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Three Amigos

¡Three Amigos! is a 1986 American Western comedy film directed by John Landis, written by Lorne Michaels, Steve Martin, and Randy Newman (who also wrote the film's songs), and starring Chevy Chase, Martin Short, Steve Martin, Alfonso Arau, Tony Plana, Patrice Martinez, and Joe Mantegna. It is the story of three American silent film stars who are mistaken for real heroes by the suffering people of a small Mexican village. The actors must find a way to live up to their reputation and stop a malevolent group of bandits.

Plot
In 1916, the bandit El Guapo and his gang collect protection money from the Mexican village of Santa Poco. Carmen, daughter of the village leader, searches for someone who can rescue her townspeople. Visiting a village church, she sees a silent film featuring The Three Amigos, a trio of gunfighters who protect the vulnerable from villains. Believing them to be real heroes, Carmen sends a telegram asking them to come and stop El Guapo.

Lucky Day, Dusty Bottoms, and Ned Nederlander, the actors who portray the Amigos, demand a salary increase for their next project and are fired by their boss Harry Flugelman. He has them evicted from the studio mansion, banned from his lot, and the clothes they borrowed from wardrobe repossessed. They soon receive Carmen's telegram, misinterpreting it as a job offer to perform a show in Santa Poco. The Amigos break into the studio to retrieve their costumes and head for Mexico.

Stopping at a cantina near Santa Poco, they are mistaken for associates of a German pilot who is a fast draw and arrived in town shortly before, also in search of El Guapo. The Amigos perform "My Little Buttercup" at the cantina, confusing the locals. After they leave, the German's real associates arrive at the cantina, proving themselves lethal with their pistols when everybody laughs at them. Relieved, Carmen picks up the Amigos and takes them to the village, where they are pampered in the best house in town.

The next morning, when three of El Guapo's men raid the village, the Amigos do a Hollywood-style stunt show that leaves the men bemused. The bandits ride off, making the villagers think they have defeated the enemy. In reality, the men inform El Guapo of what has happened and he decides to return the next day to kill the Amigos.

The village throws a victory party for the Amigos. The next morning, El Guapo and his gang come to Santa Poco and call them out, but they think it's another show. After Lucky is shot, they realize they are confronting real bandits and beg for mercy, clarifying to everyone that they are just harmless actors. Since he "only kills men", El Guapo allows the Amigos to live, then has his men loot the village and kidnaps Carmen. Losing the respect of the villagers, the Amigos leave Santa Poco in disgrace.

Ned persuades Lucky and Dusty to go after El Guapo as they have nothing worth going back to in America and this is their chance to be real heroes. After trying and failing to find El Guapo's hideout, the Amigos spot a plane and follow it. The plane is flown by the German, who has brought a shipment of rifles for the gang. El Guapo's 40th birthday party is being prepared and he plans to bed Carmen that night. The Amigos swing down from the outer wall to infiltrate the hideout with mixed results: Lucky is immediately captured and chained in a dungeon, Dusty crashes into Carmen's room, and Ned ends up suspended from a piñata.

Lucky frees himself, but Dusty and Ned are discovered and held captive. The German, having idolized Ned's quick-draw and gun-spinning pistol skills in childhood, challenges him to a shootout. Ned kills the German and Lucky holds El Guapo at gunpoint long enough for Carmen and the Amigos to escape in the German's plane.

Returning to Santa Poco with El Guapo's army in pursuit, the Amigos rally the villagers to stand up for themselves. The villagers are uncertain as all they are good at is sewing. Drawing inspiration from one of their films, they have the villagers create improvised Amigos costumes. The bandits arrive, are shot at by Amigos from all sides, and fall into hidden trenches. El Guapo's men either ride off or are shot, and he takes a fatal wound. Before he dies, the villagers, dressed as Amigos, step out to confront him. El Guapo congratulates them, then shoots Lucky in the foot before dying.

The villagers offer the Amigos all the money they have, but the Amigos refuse it with: "Our reward is that justice has been done." They then ride off into the sunset.

Cast

 * Steve Martin as Lucky Day, a silent film actor.
 * Chevy Chase as Dusty Bottoms, a silent film actor.
 * Martin Short as Ned Nederlander, a silent film actor.
 * Alfonso Arau as "El Guapo", the leader of a group of banditos.
 * Tony Plana as "Jefe", El Guapo’s second in command.
 * Patrice Martinez as Carmen, the daughter of the head of the village.
 * Joe Mantegna as Harry Flugleman, the head of Goldsmith Pictures that Lucky, Dusty, and Ned work for.
 * Phil Hartman as Sam, one of Flugleman's personal assistants.
 * Jon Lovitz as Morty, one of Flugleman's personal assistants.
 * Tino Insana as Studio Guard
 * Loyda Ramos as Conchita
 * Phillip Gordon as Rodrigo
 * Kai Wulff as The German pilot
 * Fred Asparagus as The Bartender
 * Norbert Weisser and Brian Thompson as The German's associates
 * Randy Newman as Voice of the Singing Bush
 * Rebecca Underwood as Hot Senorita (kisses Ned at the close of the film)

Production
The film was written by Steve Martin, Lorne Michaels, and Randy Newman. According to Michaels, Martin approached him with the idea for the film and asked him to co-write it. Martin originally had the working title Three Caballeros, the same as the Disney cartoon.

Newman contributed three original songs: "The Ballad of the Three Amigos", "My Little Buttercup", and "Blue Shadows on the Trail", and the musical score was composed by Elmer Bernstein. It was shot outside Grants, New Mexico, and in Simi Valley, California; Coronado National Forest; Old Tucson Studios; Culver City and Hollywood.

John Landis was on trial over the Twilight Zone tragedy during the editing of Three Amigos, and the studio heavily edited the film down after he submitted his final cut.

Martin performed his own lasso tricks for the film — a skill he acquired at the age of twelve while working at Disneyland.

The production went through many cast changes before filming. Martin had been attached to the project since 1980 and he, Dan Aykroyd, and John Belushi were originally going to star. At one point, Steven Spielberg was slated to direct; he wanted Martin, Bill Murray, and Robin Williams to play Lucky, Dusty, and Ned, respectively. Landis has said that Rick Moranis would have been cast as Ned had Short been unavailable. When Aykroyd became unavailable, Chase replaced him. John Candy was set for the role originally intended for Belushi, but was too large to ride a horse. Candy recommended Short to Martin, as they had worked together at SCTV. Martin and Short became close friends and continue to perform together. Candy was later seen riding a horse in the 1991 film Delirious. While Steve Martin has top billing in some posters as well as DVD covers today, Chevy Chase has top billing in the film itself.

Martin reportedly developed tinnitus after filming a pistol-shooting scene. But in an interview with Pitchfork, he clarified that the tinnitus was from years of listening to loud music and performing for noisy crowds.

There were difficulties between the main actors and Landis. Most famously, Chase refused to tell a particular joke that he thought would make his character look like a "moron". Chase agreed to do the line after Landis threatened to give it to Short instead. Chase recalled making a "hideous" insult about Landis's supposed lack of stunt precautions at a 50-foot cliff, in reference to Landis's ongoing Twilight Zone accidental death trial, which Landis overheard on live microphone and over which he nearly started a fistfight. Chase later said that making this movie was "the most fun I've ever had".

Deleted scenes
Several deleted scenes were included in the Blu-ray release. An alternative opening features Santo Poco being pillaged by El Guapo and his men, prompting Carmen's search for help. Extended sequences of the Three Amigos at the studio mansion and backlot lead into another deleted subplot involving an up-and-coming rival actress at the studio, Miss Rene (Fran Drescher). A billboard featuring a Miss Rene film is visible when the Amigos steal their costumes from the studio.

A number of deleted scenes featuring Sam Kinison as a mountain man were lost, as were most of Drescher's other scenes.

Music
Elmer Bernstein wrote the score for Three Amigos and Randy Newman wrote the songs.
 * 1) "The Ballad of the Three Amigos"
 * 2) "Main Title"
 * 3) "The Big Sneak"
 * 4) "My Little Buttercup"
 * 5) "Santo Poco"
 * 6) "Fiesta and Flamenco"
 * 7) "El Guapo"
 * 8) "The Return of the Amigos"
 * 9) "Blue Shadows on the Trail"
 * 10) "The Singing Bush"
 * 11) "Amigos at the Mission"
 * 12) "Capture"
 * 13) "El Guapo's Birthday"
 * 14) "The Chase”
 * 15) "Amigos, Amigos, Amigos"
 * 16) "Farewell"
 * 17) "End Credits"

Box office
Three Amigos grossed $39.2 million in the U.S.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 45% based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Three Amigos! stars a trio of gifted comedians and has an agreeably silly sense of humor, but they're often adrift in a dawdling story with too few laugh-out-loud moments." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of four, writing, "The ideas to make Three Amigos into a good comedy are here, but the madness is missing." Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that it was "likable" but lacked a "distinctive style", though certain jokes are crafted with "enjoyable sophistication". Caroline Wetsbrook of Empire awarded the film three out of five stars and wrote that it was "good-natured enough to sustain its ultimately thin premise".

The film has since been reviewed more favorably and has become a cult classic. Neil McNally of the website Den of Geek noted that the film was "unfairly overlooked" when first released, and praised the performances of Martin, Chase, and Short; the comedic timing of Landis's direction; and Bernstein's "sweeping, majestic" score. The film was ranked 79th on Bravo's list of the "100 Funniest Movies".

title: Three Amigos


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Average weight

I don't believe this deserves an article to itself. -- Grunt (talk) 02:56, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

 * Delete -- WOT 04:25, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Provincial, misnamed, not encyclopedic. Geogre 13:20, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for all the reasons noted in Average height. Denni ☯ 01:49, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC)
 * Delete for same reasons as for Average height.--Ianb [Myg0t] 05:11, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Xavante

The Xavante (also Shavante, Chavante, Akuen, A'uwe, Akwe, Awen, or Akwen) are an indigenous people, comprising about 30,000 individuals within the territory of eastern Mato Grosso state in Brazil. They speak the Xavante language, part of the Jê language family.

History
They were enslaved in the 18th century, after which they have tried to avoid contact. A temporary coexistence with westernized society in the 19th century in the state of Goiás, was followed by withdrawal to Mato Grosso (between 1830 and 1860). They were "re-discovered" during the 1930s. From 1946 to 1957, they were brought under Getúlio Vargas' National Integration Program, but still experienced massacres and disease. Due to this history, they have a distrust of non-Xavante people. Today they are still wary of any approach of non-Xavante, called "waradzu".

