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User:Liberlogos/Le Grand Fourre-Tout

Talk:List of active autonomist and secessionist movements#Major Secessionist Movements
Here are some relatively recent surveys I have found about some of the strongest and/or best known independence movements in the world. These surveys were conducted with different questions and standards, but it still can help one understand better. I may update it in the near future so keep aware. ;) --Liberlogos 05:24, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22px]] Kurdistan
 * 2005 informal referendum on independence: 98.7% in favour (you read well!) -

 * [[Image:Flag of Quebec.svg|22px]] Quebec
 * Two 2005 surveys on sovereignty with supra-national partnership: 54% in favour - ,

 * [[Image:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|22px]] Basque Country
 * 2005 survey on the Ibarretxe plan: 47% in favour (27% opposed) -
 * 2004 survey on political future: 31% in favour of independence (32% for status quo, 31% for federal model of greater autonomy) -

 * [[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|22px]] Scotland
 * 2005 survey on independence (probably within the EU): 46% in favour (39% opposed, 15% undecided) -

 * [[Image:Flag of Catalonia.svg|22px]] Catalonia
 * 2001 survey on independence: 35.9% in favour (48.1% opposed, 13.3% undecided) - (tell us if you find a more recent one)

 * [[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] Taiwan
 * Opinion on independence (unknown date): 30% in favour - (Wikipedia article without reference)

 * [[Image:Flag of Brittany.svg|22px]] Brittany
 * 2000 survey on independence (unknown date): 19% in favour, in current departments of Britanny (30% in Loire-Atlantique) -

 * [[Image:Flag of Wallonia.svg|22px]] Wallonia
 * 2003 survey on political future: 14% in favour of independence (75% for status quo, 36% for reunion with France) -

 * [[Image:Flag of Corsica.svg|22px]] Corsica
 * Survey on independence (unknown date): 13% in favour -

Image talk:Canadapoliticalchart.PNG

 * I also thought of "PQBQ BBQ" as a title, but decided otherwise. ;-P So, secondly, I will now briefly examine here the similarity between the Parti Québécois and the Bloc Québécois. As I argued earlier, the Bloc Québécois has become a party with a social and economic stance, which can be compared with le parti de René Lévesque. I do not want to qualify if and how much a coalition it was before, for now (I'll study this further and maybe discuss it another time). I'll only additionally put forward the fact that, like Gyslain Lebel, the more right-wing Pierre Brien also left his seat to join the fiscally "conservative" ADQ.

 * My (personal and open to debate) assessment is that the Bloc is now very similar on the ground of Ideals with a capital "I". Since people of one party are often active in the other, this helps that phenomenon. Where they differ is on the ground of the gameplan. This is in great part caused by a simple fact: their functions and opportunities are fundamentally distinct on some aspects. BQ and PQ are not on the same level of government. This entails that they must elaborate and perfect their said gameplans differently.
 * Noteworthy difference: The Bloc must elaborate arguments, projects, theories amd actions that are within reach in this federal parliament. Simple example: it cannot directly help causes that do not concern the federal level. The PQ must also concentrate on the level on which the National Assembly of Quebec as power. However, the mutual consultation helps the pair greatly in their own dealings with the other political level. Also, the fact that both have as ultimate goal a sovereign country leads them to both reflect and organize reflection events on all matters of all aspects of any political level.
 * Major difference: The function of the PQ is, in the Opposition, to criticize (and approve, if something happens to be more closely faithful to the PQ's convictions and the common good). It's goal is: to take power (from a party with opposing convictions), the make sovereignty advance, to win a referendum, to build the foundations of the new sovereign nation. The function of the BQ is to help sovereignty, but also to defend Quebec interests, notably by defending National Assembly concensus. It therefor must defend ALL parties of the National Assembly, even adversaries. --Liberlogos 05:28, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Barnstar of National Merit of Quebec

For your impressive work of translation about Quebec and its Leaders of State, and for sharing Quebec with Poland and the world, I present to you the Barnstar of National Merit of Quebec. --Liberlogos 01:04, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * pl:Wikipedysta:Jonasz
 * User:Nenuial

Translation & Lévesque
Thank you for your translation efforts on 'the Wikipedias' (like 'the Americas', I guess)! Thank you especially for your succinct but essential translation of the article about René Lévesque. I am curious about what brought you to know about him or brought you to the article. Will you ever get the chance to translate a bit more of the article? I think spreading knowledge to other language-speaking communities is a beautiful and very important part of the potential of Wikipedia. For that, well, congrats and thanks. --Liberlogos 02:59, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett
This is a finding Quebec investigative journalist Normand Lester made during his research for Le Livre noir du Canada anglais, translated as The Black Book of English Canada. The book examines the subject in its section from page 253 to page 266. It cites many examples of letters of Arcand pledging his loyalty to Bennet and asking him for funds.

Controversy
Published in 2001 by Quebecois investigative journalist Normand Lester (himself part Jewish), Le Livre noir du Canada anglais (later translated as translated as The Black Book of English Canada) first reported a relationship between R. B. Bennett and fascist Adrien Arcand.

The book tells that, before the 1930 federal election campaign, Adrien Arcand and his associate Joseph Ménard were secretly approached by then-senator Joseph H. Rainville, in the name of Conservative leader in opposition Richard Bedford Bennett. Arcand and Ménard were offered a initial garanteed funding of 25,000 dollars (equivalent to 268,577 dollars today, according to the book) and promise of further financial support for their newspapers, now known for their anti-semitic content. In return, their publications (at the time, Le Miroir and Le Goglu; Le Chameau would soon follow) and Arcand's movement l'Ordre patriotique des Goglus would need to help the Conservative Party of Canada win at least 12 seats in the upcoming election.

A letter from Adrien Arcand refers to Arcand and Bennett meeting each other and the exposition of the plan to the future Canadian PM:
 * Last week, my partner Jos. Ménard and I were honored and favored with an interview with you. Our plan of procedure and propaganda was exposed to you as well as our program of meetings throughout this province.

Another letter of Adrien Arcand and Joseph Ménard to R. B. Bennett shows the loyalty they profess towards the latter:
 * We will be glad and proud in our misfortune to have loyally served our ideal, our country, the doctrin (sic) of our Party and the Godsent man who leads our country so wisely in this hour of great distress and who has all our admiration and confidence. […] If God permits that, by one way of the other, we survive for one week or one year, you may rest assured that we will be during that time as we have been since our first interview, Your loyal and faithful Soldiers, Adrien Arcand Joseph Ménard

England
Quand je dis que nous ne devons rien à l'Angleterre, je parle au point de vue politique car je suis convaincu, et je mourrai avec cette conviction, que l'union du Haut et du Bas Canada ainsi que la Confédération nous ont été imposées dans un but hostile à l'élément français et avec l'espérance de le faire disparaître dans un avenir plus ou moins éloigné. J'ai voulu vous démontrer ce que pouvait être notre patrie. J'ai fait mon possible pour vous ouvrir de nouveaux horizons et, en vous les faisant entrevoir, pousser vos coeurs vers la réalisation de nos destinées nationales. Vous avez la dépendance coloniale, je vous offre l'indépendance; vous avez la gêne et la misère, je vous offre la fortune et la prospérité; vous n'êtes qu'une colonie ignorée du monde entier, je vous offre de devenir un grand peuple, respecté et reconnu parmi les nations libres. Hommes, femmes et enfants, à vous de choisir; vous pouvez rester esclaves dans l'état de colonie, ou devenir indépendant et libre, au milieu des autres peuples qui, de leurs voix toutes puissantes vous convient au banquet des nations.
 * When I say that we owe nothing to England, I speak in regards of politics, for I am convinced, and I shall die with this conviction, that the Union of Upper and Lower Canada as well as Confederation were imposed to us with a purpose hostile to the French element and with the hope of making it disappear in a more or less distant future. I wanted to show you what our homeland could be. I have made my best to open yourselves up to new horizons and, as I let you glimpse at them, push your hearts towards the fulfilment of our national destinies. You have colonial dependence, I offer you independence; you have shame and misery, I offer you fortune and prosperity; you are but a colony ignored by the whole world, I offer you becoming a great people, respected and recognized amongst free nations. Men, women and children, the choice is yours; you can remain slaves in the state of colony, or become independent and free, amongst the other peoples that, with their powerful voices beckon you to the banquet of nations.
 * Honoré Mercier. Speech of April 4, 1893.

 * These bribes had been torn off, with one hand from the ill will of the aristocratic government of England, always hostile to popular rights; and, with the other hand, from an oligarchy, weak in number, null in merit, landed just yesterday from overseas, and that the metropolis, by an arbitrary partiality, had constituted local dominant power.
 * According to these thrice sanctified and just principles, Canada, since it has become English, has not yet had a constitution. It has had an infinite variety of administrations, all bad. Each and every one of them deserves and will obtain from the impartial history only disgust for their defects, and fadings for the names of their authors, who organized the oppression of majorities by minorities.
 * This is how the English government was represented, at the beginning, by men capable of such aberrations of the mind, culprits of such excesses.
 * It is not the precipitated acceptance of the butched Quebec Act of confederation that can prove the wisdom of the statesmen of England. It is not their work; it was prepared in hiding, without the authorization of their constituents, by some colonists anxious to stud themselves to the power that had escaped them. The sinistre project is the works of badly famed and personally interested men, it is the achievement of evil at the British Parliament, surprised, misled, and inattentive to what it was doing.
 * By recapitulating some phases of our country's history to indicate you the policy that was systematically followed by the aristocratic government of England, in its old and its new colonies, I wanted to show you that this system was always imposed according to the natural prejudices of the caste who governs us in her own interest, interest which is in perpetual and irremediable conflict with those of the masses; that it was harmful to new establishments in America; that the interest of those is to ask for their emancipation as soon as possible, and to acquire all the advantages and all the privileges of new nationalities, completely independent from Europe.
 * Louis-Joseph Papineau
 * Not a single one, not a single one among us, in 200 years, has won a battle... and this is what it is to be colonized! When we have but martyrs! How can we have aspirations!? How can we have the will to fight!?
 * Pierre Bourgault

 * Pauline Julien refuses to sing for the Queen.

