thursday, 1977)
 * Fideos (Noodles, 1979)
 * Si yo fuera poeta... (If I Were a Poet, 1981)
 * Teatro en Soria (Theatre in Soria, 1982)

35 mm

 * Patas en la cabeza (Nutty As a Fruitcake, 1985)
 * Las seis en punta (Six on the Dot, 1987)
 * Martín (commissioned by TVE for their Siete huellas, siete [Seven Tracks, Seven] series of short films, 1988)
 * El Diario Vasco (The Basque Daily, 1989)

DV

 * Asi se hizo "Airbag" (making of Juanma Bajo Ulloa's film Airbag, 1997)
 * Clecla (commissioned by notodofilmfest.com, 2001)
 * La pelota vasca (segment of ¡Hay motivo! [There Is Reason!], 2003)
 * En las ramas de Ana (In Ana's Branches, commissioned by es:Fotogramas and Nokia for their N_ature movies series of short films, 2007)
 * Concha (Mussel, video installation commissioned by Acciona and shown at Expo 2008, 2008)

Music video

 * "Océano de sol" for Antonio Vega (1994)

Commercials

 * Runner for Audi's Attitudes campaign (agency: El Sindicato, 1999/2000)
 * Soplo/Tendedero (Waft/Clothesline) and Mediterraneo (Mediterranean) for Balay (agency: FCB Tapsa, 2002)
 * Vecina (Neighbour) and Brazalete (Bracelet) for Heineken (agency: Dayax, 2003)

TV series

 * Jai Alai ( 2023)

Books

 * Aspasia Amante De Atenas (2013)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Julio Medem


text:
Fritz (chess)

Fritz is a German chess program originally developed for Chessbase by Frans Morsch based on his Quest program, ported to DOS, and then Windows by Mathias Feist. With version 13, Morsch retired, and his engine was first replaced by Gyula Horvath's Pandix, and then with Fritz 15, Vasik Rajlich's Rybka.

The latest version of the consumer product is Fritz 18 Neuronal. This version supports 64-bit hardware and multiprocessing by default.

History
In 1991, the German company ChessBase approached the Dutch chess programmer Frans Morsch about writing a chess engine to add to the database program which they sold. Morsch adapted his Quest program, and ChessBase released it for sale that year as Knightstalker in the U.S. and Fritz throughout the rest of the world. In 1995, Fritz 3 won the World Computer Chess Championship in Hong Kong, beating an early version of Deep Blue. This was the first time that a program running on a consumer-level microcomputer defeated the mainframes that had previously dominated this event.

In 1998, Fritz 5 was released including a Friend mode which would cause the engine to adjust its strength of play over the course of a game based on the level the opponent appeared to be playing. Fritz 5.32 was released soon after replacing the 16-bit architecture with a 32-bit one.

In 2002, Deep Fritz drew the Brains in Bahrain match against Vladimir Kramnik 4–4. Fritz 7, which was released that year, included the ability to play on the Playchess server.

In November 2003, X3D Fritz, a version of Deep Fritz with a 3D interface, drew a four-game match against Garry Kasparov.

Fritz 8, which appeared around this time, provided a 3D Spanish room setting for games to take place. Fritz 9 added a 3D virtual opponent, the Turk.

In 2004, Fritz 8 added a Handicap and Fun mode, allowing players to choose the Elo rating and style that the engine will use. Chessbase native engines can use the Handicap feature: Chess Tiger, Crafty, the Fritz engine, Hiarcs, Houdini, Junior, Rybka, Shredder and Zappa. Some UCI engines can also make use of Handicap, e.g. Fruit and Stockfish.

On June 23, 2005, in the ABC Times Square studios, the AI Accoona Toolbar, driven by a Fritz 9 prototype, drew against the then FIDE World Champion Rustam Kasimdzhanov.

From November 25 to December 5, 2006 Deep Fritz played a six-game match against Kramnik in Bonn. Fritz was able to win 4–2. In this match, Kramnik blundered away game 2, allowing a mate in one.

On SSDF's September 2010 rating list, Deep Fritz 12 placed sixth with a rating of 3110, 135 points higher than Deep Junior 10.1, and 103 points lower than no. 1 ranked Deep Rybka 3 x64. Deep Fritz 11 is eighth on the same list, with a rating of 3073.

On the December 2010 edition of the CCRL rating list, Deep Fritz 12 placed sixth with an Elo rating of 3088, 29 points higher than Deep Junior 11.1a x64, and 174 points lower than no. 1 ranked Deep Rybka 4 x64. Deep Fritz 11 is also sixth on the same list, with a rating of 3097. Fritz has not kept up with modern advances, attaining only 14th on the 2013 CCRL rating list and not participating in any world championships since 2004.

The 2013 release of Deep Fritz 14 switched engines from the original author Frans Morsch's to Pandix, written by Gyula Horváth. A long-time participant in world computer championships since 1984, Pandix was substantially rewritten in 2009, and has been a strong contender since then.

Fritz 15 was released on November 25, 2015, with new features, including switching to Vasik Rajlich's famous Rybka engine. Handicap and Fun mode was dropped, but there is now a function for pawn and piece handicaps (e.g. ceding pawn and move).

Fritz 16 was released on November 12, 2017, with a new Easy game mode which provides for assisted calculation marking good moves with a green circle and bad moves with a red one. This version again uses the Rybka engine.

Fritz 17 was released on November 12, 2019, and uses the Ginkgo engine, written by Frank Schneider. Fritz 18 was released on November 16, 2021.

On March 30, 2022, Fritz 18 Neuronal was released that supplemented Fritz's handcrafted evaluation with an efficiently updatable neural network.

