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Christopher Newport University

Christopher Newport University (CNU) is a public university in Newport News, Virginia. It was founded in 1960 as Christopher Newport College, an extension school of the College of William and Mary for mid-career working professionals, members of the military, and non-traditional students in and around the Newport News area of the Hampton Roads region. The university has since expanded into a residential college for traditional students.

It is named after Christopher Newport, captain of one of the ships which carried settlers of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America.

History
In 1960, the city of Newport News joined with the Commonwealth of Virginia to create Christopher Newport College (CNC), which opened its doors in 1961 and at the time was located in the old John W. Daniel School building. The college was founded as an extension of the College of William & Mary and offered extension courses that had already been available in the area for some time.

In 1964, the college was moved to its current location, a 75 acre tract of land seized by the city via eminent domain. That same year, the college's first permanent building was dedicated as Christopher Newport Hall.

The site chosen was very controversial. Since at least the early 1900s, it had been home to an African-American community that had, over time, prospered and grown more middle-class. In the 1950s and 1960s, white city leaders used eminent domain to seize stable Black neighborhoods for whites-only schools three times. As a local Black surgeon wrote to the local Daily Press newspaper: "Does it not seem more than coincidental that, with the hundreds of undeveloped acres in the city, the sites recently chosen by the city for condemnation are sites owned by Negroes?"

The future site of CNC, known as Shoe Lane, was located adjacent to the whites-only James River Country Club, whose members included much of the city's powerful elite. At a council hearing on the proposed site, civil rights attorney W. Hale Thompson testified that the city's goal "was to eliminate the possibility of Negroes building homes in that area." University president Anthony Santoro later called the choice of the site an "egregious wrong" and said "the city has to own up to the fact that this was a deliberate attempt to get rid of a Black community, because there were many places that the school could have been built."

In 1971, CNC became a four-year college; however, it remained an extension of William & Mary until 1977 when it attained its independence. In 1992, the college became a university under the leadership of President Anthony R. Santoro, who oversaw the building of the first residence hall. In 1996, CNU made plans to become more competitive. Those plans included the expansion of university property, several new buildings, and residence halls, as well as overhauling academic programs and the admission process.

Presidents

 * H. Wescott Cunningham, 1961–1970
 * James C. Windsor, 1970–1979
 * John E. Anderson, 1979–1987
 * Anthony Santoro, 1987–1996
 * Paul S. Trible Jr., 1996–2022
 * Adelia Thompson, (Interim) 2022–2023
 * William G. Kelly, 2023–present

Admissions
In 2022, U.S. News & World Report found that Christopher Newport University admissions were "selective" with an acceptance rate of 89%. For over a decade, the university has not required submission of SAT, ACT or CLT scores, but for the many students who still chose to submit scores, the middle 50% of applicants admitted had an SAT score between 1110 and 1320 or an ACT score between 25 and 29. There are minimum GPA and rank-in-class requirements for test-optional consideration, but the university uses a holistic review process in admissions that takes many other factors into consideration.

Rankings
For 2023–2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked Christopher Newport University among 136 Regional Universities in the South to be #7 overall, #43 for Best Value, #13 for Best Undergraduate Teaching, #109 in Top Performers on Social Mobility, and #3 in Top Public Schools.

Degrees and programs
Christopher Newport University offers a variety of four-year Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees. Graduate programs in applied physics and computer science, environmental science and teaching are also available in five-year bachelor's to master's, as well as traditional formats. Academic programs are offered through the College of Arts and Humanities, the College of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, and the College of Social Sciences, including the Joseph W. Luter III School of Business.

Joseph W. Luter III School of Business
The School of Business is accredited by the AACSB. The Luter School offers degrees in management, marketing, accounting, and finance, and includes a Masters in Financial Analysis program. Alan Witt, Class of 1976 graduate and former CEO of PBMares, was named dean of the Luter School of Business on August 17, 2021.

College of Arts and Humanities
CNU's College of Arts and Humanities includes the Departments of English, Fine Art and Art History, History, Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Music, Philosophy and Religion, and Theater and Dance.

The Department of Fine Art and Art History
The Fine Art Department, located in the Mary M. Torggler Fine Art Center, offers a degree in fine arts with concentrations in art history and studio art.

The Department of Theatre & Dance
The Theatre & Dance Department offers a degree in theater arts and a Bachelor of Music degree.

Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)
The Army Reserve Officer Training Corps has maintained a presence at CNU for several years, offering classroom and field based training. The program is a sub-component of the College of William and Mary's ROTC program, known as the Revolutionary Guard Battalion, which commissions several new US Army second lieutenants each year.

Athletics
CNU participates mainly in the NCAA Division III Coast to Coast Athletic Conference (C2C, which was known as the Capital Athletic Conference before November 2020), having moved from the USA South Athletic Conference in July 2013. Their athletic teams are known as the Captains. The football team participates in the New Jersey Athletic Conference (NJAC) due to the C2C not sponsoring football. CNU fields a wide variety of college level teams on the Division III level. The Freeman Center houses the basketball, volleyball, and indoor track teams, while the lacrosse, soccer, baseball, softball, and field hockey teams play at a complex called "Captain's Field." The football and outdoor track teams compete at TowneBank Stadium. Ratcliffe Hall was expanded in 2012 and now includes various athletic offices as well as the varsity gym. A sailing center is also located close to the campus along the James River.

Christopher Newport University's athletics have achieved notable milestones. The women's soccer program made history by clinching the school's first-ever NCAA Division III national championship on December 12, 2021. Following suit, the softball program secured their own NCAA Division III national championship on May 31, 2022. Both women's teams won national championships during the 2021-2022 academic year.

The men's basketball program captured the first national championship in a men's sport when it won the 2023 NCAA Division III national championship on March 18, 2023.

CNU sports club programs include ice hockey, equestrian, dressage, cycling, fishing, lacrosse, martial arts, rock climbing, rugby, scuba diving, silver storm dance, soccer, swimming, table tennis, tennis, ultimate frisbee, rowing and volleyball.

Sports

 * Baseball
 * Cross country (men's and women's)
 * Basketball (men's and women's)
 * Cheerleading
 * Field hockey
 * American football
 * Golf
 * Lacrosse (men's and women's)
 * Sailing
 * Soccer (men's and women's)
 * Softball
 * Swimming
 * Tennis (men's and women's)
 * Track
 * Volleyball

Residence halls
Residence halls on campus are usually segregated into the class of student living in them. In the recent years, new policies have been enacted that require all freshman and sophomore students to live in an on campus housing facility, unless they live in the commuting zone. Starting with the class of 2014, all students must live on campus during the junior year in addition to their freshman and sophomore years.

The David Student Union

The David Student Union (DSU) is a $36 million, 116000 sqft facility whose construction began in 2003 and opened September 9, 2006. Constructed in a "Neo-Georgian" architectural style, the first floor contains the campus Convenience Store, parallel the DSU dining facilities: The Discovery Bistro, Discovery Cafe, Chick-fil-A, Discovery Pizza, and Regatta's. The campus Bookstore and Convenience Store closed during the Fall 2010 semester in favor of an online bookstore and instead contains a student lounge, admissions office, and apparel store. All on-campus students receive a mailbox and access to a full-service Post Office located on the second floor of the DSU. Four large conference rooms named for past U.S. Presidents are located around a central lobby area at the top of the steps. The Ballroom is also located on the second floor. The building provides offices for Student Life, The Captain's Log, Auxiliary Services, Study Abroad, and others. Private desks with computers are provided for students as well as quiet study sections and recreational areas. The building was named in honor of William R. and Goldie R. David.

Academic buildings
For the opening of the Spring 2010 semester, Christopher Newport University opened the Lewis Archer McMurran Jr. Hall. This building has neo-Georgian architecture. The building is 85,000 square feet and frames the university's Great Lawn on its western side. McMurran Hall houses the Departments of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, History, English, and Government. It has a 150-person lecture hall, two 50-person lecture halls, and over 25 other classrooms.

To the north of McMurran Hall is Ratcliffe Hall, the former home of the Departments of English and Government. Once CNU's gymnasium, the building was renovated to include classroom and office space for students and faculty. Other academic buildings on campus include Gosnold Hall, Forbes Hall, and the Business and Technology Center (BTC Building), located across Prince Drew Lane. The Ferguson Center for the Arts is home to the Departments of Music and Theater & Dance. The most recent addition to the academic buildings is the Mary M. Torggler Fine Arts Center, which became home to the Department of Fine Art and Art History upon its opening in 2021.

Wingfield Hall, the former home of the Departments of Psychology and Language, was demolished in 2011 to make way for the Joseph W. Luter Hall, home of the school of business.

The Joseph W. Luter III Hall is the house of the Luter School of Business. The building, following the Neo-Georgian architecture of surrounding new structures, has a new 100-seat tiered lecture hall, 14 traditional classrooms, teachings labs, research labs and faculty offices.