Quebec sovereignty movement: Exceptions

 * Peter Brimelow
 * Jane Jacobs
 * Robin Philpot

The independovereigntistiote movement
Je regardais les articles Quebec sovereigntist movement et History of the Quebec sovereignty movement et je crois qu'il faudra se taper une joyeuse refonte du texte interne et de la structure externe des articles. Je me questionne aussi sur la nécessité de scinder Quebec sovereigntist movement et History of the Quebec sovereignty movement. Toutefois, s'ils devaient demeurer séparés, il faudrait refaire la section Quebec sovereigntist movement. Bon! Pour la structure, voici une hypothèse que je postule pour un chemin à suivre, sous forme d'organigrammes (le liens rouge est un article à créer; les titres sans lien sont des sections).

Première hypothèse.
 * Quebec independence movement ou Quebec independence*
 * Struggle for New France
 * Patriote movement**
 * Reform movement
 * Lower Canada Rebellion
 * 1940-1956***
 * Quebec sovereignty movement

*: Les Écossais ont choisi le titre Scottish independence. Cela permet un traitement plus naturel de l'indépendance autrefois acquise, puis perdue (puis acquise et perdue) de la-dite nation. Mais je ne me prononce pas pour un titre ou un autre encore.

**: Cela pourrait être en partie le texte de Quebec nationalism (on opérerait une légère restructuration de Quebec nationalism par la même occasion).

***: Je me demande si l'on pourrait trouver un autre titre à ça. À la suite de mes récentes recherches et lectures, j'ai relevé une foule de faits intéressants sur les éclats d'indépendantisme pendant la période de l'Acte d'union à l'Alliance laurentienne. Et ma recherche n'est pas terminée: j'ai aussi trouvé une référence à un livre traitant de la quête d'une Laurentie libre pendant cette époque. En passant, j'ai écrit pour l'Alliance laurentienne un article anglophone et j'ai déjà découvert un peu plus sur les origines du concept de Laurentie, ce que j'ai incorporé à l'article sur le sujet que j'ai fondé (Laurentie (concept)).

Alors, qu'est-ce que tu en penses? --Liberlogos 12:26, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Scottish
Thanks. I'm aware of the current good fortunes of the movement. The 51% is even more impressive once you get to know that the opposite opinion is at 39%, not 49%, with 10% undecided. I had even read the Le Monde article already! It was linked on the Quebec independence website Vigile.net. Of course, appeal to fear from opponents is to be expected and, believe me, from our experience, it has only begun. The comical similarity of the fear tactics used in Scotland and Quebec was quite apparent with McConnell's Quebec affair four years ago (see link)..

Just to illustrate this point, I'll name you some common attacks on Quebec independence. "We are living in an ever globalizing world where peoples increasingly unite and collaborate within greater ensembles" (sovereigntists will counter that on the contrary they wish the same since they want an economic association with Canada but in equality, like you wish to be in the EU), "Nation-states, nations and nationalism are concepts of the 19th century", "Economic consequences would be disastrous", "[Canada] would not want to trade with us", "We'll lose [Canadian] resources (like Albertan oil)", "We'll lose [insert Canadian landmark or element here, the ultimate cliché being the Rocky mountains]", "We are too small and would have less weight in the world", "Jobs will be lost, companies will leave, prices will skyrocket (the sky will fall, the plague, the flames, the Knights of the Apocalypse)"... Ring any bells? Am I reciting your own broken record?

About the two referendums. Your line on that made me laugh.

So, here are some questions.

 * Terminology
 * Sides: In Quebec, those against independence call themselves "fédéralistes". Those for independence call themselves "souverainistes" (Quebec neologism) and/or "indépendantistes". Some feel the former is softer and the latter stronger, so moderates and hardliners sometimes have a preference, but a great number use both. What are the terms in Scotland? I understand many use "nationalist", but here "nationaliste" is used self-referencially by a great number of federalists and all major non-sovereigntist parties in Quebec claim to be nationalist. I seem to understand that "unionist" is not exactly consensual in meaning "against independence". How do Scots identify them?
 * "Separatist": In Quebec, "séparatiste" was used self-referentially only in the beginnings of the contemporary independence movement, let's say between 1957 and sometime in the 60s. It is now is shunned by most independentists (some can be offended by the word) and most Quebec-level federalist politicians do not use it. If used in French, it is clearly partisan and often used as a "scare weapon". When reported in French-speaking media, it is invariably put in quotation marks. In English Canada, the term is used a lot, in partisan and neutral ways, although some media do use "sovereigntist". What is the situation with the word "separatist" in Scotland?
 * "Country": I understand the use of "country" for the nation is more wide-spread than in other non-sovereign nations. How consensual is it to use the word "country" for Scotland, when speaking of the present time? Is there a difference on the side of unionists? How much of a political statement is saying "Scotland is a big country", if one at all? How is it elsewhere in the United Kingdom (still for Scotland)?

 * Attacks
 * When I read about arguments in Scottish politics, I am much amused to see the similarities. I'll name you some common attacks on Quebec independence. "We are living in an ever globalizing world where peoples increasingly unite and collaborate within greater ensembles" (sovereigntists will counter that on the contrary they wish the same since they want an economic association with Canada but in equality, like you wish to be in the EU), "Nation-states, nations and nationalism are concepts of the 19th century", "Economic consequences would be disastrous", "Canada would not want to trade with us", "We'll lose Canadian resources (like Albertan oil)", "We'll lose [insert Canadian landmark here, especially the Rocky mountains]", "We are too small and would have less weight in the world", "Jobs will be lost, companies will leave, prices will skyrocket (the sky will fall, the plague, the flames, the Knights of the Apocalypse)"... Ring any bells? Am I reciting your own broken record?

 * Demographics
 * What kind of reach does independence have in minorities? Is integration easy for them in the Scottish society? How much of an issue is tolerance in the independence movement? Is the accusation of "racism" by opponents and the suspicion of it in the movement a major issue?
 * Is there a sizable community of people from England in Scotland and if so, how is their integration and are they much more against independence?

 * Obtainment
 * Since the contemporary Scottish Assembly, a party can now take power and hold a referendum on independence. Before then, what were the plans on how independence would be achieved? Is there any debate still on the means of a referendum?

 * Acceptability
 * Was it ever a risk, professional, social or other, to declare oneself for independence? What about now? Here, a past Parti Québécois candidate (Jewish anglophone to boot) was nominated for director of an Ottawa hospital and a wave of angry protests erupted which was even joined by the Ontarian Premier.
 * What is the acceptability of the movement in England and in the UK? In English Canada, some wake up at night to hate "separatists" and fighting sovereigntists can be quite profitable politically. Inversly, appearance of proximity with them can be dangerous. Finding support for Quebec independence in English Canada would be insanely hard, especially outside the "let the whining bastards go if they don't like it" attitude. What is the attitude in England; more indifference? I saw the poll in one of your articles.

 * Language
 * Are there concrete plans to make Scottish Gaelic and the Scots language stronger, notably in the independence movement?
 * How are Scots living with the English language? Can Scots be proud of this language they speak despite the way Scotland came to speak it?

 * Themes
 * I know by heart Renton's rant in Trainspotting where he says "It's shite being Scottish [...] we've been colonized by wankers." etc. (and I admit liking to recite it in full accent) In the 1960s, a current of thought in the nationalist intelligentsia emerged which portrayed Quebec as a "colony" of Canada (indeed, Quebec was conquered, colonized, annexed, the French-speakers were discriminated and had the lowest jobs, the English and the exterior controlled the economy...). It is less used today, but it still exists, and some people call "être colonisé" the state of a Quebecer who is submissive to Canada. How much is that a current of thought in Scotland nationalists? Did its "popularity" change as well over time?

 * Grievances
 * Can you paint me a portrait of some of the major "injustices" suffered by Scotland from England throughout history from the nationalist point of view?

 * Regions
 * Regions in Quebec have political tendencies: example, Saguenay is the most sovereigntist and the Outaouais one of the least. The English Montreal's West Island is Sovereignty's no man's land. Montreal is the center of progressivism while Quebec City is more conservative. What about Scotland? Also, is there a difference between urban and rural areas in independence support?
 * In Quebec, the television, cinema and arts industry is massively concentrated in Montreal. Little is left to Quebec City and the regions. Close to no television show and few films happen outside of the Montreal region. There is a rivalry bewteen the two cities and there is a feeling Montreal is sometimes centered on itself. What is the situation for Glasgow and Edinburgh?

 * Internal allies
 * In Quebec, traditional allies of independence are trade unions, artists and entertainers, the left-wigners, the youth. Traditional opponents are the financial circle, right-wigners, the old ("you'll lose your pensions!" they tell them) and regretfully our Anglo-Quebecer compatriots. What about Scotland?

 * Foreign allies
 * The major foreign ally for Quebec sovereigntists has of course been France. That all began with President Charles De Gaulle's famous Vive le Québec libre! in 1967). In overt diplomacy, the government has since kept the doctrine of so-called "non-interference, non-indifference" and it deals with Quebec's government and Premier in a nation-to-nation relationship. Despite the dominating social democracy in Quebec sovereigntism, the French right-wing and Gaullists (obviously) have sometimes been warmer. Outside France, sympathy is rare, especially in governments, of course. All American governments from Carter to Clinton expressed a preference for Canadian unity but did not interfere in a major way. Does Scottish independence have international allies? How is the foreign popular sympathy for it? I would imagine at least a bunch of Americans who'd be warm to the idea.

 * Foreign relations
 * I saw a picture of Jack McConnell with George W. Bush. Is relationships between the Scottish government and sovereign governments frequent? Are there attempts from London to hamper this?

BoNM
Pour votre dévouement au développement du savoir au sujet du Québec dans le monde anglophone, pour votre fidélité à l'Amérique française et la patrie de vos ancêtres, pour votre travail altruiste en tant que citoyen d'un territoire externe, pour votre défense courageuse d'articles apparentés au Québec (par exemple List of Quebec television series et Quebec bashing), je vous décerne fièrement la Quebec Barnstar of National Merit. Liberlogos 06:58, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

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L'Assemblée des six-comtés aussi connu sous le nom de Manifestation des Canadiens contre le gouvernement anglais, à Saint-Charles, en 1837, est une grande peinture à l'huile exécutée sur toile par l'artiste ontarien Charles Alexander Smith en 1890.

Il représente l'Assemblée des six-comtés, un événement de 1837 faisant partie de l'histoire du Québec et du mouvement des Patriotes. Il est exhibé à l'exposition permanente du Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec dans la vile de Québec (ville).

