text:
Talk:Kodungallur

Page move
This article should be moved to Kodungallur. Jay 10:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Guess there should just be a redirect to this article from Kodungallur as the place is more famous as Cranganore.

Cranganore is found more in European writings and is an anglicised form of the native Kodungallur. The native name for the place is more important. I vote for the move to Kodungallur. Italo 19:23, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Kodungallur is also a village in Tamil Nadu
A large village named Kodungallur exists in Tamil Nadu. Infact 2 Mel (upper) and Kil (lower) Kodungalur villages. Both are in Vandavasi remembered from the famous Battle of Wandiwash (anglicized name of vandavasi). I actually thought kodungallur was the wikipedia article on the village to find another interesting article! Idleguy 18:36, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

What is your point?? Skylark95choppen (talk) 06:08, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

The meaning of 'muchiri'.
The meaning of 'muchiri'. I suggest that the meaning may be changed from 'broken lips' to 'cleft lip'. It conveys the meaning more accurately. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Eruditeonline (talk • contribs) 06:43, 7 January 2007 (UTC).

the photo under the caption "Kodungallur Kurumba Temple"
This is the photo of a small temple near to the original Sri Kurumba Temple. Please remove the photo, or modify the caption. --frm the workshop of eXperthAnd 07:30, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Christian fiction
What idiot is claiming that Adi Shankara denounced Christ? The main problem with the history of Christianity in Kerala is that there are almost no observations of the Nasranis by local, Kerala sources. The same moron is claiming that Mar Sabor started an "Oriental Orthodox order". Absurd. If anything Mar Sabor was likely a Persian Nestorian --- claimed to be heterodox by the Orthodox Church.

Please let's not introduce fiction.

(I'm not a fanatic non-Christian either --- I'm a pretty solid Orthodox person, who does not like seeing historical distortions, whatever the direction of bias). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.16.231.150 (talk) 13:57, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Cranganore
This article is written in English and ought to be titled Cranganore. Using the other name is like insisting that articles on Cologne be titled "Koelln" or articles on Munich "Muenchen." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.229.239.236 (talk) 01:15, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kodungallur


text:
Motor glider

A motor glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that can be flown with or without engine power. The FAI Gliding Commission Sporting Code definition is: a fixed-wing aerodyne equipped with a means of propulsion (MoP), capable of sustained soaring flight without thrust from the means of propulsion.

History
In 1935, an occasional or auxiliary motor that could be retracted was suggested by Sir John Carden. This was incorporated into the Carden-Baynes Auxiliary that first flew on 8 August of the same year. A later version of the Budig glider was powered.

Categories
Most motor gliders are equipped with a propeller, which may be fixed, feathered (e.g. AMS-Flight Carat), or retractable. However jet engine-powered motorgliders are now available from some manufacturers, some of which are intended for use only as "sustainer" engines, i.e. for sustaining gliding flight rather than as self-launching aircraft.

Sustainer Motor Gliders
Sustainer motor gliders must be launched like an unpowered glider, but can climb slowly to extend a flight once the engine is deployed and started. They generally do not have an alternator or starter motor, so the engine is started by "wind-milling" the propeller in flight. The propeller may be a rigid 2-blade design, or may have more than two blades that fold at the hub when the engine is retracted. The propeller hub is usually attached directly to the crankshaft, but there is at least one example of a sustainer with a belt reduction drive, the DG-1000T.

The smaller sustainer engines are usually not equipped with a throttle, but instead have a cable to open decompression valves in each cylinder to allow the engine to turn freely for starting. Sustainer engines are typically two-stroke two-cylinder air-cooled engines in the range of 18–30 hp (14–22 kW). They are lighter in weight, and simpler to operate than self-launching powerplants.

Self-launching Motor Gliders
Self-launching retractable propeller motor gliders have sufficient thrust and initial climb rate to take off without assistance, or they may be launched as with a conventional glider. The engines also have a starter motor and a large battery to allow the engine to be started on the ground, and an alternator to recharge the battery. A two-blade propeller is typically coupled to the engine via a belt reduction drive. In older designs, the propeller alignment must be checked by the pilot using a mirror, before it is retracted into the fuselage; however in current production gliders, propeller alignment is fully automatic.

Another solution is the single-blade propeller that offers the advantage of a smaller opening in the fuselage to retract the engine.

Internal combustion engines can benefit from mounting in the fuselage, rather than on the propeller mast. This allows them to be connected to a larger muffler for reduced noise when operating, something which is mostly relevant to European operation. It also allows the belt tension to be relieved when the engine is retracted to extend the life of the belt and bearings. The drawback of this arrangement is that engines fixed low in fuselages are more difficult to pre-flight and service, and highly stressed power transmission belts should not be bent or twisted.

Self-launching engines are equipped with a throttle that allows the engine power to be adjusted for ground operations. Self-launching engines are typically in the range of 50–60 hp (38–45 kW). The higher engine output power requires liquid cooling with a separate radiator mounted on the propeller mast. Engines commonly used are two-stroke piston engines, or Wankel rotary engines.

Touring Motor Gliders
Motor with fixed or full feathering propellers are generally classified as Touring Motor Gliders (TMGs). TMGs can take off and cruise like an airplane or soar with power off, like a glider.

They are fitted with front-mounted engines, similar to a small airplane. The large wingspans of TMGs provide a moderate gliding performance, not as good as that of unpowered gliders. However TMGs are more efficient than conventional light aircraft.

Most TMGs are designed with engines of 80 to 100 hp and typically cruise (under power) at 85–100 kn. Most have fuel tanks capable of holding between 50 and 100 liters (13 to 26 US gallons) of fuel, giving a range under power of up to 450 nautical miles (approximately 830 kilometers). Modern TMGs like the Phoenix Air Phoenix are capable of higher speeds and longer range under power.

Some TMGs are equipped with folding wings to allow them to fit in standard small airplane T-hangars. Tow hooks are unnecessary, since aircraft with self-launch ability do not require access to winch or tow plane for launching like a conventional glider.

Some TMGs, like the Europa or the Phoenix, can also be supplied with interchangeable wings or wingtips so that they can be flown as a standard touring aircraft as well as a TMG.

The landing gear configuration on TMGs usually incorporates two fixed main wheels, allowing it to be taxied on the ground without a wing walker. While some TMGs have only one main wheel, with auxiliary trolley wheels on the wings for taxiing, it is becoming more common to find them being manufactured with tricycle and conventional (two fixed main wheels – i.e. a "tail-dragger") landing gear configurations.

Since the additional drag of the stopped propeller and landing gear reduces their gliding performance, TMGs are seldom used in competition.

Retractable propeller
The retractable propeller is usually mounted on a mast that rotates up and forward out of the fuselage, aft of the cockpit and wing carry-through structure. The fuselage has engine bay doors that open and close automatically, similar to landing gear doors. The engine may be near the top or bottom of the mast, and newer designs have the engine fixed in the fuselage to reduce noise and drag.

Unlike TMGs, most gliders with retractable propellers are also fitted with a tow-hook for aero-towing or ground launch. They have a single-axle retractable main wheel on the fuselage like most unpowered gliders, so they do require assistance during ground operations. The two-stroke engines commonly used are not efficient at reduced power for level cruising flight, and instead must use a "saw-tooth" flight profile where the glider climbs at full power, then glides with the propeller retracted.

Cross-over
On the Stemme S10, the propeller folds into the nose cone, and is connected to the rear-mounted engine with a drive shaft. It also has two retractable main wheels, allowing it to be taxied without assistance, and to soar with low drag. These features make it a cross-over between the touring and retractable propeller motor gliders. It does not have a tow-hook, so it must self-launch. The S10-VT variant has a two-position variable-pitch propeller and a turbocharger on the engine, which allows the aircraft to cruise at altitudes up to 30,000 feet (9,000 m).

On the AMS Carat, the propeller folds forward, pointing straight ahead like a spear.

Electric
Although most motor gliders have gasoline-fueled internal combustion engines, a number of electric-powered self-launchers have been developed including the Lange Antares 20E and 23E, Schempp-Hirth Arcus E, Schleicher AS 34Me, Pipistrel Taurus Electro G2, Silent 2 Targa LE (Lithium Electric), and the closely related Air Energy AE1 Silent, Yuneec Apis 2, Yuneec EViva, Alpaero Exel, Aériane Swift, Electravia and Alatus AL12. Some types use a pylon behind the cockpit to extend a propeller. 11 different types, from 7 manufacturers, such as the Alisport Silent 2 Electro, use the front electric sustainer (FES) system with a folding propeller in the nose.

Advantages of electric power over gasoline include: Disadvantages of current electric powered motor-gliders as compared to gasoline include:
 * Faster and more reliable transition from gliding to powered flight, as the time and risk required to start and warm up an internal combustion engine is eliminated. For example, the Antares 20E transitions from gliding to powered flight in under 12 seconds. With a FES system maximum power can be available in 1–2 seconds.
 * For types that use a pylon, lower drag and sink rate are achieved with the pylon extended and the motor not running, as there is no radiator as required to cool a gasoline engine. For FES systems, the drag from the folded propeller in the nose is negligible if the engine does not start. For safe operation, the "Engine out and not running" performance is used to plan in-air restarts in the event of a problem (even for electrics). The reduced sink-rate of electric-powered motor-gliders "engine out and not running" allows a lower altitude for a safe in-air restart.
 * For types that use a pylon, belt reduction drive and associated reliability issues are eliminated. As an electric motor can turn at a lower RPM than typical gasoline engines, it can be mounted at the top of the mast without a reduction system, eliminating belt-drive issues.
 * Greatly reduced noise, allowing take-off from locations where other powered aircraft are not permitted.
 * Reduced range or climb altitude, as the energy stored per unit weight for available batteries is less than gasoline.
 * Gliders with pylon-mounted electric motors are slightly heavier than those with gasoline engines due to the batteries. An FES system weighs about the same as a two-stroke engine.
 * Increased cost. While electric motors are comparably inexpensive, low-weight batteries suitable for motor-gliders are a little more expensive than gasoline engines.

Electric sustainer systems (with power to sustain flight but not self-launch) are optional for the Schempp-Hirth Ventus-3, HPH Shark and ESAG LAK-17B. These three all use the FES as used for self-launching lighter gliders, such as the Alisport Silent 2.

