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Miller–Dieker syndrome

Miller–Dieker syndrome, Miller–Dieker lissencephaly syndrome (MDLS), and chromosome 17p13.3 deletion syndrome is a micro deletion syndrome characterized by congenital malformations. Congenital malformations are physical defects detectable in an infant at birth which can involve many different parts of the body including the brain, hearts, lungs, liver, bones, or intestinal tract. MDS is a contiguous gene syndrome – a disorder due to the deletion of multiple gene loci adjacent to one another. The disorder arises from the deletion of part of the small arm of chromosome 17p (which includes both the LIS1 and 14-3-3 epsilon genes), leading to partial monosomy. There may be unbalanced translocations (i.e. 17q:17p or 12q:17p), or the presence of a ring chromosome 17.

This syndrome should not be confused with Miller syndrome, an unrelated rare genetic disorder, or Miller Fisher syndrome, a form of Guillain–Barré syndrome.

Presentation
The brain is abnormally smooth, with fewer folds and grooves. The face, especially in children, has distinct characteristics including a short nose with upturned nares, thickened upper lip with a thin vermilion upper border, frontal bossing, small jaw, low-set posteriorly rotated ears, sunken appearance in the middle of the face, and hypertelorism of eyes. The forehead is prominent with bitemporal hollowing. Children typically also have microcephaly, a wide upper lip, and midface hypoplasia.

Characteristics that are not visual include intellectual disabilities, pre- and postnatal growth retardation, epilepsy, and reduced lifespan. Children may also experience breathing problems, dysphagia, feeding problems, hypotonia, spasticity, and muscle stiffness. Failure to thrive, feeding difficulties, seizures and decreased spontaneous activity are often seen. Death usually occurs in infancy and childhood. Multiple abnormalities of the brain, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract (the stomach and intestines) may occur.

Cause
MDS is a microdeletion syndrome involving loss of the gene PAFAH1B1 on chromosome 17 which is responsible for the syndrome's characteristic sign of lissencephaly. The loss of another gene, YWHAE, in the same region of chromosome 17 increases the severity of the lissencephaly in patients with Miller–Dieker syndrome. Additional genes in the deleted region are likely to contribute to the varied features of Miller–Dieker syndrome.

It may be a random event during the formation of reproductive cells or in early fetal development or due to familial chromosomal rearrangement called chromosomal translocation. In less than 20% of cases an unaffected parent carries a particular chromosomal rearrangement called a balanced translocation, in which no genetic material is gained or lost. Increased rate of unexplained fetal loss may be observed in those who have these suspectible balanced translocations although they may be otherwise asymptomatic. However, these translocations can become also unbalanced as they are passed to the next generation. Miller–Dieker syndrome is usually not inherited. The deletion event occurs randomly during gametogenesis (formation of eggs or sperm) or in early foetal development. Therefore, no history of the disorder is usually seen in their families.

Diagnosis
The disease may be diagnosed by cytogenetic techniques like fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), testing for a microdeletion at LIS1.

Early detection
With the use of prenatal ultrasonographic imaging, early detection of abnormal brain development in the fetus with MDS can be seen. At birth, facial dysmorphism can be present in the infant. Young children, when affected, can have feeding difficulties, severe intellectual disability, developmental delay, and seizures. MRI facilitates early detection of this syndrome in children by revealing a "smooth brain" image, also called lissencephaly. Children with this syndrome may remain underdiagnosed because of rarity and the prevalence of facial features that appear to be dysmorphic. The syndrome shares distinct external features (phenotype) similar to more common syndromes. Lack of relevant family history may delay diagnosis. FDNA provides a service that in turn increases the chances of detecting these distinct characteristics, which, when shown to a geneticist, can assist in reaching the right medical diagnosis. If a couple has had one child with MDS, they can be offered prenatal screening in future pregnancies. This option is particularly important for the few (less than 20%) MDS families where one parent carries a balanced chromosome rearrangement. The risk of these couples having another child with MDS depends on the exact type of chromosomal rearrangement present and may be as high as 25–33%. For families in which both parents' chromosomes are normal, the risk of having another child with MDS is low (1% or less). Either chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis can be used early in a pregnancy to obtain a small sample of cells from the developing embryo for chromosome studies. Early prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound is not reliable because the brain is normally smooth until later in pregnancy. Couples who are considering prenatal diagnosis are usually advised to discuss the risks and benefits of this type of testing with a geneticist or genetic counselor.

Visuals of the brain
The brain is usually grossly abnormal in outline when someone is diagnosed with Miller–Dieker syndrome. Only a few shallow sulci and shallow Sylvian fissures are seen; this takes on an hourglass or figure-8 appearance on the axial imaging. The thickness and measurement for a person without MDS is 3–4 mm. With MDS, a person's cortex is measured at 12–20 mm.

Treatment
While no cure for MDS is available yet, many complications associated with this condition can be treated, and a great deal can be done to support or compensate for functional disabilities. Because of the diversity of the symptoms, it can be necessary to see a number of different specialists and undergo various examinations, including:
 * Developmental evaluation
 * Cardiologists evaluation
 * Otolaryngology
 * Treatment of seizures
 * Urologic evaluation
 * Genetic counseling: though MDS is usually random and without a family history, a balanced chromosomal translocation in one of the parents can greatly raise the chances of a child of theirs being affected. If parents with an affected child are planning another pregnancy, they are usually advised to visit a genetic counselor for further information.

This disease is fairly uncommon, and treatment is scarce.

Prognosis
Most individuals with this condition do not survive beyond childhood. Individuals with MDS usually die in infancy and therefore do not live to the age where they can reproduce and transmit MDS to their offspring. Due to more accurate diagnosis by MRI and improved management of symptoms with medical treatments including gastrostomy (feeding tubes), suction machines, seizure medications, tracheostomy, and management of secretions, more children are surviving into adulthood and have a better quality of life. Development of skills and core strength may be improved with physical therapy, but improvement is limited by the severity of the condition. Some children may be able to sit up, crawl, or say a few basic words, but most are severely developmentally delayed and remain at the level of infants for their lifetime. At all ages the most common cause of death is pneumonia, often after multiple cases have weakened the respiratory function.

Epidemiology
Miller-Dieker occurs in less than one in 100,000 people and can occur in all races. Given this statistic, it is conclusive that roughly 75000 people worldwide are affected by MDS.

History
MDS was named for the two physicians, James Q. Miller and H. Dieker., who independently described the condition in the 1960s. The hallmark of MDS is lissencephaly, a condition in which the outer layer of the brain, the cerebral cortex, is abnormally thick and lacks the normal convolutions (gyri). In some areas of the brain, gyri are fewer in number but wider than normal (pachygyri). Other areas lack gyri entirely (agyri). Normally, during the third and fourth months of pregnancy, the brain cells in the baby multiply and move to the surface of the brain to form the cortex. Lissencephaly is caused by a failure of this nerve cell migration. MDS is often called Miller-Dieker lissencephaly syndrome.

JQ Miller described the disease and in 1969 H Dieker emphasized that it should also take the name lissencephaly syndrome because several malformations occur beyond the brain itself. When MDS was initially described, geneticists assumed it followed an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. In the early 1990s, several patients with Miller–Dieker syndrome were found to be missing a small portion of chromosome 17. (17p13.3) (a partial deletion).

title: Miller–Dieker syndrome


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Senegambia and Niger

Senegambia and Niger was a short-lived administrative unit of the French possessions in Africa, formed in 1902 and reorganized in 1904 into Upper Senegal and Niger.

Despite its brief existence, the French government-issued postage stamps for the administrative unit, in the form of a version of its Navigation and Commerce series, inscribed "SENEGAMBIE / ET NIGER". The set consisted of 13 values, from 1 centime to 1 franc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
American Psycho 2

American Psycho 2 (also known as American Psycho II: All American Girl) is a 2002 American slasher film directed by Morgan J. Freeman from a screenplay by Alex Sanger and Karen Craig. Starring Mila Kunis and William Shatner, it is a stand-alone sequel to the film American Psycho. Kunis portrays a criminology student who seeks to advance her career by murdering her classmates.

The screenplay for the film, entitled The Girl Who Wouldn't Die, originally had no association with American Psycho. After production began, the script was altered to connect the film with the original. American Psycho 2 was released direct-to-video on June 18, 2002. The film was panned by critics for its screenwriting; the script was also denounced by Bret Easton Ellis, the author of the original novel, and Kunis later expressed regret for the film.

Plot
In 1993, a twelve-year-old girl accompanies her babysitter on a date with serial killer Patrick Bateman. After Bateman kills and starts to dissect the babysitter, the girl kills him with an ice pick. Six years later, the young girl, Rachael Newman, is now a college student studying criminology at a Washington university under Professor Starkman, a former FBI agent. Rachael aspires to join the FBI and is determined to get the coveted teaching assistant position under Starkman, which would make her a shoo-in for the FBI training program in Quantico, Virginia.

After secretary Gertrude Fleck rudely dismisses Rachael's application for the teaching assistant position on the basis that she is a freshman, Rachael follows her home and bludgeons her to death. Determined to succeed, Rachael proceeds to kill off any of her peers who stand as competition, starting with Brian Leads, whom she drugs and murders during a proposed sexual encounter. Next, she murders Keith Lawson, a bookish classmate, while he is studying late one night in the university library. During her killing spree, Rachael decides to see the school psychiatrist, Dr. Eric Daniels. Realizing that Rachael is a textbook sociopath who is obsessed with Starkman, Daniels tries to warn Starkman without revealing Rachael's name due to patient confidentiality. Starkman mistakenly assumes that the student obsessed with him is Cassandra Blaire, with whom he carries on an extramarital affair. When Cassandra reveals that her affair with Professor Starkman has guaranteed her the teaching assistant position, Rachael decides to murder her as well, staging her death as a suicide. Professor Starkman discovers Cassandra's body and calls Daniels to tell him that "she's dead". He does not identify the victim and Daniels assumes it must be Rachael. Distraught, Professor Starkman withdraws from the university, which incenses the obsessed Rachael.

