text:
Talk:Null character

Java null
Dcoetzee, Java does have a null terminator. If you don't believe me, click here. [[User:supadawg|supadawg - talk - contribs]] 15:02, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Java has a null terminator character, since it uses the ASCII character set, but it is not, as your modification explicitly said, used to terminate strings. Java strings are objects and can contain embedded nulls. Deco 23:01, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The page is called "Null character". We've just established that Java has a null character.  Therefore, it should be included, with a change of wording in the introduction.
 * P.S. I won't change the page until we agree on something, to avoid an edit war.  [[User:supadawg|supadawg - talk - contribs]] 23:08, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Java does not use the ASCII character set, it uses Unicode. The null character exists but it is not called "null terminator character" because it is not used to mark the end of a string.
 * You're right, sorry for my errors. In any case the null character has no special meaning in Java. Deco 06:39, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Efficiency
I would really like to see a source for this:
 * "Null-terminated strings can also have efficiency benefits, since operations that traverse a string don't need to keep track of how many characters have been seen, and operations which modify the string's length do not need to update the stored length. Cache performance can also be better."

So have added citation needed. For one, on most architectures both a "subtract and jump if not zero" is identical to a "compare and jump if not zero". Yet by having the length first loops can be unrolled for far greater speed - something that is very difficult to do with a null terminator. For example, many languages that have known lengths are able to use sse2 and move 16 bytes at a time from a string - the same procedure to move a C style string performs atrociously in comparison. Themania (talk) 14:17, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The only operation that is faster is "give me the tail of this string". This is indeed O(1) for nul-terminated strings, while O(N) at least for all other usable representations of strings (a large object containing both an original pointer+length plus a current pointer+length would also be O(1) but has impractical overhead for other purposes). It is also true that software has taken advantage of this, which is one of the main reasons it is difficult to transition away from nul-terminated strings and why it often gets much slower. Typical example is passing a pointer to the middle of a string and assuming that is free.Spitzak (talk) 18:24, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The original reason for nul termination is that with an overhead of one byte, you get unlimited string length. The alternative considered when this was done was a 1-byte length, which gave you a limit of 255 bytes. This length limit was much worse than the problems with not allowing one character value. Overhead of more than one byte was not even considered then, you would have been nuts to suggest it. This was when 4K was a typical memory size.Spitzak (talk) 18:24, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * SSE: Modern processors manipulate nul-terminated strings in units far larger than one byte in typical strcpy implementations. This is because you can do tests that will reveal if one of the bytes in the larger unit is nul and then do that last unit with byte-based code. So the SSE advantages are far less than you think. One disadvantage of nul-terminated strings is that they are often not page-aligned at the start, requiring special code at both the start and end of the string.Spitzak (talk) 04:29, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

ow, my brain!
I'm no good at computer. 71.84.126.174 (talk) 08:51, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

"\01" a two-character string?
Tested negatively in:
 * Bash 4.1.5 -
 * Perl 5.8.9 -
 * Python 2.6.5 -

Should we remove that part until someone finds (or invents;) such a language? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.73.54.61 (talk) 10:42, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

 * There is lots of documentation that says "\0" is a null character, which implies "\01" is a null character followed by a '1' character. However it is quite possible that the documentation is wrong! Another question is whether "\0001" is a null character followed by a '1' or a single '\1' character (ie does it eat 3 digits as the C standard say, or eat all possible octal digits), again docs often say ambiguous things or disagree with the C standard. Again perhaps only the docs are wrong. If it appears virtually all implementations match C, it might still be interesting to point out that the common belief and documentation mistake that '\0' is the escape for a null character is not exactly true.Spitzak (talk) 20:03, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

 * "implies "\01" is a null character followed by a '1' character."
 * No, not even a byte 0 followed by a byte 1. "\01" means a string of language source code, which is parsed according to the rules of that language. In pretty much every case, for every language, this means that it's treated as a string of digits signifying one numeric value (usually in octal notation, if it's a "\" marker alone). This numeric value then represents one, and only ever one, codepoint (i.e. "character"). For two codepoints it would be expressed as two \nnn \nnn sequences, with two backslashes.  Each codepoint is then encoded into bytes or octets. In many cases (i.e. encodings, such as ASCII or ISO-8859-*, codepoints are represented as a single byte. In UTF-16, always as two octets. In UTF-8, most can be represented as a single octet, but there are encoding rules for transparent use of varying-length (i.e. multi-octet) encodings. So "\01" is the same as "\1" and "\001": it always means codepoint ("character") #1 (SOH) and that will (in most cases) be represented by the single byte 0x01. In UTF-16 it could be 0x0001 or 0x0100 because that always uses two octets per codepoint.

 * I think you are confused about what I am saying. Yes in most (perhaps all) languages using such syntax, "\01" results in a 1-character string with a single character of value 1. However there is quite a lot of documentation that says that "\0" is a nul character. This is not true because a literal reading of that would indicate that "\01" should then produce a nul character from the "\0" followed by something else from the "1", most likely an ASCII '1'. I was under the impression that there were actual implementations that work this way (as it would be easy to write a case statement that was also doing \n and \t to make \0 into a NUL, but more difficult to make \nnn octal work) and assumed there were actual differences between software in the interpretation of "\01". It now sounds like nobody can locate an example and in fact it is only the documentation that is wrong.Spitzak (talk) 22:19, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * No, you're just plain wrong. Read my text again. \01 is not the same thing as \0 \1 Andy Dingley (talk) 22:41, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, me and everybody agrees that "\01" is never "\0\1". The question is whether it is "\1" or "\0"+"1". I also agree that it is "\1" in the majority and possible all cases. I am however assuming that the ease of writing a statement like "case 'n': return '\n"; case 'r': return '\r'; case '0': return 0;" would lead to a number of implementations that treat "\01" as "\0"+"1". However as testing is not showing any, perhaps this assumption about lazy programmers is false.Spitzak (talk) 17:08, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It is parsed according to pretty universally followed practice for character-level syntax in programming languages: \nnn is treated as one sequence, with up to three digits (in octal, at least). There are no languages that will treat the "\nnn" notation as "\n" followed by a remainder of "nn". You are of course to write as many inconsistent, broken parsers as you wish to, but they aren't going to be notable and aren't going to get covered here. For any language worth using as an example in these articles, "\nnn", "\nn" and "\n" are all parsed in exactly the same manner; as digits, with assumed left padding with zeros. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:21, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The YAML official spec does this: http://www.yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html#id2776092 YAML is based on JSON, but JSON does not have this problem, as it does not support \0 at all. It appears the only way to get nul in JSON is \u0000.Spitzak (talk) 22:49, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * If you're using YAML, there's no hope. Writing a language spec isn't as hard as it used to be, as it's so well understood these days and there's so much past work to draw from. YAML though is just a mess. Andy Dingley (talk) 22:56, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Definition of "null character" is NOT zero
I disagree with the phrase "with the value of zero" since zero has its own unique ASCII character; the phrase "with the value of zero" is misleading. The null character is non-numeric. I invite further discussion on the difference between zero and null since they are not the same philosophically, neither are the same within a numerical ordering. This concept was taught in the computer engineering curriculum at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, FL during my studies there. - MPO, mattjava77@gmail.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.41.63.164 (talk) 03:05, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Null character


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Walter Slezak

Walter Slezak (3 May 1902 – 21 April 1983) was an Austrian-born film and stage actor active between 1922 and 1976. He mainly appeared in German films before migrating to the United States in 1930 and performing in numerous Hollywood productions.

Slezak typically portrayed wily and loquacious characters, often philosophical, and often with a taste for food, drink, and fine living. He played a crafty villain as a U-boat captain in Alfred Hitchcock's film Lifeboat (1944), a charming, two-timing major domo to a tycoon in Come September (1961), and a wandering gypsy in The Inspector General (1949). He stood out as shrewd, unscrupulous private investigators in film noir, as in Cornered (1945) and Born to Kill (1947).

Early life
Slezak was born in Vienna, the son of opera tenor Leo Slezak and Elisabeth "Elsa" Wertheim. He studied medicine for a time and later worked as a bank teller. His older sister Margarete Slezak was also an actress.

Career
Slezak was talked into taking his first role, in the 1922 Austrian film Sodom und Gomorrah, by his friend and the film's director, Michael Curtiz. In his youth (while still slim) Slezak was cast as a leading man in silent films. He also acted on the stage for many years, debuting on Broadway in 1931.

His first American film was Once Upon a Honeymoon (1942), with Ginger Rogers and Cary Grant. He worked steadily and appeared in over 100 films including The Princess and the Pirate (1944), The Spanish Main (1945), Sinbad the Sailor (1947), Born to Kill (1947), Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion (1950), People Will Talk (1951), and Call Me Madam (1953).

Slezak played the lead in Broadway musicals, including Fanny, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical.

Slezak acted in radio in such shows as Lux Radio Theater, Columbia Workshop, The Pepsodent Show, and The Charlie McCarthy Show. He made numerous television appearances, including in the programs The Loretta Young Show, This Is Show Business, Playhouse 90, and Studio One. He starred in an unsold television pilot, Slezak and Son, that aired in 1960 as an episode of the anthology series New Comedy Showcase, and appeared as The Clock King in episodes 45 and 46 of TV series Batman in 1966.

In 1959/60, Slezak appeared at the Metropolitan Opera in Johann Strauss's operetta Der Zigeunerbaron. In the 1970s, Slezak played the non-singing role of Frosch, the jailer, in the San Francisco Opera production of Johann Strauss's operetta Die Fledermaus. Later film roles in Britain included the Cliff Richard vehicle Wonderful Life (1964) and Black Beauty (1971).