Jet
The first production self-launching motor glider fitted with a jet engine was the Caproni Vizzola Calif. The jet engine was mounted inside the fuselage behind the wing, with fixed intake and exhaust ducts coupled to the outside air stream for engine operation. Since then a new generation of jets have been offered for the Schempp-Hirth Ventus 2, Jonker JS-1 Revelation and the HpH 304, all featuring sustainer jet engines.

Other self-launching types include the experimental LET L-13TJ Blaník, a version of the Alisport Silent Club and a version of the TeST TST-14 Bonus.

Use of engines in self-launching sailplanes
The engine cannot always be relied upon to start in flight, so the pilot must allow for this possibility. The generally accepted practice is to get in position for landing at a suitable airport, or off-airport out-landing field, before extending the propeller and attempting an engine start. This allows for a safe landing in the event that the engine cannot be started in time.

In soaring competitions, starting the engine is usually scored the same as an out-landing in an unpowered glider. To detect the use of the engine, GNSS Flight Recorders used in motor gliders must have a noise sensor that allows recording the sound level along with position and altitude. In many competitions, the rules require that the pilot start the engine at the beginning of the flight, before starting the task, to ensure an engine start later in the flight will be detected.

Gliders without an engine are lighter and, as they do not need a safety margin for an engine-start, they can safely thermal at lower altitudes in weaker conditions. So, pilots in unpowered gliders may complete competition flights when some powered competitors cannot. Conversely, motor glider pilots can start the engine to extend a flight if conditions will no longer support soaring, while unpowered gliders will have to land out, away from the home airfield, requiring retrieval by road using the glider's trailer.

The presence of an engine can increase the safety of gliding, as a powerplant increases the ability of the pilot to avoid storms and off-airport landings. An opposing view is that motor gliders are against the spirit of the sport, and, more importantly, that they sometimes give pilots a false sense of security.

Touring motor gliders are seldom used in competition, but they can be useful in training for cross-country flights. After take-off, the engine is switched off, and the trainee flies the aircraft as a glider. Landings in unfamiliar fields can be practiced while the motor idles. If the trainee chooses an inappropriate field, or misjudges the approach, the instructor can apply power and climb away safely.

Licenses or certificates
In Europe, powered gliders are categorized into gliders with retractable propellers/engines, which can be flown with an ordinary glider pilot license (GPL), and touring motor gliders (TMG), which require a license extension to the standard GPL. In the United Kingdom, where gliding is regulated by the British Gliding Association, pilots of self-sustaining gliders, like those of pure gliders, do not have to be licensed with the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority.

In South Africa, Touring Motor Glider (TMG) is an independent National Pilots License category under Recreation Aviation, Part 62, subpart 17.

In the United States, a private glider pilot certificate allows the pilot to fly unpowered gliders, self-launching motor gliders (including touring motor gliders and gliders with retractable engines or propellers), and sustainer motor gliders. An instructor must provide instruction and sign the logbook of the pilot to authorize the launch method, which may be by airplane towing, ground launch (winches, bungee, auto tow), or, in the case of a suitable motor glider, by self-launching. In the US, motor gliders are classified as gliders, and may be operated by a glider pilot without the medical certificate required to operate an airplane.

In the United States, a powered glider may be certificated for up to two occupants, up to 850 kg maximum weight, and with a maximum ratio of weight to wing span squared of 3 kg/m2. Similar requirements exist in European JAA/EASA regulations, at a maximum weight of 750 kg.

In Canada, a glider pilot license allows the pilot to fly unpowered gliders. For self-launching motor gliders (including motor gliders and gliders with retractable engines or propellers), and sustainer motor gliders an aeroplane permit or licence is required. An instructor must provide instruction and sign the logbook of the pilot to authorize the pilot to carry passengers.

title: Motor glider


text:
Willisville

Willisville is the name of some places in North America:

 * Canada
 * Willisville, Ontario

 * United States
 * Willisville, Arkansas
 * Willisville, Illinois
 * Willisville, Indiana
 * Willisville, Virginia
 * previous name for Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York

title: Willisville


text:
Willits

Willits may refer to:

Places

 * Willits, California
 * Willits Depot located in Willits, California
 * Willits High School also located in Willits, California
 * Willits Municipal Airport, also known as Ells Field, three miles northwest of Willits, California
 * Willits station, or Willits Depot, a historic train station in Willits, California
 * Willits House (The Ward W. Willits House), is a building designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 * Levi Willits House, a historic house located in New Boston, Illinois

People

 * Given name
 * Willits J. Hole (1858–1936), American businessman and real estate developer

 * Surname
 * Adam Willits (born 1972), Australian actor
 * Christopher Willits, musician and multimedia artist
 * Earl Willits (1946–1990), American politician and Iowa senator
 * Edwin Willits (1830–1896), American politician from Michigan
 * Emma Willits (1869–1965), American pioneering woman physician and surgeon
 * Joseph Willit, American investment banker
 * Ryan Willits (born 1987), Australian Rules footballer
 * Reggie Willits (born 1981), baseball player
 * Scott Willits (1895–1973), American violin teacher who created a leading pedagogical method for teaching violin
 * Tim Willits, lead designer and co-owner of video game developer id Software
 * Wendi Willits Wells (born 1978), American girls basketball high school head coach

title: Willits


text:
Forest Ray Moulton

Forest Ray Moulton (April 29, 1872 – December 7, 1952) was an American astronomer. He was the brother of Harold G. Moulton, a noted economist.

Biography
He was born in Le Roy, Michigan, and was educated at Albion College. After graduating in 1894 (A.B.), he performed his graduate studies at the University of Chicago and gained a Ph.D. in 1899. At the University of Chicago he was associate in astronomy (1898–1900), instructor (1900–03), assistant professor (1903–08), associate professor (1908–12), and professor after 1912.

He is noted for being a proponent, along with Thomas Chamberlin, of the Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis that the planets coalesced from smaller bodies they termed planetesimals. Their hypothesis called for the close passage of another star to trigger this condensation, a concept that has since fallen out of favor.

In the first decades of the twentieth century, some additional small satellites were discovered to be in orbit around Jupiter. Dr. Moulton proposed that these were actually gravitationally-captured planetesimals. This theory has become well-accepted among astronomers.

Moulton was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1910, the American Philosophical Society in 1916, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1919.

The crater Moulton on the Moon, the Adams–Moulton methods for solving differential equations and the Moulton plane in geometry are named after him.

Moulton was a critic of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.

He was in charge of ballistics at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland during World War I.

According to Craig A. Stephenson: "During the first decades of the 20th century, F. R. Moulton was one of the world's leading mathematical astronomers, and, without doubt, the leading mathematical astronomer in the United States. ... Moulton is today remembered as the author of several introductory books on astronomy, in particular his celebrated text on celestial mechanics; for his role in the formulation of the Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis; and for his work on ballistics in World War I. ... It was in connection with his wartime work on ballistics that he developed the popular method of numerical integration which now bears his name. ... However, for most of his 30-year career at the University of Chicago, it was the three-body problem which held his interest. His research on its periodic solutions began with his 1899 PhD thesis on oscillating satellites and culminated over 20 years later with the publication of his magnum opus the book Periodic Orbits (1920)."

Connection to Hidden Figures
In September of 1960, Katherine Johnson used Moulton’s book, An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics, to assist her in calculating how John Glenn would return safely to Earth after his orbital flight. This was depicted in the 2016 movie, Hidden Figures.

Selected publications
He became an associate editor of the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society in 1907 and a research associate of the Carnegie Institution in 1908. He served for several terms as secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and edited more than twenty AAAS symposia. Besides various contributions to mathematical and astronomical journals he was the author of:
 * An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics (1902; second, revised edition, 1914)
 * An Introduction to Astronomy (1906; 2nd, revised edition, 1916 )
 * Descriptive Astronomy (1912)
 * Periodic Orbits (1920)
 * New Methods in Exterior Ballistics (1926)
 * Differential Equations (1930)
 * Astronomy (1931)
 * Consider the Heavens (1935)

title: Forest Ray Moulton


text:
Fluoropolymer

A fluoropolymer is a fluorocarbon-based polymer with multiple carbon–fluorine bonds. It is characterized by a high resistance to solvents, acids, and bases. The best known fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene under the brand name "Teflon," trademarked by the DuPont Company.

History
In 1938, polytetrafluoroethylene (DuPont brand name Teflon) was discovered by accident by a recently hired DuPont Ph.D., Roy J. Plunkett. While working with tetrafluoroethylene gas to develop refrigerants, he noticed that a previously pressurized cylinder had no pressure remaining. In dissecting the cylinder, he found a mass of white solid in a quantity similar to that of the tetrafluoroethylene gas. It was determined that this material was a new-to-the-world polymer. Tests showed the substance was resistant to corrosion from most acids, bases and solvents and had better high temperature stability than any other plastic. By early 1941, a crash program was making substantial quantities of PTFE for the Manhattan Project.

Properties
Fluoropolymers share the properties of fluorocarbons in that they are not as susceptible to the van der Waals force as hydrocarbons. This contributes to their non-stick and friction reducing properties. Also, they are stable due to the stability multiple carbon–fluorine bonds add to a chemical compound. Fluoropolymers may be mechanically characterized as thermosets or thermoplastics. Fluoropolymers can be homopolymers or Copolymer.

