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Talk:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cleanup and revision
I started to redo quite a bit of this article. I felt while some things were not necessarily incorrect, they seemed as if they could be misleading. Furthermore what I felt was important information was totally missing from this article.

Babbles 04:52, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

What does this need before it can be removed from cleanup? Please list here and' on the WP:LO page. Thanks! JesseW 23:54, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

--Mmcdougall 16:29, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Main page is getting pretty close to "ready-to-go" I think. The redacted information (now at the bottom of the talk section), should not be lost. We should find a more appropriate home for it. Similarly, there is detail in that section that should be pushed to CG and MS sections. Sentor material should be editted and moved to Sentor.

I just read this article for the first time in a long time and I think it looks much better, but it still needs some work. Should probably add a section about pharmaceutical and/or bioanalytical methods. I personally feel the section about Full Scan vs SIM is a bit misleading if not somewhat incorrect. If it is worth anything I have been running GC & GC/MS instruments for ~8 years now and I'll try to put my two cents in but that entire time thing is restrictive at times.

Babbles 01:12, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Other comments
"Law Enforcement

GC-MS is increasingly used for detection of illegal narcotic, and may eventually supplant drug-sniffing dogs."

Anybody have some solid information on this? While there are some quasi-portable GC's that can be taken into the field (they put one on the Mars rover), there are most certainly not hand portable units. Additionally there are certain factors like instrument maintenance, run times, and quality control which makes it unlikely that it would replace a drug sniffing dog. At least not in the near future.

Babbles 01:27, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Okay, so I admit, it's a bit chatty. It's based on a paper I wrote for a scientic evidence class. It's really just talking about how GC/MS works and what its strengths and limitations are. So there's really nothing that's specific to Scientific Evidence, except towards the end when it starts talking about how it functions under certain legal tests, but that's still relevant.

--Jvraba 10:20, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Okay, so I've started to seperate the legal discussions under seperate headings. The article used to have tons of footnotes, so if things seem like they pop out of nowhere, they might need to be fixed. Actually maybe someone has a better article to adapt for this purpose. But I think it's pretty useful.

--Jvraba 06:30, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

If you create a new section, try to use the equal-sign convention (two equals signs for a headline, three for a subhead, four for a sub-sub-head) so it's added to the table of contents rather than just bolding.

Salasks 14:13, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This article has a lot of legal information I was unaware of, but it needs work by someone more familiar with GC/MS. In particulat, I think it poorly describes the technique. One problem with the paper is that it repeatedly refers to mass spectrography. Should be "spectrometry". Cool Hand Luke 23:24, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I'll put a link to the original paper. This version takes out all the footnotes, obviously. Some things which may seem like poor or superficial descriptions may be the product of depending on a footnote that is no longer there. I have no problem with this thing being quite gutted. And maybe I should excerpt the paper to address the legal implications of GC/MS and leave the rest to real scientists. As far as spectrography / spectrometry, it seems to be used interchangibly in certain literature, although this may reflect an artificate of certain periods of development. I began the paper with huge footnotes on the history of GC and MS, so maybe this had a lasting effect on my style throughout.

--Jvraba 03:01, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, I think I was too harsh on this article. I think it'll require a lot of work, but all of this legal information is actually a very good thing. Although it probably needs to be reorganized and made less verbose, I think most of this information is appropriate. I would imagine lots of folk in chemical sciences would find the article interesting just for the legal aspects of a familiar technique. Unfortunatly, I don't have very much time to work on it now. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  08:29, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The article shows some promise - I have added links to the text but that in itself took me an hour. It needs de-essaying and things like "needle in a haystack" need to come out. I reckon it would make a really good article if you removed the half of the content that was making it too verbose. I will continue to edit it over the next few weeks, but it will take many revisions as it's too much to do in one go. It probably needs about 10 hours work in total. GregRobson 20:23, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Proposed introduction
I'm willing to do the cleanup. It will take me quite an effort to eliminate all the wordy "deadwood" in this article. Could the original author provide references so that it will be easier for me to rephrase parts of the article? Allentchang 08:21, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * That's great that you are willing to work on cleaning this up. I assume you've asked at the Talk page of the first contributor(see History)?  JesseW 10:31, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I sent Mr. Chang the artciel. I believe he's working on it now.  As a lawyer, I was a bit "cliff's notes" in my understanding of the underlying science, although I tried to do my best to go through all the seminal journal articles.  Some things which sound like omissions in the text above are actually nuanced or more clearly explained in the footnotes.  Anyway, it seemed like a good idea at the time.  But if it doesn't work out, I'm all for completely gutting this entry and starting over again.  --Jvraba 02 Dec 2004

 * I'll get the cleanup done before Christmas. My background is in electrical engineering, but I've editted technical articles before. allentchang 21:56, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Legal implications section
The latter third of this article about the implications of GC/MS and related technologies in the American legal system is very interesting. In fact I thought it must have been copied from somewhere else becaue it was very clearly written not as a Wikipedia article. However it seems the author has put it here so it's legit. However, I think it doesn't really fit on this page. I think there should be a page on scientific evidence in the legal system, and this section can serve as the foundation of that article. I'm not going to move it or anything, I just wanted to provide my thoughts and how best to organize this information. I don't think the legal stuff should stay on this page in the current level of detail, but we should keep it somewhere else and link to it. Nohat 00:53, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Probably true. Well, before I pasted in my article there was no GC/MS article, and people kept asking me about GC/MS, so I figured it was better than nothing. I know there are certain problems with the article as it currently stands, because obviously, especially towards the end, its analytical framework is from the scientific evidence (legal) point of view. Was it originally written as a Wiki article? No. It was originally written as a term paper. But it seemed generalized enough to be useful. One of the problems it had, is that some of the more specific scentific quibbles remained in the footnotes which I did not paste in. Allentchang, who is currently working on the article, has the version complete with footnotes. I'm actually looking forward to seeing this reworked. --Jvraba 19:32, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The university library where I'm checking several sources on the subject is closed for winter break so it will take me much longer than I had promised. Allentchang 20:24, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Clarify this paragraph
"Alternatively, the single-magnet analyzer chamber will deflect the various particles through an electromagnetic field within a long curved tube. The lighter particles traverse the analyzer tube the fastest. The particles emerge from the magnetic region and strike the detector, transferring its charge. This activates the recorder which takes note of the atomic mass through the mass/charge ratio and evaluates concentration of that molecule contained in the sample."