Personal life
Slezak married Johanna "Kaasi" Van Rijn on 10 October 1943. The couple had three children: Ingrid, Erika, and Leo. Erika went on to become an Emmy-winning actress, and starred as Victoria Lord on the long-running soap opera One Life to Live from 1971 to its cancellation in 2012. In 1974, Slezak appeared on the series as her character's godfather, Lazlo Braedecker.

Slezak was close friends in Vienna in the 1930s with heiress Maria Altmann and her family.

Death
On 21 April 1983, Slezak died from a self-inflicted gunshot. He was reportedly despondent over the state of his health, most notably heart trouble, a recent prostate operation, and a shoulder injury requiring several treatments a week. He was buried in the grave of his parents in the cemetery of St. Laurentius Church, a Catholic parish in Egern, Bavaria.

Autobiography
Slezak's autobiography, What Time's the Next Swan? was published in 1962. The book's title refers to an alleged incident in the career of his father, heldentenor Leo Slezak. During a performance in the title role of Lohengrin, the elder Slezak was supposed to finish his aria by stepping into a swan boat and then being pulled offstage. When a stagehand removed the boat prematurely, Slezak supposedly reacted to the error by asking the audience "What time's the next swan?"

Awards
In 1955, Slezak won a Tony Award for his role in the Broadway production of Fanny.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Walter Slezak


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Ballinakil

Ballinakil (Baile na Coille) is a small, sparsely populated townland, located in County Wicklow, Ireland. It is situated off the Glenealy-Rathdrum road, close to Deputy's Pass.

title: Ballinakil


text:
Category:National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

 * National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service — part of the U.S.


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Delius (surname)

Delius is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Frederick Delius (1862–1934), English composer
 * Friedrich Christian Delius (1943–2022), German writer
 * Fritz Delius (1890–1966), German actor
 * Ernst von Delius (1912–1937), German racing car driver
 * Nicolaus Delius (1813–1888), German philologist
 * Tobias Delius (born 1964), English jazz musician

Fictional characters:
 * Max Delius, fictional character in the 1992 novel The Discovery of Heaven

title: Delius (surname)


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Odd Reinsfelt

Odd Reinsfelt (23 August 1941 – 16 August 2022) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party and meteorologist.

Before Reinsfelt became a full-time politician he was Chief Meteorologist at NATO's Norwegian department.

Reinsfelt entered the municipal council of Bærum after the 1975 election. He became mayor of Bærum in 1992, having served as deputy mayor since 1980. He retired in 2011.

Reinsfelt died on 16 August 2022, at the age of 80, a week before turning 81.

title: Odd Reinsfelt


text:
National Geophysical Data Center

The United States National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) provided scientific stewardship, products and services for geophysical data describing the solid earth, marine, and solar-terrestrial environment, as well as earth observations from space. In 2015, NGDC was merged with the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) and the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) into the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).

Location and controlling bodies
The NGDC, was located in Boulder, Colorado as a part of the US Department of Commerce (USDOC), National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS).

Data holdings
NGDC's data holdings contained more than 300 digital and analog databases, some of which were very large. As technology advanced, so did the search for more efficient ways of preserving these data. This data is now maintained by the NCEI.

Data contributors
NGDC worked closely with contributors of scientific data to prepare documented, reliable data sets. They welcomed cooperative projects with other government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and universities, and encourage data exchange.

Data users
NGDC's data users included:

 * private industry
 * universities and other educational facilities
 * research organizations
 * federal, state, and local governments
 * foreign governments, industry, and academia
 * publishers and other mass media
 * the general public

Data management
The Data Center developed data management programs that reflect the changing world of geophysics. These programs are now part of the National Centers for Environmental Information.

title: National Geophysical Data Center


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Talk:Planetary core

Comment
It would be great if as a part of this topic, someone could explain the methods scientists used to determine what the Earth's core consists of?

Under "Core heat source", the article says: "This value is calculated from a variety of factors: secular cooling, differentiation of light elements, Coriolis forces, radioactive decay, and latent heat of crystallization." Coriolis forces are not real or true forces, only apparent forces. They are what makes a ball thrown by someone on a turntable or merry-go-round seem to swerve. There is no swerve. It is a mere appearance. It is surprising that a non-force, which can move nothing, should be claimed to be a source of heat. This article needs revision by hard-headed and well-qualified people. ClarkoEye (talk) 07:28, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

What "powers" the core?
Well, I came here looking for this information, so I'll use the talk page as to suggest what should be put in. My primary question is what "powers" the core? Originally the compression of matter and gravity generated the heat, but now it is hundreds of millions of years later and it still hasn't cooled, and the magnetic strength of the Earth (caused by an ever rotating iron core) is still about 90% as it once was, which IMO, even jumps up in strength sometimes, ie. ice age, and isn't more of losing energy than preparing for a magnetic pole switch.

Is it the Earth's orbit around the sun, transferring the momentum to the Earth's core? Or the sun's slow orbit around other stars, and with the galaxy et al powering all this? Or the sun's magnetic field? What then? -- Natalinasmpf 14:56, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm no hard scientist here, but I'd say the sun, pressure, and in a general sense, nothing. First off, what do you mean by "powers?" The planet isn't really doing anything then falling through space. It's still liquid and hot down in the center, but where do you think this would go?  The planet radiates heat out into the universe, but the sun also warms it.  If the question is why is it hotter in the center then it is right here? Well then I would say that pressure, although I'd have a hard time justifying that. Something to the effect that as pressure increases, temperature increases.  Now the earth isn't nearly big enough to cause a chain reaction like the sun or a black hole. Although I heard that Jupiter is so big it gives off more heat then it recieves.   But I believe you are thinking about the heat death of the universe. That starts around 10^14. We've been around for about 10^9. You know, probably-ish.  So yeah, earth isn't powered by anything and is winding down.  64.238.49.65 20:57, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The Earth is four and half billion years old, and the Sun warms its interior not at all. In that time, without an internal power source (namely radioactive decay of potassium-40, uranium, thorium, etc.) it would be much cooler now than it actually is, and the crust and mantle much thicker than they are.  This was worked out by Lord Kelvin in the 19th century when he famously decided that the Earth was billions of years younger than geologists then knew it to be, because he knew his thermodynamics and rates of cooling, but wasn't taking radioactive decay into account. --arkuat (talk) 01:37, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm a geophysicist who studies the core and deep Earth. The core is still hot from its initial formation, and it cools very slowly because the only way heat escapes is through the slow creeping convection motion of the overlying rocky mantle. The mantle is solid, but over long time scales it behaves as a very very high viscosity fluid. The core was very hot initially because of the release of gravitational potential energy in separating it from its silicate rocky part. The inner core is solid and slowly freezing from the outer liquid part, and grows about 1 km every million years. The rate of cooling of the core determines whether or not convection can occur inside the outer liquid part, and this process is thought to be the only way for generating Earth's magnetic field. So yes, Earth's magnetic field is powered by cooling of the core, but if the core were to have cooled too fast it would be frozen and we'd have no magnetic field. This gives us constraints on the thermal evolution of Earth's interior. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.84.196.231 (talk) 04:52, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

The core of the Earth is still hot because of radioactivity generated by atoms in the core produced by supernovae that exploded before the Earth and the Solar system were first formed. See Age of the Earth and History of Earth. --arkuat (talk) 09:11, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

THIS PAGE NEEDS SCIENTIFIC REVIEW: I am not a geophysicist, but there are assertions here made about the core that are not likely true. It is way too simplistic in its attribution of heat to radioactive decay and ignores other factors. It has no citations. --Jameseavesjo (talk) 14:56, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * You are welcome to post claims to the contrary, with your citations, but the claim that I've made has been uncontroversial in refereed publications for decades. --arkuat (talk) 06:49, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Um, I agree with Jameseavesjo, there should be a scientific review. No offense, arkuat, but your entry seems a bit to simple. I read the two entries that you sited, Age of the Earth and History of Earth, and neither of them back up the claims you make here. --Anon 23:36, 09 April 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.61.211.15 (talk)

Yeah, this needs a review badly. I'll not make the edit as I don't have cites handy, but most of the heating in the core is due to accretionary processes from the proto-Earth forming and other masses combining in early planetary history and the descent through the Earth of the dense materials (mostly Iron) that now make up the core. - drewflicker@gmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.169.30.2 (talk) 20:16, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The sources you're looking for are cited in Geothermal gradient. I'll cite them here when I restore the section on what powers the Earth's core. It's about 20% residual mechanical heat and 80% heat of radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 according to the sources cited in that article. --arkuat (talk) 01:32, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

history
I'm curious about the history of scientists discovering that planets have a core, and how they came about to that conclusion -- geekyßroad . meow?'' 05:33, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This is a hard question to answer, but seismology might give you a start. Basically, sound travels at different speeds, earthquakes cause "sounds" that can be measured all over the planet, and the measurements can be used to deduce things about the core and other layers of the planet based on how fast the sounds traveled through the various layers. If seismology doesn't address your specifically historical concerns, try Age of the Earth and Kelvin's bad guess about it. --arkuat (talk) 06:39, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Incoherent mess
Sadly the whole article is a real mess; full of contradictory figures and unexplained statements of fact, which are actually the result of someone's mathematical modelling. For example statements about the abundance of certain elements in the Earth's core when in reality it is speculative and unknowable.

