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Ingemar Stenmark

Jan Ingemar Stenmark (born 18 March 1956) is a Swedish former World Cup alpine ski racer. He is regarded as one of the most prominent Swedish athletes ever, and as the greatest slalom and giant slalom specialist of all time. He competed for Tärna IK Fjällvinden.

Biography
Born in Joesjö, Storuman Municipality, Lapland, Stenmark's family moved to Tärnaby near Norway when he was four years old. He became a childhood neighbour of Stig Strand (also born 1956), who tied Stenmark for the World Cup slalom title in 1983. Stenmark began skiing at the age of five and won his first national competition at age eight.

Competitive record
Stenmark made his World Cup debut in December 1973 at age 17. At the time of his retirement, he had won more international races than any other alpine skier to date: he took 86 World Cup wins (46 giant slaloms and 40 slaloms). He has since been passed by Mikaela Shiffrin. Stenmark won only in the two technical disciplines: slalom and giant slalom (the other events are downhill, super-G, first run in December 1982, and combined). He rarely competed in the other disciplines, as he was not comfortable with speeds in excess of 120 km/h. Stenmark still has the record for the biggest win margin in a World Cup alpine race: 4.06 seconds ahead of 2nd placed Bojan Križaj in Jasna on 4 February 1979. Stenmark was known as a quiet champion, with short, but polite, responses to media questions.

For his three straight World Cup titles (1976–78), Stenmark earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1979 (shared with Erik Håker and Raisa Smetanina). Stenmark also earned the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal twice (1975, 1978). His 1978 medal was shared with tennis player Björn Borg, making them the only two men to ever win the honor twice (female alpine skier Anja Pärson received the medal in 2006 and 2007).

At the World Championships in 1978 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen West Germany, Stenmark won the slalom by two-thirds of a second and the giant slalom by over two seconds, and successfully defended both world titles at the Winter Olympics in 1980 at Lake Placid, which also were counted as world championships. At the next worlds in 1982 in Austria, he had a sub-standard first run in the giant slalom and was upset by American Steve Mahre and settled for silver. Stenmark rebounded in the slalom and became the first to win the same title in three consecutive world championships. At age 25, it was his final medal in a major competition.

Stenmark was not allowed to participate in the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo by the International Ski Federation (FIS) for accepting promotional payments directly, rather than through the national ski federation. Hanni Wenzel of Liechtenstein was also banned; both were double gold medalists in 1980. Marc Girardelli, who was the best slalom racer during the 1983–84 season, wasn't allowed to participate either. In his case it was because he didn't have citizenship in Luxembourg, the country for which he competed. Stenmark was allowed back into the Olympic competition in 1988, but was past his prime and did not win a medal (however, he had the fastest second run of the slalom competition). He retired from World Cup competition at the end of the 1989 season in March, days before his 33rd birthday.

Other
During the years from 1976 to 1978 Stenmark, along with tennis player Björn Borg, became a national icon in Sweden. This was not changed by the fact that he moved to Monaco in 1980 for tax reasons. At age 40, he won the Swedish Superstars championship in 1996. On 26 December 2004, Stenmark survived the Indian Ocean earthquake while on vacation in Thailand. In 2015, he was a celebrity dancer on the Let's Dance 2015, where he teamed up with professional dancer Cecilia Ehrling.

Personal
Stenmark was married to Ann Uvhagen, a Lufthansa airline hostess, 1984–1987. They have a daughter, born 1984.

Season titles

 * 19 titles – (3 overall, 8 GS, 8 SL)

Race victories
86 wins – (46 GS, 40 SL), 155 podiums

World championship results
From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing.

At the World Championships from 1954 through 1980, the combined was a "paper race" using the results of the three events (DH, GS, SL).

Olympic results

 * Stenmark and fellow reigning double Olympic champion Hanni Wenzel were banned from the 1984 Olympics for having accepted promotional payments directly, rather than through their national ski federations.

Other honours
Jerring Award: 1979, 1980

title: Ingemar Stenmark


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Army Group North

Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord) was the name of three separate army groups of the Wehrmacht during World War II. Its rear area operations were organized by the Army Group North Rear Area.

The first Army Group North was deployed during the Invasion of Poland and subsequently renamed Army Group B. The second Army Group North was created on 22 June 1941 from the former Army Group C and used in the northern sector of the Eastern Front from 1941 to January 1945. By then, this second Army Group North had gotten trapped in the Courland Pocket and was accordingly redesignated Army Group Courland. On the same day, the former Army Group Center, which was now defending the northernmost sector of the contiguous Eastern Front, was renamed Army Group North, assuming the status of the third and final iteration of the army group.

First deployment of Army Group North: September – October 1939
The staff of Army Group North was formally assembled on 2 September 1939 from the headquarters of 2nd Army, which in turn had been activated just a few days prior, on 26 August. Fedor von Bock, commanding general of 2nd Army, became the first commanding general of Army Group North.

During the Invasion of Poland, Army Group North had two armies placed under its supervision: 3rd Army (Georg von Küchler) and 4th Army (Günther von Kluge). Additionally, it held four divisions as part of its army group reserves: 10th Panzer Division, 73rd Infantry Division, 206th Infantry Division and 208th Infantry Division.

On the morning of 1 September 1939, 3rd Army began its advance from East Prussia southwards towards central Poland, whereas 4th Army attacked from Pomerania into the Danzig Corridor.

Important battles by the 3rd Army during the Polish campaign included the Battle of Grudziądz, the Battle of Mława, the Battle of Różan, the Battle of Łomża, the Battle of Wizna and the Battle of Brześć Litewski. Important battles of the 4th Army included the Battle of Tuchola Forest, the Battle of Westerplatte, the Battle of Hel and the Battle of Gdynia.

Invasion of the Soviet Union
In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, Army Group North was reformed from Army Group C on 22 June 1941. Army Group North was commanded by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb and staged in East Prussia. Its strategic goal was Leningrad, with operational objectives being the territories of the Baltic republics and securing the northern flank of Army Group Centre in Northern Russia between Western Dvina River and Daugavpils-Kholm Army Group boundary. On commencement of the Wehrmacht's Baltic offensive operation the army group deployed into Lithuania and northern Belorussia. It served mainly in Baltic territories and north Russia until 1944. Commander in Chief 22 June 1941: Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.

Its subordinate armies were deployed with the following immediate objectives:
 * 18th Army - from Koenigsberg to Ventspils - Jelgava
 * 4th Panzer Group - Pskov
 * 16th Army - Kaunas, Daugavpils
 * Army Group troops
 * Army-Group signals regiment 537
 * Army-Group signals regiment 639 (2nd echelon)

The Baltic offensive operation
All operational objectives such as Tallinn were achieved despite stubborn Red Army resistance and several unsuccessful counter-offensives such as the Battle of Raseiniai, and the army group approached Leningrad, commencing the Siege of Leningrad. However, while the Baltic states were overrun, the Siege of Leningrad continued until 1944, when it was lifted as a result of the Red Army Leningrad-Novgorod strategic offensive operation.

In September 1941, the Spanish Blue Division was assigned to Army Group North.

Northern Russia offensive operation
Composition:

October 1941
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army

Nevsky Pyatachok

Operation Nordlicht

Northern Russia defensive campaign
Commander in Chief 17 January 1942: GFM Georg von Küchler

Composition:

September 1942
 * 11th Army
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army

December 1942
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army

Demyansk Pocket

Kholm Pocket

Soviet Toropets-Kholm Operation

Battle of Velikiye Luki

Battle of Krasny Bor

Baltic defensive campaign
Commander in Chief 9 January 1944: Field marshal Walter Model

Commander in Chief 31 March 1944: Generaloberst Georg Lindemann

Commander in Chief 4 July 1944: Generaloberst Johannes Frießner

Commander in Chief 23 July 1944: GFM Ferdinand Schörner

March 1944 Battle of Narva, consisting of: Combat in South Estonia, 1944
 * Army detachment "Narwa"
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army
 * 1) Battle for Narva Bridgehead and
 * 2) Battle of Tannenberg Line

Soviet Baltic Offensive

Battle of Porkuni

Battle of Vilnius (1944)

Battle of Memel

After becoming trapped in the Courland Cauldron after 25 January 1945, the Army Group was renamed Army Group Courland. On the same day, in East Prussia, a new Army Group North was created by renaming Army Group Center. On the 2 April 1945, the army group was dissolved, and the staff formed the 12th Army headquarters.

Campaign in East Prussia
Army Group North (old Army Group Centre), was driven into an ever smaller pocket around Königsberg in East Prussia. On April 9, 1945 Königsberg finally fell to the Red Army, although remnants of Army Group units continued to resist on the Heiligenbeil & Danzig beachheads until the end of the war in Europe.

October 1944
 * 16th Army
 * Armee-Abteilung Grasser
 * 18th Army

November 1944
 * 16th Army
 * Armee-Abteilung Kleffel
 * 18 Armee

December 1944
 * 16th Army
 * 18th Army

Soviet East Prussian Offensive

Battle of Königsberg

Heiligenbeil pocket

Campaign in West Prussia
Commander in Chief 27 January 1945: Generaloberst Dr. Lothar Rendulic

Commander in Chief 12 March 1945: Walter Weiß

Composition:

February 1945
 * Armee-Abteilung Samland
 * 4th Army

Soviet East Pomeranian Offensive

Battle of Kolberg

Courland Pocket On the 25 January 1945 Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became Army Group Courland, more appropriate as it had been isolated from Army Group Centre and was trapped in Courland, Latvia; Army Group Centre became Army Group North and Army Group A became Army Group Centre.

