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Juanjo Guarnido

Juanjo Guarnido (born 1967) is a Spanish illustrator and the co-author of the comic book series Blacksad.

Early life
Guarnido was born in Granada, Spain. He studied painting at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Granada.

Career
Guarnido collaborated on several fanzines and produced work for Marvel Comics. Unfortunately, the small size of the Spanish market forced him to turn to other means of earning a living. In 1990, he left Granada and moved to Madrid, where he worked on a TV series for three years. There he met Juan Díaz Canales, with whom he discussed producing comics. In 1993, Guarnido applied for a job with the Walt Disney Studios in Montreuil, France and consequently moved to Paris. He was the lead animator for the character Sabor in the Disney film Tarzan, as well as the lead animator for Hades in Hercules and Helga in Atlantis: The Lost Empire.

After Guarnido left Disney, he reconnected with Canales. After contacting several editors, Guarnido and Canales finally signed on with French publisher Dargaud, and in November 2000, Quelque part entre les ombres (Somewhere within the Shadows) was published. It was a success among critics and the public, and won the Prix de la Découverte at the Sierre International Comics Festival and the "Avenir" Prize at the Lys-lez-Lannoy Festival, respectively in Switzerland and France. In March 2003, the second album Arctic-Nation was released. It was once again a success, winning the Prize Awarded by the Audience and the Prize for Artwork at the 2004 Angoulême International Comics Festival. The third instalment of the Blacksad series, Âme Rouge (Red Soul), was published in 2005. In 2006 it was awarded the Angoulême Prize for a Series.

In 2009 Guarnido teamed up with writer Alain Ayroles, who is known for two hugely successful BD series in France - Garulfo and De cap et de Crocs, to begin work on a 'one shot' project that resulted in the release of Les Indes Fourbes (The treacherous Indies) by publishing house Delcourt some ten years later, in 2019. Billed as the second part of El Buscón (The Swindler) by Francisco de Quevedo, it is narrated by lovable rogue Don Pablos whose aim in life is to become a gentleman. Les Indes Fourbes starts with Don Pablos’ journey to the New World and the comedy of events that unfold.

Awards

 * 2000: Prize for Best First Album at the Lys-lez-Lannoy festival
 * 2000: Prix spécial at the Rœulx (Belgium) festival
 * 2000: Prix Némo at the Maisons-Laffitte festival
 * 2000: Prix découverte at Sierre International Comics Festival
 * 2001: Best Artwork Award at Festival de Chambéry
 * 2002: Best Artwork Award at Grand Prix Albert Uderzo
 * 2003: Prix spécial du jury au Sierre International Comics Festival
 * 2004: Angoulême Audience Award, for Arctic-Nation
 * 2004: Angoulême Best Artwork Award, for Arctic-Nation
 * 2004: Virgin Prize for Best Album, for Arctic-Nation
 * 2006: Angoulême Best Series Award, for the Blacksad series
 * 2006: Bédéis Causa - Prix Maurice Petitdier for the best foreign comic at the Festival de la BD francophone de Québec for Blacksad
 * 2008: Iluminart Artward, for the Blacksad series
 * 2011: Eisner Award, Best Painter/Multimedia Artist (Interior Art), for the Blacksad series
 * 2019: The Landerneau Prize (France) awarded by Régis Loisel for Les Indes fourbes.
 * 2019: The RTL Grand Prix for comics (France) for Les Indes fourbes.
 * 2019: Comic booksellers (France) prize for Les Indes fourbes.

Independent Animations

 * Freak of the Week (Director) (2014)

title: Juanjo Guarnido


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Talk:Gbe languages

On sentential negation
On "sentential negation": does Kojo not buy the kite or the bike? Lupo 11:30, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It should be kite (kátikáti), I changed it. Thanks for pointing it out! - Mark Dingemanse (talk)  11:53, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I have removed the addition of Category:Gbe languages to the article Gbe languages and similarly for Kwa languages. I believe that in in the case of languages, Categories and Subcategories can be best used to reflect the language family hierarchy. To achieve that, one should not include the co-ordinating article in the Category, but only the articles of individual languages (e.g. only articles like Ewe language and Fon language should be member of the Category:Gbe languages. Gbe languages on the other hand should be member of Category:Kwa languages.)  ¶ Mark Dingemanse  (talk)  19:43, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I was wrong, see User talk:D6 for the relevant discussion.  ¶ Mark Dingemanse  (talk)

Doctrina Christiana and Timbuktu
"As early as 1658, a translation of the Doctrina Christiana in the language of Allada was made by Spanish missionaries (reprinted in Labouret & Rivet 1929). This document is most probably the earliest text in any West African language." I'm no expert on it, but surely some of the Timbuktu manuscripts would be earlier? - Mustafaa 04:11, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * There surely are older documents among the Timbuktu manuscripts, but they all seem to be in Arabic. In any case, that's what I found out after reading some things on the subject (I'm no expert on it either).  — mark ✎ 20:51, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I'll have to look into the history of "ajami" manuscripts... - Mustafaa 21:28, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess you're right. Apparently, Hausa writing didn't really get started till the 17th cent.  - Mustafaa 22:17, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You got me searching again :). In any case, it is going to be close. I've come across several statements like the one in the article you link to. Some quotes: Camara (1996): ... Wolof spoken in the Senegalo-Gambian Basin, a language whose literature, written in the Arabic alphabet long before being written in the Latin alphabet, has existed since the 17th century. John Edward Philips (1996, ): Writing in Ajami began in the 17th century, increased in the 18th and 19th centuries and continued into the 20th. Etc. Unfortunately, none of them does specify the dating, the manuscript, or the language. Various other sources mention Ajami literature in Wolof, Pulaar/Fulfulde, Hausa, and Kanuri. Mostly, this concerns 19th - 20th century poetry.
 * As it stands now, our findings seem to support the claim. However, I'm not attached to it at all. I must say I did not make it up myself; I think the claim comes from Law (2000, The kingdom of Allada).
 * Incidentally, I found something about a recent discovery of an Ajami Tamasheq manuscript dated in the 1500's: . Interesting stuff.  — mark ✎ 00:20, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I don't know the answer, but I bet Arabic Medieval Inscriptions of the Republic of Mali, edited by Paulo Fernando de Maraes Farias, will have something... I just saw it in a bookshop the other day, and spent some time drooling before tearing myself away ;) - Mustafaa 00:50, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Pronunciation of "Gbe"
Can someone add the english pronuciation of the word "Gbe"? Axamoto 14:17, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point, I've added it. I have thought about adding a sound file, but since an untrained ear can't hear the difference anyway between the voiced bilabial stop [b] and the voiced labio-velar stop [gb] (the only discernible difference is loudness), I've decided not to. Instead, I've added a note — mark ✎ 21:20, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Taxobox question
Although this suggstion is probably a little late, with this article having been promoted to FAC status, & featured on the front page, but shouldn't Template:language be used in this article? It appears to me that all of the needed info is in this article. -- llywrch 17:52, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think so — language is a template for individual languages. This is a cluster of languages (or a language family), and we don't have a taxobox for that yet. — mark ✎ 21:00, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Renaissance du Gbe?
Is there a particular reason for having that heading in French, or is it just an oversight by whoever translated it from the original french?
 * Yes there is, and no, it wasn't translated from French. That section mentions the influential 1988 work of H.B. Capo, titled Renaissance du Gbe. As the title of that book nicely captures the revival of a broader linguistic interest in the Gbe languages, I thought it a good line for the heading. — mark ✎ 20:58, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