It's a shame as it could be an interesting topic. Needs a complete rewrite. 109.144.211.95 (talk) 01:14, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planetary core


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Eddie Harris

Eddie Harris (October 20, 1934 – November 5, 1996) was an American jazz musician, best known for playing tenor saxophone and for introducing the electrically amplified saxophone. He was also fluent on the electric piano and organ. His best-known compositions are "Freedom Jazz Dance", popularized by Miles Davis in 1966, and "Listen Here".

Biography
Harris was born and grew up in Chicago. His father was from Cuba and his mother from Mississippi. He studied music under Walter Dyett at DuSable High School, as had many other successful Chicago musicians (including Nat King Cole, Clifford Jordan, Johnny Griffin, Gene Ammons, Julian Priester, and others). He later studied music at Roosevelt University; by that time he was proficient on piano, vibraphone, and tenor saxophone. While in college he performed professionally with Gene Ammons.

After college, Harris was drafted into the United States Army and while serving in Europe, he was accepted into the 7th Army Band which also included Don Ellis, Leo Wright, and Cedar Walton.

Leaving military service, Harris worked in New York City before returning to Chicago where he signed a contract with Vee Jay Records. His first album for Vee Jay, Exodus to Jazz, included his own jazz arrangement of Ernest Gold's theme from the movie Exodus. A shortened version of the track, which featured his playing in the upper register of the tenor saxophone, was heavily played on radio and became the first jazz record ever to be certified gold.

The single, "Exodus", climbed into the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached No. 16 in the U.S. R&B chart. He moved to Columbia Records in 1964 and then to Atlantic Records the following year where he re-established himself. In 1965, Atlantic released The In Sound, a bop album which won back many of his detractors.

During the next few years, he began to perform on electric piano and the electric Varitone saxophone, and to perform a mixture of jazz and funk that sold well in both the jazz and rhythm and blues markets. In 1967, his album The Electrifying Eddie Harris reached second place on the R&B chart. The album's second track, "Listen Here", was issued as a single climbing to No. 11 R&B and No. 45 on the Hot 100. Harris released several different versions of his composition over the years, including both studio and live concert recordings. The first appeared on an early Atlantic album, Mean Greens, featuring him on electric piano. He was to re-work the track two years later, stretching it out to over seven minutes in length, for his hit version on which he played saxophone. The entire track appeared on both sides of the Atlantic hit single and edited into two parts. For the 11th Annual Grammy Awards in 1968, Harris was nominated for the Best Instrumental Jazz Performance for Small Group or Soloist with Small Group for the Album – The Electrifying Eddie Harris.

In 1969, he performed with pianist and vocalist Les McCann at the Montreux Jazz Festival. Although the musicians had been unable to rehearse, their session was so successful that a recording of it was released by Atlantic as Swiss Movement. This became one of the best-selling jazz albums ever and was nominated during the 13th Annual Grammy Awards (1970) for the Best Jazz Performance – Small Group or Soloist with Small Group.

Harris also came up with the idea of the reed trumpet, playing one for the first time at the 1970 Newport Jazz Festival. He moved from Chicago to Los Angeles in the 1970s. From 1970 to 1975, he experimented with new instruments of his own invention (the reed trumpet was a trumpet with a saxophone mouthpiece, the saxobone was a saxophone with a trombone mouthpiece, and the guitorgan was a combination of guitar and organ), with singing the blues, with jazz-rock (he recorded an album with Steve Winwood, Jeff Beck, Albert Lee, Ric Grech, Zoot Money, Ian Paice and other rockers). He also started singing comic R&B/blues songs, such as "That is Why You're Overweight" and "Eddie Who?".

In 1975, however, he alienated some of his audience with his album The Reason Why I'm Talking S--t, which consisted mainly of comedy. After recording for Atlantic for over 12 years, Harris left the record company after completing his final album for the label in 1977. He then signed with RCA Records and recorded two albums.

Harris died of congestive heart failure in Los Angeles on November 5, 1996, at the age of 62.

As leader

 * 1961: Exodus to Jazz (Vee-Jay)
 * 1961: Mighty Like a Rose (Vee-Jay)
 * 1961: Jazz for "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (Vee-Jay)
 * 1962: A Study in Jazz (Vee-Jay)
 * 1962: Eddie Harris Goes to the Movies (Vee-Jay)
 * 1963: Bossa Nova (Vee-Jay)
 * 1963: Half and Half (Vee-Jay)
 * 1964: For Bird and Bags (Exodus) also released as Sculpture (Buddah)
 * 1964: Cool Sax, Warm Heart (Columbia)
 * 1964: Here Comes the Judge (Columbia)
 * 1965: Cool Sax from Hollywood to Broadway (Columbia)
 * 1965: The In Sound (Atlantic)
 * 1966: Mean Greens (Atlantic)
 * 1967: The Tender Storm (Atlantic)
 * 1968: The Electrifying Eddie Harris (Atlantic)
 * 1968: Plug Me In (Atlantic)
 * 1968: Pourquoi L'Amérique (Disc'Az) soundtrack
 * 1968: Silver Cycles (Atlantic)
 * 1969: High Voltage [live] (Atlantic)
 * 1969: Swiss Movement (Atlantic) with Les McCann
 * 1969: Sculpture (Buddah) previously released as For Bird and Bags (Exodus)
 * 1969: Free Speech (Atlantic)
 * 1970: Come on Down! (Atlantic)
 * 1970: Live at Newport (Atlantic)
 * 1970: Smokin'  (Janus)
 * 1971: Second Movement (Atlantic) with Les McCann
 * 1971: Instant Death (Atlantic)
 * 1972: Eddie Harris Sings the Blues (Atlantic)
 * 1973: Excursions (Atlantic)
 * 1974: E.H. in the U.K. (Atlantic)
 * 1974: Is It In (Atlantic)
 * 1974: I Need Some Money (Atlantic)
 * 1975: Bad Luck Is All I Have (Atlantic)
 * 1975: That Is Why You're Overweight (Atlantic)
 * 1975: The Reason Why I'm Talking S--t (Atlantic)
 * 1976: How Can You Live Like That? (Atlantic)
 * 1978: I'm Tired of Driving (RCA)
 * 1979: Playin' with Myself (RCA)
 * 1980: Sounds Incredible (Angelaco)
 * 1981: The Versatile Eddie Harris (Featuring Don Ellis) (Atlantic) recorded 1977
 * 1981: Steps Up (SteepleChase)
 * 1982: The Real Electrifying Eddie Harris (Mutt & Jeff)
 * 1983: Exploration (Chiaroscuro)
 * 1986: Eddie Who? (Timeless)
 * 1987: People Get Funny (Timeless)
 * 1989: Live in Berlin (Timeless)
 * 1990: Live at the Moonwalker (Moonwalker Label)
 * 1991: A Tale of Two Cities [live] (Night/Virgin) recorded 1978 and 1983
 * 1991: There Was a Time – Echo of Harlem (Enja)
 * 1993: For You, For Me, For Evermore (SteepleChase)
 * 1993: Yeah You Right (Lakeside)
 * 1993: Listen Here (Enja)
 * 1993: Artist's Choice: The Eddie Harris Anthology (Rhino) 2-CD
 * 1994: Freedom Jazz Dance (Musicmasters/BMG)
 * 1994: Vexatious Progressions (Flying Heart)
 * 1994: The Battle of the Tenors (Enja) with Wendell Harrison
 * 1995: Dancing by a Rainbow (Enja)
 * 1996: All The Way Live (Milestone) with Jimmy Smith; recorded 1981
 * 1997: The Last Concert (ACT)
 * 2005: Exodus: The Best of the Vee-Jay Years (Charly)
 * 2017: Live: Las Vegas 1985 (Hi-Hat)

As sideman
With Buddy Montgomery With Bernard Purdie With Cedar Walton With Ellis Marsalis, Jr. With Horace Parlan
 * Ties of Love (Landmark, 1987)
 * Bernard Purdie's Soul to Jazz (ACT, 1996)
 * Beyond Mobius (RCA, 1976)
 * Homecoming (Spindletop, 1985)
 * Glad I Found You (Steeplechase, 1986)

With Horace Silver
 * Spiritualizing the Senses (Silveto, 1983)
 * There's No Need to Struggle (Silveto, 1983)

With John Scofield
 * Hand Jive (Blue Note, 1994)

title: Eddie Harris


text:
Bombay (disambiguation)

Bombay is the former name of the city of Mumbai in Maharashtra state of India.

