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K.S.K. Beveren

KSK Beveren (Royal Sporting Club of Beveren) is a Belgian football club from Beveren in East Flanders with founded number 2300 and with yellow and blue as colors. The club became national champion twice in its existence and won the Belgian Cup twice. The men's branch of the club was temporarily discontinued in 2010, until 2022 only the women's team played at the Royal Belgian Football Association under founding number 2300. In 2022, after an agreement with Waasland-Beveren, the founding number was released again for men's football, so the club has been active since the 2022–23 season again with a men's team. KSK Beveren is the first football club in Belgium that is completely controlled by supporters and is bound by the principles of Supporters Direct.

1922–1949 Origins and early years
Association football has a history in Beveren that goes back to the year 1922 when a local team called 'Standaard Beveren' was founded under the influence of local businessman Paul Verhaert. The club became a member of the Belgian Football Association and received the 'Matricule 737' (the federation's registration number). Financial problems led to the dissolution of the club in May 1931.

A few years later, with football booming all over Europe, the foundations were laid for what would become KSK Beveren. On 23 July 1934 a local pub ('De Graanmaat') owner received a request from a club of the nearby Municipality of Temse to form a team of players of the former 'Standaard' team and play a game against them. The selection of Beverenplayers won by 1–2 and decided to form a new club: Sportkring Beveren (or SK Beveren) became an official member of the Belgian Football Association on 6 September 1935 and received the 'Matricule 2300'.

SKB immediately became successful in the local leagues with two titles in a row. In 1938 the club moved to the Velodrome of local beer brewer and entrepreneur Frederik Thielemans, to whom the stadium was eventually named: the Freethiel Stadion. KSK Beveren remained at the site until 2010 and the stadium is up to the present day still used by Waasland-Beveren, while KSK Beveren uses a nearby training field as its home ground in the same sports park. Football in Belgium during World War II was organized in emergency leagues, so as a consequence SK Beveren freshly started the 1945–1946 season in the highest provincial league. In 1947 influential chairman Louis Verhaert came into power, leading his club to the national divisions for the first time in 1949, winning the league in an away game against Herzele.

1949–1967 Rise to the highest division
SK Beveren-Waes needed little time to adapt to life in the national divisions. It took the club only three years to eventually promote from the Belgian Fourth Division to the Belgian Third Division predominantly using local players and often counting on the heroics of their goalkeeper Walter De Winter. In the second game of the playoffs for promotion Beveren had already enough with a 2–1 win against Willebroek to secure their rise to a higher division.

Between 1952 and 1960 the club stayed in the Belgian Third Division, regularly battling against relegation and at the end losing the battle by only reaching 15th place in the 1959–1960 season. However, SK Beveren would come back stronger than ever before. During its three-year stay in the Belgian Fourth Division the club started to give chances to a group of local players who would become known as the golden generation of SK Beveren. Most of them learned playing the game on a local playing field, nicknamed 't Congoken due to its sandy pitch, similar to the local public image of playing fields in Africa at that time and referring to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a former colony of Belgium. The former site now serves as a parking lot, but is still remembered with two sculptures representing goals. Amongst the players were prolific striker Robert Rogiers, playmaker Omer Janssens, winger Jean Janssens, centre back Freddy Buyl and central midfielder Wilfried Van Moer.

In 1963, an unstoppable Beveren won the Belgian Fourth Division with 16 points (in the old two point system) in front of second-placed Brasschaat, without losing a single match and scoring 111 goals along the way. In 1964, the club reached the last 16 of the Belgian Cup for the first time, eventually losing as a third division club to first division club Cerle Brugge. After two third-place finishes, Beveren became champion in the Belgian Third Division in 1966. The title was won in an away game in Zwevegem, where Beveren obtained a 2–2 draw after a late goal from Robert Rogiers. The rise of the club, with especially the attacking type of play in mind, didn't go unnoticed in the rest of Belgium, with references in the media to the club as the "little Anderlecht". Under the new coach Guy Thys, Beveren directly promoted to the highest division in 1967, by winning the Belgian Second Division in the final game of the season at UR Namur with Mon Goossens scoring the deciding goal in a 2–3 win.

1967–1977 Rise to power
SK Beveren-Waes debuted in the Belgian First Division with a 1–1 draw on 3 September 1967 in an away game at Sint-Truidense, with Jean Janssens scoring the club's first goal in the highest division. Their first win followed a week later, when the newly promoted team beat Daring Molenbeek with 2–0 at home. On 26 November 1967, the freshly renovated and extended Freethiel Stadion's attendance record was broken when more than 18 000 people saw Beveren lose at home against Anderlecht with 1–2. Beveren ended its first season in the highest division on a 13th place. The 1968–1969 season brought a surprising sixth place with it, partly due to the goalscoring qualities of Robert Rogiers who ended as vice-topscorer with 16 goals. In the summer of 1969, the club enjoyed its first European exploits with participation in the Rappan Cup, ending in second place in group nine, consisting of B 1909, Odra Opole and Le-Chaux-de-Fonds. Led by new manager Ward Volkaert, and inspired by the excellent performances of Jean Janssens, who received his first international call-ups for the Belgium National Football Team, Beveren ended the season in fourth place, qualifying for the 1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.

In the summer of 1970, the club again participated in the Rappan Cup, finishing as third in a group with Östers, Werder Bremen and LASK. The 1970–71 season proved to be average at the national level, but the club had a remarkable run in the 1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. After beating Wiener Sport-Club in the round of 32, Beveren met Spanish giant Valencia in the next round, achieving a historic win in Spain thanks to a goal of Hugo De Raeymaeker. In the return game, Beveren held Valencia to a 1–1 draw (again a goal of De Raeymaeker), obtaining a spot in the next round. Beveren was eventually eliminated by powerhouse Arsenal, losing 4–0 at Highbury and drawing 0–0 at home.

Against all expectations, Beveren ended the 1971-72 Belgian First Division as 16th and last, relegating to the Second Division. The relegation was confirmed on 9 April 1972, in an away game at Crossing Schaerbeek, where legendary goalkeeper Jean-Marie Pfaff made his debut. The club managed to keep their most important players and appointed Rik Matthijs as new manager. On 24 September 1972, won the first ever Waasland derby game against arch rivals Sporting Lokeren with 3–2. SK Beveren-Waes eventually won the title in the Belgian Second Division on 8 April 1973 against K. Boom. The club became a founding member of the Pro League in Februari 1974. Beveren had a good run in the 1973-74 Belgian Cup, reaching the quarter-finals for the first time, but losing to Tongeren. After two years in charge, Matthijs was replaced by Armand Jurion as manager in the summer of 1974. The club also signed two unknown prospects who would become one of the best Belgian full-backs of their generation, namely Marc Baecke and Eddy Jaspers. Jurion's reign was momentary and after one season he was replaced by Urbain Braems, who would become one of the most influential coaches in the club's history. The club ended the 1975-76 Belgian First Division in a meritorious sixth place, but failed to confirm the next with a disappointing 13th place.

1977–1988 Golden Years
With lowered ambitions, the club made a quite anonymous transfer that would however make a huge impact in the Golden Years, buying German midfielder Heinz Schönberger from Mechelen in the Belgian Second Division. Beveren reached the final of the first-ever Beker van Vlaanderen, a pre-season tournament for Flemish teams, eventually losing by penalties from Waregem. The club played an excellent first half of the season and stood in third place in December, eventually ending the 1977–78 Belgian First Division in fifth place. In January 1978, Louis Verhaert, after 31 years of service, transferred his chair of the club to Jan Van Ussel, who would become the most successful and respected chairman in the club's history. On 21 May 1978, the club won its very first major trophy by winning the Belgian Cup. Beveren knocked out Witgoor Dessel, K. Boom, Tongeren and Sporting Lokeren, before winning the final against Charleroi with 2–0, due to two late goals of Johan Coninx and Bob Stevens.

The club changed its name, to SK Beveren, in 1978 (following the name change of the municipality of Beveren in the 1977 Fusion of the Belgian municipalities). The 1978-1979 season became the most successful in the club's history. The departed coach Urbain Braems, who moved to archrival KSC Lokeren, was replaced by the duo Robert Goethals and Rik Pauwels, who respectively served as technical advisor and field trainer. The unknown German forward Erwin Albert was acquired for approximately 1.5 million Belgian francs from Hertha BSC and became the top scorer in the Belgian First Division that season with 28 goals. Goalkeeper Jean-Marie Pfaff, now also the established goalkeeper of the Belgian national football team, won the Belgian Golden Shoe in January. SK Beveren, whose majority of the squad consists of amateur players with full-time day jobs (unlike the traditional top clubs of the country), clinched its very first national title on May 12, 1979, with two matchdays remaining, securing it with a 0–0 draw against Beringen. In the same season, Beveren also had a miraculous run in the 1978–79 European Cup Winners' Cup. After eliminating Ballymena United and HNK Rijeka in the early rounds, they faced the mighty Inter Milan in the quarter-finals. Following a 0–0 draw at San Siro, Beveren qualified on March 21, 1979, with a 1–0 victory at the Freethiel. The legendary goal in the 85th minute was scored by Bob Stevens, assisted by Wim Hofkens. In the semi-finals, Beveren faced the eventual champions, Barcelona. They suffered defeats both at the Camp Nou and at home with a score of 1–0. The goals in both matches were scored from penalties, respectively by Carles Rexach and Hans Krankl.

Beveren managed to retain its successful team, but failed to meet expectations in the 1979–1980 season. The club, a frequent participant in international summer tournaments, reached the final of the Trofeo Colombino only to lose to the host, Recreativo. On August 22, 1979, Beveren became the first winner of the Belgian Super Cup after a penalty shootout, defeating the home team Beerschot at the Olympisch Stadion (1–1 in regular time). The 1979-80 Belgian First Division was far from a success for Beveren, as the reigning champions finished in eleventh place. In the 1979-80 European Cup, Beveren was eliminated in the first round by Servette. However, the club did reach the Belgian Cup final for the second time, after defeating teams like KSC Lokeren, Club Brugge, and Standard Liège. Despite being the favorite, Beveren unexpectedly lost to Thor Waterschei in the final. Erwin Albert did equalize the 1–0 lead (scored by Pier Janssen) from a penalty kick, but seven minutes before the end, Jos Heyligen scored the decisive 2-1 goal from a free-kick. A very inconsistent season was brightened by an experienced club legend: in January, Jean Janssens won the Belgian Golden Shoe. At 35 years old, he was the oldest winner of the prestigious award for quite some time until he was surpassed by Lorenzo Staelens, who was only a few months older, in 2000.