In July 2021, the developers of the open source Stockfish chess engine filed a lawsuit against Chessbase alleging that Fat Fritz 2.0 is a derivative of Stockfish and is in violation of a "central obligation" of Stockfish's GNU General Public License. In November 2022, a settlement was reached in which it was agreed that the license obligations of the GPL-3.0 for the products Fat Fritz 2 and Houdini 6 have not been complied with. In the future, Chessbase will comply with the license terms and to adequately inform the public about the use of the Stockfish software in its products.

The Fritz engine in other companies
The American company Viva Media, now a division of Encore, Inc. has been licensed to sell many versions of the Fritz engine and GUI combination. British game publisher Eidos Interactive (now part of Square Enix Europe) published Fritz 6 and 7. In 1998, the German company Data Becker released the program 3D Schach Genie, containing the Shredder engine and Fritz interface. The German company Purple Hills sold Fritz 6 through 12 as Profi Schach 1 through 7. British Excalibur Publishing has published Fritz 9 through 14. American book publisher Simon & Schuster featured the Fritz engine in their Extreme Chess program, as have German game publisher TopWare Interactive in their Battle vs. Chess game.

Fritz and Chesster
Fritz and Chesster is a series of introductory chess programs based on the Fritz engine. Each program provides basic tutorials and games based on one aspect of chess, allowing children to learn the basic rules easily without overwhelming them with too many options at once.

Games follow Prince Fritz, the son of King White, and his cousin Bianca, as Chesster the rat (among others) teaches them the fundamentals of chess so that they can defeat King Black.

There are three programs available in the series:
 * Learn To Play Chess With Fritz and Chesster covers all the rules of chess, from basic moves to castling and stalemate.
 * Learn To Play Chess With Fritz and Chesster 2: Chess in the Black Castle covers chess strategy and tactics, chess openings, and endgames.
 * Learn To Play Chess With Fritz and Chesster, part 3: Chess for Winners contains opening schemes, tactics, recognizing checkmates, endgame training, and key squares.

Reception
The editors of Computer Games Magazine nominated Fritz 6 for their 2000 "Classic Game of the Year" award.

title: Fritz (chess)


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User talk:Aqua008

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

PPS Thanks for the detailed copyright info on your image.

Alexandria Class cruiser
I apreciate your help in the matter, but I also forgot to mention that most of the pictures of the UC Gundam ships are either copyrighted or say something to that effect. I know of sights where you can find the pictures, but i am not sure how to get through the red tape surrounding copyrights.

The ship pictures can be found on at least to sites: and .

P.S.-Thanks a bunch. You're the first person who has actually offered to help me instead of yelling at me to fix a problem without showing/telling me how. :-)

Q: May I use any of your images? A: You may not use the images we made ourselves, such as buttons and logos. We do not own the other images (screenshots, scans), so you are free to use them on your website. We only ask that you put a link back to us on the same page as the image...
 * Luckily, the situtaion isn't that bad. Both of the pages that you mention seem to get their images from Mecha Anime HQ(the second site states this "Special thanks to MAHQ for all images.", but a quick comparison for the first site shows that they got their images from the same place). MAHQ allows the use of their images
 * , and since it is a reduced portion of the origional it qualifies for fair use.

 * I'll go ahead and put the pictures in the articles that you've created on the gundam ships, but I see that there are several versions of some of them, refits and such. If you want a different picture, or just for future knowledge, see Image_use_policy and Image_markup.

 * PS-No problem, I'm glad to help. Also, may I suggest that you register? I'm not saying that it'll change someones personality, but maybe they'd be more likely to help you if you had a talk page were they could contact you and explain things. ie, this why I'm putting this on my talk page. You don't have one and its way too long to post on the cleanup page.

Thanks a TON and them some! You rock! ;-) P.S. I will register at some point this week. It sounds like a good idea.

 * I registared! See TomStar81 for 'my' page.

Bong cooler
Thanks for adding the great diagram! ··gracefool |☺ 03:34, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Orbiter (sim)
Please note that Orbiter (sim) has been deleted as requested.

Have a nice day. :-) -- PFHLai 08:08, 2004 Aug 29 (UTC) I like your recent contribution to this article a lot. Keep up the good work! :-) 0.39 16:40, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image:BerlinerDisc2.jpg
It seems to have the GFDL tag on it now, so I don't think there's any need to add it myself. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 21:46, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image:Image:Moskvitch 403.jpg
It is scan from an old soviet magazine 'za ruliom'

There wasn't anything like copyright in Soviet Union.

RuneScape Splitting
Now that I think about it, it seems like a good idea. Keeps everything organized and if the reader is really interested they can check out the relevant fork article. I won't oppose any more splitting, but I'll offer an idea: RuneScape skills, RuneScape quests, RuneScape locations (I notice we have an Al Kharid article), RuneScape monsters, and RuneScape runes. I still want to copyedit the rest of the article, so I'm not going to do any splitting till I'm done with that, but have fun with it. P M  C  21:46, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Nah, it's all good. I'm more copyediting and cleaning up than rewriting, really...I think we should move Al Kharid's info into RS Locations and leave a redirect and do the same to Kalphite Queen and RS Monsters. Runes of Runescape should probably be moved, in fact, I'll go do that right now. Feel free to split the article as you wish, I trust your judgement. P  M  C  04:49, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Anons and Runescape
Wow, some anon just basically nuked the entire RuneScape page. I want to restore it, but I'm not sure if I should. It was a well-intentioned edit, I think, but it basically took the page to pieces. Should I revert, in your opinion? P M  C  20:35, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Mmmm...I think, being that he's an anon, I'll revert with a notice on the talk page. If anyone objects, they can do so there. P  M  C  08:02, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Lol! That is amusing. I've left a note on his talk page asking him first to not do that again and second if he has objections to please come to my Talk or the Runescape talk. Seems the best I can do. P  M  C  01:07, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Pieta picture
''I'm confused as to what tag to use for Image:Michelangelo.pieta.650pix.jpg. The site says that noncommercial use permission is given, but also says that the contents are either public domain or fair use. Of course the latter would be better, but I'm not sure if it refers to the images themselves or the subjects''
 * Sorry, but I read and re-read these copyright notices on web sites and never understand them. So I'm going to have to seem unfriendly and say that I haven't a clue! Sorry I can't be more helpful, Best Wishes - Adrian Pingstone 17:40, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that by "contents" they're referring to the statues or other subjects. The pictures appear to be under a noncommercial use policy, which is not allowed on Wikipedia as per Jimbo's decree. Sorry. --Slowking Man 04:31, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)

