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Defter

A defter was a type of tax register and land cadastre in the Ottoman Empire.

Etymology
The term is derived from Greek diphthera διφθέρα, literally 'processed animal skin, leather, fur', meaning a book, having pages of goat parchment used along with papyrus as paper in Ancient Greece, borrowed into Arabic as دفتر: daftar, meaning a register or a notebook.

Description
The information collected could vary, but tahrir defterleri typically included details of villages, dwellings, household heads (adult males and widows), ethnicity/religion (because these could affect tax liabilities/exemptions), and land use. The defter-i hakâni was a land registry, also used for tax purposes. Each town had a defter and typically an officiator or someone in an administrative role to determine whether the information should be recorded. The officiator was usually some kind of learned man who had knowledge of state regulations. The defter was used to record family interactions such as marriage and inheritance. These records are useful for historians because such information allows for a more in-depth understanding of land ownership among Ottomans. This is particularly helpful when attempting to study the daily affairs of Ottoman citizens.

Some Ottoman officials responsible for these tax registries were known as defterdars.

Daftars in India
Records of this kind are known as daftars in Northern India as well, for instance the Peshwa's daftar of Pune.

title: Defter


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Red Adair

Paul Neal "Red" Adair (June 18, 1915 – August 7, 2004) was an American oil well firefighter. He became notable internationally as an innovator in the specialized and hazardous profession of extinguishing and capping oil well blowouts, both land-based and offshore.

Early life and education
Adair was born in Houston, Texas, the son of an Irish immigrant blacksmith and his wife. He attended Reagan High School.

Military service and career
During World War II, Adair served with the US Army, in a bomb disposal unit. After the war ended, he started working in the oil industry. He started his career working for Myron Kinley, the "original" blowout/oil firefighting pioneer. They pioneered the technique of using a V-shaped charge of high explosives to snuff the fire by the blast. This was known as the Munroe effect, which Adair knew was used with bazookas and the atom bomb.

In 1959 he founded Red Adair Co. Inc. During the course of his career, Adair helped extinguish more than 2,000 land and offshore oil well, natural gas well, and similar spectacular fires. He gained global attention in 1962 when he fought a fire at the Gassi Touil gas field in the Algerian Sahara nicknamed the Devil's Cigarette Lighter, a 450 foot pillar of flame that burned from 12:00 pm November 13, 1961, to 9:30 am on April 28, 1962. In December 1968, Adair sealed a large gas leak at an Australian gas and oil platform off Victoria's southeast coast.

In 1977, he and his crew, including Asger "Boots" Hansen and Manohar "Man" Dhumtara-Kejriwal, contributed to capping the biggest oil well blowout to have occurred in the North Sea. At the time this was the largest offshore blowout worldwide, in terms of volume of crude oil spilled. This took place at the Ekofisk Bravo platform, located in the Norwegian sector and operated by Phillips Petroleum Company, now ConocoPhillips.

In 1978, Adair's top lieutenants Hansen and Ed "Coots" Matthews left to found a competitor company, Boots & Coots International Well Control Inc.

In 1988, Adair helped to extinguish the UK sector Piper Alpha oil platform fire in the North Sea. At age 75, Adair participated with extinguishing the oil well fires in Kuwait set by retreating Iraqi troops after the Gulf War in 1991.

Adair retired in 1993, and sold The Red Adair Service and Marine Company to Global Industries. His top employees (Brian Krause, Raymond Henry, Rich Hatteberg) left in 1994 and formed their own company, International Well Control (IWC).

Adair died in Houston in 2004 at the age of 89. He is buried in a crypt at Forest Park Lawndale in Houston.

Family
He was survived by his wife, a son and a daughter.

Legacy

 * The 1968 John Wayne movie Hellfighters was based loosely upon the feats of Adair during the 1962 fire in the Sahara.
 * Adair received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1980.
 * The History Channel's Modern Marvels episode on "Oil Well Firefighting" was one of Adair's last interviews prior to his death. The episode was broadcast after Adair's death and was dedicated to his memory.
 * The Travel Channel's Mysteries at the Museum "Most Explosive" episode (2014) features a segment on Adair's success in 1961 in stopping the burning gas line in the Algerian Sahara Desert; it was nicknamed "The Devil's Cigarette Lighter".
 * He was a longtime member of Lakewood Yacht Club.
 * In Season 2, Episode 6 of MacGyver (2016 TV series), Red Adair’s life, particularly the “Devil's Cigarette Lighter” incident, is shown to be an inspiration for character Jack Dalton and explains why he knows so much about oil well fires when the team is tasked with stopping one in Nigeria.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Red Adair


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Omar Cabezas

Omar Cabezas Lacayo (born 1950 in León, Nicaragua) is a Nicaraguan author, revolutionary and politician. He was a commander in the guerrilla war against Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and prominent Sandinista party member. He wrote a personal account of his days as a guerrilla fighting the Somoza dynasty entitled Fire From the Mountain (published in Nicaragua as La montaña es algo mas que una inmensa estepa verde).

This personal testimony can be read as a bildungsroman, or novela de formación in Spanish. In it, Cabezas learns about life, about social injustice, about women, and about the difficulty of overthrowing a dictatorship. He struggles against nature; an infection he suffers from being on the mountain puts his life in jeopardy. He overcomes numerous obstacles in his quest to bring down the brutal US-supported thirty year Somoza dynasty in an environment defined by terror and hope (such as the violent shootout between the military and the Sandinista militant Julio Buitrago). Cabezas' story is about an idealist man in a time when it meant something to be heroic. It is also known for being the first major work in the Nicaraguan vernacular, rather than formal Spanish.

Cabezas would later write a sequel, Canción de amor para los hombres.

Cabezas was a member of the Sandinista government, until he was stripped of his positions in 1987, following disagreement with other leading Sandinistas. He was elected to the National Assembly in the 1990 elections, and continues as a public figure to this day.

title: Omar Cabezas


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Parachute (Guster album)

Parachute is the first album by the band Guster, released in 1994. Four thousand copies were released under the band name Gus (the band had to change its name shortly afterward when another artist signed a record contract under that name). Those copies are considered very rare by Guster fans.

The album was produced by Mike Denneen. The stuffed animal on the cover of the album is a childhood toy of the percussionist Brian Rosenworcel and is lovingly referred to as "The Big Friend". It has become a mascot of sorts for the band.

Critical reception
The Boston Globe named the album the best local debut of 1994.

Guster

 * Adam Gardner - vocals, guitar
 * Brian Rosenworcel - bongos, percussion
 * Ryan Miller - vocals, guitar

Additional musicians

 * Jay Bellerose - drums
 * Mike Denneen - chamberlin
 * Scott Davis
 * Clayton Scoble - electric guitar, 12-string guitar
 * Michael Rivard - upright bass
 * Andy Custer - electric bass
 * Dejan Kralj - guitar
 * Goran Kralj - vocals, guitar, piano
 * Jeff Murphy
 * Milt Sutton
 * Morgan Dawley
 * Scott Schwebel - drums, percussion
 * Steve Garrett - cello
 * Tom Swafford - violin
 * Wes Yoakam - vocals, guitar, keyboards

title: Parachute (Guster album)


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Ray Henault

General Raymond Roland Joseph Henault, (born April 26, 1949) is a retired Canadian Air Force officer. He was the Chief of the Defence Staff of Canada from June 28, 2001 to June 17, 2005 and then Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 2005 until 2008, when he retired.

Education
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Henault is fluent in both English and French. He graduated from both the École supérieure de guerre Aerienne in Paris and the National Defence College of Canada in Kingston. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree, and an honorary Doctor of Laws, from the University of Manitoba.

Military career
Henault enrolled in the Canadian Forces in 1968. On completion of pilot training at CFB Borden, Ontario, and CFB Gimli, Manitoba, Henault was transferred to CFB Bagotville, Québec, where he served as a CF-101 Voodoo pilot with 425 Squadron. In 1972, he became a flight instructor on the Musketeer at CFB Portage la Prairie. In 1974, he served a second tour at CFB Bagotville, this time as an air traffic controller.

In 1976, Henault was posted to 408 Squadron at CFB Edmonton, Alberta, to fly the CH-135 Twin Huey helicopter. In 1980 he moved to CFB Valcartier, Québec, as Staff Officer (Aviation) in 5 Canadian Brigade Group Headquarters. In 1981, he was promoted to the rank of major and transferred to 430e Escadron at CFB Valcartier, where he served as the Twin Huey Flight Commander.

In January 1985, he came to National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa to assume responsibility for Doctrine and International Programs in the Directorate of Land Aviation. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in June 1985, and appointed Project Director for the Canadian Forces Light Helicopter Project at NDHQ.

In June 1987, Henault was appointed the Commanding Officer of 444(CA) Tactical Helicopter Squadron at CFB Lahr, Germany. In June 1989, he was transferred to Air Command Headquarters in Winnipeg as Senior Staff Officer Requirements. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in July 1990, and appointed Base Commander of CFB Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. In July 1992, he was appointed the Deputy Commander of 10 Tactical Air Group at CFB Montreal. In August 1993, he was posted to the National Defence College in Kingston, Ontario to attend Course No. 47.

He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general in May 1994, and assumed command of 10 Tactical Air Group headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. In July 1995, he was posted to Air Command Headquarters and appointed Chief of Staff Operations.

From June to December 1996, General Henault served as Chief of Staff J3/Director-General Military Plans and Operations at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa. From January to October 1997, Henault was appointed Acting Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff. He was promoted to the rank of major-general on 1 April 1997.

From September 1997 to September 1998, Henault served as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff. On 15 August 1998 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general and served as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff from September 1998 to June 2001. Henault was promoted to his present rank and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff on 28 June 2001.

He holds the rank of Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM), The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (Serving Member), and Commander of the French Legion of Honour.

Henault was elected to the position of Chairman of the NATO Military Committee in November 2004 and assumed that position at NATO headquarters in Brussels, Belgium in June 2005. He held that position until 2008, when he finally retired from the military and returned to Canada.

Awards
He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy in Military Science from the Royal Military College of Canada in 2005, and in 2006 an Honorary Professorship at the University of Pecs in Hungary.

The Manitoba branch of the Royal Military Colleges Club of Canada awarded Henault the 2008 recipient the Birchall Leadership Award in July. He was awarded the Order of Military Merit, and received the Meritorious Service Cross in November 2009. He was awarded United States Legion Of Merit at the rank of Commander; French Legion of Honour at the rank of Commander; Czech Cross of Merit at the rank of Commander; Belgian Order of the Grand Croix at the rank of Commander; and the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of Hungary. He has also been awarded: the Ukrainian Medal of Honour, NATO Meritorious Service Cross, Commander of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.