The Mary Brock Forbes Integrated Science Building is a 156000 sqft academic hall situated on the north edge of the great lawn, and houses the College of Natural and Behavioral Science as well as the Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science and Psychology departments. It also includes spaces for students to interact, 50 faculty offices, a large lecture hall, 50 classrooms, and research labs.

The Paul and Rosemary Trible Library
The university's library, renamed for Rosemary and Paul S. Trible Jr., had a multimillion-dollar addition completed in early 2008. The new 110000 sqft facility houses most of its collection in the original section. The new library was dedicated January 24, 2008, and fully opened at the start of the Spring 2008 semester. The Trible Library boasts a new Einstein's Cafe, a 24-hour study lounge, and an IT help desk.

In early 2009, the Mariners' Museum Library relocated to the Trible Library, providing students and the community with convenient access to the largest maritime history collection in the Western Hemisphere. The Paul and Rosemary Trible Library expanded beginning in 2016 to add another floor to the back portion of the facility. Due to the renovations, the Mariners' Museum Library moved back to the Mariners' Museum and reopened in Fall 2017.

In August 2018, the library expansion opened adding 3 floors of new space. Additions included a 100-seat theater, expanded Media Center, a two-story reading room, and 44 group study rooms.

Ferguson Center for the Arts
In 1996 the university acquired the Ferguson High School building and property, which was adjacent to campus. This building was used for classrooms until it was extensively renovated to become the Ferguson Center for the Arts, which opened in fall of 2005. Many features of the original high school, which was located between what is now the concert hall and the music and theatre hall, can still be seen throughout the current building. It houses a 1,725-seat concert hall which is acoustically engineered so that anyone on stage can be heard from any seat without a microphone, A 453-seat music and theatre hall, and a 200-seat studio theatre. It also contains two art galleries, a dance studio, and several classrooms.

Mary M. Torggler Fine Arts Center
First open in fall 2021, the Mary M. Torggler Fine Arts Center serves not only as Christopher Newport University's Department of Fine Art and Art History academic building, but also as a fine arts center for the surrounding area of Hampton Roads, Virginia. According to their website, the Torggler Center, "...seeks to enrich the cultural landscape of the commonwealth of Virginia by presenting exceptional visual arts programming that empowers creative expression, critical thinking, lifelong learning and cultural dialogue,". The Torggler Center hosts rotating exhibitions, community classes, university classes, and alumni centered galleries.

Pope Chapel
Opened in early 2013, the Pope Chapel, named for Larry Pope of Smithfield Foods, is a 14000 sqft gathering place for various on campus religious organizations located at the campus entrance across from York River Hall and the Trible Library.

Christopher Newport Hall
In the fall of 2015 a new administration building was opened and named Christopher Newport Hall. The 81000 sqft structure houses the Office of Admission, Office of the Registrar, Financial Aid, Housing, the Center for Academic Success, the President's Leadership Program and the Center for Career Planning, among others. The $42 million facility serves as a new landmark on campus and is at the head of the Great Lawn opposite Lewis Archer McMurran Jr. Hall. In May 2015, towards the end of construction, Newport Hall served as the backdrop for commencement ceremonies.

The Captain's Log
The Captain's Log is a student-run organization that acts as the official newspaper of Christopher Newport University.

Currents
Currents is CNU's completely student-run literary magazine. Students from all disciplines may submit poetry, fiction, creative non-fiction, playwriting, and lyrics. Currents is also CNU's oldest on-campus organization.

WCNU Radio
WCNU Radio is a student-run, non-commercial, web-based radio station.

Alumni

 * Robin Abbott (BA, '98); Former Virginia House of Delegates Representative for the 93rd District.
 * Michael Caro; (BA '08); soccer player
 * Shirley Cooper; (BA '64); Former Virginia House of Delegates Representative for the 96th District.
 * Colleen Doran; Cartoonist - Did not graduate
 * Noah Green; (BA, '19) Perpetrator of the April 2021 United States Capitol car attack.
 * Gary Hudson; actor - Did not graduate
 * Cassidy Hutchinson; (BA'19); Former White House aide and assistant to former U.S. President Donald Trump's White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows.
 * Karen Jackson; (BA '87), Former Virginia Secretary of Technology
 * C9 Meteos (William Hartman); professional League of Legends player - Did not graduate
 * Michael P. Mullin; (BA '04) Virginia House of Delegates Representative for the 93rd District.
 * Randall Munroe; (BS '06) creator of xkcd.
 * Jesse Pippy; (BA '04) Maryland House of Delegates Representative for the 4th District.
 * Melanie Rapp; (BA '90) Virginia House of Delegates Representative for the 96th District.
 * Mojo Rawley; (AS '05) former NFL Player for the Green Bay Packers and Arizona Cardinals, former WWE superstar.
 * Chris Richardson; American Idol finalist - Did not graduate
 * Sam Ruby; (BA '82); Software Engineer.
 * William Lamont Strothers (BA, '91); NBA player, Portland Trail Blazers, Dallas Mavericks
 * Kaitlyn Vincie; (BA '10) sports presenter and journalist.
 * Jeion Ward; (BA '95) Virginia House of Delegates Representative for the 92nd District.

Faculty

 * Jeffrey Bergner, former Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs
 * Seth Roland (born 1957), soccer player and coach
 * William C. Mims, former senior justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia.

title: Christopher Newport University


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Herman Davis

Herman Davis (January 3, 1888 – January 5, 1923) was a decorated American sniper of World War I. He was a United States Infantry Private Company I, 113th Infantry Regiment, 29th Division.

Born in Manila, Arkansas, Davis was drafted into the Army in March 1918. On October 10, 1918, he achieved distinction by killing four German machine gunners, using a standard-issue 1903 Springfield with open sights, near Verdun during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The gunners had pinned his platoon down, and his actions secured safety to advance for the platoon. In another instance, Davis shot and killed five enemy crew members that were setting up a machine gun 1,000 yards away in an area they thought was out of range of American troops. Being told the distance was too great, he said, "Why, that is just a good shootin' distance." His marksmanship was attributed to the skill he had developed as a youngster hunting small game in the Big Lake area.

General Pershing named Davis fourth among the 100 greatest heroes of World War I. He received the Distinguished Service Cross, the Croix de Guerre with palm, the Croix de Guerre with Gilt Star, and the Médaille Militaire awards from the American and French governments. Davis was honorably discharged from the Army on May 29, 1919. After the war, he returned home and died four years later, on January 5, 1923, during an operation related to tuberculosis that he possibly contracted from exposure to poison gas during the war.

Herman Davis State Park, in his hometown of Manila, a monument located in the park and a street in Manila, honors him. Other streets in Davis' hometown of Manila are named after another military honoree, Admiral George Perry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Herman Davis


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William Benton (politician)

William Burnett Benton (April 1, 1900 – March 18, 1973) was an American senator from Connecticut (1949–1953) and publisher of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1943–1973).

Early life
Benton was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was educated at Shattuck Military Academy, Faribault, Minnesota, and Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota until 1918, at which point he matriculated at Yale University, where he contributed to campus humor magazine The Yale Record and was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity.

Advertising and civic life
He graduated in 1921 and began work for advertising agencies in New York City and Chicago until 1929, after which he co-founded Benton & Bowles with Chester Bowles in New York. He moved to Norwalk, Connecticut in 1932, and served as the part-time vice president of the University of Chicago from 1937 to 1945. In 1944, he had entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Walt Disney to make six to twelve educational films annually.

Public and elected office life
He was appointed Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and held the position from August 31, 1945 to September 30, 1947, during which time he was active in organizing the United Nations. He was appointed to the United States Senate on 17 December 1949 by his old partner Chester Bowles (who had been elected Governor in 1948), and subsequently elected in the general election on 7 November 1950 as a Democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Raymond E. Baldwin in December 1949 for the remainder of the term ending 3 January 1953.

In the November 1950 election, he defeated Republican party candidate Prescott Sheldon Bush, father of U.S. President George Herbert Walker Bush and grandfather of U.S. President George W. Bush. In 1951 he introduced a resolution to expel Joseph McCarthy from the Senate. Benton provided 30,000 words of testimony on Sept. 28, 1951 in support of Senate Resolution 187. Due to Benton's resolution and McCarthy's response, the Senate Rules committee investigated and criticized both of them but punished neither.

On television, when asked if he would take any action against Benton's reelection bid, McCarthy replied, "I think it will be unnecessary. Little Willie Benton, Connecticut's mental midget keeps on... it will be unnecessary for me or anyone else to do any campaigning against him. He's doing his campaigning against himself." Benton lost in the general election for the full term in 1952 to William A. Purtell. Benton's comeback bid failed in 1958 when, running against Bowles and Thomas Dodd he failed to win the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate. He was later appointed United States Ambassador to UNESCO in Paris and served from 1963 to 1968.

Benton served on the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut from 1957 to 1972. Converted to a museum in 1966, the William Benton Museum of Art on the university's main campus in Storrs was named in his honor in 1972. Benton had donated his personal collection of works by Reginald Marsh to the museum.

