text:
The Medium

The Medium is a short (one-hour-long) two-act dramatic opera with words and music by Gian Carlo Menotti. Commissioned by the Alice M. Ditson Fund at Columbia University, its first performance was there on 8 May 1946, with Claramae Turner as Madame Flora. The opera's first professional production was presented on a double bill with Menotti's The Telephone at the Heckscher Theater, New York City, February 18–20, 1947 by the Ballet Society. The Broadway production took place on May 1, 1947, at the Ethel Barrymore Theater with the same cast.

In 1951, Menotti directed, with the help of filmmaker Alexander Hammid, a film version made to resemble film noir, and starring Marie Powers as Madame Flora and Anna Maria Alberghetti as Monica. A live television production starring Marie Powers took place on 12 December 1948 on the TV series Studio One and on 14 February, 1959 on Omnibus, starring Claramae Turner.

It was also filmed for Australian TV in 1960.

Act 1
The medium's parlor

Monica, Madame Flora's daughter, and Toby, a mute servant boy rescued from "the streets of Budapest" play dress-up. When Madame Flora, or "Baba" as they call her, arrives home drunk, she violently chastises them for not preparing for that night's seance. Soon the guests arrive, Mr. and Mrs. Gobineau, regulars, and the widow Mrs. Nolan who is attending for the first time. With Madame Flora in a trance in her chair, a fake seance is held where Mrs. Nolan speaks with what she thinks is her deceased sixteen-year-old daughter but is really Monica behind a screen. As Monica disappears, Mrs. Nolan rushes toward the figure and is restrained by the Gobineaus. When order is restored, Mr. and Mrs. Gobineau "communicate" with their deceased two-year-old son Mickey, who, having never learned to speak, only laughs. After they say goodbye to him, Madame Flora "suddenly, with a loud gasp... clutches at her throat with both hands." She feels a phantom hand clutching her throat and is "terror-stricken." After demanding that the guests leave, she calls for Monica and tells her what she felt, eventually blaming Toby who was in the other room the whole time. In an effort to calm Baba's drunken rage toward Toby, Monica sings her the dark lullaby "The Black Swan" which is interrupted by a voice that Baba hears causing her to fly into a terrified rage at Toby for not telling her where the voice is coming from. The act ends with Monica again singing the lullaby while Baba recites her Hail Marys.

Act 2
A few days later

Toby is giving a puppet show for Monica. Their mutual love becomes more obvious. When Baba comes home, she resumes her accusations on Toby, sure that he knows what went on that night. The guests again arrive, expecting another seance but are driven away by Madame Flora who tries to convince them that the whole thing was a sham by revealing all the tricks that she and Monica used. But the guests are not convinced and leave claiming that while she might have thought she was cheating them, she in fact was not. Once the guests are gone, she drives Toby out despite Monica's pleas on his behalf. With everyone gone, and Monica in her room, Baba pours herself another drink and questions her own sanity, becoming wild with drink and eventually passing out. Once she has fallen asleep, Toby sneaks back in and tries to get into Monica's room, but finds it locked and eventually goes to the trunk to find his tambourine. While searching, he knocks the lid of the trunk down waking Baba. Toby quickly hides in the puppet theater. As Baba tries to see where the noise came from and fetches a revolver from a drawer in the table. "Hysterically" she shouts out "Who is it? Speak or I'll Shoot!" and the puppet theater curtain moves. Baba screams and fires at it several times. As Toby's bloody body collapses grasping the curtain, Baba says "I've killed the ghost! I've killed the ghost!" Monica, hearing the gunshots, enters, sees Toby's lifeless body and runs for help. As the final curtain falls very slowly Baba asks, in a hoarse whisper, "Was it you?"

Noted arias

 * "Monica's Waltz" (Monica)
 * "The Black Swan" (Monica)
 * "Afraid, am I afraid?" (Baba)

Discography

 * The Medium, The Telephone, Julija Samsonova-Khayet, Marily Santoro, Chiara Isotton, Lorenzo Grante, Roxana Herrera Diaz, Orchestra Filarmonica Italiana, Flavio Emilio Scogna, Brilliant Classics 95361, 2018.

title: The Medium


text:
Anasagasti

The Anasagasti was the first automobile to be built in Argentina; it was manufactured by Horacio Anasagasti of Buenos Aires from 1912 to 1914.

History
Horacio Anasagasti was a student of Argentine engineer Otto Krause. Shortly after creating his own workshop, he founded the Anasagasti company in 1909, where he repaired automobile, aviation and agricultural engines. In 1910 he presented his first prototype at the Exposición Internacional de Ferrocarriles y Transportes Terrestres (International Exhibition of Railways and Land Transportation): a 4-cylinder in-line engine and a 4-speed gearbox and recoil, which won the Grand Prize Diploma of the exhibition.

After a trip to Europe to find suppliers, in 1911 he finally created his first vehicle, a 15 horsepower (11 kW) Ballot-engined car, with a French engine and Argentine body, being presented on September 17 in the Rosario-Córdoba-Rosario race. It began selling in 1912 for $ 6500. The first versions were equipped with the French engine of 2125 cm3 and were offered with double phaeton bodies and a single door on the left side.

In 1912-13 he entered cars built to his design in Europe. He sent three cars to Europe to participate in different races: a team of the cars competed in the 1912 Tour de France, while a lone Picker-engined racer was entered in the 1913 Coupe de l'Auto. The "Anasagasti" was winner of the 1515 km Paris-Madrid race.

Anasagasti then returned home to Argentina, where he is believed to have built about 50 touring models. With the outbreak of World War I it was very difficult to get supplies and the company closed in 1915. At the close of Anasagasti & Cia there were approximately 50 units, most of which continued to work as a taxi in Buenos Aires.

Survivors
An example of a 1914 Anasagasti car, previously used by the Argentine Air Force, is preserved at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina, located at Morón, Buenos Aires. This vehicle was personally donated by Anasagasti to his friend Engineer Jorge Newbery on September 8, 1912. Newbery used it to transport mail to the Aeroparque. Another one is held and used by the "Club de Automóviles Clásicos de la República Argentina" CAC.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anasagasti


text:
Paper Dolls

Paper Dolls is an American primetime television soap opera that aired for 14 episodes on ABC from September 23 to December 25, 1984. Set in New York's fashion industry, the show centered on top modeling agency owner Racine (Morgan Fairchild), her conflicts with the family of cosmetics tycoon Grant Harper (Lloyd Bridges), and the careers of two teenaged models (Terry Farrell and Nicollette Sheridan). The series was based on a 1982 television film of the same name. The show suffered in the ratings, despite positive reviews, and was cancelled midway through the first season.

1982 television film
Paper Dolls first aired on May 24, 1982 as an ABC Monday Night Movie, which revolved around the lives of two teenage models, Taryn and Laurie, and their strong-willed mothers. The cast included Joan Hackett as Julia Blake, Jennifer Warren as Dinah Caswell, Daryl Hannah as Julia's daughter Taryn, Marc Singer as Wesley Myles, Antonio Fargas as photographer Oliver, Barry Primus as Alan (credited as "also starring"), Alexandra Paul as Dinah's daughter Laurie (in her first role, credited as "introducing") and Craig T. Nelson as husband Michael. Joan Collins appeared as Racine, the conniving owner of Taryn and Laurie's modelling agency, credited in the opening as a "special guest star". Eric Stoltz, William Brian Curran, Jeffrey Richman and Lillibet Stern appeared in co-starring roles. The film was directed by Edward Zwick and written by Casey T. Mitchell and Leah Markus, with a theme song written by Mark Snow and performed by Brock Walsh. It garnered 20.5 million viewers.

1984 television series
In 1984, MGM decided to produce a weekly series based on the original film. Jennifer Warren and Jeffrey Richman (in the minor role of Conrad) were the only actors to reprise their roles, with Hackett (who died unexpectedly before production), Hannah, Paul, Nelson and Collins replaced by Brenda Vaccaro, Nicollette Sheridan, Terry Farrell, John Bennett Perry and Morgan Fairchild respectively.

New characters included Grant Harper (Lloyd Bridges), the manipulative chairman of the conglomerate Harper World Wide, who was frequently at odds with Racine (Fairchild); his second wife Marjorie (Nancy Olson); his son Wesley (Dack Rambo), chief executive of Harper Cosmetics, who allied with Racine against his father, blaming him for the accidental death of his mother, Virginia, Grant's first wife; his daughter, Blair Harper Fenton (Mimi Rogers), Racine's top model; and Blair's husband David Fenton (Richard Beymer), head of Tempus Sportswear, a business rival to Grant.

During the series, Blair is 30 years old, pregnant and fearing the end of her modelling career. Despite health problems, she was determined to carry her baby to full term. David is too proud to accept financial assistance, and resorts to accepting money from loan sharks to fund his upcoming collection, putting him and Blair in danger. Eventually, he is forced to ask his father in-law for help, resulting in Tempus being brought under the Harper World Wide banner, paying off the loan in full, and also the interest.

Meanwhile, Racine struggles to manage Taryn Blake (Sheridan), the top teen model in the business, who has problems with drugs and alcohol, and a sensationalized romance with 1980s pop star John Waite (playing himself in a recurring role). To keep Taryn and her demanding mother Julia (Vaccaro) in line, Racine decides to promote a new fresh teen face, a young woman named Laurie Caswell (Farrell). The naive and innocent Laurie still attends public school in Stonehurst in Long Island and is not prepared for the fast life, despite her mother Dinah Anderson Caswell's (Warren) best efforts to keep her grounded. Dinah, a former model herself, focuses too much time on her daughter's career, putting a strain on her marriage to Michael Caswell (Perry), Laurie's stepfather.

Despite their vast differences, Taryn and Laurie become good friends, while the rivalry between their two mothers, Julia and Dinah, intensifies. The vindictive and mean-spirited Julia sees her daughter as a meal ticket, and dreads the day Taryn that turns 17 and becomes more financially independent. Rounding out the cast is Blair's friend Sara Frank (Anne Schedeen), a sensible lawyer, who is involved with Mark Bailey (Roscoe Born in a recurring role), a reporter doing a story on the fashion industry. Mark becomes enamored with Racine, much to the horror of Sara, who despite agreeing that she's "done well for a girl named off of a map of Wisconsin", warns that Racine has "been in more beds than a hotel breakfast tray!"

