text:
Ron Milner

Ronald Milner (May 29, 1938 – July 9, 2004) was an American playwright. His play Checkmates, starring Paul Winfield and Denzel Washington, ran on Broadway in 1988. Milner also taught creative writing at the University of Southern California, Wayne State University, and Michigan State University.

Early life
Ronald Milner was born on May 29, 1938, in Detroit, Michigan, where he grew up on Hastings Street, also known as "Black Bottom". It had "muslims on corner, hustlers and pimps on another, winos on one, and Aretha Franklin singing from her father's church on the other", said Geneva Smitherman, author of Black World. Milner would tell David Richards in a Washington Star interview: "The more I read in high school, the more I realized that some tremendous, phenomenal things were happening around me. What happened in a Faulkner novel happened four times a day on Hastings Street. I thought why should these crazy people Faulkner writes about seem more important than my mother or my father or the dude down the street. Only because they had someone to write about them. So I became a writer." He attended Northeastern High School. He also briefly attended Highland Park Junior College and Detroit Institute of Technology.

In 1962, he won the John Hay Whitney Foundation fellowship to help aid him to complete a novel, Life With Father Brown, which remains unpublished. He went to New York City to join Harvey Swados's writing workshop at Columbia University. Under the mentorship of Langston Hughes, Milner was able to get a Rockefeller Foundation grant.

His first break came in 1966 with Who's Got His Own. The play begins with the funeral of a harsh father, Tim Bronson, and ends with a tentative rebirth for his long-suffering widow and his embittered son and daughter, Tim, Jr., and Clara. The unsuspected truths that Mrs. Bronson is driven to reveal about their father ultimately enable Tim and Clara to see the real lives of their parents, as painful as it is. The expression that has historically been thwarted, which is primarily at the core in the play, is the question of black manhood. The protagonist is a highly combative and alienated son, torn by despair over ever being able to respect or love a father he has long since written off as a fierce tyrant at home and a coward at work. The show toured colleges in New York before going to the Lafayette Theatre in 1967.

The Warning—A Theme for Linda was part of the A Black Quartet with four plays by Amiri Baraka, Ed Bullins, Ben Caldwell, and Milner, produced by Woodie King, Jr. It was put up at Brooklyn Academy of Music's Chelsea Theater Center on April 25, 1969.

He met Woodie King, Jr. when he was 19. He would inspire Milner to write, and from that came Life Agony. His second work, Who's Got His Own, became a smash hit off-Broadway. These two worked together for more than forty years.

Milner was the artist-in-residence at Lincoln University in 1966–1967. He taught at Michigan State University from 1971 to 1972. Founder and director of Spirit of Shango theatre company. He also led play writing classes at Wayne State University.

Milner's works included Who's Got His Own (inspired by Billie Holiday's "God Bless the Child"), What the Wine-Sellers Buy (the first play by an African American produced by Joseph Papp at the New York Shakespeare Festival at Lincoln Center), and Roads to the Mountaintop (a tribute to Martin Luther King Jr.).

Milner served as a mentor to writer and journalist J. Samuel Cook, whom he met at a conference in Toledo, Ohio. Cook attributes the success of his award-winning play Barren Fields to Milner's direction. In 2003, Milner directed a play at the Hope Repertory Theatre.

Milner died in Detroit of complications from liver cancer. He is survived by five children and eight grandchildren.

Works

 * Who's Got His Own (1966)
 * The Monster (1968)
 * The Warning—A Theme for Linda (1969)
 * Black Drama Anthology (with Woodie King Jr.) (1971)
 * M(ego) and the Green Ball of Freedom (1971)
 * What the Wine Sellers Buy (1973)
 * These Three (1974)
 * Season's Reasons (1976)
 * Work (1978)
 * Jazz-set (1980)
 * Crack Steppin' (1981)
 * Checkmates (1987)
 * Don't Get God Started (1987)
 * Defending the Light (2000)
 * Urban Transition: Loose Blossoms (2002)
 * Life Agony
 * The Greatest Gift

title: Ron Milner


text:
Talk:Exurb

Comments
"Exurbs are commonly viewed as the only rural communities which are benefiting from the rural exodus."

Even the Types_of_rural_communities article shows some examples of other types of communities finding viable economic models in the context of farm consolidation and farm labor force reduction.

"Exurbs are increasingly faced with problems of over-crowding and pollution along with over-taxation of services such as cooking, dry cleaning, parcel-delivery, repairs, and systems maintenance."

This seems like a very strange claim to make. Most municipalities are subject to state sales and income taxes, but can sometimes make their own property taxes. To tax this specific list of items on a local level seems unusual. Perhaps there is some argument why these services are disproportionately taxed, but it does not seem likely to be neutral.

The article on Manassas, Virginia doesn't seem to have any supporting information.

This article seems to be parroting the debatable claims of a particular viewpoint.

-- Beland 00:40, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Prior commentor seems unfamiliar with the concept of "overtaxed". If a phone system designed for 10 people is used by 100 people it will be "overtaxed". The concept has nothing to do with governmental revenue collection.

 * In Beland's defense, "over-taxation" is odd usage, and the hyphenation is dubious. NTK 06:38, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Ah, that makes more sense. The idea of there being a shortage of parcel delivery service in a commuter-heavy rural suburb seems very strange. It's not implausible that restaurants and dry cleaners might be farther away, but that there are too few of them to handle their customer base seems odd. The American economy is pretty good about expanding in areas where there is an underserved customer base, and there's no physical shortage of materials that would under-supply these industries. So I doubt the veracity of these claims. -- Beland 03:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

> These communities tend to be highly competitive. <

Competitive in what way?

> Exurbs are increasingly faced with problems of over-crowding <

As a city dweller, I find the concept of a "rural community" being "over-crowded" to be something of an oxymoron. I suppose some rural folks may think of medium-density suburbs as "too crowded", so there is a POV issue here.

 * Perhaps the discussion needs to be more specific? One common problem is that new developments may add more cars to the narrow roads at commute times than they can easily handle, thus causing jams of traffic and a need for stop signs and lights where previously there may have been none.  Additionally, housing available for people of modest means may become limited as large properties go up in value and low density zoning prevents or impedes new development.  -- M0llusk 05:12, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

> Exurbs are commonly viewed as the only rural communities which are directly benefiting from the rural exodus. <

This dubious claim has still not been addressed; see above. -- Beland 03:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps this article would be better served if it were re-cast as a vocabulary term for a particular school of thought, which is not universally accepted, though I'm not sure who its proponents are/were. -- Beland 03:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Why not edit this entry and improve it yourself, to the point where you are ready to retract that "The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed" notice you have applied to it. Then you can apply the notice to an entry that really deserves it. Many fastidious wikipedians won't use this notice, because it has been degraded as a mud-slinging weapon, as you may notice yourself, in looking around Wikipedia. Wetman 08:26, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I tagged the article as POV and inaccurate because I believed that was the case. Much as I would love to, I unfortunately don't have the time to fix all the problems I find in the Wikipedia.  I was hoping that someone more interested in the subject and with more expertise would notice the tag and fix it, or perhaps that the original author(s) would come back and clarify things.  In the meantime, it's important for readers to know that someone thinks the article is biased and inaccurate.  The article has since gotten much better, even though it is still very short; I don't know if the tagging had anything to do with it, but hey.

--- Move here...

Exurbs tend to be populated by people that work in the city and bring their capital home to spend on local services, thus retaining the urban connections that are characteristically severed by the more recent developments called by the US Census Bureau "micropolises". Exurbs are commonly viewed as the only rural communities which are directly benefiting from the rural exodus. These communities tend to be highly competitive.

Exurbs are increasingly faced with problems of over-crowding and pollution along with exaustion of services such as cooking, dry cleaning, parcel-delivery, repairs, and systems maintenance.

Who coined "Exurb"?

 * According to the New York Times (You may have to pay to see this article):

 * "The term "exurb" was coined in the 1950's in "The Exurbanites" by A. C. Spectorsky, a social historian, to describe semirural areas far outside cities where wealthy people had country estates."

 * There is also a good explanation of it at the Architecture Urbanism Design Collaborative Wiki.

 * I am going to update the article to reflect this.

About that list of "exurban" towns: Aren't the exurbs rural?
Being familiar with two of the towns listed as examples of exurbs, I understand the disagreement over whether some of these places are exurbs, suburbs, or independent urban areas. In the '70's I was a student at Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, one of the examples listed, and continued to live in Delaware for several years after graduating. Having lived most of my life (before and since my Ohio years) in the Boston area, I know of another example, Marlborough, Massachusetts, enough to have a general idea what that town is about, despite having spent very little time there. From everything I've read and heard about exurbia, I have the picture of an area which has historically been rural in character. It may have been a small rural town with low population density, or a rural section of a county, outside the boundaries of any municipality, but all descriptions of exurbs I have ever encountered gave a picture of the influx of a metropolitan commuting population into a predominately RURAL area. What distinguishes exurbia from suburbia is that the single-family houses, shopping malls, office parks, and small retail business districts which cover most of the land area in an essentially unbroken sprawl across the suburban landscape, are, in the exurbs, scattered around in more isolated clusters of dense land use, separated by wide areas which remain largely rural. (It is likely that many established suburbs were once exurbs, when these areas had their earliest influx of residents who commuted to nearby cities.) Both Delaware (current population of just under 30,000) and Marlborough (population approx. 36,000) are non-rural in character, and so would not fit the above image of exurbia. Both towns are visibly more densely populated than adjacent rural, or semi-rural, areas, and both are centers of services and business for populations in surrounding areas. Marlborough, roughly 20 miles west of Boston, and Delaware, located some 20-25 miles north of downtown Columbus, both have histories as independent small urban centers, beyond the fringes of the nearby metropolises. Though I'm less familiar with Marlborough, having lived in Delaware I know that it maintains a self-contained economic base--being, in addition to a college town, a center of light manufacturing industry--so that even as the nearby metropolitan area expands, and with the possibility of an increase in the percentage of Delaware's population comprised of commuters to Columbus, presumably Delaware will for the forseeable future continue to be its own town to a significant degree. Still, small cities of this sort are likely to add a noticeably suburban tone to their character, even if they do not entirely lose their independent "real-town" feel, making them analogous to exurbs, given their mix of commuting populations with the continued existence of more long-established uses of a different sort. Despite all I have read about exurbia's existence in formerly rural areas, I wonder whether anyone has information about whether there is widespread agreement on this point. Are exurbs generally viewed mainly as rural areas that have gained a bedroom-community function, or are there urban geographers and sociologists who view any sort of community beyond the suburban fringe but which is gaining a significant commuting population to be exurban? Perhaps at some point one of these experts will solidify the distinction, by coining a new term for historically independent small cities which maintain much of this character while gaining significant numbers of residents who commute to nearby larger cities. Exmetros?

