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Jan Syrový

Jan Syrový (24 January 1888 – 17 October 1970) was a Czechoslovak general who was the prime minister of Czechoslovakia during the Munich Crisis.

Early life and military career
Jan Syrový studied building at a technical school. Following his graduation in 1906, he became a one-year volunteer in the Austro-Hungarian army. After that, he studied at a technical college in Russia. During World War I, he fought in the Czechoslovak Legions of the Russian Army and lost his right eye at the Battle of Zborov.

By the end of the war, he commanded the Legions and the anti-Bolshevik forces on the Trans-Siberian railway. A well-known veteran commander, he served as Chief of Staff of the Czechoslovak Army from 1926 to 1933 and as its general inspector from 1933 to 1938. He helped to prepare the Czechoslovak Air Force with the help of Jan Antonín Baťa and moved military personnel and materials away from Nazi Germany.

Munich Crisis
When Milan Hodža's government resigned on 23 September 1938, President Edvard Beneš appointed Syrový to head a national unity government. Syrový demurred at first by insisting that he was just a soldier, not a politician, and that he lacked the qualifications and the relevant experience for such an important post. Beneš told Syrový that the nation needed him and added that as a soldier, Syrový should consider it as not an offer but an order. With some reluctance, Syrový then accepted and took the defence portfolio as well.

As Prime Minister, he was forced to accept the terms of the Munich Agreement on 30 September. Announcing the acceptance of the agreement in a nationwide radio address, he stated that Czechoslovakia was not in a position to turn the agreement down because without British or French support, the country was outnumbered and any conflict would result in severe casualties. "We were abandoned", he said. "We stand alone".

After the resignation of Beneš on 5 October, Syrový assumed most presidential duties, in accord with the Czechoslovak Constitution until Emil Hácha was duly elected President on 30 November 1938.

He resigned the premiership on 1 December 1938 and remained as Minister of National Defence until 27 April 1939. He did not join the anti-German resistance since he was too well-known a figure for his involvement to be anything other than a liability. However, he arranged the transfer of substantial sums from a Legionary relief fund to assist the resistance and the people facing persecution.

Later life
On 14 May 1945, in the immediate aftermath of the war, Syrový was arrested and charged with collaboration although he had consciously steered clear of that as far as his office allowed. In a show trial of alleged collaborators in 1947, the National Court found him guilty, along with Rudolf Beran, and sentenced him to 20 years of imprisonment in severe conditions.

Released in 1960 by Antonín Novotný's amnesty, Syrový was left with no pension or any means of maintenance, and the communist regime barred him from employment. Eventually, he was allowed to work as a nightwatchman, guarding Luděk Marold's panorama of the Battle of Lipany. Not until late 1967 would the regime grant him a limited retirement pension.

Syrový was deeply wounded by the verdict of the National Court and remained so for the rest of his life. His own conscience was clear, and he never came to terms with the apparent injustice of the decision. He reviewed his trial in an interview for the Report Magazine in 1968 and stated that there were three critical pieces of evidence laid against him. The first was a snapshot of himself shaking hands with Adolf Hitler during a meeting that he was obliged to attend at the Prague Castle. Hitler had made a speech of reassurance as to Czechoslovakia's future under the 'protection' of the Reich and then held out his hand to Syrový, and the photographers immediately took a picture.

Another photograph provided the second piece of evidence, which was taken at a government banquet that showed Syrový sitting alongside Konrad Henlein. Syrový stated that the picture was taken out of context, to be used for Nazi propaganda.

The third piece of critical evidence was an arms contract with the Nazis. Syrový stated the weapons sold had been obsolete items from the First World War, which were no longer of any use to Czechoslovakia, and that the weapons had been sold to German private companies. He also stated that the decision to sell was made ultimately not by him alone but by the government as a whole. Syrový felt that if the Czechoslovak allies had offered their promised help, he would never have had to accept the Munich Agreement, but under the circumstances, the Czechoslovak Army had no chance of success on its own.

Syrový died on 17 October 1970.

Decorations
Awarded by Belgium:
 * BEL Kroonorde Grootofficier BAR.svg Order of the Crown, in the grade of: Grand Officer
 * BEL Croix de Guerre WW1 ribbon.svg Croix de Guerre 1914-18

Awarded by Czechoslovakia:
 * Czechoslovak War Cross 1918 (5x) Bar.png Czechoslovak War Cross 1918: with four linden branches
 * Ribbon Czechoslovak Order of the Hawk.png Order of the Falcon: with swords
 * TCH CS revolucni medaile BAR.svg Czechoslovak Revolutionary Medal 1914-18 with clasps: "Č.D.", "Zborov" and numbers "1", "2"
 * Ribbon Czechoslovak Victory Medal 1918.png Czechoslovak Medal of Victory 1918

Awarded by Estonia:
 * EST Order of the Cross of the Eagle 1st Class BAR.png Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, for the Protection of the Country: I. class

Awarded by France:
 * Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg Légion d'honneur, in the grade of: Grand Officier
 * Légion d'honneur, in the grade of: Commandeur
 * Légion d'honneur, in the grade of: Officier
 * Légion d'honneur, in the grade of: Chevalier [Knight]
 * Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg Croix de Guerre 1914-18: with palme

Awarded by Italy:
 * Grande ufficiale OCI Kingdom BAR.svg Order of the Italian Crown: II. class
 * Croce di guerra al merito BAR.svg War Merit Cross

Awarded by Japan:
 * Het lint van de Orde van de Schat Japan Order of the Sacred Treasure.jpg Order of the Sacred Treasure: II. class

Awarded by Yugoslavia:
 * Order of Saint Sava - Ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Sava: I. class
 * SRB Orden Belog Orla BAR.svg Order of the White Eagle: I. class
 * Order of the White Eagle: II. class
 * Order of the Karađorđe's Star with Swords rib.png Order of the Karađorđe's Star with Swords : II. class

Awarded by Lithuania:
 * Vytautas komandoro didysis kryzius Ribbon.jpg Order of Vytis Cross: Cross, II. class

Awarded by Latvia:
 * Lacplesis Military Order Ribbon.png Order of Lāčplēsis: II. class
 * LVA Order of the Three Stars - Commander BAR.png Order of the Three Stars: II. class

Awarded by Morocco:
 * MAR Order of the Ouissam Alaouite - Grand Cross (1913-1956) BAR.png Nischan el Quissam Alaouite: I. class

Awarded by Poland:
 * POL Polonia Restituta Komandorski ZG BAR.svg Order of Polonia Restituta: II. class

Awarded by Romania:
 * ROM Ordinul Steaua Republicii Populare Române clasa I BAR.svg Order of the Star of Romania: I. class
 * Romanian Kruunuritarikunnan suurupseeri.png Order of the Crown: II. class
 * Order of Faithful Service (Romania) - ribbon bar.gif Order of Loyal Service: I. class
 * Ribbon Crucea Comemorativă a Războiului 1916-1918.png Remembrance Cross 1916-19: with the clasp: "Siberia"

Awarded by Imperial Russia:
 * RUS Order św. Włodzimierza (baretka).svg Order of St. Vladimir: IV. class
 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne: IV. class
 * RUS Order św. Stanisława (baretka).svg Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov): III. class
 * RUS Order of Saint George 4th class ribbon 2000.svg Cross of St. George: IV. class

Awarded by Greece:
 * GRE Order of the Phoenix - Grand Cross BAR.png Order of the Phoenix: I. class
 * Greek Medal of Military merit ribbon.png Medal of Military Merit

Awarded by Tunisia:
 * Ordre du Nichan Iftikhar GC ribbon (Tunisia).svg Order of Nischan el Iftikchar: I. class

Awarded by Great Britain:
 * Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg Order of the Bath, in the grade of: Knight Commander [KCB]

title: Jan Syrový


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British Bechuanaland

British Bechuanaland was a short-lived Crown colony of the United Kingdom that existed in southern Africa from its formation on 30 September 1885 until its annexation to the neighbouring Cape Colony on 16 November 1895. British Bechuanaland had an area of 51424 sqmi and a population of 84,210. Today the region forms part of South Africa.

History
Bechuanaland meant "the country of the Tswana", and for administrative purposes was divided into two political entities by the Molopo River. The northern part was administered as the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and the southern part was administered as the Crown colony of British Bechuanaland.

