text:
Talk:Hollandaise sauce

Expert?

 * Much of this article uses weasel words, but more importantly, a lot of it seems to be based on unsourced opinion, especially the Preparation section (I'm a cook and I do agree with much of what is being said in that section, but still).  Erpert  Who is this guy? 07:11, 5 March 2012 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? There are no fewer than 9 references in the Preparation section.  Other statements, like "There are many different preparations" are obvious since there are 6 or so of them listed.  (Btw, there was some good info lost when this page was archived.)  Another issue is that the section has to avoid becoming a "How-to", so instead must take the stance of an overview.  How would you change it?  Dmforcier (talk) 00:59, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

 * What is wrong if an article about a some food, includes recipes showing how-to prepare it. Cooking is not nuclear science, do you need an expert, to prepare you coffee in the morning, a `barist', or a gigolo to teach you how to make love to your wife. There are things too quotidian to do, to need an expert to talk about. Maybe the possible history of some dishes can be traced, and Historians mention in their research texts, many are part of the folklore, there is no need to be too rigorous to seek a Doctor in the subject. Wikipedia is lowering and lowering, it's quality due to intransigent and dogmatic attitudes in this kind of articles, but also in other subjects, even in scientific articles, where dogmatic ayatollahs force to over simplify the text, transforming wikipedia into an illustrated wiktionary, there is already one, will some time became melted in one unhelpful wiki-dogmatic-fights site? Please be more constructive, stop that policy to shorten every article, stop to forbid recipes in articles about food, stop inducing wikipedians to be short-sight. Some times I suspect that there is an orchestrated complot to dismantle the wikipedia, from those who think that every knowledge should be private property, and people ignorant unless they have money to pay everything, that is what is going to happen with wikipedia if that attitudes persist. Yes I am angry to see what is becoming wikipedia.   — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.140.228.177 (talk) 08:55, 6 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Follow those supposed references to the bottom of the page and you'll find that most of them aren't references at all; they're just comments disguised as references. Anyway, user-submitted recipes aren't exactly reliable.  Erpert  Who is this guy? 08:44, 9 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Those are notes not comments and they are allowed.--Amadscientist (talk) 04:28, 2 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I recounted. There are 14 notes in the Preparation section.  10 of those include real, not fake, references, and an eleventh requests a citation for its (quite accurate) comment.  I do agree about user-submitted recipes.  If the reader wants recipes, this isn't the place to get them.  The Preparation section is NOT a How-To in that there are no recipes but rather a discussion of the various different approaches to the same end, something I would think a "food expert" would appreciate.  (BTW, I have cooked professionally, though I don't believe that makes me any more of a food expert than you claim to be.)
 * So what is your *real* objection? And more importantly, what change do you propose? Dmforcier (talk) 19:56, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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No Joy
The reference to preparation method from Joy of Cooking is not fully accurate. The referenced volume contains several preparations for Hollandaise Sauce, and not all of them call for using whole eggs. The method I have used for years, taken from this same book calls for 3 egg YOLKS, not whole eggs. Further clarification of this section may be needed to correct the statement regarding Joy of Cooking.

Mgg4 (talk) 21:17, 28 December 2016 (UTC)
 * You haven't shown that there is a contradiction. The section does not say that the 'whole egg method' is the only method JoC describes.  In fact, note the JoC citation under the first description where she uses water contra Escoffier in a yolk method. But JoC is the only reference I'm aware of that describes the whole egg method.  (If anyone has another, please add it.) Dmforcier (talk) 23:43, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

History and sources
The history section included much inconsistent information. Though it is well-documented (with WP:RS) that the name Hollandaise was used in the 17th century, we have kept a claim (Jack 2011) that it refers to the Huguenots, who were expelled in the 17th century, and didn't return until the late 18th century. Similarly, there is the claim (Alléno and Brenot, Carey) that it was originally called Isigny, and only renamed hollandaise after WWI, though there is no evidence for that the name Isigny before the 19th century, while hollandaise is documented in the 17th century.

I have rewritten the section to eliminate the inconsistent information, or at least to contextualize it ("Thus the popular theory that the name comes from a recipe that the Huguenots brought back from their exile in Holland[6] is chronologically untenable.")

I plan to remove these claims in my next round of edits, and to remove Alléno and Brenot, Carey, and Jack entirely from the reference list. As is often the case, cookbooks and anthologies are poor sources for history. See the Source list for food and drink. Comments welcome. --Macrakis (talk) 21:22, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hollandaise sauce


text:
Piano Sonata No. 7 (Scriabin)

The Piano Sonata No. 7, Op. 64, subtitled Messe Blanche (White Mass), was written by Alexander Scriabin in 1911. As one of the late piano sonatas of Scriabin's career, the music is highly chromatic and almost atonal. George Perle says that, "the primary set upon which the Seventh Sonata is based," is, in linear order as spelled by Scriabin, E, F♯, G, A, B♭, C, D♭, and that the mystic chord may be derived from the quartal spelling of this set (with D♮ and without G).

Background
The White Mass is closely related to its predecessor, the sixth sonata. Both works were written in 1911–12 and have structurally and stylistically more in common than any other pair of Scriabin sonatas. Scriabin reportedly feared the sixth sonata, considering the work to be corrupted by demonic forces and going so far as to refuse to play the work in public. Scriabin composed his seventh sonata as an exorcism against the darkness of the sixth sonata, subtitling the work White Mass in order to reflect its celestial nature. He intended the mood of the piece to be ecstatic, evoking images of winged flight, voluptuous rapture and overwhelming forces.

The composer was especially fond of the piece, probably due to its messianic context and perfected structure, which features more contrast, rhythmic and dynamic, than most of his work. Like the second sonata however, the White Mass gave him a great deal of trouble during its composition.

The White Mass Sonata is not structurally directly related to Scriabin's ninth sonata, which was composed in 1912–13 and would later earn the nickname Black Mass Sonata.

Structure and content
The piece consists of a single movement, lasting around 10–13 minutes, and is marked "Allegro," although the "Allegro" marking was added later by the publisher. The original tempo marking in Scriabin's hand at the top of the autograph score is "Prophétique." Additional markings provide clues to the different moods Scriabin intended to convey throughout the work, such as "mystérieusement sonore" (mysteriously sonorous), or "avec une sombre majesté" (with a dark majesty). Like the sixth, the seventh sonata is full of violent contrasts, complex counterpoint, advanced tritonal harmonies, and rippling, incandescent arpeggios. The theme marked "avec une céleste volupté" (with a heavenly voluptuousness) melodically presents a harmony that recurs throughout the sonata. Another recurring harmony is presented by the theme marked "étincelant" (sparkling). Passages throughout the sonata imitate lightning, clouds of perfume, and distant bells. The chords imitating the ringing of bells were a favourite of Scriabin's, and they provide another harmony that recurs throughout the work (two minor thirds separated by a minor sixth). According to Leonid Sabaneyev, when Scriabin himself played these chords, the ringing sounded from near and afar at the same time; a part of them sounded very real, while another sounded like an echo. There is also a significant five-octave arpeggiated chord at the end, representing a flash of blinding light. The music that follows surges upward in register until the end of the sonata where it dissipates, representing "enervation and nonexistence after the act of love."

Performance history
The White Mass sonata is one of Scriabin's most advanced works. Notable Scriabin masters such as Vladimir Horowitz and Vladimir Sofronitsky did not play or record the piece. However, Sviatoslav Richter performed it a number of times throughout his career, and played it on tours as late as 1994.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Piano Sonata No. 7 (Scriabin)


text:
Talk:Television broadcaster

Help Please
I need to know whether or not the BBC should be in the "Global" section. Please respond. Thank you!FOPFan300 22:17, 19 October 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fairlyoddparents1234 (talk • contribs)
 * It seems that the descriptions given for BBC in the Global and Europe sections make sense. What change(s) are you proposing? DaffyBridge (talk) 22:22, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Massive problems
Please see my comments in Talk:Lists of television channels if you are interested in standardizing the various television station/channel pages.- dcljr 02:45, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Infoboxes?
It seems that someone has been adding infoboxes to various network pages (see Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:TV_Network). Putting aside the sometimes inconsistent information that the user (or users) has put in - it can, of course, be fixed - I feel obliged to ask if television networks should be given infoboxes. I'm not saying there's anything wrong with it, but they haven't been used in the past, and would they really contribute to the article? - Stickguy 04:05, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, it seems pretty clear that no one hates them, so I'm going to produce a revised version and perhaps eventually replace the old one where it appears. Stickguy 03:38, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It doesn't make sense to include Channel in the infobox... this is pretty much guaranteed to be different for everyone. Location is also dubious. I would suggest perhaps something to distinguish primary availability through US Broadcast, US Cable, DirecTV and Dish Satellite, and whatever other international options (I'm a 'merkin so I don't even know how TV works in those other countries). Actually, almost everything in that infobox is bugging me, I would recommend ditching all the info and putting in Geographical Coverage Area and perhaps # of subscribers/viewers. I'll think about this some more. -Kwh 07:00, August 7, 2005 (UTC)

I was wondering, and have wondered for a long time, whether networks pay the stations to air their programs or whether affiliates pay the networks for their programming. Can anybody answer this? Thanks!

Local and network News
Do the major American tv networks have any editorial say over local affiliates' news? Many affiliates use the network logos with their own local news programmes, so I thought this was worth asking.. Thanks! 80.203.47.202 20:19, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I see that it has been suggested that Television channel and this article be merged together. Discuss here or at Talk:Television channel --Jerome Potts (talk) 23:28, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Needs explanation
I came to this article for an explanation of the American English term 'network television'. I often here Americans and American media talk about network television but for non-Americans we have no idea what that means. We have TV channels and that's it. As far as we are concerned a TV channel is the same as a TV network and the same as a TV station. What is the difference and why doesn't the article tell us? I originally thought that 'network television' refered to terrestrial TV (as opposed to satellite, cable or Internet TV). Then I thought that it may refer only to nationwide TV (as opposed to local and regional TV). I have no idea. Someone please improve this article. --217.202.96.102 (talk) 22:47, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, the article discusses only networks and their stations and not the opposite which is Independent station (North America). Jim.henderson (talk) 14:25, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with (217.202.96.102). The article is already tagged as focusing on the US too much, or rather, not making clear that TV "networks" are a US phenomenon (as far as I know) and that the situation elsewhere is completely different.
 * I'm from Germany and (during my stays in the US) was confused with my encounters with "callsigns" that oddly all seem to begin with "W" or "K", a huge amount (literally hundreds, apparently) of local stations that somehow "carry" the programming of the stations (or whatever the correct term is, "network" I guess, or "flagship station" or something) that I had heard of (e.g. NBC, Fox and ABC), as well as odd rebroadcasts and other things that I didn't understand ;-)
 * It may seem completely obvious and self-explanatory to Americans, but we Europeans here would appreciate some very basic explanation. My understanding is that the network system exists pretty much for historic reasons - back in the day it wasn't possible to broadcast a single station/channel/network (whatever it is) thru the entire States (due to its size) - as well as some kind of law. It's all pretty unclear to me...
 * So anyway, just in case anyone is curious what the situation is like in Germany (and Europe in general): We don't differentiate between network, station, channel, or anything like that - I'll use "channel". All of our channels (ARD, ZDF, Sat 1, Pro 7...) are exactly the same, no matter where you watch them. They originate at the channels' headquarters and get distributed by various technical means (I'm not an expert, but cable, satellites, and airwaves are involved ;-)). That's it. Much simpler right? ;-) Okay, I'll admit there are in fact regional channels, but they are "original" -- simply channels that are not available throughout Germany.

