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List of Blame! characters

The universe of the manga Blame! created by Tsutomu Nihei is home to the following fictional characters and locations:

Main characters

 * Killy (霧亥)
 * Killy is a main character of Blame!. He is a cyborg tasked by the governing AI agency with finding a human in the 5.3-AU radius Megastructure who still possesses the Net Terminal Gene, a genetic marker necessary for safe access to the Netsphere, from which the functions of the Megastructure may be controlled. He is equipped with a Gravitational Beam Emitter (GBE), a compact but immensely powerful weapon capable of creating holes miles long in the Megastructure. He is soon joined by Cibo in his quest.
 * Killy is a main character of Blame!. He is a cyborg tasked by the governing AI agency with finding a human in the 5.3-AU radius Megastructure who still possesses the Net Terminal Gene, a genetic marker necessary for safe access to the Netsphere, from which the functions of the Megastructure may be controlled. He is equipped with a Gravitational Beam Emitter (GBE), a compact but immensely powerful weapon capable of creating holes miles long in the Megastructure. He is soon joined by Cibo in his quest.

 * Looking to be in his early to mid-20s, he is a glum-looking person, never smiling (except madly when shooting on occasion) and has a slight slouch in his normal standing position, he is not afraid to fight, and readily shoots the GBE. He also often shows superhuman strength and endurance, being thrown through solid walls and floors before standing right back up with no apparent injuries. The GBE is so powerful that he is flung backwards by its sheer power, often into walls and the ground, but he always gets up. Even in its lowest power, his arm jerks up and back from the force of it. During the encounter with the giant Safeguard outside Toha Heavy Industries, he fires at the Safeguard with the GBE at Level 4 Extra power level. The recoil from the GBE is so powerful that he is thrown back a considerable distance and his right arm is broken, exposing bone and tissue. Killy can survive injuries that would kill an average human as well as recover faster. In the times when he is quiet, he injects drugs into himself in the forehead, and when he is low on power, he may inject it straight into his hand.

 * He has an electronic connector to create signals to stop Builders and to transmit information from one person to himself, and vice versa. He also has no memory of his past, or how he obtained the GBE. Killy distrusts Silicon Creatures on sight, and destroys them whenever possible; whether or not they are hostile towards him or his objectives does not bear any weight on his judgement. In Blame!², however, he rescues Pcell (part of a new, relatively peaceful generation of Silicon Life) from the Safeguard, indicating either that his priorities have changed or that he no longer considers Silicon Creatures to be a serious threat.

 * Cibo (シボ)
 * (anime film), Asuka Aizawa (Japanese, ONA)

 * Cibo is the head scientist of the Bio-Electric Corporation in the Capitol and joins Killy on his quest for the Net Terminal Gene.

 * Killy's first encounter with Cibo is in the lower levels of the Corporation in The Capitol, where she has been imprisoned for attempting to access the Net Sphere with an artificially created version of Net Terminal Genes. Her failed attempt to access the Net Sphere led to the appearance of the Safeguard, which destroyed the entire lab facility that Cibo was conducting the experiment in. The death and destruction resulting from Cibo's failed experiment led the governing body of the Corporation to convict and imprison her.

 * Cibo's first form is the decaying upper torso of a woman kept alive by machinery inserted into her body. She convinces Killy to take her with him by stating that he needs her hacking skills to access the files he is looking for. Afterwards, she transfers her mind to a replacement body and aids Killy in destroying the Corporation's President. Following that, Cibo leaves the Corporation to travel with Killy.

 * Later in the manga, Cibo's physical body is killed by the Safeguard, but her mind takes over Sanakan's body. However, Sanakan's consciousness still remains in the body, forcing the two women to share it. Cibo is able to suppress Sanakan's mind, preventing it from gaining control, although on one occasion the Safeguard managed to take over.

 * After the encounter with the Silicon Life, Mensab and Seu, Killy is teleported to an alternate reality, where he meets an alternate Cibo in her old form. Both versions of Cibo face one another and wish to return to the original reality. During the attempt, the alternate Cibo is killed by a Silicon Life creature, while the original Cibo is severely damaged and Sanakan's mind uses the opportunity to resurface. At the last moment before she is overtaken, Cibo extracts her personality data and transfers it into the corpse of her alternate self, reviving the body and living again.

 * After an altercation with Silicon Life intending to access the Netsphere, a Level 9 Safeguard (the highest level) was illegally downloaded into Cibo, resulting in her ultimate transformation into the Level 9 Safeguard and the newly-bred Net Terminal Gene. The sphere that she stores in her lower abdomen carries the gene that can save the city if it is taken to its very edge where it can grow uncontaminated by the megastructure and its inhabitants. Sanakan mentions that the "child" is a product of hers and Cibo's combined DNA. Cibo is heavily weakened by Killy's GBE shortly after her transformation, reverting to a childlike state and eventually falling into the hands of the Silicon Creatures despite Sanakan's efforts to find and protect her. Sanakan asks for a return to the Base Reality without backup data, driven by a desire to protect her "child" and charge. She tears through Silicon Creatures to reach Cibo, and then encounters a First Class Exterminator. Killy destroys the Exterminator and recovers the orb, though the Exterminator destroys Cibo and Sanakan during the battle.

Safeguard
The Safeguard are a program independent of the Netsphere. The Netsphere was designed as a means of providing service to those who could log on. However, the Netsphere was thrown into chaos (the actual reason is not exactly known, but the prequel manga NOiSE implies that a small group of humans is at fault) and the Safeguard changed their modus operandi from preventing unauthorized users from entering the Netsphere to killing off anyone who does not possess Net Terminal Genes. The Safeguard have nine levels of hierarchy, Level 9 being the most powerful. However, their Exterminator (originally the lowest level safeguard) system has a different form of hierarchy where "First Class" is the most powerful.
 * Sanakan (サナカン)
 * Sanakan is first seen as a short, young girl with black hair who finds Killy and Cibo in a tunnel after they pierce the impenetrable Megastructure layer with the GBE.
 * Sanakan is first seen as a short, young girl with black hair who finds Killy and Cibo in a tunnel after they pierce the impenetrable Megastructure layer with the GBE.

 * Killy later discovers her true nature and she reveals herself as a high-level Safeguard with a GBE similar to Killy's. At first, Sanakan behaves like any Safeguard intent on annihilating all humans without the Net Terminal Gene. This changes however, when she becomes a representative of the Governing Agency with the task of retrieving Cibo, who at that time becomes the illegal level 9 Safeguard unit. At this point, she adapts a more protective role.

 * Sanakan's physical body was destroyed twice in the line of duty; First in order to destroy the Toha Heavy Industries' Central AI and for the second time while protecting Cibo from Silicon Creatures. She finally dies when she sacrifices herself in order to save Killy and the globe that Cibo carried from an Exterminator. Sanakan has been the second "mother" of the child with the net terminal genes, along with Cibo, who was carrying the globe with the embryo.

 * Dhomochevsky - Dhomochevsky is a Special Safeguard; the type that is not hostile to humans. This may be due to the fact that he and Iko were essentially stranded in base reality with no backup when the safeguard system on their level was disabled by silicon creatures shortly after their programs were initiated. He has a distinctive scar on his left eye where Schiff stabbed him. Along with Iko, he was recruited to protect a provisional level of the megastructure. A group of Silicon Life cyborgs has invaded this level, led by Davine. Dhomo and Iko are insistent on the level's defense because only normal human genes are required for access to the netsphere. He is armed with a quad-barrel gun with many different projectile types. Dhomochevsky is heavily damaged and decapitated by the newly downloaded Level 9 Safeguard, which was instinctively responding to a threat.
 * Iko - Iko appears as the thin, white wisp of a facial image. However, in the manga, it is suggested in a flashback of Dhomochevsky's that she had a corporeal shape once, but how she lost it was never explained. Most likely, she was unable to gain a new body as the Silicon Life on her level captured the Substance Conversion Tower on which she and Dhomochevsky depended. She acts as a guardian for Dhomochevsky, predicts the behavior of his opponents, and heals him if possible. She transfers all her power to Dhomochevsky in a last-ditch effort to stop Davine as well as Cibo's transformation into a Level 9 Safeguard.