Combination lock
Thanks for the link on combination locks! I already had a general understanding of how they worked, but that document will make a very good reference. I started work on a 3D model a while back; I just need to finish it sometime :-) -- Wapcaplet 22:35, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Edge Map
I found the copyright information by examining the books in which the map appears, and found this:Text (the book) and illustrations copyright 1999 by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell. I am greatly concerned that this image is copyrighted, and hope for a brief further investigation or immediate deletion. I apologize for the possible violation, and hope this problem can be fixed ASAP. -Raysearch91

More Anon Trouble
(I apologize in advance if this doesn't make much coherent sense, I'm sort of ill...) What would make it a copyvio, as opposed to just copied text? Not sure that it matters, RuneScape has been reverted. The other pages still have the copied text, though. Maybe we could just glean what's useful and rewrite it completely, so as to no longer be copied text? User:Premeditated Chaos 06:47, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

New outline for RuneScape
The article as it stands is disorganized beyond belief. I'd like to reorganize it a lot. Here's what I'm thinking, I'd appreciate some feedback.

 * (Intro, Runescape template)
 * RuneScape History
 * Timeline
 * Version history
 * New features in RS2
 * Game Overview (blurb here about the game and how it works, including why people play - quests, melee, skills, etc)
 * Tutorial Island and newbies (Maybe doesn't need own section, but I think it merits one)
 * Game economy
 * Combat
 * Melee
 * Ranged
 * Magic
 * Wilderness/PKing
 * Clans
 * Events/Unique things (Needs a better title, but I'm blank right now)
 * Quests
 * Random Events
 * Mini-Games
 * Duel Arena (If this isn't a mini-game, not sure, I'm not a member)
 * Credits
 * External Links
 * Official-ish sites (Jagex.com, etc)
 * Notable fansites (Anything...big. =P)

User:Premeditated Chaos 00:37, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I like the name "Features". History I can move after the Overview, although I prefer it before. As for the clans thing, I meant a little blurb about clans in general (ex. "Some people form clans. Clans are...") as opposed to a list of clans. As for the template, that's cool, I can see your logic.

 * It'll take me a bit to rewrite it, so I'm going to do it offline. If you've got any other ideas, tidbits, whatever...drop 'em at my Talk, I love help. User:Premeditated Chaos 06:17, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Template
I have a question for you: How do you edit a templete? TomStar81 05:54, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks TomStar81 23:06, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Seeking Guidance
Not to terribly long ago an anon -one 132.205.45.148- began making radical changes to the Cosmic Era vessels. He got my attention when he tried to combine every Cosmic Era ship into one page called "Cosmic Era vessels". After discussing the matter with Stan Shebs and Iceberg3k, we decided to put the page up for deletion. The result of the vote was delete, but the anon tagged all of the CE era ships with a copywrite voilation announcement.

The pictures of the ships originated from the same sight that you got the Universal Century ships from, therefore they should not be in voilation- I think. To be absolutly sure, I'm looking for a second opinion. What do you think ? TomStar81 06:31, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The pictures are on different pages, but all of those pages link to the templete {Template:Cosmic Era ship classes}. Ironically, you uploaded at least 1 of the pictures in question. TomStar81 23:21, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)

''Q: Would you send me files? A: Sorry, we don't have time to send anyone files. If you want images that are on the site, feel free to take them. If you're asking for reviews, don't even bother.''
 * I went looking for an email adress to ask about the images and stumbled across an interesting note in the faq section:

Its the images part that caught my attention; they don't seem to be limiting the kinds of pictures you can take of the site. Should I still email them, or should I plug this in with the image tag already in place on the articles? TomStar81 03:03, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Armed with this new information, I am now off to fight for the right to display the images on this site. As a fair warning, I am going to cite the Alexandria class cruiser discussion that we had just before I joined. Since that was the basis for labling the UC ships- and subsequently the CE ships- as fairuse images I intend to point out that fairuse has already been established. Thanks for all of your help ;-) TomStar81 05:04, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Return of the Untagged Image project
You were kind enough to contribute to the Untagged images project; I beg to draw your attention to part 2 of the project - there are about 12,000 more images in need of tagging. Any assistance you could provide would be most welcome. thanks --Tagishsimon (talk)

The Jagic pic
Sorry for a belated answer (I overlooked your message browsing thru some wiki pages in haste ;^)). The Jagic pic is scanned- I scanned it from a book containing his selected articles. The book is from 1970s ( I don't recall exactly) and this picture was the only image in the book. Hope it helps. Best Mir Harven 08:15, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello; the source for Jagić pic is: Vatroslav Jagić: Rasprave, članci i sjećanja/Discourses, articles and reminiscences, Zagreb, MH, 1963. Best Mir Harven 19:33, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Commons
Another Question for you: Does one have to be a member of the Commons in order to upload pictures to it, or can we upload pictures to the commons directly from the upload page on Wikipedia? TomStar81 05:50, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:1turkish lira coin back.jpg listed for deletion
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Deleted page "Pipe Mania"
A page you created, or image you uploaded, Pipe Mania, has been [ deleted] in accordance with our deletion policy. In particular, it meets the one or more criteria for speedy deletion; the relevant criterion is:

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 * Hi, sorry for leaving this rather confusing message. I've looked through the deleted history and you're right, a redirect is necessary; I have created one. What seemed to have happened was that people had merged, or at least removed, most of the content, leaving behind only a small amount that didn't make sense on its own. Had I looked more closely at the history it would have been clear that a merge was being done. Thanks for pointing it out – Gurch 01:29, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Magellan_class_battleship_(gundam).jpg)
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Shuttle lift-off in Orbiter.jpg
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Unspecified source for Image:Bambi_bucket_in_action.jpg
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=Image wanted= Hi. I noticed you commented on this engine image. You may like to comment on the planned new image here Cuddlyable3 (talk) 12:19, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Simisle screen.jpg
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File source problem with File:M67.gif
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File source problem with File:M67 M590.gif
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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Nomination of The Assembly Line for deletion
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title: User talk:Aqua008


text:
The Hitcher (1986 film)

The Hitcher is a 1986 American thriller film directed by Robert Harmon and written by Eric Red. It stars Rutger Hauer as the title character, a murderous hitchhiker who stalks a young motorist (C. Thomas Howell) across the highways of West Texas. Jeffrey DeMunn and Jennifer Jason Leigh appear in supporting roles.

Released in the United States on February 21, 1986, the film was met with tepid critical and commercial response, grossing $5.8 million on a $7.9 million budget. The film was followed by a 2003 sequel, The Hitcher II: I've Been Waiting, which featured Howell reprising his role, and a 2007 remake.

Plot
Jim Halsey, a young man delivering a car from Chicago to San Diego, spots a man hitchhiking in the West Texas desert and gives him a ride. The hitchhiker, who calls himself John Ryder, forces Jim's leg down on the accelerator when they pass a stranded car. Ryder states he murdered and dismembered the driver and intends to do the same to Jim, threatening him with a switchblade. Terrified, Jim asks what Ryder wants. He replies, "I want you to stop me." When Jim realizes that Ryder's seat belt is unbuckled and the passenger door is ajar, he shoves Ryder out of the moving car.

Relieved, Jim continues his journey. When he sees Ryder in the back of a family car, Jim tries to warn the occupants, but has a minor accident. He comes across the family's blood-soaked car and vomits. Ryder corners Jim but simply tosses him the keys from Jim's car. Ryder leaves with a trucker and nearly runs Jim down with the truck, which crashes into the pumps of a gas station. As Jim flees, Ryder causes the station to explode.

At a roadside diner, Jim meets Nash, a waitress who cooks him lunch while he calls the police. He finds a severed finger among his French fries, indicating Ryder's proximity. The police arrive and arrest Jim, whom Ryder is framing for his murders. Though the police doubt his guilt, they lock him up overnight as protocol. Jim wakes to find the cell door unlocked and the officers murdered. He panics and flees with a revolver. At a gas station, he sees two officers, takes them hostage, and forces one of them to drive. Jim speaks on the radio to Captain Esteridge, the officer in charge of the manhunt. As Esteridge convinces Jim to surrender, Ryder pulls alongside and kills the two officers.

The patrol car crashes, and Ryder disappears again. After briefly considering suicide, Jim reaches a cafe, where Ryder confronts him. He points out Jim's revolver is unloaded. Ryder leaves him several bullets and departs. Jim boards a bus, where he meets Nash and explains his situation. After a police car pulls the bus over, Jim surrenders. The furious officers accuse him of killing their colleagues and are about kill him. Nash appears with Jim's revolver, disarms the officers, and flees with Jim in their patrol car. As the police chase after them, Ryder joins the chase and murders the officers by causing a massive car accident and shooting down a police helicopter.

Jim and Nash abandon the patrol car and hike to a motel. While Jim is in the shower, Ryder abducts Nash. Jim searches for her. Captain Esteridge discovers Jim and enlists him to negotiate with Ryder, who is at the wheel of a large Mack truck. Ryder has gagged and tied Nash between the truck and its trailer hitch, and is threatening to tear her apart. Esteridge tells Jim that his men cannot shoot Ryder because his foot would slip off the clutch, causing the truck to roll. Jim enters the cab with Ryder, who gives him a revolver and tells him to shoot, but Jim is unable to do so. Ryder, disappointed, releases the clutch, killing Nash.

Ryder is taken into custody. Esteridge gives Jim a ride, but Jim, believing the police cannot hold Ryder, takes Esteridge's revolver and vehicle to chase down Ryder's prison bus. Ryder kills the deputies and leaps through Jim's windshield as the bus crashes. Jim slams on his brakes, sending Ryder through the windshield and onto the road. Ryder challenges Jim to run him over, which he does. When Jim leaves his car to look at Ryder's body, Ryder jumps up, but Jim shoots him repeatedly with a shotgun, killing him. Jim leans against Esteridge's car in a daze and smokes a cigarette as the sun sets.

Development
When writer Eric Red was 20 years old, he made a short film entitled Gunman's Blues in the hopes of getting the opportunity to direct a feature-length film. When no offers came, he moved from New York City to Austin, Texas, taking a drive-away car cross-country. While driving from one city to another, he got the idea for a film from The Doors song "Riders on the Storm". He found that the "elements of the song – a killer on the road in a storm plus the cinematic feel of the music – would make a terrific opening for a film". Red had a lot of time to think about the song and it inspired ideas for the story. During his seven-month stay in Austin, he drove a taxi cab and wrote The Hitcher. In 1983, he sent a letter to several Hollywood producers asking if he could send them a copy of the screenplay for The Hitcher. His letter concluded: "It (the story) grabs you by the guts and does not let up and it does not let go. When you read it, you will not sleep for a week. When the movie is made, the country will not sleep for a week". Script development executive David Bombyk received a copy of Red's letter and was intrigued by the description of the film. Red sent him a script that was approximately 190 pages in length (one page traditionally equals one minute of screen time).

