text:
South Mumbai

South Mumbai, colloquially SoBo from South Bombay in Indian English, administratively the Mumbai City District, is the city centre and the southernmost precinct of Greater Bombay. It extends from Colaba to Mahim and Sion neighbourhoods, and comprises the city's main business localities, making it the wealthiest urban precinct in India. Property prices in South Mumbai are by far the highest in India and among the highest in the world.

Taj Mahal Hotel, Gateway of India, Victoria Terminus, Ballard Estate, and the Bombay Harbour are some of the most iconic landmarks of South Bombay. Billionaire Mukesh Ambani's $1.5 billion home Antilia is located here and is now a part of the iconic skyline. Most residents of South Mumbai belong to old money business, law, trade, and fashion families. Geographically, South Mumbai lies at the southernmost extent of Salsette Island. Most city residents use the term to refer to the stretch extending from Colaba to Mahim and Sion as South Mumbai. The area is delimited on the east by Mumbai harbour and on the west by the Arabian Sea.

South Mumbai is also home to many educational institutions; namely Cathedral and John Connon School, St. Anne's High School, Fort, JB Petit, Campion, Bombay International School, St. Mary's School, Mumbai, etc; exclusive sports clubs: CCI, The Willingdon Sports Club, as well as the Bombay Gymkhana; and hospitals such as Breach Candy Hospital, Bombay Hospital, Jaslok Hospital, and Hurkisondas Hospital.

Significance
South Mumbai hosts the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange and, one of the oldest YMCA buildings. Its primary business districts are the Fort, Nariman Point, Ballard Estate, and more recently Lower Parel, Mumbai Central. Many leading Indian and multi-national companies are headquartered here. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) and Churchgate serve as headquarters and starting point for country's Central Railway and Western Railway lines respectively.

The headquarters of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, the governing civic body of Greater Mumbai is located in South Mumbai. The Bombay High Court is also in South Mumbai.

The terrorist attacks of 2008 included many prominent South Mumbai locations including the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Colaba, Leopold Cafe and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus.

The area houses a significant proportion of prime upmarket residential neighbourhoods of Mumbai including: Pedder Road, Nepean Sea Road, Kemps Corner, Altamount Road, Carmichael Road, Breach Candy and Walkeshwar Road, forming a sort of golden quadrilateral and includes some of the most expensive residential areas in the world, such as the Hanging Gardens, Kemps Corner, Cuffe Parade and Malabar Hill.

South Mumbai is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and the city's distinctive ensemble of Victorian and Art Deco buildings. South Mumbai boasts a large number of Art Deco buildings, second only to Miami. South Mumbai's architecture also comprises historical monuments from the colonial era which attract tourists throughout the year.

South Mumbai has many educational institutions such as Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, St. Xavier's College, Government Law College, Jai Hind College, Wilson College, Grant Medical College, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education, among others.

Many distinctive sporting clubs have been an integral part of South Mumbai landscape like the Willingdon Sports Club, the Turf Club at Mahalaxmi Racecourse, the Bombay Gymkhana, the Breach Candy Club, the N.S.C.I., and the Malabar Hill Club (Formerly W.I.A.A. Club). The Cricket Club of India (CCI) and Mumbai Cricket Association (MCA) are located at Mumbai's two cricket stadiums, namely Brabourne Stadium and Wankhede Stadium respectively.

Although land reclamation has allowed the southernmost tip of the district to double in size since the 1970s, the business districts face an acute shortage of real estate. As a result, the real-estate prices are among the top ten worldwide. As a ratio to average per capita income, real-estate prices in the business districts remain the most expensive in the world.

South Mumbai is also home to such sporting grounds as Brabourne Stadium, Wankhede Stadium, Shivaji Park, Azad Maidan, Oval Maidan, and Cooperage Ground.

Mumbai's most popular beach, Girgaon Chowpatty is located at the beginning of a 3.6 km esplanade known as the Marine Drive which is a popular hangout spot among the citizens. Another popular esplanade in South Mumbai is the Worli Seaface.

South Mumbai has popular art galleries and museums like Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Jehangir Art Gallery, Nehru Centre Art Gallery. Sobo Films, an independent film producer, has been named after the area but is itself based in Andheri in the west.

South Mumbai has become less congested with the creation of the Bandra Worli Sea Link. Auto rickshaws are strictly banned here. This facilitates quicker transport between people residing in the suburbs and the corporate offices in South Mumbai. Traffic is a major concern in most parts.

Division
The city of Mumbai lies on Salsette Island. Administratively it has two official divisions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Mumbai City district consists of the Southern part of Salsette Island - the area is called South Mumbai. Mumbai Suburban district consists the Western, Eastern, Central and Northern parts of the city. The northernmost portion of the island - outside Mumbai city limits - lies in Thane district.

Old Bombay
Old Bombay was used to refer to the area which was formed by the merging of the seven original islands of Mumbai, India. The term was used from the 19th century until the 1980s and is now considered archaic, however still widely used.

title: South Mumbai


text:
Tatsuo Endo (engineer)

Tatsuo Endo (遠藤 達雄) was a Japanese engineer. In 1968, while a visiting professor at the University of Illinois, he developed the rainflow-counting algorithm for fatigue analysis of structures, along with M. Matsuishi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tatsuo Endo (engineer)


text:
Talk:Coil (band)

Questions
I hope someone can help me out, I have two tracks "An Apology" and "An Egyptian Apology Mix" which are 0.59 and 3:18 long respectively, does anyone know what album/ep/single etc they appeared on?

Also, I have the "Rape" EP, with the following tracks, so if anyone wants to add that to the discography page.
 * A1- Rape 4:50
 * A2- Thank You 6:17 (I think my copy is incomplete, not sure though
 * B1- Black Action 3:14
 * B2- An Absolute 4:08

Thanks.

older entries
Please don't turn every link on this page into a separate, one- or two-sentence stub. Things like the Eskaton and ELpH can be explained perfectly well within this article. They'll just get lost otherwise. - DavidWBrooks 19:23, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I agree completely. Also, the list of techniques could be improved by providing 24some example peices from their body of work, couldn't it? Logickal 24:55 09 Dec 2005 I agree on providing some examples or source of info.
 * Though most of the things mentioned are from interviews. I haven't heard the EVP one before...Sinewaves23

I am a little confused that the article says that Jhonn and Peter founded Zos Kia when i am under the impression that it was a John Gosling and Balance project (Zos Kia also have a 12" Be Like Me on Temple records  credited, I believe, only to Gosling.) According to the liner notes of Tranparent     Peter provided technical support (tape loops, etc. for the "Slow fade to transparency") for Zos Kia and Coil itself, before he and Jhonn settled on working together officially. Also on the subject of reissues, the Unnatural History series served the purpose of making some rare works availible, what did they release like that in 2003?  Does anyone have any comments or info? I am new around here and still unfamiliar with editing protocal, so I don't think i'll be jumping into  editing just yet. But I would like to contribute to this page.    Duneul

CoH
Someone who is more informed about CoH needs to make an article about him. CoH usually links to City of Heroes, which isn't helpful.--Sinewaves23 06:36, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
 * CoH (musician) added

 * same with drew mcdowall
 * Drew McDowall more than less covered Alex  Ov  Shaolin  20:18, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

unnatural history covers
i've uploaded serveral unnatural history covers for both part two and three and can't get them to display. if someone could take care of that, it would be great. i didn't have a problem up until now with getting album art to be displayed.
 * done

Coil discog needs own article
i'm going to move the coil discog stuff into its own article, stuff can still be added, like a more comprehensive list of compilations they appeared on and stuff they remixed. Alex Ov  Shaolin  02:46, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems like a good idea, Coil's catalog is big enough that it'd distract from the rest of the article as a whole. Twiin 10:54, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * done Alex  Ov  Shaolin  23:01, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Creative Methods and Influence MUST be referenced
Okay guys, i'm taking some extensive effort to dig though EVERY Coil interview I can find and any unreferenced "Creative Method" and "Influence" will either be sourced or deleted at the end. -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  16:52, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed Electronic Voice Phenomenon because this article explicitly states they do NOT use it: http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/142_coil.shtml -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  22:51, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

GA Nomination
Before this article is reviewed for good article status, make sure to add fair use rationales to all copyrighted images. ShadowHalo 04:02, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * done. -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  00:02, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * You've done a great job on this, AlexOvShaolin. Fantastic work. Twiin 03:55, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * thanx dude. -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  05:14, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I passed article. However, as a side note, please expand some sections or better yet merge them with others. Thank you. Pem  bro  ke  19:55, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * already getting to work. -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  20:22, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * i was satisfying some nostalgia and visited this article. i was blown away by structure.  great job everyone, this is really a good article. The undertow 06:21, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

lyrics link
this cannot be linked, it is copywritten material, i certainly dont like the policy, but i dont want it to interrupt the FA nomination. -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  21:08, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * FA failed :( link the lyrics back if you want, i wont remove them again. -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  06:27, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

death of john balance
While the death of John Balance takes a (rightfully) large portion of the Coil entry, I'm a little puzzled about the posting of a picture of Balance in his his coffin at his funeral. It doesn't seem appropriate, as most celebrity or band pages don't feature a picture of dead people. It doesn't seem necessary, as I don't think anyone is contesting whether or not he is dead. It doesn't seem useful, as it doesn't illustrate any particular point in the article, as other photos do. It just seems gratuitous and tasteless. I'll leave this to experienced editors to hash out.76.226.146.199 06:00, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * This picture was made widely available by Christopherson after the funeral. If he doesn't have a problem with it, then I don't see why anyone else should.  In addition, I think the non-standard nature of the picture (and the burial itself) have resonances with Balance's pagan beliefs which make it an important image in relation to the man's death.  --Richardrj talkemail 08:29, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * How does whether or not he, his bandmates, or his family has a problem with it affect either its gratuitousness and its irrelevance? There's nothing in the article about the "non-standard nature" of his funeral.  There's just a picture of his corpse in his casket.  Any such material, along with the picture, might be a lot more in context on his actual bio page.  But again, this is a page about the band Coil.  To move the photo to the John Balance page would improve both the Coil page and the John Balance page.  If this were about adding material to the page, I'd just do it, but I'm not eager to remove material without either having a real WP account or having more than a toe in the community. (same author as parent of comment)24.192.186.101 01:54, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Coil was anything BUT a standard band, yet their work was distributed via the conventional music industry mechanisms. Something of this idiosyncrasy is expressed in this photograph of a non-standard man surrounded by the standard ritual after the end of his life.

