text:
Talk:Capturing the Friedmans

Where are they now?
From reading the article, I can't find out whether Friedman, the Friedman who is the brother of Jesse and the son of Arnold, is accused of being a pedophile or not. It's a bad idea to identify one person by last name when he shares it with two other men!158.38.66.123 16:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Jesse Friedman voluntarily pled guilty to numerous charges of sexual abuse after his father also chose to plead guilty rather than stand trial. Had he chose to go through with a trial, Jesse was facing possibly the rest of his life in prison.  He worked out an advantagious plea bargain that included an admission of guilt as well as a confession that his father had molested him.  he made these statements under oath.  Jesse Friedman served 13 years in State Prison and has since been released.  He has now recanted his admission of guilt and is seeking a new hearing of his case based on popular sympathy for his case generated by the film.  He is reported to be attending Hunter College and finds having to comply with Meghan's law annoying. He maintains his previous statements under oath as to his guilt were not truthful.

 * David Friedman, the oldest brother, has changed his name to David Kaye was NOT ever accused of being a pedophile. He works as a child's Birthday Clown called "Silly Billy" in New York City.  In light of his family history, some people find his work with children troubling.  It should be noted that David had been involved in stage magic since long before his father and brother's cases came about.  Still, some people find his hostile clown character disconcerting after seeing the footage of his rages in the film.   His business is still thriving and he maintains a website here:

Silly Billy

 * The middle brother, Seth, was also never accused of any wrongdoing and declined participation in the film. Neither David nor Seth speak to their mother elaine who has since remarried.

172.148.61.130 06:45, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Capturing the friedmans dvd cover.jpg
Image:Capturing the friedmans dvd cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:14, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Suicide Life Insurance?"

 * Arnold Friedman committed suicide in 1995, leaving a $250,000 life insurance benefit to his son.

I thought life insurance policies didn't cover suicides, how could this occur? Tyciol 12:17, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The film doesn't go into specifics (and since it's in the plot section, we probably don't need to worry about it) Begeun (talk) 03:45, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * From personal experience, at least one of my life insurance policies covers death from any cause, including suicide, after the policy has been in effect for 2 years. It doesn't seem that implausible.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 04:24, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

If you pay attention to the movie you'll learn that Arnold's policy allowed payment for suicide if committed AFTER a set number of years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.160.174.24 (talk) 22:11, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

I concur with the previous comment. I just watched the film again last night (4 Jan 2010) on ABC Channel 2 Tv (Australia). The film explicitly says that the policy excluded suicide in the first 2 years (from memory) but not thereafter. And the film also said that he suicided with an overdose of antidepressants. All this should be in the article IMO. 203.122.223.121 (talk) 01:24, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

 * In the United States, life insurance policies become incontestable due to fraud or suicide after two years. As long as the premiums have been paid and the original owner had good insurable interest, the carrier has to pay out. Uucp (talk) 15:48, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Recent deletion of ELs to page
Recently these three ELs were deleted:

 * Capturing the Friedmans: annotated Bibliography from the Leadership Council on Child Abuse and Interpersonal Violence

 * Additional information on Capturing the Friedmans
 * Case of Arnold Friedman and Jessie Friedman

for the reason: "only marginally reliable or relevant"

The Leadership Council is shown to be a reliable source by their board at : http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/us/about.html This board includes many of the top names in the field. The relevancy is that the site is a large annotated bibliography of articles about the movie.

The second site lists a variety of proven facts about the movie.

The third site lists their board at : http://theawarenesscenter.org/board.html with a number of experts in the field of child abuse. The relevancy of the site is that it lists 60 or more articles on the movie and the case. ResearchEditor (talk) 01:55, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The Leadership Council has been shown to be an unreliable source, both as to being biased, and to misquoting its sources. You've been misinterpreting consensus again.
 * The AOL "site" is a personal site, showing "facts" about the movie. Its reliability cannot be confirmed (or denied)
 * The third site is plausible. I'd like to believe that, being Jewish myself, that a Jewish center could put truth above getting the desired result.  However, the board, although it may include "many of the top names in field", it also includes people whose qualification is stated as "survivor of clergy abuse".  I think more evidence would be required before it could be considered acceptable.
 * — Arthur Rubin (talk) 06:16, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree about the AOL cite. I am confused about the statement above about consensus. I didn't mention consensus. At WP:ELNO - Links normally to be avoided,  there is no statement about bias. And I have not seen an example of the Leadership Council misquoting a source. Please cite one. At the awarenesscenter site 12 of the 19 professionals listed are not survivors of child abuse.

 * This is what others have said about the Leadership Council on wikipedia:
 * from Recovered Memory Therapy talk in regard to the Leadership Council:
 * Hm. The board members does look pretty notable. Was there anywhere you thought the link should be added? We'll have to be careful how it's used but given that level of expertise, it could definitely be used for citing some basic info. WLU (talk) 02:32, 4 February 2008 (UTC) I support acceptance of the Leadership Council as a reliable source, after reviewing their site. I agree that it's prefereable to cite the original sources when available. In general, I don't see any reason not to cite Leadership Council when their information is relevant. --Jack-A-Roe (talk) 04:12, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * from repressed memory talk
 * My apologies. That suggests reliablility, although still indicates a clear bias in favor of the accusers, rather than the accused, regardless of accuracy. Their name must remain in the site, rather than being an unadorned title, until a full citation template can be added. — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 13:36, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I will be re-adding the two sites to the article as ELs, deleting the third as a compromise. If this compromise doesn't work, we could look into a WP:3O or a WP:RFC. ResearchEditor (talk) 02:35, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You should provide a better justification for the Awareness Center. Any board members whose qualifcation is "survivor of clergy abuse" makes the organization clearly non-professional.  Without a sign of peer-review, I think it falls below the level of reliablility required for an WP:EL, especially in an article which relates to the real people depicted in the film.  Considering that this does refer to real people, unreliable sources in ELs become questionable.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 02:57, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You make a good point above about the Awareness Center. There are two criteria from WP:EL that could apply here:
 * "Sites that contain neutral and accurate material that cannot be integrated into the Wikipedia article due to copyright issues, amount of detail (such as professional athlete statistics, movie or television credits, interview transcripts, or online textbooks) or other reasons."
 * "Sites which fail to meet criteria for reliable sources yet still contain information about the subject of the article from knowledgeable sources." The first criteria appears to apply to the Awareness Center site, since it is predominately large newspaper articles or court documents. ResearchEditor (talk) 03:13, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

New legal activity regarding this case
Read this here 98.118.62.140 (talk) 03:44, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Removed "recent developments" from intro paragraph
More than half of the introductory section concerned later legal developments in the Friedmans' legal case, which is only marginally relevant to this article. That material is better suited to the article about the Friedmans' trial itself, not the article about this documentary. If there is no such article yet (I haven't checked) then feel free to create one. But again, this article is about the film, not the case, so please keep that in mind when making edits here.--Xiaphias (talk) 06:21, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

I agree, but I would go further and remove the recent developments section altogether - this article should be about the film and matters explicitly dealt with by the film. If there is an article about the case it could be moved there. --81.23.54.142 (talk) 00:19, 12 June 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Capturing the Friedmans


text:
Affirming Catholicism

Affirming Catholicism, sometimes referred to as AffCath, is a movement operating in several provinces of the Anglican Communion, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada and the United States. In the US, the movement is known as Affirming Anglican Catholicism (AAC). The movement represents a liberal strand of Anglo-Catholicism and is particularly noted for holding that Anglo-Catholic belief and practice is compatible with the ordination of women. It also generally supports ordination into the threefold ministry (bishops, priests, deacons) regardless of gender or sexual orientation.