Screenplay
In the original script, an entire family is slaughtered in their station wagon, an eyeball is discovered inside of a hamburger, a woman is tied to a truck and a pole and then torn in half, two teenagers engage in sex, shootings and car crashes. In its original form, Bombyk found the script to be "extremely brutal and extremely gory", but he and personal manager Kip Ohman (who later became co-producers of the film) also saw in it "a level of challenge, intensity and poetry". Bombyk and Ohman were worried about getting it into good enough shape to show their boss, producer Ed Feldman, and his partner, Charles Meeker, and prove to them that it was more than an exploitation film. Bombyk worked with Red via several long-distance phone calls to Texas and eventually the writer moved to Los Angeles. Red agreed to work with Ohman on the script until it was ready to be shown to Feldman and Meeker. They liked the script but wondered, "how could we manage to translate it to the screen without making a slasher movie?" Meeker said.

Feldman and Meeker decided to come on board as executive producers. Ohman and Red spent six months reworking the script, removing most of what Ohman felt was repetitive violence. Once they got it in good enough shape, Ohman gave it back to Bombyk and also to David Madden, a production executive for 20th Century Fox. Within a few days, Madden called back and told them the script was "terrific". The studio was not comfortable with the subject matter but felt that the writing was unique and interesting enough to give the filmmakers a letter-of-intent to distribute the film. This would allow them to get financing and then, once filming was completed, the studio would reimburse them for the budget.

Casting
The film's producers then went looking for an inexpensive director. Still photographer-turned-cameraman Robert Harmon was given a copy of the script by his agent and called his agent early next morning, telling him that he wanted to do it. In February 1984, Harmon met the producers to talk about the script. He recalled that "even the exact actions that remained in the script were described in much bloodier and gorier detail". The producers were impressed with him and the fact that he also envisioned the film as a Hitchcockian thriller. However, Harmon objected to the eyeball in the hamburger scene and never planned to show the girl getting ripped in half.

In early drafts of the script, John Ryder had been described as skeletal in nature and so actors like David Bowie, Sting, Sam Shepard, Harry Dean Stanton, and Terence Stamp were mentioned. Harmon was set on casting Stamp and even carried around his picture to pitch meetings. Stamp received a copy of the script but turned down the role. Sam Elliott was offered the role but an agreement could not be reached on his salary. Michael Ironside was also considered for the role. Singer mentioned Dutch actor Rutger Hauer. While in L.A. for a short visit, Hauer read the script. Even though he was looking for non-villainous roles, the script "really got a hold of me ... I thought, 'If I do one more villain, I should do this.' I couldn't refuse it." The one reservation Hauer had was with the scene where the girl is torn apart and Feldman told him, "you are the bad guy and you'll be the baddest bad guy there ever was!" Red mentioned to Hauer that he had Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards in mind when he wrote the part of Ryder. Furthermore, Red felt that the character should have an electronic voice box.

For the role of Jim Halsey, the producers mentioned Matthew Modine, Tom Cruise, and Emilio Estevez. They agreed on C. Thomas Howell and liked his look. At the time, Howell was being more selective with the roles he took and heard that the script was a generic thriller. Harmon personally gave Howell a copy of the script. He could not put it down and "couldn't believe the things that happened to my character in the first 12 pages. I knew I wanted to do it". He also wanted to work with Hauer. Unbeknownst to Hauer, Howell found him "frightening, intimidating, and that he was in a constant state of fear, almost as if he really was John Ryder and I really was Jim Halsey".

Jennifer Jason Leigh agreed to do the film because she wanted to work with Hauer again (they co-starred in Flesh + Blood), and loved the character of Nash because "there was a real person there".

In addition, veteran character actors Billy Green Bush (known for playing ill-fated police officers in Electra Glide in Blue and Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday), Gene Davis (known for playing the naked psychopathic killer Warren Stacy in 10 to Midnight), Armin Shimerman (who would later be the voice of General Skarr in The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy), and Emmy-winner Henry Darrow, have supporting roles as police officers who pursue Jim Halsey.

Pre-production
Fox ultimately rejected the project over the budget and saw it as a "straight-out horror movie". Madden also admitted that he would have "argued to soften the movie. There were some people at the studio who thought it was pretty gross". Feldman and Meeker optioned the film themselves, paying Red $25,000. Major studios like Universal Pictures and Warner Bros. passed on it, as did smaller ones like Orion Pictures and New World Pictures. Many executives liked the script but balked at the girl being ripped apart scene. At least two studios were willing to consider making it but only if Harmon was replaced. However, the film's producers had faith in their director and stuck by Harmon.

Independent producer Donna Dubrow heard about The Hitcher while working on another film and to her it sounded like "Duel with a person". When she went to work for Silver Screen Partners/Home Box Office, she contacted Feldman, a former employer, and asked for a copy of the script. She submitted it to her boss, HBO senior vice-president Maurice Singer. He liked it and sent it back to New York to be read by Michael Fuchs, HBO chairman and chief operating officer. They needed Fuchs' approval to get the film made. It would not be easy to convince him because it was not the kind of material that he liked and he did not want to make it. However, Dubrow had to go back to New York on other business and met with Fuchs. She mentioned The Hitcher script and pitched the Hitchcockian thriller angle. When she returned to L.A., Singer told her that Fuchs agreed to make the film but with the stipulation that the girl would not be torn apart and the violence would be reduced. The film's budget was set at $5.8 million.