Composition
The picture includes many elements of what is known about the Patriote movement and their time. It features a number of Patriote leaders, upon the stage at the right, with accurate appearance. Patriote leader Louis-Joseph Papineau is shown in a speech to the crowd. At the bottom left stand three flags. From the left, the first represents the influence the Patriotes received from the French Revolution, the second is the Patriote flag and the third embodies the admiration of the Patriote for the American Revolution. The Patriote flag remains a visual leitmotiv across the composition.

The right field profusely displays maple leafs, a symbol of the French Canadians of the time (they have now been left away by their modern-day Quebecois and Quebec nationalist successors because of its appropriation by the Canadian federation). In the same section is the Coat of arms of Quebec, leaned upon the wooden stage structure (one anachronistic detail, as this version, contemporary to the painting's execution, is the first arms of Quebec post-Conquest, granted in 1868).

The crowd, mesmerized and invigorated at the same time by Papineau's much celebrated oratory skills, holds many signs reading nationalist and independence slogans. Many in attendance wear the tuques and Ceintures fléchées belts characteristic of the Patriote symbology. The Colonne de la liberté stands tall in the background (the one from Henri Julien's illustration and the contemporary replica appear much shorter). Finally, a very young girl at the immediate left-of-the-middle evocatively stares at the spectator.

Histoire
Il fut commandé à Smith pour être afficher dans la chambre de l'Assemblée législative du Parlement de Québec. Toutefois, le gouvernment du Premier ministre québécois Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville ne l'accepta pas et l'œuvre passa entre plusieures mains avant de devenir part de la collection de ce qui est aujourd'hui le Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

Présenté à la Salle 10, il fait partie de l'exposition permanente d'art apparenté à l'histoire du Québec nommée "«Je me souviens». Quand l’art imagine l’histoire". La peinture a connu la restauration. De nos jours, un certain nombre de livres au sujet des Patriotes, ou de leur époque au Québec, usent de l'œuvre, often cropped, to illustrate their cover page.

In a similar fashion, initial plans to erect a statue in honour of Louis-Joseph Papineau on the Quebec City Parliament Hill were aborted because of the then-controversial aspect of what was seen as a revolutionary figure. A smaller statue was instead made for interior display in the Parliament and a monument such as the one originally envisioned would be inaugurated in the 2000s.

Sujet

 * Article principal: Assemblée des six-comtés.

The Assembly of the Six Counties gathered Patriote leaders and approximately 6,000 followers in Saint-Charles, Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) on October 23 and October 24, 1837. Presided by Wolfred Nelson, it is the most famous of the various popular assemblies held during that year protesting the Russell Resolutions. It was a prelude to the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 that sought the independence of a Lower Canada republic. Speakers were united it their protest of the British colonial government but, as one part supported economic boycotts of British products, the other appealed to an armed uprising.

Référence

 * "Informations historiques: Le Parlement de A à Z" at the National Assembly of Quebec website

Voir aussi

 * Assemblées populaires patriotes
 * Histoire du Québec
 * Chronologie de l'histoire du Québec
 * Nationalisme québécois
 * Mouvement indépendantiste québécois

Lien externe

 * "Musée National des Beaux-Arts du Québec - Salle 10" sur le site web du Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec

-->

Deconstructing a myth
The rules of Wikipedia commending removal of non-sovereign nationalities for the superstructural reference... Is it the case? No. This is why.

The Rules
Now, WP:MOS itself already begins to guide us by noting that "the following quotation from The Chicago Manual of Style is worth considering: Rules and regulations such as these, in the nature of the case, cannot be endowed with the fixity of rock-ribbed law. They are meant for the average case, and must be applied with a certain degree of elasticity." Ah, but WP:MOSBIO tells us: "Nationality (In the normal case this will mean the country of which the person is a citizen or national, [...]" So much is contained in a simple word: "normal", like in the word "average". As one reviews the talk that lead to such a construct, one notices (at Talk:WP:MOSBIO) that it was adopted specifically to address this type of issue, leaving this essential elasticity for things such as non-sovereign nationality. The ethnicity part was to clear up problems such as one issue with a user who insisted in having Jennifer Aniston described as Greek. However, "Quebec" is not a ethnicity and "Quebec is a civic nation, not an ethnic nation."... says one Michael Ignatieff, yesterday in The Globe and Mail (as have done before Benoît Pelletier, Bernard Landry, etc., etc.)

The precedents
Non-sovereign nationality is tolerated and encouraged across Wikipedia.
 * Ewan McGregor "is a Scottish actor who has had significant success in mainstream, indie and art house films."
 * Craig Ferguson is a Scottish Emmy-nominated actor,''' film director, screenwriter, comedian, composer, and novelist. He is the current host of The Late Late Show, broadcast on CBS.
 * Sean Connery (a Scottish nationalist, or "sovereigntist" in Quebec parlance) "is an Oscar-winning Scottish actor and producer who is also well-known for his portrayal of James Bond."
 * Jack McConnell (a Scottish unionist, or "federalist" in Quebec parlance) "is a Scottish politician, leader of the Labour Party in Scotland and the third and current First Minister of Scotland."
 * Francesc Macià i Llussà "was a Catalan soldier, politician and President of the Generalitat (Catalan government)."
 * Lluís Companys i Jover "was a Catalan politician and leader of the Esquerra Party (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya)."
 * Josep Irla i Bosch "was a Catalan politician."
 * Josep Tarradellas i Joan "was a Catalan politician."
 * Juan José Ibarretxe "is a Basque politician."
 * Yungchen Lhamo "is a Tibetan singer living in exile in New York City."
 * I Muvrini "is a Corsican folk music group who sing traditional Corsican music in their native Corsican language."
 * Mustafa Barghouti "is a Palestinian democracy activist."
 * Maurice Kenney "is a Mohawk poet."
 * Delby Powless "is a Mohawk lacrosse player from the Six Nations of the Grand River Indian reserve near Brantford, Ontario."
 * Zachary Ittimangnaq "is an Inuit actor who portrayed the character Ootek in the 1983 film Never Cry Wolf."
 * Paula Gunn Allen "is a Native American poet, literary critic, activist and novelist."
 * etc.

And even with ethnicity...
 * Ron Karenga, "also known as Ron Everett, is an African American author and Marxist political activist, best known as the founder of Kwanzaa, a week-long celebration first observed in California from December 26, 1966, to January 1, 1967."
 * Elizabeth Catlett Mora "is an African American sculptress and printmaker."
 * William Kristol "is a Jewish American neoconservative thinker, inspired in part by the ideas of Leo Strauss."
 * Joe Pesci, "is an Italian-American Academy Award-winning actor, comedian and singer who is often typecast as a violent mobster or grouchy funnyman."
 * etc.

The situation
It is highly preferable to have an encyclopedia that reflects true reality, that considers it before "officiality". Those initially opposed to the position I am exposing are probably the first to strongly agree on this. But this argues for the sociological national identity, even if non-sovereign, to be regarded. Wikipedia has this strength of having access to the reality from within societies from its international contributors, and it must harbour it. We know that if people wait for the authorities to reflect the reality of society, one will wait a while (and have before).

"Quebecer", "Quebecois", "Quebec", beyond any "nation" debate, indicates the social grouping in which this individual most often acquired the tapestry of his being, inscribed her or himself into the world fabric and left the center of the imprint of her or his legacy. The social reality of a distinct society is central to the discussion about a subject.

So, what is the sociological reality in Quebec? An vast majority of Quebecers consider Quebec a nation (75% to 85% from what I'm reading) and therefor Quebecer a nationality. A majority consider themselves "Quebecers only" or "Quebecers first". If it were up to themselves, Quebec would be recognized a nation in the Canadian constitution. The only people stopping this are Canadians; why should they, of all peoples on Earth, be those with the supreme authority to judge the nature of this Quebec people, before anyone else and before Quebecers themselves? Their own National Assembly of Quebec has affirmed solemnly that Quebec was a nation on repeated occasions, as Prime Minister of Canada Harper has reminded us again recently.

Furthermore, WP:MOS tells us that "[w]here known, use terminology that subjects use for themselves (self-identification). This can mean using the term an individual uses for himself or herself, or using the term a group most widely uses for itself." It also suggests to "[u]se specific terminology".

Neutrality
Quebecer is the neutral form. In Quebec, someone saying they're a Quebecer is a Citizen of Quebec. Someone saying they're a Canadian is a federalist Citizen of Quebec. But also, as exposed in the "Precedents" section, considering the sociological sphere (what some call "nation") of the subject and identifying it is a wide custom on Wikipedia and elsewhere. Treating Quebec differently from these other nations while the "national" consciousness there is often equal or stronger is called being biased.

So to the person who would still wish to challenge the "Quebecer" denomination, I cordially enjoin them to make on WikipediaDaniel O'Connell a British political leader, Sean Connery a British actor, Alex Salmond a British politician and Yasser Arafat an Israeli politician. When this user has reached the consensus with the articles' respective authors to keep these changes, people like me will be happy to reconsider this position. --Liberlogos 23:48, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Gala de l'ADISQ
Gala de l'ADISQ Category:Awards navigational boxes Category:Film templates

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VigTxt
J'ai, vendredi le 10 novembre, assisté au dernier colloque Hubert Aquin organisé par Radio-Canada, la chaire de recherche du Canada en mondialisation, citoyenneté et démocratie et le journal Le Devoir. Ces événements portaient particulièrement sur un texte d'Aquin, dit "fondateur" pour le nationalisme québécois moderne, celui de "La Fatigue culturelle du Canada français" paru dans la revue Liberté. Cette édition des colloques portait sur la Liberté (le concept, cette fois).

Les cinq colloques furent certainement utiles. Toutefois, une idée énoncée par l'animateur avant ces événements est revenue dans la bouche d'autres personnes durant la soirée: la grille d'analyse de la colonisation, et de l'oppression, est périmée, erronée, "dans le champ", quand on conçoit la situation québécoise contemporaine. Cela fut affirmé par un spectateur et confirmé par un paneliste. L'oppression, selon ce dernier, résiderait seulement maintenant dans le refus, au sein du Canada, de la reconnaissance de la nation québécoise. Un tant soit peu agacé, j'ai pris la parole pour dire que, tout modéré soit-on, il est possible même raisonnable de concevoir aujourd'hui un colonialisme et une oppression. La différence entre l'époque d'Aquin et la nôtre est que l'on n'en parle plus, ce que, ai-je dit, est "peut-être une fatigue, et certainement fatiguant".