The Xavante leader Mário Juruna was the first indigenous Brazilian to become a federal representative.

The Xavante, like other indigenous tribes, were treated badly by the government beginning in the 1960s, the Xavante were moved from their homeland in Mato Grosso to a southern, malnourished area of Brazil. There, thousands of natives died due to disease, famine and warfare. Within the last decade, the Xavante have been relocated back to their original lands. Unfortunately, due to landgrabbing and squatters, the land was destroyed. Lush forest was burned to create sparse wasteland and pasture.

Genetic origins
A 2015 genetic study reached a surprising conclusion about the origins of the Xavante people. Unlike other Native American peoples, the Paiter-Surui, Karitiana, and Xavante have an ancestry partially related to indigenous Australasian populations of the Andaman Islands, New Guinea, and Australia. Scientists speculate that the relationship derives from an earlier people, called "Population Y", in East Asia from whence both groups diverged 15,000 to 30,000 years ago, the future Australasians migrating south and the remote ancestors of the Xavante northward finding their way to the New World and to the interior Amazon Basin.

Culture
The people may be most famous for their dualistic societal structure. Two clans, the Âwawẽ and Po'reza'õno compose the culture, and marriage is not allowed between members of the same clan. An example of inter-clan relationships are the traditional log races, where the two clans compete in a race to carry palm tree trunks weighing as much as 80 kg to a defined point.

The Xavante are also known for their complex initiation rituals for young males, such as when small wooden sticks are inserted in the earlobes at the age of fourteen. As time passes, the size of these adornments is increased for the rest of their lives.

In 1996 the Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura stayed and recorded with the Xavante people, who are featured on their album Roots. A small number of Xavante even travelled to São Paulo to partake in Sepultura's Barulho Contra Fome (Noise Against Hunger) concert in 1998 that marked the start of their tour for their follow-up album, Against, where their presence was featured in the music video for the song "Choke".

title: Xavante


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Talk:Sandhill crane

9 million years...
I just heard an article on NPR and a wildlife ecologist stated that the Sandhill crane as a species is 9 million years old, making it one of the oldest... I thought that if it's true, it could make it into the article. Does anyone know where we could find a reference for this? Thanks! --Travisthurston 00:53, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This was debunked. I can't find references to this article, nor the rebuttal article.  If someone has better luck at digging this up, please post it here!  Thanks!  --Dulcimerist 19:16, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There are 10 million year old fossils that are similar to modern Sandhill cranes, but the oldest known Sandhill fossil is about 2.5 million, from what Google is showing me (National Geographic, All About Birds). -- Anonymous

Crane Hunting
Somewhere i read that people are allowed to hunt cranes in Texas. Though i despise it, that's something worth putting up on Wikipedia! why would you despise this? btp — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:41A3:2A00:6079:8FCD:D648:83E2 (talk) 05:09, 21 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Please sign your posts!
 * Yes, Sandhill Cranes are hunted during seasons in verious states, such as Montana. Flocks containing literally thousands of Sandhills exist in western states, which have an adverse effect on habitat for other wildlife.  Even worse is that the overly-abundant Sandhills compete for the food and nesting cover that the endangered Whooping Cranes need, which has an adverse affect on the Whooping Crane population out here.  In Montana, a hunter can apply for a tag to harvest one Sandhill Crane, and may or may not receive one of the very limited number of tags.  Hunters must also pass a test in identifying the difference between a Sandhill and a Whooping Crane.  These facts might be worth mentioning, if worded appropriately.  --Dulcimerist 19:13, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Don't Feed These Birds!
There is documentation describing the terrible consequences of people having fed wild Sandhill cranes. They will become more bold, will venture into parking lots and backyards and have seriously damaged cars and homes in Florida by pecking furiously at any shiny surface.
 * Please sign your posts!
 * If you can find the reference, this would be worth putting in the article. A section on Sandhill Crane behavior would be excellent.  I believe that they will also fiercely defend their nests as well.  If you can dig up this info, post it here; and a section can be assembled.  :)  --Dulcimerist 19:21, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Crane or Heron
"Although this heron is of similar dimensions to the sandhill and is sometimes given the misnomer "crane", it is extremely different in plumage, method of flight (it flies with it's neck tucked towards the body instead of extended) and general structure."

So is it a crane or a heron? Lamjus 15:50, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Must be a crane if its genus is Grus - all the Gruses are cranes, and all have that red patch on the head. So it's a crane. Totnesmartin 17:04, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Genus
Sandhill cranes are actually not Grus, they got shifted into Antigone a while ago. At least, according to the IUCN Red List, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Kachemak Crane Watch, All About Birds, BirdLife International, Avibase, etc. etc. Any chance of the article being updated to reflect this? -- Anonymous

Wading Bird?
The article states that "The only other large grayish-bodied wading bird of North America is the Great Blue Heron". while these two birds are often mistaken for each other, the Sandhill crane is not a wading bird, at least not around here. I have never seen a Sandhil Crane in the water, nor have I see a picture of a Sandhill Crane hunting in the water. Unless some one can provide a reference stating that Sandhill Cranes hunt in the water, or an image of that, I think it should be edited to avoid this misclassification. Michael1115 (talk) 21:25, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Eh, I'll just change this now. Michael1115 (talk) 23:11, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The article states that "These birds forage while walking in shallow water or in fields, sometimes probing with their bills." I've seen them generally in the vicinity of water.  They clearly aren't exclusively wading birds.  Sibley notes "winter in marshlands or on farmland, where flocks forage for roots, grain and other food, spending the night in groups in shallow water."  So they appear to use water differently than other wading birds.  I think it would be as well to remove the term, but perhaps to replace it with a reference to their use of water for defense. -- Mwanner | Talk 00:34, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah,I have seen them around lakes and such, but hunting in the grass on the shore, not the water. If the article already states that they sometimes rest in water, do you think that anything else needs to be added? Michael1115 (talk) 15:17, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

 * These are the best animals in the world!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sandhill Cranes (talk • contribs) 15:19, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know why people confused the Sandhill Crane for the moth man. I admit they're are few similarities but none of which can clearly make it a theory that the bird was misidintified. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.146.10.188 (talk) 22:54, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * They roost in the water in the California Delta, and spend a lot of time wading, too. Not sure about elsewhere. -- Anonymous

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Whooping Crane - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 06:00, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

Nesting in Yellowstone
does this bird nest in Yellowstone national park? Or do they only nest in he south. ErinHowarth (talk) 07:00, 2 August 2012 (UTC)
 * According to the National Park Service, they nest in Yellowstone in the summer. (They nest in the north, and migrate south in the winter, but do not nest there.) -- Anonymous — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.75.245.18 (talk) 01:34, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

"Cultural significance"?
For most likely preemptive legal reasons, the US Department of veterans affairs has added a "dancing Sandhill Crane" as an "emblem of belief", after a fight with Linda Campbell about getting rights for her same-sex partner Nancy Lynchild to be buried in a national cemetery. It's a bit of an oddball but could be interesting, since so far it's a one-way link from ;

Source:

- Danfish77 (talk) 14:30, 20 October 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned ref
Ref not used.

- - MrBill3 (talk) 11:57, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sandhill crane


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European multilateral defence procurement

European multilateral defence procurement refers to the collective armaments purchasing policies of European nations.

European countries hope to establish a profitable export competing the American one.

Industry
In 2015, the German Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW) and French Nexter merged under a joint holding company KMW+Nexter Defense Systems. Both companies are major producers of military land systems.

Other major European defence contractors include:
 * Airbus Defence and Space
 * Airbus Helicopters
 * Dassault Aviation
 * Damen Group
 * Diehl Defence
 * Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace
 * Leonardo S.p.A., including the former AgustaWestland
 * Naval Group
 * Navantia
 * Rheinmetall
 * Rolls-Royce
 * Saab Group
 * Safran
 * Thales Group
 * ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems

Products
Then British Prime Minister Tony Blair came under pressure from President Bill Clinton to select Raytheon's future missile to arm the Eurofighter, however the UK government selected the European Meteor air-to-air missile.

Airbus Group CEO Tom Enders has called the difficulties in coordinating European investment in the A400M program a "horror", and said "I am determined, at least for my company, not to ever again walk into such a program".

French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel have signalled their countries intention to co-operate on the development of a future combat aircraft to be produced as a replacement for Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon.

Code of Conduct on Defence Procurement
The European Union has adopted a code of conduct with the objective to inject transparency and competition into the military procurement. It is administered by the EDA and under its scope are contracts under Article 346 of TFEU, of at least €1 million and with the exclusions of weapons of mass destruction, cryptographic equipment and other procurements.

As of 2009 the code is adopted by Norway and all EDA members except Romania, who may join later.


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Spanish influence on Filipino culture

The Spanish influence on Filipino culture originated from the Spanish East Indies, which was ruled from Mexico City and Madrid. A variety of aspects of the customs and traditions in the Philippines today can be traced back to Spanish and Novohispanic (Mexican) influence.

Background
Spanish settlement in the Philippines first took place in the 1500s, during the Spanish colonial period of the islands, which were ruled as a territory of New Spain (Mexico), until the independence of the Mexican empire in 1821; thereafter they were ruled from Spain itself. The conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi left New Spain and founded the first Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565 and later established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571. The Philippine Islands are named after King Philip. Spaniards are referred to by Filipinos as "Kastila" (Castilian) named after the former Kingdom of Castile, now a region of Spain. The small population of Filipinos which have Spanish ancestry are descendants of people from Spain and New Spain (Mexico) who came during the colonial era. Another term for them is Spanish Filipino.

History before Hispanization
Some of the societies scattered in the islands remained isolated but many evolved into states that developed substantial trade and contacts with the peoples of Eastern and Southern Asia, including those from India, China, Japan and other Austronesian islands (The Malay Archipelago).

The 1st millennium saw the rise of the harbor principalities and their growth into maritime states composed of autonomous barangays independent of, or allied with larger nations which were either Malay thalassocracies, led by Datus or Indianized kingdoms governed by Rajahs.

Language
Philippine Spanish (Spanish: Español Filipino, Castellano Filipino) is a variant of standard Spanish spoken in the Philippines. It is a Spanish dialect of the Spanish language.

Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole, is spoken in the Zamboanga Peninsula (where it is an official language), Davao, and Cotabato in Mindanao, and Cavite in Luzon.

In addition to English, Filipinos today speak a variety of languages including Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Ilonggo, and Bikolano, all of which are 90% Austronesian languages, and contain several Spanish loanwords. Despite years of colonial rule, the Philippines retained its culture and various languages.