Between January and February 1945, Army Group North sustained 213,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, 126,000 wounded, and 57,000 missing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Army Group North


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Cacodemon

A cacodemon (or cacodaemon) is an evil spirit or (in the modern sense of the word) a demon. The opposite of a cacodemon is an agathodaemon or eudaemon, a good spirit or angel. The word cacodemon comes through Latin from the Ancient Greek κακοδαίμων kakodaimōn, meaning an "evil spirit", whereas daimon would be a neutral spirit in Greek. It is believed to be capable of shapeshifting. A cacodemon is also said to be a malevolent person.

In psychology, cacodemonia (or cacodemonomania) is a form of insanity in which the patient believes that they are possessed by an evil spirit. The first known occurrence of the word cacodemon dates to 1593.

In astrology, the 12th house was once called the Cacodemon for its association with evil. Defined as "a noise-making devil", Jane Davidson has noted an illustrated example of a cacodemon in editions of Ulisse Aldrovandi's Monstrum Historia (Story of Monsters) as late as 1696.

Examples

 * There is a painting by Paul Klee called Cacodaemonic (1916).
 * In William Shakespeare's Richard III Act 1 Scene 3, Queen Margaret calls Richard a "cacodemon" for his foul deeds and manipulations.
 * In John Fletcher's The Knight of Malta, Norandine calls Mountferrat, the play's villain, a "cacodemon" in the final scene.
 * A cacodemon enemy appears in the Doom video game series, starting with the first game in 1993.

title: Cacodemon


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Chinese Garage

The Chinese Garage is a former garage and petrol station situated in Beckenham in the London Borough of Bromley, on a roundabout linking Beckenham, Eden Park and Shortlands. Built in 1928 to a Japanese pagoda style design by Edmund B. Clarke, it was voted the most unusual garage in England in 2001. It currently hosts a Tesco Express and Majestic Wine store.

History
The garage was built in 1928 to a design by Edmund B. Clarke in the style of a Japanese pagoda on land adjoining Stone Park Farm which was part of the Langley Court Estate. At that time Stone Park Avenue had not been laid out and the main traffic route was north–south between Beckenham and West Wickham; this accounts for the alignment of forecourt.

Local folklore suggests that the Langley Court's former owners, the Bucknell family, were shipping magnates that underwrote the Titanic. Subsequently when it sank they financially sank too, hence the sale of their estate. It is further reputed that during their travels, the Bucknells regularly visited the Far East and Japan and brought back many exotic plants for the Estate which is said to have inspired Clarke to build the Garage in its distinctly Japanese style. However, no traces of such planting survive today on the Estate to substantiate this claim. It may well be that the design was purely the whim of the architect and his client.

Because of its oriental appearance it became known locally as The Chinese Garage although the official name was Langley Park Garage until 1989. It is now a Grade II listed building.

The building was previously part of a Kia and Peugeot car dealership and is no longer used as a petrol garage but retains much of its historic character and the grounds and adjoining roundabout are planted in a complementary manner. The building now contains a Tesco Express and a Majestic wine shop. Bromley Council rejected plans for a Tesco express due to traffic and parking concerns in the area but was overruled by the Government

As of November 12, 2020 the garage was opened as a Majestic Wine store.

Architectural awards
The Chinese Garage was the winner of a Better Petrol Stations competition organised by the Daily Express and the Gardeners' Guild in the 1930s and in 2001 was voted the most unusual garage in England.

title: Chinese Garage


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Cilice

A cilice, also known as a sackcloth, was originally a garment or undergarment made of coarse cloth or animal hair (a hairshirt) worn close to the skin. It is used by members of various Christian traditions (including the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist, and Scottish Presbyterian churches) as a self-imposed means of repentance and mortification of the flesh; as an instrument of penance, it is often worn during the Christian penitential season of Lent, especially on Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, and other Fridays of the Lenten season.

Hairshirt cilices were originally made from coarse animal hair, as an imitation of the garment worn by John the Baptist that was made of camel hair, or sackcloth which, throughout the Bible, was worn by people repenting. Cilices were designed to irritate the skin; other features were added to make cilices more uncomfortable, such as thin wires or twigs. In modern Christian religious circles, cilices are simply any device worn for the same purposes, often taking the form of a hairshirt cilice as well as a (spiked metal) chain cilice.

Etymology
The word cilice derives from the Latin cilicium, a covering made of goat's hair from Cilicia, a Roman province in south-east Asia Minor. The reputed first Scriptural use of this exact term is in the Vulgate (Latin) translation of Psalm 35:13, "Ego autem, cum mihi molesti essent, induebar cilicio." ("But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth" in the King James Bible). The term is translated as hair-cloth in the Douay–Rheims Bible, and as sackcloth in the King James Bible and Book of Common Prayer. Sackcloth can also mean burlap, or is associated as a symbol of mourning, a form of hairshirt.

Use

There is some evidence, based on analyses of both clothing represented in art and preserved skin imprint patterns at Çatalhöyük in Turkey, that the usage of the cilice predates written history. This finding has been mirrored at Göbekli Tepe, another Anatolian site, indicating the widespread manufacturing of cilices. Ian Hodder has argued that "self-injuring clothing was an essential component of the Catalhöyük culturo-ritual entanglement, representing 'cleansing' and 'lightness'."

In Biblical times, it was the Jewish custom to wear a hairshirt (sackcloth) when "mourning or in a public show of repentance for sin" (Genesis 37:34, 2 Samuel 3:31, Esther 4:1). In the New Testament, John the Baptist wore "a garment of camel's hair" as a means of repentance (Matthew 3:4). As such, adherents of many Christian denominations have worn sackcloth to repent, mortify the flesh or as a penance, especially for sins relating to lavishly adorning oneself (cf. 1 Peter 3:3, 1 Timothy 2:9).

Cilices have been used for centuries in the Catholic Church as a mild form of bodily penance akin to fasting. Thomas Becket was wearing a hairshirt when he was martyred, St. Patrick reputedly wore a cilice, Charlemagne was buried in a hairshirt, and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany, famously wore one in the Walk to Canossa during the Investiture Controversy. Prince Henry the Navigator was found to be wearing a hairshirt at the time of his death in 1460. St. Francis of Assisi, St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Thomas More and St. Therese of Lisieux are known to have used them. Scottish king James IV wore a cilice during Lent to repent of the indirect role he played in his father's death. In modern times they have been used by Mother Teresa, St. Padre Pio, and Pope Paul VI. In the Discalced Carmelite convent of St. Teresa in Livorno, Italy, members of Opus Dei who are celibate (about 30% of the membership), and the Franciscan Brothers and Sisters of the Immaculate Conception continue an ascetic use of the cilice. According to John Allen, an American Catholic writer, its practice in the Catholic Church is "more widespread than many observers imagine".

Some high church Anglicans, including Edward Bouverie Pusey, wore hairshirts as a part of their spirituality.

In the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, influenced by the evangelical revival, penitents were dressed in sackcloth and called in front of the chancel, where they were ordered to admit their sins.

In some Methodist churches, on Ash Wednesday, communicants, along with receiving ashes, also receive a piece of sackcloth "as a reminder of our own sinful ways and need for repentance".

In popular culture
In Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code, one of the antagonists, an albino numerary named Silas associated with the religious organization Opus Dei, wears a cilice in the form of a spiked belt around his thigh. The sensationalized depiction in the novel has been criticized for its inaccuracy in subsequent books and by Opus Dei itself, which issued a press release responding to the movie's depiction of the practice, claiming "In reality, they cause a fairly low level of discomfort comparable to fasting. There is no blood, no injury, nothing to harm a person's health, nothing traumatic. If it caused any harm, the Church would not allow it."

The goat hair of Thomas More, presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement, was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at Abbotskerswell Priory, Devon. Some sources, including one from 2004, claimed that the shirt was then at the Martyr's church on the Weld family's estate in Chideock, Dorset. In 2011 the shirt was put on public display at Buckfast Abbey, near Buckfastleigh in Devon.

title: Cilice


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Milan Horáček

Milan Horáček (born 30 October 1946 in Velké Losiny, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech-born German politician, a founding member of the German Green Party, a former member of the Bundestag (1983–1985) and a former Member of the European Parliament (2004–2009).

From 1965 to 1967 his political activism got him into trouble with the Czechoslovak communist regime, and he was arrested several times. After the suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, he fled from Czechoslovakia and settled in West Germany. There he worked in industry and for a trade union magazine. From 1976 to 1981 he studied political science in Frankfurt, and in 1979 was involved in the establishment of Die Grünen. In the 1980s he was active in Hesse for the party, was a municipal councillor in Frankfurt 1981–1983, and was elected to the Bundestag in 1983, serving until 1985, as a member of its Foreign Affairs Committee. His main interests there were foreign affairs and security, Central and Eastern Europe and human rights. From 1985 to 1990, he was a group specialist on foreign and security policy, human rights and Eastern Europe.

Besides his political work, Horáček engaged in Czechoslovakian exile activities. He was publisher of the Czech exile magazine Listy ("Sheets"). In 1990 his Czech citizenship was restored and president Václav Havel appointed him to the Council of Advisers. He was director of the Heinrich Böll Foundation's office in Prague from 1991 to 2004, and also worked at its Bonn office 1998–2000.

As a candidate of the Green Party federations of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia he was elected to the European Parliament in June 2004. He also participates in activities of Green Party in the Czech Republic and was not reelected to European Parliament in June 2009.

In 2008, he co-organized (with Gisela Kallenbach) a public hearing in the European Parliament on totalitarian regimes in support of the Prague Declaration. He co-sponsored the European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 on European conscience and totalitarianism.

title: Milan Horáček


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David Park (painter)

David Park (March 17, 1911 – September 20, 1960) was an American painter and a pioneer of the Bay Area Figurative Movement in painting during the 1950s.