Beveren strengthened themselves in the summer of 1980, among others, with Wilfried Van Moer. The 35-year-old midfielder returned to his former club and finished fourth in the 1980 Ballon d'Or voting on December 30, 1980. On August 24, 1980, Beveren lost the Belgian Super Cup to reigning champion Club Brugge at the Heysel Stadium after penalty kicks (1–1 in regular time). Losing Belgian Cup finalist Beveren played in the Super Cup because Thor Waterschei was not a member of the Pro League. During pre-season Beveren did however win its first Beker van Vlaanderen, beating Kortrijk in the final. Beveren finished the 1980-81 Belgian First Division season in fourth place, thus qualifying once again for European football. The season was largely overshadowed by an incident in the quarter-finals of the Belgian Cup against KSC Lokeren. After the match, assistant referee Rene Thirion accused goalkeeper Jean-Marie Pfaff of giving him a knee blow in the dressing rooms. Although Pfaff has always denied this, the accusation resulted in a heavy suspension of six months for the goalkeeper. This punishment was remarkable due to its severity and because Pfaff was one of the most well-known and beloved players in Belgium at that time. Pfaff was also one of the key figures of the Belgian national team.

In 1984, the club's name changed to K.S.K. Beveren.

Early 2000s: the resurgence with the Ivorian players
During the 2001–2002 season, Beveren finished in eighteenth place but were saved from relegation because Eendracht Aalst and RWDM were not licensed. Chairman Frans van Hoof then appointed Jean-Marc Guillou as technical director and gave him great freedom with regard to the club's policy. Beveren, which was in financial and sporting trouble, was revived in the following seasons thanks to the arrival of many young Ivorian players from the ASEC Mimosas football academy of Guillou from Abidjan, (Ivory Coast). And a collaboration realized by Guillou with Arsenal, where his friend Arsène Wenger was a trainer, as a result of which players such as Graham Stack and Igors Stepanovs were rented out to KSK Beveren. However, it became clear from the start that the collaboration with Arsenal did not bring what was expected of it, for example, players of lesser quality were placed in Beveren in dribs and drabs. Fortunately, the young Ivorian players were of an exceptionally high level. Some of them ended up at the absolute European top after their passage at KSK Beveren, such as Emmanuel Eboué and Gervinho at Arsenal, Arthur Boka at VfB Stuttgart and Romaric at Sevilla to name the most important. Yaya Touré even managed to win the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League with Barcelona and became the second former Beveren player to win the highest European prize.

In the 2003/04 season, Beveren played the final of the Belgian Cup for the fifth time in its existence, the opponent was Club Brugge. The final took place in the King Baudouin Stadium. Beveren lost 4–2, but still got a ticket for the UEFA Cup because Club Brugge had finished second in the competition and was allowed to go to the preliminary rounds of the Champions League. Beveren managed to survive the first round of the Uefa Cup season 2004-2005 and to advance to the group round. Partly due to a lack of experience, Beveren could not win a single match and was eliminated. The 1-0 lost match against Heerenveen on 15 December 2005 is known as the last European match of Beveren.

In 2006, they were threatened with the loss of their professional licence and subsequent relegation to the third division, but eventually won an appeal to preserve their status. In 2007, however, the club ended last in the Jupiler League and was forced to go to the second division.

2010: the temporary end of the first team
In 2009, by bringing Johan Boskamp back to the club and having him sign for three seasons, they tried to draw up a three-year plan, in which a major role was reserved for Belgian youth players. However, Boskamp was fired on 27 December 2009 due to disappointing results, partly caused by his long absence due to a serious lung infection. At that time, the ambitious Beveren was in penultimate place in the Belgian Second Division. Boskamp was replaced ad interim by David Penneman. On 22 April 2010, it became known that Beveren would not apply for a license for the Second Division, the club voluntarily relegated to the Third Division. In the spring of 2010, under pressure from Beveren mayor Marc Van de Vijver, the first team and youth teams wanted to merge with RS Waasland. Because the application had not been submitted in time according to the regulations of the Belgian Football Association, they had to postpone the merger until after the 2010/11 season. However, instead Beveren decided not to give in to political pressure and to keep the honor to itself by no longer entering the competition with the men's team the following season, but only with its youth teams. As a result, the merger fell through. To gain a foothold in Beveren, RS Waasland changed into KVRS Waasland - SK Beveren and this club played in the stadium of Beveren in the 2011/12 season. Partly because of this, the 75th anniversary of the first team of Beveren came to a temporary end.

The founding number was not deleted: Beveren had started a women's team in 2009, so that the club with founding number 2300 could remain active in women's football. In January 2011, supporters of KSK Beveren who could not agree with the disappearance of the original men's team founded the non-profit association Eskabee 1935 to revive KSK Beveren as a full-fledged football club. The non-profit association Eskabee 1935 succeeded in its aim and joined the KBVB with the new football club Yellow Blue Beveren and founding number 9577. From 2011/12, that club started at the very lowest level, Fourth provincial.

2022: a new start
Due to the agreement between Waasland Beveren and KSK Beveren, a men's team started again in the 2022–2023 season for the first time since 2010 under the founding number 2300 and this in 1st Provincial East Flanders. As part of the agreement, permission was also given to play at the Freethiel a number of times per season. The Stadium where KSK Beveren played all its home games from its foundation in 1935 until its temporary closure in 2010. On Saturday, 17 September, KSK Beveren played an official match at the Freethiel against neighbor Svelta Melsele for the first time in 12 years. The match was attended by more than 1000 fans and Beveren won 1–0. In the same season, Beveren participated in the Fenix Trophy for the first time. A European competition between clubs that act according to the principle of Supporters Direct, i.e. fan owned clubs. The first European match since 2005 was played on Tuesday, 15 November 2022 on English soil against F.C. United of Manchester at Broadhurst Park and was nevertheless an equal match defeated with 4–1. A week later on Thursday, 24 November, the 2nd European game followed at home against the Spanish CD Cuenca-Mestallistes, which was won 4–1.

Arsenal controversy
Between 2001 and 2006, the club had a co-operation agreement with English Premier League club Arsenal. Several players were loaned between the teams and friendlies were played. The agreement expired on 1 July 2006.

Subsequent to an investigation by BBC Television's Newsnight, FIFA requested the English Football Association investigate the relationship between the two clubs.

In 2001, Belgian police concluded that a loan of over €1.5 million had been made by Arsenal to the company Goal, which helped secure Beveren's financial position. Newsnight have alleged this may breach club ownership rules under FIFA regulations. The accusation is refuted by Arsenal, who states that the payment was an interest-free loan and has no effect on the administration of the club. The FA and FIFA cleared both clubs of any wrongdoing.

Several players have been loaned between the two clubs or had trials. Only Emmanuel Eboué completed a permanent move between the clubs in this time period, from Beveren to Arsenal.

Former players

 * 🇨🇿 Lambert Šmíd

Noted managers

 * 1966–1969: 🇧🇪 Guy Thys
 * 1974–1975: 🇧🇪 Jef Jurion
 * 1975–1978: 🇧🇪 Urbain Braems
 * 1981–1984: 🇧🇪 Urbain Braems
 * 1986–1988:  Ladislav Novák
 * 1988–1989: 🇧🇪 René Desaeyere
 * 1990–1992: 🇳🇱 Johan Boskamp
 * 1992–1995: 🇧🇪 Jos Daerden
 * 1995–1996: 🇧🇪 René Desaeyere,  Dimitri Davidovic, 🇳🇱 Barry Hulshoff
 * 1999–2001: 🇧🇪 Emilio Ferrera
 * 2001–2002: 🇫🇷 Jean-Marc Guillou, 🇫🇷 Regis Laguesse, 🇧🇪 Thierry Pister
 * 2005–2006: 🇫🇷 Vincent Dufour
 * 2006–2007: 🇧🇪 Walter Meeuws
 * 2007–2009: 🇧🇪 Alex Czerniatynski
 * 2009–2010: 🇳🇱 Johan Boskamp
 * 2022–2023: 🇧🇪 Kristof Smet
 * 2023–present: 🇧🇪 Mathias Smet

Honours

 * Belgian First Division:
 * Winners (2): 1978–79, 1983–84
 * Belgian Second Division:
 * Winners (4): 1966–67, 1972–73, 1990–91, 1996–97
 * Belgian Cup:
 * Winners (2): 1977–78, 1982–83
 * Runners-up (3): 1979–80, 1984–85, 2003–04
 * Belgian Supercup:
 * Winners (2): 1979, 1984
 * Runners-up (2): 1980, 1983

European record

 * As of 5 March 2006:

title: K.S.K. Beveren


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Wonsu

Wonsu is the highest military rank in the armed forces of North Korea and South Korea.

Historical
The title of Wonsu or its variations had been used as the title of high-ranking military commanders in Korean history since Goryeo Dynasty onward. For example, Gwon Yul, a famous general in 16th century who rose to the supreme command of Korean forces during Imjin War held the title of "Do-Wonsu", roughly translated as "high marshal".

North Korea
Wonsu is a rank in the Korean People's Army of North Korea, equivalent to marshal in other armies. This rank is held by all Supreme Leaders of the DPRK.

While he was the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army, Kim Il Sung became North Korea's first marshal during the Korean War by the decision of the Supreme People's Assembly, the unicameral parliament of North Korea, on February 4, 1953. Period photographic evidence demonstrates that the early marshal shoulder board rank insignia was the same as that of the current vice marshal shoulder boards (a large star overlain with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea coat-of-arms).

The rank of vice marshal (chasu) is unique to the North Korean ranking system. Vice marshal was first conferred in February 1953 on Choe Yong-gon. Sources suggest that the shoulder board rank insignia for marshal and vice marshal then became a single large star without the state coat-of-arms (for marshals) and the state coat-of-arms without a star (for vice marshals). By the time the next conferral of rank to vice marshal was awarded (1985), the shoulder board rank insignia for marshal and vice marshal had taken on their current design.

The next change in the DPRK marshal ranks took place in 1992 when the rank of dae wonsu or grand marshal (full title grand marshal of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) was created for Kim Il Sung. At this time the rank of marshal was divided into two ranks: the rank of marshal with the title "marshal of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (konghwaguk wonsu) was conferred upon Kim Il Sung's son Kim Jong Il, and the same rank but with the title "marshal of the Korean People's Army" was conferred upon O Jin-u. In 1995, two other military officers were conferred the rank of marshal with the title "marshals of the Korean People's Army", i.e. Choe Kwang and Ri Ul-sol. Insignia of rank of the two grades of marshal are different (with the insignia for marshal of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea being more like that of grand marshal—the grand marshal insignia has a larger wreath encompassing the marshal's star—but is smaller as it is below the star itself).

Also, in 1992 eight other generals were promoted to vice marshal at which time in North Korea there was one grand marshal, one marshal of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, one marshal of the Korean People's Army and eight vice marshals.