Encyclopædia Britannica and further civic life
For much of his life, from 1943 to his death in 1973, he was chairman of the board and publisher of the Encyclopædia Britannica, was a member of and delegate to numerous United Nations and international conferences and commissions, and trustee of several schools and colleges. In 1943 Benton asked Mortimer J. Adler and Robert Hutchins to edit a set of great books to be published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the 52-volume set of Great Books of the Western World was published in 1952.

Benton established the Benton Foundation. The William Benton Museum of Art is named in his honor.

He died in New York City on March 18, 1973, aged 72, and was survived by his widow, Helen Hemingway Benton, who died in 1974.

title: William Benton (politician)


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Postage stamps and postal history of Madeira

On 1 January 1868, Portugal issued postage stamps for the islands of Madeira, consisting of the current stamps of Portugal overprinted "MADEIRA". Subsequent stamps were also overprinted, through 1881.

Unoverprinted Portuguese stamps were used from 1881 to 1892. From 1892 to 1905, while the administrative title of Madeira was changed to the District of Funchal, definitive stamps were issued with the inscription "Funchal".

In 1898 a series of stamps commemorating Vasco da Gama was issued with the inscription "Madeira". Subsequently Madeira used stamps of Portugal from 1905, with two exceptions; the first was the Pombal Issue of postal tax stamps in 1925, and a variant on the Ceres design, issued 1 May 1928. The 21 values of Ceres stamps were obligatory on all mail for eight days – 1 May, 5 June, 1 July, and 31 December 1928, and 1 January, 31 January, 1 May, and 5 June 1929. The funds raised went to help build a museum.

The Ceres stamps were the last to be produced for Madeira until 1980, when Portugal began issuing stamps inscribed "Portugal Madeira" that were valid in both Madeira and continental Portugal, similar to those issued for the Azores.

Funchal

Postage stamps for Funchal inscribed with the city's name were issued for use in the archipelago of Madeira from 1892 to 1905 by the postal authorities of Portugal. During this time Madeira was administratively referred to as the District of Funchal. From 1868 to 1881 Madeira had used overprinted stamps of Portugal.

Beginning in 1868, postage stamps for Madeira were issued for the postal needs of the island group with its capital Funchal. Unoverprinted Portuguese stamps were used from 1881 to 1892. From 1892 to 1905, while the administrative title of Madeira was changed to the District of Funchal, definitive stamps were issued with the inscription "Funchal". These were valid all over the island. While in 1898 a series of stamps commemorating Vasco da Gama was issued with the inscription "Madeira", unoverprinted stamps of Portugal were used in the archipelago again from 1905.

Issues
The first series of eight stamps inscribed "Funchal" was produced in 1892. The typographed stamps, engraved by Manuel Diogo Neto, had face values ranging from 5 reis to 80 reis. Four more stamps with higher face values from 100 reis to 300 reis were issued in the following year, as well as a 5 reis stamp. In 1896 the 100 reis stamp was officially bisected in order to frank newspaper wrappers and letters.

A new series of stamps, engraved by Louis-Eugène Mouchon, was issued in 1897 and supplemented by additional values in 1898, 1899 and 1905. It comprised 19 nominals ranging from 2½ reis to 500 reis. Again, the 100 reis stamp was officially bisected for use on letters. These stamps were of the general single-colour design for Portuguese stamps at the time, but with the name "Funchal" and the value figure printed in black (on two values, in red). The 25 reis value was issued in 1899 in booklets containing six stamps each.

Not counting perforation varieties, bisects, and booklets, 34 different stamps were issued for Funchal, all of them showing the portrait of King Carlos I.


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Talk:Kaohsiung

Name origin

 * The city grew up from a small village called in the 17th century Dagou (打狗), which was the name of a local tribe or "bamboo forest" in the local tribe's language.

The village was certainly not called "Dagou", which is Mandarin. The Southern Min pronounciation is Táⁿ-káu, which sounded like "Taka-o" to the Japanese, who then wrote it as 高 (taka-) 雄 (o).

i.e. {Austronesian word that sounded like Takao} -> written as 打狗 in Southern Min -> re-written as 高雄 in Japanese -> 高雄 pronounced Ko-hiông in Taiwanese/Kao-hsiung in Mandarin

A-giau 04:32, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I don't see the point here. The village was originally named in the local language that lacks a common romanization scheme, and sinosized into "Dagou". Since both "Dagou" and "Táⁿ-káu" are both transliterations into other language (Mandarin and Souther Min respectively), I don't see why Southern Min should be prefered over Mandarin, which has been the official language for all the governments that has ruled Kaohsiung. Uly 18:16, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Mandarin might have been the official language during the Ching dynasty and the ROC era but Southern Min was the language generally spoken by most of the early immigrants. I don't think it's unreasonable to use the Southern Min pronounciation under that context. Consider 九龍 in Hong Kong which is pronounced using the Cantonese pronounciation "Kowloon" rather the Mandarin "Jiǔlóng". -Loren 21:56, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I see what you're saying. It does make a good case for using Southern Min, but I'm still not convinced that it should be used in exclusion to the Mandarin transliteration.  I suppose I can live with the current version.  The situation is different from Hong Kong, however, since the British government did adopted many of the Cantonese transliteration as official names. Uly 15:43, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

World's Largest Container Ports
An anonymous editor recently removed the statement that Kaohsiung was the world's third-largest container port, noting that the third-largest is actually Pusan. I thought I would add a reference. According to, the largest container ports in 2002, in order, are: Hong Kong, Singapore, Pusan, Shanghai, Kaohsiung, and Shenzhen. asserts that Shanghai and Shenzhen are third- and fourth- largest ports as of 2003.

But the order of top ports changes drastically dpending on whether one is ranking their traffic by tonnage or by container traffic volume. According to a data file available from the American Association of Port Authorities, the top six by volume are as noted above, but the top six by gross tonnage are Singapore, Rotterdam, Shanghai, South Louisiana, Hong Kong, and Houston. Ranked by tonnage, Kaohsiung was no higher than 10th. Note that South Louisiana ranks very high by tonnage but not by container volume because it handles a lot of bulk cargo.

I hope this information is helpful to someone. -- Dominus 14:45, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sister cities
Just in case you were wondering about a reference to my addition: --Zereshk 23:40, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Photo
I don't think this is a good photo. It looks like it was taken inside a car, so it's kind of blurry.--Jerrypp772000 23:08, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Opening date of Metro
There is a discrepency is the opening date of the metro (2006 or 2007). From what I know, the line is not yet open... however I'm not sure. Can someone clarify? --the MOLIU gecko 14:35, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

It's open, but only the Red Line is. Proof here from someone who took pictures: http://www.flickr.com/photos/hao520/sets/72157594361519405/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.32.146.95 (talk) 18:56, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Compared with the lengths of the entries of  English and Chinese of five Special municipalities of Taiwan
The lengths of the entries  of  Chinese :

 * zh:臺南市（100,091 bytes）
 * zh:高雄市（99,854 bytes）
 * zh:臺中市（59,425 bytes）
 * zh:臺北市（53,990 bytes）
 * 新北市（40,127 bytes）

The lengths of the entries  of  English :

The length of the entry  of  Chinese  of  Kaohsiung City is almost  reach to 100,000  bytes, but the length of  the entry  of  English of  Kaohsiung City is  only has （ bytes）,It is  need to be added.--Jackac (talk) 23:29, 18 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Taipei City（ bytes）
 * Tainan City （ bytes）
 * Taichung City （ bytes）
 * Kaohsiung City （ bytes）
 * New Taipei City （ bytes）

 * Good observation, Jackac. Could you add or translate any sections you think are relevant to the English entries? Thanks, cmɢʟee☺τaʟκ 00:06, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Indeed that holds true for many of the articles on locations in China, be it the mainland, the two SARs, or Taiwan. To me, translation is the easiest method of expansion, as you don't always have to find materials online, which massively consumes time. — HXL's Roundtable  and  Record  00:21, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 22 July 2012
I would like to upload a panorama picture of Kaohsiung, taken by me Kaoshiung panorama.jpg|1440px|view of Kaohshiung from the light house en Cijin Island

Rubendene (talk) 00:03, 22 July 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅. Great addition to this article. GotR Talk 00:27, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protection
Semi-protected the article for a few days to hopefully bring an end to the slow-moving edit war over whether the infobox and lead should mention ROC or just Taiwan. The protection is not an endorsement of the current version - it was just the most recent one when the protection was applied.