The movement was formalised on 9 June 1990 at St Alban's Church, Holborn, in London by a number of Anglo-Catholic clergy in the Diocese of London who had been marginalised within, or expelled from, existing Anglo-Catholic groups because of their support for women's ordination to the priesthood. It developed a theological stance which was staunchly liberal in matters of inclusivity but traditionally Catholic in matters of liturgy and the centrality and theology of the sacraments whilst believing that traditional restrictions on who may receive them should be re-examined. In North America, AAC has ties with the Society of Catholic Priests; in the UK, AffCath is a partner organisation of Inclusive Church.

Membership and support
Prominent supporters include Rowan Williams, former archbishop of Canterbury; as well as Jeffrey John, former Dean of St Albans and former bishop suffragan-designate of Reading; both of whom have served on the executive committee of British and Irish Affirming Catholicism. In North America, bishops involved in AAC include Frank Griswold, former presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church; Andrew Hutchison, former primate of the Anglican Church of Canada; and Victoria Matthews, a bishop in Canada and New Zealand.

Presidents
The president of Affirming Catholicism is a bishop who acts as a figurehead for the movement.

 * ?–2011: David Stancliffe, Bishop of Salisbury
 * 2011–2014: Michael Perham, Bishop of Gloucester
 * 2015–present: Stephen Cottrell, Archbishop of York

Chairpersons
Affirming Catholicism is governed by a board of directors and headed by a chairperson.

 * 1996 to ? John B. Gaskell
 * 2004–2007: Richard Jenkins
 * 2008–2012: Jonathan Clark
 * 2012–2018: Rosemarie Mallett
 * 2018–present: Hannah Cleugh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Affirming Catholicism


text:
Tom Shales

Thomas William Shales (November 3, 1944 – January 13, 2024) was an American writer and television critic. He was a television critic for The Washington Post from 1977 to 2010, for which he received the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 1988. Shales also wrote a column for the television news trade publication NewsPro, published by Crain Communications.

Early life and career
Thomas William Shales was born in Elgin, Illinois, on November 3, 1944, to Clyde Shales (who had once been Elgin's mayor) and Hulda Shales, and graduated from Elgin High School in 1962. He attended Elgin Community College before transferring to American University in Washington, D.C., where he earned a degree in journalism and was editor-in-chief of the student newspaper, The Eagle, for the 1966–1967 academic year, as well as the paper's movie critic.

Shales's first professional job was with radio station WRMN/WRMN-FM in Elgin at the age of 18. He served as the station's disc jockey, local news reporter, writer and announcer, on both the AM and FM bands. He later worked with Voice of America as a producer of broadcasts to the Far East.

Career
Shales worked as entertainment editor at the D.C. Examiner, a tabloid newspaper, from 1968 to 1971. He joined The Washington Post as a writer in the Style section in 1972, was named chief television critic in July 1977, and was appointed TV editor in June 1979. His reviews were syndicated in newspapers nationwide. By 2006, his combined income from his salary and his syndication earnings neared $400,000 a year.

Shales was known for his withering putdowns of shows he disliked, and was nicknamed "Terrible Tom" and "the Terror of the Tube". His blunt style could polarize; Forbes Media Guide Five Hundred, 1994 wrote: "Forget the middle ground, Shales either loves it or hates it – and his reviews of TV shows and personalities are often unabashed paroxysms of that love or hate.... Like the medium he covers, Shales turns out fast-paced and amusing fare that often lacks depth". His influence was such that shows he panned would sometimes include unflattering references to him as inside jokes. Shales called such barbs "a TV critic's only shot at immortality".

His influence also extended to other critics. Daily Herald film critic Dann Gire who founded and served as president of the Chicago Film Critics Association, described him as setting a standard with writing that was "incredibly funny, creative, inventive and smart" and with a style more akin to a barroom discussion with readers than a lecture.

In 1988, Shales received the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism for his work at The Washington Post, including his coverage of the Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings. From 1998 to 1999, he was a frequent film critic for Morning Edition on National Public Radio. He was a guest co-host on the television show Roger Ebert & the Movies after the death of Gene Siskel. Shales was a member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors from 1991 to 1996.

In 2006, Shales ceased to be a staff writer for the Post and went on contract, where he remained until 2010, when he was laid off entirely by the newspaper. From 2012 to 2014, he wrote a column for RogerEbert.com.

Books
Shales published four books, including two he co-wrote with James Andrew Miller. In 2002, Shales and Miller published Live From New York: An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live, which covers the history of the sketch-comedy variety show, and provides a behind-the-scenes look at its stars and production process. The book was re-released in 2015 to coincide with Saturday Night Live's 40th anniversary. The updated edition contained over 100 pages of new material.

In 2011, Shales and Miller published their second book together, Those Guys Have All the Fun: Inside the World of ESPN, which chronicles the history of the network ESPN from its infancy in 1979 through 2010. In 2015, Focus Features optioned the book to adapt it into a film.

Death
Shales died from COVID-19 and kidney failure at a hospital in Alexandria, Virginia, on January 13, 2024, at the age of 79.

Selected works

 * ISBN 978-0394575216
 * ISBN 978-0316295062
 * ISBN 978-0316295062

title: Tom Shales


text:
Talk:Leonardo AW609

Untitled
Can the BA 609 really be considered the "civil version of the Osprey" ?? It has a completely different fuselage, empennage etc. Osprey has thrice the max. weight, twice the range !--Iediteverything 12:43, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, that is the idea. When I did some work with Boeing on the V-22, the 609 team worked fairly closely with them. It's more along the concept of the Osprey, not the capability. They wanted an executive jet that can use helipads in major cities. — RevRagnarok  Talk Contrib 12:52, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Stub
Born2flie: Shame when there is so much more information available out there than what is presented here. --18:10, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Major changes
Rolled my sandbox into the main article. Added an infobox based on the UAV (the airplane infobox misses lots of details) and tried to convert lists into prose. There is still a lot of work to be done. - Davandron | Talk 23:28, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Good work overall. The reason the standard info box doesn't have all the information is that the Project Aircraft wants all the details in the Specifications tremplate. This decision was made before I began editing articles here. I am currently adding a specs template, hope to have it finished tonight. However, I'm not personally opposed to you using the UAV-type box, but you would need to talk about it on the WP:AIR talk pages first to get a consensus to use it. (I believe the UAVs fal under Project Military History, not WP:AIR, hence the diffrent box.) Thanks. - BillCJ 23:58, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Additional Images
The picture that appears in the main page is of Prototype #1 in airplane mode flight, which I uploaded from the Bell/Agusta website. However, there is another good publicity photo which I also uploaded and might find a good place in the article:

Image:BA609 parked.jpg

Thanks. Finding and uploading pics is not one of my strong suits, though once they are on Wiki, I do fine with them. I don't usually get involved with copyrights and fair-use issues on images, but I think these you have posted are fine. However, there are Wikipedians who fill their idle time by checking all images to see if they should "really" be used or not, especially in articles which have no other pics :) . They may cause some problems, but I hope not. This article definitley needed pics. - BillCJ 20:59, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Found a picture of the second prototype (N609AG) in helicopter mode on the Agustawestland website. It shows off the color scheme choosen by the Italians. Image:BA609AG helicopter mode.jpg - Davandron | Talk 15:12, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Image:BA609AG helicopter mode.jpg
 * Well, the picture was detected as an orphan, because it hasn't been placed on the page. I'm not sure how it would best be incorporated. Take a look and if you have any suggestions, please post them. Thanks - Davandron | Talk 00:54, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added the pic. I forget how aggressive these image-nazis can be about fair-use pics. I meant to add the pic, but it slipped my mind. Sorry. - BillCJ 01:50, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I suggest to remove Image:BA609AG_helicopter_mode.jpg, because it shows the same aircraft (reg.no - N609AG) as other photos and has much poor quality. Mottld 12:18, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, I've removed both of the above linked images from the article. Now that we have some freely released images from the Paris Air Show, Wikipedia's fair-use guidelines dictate that such images be taken out.  Hopefully someone will soon be able to take a photo of the other prototype.  And folks, please don't denigrate those that work towards removing fair-use image violations...remember that Wikipedia is not aiming to be the prettiest encyclopedia, but the most free, and that entails getting rid of non-free images wherever possible. --  Huntster  T • @ • C 12:57, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for addressing the issue - I should have thought to remove the fair-use images myself, but have been busy with several article projects, and neglected to pay attention. As to denigrating those who work towards removing fair-use images, it's not what they do, but how they do it, that statements such as above are used. Too often I find a rushed job in removing an image that later proves to be PD, or a legitimate fair-use image with sources, just not necessarily done in a certain way preferred by some, but in which all or most of the info was there. In addition, too many images are speedied, and no notice is placed on the article or it's talk page, where users who did not upload the pic could address the problem. I have seen several image deletions reversed by admins in the past two weeks because the deletions were done too hastily. There are several editors who do take the time to inform editors via the article talk page of the problems with images, but they are few and far between. Yes, fair use is a big deal legally, but that doesn't mean the job should be hastily done, or that some kindness and consideration can't be used. I do appreaciate the time and effort you've spent here to do the job right. I hope others will follow your example. - BillCJ 15:54, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I admit I don't always take time to send notifications, but usually that's only in clear-cut cases of misuse or where the image removal is unlikely to be contested. However, I do understand what you are talking about.  The "overeagerness" does get tiresome at times. Cheers! --  Huntster  T • @ • C 16:45, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Specifications
I think I've completed the missing specification data from the AW website. If people think it's complete the tag can be removed. FitzyJ (talk) 15:32, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Why is "Rotor diameter:" listed twice, with one value blank? Hcobb (talk) 22:00, 16 September 2013 (UTC)

 * The problem occurred because it was classified in the template as a rotorcraft, which causes the template to assume that a single rotor's diameter represents the widest dimension of the vehicle. I'll rework it to solve the issue, probably be presenting as a standard aircraft rather than rotorcraft. — Huntster (t @ c) 00:17, 17 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Scratch that, I've realised that won't work either. I'm going to replace the template with straight text, since there is no method of using the template that doesn't leave an unsightly mess. — Huntster (t @ c) 00:18, 17 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The V-22 uses "aircraft specifications = copter", and it seems to work fine with special additions such as Wingspan and Width with rotors. Bell XV-15 also uses that template, whereas Bell XV-3 uses "aerospecs". Mil V-12 uses {{Aircraft specs, where wingspan works fine - maybe that template doesn't distinguish between plane or copter. Carter PAV has some display issues. Perhaps we should include an aircraft template called "Special" without rules. TGCP (talk) 15:54, 17 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, it "works", but look at the kludge of parameters in the V-22 article. Also, when changing format, I found a number of conversions that were simply wrong. The manual conversion issue has always been one of the things I disliked about the {{tl|aircraft specifications}} template...it's completely unnecessary these days. — Huntster (t @ c) 02:19, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

The specs say 275 knots and 25,000 feet as maximum. This says 306 knots level at 30,100 feet, at 1:05pm. TGCP (talk) 19:09, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, but I would not consider FlightAware auto-generated figures as reliable sources. We have no idea whether they are accurate or not. — Huntster (t @ c) 20:37, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

So
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AgustaWestland_AW609&oldid=608980680&diff=prev

So it makes a large difference from conventional helicopters. Hcobb (talk) 17:35, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

 * So what? What you wrote doesn't say that, and neither does the cited article. It does state it is easily overcome, which you oddly failed to mention. And tiltrotors are not helicopters, conventional or otherwise, so I really fail to see the pointbof this being added other than it seems to fit your tiltrotors-are-bad POV so common in your editing on the V-22 page. - BilCat (talk) 17:50, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

What would these "anti-tiltrotor" edits be? So what exactly is the bias in these edits, which all seem to be technical details from well regarded sources?
 * Pentagon Details Israel’s MV-22 Osprey Package
 * DIRCM on CV-22
 * V-22 Osprey - Boeing (covers FLIR)
 * (Israeli) aircraft are to be optimized for special operations and rescue missions
 * And then last year I added link to 352d Special Operations Group page

 * Obviously I'm not referring to those edits, as you well know. It's too bad this edit wasn't of technical details, of which there are plenty in that article, which you could have added instead of what you did add. - BilCat (talk) 21:28, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The technical details of the reviewer's test flight was that the aircraft performed like a helicopter and turboprop, as expected, except for that one glitch, not previously mentioned in the article. Hcobb (talk) 21:37, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

 * It is probably a reasonable point to mention, but it needs to be explained more to add some context to explain why this is worth mentioning and what is done about it. - Ahunt (talk) 20:29, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

 * It hovers steadily above 20 feet, and the wing downwash is there at any hover height, so it's more likely to be a ground resonance issue or similar, but so far no ref for that. Helicopters usually hover nicely close to the ground, not sure how important it is to be able to do that at 10 feet rather than 20 feet? BTW, the pilot article has different dimensions than the wiki ? TGCP (talk) 15:13, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

So move it to the tiltrotor page and note it as one of the tradeoffs that make tiltrotor better at short field operations while tiltwing is better at vertical operations? (Do we have a winged helicopter page to tie this all into?) Hcobb (talk) 22:01, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Tiltwings have higher disc loading than tiltrotors, so they should be less suited for hover. Compound helicopter is a halfway article for combos. TGCP (talk) 15:13, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

Move this page
I would like to move this page to "Leonardo AW609" Thermofan (talk) 11:32, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leonardo AW609


text:
Torque density

Torque density is a measure of the torque-carrying capability of a mechanical component. It is the ratio of torque capability to volume and is expressed in units of torque per volume. Torque density is a system property since it depends on the design of each element of the component being examined and their interconnection.

Torque density is useful during the concept evaluation stage of mechanical designs, especially in power train design problems. Typically, it will be one of many factors used to assign potential success measures to each concept. For example, in the upgrade of a drive train for a set of rolls in a rolling mill, space is often dictated by the configuration of current components. There may be several types of devices that can perform the function of an existing component that must be replaced. The relative torque densities of the devices may be an important determinant for which design is ultimately selected, although it will often compete with other factors such as cost, ease of maintenance, time to install, operating costs and potential failure modes.

Units
In SI units, torque density is expressed in joules per cubic metre or equivalently newton-metres per cubic metre (though dimensionally equivalent to the pascal, that is usually not used for this purpose). Small amounts can be expressed in newton-millimetres per cubic millimetre.