Over the next few months, the filmmakers negotiated two key scenes in the script: the girl getting ripped apart and the eyeball in the hamburger. For the latter scene, Harmon just changed the body part to a finger. As for the former, everyone at HBO/Silver Screen, except Dubrow, wanted it changed. Fuchs did not want the girl to die and Dubrow argued that this would change the story significantly. There were arguments about how the girl should die and Dubrow remembers, "they were trying to make her death not horrible, when – by the nature of the script – it had to be". The studio even suggested softening her death by having a funeral. The filmmakers refused to back down and Silver Screen executives finally relented at the last minute.

In theaters
Contractually, TriStar Pictures was obligated to distribute any film by HBO/Silver Screen. TriStar representatives saw an early screening and studio president David Matalon said, "It's the best film that we have for 1986". The Hitcher opened in 800 theaters on February 21, 1986, and made $2.1 million during its opening weekend, going on to gross $5.8 million in North America.

Home media
The Hitcher has been released on VHS, laserdisc and DVD, though the film did not receive a high-definition release until 2019, when a Blu-ray and DVD mediabook set was released by Alive Fernsehjuwelen GmbH. This release presented the film uncut for the first time in Germany, though picture quality was not ideal, as the remaster was sourced from a 35mm German release print, the best film element known to exist at the time. However, British label Second Sight Films completed a 4K restoration of the film supervised by director Harmon, as the original film elements were found to be held by Warner Bros. Pictures, owners of the HBO Films library. It is scheduled to be released in the U.K. on 4K Ultra HD and Blu-ray on September 30, 2024.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, The Hitcher holds a 64% approval rating based on 39 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The consensus reads: "Its journey is never quite as revelatory as it could be, but The Hitcher stands as a white-knuckle vision of horror, bolstered by Rutger Hauer's menacing performance.” On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Roger Ebert awarded it no stars, arguing that the identification of the film's hero with the killer is hollow because the killer has no backstory or even a motive. Gene Siskel also gave the film zero stars, calling it "a nauseating thriller" and "a thinly veiled but more gruesome ripoff of Steven Spielberg's Duel". In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin criticized the film's lack of intensity and originality, and wrote, "Mr. Harmon, making his feature debut, displays a much surer hand for action than for character, though even some of the action footage here looks meaninglessly overblown". Variety called it "a highly unimaginative slasher ... with a script that has many holes." In his review for The Washington Post, Paul Attanasio wrote, "The script (by Eric Red) is laconic in a dull way, much Cain but hardly able. And Harmon and his cinematographer, John Seale, have shot the movie in such brown murk, you can hardly make anything out. By the end, you're willing to forgive Ryder his worst if someone would just change the light bulb". In his review for The Globe and Mail, Jay Scott described the film as a "slasher movie about gay panic, a nasty piece of homophobic angst for the age of AIDS". A rare positive review came from Newsweek magazine's Jack Kroll who called it, "an odyssey of horror and suspense that's as tightly wound as a garrote and as beautifully designed as a guillotine". Leonard Maltin awarded the film a score of 2 1/2 out of 4 stars (his most frequently used rating), criticizing the film's violence as being "genuinely grisly and unappealing" while also noting that the film wasn't without interest.

While most reviewers criticized the sadistic nature of the film's violence in general and Nash's death in particular,  one of the film's producers said that the film's commercial failure was because of a lack of violence and that Nash's death should have been shown: "There's other gore in the movie, other killings, but this is the main one. It's the motivation for the hero. You can't show all the killings we showed and then not show the main one. It's cheating the audience". Hauer said critics misunderstood the film. According to him, it is an allegory in which Ryder represents evil. However, Ebert wrote that "I could see that the film was meant as an allegory, not a documentary. But on its own terms, this movie is diseased and corrupt. I would have admired it more if it had found the courage to acknowledge the real relationship it was portraying between Howell and Rutger, but no: It prefers to disguise itself as a violent thriller, and on that level it is reprehensible."

Legacy
The film spawned a sequel, The Hitcher II: I've Been Waiting, in 2003, with Howell reprising his role as Jim Halsey.

The remake using the original title, produced by Michael Bay and directed by Dave Meyers, was released on January 19, 2007, starring Sean Bean as John Ryder, Zachary Knighton as Jim Halsey, and Neal McDonough as Esteridge. The remake added a female protagonist named Grace Andrews, who was portrayed by Sophia Bush.

title: The Hitcher (1986 film)


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Port-Royal National Historic Site

Port-Royal National Historic Site is a National Historic Site located on the north bank of the Annapolis Basin in Granville Ferry, Nova Scotia, Canada. The site is the location of the Habitation at Port-Royal, which was the centre of activity for the New France colony of Port Royal in Acadia from 1605 to 1613, when it was destroyed by English forces from the Colony of Virginia.

History
The French colony of Port Royal, centered on the habitation, was the first successful attempt by Europeans to establish a permanent settlement in what is today known as Canada. The habitation's active period was from 1605 to 1613. Although the European settlement of Port Royal persevered, with some interruptions, the habitation's role as the focus of the colony ended with its destruction in 1613.

In 1629, Charles Fort, now Fort Anne, was established by Scottish settlers. The founding of the new fort permanently shifted the Port Royal colony's centre of activity. The settlement around the new fort would evolve into the modern day town of Annapolis Royal.

20th century
On May 25, 1925, the national Historic Sites and Monuments Board recognized the original Habitation at for its heritage significance, and the then Minister of the Interior, Charles Stewart, designated it Port-Royal National Historic Site.