Biography
David Park was born in Boston, the son of Mary Turner and Charles Edward Park. His father was a Unitarian minister. He attended the Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor Connecticut and was recognized for his early talent by the sculptor Evelyn Longman Batchelder, the headmaster's wife.

He moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17, staying with his aunt Edith Park Truesdell who was an artist, so he could study at Otis Art Institute in 1928. A year later, he moved to Berkeley where he married Lydia Newell in 1930, and with whom he had two daughters, Natalie and Helen. His first solo show was in 1933 at the Oakland Art Gallery.

In 1943, he began teaching at California School of Fine Arts (CSFA), now known as San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI). During the economic depression, Park returned to Boston to teach art at the Winsor School for Girls.

David Park was one of the post-World War II alumni of the San Francisco Art Institute which was called the California School of Fine Arts (CSFA) at the time. He revived an interest in figurative art, at first experimenting with still-abstracted forms that relied on color for their impact, dynamics and warmth. Park, along with Richard Diebenkorn and Elmer Bischoff, broke away from the philosophy of painting promoted by Clyfford Still, who taught at the Institute, forming what would later be called the Bay Area Figurative Movement. Their influence may be seen in the work of later Bay Area Figurative School artists such as Paul John Wonner, Nathan Oliveira, Manuel Neri, Henry Villierme, Henrietta Berk and Joan Brown.

Although these painters started out painting in what was called an objective style, deploying abstract shapes in large space, they soon migrated to using the physical world and representative subjects to experiment with shape, color, texture and temperature in their painting. Park realized that concentrating on principle and abstraction drew attention to the painter rather than the painting. He felt that it was important to focus on the present, to develop responses to nature. "I believe that we are living at a time that overemphasizes the need of newness, of furthering concepts".

Park worked with figurative painting from about 1950 until about 1959 when he became ill with cancer. Usually working from memory, he initially painted what he saw: kids playing in the street, musicians, his friends, people in their houses. Toward the end of the decade he painted classical studio nudes and bathers in a monumental style. After he became too ill to work with oils, he continued working with watercolors which he produced until his early death in 1960, at the age of 49, of cancer. Park was working at the University of California as an Associate Professor of Art up until he died. He was painting his best works in the final years of his life and career.

Legacy
In 1988, Park received a retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. Another Park retrospective was held from 2020–2021 at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Park's Standing Male Nude in the Shower, painted between 1955 and 1957, sold for $1,160,000 at Sotheby's New York on May 15, 2007.

title: David Park (painter)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tittytainment

Does not need its own article. This could be part of 20-80 Society. Rhobite 19:07, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic (oh, and dictdef, and neologism, and not directly relevant to the 20-80). - Centrx 19:38, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: If deleted, then 20-80 Society will have to be edited too, to remove its reference, if it is indeed irrelevant. --Golbez 19:47, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, although as it stands it should be modified anyway, for the term "tittytainment" is no more than the sum of its parts and should be worded more precisely and formally. - Centrx 20:01, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism. I would say more, but "Baywatch" is on.  Geogre 19:49, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article, The Global Trap, and past versions of 20-80 Society are all stub-sized. I added some of the content of the article to The Global Trap, which could still be expanded. It would be enough to have a redirect to that article. Yardcock 22:33, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete neologism dicdef. - Cyrius|✎ 05:48, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:212.54.89.144

title: User talk:212.54.89.144


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Diddy Kong Racing

Diddy Kong Racing is a 1997 kart racing game developed and published by Rare for the Nintendo 64. Set on Timber's Island, it revolves around Diddy Kong and his friends' attempt to defeat the intergalactic antagonist, a wizarding pig named Wizpig, through winning a series of races. The player takes control of any of the featured characters throughout the game. Diddy Kong Racing features five worlds with four racetracks each, and the ability to drive a car, hovercraft, or pilot an aeroplane.

Development began after the release of Killer Instinct 2 (1996), and was intended to be a real-time strategy game known as Wild Cartoon Kingdom in its early stages. As time progressed, the focus of development shifted from a Walt Disney World-influenced racing game to a unique title named Pro-Am 64, in which Nintendo had no involvement. Due to the delays of Banjo-Kazooie, Rare felt that they needed a stronger intellectual property to attract a wider audience for a game scheduled to release before Christmas 1997, thus making the decision to centre the game around Diddy Kong.

Diddy Kong Racing received critical acclaim upon release. The graphics, audio and gameplay were among the most lauded aspects, while some criticism was directed at the game's repetition. It sold 4.8 million copies since release and stands as the Nintendo 64's eighth best-selling game. A sequel named Donkey Kong Racing was in development for the GameCube, but was abandoned in August 2002, one month before Microsoft purchased Rare for £375 million. An enhanced remake for the Nintendo DS titled Diddy Kong Racing DS was released worldwide in early 2007.

Gameplay
In Diddy Kong Racing, players can choose one of ten characters, who have access to three different vehicles: car, hovercraft and aeroplane. The car is an all-round vehicle, but it is the slowest on certain surfaces like sand and water. The hovercraft is designed for both sand and water areas, but lacks in acceleration and manoeuvrability. The aeroplane is designed to access aerial areas; it is good at acceleration and manoeuvring, but has the slowest speed. Each racetrack has a set of boosters known as "zippers" that temporarily boost the player's speed, as well as featuring regenerating balloons of various colours that provide power-ups. There are five different types of balloons: red, blue, green, yellow, and rainbow. Red balloons grant missiles to attack racers ahead, blue balloons grant a speed boost, yellow balloons grant shields to protect the player from attacks, green balloons grant deployable traps to delay other racers, and rainbow balloons grant a magnet ability that brings the player closer to the nearest racer. If multiple balloons of the same colour are picked up, the power-up is upgraded to a more powerful version. A total of two upgrades are available for each balloon. Additionally, racetracks contain non-regenerating bananas that add to speed when they are picked up. A maximum of ten bananas will improve the speed, but can also be obtained to prevent other players from gaining speed. If a racer gets hit, two bananas are deducted.

In "Adventure Mode", players control the racer of their choice to progress through the story. Players begin in the hub world, which links five interconnected worlds; Dino Domain, Snowflake Mountain, Sherbet Island, Dragon Forest, and Future Fun Land. The worlds are opened up by collecting balloons, except for Future Fun Land, which is unlocked after defeating Wizpig for the first time and rank 1st place in all four Trophy Races of the original worlds. Each world contains four racetracks, an unlockable battle stage and a race against a boss character. If the player defeats Wizpig in Future Fun Land, obtains all amulet pieces and collect all the gold medals, the player will be able to play in a mode called "Adventure 2". In this mode, all the balloons change colour to platinum and the tracks are inverted from left to right. The game also features four battle modes which consist of two deathmatch maps, a capture-the-flag-style battle and a mode which involves opponents capturing eggs. The battle modes are not initially selectable, and must be unlocked by collecting special keys hidden in each of the worlds.

Plot
The plot of Diddy Kong Racing is detailed in the instruction booklet. Timber the Tiger's parents go on holiday and leave their son in charge of the island they live on, prompting him and his friends to organise a race. Their enjoyment is interrupted when a sinister intergalactic pig-wizard named Wizpig arrives at Timber's Island and attempts to take it over after having conquered his own planet. He turns the island's four guardians (Tricky the Triceratops, Bluey the Walrus, Bubbler the Octopus, and Smokey the Dragon) into his henchmen. The only solution available to the island's inhabitants is to defeat Wizpig in an elaborate series of races that involve cars, hovercraft, and aeroplanes. Drumstick the Rooster, the best racer on the island, fails this challenge and is transformed into a frog by Wizpig's magic.

Timber hires a team of eight racers: Diddy Kong, the first recruit; Conker the Squirrel and Banjo the Bear, recruited by Diddy; Krunch the Kremling, Diddy's enemy who follows after him; Tiptup the Turtle, T.T. the Stopwatch, Pipsy the Mouse, and Bumper the Badger, all inhabitants of Timber's island. Aided by Taj, an Indian elephant-like genie residing on the island, they eventually complete all of Wizpig's challenges and confront Wizpig himself to a race and defeat him. Shortly afterward, Drumstick is turned back into a rooster, and Wizpig leaves for his home planet, Future Fun Land. Fearing that Wizpig would again attempt to invade Timber's Island, the islanders travel to Future Fun Land for a second challenge. When Wizpig loses the second race, the rocket he rides on malfunctions and launches him to the moon. However, an additional cutscene reveals Wizpig's spaceship flying through the sky, unscathed.

Development
Development of the game began after the release of Killer Instinct 2, in which a team was split into making Killer Instinct Gold for the Nintendo 64 and a new racing game for that console. During development, the game became influenced by Walt Disney World and soon evolved into an adventure game called Wild Cartoon Kingdom, with which Nintendo had no involvement. In June 1997, the game was altered to Pro-Am 64, an unrelated follow-up to the NES racing game R.C. Pro-Am. According to Lee Schuneman, the Pro Am 64 project featured three-wheeled trikes in contrast to radio-controlled cars.