The rank (as marshal of the DPRK) was bestowed to Kim Jong Un in 2012.

On April 15, 2016, Kim Yong-chun and Hyon Chol-hae were promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Korean People's Army, the first promotions of active duty officers after 21 years.

South Korea
Wonsu (원수), known in English as "General of the Army of the Republic of Korea" or "Admiral of the Fleet of the Republic of Korea", is the highest military rank of the Republic of Korea (ROK) armed forces and is the combined equivalent of a field marshal, fleet admiral and marshal of the Air Force in other nations. The rank is senior to that of Daejang. As of, Wonsu only exists on paper, and has never been held by an officer of the South Korean Armed Forces. According to the Armed Forces Personnel Act of National Defense Law of the Republic of Korea, the wonsu is appointed from the daejang who has distinguished achievements.

The rank insignia for wonsu is heavily influenced by United States military insignia of General of the Army and General of the Air Force for Army and Air Force. While the rank insignia for the Navy remains the same the sleeve insignia for a naval officer promoted to the rank is the same sleeve insignia of Fleet admiral used in the United States Navy.

Homophone
Coincidentally, wonsu is also a word meaning "mortal enemy" (怨讐). The two words have different etymologies and hanja, but in South Korea are homophonous and so are written identically in hangul. In North Korea, the government has addressed the issue by changing the word for "enemy" to "wonssu" (원쑤).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wonsu


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Scott Williamson

Scott Ryan Williamson (born February 17, 1976) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) right-handed relief pitcher who played for the Cincinnati Reds (1999–2003), Boston Red Sox (2003-2004), Chicago Cubs (2005–2006), San Diego Padres (2006), and Baltimore Orioles (2007).

Amateur career
Williamson attended Friendswood High School in Friendswood, Texas. In his senior year he posted a 0.68 ERA and was named district MVP. In college, Williamson played for first Tulane University and then Oklahoma State University. In 1996, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod Baseball League. With Oklahoma State, he earned Big 12 first-team honors during the 1996-1997 school year. Williamson entered the draft after the season was over and was selected by the Cincinnati Reds in the 9th round, 276th pick overall.

Cincinnati Reds
Cincinnati assigned Williamson their rookie affiliate, the Billings Mustangs of the Pioneer League. Starting for Billings, Williamson went 8–2 with a 1.78 ERA, the best in the league that year. For 1998, Cincinnati promoted Williamson to the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts of the Southern League, bypassing Single-A altogether. In his first start for the Lookouts, Williamson faced Atlanta Braves veteran John Smoltz, down with the Greenville Braves on a rehabilitation assignment. Williamson held his own, giving up two runs in six innings in a 6–5 loss. Mark Berry, Lookouts manager, praised Williamson's performance: "I was highly impressed...I expected him to be more erratic because of Smoltz, the big crowd and the whole situation. It's something he can build on." Williamson would start just eighteen games for the Lookouts that year after battling injuries, but at the end of the season Cincinnati promoted him to the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians. Cincinnati planned to call Williamson up in September, but he "stretched a tendon in the middle finger of his pitching hand" during a game for Indianapolis that ended his season.

Cincinnati invited Williamson to spring training in 1999, where the combination of an impressive performance and injuries to key members of the pitching staff, including Denny Neagle and Stan Belinda, led to Williamson making the major league club despite having made just five appearances at the Triple-A level and never being on the 40-man roster. Williamson made his major league debut in relief on April 5, 1999. In his rookie season with Cincinnati, Williamson went 12–7 with 107 strikeouts, a 2.41 earned run average and 19 saves; he made the All-Star team, and earned Rookie of the Year honors. Williamson was the first Reds player to be so honored since Chris Sabo in 1988.

During the 1999-2000 off-season, Williamson's name came up several times in trade talks with the Seattle Mariners, who were looking to deal Ken Griffey Jr., but in the end Williamson remained with Cincinnati. Williamson returned for the 2000 season but was bedeviled by injuries, including two broken toes in mid-September. He made fewer appearances than in 1999 but pitched more innings, due in part to joining the starting rotation after the All-Star break.

After a lackluster spring training, Cincinnati returned Williamson to the bullpen, who would make just two appearances before going on the disabled list with a torn ligament in his shoulder. After consultation with orthopedic surgeon James Andrews, Williamson underwent Tommy John surgery, ending his season. Cincinnati general manager Jim Bowden called it "Devastating, just devastating." Williamson returned to the bullpen for the 2002 season and went 3–4 with a 2.92 ERA. For 2003, Williamson took over as closer and saved 21 games in 43 appearances. On July 31, 2003, Cincinnati traded Williamson to the Boston Red Sox for Phil Dumatrait, Tyler Pelland and cash. The move was part of a fire sale instigated by Cincinnati management after Bowden and manager Bob Boone were fired.

Boston Red Sox
The New York Yankees had also been interested in Williamson; that Boston acquired him from Cincinnati was widely touted as a coup for Boston general manager Theo Epstein. USA Today sportswriter Hal Bodley placed the Williamson trade in the context of Red Sox-Yankees rivalry: "The Sauerbeck-Williamson deals give the Red Sox and Epstein a measure of revenge. They were stung last winter when the Yankees outbid them in a bitter battle for Cuban pitcher Jose Contreras." The mid-season arrival of Williamson, along with Scott Sauerbeck, Jeff Suppan and Byung Hyun Kim was expected to boost an already strong Boston team to the 2003 World Series.

Williamson's tenure with Boston was a troubled one: his ERA with the team was 6.20 and he pitched just 20 innings in 24 appearances. In mid-September he underwent an MRI but the result was negative. As Boston entered the playoffs he shared closer duties with Mike Timlin. In the American League Championship series against New York, Williamson earned saves in Games 1, 4 and 6. Nevertheless, manager Grady Little left a tiring Pedro Martínez in the 8th inning of Game 7 with Boston up 5–2. Martinez gave up three runs and New York would eventually win in the 11th inning 6-5. Critics maintain that Little should have pulled Martinez in favor of Williamson or Timlin, but that their mixed record during the regular season led Little to stay with the veteran Martinez.

Williamson returned to Boston in 2004 as a middle reliever and got off to a strong start (1.69 ERA in 14 appearances) before elbow tendinitis placed him on the disabled list again in late May. Williamson returned in mid-June, but never felt completely healthy and went back on the DL at the beginning of July with a nerve impingement in his right forearm. The return to the DL was not without controversy: Williamson, feeling pain in a game against the Yankees (which the Red Sox would go on to lose), took himself out of the game. What happened next is a matter of dispute. Contemporary media accounts claim that Boston veteran starting pitcher Curt Schilling confronted Williamson and "questioned [Williamson's] manhood." Schilling would later downplay the incident, acknowledging that he and Williamson "had words" but that Schilling never doubted that Williamson was injured. Williamson indicated that he and Schilling never patched things up and said that "Unfortunately, it happened. He's got his opinion, but it wasn't right."

In August Boston placed Williamson on the 60-day disabled list as word spread that he might undergo a second Tommy John surgery, which would end the 2004 season and likely preclude any activity in 2005 as well. Defying predictions, Williamson returned in September and finished the season with a 1.26 ERA in 28 appearances. However, he was left off the post-season roster and underwent surgery as Boston won the 2004 World Series. Williamson filed for free agency at the end of the season, and departed the organization after Boston declined to offer arbitration.

Chicago Cubs
At the start of 2005 the Chicago Cubs signed Williamson to a minor league contract and added him to their 40-man roster, but he almost immediately went on the 60-day disabled list: in the end Williamson had undergone the second Tommy John surgery and was not yet recovered. Williamson returned to the team in August but struggled with his velocity. Sportswriters wondered at the wisdom of coming back in less than 12 months without the benefit of spring training. Williamson himself said that he was "trying to find my rhythm and it's hard to do that at the big-league level." Williamson eventually appeared in 17 games; his ERA, 8.68 in the beginning of September, dropped to 5.65 by the end of the season. Showing its confidence in Williamson, Chicago exercised its option to bring him back for another season.

Williamson made the 2006 team as a middle reliever, losing the closer's job to Ryan Dempster. Williamson had expressed a willingness to be traded if it meant taking over the closer's job for the new team. In early June, after making 23 appearances with an ERA over 4, Williamson went back on the disabled list with tendinitis. Williamson returned at the end of June and pitched in eight more games, but on July 22 Chicago traded him to the San Diego Padres for minor League pitchers Fabian Angulo and Joel Santo.

San Diego Padres
Williamson joined a San Diego team in first place in the National League West division, a prospect which cheered him: "Going from second-to-last to first place, that's always exciting." In an interview with the Galveston County Daily News, Williamson also expressed disappointment at the way Chicago manager Dusty Baker had used him and revealed that he had considered retiring altogether. Now with San Diego, Williamson said that he was "having a lot of fun here, and I'm back to being myself, laughing and joking." Just days after that interview was published, Williamson made his last appearance for San Diego: an MRI revealed a bone chip in his elbow. Williamson returned to the DL and sat out the rest of the season. San Diego released Williamson on October 12.

Baltimore Orioles
In late November 2006 the Baltimore Orioles signed Williamson to a one-year contract. After six appearances and an ERA of 1.60, Williamson went on the disabled list with tightness in his right triceps tendon. Williamson returned in June and appeared in ten more games, but lingering questions about his health and a desire on the part of Baltimore's management to promote younger players led to him being designated for assignment on July 4. In sixteen games Williamson was 1–0 with a 4.40 ERA. Williamson cleared waivers and was released.

Around the minors
The New York Yankees signed Williamson to a minor league contract on July 22. He was released on August 5 after going 0–1 with a 9.82 ERA in 4 games with the Triple-A Scranton Wilkes-Barre Yankees. In early February 2008, Williamson signed a one-year minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants. He would have made $700,000 if he had made the Giants major league roster. After posting a 13.50 ERA with the Giants in spring training, Williamson was released on March 5, 2008. Williamson was signed to a minor league contract by the Atlanta Braves in April. They released him in early June.

On June 15, 2008, the Seattle Mariners signed him to a minor league contract. After joining the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers and his third organization that year, Williamson remarked that "This year has been kind of a crazy year for me...It's kind of frustrating, but it feels good to go out and compete." but he was released in late June after just three appearances.

On January 24, 2009, Williamson signed a minor league deal with the Detroit Tigers, who were looking for middle relievers after a disappointing 2008 season. In the end Williamson lost out to newcomer Ryan Perry and was sent down to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens. Detroit manager Jim Leyland praised Williamson's experience: "I think Scott Williamson has an excellent chance...You're talking about a pretty big-time Major League pitcher at one time." Once in Toledo, however, Williamson had difficulties making a consistent outing and his ERA climbed steadily. On April 26, 2009, Toledo released Williamson to make room for Eddie Bonine, ending Williamson's comeback attempt within the Detroit Tigers organization.