That night, Rachael locates an intoxicated Starkman in his office, impaired by the effects of Valium and alcohol, and tries to seduce him. However, Starkman sees she is wearing a dress and necklace he had given to Cassandra. She then confesses her crimes to him, her "crush" on him, and that she knows about his affairs with various women (which included her former babysitter that Bateman murdered), as he backs up towards the window in a state of confusion and fear. Rachael blows him a kiss, and he falls out the window to his death. As she leaves, Rachael also murders a janitor and a security guard because they witnessed Starkman's death.

On the last day of classes before spring break, Rachael's parents make a surprise visit to her at her dormitory. She quickly ushers them out, agreeing to meet them for dinner later that night. That same night, while treating his elderly mother to a night out, Daniels observes Rachael with her parents at a local restaurant.

Daniels becomes suspicious since he believes Rachael is dead, and after dinner goes to the local police station to ask the police officers about any recent missing persons cases. Through a flashback, it is revealed that 'Rachael' is, in fact, an imposter who killed the real Rachael at the beginning of the semester and assumed her identity, storing the real Rachael's corpse in a garment bag in her dormitory closet. The real Rachael was an orphan; so when Rachael claimed to be her, there was no one to disprove her claim.

Daniels and two cops pursue Rachael in a car chase, which ends with Rachael driving off a cliff, resulting in the car exploding. At this point, she is presumed dead.

Two years later, Dr. Daniels is giving a lecture on Rachael's mind and how he wrote a book about her. When he looks up from speaking with a student, he sees Rachael, who has not died after all; she indirectly reveals that she killed Starkman's last assistant, Elizabeth McGuire, and stole her identity to get into Quantico FBI Academy. She allows Dr. Daniels to know because she believes there is no point in committing the perfect crime if no one knows about it and she is confident he will not divulge this information because it would make a farce of his best-selling book in which he claimed to completely understand her and witness her death in the fiery car. The body that was in the car was the real Rachael, whose decaying body had been kept in the killer's dorm closet. It was revealed by another student that Elizabeth is the youngest agent to be drafted to the Bureau in her sophomore year. As Elizabeth aka Rachael walks out of his class, Dr. Daniels is visibly shaken by what he had just learned.

Development
The screenplay for the film, entitled The Girl Who Wouldn't Die, originally had no association with Mary Harron's American Psycho (2000). After production began, the script was altered to connect the film with the original.

Casting
In April 2001, it was announced that Mila Kunis and William Shatner had been cast in the film.

Lionsgate president Michael Paseornek commented on the project: "Morgan J. Freeman is a talented director who we are convinced will make a film that will appeal to audiences from the late teens on up. And Mila Kunis is about to really break out. She has great timing for a dark comedy like this."

Filming
Filming began in Toronto in May 2001 on a budget of approximately $10 million. The production was noted as having completed in late-June 2001. Bret Easton Ellis, author of the novel American Psycho, expressed confusion about the film's billing as a sequel to Harron's 2000 film adaptation, though he noted at the time that he had sold the rights to the story, commenting: "I've even heard that [Lionsgate] were thinking about doing American Psycho in L.A., American Psycho in Las Vegas, and making a whole franchise out of it."

Marketing

American Psycho 2 catered to the new and increasing demand for DVDs, as evident by the direct-to-disc promotional tool used after the release.

Critical response
American Psycho 2 was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 9 critics, with an average score of 3.00/10.

Film critic Rob Gonsalves wrote, "American Psycho 2 wasn't even supposed to be an American Psycho sequel, for Christ's sake! Lions Gate noticed that the first film got critical acclaim and didn't do too poorly in theaters, so they dusted off an unrelated script and modified it to link it (tenuously) to the first film." Almar Haflidason of the BBC awarded the film a two out of five star-rating, writing: "Imagine if the characters of the animated series Scooby-Doo were to turn on one another, and you'll be close to imagining the freakish American Psycho II. Resembling a Scream-styled take on serial killer thrillers, this stuck pig of a movie flails limply between bizarre comedy and pallid horror." Entertainment Weekly's Scott Brown similarly criticized the film, writing: "Unscary and unfunny, [it] still manages to inspire homicidal fantasies—most involving the slow dismemberment of once-promising indie director Morgan J. Freeman."

The film was denounced by American Psycho author Bret Easton Ellis the year before its release. In 2005, Kunis expressed embarrassment over the film and spoke out against the idea of a third entry. "Please—somebody stop this", she said. "Write a petition. When I did the second one, I didn't know it would be American Psycho II. It was supposed to be a different project, and it was re-edited, but, ooh … I don't know. Bad."

Chris Alexander of ComingSoon.net defended the film in a 2017 retrospective, deeming it "a strange, entertaining and surprising little film. Bloody and funny and twisty and turny and Kunis pulls it all off. We like Rachel, despite her streak of remorseless and lethal evil. And the men and women who end up on the end of her knives, very often deserve it. Or at least are undone by their own unsavory antics." TV Guide's published review described the film as "occasionally amusing" and compared its structure to that of the similarly themed black comedy Getting In (1994), adding, "this horror lampoon; directed by indie up-and-comer Morgan J. Freeman; blithely ridicules FBI profiling, psychoanalysis and professorial sexual misconduct. It's less successful in its efforts to paint serial killers and their trackers as soul mates, and in the end, this campy chiller crucifies the American success ethic with more vigor than elan."

Home media
Though intended for a theatrical release, American Psycho 2 was released direct-to-video on VHS and DVD by Lions Gate Home Entertainmment on June 18, 2002. DVD extras included a feature commentary with director Freeman, star Kunis, deleted scenes, and a trailer. The film made its Blu-ray debut on September 5, 2017. It includes all of the DVD extras along with a digital copy.

title: American Psycho 2


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Upper Senegal and Niger

Upper Senegal and Niger was a colony in French West Africa created in 1904 from Senegambia and Niger. Niger became a separate military district in 1911 and a separate colony in 1922, Upper Volta was split off in 1919, and the remainder reorganized as French Sudan in 1920. The capital was Bamako.

The colony issued a number of postage stamps during its short existence. The first issue was part of the 1906 omnibus issue of the French West Africa, consisting of 17 stamps in three designs: portraits of Louis Faidherbe, Eugene Ballay, and an oil palm, with values ranging from 1 centime to 5 francs. Another series of 17 followed in 1914, all of same design - a camel with its rider - but each printed in a different pair of colours.

In addition, in 1915 the 10c stamp of 1914 was surcharged an additional 5c and sold as a semi-postal stamp. Sets of postage due stamps were also issued in 1906 and 1914. Stamps of French Sudan superseded all of these in 1921.


text: User talk:69.34.63.92

title: User talk:69.34.63.92


text:
Talk:Mahaveer School

From VfD:

Once again, I can't resist. This time, it's a grade school. Non-native English, too. Check out the name of the corresponding redirect: Shri Mahaveer Digamber Jain Senior Secondary School. - Lucky 6.9 05:51, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm... a grade school (oops, it's a secondary school -- Wile E. Heresiarch 03:25, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)) ... no evidence of notability in sight. Still, as such, it's more meaningful than the entire compendium of Pokemon fancrap cluttering up WP. No vote yet. (Vote below -- Wile E. Heresiarch 03:25, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)) Wile E. Heresiarch 06:48, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: You sure got that one right.  I'd rather see this stay and get cleaned up than stumble across the latest waste of server capacity and shake my head over the whole thing.  Isn't there some active talk about redirecting all those Pokemons and Digimons and Dragonballs and other anime whatsits to their own wiki?  Consider this dismaying observation:  Pikachu reminds me of Rosie O'Donnell. - Lucky 6.9 07:43, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wrong side of the line, no matter how well done. Lucky 6.9, I was sorta kinda joking about the anime ghetto, but it is a good idea. Geogre 12:46, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Expansion: We seek to offer information on all institutions that are notable. There never was and is not now really a policy rule that one type of school (college) stays or goes.  By simple deseutude, we came to a sort of deletionist's agreement on that, but the truth is that there is one criterion: notability for NPOV non-stub articles on schools.  "Notability" is something we can argue about.  I have voted to keep, for example, schools that were the first school of a particular denomination in a place.  This school offers us no notability.  There are many, many web guides to schools available now.  Most of them are free to users (because they charge schools).  We do not need to get into the habit of trying to duplicate in a clumsy way what others do in a professional (i.e. they're paid to do it) way.  Sorry if this is testy. Geogre 00:13, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Side-Comment: I have not been here as long as many who vote on this page have, but I am in total agreement with the previous statement. Notability is an arguable subject. Also, we (those who vote on the basis of notability when it is in question) are not elitists, but if you let everything and anything have its own entry, this beautiful project goes from a heirarchy of what is seen as credible knowledge to a scattered mess of this and that information. I do not feel my time is well-spent in working to make Wikipedia better if the latter is going to be the outcome. Skyler 00:42, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable. Note: Just because there are a lot of entries of inappropriate content, this does not give reason to keep others. I have seen the "If you delete this, than you'll have to delete that..." argument far too often as an excuse to keep. From my understanding, the point of this page is to improve Wikipedia and keep it respectable. Other similar tolerated content should not be used as an argument, they should be listed here as well. Skyler 18:44, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Would be included in an unabridged encyclopedia of religious schools. Information probably useful for those researching: Jainism, architecture of the Johari Bazaar, or the historic legacy of Sawai Man Singh Bahadur. Remember: just because you personally find no need for an article, doesn't mean it can't useful to someone else. Needs cleanup, though for format and context. Davodd 20:10, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agreed w/ Davodd. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:25, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Dittaeva 21:17, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