Main

 * Lloyd Bridges as Grant Harper
 * Jennifer Warren as Dinah Caswell
 * Brenda Vaccaro as Julia Blake
 * Dack Rambo as Wesley Harper
 * Mimi Rogers as Blair Harper Fenton
 * Richard Beymer as David Fenton
 * Anne Schedeen as Sara Frank
 * John Bennett Perry as Michael Caswell
 * Nancy Olson as Marjorie Harper
 * Nicollette Sheridan as Taryn Blake
 * Terry Farrell as Laurie Caswell
 * Morgan Fairchild as Racine
 * Lauren Hutton as Colette Ferrier (episodes 8–12)

Recurring

 * Jeffrey Richman as Conrad
 * Jonathan Frakes as Sandy Paris
 * Roscoe Born as Mark Bailey
 * Alan Fudge as Dr. Van Adams
 * Mark Schneider as Sammy
 * John Reilly as Jake Larner
 * John Waite as himself
 * Don Bowron as Chris York
 * Sue Giosa as Marie
 * Larry Linville as Grayson Carr
 * Thom Mathews as Lewis Crosby

Syndication and international broadcast
Reruns of the series have been shown on the SOAPnet cable channel in the United States. The series was also shown in the United Kingdom by the ITV network in the mid-1980s, though schedules varied per region. It was also shown in Italy on Canale 5 under the name Il profumo del successo (The Taste of Success), and in Germany under the title Karussell der Puppen (Doll Carousel). In South America and Spain, it was broadcast as Muñecas de Papel. In Sweden, it was broadcast 1986 on TV2 under the name Modedockorna (The Fashion Dolls).

Reception
The series attempted to ride the wave of popular glossy nighttime soaps, such as Dallas and Dynasty. When Paper Dolls premiered in September 1984, the first episode achieved an 18.4 rating, and featured the requisite stock pleasures of the genre, such as big business, glamour, intrigue, catfights and verbal spats (particularly between Racine and the other cast members). In one scene, Mark enters Racine's office while she is getting a massage, asking "Do you want me to wait outside until you're decent?" Racine responds "How much time do you have?" In another scene, an irate Julia, brandishing a Barbie-style fashion doll of her daughter, storms into Racine's office. "This will not be the new Taryn Blake doll!" she barks. "The eyes are brown!" Coolly, Racine quips, "I guess they couldn't quite match that bloodshot tone."

Even with a series of rave reviews in People urging viewers to give the show a chance, ratings were low and the series was not able to find an audience, due in large part because it had been pre-empted on some weeks by the baseball playoffs. The final episode of the series found David on the verge of failure after an influential fashion critic is blackmailed by Wesley and Racine to pan his new sportswear collection; Marjorie is feared dead in a plane crash; and Racine receives a call from Mark intimating that his digging into her secretive past and had uncovered something very interesting. The cliffhangers were left unresolved.

title: Paper Dolls


text:
Iron man match

An iron man match is a professional wrestling match type that is set to go a specific amount of time, usually 30 or 60 minutes, with the competitor with the most falls at the end of that time named the victor. On the occasions of a draw, a sudden death "final fall" may be requested by either side, with the other able to accept or decline, or an authority can order the match to go into overtime in the case of any championship match.

Rules
Iron man matches generally operate under the same rules as any other professional wrestling bout, but instead of the match having to be over before a time limit is up, the iron man match goes the full length of the allotted time, with each wrestler attempting to score as many falls in that time as possible. The wrestler who has the most decisions at the end of the match is declared the winner. Iron Man matches can also be contested with specific win conditions. Kurt Angle and Chris Benoit competed in a 30-minute Iron Man match at Backlash 2001 where only submissions were counted, which was termed an "Ultimate Submission match".

Some iron man matches have an interval between falls. In 2009, a match between John Cena and Randy Orton had a 30-second rest period after each fall, in part due to that match being billed as "anything goes" (only pinfalls and submissions counted as falls, which can also be done outside the ring, but not count outs or disqualifications). The 2003 match between Kurt Angle and Brock Lesnar had a 15-second rest period after each fall, regardless of how it occurred.

Should the match result in a tie, sudden death overtime may be requested by either wrestler as a plot device, and it is accepted or rejected by either an opponent or an authority figure. After Shawn Michaels and Kurt Angle tied 2–2 in a 30-minute iron man match, Michaels begged Angle to go sudden death, but Angle walked off.

Sudden deaths are especially common in title matches. This is because, in the event of a draw, the champion will always retain the title. Commissioner Gorilla Monsoon ordered sudden death (after onscreen president "Rowdy" Roddy Piper had stated that there "must be a winner") after Shawn Michaels and Bret Hart failed to score a decision at WrestleMania XII, and Christopher Daniels requested sudden death against A.J. Styles at TNA's Against All Odds in February 2005.

World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)
Several iron man matches have taken place at house shows. The Rockers faced off against The Fabulous Rougeaus twice in 1989. Bret Hart wrestled one in 1993 against Ric Flair and four in 1994 against his brother, Owen Hart. John Cena and Seth Rollins faced off in a 30-Minute Iron Man match for the WWE United States Championship at a house show in October 2015. Kevin Owens and AJ Styles faced off in a 30-Minute Iron Man match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship at a house show in March 2016.

title: Iron man match


text:
Anchor Buggy

The Anchor Buggy and Carriage Company was a short-lived American automobile manufacturer; the Anchor Buggy high wheeler was produced in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1910 and 1911.

An 1890 advertisement for the Anchor Buggy Company featured an optical illusion; when viewed one way the image looked like a young woman, when viewed another way the image looked like an old woman.

title: Anchor Buggy


text:
Thanatos (band)

Thanatos is a Dutch extreme metal band. With a history dating back to 1984, they are the oldest death metal band from the Netherlands. Their second album, Realm of Ecstasy (some album covers show Realm of Ecstacy [sic]), received positive marks from Dutch music magazine Oor and various international magazines for its solid compositions and challenging arrangements. After enduring constantly changing line-ups and problems with distribution, promotion, and even ownership of the rights to the second album, Thanatos folded in 1992, the final straw being the cancellation of a tour with Cannibal Corpse and Exhorder.

In 1999, founding member Stephan Gebédi revived the band, which signs with Hammerheart Records. After re-releasing the first two albums with demo and live tracks, the band's third full album, Angelic Encounters, emerged in 2000. In 2002 a mini-CD with original songs as well as covers from Celtic Frost and Possessed was released by Baphomet. After a few shows in Greece and a short tour with Pungent Stench, the band recorded their fourth album, Undead. Unholy. Divine, described as a solid return to 1980s metal (in the style of Slayer, Possessed) with the addition of blast beats. Release of a fifth album, Justified Genocide, was postponed when the band's label at the time, Black Lotus Records, went bankrupt; Dan Swano finished the mix for the CD. To celebrate more than twenty years of Dutch death metal, Thanatos released (on Chinese label AreaDeath Productions) a limited-edition box containing Emerging From The Netherworlds, Realm Of Ecstasy, and Angelic Encounters, besides 56 bonus tracks and 19 videos.

In February 2009, the band issued an update containing details about their upcoming album Justified Genocide. It was released on March 15 in Europe and April 6 in the UK and Ireland.

Century Media Records signed the band in 2012. The initial plan was to re-release the five studio albums of the band in 2012 and 2013, but the label offered the band a new recording contract which resulted in a new studio album from Thanatos in 2014, entitled Global Purification. This coincided with the band's 30th anniversary in that year. In 2019, Thanatos celebrated their 35th anniversary with a double-CD compilation album, a 7 inch vinyl EP and a special show in their hometown Rotterdam featuring a lot of former band members. Later that year Thanatos signed a new record deal with French label Listenable Records and started recording their seventh studio album. The album, Violent Death Rituals, had a March 2020 release.

Demos

 * Speed Kills (1984)
 * Rebirth (1986)
 * The Day before Tomorrow (1987)
 * Official Live Tape 1987 (1987)
 * Omnicoitor (1989)

Studio albums

 * Emerging from the Netherworlds (1990)
 * Realm of Ecstasy (1992)
 * Angelic Encounters (2000)
 * Undead. Unholy. Divine. (2004)
 * Justified Genocide (2009)
 * Global Purification (2014)
 * Violent Death Rituals (2020)

Live album

 * Official Live Tape 1987 (2011 CD re-issue)

Compilation album

 * Thanatology: Terror From The Vault (2019)

EP's

 * Beyond Terror (2002)
 * The Burning of Sodom/...And Jesus Wept (2006)
 * Thanatos/Asphyx 7 inch split EP; Thanatos: Re-animation (Sacrifice-cover)/ Asphyx: Bestial Vomit (Majesty-cover) (2011)
 * Blind Obedience/Thanatos (2019)

Current

 * Stephan Gebédi - Vocals, Guitars (1984–present)
 * Paul Baayens - Guitars (1999–present)
 * Mous Mirer - Bass (2019–present)
 * Martin Ooms - Drums (2017–present)

Former

 * Marcel van Arnhem - Drums (1984-1985)
 * Remco de Maaijer - Guitars (1984-1985)
 * André Scherpenberg - Bass (1986-1987)
 * Rob de Bruin - Drums (1986)
 * Remo van Arnhem - Drums (1986-1992)
 * Erwin de Brouwer - Bass (1987), Guitars (1988-1992)
 * Mark Staffhorst - Guitars (1987-1988)
 * Ed Boeser - Bass (1988-1992)
 * Theo van Eekelen - Bass (1999-2001)
 * Aad Kloosterwaard - Drums (1999-2001)
 * Marco de Groot - Drums (2009-2012)
 * Yuri Rinkel - Drums (2001-2009, 2013-2017)
 * Marco de Bruin - Bass, Guitars (2001-2019)

title: Thanatos (band)


text: User talk:149.123.118.12

title: User talk:149.123.118.12


text:
Django

Django may refer to:

Film

 * Django (1966 film), a 1966 Italian Western by Sergio Corbucci which had a particular influence on the Spaghetti Western genre and a number of unofficial prequels and sequels
 * Django, Prepare a Coffin, alternatively titled Viva Django, a 1968 Italian Spaghetti Western directed by Ferdinando Baldi
 * W Django!, a 1971 Italian Spaghetti Western
 * Django Strikes Again, a 1987 Italian Western and only official sequel of Django
 * Django Unchained, a 2012 American revisionist Western film by Quentin Tarantino
 * Django Unchained (soundtrack), the 2012 film's soundtrack
 * Django & Django, a 2021 documentary of Corbucci's 1966 film
 * Sukiyaki Western Django, a 2008 Japanese western film directed by Takashi Miike
 * Django (2017 film), a 2017 French film