Bombay may also refer to:

Places

 * Bombay State, the name of a former state in India, partitioned in 1960 into Gujarat and Maharashtra — previously a province known as Bombay Presidency in British India
 * Isle of Bombay, one of the seven islands merged to create the city of Bombay
 * The Bombay Hills, New Zealand mark the traditional southern boundary of Auckland
 * Bombay, a small village in the Bombay Hills
 * Bombay, New York, a town in the United States
 * Bombay, Jersey City, New Jersey, an Indian enclave in the United States
 * Bombay Beach, California, a settlement in the United States

Animals

 * Bombay (cat), a breed of domestic cat
 * Bombay duck, a fish named after Bombay

Film and television

 * Bombay Circuit, a Hindi film distribution circuit, comprising areas of the former Bombay State in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka and also Goa, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
 * Bombay (film), a 1995 Indian Tamil film by Mani Ratnam
 * Bombay (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 1995 film
 * Dr. Bombay (character), a character in the television series Bewitched
 * Gordon Bombay, head coach and protagonist of the Mighty Ducks film trilogy

Food and drink

 * Bombay mix, a traditional Indian snack
 * Bombay (mango), a mango cultivar originating in Jamaica
 * Bombay Sapphire, a brand of gin
 * Bombay Bad boy, a flavour of Pot Noodle

Transport

 * Bombay (ship), a list of ships named Bombay
 * The Bristol Bombay, a British bomber aircraft named after the Indian city
 * HMS Bombay, the name of several Royal Navy ships
 * 45576 Bombay, a British LMS Jubilee Class locomotive

Others

 * Bombay blood group, an extremely rare blood group
 * Bombay High Court, the high court of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
 * Bombay Before the British, or "BBB", a Portuguese research project in History of Architecture (2004–2007)
 * Bombay Company (and Bombay Outlet), a chain of shops selling household goods and furniture
 * Bombay Dyeing, a textiles manufacturer from India
 * Ghulam Bombaywala, Pakistani-American restaurateur, nicknamed Bombay
 * Dr. Bombay, pseudonym of Eurodance artist Jonny Jakobsen
 * Bombay Bicycle Club, a band from London
 * Bombay Tribune, English Newspaper published from Mumbai.
 * Bombae, Canadian drag queen

title: Bombay (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Uthai Thani province

This province have two provincial tree?--Ramendra 15:39, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Oups, haven't see it until now - the first one is of course the provincial flower. andy 16:10, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

location of Uthai Thani town
On the Uthai Thani town page (there's no talk page for it, so I hope it's ok to say this here) it says the town is on the railway line. Any map will show this is not true - it's maybe 20 km to the west of it. Perhaps someone confused it with a town in Ayuthaya province called 'Uthai'. 203.188.20.136 14:00, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uthai Thani province


text:
Talk:List of communities in Manitoba

Untitled
Should "The Pas" appear in the P's? That's where I would look.

But then should "La Broquerie" be in the B's or L's?

---Michael Z. 15:43, 2004 Aug 14 (UTC)

The Pas, or Pas, The
Good question, and one that could be argued until the moose come home. I'd figgure on using the provincial phonebook as a guide, where it appears as "The Pas", just before "Thompson" and just after "Tadoule Lake" Weaponofmassinstruction 23:59, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh goodness, the phone book is the last thing in the world to emulate for alphabetical ordering. They put De Abreu before Deacon, but mix the Delucas and the De Lucas in after Delta.

 * But the Canadian Oxford has it in the T's, so that would be the right place. I guess "pas" without the "the" isn't a place name. —Michael Z. 2007-07-13 02:21 Z

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title: Talk:List of communities in Manitoba


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine

Shortcut: WP:MED

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine


text:
Czesław Słania

Czesław Słania (22 October 1921 Czeladź; 17 March 2005 Kraków) was a Polish postage stamp and banknote engraver, living in Sweden from 1956. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Słania was the most skilled and prolific of all stamp engravers, with over 1000 stamps to his credit. His 1000th engraved stamp, based on the 17th-century painting "Great Deeds by Swedish Kings" by David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl (2000), is in the Guinness Book as the largest engraved stamp ever issued.

Life
Słania was born in Czeladź, Poland, and was the son of a miner. During the German invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II in 1939, he was a student of a gymnasium in Lublin. During the subsequent German occupation he forged German money and documents for the Polish resistance, and in the later part of the war he became a soldier of the Second Polish Army. After the war, as a demobilized lieutenant, he settled in 1945 in Pisarzowice. Unwilling to become a farmer, he entered the Kraków School of Fine Arts, a renowned graphics arts centre, that same year. While still a student, Słania was employed by the Polish Stamp Printing Works in Łódź and Warsaw, where he learned to engrave in steel. His first stamp was issued in Poland on 24 March 1951.

In 1956, Słania moved to Sweden, where he began employment with the Swedish postal authorities in 1959. He produced stamps for Sweden and 30 other countries. His work was of such recognized quality and detail that he is one of the very few "household names" among philatelists, and some specialize in collecting his work.

He was the Royal Court Engraver of Sweden since 1972.

In 2000, his 1000th stamp was issued in Sweden, and his 1001st stamp was issued in Poland. His last work was a stamp in 2005 to commemorate the 60th session of the United Nations General Assembly.

He was also very productive in designing and engraving banknotes for numerous countries in six out of seven continents.

Awards
Czesław Słania received many awards during his life, including:

 * Commander of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland 1999
 * Order of Saint Charles
 * Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark)
 * Order Mérite Culturel (Monaco)
 * Robert Stolz Music Prize (Sweden 1983)
 * Rowland Hill Award 2002

title: Czesław Słania


text:
USS Wickes

Two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Wickes, in honor of Lambert Wickes.

 * The first USS Wickes (DD-75) was the lead ship in her class of destroyers during World War I.
 * The second USS Wickes (DD-578) was a Fletcher-class destroyer during World War II.

title: USS Wickes


text:
Riparian water rights

Riparian water rights (or simply riparian rights) is a system for allocating water among those who possess land along its path. It has its origins in English common law. Riparian water rights exist in many jurisdictions with a common law heritage, such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and states in the eastern United States.

Common land ownership can be organized into a partition unit, a corporation consisting of the landowners on the shore that formally owns the water area and determines its use.

General principle
Under the riparian principle, all landowners whose properties adjoin a body of water have the right to make reasonable use of it as it flows through or over their properties. If there is not enough water to satisfy all users, allotments are generally fixed in proportion to frontage on the water source. These rights cannot be sold or transferred other than with the adjoining land and only in reasonable quantities associated with that land. The water cannot be transferred out of the watershed without due consideration as to the rights of the downstream riparian landowners.

Riparian rights include such things as the right to access for swimming, boating and fishing; the right to wharf out to a point of navigability; the right to erect structures such as docks, piers, and boat lifts; the right to use the water for domestic purposes; the right to accretions caused by water level fluctuations; the right to exclusive use if the waterbody is non-navigable. Riparian rights also depend upon "reasonable use" as it relates to other riparian owners to ensure that the rights of one riparian owner are weighed fairly and equitably with the rights of adjacent riparian owners.

England and Wales
The Environment Agency lists the riparian rights and duties in England and Wales.

The rights include ownership of the land up to the centre of the watercourse unless it is known to be owned by someone else, the right for water to flow onto land in its natural quantity and quality, the right to protect property from flooding and land from erosion subject to approval by the agency, the right to fish in the watercourse unless the right is sold or leased if an angler has a valid Environment Agency rod licence. They also include the right to acquire accretion and the right to boomage (a fee charge for securing a boom, generally for the retention of logs).

Duties arising from the model include the following:
 * Pass on the flow of water without obstruction, pollution or diversion affecting the rights of others.
 * Maintain the bed and banks of the watercourse and to clear any debris, whether natural or artificial, to keep any culverts, rubbish screens, weirs and mill gates clear of debris.
 * Be responsible for protection of land from flooding and cause no obstructions, temporary or permanent, preventing the free passage of fish.
 * Accept flood flows even if caused by inadequate capacity downstream, but there is no duty to improve the drainage capacity of a watercourse.

United States
The United States recognizes two types of water rights. Although use and overlap varies over time and by state, the western arid states that were once under Mexico and Spain generally follow the doctrine of prior appropriation, also known as "first-come, first-served", but water rights for the eastern states follow riparian law.

Riparian rights
Under riparian law, water is a public good like the air, sunlight, or wildlife. It is not "owned" by the government, state or private individual but is rather included as part of the land over which it falls from the sky or then travels along the surface.

In determining the contours of riparian rights, there is a clear distinction between navigable (public) waters and non-navigable waters. The land below navigable waters is the property of state, and subject to all the public land laws and in most states public trust rights. Navigable waters are treated as public highways with any exclusive riparian right ending at the ordinary high water mark. Like a road, any riparian right is subordinate to the public's right to travel on the river, but any public right is subject to nuisance laws and the police power of the state. It is not an individual right or liberty interest. Because a finding of navigability establishes state versus federal property, navigability for purposes of riverbed title is a federal question determined under federal law. The states retain the power of defining the scope of the public trust over navigable waters. A non-navigable stream is synonymous with private property, or jointly-owned property if it serves as a boundary.

The state could choose to divest itself of title to the streambed, but the waters and use of the waters remains subject to the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution which holds an easement or servitude, benefiting the federal government for the purpose of regulating commerce on navigable bodies of water.

The reasonable use of the water by a riparian owner is subject to the downstream riparian owner's "riparian right" to receive waters undiminished in flow and quality. Federal environmental regulation of non-navigable waters under the Clean Water Act of 1972 was possible, because all surface waters eventually flowed to the public ocean. This has been the subject of political controversy, for example over implementation of the Clean Water Rule.

In 2023 the United States Supreme Court ruled in Sackett v. EPA by a 5-4 decision that the EPA could only regulate waters in the United States which have not been isolated from larger bodies of water.

States' involvement
Federal courts have long recognized that state laws establish the extent of the riparian and public right. In the case of navigable waters, title goes to the average low water mark. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court defined it as the "ordinary low water mark, unaffected by drought; that is, the height of the water at ordinary stages." Land below the low water mark on navigable rivers belongs to the state government in the case of the 13 original states.

Lands between the high and low water marks on navigable rivers are subject to the police powers of the states. In the case of the original 13 states, upon ratification of the US Constitution, title to these submerged lands remained vested in the several states similar to the public or common roads.