Prenons un simple exemple: le référendum de 1995 et les moyens entrepris par le Canada pour y bloquer le souverainisme. Un certain nombre de ces moyens furent qualifiés par d'autres d'illégaux et d'immoraux. L'interprétation "acoloniale" pourrait laisser transparaître une situation fort manichéenne. Or, la théorie du colonialisme, plutôt que de nous retrancher dans un radicalisme étroit, peut en fait permettre de comprendre un comportement d'un mépris paradoxalement bienveillant, résultant pourtant en un mécanisme inique.

En 1995, il y avait une grande entité et une petite entité, les deux intégrés à un grand ensemble. La petite entité manifesta un mouvement centrifuge et "autonomisant", divergeant de la grande entité. Cette dernière constata cette amorce. Elle y vit d'abord une menace à l'intégrité mystique et sacralisée du grand ensemble et du soi, ce qui prima sur les intérêts et la volonté souveraine de la petite entité, ainsi que sur l'Autre et sur la moralité. Mais il y a plus. Le projet de la petite entité, la souveraineté nationale, est reconnu légitime par la grande entité pour des centaines de peuples dans le monde, y compris le sien. Il ne l'est toutefois pas pour ce plus petit peuple là-même, en son giron. Mais, la grande entité juge que la petite est intrinsèquement incapable de constater le caractère lourdement illégitime d'un tel projet lui étant appliqué. Et là, tout vient de là. Pour cette raison, le Moyen immoral devient moral. La grande entité, comme il est impérieux de le faire, sauvera la petite entité — d'elle même — contre elle même.

O Blanc, reprends ton lourd fardeau : Envoie au loin ta plus forte race, Jette tes fils dans l'exil Pour servir les besoins de tes captifs;

Pour - lourdement équipé - veiller Sur les races sauvages et agitées, Sur vos peuples récemment conquis, Mi-diables, mi-enfants.

Le Fardeau de l'homme blanc de Rudyard Kipling

Il y a un mot pour ça. Colonialisme. Il peut être substitué par d'autres, souvent nombreux, en amalgame, mais qui ne savent en faire la synthèse fidèle. --Liberlogos 20:15, 11 November 2006 (UTC) -->

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title: User:Liberlogos/Le Grand Fourre-Tout


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User:Thephotoman

thephotoman, spelt all lower case and without spaces, occasionally refered to as "photo" by online friends, is a 22-year-old college student residing in the Houston, Texas area. His interests include classic rock, Harry Potter fanfiction, armchair philosophy, biology and computers. He's also, as his name would suggest, a sometime-photographer, when he's not busy with school or writing an opinion column published in The Daily Cougar. He admits to being terrible with WikiWiki code in general, so pardon his gaffes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Thephotoman


text:
The Strong Arms of the Ma

"The Strong Arms of the Ma" is the ninth episode of the fourteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 2, 2003. It is the 300th episode to be broadcast; though "Barting Over" is indicated on-screen to be the 300th episode, it is actually the 302nd. In the episode, Marge develops agoraphobia in response to a traumatic mugging and overcomes the fear through exercise and bodybuilding, which leads to her taking anabolic steroids and experiencing a change in personality.

Carolyn Omine wrote the episode, and Pete Michels directed. Pamela Reed guest starred as recurring character Ruth Powers.

Plot
The Simpson family goes to Rainier Wolfcastle's bankruptcy garage sale. Homer asks Rainier if he has anything that will increase in value when he dies, and is shown an old weight-lifting set, complete with dumbbells and bench press, which he ends up buying. While loading the car with the family's various purchases, Homer fails to leave room for himself, forcing Marge to drive back home by herself while Homer is carried back by Rainier. On the way home, Marge and the kids discover that Maggie has soiled her diaper. Marge pulls into the Kwik-E-Mart, and changes Maggie in the restroom. As she is leaving the store, a shady character accosts her and threatens her with a gun. Finding only diapers in Marge's purse, he grabs Marge's pearl necklace and runs off. Marge, stunned, walks to her car in a daze and breaks down crying at the wheel in front of her kids.

The next day, they inform the police and Chief Wiggum declares he will investigate immediately. Later, as Marge is about to leave the house, Homer gives her pepper spray and some tips on how to handle an attacker. She pulls up to the Kwik-E-Mart, but she snaps when Ralph greets her. She pepper-sprays him on impulse and, feeling guilty, drives back home where she feels safe. When she reaches home, Bart tells her she is parked over the mailman. Marge cannot bring herself to cross the threshold of her house to help the mailman. Dr. Hibbert diagnoses Marge with agoraphobia. Homer and the kids try their best over the next few days to encourage her to go outside, but to no avail. Eventually, she moves into the basement. There, feeling a bit safer, she prepares breakfast for the family and sets up a bed for herself. One day, when she is alone at home, she eyes Rainier Wolfcastle's weight-lifting set and decides to use it to pass the time. In two weeks, she builds herself up and gets well-defined abdominal muscles, much to Homer's delight. She dashes out to the garden to get some lemons and, realizing that she is not afraid anymore, starts running around town. She runs into her mugger; even though the mugger is not aggressive against Marge, she assaults him and beats him up in revenge. The cops arrive and arrest the crook, and Marge starts exercising even more. One day, as she jogs by an open-air gym at the beach, she runs into Ruth Powers, her old neighbor. Ruth is also very muscular, and tells Marge that she owes it all to anabolic steroids. She talks Marge into using them, and also advises Marge to enter a women's bodybuilding contest. Using the steroids, Marge exercises harder than ever, becoming very muscular and estrogen-depleted, which results in a short temper and violent behavior. Homer, seeing these changes, finds himself less attracted to her. When Homer refuses Marge's sexual advances the night before the contest, she callously ignores his worries and then proceeds to pin him down and rapes him, before leaving him completely sore and exhausted to take care of the kids the next morning.

That night, the family attends the Iron Maiden Fitness Pageant to see the women's bodybuilding final. Marge wins second place, which irritates her when she overhears her family's unhappy conversation in the audience. Later that night, at Moe's, Marge boasts to all the male attendees about her performance at the competition. Homer then tells her he is proud of her ability to bulk up but not lose her femininity. Marge is angered by that, saying that was the reason she came in second place. She then tells everyone at the bar that she intends to up her usage of drugs, and flies into an uncontrollable rage and trashes the bar. Homer confronts his wife as she prepares to hurl Lenny at him. Terrified, Homer tells Marge that he misses the sweet, feminine woman he married. Marge, horrified with what she has done, apologizes, drops Lenny, and leaves with Homer. In order to cover the costs of repairing his bar, Moe sets fire to it to receive insurance money; however, Carl points out that the place has not been insured yet.

Later, at the Simpson house, Marge burns the weight set in the furnace as the episode ends. Homer asks if Marge is ready for a "real workout" which turns out to be a request to wax the car, after which he gets beaten by Marge until he says that he was just kidding.

Production
In her original pitch for the episode, Carolyn Omine had Homer being the one to get mugged, becoming agoraphobic as a result. Staff writer Al Jean had the idea of Marge becoming a bodybuilder after going through these events, so it was changed from Homer to Marge. Omine was initially concerned that while Homer being mugged is humorous, Marge being mugged is serious, and later acknowledged that it turned into a "rare serious moment that was kinda cool". The episode had many light moments to balance this out. Jean thought that showing Marge threatened and vulnerable was a great emotional moment that had not been done on the show before. He notes that the attacker ripping off her pearl necklace makes her seem "naked" and that it changes her.

Jean noted that when characters go very off model, it can cause issues. He noted that some were thrown off by the Marge-on-steroids look and said Marge probably should not have gotten as muscular as she did. The idea behind the design was that Marge, wanting to never be weak again, ends up overcompensating to become super aggressive and overpowering. Omine said that these things, plus her becoming less likable and off-model, was a negative combination.

Themes
"Strong Arms of the Ma" addresses the issue of steroid rage. After becoming addicted to the drug, Marge has a moment of realization, claiming "steroids have turned me into everything I hate". While the authors of The Psychology of the Simpsons: D'oh! do not condone the "violent destruction" of Marge in the episode, they reason that both the in-universe characters and the real-world audience attribute Marge's behavior to the drugs and not an "innately mean personality". They argue that Marge was not "herself". Mood changes and aggression are both documented side effects of "prolonged steroid use".

Cultural references
The episode title is a reference to the common phrase "the long arm of the law". The way that Marge defends herself against her mugger is an homage to a scene in the film The Godfather in which Sonny Corleone beats up Carlo Rizzi. In the bar scene where Marge looks upon her destruction, Samuel Barber's Adagio for strings – also used in the film Platoon – plays in the background.

A reference to The Twilight Zone season one episode eight "Time Enough at Last" is seen in the scene where Marge runs over the mailman and he has enough time to read a magazine but his glasses break. The Twilight Zone theme plays after.

The sequence where Homer loads the car is a direct parody of Tetris, including the Type A music from the Game Boy version and the game over music from the Nintendo Entertainment System version.

Reception
Reviewing this season, DVD Verdict said, "There are some real clinkers this season. Both 'Large Marge' and 'Strong Arms of the Ma' prove that writing good episodes about Marge seem to be out of the question by this point."

Cinema.com describes the premise as "Marge becomes agoraphobic (yes, only for one episode) after being mugged on the street and rather strangely decides that the best thing to do is take up weight lifting. It’s just a silly as it sounds. Another dud of an episode.

DVD Talk said, "What's encouraging is that the 300th episode, whether it's ‘Barting Over’ or ‘Strong Arms of the Ma,’ is simply a number to the writers and producers of The Simpsons at this point, rather than a finish line. As of this writing, the show is knocking on the doorstep of 500 and doesn't appear to be slowing down at the moment, and it's slight changes in focus for the show's seasons that make it worth appreciating, and this one is no different."

title: The Strong Arms of the Ma


text:
Imperial Regalia of Japan

The Three Sacred Treasures (三種の神器) are the imperial regalia of Japan and consist of the sword Kusanagi no Tsurugi (草薙劍), the mirror Yata no Kagami (八咫鏡), and the jewel Yasakani no Magatama (八尺瓊勾玉). They represent the three primary virtues: valour (the sword), wisdom (the mirror), and benevolence (the jewel). The actual historical status of these legendary treasures is unknown as they are intentionally kept from public view to symbolize authority.