The most common languages spoken in the Philippines today are English and Filipino, the national language that is a standardised form of Tagalog. Spanish was an official language of the country until immediately after the People Power Revolution in February 1986 and the subsequent ratification of the 1987 Constitution. The new charter dropped Spanish as an official language and today it is very rare to find a native Spanish speaker, less than 0.1% of the population.

However, the government of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the fourteenth president of the Philippines and a Hispanophone, reintroduced the study of Spanish into the state school system.

Name of the Philippines
The name of the Philippines comes from the king of Spain Philip II. It was given by the Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos who named the islands of Samar and Leyte "Las Islas Felipinas" (The Philippine Islands), during his expedition in 1543. Throughout the colonial period, the name Felipinas (Philippines) was used, and became the official name of the Philippines.

There are many provinces in the Philippines with Spanish names, such as Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Écija (Nueva Ecija), Laguna, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, La Unión (La Union), Marinduque, Antique, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Nueva Segovia and Valle de Compostela.

Many cities and towns are also named in Spanish, such as Medellin, La Libertad, Naga, Camarines Sur (prior to 1919 was known as Nueva Cáceres), Las Piñas, Prosperidad, Isabela, Sierra Bullones, Angeles, La Paz, Esperanza, Buenavista, Pilar, La Trinidad, Garcia Hernandez, Trece Martires, Los Baños, and many more. There are numerous other towns and cities named after saints, such as San Fernando, Santa Rosa, San Isidro, San José, San Juan and San Pablo, as well as after Spanish places like Madrid, Santander, Toledo, Cádiz, Valencia, Murcia, Lucena, and Pamplona.

Other native Filipino names are spelled using Spanish orthography, such as Cagayán de Oro, Parañaque, and Cebú.

Filipino Spanish surnames
A Spanish or Latin-sounding surname does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry in the Philippines. The names were adopted when a Spanish naming system was implemented.

After the Spanish conquest of the Philippine islands, many early Christianized Filipinos assumed surnames based on religious instruments or the names of saints. This resulted in many people surnamed "de Los Santos" ("of the Saints"), "de la Cruz" ("of the Cross"), "del Rosario" ("of the Rosary"), "Bautista" ("Baptist"), and "de Jesus" ("of Jesus").

On November 21, 1849, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, Narciso Clavería, decreed the systematic distribution of surnames and the implementation of the Spanish naming system for the Filipinos. This produced the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos ("Alphabetical Catalogue of Surnames") listing Hispanicized Chinese and Filipino words, names, and numbers. Surnames of Spanish nobility and several colonial administrators, which include the preposition de as a nobiliary particle, were explicitly prohibited. Many names which resulted are not common to the Hispanophone world, because they were Hispanicized from the original Filipino or Chinese. This new naming system also did away with the Filipino custom of siblings taking different surnames.

People
Filipinos belong to the Austronesian ethnic group of the Southeast Asian region. The natives of the Philippine Islands may be related to the Chamorro people in the Mariana Islands (named Islas de Ladrones during Ferdinand Magellan's expedition) of the Pacific Ocean due to their racial similarity, and for being geographically not connected to the Southeast Asian mainland as a group of islands, but are rather different from the Pacific Islanders belonging to the Polynesian, Micronesian, and Melanesian ethnic groups. The natives of the Philippines are rather closely related to their closest neighbors, which are Malaysia and Indonesia. Most of the immigrant ethnicities of the Philippine Islands are from the Southeast Asian region. Although there are many ethnic groups in the Philippines, such as the native population (Tagalog, Bisaya, Bicolano, Ilocano, Mindanaoans, and the native Moros in Mindanao), that some people of the Philippines of this present time, consider them to be related to the Aborigines of Australia and Melanesians, are rather the result of the long period of interracial mixture among the native ethnic groups of the Islands. The Philippine Islands is still politically divided among the ethnic groups and regional groups, but there are also Chinese, Japanese, and Indian peoples who migrated after the Spanish colonial era and created their own non-native ethnic group. There are still a few Filipinos and prominent Filipino families today who are of pure Spanish ancestry.

Nevertheless, Stanford University had stated that only 1–3% of the Philippine population had minimal degrees of Spanish blood. The total percentage of Filipinos with Spanish ancestry is unknown. However, in a research done by Dr. Michael Purugganan, NYU Dean of Science in 2013, he conclude that Filipinos today are the conclusion of an Austronesian and Chinese migration result from thousands of years, a melting pot of Asia in a pre-colonial era. He stated that; "We are all of many Indo-China mixes, and I think every Filipino who is genetically tested will show up as a mix. We are products of what we evolutionary genomicists call genetic admixture, the result of several thousand years of mixing in our island archipelago at the edge of the Pacific. We were always getting genes from everyone who came to our shores. We are, in a genetic sense, a truly global people."

Religion

The Philippines is one of two predominantly Christian countries in Asia, the other being East Timor. About 81% of the population is Catholic, 11% belong to Protestant or other Christian denominations, 5.6% are Muslim, and about 2% practice other religions or are irreligious.

Filipinos at home set up altars in the Hispanic tradition adorned with Catholic images, flowers, and candles. During fiestas, most communities organise church services and religious processions in honor of a patron saint, hold funfairs and concerts, and feast with a variety of Filipino foods.

Festivities
All major Christian holidays are observed as official national holidays in the Philippines. Spanish culture and Christianity has influenced the customs and traditions of the Philippines.

Every year on the 3rd Sunday of January, the Philippines celebrates the festival of the "Santo Niño" (Holy Child Jesus), the largest being held in Cebu City.

Holidays

 * January 1 – New Year's Day (Bagong Taon)
 * March or April – Semana Santa (Holy Week or Easter)
 * October 31 to November 2 – Day of the Dead, Araw ng mga Kaluluwa (All Souls' Day), and Todos Los Santos (All Saints' Day) where families spend much of the 3 days and 3 evenings visiting their ancestral graves, showing respect and honoring the departed relatives by feasting, decorating and offering prayers.
 * December 24 – Nochebuena (The Good night or Christmas Eve)
 * December 25 – Christmas (Pasko)

Arts, literature and music
Hispanic influence is based on Indigenous, and European tradition. Folk dance, music and literature have remained intact in the 21st century. These were introduced from Spain in the 16th century and can be regarded as largely Hispanic in the constitution, which has remained in the Philippines for centuries.

Cuisine
The cuisine in the Philippines reflects the influences of Spanish, Mexican and Asian cuisine. They include:

 * Afritada
 * Albóndigas
 * Arroz a la valenciana
 * Arroz caldo
 * Bistek
 * Brazo de Mercedes
 * Caldereta
 * Champorado
 * Galantina
 * Chicharrón
 * Chorizo
 * Dulce de membrillo
 * Dulce de leche
 * Empanadas
 * Estufado
 * Ensaymadas
 * Escabeche
 * Espasol
 * Flan
 * Jamonada or Endulzado
 * Galletas
 * Jamón
 * Lechón
 * Longaniza
 * Lúgaw
 * Maíz con hielo
 * Mantequilla
 * Mazapán
 * Mechado
 * Menudo
 * Natilla
 * Paella
 * Pan de sal
 * Pastel de lengua
 * Pastillas de leche
 * Pescado
 * Picadillo
 * Pionono
 * Putsero
 * Polvorón
 * Quezo de Bola
 * Relleno
 * Tamale
 * Torta del cielo
 * Tortas
 * Tortilla quesada
 * Tocino
 * Tocino del cielo
 * Turrones de Casuy

Business
In the business community, the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI) plays an integral role in the economic, political and social development of the nation. Historically, the chamber can be traced back as early as the 1890s with the inauguration of the Cámara de Comercio de Filipinas. This organisation was composed mainly of Spanish companies such as the Compañia General de Tabacos de Filipinas, Fábrica de Cerveza San Miguel, and Elizalde y Cía, among other Spanish, and Philippine companies.

During the first half of the 20th-century commerce, and industrial trades with other Hispanic countries declined due to the United States administration of the Philippines and the Second World War. However, the resurgence of trade between Spain and Latin American nations had risen toward the closing of the century. 1998 marked the centennial celebration of Philippine independence and opened a new opportunity for both Hispanic and Filipino businesses to reconnect their historic ties as trade partners.

title: Spanish influence on Filipino culture


text:
Disappearance of Tom and Eileen Lonergan

Thomas Joseph Lonergan (born 28 December 1964) and Eileen Cassidy Lonergan (née Hains; born 3 March 1969) were a married American couple who were unintentionally abandoned in the Coral Sea off Australia's northeast coast on 25 January 1998 during a group scuba-diving trip aboard MV Outer Edge. The boat crew did not note their absences until two days later, on 27 January. While search efforts resulted in the discovery of personal effects presumed to be those of the Lonergans, the discoveries did not lead to their rescue. Neither has been found, and both are presumed dead.

The couple's disappearance and deaths resulted in "a crisis of confidence in north Queensland's dive industry" and resulted in tighter mandatory safety regulations for diving boats in Australia. Their disappearances also served as the inspiration for the 2003 film Open Water.

Background
Thomas Joseph Lonergan and Eileen Hains, both graduates of Louisiana State University, were married in Jefferson, Texas on 24 June 1988.

Disappearance
On 25 January 1998, the Lonergans were scuba diving with a group at St. Crispin's Reef in Australia's Great Barrier Reef. The boat transporting the group to the dive site departed before the Lonergans returned from the water. None of the vessel's crew or passengers noticed that the two had not returned to the boat.

At the time of the incident, the couple had recently completed a two-year tour of duty with the Peace Corps at Funafuti atoll in the small South Pacific island nation of Tuvalu and were repeating that work in Fiji.

Investigations and trial
The couple were not discovered to be missing until two days later, on 27 January 1998, after a bag containing their belongings was found onboard the dive boat. A massive air and sea search took place over the following three days.

In February 1998, a women's wetsuit matching Eileen Lonergan's size washed ashore in north Queensland. Upon examination of barnacle growth on the wetsuit, it was determined it had likely been submerged in the ocean since January. It also bore tears along the buttocks and armpit areas, presumed by examiners to have resulted from contact with coral.

Several theories regarding the couple's disappearance were suggested. At the time, it was suggested that the Lonergans might have staged their disappearance. However, the Lonergans' bank accounts were never touched, and their insurance policies were not claimed.

Excerpts from Tom Lonergan's diary were found and described a man who was looking for a "quick and peaceful" death. Eileen's writings expressed that she had chosen to stay with Tom, no matter the outcome. However, according to Eileen's parents and family, the diary entries were taken out of context. The family, the coroner Noel Nunan, and the Port Douglas police claim that only the pages that would validate the suicide theory were leaked to the press, whereas the majority of the diaries remain unread except by the coroner, Port Douglas police, and the Hains family.

Six months after the disappearance in June 1998, more of the couple's diving gear was found washed ashore on a Port Douglas beach approximately 75 mi from where the Lonergans were lost. Among these items were inflatable dive jackets marked with the Lonergans' names, along with their compressed air tanks and one of Eileen's fins. Also recovered was a weathered diver's slate (a device used for communicating underwater) that reportedly read: "Monday Jan 26; 1998 08am. To anyone who can help us: We have been abandoned on A[gin]court Reef by MV Outer Edge 25 Jan 1998 3pm. Please help to rescue us before we die. Help!!!"

Eileen's father, John Hains, suspected that the couple ultimately became dehydrated and disoriented and succumbed to drowning or sharks. During the inquest, experts speculated that based on the state of the gear recovered, the couple had likely not experienced an animal attack but rather succumbed to delirium resulting from dehydration, which caused them to remove their diving outfits voluntarily. Without the buoyancy provided by their gear, experts testified the couple would have been unable to tread water for long and would have soon drowned.

The coroner dismissed suggestions that the Lonergans had died by suicide or faked their disappearance and formally charged Geoffrey Ian "Jack" Nairn, skipper of the dive boat, with their unlawful killing. He was later found not guilty, but his company Outer Edge Dive was fined after pleading guilty to negligence and folded. Queensland's government also introduced stiffer regulations, including the requirement that captains and dive masters independently confirm passenger headcounts.

Media
The 2003 American film Open Water was inspired by the Lonergans' disappearance. The film is set in the Caribbean and involves two divers who are abandoned at sea following an incorrect headcount.


text:
Talk:Firenze (Harry Potter)

Previously redirected to: Talk:Magical creatures in Harry Potter

title: Talk:Firenze (Harry Potter)


text: Category:Cass County, Nebraska

title: Category:Cass County, Nebraska


text:
Tom Lonergan

Tom Lonergan may refer to:

 * Tom and Eileen Lonergan, divers
 * Tom Lonergan (footballer) (born 1984), Australian rules footballer with the Geelong Football Club
 * Tommy Lonergan (born 2004), Irish association footballer

title: Tom Lonergan


text:
State Council of the Polish People's Republic

The Council of State of the Republic of Poland (Rada Państwa) was introduced by the Small Constitution of 1947 as an organ of executive power. The Council of State consisted of the President of the Republic of Poland as chairman, the Marshal and Vice-marshals of the Sejm, President of the Supreme Audit Office, and potential other members. The Council of State had the power to approve decrees issued by the Council of Ministers, exercise supreme control over the local national councils, approve promulgation of laws concerning the budget and military draft, declare a state of emergency and martial law, initiate legislation, and others.

Under the 1952 Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, the office of the President of Poland was eliminated and the Council of State became a collective head of state organ. According to Article 29 of the constitution, the Council of State consisted of seventeen people: the chairman, four deputy chairmen, the secretary, and eleven other members. All were elected by the Sejm from its members during the parliament's first session after elections. They were usually chosen from the deputies representing the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), although occasionally deputies from PZPR's satellite parties, United People's Party (ZSL) and Alliance of Democrats (SD) were elected. In practice, the council (and the Polish state) was often represented by its chairman, who may have been referred to as the president of Poland by foreign representatives. The council ratified or renounced international agreements, appointed and recalled representatives of Poland to other states and to international organizations; it conferred orders and had the power of pardon. Some of its other constitutional functions were:

 * calling elections to the Sejm and convening its sessions,
 * issuing decrees during periods between Sejm sessions (the decrees had to be later accepted by the Sejm),
 * initiating legislation,
 * determining binding interpretations of Sejm statues.

When the Sejm was not in session (in practice, for most of the year), the Council of State had the power to issue decrees that had the force of law. These decrees had to be approved by the Sejm at its next session. Due to the principles of democratic centralism, however, such approvals were usually a mere formality.

The Council of State institution was eliminated on 19 July 1989 by a constitutional amendment. Some of its functions were transferred to the reestablished office of the President of Poland.

Chairmen of the Council of State
main article: Chairman of the Council of State (Poland)


text:
Kennebecasis Valley

The Kennebecasis Valley, also known as simply Kennebecasis, its abbreviated term KV, as well as "The Valley," is a valley region in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It encompasses the suburban towns of Quispamsis and Rothesay, both situated along the lower Kennebecasis River. The Kennebecasis Valley also encompassed the former villages that were amalgamated by Quispamsis and Rothesay.

The Kennebecasis Valley has its own regional police force and fire department, the Kennebecasis Valley Fire Department, which has two stations, one in each town. Both of these departments overlook both Quispamsis and Rothesay. The Kennebecasis Valley is known for its large deer population, with the area having its own Nuisance Deer Management Assistance Program.

History
Although there is no recollection of how the Kennebecasis Valley began, there is the existence of the Kennebecasis Valley Women's Institute which stretches as far back as 1917. In 1972, the Kennebecasis Valley was described as encompassing six communities, those being Rothesay, Quispamsis, Renforth, Gondola Point, Fairvale, and East Riverside-Kinghurst. Following the January 1, 1998 amalgamations of the former communities into either Quispamsis or Rothesay, the communities encompassed by the Kennebecasis Valley lowered to two.

Education
The Kennebecasis Valley has two high schools: Rothesay High School for Rothesay, and Kennebecasis Valley High School for Quispamsis. At one point, Kennebecasis Valley High School served the entire Kennebecasis Valley as well as the nearby town of Hampton prior to the openings of Hampton High School (1992) and Rothesay High School (1998).

Events
In 1997, the first annual Kennebecasis Valley Summer Festival was held by establishments along the Old Hampton Road in Quispamsis and former village of Fairvale.

The Kennebecasis Valley has its own Santa Claus parade hosted annually by both towns. The KV Santa Claus Parade is held in late November, starting at the Kennebecasis Valley High School and stretching about 4 km down Hampton Road.

title: Kennebecasis Valley


text: Category:Schoharie County, New York

title: Category:Schoharie County, New York


text:
Im Dong-hyun

Im Dong-hyun (born 12 May 1986) is a South Korean archer. He competes for the South Korean national team and is a former world number one. He has 20/200 vision in his left eye and 20/100 vision in his right eye, meaning he needs to be 10 times closer to see objects clearly with his left eye, compared to someone with perfect vision.

2004 Summer Olympics
At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Im set a world record in the 72 arrow men's individual ranking round, with a score of 687 (it was not recognized by the International Olympic Committee as an Olympic record, however, as the ranking round took place on 12 August, before the 2004 opening ceremony). He then won his first three elimination matches, advancing to the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals, Im faced Hiroshi Yamamoto of Japan, losing to the eventual silver medalist 111–110 in the 12-arrow match. Im was placed 6th overall.

Im was also a member of Korea's gold medal men's archery team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

2006 Asian Games
In 2006, he competed at the 2006 Asian Games and won two gold medals in the individual and South Korean team.

2008 Summer Olympics
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Im finished his ranking round with a total of 670 points, nine points behind leader Juan René Serrano. This made him the eighth seed for the final competition bracket in which he faced Ali Salem in the first round, beating the Qatari 108–103. In the second round Im was too strong for Butch Johnson (115–106), but in the third round another American, Vic Wunderle, eliminated him with 113–111.

Together with Lee Chang-hwan and Park Kyung-mo, he also took part in the team event. With his 670 score from the ranking round combined with the 676 of Park and the 669 of Lee the Koreans were in first position after the ranking round, which gave them a straight seeding into the quarter-finals. With a score of 224–222 they were too strong for the Polish team and in the semi-final they beat home nation China 221–218. In the final Italy came close, but South Korea took the title with 227–225.

2012 Summer Olympics
On 27 July 2012 at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he set a new world record score of 699 in the ranking round at Lord's Cricket Ground, beating his compatriot Kim Bub-min by one point. Although he was the top seed after the ranking round, he was eliminated in the round of 16, losing 7–1 to Rick van der Ven. Im did win a bronze medal with the South Korean team.

title: Im Dong-hyun


text: Category:Winkler County, Texas

title: Category:Winkler County, Texas


text:
Talk:Camphor

A question of names
"Camphor laurel" or "camphor tree" are used occasionally, but it seems the most commonly used name for the tree is just "Camphor". Either this article should be about both the substance and the tree, or we should come up with another solution, perhaps under Cinnamomum camphora or Camphor (tree), but not camphor laurel, for the tree. Does anyone else have an opinion? -- WormRunner | Talk 18:13, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

is sniffing camphor safe? please respond at napspit2's talk page.

There is also the mysterious "hence its alternate name", with no alternate name for camphor given. Anyone?Czrisher (talk) 12:46, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

---

Can someone at least edit the ghastly English? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.68.94.86 (talk) 12:02, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Rust inhibitor
I can assure you it works - and lots of older machinists put a block that is opened on one end in their tool boxes. I have looked for papers on it - not finding any. My understanding is the fumes are either not toxic or not at the concentrations here that it is a safe way to protect rust prone instruments.

There are a few possibilities on how this might work From https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol9/vol9_N3/118-JMES-3521-Bourazmi.pdf "The adsorption of the Camphor on the steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption occurs by physical interactions"
 * forms a protective coating on iron and steel similar to oil ?
 * forms a chemical link with Fe preventing oxide formation?
 * displaces water vapor?** ??

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.243.106.82 (talk) 23:13, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Etymology of the word camphor and a few other things
I have noticed that this article mentions that the word camphor was derived from the Malay word. But, the word was actually derived from the Sanskrit word "karpuram".

Also, camphor is a substance used in Hindu worship rituals. No mention of that has been made.

It is also used as a flavouring agent in sweets in India. A specific type known as "pachha karpuram [Telugu]" which translates literally into "green camphor" is used for this particular purpose.

Also, I am interested in knowing a little more about the ancient methods of synthesis of camphor.

I refrain from writing anything in the article itself since I this is not field of expertise. I hope someone competent could be so kind to complete this article.

I would like to know something about the alchemical use of camphor.

A clear distinction between 'karpuram' and 'pachha karpuram' should be made perhaps by analyzing the two samples. This way atleast we can have something more to say about it. The 'theertha' (water infused with Paccha karpuram)offered to the devotees at hindu temples usually contain 'pachha karpuram' possibly for its anti-microbial properties. The other 'Camphor' is used in 'aratis', mini flames used to light up the idols in the dark 'sanctum sanctorums' of the hindu temples to show to the devotees the many splendered ornaments on the idols. These flames in small metal holders are passed around later to the devotees who partake in the warmth(therefore the blessings) by waving their hands lightly over the flames(Jayaram Krishnaswamy).

Sex drive inhibitor
I've heard camphor oil is added in small amounts to soldiers food in some armies due to its supposed effect as a sex drive inhibitor. Anyone know anything about that? Thank you.
 * Camphor is not the only substance that has this legend circulating about it. In reality, the extreme physical exertion alone is enough to decrease testosterone levels. --Vuo 16:46, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

I'm not surprised. As stated in the article, camphor is mildly toxic- any toxin is likely to inhibit sexual behavior. MissMeticulous (talk) 03:30, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Just an urban legend. Camphor works the opposite way and this is the truth with a lot of "toxins" (alkaloides like cocaine or caffeine; amphetamine an so on). And if you knew the strong odor of this stuff you'd not expect anyone putting camphor in your food without your notice. --FK1954 (talk) 18:55, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

"Calming properties"
"It has calming properties." -- I moved this to Talk until we can get a cite. -- Writtenonsand 20:30, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

It has a pleasing smell, to some. Also keeps the insects away, that's bound to be calming GreatMizuti 16:23, 29 May 2006 (UTC) why chmphor gives sooty flame though it is aliphatic ketone.

The word "properties" however, has more of a chemical connotation. Unless a source can be found that states that camphor releases some sort of chemical that perhaps triggers some sort of "calm hormone" release, said quote should be left out. MissMeticulous (talk) 03:25, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Film Preservation and Restoration
Camphor ia also apparently useful in the preservation and restoration of old movie film. See the thread at http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byform/mailing-lists/amia-l/2005/12/msg00060.html.

Culinary uses
I'm concerned that much of the material in this article pertaining to culinary uses of camphor actually refers to plants such as the Camphor Laurel, and not the chemical itself. The distiction is not going to be clear however because it is likely that the chemical camphor is a significant flavorant in the plant camphor. With the recent additions of the plant taxobox, etc. it's clear that there is some conflation of the the two meanings of camphor and I'm not sure that it has yet been cleared up completely in this article. --Ed (Edgar181) 16:12, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

This is thoroughly confusing because on the one hand the article says that camphor has been used in cooking for millenia and on the other hand says that it is extremely toxic and in some cases banned by the FDA. This should be cleared up by someone who understands the nuances. Ileanadu (talk) 04:19, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Painful English
"strong penetrating pungent aromatic odor"--Got enough adjectives there? And each one almost means the same thing as the next. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.33.85.65 (talk • contribs)
 * Yes, I suspect it was a vandal trying to be amusing. We also had "waxy crystalline solid" and "white transparent.."  I cleaned it up - please tweak it some more if you think it needs it. Thanks a lot for flagging this! Walkerma 05:18, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

"[W]axy crystalline solid" and "white transparent" should have been left alone, as each word brought more to the description of camphor instead of serving only as repetition. MissMeticulous (talk) 03:23, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

3D-Model
Hi, Isn't there an error in the 3d model of the molecule? If the structural formula is correct one C-atom is missing in the 3d model (take a look at the carbon atom "left" of the carbon atom bound to oxygen). Skitnik 19:16, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Solubility data in Chembox
In the Properties section, the use of multiple parameters SolubilityOther / Solvent, as reported below, results in rendering only the last data (chloroform) :
 * SolubilityOther = ~200 g in 100 ml
 * Solvent = acetic acid
 * SolubilityOther = ~100 g in 100 ml
 * Solvent = ethanol
 * SolubilityOther = ~250 g in 100 ml
 * Solvent = acetone
 * Solvent = ether
 * SolubleOther = ~100 g in 100 ml
 * SolubilityOther = ~200 g in 100 ml
 * Solvent = chloroform

Does anyone knows how to fix that ? (BTW, fields & data are messy around ether)

Perhaps the best solution is to use an external table --Duckysmokton 16:57, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Hey, that one is funny. That is something not supported by chembox new.  I guess an external table would be better here.  This is a bit 'table creep'.  Indeed, maybe something for a data-page?  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 17:13, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It used to be quite commonplace to include data for several solvents like this - the Merck Index gives such data - we should try to make the template accommodate this if possible. (Please don't ask me to do this....!) Walkerma 03:43, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 01:02, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Kapur
The Online Etymological Dictionary actually says that kapur is Malay for "camphor tree", not "chalk". --Vuo (talk) 17:11, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Snake Repellent
In the "Uses" section:

''It is also believed[by whom?] that camphor will deter snakes and other reptiles due to its strong odor. Similarly, camphor is believed to be toxic to insects and is thus sometimes used as a repellent.[citation needed]''

By Googling the Japanese words for "camphor" and "centipede" I came across a multitude of blog entries that either confirm, disprove or report on the use of camphor as centipede repellant by Japanese bloggers troubled by centipedes. I don't think that would count as a citation, but the belief seems to be out there. Fujisawa Shono, a maker of refined natural camphor (currently a subsidiary of Daiichi-Sankyo pharmaceuticals) lists insect repellant qualities and anti-fungal qualities as its applications (mostly for the protection of clothes), but does not list centipedes (or snakes for that matter) as targets. In Panchatantra, a collection of mythical Indian stories, there is a short story about a crab protecting a traveler from a snake that is attracted by camphor, not repelled.Tsumugi (talk) 12:20, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

This language has been improved somewhat, as it now reads:

 * Some folk remedies state that camphor will deter snakes and other reptiles due to its strong odor. Similarly, camphor is believed to be toxic to insects and is thus sometimes used as a repellent.

Also kudos to whoever found the citation to the 1840 publication. That being said, I'm somewhat concerned by the use of the present tense in reference to these folk remedies and beliefs: "folk remedies state ... camphor will deter" and "is believed to be toxic ... is thus sometimes used as a repellent."

If it is still being used as a repellent, then there must be a more recent reference than the 1840 article. More troubling however is the indication that camphor "will deter" (or that it is believed by some to deter) snakes, without any indication of whether these hypotheses have been tested and proved. If these beliefs are no longer held, then perhaps the past tense should be used; if these are current beliefs, then there should be something more trustworthy than the folk remedies themselves to back them up, else it should be made clear that these are not substantiated lest someone decide to "try this at home."

Does the 1840 citation also cover the use of Camphor in insect collections? If not, is this a widely known use among insect collectors or is a citation needed here? Ileanadu (talk) 04:36, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Please do not include its isomers into this article
In the society of chemistry, professionals all know that the compound is usually directed to (±)-Camphor, instead of listing all the isomers to this molecule. I bet that the writers of this article do not have such disciplinary knowledges. Since the article is using trival name which is unstandardized, wiki admin needs to set a standard to avoid such confusions by either regulating of using chemical trival name as approved article title name, or using IUPAC name as the article title related to chemicals--222.64.222.141 (talk) 03:15, 11 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I came here specifically looking for stereoisomer information on camphor and found it missing. An expert should add it back in. Also the alternate 3d structure needs to be added anyway. All chemists refer to the d- or l- form unless they specifically need a racemic mixture. Cowbert (talk) 02:31, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

Please create another article for ...
d-Camphor http://moldb.nihs.go.jp/jp/DetailList_en.aspx?submit=Detail(en)&keyword=d-Camphor --222.64.222.141 (talk) 03:39, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

Injections of camphor
My Great Grandfather was treated with injections of camphor during periods of high temperature while suffering from typhus during the Russian Revolution. How common was it for camphor to be administered by injection? Is this ever still practised?

Leo Tolstoy was given camphor along with morphine shortly before he died of pnemonia, and it is often used to help horses which experience breathing difficulties.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.57.36.235 (talk) 07:08, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

I am reading a book called Fifty Russian Winters: An American Woman's Life in the Soviet Union, a memoir by Margaret Wettlin in which there are several accounts of people receiving camphor injections for things such as heart attacks and high fever. The timeframe of these occurences is in the 1930s and 1940s, in Russia. Strawbaby (talk) 12:56, 19 July 2015 (UTC)

Military Use
The United States Military used camphor in a chamber to test the fit and seal of protective (gas) masks before Soldiers are led into the CS (tear gas) chamber to gain confidence in their protective equipment. The standard military filters would filter out the camphor smell so if a Soldier still smelled camphor, his/her mask was not sealed properly or the mask had a leak. As I recall, a small block of camphor was placed on top of an inverted steel can with a candle inside and the block slowly vaporized. This same set up was used to vaporize CS in another chamber. This type of training has fallen out of favor with the advent of mask leak testing devices and is rarely seen today. However Initial Combat Training (formerly known as Basic Training)still includes a trip to the CS chamber.

This is based on my experience as an Army Chemical Officer for the past 20+ years. Here is a link to an Air Force Document that includes camphor chamber training procedures (the Army used roughly the same procedures).

http://www.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/AFMAN32-4006.pdf

Nylotic (talk) 15:47, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Probably should go into gas mask instead of this article, this use not being the primary. Mention of CS, CN, "banana oil", and stannic chloride as a challenge agent should probably be made there as well. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 02:28, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Source for uses in medicine is a dead link; reorganization of "Uses" is needed
I noticed the link for reference number 7 (National Agency for Medicines) is a dead link: http://spc.nam.fi/indox/english/html/nam/humspc/1/90151.shtml

This is apparently the sole source for the second paragraph under the "Uses" heading, on medical uses for camphor.

I see now that there is a subsequent subheading under "Uses" for "Medicinal". However, most of the medicinal uses are mentioned in the main section under "Uses" starting with the second paragraph.

We might want to redo these subheadings under "Uses". Looks like we need one for "Religious" also. Frappyjohn (talk) 01:48, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

Unreliable source update
Links nos 5 and 10 to "An Anonymous Andalusian Cookbook of the 13th Century" had better refer to "Huici Miranda, A. (1965). Kitâb al-Tabîkh fi'l-Maghrib wa'l-Anndalus fi'asr al-Muwahhidin: La cucina ispano-magrebina in epoca almohade secondo un manoscritto anonimo.", which is the Spanish original. Charles Perry translated that text into English, and David Friedman published that translation on his website - to which the original links refer.

Please also check the Spanish Wikipedia page on Ambrosio Huici Miranda (http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_Huici_Miranda), which mentions among the "Ediciones, traducciones": "Cocina hispano-magrebí durante la época almohade: según un manuscrito anónimo del siglo XIII. (2005) Ediciones Trea, S.L. ISBN 84-9704-175-5 (edición original 1956-1957)(traductor)". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.188.65.246 (talk) 15:55, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Many of the above assumptions by unsigned are incorrect. Charles Perry did NOT translate Huici Miranda's often flawed Spanish translation into English. That is the sort of thing -- a translation of a translation -- that can lead to even more inaccuracies than just translating from the original source. Charles Perry translated from the original Arabic manuscript. Perry is a reliable translator, as quite a few of his translations of other medieval Arabic language cookbooks have been published in "real" books, such as "Medieval Arab Cookery" (Prospect Books (Totnes, Devon, England), 2001, ISBN-10 0-907325-91-2 / ISBN-13 978-0-907325-91-8) and "A Baghdad Cookery Book" (Prospect Books, 2005, ISBN-10 1-903018-42-0 / ISBN-13 978-1-903018-42-2). Ellenois (talk) 03:13, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Toxicity
The article contained two unreferenced contradictory statements about the toxicity of camphor: If either can be confirmed by reference to a reliable source, it can be added back in. -- Ed (Edgar181) 21:11, 15 March 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) "Lethal doses in adults are in the range 50–500 mg/kg (orally)."
 * 2) "Generally, 2 g causes serious toxicity and 4 g is potentially lethal."

skin sensation
Hi, i have personally worked with camphor, menthol and other substances, and can ensure that the sensation you get when applied to the skin is WARM not cool as menthol. See this references as example: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746429, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2324522) Could you correct that? thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.219.172.160 (talk) 16:14, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

CAS Registry Numbers
I've noticed that camphor has multiple CAS numbers, including some that aren't listed in the info box. How do we determine which ones to list? --Zaryn (talk) 00:37, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

 * What is your source? Plasmic Physics (talk) 00:48, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Addition to History Section
The Wikipedia page Economy of Hispania mentions several times the production of camphor in Baetica, southern Spain during Roman times, and probably even pre-Roman. Apparently it was used for packaging/preserving food products (oil, fish) and its presence throughout the Mediterranean has been taken as evidence for commercial links throughout the Roman Empire. This page doesn't list references for this research however. No other language's Wikipedia page for camphor mentions the substance's use in the West before medieval times when it was brought from the Middle East. The Latin Wikipedia page for camphor mentions an alternate name formosa for the product...

If anyone has info about historical knowledge of Camphor outside of the areas the word etymologically originated, it would be nice to add.

J'odore (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:40, 7 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I've just checked the article Economy of Hispania, and I did find mention of production olive oil (not camphor) in Baetica, Southern Spain in Roman times. However, theoretically, Romans might obtain camphor from essetial oils (of sage -- Salvia officinalis, for example). Essential oils were known to antient Egyptians 4000 ago. Tosha Langue (talk) 16:47, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

Use in steam baths
Whenever I use a steam bath, it seems like the steam is infused with what I believe is camphor oil. Is there some known effect on the lungs or skin from inhalation of camphor-infused steam?Ronnotel (talk) 00:32, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

Camphor used to induce seizures
A seminal, historical use of camphor by Paraculsus in the 16th century and Ladislas Meduna in 1934 was to induce seizures in patients with psychotic disorders. This seizure induction often cured patients of their "phycosis" and these treatments were the early predecessors of current Electroconvulsive Therapy. I don't have sources with me but this is a needed addition to this page. Anyone else have sources that could add this info in?

Sehamilton (talk) 13:39, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Aromatic odor???
Maybe this should be worded differently because while camphor does have a strong smell, it is most definitely not aromatic nor does it smell similar to any aromatic compound I've encountered

Identifying the enantiomers
The figure shows both enantiomers, but without indicating which is which. I believe the natural (R) enantiomer is on the right, but the chembox figure should say so. I don't know how to make it do that.CharlesHBennett (talk) 04:05, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree that this information should be in the article. Clicking on the figure leads to the image file, which says Chemical structures of (R) and (S)-camphor, respectively.. So the (R) form is actually on the left, in agreement with my Merck Index. Also the figure seems to have been drawn for the Spanish article es:Alcanfor, which does say explicitly Fórmulas estructurales del (R) y el (S)-alcanfor (with R first so on the left). I don't know either how to make this information appear in the English infobox, so I will place it in the article text at the end of the intro. Dirac66 (talk) 00:36, 8 July 2016 (UTC)

Etymology order off
The source cited for the etymology section in this wiki (etymonline.com) says that Arabic kāfūr came from Malay kapur, perhaps via Sanskrit karpuram. This wiki claims that Arabic kāfūr and Malay kapur both came from Sanskrit karpuram. The order is wrong. 85.148.38.245 (talk) 20:12, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

Concentration in camphorweed
This page says "camphorweed (Heterotheca) contains some 5%" camphor, but the page for Heterotheca says "a minor constituent (less than 2%)" Tslumley (talk) 07:04, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Curiously, both cite the same paper. It'll needed to be given a read to check which article needs to be amended. I've added the doi to the citation for now, to make it easier to find. – Scyrme (talk) 11:50, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

The meaning of OPP in biosynthesis process diagram
it should be -O-○p-○p（The letter p is in the circle） The picture should be changed lest it is considered to be the group name. Hzt0208042508415531 tw (talk) 16:23, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

Medicinal uses
Hi Zefr, You edited the Medicinal uses section of an article Camphor after me. I think you understood my suggestion not thoroughly. You changed the heading of the section, and it turned out that old folk remedies, and pretty official remedies (both contemporary and already historic) are in the same section now (Traditional medicine). Sorry for that. By the way this section is illustrated by an image of camphor cubes -- a folk remedy that is a reason of many poisonings (for example https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25511464/) -- without a proper note. In the light of the new heading, that looks not good for me. You also removed some statements that I added. I hope you would not object when I return them, if I find the appropriate sources. Thanks. Tosha Langue (talk) 20:16, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Work out disputes here before making changes to the article. Camphor is not a prescription drug (medicine or a "medication"), but has had uses in traditional medicine, which is not accepted as science-based clinical practice. The sources I removed were not supportable under WP:MEDRS for which there are no sources to verify camphor as a "medicine". Zefr (talk) 20:38, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * May I address those disputes to you, Zefr? (As I see some people wait replies to their posts for years here.) They will not be that frequent. The ideal sources are secondary sources, I understood that... but I don't realize, why you used that title 'Folk medicine'. I'd prefer to get 'Medicinal uses' back. Camphor is accepted by official medicine as counterirritant (see a review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24547599/) and being a nonprescription drug it "must be chosen carefully", doctors say. In addition, I always thought that injections (alltogether, and the camphor ones) were (and are) a prerogative of the official medicine. The fact that at some moment it refused to inject camphor to humans doesn't make camphor exclusively folk. And by the way, I was not sure that camphor injections were applied only in the 20th century. Medical syringes were after all invented in the 19th. That is why I used a word 'still'. Tosha Langue (talk) 03:03, 29 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Camphor does have counterirritant properties, but is not an approved drug or used in common clinical practice (as one can see from PubMed or Google Scholar searches for sources that would meet WP:MEDRS). There is no evidence camphor is in common use by physicians or recommended by clinical organizations focused on pain relief. In brief, it is outside conventional medicine uses, and appears to be mainly a choice of folk medicine similar to using alternate hot and cold compresses for treating superficial pain. I'll add a comment in the article about its counterirritant effects. Zefr (talk) 05:20, 29 October 2022 (UTC)
 * @Zefr, you wrote that camphor "...is not an approved drug or used in common clinical practice..." I thought, that multimodal approach to pain management is approved, and camphor, within it too, among other things. That is approved by organizations (WHO, and lots of pain-related associations both national and international), but often not by folk (unfortunately). So yeah, I'd say camphor (in this case) is alternative or complementary, rather than folk. Tosha Langue (talk) 06:39, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi @Zefr, I've noticed that a statement in the article: "Camphor has limited use in veterinary medicine as a respiratory stimulant for horses." falls under the Respiratory aerosol subsection, but its citation says it is manufactured in the form of injections, and is used by injections (intramuscularly). I my opinion, it is closer to the analeptical use (and I would transfer it there), but it is veterinary at the same time. Tosha Langue (talk) 09:46, 9 November 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ - thanks. Zefr (talk) 17:37, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Religious use in Judaism
In the article there had been written the following:

Camphor is also mentioned[vague] in Jewish sources, regarding if you need to fast during a pandemic. [better source needed]

I have removed that because the provided source is a mere suggestion by one of the faculty at Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies about a Yiddish word komper, but the context is not actually religious. The author rather drew analogies with wearing a face-mask during a pandemic. And, in my opinion, he might confuse camphor tree with the other plant — camphire — which is Lawsonia alba. Tosha Langue (talk) 06:21, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Camphor


text:
Doug Young (politician)

Meredith Douglas Young, (born September 20, 1940 in Tracadie, New Brunswick) is a Canadian politician both provincial and federal spanning two decades.

Provincial politics
He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in 1978 as a Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). He was elected leader of the New Brunswick Liberal Party in 1982, but resigned within a year of his rising to that post due to a poor showing in the 1982 provincial election. When the Liberals formed a government under Frank McKenna in 1987, Young served as Minister of Fisheries.

Federal politics
Young left provincial politics to run in the 1988 federal election for the Liberal Party of Canada, and was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP).

With the election of a Liberal government in the 1993 election, the new Prime Minister, Jean Chrétien, appointed Young to the Canadian cabinet as Minister of Transport. In that position, Young eliminated the Crow Rate which regulated the cost western farmers had to pay to transport their goods via rail, and privatized the Canadian National Railway.

In January 1996, he became Minister of Employment and Immigration (subsequently retitled Minister of Human Resources Development) and Minister of Labour. In October 1996, he was appointed Minister of National Defence and Minister of Veterans Affairs.

As Defence Minister, Young generated much criticism when, in 1997, he suspended the formal inquiry into the Somalia Affair in which Canadian troops had been accused of mistreating prisoners in Somalia in 1993.

In one of the chief upsets of the 1997 election, Young was defeated in his riding by Yvon Godin of the New Democratic Party. The Liberal government's changes to Unemployment Insurance were a key factor in his defeat because of the large number of seasonal workers in Young's riding. This was also a factor in the defeat of Young's Cabinet colleague and fellow Maritimer David Dingwall.

Since his defeat, Young has worked in Ottawa as a lobbyist. Despite his Liberal affiliations, Young supported the candidacy of Tom Long to lead the right-wing Canadian Alliance in that party's leadership election in 2000.