nasality
Something isn't right about the description of Capo's account of nasality. Voiced oral & nasal stops have been argued to be allophonic in several West African languages, including most of Western Kru, but the analysis doesn't apply to Gbe, or at least not to Fon. It requires not only that there be no nasality contrast after nasal stops, but also that there be none after voiced oral stops. Gbe only matches the first condition. Basic Fon verbs like dòn "pull" and gǎn "escape" would not be possible if the description in this article were correct.

Also, it wouldn't be necessary to postulate elided vowels for syllabic nasals, only that the nasal stop were the underlying allophone, and were denasalized before oral vowels. kwami 11:06, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I haven't Capo's articles lying around here right now, but I remember that I based the description of his account almost literally on relevant parts of his 1981 and 1988 publications. I will try to look it up, to see on which data his analysis is based. As for the postulation of elided vowels, that only reflects Capo's position. — mark ✎ 11:23, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Manuscripts written in Songhai, too
I also doubt the Doctrina comment. In Timbuktu, most of the manuscripts are in Arabic however some were also written in the Songhai language and probably in Mande as well. But I've seen two sources stating that the manuscripts were written in Songhai and other "a'jami" languages. A'jami means foreign, implying that the language used to write the text was not Arabic. Considering that literacy goes back at least to about 1300 AD in Mali alone, I think the Doctrina claim should be removed.

this is my source http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=371

--Scott Free 22:54, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * As I said above, I'm not attached to the claim at all. I've changed it into 'one of the earliest texts'. — mark ✎ 06:36, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If you read carefully the link mentioned above, it is clear that it does not claim that non Arabic languages were written in Timbuctoo earlier than in 18th century. I think that earlier scientific consenus was, that there are no extant manuscripts of a'jami tradition earlier than 18th century (possibly excluding some Berber languages). It is true that nowadays there seems to be some short texts written in Songhay that predate the colonialism, but you have to remember that colonial period began in Mali around 1900 AD. I have not found anywhere any attempt to date those Songhay texts so it is quite possible that they are from 18th or 19th century and do not, therefore, change the general picture. 213.216.211.69 10:33, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Mutual intelligibility
How similar are the Gbe languages to one another? Could someone that spoke Aja understand Ewe and vice versa? Thnx in advance. :) Scott Free 14:26, 16 November 2007 (UTC) PanAfriL10n treats them as a single language, the differences aren't that big, though ewe is quite far from all the others. Contributions/80.186.4.11 (talk) 12:18, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

classification
Blench now places Gbe in a Volta-Niger linkage. kwami (talk) 00:17, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Number of speakers
Doing the sums on the following two sentences from the first paragraph makes my mathematical spidey sense tingle. Could you, dear reader, please double check these numbers?

The total number of speakers of Gbe languages is between four and eight million. The most widely spoken Gbe language is Ewe (10.3 million speakers in Ghana and Togo), followed by Fon (5 million, mainly in Benin). Chhildeb (talk) 12:24, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gbe languages


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Talk:Clan Lord

Arindal
Since the Arindal version is now closed should it appear still? 204.174.87.29 (talk) 16:17, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clan Lord


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User talk:Ohira Mahito

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Ohira Mahito


text:
Blyth Tait

Robert Blyth Tait (born 10 May 1961) is a New Zealand equestrian. Tait has competed at four Olympics and has won four medals, one of only four New Zealanders to do so.

Tait's first success at international level was at the 1990 World Equestrian Games in Stockholm, when he won Gold in both the individual and team events riding Messiah. At the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, he won Bronze in the individual event after teammate Vicky Latta knocked down a rail in the showjumping, and Silver in the team event with Latta and Andrew Nicholson (Mark Todd was also in the team but was not awarded a medal as he did not finish the event). At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, he won Gold in the individual and Bronze in the Team event. Tait repeated his World Championships double Gold effort at Rome in 1998 riding Ready Teddy. He was flag-bearer for the New Zealand team at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but he was eliminated in both the individual and team events. Tait completed his competitive Olympic career with a fifth in the team event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. He was the eventing manager for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

In the 1993 Queen's Birthday Honours, Tait was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to equestrian sport.

Olympic record

 * 1992: individual bronze; team silver (both on Messiah)
 * 1996: individual gold (on Ready Teddy); team bronze (on Chesterfield)
 * 2000: individual did not finish (on Welton Envoy); team did not finish (on Ready Teddy)
 * 2004: individual 18th; team 5th (both on Ready Teddy)

Personal life
Tait is homosexual.

title: Blyth Tait


text:
Tennessee House of Representatives

The Tennessee House of Representatives is the lower house of the Tennessee General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee.

Constitutional requirements
According to the state constitution of 1870, this body is to consist of 99 members elected for two-year terms. In every even-numbered year, elections for state representative are conducted simultaneously with the elections for U.S. Representative and other offices; the primary election being held on the first Thursday in August. Seats which become vacant, such as through death, resignation, or expulsion, are filled either: by the county commission (or metropolitan county council) of the home county of the member vacating the seat if less than a year remains in the seat's term; if more than a year remains in the term, a special election is held for the balance of the term.

Districts
Members are elected from single-member districts. The districts are traditionally numbered consecutively from east to west and north to south across the state; however, in recent redistricting this convention has not always been strictly adhered to, despite a constitutional provision requiring districts to be numbered consecutively.