Television

 * Django (TV series) a 2023 television series based on the 1966 film

Music

 * Animal Liberation Orchestra, an American rock band, originally known as Django (in 1989)
 * "Django", a song by Rancid on the 2003 album Indestructible
 * "Django", a 2018 single by Dadju
 * Django (album), 1956, by the Modern Jazz Quartet
 * "Django" (composition), a 1954 composition by jazz pianist John Lewis
 * "Django!!! -Genwaku no Django-", a song by Buck-Tick on the album Razzle Dazzle
 * "Django", a song by Ateez from the album The World EP.2: Outlaw (2023)

Characters

 * Django (character), a character who appears in the 1966 film of the same name, and whose name was used for a multitude of unauthorized sequel and prequel films
 * Django (One Piece), a character in the manga One Piece
 * Django, a character in the video game Boktai
 * Django, a vehicle in the Japanese animated series Burst Angel
 * Django, a character in the video game Ehrgeiz
 * Django of the Dead, a character in the animation series El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera
 * Django Brown, a character in the American animated series Phineas and Ferb
 * Django, a character of the 2007 film Ratatouille

Computing

 * Django (web framework), written in Python
 * Django (music software), for engraving of tabulature for instruments

First name

 * Django Bates (born 1960), English musician and composer
 * Django Haskins (born 1973), American singer-songwriter
 * Django Lovett (born 1992), Canadian male track and field athlete
 * Django Reinhardt (1910–1953), Belgian-born pioneering virtuoso jazz guitarist and composer
 * Django d'Or (jazz music award), a French music award named after him
 * Django Walker (born 1981), American country singer-songwriter
 * Django Wexler, American fantasy author

Others

 * Djaŋu, Australian Aboriginal group of the Yolŋu people, also spelt Django
 * Django, nickname of Francisco Bustamante (born 1963), Filipino pocket billiards player
 * King Django (born Jeffrey Baker), American ska musician

title: Django


text:
Anderheggen

The Anderheggen was a Dutch automobile; the short-lived light 4hp four-seater vis-à-vis, powered by a water-cooled Abeille engine, was manufactured in Amsterdam from 1899 to 1902. Its transmission was a flat belt from the engine to a system of fast and loose pulleys giving two speeds. Total production was fewer than 10 cars.

The car was built by Ferdinant Anderheggen, a former cyclist, who later worked for Konings. Negotiations with a French manufacturer in Swalmen, Limburg, (probably Abeille) didn't work out.

title: Anderheggen


text:
Union Square

Union Square may refer to:

United States

 * Union Square, Baltimore, Maryland
 * Union Square, Manhattan, New York
 * 14th Street–Union Square station, a New York City Subway station on the BMT Broadway Line, the BMT Canarsie Line and the IRT Lexington Avenue Line
 * Union Square (Washington, D.C.)
 * Union Square, San Francisco, California
 * Union Square/Market Street station, a Muni Metro station on the Central Subway of the T Third Street line
 * Union Square (Seattle), Washington
 * Union Square, Boston, Massachusetts
 * Union Square station (Allston), a former Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority station on the Green Line A branch
 * Union Square (Somerville), Massachusetts
 * Union Square station (Somerville), a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority station on the Green Line D branch
 * Union Square (Greensboro), North Carolina

Other places

 * Union Square, a shopping centre in Brunswick West, Victoria, Australia
 * Union Square, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Union Square (Hong Kong), in Kowloon to the west of Kwun Chung and the northwest of Tsim Sha Tsui
 * Union Square, Lima, Peru, since renamed after Ramón Castilla
 * Union Square Aberdeen, Scotland, a leisure/retail/transport hub in Aberdeen
 * Union of Lublin Square, Warsaw, Poland
 * Piața Unirii (disambiguation), "Union Square" in Romanian

Other

 * Union Square (TV series), an NBC comedy series that aired during the 1997–1998 season
 * Union Square (film), a 2011 film
 * Union Square, a 1988 book by author Meredith Tax
 * "Union Square", a song by Tom Waits from Rain Dogs
 * Union Square & Company publishing company

title: Union Square


text: User talk:80.57.199.60

title: User talk:80.57.199.60


text:
Algebra representation

In abstract algebra, a representation of an associative algebra is a module for that algebra. Here an associative algebra is a (not necessarily unital) ring. If the algebra is not unital, it may be made so in a standard way (see the adjoint functors page); there is no essential difference between modules for the resulting unital ring, in which the identity acts by the identity mapping, and representations of the algebra.

Linear complex structure
One of the simplest non-trivial examples is a linear complex structure, which is a representation of the complex numbers C, thought of as an associative algebra over the real numbers R. This algebra is realized concretely as $$\mathbb{C} = \mathbb{R}[x]/(x^2+1),$$ which corresponds to $i^{2} = −1$. Then a representation of C is a real vector space V, together with an action of C on V (a map $$\mathbb{C} \to \mathrm{End}(V)$$). Concretely, this is just an action of $i$, as this generates the algebra, and the operator representing $i$ (the image of $i$ in End(V)) is denoted J to avoid confusion with the identity matrix I.

Polynomial algebras
Another important basic class of examples are representations of polynomial algebras, the free commutative algebras – these form a central object of study in commutative algebra and its geometric counterpart, algebraic geometry. A representation of a polynomial algebra in $k$ variables over the field K is concretely a K-vector space with $k$ commuting operators, and is often denoted $$K[T_1,\dots,T_k],$$ meaning the representation of the abstract algebra $$K[x_1,\dots,x_k]$$ where $$x_i \mapsto T_i.$$

A basic result about such representations is that, over an algebraically closed field, the representing matrices are simultaneously triangularisable.

Even the case of representations of the polynomial algebra in a single variable are of interest – this is denoted by $$K[T]$$ and is used in understanding the structure of a single linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space. Specifically, applying the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain to this algebra yields as corollaries the various canonical forms of matrices, such as Jordan canonical form.

In some approaches to noncommutative geometry, the free noncommutative algebra (polynomials in non-commuting variables) plays a similar role, but the analysis is much more difficult.

Weights
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be generalized to algebra representations.

The generalization of an eigenvalue of an algebra representation is, rather than a single scalar, a one-dimensional representation $$\lambda\colon A \to R$$ (i.e., an algebra homomorphism from the algebra to its underlying ring: a linear functional that is also multiplicative). This is known as a weight, and the analog of an eigenvector and eigenspace are called weight vector and weight space.

The case of the eigenvalue of a single operator corresponds to the algebra $$R[T],$$ and a map of algebras $$R[T] \to R$$ is determined by which scalar it maps the generator T to. A weight vector for an algebra representation is a vector such that any element of the algebra maps this vector to a multiple of itself – a one-dimensional submodule (subrepresentation). As the pairing $$A \times M \to M$$ is bilinear, "which multiple" is an A-linear functional of A (an algebra map A → R), namely the weight. In symbols, a weight vector is a vector $$m \in M$$ such that $$am = \lambda(a)m$$ for all elements $$a \in A,$$ for some linear functional $$\lambda$$ – note that on the left, multiplication is the algebra action, while on the right, multiplication is scalar multiplication.

Because a weight is a map to a commutative ring, the map factors through the abelianization of the algebra $$\mathcal{A}$$ – equivalently, it vanishes on the derived algebra – in terms of matrices, if $$v$$ is a common eigenvector of operators $$T$$ and $$U$$, then $$T U v = U T v$$ (because in both cases it is just multiplication by scalars), so common eigenvectors of an algebra must be in the set on which the algebra acts commutatively (which is annihilated by the derived algebra). Thus of central interest are the free commutative algebras, namely the polynomial algebras. In this particularly simple and important case of the polynomial algebra $$\mathbf{F}[T_1,\dots,T_k]$$ in a set of commuting matrices, a weight vector of this algebra is a simultaneous eigenvector of the matrices, while a weight of this algebra is simply a $$k$$-tuple of scalars $$ \lambda = (\lambda_1,\dots,\lambda_k)$$ corresponding to the eigenvalue of each matrix, and hence geometrically to a point in $$k$$-space. These weights – in particularly their geometry – are of central importance in understanding the representation theory of Lie algebras, specifically the finite-dimensional representations of semisimple Lie algebras.

As an application of this geometry, given an algebra that is a quotient of a polynomial algebra on $$k$$ generators, it corresponds geometrically to an algebraic variety in $$k$$-dimensional space, and the weight must fall on the variety – i.e., it satisfies the defining equations for the variety. This generalizes the fact that eigenvalues satisfy the characteristic polynomial of a matrix in one variable.

title: Algebra representation


text:
Anderson (automobile)

The Anderson was a United States automobile; considered the most successful automobile ever built in the Southern United States, it was manufactured by a carriage works from 1916 to 1925 in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Started by John Gary Anderson, the company sold cars through a national dealer network. The company used Continental 7R flathead six engines in its vehicles, which were noted for their attractive body styles and color combinations. Andersons were the first cars to be built with headlight foot dimmers and powered convertible tops. Production reached nearly 2,000 units in 1923 and in all 7,000 vehicles were produced during the life of the company.

There are a number of reasons why the Anderson Automobile Co. failed. According to Edward Lee, who wrote the 2007 book John Gary Anderson and His Maverick Motor Company: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Rock Hill Rival, the vehicle suffered from a defective engine. Anderson bought most of the components from other manufacturers. During the later years of production, Anderson used a Continental engine with an aluminum head and it warped at high temperatures.

Price was also an issue, Lee believes. Model T Fords were selling for as little as $290 in the 1920s, making the cars affordable to the majority of Americans. Andersons cost about $1,650 for a five-passenger touring car and $2,550 for a sedan. Anderson's slogan was a "A little Higher in Price but made in Dixie." Anderson's strategy was to invest in the opulence of his vehicles, hoping that consumers would be willing to pay a higher price in return. The strategy failed because customers were more price-sensitive than Anderson anticipated.