Hope someone was interested in this ;-) 87.78.86.202 (talk) 12:43, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's pretty accurate. W is normally for local stations east of the Mississippi, and K for stations west of the Mississippi (a few exceptions to this rule were made during the early years of TV and radio). Local stations in the early days were mostly small, independent companies that couldn't afford to produce all their own programs, so the idea of the network was born: a signal would be sent from one station to the next, and each station would air the same program to its audience in that area. This saved local stations the expense of producing their own programs. Back then, the federal government limited the number of local stations that any company could own, to no more than seven local stations. If a company wanted to get their signal sent beyond their seven stations (and thus make more money through a bigger advertising pool), they had to make an affiliation agreement with local station owners, who would agree to carry the signal. Some local stations remained independent, choosing not to carry network programs. The idea of a network started in radio, and later moved to television. Most programming originated from New York (later Los Angeles), piped through AT&T's coaxial cable network from station to station in what became four large TV networks stretching from coast to coast. Federal regulations, fierce competition among networks, and economic obstacles reduced the number of networks to three, and the modern era of television was born. Modern network TV is indeed mainly a relic of this system. The addition of cable and satellite complicates things somewhat. How can these facts be made more clear in this article? I'm willing to try. Firsfron of Ronchester  14:36, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm still confused. This article needs to be rewritten by a non-North American who knows what (s)he's talking about.  I just looked at the article on Fox Broadcasting and it says that they "broadcast 19.5 hours of programmes a week".  In Britain or elsewhere in Europe that would not make sense.  19.5 hours per day maybe but a week?  Am I right to assume that the "network" (Fox, NBC, etc.) make the programmes (or buy them from some studio or whatever) and then they "sell" them to TV channels?  Do these channels have to buy all of the Fox stuff or just what they want?  Is there actually any channel in the USA therefore called "Fox", "NBC" or whatever?  For most people in the rest of the world we're familiar with US TV only through the good and shit programmes that our TV channels buy (Lost, Walking Dead, etc.) and through US channels which we get on Satellite TV (Discovery, National Geographic) but am I right in thinking that they're just "channels" and not "networks"?  In the UK the situation is quite simple - there are TV channels (BBC One, ITV, Sky One) and they make or pay other companies to make programmes for them or they buy them from overseas companies like Fox et all then they broadcast them.  Simple as that.  Someone please rescue  this article.--85.94.113.121 (talk) 21:51, 29 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, a network like Fox or NBC makes the programs (or contracts a studio to make them for them), but they don't sell them to TV stations. A local TV station agrees to air them in exchange for a part of the advertising profits. The local station agrees to air nearly all of the network's schedule, but sometimes a local station may refuse to air a network show (for all sorts of reasons). The network is limited by government rules in the amount of programming it can provide, so some of a local station's programs have to be obtained in other ways: local creation, or off-network syndication. The networks retain flagship stations (branded with call signs like KNBC and WNBC, WABC and KABC, etc) in some of the largest cities, which air the network's programs, but most of a network's local stations are independently-owned, because of a rule established back in the 1940s that a network could only own seven local stations. Yes, cable channels aren't networks: they don't need affiliates or call signs to be piped into people's living rooms: their signals are sent from a station through a coaxial cable (or, more recently, satellite) into homes. I might try to reword some of this article soon, hopefully clarifying some things. Firsfron of Ronchester  14:45, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Well the UK has its own nightmare to explain in the form of ITV. That was originally a series of companies operating in different regions (each would bid for the franchise for that region at intervals), with some nation wide content centrally generated (mainly national news and later breakfast television). Individual regional companies would either make their own programmes or commission them from independent companies or buy existing content. They would offer each other their programmes as well so shows could generate larger income and also get a national presence but it still worked on regional companies opting in rather than opting out of a national feed (with the notable exception of national news which was imposed from above with no opt out; a constant source of frustration to programme schedulers) and you could find the same programmes going out at totally different times of the week depending on where in the country you were.

Over time though more and more shows went out at the same time nationwide and there was a concious move amongst the stations to co-ordinate in ratings wars against the BBC and also to get more coverage in the national press. The term "network" has often been used in relation to ITV to describe such national scheduling. In recent years, however, a series of mergers has resulted in 11 of the 15 companies & franchises coming under the same roof of ITV plc and regional variations are largely confined to a ) regional news & special interest shows in fixed slots; and b ) the 4 companies covering the Channel Islands, Northern Ireland and most of Scotland are separate (although the two main Scottish ones have had their own merger) and do often make their own programming choices - UTV and STV maintain their own onscreen brand identities on the main channels, though I think for the digital ITV2, ITV3 and ITV4 channels they just opt to take the same feed as the rest of the UK. Timrollpickering (talk) 14:03, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Need for central organisation of these topics
Reading some of the comments here, and looking around current content, I've come to the conclusion that we need some central organisation of these topics, so I've suggested a new project/page/whatever be created to sort it all out. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television - IMSoP (talk) 02:21, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

What's the technology
I see one thing lacking in this article: a section detailing how current networks operate, that is, how the programming is transmitted across the network. The most recent system mentioned is Microwave radio relay; is this what the major networks continue to use? 69.221.153.56 (talk) 02:59, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

What is a "major network"?
Lots of articles use this phrase, "major network", but what does it mean? If you were to link those words, which article would it go to? This one? This one? — PhilHibbs | talk 09:48, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Don’t cancel the Chee
Don’t cancel the Chew Donna weeks (talk) 17:15, 14 June 2018 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Formal request has been received for merging as follows: Reason: ''I propose a merger of Television Station (9k), Television Channel (9k) and Television Network (40k) in a page called Television Broadcasting (currently a redirect of Broadcasting). This will line-up to existing Radio Broadcasting which redirects its similar meaning terms, for example Radio Station. Most content on some of these three articles are unsourced and do not help reflect differing meanings across countries. On the Television Broadcasting I would use Group, affiliate/local/regional and brand as headers to clear up confusion caused by differing meanings of current three articles. User:Chocolateediter. 3 October 2020.'' Discuss below. GenQuest "Talk to Me" 07:10, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Seems reasonable on the face of it; there's a lot of overlap in the terms once you account for US vs UK, for analogue terrestrial vs cable vs digital, and so on. The risk is that the resulting article might be quite lengthy, and need splitting along different lines. Perhaps it's worth starting a draft to see what the structure could look like. - IMSoP (talk) 10:04, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: The resultant article would be less than 60K in length. GenQuest  "Talk to Me" 11:13, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

My draft is below: I’ll add references later. I am planning on taking broadcast systems from TV article. TV networks can move to Television Networks in the United States & Television Stations/ channel can be merged into article I am proposing both the latter basically explain the same and tv networks does a bit but mainly is US orientated.

user:Chocolateediter/sandbox Chocolateediter (talk) 19:27, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Television broadcaster


text:
Piano Sonata No. 8 (Scriabin)

The Piano Sonata No. 8, Op. 66, by Alexander Scriabin, was composed between 1912 and 1913. As one of Scriabin's late piano sonatas, the eighth sonata features non-tertian harmony, though is arguably less dissonant than some of his other late works. Like Scriabin's other late piano sonatas, the eighth sonata reflects the composer's mystical interests. Scriabin saw some parts of this sonata, which, like the sixth sonata, he never performed in public, as "the most tragic episode of my creative work".

Structure and content
The eighth sonata consists of a single movement, and performances range from 10 minutes (Michael Ponti) to 18 1/2 minutes (Vladimir Stoupel).

 * 1) Lento - Allegro agitato

This work is regarded as one of Scriabin's most difficult pieces. It is the longest of Scriabin's sonatas by pages, and many passages are written on three and four staves to a system, as opposed to the typical two staves, to accommodate the complex counterpoint and large intervallic spaces. The character of the eighth sonata is perhaps consciously less extreme than that of the Sixth and Seventh, with fewer aggressive dissonances than the former and climaxes that do not explode with the extreme reckless energy of the latter.

The eighth sonata begins with almost disquieting placidity as a series of muted bell-like chords are sounded. This languid episode deciduates quite quickly into passages of agitated energy. There are none of the characteristic instructions common in Scriabin's other late sonatas. The furthest he goes is the word "Tragique" to indicate moments of distressed apathy and futility. In other respects, this is one of Scriabin's more formally experimental sonatas. It is rather episodic, with passages appearing at times to be sewn together almost arbitrarily, like the "presto" section which begins with staccato chords 'bouncing away' from the previous theme. There are definite moments of serenity (indeed this is the prevailing mood of the sonata), but a large portion of the music seems urgent and fervid. The composer Boris Asafiev argued that the themes in the piece represent natural elements

Like his sixth sonata, Scriabin never performed this sonata in public. He considered parts of it "the most tragic episode of my creative work", and described its harmony as "drawn from nature, as if it had existed before". Stravinsky described the piece as "incomparable."

title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Scriabin)


text:
Talk:Janet Murray

Position at MIT
To the best of my knowledge, Janet Murray was not a professor at MIT before taking a faculty position at Georgia Tech.

Nowhere does anyone say that she was ever a professor at MIT, only that she 'taught humanities' there. Additionally, official MIT publications refer to her as "Dr. Murray", not "Professor Murray".

Excerpts of her biography on the inside cover of Hamlet in the Holodeck:

"Janet H. Murray is Senior Research Scientist in the Center for Educational Computing Initiatives at MIT. She holds a Ph.D in English from Harvard and teaches interactive fiction writing in MIT's Film and Media Studies Program."

"She has taught humanities at MIT since 1971, and she served from 1992 to 1996 as the founding director of the Laboratory for Advanced Technology in the Humanities."

From her homepage:

"She holds a Ph.D. in English from Harvard University, and before coming to Georgia Tech in 1999 taught humanities and led advanced interactive design projects at MIT."

From the 1994-1995 Reports to the President: "Dr. Janet Murray (Senior Research Scientist), Gilberte Furstenberg (Senior Lecturer in French), Douglas Morgenstern (Senior Lecturer in Spanish), and Professor Suzanne Flynn (who specializes in Linguistics and English as a Second Language), all from the Foreign Languages and Literature Section, and former CECI staff members Evelyn Schlusselberg and Ben Davis developed these applications. Much of this research continues in the Laboratory for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, a research group under the direction of Dr. Murray that is affiliated with CECI."