Please clarify the above paragrapgh. So how exactly does the single-magnet analyzer discriminate between particles of different mass to charge ratios? I've read websites that suggest that single magnet is tunned to allow particles of a certain mass to charge ratio to be able to complete the journey through the long curved tube. Particles with a different mass to charge ratio has a trajectory that is incompatible with the pathway offered by the long curved tube and therefore these particles collide on the wall of the tube. Allentchang 20:59, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I invite anyone to cleanup sections after MS components
I invite anyone to cleanup sections after MS components. There's already a complaint that this article is more than 32k. There are sections of the article after MS compennts that I cannot properly clean up without consulting the book by Giannelli, Paul C. and Imwinkelried, Edward J. The UC Berkeley library does not have that book for some reason. Allentchang 22:43, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

GC/MS analysis
I've looked at the section on GC/MS analysis and got very confused. You said that two kinds of analysis are possible: comparative and original. You then proceed to explain about the comparative analysis in the first paragraph. Then in the second paragraph you vaguely mention about "another analysis." Is this other analysis the "original analysis"? If not, then there is no where in your GC/MS section that talks about original analysis.

Additionally, you later mention "full spectrum" analysis and selective ion monitoring. It seems to me that you are talking at most five different types of analysis instead of two: "comparative," "original," "another," "full spectrum," and "selective ion monitoring." Allentchang 22:54, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Ruthlessly Excised sections for clarity
Heres the original bits.

 * See http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Gas_chromatography-mass_spectrometry - the rest cut per WP:C --Kkmurray 02:18, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

GC/MS Analysis
Would anyone object to a section in the GC/MS page focusing on some practical observations from someone who works in a lab that does both environmental analysis and drug detection work? We tend to be very focused on supporting the identification with various kinds of quality control samples to show the system is working. We are also always up against the concept of "detection limit". Non-technical clients can't get over the idea that we can't say a sample does not contain a given compound. The best we can do is say we saw no reliable signal above the detection limit. The second question is always "How much is in there?", so quantitation should probably get a mention.

My suggestion?
I'd add a sentence like "GCMS has a very low detection limit, and can be used to determine how much of blah-de-blah is is present, unlike such-and-such. Then I'd put my insights re: quality controls ect in the detection limit article.  Sadly, I'm not an expert on GCMS, so I can't make the "true" statements in good faith.

If you know about these machines, please help with a related article
See HHO gas. A scientist by the name of Ruggero Santilli wrote a journal paper claiming a new gas based on electrolysis of water with all kinds of "anomalous properties" like not obeying the normal gas laws and having a different amount of energy in different circumstances. Most of his evidence is in the form of spectrometry scans, like a scan showing a peak at 5 amu and one showing monoatomic oxygen that "can only be explained" by his pet fringe theory of physics, etc. Can someone familiar with these devices help me out? Look over the paper (in the References section) and the graphs and point out any: — Omegatron 15:04, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Glaring errors (there are several typos and incorrect units in the paper)
 * Internal inconsistencies (why do the same scans of the same compound look so different from each other?)
 * Obvious misinterpretations of the graphs (is there normally a peak for monoatomic oxygen because of the electrical dissociation in the spectrometer?)
 * Areas that would have to be looked into further to determine the validity of these tests or other places these claims would likely be responded to

new sections: split/splitless and purge and trap
Just added two new sections. Not sure if they should be independent sections or part of 'Instrumentation'. Anyway, I need to add references but most of the info is from training materials not available to the public (I am a GC-MS operator). I will be making articles about Purge and Trap GC-MS when I get chance. Also I think we should standardise the form we express GCMS. In this article the forms GC/MS and GC-MS are both in use.

Tangaloomaflyer 11:12, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Technical Error on Page
This page, as it stands, should be koskoskoksoksoko GC-scanning MS.

As this topic relates to both GC and MS, it is important to bear in mind that there is a page dedicated to Mass Spectrometry, where most Mass Spectrometers are described.

A scanning mass spectrometer looks at 1 ion at a time and throws away the rest. It then moves onto the next ion. If one looks at it critically, one will see that a SCAN is just a very long and sequential SIM.

A Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer does not "scan". It records complete "snapshots" or spectra, not throwing away any masses.

This has 2 implications: 1) A TOFMS cannot do SIM. 2) A TOFMS provides you with more accurate repesentations of the GC peaks.

By claiming that SIM is more sensitive than SCAN, one also assumes that one is looking at a smaller number of ions under SIM than under SCAN. This last claim is a very difficult one to make, especially if one considers TOFMS instruments as included under "SCAN".

A TOFMS can be just as sensitive as other Mass Spectrometers running under SIM. This has been shown over and over by TOFMS users. It really does depend on whether one does 1 ion SIM (nice to show off SIM, but useless in real life) or whether one does 3+ ions SIM (Retention Time + 3 ions seems to be the bare minimum for positively identifying chemicals). At 3 ion SIM level, a TOFMS is often just as sensitive.

12:53, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * A triple collector IRMS doesn't scan. GraemeLeggett 10:38, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. GC/MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings. Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification.

The GC-MS has been widely heralded as a "gold standard" for forensic substance identification because it is used to perform a specific test. A specific test positively identifies the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample. A non-specific test, however, merely indicates that a substance falls into a category of substances. Although a non-specific test could statistically suggest the identity of the substance, this could lead to false positive identification.

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Instrumentation 2.1 Split/Splitless GC-MS inlets 2.2 Purge and Trap GC-MS 2.3 Types of Mass Spectrometer Detectors 3 Analysis 3.1 Full Scan MS 3.2 Selective Ion Monitoring 3.3 Types of Ionization 3.3.1 Electron Ionization 3.3.2 Chemical Ionization 3.4 GC-MS/MS 4 Applications 4.1 Environmental Monitoring and Cleanup 4.2 Criminal Forensics 4.3 Law Enforcement 4.4 Security 4.5 Food, Beverage and Perfume Analysis 4.6 Astrochemistry 4.7 Medicine 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links

[edit] History The use of a mass spectrometer as the detector in gas chromatography was developed during the 1950s by Roland Gohlke and Fred McLafferty.[1][2] These sensitive devices were bulky, fragile, and originally limited to laboratory settings. The development of affordable and miniaturized computers has helped in the simplification of the use of this instrument, as well as allowed great improvements in the amount of time it takes to analyze a sample. In 1996 the top-of-the-line high-speed GC-MS units completed analysis of fire accelerants in less than 90 seconds, whereas first-generation GC/MS would have required at least 16 minutes.[citation needed] This has led to their widespread adoption in a number of fields.

[edit] Instrumentation Main articles: gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer The insides of the GC-MS, with the column of the gas chromatograph in the oven on the right.The GC-MS is composed of two major building blocks: the gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer. The gas chromatograph utilizes a capillary column which depends on the column's dimensions (length, diameter, film thickness) as well as the phase properties (e.g. 5% phenyl polysiloxane). The difference in the chemical properties between different molecules in a mixture will separate the molecules as the sample travels the length of the column. The molecules take different amounts of time (called the retention time) to come out of (elute from) the gas chromatograph, and this allows the mass spectrometer downstream to capture, ionize, accelerate, deflect, and detect the ionized molecules separately. The mass spectrometer does this by breaking each molecule into ionized fragments and detecting these fragments using their mass to charge ratio.