On August 2, 2010, Scott Williamson agreed to pitch for the Somerset Patriots.

Coaching career
Scott Williamson currently is a private pitching instructor.

title: Scott Williamson


text:
Military district

Military districts (also called military regions) are formations of a state's armed forces (often of the Army) which are responsible for a certain area of territory. They are often more responsible for administrative than operational matters, and in countries with conscript forces, often handle parts of the conscription cycle.

Navies have also used a similar model, with organizations such as the United States Naval Districts. A number of navies in South America used naval districts at various points in time.

Algeria

Algeria is divided into six numbered military regions, each with headquarters located in a principal city or town (see People's National Army (Algeria)). This system of territorial organization, adopted shortly after independence, grew out of the wartime wilaya structure and the postwar necessity of subduing antigovernment insurgencies that were based in the various regions. Regional commanders control and administer bases, logistics, and housing, as well as conscript training. Commanders of army divisions and brigades, air force installations, and naval forces report directly to the Ministry of National Defence and service chiefs of staff on operational matters. Previously Algeria had formed France's tenth military region.

Military region commanders in 2003 included Brahim Fodel Chérif (1st Military Region), Kamel Abderrahmane (2nd Military Region, Abcène Tafer (3rd Military Region), Abdelmadjid Sahed (4th Military Region, Chérif Abderrazak (5th Military Region) and Ali Benali (6th Military Region).

Republic of China
There were 76 northern military districts or military regions (軍區), or war areas, which were the largest formations of the National Revolutionary Army, under the Military Affairs Commission, chaired by Chiang Kai-shek during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. During the Second Sino-Japanese War the National Revolutionary Army eventually organized itself into twelve Military Regions.

People's Republic of China
The military regions (originally eleven, then seven) of the People's Liberation Army were divided into military districts (usually contiguous with provinces) and military sub-districts, under the command of the Central Military Commission.

In February 2016, the 7 military regions were changed to 5 theater commands:

 * Eastern Theater Command
 * Southern Theater Command
 * Western Theater Command
 * Northern Theater Command
 * Central Theater Command

Third Republic
Under the Third Republic, a military region comprised several departments which supported an army corps. For many years up to 21 military regions were active.

On 24 July 1873, the French Parliament passed a law which created 18 military regions in metropolitan France. A 19th Army Corps was created in Algeria in September 1873 (see Région militaire#Troisième République). In 1905, the strength of the Troupes coloniales stationed in the 19 military districts of metropolitan France was reported at 2,123 officers and 26,581 other ranks. In 1946, following the Second World War ten military regions were created or recreated, in accordance with a decree of 18 February 1946. They included the 1st (Paris); 2e (Lille); 3e (Rennes); 4e (Bordeaux); 5e (Toulouse); 6e (Metz); 7e (Dijon); 8th (Lyon); the 9th (Marseille), and the 10th in Algeria. The 10th Military Region (France) supervised French Algeria during the Algerian War.

Fifth Republic
With the evolution of administrative organization, France was divided into regional administrative districts (circa 1963) (administrative region dependent of a prefect of the region). The military organisation then combined the administrative organization and in each CAR corresponded a territorial military division (TMD). On the defence side, these military divisions have been grouped into military regions. Their number varied depending on the period. The current number is six.

The Défense opérationnelle du territoire supervised reserve and home defence activities from 1959 to the 1970s. However, by the 1980s the number had been reduced to six: the 1st Military Region (France) with its headquarters in Paris, the 2nd Military Region (France) at Lille, the 3rd Military Region (France) at Rennes, the 4th Military Region (France) at Bordeaux, the 5th at Lyons and 6th at Metz. Each supervised up to five division militaire territoriale – military administrative sub-divisions, in 1984 sometimes supervising up to three reserve regiments each.

In the twenty-first century, under the latest thorough reform of the French security and defence sector, there are seven Zone de défense et de sécurité each with a territorial ground army region: Paris (or Île-de-France, HQ in Paris), Nord (HQ in Lille), Ouest (HQ in Rennes), Sud-Ouest (HQ in Bordeaux), Sud (HQ in Marseille), Sud-Est (HQ in Lyon), Est (HQ in Strasbourg).

German Reich
Before and during World War II, Germany used the system of military districts (Wehrkreis) to relieve field commanders of as much administrative work as possible and to provide a regular flow of trained recruits and supplies to the Field Army. The method they adopted was to separate the Field Army (Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres) from the Home Command (Heimatkriegsgebiet) and to entrust the responsibilities of training, conscription, supply and equipment to that command.

The Commander of the Infantry Corps with the identical number also commanded the Wehrkreis in peacetime, but command of the Wehrkreis passed to his second-in command at the outbreak of war.

In peacetime, the Wehrkreis was the home to the Infantry Corps of the same number and all subordinate units of that Corps.

Federal Republic of Germany
Until 2013 the German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) had four military districts – Wehrbereichskommando (WBK) as part of the Streitkräftebasis or Joint Service Support Command. Each WBK controlled several Landeskommandos (State Commands) due to the federal structure of Germany who have taken over functions carried out by the Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos (VBKs) or Military Region Commands (Defence District Commands) as. These command authorities are in charge of all military facilities. Now the Landeskommmandos are led by the National Territorial Command called Kommando Territoriale Aufgaben der Bundeswehr (KdoTerrAufgBw).

Indonesia
The Indonesian Army operates with military districts, known as Komando Daerah Militer (Military Region Command) abbreviated Kodam. It was created by General Soedirman as a system initially called "Wehrkreise", adapted from the German system during World War II. The system was later ratified in "Surat Perintah Siasat No.1" (No.1 Strategy Command Letter), signed in November 1948.

The Military regional commands function as a means of circle of defense, or regional defense, to defend the designated islands/provinces under Indonesian territory. Each Kodam is commanded by a Major General and has full authority to commence operations with the force under his jurisdiction. The commander (known as Panglima Kodam abbreviated Pangdam) reports to the Chief of Army Staff (KSAD) and is responsible for territorial defence during times of war and development and supervision during times of peace. He is also responsible for ensuring security and protection for VVIP visiting his territory, e.g Presidential visits, etc.

Kazakhstan
A Regional Command (Аймақтық қолбасшылық, Aımaqtyq qolbasshylyq; Региональная команда, Regional'naya komanda) in Kazakhstan operates in a similar fashion to Russian military districts.

The Kazakh Ground Forces are divided into four regional commands:

 * Regional Command "Astana" headquartered in Astana
 * Regional Command "East" headquartered in Semey
 * Regional Command "West" headquartered in Atyrau
 * Regional Command "South" headquartered in Taraz

Poland
Initially, right after the First World War, Poland had five military districts (1918–1921):
 * Kraków Military District (Krakowski Okręg Wojskowy), HQ in Kraków
 * Łódź Military District (Łódzki Okręg Wojskowy), HQ in Łódź
 * Lublin Military District (Lubelski Okręg Wojskowy), HQ in Lublin.
 * Poznań Military District (Poznański Okręg Wojskowy), HQ in Poznań
 * Warsaw Military District (Warszawski Okręg Wojskowy), HQ in Warszawa.

In 1921, due to reorganization, the military districts were replaced with Dowództwo Okręgu Korpusu (DOK – Corps District Command). In the Second Polish Republic there were ten DOKs:
 * I – Warszawa
 * II – Lublin
 * III – Grodno
 * IV – Łódź
 * V – Kraków
 * VI – Lwów
 * VII – Poznań
 * VIII – Toruń
 * IX – Brześć nad Bugiem
 * X – Przemyśl

Each DOK consisted of four large units (three infantry divisions and one cavalry brigade).

For district arrangements after World War II see Polish Land Forces. The Kraków Military District disbanded in 1953. From 1999 Poland has been divided into two military districts, the Pomeranian Military District and the Silesian Military District, both were disbanded by the end of 2011.

Russian Empire
The Russian Empire's military district (вое́нный о́круг, voyenny okrug) was a territorial association of military units, formations, military schools, and various local military establishments. This territorial division type was utilized in Imperial Russia, USSR and is currently in use in Russian Federation.

Such territorial division provided convenient management of army units, their training and other activities regarding the country's readiness to defend itself.

Soviet Union

In the USSR, the military districts continued to perform the same role they had done in the Russian Empire, with first six military districts (Yaroslavsky, Moskovsky, Orlovsky, Belomorsky, Uralsky, and Privolzhsky) were formed on 31 March 1918 during the Russian Civil War.

This increased to 17 military districts of the USSR at the beginning of July 1940 shortly before the USSR was invaded by Germany and entered the Second World War, and were used to create combat Fronts after commencement of the German invasion of the USSR.

During the war the districts were further divided into geographic regions for logistic reasons, these being:

 * North and North Western districts
 * West and Central USSR districts
 * South and South Western districts
 * Siberian and Central Asian districts
 * Far Eastern districts

After the war, the number was increased to 33 to aid in demobilisation of forces, but by October 1946, they had been reduced to 21.

By the end of the 1980s, immediately before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there were sixteen military districts, within three to five main strategic Theatre groupings.

Russian Federation

A military district (вое́нный о́круг, voyenny okrug) in the Russian Federation operates under the command of the district headquarters, headed by the district commander, and is subordinated to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. (Previously under Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces General Nikolai Kormiltsev, the military districts reported to the General Staff via the Russian Ground Forces staff.) It is a territorial association of military units, formations, military schools, and various local military establishments. This territorial division type was historically adopted, originally by Imperial Russia, to provide a more efficient management of army units, their training and other operations activities related to combat readiness.

From 1992 to 2010, the Armed Forces maintained a diminishing number of former Soviet Armed Forces districts – Leningrad Military District, Moscow Military District, Volga-Urals Military District, North Caucasus Military District, Siberian Military District, Far East Military District.

In 2009–2010, these districts were reorganised into 4 Military Districts comprising regional Joint Strategic Commands. In 2014 Northern Fleet was reorganized into separate Joint Strategic Command.

2024 military districts

 * Leningrad Military District with headquarters in Saint Petersburg
 * Southern Military District with headquarters in Rostov-on-Don
 * Central Military District with headquarters in Ekaterinburg
 * Eastern Military District with headquarters in Khabarovsk
 * Moscow Military District with headquarters in Moscow

Sweden
The military district (Militärområde, usually abbreviated to Milo) was an administrative division of the Swedish Armed Forces, and was a higher regional level subdivision. The commander of a military district, the Militärområdesbefälhavare (also militärbefälhavare), commanded the Swedish Army divisions stationed in the region, the regional naval command, the regional air defence sector as well as the lower regional level subdivision defence districts that made up the military district. The commander answered directly to the Supreme Commander. The military districts in the modern form were created in 1966, and each district was named according to the geographical area they covered. Several changes were made, such as creating or merging districts, until all military districts were disbanded in 2000. After the Defence Act of 2000 the military districts were replaced by new military districts (Militärdistrikt, usually abbreviated to MD). The new military districts corresponded geographically to the former military districts, however, they did not have the same territorial and operational tasks. In 2005, the military districts were replaced to some extent by four Security and Cooperation Sections (Säkerhets- och samverkanssektioner).

United Kingdom
British Army regional districts have evolved slowly over the previous 150 years or so. For many years there were regional commands in the UK, including Aldershot Command (from 1880), Eastern Command, Northern Command, Scottish Command, Southern Command and Western Command (from 1905). By 1985 these were superseded by districts, and until the spring of 1991 there were nine of them. Antony Beevor wrote in his revised edition of Inside the British Army in 1991 that '..the first of the minor districts to be amalgamated were North West District, Western District, and Wales, to form a new Western District.' HQ Northern Ireland remained separate and reported to Headquarters United Kingdom Land Forces only on non-operational matters. From 1995, UK commands and later districts were replaced by regenerative divisions. 2nd Division, 4th Division, 5th Division and London District acted as regional commands within the UK reporting to Commander Regional Forces. Scotland District was absorbed by 2nd Division in 2000. The divisions were responsible for training subordinate formations and units under their command for operations in the UK, such as Military Aid to the Civil Community, as well as training units for overseas deployments. 2nd, 4th and 5th Divisions were replaced by Support Command on 1 November 2011.

United States
The military department was a military and administrative command of the US Army.

Present day US military organization is structured around Unified Combatant Commands, which encompass different geographical areas and responsibilities.
 * United States Africa Command
 * United States Central Command
 * United States European Command
 * United States Indo-Pacific Command
 * United States Northern Command
 * United States Southern Command

Uzbekistan
Military districts (Harbiy okruglar) of the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan are under the jurisdiction of the defense ministry of the republic. In May 2001, the Tashkent Garrison was transformed into the Tashkent Military District. The following are a list of military districts in Uzbekistan:

 * Northwest Military District (HQ Nukus)
 * Southwest Special Military District (HQ Qarshi)
 * Central Military District (HQ Dzhizak)
 * Eastern Military District (HQ Ferghana)
 * Tashkent Military District (HQ Tashkent)

The replenishment of the ranks of divisions and units in wartime is done by order of the commanders of military districts.

Vietnam
Vietnam People's Army has 8 Military Regions:
 * Vietnam Military Regions.jpg Capital Command: It is directly under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam; tasked to organize, build, manage and command armed forces defending the capital. The headquarters is in Hanoi.
 * 1st Military Region: It is directly under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam; tasked to protect against foreign invaders; and to organize, build, manage and command forces in northeastern Vietnam. The headquarters is in Thai Nguyen.
 * 2nd Military Region: It is directly under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam; tasked to organize, build, manage and command armed forces defending northwestern Vietnam. The headquarters is in Viet Tri.
 * 3rd Military Region: It is directly under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam; tasked to organize, build, manage and command armed forces defending the Red River Delta area. The headquarters is in Hai Phong.
 * 4th Military Region: It is directly under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam; tasked to organize, build, manage and command armed forces defending north central Vietnam. The headquarters is in Vinh.
 * 5th Military Region: It is directly under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam; tasked to organize, build, manage and command armed forces defending south central Vietnam, including the western highlands and south central coastal provinces. The headquarters is in Da Nang.
 * 7th Military Region: It is directly under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam; tasked to organize, build, manage and command armed forces defending southeastern Vietnam. The headquarters is in Ho Chi Minh City.
 * 9th Military Region: It is directly under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam; tasked to organize, build, manage and command armed forces defending the Mekong Delta. The headquarters is in Cần Thơ

The Army of the Republic of Vietnam originally had four corps, for example I Corps (South Vietnam). Later they were redesignated Military Regions 1–4.

title: Military district


text:
List of admirals of the fleet (Thailand)

Chom Phon Ruea (จอมพลเรือ) or Admiral of the Fleet is the most senior naval officer rank of the Royal Thai Navy. Today it is only ceremonially held by members of the Thai Royal family. The Royal Thai Army equivalent is known as just Chom Phon and Chom Phon Akat for the Royal Thai Air Force.

The rank was formally created in 1888, together with all other ranks of the military by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), who wanted to modernize his Armed Forces through western lines.


text:
ABL

ABL may refer to:

In medicine

 * ABL (gene), a proto-oncogene associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia
 * Abetalipoproteinemia, a rare genetic disorder
 * Accidental bowel leakage, also known as fecal incontinence

Computing

 * A Block diagram Language, a hardware description language
 * Advanced Business Language, the new name for Progress 4GL
 * OpenEdge Advanced Business Language, a business application development language created and maintained by Progress Software Corporation

Sports

 * African Basketball League
 * Alaska Baseball League
 * American Basketball League, a name that has been used by three defunct basketball leagues in the United States:
 * American Basketball League (1925–1955), an early professional basketball league
 * American Basketball League (1961–1962), a league that only played a single full season
 * American Basketball League (1996–1998), a women's basketball league
 * American Basketball League (2013–2015), a semi-professional men's basketball league
 * ASEAN Basketball League, a professional basketball league for ASEAN nations
 * Australian Baseball League:
 * Australian Baseball League (1989–1999) (defunct)
 * Australian Baseball League
 * AL-Bank Ligaen, a former name for Denmark's top men's ice hockey league

Entertainment

 * A Beautiful Lie, 30 Seconds to Mars's second studio album
 * A Bug's Life, a 1998 film
 * A Bug's Life (video game), the video game based on the film

Military and weaponry

 * Airborne Laser, a weapons system designed for use by the United States military
 * Allegany Ballistics Laboratory
 * Armored Box Launcher, a launch container for the BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missile

Companies, groups, organizations

 * ABL Space Systems
 * Alameda Belt Line railroad
 * Air Busan of South Korea (ICAO airline code)
 * NSW Business Chamber, formerly Australian Business Limited, a business organisation
 * Academia Brasileira de Letras (Brazilian Academy of Letters)

Other uses

 * Activity-based learning, a range of pedagogical approaches to teaching based on doing some hands-on experiment and activities
 * , glossing abbreviation for ablative case
 * Asset-based lending
 * Ambler Airport in Alaska (IATA airport code)
 * Atmospheric boundary layer, the region where the atmosphere interacts with the surface of the earth
 * Australian bat lyssavirus, a rabies-like virus found in Australian bats
 * Lampung Nyo language, an Austronesian language of Indonesia, by ISO 639-3 language code

title: ABL


text:
History of programming languages

The history of programming languages spans from documentation of early mechanical computers to modern tools for software development. Early programming languages were highly specialized, relying on mathematical notation and similarly obscure syntax. Throughout the 20th century, research in compiler theory led to the creation of high-level programming languages, which use a more accessible syntax to communicate instructions.

The first high-level programming language was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945. The first high-level language to have an associated compiler was created by Corrado Böhm in 1951, for his PhD thesis. The first commercially available language was FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), developed in 1956 (first manual appeared in 1956, but first developed in 1954) by a team led by John Backus at IBM.

Early history
During 1842–1849, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine: the Analytical Engine; she supplemented the memoir with notes that specified in detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the engine, recognized by most of historians as the world's first published computer program.

Jacquard Looms and Charles Babbage's Difference Engine both were designed to utilize punched cards, which would describe the sequence of operations that their programmable machines should perform.

The first computer codes were specialized for their applications: e.g., Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulaic way and the Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape-marking machine.

First programming languages
In the 1940s, the first recognizably modern electrically powered computers were created. The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand-tuned assembly language programs. It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort.

An early proposal for a high-level programming language was Plankalkül, developed by Konrad Zuse for his Z1 computer between 1942 and 1945 but not implemented at the time.

The first functioning programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the early 1950s. John Mauchly's Short Code, proposed in 1949, was one of the first high-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer. Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form. However, the program had to be interpreted into machine code every time it ran, making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code.

In the early 1950s, Alick Glennie developed Autocode, possibly the first compiled programming language, at the University of Manchester. In 1954, a second iteration of the language, known as the "Mark 1 Autocode", was developed for the Mark 1 by R. A. Brooker. Brooker, with the University of Manchester, also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s. The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by Douglas Hartree of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances and was noted for its object code optimization and source-language diagnostics which were advanced for the time. A contemporary but separate thread of development, Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine.

In 1954, FORTRAN was invented at IBM by a team led by John Backus; it was the first widely used high-level general purpose language to have a functional implementation, in contrast to only a design on paper. When FORTRAN was first introduced, it was viewed with skepticism due to bugs, delays in development, and the comparative efficiency of "hand-coded" programs written in assembly. However, in a hardware market that was rapidly evolving, the language eventually became known for its efficiency. It is still a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's TOP500 fastest supercomputers.

Another early programming language was devised by Grace Hopper in the US, named FLOW-MATIC. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand during the period from 1955 until 1959. Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation, and in early 1955, she and her team wrote a specification for an English language programming language and implemented a prototype. The FLOW-MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959. Flow-Matic was a major influence in the design of COBOL, since only it and its direct descendant AIMACO were in use at the time.

Other languages still in use today include LISP (1958), invented by John McCarthy and COBOL (1959), created by the Short Range Committee. Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication, by a committee of American and European computer scientists, of "a new language for algorithms"; the ALGOL 60 Report (the "ALGOrithmic Language"). This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured three key language innovations:

Another innovation, related to this, was in how the language was described:
 * nested block structure: code sequences and associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without having to be turned into separate, explicitly named procedures;
 * lexical scoping: a block could have its own private variables, procedures and functions, invisible to code outside that block, that is, information hiding.
 * a mathematically exact notation, Backus–Naur form (BNF), was used to describe the language's syntax. Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context-free portion of their syntax.

ALGOL 60 was particularly influential in the design of later languages, some of which soon became more popular. The Burroughs large systems were designed to be programmed in an extended subset of ALGOL.

ALGOL's key ideas were continued, producing ALGOL 68:

ALGOL 68's many little-used language features (for example, concurrent and parallel blocks) and its complex system of syntactic shortcuts and automatic type coercions made it unpopular with implementers and gained it a reputation of being difficult. Niklaus Wirth actually walked out of the design committee to create the simpler Pascal language.
 * syntax and semantics became even more orthogonal, with anonymous routines, a recursive typing system with higher-order functions, etc.;
 * not only the context-free part, but the full language syntax and semantics were defined formally, in terms of Van Wijngaarden grammar, a formalism designed specifically for this purpose.