The photo is not offered as proof of his death -- it would't serve as such anyway, as he looks like he's sleeping peacefully. There's not a single photo of a performer or artist in the entire wiki that isn't arguably "gratuitous," as most are only there to show you what the performer looks like. What is the real need of that?

This one shows you what Balance looked like when freshly dead. It may not be "necessary," but its no more gratuitous than any other celeb photo. Wikipedia has no mandate to cater to the easily offended, nor to those made uncomfortable by the fact of death. 71.48.42.145 (talk) 11:36, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Missing band image
Would it be at all possible for somebody to replace the photo of the last line-up of the group that used to sit at the top of the article? Surely that image would prove very useful for anyone who wants to know what the COIL members look(ed) like?

What is with this unruly mania for people just removing photos from articles all over the shop? How then is anybody supposed to know what the people featured look like? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.31.180.100 (talk) 15:32, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * the removal is done by admins who apparently feel that it is possible to somehow dig up a CC/GPL pic of all the band members. imma add another pic up with a good Fair use rationale, but i wont be surprised if it gets taken down. -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  19:47, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

On a slightly related note, the supposed promotional band photo of Coil from the LSD era which can be seen here (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_%28band%29#Scatology.2C_Horse_Rotorvator.2C_and_Love.27s_Secret_Domain_.281984.E2.80.931992.29) is actually that of a copper coil. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.97.160.175 (talk) 14:31, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Avant-garde?
Could Coil be considered an avant-garde band? I mean, there are bands such as Einstürzende Neubauten which (in my opinion) produce similar music to Coil. I could be wrong, but I'd like to hear some opinions. --Wiz-Pro3 (talk) 20:13, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Coil are generally associated with the first wave of industrial music, as Throbbing Gristle or SPK. Einstürzende Neubauten also generally get counted with these, but deny any affiliation in interviews. Although it is obvious there is a stylistic relation, considering their early albums. 195.46.247.31 (talk) 14:54, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Excessive use of non-free content.
Most editors wouldn't object to the use of one or maybe two non-free items to illustrate this article, say a picture and a sound clip. But there are eight non-free pictures and three non-free sound clips. That's excessive by any measure. I'd suggest choosing one or two or maybe even three pieces to keep and getting the rest deleted. The most likely alternative is that they'll start getting deleted at random. Angus McLellan (Talk) 19:56, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Picture
Where did the band pic go? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.139.210.196 (talk) 19:16, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Different band named Coil
I'm moving this content here, about a different band with the same name, that was added to the top of this article. It belongs in an article of its own, if the band meets notability requirements (Notability_(music)). Thanks much

 * The first band called Coil was formed in late 1978 in Northampton and is playing and recording today. The band played venues in and around the town and then regularly in London Rock Garden Covent Garden, and Music Machine, Camden) and in Brighton (The Dome). Coil released a double A single ‘ Motor Industry/Alcoholstaark’ on Wood Hill records in 1979. Coil played with Bauhaus as they emerged from Art school in 1979 and played several John Peel road shows with bands like Bauhaus and Crass at The Paddocks, Harpole. Peel had a history of running gigs around pubs in Northampton that went back to the 60s (e.g. Nag’s Head Wollaston). In 1980 Tom Robinson placed Coil’s single in the top ten of all time greats in Smash Hits magazine in 1980 and then reviewed the track again in October 2010. Coil produced a soundtrack for a film Nessuno Piace un Cervellone in 1986. Phil Dann started Meltdown records in 1991, produced and recorded DJ Dougal, Clarkee, DJ Phantasy and Carl Cox on the Dreamscape productions and wrote and produced Denise Gordon’s "Wait for your love/Friends" - single of the month in June 1992 Blues and Soul and front page news on Echoes in 1992e Coil’s first album, How do I love thee? Is scheduled for release on Meltdown in June 2011.

-- Foetusized (talk) 17:42, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

This is not a fan page. There are many other online platforms for fandom.
I have revisited this page repeatedly because fans of Coil, Christopherson and Balance are avidly editing the page so that it becomes a memorial to the deceased members. I do not deny that this is a worthwhile cause for those who continue to mourn their deaths and immerse themselves in everything Coil-related; however, the incorrect platform has been selected. From a cursory search, Coil fans have innumerable opportunities to declare their devotion to the project of a former advertising contractor, who provided the music to numerous advertisements, even though many fans insist that they are hardened anarchist-types. Anyhow, I have nothing against the band, and in fact own some recordings, but the integrity of Wikipedia is my priority here. If the other online opportunities around the web are not sufficient, may I recommend fan-club gatherings that would please both members, as they would not negatively impact on others? That is, Coil fans would be adopting a respectful mindset when expressing their fandom. Thanks. Regards,--Soulparadox (talk) 15:39, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Coil (band)


text:
Earl Hudson

Earl Hudson (born December 17, 1957) is an American musician, best known as the drummer for Bad Brains. Born in Alabama in 1957, Hudson is the younger brother of the band's lead singer H.R. Although he has rarely recorded or performed outside of the band, he and bandmates, guitarist Dr. Know and bassist Darryl Jenifer, were recruited by rapper Lil' Jon, a longtime fan of the band, to record the song "Real Nigga Roll Call", which interpolated the music of I Against I's "Re-Ignition". He has also appeared on albums by H.R. as well as in H.R.'s live band in 1980s and 1990s.

title: Earl Hudson


text:
Charlie Gonzalez

Charles Augustine González (born May 5, 1945) is an American Democratic politician from Texas. He represented Texas's 20th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1999 to 2013. He served as Chairman of Latinos for Obama and National Co-Chair of President Obama's 2012 re-election campaign.

Early life, education, and legal career
González was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Bertha Marie (née Cuellar) and Henry B. González, who represented the 20th from 1961 until his son took over in 1999. His parents, of Mexican descent, were both Texas-born. Charlie graduated from Thomas A. Edison High School. He received his bachelor's degree in government from the University of Texas at Austin in 1969, and then later earned his Juris Doctor degree from St. Mary's University in San Antonio in 1972. As a youth, he was a Boy Scout in Troop 90 of San Antonio. His father was the Scoutmaster.

González served as a technical sergeant in the Texas Air National Guard from 1969 until 1975. He then began practicing law until 1982 when he began rising through the ranks of the court system. He served first as a municipal court judge, then later as a judge in county and then district court, both of which are elected positions.

Elections
Henry González, of Texas's 20th congressional district, had long groomed his son to be his successor. When his father didn't seek a full 19th term in 1998, Charlie ran for the seat. In a crowded seven-way Democratic primary, Gonzalez led the field with 44%, missing the 50% threshold to avoid a run-off. In that election, he defeated San Antonio City Councilwoman Maria Antonietta Berriozabal 62%-38%. In the general election, he defeated Republican James Walker 63%-36%. He became only the fourth person to represent the 20th District since its creation in 1935. In fact, Charlie's first race was the first open-seat race in the district's 64-year history. However, he had effectively assured himself of succeeding his father with his primary win. The 20th is a heavily Democratic, majority-Hispanic district; the Republicans have only put up nominal candidates in this district since Henry won it in a 1961 special election.

Charlie kept this tradition going. He was re-elected six more times, and never won re-election with less than 63% of the vote. He only faced a Republican challenger three times, in 2004, 2008 and 2010. He had no major-party opposition in 2000 and 2006 and was completely unopposed in 2002.

He decided to retire and not seek another term in 2012.

Tenure
Charlie González is a member of the New Democrat Coalition. He is generally seen as less confrontational than his father, who once punched someone for calling him a communist. Between them, the father and son represented the 20th for 52 consecutive years; the only family combination to serve longer in the House has been the Dingells of Michigan, who have represented various districts centered around Detroit and its suburbs for almost 90 consecutive years.

Rep. González was one of the first congressmen to actively support Barack Obama in the 2008 Democratic presidential primary. "Senator Obama brings all these new fresh faces,’’ Gonzalez told the San Antonio Express-News. "He has a wider audience. He has the greater potential to engage a greater number of people.’’