He was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada in 2023. He currently resides in Courtenay, British Columbia.

Post-military career
ADGA RHEA Group of Companies, an engineering consulting company, appointed Henault Chairman of their Strategic Advisory Board in November 2008. In 2013, Henault joined the board of directors of the Pearson Centre. In August 2013, he was appointed Governor to the Board of Governors of New Westminster College.

title: Ray Henault


text: Category:History of England

title: Category:History of England


text: File:Goldfly (Guster album - cover art).jpg


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North Central Idaho

North Central Idaho is an area which spans the central part of the state of Idaho and borders Oregon, Montana, and Washington. It is the southern half of the state's Panhandle region and is rich in agriculture and natural resources. Lewis and Clark traveled through this area on their journey to the Pacific Ocean in September 1805, crossing Lolo Pass and continuing westward in canoes on the Clearwater River. They returned the following spring on their way eastward.

The primary cities are Lewiston and Moscow, home of the University of Idaho; both are on the region's western edge, near the Washington border.

Geography
North Central Idaho consists of the following counties:

 * Clearwater
 * Idaho
 * Latah
 * Lewis
 * Nez Perce

With the exception of the southern portion of Idaho County, this region observes Pacific Time. South of the western-flowing Salmon River, Idaho observes Mountain Time, beginning at Riggins.

Primary cities

 * Lewiston: inland port on the Snake River, first capital of Idaho Territory in 1863.
 * Moscow: home of the University of Idaho, established in 1889.

Federal

 * [[Image:US 12.svg|25px]] - US-12 - west to Walla Walla, east to Missoula
 * [[Image:US 95.svg|25px]] - US-95 - north to Coeur d'Alene, south to southwestern Idaho
 * [[Image:US 195.svg|25px]] - US-195 - north to Pullman and Spokane

Lakes

 * Dworshak Reservoir – North Fork of Clearwater River

Rivers

 * Clearwater
 * Lochsa
 * Selway
 * Palouse
 * Salmon
 * Snake

Forests

 * Clearwater National Forest
 * Nez Perce National Forest
 * Payette National Forest

Parks

 * McCroskey State Park
 * Nez Perce National Historical Park
 * Dworshak State Park
 * Hells Gate State Park
 * Winchester State Park

title: North Central Idaho


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Streets of Fire

Streets of Fire is a 1984 American action crime neo-noir film directed by Walter Hill, from a screenplay by Hill and Larry Gross. Described on the poster and in the opening credits as "A Rock & Roll Fable", the film combines elements of the automobile culture and music from the 1950s with the fashion style and sociology of the 1980s. Starring Michael Paré, Diane Lane, Rick Moranis, Amy Madigan, Willem Dafoe, Deborah Van Valkenburgh, E.G. Daily, and Bill Paxton, the film follows ex-soldiers Tom Cody (Paré) and McCoy (Madigan) as they embark on a mission to rescue Cody's ex-girlfriend Ellen Aim (Lane), who was kidnapped by Raven Shaddock (Dafoe), the leader of an outlaw motorcycle gang called The Bombers.

Streets of Fire was theatrically released in the United States on June 1, 1984, to mixed reviews from critics and was a box office failure, grossing $8 million against its $14.5 million budget.

Plot
In Richmond, a city district in a near future dystopian time period that resembles the 1950s (labelled "another time, another place"), Ellen Aim, lead singer of the rock band Ellen Aim and the Attackers, has returned home for a concert. The Bombers, a biker gang from another part of town called the Battery, led by Raven Shaddock, crash the concert and kidnap Ellen.

Witnessing this is Reva Cody, who telegrams her brother Tom, an ex-soldier and Ellen's ex-boyfriend, asking him to come home. Upon his return, Tom defeats a small gang of greasers and takes their car. Reva tries to convince Tom to rescue Ellen, but he refuses. Tom then goes to a local tavern, the Blackhawk, where he meets a tomboyish mechanic and ex-soldier named McCoy and lets her stay with him and Reva. That night, Tom has a change of heart and agrees to talk to Ellen's manager and current boyfriend, Billy Fish, about rescuing her.

While Reva and McCoy go to the diner where Reva works, Tom acquires a cache of weapons, including a pump action shotgun, a revolver, and a lever action rifle. Tom meets Billy at the diner, and Billy agrees to pay him $10,000, but Tom also requires that Billy accompany him into the Battery to get Ellen, since he used to live there. McCoy also talks Tom into cutting her in for 10% in exchange for her help. In the Battery, they go to Torchie's, a club where Billy used to book bands and where Raven has Ellen tied up in an upstairs bedroom. McCoy enters and is led upstairs by one of the Bombers, whom she knocks out before holding Raven and some of his gang members at gunpoint. Meanwhile, Tom creates a diversion outside by shooting the gas tanks on the gang's motorcycles, and then rescues Ellen. Tom sends Ellen off with McCoy and Billy in the convertible, telling them to meet him at the Grant Street underpass and blows up the gas pumps outside a bar. Raven confronts Tom and warns him that he will be coming for Ellen and for him, too. Tom escapes on the one intact motorcycle and meets up with the others.

The group is joined by "Baby Doll", a fan of Ellen's, who warns them that the police are looking for the people who were behind the attack at Torchie’s. To escape, the group hijacks the tour bus of a doo-wop group called the Sorels. The bus is eventually stopped by a police blockade. Billy tries to get rid of the corrupt police officers by bribing them, but Tom and McCoy have to resort to holding the police at gunpoint and shooting up their vehicles. The group, along with the Sorels, ditch the bus and take a train back to Richmond.

Raven meets with Ed Price, the head of the police department, and promises him no more trouble if he arranges for Tom to meet with him alone. Price plans on arresting Raven, so he tells Tom to get out of town, so as to avoid any more violence. Tom goes to the hotel where Ellen and Billy are staying to collect his reward, but he takes only McCoy's cut and throws the rest back at Billy. As Tom storms out, Ellen follows and the two embrace in the rain. After having sex, Tom and Ellen discuss the possibility of eloping.

Price, with reinforcements, is just about to arrest Raven, but is ambushed by an overwhelming number of Bombers. Meanwhile, Ellen is on a train with Tom and McCoy, believing that Tom is leaving with her, but Tom knocks out Ellen and returns to town to confront Raven. Tom and Raven duel using sledgehammers and their fists, with Tom ultimately being victorious. The defeated gang carries their leader away. Later, at a concert, the Sorels open for Ellen and her band. Tom bids farewell to Ellen, promising that he’ll always be there for her if she needs him. Ellen performs on stage, while Tom rides off with McCoy.

Development
The concept for Streets of Fire came together during the making of 48 Hrs., and reunited director Walter Hill with screenwriter Larry Gross, and producers Lawrence Gordon and Joel Silver, all of whom worked together on that production. Gross later recalled:

"Streets of Fire began in the euphoria of knowing that Paramount really liked 48 and wanted to be in business with us if they could. What happened was that after we screened that cut for Paramount, Larry looked at Walter and said, 'Paramount is pregnant; let's get something and set it up right away.' Walter knew what he meant—that we were in a great position here—so he said, 'We can do this two ways: present an idea now and get a deal done, or write a script on spec and get a lot more money.' Walter proudly considers himself a capitalist, so he suggested we do the latter." According to Hill, the film's origins came out of a desire to make what he thought was a perfect film when he was a teenager, and put in all of the things that he thought were "great then and which I still have great affection for: custom cars, kissing in the rain, neon, trains in the night, high-speed pursuit, rumbles, rock stars, motorcycles, jokes in tough situations, leather jackets and questions of honor".

According to Gross, Hill wanted to make a film about a comic book hero, but since he did not like "any of the comic books" he had read, he wanted it to be an original character. "He wanted to create his own 'comic book movie', without the source material actually being a comic book", said Gross, which led to the creation of Tom Cody.

Writing
The four men began planning Streets of Fire while completing 48 Hrs. Gross published a diary from the shoot of 48 Hours which had an entry dated 12 August 1982, the night before filming on that movie started: "Walter presents me with a page of notes he's prepared for a new script. It will be the first in a series of adventures of an action hero he's had it in his mind to create for a long time. The character's name is Tom Cody. And Walter has it in his head to create a franchise about him...introducing him as The Stranger. He asks me if I'm interested in writing the script with him...I ask him is the Pope Catholic? Larry [Gordon] and Joel [Silver] would be along on this ride. Suits me." During 48 Hours, Gross said he thought that Hill had received "a bum rap on the woman question" over the years. "People think that he doesn't like women and he knows that's not true. I think that's going to be demonstrated even more clearly in his next films. He told me he's going to do this new thing: he's going to put a female character right in the centre of the narrative."

Gross later said they were affected "as everyone was at the time" by the success of Flashdance and they decided during writing that the film would be a musical: "We said this movie is a stylized movie, it's not so different from the world of a musical. And there were a few other things that contributed to that direction. One was the decision on Universal's part, a crazy decision, to shoot the movie almost entirely in the studio under a tarpaulin. They built this gigantic tarpaulin, and the Battery and all these other places were built as real places. The Richlands. And just so you know, this is the early ’80s and you had stylized films—like New York City—that were all done on set and that idea was in the air. That idea of a totally artificial universe. The point is that we had in mind one sentence inspired by George Lucas: 'in a galaxy long ago', a futuristic past. That was in our heads...there's the past and there's the future, sort of." Hill thought "the audience will go with you when you set up an abstract world with teenage values and play out a drama within this. It was kind of real but it wasn't really. I always said whenever someone says fantasy they immediately think of more Disney-esque. The idea of a hard hitting drama in a fantasy world, that was kind of different at the time... I always thought of it as a musical. They kind of saw it worked in the world of an MTV video."

Gross says he and Hill were also influenced by the teen films of John Hughes. "We were in the universe of the teenage movie. Teenage reality. So we said here's what's going to be weird about the world of our movie: No one's going to be over 30. The world is a high school, essentially. And Tom Cody will be the football hero. And Willem Dafoe is the greaser. Remember: You had John Hughes at the time, and then you had Coppola making two high school movies: The Outsiders and Rumble Fish. So Walter said we’re going to make a high school movie that's also going to be a comic book and also going to be a musical." Gross says Hill did not want the film to be too violent. As a result, it was decided that no blood would be shown and none of the characters would die. "He'd say it would be inappropriate to direct this movie if there were any blood", said Gross. "We’re in the world of Cocteau, we’re in the world of Beauty and the Beast. This is a fairy tale. Now...he neglected to mention that some fairy tales are very violent."

Gross and Hill would work out their ideas in detail. Gross would do a draft and Hill would rewrite it. "He did not love creating scripts from scratch; he loved rewriting." By this stage however, Gross and Hill had worked together so closely Gross says "I began to develop a strong sense for knowing how to sound like he did."