From the 1998-1999 Reports to the President: "CECI offered two short courses: the first, offered by Dr. Jud Harward and Prof. Steven Lerman focused on the Java Programming Language; the second course, offered by Dr. Janet Murray, was on The Design Of Interactive Software Applications."

"Dr. Janet Murray, a Senior Research Scientist at CECI, will leave MIT this summer to take a senior faculty position at Georgia Tech. Her expertise in the area of interactive design and her close ties to the School of Humanities will leave a considerable gap in CECI's staff. She will hold an MIT appointment as Visting Scholar."

 * Crap. You're right. I was stupidly confusing her PhD in English with her department at MIT when I first wrote the article, and then just assumed I was right later on. Good catch, sorry to revert you. Snowspinner 03:35, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)

Murray corrects own article
I have revised this page about myself to more accurately summarize my book and the response to it. On my first try I appended my changes but this time I got it right and replaced the previous entry with this partial rewrite. It is odd to come across an encyclopedia entry to oneself and hard to judge what is appropriate to say. I did want the key arguments of the book to be clearly stated, and I thought the original longer critique of the book was too vague to engage, especially in a biographical entry. I added a reference to second public discourse about the book (Sven Birkerts debate with me, on http://hotwired.com) in addition to the ludologists and I pointed to a key source for the ludologist use of the book in the first issue of Game Studies (http://www.gamestudies.org ). I meant to be neutral and non-self-promoting and I hope I succeeded. THanks to Snowspinner for including me. I'm glad to see a section on digital media criticism. I think it will be quite useful. Janet Murray April 21 2005.

 * The link to the Birkerts debate no longer works. I have been unable to find this debate anywhere else on the web, only snippets in caches and references to it.

Grammatical Errors
Going through your article I found a few minor literary errors. First of all, you stated in the introduction that the "New Media Reader" is "...an anthology of articles on the new media which Janet was the first of the two introduction in the book..." I believe what you meant to state is "...Janet was the first of the two introduction[s] in the book..." Also, towards the end of this section you revealed, "...Murray also has an active role in developing two new degree programs at Georgia Tech which was launched in 2004." I feel that the proper phrasing reads, "...two new degree programs at Georgia Tech which [were] launched in 2004." RazorXX8 (talk) 03:59, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Photo
A bio photo is needed. Accosta2, are you out there? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xmarkmanx (talk • contribs) 10:15, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

There is a photo of herself on her website (http://www.lcc.gatech.edu/~murray/jhm05.jpg). Is it OK to use that? --Jogjayr (talk) 23:32, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Clarification About The Four Properties
I believe it is important to clarify some information about Murray's four properties (procedural, participatory, encyclopedic, and spatial).

Currently, regarding these properties, the article only elaborates on the encyclopedic property, saying that it has "the most significance in influence" among the four.

From the same reference (page 6 of The New Media Reader), I found that:

- The encyclopedic property is the most "obvious".

- The procedural and participatory properties are the most "fundamental".

Additionally, in another reference (page 274 of Murray's book, Hamlet on he Holodeck), it says that:

- The procedural property is the most "important".

(Full quote: "The most important element the new medium adds to our repertoire of representational powers is its procedural nature, its ability to capture experience as systems of interrelated actions.")

I think the article should reflect this fundamental information.

(This is the first time I contribute to an article on wikipedia. I wasn't sure if I should suggest the edit directly on the article, so I decided to propose this here in the Talk page instead. I made my best to follow the guidelines and keep a clear formatting. If I made any mistakes, please let me know.)

Maquinacriadora (talk) 10:02, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Janet Murray


text:
Talk:Shane Gould

Incorrect claim
The article says Shane Gould is the only ......swimmer ever to win three Olympic gold medals in world record time. Not so, Mark Spitz won at east seven golds in world record time. Perhaps the word female should qualify swimmer. Anyone know? Moriori 03:05, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right, I was misinformed. I've changed the page as per your suggestion. Ianbrown 09:39, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Kornelia Ender article says that she set WRs in four events. If it is correct, it is not unique for female swimmers either. Tintin (talk) 02:41, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Schools
Shane Gould attended North Ryde High School for one year just prior to the Munich Olympics, so she could learn some German Language. I know this because I was in that German class. North Ryde High School was demolished some years ago. I do not know if the schools records have survived. Who knows. I tried to input this to the article but it was immediately deleted, but I know it is true because I was there. On returning from the Olympic Games the whole school gave a big cheer for Shane. She was without a doubt the schools most noteable student. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.101.81.78 (talk) 04:57, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 04:22, 28 August 2007 (UTC) Hi, My name is Dean Read.My family lived in Nadi, from 1959-1963.My brother and sister also attended Nadi Airport Public School. My sister and eldest brother were swimming and diving champions.It would have to be the most amazing period of my life, something i will never forget.I would imagine Shane would have had an amazing time living there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.177.218.51 (talk) 01:22, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Shane Gould. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110408193030/http://www.shanegould.com.au/pages.asp?code=10 to http://www.shanegould.com.au/pages.asp?code=10

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Additional record
Shane Gould is also the only swimmer to medal in all available freestyle Olympic events at the one Games, and similarly the only person to medal in 100-200-400-800 freestyle.

She is the only person, male or female, to hold every world freestyle record
The article currently reads:

"She is the only person, male or female, to hold every world freestyle record from 100 metres to 1500 metres and the 200-metre individual medley world record simultaneously, which she did from 12 December 1971 to 1 September 1972. "

Which is at best confusing compared to, say, Lorraine Crapp's record:

" In 1956, Crapp broke 17 world records and by the end of the year she was the world record holder for 110 yards, 200 m, 400 m and 880 yards. She was the first Australian swimmer, male or female, to hold world records in all freestyle distances at the same time. "

Is it the addition of the 200 IM that makes Shane's unique, or is the claim in Crapp's article overly broad (because of the distinction between yards and meters, yet it says "all freestyle distances"??)?

I think perhaps both could be better worded, but I haven't checked all the tables to work out the precise claim for each. Perhaps someone else can provide some clarity.

Quarrel (talk) 15:14, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

Shane Gould Olympic Medals - What Events?
The wiki entry says how many medals Shane won at the olympics but does not specify what events they were won in ? 175.32.249.238 (talk) 08:34, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shane Gould


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Removed/Summary

'''Note: this page is updated infrequently. This is a list as of August 4, 2005.'''

The following is a list of articles that didn't gain enough support to become the Collaboration of the week (not including nominations that were removed because they don't meet the criteria, such as articles that are clearly not stubs).

This doesn't mean they are uninteresting or not worth expanding! It simply means that the majority of CotW contributors found a more interesting article for that week. Many of these articles have gone on to grow without the help of CotW. Indeed, Abbey Theatre and Attila the Hun are both now featured articles. However, some of these remain stubs that need help, and are possible candidates to list on Requests for expansion and/or Template:Opentask.

Articles with 10 or more votes are shown in bold.

0-9

 * 1931 Huang He flood (4 votes)
 * 1970 Bhola cyclone (14 votes)
 * 2004 Summer Paralympics (47 votes)
 * 442nd Regimental Combat Team (6 votes)
 * 99 Luftballons (6 votes)

A

 * Abbey Theatre (4 votes)
 * Abdul Rahman bin Faisal (2 votes)
 * Academic dishonesty (8 votes)
 * Accompaniment (4 votes)
 * Advaita Vedanta (1 vote)
 * Aerobic exercise (2 votes)
 * AFL-CIO (19 votes)
 * AFL-CIO (6 votes) - Second nomination
 * African American literature (7 votes)
 * African culture (7 votes)
 * African cuisine (7 votes)
 * Afro (9 votes)
 * Afrosoricida (1 vote)
 * Age of Discovery (7 votes)
 * Age of Sale (3 votes)
 * Airbase (2 votes)
 * Al Jarreau (3 votes)
 * Alan Keyes (1 vote)
 * Album cover art (4 votes)
 * American comic book (5 votes)
 * American Industrial Revolution (3 votes)
 * American Old West (14 votes)
 * American Old West (14 votes) - Second nomination
 * American Old West (7 votes) - Third nomination
 * Amesterdam (1 vote)
 * Amusement Ride (2 votes)
 * Anti-imperialism (13 votes)
 * Ancient Egypt (21 votes) -2nd nomination
 * Ancient history (6 votes)
 * Ancient Mesopotamia (14 votes)
 * Anti-Masonic Movement (2 votes)
 * Antique (5 votes)
 * Arabic literature (12 votes)
 * Arctic (7 votes)
 * Arithmetic logic unit (6 votes)
 * Art (7 votes)
 * Art history (11 votes)
 * Art theft (15 votes)
 * Artificial island (13 votes)
 * Artificial limb (8 votes)
 * Apistogramma (1 vote)
 * Apparition (1 vote)
 * Atomic Age (11 votes)
 * Attila the Hun (31 votes)
 * Automotive industry (6 votes)
 * Acholi language (4 votes)

B

 * Baby boomer (4 votes)
 * Baby shower (2 votes)
 * Babylonia (11 votes)
 * Babylonia (19 votes) - 2nd nomination
 * Balkans Campaign (12 votes)
 * Balkans Campaign (8 votes)- 2nd nomination
 * Ballet (11 votes)
 * Ballpoint (1 withdrawn vote)
 * Balneology (2 votes)
 * Baluchitherium (7 votes)
 * Basque Country (7 votes)
 * Basque nationalism (6 votes)
 * Battle of Bastogne (6 votes)
 * Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) (1 vote)
 * Battle of the Little Bighorn (1 vote)
 * Beverage Can (1 vote)
 * Bhairava (2 votes)
 * Bill (proposed law) (4 votes)
 * Blockade (5 votes)
 * Blood sugar (4 votes)
 * Bloomberg Tower (1 vote)
 * Bob Matsui (11 votes)
 * Border dispute (3 votes)
 * Brain Implant (1 vote)
 * Brazilian Navy (3 votes)
 * Brazilian Tapir (6 votes)
 * British military history (18 votes)
 * British rock (8 votes)
 * Buddhist mythology (8 votes)
 * Buffet (7 votes)
 * Business (3 votes)
 * Butterman (1 vote)