González announced on November 25, 2011, that he would not seek reelection in the 2012 congressional elections. He said he wanted a job that would allow him "to be productive and have the resources to make a better life" for himself and his family.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Energy and Commerce
 * Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade
 * Subcommittee on Energy and Power
 * Subcommittee on Health
 * Committee on House Administration
 * Subcommittee on Elections (Ranking Member)
 * Subcommittee on Oversight

Caucus memberships

 * Congressional Hispanic Caucus (Chair)
 * Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus
 * Congressional Arts Caucus

title: Charlie Gonzalez


text:
Military marine mammal

A military marine mammal is a cetacean or pinniped that has been trained for military uses. Examples include bottlenose dolphins, seals, sea lions, and beluga whales. The United States and Soviet militaries have trained and employed oceanic dolphins for various uses. Military marine mammals have been trained to rescue lost naval swimmers, guard navy ships against enemy divers, locate mines for later clearance by divers, and aid in location and recovery of equipment lost on the seabed.

Soviet Union Navy dolphins
The Soviet Navy operated a research facility to explore military uses of marine mammals at Kazachya Bukhta (44.58°N, 33.4023°W), near Sevastopol. The Russian military's dolphin program is believed to have languished in the early 1990s.

Uses of Military Dolphins
These animals are able to defend ships against enemy divers, locate and retrieve lost or damaged equipment, attach homing devices for torpedos to larger targets, locate submarines, and much more.

A Soviet military Beluga whale named Tichka twice escaped in 1991 and 1992, crossed the Black Sea and was admired by the residents of the Turkish town Gerze, who called him Aydın.

Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Iran
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Soviet military dolphin program was passed to the Ukrainian Navy. In March 2000 the BBC reported that the Ukrainian navy had transferred their military dolphin project from Sevastopol to Iran. Iran bought the animals, and the chief trainer carried on his research at Iran's new oceanarium.

In 2012, Ukraine allegedly "resurrected" the military dolphin program. After the 2014 annexation of Crimea, the Ukrainian dolphin program was taken over by Russia. Conflicting statements have been made regarding the fate of the dolphins. One claim is that the program had been demilitarized prior to the annexation, with all military dolphins either sold commercially or dead by natural causes. A counter-claim suggests that dolphins died patriotically after going on hunger strikes and resisting their Russian captors. Russia reportedly intended to use advanced technology to visualise the dolphin's biosonar signals in future military dolphin research.

Government public records show that in 2016, five bottlenose dolphins were purchased by the Russian defence ministry from Moscow’s Utrish Dolphinarium.

In 2022 and 2023, there were reports that Russia had deployed dolphins to protect the Sevastopol Naval Base from Ukrainian attacks.

United States Navy dolphins
The U.S. Navy trains dolphins and sea lions under the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, which is based in San Diego, California. The Navy gets some of its dolphins from the Gulf of Mexico. Military dolphins were used by the U.S. Navy during the First and Second Gulf Wars, and their use dates back to the Vietnam War. About 75 dolphins were in the program circa 2007, and around 70 dolphins and 30 sea lions were reported to be in the program in 2019.

Pioneering the use of dolphins in warfare was the scientist James Fitzgerald whom the CIA sent to Key West, Florida, to set up a classified laboratory in 1964. His assignment was to study whether dolphin hydrodynamics could be applied to the design of submarines, torpedoes and missiles and whether the animals could be trained to perform missions.

The United States Navy implemented a program in 1960 to work with dolphins and sea lions in order to help with defense, mine detection, and the design of new submarines and new underwater weapons. The Navy did many tests with several marine mammals to determine which would be best for the required missions, with "more than 19 species...including some sharks and birds" tested, though the bottlenose dolphin and California sea lion were considered the best at what the Navy needed them for. The bottlenose dolphins' asset was their highly evolved biosonar, helping to find underwater mines, and the sea lions' asset was their impeccable underwater vision, which can help to detect enemy swimmers. In fiscal year 2007, the United States Navy spent $14 million on research on marine mammal training programs for object recovery and mine detection and had 75 trained dolphins.

In 2005, there were press reports that some U.S. military dolphins based on Lake Pontchartrain had escaped during the Hurricane Katrina flooding. The U.S. Navy dismissed these stories as nonsense or a hoax, though they may be taking on the status of an urban myth.

Care of animals
The marine mammals used for the Navy's research and operations are cared for by a full-time staff of veterinarians, veterinarian technicians, and highly trained marine biologists.

Training
The dolphins and sea lions are trained by five teams of the Navy's Marine Mammal fleet members. One team specializes in swimmer detection, three teams in mine location, and another team in object recoveries. The quick-response goal of this fleet is to mobilize a team and be on site within 72 hours. Dolphins are trained much like police dogs and hunting dogs are. They are given rewards such as fish on correct completion of a task. Dolphins are trained to detect underwater mines and enemy swimmers and then report back to their handlers. Rumours that dolphins had been trained to kill divers have been denied by the US Navy, which claims that training dolphins to fight or kill humans is impossible.

Retired US Admiral Tim Keating claimed that military dolphins could be used to detect mines in the Strait of Hormuz, after Iran threatened to close the waterway in January 2012.

Israel
On January 10, 2022, Hamas, through a report by Al-Quds, suspects Israel of using dolphins for the purpose of targeting Hamas dive fighters. Similar Israel-related animal conspiracy theories were stated in August 2015 when Al-Quds claimed to have sources regarding another incident of a cetacean fighter, equipped with a remote control, a camera, and a weapon that can fire harpoon-type projectiles.

Harm to animals
Ric O'Barry, a former U.S. Navy and civilian trainer of marine mammals, writes that the dolphins complied with their training program only to obtain food. Once they became full, they would no longer be obedient. To prevent this and potential escapes, the navy installed anti-foraging devices that prevented dolphins from fully opening their mouth to feed in the oceans. He also believes that deploying dolphins during war would cause the enemy to attack all dolphins that it comes across, because there is no way to tell a friendly dolphin from a hostile one.

Seals and sea lions
Seals and sea lions are trained and utilised by the US Navy and the Russian Navy. In Russia, dolphins and seals have been trained to carry tools for divers and to detect torpedoes, mines, and other ammunition to working depths of up to 120 metres. Seals are considered better suited than belugas for military use in polar conditions for their "high professionalism" and ability to learn, retain, and understand oral commands.

Belugas
In 2019, a beluga was found off the coast of Norway that was believed to have most likely been trained by the Russian Navy. The beluga, called Hvaldimir, was wearing a harness that was labeled "Equipment of St. Petersburg", seemed comfortable around humans, and attempted to pull ropes from the sides of a Norwegian fishing vessel. Beluga research was conducted by the Murmansk Sea Biology Research Institute in northern Russia on behalf of the Russian Navy. Experiments were conducted to determine whether belugas could be used to “guard entrances to naval bases’” in arctic regions and "assist deepwater divers and if necessary kill any strangers who enter their territory". The research concluded that dolphins and seals were better suited to military use in polar conditions than belugas.

title: Military marine mammal


text:
Darryl Jenifer

Darryl Jenifer (born October 22, 1960) is an American musician, widely known as the bassist for the hardcore punk band Bad Brains and for the rap-rock group The White Mandingos. He appeared in TV's Illest Minority Moments presented by ego trip and the three-part ego trip's Race-O-Rama on VH1.

Jenifer credits numerous musicians and bands for inspiring and influencing his playing, including the Al Di Meola, James Jamerson, Geezer Butler, Larry Graham, Stanley Clarke, Percy Jones, Aston Barrett, Lloyd Parks, Errol Holt, Bob Marley, Mahavishnu Orchestra, 999, Eater, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simonon, the Ramones, Return to Forever, Brand X, Weather Report, Earth, Wind, and Fire, Lonnie Liston Smith, Roy Ayers, the Dickies, the Damned, Generation X, the Buzzcocks, Sly and the Family Stone, Led Zeppelin, Peter Frampton, and Black Sabbath.

Jenifer released his first solo album entitled In Search of Black Judas on October 26, 2010. The album had been in development for nearly a decade.

title: Darryl Jenifer


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Michael A. Burstein

Michael A. Burstein (born 1970) is an American writer of science fiction.

Background
Michael A. Burstein was born in New York City, and grew up in Forest Hills in the borough of Queens. He attended Hunter College High School in Manhattan and went on to Harvard College where he was a member of the Harvard-Radcliffe Science Fiction Association. He graduated Harvard in 1991 with a degree in Physics; in 1993 he earned a Master's in Physics from Boston University. In 1994 Burstein attended the Clarion Workshop. In 1995 he studied comic book writing under Dennis O'Neil at the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan.

Writing career
Burstein's first published story, "TeleAbsence", which appeared in the July 1995 issue of Analog, was nominated for the Hugo Award and was chosen by the readers of Analog as the best short story published by the magazine in 1995. Two years later, Burstein won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer at the 1997 World Science Fiction Convention, LoneStarCon2.

Burstein subsequently received Hugo nominations for "Broken Symmetry", "Cosmic Corkscrew", "Kaddish for the Last Survivor" (also a Nebula Award nominee), "Spaceships", "Paying It Forward", "Decisions", "Time Ablaze", "Seventy-Five Years", and "TelePresence", and a Nebula and Sturgeon Award nomination for "Reality Check". His novella "Sanctuary" was chosen by the readers of Analog as the best novella published by the magazine in 2005 and was a nominee for the Nebula Award.