I have no view on which option is preferable. But I suggest all those involved bring the discussion here and seek consensus, rather than endlessly reverting each other. Euryalus (talk) 07:33, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Xoloz (talk) 21:16, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

– All these articles are about official cities or counties which are named with the City/Country word. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use the correct names. This is especially true for Kaohsiung City, Tainan City and Taichung City, which are large areas that include large portions of rural areas. They are quite different from just Kaohsiung or Tainan, which people use to refer to the downtown areas. Also, Taipei is usually referred to the city that includes portions or all of New Taipei City. Szqecs (talk) 20:52, 26 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Kaohsiung → Kaohsiung City
 * Tainan → Tainan City
 * Chiayi → Chiayi City
 * Taichung → Taichung City
 * Hsinchu → Hsinchu City
 * Taipei → Taipei City
 * Keelung → Keelung City
 * Kinmen → Kinmen County
 * Matsu Islands → Lienchiang County
 * Penghu → Penghu County

This is not necessary. people do not say Taipei City, they say Taipei only. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.140.53.10 (talk) 23:49, 26 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually people do. Just as people call New York City just New York as well. It may be common but not precise, and precision matters. --Szqecs (talk) 09:23, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Weak support - except for Taipei, which never uses a "city" name status. ApprenticeFan  work 01:57, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment - Los Angeles is officially the "City of Los Angeles" and is located in Los Angeles County, California, but the Wikipedia page for the city is only titled "Los Angeles". Transphasic (talk) 23:20, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Neutral - But oppose the move of Taipei. --  axg //  ✉  ]] ''' 23:24, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose tentatively per WP:NC-ZH. OP has no sources to establish common usage, so this move request, is unnecessary, and like most others, a waste of time. GotR Talk 23:44, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Mild oppose as proposed - this seems like an important thing? What happens to the base titles? I'm confused. Red Slash 21:23, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose. This is a solution looking for a problem.  There is no ambiguity in most of these cases and these cities are not typically appended with "City" in English.  And, as User:Red Slash wonders, what will happen to the base titles?  Will there be no article or a new article about, say, Matsu Islands?  —  AjaxSmack  07:39, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Unnecessary and contrary to common usage.  Kanguole 09:30, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose, not what these places are commonly called, no reason to disambiguate. —Kusma (t·c) 16:40, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose Names are well known as they stand. A move would go against WP:CONCISE. ► Philg88 ◄ star.png 17:33, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Photos unexplained
The montage of photos from locations in the city currently has no explanations. Can anyone add labels for what these pictures are, preferably with links to those locations' Wikipedia pages? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.74.122.103 (talk) 09:58, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

Updating lead to re-include Kaohsiung's population & rank
Since there was some opposition to mentioning population rank over at Taichung (see discussion), I thought I'd run this by here first.

There was a considerable amount of recent news coverage about Taichung's population exceeding that of Kaohsiung's, pushing Kaohsiung's rank to 3rd in Taiwan. These reports cite newly-released figures from the Ministry of the Interior 內政部 (MOI). As far as I know, no sources or authorities have refuted the MOI figures. I think it would be helpful to include mention of Kaohiung's population (2.77 million) and rank (3rd) in the lead, as a summary of demographic info and as is standard with other 2nd (e.g. Yokohama, Busan) and 3rd (e.g. Osaka, Incheon) most populous cities in other countries. Thoughts? Multivariable (talk) 00:26, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

 * On second thought, it might be better to wait until the Taichung dispute is resolved first before making changes here. Multivariable (talk) 00:46, 14 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Apparently, Kaohsiung's population and rank were already in the article and were only recently removed for unspecified reasons. Seems like adding that info back is pretty straightforward then. If anyone has any comments, feel free to join us over on the Taichung discussion page. Thanks! Multivariable (talk) 23:00, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

Please do not try to remove the population rank from the lead without discussing here first. Phlar (talk) 13:02, 22 July 2018 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:38, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Kaohsiung


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Danish West Indies

St Thomas was a hub of the West Indies packet service from 1851 to 1885. Initially mail was transported by a Spanish packet to and from Puerto Rico; but in July 1867 the British picked up the mail contract, and packet letters are known using British stamps as late as 1879.

First stamps
The first postage stamp of the Danish West Indies was issued in 1856. It had the same square coat of arms design as the contemporary stamps of Denmark, but it was denominated 3 cents and of a dark carmine color on yellowish paper. A yellow burelage of wavy lines covered the stamp. (In the illustration at right, it is most easily seen along the bottom edge of the larger version.) An 1866 printing was on white paper, with the direction of the burelage lines changed, and in 1872 the stamps were perforated. In 1873 a 4c value in dull blue was issued.

1874 saw the first numeral issues of the same sort as used in Denmark. Values ranged from 1c to 50c; all were bi-colored. Inverted frames are common for several of the lower values.

As usual for small colonies far away, the Danish West Indies ran out of popular values periodically, and the colonial administration had to improvise. A 1c surcharge was printed on 7c stamps in 1887, and a 10c surcharge on 50c in 1895. An additional supply of numeral types in new colors came out between 1896 and 1901.

Single-color 1c and 5c stamps were issued in 1900 to meet UPU regulations. Shortages of 2c and 8c values led to more surcharges in 1902, rectified in the following year by an issue of those values using the arms design of 1900. Postage due stamps first appeared in 1902 also.

Currency reform
As a result of the currency reform, in 1905, new stamps were issued. Values from 5b to 50b had a silhouette of King Christian IX, while 1fr, 2fr, and 5fr depicted the sailing ship Ingolf in St. Thomas harbor. New postage dues were required as well. Additional 5b stamps were produced by surcharging older stamps.

A definitive series of 1907 depicted Frederik VIII, followed in 1915 by a series for Christian X.

A few types are cheaply available today, such as the low values of the 1907 issue, but most fall into the US$10-20 range. Because the letter-writing population was very small, perhaps just a few hundred persons, used copies are often valued more highly by collectors, and both forged and favor cancellations are known to have been made.

When the islands were sold to the United States in 1917 and renamed the United States Virgin Islands, the colony ceased producing its own postage stamps.


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Allenstein

In 1920 a plebiscite was held to determine whether the populace of the Region of Allenstein wished to remain in East Prussia and that in parts of the Region of Marienwerder to become part of that province in reconfined borders, or become part of Poland. In order to advertise the plebiscite, special postage stamps were produced by overprinting German stamps and sold from 3 April. One kind of overprint read PLÉBISCITE / OLSZTYN / ALLENSTEIN, while the other read '''TRAITÉ / DE / VERSAILLES / ART. 94 et 95''' inside an oval whose border gave the full name of the plebiscite commission. Each overprint was applied to 14 denominations ranging from 5 Pf to 3 M.

The plebiscite was held on 11 July, and produced 362,209 votes (97.8%) for East Prussia and 7,980 votes (2.2%) for Poland. The stamps became invalid on 20 August. Despite the short period of use, almost all of the stamps are cheaply available both used and unused.

After the Second World War, on 2 August 1945, the city became part of Poland under terms of the Potsdam Agreement) and officially renamed as Olsztyn.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2318

"According to the point-and-click series The Journeyman Project, 2318 is the projected year that that extraterrestrials land on Earth to form a permanent alliance. This is, however, entirely fictional, and most likely will never happen." This merits inclusion in 2318 if it is possible to expand it, but this bit of trivia is not worthy of its own article, and finding enough information about a year this far in the future would be impossible. Guanaco 04:34, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. And frankly, even if it wasn't in the far future, I wouldn't want to see a minor bit of fictional trivia like this in an article about a year. —Stormie 04:40, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. TPK 06:39, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There was a precedent for this quite recently, ah yes, Votes_for_deletion/2443. --Ianb 06:44, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. It makes my head hurt to look at all the red links in The Journeyman Project... more useless crap on the way. God save WP. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:14, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A private fiction. The year entry is supposed to be for stuff that happens. Geogre 12:44, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with everything that has been said. Definitely delete. Skyler 18:37, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * I removed some non-encyclopedic information and simply put in encyclopedic information. True or false: now this article can re-direct to 24th century. 66.245.7.55 22:17, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Why waste the space it takes to redirect such a strange number, which could refer to any number of different subjects? I can't see people typing in this number and expecting to be redirected to information on a future century. No vote change. Make me an argument. Skyler 22:27, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Poof. You're an argument.  :^P  Seriously, delete this.  This is just goofy. - Lucky 6.9 03:13, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into timeline of fictional future events and delete. -Sean Curtin 21:54, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree, however the format of timeline of fictional future events includes links to the relevant date page. Since the author has already taken down the doubtful content, I have been bold and inserted a reasonable facsimile into the Timeline page.  Rich Farmbrough 21:16, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2318


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Manchukuo

Manchukuo (Japanese for "Manchu State") was a constitutional monarchy in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, the region being the historical homeland of the Manchus who founded the Qing dynasty of China. In 1931, it was seized by Imperial Japan following the Mukden Incident and in 1932, a puppet government was created. This was abolished in 1945 after the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II.

Manchukuo issued its first postage stamps on 26 July 1932. A number of denominations existed, with two designs: the pagoda at Liaoyang and a portrait of Puyi. Originally the inscription read (in Chinese) "Manchu State Postal Administration"; in 1934, a new issue read "Manchu Empire Postal Administration". An orchid crest design appeared in 1935, and a design featuring the "Sacred White Mountains" in 1936.

The year 1936 also saw a new regular series featuring various scenes and surmounted by the orchid crest. Between 1937 and 1945, the government issued a variety of commemoratives: for anniversaries of its own existence, to note the passing of new laws, and to honor Japan in various ways, for instance, on the 2600th anniversary of the Japanese Empire in 1940. The last issue of Manchukuo came on 2 May 1945, commemorating the 10th anniversary of an edict.