He supported Stéphane Dion for the leadership of the Liberal Party.

title: Doug Young (politician)


text:
Category:NASA facilities

This category contains article and categories dealing with facilities which NASA owns.

title: Category:NASA facilities


text:
Alexandros Karageorgiou

Alexandros Karageorgiou (born 3 June 1986) is an archer from Greece. He competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Karageorgiou placed 33rd in the men's individual ranking round with a 72-arrow score of 647. He then defeated the 32nd-ranked Tarundeep Rai of India in a minor upset, 147-143, in the first round of elimination.

Karageorgiou was also a member of the 13th-place Greek men's archery team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

title: Alexandros Karageorgiou


text:
Batatinha

António Branco (born 1957), is a famous Portuguese clown who performs as Batatinha (meaning "small potato").

In the early years of his career, Batatinha worked with another famous Portuguese clown named Palhaço Croquete. Since their separation, he has worked with Companhia.

Batatinha had a show with Companhia on Portuguese national television (RTP) called Vamos ao Circo. Shortly after they had a daily show called Batatoon on the Portuguese television station TVI that lasted from 1998 until 2002, when Batatinha and his colleague Companhia had a public spat live on TV (though they refuse to admit that physical aggressions were exchanged). In 2003, Batatinha and Companhia parted ways and since then Batatinha has performed solo.

In January 2011, the pair was reunited on TV and solved their differences and united once again as the popular clown duo. In 2011, they co-starred on the RTP television show Último a Sair, a spoof of reality-TV shows in character as the clown.

title: Batatinha


text:
Attempted murder

Attempted murder is a crime of attempt in various jurisdictions.

Canada
Section 239 of the Criminal Code makes attempted murder punishable by a maximum of life imprisonment. If a gun is used, the minimum sentence is four, five or seven years, dependent on prior convictions and relation to organized crime.

England and Wales
In English criminal law, attempted murder is the crime of simultaneously preparing to commit an unlawful killing and having a specific intention to cause the death of a human being under the King's Peace. The phrase "more than merely preparatory" is specified by the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 to denote the fact that preparation for a crime by itself does not constitute an "attempted crime".

In England and Wales, as an "attempt", attempted murder is an offence under section 1(1) of the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 and is an indictable offence which carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment (the same as the mandatory sentence for murder). The corresponding legislation for Northern Ireland is section 3(1) of the Criminal Attempts and Conspiracy (Northern Ireland) Order 1983 (No.1120 (N.I.13)).

The mens rea (Latin for the "guilty mind") for murder is an intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm, whereas attempted murder depends on an intention to kill and an overt act towards committing homicide. Attempted murder is only the planning of a murder and acts taken towards it, not the actual killing, which is the murder. This makes the offence very difficult to prove and it is more common for a lesser charge to be preferred under the Offences against the Person Act 1861.

However, in R v Morrison [2003] 1 WLR 1859, the Court of Appeal considered the issue of alternative verdicts on an indictment with a single count of attempted murder. Morrison had gone into a shop with two other men on a robbery with a firearm. They demanded money and one of the men shot at the shopkeeper who suffered only minor injury. The prosecution had many opportunities to add other counts before the trial but failed to act. Having heard the case, the judge expressed his view that the jury could consider an attempted grievous bodily harm (GBH) under section 18 of the 1861 Act and Morrison was duly convicted of attempting to cause grievous bodily harm. The Court of Appeal confirmed that attempting to cause grievous bodily harm is a valid alternative to attempted murder because there can be no intention to kill someone without the intention also to cause grievous bodily harm.

This is a practical decision to ensure that the criminal justice system did not allow a guilty person to walk away because only one charge had been preferred. But it is not necessarily a good general principle because, in euthanasia for example, a person assisting intends to cause death, but with no suffering. That attempting to cause grievous bodily harm must be an alternative verdict should the intended victim not die would be a strange outcome because there is no intention to cause any long-lasting and serious injury: the two attempted offences have different mens rea requirements so that proof of intent to murder would not necessarily meet the requirement for section 18 of the 1861 Act.

First, acting deliberately and intentionally or recklessly with extreme disregard for human life, the person attempted to kill someone; and the person did something that was a substantial step toward committing the crime. Mere preparation is not considered a substantial step toward committing a crime.

Proof of mens rea
There must be more than merely preparatory acts and, although the defendant may threaten death, this may not provide convincing evidence of an intention to kill unless the words are accompanied by relevant action, e.g. finding and picking up a weapon and making serious use of it, or making a serious and sustained physical attack without a weapon.

Duress, necessity and marital coercion
The defences of duress and necessity are not available to a person charged with attempted murder. Conversely, the statutory defence of marital coercion is, on the face of the statute, available to a wife charged with attempted murder.

History
Prior to 1967, sections 11 to 15 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 created a number of offences of attempting to commit murder by various specified means (ss.11 to 14), and an offence of attempting to commit murder by any means not specified in those offences (s.15).

After the repeal of these offences by the Criminal Law Act 1967, attempted murder was allowed to subsist at common law until the enactment of the 1981 Act.

Scotland
Attempted murder is a crime at common law in Scotland. Attempted murder is the same as the offence of murder in Scots law with the only difference being that the victim has not died. The offence of murder was defined in Drury v HM Advocate:

[M]urder is constituted by any wilful act causing the destruction of life, by which the perpetrator either wickedly intends to kill or displays wicked recklessness as to whether the victim lives or dies.

Intention can be inferred from the circumstances of the case. Wicked recklessness is determined objectively and is "recklessness so gross that it indicates a state of mind which falls to be treated as wicked and depraved as the state of mind of a deliberate killer." As with all common law offences in Scotland, the maximum punishment available is life imprisonment.

Two crows joke
There is a joke, labelled as a geek-joke or a dad joke: "- What do you call two crows on a branch? - Attempted murder."

- unknown

The joke is also presented as a picture of two crows on a branch or a bench, and then just the text "Attempted murder" beneath. A group of crows is called a murder as a collective noun. Since just two crows is not considered a group it is not a complete murder.

title: Attempted murder


text:
Jehane Noujaim

Jehane Noujaim (جيهان نجيم, ) (born May 17, 1974) is an American documentary film director best known for her films Control Room, Startup.com, Pangea Day and The Square. She has co-directed The Great Hack and The Vow with Karim Amer.

Background
Noujaim was born to a Lebanese father and an American mother who was born in Connecticut. She was raised in Kuwait and Cairo and moved to Boston by the age of 10, in 1984. She attended Milton Academy.

In 1992, Noujaim matriculated to Harvard University, where she initially intended to study medicine. She later switched to visual arts and philosophy after taking an interest in photography and filmmaking, graduating magna cum laude in 1996.

2000-2005
While studying at Harvard University, Noujaim worked alongside her fellow peers towards developing Blue Hill Avenue, about the operations of gangs in Roxbury, Boston. Also during the duration of her degree, Noujaim notably worked under mentor Robb Moss.

In 2002, before her graduation, Noujaim was awarded the Gardiner fellowship under which she directed Mokattam, an Arabic film about a garbage-collecting village near Cairo in Egypt.

Noujaim joined the MTV news and documentary division as a segment producer for the documentary series UNfiltered.

In 2001, she left to produce and direct Startup.com under the guidance of documentary filmmaker D.A. Pennebaker in association with Pennebaker Hegedus Films. The feature-length documentary won the DGA and IDA Awards for best documentary. From collaboration with D.A. Pennebaker and Hegedus throughout her career, Noujaim's filmmaking techniques take insight from cinéma verité. Noujaim was awarded the Jacqueline Donnet Emerging Documentary Filmmaker Award in 2004.

She has since worked in both the Middle East and the United States as a cinematographer on various documentaries including Born Rich, Only the Strong Survive, and Down from the Mountain.

In 2004, she directed the feature-length film Control Room, a documentary about US Central Command and its relations with Al Jazeera and other news organizations that covered the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The film showed the unfolding of war through the descriptions and contributions of entities in media outlets. It also displayed information on the impact of skewed information during the Iraq war from different media source's operations and public motives. Noujaim achieves this through live footage from her time in Qatar of the war as well as interviews from news room correspondents.

Through this project, Noujaim wanted to portray images of war and question how viewers perceive them. The mentioned creative approach led her to focus her filmmaking on viewer's bias grounded in individual characteristics such as cultural background. In a review for Control Room Bill Stamets felt that throughout this creative path, Noujaim who filmed the majority of Control Room herself, never poses her own opinion on the topic in the film's story or give insight on her personal perception of war. The neutral stream for the film gives little guidance to viewers, prioritizing their interpretation, an artistic choice on behalf of Noujaim. Box office records were broken by Control Room while being screened at Film Forum in New York.

2006-2011
In 2006, Noujaim won the TED Prize for her work in Control Room. This made her the first and youngest woman to do so. She also received a nomination for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay, sharing the nomination with co-writer Julia Bacha. In 2007, she co-directed (with Sherief El Katsha) the film Shayfeen.com which was broadcast as part of the WhyDemocracy project. In 2012 she released Rafea: Solar Mama (which she directed with Mona Eldaeif). A documentary about a group of women leaving their villages to learn about solar engineering, only to return and solar power their own society.

2012-2017
In 2013, she released The Square, a film following the Egyptian revolution and the inspiration it has given to the world. While the film was being shot, Noujaim went missing, being found after an activist brought attention to her disappearance. Also during the duration of filming, Noujaim was arrested on three occasions. The arrests came as a result of accusations Noujaim was a spy, traitor, and for her general participation in protests while in Egypt. During the film's release period, the piece was withheld from viewers in Egypt due to censorship regulations. In an act to ensure Egyptian citizens saw the film, Noujaim released the film online in addition to the film being pirated in the country. Noujaim claimed this decision was made in strides towards freedom of speech as a filmmaker.

The Square was nominated for an Academy Award in best documentary in January 2014 and is highlighted as the first Egyptian film to earn such credentials. The Square also won critical acclaim in the 2013 Sundance Film Festival & the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. She won the DGA Award for The Square in 2014.

Noujaim contributed to a book in 2016 which included a collection of statements by individuals on their experiences travelling to or visiting global squares. In the text, Noujaim disclosed her experiences and time spent in January 2011 at Tahrir Square. The given location in Cairo is commonly the site of chaos and protests which she expanded on.

2017-present
In 2019, Noujaim and Amer directed The Great Hack, a documentary film which revolved around the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal. It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2019. It was released on July 24, 2019, by Netflix. Initially, Noujaim and Amer meant out to make a documentary revolving around the Sony Pictures hack, however the film evolved and shifted course as they started looking at how people's minds have been hacked and changed.