-

Can the list of examples be narrowed down to approx 10 good and different examples, instead of 100 broadly similar examples?

Car Dependency
From the "Planning" section: "...create heavy car dependency (a very deliberate design choice). " Is there a citation or reference to that? Seems POV to me --Ozzykhan 17:40, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Hartford County an exurb of NYC?
Is Hartford County, Connecticut really considered an exurb of NYC?

I live here, and it is at least 100 miles to New York, it is just too far away to become an exurb...does anyone have any proof of this?

Causes of Exurban Growth
Can we question: "In the 1970s, rampant crime and urban decay in U.S. cities was the primary 'push force', whereas exurb growth has continued in the 2000s even as most U.S. cities experience plummeting crime and urban revitalization.”

The Exurb appears to be a product of the 20th Century, contingent primarily on the existence of inexpensive transportation (primarily the automobile).

Urban disinvestment would be a symptom of suburban migration.

“However, house prices have skyrocketed, so middle-class people who want a large yard or farm are pushed beyond suburban counties." what are you talking about? HUH HUH HUH HUH HUH HUH HUH Does this statement make any sense? This doesn’t seem to be the case in the area where I live (housing prices haven’t skyrocketed, but the exurb area has).

Sources needed
The section 'Examples of exurbs' is completely unsourced. It should be rather easy to find sources, because whoever knows enough to add this kind of information probably has the sources in front of them. At some point, per WP:V, it may be appropriate to remove material to the Talk page if sources are not provided in a reasonable time. EdJohnston 16:31, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Propose merge into Commuter town
Please see and contribute to discussion at Talk:Commuter town. Grumpyyoungman01 12:05, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Etymology
I question the current given etymology of "exurb," that it's a "portmanteau of extra and urban." Not that I think it's completely wrong per se, but that it could be more correctly described as being a combination of the Latin prefix "ex," meaning outside of, and "urban," in a directly parallel construction to the Latin prefix "sub" + "urban" = suburb. It's a really, really muddy distinction, especially because "extra" as a prefix can mean exactly the same thing, but I think "ex" makes a bit more sense semantically. This mostly comports with how Merriam Webster presents its etymology (although not quite — they say it's ex + suburban). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exurb As this is Wikipedia, my own pet-etymology doesn't matter — the question is, are there sources that cite the extra+urban explanation? If Auguste Comte Spectorsky did in his originally coinage, then let it stand.Wemedgefrodis (talk) 21:44, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

"Identify exurban census tracts" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identify_exurban_census_tracts&redirect=no Identify exurban census tracts] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. – bradv  23:28, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Exurb


text:
Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt

Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt (25 October 1825 in Eutin, Germany – 7 February 1884 in Athens, Greece) was a German astronomer and geophysicist. He was the director of the National Observatory of Athens in Greece from 1858 to 1884. Julius Schmidt was tireless in his work, it was suggested by William Henry Pickering that he perhaps devoted more of his life than any other man to the study of the Moon. During his lifetime, he made some of the most complete lunar maps of the 19th century.

According to his own analysis, he mapped no less than 32,856 craters, with Mädler mapping 7,735 and Lohrmann 7,177. Schmidt also mapped 348 lunar rilles. In six years, he made almost 57,000 micrometer settings to make 3050 height measurements of the terrain.

Early life
Schmidt was born in the town of Eutin to his father Carl Friedrich Schmidt, a glazier and his mother Maria Elisabeth Quirling. He went to school at a gymnasium in Hamburg, where he impressed with his sense of form and drawing abilities and demonstrated a strong interest in science. In the autumn of 1839, during an auction in his hometown, he stumbled upon a copy of Schröter's book, Selenotopographische Fragmente. As Schmidt himself put it,

“The sight of numerous illustrations of shadow-casting mountains and craters made such a strong and lasting impression that it determined the main direction of my later life.”

Prior to this, 14-year-old Schmidt had been interested in botany and zoology for a while. He could not make the decision to switch careers until he could see for himself what a sight the Moon would grant when viewed through a telescope. That wish was fulfilled when his father made him a "small, very good" telescope which Schmidt used to look at the Moon. Leaning against a lamppost, he recognized the rays of Tycho and immediately made his first attempt at drawing the crater and ray system. This telescope could only magnify 10x, however, the objective was ground according to "Dollond's principle", meaning it was achromatic.

Reading Schröter's work and drawing the Moon became his main occupation, and it was not long until Schmidt devised a tripod for the telescope, which could go in both up-down and left-right motions. Although the execution was rough, the wooden mount made it much easier for him to continue lunar observations. Now he started drawing entire phases, not considering the libration but paying attention to the shadows. Thus passed by 1840, with Schmidt's habits making him neglect school.

In the spring of 1841, Hellwag, a government councilor who was well experienced in astronomy, noticed his efforts. Hellwag asked Hofrath Voss, the son of the well known Eutin school rector, to entrust Schmidt with a 1200mm focal length Dollond telescope which Schmidt found to be very sharp, approximating the magnification to be 15-20x. He saw the bands of Jupiter, Saturn's rings and a crescent Venus for the first time with it.

In July 1841, the Hamburg Gymnasium made a visit to the Altona Observatory, where Schmidt looked through a larger telescope for the first time and became acquainted with the well-known map of the Moon made by Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler. Dr. Petersen showed him the craters Gassendi and Bullialdus.

Rümker taught him the fundamentals of astronomical observation and let him use various telescopes from 1842 to 1845. In 1843, he made his first contribution to Astronomische Nachrichten, about the Sun and variable stars, with many more to follow.

Benzenberg's assistant
In 1845, he obtained a position as an assistant at Johann Friedrich Benzenberg's private observatory in Bilk near Düsseldorf, being tasked to with naked eye objects such as meteors, and searching for possible objects closer to the Sun than Mercury. However, the telescope made available to him was practically a low power terrestrial telescope, and the larger instrument was kept under a lock and key, as to prevent 20 year old Schmidt from damaging its "outer looks and splendor".

Here, he confined himself to drawing parts of the lunar landscape instead of the entire face, using the method of drawing the same area under different lighting conditions or sun angles, the same one Schröter used. The drawing of entire phases was stopped from this point forward.

Years 1846 – 1858
A year later, after Benzenberg died, he joined the Bonn Observatory under Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander. Here, Schmidt measured the visual magnitudes and positions for Hora V of the Berlin Academy of Sciences star chart and catalogue project. He was not able to continue observing the Moon due to his job, but he still obtained numerous valuable drawings, and when he did not, what was seen was preserved in writing. He left Bonn in May of 1853 due to ill health. He received an honorary doctorate from Bonn in 1868.

From 1853 to 1858 he was director of Baron von Unkrechtsberg's private observatory at Olmütz (today Olomouc, Czech Republic), where he made only a few drawings, but undertook micrometric measurements of its mountains to further increase the knowledge of the Moon.

Work at Athens Observatory
In 1858, Simon Sinas made a proposal for Schmidt to come to Athens and become the director of the Athens Observatory (now known as National Observatory of Athens). Accepting the offer would bring him a good salary, freedom to do the research he wants to do and a site with a large amount of clear nights per year. The decision was his, as Schmidt never married, so on December 2, he chose to accept the offer. The degraded state of the observatory forbid observation. It was not until November 1859 that it was in a usable state, after a year of repairs requested by Schmidt, though the restoration was entirely completed in 1861.

The observatory's instruments at the time included:

 * a 158mm aperture f/15 achromatic refracting telescope restored by Plössl
 * a 94mm aperture meridian circle
 * five small telescopes for comets
 * two chronometers; one for mean time and another for sidereal time
 * two barometers
 * other meteorological instruments

When the air was stable enough, he drew while using an eyepiece that provides 300x magnification in combination with the large observatory telescope. Only in very rare cases could he use an eyepiece of 500x magnification. He ran systematic studies on not only the Moon but also sunspots, color of stars, variable stars, meteors, comets, Saturn's rings, eclipses, twilight, zodiacal light, nebulas, weather, seismic activity, rotational period and diameters of the major planets and satellites of the gas giants.

In 1866 he made the astonishing claim that Linné crater had considerably changed its appearance, which began a controversy that continued for many decades. Coming from such a careful lifelong observer, the claim carried some weight; however, the claim is generally considered unproven. Schmidt may have been biased by his volcano observations taken place during the same year.

He spent over two years on the first draft of his great Moon map encompassing the entirety of the lunar surface, gradually entering the results of his more recent observations from Athens, when he realized continuing this undertaking would not end well. The dimensions of the initial four quadrants were too large to capture the detail he hoped for with the necessary precision. Even disregarding this, having such large plates engraved in copper would have been very difficult to execute. He had to accept these facts and discarded the work in April 1867. He chose Lohrmann's divisions for the second attempt, using 25 sections to cover the entirety of the Moon.