As new lands were acquired by the United States, either by purchase or treaty, title to the highways and the beds of all navigable, or tidal, water bodies became vested in the United States unless they had been validly conveyed into private ownership by the former sovereign. During the territorial period, the United States held these title "in trust" for the benefit of the future states that would be carved out of the territory. Each of the states were to come into the Union on an "equal footing" with the original 13 states. Under the equal footing doctrine, territorial states are vested with the same sovereign title rights to navigable submerged lands as the original 13 states. However, during the territorial period, the United States could convey certain of these lands under the limited circumstances of promoting commerce.

Ownership of lands submerged by navigable waters was resolved by Congress passing the Submerged Lands Act, which confirmed state title to the beds of all tidal and navigable bodies of water. While the act conveyed land title to the states, non-navigable stream beds remained treated like dry lands and contiguous to the adjoining estates. Waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tides, even if non-navigable, also passed to the states, but the continued ownership and public use of these tidal/marsh lands are based on state laws.

title: Riparian water rights


text:
Talk:Athena, Phevos and Proteas

Copyright issues
I just read the Media Guidelines & Contact Information section at the '04 Olympics website. I understand why the image was removed now, and I apologize for what I previously said here. The infomation added to the Athena and Phevos image page should have been added here as well, to prevent misunderstandings like the one I just had. And by the way, since the Olympic Emblem is also protected by legislation, it shouldn't have been added to the 2004 Summer Olympics article. I'm guessing it'll end up removed as well. – Mackeriv 16:20, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I emailed them...

Is it possible to use an image of the mascots on this website(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_and_Phevos)? We had thought it would qualify as "fair use" but apparently you disagree. The purpose is solely educational.

Dear Mr. Nortz,

Further to your e-mail dated August 15, regarding the use of ATHENS 2004 Mascots on your website, thank you for the intention to support the Olympic Games as well as ATHENS 2004 Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games.

The use of ATHENS 2004 Mascots as well as of any kind of association with the Olympic Games is exclusively assigned to our Sponsors & Licensees that are supporting the Games.

Pursuing our task to maintain a corporate image for the Olympic Games and to develop integrated communication activities, ATHENS 2004 established Olympic Marks and Terms' protection programs.

Further to the above, regretfully we inform you that your request to use the ATHENS 2004 Mascots on your website, cannot be permitted.

Sincerely yours,

For the ATHENS 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games

Iro Vamvacari Marks Approval Executive--Tothebarricades.tk 01:52, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Just... wow. This is very odd, indeed. But at least you tried, and that's what matters. Kudos. – Mackeriv 12:54, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Seconded... thanks for taking the time to email them, Tothebarricades.tk. • Benc • 09:01, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The image that is copyright is the photograph itself. Subjects of photographs, or objects that may appear in them are not copyright, or Times Square could not be photographed. The photograph in this article does not defame the image in any way. --Wetman 00:40, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Image placement
I'm not crazy about where I've put the second image, but it can't go to the left of #External links because (at least in some browsers) image boxes break the layout of bullet lists which appear on their right. (The bullets get placed under the image.) I'm open to ideas... —Tkinias 21:44, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I tried removing the "  " and changing "right" to "left", and it actually worked. The bullets won't go under the image. Anyway, it doesn't look bad to me, the way it is now.

 * By the way, I though the all copyright stuff wouldn't let us use images for the mascots, even if it's a photo taken from a doll? I'm not sure now. I don't remember anymore.--Kaonashi 01:15, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"See the relevant entry"
The phrase "See the relevant entry" needs to be replaced with a proper link. --rossb 13:33, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

"But Artemis was Apollo's sister!"
This isssue keeps coming up.Let's clarify a tiny but important detail about these mascots:They are not supposed to represent the ancient gods.That's right.They are simply supposed to represent two children, a brother and a sister.The whole "Athena and Fevos" controversy probably arose when someone misread the (mediocre) english version of the mascot's official site: [] and probably popped a blood vessel over the first sentence: "Phevos and Athena are brother and sister" and tried to vent his/her frustration in this article.Unfortunately, had the poor editor managed to endure reading just two more sentences, he would have been spared the anguish:"And yet the two siblings are children of modern times."Remember, people:Cautious reading saves lives(and editing time).--Jsone 15:15, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

But Apollo and Athena are siblings, they have the same father. Also it is normal to portray the two together in the classical world, see Euminidies for example. They were the male and female example of progress! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.194.179.2 (talk) 15:07, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Marzipan?
Does anyone think these guys kind of looked like Marzipan from Homestar Runner?--Hailey 21:35, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Athena, Phevos and Proteas


text:
Bura (beetle)

Bura is a genus of ladybirds (family Coccinellidae, subfamily Sticholotidinae).

title: Bura (beetle)


text:
List of regions of Manitoba

This is a list of regions in Manitoba, Canada, including Manitoba's geographic regions, economic regions, and health regions. These regions do not reflect the organization of local government in Manitoba. These areas exist solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation; they have no government of their own.

Typically outlined by provincial or federal authorities, these formal and informal regional models broadly follow the geographic definitions, but have particular variations depending on their administrative or other purpose.

Geographic regions
These are informal geographic regions, accompanied by the census divisions in each. Unlike in some other provinces, census divisions in Manitoba do not reflect the organization of local government: these areas exist solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation; they have no government of their own.

Central Manitoba

 * Interlake
 * North Interlake (Division No. 18)
 * Selkirk Area (Division No. 13)
 * South Interlake (Division No. 14)
 * Parkland
 * Dauphin (Division No. 17)
 * Roblin, Russell, Rossburn Area (Division No. 16)
 * Swan Valley (Division No. 20)

Northern Manitoba

 * Northern (Norman or Nor-Man) — this region was added to the province in 1912, and includes all land north of the 52nd parallel.
 * Churchill/Northern Manitoba (Division No. 23)
 * Flin Flon/North West (Division No. 21)
 * North East Manitoba, or North Eastman (Division No. 19)
 * Thompson/North Central (Division No. 22)

Southern Manitoba
Southern Manitoba includes:

 * Central Plains — north-central Manitoba
 * Central Manitoba (Division No. 8)
 * Portage la Prairie Area (Division No. 9)
 * Whitehorse Plains (Division No. 10)
 * Eastman — southeast Manitoba
 * Beausejour Area (Division No. 12)
 * Eastern Manitoba (Division No. 1)
 * Steinbach Area (Division No. 2)
 * Pembina Valley — south-central Manitoba
 * Pembina Valley (Division No. 3)
 * Pilot Mound Area (Division No. 4)
 * Westman — southwest Manitoba
 * Brandon Area (Division No. 7)
 * South West Area (Division No. 5)
 * Virden Area (Division No. 6)
 * Western Manitoba (Division No. 15)
 * Winnipeg Capital Region — Includes the 16 municipalities identified in Manitoba's Capital Region Partnership Act. As such, unlike the other regions, this region also includes municipalities that are components of the other regions that border it.
 * Winnipeg census division (Division No. 11):
 * City of Winnipeg
 * Headingley
 * Three rural municipalities from the Central Plains Region (Division 10 in its entirety):
 * Cartier
 * Macdonald
 * St. François Xavier
 * Three rural municipalities from the Eastman Region (portions of Divisions 2 and 12):
 * Ritchot
 * Springfield
 * Taché
 * Eight rural municipalities from the Interlake Region (all of Division 13 and part of Division 14):
 * East St. Paul
 * Rockwood
 * Rosser
 * Selkirk
 * St. Andrews
 * St. Clements
 * Stonewall
 * West St. Paul

Extraterritorial regions
In the broader context of Canada's 7 primary regions, as well as those of North America's various regions, Manitoba can be considered by the following physiographic regions:

 * Hudson Bay Lowlands
 * Canadian Shield
 * Interior Plains
 * Red River Valley
 * Western Canada
 * Canadian Prairies

Economic regions
The economic regions of Manitoba are defined by Statistics Canada. Manitoba is broken into 8 economic regions, each with its own competitive advantages and potential opportunities. These regions also include "self-contained labour areas," or SLAs, which are local geographic areas in Manitoba where people live and work and that have a minimum population of 3,000 and a minimum tax base of CA$130 million. These areas are solely based on economic relationships that exist between neighbouring towns and municipalities.

Manitoba's 8 economic regions include the following.

Rural Manitoba:

 * Southeast Economic Region — comprising all of the Eastman region (census divisions 1, 2, and 12), and can be further broken down into the following SLAs:
 * Beausejour Brokenhead Area
 * Emerson Area
 * Hanover Area
 * La Broquerie Area
 * Lac du Bonnet Area
 * Niverville Area
 * Powerview-Pine Falls Area
 * Ritchot Area
 * Springfield Area
 * St. Pierre-Jolys Area
 * Steinbach Area
 * Stuartburn Area
 * Taché Area
 * South Central Economic Region — comprising all of the Pembina Valley region (census divisions 3 and 4), and can further be broken down into the following SLAs:
 * Altona Area
 * Carman Area
 * Cartwright Area
 * Manitou Area
 * Morris Area
 * Winkler Area
 * Southwest Economic Region — comprising all of the Westman region (census divisions 5, 6, 7, and 15), and can further be broken down into the following SLAs:
 * Boissevain Area
 * Brandon Area
 * Hamiota Area
 * Killarney Area
 * Melita Area
 * Minnedosa Area
 * Neepawa Area
 * Rivers Area
 * Souris Area
 * Virden Area
 * Wawanesa Area
 * North Central Economic Region — comprising all of the Central Plains region (census divisions 8, 9, and 10), and can further be broken down into the following SLAs:
 * Gladstone Area
 * Macdonald Area
 * Portage la Prairie Area
 * St. Francois Xavier Area
 * Treherne Area
 * Interlake Economic Region — comprising all of the Interlake region (census divisions 13, 14, and 18), and can further be broken down into the following SLAs:
 * Arborg Area
 * East St. Paul Area
 * Gimli Area
 * Selkirk Area
 * St. Andrews Area
 * St. Clements Area
 * St. Laurent Area
 * Stonewall Area
 * West St. Paul Area
 * Woodlands Area
 * Parkland Economic Region — comprising all of the Parkland region (census divisions 17, 16, and 20), and can further be broken down into the following SLAs:
 * Dauphin Area
 * Grandview Area
 * Roblin Area
 * Russell Area
 * Ste. Rose Area
 * Swan Valley Area

Northern Manitoba:

 * North Economic Region — comprising all of the Norman region (census divisions 19, 21, 22, and 23), and can further be broken down into the following SLAs:
 * Churchill Area
 * Flin Flon Area
 * Gillam Area
 * Grand Rapids Area
 * Leaf Rapids Area
 * Lynn Lake Area
 * Snow Lake Area
 * The Pas Area
 * Thompson Area

Winnipeg:

 * Winnipeg Economic Region — comprising census division 11 (City of Winnipeg and Rural Municipality of Headingley); it does not include the Metro Region.