In the 1930s, the approximate site of the original Habitation was located in the community and the results of archaeological excavations fed public interest in the period of the original French settlement. This interest had been increasing since the publication of Quietly My Captain Waits, an historical novel by the Canadian novelist Evelyn Eaton set in Port-Royal in the early 17th century.

In the early 1900s, chiefly under the leadership of Harriette Taber Richardson, a native of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and summer resident of the nearby town of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotian preservationists and historians began lobbying the Government of Canada to build a replica of the Habitation which stood from 1605 until its destruction in 1613.

The government agreed to have the replica built on the original site. Construction took place from 1939 to 1941 and was based on a duplicate set of plans for the original Habitation that had been recently discovered in France. This was the first National Historic Site to have a replica structure built.

Today, this replica serves as the cornerstone of Port-Royal National Historic Site, and, coupled with nearby Fort Anne National Historic Site in Annapolis Royal, continues to commemorate this important historic region for visitors. Today, the replica of the Habitation is considered a milestone in the national heritage movement. Operated by Parks Canada, it is open to the public as a unit of the national park system, staffed by historical interpreters in period costumes, and is a major tourist attraction. Costumed interpreters provide demonstrations of such historic early 17th-century activities as farming, building, cooking, fur trading and Mi'kmaq life.

title: Port-Royal National Historic Site


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Blam Blam Blam

Blam Blam Blam were a New Zealand pop/rock/alternative band. Tim Mahon (bass) and Mark Bell (guitar, vocals) had been members of The Plague and The Whizz Kids. After losing their drummer Ian Gilroy to The Swingers in 1980, Tim and Mark joined up with Don McGlashan, a multi-instrumentalist who played drums and sang many lead vocals.

History
The band's first release was the song Motivation on the Propeller Records Class of 81 compilation album in March 1981. They then released a four-track self-titled EP for the label, which hit the top 40 in New Zealand. The band had two hit singles in 1981 with "There is No Depression in New Zealand", and "Don't Fight it Marsha, It's Bigger Than Both of Us" (which McGlashan later re-recorded with The Mutton Birds).

In 1982 vocalist Dick Driver joined the band, but soon left. The band recorded an album Luxury Length, which reached No. 4. in the New Zealand charts. Later that year the band were involved in a car accident where Tim Mahon was seriously injured.

In 1984 the band briefly reunited, recording the live album The Blam Blam Blam story. Don McGlashan has since worked on a number of movie soundtracks, and been in the bands The Front Lawn, From Scratch, and The Mutton Birds, and recorded an album for Propeller Records with Ivan Zagni, who was a guest on Luxury Length. Tim Mahon and Mark Bell both played in Ivan Zagni's Big Sideways and Avant Garage groups. Tim Mahon has since worked in music management. Mark Bell works as a session guitarist and as a journalist.

"There is no Depression in New Zealand" remains a well-known song in its home country. One of its notable uses was as a maiden speech in Parliament in 2002. Metiria Turei of the Green Party read a Maori translation of the song, which Russell Brown's liner notes to The Complete Blam Blam Blam (see below) described as "a quirky, arty, militant thing to do. Which probably makes it a perfect Blam Blam Blam moment."

The Complete Blam Blam Blam was released in 1992. It contained almost the entire Blam Blam Blam back catalogue. This was remastered in 2003 by Chris Chetland at Auckland's Kog Transmissions, on a single CD, although the general consensus seems to be that the earlier mastering was superior. Another reunion tour accompanied the release.

They reformed again for a tour in mid-2007. In August and September 2019 a reunion tour included dates in Dunedin, Christchurch, Auckland, Paekakariki and Wellington.

Compilations

 * The Complete Blam Blam Blam (1992)

title: Blam Blam Blam


text:
User talk:SSG

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title: User talk:SSG


text:
General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the governing organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Its headquarters is located in Silver Spring, Maryland and oversees the church in directing its various divisions and leadership, as well as doctrinal matters.

The General Conference, which is overseen by an executive committee and an elected President of the General Conference, is the administrative head of the global church. The denomination is organized in a representative form of church government, which means authority arises from the membership of local churches. In addition to administering their own congregations, churches send representatives to vote on matters and leaders in a shared local unit of administration. They vote also on who will represent them in a large area, with further representation selected at each successively larger administrative region. Finally, the General Conference elects the executive committee and officers who hold its authority between the decisions of the quinquennial General Conference Session.

Major entities
Four units of church structure provide organization. They are interdependent while holding some unique authorities and consisting of specific constituencies.

 * 1) The local church and its members.
 * 2) The local conference (in some cases, a field) is made up of a number of churches in an area such as a state, province, or territory.
 * 3) The union conference (in some cases, a union mission) is made up of conferences and fields in a larger geographical area.
 * 4) The General Conference administers the worldwide direction of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The General Conference includes 13 regional administrative sections, called divisions as well as four attached unions/fields.

Meetings

The General Conference holds three meetings in which leaders from around the world gather to discuss church issues and finances. While two meetings meet annually, usually at the world headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, the third meets every five years in a selected city.

 * Spring Meeting meets every April
 * Annual Council meets every October
 * General Conference Session meets quinquennially in a selected city


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Peter Racine Fricker

Peter Racine Fricker (5 September 1920 – 1 February 1990) was an English composer, among the first to establish his career entirely after the Second World War. He lived in the US for the last thirty years of his life. Fricker wrote over 160 works in all the main genres excepting opera. He was a descendant of the French playwright Racine.