GC-MS schematicThese two components, used together, allow a much finer degree of substance identification than either unit used separately. It is not possible to make an accurate identification of a particular molecule by gas chromatography or mass spectrometry alone. The mass spectrometry process normally requires a very pure sample while gas chromatography using a traditional detector (e.g. Flame Ionization Detector) detects multiple molecules that happen to take the same amount of time to travel through the column (i.e. have the same retention time) which results in two or more molecules to co-elute. Sometimes two different molecules can also have a similar pattern of ionized fragments in a mass spectrometer (mass spectrum). Combining the two processes makes it extremely unlikely that two different molecules will behave in the same way in both a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. Therefore when an identifying mass spectrum appears at a characteristic retention time in a GC-MS analysis, it typically lends to increased certainty that the analyte of interest is in the sample.

[edit] Split/Splitless GC-MS inlets Samples are introduced to the column via an inlet. This inlet is typically injection through a septum. Once in the inlet, the heated chamber acts to volatilise (vapourise) the sample. In a split system, a constant flow of carrier gas moves through the inlet. A portion of the carrier gas flow acts to transport the sample into the column. Another portion of the carrier gas flow gets directed to purge the inlet of any sample following injection (septum purge). Yet another portion of the flow is directed through the split vent in a set ratio known as the split ratio. In a splitless system, the advantage is that a larger amount of sample is introduced to the column. However, a split system is preferred when the detector is sensitive to trace amounts of analyte and there is concern about overloading the column.

[edit] Purge and Trap GC-MS For the analysis of volatile compounds a Purge and Trap (P&T) concentrator system may be used to introduce samples. The target analytes are extracted and mixed with water and introduced into an airtight chamber. An inert gas such as Nitrogen (N2) is bubbled through the water; this is known as purging. The volatile compounds move into the headspace above the water and are drawn along a pressure gradient (caused by the introduction of the purge gas) out of the chamber. The volatile compounds are drawn along a heated line onto a 'trap'. the trap is a column of adsorbent material at ambient temperature that holds the compounds by returning them to the liquid phase. The trap is then heated and the sample compounds are introduced to the GC-MS column via a volatiles interface, which is a split inlet system. P&T GC-MS is particularly suited to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and BTEX compounds (aromatic compounds associated with petroleum).[3]

[edit] Types of Mass Spectrometer Detectors The most common type of mass spectrometer (MS) associated with a gas chromatograph (GC) is the quadrupole mass spectrometer, sometimes referred to as a Mass Selective Detector. Another relatively common detector is the ion trap mass spectrometer. Additionally one may find a magnetic sector mass spectrometer, however these particular instruments are expensive and bulky and not typically found in throughput laboratories. Other detectors may be encountered such as time of flight (TOF), tandem quadrupoles (MS-MS) (see below), or in the case of an ion trap MSn where n indicates the number mass spectrometry stages.

[edit] Analysis A mass spectrometer is typically utilized in one of two ways: Full Scan or Selective Ion Monitoring (SIM). The typical GC/MS instrument is capable of performing both functions either individually or concomitantly, depending on the setup of the particular instrument.

[edit] Full Scan MS When collecting data in the full scan mode, a target range of mass fragments is determined and inputed into the instrument's method. An example of a typical broad range of mass fragments to monitor would be m/z 50 to m/z 400. The determination of what range to use is largely dictated by what one anticipates in being in the sample while being cognizant of the solvent and other possible interferences. A MS should not be set to look for mass fragments too low or else one may detect air (found as m/z 28 due to nitrogen), carbon dioxide (m/z 44) or other possible interferences. Additionally if one is to use a very large scan range then sensitivity of the instrument is decreased due to performing fewer scans per second since each scan will have to detect a wide range of mass fragments.

Full Scan is useful in determining unknown compounds in a sample. It provides more information than SIM when it comes to confirming or resolving compounds in a sample. During instrument method development it may be common to first analyze test solutions in full scan mode to determine the retention time and the mass fragment fingerprint before moving to a SIM instrument method.

[edit] Selective Ion Monitoring In Selective Ion Monitoring (SIM) certain ion fragments are entered into the instrument method and only those mass fragments are detected by the mass spectrometer. The advantages of SIM are that the detection limit is lower since the instrument is only looking at a small number of fragments (e.g. three fragments) during each scan. More scans can take place each second. Since only a few mass fragments of interest are being monitored, matrix interferences are typically lower. To additionally confirm the likelihood of a potentially positive result, it is relatively important to be sure that the ion ratios of the various mass fragments are comparable to a known reference standard.

[edit] Types of Ionization After the molecules travel the length of the column, pass through the transfer line and enter into the mass spectrometer they are ionized by various methods with typically only one method being used as any given time. Once the sample is fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an electron multiplier diode, which essentially turns the ionized mass fragment into an electrical signal that is then detected.

The ionization technique chosen is independent of using Full Scan or SIM.

[edit] Electron Ionization By far the most common and perhaps standard form of ionization is electron ionization (EI). The molecules enter into the MS (the source is a quadrupole or the ion trap itself in an ion trap MS) where they are bombarded with free electrons emitted from a filament, not much unlike the filament one would find in a standard light bulb. The electrons bombard the molecules causing a hard ionization that fragments the molecule, and the way in which a molecule fragment is usually typical for all EI techniques.

[edit] Chemical Ionization Main article: Chemical ionization In chemical ionization a reagent gas, typically methane or ammonia is introduced into the mass spectrometer. Depending on the technique (positive CI or negative CI) chosen, this reagent gas will interact with the electrons and analyte and cause a 'soft' ionization of the molecule of interest. A softer ionization fragments the molecule to a lower degree than the hard ionization of EI. One of the main benefits of using chemical ionization is that a mass fragment closely corresponding to the molecular weight of the analyte of interest is produced.

Positive Chemical Ionization In Positive Chemical Ionization (PCI) the reagent gas interacts with the target molecule, most often with a proton exchange. This produces the species in relatively high amounts.

Negative Chemical Ionization In Negative Chemical Ionization (NCI) the reagent gas decreases the impact of the free electrons on the target analyte. This decreased energy typically leaves the fragment in great supply.

Please help improve this section by expanding it with: Updating. The following information is in the process of being updated:. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (September 2007)

The primary goal of instrument analysis is to quantify an amount of substance. This is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the generated spectrum. Two kinds of analysis are possible, comparative and original. Comparative analysis essentially compares the given spectrum to a spectrum library to see if its characteristics are present for some sample in the library. This is best performed by a computer because there are a myriad of visual distortions that can take place due to variations in scale. Computers can also simultaneously correlate more data (such as the retention times identified by GC), to more accurately relate certain data.