With Banjo-Kazooie being delayed until the summer of 1998, the team was adamant for a release of an AAA video game in time for 1997's Christmas season. Rare felt that Pro Am 64 did not have a strong enough intellectual property to capture the attention of consumers, and thus changed the licence to feature Diddy Kong. According to Lee Musgrave, the decision to choose Diddy Kong rather than Donkey Kong was based on their own choice, a decision which Nintendo "enjoyed". Once the intellectual property was changed, the team were left to adapt the visual aesthetics of the game and packaging before it could be released. Musgrave recalled that the ultimate goal of the game was to make it "run as fast" as Mario Kart 64, which proved difficult during development as the latter game utilised 2D character sprites whereas Diddy Kong Racing used fully 3D models. Musgrave later attributed the success of the overall project due to the "small team" of 14 people who worked on it. In an October 2012 interview, Musgrave said that Timber the Tiger would have been the main character of Pro Am 64 had the intellectual property for Diddy Kong Racing not been conceived. Two of the characters who featured in Diddy Kong Racing, Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel, starred in games (Banjo-Kazooie and Conker's Bad Fur Day, respectively) which were unveiled to the public before Diddy Kong Racing, at the June 1997 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), but ultimately not released until after Diddy Kong Racing. Rare stated that they chose not to exhibit Diddy Kong Racing at E3 because of the proprietary animation technology used in the game.

The game's soundtrack was composed by David Wise. The soundtrack was first released in Japan on 1 April 1998, with 42 tracks, while a version of the album was released in Europe with the same number of tracks. For its United States release only 16 tracks were featured. The disc itself was specially shaped in the form of Diddy Kong's head, which was unplayable in certain CD players.

Release
Due to most of the Nintendo 64's planned 1997 Christmas season line-up being delayed until 1998, Diddy Kong Racing became the main Nintendo 64 release for the holiday shopping season, and a majority of Nintendo's $200 million advertising budget for the entire year was allocated to promoting the game. The game had a $20 million marketing budget in North America. Diddy Kong Racing also held the distinction of being the only game in the North American Christmas season line-up for which development was contracted by Nintendo; the other two first-party Nintendo 64 games in the line-up, Bomberman 64 and Mischief Makers, were both licensed from Japanese third-party publishers.

Reception
The game received critical acclaim upon release. The Nintendo 64 version holds an aggregate score of 89% at GameRankings based on 20 reviews and 88 at Metacritic based on 15 reviews, whereas the Nintendo DS remake received a score of 67% at GameRankings based on 42 reviews and a score of 63 at Metacritic, based on 39 reviews. Diddy Kong Racing sold approximately 4.5 million copies worldwide; which included 3.78 million copies sold in the United States and PAL regions, and 653,928 copies in Japan. At the 1999 Milia festival in Cannes, it took home a "Gold" prize for revenues above €15 million in the European Union during the previous year. It stands as the Nintendo 64's eighth best-selling game, and broke one million units sold in the United States within three weeks of its release.

The graphics and gameplay were the most praised aspects of the game. Some critics noted how it minimised pop-up without resorting to the use of distance fog. Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot disputed this, saying that the game has both pop-up and distance fog in amounts comparable to the average Nintendo 64 game. He nonetheless stated that the game was a "pleasure to look at" and praised the detail of the tracks. Doug Perry of IGN heralded the visuals as the most "spectacular of its kind", and praised Rare's ability to master dynamic animation through enabling polygons to span larger surfaces without loss of framerate. Furthermore, Perry stated that the game's technical achievements were enough to leave "even the most critical Japanese gamer [to] look upon with smiling eyes".

Although Crispin Boyer opened his review of the game for Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) with the warning "Don't dismiss this out-of-the-blue racer as a Mario Kart 64 clone", most reviews compared the two games. Gerstmann suspected Nintendo of rushing Diddy Kong Racing to market in order to fill a quarter left vacant by delays of other Nintendo games, and argued it was much too soon after Mario Kart 64's debut to release such a similar game. Other critics, including Boyer's EGM co-reviewers, focused on Diddy Kong Racing's perceived superiority to Mario Kart 64. Dan Hsu of EGM said it "beats Mario Kart 64 in every department", particularly mentioning the superior balance and level designs. Edge praised the adventure and progression aspect of the game, stating that the game's single-player mode is "everything Mario Kart 64 should have been."

The character designs met with a variety of opinions. EGM's Shawn Smith praised the characters as "hilarious". Next Generation, by contrast, said the character designs are "pathetic and obvious, molded from the same cookie cutter as Banjo-Kazooie and Conker", noting the formulaic use of anthropomorphic animal characters and the simplistic application of each animal's characteristics to gameplay. Perry felt that the vocals of characters in the game were "heartwarming" and "comical", while also stating that "some of the characters are just too damn cute and are certain to annoy older gamers."

Overall assessments of the game were mostly positive. GamePro gave it a 4.5 out of 5 for sound and a perfect 5.0 in control, graphics, and fun factor, calling it "a feverishly fun Nintendo 64 racer that combines elements of Mario Kart 64, Wave Race 64, and Pilotwings 64 into one spectacular game." EGM named it "Game of the Month", with its four reviewers lauding the challenging gameplay and numerous objectives to tackle. Gerstmann instead counted the latter as the game's greatest weakness, arguing that having to repeatedly play through the same courses with slightly different objectives makes the game excessively repetitive. He concluded that the game is far better than Mario Kart 64, but the repetitiveness "ultimately kills it." Next Generation fell more in line with the majority, remarking that the combination of racing and adventure elements works well, and that "Diddy Kong Racing shows Rare's pure craftmanship, displaying keen subtleties that eventually win players over."

In a retrospective review, Andrew Donaldson of Nintendo Life stated that the game was visually "incredibly vibrant" and "captivating" for a game of the early Nintendo 64 era. Scott McCall of AllGame acknowledged its only shortcoming was its "excessive" amount of clipping, although he admitted it was not "unbearable". He praised the wide range of audio in the game, including its voice acting and soundtrack; he heralded the music as "interesting" and "fitting" to its race tracks, also considering it superior to that of Mario Kart 64. Donaldson criticised game's presentation as too "cutesy", especially in terms of the characters' voices. However, he praised the "upbeat" and "catchy" soundtrack, saying that each track had its own unique tune to suit the distinct environment. In 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine ranked the game 79th on a list of the greatest Nintendo games of all time.

EGM named Diddy Kong Racing "Racing Game of the Year" at its 1997 Editors' Choice Awards. Diddy Kong Racing was awarded with "Console Racing Game of the Year" by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences in 1998, beating Mario Kart 64, Moto Racer and NASCAR 98.

Cancelled sequel and spin-offs
After the release of Diddy Kong Racing, Rare began development on a sequel named Donkey Kong Racing for the GameCube, which featured Donkey Kong as the titular character. A pre-rendered CG video of the game was shown at E3 2001, which displayed a parody of the speederbike scene from Return of the Jedi. According to Lee Musgrave, the game featured a unique mechanic which involved riding on animals rather than driving vehicles. The player could switch between different types of animals mid-race; larger animals could destroy obstacles, whereas smaller ones allowed more manoeuvrability. Development of Donkey Kong Racing was cancelled when Nintendo turned down the opportunity to purchase its remaining 51 percent stake in Rare, and the developer was bought out by Microsoft for £375 million in 2002.

After the buyout, Rare took what had been done with Donkey Kong Racing and created a prototype for the Xbox which expanded into an adventure game similar to the original setup of Diddy Kong Racing. Musgrave stated that the concept was essentially "built from scratch" and featured a limited multiplayer version at one point. The concept was in development over 18 months and evolved from being an animal-orientated racing game to an open-world game with Tamagotchi-style features, in which nurturing animals was a "key mechanic". By this point, Donkey Kong Racing had evolved into Sabreman Stampede, part of Rare's Sabreman series. Sabreman Stampede was set for release on the Xbox 360, but was cancelled due to a lack of focus and Rare's unfamiliarity with the hardware.

Aside from Donkey Kong Racing, two other sequels to Diddy Kong Racing were in development. One, named Diddy Kong Pilot, with planes as the only vehicle, was planned for a release on the Game Boy Advance. Originally announced alongside Donkey Kong Racing at E3 2001, the game became Banjo-Pilot after Nintendo sold their share of Rare to Microsoft. At the time of its announcement, the game featured the ability to play using a tilt function as well as a D-pad, and contained at least five tracks. The other, titled Diddy Kong Racing Adventure, was a rejected pitch made by Climax Studios for the Nintendo GameCube around 2004. The project was never announced to the public in any capacity, and only became known after a video game archivist acquired the prototype and published a video about it in November 2016.

As Timber was bypassed as the main character in Diddy Kong Racing, Rare's next game was planned to keep Timber as the main character, according to Kev Bayliss. This game was originally planned as Dinosaur Planet for the Nintendo 64, with Timber as a time traveller to a prehistoric period and gameplay similar to The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, but over time, they found it better to replace Timber with wholly new characters. This game became Star Fox Adventures for the GameCube at the suggestion of Nintendo.

Remake
Diddy Kong Racing DS is a Nintendo DS remake of Diddy Kong Racing. Developed by Rare and published by Nintendo, it was released in February 2007 in North America, and April in Europe and Australia. This version received enhanced visuals and framerate in addition to touchscreen functions and Rumble Pak support for force feedback. Four new Donkey Kong themed racetracks were included in the remake, along with several modifications to the soundtrack. Banjo and Conker were replaced by Tiny Kong and Dixie Kong, while new playable characters Taj and Wizpig were also added. The DS version also features new modes which allow the player to create their own racetracks, customise their characters through recording voices, and an online multiplayer function. The battle modes were restricted to multiplayer only, with the custom racetracks replacing them in Adventure Mode. The game was met with mixed reviews upon release, with critics asserting that the new additions were "gimmicky" and the touchscreen controls felt "horribly sensitive".