Silicon Life (Cyborgs)

 * Ivy - Ivy is the leader of the contingent of Cyborgs attacking Toha Heavy Industries. He carries a massive weapon, which is essentially four swords, with two of them spring-loaded to swing out from the middle to bludgeon enemies. He is eventually defeated in a sword fight with Seu. (There has been some confusion as to which characters the names Ivy and Maeve are assigned to. This is most likely due to the artwork of the two characters reading: Ivy & Maeve, with the more feminine cyborg on the left and the other on the right. Apart from the text, the artwork is in original Japanese format, and in Japan, they read right to left. Also, in volume 4 their names are clearly distinguished by their dialogues.)
 * Maeve - Maeve is Ivy's sidekick. The lower half of her body is sliced off by Seu in a fight. Later on, Ivy and some of his contingent discover the 'advanced' cyborg fused to a wall. They cut it out, wrench the cyborg's original head out and implant Maeve into the body. Later, as Maeve is about to execute Mensab, Seu attempts to kill her by throwing his sword and lodging it in her forehead. She seems almost indifferent to this, but before proceeding, she is killed by Killy who fires a Gravitational Beam through her heart. This happens just before the teleportation of Toha Heavy Industries.
 * Blon - One of Davine Lu Linvega's henchmen. Blon is capable of commanding worm-like creatures, which attach to a target's spine and render the target unconscious. He has the capacity to transform his body, taking the shape of a large centipede-esque creature in his first appearance before morphing into a humanoid shape to attack Killy and Cibo. Most of his body is destroyed by Killy in their first encounter. His first defeat allows Pcell to detect the 70-kilometer long holes left by Killy's GBE. When Dhomochevsky, Cibo and Iko set out to find Killy and Davine, Pcell appears to confront them at a large Megastructure transport hatch and minutes later, Blon appears in his third form at her command. The third form resembles a large, metallic, spider-praying mantis hybrid with Blon's face and his large chain-gun (Vulcan Cannon/Gatling Gun) on its left arm (where it is in Blon's humanoid form). When Blon attacks, he slightly wounds Dhomochevsky and is able to steal a capsule from Cibo containing Seu's genetic information. Blon is finally killed when Dhomochevsky, Cibo and Iko enter the hatch's portal and close the hatch itself while Blon is still in the hatch locking area. This crushes and destroys his entire body. The capsule lands less than a foot outside the hatch radius and is picked up by Pcell.
 * Schiff - Schiff is another of Davine Lu Linvega's lieutenants. He wields two rectangular black blades mounted into his full-body armor, which may be launched as projectiles. Schiff is the first Silicon Life to attack Killy after Killy loses his GBE (and is forced to use more conventional safeguard weaponry). After a short hand-to-hand fight, Killy gains the upper hand and lands several punches which essentially mangle Schiff's armored face. While Schiff is clawing at his broken face, Killy administers the coup de grâce.
 * Davine Lu Linvega - Leader of a contingent of cyborgs who Killy encounters late in the series. The level on which she is present allows provisional access to the Net Sphere to any person having normal human DNA. Davinel wants to access the Net Sphere and tries to obtain the DNA sample in Cibo's possession (which is Seu's). Afterward she is able to infiltrate the Netsphere in Seu's form. However, she fatally underestimates the Governing Agency's agent who cleverly slows the connection speed, allowing enough time for Dhomochevsky to attack and kill her. However, she manages to steal the Level 9 safeguard data just before Dhomochevsky kills her. Linvega's gender has been up to debate; Iko first refers to them as male. However, the side comic BLAME! Academy depicts Linvega as a girl.
 * Pcell - Davinel's subordinate; a skilled combatant wielding a sword-like weapon that emits blasts of force capable of deflecting even the GBE's beam. According to Iko, she is the most dangerous of the invading Silicon Life. Unusually for a Silicon Life, she has the capacity to use the Safeguards' structure conversion tower (hijacked by Davine) to repair herself and evade attacks. She is implied to have some connection with Dhomochevsky, but the nature of this connection is unknown. After Cibo transforms into the Level 9 Safeguard, Pcell attempts to kill her with a blast from her sword and is killed by Killy in retaliation (v8 p174).
 * Silicon Creature Generals - The two mysterious Silicon Creatures heading the Silicon settlement that captures the Level 9 Safeguard. Both carry staff-like weapons that are extremely similar in ability to that of the 'Safeguard Sword.' The male cyborg, seen wearing an armor plated trench-coat and various black metal accessories, wounds Sanakan as he makes a final attempt to stop her. The female cyborg, seen with black and white hair and wearing black and metallic clothing, is last seen dismembering the rogue armored cyborg. It is left to the reader to decide whether or not Killy dispatches her.

Humans

 * Technomads - Humans who encounter Killy while he is still quite low in The City. They have lost all knowledge of their heritage, and have some connection to their Planter/Electrofisher relatives. Each group wears similar armor and the Electrofishers and Technomads share a stylized tribal appearance, though it is unclear which group is descended from which. The Technomads travel from safe haven to safe haven, never venturing outside their shelters without heavy protection.
 * Laborers - Humans who dwell in the Power Corporation city near the top of a megastructure. Prone to heavy body modification, their appearance depends greatly on their occupation within the corporation. Ordinarily, they have evolved to be quite large, dwarfing the average-sized Killy by three to four feet. The Power Corporation has excavated a great deal of technology from the surrounding megastructure, emulating the technology of the Safeguard, Authority, and Silicon Life. These further affect their culture and appearance, as they devote a great deal of time researching and developing this part of their culture.
 * The Dry Men - While it is unclear whether they are truly human or a benevolent offshoot of Silicon Life, the Dry Men exist as an aboriginal race in the megastructure. Their name – given to them by the Laborers – stems from the long cracks in their skin. They are often persecuted by organ harvesters, who trade them in for their low transplant rejection rate.
 * Planters - Humans originally working as laborers in Toha Heavy Industries.
 * Electrofishers (originally Denki-Ryoushi (電基漁師)) - A people descended from the Planters. They have been locked out for many generations, and have lost all knowledge about why they are there and what Toha is. Their appearance has evolved in that they have tribalized the traditional Planter armor with markings, beads and sashes. They are able to fight the Safeguard using powerful bolt-firing rifles similar to spear guns. The methods they use to survive is unknown, although it is implied that they have traveled throughout the megastructure surrounding Toha, scavenging. For a time they had the technology to preserve the personalities of deceased fishers and transfer them to new bodies. However, this skill has long died out by the time of their entrance into the narrative. The Electrofishers are a very short-statured race of humans, unlike Cibo who comes from a race that is very tall.
 * Zuru (づる), (Japanese); Christine Marie Cabanos (English)
 * Pop (おやっさん), (Japanese); Michael McConnohie (English)
 * Sutezō (捨造), (Japanese); Keith Silverstein (English)
 * Electrofishers that appeared in the anime film:
 * Tae (タエ), (Japanese); Cherami Leigh (English)
 * Fusata (フサタ), (Japanese); Bryce Papenbrook (English)
 * Atsuji (アツジ), (Japanese); Johnny Young Bosch (English)

Minor characters

 * Mensab - Mensab is the AI Controller for Cave 8 inside Toha Heavy Industries. She is expelled from the collective AI, although the reason is not exactly clear. She normally acts and appears quite calm, but her appearance also mirrors her mood. Also, as Cibo departs from Toha Heavy Industries, she bestows her with a small capsule containing Seu's genetic information which, surprisingly enough, can partially access the Netsphere.
 * Seu - A Planter, who serves as Mensab's protector. He is a powerful swordsman and loyal bodyguard. Whenever he is severely injured, Mensab takes him to be restored by equipment which can heal any damage and also synthesize any substance (however, he loses memory each time he is healed in this way). As only Mensab's people survived the silicon creature invasion, and they were likely killed in the destruction of Toha Heavy Industries, Seu could have possibly been the last Planter alive. He eventually withdraws with Mensab and the recorded personalities of the remaining Planters into a time-space rift, ensuring their safety.
 * Mori - A girl whose mind was downloaded into an emergency preservation pack resembling a USB drive. Her corpse sat undisturbed for a long time before Killy stumbled on it. Mori is not her name, and we never learn her real name. Mori was the name of the manufacturer of the emergency preservation pack, and was printed on the device itself. Killy, acting as a Good Samaritan, takes her along on his quest. Mori's main task, it seems, is to do most of the talking for Killy in Cibo's absence. Shortly after Killy obtains Cibo's 'child', Mori is taken by the Governing Agency to a storage area and recounts her adventures with Killy to other damaged digital consciousnesses.

Factions or groups of note

 * Safeguard - The Safeguard is the completely independent defense system of the Netsphere. The Safeguard's original purpose was to prevent unauthorized access to the Netsphere by those without Net Terminal Genes. However, due to the Order breeding and using humans without Net Terminal Genes to make more Silicon Life, the Safeguard have taken to destroying all humans without the Net Terminal Gene as a preemptive measure. Safeguard are often seen to materialise from the substance of the megastructure using structure conversion towers. Even humans have been turned into Safeguards after coming into contact with Safeguard weapons, notably the darts used by Sanakan. There are more powerful special agents, like Sanakan, Dhomochevsky, and Iko who may derive from core personalities uploaded into the Netsphere.
 * Exterminators - A subset of Safeguard which is made up of black-and-white-colored, silicon-based, bio-mechanical, humanoid robots. These often use primitive, close-range weapons as a means of attack, but because of their formidable armor, it is not much of a problem. They come in different classes of power, though the hierarchy is never explained. The lowest, most common safeguard attacks with just its hands. A higher type attacks with larger, clawed hands, another with large shear-like weapons. The 'Class One Exterminator', encountered near the end of the series, eschews melee attacks for esoteric weaponry and the capacity to transform the City's structure itself. Safeguard Exterminators seem to run on a different protocol of command than the higher level of Safeguard such as Sanakan and/or Dhomochevsky (though Dhomo did have a contingent of them assigned to him before Schiff destroyed them). At one point, the Exterminator Class One even targets Sanakan as it deems her a threat or obstacle, but does not decide to kill her. It is up to speculation as to why - perhaps either it no longer saw her as a threat, or perhaps it was because she too was a Safeguard.
 * Governing Agency or Authority (originally Touchikyoku (統治局)), - The ruling level of the Net Sphere. It tries at times to assist Killy and Cibo against the Cyborgs and against the Safeguard. It has powers identical to the Safeguard, but cannot directly control the Safeguard - although it can hinder them. It wants a human with the Net Terminal Gene to be found to stop the Builders which are the cause of the runaway growth of The City.
 * Builders (originally Kensetsusha (建設者), meaning Architect) - Machines which construct The City. They are not connected directly to The Net Sphere or Safeguard; therefore a human with net terminal genes is only capable of their activation. They come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Killy remembers their language in the village of the Fishermen, and Cibo uses her knowledge about them to learn to control them completely. A group of builders in the higher megastructures of The City have been modified, possibly by long deceased humans, to behave socially, conversing with the beings they encounter and taking moderately humanoid appearances.

Structures

 * The Megastructure (originally chou-kozoutai (超構造体)) - These are large plates that lie between levels of The City and are made out of an unknown, nearly-indestructible material. They are part of some kind of major isolation system between the gargantuan floors of The City. Attempts to approach the megastructure result in a massive safeguard response so as to prevent trespassing. Only a direct Gravitational Beam Emitter blast is known to have been capable of tearing a hole into a megastructure.
 * The Netsphere - A possible future incarnation of the internet available only to those with the Net Terminal Gene and guarded by the Safeguard. According to the opening of the Net Sphere Engineer, it was meant as a new world order, and could fulfill the desires of the people. It is posited in NOiSE that it was in fact a New Social Order designed to exclude the infected. It can only be accessed by those possessing Net Terminal Genes.
 * Toha Heavy Industries (originally Toua-juukou (東亜重工)) - A massive edifice or possibly vehicle separate from the megastructure. Toha Heavy Industries was mentioned as the benevolent organization in Biomega as well as a mecha manufacturer in Knights of Sidonia. It is inhabited by humans known only as the 'planters', and is the origin of the splinter group, the 'fishers'. It is controlled by a central AI, and has a collective of thirteen other AIs; one controlling each cave. The Collective AI was created in an effort to prevent insanity, however, in the end it did not work out. The central AI shows increasingly irrational behavior with its use of teleportation technology, and its gravity furnace. The AI isolated itself from the outside using a treaty from the Governing Agency because of the seriousness of the Silicon Creature's disease, and excommunicated those who did. Toha Heavy Industries is crucial because the planters may be net gene carriers.
 * Structure conversion towers - These buildings appear to be autonomous energy reserves and/or producers which are independent of the Megastructure. They are apparently capable of synthesising any form of matter, mainly Safeguard units. Davine Lu Linvega hijacks one and uses it to download various types of constructs, including special Exterminators which bear her face.

Plot devices

 * Net Terminal Genes (originally Net-tanmatsu-idenshi (ネット端末遺伝子)) - These are the special genes which allow those possessing them full access to the Netsphere. However, the Net Terminal Genes are incredibly rare by the time period where BLAME! begins. The Net Sphere protection agency, also called the Safeguard, is under standing orders to kill any human found who does not possess these genes; also, any illegal access to the Netsphere is responded to by downloading a Safeguard to the location of the illegal access point and having it kill the person who attempted access. As very few humans in BLAME! possess the Net Terminal Gene, the Safeguards are essentially under orders to kill all humans.

title: List of Blame! characters


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Igo

Igo or IGO may refer to:
 * Intergovernmental organization
 * Igo language, a Kwa language of Togo
 * Igo, California, a small town in the United States
 * IATA-Code IGO of Jaime Ortiz Betancur Airport, Colombia
 * iGO (software), a satellite navigation software package
 * I-GO, a car-sharing service in Chicago, Illinois
 * Girawali Observatory, India
 * Go (game), known as igo in Japan
 * Isebe language (ISO-639: igo), a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea

People

 * Igo (singer), Latvian singer and songwriter
 * Igo Chico, American saxophonist
 * Igo Etrich (1879–1967), Austrian flight pioneer
 * Igo Galama (876–910), potestaat (governor) of Friesland
 * Igo Gruden (1893–1948), Slovene poet and translator
 * Igo Sym (1896–1941), Austrian-born Polish actor and Nazi collaborator

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Igo


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Carew (surname)

Carew is a Welsh and Cornish habitation-type surname; it has also been used as a synonym for the Irish patronymic Ó Corráin. Carey can be a variant.

History
The Cambro-Norman Carew family sprang from the same stock as the FitzGeralds: viz. from the union of Gerald de Windsor alias Gerald FitzWalter (1070–1136), the Norman Constable of Pembroke, Pembrokeshire and Nest ferch Rhys, Princess of Deheubarth, the 'Helen of Wales'. These Carews descend from Gerald and Nest's oldest son William FitzGerald de Carew. The family home was at Carew, Pembrokeshire (Caeriw) from a fortified site and later castle, and originally a holding of Nest's royal father, Rhys Ap Tewdwr. The usual derivation offered is that the root word is 'caer',  Middle Welsh for 'fort'; the second element being possibly 'rhiw' – 'slope', or 'yw' – 'yew' (tree). The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park website has 'Caerau – fort (Locally pron Carey)'.

First, as will be shown below, not all modern Carews  are of Carew, Pembrokeshire stock;  some bear the name from cognate Cornish origins;  and others as an Anglicised form, together with Carey, of the Irish patronymic Ó Corráin/Ó Carráin.

Secondly, some true Carews in Wales may have received their name in the variant form of 'Carey' or 'Cary', which is a traditional local pronunciation of the place Carew (see above), another version being 'Care-ew'. John Marius Wilson's 'Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales' (1870–72) has 'Carew, or Carey, a village and a parish in the district and county of Pembroke'. Bannister (1871) writes that Carew is 'pronounced Car'-ew in Ireland; Car-ew' in Devon; Carey in Cornwall and Wales' (my italics). However, Carey in Britain generally is either from any one of at least six immigrant Gaelic-Irish patronymics Anglicised thus, or is from a Pre-Celtic or Celtic language river/habitation name in Somerset and Devon.

Gerald FitzWalter's second son Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan and grandson Raymond de Carreu, 'le Gros', took part, alongside Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke,  or 'Strongbow',  in the invasion of Ireland in 1171. The 'invasion' was almost a family affair, with many of the Cambro-Norman protagonists related through the matriarchal and 'polygamous' Nest: among the cousins of the Geraldines were Robert FitzStephen, Robert de Barry et al.

In Ireland, after the invasion, the de Carreus, or Carews, held the barony of Idrone in County Carlow, without relinquishing their holdings in Britain. William de Carreu (died 1213), held both manors of Carew and Idrone. Maurice de Carreu was in Edward 1's Irish Parliament in 1300. Raymond de Carreu appears in Irish records in 1302. Sir John Carew (d. 1362), who also held the manor of Moulsford in Berkshire, was Justiciar of Ireland.