Burstein's short story collection I Remember the Future: The Award-Nominated Stories of Michael A. Burstein was released by Apex Publications on November 1, 2008. On February 19, 2010, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America announced that the title story from the collection had been nominated for the 2009 Nebula Award for Best Short Story.

Burstein is the editor of Jewish Futures: Stories from the World's Oldest Diaspora, an anthology of speculative fiction published by Fantastic Books on August 7, 2023. The book's crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter was launched in October of 2022 by Ian Randal Strock and met its funding goal in four days.

Burstein currently contributes columns to the science fiction entertainment website SFScope.

From 1998 to 2000, Burstein served as Secretary of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. He chaired the final Nebula Script jury in 2008. On January 1, 2014, he took office as the first permanent president of the Society for the Advancement of Speculative Storytelling, Inc. (SASS). He served for one year.

From 2014 until 2017, Burstein was a news correspondent for The Jewish Advocate.

Public office
Burstein is an elected town meeting member and public library trustee in the town of Brookline, Massachusetts.

On Feb 8, 2012, Burstein announced the formation of an exploratory committee for a congressional run as a Democrat in the Massachusetts 4th Congressional District, but eventually decided not to run.

Personal life
Burstein has worked as a science teacher at all levels, and edits science textbooks. He has given lectures and spoken at various science fiction conferences and libraries, and to groups at MIT and Harvard. He has been an active member of science fiction fandom.

Burstein lives with his wife Nomi in Brookline. Their children, fraternal twin girls, were born in 2009. With his wife, Burstein wrote the Brookline Parent column for the Brookline Patch website.

Burstein is president of the Society for the Preservation of Pluto as a Planet, which goes by the acronym SP3. The group of astronomy buffs formed in the spring of 2006.

title: Michael A. Burstein


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Errick Willis

Errick French Willis (March 21, 1896 – January 9, 1967) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served as leader of the province's Conservative Party between 1936 and 1954, and was responsible for beginning and ending the party's alliance with the Liberal-Progressive Party. He also served as Manitoba's 15th Lieutenant Governor between 1960 and 1965.

Early life and education
Willis was born in Boissevain, Manitoba. He was the son of R.G. Willis, himself the leader of the Conservative Party from 1919 to 1920.

The younger Willis received a BA from the University of Toronto, an MA from the University of Manitoba and an LL.B from the University of Manitoba. He subsequently worked as a barrister and farmer, and was involved in local masonic organizations. Willis married Louise Isabel Trimble Willis.

Political career
Willis began his political career at the federal level. He was a Conservative, but used the label "Progressive-Conservative" in Souris in the election of 1926, and was defeated by a straight Progressive candidate. He won the riding in the 1930 election, again having contested it as a "Progressive-Conservative" and served for five years as a backbench supporter of R.B. Bennett's Conservative government. In 1932, outside politics, Willis was a member of the Canadian curling team that won a gold medal in the curling event at the 1932 Winter Olympics.

He was defeated in the 1935 election, losing by three votes to the Liberal candidate.

Willis was acclaimed as leader of the provincial Conservative Party on June 9, 1936, replacing W. Sanford Evans. He was elected for the riding of Deloraine in a provincial election held later in the year.

The election of 1936 was very close, with John Bracken's Liberal-Progressives winning 23 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and Willis's Conservatives winning 16. Another 16 seats were won by smaller parties. There were rumours of a Bracken-Willis coalition after the election, but this plan was rejected by the Conservative leader.

After the start of World War II, the idea of an all-party coalition was revived by Bracken's government. The Conservatives, Social Credit and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation joined Bracken's Liberal-Progressives in a "non-partisan government", meant to demonstrate the united resolve of the province. Willis was sworn in as Minister of Public Works on November 4, 1940. When CCF leader Seymour Farmer resigned in 1942, Willis also became Minister of Labour, holding this position until 1944.

The coalition was generally advantageous to the Conservative Party, which was renamed the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party in the mid-1940s. Its ministers were allowed a fair degree of autonomy, and were fully integrated into the province's governing structure, unlike the CCF and Social Credit ministers, who were marginalized. The party maintained an identity separate from the Liberal-Progressives throughout this period. In a 1946 manifesto, its members pledged to support an increase in old-age pensions, a decrease in tariff rates, and further transportation openings to the province's north. Willis, supported by the Liberal-Progressives, was re-elected by acclamation in 1941, 1945 and 1949.

There were some Progressive Conservatives who opposed the coalition, particularly after Liberal-Progressive Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) Douglas Campbell became the province's premier in 1948. The Conservatives had nominated Willis to be premier, but Campbell defeated him in a vote among coalition MLAs. Campbell's philosophy of "minimal government" was rejected by the more progressive figures in the PC ranks, the most vocal of whom was Dufferin Roblin (grandson of former Premier Sir Rodmond Roblin). In 1949, Roblin was elected to the legislature for Winnipeg South as an anti-coalition Progressive Conservative.

Under pressure from his party and disturbed by the Campbell government's inaction on various issues, Willis resigned from cabinet on August 19, 1950. At a party convention in October, the Progressive Conservatives voted 215 to 17 to leave the coalition. Willis, who also fended off a leadership challenge from George Hastings at the convention, once again became leader of the opposition.

Willis was re-elected for Turtle Mountain in the provincial election of 1953, but the provincial Progressive Conservative organization was weak, and Campbell's Liberal-Progressives won a decisive majority. MLA J. Arthur Ross forced a leadership convention in 1954; at this convention, Roblin defeated Willis to become party leader.

Willis continued as a member of the legislature after this loss. He was re-elected in 1958, and served in Roblin's minority government as Minister of Public Works, Minister of Agriculture and Deputy Premier. Re-elected again in 1959, he continued to serve in cabinet until January 15, 1960, when he was appointed as the province's lieutenant governor. He remained in this position until August 31, 1965.

Death
Willis died in Winnipeg on January 9, 1967.

title: Errick Willis


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Ararat (film)

Ararat is a 2002 historical-drama film written and directed by Atom Egoyan and starring Charles Aznavour, Christopher Plummer, David Alpay, Arsinée Khanjian, Eric Bogosian, Bruce Greenwood and Elias Koteas. It is about a family and film crew in Toronto working on a film based loosely on the 1915 defense of Van during the Armenian genocide. In addition to exploring the human impact of that specific historical event, Ararat examines the nature of truth and its representation through art. The genocide is denied by the Government of Turkey, an issue that partially inspired and is explored in the film.

The film was featured out of competition at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. It won five awards at the 23rd Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture.

Plot
In Toronto, an Armenian Canadian family is headed by Ani, a widow whose husband attempted to assassinate a Turkish ambassador. Her adult son Raffi is involved in a sexual affair with Celia, his step-sister, who has accused Ani of pushing her father off of a cliff, while Ani insists he slipped and fell. Ani gives art history presentations on Armenian American painter Arshile Gorky, with Celia constantly attending and publicly heckling Ani about concealing the truth.

An Armenian film director, Edward Saroyan, arrives to Toronto with a goal to make a film about the Armenian genocide, the Van Resistance, and Gorky. Ani is hired as a historical consultant, with Raffi working on the project with his mother. An aspiring Turkish Canadian actor named Ali receives his big break when cast as Ottoman governor Jevdet Bey. Ali reads on the history of the genocide, which he had never heard much of before, and offends Raffi when he tells Saroyan that he believes the Ottomans felt the genocide was justified, in light of World War I. Raffi attempts to explain to Ali that the Armenians were citizens of the Ottoman Empire and that the Turks were not at war with them. Ali shrugs the encounter off, saying they were both born in Canada and they should together try to move past the genocide.

After Raffi returns to Canada from a flight to Turkey, he is interrogated at airport security by a retiring customs official named David, who has reason to believe Raffi is involved in a plot to smuggle drugs. Rather than employ drug-sniffing dogs, David prefers to speak to Raffi at length, with Raffi claiming he had taken it upon himself to shoot extra footage in Turkey. In fact, the film is premiering that night. Inspired by his own son, David chooses to believe Raffi is innocent, and releases him. The film reels remain with him, however, which David discovers to contain heroin.

Themes
Issues explored in the film include truth and art. Using a story within a story device, the film explores whether films should recreate war crimes, and whether films can alter facts to communicate more important truths.

Another theme of the film is gaps between generations, as it explores how later generations understand the historical record rather than the Armenian genocide itself. Numerous Armenian Canadian characters in the film identify symbols with their heritage, such as pictures of Mount Ararat. The fictionalized Arshile Gorky's symbols are a button and a photo of his mother. Gorky is depicted in the film as a link between the history and current life of the Armenian people.

Development
Director Atom Egoyan and his wife, actress Arsinée Khanjian, are Armenian Canadians, and some of Egoyan's ancestors had been lost in the genocide. Egoyan had attempted to explain the genocide to their son, Arshile, when he was around six. Arshile asked, "Did the Turks say sorry?" The film Ararat is intended as a response to that question.

Producer Robert Lantos had promised that he would support a film about the genocide if Egoyan ever felt prepared to make one. Alliance Atlantis provided Egoyan a budget of $12 million.

Filming
For cinematography, Egoyan worked with his frequent collaborator Paul Sarossy, with shooting taking place over 45 days during summer 2001. The battle scenes depicting the Defense of Van were shot in Drumheller, Alberta, with some of the soldiers actually being computer generated. The Van villages were also computer generated.