Examples of monomers used to prepare fluoropolymers

 * Perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA)
 * Ethylene (Ethene, E)
 * Vinyl fluoride (fluoroethylene) (VF1)
 * Vinylidene fluoride (1,1-difluoroethylene) (VDF or VF2)
 * Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
 * Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE)
 * Propylene (Propene, P)
 * Hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
 * Perfluoropropylvinylether (PPVE)
 * Perfluoromethylvinylether (PMVE)

title: Fluoropolymer


text:
Willow City

Willow City may refer to:

 * Willow City, North Dakota
 * Willow City, Texas

title: Willow City


text:
Willow Grove

Willow Grove may refer to:
 * Willow Grove (Greensboro, Maryland), listed on the NRHP in Maryland
 * Willow Grove, Delaware, United States
 * Willow Grove (in Pittsgrove Twp), New Jersey, United States
 * Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Willow Grove (Madison Mills, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Virginia
 * Willow Grove, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Willow Grove Park, Pennsylvania
 * Willow Grove Park Mall, a shopping mall in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania
 * Willow Grove, West Virginia
 * Willow Grove, Victoria, Australia
 * Willow Grove (SEPTA station), station on the SEPTA Warminster Line
 * Willow Grove Cemetery, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
 * Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Willow Grove, Pennsylvania
 * Camp Willow Grove, a US Army camp in northwestern Arizona from 1866 to 1869

title: Willow Grove


text:
Category talk:Euclidean geometry

Plane geometry
I would remove subcategory plane geometry and leave Multi-dimensional geometry, since by defolt Euclidean geometry means plane geometry... Tosha 10:47, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

That is simply false. Euclid did solid geometry, e.g. see Platonic_solid. In any case, Euclidean geometry means primarily not what Euclid did, but "flat-space" geometries of any dimension. (Not to mention that the term for geometry of more than 3 dimensions should not be that, which i have never before heard in a geometric context, but, IIRC "higher-dimensional".)

In any case, i'd like to see that Category:Plane geometry restored, and a Category:Solid geometry to make the Cats of some use to people with a sound education who are not math majors. Or for that matter were math majors but did their graduate work in other fields! --Jerzy (t) 05:18, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC)

No it is not, see the main article, we should not care about what Euclid did, what is iportant that the term Euclidean geometry by defolt means plane geometry Tosha 06:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Euclidean geometry


text:
Willow Park

Willow Park may refer to:

 * Willow Park, Alberta (locality), neighbourhood in Parkland County, Alberta, Canada
 * Willow Park, Calgary, neighbourhood in Alberta, Canada
 * Willow Park School, Dublin, primary school in Booterstown, Ireland
 * Willow Park School, New Zealand, primary school in Hillcrest, Auckland, New Zealand
 * Willow Park, Texas, a city in the United States
 * Willow Park (The Owl House), a fictional character in the animated fantasy series The Owl House

title: Willow Park


text:
Wilmar

Wilmar may refer to:

 * Wilmar, Arkansas
 * Wilmar, California
 * Wilmar International (丰益国际), a Singaporean food processing and investment holding company
 * Wilmar Valdez (born 1965), Uruguayan football executive

title: Wilmar


text:
Wilma

Wilma may refer to:

People

 * Wilma (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or nickname
 * Eva Wilma (1933–2021), Brazilian actress and dancer

Places

 * Wilma Township, Pine County, Minnesota, United States
 * Wilma Glacier, Antarctica

Other uses

 * List of storms named Wilma
 * Wilma (software), a combined service stub and transparent proxy tool
 * Wilma Theatre (Missoula, Montana)
 * Wilma Theater (Philadelphia), Pennsylvania
 * Wilma, or The Story of Wilma Rudolph, a 1977 documentary about athlete Wilma Rudolph
 * Wilma, a transportation boarding method
 * Wilbur and Wilma, the official mascots at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona
 * Wilma, a 1977 biopic about athlete Wilma Rudolph
 * Window, middle, aisle system of boarding an airplane

title: Wilma


text:
Battle of Chengpu

The Battle of Chengpu took place in 632 BC between the State of Jin and the State of Chu and its allies during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. It was the first major battle in the protracted conflict between the states of the Yellow River valley, and the states of the Yangtze River valley. The Jin victory confirmed the hegemony of Duke Wen and checked Chu ambitions in the north for a period.

Background
Following the death of Duke Huan of Qi in 643 BC, the state of Chu steadily extended its influence northward, absorbing half a dozen smaller states as its satellites. In 636 BC, Chong'er, a ducal prince of Jin, after nineteen years in exile traveling throughout numerous states, came to power as Duke Wen of Jin with the help of Duke Mu of Qin. Duke Wen assumed a position of leadership among the states and instituted numerous domestic reforms.

In the years leading up to 632 BC, conflict between Jin and Chu became increasingly public and was characterized by frequent shifts in alliances between the various small states that lay in a narrow band of land between the two larger states.

King Cheng of Chu attacked the State of Song, the ally of Jin most accessible from the south, in the winter of 633 BCE. In retaliation, an expeditionary force under Duke Wen marched south in the spring of the following year and occupied the States of Wey and Cao, both satellites of Chu. The two sides sought out alliances in the following months. The States of Shen, Xi, Chen and Cai, all immediately contiguous to Chu, sided with King Cheng, as well as the more distant State of Lu.

Prelude
As promised by Duke Wen to King Cheng during his exile in Chu, the Jin army retired "three days march" (退避三舍) (45 km) before camping on the plain of Chengpu on the border of Wey and Cao, awaiting a decisive battle The retirement also linked the Jin forces up with Qi and Qin reinforcements.

Only the central force of the Chu under Prime Minister Ziyu (子玉) was made up entirely of Chu troops. The left wing under Zixi incorporated soldiers from Chu's close satellites Shen and Xi. The right wing under Zishang comprised completely a separate detachment from the armies of Chen and Cai, perhaps numbering around a third of the entire force.

The Jin force was expanded before the expedition from two armies into three: the upper, the central and the lower; these three were then regrouped into wings before the battle: the upper army at the right wing under commander Hu Mao and vice-commander Hu Yan, lower at left under Luan Zhi and vice Xu Chen, central remained at center under Xian Zhen and vice Xi Zhen. Duke Wen did not direct or engage in the fighting.

Battle
On the fourth day of the fourth month of 632 BC, the rival forces met.

The battle commenced with the advance of both wings of the Jin army. The Chu right wing was reckoned to be the weakest and Xu Chen, commander of the Jin left wing, attacked. Xu Chen dressed his chariot horses with tiger skins to panic the Chu horses and launched an urgent, vigorous assault on the Chu right wing. The attack was rapidly successful, scattering and demolishing the enemy wing completely.

The Jin left then became a holding force, fixing the Chu center and preventing it from attacking the Jin centre or aiding the Chu left wing, since in either case the Jin left would have taken it in the flank and rear. Meanwhile, Hu Mao's Jin right wing had skirmished with the enemy, faked a retreat and carried with them the two great banners of the Jin commander-in-chief himself. The Chu left, made up of levies from the states of Shen and Xi, thought that the Jin right wing had lost and Ziyue ordered a pursuit. A contingent of chariots under Luan Zhi swept in front and dragged tree branches to raise a dust cloud and thereby obscure the movements of Hu Mao's men who were circling and reforming.

The Jin left aided by the Jin center continued to maintain their positions against the Chu center. Though the Jin centre was temporarily disordered by an intense whirlwind, it was effective in preventing the Chu center from supporting its left wing. As the Chu left advanced, it was caught in the flank by Duke Wen's bodyguards, composed of the sons of noble clansmen and sons of his close followers, as well as the Song contingent. Meanwhile, the entire force of the Jin right wing completed its re-circling and was supported on its right by Luan Zhi's chariots to join the assault. The Chu left was completely destroyed. Seeing both his wings enveloped, Ziyu ordered a general retreat, which turned into rout when it was discovered that the Chu camp and train in the rear had been captured during the battle by the Qi and Qin contingents, which had been sent to occupy it via a flanking march.

Evaluation
The Battle of Chengpu is one of the biggest battles of the Spring and Autumn period and the most detailed in the Zuo Zhuan. Nevertheless, the location of the battle remains obscure: two inconclusive possibilities are the vicinity of Chenliu, Henan and the southwest area of Juancheng County, Shandong. After returning to the north, Duke Wen was recognized by the King of Zhou as first among the feudal lords. A multi-state conference at Jiantu in 631 BC headed by Duke Wen confirmed their support for the Zhou royal family and swore a covenant of alliance. The battle, however, was not effective in the long term in restricting the power of Chu.

title: Battle of Chengpu


text:
Johan Mowinckel

Johan Mowinckel may refer to:

 * Johan Ludwig Mowinckel (1870–1943), Norwegian prime minister, shipping magnate and philanthropist
 * Johan Ernst Mowinckel (born 1759) (1759–1816), Norwegian merchant and consul
 * Johan Ernst Mowinckel (born 1860) (1860–1947), Norwegian merchant and politician

title: Johan Mowinckel


text:
Wilson Creek

Wilson Creek, Wilson's Creek or Wilsons Creek may refer to:

In Australia:
 * Wilsons Creek (New South Wales)
 * Wilson Creek (Northern Territory)
 * Wilson Creek (Tasmania)
 * Wilson Creek (Victoria)
 * Wilson Creek (Western Australia)

In Canada:
 * Wilson Creek (Siocan), a creek feeding Slocan Lake, British Columbia
 * Wilson Creek, British Columbia, a community in Sechelt on the Sunshine Coast, British Columbia

In the United States:
 * Wilson Creek (Humboldt County), California
 * Wilson Creek (Temecula Creek tributary), a stream in Riverside County, California
 * Wilson Creek (Ohio River tributary), a stream in Indiana
 * Wilsons Creek (Missouri), a waterway near Springfield, Missouri
 * Battle of Wilson's Creek, an American Civil War Battle
 * Wilson's Creek National Battlefield
 * Wilson Creek (Nevada)
 * Wilson Creek (North Carolina)
 * Wilson Creek (Trent River tributary), a stream in Craven County, North Carolina
 * Wilson Creek (Texas)
 * Wilson Creek (Clinton County, Ohio)
 * Wilson Creek (Lackawanna River)
 * Wilson Creek, Washington, a town in Grant County
 * Wilson Creek (Wisconsin), a stream in Sauk County

title: Wilson Creek


text:
Johan Ludwig Mowinckel

Johan Ludwig Mowinckel (22 October 1870 – 30 September 1943) was a Norwegian statesman, shipping magnate and philanthropist. He served as the 16th prime minister of Norway during three separate terms.

Biography
Johan Ludwig Mowinckel was born in Bergen, Norway. His parents were Johan Anton Wilhelm Mohr Mowinckel (1843–1918) and Edvardine Magdalene Margrethe Müller (1851–71). His father was a merchant and a member of one of Bergen's old merchant families. He was educated at University of Oslo, graduating in 1889. After graduation, he traveled abroad to Bremen and London to better learn the business of shipping. In 1893 he returned to Bergen and joined the offices of Christian Michelsen. In 1912, he became the founder and principal in the joint-stock shipping company, A/S J. Ludwig Mowinckels Rederi. He was also involved in founding the Norwegian America Line.