Districts are required to be reapportioned every ten years following the federal census in order to be of substantially equal population. However, from 1902 until 1962, the General Assembly ignored this provision. It was estimated that by that point that some districts in the Memphis area had approximately ten times the population of some in rural areas. In 1962 this issue was taken to court. Despite U.S. courts having traditionally declined to rule on such issues, the U.S. Supreme Court opted to hear this case and ruled that the legislature had to comply with the state constitution, as its failure to do so was in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (see Baker v. Carr). Subsequent litigation has further refined the rules regarding this; in the late 1990s a majority-black district in rural West Tennessee was required to be created.

The 1960s redistricting was credited by some observers with creating the first Republican majority in the Tennessee House since Reconstruction in 1968; this situation lasted only until the next election in 1970. 1970 also marked the first election of a Republican governor in a half century and saw both houses of the legislature begin to assert themselves as a counterbalance to executive authority; prior to this time legislators had not had their own staffs or even their own offices and were largely at the mercy of what the governor's staff chose to tell them and in many ways were often something of a "rubber stamp."

Speaker of the House
The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House. The Speaker is elected to a two-year term at the beginning of the 1st half of each session of the Tennessee General Assembly. Additionally, the Speaker is second in line for succession to the governorship, after the Speaker of the Senate, in the event of such need. The Speaker appoints members to all committees as well. Even though the Speaker does not have to make committee assignments proportional to the party composition, usually that discretion is used when determining such. Usually, consideration of the abilities, preferences, party representation, and seniority of the members are taken into account. The chairperson, vice chairperson, and secretary of each committee also are chosen by the Speaker and must be given the same considerations in their selection. The Speaker is a voting member of all standing committees of the House, as is the Speaker pro Tempore. The Speaker also serves as co-chairperson of the Joint Legislative Services Committee and must approve, in concurrence with the Speaker of the Senate, the directors of the offices of Legislative Information Services, Legal Services, Legislative Administration, and Legislative Budget Analysis. Additionally, the Speaker is in charge of all facilities, professional and clerical staff, and custodians and security personnel of the House. The current speaker is Cameron Sexton, who represents Tennessee's 25th district.

Officers

 * Speaker of the House: Cameron Sexton (R)
 * Speaker Pro Tempore: Pat Marsh (R)
 * Deputy Speaker: Curtis Johnson (R)

House committees
Committees, subcommittees, and their leadership for the 112th General Assembly are as follows:

Expulsion of members
The Tennessee House of Representatives requires a two-thirds majority of the total membership to expel another representative. Since the Civil War, ten representatives have been expelled. Six representatives were expelled in 1866 for attempting to prevent passage of the 14th Amendment, which granted citizenship to former slaves. In 1980, Republican representative Robert Fisher was expelled for bribery. Republican representative Jeremy Durham was expelled in 2016 for sexual misconduct. Representatives Justin Jones and Justin J. Pearson were expelled in 2023 for violating decorum rules by leading a gun control protest on the House floor during a legislative session. Both Jones and Pearson were later reinstated. Representative Gloria Johnson also participated in the demonstration, but avoided expulsion by one vote.

Education level among members
Among Republicans, around 30% of all members hold no degree beyond high school completion, less than 20% hold a Master's or other post baccalaureate degree, and less than 10% have a law degree. Among Democrats, of whom there are a substantially lower number, 15% hold no degree beyond high school, around 30% hold a Master's or other post baccalaureate degree, and 25% have a law degree.

Diversity among Representatives
November 2020 saw the election of first openly LGBT people ever to hold seats in Tennessee's state house of representatives, Democrat Torrey Harris and Republican Eddie Mannis. Before November 3, 2020, Tennessee was one of just five states in the nation (others being Alaska, Delaware, Louisiana and Mississippi) to have never elected an out LGBT person to its state legislature. Eddie Mannis did not seek reelection after a single term, citing bullying by the Republican caucus.

Of its 99 members, twenty-one were women in 2020. Representatives Harold Love and Raumesh Akbari hold leadership roles in the National Black Caucus of State Legislators, in which eight Tennessee state lawmakers are members. Akbari is also a State Director with Women in Government, as is Brenda Gilmore.

title: Tennessee House of Representatives


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Johann Jakob von Tschudi

Johann Jakob von Tschudi (25 July 1818 – 8 October 1889) was a Swiss naturalist, explorer and diplomat.

Biography
Tschudi was born in Glarus to Johann Jakob Tschudi, a merchant, and Anna Maria Zwicky. He studied natural sciences and medicine at the universities of Neuchâtel, Leiden and Paris. In 1838 he travelled to Peru, where he remained for five years exploring and collecting plants in the Andes. He went to Vienna in 1843. In 1845 he described 18 new species of South American reptiles. Between 1857 and 1859 he visited Brazil and other countries in South America.

In 1860 he was appointed Swiss ambassador to Brazil, remaining so until 1868, and again spent time exploring the country and collecting plants for the museums of Neuchâtel, Glarus, and Freiburg. In 1868 he became minister to Vienna.

Peru
He wrote a textbook on Peru called Peruvian antiquities in which he recorded various aspects of Peruvian life and history. In his book he explained the various skull angles of Peruvians in the context of the Angle of Camper. Tschudi claimed that Camper's facial angles were an "important angle in anthropology", whose "greater or less opening indicates the intellectual superiority of a race, and, up to a certain point, of individuals". He went on to explain that he had obtained for his personal collection the mummified foetus of a woman at seven months found in the cave of "Huichay" ("two leagues from Tarma"), and included two engravings of it, to prove that the shape of the cranium of the Huancas was not due to pressures placed upon the cranium after birth for cultural reasons.

Legacy
Tschudi is commemorated in the scientific names of a species of venomous South American coral snake, Micrurus tschudii. the montane guinea pig (Cavia tschudii), the Tschudi's yellow-shouldered bat, the Tschudi's yellow-shouldered bat. Birds named after Tschudi include the Tschudi's tapaculo, Tschudi's nightjar, and the Tschudi's woodcreeper.

Works
He also edited, in association with Mariano Eduardo de Rivera, Antigüedades Peruanas (Vienna, 1851; translated by F. L. Hawks, New York, 1853).
 * Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser A btheilung der Reptilien (Neuchâtel, 1838)
 * Untersuchungen über die Fauna Perus (St. Gall, 1844–47)
 * "Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinere". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11 (1): 150–170. (Berlin, 1845) (in Latin)
 * Peruanische Reiseskizzen während der Jahre 1838-42 (2 vols., 1846)
 * Die Ketchua-Sprache (3 vols., Vienna, 1853)
 * Reise durch die Andes von Südamerika (Gotha, 1860)
 * Die brasilianische Provinz Minas-Geraes (1863)
 * Reisen durch Südamerika (5 vols., 1866–69)
 * Organismus der Khets̆ua-Sprache (Leipzig 1884)

title: Johann Jakob von Tschudi


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Travan

Travan is an 8 mm magnetic tape cartridge design developed by the 3M company, used for the storage of data in computer backups and mass storage. Over time, subsequent versions of Travan cartridges and drives have been developed that provide greater data capacity, while retaining the standard 8 mm width and 750' length. Travan is standardized under the QIC body. HP Colorado, Iomega DittoMax and AIWA Bolt are proprietary versions of the Travan format.