The "Diddy Laugh"
In the game's opening sequence, the sound of children laughing can be heard when the Rare logo is displayed. This stock sound effect is part of a library called The Premiere Edition Volume 1 released by sound producer and distributor The Hollywood Edge for use of stock sounds in media. Although it had been used previously in various films and television shows, this sound effect has come to be commonly referred to as "the Diddy laugh" due to its association with the game.

title: Diddy Kong Racing


text: User talk:209.254.50.113

title: User talk:209.254.50.113


text:
Template talk:Heavy metal music

Bad colour
THe red colour is just wrong! See Grunge for example. 121.98.204.148 (talk) 05:36, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Among Us for POTUS (talk) 23:45, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Reliable source! Your are joking aren't you? Or are you colour blind? 121.98.204.148 (talk) 23:32, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  — Paper9oll  (🔔 • 📝)  16:19, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * FFS! This is not an article it is a template.  And all I want changed is the colour.  Are you editors hitting an "answered" button on some simiautomated bot without looking at what the request is about.  Have a look at the article I linked to.  This template sticks out like dogs balls!! WP is not going anywhere with you useless editors. !!!! 121.98.204.148 (talk) 00:11, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Ok. I will spell it out for you.  USE THE COMMONLY USED COLOUR!  121.98.204.148 (talk) 20:56, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It seems red is the common color for this template, since 2006. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 21:01, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

 * You have used common in the wrong context. Red has been used since 2006. It is not "common" since 2006.  Try doing some thinking.  121.98.204.148 (talk) 21:09, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Lemonaka (talk) 18:18, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ per MOS:NAVBOXCOLOR as not an "appropriate, representative" colour for the genre. (I'd made this change as a seemingly obvious one, before seeing the talk page discussion.) Belbury (talk) 10:16, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

Oriental Metal
Could someone group Celtic metal and Medieval metal under Folk metal? 2600:6C5A:417F:794E:C989:99AB:8A0C:D7A5 (talk) 21:01, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ AnnaMankad (talk) 05:23, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Heavy metal music


text:
User talk:Infocat

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title: User talk:Infocat


text:
Talk:Cilice

Merge
It shouldn't be merged in my view. The cilice is being discussed widely over the Da Vinci Code stuff - and it's good to have a link to this exact word. I work in religious journalism, and we've recently interviewed an Opus Dei priest over this who gives his views on the cilice http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/relrpt/stories/s1623780.htm#anchor3. Likewise, it is true that it was a pretty common practice before Vatican II - including people like Pope Paul VI, Mother Theresa of Calcutta, Frederick Ozanam and plenty of Catholic saints. Strange but true. It came out of an old theology of the body and matter - a bit Manichaen really- where disciplining the body was seen as a way to discipline the soul.(njamesdebien)

sorry
Sorry, I'm having trouble with getting the image to load, it seems. That's why I've edited twice. Yurfxrendenmein 19:13, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

question
Is this article based on The Da Vinci Code? Please keep in mind that it's a work of fiction, and many of the statements in the book are untrue. Rhobite 19:20, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

No, this is based on information found from the Opus Dei Awareness Network, and other research sources. Yurfxrendenmein 19:21, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Actually, it used to be common practice in the Catholic Church. Dunno for today (apart from Opus Dei I think Religious Orders use it also). Pfortuny 09:38, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I know that it does exist, just wanted to remind people who are editing this article that Da Vinci Code isn't a reference source. Rhobite 15:50, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it's good that you made the distinction, thank you. Yurfxrendenmein 01:47, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

peer review
In peer review you ask about the history paragraph. I can verify at least that the device is called "cilicium" in Latin and "cilicio" in Spanish. At least up to Vatican II it was very common in religious orders. Mpolo 13:18, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)

There was a modification taht you can see at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Cilice&diff=5230522&oldid=5230518

- It has been customarily used in different institutions of the Catholic Church for centuries, and even by laity|lay people

+ This is a longstanding practice within parts of the Roman Catholic Church.

The replacement suggest that this is a fact, that nowadays it is in use. It's barely a fact (rather an aspersion) so I would change back to the original sentence, if there is no considered opinion to hold the current one. BTW It would be good to point the reference sources, who used and who not in the past, or nowadays. It would promote the scientific point of view of the topic. As I see, the current source is odan.org (picture), and other resources?? that Opus Dei members use this tool.

--I just came across this page and find the opening statement "...it is often work during Lent..." completely inaccurate. It possibly was often worn in previous times, but as a Roman Catholic who was raised in the Church and attended RC schools my whole childhood (beginning in the 1950s) I encountered NOBODY wearing the circe during Lent. We did often "give up" certain foods or pleasant activities during Lent, but never anything as extreme as this.67.166.185.131 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:54, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Merge
The hairshirt article dupilicates a lot of this information. Benami 10:00, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

I suggest Cilice be merged into hairshirt. Hairshirt is the form I come across when reading history texts anyway. The question is, which form is most commonly used in the English language. Google shows 34,000 hits for cilice and 82,000 for hairshirt. a9.com (book results) shows 525 for hairshirt, and 190 for cilice. I think this suggests hairshirt over cilice as the most commonly used. --Stbalbach 16:08, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

You're quite right - hairshirt is much more common. What about moving all of the information in Cilice to Hairshirt except that about the spiked metal band?Benami 17:51, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Support the merger. Obviously, we need to merge the two.  The only question is: which one remains the primary?  It seems to me that if one term can be used for both items, it should be the main article.

 * Is it better to have an article entitled "Cilice" that contains all the information than two separate articles? --Chancemichaels 14:08, 5 April 2006 (UTC)Chancemichaels

 * Merge to hairshirt. Flapdragon 14:29, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge to hairshirt. Despite the attention the term Cilice has had from Dan Brown's Da Vinci Code, the more common historical term is hairshirt. m0nde 15:47, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Oppose the Merger: The two articles could be more clearly distinguished, but there's no good reason for the merge. The two terms are not synonymous. A See Also link between the two should suffice. (And if, perchance, my position is overruled, I agree with m0nde, above, that Hairshirt is the better-known term; Cilice is an obscure word.) The Editrix 16:21, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Da Vinci Code
It isn't the device of the cilice itself that is exaggerated by Brown's book (I haven't seen the movie, it may be exaggerated in that), but the character Silas who exaggerates his piety by cinching it far too tightly. --Purplezart 22:58, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Image
Anon, I compromised with you by leaving it in the article as a footnote, which is how you are supposed to link to external sites on Wikipedia. If you insist on violating the Manual of Style on the Lead section (no footnotes in the lead), and violating the manual of style on how to link to external sites, violating standard practice of uploading images to Wikipedia directly instead of linking to them externally - I'll simply remove it entirely, there is already an image just like it, one we don't need another, in particular when it is copyright. I could come up with a dozen reasons to remove that link and image if you insist on making an issue over it. You obviously have some self-serving interest in having this image on the page. -- Stbalbach 18:03, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed this image because it has a dubious source. It purports to be a cilice, though it shows a chain with hooks, whilst a cilice is generally a haircoat or similar cloth item (see the definition).  The image comes from the "Opus Dei Awareness Network", a network with the aim to make this organization look bad, holding that such items are used as self-mortification.  The description on the image states as much, then pleads: "However, the cilice is really used." — this sounds very odd to me.  I think we should find another image without the source problems. Lostcaesar 17:45, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

"Silas" and "cilice"
Hi all,

Just a small correction - I think. Actually, Silas and Cilice are not homonyms but paronyms. Two homonyms have exactly the same pronunciation, while paronyms' are very close to each other, which corresponds to our case.

Combined and Reordered
I ran across this article while reading about Thomas Becket. I noticed that the "construction" paragraph said nearly the same things as the "usage" paragraph (and mentioned nothing about how a hairshirt is constructed). So, I combined the two paragraphs (I don't believe I deleted anything, just moved it). Since "construction" was not about construction I renamed it "modern usage" as it's talking about a metal belt.Estreya 16:28, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Plural of Cilice
I might have missed it, but the article doesn't give the plural of cilice 81.156.149.117 06:33, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Paola Binetti removal
Why remove this from Modern Usage?

"In 2007, Italian Conservative Senator and Opus Dei member Paola Binetti admitted wearing a celice[3] in order to recreate the sufferings of Christ." —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Boldautomatic (talk • contribs) 20:44, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

Usage
Yo, I don't know how to edit articles properly, so I hope someone can do it for me. This entry I thought could be useful under the section entitled "Usage"; as follows:

'The legendary Sir Lancelot wore an hairshirt as a token of faith in the quest for the Holy Grail.'

Reference: Sir Thomas Malory, "La Morte D'Arthur", Book XV

"Sackcloth and ashes"
I've come across this phrase somewhere as an advanced form of humble pie, so I've created Sackcloth and ashes as a redirect to this article. If someone knows more, could they create a section with this title? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 13:35, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've had a go. Improvements welcome. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 17:20, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The current version of this section reads in part "Jesus expected people to repent using sackcloth and ashes:". Could someone knowledgeable about Christian doctrine comment on whether this is widely accepted? --Jarsyl (talk) 02:29, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Thomas More
I have just removed this from the article. There was a statement that what appears to be a hairshirt is visible at the neck and wrists, under his robe of office. This material is unsourced.

It appears to me that what More is wearing is fine white linen, as one would expect. Sir Thomas Elyot, on the other hand, is obviously wearing something hairy inside his shirt.

Amandajm (talk) 23:01, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Suggestions for improvements
Hello! I just stumbled across this article while trying to document a paper on the history of christian practice, and found the wording and arrangement a bit wanting. If nobody complains, I'll make some deep changes in the next few days, including: Those come to mind at the moment. Louie (talk) 23:37, 25 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The metal belt may date back to the 17th century, so it is not as recent as it seems.
 * It was fairly accepted (even recommended) prior to 1965.
 * There is too much emphasis on recent events (the Da Vinci code and the italian discussion), and Wikipedia is not a blog.
 * There are two merges that need to be reconsidered (to/from sackcloth and hairshirt).