Political career
Mowinckel entered public service in Bergen where he became Chairman of the local branch of the Liberal Party (Bergens Venstreforening). He was elected to the Bergen City Council in 1899 and subsequently mayor of Bergen 1902-1906 and 1911–1913. In 1906, he became Member of Parliament (Storting) for the Liberal party representing Bergen during 1906-1909 and 1913–1918. He became President of the Storting in 1916. He was voted out of office in the 1918 elections.

During the period between World War I and 1935 he remained active in national politics. In 1921 Mowinckel was re-elected to the Storting. He served as Minister of Trade in 1921-1922 and Foreign Minister in 1922–1923. Mowinckel was Norway's Prime Minister during three periods in office; 1924–1926, 1928-1931 and 1933–1935. These were all periods dominated by economic and fiscal crisis. In 1930 Mowinckel initiated the Oslo Convention on customs cooperation between Norway, Denmark and the Benelux countries, to prevent higher customs walls.

In 1925 he became a member of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee. Mowinckel took the initiative during the Oslo Convention (Oslokonvensjonen) of 1930 to encourage free trade between the nations of the Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union and Nordic countries, anticipating postwar efforts toward the formation of the European Union. He also took an active interest in the League of Nations, serving on the council and becoming president in 1933. In September 1933, Ukrainian public figures appealed to Johan Ludwig Mowinckel as the Head of the Council of the League of Nations with the request to consider the question of the man-made famine in Ukraine (Milena Rudnytska, Oleksander Shulhyn, Ukrainian Public Committee for Saving Ukraine. Also, Margery Corbett Ashby, the head of International Women's Alliance, appealed to him. He kept his word - he included the issue of the Holodomor to the 76th session of the Council of the League of Nations in spite of the resistance of the representatives of some European countries. The discussion of the causes and circumstances of the famine in Ukraine lasted for several hours, but the resolution was not adopted. The delegations of France and Great Britain were against it. He explained his decision by the fact that the "lives of millions" dead of starvation did not allow him to remain silent. He was personally acquainted with Norwegian traveler and public figure Fridtjof Nansen, who in 1932-1933 organized the aid to the Ukrainian farmers. On 20 October 1933, M. Danko, the correspondent of Lviv newspaper "Dilo," wrote that Mowinckel "will remain in the history of the Ukrainian struggles in Europe." Children from the Ukrainian community of Czech town of Poděbrady (Czechoslovakia) thanked Johan Ludwig Mowinckel for his humanistic position regarding the protection of the starving people in Ukraine. On 16 November 1933, he sent a warm response with the gratitude for the attention. He condemned the menace of Nazi philosophy, and when Germany overran Norway in 1940 he followed the Norwegian Government-in-exile to London.

In 1942, Johan Ludwig Mowinckel came to the United States and was engaged with Nortraship, the state-owned Norwegian shipping company during World War II. He died on 30 September 1943 in New York City.

Legacy
Posthumously, a new library building at the University of Bergen was dedicated to Johan Ludvig Mowinckel and had its official opening ceremony, in the presence of King Olav V, on 13 September 1961.

Movinkel spread awareness about the Holodomor in Soviet Ukraine during the early 30’s. Acknowledged in this editorialized poster below.

Related reading

 * Thowsen, Atle (1992) Handelsflåten i krig 1939 - 1945, Nortraship, profitt og patriotime (Oslo: Grøndahl og Dreyers Forlag) ISBN 82-504-1895-6
 * Mossige, Erling (1989) Storrederiet Nortraship - Handelsflåten i krig (Oslo: Grøndahl & Søn Forlag) ISBN 82-504-1704-6

title: Johan Ludwig Mowinckel


text:
Joseph Moxon

Joseph Moxon (8 August 1627 – February 1691), hydrographer to Charles II, was an English printer specialising in mathematical books and maps, a maker of globes and mathematical instruments, and mathematical lexicographer. He produced the first English-language dictionary devoted to mathematics, the first detailed instructional manual for printers, and the first English-language how-to books for tradesmen. In November 1678, he became the first tradesman to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Life
Joseph Moxon was born on 8 August 1627 in Wakefield, Yorkshire. Around 1638, at an age between 9 and 11, he accompanied his father, James Moxon, to Delft and Rotterdam where James was printing English Bibles. It was at this time that Moxon learned the basics of printing.

Printer
After the First English Civil War the family returned to London and Moxon and his older brother, James, started a printing business which specialized in the publication of Puritan texts, with the notable exception of A Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing or Colouring of Mapps and Prints of 1647 which was produced for Thomas Jenner, a seller of maps.

In 1652, Moxon visited Amsterdam and commissioned the engraving of globe-printing plates, and by the end of the year was selling large celestial and terrestrial globes in a new business venture. He specialised in the printing of maps and charts, and in the production of globes, and mathematical instruments made of paper.

Moxon's Mechanick exercises was published in parts between 1677 and 1684. It was completed in two volumes: the first giving instructions on metalworking, woodworking, brick-laying and sundial-construction; and the second (issued 1683–1684) providing a detailed series of instructions for printers, including typefounding, composition, press-work etc., which have given printing historians much (probably idealised) information on the working practices of hand-press period printing-houses.

Hydrographer
In January 1662, he was appointed hydrographer to the King, despite his Puritan background. His shop at this time was on Ludgate Hill; afterwards, in 1683, it was "on the west side of Fleet Ditch", but always "at the sign of Atlas".

Moxon theorized that the Arctic was ice free, and warmed by twenty-four hours of sunlight in the summer. He also speculated that Arctic ice was created near land, and that if one sailed far enough northwards, one would be free of northern land masses and, subsequently, ice.

These views led him to believe that the Northwest Passage would be found by sailing near the North Pole. These views later influenced Daines Barrington and Samuel Engel, whose refinement of Moxon's ideas would influence Captain Cook's Third Voyage in search of the Northwest Passage.

Death
When Moxon died in 1691 his estate and business was carried on by his son, mapmaker, engraver and instrument-maker James Moxon.

Works

 * A Tutor to Astronomy & Geography. Or, The Use of the Copernican Spheres. London (1665)
 * Mechanick Exercises or the Doctrine of Handy-Works, 2 volumes. London (1677-1683).
 * A collection of some attempts made to the North-East, and North-West, for the finding a passage to Japan, China, &c. London (1676)
 * With Thomas Tuttell. Mathematicks made easie, or, A mathematical dictionary explaining the terms of art and difficult phrases used in arithmetick, geometry, astronomy, astrology, and other mathematical sciences. London (1700)
 * Mechanick Exercises or the Doctrine of Handy-Works. London (1703 edition)

title: Joseph Moxon


text:
Felix Andries Vening Meinesz

Felix Andries Vening Meinesz (30 July 1887 – 10 August 1966) was a Dutch geophysicist and geodesist. He is known for his invention of a precise method for measuring gravity (gravimetry). Thanks to his invention, it became possible to measure gravity at sea, which led him to the discovery of gravity anomalies above the ocean floor. He later attributed these anomalies to continental drift. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Biography
Vening Meinesz's father, Sjoerd Anne Vening Meinesz, was mayor, first of Rotterdam, then of Amsterdam. Felix was born in The Hague and grew up in a protected environment. In 1910 he graduated in civil engineering in Delft. The same year he started working for the Dutch gravity survey. In 1915 he wrote his dissertation on the defects of the gravimeters used at that time.

Vening Meinesz then designed a new gravimeter, which the KNMI (Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute) built. The apparatus has two pendula of the same size hanging in a frame but moving in opposite phases. With mirrors and lightbeams the difference in amplitude of the two pendula is captured on a film. Vening Meinesz had discovered that horizontal accelerations (as by waves on a boat) had no influence on the difference in amplitude between the two pendula. The recorded difference then is the amplitude of a theoretical, undisturbed pendulum. Now it became possible to measure gravity more accurately. Vening Meinesz started with measuring gravity all over the Netherlands, for which a network of 51 monitoring stations was created. This became a success, which encouraged him to do measurements at sea. A perfected gravimeter, hanging in a "swing", was designed. The experiment was successful.

Now measuring gravity at sea had become possible. Between 1923 and 1929, the tall (over 2 metres) Vening Meinesz embarked in small submarines for some uncomfortable expeditions. His goal was to establish the exact shape of the geoid and the Earth. When his expedition with the submarine HNLMS K XVIII was made into a movie in 1935, Vening Meinesz became a hero of the Dutch cinema public. Besides, his research was in the international scientific spotlight. In 1927 he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1927 he became a part-time professor in geodesy, cartography and geophysics at Utrecht University, and in 1937 he became professor at the Delft University of Technology as well. He was awarded the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1936, and several other major geology prizes in later years.

In World War II, Vening Meinesz was involved in the Dutch resistance. After the war he could take up his tasks as a professor again. From 1945 to 1951 he was the director of the KNMI. From 1948 to 1951, Vening Meinesz was President of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. He retired in 1957, and died in Amersfoort in 1966.

Research and discoveries
The vast amounts of data that his expeditions yielded were analyzed and discussed together with other leading Dutch Earth scientists of the time, J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen. The results were published in 1948. An important result was the discovery of elongated belts of negative gravity anomalies along the oceanic trenches, along with a large circular anomaly that became known as the Indian Ocean Geoid Low. The mean gravity force appeared to be the same on land and at sea, which was in agreement with the principle of isostasy. Vening Meinesz was especially intrigued by the oceanic trenches. The coexistence of active volcanism, large negative gravity anomalies and the sudden difference in terrain elevation could only be explained by assuming the Earth's crust was somehow pushed together at these places. As a geophysicist, he was prejudiced that the crust was too rigid to deform at that scale in such a way. His discoveries could be explained only with the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1950s.