The Travan format competed mainly against the DDS, AIT, and VXA formats.

TR-1

 * Travan TR-1 cartridges offer a 400 MB native capacity with a 0.25 MB/s transfer rate using the QIC-80 media format.

TR-2

 * TR-2 was designed by 3M, but they never marketed it.
 * TR-2 cartridges were designed to have an 800 MB native capacity with a 0.25 MB/s transfer rate using the QIC-3010 media format.
 * The spec called for 50 tracks across the tape, with a recording density of 22,125 flux transitions per inch (ftpi).

TR-3

 * Travan TR-3 cartridges offer a 1.6 GB native capacity with a 0.5 MB/s transfer rate using the QIC-3020 media format.

TR-4

 * Travan TR-4 cartridges offer a 4 GB native capacity using the QIC-3095 media format.
 * Travan 8 GB cartridges offer a 4 GB native capacity with a 1.2 MB/s transfer rate.
 * Travan NS8 cartridges offer a 4 GB native capacity with a 1.2 MB/s transfer rate.
 * Imation HP Colorado 5 GB is a 460 ft variation on the TR-4 standard. It offered 2.5 GB native capacity, 1 MB/s transfer rate.

TR-5

 * Travan NS20 cartridges offer a 10 GB native capacity with a 2 MB/s transfer rate.
 * Travan 20 GB cartridges offer a 10 GB native capacity with a 2 MB/s transfer rate.

TR-7

 * Travan 40 GB cartridges offer a 20 GB native capacity with a 4 MB/s transfer rate.

Technology
Travan uses a linear track technology, with data written onto individual tracks over several successive passes. Fully reading or writing a tape to full capacity may require moving the tape from reel to reel many times. The tape is not attached to the hubs, but is wrapped and held by friction. The tape is prevented from coming off at the ends using small holes punched in the tape, which are detected by optical sensors in the tape drive using a 45-degree mirror inside and a window on the side the cartridge.

It also uses an indirect tension-band drive system, consisting of an elastic band that presses on the exterior of both reels, and also over an idler wheel on the edge of the case. A motor in the drive contacts the idler to move the tape. Because the reels wind and unwind at unequal speeds there is always some slippage occurring when the tape is in motion; frequent retensioning of the tape (achieved by winding the tape fully forwards and then backwards at high speed) is required to prevent this problem. Old tapes used many times tend to have a visibly marked stripe down the center of the tape where the band has pressed into the tape.

Unlike some competing technologies such as Digital Linear Tape (DLT) and Linear Tape-Open (LTO), Travan technology does not automatically verify data after writing. Data verification must be done separately by the computer operator, to verify data was written successfully. If a separate verify operation is not performed after each backup, it is possible for backups to be found to be corrupt and unusable when the tapes need to be used.

title: Travan


text:
Utility software

Utility software is a program specifically designed to help manage and tune system or application software. It is used to support the computer infrastructure - in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users. However, utilities often form part of the application. For example, a batch job may run user-written code to update a database and may then include a step that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run a utility to compress a disk before copying files.

Although a basic set of utility programs is usually distributed with an operating system (OS), and this first party utility software is often considered part of the operating system, users often install replacements or additional utilities. Those utilities may provide additional facilities to carry out tasks that are beyond the capabilities of the operating system.

Many utilities that might affect the entire computer system require the user to have elevated privileges, while others that operate only on the user's data do not.

System utilities

 * Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses and block or remove them.
 * Clipboard managers expand the clipboard functionality of an operating system.
 * Computer access control software grants or denies requests for access to system resources.
 * Debuggers typically permit the examination and modification of data and program instructions in memory and on disk.
 * Diagnostic programs determine and report the operational status of computer hardware and software. Memory testers are one example.
 * Network utilities analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check data transfer or log events.
 * Package managers are used to configure, install or keep up to date other software on a computer.
 * Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows Registry by removing old registry keys that are no longer in use.
 * System monitors monitor resources and performance in a computer system.
 * System profilers provide detailed information about installed software and hardware.

Storage device management utilities

 * Backup software makes copies of all information stored on a disk and restores either the entire disk (aka Disk cloning) in an event of disk failure or selected files that are accidentally deleted or corrupted. Undeletion utilities are sometimes more convenient.
 * Disk checkers scan an operating hard drive and check for logical (filesystem) or physical errors.
 * Disk compression utilities transparently compress/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.
 * Disk defragmenters detect computer files whose contents are scattered across several locations on the hard disk and collect the fragments into one contiguous area.
 * Disk formatters prepare a data storage device such as a hard disk, solid-state drive, floppy disk or USB flash drive for initial use. These are often used to permanently erase an entire device.
 * Disk partition editors divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its own file system which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual drive.
 * Disk space analyzers provide a visualization of disk space usage by getting the size for each folder (including sub folders) and files in folder or drive. showing the distribution of the used space.
 * Tape initializers write a label to a magnetic tape or other magnetic medium. Initializers for DECtape format the tape into blocks.

File management utilities

 * Archivers output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files. Archive suites may include compression and encryption capabilities. Some archive utilities have a separate un-archive utility for the reverse operation. One nearly universal type of archive file format is the zip file.
 * Cryptographic utilities encrypt and decrypt streams and files.
 * Data compression utilities output a shorter stream or a smaller file when provided with a stream or file.
 * Data conversion utilities transform data from a source file to some other format, such as from a text file to a PDF document.
 * Data recovery utilities are used to rescue good data from corrupted files.
 * Data synchronization utilities establish consistency among data from a source to a target data storage and vice versa. There are several branches of this type of utility:
 * File synchronization utilities maintain consistency between two sources. They may be used to create redundancy or backup copies but are also used to help users carry their digital music, photos and video in their mobile devices.
 * Revision control utilities can recreate a coherent structure where multiple users simultaneously modify the same file.
 * Disk cleaners find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space.
 * File comparison utilities provide a standalone capability to detect differences between files.
 * File managers provide a convenient method of performing routine data management, email recovery and management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging, moving, copying, merging, setting write protection status, setting file access permissions, generating and modifying folders and data sets.

