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User:Sugarcube73/Genital Integrity

Genital integrity is the condition of having natural, whole, and complete male, female, or intersex genital organs — unaltered by any surgical operation.

Genital integrity is advocated by many children's rights organizations and by the Council of Europe.

Saving Our Sons and Stop Infant Circumcision Society sponsor an annual Genital Integrity Awareness Week, during which a demonstration in support of genital integrity occurs in Washington, D. C.

Doctors Opposing Circumcision advocates genital integrity to obtain the highest level of health and well-being.

title: User:Sugarcube73/Genital Integrity


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User talk:Sugarcube73/Genital Integrity

It is essential to have a Genital Integrity page because official bodies such as the Council of Europe and the Nordic Association of Children's Ombudsmen are now advocating genital integrity. Also, many NGOs are advocating genital integrity.

Sugarcube73 (talk) 14:05, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sugarcube73/Genital Integrity


text: User talk:67.117.82.1

title: User talk:67.117.82.1


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Ring of Sweden

Ring was a Swedish monarch or local ruler who ruled at Uppsala, an important early Swedish political center, around or before the year 936. He either ruled before or together with his two sons Eric and Emund. Virtually nothing is known about him beyond his name.

Bishop Unni's visit
The Archbishopric of Bremen had conducted Christian mission in Central Sweden during the 9th century, but the effort lapsed in the second half of the century for various reasons. The German Kingdom came into closer contact with Scandinavia when King Henry the Fowler defeated the Danes in 934 and gained influence in the important emporium Hedeby in South Jutland. The German ecclesiastic chronicler Adam of Bremen, writing in c. 1075, relates that the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, Unni, arrived to Denmark to appoint priests for the churches in the realm. From Denmark he traveled over the Baltic Sea and arrived, with some discomfort, to Birka in the Swedish kingdom. This happened in 935 or 936. According to Adam, almost no Christian teachers had visited Birka for seventy years. "The believer in the Lord went ashore in this port and proceeded to make contact with the population for his unusual purpose. For the Swedes and Geats, or to put it better, the Norsemen, had, during the period of barbaric raids of conquest, when many kings exercised a bloody rule during a few consecutive years, entirely forgotten the Christian religion and could not now be easily persuaded to believe in it. I have heard from the often-quoted King Sweyn (of Denmark, ruled 1047-1076), that the Swedes at this time were ruled by a certain Ring together with his sons Eric and Emund. This is the same Ring who was preceded by Anund, Björn and Olof, about whom one may read in the biography of Ansgar, and others who are not mentioned. And it is likely that the warrior of God, Unni, turned to these kings although they were not believers, and preached the word of God in the land of the Swedes with their permission ... Swedes and Geats, among whom the Holy Ansgar had first spread the seeds of faith, but reverted to paganism, were once again called to faith by the Holy Father Unni ... When the messenger of God had completed his missionary task and eventually decided to go home, he fell ill in Birka and left his tired body there."

Name and place
Unni died on 17 September 936, though it is unclear if Adam's assertion of him and King Ring being contemporaries is the author's guesswork. King Ring is not mentioned in the Norse king lists and sagas, such as Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks. The name is however borne by the Swedish ruler who was victorious in the legendary Battle of Bråvalla, Sigurd Ring. It is not otherwise attested among the members of the Viking Age royal family. It has sometimes been speculated that his true name was Olof (Anlaufr), represented in Latin chronicles as Anulo, which could have been misinterpreted as Latin annulus, meaning "ring". There has also been some speculation about the location of Birka where Unni died. A runic inscription on a cross at the church of Sund in Åland has been interpreted by local scholars as Wini (Unni), which would call for a radical reinterpretation of the historical geography of Viking Age Sweden. The dominating view among historians and archaeologists is nevertheless that Birka was situated on Björkö in Lake Mälaren.

The German encroachment on Scandinavia, which resulted in Unni's visit, may also have alerted the rulers of Birka. The family of Danish rulers who were defeated in 934 is said to have come from Sweden, although this statement has been much-disputed by modern scholars. At any rate Birka apparently had strong commercial relations with Hedeby. The fortifications of Birka were strengthened around 940 as the gravel walls were heightened, and palisades seem to have been erected.

title: Ring of Sweden


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American English regional vocabulary

Regional vocabulary within American English varies. Below is a list of lexical differences in vocabulary that are generally associated with a region. A term featured on a list may or may not be found throughout the region concerned, and may or may not be recognized by speakers outside that region. Some terms appear on more than one list.

Regionalisms
Historically, a number of everyday words and expressions used to be characteristic of different dialect areas of the United States, especially the North, the Midland, and the South; many of these terms spread from their area of origin and came to be used throughout the nation. Today many people use these different words for the same object interchangeably, or to distinguish between variations of an object. Such traditional lexical variables include:

 * faucet (North) and spigot (South)
 * frying pan (North and South, but not Midland), spider (obsolete New England), and skillet (Midland and South)
 * gutter (Northeast, South, and West), eaves trough (West and Inland North), and rainspouting (Maryland and Pennsylvania)
 * pit (North) and seed (elsewhere)
 * teeter-totter (North; widespread), seesaw (South and Midland; now widespread), and dandle (Rhode Island)
 * firefly (more Northern and Western) and lightning bug (widespread)
 * pail (North, north Midland) and bucket (Midland and South; now widespread)
 * sneakers (Northeast and fairly widespread), tennis shoes (widespread outside the Northeast) and gym shoes (Chicago and Cincinnati)
 * soda (Northeast, Greater Milwaukee, Great St. Louis, California, and Florida), pop (Inland North, Upper Midwest, and Northwest), coke (South), and tonic (Eastern New England possibility) See also: Names for soft drinks in the United States
 * you guys (widespread), y'all (Southern and South Midland), you'uns and  yins (Western Pennsylvania), and yous or youse (New York City, Philadelphia, New Jersey, and Northeastern Pennsylvania)

However many differences still hold and mark boundaries between different dialect areas, as shown below. From 2000 to 2005, for instance, The Dialect Survey queried North American English speakers' usage of a variety of linguistic items, including vocabulary items that vary by region. These include:

 * generic term for a sweetened carbonated beverage
 * drink made with milk and ice cream
 * long sandwich that contains cold cuts, lettuce, and so on
 * rubber-soled shoes worn in physical education class, for athletic activities, etc.

Below are lists outlining regional vocabularies in the main dialect areas of the United States.

North

 * brat or braht – bratwurst
 * breezeway (widespread) ("skyway" in Minnesota) – a hallway connecting two buildings
 * clout (originally Chicago, now widespread) – political or social influence
 * davenport (widespread though uncommon) – a sofa, or couch
 * euchre (throughout the North) – card game similar to spades
 * fridge (throughout North and West) – refrigerator
 * hotdish (esp. Minnesota) – a simple entree cooked in a single dish, related to casserole
 * paczki (in Polish settlement areas, esp. Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin) – a jelly doughnut
 * pop (North-Central and West) – a soft drink, carbonated soda
 * soda (all the Northeast and parts of Wisconsin) – soft drink
 * Troll (North-Central) – people who reside in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan
 * Yooper (North-Central) – people who reside in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
 * ope – a form of alert or apology used when trying to get around someone or something; E.g. "Ope, let me squeeze right past ya". Ope is most often used in Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Minnesota.

Northeast

 * brook (now widespread but especially common in the Northeast) – creek
 * bubbler (esp. New England, Wisconsin and the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys) – a water fountain
 * cellar – alternate term for basement
 * sneakers (throughout the U.S., though concentrated in the Northeast and parts of Florida) – generic rubber-soled athletic shoe.
 * soda – a sweet, carbonated soft drink
 * Mischief Night (or, rarer, Cabbage Night) – an annual night when, by custom, preteens and teenagers play pranks; usually, the night before Halloween

New England

 * grinder – submarine sandwich
 * packie (package store) – a liquor store
 * rotary – traffic circle
 * tag sale – garage sale
 * wicked (all of Massachusetts) – very; an intensifier and adverb, as in wicked cold meaning very cold

Eastern New England

 * bulkhead – cellar hatchway
 * cabinet (Rhode Island) – milk shake
 * frappe – milkshake
 * hosey – (rare, but esp. parts of Massachusetts & Maine) to stake a claim or choose sides, to claim ownership of something (sometimes, the front seat of a car)
 * intervale – bottomland; mostly historical
 * jimmies – sprinkles (ice cream topping) see also Mid-Atlantic, below
 * johnnycake (also Rhode Island jonnycake) – a type of cornmeal bread
 * leaf peeper – a tourist who has come to see the area's vibrant autumn foliage
 * necessary – outhouse, privy
 * quahog – pronounced "koe-hog," it properly refers to a specific species of clam but is also applied to any clam
 * tonic (eastern Massachusetts) – soft drink

Northern New England

 * ayuh – "yes" or affirmative
 * creemee – (Vermont) soft serve ice cream
 * dooryard – area around the main entry door of a house, specifically a farmhouse. Typically including the driveway and parking area proximal to the house
 * Italian (sandwich) – (Maine) submarine sandwich
 * logan (also pokelogan) – a shallow, swampy lake or pond (from Algonquian)
 * muckle – to grasp, hold-fast, or tear into
 * mud season – early spring

Mid-Atlantic

 * breezeway – the space between two groups of rowhouses in the middle of a city block
 * down the shore – shore areas and beaches of Southern New Jersey
 * hoagie – submarine sandwich
 * jawn – pronoun used for any person, place, or thing
 * jimmies – sprinkles (ice cream topping) see also New England, above
 * parlor – living room
 * pavement – sidewalk
 * shoobie – A visitor to the beach (typically the South Jersey shore) for the day (as contrasted with an overnight visitor)
 * water ice – Italian ice
 * yo! – Hello; also used to grab someone's attention
 * youze – plural form of "you people"