Submarine expeditions
Vening Meinesz measured the gravity field of the Earth with his pendulum apparatus on board several submarines. The following expeditions are described in his publications, Gravity Expeditions at Sea:

Vol 1: 1923–1930
 * HNLMS K II (1923)
 * HNLMS K XI (1925)
 * HNLMS K XIII (1926–1927)
 * HNLMS K XIII (1928–1930)

Vol II: 1923–1933
 * HNLMS O 13 (1932)

Vol III: 1934–1939
 * HNLMS K XVIII (1934–1935)
 * HNLMS O 16 (1937)
 * HNLMS O 12 (1937)
 * HNLMS O 13 (1938)
 * HNLMS O 19 (1939)

Vening Meinesz was not on board during expeditions after 1939. His experiments were performed by his students. Vol V: 1948–1958
 * HNLMS O 24 (1948–1949)
 * HNLMS Tijgerhaai (1951)
 * HNLMS Walrus (1957)
 * HNLMS Vos (1955)
 * HNLMS Zeeleeuw (1956)
 * HNLMS Fret (1957)

Legacy
Named after him are:
 * a gravimeter, an apparatus to measure gravity
 * a mathematical function used in geodesy
 * a medal of the European Geophysical Society/European Geosciences Union
 * a research school at Utrecht University
 * the crater Vening Meinesz on the Moon.

title: Felix Andries Vening Meinesz


text:
NonStop (server computers)

NonStop is a series of server computers introduced to market in 1976 by Tandem Computers Inc., beginning with the NonStop product line. It was followed by the Tandem Integrity NonStop line of lock-step fault-tolerant computers, now defunct (not to be confused with the later and much different Hewlett-Packard Integrity product line extension). The original NonStop product line is currently offered by Hewlett Packard Enterprise since Hewlett-Packard Company's split in 2015. Because NonStop systems are based on an integrated hardware/software stack, Tandem and later HPE also developed the NonStop OS operating system for them.

NonStop systems are, to an extent, self-healing. To circumvent single points of failure, they are equipped with almost all redundant components. When a mainline component fails, the system automatically falls back to the backup. These systems can be used by banks, stock exchanges, payment applications, retail companies, energy and utility services, healthcare organizations, manufacturers, telecommunication providers, transportation, and other enterprises requiring extremely high uptime.

History
Originally introduced in 1976 by Tandem Computers Inc., the line was later owned by Compaq (from 1997), Hewlett-Packard Company (from 2003) and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (since 2015). In 2005, the HP Integrity "NonStop i" (or TNS/E) servers, based on Intel Itanium microprocessors, was introduced. In 2014, the first systems "NonStop X" (or TNS/X), based on Intel x86-64 processors, were introduced. Sales of the Itanium-based systems ended in July 2020.

Early NonStop applications had to be specifically coded for fault tolerance. That requirement was removed in 1983 with the introduction of the Transaction Monitoring Facility (TMF), along with Pathway transaction management software and SCOBOL applications (or, later, NonStop Tuxedo transaction management software), which handles the various aspects of fault tolerance on the system level.

Software
NonStop OS is a message-based operating system designed for fault tolerance. It works with process pairs and ensures that backup processes on redundant CPUs take over in case of a process or CPU failure. Data integrity is maintained during those takeovers; no transactions or data are lost or corrupted.

The operating system as a whole is branded NonStop OS and includes the Guardian layer, which is a low-level component of the operating system and the Open System Services (OSS) personality which runs atop this layer, which implements a Unix-like interface for other components of the OS to use.

The operating system and application are both designed to support the fault tolerant hardware. The operating system continually monitors the status of all components, switching control as necessary to maintain operations. There are also features designed into the software that allow programs to be written as continuously available programs. That is accomplished using a pair of processes where one process performs all the primary processing and the other serves as a "hot backup", receiving updates to data whenever the primary reaches a critical point in processing. Should the primary stop, the backup steps in to resume execution using the current transaction.

The systems support relational database management systems like NonStop SQL and hierarchical databases such as Enscribe.

Languages supported include Java, C, C++, COBOL, SCOBOL (Screen COBOL), Transaction Application Language (TAL), etc. It uses the scripting and job control language TACL, and is written in TAL and C.

Hardware
The HPE Integrity NonStop computers are a line of fault-tolerant, message-based server computers based on the Intel Xeon processor platform, and optimized for transaction processing. Average availability levels of 99.999% have been observed. NonStop systems feature a massively parallel processing (MPP) architecture and provide linear scalability. Each CPU runs its own copy of the OS, and systems can be expanded up to over 4000 CPUs. This is a shared-nothing architecture — a "share nothing" arrangement also known as loosely coupled multiprocessing.

Due to the integrated hardware/software stack and a single system image for even the largest configurations, system management requirements for NonStop systems are rather low. In most deployments there is just a single production server, not a complex server farm.

Most customers also have a backup server in a remote location for disaster recovery. There are standard products to keep the data of the production and the backup server in sync, for example, HPE's Remote Database Facility (RDF), hence there is fast takeover and little to no data loss also in a disaster situation with the production server being disabled or destroyed.

HP also developed a data warehouse and business intelligence server line, HP Neoview, based on the NonStop line. It acted as a database server, providing NonStop OS and NonStop SQL, but lacked the transaction processing functionality of the original NonStop systems. The line was retired, and no longer marketed, as of 24 January 2011.

title: NonStop (server computers)


text:
Communist Party of Sri Lanka

The Communist Party of Sri Lanka (ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය இலங்கை கம்யூனிஸ்ட் கட்சி) is a communist party in Sri Lanka. In the 2004 legislative election, the party was part of the United People's Freedom Alliance that won 45.6% of the popular vote and 105 out of 225 seats.

History

The CPSL was founded as the Communist Party of Ceylon in 1943 and was a continuation of the United Socialist Party. The USP had been formed out of the Marxist–Leninist wing of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party. The USP was proscribed by the colonial authorities.

The USP and then the CPC was initially led by Dr. S. A. Wickramasinghe.

In 1952 Wickremesinghe's wife, the English-born Doreen Young Wickremasinghe, a former leader of the Suriya-Mal Movement, was elected to the Sri Lankan parliament.

In 1963 the Communist Party, Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna formed the United Left Front (1963). The ULF broke down in 1964 when the then Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike offered ministerial posts to LSSP and the CP.

In the mid-1960s the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1900.

In 1968, the CP joined the LSSP and the SLFP in the United Front. In the 1970 government, Pieter Keuneman became Minister of Housing and Construction and B. Y. Tudawe, Deputy Minister of Education. However, one faction of the party, led by S. A. Wickremasinghe and Indika Gunawardena, maintained a line of critical support for the government.

After the general election of 1977, for the first time in half a century, the CPSL found itself without parliamentary representation, receiving about 2% of the vote. However, after a subsequent election petition, Sarath Muttetuwegama was elected to the Kalawana seat in a by-election.

Later CPSL joined the People's Alliance, the front led by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. When SLFP shelved the PA and formed the United People's Freedom Alliance together with Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna ahead of the 2004 elections, CPSL and LSSP initially stayed out. They did, however, sign a memorandum with the UPFA at a later stage and contested the elections on the UPFA platform. CPSL does not, however, consider itself a member of UPFA.

The CPSL had one member of parliament in 2004, party general secretary D.E.W. Gunasekara. Gunasekara expected to become the speaker of the Sri Lankan parliament but lost by a handful of votes. Gunasekara was then sworn in as the Minister for Constitutional Affairs.

During the 2020 Parliamentary elections, the CPSL put forward two candidates, Mahesh Almedia in Colombo and Weerasumana Weerasinghe in Matara, under the SLPP's Pohottuwa symbol. Dr G. Weerasinghe was nominated for the party's National List. Weerasumana was the only candidate to successfully enter Parliament with 77,968 preferential votes.

Gunasekera stepped down as General Secretary of the CPSL on 30 August 2020. Dr G. Weerasinghe was unanimously elected as the new General Secretary by the Central Committee.

Party organization
The youth wing of CPSL is the Communist Youth Federation. CYF is a member organization of the World Federation of Democratic Youth.

Allegations
The CPSL and other Leftist parties were framed by the J R Jayawardane government for instigating 1983 Black July pogroms against the Tamil people. The party was banned and leaders including D.E.W. Gunasekera were imprisoned for over a year. The ban was lifted due to the lack of evidence for the charges and intervention from the Soviet embassy. The ban on the JVP and NSSP stayed the same.

Publications
Aththa (Truth) is the CPSL's flagship Sinhala newspaper, which was renowned for its high standard of journalism, progressive editorials and Sinhala prose.

The English organ of the CPSL was the Forward weekly.

title: Communist Party of Sri Lanka


text:
Oribi Gorge

Oribi Gorge is a canyon in southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 35 kilometres north-west of Port Shepstone, which itself is 120 km south of Durban. Oribi Gorge, cut by the Mzimkulwana River, is the eastern gorge of two gorges that cut through the Oribi Flats (flat sugarcane farmlands) of KwaZulu-Natal. The western gorge was formed by the Mzimkulu River. The gorge is approximately 400 m deep, and almost 5 km wide at its widest.

Erosion by these rivers have carved out nearly 30 km of spectacular kloofs and crags, covered with subtropical vegetation. In the gorge, the dense forest on the sandstone slopes is home to various small mammals, while the large leguaans excavate their burrows along the riverbanks.

At the base of the cliffs of both gorges the basement rocks are part of the Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Province, which is over 1000 million years old. The cliffs themselves are formed by Msikaba formation sandstones deposited by fluvial environment about 365 million years ago. Downstream from the gorges, is a large surface mine producing cement from a limestone deposit. The road through Oribi Gorge was built by Italian prisoners of war.

Oribi Gorge derives its name from the oribi, a small antelope that lives in the gorges.

Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve

Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve is a park located along the bottom of the Oribi Gorge at the confluence of the Mzimkulu River and Mximkulwana River, being approximately 27 km long, and 1 km wide at its widest point. It was proclaimed a protected state forest in 1950.

Animals
In addition to the oribi and monitor lizards, vertebrates include bushbuck, duiker, reedbuck, vervet monkeys, Samango monkeys, various frogs and turtles.

title: Oribi Gorge


text:
Transaction Language 1

Transaction Language 1 (TL1) is a widely used management protocol in telecommunications. It is a cross-vendor, cross-technology man-machine language, and is widely used to manage optical (SONET) and broadband access infrastructure in North America. TL1 is used in the input and output messages that pass between Operations Support Systems (OSSs) and Network Elements (NEs). Operations domains such as surveillance, memory administration, and access and testing define and use TL1 messages to accomplish specific functions between the OS and the NE. TL1 is defined in Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) Generic Requirements document GR-831-CORE.