In addition, by the early 1920s, the economy of South Carolina and other Southern states were already declining, well ahead of the Great Depression, because of plummeting cotton prices following World War I. The Anderson Automobile Co. was liquidated in 1926. Later in life, John Gary Anderson criticized the city of Rock Hill for failing to give his company financial assistance.

Today, there are just 13 remaining examples of Anderson vehicles in existence. Of those Anderson cars known to exist, four are owned by the Anderson family, one is at the South Carolina State Museum in Columbia and one is in the possession of the Museum of York County, where Rock Hill is located.

title: Anderson (automobile)


text:
Elimination Chamber

The Elimination Chamber is a professional wrestling elimination-based match held in the WWE. The match was created by Triple H, and introduced by Eric Bischoff in November 2002. It features a large chain-linked circular steel structure which encloses the ring. The chamber's floor is platformed over the ringside area which elevates it to ring level. Within the chamber are four inner enclosures outside each ring corner. While similar in profile and nature to WWE's original large scale steel-structured match Hell in a Cell, the Elimination Chamber match is a multiple participant match wherein two participants begin the match in the ring as the remaining four are held within each inner enclosure and are released into the match at five-minute intervals (in the event of a seven-person Chamber match, three participants begin, and in the event of a tag team Chamber match, two teams begin for a total of four participants starting). The objective is to eliminate each opponent from the match via pinfall or submission. The winner is the last remaining participant (or team) after all others have been eliminated. As in the Hell in a Cell match, disqualifications do not apply. The original structure was 16 ft high, 36 ft in diameter, weighed over 10 ST and comprised 2 mi and 6 ST of chain. Before the establishment of the yearly Elimination Chamber pay-per-view (PPV) in 2010, the match was contested at other PPV events. There have been 32 Elimination Chamber matches in WWE since the concept's inception in November 2002. Every Elimination chamber match has had a stipulation that the winner would win a championship or a future match for a championship (usually at WrestleMania, though one time the championship match occurred immediately after the elimination chamber match).

Origin
Before the introduction of the Elimination Chamber match, WWE only promoted two matches in a caged environment, namely the steel cage and Hell in a Cell matches. The steel cage was the first type of cage-based match in professional wrestling and consisted of four fenced walls of steel surrounding the ring apron while the Hell in a Cell was a taller roofed version that surrounded the ring and ringside area on the ground rather than the apron. In 2002, WWE announced the creation of the Elimination Chamber, a match that combined elements of WWE's Hell in a Cell matches, Royal Rumble match, Survivor Series match, and World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) WarGames matches, such as the countdown timer and time intervals from the Royal Rumble and War Games matches, the large enclosed cage format of both Hell in a Cell and WarGames and the elimination process from the Survivor Series contest and the Royal Rumble.

Brand and pay-per-view designation
To exploit additional on-screen talent after buying World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in March 2001, the following year WWE began a brand extension that divided the roster between the two brands of WWE, namely Raw and SmackDown. Former WCW President and then Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff formally announced the creation of the chamber during the October 21 episode of Raw and scheduled the match to feature participants from the Raw brand roster at the Survivor Series in November 2002. The match was exclusive to the Raw brand for the first four matches and at joint-branded pay-per-view events, but upon the creation of the ECW brand in 2006 the match was instead promoted for the newly created brand at December to Dismember. Beginning in 2008, the match became exclusive to the No Way Out event and two Elimination Chamber matches were featured annually for two years among the three brands. In 2010, WWE replaced their No Way Out event with the self-titled Elimination Chamber, a new event which continued the tradition of its predecessor. From 2008 to 2014, the match had been featured in February events only. An Elimination Chamber event took place on May 31, 2015 exclusively on the WWE Network. After the second brand extension in 2016, it was announced that the brands would return to having separate events. In late 2016, it was announced that Elimination Chamber would return as a SmackDown-exclusive event in February 2017, but it switched to being Raw-exclusive in February 2018, which was the last brand-exclusive Elimination Chamber event, as following WrestleMania 34 that year, brand-exclusive pay-per-views were discontinued.

Injuries
Triple H suffered an injury during the 2002 Survivor Series match with swelling on the inside of his throat which put pressure on his esophagus and trachea. This was caused after Rob Van Dam performed the Five Star Frog Splash off the top of one of the chambers. Triple H also expressed concern that he might have broken his wrist and noted anything could have caused it. Sheamus reportedly suffered a concussion during the Raw Elimination Chamber match in 2010. Also in 2010, The Undertaker was involved in a pyrotechnics accident during his ring entrance. He was temporarily engulfed in flames on three occasions when the pyrotechnics were mistimed and his jacket briefly caught on fire. He suffered first and second-degree burns to his neck and chest and according to a WWE spokesperson the injury "looked like a bad sunburn". He was only allowed to participate in the match after being cleared by a ringside doctor and was given bottles of water throughout the match to douse himself with to alleviate the discomfort. Acknowledging the concern, WWE now had padded the steel floor of the chamber.

Rules
The Elimination Chamber match is a variation of elimination-based matches which draws elements from steel cage and Hell in a Cell matches in that the wrestling ring is surrounded by a large steel-fenced cage supported by girders. Originally, its design was a circular-like chain-linked structure, but since 2017 it is now square and encloses the ring. Its floor is platformed over the ringside area around the ring which elevates and levels it with the ring mat. Within the Elimination Chamber, four enclosures, referred to as inner chambers or pods, are encased in plexiglass and face the outside of each ring post. The match is contested by six or seven participants: two or three starting in the ring, while the other four are held within each inner chamber. The Elimination Chamber in February 2018 featured a seven-man chamber match in which three participants began. At regular intervals, one of the four participants within an inner chamber enters the match. This continues until all four have been released. The entrance intervals are typically five minutes, though four and three minute gaps have also been used.

The objective of the match is to eliminate each opponent from the match by scoring a pinfall or a submission. These can occur in the ring or on the chamber's elevated floor, but starting with the 2010 event all pinfalls and submissions must take place within the ring. Disqualifications and count-outs do not apply in the process of elimination. The winner of the match is the last remaining participant after all others have been eliminated (or after all members of the opposing tag team are eliminated in either the tag team matches or the twelve-on-twelve tornado tag team elimination matches). The same rules apply when the match involves six tag teams, where two teams start in the ring and a new team leaves the pod and enters the ring at regular intervals.

Structure
According to a WWE Magazine article in 2009 by WWE's production designer Jason Robinson, who co-designed the structure, several designs for the Elimination Chamber were considered. The structure was manufactured in Colorado Springs, Colorado and took six to eight weeks to make from design blueprints. It cost US$ 250,000 to construct.

The structure is made of black-painted steel with an outer structure of 16 frames, each weighing 300 lb. The chamber is 16 ft high and 36 ft in diameter and weighs a total of 16 ST, 10 of which consists of steel. Each inner chamber consists of three large steel framed sheets of plexiglass, costing US$225 per sheet. The chains that surround the chamber stretch 2 mi long and weigh 6 ST.

A 50 ft flatbed truck is needed to transport the chamber. Assembly in the arena takes eight hours to complete and eight motors are used to suspend the structure over the ring before each event. When not in use, the structure is stored at a dock in Newark, New Jersey. Unlike standard steel cage matches and Hell in a Cell matches, Elimination Chamber matches cannot be held at several arenas due to the structure's massive size and weight, similar to how WarGames matches could only be held at certain arenas. This would play a factor in WWE dropping the annual Elimination Chamber event.

In 2017, the Elimination Chamber event returned (2017's event was SmackDown-exclusive while 2018's was Raw-exclusive). In addition, the chamber structure was redesigned, becoming square instead of circular. The pods were also changed from circular to square and feature sliding doors that referees slide open from outside the chamber. At the top of the chamber at its center which is now 26 ft tall is a large cutout of the WWE logo. The steel grates between the ring and the cage were also replaced with padding. LED lights also line the corners of the structure. The redesign was for practical purposes due to certain venues only being able to house the previous structure, allowing most venues to host the Chamber.

Variations
The fifth match, held by the ECW brand at December to Dismember, was a slight variation called the Extreme Elimination Chamber. In this variation, each chamber had one of four weapons for the competitors locked inside to hold on to. When each competitor's chamber opened, their weapon entered the match with them. The four weapons used in the match were a crowbar, a table, a steel folding chair, and a barbed wire-wrapped baseball bat.

The 2015 Elimination Chamber event saw another slight variation of the match, namely the tag team chamber match. Both team members were inside of their respective pods, for a total of six tag teams in the match. Two teams, totaling four individual participants, started the match. This match was for the WWE Tag Team Championship. This variation was repeated in 2019, but for women and to determine the inaugural holders of the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship. Another tag team chamber match happened in 2020 for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship.

The 2018 Elimination Chamber featured the first seven-man chamber match. Due to the extra person, three competitors started the match instead of two. The 2018 event also featured the first women's chamber match, but there were no variations in the rules.

Interference
Despite the structure, interference has become common inside the Elimination Chamber. At New Year's Revolution in January 2005, Ric Flair distracted guest referee Shawn Michaels allowing Batista (who had been eliminated) to attack Randy Orton so Triple H could win the match. At No Way Out in February 2009, Edge attacked Kofi Kingston during his entrance and locked himself in one of the pods becoming a participant in the match for the World Heavyweight Championship after losing the WWE Championship earlier in the night. At Elimination Chamber in February 2010, Cody Rhodes passed Ted DiBiase Jr. a metal pipe which he used to eliminate Randy Orton in the match for the WWE Championship. Later in the night, Shawn Michaels broke into the chamber to cost The Undertaker his World Heavyweight Championship to Chris Jericho. At the Elimination Chamber event in February 2013, Mark Henry took out the remaining participants in the chamber for a World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania 29 after being eliminated until SmackDown General Manager Booker T broke it up. At the Elimination Chamber for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship in February 2014, The Wyatt Family interfered by attacking John Cena, leading to his eventual elimination by Randy Orton. Kane would then come out to help escort The Wyatt Family out of the chamber, but would then interfere to cost Daniel Bryan the match to Orton. At the Elimination Chamber event in February 2023, Logan Paul interfered by sneaking into the chamber and attacking Seth "Freakin" Rollins, which subsequently allowed Austin Theory to retain the WWE United States Championship.