Representations of the regalia are used in masakaki in many Shinto rituals.

Legend
According to legend, these treasures were brought to Earth by Ninigi-no-Mikoto, legendary ancestor of the Japanese imperial line, when his grandmother, the sun goddess Amaterasu, sent him to pacify Japan. These treasures were eventually said to be passed down to Emperor Jimmu, who was the first Emperor of Japan and Ninigi's great-grandson. Traditionally, they were a symbol of the emperor's divinity as a descendant of Amaterasu, confirming his legitimacy as paramount ruler of Japan. When Amaterasu hid in a cave from her brother Susanoo-no-Mikoto, thus plunging the world in darkness, the goddess Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto hung the mirror and jewels outside the cave and lured her out of hiding. Upon emerging from the cave, Amaterasu was so started by her reflection in the mirror that it gave the gods an opportunity to extract her. Susanoo later presented the sword Kusanagi to Amaterasu as a token of apology; he had obtained it from the body of an eight-headed serpent, Yamata no Orochi.

At the conclusion of the Genpei War in 1185, the six-year-old Emperor Antoku and the Regalia were under the control of the Taira clan. They were present when the Taira were defeated by the rival Minamoto clan at the Battle of Dan-no-ura, which was fought on boats in the shallow Kanmon Straits. Although there are a some medieval texts relating to the loss of the sword, which variously contended that a replica was forged afterwards, or that the lost sword itself was a replica, or even that the sword was returned to land by supernatural forces; replicas of the sword and mirror were actually made as early as the 9th century, and the original sword is considered entrusted to Atsuta Shrine in Nagoya. The importance of the Imperial Regalia to Japan is evident from the declarations made by Emperor Hirohito to Kōichi Kido on 25 and 31 July 1945 at the end of World War II, when he ordered the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan to protect them "at all costs".

Role
Since 690, the presentation of these items to the Emperor by the priests at the shrine has been a central element of the enthronement ceremony. This ceremony is not public, and these items are by tradition seen only by the Emperor and certain priests. While their actual locations are not confirmed, it is commonly thought that the sword is located at the Atsuta Shrine in Nagoya, the jewel is located at the Three Palace Sanctuaries in Kōkyo (the Imperial Palace in Tokyo), and the mirror is located at the Ise Grand Shrine in Mie Prefecture. Their first post-World War II enthronement appearance occurred during the accession and enthronement of Akihito in 1989 and 1990. Aside from their presence during the abdication of Akihito on 30 April 2019, their latest appearance occurred during the enthronement of Emperor Naruhito. He formally took possession of the regalia in a brief ceremony on 1 May 2019. The items themselves were never revealed during these public occasions as they remained shrouded from view in packages or boxes.

When these items are not being used for their ceremonial purpose, their supposed locations are kept off limits to the public. Mikael Adolphson, a professor at Cambridge University, stated that this hidden strategy "adds mystique, and thus, authority, to the objects." He went on to say that Shinto religious tradition is "especially protective" of its symbols. There is a general reluctance in Japan to allow a historical analysis of the regalia as such an assessment could potentially "de-mythologize" the items.

Scholars consider the imperial regalia to represent the fusion of Japan's ancient indigenous groups with new arrivals. The three treasures are a symbol that the emperor should unite the ethnic groups without discrimination.

Cultural references

 * The phrase "Three Sacred Treasures" is retrospectively applied to durable goods of modern Japan. During a policy address in 2003, then-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi said that during the mid-1950s and mid-1960s, the "three sacred treasures" for durable goods were the washing machine, refrigerator, and the black and white television, and the automobile, air conditioner, and color television set from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s.
 * Alvin and Heidi Toffler's Powershift use them to symbolize the three kinds of power they distinguish: force (sword), wealth (jewel) and knowledge (mirror).
 * In Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon, a popular Japanese manga and anime franchise, the three talismans of the Outer Senshi are stylized as a mirror, sword and jewel. When brought together, they manifest the Holy Grail.
 * In Yu Yu Hakusho an early episode arc focuses on the theft of three "Artifacts of Darkness" – A soul-stealing jeweled orb, a wish-granting magical mirror, and a demonic sword.
 * In the One Piece manga by Eiichiro Oda, the character Kizaru – who has the ability to transmutate into light – has fighting techniques named for each of the Three Sacred Treasures.
 * In the popular King of Fighters video game series, the regalia form the icons of the three sacred treasures of the Kusanagi, Yagami and Kagura families.
 * In The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, the three essential items for travelling in the Dark World are the Magic Mirror, the Moon Pearl, and the Master Sword.
 * In Final Fantasy XIV: Stormblood, the Primal Susano was contained in three treasures sacred to the tortoise-like Kojin of the Ruby Sea; the sword Ame no Murakumo, the mirror Yata-no-Kagami, and the gem Yasakani-no-Magatama. When the three treasures were brought together, Susano was restored and challenged the player to battle.
 * In Noragami, the shinkis, i.e. spirits that gods use for various tasks and purposes, of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu are called "three sacred treasures"; they are named "Mikagami" (the mirror), "Mitama" (the magatama jewel), and "Mitsurugi" (the sword).
 * In Ōkami, Amaterasu uses three types of divine instruments based on the three sacred treasures: Reflectors (the mirror), Rosaries (the jewels), and Glaives (the sword).
 * In Naruto, Orochimaru uses the "Kusanagi Blade" against the third hokage. Itachi is seen using attacks utilizing Yasakani beads and the "Yata Mirror." Itachi also uses the "Totsuka Blade" which is said to be a variant of the Kusanagi Blade.
 * In Kid Icarus, Pit uses the "Three Sacred Treasures" to beat Medusa. They are the "Arrow of Light", the "Mirror Shield", and the "Wings of Pegasus".
 * In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game, the "Mikanko" archetype features cards referencing the three sacred treasures: "Ha-Re the Sword", "Ni-Ni the Mirror" and "Hu-Li the Jewel", all of which have names deriving from descendants of the sun goddess Amaterasu, in which a fourth card, "Ohime the Manifested", appears to represent.

title: Imperial Regalia of Japan


text:
Miami Conservancy District

The Miami Conservancy District is a river management agency operating in Southwest Ohio to control flooding of the Great Miami River and its tributaries. It was organized in 1915 following the catastrophic Great Dayton Flood of the Great Miami River in March 1913, which hit Dayton, Ohio particularly hard. Designed by Arthur Ernest Morgan, the Miami Conservancy District built levees, straightened the river channel throughout the Miami Valley, and built five dry dams on various tributaries to control flooding. The district and its projects are unusual in that they were funded almost entirely by local tax initiatives, unlike similar projects elsewhere which were funded by the federal government and coordinated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Historical perspective
The 1913 flood has been ascribed in part to the 1912 eruption of Mount Katmai and its daughter volcano Novarupta in Alaska. In one of the greatest recorded volcanic events, Novarupta emitted enough fine ash into the atmosphere to block sunlight and cool the climate of the Northern Hemisphere that winter.

The success of the Miami Conservancy District helped to inspire the development of the much larger Tennessee Valley Authority during the Great Depression. The district was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1972.

Dams
The district manages five dry dams. They are hydraulic fill dams constructed from 1919 to 1922 using fill trestles.

Englewood Dam
Located near Englewood, Englewood dam is the largest of the dams maintained by the district. It regulates the flow of the Stillwater River into the Great Miami River. It consists of 3500000 cuyd of earth, is 110 ft high and stretches 4716 ft. U.S. Route 40 crosses the top of the dam. The dam can contain 209,000 acre.ft of flood water over 6350 acre. It was constructed in 1919 and consists of as much earth as the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Germantown Dam
Located near Germantown, Germantown Dam regulates the flow of Twin Creek into the Great Miami River. It consists of 865000 cuyd of earth, is 100 ft high and 1210 ft wide. The dam can contain 73,000 acre.ft of flood water over 2950 acre (12 km²). It was constructed in 1920.

Huffman Dam
Located near Fairborn, Huffman Dam regulates the flow of the Mad River into the Great Miami River. It consists of 1,665,000 cuyd of earth, is 65 ft high and spans 3340 ft. The dam can contain 124,000 acre.ft of flood water over 7300 acre.

Lockington Dam
Located north of Piqua outside the village of Lockington, Lockington dam regulates the flow of Loramie Creek into the Great Miami River. It consists of 1,135,000 cuyd of earth, is 69 ft high and spans 6400 ft. The dam can contain 63,000 acre.ft of flood water over 3,600 acre (15 km²). It was constructed in 1919.

Taylorsville Dam
Located near Vandalia, Taylorsville Dam regulates the Great Miami River. It consists of 1,235,000 cuyd of earth, is 67 ft high and spans 2980 ft. When full, the dam would inundate 9,650 acre (39 km²). It was constructed in 1919.

Recreation
The Miami Conservancy District (MCD) actively promotes and develops recreational amenities throughout the Great Miami River Watershed. MCD owns and/or maintains an extensive recreation trail system (nearly 34 miles) throughout Montgomery County. The trail system is part of a network of 340 miles of multi-use, paved path that connect Dayton east to Xenia and near Chillicothe and London, south to Franklin, west to near Greenville, and north to Piqua.

MCD maintains several boat ramps to encourage recreation on the Great Miami River Watershed waterways. MCD also offers river recreation maps to the Great Miami, Mad and Stillwater rivers which make up the national and state-designated Great Miami River Watershed Water Trail – the largest water trail system in Ohio. The trail collectively offers 291 miles of waterway accessible to recreational boaters, fishermen and wildlife watchers.

Low dams: MCD owns three low dams. Only Two-mile Dam in Hamilton is part of the flood protection system. The other low dams create a pool of water upstream of each dam for recreation, including boating and fishing. The cities of Hamilton, West Carrollton, and Moraine pay an assessment for MCD to maintain the recreational dams.

RiverWalk: The Dayton RiverWalk runs along the levee-top between the Main Street Bridge and the Monument Avenue (Dayton View) Bridge on each side of the Great Miami River. The total length of the lighted, crushed gravel walkway loop, including the two bridges, is about 1 mile. The walkway is easily accessible from the end of either bridge.