Another method of analysis measures the peaks in relation to one another. In this method, the tallest peak is assigned 100% of the value, and the other peaks being assigned proportionate values. All values above 3% are assigned. The total mass of the unknown compound is normally indicated by the parent peak. The value of this parent peak can be used to fit with a chemical formula containing the various elements which are believed to be in the compound. The isotope pattern in the spectrum, which is unique for elements that have many isotopes, can also be used to identify the various elements present. Once a chemical formula has been matched to the spectrum, the molecular structure and bonding can be identified, and must be consistent with the characteristics recorded by GC/MS. Typically, this identification done automatically by programs which come with the instrument, given a list of the elements which could be present in the sample.

A “full spectrum” analysis considers all the “peaks” within a spectrum. Conversely, selective ion monitoring (SIM) only monitors selected peaks associated with a specific substance. This is done on the assumption that at a given retention time, a set of ions is characteristic of a certain compound. This is a fast and efficient analysis, especially if the analyst has previous information about a sample or is only looking for a few specific substances. When the amount of information collected about the ions in a given gas chromatographic peak decreases, the sensitivity of the analysis increases. So, SIM analysis allows for a smaller quantity of a compound to be detected and measured, but the degree of certainty about the identity of that compound is reduced.

[edit] GC-MS/MS When a second phase of mass fragmentation is added, for example using a second quadrupole in a quadrupole instrument, it is called MS/MS or Tandem MS. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a more powerful technique to quantitate low levels of target compounds in the presence of a high sample matrix background.

The first quadrupole (Q1) is connected with a collision cell (q2) and another quadrupole (Q3). Both quadrupoles can be used in scanning or static mode, depending on the type of MS/MS analysis being performed. Types of analysis include product ion scan, precursor ion scan, Single Reaction Monitoring (SRM) and Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) and Neutral Loss Scan. For example: When Q1 is in static mode (looking at one mass only as in SIM), and Q3 is in scanning mode, one obtains a so-called product ion spectrum (also called "daughter spectrum"). From this spectrum, one can select a prominent product ion which can be the product ion for the chosen precursor ion. The pair is called a "transition" and forms the basis for SRM (MRM if more than one transition is chosen for the precursor ion). MRM is highly specific and virtually eliminates matrix background.

[edit] Applications

[edit] Environmental Monitoring and Cleanup GC-MS is becoming the tool of choice for tracking organic pollutants in the environment. The cost of GC-MS equipment has decreased significantly, and the reliability has increased at the same time, which has contributed to its increased adoption in environmental studies. There are some compounds for which GC-MS is not sufficiently sensitive, including certain pesticides and herbicides, but for most organic analysis of environmental samples, including many major classes of pesticides, it is very sensitive and effective.

[edit] Criminal Forensics GC-MS can analyze the particles from a human body in order to help link a criminal to a crime. The analysis of fire debris using GC-MS is well established, and there is even an established American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standard for fire debris analysis. GCMS/MS is especially useful here as samples often contain very complex matrices and results, used in court, need to be highly accurate.

[edit] Law Enforcement GC-MS is increasingly used for detection of illegal narcotics, and may eventually supplant drug-sniffing dogs.[1] It is also commonly used in forensic toxicology to find drugs and/or poisons in biological specimens of suspects, victims, or the deceased.

[edit] Security A post-September 11 development, explosive detection systems have become a part of all US airports. These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC-MS. There are only three manufacturers certified by the FAA to provide these systems,[citation needed] one of which is Thermo Detection (formerly Thermedics), which produces the EGIS, a GC-MS-based line of explosives detectors. The other two manufacturers are Barringer Technologies, now owned by Smith's Detection Systems and Ion Track Instruments, part of General Electric Infrastructure Security Systems.

[edit] Food, Beverage and Perfume Analysis Foods and beverages contain numerous aromatic compounds, some naturally present in the raw materials and some forming during processing. GC-MS is extensively used for the analysis of these compounds which include esters, fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes etc. It is also used to detect and measure contaminants from spoilage or adulteration which may be harmful and which is often controlled by governmental agencies, for example pesticides.

[edit] Astrochemistry Several GC-MS have left earth. Two were brought to Mars by the Viking program.[4] Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC-MS.[5] The Huygens probe of the Cassini-Huygens mission landed one GC-MS on Saturn's largest moon, Titan.[6] The material in the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will be analysed by the Rosetta mission with a chiral GC-MS in 2014. [7]

[edit] Medicine In combination with isotopic labeling of metabolic compounds, the GC-MS is used for determining metabolic activity. Most applications are based on the use of 13C as the labeling and the measurement of 13C/12C ratios with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS); an MS with a detector designed to measure a few select ions and return values as ratios.

[edit] See also Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry Prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer

[edit] References ^ Gohlke, R. S., Time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas-liquid partition chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 535-41 ^ Gohlke, R. S.; McLafferty, F. W., Early gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993, 4, (5), 367-371. ^ "Optimizing the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds - Technical Guide" Restek Corporation, Lit. Cat. 59887A ^ The Development of the Viking GCMS ^ V. A. Krasnopolsky, V. A. Parshev (1981). "Chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus". Nature 292: 610–613. doi:10.1038/292610a0. ^ H. B. Niemann, S. K. Atreya, S. J. Bauer, G. R. Carignan, J. E. Demick, R. L. Frost, D. Gautier, J. A. Haberman, D. N. Harpold, D. M. Hunten, G. Israel, J. I. Lunine, W. T. Kasprzak, T. C. Owen, M. Paulkovich, F. Raulin, E. Raaen, S. H. Way (2005). "The abundances of constituents of Titan’s atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe". Nature 438: 77–9–784. doi:10.1038/nature04122. ^ Goesmann F, Rosenbauer H, Roll R, Bohnhardt H (2005). "COSAC onboard Rosetta: A bioastronomy experiment for the short-period comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko". Astrobiology 5 (5): 622–631. doi:10.1089/ast.2005.5.622.

[edit] Bibliography Robert P., Dr Adams (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components By Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Allured Pub Corp. ISBN 1-932633-21-9. Adlard, E. R.; Handley, Alan J. (2001). Gas chromatographic techniques and applications. London: Sheffield Academic. ISBN 0-8493-0521-7. Eugene F. Barry; Grob, Robert Lee (2004). Modern practice of gas chromatography. New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-22983-0. Eiceman, G.A. (2000). Gas Chromatography. In R.A. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory, and Instrumentation, pp. 10627. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-97670-9 Giannelli, Paul C. and Imwinkelried, Edward J. (1999). Drug Identification: Gas Chromatography. In Scientific Evidence 2, pp. 362. Charlottesville: Lexis Law Publishing. ISBN 0-327-04985-5. McEwen, Charles N.; Kitson, Fulton G.; Larsen, Barbara Seliger (1996). Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: a practical guide. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-483385-3. McMaster, Christopher; McMaster, Marvin C. (1998). GC/MS: a practical user's guide. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24826-6. Message, Gordon M. (1984). Practical aspects of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-06277-4. Niessen, W. M. A. (2001). Current practice of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0473-8. Weber, Armin; Maurer, Hans W.; Pfleger, Karl. Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants and Their Metabolites. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-31538-1.