Match history
The Elimination Chamber debuted at WWE's event Survivor Series at Madison Square Garden in November 2002. Since the inaugural match, there have been 31 other matches (32 overall) as of Elimination Chamber in February 2023. The Raw brand has been featured the most with 17 matches, including two joint-branded matches with SmackDown. ECW has been featured in two matches, including its joint-branded match with SmackDown. The SmackDown brand has been featured in ten matches, including the joint-branded matches with both ECW and Raw. The Elimination Chamber event has featured more Elimination Chamber matches than any other WWE pay-per-view event, with 23 matches being held. Triple H has the most victories with 4. Randy Orton holds the distinction of being involved in the most Elimination Chamber matches to date with 9. Chris Jericho has eliminated the most wrestlers with 10. Braun Strowman and Shayna Baszler have the most eliminations in a single Elimination Chamber match (5); Baszler is also the only winner to eliminate all other opponents in a single match (Strowman's five eliminations were in a seven-man match, thus he eliminated five of his six opponents).

The majority of matches have been contested for a top-tier championship with the WWE Championship (once as the WWE World Heavyweight Championship) being contested for the most in eight matches. The World Heavyweight Championship (2002–2013 version) has the second-most at seven matches, while the ECW World Championship, WWE Tag Team Championship, SmackDown Tag Team Championship, Intercontinental Championship, Raw Women's Championship, and United States Championship being contested in one match each. Ten matches (two in 2008, one in 2011, 2013, 2018, 2020, 2022, and 2023, and two in 2024) have awarded the winners the number-one contendership for the WWE Championship, previous World Heavyweight Championship, WWE Universal Championship, Raw Women's Championship, current World Heavyweight Championship, and Women's World Championship, respectively, at those years' WrestleMania; in 2021, SmackDown's Chamber match awarded the winner the number-one contendership for the Universal Championship that same night, which happened immediately after the Chamber match itself.

The Elimination Chamber match has been contested only in indoor arenas in the United States and once each in Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, and Canada, with the 2024 event in Australia being the first to be held in an outdoor venue. From 2008 to 2014, the match had been featured in February pay-per-view events only. An Elimination Chamber pay-per-view event took place on May 31, 2015, exclusively on the WWE Network and would also mark the first time the Chamber was used for a match that was not for a world championship or a future world championship match (although it would include the first ever tag team Elimination Chamber match). The Elimination Chamber in February 2018 featured the first seven-man Elimination Chamber match as well as the first Elimination Chamber match for women with the Raw Women's Championship contested. The Elimination Chamber in February 2019 featured a tag team Elimination Chamber match, the second overall tag team chamber match, but this time for women to determine the inaugural holders of the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship.

Males

Compilation release
In July 2010, WWE released Satan's Prison: The Anthology of the Elimination Chamber, a DVD featuring every Elimination Chamber match as of the 2010 Elimination Chamber. The European release of the DVD is titled Iron Will, primarily over the name change of the structure, match type and pay-per-view in Germany to avoid a brand blunder with the Elimination Chamber name as it may create imagery of gas chambers during The Holocaust (the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view, structure and match are called No Escape in Germany).

title: Elimination Chamber


text:
Anderson Electric

The Anderson Electric was a French electric car manufactured only in 1912. The car featured five speeds along with Edison batteries. The 3/9 hp model cost Fr 13,500, while the 4/12 hp model cost Fr 18,500. It was shown at the 1912 Paris Salon.

title: Anderson Electric


text:
Greengrocer

A greengrocer is a person who owns or operates a shop selling primarily fruit and vegetables. The term may also be used to refer to a shop selling primarily produce. It is used predominantly in the United Kingdom and Australia.

In the United States, the terms produce store or produce shop are used. By the 1940s, produce sales (measured in tonnage) made at grocery stores had surpassed those made at produce stores.

While once common in the United Kingdom and Australia, the increase in popularity of supermarkets caused greengrocer shops to become rarer, though they may still be found in smaller towns and villages. Today, greengrocers can also be found in street markets, malls, and supermarket produce departments.

Greengrocers' apostrophe
Because of its common misuse on greengrocers' signs (e.g apple's, orange's, or banana's), an apostrophe used incorrectly to form a plural is known as a greengrocers' apostrophe.

title: Greengrocer


text:
Soft Rock

Soft rock is a music genre derived from popular and rock music.

Soft Rock may refer to:
 * Soft Rock (album), by Lifter Puller, 2002
 * "Soft Rock", a song by Cxloe, 2021
 * "Soft Rock", a song by Mylo from the limited edition of Destroy Rock & Roll, 2005

Other uses

 * "Soft/Rock", a 2001 song by Lemon Jelly
 * Underground soft-rock mining, a group of underground mining techniques used to extract minerals

title: Soft Rock


text:
André (car)

André was a lightweight English two-seater sports car manufactured from 1933 to 1934 in London W11 by T. B. André.

The cars
Only six of the automobiles, called the V6, which confusingly used a V-twin ohv JAP engine of 728cc, were ever built. Drive to the rear wheels was via a four speed gearbox. The floor pan acted also as the chassis and the suspension was by transverse leaf spring at the front and cantilevered springs at the rear. The car weighed 1170 pounds (531 kg) and was said to be able to achieve 65 mi/h with an economy of 45 mpgimp.

T. B. André
Theodore Bernard André had previously been involved in the manufacture of the Marlborough car produced by Malicet et Blin between 1909 and 1926, having taken over the UK dealership in 1909. He was also involved in the manufacture of Silent-bloc rubber bushed bearings; Hartford shock absorbers; Len Brake Co brake shoes; plus the Marlborough-Thomas from 1923-24.

title: André (car)


text:
Lucilla

Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla or Lucilla (7 March 148 or 150 – 182) was the second daughter of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and Roman empress Faustina the Younger. She was the wife of her father's co-ruler and adoptive brother Lucius Verus and an elder sister to later emperor Commodus. Commodus ordered Lucilla's execution after a failed assassination and coup attempt when she was about 33 years old.

Early life
Born and raised in Rome into the empire's ruling family, Lucilla was a younger twin with her elder brother Gemellus Lucillae, who died around 150. Lucilla's maternal grandparents were Roman emperor Antoninus Pius and Roman empress Faustina the Elder and her paternal grandparents were Domitia Lucilla and praetor Marcus Annius Verus.

Marriages and ascension to Empress
In 161, when she was between 11 and 13 years old, Lucilla's father arranged a marriage for her with his co-ruler Lucius Verus. Verus, 18 years her senior, became her husband three years later in Ephesus in 164. At this marriage, she received her title of Augusta and became a Roman empress. At the same time, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus were fighting a Parthian war in Syria.

Lucilla and Lucius Verus had three children:
 * Aurelia Lucilla was born in 165 in Antioch
 * Lucilla Plautia
 * Lucius Verus

Aurelia and Lucius died young.

Lucilla was an influential and respectable woman and she enjoyed her status. She spent much time in Rome, while Verus was away from Rome much of the time, fulfilling his duties as a co-ruler. Lucius Verus died around 168/169 while returning from the war theater in the Danube region, and as a result, Lucilla lost her status as empress.

As an unattached link to Emperor Aurelius and to the late co-emperor Verus and because of her royal-born offspring, Lucilla was not destined for a long widowhood. A short time later, in 169, her father arranged a second marriage for her with Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus from Antioch. He was a Syrian Roman who was twice consul and a political ally to her father, but Lucilla and her mother were against the marriage as a less than ideal match, partly because Quintianus was at least twice Lucilla's age, but also because he was not of her own Roman nobilis social rank though he was descended from rulers in the East. They married nonetheless and, about a year later, in 170, Lucilla bore him a son named Pompeianus.

Rise of Commodus
In 172, Lucilla and Quintianus accompanied Marcus Aurelius to Vindobona (now Vienna) in support of the Danube military campaign and were with him on 17 March 180, when Aurelius died and Commodus became the new emperor. The change ended any hope of Lucilla becoming empress again and she and Quintianus returned to Rome.

Lucilla was not happy living the quiet life of a private citizen in Rome, and hated her sister-in-law Bruttia Crispina. Over time, Lucilla became very concerned with her brother Commodus' erratic behaviour and its resulting effect on the stability of the empire.

Plot to assassinate Commodus
In light of her brother's unstable rule, in 182 Lucilla became involved in a plot to assassinate Commodus and replace him with her husband and herself as the new rulers of Rome. Her co-conspirators included Publius Tarrutenius Paternus the Praetorian prefect, her daughter Plautia from her first marriage, a nephew of Quintianus also called Quintianus, and her paternal cousins, the former consul Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus and his sister Ummidia Cornificia Faustina.

Quintianus' nephew, brandishing a dagger or sword, bungled the assassination attempt. As he burst forth from his hiding place to commit the deed, he boasted to Commodus "Here is what the Senate sends to you", giving away his intentions before he had the chance to act. Commodus's guards were faster than Quintianus and the would-be assassin was overpowered and disarmed without injuring the emperor.

Commodus ordered the deaths of Quintianus' nephew and of Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus, and banished Lucilla, her daughter, and Ummidia Cornificia Faustina to the Italian island of Capri. He sent a centurion there to execute them later that year. Her son Pompeianus was later murdered by Caracalla.

In popular culture

 * In the 1964 film The Fall of the Roman Empire, Lucilla is played by Sophia Loren, her part in the film's plot bearing only a very loose relation to Lucilla's real life.
 * In the 2000 film Gladiator and its 2024 sequel, Lucilla is played by Connie Nielsen.
 * In the 2016 six-part docuseries Roman Empire: Reign of Blood, Lucilla is played by Tai Berdinner-Blades.

title: Lucilla


text:
Jefferson disk

The Jefferson disk, also called the Bazeries cylinder or wheel cypher, was a cipher system commonly attributed to Thomas Jefferson that uses a set of wheels or disks, each with letters of the alphabet arranged around their edge in an order, which is different for each disk and is usually ordered randomly.

Each disk is marked with a unique number, and a hole in the center of the disks allows them to be stacked on an axle. The disks are removable and can be mounted on the axle in any order desired. The order of the disks is the cipher key, and both sender and receiver must arrange the disks in the same predefined order. Jefferson's device had 36 disks while Bazeries' system had 20.

Once the disks have been placed on the axle in the agreed order, the sender rotates each disk up and down until a desired message is spelled out in one row. Then, the sender can copy down any row of text on the disks other than the one that contains the plaintext message. The recipient has to arrange the disks in the agreed-upon order, rotate the disks so they spell out the encrypted message on one row, and then look around the rows until they see the plaintext.