Noujaim and Amer directed The Vow a documentary series revolving around NXIVM and its leader Keith Raniere, which premiered in August 2020 on HBO. The second and final season premiered in October 2022, with Noujaim primarily directing without Amer. Noujaim previously took a NXIVM course after being recruited by Sara Bronfman.

In 2022, Noujaim served as an executive producer on Flight/Risk directed by Amer and Omar Mullick for Amazon Studios. In 2023, Noujaim served as an executive producer on Defiant directed by Amer, focusing on diplomacy and disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Noujaim is directing and executive producing alongside Vikram Gandhi, The Man Will Burn, a documentary series revolving around Burning Man.

Pangea Day
After winning the TED Prize, Noujaim used her wish to organize Pangea Day, a live videoconference that took place in New York City, Rio de Janeiro, London, Dharamsala, Cairo, Jerusalem, and Kigali on May 10, 2008. The show was internationally broadcast over four hours through internet, television and mobile phones. It featured films, speakers, and music. The purpose of the event was to screen the work of filmmakers who created pieces around cultural reflection that posed conversation starters among the audience to unite people globally through film.

title: Jehane Noujaim


text:
Tony Plana

José Antonio Plana (born April 19, 1952) is a Cuban-American actor and director. He is known for playing Betty Suarez's father, Ignacio Suarez, on the ABC television show Ugly Betty and for voicing Manuel "Manny" Calavera in the video game Grim Fandango.

Early life and education
Plana was born in Havana, Cuba. His family moved to Miami in 1960. He is a graduate of Loyola Marymount University and was trained in acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London.

Career
While known to a broad audience for his roles in feature films and television, Plana is also known for his skills in acting and directing for the stage. In 1995, he founded East L.A. Classic Theatre and over the course of a decade, he created and directed a number of Shakespeare productions for minority audiences. He has been active in the Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and New York City theater communities, including leading appearances on Broadway and at New York City's Public Theater. He originated the role of Rudy in the Los Angeles production of Luis Valdez's play Zoot Suit, going on to play Rudy in the film version.

Plana has acted, directed and written for television in series, miniseries, and specials such as Hill Street Blues, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Resurrection Boulevard, Commander in Chief, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, The West Wing, 24, and Cagney & Lacey.

Plana has acted in films such as An Officer and a Gentleman, Three Amigos, Goal!, and Lone Star. He is known to PC gamers as the voice of Manny Calavera in the LucasArts 1998 adventure game Grim Fandango. In 2011, Plana guest starred in Desperate Housewives as Gabrielle Solis's abusive stepfather, Alejandro Perez. He also directed Witch's Lament, a Desperate Housewives episode in the show's eighth season. In 2011, he appeared in Body of Proof, in the episode "Helping Hand".

Plana participated in the web series Los Americans (2011), about a middle-class family in Los Angeles.

Plana teaches acting at California State University, Dominguez Hills and Rio Hondo College. In 2012, he served as a judge for the Noor Iranian Film Festival.

Politics
Plana volunteers as a spokesperson for comprehensive immigration reform. He was the keynote speaker for the 2012 LULAC conference in Coronado Springs Convention Center in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.

Awards
Won
 * Satellite Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries, or Motion Picture Made for Television for his role as "Ignacio Suarez," Ugly Betty, on December 17, 2006.

Nominations
 * Screen Actors Guild Awards: Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Ensemble - Comedy Series for: Ugly Betty (2006).
 * ALMA Awards: Outstanding Actor in a Television Series for: Resurrection Blvd. (2002)
 * ALMA Awards: Outstanding Actor in a New Television Series for: Resurrection Blvd. (2001)
 * Bravo Awards: Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film for: Lone Star (1996).

Selected filmography

 * 1978 What's Happening!! (TV Series) as Amid
 * 1978 The Boss' Son as Juan
 * 1978 The Paper Chase (TV Series) as Marcos
 * 1980 Seed of Innocence (uncredited)
 * 1980 First Family as White House Gardener
 * 1981 Madame X (TV Movie) as Senor Rueda
 * 1981 Love & Money as National Guard General
 * 1981 Zoot Suit as Rudy
 * 1981 Circle of Power as Reza Haddad
 * 1982 An Officer and a Gentleman as Emiliano De la Serra
 * 1983 Valley Girl as Low Rider
 * 1983 Nightmares as Father Luis Del Amo (segment "The Benediction")
 * 1983 El Norte as Carlos, The Bus Boy
 * 1983 Deal of the Century as Chicano Man
 * 1983 What's Up, Hideous Sun Demon as Officer Ignatz
 * 1985 City Limits as Ramos
 * 1985 Latino as Ruben
 * 1986 The Best of Times as Chico
 * 1986 Salvador as Major Max
 * 1986 Three Amigos as Jefe
 * 1987 Disorderlies as Miguel
 * 1987 Born in East L.A. as Feo
 * 1984-1988 Miami Vice (TV Series) as Ernesto Guerrero / Cinco
 * 1988 Buy & Cell as Raoul
 * 1988 Break of Dawn (TV Movie) as Rodriguez
 * 1989 The Case of the Hillside Stranglers (TV Movie) as Mike Hernandez
 * 1989 Romero as Father Manuel Morantes
 * 1990 Why Me? as Benjy Klopzik
 * 1990 The Rookie (1990) as Morales
 * 1990 Havana as Julio Ramos
 * 1991 Seinfeld (Season 2 Episode 5: "The Apartment") as Manny
 * 1991 One Good Cop as Beniamino Rios
 * 1991 The Golden Girls (TV Series) as Alvarez
 * 1991 JFK as Carlos Bringuier
 * 1992 Live Wire as Al-Red
 * 1993 Bakersfield, P.D. as Luke Ramirez
 * 1993 Red Hot as KGB Investigator
 * 1993 Greshnitsa v maske as Le Arden
 * 1994 A Million to Juan as Jorge
 * 1994 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (Season 2 Episode 20 and 21: "The Maquis part 1 and 2") as Amaros
 * 1995 Silver Strand (TV Movie) as Richie Guttierez
 * 1995 Nixon as Manolo Sanchez
 * 1996 Primal Fear as Martinez
 * 1996 Lone Star as Ray
 * 1996 The Disappearance of Garcia Lorca as Marcos, Lorca's Friend
 * 1996 Canción desesperada as Patrick
 * 1997 Down for the Barrio as Cesar
 * 1997 Santa Fe as Chief Gomez
 * 1997 One Eight Seven as Principal Garcia
 * 1998 The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit as Victor Medina
 * 1998 Shadow of Doubt as Detective Krause
 * 1999 Let the Devil Wear Black as Tall
 * 1999 Every Dog Has Its Day as The Cop
 * 2000 Knockout as Chuck Alvarado
 * 2000 Picking Up the Pieces as Usher
 * 2001 Vegas, City of Dreams as Captain Martin
 * 2002 Half Past Dead as Warden Juan Ruiz 'El Fuego' Escarzaga
 * 2003 John Doe (Season 1, Episode 17: "Doe or Die") as Captain Ruiz
 * 2003 Monk (TV Series) as Captain Alameda
 * 2004 24 (TV Series) as Omar
 * 2005 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (TV Series) as Elindio Zapata
 * 2005 The Lost City as The Emcee
 * 2005 Goal! as Hernan Munez
 * 2005 The Closer as Alonzo Lopez
 * 2006-2010 Ugly Betty (TV Series) as Ignacio Suarez
 * 2007 El Muerto as Aparicio
 * 2007 Hacia la oscuridad as Carlos Gutierrez
 * 2007 Half Past Dead 2 as Warden Juan Ruiz 'El Fuego' Escarzaga
 * 2008 AmericanEast as Dez
 * 2009 Life Is Hot in Cracktown as Lou
 * 2011 Desperate Housewives (TV Series) as Alejandro Perez
 * 2011 Body of Proof (Episode 3: "Helping Hand") as Armando Rosas
 * 2011 America as Tio Poldo
 * 2012 The Man Who Shook the Hand of Vicente Fernandez as Dr. Dominguez
 * 2013 Psych (Season 7, Episode 4: "No Country for Two Old Men") as Pablo Nuñez
 * 2013 Pain and Gain as Captain Lopez
 * 2013 Jodi Arias: Dirty Little Secret as Prosecutor Juan Martinez
 * 2013-2014 Alpha House (TV Series) as Benito 'Benny' Lopez
 * 2013 A Miracle in Spanish Harlem as Mariano
 * 2014 Jane the Virgin (TV Series) as Father Ortega
 * 2015-2017 The Fosters (TV Series) as Victor Gutierrez
 * 2015 Cristela (TV Series) as Joaquin Alvarez
 * 2015 Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders (TV Series) as Father Consolmango
 * 2016 The Young Pope (TV Series) as Carlos García
 * 2016 America Adrift as William Fernandez
 * 2016-2018 Lethal Weapon (TV Series) as Ronnie Delgado
 * 2017-2020 Superstore as Ron Sosa
 * 2017 Roman J. Israel, Esq. as Jessie Salinas
 * 2017 Butterfly Caught as Michael Channis
 * 2017-2019 One Day at a Time (TV Series) as Berto
 * 2017-2018 Colony as Proxy Alcala
 * 2017-2019 The Punisher (TV Series) as Rafael Hernandez
 * 2018 Mayans M.C. (7 episodes) as Devante Cano
 * 2018 Shooter (1 episode) as Guitierez
 * 2019 Jugar con fuego (TV series) as Peter Miller
 * 2019 Dynasty as Cristal Jennings’ father, Silvio Flores.
 * 2019 Elena of Avalor (1 episode) as Qapa
 * 2019 Wasp Network as Luis Posada Carriles
 * 2020 Enemigo íntimo (season 2) as Santilla
 * 2020 Connecting... (TV series) as Ramon

Voice acting

 * Godzilla 1985 (1985) as Goro Maki (voice, uncredited)
 * Santo Bugito (1995, TV Series) as Paco
 * Extreme Ghostbusters (1997, TV Series) (voice)
 * Grim Fandango (1998, Video Game) as Manuel "Manny" Calavera
 * Cuba Libre (2003) as Narrator (voice)
 * Hiroshima - Radio play based on the book by John Hersey, adapted by John Valentine (2003)
 * Ghost Recon Wildlands(2017,Video Game) as El Cardenal
 * Elena of Avalor (2018, TV Series) as Oapa (voice)
 * The Legend of Vox Machina (2023, TV Series) as Kamaljiori (voice)

title: Tony Plana