_____

I'm not sure that the reference to Jesus is neutral. The 'quote' is presented as fact - i.e. Jesus did say those words. This is clearly not the case. He may have said something similar, but to include a quote in this manner is not appropriate. Grimerking (talk) 16:44, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Thomas a Beckett (Arch Bishop of Canterbury'
According to the British documentary 'History of Britain', when Thomas a Beckett was assassinated it was discovered that he was wearing a hair shirt under his robes. Should this be included? Grimerking (talk) 16:44, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Construction of hairshirt
How was the cloth made? "Woven like other textiles" or what? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.104.132.41 (talk) 14:51, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

have i missed something?
Was "Catalhöyük culturoritual" untranslated in the quote or not translated from another language. It appears to say "catholic culturo-ritual" or, the culture of Catholic ritual. Just asking, Manytexts (talk) 07:21, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, you've missed something. Çatalhöyük (see article) is a very well known archaeological site. The city uncovered at the site predates Christianity and Catholicism by several thousand years.  It has nothing to do with either.  "Culturo-ritual," on the other hand, is just unnecessary anthropological jargon that turns "cultural ritual" into an adjective.  96.35.160.223 (talk) 11:29, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

"In popular culture"
These trivia-type sections are generally deprecated. It used to have an tag, but someone removed it without explanation. I am restoring the tag, though a few of the references (e.g. T S Eliot, Molière, Flaubert, and Tristan and Iseult) hardly count as "popular culture". Vilĉjo (talk) 16:47, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

Opposition to cilice
The article mentions opposition to the cilice, but it doesn't say what these opponents say. There don't appear to be any link to opposition. Only the response to the opposition is mentioned. It would be better if we knew specifically what the opponents say. Tgiesler (talk) 14:00, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070630153119/http://www.vatican.va:80/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p7.htm to http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p7.htm

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New Addition
Can we add Dominic Savio in here? There is proof that he at least attempted to have it on? Edward Zeke Rivera (talk) 17:41, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cilice


text:
Cricket clothing and equipment

Cricket clothing and equipment is regulated by the laws of cricket. Cricket whites, sometimes called flannels, are loose-fitting clothes that are worn while playing cricket so as not to restrict the player's movement. Use of protective equipment, such as cricket helmets, gloves and pads, is also regulated.

Clothing and protective gear

 * Collared shirt (white in tests and domestic; as per team kit in one-day formats) with short or long sleeves depending on the climate or personal preference.
 * Long trousers (white in tests and domestic and first class cricket; as per team colour kit in one day format or T20).
 * Jumper (a knitted pullover, if necessary). This may be long-sleeved or sleeveless.
 * Sun hat, cricket cap or baseball cap during hot summer times
 * Spiked shoes to increase traction.
 * Protective equipment
 * Jockstrap with a cup pocket into which a "box", or protective cup, is inserted and held in place.
 * Abdominal guard or "box" for batsmen and wicket-keepers (often referred to as a cup or abdo guard). It is usually constructed from high-density plastic with a padded edge, shaped like a hollow half-pear, and inserted into the jockstrap with the cup pocket underwear of the batsmen and wicket-keeper. This is used to protect the crotch area against impact from the ball.
 * Helmet (often with a visor), worn by batsmen and fielders close to the batsman on strike to protect their heads.
 * Leg pads, worn by the two batsmen and the wicket-keeper, used to protect the shin bone against impact from the ball. The wicket-keeping pads are slightly different from the batsmen'. Fielders that are fielding close to the batsmen may wear shin guards under their trousers.
 * Thigh guards, arm guards, chest guards, and elbow guards protect the body of the batsmen. Some batsmen use these and others do not, since they reduce mobility.
 * Gloves for batsmen only, thickly padded above the fingers and on the thumb of the hand, to protect against impact from the ball.
 * Wicket-keeper's gloves for the wicket-keeper. Usually includes webbing between the thumb and index fingers.

Batsmen are allowed to wear gloves while batting. The batsman can be also caught out if the ball touches the glove instead of the bat, provided the hand is in contact with the bat. This is because the glove is considered to be the extension of the bat. The batsmen may also wear protective helmets, usually with a visor, to protect themselves. Helmets are usually employed when facing fast bowlers. While playing spinners, they might not be used (though injuries are still possible ).

Fieldsmen cannot use gloves to field the ball. If they wilfully use any part of their clothing to field the ball they may be penalised five penalty runs to the opposition. If the fielders are fielding close to the batsman, they are allowed to use helmets and leg guards worn under their clothing.

As the wicket-keeper is positioned directly behind the batsman, and therefore has the ball bowled directly at them, they are the only fielder allowed to wear gloves and (external) leg guards.

Cricket clothing is generally white in Test cricket, as is traditional, but limited-overs cricket players generally have clothing based on team colours, similar to other sports.

Equipment

 * Ball – A red, white or pink ball with a cork base, wrapped in twine covered with leather. The ball should have a circumference of 23 cm unless it is a children's size.
 * Bat – A wooden bat is used. The wood used is from the Kashmir or English willow tree. The bat cannot be more than 38 in long and 4.25 in wide. Aluminium bats are not allowed. The bat has a long handle and one side has a smooth face.
 * Stumps – three upright wooden poles that, together with the bails, form the wicket.
 * Bails – two crosspieces made of wood, placed on top of the stumps.
 * Sight screen – A screen placed at the boundary known as the sight screen. This is aligned exactly parallel to the width of the pitch and behind both pairs of wickets.

title: Cricket clothing and equipment


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Shilparatna

Shilparatna is a classical text on traditional South Indian representational-performing arts. It is particularly influential in painting and theatrical performance. It was authored by Srikumara in 16th century AD. In this the word Shilpa (sculptural) Ratna (Gems) is used as a broad term embodying artistic forms that either uses the body as a medium of expression (like Dance, Drama or Dance-Drama) or that which represents the body as an expression (like Sculptures and mural arts). It ranks only after the Natya Shastra and the Abhinaya Darpana as a text of fundamentals on the performing arts.

It lays down the tenets of painting such as the proper set of colours and the right combinations which leads to stylized balance and rhythm. It is adhered to as principles in South Indian paintings known as Dravidian mural art or Dravidian mural painting. The text describes yellow, white, red and terreVerte as the pure colours. These colours could be used as single colours or in combinations to make another chroma.

The Shilparatna also lays down principles for stage performance, like the optimal space for a performance. The NatyaGriha (classical Dance spaces and theatres), Natya (Postural dance) and Griha (house) in Kerala is made according to these principles and those laid down by the Natya Shastra. It describes the elaborate codified language of mudras (stylized gestures and symbolic signs by the hands and body posture used in Bharatanatyam and Kathakali) as angikabhinaya meaning body-expressions.

title: Shilparatna


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Talk:Batting (cricket)

Intro
"A batsman's batting average or strike rate are the accepted measures of his ability." I'm not happy about this statement at all. Firstly it implies that average and strike rate are the same thing or at least in some way linked or eqivalent. Secondly a batsman's strike rate is rarely of any importance outside of limited overs cricket and even there its hardly an accepted measure of a batsman's ability. Many of the game's most prolific batsmen would be classed as accumulators of runs rather than free scorers and none the worse is thought of them because of this. Strike rate is however somewhat more significant for a bowler but this is a different strike rate entirely. --LiamE 00:16, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree somewhat. I've edited to reflect this. -dmmaus 23:59, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Can we have a better picture of a batsman? The current one looks like a batting bunny.

 * I think the picture's OK. His head is nicely over the ball, he's hit the ball square and downwards, and the bat's going through in a nice arc.  The setting is attractively rural as befits the spirit of the game. --RobertG 20:01, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. He has cearly missed/mishit the ball as you can see the ball at the bottom right corner of the pic past the wicket and going towards the wicketkeeper. His followthrough is awkward and indicates that he has botched up while trying to chop down at a low bouncing ball (possibly a spinner). I don't see any "nice arc" there, rather a snapshot of an awkward, off-balance followthrough of a chopping action with the behind of the bat facing the viewer at a weird angle. All I am saying is that there could be a better looking shot than that snap. Nothing major.

 * I disagree too. It just looks awkward. I can't imagine a David Gower or Carl Hooper ever getting snapped in a position like that. --LiamE 23:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Notable Batsmen
Does Kapil Dev really warrant a mention as a notable batsman? While undoubtly a clean striker of the ball and one of the game's great all-rounders, where he is of course correctly honoured, I can't justify him being listed here. --LiamE 23:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No one has come to Kapil's defence in 2 weeks so I will remove him. --LiamE 23:51, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

On a similar note does Chris Cairns, great all-rounder that he was, really deserve a mention? Vladhilavic

 * Chris Cairns has scored more 6's in Test's than anyone else. Thats notable in itself. Also the New Zealand line up is not up to the standard of others. I'm inclined to re-include him. Its not like there's 100 Kiwis listed. --LiamE 09:50, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

I take your point, how about including Scott Styris if your looking to expand the section? Vladhilavic

Err, are we using the primacy of Test cricket here? I can't see how Dhoni comes close otherwise, unless we add Bevan and Dean Jones as well, he averaged 46 in the low scoring eras of ODIs.  YellowMonkey  ( click here to vote for world cycling's #1 model! ) 05:37, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * For historical players certainly of course but I dont think we can ignore the importance of limited overs cricket these days. I'm a purist but the article, like all others, should be aimed at a general audience. Funny you should mention Bevan, I was going to add him for that very reason. --LiamE (talk) 05:44, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

I've taken the bold step of completely removing this list. Reasons as follows: Thoughts? Zunaid 13:05, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) It is woefully incomplete (every batsman is not included, also see 3)
 * 2) It can never list every batsman and still serve any useful purpose
 * 3) At the moment it does not have any objective criteria by which players are included/excluded. "Notable" by what criteria?
 * 4) Any criteria that can be drawn up is better covered by our existing article about cricket records and statistics (not sure of the exact article name). Most runs? Most centuries? Most sixes? Best strike rate? All already covered!
 * 5) It is simply a list article masquerading as a sub-section of related article; it is thus in the wrong place
 * 6) This info is FAR, FAR better covered in multiple "lists of batsmen by country" or the aforementioned "cricket records and statistics"
 * I agree on all points. Removing it will also hopefully stop the constant addition of marginal names and reversion that's been going on for ages. Thank you for your boldness. -dmmaus (talk) 23:10, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Batting Skills
Batting is not just about scoring runs. It also needs some skills like watching the ball carefully and then manouver it around the field. Batsmen like Shahid Afridi are just useless players who just doesnt know anything but slogging at the ball. He wont stop slogging no matter what. Even if his team needs him to stay at the crease. But batsman like Virender Sehwag is what a team needs. A person who can stay at the crease for a lot of tme and also score runs at a blaze. His stats in both one-dayers and tests prove it.