[edit] External links MeSH Gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry GCMS Tutorial Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Background Introduction to Mass Spectrometry —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.167.220.84 (talk) 14:24, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Splitting off Applications
Does anyone have an opinion on whether the applications section could be split off into a page of its own? This article is quite long as it is, and adding more detail about applications (which could easily be done) will only make it more unwieldy. Thoughts, before I take a crack at it? Canada Hky (talk) 00:22, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 19:30, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Questionable section
I have removed the following section from the paragraph about Finnigan. If someone can find sources linking Friedman to Finnigan, and integrate this information into the paragraph, that would be helpful. As was, it didn't connect with the rest of the section. Mary Mark Ockerbloom (talk) 21:10, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

"Amongst others, a long time employee of the Finnigan corporation, Lloyd Friedman, ((an Engineer schooled through the Air Force {in the late 60's})), is credited to aiding in the maintenance, improvement, and evolution of the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer" ((Shemesh Friedman / daughter of Lloyd Friedman, and writer of this statement)).

Possible unrelated references
These two references had been added after the reflist, but it's not clear to what statements, if any, they relate. I'm moving them here; if someone can identify a relevant place for their citation, please do. Mary Mark Ockerbloom (talk) 13:28, 24 January 2015 (UTC) 18. Masoum S, Ghasemi-Estarki H, Seifi H, Ebrahimabadi EH, Parastar H. Analysis of the volatile chemical constituents in Mindium laevigatum by gas chromatography — Mass spectrometry and correlative chemometric resolution methods. Microchemical J. 2013;106:276-81. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X12001932

19.Masoum, S., Seifi, H., & Ebrahimabadi, E. H. (2013). Characterization of volatile components in calligonum comosum by coupling gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and mean field approach independent component analysis. Anal. Methods. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/ay/c3ay40451j#!divAbstract

External links modified
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Introduction is WRONG, WRONG, WRONG!
The begining section needs to be fixed. This sentence is completely wrong. "The use of a mass spectrometer as the detector in gas chromatography was developed during the 1950s after being originated by James and Martin in 1952.[1]" Read the article. The method of detection described in that reference IS NOT a mass spectrometer, it is a titration cell fitted with a photoelectric detector to detect the phenol red in the solution. I don't have time to fix this, and don't know how to edit it properly. I am putting this note here, so, someone with the expertise can fix it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.41.226.36 (talk) 17:21, 23 April 2017 (UTC)
 * History lead sentence and 2x secondary source refs added. From "The invention of gas chromatography is commonly attributed to A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin in 1952 ... The first GC/MS experiments were carried out by Fred McLafferty and Roland Gohlke at Dow Chemical with Bill Wiley and Ian McLaren at Bendix Research Laboratories sometime in the winter of 1955–1956." --Kkmurray (talk) 19:24, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

Needs citations
It seems like this article is lacking citations in several of the major sections. For example, "Types of mass spectrometer detectors," "GC-tandem MS," and the "Analysis" sections have no in-text citations! As a graduate student in chemistry, I really like the information in these sections. But there needs to be citations so people who are less familiar with chemistry can validate the information given. Is anyone willing to take on this task? Any analytical chemistry textbook would probably be a good place to start. Paiges8 (talk) 01:55, 19 January 2018 (UTC)


text:
Gene Clark

Harold Eugene Clark (November 17, 1944 – May 24, 1991) was an American singer-songwriter and founding member of the folk rock band the Byrds. He was the Byrds' principal songwriter between 1964 and early 1966, writing most of the band's best-known originals from this period, including "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better", "She Don't Care About Time", "Eight Miles High" and "Set You Free This Time". Although he did not achieve commercial success as a solo artist, Clark was in the vanguard of popular music during much of his career, prefiguring developments in such disparate subgenres as psychedelic rock, baroque pop, newgrass, country rock, and alternative country. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 as a member of the Byrds.

Life
Clark was born in Tipton, Missouri, the third of 13 children in a family of Irish, German, and Native American heritage. His family moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where as a boy he began learning to play the guitar and harmonica from his father. He was soon playing Hank Williams tunes as well as songs by early rockers such as Elvis Presley and the Everly Brothers. He began writing songs at the age of 11. By the time he was 15, he had developed a rich tenor voice, and he formed a local rock and roll combo, Joe Meyers and the Sharks. Like many of his generation, Clark developed an interest in folk music because of the popularity of The Kingston Trio. When he graduated from Bonner Springs High School, in Bonner Springs, Kansas, in 1962, he formed a folk group, the Rum Runners.

Formation of the Byrds
Clark was invited to join an established regional folk band, the Surf Riders, based in Kansas City at the Castaways Lounge, owned by Hal Harbaum. On August 12, 1963, he was performing with them when he was discovered by the New Christy Minstrels. They hired him, and he recorded two albums with the ensemble before leaving in early 1964. After hearing the Beatles, Clark quit the New Christy Minstrels and moved to Los Angeles, where he met fellow folkie and Beatles convert Jim (later Roger) McGuinn at the Troubadour Club. In early 1964 they began to assemble a band that would become the Byrds.

Clark wrote or co-wrote many of the Byrds' best-known originals from their first three albums, including "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better", "Set You Free This Time", "Here Without You", "You Won't Have to Cry", "If You're Gone", "The World Turns All Around Her", "She Don't Care About Time" and "Eight Miles High". He initially played rhythm guitar in the band, but relinquished that position to David Crosby and became the tambourine and harmonica player. Bassist Chris Hillman noted years later in an interview remembering Clark, "At one time, he was the power in the Byrds, not McGuinn, not Crosby—it was Gene who would burst through the stage curtain banging on a tambourine, coming on like a young Prince Valiant. A hero, our savior. Few in the audience could take their eyes off this presence. He was the songwriter. He had the 'gift' that none of the rest of us had developed yet.... What deep inner part of his soul conjured up songs like 'Set You Free This Time,' 'I'll Feel A Whole Lot Better,' 'I'm Feelin' Higher,' 'Eight Miles High'? So many great songs! We learned a lot of songwriting from him and in the process learned a little bit about ourselves."

A management decision gave McGuinn the lead vocals for their major singles and Bob Dylan songs. This disappointment, combined with Clark's dislike of traveling (including a chronic fear of flying) and resentment by other band members about the extra income he derived from his songwriting, led to internal squabbling, and he left the group in early 1966. He briefly returned to Kansas City before moving back to Los Angeles to form Gene Clark & the Group with Chip Douglas, Joel Larson, and Bill Rhinehart.