All of these projects were constructed and are maintained by funds separate from flood protection or groundwater assessments. Assessments to cities – as well as grants and other revenue sources – pay for the construction and maintenance of MCD recreation amenities.

title: Miami Conservancy District


text:
Talk:Lingchi

One of the linked people in "List of People put to Lingchi" is still alive today
Under "Quing Dynasty" there is a person listed called "Chen De" who died in 1803. The link to this person redirects to a master chess player still alive today.

I don't know how to edit this properly but maybe some of you do : ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:4B42:BC80:E488:56D9:681E:FF0E (talk) 20:25, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Auguste Chapdelaine
The caption to the image in the lede simply says "An 1858 illustration from the French newspaper Le Monde illustré, of the lingchi execution ... of Auguste Chapdelaine" whereas the History section states "Harper's Weekly claimed the martyr Auguste Chapdelaine was also killed by lingchi but in China; in reality he was beaten to death." --142.163.194.149 (talk) 15:24, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

"Death thousand papercuts" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Death thousand papercuts and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 01:58, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Questionable hyperlink
There is an example, which is ofcourse not unique of wikipedia, of a questionable or tenuous hyperlink - ie 'western sensationalsied myths' (a rather long phrase to try to hyperlink to and which suggests a very specific article) linking to the 'Orientalism' article. It seems to me like someone tried to horseshoe in a kind of 'agenda' or try to tell people 'this is an example' or this 'is' 'orientialism' (it doesn't link to a subsection), which is not what hyperlinks are there to do. It is up to your own analysis how to properly understand it, but this is not to be communicated with a misused hyperlink on a wikipedia article trying to brashly 'tell' people something is something (besides the numinous and unclear implication concerning the practice as a whole- two sections contradict each other) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:A310:E23F:400:EC8C:699E:6905:F06B (talk) 09:42, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The linked source text is "sensationalised Western myth" (important if you expect people to find, and comment on, it in context), which is piped to the Orientalism article, which I don't find misleading, in that the latter term refers to Westerners' romantic, and often deprecatory, view of Asian cultures. Dhtwiki (talk) 20:33, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

basis for categorization of sources into "published accounts"?
the sections "history" and "people put to death by lingchi" include several references to chinese-language published sources, but there is a separate section "published accounts" that appears to list exclusively western-language accounts published by foreigners. is there some reason that the histories, annals, etc. cited previously are not "published accounts"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.163.179.80 (talk) 01:58, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Contradictions
It is a torture method described as being 15-20 minutes, before talking about how it may last up to 3 days. If it is common enough, these should be merged into one sentence, if not, it should be removed. I can do stuff ! (talk) 22:16, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lingchi


text:
Onești

Onești (Ónfalva), formerly known as Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, is a city in Bacău County, Romania, with a population of 34,005 inhabitants as of 2021. It is situated in the historical region of Moldavia.

Administratively, the villages of Slobozia and Borzești form part of Onești.

History
The locality was documentary attested as a village on December 14, 1458. In 1952, the communist authorities decided to build a large petrochemical industrial platform (Borzești Petrochemical Plant) and a new related city in the area of Onești and Borzești villages. Borzești, according to legend, was the birthplace of Stephen III of Moldavia. It is the site of the Borzești Church, which was built on his orders in 1493–1494.

At the death of the Communist leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej in March 1965, Onești was renamed Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, but the name was changed back in 1990 shortly after the Romanian Revolution.

Above the borough Malu, on the right-hand side of the river Cașin, were discovered archaeological fragments from a settlement dating from the Neolithic.

Geography
Onești is located in the Tazlău-Cașin Depression of the Eastern Carpathians at an average altitude of 210 m. It lies at the confluence of the rivers Trotuș, Cașin, Oituz, and Tazlău, some 60 km southwest of the county capital, Bacău. The city is crossed by the European road E574 and by the national roads DN11A and DN12A that connect it to Bucharest, to the northern part of the country, and to Transylvania. Rail connections are made through the Căile Ferate Române network, and the proposed A13 Brașov–Bacău Motorway will link the city to the rest of Romania's highway network as a second connection to the country's major cities.

Economy
Borzești is a neighborhood in the southeast of Onești, under separate administration until 1968. The Borzești Petrochemical Plant is located there.

Culture
Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of the city, whose inhabitants are predominantly Romanian Orthodox. St. Nicholas Day, 6 December, is the municipal day of Onești.

Popular tourist attractions are Perchiu Hill and the Hero Cross from atop the aforementioned hill, the Municipal History Museum, a steel monument dedicated to the Romanian national poet Mihai Eminescu, and the city park.

Natives

 * Diana Chelaru, gymnast
 * Nadia Comăneci, gymnast
 * Daniel Dines, entrepreneur
 * Teodora Enache, jazz singer
 * Georgeta Gabor, gymnast
 * Loredana Groza, singer
 * Ana Maria Pavăl, wrestler

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇲🇩 Strășeni, Moldova (2015)
 * 🇳🇴 Skien, Norway
 * 🇫🇷 Eysines, France

title: Onești


text: Category:Infocom

title: Category:Infocom


text:
August Sander

August Sander (17 November 1876 – 20 April 1964) was a German portrait and documentary photographer. His first book Face of our Time (German: Antlitz der Zeit) was published in 1929. Sander has been described as "the most important German portrait photographer of the early twentieth century". Sander's work includes landscape, nature, architecture, and street photography, but he is best known for his portraits, as exemplified by his series People of the 20th Century. In this series, he aims to show a cross-section of society during the Weimar Republic.

Early life
Sander was born on 17 November 1876, in Herdorf, the son of a carpenter working in the mining industry. He had six siblings.

Career
While working at the local Herdorf iron-ore mine, Sander first learned about photography by assisting a photographer from Siegen who was also working for the mining company. With financial support from his uncle, he bought photographic equipment and set up his own darkroom.

Sander spent his military service (1897–1899) as an assistant to Georg Jung of Trier; they worked throughout Germany including in Berlin, Magdeburg, Halle, Leipzig and Dresden. In 1901, he started working for Photographische Kunstanstalt Greif photo studio in Linz, Austria-Hungary, becoming a partner in 1902, and then sole-owner. In the late 1940s he joined the Upper Austrian Art Society. Sander left Linz at the end of 1909 or 1910 and set up a new studio at Dürener Strasse 201 in the Lindenthal district of Cologne.

In 1911, Sander began with the first series of portraits for his work People of the 20th Century. In this series, he aims to show a cross-section of society during the Weimar Republic. The series is divided into seven sections: The Farmer, The Skilled Tradesman, Woman, Classes and Professions, The Artists, The City, and The Last People (homeless persons, veterans, etc.). In the early 1920s, he came in contact with the Cologne Progressives, a radical group of artists linked to the workers' movement, which, as Wieland Schmied put it, "'sought to combine constructivism and objectivity, geometry and object, the general and the particular, avant-garde conviction and political engagement, and which perhaps approximated most to the forward looking of New Objectivity [...] '."In 1927, Sander and writer Ludwig Mathar travelled through Sardinia for three months, where he took around 500 photographs. However, a planned book detailing his travels was not completed.

Sander's Face of our Time was published in 1929. It contains a selection of 60 portraits from his series People of the 20th Century, and is introduced by an essay by Alfred Döblin titled "On Faces, Pictures, and their Truth". Under the Nazi regime, his work and personal life were greatly constrained. Sander's 1929 book Face of our Time was seized in 1936 and the photographic plates destroyed.

Around 1942, during World War II, he left Cologne and moved to the small village of Kuchhausen, in the Westerwald region; this allowed him to save the most important part of his body of work. His Cologne studio was destroyed in a 1944 bombing raid, but tens of thousands of negatives, which he had left behind in a basement near his former apartment in the city, survived the war. $25,000$ to $30,000$ negatives in this basement were then destroyed in a 1946 fire. That same year, Sander began his postwar photographic documentation of the city. He also tried to record the mass rape of German women by Red Army soldiers in the Soviet occupation zone.

In 1953, Sander sold a portfolio of 408 photographs of Cologne, taken between 1920 and 1939, to the Kölnisches Stadtmuseum. These would be posthumously published in book format in 1988, under the title Köln wie es war (Cologne as it was).

In 1962, 80 photographs from the People of the 20th Century project were published in book format, under the name ''Deutschenspiegel. Menschen des 20. Jahrhunderts'' (German Mirror. People of the 20th Century).

Personal life and death
Sander married Anna Seitenmacher in 1902. They gave birth to Erich (son, born in 1903) and Gunther (son, born in 1907), and twins in 1911, Sigrid and Helmut; only Sigrid survived. Anna died on 27 May 1957, in Kuchhausen, Germany.

Erich, who was a member of the left wing Socialist Workers' Party (SAP), was arrested by Nazis in 1934 and sentenced to 10 years in prison, where he died of an untreated ruptured appendix in 1944, shortly before the end of his sentence.

Sander died in Cologne of a stroke on 20 April 1964. He was buried next to his son Erich in Cologne's Melaten Cemetery.

Legacy
In 1984, Sander was inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.

In Wim Wenders' 1987 film Der Himmel über Berlin ("Wings of Desire"), the character Homer (played by Curt Bois) studies the portraits of People of the 20th Century (1980 edition) while visiting a library.

In 2008, the Mercury crater Sander was named after him.

The highest price reached by one of his photographs was when Bricklayer sold by $$749,000$ at Sotheby's New York, on 11 December 2014.

Ownership rights
In 1992, Gerd Sander, August's grandson, sold the archive to German nonprofit art foundation SK Stiftung Kultur. It is on display at Die Photographische Sammlung/SK Stiftung Kultur.

In 2017, Julian Sander, Gerd's son, claimed to represent August's estate, and issued a press release stating that the archive would now be housed by Hauser & Wirth. The claim has been disputed by SK Stiftung Kultur, and the ownership dispute is still ongoing.

