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Airhead

An airhead is a designated area in a hostile or threatened territory which, when seized and held, allows the air landing of further teams and materiel via an airbridge, and provides the maneuver and preparation space necessary for projected operations. Normally, it is the area seized in the assault phase of an airborne operation. It may also be used as a staging or refueling point for less permanent operations.

Typically, an airhead is established by helicopter-landed or paratrooper forces, and often will take place at an airport (to allow conventional transport to land later on) or at a helicopter or glider-accessible area.

Notable airhead operations include Battle of Crete and Operation Market Garden during World War II, and Operation Just Cause in Panama in 1989. Operation Castor was intended to establish an offensive airhead, but quickly degenerated into the Siege of Dien Bien Phu. Another recent example includes the Battle of Hostomel Airport.

title: Airhead


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Talk:Realistic DX-60

i just bought one these at a flea market, for the whopping sum of .95 cents. A broke string and looks like two bad caps. Looking for a schematic. keith kf4tap@yahoo.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Realistic DX-60


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Category:Vaporware

Vaporware (or vapourware) is a term applied to software or hardware which is announced by a developer well in advance of release, but which then fails to emerge, either with or without a protracted development cycle. The term implies deception, or at least a negligent degree of optimism; that is, it implies that the announcer knows that product development is in too early a stage to support responsible statements about its completion date, feature set, or even feasibility. It is arguable that games which remain in development hell are vaporware although this is obviously open to interpretation. This category contains articles on products (hardware, software, other) that can be considered (or were once considered) vaporware.

title: Category:Vaporware


text: Category:Provinces of Ecuador

title: Category:Provinces of Ecuador


text:
User:Dawnthomas

I am Dawn Thomas,a happy-go-lucky guy born in 1984 in India.I am presently(2004) pusruing my study of Architecture in the Kharagpur .I am interested in Programming(especially Assembly and code Obfuscation ) ,Genetics,Physics,Economics ,Organic Chemistry,Mathematics and since i am an architect-in-making I am definitely interested in Art.In short i find almost anything interesting resulting in my knowledge being too wide and too shallow.

title: User:Dawnthomas


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River Shuttle

The River Shuttle is a small tributary of the River Cray in London, United Kingdom.

The river rises at two or more springs between Avery Hill and Eltham in the Royal Borough of Greenwich at the junction of the permeable Blackheath Beds and the denser Woolwich Beds. It flows east through the parkland of Avery Hill, then crosses into the London Borough of Bexley and continues through Parish Wood Park and Hollyoak Wood Park, Willersley Park, Marlborough Park and Sidcup Golf Course, where it feeds a lake in the grounds of Lamorbey Mansion (c. 1750) a house now within the Rose Bruford College campus. Continuing east, it flows through Bexley Woods and then follows the south side of the major A2 London-to-Dover road and through the grounds of Beths Grammar School until it flows into the River Cray just south of Hall Place.

A walk called the Shuttle Riverway follows the river for its entire length of five miles (about 8 km). This was created following a persistent campaign by Donald Stringer of Brookdale Road. The walk follows the river where possible but also uses woods, parks, alleyways and some linking roads.

A tributary, the Wyncham Stream, flows into the Shuttle in Hollyoak Wood Park. Its route from the Sports Grounds on the A20 to Holly Oak Park, takes it past Dulverton Primary School, under the Dartford to London via Sidcup railway line, the Old Farm Avenue allotments and under Halfway Street.

title: River Shuttle


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U.S. Route 310

U.S. Route 310 (US 310) is a spur of historic U.S. Route 10, now Interstate 90. It runs for 108 mi from Laurel, Montana, to Greybull, Wyoming. It passes through the states of Montana and Wyoming. Near the town of Lovell, Wyoming, US 310 is concurrent with US 14A for approximately 3 mi.

Route description
US 310 starts at a junction with US 14, US 16, and US 20 west of Greybull; Highway 789 continues north along US 310 through the desert. Near the town of Lovell, US 310 passes by Lovell Lakes before turning west through a brief stretch of farmland that extends into Cowley. From Cowley, the highway runs west to Deaver, then due north to Frannie, where it straddles the boundary between Big Horn County and Park County. Just to the north of Frannie, US 310 bends slightly to the west, so that the road is actually inside Park County by about 400 feet before reaching the Montana state line. At the state line, Wyoming Highway 789 ends and US 310 continues northwest into the desert. At the junction with Montana Highway 72, US 310 turns north, passing through farmland and the towns of Bridger and Fromberg before running concurrently with US 212. The highway enters the city of Laurel, where US 212 continues onto I-90, and US 310 ends at Main Street.

History
Historically, US 310 intersected with US 10 at Laurel. After 1986, when US 10 was decommissioned west of West Fargo, North Dakota, US 310 no longer connected to its "parent" route.

title: U.S. Route 310


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Hodh El Gharbi Region

Hodh El Gharbi (ولاية الحوض الغربي) is a region in southern Mauritania, with an area of 53,400 square km. The population at the 2013 census was 294,109. Its capital is Aïoun (formerly called Ayoun el Atrous). The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Tagant to the north, Hodh Ech Chargui to the east and Assaba to the west. To the south in borders Mali, and a part of Malian territory protrudes into the region. The Aoukar basin, which formerly gave name to a greater region, is located in the northern and central part of Hodh El Gharbi, extending eastwards.

As of 2013, the population of the region was 294,109, compared to 274,443 in 2011. There were 47.53 per cent females and 52.47 per cent males. As of 2008, the activity rate was 52.00 and economic dependency ratio was 0.88. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 67.10.

Geography
Mauritania is mostly covered with desert, with only its western regions around the coast of Atlantic Ocean having some vegetation. There are some oasis in the desert regions. Since it is a desert, there are large shifting dunes forming temporary ranges. The average elevation is around 460 m above the mean sea level. The rainfall in the northern regions closer to the Tropic of Cancer receives around 100 mm of annual rainfall compared to the southern portions that receives around 660 mm. The average temperature is 37.8 C, while during the night it reaches 0 C.

Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in the 1970s and the early 1980s. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to 250 mm of rainfall.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 294,109, compared to 274,443 in 2011. There were 47.53 per cent females and 52.47 per cent males. As of 2008, the Couples with children was 53.80 and Couples without children was 3.70. The proportion with extended family was 17.70 per cent and extended single-parent was 8.40 per cent, one-person was 1.60 per cent, and single-parent nuclear was 14.80 per cent.

As of 2008, the rate of household confirming the existence of public telephone in their neighbourhood or village was 57.64, rate of households benefiting from electricity post in their neighbourhood was 1.91 per cent, rate of households benefiting from health center or health post in their neighbourhood was 4.84 per cent, and rate of households benefiting from sanitary services was 0.32 per cent.

Economy
As of 2008, the activity rate was 52.00 and economic dependency ratio was 0.88. The fraction of people working in government was 8.90 per cent, individual / household private was 51.30 per cent, other was 38.60 per cent, para public was 0.40 per cent, and private enterprise was 0.90 per cent. The Grand Total as of 2008 was 584.98. As of 2013, the coverage rate of DPT3 Children From 0 to 11 Months in the region was 68.20 per cent, BGC vaccination was 85.20 and polio vaccination coverage was 67.60. As of 2007, the number of tourist establishments in the region was 3. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 67.10. The net enrolment ratio of girls for secondary level was 11.30 per cent, net enrolment ratio of boys for secondary level was 8.40 per cent, and Total net enrolment ratio at secondary level was 9.90 per cent.

Local administration

The local administration is adopted from French local administration framework with a Ministry of Internal Control governing the local bodies. The original administration was held by Governors of each district, but after the municipal elections in 1994, the powers has been decentralized from the district bodies. Mauritania has been divided into 13 wilayas (regions), including the Nouakchott Capital District. The smallest administrative division in the country is the commune and the country has 216 of them. A group of communes form a moughataa (department) and the group of moughataa form a district. There are total of 53 moughataa for the 13 districts in the country. The executive power of the district is vested on a district chief, while it is on hakem for moughataa. Out of the 216 communes, 53 classified as urban and rest 163 are rural.

The communes are responsible for overseeing and coordinating development activities and are financed by the state. The Local Governments have their own legal jurisdiction, financial autonomy, an annual budget, staff, and an office. The elections for the local government are conducted every five years along with Regional and Parliamentary elections. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Hodh El Gharbi Region is divided into four departments, listed below with their area and populations at the 2013 census.

title: Hodh El Gharbi Region


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Pamukkale

Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle" in Turkish, is a natural site in Denizli Province in southwestern Turkey. The area is famous for a carbonate mineral left by the flowing of thermal spring water. It is located in Turkey's Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate climate for most of the year.

The ancient Greek city of Hierapolis was built on top of the travertine formation which is in total about 2700 m long, 600 m wide and 160 m high. It can be seen from the hills on the opposite side of the valley in the town of Denizli, 20 km away. This area has been drawing visitors to its thermal springs since the time of classical antiquity. The Turkish name refers to the surface of the shimmering, snow-white limestone, shaped over millennia by calcite-rich springs. Dripping slowly down the mountainside, mineral-rich waters collect in and cascade down the mineral terraces, into pools below. It was added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988 along with Hierapolis.

Geology
Pamukkale's terraces are made of travertine, a sedimentary rock deposited by mineral water from the hot springs. In this area, there are 17 hot springs with temperatures ranging from 35 C to 100 C. The water that emerges from the spring is transported 320 m to the head of the travertine terraces and deposits calcium carbonate on a section 60 to 70 m long covering an expanse of 24 m to 30 m. When the water, supersaturated with calcium carbonate, reaches the surface, carbon dioxide de-gasses from it, and calcium carbonate is deposited. Calcium carbonate is deposited by the water as a soft gel which eventually crystallizes into travertine.

Archaeology
There are only a few historical facts known about the origin of the city. No traces of the presence of Hittites or Persians have been found. The Phrygians built a temple, probably in the first half of the 7th century BC. This temple, originally used by the citizens of the nearby town of Laodicea, would later form the centre of Hierapolis. Hierapolis was founded as a thermal spa early in the 2nd century BC within the sphere of the Seleucid Empire. Antiochus the Great sent 2,000 Jewish families to Lydia and Phrygia from Babylon and Mesopotamia, later joined by more from Judea. The Jewish congregation grew in Hierapolis and has been estimated as high as 50,000 in 62 BC. Hierapolis became a healing centre where doctors used the thermal springs as a treatment for their patients. The city began minting bronze coins in the 2nd century BC. These coins give the name Hieropolis. It remains unclear whether this name referred to the original temple (ἱερόν, hieron) or honoured Hiera, the wife of Telephus, son of Heracles and the Mysian princess Auge. This name eventually changed into Hierapolis ("holy city"). In 133 BC, when Attalus III died, he bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Hierapolis thus became part of the Roman province of Asia. In AD 17, during the rule of Emperor Tiberius, a major earthquake destroyed the city.

Through the influence of the Christian Apostle Paul, a church was founded here while he was at Ephesus. The Christian Apostle Philip spent the last years of his life here. The town's Martyrium was alleged to have been built upon the spot where Philip was crucified in AD 80. His daughters were also said to have acted as prophetesses in the region. During the 4th century, the Christians filled Pluto's Gate (a ploutonion) with stones, suggesting that Christianity had become the dominant religion and had begun displacing other faiths in the area. Originally a see of Phrygia Pacatiana, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian raised the bishop of Hierapolis to the rank of metropolitan in 531. The Roman baths were transformed to a Christian basilica. During the Byzantine period, the city continued to flourish and also remained an important centre for Christianity.

Museum
The museum contains historical artifacts from Hierapolis, as well as those from Laodiceia, Colossae, Tripolis, Attuda and other towns of the Lycos (Çürüksu) valley. The museum also has a section devoted to artifacts found at Beycesultan Hüyük that includes examples of Bronze Age craft. Artifacts from the Caria, Pisidia and Lydia regions are also on display. The museum's exhibition space consists of three halls of the vaulted Hierapolis Bath buildings and the open-air areas in the eastern side which are known to have been used as the library and gymnasium. The artifacts in open exhibition space are mostly marble and stone.

World Heritage Site

Pamukkale is recognized as a World Heritage Site together with Hierapolis. Hierapolis-Pamukkale was made a World Heritage Site in 1988. It is a tourist attraction because of this status and its natural beauty.

Sister cities
The city of Pamukkale has two sister cities:
 * 🇭🇺 Eger, Hungary
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, United States

Similar places
These locations are also well known for their travertine formations:
 * Badab-e Surt in Iran
 * Mammoth Hot Springs in the United States
 * Pink and White Terraces in New Zealand
 * Hierve el Agua in Mexico
 * Bagni San Filippo in Siena, Italy
 * Baishuitai in China
 * Tatev in Armenia
 * Terme di Saturnia in Italy
 * Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area in Sichuan, China
 * Kaklik Cave in Denizli, Turkey

title: Pamukkale


text:
Talk:Ryongchon County

County, not city
I have corrected the English-language article to reflect that Ryongchon is a kun (county), not a si (city). For some reason the Korean Wikipedia article says it's a city (perhaps it was translated from the English-language article). Anyway, this is just a note to explain the discrepancy so it doesn't get changed back. You can check the several Korean-language external encyclopedia links to verify it's a kun. --Reuben 19:59, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for checking that! -- Visviva 04:38, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Non-English external links
I just removed this template from the article as it links to (several) non-English language sites. this is discouraged on the English-language Wikipedia. Particularly since this article is a stub it seemed that these links could be useful to editors who can read Korean, so I've moved them here.

--Siobhan Hansa 01:49, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * From Manual_of_Style_(links): "Since this is the English Wikipedia, webpages in English are highly preferred. Linking to non-English pages may still be useful for readers in some cases: when the website is the subject of the article; when linking to pages with maps, diagrams, photos, tables; explain the key terms with the link, so that people who do not know the language can still interpret them; when the webpage contains key information found on no English-language site." So yes, English-language links are preferred, and if you can find any good ones, please add them. Otherwise, the Korean-language encyclopedias contain maps, diagrams, and photos, as well as information that's not in any English-language site.  --Reuben 02:55, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I was trying to find out about Ryongchong so I did look at each link. Two of the sites have no images at all on the pages linked to (except for adds on one), one site has a map but it's not clear what the map is, and one has a photo, again it's not clear what the photo is of. Since the links provided do not provide information, even images, that are comprehensible to someone who cannot read Korean they still fail this exception and should not be on the article page under external links. --Siobhan Hansa 12:53, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see where any Wikipedia policy says that external links in foreign languages must "provide information [...] that['s] comprehensible to someone who cannot read Korean." To quote the actual policy again, "[l]inking to non-English pages may still be useful for readers in some cases: [...] when the webpage contains key information found on no English-language site."  I agree it would be nice to explain the map and images, but the best approach to that would be to provide more information, not to remove the links altogether.  Could you provide a quote or a wikilink to the specific guideline you have in mind? --Reuben 18:49, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd love to be able to explain the map and photo - but I have no idea what they are since I don't read Korean! I  think the map and photo would probably be great links if an English language explanation was provided, especially since there are no illustrations on the article itself.

 * On the guideline I'm following - it's the same as you, with the added emphasis of external links guidelines which is specifically about external links sections and does incorporate the needs of links to sources. I take Linking to non-English pages may still be useful for readers in some cases to mean that those links should be useful to English readers, that seems to be the point of the guideline in the first place and is reinforced by the request to explain the key terms with the link, so that people who do not know the language can still interpret them when linking to maps etc..  The guideline lists some of the exceptions where a non-English link might be useful, but the links above do not seem to fit them, or to be useful (to English readers) in any other way as they are. --Siobhan Hansa 00:47, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll work on better identifying the maps. I think that can be usefully worked into Visviva's template.  Maybe something similar can be done for the photos too.  The articles for second-level divisions of North Korea are still in their infancy, and in most cases these Korean-language encyclopedias are the source of almost all the info in the article.  I don't know of any English-language source that could replace them.  So how does that not fit "the webpage contains key information found on no English-language site"?  I agree that the links should be as useful as possible to readers with no knowledge of Korean, but when there simply aren't English-language equivalents, I think it's still useful to have the Korean-language links.  A good fraction of the readers of this article will have some knowledge of Korean (at least the alphabet).  --Reuben 01:15, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't understand that they were sources. In that case I completely agree they need to be in the article.  I hope this has at least been useful in identifying the images to, hopefully, be singled out with a little English explanation and hasn't just been a waste of your time on the back and forth.  It would probably help readers like me (and would also give due credit to the sites) if they went under a references heading, rather than external links - just a suggestion. -- Siobhan Hansa 01:29, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it might be a good idea to label them as references instead. I have added a map link to the template, so that people can at least find the maps (although they are still in Korean). --Reuben 01:45, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ryongchon County


text:
U.S. Route 211

U.S. Route 211 (US 211) is a spur of US 11 in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known for most of its length as Lee Highway, the U.S. Highway runs 59.09 mi from Interstate 81 (I-81) and Virginia State Route 211 (SR 211) in New Market east to US 15 Business, US 29 Business, and US 211 Business in Warrenton. US 211 connects the Shenandoah Valley with the Piedmont town of Warrenton via Luray and Sperryville, where the highway runs concurrently with US 340 and US 522, respectively.

Route description
US 211 begins at a diamond interchange with I-81 just west of the town of New Market. Old Cross Road continues west as SR 211, a state-numbered extension of the U.S. Highway that runs west to Timberville. US 211 heads into the town as a four-lane divided highway that reduces to a two-lane undivided road prior to turning north onto US 11 (Congress Street). The highway runs concurrently with US 11 north to two-lane Lee Highway, onto which US 211 turns east. The U.S. Highway expands to a four-lane divided highway after leaving the town of New Market. US 211 becomes a three-lane road, with two lanes in the ascending direction and one on the descending side, for its curvaceous path over Massanutten Mountain, which summits at New Market Gap at the Shenandoah–Page county line.

US 211 expands to a four-lane divided highway again just west of its junction with US 340 at the hamlet of Intersections. The two highways pass through the hamlets of Salem, Whitehouse Landing—where the highways cross the South Fork Shenandoah River—and pass Luray Caverns at the west end of the town of Luray. US 211 Business (Main Street) passes through the center of town while US 211 and US 340 bypass the town to the north. US 340 splits north at a diamond interchange with Broad Street, which heads south into town as US 340 Business. US 211 crosses over Norfolk Southern Railway's Hagerstown District line just west of its intersection with the east end of US 211 Business (Main Street).

US 211 reduces to three lanes (two ascending, one descending) for its crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains within Shenandoah National Park. The U.S. Highway reaches its summit at Thornton Gap, where the highway has an interchange with Skyline Drive and enters Rappahannock County. US 211 follows the Thornton River as a two-lane road east to Sperryville, where the highway becomes concurrent with US 522 (Sperryville Pike). The U.S. Highways follow a four-lane divided highway past Rediviva to the Rappahannock County seat of Washington. US 211 Business heads north onto town as Main Street and rejoins US 211 and US 522 as Warren Street adjacent to the historic Calvert Mill/Washington Mill. Just east of Rose Hill, US 522 splits north as Zachary Taylor Highway. US 211 passes through Amissville and briefly through Culpeper County, where the highway meets the northern end of SR 229 (Rixeyville Road).

US 211 crosses the Rappahannock River at Waterloo and enters Fauquier County. The highway enters the town of Warrenton as Frost Street south of Fauquier High School. At its intersection with US 17 Business and US 29 Business (Broadview Avenue), US 211 Business continues straight toward downtown Warrenton as Waterloo Street while the mainline U.S. Highway turns north concurrent with the business routes, which pass through a commercial area. The highway curves east at its northern junction with US 17 Business (Broadview Avenue) and continues as Lee Highway. US 211 reaches its eastern terminus at Blackwell Road, which heads south as US 15 Business and north as SR 672. US 15 Business and US 29 Business continue east along Lee Highway a short distance to their northern termini at an interchange with US 15, US 17, and US 29.

Precursor: Virginia State Route 21
Virginia State Route 21 was an original state route defined by the Virginia General Assembly as part of a 4002 mi state highway system in January 1918. Running from Warrenton through Manassas and Fairfax to the Highway Bridge over the Potomac River at Washington, D.C. In 1921, VA 21 was rerouted around Manassas and also rerouted at Fairfax eastward through Falls Church along Lee Highway to a terminus at the Aqueduct Bridge (replaced by the nearby Key Bridge in 1923). This new route was roughly that of present-day US 29 from Warrenton to Washington, D.C.

Also in December 1921, VA 21 was extended westward from Warrenton to what was then VA 7 at Massies Corner. It was then continued concurrently with VA 7 to Washington, Virginia. The following year, VA 21 was extended yet further west, first to Sperryville concurrent with VA 7, and then west through Luray to a terminus at VA 3 (now US 11) New Market, replacing VA 16.

In 1926 following the creation of U.S. Numbered Highway System, US 211 and US 50 designations were added to VA 21 (US 211 from New Market to Fairfax and US 50 from Fairfax to Washington, D.C.). In July 1933, VA 21 was removed from the state highway system as part of a commonwealth-wide renumbering scheme.

US 211
US 211 was an original US Highway, debuting in late 1926. It ran concurrently with the portion of what was then Virginia State Route 21 from New Market to Fairfax. US 211 begins on Old Cross Road. In 1928, US 211 was extended eastward to Washington, D.C., along the remainder of VA 21, replacing what had been US 50. (US 50 was relocated to the south along the route of what is now VA 236 from Fairfax to Alexandria.)

In 1934, US 29 was added to the route of US 211 from Warrenton to Washington, D.C. When it was extended to Washington, D.C. it was about 101 miles long.

In July 1980, the US 29/US 211 concurrency was eliminated. The eastern terminus of US 211 was truncated from Washington, D.C., to its current end in Warrenton, leaving US 29 on that route.

Luray business route
U.S. Route 211 Business (US 211 Business) is a business route of US 211 in Page County. The highway runs 4.10 mi between from US 211 and US 340 west of Luray to US 211 east of Luray. US 211 Business follows Main Street through the downtown area, where the business route crosses Hawksbill Creek and intersects US 340 Business, which heads south as Virginia Avenue and north as Broad Street to reconnect with US 340. At the east edge of downtown, US 211 Business has an at-grade intersection with Norfolk Southern Railway's Hagerstown District, which the highway parallels to its eastern terminus at US 211 east of the town.

Washington business route
U.S. Route 211 Business (US 211 Business) is a business route of US 211 in Rappahannock County. The highway runs 1.50 mi between junctions with US 211 and US 522 on the south and east sides, respectively, of Washington. US 211 Business, which is coexistent with unsigned US 522 Business for its entire length, follows Main Street to the center of town and turns east onto Warren Avenue to return to US 211. The business route serves many art galleries and inns, including The Inn at Little Washington.

Warrenton business route
U.S. Route 211 Business (US 211 Business) is a business route of US 211 in Fauquier County. The highway runs 1.76 mi from US 211, US 17 Business, and US 29 Business on the west side of Warrenton east to US 211, US 15 Business, and US 29 Business on the north side of Warrenton. The latter intersection also serves as the eastern terminus of US 211. US 211 Business heads east as Waterloo Street into the center of Warrenton. At US 15 Business (Main Street), the business route veers north onto Alexandria Pike. When Alexandria Pike veers east, US 211 Business and US 15 Business continue north on Blackwell Road to the former business route's northern terminus at Lee Highway.

title: U.S. Route 211


text:
Hodh Ech Chargui Region

Hodh Ech Chargui (ولاية الحوض الشرقي) is a large region in eastern Mauritania, with an area of 182,700 km2. Its capital is Néma, but the largest town, in Bassiknou Department, is Fassala (or Vassale) at the extreme southeast of Mauritania, with 65,927 inhabitants at the 2013 census. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Adrar, Tagant and Hodh El Gharbi to the west and Mali to the east and south. The Aoukar basin, which formerly gave name to a greater region, is located in the western part of Hodh Ech Chargui.

As of 2013, the population of the region was 430,668, compared to 363,071 in 2011. There were 47.71 percent females and 52.29 percent males. As of 2008, the activity rate was 61.50 and economic dependency ratio was 1.11. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 53.90.

The local government is headed by an elected district representative, while the elections for the local government are conducted every five years. Due to the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Geography
Mauritania is mostly covered with desert, with only its western regions around the coast of Atlantic Ocean having some vegetation. There are some oasis in the desert regions. Since it is a desert, there are large shifting dunes forming temporary ranges. The average elevation is around 460 m above the mean sea level. The northern regions closer to the Tropic of Cancer receive around 100 mm of annual rainfall compared to the southern portions that receive around 660 mm. The average temperature is 37.8 C, while during winter nights it may even reach 0 C.

Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in the 1970s and the 1980s. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to 250 mm of rainfall.

From 1 September to 8 September 2020, torrential rains topping 100mm fell near the border with Mali, causing widespread damage, particularly in the Bassiknou department.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 430,668, compared to 363,071 in 2011. There were 47.71 per cent females and 52.29 per cent males.

As of 2008, the rate of household confirming the existence of public telephone in their neighbourhood or village was 57.70, rate of households benefiting from electricity post in their neighbourhood was 1.99 per cent, rate of households benefiting from health center or health post in their neighbourhood was 13.62 per cent, and rate of households benefiting from sanitary services was 0.40 per cent. As of 2008, the couples with children was 45.60 and couples without children was 5.10. The proportion with extended family was 19.90 per cent and extended single-parent was 7.80 per cent, one-person was 2.80 per cent, and single-parent nuclear was 18.80 per cent.

Economy, health and education
As of 2008, the activity rate was 61.50 and economic dependency ratio was 1.11. The fraction of people working in government was 2.40 percent, individual / household private was 34.00 percent, other was 58.50 percent, para public was 0.30 percent, and private enterprise was 4.80 percent. The Grand Total as of 2008 was 566.31.

As of 2013, the coverage rate of DPT3 Children From 0 to 11 Months in the region was 78.90 percent, BGC vaccination was 87.40 and polio vaccination coverage was 75.30. As of 2007, there were 5 total tourist establishments. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 53.90. The net enrollment ratio of girls for secondary level was 6.60 per cent, net enrollment ratio of boys for secondary level was 7.70 per cent, and total net enrollment ratio at secondary level was 7.00 percent.

Local Administration
The local administration is adopted from French local administration framework with a Ministry of Internal Control governing the local bodies. The original administration was held by Governors of each district, but after the municipal elections in 1994, the powers has been decentralized from the district bodies. Mauritania has been divided into 13 wilayas (regions), including the Nouakchott Capital District. The smallest administrative division in the country is the commune and the country has 216 of them. A group of communes form a moughataa (department) and the group of moughataa form a district. There are total of 53 moughataa for the 13 districts in the country. The executive power of the district is vested on a district chief, while it is on hakem for moughataa. Out of the 216 communes, 53 classified as urban and rest 163 are rural.

The communes are responsible for overseeing and coordinating development activities and are financed by the state. The Local Governments have their own legal jurisdiction, financial autonomy, an annual budget, staff, and an office. The elections for the local government are conducted every five years along with Regional and Parliamentary elections. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Hodh Ech Chargui is divided into seven departments, listed below with their area and populations at the 2013 Census.

title: Hodh Ech Chargui Region


text:
Bear (disambiguation)

A bear is a carnivoran mammal of the family Ursidae.

Bear or Bears may also refer to:

Places

 * Bear (barony), County Cork, Ireland
 * Bear, Arkansas, United States, an unincorporated place
 * Bear, Delaware, United States, a census-designated place
 * Bear, Idaho, United States, an unincorporated place
 * Bear Brook (disambiguation)
 * Bear Cave, Romania
 * Bear Creek (disambiguation)
 * Bear Island (disambiguation)
 * Bear Mountain (disambiguation)
 * Bear River (disambiguation)
 * Bear Seamount, an underwater volcano in the Atlantic Ocean
 * Bears, Friesland, Netherlands, a village

People

 * Bear (surname), any of several people with this family name
 * Bear (nickname), any of several people nicknamed "Bear" or "the Bear"
 * Bear McCreary (born 1979), American musician

Characters

 * Bear, the main character from the TV series Bear in the Big Blue House
 * Bear, a character from the TV series WordWorld
 * Bear, a Railway Series character
 * Bear, a character from .hack, a multimedia franchise
 * The Bear (Bo' Selecta!), a comic character created by Leigh Francis
 * King Bear, a recurring character in the Tara Duncan book series
 * Bear, a character in the Adventure Time animated series episode "In Your Footsteps"
 * Br'er Bear, a character from the Disney picture film Song of the South

Films

 * Bear (2010 film), a US natural horror film
 * Bear (2011 film), a black comedy short film by Nash Edgerton
 * Bears (film), a 2014 Disneynature film
 * The Bear (1938 film), a Soviet drama
 * The Bear (1984 film), an American biopic about football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant
 * The Bear (1988 film), a French adventure-drama
 * The Bear (1998 film), a British animated television short
 * The Bear (2012 film), an Iranian film (original release Khers)

Literature

 * Bear (novel), by Marian Engel
 * The Bear (fairy tale)
 * The Bear (play), by Anton Chekhov
 * "The Bear", a short story by William Faulkner from Go Down, Moses
 * The Bear, a children's book by Raymond Briggs
 * The Bear, a novel by Claire Cameron
 * The Bear, a novel by Andrew Krivak
 * Bear, a novel by Ben Queen

Music

 * The Bears (band), an American power pop band formed in 1985
 * The Bears (album), 1987
 * Symphony No. 82 (Haydn), popularly known as the Bear Symphony
 * The Bear (album), by Element Eighty

Radio stations

 * CFBR-FM, "100.3 The Bear", Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
 * CKNL-FM, "101.5 The Bear", Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada
 * CKQB-FM in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (identified as "106.9 The Bear" from 1994–2009 and 2011–2014)
 * CKRX-FM, "102.3 The Bear", Fort Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
 * KQBR, Texas, United States
 * Touch FM (Stratford-upon-Avon) also known as The Bear 102, Stratford-upon-Avon, England
 * WBRW, "105.3 the Bear", Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
 * WBYR, "98.9 the Bear", Woodburn, Indiana, United States
 * WEKS, "The Bear 92.5", Zebulon, Georgia, United States
 * WNBB, "97.9 the Bear", Bayboro, North Carolina, United States
 * WZGM, "96.1 the Bear", Black Mountain, North Carolina, United States

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Bear (comics), by Jamie Smart
 * "Bear", a 1984 TV ad known for its "bear in the woods" line, for presidential candidate Ronald Reagan
 * "Bears", an episode of the television series Zoboomafoo
 * The Bear (opera), by William Walton
 * The Bear (TV series), a 2022 television series on FX on Hulu
 * "Bears", a Series B episode of the television series QI (2004)
 * "Bear", 4th episode of Servant (TV Series)

Brands and enterprises

 * Bear (St. Paul's Churchyard), a historical bookseller in London
 * Bear Inn, Cowbridge, Wales
 * The Bear, Oxford, England
 * Microsoft Bear, a project mascot
 * Nestlé Bear Brand, a powdered milk and sterilized milk brand

Collegiate

 * Baylor Bears, United States
 * Brown Bears, United States
 * California Golden Bears, United States
 * Central Arkansas Bears, United States
 * Mercer Bears, United States
 * Missouri State Bears, United States
 * Morgan State Bears, United States
 * Northern Colorado Bears, United States
 * NYIT Bears, United States
 * Washington University Bears, United States

Professional

 * Brisbane Bears, an Australian rules football club
 * Bristol Bears, an English rugby union team
 * Chicago Bears, an American football team
 * Coventry Bears, an English rugby league football club
 * Doosan Bears, a KBO League Baseball club
 * Hershey Bears, an American hockey team
 * North Sydney Bears, an Australian rugby league football club
 * Oldham Bears, an English rugby league football club
 * Pori Bears, a Finnish-based American football team

Military

 * BEAR (Beam Experiments Aboard a Rocket), a U.S. experimental particle-beam weapon
 * Battlefield Extraction-Assist Robot, a humanoid military robot
 * Tupolev Tu-95, a Russian bomber aircraft, NATO reporting name "Bear"
 * USCGC Bear (WMEC-901), a United States Coast Guard cutter
 * USS Bear (1874), a United States Navy ship and forerunner of modern icebreakers

Other uses

 * Bear (app), note-taking software
 * Bear (Boy Scouts of America), an achievement level
 * Bear (gay culture)
 * Bear (grape)
 * BEAR and LION ciphers
 * Bear market, in economics
 * Bere (grain), which can also be spelled "bear"
 * Pedobear, an Internet meme
 * Russian Bear, a symbol of Russia
 * Water bear, another name for the microanimal tardigrade
 * Bear, common name of the moth Lycia ursaria

title: Bear (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Regions of Mauritania

By breaking up the Regions of Mauritania and giving each region a separate entry, we virtually ensure that no region can be compared with any other region, that context is utterly lost, and that no one will ever actually consult these orphaned stubs. Why not begin with all regions redirected here, until the information just becomes too unwieldy? Wetman 18:43, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

province or region
The arabic term is wilayah. what translation is used officially? what is used in french? should we rename the regions to provinces like for other arab countries? It is also more clear that these are subnational entities if we use province. "region" can have other meanings

Tobias Conradi (Talk) 29 June 2005 11:02 (UTC)

 * In French, "regions" seems to be used, as in the CIA World Factbook. In Algeria, "wilaya" is normally left untranslated. I have no objection to renaming these, but "region" does seem to be commonly used. - Mustafaa 29 June 2005 17:24 (UTC)

Departments
As far as the suggestion of "merging" - I recommend no. Reason being is, the departments are subdivisions of the regions, and I just have to add the breakdown (with maps) of the various departments, by region. Cool? Rarelibra 14:37, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

New regions
According to some sources Nouakchott has been divided into three regions (wilayas) named Nouakchott-Nord, Nouakchott-Sud, and Nouakchott-Ouest. Aotearoa (talk) 18:33, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:58, 27 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Seal of Mauritania (December 2018).svg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:09, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Seal of Mauritania (December 2018).svg

conflicting info
12 regions, but map and chart show 13 and chart has 10 listed 3 times with different names.Jdtrue63 (talk) 06:53, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Regions of Mauritania


text:
U.S. Route 311

U.S. Route 311 is a United States highway that runs for 62 mi from Winston-Salem, North Carolina to near Danville, Virginia. It connects the cities of Winston-Salem, Madison, and Eden. The route runs northeast from Winston-Salem to Danville. By the numbering convention, it is an auxiliary route of US 11, however except for a brief period shortly after the route was established, it has not connected to its parent route.

US 311 begins in Winston-Salem, at US 52/NC 8 (exit 110B) in the downtown area and proceeds northeast of the city. Starting in the vicinity of Madison, US 311 follows a number of different North Carolina state highways in short succession along with another major US Highway, US 220 before crossing the Virginia line. In Virginia, the route terminates shortly after crossing the border at the western end of the Danville Expressway (US 58).

In May 2018, North Carolina applied for, and received, permission from AASHTO to remove US 311 from the southernmost 37 mi of the route, being mostly redundant to I-74, bringing it to its current routing from Winston-Salem to Danville. However, some US 311 signage remains on its former southernmost segment near Randleman.

Route description
US 311 begins at exit 110B from the US 52/NC 8 freeway in Winston-Salem, NC and leads into the downtown area. It follows N Martin Luther King Jr Dr for a short time before continuing northeast along New Walkertown Road. It travels northeast and intersects NC 66 at the edge of Walkertown, which motorists can use to connect to nearby shopping centers situated along US 158 (Reidsville Road). Shortly after, US 311 then turns to follow Harley Drive and turns again to follow Main Street through town. North of Walkertown, the road takes the local name of Walnut Cove Road. At the southern edge of the town of Walnut Cove NC 65 joins for a short 0.7 mi concurrency. At the northern boundary of Walnut Cove, NC 89 has its terminus at US 311, and the highway turns northeast. North Carolina Highway 772 terminates at US 311 near Pine Hall and entering the town of Madison, US 311 takes an easterly route as Academy Street, meeting up with NC 704 along the way. East of Madison, it leaves NC 704 and joins with the Future Interstate 73/US 220 by-pass, both routes traveling due north in a short concurrency to Mayodan. In Mayodan, US 311 then leaves the US 220 freeway, and proceeds easterly again, along NC 135 towards Eden. Three other NC routes join with 311 in Eden in short succession: NC 770, NC 87 and NC 14, then the 4 joined routes cross the Dan River along Van Buren Street in Eden. NC 14/NC 87 continue north on Van Buren, while US 311 exits Van Buren Street on a grade-separated interchange onto Meadow Road near the Eden Mall, heading northeast into a rural area before crossing into Virginia.

After the passing through the small communities of Berry Hill and Buford, it turns due west joining US 58 Business before the northern terminus of US 311 occurs at US 58, west of Danville at the western end of the Danville Expressway.

The J.J. Webster Highway is the official North Carolina name of US 311/NC 135 from Mayodan to Eden.

History
Established as an original U.S. Route in 1927, it originally traversed from West End, through Asheboro, High Point, Winston-Salem, Madison, and Stoneville, before entering Virginia and continuing to Roanoke, where it reached its parent route, U.S. 11. The alignment followed part of what was NC 70 and all of NC 77, both of which were decommissioned in 1934.

In 1933, US 311 was extended south through Pinehurst, Aberdeen, and Laurinburg, to Rowland, overlapping NC 241. A year later, US 220 was established and replaced US 311 south of Asheboro and north of Madison, severing the connection with its parent route. Sections further south were replaced by NC 2 (today's NC 211) and US 501. Later in 1966, US 311 was truncated in Randleman; by 1973, US 311 southern terminus was moved to US 220 Bypass, in Randleman.

By 1952, US 311 was rerouted west of downtown Winston-Salem, following Waughtown Road, Stadium Drive, Claremont Avenue and 7th Street, to New Walkertown Road. In the mid-1980s, US 311 was moved onto new freeway through southeast Forsyth County. Part of the freeway shortly became a stretch of Interstate 40, eventually running concurrent with the interstate. In 1996, the route through Winston-Salem changed again, this time also going north along US 52/NC 8 to Martin Luther King Jr. Drive then east onto New Walkertown Road.

In 1997, the first section of the East Belt was opened in High Point, rerouting US 311 onto the new freeway to Eastchester Drive then back into downtown High Point with concurrency with North Carolina Highway 68. The old alignment along North Main Street became US 311 Business. On November 20, 2004, the second section of the "East Belt" was opened, rerouting US 311 to I-85 Bus./US 29/US 70. On November 22, 2010, the third and final section of the "East Belt" was completed, linking Interstate 85; Also Interstate 74 was established as a concurrency of US 311 from Cedar Square Road to North Main Street.

In September 2003, US 311 was extended north from Madison to NC 14/NC 87/NC 770 in Eden, via US 220 and NC 135. The extension was finally signed in August 2011. The route was approved by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in November 2012, after an initial request by officials in Eden, to be extended to US 58 in Virginia; which in January 2013, NCDOT signed off on extending the route and replacing parts of NC 700 and NC 770. US 311 was signed in the field in Virginia, from Danville south to the state line (replacing secondary State Route 863) in September 2013.

Since 2003, a project called the "US 311 Connector" has been planned by NCDOT and the city of Winston-Salem. Estimated at $23.5 million (2003 dollars), the 2.8 mi four-lane partial controlled-access highway would connect between I-40 (exit 196) and I-40 Business (exit 8) (now US 421, exit 230), linking US 311 with US 158 (Reidsville Road); it also included a landscaped medium with walking/bicycle trails parallel to it. By 2016, the project has ceased appearing in the State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP), though still part of the Winston-Salem 2035 Transportation Plan.

In May 2018, AASHTO approved a request by NCDOT to eliminate 37.03 mi between Randleman and Winston-Salem, moving the southern terminus from I-73/US 220 in Randleman to Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard in Winston-Salem, as all but 7.27 mi of this section is freeway which already has other primary designations; those non-redundant sections would be reassigned secondary North Carolina routes. In January 2019, NCDOT officially eliminated the section. Despite this, signage for US 311 from along I-74 southeast of High Point to its former southern terminus at I-73/US 220 in Randleman remains as of June 2023.

North Carolina Highway 897
North Carolina Highway 897 (NC 897) was an original state highway that traversed from NC 60/NC 65, in Winston-Salem, to SR 33 at the Virginia state line. Going north on Liberty Street, from 4th Street, in Winston-Salem, it went at a northeasterly route along Old Walkertown Road and Pine Hall Road to Pine Hall. Continuing northeasterly, it connects Madison, Mayodan, Stoneville and Price, North Carolina before reaching the Virginia state line. In 1925, it was renumbered as part of NC 77. Today, all of the Forsyth and Stokes section of NC 897 have been downgraded to secondary roads; while the Pine Hall to Madison section is part of US 311 and the Madison to Stoneville is part of US 220 Business.

High Point business loop
Established in 1997, when mainline US 311 was placed on new freeway east of High Point, it was 2 mi long following North Main Street from US 311 to Eastchester Drive. In December 2005, US 311 Business was extended south, through the downtown area, to I-85 Bus./US 29/US 70. However, on November 23, 2009, US 311 Business was decommissioned, a couple of years before the completion of the "East Belt."

title: U.S. Route 311


text:
Guidimaka Region

Guidimaka (ولاية كيدي ماغة) is the southernmost region of Mauritania. Its capital is Sélibaby. The region borders the Mauritanian region of Assaba to the north-east, Mali to the south-east, Senegal to the south-west and the Mauritanian Gorgol Region to the west.

As of 2013, the population of the region was 267,029, compared to 260,459 in 2011. There were 48.88 per cent females and 51.12 per cent males. As of 2008, the activity rate was 40.70 and economic dependency ratio was 1.22. As of 2008, the activity rate was 40.70 and economic dependency ratio was 1.22. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 27.30. The local government is headed by an elected district representative, while the elections for the local government are conducted every five years. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Geography
Mauritania is mostly covered with desert, with only its western regions around the coast of Atlantic Ocean having some vegetation. There are some oasis in the desert regions. Since it is a desert, there are large shifting dunes forming temporary ranges. The average elevation is around 460 m above the mean sea level. The rainfall in the northern regions closer to the Tropic of Cancer receives around 100 mm of annual rainfall compared to the southern portions that receives around 660 mm. The average temperature is 37.8 C, while during the night it reaches 0 C.

Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in the 1970s and the early 1980s. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to 250 mm of rainfall.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 267,029, compared to 260,459 in 2011. There were 48.88 per cent females and 51.12 per cent males. As of 2008, the couples with children were 40.60 and Couples without children was 7.20. The proportion with extended family was 23.00 per cent and extended single-parent was 5.50 per cent, one-person was 4.40 per cent, and single-parent nuclear was 19.30 per cent.

As of 2008, the rate of household confirming the existence of public telephone in their neighbourhood or village was 73.71, rate of households benefiting from electricity post in their neighbourhood was 0.75 per cent, rate of households benefiting from health center or health post in their neighbourhood was 8.61 per cent, and rate of households benefiting from sanitary services was 0.16 per cent.

Economy, health and education
As of 2008, the activity rate was 40.70 and economic dependency ratio was 1.22. The fraction of people working in government was 2.50 per cent, individual / household private was 20.50 per cent, other was 74.80 per cent, para public was 0.30 per cent, and private enterprise was 2.00 per cent. The Grand Total as of 2008 was 509.62. As of 2013, the coverage rate of DPT3 Children From 0 to 11 Months in the region was 82.10 per cent, BGC vaccination was 75.80 and polio vaccination coverage was 80.40. As of 2007, the number of tourist establishments in the region was 1. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 27.30. The net enrolment ratio of girls for secondary level was 2.90 per cent, net enrolment ratio of boys for secondary level was 8.90 per cent, and Total net enrolment ratio at secondary level was 6.10 per cent.

Local administration
The local administration is adopted from French local administration framework with a Ministry of Internal Control governing the local bodies. The original administration was held by Governors of each district, but after the municipal elections in 1994, the powers has been decentralized from the district bodies. Mauritania has been divided into 13 wilayas (regions), including the Nouakchott Capital District. The smallest administrative division in the country is the commune and the country has 216 of them. A group of communes form a moughataa (department) and the group of moughataa form a district. There are total of 53 moughataa for the 13 districts in the country. The executive power of the district is vested on a district chief, while it is on hakem for moughataa. Out of the 216 communes, 53 classified as urban and rest 163 are rural.

The communes are responsible for overseeing and coordinating development activities and are financed by the state. The Local Governments have their own legal jurisdiction, financial autonomy, an annual budget, staff, and an office. The elections for the local government are conducted every five years along with Regional and Parliamentary elections. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Guidimaka is divided into two departments, namely, Ould Yenge and Selibaby.

title: Guidimaka Region


text:
List of heads of government of Democratic People's Republic of Angola

This is a list of heads of government of the Democratic People's Republic of Angola. Angola is a country in southern Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean. Since the adoption of a new constitution, early in 2010, the politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the President, the government and parliament.


text:
File:Whiskas logo.png

Summary
Whiskas logo.

Registered trademark of and copyright Mars Incorporated.

title: File:Whiskas logo.png


text:
Gorgol Region

Gorgol (ولاية كركول) is a region in southern Mauritania. Its capital is Kaédi and the Gorgol River forms parts of the landscape. Other major cities/towns include M'Bout and Maghama. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Brakna and Assaba to the north, the Mauritanian region of Guidimaka to the south-east and Senegal to the south-west. The Senegal River runs along the region's border with Senegal.

As of 2013, the population of the region was 335,917, compared to 310,656 in 2011. There were 48.23 per cent females and 51.77 per cent males. As of 2008, the activity rate was 48.90 and economic dependency ratio was 1.24. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 40.50. The local government is headed by an elected district representative, while the elections for the local government are conducted every five years. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Geography
Mauritania is mostly covered with desert, with only its western regions around the coast of Atlantic Ocean having some vegetation. There are some oasis in the desert regions. Since it is a desert, there are large shifting dunes forming temporary ranges. The average elevation is around 460 m above the mean sea level. The rainfall in the northern regions closer to the Tropic of Cancer receives around 100 mm of annual rainfall compared to the southern portions that receives around 660 mm. The average temperature is 37.8 C, while during the night it reaches 0 C.

Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in the 1970s and the early 1980s. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to 250 mm of rainfall.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 335,917, compared to 310,656 in 2011. There were 48.23 per cent females and 51.77 per cent males. As of 2008, the Couples with children was 46.80 and Couples without children was 3.40. The proportion with extended family was 27.50 per cent and extended single-parent was 6.40 per cent, one-person was 1.60 per cent, and single-parent nuclear was 14.30 per cent.

As of 2008, the rate of household confirming the existence of public telephone in their neighbourhood or village was 87.42, rate of households benefiting from electricity post in their neighbourhood was 2.07 per cent, rate of households benefiting from health center or health post in their neighbourhood was 7.90 per cent, and rate of households benefiting from sanitary services was 0.46 per cent.

Economy and health
As of 2013, the coverage rate of DPT3 Children From 0 to 11 months in the region was 80.10 per cent, BGC vaccination was 101.10 and polio vaccination coverage was 77.70. As of 2008, the activity rate was 48.90 and economic dependency ratio was 1.24. The fraction of people working in government was 7.20 per cent, individual / household private was 15.40 per cent, other was 69.60 per cent, para public was 0.70 per cent, and private enterprise was 7.00 per cent. The Grand Total as of 2008 was 578.84. As of 2007, the number of tourist establishments in the region was 3. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 40.50. The net enrolment ratio of girls for secondary level was 4.70 per cent, net enrolment ratio of boys for secondary level was 6.20 per cent, and Total net enrolment ratio at secondary level was 5.50 per cent.

Local administration
The local administration is adopted from French local administration framework with a Ministry of Internal Control governing the local bodies. The original administration was held by Governors of each district, but after the municipal elections in 1994, the powers has been decentralized from the district bodies. Mauritania has been divided into 13 wilayas (regions), including the Nouakchott Capital District. The smallest administrative division in the country is the commune and the country has 216 of them. A group of communes form a moughataa (department) and the group of moughataa form a district. There are total of 53 moughataa for the 13 districts in the country. The executive power of the district is vested on a district chief, while it is on hakem for moughataa. Out of the 216 communes, 53 classified as urban and rest 163 are rural.

The communes are responsible for overseeing and coordinating development activities and are financed by the state. The Local Governments have their own legal jurisdiction, financial autonomy, an annual budget, staff, and an office. The elections for the local government are conducted every five years along with Regional and Parliamentary elections. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Gorgol is divided into 4 departments, namely, Kaedi, M'Bout, Maghama and Monguel.

title: Gorgol Region


text:
U.S. Route 411

U.S. Route 411 (US 411) is an alternate parallel-highway associated with US 11. It extends for about 309.7 mi from US 78 in Leeds, Alabama, to US 25W/US 70 in Newport, Tennessee. US 411 travels through northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, and southeastern Tennessee. It is signed north-south, as with most highways that have odd numbers, but the route runs primarily in a northeast-southwest direction, and covers a more east-west mileage than it does north-south. Notable towns and cities along its route include Gadsden, Alabama; Rome, Georgia; Cartersville, Georgia; Maryville, Tennessee; Sevierville, Tennessee, and Newport, Tennessee.

US 411 and US 11 never intersect with one another, though they come very close in various places including Leeds, Alabama, Gadsden, Alabama, and Maryville, Tennessee. US 411 also spends much of its route close to the Interstate Highway System: Interstate 20 (I-20), I-40, I-75, and I-59, though it never has an interchange with I-59.

Most of the terrain through which US 411 passes is rural countryside, with no major metropolitan areas directly along its route. However, it does pass relatively near the major cities of Birmingham, Alabama, Chattanooga, Tennessee and Knoxville, Tennessee. In Sevier County, Tennessee, south of Knoxville, US 411 is used by many tourists as a route to the northern side of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. US 411 passes approximately 20 mi north of the national park, but intersects with US 441, which actually goes through this park. Although US 411 has a south–north designation, it contains long stretches that are west–east, and its overall direction is actually southwest–northeast.

US 411 is generally a two-lane highway through the countryside. However, it has long been a four-lane, divided highway connecting Rome and Cartersville, Georgia, and it is a multi-lane highway connecting Cartersville with I-75. Also, for part of its route in the Cartersville area, US 411 shares a four-lane, divided highway with US 41. Furthermore, the Tennessee Department of Transportation completed a project to widen the highway to four lanes between Maryville and Ocoee, Tennessee, and between Chestnut Hill and Newport, Tennessee.

Route description

 * AL
 * 88.4 mi
 * GA
 * 99.9 mi
 * TN
 * 121.4 mi
 * Total
 * 309.7 mi
 * }
 * Total
 * 309.7 mi
 * }
 * }

Alabama
US 411 begins at US 78 (Parkway Drive) in the city of Leeds in far eastern Jefferson County. SR 25, the U.S. Highway's companion route, continues south as a signed highway that briefly follows US 78 east before splitting south toward Harpersville; however, mileposts along US 411 in Alabama generally reflect SR 25. US 411 heads north along two-lane 9th Street, which has a pair of at-grade crossings of Norfolk Southern Railway rail lines. The street's name changes to Whitmire Street, which the U.S. Highway follows to Ashville Road. US 411 follows Ashville Road, a two-lane road with center turn lane, northeast into St. Clair County, where the highway expands to four lanes. The U.S. Highway meets I-20 at a partial cloverleaf interchange as it leaves the city of Leeds. US 411 continues as two-lane Moody Parkway northeast through the Cahaba Valley formed by the Little Cahaba River between Pine Ridge to the west and Oak Ridge to the east. The highway has a brief concurrency with SR 174 through Odenville, where the highways pass under a CSX rail line.

US 411 continues northeast through the Beaver Creek Valley between Pine Ridge and the Beaver Creek Mountains. The highway leaves the valley after it joins US 231 (Heart of Dixie Highway) to pass through Pine Ridge to the city of Ashville. The U.S. Highways enter town along 5th Street and proceed to the county courthouse, where they meet the eastern end of SR 23 (6th Avenue). Both highways turn east onto 6th Avenue, then US-231 turns north onto Court Street East. US 411 leaves Ashville along Rainbow Drive, which heads northeast between Big Canoe Creek and Canoe Creek Mountain to the south. The U.S. Highway crosses the mountain and enters Etowah County where it crosses the Big Canoe Creek branch of Neely Henry Lake. US 411 follows the western flank of Dunaway mountain to Rainbow City, where the route intersects SR 77 (Grand Avenue).

US 411 expands to a four-lane divided highway as it enters the city of Gadsden. The highway crosses the Big Wills Creek branch of Neely Henry Lake and meets the eastern end of I-759 at a partial cloverleaf interchange; that freeway continues east as SR 759. US 411 veers onto Albert Rains Boulevard, which follows the right bank of the Coosa River through downtown Gadsden. The highway passes by the Spirit of American Citizenship Monument and under Broad Street, an Omnitrax rail line, and US 278 and US 431 (Meighan Boulevard), which access US 411 via a partial cloverleaf interchange. US 411 leaves (or will soon exit) Gadsden along a newly constructed four-lane divided highway that passes between Shinbone Ridge to the west and several loops of the Coosa River. The U.S. Highway drops to two lanes before it enters Cherokee County, then expands again to a four-lane divided highway, Weiss Lake Boulevard.

US 411 curves east along the northern edge of Weiss Lake and intersects SR 68 (Industrial Boulevard) in the town of Leesburg, east of which US 411 and SR 68 cross the lake, an impoundment of the Coosa River. Shortly after entering the city of Centre, the U.S. Highway and state highway turn onto the Clarence E. Chestnut Jr. Bypass, a four-lane road with center turn lane; US 411 Business and SR 25 continue along Main Street into the center of town. SR 68 diverges from the U.S. Highway at Cedar Bluff Road, which carries SR 283 southwest toward downtown. SR 283 becomes US 411's companion route on the bypass, which next intersects SR 9 (Armory Road), which intersects SR 68 immediately to the north. US 411 drops to two lanes east of SR 9 and curves south to collect the east end of US 411 Business (Main Street) and SR 25 on the eastern edge of Centre. US 411 continues east and crosses Cowan Creek before reaching the Alabama–Georgia state line and the northern terminus of SR 25 east of the hamlet of Forney.

Georgia
US 411 enters Georgia at the western terminus of its companion SR 53 in the southwestern corner of Floyd County. The two-lane highway, which is named Gadsden Road, has a brief concurrency with SR 100, which heads north as Fosters Mill Road and south as Mill Street, on the west side of the town of Cave Spring. US 411 enters town along Alabama Street and leaves to the northeast along Rome Street. The U.S. Highway continues as Cave Spring Road, which crosses Cedar Creek and passes through Vans Valley. US 411 passes under the West Rome Bypass and intersects US 27 and SR 1 (Cedartown Highway), which US 411 joins heading north. The four-lane road with center turn lane passes along the west side of Lindale and between Walker Mountain and Booze Mountain on the west and east, respectively.

US 411 and US 27 expand to a divided highway as they enter the city of Rome and then a four-lane freeway as they cross over a Norfolk Southern rail line. The freeway has a diamond interchange with Darlington Drive and Old Lindale Road and a half-diamond interchange with Maple Road. Immediately to the east of the second interchange, US 411 passes through a directional T interchange; US 27, SR 1, SR 20, and SR 53 head north toward downtown Rome and US 411 and SR 20 head east. Immediately to the east of the split, the U.S. Highway has a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 101 (Dean Avenue); there is no ramp from SR 101 to westbound US 411. The freeway ends east of SR 101. US 411 has an intersection with the southern end of SR 1 Loop (East Rome Bypass) before leaving the city limits.

US 411 heads east along Cartersville Highway into Bartow County. The four-lane divided highway parallels and then crosses the Etowah River. US 411 crosses over an east–west CSX rail line immediately before its trumpet interchange with US 41 and SR 3 (Joe Frank Harris Parkway). The two U.S. Highways head southeast into the city of Cartersville then diverge immediately to the east of a north–south CSX rail line at the boulevard's partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 61 (Tennessee Street). Immediately to the north of the interchange, SR 20 (Canton Highway) splits east and SR 61 becomes US 411's companion highway toward Tennessee. The U.S. Highway heads north as a four-lane undivided highway that becomes divided temporarily through the highway's partial cloverleaf interchange with I-75 (Larry McDonald Memorial Highway).

US 411 drops to two lanes south of the town of White, where the highway begins to closely parallel the north–south CSX rail line. The U.S. Highway intersects SR 140 (Henry Mack Hill Road) in the hamlet of Rydal before entering Gordon County. US 411 passes through the town of Fairmount as Salacoa Street; the U.S. Highway runs concurrently with SR 53 between Calhoun Street and Fairmount Highway. North of the town of Ranger, through which the route is named Tennessee Highway, the highway meets the eastern end of SR 156 (Red Bud Road). US 411 passes through the town of Oakman, then diverges from a road called Old Highway 411, crosses to the west side of the railroad, intersects SR 136 (Nicklesville Road), and enters Murray County. The U.S. Highway passes to the west of Reregulation Reservoir and Carters Lake, both impoundments of the Coosawattee River, which the highway crosses to the west of the lakes.

US 411 intersects US 76 and SR 282 at Ramhurst, which follow part of Old Highway 411 before heading east through the Cohutta Mountains, and begins to follow the path of the Old Federal Road through Cherokee country, widening to four undivided lanes along the west flank of Fort Mountain. US 411 and US 76 continue as 3rd Avenue through the city of Chatsworth. In the center of town, the highways intersect Fort Street, which carries SR 2 and SR 52 east toward Fort Mountain and State Route 52 Alternate to the west. At the north end of town, US 76 and SR 52 leave US 411 along G.I. Maddox Boulevard. The U.S. Highway passes along the west flank of Camp Ground Mountain and is named Hill Street through the town of Eton, where the route meets the eastern end of SR 286 (Coffey Road) and drops to two lanes. US 411 passes through the town of Crandall, crosses to the east side of the railroad, and follows the Fairy Valley to the hamlet of Cisco, where SR 2 splits to the west. US 411 crosses over to the west side of the rail line in the hamlet of Tennga immediately before reaching the Georgia–Tennessee state line, where SR 61 has its northern terminus.

Tennessee

US 411 enters Tennessee at the southern terminus of its companion SR 33 in the southwestern corner of Polk County. The highway crosses the Conasauga River in the hamlet of Conasauga and meets the eastern end of SR 313 (Ladd Springs Road) in Oldfort. US 411 parallels the CSX rail line through the hamlet of Ocoee, where the highway expands to four lanes plus a center turn lane and has a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 64 and US 74 (SR 40). North of Ocoee, US 411 crosses over the railroad and the Ocoee River and passes through the town of Benton, where the route meets the northern end of SR 314 (Parksville Road). The U.S. Highway expands to a divided highway north of the town. US 411 intersects and begins to run concurrently with SR 30, crosses the Hiwassee River, passes by Hiwassee/Ocoee Scenic River State Park, and meets the eastern end of SR 163 in the village of Delano.

US 411 becomes undivided and crosses over the CSX rail line shortly after entering McMinn County. In the town of Etowah, the highway follows Tennessee Avenue, meets the western end of SR 310 (Mecca Pike), and SR 30 splits west along David M. Lilliard Memorial Highway. The highway becomes divided once again north of town and continues through farmland and countryside before becoming undivided once again before entering the town of Englewood and goes through town passing just east of the downtown area and intersecting and having a short concurrency with SR 39 (Athens Pike; Tellico Street). US 411 then becomes a divided highway again as it leaves Englewood and enters countryside once again before crossing into Monroe County.

US 411 continues through countryside before entering the city of Madisonville and becomes undivided for a short distance before having an intersection with its former alignment, which travels through downtown (Old US Highway 411), before becoming divided and having a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 68 (New Highway 68), which provides access to Sweetwater, The Lost Sea, Tellico Plains, Cherohala Skyway and the Cherokee National Forest, before going along a bypass of downtown as a divided highway passing through a major business district. US 411 then has a grade-separated interchange with its former alignment (Warren Street) before becoming undivided before leaving Madisonville and continuing north as a 4-lane divided highway through farmland and countryside. US 411 then comes to an intersection and becomes concurrent with SR 72 (Loudon Highway) just before entering the town of Vonore (the northern terminus of the Old Federal Road) and becoming undivided once again as this time it passes straight through downtown. It intersects SR 360, which provides access to Fort Loudoun and Fort Loudoun State Park and then divides before it crosses the bridge over the Little Tennessee River/Tellico Lake into Loudon County, where SR 72 turns toward the mountains. Along the southeast edge of Greenback the road becomes undivided again and is known as Greenback Road, passing SR 95 which provides access to downtown Greenback. US 411 then continues through countryside and farmland to cross into Blount County.

US 411 continues through farmland as an undivided 4-lane highway and has an intersection with SR 336 northeast of the community of Lanier. It then continues through farmland before entering the city of Maryville and becoming concurrent with US 129 (SR 115) (Calderwood Highway; provides access to Calderwood, Tallassee, and Deals Gap) and pass by a few businesses before really entering the business district at the intersection with SR 335 (William Blount Drive). They continue through a major business district before coming to grade-separated interchange where US 411 and US 129 split with US 129 bypassing downtown to enter Alcoa and provide access to McGhee Tyson Airport and Knoxville and US 411 continues north into downtown next to Foothills Mall. US 411 continues into downtown, as Broadway Avenue, and comes to an intersection with US 321 (SR 73) (Lamar Alexander Parkway; provides access to Walland, Townsend, Wears Valley, and Great Smoky Mountains National Park). It then has another intersection with SR 336 before traveling through the center and most historic part of the city before coming to an intersection with SR 35 (Hall Road/Washington Street), with SR 33 continuing north to Knoxville and US 411 turning right to become concurrent with SR 35 (its new companion route). It follows Washington Street for a short distance before turning left onto Sevierville Road, at an intersection with SR 447 (Washington Street), and leaves downtown. It then passes by Blount Memorial Hospital before going through some neighborhoods before leaving Maryville and continues as a narrow 2-lane highway through countryside and farmland and crosses the Little River in the community of Wildwood. It then continues through countryside and farmland, passing by 411 Speedway, before entering the city of Seymour and Sevier County.

US 411 goes through some Seymour neighborhoods for about a mile and a half before coming to an intersection with US 441 (SR 71; Chapman Highway; provides access to Knoxville) and SR 338 (Boyds Creek Highway; provides access to Kodak and Douglas Dam), with US 411/SR 35 turning right to become concurrent with US 441/SR 71 and continue as an undivided 4-lane highway through Seymour before leaving Seymour and traversing the Slate Knobs, the eastern foothills of Chilhowee Mountain, and becoming narrow and curvy while maintaining 4 lanes throughout. After several miles it widens to a 4-lane divided highway and stays that until it enters the city of Sevierville where it becomes undivided once again. From Seymour to Sevierville, US 411 is northbound and US 441 is southbound as the road runs east. (Highway route signs once gave the conflicting directions.) The route crosses the Pigeon River and enters downtown at the intersection with SR 66 (Winfield Dunn Parkway; provides access to I-40), where US 441/SR 71 splits southward, as Forks of the River Parkway, to go to Pigeon Forge, Gatlinburg, and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. US 411/SR 35 continue through downtown as Main Street and has an intersection with SR 448 (North Parkway/Parkway) before leaving downtown at the crossing of Middle Creek, where it transitions to Dolly Parton Parkway. It continues through a major business district and has an intersection with SR 449 (Veterans Boulevard; provides access to Dollywood and Pigeon Forge). It then passes by some more businesses before leaving Sevierville and entering the community of Cherokee Hills, near the intersection with SR 416 (Pittman Center Road; provides access to Pittman Center and Gatlinburg). It then has an intersection with SR 339 (Long Springs Road; provides access to Cosby) before leaving Cherokee Hills and narrowing to an improved 2-lane Highway. It then passes through the community of New Center before having a sharp switchback and becoming narrow before crossing into Jefferson County.

After crossing the county line, US 411 immediately enters the community of Chestnut Hill and has an intersection with SR 92 next to the Bush Bean Museum, which also right across the road from the Bush Brothers and Company Cannery plant and corporate headquarters. US 411 then enters some mountains and becomes curvy for a short distance before widening to a new 4-lane divided highway just before crossing into Cocke County.

It continues along the new 4-lane highway into the city of Newport and ends at its national northern terminus at an intersection with US 25W/US 70 (SR 9) just a short distance away from that route's interchange with I-40 (Exit 432 A-B; though exit 432 A is only signed as US 411 on the interstate in both directions), with SR 35 turning right to become concurrent with, though unsigned, that route towards downtown.

National Highway System
The following portions of US 411 are part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense:
 * From the southern part of Rainbow City, Alabama, through Gadsden, to a point southwest of Turkey Town
 * From the southern end of the US 27/SR 1 concurrency in Six Mile, Georgia, through Rome and Cartersville, to McCallie
 * The entire length of the US 76 concurrency, from south-southeast of Chatsworth, into the city
 * From the Georgia–Tennessee state line, in Tennga, to the bridge over the Little River, northeast of Maryville, Tennessee

title: U.S. Route 411


text:
Baker University

Baker University is a private university in Baldwin City, Kansas. Founded in 1858, it was the first four-year university in Kansas and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Baker University is made up of four schools. The College of Arts and Sciences and the undergraduate courses in the School of Education (SOE) are located on the campus in Baldwin City. The School of Professional and Graduate Studies (SPGS) and the graduate branch of the SOE serve nontraditional students on campuses in Overland Park, Kansas, and online. The School of Nursing, which is operated in partnership with Stormont Vail Health in Topeka, offers a Bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN) and an online Master of Science in nursing (MSN). Enrollment in all four schools has grown to a student population more than 3,000, with about 900 students on the Baldwin City campus.

History
Baker University was founded in 1858 and named for Osman Cleander Baker, a Methodist Episcopal biblical scholar and bishop. The school—which is the oldest, continually operating institution of higher learning in the state—was the first four-year university in Kansas and funds were raised by local donations and donors from the East. Baker's first president, Werter R. Davis, a minister and Civil War officer, served from 1858 to 1862. The original campus building, now known as Old Castle Museum, houses a museum of the university and Baldwin City.

Athletics
The Baker athletic teams are called the Wildcats. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing as a founding member of the Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC) since its inception in the 1971–72 academic year. The Wildcats previously competed in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC) from 1902–03 to 1970–71.

Baker competes in 26 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field, volleyball, flag football and wrestling; and co-ed sports includes cheerleading, dance and eSports.

Baker was one of the first NAIA schools to take part in the Champions of Character program, which emphasizes respect, servant leadership, integrity, sportsmanship and responsibility. Since 1978 women have been competing in intercollegiate sports at Baker.

Colors
Baker has only one official color: cadmium orange. The only other school in the country to have orange as their only official color is Syracuse University.

Residential life
Baker University has three residence halls and two apartment buildings for students living on campus. Gessner Hall provides suite style living arrangements for 152 male residents. It was built in 1966, and the building was renovated in 2012. Irwin Hall provides suite style living arrangements for 150 female residents. The newest residence hall is the New Living Center, which houses 190 students in 48 rooms. The New Living Center is the largest on campus, with three stories and six wings totaling 52,000 square feet.

Fraternities and Sororities
Greek life at Baker University began in 1865. Seven students founded a Phi Gamma Delta house. Additional students were initiated over the next couple years, but the fraternity was short-lived at Baker. Today, there are several fraternities and sororities on campus.

Alumni

 * Beulah Armstrong (1895–1965), American mathematician
 * James Percy Ault — geophysicist, oceanographer, and captain of a research vessel
 * Edith Bideau – singer, music educator
 * Joseph Bristow – US Senator from Kansas, 1909–1915.
 * Andrew Cherng – Panda Express founder
 * Nellie Cline Steenson - Member of the Kansas House of Representatives, Member of the Idaho House of Representatives and member of the Idaho Senate
 * Don Holter – bishop
 * Mike Gardner – head football coach at Tabor College and formerly at Malone University
 * Jennie Murray Kemp - temperance reformer
 * Janette Hill Knox – temperance reformer, suffragist, teacher, author
 * George LaFrance – Arena Football League Hall of Fame member
 * Kevin Mahogany – singer
 * Andrew Long – educator
 * Mike McCarthy – Dallas Cowboys head coach. Winning coach of Super Bowl XLV.
 * Homer McCrerey – Naval officer and "bioneer"-ing oceanographer.
 * Candice Millard, Class of 1989, writer, journalist, former writer and editor for National Geographic, author of three books.
 * Vidal Nuño – Pitcher for the New York Yankees, Arizona Diamondbacks and Seattle Mariners.
 * Tanner Purdum – New York Jets Long Snapper Since 2010.
 * William Quayle – American bishop of the Methodist Church, elected in 1908.
 * Dewey Short, U.S. House of Representatives (MO), 1929–1931; 1935-1957.
 * Bennett Sims – Sixth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta consecrated as Diocesan Bishop in 1972.
 * Patrick Tubach, Class of 1996, Academy Award nominee, best visual effects, "Star Trek Into Darkness"
 * Philip P. Campbell, Class of 1888, US Congressman from Kansas, 1903–1923.
 * Ernest Eugene Sykes, Class of 1888, prominent businessman and Freemason from New Orleans.

Faculty

 * Phog Allen – Collegiate basketball coach at Baker University, the University of Central Missouri and the University of Kansas
 * Emil S. Liston – basketball coach and administrator
 * John Clark Ridpath – educator and historian
 * William M. Runyan – preacher and songwriter

title: Baker University


text:
Magdalena Forsberg

Magdalena "Magda" Forsberg (née Wallin; born 25 July 1967) is a Swedish former cross-country skier and biathlete. She was the dominant female biathlete from 1997 to 2002, when she retired, winning the Biathlon World Cup for six years straight. She is also a six-time world champion, a two-time Olympic bronze medalist, and holds the record for the most World Cup victories in women's biathlon.

She has been married to Henrik Forsberg, also a biathlete and cross-country skier, since mid-1996.

Cross-country skiing
Forsberg competed as a cross country skier from 1988 to 1996, participating in the World Cup. Her best results at the Winter Olympics were in Albertville in 1992 where she finished seventh in the 4 × 5 km relay and 26th in the 15 km event.

Forsberg's best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was tenth in the 30 km event at Lahti in 1989. In 1987 she was in the Swedish team that finished third in the 4 × 5 km relay. Her best World Cup finish was second in a 10 km event in Finland in 1988.

She participated as a celebrity dancer in Let's Dance 2019, which was broadcast on TV4. She placed second.

Biathlon
Competing from 1993 to 2002, Forsberg won six straight overall wins in the Biathlon World Cup from 1997 to 2002. She also won six gold medals in the World Championships, was runner-up once, and placed third five times. At the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, Forsberg won two bronze medals. In her career she managed a total of 42 individual Biathlon World Cup wins, which is more than any other female biathlete to date.

Magdalena Forsberg retired from active sports after the 2001–02 season. After being retired for four years she made a temporary comeback in April 2006 due to losing a bet. The bet said Forsberg would enter the Swedish Championship in Women's Relay with fellow biathlon skier Anna Carin Olofsson-Zidek if the latter won an Olympic gold in Turin. The duo went on to win the competition, Forsberg outrunning her competitors in the first leg and Olofsson extending their lead in the second.

During large parts of her career, Forsberg was trained by Wolfgang Pichler, who later took over as coach of the Swedish national biathlon team.

Post retirement
After retirement, Forsberg, along with Peter Forsberg, footballer Mathias Jönsson, and golfer Per-Ulrik Johansson enrolled in a business class at the Johan Cruyff Institute in Stockholm. She received additional education in the field of tax legislation.

Other honours
Forsberg competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics both as a biathlete and as a cross country skier. She is the only Swedish athlete to have been awarded the Jerring Award four times.

Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

Olympic Games
2 medals (2 bronze)
 * *Pursuit was added as an event in 2002.

World Championships
12 medals (6 gold, 1 silver, 5 bronze)
 * *During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
 * **Team was removed as an event in 1998, and pursuit was added in 1997 with mass start being added in 1999.

Individual victories
42 victories (7 In, 13 Sp, 19 Pu, 3 MS)

 * *Results are from UIPMB and IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games.

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

World Championships

 * 1 medal – (1 bronze)

Individual podiums

 * 1 podium

Team podiums

 * 2 podiums

Note: Until the 1999 World Championships, World Championship races were included in the World Cup scoring system.

title: Magdalena Forsberg


text:
Whiskas

Whiskas (formerly known as Kal Kan) is a brand of cat food sold internationally. It is owned by the American company Mars. It is available either as small meaty pieces in sauce, gravy or jelly packaged in tins, foil trays or pouches, as well as in the form of small biscuits sold in cartons or pouches and milk sold in small bottles. Its packaging has a recognizable purple color, and its logo consists of a stylized silhouette of a cat's head.

History
Whiskas, originally known as Kal Kan, started manufacturing pet foods in 1936 from its headquarters near Los Angeles, California. It eventually grew its operations across the United States. In 1958, it entered the UK market under the Whiskas brand, which was later expanded throughout Europe.

The company was bought by Mars Inc. in 1968, and became a subsidiary of Petfoods Ltd (later re‐named Pedigree Petfoods).

In 1989, Kal Kan changed its name in the U.S. to Whiskas, to bring it under a single international brand (in line with their European operations) and to help unify advertising campaigns globally. Prior to 1989, Kal Kan's dry cat food had been sold under the Crave brand. Although Kal Kan had more brand equity in the United States, "Whiskas" was also found to be perceived by consumers a more likeable and "feline-sounding" name.

In the United States, Whiskas is made in McLean, Virginia by Pedigree Petfoods.

Marketing and slogan
In the United Kingdom, a well-known advertising slogan for Whiskas was "8 out of 10 cats prefer Whiskas", which later became "eight out of 10 owners said their cat prefers it". After a complaint to the Advertising Standards Authority, this was changed to "eight out of 10 owners who expressed a preference said their cat prefers it". The British panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats takes its name from the slogan. The slogan has been much imitated – in the 1980s, Red Stripe Lager was advertised with the slogan "9 out of 10 cats prefer it", a play on "cat" meaning "a trendy person". Similarly, a 1987 TV advertisement for Pretty Polly in which a nylon stocking was used to replace the fan belt in a Jaguar car used the slogan "So smooth, 9 out of 10 cats prefer them"; "cat" this time is a reference to the make of car featured.

In 1999, Australian rules footballer Garry Hocking changed his name by deed poll to "Whiskas" as part of the Geelong Football Club promotion with the company. It was the first such publicity stunt of its kind.

On June 3, 1999, Whiskas singles aired "the very first commercial for cats" on American television. The VHS release featured a small segment on how the advert worked and showed several cats' "reactions". The advert itself was a collection of clips with contrasting colours, fish and video captured from underwater. The end of the video (before fading out and then running again) claimed that "In our tests, 8 out of 10 preferred it".

In Hungary, the Whiskas advertising slogan is "A macskák Whiskast vennének", which means "Cats would buy Whiskas (if they could)". Slogans with the same meaning are used in Serbia, Germany, Austria, Finland, Estonia, France, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Russia, Romania, Poland, the Netherlands and Slovenia. In Denmark, there once was an advertising slogan "Katte ville vælge Whiskas", which means "Cats would choose Whiskas." In Sweden, a similar slogan is used: "Whiskas – Om katten själv får välja", which means "Whiskas – If the cat itself gets to choose". In Russia, the slogan was "Ваша киска купила бы Вискас", which means "Your kitty would buy Whiskas", where the phrase is rhymed, since one of the words for "kitty" and "Whiskas" rhyme in Russian. In Italian-speaking countries, the slogan i gatti comprerebbero Whiskas - "cats would buy Whiskas" has long been in use.

In Autumn of 2009, Whiskas handed out feeding dishes to the earliest 1000 registrations to their menu planner.

title: Whiskas


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Organization

This worklist for the Chemicals WikiProject gives structure and organization to all the work going on. The progress statistics from this worklist are published monthly on the project discussion page.

Procedure
The list is aligned with the goals of the WikiProject. Additions and deletions to this list are not currently invited but remain possible. Feel free to post your proposals for such on the discussion page.

All articles are assessed continuously. If you have improved an article, you may adjust the entry in this worklist yourself (all changes are monitored), or you may simply put a remark that improvements have been done (either in the worklist or on the talk page), and leave the re-assessment to WP:Chem core team members. Promotions to A-Class have an explicit peer-review recommendation page; promotion to Feature article follow the normal procedure.

Polymers
Typically, these polymers do not have a table of properties. Instead of the usual chemical properties, a table of material properties for each of the polymers might be more suitable, although such properties may vary too much depending on molecular weight, branching, tacticity and monomer orientation (head-to-tail, etc.), cross-linking, and any co-monomers present (even in small amounts). At this point, these tables are considered to be low priority.
 * Note: it was discussedhere to transfer this section to WikiProject Polymers. The outcome was that the list be used as a goal of both projects, and the statistics included with the WP:Chem statistics.

Out of scope compounds
The following compounds have been discussed while deciding on the in-scope articles in this worklist. For reference purposes, they are listed here, but they are not in scope of the Chemicals wikiproject, and will not contribute to the achievement of the goals. Therefore, these articles will not follow the assessment scheme. In case you want to add or exchange a compound in the above worklist, be freely invited to propose such a change on the talk page.

Suggested inorganic chemicals
 * 1) Aluminium: Aluminium bromide
 * 2) Arsenic: Arsenic acid, see also Arsenic(III) oxide
 * 3) Bismuth:Bismuth trichloride, Table available
 * 4) Boron: Boron nitride, Boron trichloride
 * 5) Bromine: Potassium bromide, Hydrogen bromide
 * 6) Carbon: Silicon carbide, Carbonic acid, Sodium cyanide
 * 7) Gallium: Gallium(III) chloride, Table available
 * 8) Hafnium: Hafnium carbide
 * 9) Iron: Iron(II) sulfate, Ferrocene
 * 10) Molybdenum: Molybdenum hexacarbonyl
 * 11) Nickel: Nickel sulfate
 * 12) Nitrogen: Ammonium chloride, Sodium nitrate, Nitrous oxide, Nitric oxide
 * 13) Palladium: Palladium(II) cyanide
 * 14) Platinum: Chloroplatinic acid
 * 15) Rhenium: Ammonium perrhenate
 * 16) Rubidium: Rubidium chloride
 * 17) Uranium: Uranium(III) chloride
 * 18) Zirconium: Zirconium(IV) chloride, Table available

Suggested reagents and other compounds
 * 1) Triazine, see 1,3,5-Triazine
 * 2) Dioxane
 * 3) Thiophenols, or better Thiophenol
 * 4) Toluidines, or better para-Toluidine
 * 5) Tetramethylammonium hydroxide

Suggested polymers
 * 1) Butyl rubber - polyisobutylene + 2-7% isoprene. I plan to include a discussion of butyl rubber and nitrile rubber in Synthetic rubber. A separate, rather stubby article on Butyl rubber has appeared.
 * 2) other halopolymers such as PCTFE, PVDC (Saran), PVDF, Tefzel, etc.
 * 3) polysulfones  ????
 * 4) polyalphaolefins  ???? - A stubby article on Polyolefins has appeared.  I edited it to mention polyalphaolefins.
 * 5) polyethers such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO) Polyethylene glycol, the oligomer of PEO mentions PEO as well