Solo career, brief return to the Byrds and Dillard and Clark
Columbia Records (the Byrds' record label) signed Clark as a solo artist, and in 1967 he released his first solo album, Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers. The Gosdin Brothers were selected to back him because they shared the same manager, Jim Dickson, and because Chris Hillman, who played bass on the album, had worked with the Gosdin Brothers in the mid-1960s when he and they were members of the Southern California bluegrass band the Hillmen. The album was a unique mixture of pop, country rock and baroque psychedelic tracks. It received favorable reviews, but unfortunately for Clark, it was released almost simultaneously with the Byrds' Younger Than Yesterday, also on Columbia, and (partly because of his 18-month absence from public attention) was a commercial failure.

With the future of his solo career in doubt, Clark briefly rejoined the Byrds in October 1967 as a replacement for the recently departed David Crosby; following an anxiety attack in Minneapolis, he left after only three weeks. During this brief period with the Byrds, he appeared with the band on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, lip-synching the group's current single, "Goin' Back"; he also performed "Mr. Spaceman" with the band. Although there is some disagreement among the band's biographers, Clark is generally viewed as having contributed background vocals to the songs "Goin' Back" and "Space Odyssey" for the forthcoming Byrds' album The Notorious Byrd Brothers and was an uncredited co-author, with McGuinn, of "Get to You", also from that album.

In 1968, Clark signed with A&M Records and began a collaboration with the banjo player Doug Dillard. Guitarist Bernie Leadon (later with The Flying Burrito Brothers and The Eagles), bassist Dave Jackson and mandolinist Don Beck joined them to form the nucleus of Dillard & Clark; in addition, Michael Clarke briefly drummed for the group before joining The Flying Burrito Brothers. They produced two albums, The Fantastic Expedition of Dillard & Clark (1968) and Through the Morning, Through the Night (1969).

The Fantastic Expedition of Dillard & Clark was a pivotal work of acoustic country rock. It included such enduring songs as "Train Leaves Here This Morning" (a collaboration between Clark and Leadon prominently covered by the latter in 1972 on The Eagles' debut album) and "She Darked the Sun" (covered by Linda Ronstadt on her 1970 album Silk Purse). In contrast, Through the Morning, Through the Night was more indebted to traditional bluegrass but also employed electric instrumentation. By this juncture, Dillard's girlfriend Donna Washburn had joined the group as a backing vocalist, a factor that precipitated the departure of Leadon. The shift to traditional bluegrass also caused Clark to lose interest. Written by Clark, the title song was used by Quincy Jones in the soundtrack of the 1972 Sam Peckinpah film The Getaway; it was also covered by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss (along with "Polly," another Clark-penned track from the album) on their 2007 album Raising Sand. Both albums by Dillard & Clark fared poorly on the charts, but they are now regarded as seminal exemplars of the country rock and progressive bluegrass genres. The collaboration with Dillard rejuvenated Clark's creativity but greatly contributed to his growing drinking problem. Dillard & Clark disintegrated in late 1969 after the departures of Clark and Leadon. During this period, Clark, Leadon, Jackson and Beck contributed to the debut album of Steve Young, Rock Salt & Nails, released in November 1969.

In 1970, Clark began work on a new single, recording two tracks with the original members of the Byrds (each recording his part separately). The resulting songs, "She's the Kind of Girl" and "One in a Hundred", were not released at the time, because of legal problems; they were included later on the 1973 album Roadmaster. In 1970 and 1971, Clark contributed vocals and two compositions ("Tried So Hard" and "Here Tonight") to albums by the Flying Burrito Brothers.

Frustrated with the music industry, Clark bought a house in Albion, California and married former go-go dancer and Bell Records production assistant Carlie Lynn McCummings in June 1970, with whom he had two sons (Kelly and Kai Clark). In semi-retirement, he subsisted on his still-substantial Byrds royalties throughout the early 1970s, augmented by income from The Turtles' 1969 American Top Ten hit "You Showed Me", a previously unreleased composition by McGuinn and Clark from 1964 rearranged for the band by Chip Douglas.

White Light and Roadmaster
In 1971, Clark released his second solo album, White Light (the title was not on the cover sleeve, and thus some later reviewers mistakenly assumed that the title was Gene Clark). The album was produced by the Native American guitarist Jesse Ed Davis, with whom Clark developed a great rapport, partly due to their common ancestry. An intimate, poetic and mostly acoustic work supplemented by Davis's slide guitar, the album contained many introspective tracks, such as "With Tomorrow", "Because of You", "Where My Love Lies Asleep" and "For a Spanish Guitar" (which Bob Dylan reportedly hailed as one of the greatest songs ever written). All of the material was written by Clark, with the exception of Bob Dylan and Richard Manuel's "Tears of Rage". Launched to considerable critical acclaim, the album failed to gain commercial success, except in the Netherlands, where it was voted album of the year by rock music critics. Once more, modest promotion and Clark's refusal to undertake promotional touring adversely affected sales.

In the spring of 1971, Clark was commissioned by Dennis Hopper to contribute the tracks "American Dreamer" and "Outlaw Song" to American Dreamer, a documentary that chronicled the fractious editing process of The Last Movie. A rerecorded, longer version of the song "American Dreamer" was later used in the 1977 film The Farmer, along with an instrumental version of the same song plus "Outside the Law (The Outlaw)", a re-recording of "Outlaw Song".

In 1972, Clark attempted to record a follow-up album. Progress was slow and expensive, and A&M terminated the project before completion. The resulting eight tracks, including "Full Circle Song" and "In a Misty Morning", along with those recorded with the Byrds in 1970 and 1971 ("She's the Kind of Girl" and "One in a Hundred") and with the Flying Burrito Brothers ("Here Tonight"), were released in 1973 as Roadmaster in the Netherlands only.

Byrds
Clark left A&M in late 1972 to join a reunion of the original five Byrds. They cut the album Byrds, which was released in March 1973 by Asylum Records. While the album charted relatively well (U.S. No. 20), its placement did not live up to the label's initial expectations in the wake of the recent success of Crosby (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) and Hillman (a member of Stephen Stills's band Manassas). Clark's compositions "Full Circle" and "Changing Heart" and the Neil Young covers on which he sang the lead vocal ("See the Sky About to Rain" and "Cowgirl in the Sand") were widely regarded as the standout tracks on the critically divisive album. Disheartened by the bad reviews and unhappy with Crosby's performance as the record's producer, the group members chose to dissolve the band. Clark briefly joined McGuinn's solo group, with which he premiered "Silver Raven", arguably his most celebrated post-Byrds song.