Financing
When the script was finished, they sent it to Paramount. Gross says that Jeff Berg, Hill's agent, Larry Gordon, and Michael Eisner, head of production at Paramount, "got into some kind of a fight when the script was finished. We learned later that, I believe, Eisner rejected it on the grounds that it was too similar to Indiana Jones. Conceptually. So they didn't pull the trigger and Berg ended up selling it to Universal."

They submitted the script to Universal executive Bob Rehme in January 1983, and by the end of the weekend, the studio had greenlit the production. This was the fastest greenlight Hill had ever received for a film, and he owed the decision to the box office success of 48 Hours.

The title
The film's title came from a song written and recorded by Bruce Springsteen on his 1978 album Darkness on the Edge of Town. Negotiations with Springsteen for rights to the song delayed production several times. Originally, plans were made for the song to be featured on the film's soundtrack, to be sung by Ellen Aim at the end of the film, but when Springsteen was told that the song would be re-recorded by other vocalists, he withdrew permission for the song to be used. Jim Steinman was brought in to write the opening and closing songs, and "Streets of Fire" was replaced by "Tonight Is What It Means to Be Young". The studio claimed that they replaced Springsteen's song because it was a "downer".

Casting
When it came to casting the movie, Hill wanted to go with a young group of relative unknowns. Gross says "There was always the idea that we were going to discover a new Steve McQueen, you know? A young, white guy who would ride a motorcycle and have a carbine over his shoulder and be a mainstream icon."

Among the actors they saw for the role of Tom Cody were Tom Cruise, Eric Roberts, and Patrick Swayze. Gross says they wanted Cruise and made him an offer, but he had already accepted another role.

Hill heard about Michael Paré from the same agent who recommended Eddie Murphy to him for 48 Hrs (his then-girlfriend and later wife Hildy). At the time he was cast in March 1983, Paré had appeared in two films, Eddie and the Cruisers and Undercover, which had not yet been released. For Hill, Paré "had the right quality. He was the only actor I found who was right for the part ...a striking combination of toughness and innocence." Paré said of his character, "He's someone who can come in and straighten everything out."

The character of Ellen Aim was written as a 28-year-old woman. Gross says they wanted Daryl Hannah, but were unable to do a deal in time. Diane Lane read for the part when she was 18. Hill was reluctant to cast her because he felt that she was too young for the role. Hill met Lane in New York City and she auditioned for him in black leather pants, a black mesh top and high-heeled boots. He was surprised with her "total commitment to selling herself as a rock 'n' roll star". The actress had been in more than 10 films by the time she did Streets of Fire. She described her character as "the first glamorous role I've had". Hill was so impressed with her work on the film that he wrote additional scenes for her during the shoot.

"We were very excited about Diane Lane because she was starring in two excitedly hyped Francis Ford Coppola pictures that were being done in Oklahoma", says Gross. "So we had the approval of sort of picking the person that Francis Ford Coppola picked."

Amy Madigan originally read for Reva, Cody's sister, and told Hill and Silver that she wanted to play the role of McCoy which, she remembers, "was written to be played by an overweight male who was a good soldier and really needed a job. It could still be tough and strong and have a woman do it without rewriting the part." Hill liked the idea and cast her.

Willem Dafoe was recommended by Kathryn Bigelow, who had recently directed him in The Loveless (1981). Bigelow was dating David Giler, a collaborator and friend of Hill at the time. Gross later said he thought Dafoe "may have been the best thing about the film."

Filming
Production began on location in Chicago in April 1983, then moved to Los Angeles for 45 days, and finally two weeks at a soap factory in Wilmington, with additional filming taking place at Universal Studios. Shooting wrapped on August 18, 1983. All 10 days of filming in Chicago were exteriors at night, on locations that included platforms of elevated subway lines and the depths of Lower Wacker Drive. For Hill, the subways and their look was crucial to the world of the film and represented one of three modes of transportation—the other two being cars and motorcycles.

While shooting in Chicago, the production was plagued by inclement weather that included rain, hail, snow, and a combination of all three. The subway scenes were filmed on location in Chicago at many locations, including LaSalle Street (Blue line), Lake Street (Green line), Sheridan Road (Red, Purple lines), and Belmont Avenue (Red, Brown, and Purple lines). The Damen Avenue stop (Blue line, at Damen, North, and Milwaukee avenues) was used.

Production designer John Vallone and his team constructed an elevated train line on the backlot of Universal Studios that perfectly matched the ones in Chicago. The film crew tarped-in the New Street and Brownstone street sets to double for the Richmond District setting, completely covering them so that night scenes could be filmed during the day. This tarp measured 1,240 feet long by 220 feet wide over both sets, and cost $1.2 million to construct. However, this presented unusual problems. The sound of the tarp flapping in the wind interfered with the actors’ dialogue. Birds who had nested in the tarp provided their own noisy interruptions.

The exterior of the Richmond Theater where Ellen Aim sings at the beginning of the film was shot on the backlot, with the interior done in the Wiltern Theater in Los Angeles for two weeks. The Ardmore Police roadblock was filmed near 6th street in East Los Angeles, near the flood basin. Although three districts are seen, the city has a total of five districts: the Richmond, the Strip, the Battery, the Cliffside, and the Bayside. An additional district, Ardmore, also appears in the film, but it may be a separate municipality as it is not prefaced with "the".

The production employed 500 extras to play the citizens of the Richmond District. Cinematographer Andrew Laszlo shot the film with very low light, giving the images a stark, "low-tech" quality. The choreography for the two songs Ellen Aim sings and the one by the Sorels was done by Jeffrey Hornaday. The lighting for these concert scenes were done by Mark Brickman, who also lit concerts for Bruce Springsteen and Pink Floyd. In addition, 12 1950 and 1951 model Studebakers were used as police cars. More than 50 motorcycles and their drivers were featured as the Bombers, and were chosen from 200 members of real Los Angeles-based clubs like The Crusaders and The Heathens.

According to Laszlo, the film's style was dictated by the story. The Richmond's look was very soft and the colors did not call attention to themselves. The light in The Battery was contrasting and harsh, with vivid colors. Argyle prints and plaids are used in the Parkside District, and neon lights color the Strip.

Hill later said he felt "humbled" by the shoot: "I think I thought I could handle things. Didn't know how to shoot music. Music had been important in my films, it was usually post production. This was tough stuff to shoot. I already had a great respect for people like Minnelli. I just couldn't seem to work it out without just putting up multiple cameras and shooting an awful lot of film... I later realized or talked to people about this and MGM in the old days everybody was on contract and they would rehearse for weeks. We don't get that. We would stage it and shoot it. We got the songs a lot of times just a few days before we shoot. We only get the final song. The structural advantage of the old studio system we didn't have. It made a very inefficient shoot. I don't think there was any other way to do it given the circumstances." Due to the choreography and setups in between takes of every scene, the climactic four-minute showdown between Cody and Raven took a considerable time to shoot. Paré estimated it as four weeks: "Willem and I shot that for two weeks, and then Walter shot it for another two week with the stunt guys. That whole scene was a Walter thing. He had to do something like that, especially after what he had done in Hard Times (1975)."

Michael Paré later recalled:

"You gotta realize that, out of the whole cast, nobody was over thirty. Diane Lane was, I think, eighteen. It was an enormous Hollywood production. My manager had me hire a limousine to pick me up at home and take me to work. I was like, 'Jesus, this is incredible. This is... Hollywood. The real Hollywood. The Hollywood they make movies about.' ... It was scary. And Walter isn't the kind of guy who works well with kids. He's a cowboy. He's like John Ford. 'Don't ask me how to act! I'm a director!' (Laughs)"

Paré also said he had troubles with Rick Moranis:

"Rick Moranis drove me out of my mind. There's this whole wave of insult comedy. In the real world, if someone insults you a couple of times, you can smack them. Or punch them. You can't do that on a movie set. And these comedians walk around, and they can say whatever they want. I'm just not that handy with that. Comedians are a special breed. They can antagonize you and say whatever they...want, and you can't do anything to stop them...He's this weird looking little guy who couldn't get laid in a whore house with a fistful of fifties. He would imitate me. The first thing he says to me is 'Do you just act cool, or are you really cool?' That was the first sentence out of his mouth to me in Joel Silver's office. And I was like, 'Oh...this is not going to go well.' But he was one of Joel's dear friends, and he ended up making a bunch of movies for Disney. I just wasn't that sharp. I wasn't ready for that kind of crap."

Paré said that the original draft of the script had Tom Cody kill Raven with a knife. "Walter really liked the idea because it had Tom Cody winning at all costs." However, this was changed to a fair fight to ensure a PG rating.

Paré did not always work well with Hill:

"I think Walter is a writer at heart. Writers aren't always that good at communicating in person. He's also a tough son-of-a-bitch. He's like a cowboy. His director's chair was made out of leather and on the back of it read 'Lone Wolf'. He used to frequent gun clubs and he wasn't a very delicate guy...We were doing a love scene. When they said 'We need to loop the love scene.' I really freaked out. I had never done a love scene before...I really needed help to get through it. I panicked, and Joel Silver, called Walter and somehow persuaded him to come over and direct me through the ADR. Streets of Fire was a big picture for me, and I was overwhelmed. I think that bothered Walter. I think he thought that I was a needy guy. He was used to working with actors who had experience like Nick Nolte or David Carradine. I've always wondered why Walter has never wanted to work with me again. I think he was too much of gentlemen to tell me that I was too needy at the time."

E. G. Daily, who played Baby Doll, says it was "a very frustrating thing for me" to not sing in the film "Because Diane Lane was singing, and I remember thinking 'Ah!' It was so frustrating for me. It was painful. Because I wanted to be on that stage singing with those guys...But back then I always played those quirky characters. I didn't get those fancy leads. I got those best friend of the leads, quirky, funny characters. Hookers with a heart of gold. Weirdos."

Gross and Hill met with the editors on the weekends and looked at footage. Gross recalls that about five weeks into the 14-week shoot:

"I turned to Walter and said 'This movie is somewhat weirder than we thought...We just didn't anticipate what the combination of elements was going to be. We had a very conscious design concept of the movie, but I think we didn't fully grasp how strong it would be, in terms of the combination of elements. In a way, I think Streets of Fire was about expanding The Warriors concept to a bigger stage. But when expanding it to a bigger scale, it changed. The movie's bigness of size—compositionally—changed the meaning of things and made it more of a fairy tale...The Warriors, it was bewoven with a unique sense of realism. The fact that they made a deal with real gangs to be extras in the film. There was a true Godardian dialectic going on between artifice and reality. It's a very real-world film, in some respects, but it's very artificial at the same time... We did that again, but we put the emphasis on the artifice. And we didn't fully...I want to say we had too much integrity. We went further with that, perhaps, than we should have. I don't know. I can't put everything together about what didn't work, but the most damaging thing is that we didn't have the right actor for Tom Cody. Maybe if we'd had Tom Cruise, we might have had a success. But our commitment to be stylized was thorough and conscious and maybe too extreme for the mainstream audience."