In 1882, the Tswana country suffered two secessions by the Boer states of Stellaland and Goshen. For many months, starting in 1883, pressure was placed on the British Government to take action in Bechuanaland because of unrest in the area. On 29 October 1884, the British Government appointed Sir Charles Warren as Special Commissioner of Bechuanaland. On 13 November 1884, Parliament voted a sum of £675,000 (this is equivalent to over £32 million today) for military operations in Bechuanaland. Sir Charles Warren was authorised to recruit an irregular force of 1,500 in South Africa in addition to the regular troops that would be provided.

A force of 4,000 troops, under Sir Charles Warren, set off to recapture Stellaland and Goshen. On 7 February 1885 the force reached Vryburg, the principal town in Stellaland, then continued to the hamlet of Rooigrond, the administrative centre of Goshen. Just north of Rooigrond the town of Mafeking was laid out as an administrative centre. By 8 April 1885, Sir Charles Warren sent a dispatch to notify the British Government that he had occupied Bechuanaland and had entirely restored order. The two Boer republics had collapsed without any bloodshed.

On 30 September 1885, Stellaland, Goshen and other territories to the south of the Molopo and Nossob rivers (excluding Griqualand West) were constituted as the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland. In 1891, the South African Customs Union was extended to British Bechuanaland, and, in 1895, the colony was annexed to the Cape Colony and now forms part of South Africa, the area around Mafikeng.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: British Bechuanaland


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Árpád Szakasits

Árpád Szakasits (6 December 1888 – 3 May 1965) was a Hungarian Social Democrat, then Communist politician. He served as the country's head of state from 1948 to 1950, the first Communist to hold the post.

A longtime leader of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party, he supported its merger with the Hungarian Communist Party to form the Hungarian Working People's Party. When President Zoltán Tildy was forced to resign, Szakasits was named his successor on 3 August 1948 as part of the final stage of the Communists' complete takeover of the country.

After the adoption of a new Soviet-style Constitution in 1949, the presidency was replaced with a Presidential Council, and Szakasits became its chairman on 23 August 1949, serving until 26 April 1950.

In 1950, as acting chairman, he was arrested on trumped-up charges of war crimes, espionage, and conspiracy to overthrow the democratic order, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was released in March 1956. He was also rehabilitated in the spirit of de-Stalinisation. After the Hungarian Revolution, he took part in the consolidation of the Communist regime, and from 1958 he became president of the National Association of Hungarian Journalists and again a member of parliament. He was elected President of the National Peace Council in 1960 and was also President of the World Federation of Hungarians from 1959 to 1963.

Until his death he was a member of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP).

Szakasits was an Esperantist for over 40 years, attended Esperanto congresses, and was a member of the International Patron Committee for the World Esperanto Congress in 1959.

Personal life
Szakasits was married to Emma Grosz (1888–1954). They had together a son, György (1916–1985) and a daughter, Klára (1918–2001). After the death of his first wife, he remarried. His second wife was Maria Theresia Schneider. This marriage was childless.

His daughter Klára was the grandmother of Hungarian politician, András Schiffer, the founder and onetime leader of the Politics Can Be Different political party.

title: Árpád Szakasits


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User talk:Ezra Wax/Jewish news

??? 11:01, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Israel News vs. Jewish News
I notice that all the news mentioned in this JewishNews template is Israel related. Surely we can find news articles that are related to happenings in Judaism and a separate IsraelNews template or including 1 or 2 Israel related articles. Jewbacca 21:10, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I was wondering... It seems to be just for userpages, and a rather interesting idea: people can sort use templates to interactively build community cohesion online. Id like to see more of these related to Wikipedia community; newsfeeds about whats going on on meta, quote, source, etc... These might either be a bane or a boon for the goals of the encyclopedia, depending on the people they attract as being interested in encyclopedism or diatribalism. -SV 21:21, 2004 Jul 22 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ezra Wax/Jewish news


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Dickinson High School (Dickinson, North Dakota)

Dickinson High School is a public high school located in Dickinson, North Dakota. It currently serves about 1,060 students and is a part of the Dickinson Public Schools system. The official school colors are orange and black and the athletic teams are known as the Midgets.

DHS educates an average of 1,000 students in grades nine through twelve each year, and employs 60 certified teachers and 35 classified staff members. DHS offers 328 different courses in a variety of subjects, as well as Advanced Placement courses and college dual-credit courses.

History
In 1909 the community built Central High School, a two-story structure of 12 classrooms. The first floor contained the library and assembly hall, and the basement served as the gym. Central High possessed the latest in technological marvels when electric lights were installed in 1910. The school stood on the southwest corner of the school block where P.S. Berg Elementary stands today.

By the mid-1930s Dickinson's schools suffered from overcrowding. The school board felt it was time to build a new high school, but, despite information presented to the public, the city voted against the $100,000 bond issue necessary for construction. However, the school board applied for assistance from the Public Works Administration to build the high school and adjoining athletic field. Additions were made to this new Central High School in 1950. Central High School became increasingly more crowded and as the Model High at Dickinson State College closed in 1963, the need for a new high school was evident. The State Department of Vocational Education agreed to help with construction.

In March 1966, voters approved the $1,525,000 bond issue for construction. The new high school, Dickinson High School, was designated as one of the two area vocational high schools in North Dakota. Several outbuildings and a new auditorium were added over the years.

The 1981–1982 school year saw the largest student enrollment in the district's history, with 1,041 students in the high school. The former Central High became A.L. Hagen Junior High in 1968, when the new Dickinson High School was built on Empire Road north of town.

In 1994, Dickinson adopted the block scheduling system, in which students attend only four courses a day, each 90 minutes long, enabling them to earn more class credits than in other schools (which traditionally mandate seven courses per day). They have recently added the "opportunity period," which allows a 30-minute period for lunch. In this time the students can work on homework, tests, or whatever the teacher assigns. This takes place three days a week and freshmen are required to attend. If the other classes do not need the extra help, they get an extended lunch.

Championships

 * State Class 'A' speech: 2016
 * State Class 'AAA' football: 1997
 * State Class 'A' volleyball: 2005, 2006
 * State Class 'A' boys basketball: 2003, 2007
 * State Class 'A' baseball: 2001, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2016
 * State Class 'A' boys' track and field: 1941, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1981, 1982, 1989, 1990, 1997, 1998, 1999
 * State Class 'A' girls' track and field: 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1990
 * State Class 'A' boys' cross country: 1986, 2000
 * State Class 'A' girls' cross country: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
 * State gymnastics: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1987, 1988, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
 * State Class 'A' dance team
 * Jazz: 2009
 * Hip Hop: 2009
 * State Science Bowl: 2008, 2009
 * State Class ‘A’ Girls Softball: 2021, 2023

Mascot controversy
There has been controversy surrounding Dickinson's mascot, the Midget. In the mid-1990s the school became concerned that their 80-year-old mascot was not politically correct and communicated that they were considering a change. In 1996, the school board voted to change the mascot. Residents of Dickinson were angry at the decision and recalled at least three of the board members. A South Dakota school changed its nickname from "Midget" to Mustangs" by request of the Little People of America, but Dickinson refused a change. In 2010, the school board's president, Dean Rummel, brought up the issue again, but the board decided not to address it. In 2019, the Little People of America came to Dickinson to request again that the school consider changing the mascot. The school board directed the school district administration to collect feedback from the community about the change. A resulting survey found that 35% of the community supported the change, while 65% opposed it., the name has not been changed, with no plans to change it and the mascot still visible on the school website. According to the Little People of America, as of July 2021, Dickinson was one of five schools in the United States still using a midget mascot.

Notable alumni and staff

 * Clay S. Jenkinson (born 1955), American humanities scholar, author, and educator
 * Mitch Malloy (born 1961), singer, songwriter, and producer mix and mastering engineer
 * Kelly Armstrong (born 1976), U.S. Representative for North Dakota's at-large congressional district


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Henrietta Szold

Henrietta Szold (, ; December 21, 1860 – February 13, 1945) was an American-born Jewish Zionist leader and founder of Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America. In 1942, she co-founded Ihud, a political party in Mandatory Palestine dedicated to a binational solution.

Biography
Henrietta Szold was born in Baltimore, Maryland, December 21, 1860. She was the daughter of Rabbi Benjamin Szold of Hungarian birth, who was the spiritual leader of Baltimore's Temple Oheb Shalom. She was the eldest of eight daughters, and her younger sister Adele Szold-Seltzer was the translator of the first American edition of Maya the Bee.