Charte der Gebirge des Mondes, as it is known, was finished in 1874. Julius Schmidt presented the chart at the Berlin Observatory in December of that year. This was the first map of the Moon to surpass the celebrated Mappa Selenographica of Beer and Mädler.

On 24 November 1876, he discovered Nova Cygni, also known as Q Cygni.

In 1878, Schmidt also edited and published all 25 sections of a moon map by Wilhelm Gotthelf Lohrmann. Lohrmann had completed his map in 1836 but had died in 1840; only the first four sections of the map had been published in 1824. Schmidt was awarded the Valz Prize from the French Academy of Sciences in recognition of this selenographic work.

Death
Due to age and distance between his home and the observatory, he stopped regularly working there from 1871 onwards. He asked the Berlin Academy of Sciences to provide him with a small telescope on an equatorial mount, so he could continue astronomical observations from his house. Schmidt's wish was granted.

He died unexpectedly on February 7, 1884, due to heart problems. Just the day before, he had been attending a social event at the German Embassy. When he passed, the King and Queen of Greece, professors, students and thousands of Greek citizens attended the funeral oration at his observatory. Julius Schmidt was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens. He was only 58 years old.

Legacy
The crater Schmidt on the Moon is jointly named for him and two other people of the same last name. Schmidt crater on Mars is named for him and Otto Schmidt.

Charte der Gebirge des Mondes
The complete title is Charte der Gebirge des Mondes nach eigenen Beobachtungen in den Jahren 1840-1874, which translates to "Chart of the Mountains of the Moon based on my own Observations in the Years 1840-1874". The chart is split into 25 sections based on Lohrmann's divisions. The relief is portrayed using hachure shading, with lines indicating slope. Schmidt makes no attempt to portray color, but uses darker shades for the mare regions. The wrinkle ridges have exaggerated slopes.

Its sister book of the same name includes Schmidt's biography, an in-depth explanation of the charts, his observations and decisions, and list of micrometer measurements, height measurements and descriptions of thousands of features.

Obituaries

 * Astronomische Nachrichten, v. 108 (1884), pp. 129-130.
 * Monthly Notices of the Royal Anstronomical Society, v. 45 (1885), pp. 211-212.
 * The Observatory, v. 7 (1884), pp. 118-119.

title: Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt


text:
Kim Alexis

Kim Marie Alexis (born July 15, 1960) is an American model and actress who was famous in the 1970s and 1980s. She appeared on the cover of magazines like Sports Illustrated, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Glamour, Self and Cosmopolitan.

Early life
Alexis was born in Lockport, New York, and grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo. Her father, Robert, was a chemical engineer. Her mother's name is Barbara. She also has an older sister, Rhonda. She started to be a swimmer at the age of six and began to swim competitively through her senior year at Lockport High School. She attended college at the University of Rhode Island, and was accepted into a five-year pharmacy program.

Alexis was raised Presbyterian, and she and her family attended church every Sunday.

Modeling
Alexis was one of the top models of the late 1970s and early to mid 1980s, identified along with Gia Carangi, Patti Hansen, Christie Brinkley, Kelly Emberg, Iman, Janice Dickinson, and Paulina Porizkova. In 1983 she became the face of Revlon's premium Ultima II line, replacing Lauren Hutton.

Television
In the early 1990s, Alexis hosted health shows, such as Healthy Kids on the Family Channel and Lifetime.

In the late 1990s, she was host of Daily Edition, a syndicated program distributed by MGM.

She also appeared with Mike Ditka in the last episode of Cheers, "One for the Road" in 1993.

In 2005, she appeared on VH1's reality competition But Can They Sing?, where celebrities, who have never sung before, get the chance to perform in front of an audience. Alexis was eliminated in week two.

Film
Alexis appeared in the 1993 movie Body Bags, and the 1998 movie Holy Man with Eddie Murphy.

Advertising
In 1995, Alexis became the spokeswoman for Alpine Lace Brands, Inc., promoting the company's Alpine Lace low-fat cheese products.

Personal life
Alexis is divorced from former NHL hockey player Ron Duguay, with whom she has a son, Noah (born 1994). She also has two sons, Jamie and Bobby, with ex-husband Jim Stockton. Alexis raised her family in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida.

title: Kim Alexis


text:
Talk:Blizzard North

Condor or Silicon & Synapse
Acording to the timeline of video game, Blizzard North was knows as Condor. According to this page, they where named Slilcon & Synape. Which one is it? Reub2000 00:53, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Blizzard Entertainment formerly known as Silicon & Synapse.
As far as i know, Blizzard Entertainment began as Silicon & Synapse. Their first game was a platform puzzle game called The Lost Vikings. They later renamed themselves as Blizzard Entertainment after the success of their first game. I think Blizzard North was a subdivision of the main company. Maybe Condor was a codename ?

S&S=BE Condor=BN
Condor was in fact the original name for Blizzard North. Blizzard HQ was at one time Silicon and Synapse. The companies got to know each other when they were both working on JLA-- one on the SEGA Genesis system and the other on the SNES. When Blizzard was acquired by Davidson, they recommended that Davidson also buy Condor. The deal was structured in such a way that Condor became an antonymous part of Blizzard Entertainment, and its name was changes to Blizzard North. The logo was made in such a way that the capital L and I in "Blizzard" almost run together into a U-- "Buzzard" a large carrion bird similar to a Condor.

The name Condor came from the Condor Club, a strip joint in the North Beach area of San Francisco. The original idea was Live Nude Games, and Condor was seen as a less overt, more ambiguous way to express this idea.

Claims of cancelled and upcoming game being "believed as the third installment in the Diablo series"
There is now evidence that one of the titles being worked at Blizzard North was indeed Diablo 3. Please watch this interview with one of the project leads of Diablo 3 at http://www.gamespot.com/video/930659/6193139/diablo-iii-interview

He explains that they were working on Diablo 3 back at Blizzard North but after it was shutdown the project was essentially "rebooted" then continued by the current group.

World of Warcraft
I removed World of Warcraft from the article. Blizzard North never released that game.

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Reaction formation

In psychoanalytic theory, reaction formation (Reaktionsbildung) is a defense mechanism in which emotions, desires and impulses that are anxiety-producing or unacceptable to the ego are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency.

Theory
Reaction formation depends on the hypothesis that:

"[t]he instincts and their derivatives may be arranged as pairs of opposites: life versus death, construction versus destruction, action versus passivity, dominance versus submission, and so forth. When one of the instincts produces anxiety by exerting pressure on the ego either directly or by way of the superego, the ego may try to sidetrack the offending impulse by concentrating upon its opposite. For example, if feelings of hate towards another person make one anxious, the ego can facilitate the flow of love to conceal the hostility.""

Where reaction-formation takes place, it is usually assumed that the original, rejected impulse does not vanish, but persists, unconscious, in its original infantile form. Thus, where love is experienced as a reaction formation against hate, we cannot say that love is substituted for hate, because the original aggressive feelings still exist underneath the affectionate exterior that merely masks the hate to hide it from awareness.

In a diagnostic setting, the existence of a reaction-formation rather than a 'simple' emotion would be suspected where exaggeration, compulsiveness and inflexibility were observed. For example,

"[r]eactive love protests too much; it is overdone, extravagant, showy, and affected. It is counterfeit, and [...] is usually easily detected. Another feature of a reaction formation is its compulsiveness. A person who is defending himself against anxiety cannot deviate from expressing the opposite of what he really feels. His love, for instance, is not flexible. It cannot adapt itself to changing circumstances as genuine emotions do; rather it must be constantly on display as if any failure to exhibit it would cause the contrary feeling to come to the surface."

Reaction formation is an effective form of disguise, and can be utilized in many forms. For example, "solicitude may be a reaction-formation against cruelty, cleanliness against coprophilia". An analyst might explain a client's unconditional pacifism as a reaction formation against their sadism. In addition,

"[h]igh ideals of virtue and goodness may be reaction formations against primitive object cathexes rather than realistic values that are capable of being lived up to. Romantic notions of chastity and purity may mask crude sexual desires, altruism may hide selfishness, and piety may conceal sinfulness."

Even more counter-intuitively, according to this model

"[a] phobia is an example of a reaction formation. The person wants what he fears. He is not afraid of the object; he is afraid of the wish for the object. The reactive fear prevents the dreaded wish from being fulfilled."

The concept of reaction formation has been used to explain responses to external threats as well as internal anxieties. In the phenomenon described as Stockholm syndrome, a hostage or kidnap victim 'falls in love' with the feared and hated person who has complete power over them. Similarly, paradoxical reports exist of powerless and vulnerable inmates of Nazi camps creating 'favourites' among the guards and even collecting objects discarded by them. The mechanism of reaction formation is often characteristic of obsessional neuroses. When this mechanism is overused, especially during the formation of the ego, it can become a permanent character trait. This is often seen in those with obsessional character and obsessive personality disorders. This does not imply that its periodic usage is always obsessional, but that it can lead to obsessional behavior.

Research
A few studies have found evidence for the existence of reaction formation.

Women who scored high on sex-related guilt feelings claimed lower arousal when exposed to erotic stimulus, but physiological measures showed higher than average sexual responses. When Caucasians who actually showed non-racist, egalitarian tendencies were told they scored high for racist tendencies, they gave more money to an African-American panhandler when leaving the testing lab than those who were not accused of harboring racist sentiments.

title: Reaction formation


text:
Talk:Apal

Hi Wikipedians,

I think I killed the original stub. Can I ask you to delete this article from the list of automobile stubs or shall I do it myself?

Regards, --Millisits 00:55, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apal


text:
Talk:Demographic history of the United States

Removal of old intro
The article used to say:

"As a typical colonial foundation, British North American provinces often developed cities relatively early in their histories."