WP:INDIA Banner/Rajasthan workgroup Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Rajasthan workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Rajasthan or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 07:29, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

The article seems to contain promo material
This article seems to be made for promo of the school I mean does the lay reader really need to know the version of computers used in the school .....ehFORCE RADICAL (talk) 06:38, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mahaveer School


text:
User:Jaipandya

Name             : Jai Pandya Father's Name    : Mr. Vinod Pandya Date Of Birth    : 9th September 1987 Address          : C-51, Krishna Marg, Siwar Area, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur E-mail           : jaipandya@gmail.com Education        : Persuing B.Tech. Computer Engg.

title: User:Jaipandya


text:
Washington State Route 104

State Route 104 (SR 104) is a 31.75 mi state highway in the U.S. state of Washington, serving four counties: Jefferson on the Olympic Peninsula, Kitsap on the Kitsap Peninsula, and Snohomish and King in the Puget Sound region. It begins south of Discovery Bay at U.S. Route 101 (US 101) and crosses the Hood Canal Bridge over Hood Canal to the terminus of SR 3 near Port Gamble. SR 104 continues southeast onto the Edmonds–Kingston Ferry to cross the Puget Sound and intersects SR 99 and Interstate 5 (I-5) before ending at SR 522 in Lake Forest Park. SR 104 also has a short spur route that connects the highway to SR 99 at an at-grade signal on the Snohomish–King county line.

Established during the 1964 state highway renumbering, SR 104 was formed out of four highways, themselves created in 1937: Secondary State Highway 9E (SSH 9E) from Discovery Bay to Port Gamble, Primary State Highway 21 (PSH 21) from Port Gamble to Kingston, SSH 1W within Edmonds, and SSH 2B from Edmonds to Lake Forest Park. PSH 21 was originally part of State Road 21, added to the state highway system in 1915 to connect the Port Gamble–Shine ferry to the Kingston ferry landing. The Edmonds–Kingston ferry at the end of State Road 21 has been in operation under various companies since 1923 and was served by the 14-car City of Edmonds. SSH 9E extended from Discovery Bay to Port Ludlow initially and was moved south and extended to the South Point ferry landing in the late 1940s. The bridge replaced the South Point–Lofall ferry when it opened in 1961, but the ferry was re-used during the construction of the second Hood Canal Bridge after the first bridge sank in 1979 and before the new bridge opened in 1982. The Edmonds–Kingston ferry was added to the state ferry system in 1951 before it was incorporated into SR 104 in 1994.

Route description

SR 104 begins at an intersection with US 101, located south of Discovery Bay on the Olympic Peninsula. The highway travels south through rural Jefferson County towards Crocker Lake and turns southeast, intersecting SR 19 south of Port Ludlow. SR 104 continues east along the northern shore of Squamish Harbor, part of the Hood Canal, and crosses into Kitsap County on the 7,869 ft Hood Canal Bridge, the third longest floating bridge in the world. The highway serves as the northern terminus of SR 3 east of the bridge and turns northeast towards Port Gamble, located on the Kitsap Peninsula. SR 104 turns south along the western shore of Port Gamble, the bay the community is named after, and turns southeast to intersect SR 307. The highway continues east from the intersection to Kingston, where it splits into a one-way pair before the designation travels onto the Edmonds–Kingston Ferry.

The ferry, operated by Washington State Ferries (WSF), takes approximately 30 minutes to cross 5.95 mi across Puget Sound. It departs from Kingston on Appletree Cove and arrives in Edmonds in Snohomish County. WSF operates thirteen round-trip crossings every day. Westbound passengers must pay a $7.70 toll or they may alternately pay with a prepaid Wave2Go card.

SR 104 resumes in Edmonds on Main Street and crosses a BNSF rail line south of Edmonds Station. The highway turns south at an intersection with SR 524 onto Sunset Avenue towards Woodway. The roadway travels southeast along Edmonds Way towards the Snohomish–King county line, intersecting SR 524 Spur and 5th Street at a grade-separated interchange. Edmonds Way travels through a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 99 before SR 104 intersects its spur route, which travels west towards an at-grade signal with SR 99. The highway continues east along Ballinger Way to a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-5 southeast of Lake Ballinger. The highway travels southeast into Lake Forest Park, where SR 104 ends at SR 522 on the north shore of Lake Washington.

SR 104 is considered, by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), an auxiliary route of US 101, part of a numbering system established during the 1964 state highway renumbering. Every year, WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2011, WSDOT calculated that between 3,800 and 44,000 vehicles per day used the highway, mostly in the Shoreline area. The Edmonds–Kingston ferry carried 3.808 million passengers and 2.025 million vehicles in 2012, according to WSF statistics. The segments of the highway between Discovery Bay and Kingston and SR 99 and I-5 in Edmonds and Shoreline are designated as part of the National Highway System, while the whole route is designated by WSDOT as a Highway of Statewide Significance because it connects major communities in the state of Washington.

History

SR 104 was established during the 1964 state highway renumbering as the successor to several state highways: SSH 9E between Discovery Bay and Port Gamble, PSH 21 between Port Gamble and Kingston, SSH 1W in Edmonds, and SSH 2B between Edmonds and Lake Forest Park. The highway between Port Gamble and Kingston was established in 1915 as part of State Road 21, which extended south to Bremerton. During the creation of the Primary and secondary state highways in 1937, State Road 21 was re-designated as PSH 21 and extended south to Gorst. SSH 9E was also established, connecting US 101 and PSH 9 in Discovery Bay to Port Ludlow, along with SSH 1W from US 99 and PSH 1 in Lynnwood through Edmonds to US 99 and PSH 1 in Woodway, following the route of an unpaved road built in the 1890s. SSH 2B was created in 1937 to serve as a connector between US 99 and PSH 1 in Shoreline to a branch of PSH 2 in Lake Forest Park.

SSH 9E was extended southeast to the South Point ferry over Hood Canal in 1947, as the ferry traveled east to a branch of PSH 21 at Lofall created in 1949. The highway was moved south from Discovery Bay to intersect US 101 near Crocker Lake in 1957 and was extended across the floating Hood Canal Bridge in 1959 to PSH 21 west of Port Gamble prior to the bridge opening on August 12, 1961. The westernmost section of the highway was straightened and redirected to an interchange with US 101 in November 1965.

SR 104 was designated over the highways in 1964 and was signed into law in 1970. The highway was widened and relocated onto a limited-access bypass between downtown Edmonds and Aurora Village in 1974, at a cost of $8 million. The bypass, which included an interchange at SR 99, was proposed in the 1960s and required several years of right-of-way acquisition. That same year, the state government studied a realignment of SR 104 east of I-5 to generally continue along the King–Snohomish county line to a junction with SR 527. The study concluded that an extension would likely be subject to litigation from local residents based on feedback from earlier meetings and would not provide major benefits.

The Hood Canal Bridge, officially named after highways director William A. Bugge, sank during the February 13, 1979 windstorm and was replaced by a ferry operating between Lofall and South Point until the west span was re-opened on October 23, 1982. The east span of the bridge was replaced between 1997 and 2010, closing the bridge to traffic in May 2009 and re-opening the South Point–Lofall ferry. The route of the highway has not been revised significantly since the 1994 inclusion of ferry routes.

The Edmonds–Kingston ferry, added to SR 104 in 1994, was first served by the 14-car and 76-passenger City of Edmonds in 1923. The ferry ran three crossings on weekdays and six on weekends and a toll of $1.50 for vehicles and $0.25 for passengers was later charged. After the establishment of Washington State Ferries in 1951, the 59-car MV Nisqually was assigned to the Edmonds–Kingston route. Between 1968 and 2005, the Evergreen State class MV Tillikum and MV Evergreen State were used on the route, while the Steel Electric class MV Illahee and MV Quinault were used on extra summer runs. The Jumbo class MV Spokane and MV Walla Walla began serving the route in 2005, but sometimes are replaced by other ferries, especially during maintenance.

Spur route

SR 104 Spur begins its short, 0.34 mi route as 244th Street at SR 104 on the Snohomish–King county line between Edmonds and Shoreline. 244th Street travels west on the 5-lane roadway (including a center turning lane) north of the Aurora Village shopping center to end at an intersection with Aurora Avenue, signed as SR 99. The highway was originally part of SSH 2B from 1937 to 1964 and SR 104 after the 1964 highway renumbering and was created in 2009 after SR 104 was realigned onto a new divided highway. WSDOT estimated that between 18,000 and 19,000 vehicles per day used the spur route, according to AADT data in 2011.

title: Washington State Route 104


text: Category:Micronations

title: Category:Micronations


text:
Conscription in Australia

Conscription in Australia, also known as National Service following the Second World War, has a controversial history which dates back to the implementation of compulsory military training and service in the first years of Australia's nationhood. Military conscription for peacetime service was abolished in 1972.

However, in times of war, the Defence Act 1903 allows the Governor-General of Australia to authorise conscription for service in the Defence Force, provided it is approved by the Parliament of Australia within 90 days.

Universal Training Scheme
In 1909, the Deakin government introduced an amendment to the Defence Act 1903, the Defence Act 1909, which allowed for a form of conscription for boys from 12 to 14 years of age and for youths of 18 to 20 years of age for the purposes of home defence. The Act, which passed with the combined support of the Protectionist Party and the Australian Labor Party, did not allow soldiers to be conscripted for overseas service.

Following recommendations arising from a visit to Australia by Field Marshal Kitchener to report on the country's defence readiness, the Australian Labor Party government instituted a system of compulsory military training for all males aged between 12 and 26 from 1 January 1911.

John Barrett, in his study of boyhood conscription, Falling In, noted: "In 1911 there were approximately 350,000 boys of an age (10–17 years) to register for compulsory training up to the end of 1915. Since 'universal' was a misnomer, about half that number were exempted from training, or perhaps never registered, reducing the group to 175,000."

There was quite extensive opposition to the so-called "boy conscription". By July 1915, there had been about 34,000 prosecutions and 7,000 detentions of trainees, parents, employers or other persons required to register.

World War I

Under Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes, full conscription for overseas service was attempted during the First World War in two referendums.

The first referendum was held on 28 October 1916 and narrowly rejected conscription with a margin of 49% for and 51% against. The referendum of 28 October 1916 asked Australians:

"Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this War, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the Commonwealth?"

A second referendum was held on 20 December 1917 and defeated by 46% for and 54% against. This question was put to Australians:

"Are you in favour of the proposal of the Commonwealth Government for reinforcing the Commonwealth Forces overseas?"

After the failure of the first referendum, Billy Hughes and his supporters left the Australian Labor Party parliamentary caucus and took with them a good deal of the parliamentary party's talent. They created a new National Labor Party, and Hughes survived as prime minister by forming a conservative Nationalist government, which was dependent for survival on the Commonwealth Liberal Party. The remainder of the Labor Party, under the new leader, Frank Tudor, then expelled Hughes and all of those who had followed him. Following the split, Labor stayed out of office for ten years.

After the first referendum, the government used the War Precautions Act and the Unlawful Associations Act to arrest and prosecute anti-conscriptionists such as Tom Barker, the editor of Direct Action and many other members of the Industrial Workers of the World and E. H. Coombe, who had three sons at the front, of the Daily Herald. The young John Curtin, then a member of the Victorian Socialist Party, was also arrested. Anti-conscriptionist publications, in one case, even when it was read into Hansard, were seized by government censors in police raids.

Other notable opponents to Conscription included the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix, Queensland Labor Premier T. J. Ryan, Vida Goldstein and the Women's Peace Army. Most trade unions actively opposed conscription. Archbishop Mannix, born in County Clare, stated that Ireland had been more wronged by Great Britain than Belgium had been by Germany.

Many people thought positively of conscription as a sign of loyalty to Britain and thought that it would also support those men who were already fighting. However, trade unions feared that their members might be replaced by cheaper foreign or female labour and so opposed conscription. Some groups argued that the whole war was immoral, and it was unjust to force people to fight.

South Africa and India were the only other participating countries not to introduce conscription during the First World War.

Divided nation
The conscription issue deeply divided Australia with large meetings held both for and against. The women's vote was seen as important, with large women's meetings and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters. The campaigning for the first referendum was launched by Hughes at a huge overflow meeting at the Sydney Town Hall, where he outlined the government's proposals. That was followed by a huge pro-conscription meeting at the Melbourne Town Hall on 21 September.

Anti-conscriptionists, especially in Melbourne, were also able to mobilise large crowds, with a meeting filling the Exhibition Building on 20 September 1916; 30,000 people on the Yarra bank on Sunday, 15 October, and 25,000 the following week; a "parade of women promoted by the United Women's No-Conscription Committee – an immense crowd of about 60,000 people gathered at Swanston St between Guild Hall and Princes Bridge, and for upwards of an hour the street was a surging area of humanity". An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people. It was passed on 21 September 1916, and mandatory registration and enrolment commenced while the first referendum campaign was underway. By 5 October, The Age reported that of 11607 men examined, 4581 were found fit, approximately 40 percent.

The Age noted in the article "Influence of the IWW" that "the great bulk of the opposition to conscription is centred in Victoria". Many meetings in inner Melbourne and Sydney were disrupted by anti-conscriptionists with speakers being howled down from the audience in what The Age described as "disgraceful exhibition" and "disorderly scenes".

The issue deeply divided the Labor Party, with ministers such as Hughes and George Pearce vigorously arguing the need for conscription for Australia to help the Allies win the war. They were supported by many within the party, including Labor's first prime minister, Chris Watson and NSW Labor Premier William Holman. Hughes denounced anti-conscriptionists as traitors and a climate of bitter sectarianism developed since most Roman Catholics opposed conscription and most others supported it.

By the end of the war in November 1918, a total of 416,809 men had voluntarily enlisted in the Army, representing 38.7 percent of the white male population aged between 18 and 44.

On 1 November 1929, the mandatory service provisions of the Defence Act were suspended, ending 18 years of conscription for home defence.

World War II
In 1939, at the start of World War II, all unmarried men aged 21 were to be called up for three months' military training. The men could serve only in Australia or its territories. Conscription was effectively introduced in mid-1942, when all men aged 18–35 and single men aged 35–45 were required to join the Citizen Military Forces (CMF). Volunteers with the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) scorned CMF conscripts as "chocolate soldiers", or "chockos", because they were believed to melt under the conditions of battle, or it might be an allusion to George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man in which Bluntschli filled his backpack with chocolate bars, rather than ammunition. However, several CMF Militia units fought under difficult conditions, suffered extremely high casualties in 1942 and slowed the Japanese advance on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea, then an Australian territory.

The Papuan campaign of 1942 led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army. During the campaign, the restriction banning CMF personnel from serving outside Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and CMF. In late 1942 and early 1943, Prime Minister John Curtin overcame opposition within the Australian Labor Party to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the South West Pacific, and the necessary legislation was passed in January 1943. The 11th Brigade was the only CMF formation to serve outside Australian territory, however, when it formed part of Merauke Force in the Dutch East Indies in 1943 and 1944.

Korean War
In 1951, during the Korean War, national service was introduced under the National Service Act 1951. All Australian males aged 18 had to register for 176 days training (99 days full-time) and two years in the CMF. Later, the obligation was 140 days of training (77 days full-time) and three years' service in the CMF. In 1957 the system was changed to emphasise skill rather than numbers, then ended in 1959. The regular military forces remained voluntary.

Vietnam War
In 1964, compulsory national service for 20-year-old males was introduced under the National Service Act 1964. The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years of continuous full-time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. The full-time service requirement was reduced to 18 months in October 1971.

The Defence Act was amended May 1964 to provide that national servicemen could be obliged to serve overseas, a provision that had been applied only once before, during World War II. The 1964 amendments applied only to the permanent military forces and excluded the Citizen Military Forces. In 1965, the Defence Act was again amended to require the CMF to serve overseas, which had not been included in the 1964 amendments. In March 1966, the government announced that national servicemen would be sent to South Vietnam to fight in units of the Australian Regular Army and for secondment to American forces. Requirements for overseas service were detailed by the Minister for the Army, Malcolm Fraser, on 13 May 1966. Men who wished to avoid national service could join the Citizen Military Forces and serve only inside Australia, claim a student deferment or attempt a conscientious objection application. To be exempted on the basis of conscientious objection, an applicant needed to demonstrate his moral objection to "all" wars in court and to be legalised as a pacifist. That meant that the rate of success for conscientious objection applications was generally low.

Opposition
During the late 1960s, domestic opposition to the Vietnam War and conscription grew in Australia. In 1965, a group of concerned Australian women formed the anti-conscription organisation Save Our Sons, which was established in Sydney with other branches later formed in Wollongong, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Newcastle and Adelaide. The movement protested against conscription of Australians to fight in the Vietnam War and made the plight of men under 21, who were not yet eligible to vote, a focus of their campaign. In 1970, five Save-Our-Sons women were jailed in Melbourne for handing out anti-conscription pamphlets on government property. The group, which included Jean Maclean, Irene Miller and Jo Maclaine-Ross, was dubbed "The Fairlea Five" after Fairlea women's prison in which they were incarcerated. Barbara Miller is understood to be related to the decorated conscript Simon Anderson, who mysteriously disappeared in 1970.

Young men who were subject to the conscription lottery also formed their own anti-conscription organisation, the Youth Campaign Against Conscription. Like Save Our Sons, it spread to other states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia. It was the YCAC that imported the concept of draft-card burning from the United States and ushered in a new form of resistance to conscription, active non-compliance. Instead of merely not registering (passive non-compliance with the National Service Scheme), the young conscripts actively demonstrated their distaste for the government's actions by destroying their registration cards. Unlike in the United States, that was not legal and so its importance remained symbolic.

There were several high-profile controversies caused by the government's heavy-handed treatment of conscientious objectors, including William White and Simon Townsend (who later became a well-known television personality). In 1969 the Gorton administration was severely embarrassed by a renowned This Day Tonight story in which a conscientious objector, who had been on the run from police for several months, was interviewed live in the studio by the journalist Richard Carleton, who then posed awkward questions to the Army Minister about why TDT had been able to locate the man within hours and bring him to the studio when the federal police had been unable to capture him, and the event was made even more embarrassing for the government because the man was able to leave the studio before the police had arrived to arrest him.

By 1969, public opinion was turning against the war. A Gallup Poll in August showed that 55 percent of those surveyed favoured bringing Australian troops home, and only 40 percent favoured them staying. That was the first poll to show less than 50% approval for the government's policy, and all polls after August 1969 were to reveal a majority in favour of bringing the troops home. In October, during his policy speech for the 1969 federal elections, the opposition leader, Gough Whitlam, declared that if elected, the ALP would make sure that all Australian troops in Vietnam would be home 'by Christmas'.

Around then, opposition to conscription became more radical. Active non-compliers began to call themselves "draft resisters". Instead of waiting to be called up, draft resisters wrote letters to the Minister for National Service detailing their intention not to comply with conscription. Under law, that immediately rendered them liable for service. A number of these young men formed a draft resisters' union, active in at least two states: New South Wales and Victoria. They included men such as Bob Scates and Michael Hamel-Green. They went underground while maintaining a public presence, appeared at protests and were spirited away by the crowd before they could be arrested. In December 1972, while 'underground' as a draft resister, Barry Johnson stood as the Australian Labor Party (ALP) candidate in the seat of Hotham against Minister Don Chipp.

Australian government cabinet documents released by Australian National Archives in 2001 show that in 1970, the conservative government was initially concerned about the growth of conscientious objection and of outright opposition to the National Service Act. Reportedly, the cabinet considered instituting an option of alternative civilian work program for conscientious objectors in an attempt to reduce the numbers of objectors going to jail. That was never instituted but was widely rumoured at the time. Such work would have been menial labouring jobs in remote locations such as north and western Queensland, western New South Wales and northern South Australia.

In Cabinet Submission Number 200 for 1970, Appendix 1, case studies of 17 men awaiting prosecution for failure to undertake service show a broad spectrum of opposition to conscription including:
 * Religious opposition such as Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses
 * Moral opposition to wars
 * Moral opposition to the Vietnam War in particular
 * Opposition based upon the compulsion and authoritarian nature of conscription and its conflict with democratic processes and ideals.

The documents reveal that draft resistance and draft dodging never posed a threat to the number of conscripts required, but the public opposition by draft resisters such as John Zarb, Michael Matteson and Robert Martin had an increasingly-political effect. Conscription ended in December 1972, and the remaining seven men in Australian prisons for refusing conscription were freed in mid-to-late December 1972.ef 63,735 national servicemen served in the Army, of whom 15,381 were deployed to Vietnam. Approximately 200 were killed.

title: Conscription in Australia


text:
Talk:Wild turkey

Flight
Wild baby Turkeys do not take flight in the sense that they are capable flyers. Any reputable hunting site gives good information on how to track a turkey in "flight", "glide", or "wing assisted jump" some even adapted the name "Turkey arch" to describe what it is they are doing. The average turkey fly at speeds of 55mph for around 10 seconds, to get about half mile distance with glide time, most of the energy was from the push of their legs, and when they "fly" to their       tree roost; they stand althogh to the tre and merely jump up to the rooster gobbles--207.244.138.36 (talk) 17:52, 14 April 2016 (UTC)--207.244.138.36 (talk) 17:52, 14 April 2016 (UTC) using their wings to assist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.48.212.114 (talk) 21:19, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Distribution map
The map seems to be quite off. I've seen wild turkeys all over Southern Quebec and Ontario. Prince Edward County, Hastings County in Ontario, and Pontiac in Quebec. These are not one offs either, but repetitive sightings. These are rural areas, and since I am seeing them while simply driving around, one would think that areas which are free from humans (ie where there are not roads) might show even higher concentrations of wild turkeys.

Does anyone know where the distribution map comes from?

I did find this:

http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/wildspace/life.cfm?ID=WITU&Page=AtlasMap&Lang=

It does indicate breeding in Ontario.

Also, this:

http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/03/11/wild-turkeys.html

So, it seems the birds had some help. Regardless of help or not, they're here now -- and doing great. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.70.111.174 (talk) 13:08, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

I've noticed this as well. Besides the distribution map being inconsistent with my personal anecdotal experience of having seen *hundreds* of wild turkeys all throughout Oregon, it also seems to explicitly disagree with the subsequent section detailing the distribution of the various subspecies (which itself seems to be limited / inaccurate ). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.145.70.246 (talk) 23:59, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

I saw them several times during a brief visit to BC (Arrow Lakes area) including 2 separate groups on the same day. Maybe the map should be removed altogether, and hopefully be replaced with an accurate one.Newburyjohn (talk) 12:07, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

 * In fact there is more comment further down the talk page also referring to the inaccuracy of the map. Since it's clearly not correct, it's pointless, so I have deleted it. Someone who is more familiar with North American birds can maybe replace it (I'm British with no more than a general interest in the subject).Newburyjohn (talk) 12:20, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * As there has been no discussion or consensus reached on this page to remove the distribution map, I have restored it. Note that the recent discussion at the bottom of the page was solely about whether the range of the Wild Turkey extends all the way to the tip of southern Florida, which I believe remains uncertain. The discussion did not refer to any other possible inaccuracies in the map. Please explain why you think the map is inaccurate and needs to be removed. Donald Albury 18:06, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The map appears to be original research and does not indicate the actual distribiution of the bird. Rather than your saying "what's the justification for deleting it" I'd say "what's the justification for including it". If you Google "wild turkeys canada" you will find many sources confirming that they exist. As a Brit I'm not qaualified to know which of these sources are considered reliable, but it's patently nonsense to suggest the bird is not extant in Canada, quite apart from my personal observations. The map shows the distribution does not include anywhere in Canada so is clearly inaccurate and therefore, I suggest, useless. IMO the Wikipedia model in general doesn't work because anyone (including me) can edit it to suit their personal agenda; therefore I'm not going to waste my time getting into an edit war with you or anyone else.Newburyjohn (talk) 23:48, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Please note that, per Wikipedia:No original research, Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments, the core reason behind the "No original research" policy. Do you have a suggestion for a better map? I see a bunch of maps here, but it looks like all of them are under copyright, so we can't use them. I will also note that they differ in many details, including the issue recently raised here, whether the range of the Wild Turkey includes southernmost Florida. Most of those maps also show turkeys in Canada only in the southernmost part of Ontario, as does the current map in the article. Do you see any other details of the map in the article that are not supported by at least some of the linked maps? Donald Albury 01:12, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

_____ I also noticed the Distribution Map is very wrong. Wild turkeys are common throughout the United States and many parts of Canada, as well as the northern two-thirds of Mexico. I currently live in Colorado and have seen them all over the state. I've also seen them in Montana, Wyoming, and northern California (all in areas not shown on the current map in the article). A far more accurate map can be found at the Cornell Lab birding website, and it even misses a couple places where I've seen wild turkeys. The original author and Wiki folks need to make sure this map is updated with current knowledge because I suspect the map used is very old (it appears that a previous commenter tried to delete the map, but it's back up in spite of being wrong).DDethlef (talk) 16:56, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Enemies
You should have a section on what kind of animals prey on wild turkeys 63.26.109.139 (talk) 06:56, 4 November 2008 (UTC)eric

I moved the image of the domesticated turkey to Turkey (domesticated) jimfbleak 05:55, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe that it is a wild turkey, albeit one that lives in a domesticated setting. The females looked like the female on this page and not like the ones on the domesticated turkey page. Lupin 10:13, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not convinced - domesticated turkeys come in all sorts of colours, and until recently most were quite similar to Wild Turkey.

 * I looked at the plates in Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse by Madge and McGowan, ISBN 0-7136-3966-0, and a couple of things didn't seem quite right.The lower tail seems to be darker than the outer tail, should be paler and rufous. The breast seems bluish, but this may just be a trick of the light. Isn't it more likely to be a domesticated bird than a captive Wild Turkey? jimfbleak 16:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well I don't really know - I'm going on a hazy recollection of a sign claiming it was a North American Turkey (or something like that). I'm happy to cede to your expertise. Lupin 22:40, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * My "expertise" in this area is a little dubious - I live in the wrong hemisphere for a start, and I've only seen Wild Turkey once, in Florida. If it was in a zoo or similar collection, you could well be right anyway. jimfbleak 05:23, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The picture looks exactly like a wild turkey. While it is difficult to know the difference by a picture, I think we should follow the original poster's (Lupin) thoughts since he knows the context from which it came. See this link for some other differences between domestic and wild.  For what it's worth, I've seen many in the wild and the pic looks like a wild one.  Liblamb 03:16, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Speaking as one who lives in the Northeast US, I can back up what liblamb has to say. Jimfbleak, you probably saw the Osceola turkey in Florida. They look a little different than the others as being a little lankier and smaller than the eastern turkey and both have darker tail feathers than the one I think you're describing, Merriam's turkey (lives in the Rockies and California; was the photographer based in San Francisco or L.A. by chance? Was this an illustration?)

As for the other feathers. fear not: wild turkeys really don't photograph well in terms of the colors in the rest of their feathers. They are actually quite pretty, quite irridescent, like dishwashing liquid on a black surface. I often see them near my mother's home in SE Massachusetts roosting in the trees (or running away from a mad artist trying to draw them) and swooping about the wild berry patches like an all-you-can-eat buffet. It is amazing how well they've recovered: when I was a child seventeen years ago you never saw them. Now they are everywhere.

image conflict
I don't know which image the above discussion is referencing, but the labeled "Male mating display" also currently appears as the lead image on the Domesticated turkey page. It should be removed from one of these articles, depending on which type of turkey it actually is. I'm not a turkey expert so I don't know. El Mariachi (talk) 02:52, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Fine, I'll remove it from this page since it's the lead image on Domesticated Turkey and only a supplementary one here. I'm guessing turkey experts wouldn't let a picture of a wild turkey stand as the lead image on the wrong page. El Mariachi (talk) 04:46, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

more images
I removed an image titled for male and female Wild Turkey, since it appears to show two males, and they are apparently domestic or escaped birds, since one is white, and the other appears to be of the widely introduced SW form merriami. jimfbleak 07:18, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Harvest
I can kinda read into it that "harvest" is "hunting" though it kinda also makes me think there are "wild turkey farms", which is an oxymoron, which leads me back to "harvest means hunting", though sometimes I'd rather not have to be Sherlock Holmes to understand an encyclopedia. So anyway. Are all the states using lotteries to limit the taking of WT's, or just some of them? And isn't a hunting-license lottery rather more common than a come-and-get-it approach? Blair P. Houghton 20:17, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

There is some variation between states as to when and how wild turkeys can be hunted in the U.S., but there are indeed limits. First, most states have a season (usu. some time in the spring or fall) when the birds can be taken, and it only lasts a few weeks at very most (some states, like New York, have so many birds they can have two seasons.)  It is illegal and generally frowned upon to make a kill out of season. Second, in areas where the bird is less plentiful, a lottery or permit system is much more likely if hunting of the bird is permitted at all. For example, Arizona doesn't allow the hunting of Gould's wild turkey, the subspecies native to the southeastern chunk of the state, and strictly limits the amount of permits it gives out for m.g. merriami. Third, most states have restrictions on how the birds can be hunted, if bowhunting is allowed or dogs and so on. It is NEVER a free for all.shadowcat60

Cunning?
I should like to see more information on what sort of behavior makes wild turkeys so cunning.

Contradiction
This articel states that Ben's preference for the turkey was satire, however the bald eagle repeats it as being true. Not actually knowing which, I just added the contradict tag. 68.39.174.238 20:16, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Did some looking and according to the us dept of veterans affairs Franklin wanted the turkey as the national bird. Don't trust them either though, so I just copied the Franklin article into this letter, pointed out a few things about, and will let the reader decide.  The letter is real, the interpretation varies. Jerdwyer

As for Franklin's attitude, perhaps it should be described as facetious rather than satirical, but no doubt it was clever, deadpan, amusing, and definitively Franklinesque. As for what he wanted, he got it: notoriety.

But speaking of contradiction, hasn't anybody spotted it in the opening sentences? "The Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is native to North America and is the heaviest member of the Galliformes. It is one of two species of turkey, the other being the Ocellated Turkey, found in Central and South America. Adult Wild Turkeys have a small, featherless, reddish head...."

Aren't ocellated turkeys (Agriocharis ocellata, according to /Random House Unabridged/) wild? Aren't they turkeys?

(Part of the problem, perhaps, comes from confusing common nouns with proper nouns. We don't capitalize "laughing hyenas" or "raving lunatics". Why capitalize wild turkeys?)

Every wild turkey, I contend, is a wild turkey, regardless of species. Granted, that when referring to wild turkeys, we aren't usually referring to domestic turkeys which have abandoned their festive vocations for the sake of longevity, and that in this article we are using "wild turkey" as a vulgar name for species known to the cognoscenti in glorious Latin, but discussing wild turkeys as if there were one species, then stating that there are two species, is not amusing. Benjamin F. would not approve. The article ought to be changed (split, disambiguated, redirected -- I'm not sure what) to discriminate the species commonly, or not so commonly, granted the exalted title of "turkey." Unfree (talk) 09:30, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Birds, as a taxonomic group, are unusual in that ornithologists have created a list of official English common names for all species. {see WikiProject Tree of life and Naming conventions (fauna)) That is why the common names of living bird species are fully capitalized in Wikipedia, while the common names of all other (animal) species should be capitalized only on the first word of the name. That also means that we use the English common name for the titles of articles about living bird species. -- Donald Albury 12:27, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Cincinnati?
Can anyone explain what Franklin means by "the Cincinnati of America"??? It looks like a vandalism of "Citizens of America", but it exists in the sources too! What the heck does that mean? --Bmk 00:38, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think refers to Cincinnatus, probably using "Cincinnati", the plural, as a a term for good citizens. jimfbleak 06:22, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Huh - could be so. I've never run into that term before.  Thanks!   --Bmk 07:01, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * See Society of the Cincinnati. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  22:52, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Is the wild turkey really American?
I think I read once that Coronado brought the turkey to this hemisphere...true? 69.0.52.99 17:25, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * There's a nice summary of the turkey's origins here. -- Donald Albury 18:50, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

New Mexico Range for Rio Grande and Merriam's not included
I am Including a quote from New Mexico Department of Game and Fish “Long-Range Plan for the Management of Wild Turkey in New Mexico 2001-2005” by Larry Kamees, Wildlife Specialist, Division of Wildlife, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM, October 2002.

New Mexico is home to three of the five currently recognized North American subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The Merriam’s turkey (M. g. merriami) is typically associated with areas of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). The Rio Grande turkey (M. g. intermedia) principally occupies riparian areas in the northeast, central, and south-central portions of the state. The Gould’s turkey (M. g. mexicana) is confined to the woodland-savanna habitat in the Peloncillo and Animas Mountains of southwest New Mexico. The Gould’s turkey is a state-listed endangered species due to the vulnerability of small and localized populations to several identified threats. 63.18.126.181 07:00, 16 February 2007 (UTC) dgillmor

No Nominate Subspecies?
There isn't a nominate species of Wild Turkey? Frankyboy5 03:06, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

New Zealand Wild Turkey
There are large populations of Wild Turkey in the mountains of New Zealand. Many hunting websites claim they are so plentiful in New Zealand that they are a big attraction for hunting tourists. Are there Turkeys gone wild anywhere else in the world? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * There are small populations on some Australian islands, like King Island, but they are not very plentiful. Frickeg 02:55, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Merger suggestion
Turkey calls should remain a separate article. I'm removing the 7 month old suggestion of a merger that hasn't been taken up. Gene Nygaard (talk) 05:46, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Asexual Turkeys???
In the trivia section, it says that female turkeys can reproduce asexually without a tom. The source appears ligitimate in all except for the fact that it is not loading. Can anyone confirm this? Rufous-crowned Sparrow (talk) 18:35, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

The page loads: it states that turkeys sometimes lay unfertilized eggs in a report on failed embryos. This trivia item seems to be incorrect and should be deleted. 208.29.184.143 (talk) 03:14, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Ah, but there are other links supporting parthenogenesis in turkeys. I'll add them to the article. -- Donald Albury 13:07, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * On second thought, the references probably refer to domesticated turkeys, so I deleted the trivia item until someone finds a source that says wild turkeys exhibit parthenogenesis. -- Donald Albury 13:11, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Lone female
We've had a female wandering around alone in our woods for the past 5 weeks up here in northwest NJ. We live by a lake and she wanders from house to house foraging in the leaves, and she's not afraid of us, she keeps her distance, though. Is this normal for her to be alone? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kfboys (talk • contribs) 11:55, 10 May 2008 (UTC)   Sometimes a wild turkey becomes isolated from a flock. The Rio Grande turkey is gregarious, as the article reports. The same is true for birds re-introduced in California. The article doesn't seem to have similar comments for other groups.Fconaway (talk) 19:43, 16 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I came here to the talk page wondering about "The Rio Grande turkey is gregarious." All of the other specie of turkey are solitary animals? The statement about the Rio Grande turkey is also not supported by a citation and I'm wondering if it's always true. --Marc Kupper|talk 05:46, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

Osceola
in the article on the Osceola turkey, why has somone changed the text about Osceola to "fighter" from "chief" of the Seminoles? Carlw4514 (talk) 19:29, 13 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Since I just changed this again, I'll explain. Osceola was never a "chief". Chiefs in the Seminoles were chosen from a particular clan lineage. Osceola was not eligible to be a chief. He was a charismatic and brave leader, and a number of Seminoles followed him in war, but that did not make him a chief. -- Donald Albury 12:23, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Name???
I think I read the article carefully enough to say that it's very odd that not a word is in there about why this bird is named "turkey" in English. Am I wrong? Happy Thanksgiving anyway! SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:06, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Found it under Turkey (bird). SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:11, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Wild Boom state
Missouri and Illinois are rapidly having a growing wild turkey population as close to White-tailed deer.--74.34.81.105 (talk) 15:51, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Consensus is against changing the capitalisation and I would echo the comments which suggest that downcasing one at a time via RM would not be a productive use of anyone's time. No prejudice against starting a new discussion which discusses only the primary topic-ness, an issue which got lost in the capitalisation hubbub. Jenks24 (talk) 09:07, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Wild Turkey → Wild turkey (bird) – The current article name violates WP:CAPS / WP:LOWERCASE by having its second word capitalized. Moreover, the current article title generates confusion with respect to Wild Turkey (bourbon), which uses caps because it is a brand name. Currently, Wild Turkey gets about three times as many page views as Wild Turkey (bourbon). That may or may not be enough to legitimately call the page about the bird the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, but I suspect not - since its number of page views may be inflated by the fact that the current name leads to the bird article rather than the dab page. I notice that the top link returned by both Google and Bing in a search for "Wild Turkey" is actually for the bourbon. –BarrelProof (talk) 04:27, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose
 * move to lower case violates the long-established and agreed convention for capitalisation at WikiProject Birds
 * move to lower case would make it the only one of ca 9000 bird species' articles to be lower case
 * move to Wild turkey (bird) flies in the face of your own evidence, the bird gets three times as many hits, the bourbon is named after the bird, not the other way round, and the suggestion that people are "really" looking for the bourbon is both self-serving and US-centric — I've never heard of the bourbon.
 * Top search finds the (presumably) heavily promoted commercial project rather than biological articles about a bird restricted to parts of North America — who would have thought it? Perhaps we should make The Famous Grouse whisky the primary article for grouse?
 *  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  05:48, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose (sorry), Jim says it all in a nutshell. Casliber (talk · contribs) 13:47, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Support Consensus can change, and in this case it should. Other animal species don't get this capitalization. See, for example, Gila monster, Komodo dragon, White-tailed deer, American bison, Rainbow trout, and Moray eel. I'm sorry, but bird types aren't proper nouns, so that consensus is one that flies against WP:MOS. I'm only not qualifying this as strong because of semantics with the proposal—I'd rather see the animal at Wild turkey and the bourbon at Wild Turkey. --BDD (talk) 16:14, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * But requesting a move of one article at a time is no way to change the capitalisation procedure. And the redirect from the current name would prevent the bourbon becoming the primary topic, even if it really was.  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  17:08, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Suggestion: In other move discussions, I have been told that a page view ratio around 3 is not sufficient to consider something the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. This seems especially true when one of the articles is already occupying the primary topic name (which would tend to somewhat inflate its viewing count). I suggest that what should be done at this point is to rename the article to Wild Turkey (bird) and turn both Wild Turkey and Wild turkey into redirects to Wild Turkey (disambiguation). It is simple to change the destination of a redirect article. I was not previously aware that bird articles generally do not follow the WP:TITLEFORMAT policy. Perhaps somewhere there should be a wider discussion of that question. –BarrelProof (talk) 18:06, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Question to Jimfbleak: I notice that you put a note about this discussion on the Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Birds page, referring to it as "Round 274" (which seems like it borders on advocacy, but I'll let that slide). Can you help identify where to find some of the prior discussions that your comment seems to refer to? –BarrelProof (talk) 18:26, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Never mind that request – I found some of the discussions in archives of the birds project page, and found some of the outcome mentioned in WP:FNAME, WP:CAPS and WP:Naming conventions (birds) (although what I have found so far seems to be just among people who assume the rationale is known already). The common names for birds seems to be the biggest exception to WP:CAPS / WP:LOWERCASE on Wikipedia. I'll try to study why. Meanwhile, I think renaming to Wild Turkey (bird) for clarity and directing Wild Turkey to the dab page is the right thing to do. –BarrelProof (talk) 21:45, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Style guides for ornithological works, including the one(s) deemed most authoritative, tend to prescribe capitalization, and some feel that we should adopt that style even if it means piecemeal style across Wikipedia. Most reliable sources don't, of course, but the most-highly regarded birding works do, apparently (I haven't checked). It's quite a conundrum. There might be some other reasons put forward, but I think this is the main one. ErikHaugen (talk | contribs) 23:21, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose For the reasons given above as well as the fact that they didn't name the bird after the drink. And Wild turkey (bird) should be made a redirect to Wild Turkey μηδείς (talk) 18:19, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose I think the other animals should follow the bird lead. Actually that has already been suggested for reptiles and is being practiced for butterflies. Dger (talk) 21:30, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Support caps, but it should probably just move to wild turkey; I think it might be the primary topic. I wouldn't object to moving it to Wild turkey (bird) as an experiment, though. The phrase "wild turkey" when referring to the bird is not a proper name, of course. Now, there might be other reasons to capitalize, but in this case I think they're pretty thin. People don't write animal species in caps normally; eg "I saw a lion at the zoo." Why should birds be any different? Most reliable sources don't capitalize bird names in general, nor "wild turkey" in particular. The first 6 pages of Google Scholar results for "Wild Turkey" appear to contain 0 results that capitalize in running text. I'm open to being educated in how to interpret that, certainly, but for now I'll support this move proposal. ErikHaugen (talk | contribs) 23:21, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. It goes against both the WP Birds standard and a well accepted convention. Maias (talk) 00:25, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Indifferent to entire capitalization discussion. Only interest is to stay consistent for all articles throught Wikiproject Bird.  Given that, prefer to stick with current Wikiproject Bird rules, unless someone wants to design a bot to change all articles (including hyphenated ones) and agreement is reached with Wikiproject Bird members.....Pvmoutside (talk) 00:33, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * And the bot would need to know what to do with Mrs. Gould's Sunbird and similar  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  06:22, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose – according to Turkey (bird), Wild Turkey is a species name; as long as we still have the bird species capitalization convention, we shouldn't be trying to downcase birds one at a time. Dicklyon (talk) 00:48, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I certainly think that the bird, not the bourbon brand, is the primary topic. The all caps convention for birds has been established for at least 6 years on Wikipedia, and I see no reason to make this article an exception. -- Donald Albury 13:26, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * See The Capitalization of Birds' Names, a 1983 article in ornithological journal The Auk. All ornithological sources capitalize the names, but all other sources don't capitalize them. Right now, wikipedia follows the ornithological sources. --Enric Naval (talk) 20:55, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Accuracy of map
The accuracy of the distribution map,, has already been questioned on this page. Addition questions about the accuracy on a reddit thread here,. Like so many other maps used on Wikipedia this one provides no sources. The source field simply says "Own work". This would be unacceptable for the text of an article on Wikipedia. It should be unacceptable for maps like this too. Pfly (talk) 08:22, 30 November 2013 (UTC)

Proposed Merge
I would propose that wild turkey should be merged into domestic turkey because both are the same species- Meleagris gallopavo. Therefore, it is misleading to have two articles, which tends to purvey the claim the two are entirely two different things, which they are not by any means. 184.205.168.56 (talk) 06:05, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Domestic Duck is separate from Mallard; Chicken is separate from Red Junglefowl. The domesticated versions are different from their wild ancestors. Dger (talk) 21:31, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Distribution
I've seen wild turkeys in South Florida, which is not covered on the distribution map. Not once, mind you. Several times. OrganizationVII (talk) 20:07, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

 * First, we can only included information that is verifiable from reliable sources. We cannot use original research, which includes reports of personal knowledge or experience. Second, South Florida is a fairly broad area. My interpretation of the map is that only extreme southern Florida, i.e., the Everglades Park area, is excluded from the range. This web page describes how turkeys were hunted out of Long Pine Key over a century ago, and the efforts made in recent years to re-introduce turkeys to the national park. From the info on that page, it appears that it is too early to conclude that a breeding population of wild turkeys has been established in the park. Donald Albury 13:21, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The map at the IUCN reference definitely shows a wider range than the map we have. - UtherSRG (talk) 17:44, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wild turkey


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Desultadox

Useless neologism. --Diberri | Talk 05:55, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep. Delete Securiger 06:05, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * "Neologism" - and how! Delete, delete, and for good measure, delete. TPK 06:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lacrimosus 07:35, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Forum neologism. Geogre 12:52, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity slang. --Ianb 14:39, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism/Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Skyler 18:46, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Double Delete.  — Frecklefoot | Talk 19:30, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of North Borneo

North Borneo, located in the northern part of the island of Borneo, was a British protectorate from 1888 and a British Crown colony after 1946.

First stamps
Initially, mail from the British protectorate of North Borneo was sent via Labuan or Singapore, using postage stamps of the Straits Settlements. After the North Borneo Chartered Company was founded to administer the territory, it issued its own stamps in 1883. These used a design incorporating the coat of arms (a dhow and a lion), inscribed "NORTH BORNEO", and with the value written in English, Jawi, and Chinese. Initial values included 2c, 4c, and 8c, followed by large 50c and $1 stamps of a more elaborate design with the arms flanked by two natives.

Later issues
In 1886 ½c, 1c, and 10c values were added, and there was a demand for 3c and 5c stamps, resolved by overprinting existing types. At the same time, the printers (Blades, East, and Blades of London) produced a new design, largely the same but inscribed "BRITISH NORTH BORNEO", and joined by 25c and $2 values, also with elaborate frames. The stamps were redesigned again in 1888, to say "POSTAGE & REVENUE" instead of just "POSTAGE", at which time the 25c to $2 values also received minor changes. These were followed up in 1889 by even larger and more elaborate $5 and $10 stamps. Between 1883 and 1890, postage stamps of North Borneo were valid to nearby countries only if sent by direct steamer at 8¢ rate, otherwise additional adhesives of either Hong Kong, Labuan or Strait Settlements had to be affixed.

Shortages in 1890, 1891, and 1892 necessitated more surcharges. In 1894, the protectorate issued a new definitive series engraved by Waterlow and Sons, comprising nine pictorials featuring natives plants, animals, and scenes, and inscribed "STATE OF NORTH BORNEO".

North Borneo was made a British protectorate on 12 May 1888. In 1901, stamps were overprinted "British Protectorate.".

World War II
North Borneo was occupied by Japanese forces in 1942. During the occupation, overprinted stamps of North Borneo and Japan were used. In 1943, two stamps of Japanese design were issued for North Borneo. Following liberation, stamps of North Borneo were overprinted "BMA" by the British Military Administration.

Post-war
The Crown Colony of North Borneo was established in 1946 after the North Borneo Chartered Company ceded the territory to the British Government. The Colony issued stamps until 1963 when North Borneo (as Sabah) joined Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore to form the Federation of Malaysia.


text:
Talk:Charley Steiner

Yankees
Hey Charlie, I have no connection to anyone. I am just a person, living out here in Oregon. You celebreted your 55th on July 17th, I shall celebrate my 55th on August 17. The group shall be at PGE Park on the 16th at 12:05 t0 see the Beavers and Sac. It shall be a great day. Now, I must tell you, the statement re: "the Yankees are bigger than the Beatles"...come on Charlie. Let's be real. Eventhough, the Yankees have been in existence longer, you cannot compare the two. Were/Are you a true Beatle fan? What is your favorite song?