Greater New York City

 * bodega – small corner grocery store, from the Spanish word for closet
 * catty corner – on an angle to a corner
 * dungarees (older) – jeans
 * egg cream – a mixture of cold milk, flavored syrup, and seltzer
 * have a catch – play catch
 * hero – submarine sandwich
 * kill – a small river or strait, in the name of specific watercourses; e.g. Beaver Kill, Fresh Kills, Kill Van Kull, Arthur Kill (from Dutch)
 * on line – waiting or standing in a line
 * potsy – hopscotch
 * punchball and stickball – street variants of baseball, suitable for smaller urban areas, in which a fist or stick substitutes for the bat and a "Spaldeen" is the ball
 * scallion – spring onion
 * stoop – a small porch or steps in front of a building, originally from Dutch

Midland

A soft drink is generally known in the American Midland as pop, except for being soda around Greater St. Louis in Missouri and Illinois, and coke in central Indiana and central and western Oklahoma
 * barn-burner (now widespread) – an exciting, often high-scoring game, esp. a basketball game
 * hoosier (esp. Indiana) – someone from Indiana; (outside of Indiana, esp. in the St. Louis, Missouri area) a person from a rural area, comparable to redneck
 * mango – green bell pepper, sometimes also various chili peppers
 * outer road – a frontage road or other service road

South

 * alligator pear – avocado
 * banquette (southern Louisiana) – sidewalk, foot-path
 * billfold (widespread, but infrequent Northeast, Pacific Northwest) – a man's wallet
 * cap (also Midlands) – sir (prob. from "captain")
 * chill bumps (also Midlands) – goose bumps
 * chuck – toss or throw an object (now somewhat widespread)
 * coke – any brand of soft drink
 * commode (also Midlands) – bathroom; restroom; particularly the toilet itself
 * crocus sack (Atlantic), croker sack (Gulf) – burlap bag
 * cut on/off – to turn on/off
 * directly – in a minute; soon; presently
 * dirty rice (esp. Louisiana) – Cajun rice dish consisting of rice, spices, and meat
 * Don't get above your raisin'  - regional colloquialism
 * fais-dodo (southern Louisiana) – a party
 * fix – to get ready, to be on the verge of doing, e.g. "I'm fixing to go"; (widespread but esp. South) to prepare food
 * house shoes – bedroom slippers
 * lagniappe (Gulf, esp. Louisiana) – a little bit of something extra
 * locker (esp. Louisiana) – closet
 * make (age) (Gulf, esp. Louisiana) – have a birthday; "He's making 16 tomorrow."
 * neutral ground (Louisiana, Mississippi) – median strip
 * po' boy (scattered, but esp. South) – a long sandwich, typically made with fried oysters, clams, or shrimp
 * put up – put away, put back in its place
 * yankee – northerner; also damn yankee, damned yankee
 * yonder (esp. rural) – over there, or a long distance away; also over yonder

West

 * barrow pit (var. of "borrow pit") - an excavated area where material has been dug for use as fill at another location
 * davenport (widespread) – couch or sofa
 * hella or hecka (esp. San Francisco Bay Area) – "very" or "a lot of"
 * pop (widespread in West and North); soda (predominates in California, Arizona, southern Nevada); coke (in parts of New Mexico and Tucson, Arizona) – sweetened carbonated beverage
 * snowmachine (Alaska) – a motor vehicle for travel over snow. Outside Alaska known as a snowmobile

Pacific Northwest

 * skid road or skid row – a path made of logs or timbers along which logs are pulled; (widespread) a run-down, impoverished urban area

title: American English regional vocabulary


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Kirsten Flagstad

Kirsten Malfrid Flagstad (12 July 1895 – 7 December 1962) was a Norwegian opera singer, who was the outstanding Wagnerian soprano of her era. Her triumphant debut in New York on 2 February 1935 is one of the legends of opera. Giulio Gatti-Casazza, the longstanding General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera said, “I have given America two great gifts — Caruso and Flagstad.”

Called "the voice of the century", she ranks among the greatest singers of the 20th century. Desmond Shawe-Taylor wrote of her in the New Grove Dictionary of Opera: "No one within living memory surpassed her in sheer beauty and consistency of line and tone."

Early life and career
Flagstad was born in Hamar, Norway, in her grandparents' home, now the Kirsten Flagstad Museum. Though she never actually lived in Hamar, she always considered it her home town. She was raised in Oslo within a musical family; her father Michael Flagstad was a conductor and her mother Maja Flagstad a pianist. Their other children were also musicians: the conductor Ole Flagstad, pianist Lasse Flagstad, and soprano Karen-Marie Flagstad.

She received her early musical training in Oslo and made her stage debut at the National Theatre, as Nuri in Eugen d'Albert's Tiefland in 1913. Her first recordings were made between 1913 and 1915. After further study in Stockholm with Dr. Gillis Bratt, she pursued a career in opera and operetta in Norway. In 1919, she married her first husband Sigurd Hall and a year later gave birth to her only child, a daughter, Else Marie Hall. Later that year she signed up with the newly created Opera Comique in Oslo, under the direction of Alexander Varnay and Benno Singer. Varnay was the father of the famous soprano Astrid Varnay. Flagstad's ability to learn roles quickly was noted, as it often took her only a few days to do so. She sang Desdemona opposite Leo Slezak, Minnie, Amelia and other lesser roles at the Opera Comique.

She sang at the Stora Teatern of Gothenburg, Sweden, between 1928 and 1934, and made her debut there singing Agathe in Der Freischütz by Weber. In 1930, a revival of Nielsen's Saul and David featured Flagstad singing the role of Michal. On 31 May 1930 she married her second husband, the Norwegian industrialist and lumber merchant Henry Johansen, who subsequently helped her in expanding her career. In 1932 she made her debut in Rodelinda by Handel.

After singing operetta and lyric roles such as Marguerite in Faust for over a decade, Flagstad decided to take on heavier operatic roles such as Tosca and Aida. The part of Aida helped to unleash Flagstad's dramatic abilities. In 1932, she took on the role of Isolde in Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde and appeared to have found her true voice. Ellen Gulbranson, a Swedish soprano at Bayreuth, persuaded Winifred Wagner to audition Flagstad for the Bayreuth Festival. Flagstad sang minor roles in 1933, but at the next season in 1934, she sang the roles of Sieglinde in Die Walküre and Gutrune in Götterdämmerung at the Festival, opposite Frida Leider as Brünnhilde.

Debut at the Metropolitan Opera
Flagstad was first noticed by Otto Hermann Kahn, then chairman of the board of the Metropolitan Opera, on a trip to Scandinavia in 1929, and Met management made overtures soon after. Their letters were never answered, however. At the time, Flagstad had just met her soon to be second husband and had even briefly considered giving up opera altogether. Then, in the summer of 1934, when the Met needed a replacement for Frida Leider, Flagstad agreed to audition for conductor Artur Bodanzky and Met general manager Giulio Gatti-Casazza in St Moritz in August 1934, and she was engaged immediately. Upon leaving St Moritz, Bodanzky's parting words for Flagstad were "Come to New York as soon as you know these roles (Isolde, the three Brünnhildes, Leonore in Fidelio, and the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier). And above all do not go and get fat! Your slender, youthful figure is not the least reason you were engaged."

At the Met Flagstad became a pupil of vocal coach Hermann Weigert, who prepared her for all her roles with the company. Her debut at the Met, as Sieglinde in Die Walküre on the afternoon of 2 February 1935, created a sensation, though it was not planned as a special event. By this time, after weeks of rehearsals, Met management already knew what they had, but they nonetheless decided on a low key debut. Flagstad was unknown in the United States at the time. The performance was, however, broadcast nationwide on the Met's weekly syndicated radio program, and the first inkling of the deluge of critical praise to come was given when intermission host and former Met star Geraldine Farrar discarded her prepared notes, overwhelmed by what she had just heard, and breathlessly announced that a new star had just been born. Days later, Flagstad sang Isolde, and later that month, she performed Brünnhilde in Die Walküre and Götterdämmerung for the first time. Before the end of the season, Flagstad sang Elsa in Lohengrin, Elisabeth in Tannhäuser, and her first Kundry in Parsifal.

Further career in America and elsewhere
Almost overnight, she had established herself as the pre-eminent Wagnerian soprano of the era. According to most critics, she still remains the supreme Wagnerian dramatic soprano on disc by virtue of her unique voice. It has been said that she saved the Metropolitan Opera from looming bankruptcy. Her performances, sometimes three or four a week in her early days at the Met, quickly sold out at the box office as soon as they went on sale. Her services to the Met were not from box office receipts alone; her nationwide personal appeals to radio listeners during Saturday matinee intermissions brought thousands of dollars in donations to the Met's coffers. Fidelio (1936 and later) was her only non-Wagnerian role at the Met before the war. In 1935, she performed all three Brünnhildes in the San Francisco Opera's Ring cycle. In 1937, she first appeared at the Chicago City Opera Company.

In 1936 and 1937, Flagstad performed the roles of Isolde, Brünnhilde, and Senta at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, under Sir Thomas Beecham, Fritz Reiner and Wilhelm Furtwängler, arousing as much enthusiasm there as she had in New York. She also toured Australia in 1938. Hollywood also tried to cash in on Flagstad fever, after her sudden popularity in the US in the mid-1930s, with her many appearances on NBC Radio, The Kraft Music Hall with Bing Crosby, and regular appearances on CBS's The Ford Sunday Evening Hour. Though Flagstad was not interested in stardom or Hollywood contracts per se, she did make trips to Hollywood during the late 1930s for publicity photo shoots, public appearances, concerts at the Hollywood Bowl, and she filmed a rendition of Brünnhilde's Battle Cry from Die Walküre for the Hollywood variety show anthology The Big Broadcast of 1938, in which she was introduced to American film audiences by Bob Hope. Flagstad and Sonja Henie are the only two Norwegians to have their own stars on Hollywood's "Walk of Fame".