Some notable languages that were developed in this period include:

 * 1951 – Regional Assembly Language
 * 1952 – Autocode
 * 1954 – IPL (forerunner to LISP)
 * 1955 – FLOW-MATIC (led to COBOL)
 * 1957 – FORTRAN (first compiler)
 * 1957 – COMTRAN (precursor to COBOL)
 * 1958 – LISP
 * 1958 – ALGOL 58
 * 1959 – FACT (forerunner to COBOL)
 * 1959 – COBOL
 * 1959 – RPG
 * 1960 – ALGOL 60
 * 1962 – APL
 * 1962 – Simula
 * 1962 – SNOBOL
 * 1963 – CPL (forerunner to C)
 * 1964 – Speakeasy
 * 1964 – BASIC
 * 1964 – PL/I
 * 1966 – JOSS
 * 1966 – MUMPS
 * 1967 – BCPL (forerunner to C)
 * 1967 – Logo (an educational language that later influenced Smalltalk and Scratch).

Establishing fundamental paradigms
The period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s brought a major flowering of programming languages. Most of the major language paradigms now in use were invented in this period:

 * Speakeasy, developed in 1964 at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) by Stanley Cohen, is an object-oriented programming system (OOPS), much like the later MATLAB, IDL and Mathematica numerical package. Speakeasy has a clear Fortran foundation syntax. It first addressed efficient physics computing internally at ANL, was modified for research use (as "Modeleasy") for the Federal Reserve Board in the early 1970s and then was made available commercially; Speakeasy and Modeleasy are still in use.
 * Simula, invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of ALGOL 60, was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming.
 * FORTH, the earliest concatenative programming language was designed by Charles Moore in 1969 as a personal development system while at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).
 * C, an early systems programming language, was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973.
 * Smalltalk (mid-1970s) provided a complete ground-up design of an object-oriented language.
 * Prolog, designed in 1972 by Alain Colmerauer, Phillipe Roussel, and Robert Kowalski, was the first logic programming language.
 * ML built a polymorphic type system (invented by Robin Milner in 1973) on Lisp, pioneering statically typed functional programming languages. Each of these languages spawned an entire family of descendants, and most modern languages count at least one of them in their ancestry.

The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate over the merits of "structured programming", which essentially meant programming without the use of. A significant fraction of programmers believed that, even in languages that provide, it is bad programming style to use it except in rare circumstances. This debate was closely related to language design: some languages had no, which forced the use of structured programming.

To provide even faster compile times, some languages were structured for "one-pass compilers" which expect subordinate routines to be defined first, as with Pascal, where the main routine, or driver function, is the final section of the program listing.

Some notable languages that were developed in this period include:

 * 1967 – BCPL (forerunner to B)
 * 1967 – Logo
 * 1969 – B (forerunner to C)
 * 1970 – Pascal
 * 1970 – Forth
 * 1972 – C
 * 1972 – Smalltalk
 * 1972 – Prolog
 * 1973 – ML
 * 1975 – Scheme
 * 1978 – SQL (a query language, later extended)

1980s: consolidation, modules, performance
The 1980s were years of relative consolidation in imperative languages. Rather than inventing new paradigms, all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the previous decade. C++ combined object-oriented and systems programming. The United States government standardized Ada, a systems programming language intended for use by defense contractors. In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investigating so-called fifth-generation programming languages that incorporated logic programming constructs. The functional languages community moved to standardize ML and Lisp. Research in Miranda, a functional language with lazy evaluation, began to take hold in this decade.

One important new trend in language design was an increased focus on programming for large-scale systems through the use of modules, or large-scale organizational units of code. Modula, Ada, and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s. Module systems were often wedded to generic programming constructs: generics being, in essence, parametrized modules (see also polymorphism in object-oriented programming).

Although major new paradigms for imperative programming languages did not appear, many researchers expanded on the ideas of prior languages and adapted them to new contexts. For example, the languages of the Argus and Emerald systems adapted object-oriented programming to distributed computing systems.

The 1980s also brought advances in programming language implementation. The reduced instruction set computer (RISC) movement in computer architecture postulated that hardware should be designed for compilers rather than for human assembly programmers. Aided by central processing unit (CPU) speed improvements that enabled increasingly aggressive compiling methods, the RISC movement sparked greater interest in compiler technology for high-level languages.

Language technology continued along these lines well into the 1990s.

Some notable languages that were developed in this period include:

 * 1980 – C++ (as C with classes, renamed in 1983)
 * 1983 – Ada
 * 1984 – Common Lisp
 * 1984 – MATLAB
 * 1984 – dBase III, dBase III Plus (Clipper and FoxPro as FoxBASE)
 * 1985 – Eiffel
 * 1986 – Objective-C
 * 1986 – LabVIEW (visual programming language)
 * 1986 – Erlang
 * 1987 – Perl
 * 1988 – PIC (markup language)
 * 1988 – Tcl
 * 1988 – Wolfram Language (as part of Mathematica, only got a separate name in June 2013)
 * 1989 – FL (Backus)

1990s: the Internet age
The rapid growth of the Internet in the mid-1990s was the next major historic event in programming languages. By opening up a radically new platform for computer systems, the Internet created an opportunity for new languages to be adopted. In particular, the JavaScript programming language rose to popularity because of its early integration with the Netscape Navigator web browser. Various other scripting languages achieved widespread use in developing customized applications for web servers such as PHP. The 1990s saw no fundamental novelty in imperative languages, but much recombination and maturation of old ideas. This era began the spread of functional languages. A big driving philosophy was programmer productivity. Many rapid application development (RAD) languages emerged, which usually came with an integrated development environment (IDE), garbage collection, and were descendants of older languages. All such languages were object-oriented. These included Object Pascal, Objective Caml (renamed OCaml), Visual Basic, and Java. Java in particular received much attention.

More radical and innovative than the RAD languages were the new scripting languages. These did not directly descend from other languages and featured new syntaxes and more liberal incorporation of features. Many consider these scripting languages to be more productive than even the RAD languages, but often because of choices that make small programs simpler but large programs more difficult to write and maintain. Nevertheless, scripting languages came to be the most prominent ones used in connection with the Web.

Some programming languages included other languages in their distribution to save the development time. for example both of Python and Ruby included Tcl to support GUI programming through libraries like Tkinter.

Some notable languages that were developed in this period include:

 * 1990 – Haskell
 * 1991 – Python
 * 1991 – Visual Basic
 * 1993 – Lua
 * 1993 – R
 * 1994 – CLOS (part of ANSI Common Lisp)
 * 1995 – Ruby
 * 1995 – Ada 95
 * 1995 – Java
 * 1995 – Delphi (Object Pascal)
 * 1995 – Visual FoxPro
 * 1995 – JavaScript
 * 1995 – PHP
 * 1996 – OCaml
 * 1997 – Rebol

Current trends
Programming language evolution continues, in both industry and research. Some of the recent trends have included:
 * Increasing support for functional programming in mainstream languages used commercially, including purely functional programming for making code easier to reason about and to parallelize (at both micro- and macro- levels)
 * Constructs to support concurrent and distributed programming.
 * Mechanisms for adding security and reliability verification to the language: extended static checking, dependent typing, information flow control, static thread safety.
 * Alternative mechanisms for composability and modularity: mixins, traits, typeclasses, delegates, aspects.
 * Component-oriented software development.
 * Metaprogramming, reflective programming (reflection), or access to the abstract syntax tree
 * Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) allowing developers to insert code in another module or class at "join points"
 * Domain-specific languages and code generation
 * XML for graphical interface (XUL, Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML))
 * Increased interest in distribution and mobility.
 * Integration with databases, including XML and relational databases.
 * Open source as a developmental philosophy for languages, including the GNU Compiler Collection and languages such as PHP, Python, Ruby, and Scala.
 * More interest in visual programming languages like Scratch, LabVIEW, and PWCT
 * Massively parallel languages for GPU graphics processing units and supercomputer arrays, including OpenCL
 * Early research into quantum computing programming languages (see list)
 * Early research in applying artificial intelligence (AI) methods to generate code using AI like using GPT-3 and Gemini.

Many Big Tech companies introduced multiple new programming languages that are designed to serve their needs and provides first-class support for their platforms. for example:
 * Microsoft introduced C#, F#, TypeScript, Q#, Bosque, and Power Fx.
 * Google introduced Go, Dart, and Carbon.
 * Apple introduced Swift.
 * Meta introduced Hack.

Some notable languages developed during this period and are listed in TIOBE index (Top 100 programming languages) as of February 2024 include:

 * 2000 – ActionScript
 * 2001 – C#
 * 2001 – D
 * 2002 – Scratch
 * 2003 – Groovy
 * 2003 – Scala
 * 2005 – F#
 * 2006 – PowerShell
 * 2007 – Clojure
 * 2008 – Nim
 * 2009 – Go
 * 2011 – Dart
 * 2011 – Kotlin
 * 2012 – Julia
 * 2012 – TypeScript
 * 2012 – Elixir
 * 2014 – Swift
 * 2014 – Hack
 * 2015 – Rust
 * 2015 – Raku
 * 2016 – Ring
 * 2016 – Zig
 * 2022 – Carbon

Other new programming languages include Elm, Ballerina, Red, Crystal, Haxe, V (Vlang), Reason, and Mojo.