No Other
On the basis of the quality of Clark's contributions to Byrds, David Geffen signed him to Asylum Records in early 1974. The label was the home of the most prominent exponents of the singer-songwriter movement of the era and carried the kind of hip cachet that Clark hadn't experienced since his days with the Byrds. While composing the album, he spent long periods with a notebook and an acoustic guitar at the picture window of his home, deriving inspiration from staring at the Pacific Ocean.

Produced by Thomas Jefferson Kaye with a vast array of session musicians (including members of The Section and the Allman Brothers Band) and backing singers, the ensuing No Other fused elements of country rock, folk, gospel, soul and choral music with poetic, mystical lyrics. Although the album was praised by critics, its unconventional arrangements (which anticipated the later innovations of Lindsey Buckingham, Stevie Nicks and Christine McVie) limited public appeal. Furthermore, its high production costs (exceeding $100,000) prompted Geffen to publicly berate Clark and Kaye. The album was minimally promoted and stalled in the Billboard album chart at No. 144. In 2013, members of the bands Beach House, The Walkmen, Grizzly Bear, and Fleet Foxes performed the album in its entirety in a series of concerts.

Clark's return to Los Angeles to record the album resulted in his reversion to a hedonistic lifestyle and accelerated the disintegration of his marriage. Disillusioned by professional and marital failure, he mounted his first solo tour by road, playing colleges and clubs with Roger White (lead guitar and backing vocals) and Duke Bardwell (electric bass, backing vocals and acoustic guitar); the drumless trio was billed as Gene Clark and the Silverados.

In 2019, a remastered/remixed version of No Other was released.

Two Sides to Every Story
After the commercial failure of No Other, Clark was confused about his artistic direction. Throughout 1975 and 1976, he had hinted to the press that he was assembling a set of "cosmic" songs fusing country rock with R&B and funk, elaborating on the soundscapes of his most recent album. In 1976, he recorded a set of ten demos that combined country and folk music with a light touch of cosmic consciousness. These were submitted to RSO Records, which promptly bought out Clark's Asylum contract and issued the long-gestating Two Sides to Every Story in 1977. The album—a melange of bluegrass, traditional honky tonk, echoes of No Other ("Sister Moon") and strident country rock (a new arrangement of "Kansas City Southern")—was produced by Kaye with an understated touch.

The emotional fallout from his divorce is reflected in the album title and several of Clark's compositions, including the aforementioned "Sister Moon", "Lonely Saturday", "Past Addresses", "Silent Crusade" and "Hear the Wind". The album also contains covers of the traditional "In the Pines" (a key component of Clark's live repertoire with the Silverados) and "Give My Love to Marie" by James Talley. Once again, his style of sensitive balladry failed to achieve success on the U.S. charts. In a belated attempt to find an appreciative public, he reluctantly overcame his travel anxiety and launched an international promotional tour with the KC Southern Band. Some six weeks before his death in 1991, Clark told interviewer Bill Wasserzieher that he considered Two Sides to Every Story his best album, rivaled only by No Other.

McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
For his British tour dates, Clark found himself on the same bill as ex-Byrds Roger McGuinn and Chris Hillman, each fronting their own bands. Shortly after returning to the United States, Clark and McGuinn began touring as an acoustic duo. After Hillman joined his former bandmates, the reformed trio named themselves McGuinn, Clark & Hillman and signed with Capitol Records. Produced by the Albert Brothers (who had recently recorded Crosby, Stills & Nash's 1977 comeback album), the ensuing McGuinn, Clark & Hillman (1979) was a rebirth in both performing and songwriting for Clark, who ensconced himself as the group's dominant creative force. He wrote four songs for the album, including "Backstage Pass" (a rumination on the ennui of touring and his fear of flying), "Release Me Girl" (a disco-inflected collaboration with Thomas Jefferson Kaye), the UFO-inspired "Feelin' Higher" and "Little Mama".

Many critics felt that the album's slick production and disco-influenced soft rock rhythms didn't flatter the group, but the album reached No. 39 on the Billboard 200 (underpinned by the McGuinn-penned "Don't You Write Her Off", which peaked at No. 33 in May 1979) and earned a RIAA gold certification, selling well enough to generate a follow-up. McGuinn, Clark and Hillman's second release was to have been a full group effort entitled City; although it was ultimately released in 1980, a combination of Clark's unreliability (including experimentation with heroin) and his dissatisfaction with their musical direction (mostly regarding Ron and Howard Albert's production) resulted in the album being credited to "Roger McGuinn & Chris Hillman featuring Gene Clark." Despite the turmoil, Clark penned the song "Won't Let You Down". By 1981, Clark had left, and the group recorded one more album as "McGuinn/Hillman".

Rehabilitation, Firebyrd and So Rebellious a Lover
Clark moved to Hawaii with Jesse Ed Davis to try to overcome his drug dependency, remaining there until the end of 1981. Upon his return to Los Angeles, he assembled a new band, the Firebyrds, and in 1982 proceeded to record what would eventually become the album Firebyrd. While waiting for the album to be released, Clark joined up with Chris Hillman and others in an abortive venture called Flyte, which failed to secure a recording contract and was quickly dissolved. The eventual release of Firebyrd in 1984 coincided with the emergence of jangle rockers like R.E.M. and Tom Petty, who had sparked a new interest in the Byrds. Clark also began developing new fans among LA's roots-conscious Paisley Underground scene. Later in the decade, he embraced his new status by appearing as a guest with the Long Ryders, in a session arranged by Saul Davis and he cut an acclaimed duo album with Carla Olson of the Textones titled So Rebellious a Lover (including the notable "Gypsy Rider" and "Del Gato") in 1986. The album included contributions from Chris Hillman, Stephen McCarthy (of The Long Ryders) and Randy Fuller (of the Bobby Fuller Four) and was produced and arranged by session drummer Michael Huey.

Later career, illness and death
In 1985, Clark approached McGuinn, Crosby and Hillman regarding a reformation of the Byrds in time for the 20th anniversary of the release of "Mr. Tambourine Man". The three of them showed no interest. Clark decided to assemble a "superstar" collection of musicians, including ex-Flying Burrito Brothers and Firefall member Rick Roberts, ex-Beach Boys singer and guitarist Blondie Chaplin, ex-Band members Rick Danko and Richard Manuel, and ex-Byrds Michael Clarke and John York. Clark initially called his band "The 20th Anniversary Tribute to the Byrds" and began performing on the lucrative nostalgia circuit in early 1985. A number of concert promoters began to shorten the band's name to "the Byrds" in advertisements and promotional material. As the band continued to tour throughout 1985, their agent decided to shorten the name to "the Byrds" permanently, to the displeasure of McGuinn, Crosby and Hillman. Clark eventually discontinued performing with his own "Byrds" band, but drummer Clarke continued on with Skip Battin (occasionally with ex-Byrds York and Gene Parsons), forming another "Byrds" group, prompting McGuinn, Hillman, and Crosby to go on the road as "the Byrds" in an attempt to establish a claim to the rights to the name. Their effort failed this time; Clark was not included in the reunion, primarily because of his involvement with the act that didn't include them. Crosby finally secured rights to the name in 2002.