Her career at the Met, however, was not without its ups-and-downs. Flagstad got involved in a long-running feud with tenor co-star Lauritz Melchior after Melchior took offense to some comments Flagstad made about "stupid publicity photos" during a game of bridge in Flagstad's hotel suite while the two were on tour together in Rochester, NY. Present during the infamous bridge game were Flagstad, Melchior and his wife, and Edwin McArthur. Afterwards, Melchior fanned the flames further by insisting that there be no solo curtain calls for Flagstad when the two performed together. Audiences had no clue that, despite the marvelous and sometimes historic performances, the two never said a word to each other off stage for the next two years. It was Flagstad's husband Henry Johansen who finally brought the two together to make peace.

Flagstad also feuded with the Met's general manager, Edward Johnson, after conductor Artur Bodanzky's death, when she asked to be conducted for a few performances by her accompanist, Edwin McArthur, rather than by the Met's new conductor Erich Leinsdorf. Flagstad had wanted this for McArthur, whom she had taken under her wing. Johnson refused and would not hear of it any further. Flagstad did get her way, though; she went over Johnson's head and discussed the matter with the Met's board of directors, particularly David Sarnoff, RCA and NBC founder and chairman. It was Sarnoff who made the arrangements for McArthur to begin conducting Met productions on a limited basis. Her relationship with Johnson improved, however; just before Flagstad left the Met in 1941, on the night of her 100th performance of Isolde, she received 100 roses, courtesy of Melchior and Johnson.

Return to Norway
Having received repeated and cryptic cablegrams from her husband, who had returned to Norway a year and a half earlier, Flagstad was forced to consider leaving the United States in 1941. Though dismissing the political implications of the departure of someone of her fame from the United States to German-occupied Norway, it was nonetheless a difficult decision for her. She had many friends, colleagues, and of course many fans all over the US. Even more importantly, her 20-year-old daughter Else had married an American named Arthur Dusenberry and was living with her new husband on a dude ranch in Bozeman, Montana. It was Edwin McArthur who gave the bride away at the wedding in Bozeman a year earlier. Nonetheless, against the best advice of her friends and colleagues, including former president Herbert Hoover, who pleaded with her to stay out of Europe, she returned to Norway via Lisbon, Madrid, Barcelona, Marseille, and Berlin in April, 1941.

Though during the war she performed only in Sweden and Switzerland, countries not occupied by German forces, this fact did not temper the storm of public opinion that hurt her personally and professionally for the next several years. Her husband was arrested after the war for profiteering during the occupation that involved his lumber business. This arrest, together with her decision to remain in occupied Norway, made her unpopular, particularly in the United States. Both the Norwegian ambassador and columnist Walter Winchell spoke out against her. In 1948, she performed several benefit concerts for the United Jewish Appeal. In defense of Flagstad's husband, Henry Johansen, after his death it was revealed that during the occupation he was arrested by the Gestapo and held for eight days. Also, one of Johansen's sons by his first marriage, Henry Jr, had been a member of the Norwegian underground throughout the war.

Post-war career
Flagstad eventually returned to the Metropolitan Opera, invited by its new general manager, Rudolf Bing, who was furiously criticized for this choice: "The greatest soprano of this century must sing in the world's greatest opera house", he replied. She also returned to Covent Garden following its reopening in 1947 (a rare exception – the Opera House, in acute financial straits following the war-time closure, was attempting to build up a house company of English nationals, principally singing in English, in preference to expensive guest stars). In four consecutive seasons from 1948 to 1952, she sang in all her regular Wagnerian roles, including Kundry and Sieglinde. She toured South America in 1948 and returned to San Francisco in 1949, and finally returned to the Met. In the 1950–1951 season, although she was aged well into her 50s, Flagstad showed herself still in remarkable form as Isolde, Brünnhilde and Leonore.

Despite the great fanfare surrounding her return to the Met in early 1951, and her success in resuming her roles there, Flagstad decided that it would be her final year singing Wagner on the stage. She had gained quite a bit of weight since her pre-war years at the Met when she sang those long and physically demanding roles night after night. In 1950, when she accepted Bing's invitation, she felt she did not have the stamina she had had as a younger woman. She had also developed an arthritic hip in mid-1951 (and had to consult doctors in New York); this further made the operatic stage difficult for her, especially when singing Wagner. She gave her farewell operatic performance at the Met on 1 April 1952, not as Brünnhilde or Isolde but in the title role of Gluck's Alceste, a role she had learnt in the war years in Norway. In London she appeared as Dido (another recently learnt role) in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas at the Mermaid Theatre (in the 1951 Festival of Britain season): the portrayal was recorded (in studio), and issued by EMI in January 1953 (see: Recordings). Her last operatic appearance was as Dido in Oslo on June 5, 1953.

She was a guest on the BBC radio show Desert Island Discs on 29 April 1952.

Four Last Songs
During the post-war years, Flagstad was also responsible for the world premiere of Richard Strauss's Four Last Songs. Strauss had written the pieces during his exile in Switzerland following the war (like Flagstad, he had been vilified as a collaborator with the Nazis). He intended them to be premiered by Flagstad, though not because he had her voice in mind. (The songs are better suited to the lyric soprano voice he idealised throughout his life, as exemplified by Elisabeth Schumann and ultimately his wife Pauline de Ahna. Strauss, moreover, had heard praise for Flagstad over the years, but had not heard her sing in person since casting her as the soprano soloist in the 1933 Bayreuth Festival performance of the Beethoven Choral Symphony.) It was, rather, out of sympathy for her difficulties. He sent Flagstad a letter, accompanied by a collection of his own works which he desired her to consider adding to her repertoire, and requested that she give the premiere – together with "a first-class conductor and ensemble" – of these four new orchestral lieder, at that point still in the publication process.

Flagstad accepted the commission, although Strauss did not live to see the premiere. As a conductor, she chose not McArthur (who, though an excellent piano accompanist, was not considered a ‘first-class’ orchestral conductor) but Wilhelm Furtwängler (also experiencing the repercussions of suspect wartime conduct), and the pair chose Walter Legge's Philharmonia Orchestra, with which they both worked well, to provide the accompaniment. By the time of the premiere on 22 May 1950 at London's Royal Albert Hall, Flagstad was almost 55 years old. Her voice by this point was darker, heavier, and more inflexible than when she had sung for Strauss at Bayreuth, and she was becoming reluctant to venture above the staff, as would be notoriously demonstrated in the recording of Tristan und Isolde two years later; the Strauss songs, particularly the Hesse settings, were thus not ideally suited to her resources, and she found herself tested to her limits. "Frühling" indeed, gave such trouble that Legge, in promoting the concert, was two days before the event advertising the Strauss as "three songs with orchestra". In the event, Flagstad rose to the occasion and included "Frühling" (excluding, however, the highest note), and the close of "Im Abendrot" was followed by a respectful silence in memory of Strauss. The concert, which aside from the Strauss songs consisted of Wagner (including Isolde's Liebestod and Brünnhilde's Immolation), received favorable reviews; recordings of Flagstad's contributions were made from the radio broadcast, and are today commercially available. Flagstad added "September", "Beim Schlafengehen", and "Im Abendrot" to her repertoire, and recordings (technologically superior to those taken at the premiere) exist of these performed in concert; she did not, however, sing "Frühling" again.

Retirement
After her retirement from the stage, she continued to give concert performances and record – first for EMI setting down her definitive account of Isolde in the first commercially released account of Tristan und Isolde, and then for Decca Records. She even made some stereophonic recordings, including excerpts from Wagner's operas with Hans Knappertsbusch and Sir Georg Solti conducting the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1958, she sang the part of Fricka in Wagner's Das Rheingold, the first instalment in Solti's complete stereophonic set of the Ring Cycle, released by Decca on LP and reel-to-reel tape. She also spent time mentoring young singers in her native country, including contralto Eva Gustavson.

From around 1952, when she gave her Met farewell, until her death 10 years later, Flagstad's health steadily deteriorated. She was in and out of hospitals on an increasing basis both in the number and the length of her stays for a variety of ailments. She even joked with an interviewer in 1958 that Oslo hospital had become her home away from home. From 1958 to 1960, Flagstad was the first Director of the Norwegian National Opera. In her last years she gave many benefit concerts throughout Norway. She was diagnosed with bone marrow cancer in 1960 and died of the disease on 7 December 1962. At her request she was buried in an unmarked grave in Vestre Gravlund Cemetery in the Frogner borough of Oslo. The largest floral arrangement at her funeral was sent by Lauritz Melchior.

Repertoire
Flagstad sang many roles, especially in the early part of her career, before she became famous as a Wagnerian dramatic soprano. This is a list of her principal ones with role debut dates.