In U.S. customary units, torque density is expressed in foot-pounds force per cubic foot, or inch-pounds force per cubic inch or ounce-force inches per cubic inch.

title: Torque density


text:
ACAZ C.2

The ACAZ C.2, Ateliers de Construction Aeronautique de Zeebruge, was a prototype Belgian biplane fighter aircraft built in the 1920s.

Design and development
Built entirely of Duralumin metal, it was an advanced design at the time of its first flight in 1926, but although evaluated by the Belgian Air Force, no orders were placed. Of conventional biplane construction, the C.2, registered as O-BAFX, later OO-AFX, incorporated one unique feature - all four of its wings were identical and interchangeable. The aircraft also included space for cameras, allowing it to be used for photo-reconnaissance.

Operational history
Flown early in 1926 and evaluated by the Belgian Aéronautique Militaire, the C.2 tandem two-seat fighter-reconnaissance biplane was built by the Ateliers de Construction Aéronautique de Zeebrugge (A.C.A.Z.). Of all-metal construction, the C.2 was powered by a 450 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Ha 12-cylinder liquid-cooled engine, and an interesting feature was the interchangeability of all four main wing panels. The pilot and observer/gunner were seated in tandem and armament consisted of a single fixed forward-firing synchronized 7.7-mm Vickers machine gun and two Lewis guns of similar caliber on a flexible mount. No production order for the C.2 was placed by the Aéronautique Militaire, and, on 03/09/1928, the sole prototype was employed for an attempt to fly to the Belgian Congo, this ending in a forced landing in France. The Aircraft was written off on 01/25/1933.

title: ACAZ C.2


text:
Jennifer Toth

Jennifer Ninel Toth (born August 15, 1967) is an American journalist and writer.

Early life and education
Toth was born in London to American parents John and Paula Toth. Her father was a national security correspondent for the Los Angeles Times and later a senior associate at the Pew Research Center, while her mother was a lawyer and special advocate for the state of Maryland. Toth grew up in Moscow and Chevy Chase, Maryland. She received her undergraduate degree from Washington University in St. Louis before graduating from Columbia University with an M.A. in journalism.

Career
From 1990 to 1992, Toth worked as a journalist for the Los Angeles Times in Washington, D.C. and New York, and afterwards for the Raleigh News & Observer. Toth is married to Craig Whitlock, a journalist and national-security correspondent for the Washington Post.

In 1993, she published her study entitled The Mole People: Life in the Tunnels Beneath New York City, featuring interviews with some dwellers of the "Freedom Tunnel." Her life was threatened by one of the mole people whom she befriended, who thought she witnessed him killing a crack addict. She consequently fled New York City. The book, published by Chicago Review Press, became a worldwide best-seller, translated into Japanese, German, Italian, Spanish and Turkish.

Jim Dwyer, the author of Subway Lives, presented an influential review of The Mole People for the Washington Post on 25 October 1993. "The wilder stories are overshadowed by the far simpler and far more touching portraits Toth presents of injured people struggling for dignity and tenderness," Dwyer wrote. "Having aimed high, having strode beneath New York with a can of Mace from her father, and with a heart and head ready to listen, she has brought back a book of stories that no one else has told—a book that is honest and above all, loving, to people who are nobody's friends. We should all do so well."

In 1997, Toth published Orphans of the Living: Stories of America's Children in Foster Care, a book narrating the life stories of five young adults from North Carolina, California and Illinois who overcame heavy odds to survive their childhood in foster care. Publishers Weekly called it an "eloquent and harrowing study," and "an excellent expose of a system that hurts those it is charged to help."

Five years later, Toth released another narrative about a young man, "What Happened to Johnnie Jordan: The Story of a Child Turning Violent," that once again pierced the secrecy surrounding foster care and juvenile services, this time in Toledo, Ohio. In its review, The New Yorker wrote: "In accounts of dysfunctional families, children are often the victims of violence; here, though, a child is both victim and perpetrator. The child in question is Johnnie Jordan, a fifteen-year-old Ohioan who brutally murdered his foster mother in 1996, hacking her to death with a hatchet and then setting her on fire. Through a series of interviews with Jordan, his foster father, and others within the child-welfare system, Toth constructs an agonizing portrait of a boy who was repeatedly abused from a very young age and repeatedly failed by the system responsible for protecting him."

Controversy
Cecil Adams' The Straight Dope, a widely read question and answer column, devoted two columns to the Mole People dispute. The first, published on 9 January 2004 after contact with Toth, noted the large amount of unverifiability in Toth's stories while declaring that the book's accounts seemed to be truthful. The second, published on 9 March 2004 after contact with Joseph Brennan, was more skeptical.

Documentation of the individuals and locations described in The Mole People have been repeatedly catalogued in a variety of other media, from photographer Margaret Morton's The Tunnel (Yale University Press: 1995) to the New York Times to the "Jerry Springer Show," which featured one of the main characters, Bernard Isaacs, the self-proclaimed Lord of the Tunnels.

title: Jennifer Toth


text: Category:Belgian fighter aircraft

title: Category:Belgian fighter aircraft


text:
Forward in Faith

Forward in Faith (FiF) is an organisation operating in the Church of England and the Scottish Episcopal Church. It represents a traditionalist strand of Anglo-Catholicism and is characterised by its opposition to the ordination of women to the priesthood and episcopate. It also takes a traditionalist line on other matters of doctrine. Credo Cymru is its counterpart in Wales. Forward in Faith North America (FIFNA) operates in the U.S.

History
FiF was formed in 1992 in response to approval by the General Synod of the Church of England of the ordination of women to the priesthood, initially an umbrella body for a number of Catholically oriented societies and campaigning groups. It became a membership organisation in 1994 and was registered as a charity in 1996. The traditionalist group in the Scottish Episcopal Church joined forces with Forward in Faith in 1997. Credo Cymru, the traditionalist body in the Church in Wales, established formal links with Forward in Faith in 2003; the two remain separate organisations.

For its first two decades, Forward in Faith's main role was to campaign for provision by the Church of England for those of its members who would be unwilling to receive the ministry of women priests and the bishops who ordained them.

In 2000, FIF held a Mass to mark the turn of the millennium which filled the 10,000-capacity London Arena. The Eucharist was concelebrated by the Archbishop of York, David Hope, with more than 35 other bishops and 750 priests, and the preacher was the Bishop of London, Richard Chartres.

Consecrated Women (Canterbury Press, 2004), the report of a Forward in Faith working party, was published as a contribution to the debate on women in the episcopate. Its theological section was later republished, together with other material, in Fathers in God? (Canterbury Press, 2015).

Following the ordination of women to the episcopate, Forward in Faith's main role is as the democratically structured membership organisation and registered charity which supports, finances and administers The Society under the patronage of S. Wilfrid and S. Hilda.

Especially in its early years, Forward in Faith had a number of Evangelical members, but today its membership is overwhelmingly Anglo-Catholic.

Relations with the Roman Catholic Church
In 2009, there were reports that Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Vienna, had met with the Forward in Faith chairman, John Broadhurst, Anglican Bishop of Fulham, at the suggestion of the Pope.

On 20 October 2009, in a document called Anglicanorum Coetibus, the Holy See announced that its intention to create personal ordinariates for groups of former Anglicans within the Roman Catholic Church similar to the existing military ordinariates in that their jurisdiction is exercised on a personal basis rather than a territorial basis, as is the case with normal dioceses.

In October 2010, John Broadhurst announced his intention to join the Roman Catholic Church, although he said that he would not at that point resign as Chairman of Forward in Faith, saying "it is not a Church of England organisation". He resigned from the position in November 2010 before being received into the Roman Catholic Church.