Other scenes were shot at Cherry Beach in Toronto. The film could not be shot in Turkey or at the real Mount Ararat because of Turkey's denial of the genocide.

The film was made prior to the Parliament of Canada voting to recognize the Armenian genocide in 2004. Egoyan said it was more important that the Turkish government accept the truth.

Release
MGM considered distributing Ararat but Alex Yemenidjian, the chief executive, stated that financially it would not be rational for it to distribute the film; therefore Miramax distributed it instead.

The film was screened out of competition at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. The film also played on the opening day of the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival on 5 September. The film opened on 15 November 2002 in Los Angeles, New York City and Toronto.

When Ararat was released, it was the sole film screened in commercial theaters in the United States in the modern era to be about the Armenian genocide.

The Italian release of Ararat was intended to for 24 April 2003. However, its showing was unexpectedly banned by Italian authorities a day before the planned release, with the authorities explaining that the film's distributor missed the deadline to apply for a mandatory censorship certificate. The Embassy of Turkey in Rome acknowledged its government did not want the film screened in Italy, but said it was not involved in the decision that the film would not be shown.

Initially Yılmaz Karakoyunlu, the Turkish Minister of State, said that the Turkish government would oppose the film as much as possible. However the Turkish government had given permission for the film to run in Turkey as it was, at the time, trying to increase freedom of expression so Turkey could join the European Union. Belge Film had permission from the Turkish government to release the film in Turkey itself, but opted not to when nationalists pledged to "take action". It ran on the Turkish TV station Kanaltürk four years later.

Box office
In the opening week after the limited release on 15 November, the film averaged $35,188 per screen. It made $162,000 in five theatres by 18 November. By 24 days, it had made US$1.1 million in North America.

The film completed its run on 30 January 2003, with a gross of $1,555,959 in North America. It grossed $1,187,377 in other territories for a total of $2,743,336.

Critical reception
Critical reception was mostly negative. In Canada, The Globe and Mail wrote "The metaphors are provocative, but too often, the viewer is left puzzled by the mechanics of the delivery." Brian D. Johnson, writing for Maclean's, called it frustrating, though also interesting, and said it fell short despite ambition. The National Post's review stated "Egoyan is almost crippled by a need to show all sides." At the Toronto International Film Festival, the national panel of judges placed it in the year's top 10.

Roger Ebert gave it two and a half stars, calling it "needlessly confusing," saying it "clearly comes from Egoyan's heart" but is "too much, too heavily layered, too needlessly difficult, too opaque." He also said it was disputed whether the film's quote from Adolf Hitler that the Armenian genocide is forgotten is genuine. In The New York Times, Stephen Holden called the film a "profound reflection on historical memory," and "hands down the year's most thought-provoking film." The BBC's Tom Dawson wrote the film "feels clumsy and convoluted" compared to Egoyan's other work.

Ararat holds a 55% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 78 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Though Ararat radiates intelligence, its impact is diminished by an overly intricate plot and cerebral style." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 based on 25 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Nationalist criticism
Ethnic Turks in Canada had proposed boycotting films by Disney and its subsidiary companies, and several nationalist critics sent e-mails to Egoyan and established websites arguing that the film's premise is not true. Some individuals sent threats to Egoyan, including statements that a release of the film could result in danger for Armenians in Turkey. Film Quarterly stated "Ararat touched off a new round of angry denials and charges of hate mongering."

Accolades
The film won several awards. These included five awards at the 23rd Genie Awards, which Ararat star Arsinée Khanjian co-hosted with actor Peter Keleghan. Egoyan was not present.

In 2008, the government of Israel also awarded the Dan David Prize to Egoyan for "creative rendering of the past." Ararat was especially a reason for the honour.

title: Ararat (film)


text:
Darlaston

Darlaston is an industrial town in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall in the West Midlands of England. It is located near Wednesbury and Willenhall.

Topography
Darlaston is situated between Wednesbury and Walsall in the valley of the River Tame in the angle where the three major head-streams of the river converge. It is located on the South Staffordshire coalfield and has been an area of intense coal-mining activity. The underlying coal reserves were most likely deposited in the Carboniferous Period.

Disused coal mines are found near Queen Street in Moxley, behind Pinfold Street JMI School, near Hewitt Street and Wolverhampton Street, in George Rose Park and behind the police station in Victoria Park.

Mining subsidence, which has taken its toll on many buildings across central England, has also made its mark in Darlaston. In 1999, a council house on the New Moxley housing estate collapsed down a disused mineshaft, its occupant, an elderly man had complained of creaking and groaning in the house to neighbours who alerted the authorities. They in turn instructed him to leave. A few hours later it collapsed down the mine. The adjoining house also had to be demolished.

History
The ancient origins of the town are now very obscure due to the archive record being relatively recent. Any archaeological evidence has been largely destroyed due to intensive coal mining during the 18th and 19th centuries. A possible Saxon castle probably existed at Darlaston, which eventually became a timber castle. No remains exist today.

Between the 12th and 15th centuries the de Darlaston family were the landowners, When the de Darlaston family died out, the manor was taken over by the Hayes family and was known as Great Croft.

Darlaston's location on the South Staffordshire coalfield led to the early development of coal mining and associated industrial activities. At first such activity was relatively small scale requiring only a copyhold permission from the lord of the manor. So, for example, in 1698 Timothy Woodhouse was manager of the coal mines belonging to Mrs. Mary Offley, then the lady of the manor. In the first year, he sold 3,000 sacks of coal and later went into partnership in his own business.

Rapid industrial growth in the early decades of the 19th century brought with it problems of housing, poverty and deprivation. In December 1839, the rector of the parish reported that there were approximately 1,500 homes in the parish of Darlaston, most of which were in poor condition and owned by working-class people. In 1841 the town had a population of 6,000. Development was driven by the presence of excellent transport links: the Birmingham Canal Navigations and Grand Junction Railway. Much of the mining land was owned by the Birmingham Coal Company. Artist Thomas F. Worrall was born in the Woods Bank area in 1872, where his father worked as a blacksmith.

Notable beneficiaries of nineteenth-century industrialisation were the Rose family whose fortune had been made by astute enclosure of common land. Upon the death of Richard Rose in 1870 his estate was valued at over £877. He bequeathed the land to his wife Hannah. His brother was James Rose, shown in the 1871 census as a latch, bolt and nut maker, employing 39 people, including 19 children. By the time of the 1881 census, James Rose was 55 and his business had expanded to employ 90 people. James Rose died in 1901.

On 1 January 1895 Darlaston became an urban district, and the local board became Darlaston Urban District Council. In 1966, Darlaston became part of Walsall and in 1974, it became part of the metropolitan county of the West Midlands.

Darlaston was subject to a number of bombing raids in World War II. A Luftwaffe bombing on 5 June 1941 wrecked several council houses in Lowe Avenue, Rough Hay, and killed 11 people. The bomb had been aimed at Rubery Owen's factory but missed by some distance. The houses were later rebuilt.

Many Victorian terraced houses were demolished during the second half of the 20th century, and the Urban District Council of Darlaston built thousands of houses and flats to replace them with. From 1966 Darlaston was administered by Walsall borough and is now in the WS10 postal district which also includes neighbouring Wednesbury. However, since 1999 the council-owned housing stock has been controlled by Darlaston Housing Trust. In 2001 two of the town's four multi-storey blocks of flats were demolished, and the remaining two were demolished in 2004. .

By the end of the 1980s most of the industry in the town had closed and the town is now considered a ghost town, with an increasing high level of unemployment. In 2011 a total of 15 derelict sites in the town were designated as enterprise zones offering tax breaks and relaxed planning laws to any businesses interested in setting up bases in the selected areas. These enterprise zones are expected to create thousands of jobs and ease the town's long running unemployment crisis, which has deepened since 2008 as a result of the recession.

Education
The town is served by one large secondary school, Grace Academy, which until 2009 was known as Darlaston Comprehensive School. It is situated in the west of the town near the border with Bilston.

All Saints church
All Saints' Church, Darlaston (built 1872) was destroyed by enemy air raids in July 1942. A new church opened in 1952, designed by local architect Richard Twentyman. It is Grade 2 listed.

Bentley Old Hall
Bentley Old Hall stood in the north of Darlaston until the early 20th century. Bentley Hall was one of several country houses where in 1651 – after the Battle of Worcester – the future Charles II was sheltered, here by Colonel John Lane. The future king finally escaped disguised as the servant of Jane Lane, the colonel's sister. Bentley Old Hall grounds were redeveloped as a housing estate in the 1950s.

Darlaston Manor House
The location of the manor house is believed to be congruent with the Asda supermarket car park, slightly south west of the original parish church, now St Lawrence's Church.

Darlaston Town Hall
Darlaston Town Hall was designed by the Birmingham architect Jethro Anstice Cossins (1830–1917), and it was opened in 1888, built on the site of one of the town's two workhouses. It comprised municipal offices, a public library and a public hall. Between 2006 and 2008 the building was restored by Walsall Borough Council at a cost of about £400,000. The main building now houses local Social Services departments, while the hall continues to be used for public meetings, concerts of music and other entertainments.

Darlaston Windmill
Darlaston had its own windmill from as early as 1695, when it appears on a map of that date. The mill continued to be in use until about 1860.