 * Nuri in Tiefland (d’Albert), Nationaltheatret, Christiania, 12 December 1913
 * Germaine in Les cloches de Corneville (Planquette), Nationaltheatret, Christiania, 12 September 1914
 * Aagot in Fjeldeventyret (Waldemar Thrane), Open-air theatre, Frogner, Christiania, 23 June 1915
 * Nedda in Pagliacci (Leoncavallo), Opera Comique, Christiania, 23 March 1919
 * Fatime in Abu Hassan by (Weber), Opera Comique, Christiania, 26 April 1919
 * Ganymed in Die schöne Galathee (von Suppé), Opera Comique, Christiania, 25 March 1919
 * Desdemona in Otello (Verdi), Opera Comique, Christiania, 26 January 1921
 * Amelia in Un ballo in maschera (Verdi), Opera Comique, Christiania, 20 February 1921
 * Countess Mariana in Die Frau im Hermelin by (Jean Gilbert), Mayol, Christiania, 15 July 1922
 * Princess Jutta in Das Hollandweibchen (Kálmán), Mayol, Christiania, 10 November 1922
 * Countess Francesca in Wenn Liebe erwacht (Eduard Künnecke), Mayol, Christiana, 12 September 1923
 * Odette Darimonde in Die Bajadere (Kálmán), Mayol, Christiania, 30 September 1923
 * Countess in Eine Frau von Format (Michael Krasznay-Krausz), Brunns Teatern, Helsinki, 17 June 1928
 * Countess Mariza in Gräfin Mariza (Kálmán), Brunns Teatern, Helsinki, 26 July 1928
 * Agathe in Der Freischütz (Weber), Stora Teatern, Gothenburg, 4 October 1928
 * Michal in Saul og David (Nielsen), Stora Teatern, Gothenburg, 29 November 1928
 * Aida in Aida (Verdi), Stora Teatern, Gothenburg, 7 March 1929
 * Elsa in Lohengrin (Wagner), Nationaltheatret, Christiania, 14 June 1929
 * Tosca in Tosca (Puccini), Nationaltheatret, Christiania, 28 June 1929
 * Anita in Jonny spielt auf (Ernst Krenek), Stora Teatern, Gothenburg, 10 April 1931
 * Dorotka in Schwanda the Bagpiper (Jaromír Weinberger), Stora Teatern, Gothenburg, 3 December 1931
 * Rodelinda in Rodelinda (Handel), Stora Teatern, Gothenburg, 16 February 1932
 * Isolde in Tristan und Isolde (Wagner), Nationaltheatret, Christiania, 29 June 1932
 * Eva in Die Meistersinger (Wagner), Nationaltheatret, Christiania, 7 June 1933
 * Ortlinde in Die Walküre (Wagner), Bayreuth Festival, 25 July 1933
 * Third Norn in Götterdämmerung (Wagner), Bayreuth Festival, 28 July 1933
 * Gutrune in Götterdämmerung (Wagner), Bayreuth Festival, 29 July 1934
 * Sieglinde in Die Walküre (Wagner), Théatre de la Monnaie, Brussels, 24 May 1934
 * Elisabeth in Tannhäuser (Wagner), Stora Teatern, Gothenburg, 5 October 1934
 * Leonore in Fidelio (Beethoven) Stora Teatern, Gothenburg, 10 December 1934
 * Brünnhilde in Die Walküre (Wagner), Metropolitan Opera, New York, 15 February 1935
 * Brünnhilde in Götterdämmerung (Wagner), Metropolitan Opera, New York, 28 February 1935
 * Kundry in Parsifal (Wagner), Metropolitan Opera, New York, 17 April 1935
 * Senta in Der fliegende Holländer (Wagner), Metropolitan Opera, New York, 7 January 1937
 * Rezia in Oberon (Weber), Stadttheater, Zürich, 30 May 1942
 * Alceste in Alceste (Gluck), Stadttheater, Zürich, 23 May 1943
 * Dido in Dido and Aeneas (Purcell), Mermaid Theatre, London, 9 September 1951

Legacy
The Kirsten Flagstad Museum in Hamar, Norway, contains a private collection of opera artifacts. Her costumes draw special attention, and include several examples on loan from the Metropolitan Opera Archives. Her portrait appeared on the Norwegian 100 kroner bill and on the tail section of Norwegian Air Shuttle planes.

"That voice! How can one describe it?" wrote opera critic Harold C. Schonberg in his New York Times obituary of Flagstad. "It was enormous, but did not sound enormous because it was never pushed or out of placement. It had a rather cool silvery quality, and was handled instrumentally, almost as though a huge violin was emitting legato phrases." Incredibly, Flagstad sang the role of Isolde 70 times on the Met stage from 1935 to 1941, making Tristan und Isolde one of the greatest box office attractions in Metropolitan Opera history. Nine of those performances were Saturday matinee radio broadcasts.

Recordings
Of her many recordings, the complete Tristan und Isolde with Furtwängler is considered the finest representation of her interpretive art in its maturity. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest recordings of all time. Throughout her career she recorded numerous songs, by Grieg and others, and these are evidence of a voice that maintained its stable beauty during her many years in the limelight. A comprehensive survey of her recordings was released in several volumes on the Simax label.

Her pre-war recordings, which show her voice in its freshest brilliance and clarity, include studio recordings of Wagner arias, Beethoven arias, and Grieg songs, as well as duets from Lohengrin, Parsifal, and Tristan und Isolde with Lauritz Melchior. These have been reissued on compact disc by RCA Victor, as well as on Naxos, Preiser and Romophone.

Many Metropolitan Opera broadcasts also survive and have circulated among collectors and more recently on CD. These include:
 * Die Walküre, Act I and fragments from Act II from her 1935 début broadcast; 1937 (as Sieglinde); 1940.
 * Tristan und Isolde, performances from 1935, 1937, and 1940 all readily available.
 * Tannhäuser: 1936, with Melchior and Tibbett, 1939, and 1941 (the latter having an official release on Metropolitan Opera LPs).
 * Siegfried: 1937, with Lauritz Melchior and Friedrich Schorr (available on Naxos and Guild labels).
 * Lohengrin: 1937, with René Maison
 * Fidelio: 1941 with Bruno Walter (available on Naxos)
 * Alceste: 1952 (available on Walhall)

After World War II, many important studio recordings followed including:
 * Wagner Scenes including the final duet from Siegfried (Testament CDs, licensed from EMI)
 * Götterdämmerung: Final Scene, with Furtwängler - EMI
 * Tristan und Isolde: Complete opera with Furtwängler - EMI
 * Norwegian Songs: EMI
 * Götterdämmerung: with Fjeldstad and Bjoner and Set Svanholm. 1956 - Urania and Walhall.
 * Der Ring des Nibelungen: Gebhard. From Teatro alla Scala with Furtwängler, Lorenz, Svanholm, Frantz. 1950

Perhaps her most famous operatic recording is the 1952 Tristan with Furtwängler, which has never been out of print. It is available from EMI and Naxos, among others. Because she was aged 57, she was unsure of her capacity to reach the top Cs in Act II, and agreed to Elisabeth Schwarzkopf providing her voice for this purpose. Another two Tristans of note are two live performances: from London on 18 May and 2 June 1936, with Lauritz Melchior as Tristan, Emanuel List as Marke, Sabine Kalter as Brangäne, and Herbert Janssen as Kurwenal, conducted by Fritz Reiner leading the London Philharmonic Orchestra, and from the Teatro Colón (Buenos Aires) on 20 August 1948, with Set Svanholm as Tristan, Viorica Ursuleac as Brangäne, Hans Hotter as Kurwenal, and Ludwig Weber as Marke, conducted by Erich Kleiber.

Two live concerts are of particular historical significance:
 * Four Last Songs (Richard Strauss, world premiere), with excerpts from Tristan und Isolde and Götterdämmerung, (Philharmonia Orchestra, cond. Wilhelm Furtwängler), London 22 May 1950. (Testament)
 * Carnegie Hall American farewell concert (Symphony of the Air, cond. McArthur), 20 March 1955. (Includes Die Walküre Act I excerpts; Götterdämmerung final scene, Tristan Liebestod, and Wesendonck Lieder (orchestral version).) (World Records LP T-366-7.)
 * Flagstad's celebrated 1951 appearance at the Mermaid Theatre, London in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas is represented by a cast recording in which the Mermaid Belinda (Maggie Teyte) was replaced by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, but under the original direction of Geraint Jones. (HMV ALP 1026, EMG review January 1953). A live performance with Teyte is available on the Walhall label.
 * The Alceste (original Italian version edited by Geraint Jones) in which she also made a farewell was recorded with Raoul Jobin, Alexander Young, Marion Lowe, Thomas Hemsley, Joan Clark, Rosemary Thayer, Geraint Jones Orchestra and singers, Geraint Jones (Decca LP LXT 5273–5276). (Her part was recorded April 28, April 30, and May 1, 1956.)

In 1956, she moved to Decca where in the autumn of her career further important studio recordings followed: Almost to the end of her life, Flagstad continued to sing in fine voice, although she increasingly sang mezzo-soprano material or in a mezzo range: besides the Rheingold Fricka (a mezzo role), Decca planned to cast her also as the Walkure Fricka and the Gotterdammerung Waltraute for its complete Ring (in the event, both roles were sung by Christa Ludwig), and also to record her in Brahms’ Four Serious Songs and Alto Rhapsody; that these plans were shelved only by her final illness and death stands as a testament to her superbly consistent vocal abilities, and to the respect and affection in which she was held to the end by record companies and the public.
 * Several albums of Grieg, Sibelius, Brahms, etc., with orchestra and piano
 * Hymns (traditional Norwegian language hymns)
 * Wagner arias with Knappertsbusch (stereo)
 * Acts I and III of Die Walküre (as Sieglinde and Brünnhilde, respectively) as well as the Brünnhilde/Siegmund duet from Act II (these conducted variously by Knappertsbusch and Solti, as a sort of preparation for Decca's complete Ring project).
 * Her great valedictory as Fricka in the Decca Rheingold of 1958.

title: Kirsten Flagstad


text: User talk:149.2.28.10

title: User talk:149.2.28.10


text:
Talk:Kremlin (fortification)

Removed list of politicians
The following list is removed from the article. ''Below is a list of relevant figures of the Kremlin throughout Soviet years:

We are not going to list all persons that sat in the Kremlin, are we? We already have list of Russian leaders, list or Russians(section "Politicians"), etc. Not to say that commentaries to the list could be better Mikkalai 21:30, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yuri Andropov
 * Lavrenti Beria, head of political repression
 * Leonid Brezhnev, leader of the pacific coexistence
 * Andrei Bubnov
 * Nikolai Bukharin, leftist opposition to Stalin
 * Nikolai Bulganin, economy
 * Konstantin Chernenko
 * Feliks Dzerzhinsky, political repression
 * Mikhail Gorbachev, party reformer
 * Andrei Gromyko, foreign relations
 * Lazar Kaganovich, civil works
 * Mikhail Kalinin, symbolic head of state
 * Lev Borisovich Kamenev
 * Nikita Khrushchev, statesman
 * Sergei Kirov, president of Leningrad Soviet
 * Aleksandra Kollontai
 * Nadezhda Krupskaya, Lenin's widow
 * Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Russian Revolution
 * Maxim Litvinov, foreign affairs
 * Anatoli Lunacharsky, education
 * Georgi Malenkov, party bureaucrat
 * Anastas Mikoyan, trade
 * Vyacheslav Molotov, foreign affairs
 * Sergo Ordzhonikidze
 * Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
 * Aleksei Rykov, interior
 * Grigory Sokolnikov, finances
 * Josef Stalin, Soviet leader
 * Yakov Sverdlov, author of the constitution
 * Mikhail Tomsky, trade unionist
 * Leon Trotsky, Lenin's heir apparent and founder of the Red Army
 * Mikhail Tukhachevsky, military
 * Kliment Voroshilov, army
 * Genrikh Yagoda, political repression
 * Nikolai Yezhov, political repression
 * Andrei Zhdanov, propaganda and aesthetics
 * Georgy Zhukov, army commander
 * Grigory Zinoviev, head of Komintern''

Kremlin vs Moscow Kremlin
That's a lot of links to fix! It would have been better to leave the Moscow one here, and move the others to a Kremlin (disambiguation). To English speakers, "Kremlin" means the Moscow one unqualified; this particular split, despite its good points, is going to be a pain forever. Stan 05:04, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I moved Moscow Kremlin to Moscow Kremlin and I also made the Kremlin redirect there. I think I disambiguated all the links to Kremlin that had to be disambiguated. From now on, Kremlin should be about kremlins in general (plus a list of all Russian kremlins), just like Castle is about castles in general. --Kpalion 12:42, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Should not the beautiful Pskov Krom be included in the list? 142.103.92.191

The Kremlin at Red Square, Russia.
The image of the "The Kremlin at Red Square, Russia." is in fact the Saint Basil's Cathedral and I quote:

"Saint Basil's Cathedral should not be confused with the Moscow Kremlin, which is situated right next to it on Red Square. It is not at all a part of the Moscow Kremlin. However, many publications do make the mistake of calling this structure the Kremlin. The misconception has inadvertently been reinforced by Western television journalists, who have often stood in front of St. Basil's during their reports."

 * Changed it to KREML.jpg, which is a picture of the Moscow Kremlin. 83.253.250.49 (talk) 22:28, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Kremlin not from Flint.
Kremlin (Kreml') all built of wood. Stone fence erected much later. Іn Moscow, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nyzhnonovhorod and others provinces had not stone (swampy areas!!). In many areas, stone (flint) no, for swamp (swampy areas). Kremlin - "enclosed garden, garden fortified palisade." (moreover, palisade і garden ("sad") cognate words). Word - Semitic origin (see Carmel). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.95.48.169 (talk) 20:41, 16 September 2012 (UTC) Pskov Krom not Pskov Kreml'. Krom - derived from the Proto-Slavic "Kremiti" (crash, crumble) with whom relevant for Ukrainian "krim"(separate; Czech "Krema", Slovak "Krem"), "kroma"; "kremsati" (crumble), "krihkiy" (fragile) "kremen" -> flint(kremen) brittle and crumble. Wood did not crumble.

In fortified palisade gardens were reduced mansions, palaces (cf. Bakhchisarai - "Garden Palace") wealthy people, and the word was used to denote the Kremlin not only part of the reserve, "best trees", "best wood", "best scaffolding" "belles garden. "

Requested move 2 March 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 17:27, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

Kremlin → Kremlin (fortification) – In the English language, the word "Kremlin" overwhelmingly refers to the Moscow Kremlin. Consequently, per WP:AT and WP:COMMONNAME policy, the "Kremlin" title should be a WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT to Moscow Kremlin and this article about generic kremlins should be renamed to Kremlin (fortification). — JFG talk 16:35, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Support move. Good reasoning by nominator.  ONR  (talk) 20:54, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Good observation. There is an argument to be made that it would be valuable and educational for people searching for the Moscow Kremlin with the search term "kremlin" to come upon this article first, and learn about the word and its meaning and history,  but there is no basis in policy, guidelines or convention for such an argument. --В²C ☎ 21:15, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * The education of readers about kremlins will be supported by a hatnote in Moscow Kremlin, similar to Thriller (album) or Pravda. — JFG talk 08:16, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Support Clearly the most common name and it will be the least astonishing result. Timrollpickering 23:25, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Interesting that this situation has lasted this long. From its creation in 2001, the Kremlin article was primarily about the Moscow Kremlin, followed by a list of other kremlins.  In 2004, Moscow Kremlin was split off with the status quo nunc persevering until now.  —  AjaxSmack   03:18, 5 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Interesting indeed. A paradox similar to New York but with fewer passionate editors to point out the issue, I guess… Incidentally, do you support or oppose the move? — JFG talk 08:12, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * Kremlin from Bolshoy kamenny bridge.jpg

title: Talk:Kremlin (fortification)


text:
Erik Ringsson

Erik Ringsson was a Swedish king and the son of Ring, according to the German ecclesiastic chronicler Adam of Bremen. He is said to have ruled together with his father and his brother Emund in about 936, and later presumably reigned in his own name.

Reign
The name of this king is only known from Adam's work Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum from c. 1075. The Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, Unni, was able to arrange church matters in Denmark after the defeat of the Danes at the hands of King Henry the Fowler of Germany in 934. From Denmark he proceeded to the Swedish trading port Birka in 935 or 936. Referring to information from the Danish King Sweyn Estridsen, Adam states that the Swedes at this time were ruled by a certain Ring and his sons Erik and Emund. Adam finds it likely that Unni approached these heathen kings and obtained permission to propagate Christianity, which by this time was long forgotten in the region. After his mission was over, Unni prepared to return but fell ill and died in Birka in 936. Later on Adam mentions an Emund Eriksson as ruling in Sweden at the height of Harald Bluetooth's reign in Denmark (around the 970s). From his name he appears to have been a son of Erik Ringsson.

Place in the Swedish king list
The reign of Erik Ringsson has been tentatively dated in the 940s and 950s. He is not mentioned in any Norse sagas or king lists. 13th century sagas, such as Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks and Heimskringla, mention a Björn Eriksson as ruling for a long time in the 10th century, being the father of the historical ruler Eric the Victorious (c. 980–995). Referring to Erik Ringsson as King Eric IV or V is later inventions, counting backwards from Eric XIV (1560–68). He and his brother Charles IX (1604–1611) adopted numerals according to a fictitious history of Sweden. The number of Swedish monarchs named Eric before Eric XIV (at least seven) is unknown, going back into prehistory, and none of them used numerals. It would be speculative to try to affix a mathematically accurate one to this king.

title: Erik Ringsson


text:
Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota)

The Cathedral of Saint Paul is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is the co-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, along with the Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis. One of the most distinctive cathedrals in the United States, it sits on Cathedral Hill overlooking downtown Saint Paul and features a distinctive copper-clad dome. It is dedicated to Paul the Apostle, who is also the namesake of the City of Saint Paul. The current building opened in 1915 as the fourth cathedral of the archdiocese to bear this name. On March 25, 2009, it was designated as the National Shrine of the Apostle Paul by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. It is the third-largest Catholic cathedral and sixth-largest church in the United States.

Previous cathedrals
The first church building in what became the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis was a small log chapel built at the urging of Father Lucien Galtier. He came to the area when the settlement was still known as "Pig's Eye" (after Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant). The chapel, measuring 25 ft by 18 ft, was dedicated on November 1, 1841. Father Augustin Ravoux later enlarged the structure, and when Joseph Crétin was appointed as the bishop of the newly established Diocese of St. Paul in July 1851, the log chapel became the first cathedral. Crétin immediately started to build a larger church to serve the fast-growing population of St. Paul. The second church building had three stories, with a library, kitchen, and school facilities on the first floor; the church itself on the second floor; and offices and living quarters for Crétin and his staff. The second building still proved to be too small for the needs of the diocese, so he started plans for a third cathedral in 1853. Construction of the building, at the corner of St. Peter and Sixth Streets in Downtown St. Paul, started in 1854 and was completed in 1858, having been delayed by the Panic of 1857 and Crétin's death. The third cathedral was built of stone, measured 175 ft long and 100 ft wide, but had practically no ornamentation in an effort to cut costs. Thomas Grace was the bishop at the time the cathedral was completed.

Current building
The building of the current cathedral was instigated by Archbishop John Ireland in 1904. The site was formerly occupied by the deteriorating mansion of entrepreneur Norman Kittson. Charles H.F. Smith (the head of the Finance Committee) and Alpheus Beede Stickney, two businessmen in St. Paul, purchased the land and donated it to the archdiocese. At Ireland's direction, the archdiocese commissioned well-known French Beaux-Arts architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, who was also the chief architect of the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, and construction began in 1906. He had a budget of $1 million, and he based the cathedral on the designs of French churches of Périgueux Cathedral at Périgueux and Sacre-Coeur basilica in Paris, as well as French Renaissance and Classical themes.

Masqueray's open design allows visitors unobstructed views of the altar and pulpit. Masqueray died in 1917, having completed only a few designs for the interior, which included three of the cathedral's major chapels: Saint Peter's, Saint Joseph's and the Blessed Virgin Mary's.

In 1987 the cathedral acquired five bronze bells cast in France. The copper dome was renovated in 2002.

In 2013, in conjunction with the restoration of the cathedral's Æolian-Skinner organ by Quimby Pipe Organs, a new organ case was completed by architect Duncan G Stroik. The hand-carved walnut organ case preserves the view of the cathedral's rose window. Human-sized carved angels stand on both sides of the organ case and a statue of Saint Cecilia, patron saint of music, stands on top of the central organ case dome, directly below the rose window. The cathedral is normally open from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. seven days a week. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District. On March 25, 2009, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops declared the Cathedral of Saint Paul to be a National shrine – the first in Minnesota and the only one in North America dedicated to the Apostle Paul. The cathedral is now also known as the National Shrine of the Apostle Paul.

The cathedral was visited by Eugenio Pacelli two years before his election to the Papacy in 1939.

Nearby Catholic high schools Saint Thomas Academy, Cretin-Derham Hall, and Hill-Murray School use the Cathedral every year for their graduation services.

Design
The dome of the cathedral is 76 ft in diameter and 186 ft high. Warm-colored paint and gold leaf were added during a major renovation of the dome in the 1950s. The exterior walls of the cathedral are Rockville granite from St. Cloud, Minnesota (from the Clark quarry ). The interior walls are American Travertine from Mankato, Minnesota. The interior columns are made of several types of marble.

The interior is illuminated by twenty-four stained glass windows featuring angelic choirs. There is also a rose window in the transept designed by Charles Connick. Electric lighting was installed in 1940.

Heroic size marble statues of the four evangelists, sculpted by John Angel, are set into the niches of the piers in the four corners of the church. This placement was not coincidental, according to Msgr. Lawrence Ryan (Historical Sketch of the Cathedral of St. Paul, 1904–1937), for as the piers hold up the church of stone, so the Word recorded by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John sustains that Church not made by human hands. Each statue rises to a height of 11’6” and weighs eight tons. The life of Saint Paul is honored by a bronze baldachin, as well as massive bronze Te Deum and Magnificat grilles. The cathedral also has six chapels dedicated to the patron saints of the European ethnic groups that settled the area around the city: St. Anthony for the Italians, St. John the Baptist for the French Canadians, St. Patrick for the Irish, St. Boniface for the Germans, Saints Cyril and Methodius for the Slavs; and St. Therese of Lisieux for the missionaries. There are also chapels dedicated to the Sacred Heart, to Mary, the mother of Jesus, and to Saint Joseph, her husband, as well as to Saint Peter.

Other sources

 * Ernster, Barb. "Cathedral is Catechism in Stone and Glass: National Shrine Honors Paul the Apostle". National Catholic Register, June 20, 2010, p. B5.

title: Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota)


text:
Mark Butcher

Mark Alan Butcher (born 23 August 1972) is an English cricket commentator and former English Test cricketer, who played county cricket for Surrey from 1992 until his retirement in 2009. He was a left-handed batsman, and occasional right-arm medium-pace bowler who was also capable of bowling off spin.

Biography
He went to Cumnor House School in Purley from the age of five to thirteen before moving to Trinity School in Croydon. He first played for his school's U-11 side at the age of seven. He was also picked up by the Surrey U-11 side and also was selected in Surrey's U-19 team. In July 1991, Mark Butcher and his father Alan Butcher became the first father-son pair ever to play against each other in first-class cricket.

He married Alec Stewart's sister Judy but the marriage did not last. He dealt with various personal issues especially in 2000 following the break up of his marriage and his axing from the England side at the end of 2000. He also had issues with alcohol and depression.

Cricket career
Butcher played all his county cricket for Surrey, for whom he made his first-class debut in 1992. He made his Test match debut in the first Test of the 1997 Ashes series at Edgbaston. He opened the batting on his debut test but did not produce the kind of scores that he would have liked but England managed to win that match by nine wickets albeit off a double century from Nasser Hussain. His last Test match was in December 2004, when he had played 71 Tests, making eight centuries and averaging over 34.

Butcher captained England once, in a draw with New Zealand in 1999 when Nasser Hussain was injured. He never appeared in a One Day International (ODI). Of players who have started in international cricket since the first ODI in 1970–71, Butcher is the "runaway leader" in terms of playing the most Test matches without appearing in an ODI. Butcher played in 71 Tests, but as of April 2004 no other player in the ODI era had played in more than 30 Tests without playing in an ODI.

Butcher enjoyed a reasonably good start to his Test career, hitting two half-centuries in five matches against a powerful Australian side. He then struggled (along with the rest of the England side) against the West Indies that winter, averaging just 15. However, in the next series he did very well, scoring two fifties and a century against South Africa. Though he followed that with another impressive hundred against Australia in the first Ashes Test that winter, he then failed for the rest of that series. A poor run of form followed, as he failed to score a half-century in twelve consecutive matches. Despite being appointed stand-in captain for one Test against New Zealand, he was dropped from the side in the winter of 2000. He subsequently lost his place in the Test side to Marcus Trescothick.

Butcher's domestic form then suffered a dramatic decline, and he found himself languishing in the Surrey second eleven at the start of the 2001 English domestic season. However, hard work and coaching from his father, Alan, himself a former Surrey and England player, sorted out his form. He was drafted into the Test side to play the Australians and strong showings throughout that series culminated in a superb innings of 173 not out at Headingley, as England successfully chased 315 to win (although the series was by then lost).

After that series, Butcher continued to prosper until a run of injuries saw him lose his place. Consistent performances had made him an essential component of the England batting line-up, to be relied upon in a crisis. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the series in the West Indies in 2003–04, when he always batted well irrespective of the sometimes poor showing by various partners at the other end, and he passed fifty in four out of seven innings. He was the top runscorer for England in England's emphatic series win in Caribbean by smacking 296 runs in four matches. A series of serious injuries kept Butcher out of the game for most of 2005, and his last Test was the first Test in South Africa in December 2004. The series of injury setbacks also subsequently put a dramatic end to his run of 42 successive test match appearances for England. During his illustrious yet volatile test career, he was regarded as one of the worst overnight resumers in test cricket as he often gets out quickly without adding much runs to his overnight score as he averages just 26.93 in 31 innings when it comes to starting the proceedings from overnight scores.

Thereafter, he struggled to recover properly from numerous injury set-backs, and although he retained the official captaincy of Surrey his appearances for the team became sporadic. In August 2009, Butcher announced his retirement from all first-class cricket after a troubling knee injury.

Since his retirement as a player, he has commentated on cricket for Sky Sports and has appeared as an expert summariser on Test Match Special, for Star Sports and ESPN Cricinfo. He appeared in Sky Sports documentary titled You Guys Are History where he explores and examines why there is a massive decline in black cricketers in England since the turn of the century.

He was awarded Honorary Life Membership of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in January 2010.

Music career
Butcher is also a guitar player and singer – he sang a ballad at Surrey and England teammate Ben Hollioake's funeral. Previously, in 2001, he appeared on the 'Jamie Theakston Cricket Show' on BBC Radio 5 Live, where he played a live acoustic version of "(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)" by The Stranglers with the former Stranglers' frontman Hugh Cornwell. In early 2008, Butcher started recording his debut album, Songs from the Sun House. Released in 2010, it includes "You're Never Gone", the song he wrote in tribute to Hollioake.

Mark Butcher partnered Sarah Brightman on the second series of Just the Two of Us aired on BBC One in January 2007; they came third overall.

Personal life
He was born to a Jamaican mother and an English father.

Butcher attended Cumnor House Prep School, Trinity School and Archbishop Tenison's School in Croydon, and supports the local football team, Crystal Palace.

At one time during his playing career, Butcher was married to former England and Surrey teammate Alec Stewart's sister Judy. Surrey's former coach and player, Alan Butcher, is his father, and his brother, Gary, played for Glamorgan and Surrey.

title: Mark Butcher


text:
Talk:American English regional vocabulary/Archive 1

Midland?
Is "Midland" a specific linguistic term, or is that some strange way of saying "Midwest"? Qqqqqq (talk) 08:25, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * A specific linguistic term. See Midland American English.  By contrast, "Midwest" has little linguistic significance, since several different dialect areas can be found in what we call "the Midwest," including the Midland and the Inland North.  I'm  Jack (Lumber) and I approve this message. 01:04, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that explanation. I'll wikilink the first instance of that term's appearance here. Qqqqqq (talk) 02:21, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Sources, sources, sources
Please be sure to cite reliable, third-party sources for any additions to this page. The presence of large amounts of unsourced materials has been a problem in the past. We appreciate your help in keeping this page free of original research. Cnilep (talk) 22:24, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your hard work cleaning it up, Cnilep! +Angr 07:56, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Dictionary of American Regional English
At long last, the second volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English is being published, at least according to media reports. This may provide a source for additional regional vocabulary. Cnilep (talk) 20:14, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

'Soda', 'Coke' in DARE?
I hate to doubt the work of another editor, but I have a question about one bit of sourcing. User:Save wildlife attributes regional definitions of coke and soda to the Dictionary of American Regional English (Cassidy 2002). Unfortunately I don't have a copy at hand right now, but I do know that the dictionary only contains head words beginning with the letters A-SK. I assume that soda will be covered in volume two, due out next year. Sorry if I seem to be casting aspersions, but this page has seen an awful lot of poorly sourced additions in the past. I've commented out the definitions but left them intact, on the theory that Save wildlife or another user might be able to verify them with other sources. Cnilep (talk) 17:50, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Teeter-totter
While the suggestion that teeter-totter is widespread accords with my own experience, note that all additions need to be verifiable. That means we need to cite a source for this description. If one can be found, great. Cnilep (talk) 20:08, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

WTF on Pacific Northwest English?
As a pacific northwesterner, I have never heard any of the words listed on this page under that heading. Are you sure these aren't just used by loggers? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.100.162.34 (talk) 07:53, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

I have lived 40 years in Seattle and have never heard of most of these terms. I've deleted all except potlatch and skid road/skid row and adjusted the definitions. Here's the original list.

 * chechaco - derogatory term for new comers to the Northwest. (from Chinook Jargon)
 * crummy - a vehicle used to transport forest workers
 * gyppo - contract work (or worker). Corruption of "gypsy"
 * potlatch - a social gathering (from Chinook Jargon)
 * Skid road or Skid row - a path made of logs or timbers along which logs are pulled; (widespread) a run-down, impoverished urban area
 * skookum - good, strong, powerful, first rate. (from Chinook Jargon)
 * snoose - chewing snuff or dipping tobacco, especially taken by loggers
 * tyee - Chief, boss, a person of distinction. (from Chinook Jargon)

"Potlatch" is used only for the Indian ceremony, not for just any social gathering. Has it ever been used generically? "Tyee" is used only in names. As for "skookum"< I'd assume it meant something like money or chutzpah. So its vague connotation remains, but not the specific meaning. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sluggoster (talk • contribs) 00:55, 7 June 2010

 * I have reverted Sluggoster's edits, not because I disbelieve his/her expressions or those of the IP user above, but because they are sourced to reliable published sources. These users' individual impressions form a variant of original research; that is, they are impressions based on the two individuals' language use within the region. Those experiences may well be valid, but they are not verifiable, and in any case original research is dispreferred when published sources are available.

 * Given that two denizens of the northwest express disbelief at this list, the usages may well be outdated or rare. We should try to find a source stating as much. In the meantime, though, the Oxford English Dictionary and the Dictionary of American Regional English stand as acceptable sources for items on this page. Cnilep (talk) 16:36, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I have partially restored Sluggoster's definition of potlatch, as it is consistent with sources at potlatch. Cnilep (talk) 16:39, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I really think the words should be removed from the article, or at least be under a "historical" subheading. How can you find a negative source when most people haven't heard of these words so they can't write about them? I'm sure I could find a thousand people who haven't heard of these words. "Skookum" and "chechaco" are not like "hoosier" and "tonic" and "davenport", which are either current or from a few decades ago. They're not even like "Beauty, eh?", which few people in Canada say but everybody recognizes the stereotype. If you said these words, people wouldn't know what you're saying, and they wouldn't even recognize them as Native American terms. Especially "crummy" and "gyppo", which sound like something else. (The ordinary English terms "crummy" and "gyp".) Sluggoster (talk) 08:05, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I have lived in the Pacific Northwest my whole life and I haven't heard and of those words used. Agree completely with the motion to delete them. Alázhlis (talk) 23:15, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Some of these words don't seem to just be regional
Like "Fridge." I've heard that in every place I've lived. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.75.87.139 (talk) 11:17, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. This article just plain sucks. Many of these words are used throughout the United States and the words listed as generic alternatives are laughable. Tennis shoe? Really? Nobody says tennis shoe except to refer to a shoe used to play tennis. Quodfui (talk) 02:27, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I have never in my life heard someone refer to a scallion as a "spring onion," no matter where in the country I was living. Viciouslies (talk) 07:52, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

Is "spider" obsolete?
An editor has marked spider as a New England variant of frying pan as obsolete. The source cited, published in 1971, does not call the term obsolete. Even if use of the word has fallen off in the past forty years, I'm not aware of a consensus definition of the term "obsolete" for Wikipedia. In the absence of one, and given that the source fails to call the word obsolete, I think we should hold off unless and until we cite a current source that does. Other opinions? Cnilep (talk) 07:28, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Its definatly Obsolete or archaic term it should be noted on this artical as such. The word skillet is more common term for frying pan in the north east.99.164.109.47 (talk) 01:08, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

wasted my time
yes I know the importance of references and sure glad I wasted my time updating this page — Preceding unsigned comment added by Otherbeach (talk • contribs) 17:52, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

pacific northwest: spendy
While looking for the requested better source, I found that the online OED says "orig. and chiefly U.S." about this word. The attestations given there are from an Indianapolis newspaper (1911), the American Thesaurus of Slang, Social Text, the Wall Street Journal, and Snowboarding UK. Maybe not so regional after all?— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 07:05, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

obsolescence in general?
I just self-reverted a bunch of Pacific Northwest entries because they seem to be specific to loggers and are possibly obsolete. There doesn't seem to be a way to tell for purposes of this page what to do about that kind of thing. They're all noted in the 1937 source as being specific to Pacific Northwest loggers. I just don't know. Probably you all do?— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 07:11, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

NYC as Mid-Atlantic?
Is there a reference on considering NYC to be part of the mid-Atlantic? The reason I'm confused is that New England is considered a subset of Northeast, so what else is in the Northeast if not New York state, and therefore NYC? --zandperl (talk) 01:19, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how the divisions here were selected; they pre-date my editing this page. If memory serves, the Phonological Atlas of North American English considers Albany part of the "Northeast" (along with New England), western NY state in the "Inland North", and New Jersey and Pennsylvania in the "North Midlands". Again if memory serves, NYC is treated as unique, though it may be in the "Northeast" region. I haven't got the book — if someone else does, maybe they could check?
 * Although dialectologists use some common American names for regions, such as "New England", other common labels including "Mid-Atlantic" are not, as far as I know, precisely defined as dialect regions. (But I see that Ben Trawick-Smith uses the label on his blog.) For what it's worth, the Wikipedia article Mid-Atlantic states includes New York. Cnilep (talk) 01:42, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

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Mark Boucher

Mark Verdon Boucher (born 3 December 1976) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer who played all three formats of the game. Boucher is regarded as one of the best wicket-keeper batsmen of all time, and holds the record for the most Test dismissals by a wicket-keeper, with 532 catches and 555 total dismissals. Boucher was a member of the South Africa team that won the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy, the only time the country has won an ICC trophy till date.

He has represented Border, Warriors, South Africa, Africa XI, ICC World XI and Royal Challengers Bangalore and Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League. He is currently the head coach of the South African National Men's Cricket Team.

He had been a regular feature of the South African side since the 1997/1998 tour to Australia, until his retirement from international cricket in July 2012 after a serious eye injury against Somerset.

In 2021, during the Cricket South Africa's (CSA) Social Justice and Nation Building (SJN) transformation public hearings, Paul Adams claimed under oath that Mark Boucher and other teammates racially abused him by calling him a "brown shit" in a team song.

Early life
Born in East London, Boucher was educated at Selborne College where he was coached by Richard Pybus.

Wicket-keeping role
From the time he replaced Dave Richardson until his retirement, Boucher was South Africa's first-choice wicketkeeper and is widely regarded as one of, if not the, greatest wicketkeepers South Africa has ever had. He holds the record for the most dismissals (catches and stumpings) in Test cricket. He reached the record originally when he overtook the former Australian wicketkeeper Ian Healy in the first test of the Bank Alfalah Test Series versus Pakistan in Karachi on 3 October 2007 when he stumped Umar Gul off the bowling of Paul Harris. He then lost the record to Adam Gilchrist before regaining it when he caught Mushfiqur Rahim of Bangladesh in February 2008.

Boucher is also third on the all-time list in One Day Internationals.

Batting credentials
He once held the record for the highest score by a nightwatchman in Test cricket with 125 for South Africa v Zimbabwe at Harare in November 1999. On 12 March 2006 he hit the winning runs for South Africa against Australia in what had been the Greatest One Day International ever played.

Later in 2006, on 20 September, he made his maiden ODI century, hitting an unbeaten 147 against Zimbabwe from a mere 68 balls. His hundred came up off just 44 balls, the second-fastest ODI century ever by a South African after AB de Villiers. Boucher did benefit, however, from some very poor Zimbabwean fielding, being dropped no fewer than six times during his innings. He played over one hundred consecutive ODIs for his country and is one of only eleven players, including Hansie Cronjé and Shaun Pollock, to achieve this.

In February 2007 he and Jacques Kallis combined to hit Mohammad Asif for 28 runs off an over in an ODI at SuperSport Park in Centurion. It broke the South African record for most runs off an over which was previously held by both Shaun Pollock and Graeme Smith with 27. However, this was later broken by Herschelle Gibbs with 36 runs off one over, the most possible without no-balls or wides.

Vice captaincy
In the period while the team was under Shaun Pollock's leadership, Boucher was the regular vice-captain of the team and lead the team in tests four times. These matches include a victory over Australia, an achievement which Pollock could not manage.

Breaking records
Boucher started his 2007 Cricket World Cup campaign in good form with a 21-ball half-century, the then fastest in World Cup history (before being beaten by Brendon McCullum's 20-ball effort six days later) – scoring 75 not out against the Netherlands as South Africa scored 353 for 4 wickets in a rain-shortened World Cup match. However, this was overshadowed by Herschelle Gibbs's six sixes in an over, the 3rd time ever in world cricket and the first time in a One Day International match, and thus in the World Cup.