Key figures
Some key people who helped develop programming languages:
 * Ada Lovelace, published first computer program
 * Alan Cooper, developer of Visual Basic.
 * Alan Kay, pioneering work on object-oriented programming, and originator of Smalltalk.
 * Anders Hejlsberg, developer of Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#, and TypeScript.
 * Arthur Whitney, developer of A+, k, and q.
 * Bertrand Meyer, inventor of Eiffel.
 * Bjarne Stroustrup, developer of C++.
 * Brad Cox, co-creator of Objective-C.
 * Brendan Eich, developer of JavaScript.
 * Brian Kernighan, co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages.
 * Chuck Moore, inventor of Forth, the first concatenative programming language, and a prominent name in stack machine microprocessor design.
 * Chris Lattner, creator of Swift, Mojo and LLVM.
 * Cleve Moler, creator of MATLAB.
 * Dennis Ritchie, inventor of C. Unix Operating System, Plan 9 Operating System.
 * Douglas McIlroy, influenced and designed such languages as SNOBOL, TRAC, PL/I, ALTRAN, TMG and C++.
 * Grace Hopper, first to use the term compiler and developer of FLOW-MATIC, influenced development of COBOL. Popularized machine-independent programming languages and the term "debugging".
 * Guido van Rossum, creator of Python.
 * James Gosling, lead developer of Java and its precursor, Oak.
 * Jean Ichbiah, chief designer of Ada, Ada 83.
 * Jean-Yves Girard, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F).
 * Jeff Bezanson, main designer, and one of the core developers of Julia.
 * Jeffrey Snover, inventor of PowerShell.
 * Joe Armstrong, creator of Erlang.
 * John Backus, inventor of Fortran, cooperated in designing ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60.
 * John C. Reynolds, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F).
 * John McCarthy, inventor of LISP, design committee of ALGOL 60.
 * John von Neumann, originator of the operating system concept.
 * Graydon Hoare, inventor of Rust.
 * Ken Thompson, inventor of B and Go.
 * Kenneth E. Iverson, developer of APL, co-developer of J with Roger Hui.
 * Konrad Zuse, designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül (which influenced ALGOL 58 ).
 * Kristen Nygaard, pioneered object-oriented programming, co-invented Simula.
 * Larry Wall, creator of the Perl programming language (see Perl and Raku).
 * Martin Odersky, creator of Scala, and previously a contributor to the design of Java.
 * Martin Richards developed the BCPL programming language, forerunner of the B and C languages.
 * Nathaniel Rochester, inventor of first assembler (IBM 701).
 * Niklaus Wirth, inventor of Pascal, Modula and Oberon.
 * Ole-Johan Dahl, pioneered object-oriented programming, co-invented Simula.
 * Rasmus Lerdorf, creator of PHP.
 * Rich Hickey, creator of Clojure.
 * Robert Gentleman, co-creator of R.
 * Robert Griesemer, co-creator of Go.
 * Robin Milner, inventor of ML, and sharing credit for Hindley–Milner polymorphic type inference.
 * Rob Pike, co-creator of Go, Inferno (operating system) and Plan 9 (operating system) Operating System co-author.
 * Ross Ihaka, co-creator of R.
 * Stanley Cohen, inventor of Speakeasy, which was created with an OOPS, object-oriented programming system, the first instance, in 1964.
 * Stephen Wolfram, creator of Mathematica.
 * Walter Bright, creator of D.
 * Yukihiro Matsumoto, creator of Ruby.

title: History of programming languages


text:
Gençlerbirliği S.K.

Gençlerbirliği Spor Kulübü (pronounced ), commonly known as Gençlerbirliği, is a Turkish sports club based in Ankara. Formed in 1923, Gençlerbirliği are nicknamed Ankara Rüzgârı (The Wind of Ankara) or simply Gençler (The Youth). The club colours are black and red. The football team currently plays its home matches at Eryaman Stadium, following the closure of the Ankara 19 Mayıs.

Domestically, the club have won the Turkish Cup twice, in 1987 and 2001. They have also won the former Turkish Football Championship twice and the regional Ankara Football League a record nine times. In Europe, Gençlerbirliği's greatest success came in 2004. The club reached the fourth round of the UEFA Cup before losing to eventual champions Valencia.

History
Gençlerbirliği were founded in a slightly different way compared to many other football clubs, having been established by students from a high school, Ankara Erkek Lisesi (Sultani Mektebi) now Ankara Atatürk Lisesi. The students in question (Ramiz Eren, Mennan İz, Mazhar Atacanlı, Sait, Kenan, Nuri, Namık Katoğlu, Namık Ambarcıoğlu, Rıdvan Kırmacı, Hafi Araç, Ruhi, Sarı Ziya and Hakkı) had failed to be selected for their own school team, and asked one of their student friends, Asim, to talk with his father about setting up a football team for them to show how well they could play.

On 14 March 1923, Asim's father, the member of parliament from Muş Province, established the team for his son and his friends. Since all the members of the team were students he chose the name 'Youth Union' (Turkish: Gençlerbirliği). They elected Sarı Ziya's father Faik Bey as their first chairman.

Subsequently, these young students wanted to play against the school team which had not selected them. Gençlerbirliği won the game, played at "Hamit tarlası", 3–0. According to these young rebellious players this victory forged the identity of their new team.

They won the regional Ankara Football League a record nine times between 1923 and 1959, when the league had first level status before the introduction of a nationwide league. Their greatest success domestically were the victories in the former Turkish Football Championship, when they became Turkish champions in 1941 and 1946. Gençler entered the Turkish National League in 1959 and played 12 seasons until relegation in the 1969–70 season. They played in the second level until relegation to third level in the 1978–79 season. The club came back to second level after the merger of the third level with second level, at the end of the 1979–80 season. They finished second from last in Group A of the Second League, and had to relegate to the regional league. But, since the number of teams in the second division was increased, Gençlerbirliği were readmitted. The club won Group D in the 1982–83 season and finally returned to the top-flight after 13 years. They relegated again in 1987–88 season. Finally, Gençlerbirliği returned to the top-flight in the 1988–89 season, in their first return attempt. Gençlerbirliği's most successful seasons in the Süper Lig are 1965–66 and 2002–03, when they reached the third place. At the end of the 2017–18 season Gençler only reached the 17th place and as a result the club relegated to the second tier TFF First League.

Colours
There are two rumors about how Gençlerbirliği got their team colours, black and red:
 * The young students went to a local haberdashers and the only available colours were black and red. They purchased these colours to sew their own kit.
 * The outskirts of Ankara during spring time see plenty of poppy flowers (Gelincik) blooming and Gençlerbirliği selected the red and black of this flower for their colours.

Rivalry
Gençlerbirliği's arch-rival are the neighbouring club Ankaragücü and games between the clubs are considered as the "Derby of the Capital".

Youth academy and scouting
Gençlerbirliği have always been one of the teams in Turkey most notable for their talented young footballers that they procure through scouting both in Turkey and throughout Europe and Africa. For example, Geremi was scouted and raised by the club, transferred to Real Madrid and later Chelsea. Another of Gençlerbirliği's young stars Isaac Promise received the 2005–06 Super League Individual Youth player of the Year award. Also included was Arda Güler, who was sold to Fenerbahce.

Gençlerbirliği's state-of-the-art youth academy is located in Beştepe, Ankara with 50 acre of training facilities (Beştepe İlhan Cavcav Tesisleri).

Gençlerbirliği had been run by İlhan Cavcav from 1978 until his death in 2017. With Cavcav's help, Gençlerbirliği have become one of the more stable clubs in Turkey. This has been achieved mainly through the departure of the most talented players every season to the other clubs in Turkey. Departing players are usually replaced with much cheaper imports from Turkey, Europe or Africa.

Domestic competitions

 * Turkish Football Championship
 * Winners (2): 1941, 1946
 * Runners-up (1): 1950
 * TFF First League
 * Winners (2): 1982–83, 1988–89
 * Runners-up (1): 2018-19
 * Turkish Cup
 * Winners (2): 1986–87, 2000–01
 * Runners-up (3): 2002–03, 2003–04, 2007–08
 * Turkish Super Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1987
 * Prime Minister's Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1946

Regional competitions

 * Ankara Football League
 * Winners (10) (record): 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1939–40, 1940–41, 1945–46, 1949–50, 1950–51
 * Runners-up (7): 1926, 1926–27, 1929, 1934, 1936–37, 1942–43, 1947–48
 * Ankara Shield
 * Winners (3) : 1931, 1935, 1940–41

Others

 * TSYD Cup
 * Winners (16): 1969, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2019, 2021

Most capped players
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !Player !Caps !Period
 * 1
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Tevfik Kutlay
 * 353
 * 1959–72
 * 2
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Selçuk Çakmaklı
 * 336
 * 1959–72
 * 3
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Avni Okumuş
 * 317
 * 1983–93
 * 4
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Zeynel Soyuer
 * 291
 * 1959–71
 * 5
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Nihat Baştürk
 * 279
 * 1994–2005
 * 6
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Metin Diyadin
 * 265
 * 1988–98
 * 7
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Orhan Yüksel
 * 235
 * 1959–66
 * 8
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Mehmet Şimşek
 * 228
 * 1993–2001
 * 9
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 İhsan Temen
 * 219
 * 1959-66
 * 10
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Okan Gedikali
 * 207
 * 1982–91
 * 9
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 İhsan Temen
 * 219
 * 1959-66
 * 10
 * align="left"|🇹🇷 Okan Gedikali
 * 207
 * 1982–91
 * 207
 * 1982–91

Top goalscorers
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !Player !Goals (Caps) !Period
 * 1
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇨🇩 Andre Kona N'Gole
 * 72 (145)
 * 1993–2001
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Avni Okumuş
 * 71 (317)
 * 1983–1993
 * 3
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Orhan Yüksel
 * 67 (235)
 * 1959–1966
 * 4
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Ümit Karan
 * 59 (150)
 * 1996–2001
 * 5
 * style="text-align:left;"| Souleymane Youla
 * 57 (134)
 * 2001–2005
 * 6
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇷🇴 Bogdan Stancu
 * 55 (139)
 * 2013-2020
 * 7
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Abdullah Çevrim
 * 50 (154)
 * 1961–1966
 * 8
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Zeynel Soyuer
 * 47 (291)
 * 1959–1971
 * 9
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Tevfik Kutlay
 * 46 (353)
 * 1959–1972
 * 10
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Muammer Nurlu
 * 44 (152)
 * 1983–1989
 * 9
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Tevfik Kutlay
 * 46 (353)
 * 1959–1972
 * 10
 * style="text-align:left;"|🇹🇷 Muammer Nurlu
 * 44 (152)
 * 1983–1989
 * 44 (152)
 * 1983–1989