Constitution
Forward in Faith's constitution is approved and amended by its national assembly, which elects the organisation's officers and policy-making council. The executive committee (consisting of the officers and members elected or approved by the council) are the trustees of the charity. The organisation has branches in most Church of England dioceses.

Leadership
Chairman:
 * John Broadhurst (to 2010); left when he became a Roman Catholic in 2010
 * Jonathan Baker (2010 to 2014)
 * Tony Robinson (2014 to 2023)
 * Paul Thomas (2023 to present)

Director:
 * Stephen Parkinson (1993 to 2012)
 * Colin Podmore (2013 to 2020)
 * Thomas Middleton (2020 to present)

Forward in Faith North America
Forward in Faith North America (FIFNA) is a separate organisation which is not structurally linked with Forward in Faith. It views itself to be the successor organisation to Coalition for the Apostolic Ministry, founded in the 1970s, the Evangelical and Catholic Mission, founded in 1976, and the Episcopal Synod of America, founded in 1989. FIFNA itself was founded in 1999.

FIFNA operates across the U.S. within several churches in the Anglican tradition, including the Reformed Episcopal Church, the Anglican Church in North America, the Diocese of the Holy Cross, the Anglican Mission in the Americas, the Anglican Province of America, the Anglican Church in America, and the Episcopal Church (United States).

FIFNA describes itself as: a fellowship of Bishops, Clergy, Laity, Parishes, and Religious Orders who embrace the Gospel of Jesus Christ, who uphold the Evangelical Faith and Catholic Order which is the inheritance of the Anglican Way, and who work, pray and give for the reform and renewal of the Church. We are a teaching organism with a mission of teaching the catholic faith as received, practiced and passed on in the Anglican Communion.

title: Forward in Faith


text:
Aquilino Ribeiro

Aquilino Gomes Ribeiro, ComL (13 September 1885 – 27 May 1963, Lisbon), was a Portuguese writer and diplomat. He is generally considered to be one of the great Portuguese novelists of the 20th century. In 1960, he was nominated for the Nobel Literature Prize; having been nominated by the Sociedade Portuguesa de Escritores.

Biography
Born in Carregal de Tabosa, Sernancelhe, the natural son of Joaquim Francisco Ribeiro, a priest, and Mariana do Rosário Gomes, he had three older siblings: Maria do Rosário, Melchior and Joaquim. He was originally destined for the priesthood, but became involved with the Portuguese Republican Party in opposition to the Royal House of Braganza.

Although he did not participate directly, he was involved in the Lisbon Regicide and knew the plan and the assassins, as he stated in his work "Um escritor confessa-se” (A Writer Confesses). Between 1908 and 1914, he lived between Paris and Berlin, cities where he broadened his horizons enormously.

In 1914, he returned to Portugal, after the start of World War I. By then, the Portuguese First Republic had been established.

He was later involved in opposition to António de Oliveira Salazar and the Estado Novo, whose government had moved to censor or ban several of his books.

He was married twice: in 1913 to Grete Tiedemann (ca. 1890-1927), a German, by whom he had a son, Aníbal Aquilino Fritz Tiedeman Ribeiro in 1914; then, in 1929, to Jerónima Dantas Machado, daughter of the deposed President of Portugal Bernardino Machado, by whom he had a son Aquilino Ribeiro Machado, in 1930, who became the 60th Mayor of Lisbon (1977–1979).

Novels

 * A via sinuosa (1918)
 * Terras do demo (1919)
 * Filhas da Babilónia (1920)
 * Andam faunos pelos bosques (1926)
 * O homem que matou o diabo (1930)
 * A batalha sem fim (1932)
 * As três mulheres de Sansão (1932)
 * Maria Benigna (1933)
 * Aventura maravilhosa (1936)
 * São Bonaboião: anacoreta e mártir (1937)
 * Mónica (1939)
 * O servo de Deus e a casa roubada (1941)
 * Volfrâmio (1943)
 * Lápides partidas (1945)
 * Caminhos errados (1947)
 * O arcanjo negro (1947)
 * Humildade gloriosa (1954)
 * A Casa Grande de Romarigães (1957)
 * Quando os lobos uivam (1958)
 * in English: When the Wolves Howl, translated by Patricia McGowan Pinheiro (1963)
 * A mina de diamantes (1958)
 * Arcas encoiradas (1962)
 * Casa do escorpião (1963)

title: Aquilino Ribeiro


text: Category:Belgian military aircraft

title: Category:Belgian military aircraft


text: Category:Belgian military reconnaissance aircraft


text:
Talk:List of companies in Slovenia

Criteria for inclusion
I'd like to propose that the minimal criterion to be included on this page is that the company is joint-stock company (d.d.) and that we leave the Ltd. companies (d.o.o.) out. Any opinions on this matter? --Romanm 12:43, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * There are several companies that are d.o.o. and do qualify for inclusion (=notable enough), for example Slovenske železnice, Amebis, Geoplin, Elektro-Slovenija, Najdi, Pečjak (company) etc. We should simply follow WP:COMPANY. --Eleassar my talk 11:28, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of companies in Slovenia


text:
Cassini Regio

Cassini Regio (adjective Cassinian ) is the enigmatic dark area that covers the leading half of Saturn's moon Iapetus. It is named after Giovanni Cassini, the discoverer of Iapetus; 'Regio' is a term used in planetary geology for a large area that is strongly differentiated in colour or albedo from its surroundings. The brighter half of Iapetus is composed of the Roncevaux Terra and the Saragossa Terra.

The nature of the material that caused the extensive discoloration of Cassini Regio is not known, but it appears to be quite thin. It may be the result of cryovolcanism, a spattering of material from outer moons, or residue left by the sublimation of brighter ice.

In December 2004 an image taken by the NASA Cassini probe revealed that a 1300 km long ridge of 20 km high mountains runs down the centre of Cassini Regio, almost perfectly following Iapetus's equator. The origin of this extremely unusual feature is as yet unknown.

Cassini completed a 1000 km flyby of Iapetus in September 2007, and the images it has transmitted are helping to clarify the nature of Cassini Regio. For more details, see the main article on Iapetus.

title: Cassini Regio


text: User talk:62.23.44.72

title: User talk:62.23.44.72


text:
Roncevaux Terra

Roncevaux Terra is the name given to the northern part of the highly reflective side of Saturn's moon Iapetus. The southern half of this side is named Saragossa Terra. The other half of Iapetus, named Cassini Regio, is extremely dark. It is believed that Roncevaux Terra's colour is the underlying colour of Iapetus, while Cassini Regio was formed either by a substance that has covered up the brighter ice of the rest of the moon, or by a residue left from the sublimation of Roncevaux-type water ice.

Roncevaux Terra is named after the Battle of Roncevaux Pass, subject of the French epic poem the Chanson de Roland, after whose characters the surface features of Iapetus are named.

title: Roncevaux Terra


text:
O-ring

An O-ring, also known as a packing or a toric joint, is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus; it is a loop of elastomer with a round cross-section, designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, forming a seal at the interface.

The O-ring may be used in static applications or in dynamic applications where there is relative motion between the parts and the O-ring. Dynamic examples include rotating pump shafts and hydraulic cylinder pistons. Static applications of O-rings may include fluid or gas sealing applications in which: (1) the O-ring is compressed resulting in zero clearance, (2) the O-ring material is vulcanized solid such that it is impermeable to the fluid or gas, and (3) the O-ring material is resistant to degradation by the fluid or gas. The wide range of potential liquids and gases that need to be sealed has necessitated the development of a wide range of O-ring materials.