In 1877, Henrietta Szold graduated from Western High School. For fifteen years she taught at Miss Adam's School and Oheb Shalom religious school, and gave Bible and history courses for adults. Highly educated in Jewish studies, she edited Professor Marcus Jastrow's Talmudic Dictionary. To further her own education, she attended public lectures at Johns Hopkins University and the Peabody Institute.

In 1902, Szold took classes in advanced Jewish studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. However, its rabbinic school was restricted to males. Szold begged the school's president, Solomon Schechter, to allow her to study; he did only with the provision that she not seek ordination. Szold did well at the seminary, earning the respect from other students and faculty alike.

Szold never married and never had children of her own. While she was in her forties, she had an unrequited relationship with Talmudic scholar Rabbi Louis Ginzberg. He was fifteen years her junior, and he returned her feelings only platonically. After their relationship ended, she expressed her sadness: "Today it is four weeks since my only real happiness was killed." Years afterward, she said: "I would exchange everything for one child of my own."

Szold was the oldest of eight daughters and had no brothers. In Orthodox Judaism, it was not the norm for women to recite the Mourners' Kaddish. In 1916, Szold's mother died, and a friend, Hayim Peretz, offered to say Kaddish for her. In a letter, she thanked Peretz for his concern but said she would do it herself.

"'I know well, and appreciate what you say about the Jewish custom; and Jewish custom is very dear and sacred to me. And yet I cannot ask you to say Kaddish after my mother. The Kaddish means to me that the survivor publicly and markedly manifests his wish and intention to assume the relation to the Jewish community, which his parent had, and that so the chain of tradition remains unbroken from generation to generation, each adding its own link. You can do that for the generations of your family, I must do that for the generations of my family.'"

Szold's answer to Peretz is cited by "Women and the Mourners' Kaddish," a responsum written by Conservative Rabbi David Golinkin. This responsum, adopted unanimously by Conservative Judaism's Va'ad Halakhah (Law Committee) of the Rabbinical Assembly of Israel, permits women to recite the Mourners' Kaddish in public when a minyan is present. Szold was religiously traditional, but advocated a larger role for women in Rabbinic Judaism.

Pedagogic career and Zionist activism
Szold established the first American night school to provide English language instruction and vocational skills for Russian Jewish immigrants in Baltimore. Beginning in 1893, she worked as the first editor for the Jewish Publication Society, a position she retained for over 23 years. "The sole woman at the JPS, Szold's duties included the translation of a dozen works, writing articles of her own, editing the books, and overseeing the publication schedule.

In 1896, one month before Theodor Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), Szold described her vision of a Jewish state in Palestine as a place to ingather Diaspora Jewry and revive Jewish culture. In 1898, the Federation of American Zionists elected Szold as the only female member of its executive committee. During World War I, she was the only woman on the Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs.

In 1899, she took on the lion's share of producing the first American Jewish Year Book, of which she was sole editor from 1904 to 1908. She also collaborated in the compilation of the Jewish Encyclopedia.

Health, education and welfare
Her commitment to Zionism was heightened by a trip to Palestine in 1909, at age 49. Here, she discovered her life's mission: the health, education and welfare of the Yishuv (pre-state Jewish community of Palestine). Szold joined six other women to found Hadassah, which recruited American Jewish women to upgrade health care in Palestine. Hadassah's first project was the inauguration of an American-style visiting nurse program in Jerusalem. Hadassah funded hospitals, a medical school, dental facilities, x-ray clinics, infant welfare stations, soup kitchens and other services for Palestine's Jewish and Arab inhabitants. Szold persuaded her colleagues that practical programs open to all were critical to Jewish survival in the Holy Land. She founded Hadassah in 1912 and served as its president until 1926. In 1933, she immigrated to Palestine and helped run Youth Aliyah, an organization that rescued 30,000 Jewish children from Nazi Europe. In October 1934, Szold laid the cornerstone of the new Rothschild-Hadassah-University Hospital on Mount Scopus.

Political activism
In the 1920s and 1930s, she supported Brit Shalom, a small organization dedicated to Arab-Jewish unity and a binational solution. In 1942, she was one of the co-founders of the Ihud party.

Death and burial
On February 13, 1945, at age 84, Henrietta Szold died in the same Hadassah Hospital she helped to build in Jerusalem. She was buried in the Jewish Cemetery on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. From 1948 to 1967, the Mount of Olives was cut off from the rest of Jerusalem by the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and the 1949 Armistice Agreements.

After Israel regained the region in the Six-Day War, Kalman Mann, then-director general of Hadassah Medical Center, went with a group of rabbis to the cemetery to assess the condition of Szold's grave. They found that it had been paved over by a road built by the Jordanians, who had also vandalized many grave markers.

They were able to locate Szold's burial site using a cemetery chart and "counting the indentations in the ground". The grave was later rebuilt and remarked with a new stone marker in an official ceremony.

Awards and recognition
Kibbutz Kfar Szold, in Upper Galilee is named after her. The Palmach, in recognition of her commitment to "Aliyat Hanoar" Youth Aliyah, named the illegal immigration (Ha'apalah) ship "Henrietta Szold" after her. The ship, carrying immigrants from the Kiffisia orphanage in Athens, sailed from Piraeus on July 30, 1946, with 536 immigrants on board, and arrived on August 12, 1946. The passengers resisted capture, but were transferred to transport for Cyprus.

In 1949, Hadassah inaugurated the Henrietta Szold Prize, which was awarded that year to Eleanor Roosevelt.

The Henrietta Szold Institute, National Institute for Research in the Behavioral Sciences, located in Jerusalem, is named after her. The institute is Israel's foremost planner of behavioral science intervention and training programs.

Public School 134 on Manhattan's Lower East Side in New York City is also named after her.

In Israel, Mother's Day is celebrated on the day that Szold died, on the 30th of Shevat.

In the northwest corner of Szold's home city of Baltimore, Szold Drive, a short street in a residential neighborhood with homes built in the 1950s, is named after her as well. The northernmost part of the street is in Baltimore County.

In New York City, Szold Place, formerly Dry Dock Street runs from East 10th Street to East 12th Street in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan.

In 2007, Szold was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York.

title: Henrietta Szold


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Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni

Operation Sanctuary, known in Japan as Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni (月は東に日は西に) or Hani Hani (はにはに) for short, is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by August. It was released on July 20, 2003, for Windows using the NScripter engine. The Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 versions were released by Alchemist in 2004. An anime adaptation was broadcast in Japan in 2004, and originally ran from June 30, to September 22.The title references a haiku by Yosa Buson: "Nanohana ya tsuki wa higashi ni hi wa nishi ni."

ASCII Media Works published a manga adaptation for on January 27, 2005, serialized in Dengeki G's Magazine. Multiple light novels based on the game have also been published. Geneon Universal has produced several drama CDs.

Plot
Naoki Kazumi is a boy whose parents died in an accident five years ago, and his memory went along with it. Since he had nowhere else to go, he lives with his cousin Matsuri Shibugaki and her parents. Every morning before school, he is awakened by his childhood friend, Honami Fujieda, who keeps telling him that he is not a child anymore, but still comes to wake him up. These usual, ordinary days seem to stretch on forever, until one day up on the school's rooftop, while Naoki is taking a peaceful nap, out of nowhere, a girl falls out of the sky. This girl, called Mikoto Amagasaki, comes from 100 years in the future, and she went back in time with the intention of finding her brother. When Mikoto sees Naoki, she mistakes him for her brother.

Main

 * Naoki Kuzumi
 * The protagonist. He lost his parents and memory in an accident five years ago. He has living with his cousin Matsuri and her parents since the accident.
 * The protagonist. He lost his parents and memory in an accident five years ago. He has living with his cousin Matsuri and her parents since the accident.

 * Mikoto Amagasaki
 * A girl who falls from the sky. Naoki thinks that her appearance in that manner was a day dream. Mikoto is from 100 years in the future and went back in time searching for her brother.
 * A girl who falls from the sky. Naoki thinks that her appearance in that manner was a day dream. Mikoto is from 100 years in the future and went back in time searching for her brother.

 * Honami Fujieda
 * Naoki's childhood friend. She has taken care of him since before the loss of his parents and memory.
 * Naoki's childhood friend. She has taken care of him since before the loss of his parents and memory.

 * Matsuri Shibugaki
 * Naoki's cousin. She is quite close to Chihiro.
 * Naoki's cousin. She is quite close to Chihiro.

 * Chihiro Tachibana
 * Matsuri's best friend and classmate. She is the lone member of the garden club.
 * Matsuri's best friend and classmate. She is the lone member of the garden club.