C

 * Camera (4 votes)
 * Candidate (1 vote)
 * Canterbury, England (4 votes)
 * Cape Frontier Wars (9 votes)
 * Capital punishment in China (12 votes)
 * Carpet (3 votes)
 * Carpet (10 votes) - Second nomination
 * Career college (1 vote)
 * Caribbean Sea (23 votes)
 * Carson Daly (1 vote)
 * Cartoon character (8 votes)
 * Cat breed (4 votes)
 * Cenepa War (1 vote)
 * Censorship of music (4 votes)
 * César Chávez (13 votes)
 * Chain letter (14 votes)
 * Chang'an (6 votes)
 * Chicken nugget (1 vote)
 * Christian art (2 votes)
 * Christmas (1 vote)
 * Civil liberties (14 votes)
 * Civil rights (24 votes)
 * Civil rights (1 vote)-Second Nomination
 * Civil rights history (8 votes)
 * Civil war (20 votes)
 * Civilian control of the military (1 vote)
 * Clothing in Africa (5 votes)
 * Coastal Plain (2 votes)
 * Cockroach (9 votes)
 * Cocoa butter (6 votes)
 * Color photography (5 votes)
 * Comedy film (9 votes)
 * Comedy film (5 votes) - Second nomination
 * Comedy film (6 votes) - Third nomination
 * Commentator (3 votes)
 * Commerce (8 votes)
 * Commerce (1 vote) - Second nomination
 * Communication (2 votes)
 * Communications (1 vote)
 * Computer network (7 votes)
 * Conceptual blending (4 votes)
 * Conceptual blending (1 vote) - Second nomination
 * Contemporary art (11 votes)
 * Confederate States Army (3 votes)
 * Confederate States Army (6 votes) - Second nomination
 * Confederate States Navy (11 votes)
 * Congo Basin (14 votes)
 * Congo River Basin (2 votes)
 * Consequences of the Rwandan Genocide (8 votes)
 * Constitution Party (United States) (3 votes)
 * Consumer goods (2 votes)
 * Cooking pot (3 votes)
 * Copyright Act of 1976 (7 votes)
 * Coquitlam, British Columbia (2 votes)
 * Cornelius Cardew (1 vote)
 * Cornelius_Lanczos (2 votes)
 * Cossack (7 votes)
 * Courts of the United Kingdom (1 vote)
 * Cradle of Civilization (2 votes)
 * Crime scene (4 votes)
 * Criminalistics (1 vote)
 * Cryosurgery (1 vote)
 * Culture of Afghanistan (4 votes)
 * Culture of Africa (10 votes)
 * Culture of Asia (1 vote)
 * Culture of Brittany (2 votes)
 * Culture of Cambodia (9 votes)
 * Culture of China (2 votes)
 * Culture of Earth (2 votes)
 * Culture of England (8 votes)
 * Culture of Europe (1 vote)
 * Culture of Germany (14 votes)
 * Culture of Hungary (8 votes)
 * Culture of Hungary (2 votes) - Second nomination
 * Culture of Iraq (13 votes)
 * Culture of Oceania (4 votes)
 * Culture of Poland (8 votes)
 * Culture of Poland (6 votes) - Second nomination
 * Culture of Russia (34 votes)
 * Culture of Russia (12 votes) -Second nomination
 * Culture of Russia (8 votes)-Third nomination
 * Culture of Scotland (6 votes)
 * Culture of South America (4 votes)
 * Culture of the Vatican City (3 votes)
 * Cultural history of the United States (8 votes)
 * Cultural history of war (2 votes)
 * Cultural impact of World War I (14 votes)

D

 * Dairy Milk (chocolate) (5 votes)
 * Dakar (3 votes)
 * Dance (1 vote)
 * Dan Gable (3 votes)
 * Darwin -- Wedgwood family (2 votes)
 * Dazed and Confused Drinking Game (2 votes)
 * Deccan language (2 votes)
 * Defense (military) (2 votes)
 * Definitions of capitalism (3 votes)
 * Deconstructivism (4 votes)
 * Democracy in the Middle East (3 votes)
 * Denim (9 votes)
 * Dentures (4 votes)
 * Depth (9 votes)
 * Desktop computer (1 vote)
 * Diet Pepsi (3 votes)
 * The Divine Comed (1 vote)
 * Doctor Who (1 vote)
 * Doctor Zhivago (18 votes)
 * Drama (13 votes)
 * Drama (7 votes) - Second nomination
 * Durm (7 votes)
 * Dry-stone wall (1 withdrawn vote)
 * Duck and Cover (film) (1 vote)
 * Duet (3 votes)
 * Duo (3 votes)
 * Durex (2 votes)
 * Dysentery (1 vote)

E

 * East European Plain (1 vote)
 * East Asia (6 votes)
 * Eastern Europe (12 voted)
 * Early 2000s recession (4 votes)
 * Economy of Asia (13 votes)
 * Economy of England (2 votes)
 * Economy of Europe (12 votes)
 * Economy of Europe (11 votes) - Second nomination
 * Embargo (1 vote)
 * Embryo (5 votes)
 * Empire Windrush (5 votes)
 * Employee benefits (4 votes)
 * Energy consumption (2 votes)
 * English Wikipedia (4 votes)
 * Environmental movement (4 votes)
 * Environmental basis for sexual orientation (11 votes)
 * Erik Erikson (1 vote)
 * Erwin Rommel (2 votes)
 * Esoteric knowledge (4 votes)
 * Estate in land (3 votes)
 * Eugene Onegin (6 votes)
 * European olive (2 votes)
 * European Union (1 vote)
 * European Union Arms Embargo on China (5 votes}
 * Execution (legal) (8 votes)
 * Express mail (3 votes)
 * Extinction (29 votes)
 * Evil genius (7 votes)
 * Eye, Human eye (17 votes)

F

 * Face (4 votes)
 * Facial symmetry (3 votes)
 * Fandom (4 votes)
 * Fathers Day (2 votes)
 * Far Eastern University (1 vote)
 * Fiat (1 vote)
 * Film industry (4 votes)
 * First Taiwan Strait Crisis (4 votes)
 * Fish reproduction (1 vote)
 * Flavouring (1 vote)
 * Flinders Petrie (1 vote)
 * Folding clothes (6 votes)
 * Forensics/Forensic evidence (3 votes)
 * Fourth Generation War (6 votes)
 * Frank Frazetta (3 votes)
 * Friedrich Engels (3 votes)
 * Friendship (2 votes)
 * Fudge (candy) (7 votes)
 * Furniture (3 votes)
 * Furniture (7 votes) - Second nomination

G

 * Ganbare Goemon (1 vote)
 * Gang (17 votes)
 * Garífunas (4 votes)
 * Gay shame (3 votes)
 * Gated community (8 votes)
 * Gentlemen's club (3 votes)
 * Geography of Asia (14 votes)
 * Geography of Brazil (1 vote)
 * Geography of Mexico (6 votes)
 * Geography of Spain (7 votes)
 * Geology of the Moon (7 votes)
 * German minority in Russia and Soviet Union (1 vote)
 * Girl Hero (1 vote)
 * Godzilla (1998 film) (1 vote)
 * Gold standard (test) (2 votes)
 * Goods and Services Tax (Australia) (3 votes)
 * Grasshopper (1 vote)
 * Great Lakes Storm of 1913 (1 vote)
 * Great Sedition Trial (2 votes)
 * Greco-Persian Wars (1 vote)
 * Green Berets (1 vote)
 * Greenland Sea (2 votes)
 * Grozny (6 votes)
 * Gym (2 votes)

H

 * H5N1 (2 votes)
 * Hala'ib Triangle (2 votes)
 * Hard hat (4 votes)
 * Harissa (2 votes)
 * Hatch Act of 1939 (3 votes)
 * Haute couture (1 vote)
 * Havana (13 votes)
 * Havana (7 votes) -Second nomination
 * Health (1 vote)
 * Hearing (law) (2 votes)
 * Heineken (2 votes)
 * Hemicorporectomy (4 votes)
 * Henry Fonda (8 votes)
 * Heraldry (1 vote)
 * Hieroglyph (1 vote)
 * Heredity (12 votes)
 * History of art (16 votes)
 * History of art (9 votes) - Second nomination
 * History of Asia (22 votes)
 * History of Asia (8 votes) - Second nomination
 * History of Australia (12 votes)
 * History of the automobile (5 votes)
 * History of backpack design (1 vote)
 * History of bombs (1 vote)
 * History of democracy (12 votes)
 * History of education (13 votes)
 * History of Greece (7 votes)
 * History of history (1 vote)
 * History of Italy (11 votes)
 * History of Jews in the United States (20th Century) (3 votes)
 * History of Latin America (3 votes)
 * History of literature (3 votes)
 * History of painting (12 votes)
 * History of painting (8 votes) - Second nomination
 * History of philosophy (5 votes)
 * History of philosophy (7 votes) - Second nomination
 * History of Quebec City (1 vote)
 * History of religion (4 votes)
 * History of the Ryukyu Kingdom (1 vote)
 * History of Southeast Asia (4 votes)
 * History of sculpture (2 votes)
 * History of technology (12 votes)
 * History of tecnology (2 votes) - Second nomination
 * History of the Mediterranean (4 votes)
 * History of Wales (1 vote)
 * History of warfare (9 votes)
 * Holodomor (6 votes)
 * Home (4 votes)
 * Home appliance (2 votes)
 * Honduras (3 votes)
 * Hostage (3 votes)
 * Horseback riding (5 votes)
 * Hostage (3 votes)
 * Hula (9 votes)
 * Human (3 votes)
 * Human embryo(2 votes)
 * Human physiology ( 5 votes)
 * Human rights in Iran (3 votes)
 * Human rights in Myanmar (11 votes}

I

 * ICQ (6 votes)
 * Icon painting (4 votes)
 * Iguanodon (16 votes)
 * Imperial Seal (3 votes)
 * Implications of Hubbert Peak (5 votes)
 * Improvised explosive device (3 votes)
 * Inauguration Day (2 votes)
 * Independence (1 vote)
 * Independence (6 votes)-2nd nomination
 * Independence Day (US) (4 votes)
 * Independence movement of Ryukyu (1 vote)
 * Indian reservation (34 votes)
 * Indo-Pakistani Wars (6 votes)
 * Industrialisation (3 votes)
 * Information Age (9 votes)
 * Information age (11 votes) - Second nomination
 * Information transfer (1 vote)
 * Infraction (1 vote)
 * Intelligentsia (2 votes)
 * Interwar period (15 votes)
 * International Labour Organization (14 votes)
 * International Obfuscated C Code Contest (4 votes)
 * Interpreting (14 votes)
 * Iraq (1 vote)
 * Ironworks (3 votes)
 * It's a Royal Knockout (4 votes)

J

 * J. R. Bob Dobbs (2 votes)
 * Jeff Koons (1 vote)
 * Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1 vote)
 * Jimbo Wales (2 votes)
 * John Wayne Bobbitt (1 vote)
 * Job security (7 votes)
 * Joseph Cotten (1 vote)
 * Journalism (3 votes)
 * Jousting (16 votes)
 * Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 (2 votes)
 * Junk mail (21 votes)
 * Jungle (10 votes)

K

 * Kayaking (1 vote)
 * King Cotten (2 votes)
 * Konbaung Dynasty (1 vote)
 * Korean literature (4 votes)
 * Knesset (7 votes)
 * K'nex (9 votes)
 * Kwanzaa (2 votes)