Miscellaneous utilities

 * Data generators (e.g. IEBDG) create a file of test data according to specified patterns.
 * Hex editors directly modify the text or data of a file without regard to file format. These files can be data or programs.
 * HTML checkers validate HTML code and check links.
 * Installation or setup utilities are used to initialize or configure programs, usually applications programs, for use in a specific computer environment. There are also Uninstallers.
 * Patching utilities perform alterations of files, especially object programs when program source is unavailable.
 * Screensavers prevent phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer monitors.
 * Sort/Merge programs arrange records (lines) of a file into a specified sequence.
 * Standalone macro recorders permit use of keyboard macros in programs that do not natively support such a feature.

title: Utility software


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Stone Crows

Probably not notable enough. Recorded one demo tape from which one song was used on a tape from a radio station. Thue | talk 13:37, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable enough.  Not to be confused with Stone the Crows or The Stone Roses.  Geogre 14:32, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I suppose we could keep it to disambiguate it from the other not-very-notable groups with similar names... nevermind. Delete. -FZ 15:41, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Could be possibly notable in their homeland, but with only one demo tape? I was going to say weak keep, but the more I read it, the more it reads like someone's describing their garage band. If Carburetor Dung or Shahlan are otherwise notable, then it might warrant an article, but since they lack articles at the moment I'll go with Delete. --Golbez 21:28, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, non-notable garage band. A demo tape, and a song on somebody's homemade mixtape before breaking up? Non-notable to the nth degree.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:21, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Just in case this wasn't noticed already at Talk:Regions of Republika Srpska... the five regions seem to be dubious. --Joy [shallot]   13:38, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Mostar
On the website of the parliament of FBiH, Mostar is divided in two: http://www.parlamentfbih.gov.ba/js/mapavel3.jpg —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.78.17.162 (talk) 11:19, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

Regarding the Brcko District
The claim that the Brcko District is not part of either the Federation or Republika Srpska might de facto be true (that is how things are run on the ground), but de iure it is false. If the Brcko District is not part of either entity, this would imply that the District is in fact the third entity. This would be a major breach of the general framework of the Dayton peace agreement (and the constitution of Bosnia-Herzegovina), which states that the country is internally composed of only two entities. Also, the Brcko District as 'not part of either entity' would make the territorial formula agreed at Dayton (49% of Bosnia-Herzegovina as Republika Srpska, 51% as the Federation) unworkable. OHR, Office of the High Representative (http://www.ohr.int), provided a clarification on the status of the Brcko District, stating that the District is in fact a condominium of both entities. This means that the territory of the District is shared by both entities, although the entities exercise no executive power there. In other words, the Brcko District territory is both Republika Srpska and the Federation. Technically, this would apply to the whole territory of the District - in that way, there is no third entity, and 49-51% formula is (somehow) preserved. That said, it should be pointed out that the Brcko District was proclaimed on the whole territory of the prewar Brcko municipality. According to the Dayton map, 42% of the prewar Brcko municipality (including the town of Brcko) ended up in the Republika Srpska, while 58% of the prewar Brcko municipality ended up in the Federation. Although the Brcko District was proclaimed in 1999, IEBL (Inter Entity Boundary Line) within its territory was never officially abolished; IEBL plays no administrative function within the District, except to mark the line beyond which the Bosnian Serb Army (Vojska Republike Srpske) traveling through the District can not go (and vice versa for the Federation Army). Thus, it remains unclear how the entities hold the condominium over the whole District if the IEBL still exists on the books, and the District was created out of uneven chunks of both entity's territory. Given the fact that the Republika Srpska never officially accepted the arbitration result (one of the reasons IEBL was never officially abolished), the only solution is to show the Republika Srpska territory within the Brcko District (42% of it) on the Republika Srpska entity map, but color it differently, and the same formula should be used vis-à-vis the Federation territory within the Brcko District (58% of it) on the Federation entity map. When you put all of this together, you have a map of Bosnia-Herzegovina showing only two entities but also acknowledging the existence of the Brcko District - the neutral position.

p.s.

The 'condominium' idea or the Brcko District is demonstrated by the way in which people declare themselves within the District. Citizens of the District have a right to hold entity citizenship of either Republika Srpska or the Federation, and have the right to vote on their entity's elections, although they are banned from serving in either entity's army.

"Political"
Hi – I'm wondering what makes these divisions political rather than administrative; is it that they're contingent on the Dayton agreement, i.e. not meant to be regarded as long-term...? Thanks, David Kernow (talk) 07:10, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Because the RS could legally block any attempt to dismantle it, whereas a simple administrative division has no rights outside those granted or taken away by the state. Also, not sure what you mean that they're not meant to be regarded as long term? The RS is a permanent and inviolable right of the people who live in it.--Hadžija 00:00, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Dayton Accords
The first paragraph of the article, concerning the Dayton Accords, sounds really biased against them. Qscgy256 (talk) 17:43, 5 September 2015 (UTC)
 * The biased-sounding revision was the work of a blocked user. Reverted.--Z oupan 02:19, 6 September 2015 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I support 's proposed merger of Constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina into this article. Two separate articles are viable, but what we have at present is two sub-standard, poorly referenced and dated articles, so let's merge what we do have and try to improve it. If the merged article grows significantly, then we can consider splitting it again. Cordless Larry (talk) 11:50, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Agreed.--Z oupan 11:57, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Agreed and ✅ Klbrain (talk) 21:28, 20 January 2018 (UTC)


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Tom L. Johnson

Tom Loftin Johnson (July 18, 1854 – April 10, 1911) was an American industrialist, Georgist politician, and important figure of the Progressive Era and a pioneer in urban political and social reform. He was a U.S. Representative from 1891 to 1895 and Mayor of Cleveland for four terms from 1901 to 1909. Johnson was one of the most well known, vocal, and dedicated admirers of Henry George's views on political economy and anti-monopoly reform. A panel of 69 scholars in 1993 ranked him second among the ten best mayors in American history.

Early life and business career
Tom Johnson was born in Georgetown, Kentucky on July 18, 1854. Johnson's father, a wealthy cotton planter with lands in Kentucky and Arkansas, served in the Confederate Army in the Civil War. The war ruined the family financially, and they were forced to move to several locations in the South in search of work. By age 11, Johnson was selling newspapers on the railroads in Staunton, Virginia, and providing a substantial part of the family's support. He worked all through his youth, and never had more than one complete year of formal education.