Early career
Fricker was born in Ealing, London, England and studied composition with R. O. Morris, organ with Ernest Bullock and piano with Henry Wilson at the Royal College of Music. After serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, Fricker undertook a period of study with Mátyás Seiber at Morley College. During the war he served in the Royal Air Force as a radio operator and in 1943 he married (Audrey) Helen Clench, a Czech pianist who had been with him at the RCM. After the war Fricker became a professor of composition at the RCM, and in 1952 he became director of music at Morley College, where he succeeded Michael Tippett.

Music
His Wind Quintet (1947) attracted widespread attention, and his First String Quartet (1947) and First Symphony (1949) were also well received. Four more symphonies (1951, 1960, 1966, 1976) followed, which are among his most appreciated works. Other works include Paseo for guitar (1969), Sinfonia in Memoriam Benjamin Britten (1977), two violin concertos (1950, 1954), choral and chamber works (including the 1956 Sonata for Cello and Piano, recorded twenty years later for L'Oiseau Lyre by Julian Lloyd Webber and John McCabe) and works for piano and organ.

In 1952 his Concertante for three pianos, strings and percussion was performed by the identical twin piano duo Mary and Geraldine Peppin with additional pianist Kyla Greenbaum. His Horn Sonata, Op 24 was premiered by Dennis Brain and the pianist, Harry Isaacs at the Conway Hall, on 20 March 1955.

Stylistically his music was significantly different from the mainstream English school of the middle 20th century; instead of following in the lyrical, folk-song influenced tradition of Holst, Vaughan Williams and others, he wrote music which was chromatic, contrapuntal, and acerbic—more akin to Schoenberg, Bartók, and Hindemith than to any of his English contemporaries. Unlike Schoenberg, however, he never abandoned tonality altogether, preferring to work in a dissonant idiom which retained a tonal basis—a position considered to be conservative in the musical milieu of the 1950s and 1960s.

Later career
Fricker became visiting professor of music at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1964 and moved with his wife to Goleta, Santa Barbara the following year. Six years later, he took a permanent position at this university; he became chairman of the Music Department in 1970, and was appointed "faculty research lecturer" in 1979, the highest academic honour which the university bestows on its faculty. However, he maintained links with the UK and Europe through the International Society for Contemporary Music and the Composers' Guild of Great Britain. From 1984 to 1986 he was president of the Cheltenham International Festival of Music and Literature in England. He continued to compose large-scale works, including his Fourth and Fifth symphonies, the oratorio Whispers at these Curtains op 88 (1984) setting John Donne, and the Concerto for Orchestra, composed for the 1986 festival. His final orchestral work, With Joyance (1989), was written for the Santa Barbara Symphony Orchestra, for which he had become composer in residence. But Fricker died the following year, of cancer of the throat, in Santa Barbara, California, United States, aged 69.

Works
[Partial List, Complete Catalog can be found online at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library]
 * Oratorio, The Vision of Judgement (1958)
 * Symphony No. 1 (1949)
 * Symphony No. 2 (1951)
 * Symphony No. 3 (1960)
 * Symphony No. 4 (1966)
 * Symphony No. 5 (1976)
 * Concerto for Orchestra (1986)
 * Concerto No. 1 for Violin and Small Orchestra (1950)
 * Concertante for Cor Anglais and Strings (1950)
 * Concertante No. 2 for three pianos, strings and timpani (1951)
 * Concerto for Viola and Orchestra (1953)
 * Concerto for Piano and Small Orchestra (1954)
 * Concerto No. 2 for Violin and Orchestra (Rapsodia Concertante) (1954)
 * Concerto No. 2 for Piano and Orchestra (1989)
 * String Quartet No. 1 (1948)
 * String Quartet No. 2 (1953)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (1976)
 * Violin Sonata No. 1 (1950)
 * Violin Sonata No. 2 (1987)

Discography

 * Symphony No. 2 (with Robert Simpson Symphony No. 1 / Robin Orr Symphony in One Movement). Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra / Sir John Pritchard, EMI Classics, November 2002 (reissue from 2 LPs, the first coupling the Fricker and Simpson.)
 * Violin Sonatas 1 (1950) and 2 (1987) (with Alan Rawsthorne/Vaughan Williams violin sonatas). Susanne Stanzeleit (violin) / Julian Jacobson (piano) Cala Records, September 2000
 * A Babe is Born (Choral piece) on "Hodie: An English Christmas Collection". The Sixteen / Harry Christophers Coro Records October 2001
 * Cello Sonata (Julian Lloyd Webber and John McCabe, Lyrita, February 2009 – reissue from a 1977 l'Oiseau Lyre LP)
 * O Mistress Mine, for voice with guitar accompaniment, Sir Peter Pears, Julian Bream, RCA Victor (1996)
 * Violin Concerto, Op.11, F28 (1949–50) (Yfrah Neaman, violin; Norman Del Mar conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) (2008 Lyrita reissue from a 1974 Argo LP)
 * "The Vision of Judgement" (Manning/Tear/Groves/Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra/Leeds Festival Chorus) and Symphony No. 5 (Weir/Davis/BBC Symphony Orchestra) – Lyrita, 2016.

Here follows a selective list also of the following recordings, which are no longer available—or, at least have not yet been reissued.
 * String Quartet No.2, Op.20, F46 (1952–53) (Amadeus Quartet, Argo LP, ca.1963, coupled with Benjamin Britten's 2nd String Quartet.)
 * Symphony No.5 with organ, Op.74, F153 (1976) (probably Gillian Weir/Sir Colin Davis/BBC Symphony, which was the 5 May 1976 premiere; on an Aries LP, with the performer listing typically replaced, though the conductor given as "Ernest Weir".)
 * Wind Quintet, Op.5, F11 (1947) (recorded on Argo, 1962, by the Brain Quintet – named for Dennis Brain)

title: Peter Racine Fricker