EI regions
The Government of Canada has its own economic regions created for the provision of employment Insurance (EI) in each province/territory. These "Employment Insurance Economic Regions" are defined by the federal Employment Insurance Act and Regulations.

 * EI Region of Winnipeg (EI Region #39) — includes Brokenhead 4, East St. Paul, Headingley, Ritchot, Rosser, Springfield, St. Clements, St. François Xavier, Taché, West St. Paul, and Winnipeg.
 * EI Region of Southern Manitoba (EI Region #40) — includes census divisions 2, 13, and 14, as well as the entirety of the Central Plains, Interlake, Parkland, Pembina Valley, and Westman regions.
 * EI Region of Northern Manitoba (EI Region #41) — includes census divisions 1, 12, and 18, as well as the entirety of the Northern Region

Health regions
Manitoba is also broken down into health regions, which are defined by their respective health authorities, called Regional Health Authorities (RHAs).

The 5 health regions, and their respective RHAs, that exist today were created as an amalgamation of 11 regions and authorities that were merged in 2012:

 * Interlake-Eastern health region — comprising the geographic regions of Interlake and North Eastman
 * Northern Health health region — comprising the geographic region of Northern Manitoba (excluding Churchill)
 * Prairie Mountain health region — comprising southwestern Manitoba, including the geographic regions of Westman and Parkland
 * Southern Health-Santé Sud — comprising the geographic region of Pembina Valley and South Eastman (census districts 1 and 2)
 * Winnipeg health region — comprising the City of Winnipeg, the northern community of Churchill, and the Rural Municipalities of East and West St. Paul,

Schools
School divisions and districts in Manitoba are also divided into regions:

 * Central — roughly includes the regions of Central Plains and Pembina Valley
 * Northern/Remote — includes Northern Manitoba and parts of census divisions 1, 9, and 20
 * Parkland/Westman — roughly includes the regions of Westman and Parkland (excluding parts of census division 20)
 * Southeast/Interlake — roughly includes the regions of Interlake and Eastman (excluding parts of census division 1)
 * Winnipeg — City of Winnipeg

Treaties
Manitoba can also be divided by its First Nations treaties, as part of the Numbered Treaties of Canada. Some include portions of other provinces.

 * Treaty 1 — comprising Winnipeg (census division 11), and southern Manitoba—roughly the regions of Central Plains, Pembina Valley, and Interlake (excluding northern half of census division 18)
 * Treaty 2 — comprising southern Manitoba—roughly the Westman Region, census division 17, parts of division 16, southern part of division 19, and northern part of division 18
 * Treaty 3 — roughly comprising census division 1; and the Lake of the Woods area of southeastern Ontario
 * Treaty 4 — roughly comprising census division 20, the non-contiguous western portion of division 19, and small, westward portion of division 16; and the Qu’Appelle area of southern Saskatchewan
 * Treaty 5 — comprising central-northern Manitoba—roughly Northern Manitoba (excluding a portion of division 19; and the furthest-east portion of census division 23, which does not belong to a Manitoba treaty)

Manitoba Metis Federation regions
The Manitoba Metis Federation, which is the official self-governing political organization for Métis people in Manitoba, uses a regionally-based governance structure wherein the MMF is organized into regional associations that are made up of local associations.

The Manitoba Metis Federation regions, for which the boundaries are established by the MMF Board of Directors, are:

 * Northwest Region
 * The Pas Region
 * Thompson Region
 * Interlake Region
 * Southeast Region
 * Southwest Region
 * Winnipeg Region

title: List of regions of Manitoba


text:
Talk:The Greasy Chip Butty Song

Untitled
Of course it's a gallon of maggots. You can't get your senses filled much more than a sniff at these squirmers with some dyed red to get the right colours. And when you put half a dozen in your mouth to get them wriggling a bit more, well say no more. Ian

The Greasy Chip Butty Song survived vfd. See: Votes for deletion/The Greasy Chip Butty Song -- Wile E. Heresiarch 15:57, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I attended most home and away matches during the 1980's and I clearly remember the first time I heard this song. I remember thinking at the time that there were too many lines to remember and it wouldn't catch on. It was our first match of the season with a 3-1 win away to Stoke at the Victoria Ground. Someone might have sang the song at pre season friendlies that season but this was definately the first league match where the GCB song started LWeb 29 March 2007.

Removed speedy tag
I've removed the speedy tag added to this page; it was added by a single-edit user, with no explanation. In view of the fact that this page has already survived an AfD vote it seems inappropriate to speedy it without discussion. Humansdorpie 09:57, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Speedy?
I've left a message at User talk:71.146.70.248 suggesting that speedy deletion is inappropriate for this article, since it has already survived an AfD (I had a moment of stupidity and thought s/he had PRODded the article twice - apologies). Humansdorpie 19:36, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Come fill me again/Fulfill me again..
I've always sang "Fulfill me again" as the last line and everyone i know has... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Metallicadam (talk • contribs) 11:17, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Removed references and notability tags
There are references located on this page so I have removed theese tags. I feel this is notable for the fact that 20,000 Sheffield United fans sing it twice in every home game. Deevincentday (talk) 13:14, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Northantsblade, 25 May 2010
The adaption of the song to relate to Sheffield United was made by two well know supporters who frequented the 'Royal Oak' and the 'Noah's Ark' pubs in the suburb of 'Intake' in south east Sheffield during the 1980's. Adrian 'Aid' Starky and Dave 'Shred' Spencer were and still are loyal supporters of the club and it is well known locally that they 'penned' the lyrics to this distinctive anthem.

The reference to 'Magnet' is because both pubs were John Smith pubs and the dark Magnet bitter was covetted by locals as it was 'like rabbit gravy', meaning it was a good pint.

The MC at each home game plays the introduction briefly as the game is set to kick off, prompting the crowd to sing their hearts out to stir the players into combat mode. Good timing ensures that the last line is emphasised as the first ball is kicked for each half of the game.

Northantsblade (talk) 09:56, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Requests to edit semi-protected articles must be accompanied by reference(s) to reliable sources.

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Greasy Chip Butty Song


text:
USS Philip

Two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Philip in honor of John Woodward Philip, a distinguished naval officer of the American Civil War and Spanish–American War.

 * The first USS Philip (DD-76) was a Wickes-class destroyer.
 * The second USS Philip (DD-498) was a Fletcher-class destroyer in World War II.

title: USS Philip


text:
National Oceanographic Data Center

The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) was one of the national environmental data centers operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The main NODC facility was located in Silver Spring, Maryland, and consisted of five divisions. The NODC also had field offices collocated with major government or academic oceanographic laboratories in Stennis Space Center, MS; Miami, FL; La Jolla, San Diego, California; Seattle, WA; Austin, Texas; Charleston, South Carolina; Norfolk, Virginia; and Honolulu, Hawaii. In 2015, NODC was merged with the National Climatic Data Center and the National Geophysical Data Center into the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).

NOAA also operated two other data centers: National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), Asheville, North Carolina and National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), Boulder, Colorado. In 2015, the three merged to form the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado, is also operated for NGDC by the University of Colorado through the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES).

These discipline-oriented centers served as national repositories and dissemination facilities for global environmental data. The data archives amassed by the NODC and the other centers provide a record of Earth's changing environment, support numerous research and operational applications, and are still available through the NCEI. Working cooperatively, the centers provided data products and services to scientists, engineers, resource managers, policy makers, and other users—both in the United States and around the world.

History
Established in 1961, the NODC was originally an interagency facility administered by the U.S. Naval Hydrographic (later Oceanographic) Office. The NODC was transferred to NOAA in 1970 when NOAA was created by Executive Order by then-President, Richard Nixon. In the words of its charter, the NODC serves to "acquire, process, preserve, and disseminate oceanographic data." Its primary mission is to ensure that global oceanographic data sets collected at great cost are maintained in a permanent archive that is easily accessible to the world science community, and to other users.

Mission
The NODC's mission statement was "To provide scientific stewardship of marine data and information".

Core description
The National Oceanographic Data Center, National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC) and NOAA Central Library, with its regional branch assets, were integrated to provide access to the world's most comprehensive sources of marine environmental data and information. NODC maintains and updates a national ocean archive with environmental data acquired from domestic and foreign activities, and produces products and research from these data, to help monitor global environmental changes. The data included physical, biological and chemical measurements derived from in situ oceanographic observations, satellite remote sensing of the oceans, and ocean model simulations. NODC personnel directly interacted with federal, state, academic, and industrial oceanographic activities, represent NESDIS on various interagency domestic panels, committees and councils, and represent the United States in various international organizations, such as the International Oceanographic Data Exchange. The Data Center represents NESDIS and NOAA to the general public, government agencies, private institutions, foreign governments, and the private sector on matters involving oceanographic data.