Well, Egypt developed cities pretty early in its history, too. Some Native American civilizations also had huge cities. I'm not sure the implied claim is either factual or neutral. -- Beland 00:58, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I find it hard to believe there is any implication about a lack of cities in non-British North American provinces in the original statement. -- brianski Sun Nov 6 03:10:02 2005 UTC

NPOV, balance and comprehensiveness
This article seems to be mainly citing rural/urban demographics from a particular source, in support of the concept of "rural exodus". Instead of selecting certain states to support a point, this article should contain across-the-board statistics, which should be obtainable from the US Census.

To live up to the promises of its title, this article should be expanded to cover more than just rural/urban issues, even though that's an interesting starting place. -- Beland 01:05, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

AFRICAN AND CARRIBEAN IMMIGRATION TO THE USA
This article lends the assumption that ALL African Americans date their arrival to the Colonial Period.That couldn't be further from the truth. There has been immigration from Africa over time, and - even more important - significant immigration from the Carribean. SSG Cornelius Seon (Retired) (talk) 13:56, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Missing data
There is no discussion and almost no data at all of the period between 1850 and 1940. Gohome00 (talk) 16:25, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

1610 & 1620 + lack of definition of population figures
The article supplies extremely different population numbers for these dates. Difficult to believe that European population 3 years after Jamestown was settled was 3800. In fact later it is given as 400.

Neither set of statistics defines the population base used - though apparently Native Americans are excluded at first. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.66.139.197 (talk) 00:30, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

No data on Native Americans
There is almost no data on Native Americans, the article is very eurocentric. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.106.183.2 (talk) 04:14, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

I added the sentence "Note that the census numbers do not include American Indian natives until 1860." below the table in sections "Historical population" and "Immigration - Natural Growth". In my opinion, it's important to emphasize that there were more than 350 people in the area of today's U.S.A. in 1610 - of course the native American Indians did not take part in the census, which may be self-evident to many, but Indian natives are clearly neglected that way - Heironymous Rowe deleted the sentence without explanation. What do you think? -- Kuhni74 (talk) 09:05, 28 May 2013 (UTC)
 * WP:CITE and WP:VERIFY, same as all other information added to articles. And, yes, I did leave an explanation in the edit summary. Get your facts straight.If you can cite it, re-add it.  He  iro 09:17, 28 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I did not understand the abbreviated hints. Much of the information can be found in Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States, which is referred to in the section "See also". A direct source is Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990..., I am going to add it. -- Kuhni74 (talk) 14:30, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Fertility rate
The graph of birth rate is quite interesting - not just for the Baby boom, but for what happened before that. What was that little downtick in 1919? (WWI, 1918 Flu pandemic, ?). What are the origins of the steep decline from 1916 to 1932 (both what caused it, and how was it achieved). There is the small baby boom after WWII, but why the huge bulge after that?

Should expand the demographic history to cover fertility rate, demographic transition, etc. Here is one source with a little earlier data.

Use of contraceptives increased throughout the nineteenth century, contributing to a 50 percent drop in the fertility rate in the United States between 1800 and 1900, particularly in urban regions.

(From Birth control movement in the United States). Zodon (talk) 05:45, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * suggestions: for 1919 I think it was 4 million young men away in the Army in 1918. (the flu effect was possible too) and in 1946 the WW2 soldiers returned home for good. "birth control" is the term for the decline in family size--it includes later marriage and reduced sex; "contraceptive" = mechanical (rubber) devices which is more problematical since we lack sales or usage data. Rjensen (talk) 07:02, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Found an answer for '20 to '30. The birth rate in America declined 20 percent between 1920 and 1930, primarily due to increased use of birth control.
 * WW2 accounts for the spike in 1946, but there is the whole rest of that bulge which comes after that. Zodon (talk) 08:23, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

{Historical Population} box too long
The box is longer than any fish. Could anyone please make it into two boxes, one for 1610~1780 and the other for 1790~2010? :P I don't know how ...

Also, should we include some projections, up to ~2100? I saw some figures on the Chinese page of this, but I'm not sure about its reference. SzMithrandir (talk) 19:43, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

Population in 1790
This section needs the footnotes to be put properly under the table, instead of being right in the middle of the article. 108.254.160.23 (talk) 17:53, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

 * I've had a go at this. There were also some obscurities in this section that I have either removed or tried to clarify. It looked previously as if it might have been cut and pasted from some other work. Thomas Peardew (talk) 17:43, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

19th century "black majority" states
I came to this article looking for facts about the southern states that had black majorities in the years leading up to the Civil War — notably, South Carolina, the first state to secede. The enslaved majority in several of the slave states was an important fact of life. IIRC all the black-majority states seceded, while the slave states that remained in the Union (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri) had both white majorities and relatively large free black populations. I'm disappointed to find that this article is still silent about all this. — ℜ ob C. alias ALAROB 16:01, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Demographic history of the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140528010531/http://www.census.gov:80/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/006105.html to http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/006105.html

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text:
Holocaust (band)

Holocaust are a Scottish heavy metal band founded in 1977 and based in Edinburgh.

The band's lineup is John Mortimer guitar and vocals, Scott Wallace drums and Mark McGrath bass. The original lineup featured guitarists John Mortimer and Ed Dudley, vocalist Gary Lettice, bassist Robin Begg and drummer Nick Brockie. In 1983, guitar player Ed Dudley left the band, forming and releasing an album under the moniker Hologram. Holocaust was one of the Scottish bands in the new wave of British heavy metal scene in the late 1970s and early 1980s, deviating from the more commercial new wave music of the day, and combining earlier metal with the tempo and attitude of punk rock.

The John Mortimer-led Holocaust incorporated many progressive metal, thrash metal and post-punk influences into its sound, releasing complex pieces such as the "Sound of Souls" EP and concept album Covenant. The band's three-piece lineup has remained the same since 2003, releasing the EP "Expander" and the album Predator in 2015, and most recently the album "Elder Gods" in 2019.

Holocaust's song, "The Small Hours", was covered by Metallica in 1987 and released on their The $5.98 E.P. - Garage Days Re-Revisited EP, and reappeared on their 1998 compilation album Garage Inc.

Albums

 * The Nightcomers (1981)
 * Steal the Stars (1983) released under the name 'Hologram'
 * No Man's Land (1984)
 * The Sound of Souls (1989)
 * Hypnosis of Birds (1992)
 * Spirits Fly (1996)
 * Covenant (1997)
 * The Courage to Be (2000)
 * Primal (2003)
 * Predator (2015)
 * Elder Gods (2019)

Live albums

 * Live (Hot Curry & Wine) (1983)

EPs and singles

 * "Heavy Metal Mania" (1980, 7-inch)
 * Heavy Metal Mania (1980, 12-inch)
 * "Smokin' Valves" (1980, 7-inch)
 * Smokin' Valves (1980, 12-inch)
 * Live from the Raw Loud 'n' Live Tour (1981, 7-inch)
 * Comin' Through (1982, 12-inch)
 * Heavy Metal Mania '93 (1993, CD)
 * Expander (2013, CD)

Compilations

 * NWOBHM '79 Revisited (1990)
 * Smokin' Valves: The Anthology (2003)

Videos

 * Live from the Raw Loud 'n' Live Tour (1981, VHS; 2004, DVD)

Cover versions

 * Metallica covered the song "The Small Hours" (as above).
 * Gamma Ray covered the song "Heavy Metal Mania" on their 1996 live album Alive '95. There was also a studio version released as a bonus song with their 1995 album Land of the Free. In 2013, Gamma Ray recorded the song "Death or Glory" for their EP "Master of Confusion".
 * Six Feet Under covered the song "Death or Glory" from The Nightcomers album on their 1997 Warpath record.

title: Holocaust (band)


text:
Talk:Violence in ice hockey

Untitled
To whom it may concern -- using the wiki markup is preferred to using HTML. So to make a bullet list, use the asterisk, and to make a numbered list, use the hash sign. I think the "editing help" link will have the details. Hth, Wile E. Heresiarch 01:08, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Per vfd discussion (Votes for deletion/NHL Violence), I have renamed NHL violence to violence in ice hockey. (Someone else had already renamed from NHL Violence to NHL violence.) -- Wile E. Heresiarch 01:05, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ace Bailey?
The on-ice incident that nearly killed Ace Bailey should be on here, although I don't know enough of the details to post it myself.

 * I quite agree; it's far and away the most famous single such incident in hockey history. I'm feeling lazy tonight, but if no one else posts it, I will.  Ravenswing 01:40, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Other Notables
--Probably a good idea to link to the legends of hockey site. I think Malarchuk having his jugular severed on ice was one of the closest and most graphic. The Bailey incident was a career ender. While relevant to violence in hockey, the 1933 incident is probably more recognized because it highlights the jurisdiction of the league and the use of their power to punish players for excessive use of force. I think there is a lack of balance here. The NHL renaming would be fine if the POV was balanced so no assumptions about death in that league were made ( Bill Masterton being the only player in the NHL to die from injuries received in a game). More recently the Bertuzzi incident was portrayed as one of the most violent attacks and the media coverage probably outstripped any previous incident. The AHL level Stafford and Perezhogin incident resulted in a season suspension for Alexander Perezhogin and illustrates the individual's role in violent attacks regardless of the rules or penalties and demonstrates that the scope of violence exists beyond the arm of the law or the rules of the game. The fact that intent to injure is a major penalty and an 'automatic suspension' indicates that the rules are in place. The fact that Joe Thornton was suspended for a weak hit against a former teammate very recently should notify anyone playing or watching that the league will not tolerate even mild attempts to injure.

 * The Malarchuk incident, while graphic, isn't an example of violence in ice hockey. That was an accident.