He became the first wicketkeeper in the history of test cricket to reach the milestone of 400 dismissals when he caught Danish Kaneria off the bowling of Makhaya Ntini on 10 October 2007 in the second test of the Bank Alfalah Test Series against Pakistan at Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore.

Despite being South Africa's consistent wicket-keeper for a long time, age meant that batsman AB de Villiers was given a chance with the gloves and he impressed. However, de Villiers is one of the team's best outfielders and therefore Boucher continued to feature in the team.

He participated in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 and the South African coach Corrie van Zyl said that both Boucher and Herschelle Gibbs have the chance to get back in the team. He stated that Boucher will get his chance in the team provided that he performs in the domestic ODI tournament and that both of them had a good chance in playing for the 2011 Cricket World Cup He was however still selected for the Test series against Pakistan and continues to be South Africa's number one test wicket-keeper Also during that time Boucher recovered from his six-week shoulder injury and stated that he is desperate for a return to international cricket. He stated that his main aim was to participate in the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

Eye injury and subsequent retirement
Boucher suffered a serious eye injury on 9 July 2012, after being struck on his left eye by a bail. He was not wearing a protective helmet or glasses when he was struck by the bail after leg-spinner Imran Tahir bowled Somerset's Gemaal Hussain. Following surgery to the eyeball, Boucher was ruled out of the rest of the tour. Due to the severity of the injury, Boucher—who had planned to retire at the end of the tour—retired from International Cricket on 10 July.

There was no damage to the retina, so it was felt that there was a chance for Boucher to recover some vision in the damaged eye. After undergoing two operations on his injured eye, surgeons announced that they were "cautiously optimistic".

Coaching
In September 2022, Boucher was appointed as head coach of Mumbai Indians.

In December 2019, Boucher was appointed as head coach of the South Africa national cricket team.

Boucher was appointed head coach of the Titans in August 2016, despite having no prior coaching experience. He led the Titans to five domestic titles - two One Day Cups, two T20 Challenge titles and one four-day Sunfoil Series trophy.

Honours
Tributes included comments from Shaun Pollock and Kevin Pietersen. Pollock congratulated him on a great career, while Pietersen called for more support from fans and those involved in sports, saying "Let’s keep it going! Bouch is a fighter!".

In May 2017, he was named Coach of the Year at Cricket South Africa's annual awards.

 * South Africa Player of the Year 1998
 * South Africa Player of the Year 2000
 * South Africa Player of the Year 2006
 * Wisden Cricketer of the Year 2009

Achievements

 * Holds the record for the most dismissals as wicketkeeper in all forms of international cricket (999).
 * Holds the record for the most catches taken by a wicketkeeper in all forms of international cricket (952).
 * Holds the record for playing the most T20 innings without a career duck (76).
 * Most byes conceded by a wicketkeeper in a T20I innings (15).
 * He along with Justin Kemp set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand in ICC Champions Trophy history (131).

Controversy
On 23 August 2021, Boucher issued an apology for past racist behaviour, admitting to having participated in activities that were discriminatory and racially offensive. Boucher admitted to having been part of a group that sang offensive songs and used racial nicknames for non-Caucasian teammates. In the wake of the admission and apology, there were calls for Boucher to resign or be sacked as head coach of the South African Cricket team. Despite handing over a written submission as an apology for his conduct, some say that Boucher lacks common sense, lacks sensitivity and has a "lack of understanding of South Africa's racial history". The allegations regarding his racist conduct have also raised eyebrows over his coaching tenure with the South African side in the future, due to the possibility of the CSA terminating his contract.

Further investigations revealed that Boucher influenced the team's culture by dealing only with white players concerns regarding the Black Lives Matter movement and it was evident during the course of the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, with a minor few players on the South African side refusing to take a knee before the start of play. Boucher was also accused of having maintained poor player management during his coaching tenure with the assistant coach Enoch Nkwe. He was accused in the charge sheet for not delegating tasks to Nkwe as well as for not giving proper clarification to Nkwe which made it impossible for Nkwe to work with Boucher. In May 2022, Cricket South Africa (CSA) withdrew charges against him.

title: Mark Boucher


text:
Peyton Place (novel)

Peyton Place is a 1956 novel by the American author Grace Metalious. Set in New England in the time periods before and after World War II, the novel tells the story of three women who are forced to come to terms with their identity, both as women and as sexual beings, in a small, conservative, gossipy town. Metalious included recurring themes of hypocrisy, social inequities and class privilege in a tale that also includes incest, abortion, adultery, lust and murder. The novel sold 60,000 copies within the first ten days of its release, and it remained on The New York Times best seller list for 59 weeks.

The novel spawned a franchise that would run through four decades. 20th Century-Fox adapted it as a movie in 1957, and Metalious wrote a follow-up novel that was published in 1959, titled Return to Peyton Place, which became a film in 1961 using the same name. The original 1956 novel was adapted again in 1964, in what became a prime time television series for 20th Century Fox Television that ran until 1969, and the term "Peyton Place" entered the American lexicon describing any small town or group that holds scandalous secrets.

A daytime soap opera titled Return to Peyton Place ran from 1972 to 1974, and the franchise had two made-for-television movies: Murder in Peyton Place and Peyton Place: The Next Generation in 1977 and 1985 respectively.

Background
Grace Metalious and her husband George first considered Potter Place, the name of a real community near Andover, New Hampshire. Realizing their town should have a fictional name, they looked through an atlas and discovered the community of Payton, Texas. They combined that with Place and changed the "a" to an "e". Thus, Peyton Place was created, prompting her comment, "Wonderful—that's it, George. Peyton Place. Peyton Place, New Hampshire. Peyton Place, New England. Peyton Place, USA. Truly a composite of all small towns where ugliness rears its head, and where the people try to hide all the skeletons in their closets." Novelist Barbara Delinsky, author of the fictional Looking for Peyton Place (2006), noted that, "The town is a character itself, a seductively beautiful facade that hides a plethora of ills..."

Several characters and events were drawn from events in nearby towns and people that Metalious actually knew. Selena Cross was based on Barbara Roberts, a 20-year-old girl from the village of Gilmanton Ironworks, who murdered her father Sylvester after years of sexual abuse and buried his body under a sheep pen. In the novel, Selena kills her stepfather because incest was considered too taboo for readers at the time. Metalious' editor Kitty Messner made the change, much to the author's dismay and disapproval.

Plot
The story starts in 1937 and continues through the years following World War II.

Lonely and repressed Constance MacKenzie leaves Peyton Place for New York City at a young age and meets a man in the fabrics business named Allison MacKenzie, who already is married with children. Constance becomes pregnant with MacKenzie's child. MacKenzie dies a few years after his daughter, also named Allison, is born. Constance and her daughter adopt Allison's last name before returning to Peyton Place as a "widow" and child, and Constance alters her daughter's birth date to make her appear legitimate. With the money she's saved as well as what she received from her late lover's will, she opens up an apparel store called the Thrifty Corner. Allison grows up lonely and isolated, idealizing the father she never had and dreaming of a future as a published author.

The poorer side of Peyton Place is represented by the Cross family, Nellie and Lucas Cross and their daughter Selena, who is Nellie's biological daughter, but not Lucas'. Paul, Lucas's son and Selena's stepbrother, left Peyton Place after accusing Lucas of stealing his money. Nellie and Lucas later have a child together: Joey, who lives with the couple and Selena in "the shacks", a poor section of town being targeted for redevelopment. Selena and Allison become friends, but the drastic difference in their socioeconomic situations ensures the friendship does not last long."'While Allison wants Selena to share her love of bucolic little spots like Road's End, Selena wants only to spend time at Allison's mother's dress shop and, increasingly, to talk with boys. Moreover, when Allison finally gets a look inside the shack where Selena lives, she is horrified by the squalor and the violence she sees in Lucas. Eventually, Allison and Selena grow distant because of Selena's closeness with Ted Carter.'"When Selena turns 14 years old, Lucas begins to abuse her, impregnating her and leaving local doctor Matthew Swain in a troublesome situation in which he decides to perform an abortion. The doctor makes Lucas leave town, and after she discovers this, Nellie commits suicide by hanging.

Other storylines follow Leslie Harrington, owner of the local woolen mills, whose son Rodney dies in a car accident, as well as newspaper man Seth Buswell.

Adaptations and character portrayals
Peyton Place was first adapted as a film in 1957 and entirely recast for its 1961 sequel Return to Peyton Place. It was followed by the soap operas Peyton Place (1964–1969) and Return to Peyton Place (1972–1974), and the made-for-television movies Murder in Peyton Place (1977) and Peyton Place: The Next Generation (1985).

Note:

Cultural references

 * In the 1968 single "Harper Valley PTA", performed by Jeannie C. Riley, the central character, the widowed Mrs. Johnson, exposes the various scandals of the members of the titular PTA, then describes the PTA as "just a little Peyton Place."
 * The novel and series are mentioned in the 1975 novel 'Salem's Lot and its foreword by Stephen King.
 * The novel is mentioned in the episode Frank's Flink from the sitcom Laverne & Shirley.
 * In the 1989 single "We Didn't Start the Fire" by Billy Joel, Peyton Place was mentioned as a significant event of 1956.
 * In the prime time soap opera Savannah, one of the characters, a notorious bad girl, was named Peyton.
 * in the 1990 video game Ultima VI: The False Prophet, there is an innkeeper in Britain who says "I am Peyton, and this is my place." when you ask what his name is.
 * in Gilmore Girls, Rory makes a reference to the secret separation of her grandparents as akin to something from ‘Peyton Place’.

title: Peyton Place (novel)