Bowling Skills
Seriously speaking, bowling is much more difficult than batting, and much more exhausting. It requires stamina and patience. Its not a fun thing in international cricket. Brett Lee is a wonderful bowler who not only has the stamina, but the determination and attitude to get wickets in a eye blink.

Batsman (cricket)
Um, what other sort of batsman is there that needs disambiguation? -- ALoan (Talk) 14:07, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Redirect to batting
Chasing after a curiousity I idly wondered if an article on batting existed. Lo and behold batting (cricket) already exists and covers everything that is here in much better context and detail, in other words this article was simply a less complete duplicate of that one. I've thus redirected it. Zunaid 17:14, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Image
Can you include an image about batting in cricket and off spin??: - Yes, that would be nice.

Article is rubbish
This article seems to have beem written by someone for whom English is a second language and Cricket is a distant memory. I'd suggest deleting or rewriting.
 * "A player who is currently batting is denoted as a batter." He may be in baseball for all I know but in cricket he is known as a batsman. As for the definitions of a Hook and a Pull they must have changed since I played cricket as a young man as they were basically the same shot (no difference in height) but when playing a hook the batsman moved into the line of the ball, with the risk of being hit on the head, to better time his shot, whereas the pull was played outside the line of the ball (no risk of being hit) but more difficult to time correctly.Williamgeorgefraser 07:42, 5 December 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Williamgeorgefraser (talk • contribs)
 * I fear you are rather out of date and presumably don't listen to Test Match Special, that home of undeniable experts on cricket. 'Batter' is the preferred term there. The recent development and popularity of women's cricket has made 'batsman' old fashioned. I see no problem with this and I propose to change every reference to 'batsman' or 'batsmen' in this article. treesmill (talk) 06:20, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

I agree - this article could really do with some work. For starters, while it is nice to have a video component, that video is worse than useless. The article also simply lists a batsman's shots, without mention of how, why, or against what type of delivery he might play them. Any article on batting technique that doesn't start with describing the batsmen moving either forward or back as a starting point is doomed to failure. There should also be separate techniques on playing fast bowling and spin bowling, seeing as they are almost completely different skills. Batting is actually a relatively simple exercise in theory, but this article makes it sound fiendishly complicated 213.70.98.66 (talk) 14:19, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

left/right-handed
There ought to be something here about the difference between batting left- and right-handed. — sjorford++ 15:15, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge from Straight Bat
I have proposed to merge Straight Bat into this article. I don't know anything about cricket so I don't want to do it myself. PrimeHunter (talk) 16:50, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

This whole article would be really difficult to understand if you dont know anything of cricket. Too much terminology that you wouldnt understand necessarily ClamsonJ (talk) 00:24, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Actually, this whole article is difficult to understsand because it's badly written and inaccurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.194.83.124 (talk) 05:16, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

I came to this page as a consequence of the redirection from the Straight Bat page. The issue I have with this is that the expression 'straight bat' has a metaphorical meaning which is originated from the tactical implications of undertaking a drive or straight bat shot. However, this conversational metaphor is no longer accessible, as it has been suborned into a tactical discussion of actual game play. I suggest that there could be a link to the sporting metaphor list http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metaphors#Sport and possibly a discussion at the end of the section on Drive shots which covers the use of the term in general conversational English. Bendigo Bunyip (talk) 04:33, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Dilscoop
Is the scoop played by Tillakaratne Dilshan a new shot? The definition of the Mariller shot on this page sounds near identical however the shot described on Marillier shot sounds more like the scoop over the shoulder. The two main references I can find for the evolution of the scoop are equally unclear whether the shot was over fine leg or the keeper which appears the major difference between the scoop and the 'Dilscoop'. Any thoughts to clear up the confusion welcome. --Jpeeling (talk) 11:02, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

DILSCOOP is played over the batsman himself and the wicket keeper's head and the MARILLER goes towards Fine leg. DILSCOOP has now been accepted by the international media. See the links:

THE TIMES [UK] http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article6489070.ece

HINDUSTAN TIMES [India] http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cricket/T20WorldCup/StoryPage.aspx?id=3a0e79a9-d14a-43f3-8b5a-6e7461a3a2fd&category=Chunk-HT-UI-ICCWorldTwenty20SectionPage-LatestNews

THE NATION [Sri Lanka] http://www.nation.lk/2009/06/14/sports2.htm

THE NATION [Sri Lanka] http://www.nation.lk/2009/06/14/sports4.htm

THE INDEPENDENT [UK] http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/murali-and-mendis-keep-a-tight-rein--on-battling-ireland-1705334.html

 * How do explain the definition of the Marillier shot on this page then? It is identical to the 'unique' Dilshan. The definition of the Marillier scoop shot has been in existence since November 2005 and hasn't been changed, if that definition is incorrect as you claim then why hasn't anybody changed it? --Jpeeling (talk) 20:17, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

First of all 3 questions 1/how do I reply to talk without going to edit? Is there a short cut? 2/ Also how do I do new articles 3/ and add links?

Marillier technique is different - played with a bat parallel to the ground Dilscoop is different - played with a vertical bat See http://www.island.lk/2009/06/15/sports4.html

I quote cricket pundit Trevor Chesterfield from the above link: Marillier held the bat parallel to the pitch with the toe of the bat pointing towards the bowler, allowing him to either flick or scoop the ball over the wicketkeeper’s head, which is a different action to that used by Dilshan. It could be argued how Dilshan’s smart revolutionary tactic is an extension of the original Marillier flick, but he has refined it and it has become a more sophisticated stroke.

Besides the effects of the 2 shots are different: 1/ MARILLER - ball goes towards fine leg 2/ DILSCOOP - ball goes to no man's land [directly behind the wicket keeper]

Therefore the 2 terms - Mariller and Dilscoop denote 2 different strokes and effects.

 * I'm sorry but I still don't quite understand the differences, how is Dilshan's played with a vertical bat, a vertical bat in my mind would see the toe end of the bat facing the sky and the shot being an uppercut. Without a video of the Marillier shot I don't think my creativeless mind can imagine the differences. There do seem to be quite a few sources stating this is a new stroke and with no response from other editors here I'm resigned to allow you to add the information on this shot back into this article. However when you do please make it clear the differences compared to the Marillier shot so layman readers like myself can understand. Thanks. --Jpeeling (talk) 21:07, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * To answer your other questions: This will help you start a new page and this for links/references. I'm not sure what you mean in Q1, to respond to comments you have to edit the page or section. --Jpeeling (talk) 21:07, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Unorthodox shots
The section on unorthodox shots (in fact the whole article to be honest) needs some proper references. Since anyone can play any type of shot at the ball, there are obviously thousands of variations of cricket shot that may be played. Not all of them enter popular usage though. Things like the reverse sweep and slog obviously belong in this section, they have been adopted by many cricketers and can be considered as a genuine, bona fide unorthodox shots. They have also been popular enough to enter common usage in cricket commentary as a descriptive terms i.e. they are part of the cricket lexicon.

Things like the switch hit are a marginal case, having only been used by one player and not in common usage amongst players or commentators thus far. Same with the paddle sweep/scoop, which is simply a variation on the sweep shot and thus does not stand on its own as a separate named and described shot in the cricket lexicon.

The reverse drive and marillier shot I don't consider bona fide unorthodox shots, they have been used very rarely in cricket, to the extent that these descriptive terms are NOT in common usage and are not standard terms used amongst cricket commentators.

Including each and every variation of unorthodox shot that has been played by a batsman at one point or another simply dilutes the effect of trying to explain batting to the encyclopedia reader. Thoughts? Zunaid 09:45, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Metaphorical use
On 18 January, Jacob Rees-Mogg was discussing amendments he'd put down to the Fixed-Term Parliament Bill. He said he was told by the clerks that he was "open to batting", and Rees-Mogg made it clear this was a cricket reference. As an American, I find cricket a bit bewildering, so can someone help me out in explaining what the gist of the metaphor was? The best I can come up with on my own is that the amendments are not well written so the minister in charge of the bill will be able to score a lot of debating points. Unfortunately, the context doesn't help much. -Rrius (talk) 02:56, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

I imagine it means he is willing to have first crack - ie to say his bit first and then let the other "team" respond. I suppose that may indicate that he thinks he has a lot to say, and perhaps feels he can anticipate all the opposition's arguments. Does that make sense? Py0alb (talk) 09:02, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Sort of. I think it makes more sense if the officials were telling him everyone would be batting away his arguments, but yeah. Thank you. -Rrius (talk) 03:41, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Notable Batsmen
What exactly is this list meant to add to the article? It just seems to be a list of names chosen almost entirely at random. I'm inclined to suggest that it should be removed, as there is a perfectly adequate list of famous cricketers elsewhere. Py0alb (talk) 16:08, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree, there are no criteria for inclusion. Removed. wjemather bigissue 16:16, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

This article desperately needs expanding
Compared to the depth of information available about different bowling styles and techniques on wikipedia, this article is extremely thin. I think it needs to be expanded dramatically - particularly the information about the orthodox shots (Curiously, there is more than enough info on the gimmick shots).