Gross also wrote that "there was a chance of something great, but early fundamental disappointment with key personnel (in that case the star, Michael Paré) steeled all of us to face the chance that it might not turn out that way."

Soundtrack
Jimmy Iovine produced five of the songs for the film and the soundtrack album. For Ellen's singing voice, he combined the voices of Laurie Sargent and Holly Sherwood, billing them as Fire Inc. The fictional rock band The Attackers were the real-life bandmates of Sargent, Face to Face. They provided the lead vocals on Ellen's songs "Nowhere Fast", "Never Be You" and "Sorcerer", and supporting vocals on "Tonight Is What It Means to Be Young". The version of "Sorcerer", composed by Stevie Nicks, that was featured on the soundtrack album was performed by Marilyn Martin. The version of "Never Be You" that was featured on the soundtrack album was performed by Maria McKee.

Fire Inc. was an improvised Wagnerian rock studio project created by Jim Steinman specifically for the film, featuring uncredited singers Laurie Sargent of Face to Face and Holly Sherwood as female lead vocalists, along with Rory Dodd and Eric Troyer as male backing vocalists, who appeared frequently on several Steinman product during the 1980s. Two songs written by Steinman were part of the soundtrack: "Tonight Is What It Means to Be Young" (number 80 on the US Billboard Hot 100) and "Nowhere Fast", both performed by Fire Inc., with Holly Sherwood providing lead vocals on the former and Laurie Sargent on the latter. The songs were dubbed over Diane Lane's vocals in the movie, with her character Ellen Aim and the Attackers. The title of the former was used as the tagline on some promotional materials for the film.

Dan Hartman's selection "I Can Dream About You" is the most successful song from the movie, and became a Billboard top 10 hit in 1984 (also from his studio album of the same name). In the movie, the song is performed on stage at the end of the film by 'The Sorels', a fictional doo-wop-style group consisting of actors Stoney Jackson, Grand L. Bush, Mykelti Williamson, and Robert Townsend. However, the song was sung for the film by Winston Ford, whose vocals were lip-synched by Jackson in the movie. While there are thus two versions of the song, only Hartman's version was released commercially.

Steinman later recalled thinking the script was 'terrible', but he thought the film was going to be a big hit, in part because of the enthusiasm of Joel Silver:

"[He said] this movie is about visuals. It's about excitement, it's about thrills. Don't worry about the script... Then we go to the first edit, the first cut of the movie in the screening room and it's [Jimmy] Iovine and me and Joel Silver... And about 20 minutes into the movie Jimmy turns to me and he goes... this movie is really shitty isn't it? It's really bad. I said, yeah, it's a really bad script... Joel's on the other side going, what am I gonna do next? There's gotta be a next project, and they're sitting there and there's so many lessons I learned during that movie. It went $14 million over budget, I think and I kept saying to Joel, how are they allowing this? 'Cause they kept screaming at us, it's over the budget. I said, how, and they, you've gotta understand, they built all, Walter Hill didn't want to go to Chicago. The story took place in Chicago, so they built Chicago in LA."

Steinman has said the filmmakers were convinced they would have the rights to the Bruce Springsteen song "Streets of Fire", and filmed an ending using it. However, when they realised they would not get it in time, they asked Steinman for a song, which he wrote in two days.

"So I wrote this song that I loved and I sent it to them and he and Joel, I remember, left me a great message saying, I hate you, you bastard, I love this song. We're gonna have to do it. We're gonna have to re-build the Wiltern Theater, which they had taken down, it was a million dollars to re-do the ending... and I felt all his hostility for Universal. A guy named Sean Daniels, who was head of production, one day said to me, well there is hostility because we understand you waited about eight months to come up with that final song and you never did it. I said, where'd you hear that? I did it in two days. He said, Jimmy Iovine. So I went to Jimmy Iovine and I said all that to his, yeah it's true, I know. I blamed you but you can't be upset with me. I'm not like a writer. I've gotta make my way with these people. I had to have a scapegoat."

The Blasters, who turned down the chance to appear in Hill's 48 Hours, appear in the film performing two songs.

Walter Hill had worked with Ry Cooder several times previously but Cooder did not do the original score. Hill was unhappy with that score and liked music Cooder had written for Stroker Ace which the director of that film had not wanted to use.

Reaction
Larry Gross recalls the filmmakers were optimistic prior to release:

"We all knew in our hearts that Michael was disappointing. We felt that we had compensated adequately in making a fun, exciting, stylized world. You know, I was disappointed in one aspect: a voiceover from Tom's sister that we had, which Walter later decided to cut. Um, there were a couple of things in the narrative that I felt went out that probably should have stayed in. At the same time, I was myself knocked out by what Walter and (cinematographer) Andy Laszlo and our editor were doing visually on the film. And I felt, as I watched the post-production process going on, I just saw the film getting better and better. More impressive. To the point where I thought it was going to do well. And I thought that we had done what we set out to do. Created the world that we set out to create.... It was a movie that was built to succeed. It's funny. The movie screened very, very well. I remember, after the first screenings, people told me that I was going to be rich for life. There was tremendous love and confidence."

Box office
Streets of Fire fared poorly at the box office, opening in 1,150 theaters on June 1, 1984, and grossing $2.4 million during its first weekend. After 10 days, it made $4.5 million, while fellow opener Star Trek III: The Search for Spock grossed $34.8 million in the same time.

Gross says Hill was making Brewster's Millions at the time. "Joel got off the phone with Universal and said, 'We're dead.' We sat down, I remember, in a little park. In downtown LA. And we started giggling, in that way people do when things are terrible...there's the song in the movie called 'Tonight Is What It Means to Be Young'. And I remember, in the park, Joel saying, 'Today Is What It Means to be Dead'."

The film went on to make a total of $8 million in North America, compared to a production budget of $14.5 million.

"I was shattered when the film didn't perform", said Gross. "That broke my heart...I hoped, by the time the movie finished, that it would be whipped into a shape and design that would have a real impact. And then it didn't, and that was sad."

Critical response
On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film holds a score of 59 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.

Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized the film's screenplay as being misogynistic and "problematically crude."

Gary Arnold wrote in The Washington Post that as "romantic leads, Paré and Lane are pretty much a washout", and that "most of the action climaxes are treated as such throwaways that you begin to wonder if they bored the director."

Jay Scott wrote in The Globe and Mail that "when Streets of Fire is speeding by like Mercury on methedrine, the rush left in its wake cancels out questions of content. But the minute the momentum slows, it's another story—a story about a movie with no story at all."

In an essay for Film Comment, David Chute wrote "It's probably impossible not to enjoy the movie. No director holds a candle to Hill for sheer visceral expertise. But the moods didn't linger. It's such a hard-shelled picture that it barely has moods."

Roger Ebert wrote that "the language is strange, too: It's tough, but not with 1984 toughness. It sounds like the way really mean guys would have talked in the late 1950s, only with a few words different--as if this world evolved a slightly different language."

Legacy
Screenwriter Larry Gross said the film has been influential:

"Whatever is good, bad or indifferent about Streets of Fire, it had a huge impact on other filmmakers. The two movies that came out in the years after that are completely saturated in the iconography of Streets of Fire are RoboCop and Se7en. Se7en's taking place in another world. It's not New York. It's not Chicago. A world where it's raining all the time. Always dark. Always night, just about. Those are two very successful movies that figured out how to do the stylization with the appropriate amount of gore that they hooked the audience. And I think that if we'd done more gore, our chances of hooking the audience would be greater."

Streets of Fire has a number of similarities to Capcom's hit 1989 beat 'em up video game Final Fight. In a 2007 interview, Retro Gamer magazine asked the game's designer Akira Nishitani about the similarities. Nishitani said that, at the time, the team were not "aware of Streets of Fire, but I've Googled it and there does indeed seem to be something familiar about it" but that "this style of story was very popular back then" and many "fighting games made use of it" so "I guess we were part of that crowd!" Conversely, Akira Yasuda (the game's planner) states on his personal website that he based Final Fight protagonist Cody Travers on Michael Paré's Tom Cody.

Awards
Sitges Film Festival
 * Best Actress: Amy Madigan (1984)

Kinema Junpo Awards
 * Best Foreign Language Film: Walter Hill

Nominations
Golden Raspberry
 * Worst Supporting Actress: Diane Lane (1984)

Possible sequels
Streets of Fire was intended to be the first in a projected trilogy titled The Adventures of Tom Cody, with Hill's tentatively titling the two sequels The Far City and Cody's Return.

The Streets of Fire script concluded with the expectation that Streets of Fire will be followed by The Long Night, Book Two in The Adventures of Tom Cody.

Paré later recalled:

"They told me that it was going to be a trilogy. What happened was that all of the people that made Streets of Fire left Universal Studios and went to 20th Century Fox. It was made at Universal, so they owned the rights to the story. So it was left behind. I was told by Joel Silver that the sequel was going to be set in the snow, and the following film would be set in the desert."

However, the film's failure at the box office put an end to the project. In an interview, shortly after the film's release, Paré said, "Everyone liked it, and then all of a sudden they didn't like it. I was already worried about whether I should do the sequel or not."

Road to Hell
An unofficial sequel titled Road to Hell was made in 2008, directed by Albert Pyun, and with Paré playing Tom Cody, and Deborah Van Valkenburgh playing his sister Reva Cody.

title: Streets of Fire


text:
Goldfly

Goldfly is the second studio album by the rock band Guster, released in 1997. The album was recorded in December 1996 at the House of Blues Studios in Encino, California. It sold around 20,000 copies as an independent release, before being picked up by Sire Records. The Sire version was remixed by Mike Shipley.

There are three versions of the album. The original, rare, independently released version has the hidden song "Melanie" before the first song. The version released on Hybrid/Sire Records has the hidden song as the eleventh track. The third version, distributed to members of Guster's rep program, is a bad CD pressing of the album which contains "Melanie" as the first track, while "Getting Even" and "Bury Me" are combined as a single track.