After the dissolution of the government, successor postal authorities locally handstamped many of the remaining stamp stocks with "Republic of China" in Chinese and so forth. In addition, the Port Arthur and Dairen Postal Administration overprinted many Manchukuo postage stamps between 1946 and 1949.

References and sources
References

Sources
 * Stanley Gibbons Ltd, various catalogues
 * Stuart Rossiter & John Flower, The Stamp Atlas, W H Smith, 1989
 * XLCR Stamp Finder and Collector's Dictionary, Thomas Cliffe Ltd, c.1960


text:
George Borg Olivier

Giorgio Borg Olivier (Ġorġ Borg Olivier) (5 July 1911 – 29 October 1980) was a Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (1950–1955 and 1962–1971) as the Leader of the Nationalist Party. He was also Leader of the Opposition between 1955–1958, and again between 1971–1977.

Borg Olivier was elected as one of the three Nationalist members of the Council of Government in 1939. In May 1940, when the leader of the Nationalist party, Enrico Mizzi, was first interned by the British and deported, Borg Olivier became interim leader. After his return, Mizzi made Borg Olivier his deputy. Rising to office as a protégé of Mizzi and Sir Ugo P. Mifsud, Borg Olivier believed in the economic and social development of Malta as a viable independent state and in the necessity of a mixed economy. During his premiership, he pursued corporatist policies to develop the tourism industry and construction as the engine of growth. Under his leadership, average living standards rose steadily as Malta began to decouple from a fortress economy purely dependent on the British military establishment.

Near the end of his rule as prime minister, his government was rocked by various political and personal scandals, which seemed to symbolise the moral decay of the Maltese political establishment. Resigning from Leader of the Nationalist Party in 1977, Borg Olivier retained his parliamentary seat until his death in 1980. He was succeeded as leader of the party by Eddie Fenech Adami.

Family
George Borg Olivier was born in Valletta, the son of Olivier Borg Olivier and Rosa (née Amato), and had had a sheltered childhood lived in the Valletta of the 1920s and 1930s.

Borg Olivier grew up in a family steeped in Nationalist politics. His uncle Salvatore was speaker of the house and then a senator, and led the opposition to Lord Strickland's Constitutional Party in the 1920s before becoming a cabinet minister during the premiership of Ugo P. Mifsud in the early 1930s. Borg Olivier followed in this uncle's footsteps by becoming a notary.

Education
He was educated at the Lyceum, Malta, and the Royal University of Malta, where he graduated Doctor of Laws in 1937. As a university student, Borg Olivier was elected President of the Comitato Permanente Universitario until it was suppressed by the British colonial government in March 1935.

Family
Borg Olivier married Alexandra Mattei in 1943. They had one daughter, Angela, and two sons, Alexander and Peter. Alexandra Borg Olivier died on 25 February 2009, aged 87. Peter Borg Olivier died 19 April 2012, aged 62.

Private member (1939–1950)
The 1930s were particularly trying for Maltese society. War on the continent caused social and cultural tension on the islands. The alignment of local culture with Italy by elements of the social elite appeared to be lackey behaviour towards Fascist Italy. The Partito Nazionale of Enrico Mizzi and Sir Ugo P. Mifsud, the party chosen by Borg Olivier, came under strict scrutiny once war broke out in Europe in 1939. The war led to the exile of Nationalists supporters, including Enrico Mizzi, one of the main leaders of the Partito Nazionale. On 25 June 1939, Borg Olivier addressed his first mass-meeting in Siġġiewi, a village which also hosted his office as notary public:"...Giorgio Borg Olivier, figlio del compianto patriota ingegnere Oliviero. E' stato precisamente il notaio Giorgio a presentare a conclusione del magnifico comizio, due grandi mazzi di fiori ai nostri due capi Sir Ugo e Enrico Mizzi, a nome di quella laboriosa e patriottica popolazione rurale"

Borg Olivier played an active role in this election, addressing political meetings in various villages, such as Birkirkara and Bormla. He was one of the three party candidates, together with Mizzi and Mifsud, who made it to the Council of Government in 1939. The Nationalist members' line in the 1939 Council of Government was not obstructionist, however the three members believed that "the nation is mature, and quite mature from now to administer the government. It has sufficient talent, sufficient capacity for work and sufficient patriotism."

Borg Olivier was also chosen by Lieutenant governor William Dobbie as one of eight Protection Officers. Following the illegal internment and deportation of Maltese citizens, Borg Olivier offered a sustained opposition to the Council's deportations, talking at length and in many occasions against these actions, famously observing that:"Unless we are told the reasons for these arrests, internments and deportations, we have all the right to believe that those persons are the victims of political hatred."

The internees were returned to Malta in May 1945, and the three Nationalist members of the Council resigned in July, with the Nationalists refusing to participate in the 1945 elections. This was a protest against the imposition of non-administrative government. In 1947, Borġ Olivier was elected to the Legislative Assembly and was later Deputy Leader of the Opposition. The Boffa Government of 1947 was soon in crisis following Paul Boffa's disagreements with Dom Mintoff.

From Minister to Prime Minister (1950–1955)
Following the general elections of 1950, Borg Olivier held the post of Minister for Public Works and Reconstruction and Minister of Education in a Nationalist Minority Government led by Enrico Mizzi. Borg Olivier became Prime Minister and Minister of Justice in a Minority Government upon Mizzi's death in December 1950. He was also confirmed leader of the Nationalist Party by the Party's Executive Committee. The obstructionist strategies of the parties in opposition made Borġ Olivier bid the Governor, Sir Gerald Creasy, to call for fresh elections. These were held in May 1951, and as a result of them, Borg Olivier formed a coalition Government with the Malta Workers' Party, which was led by erstwhile PM Paul Boffa. Borg Olivier was head of the new government, retaining the Ministry for Public Works and Reconstruction. Re-elected in 1953, the coalition remained in office till 1955.

On the political front, these years were marked with the attempt for a proper definition of Malta's constitutional status and relationship with the United Kingdom. One such attempt related to an incident with respect to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Borġ Olivier was invited for the ceremony, but refused to attend unless Malta was granted special precedence over other colonies. The difficulties were overcome when the British government agreed to treat the Prime Minister of Malta on an equal basis to the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia and Northern Ireland. This was a diplomatic victory for Borġ Olivier, winning him unanimous approval in Parliament.

During his stay in London, Borġ Olivier presented a memorandum to the Minister of State for Colonial Affairs, Henry Hopkinson, explaining the Maltese government's position that Malta ought be transferred from the Colonial Office to the Commonwealth Relations Office, as an independent dominion within the Commonwealth. This was a counter-proposal to the British Government's offer to move Malta under Home Office responsibility. Discussions by a Maltese delegation in May 1953 focused on the legal, constitutional and economic aspects of this question. This was a prelude to the political struggle with Mintoff's Malta Labour Party, which favoured integration with Britain.

Leader of the Opposition (1955–1958)
The general elections of 1955, which were lost by the Nationalist party, were linked with the two competing proposals of integration with Britain and dominion status. The imperial authorities on the islands were accused of exerting undue pressure on the electorate by the Nationalist party, with the Governor, Major General Sir Robert Laycock, taking the unheard of step of addressing the electorate over the rediffusion at the start of the electoral campaign. The Nationalist Congress, held 24 April 1955, passed a resolution deploring the "scandalous and unconstitutional interference of the Governor."

From 1955–58, Borg Olivier served as Leader of Opposition. He led the Nationalist Party delegations in June and September 1955 for the Malta Round Table Conference. In these meetings, the Nationalist members reiterated that "Malta ought be given full autonomy within the Commonwealth, autonomous in its relationship with the United Kingdom, but not with the rest of the Commonwealth and other independent nations. The matters dealing with defense, the Commonwealth and international relationships should be the equal responsibility of the governments of the United Kingdom and Malta."

These constitutional demands were not met by the British government, which moved to agree in principle with Mintoff's demands for integration with Britain. A referendum was called, with Borg Olivier calling a boycott of the vote. Although the votes cast showed a substantial majority for integration, the outcome clearly showed that the nation did not approve of the proposals. Coupled with Borġ Olivier's attempts to expose British intrusions, and that "the Secretary of State for the Colonies is determined to bulldoze integration on the Island," support for the Malta Labour Party's proposal for full integration began to wane.

With the decrease in British defence spending, and the British government's unwillingness to set dates for full equality between the Maltese and British people, the integration proposal was effectively dead. At this point, Mintoff resigned and declared a national day of protest. Riots broke out 28 April 1958. The governor declared a state of emergency with troops placed on standby to help the civil police. After Borg Olivier's refusal to form a government, the governor was forced to declare a state of public emergency in Malta, suspending the 1947 Constitution.

Road to Independence
Following the February 1962 election, Borg Olivier agreed to form a Government after obtaining important amendments to the Constitution. In addition to being Prime Minister, he assumed the portfolio of Minister of Economic Planning and Finance. In the 1962 elections, 76% of the electorate voted for the principal parties which were demanding Independence. The Nationalist Party had suffered an internal split, with Herbert Ganado founding the more populist Democratic Nationalist Party.