O-rings are one of the most common seals used in machine design because they are inexpensive, easy to make, reliable and have simple mounting requirements. They have been tested to seal up to 5000 psi of pressure. The maximum recommended pressure of an O-ring seal depends on the seal hardness, material, cross-sectional diameter, and radial clearance.

Manufacturing
O-rings can be produced by extrusion, injection molding, pressure molding or transfer molding.

History
The first patent for the O-ring is dated May 12, 1896, as a Swedish patent. J. O. Lundberg, the inventor of the O-ring, received the patent. The US patent for the O-ring was filed in 1937 by a then 72-year-old Danish-born machinist, Niels Christensen. In his previously filed application in 1933, resulting in Patent 2115383, he opens by saying, "This invention relates to new and useful improvements in hydraulic brakes and more particularly to an improved seal for the pistons of power conveying cylinders." He describes "a circular section ring... made of solid rubber or rubber composition", and explains, "this sliding or partial rolling of the ring... kneads or works the material of the ring to keep it alive and pliable without deleterious effects of scuffing which are caused by purely static sliding of rubber upon a surface. By this slight turning or kneading action, the life of the ring is prolonged." His application filed in 1937 says that it "is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Serial No. 704,463 for Hydraulic brakes, filed December 29, 1933, now U. S. Patent No. 2,115,383 granted April 26, 1938".

Soon after migrating to the United States in 1891, he patented an air brake system for streetcars (trams). Despite his legal efforts, the patents were passed from company to company until they ended up at Westinghouse. During World War II, the US government commandeered the O-ring patent as a critical war-related item and gave the right to manufacture to other organizations. Christensen received a lump sum payment of US$75,000 for his efforts. Litigation resulted in a $100,000 payment to his heirs in 1971, 19 years after his death.

Theory and design

O-rings are available in various metric and inch standard sizes. Sizes are specified by the inside diameter and the cross section diameter (thickness). In the US the most common standard inch sizes are per SAE AS568C specification (e.g. AS568-214). ISO 3601-1:2012 contains the most commonly used standard sizes, both inch and metric, worldwide. The UK also has standards sizes known as BS sizes, typically ranging from BS001 to BS932. Several other size specifications also exist.

Typical applications
Successful O-ring joint design requires a rigid mechanical mounting that applies a predictable deformation to the O-ring. This introduces a calculated mechanical stress at the O-ring contacting surfaces. As long as the pressure of the fluid being contained does not exceed the contact stress of the O-ring, leaking cannot occur. The pressure of the contained fluid transfers through the essentially incompressible O-ring material, and the contact stress rises with increasing pressure. For this reason, an O-ring can easily seal high pressure as long as it does not fail mechanically. The most common failure is extrusion through the mating parts.

The seal is designed to have a point contact between the O-ring and sealing faces. This allows a high local stress, able to contain high pressure, without exceeding the yield stress of the O-ring body. The flexible nature of O-ring materials accommodates imperfections in the mounting parts. But it is still important to maintain good surface finish of those mating parts, especially at low temperatures where the seal rubber reaches its glass transition temperature and becomes increasingly inflexible and glassy. Surface finish is also especially important in dynamic applications. A surface finish that is too rough will abrade the surface of the O-ring, and a surface that is too smooth will not allow the seal to be adequately lubricated by a fluid film.

Vacuum applications
In vacuum applications, the permeability of the material renders the point contacts unusable. Instead, higher mounting forces are used and the ring fills the whole groove. Also, round back-up rings are used to save the ring from excessive deformation. Because the ring is subject to the ambient pressure and the partial pressure of gases only at the seal, their gradients will be steep near the seal and shallow in the bulk (opposite to the gradient of the contact stress (See Vacuum flange.) High-vacuum systems below 10−9 Torr use copper or nickel O-rings. Also, vacuum systems that have to be immersed in liquid nitrogen use indium O-rings, because rubber becomes hard and brittle at low temperatures.

High temperature applications
In some high-temperature applications, O-rings may need to be mounted in a tangentially compressed state, to compensate for the Gow-Joule effect.

Sizes
O-rings come in a variety of sizes. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Standard 568 (AS568) specifies the inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances, and size identification codes (dash numbers) for O-rings used in sealing applications and for straight thread tube fitting boss gaskets. British Standard (BS) which are imperial sizes or metric sizes. Typical dimensions of an O-ring are internal dimension (id), outer dimension (od) and thickness / cross section (cs)

Metric O-rings are usually defined by the internal dimension x the cross section. Typical part number for a metric O-ring - ID x CS [material & shore hardness] 2x1N70 = defines this O-ring as 2mm id with 1mm cross section made from Nitrile rubber which is 70Sh. BS O-rings are defined by a standard reference.

The World's Largest O-ring was produced in a successful Guinness World Record attempt by Trelleborg Sealing Solutions Tewkesbury partnered with a group of 20 students from Tewkesbury School. The O-ring once finished and placed around the Medieval Tewkesbury Abbey had a 364 m circumference, an approximately 116 m inner diameter, and a cross section of 7.2 mm.

Material

O-ring selection is based on chemical compatibility, application temperature, sealing pressure, lubrication requirements, durometer, size and cost.

Synthetic rubbers - Thermosets:
 * Butadiene rubber (BR)
 * Butyl rubber (IIR)
 * Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM)
 * Epichlorohydrin rubber (ECH, ECO)
 * Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM): good resistance to hot water and steam, detergents, caustic potash solutions, sodium hydroxide solutions, silicone oils and greases, many polar solvents and many diluted acids and chemicals. Special formulations are excellent for use with glycol-based brake fluids. Unsuitable for use with mineral oil products: lubricants, oils, or fuels. Peroxide-cured compounds are suitable for higher temperatures.
 * Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR)
 * Fluoroelastomer (FKM): noted for their very high resistance to heat and a wide variety of chemicals. Other key benefits include excellent resistance to aging and ozone, very low gas permeability and the fact that the materials are self-extinguishing. Standard FKM materials have excellent resistance to mineral oils and greases, aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuels, non-flammable hydraulic fluids (HFD) and many organic solvents and chemicals. Generally not resistant to hot water, steam, polar solvents, glycol-based brake fluids and low molecular weight organic acids. In addition to the standard FKM materials, a number of specialty materials with different monomer compositions and fluorine content (65% to 71%) are available that offer improved chemical or temperature resistance and/or better low temperature performance.
 * Nitrile rubber (NBR, HNBR, HSN, Buna-N): a common material for o-rings because of its good mechanical properties, its resistance to lubricants and greases, and its relatively low cost. The physical and chemical resistance properties of NBR materials are determined by the acrylonitrile (ACN) content of the base polymer: low content ensures good flexibility at low temperatures, but offers limited resistance to oils and fuels. As the ACN content increases, the low temperature flexibility reduces and the resistance to oils and fuels improves. Physical and chemical resistance properties of NBR materials are also affected by the cure system of the polymer. Peroxide-cured materials have improved physical properties, chemical resistance and thermal properties, as compared to sulfur-donor-cured materials. Standard grades of NBR are typically resistant to mineral oil-based lubricants and greases, many grades of hydraulic fluids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, silicone oils and greases and water to about 80 °C. NBR is generally not resistant to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuels with a high aromatic content, polar solvents, glycol-based brake fluids and non-flammable hydraulic fluids (HFD). NBR also has low resistance to ozone, weathering and aging. HNBR has considerable improvement of the resistance to heat, ozone and aging, and gives it good mechanical properties.
 * Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM)
 * Polyacrylate rubber (ACM)
 * Polychloroprene (neoprene) (CR)
 * Polyisoprene (IR)
 * Polysulfide rubber (PSR)
 * Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
 * Sanifluor (FEPM)
 * Silicone rubber (SiR): noted for their ability to be used over a wide temperature range and for excellent resistance to ozone, weathering and aging. Compared with most other sealing elastomers, the physical properties of silicones are poor. Generally, silicone materials are physiologically harmless so they are commonly used by the food and drug industries. Standard silicones are resistant to water up to 212 °F, aliphatic engine and transmission oils and animal and plant oils and fats. Silicones are generally not resistant to fuels, aromatic mineral oils, steam (short term to 120 °C is possible), silicone oils and greases, acids or alkalis. Fluorosilicone elastomers are far more resistant to oils and fuels. The temperature range of applications is somewhat more restricted.
 * Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)