Guster

 * Ryan Miller – guitar, lead vocals
 * Adam Gardner – guitar, lead vocals
 * Brian Rosenworcel – percussion, background vocals

Additional musicians

 * Davey Faragher – bass
 * John Ferraro – drums
 * Steve Lindsey – Hammond organ and Nord synthesizers
 * Andy Happel – violin
 * Rudy DiCello – cello

title: Goldfly


text:
Mirizzi's syndrome

Mirizzi's syndrome is a rare complication in which a gallstone becomes impacted in the cystic duct or neck of the gallbladder causing compression of the common hepatic duct, resulting in obstruction and jaundice. The obstructive jaundice can be caused by direct extrinsic compression by the stone or from fibrosis caused by chronic cholecystitis (inflammation). A cholecystocholedochal fistula can occur.

Presentation
Mirizzi's syndrome has no consistent or unique clinical features that distinguish it from other more common forms of obstructive jaundice. Symptoms of recurrent cholangitis, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, and elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase may or may not be present. Acute presentations of the syndrome include symptoms consistent with cholecystitis.

Surgery is extremely difficult as Calot's triangle is often obliterated and the risks of causing injury to the CBD are high.

Pathophysiology
Multiple and large gallstones can become impacted in the Hartmann's pouch of the gallbladder, leading to chronic inflammation—which leads to compression of the common bile duct (CBD), necrosis, fibrosis, and ultimately fistula formation into the adjacent common hepatic duct (CHD) or common bile duct (CBD). As a result, the CHD/CBD becomes obstructed by either scar or stone, resulting in obstructive jaundice. It can be divided into four types.

Type I – No fistula present

 * Type IA – Presence of the cystic duct
 * Type IB – Obliteration of the cystic duct

Types II–IV – Fistula present

 * Type II – Defect smaller than 33% of the CHD diameter
 * Type III – Defect 33–66% of the CHD diameter
 * Type IV – Defect larger than 66% of the CHD diameter

Diagnosis
Imaging by ultrasonography, MRCP, or CT scan usually make the diagnosis. MRCP can be used to define the lesion anatomically prior to surgery. Occasionally Mirizzi's syndrome is diagnosed or confirmed on ERCP when requested to alleviate obstructive jaundice or cholangitis by means of an endoscopically placed stent, or when USS has been wrongly reported as choledocolithiasis.

Treatment
Simple cholecystectomy is suitable for type I patients. For types II–IV, subtotal cholecystectomy can be performed to avoid damage to the main bile ducts. Cholecystectomy and bilioenteric anastomosis may be required. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy has shown good outcome in some studies.

Epidemiology
Mirizzi's syndrome occurs in approximately 0.1% of patients with gallstones. It is found in 0.7 to 2.5 percent of cholecystectomies.

It affects males and females equally, but tends to affect older people more often. There is no evidence of race having any bearing on the epidemiology.

Eponym
It is named for Pablo Luis Mirizzi (1893–1964), an Argentinian physician. Mirizzi was educated and trained in his hometown and later visited some of the best hospitals throughout the United States for further education and training. Mirizzi specialized in abdominal and thoracic surgery and would write prolifically on related surgical topics.

title: Mirizzi's syndrome


text:
Geoffrey Palmer (actor)

Geoffrey Dyson Palmer (4 June 1927 – 5 November 2020) was an English actor. His roles in British television sitcoms include Jimmy Anderson in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–79), Ben Parkinson in Butterflies (1978–1983) and Lionel Hardcastle in As Time Goes By (1992–2005). His film appearances include A Fish Called Wanda (1988), The Madness of King George (1994), Mrs Brown (1997), Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) and Paddington (2014). He also made guest appearances in television series such as The Avengers, Doctor Who, and Bergerac.

Early life and education
Geoffrey Dyson Palmer was born on 4 June 1927 in North Finchley, Middlesex. He was the son of Frederick Charles Palmer, who was a chartered surveyor, and Norah Gwendolen (née Robins). He attended Highgate School from September 1939 to December 1945. He served as a corporal instructor in small arms and field training in the Royal Marines during his national service from 1946 to 1948, following which he briefly worked as an unpaid trainee assistant stage manager.

Career
Palmer's early television appearances included multiple roles in episodes of The Army Game (Granada Television), two episodes of The Baron and as a property agent in Cathy Come Home (1966). After a major break in John Osborne's West of Suez at the Royal Court with Ralph Richardson, he acted in major productions at the Royal Court and for the National Theatre Company and was directed by Laurence Olivier in J. B. Priestley's Eden End. Palmer found the play so dull, however, that he was deterred from a stage career.

Two BBC sitcom roles brought him attention in the 1970s: the hapless brother-in-law of Reggie Perrin in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–79), and the phlegmatic dentist Ben Parkinson in Butterflies (1978–1983).

In 1978 Palmer appeared as organized crimelord Simon Sinclair in London Weekend Television's hard-hitting police drama The Professionals, the episode entitled "Where the Jungle Ends."

Palmer played Doctor Price in the Fawlty Towers episode "The Kipper and the Corpse" (1979), determined to have breakfast amidst the confusion caused by the death of a guest and Fawlty's inept way of handling the emergency. In 1986, Palmer appeared as Donald Fairchild in the first series of an ITV sitcom, Executive Stress, alongside Penelope Keith. He later left, and was replaced by Peter Bowles.

Palmer later starred opposite Judi Dench for over a decade in another BBC sitcom, As Time Goes By (1992–2005). In 1997, he also appeared with Dench in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies, in which he portrayed Admiral Roebuck to Dench's M, and Mrs Brown, playing Sir Henry Ponsonby to Dench's Queen Victoria.

Palmer's voice-over skills led to frequent work in commercials. Campaigns he was involved with include the 'Slam in the Lamb' ads for the Meat & Livestock Commission and the Audi commercials in which he was heard using the phrase "Vorsprung durch Technik". As a narrator, he worked on the BBC series' Grumpy Old Men and Grumpy Old Holidays, as well as narrating the audiobook version of Dickens' A Christmas Carol, released in 2005 as a podcast by Penguin Books. He narrated the documentary series Little England, and he continued to appear in productions written by Reggie Perrin creator David Nobbs, the last of these being the radio comedy The Maltby Collection broadcast from 2007.

In the 2006 DVD series The Compleat Angler, Palmer partnered Rae Borras in a series of episodes based on Izaak Walton's 1653 The Compleat Angler. In 2007, he recorded The Diary of a Nobody by George Grossmith and Weedon Grossmith as an online audiobook. In December 2007, Palmer appeared in the role of the Captain in "Voyage of the Damned", the Christmas special episode of the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who; Palmer previously appeared in the classic era of the show in the Third Doctor serials Doctor Who and the Silurians (1970) (as Masters) and The Mutants (1972) (as the Administrator). In March 2009, he joined in a sketch with the two double acts Armstrong and Miller and Mitchell and Webb for Comic Relief. In 2011, he played the reactionary father-in-law of the eponymous clergyman of Rev. in its Christmas episode.

Personal life and death
Palmer married Sally Green in 1963. They had a daughter, Harriet, and a son, Charles, a television director. Palmer was a longtime resident of Lee Common in the Chiltern Hills, Buckinghamshire, and enjoyed fly fishing in his spare time. At the time of his death, he resided in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire.

Palmer died from blood cancer at his home in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire on 5 November 2020, aged 93.

Awards and recognition
In the New Year's Honours List published 31 December 2004 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to drama. A drawing of Palmer by Stuart Pearson Wright is in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Stage

 * Sabrina Fair by Samuel Taylor at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham (1955).
 * Eden End by J. B. Priestley at the Royal National Theatre (1974).
 * Kafka's Dick by Alan Bennett at the Royal Court Theatre (1986).
 * West of Suez by John Osbourne.

Radio

 * At Home with the Snails (2001–2002)
 * Les Misérables as Inspector Javert (2002)
 * The Man Who Was Thursday (2005)
 * High Table, Lower Orders (2005–2006)
 * The Maltby Collection (2007–2009)
 * A Murder of Quality (2009)
 * The Screwtape Letters as C. S. Lewis (2009)
 * North by Northamptonshire (2011–2012)
 * Two Pipe Problems: The Case of the Missing Meerschaum as Mortimer Tregennis (2011)

Television

 * The Army Game (1958–1960) as Various Characters
 * The Strange World of Gurney Slade (1960) as Television Studio Floor Manager in Episode 1
 * ’’Interpol Calling (1960) in Episode "Desert Hijack"
 * The Avengers:
 * "Propellant 23" (1962) as Paul Manning
 * "Man with Two Shadows" (1963) as Dr. Terence
 * "A Surfeit of H2O" (1965) as Martin Smythe
 * The Human Jungle
 * The Saint:
 * "The Rough Diamonds" (1963) as Pete Ferguson
 * Gideon's Way (TV Series)
 * "The Alibi Man" (1965) as Jeff Grant
 * Out of the Unknown
 * "No Place Like Earth" (1965) as Chief Officer
 * The Baron:
 * "Masquerade" (1966) as Anstruther
 * "The Killing" (1966) as Anstruther
 * The Wednesday Play:
 * Cathy Come Home (1966) as Property Agent
 * Mrs Thursday (1966) as Henry Baxter
 * Best of Enemies (1968) as Johnson
 * Doctor Who
 * "Doctor Who and the Silurians" (1970) as Masters
 * "The Mutants" (1972) as Administrator
 * "Voyage of the Damned" (2007) as Captain Hardaker
 * Colditz – Gone Away Part 1 (1972) as Doc
 * Whodunnit! (1975) as Suspect
 * The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–1979) as Jimmy Anderson
 * Butterflies (1978–1983) as Ben Parkinson
 * The Sweeney (1978) as Commander Watson in "Feet of Clay"
 * The Professionals (1978) as Sinclair in "Where the Jungle Ends"
 * Fawlty Towers- "The Kipper and the Corpse" (1979) as Dr. Price
 * The Goodies (1980) as School Headmaster
 * The Last Song (1981) as Leo Bannister
 * Whoops Apocalypse (1982) as Foreign Secretary
 * Death of an Expert Witness (1983) as Dr. Edwin Lorrimer
 * The Professionals (1983) as Avery in "The Ojuka Situation"
 * Fairly Secret Army (1984–1986) as Major Harry Kitchener Wellington Truscott
 * Executive Stress (1986 first series only) as Donald Fairchild No. 1
 * Season's Greetings (1986) as Bernard
 * Hot Metal (1986) as Harold Stringer
 * Christabel (1988) as Mr. Burton
 * Blackadder Goes Forth
 * "Goodbyeee" (1989) as Field Marshal Douglas Haig
 * Inspector Morse
 * "The Infernal Serpent" (1990) as Matthew Copley-Barnes
 * Bergerac
 * "Roots of Evil" (1990) as Nigel Carter
 * As Time Goes By (1992–2005) as Lionel Hardcastle
 * Mr. Men and Little Miss as the Narrator and Santa Claus (in "The Christmas Letter")
 * The Legacy of Reginald Perrin (1996) as Jimmy Anderson
 * Alice through the Looking Glass (1998) as White King
 * The Savages (2001) as Donald
 * The 1940s House (2001) as Narrator
 * Stig of the Dump (2002) as Robert
 * Absolute Power (2003) as Lord Harcourt
 * Grumpy Old Men (2003–2004, 2006) as Narrator
 * He Knew He Was Right (2004) as Sir Marmaduke Rowley
 * Grumpy Old Holidays (2006) as Narrator
 * Ashes to Ashes:
 * "Episode 8" (2008); as Lord Scarman
 * The Long Walk to Finchley (2008); as John Crowder
 * Agatha Christie's Poirot:
 * "The Clocks" (2011) as Vice Admiral Hamling
 * Grandpa in My Pocket
 * "Captain Dumbletwit's Toughest Mission Yet!" (2010) as Grandad Gillbert
 * Rev
 * "Christmas Special" Series 2, episode 7 (2011) as Martin
 * Henry IV, Part II (2012); as Lord Chief Justice
 * Royal Variety Performance (2014); as the Announcer (voice only)