Yankee games no longer as good..
I am not a Yankee fan, but always enjoyed your broadcasts. I was wondering why you left. I had heard that you and your partner(Sterling) did not get along. If that was the case, it didn't seem it to the listener.

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Steiner's Age
He will turn 75 in August 2024: https://dodgerblue.com/dodgers-broadcaster-charley-steiner-back-injury-misses-dodger-stadium-opener/2024/03/28/ 74.88.37.10 (talk) 23:09, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charley Steiner


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Bechuanaland Protectorate

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Bechuanaland Protectorate.

First stamps
The first Bechuanaland Protectorate postage stamps were produced in 1888 by overprinting stamps of British Bechuanaland (some overprints of British stamps and some issued specifically for the colony) with "Protectorate". In 1889 a $1/2$-penny stamp of Cape of Good Hope was overprinted "Bechuanaland / Protectorate.".

From 1897 to 1925 more British stamps were overprinted using the protectorate's name in various layouts. In 1910 a 6-pence stamp of Transvaal was also overprinted; although it was intended for fiscal use, postal uses are known.

George V
The first stamps inscribed Bechuanaland Protectorate appeared in 1932. The 12 values, ranging from $1/2$d to 10 shillings, all used the same design; a group of cattle next to a baobab tree, surmounted by a portrait for King George V. The usual Silver Jubilee issue appeared in 1935.

George VI
A Coronation issue appeared in 1937 and a definitive series in 1938 with King George VI replacing his father on the 1932 series.

The protectorate's Peace issue of 1945 was produced by overprinting "Bechuanaland" on South Africa's Peace stamps. Stamps were issued for the Royal visit in 1947, and for the usual omnibus sets of the period.

Queen Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth II replaced her father in a definitive series of 1955, the rest of the design matching the previous definitives.

Three stamps in 1960 commemorated the 75th anniversary of the protectorate, then in 1961 Bechuanaland converted to the South African rand, necessitating surcharges on the existing definitives in February, followed by a new definitive series in October that was mostly pictures of birds, with some showing people at work.

Standard Commonwealth omnibus issues appeared up until independence, along with a 1 June 1966 issue commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Bechuanaland Pioneers and Gunners.

From 30 September 1966 the Bechuanaland Protectorate became the Republic of Botswana and stamps from that time were marked Botswana.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
 * Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986. ISBN 0-356-10862-7


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India

The postal history of Portuguese India goes back to the earlier days of the colony. The postal history begins with communication between the Viceroy and the Court at Lisbon soon after the conquest of Old Goa by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510. Letters, written in triplicate, were carried by separate ships because of the hazards of the voyage. Mail was carried by an overland route, as well. The early communications of Portuguese India had an official character and the correspondence is now to be found in museums and governmental and ecclesiastical archives.

Early mails
Regular mail is known to have been exchanged with Lisbon from 1825 on. Portuguese Indian postmarks are known from 1854, when a post office opened in Goa and an extraterritorial British East India Company post office opened in Damaun. A Portuguese Indian post office opened at Diu, also, in 1880.

The British East India Company post office in Damaun, selling British Indian stamps, was maintained between 1854 and November, 1883. The Damaun cancellation showed "13" within downward sloping diagonal bars, a "used abroad" Renouf "Type 4" cancellation. British India postage stamps were also available at the Portuguese post office at Goa from 1854 until 1877.

Before the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874, a country had to conclude a separate postal treaty with each other country with which it transacted international mail. Portugal had a postal convention with Great Britain, so mail was routed through Bombay and carried on British packets.

First stamps
The first postage stamps of Portuguese India were issued 1 October 1871. These were issued for local use within the colony. Stamps of British India were required for overseas mail.

The design of these first stamps simply consisted of a denomination in the center, with an oval band containing the inscriptions "SERVIÇO POSTAL" and "INDIA PORT.". The dies were recut several times and printed on several kinds of paper, resulting in an extremely complicated situation that has been intensively studied; about 55 types have been identified as appearing between 1871 and 1877, some of which are quite rare.

Regular issues

In 1877, Portugal included India in its standard "crown" issue, with nine values ranging from 5r to 300r. These stamps ran out in 1881 and the old local stamps were surcharged with various values, resulting in nearly 100 distinct types. Additional "crown" stamps arrived in 1882, but in the following year were supplemented by additional values of the original local design.

From 1886 on, the pattern of regular stamp issues followed that of the other colonies closely, the main exception being a series of surcharges in 1912 produced by perforating existing stamps vertically through the middle and overprinting a new value on each side.

In 1925, a commemorative stamp marked the 400th anniversary of the death of Vasco da Gama and in December 1931 a set of six promoted the Exposition of St. Francis Xavier held at Goa. Sets of stamps in 1946 and 1948 commemorated notable historical figures related to the colony. Portuguese India's first stamp exhibition, in 1952, was commemorated with a pair of stamps; one reproducing the design of the first issue, the other depicting St. Francis Xavier. A 1956 series commemorated the 450th anniversary of Portuguese settlements in India, and included portraits and maps of old forts, while a 1959 series depicted various coins.

Last stamps
The last regular issue was on 25 June 1960, marking the 500th anniversary of the death of Prince Henry the Navigator. Stamps of India were first used 29 December 1961, although the old stamps were accepted until 5 January 1962. Portugal continued to issue stamps for the lost colony, yet none of these were ever offered for sale in the colony's post offices and are thus not considered valid stamps.

The territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli were liberated from Portuguese rule in 1954, and they enjoyed de facto independence until being formally incorporated into India after the Annexation of Goa in 1961. During these years, mail from Dadra and Nagar Haveli was routed through the Indian town of Vapi close to the border. Initially, remaining stocks of stamps of Portuguese India were overprinted LIBERATED AREAS in two lines.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Harrison, Gilbert & Lieut. F. H. Napier, R.N. Portuguese India. London: Stanley Gibbons, 1893. (Reprinted from articles in Stanley Gibbons' Monthly Journal.)


text:
Blacklist Studio

Blacklist Studio was a group of Taiwanese musicians who came together and released a ground-breaking album in 1989 called Songs of Madness. Reportedly five years in the making, this work came out at a critical juncture in Taiwan's history, two years after the lifting of the decades-long martial law. The album was critical in the formation of the genre known as New Taiwanese Song.

Its members included Wang Ming Hui, Chen Ming Chang , Lin Wei Zhe.

The first album's notes reveal the seriousness with which the group assessed its own role in Taiwan's musical development. They believed that Taiwanese music ought to reflect the times, that it was important for the new generations to "correctly" see the relationship between the mother tongue and themselves. Unlike virtually all other previous works, their songs sought to engage post-World War II social changes in a frank, realist way.

The songs' styles cover Taiwanese folk, rap, and rock. One song has a clip of the Republic of China national anthem. Another samples environmental sounds from the street. Most of the songs told stories, sometimes through humorous or ironic dialogues between ordinary citizens. Taiwanese is used extensively in many of the songs.

In 1996, the group released their second album, Cradle Songs (Yaolan qu). However, the album was a commercial and critical failure.

The group received the Special Contribution Award during the 30th Golden Melody Awards.

Songs of Madness (1989)
The titles below are official ones provided by Rock Records:

 * 1) Imperial Taipei
 * 2) Mad
 * 3) Too Sad to Speak
 * 4) Papa's Words
 * 5) Dragon Festival Celebration
 * 6) Taxi
 * 7) A Democracy Bumpkin
 * 8) Shin-chuang Street
 * 9) Sow a Seed

title: Blacklist Studio


text:
User:Bgoldenberg/Album Template Test

Template on left, original on right

title: User:Bgoldenberg/Album Template Test


text:
Washington State Route 523

State Route 523 (SR 523, named 145th Street) is a short Washington state highway located on the city limits of Seattle, Shoreline, and Lake Forest Park in King County. The road itself runs 2.45 mi east from SR 99 past Interstate 5 (I-5) and ends at SR 522; the highway was first established in 1991, but the roadway from I-5 to 5th Avenue Northeast was once the northern section of Secondary State Highway 1J from 1937 until 1964 and later SR 513 from 1964 until 1991.

Route description

State Route 523 (SR 523) begins at an intersection with SR 99 and North 145th Street at the northern Seattle and southern Shoreline city limits; at the SR 99 intersection, the highway is named 145th Street. From its western terminus, the roadway travels east to 1st Avenue NE, where SR 523 becomes Northeast 145th Street, which the road keeps until its eastern terminus. The highway travels 0.20 mi east to interchange with Interstate 5 (I-5), where the northbound ramps are accessed through nearby 5th Avenue Northeast. After the I-5 interchange, the road forms the northern boundary of the Jackson Park Golf Course and later continues to SR 522 at the northern Seattle, southern Shoreline and western Lake Forest Park city limits. The SR 523 / I-5 interchange was used by an estimated 28,000 motorists daily based on annual average daily traffic (AADT) data collected by the Washington State Department of Transportation.

History
145th Street was paved by the King County government between 1934 and 1935. The Washington State Legislature first established a state-maintained highway on a section of present-day SR 523 in 1937, with the establishment of Secondary State Highway 1J (SSH 1J), which ran from Downtown Seattle to Primary State Highway 1 (PSH 1) in North Seattle, via the current 0.05 mi long section of SR 523 from I-5 to 5th Avenue Northeast. During the 1964 highway renumbering, SSH 1J became SR 513 and PSH 1 became I-5; the northern terminus of SR 513 became the current SR 523 / I-5 interchange. In 1991, the northern terminus of SR 513 was moved south to its current location, Magnuson Park and SR 523 was established.

title: Washington State Route 523