History
TL1 was developed by Bellcore in 1984 as a standard man-machine language to manage network elements for the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs). It is based on Z.300 series man machine language standards. TL1 was designed as a standard protocol readable by machines as well as humans to replace the diverse ASCII based protocols used by different Network Element (NE) vendors. It is extensible to incorporate vendor specific commands.

Telcordia OSSs such as NMA (Network Monitoring and Analysis) used TL1 as the element management (EMS) protocol. This drove network element vendors to implement TL1 in their devices.

TL1 Messages
The TL1 language consists of a set of messages. There are 4 kinds of messages:
 * 1) Input message - This is the command sent by the user or the OSS.
 * 2) Output/Response message - This is reply sent by the NE(Network Element) in response to an input message.
 * 3) Acknowledgment message - This is an acknowledgment of the receipt of a TL1 input message and is sent if the response message will be delayed by more than 2 seconds.
 * 4) Autonomous message - These are asynchronous messages (usually events or alarms) sent by the NE.

TL1 message structure
TL1 messages follow a fixed structure, and all commands must conform to it. However, the commands themselves are extensible and new commands can be added by NE vendors.

These are some of the message components:
 * Target identifier (TID) & Source identifier (SID) - TID/SID is a unique name assigned to each NE. TID is used to route the message to an NE, SID is used to identify the source of an autonomous message.
 * Access identifier (AID) - AID identifies an entity within an NE.
 * Correlation tag (CTAG) & Autonomous correlation tag (ATAG) - CTAG/ATAG are numbers used to correlate messages.

TL1 input message
Example: Structure:

TL1 output message
Example: Structure:

TL1 acknowledgment message
Example: Structure:

TL1 autonomous message
Example: Structure:

TL1 Surveillance and Maintenance Messages
TL1 also has application messages for NE and transport surveillance functions. The messages and functions cover a wide variety of NE types, user needs, and supplier innovations.

Telcordia GR-833, TL1 Surveillance and Maintenance Messages contains the generic functions and messages that pertain to the following generic types of NEs:

 * Digital Loop Carrier (DLC)
 * Central Office Terminal (COT)
 * Integrated Digital Loop Carrier (IDLC)
 * Remote Digital Terminal (RDT).
 * Digital Terminal and Cross-Connect Equipment
 * Automated Digital Terminal System (ADTS)
 * Digital Cross-Connect System (DCS)
 * Hybrid Add/Drop Multiplexer/Digital Cross-Connect System (ADM/DCS)
 * Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
 * Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM)
 * Low Bit-Rate Voice (LBRV) Terminal.
 * Digital Multiplexing and Line Terminating Equipment
 * Multiplexer (MUX)
 * Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
 * Line Terminating Equipment (LTE)
 * Repeater (REP)
 * Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Equipment.
 * Digital Switching Systems
 * Circuit Switching (CS) System
 * Packet Switching (PS) System (including Access Concentrators).
 * ISDN Switching Systems
 * SONET Transport Systems
 * FITL Transport Systems
 * Passive Optical Network (PON).
 * Metro Ethernet Systems
 * Common Channel Signaling (CCS) Systems
 * Signal Transfer Point (STP)
 * Service Control Point (SCP)
 * Service Switching Point (SSP).
 * Supervisory Systems (SSs)
 * Environment Monitors (EMs)
 * Timing Signal Generator (TSG)

An NE address consists of two types of parameters, routing and access. The maintenance functions can be grouped into the following six categories:

 * Alarm Surveillance (AS) − Messages of events or conditions (e.g., carrier group alarms, threshold violations).
 * Performance Monitoring (PM) − Generated performance data (e.g., number of errored seconds, number of slips).
 * Failure Identification (FI) − Mechanisms within the NE to detect and isolate equipment and facility troubles.
 * Recovery and Control (RC) − Maintenance purposes. This includes Maintenance State Control, Loopbacks, External Device Control, Initialization, Emergency Reconfiguration, and Process Inhibit and Termination.
 * Maintenance Measurement (MM) − to be used for overall assessment of the NE maintenance process.
 * Memory Backup (MB) − To/from non-volatile memory within the NE.

GR-833 provides detailed descriptions of commands and responses in the TL1 format.

title: Transaction Language 1


text:
Tadworth

Tadworth is a large suburban village in Surrey, England in the south-east of the Epsom Downs, part of the North Downs. It forms part of the Borough of Reigate and Banstead. At the 2011 census, Tadworth (and Walton-on-the-Hill) had a population of 7,123

Neolithic and Roman period in Britain
On a small farm to the north-west, South Tadworth Farm, directly at the top of the westward-facing Langley Vale and south of the Epsom Downs Racecourse, is an Iron Age Banjo enclosure, a term used by archaeologists for a distinctive type of prehistoric settlement. They were mostly constructed and used during the Middle Iron Age (400–100 BC), although some remained in use up to the time of the Roman Conquest (43 AD).

There are three more rectangular inclosures, which may be mentioned here as being connected in all probability with the settlement of which this villa was part, though they are actually over the border of Banstead parish. Two of these are south of the two windmills south of Tadworth. They are well-marked, nearly square inclosures, with a mound and ditch and gateways to the east or south-east. They are east of the road from Betchworth to Banstead. The third is west of the road, and very close to Walton village; but though on land known commonly as Walton Heath, is actually on the Banstead side of the boundary. It is larger than the others, less well-preserved, and with a gateway to the north-west. Roman tiles may be found in or near all three. These inclosures have been commonly referred to as the 'Roman Camps' on Walton Heath, but it is not obvious that they were camps.

Dark and Middle Ages
Tadworth appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Tadeorde and Tadorne. It was held partly by Halsart from William de Braiose and partly by Radulf (Ralph) from the Bishop of Bayeux. Its domesday assets were: 2 hides. It had 5 ploughs, woodland worth 4 hogs. It rendered £3 15s 0d. Manorialism operated for the ensuing centuries.

During this period the listed mills were erected in the south.

North Tadworth Manor
In 1273 John and James, sons of William Haunsard lord of North Tadworth Manor, gave a carucate of land, 2 acres of pasture, 12 acres of wood, and 20s. rent in North Tadworth and Little Bookham to the Priory of St Mary Overy – they held until the dissolution of the monasteries. However, in 1524 they gave it with the rectory of Banstead to William Coltson and Richard Moys and Elizabeth his wife for a term of forty years, which was widened to complete ownership in effect by Henry VIII. From the Crown to Thomas Walson and Robert Moys, eventually the manor was given up to the latter entirely and stayed in his family until his grandson Henry who held court in 1648. At Henry Moys's death the manor passed to his five sisters and co-heirs. In 1659 $4/5$ of the owners finally released their income and rights to Christopher Buckle of Burgh (Burgh Heath, see Domesday section for example in Kingswood). Only in 1663 did he acquire the remaining fifth. Since that time North Tadworth has been held as part of the manor of Burgh in Banstead parish.

South Tadworth Manor
No Charter, Assize Roll, Patent Roll or other manuscript has been found to explain how the Merton Priory came by the manor of South Tadworth, in Domesday Tadeorde, but the priory gained it around the same time when the priory gained Banstead Manor; for they held it in 1291. As with the other manor, this manor was held by a priory until Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries. Henry VIII wanted this land as his own so attached it to the wide, not all joined up, honour of Hampton Court. In 1553 Edward VI granted it in fee to Edward Harendon, also seen as Herrenden, whose children relinquished it from one to the other by fine. In 1631–32 Thomas Grymes acquired it leaving it to his son who became Sir George Grymes; in the English Civil War Robert Wilson acquired and conveyed it to Leonard Wessel [sic] in 1694, who held the manor for ten years during which time he rebuilt in into today's Grade I listed Queen Anne building, children's home and charity headquarters, Tadworth Court. Later an Act of Parliament enabled a fee tail to be cleared off to sell the manor for lack of descendants of John Fleetwood who earlier acquired it, selling it to William Mabbot. Mabbot died at Tadworth Court in 1764, having devised his property to his wife, Lady Rhoda Delves and daughter Rhoda, who with Edward Beaver sold the Court to Sir Henry Harpur in 1773. Robert Hudson and later his widow held from 1808 to c. 1860 followed by Lord Chief Justice Sir Charles Russell, created later first Baron Russell of Killowen and held from 1900 by C. D. Morton.

Rectory Manors of Banstead
These were held by St Mary Overie Priory until the dissolution and at various times included the above two manors and the manor of Southmerfield.

In 1732 Edward Fulham, son and heir of Anne daughter and eventually heir of Robert Wayth, sold his fifth share to Christopher Buckle. After this time the entire rectory descended with the advowson (right to call a vicar), and the Earl of Egmont is the present impropriator of the great tithes with the exception of those in South Tadworth, which apparently passed out of the hands of the owner of the rectory in 1551. Theoretically therefore chancel repair liability can apply to those lay impropriators who acquired the land of the South Tadworth manor of 1551 and of the 1911 Earl of Egmont's Banstead Manor in the village of Banstead which he bought in 1847.

Post Reformation
During this period South Tadworth manor's purchasing Lord of the Manor, Leonard Wessels rebuilt the manor on its site and renamed it Tadworth Court in 1700.

Post Industrial Revolution
In 1848, the publisher Samuel Lewis described the place only under Banstead, where the living was a perpetual curacy and "A place of worship for dissenters in Tadworth"; much of the proverbial Banstead Mutton pasture was at that time being replaced by tilled fields. The great tithes were commuted for £393, the vicarial lesser tithes for £300, and a rent-charge of £201. 5. 9. was payable to the trustees of Newport Grammar School; the glebe (of Banstead) consisted of 6½ acres.

In 1874 a school board was formed for Banstead, Tadworth, and Kingswood, and in 1875 Tadworth and Kingswood School was opened by the board, now Kingswood Primary School.

Still in 1911 topographer and historian H. E. Malden describes Tadworth in detail but summarises it as "Tadworth is a hamlet on the Reigate road, included now in the ecclesiastical district of Kingswood". However, by that date there was "a Baptist chapel at Tadworth".