 * Yui Nonohara
 * Naoki's homeroom teacher. The students love her in part because she is so short. Yui, like Mikoto, is from the future.
 * Naoki's homeroom teacher. The students love her in part because she is so short. Yui, like Mikoto, is from the future.

 * Kyouko Nishina
 * The school nurse. She is Yui's best friend and also comes from the future.
 * The school nurse. She is Yui's best friend and also comes from the future.

Supporting

 * Fumio Akiyama
 * Naoki's class representative. She is also a superintendent of the student dormitory.
 * Naoki's class representative. She is also a superintendent of the student dormitory.

 * Yusuke Amagasaki
 * Mikoto's brother who went back in time and happens to look much like Naoki.

 * Koji Hirose
 * Naoki's best friend. He plans to reform the astronomy club that Naoki belongs to.
 * Naoki's best friend. He plans to reform the astronomy club that Naoki belongs to.

 * Yuka Hirose
 * Koji's younger sister.

 * Genzou Shibugaki
 * Matsuri's father. He works at a trading company and is very busy. Naoki calls him "Oyaji (Dad)".

 * Eri Shibugaki
 * Matsuri's mother. She works at the same company as her husband and is likewise very busy. Naoki calls her "Eri-san".

 * Jun'ichi Fukano
 * Mathematics teacher. He is strict with his students but truly cares for their well-being.

 * Rei Usami
 * Chief director of the school. The students rarely see her. She is also from the future.

Printed media
A manga for Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni, illustrated by Takeda Mika, began serialization in Dengeki G's Magazine on January 27, 2005. The manga was published by ASCII Media Works, and Dengeki Comics. Only one volume was published. An anthology comic consisting of four panel comic strips, has also been publicized, published under and issued by Majiku Comics (Enterbrain) on January 29, 2004. A novel series for Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni was written by Okada Runa and published by Harvest. The first volume was published on March 25, 2004, and volume two and three were published on April 25, 2004, and May 25, 2004. A light novel called Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni: Tōhonseisō School Life was published by Gakken on December 25, 2004, and written by Kano Kiichi. The light novel contains a short stories collection featuring the heroines. It was serialized in the Megami Magazine.

Drama CDs
Several drama CDs based on the game have been produced by Geneon Universal. Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni's first drama CD was released on February 25, 2004. A second drama CD was released on April 23, 2004, entitled Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni - Groovin' White Vacation. The first volume of another drama CD was released on October 22, 2004, the second volume was later released on November 25, 2004. The third volume was released on December 22, in the same year.

Anime
An anime adaptation was produced by Radix Ace Entertainment, and directed by Mitsuhiro Tōgō and Shousei Jinno. The anime was based on Honami scenario of PC version, and contained twelve episodes and a special episode which mainly aired on Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations between June and September 2004. Four DVDs were released between October 22 and December 12, 2004, and additional four episodes based on Mikoto scenario were contained in volume four.

Game

 * Character design: Bekkanko
 * Scenario: Taku Sakakibara, Hiroyuki Uchida, Hideaki Anzai
 * Music: LOOPCUBE
 * Opening: divergent flow
 * Lyrics: H/de.
 * Music: Hiroki
 * Vocal: Mayu
 * Ending: Asu no Omoide (Memories of Tomorrow)
 * Lyrics: H/de.
 * Music: Hiroki
 * Vocal: Mayu

Anime

 * General director: Mitsuhiro Tōgō
 * Director: Shouji Jinno
 * Character design: Norikatsu Nakano
 * General key animation director: Norikatsu Nakano
 * Art director: Shinji Katahira
 * Scenario: Kazuharu Satō, Tsutomu Kaneko
 * Music: Akifumi Tada
 * Opening: amulet
 * Lyrics: a.k.a.dRESS
 * Music: a.k.a.dRESS
 * Vocal: Mayumi Iizuka
 * Animation production: Radix

title: Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni


text:
Hellfire Club (album)

Hellfire Club, released on 15 March 2004, is the sixth album by German power metal band Edguy. The music of the band is supported by a German orchestra, the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg. It is the band's first album released via Nuclear Blast.

Track listing
All lyrics by Tobias Sammet. All music by Sammet except where noted.

 * 1) "Mysteria" (Sammet, Jens Ludwig) – 5:44
 * 2) "The Piper Never Dies" – 10:05
 * 3) "We Don't Need a Hero" – 5:30
 * 4) "Down to the Devil" – 5:27
 * 5) "King of Fools" – 4:21
 * 6) "Forever" – 5:40
 * 7) "Under the Moon" (Sammet, Ludwig) – 5:04
 * 8) "Lavatory Love Machine" – 4:25
 * 9) "Rise of the Morning Glory" – 4:39
 * 10) "Lucifer in Love" – 0:32
 * 11) "Navigator" (Sammet, Ludwig) – 5:22
 * 12) "The Spirit Will Remain" – 4:12
 * 13) "Children of Steel" – 4:03 (bonus track - 2004 version)
 * 14) "Mysteria" (Sammet, Ludwig) – 5:32 (bonus track featuring Mille Petrozza of Kreator)
 * 15) "Heavenward" (Sammet, Ludwig) - 5:17 ('Navigator' demo version)

Hong Kong bonus disc
A special bonus disc containing 13 additional tracks was also released with the album in Hong Kong. Among its tracks are all the tracks from the King of Fools EP (other than "King of Fools" itself, which is on disc 1), the 3 bonus tracks mentioned above, an alternative version of "Falling Down" and 5 live tracks, including one by Tobias Sammet's side project Avantasia: "Inside".

 * 1) "New Age Messiah" (as featured on the King of Fools EP) – 6:00
 * 2) "Children of Steel" (as above) – 4:04
 * 3) "Mysteria" (featuring Mille Petrozza) (as above) – 5:32
 * 4) "The Savage Union" (as featured on the King of Fools EP) – 4:15
 * 5) "Falling Down" (alternative version) – 4:37
 * 6) "Holy Water" (as featured on the King of Fools EP) – 4:17
 * 7) "Introduction" (live) – 1:01
 * 8) "Tears of a Mandrake" (live) – 7:55
 * 9) "Painting on the Wall" (live) – 4:39
 * 10) "Inside" (live) – 4:17
 * 11) "Fairytale" (live) – 6:22
 * 12) "Life and Times of a Bonus Track" (as featured on the King of Fools EP) – 3:23
 * 13) "Heavenward" (Navigator Demo Version) - 5:16

Personnel

 * Band members
 * Tobias Sammet - lead and backing vocals, keyboards
 * Jens Ludwig - guitar, backing vocals
 * Dirk Sauer - guitar, backing vocals
 * Tobias 'Eggi' Exxel - bass, backing vocals
 * Felix Bohnke - drums

 * Additional musicians
 * Mille Petrozza - co-lead vocals on track 14
 * Michael Rodenberg - keyboards, orchestral arrangements
 * Amanda Somerville, Oliver Hartmann, Ralf Zdiarstek, Thomas Rettke, Daniel Schmitt - backing vocals
 * The Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg conducted by Matthias Suschke

 * Production
 * Norman Mieritz, Sascha Paeth - engineers
 * Michael Schubert - orchestra recordings
 * Mikko Karmila - mixing
 * Mika Jussila - mastering at Finnvox Studios, Helsinki

title: Hellfire Club (album)


text:
Talk:Dickinson High School (Dickinson, North Dakota)

Untitled
This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/Dickinson High School. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 15:21, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Fine school
DHS gave me so much in 1964, that I just had to picture it in Wikipedia. I hope, that some one else can and will correct me and add the relevant data to this fine school. Please feel free to delete text/picture. --Hansjorn 11:04, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hans, thank you for your contribution. You left the article from the point of view as someone celebrating his 1964 reunion.  Can you please help refactor this into something a bit more... modern and useful?  Best regards.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 02:08, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Questions

 * 1) When did DHS first open?
 * 2) What year did DHS move north of town?
 * 3) What year did the middle school open on the former DHS grounds?

 * Thanks to Dickinson Public Library and Cheryl Tollefson for providing facts of the histori of DHS since 1909. --Hansjorn 07:33, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:International liberal organizations


text:
List of United Kingdom by-elections (1979–2010)

There were 131 parliamentary by-elections in the United Kingdom between the 1979 and 2010 general elections. In the list below, the names of the incumbent and victor and their respective parties are given. Where seats changed political party at the election, the result is highlighted: blue for a Conservative gain, red for a Labour gain, yellow for an SNP gain, orange for a Liberal, Social Democratic Party or Liberal Democrat gain and other colours for other gains.