Merge?
Two articles about the same thing. Merge Kerowyn 09:21, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Two articles about different things. One concerns a condoned, if penalized, aspect of the sport, the other about an illegal and uncondoned aspect.  Ravenswing 11:48, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * But "Violence" and "Fighting" are synonyms. Both articles are about violence on the ice. I don't think someone is likely to go looking for the condoned aspect and the uncondoned. They should be in the same article for simplicity's sake. Kerowyn 03:04, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Because they are two separate things, as the average hockey fan knows; you could just as readily decide that "offense" and "violation" are the same thing in hockey because they are likewise synonyms, and I am given to understand that Wikipedia's goal is to be informative, not to be simplistic. I appreciate that you're trying to clean up tags Wikiwide, but in the ten months since the tags were posted, out of the several dozen participants in the Ice Hockey Wikiproject, not one has spoken in favor of any such merge, let alone seek any manner of consensus for it.  The tags are best cleaned by removing them.  Ravenswing 06:45, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think we're quibbling with semantics here. I'm not trying to be simplistic, I'm trying to be sensible. I merged the article initially because no one cared enough to object. I think violence on the ice is the same whether it's condoned or not and it makes sense to address it all in one place. Kerowyn 22:30, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Your opinion has been noted, and I think we can all agree that if you bring a consensus around to said opinion, a merger is appropriate. Ravenswing 18:03, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Biased article?
This article does not present a balanced point of view and clearly tries to make a case that violence in the NHL is both rampant and totally absurd. I am certainly not a proponent of violence in hockey but the article strikes me as biased. It is also factually incorrect, claiming that the NHL "is the only professional league that has a major players award for sportsmanship" which is blatantly incorrect (NBA, MLB, many soccer/football leagues). The death of Bill Masterton is presented as the result of "escalating violence" which as far as I know is not the case (he did die as a result of falling after contact but no serious harm was intended). Also the reference to death of fans is irrelevant (and simply part of the bias). Pascal.Tesson 23:29, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The death of Masterton is presented as no such thing; however, I agree that the reference and to that of the deaths of fans (of which there has been exactly one in league history, as a result of a puck clearing the glass) are misplaced and edited them out.

 * The information on the Lady Byng trophy is quite correct. Other sports have sportsmanship trophies, but only in the NHL is the trophy considered by the fans as being a significant trophy on a par with MVP, leading scorer and leading positional player awards.  How many of us can name off the top of our heads many past Byng award winners (Bucyk, Middleton, Ratelle, Richards, Gretzky, Francis, Sakic, Kariya, Bossy, Turgeon, Mullen, Kehoe, Mogilny, Mikita, Keon, Boucher, Goring, Goyette, Delvecchio, Kurri, Kelly, Quackenbush ... and that's just off the top of my head) compared with how terribly few of us could name any sportsmanship award winner from any other sport?

 * As far as the article as a whole goes, it is a notable controversy in the league and deserving of an article. I see both sides' arguments presented, but as it stands, professional ice hockey is the only team sport in North America where throwing punches does not result in immediate suspensions, and it's very tough in light of that to infer it isn't a big deal.  Ravenswing 14:37, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No move. Duja ► 09:08, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Violence in ice hockey → List of violent incidents in ice hockey — the premise of the Violence in ice hockey article is far too similar to that of the Fighting in ice hockey article. We don't need both articles. Delete the body of the article, or merge it with Fighting in ice hockey. After we do that, only the listy stuff will remain, and we can rename the article. The Fat Man Who Never Came Back 12:54, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * ''Add  * Support   or   * Oppose   on a new line followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~.

Oppose. I might as well cut and paste from my comments last year: Two articles about different things. One concerns a condoned, if penalized, aspect of the sport, the other about an illegal and uncondoned aspect. Ravenswing 21:32, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Oppose. I agree with Ravenswing. I have no great opposition to renaming the article to what you suggest, as this really is a list, however the lead section needs to remain as it offers context for the article. And it is most definitely different than Fighting in ice hockey, even if there is some crossover. Resolute 22:40, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * ''Add any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Panthers - Steelers
Something should be mentioned about the (in)famous bench clearing brawl between the Nottingham Panthers and Sheffield Steelers, if not here then maybe in Fighting in ice hockey Cryomaniac 00:52, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Unless there were any suspensions and/or fines it should be listed at Fighting in ice hockey, as you mentioned. Bsroiaadn 05:47, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Flyers-Senators
This article doesn't seem to mention the Flyers-Senators brawl on March 25, 2004. This resulted in 419 penalty minutes (213 for the Flyers), which are both sport records. Definitely notable enough for inclusion. Chubbles 04:16, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Only penalty minutes? Then it should be at Fighting in ice hockey, if anywhere. Bsroiaadn 05:48, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Longest Suspensions list
with a lot of the players on the list, if you access their articles it does not mention the suspensions. El hombre de haha 06:34, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Stanley Cup Brawl
Whatever the wikilink for the Stanley Cup Brawl of 1927 used to lead to...isn't there anymore. Does anyone know when it was there so we can link to it somehow? Just to clarify, I unwikified it before posting this, because it didn't lead anywhere. Bsroiaadn 05:43, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Illegal
The article uses the word illegal where it seems to mean "against the rules of the sport" rather than "against the law". Am I right? Could this be clarified and a better expression chosen? Jɪmp 04:11, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Sportsmanship Award
Removed the text "Some critics consider it telling that the NHL is the only professional hockey league that has a major players award for sportsmanship, the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, which suggests to some a tacit admission of the need to encourage more civil play."

As far as I can ascertain, many other major sports have sporsmanship awards: NBA MLB NCAA

If the "critics" in the original sentence were identified, it might stand Cander0000 08:56, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That just sounds like a cheapshot at the game. All sports have players who prefer to bend / break rules.99.242.129.186 (talk) 22:28, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Oxymoron?
First line of second paragraph: "non-dangerous violence". Isn't that something of an oxymoron? 67.169.14.238 (talk) 04:20, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Chris Simon
I will not change it but I don't think Chris Simon had any charges/accusations against him and if it was the case it was certainly not for the Ruutu stomping incident but it would have been in connection with the Hollweg cross-checl, but I have not heard any charges for that too, so I suggest that we remove the Chris Simon case from the Incidents resulting in charges.-- JForget 01:52, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and done. Every time there is an incident such as that, people tend to put it in the wrong section. Resolute 02:53, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Entirely biased
This article looks like it was told from the point-of-view of a liberal trying to tell us why "peace is kool, man". 24.184.200.190 (talk) 05:20, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Violence in ice hockey


text:
Talk:Cooperstown, New York

Metric?
Why are the metric units listed first? R'son-W 19:58, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Maps
I think this should be incorperated in ALL articles dealing with cites and towns. How about having some maps to see where exactly this place is?

Woolworths or Newberrys

 * There absolutely was a Woolworths on Main Street in Cooperstown. It was there is the 90s. I am not sure when it opened or when it closed, but during the 6 years I lived in the area (1991-1997) the Woolworths on Main street was a favorite stop for my young daughter. They had cafe which has a counter with swivel stools where we'd have breakfast, and they had photos with Santa at Christmastime. It had two floors with a wide staircase going to a lower floor which sold tools and outdoor items**

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:4040:60A8:6D00:C0C3:653E:475C:8EB8 (talk) 02:27, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

Did CVS buy the old Newberry's store on Main Street? If so, the article should refer to that rather than Woolworths, which i don't recall ever had an outlet in Cooperstown. I'm not there anymore so don't know if CVS is in the old Newberry's store.Drgitlow 03:00, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

No, CVS did not purchase the former Newberry's store. Newberry's was located between the Hall of Fame and F. R. Wood's on the south side of Main Street, e.g. the Post Office on the north side. The building (the site of which had once been the original Danny's Market) was acquired by the Clark Estates after the bankruptcy and liquidation of J.J. Newberry parent company in the 1990's. Today what occupies that retail space (leased by the Clark Estates) is a down-market 5-and-dime-esq store called the "Cooperstown General Store".

The CVS is where the former A&P was located: 100 Main Street. It serves as the only drug store within the Village limits following the departure of Whithey's in the 1980's and the exodus in the 1990's of Church & Scott on the outskirts of the Village. As a native of the Village and a family having lived there for over 60 years no one I've spoken to recalls there being a Woolworths in Cooperstown. Oneonta however did have one on Main Street. --Kellsboro Jack 01:35, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your additions and corrections to the article. As a teenager, I lived in Cooperstown part-time from 1970 to 1977 and was distressed by the many changes to the town fabric that I found when visiting again in the late 90s. Main Street in particular changed from a true village environment which happened to play host to the Baseball Hall of Fame to a tourist attraction site that focused on the Hall of Fame. Clearly there is still a substantial financial base to the area, as can be seen with the new Clark Gym and other improvements, but the loss of necessities of small town Main Streets, which took place elsewhere in the 60s and 70s, finally seemed to catch up with Cooperstown in the 80s and 90s. I can't imagine that this hasn't led to changes in satisfaction of town residents who, while I was there, had everything they needed within walking distance of home - grocery, hardware, clothing, toys, movies, and so forth. Drgitlow 01:25, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * By the way, my first year there, in 1970, was Danny's last year running his market. At that point, it was just to the left of Newberry's (as viewed from the street). He was a very sweet and warm gentleman, and I recall that much of his store was quite old-fashioned, with him or his staff pulling down items from high shelves in response to customer requests. From your comment, it sounds like he moved his store there after Newberry's came into town, yes? Drgitlow 01:31, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

While Newberry's moved to the site next to the Hall of Fame, its original Cooperstown location was at 100 Main Street, the location that CVS was using until CVS's recent move to the corner of Chestnut and Beaver. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.65.89.24 (talk) 14:58, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

Cooperstown Facts
What's with all the quote marks? 72.43.255.76

Modifications
The overall entry for Cooperstown needs some modifications with entries. I'll start with taking this action to delete this entry: 'It also contains Cooperstown Dreams Park, a youth baseball tournament'.