St Lawrence Darlaston
The fine looking Grade-II listed St Lawrence's church as we see it today is largely late nineteenth century – the work of A. P. Brevitt – but the site dates back to early medieval times. The church registers date back to 1539 and may be viewed at the County Archives in Stafford. The Bishop's Transcripts are to be found at Lichfield Record Office.

A generous grant from the UK Heritage Lottery Fund enabled the complete redecoration of the church's interior in 2018.

Notable residents

 * Sue Nicholls (born 1943), actress known for soap operas including Coronation Street. The family-owned White Lion pub is situated in the Fold Darlaston.
 * John Fiddler (born 1947), musician and Medicine Head member
 * Mark Rhodes (born 1981), runner-up in ITV's Pop Idol in 2003, and children's television presenter

Sport

 * Billy Annis (1874–1938), former defenceman for the Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C., 1898-1905
 * Jimmy McIntyre (1881–1954), former football manager and footballer who started his playing career at Darlaston Town
 * Syd Gibbons (1907–1953), professional footballer
 * Graham Hawkins (1946–2016), former footballer and manager of Wolverhampton Wanderers
 * Stuart Elwell (born 1977) professional boxer and former Midlands Welterweight Champion
 * Mark Lewis-Francis (born 1982), former sprinter
 * Netan Sansara (born 1989), footballer known for being the first Asian to play for the England U-18 team. His grandfather owned two pubs in Darlaston: The Three Horse Shoes and The Duke of York

Neighbourhoods

 * Rough Hay: a predominantly interwar council housing area in the north of the town close to the border with Willenhall.
 * Moxley: an established private and council residential area in the west of the town close to the border with Bilston.
 * Kings Hill: east of the town centre; a mixed residential area with an important British Asian population. Includes many types of housing as well as several factories and business units.
 * Woods Bank: a predominantly interwar council housing area in the south of the town close to the border with Wednesbury.
 * Bentley: the most northerly area in Darlaston which was mostly developed after 1945 but is now included in the Walsall postal district.
 * Darlaston Green: Mixed residential and Industrial area, close to the border with Rough Hay and Bentley.

Buses
Buses which serve Darlaston Town Centre stop at Darlaston Town Bus Interchange. Services run to Lodge Farm, Bentley, Willenhall, The Lunt, Bilston, Wolverhampton, Moxley, Walsall, Pleck, Wednesbury, and West Bromwich.

Services 34, 37, 39 and 79 are operated by National Express West Midlands. Service 310 is operated byDiamond Bus West Midlands. Service 65 is operated by Walsall Community Transport.

Local operator Thandi previously had a large presence in Darlaston up until 2023 when the business closed their commercial bus services.

Canals
The 7 Mile Walsall Canal runs through the town forming part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations.

Rail

 * A new station for Darlaston is planned to open in 2025/26 which will connect Walsall to Wolverhampton running through Darlaston on the Walsall to Wolverhampton line.
 * Darlaston railway station closed in 1887 and there is little evidence of its existence at the site, although the former trackbed is in use as a footpath.
 * Darlaston James Bridge railway station closed in 1965 and there is little evidence of the existence at the site.

Roads
Since the early 1970s, the town centre has been by-passed by St Lawrence's Way, which runs between The Green and Great Croft Street Island by the Town's Asda. No motorway runs through the town, but a section of the M6 between J9 and J10 may be considered to be in Darlaston. Also the A462 from Wednesbury runs through the Town on it's way to Willenhall, the A454/A463 Black Country Route have a Junction on the Darlaston/Willenhall Border and the A4444 Black Country New Road meets the A41 London - Ellesmere Port Road and A4038 near to Moxley War Memorial and the Walsall Canal. The A4038 runs through the Town as the Moxley Road, Pinfold Street and Walsall Road and has a junction with the A462 near to Darlaston Libary. The A4038 links the A4444 Black Country New Road and the A41 Black Country New Road and Moxley High Street to Walsall Via Darlaston and Pleck

Trams
Since 1999 there has been a West Midlands Metro stop at Bradley Lane in the Moxley area of the town. An initial plan was for the Metro to have a stop in Picturdrome Way using the old Darlaston railway line but this was abandoned.

Recreation
The town has a few small open spaces such as the playing fields at Broadwaters Road and three parks: Kings Hill Park, George Rose Park and Victoria Park.

Sports clubs
The town is represented in football by Darlaston Town (1874) FC who currently compete in the West Midlands (Regional) League. The town's football club used to be Darlaston Town FC, but the club went out of business in 2013.

title: Darlaston


text:
Fort Randall Dam

Fort Randall Dam is a 2.03 mi earthen dam which spans the Missouri River and impounds Lake Francis Case, the 11th-largest reservoir in the U.S. The dam joins Gregory and Charles Mix counties, South Dakota a distance of 880 river miles (1,416 km) upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, where the river joins the Mississippi River. The dam and hydroelectric power plant were constructed by and are currently operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

History & background
Fort Randall Dam was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944 and plays a key role in the Pick–Sloan Plan for development of water resources in the Missouri River basin. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction of the dam in 1946, and was the first Pick-Sloan dam completed by the Omaha District. President Dwight D. Eisenhower threw the switch that started the first power generating unit in 1954. When completed in 1956, Fort Randall Dam and the Lake Francis Case Project cost approximately $200 million. U.S. Route 18 and U.S. Route 281 cross the crest of the dam. The dam is just over 3 mi north of the Nebraska state line.

The Fort Randall Dam is located within sight of its namesake Fort Randall, an early U.S. Army Frontier Post. Fort Randall Dam is one of six Missouri River mainstem dams, the next dam upstream is Big Bend Dam, near Ft. Thompson and the next dam downstream is Gavins Point Dam, near Yankton.

Hydroelectric Power
The eight generating units of the Fort Randall Dam are capable of generating 40 megawatts of electricity each, with an annual production of 1.727 billion kilowatt-hours. The combined maximum capacity of 320 megawatts is enough to supply 245,000 households, according to the Corps of Engineers. The river behind the dam drains an area of 263480 mi2. Its reservoir, Lake Francis Case, has a surface area of 102000 acre at maximum operating pool, coinciding with a volume of 5.7 e6acre.ft.

2011 Missouri River flood
In June 2011, in response to the 2011 Missouri River Floods, the dam was releasing over 143000 ft3/s, which greatly exceeded its previous record release of 67000 ft3/s set in 1997.

Visitor Center
The Fort Randall Visitor Center is located on the western edge of Pickstown, South Dakota along U.S. Highway 281 and 18. Open from Memorial Day through Labor Day, the visitor center offers a view of Fort Randall Dam, Lake Francis Case and the Missouri River. Exhibits highlight the dam's construction, area natural and cultural history and paleontology. There is also a freshwater aquarium with fish species found in the Missouri River.

title: Fort Randall Dam


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RSF

RSF may refer to:

Entertainment and sports

 * Rainbow Serpent Festival, an arts, music and lifestyle festival in Victoria, Australia
 * Referee stopped fight, in boxing
 * Right Said Fred, British music band
 * Royal straight flush, a hand in poker
 * RSF, a French synthesizer manufacturer. See RSF Kobol for an example.
 * Russian Ski Federation

Military

 * Rhodesian Security Forces, the military and security forces of the government of former Rhodesia (1964–1980)
 * Royal Scots Fusiliers, former line infantry regiment of the British Army (1678–1959)
 * Rapid Support Forces, paramilitary forces formerly operated by the government of Sudan
 * Republican Security Forces, a fictional fascist militia in the British science fiction series Doctor Who

Organizations

 * Religious Society of Friends, the Quakers
 * Reporters Sans Frontières; see: Reporters Without Borders
 * Republican Sinn Féin, a small political party in Ireland
 * Road Safety Foundation in the UK and Ireland
 * Russell Sage Foundation, a philanthropic foundation and publisher
 * Russian Socialist Federation of the Socialist Party of America

Science and technology

 * Resource selection function, in ecology

Other uses

 * Rancho Santa Fe, a settlement in California
 * Recovery Support Function, a component of the National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF)
 * Rentable Square Feet, a measure of floor area (building)

title: RSF


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Dentin

Dentin (American English) or dentine (  or  ) (British English) (substantia eburnea) is a calcified tissue of the body and, along with enamel, cementum, and pulp, is one of the four major components of teeth. It is usually covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root and surrounds the entire pulp. By volume, 45% of dentin consists of the mineral hydroxyapatite, 33% is organic material, and 22% is water. Yellow in appearance, it greatly affects the color of a tooth due to the translucency of enamel. Dentin, which is less mineralized and less brittle than enamel, is necessary for the support of enamel. Dentin rates approximately 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. There are two main characteristics which distinguish dentin from enamel: firstly, dentin forms throughout life; secondly, dentin is sensitive and can become hypersensitive to changes in temperature due to the sensory function of odontoblasts, especially when enamel recedes and dentin channels become exposed.

Development
Prior to enamel formation, dentine formation begins through a process known as dentinogenesis, and this process continues throughout a person's life even after the tooth has fully developed. Events such as tooth decay and tooth wear can also initiate dentine formation.

Dentinogenesis is initiated by the odontoblasts of the pulp. Odontoblasts are specialised cells that lay down an organic matrix known as pre-dentine. This pre-dentine is subsequently mineralised into dentine. Mineralisation of pre-dentine begins at the dentino-enamel junction during tooth development and progresses towards the pulp of the tooth. After growth of pre-dentine and maturation into dentine, the cell bodies of the odontoblasts remain in the pulp, along its outer wall, and project into tiny tubules in the dentine.