The British Transport Police's training headquarters was located at a site between Tadworth and Walton-on-the-Hill until it was closed in 2010. The Dog Section Training School which shared the site was relocated to Keston at this time, to the same location as the Metropolitan Police Dog Training School.

Geography
Neighbouring settlements include Walton-on-the-Hill, Kingswood, Epsom, Burgh Heath, Banstead, Reigate. Tadworth lay within the Copthorne hundred, an administrative division devised by the Saxons and later adopted by the Normans.

There are no watercourses draining the area as the chalk easily absorbs water on the Downs. The Tattenham Corner Branch Line forms a deep, curved cutting running past gardens in the centre of the village as it turns to the racecourse to the north, and arrives from a tunnel immediately south of the Tadworth Roundabout preserving the gently wooded heath there.

The village adjoins in its north-west corner the top of Langley Vale, topped by the Iron Age enclosure in South Tadworth Farm. Epsom Downs Racecourse is home to The Derby and forms a contiguous development with the Tattenhams, a ward consisting of: the neighbourhoods of Great Tattenhams in the north by Nork, Banstead; Little Tattenhams and Tattenham Corner, see Tattenham Corner.

Elevation, geology and soil
The entire village sits on top of the North Downs and, taken as a whole, slopes very gradually from the north from 180m AOD in the south to 151m AOD at the top of Langley Vale (Downsway Close/Kingswood Road). Tadworth is roughly rectangular and is under a mile broad as it has historically been taken to include Banstead Heath to the south, on which it was placed.

Its geology is that of the North Downs (see Surrey – Geology); as to soil, Chipstead, Banstead and Tadworth have the first free-draining, slightly acid loamy soil that tops the wider downs to Guildford and is found around Dorking; it is seen further along the Hog's Back along its northern side as well in Surrey.

Local government
Surrey County Council elected every four years, has one representative; Mrs Rebecca Paul (Conservative Party)

Three councillors sit on Reigate and Banstead borough council, who are:

The Children's Trust
The Children's Trust, Tadworth a national charity providing special care for severely disabled children and rehabilitation to children with acquired brain injuries. This is housed in Tadworth Court. Tadworth Court is a grand Grade I listed building and was built at the height of Queen Anne style architecture in the very early 18th century – namely here in 1700 for Leonard Wessels, Lord of the Manor of Banstead.

The Water Tower
Tower House, Tower Road, Tadworth. This building was constructed in 1898 and provided water from the springs of the Sutton District Water Company in Sutton. This enabled substantial development to take place locally. The tower was decommissioned in the early 20th century in favour of one at Colley Hill. The tower has been a prominent landmark on the edge of the heath and now is a domestic residence.

Demography
At the 2001 Census Tadworth had a population of 9,522 in 3,792 households.

Religious buildings

The Church of the Good Shepherd is the local Anglican church, which celebrated its centenary in 2012. It is open daily and has a church hall.

St. John the Evangelist is the local Roman Catholic church for the area. It is a modern church and parish, being built and created in the mid-twentieth century.

Sport
Tadworth has a Non-League football club Banstead Athletic F.C. who play at Merland Rise.

Tadworth Athletic Club is Tadworth's local running club with men's and women's teams. Formed in 1981, they train on local roads in the winter and on the Downs in the summer every Tuesday evening. The teams participate in the Surrey Cross-Country League and the Surrey Road Running League. The men's team, led by David Williamson, won the Surrey Road League in 2012. Each January, the club organises the Tadworth Ten race that attracts hundreds of runners. It starts and ends at Epsom Downs Racecourse and passes through Tadworth and Walton-on-the-Hill.

Tadworth Cricket Club is situated opposite the Duke's Head Pub, on the south-east side of the B2032. It has picturesque grounds surrounded by woodland. The club was founded in 1903, and at that time the club was originally based at a site some 400 yards north of where it is currently situated. It is not known exactly when the club moved to its present site, but it is believed to be before World War I. The 'Green' was substantially smaller then and lacked a pavilion.

In 1951 the club members built a new pavilion near the present site. The pavilion, along with the whole of the clubs' records and ground equipment, were destroyed by fire. The new pavilion was opened by Alf Gover (formerly of Surrey CCC and England) during Tadworth Village week in 1993. During the summer months, cricket is played at the ground by members of the Club.

Shops and services
The village has two, or possibly three, small shopping areas. The largest is around the station, approximately in the centre of the Tadworth area. There is another towards the south of the area, nearer to Walton Heath, and a third, known locally as Shelvers Hill, to the north, near to Epsom Downs. The shops in these areas include a butcher's shop, fishmonger and game dealer, baker, greengrocer and delicatessen. There are also two estate agents, a travel agent, an off licence, a gift shop, several restaurants and two newsagents/general stores. Services include one bank, a post office, a medical centre, a dentist, an optician, tyre specialist and a vet's surgery. There are three public houses situated to the south-east of the village centre, along the B2032 Dorking Road, these being the Blue Anchor, the Dukes' Head and Inn on the Green.

International film actress, Betty Stockfeld died in Tadworth on 27 January 1966.

Scouting
1st Tadworth Sea Scout Group was registered on 2 December 1947, originally 1st Tadworth (Church of the Good Shepherd). They became Sea Scouts in 1997 following the Scout Masters' passion for sailing. The group falls under Banstead District. and follows the Policies, Organisation and Rules of the UK Scout Association.

Education

 * St John's Nursery School is situated to the side of St John's catholic church on The Avenue.
 * Tadworth Primary School is located on the Tadworth Park estate to the east of the village centre, with entrances on Heathcote and Tadorne Road.
 * The nearest secondary school is The Beacon School, Banstead with alternative schools in Ashtead, Epsom or Reigate.
 * Independent co-educational preparatory school, Chinthurst School is located to the south of the village, on the road to Walton-on-the-Hill, and caters for boys and girls aged two to eleven years.

Roads
The wood-lined Brighton Road (A217) marks the eastern boundary of Tadworth as a dual carriageway with direct access to Junction 8 (Reigate Hill) of the M25 London Orbital Motorway.

Buses
There are two Metrobus services which operate through the village. Route 420 runs from Sutton through Banstead, Tadworth following the A217 through Reigate and terminates at Whitebushes, with a few services extended to Gatwick Airport. Route 460 runs from Epsom through Epsom Downs, Tadworth, Reigate, Gatwick Airport and then Crawley Bus Station.

Rail
There are two National Rail stations, Tadworth close to the centre of the village and Tattenham Corner railway station to the north, adjoining Epsom Downs. Despite being outside Greater London, both stations are in Travelcard Zone 6. Trains are operated by Southern, with a typical off-peak service of two trains per hour to London Bridge (non-stop from Norwood Junction).

title: Tadworth


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Miruts Yifter

Miruts Yifter (, affectionately known as "Yifter the Shifter", 15 May 1944 – 22 December 2016) was an Ethiopian long-distance runner and winner of two gold medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics. His date of birth is often given as 15 May 1944, though there is some uncertainty about this. His name is also sometimes spelled as Muruse Yefter.

Early life
Born in Zalambessa in northern Ethiopia, Miruts spent the early part of his youth working in different factories and as a carriage driver. His talent as a long-distance runner was noticed when he joined the Ethiopian Air Force.

Running career
Miruts was called to the Ethiopian national team for the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, but he made his Olympic debut four years later in Munich Olympics where he won a bronze medal in 10,000 metres. However, he arrived too late to compete in the 5,000 metres final.

In the 1973 All-Africa Games he won one gold medal (10,000 m) and one silver (5,000 m). At the 1st African Championships in 1979 he won two gold medals (5,000 and 10,000 metres).

Miruts was unable to participate in the 1976 Summer Olympics because his nation boycotted the event. Four years later in Moscow, Miruts made up for his disappointments by winning gold in both the 10,000 m and 5,000 m events. In the final of the 10,000 m he sprinted into the lead 300 m from the finish and won by ten metres. Five days later, in the 5,000 m final, Miruts was boxed in during the last lap. But with 300 m to go, his Ethiopian teammate, Mohamed Kedir, stepped aside and Miruts again sprinted to victory. Due to his abrupt acceleration when executing his kick towards the finish, Miruts acquired the nickname "Yifter the Shifter."

At Coamo, Puerto Rico on 6 February 1977, Miruts ran a World Best for the half-marathon of 1:02:57.

At the Moscow Olympics, part of the mystery surrounding Miruts was the question of his age, which was reported to be between 33 and 42. Miruts refused to give a definitive answer, telling reporters:

"Men may steal my chickens; men may steal my sheep. But no man can steal my age."

The most common versions of his date of birth are 1 January 1938 or 15 May 1944 (see IAAF Profile).

Miruts continued competing into the early 1980s, running on Ethiopia's gold medal winning team at the 1982 and 1983 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.

Death
Miruts died aged 72 on 22 December 2016 in Toronto, Ontario, where he had lived since 2000. According to family members, he had been suffering from respiratory problems.

He was buried in Addis Ababa, in the Holy Trinity Cathedral cemetery.

title: Miruts Yifter


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Talk:Mistral (wind)

Untitled
The article has been reorganised to concur with the french original, the headings have been put into  shape, and the English has been improved and copy edited. I'm not a meteorologist so if I've made any gross errors please let me know Kudpung 13:05, 17 April 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kudpung (talk • contribs)

Are mistral and sea breeze the same thing, differently named because they appear in different parts of the world? --Romanm 11:13, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

No, they are quite the opposite. A sea breeze is an onshore wind caused by the heating of air over the land at low altitudes. The Mistral is an offshore wind caused by the cooling of air over land at high altitudes.