L

 * Lake (11 votes)
 * Late Middle Ages (14 votes)
 * Learning (3 votes)
 * Learning styles (8 votes)
 * Lebanese Civil War (13 votes)
 * Left Opposition (6 votes)
 * Lemon (3 votes)
 * Lewis Libby (2 votes)
 * Library(3 votes)
 * List of Internet stations (1 vote)
 * List of people and nation stereotypes (1 vote)
 * Little Rock Crisis (7 votes)
 * Logic (2 votes)
 * Love letter (9 votes)
 * Loving (TV series) (3 votes)

M

 * Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (3 votes)
 * Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (2 votes)
 * Mali (18 votes)
 * Manual labor (2 votes)
 * March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (4 votes)
 * Marie Taglioni (2 votes)
 * Mario Lionza (1 vote)
 * Maxim Gorky (2 votes)
 * Mechanised agriculture (6 votes)
 * Mediaeval Britain (27 votes)
 * Media industry (1 vote)
 * Mediterranean (6 votes)
 * Mercury Theatre (3 votes)
 * Metaphysical objectivism (1 vote)
 * Methyl red (1 vote)
 * Midtown (Manhattan) (2 votes)
 * Mike Bongiorno (1 vote)
 * Military (7 votes)
 * Military history (2 votes)
 * Military history of European toilet paper holder (1 vote)
 * Military history of Japan (1 vote)
 * Military history of Korea (7 votes)
 * Military history of Wales (6 votes)
 * Military service (2 votes)
 * MOBO Awards (1 vote)
 * Model car (2 votes)
 * Modern France (3 votes)
 * Modernization (2 votes)
 * Modern literature (7 votes)
 * Mo Mowlam (1 vote)
 * Monrovia (6 votes)
 * Monte Carlo (1 vote)
 * Montevideo(7 votes)
 * Mooning (2 votes)
 * Morgellons (1 vote)
 * Mosh (music video) (1 vote)
 * Music production (3 votes)
 * Mozambique (9 votes)
 * Music theory (9 votes)
 * Mystery film (2 votes)

N

 * Narratology (5 votes)
 * National Socialist Party of America (1 vote)
 * Natural environment (3 votes)
 * Navy (4 votes)
 * Nepal Civil War (3 votes)
 * Netball (6 votes)
 * Nobel Prize in Literature (11 votes)'''
 * Nonintervention (3 votes)
 * Norman Borlaug (14 votes)
 * Northern Ireland naming dispute (1 vote)
 * No Taxation Without Representation (1 vote)
 * Non-Aligned Movement (18 votes)
 * Non-fiction (12 votes)
 * Nuclear Engineering (4 votes)

O

 * Obstetric ultrasonography (2 votes)
 * Ogaden War (2 votes)
 * Odwalla (1 vote)
 * Olympic mascots (7 votes)
 * Omelette (4 votes)
 * Open space (6 votes)
 * Operation Pierce Arrow (4 votes)
 * Orange juice (3 votes)
 * Ostalgie (4 votes)
 * Ottmar Mergenthaler (2 votes)
 * Outline (2 votes)

P

 * Palace of the Vatican (6 votes)
 * Panmunjeom (8 votes)
 * Papal army (3 votes)
 * Papa New Guinea(3 votes)
 * Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (23 votes)
 * Pay toilet (2 votes)
 * Partisans (Yugoslavia) (12 votes)
 * Partitions of Poland (9 votes)
 * Penectomy (3 votes)
 * Penectomy (1 vote) - Second nomination
 * People (2 votes)
 * Pergamon Altar (3 votes)
 * Perry Monument (1 vote)
 * Philippine Revolution (2 votes)
 * Photo finish (2 votes)
 * Pie (2 votes)
 * Piranha (4 votes)
 * Pogs (2 votes)
 * Polarization in astronomy (2 votes)
 * Police car (7 votes)
 * Police oppression (8 votes)
 * Political rehabilitation (2 votes)
 * Politics of Cuba (2 votes)
 * Politics of Europe (14 votes)
 * Politics of Wales (2 votes)
 * Pony keg (1 vote)
 * Population history of American indigenous peoples (12 votes)
 * Pornocracy (9 votes)
 * Port (12 votes)
 * Portland, Oregon (1 vote)
 * Portuguese Inquisition (3 votes)
 * Portuguese Inquisition (2 votes) - Second nomination
 * Potter's field (2 votes)
 * Project Xanadu (3 votes)
 * Printing shop or Print shop (1 vote)
 * Protest literature (2 votes)
 * Psycholinguistics (8 votes)
 * psychodynamic psychotherapy (2 votes)

Q

 * Quest (6 votes)

R

 * Radio drama (2 votes)
 * Rat (4 votes)
 * Reconquista (Mexico) (3 votes)
 * Recycling (3 votes)
 * Red Guards (Finland) (6 votes)
 * Red sky (1 vote)
 * Rejection (emotion) (2 votes)
 * Rescue (3 votes)
 * Religious architecture (14 votes)
 * Religious architecture (7 votes) - Second nomination
 * Remote control vehicle (1 vote)
 * Renaissance philosophy (2 votes)
 * Rennovation (1 vote)
 * Reproduction(3 votes)
 * Retrorocket (1 vote)
 * Revolving door (6 votes)
 * Richard C. Hoagland (5 votes)
 * Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (2 votes)
 * Richard Nixon mask (1 vote)
 * Rip Torn (1 vote)
 * Ripley's Believe It or Not! (10 votes)
 * Road from Varangians to Greeks (2 votes)
 * Roald Dahl (22 votes)
 * Rodgers and Hammerstein (7 votes)
 * Roman culture (19 votes)
 * Roman Empire (4 votes)
 * Roman technology (3 votes)
 * Russia (1 vote)
 * Russian serfdom (6 votes)
 * Russian (Soviet) press (4 votes)

S

 * Sacred geometry (3 votes)
 * Sahara (16 votes)
 * Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands (4 votes)
 * Salt route (7 votes)
 * Samsung Electronics (2 votes)
 * Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (3 votes)
 * Sayed Qutb (3 votes)
 * Science fiction film (32 votes)
 * Scepticism (1 vote)
 * Scottish independence (6 votes)
 * Seafood (17 votes)
 * Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (7 votes)
 * Self knowledge or Self-knowledge (2 votes)
 * Separatism in the post-Soviet space (3 votes)
 * Serf (8 votes)
 * Service pack (2 votes)
 * Sensationalism (2 votes)
 * Seven-arm Octopus (10 votes)
 * Sex pilus (1 vote)
 * Shaft (1971 movie) (6 votes)
 * Side-project (1 vote)
 * Signature (19 votes)
 * Singer (2 votes)
 * Singer(4 votes) - Second nomination
 * Six-party talks (3 votes)
 * Skit (1 withdrawn vote)
 * Slow Movement (8 votes)
 * Smith Act Trials (2 votes)
 * Social software (1 vote)
 * Society (2 votes)
 * Somalian Civil War (13 votes)
 * Song writing (3 votes)
 * South America (8 votes)
 * Soviet military fronts (WWII) (10 votes)
 * Soviet fronts in WWII(1 vote) - Second nomination
 * Software engineering (3 votes)
 * Space Age (14 votes)
 * Space program of Japan (4 votes)
 * Spanish Literature (4 votes)
 * Special Intelligence Service (4 votes)
 * Spice trade (12 votes)
 * St. George's Day (2 votes)
 * Stoner (4 votes)
 * Stone spheres of Costa Rica (3 votes)
 * Storm (2 votes)
 * Storm (5 votes) - Second nomination
 * Studio (5 votes)
 * Stunt (5 votes)

T

 * Tacoma, Washington (1 vote)
 * Tax rates around the world (9 votes)
 * Technology versus Evolution (2 votes)
 * Template:Former British colonies (1 vote) -disqualified; Not an article.
 * Tendon (6 votes)
 * Tengri (1 vote)
 * Theater (structure) (2 votes)
 * The Killing Fields (9 votes)
 * The Old Man and the Sea (5 votes in
 * The Two Babylons (1 vote)
 * Tidal power (11 votes)
 * Time bomb (3 votes)
 * Tobacco advertising (6 votes)
 * Tourism in Egypt (2 votes)
 * Trade (7 votes)
 * Transatlantic slave trade (4 votes)
 * Transnational political party (2 votes)
 * Transnationalism (12 votes)
 * Tripoli (5 votes)
 * Tumbleweed (1 vote)
 * Tumor (3 votes)
 * Turkish War of Independence (3 votes)
 * Type design (7 votes)

U

 * U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations (2 votes)
 * U.S. Army Reserve (2 votes)
 * U.S. child labor laws (2 votes)
 * Unicode Collation Algorithm (5 votes)
 * Uniform Code of Military Justice (3 votes)
 * United States Bicentennial (6 votes)

V

 * Vasco da Gama (1 vote)
 * Vespa mandarinia (Asian Giant Hornet) (4 votes)
 * Victorian era (19 votes)
 * Vinegar (4 votes)
 * Violence (9 votes)
 * Vittorio Pozzo (2 votes)
 * Voter education (4 votes)

W

 * Wanted poster (7 votes)
 * War correspondent (9 votes)
 * Washington Naval Conference (4 votes)
 * Wedding planner (5 votes)
 * Wedding traditions (6 votes)
 * Wendy's (2 votes)
 * Western Europe (1 vote)
 * Western Europe (8 vote) -Second nomination
 * Western Front (WWII) (15 votes)
 * Westward movement (1 vote)
 * Wild West (7 votes)
 * Wildlife (9 votes)
 * Winnemem Wintu (1 vote)
 * Women's football (soccer) (1 vote)
 * Working-class culture (6 votes)
 * World Health Day (3 votes)
 * World Heritage Site (14 votes)
 * World Heritage Site (8 votes)-Second nomination
 * World politics (1 vote)

X

 * Xerography (3 votes)

Y

 * Yaser Esam Hamdi (2 votes)
 * Yuan Dynasty (8 votes)

Z

 * Zoodio (1 vote)
 * Zygote (14 votes)
 * Zygote (1 vote) - Second nomination

Updating this page

 * 1) Add the article name(s) to the list in proper alphabetical order.
 * 2) Bold the articles that received 10 or more votes.
 * 3) Change the date in the lead section.


text:
2004 Oaxaca state election

The Mexican state of Oaxaca held an election on Sunday, 1 August 2004. At stake was the office of the Oaxaca State Governor, the unicameral Oaxaca State Congress, and 570 mayors and municipal councils.

Governor
At the time of the election, the sitting governor was José Murat Casab of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Source: IEEO

On the same day

 * 2004 Aguascalientes state election
 * 2004 Baja California state election

title: 2004 Oaxaca state election


text:
User:Nick A. Zolner

Member of Wikipedia since: 2004-08-13

-- NickZ

title: User:Nick A. Zolner


text:
Miami and Erie Canal

The Miami and Erie Canal was a 274 mi canal that ran from Cincinnati to Toledo, Ohio, creating a water route between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. Construction on the canal began in 1825 and was completed in 1845 at a cost to the state government of $8 million ($ million in ). At its peak, it included 19 aqueducts, three guard locks, 103 canal locks, multiple feeder canals, and a few man-made water reservoirs. The canal climbed 395 ft above Lake Erie and 513 ft above the Ohio River to reach a topographical peak called the Loramie Summit, which extended 19 mi between New Bremen, Ohio to lock 1-S in Lockington, north of Piqua, Ohio. Boats up to 80 feet long were towed along the canal by mules, horses, or oxen walking on a prepared towpath along the bank, at a rate of four to five miles per hour.

Due to competition from railroads, which began to be built in the area in the 1850s, the commercial use of the canal gradually declined during the late 19th century. It was permanently abandoned for commercial use in 1913 after a historic flood in Ohio severely damaged it. Only a small fraction of the canal survives today, along with its towpath and locks.

Ohio Rhineland
The Ohio Rhineland (Ohio Rheinland) was named by Rhinelanders and other Germans who settled the area in the mid-19th century. They named the canal "the Rhine" in reference to the river Rhine in Germany, and the newly settled area north of the canal as "Over the Rhine".

An early reference to the canal as "the Rhine" appears in the 1853 book White, Red, Black, in which traveler Ferenc Pulszky wrote, "The Germans live all together across the Miami Canal, which is, therefore, here jocosely called the 'Rhine.' " In 1875 writer Daniel J. Kenny referred to the area exclusively as "Over the Rhine." He noted, "Germans and Americans alike love to call the district 'Over the Rhine.' "

History
When Ohio became a state in 1803, transportation to and within the state was difficult; settlers largely moved themselves and their goods on rivers and Lake Erie, for most roads were poor. In addition, Ohio was geographically separated from the East Coast by the barrier of the Appalachian Mountains. This made life difficult for early citizens because goods from the Atlantic Coast and Europe were difficult to obtain and often very expensive due to transportation costs. For the same reasons, it was difficult for Ohio businessmen and farmers to sell their products to markets outside the state. Some entrepreneurs began to ship goods from Ohio down the Ohio River to New Orleans, by sailing ship and keelboats, but the journey was long and costly. Even after steamboats arrived, it was difficult to return vessels upriver.

High shipping costs severely limited trade and population growth in the state, especially in areas far from natural waterways such as Lake Erie or the Ohio River, which bounded the state on the north and south, respectively.

To overcome these obstacles, many people, including George Washington and several other politicians, expressed early support for a national canal system to connect many of the country's waterways. In 1807, Senator Thomas Worthington of Ohio (who later became governor) asked the Secretary of the Treasury for funds to improve roads and build canals in Ohio, yet did not have much success. At the time, many prominent leaders in the Democratic Republican Party believed that such improvements should be built not by the national government but by the individual states. The United States Congress approved national canal legislation in 1817, 1822, and 1830, but each bill was vetoed by the sitting president.

Consequently, the burden of building canals passed to the states. The Erie Canal in New York proved to be an early success after it was completed in 1825. The Ohio House and Senate had worked for two decades to pass legislation authorizing a canal, gaining success with the Act of February 4, 1825, which finally approved the construction of the Ohio canal system. The canal was largely state-funded, using money acquired from selling off land near where the canals were to be dug. The state government planned and built two canals in the state: the Miami and Erie Canal, from Cincinnati to Toledo, connecting the Ohio River and Lake Erie; and the Ohio and Erie Canal, which connected Cleveland, another lake port, to Portsmouth, Ohio, on the Ohio River. This system provided the interior of Ohio with new travel routes that effectively extended to the major Atlantic port of New York City, as merchants could ship goods through Lake Erie, the Erie Canal, and the Hudson River to New York.

Construction
Because Ohio is not entirely flat, the system of locks had to be designed to act as a staircase so boats could navigate the difference in elevation. To supply water for the canal, manmade reservoirs such as Grand Lake St. Marys and Lake Loramie in Shelby County were constructed, along with several feeder canals. Indian Lake in Logan County was greatly enlarged to provide a steadier supply of water for the Sidney feeder canal.

Branch canals were built to serve as extensions from the main canal. The Warren County Canal, was a branch canal constructed from the Miami and Erie Canal at Middletown to Lebanon. This branch was opened in 1840, but remained in operation less than 15 years before being abandoned. A short branch, the Sidney or Port Jefferson feeder canal ran up the Miami Valley from Lockington through Sidney to a dam just upstream from Port Jefferson.

The following list includes measurement standards for the canal, although these varied by region of the state.
 * 4 ft water depth.
 * 40 ft wide at water level.
 * 10 ft wide towpath in addition to mandated outer slopes.
 * All slopes are 4.5 ft horizontal to 4 ft. perpendicular.
 * The canal could accommodate boats up to 90 ft long and 14 ft wide. <

Decline and abandonment

The Miami and Erie never proved to be as profitable as the state government had hoped, as within several years of being completed to Lake Erie it had to compete with railroads. These offered greater speed and capacity for both passengers and goods. Factors limiting the canal's success included the lower population and level of economic development in Ohio, compared to that of New York when its canal was completed. Second, while New York had one canal that was located at the bottleneck of Great Lakes trade, Ohio had two canals, which spread usage too thinly. Third, was the expense of building and maintaining the canals. While the Erie Canal was 363 miles in length, with an elevation change of 700 feet, the combined length of Ohio's canals was 557 miles, with an elevation change of 2,096 feet. Compared to operations of the Erie Canal, the Ohio canal system had less trade and fewer passengers, while it had to operate over a longer length, and at a greater expense.

The canal was completed just before most of the railroads in Ohio were built, and it had to compete directly with railroads for the remainder of its operation. Due to the canal freezing over in the winter, as well as the slowness of the boats, the canal was less practical than railroads, especially for perishable goods and passenger traffic. Although the canal services were often cheaper than the railroads, particularly for bulk cargoes such as grain and salted pork, the canal had largely ceased to operate by 1906. The catastrophic Great Dayton Flood of 1913 and the subsequent flood control measures constructed by the Miami Conservancy District destroyed much of the canal infrastructure along the southern portion of the route, where it paralleled the Great Miami River. The canal was permanently abandoned. What was not destroyed was no longer maintained, and slowly many of the remaining locks and sections of canal were destroyed, with the open canal filled in.

Much of the original towpath was redeveloped as the right-of-way for the Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad, an electric interurban streetcar that operated until 1938. Part of the right-of-way was converted to the Wright-Lockland Highway (now part of Interstate 75). From 1920 to 1925, six million dollars was spent to use the bed of the canal to build a downtown subway in Cincinnati. The surface was later paved over to form Central Parkway, as funds ran out before the Cincinnati Subway could be completed. In the central and northern regions, a large portion of the canal was destroyed when it was filled in to create parts of I-75, U.S. Route 24, and State Route 25. Some smaller portions of right-of-way have been converted to bike trails for recreational and local commuting use.

Legacy
Although urban development has destroyed most vestiges of the canal, some locks and sections of the waterway have survived. One of the original locks (#17) is located in the Carillon Historical Park in Dayton. An unrestored but complete lock (#15) is located just off Main Street (State Route 571) in Tipp City. Remains of the Excello lock are located in the Butler County Excello Locks Park near the intersection of State Route 73 and South Hamilton Middletown Road in Lemon Township. The massive west abutment of the Old Nine-mile Aqueduct over the Great Miami River is still present approximately 400 ft upstream of the Taylorsville Dam east of Vandalia (Montgomery County). The abutment terminates a fairly intact canal segment that extends at least 5 mi north to Tipp City. This segment includes an intact concrete weir near the abandoned Vandalia water treatment plant (aka "Tadmore Station") and a ruined lock (#16, "Picayune") about halfway to Tipp City along Canal Road.

On the canal's southern end, a drained section is located in St. Bernard, Ohio's Ludlow Park, where the canal bed is still visible. The canal remains in water (and navigable for canoes or kayaks) in the rural region between Delphos and St. Marys, Ohio. South of St. Mary's, it has degraded to form a shallow ditch in most places, with some ruined locks remaining. From north to south along State Route 66, sections of the original canal are visible in Delphos, at a small historic park located at the Deep Cut in Spencerville, Lock Two (a hamlet mostly consisting of period brick buildings), New Bremen, Minster, Fort Loramie, and Piqua. The Miami and Erie Canal Deep Cut was designated in 1964 as a U.S. National Historic Landmark near Spencerville. The Piqua Historical Area features a replica canal boat and other related items.

Anthony Wayne Trail (part of U.S. Route 24 and State Route 25) in and around Toledo, originally named Canal Boulevard, was built on the canal right-of-way, and various relics of the canal survive along the corridor.

Much of the canal corridor continues as a prosperous manufacturing area; today Interstate 75 and railroads provide the chief transportation means. An historical reenactment of the Miami-Erie canal days is held during summer and early fall months at Providence Metropark along the Maumee River just west of Toledo near Grand Rapids. Historical actors dress and act as if it is 1876 during the months of May–October. Two mules pull the canal boat titled The Volunteer, while workers man the tiller and provide commentary to the passengers. Providence Metroparks boasts using original lock 44 as part of the tour. That lock is the only working lock in the state of Ohio. The northern portion of the towpath (from Fort Loramie to Delphos and beyond) is used as a hiking trail.

Cities and towns along the canal
The following is a list of towns and cities within Ohio (arranged North to South) along the Miami and Erie Canal. The canal was constructed parallel to the Maumee River to Defiance, from where it was constructed in a southerly route to Cincinnati.

 * Toledo, Ohio
 * Maumee, Ohio
 * Waterville, Ohio
 * Providence, Ohio (defunct city across the Maumee River from Grand Rapids, Ohio)
 * Napoleon, Ohio
 * Florida, Ohio
 * Defiance, Ohio The canal turns here in a southerly route to Cincinnati.
 * Junction, Ohio
 * Melrose, Ohio
 * Ottoville, Ohio
 * Delphos, Ohio
 * Spencerville, Ohio
 * Kossuth, Ohio
 * St. Marys, Ohio
 * New Bremen, Ohio
 * Minster, Ohio
 * Fort Loramie, Ohio
 * Port Jefferson, Ohio (North end of the Sidney Feeder)
 * Sidney, Ohio (Middle section of the feeder)
 * Lockington, Ohio (Southern end junction of the Sidney Feeder)
 * Piqua, Ohio
 * Troy, Ohio
 * Tipp City, Ohio
 * Huber Heights, Ohio
 * Dayton, Ohio
 * Moraine, Ohio
 * Alexandersville, Ohio
 * West Carrollton, Ohio
 * Miamisburg, Ohio
 * Franklin, Ohio
 * Middletown, Ohio
 * Hamilton, Ohio
 * West Chester, Ohio
 * Sharonville, Ohio
 * Evendale, Ohio
 * Lockland, Ohio (Site of the first set of locks)
 * Elmwood Place, Ohio
 * St. Bernard, Ohio
 * Cincinnati, Ohio

title: Miami and Erie Canal


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William Lindsay White

William Lindsay White (June 17, 1900 – July 26, 1973) was an American journalist, foreign correspondent, and writer. He succeeded his father, William Allen White, as editor and publisher of the Emporia Gazette in 1944. Among White's most noteworthy books are They Were Expendable (1942) and Lost Boundaries (1948), which was adapted into the film Lost Boundaries in 1949.

Early life
William Lindsay White was the only son of William Allen and Sallie White, born in Emporia, Kansas on June 17, 1900. He had a younger sister, Mary, who was killed in a horse-riding accident at the age of 16 in May 1921. White grew up in Emporia, and worked as a teenager as a reporter for the Gazette. He attended the nearby University of Kansas, and then transferred to and graduated from Harvard College in 1924. He participated in the theatrical activities of the Hasty Pudding Club while at Harvard, co-authoring the book and lyrics of the organization's 1924 show.

The elder White groomed his only surviving child for work in journalism, hoping for his son to succeed him as editor of the Emporia Gazette. He took his 18-year-old son to France to witness the signing of the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I. William Allen White eventually persuaded his son to return to Emporia. Shortly before his father's death in 1944, William Lindsay White took over the Emporia Gazette.

White attended Harvard and there picked up an English accent. Upon his return to Emporia, he wore a monocle and was one of the best-dressed men in the nation

Career
He served as associate publisher of the Gazette in the early 1930s. White worked for the Washington Post in 1935 and for Fortune magazine in 1937. In 1939 he became a war correspondent for the Columbia Broadcasting System and a consortium of 40 newspapers. The National Headliners Club awarded him its prize for best European broadcast of the year for his editorial "The Last Christmas Tree" from the Mannerheim Line in Finland in 1940. He reported from London in 1940 and 1941 for the North American Newspaper Association and Reader's Digest. In 1942 he became roving editor for Reader's Digest.

As editor and publisher of the Emporia Gazette beginning in 1944, White fought many battles with the city. When the old courthouse needed repairs, the city decided to build a new one instead. White led a campaign to repair the old courthouse and lost. He later angered the local chamber of commerce by opposing tax breaks for companies that relocated to Emporia. He opposed urban renewal schemes that benefited real estate interests and merchants in downtown Emporia rather than the poor in need of housing.

White was also a radio correspondent for CBS News, sometimes filling in for Edward R. Murrow. For most of his later career, William Lindsay White was Roving Editor for Reader's Digest and published numerous articles in that magazine.

White was also actively involved in politics. He served in the Kansas House of Representatives in 1931 and 1932. White also drummed up support for Dwight D. Eisenhower's run for the Presidency in 1952 and supported his friend Richard Nixon's presidential campaign. When Bob Dole first ran for the United States Senate, White threw a dinner party at the Broadview Hotel and invited most of the Eastern Kansas Republican leaders. The dinner was pivotal to the success of Dole's first campaign.

He wrote 14 books during the course of his career, beginning in 1938 with What People Said (1938), which examined the Kansas bond scandal. In 1944, the New York Times described three of his earliest titles as best-sellers: They Were Expendable, Queens Die Proudly, and Journey for Margaret. All were based on his experience as a war correspondent. Three of his books were adapted into feature Hollywood films: They Were Expendable, Journey for Margaret, and Lost Boundaries, based on the true story of Dr. Albert C. Johnston and his African Americans family passing as white in New England. They Were Expendable was a Book of the Month Club selection, as well.

He served for a time as an overseer of Harvard. He was elected to the board of the American Civil Liberties Union in 1950. He became an officer of a group formed to aid Russian refugees in 1951, the American Committee for Freedom for the Peoples of the U.S.S.R.

Personal life
White's wife Kathrine was born in Cawker City, Kansas, and worked on the editorial staff at Time magazine before her marriage. The couple wed on April 29, 1931, in St. Thomas Church on Fifth Avenue in New York City. The couple maintained a residence in Emporia, and a brownstone in New York City in which they lived for half the year.

White died of cancer in 1973 in Newman Memorial County Hospital in Emporia. His widow and a daughter survived him. Just before his death, the Emporia city commission renamed the 1940 Civic Auditorium in his honor.

Legacy
After White's death, a memorial fund was established in his name to plant more trees in Emporia. By the turn of the century, more than 300 trees had been planted with money from this fund. There is also a bronze bust and a sample of his writing in White Memorial Park at Sixth Avenue and Merchant Street in Emporia.

Works

 * What People Said, 1938
 * Zero Hour, 1940
 * Journey for Margaret, 1941
 * They Were Expendable, 1942
 * Queens Die Proudly, 1943
 * Report on the Russians, 1945
 * Report on the Germans, 1947
 * Lost Boundaries, 1948
 * Land of Milk and Honey, 1949
 * Bernard Baruch, 1951
 * Back Down the Ridge, 1953
 * The Captives of Korea, 1957
 * The Little Toy Dog, 1962
 * Report on the Asians, 1969

title: William Lindsay White


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Saint Patrick's Church (Dubuque, Iowa)

Saint Patrick's Church is a Catholic parish in the Archdiocese of Dubuque, and is located at 15th and Iowa Streets, Dubuque, Iowa, United States. The church and rectory were included as contributing properties in the Jackson Park Historic District that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. St. Patrick's Church is located two blocks away from St. Mary's Church. The reason for the close proximity of the two parishes was that St. Mary was originally built for service to German families of Dubuque, and St. Patrick's provided services for the Irish settlers to Dubuque.

History
The parish was founded in 1852 as a mission of St. Raphael Cathedral. The parish buildings were built on land that Bishop Mathias Loras had purchased when it was offered for sale by the Federal government. Originally, a wood-frame building was used as a church building, and was located at what is now the front of the rectory. The first church was dedicated by Bishop Loras in 1853. St. Patrick's became an independent parish five years later when the Rev. Patrick McCabe was assigned as the first resident pastor. The cornerstone of the present brick church was laid in 1877, and the building dedicated on August 15, 1878. In 1928, the Rev. J.J. Hanley remodeled and enlarged the church.

St. Patrick Church was originally built for service to the Irish settlers of Dubuque and while the parish has maintained a healthy respect for its Irish heritage over its many years of service, the parish now specializes in service to the Hispanic residents of Dubuque. The parish offers a Spanish Mass on Sundays, and the offices of Hispanic ministry are also located at the parish. From 1995 to 2008 a pastoral administrator led the St. Patrick's congregation. During that same time, from 1999 to 2010, St. Patrick's was clustered with St. Mary's Parish. St. Mary's closed in May 2010 and St. Patrick's was clustered with St. Raphael's Cathedral at that time.

Architecture
St. Patrick's Church was designed by Dubuque architect John Keenan in the Gothic Revival style. It is a brick structure built on a Dubuque stone foundation. It features a central tower that is capped with a crown. The main entrance has been altered in subsequent years, but it fits in with the older structure. The church building is seven bays long with the seventh bay on the south end forming a sort of transept. The bays are divided by brick buttresses and each bay contains a paired lancet window. The interior is divided into three naves.

The rectory was built in the 1880s to the rear of the church. It is a three-story brick residence capped with a mansard roof. The original porch has been replaced with a single-story addition. Other additions have also been added on the west side of the house.

A school building, no longer extant, was built immediately west of the church. It was replaced by a three-story structure in 1951 on the corner of West 15th and Main Streets. The parish sold the building in 2006. It is not considered an historic structure.

Schools
St. Patrick's Parish had a parochial school for boys established after 1870, while girls attended St. Joseph Academy. St. Patrick's School merged with St. Mary's Catholic School to form Downtown Catholic School in 1982. The organization Holy Family Catholic Schools took control of Downtown Catholic and other Dubuque-area Catholic schools in 2001. Downtown Catholic and Sacred Heart – Holy Trinity School became St. Francis School in 2002, and St. Francis closed in 2004. Four Oaks Family and Children Services bought the school building in 2006.

title: Saint Patrick's Church (Dubuque, Iowa)


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Georges de La Tour

Georges de La Tour (13 March 1593 – 30 January 1652) was a French Baroque painter, who spent most of his working life in the Duchy of Lorraine, which was temporarily absorbed into France between 1641 and 1648. He painted mostly religious chiaroscuro scenes lit by candlelight.

Personal life
Georges de La Tour was born in the town of Vic-sur-Seille in the Diocese of Metz, which was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire, but had been ruled by France since 1552. Baptism documentation revealed that he was the son of Jean de La Tour, a baker, and Sybille de La Tour, née Molian. It has been suggested that Sybille came from a partly noble family. His parents had seven children in all, with Georges being the second-born.

La Tour's educational background remains somewhat unclear, but it is assumed that he traveled either to Italy or the Netherlands early in his career. He may possibly have trained under Jacques Bellange in Nancy, the capital of Lorraine, although their styles are very different. His paintings reflect the Baroque naturalism of Caravaggio, but this probably reached him through the Dutch Caravaggisti of the Utrecht School and other Northern (French and Dutch) contemporaries. In particular, La Tour is often compared to the Dutch painter Hendrick Terbrugghen.

In 1617 he married Diane Le Nerf, from a minor noble family, and in 1620 he established his studio in her quiet provincial home-town of Lunéville, part of the independent Duchy of Lorraine which was occupied by France, during his lifetime, in the period 1641–1648. He painted mainly religious and some genre scenes. He was given the title "Painter to the King" (of France) in 1638, and he also worked for the Dukes of Lorraine in 1623–4, but the local bourgeoisie provided his main market, and he achieved a certain affluence. He is not recorded in Lunéville between 1639 and 1642, and may have traveled again; Anthony Blunt detected the influence of Gerrit van Honthorst in his paintings after this point. He was involved in a Franciscan-led religious revival in Lorraine, and over the course of his career he moved to painting almost entirely religious subjects, but in treatments with influence from genre painting.

Georges de La Tour and his family died in 1652 in an epidemic in Lunéville. His son Étienne (1621–1692) was his pupil.

Works

La Tour's early work shows influences from Caravaggio, probably via his Dutch followers, and the genre scenes of cheats—as in The Fortune Teller—and fighting beggars clearly derive from the Dutch Caravaggisti, and probably also his fellow-Lorrainer, Jacques Bellange. These are believed to date from relatively early in his career.

La Tour is best known for the nocturnal light effects which he developed much further than his artistic predecessors had done, and transferred their use in the genre subjects in the paintings of the Dutch Caravaggisti to religious painting in his. Unlike Caravaggio his religious paintings lack dramatic effects. He painted these in a second phase of his style, perhaps beginning in the 1640s, using chiaroscuro, careful geometrical compositions, and very simplified painting of forms. His work moves during his career towards greater simplicity and stillness—taking from Caravaggio very different qualities than Jusepe de Ribera and his Tenebrist followers did.

He often painted several variations on the same subjects, and his surviving output is relatively small. His son Étienne was his pupil, and distinguishing between their work in versions of La Tour's compositions is difficult. The version of the Education of the Virgin in the Frick Collection in New York is an example, as the Museum itself admits. Another group of paintings (example left), of great skill but claimed to be different in style to those of La Tour, have been attributed to an unknown "Hurdy-gurdy Master". All show older male figures (one group in Malibu includes a female), mostly solitary, either beggars or saints.

After his death at Lunéville in 1652, La Tour's work was forgotten until rediscovered in 1915 by Hermann Voss, a German art historian who would later become head of Hitler's Führermuseum; some of La Tour's work had in fact been confused with Vermeer, when the Dutch artist underwent his own rediscovery in the nineteenth century.

title: Georges de La Tour


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Alexandersville, Ohio

Alexandersville, Ohio was a town located in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States just north of West Carrollton and south of Moraine. It was incorporated into West Carrollton in 1943.

Alexandersville was platted in 1815. A post office called Alexandersville was established in 1828, and remained in operation until 1907.

title: Alexandersville, Ohio


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Bureau of Aeronautics

The Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) was the U.S. Navy's material-support organization for naval aviation from 1921 to 1959. The bureau had "cognizance" (i.e., responsibility) for the design, procurement, and support of naval aircraft and related systems. Aerial weapons, however, were under the cognizance of the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd).

Origins
The USN's first attempt for naval aviation began in 1908 when it conducted observations of the Wright Brothers aircraft at Fort Myer.

First tests and Naval Aviation Corps
The first test of an aircraft from naval vessel was in 1910 when a Curtiss Model D flown by Eugene Burton Ely took off from the USS Birmingham (CL-2) and again on USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4) in early 1911. These tests were enough for the USN to establish naval aviation units in the summer of 1911. The purchase of the first naval aircraft in May 1911 and passage of naval appropriations act in August 1916 lead to the establishment of the Naval Reserve Flying Corps, which would train and deploy air corps for World War I.

Formal Organization of Naval Aviation
Congress established BuAer in 1921 in order to create a single organizational home for naval aviation. Prior to 1921, cognizance for aviation had been divided among various Navy bureaus and other organizations. The first Chief of BuAer was Rear Admiral William A. Moffett (1869–1933), a Medal of Honor recipient and battleship commander who had long supported the development of naval aviation. He served as bureau chief from 1921 until his death in 1933, in the crash of the airship USS Akron (ZRS-4). Working closely with RADM Moffett, CAPT Henry C. Mustin (1874–1923) served as BuAer's first Assistant Chief helping lead naval aviation to the forefront of American military strength.

A talented administrator, Moffett ensured the continued independence of naval aviation during the 1920s, when Army Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell and others sought to merge all U.S. military aviation into a single, independent air force. Upon Moffett's death, he was succeeded as Chief of the Bureau by Rear Admiral Ernest J. King, a future Fleet Admiral and Chief of Naval Operations during World War II. Other important bureau chiefs included Rear Admiral John S. McCain Sr., the grandfather of U.S. Senator John S. McCain III (R-Ariz.).

During the 1930s, BuAer presided over rapid technological change in naval aircraft. The bureau's policy was to limit its own production, in order to support the civilian aircraft industry. BuAer used the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as a facility for building small numbers of prototype aircraft.

World War II and the postwar period
World War II brought immense changes as well. BuAer was forced to expand rapidly in order to comply with the nation's defense needs. By the war's end, the bureau had developed an administrative structure that oversaw thousands of personnel, and the procurement and maintenance of tens of thousands of aircraft. In 1943, the Navy established the position of Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air, or DCNO(Air), a move which relieved some of BuAer's responsibility for Fleet operations. RADM McCain, now promoted to vice admiral, was the first to fill the position.

BuAer downsized after the war, but continued its focus on aeronautical research and development. But as naval technology became increasingly complex, it became clear that the Navy's material organization was insufficient. In particular, the Navy needed better integration of aerial weapons with naval aircraft. There was also the question of "pilotless aircraft" (the ancestors of the late 20th century's Unmanned Aerial Vehicles); BuAer considered these to be aircraft, while BuOrd saw them as guided missiles.

To fix the problem, in 1959 the Navy merged BuAer and BuOrd to create the Bureau of Naval Weapons (BuWeps). This was only a temporary solution, however, and in 1966 the Navy undertook a wholesale revision of its material organization. The bureau system, which had existed since the 1840s, was replaced with the "Systems Commands" (SYSCOMs). BuWeps was replaced with the current Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR).

title: Bureau of Aeronautics


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Grand Lake St. Marys State Park

Grand Lake St. Marys State Park is a public recreation area located on 13500 acre Grand Lake in Mercer and Auglaize counties, Ohio. Grand Lake is the largest inland lake in Ohio in terms of area, but is shallow, with an average depth of only 5-7 ft. The state park is open for year-round recreation, including boating, fishing, swimming and hunting. The park consists of the lake and park facilities scattered all around the shore intermingled with private property and a facility operated by Wright State University. It is west of St. Marys, and southeast of Celina, 23 mi southwest of Lima in the northwestern part of the state.

History
Grand Lake St. Marys was constructed in the early 19th century as a reservoir for the Miami and Erie Canal, which connected the Ohio River with Lake Erie. At one time the lake was the world's largest man-made lake. The canal system thrived for about thirty years in the mid-to-late 19th century before it was replaced by the railroads. In the 1890s oil was discovered in the area, and oil derricks were set up in the lake sometime around 1891. This made Grand Lake the location for the first off shore oil drilling to take place. The lake became one of Ohio's first state parks in 1949 with recreational facilities built in the following years.

Names
The official geographic name of the lake is Grand Lake. The United States Geological Survey Board of Geographic Names disapproved a proposal to change the name Grand Lake to Grand Lake-Saint Marys, which is the name given on state maps and documents. The 1920 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica shows the name as Lake Mercer on the map of Ohio in the article on Ohio. "Lake St. Marys" was a name introduced in the early 1900s and wasn't popular with Celina residents. The body of water has also been referred to as "Grand Reservoir" and "Lake Celina" among other names.

Ecology
The land on which Grand Lake St. Marys is located was once part of a forest that stretched from the Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania to the prairie in Illinois. Much of the forest was cleared by pioneer farmers as the area was settled in the years following the Northwest Indian War. The forests have been replaced by farmland with fields of wheat, soybeans, and corn.

Grand Lake St. Marys was once a swampy prairie. When the lake was constructed in the early 19th century, the prairie was flooded. Now the shore of the lake includes woodlands, wetlands and prairie ecosystems that are surrounded by residential development and farms.

Several outlier stands of eastern hemlock are present around the lake, and these are the westernmost natural stands in Ohio.

The park is located along a major migration route for migratory birds. Commonly seen waterfowl include, geese, loons, ducks, grebes, and swans. Wading birds found in the marshy areas of the park include egrets and herons. American white pelicans have been spotted every year in the park for almost a decade. Historically, these birds bred in the western United States and Canada, but appear to be expanding their range east. White pelican nests were found for the first time on Lake Erie in 2019. Other birds found at the park include cormorants, red-tailed hawks, ospreys, owls such as; great horned owls, barred owls, screech owls, saw-whet owls, and very rarely, snowy owls. The once endangered bald eagle has returned to the area, and there are several nests located around the lake. The most commonly found mammals in the park are cottontail rabbits, mink, fox squirrels, white-tailed deer, eastern coyote, beaver, muskrat, and raccoons.

Environmental concerns and restoration efforts
Due to the increasingly high levels of lake pollution, E. coli bacteria, and related algae levels, Grand Lake could be dying off as a destination lake and is considered by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to be "impaired" due to "stream channelization, drainage tiles, loss of floodplains and streamside vegetation, manure runoff and untreated sewage flowing from failing home septic systems and small communities without any wastewater collection or treatment."

Runoff from farmland is one of the greatest problems. Nutrients of livestock waste and natural and chemical fertilizers are laden with phosphorus and nitrogen. These elements upset the natural balance of the lake and increase the growth of blue-green algae. The algae is a cyanobacterium, with Planktothrix being a particularly prevalent and problematic species. The bacteria produce toxic peptides that can be harmful to plants and animals. Humans are also affected by the toxins. Microcystin can harm the liver and cause other health problems including mild rashes and sneezing and even severe gastrointestinal ailments. Agriculture runoff is not the only source of pollution in the lake. Industrial and commercial drainage contribute to the problem as does drainage from out of date septic tanks and municipal sewage systems.

Heavy deposits of silt into the lake also contribute to the degradation of the lake. Development of homes along the shore has reduced the number of native plants that helped to strengthen the shore and reduce erosion. Development has also increased the level of phosphates entering the lake by over fertilization of lawns. These excess phosphates directly contribute to plant growth, including the algae in the lake. The native flora that has been reduced served as a filter to keep the excess nutrients out of the water.

Recreation
Grand Lake St. Marys State Park is open for year-round recreation, including boating, hunting, fishing, swimming and picnicking. The campground has 216 sites of which 135 are equipped with electricity. Facilities include modern restroom facilities, a laundry and a dump station. Pets are permitted.

Grand Lake St. Marys is open to boating, fishing, swimming and water skiing. Boats with unlimited horsepower are permitted on the lake. The state maintains nine launch ramps providing access to the lake. A 300 ft no-wake zone has been established around the lake's 52 mi of shore. Boats are prohibited from entering a wildlife refuge on the southwest corner of the lake.

The lake is open to fishing year-round. Common game fish include warm water fish such as crappie, bass, yellow perch, and bluegill. Hunting is permitted in designated zones. Grand Lake St. Mary's provides a habitat for a variety of waterfowl. The state owns seventy duck blinds spread throughout the designated hunting zones.

There are four public swimming beaches as well as other swimming areas provided for boaters, although as of 2010 the water was deemed unsafe for swimming. and so the beaches are now closed until further notice. There are several picnic areas and picnic shelters.

The camp store loans games, fishing and sporting equipment to registered campers. Bike rentals are available at the campground. The park also has a miniature golf course, along with basketball and volleyball courts, horseshoe pits, playground equipment, and a recently added swimming pool. St. Marys Fish Hatchery, located on the lake's eastern shore is operated by the ODNR Division of Wildlife. The hatchery raises saugeye, walleye, channel catfish and bass for stocking in the public fishing waters of the state.

The Grand Lake St. Marys Seaplane Base also operates on the lake and serves as Ohio's only airport for seaplanes.

title: Grand Lake St. Marys State Park


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Why this page exists
Please don't feel obliged to update this list every time you prune a nomination. I created this article more for my own reference than anything else; I will update it every once and a while. This list is more or less redundant with Requested articles, anyway. • Benc • 03:26, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)