Pre-dentine is composed of 90% type I collagen and 10% non-collagenous proteins (including phosphoproteins, proteoglycans, growth factors, phosphatases such as alkaline phosphatase, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)), and this composition is significantly altered when it is mineralised into dentine. See the Structure section for information about the composition of dentine.

Structure
Unlike enamel, dentin may be demineralized and stained for histological study. Dentin consists of microscopic channels, called dentinal tubules, which radiate outward through the dentin from the pulp to the exterior cementum or enamel border. The dentinal tubules extend from the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) in the crown area, or dentinocemental junction (DCJ) in the root area, to the outer wall of the pulp. From the outer surface of the dentin to the area nearest the pulp, these tubules follow an S-shaped path. The diameter and density of the tubules are greatest near the pulp. Tapering from the inner to the outermost surface, they have a diameter of 2.5 μm near the pulp, 1.2 μm in the middle of the dentin, and 0.9 μm at the dentino-enamel junction. Their density is 59,000 to 76,000 per square millimeter near the pulp, whereas the density is only half as much near the enamel. Within the tubules, there is an odontoblast process, which is an extension of an odontoblast, and dentinal fluid, which contains a mixture of albumin, transferrin, tenascin and proteoglycans. In addition, there are branching canalicular systems that connect to each other. These branches have been categorized by size, with major being 500–1000 nm in diameter, fine being 300–700 nm, and micro being less than 300 nm. The major branches are the terminal ends of the tubules. About every 1-2 μm, there are fine branches diverging from dentinal tubules at 45 degree angles. The microtubules diverge at 90 degree angles. The dentinal tubules contain the cytoplasmic extensions of odontoblasts that once formed the dentin and maintain it. The cell bodies of the odontoblasts are aligned along the inner aspect of dentin against a layer of predentin where they also form the peripheral boundary of the dental pulp Because of dentinal tubules, dentin has a degree of permeability, which can increase the sensation of pain and the rate of tooth decay. The strongest held theory of dentinal hypersensitivity suggests that it is due to changes in the dentinal fluid associated with the processes, a type of hydrodynamic mechanism.

Dentin is a bone-like matrix that is porous and yellow-hued material. It is made up, by weight, of 70–72% inorganic materials (mainly hydroxylapatite and some non-crystalline amorphous calcium phosphate), 20% organic materials (90% of which is collagen type 1 and the remaining 10% ground substance, which includes dentin-specific proteins), and 8–10% water (which is adsorbed on the surface of the minerals or between the crystals). Because it is softer than enamel, it decays more rapidly and is subject to severe cavities if not properly treated, but due to its elastic properties, it is good support for enamel. Its flexibility prevents the brittle enamel fracturing.

In areas where both primary and secondary mineralization have occurred with complete crystalline fusion, these appear as lighter rounded areas on a stained section of dentin and are considered globular dentin. In contrast, the darker arc-like areas in a stained section of dentin are considered interglobular dentin. In these areas, only primary mineralization has occurred within the predentin, and the globules of dentin do not fuse completely. Thus, interglobular dentin is slightly less mineralized than globular dentin. Interglobular dentin is especially evident in coronal dentin, near the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ), and in certain dental anomalies, such as in dentinogenesis imperfecta.

Regional variations in dentin structure and composition
The different regions in dentin can be recognized due to their structural differences. The outermost layer, known as the mantle dentin layer, is found in the crown of the tooth. It can and can be identified by the presence of various characteristics, including collagen fibres found perpendicular to the enamel-dentin junction and it is slightly less mineralized (by approximately 5%, compared to the enamel. The dentin undergoes mineralization in the presence of matrix vesicles ("hydroxyapatite-containing, membrane-enclosed vesicles secreted by odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and some chondrocytes; believed to serve as nucleation centers for the mineralization process in dentin, bone, and calcified cartilage.") The dentinal tubules in this region branch profusely.

In the root of the tooth there are two morphologically distinguishable outer layers: the hyaline layer on the periphery of dentin and the granular layer of Tomes beneath this. The granular layer has a dark, granular appearance which occurs due to the branching and looping back of dentinal tubules in this region. This appearance, specific to root dentin, is possibly due to differences in the rates of formation of coronal and root dentin. The hyaline layer, which has an obscure origin, is a clear layer, unlike the granular layer, with a width of up to 20μm. It can have clinical significance during periodontal regeneration.

Circumpulpal dentin forms the majority of the dentin and is generally constant in structure. Peripherally, mineralization can be seen to be incomplete, whereas centrally the mineralizing front shows ongoing mineralizing.

The innermost layer of dentin is known as predentin, and is the initial dentin matrix that is laid down prior to mineralization. It can be distinguished by its pale color when stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The presence of odontoblastic processes here allows the secretion of matrix components. Predentin can be 10-40μm in width, depending on its rate of deposition.

Microstructure and crack propagation
During the dentinogenesis process, the odontoblast cells retreat from the DEJ to the outer lining of the pulp, leaving behind microtubules filled with cytoplasmic extensions and depositing intertubular dentin (ITD) in its place. ITD comprises the bulk of the dentin and, similarly to bone, is a matrix composite of tablet-shaped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles wrapped around collagen fibers. The mineralized collagen fibers are arranged in layers oriented perpendicular to the direction of the dentin microtubules which are lined with peritubular dentin (PTD), a 1-2 μm thick layer of hydroxyapatite tablets with no preferred orientation and lacks any supporting collagen fibers.

The hydroxyapatite tablets within the ITD were found to be compressed along the crystallographic c-axis due to tight interaction between the tablets and the collagen fiber. Tablets aligned parallel with the collagen fibers experience a significant increase in compressive stress of around 90 MPa and, for crack formation to occur, tensile stresses must first overcome this residual compressive stress. Since typical mastication stresses do not exceed 40 MPa, the ITD prevents cracks from forming during normal daily use and help deflect cracks perpendicular to the dentin tubule and away from the pulp.

Inelastic deformation of dentin primarily happens through microcracking. Crack propagation within dentin travels preferentially along the interfaces of the ITD layers. Since the PTD, the hydroxyapatite tablets are not preferentially orientated, they are under less compressive residual stress, causing the microtubules to act as crack initiation sites. This manifests as cross-hatched shear microcracks forming at the microtubules in compression and as ring-shaped microcracks in tension. The tip of a larger crack creates a stress concentration that help initiate microcracks around the microtubules ahead of it, consuming energy and resisting further damage. The imperfect linking of the microcrack to a larger crack also induce 'uncracked ligaments' which help arrest the larger crack. In comparison, enamel does not display the same fracture resistance, and fractures traveling across the DEJ are usually stopped within ~10 μm. The combination of the residual stress and the perpendicular orientation of the ITD mineralized collagen fibers significantly increase the fracture toughness and fatigue endurance limit along the microtubule direction.

Types
Dentin is classified into three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Secondary dentin is a layer of dentin formed after the tooth's root has fully formed. Tertiary dentin develops as a result of a stimulus, such as a carious attack or wear.

Primary dentin
Primary dentin, the most prominent dentin in the tooth, lies between the enamel and the pulp chamber (near dentinoenamel junction). The outer layer closest to enamel is known as mantle dentin. This layer is unique to the rest of primary dentin. Mantle dentin is formed by newly differentiated odontoblasts and forms a layer consistently 15-20 micrometers (μm) wide. Unlike primary dentin, mantle dentin lacks phosphorylation, has loosely packed collagen fibrils and is less mineralized. Below it lies the circumpulpal dentin, more mineralized dentin which makes up most of the dentin layer and is secreted after the mantle dentin by the odontoblasts. Circumpulpal dentin is formed before the root formation is completed.

Newly secreted dentin is unmineralized and is called predentin. It is easily identified in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections since it stains less intensely than dentin. It is usually 10-47μm and lines the innermost region of the dentin. It is unmineralized and consists of collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. It is similar to osteoid in bone and is thickest when dentinogenesis is occurring.

Secondary dentin
Secondary dentin (adventitious dentin) is formed after root formation is complete, normally after the tooth has erupted and is functional. It grows much more slowly than primary dentin but maintains its incremental aspect of growth. It has a similar structure to primary dentin, although its deposition is not always even around the pulp chamber. It appears greater in amounts on the roof and floor of the coronal pulp chamber, where it protects the pulp from exposure in older teeth. The secondary dentin formed is not in response to any external stimuli, and it appears very much similar to the primary dentine. It is the growth of this dentin that causes a decrease in the size of the pulp chamber with age. This is clinically known as pulp recession; cavity preparation in young patients, therefore, carries a greater risk of exposing the pulp. If this occurs, the pulp can be treated by different therapies such as direct pulp capping. Previously it was thought that Pulp capping was most successful if followed by a stainless steel crown, however this procedure is most of the times unnecessary in children. it requires the unnecessary removal of enamel which is key to the life of the tooth. Adhesive dentistry allows for conservative restoration techniques that minimize the loss of tooth structure and should be used. In order to maintain space in the primary dentition, attempts are made not to extract a pulpal exposure.