The 'Cooperstown Dreams Park' is not located whatsoever in the Village or Township. It is located in the district of Hartwick Seminary which is in excess of 4 miles south of the Village. --Kellsboro Jack 16:16, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Cooperstown Writers
To find true authenticity as an Upstate New York Writer one must wander around our lakes and cool mountains and gather a sense of the history from the small churchyards and old stone walls. W.W. Lord was such and I removed the pejorative reference from the Bostonian Poe.

The Botendaddy was born at Mary Imogene Basset in 1961, a true-born Yankee Cooperstownian.

To be fair, we need some standards for who is to be considered a Cooperstown writer. Lauren Groff for example makes Cooperstown the centerpiece of her novel "The Monsters of Templeton". She was born and raised in Cooperstown. She is legit. In my view, you must be:

1. born in Cooperstown, or 2. spent the majority of your writing career in Cooperstown, including being published while a resident, with Cooperstown being a topic of some of your works, or 3. lived for a signficant portion of your life in Cooperstown and a significant portion of your published work (not blogging) must be devoted to Cooperstown, its history, its famous citizens and so forth or 4. are otherwise generally recognized by literary critics and/or scholars as a Cooperstown writer.

If one's works honestly fit none of the above, then one has a lot of writing to do to be considered along with Cooper and Lord and Groff. I am the Botendaddy 03:13, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

I added Marly Youmans back in. She has a few published works about Cooperstown and an upcoming Novella "Glimmerglass". I stand updated. I am the Botendaddy 00:43, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

The Clark Family- Bias in this Section
There are quite a few residents of Cooperstown who feel that the Clark Foundation and Jane herself have turned Cooperstown from a small town with a lot of class and character that happens to have a baseball museum, into a baseball-hawking tourist dump. Can you objectively call them "good stewards" when so many people would strongly disagree with that statement? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.173.205.152 (talk) 05:50, 27 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Responded on user's talk page. --JBC3 (talk) 20:19, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

While not a forum for debate I would counter the above remark in saying that the Clark Foundation is not a governmental organization or even quasi-governmental. As such to make the assertion that there is an ability for Ms Clark, who holds no elected office or regulatory seat, or any Clark entities to restrict / control the commerce of Main Street is ludicrous. The sands of time have shifted under the feet of the village with 'baseball' going from being just one of a plethora of attractions to now being so dominant. Be it good or bad for year-round residents, tourist demand has seemingly supported the overwhelming succession of baseball-focused shops to open. The Baseball Hall of Fame did in the 1980's try to thwart Larry Fritsch from his card museum being opened. It ultimately opened - only to close a relatively short time later - but in many ways kicked off the progression of more such baseball shops to sprout up. In the mean time the Clark family has continued to put money into the Village like no other. That ranges from beautification efforts, to underwriting the Cooperstown trolley system, to leaving large parcels of land untouched and off limits to development. --Kellsboro Jack (talk) 14:54, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

I'm tired of people blasting Jane for so many things. Without her support, the village wouldn't be nearly as beautiful as it is. The residents wouldn't have such an amazing gym (have you seen the changes???) and the large expanses of fields everywhere would be covered with subdivisions of ugly housing. Stop being snarky and realize how lucky you are to hanging flower baskets on all the street lamps on Main Street and NOT Subways, Starbucks and Hooters there instead. User: Cooperstown Resident August 2017

Cooper
William Cooper was not a judge when he bought the land and founded the village. That position came later, as did his election to the state legislature.Parkwells (talk) 05:50, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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In what group?
"It ran a close third in annual attendance to the Hall of Fame and Farmers' Museum" - In the village, in the US, in the world, among farmers; museums, among all museums, among US tourist attractions? Kdammers (talk) 20:29, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Pretty obvious the sentence is referring to the museums discussed in the passage. oknazevad (talk) 04:10, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cooperstown, New York


text:
Buick LaCrosse

The Buick LaCrosse is a four-door, front-wheel-drive sedan manufactured by Buick since model year 2005, and marketed variously across four generations for the North American and Chinese markets.

The first-generation LaCrosse replaced the Century and Regal in North America beginning for model year 2005 as a five- or six-passenger, four-door, front-wheel-drive, V6-powered sedan using GM's mid-size W platform—and marketed in Canada as the Buick Allure. Notably, the first generation was also offered with a V8 engine, as a high-performance sub-model marketed as the LaCrosse Super (2008–2009). LaCrosse production and marketing began for China with model year 2006.

The second-generation LaCrosse was introduced for 2010 as a larger premium sedan for North American and Chinese markets using a long-wheelbase (LWB) variant of the Epsilon II platform shared with the Cadillac XTS—and available solely as a five-passenger sedan with a range of four- and six-cylinder engines.

The third generation was introduced for North America and China for model year 2017 using the GM Epsilon platform shared with the Chevrolet Impala, notably offering a mild hybrid powertrain combining 20 kW electric and 2.5-liter Ecotec gasoline engine. North American production ended with the third generation, with model year 2019; however, it continued to be offered in China, with a 2019 facelift.

The fourth-generation LaCrosse, launched in 2023, is currently manufactured and marketed solely in China. It is powered by a turbocharged 1.5-liter or 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine.

Background and name
In 2000, Buick showcased a LaCrosse concept featuring styling features that referred to Buicks of the late 1940s including a descending swage line (featured on Buicks starting in 1940 and sporadically until the 1970s) and front fender port holes. Unique features included a removable rear roof and trunk panel (converting the trunk into a truck bed) and voice recognition instead of traditional switches for basic interior functions. The Buick LaCrosse concept was based on the GM G body shared with the Buick Park Avenue.

As the Buick nameplate, the term lacrosse refers to the sport. Out of caution, GM chose to market the model in Canada as the Allure because the words "faire la crosse (make the cross)" are a slang Québecoise phrase meaning "to masturbate"—even though the words la crosse themselves translate as "the cross" in French and are not generally problematic.

North America
The first generation LaCrosse debuted in late 2004 as a 2005 model, replacing the Century and Regal—solely as a four-door, front-drive sedan. The nameplate was borrowed from the 2000 Buick concept of the same name.

Using the MS2000 variant of GM's long-lived front-drive W-body platform, the LaCrosse was initially available with two powerplants and three trim levels: a 3.8 L 3800 Series III V6 available in CX and mid-level CXL, and a 3.6 L HFV6 V6 in the CXS model. The CXS was replaced by the LaCrosse Super sub-model in North American markets, with the CXS available partly through model year 2008. Sales of the CXS continued in Canada until January 1, 2008.

Structurally, the engine cradle, previously steel, was replaced by a stiffer, stronger, and lighter extruded aluminum cradle, weighing 20 pounds less. The LaCrosse used more high-strength steel than its predecessors, as well as a magnesium cross-car beam behind the instrument panel, another cross-car beam behind the rear seats, steel reinforcements in the rocker panels, interlocking door latch system, high-strength steel door beams, and a double-thick Quiet Steel floor pan and firewalls.

CX and CXL models used the 4T65-E automatic transmission and Super models used the 4T65-E HD variant. The LaCrosse, along with all other GM vehicles powered by the 3.8 L V6, became the first SULEV-compliant vehicles for 2006. All models were manufactured outside Toronto at GM's Oshawa Assembly, Plant 2. Front driver and passenger airbags were standard, with optional side curtain airbags — which became standard for model year 2006.

All LaCrosse models featured an acoustic package, marketed by Buick as QuietTuning, to reduce, block, and absorb cabin noise. Features of the system included acoustical windshield and front side laminated glass; steel laminate on the front-of-dash body area; expanded baffles in the roof pillars; melt-on sound deadeners throughout the entire lower body structure; and sound-absorbing material throughout the engine, passenger, and cargo compartments.

Buick offered the LaCrosse as a five-passenger sedan, using front bucket seats and a console-mounted shifter, the console integrating with the upper instrument panel. At extra cost, a six-passenger configuration was available where the front seats shared a center flexible console that could fold up for a sixth passenger or fold out to provide a storage console, the transmission using a column-mounted shifter.

Regarding its styling, noted automotive journalist Warren Brown described the Lacrosse as a "delightful rendition of the automobile as functional art."

The final first-generation LaCrosse was manufactured on December 23, 2008. North American sales reached roughly 290,000 for model years 2005–2009, and the 2009 model was the last GM car using the company's noted and long-lived 3800 V6 engine.

2008 facelift
The LaCrosse received a facelift for 2008 with the vehicle's revised front design based on the Buick Velite concept and later used by the first generation Chinese LaCrosse.

All trim levels received a chrome exterior appearance package, factory remote start feature, XM Satellite Radio, telescoping steering wheel column, redundant steering wheel and climate control as added standard equipment (audio only post-MY 2006). CX included a leather-wrapped steering wheel, theft-deterrent system, illuminated vanity mirrors, driver information center personalization, and hydraulic struts supporting both the engine hood and trunk lid.

For the 2009 model year, the last of the first generation, heated outside rearview mirrors became standard on all models; a 60/40 split folding rear seat added to Driver Confidence Package; navigation became available via OnStar; Bluetooth became available on all models with includes integrated steering wheel controls; 16-inch painted aluminum wheel were standard on CX models and 17-inch chrome-clad wheels became available on CX models.

LaCrosse Super (2008–2009)
To coincide its introduction with the first generation's MY 2008 facelift, Buick previewed the LaCrosse Super in March, 2006 in New York and again at the Buick Open in Grand Blanc, Michigan, in July 2006, presenting it formally at the 2007 New York International Auto Show —as a higher-content, higher-performance, and more exclusive LaCrosse sub-model.

