text:
Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples

Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (Latinized as Jacobus Faber Stapulensis; c. 1455 – c. 1536) was a French theologian and a leading figure in French humanism. He was a precursor of the Protestant movement in France. The "d'Étaples" was not part of his name as such, but used to distinguish him from Jacques Lefèvre of Deventer, a less significant contemporary who was a friend and correspondent of Erasmus. Both are also sometimes called by the German version of their name, Jacob/Jakob Faber. He himself had a sometimes tense relationship with Erasmus, whose work on Biblical translation and in theology closely paralleled his own.

Although he anticipated some ideas that were important to the Protestant Reformation, Lefèvre remained a Roman Catholic throughout his life, and sought to reform the Church without separating from it. Several of his books were condemned as heretical, and he spent some time in exile. He was, however, a favorite of the King of France, Francis I, and enjoyed his protection.

Life
He was born of humble parents at Étaples, in Picardy, but appears later to have been possessed of considerable means. He had already been ordained a priest when he entered the University of Paris for higher education. Hermonymus of Sparta was his master in Greek.

He visited Italy before 1486, for he heard the lectures of John Argyropoulos, who died in that year; he formed a friendship with Paulus Aemilius of Verona. In 1492 he again travelled in Italy, studying in Florence, Rome and Venice, making himself familiar with the writings of Aristotle, though greatly influenced by the Platonic philosophy. Returning to the University of Paris, he became the director of the Collège du Cardinal Lemoine. Among his famous pupils were Beatus Rhenanus, François Vatable, Charles de Bovelles, and Guillaume Farel; his connection with the last drew him closer to the Calvinistic side of the movement of reform. Farel joined Lefèvre at Meaux to help in the training of preachers, before Farel left for Switzerland where he was one of the founders of the Reformed churches.

In 1507 he took up his residence in the Benedictine Abbey of St Germain des Prés, near Paris; this was due to his connection with the family of Briçonnet (one of whom was the superior), especially with Guillaume Briçonnet, cardinal bishop of Saint-Malo, father of Guillaume Briçonnet, the later bishop of Meaux. He now began to give himself to Biblical studies, the first-fruit of which was his Quintuplex Psalterium: Gallicum, Romanum, Hebraicum, Vetus, Conciliatum (1509); the Conciliatum was his own version. This was followed by ''S. Pauli Epistolae xiv. ex vulgata editione, adjecta intelligentia ex Graeco cum commentariis'' (1512), a work of great independence and judgment.

His De Maria Magdalena et triduo Christi disceptatio of 1517, which argued that Mary the sister of Lazarus, Mary Magdalene and the penitent woman who anointed Christ's feet were different people, provoked violent controversy and was condemned by the Sorbonne in 1521, and by Saint John Fisher. He had left Paris during the whole of 1520, and, removing to Meaux, was appointed vicar-general to Bishop Briçonnet on 1 May 1523; he published his French version of the New Testament later that year. From this, in the same year, he extracted the versions of the Gospels and Epistles "a l'usage du diocese de Meaux". The prefaces and notes to both these expressed the view that Holy Scripture is the only rule of doctrine, and that justification is by faith alone.

After he finished the translation of the New Testament into French, all copies were ordered to be burned, which caused him to go into exile.

He incurred much hostility, but was protected by Francis I and his intellectual sister Marguerite d'Angoulême. After Francis was taken captive at the battle of Pavia on 25 February 1525, Lefèvre was condemned and his works suppressed by commission of the parlement; these measures were quashed on the return of Francis some months later. He issued Le Psautier de David in 1525, and was appointed royal librarian at Blois in 1526; his version of the Pentateuch appeared two years later. His complete version of the Bible of 1530 was based on the Vulgate of Jerome, took the same place as his version of the New Testament. The publication and its revised edition based on the Hebrew and the Greek texts were printed by Merten de Keyser in Antwerp in 1534. Marguerite, now queen of Navarre, led him to take refuge from persecution in Nérac in 1531. He is said to have been visited in 1533 by John Calvin on his flight from France. He died in Nérac in about 1536.

Works

 * Aristotelian works (selected)
 * Paraphrases of the Whole of Aristotle's Natural Philosophy [Johannes Higman:] Parisii, 1492
 * Introduction to the Metaphysics (1494)
 * Introduction to the Nicomachean Ethics (1494)
 * Logical Introductions (1496)
 * Politics (1506)

The publication, with critical apparatus, of Boethius, De Arithmetica. Paris: Johannes Higman and Wolfgang Hopyl, 22 July 1496.
 * Boethius

He was a prolific translator of the Bible. He completed a translation of the Old Testament in 1528, and was famous for his French translation of the Psalms and the Pauline epistles, which he finished early in his career. His completed translation of the entire Christian Bible, published in 1530, was the first in the French language.
 * Biblical translations
 * Psalterium quintuplex ; gallicum, romanum, hebraicum, vêtus, conciliatum, 1509 and 1515, published by Henri Estienne, fol. with footnotes
 * Commentaires sur saint Paul, avec une nouvelle traduction latine, Paris, 1512 and 1531. This work, in which one notices the lack of progress which had been made in criticism, was criticised by Erasmus for the grammatical section, and by Beda for the theological section, however this did not prevent it from being valued and studied
 * Commentaires sur les Évangiles, Meaux, 1525; his doctrine appears here to be very orthodox on the points disputed by the innovators, although the syndic Beda reproached him for   errors in this respect
 * Commentaires sur les épîtres canoniques, Meaux, 1525; all his commentaries on the New Testament were put on the Index by the Roman inquisitors, under Pope Clement VIII. He distanced himself from ancient barbarism
 * Traduction française du Nouveau Testament, Paris, Colines, 1523, 5 vols. 8vo, anonymous extremely rare, particularly the last volume. The translation was made from the Vulgate, because he intended it for the use of the faithful. It appeared again in his complete version of the Bible, Antwerp, fol.; later editions 1529 and 1532, 4 vol. 4to.; 1528, 4 vol. 8vo. The edition revised by the doctors of Louvain is the most correct and also the rarest because it was  suppressed as was the edition of 1511. It is remarkable that while the Cordeliers of Meaux attacked Lefèvre because of his translations, those of Antwerp approved it in 1528, for printing and for sale. It is true that they did not have in their edition l'Épître exhortatoire, which principally displeased the doctors of Paris
 * Exhortations en français sur les évangiles et les épîtres des dimanches, Meaux, 1525, condemned by the Parlement

 * Music theory
 * Musica libris demonstrata quattuor, published together with Nemorarius, Arithmetica decem libris demonstrata and Boethius, De Arithmetica, Paris: Johannes Higman and Wolfgang Hopyl, 22 July 1496 Full text of 1551 edition

 * Other works
 * Arithmetica decem libris demonstrata, the De elementis arithmetice artis of Jordanus Nemorarius (Jordanus de Nemore) with commentary and demonstrations, published together with Musica libris demonstrata quattuor and Boethius, De Arithmetica, Paris: Johannes Higman and Wolfgang Hopyl, 22 July 1496
 * Traduction latine des livres de la foi orthodoxe de saint Jean de Damas ; the first translation of this work
 * De Maria Magdalena, 1517, followed in 1519 by another entitled: De tribus et unica Magdalena. This work is well done; the author retracts several points from the first work, for example his having said that these three women all bore the name of Magdalene
 * Rithmimachie ludus, qui et pugna numerorum appellatur, Paris, Henri Estienne, 1514, 4to.; opusculum of five pages, printed at the end of the second edition of the Arithmetica of Jordanus Nemorarius. Here Lefèvre gives a very curious description of this ancient Pythagorean game, but with such little detail that cannot understand it properly except by joining it to the extended notice which Boissière gave to the same game
 * The Opera omnia of Nicholas of Cusa, Paris, 1514

title: Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples


text:
User talk:Douglascmf~enwiki

Douglas - Pr - Brazil

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title: User talk:Douglascmf~enwiki


text: Category:Cass County, Minnesota

title: Category:Cass County, Minnesota


text:
User talk:Gilaesther

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Leach

Leach may refer to:

People

 * Leach (surname)

Places

 * Leach, Oklahoma, United States, an unincorporated community and census-designated place
 * Leach, Tennessee, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Leach Range, a mountain range in Nevada, United States
 * River Leach, England, United Kingdom
 * Leach Nunatak, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica
 * Camp Leach, a World War I-era US Army camp

Transportation

 * Leach Highway, Western Australia
 * Leach Airport, Colorado, United States
 * Leach (automobile), an American luxury automobile manufacturer from 1919 to 1924
 * Leach (steam automobile company), an American automobile manufacturer of the Leach steamer from 1899 to 1901

Other uses

 * Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a routing protocol in wireless sensor networks
 * "Leach", a song by Cryptopsy off their album The Unspoken King
 * Leach (food), jelly-like sweetmeat popular in the 1600s
 * Leach Pottery, Cornwell, UK
 * Leach phenotype, a mutation in the gene encoding Glycophorin C

title: Leach


text:
Talk:Council on Hemispheric Affairs

This article is very similar to the copyrighted material an this site: 1. I'm not exactly sure how different it has to be to be safe from copyright infringement; does this pass?

 * The version of the article referred to here was deleted after being listed on Copyright problems. --rbrwr± 10:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Biased article
The entry for "Council on Hemispheric Affairs" is more than a little slanted, as clearly evidenced by the use of the sarcastic quotation marks around council. It clearly reflects very little actual knowledge of the organization, and is more concerned with defaming than informing.

Here are some facts to refute the entry: Yes, COHA is staffed almost entirely by interns, but this does not indicate a lack of intellectual capacity. Rather, those who accept internships at COHA are highly knowledgeable individuals, including several pursuing masters and Ph.D's in the field of Latin American studies (be it politics, history etc) and their decision to take an internship there reflects the organization's prestige and their passion for the subject. Past COHA interns have included such noteables as Sebastian Junger (author of The Perfect Storm).

Furthermore, COHA counts upon the support of many experts in the field, and has connections to with top-flight academics (see the listing at: http://www.coha.org/senior_res_fellows.php) as well as people with backgrounds in the foreign service.

And to underscore the lack of truth in the existing entry, COHA press releases are read by thousands of members of the mainstream media, and COHA is regularly cited in such publications as the Houston Chronicle, the Guardian, the Washington Times, not to mention stories by Reuters and the AP. If COHA's work was really the thinly veiled garbage that the author of the current entry makes it out to be, would this be the case? Doubtful.

Anyhow, a quick glance at the information on COHA's website (www.coha.org) should help.

-

This: "All Souls College, Oxford's military seminar" is definitely weird. All Souls College is a college, not a 'seminar', nor is is particularly based on the military (it's the most prestigious college at Oxford and is ridiculously academic, English and tweed-y -- about as far from military as you can get). Can we delete one or the other here, and if we leave 'Oxford's military seminar' specify what that is exactly. I'm at Oxford and trust me this does not make sense. 163.1.167.7 17:24, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

I came to this discussion page to make the same point about All Souls.

David Harley

Unprofessional reply from COHA director Larry Birns
I sent the following letter to the editor of Caribbean Net News, after he published an article by Council on Hemispheric Affairs:

The Editor,

Caribbean Net News.

Dear Sir,

Larry Birns and Joen Kellberg, Director and Research Associate respectively of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, described by a member of the US Senate as,

“One of the nation’s most respected bodies of scholars and policy makers” contributed a commentary in your Thursday 30th November issue which included the most unbelievable and outrageous characterizations of Manuel Rosales, the opponent of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela’s upcoming presidential election on this Sunday, December 3rd.

I quote, ”the modus operandi of the opposition, led by Manuel Rosales, viciously discredits Chavez by using a mélange of invented tales, gross distortions, painful exaggerations and outright lies, rather than try to deal with Venezuela’s complex realities. Furthermore, Rosales routinely accuses the country’s strongman of seeking to erect a dictatorship.”

Whilst this characterisation happens to be a very accurate description of Chavez’ tactics, it is horribly wrong about Rosales. I have not heard every word Rosales has said, but I have listened to some of the speeches he has made to mammoth crowds of hundreds of thousands of supporters, and what characterises him is a cool and level-headed declaration of his intentions, very much to address Venezuela’s complex realities. It is this complete contrast to Chavez’ bombast that accounts for much of his popularity. Rosales avoids mudslinging, and we don’t need him to point out that Chavez is seeking to erect a dictatorship; it is only too obvious to the most casual observer.

If this commentary is an example of the work of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, I shudder to think who the Council “advises”.

Incidentally, Reuters, A.P., BBC, CNN and the international media in general have all been giving amazingly slanted reports on Venezuela, always in favour of Chavez, and often ignoring the existence of Rosales. Why this should be is a complete mystery to me.

Yours faithfully,

Gregory Charles GRENADA.

I also forwarded that letter to Larry Birns, Director of COHA, and this is his reply:

Dear Gregory,

The fact is that you apparently are a man of the Conservative persuasion and we’re not.

But why must you be so unpleasantly shrill, it’s guys like you – true believers all - that make Iraq such a dangerous place. You would serve your cause all the better if you feature fewer rants and more reasoned dialogue…

Our best,

Larry Birns,

Director of COHA

Council on Hemispheric Affairs 1250 Conn. Ave. NW Suite 1c Washington D.C., 20036 Phone: 202 223 4975 Fax: 202 223 4979 E-mail: coha@coha.org Website: www.coha.org

Founded in 1975, the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA), a nonprofit, tax-exempt independent research and information organization, was established to promote the common interests of the hemisphere, raise the visibility of regional affairs and increase the importance of the inter-American relationship, as well as encourage the formulation of rational and constructive U.S. policies towards Latin America.It has been described on the Senate floor as being “one of the nation’s most respected bodies of scholars and policy makers.” Visit our webpage at www.coha.org or contact us at coha@coha.org

Gregchar 22:49, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * And this is relevant to the COHA Wikipedia article because...? Nareek 20:38, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Council on Hemispheric Affairs


text: Category:Chippewa County, Minnesota

title: Category:Chippewa County, Minnesota


text:
Tankred Dorst

Tankred Dorst (19 December 1925 – 1 June 2017) was a German playwright and storyteller.

Dorst lived and worked in Munich. His farces, parables, one-act-plays and adaptations were inspired by the theatre of the absurd and the works of Ionesco, Giraudoux and Beckett. His monumental drama Merlin oder das wüste Land, which was premiered in 1981 in Düsseldorf, has been compared to Goethe's Faust. Some critics see it as the first major drama of the 1980s. In his tribute to Tankred Dorst on the occasion of the conferment of the Georg Büchner Prize in 1990, Georg Hensel remarked that Dorst's plays all have a direct connection to the present: "For 30 years Dorst's plays have responded to the great transformations. He has always been a companion to the times."

Dorst first directed the Ring of the Nibelung in Bayreuth in 2006.

Biography
Tankred Dorst was born in Oberlind in Thuringia, Germany.

Conscripted into the German army as a pupil at the age of 17, he was soon captured and incarcerated as a prisoner of war. Until 1947 he remained in British and American hands. By the time he was released from war captivity, his birthplace had become part of the Soviet sector of Germany. He met his family in West Germany and completed his schooling. In 1950 he began studying German literature, art history and theatre in Bamberg and Munich. Through the 1950s he wrote his first plays for the marionette theatre Das Kleine Spiel, (some together with composer Wilhelm Killmayer). After breaking off his studies, he worked in various capacities in theatre, film, radio and publishing houses.

His first major plays were performed in 1960 in Lübeck, Mannheim and Heidelberg. Since then, his plays have been performed in the whole world. Dorst's work has been recognized with many prizes and distinctions, including the Gerhart Hauptmann Prize (1964), Prize of the City of Florence (1970), Literature Prize of the Bayerische Akademie der Künste (1983), Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis (1989), Georg Büchner Prize (1990), E.T.A. Hoffmann Prize (1996) and the city of Zürich's Max Frisch Prize (1998). In 2006, he was awarded the Samuel Bogumil Linde Prize. He was awarded the European Prize for Literature (2008). Dorst held visiting professorships at universities in Germany, Australia and New Zealand.

Dorst died on 1 June 2017 in Berlin.

Major works

 * Die Kurve (1960)
 * Toller (1968)
 * Rotmord (1969, television film adaptation of Toller produced in collaboration with Peter Zadek)
 * Sand (1971, television film directed by Peter Palitzsch)
 * Eiszeit (1973)
 * Die Villa (1976)
 * Klaras Mutter (1978, television film )
 * Mosch (1980, television film adaptation)
 * Merlin oder das wüste Land (1981)
 * Strange Fruits (film) (1982, movie adaptation)
 * Parzival (1987)
 * Ich Feuerbach (1987)
 * Korbes (1988)
 * Karlos (1990)
 * Herr Paul (1994)
 * Die Legende vom armen Heinrich (1997)
 * Kupsch (2001, monologue)
 * Die Freude am Leben (2001)
 * Othoon (2002)

title: Tankred Dorst


text:
Talk:Low-protein diet

Not for Deletion
Section name changed by Billby (talk) 02:57, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

Well, it's a discredited part of CKD treatment, which isn't practiced anymore (to my knowledge) for kidney disease, at least. From a neph viewpoint, it has historical relevance only, and I would be surprised if anyone would want to write an article about it (esp given the huge amount of real neph stuff which have no articles). So I would vote for binning it. If someone feels strongly enough about it afterwards, they can always start a new article.  Felix Felix talk 23:00, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Although it's not useful in CKD, I think we should keep this, because the idea is used (or misused) in other contexts. For example, more than a dozen years ago, my mother, who had moderate stage breast cancer, went on a very low protein diet as an "alternative" treatment for cachexia.  (She died less than six months later, which will not surprise anyone who knows anything about the physiology of cancer wasting.) WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:29, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Agree with Felix on reasons for deletion. Also question objectivity. Also, who let Sucralose, aspartame and saccharin be listed as "foods". Non-objective! --Here.it.comes.again (talk) 16:27, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for the vote of confidence (no sarcasm), will work to improve the site from a medical point of view, at present it only represents part of the scientific literature. This will take time, so best to be patient. I will start with some caveats about the risks of using a low protein diet in medical treatment.Billby (talk) 23:33, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

The information presented is useful to have all in one place. It would be a shame to those of us college students to see it go when we go back to reference the references used here. Please keep this article around for nutritional science majors. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.241.242.119 (talk) 02:37, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

Thank you for your comment, if it is up to me then it will not be deleted. Billby (talk) 02:57, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Low-protein diet


text: Category:Chisago County, Minnesota

title: Category:Chisago County, Minnesota


text: Category:Clay County, Minnesota

title: Category:Clay County, Minnesota


text:
Tom Smith

Tom Smith may refer to:

Association football

 * Tom Smith (footballer, born 1876) (1876–1937), scorer for Tottenham Hotspur in the 1901 FA Cup Final replay
 * Tom Smith (footballer, born 1877) (1877–?), English footballer with Preston North End, Southampton and Queens Park Rangers
 * Tom Smith (footballer, born 1900) (1900–1934), English footballer with Leicester City, Manchester United and Northampton Town
 * Tom Smith (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1998), Scottish footballer with Kilmarnock, Preston North End and Scotland, also managed Kilmarnock
 * Tom Smith (footballer, born 1911) (1911–1986), English footballer for Rochdale and Luton Town
 * Tom Smith (footballer, born 1973), Scottish footballer with Partick Thistle, Ayr United, Clydebank and Hibernian
 * Tom Smith (footballer, born 1998), English footballer with Swindon Town
 * Tom Smith (footballer, born 2002), English footballer with Arsenal and Colchester United

Baseball

 * Tom Smith (second baseman) (1851–1889), Major League player
 * Tom Smith (pitcher) (1871–1929), Major League player
 * Tom Smith (UNC Asheville baseball coach), American college baseball coach
 * Tom Smith (baseball coach, born 1942), American college baseball coach for Michigan State

Cricket

 * Tom Smith (cricketer, born 1906) (1906–1995), English cricketer for Essex
 * Tom Smith (cricketer, born 1985), English cricketer who currently plays for Lancashire
 * Tom Smith (cricketer, born 1987), English cricketer who currently plays for Gloucestershire
 * Tom Smith (cricketer, born 1996), English cricketer

Rugby union

 * Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1883) (1883–1960), English rugby union player
 * Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1893) (c. 1893 – c. 1965), Australian rugby union player
 * Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1953), Scottish rugby union player
 * Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1971) (1971–2022), Scottish rugby union player
 * Tom Smith (rugby union, born 1985), Welsh rugby union player
 * Thom Smith, (born 1999) English rugby union player

Other sports

 * Tom Smith (horse trainer) (1878–1957), American thoroughbred racehorse trainer of Seabiscuit
 * Tom Smith (Australian footballer) (1873–1928), Australian rules footballer
 * Tom Smith (American football) (born 1949), American football player
 * Tom Smith (basketball) (born 1944), American college basketball coach
 * Tom Smith (fencer), Irish Olympic fencer

Arts

 * Tom Smith (filker), American singer-songwriter
 * Tom Smith (make-up artist) (1920–2009), British make-up artist
 * Tom Smith (Editors musician) (born 1981), lead singer of British rock band Editors
 * Tom Smith (Christian musician) (born 1988), English Christian musician and worship leader
 * Tom Smith (jazz musician), American jazz musician and educator
 * Tom Smith (playwright) (born 1969), American playwright and theater director
 * Tom Rob Smith (born 1979), British author
 * Tom Smith (author), American business executive and author
 * Tom Smith (artist) (born 1984), American-born abstract artist

Others

 * Tom Smith (confectioner) (1823–1869), confectioner and inventor of the Christmas cracker
 * Thomas J. Smith (1830–1870), known as Tom "Bear River" Smith, American law officer
 * Tom Smith (British politician) (1886–1953), British politician
 * Tom Smith (Australian politician) (1890–1975), New South Wales politician
 * Tom Smith (Queensland politician) (born 1990), Australian politician
 * Tom Smith (Arizona politician) (1927–2014), Arizona politician
 * Tom Smith (Kentucky politician), member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
 * Tom Smith (politician, born 1938), member of the Kentucky Senate
 * Tom Smith (Pennsylvania politician) (1947–2015), American businessman and political candidate
 * Tom Smith (West Virginia politician), American highway engineer
 * Tom Smith (trade unionist) (1905–1970), British trade union leader
 * Tom Smith (engineer) (1927–2012), Grimsby-born British aerospace engineer

title: Tom Smith


text:
Phineas Fletcher

Phineas Fletcher (8 April 1582 – 13 December 1650) was an English poet, elder son of Dr Giles Fletcher, and brother of Giles the Younger. He was born at Cranbrook, Kent, and was baptized on 8 April 1582.

Life
He was admitted a scholar of Eton, and in 1600 entered King's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1604, and M.A. in 1608, and was one of the contributors to Sorrow's Joy (1603). His pastoral drama, Sicelides, or Piscatory was written (1614) for performance before James I, but only produced after the king's departure at King's College.

He had been ordained priest and before 1611 became a fellow of his college, but he left Cambridge before 1616, apparently because certain emoluments were refused him. He became chaplain to Sir Henry Willoughby, who presented him in 1621 to the rectory of Hilgay, Norfolk, where he married and spent the rest of his life.

Works
Phineas Fletcher wrote throughout his life. At his death he left behind a body of literature larger than that of his Renaissance contemporaries: in fact, his work rivals in size the canons of Spenser and Milton. The collected works of Phineas Fletcher include three volumes of religious prose, an epic, an epyllion, a drama, several medium-length verse narratives, pastoral eclogues, verse epistles, epithalamia, hymns, psalms, translations, various songs, occasional pieces, lyrics, and devotional poems. In scope, variety, and quality, his writings are second to none of that age.

In 1627 he published Locustae, vel Pietas Jesuitica (The Locusts or Apollyonists), two parallel poems in Latin and English furiously attacking the Jesuits. Grosart saw in this work one of the sources of Milton's conception of Satan. Next year appeared an erotic poem, Brittain's Ida, with Edmund Spenser's name on the title page. It is certainly not by Spenser, and is printed by Grosart with the works of Phineas Fletcher. Sicelides was printed in 1631.

In 1632 appeared two theological prose treatises, The Way to Blessedness and Joy in Tribulation, and in 1633 his magnum opus, The Purple Island. The book was dedicated to his friend Edward Benlowes, and included his Piscatorie Eclogues and other Poetical Miscellanies. He died in 1650 in Hilgay, Norfolk, and his will was proved by his widow on 13 December that year.

The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man, is a poem in twelve cantos describing allegorically the physiological structure of the human body and the mind of man. The intellectual qualities are personified, while the veins are rivers, the bones the mountains of the island, the whole analogy being worked out with great ingenuity. The manner of Spenser is preserved throughout, but without the digressions of The Faerie Queene. The Piscatory Eclogues are pastorals, the characters of which are represented as fisher boys on the banks of the Cam, and are interesting for the light they cast on the biography of the poet himself (Thyrsil) and his father (Thelgon). ... the influence of Phineas Fletcher and his brother Giles is far greater than has generally been realized. Together they founded a distinct school of poetry which outlived the chilling influence of the Restoration.....In Milton's day, most of the Cantabrigians, Crashaw, Joseph Beaumont, Thomas Robinson, and others wrote more or less in their manner. In his boyhood Milton was enlisted in the School of the Fletchers and their influence is traceable even in his mature poems. Any study of Spenserian material in Milton, should include an elaborate examination of the work of the School of the Fletchers. — H. E. Cory, 1912.

A complete edition of Phineas Fletcher's works (4 vols.) was privately printed by Alexander Balloch Grosart (Fuller Worthies Library, 1869).

The standard work available in print remains Frederick S. Boas, The poetical Works of Giles and Phineas Fletcher (Cambridge University Press 1908).

In Dinah Craik's 1856 novel, John Halifax, Gentleman, the fictional characters Abel Fletcher, a tanner, and his son Phineas are descendants of 'Phineas Fletcher, who wrote the "Purple Island"', in which descent they recognise they 'originally came of a good stock'.

title: Phineas Fletcher


text:
Paul Oswald Ahnert

Paul Oswald Ahnert (22 November 1897 – 27 February 1989) was a German astronomer. He first became famous in Germany for publishing the "Kalender für Sternfreunde" from 1948 until 1988, an annual calendar of astronomical events. The minor planet 3181 Ahnert is named in his honor.

Ahnert was born in Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony. During the First World War he served as an ordinary German field-soldier. After the war he became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and was a committed opponent of the rise of militarism and right wing revanchism in Germany. Between 1919 and 1933 he worked as an elementary school teacher. In addition to this he was an ambitious amateur astronomer and in 1923 his first article was published in the scientific journal Astronomische Nachrichten (AN 219 (1923), 165–170). He reported about long period variables he had observed from his private observatory.

When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 the Nazi regime removed Paul Ahnert from his post. He was arrested and imprisoned for a few months in a concentration camp. Released from imprisonment he had to earn his living by doing occasional jobs. But in 1938 he had a lucky escape for his real profession. Cuno Hoffmeister invited him to the Sonneberg Observatory, where he worked during the Second World War as a computer (performing calculations) and assistant observer in a long term sky patrol and field survey program.

After the war he met the astronomer Eva Rohlfs at Sonneberg Observatory and married her in 1952. His second marriage lasted only two years, because Eva died in 1954 in age of 41. During the 1950s Paul Ahnert advanced from an assistant observer to an astronomer with international reputation, who made important observations of variable stars and solar activity.

He received an honorary doctor in astrophysics at the University of Jena in 1957. His name became well known in Germany, when he started to edit the "Kalender für Sternfreunde", an annual calendar of astronomical events. The first volume was printed in 1949. Paul Ahnert edited it for over 40 years until he retired from this task, aged 90, and passed the work to younger hands. Paul Ahnert died in age of 91 in Sonneberg (Free State Thuringia).

title: Paul Oswald Ahnert


text: Category:Clearwater County, Minnesota

title: Category:Clearwater County, Minnesota


text: Category:Cook County, Minnesota

title: Category:Cook County, Minnesota


text:
Philidor Defence

The Philidor Defence (or Philidor's Defence) is a chess opening characterised by the moves:

 * 1. e4 e5
 * 2. Nf3 d6

The opening is named after the famous 18th-century player François-André Danican Philidor, who advocated it as an alternative to the common 2...Nc6. His original idea was to challenge White's by the pawn thrust ...f7–f5.

Today, the Philidor is known as a but passive choice for Black, and is seldom seen in top-level play except as an alternative to the heavily analysed openings that can ensue after the normal 2...Nc6. It is considered a good opening for amateur players who seek a defensive strategy that is simpler and easier to understand than the complex positions that result from an opening such as the French Defence.

The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code for Philidor Defence is C41.

History
In his 1561 book, Ruy Lopez, seeking to debunk Pedro Damiano, advocated 2...d6 as superior to 2...Nc6, on the grounds that 2...Nc6 allows the strong move 3.Bb5, now known as the Ruy Lopez or Spanish Opening. Philidor evidently concurred with this assessment, though he also considered 2.Nf3 inferior to 2.Bc4. Philidor advocated the risky continuation 3.d4 f5!? The Philidor Defence subsequently became a popular opening, though 2...Nc6 remained the most common reply.

The Philidor occurred in one of the most famous games ever played, "The Opera Game" played in 1858 between the American chess master Paul Morphy and two strong amateurs, the German noble Duke Karl of Brunswick and the French aristocrat Count Isouard. The game continued 3.d4 Bg4, a deviation from modern standard lines. The Philidor Defence declined in popularity as became more developed, and it had almost completely vanished from top-tier chess by World War I.

, there are no top players who employ the Philidor with regularity, although Étienne Bacrot and Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu have occasionally experimented with it in classical play. Its popularity in master play has increased slightly, however, over the last 20 years. It has also become fairly popular in rapid, blitz, and bullet chess.

Main line: 3.d4
With 3.d4, White immediately challenges Black in the. Black has several options.

3...exd4
The most common Black response is 3...exd4 which relieves the central, although it gives up the centre. After 4.Nxd4 Nf6 (4...d5 5.exd5, the Paulsen Attack, continues 5...Qxd5 6.Qe2+ Be7 7.Nb5 Na6 8.N1c3 Paulsen ) 5.Nc3, Black normally continues ...Be7 and ...0-0 (the Antoshin Variation) and achieves a strong defensive position. A sample line is: 5...Be7 6.Bc4 0-0 7.0-0 c5, and the position is.

In this line Black can also fianchetto his bishop to g7, although this is uncommon. Bent Larsen tried this in a few games, including a draw against Mikhail Tal in 1969.

Instead of 4.Nxd4, White can play 4.Qxd4, as Paul Morphy favoured, intending 4...Nc6 5.Bb5 Bd7 6.Bxc6 Bxc6 7.Nc3 Nf6 8.Bg5 followed by 0-0-0. This line was played in many 19th-century games.

Hanham Variation
The other main option for Black is to maintain the central tension and adopt a setup with ...Nd7, ...Be7, and ...c6. This plan is named the Hanham Variation (after the American chess master James Moore Hanham) and was favoured by Aron Nimzowitsch. A common line is: 3...Nf6 4.Nc3 Nbd7 5.Bc4 Be7 6.0-0 (6.Ng5 is an interesting alternative: after 6...0-0 7.Bxf7+ Rxf7 8.Ne6 Qe8 9.Nxc7 Qd8 10.Nxa8, White is up, but Black can develop a strong initiative after, for example, 10...b5 11.Nxb5 Qa5+) 6...0-0 7.a4 (to prevent ...b5) c6.

Grandmaster (GM) Larry Kaufman notes that the Hanham Variation aims to maintain Black's pawn on e5, analogously to closed lines of the Ruy Lopez, and opines that "it would be quite popular and on a par with the major defences to 1.e4, except for the annoying detail that Black can't actually reach the Hanham position by force."

As an alternative to 4.Nc3 in response to Black's 3...Nf6, according to both Kaufman and GM Christian Bauer, White retains some advantage with: 4.dxe5 Nxe4 5.Qd5! (the Rellstab Variation; 5.Nbd2 is the Sokolsky Variation ) 5...Nc5 6.Bg5 Be7 7.exd6 Qxd6 8.Nc3.

Alternative move order
Black sometimes tries 3...Nd7 intending 4.Nc3 Ngf6, reaching the Hanham Variation. But then 4.Bc4! is awkward for Black to meet, since 4...Ngf6 loses to 5.dxe5 Nxe5 (5...dxe5 6.Ng5! wins) 6.Nxe5 dxe5 7.Bxf7+ Kxf7 8.Qxd8 Bb4+ 9.Qd2 Bxd2+ 10.Nxd2 winning a pawn, and 4...Be7 loses a pawn to 5.dxe5 Nxe5 (5...dxe5?? 6.Qd5! wins) 6.Nxe5 dxe5 7.Qh5! So 4...c6 is best for Black, but leaves White with the advantage of the after 5.0-0 Be7 6.dxe5 dxe5 (6...Nxe5 loses a pawn to 7.Nxe5 dxe5 8.Qh5) 7.Ng5! Bxg5 8.Qh5! Qe7 and now 9.Bxg5 or 9.Qxg5.

Black experiments to reach the Hanham Variation
In recent years, Black has experimented with other in an attempt to reach the Hanham Variation while avoiding 3...Nf6 4.dxe5! and 3...Nd7 4.Bc4!
 * One such line is 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 Nbd7 intending 4.Nf3 e5. White can deviate, however, with 4.f4 or even 4.g4!?
 * Another try is 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 e5 which transposes to the Hanham after 4.Nf3 Nbd7, but White can instead try to gain a small advantage with 4.dxe5 (Kaufman opines that 4.Nge2 is "also promising") 4...dxe5 5.Qxd8+ Kxd8 6.Bc4. After 4.dxe5, Bauer concludes that "White stands a trifle better", but that "provided he plays accurately, Black doesn't have much to fear following 6.Bc4, by choosing any of the three valid replies, 6...Ke8, 6...Bb4, or 6...Be6. Then 7.Bxe6 fxe6 his position remains a hard nut to crack."

Philidor Countergambit: 3...f5
A more aggressive approach for Black after 3.d4 is 3...f5, Philidor's original intention and recommendation. In the 19th century, 3...f5 was also played by Paul Morphy. The move can lead to more than the other lines, but is often considered dubious. Others maintain that 3...f5 is a valid idea. GM Tony Kosten considers the move respectable in his monograph on the opening. The move was also played by David Bronstein and by Teimour Radjabov.

After 3...f5 White has several ways to proceed:
 * 4.Nc3 (the Zukertort Variation ) and White obtains a clear advantage:
 * 4...fxe4 5.Nxe4 d5 (if 5...Nf6 6.Nxf6 gxf6 7.dxe5 fxe5 8.Bc4 Qf6 9.Ng5 Polugaevsky ) 6.Nxe5 dxe4 7.Qh5+ g6 8.Nxg6 Nf6 (if 8...hxg6 9.Qxh8 Be6 10.Qe5+/− Larsen) 9.Qe5+ Kf7 (if 9...Be7 10.Nxh8 Nc6 11.Bb5 Qd5 12.Bg5+/− Zukertort ) 10.Bc4+ Kg7 11.Bh6+ Kxh6 12.Nxh8 Bb4+ 13.c3 Qxh8 14.cxb4+/− (Keres).
 * 4...exd4 5.Qxd4 fxe4 (if 5...Nf6 6.e5! ) 6.Bg5 Nf6 7.Nxe4 Be7 8.Bc4 Nc6 9.Qe3+/− (Sozin).
 * 4...Nf6 5.dxe5 Nxe4 6.Nxe4 fxe4 7.Ng5 d5 8.e6 Bc5 9.Nxe4!+/− (Sozin, Sokolsky).
 * 4.Bc4 leads to clear advantage for White:
 * 4...exd4 5.Ng5 Nh6 6.0-0 (6.Nxh7, the Jaenisch Variation, leads to an position after 6...Ng4! 7.Nxf8 Kxf8 8.Qxd4 Nc6 ) 6...Nc6 7.Re1 f4 (or 7...fxe4 8.Nxe4 Ne5 9.Bxh6 gxh6 10.f4 Nxc4 11.Nxd6+ +/−) 8.Bxf4 Qf6 9.Qd2 Ne5 10.Be2 Bg4 11.f3 Bd7 12.Bg3 0-0-0 13.f4+/−.
 * 4...Nf6 5.Ng5 Qe7 (or 5...d5 6.dxe5 dxc4 7.Qxd8+ Kxd8 8.exf6+/−) 6.Bf7+ Kd8 7.Bb3 exd4 8.0-0+/− (Berger).
 * 4...fxe4 5.Nxe5 d5 6.Qh5+ g6 7.Nxg6 Nf6 8.Qe5+ Be7 and continuing either 9.Qxe7+, 9.Nxh8 (Steinitz), or 9.Bb5+ (Keres).
 * 4.dxe5 forces Black to complicate matters further with 4...fxe4 5.Ng5 d5 with an unclear position.
 * After 6.e6 (the del Rio Attack ), White obtains the upper hand after 6...Bc5 7.Nc3 (the Berger Variation ), or 6...Nh6 7.Nc3! (Berger); however, Black can maintain lack of clarity with 6...Nf6!? 7.Nf7 Qe7 8.Nxh8 Bxe6, or 6...Bb4+ 7.c3 Bc5 8.Nf7 Qf6 9.Be3 Bxe6 10.Nxh8 Bxe3 11.fxe3 Qh4+ 12.g3 Qh6 13.Qd2 Nd7 14.c4 Ne5 15.Be2 dxc4 16.Nc3 Nd3+ 17.Bxd3 exd3 (Makarov).
 * White also has 6.Nc3!? (Steinitz) and 6.c4.
 * 4.exf5 e4 5.Ng5 Bxf5 6.Nc3 and White has a slight plus after 6...Nf6 7.f3 (Sozin), or 6...d5 7.f3.

3...Bg4?!
Inferior is 3...Bg4, in light of 4.dxe5 Bxf3 (Black cannot recapture since 4...dxe5 5.Qxd8+ Kxd8 6.Nxe5 wins a clean pawn; or, Black can gambit a pawn with 4...Nd7, the Albin Variation ) 5.Qxf3 (or White can obtain an endgame advantage with 5.gxf3 dxe5 6.Qxd8+ Kxd8 7.f4 Maróczy ) 5...dxe5 6.Bc4 giving White the advantage of the in an open position as well as a large  advantage. Black cannot block the attack on the f7-pawn with the "natural" 6...Nf6? because White wins a pawn with 7.Qb3 (played in the famous "Opera Game", where Morphy as White refrained from taking the b7-pawn and retained a strong after 7...Qe7 8.Nc3). Black does better with 6...Qf6 7.Qb3 Bc5 8.0-0 Bb6 9.a4 a5 10.Nc3 Ne7 11.Be3 Nd7 12.Rad1+/−, or 6...Qd7!? (Maróczy).

Other 3rd moves for White
An alternative approach for White is 3.Bc4, delaying d2–d4, or forgoing it entirely, playing d2–d3 instead. The move 3.Bc4 is also White's route to a possible Légal Trap. Some continuations:
 * 3...Nc6 to the Semi-Italian Opening.
 * 3...f5 is the López Countergambit:
 * 4.d4 transposes to the Philidor Countergambit.
 * Or unique positions can be obtained such as 4.d3 c6, possibly followed by ...f5–f4, ...b7–b5, ...a7–a5, and even ...g7–g5 and ...h7–h5, where all black pawns have moved before any piece.
 * Or Black can try 3...Be7!? e.g. 4.0-0 (4.c3 is the Steinitz Variation ) Nf6 5.Re1 0-0 6.d4 exd4 7.Nxd4 a6.

Against the alternative 3.c3, Black can try 3...f5 (3...Nc6 4.d4 Nf6 transposes to the Ponziani Opening) 4.exf5 Bxf5 5.Qb3 Nf6 6.Ng5 d5 7.Qxb7 Nbd7 8.Qc6 Bd6 with and.

title: Philidor Defence


text:
Foul ball

In baseball, a foul ball is a batted ball that:

 * Settles on foul territory between home and first base or between home and third base, or
 * Bounces and then goes past first or third base on or over foul territory, or
 * Has its first bounce occur in foul territory beyond first or third base, or
 * Touches the person of an umpire or player, or any object foreign to the natural ground, while on or over foul territory. By interpretation, a batted ball that touches a batter while in his batter's box is foul regardless of whether it is over foul territory.

The entirety of the batted ball must be on or over foul territory in order to be adjudged foul in the above situations; otherwise it is a fair ball that forces the batter to attempt to reach first base.

A foul fly shall be judged according to the relative position of the ball and the foul line, including the foul pole, and not as to whether the fielder is on foul or fair territory at the time he touches the ball. If the foul ball gets caught, then it would be judged as an out.

Additionally, ballpark ground rules may specify that batted balls striking certain fixed objects such as railings, nets, or a roof if present are foul balls.

Foul territory or foul ground is defined as that part of the playing field outside the first and third base lines extended to the fence and perpendicularly upwards. Note: the foul lines and foul poles are not part of foul territory.

In general, when a batted ball is ruled a foul ball, the ball is dead, all runners must return to their time-of-pitch base without liability to be put out, and the batter returns to home plate to continue his turn at bat. A strike is issued for the batter if he had fewer than two strikes. If the batter already has two strikes against him when he hits a foul ball, a strike is not issued unless the ball was bunted to become a foul ball, in which case a third strike is issued and a strikeout recorded for the batter and pitcher. A strike is, however, recorded for the pitcher for every foul ball the batter hits, regardless of the count. If any member of the fielding team catches a foul ball before it touches the ground or lands outside the field perimeter, the batter is out. However, the caught ball is in play and base runners may attempt to advance.

A foul ball is different from a foul tip, in which the ball makes contact with the bat, travels directly to the catcher's hands, and is caught. In this case, the ball remains live and a strike is added to the batter's count. A batter who hits a foul tip with two strikes on the count is out.

To aid umpires in determining whether balls hit over the fence are fair or foul, a tall foul pole is often erected at each corner of the outfield. A batted ball which hits the foul pole above the fence is never a foul ball, no matter where it is ultimately deflected off the pole, in this case a home run is automatically awarded to the batter.

In kickball, foul ball does not make a strike, but four foul balls make an out.

History
Until the 1920s, Major League Baseball spectators were often ejected if they attempted to keep foul balls, and teams employed security guards to ensure it. Factors such as negative public sentiment, a decrease in the cost of baseballs relative to team revenues and increased pressure to discontinue use of worn, damaged and/or discolored baseballs (especially after the death of Ray Chapman) combined to persuade several teams to change their foul ball policies during this period; the New York Giants changed theirs after losing a New York Supreme Court case (Reuben Berman vs. National Exhibition Co.) filed by Reuben Berman. Berman, a businessman, was ejected in 1921 after tossing a foul ball he caught into the stands.

Strategies
Depending on the exact situation, a foul ball may be considered beneficial to the offense or the defense.

When there are zero or one strikes, a foul ball counts as a strike, benefiting the pitcher. However, a foul ball may reveal to the batter that he has timed a pitch well and need only make adjustment to the location of his swing on the next such pitch; this is often called a good cut or simply a good swing. Foul balls with two strikes are generally considered positive for the batter, since he thus avoids strike three on a potentially difficult pitch. Also, foul balls with two strikes increase the pitcher's pitch count, adding to his/her fatigue, thus providing some small advantage to the offense.

A strategy of swinging on any ball to try to produce additional fouls and prolong an at-bat is often used against strong pitchers to try to drive them from the game sooner (and also the possibility of the pitcher throwing a pitch a hitter can get a hit on); this does, however, have the disadvantage of generating more strikeouts.

In very specific circumstance—such as in the bottom of the ninth inning (or later) of a tie game when a runner is on third base with less than two outs—outfielders may intentionally not catch deep fly balls in foul territory, as catching such a ball would create a sacrifice fly, potentially allowing the winning run to score.

title: Foul ball


text:
DVB-S2

Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite - Second Generation (DVB-S2) is a digital television broadcast standard that has been designed as a successor for the popular DVB-S system. It was developed in 2003 by the Digital Video Broadcasting Project, an international industry consortium, and ratified by ETSI (EN 302307) in March 2005. The standard is based on, and improves upon DVB-S and the electronic news-gathering (or Digital Satellite News Gathering) system, used by mobile units for sending sounds and images from remote locations worldwide back to their home television stations.

DVB-S2 is designed for broadcast services including standard and HDTV, interactive services including Internet access, and (professional) data content distribution. The development of DVB-S2 coincided with the introduction of HDTV and H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC) video codecs.

Two new key features that were added compared to the DVB-S standard are:
 * A powerful coding scheme based on a modern LDPC code. For low encoding complexity, the LDPC codes chosen have a special structure, also known as Irregular Repeat-Accumulate codes.
 * VCM (Variable Coding and Modulation) and ACM (Adaptive Coding and Modulation) modes, which allow optimizing bandwidth utilization by dynamically changing transmission parameters.

Other features include enhanced modulation schemes up to 32APSK, additional code rates, and the introduction of a generic transport mechanism for IP packet data including MPEG-4 audio–video streams, while supporting backward compatibility with existing MPEG-2 TS based transmission.

DVB-S2 achieves significantly better performance than its predecessors – mainly allowing for an increase of available bitrate over the same satellite transponder bandwidth. The measured DVB-S2 performance gain over DVB-S is around 30% at the same satellite transponder bandwidth and emitted signal power. When the contribution of improvements in video compression is added, an (MPEG-4 AVC) HDTV service can now be delivered in the same bandwidth that supported an early DVB-S based MPEG-2 SDTV service only a decade before.

In March 2014, DVB-S2X specification has been published by DVB Project as an optional extension adding further improvements.

Main features

 * Direct input of one or more MPEG-2 Transport Streams (TS). MPEG-TS is supported using a compatibility mode.
 * The native stream format for DVB-S2 is called Generic Stream (GS), and can be used to efficiently carry IP-based data, including MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 services.
 * Backward compatibility to DVB-S, intended for end users, and DVB-DSNG, used for backhauls and electronic news gathering.
 * Variable coding and modulation (VCM) to optimize bandwidth utilization based on the priority of the input data; e.g., SDTV could be delivered using a more robust setting than the corresponding HDTV service.
 * Adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) to allow flexibly adapting transmission parameters to the reception conditions of terminals, e.g., switching to a lower code rate during fading.
 * Four modulation modes:
 * QPSK and 8PSK are proposed for broadcast applications, and can be used in non-linear transponders driven near to saturation.
 * 16APSK and 32APSK are used mainly for professional, semi-linear applications, but can also be used for broadcasting though they require a higher level of available C/N and an adoption of advanced pre-distortion methods in the uplink station in order to minimize the effect of transponder nonlinearity.
 * Improved rolloff: α = 0.20 and α = 0.25 in addition to the roll-off of DVB-S α = 0.35.
 * Improved coding: a modern large LDPC code is concatenated with an outer BCH code to achieve quasi-error-free (QEF) reception conditions on an AWGN channel. The outer code is introduced to avoid error floors at low bit-error rates. A single forward error correction or FEC frame may have either 64,800 bits (normal) or 16,200 bits (short). If VCM or ACM is used, the broadcast can be a combination of normal and short frames.
 * Several code rates for flexible configuration of transmission parameters: 1/4, 1/3, 2/5, 1/2, 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 8/9, and 9/10. Code rates 1/4, 1/3, and 2/5 have been introduced for exceptionally poor reception conditions in combination with QPSK modulation. Encoding values 8/9 and 9/10 behave poorly under marginal link conditions (where the signal level is below the noise level). However, with targeted spot Ku or Ka band downlinks these code rates may be recommended to prevent out-of-region viewing for copyright or cultural reasons.
 * Optional input stream synchronization to provide a constant end-to-end delay.

Depending on code rate and modulation, the system can operate at a C/N between −2.4 dB (QPSK, 1/4) and 16 dB (32APSK, 9/10) with a quasi-error free goal of a 10−7 TS packet error rate. Distance to the Shannon limit ranges from 0.7 dB to 1.2 dB.

Modes and features of DVB-S2 in comparison to DVB-S:

Use cases
Envisaged scenarios for DVB-S2 by the standard document are:

 * Broadcasting television services in SDTV or HDTV. Optionally, this transmission may be backwards compatible with DVB-S, but does not benefit from the 30% extra bandwidth.
 * Interactive services including Internet access. Data generated by the user may be sent by cable (copper/fibre optic), mobile wireless, or satellite uplink (DVB-RCS).
 * Professional applications, where data must be multiplexed in real time and then broadcast in the VHF/UHF band (e.g., digital TV contribution, satellite news gathering). These transmissions are not intended for the average viewer.
 * Large-scale data content distribution. These include point-to-point and multicast services, as well as transmission to head-ends for (re-)distribution over other media.

Improvements over DVB-S
DVB-S2 is 30% more efficient than DVB-S. It allows a wider range of applications combining DVB-S features (for household tasks), and DVB-DSNG (for professional tasks). DVB-S2 can adapt codification to maximize satellites resources value. It is compatible with last generation.

The main disadvantage, there are many millions of devices deployed using DVB-S over the world which has to be upgraded.

The next table compares both standards.

The DVB-S to DVB-S2 upgrade process
The conversion process from DVB-S to DVB-S2 is being accelerated, due to the rapid increase of HDTV and introduction of 3D-HDTV. The main factor slowing down this process is the need to replace or upgrade set-top boxes, or acquire TVs with DVB-S2 integrated tuners, which makes the transition slower for established operators.

Current direct-to-home broadcasters using DVB-S2 are:

 * Australia
 * VAST fully replaced the previous DVB-S Aurora service from December 2013. The extra capacity has allowed a Network Ten affiliate to be added along with five HD, seven SD multi-channels and limited advertisement targeting for viewers in DVB-T black-spot areas on Optus C1/D3 156E).
 * Foxtel use this for their four HD downlinks on Optus D3 @ 156E.
 * Germany, Austria and Switzerland
 * ARD and ZDF.
 * HD+.
 * Servus TV.
 * Sky.
 * SRG SSR.
 * Hungary
 * Hello HD (also uses DVB-S for some SD and HD channels).
 * Magyar Telekom.
 * UPC Direct; also operates in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
 * India
 * Sun Direct is the first broadcaster in India commenced transmission of HD Channels on DVB-S2 way back in 2007.
 * Airtel Digital TV.
 * Videocon d2h.
 * Dish TV for all its HD/SD channel transmissions via AsiaSat 5 and DVB-S is being used for transmissions via NSS-6..
 * Tata Sky for its HD channel transmissions via INSAT-4A.
 * Bangladesh
 * Maasranga Television for its SD/HD channel transmissions via APSTAR-7.
 * GaanBangla, NexusTV as well as most other channels
 * Iran
 * IRIB on Badr5 26°E and on Intelsat 902 62°E and on Eutelsat W3A 7°E.
 * Gem Group on YahSat 1A 52.5°E.
 * Turkey
 * Digiturk on Türksat 4A/5B/6A 42°E.
 * D-Smart on Türksat 4A 42°E.
 * TRT (HDTV feed only) on Turksat 4A/5B/6A 42°E.
 * DTVH (HD feed only) on Turksat 3A 42°E.
 * United Kingdom and Ireland
 * Sky Q
 * BBC (for all its HD channels, which are part of the Sky and Freesat services).
 * ITV; Central West and Meridian South variants of ITV HD only.
 * STV (STV HD channel).
 * Saorsat (only available in Ireland).

 * Romania
 * Dolce operated by Romtelecom (now Telekom Romania), only for HD channels. For SD channels is using DVB-S. Backward compatibility, if subscribed to HD package. Service can only be accessed with proprietary Set-top-boxes. NDS Encrypted. Card paired with set top box. If You have a HD receiver from them, you are able to receive two HD channelsin basic package. Needs special antena for HD.
 * Focus Sat operated by UPC Romania, only for HD .SD remains in DVB-S ( except fashion TV SD). Can be used with a DVB-S receiver for SD channels, or DVB-S2 for SD and HD. May be used also with a CAM and a TV with built in DVB-S (for SD channels)or DVB-S2 (Both SD and HD) tuner and common interface slot. HD channels are offered on separate package, therefore aside a HD terminal (TV or STB), you need to pay this package. CONNAX CAS 7 Encryption. Card not paired with receiver.
 * Orange TV operated by Orange Romania, only in DVB-S2 both SD and HD. Viaccess Encrypted. Only available with proprietary set top boxes. Card paired with set top box. Set top boxes are only HD, these channels are available from the cheapest package.
 * Digi TV, operated by RCS & RDS (since March 2014). Until March 2014, only DVB-S, SD. Nagravision 3 Encrypted. Although it is said that the card and receiver are paired, some subscribers stated that the service can also be accessed with a TV with built in DVB-S/S2 tuner and common interface by using a CAM. However, Until March 2014, only SD channels were available. Needs special subscribing for HD. DVB-S is used in SD reception while DVB-S2 is used both for SD and HD.
 * Other countries
 * Astro in Malaysia (currently only for HD channels; uses DVB-S for backwards compatibility with SD channels).
 * Bell Satellite TV in Canada (experimentally).
 * Canal+ in Spain.
 * CanalDigitaal in the Netherlands (HD channels only + some SD channels on Astra 3 23.5°E).
 * CanalSat in France.
 * Cignal in Philippines.
 * Claro TV Satelital in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Dominican Republic.
 * Cosmote TV in Greece.
 * Dialog TV in Sri Lanka for HD channels and some SD channels; other SD channels use DVB-S.
 * Digital+ in Spain (currently only for HD channels and only on Astra).
 * DirecTV in the US using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec for local and some national HDTV channels (newer satellites).
 * Dish Network in the US (new channels).
 * DStv in South Africa for HD channels; SD channels use DVB-S.
 * ENTV in Algeria since July 17th 2021.
 * GVT TV in Brazil. (Available to current customers of the GVT ADSL and telephony services).
 * HRT in Croatia (from December 1).
 * meo in Portugal.
 * nc+ in Poland.
 * MTS and Platform HD in Russia.
 * Sky Direct in Philippines.
 * Sky HD in Italy.
 * Skylife in South Korea.
 * SKY PerfecTV! in Japan.
 * Sky Network Television in New Zealand upgraded all its transponders on Optus D1 @ 160E to DVB-S2 in March 2019. This was previously only used for their HD channels.
 * TopTV in South Africa (services launched May 1, 2010).
 * Viasat in Ukraine.
 * Vivacom in Bulgaria.
 * VTC in Vietnam.
 * Satellite BG in Bulgaria.

These broadcasters have used DVB-S2 in their internal broadcast distribution networks, but may not have instituted DVB-S2 transmissions for consumers.

Licensing
Sisvel, a Luxembourg-based company, administers the licenses for patents applying to this standard, as well as other patent pools.

title: DVB-S2


text:
User:Thesteve/monobook.css

 * 1) siteNotice {display:none;}

title: User:Thesteve/monobook.css


text:
User talk:CBS Soapfan

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Thanks for updates to The Secret Storm. I've edited them as per Wikipedia guidelines. Are you the guy from Goldensoaps? I asked to use your screencaps and you never emailed me back. Mike H 02:02, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

Thank you for the clarification on the (non)-supernatural nature of The Secret Storm. That's been puzzling me for a while, since I've not been able to find any information on just how TSS was 'supernatural', as so many sources claim it was.

What about putting in material to explain that misconception? Something like "Though many references describe The Secret Storm as a 'supernatural soap', there was actually only one supernatural plotline on the show, during the time that it was losing ratings to Dark Shadows, which was an actual supernatural soap..." That's often a good way to deal with material that shouldn't actually stay in: ask instead "why did someone think this should go in?" and then answer that question. -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:08, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Also, to help you out, I've found a few other pages which describe TSS as a 'supernatural soap', where you may want to make the correction. (I'd do it myself, but I feel a bit weird doing it when I myself have never seen the show in question...) -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:15, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1974 in television
 * Dark Shadows

 * I'm sorry. I just always heard that it was. The show was canceled a full eleven years before I was born, so I figured people (like my mother and grandmother) knew more than I did. Mike H 17:18, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello CBS Soapfan! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:38, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Jada Rowland -

title: User talk:CBS Soapfan


text:
Fair ball

In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Whether a batted ball is fair or foul is determined by the location of the ball at the appropriate reference point, as follows:

 * if the ball leaves the playing field without touching anything, the point where the ball leaves the field;
 * otherwise, if the ball first lands past first or third base without touching anything, the point where the ball lands;
 * otherwise, if the ball rolls or bounces past first or third base without touching anything other than the ground, the point where the ball passes the base;
 * otherwise, if the ball touches anything other than the ground (such as an umpire, a player, or any equipment left on the field) before any of the above happens, the point of such touching;
 * otherwise, (the ball comes to a rest before reaching first or third base), the point where the ball comes to a rest.

If any part of the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; otherwise, it is foul. Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. However, certain exceptions exist:

 * A ball that touches first, second, or third base is always fair.
 * Under Rule 5.09(a)(7)-(8), if a batted ball touches the batter or his bat while the batter is in the batter's box and not intentionally interfering with the course of the ball, the ball is foul.
 * A ball that hits the foul pole without first having touched anything else off the bat is fair.
 * Ground rules may provide whether a ball hitting specific objects (e.g. roof, overhead speaker) is fair or foul.

On a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method.

title: Fair ball


text:
Ely Professor of Divinity

The Ely Professorship of Divinity was one of the professorships in divinity at the University of Cambridge. Originally part of the Regius Professorship of Greek, it was detached in 1889 and funded by the canonry of Ely, but has since been suppressed. The professors holding this chair were thus made residentiary canons of Ely Cathedral.

Ely Professors

 * Vincent Henry Stanton (1889)
 * Alan England Brooke (1916)
 * John Martin Creed (1926)
 * John Sandwith Boys Smith (1940)
 * William Telfer (1944)
 * Edward Craddock Ratcliffe (1947)
 * Stanley Lawrence Greenslade (1958)
 * G.W.H. Lampe (1960)
 * George Christopher Stead (1971)

title: Ely Professor of Divinity


text:
Power semiconductor device

A power semiconductor device is a semiconductor device used as a switch or rectifier in power electronics (for example in a switch-mode power supply). Such a device is also called a power device or, when used in an integrated circuit, a power IC.

A power semiconductor device is usually used in "commutation mode" (i.e., it is either on or off), and therefore has a design optimized for such usage; it should usually not be used in linear operation. Linear power circuits are widespread as voltage regulators, audio amplifiers, and radio frequency amplifiers.

Power semiconductors are found in systems delivering as little as a few tens of milliwatts for a headphone amplifier, up to around a gigawatt in a high voltage direct current transmission line.

History
The first electronic device used in power circuits was the electrolytic rectifier - an early version was described by a French experimenter, A. Nodon, in 1904. These were briefly popular with early radio experimenters as they could be improvised from aluminum sheets, and household chemicals. They had low withstand voltages and limited efficiency.

The first solid-state power semiconductor devices were copper oxide rectifiers, used in early battery chargers and power supplies for radio equipment, announced in 1927 by L.O. Grundahl and P. H. Geiger.

The first germanium power semiconductor device appeared in 1952 with the introduction of the power diode by R.N. Hall. It had a reverse voltage blocking capability of 200 V and a current rating of 35 A.

Germanium bipolar transistors with substantial power handling capabilities (100 mA collector current) were introduced around 1952; with essentially the same construction as signal devices, but better heat sinking. Power handling capability evolved rapidly, and by 1954 germanium alloy junction transistors with 100 watt dissipation were available. These were all relatively low-frequency devices, used up to around 100 kHz, and up to 85 degrees Celsius junction temperature. Silicon power transistors were not made until 1957, but when available had better frequency response than germanium devices, and could operate up to 150 C junction temperature.

The thyristor appeared in 1957. It is able to withstand very high reverse breakdown voltage and is also capable of carrying high current. However, one disadvantage of the thyristor in switching circuits is that once it becomes 'latched-on' in the conducting state; it cannot be turned off by external control, as the thyristor turn-off is passive, i.e., the power must be disconnected from the device. Thyristors which could be turned off, called gate turn-off thyristors (GTO), were introduced in 1960. These overcome some limitations of the ordinary thyristor, because they can be turned on or off with an applied signal.

Power MOSFET
A breakthrough in power electronics came with the invention of the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. Generations of MOSFET transistors enabled power designers to achieve performance and density levels not possible with bipolar transistors. Due to improvements in MOSFET technology (initially used to produce integrated circuits), the power MOSFET became available in the 1970s.

In 1969, Hitachi introduced the first vertical power MOSFET, which would later be known as the VMOS (V-groove MOSFET). From 1974, Yamaha, JVC, Pioneer Corporation, Sony and Toshiba began manufacturing audio amplifiers with power MOSFETs. International Rectifier introduced a 25 A, 400 V power MOSFET in 1978. This device allows operation at higher frequencies than a bipolar transistor, but is limited to low voltage applications.

The Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) was developed in the 1980s, and became widely available in the 1990s. This component has the power handling capability of the bipolar transistor and the advantages of the isolated gate drive of the power MOSFET.

Common devices
Some common power devices are the power MOSFET, power diode, thyristor, and IGBT. The power diode and power MOSFET operate on similar principles to their low-power counterparts, but are able to carry a larger amount of current and are typically able to withstand a larger reverse-bias voltage in the off-state.

Structural changes are often made in a power device in order to accommodate the higher current density, higher power dissipation, and/or higher reverse breakdown voltage. The vast majority of the discrete (i.e., non-integrated) power devices are built using a vertical structure, whereas small-signal devices employ a lateral structure. With the vertical structure, the current rating of the device is proportional to its area, and the voltage blocking capability is achieved in the height of the die. With this structure, one of the connections of the device is located on the bottom of the semiconductor die.

The power MOSFET is the most common power device in the world, due to its low gate drive power, fast switching speed, and advanced paralleling capability. It has a wide range of power electronic applications, such as portable information appliances, power integrated circuits, cell phones, notebook computers, and the communications infrastructure that enables the Internet. As of 2010, the power MOSFET accounts for the majority (53%) of the power transistor market, followed by the IGBT (27%), then the RF amplifier (11%), and then the bipolar junction transistor (9%).

Classifications

A power device may be classified as one of the following main categories (see figure 1):
 * A two-terminal device (e.g., a diode), whose state is completely dependent on the external power circuit to which it is connected.
 * A three-terminal device (e.g., a triode), whose state is dependent on not only its external power circuit, but also the signal on its driving terminal (this terminal is known as the gate or base).
 * A four terminal device (e.g. Silicon Controlled Switch -SCS). SCS is a type of thyristor having four layers and four terminals called anode, anode gate, cathode gate and cathode. the terminals are connected to the first, second, third and fourth layer respectively.

Another classification is less obvious, but has a strong influence on device performance: A majority carrier device is faster, but the charge injection of minority carrier devices allows for better on-state performance.
 * A majority carrier device (e.g., a Schottky diode, a MOSFET, etc.); this uses only one type of charge carriers.
 * A minority carrier device (e.g., a thyristor, a bipolar transistor, an IGBT, etc.); this uses both majority and minority carriers (i.e., electrons and electron holes).

Diodes
An ideal diode should have the following characteristics: In reality, the design of a diode is a trade-off between performance in on-state, off-state, and commutation. Indeed, the same area of the device must sustain the blocking voltage in the off-state and allow current flow in the on-state; as the requirements for the two states are completely opposite, a diode has to be either optimised for one of them, or time must be allowed to switch from one state to the other (i.e., the commutation speed must be reduced).
 * When forward-biased, the voltage across the end terminals of the diode should be zero, no matter the current that flows through it (on-state).
 * When reverse-biased, the leakage current should be zero, no matter the voltage (off-state).
 * The transition (or commutation) between the on-state and the off-state should be instantaneous.

These trade-offs are the same for all power devices; for instance, a Schottky diode has excellent switching speed and on-state performance, but a high level of leakage current in the off-state. On the other hand, a PIN diode is commercially available in different commutation speeds (what are called "fast" and "ultrafast" rectifiers), but any increase in speed is necessarily associated with a lower performance in the on-state.

Switches

The trade-offs between voltage, current, and frequency ratings also exist for a switch. In fact, any power semiconductor relies on a PIN diode structure in order to sustain voltage; this can be seen in figure 2. The power MOSFET has the advantages of a majority carrier device, so it can achieve a very high operating frequency, but it cannot be used with high voltages; as it is a physical limit, no improvement is expected in the design of a silicon MOSFET concerning its maximum voltage ratings. However, its excellent performance in low voltage applications make it the device of choice (actually the only choice, currently) for applications with voltages below 200 V. By placing several devices in parallel, it is possible to increase the current rating of a switch. The MOSFET is particularly suited to this configuration, because its positive thermal coefficient of resistance tends to result in a balance of current between the individual devices.

The IGBT is a recent component, so its performance improves regularly as technology evolves. It has already completely replaced the bipolar transistor in power applications; a power module is available in which several IGBT devices are connected in parallel, making it attractive for power levels up to several megawatts, which pushes further the limit at which thyristors and GTOs become the only option. Basically, an IGBT is a bipolar transistor driven by a power MOSFET; it has the advantages of being a minority carrier device (good performance in the on-state, even for high voltage devices), with the high input impedance of a MOSFET (it can be driven on or off with a very low amount of power).

The major limitation of the IGBT for low voltage applications is the high voltage drop it exhibits in the on-state (2-to-4 V). Compared to the MOSFET, the operating frequency of the IGBT is relatively low (usually not higher than 50 kHz), mainly because of a problem during turn-off known as current-tail: The slow decay of the conduction current during turn-off results from a slow recombination of a large number of carriers that flood the thick 'drift' region of the IGBT during conduction. The net result is that the turn-off switching loss of an IGBT is considerably higher than its turn-on loss. Generally, in datasheets, turn-off energy is mentioned as a measured parameter; that number has to be multiplied with the switching frequency of the intended application in order to estimate the turn-off loss.

At very high power levels, a thyristor-based device (e.g., a SCR, a GTO, a MCT, etc.) is still often used. This device can be turned on by a pulse provided by a driving circuit, but cannot be turned off by removing the pulse. A thyristor turns off as soon as no more current flows through it; this happens automatically in an alternating current system on each cycle, or requires a circuit with the means to divert current around the device. Both MCTs and GTOs have been developed to overcome this limitation, and are widely used in power distribution applications.

A few applications of power semiconductors in switch mode include lamp dimmers, switch mode power supplies, induction cookers, automotive ignition systems, and AC and DC electric motor drives of all sizes.

Amplifiers
Amplifiers operate in the active region, where both device current and voltage are non-zero. Consequently power is continually dissipated and its design is dominated by the need to remove excess heat from the semiconductor device. Power amplifier devices can often be recognized by the heat sink used to mount the devices. Multiple types of power semiconductor amplifier device exist, such as the bipolar junction transistor, the vertical MOS field effect transistor, and others. Power levels for individual amplifier devices range up to hundreds of watts, and frequency limits range up to the lower microwave bands. A complete audio power amplifier, with two channels and a power rating on the order of tens of watts, can be put into a small integrated circuit package, needing only a few external passive components to function. Another important application for active-mode amplifiers is in linear regulated power supplies, when an amplifier device is used as a voltage regulator to maintain load voltage at a desired setting. While such a power supply may be less energy efficient than a switched mode power supply, the simplicity of application makes them popular, especially in current ranges up to about one amp.

Parameters

 * 1) Breakdown voltage: Often, there is a trade-off between breakdown voltage rating and on-resistance, because increasing the breakdown voltage by incorporating a thicker and lower doped drift region leads to a higher on-resistance.
 * 2) On-resistance: A higher current rating lowers the on-resistance due to greater numbers of parallel cells. This increases overall capacitance and slows down the speed.
 * 3) Rise and fall times: The amount of time it takes to switch between the on-state and the off-state.
 * 4) Safe-operating area: This is a thermal dissipation and "latch-up" consideration.
 * 5) Thermal resistance: This is an often ignored but extremely important parameter from the point of view of practical design; a semiconductor does not perform well at elevated temperature, and yet due to large current conduction, a power semiconductor device invariably heats up. Therefore, such a devices needs to be cooled by removing that heat continuously; packaging and heatsink technology provide a means for removing heat from a semiconductor device by conducting it to the external environment. Generally, a large current device has a large die and packaging surface areas and lower thermal resistance.

Packaging
The role of packaging is to:
 * connect a die to the external circuit.
 * provide a way to remove the heat generated by the device.
 * protect the die from the external environment (moisture, dust, etc.).

Many of the reliability issues of a power device are either related to excessive temperature or fatigue due to thermal cycling. Research is currently carried out on the following topics:
 * Cooling performance.
 * Resistance to thermal cycling by closely matching the Coefficient of thermal expansion of the packaging to that of the silicon.
 * The maximum operating temperature of the packaging material.

Research is also ongoing on electrical issues such as reducing the parasitic inductance of packaging; this inductance limits the operating frequency, because it generates losses during commutation.

A low-voltage MOSFET is also limited by the parasitic resistance of its package, as its intrinsic on-state resistance is as low as one or two milliohms.

Some of the most common type of power semiconductor packages include the TO-220, TO-247, TO-262, TO-3, D2Pak, etc.

Improvement of structures
The IGBT design is still under development and can be expected to provide increases in operating voltages. At the high-power end of the range, the MOS-controlled thyristor is a promising device. Achieving a major improvement over the conventional MOSFET structure by employing the super junction charge-balance principle: essentially, it allows the thick drift region of a power MOSFET to be heavily doped, thereby reducing the electrical resistance to electron flow without compromising the breakdown voltage. This is juxtaposed with a region that is similarly doped with the opposite carrier polarity (holes); these two similar, but oppositely doped regions effectively cancel out their mobile charge and develop a 'depleted region' that supports the high voltage during the off-state. On the other hand, during the on-state, the higher doping of the drift region allows for the easy flow of carriers, thereby reducing on-resistance. Commercial devices, based on this super junction principle, have been developed by companies like Infineon (CoolMOS products) and International Rectifier (IR).

Wide band-gap semiconductors
The major breakthrough in power semiconductor devices is expected from the replacement of silicon by a wide band-gap semiconductor. At the moment, silicon carbide (SiC) is considered to be the most promising. A SiC Schottky diode with a breakdown voltage of 1200 V is commercially available, as is a 1200 V JFET. As both are majority carrier devices, they can operate at high speed. A bipolar device is being developed for higher voltages (up to 20 kV). Among its advantages, silicon carbide can operate at a higher temperature (up to 400 °C) and has a lower thermal resistance than silicon, allowing for better cooling.

title: Power semiconductor device


text: Category:Cottonwood County, Minnesota

title: Category:Cottonwood County, Minnesota


text: User:Wilke/List of images/Miscellaneous

title: User:Wilke/List of images/Miscellaneous


text:
User:CBS Soapfan

I am a long time viewer of soaps. My preference are the CBS soaps. My all time favorites being Edge of Night,The Secret Storm,Where the Heart Is and Search for Tomorrow. Today,I enjoy As the World Turns and Guiding Light.

title: User:CBS Soapfan


text: Category:Crow Wing County, Minnesota

title: Category:Crow Wing County, Minnesota


text:
William Farel

William Farel (1489 – 13 September 1565), Guilhem Farel or Guillaume Farel, was a French evangelist, Protestant reformer and a founder of the Calvinist Church in the Principality of Neuchâtel, in the Republic of Geneva, and in Switzerland in the Canton of Bern and the (then occupied by Bern) Canton of Vaud. He is most often remembered for having persuaded John Calvin to remain in Geneva in 1536, and for persuading him to return there in 1541, after their expulsion in 1538. They influenced the government of Geneva to the point that it became the "Protestant Rome", where Protestants took refuge and dissidents such as Catholics and unitarians were driven out; some of the Catholics and Unitarians were even killed for their beliefs. Together with Calvin, Farel worked to train missionary preachers who spread the Protestant cause to other countries, and especially to France.

Life
Farel was born in 1489 in Gap. He was a pupil of the pro-reform Catholic priesthood, at the University of Paris, in the earliest years of the Reformation. There he met the scholar Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples who helped Farel obtain a professorship to teach grammar and philosophy at the Collège Cardinal Lemoine in Paris. With Lefevre he became a member of the Cercle de Meaux gathered together from 1519 by the reform-minded bishop of Meaux, Guillaume Briçonnet. Farel soon became regent of the college. By 1522 he was appointed a diocesan preacher by the bishop. Farel now could invite a number of Evangelical humanists to work in his diocese to help implement his reform program within the Catholic Church.

This group of humanists also included Josse van Clichtove, Martial Mazurier, Gérard Roussel, and François Vatable. The members of the Meaux circle were of different talents but they generally emphasized the study of the Bible and a return to the theology of the early Church. While working with Lefevre in Meaux, Farel came under the influence of Lutheran ideas and became an avid promoter of them. After condemnation by the Sorbonne, Farel evangelized fervently in the Dauphiné. Although Farel would become a friend and ally of John Calvin, he had been a promoter of Lutheran ideas in his youth.

Farel was forced to flee to Switzerland because of controversy that was aroused by his writings against the use of images in Christian worship. In 1524, while in Basel, he wrote thirteen theses sharply criticizing Roman doctrine, but his argument was so heated that even Erasmus joined in the demand for his expulsion. He went on to Strasbourg and later Montbéliard, but was again forced to leave. Eventually he spent time at Zürich with Huldrych Zwingli and back at Strasbourg, with Martin Bucer. Finally given license to preach anywhere in the Canton of Bern, he convinced Neuchâtel to join the Reform in 1530.

Farel established himself in Geneva in 1532, where he remained as minister, drawing Calvin to the city, but breaking with him over the Eucharist. Resistance from the established authority led to a brief period of banishment but the Bern government again granted him liberty of worship and he was able to return to preaching. However, the struggle was not over and Farel, along with Calvin, was banished from Geneva in 1538, in part for his rigorous positions, and retired to Neuchâtel. There he spent the rest of his life, and was frequently consulted by Calvin.

In 1558, when he was sixty-nine, Farel married Marie Thorel, who was a teenager. Scott Manetsch notes that Calvin was "flabbergasted and irate" at the marriage, "fearing that his friend's scandalous action would inflict irreparable damage on the cause of the Reformation throughout Europe." The couple did have a son six years later, although he died in infancy. In his final year, after Calvin's death, Farel visited Metz and preached with all his old fire, but the effort seemed to have exhausted him and he died while still in Metz. A monument to him was unveiled at Neuchâtel on 4 May 1876.

Archive Sources
Autograph, manuscript letters of William Farel sent to other reformers and received by him, are preserved in the "Archives de l'État de Neuchâtel".

title: William Farel