Resignations
Where the cause of by-election is given as "resignation" or "seeks re-election", this indicates that the incumbent was appointed on his or her own request to an "office of profit under the Crown", either the Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds or the Steward of the Manor of Northstead. Accepting an office of profit under the Crown vacates the member's seat. This process is used because members of the House of Commons are not technically permitted to resign. A member who resigns in this manner may stand for re-election.

2005–2010 Parliament
There were 14 by-elections in the 2005–2010 Parliament. Eight were in seats held by the governing Labour party, three by the Conservatives, one by the Liberal Democrats, one by an independent and one by the speaker. Eight by-elections were won by the incumbent party, including in Haltemprice and Howden where Conservative David Davis resigned to recontest his seat. Meanwhile, Blaenau Gwent was won by a second independent candidate. Labour lost four seats; two to the Conservatives, one to the Liberal Democrats and one to the SNP. The speaker's seat was regained by Labour, the party speaker Michael Martin represented before he took up the position in a previous constituency. Eight by-elections were a result of the death of the incumbent MP - five Labour MPs died, along with one Liberal Democrat, one Conservative and independent MP Peter Law.

At the dissolution of Parliament in 2010 there were three vacancies: North West Leicestershire and Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland, caused by the death of their respective Labour members David Taylor and Ashok Kumar; and Strangford caused by the resignation of the DUP's Iris Robinson. With the close proximity of the 2010 general election, by-elections were not held in these seats. Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland and Strangford were held by Tom Blenkinsop and Jim Shannon respectively, but North West Leicestershire was won by Conservative Andrew Bridgen.

2001–2005 Parliament
There were six by-elections in the 2001–2005 Parliament. Each were in seats held by the governing Labour party, four of which were held and two won by the Liberal Democrats. Four by-elections were a result of the death of the incumbent MP.

1997–2001 Parliament
There were 17 by-elections in the 1997–2001 Parliament. Eight were in seats held by the governing Labour party, five by the Conservatives, one by the Liberal Democrats, one by Plaid Cymru, one by the Ulster Unionist Party and one by the speaker. 14 by-elections were won by the incumbent party. The Conservatives lost one seat to the Liberal Democrats, and the Democratic Unionist Party gained South Antrim from the Ulster Unionists. The speaker's seat was regained by Labour, the party speaker Betty Boothroyd represented before she took up the position. Ten by-elections were a result of the death of the incumbent MP; six were Labour, three Conservative and one was the Ulster Unionist MP Clifford Forsythe.

1992–1997 Parliament
There were 18 by-elections in the 1992–1997 Parliament. Eight were in seats held by the governing Conservative party, nine by Labour and one by the Ulster Popular Unionist Party. Nine by-elections were won by the incumbent party, all of which happened to be Labour. The Conservatives lost all eight seats in the by-elections - four to the Liberal Democrats, three to Labour and one to the SNP. The UK Unionist Party gained North Down from the Ulster Popular Unionists. 16 by-elections were a result of the death of the incumbent MP - eight Conservatives died, along with seven Labour MPs and the Ulster Popular Unionist MP Sir James Kilfedder.

At the dissolution of Parliament in 1997 there were two vacancies: Meriden, caused by the death of its Conservative member Iain Mills, and Don Valley, caused by the death of its Labour member Martin Redmond. With the close proximity of the 1997 general election, by-elections were not held in these seats. They were held by Caroline Spelman and Caroline Flint respectively.

1987–1992 Parliament
There were 24 by-elections in the 1987–1992 Parliament. Ten were in seats held by the governing Conservative party, 13 by Labour and one by the Ulster Unionist Party. 16 by-elections were won by the incumbent party. Labour lost one seat to the SNP, and the Conservatives lost seven seats; four to Labour and three to the Liberal Democrats. 20 by-elections were a result of the death of the incumbent MP - 11 Labour MPs died, along with eight Conservatives and Ulster Unionist Harold McCusker.

1983–1987 Parliament
There were 31 by-elections in the 1983–1987 Parliament. Nine were in seats held by the governing Conservative party, six by Labour and one by the Liberals. The remaining 15 were in Northern Ireland, involving the province's own political parties. 25 by-elections were won by the incumbent party, including all in Northern Ireland except one. The Conservatives lost five seats; one to Labour, two to the Liberals, and two to the Social Democrats. The Ulster Unionists lost one seat to the Social Democratic and Labour Party. 11 by-elections were the result of the death of the incumbent MP; seven were Conservatives, three Labour and one Liberal.

1979–1983 Parliament
There were 20 by-elections in the 1979–1983 Parliament. Seven were in seats held by the governing Conservative party, ten by Labour, one by the Ulster Unionists and two (in the same seat) by Irish republican parties, who do not take up their seats in the House of Commons. 13 by-elections were won by the incumbent party. The Conservatives lost four seats: one to Labour, one to the Liberals and two to the Social Democrats, and Labour lost two seats: one to the Liberals and one to the Conservatives. Meanwhile, the seat of Fermanagh and South Tyrone was won from the Independent Republican Party by Anti H-Block, a branch of Sinn Féin. 15 by-elections were a result of the death of the incumbent MP; six were Conservatives, six Labour, and the others were the Ulster Unionist Robert Bradford, the Independent Republican Frank Maguire and the Anti H-Block member Bobby Sands (who was in prison).


text:
First Growth

First Growth (Premier Cru) status is a classification of wines primarily from the Bordeaux region of France.

The wines considered “best of the best” are assigned the rank of Premier Cru, with only five wines, Château Lafite Rothschild, Château Margaux, Château Haut-Brion, Château Latour, and Château Mouton Rothschild rated “First Growth”.

Bordeaux reds
The need for a classification of the best Bordeaux wines arose from the 1855 Exposition Universelle de Paris. The result was the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, a list of the top ranked wines, named the Grand Crus Classés (Great Classified Growths). With several thousand Chateaux producing their wines in Bordeaux, to be classified was to carry a mark of high prestige.

Within the Grand Cru Classé list, wines were further ranked and placed in one of five divisions. The best of the best wines were assigned the highest rank of Premier Cru; only four wines, Château Latour, Château Lafite Rothschild, Château Margaux and Château Haut-Brion were deemed worthy. Of all the 61 great classified wines, all but one came from the Médoc region. The exception was the premier cru Château Haut-Brion, produced in Graves.

The 1855 list remained unchanged for over a hundred years until finally Mouton Rothschild was promoted to Premier Cru status in 1973, after decades of relentless lobbying by its powerful owner, Baron Philippe de Rothschild. Of lesser importance, in 1988 the premier cru Château Haut-Brion was changed in appellation from Graves to Pessac-Leognan to represent apparent changes in soil structure caused by the urbanisation of areas surrounding Bordeaux.

Bordeaux sweet wines
Also in 1855, 21 of the best sweet wines from Bordeaux were classified as Grand Crus Classés in a separate list. In the original classification, nine wines (primarily from the Sauternes and Barsac regions) were classed as Premier Cru, while 11 were assigned the lower (though still prestigious) rank of Deuxième Cru (Second Growth). One wine (Château d'Yquem) was considered so great it was granted a special Premier Cru Supérieur classification.

Other classification schemes in Bordeaux
With the exception of Château Haut-Brion from Graves, the 1855 Classification did not include producers in the regions of Graves, Saint-Émilion and Pomerol. For details on their own classification schemes, see their sections below.

Other classification schemes in France
Burgundy maintains its own classification scheme based on specific appellations. Although the terminology used is similar, the classification hierarchy is different and also attaches to the vineyards themselves. The most-highly rated vineyards are graded as Grand Cru, while those at the next level are classified as Premier Cru.

Premier Grand Cru

 * Château Lafite Rothschild Médoc (Pauillac)
 * Château Margaux Médoc (Margaux)
 * Château Latour Médoc (Pauillac)
 * Château Haut-Brion Graves (Pessac-Leognan)
 * Château Mouton-Rothschild Médoc (Pauillac)

Premier Cru Supérieur

 * Château d'Yquem (Sauternes)

Premier Cru

 * Château La Tour Blanche, Bommes (Sauternes)
 * Château Lafaurie-Peyraguey, Bommes (Sauternes)
 * Château Clos Haut-Peyraguey, Bommes (Sauternes)
 * Château de Rayne-Vigneau, Bommes (Sauternes)
 * Château Suduiraut, Preignac (Sauternes)
 * Château Coutet, Barsac
 * Château Climens, Barsac
 * Château Guiraud, Sauternes
 * Château Rieussec, Fargues (Sauternes)
 * Château Rabaud-Promis, Bommes (Sauternes)
 * Château Sigalas-Rabaud, Bommes (Sauternes)

The communes of Bommes, Fargues and Preignac were once separate communes but now fall into the single commune of Sauternes.