History
In the late 18th century combination locks, known in Europe since 15th century, were popularized by Edmé Régnier L'Aîné, and versions of them with letters have been suggested to be the origin of cipher machines.

The first prototype resembling the Jefferson disk was invented by Swedish baron F. Gripenstierna in 1786, but it operated on a different principle: rather than substitute letters with letters, it used 57 disks to substitute letters entered by a cleared official on the one side of device with numbers on the other side of device visible to a clerk.

At some point in the 1790s (exact date is not clear ) Thomas Jefferson described the device now named after him, with 26 letters on a wheel and estimated 36 to 48 wheels, and its operation in a manuscript. It's commonly claimed that he invented it himself but it is not backed by any evidence, and Jefferson himself didn't imply so in the text. The manuscript was apparently forgotten until it was discovered in 1922 (a year after M-94 entered service, see below) by historian Edmund C. Burnett studying the Continental Congress. It doesn't appear that the device was ever fabricated, and Jefferson abandoned the idea after receiving a description of columnar transposition cipher from Robert Patterson in 1803, which he found more practical.

In the early 1980s NSA acquired for its museum a large incomplete device of Jefferson's type (picture 1 of this article) with 35 remnant disks (out of 40 originally) and 42 characters, including French letters, on each. It was dated to the second quarter of the 19th century and it's not clear if it is related to Jefferson despite originating from West Virginia.

When in 1854 Bristol dentist John H. B. Thwaites submitted a "new" cipher (which was in fact a variant of what we know as Vigenère cipher) to the Journal of the Society of the Arts, Charles Babbage mentioned in his response that he likes to use "rings of box-wood placed side by side on a cylinder, and having the twenty-six letters on the circumference of each". However, it's not clear from this description whether the letters were in alphabetic or random order.

Basis for later military ciphers
A device mechanically similar to Jefferson's but somewhat improved was independently re-invented in 1891 by Commandant Etienne Bazeries, but did not become well known until he broke the Great Cipher, of Rossignols. In 1893, French mathematician Arthur Joseph Hermann (better known for founding Éditions Hermann) redesigned the device to use 18 flat wooden or cardboard strips. Cryptologists in other countries also considered similar devices.

The Bazeries cylinder was the basis for the US "M-94" cipher machine, which was introduced in 1922 and remained in service until 1942. In 1914, Parker Hitt experimented with the Bazeries device, building one prototype using slides on a wooden frame, with the cipher alphabets printed twice consecutively on the slides, and then another using disks of wood. He forwarded his experiments up the Signal Corps chain of command, and in 1917 Joseph Mauborgne refined the scheme, with the final result being the M-94.

The M-94 used 25 aluminium disks on a spindle. It was used by the Army, Coast Guard, and the Radio Intelligence Division of the Federal Communications Commission until early in World War II. The Army changed back to Hitt's original slide scheme with the "M-138-A" cipher machine, which was introduced in the 1930s and was used by the US Navy and US State Department through World War II. The M-138-A featured 100 strips, with 30 selected for use in any one cipher session. It was an improvement in security for the State Department, which during the interwar years had used insecure codes, even in one case a standard commercial telegraph code.

Example of operation
To encrypt a message, the encrypter rotates the disks to produce the plaintext message along one "row" of the stack of disks, and then selects another row as the ciphertext. To decrypt the message, the decrypter rotates the disks on his cylinder to produce the ciphertext along a row. Decryption is easier if both the encrypter and the decrypter know the offset of the row, but not necessary since the decrypter can look around the cylinder to find a row that makes sense.

For example, a simplified "toy" Bazeries cylinder using only ten disks might be organized as shown below, with each disk "unwrapped" into a line and each marked with a designating number:

If the "key", the sequence of disks, for this Bazeries cylinder is 7, 9, 5, 10, 1, 6, 3, 8, 2, 4 and the encrypter wants to send the message "retreat now" to the decrypter, the encrypter rearranges the disks as per the key and rotates each disk to obtain the plaintext, which is shown at the left, with spacing added for clarity:

The encrypter then selects the ciphertext from the sixth row of the cylinder up from the plaintext. This ciphertext is also highlighted above with spacing, and gives: OMKEGWPDFN. When the decrypter gets the ciphertext, they rearrange the disks on their cylinder to the key arrangement, rotate the disks to give the ciphertext, and then read the plaintext six rows down from the ciphertext, or look over the cylinder for a row that makes sense.

Cryptanalysis
The Bazeries cylinder was a relatively strong system at the time (compared to many other systems in use), and Etienne Bazeries, a French military cryptanalyst, is said to have regarded it as indecipherable. The "Pers Z S" code-breaking group of the German Foreign Office cracked the M-138-A in 1944. However, by that time the Americans had more sophisticated cipher systems in operation.

The French cryptographer Gaetan de Viaris (a.k.a. Marquis Gaetan Henri Leon Viarizio di Lesegno), who is famous for one of the first printing cipher devices (1874), solved the Bazeries cylinder in 1893.

One major weakness of the Bazeries cylinder is that the offset from the plaintext letter to the ciphertext letter for the cipher alphabet on each disk will be exactly the same. In the example shown above, this offset is six letters.

For example, if a cryptanalyst found a message encrypted on the ten-disk Bazeries cylinder described in the example above and has captured their own cylinder, they could decipher the message by entering it on their cylinder and rotating it until they found the message. Still, the number of possible permutations of the disks of the example Bazeries cylinder is $10! = 3,628,800$. Due to the large size of this number, trial and error testing of the arrangement of the disks is difficult to perform by hand.

title: Jefferson disk


text:
User talk:80.219.10.23

Please don't put sillyness or junk in to articles. Serious contributions are welcome. See Welcome newcomers for info and tips. -- Infrogmation 20:09, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.219.10.23


text:
Anglada

Anglada was a Spanish automobile manufactured in Puerto de Santa María in Cádiz, Andalucia from 1902 to 1905. The company named '' Anglada. Fábrica de bicicletas y automóviles was founded by Francisco Anglada y Gallardo''. Anglada made expensive cars by individual order. The cars were either one- or four-cylinder models ranging from 6 to 36 cv. Anglada is notable today, if at all, for producing the first Spanish car purchased by Alfonso XIII; the King bought a 24 hp four from the company in 1904. Although the Spanish aristocrats bought some cars, due to financial problems, Francisco Anglada soon gave up production. He opened an automobile repair shop in Madrid. Francisco Anglada died in 1917.

title: Anglada


text:
Anglian automobile

The Anglian was an English car manufactured in Beccles, Suffolk from 1905 to at least 1909. The automobiles featured either a 3½ hp single-cylinder De Dion engine or 5 hp "twin coupled" power units. It appears the company mainly made tricars, but a photo of a 1909 four-wheeled Anglian car, the first car to be used by East Suffolk Police, indicates they did not just make tricars.

title: Anglian automobile


text:
Talk:Interaction Lagrangian

I question the appropriateness of this redirect! Phys 20:14, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe a redirect to Lagrangian is more appropriate. [[User:AmarChandra|Amar | Talk]] 09:11, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interaction Lagrangian


text:
Anglo-American (motor tricycle)

The Anglo-American was an English motor tricycle produced by a York company from 1899 to 1900. The company also offered motors that it claimed were "manufactured throughout in our own works", but which were most likely Continental imports.

title: Anglo-American (motor tricycle)


text:
Alfredo Casella

Alfredo Casella (25 July 1883 – 5 March 1947) was an Italian composer, pianist and conductor.

Life and career
Casella was born in Turin, the son of Maria (née Bordino) and Carlo Casella. His family included many musicians: his grandfather, a friend of Paganini, was first cello in the San Carlo Theatre in Lisbon and eventually became soloist in the Royal Chapel in Turin. Alfredo's father, Carlo, was also a professional cellist, as were Carlo's brothers Cesare and Gioacchino; his mother was a pianist, who gave the boy his first music lessons.

Alfredo entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1896 to study piano under Louis Diémer and composition under Gabriel Fauré; in these classes, Lazare Lévy, George Enescu and Maurice Ravel were among his fellow students. During his Parisian period, Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky and Manuel de Falla were acquaintances, and he was also in contact with Ferruccio Busoni, Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss.

Casella developed a deep admiration for Debussy's output after hearing Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune in 1898, but pursued a more romantic vein (stemming from Strauss and Mahler) in his own writing of this period, rather than turning to impressionism. His first symphony of 1905 is from this time, and it is with this work that Casella made his debut as a conductor when he led the symphony's premiere in Monte Carlo in 1908.

Back in Italy during World War I, he began teaching piano at the Conservatorio Santa Cecilia in Rome. From 1927 to 1929 Casella was the principal conductor of the Boston Pops, where he was succeeded by Arthur Fiedler. He was one of the best-known Italian piano virtuosos of his generation and together with Arturo Bonucci (cello) and Alberto Poltronieri (violin) he formed the Trio Italiano in 1930. This group played to great acclaim in Europe and America. His stature as a pianist and his work with the trio gave rise to some of his best-known compositions, including A Notte Alta, the Sonatina, Nove Pezzi, and the Six Studies, Op. 70, for piano. For the trio to play on tour, he wrote the Sonata a Tre and the Triple Concerto.

Casella had his biggest success with the ballet La Giara, set to a scenario by Luigi Pirandello; other notable works include Italia, the Concerto Romano (commissioned by Rodman Wanamaker and premiered at the Wanamaker Auditorium in New York with the organ and Wanamaker collection of rare string instruments), Partita and Scarlattiana for piano and orchestra, the Violin and Cello Concerti, Paganiniana, and the Concerto for Piano, Strings, Timpani and Percussion. Amongst his chamber works, both Cello Sonatas are played with some frequency, as is the very beautiful late Harp Sonata, and the music for flute and piano. Casella also made live-recording player piano music rolls for the Aeolian Duo-Art system, all of which survive today and can be heard. In 1923, together with Gabriele D'Annunzio and Gian Francesco Malipiero from Venice, he founded an association to promote the spread of modern Italian music, the "Corporation of the New Music".

The resurrection of Antonio Vivaldi's works in the 20th century is mostly thanks to the efforts of Casella, who in 1939 organised the now historic Vivaldi Week, in which the poet Ezra Pound was also involved. Since then Vivaldi's compositions have enjoyed almost universal success and the advent of historically informed performance has only strengthened his position. In 1947 the Venetian businessman Antonio Fanna founded the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, with the composer Malipiero as its artistic director, to promote Vivaldi's music and put out new editions of his works. Casella's work on behalf of his Italian Baroque musical ancestors put him at the centre of the early 20th-century Neoclassical revival in music and influenced his own compositions profoundly. His editions of Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven's piano works, along with many others, proved extremely influential on the musical taste and performance style of Italian players in the following generations.

The generazione dell'ottanta ("generation of the '80s"), including Casella himself, Malipiero, Respighi, Pizzetti, and Alfano—all composers born around 1880, the post-Puccini generation—concentrated on writing instrumental works, rather than operas, which Puccini and his musical forebears had specialised in. Members of this generation were the dominant figures in Italian music after Puccini's death in 1924; they had their counterparts in Italian literature and painting.

Casella, who was especially passionate about painting, accumulated an important collection of art and sculptures. He was perhaps the most "international" in outlook and stylistic influences of the generazione dell'ottanta, owing at least in part to his early musical training in Paris and the circle in which he lived and worked while there. He died in Rome.

Casella's students included Clotilde Coulombe, Stefan Bardas, Maria Curcio, Francesco Mander, Branka Musulin, Maurice Ohana, Robin Orr, Primož Ramovš, Nino Rota, Maria Tipo, Gaetano Giuffrè, Camillo Togni, and Bruna Monestiroli.

Marriage
He was married in Paris in 1921 to Yvonne Müller (Paris 1892 – Rome 1977). Their granddaughter is actress Daria Nicolodi and their great-granddaughter is actress Asia Argento.

Casella, who identified for many years with the Fascist regime in Italy, found himself in conflict with it after the legislation of the Italian racial laws of 1938, his wife being Jewish of French origin. From 1943 he lived in constant fear of being torn from his wife and their daughter, who were subject to arrest and deportation. One evening, having been tipped off about a raid on their flat, the family split up and hid in the homes of friends, not to reassemble until the 'Jew hunt' had ended.

Orchestral

 * Symphony No. 1 in B minor, Op. 5 (1905–6)
 * Italia, Rapsodia per Orchestra, Op. 11 (1909)
 * Symphony No. 2 in C minor, Op. 12 (1908–9)
 * Suite in C major, Op. 13 (1909–10)
 * Suite from the Ballet Le Couvent sur l'Eau (Il Convento Veneziano), Op. 19 (1912–3)
 * Pagine di Guerra, Op. 25bis (1918)
 * Pupazzetti, Op. 27bis (1920)
 * Elegia Eroica, Op. 29 (1916)
 * Concerto per Archi, Op. 40bis (1923–4)
 * La Giara, Suite Sinfonica, Op. 41bis (1924)
 * Serenata per piccola orchestra, Op. 46bis (1930)
 * Marcia Rustica, Op. 49 (1929)
 * La Donna Serpente, Frammenti Sinfonici Seria I, Op. 50bis (1928–31)
 * La Donna Serpente, Frammenti Sinfonici Seria II, Op. 50ter (1928–31)
 * Introduzione, Aria e Toccata per Orchestra, Op. 55 (1933)
 * Introduzione, Corale e Marcia, Op. 57 (1931–5) for Band, Piano, Double Basses and Percussion
 * Concerto per Orchestra, Op. 61 (1937)
 * Symphony No. 3, Op. 63 (1939–40)
 * Divertimento per Fulvia, Op. 64 (1940)
 * Paganiniana: Divertimento per Orchestra, Op. 65 (1942)
 * Concerto for Strings, Piano, Timpani, and Percussion, Op. 69 (1943)

Concertante

 * A notte alta, for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 30bis (1921)
 * Partita for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 42 (1924–5)
 * Concerto Romano for Organ, Brass, Timpani, and Strings, Op. 43 (1926) commissioned for the Wanamaker Organ in Philadelphia
 * Scarlattiana, for Piano and Small Orchestra, Op. 44 (1926)
 * Violin Concerto in A minor, Op. 48 (1928)
 * Notturno e Tarantella for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 54 (1934)
 * Triple Concerto, Op. 56 (1933)
 * Cello Concerto, Op. 58 (1934–5)

Chamber and instrumental

 * Barcarola e Scherzo for Flute and Piano, Op. 4 (1903)
 * Cello Sonata No. 1, Op. 8 (1906)
 * Sicilienne et Burlesque for Flute and Piano, Op. 23 (1914)
 * Pagine di Guerra, Op. 25 (1915) Quattro 'films' musicali per pianoforte a quattro mani
 * Pupazzetti, Op. 27 Cinque Pezzi Facili per Pianoforte a Quattro Mani (1915)
 * Cinque Pezzi per Quartetto d'Archi, Op. 34 (1920)
 * Concerto per Quartetto d'Archi, Op. 40 (1923–4)
 * Cello Sonata No. 2 in C major, Op. 45 (1926)
 * Minuet from 'Scarlattiana' (1926) for Violin and Piano
 * Serenata per Cinque Instrumenti, Op. 46 (1927)
 * Cavatina and Gavotte from the `Serenata Italiana' (1927) for Violin and Piano
 * Prelude and Danza Siciliana from `La Giara' (1928), for Violin and Piano
 * Sinfonia for Piano, Violoncello, Clarinet, and Trumpet, Op. 53 (1932)
 * Notturno for Cello and Piano (1934)
 * Tarantella for Cello and Piano (1934)
 * Sonata a Tre (Piano Trio), Op. 62 (1938)
 * Harp Sonata, Op. 68 (1943)

Piano

 * Pavane, Op. 1 (1902)
 * Variations sur une Chaconne, Op. 3 (1903)
 * Toccata, Op. 6 (1904)
 * Sarabande, Op. 10 (1908)
 * Notturnino (1909)
 * Berceuse triste, Op. 14 (1909)
 * Barcarola, Op. 15 (1910)
 * À la Manière de..., Prima Serie, Op. 17 (1911)
 * À la Manière de..., Seconda Serie, Op. 17bis (1914)
 * Nove Pezzi, Op. 24 (1914)
 * Sonatina, Op. 28 (1916)
 * A Notte Alta, Poema Musicale, Op. 30 (1917)
 * Deux Contrastes, Op. 31 (1916–8)
 * Inezie, Op. 32 (1918)
 * Cocktail Dance (1918)
 * Foxtrot per pianoforte a quattro mani (1920)
 * Undici Pezzi Infantili, Op. 35 (1920)
 * Due Canzoni Popolari Italiane, Op. 47 (1928)
 * Due Ricercari sul nome B-A-C-H, Op. 52 (1932)
 * Sinfonia, Arioso e Toccata, Op. 59 (1936)
 * Ricercare sul Nome Guido M. Gatti (1942)
 * Studio Sulle Terze Maggiori (1942)
 * Sei Studi, Op. 70 (1942–44)
 * Trois Pieces pour pianola, before 1921

Vocal

 * Nuageries (1903) [Jean Richepin]
 * Five Songs, Op. 2 (1902)
 * La Cloche Felee, Op. 7 (1904) [Baudelaire]
 * Trois Lyriques, Op. 9 (1905) [Albert Samain, Baudelaire, Verlaine]
 * Sonnet, Op. 16 (1910) [Ronsard]
 * Cinque Frammenti Sinfonici per Soprano ed Orchestra da Le Convent sur l'Eau (Il Convento Veneziano), Op. 19 (1912–4)
 * Notte di Maggio, for Voice and Orchestra, Op. 20 (1913)
 * Due Canti, Op. 21 (1913)
 * Deux Chansons Anciennes, Op. 22 (1912)
 * L'Adieu à la Vie, Op. 26 (1915) for Voice and Piano
 * L'Adieu à la Vie, Op. 26bis (1915/26) Quattro Liriche Funebri per Soprano ed Orchestra da Camera dal 'Gitanjali' di R. Tagore [Trans. A. Gide]
 * Tre Canzoni Trecentesche, Op. 36 (1923) [Cino da Pistoia]
 * La Sera Fiesolana, Op. 37 (1923) for Voice and Piano [D'Annunzio]
 * Quattro Favole Romanesche, Op. 38 (1923) [Trilusso]
 * Due Liriche, Op. 39 (1923) for Voice and Piano
 * Tre Vocalizzi for Voice and Piano (1929)
 * Tre Canti Sacri for Baritone and Organ, Op. 66 (1943)
 * Tre Canti Sacri for Baritone and Small Orchestra, Op. 66bis (1943)
 * Missa Solemnis Pro Pace, Op. 71 (1944) per Soli, Coro e Orchestra

Stage

 * Le Couvent sur l'Eau (Il Convento Veneziano), Op. 18 (1912–3) Ballet [J.-L. Vaudoyer]
 * La Giara, Op. 41 (1924) Ballet [Pirandello]
 * La donna serpente, Op. 50 (1928–31) Opera, Libretto by C.V. Ludovici after C. Gozzi
 * La Favola d'Orfeo, Op. 51 (1932) Chamber Opera, Libretto by C. Pavolini after A. Poliziano
 * Il Deserto Tentato, Op. 60 (1937) Mistero in Un Atto, Libretto by Pavolini
 * La Camera dei Disegni (Balletto per Fulvia), Op. 64 (1940) Ballet
 * La Rosa del Sogno, Op. 67 (1943) Ballet, partly after Paganiniana, Op. 65

Writings

 * The Evolution of Music Throughout the History of the Perfect Cadence (London, 1924)
 * Igor Strawinsky (Rome, 1926; Alfredo Casella, Strawinski, new edition ed. by Benedetta Saglietti e Giangiorgio Satragni, preface Quirino Principe, Roma, Castelvecchi, 2016)
 * ...21 + 26, an Autobiography (Rome, 1931)
 * Il Pianoforte (Rome–Milan, 1937)
 * La Tecnica dell'Orchestra Contemporanea (Rome and New York, 1950)
 * I Segreti della Giara, Original Italian Edition of Casella's Autobiography (Florence, 1941)
 * Music in My Time, Autobiography, English Edition by Spencer Norton (Norman, Oklahoma, 1955)
 * Plus numerous articles in musical journals

Recordings

 * Piano rolls listed at The Reproducing Piano Roll Foundation

title: Alfredo Casella


text:
Anglo-Dane

The Anglo-Dane was a Danish automobile manufactured by H. C. Fredriksen of Copenhagen from 1902 to 1917. Fredriksen began by building bicycles in the 1890s; for these, he used British parts - hence the hyphenated name.

The first cars were light trucks with single-cylinder Belgian Kelecom engines. Later cars were produced with their own design single-cylinder 4-5 hp engines; these featured friction drive using double discs to give an equivalent 12-speed transmission. A few passenger cars were also built with twin-cylinder engines before the company merged with automobile makers Jan and Thrige, which made Triangel commercial vehicles until 1945. About 70 Anglo-Danes were made.

title: Anglo-Dane


text:
Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists

Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists (CPRM) is a political party based in the Darjeeling District and Kalimpong District of the Indian state of West Bengal. CPRM was formed in 1996 by Communist Party of India (Marxist) dissidents (a major group of the local CPI(M) leadership in Darjeeling) like former State Minister and Rajya Sabha MP Tamang Dawa Lama, Lok Sabha MP R.B. Rai and others, who were dissatisfied with the peace settlement the Left-Front government signed with the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF). CRPM participates in the Confederation of Indian Communists and Democratic Socialists. The youth organization of CPRM is called Democratic Revolutionary Youth Federation (DRYF).

CPRM struggles for a separate Gorkhaland state to be formed within India. It contested the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council election in 1999 but won no seat. Before 1999, one CPRM member, Padam Lama, was a member of the DGHC. Ahead of the 1999 DGHC elections, CPRM was part of the United Front, an alliance consisting of CPRM, Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League (ABGL), Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Gorkha Janashakti, Communist Party of India, Bharatiya Nepali Bir Gorkha and Sikkim Rashtriya Mukti Morcha.

Since the failure of the United Front, CPRM formed the People's Democratic Front, as a united opposition to GNLF in the Darjeeling hills, together with Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League, Indian National Congress, Gorkha National Liberation Front (C.K. Pradhan) and Bharatiya Janata Party.

CPRM is currently part of the Democratic Front, an alliance of the CPRM, ABGL, BJP and other parties. CPRM had earlier supported the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM), but when GJM agreed to the setting up of an Interim Setup in Darjeeling instead of a full-fledged state of Gorkhaland, CPRM became opposed to it.

After unsuccessfully trying to put up consensus candidates in the three constituencies of Darjeeling with other parties, CPRM decided not to filed any candidates of its own after the other parties - GJM and ABGL - decided to fight the elections independently. In 2009, 2014 and 2019 general elections, they supported the Bharatiya Janata Party candidates for the Darjeeling constituency.


text:
Linda Gray

Linda Ann Gray (born September 12, 1940) is an American film, stage and television actress, director, producer and former model, best known for her role as Sue Ellen Ewing, the long-suffering wife of Larry Hagman's character J.R. Ewing on the CBS television drama series Dallas (1978–1989, 1991, 2012–2014), for which she was nominated for the 1981 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. The role also earned her two Golden Globe Awards nominations.

Gray began her career in the 1960s in television commercials. In the 1970s, she appeared in numerous TV series before landing the role of Sue Ellen Ewing in 1978. After leaving Dallas in 1989, she appeared opposite Sylvester Stallone in the 1991 film Oscar. From 1994 to 1995, she played a leading role in the Fox drama series Models Inc., and also starred in TV movies, including Moment of Truth: Why My Daughter? (1993) and Accidental Meeting (1994). She went on to reprise the role of Sue Ellen in Dallas: J.R. Returns (1996), Dallas: War of the Ewings (1998), and in the TNT series Dallas (2012–2014), which continued the original series.

On stage, Gray starred as Mrs. Robinson in The Graduate in the West End of London in 2001, then on Broadway the following year. In 2007, she starred as Aurora Greenaway in the world premiere production of Terms of Endearment at the Theatre Royal, York and stayed with the production when it toured the United Kingdom. After the second Dallas was cancelled in 2014, Gray again took to the stage, this time in the role of the Fairy Godmother in a London production of Cinderella.

Early years
Linda Gray was born in 1940 in Santa Monica, California. She grew up in Culver City, California, where her father, Leslie, who was a watchmaker, had a shop.

Before acting, Gray worked as a model in the 1960s and began her acting career in television commercials, nearly 400 of them —and also made brief appearances in feature films, such as Under the Yum Yum Tree and Palm Springs Weekend in 1963. Gray began her professional acting career in the 1970s with guest roles on many television series such as Marcus Welby, M.D., McCloud, and Switch, prior to signing with Universal Studios in 1974. She also appeared in the films The Big Rip-Off (1975) and Dogs (1976). In 1977, she was cast as fashion model Linda Murkland, the first transgender series regular on American television, in the television series All That Glitters. The show, a spoof of the soap-opera format, was cancelled after just 13 weeks. Gray was then cast as suspicious wife Carla Cord in the 1977 television movie Murder in Peyton Place.

Dallas
Gray achieved stardom for her role as Sue Ellen Ewing, J.R.'s long-suffering alcoholic wife, in the CBS drama series Dallas (1978–1989, 1991). Initially a recurring guest role for the five-episode first series, Gray became a series regular later in 1978 and remained with the show until 1989. Her character was well received by television critics. The Biography Channel stated "Who could ever forget Dallas with the vodka-swilling Sue Ellen Ewing, replete with shoulder pads long before Dynasty, staggering around Southfork Ranch with a permanently tearful expression as she suffered the brunt of J.R. Ewing’s evil ways?" The Boulevard stated "It may be 2009 and seventeen years since the primetime drama Dallas went off the air, but memories of the Ewing family still linger. Corruption and betrayal, lies, greed, affairs and scandal—all were just part of another day at the Southfork Ranch. At the center of it all was one of our favorite Ewings, the person we couldn't help but root for each week as she drank and slept her way through one ordeal after another. This, of course, was the tortured and (sometimes) villainous Sue Ellen Shepard Ewing, former Texas beauty queen and trophy wife of the womanizing rogue J.R. Ewing, played to perfection by actress Linda Gray." Gray was nominated for two Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her performance on Dallas. She also received numerous international awards including Germany's Bambi Award, Italy's Il Gato and she was named Woman of the Year by the Hollywood Radio & Television Society in 1982.

After Dallas
After Dallas, Gray starred in the 1991 comedy film, Oscar with Sylvester Stallone and then made guest appearances in British drama Lovejoy (starring her co-star and love interest from her final season on Dallas, Ian McShane). She also starred in several made-for-TV movies, including 1991's The Entertainers (with Bob Newhart), Bonanza: The Return (1993), Moment of Truth: Why My Daughter (1993), and Accidental Meeting (1994). In 1994, she made several guest appearances on the Fox prime time soap opera Melrose Place, starring as Hillary Michaels, the mother of Amanda Woodward (Heather Locklear). She continued the role in the Melrose Place spin-off Models Inc., where her character Hillary ran a modelling agency, but the show was cancelled after one season. Gray appeared in the Dallas reunion television movies Dallas: J.R. Returns (1996) and Dallas: War of the Ewings (1998), but in the following years did not appear in movies or on television.

In 2001, Gray portrayed Mrs. Robinson in the West End theatre production of Charles Webb's The Graduate. This brought her full circle, as her legs (not Anne Bancroft's) had appeared in the poster for the 1967 film version of The Graduate, showing Mrs. Robinson's legs being admired by Dustin Hoffman. She also briefly played the role in the Broadway production, when she filled-in for Kathleen Turner in September 2002. Gray made her theater directing debut with the play Murder in the First, and other stage acting work includes: Terms of Endearment, The Vagina Monologues, Agnes of God and Love Letters.

Recent years
Gray returned to television in 2004 as a guest star in five episodes of the daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, playing Priscilla Kelly. Gray starred in several independent films, including the award-winning drama Reflections of a Life (2006), where she played the best friend of a woman undergoing treatment for breast cancer; Expecting Mary (2010); The Flight of the Swan (2011); and Hidden Moon (2012).

In 2008, Gray appeared in The CW series 90210, which, like Melrose Place and Models Inc. before it, is a spin-off from the original Beverly Hills, 90210. Gray has now appeared in three of the five series in the franchise, though her role in 90210 was not Hillary Michaels, the character she played on Melrose Place (1992) and Models Inc.

In 2012, Gray reprised her role as Sue Ellen Ewing in the TNT drama series Dallas, a continuation of the original series. In 2013, she was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by the Guardian. In April 2013, she was listed in People magazine's annual Most Beautiful Woman list.

Over Christmas 2014, she performed in pantomime in London, playing the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella. In 2015, she starred in the Hallmark Channel film A Perfect Wedding, and was cast as grandmother in The CW summer comedy series, Significant Mother. She also appeared as Joanna Winterthorne in the soap opera web series Winterthorne. On 17 August 2016, it was announced that Gray would join the cast of the British Channel 4 soap opera, Hollyoaks, as Tabitha Maxwell-Brown, the mother of recently established character Marnie Nightingale, played by Lysette Anthony. Gray made her first appearance as Tabitha on 15 November 2016, and departed on 22 November 2016. It was later announced that Gray had signed a contract with Hollyoaks in order for her to appear on the soap opera for a longer period of time. The character of Tabitha returned on 27 February 2017 before departing again on 28 February 2017.

In 2017, Gray joined the cast of Amazon Studios drama series, Hand of God, starring opposite Ron Perlman and Dana Delany.

On 3 October 2023, it was announced that Gray would feature in the Lifetime film, Ladies of the '80s: A Divas Christmas. According to the official synopsis, the movie follows five soap opera divas readying for a reunion show who take on playing cupid during Christmas to bring together their director and producer as they all learn the meaning of true Christmas spirit. The ensemble cast is made up of Gray, Loni Anderson, Morgan Fairchild, Donna Mills, and Nicollette Sheridan.

Personal life
Gray was married from 1962 to 1983 to Ed Thrasher, an art director and photographer. The marriage resulted in two children: Jeff Thrasher and Kehly Sloane (an actress who appeared in the original Dallas). Thrasher died of leukemia in November 2020. Gray has two grandsons. Her younger sister, Betty, died from breast cancer in 1989. She resides in Los Angeles, California.

title: Linda Gray