Despite the critical success of So Rebellious a Lover, which led to several TV appearances (including Nashville Now), Clark was increasingly afflicted with serious health problems, including ulcers and alcohol dependence. In 1988, he underwent surgery to remove a malignant ulcer.

A period of abstinence and recovery followed until Tom Petty covered "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better" on Full Moon Fever (1989), yielding a windfall of royalties from the album (which peaked at No. 3 in the United States) to Clark. Flush with money, he began to neglect his professional obligations. Although the circumstances remain nebulous (with Carla Olson citing alleged financial improprieties), the binge also precipitated his final break-up with Terri Messina, who had had a two-decade on-again, off-again relationship with Clark.

During this period, The Byrds set aside their differences long enough to appear together at their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 1991, at which the original lineup performed several songs together, including Clark's "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better".

Clark's health continued to decline as his substance abuse accelerated, and he was diagnosed with throat cancer in early 1991. He died on May 24, 1991, at the age of 46 from heart disease as a result of a bleeding ulcer. Drug and alcohol addiction were determined to have contributed to his death. He was buried at St. Andrews Catholic Cemetery in Tipton, Missouri, beneath an epitaph that reads "No Other."

Covers and tribute songs
During his career and after his death, Clark's songs have been covered by a number of artists. Iain Matthews was an early promoter of Clark's songs, covering "Polly" on his 1972 album Journeys from Gospel Oak and "Tried So Hard" on his 1974 album Some Days You Eat the Bear. "Tried So Hard" was later covered by Yo la Tengo on Fakebook in 1990. Death in Vegas and Paul Weller covered his song "So You Say You Lost Your Baby" on their 2003 album Scorpio Rising. In 1993 the Scottish band Teenage Fanclub recorded a tribute entitled "Gene Clark" on their album Thirteen.

In 2007, two of his songs were recorded by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant on the T-Bone Burnett–produced Raising Sand: "Polly Come Home" and "Through the Morning, Through the Night." Also in 2007, Chris and Rich Robinson released a live version of "Polly" on their album Brothers of a Feather: Live at the Roxy. This Mortal Coil covered "Strength of Strings" from his album No Other and "With Tomorrow" from his album White Light. Soulsavers with Mark Lanegan recorded a version of "Some Misunderstanding" from No Other on their 2009 release, Broken. The song "Gorgeous" from Kanye West's 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy is based on elements of The Turtles' cover of "You Showed Me".

Documentary
A documentary about Clark's life and career, entitled The Byrd Who Flew Alone, was released in 2013, featuring contributions from family, friends, the three surviving original members of the Byrds, latter-day Byrd John York and late-era collaborators Carla Olson and Pat Robinson. The documentary revealed that Clark was suffering from throat cancer at the time of his death.

Albums

 * Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers (aka Echoes) (1967)
 * White Light (1971)
 * Collector's Series – Early L.A. Sessions (1972)
 * Roadmaster (1973)
 * No Other (1974)
 * Two Sides to Every Story (1977)
 * Firebyrd (1984)
 * Gypsy Angel – The Gene Clark Demos 1983–1990 (2001)
 * Under the Silvery Moon (2003)
 * Silverado Live & Unreleased (2008)
 * Here Tonight – The White Light Demos (2013)
 * Back Street Mirror (2018)
 * The Lost Studio Sessions 1964–1982 (2016)

Collaborations

 * The Fantastic Expedition of Dillard & Clark (1968; with Doug Dillard)
 * Through the Morning Through the Night (1969; with Doug Dillard)
 * McGuinn, Clark & Hillman (1979; with Roger McGuinn and Chris Hillman)
 * City (1980; with Roger Mcguinn and Chris Hillman)
 * So Rebellious a Lover (1987; with Carla Olson)
 * Silhouetted in Light – Live in Concert (1992; with Carla Olson)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gene Clark


text:
User:Jimaltieri

Jim Altieri (born 1978) is a spectrologist living in Thailand.

The blog of his life in Thailand is located at his always-incomplete webpage.

Jim likes using Wikipedia to look stuff up, and enjoys chiming in when he can, especially with information about his areas of study - contemporary music and geology.

He grew up in Mahopac, New York, and attended Oberlin College and the Oberlin Conservatory. He lived in Portland, Oregon for a year, where he submersed himself in free improvisation. He has worked as a music teacher, a photograph developer, a research assistant, a computer help-desk consultant, and a computer programmer.

title: User:Jimaltieri


text:
Kish

Kish may refer to:

Businesses and organisations

 * KISH, a radio station in Guam
 * Kish Air, an Iranian airline
 * Korean International School in Hanoi, Vietnam

People

 * Kish (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Kish, a former stage name of Andrew Kishino (born 1970), Canadian actor and rapper
 * Kish (Bible), father of Saul
 * Kish, a Jaredite king in the Book of Mormon

Places

 * Gishi, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan, also called Kish
 * Kiş, Shaki, Azerbaijan
 * Church of Kish
 * Kish Island, Iran
 * Kish, Iran, a city
 * Kish Gas Field
 * Kish International Airport
 * Kish District, an administrative subdivision
 * Kish Rural District, an administrative subdivision
 * Kish (Sumer), an ancient city now in Iraq
 * Kish civilization, an ancient Mesopotamian culture
 * Kish Bank, off the coast of Dublin, Ireland
 * Kishacoquillas Valley, or Kish Valley, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * Kish, historic name of Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan

Other uses

 * Iranian yacht Kish, a former royal yacht of the Shah of Iran
 * Kish (Tokyo Mew Mew), a fictional character
 * Oliver Fish and Kyle Lewis, fictional characters from the American soap opera One Life to Live
 * Kish, a byproduct in steelmaking, used in Graphite recycling

title: Kish


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wong Chee Lik

This "Wong Chee Lik" article does not look to have any value. I simply cannot search for such a person on Google. Since the article sounds like devaluing a person, I believe it is an abuse article. -- Tomchiukc 10:36, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Looking at the history, the article is contributed by 3 kids from Malaysia. -- Tomchiukc 10:41, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * yuk, speedy delete as utter bollocks before it breeds. Dunc_Harris|☺ 10:55, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * POV / vanity. Delete.  -- Merovingian  ✍  Talk  11:28, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, speedy if possible. Patent nonsense. Andris 11:31, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like a bad joke. Thue | talk 11:35, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Prank. Geogre 12:55, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've speed deleted it as patent nonsense. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:05, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)