Resurrecting the Super nameplate from Buick's 1930s–1950s model, the model featured minor interior and exterior tweaks as well as a 5.3-liter, 300-hp V8 engine shared with the Pontiac Grand Prix GXP and Chevrolet Impala SS, and Monte Carlo SS—engineered under the direction of former Corvette engineer John Heinricy with the GM Performance Division. Noting that the Super would share parts with Chevrolet and Pontiac variants, Heinricy said the LaCrosse aimed to balance performance and refinement for a smoother, quieter and more grown-up demeanor.

The Super's LS4 5.3 L V8 engine made 300 hp and 323 lbft, used premium fuel, and featured variable displacement technology (marketed as Active Fuel Management), capable of deactivating four of its eight cylinders to save fuel. It was noted for its factory top speed of 150 mi/h and a 0–60 mph time of 5.7 seconds.

The Super used the heavier duty 4T65-E HD four-speed automatic transmission, magnetically sensitive variable-effort power steering (marketed as Magnasteer), and a steering rack with closer-fitting gear teeth, tighter bushings, and a stiffer torsion rod controlling the variable-effort power assist. Chassis tuning featured Bilstein mono-tube struts; larger rotors at all four disc brakes; full-range, powertrain- and brake-modulated traction control; revised suspension tuning with standard electronic stability control, marketed as Stabilitrak; dual exhaust with two 3.5-inch chrome tips; and 18-inch cast aluminum wheels with P235/50R18 all-season tires.

The exterior featured Buick's hallmark fender-mounted VentiPorts; a revised front fascia incorporating the larger and more pronounced 2008 upper grille (recalling Buick's Velite concept), lower grille chrome trim with chrome bezels for projector beam fog lights, revised side rocker moldings, a very small deck-mounted rear spoiler, and a revised rear fascia with integrated parking sensors. Exterior color choices were brown, black, red, and silver—marketed as Mocha Brown Metallic, Black Onyx, Red Jewel Tincoat, and Platinum Metallic.

Interior features included a blue-faced instrument cluster with Super badging, dark faux chestnut wood trim, enhanced front seatback bolstering, split fold-down rear seats, redundant steering wheel–mounted radio and cruise controls, leather seating surfaces with inserts embossed to mimic woven leather (marketed as Dream Weave), heated front seats, remote start, premium sound system with nine speakers (marketed as Concert III), OnStar, and optional Bluetooth wireless technology. Upholstery colors were Platinum (light beige) and Mocha Brown (dark brown).

The 2008 base price for the LaCrosse Super was $32,820, which rose to $33,805 for 2009. Assembled alongside other LaCrosse models at GM's Oshawa Car Assembly Plant 2, sales reached 2,277 for 2008 and 139 for 2009.

Safety
The LaCrosse received a Good overall score in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's frontal impact crash test and a Marginal overall rating in the side impact test. Injury measurements for the side-impact crash test include a Poor mark for the driver's torso and a Marginal score for the driver's pelvis and leg. Side airbags are limited to the curtain type for both front and rear rows; the torso-type side airbag is unavailable. 2007 models also earned one out of five stars in a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration side-impact crash test. The IIHS also found that the 2006–08 model year LaCrosse had the second-highest fatality rate in the large four-door car class; only the Buick Lucerne fared worse.

China
Shanghai GM introduced the Buick LaCrosse in February 2006, as a more upscale companion to its Buick Regal sedan. Designed by Shanghai GM's Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center (PATAC), the Chinese LaCrosse is based on the same architecture as the North American model, with different exterior sheetmetal, interior design and available engines. The car is also manufactured in Taiwan by a joint Yulon–GM venture.

Eco-Hybrid
In 2008, Shanghai GM introduced a mild hybrid system on the LaCrosse. Using the Belt Alternator Starter system, it is the first hybrid vehicle in the Chinese market as well as the first hybrid in its segment.

Second generation (2010)
Launched at the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan, the second-generation Buick LaCrosse was completely redesigned, becoming Buick's flagship sedan.

The exterior used faux vents and a falling swage line, marketed respectively as VentiPorts and Sweepspears—and making reference to styling elements Buick had incorporated in various forms since introducing them in 1949.

The second-generation used a long-wheelbase (LWB) variant of the Epsilon II platform, shared with the Opel Insignia, 2010–2012 Saab 9-5, and the Cadillac XTS. The design was based on 2008 Buick Invicta concept, and replaces both the Chinese and North American models. The final design work was carried out at the GM design center in Warren, Michigan.

The LaCrosse was marketed in Mexico starting in 2010, as the Buick brand returned to the country after 13 years.

Engines
The 2.4L Ecotec four-cylinder replaced the 3.0L V6 as the standard engine on the CX model in the first quarter of 2010. The 3.6L V6 continues to be an option on the CX and front-wheel-drive CXL and standard on the CXS and all-wheel-drive CXL. All V6 models are equipped with the Hydra-Matic 6T70 6-speed automatic transmission.

Reception
The New York Times said the new LaCrosse combined design elements from classic American cars of the 1930s and 1950s with traditional Chinese aesthetic elements: U.S. News & World Report aggregated the following ratings based on numerous reviews of the models years, also for the 2016 model year. Results of the analysis were given on a scale of 1 to 10, where a higher number indicates positive reception. The overall result for the 2016 model year was 8.7, critics' rating 8.8, performance 8.1, interior 8.4, and safety 9.7.

Technology and features
The 2010 Buick LaCrosse CXS was the first North American car to incorporate a front suspension design, marketed as HiPer Strut, designed to improve ride and handling while reducing torque steer. The Buick LaCrosse CXS included a system marketed as Real Time Damping that adjusts the damping forces of the shocks and struts for improved ride and handling.

The 2010, 2012, and 2013 models lacked an interior trunk release mechanism. The trunk was only accessible using the key fob (remote keyless entry) or a touch sensor between the trunk lid and the license plate. The 2011 model added a remote release button at the left of the steering wheel on the instrument panel. The 2014 model refresh returned the trunk release button to LaCrosse but placed it on the driver door.

eAssist
The 2012 LaCrosse features a new mild hybrid as its base model. Dubbed eAssist, the 2012 LaCrosse introduced GM's second-generation belted-alternator starter system. The non-hybrid 4-cylinder was no longer offered. The system consists of a 115-volt lithium-ion battery pack, a 15 kW electric motor capable of adding 15 horsepower of assist while accelerating, and the next-generation 6T40 GM Hydra-Matic transmission with reduced friction components over the previous generation. The eAssist LaCrosse delivers a class leading fuel economy of 25 mpg city and 36 mpg highway. In addition to providing additional power to the 182 hp 2.4L 4-cylinder, the BAS-II system allows for engine start/stop operation when the vehicle is not moving and allows for complete fuel cutoff to the engine during deceleration.

Canadian market: Allure
The second-generation LaCrosse debuted to the Canadian market at the 2009 Montreal International Auto Show as the Buick Allure, and soon after production began, General Motors Canada renamed the Allure to LaCrosse, to correspond with the car's global marketing. GM Canada has offered existing Allure owners the option to change nameplates to LaCrosse.

Korean market: Alpheon
The Alpheon was a localized version of the Buick LaCrosse for the South Korean market. Alpheon was a standalone brand from GM Korea. The cars were additionally fitted with amenities such as controls in the rear armrest, mood lights and more. A version of the vehicle (with 3.0L V6 engine mated to a six-speed automatic transmission) was unveiled at the 2010 Busan International Motor Show.

Production began on August 9, 2010, at GM Daewoo's factory in Bupyeong, Incheon. Market launch began in September 2010. Early models included one with a 3.0-liter engine (from the 2010 Buick LaCrosse) in mid-September, followed by two models each with a 2.4-liter engine in October.

The Alpheon was discontinued in 2015, after monthly sales fell below 500 cars. GM Korea replaced it with the Chevrolet Impala.

Chinese market: Roewe 950
The Roewe 950 was a Chinese version of the Buick LaCrosse produced by Roewe of SAIC. It was sold alongside the Buick LaCrosse in China, and had a price range similar to that of the LaCrosse. The sheet metal, while similar in appearance, was unique to the Roewe.

In late February 2012, the Chinese government removed the Buick LaCrosse (along with all other foreign vehicles) from the list of vehicles approved for government procurement. Though popular among government officials, the LaCrosse also thrived via private purchases.

2014 facelift
Buick unveiled a revised 2014 LaCrosse at the 2013 New York Auto Show. Redesigned front and rear fascias, new wheel designs, a reconfigurable eight-inch TFT LCD instrument cluster, semi-aniline leather seating, and radar- and camera-based safety features such as forward collision alert and side blind zone alert are among the most notable changes for this mid-cycle refresh.

For 2016, the LaCrosse added a new Sport Touring Edition which included unique 18" aluminum black pocket wheels, and a rear lip spoiler.

Production
Production of North American models moved from Oshawa to the Fairfax Assembly plant in Kansas City, Kansas, where it ran down the same production line as the Chevrolet Malibu. Delivery of 2010 models was delayed a few weeks in order to assure quality control. Production for China started a month later.

Safety
The 2010 model year LaCrosse was awarded "Top Safety Pick" by IIHS, as it received a Good rating in the crash test evaluations particularly in the roof strength test which it could withstand force of four times its vehicle weight.

Third generation (2017)
The third-generation LaCrosse debuted at the 2015 LA Auto Show as a 2017 model using the E2XX platform shared with the 2016–2020 Chevrolet Impala. The platform switch and use of high-strength steels reduced weight by about 300 lb, despite slightly growing in length and width.

The car was powered by a GM Small Gasoline Engine and GM Ecotec engine in China for tax credit purposes and by a fourth-generation GM High Feature engine in North America. Since 2018, the LaCrosse came standard with an eAssist drivetrain, consisting of a mild hybrid 20 kW electric and 2.5-liter Ecotec gasoline engine sending power to the front wheels through a 6-speed automatic transmission.