Film

 * A Prize of Arms (1962) as Cpl. Myers
 * Incident at Midnight (1963) as Dr. Tanfield
 * Ring of Spies (1964) as Police Officer (uncredited)
 * Cast a Giant Shadow (1966) as David (uncredited)
 * O Lucky Man! (1973) as Examinator Doctor / Basil Keyes
 * The Battle of Billy's Pond (1976) as First Policeman
 * The Outsider (1979) as Colonel Wyndham
 * Mr. Kershaw's Dream System (1982) as Psychiatrist
 * The Honorary Consul (1983) as Belfrage: British Ambassador
 * A Zed & Two Noughts (1985) as Fallast
 * Clockwise (1986) as Headmaster
 * A Fish Called Wanda (1988) as Judge
 * Hawks (1988) as SAAB Salesman
 * The Madness of King George (1994) as Warren
 * Mrs. Brown (1997) as Henry Ponsonby
 * Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) as Admiral Roebuck
 * Stiff Upper Lips (1998) as His Butler's Voice
 * Anna and the King (1999) as Lord John Bradley
 * Rat (2000) as The Doctor
 * Peter Pan (2003) as Sir Edward Quiller Couch
 * Piccadilly Jim (2004) as Bayliss
 * The Pink Panther 2 (2009) as Joubert
 * W.E. (2011) as Stanley Baldwin
 * Lost Christmas (2011) as Dr. Clarence
 * Run for Your Wife (2012) as Man on Bus
 * Bert and Dickie (2012) as Charles Burnell
 * The Last Sparks of Sundown (2014) as Sir Buster Sparks (voice)
 * Paddington (2014) as The Boss Geographer
 * To Olivia (2021) as Geoffrey Fisher (final film role)

Recordings (spoken word)

 * Welcome to the Pleasuredome (Fruitness Mix) (1985)
 * Esio Trot (1990)
 * The BFG (1989)
 * A Christmas Carol (2005)
 * The Diary of a Nobody (2007)

title: Geoffrey Palmer (actor)


text:
Lost and Gone Forever

Lost and Gone Forever is the third studio album by the band Guster, released in September 1999. It was recorded earlier that year in Sausalito, California, and Bearsville, New York. In 1999, Ryan Miller claimed that Guster took the album's title "from the popular folk song 'Oh My Darling, Clementine and "chose it because we felt it reflected the lyrical content of the record." According to Guster's own website, other titles considered for the album included (jokingly) 'The Ides of Guster', 'When Guster Attacks', 'Senior Week' and 'Book on Tape'. All of the drums on this album were played by hand (no sticks).

In February 2012, Paste magazine named Lost and Gone Forever the 79th greatest album of the 1990s.

Track listing
All songs written by Ryan Miller.
 * 1) "What You Wish for" – 3:51
 * 2) "Barrel of a Gun" – 3:11
 * 3) "Either Way" – 4:43
 * 4) "Fa Fa" – 4:43
 * 5) "I Spy" – 2:57
 * 6) "Center of Attention" – 4:07
 * 7) "All the Way up to Heaven" – 5:00
 * 8) "Happier" – 3:52
 * 9) "So Long" – 2:38
 * 10) "Two Points for Honesty" – 3:32
 * 11) "Rainy Day" – 5:23

Personnel
Guster

 * Adam Gardner - vocals, guitar, bass guitar, trumpet
 * Ryan Miller - vocals, guitar, piano, organ, harmonica
 * Brian Rosenworcel - drums, percussion, trombone, typewriter

Guest musicians
 * Alicia Berger, Chonie De Ocampo, Katherine Forgacs, Emily Martinez, Kristen Randall, Lisa Williams - whistling (on "All The Way up to Heaven")
 * Karl Denson - flute, saxophone (on "Fa Fa")
 * Tony Levin - bass guitar (on "Fa Fa" and "Rainy Day"), Chapman stick (on "Two Points for Honesty")
 * Chris Manning - bass guitar (on "What You Wish For" and "Barrel of a Gun")
 * Page McConnell - theremin (on "All The Way up to Heaven")
 * Dan Rieter - cello (on "Either Way" and "So Long")
 * Tracy Silverman - violin, viola (on "Either Way)

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States) Singles - Billboard (United States)

title: Lost and Gone Forever


text:
Sobibór (village)

Sobibór is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Włodawa, within Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies close to the Bug River, which forms the border with Belarus and Ukraine.

Overview
Sobibór is approximately 11 km south-east of Włodawa and 80 km east of the regional capital Lublin. To the south and west is the protected area called Sobibór Landscape Park.

During World War II, the Nazi Sobibor extermination camp was built outside the village. The number of Jews gassed and cremated there between April 1942 and October 14, 1943 is estimated at 250,000. At present, the site of Jewish martyrology is the location of the Sobibór Museum branch of the Majdanek State Museum, devoted to the memory of atrocities committed by Nazi Germany at the Sobibór death camp during the Holocaust in Poland.

title: Sobibór (village)


text:
File:Keepittogether.jpg

Summary
Keep It Together album cover

title: File:Keepittogether.jpg


text:
Roanne

Roanne (Rouana; Roana) is a commune in the Loire department, central France.

It is located 90 km northwest of Lyon on the river Loire. It has an important Museum, the Musée des Beaux-arts et d'Archéologie Joseph-Déchelette (French), with many Egyptian artifacts.

Economy
Roanne is known for gastronomy (largely because of the famous Troisgros family), textiles, agriculture and manufacturing tanks.

Roanne station has rail connections to Clermont-Ferrand, Saint-Étienne, Moulins and Lyon.

History
The toponymy is Gaulish, Rod-Onna ("flowing water") which became Rodumna, then Rouhanne and Roanne. The town was sited at a strategic point, the head of navigation on the Loire, below its narrow gorges. As a trans-shipping point, its importance declined with the collapse of long-distance trade after the fourth century. In the twelfth century, the site passed to the comte du Forez, under whose care it began to recover. An overland route led to Lyon and the Rhône, thus Roanne developed as a transshipping point between Paris and the Mediterranean in early modern France, when waterways were at least as important as roads.

The renewed navigation on the Loire encouraged the export of local products— wines, including casks of Beaujolais that had been shipped overland, ceramics, textiles—and after 1785, coal from Saint-Étienne, which had formerly been onloaded upstream at Saint-Rambert, since river improvements at the beginning of the century. Sturdy goods were rafted downriver on sapinières that were dismantled after use. Half the population of seventeenth and eighteenth-century Roanne depended in some way on this transportation economy: merchants and factors, carriers, carpenters and coopers, master-boatmen and their journeymen and oarsmen, and waterfront laborers (Braudel p360f).

Roanne was one of the first towns served by railroad, with the opening, 15 March 1833, of the terminal on the right bank at the port of Varennes of the third line, from Andrézieux. Following came the opening of the canal from Roanne to Digoin (1838), which placed the city in the forefront of the French Industrial Revolution.

In 1917 the arsenal was established at Roanne, and from 1940 a new industry developed, producing rayon and other new fibers. In the post-industrial phase that set in during the 1970s, Roanne struggled to find new industry and attract tourism.

The 18th-century actor, playwright and revolutionary Antoine Dorfeuille (1754–1795) was murdered in Roanne.

Sports
The city is home to Chorale Roanne Basket, two-time champion of France's top basketball league LNB Pro A. The team plays its home games at the Halle André Vacheresse.

Personalities
Roanne was the birthplace of:

 * Édouard Carpentier, (1926-2010) professional wrestler
 * Laurent Chabry (1855-1894), biologist who worked in the flying mechanisms of birds and insects
 * Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny (1756–1834) was a French politician
 * Joseph Déchelette (1862-1914), archaeologist
 * Henri Dentz (1881-1945), French Army officer and collaborator
 * Pierre Étaix (born 1928), film director
 * Jean-Pierre Jeunet (born 1953), film director
 * René Leriche (1870–1955), surgeon
 * David Ramseyer, basketball player
 * Antoine Vermorel-Marques (born 1993), Member of Parliament
 * Michel Troisgros (born 1958), Michelin-starred chef, La Maison Troisgros

Twin towns – sister cities
Roanne is twinned with:

 * 🇪🇸 Guadalajara, Spain
 * 🇵🇱 Legnica, Poland
 * 🇮🇹 Montevarchi, Italy
 * Nuneaton and Bedworth, United Kingdom
 * 🇷🇴 Piatra Neamţ, Romania
 * 🇩🇪 Reutlingen, Germany

title: Roanne


text:
Keep It Together (album)

Keep It Together is the fourth studio album by the band Guster, released in June 2003. The album was recorded from 2001 to 2003 in Bearsville, New York, New York City, Burbank, California, and Shokan, New York. This is the first album by Guster with Brian Rosenworcel on kit drums instead of hand percussion. Keep It Together went through several working titles, including Bitch Magic, Olympia Dukakis and Come Downstairs & Say Hello.

According to the album's liner notes, Joe Pisapia contributed guest vocals on "Jesus on the Radio" and Ben Kweller did the same on "I Hope Tomorrow Is Like Today". Pisapia officially joined the band in 2003.

The track "Red Oyster Cult" refers to the name of the American rock band Blue Öyster Cult.

A UK re-release included two bonus tracks, "Say That To My Face" and "Starless Heaven".

The record sold 267,000 copies by late 2005, according to Nielsen Soundscan.

Track listing
All music composed by Guster, except where noted.

When the band plays "Jesus on the Radio" live, they often play it "unplugged", without any instruments or microphones plugged in.

"Keep It Together" can be heard at the end of the season 1 The O.C. episode, "The Rescue".