The Graves classification
After the Second World War the omission of wines of Graves from the official classification was having a negative effect on the price and desirability of wines from the region. To improve marketing the region announced in 1953 its own classification of red wines and one white wine, with more white wines added in 1959. Sixteen wines were given special classification.
 * Château Bouscaut (red & white)
 * Château Carbonnieux (red & white)
 * Château Couhins (white)
 * Château Couhins-Lurton (white)
 * Domaine de Chevalier (red & white)
 * Château de Fieuzal (red)
 * Château Haut-Bailly (red)
 * Château Haut-Brion (red)
 * Château La Mission Haut-Brion (red)
 * Château La Tour Haut-Brion (red)
 * Château Latour-Martillac (red & white)
 * Château Laville Haut-Brion (white)
 * Château Malartic-Lagravière (red & white)
 * Château Olivier (red & white)
 * Château Pape Clément (red)
 * Château Smith Haut Lafitte (red)

The Saint-Émilion classification
Missing from the 1855 list, the Bordeaux region of Saint-Émilion offered its own classification in 1955 to improve market demand and prices. The Classification of Saint-Émilion wine differs from the 1855 list in that it is updated approximately every ten years based on new assessments of quality. For each new release of the classification, wines may be promoted or demoted within the list. A wine may even be removed entirely, while other unclassified wines may be added. In 2006, for example, eleven wines were removed from the list, six new wines added, and two existing wines promoted to a higher division.

The Saint-Émilion Classification currently labels 15 wines as First Growths. These Premiers Grands Crus Classés, subdivided into two further classes : A (2 wines) and B (13 wines). A further 64 wines are currently classified as Grands Crus Classés.

Premiers Grands Crus Classés A

 * Château Figeac
 * Château Pavie

Premiers Grands Crus Classés B

 * Château Beauséjour (Duffau-Lagarrosse)
 * Château Beau-Séjour Bécot
 * Château Bélair-Monange
 * Château Canon
 * Château Canon-la-Gaffelière
 * Château Figeac
 * Clos Fourtet
 * Château Larcis Ducasse
 * Château La Gaffelière
 * Château Magdelaine
 * Château Pavie-Macquin
 * Château Troplong Mondot
 * Château Trottevieille

Former Premier Crus Classés

 * Château Angélus
 * Château Ausone
 * Château Cheval Blanc

Pomerol
Pomerol has refused to create any sort of classification scheme but it has produced red wines that are among the most expensive in the world, such as Petrus.

title: First Growth


text:
Talk:Negligible set

It doesn't appear that there is an actual mathematical definition of "negligible" on this page, just examples of its usage in the literature and definitions in those specific cases. If there isn't a common definition, it might be more clear to change the wording to say that sets are defined to be negligible iff such-and-such condition holds in that setting.

Dzackgarza (talk) 20:05, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

I don't think the last sentence of the following is correct:

 * Let X be a measurable space equipped with a measure m, and let a subset of X be negligible if it is m-null. Then the negligible sets form a sigma-ideal. The preceding example is a special case of this using counting measure.

With the counting measure, only the empty set is m-null (i.e. with measure zero). Moreover, a countable subset has the same counting measure as the full set, namely infinity. -- 134.95.128.246

You're right! The correct measure to use assigns 0 to any countable set but infinity to any uncountable set. I don't know a name for this measure, so I'll replace "counting measure" with "a suitable measure". (But if anybody else does know a name for this measure, then please add it in, with a link! ^_^) -- Toby Bartels 14:39, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Every sigma ideal - from a measure; however...
"Let X be measurable space equipped with a measure m, and let a subset of X be negligible if it is m-null. Then the negligible sets form a sigma-ideal." This is OK with me. "Every sigma-ideal on X can be recovered in this way by placing a suitable measure on X." Well, this is right, as far as rather pathologic measures are allowed. But if only finite (or equivalently, sigma-finite) measures are allowed, then the sigma-ideal of all sets of first category, say, on [0,1] is not like that. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 15:59, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

At some point in the past several years, somebody added "although the measure may be rather pathological". —Toby Bartels (talk) 11:12, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Somebody anonymous. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 12:11, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Negligible set


text:
Burning Down the Opera

Burning Down the Opera, released on 26 August 2003, is the first live album by the German power metal band Edguy recorded in Europe during their Mandrake World Tour.

A Limited Edition digibook is also available that includes a 32 pages expanded booklet with 130+ photos, all lyrics and a detailed venue list of the world tour 2001/2002 which took place on 5 continents. On top of that, a video clip of the Progpower festival in the USA will be provided as well as a desktop wallpaper and screen saver.

Track listing

 * CD one
 * 1) "Welcome to the Opera (Intro)" - 2:08
 * 2) "Fallen Angels" - 5:33
 * 3) "Tears of a Mandrake" - 7:24
 * 4) "Babylon" - 7:01
 * 5) "Land of the Miracle" - 5:44
 * 6) "Painting on the Wall" - 4:37
 * 7) "Wings of a Dream" - 6:04
 * 8) "The Headless Game" - 7:20
 * 9) "The Pharaoh" - 15:07

 * CD two
 * 1) "Vain Glory Opera" - 6:27
 * 2) "Solitary Bunny (Drum Solo)" - 3:14
 * 3) "Save Us Now" - 4:53
 * 4) "How Many Miles" - 10:58
 * 5) "Inside" - 3:22
 * 6) "Avantasia" - 5:23
 * 7) "Out of Control" - 8:15

Personnel

 * Band members
 * Tobias Sammet - lead vocals
 * Jens Ludwig - lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Dirk Sauer - lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Tobias 'Eggi' Exxel - bass, backing vocals
 * Felix Bohnke - drums

 * Production
 * Michael Tibes - live engineer, mixing
 * Marc Schettler - live engineer
 * Sascha Paeth - additional engineering
 * Mika Jussila - mastering at Finnvox Studios, Helsinki

title: Burning Down the Opera


text:
Sloan Digital Sky Survey

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey or SDSS is a major multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States. The project began in 2000 and was named after the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which contributed significant funding.

A consortium of the University of Washington and Princeton University was established to conduct a redshift survey. The Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) was established in 1984 with the additional participation of New Mexico State University and Washington State University to manage activities at Apache Point. In 1991, the Sloan Foundation granted the ARC funding for survey efforts and the construction of equipment to carry out the work.

Background
At the time of its design, the SDSS was a pioneering combination of novel instrumentation as well as data reduction and storage techniques that drove major advances in astronomical observations, discoveries, and theory.

The SDSS project was centered around two instruments and data processing pipelines that were groundbreaking for the scale at which they were implemented:
 * 1) A multi-filter/multi-array scanning CCD camera to take an imaging survey of the sky at high efficiency, followed by
 * 2) A multi-object/multi-fiber spectrograph that could take spectra in bulk (several hundred objects at a time) of targets identified from the survey

A major new challenge was how to deal with the exceptional data volume generated by the telescope and instruments. At the time, hundreds of gigabytes of raw data per night was unprecedented, and a collaborating team as complex as the original hardware and engineering team was needed to design a software and storage system for processing the data. From each imaging run, object catalogs, reduced images, and associated files were produced in a highly automated pipeline, yielding the largest astronomical object catalogs (billions of objects) available in digital queryable form at the time. For each spectral run, thousands of two-dimensional spectral images had to be processed to automatically extract calibrated spectra (flux versus wavelength).

In the approximate decade it took to achieve these goals, SDSS contributed to notable advances in massive database storage and accessing technology, such as SQL, and was one of the first major astronomical projects to make data available in this form. The model of giving the scientific community and public broad and internet-accessible access to the survey data products was also relatively new at the time.

The collaboration model around the project was also complex but successful, given the large numbers of institutions and individuals needed to bring expertise to the system. Universities and foundations were participants along with the managing partner ARC. Other participants included Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), which supplied computer processing and storage capabilities, and colleagues from the computing industry

Operation

Data collection began in 2000; the final imaging data release (DR9) covers over 35% of the sky, with photometric observations of around nearly 1 billion objects, while the survey continues to acquire spectra, having so far taken spectra of over 4 million objects. The main galaxy sample has a median redshift of z = 0.1; there are redshifts for luminous red galaxies as far as z = 0.7, and for quasars as far as z = 5; and the imaging survey has been involved in the detection of quasars beyond a redshift z = 6.

