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Sia

Sia Kate Isobelle Furler (born 18 December 1975) is an Australian singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Adelaide, she started her career as a singer in the acid jazz band Crisp in the mid-1990s. When Crisp disbanded in 1997, she released her debut studio album, OnlySee, in Australia. Sia moved to London and provided vocals for the British duo Zero 7. She released her second studio album, Healing Is Difficult, in 2001 and her third, Colour the Small One, in 2004.

Sia moved to New York City in 2005 and toured the United States. Her fourth and fifth studio albums, Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born, were released in 2008 and 2010 respectively, and both were certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association and attracted wider notice than her earlier albums. Uncomfortable with her growing fame, she took a hiatus from performing and focused on songwriting for other artists, producing successful collaborations "Titanium" (with David Guetta), "Diamonds" (for Rihanna), "Wild Ones" (with Flo Rida) and "Pretty Hurts" (for Beyoncé).

In 2014, Sia broke through as a solo recording artist when her sixth studio album, 1000 Forms of Fear, debuted at No. 1 in the U.S. Billboard 200 and generated the top-ten single "Chandelier", and a trilogy of music videos she co-directed, starring child dancer Maddie Ziegler. Since then, she has usually worn a wig that obscures her face to protect her privacy. Sia's seventh studio album, This Is Acting (2016), spawned her first Billboard Hot 100 number one single, "Cheap Thrills". That year she also began her Nostalgic for the Present Tour, which incorporated dancing by Ziegler and others, and other performance art elements. Sia's eighth studio album, Everyday Is Christmas, was released in 2017 and reissued in 2018 with three bonus tracks. In 2018, she formed a supergroup with Labrinth and Diplo, LSD. They released their self-titled debut album in April 2019. Sia has written many songs for films. Her feature film directorial debut, Music, released in early 2021 to generally negative reviews, alongside an album, Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture. Her tenth album, Reasonable Woman, was released in May 2024.

Sia is an advocate for animal rights. Among her accolades are nearly a dozen ARIA Awards, nine Grammy Award nominations and an MTV Video Music Award.

Early life and education
Sia Kate Isobelle Furler was born on 18 December 1975 in Adelaide, South Australia. Her father, Phil Colson, is a musician, and her mother, Loene Furler, is an art lecturer. She is the niece of actor Kevin Colson. Sia has stated that as a child she imitated the performing style of Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder and Sting, whom she has cited as early influences. She attended Adelaide High School.

Career
In the mid-1990s, Sia started a career as a singer in the local acid jazz band Crisp. Sia collaborated with the band and contributed vocals to their album Word and the Deal (1996) and EP Delirium (1997). In 1997 Crisp disbanded, and Sia released her debut studio album, OnlySee, on Flavoured Records, in Australia, on 23 December. The album sold about 1,200 copies. Unlike her later albums, OnlySee was marketed under her full name, "Sia Furler". It was produced by Jesse Flavell.

1997–2006: Zero 7, Healing Is Difficult and Colour the Small One
After Crisp disbanded in 1997, Sia moved to London, where she performed as a background vocalist for British band Jamiroquai. She also provided vocals for English downtempo group Zero 7 on their first three studio albums and toured with the group. On Zero 7's 2001 album Simple Things, Sia contributed vocals to two tracks including the single "Destiny", which peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2004, she provided vocals for Zero 7 on "Somersault" and "Speed Dial No. 2" (from the album When It Falls). In 2006, Sia collaborated with Zero 7 for their third album, The Garden.

In 2000, Sia signed a recording contract with Sony Music's sub-label Dance Pool and released a single, "Taken for Granted", which peaked at No. 10 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2001, she released her second solo album, Healing Is Difficult, which blends retro jazz and soul music and lyrically discusses Sia's dealing with the death of her first love affair. Displeased with the promotion of the album, Sia fired her manager, left Sony Music and signed with Go! Beat, a subsidiary of Universal Music Group (UMG). At the APRA Awards of 2002, Sia won the Breakthrough Songwriter category alongside Brisbane pop duo Aneiki's Jennifer Waite and Grant Wallis.

In 2004, Sia released her third studio album, Colour the Small One. The album employs a mixture of acoustic instruments and electronic backing to her material. The album spawned four singles, including "Don't Bring Me Down" and "Breathe Me", the latter of which charted in the United Kingdom, Denmark and France.

Dissatisfied with Colour the Small One's poor marketing and the album's struggle to connect with a mainstream audience, Sia relocated to New York City in 2005. During that time, "Breathe Me" appeared in the final scene of the U.S. HBO television series Six Feet Under, which helped increase Sia's fame in the United States. Consequently, Sia's manager, David Enthoven, set up a tour across the country to maintain her career.

2007–2010: Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born
In 2007, Sia released a live album, Lady Croissant, which included eight live songs from her April 2006 performance at the Bowery Ballroom in New York and one new studio recording—"Pictures". A year later, she left Zero 7 on friendly terms, replaced by Eska Mtungwazi as the band's frontwoman. Sia released her fourth studio album, Some People Have Real Problems on 8 January 2008. The album peaked at No. 41 in Australia and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. It charted at No. 26 on the US Billboard 200, becoming Sia's first to chart in the United States. Some People Have Real Problems yielded four singles, including "The Girl You Lost to Cocaine". It peaked at No. 11 in the Netherlands and No. 12 in Spain; it additionally reached No. 8 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs. Another single from the album was "Soon We'll Be Found".

In May 2009, Sia released TV Is My Parent on DVD, which includes a live concert at New York's Hiro Ballroom, four music videos and behind-the-scene footage. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2009, Sia won the Best Music DVD category for TV Is My Parent. She also received a nomination for Best Breakthrough Artist Album for Some People Have Real Problems.

In 2009, American singer Christina Aguilera approached Sia about writing ballads for Aguilera's sixth studio album. The final product, Bionic, includes four songs co-written by Sia. Later in 2010, Sia also co-wrote "Bound to You" for the soundtrack of the film Burlesque, which starred Aguilera and Cher. The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards. In May 2011, Sia appeared on the inaugural season of the U.S. version of The Voice as an adviser for Aguilera, who served as a vocal coach and judge.

In June 2010, Sia released her fifth studio album, We Are Born. The release peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The release of the album was preceded by three singles: the lead single, "You've Changed", was released in December 2009 and charted at No. 31 in Australia. The follow-up single, "Clap Your Hands", peaked at No. 17 in Australia, No. 10 in the Netherlands and No. 27 in Switzerland. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010, We Are Born earned Sia two categories won: Best Independent Release and Best Pop Release. Meanwhile, at the 2011 APRA Music Awards, Sia received a nomination for Song of the Year for "Clap Your Hands". To promote We Are Born, Sia gave the We Meaning You Tour, which visited North America and Europe in April–May 2010. She followed this with the We Are Born Tour, which visited Australia in February 2011 and North America in July–August 2011.

2010–2013: Songwriting career and mainstream recognition
Following the success of We Are Born, Sia became uncomfortable with her growing fame. She later told The New York Times: "I just wanted to have a private life. Once, as my friend was telling me they had cancer, someone came up and asked, in the middle of the conversation, if they could take a photograph with me. You get me? That's enough, right?" She refused to do promos for her tours, began to wear a mask on stage and became increasingly dependent on drugs and alcohol on the road; she considered suicide. Sia fired Enthoven and hired Jonathan Daniel, who suggested that she write songs for other artists.

Sia retired as a recording artist and began a career as a songwriter. She soon penned "Titanium" for American singer Alicia Keys, but it was later sent to David Guetta, who included Sia's original demo vocals on the song and released it as a single in 2011. "Titanium" peaked within the top ten of record charts in the United States, Australia and numerous European regions. However, Sia recalled: "I never even knew it was gonna happen, and I was really upset. Because I had just retired, I was trying to be a pop songwriter, not an artist."

From 2011 to 2013, Sia also co-wrote songs for many recording artists, including Beyoncé, Kylie Minogue, Flo Rida and Rihanna. Her collaboration with Flo Rida, "Wild Ones", peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was the tenth best-selling song of 2012 globally. In March 2012, Sia released a greatest hits album, Best Of..., in Australia.

2013–2014: Breakthrough with 1000 Forms of Fear
In October 2013, Sia released "Elastic Heart" featuring the Weeknd and Diplo for the soundtrack of the American film The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013). Sia executive-produced Brooke Candy's debut EP, Opulence, released in May 2014, and co-wrote 3 songs on the EP. In July 2014, Sia released her own sixth studio album, 1000 Forms of Fear. She again collaborated with Greg Kurstin. The album debuted at No. 1 in the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 52,000 copies. By October 2015, it was certified gold by the RIAA denoting 500,000 equivalent-album units sold in the United States. The record peaked at No. 1 in Australia and reached the top ten of charts in numerous European regions. It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. By early 2016, the album had sold 1 million copies worldwide.

1000 Forms of Fear's lead single, "Chandelier" was released in March 2014. The song peaked at No. 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Sia's first entry on that chart as a lead artist. Elsewhere, the song experienced similar commercial success, ranking in the top ten of the record charts in Australia and numerous European regions. As of January 2015, the single had sold 2 million copies in the United States. "Eye of the Needle" and "Big Girls Cry" were released as the second and third singles from the album, respectively, in June 2014. In January 2015, Sia released a solo version of "Elastic Heart" as the fourth single from 1000 Forms of Fear; it eventually reached the top 20 on the Hot 100. At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards (2015), Sia received four nominations for "Chandelier": Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video.

For performances of songs from 1000 Forms of Fear, Sia chose not to show her face, either facing away from audiences or hiding it behind oversized platinum blonde wigs. In videos for the singles "Chandelier", "Elastic Heart" and "Big Girls Cry", choreographed by Ryan Heffington and co-directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and in many of the promotional live performances, child dancer Maddie Ziegler performed as a proxy for Sia in bobbed blonde wigs similar to Sia's familiar hairstyle. The three videos have received a total of more than 4 billion views on Vevo. Sia explained to Kristen Wiig in an interview in Interview magazine that she decided to conceal her face to avoid a celebrity lifestyle and maintain some privacy: "I'm trying to have some control over my image. And I'm allowed to maintain some modicum of privacy. But also I would like not to be picked apart or for people to observe when I put on ten pounds or take off ten pounds or I have a hair extension out of place or my fake tan is botched. Most people don't have to be under that pressure, and I'd like to be one of them." The video for Elastic Heart "courted controversy and plaudits in equal measure", with some commentators perceiving it to have paedophilic undertones due to the relative ages of the dancers. Sia explained that the two dancers represented "warring 'Sia' self states", but she nevertheless apologised on Twitter to anyone who was "triggered". Gia Kourlas wrote in The New York Times in 2016 that Sia's collaborations with Heffington have "done more to raise the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the forms". The "Chandelier" video was ranked as the 10th "greatest music video" of the 2010s by Billboard.

In 2014, Sia contributed to the soundtrack to the 2014 film adaptation of the Broadway musical Annie. Sia, along with producer Greg Kurstin, wrote three new songs for the film as well as re-working songs from the musical. Sia, Kurstin and the film's director Will Gluck were nominated for Best Original Song at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for "Opportunity".

2015–2017: This Is Acting
In an interview with NME in February 2015, Sia revealed that she had completed the follow-up to 1000 Forms of Fear, entitled This Is Acting. The album was another collaboration with producer and co-writer Greg Kurstin. Furler said that she released 1000 Forms of Fear to free herself from her record deal and had planned simply to write for other artists, but the album's success spurred her to continue writing her own music. The same month, alongside the digital deluxe release of 1000 Forms of Fear, she released a mobile game, Bob Job. "Alive" from This Is Acting was co-written by Adele and had originally been intended for her third album, 25.

In November, Sia collaborated with composer J. Ralph on the soundtrack of the environmental documentary Racing Extinction, co-writing and singing the song "One Candle". She also released two more songs from the album, "Bird Set Free" and "One Million Bullets". "Cheap Thrills" and "Reaper" were subsequently released as promotional singles for the album. Eventually, the single "Cheap Thrills", featuring Sean Paul, reached No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Sia released two videos for the song. One features Ziegler and two male dancers, while the other, featuring Sean Paul, shows a 1950s style teen dance party; it has accumulated more than 1.7 billion views.

In April 2016, Sia gave a widely acclaimed performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival that went viral online. Sources for the 2016 Coachella Festival performance: Her performance received an effusively positive critical reception as "one of the greatest moments in Coachella's 17-year history", and it was consistently called one of the best performances of the 2016 festival. The performance was her first full concert since 2011. Sia is an avid fan of the television reality series Survivor; in 2016, she made a surprise appearance on the live reunion of Survivor: Kaôh Rōng, where she donated $50,000 to contestant Tai Trang and another $50,000 to an animal charity of his choice, noting that the two share a mutual love of animals. Since then, she has regularly awarded prizes to her favourite contestants from subsequent seasons of Survivor.

In June 2016, Sia gave a concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, featuring Ziegler. From May to August, Sia performed in nearly a dozen festivals and other concerts in America and European and Middle Eastern countries, including Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Poland, the United Kingdom, Russia, Lebanon and Israel. In September 2016, she released a single, "The Greatest", with vocals from American hip hop recording artist Kendrick Lamar. A video was released the same day featuring Ziegler – the dancer's fifth video collaboration with Sia and Heffington. The two performed the song with several other dancers, and also performed "Chandelier" live the next day at the Apple annual fall event, drawing media attention. The videos that Sia has posted to her YouTube channel have accumulated a total of more than 12 billion views, and the channel has more than 22 million subscribers.

Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in North America from September to November 2016, featuring Ziegler. As at Coachella and subsequent live performances, Sia appeared at the back of the stage with her familiar wig covering her face, while her dancers performed Heffington's choreography synchronised with pre-recorded videos played on big screens. The tour received a warm reaction: "She let her dancers own center stage, carrying out one skit/performance after another as Sia delivered the soundtrack. ... It defied all the regular rules of pop concerts, which are usually designed to focus every ounce of the audience's attention on the star of the show. Yet, Sia's bold gamble paid off, resulting in one of the most daringly original and wholly satisfying shows of 2016." Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic described the show as "part performance art, part interpretive dance. ... [Sia] sounded amazing. ... There's so much raw emotion in her songs. And you can definitely hear that in her voice, but it becomes more visceral when you can also read it in the faces of her dancers, especially Ziegler. ... The entire performance was brilliantly staged, with one song flowing seamlessly into another". Sia released the deluxe edition of This Is Acting in October 2016, which includes three new tracks, a remix version of "Move Your Body" and a solo version of "The Greatest". She was nominated for three 2017 Grammy Awards. Sia co-wrote and performed on a platinum-selling single, "Dusk Till Dawn", by Zayn.

Sia performed in concert at the close of the Dubai World Cup in March 2017, together with her dancers, led by Ziegler. They gave a second leg of the Nostalgic for the Present Tour, her first stadium tour in Australasia, in late 2017.

2017–present: Everyday Is Christmas, LSD, Music, and Reasonable Woman
In 2017, Sia moved from RCA to Atlantic Records. She released the album Everyday Is Christmas on Atlantic and Monkey Puzzle in November 2017. The album features original songs co-written and co-produced with Kurstin. She promoted it by releasing the singles "Santa's Coming for Us" and "Snowman", the latter of which she performed during the finale of the 13th season of The Voice and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show with Maddie Ziegler. "Snowman" has also since become a modern-day Christmas classic, and is one of the most-streamed Christmas songs of all time. In November 2018, Sia released the deluxe edition of the album, containing three bonus tracks, as a Target exclusive.

In 2018, Sia collaborated with English musician Labrinth and American DJ/record producer Diplo to form the supergroup LSD. They released five singles: "Genius", "Audio", "Thunderclouds", "Mountains", and "No New Friends", before releasing their debut album, Labrinth, Sia & Diplo Present... LSD, in April 2019. Also in 2018, Sia was one of the narrators of Australian animal rights documentary, Dominion, and shared in a 2018 Award of Excellence from the Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards.

Sia's ninth album, Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture, was released in February 2021 in connection with the release of her film, Music. She executive produced Paris Hilton's second studio album, which is expected to be released in 2024. In 2023, Sia released "Gimme Love", the lead single from her tenth studio album, Reasonable Woman. This was followed by "Dance Alone", a collaboration with Kylie Minogue, released in 2024. The album was released on 3 May 2024. Mark Kennedy wrote, for the Associated Press, "Sia hasn't lost a step [in her] ability to switch from hurt and broken ("I Forgive You") to ecstatic lover ("Towards the Sun") to vengeful, hell-releasing angel, like on "I Had a Heart". ... But on this outing, the ... forever catchy Sia is most interesting with others. In addition to the Khan duet, the best songs are "Dance Alone" with Kylie Minogue, "Incredible" with Labrinth and "Fame Won't Love You" with Paris Hilton" although he says that Sia "rarely shift[s] out of third gear" on the album.

Artistry and musical style
At the start of her career, with the band Crisp, Sia performed acid jazz in Australia and later in London. With her first solo single, "Taken for Granted", she experimented with trip hop. When she joined Zero 7, she sang downtempo numbers.

With Colour the Small One (2004) and Some People Have Real Problems (2007) she moved into jazz and folktronica, although the album's biggest hit, "Breathe Me", is described as alternative rock and a power ballad. Some People Have Real Problems expanded her connection with indie pop. Sia stated, "Colour the Small One ... couldn't be more derivative of Kings of Convenience and James Taylor and the things that Zero 7 were playing on the [tour] bus. I'm very easily influenced."

In 2009, after leaving Zero 7, Sia dedicated herself entirely to her solo career. We Are Born (2010), incorporated various pop styles, including synthpop and R&B, with introspective themes accompanied by more insistent and livelier rhythms. 1000 Forms of Fear (2014) consolidated her connection with pop (with traces of electropop, reggae and hip-hop), while This Is Acting (2016) is mostly composed of songs written by Sia with other female pop artists in mind, but the artists did not include the songs on their albums. Sia described songwriting for others as "play-acting". The Guardian's Kitty Empire commented that the latter album "provides an obvious counterpoint to Sia's more personal album of 2014, 1000 Forms of Fear, whose stonking single, "Chandelier", tackled her intoxicated past. This Is Acting makes plain the fact of manufacture – a process akin to bespoke tailoring." The record also alternates reggae and electropop with more introspective themes.

Sia's voice has been described as "deep, playful, and powerful". In her 2016 live performances, Sia's music was part of performance-art-like shows that involved dance and theatrical effects. An MTV News writer opined that "Sia's throaty, slurred vocals are her norm", while a contributor to The Fader noted that "in the Billboard Hot 100 landscape, Sia's songwriting voice, which deals with depression and addiction, is singular—her actual voice even more so." Everyday Is Christmas (2017), Sia's first release of Christmas music, is a pop album that gives old-fashioned holiday music "some 21st century pop gloss" and is made for those who grow tired of the classics. Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture (2021) further developed Sia's pop music catalogue, with the album incorporating more electropop and reggae, alongside R&B and EDM. National Public Radio called Sia "the 21st century's most resilient songwriter".

Accolades and recognition
Sia has received an array of accolades, including ARIA Awards, an MTV Video Music Award and nine nominations for Grammy Awards.

In March 2021, a laneway in Adelaide city centre was renamed Sia Furler Lane, and a mural titled She Imagined Buttons was painted on a wall nearby to commemorate Sia's 2011 performance in Adelaide. As of October 2022, Sia has 15 entries on the APRA billion streams list, the most of any artist.

Other ventures
In the 2014 South Park episode "The Cissy", Sia provided the vocals for the fictional Lorde track "Push (Feeling Good on a Wednesday)". In 2016 Sia covered "Blackbird" by The Beatles for the Netflix original series Beat Bugs. She appeared in the 2017 animated film My Little Pony: The Movie as the voice of pop star Songbird Serenade. She also contributed an original song, "Rainbow", to the film's soundtrack. Sia wrote the songs for the soundtrack to the 2018 musical film Vox Lux, with a score by Scott Walker.

She wrote a screenplay, based on a story that she had written in 2007, for the 2021 musical film, Music, which starred Ziegler, Kate Hudson and Leslie Odom Jr. Sia also directed the film and wrote its soundtrack. The film was released in Australia in January 2021 and in select IMAX theatres in the US for one night on 10 February 2021, followed by an on-demand release. It received negative reviews from critics and generated controversy for its depiction of autism. It was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy at the 78th Golden Globe Awards. As director of Music, Sia later won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director.

Philanthropy
Sia has been noted for her philanthropic gestures over the years. Prior to Thanksgiving in 2019, at a local Walmart and TJ Maxx, Sia paid for peoples' groceries and shopping in disguise. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Sia pledged to donate $1 million to CORE Response; she also donated the proceeds from her single "Saved My Life" to CORE Response's and AmeriCares' relief efforts. The same year she donated $100,000 to Australians in need in collaboration with Nova FM DJs Fitzy & Wippa and another $100,000 to community bail funds in support of the Black Lives Matter movement.

Since 2016, Sia has given money to her favourite contestants in the reality television series Survivor; the tradition has been billed the "Sia Award". At the end of the 45th season, she had given a total of $1 million to contestants over the years.

Animal activism
Sia is a vegetarian and an "animal lover". She has been an advocate for animals throughout her career. In 2010, she participated in a PETA campaign to tackle animal overpopulation and encourage people to spay or neuter their pets. She performed her song "I'm in Here" at the Beagle Freedom Project Gala in 2013, and, in 2015, "Free the Animal" was used for PETA public service announcements supporting cruelty-free fashion. During her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in 2016, Sia partnered with various animal rescue organisations to set up dog adoption fairs at each of the shows. In 2017, she released another public service announcement, in collaboration with the ASPCA, using her song "Puppies Are Forever", to encourage pet adoption. Sia co-narrated the 2018 animal rights documentary Dominion.

Relationships and family
Following the disbandment of Crisp in 1997, Sia moved to London to follow her relationship with boyfriend Dan Pontifex. Several weeks later, while on a stopover in Thailand, she received the news that Pontifex had died after being in a car accident in London. She returned to Australia, but received a call from one of Pontifex's former housemates, who invited her to stay in London. Her 2001 album Healing Is Difficult lyrically deals with Pontifex's death: "I was pretty fucked up after Dan died. I couldn't really feel anything." Sia recalled the effect of his death in a 2007 interview for The Sunday Times: "We were all devastated, so we got shit-faced on drugs and Special Brew. Unfortunately, that bender lasted six years for me."

Sia married documentary filmmaker Erik Anders Lang at her home in Palm Springs, California, in August 2014. The couple divorced in 2016. During a 2014 appearance on The Howard Stern Show, Sia was asked if she was religious, to which she responded, "I believe in a higher power and it's called 'Whatever Dude' and he's a queer, surfing Santa that's a bit like my grandpa, so yes." In the same interview, she stated that she is a feminist and that Whatever Dude divinely inspired the lyrics she wrote for Rihanna's song "Diamonds". One of Sia's tattoos on her hand reads "Whatever Dude". Sia is a cousin of Australian Christian rock musician Peter Furler.

In 2019, Sia adopted two boys who were ageing out of the foster care system. In 2020, Sia announced that she had become a grandmother when one of her two 19-year-old sons had fathered twins. In 2023, Sia married Dan Bernad in Portofino, Italy.

Sexuality
In 2008, Sia discussed her sexual orientation in interviews and revealed her relationship with JD Samson; they broke up in 2011. When asked about her sexuality in 2009, she said, "I've always dated boys and girls and anything in between. I don't care what gender you are, it's about people. ... I've always been... well, flexible is the word I would use." Sia identified as queer on Twitter in 2013.

Health
Sia has experienced depression and addictions to painkillers and alcohol. In 2010, she wrote a suicide note, planning to overdose; a friend phoned her and, unintentionally, saved her life. Following this, Sia joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Sia cancelled various promotional events and shows due to her poor health in 2010. She cited extreme lethargy and panic attacks, and she considered retiring permanently from performing and touring. She stated that she had been diagnosed with Graves' disease. Later that year, Sia said her health was improving after rest and thyroid suppression therapy.

In 2019, Sia stated that she has Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. She has also stated that she was diagnosed with complex post-traumatic stress disorder, stemming from childhood traumas including being sexually abused at the age of nine. In 2023, she revealed that she was diagnosed with autism. Sia said that following the backlash she received regarding her film Music, she relapsed, became suicidal again and returned to rehabilitation.

Discography

 * OnlySee (1997)
 * Healing Is Difficult (2001)
 * Colour the Small One (2004)
 * Some People Have Real Problems (2008)
 * We Are Born (2010)
 * 1000 Forms of Fear (2014)
 * This Is Acting (2016)
 * Everyday Is Christmas (2017)
 * Music (2021)
 * Reasonable Woman (2024)

Tours

 * We Meaning You Tour (2010–2011)
 * We Are Born Tour (2011)
 * Nostalgic for the Present Tour (2016–2017)

Filmography
Sia wrote and/or performed songs on the following film soundtracks:

 * The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010)
 * Burlesque (2010 and its 2024 stage adaptation)
 * The Great Gatsby (2013)
 * The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)
 * Annie (2014)
 * Transparent (2015)
 * Racing Extinction (2015)
 * Fifty Shades of Grey (2015)
 * Pitch Perfect 2 (2015)
 * San Andreas (2015)
 * Beat Bugs (2016)
 * The Eagle Huntress (2016)
 * Zootopia (2016)
 * Finding Dory (2016)
 * The Neon Demon (2016)
 * Star Trek Beyond (2016)
 * Lion (2016)
 * Fifty Shades Darker (2017)
 * Wonder Woman (2017)
 * My Little Pony: The Movie (2017)
 * Fifty Shades Freed (2018)
 * A Wrinkle in Time (2018)
 * Charming (2018)
 * Dumplin' (2018)
 * Vox Lux (2018)
 * Seven Worlds, One Planet (2019)
 * Dolittle (2020)
 * Music (2021)
 * Kangaroo Valley (2022)

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Jake Epp

Arthur Jacob "Jake" Epp, (born September 1, 1939) is a Canadian executive and former politician.

Life and career
Born into a Mennonite family in Manitoba, Epp was a high school history teacher in Steinbach, Manitoba before entering politics. Jake Epp was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) in the 1972 election for the riding of Provencher, which was the home of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's  Whiteshell Laboratories.

In the wake of the 1977 murder of Emanuel Jaques, Epp wrote to the National Gay Rights Coalition: "I would like to see what kind of support you have now after what has taken place in Toronto. What is needed is not protection for homosexuals, but for Canadians who are not deviant."

After the 1979 election, he served in the short-lived Cabinet of Joe Clark as Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. As a minister, he wrote the Epp letter, which instructed the Commissioner of the Yukon to abandon some of her powers and established responsible government in the Yukon. He retained his seat in the 1980 election despite the defeat of the Clark government and returned to the Opposition bench.

When Brian Mulroney led the Conservatives back to power in the 1984 election, he appointed Epp as his Minister of National Health and Welfare. At the Cabinet table, he was a vocal proponent that life begins at conception. In the spring of 1988, the activist organization AIDS Action NOW! burned an effigy of Epp at Toronto City Hall to draw attention to his neglect of the AIDS epidemic.

In 1989, Epp became Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources. Epp retired at the 1993 election, and returned to private life. From 1993 until 2000, he was Senior Vice President and Vice President at TransCanada Pipelines Ltd.

Epp was one of the Tories who joined the Canadian Alliance when it was created in an attempt to attract Progressive Conservatives to the former Reform Party of Canada.

The Tory Mike Harris government appointed Epp to head a review of the ongoing cost over-runs and delays that plagued Ontario Power Generation's restart of the four "A" reactors at the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station. The two other panel members were Peter Barnes and Dr. Robin Jeffrey. The review's report was released on December 4, 2003, and attributed blame for the project to management problems.

The election of the Ontario Liberal Party in 2003 delayed action on the Epp report. The government of Dalton McGuinty appointed Epp to the Ontario Power Generation Review headed by John Manley to examine the future role of Ontario Power Generation (OPG) in the province’s electricity market, examine its corporate and management structure, and decide whether the public utility should proceed with refurbishing three more nuclear reactors at the Pickering nuclear power plant. The report recommended proceeding with the restart Pickering "A" reactors 1, 2, and 3, sequentially. The report argued that the restart of units 2 and 3 would be contingent on whether "OPG will be able to succeed at the Unit 1 project."

The McGuinty government accepted the OPG Review Committee's recommendation and allowed the restart of reactor 1, which still underwent cost over-runs and delays. In August 2005, the OPG Board of Directors announced that Units 2 and 3 would not be refurbished due to specific technical and cost risks surrounding the material condition of these two units.

In 2004, the McGuinty government made Epp Chairman of the Board of OPG.

Between 2005 and 2009 Epp served as Chancellor of Tyndale University College and Seminary in Toronto.

In 2010, Epp was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada.

The AIDS Crisis
Jake Epp played a significant role in allowing the AIDS crisis to grow unchecked by continuously ignoring pleas from community organizations to develop and implement a National AIDS Strategy. Beyond invitations for conversation, a blind eye was turned to AIDS activist protests as well. HIV/AID activism in opposition to Jake Epp came to a head when activists from AIDS Action Now! in Toronto called attention to his neglect by burning him in effigy in Nathan Phillips Square. Jake Epp's willful ignorance exacerbated the AIDS crisis in Canada and contributed to the growing number of AIDS-related deaths. Despite the desperate need for action, the government made no change until Epp was replaced by Perrin Beatty. Only then was there involvement in HIV-related matters at the federal level in Canada.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jake Epp


text:
User talk:Vanished85648282

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Vanished85648282


text:
Edward B. Ellington

Edward Bayzand Ellington (2 August 1845 – 10 November 1914) was a British hydraulic engineer who pioneered the development of urban-scale hydraulic power distribution systems.

Ellington was managing director of the Hydraulic Engineering Co of Chester and one of the founders of the London Hydraulic Power Company. He invented the hydraulic balance lift (US: elevator) and the automatic injector fire hydrant.

Early life
The second son of a warehouseman, Ellington was born in Camberwell, and studied at Denmark Hill Grammar School before being articled to the Greenwich-based maritime engineering firm of John Penn in 1862.

In 1869, he left Penn's company and London and entered into partnership with Bryan Johnson of Chester; Johnson and Ellington specialised in hydraulic machinery. In 1871, they established the Wharves and Warehouses Steam Power and Hydraulic Pressure Company. In 1875, the partnership converted to a limited company, the Hydraulic Engineering Co.

Hydraulic power
Two years later, in 1877, Ellington was engineer to the Hull Hydraulic Power Co., the first company to demonstrate the practicability of large-scale urban hydraulic power networks, in Kingston upon Hull.

In London in 1882, he was consulting engineer to the General Hydraulic Power Company of Southwark (incorporated 29 June), and, in 1884, helped form its subsidiary, the London Hydraulic Power Company, which merged the Wharves and Warehouses Steam Power and Hydraulic Pressure Company and the General Hydraulic Power Company. This was followed by similar UK companies in Liverpool (Liverpool Hydraulic Power Company, 1889), Manchester (Manchester Hydraulic Power, 1894) and Glasgow (1895), plus Australian schemes in Melbourne (1889) and Sydney (1891). The emergence of electrical power during the 20th century meant hydraulic networks were gradually superseded; the Hull company was wound up in 1947 while the final London pumping station ceased operation in 1977.

Late in his life Ellington was elected President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He died at his London home (73 Addison Road, Kensington) on 10 November 1914.

Family
Ellington married Marion Florence Leonard, and they had at least one child, a son, Edward Ellington (born in Kensington in 1877), who became a senior figure in the Royal Air Force.

title: Edward B. Ellington


text:
T (programming language)

T is a dialect of the Scheme programming language developed in the early 1980s by Jonathan A. Rees, Kent M. Pitman, and Norman I. Adams of Yale University as an experiment in language design and implementation.

Rationale
T's purpose is to test the thesis developed by Guy L. Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman in their series of papers about Scheme: that Scheme may be used as the basis for a practical programming language of exceptional expressive power, and that implementations of Scheme could perform better than other Lisp systems, and competitively with implementations of programming languages, such as C and BLISS, which are usually considered to be inherently more efficient than Lisp on conventional machine architectures. Much of this occurs via an optimizing compiler named Orbit.

T contains some features that modern Scheme lacks. For example, T is object-oriented, and it has first-class environments, called locales, which can be modified non-locally and used as a module system. T has several extra special forms for lazy evaluation and flow control, and an equivalent to Common Lisp's setf. T, like Scheme, supports call-with-current-continuation (call/cc), but it also has a more limited form called. From the T manual, a hypothetical implementation of  could be:

This example shows that objects in T are intimately related to closures and message-passing. A primitive called  puts two objects together, allowing for something resembling inheritance.

Ports
T was ported to many hardware platforms and operating systems, including:

 * MIPS: DEC 3100 (pmax), SGI IRIS
 * Motorola 68000 (m68k): Apollo Domain/OS, HP/UX, Mac/AUX, NeXT, SunOS 3
 * NS320xx (n32k): Encore Multimax
 * SPARC: SunOS 4 and above, Solaris, Unix on Connection Machine 5
 * VAX: Ultrix

title: T (programming language)


text:
World War I Victory Medal (United States)

The World War I Victory Medal (known prior to establishment of the World War II Victory Medal in 1945 simply as the Victory Medal) was a United States service medal designed by James Earle Fraser of New York City under the direction of the Commission of Fine Arts.

Award of a common allied service medal was recommended by an inter-allied committee in March 1919. Each allied nation would design a 'Victory Medal' for award to their military personnel, all issues having certain common features, including a winged figure of victory on the obverse and the same ribbon.

The Victory Medal was originally intended to be established by an act of Congress. The bill authorizing the medal never passed, however, thus leaving the military departments to establish it through general orders. The War Department published orders in April 1919, and the Navy in June of the same year.

Criteria
The Victory Medal was awarded to military personnel for service between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, or with either of the following expeditions:
 * American Expeditionary Forces in European Russia between November 12, 1918, and August 5, 1919.
 * American Expeditionary Forces Siberia between November 23, 1918, and April 1, 1920.

Design
The front of the bronze medal features a winged Victory holding a shield and sword on the front. The back of the bronze medal features "The Great War For Civilization" in all capital letters curved along the top of the medal. Curved along the bottom of the back of the medal are six stars, three on either side of the center column of seven staffs wrapped in a cord. The top of the staff has a round ball on top and is winged on the side. The staff is on top of a shield that says "U" on the left side of the staff and "S" on the right side of the staff. On left side of the staff it lists one World War I Allied country per line: France, Italy, Serbia, Japan, Montenegro, Russia, and Greece. On the right side of the staff the Allied country names read: Great Britain, Belgium, Brazil, Portugal, Rumania (spelled with a U instead of an O as it is spelled now), and China.

Devices
To denote battle participation and campaign credit, the World War I Victory Medal was authorized with a large variety of devices to denote specific accomplishments. In order of seniority, the devices authorized to the World War I Victory Medal were as follows:

Citation Star
The Citation Star to the World War I Victory Medal was authorized by the United States Congress on February 4, 1919. A $3/16$ inch silver star was authorized to be worn on the ribbon of the Victory Medal for any member of the U.S. Army who had been cited for gallantry in action between 1917 and 1920. In 1932, the Citation Star ("Silver Star") was redesigned and renamed the Silver Star Medal and, upon application to the United States War Department, any holder of the Silver Star Citation could have it converted to a Silver Star medal.

Navy Commendation Star
The Navy Commendation Star to the World War I Victory Medal was authorized to any person who had been commended by the Secretary of the Navy for performance of duty during the First World War. A $3/16$ inch silver star was worn on the World War I Victory Medal, identical in appearance to the Army's Citation Star. Unlike the Army's version, however, the Navy Commendation Star could not be upgraded to the Silver Star medal.

Army Battle Clasps
The following battle clasps, inscribed with a battle's name, were worn on the medal to denote participation in major ground conflicts. For general defense service, not involving a specific battle, the "Defensive Sector" Battle Clasp was authorized. The clasp was also awarded for any battle which was not already recognized by its own battle clasp.

The World War I Victory Medal bears the clasps of the battles the U.S. Army participated in across the ribbon. Not all battles are shown on the bar clasps. Only the battles designated as battles that would have bars issued were shown on the medal. The famous Battle of Chateau Thierry to hold the Chateau and the bridge as a joint effort between the US Army and the US Marines against the German machine gunners did not get awarded clasps.

As commander of the American Expeditionary Forces, General John J. Pershing received all 14 clasps. His medal is in the National Museum of American History.

Navy Battle Clasps
Navy battle clasps were issued for naval service in support of Army operations and had identical names to the Army battle clasps. There was a slight variation of the criteria dates for the Navy battle clasps, as listed below.

The Defensive Sector Clasp was also authorized for Navy personnel who had participated in naval combat but were not authorized a particular battle clasp.

Navy Operational Clasps
For sea-related war duty, the Navy issued the following operational clasps, which were worn on the World War I Victory Medal and inscribed with the name of the duty type which had been performed. Clasps for Navy and Marine Corps personnel are rectangular bronze bars with a stylized rope border measuring 1/4 x 1 1/2 inches.

Unlike the army, the navy only allowed one clasp of any type to be worn on the ribbon. Members of the marine or medical corps who served in France but was not eligible for a battle clasp would receive a bronze Maltese cross on their ribbons.

Army Service Clasps
For non-combat service with the army during the First World War, the following service clasps were authorized to be worn with the World War I Victory Medal. Each service clasp was inscribed with a country or region name where support service was performed. The U.S. Army issued the following service clasps:

Navy Service Clasps
The U.S. Navy issued similar service clasps to the Army for service in the following regions during the following periods:

Campaign Stars
Since battle and service clasps could only be worn on the full-sized World War I Victory Medal, 3/16 inch bronze service stars were authorized for wear on the award ribbon. This was the common method of campaign and battle display when wearing the World War I Victory Medal as a ribbon on a military uniform.

Maltese Cross
Medals issued to U.S. Marines were issued with a Maltese cross device affixed to the ribbon.

Lapel button
The World War I Victory Button (known prior to establishment of the World War II Victory Medal simply as the Victory Button) was a lapel button designed for wear on civilian clothes and consisted of a five-pointed star 5/8-inch in diameter on a wreath with the letters "U.S." in the center. For persons wounded in action, the lapel button was silver; for all others, the lapel button was bronze. The Victory Button was designed by the sculptor, Adolph Alexander Weinman of New York City under the supervision of the Commission of Fine Arts.

The World War I Victory Button on a narrow circular band of blue enamel, containing the words "American Legion" in gold letters, forms the central element of the American Legion emblem. It was adopted by the National Executive Committee of the American Legion on July 9, 1919, as the official insignia of the national organization of American veterans.

Distribution
The World War I Victory Medals were awarded after the end of World War I, so they were mailed to the servicemen instead of awarded in person. For example, the boxes containing the Victory Medals for United States Army World War I veterans were mailed out by the depot officer at the General Supply Depot, U.S. Army, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in April 1921. An outer light brown box with an address label glued to it and its postage area marked "OFFICIAL BUSINESS, Penalty for private use $300" contained an inner white box stamped with the bars the serviceman was supposed to receive on his medal. The inner white box contained the medal, which was wrapped in tissue paper.

Only after filling out the application form A.G.O. No. 740 with the help of an authorized officer could it be officially forwarded to the Philadelphia Quartermaster Intermediate Depot for the veteran then to receive his medal by mail. The Army started issuing Victory Medals on June 21, 1920, not April 1921 as listed above. The Navy had a late start due to production issues and started in August 1920.

Allied and associated nations
Not only did the United States establish a World War I Victory Medal, but so did a significant number of allied and associated nations involved in the conflict against the Dual Alliance between Austria and Germany. The proposition of such a common award was first made by French Maréchal Ferdinand Foch who was supreme commander of the Allied Forces during the First World War. Each bronze Victory Medal has the same diameter (36 mm) and ribbon (double rainbow), but with a national design representing a winged victory.

Main source:


text:
Tennantite

Tennantite is a copper arsenic sulfosalt mineral with an ideal formula Cu12As4S13. Due to variable substitution of the copper by iron and zinc the formula is Cu6[Cu4(Fe,Zn)2]As4S13. It is gray-black, steel-gray, iron-gray or black in color. A closely related mineral, tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13) has antimony substituting for arsenic and the two form a solid solution series. The two have very similar properties and is often difficult to distinguish between tennantite and tetrahedrite. Iron, zinc, and silver substitute up to about 15% for the copper site.

The mineral was first described for an occurrence in Cornwall, England in 1819, where it occurs as small crystals of cubic or dodecahedral form, and was named after the English chemist Smithson Tennant (1761–1815).

It is found in hydrothermal veins and contact metamorphic deposits in association with other Cu–Pb–Zn–Ag sulfides and sulfosalts, pyrite, calcite, dolomite, siderite, barite, fluorite and quartz.

The arsenic component of tennantite causes the metal smelted from the ore to be harder than that of pure copper, because it is a copper-arsenic alloy. In the later 20th century, it was found that arsenical coppers had been more widely used in antiquity than had been previously realised, and it has been proposed that discoveries made by smelting ores like tennantite were significant steps in the progress towards the Bronze Age.

title: Tennantite


text:
Lock 'n Load (album)

Lock 'n Load is Denis Leary's second album, co-written with Chris Philips and released in 1997. It features material by Adam Roth, Janeane Garofalo and Jeff Garlin, and music by Greg Dulli. It was also an HBO television special directed by Ted Demme. The album features clips of Leary's onstage stand-up monologues mixed with various skits and songs. It is designed to sound as though the listener is listening to the radio, with frequent cuts as though the station is being changed.

Track listing

 * 1) Fuck This – 0:25
 * 2) Asshole of the Dance – 4:37
 * 3) Marv Marv Marv – 2:12
 * 4) Save This – 3:26
 * 5) Deaf Mute Cocktail Party – 2:22
 * 6) Coffee – 7:56
 * 7) Beer – 4:19
 * 8) Fuck Santa – 1:22
 * 9) Elvis and I – 4:23
 * 10) I'm Happy – 0:11
 * 11) Fuck the Kennedys – 1:06
 * 12) President Leary – 4:47
 * 13) A Reading from the Book of Apple – 1:32
 * 14) Love Barge – 6:19
 * 15) Fat Fucks – 5:50
 * 16) Insane Cowboy (In Africa) – 1:12
 * 17) My Kids – 16:04
 * 18) Life's Gonna Suck – 1:43
 * 19) Fuck the Pope – 3:22
 * 20) Lock 'n Load – 4:39

Personnel

 * Denis Leary – vocals, spoken vocals
 * Chris Phillips – vocals, guitar, bass, harmonica
 * Greg Dulli – guitar, keyboards, piano, sampler
 * Dave Hillis – guitar, programming, drum loops, sampler
 * Adam Roth – guitars, vocals
 * C.P. Roth – bass, keyboards
 * Mike Horrigan – drums, bass
 * Pete Mark – drums, percussion
 * Don Castagno – drums
 * Janeane Garofalo - herself
 * Donal Logue - himself
 * Joe Blaney - recording engineer, producer
 * John Seymour - studio engineer
 * Dave Hills - engineer
 * Jay Vacari - remix engineer
 * Steve Remote - chief engineer

title: Lock 'n Load (album)


text: Category:Bee County, Texas

title: Category:Bee County, Texas


text:
John Buxton Hilton

John Buxton Hilton (1921–19 June 1986) was a British crime writer. Hilton was born in Buxton, Derbyshire.He became a French teacher and later HMI in French. Ill health led him to early retirement and taking up crime writing in earnest. He wrote the Superintendent Simon Kenworthy series and the Inspector Thomas Brunt series, as well as the Inspector Mosley series under the pseudonym John Greenwood. Hilton died in Norwich.

Superintendent Simon Kenworthy series

 * Death of an Alderman (1968) (apa Dead Man's Path)
 * Death in Midwinter (1969)
 * Hangman's Tide (1975)
 * No Birds Sang (1975) (apa Target of Suspicion)
 * Some Run Crooked (1978)
 * The Anathema Stone (1980) (apa Fatal Curtain)
 * Playground of Death (1981)
 * Surrender Value (1981) (apa Twice Dead)
 * The Green Frontier (1982) (apa Focus on Crime)
 * The Sunset Law (1982)
 * The Asking Price (1983) (apa Ransom Game)
 * Corridors of Guilt (1984)
 * The Hobbema Prospect (1984) (apa Cradle of Crims)
 * Passion in the Peak (1985) (apa Holiday for Murder)
 * Moondrop to Murder (1986)
 * The Innocents at Home (1986) (apa Lesson in Murder)
 * Displaced Persons (1987)

Inspector Thomas Brunt series

 * Rescue from the Rose (1976)
 * Gamekeeper's Gallows (1976)
 * Dead-Nettle (1977)
 * Mr. Fred (1983)
 * The Quiet Stranger (1985)
 * Slickensides (1987)

Inspector Mosley series

 * Murder, Mr. Mosley (1983) (as John Greenwood)
 * Mosley by Moonlight (1984) (as John Greenwood)
 * Mosley Went to Mow (1985) (as John Greenwood) (apa The Missing Mr. Mosley)
 * Mists Over Mosley (1986) (as John Greenwood)
 * The Mind of Mr. Mosley (1987) (as John Greenwood)
 * What Me, Mr. Mosley? (1988) (as John Greenwood)

title: John Buxton Hilton


text:
Template talk:Resources for collaboration

How to sort list of articles by popularity in collaborative-edition mechanisms
Increasingly, collaboration mechanisms are using categories in templates to automatically generate the list of the concerned articles: todo list, disputed statement, Cleanup, ... Those lists are sorted in alphabetical orders. Other popular collaboration mechanisms show the most-recently-posted first: peer review, Cleanup, ...

Sorting articles by popularity would bring the major benefit of focusing the editing effort where it is most useful, i.e. where many people will actually view it. The popularity could be measured by the number of links to that page (like Google does).

The category feature allows the entry of a sort key, e.g. (see m:Help:Category.  This could be used for our purpose if we enter the popularity in the sort key.  To have a descending order, we could use 999998 for an article referred once, 999997 for an article referred twice...  (This sort key is not shown in the list of articles of the category).

As far as I know this is currently not possible in Wiki, because there is no "popularity" variable that we can automatically insert in a text, so we'll probably have to enter a request for new feature. Any other idea ?? Pcarbonn 06:05, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * What is popularity? Is it a weight assigned by an outside source?  Is it the number of links to the article? ("most requested"...) Is it the number of article viewings?  Is there a popularity contest where we can vote for it within Wikipedia?  (these are all ideas for you to take or leave) --ssd 21:56, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Revision and Updates
This template desperately needs revision. Many of the links are redirects, some are repeated, and generally it's really hard to find what's really needed. I went through the links, and realized that it should really be multiple lists. I've included them below. If they are liked, we can put them together into a table form and replace the Template(and/or make more).

One thing that this Template is trying to be is a list of ways for people to deal with pages that they think need something, but they can't just do it themselves. Here is a list for that purpose. It's sorted from best cases, most general to worst cases.

 * Ways to deal with a page that needs something
 * Topic specific guidelines
 * WikiProject
 * To request work on content
 * To-do list - per page
 * Peer review - if the page is close to featured article status
 * Requests for expansion
 * Pages needing attention - if you don't know how to approach it
 * Cleanup - only list if none of the above lists work
 * To mark as inaccurate or POV
 * Accuracy dispute
 * NPOV_dispute
 * To request the page be merged with another page
 * Duplicate articles
 * To learn how to make Disambiguation pages; for when "articles about two or more different topics have the same natural title"
 * Disambiguation
 * To request a Dictionary definition be moved to Wiktionary
 * Things to be moved to Wiktionary
 * To request translation for a page that's not in English
 * Pages_needing_translation_into_English
 * To begin the process of deleting a page
 * Deletion_policy
 * For pages which may infringe copyright
 * Copyright problems

Another thing the Template is trying to do is provide opportunities for people who want to do some Wikipedia maintenance. The next list handles this. It is sorted from most needed(least known) to least needed(best publicized). There are probably some pages I missed from this list. For example, the Category:Articles_that_need_to_be_wikified is only on there because I knew of it independently.

This should be handled by Template:Opentask, I think. I've added the pages from this list that were missing to it. We'll see how things go. JesseW 10:13, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Lists of pages that need work
 * Cleanup/Leftovers - things that didn't get cleaned up on Cleanup
 * Cleanup - misc work needed
 * Pages needing attention
 * Requests for expansion
 * Duplicate_articles - articles which should be merged
 * Find or fix a stub
 * Category:Articles_that_need_to_be_wikified
 * Peer review
 * Collaboration of the week
 * Things to be moved to Wiktionary - formatting articles for transfer to Wiktionary

There are various places where ideas for new articles can be found. I think there may be a central page, which if so, should replace this list.
 * Topics for new articles
 * Requested articles
 * List of encyclopedia topics - suggested new topics

There are two pages requesting translations. They are in the next list.
 * Work for polyglots to do
 * Pages_needing_translation_into_English - existing pages that must be translated
 * Translation_into_English - pages on other wikipedias that ought to be moved over

The next one is items for which comment(and voting) are wanted rather than actual content. There are a lot more items to be added to this list.
 * Things for which comments (rather than content work) are wanted(i.e. deletion, pictures, polls, votes, etc, ad nauseum)
 * Pictures needing attention

This is a list of pages where non-text requests are made. If you know of other pages, please add them.
 * Uploads requested (i.e. pictures, mostly)
 * Requested pictures

There are a few pages devoted to the maintenance required of the Category system. They are listed here. I may also have missed some. Note that these are just pages for which non-admin users can do actual work, rather than just comment. Comment-only pages(like VfD) should be listed above in the appropriate list.
 * Categories
 * Category_cleanup - portions of the category hierarchy that are confused or screwed up
 * Category:Underpopulated_categories - categories that need articles assigned to them
 * Category:Orphaned_categories - categories that need parent categories

Please let me know what you think of these. JesseW 01:23, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Also: POV Cleanup Ashibaka tock 02:43, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

New Template
I made a wide version of this template, with the exact same content. It's available here: Template:Resources for collaboration-wide. --ArmadniGeneral 8 July 2005 09:43 (UTC)
 * My long battle to keep this updated may be coming to an end! I've listed my wide version for deletion on the grounds that it is useless and cumbersome. –ArmadniGeneral (talk • contribs) 22:10, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Copyedit?
Shouldn't be mentioned somewhere in this template? —Wknight94 (talk) 23:16, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No. This template is not a list of templates, it is a list of useful pages. -- Ec5618 14:45, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Requests
would you like to add Requests to the more section? -- Zondor 00:30, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Done.  howch e  ng   {chat} 20:16, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

sl. change
I've changed "stubs by topic' from Category:stub categories, which is listed alphabetically (of course) to Wikiproject Stub sorting/Stub types, which is a tree by subject area. It takes a little longer to load but is far easier to search for a specific stub topic. Grutness...wha?  02:46, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Layout questions
For a discussion about the edit link see the Tnavbar talk page. For issues like align=right (floating), colour scheme, width, and line breaks see the talk page, it's more or less the same problem for various "sidebar" templates. -- Omniplex 06:28, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

New User Looking to Join
Hello, I'm looking to get involved in the wiki community and wanted to know where I'm supposed to register for this project. I'll try to help, but I may not spend much time online because I'm juggling work and school. Could you let me know if you want my help? Yes it's... Captain NEMO 23:29, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You don't have to register for any of these projects, just dive in and start helping out with articles that need work. -- phoebe/ (talk) 23:01, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Referencing
I added a referencing section, to include sadly-missing links to the "references needed" categories -- not such a big deal when this temp was created. Should consider adding Messedrocker's list of BLPs needing references page to it as well. -- phoebe/ (talk) 23:04, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Broken link in template
The link to the interwiki link checker goes to a 404 page. Rmhermen (talk) 23:33, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I've removed it. John Vandenberg (chat) 08:41, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Short pages
I question the usefulness of this template's link to Special:ShortPages. My assumption on seeing the link is that it would take me to a list of short pages that need help expanding, but instead I find mainly a list of disambiguation pages and redirect pages, which are never going to be anything but short. I'm not quite sure if 'Short Pages' serves any other purpose, but assuming that the intent of this template is to help editors find things that need fixing, I don't think it is useful to include it here. - Derek Andrews (talk) 15:17, 24 January 2011 (UTC)


text:
User talk:So Pure

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:So Pure


text:
Clougha Pike

Clougha Pike is a hill in the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire, England. From the west it looms over the Conder Valley, the city of Lancaster and Lancaster University. It is visible from as far away as Barrow-in-Furness, South Lakeland mountains such as the Old Man of Coniston, and Blackpool Tower. From the west, it appears to be a large dome shape, with a cliff-like section at the very top. From the south-west, a series of notches or cloughs are visible in its flanks, giving the hill its distinctive name. The notches vary in size and run across the side of the hillside, but not down it. The largest notch has had part of its floor filled in by a small lake and swamp and is a dramatic gritstone boulder-strewn feature. These notches are thought to have been cut by meltwater flowing south-west from the area of Littledale, along the side of a glacier which occupied the Quernmore valley. They are known as marginal notch channels and are among the best examples of these features in Britain.

Clougha can be reached from the west, by a pleasant path that travels up its slopes by Rowton (spelt variously) Brook and then diagonally up the final steep broken rock section. It can also be reached from the east from Grit Fell, over boggy land along a muddy path that is sometimes difficult to distinguish. An approach from the north, from the direction of Caton, is also possible. A small car park is also available close to Clougha Pike, just off Rigg Lane. Another starting point to ascend Clougha is from the Victorian folly of Jubilee Tower, where there is also a car park.

Its summit furniture includes an Ordnance Survey trig point and a wind shelter. The view west from the top is over Morecambe Bay. On a clear day views from Clougha Pike extend to Snowdonia, the Ribble estuary, the Isle of Man (directly behind Barrow-in-Furness), the fells of the Lake District and many of the Pennine hills. Very rarely, the Mountains of Mourne can be seen to the left of the Isle of Man.

Clougha Pike was one of the lowest of the 100 hills included in Trail magazine's 2007 list of "Britain's Greatest Mountains".

title: Clougha Pike


text:
Talk:American History X

Editorial dispute regarding categories
A disagreement exists between editors as to whether this film should be included in the category Category:Neo-Nazism in the United States. One side feels that the inclusion is warranted because Neo-Nazism in the United States is the subject of the film, the other side feels that the inclusion is not warranted because the film is fiction and not a documentary.

What do other editors think? Beyond My Ken (talk) 23:59, 11 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The category "Neo-Nazism in the United States" is about actual Neo-Nazism, not fictional Neo-Nazism. We don't include Reefer Madness in the category Category:Drugs in the United States. - MagicatthemovieS — Preceding unsigned comment added by MagicatthemovieS (talk • contribs) 20:03, 11 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't see the difference between fiction and non-fiction in this instance. Since Neo-Nazism in the U.S. is what the film is about, and is not incidental to it, but the core of the story, it belongs in the category.  I would also note that it's been oin the category for almost two years, since January 5, 2016, until you removed it. Beyond My Ken (talk) 00:07, 12 October 2017 (UTC)
 * As I said, we do not include works of fiction in "...in the United States" categories because such categories are designed for real events. Pretty Woman is not in the category Category:Sexual harassment in the United States even though it depicts sexual harassment, nor is 12 Years a Slave in the category Category:Racism in the United States even though it depicts racism. No matter how long this article has been in this category, putting it there was a mistake. - MagicatthemovieS — Preceding unsigned comment added by MagicatthemovieS (talk • contribs) 20:03, 11 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Who is this "we" you speak of, and can you please provide a pointer to a policy that covers what you claim is the case? Thanks. Beyond My Ken (talk) 03:09, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

Alternate Ending
I have read online there was an alternate ending - which shows Derek Vinyard after shaving his head and returning to join the Neo-Nazi Skinheads. I cannot verify it. Anyone else read this? RyanDanielst (talk) 06:50, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I saw that too, on the IMDB trivia page. Never seen it though but it would fit the tone better.

title: Talk:American History X


text:
Jacobi field

In Riemannian geometry, a Jacobi field is a vector field along a geodesic $$\gamma$$ in a Riemannian manifold describing the difference between the geodesic and an "infinitesimally close" geodesic. In other words, the Jacobi fields along a geodesic form the tangent space to the geodesic in the space of all geodesics. They are named after Carl Jacobi.

Definitions and properties
Jacobi fields can be obtained in the following way: Take a smooth one parameter family of geodesics $$\gamma_\tau$$ with $$\gamma_0=\gamma$$, then
 * $$J(t)=\left.\frac{\partial\gamma_\tau(t)}{\partial \tau}\right|_{\tau=0}$$

is a Jacobi field, and describes the behavior of the geodesics in an infinitesimal neighborhood of a given geodesic $$\gamma$$.

A vector field J along a geodesic $$\gamma$$ is said to be a Jacobi field if it satisfies the Jacobi equation:
 * $$\frac{D^2}{dt^2}J(t)+R(J(t),\dot\gamma(t))\dot\gamma(t)=0,$$

where D denotes the covariant derivative with respect to the Levi-Civita connection, R the Riemann curvature tensor, $$\dot\gamma(t)=d\gamma(t)/dt$$ the tangent vector field, and t is the parameter of the geodesic. On a complete Riemannian manifold, for any Jacobi field there is a family of geodesics $$\gamma_\tau$$ describing the field (as in the preceding paragraph).

The Jacobi equation is a linear, second order ordinary differential equation; in particular, values of $$J$$ and $$\frac{D}{dt}J$$ at one point of $$\gamma$$ uniquely determine the Jacobi field. Furthermore, the set of Jacobi fields along a given geodesic forms a real vector space of dimension twice the dimension of the manifold.

As trivial examples of Jacobi fields one can consider $$\dot\gamma(t)$$ and $$t\dot\gamma(t)$$. These correspond respectively to the following families of reparametrisations: $$\gamma_\tau(t)=\gamma(\tau+t)$$ and $$\gamma_\tau(t)=\gamma((1+\tau)t)$$.

Any Jacobi field $$J$$ can be represented in a unique way as a sum $$T+I$$, where $$T=a\dot\gamma(t)+bt\dot\gamma(t)$$ is a linear combination of trivial Jacobi fields and $$I(t)$$ is orthogonal to $$\dot\gamma(t)$$, for all $$t$$. The field $$I$$ then corresponds to the same variation of geodesics as $$J$$, only with changed parameterizations.

Motivating example
On a unit sphere, the geodesics through the North pole are great circles. Consider two such geodesics $$\gamma_0$$ and $$\gamma_\tau$$ with natural parameter, $$t\in [0,\pi]$$, separated by an angle $$\tau$$. The geodesic distance
 * $$d(\gamma_0(t),\gamma_\tau(t)) \,$$

is
 * $$d(\gamma_0(t),\gamma_\tau(t))=\sin^{-1}\bigg(\sin t\sin\tau\sqrt{1+\cos^2 t\tan^2(\tau/2)}\bigg).$$

Computing this requires knowing the geodesics. The most interesting information is just that
 * $$d(\gamma_0(\pi),\gamma_\tau(\pi))=0 \,$$, for any $$\tau$$.

Instead, we can consider the derivative with respect to $$\tau$$ at $$\tau=0$$:
 * $$\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau}\bigg|_{\tau=0}d(\gamma_0(t),\gamma_\tau(t))=|J(t)|=\sin t.$$

Notice that we still detect the intersection of the geodesics at $$t=\pi$$. Notice further that to calculate this derivative we do not actually need to know
 * $$d(\gamma_0(t),\gamma_\tau(t)) \,$$,

rather, all we need do is solve the equation
 * $$y''+y=0 \,$$,

for some given initial data.

Jacobi fields give a natural generalization of this phenomenon to arbitrary Riemannian manifolds.

Solving the Jacobi equation
Let $$e_1(0)=\dot\gamma(0)/|\dot\gamma(0)|$$ and complete this to get an orthonormal basis $$\big\{e_i(0)\big\}$$ at $$T_{\gamma(0)}M$$. Parallel transport it to get a basis $$\{e_i(t)\}$$ all along $$\gamma$$. This gives an orthonormal basis with $$e_1(t)=\dot\gamma(t)/|\dot\gamma(t)|$$. The Jacobi field can be written in co-ordinates in terms of this basis as $$J(t)=y^k(t)e_k(t)$$ and thus
 * $$\frac{D}{dt}J=\sum_k\frac{dy^k}{dt}e_k(t),\quad\frac{D^2}{dt^2}J=\sum_k\frac{d^2y^k}{dt^2}e_k(t),$$

and the Jacobi equation can be rewritten as a system
 * $$\frac{d^2y^k}{dt^2}+|\dot\gamma|^2\sum_j y^j(t)\langle R(e_j(t),e_1(t))e_1(t),e_k(t)\rangle=0$$

for each $$k$$. This way we get a linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Since this ODE has smooth coefficients we have that solutions exist for all $$t$$ and are unique, given $$y^k(0)$$ and $${y^k}'(0)$$, for all $$k$$.

Examples
Consider a geodesic $$\gamma(t)$$ with parallel orthonormal frame $$e_i(t)$$, $$e_1(t)=\dot\gamma(t)/|\dot\gamma|$$, constructed as above.
 * The vector fields along $$\gamma$$ given by $$\dot \gamma(t)$$ and $$t\dot \gamma(t)$$ are Jacobi fields.
 * In Euclidean space (as well as for spaces of constant zero sectional curvature) Jacobi fields are simply those fields linear in $$t$$.
 * For Riemannian manifolds of constant negative sectional curvature $$-k^2$$, any Jacobi field is a linear combination of $$\dot\gamma(t)$$, $$t\dot\gamma(t)$$ and $$\exp(\pm kt)e_i(t)$$, where $$i>1$$.
 * For Riemannian manifolds of constant positive sectional curvature $$k^2$$, any Jacobi field is a linear combination of $$\dot\gamma(t)$$, $$t\dot\gamma(t)$$, $$\sin(kt)e_i(t)$$ and $$\cos(kt)e_i(t)$$, where $$i>1$$.
 * The restriction of a Killing vector field to a geodesic is a Jacobi field in any Riemannian manifold.

title: Jacobi field


text:
Eccentric (mechanism)

In mechanical engineering, an eccentric is a circular disk (eccentric sheave) solidly fixed to a rotating axle with its centre offset from that of the axle (hence the word "eccentric", out of the center).

It is used most often in steam engines, and used to convert rotary motion into linear reciprocating motion to drive a sliding valve or pump ram. To do so, an eccentric usually has a groove at its circumference closely fitted a circular collar (eccentric strap). An attached eccentric rod is suspended in such a way that its other end can impart the required reciprocating motion. A return crank fulfills the same function except that it can only work at the end of an axle or on the outside of a wheel whereas an eccentric can also be fitted to the body of the axle between the wheels. Unlike a cam, which also converts rotary into linear motion at almost any rate of acceleration and deceleration, an eccentric or return crank can only impart an approximation of simple harmonic motion.

On bicycles

The term is also used to refer to the device often used on tandem bicycles with timing chains, single-speed bicycles with a rear disc brake or an internal-geared hub, or any bicycle with vertical dropouts and no derailleur, to allow slight repositioning, fore and aft, of a bottom bracket to properly tension the chain.

They may be held in place by a built-in wedge, set screws threaded into the bottom bracket shell, or pinch bolts that tighten a split bottom bracket shell. As a standard sized bottom bracket threads into the eccentric, an oversized bottom bracket shell is required to accommodate the eccentric.

title: Eccentric (mechanism)


text:
Isaac Bickerstaffe

Isaac Bickerstaffe or Bickerstaff (26 September 1733 – after 1808) was an Irish playwright and Librettist.

Early life
Isaac John Bickerstaff was born in Dublin, on 26 September 1733, where his father John Bickerstaff held a government position overseeing the construction and management of sports fields including bowls and tennis courts. The office was abolished in 1745, and he received a pension from the government for the rest of his life.

In his early years, Isaac was a page to Lord Chesterfield, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, which allowed him to mix with fashionable Dublin society. When Chesterfield was replaced in the position in 1745 he arranged for Isaac to be given a commission in the army. In October 1745, Bickerstaff joined the 5th Regiment of Foot known as the Northumberland Fusiliers. He served as an Ensign until 1746, when he was promoted to Lieutenant. The regiment, under the command of Alexander Irwin, was on the Irish Establishment and was based in Kinsale in Ireland. In March 1755, the regiment was moved to Bristol in England. Having recently come into some money, Isaac resigned his commission in August and went on half-pay.

He intended to become a writer, but his first work was published but not performed and he soon ran into financial difficulties. By March 1758, he was so short of money that he joined the Marine Corps as a lieutenant stationed at Plymouth and served through the Seven Years' War. In 1763, following the Treaty of Paris he was honourably discharged as the Corps was reduced in size.

Success
Bickerstaff had first arrived in London in 1755 and worked as a playwright. His years growing up in Dublin, a cultural hub at the time, had greatly influenced his views on writing and the arts. He developed a view that the English language was totally unsuited for singing operas in, however skilled the composer, and that Italian was the natural language. Later in life, he was to challenge this view.

In London he initially struggled, and his first work Leucothoé (1756), a dramatic poem, was a failure. While critically well received by two reviewers, it had not been set to music and performed and was widely ignored. Bickerstaff also hurt his chances of success by publicly criticising David Garrick, the leading actor-manager of the era, for "barbarity" in his recent attempts to set Shakespeare plays to music. These setbacks forced him to return to military service.

In 1760, while still serving in the marine corps, Bickerstaff collaborated with Thomas Arne, the leading British composer, on a light opera Thomas and Sally which was an enormous success. It is possible that Bickerstaff simply wrote the play and approached Arne with it or sent it to the Covent Garden Theatre where he was working. It had its opening night at Covent Garden on 28 November 1760. The play was performed repeatedly in London and soon spread around Britain and across the British Empire. It was also performed in Dublin, Philadelphia and Kingston, Jamaica. They subsequently worked together on Judith, an oratorio first performed at Drury Lane in February 1760. He went on to produce many successful comedies based on Marivaux and other French playwrights and opera librettos.

In 1762 he and Arne wrote Love in a Village, considered the first English comic opera.

His The Maide of the Mill (1765), with music by Samuel Arnold and others, was also very successful. Bickerstaffe also wrote bowdlerised versions of plays by William Wycherley and Pedro Calderon de la Barca. His Love in the City (1767), The Padlock (1768), based on "The Jealous Husband" in Cervantes' Novelas (this included the character Mungo, a negro servant played by Dibdin, one of the earliest comic black roles in English drama). He also wrote The Life of Ambrose Guinet (1770).

Exile
In 1770, a newspaper published a false report that in a fit of despair, he had thrown himself into the sea in the south of France, and perished.

In 1772, Bickerstaffe fled to the Continent, suspected of homosexuality. The actor-producer David Garrick was implicated in the scandal by the lampoon Love in the Suds by William Kenrick. The remainder of his life seems to have been passed in penury and misery, but little is known.

However, in March 1772, it was reported that he was writing a small piece, which was to be called the Coterie, and would be performed at the Haymarket theatre that summer.

In early August 1772, it was reported that "Bickerstaff...who lately absconded for a detestable crime, died miserably a few days ago in Sussex". However this again appears to have been a false report, as records indicate he was still receiving his army half pay in 1808. "It seems he may have died soon after this."

Long after Bickerstaffe's disappearance, his colleague Charles Dibdin was frequently accused of plagiarising his songs.

Selected works

 * Leucothoé (1756)
 * Thomas and Sally; or, The Sailor's Return (1760)
 * Judith (1761)
 * Love in a Village (1762)
 * Daphne and Amintor (1765)
 * The Maid of the Mill (1765)
 * The Plain Dealer (1766)
 * Love in the City (1767), better known as adapted into The Romp
 * The Padlock (1768)
 * The Hypocrite (1768)
 * Lionel and Clarissa (1768)
 * The Royal Garland (1768)
 * Doctor Last in his Chariot (1769)
 * The Captive (1769)
 * The Recruiting Serjeant (1770)
 * He Wou'd If He Cou'd; or, An Old Fool Worse Than Any (1771)
 * A School for Fathers (1772)
 * The Sultan; or, A Peep into the Seraglio (1775)
 * The Spoil'd Child (1792) (authorship questioned)

title: Isaac Bickerstaffe


text:
User:Danakil

Danakil. Ultimately, from the Dhalak Archipelago of Dankalia, Eritrea.

Interests (in no particular order):

 * Mesoamerican languages, esp. Aztec(Nahuatl), Totonac and Huaxtec(Tenek)
 * Programming languages, esp. APL,J,NGL,K,FP,FL,ALGOL-68,Miranda
 * Cognitive linguistics, esp. Whorf,Wittgenstein,Lakoff,Deacon,Korzybsky,Kuhn (yes, T.Kuhn)
 * Geophysics, esp. Expansion Tectonics
 * Aerospace science, esp. Hybrid-fuel rocket engines, Aerodynamics (particularly interested in non-Bernoulli explanations of lift)
 * Mesoamerican history, esp. Izapan,Teotihuacan,Cuicuilco,Cotzumalhuapan,Tamoanchan
 * Biological anthropology, esp. Human origins,AAT(H)
 * Ancient languages, esp. Sumerian and Ancient Egyptian
 * Algorithms, esp. matrix-based non-iterative versions of the common ones
 * Bioinformatics, esp. fast sequence matching algorithms
 * Complexity, esp. Kauffman and his work on the "4th law" of thermodynamics
 * Paleoclimate, esp. as its effects on animal evolution and human history
 * Macroevolution, esp. its recurring patterns and their environmental contexts
 * English language, esp. its mono- and quasimono-syllabic features, and as a de facto universal language
 * Proto-languages, esp. their relationship with human history
 * Language isolates, esp. Basque,Tarascan(Purépecha),Sumerian
 * Ancient tool industries, esp. Solutrean
 * Quantitative linguistics, esp. Latent Semantic Analysis,Principal Components,Statistical Clustering&Identification
 * Language Origins, esp. in its relation to biological anthropology
 * Evemeristic legends/myths, esp. ancient egyptian,sumerian,mesoamerican,greek
 * Alternative mathematical/algorithmic notations, esp. following Iverson's, Backus', and M.B.Well's work
 * Quantum mechanics interpretations, I know... this is the one that will probably tear me to pieces

Likes:

 * Arabian horses, ivory-colored Labrador Retrievers, Beta Splendens, King Cobras, White Siberian tigers, Hummingbirds, young Wombats
 * Unlimited-class racing Hydroplanes, original Yellow XP Sea-Doo watercraft, 16' Hobbie Cats
 * Ford GT-40, Ferrari Modena, 1995 Mustang Convertible, McLaren F1
 * North-American XB-70 Valkyrie, Concorde SST, X-15, Cessna 185 Skywagon, Cessna Cardinal RG, P-51 Mustang, competition sailplanes, Sukhoi Su-37
 * IBM Thinkpad laptops with Track-Point cursor control
 * ALGOL 68
 * Solitude
 * Fireplaces
 * Little-known underdogs -- (such as Northrop's F-5/F-20 and Lockheed's F-104 Starfighter/Lancer, in their competition against McDonnel-Douglas' F-15)
 * Chocolate, butter cookies
 * South American sweet-flute music, Colombian music (Carlos Vives, Bacilos)
 * Tropical thunderstorms, warm shallow tropical seas, pine-covered mountains

Contributions: Currently ranked within the top-500 in number of edits. Mostly in the areas of Mesoamerican and Programming languages.

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(f( o )f)(x)

title: User:Danakil


text:
Grit Fell

Grit Fell is a lonely hill between Clougha Pike and Ward's Stone in the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire, England. Covered by heather and large bogs, it is difficult walking country. The path from Jubilee Tower car park in the south is difficult and treacherous, with sheer-sided bogs 6 ft deep. The path from Clougha Pike in the west is better, but still contains bogs crossed by the odd plank of wood. The path from Ward's Stone is the most treacherous of all. Crossing Cabin Flat, it weaves its way across hidden pools of stagnant water, the presence of which is betrayed by a form of red grass.

The summit is fairly inconspicuous, with only cairns and a wall.

title: Grit Fell