Coaches

 * 🇹🇷 Yüksel Doğanay (1960–70)
 * 🇹🇷 Oktay Arıca (1970–71)
 * 🇹🇷 Kazım Türesin (1971–72)
 * 🇹🇷 Yüksel Doğanay (1972–73)
 * 🇹🇷 Fehmi Baştüzel (1973–74)
 * 🇹🇷 Tevfik Kutlay (1975)
 * 🇹🇷 Avni Bulduk (1975)
 * 🇹🇷 Fehmi Baştüzel (1975–76)
 * 🇹🇷 Avni Bulduk (1976)
 * 🇹🇷 Oktay Arıca (1976–77)
 * 🇹🇷 Ruhi Yavuz (1977–78)
 * 🇹🇷 Fehmi Baştüzel (1978–81)
 * 🇹🇷 Mümtaz Tümer (1981)
 * 🇹🇷 Fehmi Baştüzel (1981)
 * 🇹🇷 Enver Ürekli (1981)
 * 🇹🇷 Ergun Berksoy (1981–95)
 * 🇹🇷 Teoman Yamanlar (1981–82)
 * 🇹🇷 Kadri Aytaç (1982–83)
 * 🇹🇷 Tınaz Tırpan (30 June 1983 – 31 May 1985)
 * 🇹🇷 Erkan Kural (1985–86)
 * 🇹🇷 Metin Türel (1986–87)
 * 🇹🇷 Hüsnü Macurni (1987)
 * 🇹🇷 Tınaz Tırpan (30 June 1987 – 31 May 1988)
 * 🇹🇷 Kadri Aytaç (1988)
 * 🇹🇷 İbrahim Aydın (1988)
 * 🇹🇷 Teoman Yamanlar (1988)
 * 🇹🇷 Erkan Kural (1988–89)
 * 🇹🇷 Gündüz Tekin Onay (1989–90)
 * 🇹🇷 Metin Türel (1990)
 * 🇨🇿 Jozef Jarabinský (1 July 1990 – 30 June 1991)
 * 🇹🇷 Aldoğan Argon (1991–92)
 * 🇹🇷 Battal Tokyay (1992)
 * 🇷🇺 Valeri Nepomniachi (1 July 1992 – 30 June 1993)
 * 🇹🇲 Gurban Berdyýew (1993–94)
 * 🇵🇪 Augusto Palacios (1994)
 * 🇹🇷 Zafer Göncüler (1994–95)
 * 🇹🇷 Metin Türel (1995)
 * 🇧🇪 Georges Heylens (1995–96)
 * 🇹🇷 Metin Türel (1996)
 * 🇹🇷 Sadi Tekelioğlu (1996–97)
 * 🇹🇷 Teoman Yamanlar (1997)
 * Luka Peruzović (1 July 1997 – 21 Oct 1997)
 * 🇹🇷 Yılmaz Vural (19 Nov 1997 – 30 June 1998)
 * 🇸🇰 Karol Pecze (1998–00)
 * 🇹🇷 Samet Aybaba (6 Jan 2000 – 11 April 2001)
 * 🇹🇷 Hasan Gül (2001)
 * 🇧🇪 Walter Meeuws (1 July 2001 – 10 Nov 2001)
 * 🇹🇷 Erdoğan Arıca (2001–30 June 2002)
 * 🇹🇷 Ersun Yanal (1 July 2002 – 30 June 2004)
 * 🇹🇷 Erdoğan Arıca (2004)
 * 🇹🇷 Oğuz Çetin (1 Oct 2004 – 23 Dec 2004)
 * 🇹🇷 Ziya Doğan (1 Jan 2005 – 31 Aug 2005)
 * 🇹🇷 Mesut Bakkal (Sept 1, 2005 – 30 June 2007)
 * 🇹🇷 Fuat Çapa (1 July 2007 – 19 Sep 2007)
 * 🇩🇪 Reinhard Stumpf (31 Aug 2007 – 29 Oct 2007)
 * 🇹🇷 Bülent Korkmaz (29 Oct 2007 – 29 Jan 2008)
 * 🇹🇷 Mesut Bakkal (29 Jan 2008 – 3 Nov 2008)
 * 🇹🇷 Samet Aybaba (6 Nov 2008 – 31 May 2009)
 * 🇩🇪 Thomas Doll (1 July 2009 – 17 Oct 2010)
 * 🇩🇪 Ralf Zumdick (18 Oct 2010 – 26 Apr 2011)
 * 🇹🇷 Giray Bulak (26 May 2011 – 8 June 2011)
 * 🇹🇷 Fuat Çapa (11 Jun 2011 – 20 May 2013)
 * 🇹🇷 Metin Diyadin (14 Jun 2013 – 20 Oct 2013)
 * 🇹🇷 Mehmet Özdilek (22 Oct 2013 – 26 May 2014)
 * 🇹🇷 Kemal Özdeş (28 May 2014 – 10 Jul 2014)
 * 🇹🇷 Mustafa Kaplan (10 Jul 2014 – 15 Sep 2014)
 * 🇹🇷 Osman Nuri Işılar (15 Sep 2014 – 23 Sep 2014)
 * 🇹🇷 İrfan Buz (23 Sep 2014 – 16 Feb 2015)
 * 🇹🇷 Mesut Bakkal (17 Feb 2015 – 25 May 2015)
 * 🇹🇷 Mustafa Kaplan (25 May 2015 – 9 Jun 2015)
 * Stuart Baxter (9 Jun 2015 – 24 Aug 2015)
 * 🇹🇷 Mehmet Özdilek (1 Sep 2015 – 13 Dec 2015)
 * 🇹🇷 Yılmaz Vural (24 Dec 2015 – 29 Dec 2015)
 * 🇹🇷 İbrahim Üzülmez (31 Dec 2015 – 7 Nov 2016)
 * 🇹🇷 Ümit Özat (8 Nov 2016 – 30 Aug 2016)
 * 🇹🇷 Mesut Bakkal (30 Aug 2017 – 20 Nov 2017)
 * 🇹🇷 Ümit Özat (20 Nov 2017 – 15 May 2018)
 * 🇹🇷 Sezai Yıldırım (15 May 2018 – 23 May 2018)
 * 🇹🇷 Erkan Sözeri (23 May 2018 – 5 Mar 2019)
 * 🇹🇷 İbrahim Üzülmez (5 Mar 2019 – 30 May 2019)
 * 🇹🇷 Mustafa Kaplan (18 Jun 2019 – 29 Oct 2019)
 * 🇹🇷 Hamza Hamzaoğlu (31 Oct 2019 – 29 July 2020)
 * 🇹🇷🇧🇷 Mert Nobre (3 Aug 2020 – 10 Nov 2020)
 * 🇹🇷 Mustafa Kaplan (14 Nov 2020 – 1 Feb 2021)
 * 🇹🇷 Mehmet Altıparmak (1 Feb 2021 - 8 Mar 2021)
 * 🇹🇷 Özcan Bizati (12 Mar 2021 - 31 May 2021)
 * 🇹🇷 Metin Diyadin (30 Jul 2021 - 12 Sep 2022)
 * 🇹🇷 Taşkın Aksoy (27 Sep 2022 - 1 Nov 2022)
 * 🇹🇷 Mustafa Dalcı (15 Nov 2022 - 4 Apr 2023)
 * 🇹🇷 Sinan Kaloğlu (5 Apr 2023–Present)

Presidents
{|
 * width="10"|
 * valign="top"|
 * width="30"|
 * valign="top"|
 * width="30"|
 * valign="top"|

title: Gençlerbirliği S.K.


text:
Mary Bethune Abbott

Mary Martha Bethune, Lady Abbott (October 17, 1823 – February 25, 1898) was the wife of Sir John Abbott, the third Prime Minister of Canada.

Family
Bethune was the daughter of Anglican clergyman and McGill acting president John Bethune. She and John Abbott married on July 26, 1849 and had four sons and four daughters. Mary and John Abbott are maternal great-grandparents of actor Christopher Plummer.

title: Mary Bethune Abbott


text:
Michaele Schreyer

Michaele Schreyer (born 9 August 1951) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who served as a European Commissioner from September 1999 to November 2004, holding the budget portfolio.

Education
Schreyer wrote her doctoral thesis on tax federalism at the University of Cologne.

Political career
From 1983 until 1987, Schreyer worked as an advisor on financial policy to the Green Party's parliamentary group in the Bundestag.

In 1989, Schreyer was appointed State Minister for Urban Development in the government of Governing Mayor Walter Momper of Berlin. In the 1990 state elections, she was elected to the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin. Between 1995 and 1997, she served as chairwoman of the Sub-Committee on Public Housing. In 1998, she assumed the leadership of the Green Party's parliamentary group, alongside Renate Künast.

European Commissioner, 2000–2004
In 2000, Germany's Chancellor Gerhard Schröder nominated Schreyer, alongside Günter Verheugen, as one of two German members of the European Commission under President Romano Prodi. In the Prodi Commission, Schreyer took on an enlarged portfolio for control of the 80 billion euro ($83.73 billion) budget of the European Union.

During Schreyer's time in office, the European Commission filed a high-profile civil lawsuit in the United States against Philip Morris International and R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company seeking damages for what it called their involvement with organized crime in smuggling cigarettes into Europe. By 2004, Schreyer and Philip Morris had negotiated a settlement under which the company agreed to pay about $1 billion over 12 years.

Other activities

 * European Youth Parliament – Germany, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * European Movement Germany, Vice President
 * Schwarzkopf Foundation, Member of the Board
 * Heinrich Böll Foundation, Member of the Supervisory Board (2007–2014)

Schreyer is co-author (with Lutz Mez) of the publication "ERENE – European Community for Renewable Energy".

title: Michaele Schreyer


text:
SAE J1939

Society of Automotive Engineers standard SAE J1939 is the vehicle bus recommended practice used for communication and diagnostics among vehicle components. Originating in the car and heavy-duty truck industry in the United States, it is now widely used in other parts of the world.

SAE J1939 is used in the commercial vehicle area for connection and communication throughout the vehicle, with the physical layer defined in ISO 11898. A different physical layer is used between the tractor and trailer, specified in ISO 11992.

History
Originally, Controller Area Network (CAN) was not mentioned in J1939, which covered cars and tractor-trailer rigs, and with some dual and triple use 8-bit addresses assigned by the SAE J1939 board. CAN was not originally free, but its instruction set did fit in the custom instruction format of J1939. This was true as of 2000. Since then, CAN has been included, the chipset for J1939 has been clocked faster, and 16-bit addresses (PGN) have replaced 8-bit addresses.

J1939, ISO 11783 and NMEA 2000 all share the same high level protocol. SAE J1939 can be considered the replacement for the older SAE J1708 and SAE J1587 specifications.

Definition
SAE J1939 defines five layers in the seven-layer OSI network model, and this includes the Controller Area Network (CAN) ISO 11898 specification (using only the 29-bit/"extended" identifier) for the physical and data-link layers. Under J1939/11 and J1939/15, the data rate is specified as 250 kbit/s, with J1939/14 specifying 500 kbit/s. The session and presentation layers are not part of the specification. The later use of CAN FD is currently discussed.

All J1939 packets, except for the request packet, contain eight bytes of data and a standard header which contains an index called Parameter Group Number (PGN), which is embedded in the message's 29-bit identifier. A PGN identifies a message's function and associated data. J1939 attempts to define standard PGNs to encompass a wide range of automotive, agricultural, marine and off-road vehicle purposes. A range of PGNs (00FF0016 through 00FFFF16, inclusive) is reserved for proprietary use. PGNs define the data which is made up of a variable number of Suspect Parameter Number (SPN) elements defined for unique data. For example, there exists a predefined SPN for engine RPM.

Applications
SAE J1939 has been adopted widely by diesel engine manufacturers. One driving force behind this is the increasing adoption of the engine Electronic Control Unit (ECU), which provides one method of controlling exhaust gas emissions within US and European standards. The telematics data is used (via Fleet Telematics Systems) by Fleet Management Systems to let fleet operators keep track of vehicle and driver performance, such as fuel consumption, safety events, and repair time.

Because of the demanding standards, engine development is expensive, and truck-based engines are reused in many fields. Consequently, SAE J1939 can now be found in a range of diesel-powered applications: vehicles (on- and off-road and rail), marine propulsion, power generation and industrial pumping.

title: SAE J1939