Johnson's break came through an old family connection with the industrial du Pont dynasty. In 1869, the brothers A.V. and Bidermann du Pont gave him a clerk's job on the street railway business they had acquired in Louisville. Johnson rose rapidly in the business, and discovered a taste for the mechanical side of it. He patented several inventions, including an improved type of streetcar rail, and the glass-sided farebox still used on many buses today.

By 1876, thanks partly to royalties from his farebox, Johnson was able to strike out on his own, purchasing a controlling share in the street railways of Indianapolis. In the 1880s and 90s he expanded his interests to lines in Cleveland, St. Louis, Brooklyn and Detroit, and also entered the steel business, building mills in Lorain, Ohio, and Johnstown, Pennsylvania, to provide rails for streetcar tracks. He moved to Cleveland in 1883 and soon afterwards bought a mansion on the "Millionaire's Row" of Euclid Avenue.

Politics and philosophy
Two chance events helped spark Johnson's interest in politics and social questions, and convert him from a conventional business tycoon to a radical reformer. The first was reading, on the suggestion of a train conductor, Henry George's Social Problems, in which the political philosopher expounded his belief that poverty and misery were a result of society's newly created wealth becoming locked up in increasing land values, and advocating a Single Tax on land in place of wastefully taxing the productive activity of capital and labor.

Johnson then became consumed by the arguments George made in Progress and Poverty; he read and reread it, finally requesting assistance from his business associates to find flaws in George's reasoning. Johnson took the book to his lawyer and said, "I must get out of the business, or prove that this book is wrong. Here, Russell, is a retainer of five hundred dollars [$13,000 in 2015]. I want you to read this book and give me your honest opinion on it, as you would on a legal question. Treat this retainer as you would a fee." Johnson then sought out George in New York at the first possible opportunity, and the two became close friends and political collaborators. Johnson abandoned his business of rail monopoly and spent much of his fortune promoting the ideas of Henry George.

The second event was being present to witness the terrible Johnstown Flood of 1889. Johnson and his business partner Arthur Moxham organized the immediate relief activities in the stricken, leaderless city. Interpreting the events through a Georgist lens, the experience left him with a deep resentment of what he called 'Privilege'. The disaster had been caused by the improper maintenance of a dam holding a private recreational lake, owned by Henry Clay Frick and other Pittsburgh industrialists, who escaped all responsibility for it. More than that, to Johnson, the flood exemplified the inadequacy of charity and weak "remedial measures" to solve society's problems.

When Johnson went into politics, "he went in on the explicit advice of Henry George." Johnson mounted an unsuccessful campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1888, and then won the seat in 1890, serving two terms. He promoted free trade and the Single Tax idea, and was a useful moderate on the divisive currency question.

The issue of privilege gradually made Johnson reconsider his own business career. "Traction" (streetcar) companies depended on route franchises granted by city councils; political connections and payoffs gave favored companies the upper hand. In an era when most everyone rode the cars, the stakes were high, and battles for franchises were often the hidden issue behind cities' factional strife.

Johnson knew the game intimately; in his speeches declaiming against the evils of the streetcar barons, he always pointed out that he could speak with authority, because he was one of them himself. In Cleveland, he came into conflict early with Mark Hanna, the powerful local businessman who by 1894 would be the leading power broker of the Republican Party, the man credited with putting fellow Ohioan William McKinley in the White House.

Johnson's streetcar fights with Hanna and his allies make a colorful part of Cleveland political folklore. In a time when companies with a monopoly of transport on a route were able to charge five cents for a ride, he made the 'three-cent fare' a cornerstone of his populist philosophy, and later he would come out in favor of complete public ownership. Through the 1890s Johnson gradually divested himself of most of his transit and steel holdings, to devote himself entirely to the politics of reform. In 1901, pressed on by influential citizens and a public petition, he decided to run for mayor of Cleveland.

His campaign electrified the city. Johnson liked to rent large circus tents and set them up on neighborhood lots, attracting big crowds for whom he would deliver a powerful speech, banter cheerfully with hecklers, and finish with a stereopticon show with a political moral. On April 1, 1901, he was elected with 54% of the vote.

Mayor of Cleveland
Johnson's entry into office would prove just as dramatic as his campaign. One of the campaign issues had been a valuable piece of city-owned downtown lakefront property, which outgoing mayor John H. Farley and the council had agreed to hand over to the railroads without compensation. Johnson obtained a court injunction to stop the giveaway, but it was set to expire three days after the election. Taking advantage of a legal technicality to get the new mayor sworn in early, Johnson's men staged a surprise takeover of City Hall and saved the land for the city (today this land, with later landfill additions, holds Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Great Lakes Science Center).

Johnson's four terms in office transformed Cleveland. Securing a bipartisan reform majority in the city council allowed him to effect major changes in every department of city government. Some of his policies were true innovations, while others mirrored those of the two other notable Progressive Midwestern mayors of the era, Hazen S. Pingree of Detroit and Samuel 'Golden Rule' Jones of Toledo.

In the judgement of one urban historian, "Johnson was a superb municipal technician. He grasped not only the ethics but the mathematics of government." The new administration paved hundreds of miles of streets and expanded the city's park system, building a large number of playgrounds, ball fields and other facilities. To popular acclaim, the mayor tore up all the 'Keep off the Grass' signs in the city parks, a symbol of his belief in changing parklands' role from passive to active recreation.

Rubbish collection, then in private hands, had been a big campaign issue. Johnson eliminated the haulers' franchises and replace them with a municipal department; he hired back all the men who had lost their jobs, and demonstrated how a public service could provide better performance at lower cost. In keeping with the administration's focus on public health, a street cleaning force was started, and the city's Water Department was depoliticized and vastly improved. Public bathhouses were built in the poorest neighborhoods; some of these buildings survive today. Johnson also began work on the monumental West Side Market, one of Cleveland's best-known landmarks.

To improve housing conditions, the administration established the country's first comprehensive modern building code in 1904; the code became a model for many U.S. cities. As Director of Charities and Correction, Johnson appointed his own pastor, Harris R. Cooley. Under Cooley, the city purchased a huge tract of farmland in Warrensville Township, where a new City Workhouse was established on humanitarian principles, along with cottages for the indigent elderly and a sanatorium.