The funnelling effect that produces the Mistral occurs at only a few places, and each wind produced this way has its own name. Sea breezes are universal. --iakobski

Aren't there some ill mental effects that are caused by this wind? --HurriSbezu

 * You can get severely depressed if you're trying to cycle into it...Mr Larrington (talk) 11:21, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

I have heard that because of the Mistral all trees(of certain varieties in an exposed location) in this area slant in a particular direction. It is dependable enough you can you the flora as a compass in this area. Can anyone from the area verify this? If so can we add it to the article and pictures would be great!--70.240.6.32 18:17, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * What is true : all trees are slant in the same direction, and many trees can't resist at all to this wind.
 * It is also true that it is hard to sleep some (few) days in the year, when the wind blows too extremely. That is hoppefully only some few days in the year, not enough to cause mental troubles :)
 * To end, there are 2 different winds : Tramontane and Mistral, using the same behavior, with different directions (both in direction of Gulf of Lion). First uses the North Pyrennees and south of Massif Central. Second uses the Rhône Valley (East of Massif Central, West of Alps). I think this article makes the same definition for both winds. that is highly possible the 2 winds are parts of the same atmospheric phenomenon, but Mistral is referent to the North to South wind blowing in the Rhône valley, why the other Tromontane is the second part using the Garonne valley.
 * The "blows mostly in the winter" is also quite strange for me. Tramontane (and Mistral?) blows when there is no clouds in the sky, that mean quite all the year. Here, we usually say that if there is no Tramontane, the sea-wind is blowing, and when there is no wind at all, the wind direction is just changing...

Mistral
Do you know when the mistral ends? Is it over by June?

Unfortunately it never really ends - it can blow in July and August and can make the sea suddenly very cold. But it's less frequent in the summer than in the winter. SiefkinDR (talk) 19:00, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

There seems to be a problem in this article with  two sections on The Mistral from the Northeast. I'll try to  do  my  best  to  sort it  out. Il me semble qu'il y a deux morceaux sur "The Mistral from the Northeast". Je ferai de mon mieux de les rédiger le cas écheant. '' Both winds (north and nord west) come from the same phenomena with differents names. By the way, mistral is probably a provençal name while tramuntana is the catalan names for the wind. v_atekor (talk) 14:10, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

The traditional houses in the provence have thick stone walls, sometimes 1 m, in the north side, with no openings for doors or windows to protect from the wind. Les maisons traditionelles ont des murs en pierre massif d'un épaisseur d'un metre, sans portes ni fenêtres, afin de proteger du Mistral.Kudpung 11:16, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Inaccurate pressure/wind graphic
The arrows around the low pressure centers are oriented completely wrong. They should be directed counterclockwise and inward into the low. Can whoever made/found that graphic replace it with one which is meteorologically correct? Thanks. Thegreatdr (talk) 15:50, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

North or Northwest wind?
There's some question about whether the mistral is a north or northwest wind. Meteo France defines the mistral as a north wind, but the traditional Provencal compass rose displayed on the coastal walk in Toulon shows it as a northwest wind, with the tramontane being the north wind. It seems that the Tramontane is major wind from the north to the west of the Rhone, while the mistral is the name for the wind coming from the north to the east, from the Camargue to somewhere east of Toulon. Does that make sense? Does anybody have any other information on this? Thanks. SiefkinDR (talk) 16:34, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Always Cold?
At least one editor quotes the US Navy and insists the wind is always cold. As a Provence resident (Le Pontet, Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne), I can attest the wind is icy cold in winter but incredibly hot in summer. Does anyone object– despite what the claims of the US Navy– if I make the correction?

merci, --UnicornTapestry (talk) 07:01, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

The website of Meteo France also describes the Mistral as a cold wind. I live in Provence also, in Toulon, where the Mistral is always a cold wind, summer or winter. If you wish to call it other than a cold wind, I would request that you cite a reputable source. SiefkinDR (talk) 16:30, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Strange cold temperatures 37-40°, no? --UnicornTapestry (talk) 07:12, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

That does sound strange. Are you sure it was the Mistral? there are warm winds that come from the same direction. I've been looking, and every official source I've checked calls the Mistral a cold wind, by the nature of the weather systems that create it. Can you cite a reliable source that calls it a warm wind? Then the article can be modified. SiefkinDR (talk) 15:09, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The wind that continuously sweeps down the Rhône is the Mistral, no? You mention other winds, but we know only the name Mistral. When I was young, the summers of 1979-1980 were so incredibly hot we took cold baths several times a day. In 2003, hundreds died from the heat (and thousands across France). Le Gardon dried to a trickle. So, my thermometer says it's cold except when it's hot. Leave it if you wish, maybe it is other winds, but when the Paris experts come south, perhaps they should step off the air-conditioned TGV some time. --UnicornTapestry (talk) 21:00, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Folklore
In 1972 I took a summer course in Avignon and boarded with a French family. Not very astute in science, they told me that, although the Mistral typically lasts 2 or 3 days, if it starts on Friday, it will end by Saturday to avoid spoiling the weekend. They claimed to have observed this many times. If this is widely believed, it might be worthy of inclusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dynzmoar (talk • contribs) 12:08, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mistral (wind)


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Ilog, Negros Occidental

Ilog, officially the Municipality of Ilog, is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Negros Occidental, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 59,855 people.

Ilog is 96 km from Bacolod.

Etymology
The name Ilog (or Ylog, Tagalog for "river") was recommended by a Tagalog guide of the Spaniards because the place was entirely surrounded by the longest river on the whole Negros Island, the Hilabangan River.

History
Founded by the Augustinian friars Gerónimo Marín and Francisco Bustos on May 16, 1584, it was the first capital of the historical military district/province of Negros in the late 18th century. The first inhabitants of Ilog are mostly migrants from Panay island.

Barangays
Ilog is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
 * Andulauan
 * Balicotoc
 * Bocana
 * Calubang
 * Canlamay
 * Consuelo
 * Dancalan
 * Delicioso
 * Galicia
 * Manalad
 * Pinggot
 * Barangay I (Poblacion)
 * Barangay II (Poblacion)
 * Tabu
 * Vista Alegre

Tourism
The Kisi-Kisi Festival is celebrated every 25 March. “Kisi-kisi” is a Hiligaynon term for the fast movement of crustaceans such as fish, prawns, crabs and shrimps that is abundant in the municipality. The main attraction of the festival is the Kisi-Kisi streetdancing parade competition among barangays that pays tribute to its rich marine resources. The town fiesta also honors the Señor Santo Niño as their patron saint, that is why, before the dance parade a re-enactment of Sinulog is staged to show how their village was saved from the Moro pirates. Another exciting event to look forward to during the opening day of the Kisi-Kisi Festival is the "eat-all-you-can oysters" (referred by tourists as Ilog Talaba Festival) which is open to all visitors. Freshly steamed oysters are served on a long bamboo table for those who would like to savor the seafood. Kisi-Kisi was started by Councilor Mark G. Vargas to help promote Ilog's tourism.

In 2018, Ilog celebrated the annual Kisi-Kisi fiesta from March 20 to 25 showcasing giant oysters including crustacean seafood like fish, crabs, shrimps, and prawns.

On March 23, 2024, the 18th edition of the Talaba Festival featured the famous eat-all-you-can steamed 3,000 kilograms of oysters placed on a half-kilometer-long bamboo table and served free to visitors and residents. Bong Go and Phillip Salvador upon invitation of Mercedes Alvarez and Mayor John Paul Alvarez, also joined the residents in the annual fiesta.

Demographics
Hiligaynon is the major language of the city, with differences in tone and accent from the Hiligaynon used in Metro Bacolod. Filipino and English are widely taught. Majority of the people are adherents of the Roman Catholic Church and the Philippine Independent Church.

title: Ilog, Negros Occidental


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Prahok

Prahok (ប្រហុក, ) is a salted and fermented fish paste (usually of snakeheads) used in Cambodian cuisine as a seasoning or a condiment. It originated as a way of preserving fish during the months when fresh fish was not available in abundant supply. Because of its saltiness and strong flavor, it was used as an addition to many meals in Cambodian cuisine, such as soups and sauces. A Cambodian saying goes, "No prahok, no salt", referring to a dish that is of poor flavor or bland thus highlighting its essentiality in Cambodian cuisine.

Prahok has a strong and distinct odor reminiscent of Limburger or ripe Camembert, which has earned it the nickname "Cambodian cheese". Prahok is usually eaten as a main course with white rice and vegetables such as yardlong beans, cucumbers, winged beans and a variety of eggplants.

Prahok is sometimes distributed as a donation to victims of flood or drought by charities and other organizations.

Varieties and production
Prahok is made with various fish and methods of fermentation. Fish used include snakeheads (Channa spp.) and moonlight gourami (Trichogaster microlepis).

Prahok is obtained by crushing or grinding fresh fish after de-scaling, gutting and cleaning them. After the fish is crushed, it is left in the sun for a full day, then salted. The prahok is fermented in large clay jars covered with a lid made of woven bamboo strips. The prahok can be eaten after only 20 days of fermentation, but the best quality prahok is left to ferment for up to three years.

Prahok dishes
Prahok can be prepared and served in several different ways. Below are dishes where prahok is the main component.

Sautéed prahok
Prahok chien (ប្រហុកចៀន ) It is usually mixed with meat (usually beef or pork) and chilli peppers. It can also be eaten as a dip, accompanied by vegetables like cucumbers or eggplants, and rice.

Covered prahok
Prahok kab (ប្រហុកកប់ ) or prahok ang (ប្រហុកអាំង ), types of prahok that are covered with banana leaves and left to cook under pieces of rock beneath a fire or over the coals.

Raw prahok
Prahok chhau (ប្រហុកឆៅ ) is a type of prahok can be used to make a paste with lemon grass, lime juice, fresh peppers, and eggplant eaten with (usually cooked rare) beef steak. Also, this is the type of prahok preferably used as a dipping paste for vegetables and fruits.

title: Prahok


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Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber

Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber (17 January 1739 in Weißensee, Thuringia – 10 December 1810 in Erlangen), often styled J.C.D. von Schreber, was a German naturalist.

Career
Schreber was appointed professor of materia medica at the University of Erlangen in 1769.

In 1774, he began writing a multivolume set of books entitled Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen, which focused on the mammals of the world. Many of the animals included were given a scientific name for the first time, following the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus. From 1791 until his death in 1810, he was the president of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1787. In April 1795, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Numerous honors were bestowed on him, including the office of an imperial count palatine.

Schreber also wrote on entomology, notably Schreberi Novae Species Insectorvm. His herbarium collection has been preserved in the Botanische Staatssammlung München since 1813.

Works

 * Beschreibung der Gräser (1.1769 - 3.1810)
 * Lithographia Halensis (1758)
 * Schreberi Novae Species Insectorvm (1759)
 * Die Säugetiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (1.1774 - 64.1804)
 * Theses medicae (1761)

Gallery
Plates from Die Säugetiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen 1774-1804.

title: Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber