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Taxation in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, taxation may involve payments to at least three different levels of government: central government (HM Revenue and Customs), devolved governments and local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, National Insurance contributions, value added tax, corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds, business rates in England, Council Tax and increasingly from fees and charges such as those for on-street parking. In the fiscal year 2014–15, total government revenue was forecast to be £648 billion, or 37.7 per cent of GDP, with net taxes and National Insurance contributions standing at £606 billion.

History
A uniform Land Tax, originally introduced in England during the late 17th century, formed the main source of government revenue throughout the 18th century and the early 19th century.

Napoleonic wars
Income tax was announced in Britain by William Pitt the Younger in his budget of December 1798 and introduced in 1799, to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic Wars. Pitt's new graduated (progressive) income tax began at a levy of 2 old pence in the pound ($1/120th$) on annual incomes over £60 (equivalent to £0 as of ), and increased up to a maximum of 2 shillings (10 per cent) on annual incomes of over £200. Pitt hoped that the new income tax would raise £10 million, but receipts for 1799 totalled just over £6 million.

Income tax was levied under five schedules. Income not falling within those schedules was not taxed. The schedules were:
 * Schedule A (tax on income from United Kingdom land)
 * Schedule B (tax on commercial occupation of land)
 * Schedule C (tax on income from public securities)
 * Schedule D (tax on trading income, income from professions and vocations, interest, overseas income and casual income)
 * Schedule E (tax on employment income)

Later, Schedule F (tax on United Kingdom dividend income) was added.

Pitt's income tax was levied from 1799 to 1802, when it was abolished by Henry Addington during the Peace of Amiens. Addington had taken over as prime minister in 1801. The income tax was reintroduced by Addington in 1803 when hostilities recommenced, but it was again abolished in 1816, one year after the Battle of Waterloo.

Considerable controversy was aroused by the malt, house, windows and income taxes. The malt tax was easy to collect from brewers; even after it was reduced in 1822, it produced over 10 per cent of government's annual revenues through the 1840s. The house tax mostly hit London town houses; the windows tax mostly hit country manors.

Peel's income tax
The income tax was reintroduced by Sir Robert Peel in the Income Tax Act 1842. Peel, as a Conservative, had opposed income tax in the 1841 general election, but a growing budget deficit required a new source of funds. The new income tax of 7d in the pound (about 2.9%), based on Addington's model, was imposed on annual incomes above £150 (equivalent to £0 as of ).

First World War
The war (1914–1918) was financed by borrowing large sums at home and abroad, by new taxes, and by inflation. It was implicitly financed by postponing maintenance and repair, and canceling capital expenditure. The government avoided indirect taxes because they raised the cost of living, and caused discontent among the working class. There was a strong emphasis on being "fair" and being "scientific". The public generally supported the heavy new taxes, with minimal complaints. The Treasury rejected proposals for a stiff capital levy, which the Labour Party wanted to use to weaken the capitalists. Instead, there was an excess profits tax, of 50% on profits above the normal pre-war level; the rate was raised to 80% in 1917. Excise taxes were added on luxury imports such as automobiles, clocks and watches. There was no sales tax or value added tax. The main increase in revenue came from the income tax, which in 1915 went up to 3s. 6d in the pound (17.5%), and individual exemptions were lowered. The income tax rate increased to 5s. (25%) in 1916, and 6s. (30%) in 1918. Altogether, taxes provided at most 30% of national expenditure, with the rest from borrowing. The national debt soared from £625 million to £7,800 million. Government bonds typically paid 5% p.a. Inflation escalated so that the pound in 1919 purchased only a third of the basket it had purchased in 1914. Wages were laggard, and the poor and retired were especially hard hit.

Modern rules
Business rates were introduced in England and Wales in 1990 and are a modernised version of a system of rating that dates back to the Poor Relief Act 1601. As such, business rates retain many previous features from, and follow some case law of, older forms of rating. The Finance Act 2004 introduced an income tax regime known as "pre-owned asset tax" which aims to reduce the use of common methods of inheritance tax avoidance.

Britain's income tax has changed over the years. Originally it taxed a person's income regardless of who was beneficially entitled to that income, but now tax is paid on income to which the taxpayer is beneficially entitled. Most companies were taken out of the income tax net in 1965 when corporation tax was introduced. These changes were consolidated by the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970. Also the schedules under which tax is levied have changed. Schedule B was abolished in 1988, Schedule C in 1996 and Schedule E in 2003. For income tax purposes, the remaining schedules were superseded by the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005, which also repealed Schedule F. For corporation tax purposes, the Schedular system was repealed and superseded by the Corporation Tax Acts of 2009 and 2010. The highest rate of income tax peaked in the Second World War at 99.25%. This was slightly reduced after the war and was around 97.5 per cent (nineteen shillings and sixpence in the pound) through the 1950s and 1960s.

In 1971, the top rate of income tax on earned income was cut to 75%. A surcharge of 15% on investment income kept the overall top rate on that income at 90%. In 1974 the top tax rate on earned income was again raised, to 83%. With the investment income surcharge this raised the overall top rate on investment income to 98%, the highest permanent rate since the war. This applied to incomes over £20,000 (equivalent to £0 in terms). In 1974, as many as 750,000 people were liable to pay the top rate of income tax.

Margaret Thatcher, who favoured indirect taxation, reduced personal income tax rates during the 1980s. In the first budget after her election victory in 1979, the top rate was reduced from 83% to 60% and the basic rate from 33% to 30%. The basic rate was further cut in three subsequent budgets, to 29% in 1986 budget, 27% in 1987 and 25% in 1988. The top rate of income tax was cut to 40% in the 1988 budget. The investment income surcharge was abolished in 1985.

Subsequent governments reduced the basic rate further, to the present level of 20% in 2007. Since 1976 (when it stood at 35%), the basic rate has been reduced by 15%, but this reduction has been largely offset by increases in national insurance contributions and value added tax.

In 2010 a new top rate of 50% was introduced on income over £150,000. The then opposition Conservative party claimed that this policy actually caused a decrease in revenue to the Exchequer, by incentivizing tax-avoidance or emigration/offshoring. In the 2012 budget this rate was cut to 45% for 2013–14; this was followed by an increase in the tax paid by additional rate taxpayers from £38 billion to £46 billion. Chancellor George Osborne said that the lower, more competitive tax rate had caused the increase. Both the initial claim that the raised 50% rate in 2010 caused a decreased effective tax take, and that its lowering in 2012 an increase, have been contested by the OBR which described complications from "forestalling" and "income-shifting" (as both rate changes were pre-announced, high earners were first able to bring forward earnings to before the rate increase came into effect, under the outgoing Labour government, and then again to delay them to occur after the rate decrease under the new Lib-Con Coalition Government). In contrast to the chancellor's public statements, the government's own policy documents showed that the rate cut would be a net cost to the treasury of around 100 million per year (a small cost proportionally, but a cost nonetheless).

In September 2022 the new Chancellor, Kwazi Kwarteng, announced that from April 2023 the top rate of tax would be further reduced from 45% to 40% and the basic rate reduced from 20% to 19%, as part of what was referred to as a "Growth Plan". After the collapse of the Truss government, the abolition of the 45% additional rate of tax was cancelled.

HM Revenue and Customs has published online a comprehensive set of manuals about the UK tax system.

Overview
Income tax forms the single largest source of revenues collected by the government. The second largest source of government revenue is National Insurance Contributions. The third largest source of government revenues is value added tax (VAT), and the fourth-largest is corporation tax.

Residence and domicile
United Kingdom source income is generally subject to UK taxation whatever the citizenship and place of residence of an individual, or the place of registration of a company. This means that the UK income tax liability of an individual who is neither resident nor ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom is limited to any tax deducted at source on UK income, together with tax on income from a trade or profession carried on through a permanent establishment in the UK and tax on rental income from UK real estate.

People who are both resident and domiciled in the United Kingdom are additionally liable to taxation on their worldwide income and gains. For people resident but not domiciled in the United Kingdom (referred to as "non-domiciled", or "non-dom"), foreign income and gains have historically been taxed on the remittance basis, that is to say, only income and gains remitted to the United Kingdom are taxed (for such people the United Kingdom is sometimes called a tax haven). From 6 April 2008, a long-term non-dom (defined as resident in 7 of the previous 9 years) wishing to retain the remittance basis is required to pay an annual tax of £30,000. Since 6 April 2017, non-domiciled individuals who have been resident in the UK for 15 out of the last 20 tax years lose their non-domiciled status and become liable for tax on worldwide income and capital gains, and their worldwide assets become subject to inheritance tax on death.

UK-domiciled individuals who are not resident for three consecutive tax years are not liable for UK tax on their worldwide income, and those who are not resident for five consecutive tax years are not liable for UK tax on their worldwide capital gains. Anyone physically present in the UK for 183 or more days in a tax year is classed as resident for that year.

Domicile is a term with a technical meaning. Essentially an individual is domiciled in the United Kingdom if the UK is deemed to be their permanent home. A British citizen may be accepted by the tax authorities as non-domiciled in the UK, but being born in another country, or in Britain to a non-domiciled father, facilitates non-dom status.

A company is resident in the United Kingdom if it is incorporated there or if its central management and control are there (although in the former case a company could be resident in another jurisdiction in certain circumstances where a tax treaty applies).

Double taxation of income and capital gains may be avoided by an applicable double tax treaty; the United Kingdom has one of the largest networks of treaties of any country.

Non-domiciled status
UK residents whose permanent home is outside the UK may be entitled to non-domiciled status. A non-domiciled UK resident earning less than £2,000 in a year outside the UK does not pay tax on this unless it is transferred to the UK. This would apply to the typical person taking up a temporary job in the UK, being paid, and paying tax on it, in the UK, with possible additional small earnings in the home country. For a person with larger foreign income the rules are rather complex, but, for example, earnings may not be taxed at all in the UK if not brought into the UK, subject to the person paying an annual charge of £30,000. Details are explained on the UK government website, and there is a simpler explanation in the context of a particular non-domiciled person on the BBC website.

The majority of people making use of the non-domiciled tax exemption are wealthy individuals with substantial income from outside of the United Kingdom. Typical non-domiciled UK residents include senior company executives, bankers, lawyers, business owners and international recording artists; see list of people with non-domiciled status in the UK.

The tax year
The tax year is sometimes also called the "fiscal year". A company's accounting year, which has some relevance for corporation tax purposes, can be chosen by the company and often runs from 1 April to 31 March, in line with the fiscal year.

The British personal tax year runs from 6 to 5 April in the following year.

Income tax
Income tax is the single largest source of government revenue in the United Kingdom, making up about 30 per cent of the total, followed by National Insurance contributions at around 20 per cent. More than 25% of all income tax revenue is paid by the top 1% of taxpayers, i.e. taxpayers with the highest incomes, and 90% of all income tax revenue is paid by the top 50% of taxpayers with the highest incomes. The Scottish Parliament has full control over income tax rates and thresholds on all non-savings and non-dividend income liable for tax by taxpayers resident in Scotland. The Welsh Parliament also has some powers over income tax in Wales, but they have not been used.

Each person has an income tax personal allowance, and income up to this amount in each tax year is free of tax. Until the 2027/28 tax year, the tax-free allowance for under-65s with income less than £100,000 is £12,570.

Any income above the personal allowance is taxed using a number of bands:

Taxpayer's income is assessed for tax according to a prescribed order, with income from employment using up the personal allowance and being taxed first, followed by savings income (from interest or otherwise unearned) and then dividends.

Foreign income of United Kingdom residents is taxed as United Kingdom income, but to prevent double taxation the United Kingdom has agreements with many countries to allow offset against United Kingdom tax what is deemed paid abroad. These deemed amounts paid abroad are not necessarily as much as actually paid.

Rental income on a property investment business (such as a buy to let property) is taxed as other savings income, after allowing deductions including mortgage interest. The mortgage does not need to be secured against the property receiving the rent, subject to a maximum of the purchase prices of the property investment business properties (or the market value at the time they transferred into the business). Joint owners can decide how they divide income and expenses, as long as one does not make a profit and the other a loss. Losses can be brought forward to subsequent years.

Current rates
This table reflects the removal of the 10% starting rate from April 2008, which also saw the 22% income tax rate drop to 20%. From April 2010, the Labour government introduced a 50% income tax rate for those earning more than £150,000. Income threshold for high taxation rate on income was decreased to £32,011 in 2013. The coalition government raised this allowance in years following 2014, and the 50% tax bracket was reduced to its current 45% rate.

Scotland
Since 2017 the Scottish Parliament has had the power to set the tax band thresholds (excluding the personal allowance) as well as the rates on all non-savings and non-dividend income of Scottish taxpayers.

†Assumes individuals are in receipt of the Standard UK Personal Allowance.

††Those earning more than £100,000 will see their Personal Allowance reduced by £1 for every £2 earned over £100,000.

Exemptions on investment

Certain investments carry a tax favoured status, including:
 * UK Government Bonds (gilts)
 * While all income is taxable, gains are exempt for income tax purposes.

 * National Savings and Investments
 * Certain investments via the state owned National Savings scheme are not subject to tax including Index linked Certificates (up to £15,000 per issue) and Premium Bonds, a scheme that issues monthly prizes in place of interest on individual holdings up to £50,000.

 * Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs)
 * Interest is paid tax free, while dividends are paid along with a tax credit to the investor which can then be offset against dividend tax due. For a basic rate tax payer this means they have no tax to pay on a dividend. There is no overall limit on how much a person can have invested in ISA accounts, but additional investments are currently limited to £20,000 per person per year, either in cash funds, mutual funds (Units Trusts and OEICs), or individual self-selected shares.

 * Pension funds
 * These have the same tax treatment as ISAs in terms of growth. Full tax relief is also given at the individual's marginal rate on contributions or, in the case of an employer contributions, it is treated as an expense and is not taxed on the employee as a benefit in kind. Aside from a tax free lump sum of 25% of the fund, benefits taken from pension funds are taxable.

 * Venture Capital Trusts
 * These are investments in smaller companies or funds of holdings in such companies over a minimum term of five years. These are not taxable and qualify for 30 per cent tax relief against an individual's income.

 * Enterprise Investment Schemes
 * A non-taxable investment into smaller company shares over three years that qualifies for 30 per cent tax relief. The facility also allows an individual to defer capital gains liabilities (these gains can be stripped out in future years using the annual CGT allowance).

 * Seed Enterprise Investment Schemes
 * A non-taxable investment into smaller company shares over three years that qualifies for 50 per cent tax relief. The facility also allows an individual to defer capital gains liabilities (these gains can be stripped out in future years using the annual CGT allowance).

 * Insurance bonds
 * These include offshore and onshore investment bonds issued by insurance companies. The main difference between the two is that corporation tax paid by the onshore bond means that gains in the onshore bond are treated as if basic rate tax has been paid (this cannot be reclaimed by zero or starting rate tax payers). With both versions up to 5 per cent for each complete year of investment can be taken without an immediate tax liability (subject to a maximum total of 100 per cent of the original investment). On this basis, investors can plan an income stream while deferring any chargeable withdrawals until they are on a lower rate of tax, are no longer a United Kingdom resident, or their death.

 * Offshore trusts and companies
 * Trusts can be offshore if all trustees are non-resident. Such trusts can own foreign-operated companies. Corporation tax rates can be lower in some countries and where we still have double taxation treaties. However, since anti-avoidance rules have been introduced for taxation of trusts, these structures are not advantageous for someone who will remain resident.

Exceptions
Many holdings and income from them are exempt for "historical reasons". These include:
 * Special, low tax arrangements for the monarchy, such as the arrangement used by the British Royal Family to avoid inheritance tax.
 * Reduced income tax for special classes of person. For instance non-doms, who are resident in the United Kingdom but not "domiciled", are not subject to UK income tax on their non-UK income provided the remittance basis of taxation is claimed (or applies automatically) and the non-UK income is not remitted to the UK. After seven years of tax residence, the remittance basis can carry a substantial tax charge and UK residents will usually be deemed to be domiciled of the UK after fifteen years of residence without a gap of five years.
 * An Act of Parliament to protect the Earl of Abingdon and his heirs and assignees from paying income tax on the tolls on the Swinford Toll Bridge.
 * The income of charities is usually exempt from United Kingdom income tax.

Inheritance tax
Inheritance tax is levied on "transfers of value", meaning: The first slice of cumulative transfers of value (known as the "nil rate band") is free of tax. This threshold is currently set at £325,000 (tax year 2012/13) and has recently failed to keep up with house price inflation with the result that some 6 million households currently fall within the scope of inheritance tax. Over this threshold the rate is 40 per cent on death or 36 per cent if the estate qualifies for a reduced rate as a result of a charitable donation.
 * 1) the estates of deceased persons;
 * 2) gifts made within seven years of death (known as Potentially Exempt Transfers or "PETs");
 * 3) "lifetime chargeable transfers", meaning transfers into certain types of trust. See Taxation of trusts (United Kingdom).

Since October 2007, married couples and registered civil partners can effectively increase the threshold on their estate when the second partner dies – to as much as £650,000 in 2012–13. Their executors or personal representatives must transfer the first spouse or civil partner's unused Inheritance Tax threshold or 'nil rate band' to the second spouse or civil partner when they die.

Transfers of value between United Kingdom-domiciled spouses are exempt from tax. Recent changes to the tax brought in by the Finance Act 2008 mean that nil-rate bands are transferable between spouses to reduce this burden – something which previously could only be done by setting up complex trusts.

Gifts made more than seven years prior to death are not taxed; if they are made between three and seven years before death a tapered inheritance tax rate applies. There are some important exceptions to this treatment: the most important is the "reservation of benefit rule", which says that a gift is ineffective for inheritance tax purposes if the giver benefits from the asset in any way after the gift (for example, by gifting a house but continuing to live in it).

Inheritance Tax is not levied on the estate of persons who died "on active service" or from the effects of wounds sustained on such service...regardless of how long after that may be if it can be proven as the cause of death. In addition as the deceased spouse is subject to an exemption that full nil rate band is transferable to the surviving spouse's estate on the survivor's death.

Council Tax
Council tax is the system of local taxation used in England, Scotland and Wales to part fund the services provided by local government in each country. It was introduced in 1993 by the Local Government Finance Act 1992, as a successor to the unpopular Community Charge ("poll tax"), which had (briefly) replaced the Rates system. The basis for the tax is residential property, with discounts for single people. As of 2008, the average annual levy on a property in England was £1,146. In 2006–2007 council tax in England amounted to £22.4 billion and an additional £10.8 billion in sales, fees and charges. . In Scotland from April 2024, all but three of the Scottish local councils introduced a 100% "additional levy" on second homes. Unfortunately this change was introduced very close to the beginning of the 2024-25 Council Tax year beginning, and it is unclear what procedures Councils have in place for identifying second homes. Many second home owners have been left in a state of confusion regarding how this change will be implemented upon them.

Value added tax
The third largest source of government revenues is value added tax (VAT), charged at 20 per cent on supplies of goods and services. It is therefore a tax on consumer expenditure.

Certain goods and services are exempt from VAT, and others are subject to VAT at a lower rate of 5 per cent (the reduced rate, such as domestic gas supplies) or 0 per cent ("zero-rated", such as most food and children's clothing). Exemptions are intended to relieve the tax burden on essentials while placing the full tax on luxuries, but disputes based on fine distinctions arise, such as the "Jaffa Cake Case" which hinged on whether Jaffa Cakes were classed as (zero-rated) cakes—as was eventually decided—or (fully taxed) chocolate-covered biscuits. Until 2001, VAT was charged at the full rate on sanitary towels.

VAT was introduced in 1973, in consequence of Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, at a standard rate of 10 per cent. In July 1974, the standard rate became 8 per cent and from October that year petrol was taxed at a new higher rate of 25 per cent. In the budget of April 1975 the higher rate was extended to a wide range of "luxury" goods. In the budget of April 1976 the 25 per cent higher rate was reduced to 12.5 per cent. On 18 June 1979, the higher rate was scrapped and VAT set at a single rate of 15 per cent. In 1991 this became 17.5 per cent, though when domestic fuel and power was added to the scheme in 1994, it was charged at a new, lower rate of 8 per cent.

In September 1997 this lower rate of 8 per cent was reduced to 5 per cent and was extended to cover various energy-saving materials (from 1 July 1998), sanitary protection (from 1 January 2001), children's car seats (from 1 April 2001), conversion and renovation of certain residential properties (from 12 May 2001), contraceptives (from 1 July 2006) and smoking cessation products (from 1 July 2007).

On 1 December 2008, VAT was reduced to 15 per cent, as a reaction to the late-2000s recession, by Chancellor Alistair Darling.

On 1 January 2010, VAT returned to 17.5 per cent.

On 4 January 2011, VAT was raised to 20 per cent by Chancellor George Osborne, where it remains.

Excise duties
Excise duties are charged on, amongst other things, motor fuel, alcohol, tobacco, betting and vehicles.

Stamp duty
Stamp duty is charged on the transfer of shares and certain securities at a rate of 0.5 per cent. Modernised versions of stamp duty, stamp duty land tax and stamp duty reserve tax, are charged respectively on the transfer of real property and shares and securities, at rates of up to 4 per cent and 0.5 per cent respectively.

Motoring taxation
Motoring taxes include: fuel duty (which itself also attracts VAT), and Vehicle Excise Duty. Other fees and charges include the London congestion charge, various statutory fees including that for the compulsory vehicle test and that for vehicle registration, and in some areas on-street parking (as well as associated charges for violations).

Corporate Tax

Corporation tax is a tax levied in the United Kingdom on the profits made by companies and on the profits of permanent establishments of non-UK resident companies and associations that trade in the EU.

Corporation tax forms the fourth-largest source of government revenue (after income, NIC, and VAT). Prior to the tax's enactment on 1 April 1965, companies and individuals paid the same income tax, with an additional profits tax levied on companies. The Finance Act 1965 replaced this structure for companies and associations with a single corporate tax, which borrowed its basic structure and rules from the income tax system. Since 1997, the United Kingdom's Tax Law Rewrite Project has been modernising the United Kingdom's tax legislation, starting with income tax, while the legislation imposing corporation tax has itself been amended; the rules governing income tax and corporation tax have thus diverged.

Business rates
Business rates is the commonly used name of non-domestic rates, a rate or tax charged to occupiers of non-domestic property. Business rates form part of the funding for local government, and are collected by them, but rather than receipts being retained directly they are pooled centrally and then redistributed. In 2005–06, £19.9 billion was collected in business rates, representing 4.35 per cent of the total United Kingdom tax income.

Business rates are a property tax, where each non-domestic property is assessed with a rateable value, expressed in pounds. The rateable value broadly represents the annual rent the property could have been let for on a particular valuation date according to a set of assumptions. The actual bill payable is then calculated using a multiplier set by central government, and applying any reliefs.

Plastic packaging tax
Plastic Packaging Tax was introduced on 1 April 2022.

Business and personal taxes
Some taxes are, depending on the circumstances, paid by both individuals and companies, and government

National Insurance contributions
The second largest source of government revenue is National Insurance contributions (NICs). NICs are payable by employees, employers and the self-employed and in the 2010–2011 tax year £96.5 billion was raised, 21.5 per cent of the total collected by HMRC.

Employees and employers pay contributions according to a complex classification based on employment type and income. Class 1 (employed persons) NIC is charged at several rates depending on various income thresholds and a number of other factors including age, the type of occupational pension scheme contributed to by the employee and/or employer and whether or not the employee is an ocean-going mariner. Certain married women who opted to pay reduced contributions (in return for reduced benefits) prior to 1977 retain this right for historical reasons.

Employers also pay contributions on many benefits in kind provided to employees (such as company cars) and on tax liabilities met on behalf of employees via a "PAYE Settlement Agreement".

There are separate arrangements for self-employed persons, who are normally liable to Class 2 flat rate NIC and Class 4 earnings-related NIC, and for some voluntary sector workers.

Health and social care levy
On 7 September 2021, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that a new tax would be introduced from April 2023 in order to fund the National Health Service backlogs arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the reform of social care in England. The tax would have a similar application to NICs and will be charged to both employees and employers at a rate of 1.25% on an individual's earnings. However, it would also be payable beyond State Pension Age, which is not the case for NICs. From April 2022 to March 2023, the 1.25% increase would temporarily apply to NICs. The aim was to give HMRC time to make the changes required in order for the levy to be introduced. The Truss ministry reversed the implementation of this tax and reverted the NICs as of 6 November 2022.

Capital gains tax
Capital gains are subject to tax at 10 or 20 per cent (18 or 28 for capital gains relating to residential property)(for individuals) or at the applicable marginal rate of corporation tax (for companies).

The basic principle is the same for individuals and companies - the tax applies only on the disposal of a capital asset, and the amount of the gain is calculated as the difference between the disposal proceeds and the "base cost", being the original purchase price plus allowable related expenditure. However, from 6 April 2008, the rate and reliefs applicable to the chargeable gain differ between individuals and companies. Companies apply "indexation relief" to the base cost, increasing it in accordance with the Retail Prices Index so that (broadly speaking) the gain is calculated on a post-inflation basis (with different rules apply for gains accrued prior to March 1982). The gain is then subject to tax at the applicable marginal rate of corporation tax.

Individuals are taxed at a flat rate of 18 per cent (or since 22 June 2010, 28 per cent for higher rate taxpayers) with no indexation relief. However, if claiming Entrepreneurs' Relief the rate remains 10 per cent. Capital losses from prior years can be brought forward.

Expenditure on a business (such as a property business) made by an individual can be claimed as an allowance against Capital Gains. Whether expenditure is claimable against income (potentially reducing income tax) or capital (potentially reducing capital gains tax) depends on whether there was improvement of the property: if there was none, it is against income; if there was some, then it is against capital.

Transfers between husband and wife or between civil partners do not crystallise a capital gain, but instead transfer the purchase price (book cost). Otherwise, transfers made as gifts are treated for CGT purposes as being made at the market value at the date of transfer.

Tax gap
The 'tax gap' is the difference between the amount of tax that should, in theory, be collected by HMRC, against what is actually collected. The tax gap for the UK in 2013–14 was £34 billion, or 6.4 per cent of total tax liabilities. It can be broken down by tax type and behaviour

UK-related

 * HM Revenue & Customs
 * Chartered Institute of Taxation
 * Government spending in the United Kingdom
 * Institute of Indirect Taxation
 * Income in the United Kingdom
 * Tax credit
 * Starting rate of UK income tax
 * Economic history of the United Kingdom
 * History of taxation in the United Kingdom
 * Why the United Kingdom income tax year begins on 6 April
 * History of inheritance taxes in the United Kingdom

Local taxation

 * Business rates
 * Council tax
 * Local income tax

General category

 * Tax
 * Tax haven
 * Tax law

title: Taxation in the United Kingdom


text:
Red River (Cumberland River tributary)

The Red River, 100 mi long, is a major stream of north-central Tennessee and south-central Kentucky, and a major tributary of the Cumberland River.

It rises in Sumner County, Tennessee, south of Portland. Trending generally northwest, it is crossed by several roads, notably State Route 76, U.S. Route 31W, and Interstate 65. A major tributary, the South Fork, forms nearby and runs parallel and south of the main river for several miles. For almost its entire length, it drains the northern Highland Rim of Tennessee and the adjacent (and analogous) Pennyroyal Plateau of Kentucky.

The Red River crosses briefly into Simpson County, Kentucky, and then enters Logan County, Kentucky. The South Fork also crosses into Logan County, coming from Robertson County, Tennessee, and joining the Red west of Adairville. Crossing the state line into Robertson County, the Red continues to flow primarily westward but with minor meanders. Crossed by U.S. Highway 41 near Adams, Tennessee, it is joined by an important tributary, Sulphur Fork, at the historic site of Port Royal, now a designated Tennessee State Historic Area. Tobacco was at one time loaded here onto shallow-draught boats, and a covered bridge crossed here. (The original covered bridge washed away in a flood, as a rebuilt replica also did subsequently.) The Red River and Sulphur Fork both form a small portion of the Robertson County-Montgomery County line, and the confluence at Port Royal marks a major jog in this line.

Flowing toward the Montgomery County seat of Clarksville, the stream is crossed by Interstate 24. It formerly marked the boundary between Clarksville and the adjoining community of New Providence; New Providence has long been annexed into Clarksville and is now regarded as a neighborhood of Clarksville, not a separate community. About 1.5 mi above its mouth into the Cumberland, the Red River is joined by the West Fork of the Red River, its last tributary, which drains eastern Christian County and western Todd County, Kentucky. It is crossed by U.S. Route 41 Alternate just before its confluence with the Cumberland.

The stream's name derives from its typical water color. This is caused by a large load of clay and silt which contains iron oxides. As the area drained by the Red River becomes somewhat less agricultural and more of the remaining farmers switch to techniques involving less cultivation, it is likely that this color will continue to lessen in intensity, but certainly will not vanish.

The drainage basin around the Red River is the Red River Watershed. The entire watershed collects rain from an area 1482 sqmi large.

Attractions
The Red River Meeting House stands near the section of Red River that flows through Logan County. This meeting house was the site of one of the early revivals of the Second Great Awakening, a religious movement that swept over the United States near the turn of the 19th century. Red River Canoe, located in Adams, TN is known for its shallow slow moving current with canoes and kayaks to rent. A place of interest is the Bell Witch Cave, which is located on the left-hand side of the river.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Red River (Cumberland River tributary)


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Avigad Berman

i just got this link to this site from an article that i read in walla that was written by Avigad. i think that you should publish his picture, almost evry day he writes so much important articles, he is one of the finesst jurnelist in israel


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Matins

Matins (also Mattins) is a canonical hour in Christian liturgy, originally sung during the darkness of early morning.

The earliest use of the term was in reference to the canonical hour, also called the vigil, which was originally celebrated by monks from about two hours after midnight to, at latest, the dawn, the time for the canonical hour of lauds (a practice still followed in certain orders). It was divided into two or (on Sundays) three nocturns. Outside of monasteries, it was generally recited at other times of the day, often in conjunction with lauds.

Liturgy
In the Liturgy of the Hours of the Roman Catholic Church, Matins is also called “the Office of Readings”, which includes several psalms, a chapter of a book of Scripture (assigned according to the liturgical seasons), and a reading from the works of patristic authors or saints.

In the Byzantine Rite, these vigils correspond to the aggregate comprising the midnight office, orthros, and the first hour.

Lutherans preserve recognizably traditional Matins distinct from morning prayer, but "Matins" is sometimes used in other Protestant denominations to describe any morning service.

In the Anglican Daily Office, Matins, occasionally spelled Mattins, combines the hours of Matins and Lauds as established by St. Benedict in Roman Catholicism and observed in England until the Reformation, most grandly in the Sarum Rite. It is one of the two daily times for prayer, the other being Evensong, which combines St. Benedict's Vespers and Compline.

In Oriental Orthodox Christianity and Oriental Protestant Christianity, the office is prayed at 6 am, being known as Sapro in the Syriac and Indian traditions; it is prayed facing the eastward direction of prayer by all members in these denominations, both clergy and laity, being one of the seven fixed prayer times.

History
From the time of the early Church, the practice of seven fixed prayer times have been taught; in Apostolic Tradition, Hippolytus instructed Christians to pray seven times a day "on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight" and "the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion." With respect to praying in the early morning, Hippolytus wrote: "Likewise, at the hour of the cock-crow, rise and pray. Because at this hour, with the cock-crow, the children of Israel refused Christ, who we know through faith, hoping daily in the hope of eternal light in the resurrection of the dead."

Vigil
The every-night monastic canonical hour that later became known as matins was at first called a vigil, from Latin vigilia. For soldiers, this word meant a three-hour period of being on the watch during the night. Even for civilians, night was commonly spoken of as divided into four such watches: the Gospels use the term when recounting how, at about "the fourth watch of the night", Jesus came to his disciples who in their boat were struggling to make headway against the wind, and one of the Psalms says to the Lord: "A thousand years in your sight are but as yesterday when it is past, or as a watch in the night."

The sixth-century Rule of Saint Benedict uses the term vigiliae ("vigils") fifteen times to speak of these celebrations, accompanying it four times with the adjective nocturnae ("nocturnal") and once with the words septem noctium ("of the seven nights", i.e., the nights of the week).

English versions of this document often obscure its use of the term vigil, translating it as "Night Hour" or "Night Office". Thus Leonard J. Doyle's English version uses "Night Office" to represent indifferently the unaccompanied noun vigilia ("vigil"), the phrase nocturna vigilia ("nightly vigil"), and the phrases nocturna hora ("night hour) and nocturna laus ("nocturnal praise").

The practice of rising for prayer in the middle of the night is as old as the Church. Tertullian (c. 155) speaks of the "nocturnal convocations" (nocturnae convocationes) of Christians and their "absence all the night long at the paschal solemnities" (sollemnibus Paschae abnoctantes) Cyprian (c. 200 – 258) also speaks of praying at night, but not of doing so as a group: "Let there be no failure of prayers in the hours of night — no idle and reckless waste of the occasions of prayer" (nulla sint horis nocturnis precum damna, nulla orationum pigra et ignava dispendia). The Apostolic Tradition speaks of prayer at midnight and again at cockcrow, but seemingly as private, not communal, prayer. At an earlier date, Pliny the Younger reported in about 112 that Christians gathered on a certain day before light, sang hymns to Christ as to a god and shared a meal. The solemn celebration of vigils in the churches of Jerusalem in the early 380s is described in the Peregrinatio Aetheriae.

Prayer at midnight and at cockcrow was associated with passages in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark. On the basis of the Gospel of Luke, too, prayer at any time of the night was seen as having eschatological significance.

The quotation from Tertullian above refers to the all-night vigil liturgy held at Easter. A similar liturgy came to be held in the night that led to any Sunday. By the fourth century this Sunday vigil had become a daily observance, but no longer lasted throughout the night. What had been an all-night vigil became a liturgy only from cockcrow to before dawn. Saint Benedict wrote about it as beginning at about 2 in the morning ("the eighth hour of the night") and ending in winter well before dawn (leaving an interval in which the monks were to devote themselves to study or meditation), but having to be curtailed in summer in order to celebrate lauds at daybreak.

Matins
The word matins is derived from the Latin adjective matutinus, meaning 'of or belonging to the morning'. It was at first applied to the psalms recited at dawn, but later became attached to the prayer originally offered, according to the fourth-century Apostolic Constitutions, at cockcrow and, according to the sixth-century Rule of Saint Benedict, at could be calculated to be the eighth hour of the night (the hour that began at about 2 a.m.).

Between the vigil office and the dawn office in the long winter nights there was an interval, which "should be spent in study by those [monks] who need a better knowledge of the Psalter or the lessons"; in the summer nights the interval was short, only enough for the monks to "go out for the necessities of nature". The vigil office was also shortened in the summer months by replacing readings with a passage of scripture recited by heart, but keeping the same number of psalms. Both in summer and in winter the vigil office was longer than on other days, with more reading and the recitation of canticles in addition to the psalms.

Outside monasteries few rose at night to pray. The canonical hour of the vigil was said in the morning, followed immediately by lauds, and the name of "matins" became attached to the lengthier part of what was recited at that time of the day, while the name of "lauds", a name originally describing only the three Psalms 148−150 recited every day at the end of the dawn office (until excised in the 1911 reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X; see Lauds), was applied to the whole of that office, substituting for the lost name of "matins" or variants such as laudes matutinae (morning praises) and matutini hymni (morning hymns). An early instance of the application of the named "matins" to the vigil office is that of the Council of Tours in 567, which spoke of ad matutinum sex antiphonae.

The Rule of Saint Benedict clearly distinguished matins as the nighttime hour, to which he applied Psalm 118/119:62, "At midnight I rise to praise you, because of your righteous rules".

The word vigil also took on a different meaning: not only a prayerful night watch before a religious feast, but the day before a feast.

Monastic matins
The canonical hour began with the versicle "Lord, open our lips: And we shall praise your name" (the latter said three times) followed by Psalm 3 and Psalm 94/95 (the invitatory). The invitatory was to be recited slowly out of consideration for any late-arriving monk, since anyone appearing after its conclusion was punished by having to stand in a place apart. After this a hymn was sung.

Next came two sets of six psalms followed by readings. (Such sets would later be called nocturns.) The first set was of six psalms followed by three readings from the Old or New Testaments or from Church Fathers. Each reading was followed by a responsory. The second set of six psalms was followed by a passage from the Apostle Paul recited by heart and by some prayers. The Night Office then concluded with a versicle and a litany that began with Kyrie eleison.

Since summer nights are shorter, from Easter to October a single passage from the Old Testament, recited by heart, took the place of the three readings used during the rest of the year.

On Sundays, the office was longer, and therefore began a little earlier. Each set of six psalms was followed by four readings instead of three after the first set and a single recitation by heart after the second set. Then three canticles taken from Old Testament books other than the Psalms were recited, followed by four readings from the New Testament, the singing of the Te Deum, and a reading by the abbot from the Gospels, after which another hymn was sung.

Roman Breviary matins
In the Roman Breviary, use of which was made obligatory throughout the Latin Church (with exceptions for forms of the Liturgy of the Hours that could show they had been in continuous use for at least two hundred years) by Pope Pius V in 1568, matins and lauds were seen as a single canonical hour, with lauds as an appendage to matins.

Its matins began, as in the monastic matins, with versicles and the invitatory Psalm 94 (Psalm 95 in the Masoretic text) chanted or recited in the responsorial form, that is to say, by one or more cantors singing one verse, which the choir repeated as a response to the successive verses sung by the cantors. A hymn was then sung.

After that introduction, Sunday matins had three sections ("nocturns"), the first with 12 psalms and 3 very short scriptural readings; the second with 3 psalms and 3 equally short patristic readings; and the third with 3 psalms and 3 short extracts from a homily. Matins of feasts of double or semidouble rank had 3 nocturns, each with 3 psalms and 3 readings. On a feast of simple rank, a feria or a vigil day, matins had 12 psalms and 3 readings with no division into nocturns.

The psalms used at matins in the Roman Breviary from Sunday to Saturday were Psalms 1−108/109 in consecutive order, omitting a few that were reserved for other canonical hours: Psalms 4, 5, 21/22−25/26, 41/42, 50/51, 53/54, 62/63, 66/67, 89/90−92/93. The consecutive order was not observed for the invitatory psalms, recited every day, and in the matins of feasts.

Each reading was followed by a responsory, except the last one, when this was followed by the Te Deum.

20th-century changes
Matins underwent profound changes in the 20th century. The first of these changes was the reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X in 1911, resulting in what Pope Paul VI called "a new Breviary". The reservation of Psalms 1-108/109 to matins and the consecutive order within that group were abandoned, and, apart from the invitatory psalm, which continued in its place at matins every day, no psalm was ordinarily repeated within the same week. To facilitate an even distribution among the days of the week, the longer psalms were divided into shorter portions, as only the very long Psalm 118/119 had been previously. Matins no longer had 18 psalms on Sundays, 12 on ordinary days and 9 on the more important feasts: on every day it had 9 psalms, either distributed among three nocturns or recited all together, maintaining the distinction between celebrations as three nocturns with nine readings (including Sundays) and those arranged as a single nocturn with only three readings.

In 1947, Pope Pius XII entrusted examination of the whole question of the Breviary to a commission which conducted a worldwide consultation of the Catholic bishops. He authorized recitation of the psalms in a new Latin translation and in 1955 ordered a simplification of the rubrics.

In 1960, Pope John XXIII issued his Code of Rubrics, which assigned nine-readings matins only to first-class and second-class feasts and therefore reduced the readings of Sunday matins to three.

In 1970, Pope Paul VI published a revised form of the Liturgy of the Hours, in which the psalms were arranged in a four-week instead of a one-week cycle, but the variety of other texts was greatly increased, in particular the scriptural and patristic readings, while the hagiographical readings were purged of non-historical legendary content.

What had previously been called matins was given the name of "Office of Readings" (Officium lectionis and was declared appropriate for celebrating at any hour, while preserving its nocturnal character for those who wished to celebrate a vigil. For that purpose alternative hymns are provided and an appendix contains material, in particular canticles and readings from the Gospels, to facilitate celebration of a vigil. The Catholic Church has thus restored to the word vigil the meaning it had in early Christianity. Pope John XIII's Code of Rubrics still used the word vigil to mean the day before a feast, but recognized the quite different character of the Easter Vigil, which, "since it is not a liturgical day, is celebrated in its own way, as a night watch". The Roman liturgy now uses the term vigil either in this sense of "a night watch" or with regard to a Mass celebrated in the evening before a feast, not before the hour of First Vespers.

The psalmody of the Office of Readings consists of three psalms or portions of psalms, each with its own antiphon. These are followed by two extended readings with their responsories, the first from the Bible (but not from the Gospels), and the second being patristic, hagiographical, or magisterial. As already mentioned, a Gospel reading may optionally be added, preceded by vigil canticles, in order to celebrate a vigil. These are given in an appendix of the book of the Liturgy of the Hours.

To those who find it seriously difficult, because of their advanced age or for reasons peculiar to them, to observe the revised Liturgy of the Hours Pope Paul VI gave permission to keep using the previous Roman Breviary either in whole or in part. In 2007 Pope Benedict XVI allowed all clergy of the Latin Church to fulfil their canonical obligations by using the 1961 Roman Breviary issued under Pope John XXIII (but not earlier editions such as that of Pius X or Pius V). This is done by traditionalist Catholic communities, such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter and the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest.

Non-Roman Western Rites
In the office of the Church of Jerusalem, of which the pilgrim Ætheria gives us a description, the vigils on Sundays terminated with the solemn reading of the Gospel, in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This practice of reading the Gospel has been preserved in the Benedictine liturgy. In the Tridentine Roman Liturgy this custom, so ancient and so solemn, was no longer represented but by the Homily; but after the Second Vatican Council it has been restored for the celebration of vigils.

The Ambrosian Liturgy, better perhaps than any other, preserved traces of the great vigils or pannychides, with their complex and varied display of processions, psalmodies, etc. The same liturgy also preserved vigils of long psalmody. This nocturnal office adapted itself at a later period to a more modern form, approaching more and more closely to the Roman liturgy. Here too were found the three nocturns, with Antiphon, psalms, lessons, and responses, the ordinary elements of the Roman matins, and with a few special features quite Ambrosian.

As revised after the Second Vatican Council, the Ambrosian liturgy of the hours uses for what once called matins either the designation "the part of matins that precedes lLauds in the strict sense" or simply Office of Readings. Its structure is similar to that of the Roman Liturgy of the Hours, with variations such as having on Sundays three canticles, on Saturdays a canticle and two psalms, in place of the three psalms of the other days in the Ambrosian Rite and of every day in the Roman Rite.

In the Mozarabic liturgy, on the contrary, Matins is a system of antiphons, collects, and versicles which make them quite a departure from the Roman system.

Byzantine Rite
In the Eastern Churches, matins is called orthros in Greek (ὄρθρος, meaning "early dawn" or "daybreak") and Oútrenya in Slavonic (Оўтреня). It is the last of the four night offices, which also include vespers, compline, and midnight office. In traditional monasteries it is celebrated daily so as to end at sunrise. In parishes it is normally served only on Sundays and feast days.

Matins is the longest and most complex of the daily cycle of liturgies. The akolouth (fixed portion of the liturgy) is composed primarily of psalms and litanies. The sequences (variable parts) of matins are composed primarily of hymns and canons from the Octoechos (an eight-tone cycle of hymns for each day of the week, covering eight weeks), and from the Menaion (hymns for each calendar day of the year).

Matins opens with what is called the "Royal Beginning", so called because the psalms (19 and 20) are attributed to King David and speak of the Messiah, the "king of kings"; in former times, the ektenia (litany) also mentioned the emperor by name. The Sunday orthros is the longest of the regular orthros liturgies. If celebrated in its entirety it can last up to three hours.

Syriac Orthodox Church, Indian Orthodox Church and Mar Thoma Syrian Church
In the Syriac Orthodox Church and Indian Orthodox Church (both of which are Oriental Orthodox Churches), as well as the Mar Thoma Syrian Church (an Oriental Protestant denomination), the Midnight Office is known as Sapro and is prayed at 6 am using the Shehimo breviary.

Armenian Rite
In the Armenian liturgy of the hours, Matins is known as the Midnight Office (Armenian: ի մեջ գիշերի ""i mej gisheri""). The Armenian Book of Hours, or Zhamagirk` (Armenian: Ժամագիրք) states that the Midnight Office is celebrated in commemoration of God the Father.

Much of the liturgy consists of the kanon (Armenian: Կանոնագլուխ ""kanonagloukh""), consisting of a sequence of psalms, hymns, prayers, and in some instances readings from the Gospels, varying according to tone of the day, feast, or liturgical season. The Armenian kanon is quite different in form from the canon of the Byzantine matins liturgy, though both likely share a common ancestor in the pre-dawn worship of the Jerusalem liturgy.

Basic outline of Matins in the Armenian Church
Introduction (common to all liturgical hours): "Blessed is our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen. Our father...Amen."

Fixed Preface

“Lord, if you open my lips, my mouth shall declare your praise.” (twice)

Acclamation: “Blessed is the consubstantial, unitary, and undivided Holy Trinity...Amen.

Psalms, Hebrew numbering in parentheses: 3, 88 (87), 103 (102), 143 (142)

“Glory to the Father...now and always...Amen”

Hymn of the Night Liturgy by Nerses Shnorhali: “Let us remember your name in the night, Lord...”

Proclamation by John Mandakuni “Having all been awakened in the night from the repose of sleep...”

“Lord, have mercy” (variable number of times: thrice for Sundays and feasts of Christ, 50 times for the feasts of saints, 100 times on days of fasting)

Hymn of Nerses Shnorhali: “All the world... (Ashkharh amenayn)”

“Lord, have mercy” (thrice). “Through the intercession of the Birthgiver of God: Remember, Lord, and have mercy.”

Hymn of Nerses Shnorhali: “The rising of the sun... (Aṛawowt lowsoy)”

Prayer: “We thank you...”

Blessed is our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen. Alleluia, alleluia.

At this point a section of the Psalter is read, followed by a canticle from the Old or New Testament. See Armenian Liturgy. Following the Psalms and the Canticle is the Canon, a complex sequence of psalms, hymns, and prayers which varies in part according to the liturgical calendar.

Conclusion: "Our father...Amen."

The Armenian Matins or Midnight Office bears some resemblance with the Midnight office of the Byzantine Rite, such as the recitation of a movable set of hymns depending on the feast. However, the Armenian Midnight Office is generally more elaborate than the Byzantine Midnight Office, in that the Armenian counterpart includes readings from the Gospel, as well as cycles of psalms and prayers reflecting the liturgical season or feast. Other material in the Byzantine office of Matins which has a counterpart in the Armenian daily office, such as the recitation of large sections of the Psalter and the recitation of biblical canticles, occurs in the Armenian liturgy at the Sunrise Hour which follows Matins, corresponding to Lauds.

title: Matins


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John Caspar Wild

John Caspar Wild (or J.C. Wild ) (1804 – August 12, 1846) was a Swiss-American painter and lithographer. He created early city views and landscapes of Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Davenport, Iowa.

Wild specialized in hand-colored lithographs. These views, particularly the Valley of the Mississippi Illustrated, were some of the first depictions of the American West.

Early life
Wild was born in Richterswil in the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

Career
He moved to Paris, France. In 1832, he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He later moved to St. Louis, Missouri. In summer 1844, he moved a final time, to Davenport, Iowa, a small town in the upper Mississippi River Valley.

Wild fell gravely ill with tuberculosis in the summer of 1846, and he was taken in by Davenport millinery businessman George L. Webb. On his deathbed, Wild reflected upon his childhood and said that he yearned to die in homeland in Switzerland, but it was a wish that was to not be fulfilled. Wild died on August 12, 1846. Wild was laid to rest nearly on the banks of the river, which he had painted for years. Wild's grave site was unmarked for decades.

Notable collections

 * University of Pennsylvania, 1842, from collection of the Library Company of Philadelphia
 * Pennsylvania Hospital, circa 1840, Library Company of Philadelphia

title: John Caspar Wild


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Wikipedia talk:TLAs from EAA to HZZ

Results of deletion discussion: see Votes for deletion/TLAs from AAA to DZZ. Voted to keep. DJ Clayworth 16:31, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

See Talk:TLAs from AAA to DZZ for discussion on moving this into the Wikipedia namespace.

title: Wikipedia talk:TLAs from EAA to HZZ


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Samuel Freeman Miller

Samuel Freeman Miller (April 5, 1816 – October 13, 1890) was an American lawyer and physician who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1862 until his death in 1890 and who authored landmark opinions in United States v. Kagama and The Slaughterhouse Cases.

Early life, education, and medical career
Born in Richmond, Kentucky, Miller was the son of yeoman farmer Frederick Miller and his wife Patsy. He earned a medical degree in 1838 from Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky. While practicing medicine for a decade in Barbourville, Kentucky, he taught himself the law and was admitted to the bar in 1847. Favoring the abolition of slavery, which was prevalent in Kentucky, he supported the Whigs in Kentucky.

Career

In 1850, Miller moved to Keokuk, Iowa, which was a state more amenable to his views on slavery, and he immediately freed his few slaves who had come with his family from Kentucky. Active in Iowa politics, he supported Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 election. Lincoln nominated Miller to the Supreme Court on July 16, 1862. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate that same day, and was sworn into office on July 21.

His opinions strongly favored Lincoln's positions, and he upheld his wartime suspension of habeas corpus and trials by military commission. After the war, his narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment—he wrote the opinion in the 1873 Slaughterhouse Cases—limited the effectiveness of the amendment. Miller wrote the majority opinion in Bradwell v. Illinois, which held that the right to practice law was not constitutionally protected under the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He later joined the majority opinions in United States v. Cruikshank and the Civil Rights Cases, holding that the amendment did not give the U.S. government the power to stop private—as opposed to state-sponsored—discrimination against blacks. In Ex parte Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651 (1884), however, Miller held that the federal government had broad authority to act to protect black voters from violence by the Ku Klux Klan and other private groups. Miller also supported the use of broad federal power under the Commerce Clause to override state regulations, as in Wabash v. Illinois.

Justice Miller wrote 616 opinions in his 28 years on the Court; Justice Field (whose 34 year SCOTUS tenure mostly overlapped Miller's) wrote 544 opinions; Chief Justice Marshall wrote 508 opinions in his 33 years on the Court, leading future Chief Justice William Rehnquist to describe him as "very likely the dominant figure" on the Court in his time. When Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase died in 1873, attorneys and law journals across the country lobbied for Miller to be appointed to succeed him, but President Ulysses Grant was determined to appoint an outsider; he ultimately chose Morrison Waite. In his tribute to Miller delivered in Portland, Oregon, on October 16, 1890, George Henry Williams stated his support of Miller in detailing his interactions with President Ulysses S. Grant about Chase's replacement.

After the 1876 presidential election between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden, Miller served on the electoral commission that awarded the disputed electoral votes to the Republican Hayes. In the 1880s, his name was floated as a Republican candidate for president.

In the winter of 1889 and spring of 1890, Justice Miller delivered a series of ten lectures on constitutional law at the National University School of Law in Washington, D.C. They were published posthumously, along with two earlier lectures delivered in 1887.

Personal
Miller, a religious liberal, belonged to the Unitarian Church and served as President of the Unitarians' National Conference. He died in Washington, D.C., while still a member of the Court. Following his death in 1890, his funeral was held at Keokuk's First Unitarian Church; Miller had been one of the congregation's founders. He is buried at Oakland Cemetery in Keokuk, Iowa.

Miller's first wife was Lucy Love Ballinger Miller (1827 – 1854) whom he married in 1842, and with whom he had three daughters. In 1856, he married Eliza Winter Reeves (1827 – 1900), with whom he had a son and daughter.

List of most notable opinions

 * Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. 679 (1871)
 * The Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (1873)
 * Murdock v. Memphis, 87 U.S. 20 Wall. 590 590 (1874)
 * United States v. Kagama, 118 U.S. 375 (1886)
 * In re Neagle, 135 U.S. 1 (1890)
 * In re Burrus, 136 U.S. 586 (1890)

title: Samuel Freeman Miller


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Scotiabank Centre

Scotiabank Centre (formerly known as Halifax Metro Centre) is the largest multi-purpose facility in Atlantic Canada, located in downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The main entrances to the building are located on Brunswick Street, at the corner of Duke Street and Carmichael Street, at the foot of Citadel Hill. The building's box office entrance is located on Carmichael Street.

History
The arena was opened on February 17, 1978, as the Halifax Metro Centre, and was built into the ground to compensate for the steep elevation of the land it occupies. Spectators can see cars at street level, outside, while watching an event.

In December 2007, an Ozzy Osbourne concert sold out in nine minutes, setting a box office ticket record for the Halifax Metro Centre. In July 2008, the Halifax Metro Centre also set a record sell-out (25,000 tickets sold in 40 minutes), for two back-to-back Elton John concerts held in late September 2008. In April 2012, the Halifax Mooseheads sold-out game 6 of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League semifinals in 20 minutes. On May 9, 2013, QMJHL Presidents Cup final Game 5 sold-out in record time 11 minutes, setting another attendance mark for the Scotiabank Centre.

The facility is owned by the municipality but operated by Events East.

On June 25, 2014, it was announced that Scotiabank had won the naming rights to the facility and that the Metro Centre would be renamed the Scotiabank Centre. The facility officially opened its doors as the rebranded Scotiabank Centre on September 19, 2014.

Arena information
The Scotiabank Centre originally featured a full ring of bright orange seats around the playing surface, which is known as the "lower bowl". It also has an incomplete "upper bowl" on each side of the arena facing rink-side (court-side) with seats of the same colour. In the mid to late 1990s, there were numerous renovations to the arena, including the addition of 43 SkyBoxes and 11 "Executive Suites". The addition of the SkyBoxes has since partially obscured views for people sitting high up in the upper bowl. Views of some or all of the ice surface from the uppermost rows of seating is either partially or fully blocked by the boxes. To help mitigate this issue, video projection equipment was installed that projects onto the exterior rear walls of the boxes: If a video recording is being produced for an event, then a live feed of the video may be projected for the benefit of people in the obstructed parts of the upper bowl. Before the 2002–03 ice hockey season, in preparation for the World Junior Ice Hockey Championship, a new scoreboard and "SilverVision" LED screens were added. The arena concourses feature photographs of the various events that have taken place at the Scotiabank Centre, with one side featuring entertainment events and the other featuring sporting events. It currently has a seating capacity of 10,595 for ice hockey. The building is connected to the Downtown Halifax Link system.

When the rebranded Scotiabank Centre was unveiled in September 2014, plans to use funding received from the naming rights partnership for capital reinvestment in the facility were also announced. Started from January 2015 to September 2015 the Scotiabank Centre renovated the concessions adding Taste 902, Asian, Links, Donairs, etc. The bathrooms were also renovated, and the original orange seats were replaced with new navy blue ones. The original roof was replaced with a thermoplastic membrane through 2016 to 2017. In the summer of 2018, the original ice-level concrete floor and cooling system was replaced.

Notable events

 * 1978 – Rush – A Farewell to Kings Tour (w/ Max Webster)
 * 1978 – Nazareth – Expect No Mercy Tour (w/ The Guess Who)
 * 1978 – Gordon Lightfoot
 * 1979 – First performance of Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo; held annually since 1979
 * 1979 – Billy Graham – Atlantic Canada Crusade
 * 1981 – Ted Nugent
 * 1981 – Van Halen - Fair Warning Tour
 * 1982 – Loverboy – Get Lucky Tour (w/ Bryan Adams)
 * 1983 – Loverboy – Keep It Up Tour (w/ The Headpins)
 * 1984 – John Denver
 * 1984 – Billy Idol – Rebel Yell Tour (w/ Platinum Blonde)
 * 1984 – April Wine – One More for the Road Tour (w/ Corey Hart)
 * 1984 – Aerosmith – Back in the Saddle Tour (w/ Honeymoon Suite)
 * 1984 – Frank Zappa – Them or Us Tour
 * 1984 – Iron Maiden – Powerslave Tour (w/ Twisted Sister)
 * 1984 – Krokus (w/ Accept & Rough Cutt)
 * 1985 – Tina Turner – Private Dancer Tour
 * 1985 – Triumph – Thunder Seven Tour (w/ Helix)
 * 1986 – Kim Mitchell – Shakin' Like a Human Being Tour (w/ Haywire)
 * 1986 – George Thorogood (w/ Johnny Winter)
 * 1987 – The Cult (w/ Guns N' Roses) – Appetite for Destruction Tour
 * 1987 – Triumph – Sport of Kings Tour (w/ Brighton Rock)
 * 1987 – Diet Coke International Women's Tennis Tournament
 * 1987 – Alice Cooper – Constrictor Tour (w/ Sword)
 * 1988 – Alice Cooper – Live In the Flesh Tour (w/ Motörhead)
 * 1988 – Stevie Ray Vaughan – Live Alive Tour (w/ The Stray Cats)
 * 1988 – Iron Maiden – Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour (w/ Guns N' Roses)
 * 1989 – Metallica – Damaged Justice Tour (w/ Queensrÿche)
 * 1989 – Cheap Trick (w/ Eddie Money)
 * 1990 – Alice Cooper – Trash Tour (w/ Great White)
 * 1990 – World Figure Skating Championships
 * 1991 - Paul Simon - The Rhythm of the Saints Tour
 * 1991 – Iron Maiden – No Prayer on the Road Tour (w/ Anthrax)
 * 1992 – WBL Basketball All Star game
 * 1992 – 1992 Scott Tournament of Hearts
 * 1993 – Metallica – Nowhere Else To Roam Tour
 * 1993 - Bon Jovi - I'll Sleep When I'm Dead Tour
 * 1993 – WWF Superstars of Wrestling TV Tapings
 * 1993 – Aerosmith – Get a Grip Tour (w/ Too Many Cooks)
 * 1995 – 1995 Labatt Brier Green Day Dookie Tour
 * 1996 - Celine Dion - Falling into You: Around the World
 * 1996 – Alan Jackson (w/ Faith Hill)
 * 1996 – Garth Brooks – The Garth Brooks World Tour
 * 1996 – Anne Murray - This show was taped for DVD and CD An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray
 * 1997 – WWE Raw Live TV Tapings
 * 1997 – Backstreet Boys – Backstreet's Back Tour
 * 1998 – Our Lady Peace (w/ Everclear)
 * 1998 – Celine Dion – Let's Talk About Love World Tour
 * 1998 – Van Morrison
 * 1999 – Alanis Morissette (w/ Crash Test Dummies)
 * 1999 – The Tragically Hip – Phantom Power Tour (w/ By Divine Right)
 * 2000 – Canadian Hockey League 2000 Memorial Cup
 * 2002 – Nelly Furtado
 * 2003 – 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
 * 2003 – 2003 Nokia Brier
 * 2003 – WWE Raw & Smackdown T.V. Tapings
 * 2004 – 2004 IIHF Women's World Championship
 * 2004 – Cher – Living Proof: The Farewell Tour (w/ Tommy Drake)
 * 2004 – Nickelback (w/ Three Days Grace and The Trews)
 * 2004 – Kid Rock – Rock N Roll Pain Train Tour
 * 2005 – Pearl Jam – North American Tour (w/ Sleater-Kinney)
 * 2005 – 50 Cent (w/ Kardinal Offishall)
 * 2005 -Canadian Olympic Curling Trials
 * 2006 – 2006 Juno Awards
 * 2006 – Dixie Chicks – Accidents & Accusations Tour
 * 2007 – Cirque Du Soleil – Saltimbanco Guns N' Roses
 * 2007 – Barenaked Ladies – Barenaked Ladies Are Me (B.L.A.M.) Tour
 * 2008 – Ozzy Osbourne – Black Rain Tour
 * 2008 – Michael Bublé – Irresponsible Tour
 * 2008 – 2008 IIHF World Championship
 * 2008 – Elton John – Rocket Man: Greatest Hits Live
 * 2008 – Neil Young
 * 2008 – Carrie Underwood
 * 2009 – Stone Temple Pilots
 * 2010 – 2010 Tim Hortons Brier
 * 2011 – 2011 Canada Winter Games
 * 2011 – Heart
 * 2011 – Bachman & Turner
 * 2011 – Prince – Welcome 2 Tour
 * 2011 – Pixies – Doolittle Tour
 * 2012 – Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
 * 2013 – CHL/NHL Top Prospects Game
 * 2013 – Leonard Cohen
 * 2013 – Rush – Clockwork Angels Tour
 * 2013 – KISS – Monster World Tour (w/ Shinedown)
 * 2014 – Chicago
 * 2014 – George Thorogood and The Destroyers - 40 Years Strong Tour
 * 2014 – Black Sabbath – 13 Tour (w/ Reignwolf)
 * 2014 – 2014 Davis Cup World Group play-offs
 * 2014 – We Day
 * 2014 – UFC Fight Night: MacDonald vs. Saffiedine
 * 2014 – Alice In Chains
 * 2014 – Sarah McLachlan
 * 2014 – Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band – Ride Out Tour
 * 2014 – Backstreet Boys – In A World Like This Tour
 * 2015 – 2015 Ford World Men's Curling Championship
 * 2015 – Judas Priest – Redeemer of Souls Tour (w/Mastodon)
 * 2015 – 2015 CIS University Cup
 * 2016 – 2016 CIS University Cup
 * 2016 – Carly Rae Jepsen
 * 2017 – UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. Browne
 * 2017 – Jim Gaffigan Noble Ape Tour
 * 2017 – Canada vs Bahamas men's basketball game for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification
 * 2018 – 2018 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship
 * 2018 – Jack White
 * 2018 – Theory of a Deadman
 * 2019 – 2019 U Sports Men's Basketball Championship
 * 2019 – Canadian Hockey League 2019 Memorial Cup
 * 2019 – Barack Obama
 * 2019 – Sum 41
 * 2019 – Metric
 * 2019 – Daniel Caesar
 * 2022 – Sting - My Songs Tour
 * 2022 – Avril Lavigne - Bite Me Tour
 * 2022 – Trevor Noah - Back to Abnormal World Tour
 * 2022 – Simple Plan
 * 2023 – 2023 IIHF World Junior Championship * 2023 Shania Twain * Dobbie Brothers
 * 2024 – 2024 Juno Awards

title: Scotiabank Centre


text:
Petrolia, Ontario

Petrolia is a town in southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is part of Lambton County and is surrounded by Enniskillen Township. It is billed as "Canada's Victorian Oil Town" and is often credited with starting the oil industry in North America, a claim shared with the nearby town of Oil Springs.

Lambton Central Collegiate & Vocational Institute (LCCVI) is located in Petrolia.

History
In 1857, James Miller Williams of Hamilton began distilling some of the "tar" lying around Oil Springs (located a few kilometers south from Petrolia), after buying the property rights from Charles Nelson Tripp. In July or August 1858, he struck an oil deposit in Oil Springs while digging a shallow well, sparking the oil drilling industry. In 2008, the 150th anniversary of the discovery, Canada Post issued a stamp commemorating this first commercial oil well, featuring portraits of Charles Tripp and Williams. However, these early wells resulted in a large amount of wastage from gushers, estimated at 5 Moilbbl of oil in 1862 alone.

Petrolia got its start in 1866 when a major gas well was found, resulting in an oil boom that caused many to abandon Oil Springs in favour of this new settlement. The place separated from Enniskillen Township and was incorporated as a town on 25 December of that same year.

Oil production went through several boom periods in Petrolia; one was in 1898 and another in 1938. Some wells sunk in 1938 were initially producing 100 oilbbl/d at a price of $2 per barrel. This output, however, often lasted only a few weeks, falling to less than a barrel a day.

Oil men from Petrolia travelled to the far reaches of the world (Gobi Desert, Arctic, Iran, Indonesia, United States, Australia, Russia, and over 80 other countries) teaching others how to find and extract crude oil. Those born and raised in Petrolia are referred to as "Hard Oilers", paying tribute to the toughness of their ancestors. Petrolia is also home to the Petrolia Discovery museum. Some oil fields in the area are still operational.

Media and entertainment
Petrolia is home to Victoria Hall, a National Historic Site of Canada. Originally a fire hall, municipal office, police hall, jail and opera house, it was completed in 1889 for a total cost of $35,000. In January 1989, a fire caused extensive damage. It was subsequently restored, and re-opened in 1992. Currently it houses the town hall and Victoria Playhouse.

Directly adjacent to Victoria Hall is Petrolia's Victoria Park, which hosts the annual 'PizzaFest' food festival as a collaboration between the town and their five local pizza restaurants.

Until September 2013, The Petrolia Topic was the sole newspaper in the town of Petrolia. It is owned by Osprey Media. In September 2013, The Independent of Petrolia & Central Lambton began publication.

The Oil Heritage District Community Centre was opened in Petrolia in 2006. It serves rural and town residents in central Lambton County.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Petrolia had a population of $6,013$ living in $2,460$ of its $2,524$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $5,742$. With a land area of 12.46 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Notable people

 * Donald Ferguson Brown, former Canadian politician, barrister, and lawyer
 * Jedidiah Goodacre, film actor
 * Dale Hunter, retired professional hockey player, and current OHL coach of the London Knights; former head coach of the Washington Capitals
 * Dave Hunter, retired professional hockey player who won three Stanley Cups with the Edmonton Oilers in the 1980s
 * Mark Hunter, retired professional hockey player and currently co-owner (with brother Dale Hunter), and general manager of the London Knights OHL hockey team
 * Michael Leighton, former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Carolina Hurricanes, Philadelphia Flyers, Chicago Blackhawks, and the Nashville Predators
 * Peter Schiemann, one of the four Royal Canadian Mounted Police constables killed in the Mayerthorpe tragedy
 * John Van Boxmeer, retired professional hockey player with the Montreal Canadiens who then transitioned to coaching at the professional level in both the NHL and Europe

title: Petrolia, Ontario


text:
Talk:Lake Shore Drive

Song
It is usually stated that the song line "Headin' into town on LSD" from a popular Jan and Dean song is in fact about Lake Shore Drive, as at the time of the song's release the hallecinogenic drug "LSD-25" was almost unknown except by medical researchers. --Rlquall 16:35, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You are probably thinking of the Aliotta-Haynes-Jeremiah song already noted in the article. --Pascal666 06:32, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Shield placement
Just for consistency, I'd like to place a U.S. 41 shield (80 px) on this page somewhere, preferably at the top, but I can't put it too many places because it breaks the page layout horribly. Any ideas? --Rob 10:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

"LSD"
I noticed some reversions over stating Lake Shore Drive's abbreviation, "LSD", in the article. I'd like to say that I support this inclusion. As one who grew up in a Chicago suburb and who lived in Chicago for eight years, I can confirm that Lake Shore Drive is commonly referred to by those initials (in fact, I keep typing "LSD" now and have to go back and expand it). "Lake Shore" is sometimes used, but not nearly as often. It is true that overall, "LSD" is more likely to refer to the drug, but I am not sure how that is relevant—it is still the nickname of the road. Incidentally, I believe the Lake Shore Drive abbreviation predates the drug one. — Knowledge Seeker দ 00:24, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Southern extension
Has there been any talk of extending LSD south of 67th street? It could be extended south to Indianapolis BLVD at the southern end of Chicago's lakefront. The current US41 layout is poor through the area south of 67th street.
 * Yes and no. It's technically part of South Shore Drive, and this website covers the project from about 71st through Harbor, about 2 miles. This is the slowest portion of U.S. 41 in Chicago; the areas outside of this zone are generally faster and have four lanes. — Rob (  talk  ) 15:41, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
The pictures are very nice and illustrative, but they somewhat dwarf the article in terms of pictures vs. content balance. If there are more pictures out there, I'd like to add a gallery to this page and move a few of the pictures currently on the page there. — Rob (  talk  ) 19:50, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

US 66 Intersection at Jackson?
Should the intersection of Lake Shore Drive and Jackson Drive be marked in the intersection list as "Former US Route 66"? This intersection was for many years until 1976, the eastern terminus of Route 66. It would also be an opportunity to eliminate a red link to Jackson Drive, by replacing it with a link to US Route 66. U52983 (talk) 05:04, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Outer Drive
As a native Chicagoan, my "feel" is that Outer Drive is a proper name and should be capitalized. The EB capitalizes it (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110319/Chicago/257583/Chicago-since-c-1900) as does, e.g., http://www.photography-plus.com/image_pages/Chicago3.htm.211.225.34.156 (talk) 03:37, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Northbound Hollywood terminus lane closure times?
Could someone add a note about the morning northbound lane closures for "Hollywood Avenue (5700 North)/Sheridan Road (1000 West)  At-grade intersection; northern terminus?" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.54.94.26 (talk) 12:54, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

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Page Removal Proposal
Rylandauburn (talk) You say Lake Shore Drive doesn't exist? Do you even live in Chicago? lol I'm tired of non-educated people like you saying Lake Shore Drive doesn't exist. It's been the name for over 75 years and people like you who are outsiders will not keep erasing history.

 * I added a requested move template to move this article. AlphaBeta135 (talk) 01:33, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

Thanks, generally speaking this should be straightforward as the official name has already been recorded by the Chicago City Council. Rylandauburn (talk) 02:17, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

I live here. Do you? I know how the road is named and what it's called. Don't change the name of the road on here when you're not even in Chicago. It's called Lake Shore Drive, it'll continue being called Lake Shore Drive, nobody is going to call it this bla bla bla du Sable Lake Shore Drive. Changing the name of a short road like Congress Blvd to Ida B. Wells Drive is a lot different than changing a longer, more important road like Lake Shore Drive. I live in Chicago, I know that nobody is going to be calling it this ridiculous name, so stop making changes.

Sorry, I’m not going to waste my time indulging in your fantasies. You may call it whatever you want, but the fact remains it is now officially called Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Lake Shore Drive. If you have a problem with that, I suggest you reach out to your elected representative to express your grievances. Wikipedia strives to represent facts and truth, not fallacies and innuendos. Rylandauburn (talk) 00:22, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 29 June 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Consensus below is that a move to the new name would be premature at this point. -- Calidum 00:59, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

Lake Shore Drive → ? – There's recently a lot of back and forth on whether this article should be titled Jean Baptiste Point du Sable Lake Shore Drive (or related) or not. Since the City Council of Chicago voted to rename Outer Lake Shore Drive in honor of du Sable, the article title should follow suit just like Ida B. Wells Drive in 2018. 1 AlphaBeta135 (talk) 01:29, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The article is also missing several citations including Leaf Ericsson Drive and Fields Drive. Recommend those sections be cleaned up until they are properly cited. Rylandauburn (talk) 02:15, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * It's so obvious that Rylandauburn doesn't even live here when you can't even properly type Field Blvd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mbm435 (talk • contribs) 2:41, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * A lot of people are changing Lake Shore Drive as if they live here. I live in Chicago. I'm not going to stand by and let people who don't live in Chicago change the name of this article about the history of Lake Shore Drive. Do you realize that this page is about the history of Lake Shore Drive?! It's been called Lake Shore Drive for over 75 years. It'll continue be called Lake Shore Drive by everyone who cares about the road. An uneducated individual like Rylandauburn says Lake Shore Drive doesn't exist anymore. It's obvious he or she doesn't even live in Chicago. I'm tired of non-educated people like you saying Lake Shore Drive doesn't exist. It's been the name for over 75 years and people like you who are outsiders will not keep erasing history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mbm435 (talk • contribs) 3:03, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I live in Chicago. Do any of you who are making these changes live here? I know how the road is named and what it's called. Don't change the name of the road on here when you're not even in Chicago. It's called Lake Shore Drive, it'll continue being called Lake Shore Drive, nobody is going to call it this bla bla bla du Sable Lake Shore Drive. Changing the name of a short road like Congress Blvd to Ida B. Wells Drive is a lot different than changing a longer, more important road like Lake Shore Drive. I live in Chicago, I know that nobody is going to be calling it this ridiculous name, so stop making changes. It's obvious that these people don't live here since this article was dated June 29 and it's still June 28 here in Chicago. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mbm435 (talk • contribs) 3:03, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Please take a moment to lookup what (UTC) means at the end of the date stamp before making assumptions about where people live. But regardless, Wikipedia contributors come from all over the world, and it is not a prerequisite that only people who live in the city where a particular topic is focused may contribute to articles about it. The fact remains, it is now officially called "Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Lake Shore Drive." And I therefore agree the page should be moved as requested. 2600:8807:4047:500:AC32:64B8:862A:753E (talk) 01:19, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose move. There has been no time to determine what the common name is, and the new name is simply a longer form of the old name.  O.N.R.  (talk) 04:42, 29 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose move, too soon to determine what the common name is. I will comment though that it is completely irrelevant if someone does or does not live in Chicago and should not revert people's edits simply on that basis. Names are determined by reliable sources, not a feeling about what your fellow denizens will do. --Cerebral726 (talk) 12:04, 29 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support move, the article should be titled using the official name of the road. Agree with that  is out of line asserting that the name change is invalid because of their personal feelings about the road's name, and that whether or not someone lives in Chicago is not relevant to the discussion. Nlaporte (talk) 16:54, 29 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Adding: The name of the road is an official ordinance, not an honorary designation, per City Council Ordinance SO2019-7918. Nlaporte (talk) 17:25, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

@Mbm435. I may not be “educated” and I may not be “from Chicago.” But I do believe I know the difference between fact and fiction and I hope someday you do as well. Rylandauburn (talk) 00:33, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Support move, The title should be the official name of the road as designated by the city council. Other nicknames should be listed in the first paragraph. Other landmarks in Chicago, such as the Willis Tower (Sears Tower) have pages that are titled with their official names, despite other names being commonly used. This is no different. JAC30016 (talk) 01:19, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * WP:OFFICIALNAME. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:46, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * The name of the Willis Tower page was changed on approximately July 15th, 2009, about two weeks after the official name change and long before the name Willis Tower was the WP:COMMONNAME. This situation is no different, therefore the page should be renamed.Nlaporte (talk) 02:29, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Can't see WP:COMMONNAME changing at all, but certainly no evidence it has yet. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:45, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment, ignoring all the off-topic derailments surrounding opinions on this name change, a lot of people are citing that the WP:OFFICIALNAME should be used, despite the fact that isn't how article titles are determined. It is waaaay to soon to determine what the WP:COMMONNAME will be going forward, and its clear that it may take some time. People might start calling it DuSable Drive, or DuSable Lake Shore Drive, or just Lake Shore Drive, or something else. It's too early to call and Wikipedia should stick with the current established name until several secondary sources can be used to support a common name. --Cerebral726 (talk) 13:48, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, at present there is no evidence whatsoever that the public at large have taken up using the new name, let alone "DuSable Drive". Wikipedia doesn't exist to WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS. Abductive  (reasoning) 01:08, 1 July 2021 (UTC)
 * A search for "DuSable Drive" on Twitter shows modest usage. I'll concede that it's not overwhelming but it is certainly not "no evidence whatsoever."Nlaporte (talk) 20:40, 1 July 2021 (UTC)
 * If you cite essays, at least try and use one relevant. What wrongs is the nom trying to fix? Gonnym (talk) 00:52, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose no evidence that the common name has changed. I would recommend waiting at least 3 months to consider such a proposal. User:力 (power~enwiki,  π,  ν ) 23:18, 3 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose doesn't appear to be the WP:COMMONNAME, and "Lake Shore Drive" is still a part of the new name (and almost certainly what people will continue to call it). Elli (talk | contribs) 11:55, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No valid rationale at all. A redirect from the new official name and a mention of it in the article lead is all that is required, the lead is already OK and I have created the redirect. Andrewa (talk) 17:16, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per and succinctness. Love of Corey (talk) 15:24, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose Article here uses 'Lake Shore Drive' post name change, wouldn't you think New York Times is a reputable source for Wikipedia? https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/07/07/climate/chicago-river-lake-michigan.html 136.30.145.207 (talk) 18:12, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 28 October 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Favonian (talk) 23:03, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

Lake Shore Drive → DuSable Lake Shore Drive – A little over a year ago, I initiated a move request to rename Lake Shore Drive to DuSable Lake Shore Drive, which was motivated by an unusually high number of edits in that time period. The request was denied, but within months, a lot of organizations and agencies have adopted the "DuSable Lake Shore Drive" name to refer to the mainline portion (1, 2, 3, etc.). In fact, the city installed numerous signs that included the "DuSable" name (see image).

However, the name change didn't apply to frontage roads as well as the South Works portion. All of these changes essentially blurred the line between whether Lake Shore Drive is still a more common name than DuSable Lake Shore Drive. This may be the time to rediscuss whether it is still appropriate to rename the article to DuSable Lake Shore Drive. AlphaBeta135 (talk) 21:38, 28 October 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. Adumbrativus (talk) 01:01, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose After some researching, I do see that a lot of sources have adopted "Dusable Lake Shore Drive" into their style guides, instead of "Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable Lake Shore Drive". But socially, just from my observance from IRL as a Chicago-area native, as well as looking on social media, almost nobody calls it that. Now sure, I don't think the social argument is very valid in WP article discussions, but Lake Shore Drive I feel is the name that most refer to it as. Sea Cow (talk) 04:59, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose I see no evidence that the WP:COMMONNAME has changed, even if some official name has. This is akin to the many honorary street names throughout Chicago and elsewhere, that do not typically impact that name used in parlance or on maps. ngrams doesn't even recognize this as a term.— Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 15:35, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The ngram caps at 2019, so discussions to rename the Drive didn't get much public attention vs. 2021. It doesn't ignore the fact that there are a LOT of sources that used the "DuSable Lake Shore Drive" name since 2021 (Google search). AlphaBeta135 (talk) 16:14, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject U.S. Streets has been notified of this discussion. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 15:35, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Chicago has been notified of this discussion. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 15:36, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose, current title is unambiguous and more concise, and trivially more concise so the proposed title cannot possibly be more common, now or ever. Andrewa (talk) 01:55, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Common name remains Lake Shore Drive, with the full name listed at the very start of the article. Such a change would just make it harder to find. Criticalus (talk) 16:08, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment Also, unless I'm mistaken, only part of the road has been renamed under this full name. Criticalus (talk) 16:09, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Map colors
Can someone please change the colors of the line on the map to not be red and dark green? It's very much not colorblind friendly. I can't see a difference at all. Snowman304'|'talk 16:07, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Shore Drive