Data holdings
The NODC managed the world's largest collection of publicly available oceanographic data. NODC holdings included in situ and remotely sensed physical, chemical, and biological oceanographic data from coastal and deep ocean areas. These were originally collected for a variety of operational and research missions by U.S. Federal agencies, including the Department of Defense (primarily the U.S. Navy); by State and local government agencies; by universities and research institutions; and private industry. NODC data holdings extended back over a hundred years, and the volume is expected to grow exponentially as new ocean observing systems are deployed.

Through NODC archive and access services, these ocean data were reused to answer questions about climate change, ocean phenomena, and management of coastal and marine resources, marine transportation, recreation, national security, and natural disasters. Another significant user community is Education, where these data and information products help teach each new generation of students about the oceans. Requests for oceanographic data and information have increased each year since the Center was established in 1961. Access to these archives is still available through the NCEI.

International cooperation and data exchange
A significant percentage of the oceanographic data held by NODC was foreign. NODC acquired foreign data through direct bilateral exchanges with other countries, and through the facilities of the World Data Center for Oceanography, Silver Spring, which is collocated with, and operated by, NODC.

There are three World Data Centers for Oceanography: World Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States, World Data Center, Moscow, Russia, and World Data Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. They are part of the World Data Center System initiated in 1957 to provide a mechanism for data exchange, and they operate under guidelines issued by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU).

Under NODC leadership, the Global Data Archeology and Rescue (GODAR) project grew into a major international program sponsored by the Inter-governmental Oceanographic Commission. GODAR is a comprehensive effort to locate, rescue, quality control, and disseminate historical global ocean profile data for use by the climate and global change research community.

Data management for global change studies
The NODC provided data management support for major ocean science projects and promotes improved working relations with the academic ocean research community.

NOAA library and information network
The NODC also managed the NOAA Library and Information Network, which included the NOAA Central Library in Silver Spring, MD; regional libraries in Miami, FL and Seattle, WA; and field libraries or information centers at about 30 NOAA sites throughout the United States. The combined libraries contained millions of volumes including books, journals, CD-ROMs, DVDs, audio, and video tapes. These holdings are now managed by the NCEI.

User services
Each year, the NODC responded to thousands of requests for oceanographic data and information. Copies of specified data sets or data selected from the NODC's archive databases were provided to users on various media types, or online. NODC data products were provided at prices that cover the cost of data selection and retrieval. However, data provided on the NODC public website is free of charge.

title: National Oceanographic Data Center


text:
Betchadupa

Betchadupa was a New Zealand pop/rock group, formed in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1997. The band featured Liam Finn, Chris Garland, Joe Bramley, and Matt Eccles.

Betchadupa (originally called Lazy Boy – the name change followed threatened legal action from the chair company of the same name) had its origins when Liam and Matt met whilst their families were on holidays in New Zealand. Their first song, written when both boys were 11, was called 'Gee This Sounds Good, I Can't Believe We Wrote It'. Their unique name was lifted from the text of a Polish-American's T-shirt that declared "You Betchadupa I'm Polish", dupa being the casual Polish word for arse.

The band based themselves in London, UK, after spending much of 2004 in Melbourne, Australia. The band have been on hiatus while Liam has undertaken a solo career. It is uncertain if the band will ever reform.

Betchadupa has had extensive experience playing with such bands as Queens of the Stone Age, Foo Fighters, Jane's Addiction and ended the year 2001 on a high playing alongside Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder at the Neil Finn and Friends concert 7 Worlds Collide in Auckland, and being named Top New Act at the prestigious NZ Music Awards as well as becoming the toast of the South by Southwest Music Convention in Austin, Texas, in January 2003.

Band members

 * Liam Finn – vocals, guitar
 * Chris Garland – guitar
 * Joe Bramley – bass, backing vocals
 * Matt Eccles – drums

Awards

 * 2001
 * Betchadupa
 * Best New Act – New Zealand Music Awards
 * Won
 * 2002
 * The Alphabetchadupa
 * Best Pop/Rock Release – BNet NZ Music Awards
 * Won
 * }
 * Won
 * }

title: Betchadupa


text:
Talk:Mangetout

Due to the type of fertilization that has been traditionally used in China (human dung), Chinese culture does not eat ANYTHING raw. Most water in China isn't even potable (why do you think tea drinking got started?), so how would you eat raw vegetables? So I believe the comment in this article to be wrong. Dyl 16:03, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Doesn't hurt Mexicans. Your own dung is usually not going to give you anything that bad, it's -foreign- dung that causes problems.

Redirecting
Why does this redirect to 'pea', when there could be an article specifically about mangetout?--Jcvamp 14:59, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Why does it redirect at ALL? Mangetout is the name of a French guy that eats everything, not a pea. The pea article doesn't have the word mangetout in it at all.

title: Talk:Mangetout


text:
Omar Rezaq

Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq ( Omar Marzouki; born 1957/1958) is a Lebanese-born Palestinian militant who is the lone surviving hijacker of EgyptAir Flight 648 in 1985. He was a member of Abu Nidal. The plane was hijacked by a group of three people. The remaining two hijackers were killed, either during in-flight shooting with the plane's sky marshal, Methad Mustafa Kamal, or after Egyptian commandos stormed the hijacked plane.

Early life and activities
Rezaq gave his name as Omar Marzouki and used a Tunisian passport when boarding the plane at Athens airport, but later admitted that he is of Palestinian origin. The FBI determined that Omar Marzouki was his real name, while "Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq" was an alias, as its initials (O.M.A.R.) made the name easy to remember.

During hours of negotiations while the plane was on the ground at Luqa airport in Malta, five passengers were shot, three of whom survived. On 24 November 1985, Egyptian commandos set explosives that ignited a fire, suffocating many of the passengers. Rezaq was wounded in a subsequent shootout (his left lung was pierced by a bullet and attacked with a hatchet by the pilot), but recovered and was arraigned in a Maltese court on 12 December 1986. The preliminary inquiry lasted until 3 April 1987, and on 2 November 1988, Rezaq pleaded guilty to seven of the nine charges against him. These were the illegal arrest of crew and passengers, the deaths of Nitzan Mendelson and Scarlett Marie Rogenkamp, the attempted killings of Methad Mustafa Kamal, Patrick Scott Baker, Jacqueline Nink Pflug and Tamar Artzi, and the illegal possession of arms and explosives. The first two charges were later withdrawn. Rezaq was sentenced to the maximum 25 years' imprisonment, less the years and months he had already spent in prison. On appeal, the sentence was confirmed on 20 April 1989.

Rezaq served only seven years in Malta and was released. As a free man under an assumed name, he went to Accra, Ghana where, at the request of the American Embassy Regional Security Officer Jerald H. Barnes, he was detained by the Ghana government and remained there until July 1993.

Travel to Nigeria
Ghanaian authorities did not give Rezaq to the United States but told them that he planned to go to Nigeria. Rezaq flew to Lagos in July 1993; U.S. intelligence officials were on board his flight to monitor him. He was arrested and underwent extraordinary rendition by members of the DSS, who flew him to the U.S. Rezaq's arrest was the result of an agreement between the governments of the United States and Nigeria. When Rezaq arrived at the airport, Nigerian officials denied him entry since he did not have a passport, something they knew beforehand, and placed him on the first aircraft departing Nigeria, a Gulfstream IV leased by the U.S. government. FBI agents arrested him, fingerprinted him, and flew back to the U.S.

On 19 July 1996, after a month-long trial in Washington, D.C., Rezaq was sentenced to life in prison on a single count of air piracy. Although air piracy resulting in death is a capital offense under federal law, Attorney General Janet Reno had declined to seek the death penalty.

Later life
U.S. District Court Judge Royce C. Lamberth recommended that any request for parole made after the 10-year period should be rejected. An appeal was rejected on 6 February 1998.

Omar Mohmamed Rezaq, register number 20267-016, is imprisoned at the United States Penitentiary, Marion, located in Southern Precinct, Williamson County, Illinois.

title: Omar Rezaq


text:
Premiere

A premiere, also spelled première, (from première, 1er, ) is the debut (first public presentation) of a work, i.e. play, film, dance, musical composition, or even a performer in that work.

History
Raymond F. Betts attributes the introduction of the film premiere to showman Sid Grauman, who founded Grauman's Chinese Theatre. The first ever Hollywood premiere was for the 1922 film Robin Hood, starring Douglas Fairbanks, in front of the Egyptian Theatre. By the late 1920s the red carpet had become synonymous with film premieres.

Classification
There are a number of different types:

A single work will often have many premieres. For example, in film, the 2019 United States movie Aladdin held its world premiere at the Grand Rex in Paris, France, on 8 May 2019, its first regional premiere in Jordan on 13 May 2019, and its United States premiere on 24 May 2019. Likewise, in music, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 received its world premiere in the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna on 7 May 1824, and subsequently received a premiere in England at the Argyll Rooms in London on 21 March 1825.

When a work originates in a country that speaks a different language from that in which it is receiving its premiere, it is possible to have two premieres for the same work, e.g., the French-language version of the play The Maids by Jean Genet received its British premiere (which was also its world premiere) in 1952, and subsequently its English-language premiere in Britain in 1956.