The Nationalists gained a majority and therefore Borg Olivier became Prime Minister. Shortly afterwards, amendments to the Constitution were made. Borg Olivier proceeded to London to ask for a financial agreement and demand Independence with full membership within the Commonwealth. At the time unemployment had risen to 6% and there were fears of discharges from the Naval Arsenal. On 20 August 1962, Dr Borg Olivier presented a formal request for Independence. It was soon made known that the Attorney General Prof John J. Cremona, was working on a draft constitution while it was announced that a Malta Independence Conference was to be held at Marlborough House, London. The Conference started on 16 July 1963. Delegates from all the political parties led by Borg Olivier, Dom Mintoff, Toni Pellegrini, Herbert Ganado and Mabel Strickland attended. The Conference was chaired by Duncan Sandys. Discussions went on right through July. The Maltese Government was asking for a monarchical state with a Governor General representing the Queen. The Secretary of State proposed a referendum about the constitution.

Borg Olivier's shrewdness as a politician enabled him to use the ongoing religious conflict between the Labour Party and the Maltese church, headed by Archbishop Mikiel Gonzi, to his advantage. This was a particular achievement given Borg Olivier's relationship with the Bishop were very strained. However, Borg Olivier was still able to gain a reduction in the clerical and episcopal influence on Maltese politics.

This was the tail end of the Maltese Politico-religious dispute, comparable in some ways to the questions arising thirty years earlier, in Strickland's time. Although there was a personality clash between Archbishop Gonzi and Mintoff, other issues of power and jurisdiction were clearly becoming evident in the growing tension between the ecclesiastical sphere and the state. Mass hysteria and campaigns of almost sectarian proportions ensued, with Mintoff and several of his Labour Party colleagues being denied the sacraments and demonised. Borg Olivier was no religious fanatic, and took the politically correct side against his main adversary, riding on the wave of religious sentiment. Privately he argued that the Church's efforts to rally third parties to enter the political fray was damaging his chances. This referred in particular to a second, Church-supported right-wing party led by Herbert Ganado, which had returned four MPs in the 1962 elections. Ganado, along with three other 'pro-church' small parties, two of which with returned MPs, were opposed to independence.

Gonzi wanted to check both Mintoff and Borġ Olivier, to prevent the loss of the Church's guarded status under a new political system. Both the main political parties, the PN and the MLP, had independence from Britain prominently included in their electoral campaigns. On taking office in 1962, the demand for independence was put on the table quickly enough and preliminary discussions began almost immediately. Borġ Olivier tried rather unsuccessfully to get Britain to increase its aid to Malta, to protect against the consequences of the planned 'run down' of British service establishments in Malta. After unsuccessful talks, Borg Olivier retorted that he had not gone to London "to make a silver collection".

From his London hotel on 20 August 1962, Borg Olivier addressed to the secretary of state for the colonies a formal and urgent request for Malta's independence. The main British concern was of course defence, but also security. The violence of 1958 and subsequent events, including manifestations of support for 'neutrality and non-alignment', had rather dented regard for Mintoff and his party generally, not only among the British Conservative Party. The Malta Labour Party tended to be perceived now as departing from or sidelining the Western camp. It was the Nationalists under Borg Olivier who were now seen by the British as the better able to reassure the West, and to offer the best chances for democracy, security, and stability in an independent state.

After a controversial referendum in May 1964, in which a majority of the votes cast approved the proposed independence constitution, in July a full round of talks with all the five political parties concerned, led by Borg Olivier as prime minister, was held at Marlborough House in London. The minority view against immediate independence was dismissed. The majority view was hindered by disagreements as to constitutional form, mainly concerning civil and secular entitlements against traditional Roman Catholic presumptions and fears, but one of Mintoff's six points also endorsed the potential justification of violence. The MLP also seemed unenthusiastic about Malta's staying in the Commonwealth, or retaining the George Cross in the national colours.

On 13 July 1963, Borg Olivier headed a Government delegation for the Malta Independence Conference at the end of which it was announced that Malta would become independent. On 25 January 1964, Borg Olivier was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sylvester, Pope, by Pope Paul VI. After having had a series of talks with the British Government and after preparing a Constitution for an independent Malta, which was endorsed by Parliament and approved by the people in a referendum held in February 1964, Borg Olivier set 21 September as Malta's Independence Day. Independence was part of a package which included retaining British defence facilities for ten years and financial aid to the tune of £51 million. NATO's Mediterranean branch headquarters, just outside Valletta, was also retained, ensuring that Malta would remain in the Western sphere of influence, while British and NATO forces would continue to benefit from the islands' strategic location.

On Independence Day, 21 September 1964, the degree of Doctor of Literature (Honoris Causa) was conferred on Borg Olivier by the Royal University of Malta. In November 1964, he was received by Pope Paul VI and made Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX.

Independent Malta
In March 1965, he became Minister of Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in addition to his duties as Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Planning and Finance. In the General Elections held in March 1966, the Nationalist Party was again returned to power with Borg Olivier as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. On 14 June 1968, Borg Olivier was decorated with the Grand Cross of Merit of the Order of Malta by the Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta.

Borg Olivier's family affairs, which were somewhat disturbed, soon fell under public scrutiny. The marital relationship of the Borg Olivier couple began to be used by all his political opponents as a source of criticism. These scandals were part of the political rhetoric of the 1960s. The Maltese church's teachings still played a cardinal role in local politics. Borg Olivier had jumped on the Church's bandwagon, grasping a substantial political advantage from the Church's excommunication of the Maltese Labour Party.

Borg Olivier did not agree with the Church's position, yet he still capitalised on the situation and gave sterling support to the Church's authorities. The introduction of Labour newspapers in public hospitals was banned, a decision later revoked by the courts, while excommunicated citizens were forbidden from being buried in their family graves in public cemeteries. The abuse of Maltese children who had been sent to Australia on the initiative of the Maltese church was another scandal which rocked the country.

Leader of the Opposition (1971–1977)
As the 1960s came to a close, an economy reeling from over-reliance on construction and labour troubles at the Dockyards endangered Borg Olivier's administration. Above all, the common belief was that Borg Olivier and his cabinet had no initiative, preferring to react rather than to act.

In the 1971 election campaign, the Labour Party claimed that the government was lazy and out of touch, especially compared with the aggressive and determined Mintoff. However, the Borg Olivier Cabinet was incredibly active meeting, in all, 766 times from 27 August 1962 to 1 June 1971, just before the elections which were to unseat it; the cabinet met even on Boxing Day, sometimes morning and evening, and even on the feast day of St Paul's Shipwreck. This effort did Borg Olivier no good; Mintoff and Labour regained power.

Having led the Nationalists to defeat in the 1971 election and also the next election five years later, Borg Olivier incurred increasing censure within as well as outside his own party. His approach seemed lightweight and passive compared with Mintoff's vehement rule. Borġ Olivier opposed, but without success, the growing tendency of Mintoff's most extreme supporters to resort to violence as a political weapon.

Among Borg Olivier's fellow party members, a younger generation had emerged by this time which considered him physically and politically incapable of winning back popular support from Mintoff. His growing tendency to procrastinate rather than to take tough decisions attracted particular criticism.

During January 1974, eighteen Nationalist parliamentarians signed a declaration of no confidence in Borġ Olivier's leadership. Three others who could not attend signed later. Out of 27 MPs, only five supported the party leader. These five MPs were Paulo Borg Olivier (George's brother), Albert Borg Olivier de Puget (George's nephew), Alfred Bonnici (who had been appointed speaker in the previous parliament by George), J. Cassar Galea (an old friend of Borġ Olivier) and Alexander Cachia Zammit (a former minister in Borg Olivier's cabinet). Borg Olivier could still count on the support of his relatives in the party, as well as on those politicians who, like Cachia Zammit, had been members of his 1962-1971 cabinets and were still in the legislature. For a while, that backing was enough to enable Borg Olivier to retain the party leadership. Yet when Borg Olivier loyalists proved incapable of opposing Mintoff's proposal to change Malta from a constitutional monarchy to a republic (with a parliamentary majority of two-thirds, but without the referendum which Borg Olivier wanted), his position was fatally weakened.

After Mintoff's re-election in 1976, the general feeling among most Nationalists was that the party could succeed only if it acquired a young, genuinely devout, dynamic Catholic as a new leader. In other words, the Nationalist Party wanted to adopt a populist approach. Ironically enough, it was a position which had been advocated by Ganado, but which Borg Olivier had strongly resisted in the sixties. Undercurrents began to form within the higher ranks of the party with the aim of removing Borg Olivier. Eddie Fenech Adami, a comparative newcomer among Nationalist parliamentarians, became the party's leader in 1977. At 44 years of age he was much younger and more determined than Borg Olivier. His tenure as Opposition Leader reinvigorated an ailing party, which achieved an actual majority of the popular vote in 1981.