A lot of the content is far too oversimplified as to be useful, and several of the pictures are unhelpful (that picture depicting a village cricketer playing something only distantly related to a cut shot for example). The wheel diagram showing the direction of the various shots is completely rubbish. We need firstly to divide the article into seperate sections for front foot and back foot shots and start from there. Py0alb (talk) 14:50, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

I have had a crack at reorganising and expanding. Let me know what you think? Py0alb (talk) 20:03, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

Is there grounds for a section on shots you're not trying to play.. french cuts, outside, leading and top edges etc.?

Flick shot
Can someone add "flick shot" under vertical bat shots with some details and references? 117.192.176.110 (talk) 16:30, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Added a couple of lines and an image myself. Expand it if possible. 117.192.176.110 (talk) 16:45, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

Batting average/Strike rate
I noticed @190.83.209.132 removed the reference to strike rate in the lead. First of all, I think there should be a mention somewhere in this article given its importance to the limited overs game, but more importantly, I think we need to develop some consensus on to what extent (and where) batting statistics are discussed. Triptothecottage (talk) 03:17, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

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 * MS Dhoni batting.jpg

Possible sources
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/skills/4177934.stm GreekApple123 (talk) 20:19, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

French Cut
"French Cut" is a redirect to this article. But "French Cut" is not explained here, not even is mentioned. Meridiana solare (talk) 21:29, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

 * @Meridiana solare: added a section on this. YorkshireExpat (talk) 17:54, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @YorkshireExpat, thank you. Meridiana solare (talk) 21:55, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batting (cricket)


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Talk:East Hampton (village), New York

Untitled
What happened to the stuff I added? I wrote about special events in town like the artists and writers softball game... I don't see it in the current version or the history.

---look on the town page

question about the law:
can they really get you for wearing red shoes on a Thursday? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.235.132.112 (talk) 21:44, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I think that's an urban legend. WTF? (talk) 16:03, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

merge East Hampton Village Police Department to East Hampton (village), New York
There was a merge tag added to this article in 2009 requesting the merge, but no discussion was initiated. Seeing no current discussion or opposition to this, and noting the very small stub article involved, I went ahead and merged the two articles. WTF? (talk) 16:02, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:East Hampton (village), New York


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Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians

The Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians was a title and role in the Canadian Cabinet that provided a liaison (or, interlocutor) for the federal Canadian government, and its various departments, to Métis and non-status Aboriginal peoples (many of whom live in rural areas), and other off-reserve (e.g., urban) Aboriginal groups.

The role was created with the purpose of serving those Indigenous people who were excluded from the activities of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, which was officially responsible only for Status Indians—largely those living on Indian reserves. In 2004, the Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat were transferred to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, which established a new sector named Office of the Federal Interlocutor (OFI), assigning it the staff, programs, and funding of the former Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat.

As of 4 September 2012, the portfolio dealing with Métis and Non-Status Indians was moved from the OFI to the Policy and Strategic Direction branch of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada in order to streamline program management and business processes.

History
The role was created in 1985 in the context of the Aboriginal Constitutional Conferences (1983-1987) with the purpose of serving those Indigenous people who were excluded from matters of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, which was officially responsible only for Status Indians—largely those living on Indian reserves. More specifically, the federal government found it necessary to designate a Minister who could act as a first point of contact to facilitate the participation of such groups in the Indigenous constitutional process. The portfolio was assigned to a senior Minister in addition to other titles and roles.

The role was kept independent from that of the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development until 2004, when the office was made ex officio the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians. Over the intervening decades, the mandate evolved and broadened to include bilateral relations between the federal government and national Métis and non-status Indian organizations; tripartite self-government processes with off-reserve Aboriginal groups and the provinces; and advocacy of Métis, non-status Indian, and urban Aboriginal people issues within Cabinet and Government; among other things.

Also in 2004, along with program authorities, the Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat were transferred to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. This Department established a new sector named Office of the Federal Interlocutor (OFI), assigning it the staff, programs, and funding of the former Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat.

As of 4 September 2012, the portfolio dealing with Métis and Non-Status Indians was moved from the OFI to the Policy and Strategic Direction branch of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada in order to streamline program management and business processes.


text:
Category:Ontario provincial highways

This category lists all provincial highways and roads under MTO jurisdiction in Ontario.

title: Category:Ontario provincial highways


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Captain (cricket)

The captain of a cricket team, often referred to as the skipper, is the appointed leader, having several additional roles and responsibilities over and above those of the other players. As in other sports, the captain is usually experienced and has good communication skills, and is likely to be one of the most regular members of the team, as the captain is responsible for the team selection. Before the game the captains toss for innings. During the match the captain decides the team's batting order, who will bowl each over, and where each fielder will be positioned. While the captain has the final say, decisions are often collaborative. A captain's knowledge of the complexities of cricket strategy and tactics, and shrewdness in the field, may contribute significantly to the team's success.

Due to the smaller coaching/management role played out by support staff, as well as the need for greater on-field decision-making, the captain of a cricket team typically shoulders more responsibility for results than team captains in other sports.

The toss
Starting from team selection and then toss Before the start of a match the home captain tosses a coin and the away captain calls heads or tails. The captain who wins the toss is given the choice of whether to bat or bowl first. The decision usually depends on the condition of the pitch and whether it is likely to deteriorate, the weather conditions and the weather forecast.

The decision also depends on the relative strengths of the team's batting and bowling. For instance in Test cricket, a side with only fast bowlers may choose to bowl first to try to take advantage of any early moisture in the pitch, knowing that it will be harder to take wickets later in the match. Similarly a side with a weak opening batting pair may choose to bowl first in order to protect their batsmen.

Fielding positions
The captain decides where the fielders will stand, in consultation with the bowler and sometimes other senior players. The fielding positions will usually be dictated by the type of bowler, the batsman's batting style, and the captain's assessment of the state of the match (and hence whether to set an attacking or a defensive field).

Bowling
The captain decides when each bowler will bowl. If a batsman is seeking to dominate the current bowler, the captain may ask someone else to bowl; alternatively, keeping the bowler on may be deemed the best chance of getting the batsman out or restricting the scoring rate. If the regular bowlers are not achieving the desired results, the captain may decide to use non-regular bowlers to attempt to unsettle the batsmen. The captain may also change the bowlers around to introduce variation, and to prevent the batsmen getting "set".

In limited overs cricket the captain additionally has to make certain that bowlers bowl no more than their allotted maximum number of overs, and that experienced bowlers are available at the end of the batting side's innings, when the batsmen are usually looking to take risks to attack and score quickly.

In the longer forms of cricket, when a new ball becomes available the captain decides whether to use it, and when given that it can be taken any time after it becomes available.

Batting order
When the team bats, the captain decides the batting order. In professional cricket the captain usually changes the established batting order only for exceptional reasons, because batsmen tend to specialise in batting at certain positions. However, in certain circumstances it may be in the team's interest to change the batting order. If quick runs are needed, a naturally attacking batsman may be promoted up the order. A player who is 'in form' may be promoted to a higher batting position, at the expense of a player who is 'out of form'.

If a wicket falls near the end of a day's play, especially if the light is failing, or if the bowlers seem particularly confident, the captain may choose to send in a non-specialist batsman, referred to as a nightwatchman. If the nightwatchman does not get out before the end of that day's play then the specialist batsman will have been protected, and will not need to bat until the following day when conditions are likely to have improved. If the nightwatchman does get out, the cost of losing a late wicket will have been minimised, because the specialist batsman is still available to bat.

Declarations
The captain may declare the team's innings closed at any time, but usually only does so as an attacking ploy, for instance if the captain thinks the team has enough runs to win the match, or if a sudden change in conditions has made it advantageous to bowl rather than bat.

Follow-on
In a two-innings match, if the situation arises the captain decides whether to impose the follow-on.

Appeals

Fielding captains may withdraw appeals with consent of the umpires. This often occurs in cases of injury, miscommunication, or unsportsmanlike conduct, and is considered to uphold the spirit of cricket and fair play within the game.

Miscellaneous
The captain is also consulted on whether an injured batsman from the opposing team may use a runner when batting. Permission is usually given if the batsman has become injured during the course of the match, but if the batsman was carrying the injury at the start of the match then the captain may refuse. (As of 2012, runners are not allowed in Test cricket and injured batsmen are required to continue batting with the injury or retire hurt.)

Other duties
As well as decisions taken either immediately before or during a match, captains also often have some responsibility for the good running of the cricket club. For instance, they may decide when the team is to practice, and for how long. In professional cricket the captain often has some say in who will form the squad from which teams are selected, and may also decide how young up-and-coming players are to be encouraged and improved, and how members of the squad who are not regularly selected for first-team matches are to gain match practice.

Prior to July 2015, the captain was responsible for deciding when to take batting and bowling powerplays in limited overs matches.

Vice-captain
The captain may be assisted by a vice-captain or in some instances joint vice-captains. This is particularly useful if the captain is forced to leave the field of play during fielding. Some teams also allocate the vice-captain a more or less formal role in assisting with team selection, discipline, field-setting and so on. Sometimes the role of vice-captain is seen as preparation for the player(s) becoming the captain of the side in future.

title: Captain (cricket)