Tertiary dentin (including reparative dentin and reactionary dentin) – pathologic
Tertiary dentin is dentin formed as a reaction to external stimulation such as cavities and wear. It is of two types, either reactionary, where dentin is formed from a pre-existing odontoblast, or reparative, where newly differentiated odontoblast-like cells are formed due to the death of the original odontoblasts, from a pulpal progenitor cell. Tertiary dentin is only formed by an odontoblast directly affected by a stimulus; therefore, the architecture and structure depend on the intensity and duration of the stimulus, e.g., if the stimulus is a carious lesion, there is extensive destruction of dentin and damage to the pulp, due to the differentiation of bacterial metabolites and toxins. Thus, tertiary dentin is deposited rapidly, with a sparse and irregular tubular pattern and some cellular inclusions; in this case, it is referred to as "osteodentin". Osteodentin is seen in Vit.A deficiency during development. However, if the stimulus is less active, it is laid down less rapidly with a more regular tubular pattern and hardly any cellular inclusions. The speed at which tertiary dentin forms also varies substantially among primate species.

Dentinal sclerosis
Dentinal sclerosis or transparent dentin sclerosis of primary dentin is a change in the structure of teeth characterized by calcification of dentinal tubules. It can occur as a result of injury to dentin by caries or abrasion, or as part of the normal aging process.

Animal dentin
Elephant ivory is solid dentin. The structure of the dentinal tubules contributes to both its porosity and its elasticity. Elephant tusks are formed with a thin cap of enamel, which soon wears away, leaving the dentin exposed. Exposed dentin in humans causes the symptom of sensitive teeth. Dentin is best known for its occurrence in teeth, but in early vertebrates, it was an important part of the dermal skeleton that covered most of the body,  and it persists today in a few taxa such as the coelacanth.

Because dentin is softer than enamel, it wears away more quickly than enamel. Some mammalian teeth exploit this phenomenon, especially herbivores such as horses, deer or elephants. In many herbivores, the occlusal (biting) surface of the tooth is composed of alternating areas of dentin and enamel. Differential wearing causes sharp ridges of enamel to be formed on the surface of the tooth (typically a molar), and to remain during the working life of the tooth. Herbivores grind their molars together as they chew (masticate), and the ridges help to shred tough plant material.

In xenathrans, enamel is generally absent, with the tooth instead consisting of alternating orthodentine and vasodentine.

A material similar to dentin forms the hard material that makes up dermal denticles in sharks and other cartilaginous fish.

title: Dentin


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Antoine Coypel

Antoine Coypel (11 April 1661 – 7 January 1722) was a French painter, pastellist, engraver, decorative designer and draughtsman. He became court painter first to Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, and later to King Louis XV. He became director of the Académie Royale. He was given the title of Garde des tableaux et dessins du roi (Keeper of the paintings and drawings of the king), a function which combined the role of director and curator of the king's art collection. He was raised to the nobility by the French king. He is known for his history paintings, biblical, mythological and allegorical works, portraits and genre scenes.

Life
Antoine Coypel was born in Paris as the son of the French painter Noël Coypel. He studied under his father, with whom he spent four years in Rome after his father had been appointed director of the French academy in 1672. In Rome he sketched the Antique monuments and artworks and studied the works of the Italian Renaissance and Baroque, in particular of Raphael, Carracci, Titian, Veronese and Correggio. He became acquainted with the contemporary artists Gianlorenzo Bernini and Carlo Maratta. Bernini became his mentor. He won a prize for drawing at the Accademia di San Luca, the association of artists in Rome.

Coypel completed his training at the Académie Royale in Paris. In 1689 he received an important commission for an altarpiece in the Notre-Dame de Paris. In 1681, at the age of 20 he was admitted (reçu) as a full member of the Académie royale with the submission of a work called Louis XIV repose dans le sein de la Gloire après la paix de Nimègue (Louis XIV rests in the bosom of Glory after the Peace of Nijmegen) (Musée Fabre). He worked on many of the French king's construction projects of that time including in Versailles, Trianon, Marly and Meudon. He was in 1685 appointed premier peintre of the Duke of Orléans (the French king's eldest brother who at the time was Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). The House of Orléans remained an important patron of the artist for many years. Between 1701 and 1706, he created one of his most brilliant works for the d'Orléans family, the vault of the Aeneas Gallery in the Palais-Royal (now disappeared). The work was completed a few years later by a cycle of seven additional paintings.

Coypel became professor and rector of the Academy in 1707 and director in 1714, and in 1716 was appointed king's painter. He was raised to the nobility the following year. He completed an extensive decoration of the ceiling of the Royal chapel at Versailles in 1708, in the manner of the Roman Baroque.

His half-brother Noël-Nicolas and his son Charles-Antoine Coypel (1694–1752) were also accomplished painters. The sculptor François Dumont was his brother-in-law.

Coypel died in 1722, at 61 years of age.

Paintings
Antoine Coypel's style was eclectic. He worked initially in the French classical tradition which he renewed with a colourful palette. He went through a period in which he was strongly influenced by Rubens as is clear in certain paintings, in particular his Democritus (1692, Louvre). Coypel's spirit of renewal is evident in the series of large paintings on Old Testament themes, which were very well received at the time: Susan accused of adultery (c. 1695, Museo del Prado) and The sacrifice of Jephta's daughter (c. 1695-1697 Musée Magnin). He was, with Jean Jouvenet, Charles de La Fosse and Louis de Boullogne, one of the best examples of the transition in French painting from the austere manner of the reign of Louis XIV to the lighter style of the 18th century.

Drawings
Coypel was one of the leading draughtsmen of his generation. About 500 of his drawings survive, many of them kept at the Louvre. They comprise figure studies and preparatory drawings for his paintings. He was particularly skilled in the use of coloured pencils and chalks.

title: Antoine Coypel


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Talk:Temperature/to do

Restructure according to the guidelines proposed in WikiProject Science, ie. with the following main sections:
 * Introduction : importance of temperature for life and humans; brief history of the understanding of temperature
 * Temperature in practice: (avoid theory here)
 * Types of temperature: perceived vs real, typical values, macroscopic vs microscopic, temperature of light, negative temperature
 * Units of measure
 * Temperature in the Universe: temperature changes since the big bang
 * Temperature in everyday life: common measuring devices; importance for life
 * Temperature in industry: importance in chemical processes; sample processes with very low or high temperature
 * Temperature in science: precise measuring devices; role in many scientific theories
 * Temperature theory: discuss thermodynamics, why temperature cannot go below 0...
 * Basic concepts
 * '''why temperature cannot go below zero under a basic definition
 * Advanced concepts
 * '''why temperature can go below zero under a more rigorous definition
 * History: explain how the concept of temperature evolved over time

title: Talk:Temperature/to do


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User:Rbk

Richard B. Kreckel likes to do some minor edits to the Wikipedia, when he finds the time.

title: User:Rbk


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Noël Coypel

Noël Coypel (25 December 1628 – 24 December 1707) was a French painter, and was also called Coypel le Poussin, because he was heavily influenced by Poussin.

Biography
His father, Guyon Coypel, was an unsuccessful artist, originally from Cherbourg. He began his studies in Orléans with an artist named Pierre Poncet, who had been a student of Simon Vouet. At the age of fourteen, he went to Paris. There, he found work in the studios of Noël Quillerier. His progress was rapid. In 1646, aged only eighteen, he was employed in preparing the decorations for the opera Orfeo by Luigi Rossi.

This attracted the attention of Charles Errard, who was responsible for the artwork at the Oratoire and the King's Bedroom at the Louvre, who engaged him to do some paintings. He would work exclusively on the orders of Louis XIV for almost twenty years, creating several paintings for the King's apartments and, following the King's marriage, the ceilings of the Queen's apartment. He also painted at the Tuileries and Fontainebleau.

In 1659, he married Madeleine Hérault (1641-1682), an art student. That same year, he presented himself at the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture but, due to the amount of work he was doing for the King, his official reception was postponed until early in 1663. Later that year, he displayed his reception piece, The Reprobation of Cain After the Death of Abel. He was named an assistant professor the following year, and became a full Professor a few months later.

He was appointed Director of the French Academy in Rome in 1672, succeeding his former mentor, Errard, who had served for the first six years of the Academy's existence. His son, Antoine, and his brother-in-law, the landscape painter Charles-Antoine Hérault, accompanied him. He held that office until 1675. During his administration, the Academy was finally established at the Palazzo Capranica. While there, he continued to produce paintings for the Royal Family and developed an enthusiasm for mythological themes. In 1673, he was admitted to the Académie de Saint-Luc.

Upon returning to Paris, he resumed his work for the King. In 1685, three years after his wife's death, he married Anne-Françoise Perrin (1665-1728), another young art student. They had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. A notable exception was their son, Noël-Nicolas Coypel, who also became a well-known painter.

The Marquis de Louvois and the Marquis de Villacerf engaged him to create some designs for the Gobelins Manufactory. In 1689, he was elected Deputy Rector for the Académie Royale. He was promoted to Rector in 1690, and to the Directorship in 1695, replacing the late Pierre Mignard. In 1702, he reassumed the position of Rector. Three years later, at the age of seventy-seven, he undertook a project to paint frescoes above the high altar at the Église des Invalides. This difficult work resulted in a long, serious illness that led to his death on Christmas Eve in 1707.

title: Noël Coypel


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Talk:Thermodynamics/to do

 * explain the history of thermodynamics and describe its notable contributors

 * I'm going to start working on this task. If anyone wants to help, feel free. --Wavesmikey 03:56, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thermodynamics/to do