In order to make room for an upcoming new product in the Kansas City facility, the production of the LaCrosse was moved from GM Fairfax Assembly to Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly.

The main difference between the North American and Chinese model LaCrosse was the drive system. Models sold in the Chinese market were front-wheel drive vehicles only, compared to their American counterparts which were available in front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive.

Third-generation features included:
 * Automatic parking assist (front ultrasonic parking assist is now present).
 * Apple CarPlay and Android Auto for the Buick IntelliLink infotainment system.
 * An all-new 3.6-liter direct-injection VVT V6 engine (LGX 310 hp / 282 lb-ft), with stop-start and cylinder deactivation.
 * Externally-sourced 8-speed Aisin (AWF8F35) automatic transmission (2017 only).
 * Starting in 2018, an all-new 9-speed GM 9T60 (M3G) automatic transmission with the optional V6.

Safety
The 2017 LaCrosse received a Top Safety Pick in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's Crashworthiness test and a Poor rating for headlights, which prevented a Top Safety Pick Plus. The LaCrosse came standard with ten airbags: front air bags, roof rail–mounted head-curtain air bags, seat-mounted side-impact air bags for both front and rear outboard seat passengers, and knee air bags for front seat passengers. Additional standard safety features included ultrasonic rear parking sensors and a backup camera. Optional safety features included a following distance indicator, forward collision alert, forward collision braking, front pedestrian detection, blind spot detection, lane keeping assist, and rear-cross traffic alert.

Reception
Car and Driver's said the LaCrosse had an "elegant exterior, much-improved interior materials, impressive ride and handling with up level suspension," while U.S. News & World Report listed the 2017 LaCrosse as a Finalist for Best Large Car for Families. Motor Trend said "the car drops about 300 pounds and rides on a new platform, which contributes to a better driving experience and a much quieter ride. Buick also separates the LaCrosse from most competitors by offering all-wheel drive on the highest trim level," and listed the Kia Cadenza, Nissan Maxima, Chrysler 300, and Lexus ES as competitors.

Consumer Reports was critical of the gear selector, saying "our biggest gripe about the controls is the new electronic gear selector. Drivers used to a traditional PRNDL configuration—in other words, those drivers who kept the lights on for Buick for many years—will be puzzled, if not angered." In addition, reviewers were critical of the sticker price on top-trim, heavily optioned models with Bloomberg saying "by the time you spend the $48,395 it costs to get the LaCrosse to this level, you're creeping into Audi/BMW/Mercedes territory."

Discontinuation
The Buick LaCrosse was one of six vehicles GM discontinued after the 2019 model year amid a global restructuring effort. The discontinuation of the LaCrosse affected the North American market and Buick will continue to manufacture the LaCrosse in China, where the sedan remains a best seller. Production of the Buick LaCrosse for North America ceased on February 15, 2019.

2019 facelift
A facelift was introduced for the 2019 model year in the Chinese market, with the facelifted LaCrosse featuring a new 2.0-liter turbo engine to the powertrain options. The new 2.0-liter turbo engine is one of GM's eighth-generation Ecotec engines and delivers a maximum output of 237 hp and 350 N-m (258 lb-ft) of torque. The 2019 LaCrosse was available with a nine-speed Hydra-Matic automatic transmission with an average fuel consumption of 6.9 liters per 100 kilometers (34 miles per gallon). Trim levels for the New LaCrosse model are known as the 652T Elite, 652T Luxury and 652T Distinguished. From 2021 to 2023, the 552T trim level was available where a 1.5 liter turbocharged engine was also introduced as standard.

Fourth generation (2023)
In 2023, Buick unveiled the fourth-generation LaCrosse, adopting Buick's new Pure Design philosophy first seen on the Buick GL8 Century minivan, as well as Buick's new corporate emblem. The fourth-generation LaCrosse is available in four trims: Beyond, Enjoy, Premium, and Avenir. The LaCrosse was only offered with a turbo 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine at launch; a 1.5-liter four-cylinder for the base model will be available later in 2023.

title: Buick LaCrosse


text:
User:Ruipedro.sousa

Rui Pedro Rodrigues de Sousa

Sintra, Portugal

title: User:Ruipedro.sousa


text:
Julius Schmidt

Julius Schmidt or Schmid may refer to:

 * Julius Schmidt (aviator) (died 1944), German World War I flying ace
 * Julius Schmid (footballer) (born 2001), a Finnish-German football goalkeeper
 * Julius Schmid (manufacturer) (1865–1939), creator of the Sheik and Ramses condoms
 * Julius Schmid (painter) (1854–1935), Austrian painter
 * Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt (1825–1884), known as Julius Schmidt, German astronomer

title: Julius Schmidt


text:
USS Syren (1803)

USS Syren (later Siren) was a brig of the United States Navy built at Philadelphia in 1803. She served during the First Barbary War and the War of 1812 until the Royal Navy captured her in 1814. The British never commissioned her but apparently used her for a year or so as a lazaretto, or a prison vessel. She then disappears from records.

Description
Syren was designed by Benjamin Hutton, Jr. of Philadelphia and built for the Navy in 1803 at Philadelphia by shipwright Nathaniel Hutton and launched on 6 August 1803. She was commissioned in September and Lieutenant Charles Stewart was appointed in command.

She was sharper, but smaller than USS Argus (1803), yet carried the same armament. Both vessels were built the same year for the First Barbary War.

First Barbary War
Syren departed Philadelphia on 27 August 1803 and reached Gibraltar on 1 October. A fortnight later she sailed via Livorno to Algiers carrying presents and money to the Dey of Algiers. She then sailed to Syracuse, Sicily, where she arrived early in January 1804.

The first action Syren was involved in was an attack aimed at destroying USS Philadelphia (1799), a frigate that had run aground the previous autumn and that Tripolitan gunboats had then captured. To prevent Philadelphia from opposing his planned operations against Tripoli, the commander of the American squadron in the Mediterranean, Commodore Edward Preble, decided to destroy her. To achieve this, Syren and ketch USS Intrepid (1798) sailed from Syracuse on 3 February 1804 and proceeded to Tripoli, which they reached on 7 February. However, before the American ships could launch their attack, they were driven off by a violent gale and did not get back off Tripoli until 16 February. Before the attack Syren tied up alongside Intrepid to transfer some of her crew for the assault on Philadelphia. Aboard Intrepid, under the command of Stephen Decatur, sailors from both Intrepid and Syren succeeded in burning Philadelphia. Also present during the assault was Thomas Macdonough of Syren. Syren returned to Syracuse on the morning of 19 February. On 9 March, she and USS Nautilus (1799) sailed for Tripoli. Soon after their arrival, on 21 March 1804, she captured the armed brig Transfer belonging to the Pasha. Stewart took Transfer into US service and renamed her USS Scourge (1804). She then served in the American squadron. The very next day Syren captured a polacca named Madona Catapolcana and sent her to Malta. Operations in the Mediterranean during the spring and summer of 1804 and participated in the attacks on Tripoli in August and September 1804. The ship continued to support the squadron's operation against Tripoli which forced the Pasha to accede to American demands. After a peace treaty with Tripoli was signed on 10 June 1805, the brig remained in the Mediterranean commanded by Master Commandant John Smith for almost a year helping to establish and maintain satisfactory relations with other Barbary states.

The ship returned to America in May 1806 and reached the Washington Navy Yard in August. She was laid up in ordinary there until recommissioned in 1807 and subsequently carried dispatches to France in 1809. In 1809, her sailing master at the Norfolk Navy Yard was Captain John "Mad Jack" Percival. The following year, her name was changed to Siren.

War of 1812
Little record has been found of the brig's service during the War of 1812, however small news items appeared in the Salem Gazette and the Boston Gazette.

In May 1813 it was reported that within the space of two days a merchant vessel, Pilgrim, was boarded, first by HMS Herald (1806) which was searching for Syren, and then by Syren, which was searching for Herald. Syren was now commanded by Lieutenant Joseph Bainbridge. The following month Syren left Belize and proceeded to Cuba where after three weeks searching for a Royal Navy sloop, probably Herald, she sailed for the coast of Florida putting in at New Orleans before departing on 9 May 1813. No prizes were taken during this voyage and the ship needed repairs.

By January 1814 Syren was in Massachusetts and was now commanded by Lieutenant Parker, In February she sailed along with a privateer, Grand Turk. Not long after sailing Parker died and command transferred to Lieutenant N.J. Nicholson.

Syren captured at least three merchant ships off the coast of Africa. On 28 May she captured and burnt Barton, Hassler, master, which had been sailing from Africa to Liverpool. Then on 1 June Syren captured Adventure, which too was from Africa to Liverpool. She took-off their cargoes of ivory and sank them. Lastly, at some point Syren captured Catherine.

On 12 July 1814 Syren while cruising off the West African coast encountered the British ship HMS Medway (1812) a 74-gun third rate ship of the line under the command of Captain Augustus Brine. Heavily outgunned, Syren attempted to run. After an 11-hour chase Medway captured her despite Syren having lightened her load by throwing overboard her guns, anchors and boats. During her last voyage she had captured or sunk several British merchantmen. Among the prisoners was Samuel Leech, who later wrote an account of his experiences.

According to Samuel Leech, after being captured the crew of Syren were taken to the Cape of Good Hope, and after landing at Simonstown, marched to a jail in Cape Town. Here they were held until transferred to England when the war was over. On arriving at Simonstown, other American prisoners were seen to be leaving the jail and being shipped off to Dartmoor. The Syren crew met these again in England while waiting for transfer to the United States. Some had been present at 'The Massacre'.

British service history
After her capture by the Royal Navy she had a figurehead of a mermaid installed.

The Royal Navy used her as a lazaretto. She is no longer listed after 1815.

title: USS Syren (1803)