Another Norman branch, which may or may not be related to the Idrone Carews, said to be descended from Adam Montgomery de Carrew, settled in East Cork, at Garryvoe, in the 12th century. This family is described in 'British Museum Funeral Certificates', MS. No. 4820. They feature frequently in the 'Fiants' (Tudor records): e.g. John Careue of Garryvoe, 1582; Redmond & Peirse Carewe, 1600. They forfeited Garryvoe, as rebels against Cromwell's 'Commonwealth' in 1656. Paul MacCotter has claimed in 'Irish Roots' (1997) that the rare East Cork Carews survive under the form 'Carey'; although the Garryvoe family definitely died out in the male line in the 1660s (Brit Mus.MS 4820); and Carey in this area is regarded as an Anglicisation of Ó Ciaráin.

There is recorded evidence for Carew being used as a synonym of the Munster surname Ó Corráin/Ó Carráin. The 'Court of Claims' in Ireland, 15 July 1663, adjudicates a request for return of lands in and around Mobernan in County Tipperary forfeited by 'Teige Carrue alias O Carron'. Donald O Carrane of Mobernayne, 1586 was his ancestor. By the 17th century the Mobernan O Corrain sept had widely adopted Carew as an Anglicised form of their name: Conor Carew of Mobarnan, was a representative at the Catholic Confederation of Kilkenny, 1642. Thomas Carue (alias O Corrain) of Mobernan appears in the Dictionary of National Biography His brother, Sir Ross Carey, appears on the 1661 memorial of Anne Hyde, his wife, in Westminster Abbey. Carve, however, in his Lyra sive anacephalaeosis Hibernica claims that the usage of Carran for his family name is incorrect. He says "Prater hos alia est antiquae nobilitatis domus nimirum Domini Carue Imakellanse, a Thomas Carue (de quo Paulo ante tractavimus) suam protrahit parentelam, ex qua etiam aliae non ignobiles familiae excreverunt, quo abusive Hibernico Idiomate Carran appellantur. Ex his orti sunt Robertus Carve de Imakelly, & Roseus Carve de Moberman Equites aurati." (Carve, Thomas Lyra p. 47) The adverb 'abusive' means 'incorrectly' in this context.

Some Carews, according to family legend/family trees, moved from Pembrokeshire to the English West Country, and settled in Crowcombe in Somerset, Haccombe in Devon and Antony House in Cornwall. There the name has occasionally been used interchangeably, in records such as the 'Patent Rolls', with the indigenous Cary of the West Country, causing confusion. It has been claimed that 'Carey' is a variant of Carew in Cornwall, (neither name there is numerous). However, this claim seems to be based on the Carew family of Antony being allegedly known by the byname 'Carey' (Hanks & Hodges, op. cit. 1988), whereas this gentry family were usually known as 'Carew' not 'Carey'.

It is also highly likely that the surnames Carew and Carrow in Cornwall are variants of Cornish locative names such as Kerrow, Caroe &c. with derivations from either Celtic 'car/ker'- 'fort' or pre-Celtic 'car'- 'stone/stony'. This would mean that at least some Cornish Carews are indigenous to Cornwall, and therefore have no connection with the Welsh/Norman immigrant Carews of Antony.

In England the family became influential. The Devon Carews became Earls of Totness (1625, extinct 1629). A Devon man, Sir George Carew was President of Munster temp. Elizabeth 1st. Ironically, given the supposed family connection, one of his more formidable tasks was the destruction of the FitzGerald Earls of Desmond.

Cornishman Richard Carew of Antony was a noted late 16th-century historian of Cornwall; he wrote the fascinating 'Survey of Cornwall', published in 1602. Another family member, Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet of Antony, was executed by Parliament for his lackadaisical support of their 'cause' in 1644. His half brother, John Carew, was a keener supporter of Cromwell: he was Commonwealth M.P. for Cornwall, and a signatory to the execution of Charles 1st;  thus as  a 'regicide' he was hanged, drawn and quartered by the returning royalists in 1660.

The Cambro-Norman Pembrokeshire Carew arms are 'Or, three lioncels passant, sable'.

The surname Carew has been adopted in Russia as Keyru. It originates from John Carew, an athlete from Sierra Leone who had a family in Russia including the actor Olah Keru, the singer Willy Keyru and international basketball players Victor and Katerina Keyru.

Notable Carews

 * Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet (1609–1644), British Member of Parliament involved in the English Civil War
 * Ashley Carew (born 1985), English-Barbadian football player
 * Bampfylde Moore Carew (1693–1759), English rogue, vagabond and impostor who claimed to be King of the Beggars
 * Sir Benjamin Hallowell Carew (1761–1834) British admiral during the Napoleonic Wars, one of Horatio Nelson's "Band of Brothers"
 * Charles Robert Sydenham Carew (1853–1939), British Conservative politician
 * David Carew, Sierra Leonean economist and politician
 * Dudley Carew (1903–1981), English journalist
 * Elizabeth Carew (c. 1500 – 1546), mistress of Henry VIII of England
 * Franciszek Kareu (1731–1802), Polish Jesuit, of English descent, Vicar General of the Society of Jesus during its suppression
 * George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes (1555–1629), English military commander
 * George Carew (admiral) (c. 1504 – 1545), soldier, admiral and adventurer
 * George Carew (cricketer) (1910–1974), cricketer for the West Indies
 * George Carew (diplomat) (died c. 1613), English diplomat and historian
 * James M. Carew (1932–2018), American politician
 * Jan Carew (1920–2012), Guyanese novelist, playwright, poet and educator
 * Joey Carew (1937–2011), West Indian cricketer
 * John Carew (born 1979), Norwegian football player
 * John Carew (regicide), one of the regicides of King Charles I
 * John F. Carew (April 16, 1873 – April 10, 1951), US Congressman/Judge
 * John Edward Carew (1782–1868), Anglo-Irish sculptor
 * Joseph T. Carew (1848–1914), American department store owner
 * Sir Matthew Carew (died 1618), English lawyer
 * Nicholas Carew (Lord Privy Seal) (died 1390), Lord Privy Seal during the reign of Edward III of England
 * Nicholas Carew (courtier) (c. 1496 – 1539), courtier and statesman during the reign of Henry VIII of England, husband of Elizabeth Carew
 * Nicholas Carew (died 1311) (c. 1255 – 1311), courtier and soldier
 * Peter Carew (died 1575) (c. 1514 – 1575), English adventurer and colonist of Ireland
 * Peter Carew (died 1580), an English soldier
 * Ora Carew (1893–1955), American actress in silent films
 * Sir Richard Carew, 1st Baronet (c. 1580 – 1643), English writer and Member of Parliament
 * Richard Carew (1555–1620), Cornish antiquary
 * Rod Carew (born 1945), Panamanian-born Hall of Fame baseball player
 * Thomas Carew (1595–1640), English poet
 * Tom Carew, Sierra Leonean Minister of Security
 * Wayne Carew, Canadian businessman and politician
 * William Aquin Carew (1922–2012), Vatican diplomat

title: Carew (surname)


text:
Central District (Israel)

The Central District (מְחוֹז הַמֶּרְכָּז, Meḥoz haMerkaz; المنطقة الوسطى) of Israel is one of six administrative districts, including most of the Sharon region. It is further divided into four sub-districts: Petah Tikva, Ramla, Sharon, and Rehovot. The district's largest city is Rishon LeZion. The district's population as of 2017 was 2,115,800. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 88% of the population is Jewish, 8.2% is Arab, and 4% are "non-classified", being mostly former Soviet Union immigrants of partial or nominal Jewish ethnic heritage or household members of Jews.

Economy
El Al Airlines maintains its corporate headquarters on the grounds of Ben Gurion Airport and in the Central District.

title: Central District (Israel)


text:
Cantera

Cantera, literally meaning "quarry" in Spanish, is a term used in Spain to refer to youth academies and farm teams organized by sports clubs. It is also used to refer to the geographical area that clubs recruit players from. The term is widely used in football but is also applied to other sports, such as basketball. This article, however, is about the football canteras. Notable canteras include those of Athletic Bilbao, Real Sociedad, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Atlético Madrid, Espanyol, Sporting de Gijón, Celta de Vigo and Valencia.