Johnson was fortunate in finding talented men to staff his administration. Police Chief Fred Kohler, a stubborn, incorruptible martinet, gained national renown for cleaning up and professionalizing the force, and clamping down on vice. While laws were strictly enforced, Kohler made sure his men went easy on young first offenders and honest citizens in trouble. City Solicitor Newton D. Baker led the successful fight for 'Home Rule', working to give Cleveland a charter that would allow it greater independence from state oversight; Baker's efforts would pay off in 1912, when he wrote the amendment to the state constitution that brought full Home Rule to all Ohio's cities. Both Baker and Kohler would become mayors in their own right, continuing Johnson's policies, and Baker later served as Secretary of War under Woodrow Wilson.

The physical symbol of Johnson's revolution in government is Cleveland's civic center, a spacious park surrounded by public buildings, called simply 'The Mall'. The origins of the 'Group Plan' went back to a competition held by the Cleveland Architectural Club in 1895, but it was Johnson who pushed the appropriations through, and brought in a team headed by Daniel Burnham, the nation's leading planner, to design it. In an idealistic age, civic centers like this were consciously meant to be an architectural expression of democratic ideals. Burnham, who had created the Court of Honor at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and designed the restoration of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., brought the City Beautiful movement of the era to Cleveland; work on the Mall and its ensemble of public buildings continued well into the 1930s. Throughout the decade, the transit wars continued unabated. By 1903, the Hanna interests, the lines formerly run by Johnson, and others were consolidated into the Cleveland Electric Railway Company, a private near-monopoly opposed only by the Johnson-supported Municipal Traction Company, offering a three-cent fare. Seven years of conflict exhausted both firms and forced them into receivership. In 1910 voters approved a compromise plan called the 'Tayler Grant' under which Cleveland Electric Railway would lease the lines from the city and be assured of a 6% return. Though the new arrangement worked well for decades, it was seen as a defeat for Johnson.

Johnson took up the cause of municipal ownership not only in streetcars, but electric power, to bring down rates by offering competition to the monopoly private utility. He founded the Municipal Light and Power Company, and though political opposition kept him from expanding it, the next Progressive mayor, Newton D. Baker, built a new plant that opened in 1914 as the biggest public utility in the U.S. "Muny Light" (now Cleveland Public Power) brought important savings on the city's own electric bills, and those of residents fortunate enough to have access to the service, while it forced the private competitor to keep its own rates low.

In a booming city that for decades had been predominantly Republican, fiscally frugal and business-oriented, Johnson's policies made him an extremely divisive figure. As his associate Frederic C. Howe put it, it was a "Ten Years' War", and people were either strongly for the mayor or strongly against him. In winning his four terms, Johnson depended heavily on the vote from ethnic neighborhoods on the West Side, where his three-cent fare streetcars operated. In the middle and upper-class sections of the East Side, opponents railed against policies they called expensive and "socialistic", pointing out that after only five years Johnson had nearly doubled the city's debt.

The tenacious opposition of the Republicans and the business interests kept most of Johnson's big plans tied up in legal battles. By 1909, Clevelanders were becoming increasingly weary of reform and endless political fights, and Johnson was defeated for re-election by a relatively obscure Republican, Herman C. Baehr. Having ruined his health and dissipated his considerable fortune in the cause of reform, Johnson lived just long enough to dictate his autobiography, My Story. He died in Cleveland in 1911, and was buried next to Henry George in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery.

Legacy
The revolution in government Johnson effected in Cleveland made him a national figure. The noted muckraking journalist Lincoln Steffens called him "the best Mayor of the best-governed city in the United States."

Johnson's vision of a more honest, efficient and humane city government inspired Cleveland politics for decades to come. The years that followed his death were perhaps the most creative period in the city's history, in which it perfected excellent library and school systems, while completing the Group Plan's public buildings on the Mall and the ensemble of educational and cultural institutions at University Circle. The city was frequently cited as a model in many fields of government efficiency and social reform.

Though Cleveland's elites would never come around to sharing Johnson's political ideas, his example did much to build a sense of civic duty and cooperative spirit among them. Typical of these was Frederick C. Goff, president of the city's largest bank, who once said "I am more concerned that the Cleveland Trust Company shall fulfill its obligations to the community than make money for the stockholders". Goff was instrumental in founding the Cleveland Foundation, America's first community foundation.

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago saw Johnson ranked as the second-best American big-city mayor to serve between the years 1820 and 1993. Only Fiorello La Guardia of New York City placed higher.

Family
Johnson's brother Albert was also prominent in the streetcar business. In 1889, he became the financial backer and organizer of the Players' League, a baseball major league begun by the players themselves, in order to get a fair share of profits.

A cousin, Henry V. Johnson, was Mayor of Denver, and Henry's son, the like-named Tom Loftin Johnson, was a noted artist.

Sources and further reading

 * Bremner, Robert H. "The Civic Revival in Ohio: Reformed Businessman: Tom L. Johnson." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 8.3 (1949): 299–309.
 * Briggs, Robert L. "The Progressive Era in Cleveland, Ohio: Tom L. Johnson's Administration, 1901-1909" (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1962. T-09573).
 * DeMatteo, Arthur E. "The Downfall of a Progressive: Mayor Tom L. Johnson and the Cleveland Streetcar Strike of 1908." Ohio History 104 (1995): 24–41.
 * Johannesen, Eric, Cleveland Architecture 1876–1976. Western Reserve Historical Society, 1979.
 * Lorenz, Carl, Tom L. Johnson, Mayor of Cleveland. A.S. Barnes, 1911 online
 * Lough, Alexandra W. "Tom L. Johnson and Cleveland Traction Wars, 1901–1909." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 75.1 (2016): 149–192.
 * Megery, Michael. "Ideological Origins of a Radical Democrat: The Early Political Thought of Tom L. Johnson, 1888–1895." Middle West Review 6.1 (2019): 37–61.
 * Miggins, Edward M. "A City of Uplifting Influences: From Sweet Charity to Modern Social Welfare and Philanthropy." In The Birth of Modern Cleveland, 1865–1930, edited by Thomas F. Campbell and Edward M. Miggins, (Western Reserve Historical Society, 1988) pp 141–71.
 * Murdock, Eugene C. Tom Johnson of Cleveland (Wright State University Press, 1994), a standard scholarly biography.
 * Rose, William Ganson. Cleveland, The Making of a City. World Publishing, 1950. online
 * Suit, William Wilson. "Tom Loftin Johnson, businessman reformer' (PhD dissertation, Kent State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1988. 8827177).
 * Van Tassel, David and Grabowski, John J., editors, The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University and the Western Reserve Historical Society.
 * Warner, Hoyt Landon. Progressivism in Ohio, 1897–1917 (Ohio State University Press, 1964).
 * Whitehair, Andrew L., "Tom L. Johnson’s Tax School: the Fight For Democracy And Control of Cleveland’s Tax Machinery" (2020). (ETD Archive. 1190. online

title: Tom L. Johnson


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Wilcox rebellions

The Wilcox Rebellions were an armed rebellion in 1888, a revolt in 1889, and a counter-revolution in 1895, led by Robert William Wilcox against the promulgation of the Bayonet Constitution in 1888 and 1889, and against the overthrow of the monarchy in 1895. He was considered a royalist and dedicated to the monarchy of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Wilcox's revolts were part of the Hawaiian Rebellions.