After stepping down from party leader, Borg Olivier became a recluse, alone, friendless and detached from the local political scene. A sense of betrayal marked his attitude, given that Fenech Adami had been encouraged by Borg Olivier to remain in politics after suffering two personal electoral defeats.

Death and state funeral

Despite his increasingly worsening health, Borġ Olivier still tried to remain active in public life. By 1980, Borg Olivier had been battling lung cancer for a number of years. Less than four years after he had resigned from the leadership of the Nationalist Party, he died at his Sliema home, at age 69, on Wednesday 29 October 1980.

Prime Minister Mintoff expressed his intention to organise a state funeral for Borg Olivier. His funeral was the largest state funeral in Maltese history up to that point in time, and it was followed by thousands who went to Valletta to pay their last respects. He was buried at Addolorata cemetery, Paola, Malta.

A monument in honour of Borġ Olivier was erected in Castille Square, Valletta in 1989, as part of the events commemorating the 25th anniversary of independence.

Honours and awards

 * 🇲🇹 Malta: Doctor of Literature (Honoris Causa), Royal University of Malta, September 1964
 * Holy See: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sylvester, January 1964
 * Holy See: Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX, November 1964
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Grand Cross of Merit, June 1968

title: George Borg Olivier


text:
United States congressional delegations from Utah

Since Utah became a U.S. state in 1896, it has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators to serve for six years. Before the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were elected by the Utah State Legislature. Members of the House of Representatives are elected to two-year terms, one from each of Utah's four congressional districts. Before becoming a state, the Territory of Utah elected a non-voting delegate at-large to Congress from 1850 to 1896.

58 people have served either the Territory or State of Utah: 14 in the Senate, 42 in the House, and 2 in both houses. The average term for senators has been 15.3 years and the average term for representatives has been 6.7 years. The longest-serving senator was Orrin Hatch, from 1977 to 2019. The longest-serving representative is James V. Hansen, in office for 22 years from 1981 to 2003. No Utah women have served in the Senate, but five women - Reva Beck Bosone, Karen Shepherd, Enid Greene, Mia Love, and Celeste Maloy - have been Representatives.

The current dean of the Utah delegation is Senator Mike Lee, having served in Congress since 2011.

U.S. Senate
Each state elects two senators by statewide popular vote every six years. The terms of the two senators are staggered so that they are not elected in the same year. Utah's senators are elected in the years from classes 1 and 3. Senators were originally chosen by the Utah House of Representatives until the Seventeenth Amendment came into force in 1913.

There have been seventeen senators elected from Utah, of whom five have been Democrats and twelve have been Republicans. Utah's current senators are Republicans Mike Lee, in office since 2011, and Mitt Romney, in office since 2019.

Delegates from Utah Territory
The Territory of Utah was an organized incorporated territory of the United States formed on September 9, 1850. The territory initially consisted of present-day Utah, most of Nevada, and portions of Colorado and Wyoming. On February 28, 1861, the creation of Colorado Territory took land from the eastern side of Utah Territory. Nevada Territory was organized from the western section of Utah Territory on March 2, 1861. Also on that date, Nebraska Territory gained area from the northeastern part of Utah Territory. Nevada Territory gained area from Utah Territory on July 14, 1862, and again on May 5, 1866, after becoming a state. Wyoming Territory was created on July 25, 1868, from Nebraska Territory, taking more area from the northeast corner and giving Utah Territory its final borders.

The territorial delegates were elected to two-year terms. Delegates were allowed to serve on committees, debate, and submit legislation, but were not permitted to vote on bills. Delegates only served in the House of Representatives as there was no representation in the Senate until Utah became a state.

Representatives from the State of Utah
Members of the House of Representatives are elected every two years by popular vote within a congressional district. From 1895 till 1913, Utah had an at-large congressional district that represented the entire state. Every ten years, the number of congressional districts is reapportioned based on the state's population as determined by the United States census; Utah has had four districts since 2013.


text:
User talk:Stuart Smith~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Verifiability
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 04:41, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Stuart Smith~enwiki


text: Category:Battles of the Finnish War

title: Category:Battles of the Finnish War


text:
Nuance Communications

Nuance Communications, Inc. is an American multinational computer software technology corporation, headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts, that markets speech recognition and artificial intelligence software.

Nuance merged with its competitor in the commercial large-scale speech application business, ScanSoft, in October 2005. ScanSoft was a Xerox spin-off that was bought in 1999 by Visioneer, a hardware and software scanner company, which adopted ScanSoft as the new merged company name. The original ScanSoft had its roots in Kurzweil Computer Products.

In April 2021, Microsoft announced it would buy Nuance Communications. The deal is an all-cash transaction of $19.7 billion, including company debt, or $56 per share. The acquisition was completed in March 2022.

History
The company that would become Nuance was incorporated in 1992 as Visioneer. In 1999, Visioneer acquired ScanSoft, Inc. (SSFT), and the combined company became known as ScanSoft. In September 2005, ScanSoft Inc. acquired and merged with Nuance Communications, a natural language spinoff from SRI International. The resulting company adopted the Nuance name. During the prior decade, the two companies competed in the commercial large-scale speech application business.

Solutions

 * Customer service virtual assistants.
 * Speech recognition — for people.
 * Speech recognition — for business.
 * Speech recognition — for physicians.
 * Accessibility.
 * Power PDF.
 * Managed Print Services.
 * Transcription.

ScanSoft origins
In 1974, Raymond Kurzweil founded Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. to develop the first omni-font optical character-recognition system – a computer program capable of recognizing text written in any normal font. In 1980, Kurzweil sold his company to Xerox. The company became known as Xerox Imaging Systems (XIS), and later ScanSoft.

In March 1992, a new company called Visioneer, Inc. was founded to develop scanner hardware and software products, such as a sheetfed scanner called PaperMax and the document management software PaperPort. Visioneer eventually sold its hardware division to Primax Electronics, Ltd. in January 1999. Two months later, in March, Visioneer acquired ScanSoft from Xerox to form a new public company with ScanSoft as the new company-wide name.

Prior to 2001, ScanSoft focused primarily on desktop imaging software such as TextBridge, PaperPort and OmniPage. Beginning with the December 2001 acquisition of Lernout & Hauspie assets, the company moved into the speech recognition business and began to compete with Nuance. Lernout & Hauspie had acquired speech recognition company Dragon Systems in June 2001, shortly before becoming bankrupt in October. Scansoft acquired speech recognition company SpeechWorks in 2003.

Partnership with Siri and Apple Inc.
In 2013, Nuance confirmed that its natural language processing algorithms supported Apple's Siri voice assistant.

Focus on health care
In 2019, Nuance spun off its automotive division as the company Cerence, allowing it to focus on health care applications.

Acquisition by Microsoft
On April 12, 2021, Microsoft announced that it will buy Nuance Communications for $19.7 billion, or $56 a share, a 22% increase over the previous closing price. Nuance's CEO, Mark Benjamin, stayed with the company. This was Microsoft's second-biggest acquisition up to that point, after its purchase of LinkedIn for $24 billion (~$ in ) in 2016. Shortly after the deal, the Competition and Markets Authority, a UK regulatory body, stated it was looking into the deal on the basis of antitrust concerns. In December 2021, it was reported that the deal would be approved by the European Union. The acquisition was completed on March 4, 2022.

In May 2023, Nuance announced an unspecified number of layoffs.

title: Nuance Communications


text:
Actaea (plant)

Actaea, commonly called baneberry, bugbane and cohosh, is a genus of flowering plants of the family Ranunculaceae, native to subtropical, temperate and subarctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America.

Taxonomy
The genus was redefined to include Cimicifuga and Souliea in the 1990s (Compton et al. 1998, Compton & Culham 2002, Gao et al. 2006, RHS Plant Finder, 2007) based on combined evidence from DNA sequence data, similarity in biochemical constituents and on morphology returning it to the original Linnean concept of the genus. The number of species in Actaea is to 25–30 using this concept. Other botanists (e.g., Hoffman 1999, Wang et al. 1999, Lee & Park 2004, Wang et al. 2009) reject this merger because only one group (Actaea) have fleshy fruit while the remainder have dry fruit. However, this narrower generic concept works for only a single morphological character and other characters such as number of carpels moves the generic boundary. The genus is treated here in its broader sense.