In 2022, Julian Sander made available non-fungible tokens (NFTs) of the entire $10,700$ archive of Sander negatives on NFT platform OpenSea. Buying a Sander NFT was free apart from initial upload fees. However for all resale transactions thereon, via a smart contract Julian Sander would receive 7.5% of the resale cost and photographer Alejandro Cartagena's Fellowship Trust would receive 2.5%. All NFTs in the collection were claimed and, within a few weeks, over 400 ETH was traded in secondary sales on OpenSea. Soon and without warning, the archive was delisted from OpenSea because SK Stiftung Kultur claimed that as it owns the copyright to Sander's work until 2034, the NFT collection is thus in violation of copyright law. Julian Sander argues that the doctrine of fair use allows him to publish the images in such commercial settings.

Publications

 * (234 images)
 * (431 pages, hardcover edition) (A 1994 softcover exists as well under ISBN 3-8881-4723-9 / 978-3-88814723-4.)
 * (208 pages, 695 images, hardcover with protective sheet.)
 * (1436 pages, 619 tritone images, hardcover edition of 7 volumes in slipcase. Volume I Der Bauer (The farmer): 272 pages/115 images. Volume II Der Handwerker (The skilled tradesman): 152 pages/63 images. Volume III Die Frau (The woman): 172 pages/74 images. Volume IV Die Stände (Classes and professions): 280 pages/127 images. Volume V Die Künstler (The artists): 204 pages/90 images. Volume VI Die Großstadt (The city): 300 pages/134 images. Volume VII Die letzten Menschen (The last people): 56 pages/16 images.); (1400 pages, hardcover edition of 7 volumes in slipcase.). A French-only edition named Hommes du XXe siècle and a Spanish-only edition named Gente del siglo XX exist as well.
 * (Hardcover); (808 pages, 619 duotone images, hardcover). (Reprinted in 2021.)
 * (1436 pages, 619 tritone images, hardcover edition of 7 volumes in slipcase. Volume I Der Bauer (The farmer): 272 pages/115 images. Volume II Der Handwerker (The skilled tradesman): 152 pages/63 images. Volume III Die Frau (The woman): 172 pages/74 images. Volume IV Die Stände (Classes and professions): 280 pages/127 images. Volume V Die Künstler (The artists): 204 pages/90 images. Volume VI Die Großstadt (The city): 300 pages/134 images. Volume VII Die letzten Menschen (The last people): 56 pages/16 images.); (1400 pages, hardcover edition of 7 volumes in slipcase.). A French-only edition named Hommes du XXe siècle and a Spanish-only edition named Gente del siglo XX exist as well.
 * (Hardcover); (808 pages, 619 duotone images, hardcover). (Reprinted in 2021.)

Collections
Sander's work is held in the following permanent collection:
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York: 748 works (as of 31 December 2022)
 * Tate, UK: 5 prints (as of 31 December 2022)

Exhibitions

 * Photographs by Germany's August Sander, 1904-1959, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1982
 * August Sander: People of the Twentieth Century—A Photographic Portrait of Germany, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2004
 * August Sander, People of the 20th Century, São Paulo Art Biennial, Brazil, 2012
 * Portrait.Landscape.Architecture, Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow, 2013
 * Portraying a Nation: Germany 1919–1933, Tate Liverpool. Paired with work by Otto Dix.

title: August Sander


title: Category:139


text:
Bye Bye

Bye Bye may refer to:

Albums

 * Bye Bye (album), by Annalisa, 2018
 * Bye Bye, by Trio, 1983

Songs

 * "Bye Bye" (Ai Otsuka song), 2009
 * "Bye Bye" (Annalisa song), 2018
 * "Bye Bye" (Beni song), 2010
 * "Bye, Bye" (Elena Risteska song), 2008
 * "Bye Bye" (Henry Mancini song), 1967
 * "Bye, Bye" (Jo Dee Messina song), 1998
 * "Bye Bye" (Mariah Carey song), 2008
 * "Bye Bye" (Marshmello and Juice Wrld song), 2022
 * "Bye Bye" (Miliyah Kato song), 2010
 * "Bye Bye." (Nanase Aikawa song), 1996
 * "Bye Bye", by Alejandra Guzmán from Indeleble, 2006
 * "Bye Bye", by Belanova from Fantasía Pop, 2007
 * "Bye Bye", by Capital Bra from CB6, 2019
 * "Bye Bye", by David Civera, 2002
 * "Bye Bye", by Future from Purple Reign, 2016
 * "Bye Bye", by Gryffin from Gravity, 2019
 * "Bye Bye", by Marcy Playground, 1999
 * "Bye Bye", by Mozart La Para, 2017
 * "Bye Bye", by Safia from Internal, 2016

Other media

 * Bye-Bye (film), a 1995 French drama
 * Bye Bye (TV series), a Québécois New Year's Eve sketch-comedy special
 * Bye-Bye (novel), a 1997 novel by Jane Ransom

title: Bye Bye


text:
Dry dam

A dry dam is a dam constructed for the purpose of flood control. Dry dams typically contain no gates or turbines, and are intended to allow the channel to flow freely during normal conditions. During periods of intense rainfall that would otherwise cause floods, the dam holds back the excess water, releasing it downstream at a controlled rate.

Development of dry dams was pioneered by the Miami Conservancy District which built five such dams on tributaries to the Great Miami River to prevent flooding of the Miami Valley and Dayton, Ohio.

title: Dry dam


text:
List of spaceflight records

Records and firsts in spaceflight are broadly divided into crewed and uncrewed categories. Records involving animal spaceflight have also been noted in earlier experimental flights, typically to establish the feasibility of sending humans to outer space.

The notion of "firsts" in spaceflight follows a long tradition of firsts in aviation, but is also closely tied to the Space Race. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to be the first countries to accomplish various feats. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial orbital satellite. In 1961, Soviet Vostok 1 cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to enter space and orbit the Earth, and in 1969 American Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the Moon. No human has traveled beyond low Earth orbit since 1972, when the Apollo program ended.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union directed its energies to human habitation of space stations of increasingly long durations. In the 1980s, the United States began launching its Space Shuttles, which carried larger crews and thus could increase the number of people in space at a given time. Following their first mission of détente on the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the Soviet Union and the United States again collaborated with each other on the Shuttle-Mir initiative, efforts which led to the International Space Station (ISS), which has been continuously inhabited by humans for over 20 years.

Other firsts in spaceflight involve demographics, private enterprise, and distance. Dozens of countries have sent at least one traveler to space. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space, aboard Vostok 6. In the early 21st century, private companies joined government agencies in crewed spaceflight: in 2004, the sub-orbital spaceplane SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded crewed craft to enter space; in 2020, SpaceX's Dragon 2 became the first privately developed crewed vehicle to reach orbit when it ferried a crew to the ISS. As of, the uncrewed probe Voyager 1 is the most distant artificial object from the Earth, part of a small class of vehicles that are leaving the Solar System.

Human spaceflight firsts
Note: Some space records are disputed as a result of ambiguities surrounding the border of space. Most records follow the FAI definition of the space border which the FAI sets at an altitude of 100 km (62.14 mi). By contrast, the NASA-, USAF- and FAA-defined border of space is at 50 mi (80.47 km).

Most launches from Earth

 * 10 launches
 * Frederick W. Sturckow (USA), Space Shuttle and SpaceShipTwo (1998–2024)

Note: The six SpaceShipTwo flights surpass the U.S. definition of spaceflight (50 mi), but fall short of the Kármán line (100 km), the definition used for FAI space recordkeeping.

Most orbital launches from Earth

 * 7 launches
 * Jerry L. Ross (USA ), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
 * Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA ), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

Most orbital launches overall

 * 7 launches
 * John W. Young (USA ) launched from Earth 6 times (two Gemini, two Apollo Command Module, two Space Shuttle) and from the Moon once (Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage) (1965–1983)
 * Jerry L. Ross (USA ), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
 * Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA* ), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

Largest number of different spacecraft at launch (from Earth only)

 * 3 spacecraft
 * Walter Schirra (USA) – launched aboard a Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo (1962–1968)
 * John W. Young (USA) – launched aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle (1965–1983)
 * Soichi Noguchi (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2005–2020)
 * Shane Kimbrough (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
 * Akihiko Hoshide (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
 * Thomas Marshburn (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2007–2021)
 * Koichi Wakata (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1996–2022)
 * Peggy Whitson (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2002–2023)
 * Michael López-Alegría (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1995–2024)
 * Michael Barratt (USA) – launched aboard a Soyuz, Space Shuttle, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2009–2024)
 * Barry Wilmore (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and Boeing Starliner (2009–2024)
 * Sunita Williams (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and Boeing Starliner (2006–2024)

Largest number of different launch vehicles (overall)

 * 4 launch vehicles
 * John W. Young (USA) – launched from Earth aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle, and launched from the Moon aboard the Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage

Largest number of different launch sites

 * 3 sites
 * Sunita Williams (USA) - Kennedy Space Center (aboard a Space Shuttle in 2006), Baikonur Cosmodrome (aboard a Soyuz capsule in 2012), Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (aboard a Starliner capsule in 2024).
 * Barry E. Wilmore (USA) - Kennedy Space Center (aboard a Space Shuttle in 2009), Baikonur Cosmodrome (aboard a Soyuz capsule in 2014), Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (aboard a Starliner capsule in 2024).
 * Frederick W. Sturckow (USA) – Kennedy Space Center (four times aboard a Space Shuttle 1998–2010), Mojave Air and Space Port (aboard a Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo in 2018), and Spaceport America (also aboard a SpaceShipTwo, five times 2021-2024).
 * John Young (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (now Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, twice aboard a Gemini capsule 1965-1966), Kennedy Space Center (four times, twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1971, twice aboard a Space Shuttle 1981-1983), Descartes Highlands (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
 * Neil Armstrong (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Tranquility Base (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
 * Buzz Aldrin (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Tranquility Base (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
 * Pete Conrad (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (twice aboard a Gemini capsule 1965-1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1973), Ocean of Storms (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
 * Alan Shepard (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Mercury capsule in 1961), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1971), Fra Mauro (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
 * David Scott (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1971), Hadley Rille (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
 * Gene Cernan (USA) - Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969-1972), Taurus-Littrow (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1972).

Note: SpaceShipTwo flights are suborbital. SpaceShipTwo flights surpass the U.S. definition of spaceflight (50 mi), but fall short of the Kármán line (100 km), the FAI definition used for most space recordkeeping.