Data release 8 (DR8), released in January 2011, includes all photometric observations taken with the SDSS imaging camera, covering 14,555 square degrees on the sky (just over 35% of the full sky). Data release 9 (DR9), released to the public on 31 July 2012, includes the first results from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), including over 800,000 new spectra. Over 500,000 of the new spectra are of objects in the Universe 7 billion years ago (roughly half the age of the universe). Data release 10 (DR10), released to the public on 31 July 2013, includes all data from previous releases, plus the first results from the APO Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), including over 57,000 high-resolution infrared spectra of stars in the Milky Way. DR10 also includes over 670,000 new BOSS spectra of galaxies and quasars in the distant universe. The publicly available images from the survey were made between 1998 and 2009.

In July 2020, after a 20-year-long survey, astrophysicists of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey published the largest, most detailed 3D map of the universe so far, filled a gap of 11 billion years in its expansion history, and provided data which supports the theory of a flat geometry of the universe and confirms that different regions seem to be expanding at different speeds.

Observations
SDSS uses a dedicated 2.5 m wide-angle optical telescope; from 1998 to 2009 it observed in both imaging and spectroscopic modes. The imaging camera was retired in late 2009, since then the telescope has observed entirely in spectroscopic mode.

Images were taken using a photometric system of five filters (named u, g, r, i and z). These images are processed to produce lists of objects observed and various parameters, such as whether they seem pointlike or extended (as a galaxy might) and how the brightness on the CCDs relates to various kinds of astronomical magnitude.

For imaging observations, the SDSS telescope used the drift scanning technique, but with a choreographed variation of right ascension, declination, tracking rate, and image rotation which allows the telescope to track along great circles and continuously record small strips of the sky. The image of the stars in the focal plane drifts along the CCD chip, and the charge is electronically shifted along the detectors at the same rate, instead of staying fixed as in tracked telescopes. (Simply parking the telescope as the sky moves is only workable on the celestial equator, since stars at different declination move at different apparent speeds). This method allows consistent astrometry over the widest possible field and minimises overheads from reading out the detectors. The disadvantage is minor distortion effects.

The telescope's imaging camera is made up of 30 CCD chips, each with a resolution of pixels, totaling approximately 120 megapixels. The chips are arranged in 5 rows of 6 chips. Each row has a different optical filter with average wavelengths of 355.1 (u), 468.6 (g), 616.5 (r), 748.1 (i), and 893.1 (z)nm, with 95% completeness in typical seeing to magnitudes of 22.0, 22.2, 22.2, 21.3, and 20.5, for u, g, r, i, z respectively. The filters are placed on the camera in the order r, i, u, z, g. To reduce noise, the camera is cooled to 190 kelvins (about −80°C) by liquid nitrogen. Note: colors are only approximate and based on wavelength to sRGB representation.

Using these photometric data, stars, galaxies, and quasars are also selected for spectroscopy. The spectrograph operates by feeding an individual optical fibre for each target through a hole drilled in an aluminum plate. Each hole is positioned specifically for a selected target, so every field in which spectra are to be acquired requires a unique plate. The original spectrograph attached to the telescope was capable of recording 640 spectra simultaneously, while the updated spectrograph for SDSSIII can record 1000 spectra at once. Throughout each night, between six and nine plates are typically used for recording spectra. In spectroscopic mode, the telescope tracks the sky in the standard way, keeping the objects focused on their corresponding fiber tips.

Every night the telescope produces about 200GB of data.

SDSS-I: 2000–2005
During its first phase of operations, 2000–2005, the SDSS imaged more than 8,000 square degrees of the sky in five optical bandpasses, and it obtained spectra of galaxies and quasars selected from 5,700 square degrees of that imaging. It also obtained repeated imaging (roughly 30 scans) of a 300 square-degree stripe in the southern Galactic cap.

SDSS-II: 2005–2008
In 2005 the survey entered a new phase, the SDSS-II, by extending the observations to explore the structure and stellar makeup of the Milky Way, the SEGUE and the Sloan Supernova Survey, which watches after supernova Ia events to measure the distances to far objects.

Sloan Legacy Survey
The Sloan Legacy Survey covers over 7,500 square degrees of the Northern Galactic Cap with data from nearly 2 million objects and spectra from over 800,000 galaxies and 100,000 quasars. The information on the position and distance of the objects has allowed the large-scale structure of the Universe, with its voids and filaments, to be investigated for the first time. Almost all of these data were obtained in SDSS-I, but a small part of the footprint was finished in SDSS-II.

Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE)
The Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration obtained spectra of 240,000 stars (with a typical radial velocity of 10 km/s) to create a detailed three-dimensional map of the Milky Way. SEGUE data provide evidence for the age, composition and phase space distribution of stars within the various Galactic components, providing crucial clues for understanding the structure, formation and evolution of our galaxy.

The stellar spectra, imaging data, and derived parameter catalogs for this survey are publicly available as part of SDSS Data Release 7 (DR7).

Sloan Supernova Survey
The SDSS Supernova Survey, which ran from 2005 to 2008, performed repeat imaging of one stripe of sky 2.5° wide centered on the celestial equator, going from 20 hours right ascension to 4 hours RA so that it was in the southern galactic cap (see Draft:Galactic cap) and did not suffer from galactic extinction. The project discovered more than 500 type Ia supernovae, Running until the end of the year 2007, the Supernova Survey searched for Type Ia supernovae. The survey rapidly scanned a 300 square degree area to detect variable objects and supernovae. It detected 130 confirmed supernovae Ia events in 2005 and a further 197 in 2006. In 2014 an even larger catalogue was released containing 10,258 variable and transient sources. Of these, 4,607 sources are either confirmed or likely supernovae, which makes this the largest set of supernovae so far compiled.

SDSS III: 2008–2014
In mid-2008, SDSS-III was started. It comprised four separate surveys:

APO Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
The APO Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) used high-resolution, high signal-to-noise infrared spectroscopy to penetrate the dust that obscures the inner Galaxy. APOGEE surveyed 100,000 red giant stars across the full range of the galactic bulge, bar, disk, and halo. It increased the number of stars observed at high spectroscopic resolution (R ≈ 20,000 at λ ≈ 1.6μm) and high signal-to-noise ratio by more than a factor of 100. The high-resolution spectra revealed the abundances of about 15 elements, giving information on the composition of the gas clouds the red giants formed from. APOGEE planned to collect data from 2011 to 2014, with the first data released as part of SDSS DR10 in late 2013.

Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS)
The SDSS-III's Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) was designed to measure the expansion rate of the Universe. It mapped the spatial distribution of luminous red galaxies (LRGs) and quasars to determine their spatial distribution and detect the characteristic scale imprinted by baryon acoustic oscillations in the early universe. Sound waves that propagate in the early universe, like spreading ripples in a pond, imprint a characteristic scale on the positions of galaxies relative to each other. It was announced that BOSS had measured the scale of the universe to an accuracy of one percent, and was completed in Spring 2014.

Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS)
The Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS) monitored the radial velocities of 11,000 bright stars, with the precision and cadence needed to detect gas giant planets that have orbital periods ranging from several hours to two years. This ground-based Doppler survey used the SDSS telescope and new multi-object Doppler instruments to monitor radial velocities.

The main goal of the project was to generate a large-scale, statistically well-defined sample of giant planets. It searched for gaseous planets having orbital periods ranging from hours to 2 years and masses between 0.5 and 10 times that of Jupiter. A total of 11,000 stars were analyzed with 25–35 observations per star over 18 months. It was expected to detect between 150 and 200 new exoplanets, and was able to study rare systems, such as planets with extreme eccentricity, and objects in the "brown dwarf desert".

The collected data was used as a statistical sample for the theoretical comparison and discovery of rare systems. The project started in the fall of 2008, and continued until spring 2014.

SEGUE-2
The original Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE-1) obtained spectra of nearly 240,000 stars of a range of spectral types. Building on this success, SEGUE-2 spectroscopically observed around 120,000 stars, focusing on the in situ stellar halo of the Milky Way, from distances of 10 to 60kpc. SEGUE-2 doubled the sample size of SEGUE-1.