Thermoplastics:
 * Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) styrenics
 * Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, ULDPE
 * Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polyether, polyester: Polyurethanes differ from classic elastomers in that they have much better mechanical properties. In particular they have a high resistance to abrasion, wear and extrusion, a high tensile strength and excellent tear resistance. Polyurethanes are generally resistant to aging and ozone, mineral oils and greases, silicone oils and greases, nonflammable hydraulic fluids HFA & HFB, water up to 50 °C and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
 * Thermoplastic etheresterelastomers (TEEEs)     copolyesters
 * Thermoplastic polyamide (PEBA) Polyamides
 * Melt Processible Rubber (MPR)
 * Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV)

Chemical Compatibility:
 * Air, 200 to 300 °F – Silicone
 * Beer - EPDM
 * Chlorine Water – Viton (FKM)
 * Gasoline – Buna-N or Viton (FKM)
 * Hydraulic Oil (Petroleum Base, Industrial) – Buna-N
 * Hydraulic Oils (Synthetic Base) – Viton
 * Water – EPDM
 * Motor Oils – Buna-N

Other seals

Although the O-ring was originally so named because of its circular cross section, there are now variations in cross-section design. The shape can have different profiles, such as an x-shaped profile, commonly called the X-ring, Q-ring, or by the trademarked name Quad Ring. When squeezed upon installation, they seal with 4 contact surfaces—2 small contact surfaces on the top and bottom. This contrasts with the standard O-ring's comparatively larger single contact surfaces top and bottom. X-rings are most commonly used in reciprocating applications, where they provide reduced running and breakout friction and reduced risk of spiraling when compared to O-rings.

There are also rings with a square profile, commonly called square-cuts, lathe cuts, tabular cut or Square rings. When O-rings were selling at a premium because of the novelty, lack of efficient manufacturing processes and high labor content, Square rings were introduced as an economical substitution for O-rings. The square ring is typically manufactured by molding an elastomer sleeve which is then lathe-cut. This style of seal is sometimes less expensive to manufacture with certain materials and molding technologies (compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding), especially in low volumes. The physical sealing performance of square rings in static applications is superior to that of O-rings, however in dynamic applications it is inferior to that of O-rings. Square rings are usually used only in dynamic applications as energizers in cap seal assemblies. Square rings can also be more difficult to install than O-rings.

Similar devices with a non-round cross-sections are called seals, packings or gaskets. See also washers.

Automotive cylinder heads are typically sealed by flat gaskets faced with copper.

Knife edges pressed into copper gaskets are used for high vacuum.

Elastomers or soft metals that solidify in place are used as seals.

Failure modes
O-ring materials may be subjected to high or low temperatures, chemical attack, vibration, abrasion, and movement. Elastomers are selected according to the situation.

There are O-ring materials which can tolerate temperatures as low as -200 °C or as high as 250 °C. At the low end, nearly all engineering materials become rigid and fail to seal; at the high end, the materials often burn or decompose. Chemical attack can degrade the material, start brittle cracks or cause it to swell. For example, NBR seals can crack when exposed to ozone gas at very low concentrations, unless protected. Swelling by contact with a low viscosity fluid causes an increase in dimensions, and also lowers the tensile strength of the rubber. Other failures can be caused by using the wrong size of ring for a specific recess, which may cause extrusion of the rubber.

Elastomers are sensitive to ionizing radiation. In typical applications, O-rings are well-protected from less-penetrating radiation such as ultraviolet and soft X-rays, but more-penetrating radiation such as neutrons may cause rapid deterioration. In such environments, soft metal seals are used.

There are a few common reasons for O-ring failure:

 * 1) Installation damage – This is caused by improper installation of the O-ring.
 * 2) Spiral failure – Found on long-stroke piston seals and – to a lesser degree – on rod seals. The seal gets "hung up" at one point on its diameter (against the cylinder wall) and slides and rolls at the same time. This twists the O-ring as the sealed device is cycled and finally causes a series of deep spiral cuts (typically at a 45-degree angle) on the surface of the seal.
 * 3) Explosive decompression – An O-ring embolism, also called gas expansion rupture, occurs when high pressure gas becomes trapped inside the elastomeric seal element. This expansion causes blisters and ruptures on the surface of the seal.

Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
The failure of an O-ring seal was determined to be the cause of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986. A crucial factor was cold weather prior to the launch. This was famously demonstrated on television by Caltech physics professor Richard Feynman, when he placed a small O-ring into ice-cold water, and subsequently showed its loss of flexibility before an investigative committee.

The material of the failed O-ring was FKM, which was specified by the shuttle motor contractor, Morton-Thiokol. When an O-ring is cooled below its glass transition temperature Tg, it loses its elasticity and becomes brittle. More importantly, when an O-ring is cooled near (but not beyond) its Tg, the cold O-ring, once compressed, will take longer than normal to return to its original shape. O-rings (and all other seals) work by producing positive pressure against a surface, thereby preventing leaks. On the night before the launch, exceedingly low air temperatures were recorded. Due to this, NASA technicians performed an inspection; the ambient temperature was within launch parameters, and the launch sequence was allowed to proceed. However, the temperature of the rubber O-rings remained significantly lower than that of the surrounding air. During his investigation of the launch footage, Feynman observed a small out-gassing event from the Solid Rocket Booster at the joint between two segments in the moments immediately preceding the disaster. This was blamed on a failed O-ring seal. The escaping high-temperature gas impinged upon the external tank, and the entire vehicle was destroyed as a result.

Since the accident, rubber production companies have enacted changes. Many O-rings now come with batch and cure date coding, as is done in medicine production, to precisely track and control distribution. For aerospace and military applications, O-rings are usually individually packaged and labeled with the material, cure date, and batch information. O-rings can, if needed, be recalled off the shelf. Furthermore, O-rings and other seals are routinely batch-tested for quality control by the manufacturers, and often undergo quality assurance testing several more times by the distributor and ultimate end-users.

As for the boosters themselves, NASA and Morton-Thiokol redesigned them with a new joint design, which now incorporated three O-rings instead of two, with the joints themselves having onboard heaters that can be turned on when temperatures drop below 50 °F. No O-ring issues have occurred since Challenger, and they did not play a role in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of 2003.