Species
Plants of the World Online currently (2023) includes:
 * 1) Actaea arizonica (S.Watson) J.Compton – Arizona bugbane
 * 2) Actaea asiatica H.Hara
 * 3) Actaea austrokoreana (H.W.Lee & C.W.Park) Cubey
 * 4) Actaea bifida (Nakai) J.Compton
 * 5) Actaea biternata (Siebold & Zucc.) Prantl
 * 6) Actaea brachycarpa (P.K.Hsiao) J.Compton
 * 7) Actaea cimicifuga L.
 * 8) Actaea cordifolia DC.
 * 9) Actaea dahurica (Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Franch. (syn. Cimicifuga dahurica) - Sheng ma in Chinese
 * 10) Actaea elata (Nutt.) Prantl
 * 11) Actaea erythrocarpa (Fisch.) Kom.
 * 12) Actaea europaea (Schipcz.) J.Compton
 * 13) Actaea frigida (Royle) Prantl
 * 14) Actaea heracleifolia (Kom.) J.Compton
 * 15) Actaea japonica Thunb.
 * 16) Actaea kashmiriana (J.Compton & Hedd.) J.Compton
 * 17) Actaea laciniata (S.Watson) J.Compton
 * 18) Actaea lancifoliolata (X.F.Pu & M.R.Jia) J.P.Luo, Q.Yuan & Q.E.Yang
 * 19) Actaea × ludovicii B.Boivin
 * 20) Actaea matsumurae (Nakai) J.Compton & Hedd. – Kamchatka bugbane, Japanese bugbane
 * 21) Actaea muliensis J.P.Luo, Q.E.Yang & Q.Yuan
 * 22) Actaea nanchuanensis (P.K.Hsiao) J.P.Luo, Q.Yuan & Q.E.Yang
 * 23) Actaea pachypoda Elliott – white baneberry, white cohosh, doll's eyes
 * 24) Actaea podocarpa DC.
 * 25) Actaea purpurea (P.K.Hsiao) J.Compton
 * 26) Actaea racemosa L. – black cohosh, black bugbane
 * 27) Actaea rubifolia (Kearney) Kartesz
 * 28) Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. (syn. Actaea erythrocarpa) – red baneberry
 * 29) Actaea simplex (DC.) Wormsk. ex Prantl
 * 30) Actaea spicata L. (syn. Actaea alba) – baneberry, herb christopher - type species
 * 31) Actaea taiwanensis J.Compton, Hedd. & T.Y.Yang
 * 32) Actaea vaginata (Maxim.) J.Compton
 * 33) Actaea yunnanensis (P.K.Hsiao) J.Compton

Etymology
Actaea is derived from the Greek name for elder (Sambucus); it was named by Pliny because the leaves of Actaea and Sambucus are similar in appearance.

The name Actaea alba (L.) Mill. is a confused one (Fernald 1940); although described as an American species (now named A. pachypoda), the illustration on which the description was based was actually a picture of the European A. spicata, and strictly, the name is therefore a synonym of the European species. Some texts, however, still treat A. pachypoda under this name.

Use and toxicity
Baneberry contains cardiac toxins that can have an immediate sedative effect on human cardiac muscle. The berries are the most poisonous part of the plant (hence the name baneberry). Children have been poisoned by eating the waxy, shiny red or white berries. Ingestion of the berries can lead to cardiac arrest and death. It is toxic to rabbits. The berries are harmless to birds, the plant's primary seed disperser.

The synonym Cimicifuga, meaning 'bed bug repellent', has traditional uses: for example, in pharmacology, Cimicifugae rhizoma is a herbal medicine Sheng ma, a Chinese preparation which may be extracted from the roots of A. dahurica and A. heracleifolia. The roots of A. rubra contain β-sitosterol glucoside.

Actaea species are in the same subfamily as plants in the genus Aconitum, a highly toxic plant genus which contains wolfbane and several varieties of monkshood.

title: Actaea (plant)


text:
Talk:Wood fuel

Untitled
Ah, I was just working on expanding the article firewood, when I came across this existing, much more complete one. Probably they should be merged? But if so, I'm not sure I like the title "wood heat". It isn't used in my brand of English, and in fact sounds quite odd to my ears. (We're not talking about the heat, but heating with the fuel). Also this article is just devoted to domestic heating, and I would like it to be a bit more general - something like "Use of wood as a fuel". But that's exactly what firewood means... Any thoughts? Securiger 04:53, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that it should be "Wood Fuel". I think that firewood (wood which is specifically collected for having a fire) is a subsection/category of that.  Being a bold kind of person I'm going to do the move myself.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Azikala (talk • contribs) 13:08, 1 January 2005 (UTC)

 * Anyone here thinks this article lacks in the Environment field?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.203.115.66 (talk) 19:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've changed it round a bit to try an include some of the other wood fuel options - specifically chip burners as used widely in europe. but feel free to shred it all if you don't agree. I think we really need to have a few more sub categories for logs, chip, Short rotation coppice etc. Any comments?   Axeman — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.25.106.209 (talk) 14:45, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Can someone put in how much a cord of wood weighs? I'm trying to compare wood and gasoline. So far I concluded a gallon of gasoline (131 megajoules of heat) is about equivalent to 6-13 kg of firewood (at 10-20 MJ/kg). Or the density range of various woods would work. Wikivek 06:28, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It is a load statement, as there are too many variables--species of wood, dryness, and tightness of stack. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.81.76.183 (talk) 17:25, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

The statement "In some of the most efficient burners, the temperature of the smoke is raised to a much higher temperature where the smoke will itself burn (e.g., 1,200 degrees for igniting carbon dioxide gases)." is inherently wrong in that carbon dioxide can not burn in a chemical sense; the commment may refer to carbon monoxide which is cited as having an instantaneous ignition temperature of 1204 kelvin for a 50% mixture in air (Ref: Baumeister T, Editor in Chief, "Mark's Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th Edition,1978, McGraw-Hill, New York; p 9-94). Two further observations are: 1) the units should always be specified (Celsius or Kelvin or Fahrenheit); and 2) achieving 1,200 kelvin or 927 degrees celsius in a smoke stack requires signicant engineering input well beyond most domestic and small industry applications making it irrelevant to the general users of wood heating. TheoBAZEN 07:40, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * As far as the weight goes, it's a tough one. 1 cord of pine is vastly different than a cord of oak or birch or cherry. I think that there may be room for a section on this page about burning characteristics and stacking techniques of split wood.  For example black birch tends to burn hot and smells great, and birch in general doesn't gum up one's chimney the way pine will.  Should this appear in this section?  A stacking section could discuss the  proper ways to stack (bark-side up) and the various (regional?) differences in cross stack, straight-stack, row-stack, etc. Yankee-Whiskey-Papa 19:55, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Fast burning/slow burning
The statement "Slow combustion stoves increase efficiency of wood heaters burning logs, but also increase particulate production. Low pollution/slow combustion stoves are a current area of research" seems questionable. The reference Clean Burning Wood Stoves and Fireplaces states that a fast fire is more efficient than a slow one. The section on burning wood efficiently calls for the advice to "Burn hot, bright fires." It also states, "FACTS: The right wood stove, used correctly, keeps wood flaming until it is reduced to coals. A smoldering fire is not an efficient fire." 199.125.109.104 (talk) 20:24, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Wood fuel around the world
This article does not include any sections on wood for fuel in Africa or South America where it is the main fuel used in cooking food for all of the poor. Very developed centric. Someone out there should know something about how the oldest fuel is used where people have no other fuels.

Yep, just checked out the page again, and it seems like a discussion of wood stoves and firewood in Europe, US, Australia, and Japan. What about the firewood crises in Africa, or the effect of wood gathering on hillslopes in central america that lead to landslides that bury hundreds of people.... need someone with more info to add to this article.

I echo the top comment... why do we need both articles... both would benefit from being merged... separately there is the danger that readers will only see one and not get the information they need. This article has a very limited international perspective....

Avram Primack (talk) 01:00, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

 * You seem pretty knowledgeable on the topic, if you find some sources you can contribute to this article.Meatsgains (talk) 20:30, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

"One of the earliest printed books in English"
"One of the earliest printed books in English was John Evelyn "Sylva, or a discourse on forest trees" (1664)" Have you never heard of William Caxton? First book printed in England 1473. Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 19:04, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Rectified Vernon White  . . . Talk 19:11, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Graph - energy content
This graph talks of kw per kg of wood. Surely that is a nonsense, it should be a unit of ENERGY (kwh or kJ) rather than power (kW)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.14.83 (talk) 12:38, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

merger with biomass
This is a very decent article, at least as good as biomass or even better. But I am not sure if it it good to have many so similar articles. I would suggest merging it with biomass, or crossreferencing in some smart way. Strug (talk) 21:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Not all biomass is wood. Both of these are justifiable articles on notable topics. They should both stand. Andy Dingley (talk) 22:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Typo
There is a typo. In measurement it says Metre instead of Meter!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2601:440:4102:8090:6976:1425:E177:8C0C (talk) 00:51, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Not a typo, that is the accepted spelling in some parts (see American_and_British_English_spelling_differences). Vsmith (talk) 01:35, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

Today sounds like yesterday's tomorrow
I've just addedd to the Today section. First, of course, the title, and indeed the whole section, should be rephrased to account for the fact that Wikipedia is not a daily and that articles have life cycles spanning years or even decades. This is even more salient considering that the development of a forest takes place over centuries.

While indeed the whole section is currently devoid of any citation, most worrying seems to be the last paragraph:

As a sustainable energy source, wood fuel also remains viable for generating electricity in areas with easy access to forest products and by-products.

An article on wood fuel is an odd place to forget that deforestation is an ancient and grave concern, even more accute by the day.

A very un-encyclopedic section indeed. Noliscient (talk) 10:42, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wood fuel