"I Hope Tomorrow Is Like Today" can be heard in the film Wedding Crashers and in the Malcolm in the Middle episode "Lois' Sister".

Guster

 * Ryan Miller - vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, mellotron
 * Adam Gardner - vocals, guitar, banjo, piano
 * Brian Rosenworcel - drums, percussion, bongos, keyboards, guitar, backing vocals

Guest musicians

 * Ron Aniello - guitar, Mellotron, banjo
 * David Henry - cello
 * Jim Hoke - brass, woodwind
 * Ben Kweller - guitar, piano, vocals
 * Jacob Lawson - violin
 * Randy Leago - brass, woodwind
 * Brandon Mason - trumpet
 * Roger Moutenot - Jew's harp
 * Joe Pisapia - banjo, vocals
 * Neil Rosengarden - flugelhorn

"Backyard" guest musicians
Every guest musician on Keep It Together was forced to record a take on the song "Backyard". The rule was they could only record one take, and they must have no knowledge of the song before they began recording.
 * Ron Aniello - additional instruments
 * David Henry - upright bass
 * Jim Hoke - harmonica
 * Ben Kweller - "frightening double-necked string instrument"
 * Jacob Lawson - additional instruments
 * Randy Leago - additional instruments
 * Brandon Mason - additional instruments
 * Roger Moutenot - Moog synthesizer
 * Joe Pisapia - banjo
 * Neil Rosengarden - additional instruments
 * Josh Rouse - backing vocals

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

Singles - Billboard (United States)

title: Keep It Together (album)


text:
File:Gusteronice.jpg

Summary
Guster on Ice album cover

title: File:Gusteronice.jpg


text:
2004 Democratic National Convention speakers

The 2004 Democratic National Convention featured a variety of speakers, ranging from former presidents to rising newcomers.

Principal speakers

 * William J. Clinton, 42nd president of the United States
 * James E. Carter Jr., 39th president of the United States
 * Albert A. Gore Jr., 45th vice-president of the United States and 2000 Democratic presidential candidate
 * Hillary Clinton, United States senator from New York

Featured speakers

 * Roberta Achtenberg, first lesbian Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
 * Tammy Baldwin, United States Representative from Wisconsin
 * Rosa DeLauro, United States Representative from Connecticut
 * Shirley Franklin, Mayor of Atlanta
 * Terry McAuliffe, Chairman of the Democratic National Committee
 * Greg Meeks, United States Representative from New York
 * Robert Menendez, United States Representative from New Jersey
 * Lottie Shackelford, Vice Chair of the 2004 Democratic National Convention
 * Stephanie Tubbs Jones, United States Representative from Ohio
 * Thomas J. Vilsack, Governor of Iowa

Quotes

 * "Democrats and Republicans have very different and honestly held ideas on that choices we should make, rooted in fundamentally different views of how we should meet our common challenges at home and how we should play our role in the world. Democrats want to build an America of shared responsibilities and shared opportunities and more global cooperation, acting alone only when we must. We think the role of government is to give people the tools and conditions to make the most of their lives. Republicans believe in an America run by the right people, their people, in a world in which we act unilaterally when we can, and cooperate when we have to. They think the role of government is to concentrate wealth and power in the hands of those who embrace their political, economic, and social views, leaving ordinary citizens to fend for themselves on matters like health care and retirement security. Since most Americans are not that far to the right, they have to portray us Democrats as unacceptable, lacking in strength and values. In other words, they need a divided America—but we don't." —Bill Clinton
 * "Strength and wisdom are not opposing values."—Bill Clinton
 * "And so I say to you and to others around the world, whether they wish us well or ill — do not underestimate us Americans. We lack neither strength nor wisdom." —Jimmy Carter
 * "I'll be candid with you. I had hoped to be back here this week under different circumstances, running for reelection. But you know the old saying — you win some, you lose some. And then there's that little-known third category." —Al Gore
 * "Take it from me — every vote counts. In our Democracy, every vote has power. And never forget — that power is yours. Don't let anyone take it away or talk you into throwing it away. And let's make sure that this time every vote is counted." —Al Gore

Principal speakers

 * Teresa Heinz Kerry, wife of John Kerry
 * Christopher Heinz, stepson of John Kerry
 * Barack Obama, candidate for United States Senate from Illinois and Keynote Speaker

Featured speakers

 * Carol Moseley-Braun, former United States Senator from Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate
 * Robert Caro, two-time Pulitzer Prize winning author and historian
 * Thomas R. Carper, United States Senator from Delaware
 * Jon S. Corzine, United States Senator from New Jersey
 * Thomas A. Daschle, United States Senator from South Dakota and Senate Minority Leader
 * Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont and Democratic presidential candidate
 * John Dingell, United States Representative from Michigan
 * Richard A. "Dick" Gephardt, United States Representative from Missouri and Democratic presidential candidate
 * James P. Hoffa, President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters
 * Mike Honda, United States Representative from California
 * Jesse Jackson, Former Democratic presidential candidate
 * Edward M. Kennedy, United States Senator from Massachusetts
 * Kwame Kilpatrick, Mayor of Detroit
 * Robert Matsui, United States Representative from California
 * Benjamin McKenzie, actor and political activist.
 * Janet Napolitano, Governor of Arizona
 * Ron Reagan, son of 40th President of the United States Ronald Reagan
 * Linda Sánchez, United States Representative from California
 * Christie Vilsack, wife of Tom Vilsack

Quotes

 * "I’ve seen their desire to take our country back for the American people. I saw it in a college student in Pennsylvania who sold her bicycle and sent us a check for one hundred dollars with a note that said, "I sold my bicycle for democracy." I saw it in a woman from Iowa who handed me fifty dollars — all in quarters. She saved it from her monthly disability check, because she wanted to make America well again. And I saw it in the 19-year-old from Alabama who had never been involved in politics before he got in his car and drove up to Vermont, because he didn't feel like he was being heard in Washington. He was just one of so many. They learned that politics was too important to be left to the politicians. They didn't just pack their bags—they backed their hopes that we can take our country back. And you know what? We will." —Howard Dean
 * "Words can be cheap in a political year, we all know that. But I'm going to borrow some familiar ones, to tell you that we need John Kerry as president — because we need a uniter, not a divider, in the White House. We need John Kerry as president because it's time to restore honor and dignity to the White House — to have a president whose whole life is a testament to his goodness and decency, to his courage under fire. We need John Kerry as president of the United States of America, because he will fight for working families, and help America to be what it ought to be." —Richard Gephardt
 * "Today, more than two centuries after the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard "round the world", the ideals of our founders still resonate across the globe. Young people in other lands — inspired by the liberty we cherish — linked arms and sang "We Shall Overcome" when the Berlin Wall fell, when apartheid ended in South Africa, and when the courageous protests took place in Tiananmen Square. The goals of the American people are every bit as high as they were more than two hundred years ago. If America is failing to reach them today, it's not because our ideals need replacing, it's because our President needs replacing." —Edward M. Kennedy
 * "I learned something then, and I believe it still. There is a value in taking a stand whether or not anyone may be noticing and whether or not it is a risky thing to do. And if even those who are in danger can raise their lonely voices, isn't more required of all of us, in this land where liberty had her birth? In America, the true patriots are those who dare speak truth to power." —Teresa Heinz Kerry
 * "I was elected mayor at age 31 because I dared mighty things for the citizens of my city." —Kwame Kilpatrick
 * A twelve-year-old founder of Kidsforkerry. Org addressed the delegates. She scolded Dick Cheney for his use of an expletive in a public remark to U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy.  "When our vice president had a disagreement with a Democratic senator, he used a really bad word.  If I said that word, I would be put in a timeout. I think he should be put in a timeout." —Ilana Wexler

Principal speakers

 * John Edwards, 2004 Democratic vice presidential candidate
 * Elizabeth Edwards, wife of John Edwards
 * Cate Edwards, daughter of John Edwards

Featured speakers

 * Steve Brozak, Candidate for United States Representative from New Jersey and retired Marine Lieutenant Colonel
 * Elijah Cummings, United States Representative from Maryland
 * Harold Ford, Jr., United States Representative from Tennessee
 * John Glenn, former United States Senator from Ohio and NASA astronaut
 * Bob Graham, United States Senator from Florida and former Democratic presidential candidate
 * Jennifer Granholm, Governor of Michigan
 * Cheryl Jacques, President of Human Rights Campaign
 * Claudia J. Kennedy, first female Lieutenant General in the United States Army
 * Dennis Kucinich, United States Representative from Ohio
 * Ed Pastor, United States Representative from Arizona
 * Bill Richardson, Chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention and Governor of New Mexico
 * Al Sharpton, Former Democratic presidential candidate

Quotes

 * "My fellow Americans, I don't need to tell you that the world is a dangerous place. We are reminded of that in our everyday lives — and we have seen it on the streets and in the subways and airports outside this convention. Al Qaeda is the heir to enemies we have defeated before — today's equivalent of Nazis and fascists who hate the values at the core of the American way of life: democracy and pluralism, diversity and tolerance, innovation and achievement, strength and freedom. And the fate of Al Qaeda will be the same as those other tyrants and thugs—we will defeat them." —Bill Richardson
 * "This is not about a party. It is about living up to the promise of America. The promise of America says that we will guarantee quality education for all children, and not spend more for metal detectors than computers in our schools. The promise of America guarantees health care for all of its citizens, and does not force seniors to travel to Canada to buy prescription drugs they cannot afford here. The promise of America provides that those who work in our health care system can afford to be hospitalized in the very beds that they clean everyday. The promise of America is government that does not seek to regulate your behavior in the bedroom but to guarantee your right to provide food in the kitchen. The promise of America is that we stand for human rights – whether it's fighting slavery in Sudan, AIDS in Lesotho, or police brutality in this country. The promise of America is one immigration policy for all who seek to enter our shores, whether they come from Mexico, Haiti, or Canada. The promise of America is that every citizen's vote is counted and protected, and election schemes do not decide elections." —Al Sharpton
 * "As I ran for president, I hoped that one child would come out of the ghetto like I did, could look at me walk across the stage with governors and senators and know they didn't have to be a drug dealer, they didn't have to be a hoodlum, they didn't have to be a gangster. They could stand up from a broken home, on welfare, and they could run for president of the United States." —Al Sharpton
 * "There is not a liberal America, and a conservative America. There is the United States of America. There is not a black America, and a white America, a Latino America, an Asian America. There is the United States of America." —Barack Obama

Principal speakers

 * John Kerry, 2004 Democratic presidential candidate
 * Alexandra Kerry, Daughter of John Kerry
 * Vanessa Kerry, Daughter of John Kerry

Featured speakers

 * Juanita Millender-McDonald, United States Representative from California
 * Joe Biden, United States Senator from Delaware
 * Wesley Clark, former NATO Supreme Allied Commander and 2004 presidential candidate
 * Madeleine Albright, 64th United States Secretary of State
 * Max Cleland, former United States Senator from Georgia
 * Joe Lieberman, United States Senator from Connecticut, 2004 presidential candidate, and 2000 vice-presidential candidate.
 * Nancy Pelosi, United States Representative from California and House Minority Leader
 * Byron Dorgan, United States Senator from North Dakota
 * Mark Warner, Governor of Virginia

Quotes

 * "During the course of this campaign, I've heard people talk about John Kerry the father and John Kerry the public servant as if they were two people divided. But, I can assure you all they are truly one and the same. I know his values-revealed in quiet 11 p.m. phone calls of frustration from what he's seen at work, or the simple reminder that we never turn our backs on those in need. What drives my father to serve is exactly what has made this public servant the father I'm proud of, look up to, and love." —Vanessa Kerry
 * "To every little girl her father is a hero. It's taken some getting used to, that my father actually is one. And not just in the obvious ways. Because he likes to listen as much as he likes to talk; because he's studious in the way someone is when everything in the whole world interests them; because he leads by example; because he trusts people with the truth and doesn't pander or play to our baser instincts." —Alexandra Kerry


text:
Category:Communications satellites

This category is about articles on individual or groups of communications satellites.

title: Category:Communications satellites


text:
Talk:Geoffrey Palmer (politician)

Untitled
Help! For some weird technical reason, I can't add the following line to the top of the article. Could someone not cursed by evil please put it there for me? It's: :For the British actor, see Geoffrey Palmer (actor) Thanks. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 17:14, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Name of Article
Should this article heading have the disambiguation "(politician)" after it? If one said Geoffrey Palmer, I would assume they were referring to the actor.

 * I agree with the above. I think the actor is the most famous Geoffrey Palmer, worldwide at least. I don't think anyone outside of New Zealand will have heard of this one, but many more will have heard of the actor. I suggest that Geoffrey Palmer be a disambiguation page, with this article being at Geoffrey Palmer (politician). --Berks105 18:40, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * As no one objected to this I have moved it to Geoffrey Palmer (politician). Geoffrey Palmer is now a disamb page. --Berks105 18:53, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

QC or SC?
I've e-mailed Palmer's PA about his title. Under the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006, those with the SC title can continue to use it. --LJ Holden 22:32, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Harbour Chambers lists him as a QC, as does this recent opinion piece by him. Mattlore (talk) 23:38, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Geoffrey Palmer (politician)


text:
Def Jam Vendetta

Def Jam Vendetta is a 3D professional wrestling fighting video game developed by AKI Corporation and EA Canada and published by Electronic Arts under the EA Sports BIG label. It was released for the GameCube and PlayStation 2 in April 2003. The game is the first main installment in EA's Def Jam-licensed hip-hop video game series. It was the publisher's first attempt at a wrestling video game since WCW Backstage Assault. Several Def Jam hip-hop artists were featured in Def Jam Vendetta, including DMX, Method Man, Redman, Ludacris, N.O.R.E., Capone, Scarface, Ghostface Killah, Keith Murray, WC, Joe Budden and DJ Funkmaster Flex. Christina Milian was featured in the game as "Angel". Def Jam Vendetta was followed up by a direct sequel in 2004, titled Def Jam: Fight for NY.

Gameplay
Def Jam Vendetta features a largely unmodified AKI engine, used in the company's Virtual Pro Wrestling games and its spinoffs with some minor "button mashing" elements added and more of an arcade than a simulation. The game plays very similarly to WWF No Mercy, and features a lengthy story mode that allows you to level up and enhance one of four player characters in your quest to become the most well known star in the urban fighting league and fight the undefeated underground boss, D-Mob (voiced by actor Christopher Judge).

Players can win in one of three ways; pin, submission or KO. Pins are done by pinning the opponent for 3 seconds before he can kick out. The player can trap opponents in holds that gradually weaken one of their body parts (head, body, legs and arms). This hold can be broken by touching the ropes. If one of those gauges reaches empty, the bones get broken and that player submits & automatically loses. Players can attack their opponent to build up a power gauge, letting them activate 'Blazin' mode. If the player successfully grabs an opponent in this state, he can perform a special move. If the opponent's health is low enough, they will be KO'd.

Characters
Def Jam Vendetta features 46 playable characters, including real-life hip hop artists signed to Def Jam at the time, as well as original characters. Christina Milian appears as Angel Rodriguez, a non-playable character. Japanese rappers Dabo and S-Word appear exclusively in the game's Japanese release.

Plot
The player (or the Protagonist) can choose to play as one of four street fighters: Briggs, a dishonorably discharged soldier; Proof, an ex-superbike racer; Tank, a massive Japanese fighter, and the DJ Spider, although the story is the same for each of them.

Upon selecting their street fighter, the Protagonist is called to help out their friend Manny by taking his place in a street fight. Once the Protagonist wins a certain number of fights, they fight the rapper Scarface. Once the Protagonist defeats him, they get their first girlfriend, Deja. Other girls come up to the Protagonist every couple of street fights, and eventually the Protagonist chooses one to be their new girlfriend, resulting in them fighting each other.

N.O.R.E. challenges the Protagonist to a fight at Grimeyville in LeFrak City, Queens, New York City. The Protagonist arrives and nearly gets into a fight with D-Mob (Chris Judge). Not long after the fight, Manny signs himself and the Protagonist up for a tag team tournament. After a while, the Protagonist is challenged by Ludacris to a fight in Club Luda. Afterwards, D-Mob claims the Protagonist and Manny are nothing, adding that if anyone in the club wants power and respect, they must beat him at the Def Jam tournament. Manny tells the Protagonist to stop fighting, but is ignored.

DMX challenges the Protagonist, but must first overcome The Dragon House's offer. They then fight Method Man and Redman in the tag team tournament finale. Afterwards, the Protagonist fights DMX, and upon winning, receives an email from his girlfriend Angel who was taken by D-Mob, saying they need to talk. When they arrive at The Face Club, it is revealed that D-Mob sent House, Pockets and Snowman to stop them from coming to the Def Jam tournament. The Protagonist defeats them, but Manny knocks him out and joins D-Mob against his will. Waking up, the Protagonist enters the tournament and defeats their best fighters. D-Mob attempts to shoot the Protagonist but Manny takes the bullet and survives. The Protagonist triumphs over D-Mob and gets Angel back. As the Protagonist walks out and makes amends with Manny, D-Mob is arrested, leading directly into Def Jam: Fight for NY.

Reception
By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of Def Jam Vendetta had sold 750,000 copies and earned $30 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 82nd highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of the Def Jam series reached 1.8 million units in the United States by July 2006.

The Cincinnati Enquirer gave it a score of all four stars and stated: "Electronic Arts deserves kudos for breathing new life into the aging fighting genre with this title's fresh approach". However, The Village Voice gave it a score of six out of ten and said: "If only DMX could sic his pit bulls on you, Funkmaster Flex burst your eardrums ID'ing himself, or Redman burn you with a blunt". Entertainment Weekly gave it a C+ and called it "an uninspired wrestling title that lacks Def Jam's trademark sheen".

GameSpot named Def Jam Vendetta the best PlayStation 2 game of April 2003.

During the 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Def Jam Vendetta for "Console Fighting Game of the Year", "Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance - Female" for Christina Milian's vocal role as Angel, and "Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance - Male" for Method Man's vocal portrayal of himself.

title: Def Jam Vendetta


text:
Philip Effiong

Philip Efiong (also spelled Effiong, 18 November 1925 – 6 November 2003) was a Nigerian military officer who was the 1st Vice President and the 2nd and last president of the  Republic of Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War from 1967 to 1970.

Early life
Born in Ibiono Ibom in present-day Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, on 18 November 1925, Philip Effiong joined the Nigerian Armed Forces on 28 July 1945. The UK later commissioned him for duty in the Rhine, West Germany. He was then transferred to the Nigeria Army Ordnance Corps; then to England for further training after a peace-keeping stint in the Republic of Congo in 1961. He was Nigeria's first Director of Ordnance.

Biafra
Efiong became Chief of General Staff of Biafra under Head of State, Odumegwu Ojukwu during the Nigeria-Biafra war.

The tactics of the Nigerian military during the war included economic blockade and deliberate destruction of agricultural land. Even before the war, the area was a net importer of food, depending on income from its oil fields to feed its populace.

With the blockade cutting off oil revenue and agricultural destruction reducing food production, the result was mass dislocation and starvation of the populace. Two to three million people are thought to have died in the conflict, mostly through starvation and illness.

When Biafra's military resistance collapsed, Ojukwu fled to Côte d'Ivoire.

Effiong became acting Biafra Head of State
Efiong assumed leadership in this situation of turmoil, starvation, and collapse. He became acting Head of State of Biafra on 8 January 1970 and on 12 January announced surrender.

Effiong's Speech to Gowon
On 15 January 1970 at Dodan Barracks in Lagos, in the presence of General Yakubu Gowon, Effiong announced the end of the Biafran conflict.

"I, Major-General Phillip Efiong, Officer Administering the Government of the Republic of Biafra, now wish to make the following declaration: That we affirm that we are loyal Nigerian citizens and accept the authority of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria. That we accept the existing administrative and political structure of the Federation of Nigeria. That any future constitutional arrangement will be worked out by representatives of the people of Nigeria. That the Republic of Biafra hereby ceases to exist."

At the time of the surrender, Effiong believed that the situation was hopeless and that prolonging the conflict would have led only to the further destruction and starvation of the people of Biafra. At that time Effiong said, "I am convinced now that a stop must be put to the bloodshed which is going on as a result of the war. I am also convinced that the suffering of our people must be brought to an immediate end."

Nnaemeka L. Aneke wrote, "General Efiong’s handling of Biafra’s surrender is one of the most tactical and devoted maneuvers ever seen on the Nigerian scene. Those who do not appreciate the depth of it may not have appreciated what was at stake as Biafra capitulated." Many observers had expected wholesale retribution at war's end.

Later life
In a 1996 interview, Effiong reflected on those events:

 * I have no regrets whatsoever of my involvement in Biafra or the role I played. The war deprived me of my property, dignity, my name. Yet, I saved so many souls on both sides and by this, I mean Biafra and Nigeria. . ..

 * I felt that I played a role which has kept this country united till today. . ..

 * At the end of it all when I saw they (Biafran soldiers) could no longer continue and Ojukwu had fled, I did what was ideal after wide consultation . ..

Efiong died 6 November 2003, at the age of 77.

title: Philip Effiong