Combining SEGUE-1 and 2 revealed the complex kinematic and chemical substructure of the galactic halo and disks, providing essential clues to the assembly and enrichment history of the galaxy. In particular, the outer halo was expected to be dominated by late-time accretion events. SEGUE data can help constrain existing models for the formation of the stellar halo and inform the next generation of high-resolution simulations of galaxy formation. In addition, SEGUE-1 and SEGUE-2 may help uncover rare, chemically primitive stars that are fossils of the earliest generations of cosmic star formation.

SDSS IV: 2014–2020
The fourth generation of the SDSS (SDSS-IV, 2014–2020) is extending precision cosmological measurements to a critical early phase of cosmic history (eBOSS), expanding its infrared spectroscopic survey of the Galaxy in the northern and southern hemispheres (APOGEE-2), and for the first time using the Sloan spectrographs to make spatially resolved maps of individual galaxies (MaNGA).

APO Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2)
A stellar survey of the Milky Way, with two major components: a northern survey using the bright time at APO, and a southern survey using the 2.5m Du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas.

Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS)
A cosmological survey of quasars and galaxies, also encompassing subprograms to survey variable objects (TDSS) and X-ray sources (SPIDERS).

Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA)
MaNGA (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory), explored the detailed internal structure of nearly 10,000 nearby galaxies from 2014 to the spring of 2020. Earlier SDSS surveys only allowed spectra to be observed from the center of galaxies. By using two-dimensional arrays of optical fibers bundled together into a hexagonal shape, MaNGA was able to use spatially resolved spectroscopy to construct maps of the areas within galaxies, allowing deeper analysis of their structure, such as radial velocities and star formation regions.

SDSS-V: 2020–current
Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico began to gather data for SDSS-V in October 2020. Apache Point is scheduled to be converted by mid-2021 from plug plates (aluminum plates with manually-placed holes for starlight to shine through) to small automated robot arms, with Las Campanas Observatory in Chile following later in the year. The Milky Way Mapper survey will target the spectra of six million stars. The Black Hole Mapper survey will target galaxies to indirectly analyze their supermassive black holes. The Local Volume Mapper will target nearby galaxies to analyze their clouds of interstellar gas.

Data access

The survey makes the data releases available over the Internet. The SkyServer provides a range of interfaces to an underlying Microsoft SQL Server. Both spectra and images are available in this way, and interfaces are made very easy to use so that, for example, a full-color image of any region of the sky covered by an SDSS data release can be obtained just by providing the coordinates. The data are available for non-commercial use only, without written permission. The SkyServer also provides a range of tutorials aimed at everyone from schoolchildren up to professional astronomers. The tenth major data release, DR10, released in July 2013, provides images, imaging catalogs, spectra, and redshifts via a variety of search interfaces.

The raw data (from before being processed into databases of objects) are also available through another Internet server and first experienced as a 'fly-through' via the NASA World Wind program.

Sky in Google Earth includes data from the SDSS, for those regions where such data are available. There are also KML plugins for SDSS photometry and spectroscopy layers, allowing direct access to SkyServer data from within Google Sky.

The data is also available on Hayden Planetarium with a 3D visualizer.

There is also the ever-growing list of data for the Stripe 82 region of the SDSS.

Following Technical Fellow Jim Gray's contribution on behalf of Microsoft Research with the SkyServer project, Microsoft's WorldWide Telescope makes use of SDSS and other data sources.

MilkyWay@home also used SDSS's data to create a highly accurate three-dimensional model of the Milky Way galaxy.

Results
Along with publications describing the survey itself, SDSS data have been used in publications over a huge range of astronomical topics. The SDSS website has a full list of these publications covering distant quasars at the limits of the observable universe, the distribution of galaxies, the properties of stars in our galaxy and also subjects such as dark matter and dark energy in the universe.

Maps
Based on the release of Data Release 9 a new 3D map of massive galaxies and distant black holes was published on August 8, 2012.

title: Sloan Digital Sky Survey


text:
SDSS

SDSS may refer to:

 * Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey
 * Social Democratic Party of Slovakia
 * Spatial Decision Support System, a GIS based decision aiding system
 * Independent Democratic Serb Party, a political party of Croatian Serbs (Samostalna demokratska srpska stranka in Serbo-Croatian)
 * South Delta Secondary School, a school in Delta, British Columbia, Canada

title: SDSS


text:
Victor Recording Orchestra

The Victor Recording Orchestra was a jazz band led by Jean Goldkette. It was known for its innovative arrangements and strong rhythm.

Among its members were:

 * Bix Beiderbecke
 * Steve Brown
 * Hoagy Carmichael
 * Jimmy Dorsey
 * Tommy Dorsey
 * Eddie Lang
 * Don Murray
 * Howdy Quicksell
 * Pee Wee Russell
 * Frankie Trumbauer
 * Joe Venuti
 * Bill Rank

Among the band's own arrangers was Russ Morgan; the band also traded arrangements with Fletcher Henderson. The band's most popular records included "After I Say I'm Sorry," "Dinah," "Gimme a Little Kiss, Will Ya, Huh?" and "Lonesome and Sorry." According to Rex Stewart, the primitive recording techniques of the day (for example, bass and snare drums could not be recorded) failed to provide a true record of the band.

title: Victor Recording Orchestra


text:
Stoned

Stoned may refer to:
 * Substance intoxication, particularly cannabis intoxication
 * Petrification, process of organic matter turning into stone
 * Stoning, a form of execution performed by throwing stones at the victim
 * Stoning (metalworking)
 * Stoned (computer virus), a boot-sector virus created in 1987

Film and television

 * Stoned (TV special), a 1981 ABC Afterschool Special episode starring Scott Baio
 * Stoned (film), a 2005 film about Brian Jones, one of the founders of The Rolling Stones

Autobiography

 * Stoned, a 1998 autobiography by Andrew Loog Oldham
 * Stoned: Photographs & treasures from life with the Rolling Stones, a 2019 autobiography by Jo Wood

Albums

 * Stoned, Part I, a 2003 album by Lewis Taylor
 * Stoned, Part II, a 2004 album by Lewis Taylor
 * Stoned (Acid Witch album), 2010
 * Lapidation (album), a 2007 album by composer and keyboardist Anthony Coleman

Songs

 * "Stoned" (Dido song), a 2003 song and single by Dido
 * "Stoned" (Puddle of Mudd song), a 2010 single by the band Puddle of Mudd
 * "Stoned" (Rolling Stones song), a 1963 song by The Rolling Stones
 * "Stoned", a 2023 song by Ed Sheeran from the album - (album) (Deluxe CD edition)
 * "Stoned", a 1999 song by Smash Mouth from the album Astro Lounge

title: Stoned


text:
User:IanCraig

Wait for it ...

title: User:IanCraig


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Marxist Forward Bloc

The Marxist Forward Bloc is a political party in India, a splinter group of the All India Forward Bloc. The MFB was formed in 1953 as Satyapriya Banerjee, a member of the AIFB Central Secretariat, Amar Bose, Suhurit Chaudhury and Ram Chatterji were expelled from AIFB. At its foundation, Satyapriya Banerjee was the party's general secretary and Amar Bose its chairman.

The MFB is part of the Left Front and has been associated with the combined left movement since its inception. Its leader Ram Chatterjee was a minister in the West Bengal Left Front government for several years. Later the MFB was led by Pratim Chatterjee, who served in the West Bengal government as Minister of Fire Services in the Left Front cabinet. Chatterjee represented the Tarakeswar seat from 1996 in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly till 2011, when he lost to Rachhpal Singh of the TMC.

In West Bengal Assembly elections till 2011, the MFB contested the seats for Tarakeswar in Hooghly district and Jamalpur in East Burdwan district as a Left Front partner. In the 2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, the party retained both seats as Pratim Chatterjee and Samar Hazra won with good margins. Later in the 2011 election the party lost its representation in the Legislative Assembly when both of the sitting MLAs lost from their respective constituencies.

In the Kolkata municipal polls in 2005, the MFB contested two wards as a Left Front partner. Biren Chakroborty, the secretary of the MFB, was elected from ward number 57.

In the 2008 Panchayet polls, the MFB won seats in Panchayet, Panchayet Samity and ZP levels in Hoogly and Burdwan districts.

In the 2010 municipal polls, the MFB lost its seat in Kolkata corporation. It won a seat each at Rampurhat in Birbhum and Arambagh in Hooghly.

From 2014 Jaihind Singh is the party chairperson.

title: Marxist Forward Bloc