Athletic Bilbao
Since 1912, Athletic Bilbao have employed a "cantera policy", which has come to be defined in an official (although not legally binding) signing policy whereby they will only recruit players with some link to the Basque Country. One of the main beneficiaries of the policy has been the Spain national team. Athletic has provided numerous players for it, second only to Real Madrid.

During the early 1920s, the Basque Country was a breeding ground of great Spanish players. It was the first area where the sport really became popular, and the influx of immigrants from all over Spain was also a factor in the region producing dozens of quality players. In 1920, Spain made their international debut and entered a team in the Olympic Games. Of the 21 players in the squad, 14 were Basques, among them Pichichi, José María Belauste, Domingo Acedo and Félix Sesúmaga.

Throughout their history, Athletic Bilbao have continued to produce many notable players while adhering to their policy. Among them were Telmo Zarra, the then all-time top La Liga goalscorer; José Ángel Iribar, 614 official matches with Athletic and a member of the Spain team when they won the European Championship in 1964; and Andoni Zubizarreta, who made a record 622 La Liga appearances and is also the second most capped Spanish international player. Other notable graduates of the Athletic cantera include Bata, Agustín Gaínza, José Luis Panizo, Andoni Goikoetxea, Julio Salinas, Julen Guerrero, Rafael Alkorta, Andoni Iraola, Fernando Llorente and Kepa Arrizabalaga. Their youth teams continue to be among the most productive in Spain.

Real Sociedad
Athletic were not the only club to have a cantera policy — fellow Basque club Real Sociedad operated a similar policy until 1989. Neither were Athletic the only Basque club that provided players for the 1920 Olympics squad. Real Sociedad, Real Unión and Arenas Club de Getxo also provided players. In 1928, these four clubs became founding members of La Liga, demonstrating further the strength in depth of the Basque canteras at the time. The saying "Con cantera y afición, no hace falta importación", translated as "With home-grown teams and supporters, there is no need for imports", made sense during these early days.

The ability of the Basque Country to produce great players was made clear during the early 1980s when La Real and Athletic won four Liga titles in a row between 1981 and 1984. The Real Sociedad team included, among others, Roberto López Ufarte, José Mari Bakero, Luis Arconada and Jesús María Zamora. Xabi Alonso, a World Cup winner in 2010, is also a product of Real Sociedad's youth system.

Barcelona and Real Madrid
Although Barcelona and Real Madrid are well known for regularly recruiting foreign players, both are renowned worldwide for producing local players. Along with Athletic Bilbao (see Bilbao Athletic), both clubs have notable reserve teams (Barcelona B and Real Madrid Castilla respectively) that are predominantly made up of Spanish players.

Numerous senior players have graduated through the ranks of Barcelona's La Masia academy, including Francisco Carrasco, Ramón Calderé, Guillermo Amor, Albert Ferrer, Pep Guardiola, Sergi, Iván de la Peña, Francesc Arnau, Óscar, Roger, Gabri, Gerard, Luis García Sanz, Oleguer, Pepe Reina, Thiago Motta, Fernando Navarro, Xavi, Cesc Fàbregas, Carles Puyol, Víctor Valdés, Mikel Arteta, Andrés Iniesta, Bojan, Jeffrén, Lionel Messi, Giovani dos Santos, Gerard Piqué, Sergio Busquets, Pedro, Cristian Tello, Thiago, Rafinha, Marc Bartra, Gerard Deulofeu and Sergi Roberto, though some of these were recruited from overseas before signing professional terms, so are not "home-grown" in the traditional sense, if in the technical sense.

Similarly, numerous notable professional players have graduated Real Madrid's youth academy, known as La Fábrica (the factory). In 1966, Madrid won the European Cup with a team of 11 Spanish players and a Spanish coach, marking the first time a home-born team had won the competition. Many great homegrown players have since passed through the ranks, among them La Quinta del Buitre — Emilio Butragueño, Manolo Sanchís, Martín Vazquéz, Míchel and Miguel Pardeza. Graduates of the cantera also include Iker Casillas, Álvaro Arbeloa, Esteban Granero, Raúl, Guti, Luis García Fernández, Juan Mata, Kiko Casilla, Borja Valero, Rubén de la Red, Dani Carvajal, Álvaro Negredo, Roberto Soldado, Rodrigo, Dani Parejo, José Callejón, Juanfran, Javi García, Álvaro Morata, Jesé and Lucas Vázquez. The club has also produced some notable managers, including Vicente del Bosque and Rafael Benítez.

As well as producing players from their own regions, both clubs have also recruited young players from throughout Spain and internationally. Recent examples include Argentines Lionel Messi, Mauro Icardi and Esteban Cambiasso.

Poaching of players
Ever since the early days of football in Spain, one issue for cantera clubs is the poaching or recruiting of their players by other clubs. After the cantera has trained a player, another club will step in with a tempting offer and take them away. The potential of the Basque Country as a recruiting ground for players was recognised by the likes of Barcelona, Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid early on.

Barça, in particular, has a long history of signing players from the region, dating back to the acquisition of Félix Sesúmaga. Others have included Jesús Garay, Chus Pereda, José Ramón Alexanko, Javier Urruticoechea and, in more recent times, Santiago Ezquerro. During the 1980s and 1990s, Barcelona poached a number of top Basque players, among them José Mari Bakero, Txiki Begiristain, Andoni Zubizarreta, Julio Salinas and Ion Andoni Goikoetxea, enabling manager Johan Cruyff to build the legendary "Dream Team" around them.

The successful Atlético Madrid teams of the 1960s also included a notable Basque presence in the form of Miguel Jones and José Eulogio Gárate, both recruited from Indautxu, and Javier Irureta, signed from Real Unión. Real Madrid has also regularly looked north for players such as Rafael Alkorta, Mikel Lasa, Aitor Karanka and Iván Campo.

Athletic Bilbao, however, have also been regularly accused of poaching. The Athletic policy of recruiting only Basque-players has seen them frequently recruit from the canteras of other Basque clubs. In 1995, Athletic signed Joseba Etxeberria from Real Sociedad, causing considerable ill feeling between the two clubs.

By the 1990s, the poaching of players took on a new dimension. Real Madrid in particular have regularly produced quality players unable to establish themselves with their home club. Some critics have argued that this has partly arisen because these clubs continue to use "imports" at the expense of cantera players. As a result, many graduates of the canteras seek their fortune elsewhere and are willing to be poached. Initially, cantera players only moved to other Spanish clubs, but in more recent times, English Premier League clubs have begun recognizing the potential of the canteras. In 2003, Arsenal persuaded Cesc Fàbregas to leave Barcelona B with a much higher salary that Barcelona could not offer due to Spanish contractual law.

More recently, teenage star Fran Mérida followed Fàbregas' footsteps and played some time for Arsenal's reserve team before returning to La Liga in 2010 with Atlético Madrid. Another emerging Barça B player, Gerard Piqué, subsequently signed for Manchester United, though he has since moved back to Barcelona. Since then, Rafael Benítez, himself a product of the cantera, has recruited Luis García Sanz, Pepe Reina, Xabi Alonso and Fernando Torres for Liverpool, while Mikel Arteta established himself at Everton. Luis García Sanz, Reina and Arteta all began their career at Barça; Alonso started out at Real Sociedad; and Torres developed in the Atlético system.

Other canteras
Other important canteras are:

Espanyol (youth system): Raúl Tamudo, Sergio, Joan Capdevila, Dani Jarque, Alberto Lopo, Javi Guerra, Sergio Sánchez, André Bikey, Enrique de Lucas, Tintín Márquez, Ricardo Zamora, Jordi Gómez, Albert Serrán, Miquel Soler, Bruno, Miguel Palanca, Coro, Daniel Solsona, Jordi Lardín, Joan Golobart, Víctor Ruiz, Raúl Baena, Dídac Vilà, Joan Tomàs, Miquel Robusté, Javi Márquez, Javier Chica, David García, Eric Bailly, Jordi Amat, Álvaro Vázquez, Jonathan Soriano, Jordi Xumetra and Ricardo Saprissa.

Sevilla: Sergio Ramos, José Antonio Reyes, Antonio Puerta, Jesús Navas, Diego Capel, Lolo, Carlos Marchena, Alberto Moreno, Sergio Rico, Luis Alberto and Manolo Jiménez.

Valencia: Jordi Alba, Juan Bernat, José Luis Gayà, Paco Alcácer, David Silva, Javi Navarro, David Albelda, Raúl Albiol, Pablo Hernández, Sisi, Jaime Gavilán, David Navarro, Vicente Guaita, Andrés Palop, José Molina, Miguel Ángel Angulo, Juan Sánchez, Gaizka Mendieta, Paco Camarasa, Javier Farinós and Fernando.

Atlético Madrid: David de Gea, Abel Resino, Joel Robles, Roberto, Antonio López, Juan Manuel Ortiz, Ignacio Camacho, Mario Suárez, Ibrahima, Rubén Pérez, Mario, Javier Arizmendi, Manu, Diego Rivas, Iván Cuéllar, Gabi, Braulio, Juanma López, Roberto Solozábal, Tomás, Toni, Raúl, Juanito, Koke and Fernando Torres.

Osasuna (youth system): José Ángel Ziganda, Ion Andoni Goikoetxea, Iñigo Larrainzar, José Mari, César Cruchaga, Javier López Vallejo, Santiago Ezquerro, Marí Lacruz, Patxi Puñal, Tiko, Pablo Orbaiz, David López, Javier Flaño, Miguel Flaño, Raúl García, Oier, Javi Martínez, Nacho Monreal, César Azpilicueta, Roberto Torres, Mikel Merino and Álex Berenguer.

title: Cantera


text:
Talk:Abdication

Abdication
I'd really appreciate it if others who have worked on this would add their references to the References section. I almost randomly stumbled on this; I have no clue what references have already been fully exploited, and it would be a real waste to duplicate someone's research. -- Jmabel 07:01, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

''Most of the current monarchs of Europe are expected to resign sometime in the future. The era in which monarchs ruled until death may be over soon.'' Can we have some references or even justification for this remark? -- Perey 21:15, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't work it out either. Queen Elizabeth II and the Pope will almost definitely not abdicate. I'm not sure of a precedent for Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Bhutan, Nepal, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Oman. Belgium doesn't have a recent precedent either (Léopold was an exceptional case, just as Edward VIII was an exceptional case in the UK). Jacques Chirac will not resign as co-prince of Andorra (though I don't know about the Bishop of Urgell). On the other hand, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and Cambodia do have recent precedent, as does one of Swaziland and Lesotho (I can't remember which) and there have been rumours that Prince Rainier III of Monaco may abdicate in favour of Prince Albert. So I make the W-L-? result 14.5-5-1.5. Time for that remark to be consigned to oblivion, methinks. Also the paragraphs preceding it are a load of claptrap too:) jguk 21:50, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

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Why only Crowned Heads?
Hi. From your list of abdicated persons it is clear that abdication refers to a crowned head of state. But in the text it is not so clear. We don't speak of the abdication, but resignation, of the head of a republic. Maybe this could be tidied up. And maybe someone could find out out when the word came to apply only to monarchs (and Popes too). Cheers.--Gazzster 01:09, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The lead paragraph says (and has said for some time), "The term commonly applies to monarchs. A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation." How can we be clearer than that? - Jmabel | Talk 02:23, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I made the distinction on de.wikipedia.org (Abdikation vs. Rucktritt) and was smacked down because it's held to be implicit that only the crown can abdicate and there's no need to mention that it's resignation otherwise. Abdication is implicit when the monarchy is abolished unless there is a challenge from the crown in which case it becomes a pretender. In the recent case in Nepal the crown signed an instrument of abdication several days after the monarchy was abolished without pretense. 74.78.162.229 (talk) 17:43, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

It should not be seen as an abdication unless it was formally done PRIOR to a monarchy being abolished. If it was done after the fact, it would be seen as legally pointless and only effect members of the former royal family should it ever be restored. That-Vela-Fella (talk) 14:31, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Edward II
Should Edward II be included on the list? He was forced to abdicate, like Richard and others. DanTrent (talk) 17:16, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Inclusion of Pope Benedict XVI
Although the pope is a monarch, he is an elected one, and canon law and Vatican documents uniformly refer to resignation rather than abdication. (And indeed, our own article is called "papal resignation".) Hence, I think it's inappropriate to list Benedict XVI or other popes as having abdicated, the same way we wouldn't say Richard Nixon abdicated. Knight of Truth (talk) 21:46, 11 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It's an arguable point. He resigned the See of Rome. Canon Law deals with the office of Bishop of Rome and makes no mention of the temporal state. Therefore he could be said to have abdicated the government of the Vatican State. Being an elected makes no difference. There's little comparison to Nixon, as the President of the US governs in the name of the People and is democratically accountable to them. The Pope claims to govern in the name of Jesus Christ and is accountable to no-one,Gazzster (talk) 21:15, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I think that this matter needs further discussion. Up until 1870 Head of Church was also Head of Church State in Italy, after 1870 Pope is not a monarch per se - as he is only a head of organized religion. I don't think that if for example (randomly chosen example not meant to offend anyone) Dalai Lama will resign it will be referred as abdication (even that he was a head of state in Tibet and remains it in exile). Migatu (talk) 23:37, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I would argue that, in modern times, popes primarily hold spiritual power, and their temporal power exists mostly in the form of being the head of an organization, the church. The popes acting as heads of state is, for most purposes, a technicality. I think Migatu's analogy with the Dalai Lama shows this well. Gazzster mentions that the pope does not govern in the name of the people and that he is not accountable to anyone, which I suppose is true--but does that make it an abdication? The Emperor of Japan "deriv[es] his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power." but we'd call it an abdication if he stepped down, wouldn't we? I don't think ruling in name of the people or being accountable to someone is what distinguishes a person who resigns from a person who abdicates. It is worth noting, though, that the Catholic Encyclopedia uses the two terms interchangeably: "Abdication, ecclesiastically considered, is the resignation of a benefice or clerical dignity.". We've already decided the terms are not interchangeable in the context of this article, though. Knight of Truth (talk) 00:37, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The problem is compounded, I suppose, by the fact that the Vatican City is a sovereign state and is internationally recognised as such. It is true that the temporal sovereignty is inextricably linked to a spiritual office. Gazzster (talk) 02:06, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The Vatican City is a sovereign state, yes, but I think we have to look at a person's primary role. For example, the President of France is also a Co-Prince of Andorra. Resigning the presidency therefore implies abdication of the co-princedom, but we'd still call it a resignation and not an abdication, because the French president's primary role is, well, being the French president. When we look at the Pope, do we primarily see a head of state? I see a spiritual leader of Roman Catholics first, an administrator of the Roman Catholic Church second, and a head of state of Vatican City only a distant third. Knight of Truth (talk) 20:25, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

Benedict XVI & Beatrix
We should wait until these people abdicate, before adding them to the article. GoodDay (talk) 19:19, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I think it is perfectly reasonable to include people who have unconditionally announced that they will abdicate at a specific date in the near future. An authoritative announcement does not fall under WP:CRYSTAL, as long as we treat it as an announcement and not a fait accompli. Knight of Truth (talk) 20:27, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I disagree. There's no hurry to add them to the article. GoodDay (talk) 02:46, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
 * No hurry, no. But what is the harm in adding them, if it is noted that the abdication has been announced but not taken effect yet? We don't need to rush, but there is value in staying up to date. (Additionally, once the date comes and goes, any well-meaning editor can remove the note that it is merely an announced abdication. If the person is left off the list entirely, someone with knowledge of the subject will have to notice it is missing and add it.) Knight of Truth (talk) 12:55, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It's best we wait. More accurate that way. GoodDay (talk) 05:02, 16 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't understand your reasoning. Surely, it's more accurate to include information on a scheduled abdication than to omit such information entirely? We can throw in a few reliable/accurate sources, if you want. Knight of Truth (talk) 18:12, 16 February 2013 (UTC)
 * We can throw them in on February 28 for Benedict XVI & on April 30 for Beatrix. There's no hurry. GoodDay (talk) 02:46, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * You're just restating your argument. There's no hurry, but earlier is better, in the absence of good reasons not to include them. Knight of Truth (talk) 13:16, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The reason is that this article is named Abdication, not Pending Abdication and Abdication. Only those who've abdicated, should be included. GoodDay (talk) 21:15, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It seems perfectly normal to me, for an article on topic X to discuss future developments on topic X, provided they can reliably sourced. Knight of Truth (talk) 23:41, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The only way I could see having Benedict XVI & Beatrix on the List right now, would be to make a sub-section called pending for them. GoodDay (talk) 03:26, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

If you want to do that, that's fine by me. Though wouldn't adding a parenthetical remark on the list, or perhaps a symbol and a note below the list, be simpler? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Knight of Truth (talk • contribs) 04:44, 21 February 2013 (UTC)
 * No, excluding them entirely (until the actually abdicate) would be simplier. GoodDay (talk) 13:14, 21 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Simpler, but not more informative. Knight of Truth (talk) 18:35, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

Juan Carlos I of Spain
Spain's King Juan Carlos doesn't belong in this article's list, as he hasn't abdicated. Juan Carlos merely announced his interntions to abdicate. GoodDay (talk) 23:21, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Does it really belong in the " list of important abdications"? What indication is there that it's important?  I'd also suggest that of several of the other most recent ones, too.  I concede Pope Benedict XVI, since it's the first in a very very long time, and his successor seems to be making changes to the Vatican, but few of the most recent abdications strike me as important; more like a case of WP:RECENTISM (or, in the case of Juan Carlos, WP:CRYSTAL, merely guessing that the abdication will turn out to be important, once it occurs). TJRC (talk) 23:44, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

Bix ibid verification needed
This edit added the wording
 * "After the defeat of Japan in World War II, many members of the imperial family, such as Princes Chichibu, Takamatsu and Higashikuni, pressured then Emperor Hirohito to abdicate so that one of the Princes could serve as regent until Crown Prince Akihito came of age."

and added a reference
 * "Bix, ibid, pp. 571–573."

the problem is that ibid must have been copied from a source that had previously referenced the volume and used ibid, this does not meet the requirements of WP:CITE however, exactly the same citation was used in the Wikipedia article Takahito, Prince Mikasa and in that case the full volume was included as: So I am going to include that in this article. If someone has the source and it proves to be a bad guess then please correct it. -- PBS (talk) 21:13, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Bix, Herbert P. (2000) Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan New York: Harper and Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0

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The pope is neither ceremonial nor monarch.
"Recently, due to the largely ceremonial nature of the regnant in many constitutional monarchies, many monarchs have abdicated due to old age, such as the monarchs of Spain, Cambodia, the Netherlands, Japan and the papacy. " What is the pope doing in this sentence. -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 02:36, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abdication


text:
List of Canadian electoral districts (1976–1987)

This is a list of electoral districts or ridings in Canada for the Canadian federal elections of 1979, 1980, and 1984.

Electoral Districts are constituencies that elect Members of Parliament in Canada's House of Commons every election.

Newfoundland - 7 seats

 * Bonavista—Trinity—Conception
 * Burin—St. George's
 * Gander—Twillingate
 * Grand Falls—White Bay—Labrador
 * Humber—Port au Port—St. Barbe (Humber—St. Barbe prior to 1978)
 * St. John's East
 * St. John's West

Nova Scotia - 11 seats

 * Annapolis Valley—Hants
 * Cape Breton Highlands—Canso
 * Cape Breton—East Richmond
 * Cape Breton—The Sydneys
 * Central Nova
 * Cumberland—Colchester
 * Dartmouth—Halifax East
 * Halifax
 * Halifax West
 * South Shore
 * South West Nova

Prince Edward Island - 4 seats

 * Cardigan
 * Egmont
 * Hillsborough
 * Malpeque

New Brunswick - 10 seats

 * Carleton—Charlotte
 * Fundy—Royal
 * Gloucester
 * Madawaska—Victoria
 * Moncton
 * Northumberland—Miramichi
 * Restigouche
 * Saint John
 * Westmorland—Kent
 * York—Sunbury

Quebec - 75 seats

 * Abitibi
 * Argenteuil (renamed Argenteuil—Papineau in 1980)
 * Beauce
 * Beauharnois—Salaberry (Beauharnois prior to 1977)
 * Bellechasse
 * Berthier—Maskinongé (renamed Berthier—Maskinongé—Lanaudière in 1980)
 * Blainville—Deux-Montagnes (Deux-Montagnes prior to 1977)
 * Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine
 * Bourassa
 * Chambly
 * Champlain
 * Charlesbourg
 * Charlevoix
 * Châteauguay
 * Chicoutimi
 * Dollard
 * Drummond
 * Duvernay
 * Frontenac
 * Gamelin
 * Gaspé
 * Gatineau
 * Hochelaga—Maisonneuve (Maisonneuve prior to 1978)
 * Hull (renamed Hull—Aylmer in 1984)
 * Joliette
 * Jonquière
 * Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup
 * Labelle
 * Lac-Saint-Jean
 * Lachine
 * Langelier
 * Laprairie (renamed La Prairie in 1980)
 * Lasalle
 * Laurier
 * Laval (Mille-Iles prior to 1977)
 * Laval-des-Rapides
 * Lévis
 * Longueuil
 * Lotbinière
 * Louis-Hébert
 * Manicouagan
 * Matapédia—Matane
 * Mégantic—Compton—Stanstead (Compton prior to 1978)
 * Mercier (renamed Montreal—Mercier in 1980)
 * Missisquoi (renamed Brome—Missisquoi in 1983)
 * Montmorency (renamed Montmorency—Orléans in 1980)
 * Mount Royal
 * Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (renamed Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine East in 1980)
 * Outremont
 * Papineau
 * Pontiac—Gatineau—Labelle (Pontiac prior to 1978)
 * Portneuf
 * Québec-Est
 * Richelieu
 * Richmond (renamed Richmond—Wolfe in 1980)
 * Rimouski (renamed Rimouski—Témiscouata in 1980)
 * Roberval
 * Rosemont
 * Saint-Denis
 * Saint-Henri—Westmount (Westmount prior to 1978)
 * Saint-Hyacinthe (renamed Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot in 1980)
 * Saint-Jacques (Saint-Henri prior to 1977)
 * Saint-Jean
 * Saint-Léonard—Anjou (Saint-Léonard prior to 1977)
 * Saint-Maurice
 * Saint-Michel (renamed Saint-Michel—Ahuntsic in 1983)
 * Sainte-Marie (Hochelga prior to 1978. Renamed Montreal—Sainte-Marie in 1980)
 * Shefford
 * Sherbrooke
 * Témiscamingue
 * Terrebonne
 * Trois-Rivières
 * Vaudreuil
 * Verchères
 * Verdun (renamed Verdun—Saint-Paul in 1980)

Ontario - 95 seats

 * Algoma
 * Beaches
 * Brampton—Georgetown (Brampton—Halton Hills prior to 1977)
 * Brant
 * Broadview—Greenwood
 * Bruce—Grey
 * Burlington
 * Cambridge
 * Cochrane (Cochrane North prior to 1977. Renamed Cochrane—Superior in 1980)
 * Davenport
 * Don Valley East
 * Don Valley West
 * Durham—Northumberland
 * Eglinton—Lawrence
 * Elgin
 * Erie
 * Essex—Kent
 * Essex—Windsor
 * Etobicoke Centre
 * Etobicoke North
 * Etobicoke—Lakeshore
 * Glengarry—Prescott—Russell
 * Grey—Simcoe
 * Guelph
 * Haldimand—Norfolk
 * Halton
 * Hamilton East
 * Hamilton Mountain
 * Hamilton West
 * Hamilton—Wentworth
 * Hastings—Frontenac (renamed Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington in 1981)
 * Huron—Bruce (Huron prior to 1977)
 * Kenora—Rainy River
 * Kent
 * Kingston and the Islands
 * Kitchener
 * Lambton—Middlesex
 * Lanark—Renfrew—Carleton
 * Leeds—Grenville
 * Lincoln
 * London East
 * London West
 * London—Middlesex (Middlesex East prior to 1977)
 * Mississauga North
 * Mississauga South
 * Nepean—Carleton
 * Niagara Falls
 * Nickel Belt
 * Nipissing
 * Northumberland
 * Ontario
 * Oshawa
 * Ottawa Centre
 * Ottawa West
 * Ottawa—Carleton
 * Ottawa—Vanier
 * Oxford
 * Parkdale—High Park
 * Parry Sound—Muskoka
 * Perth
 * Peterborough
 * Prince Edward—Hastings (Prince Edward prior to 1978)
 * Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke
 * Rosedale
 * Sarnia (renamed Sarnia—Lambton in 1981)
 * Sault Ste. Marie
 * Scarborough Centre
 * Scarborough East
 * Scarborough West
 * Simcoe North
 * Simcoe South
 * Spadina
 * St. Catharines
 * St. Paul's
 * Stormont—Dundas
 * Sudbury
 * Thunder Bay—Atikokan
 * Thunder Bay—Nipigon
 * Timiskaming
 * Timmins—Chapleau
 * Trinity
 * Victoria—Haliburton
 * Waterloo
 * Welland
 * Wellington—Dufferin—Simcoe (Dufferin—Wellington prior to 1977)
 * Windsor West
 * Windsor—Walkerville
 * York Centre
 * York East
 * York North
 * York South—Weston
 * York West
 * York—Peel
 * York—Scarborough

Manitoba - 14 seats

 * Brandon—Souris
 * Churchill
 * Dauphin (renamed Dauphin—Swan River in 1983)
 * Lisgar
 * Portage—Marquette
 * Provencher
 * Selkirk—Interlake
 * St. Boniface
 * Winnipeg North
 * Winnipeg North Centre
 * Winnipeg—Assiniboine
 * Winnipeg—Birds Hill
 * Winnipeg—Fort Garry
 * Winnipeg—St. James

Saskatchewan - 14 seats

 * Assiniboia
 * Humboldt—Lake Centre
 * Kindersley—Lloydminster
 * Mackenzie
 * Moose Jaw
 * Prince Albert
 * Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain
 * Regina East
 * Regina West
 * Saskatoon East
 * Saskatoon West
 * Swift Current—Maple Creek
 * The Battlefords—Meadow Lake
 * Yorkton—Melville

Alberta - 21 seats

 * Athabasca
 * Bow River
 * Calgary Centre
 * Calgary East
 * Calgary North
 * Calgary South
 * Calgary West
 * Crowfoot
 * Edmonton East
 * Edmonton North
 * Edmonton South
 * Edmonton West
 * Edmonton—Strathcona
 * Lethbridge—Foothills (Lethbridge prior to 1977)
 * Medicine Hat
 * Peace River
 * Pembina
 * Red Deer
 * Vegreville
 * Wetaskiwin
 * Yellowhead

British Columbia - 28 seats

 * Burnaby
 * Capilano
 * Cariboo—Chilcotin
 * Comox—Powell River
 * Cowichan—Malahat—The Islands
 * Esquimalt—Saanich
 * Fraser Valley East
 * Fraser Valley West
 * Kamloops—Shuswap
 * Kootenay East—Revelstoke (Kootenay East prior to 1977)
 * Kootenay West
 * Mission—Port Moody
 * Nanaimo—Alberni
 * New Westminster—Coquitlam
 * North Vancouver—Burnaby
 * Okanagan North
 * Okanagan—Similkameen
 * Prince George—Bulkley Valley
 * Prince George—Peace River (Fort Nelson—Peace River prior to 1978)
 * Richmond—South Delta
 * Skeena
 * Surrey—White Rock—North Delta
 * Vancouver Centre
 * Vancouver East
 * Vancouver Kingsway
 * Vancouver Quadra
 * Vancouver South
 * Victoria

Northwest Territories - 2 seats

 * Nunatsiaq
 * Western Arctic

Yukon - 1 seat

 * Yukon


text:
Philly (disambiguation)

Philly is a common informal name for Philadelphia, the largest city in Pennsylvania, United States.

Philly may also refer to:

People

 * Corey Philly Brown (born 1991), American football player
 * Philly Bryne, a member of the Northern Ireland thrash metal band Gama Bomb
 * Philomena Philly Fogarty, Irish camogie player in the 1990s and 2000s
 * Philip Philly Larkin (born 1974), Irish hurler
 * Philly Lutaaya (1951–1989), Ugandan musician
 * Philly Joe Jones (1923–1985), American jazz drummer nicknamed "Philly Joe"

Arts and entertainment

 * "Philly" (song), a song by the English electronic music band Fluke
 * half of the Pete Philly and Perquisite Dutch hip hop duo
 * Philly (TV series), an American television series that aired from 2001 to 2002
 * Philly Cullen, a character in the play The Playboy of the Western World

Other uses

 * Philly (dog), a dog that served in World War I

title: Philly (disambiguation)


text:
Sylvio Mantha

Joseph Sylvio Theobald Mantha (April 14, 1902 – August 7, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played fourteen seasons in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens and Boston Bruins. Elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1960, he was regarded as one of the best two-way defencemen of his day.

Amateur career
Mantha started as a right winger for the Notre Dame de Grace Juniors in 1919, before playing for Verdun in the Intermediate Mount Royal Hockey League, and Imperial Tobacco and Northern Electric in the Montreal industrial league. He played briefly for the Montreal Nationales in the Quebec league. After scoring four goals in nine games with the Nationales, he was signed by the Montreal Canadiens in December of 1923.

NHL career
The Canadiens started Mantha as a forward, then moved him to defence as part of a youth movement, because veteran Montreal defencemen Sprague Cleghorn and Billy Coutu were aging. He was used sparingly as a substitute that first season, but gained more ice time thereafter as an injury replacement for Coutu and as Cleghorn was suspended during the season. Mantha played more regularly in the playoffs, helping the Canadiens to the 1924 Stanley Cup championship.

When Cleghorn was traded just before the 1925–26 NHL season, Mantha gained a more prominent role. With the further trade of Coutu to Boston in the 1927 offseason, he was named captain of the team, and paired with Herb Gardiner -- acquired with the breakup of the Western Hockey League from the Calgary Tigers -- to become the new starting defencemen for the Canadiens. Mantha was injured in the playoffs that year, but recovered to score Montreal's only goal on an end-to-end rush in the deciding (and losing) game to the Ottawa Senators.

Newly paired with defenceman Battleship Leduc after Gardiner left to become player-coach in Chicago, Mantha scored the first-ever goal in Boston Garden on November 20, 1928, leading the Canadiens to a 1–0 win over the Boston Bruins. Mantha also got to play with his brother Georges that season, a rookie forward signed by Montreal. By the end of the season, Mantha was paired on defence with Marty Burke, a partnership that would last for several seasons.

The 1929–30 saw Montreal win its second Stanley Cup during Mantha's tenure, in which he starred with two goals in the best-of-three Stanley Cup Finals series against the heavily favored Bruins, which had the best winning percentage in NHL history during the regular season. In this season, Mantha had career highs in goals, assists and points, finishing second among league defencemen to King Clancy of the Senators in goals, and third behind Clancy and Bruin Eddie Shore in points.

The first season-ending All-Star Team was named in 1930–31, and Mantha was named Second Team All-Star on defence for both that year and the next, for his prowess as a defensive defenceman. Goaltender George Hainsworth would take over as team captain for Mantha in 1933, a post Mantha would regain the following season.

Following an incident in the 1934 season where Mantha successfully substituted for the suspended Newsy Lalonde as coach for the Habs in two matches -- and beginning to fade as a player, no longer being a starter by the 1934 playoffs -- he was named the full-time player-coach for the 1935–36 NHL season. After a dismal season, with Montreal missing the playoffs for the first time in a decade and finishing in last place, the Canadiens fired him as a coach, and then released him as a player before the start of the 1937 season.

In a game against the New York Rangers on January 28, 1937, Boston superstar Eddie Shore sustained a back injury that proved to be season ending. In consequence, the Bruins signed Mantha as a replacement. It took some time for him to get into game shape, and ultimately he played only four games for Boston. Spurred on by cracking a bone in his elbow, Mantha admitted he could no longer play at a competitive level, and retired.

Retirement
After retirement as a player, Mantha worked as a linesman and referee for both the American Hockey League and the NHL. However, he found the continual travel required of an on-ice official grueling, and transitioned to coaching for Montreal-area junior league teams. He coached the Montreal Concordias, Laval Nationales (1943–1945), Verdun Maple Leafs (1945–1947), St. Jerome Eagles (1947–1948, 1951–1952), and Verdun Lasalle (1950–1951) before leaving organized hockey for good. During this time, Mantha was instrumental in steering future Hall of Famer Bernie Geoffrion to the Concordias, which at the time were under the control of the Canadiens, after seeing the then-14 year old Geoffrion score five goals in a match.

Mantha was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1960, and died in Montreal in August 1974.

The Georges and Sylvio Mantha Arenas are part of the Complexe Récréatif Gadbois in Montreal and named for him and his brother Georges Mantha.

title: Sylvio Mantha