Wilcox rebellion

The plot was to overthrow King David Kalākaua, king of Hawaii, and replace him with his sister in a coup d'état.

Background
In 1887, in response to increased political tension between the legislature and the king, a group of government ministers led by Interior Minister Lorrin A. Thurston with the support of the Honolulu Rifles, forced King David Kalākaua to promulgate the Bayonet Constitution. The constitution stripped Asians of their voting rights while at the same time limited suffrage to wealthy Native Hawaiians, Americans and other Europeans. The king's own powers were limited substantially. Hostilities grew over the new constitution that limited mostly non-white commoners' rights and power. Kalākaua's sister, Princess Liliuokalani and wife, Queen Kapiolani returned from Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee immediately after news reached them in Great Britain.

Plot and outcome
In April 1887, Princess Liliʻuokalani attended the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria as part of Kalākaua's delegation. Soon after the Jubilee celebrations, the delegation learned of the Bayonet Constitution that Kalākaua had been forced to sign under the threat of death. A planned tour of Europe was cancelled and the group returned to Hawaii.

Liliʻuokalani felt that her brother, Kalākaua, was not competent to be King. In October 1887 and about the same time as Liliʻuokalani, Kalākaua's distant cousin, a native Hawaiian officer and veteran of the Italian military, Robert William Wilcox returned to Hawaii. Wilcox had returned when the funding for his study program stopped after the new constitution was signed. Wilcox, Charles B. Wilson, Princess Liliuokalani, and Sam Nowlein plotted to overthrow King Kalākaua to replace him with his sister, Liliuokalani. They had 300 Hawaiian conspirators hidden in Iolani Barracks and an alliance with the Royal Guard, but the plot was accidentally discovered in January 1888, less than 48 hours before the revolt would have been initiated. No one was prosecuted but Wilcox was exiled. So on February 11, 1888, Wilcox left Hawaii for San Francisco, intending to return to Italy with his wife.

A second plot
Princess Liliuokalani was offered the throne several times by the Missionary Party who had forced the Bayonet Constitution on her brother, but she believed she would become a powerless figurehead like her brother and rejected the offers outright.

Wilcox Rebellion of 1889
In 1887, in response to increased political tension between the legislature and the king, a group of government ministers led by Interior Minister Lorrin A. Thurston with the support of an armed militia, forced King David Kalākaua to promulgate the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The constitution stripped Asians of their voting rights while at the same time limited suffrage to wealthy native Hawaiians, Americans and other Europeans. The king's own powers were limited substantially. A native Hawaiian officer and veteran of the Italian military, Robert William Wilcox, organized a rebellion on July 30, 1889, to revive the powers of the monarch over administration. The rebellion was thwarted by the absence of the King at ʻIolani Palace (who was needed to promulgate a new constitution), and the Honolulu Rifles. Wilcox was tried for treason, and acquitted despite his obvious guilt.

Burlesque Conspiracy
The Burlesque Conspiracy is also known as an event called the Sandbag Incident. The name of the conspiracy, Burlesque, was mainly to mock Marshal of the Kingdom Charles Wilson for appearing to have been tricked into putting the Kingdom on a high state of alert for no reason.

Background
After the rise to power by Queen Liliuokalani, members of the National Liberal Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom became frustrated with her over a feeling of neglect to removing the Bayonet Constitution. Wilcox organized another plot in 1892 by forming a group called the Hawaiian Patriotic League which included John Edward Bush, Volney V. Ashford, and J. W. "Bellowing" Bipikane. The intentions of this group were to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic.

Sandbag Incident
Wilcox and Bush's speeches drew the attention of Charles Wilson. He had agents infiltrate the group and inform him of the League's activities. In March 1892 Wilson was informed of an imminent Coup d'état. In response he put the Kingdom under high alert and sandbagged ʻIolani Palace (hence the name of the incident), effectively diverting the attempt. In response by the League to the Kingdom's lockdown, they aborted the coup and no event occurred. To the public the heightened alertness appeared to have no basis, since no confrontation happened, making Wilson look like a paranoid fool (hence the name of the conspiracy).

Aftermath
Wilson raided the League on May 20 arresting and jailing more than a dozen conspirators including Wilcox for plotting to overthrow the government. Wilcox spent 36 days in jail and was not convicted, leading to his release. Ministers to the queen felt that the exposing of the conspiracy made it harmless. The conspiracy was received by Liliuokalani as one of many voices demanding the removal of the 1887 Constitution, subsequently she drafted the 1893 Constitution.

1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii
In 1895, Wilcox participated in another attempt, this time to overthrow the Republic of Hawaiʻi and to restore Liliuokalani to power. Royalist supporters landed a cargo of arms and ammunition from San Francisco, California in a secret Honolulu location. At the location on January 6, 1895, a company of royalists met to draft plans to capture the government buildings by surprise. A premature encounter with a squad of police alarmed Honolulu and the plans were abandoned as the royalists were quickly routed. Wilcox spent several days in hiding in the mountains before being captured. The son of one pro-annexationist was killed. Several other skirmishes occurred during the following week resulting in the capture of the leading conspirators and their followers. The government allegedly found arms and ammunition and some potentially evidential documents on the premises of Washington Place, Liliʻuokalani's private residence implicating her in the plot.

Wilcox's continued resistance
A few years later, after Wilcox's final rebellion, he organized the Hawaiian Independent Party, later renamed the Home Rule Party, and won the majority of the seats in the Legislature. Wilcox was elected and served in Congress from November 6, 1900, to March 3, 1903, an advocate for Hawaiian rights and sovereignty, and against annexation. But tensions between Governor Sanford B. Dole (with veto power) and the Home Rule Party did not allow legislation to be passed. Wilcox died the same year he left office. Wilcox continues to be regarded as a hero by the Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement.

title: Wilcox rebellions