Most time in space
The record for most time in space is held by Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko, who has spent NaN days in space over five missions and is currently in space onboard Soyuz MS-24/25's one year long-duration mission on ISS. If this mission lasts 300–365 days, Kononenko will have spent a total of 1,036-1,101 days in space. Oleg Kononenko broke the record of Gennady Padalka on 4 February 2024 at 07:30:08 UTC. He later became the first person to stay 900 and 1,000 days in space on 25 February 2024 and 4 June 2024 respectively. Gennady Padalka is currently second, having spent 878 days in space. He himself had broken the all-time duration record on 28 June 2015 when he surpassed the previous record holder, cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) during six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station.

, the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space are:

Color key:

Longest single flight by a woman
NASA astronaut Christina Koch holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman (328 days), returning on February 6, 2020. During Expedition 61, she surpassed NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson's 289 days from 2016-17. In third place is American astronaut Anne McClain with 204 days.

Longest continuous occupation of space
An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan, and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later, it docked with the International Space Station. Since then space has been continuously occupied for 23 years, 247 days.

Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft
The International Space Station has been continuously occupied by a Russian and US crew member since 2 November 2000 (23 years, 244 days). It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.

Longest solo flight
Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days, 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963. The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, Ken Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

Longest time on the lunar surface
Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972. They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds. As Apollo commanders were the first to leave the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer.

Longest time in lunar orbit
Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours) along with five mice. For the solo portion of a flight around the Moon, Ken Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

Farthest humans from Earth
The Apollo 13 crew (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert), while passing over the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km from the lunar surface, were 400171 km from Earth. This record-breaking distance was reached at 00:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.

Highest altitude for crewed non-lunar mission
Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr. and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nmi.

Fastest
The Apollo 10 crew (Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans: 39,897 kilometers per hour (11,082 meters per second or 24,791 miles per hour, about 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037% of the speed of light). The record was set 26 May 1969.

The record for uncrewed spacecraft is held by the Parker Solar Probe at 176 km/s, about 1/1700 (or 0.06%) the speed of light, relative to the Sun. This speed was first reached in September 2023.

Suborbital flight

 * Man - Joe Walker (born 20 February 1921), on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963 (about 12 minutes.)
 * Woman - Wally Funk (born 1 February 1939), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes.)

Orbital spaceflight

 * Man – Georgy Beregovoy (born 15 April 1921), on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968 (81 orbits in about 4 days.)
 * Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963 (48 orbits, about 3 days.)

Suborbital flight

 * Man - Oliver Daemen (aged 18 years, 11 months, 9 days), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes.)
 * Woman - Anastatia Mayers (aged 18 years, 10 months, 21 days), on Galactic 02, on 10 August 2023 (about 5 minutes.)

Orbital spaceflight

 * Man – Gherman Titov (aged 25 years), on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961 (17.5 orbits, about 1 day.)
 * Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (aged 26 years), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963 (48 orbits, about 3 days.)

Suborbital flight

 * Man: Ed Dwight (aged 90 years, 9 months, 5 days), on Blue Origin NS-25, on 19 May 2024 (about 10 minutes).
 * Woman: Wally Funk (aged 82 years, 6 months, 9 days), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes).

Orbital spaceflight

 * Man: John Glenn (aged 77 years and 103 days), on STS-95 on 29 October 1998 (about 9 days, 20 hours).
 * Woman: Peggy Whitson (aged 63 years and 101 days), on Axiom Mission 2 on 21 May 2023 (9 days, 5 hours and 27 minutes).

Most spacewalks (number and duration)
Both of these are the record for the largest total number of spacewalks by a male and a female, and the most cumulative time spent on spacewalks by a male and a female.
 * Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for a total time of 82 hours, 21 minutes.
 * Woman – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.

Most spacewalks during a single mission

 * 7: Anatoly Solovyev, during Expedition 24 on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98. (Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.)
 * 7: Andrew Morgan, during his first spaceflight on board the ISS for Expedition 60/61/62 in 2019–2020, he spent 45 hours and 48 minutes outside the station.

Longest single spacewalk

 * 8 hrs 56 min, by James Voss and Susan Helms, 11 March 2001 on an ISS assembly mission during Shuttle mission STS-102. The space walkers were delayed early in their excursion when a device to help hold an astronaut's feet to the shuttle's robot arm became untethered, and Voss had to retrieve a spare from storage on the exterior of the station's Unity module. After about six hours of work, the pair reentered Space Shuttle Discovery’s airlock.

Greatest distance from a spacecraft during a spacewalk

 * All-time (and while on a planetary body ): 7.6 kilometers (4.7 miles, 25,029 feet ), Apollo 17, Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt, EVA-2, December 12, 1972.  During their second of three moonwalks, Cernan and Schmitt rode the Lunar Roving Vehicle to geological station 2, Nansen Crater, at the foot of the South Massif.  As all spacewalks not occurring on a planetary body (the Moon) have involved short maximum distances from the spacecraft (see below), this remains the furthest distance that humans have traveled away from the safety of a pressurizable spacecraft, during an EVA of any type.
 * Orbital flight: about 100 meters (or 330 feet), Bruce McCandless, STS-41-B, February 7, 1984. With the exception of six Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) sorties in 1984 and a test of the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) in 1994, all other orbital spacewalks have involved a safety tether, anchoring the spacefarer to the spacecraft at a short distance.  Among the former untethered spacewalks, Bruce McCandless' first test of the MMU established an orbital EVA distance record from a spacecraft which remained unbroken by later untethered EVAs.

Oldest person to perform a spacewalk

 * Man – Thomas Marshburn (aged 61), during ISS Expedition 66.
 * Woman – Peggy Whitson, (aged 56), during ISS Expedition 50.

First animals in space
The first animals to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 mi. They were also the first animals to safely return from space. Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first mammal in space aboard a U.S. V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949, and died on reentry due to a parachute failure. The first dogs in space were launched 22 July 1951 aboard a Soviet R-1V. "Tsygin" and "Dezik" reached a height of 100 km and safely parachuted back to Earth. This flight preceded the first American canine space mission by two weeks.

First animal in orbit
Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

First Hominidae in space
On 31 January 1961, through NASA's Mercury-Redstone 2 mission the chimpanzee Ham became the first great ape in space.

Longest canine single flight
Soviet space dogs Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

First animals beyond low Earth orbit
An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms flew around the Moon with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 18 September 1968. It had been launched by a Proton-K rocket on 14 September.

Zond 5 came within 2000 km of the Moon and then successfully returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon.

title: List of spaceflight records


text:
Walkley Award for Outstanding Contribution to Journalism

The Walkley Award for Outstanding Contribution to Journalism, formerly Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism, is one of the prestigious Australian Walkley Awards, and "recognises the achievements of a person or group for outstanding or enduring commitment to the highest standards of journalism and is chosen by the Walkley Directors".

It has been awarded annually since 1994.

Winners

 * 1994: Robert M. Duffield
 * 1995: John Stubbs
 * 1996: Max Fatchen
 * 1997: Paul Chadwick
 * 1998: Maurie Ferry, ABC South East Radio, Bega
 * 1999: Tony Koch
 * 2000: Paul Murphy
 * 2001: Estelle Blackburn
 * 2002: Quentin Dempster, The 7.30 Report, ABC TV
 * 2003: Julie Duncan, Journalism Educator, South Australia
 * 2004: Phil Wilkins
 * 2005: Australian Cartoonist's Association
 * 2006: Colleen Egan, The Sunday Times
 * 2007: Gerard Noonan
 * 2008: Pamela Bone
 * 2009: Tony Stephens
 * 2010: Cameron Forbes
 * 2011: WikiLeaks
 * 2012: Peter Cave
 * 2013: Caroline Jones
 * 2014: Peter Greste
 * 2015: Trevor Sykes
 * 2016: Bruce Petty
 * 2017: Michael Gordon
 * 2018: Sean Dorney
 * 2019: Sue Spencer
 * 2020: Ross Gittins
 * 2021: George Negus
 * 2022: Sally Neighbour


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Piano Sonata No. 4 (Scriabin)

The Piano Sonata No. 4 in F-sharp major, Op. 30, was written by Alexander Scriabin around 1903 and first published in 1904. It consists of two movements, Andante and Prestissimo volando, and is one of Scriabin's shortest piano sonatas (a typical performance takes about 8 minutes). The sonata is generally considered to be the beginning of Scriabin's middle period due to the newly mystical sonorities and tonal ambiguity of the first movement. It remains one of the most performed of Scriabin's sonatas.

Stylistic traits
The sonata is written in a post-Romantic style, similar to Scriabin's other works of the time. The first movement, expressive and calm, is monothematic (based on a single theme). The second movement, celebratory and climactic, starts attacca right after the Andante movement.

A more Romantic idea is the use of cyclic form in restating the Andante’s main theme (dolcissimo) as the ecstatic climax of the Prestissimo volando movement (Focosamente, giubiloso). This outlay appears closely related to the last two movements from the 3rd sonata, also linked by an attacca, where the climax of the finale likewise restates the lyrical Andante theme of the third movement. Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky or Rachmaninoff often restated the lyric theme of the finale movement as climactic coda (for example in the piano concertos). Scriabin instead returns to the 'slow' movement's theme, and this may have led to further experiments with a condensation of form in the single-movement 5th sonata where the climax (estatico) is again a restatement of the Languido theme (dolcissimo).

Background
Scriabin wrote a poem after composing this sonata that explains its meaning:

In a light mist, transparent vapor Lost afar and yet distinct A star gleams softly.

How beautiful! The bluish mystery Of her glow Beckons me, cradles me.

O bring me to thee, far distant star! Bathe me in trembling rays Sweet light!

Sharp desire, voluptuous and crazed yet sweet Endlessly with no other goal than longing I would desire

But no! I vault in joyous leap Freely I take wing.

Mad dance, godlike play! Intoxicating, shining one!

It is toward thee, adored star My flight guides me.

Mad dance, godlike play! Intoxicating, shining one!

Toward thee, created freely for me To serve the end My flight of liberation!

In this play Sheer caprice In moments I forget thee In the maelstrom that carries me I veer from thy glimmering rays.

In the intensity of desire Thou fadest O distant goal.

But ever thou shinest As I forever desire thee!

Thou expandest, Star! Now thou art a Sun Flamboyant Sun! Sun of Triumph!

Approaching thee by my desire for thee I lave myself in thy changing waves O joyous god.

I swallow thee Sea of light.

My self-of-light I engulf thee!

title: Piano Sonata No. 4 (Scriabin)


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