ISO 3601 Fluid power systems — O-rings

 * ISO 3601-1:2012 Inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances and designation codes
 * ISO 3601-2:2016 Housing dimensions for general applications
 * ISO 3601-4:2008 Anti-extrusion rings (back-up rings)

title: O-ring


text:
ORACLE (computer)

The ORACLE or Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine, an early computer built by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann.

Summary
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review states: [Oak Ridge National] Laboratory engineers assisted Argonne [National Laboratory] during the early 1950s in design and fabrication of the Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine. Its name was selected with reference to a lyrical acronym from Greek mythology—ORACLE, defined as 'a shrine in which a deity reveals hidden knowledge.'

Assembled before the development of transistors and microchips, the ORACLE was a large scientific digital computer that used vacuum tubes. It had an original storage capacity of 1024 words of 40 bits each (later doubled to 2048 words). The computer also contained a magnetic-tape auxiliary memory and an on-line cathode-tube plotter, a recorder, and a typewriter. Operational in 1954, for a time the ORACLE had the fastest speed and largest data storage capacity of any computer in the world. Problems that would have required two mathematicians with electric calculators three years to solve could be done on the ORACLE in 20 minutes.

[Alston] Householder and the Mathematics Panel used the ORACLE to analyze radiation and shielding problems. In 1957, Hezz Stringfield and Ward Foster, both of the Budget Office, also adopted the ORACLE for more mundane but equally important tasks—annual budgeting and monthly financial accounting. As one of the last 'homemade computers,' the ORACLE became obsolete by the 1960s. The Laboratory then purchased or leased its mainframe computers from commercial suppliers. From the initial applications of the ORACLE to nuclear aircraft problems, computer enthusiasm spread like lightning throughout the Laboratory, and in time, use of the machines became common in all the Laboratory's divisions.

ORACLE was operational (passed acceptance test) in 1953,    and replaced the USAF-Fairchild Computer (or "SPEC" - Special Purpose Electronic Computer).

As with all computers of its era, the ORACLE computer was a one-of-a-kind machine that could not exchange programs with other computers (even other IAS machines). It used vacuum tubes, transistors, and diodes. It used a Williams tube for 2048 words of memory. Its addition time was 70 microseconds, the multiplication time was 370-590 microseconds, and the division time was 590 microseconds. These times include the storage access time, which was about 62 microseconds.

The ORACLE pre-dated input from disks and the use of punch cards with computers; it used paper tape for input and breakage of the tape was a frequent problem.

<!--== Personal memories == These are not facts for which I can provide citations, just reminiscences from a visit I made when I was a child. Maybe something in this can inspire someone else with more "real" information! In 1953, or maybe 1952, there was a math meeting (a sectional meeting of the AMS or MAA national mathematics societies, but at this remove I don't remember which and I have been unable to find any relevant listings at the websites of those two societies) at Oak Ridge: My father was a math prof at U-Tennessee Knoxville. The meeting arranged a tour of the Oracle lab, and my father was able to smuggle me in. (That was still not totally trivial, Oak Ridge as a city was still closed, not just the labs.) So I got to see the machine, it was demonstrated to us, and these are some of its characteristics that I remember. (I was 10 or 11, but they did do a good job of explaining things and for that matter almost all of the older mathematicians were as new to computers as I was.)

The system as we saw it had a desk-like user station across one end of a room that must have been about 35 feet square. Going back perpendicular to that end were three rows of cabinetry. On the right side (looking at the desk) were the tape drives. On the left and going down the middle of the room were rows of cabinets containing the electronic chassis and cooling blowers (about which more below).

There were several, I am remembering about 6, tape drives. But the tapes were not on reels. The tape itself was two inches wide and a drive (by engaging/disengaging two different pressure rollers on capstans) could fairly quickly start the tape moving in either direction. I think there were 12 tracks on the tape, and something like 50 feet of tape on each drive. The tape was pulled from a glass-walled vacuum column on one side to a similar column on the other, and just piled up in the column: Thus there was very little mass to accelerate or decelerate, mostly the tape itself at the head and for a few feet on either side. As I understood it then the tapes were backup storage to the Williams tubes: One did not dismount a tape and mount another in its place, the way tape was used in later decades. The "fast" Williams tube memory was very limited: I think there were 2K words of high speed storage, each 40 bits. So data and code were shuffled back and forth to tape to make space available.

There was a console typewriter for simple I/O. I am pretty sure there were a paper tape reader and punch, but I don't know width or format - maybe someone else can supply that, it would be interesting as a sidelight on how character sets developed. There was also a graphics display. I remember that it was an intensive user of computing resources, and I think the main arithmetic units had to calculate X/Y coordinates at which to position a beam and light up a dot. (We certainly did not say "pixel".) There was some provision for audio output, perhaps like the CDC 1604, I know because as a demonstration they played Christmas music and displayed a Christmas tree.

As an interesting fact about hardware failures: A few years later I know the ORACLE developed some intermittent errors that were very hard to track down. As part of its cooling the machine had large "squirrel cage" blowers, like in a home furnace, inside the electronics cabinets. The blowers were spun by electric motors through V belts. The motors, and probably the blower housings, were mounted on rubber vibration-isolation mounts. After a lot of searching it was found that the belts were operating as van de Graaf generators, building high static charges until a small "lightning bolt" would let it discharge. That of course would cause havoc with the nearby, high impedance, computing circuitry.

I am sorry this is fragmented and imprecise, but maybe others can build on it! This machine was a significant step in the development of computing and deserves better documentation. !-->

title: ORACLE (computer)


text:
User:Kumo

I am a brummie (from Birmingham, UK) who studied at University of Nottingham and then went to Milano & Varese in Italy for a couple of years. My IP reveals my current location. I am also a user of BeOS and Mac OS X.

title: User:Kumo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Roberdan

Roberdan was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Shameless advert for a blog. Delete. Lupo 12:56, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC) The complete content was
 * Speedy deleted -- Chris 73 | Talk 13:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * For the record, which of the criteria for speedy deletion did this article meet? Those of us who missed the 10 minute window between Lupo's posting and Chris' deletion only have the descriptions above which do not appear to meet the speedy delete criteria. Rossami 13:42, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * # 4. (The article was just three URLs, two going to the blog, the third to some Microsoft web site on this SharePoint thingy.) Lupo 13:53, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the explanation. I'm not sure I agree that it met the criteria for a speedy. From your description, though, I probably would have voted to delete. Rossami
 * I believe it met the speedy deletion requirements. DJ Clayworth 17:01, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I concur. Two external links with a two-word heading is definitely a "very short page with little or no definition or context". -- Cyrius|✎ 13:51, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Roberdan's Blogs
 * Public: http://blogs.msdn.com/roberdan Private: http://roberdan.blogspot.com/
 * SharePoint Portal Server

-- Cyrius|✎ 13:51, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SharePoint Portal Server

SharePoint Portal Server was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE THEN RECREATE AS A REDIRECT

And again an advert for a blog. (Same as "Roberdan" above.) Delete. Lupo 12:56, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Speedy deleted -- Chris 73 | Talk 13:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * See the question in Roberdan above. Rossami
 * See answer in Roberdan above. Lupo 13:54, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Have since created a redirect to SharePoint. -- Cyrius|✎ 13:55, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Which is now going to have to be deleted because I need to list SharePoint on copyright problems when I have the time. Sigh. -- Cyrius|✎ 13:55, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Apparently we're just supposed to revert added copyvio material. Sounds like a problem in need of a technical solution. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:41, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)