Significance of a premiere
The type of premiers that a work receives will impact on how the work is treated by festivals, including the categorization of the work in screening sessions, e.g. Fantastic Fest, and even as the basis of its submission requirements, e.g. Sundance Film Festival eligibility rules require that United States feature films, both narrative and documentary, have retained their world premier status, whilst international feature films, both narrative and documentary, have retained the international premiere status.

Premiering at a film festival has been used to gain publicity for a film, even without a distributor already in place, and can even allow last minuting editing. Director Alex Winter said, of film festival premiers, "It helps me get a sense of what my work is or isn't communicating. We've often made little tweaks and changes after we've premiered it at a few film festivals."

Online premieres
Concerns existed about online premieres, when in 2020, during the coronavirus pandemic, festivals had to become either partially online, e.g. SXSW and Tribeca, or fully online, e.g. CPH:DOX, Visions du Reel. Director Alex Winter even went so far as to pull his documentary Zappa out of both SXSW and CPH:DOX rather than let the film premiere there, saying "Our main concern was sales. Being online with these festivals would be the equivalent of a streaming distribution deal."

On 29 May 2020, upon the cancellation of a number festivals, including the Tribeca Film Festival, an International film festival called We Are One was organised where films were globally streamed, via YouTube, in an event containing 13 world premieres, 31 online premieres, and 5 international online premiers. Director Lina Soualem, who reluctantly kept her film Their Algeria in for an online premier at We Are One said "At first, your automatic feeling is, 'No, I don't want to do that, ... I felt distressed because this would be the first time I would show an audience my film, so I was upset that it (would have to) be online." but said she relented as "I was observing (the Doha Film Institute's Qumra event) online, and it was a good experience. I spoke to many programmers and professionals, and little by little, I understood we are all in the same situation and times are so uncertain that if I decided to say 'no,' I wouldn't know what would happen next with the film."

Fionnuala Halligan of Screen Daily questioned the legitimacy of the festivals without physically screened premiers, saying "Is premiere status demanded by A-list festivals still valid, and if not world, then national or international, or online – how much do they matter in the time of Covid?" On the complications of incorporating online premiers during the new online reformatting of festivals, Halligan said that another burning question was "Would a geo-locked online premiere at a smaller festival jeopardise a filmmaker's chances for showing their "international premiere" at another, perhaps larger, more covetable event (for which the selection hasn't yet been announced)?"

title: Premiere


text:
USS Woolsey

USS Woolsey has been the name of two ships in the United States Navy.

The first was named in honor of Commodore Melancthon Taylor Woolsey, and the second commemorated both him and his son, Commodore Melancthon Brooks Woolsey.

 * USS Woolsey (DD-77) was a Wickes-class destroyer in World War I.
 * USS Woolsey (DD-437) was a Gleaves-class destroyer in World War II.

title: USS Woolsey


text:
Epimedium

Epimedium, also known as barrenwort, bishop's hat, fairy wings, horny goat weed, or yin yang huo, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Berberidaceae. The majority of the species are endemic to China, with smaller numbers elsewhere in Asia, and a few in the Mediterranean region.

Epimedium species are deciduous or evergreen hardy perennials. The majority have four-parted "spider-like" flowers in spring.

The species used as a dietary supplement is Epimedium grandiflorum. It contains icariin, which is a weak PDE5 inhibitor, in vitro. Its clinical effects are unknown. While there is little clinical evidence to date, as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil – sold under the brand names Viagra, Levitra and Cialis – are all based on (stronger) PDE5 inhibitory action, it is thought to have erectogenic properties and is found in some men's sexual health supplements.

Description

Species of Epimedium are herbaceous perennials, growing from an underground rhizome. Their growth habits are somewhat variable. Some have solitary stems, others have a "tufted" habit, with multiple stems growing close together. There may be several leaves to a stem or the leaves may be solitary, produced from the base of the plant. Individual leaves are generally compound, often with three leaflets, but also with more. Leaflets usually have spiny margins. The leaves may be annual, making the plant deciduous, or longer lasting, so that the plant is evergreen. The inflorescence is an open raceme or panicle, the number of flowers varying by species.

Individual flowers have parts in fours. There are four smaller outer sepals, usually greenish and shed when the flower opens. Moving inwards, these are followed by four larger petal-like inner sepals, often brightly coloured. Inside the sepals are four true petals. These may be small and flat, but often have a complex shape including a nectar-producing "spur" that may be longer than the sepals. There are four stamens.

One of the common names for the genus, bishop's hat, arises from the shape of the flowers, particularly where the spurs are longer than the sepals.

Taxonomy
The genus was given its name by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, in describing the European species E. alpinum. The name is a Latinized version of a Greek name for an unidentifiable plant, epimedion, that is mentioned in Pliny's Natural History (xxvii.57). The meaning of the original name is unclear.

 * Accepted species (65)

• # Epimedium acuminatum

• # Epimedium alpinum

• # Epimedium baiealiguizhouense

• # Epimedium baojingensis

• # Epimedium borealiguizhouense

• # Epimedium brachyrrhizum

• # Epimedium brevicornum

• # Epimedium campanulatum

• # Epimedium chlorandrum

• # Epimedium circinatocucullatum

• # Epimedium coactum

• # Epimedium davidii

• # Epimedium dewuense

• # Epimedium diphyllum

• # Epimedium dolichostemon

• # Epimedium ecalcaratum

• # Epimedium elatum

• # Epimedium elongatum

• # Epimedium enshiense

• # Epimedium epsteinii

• # Epimedium fangii

• # Epimedium fargesii

• # Epimedium flavum

• # Epimedium franchetii

• # Epimedium glandulosopilosum

• # Epimedium grandiflorum

• # Epimedium hunanense

• # Epimedium ilicifolium

• # Epimedium jingzhouense

• # Epimedium koreanum

• # Epimedium latisepalum

• # Epimedium leptorrhizum

• # Epimedium lishihchenii

• # Epimedium lobophyllum

• # Epimedium macrosepalum

• # Epimedium membranaceum

• # Epimedium mikinorii

• # Epimedium multiflorum

• # Epimedium myrianthum

• # Epimedium ogisui

• # Epimedium parvifolium

• # Epimedium pauciflorum

• # Epimedium perralderianum

• # Epimedium pinnatum

• # Epimedium platypetalum

• # Epimedium pseudowushanense

• # Epimedium pubescens

• # Epimedium pubigerum

• # Epimedium pudingense

• # Epimedium qingchengshanense

• # Epimedium reticulatum

• # Epimedium rhizomatosum

• # Epimedium sagittatum

• # Epimedium sempervirens

• # Epimedium setosum

• # Epimedium shennongjiaensis

• # Epimedium shuichengense

• # Epimedium stellulatum

• # Epimedium sutchuenense

• # Epimedium trifoliolatobinatum

• # Epimedium truncatum

• # Epimedium wushanense

• # Epimedium zhushanense

Hybrids

Some artificial hybrids are cultivated in gardens. These include:

 * E. × cantabrigiense Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pubigerum
 * E. × perralchicum Stearn, hybrid between E. perralderianum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
 * E. × rubrum Morr., hybrid between E. alpinum and E. grandiflorum
 * E. × versicolor Morr., hybrid between E. grandiflorum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
 * E. × warleyense Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
 * E. × youngianum Fisch & C.A.Mey, hybrid between E. diphyllum and E. grandiflorum

Cultivation
Some varieties and hybrids have been in Western cultivation for the last 100 to 150 years. There is now a wide array of new Chinese species being cultivated in the West, many of which have only recently been discovered, and some of which have yet to be named. There are also many older Japanese hybrids and forms, extending the boundaries of the genus in cultivation. The majority of the Chinese species have not been fully tested for hardiness nor indeed for any other aspect of their culture. The initial assumption that the plants would only thrive where their native conditions could be closely replicated have proven to be overly cautious, as most varieties are proving extraordinarily amenable to general garden and container cultivation.

The cultivar 'Amber Queen' is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Propagation
While they can be successfully propagated in early spring, epimediums are best divided in late summer, with the aim of promoting rapid re-growth of roots and shoots before the onset of winter. Several breeders (in particular Darrell Diano Probst, Tim Branney & Robin White) have also undertaken their own hybridization programmes with the genus. Various new nursery selections are gradually appearing in the horticulture trade, the best of which extend the colour and shape range of the flowers available to the gardener.

Chemistry
Epimedium wushanense contains a number of flavonoids. 37 compounds were characterized from the underground and aerial parts of the plant. Among them, 28 compounds were prenylflavonoids. The predominant flavonoid, epimedin C, ranged from 1.4 to 5.1% in aerial parts and 1.0 to 2.8% in underground parts.

title: Epimedium


text:
User:Roozbeh/Persian digits

Arabic has these in addition to the digits:

"%" => "٪",

"." => "٫",

"," => "٬"

Do you want something similar for Persian?

title: User:Roozbeh/Persian digits


text:
USS Evans

Four ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Evans, the first two for Robley D. Evans, and the latter two for Ernest E. Evans.

 * USS Evans (DD-78) was a Wickes-class destroyer launched in 1918, and transferred in 1940 to the Royal Navy as HMS Mansfield, and decommissioned in 1944
 * USS Evans (DD-552) was a Fletcher-class destroyer, launched in 1942 and scrapped in 1947
 * USS Evans (DE-1023) was a Dealey-class destroyer escort named for Ernest E. Evans. She was launched in 1955 and stricken in 1973
 * USS Ernest E. Evans (DDG-141) is a planned Arleigh Burke-class destroyer destroyer.

title: USS Evans