text:
Talk:Little Green Footballs

LGF was never "right wing"
My friends consider me a bleeding-heart lefty and even I'm more conservative on most things than Charles. The people saying he started out "right wing" before turning liberal seem to be making a big mistake: Being caught up in the post-9/11 anti-Islam fervor had nothing to do with "right wing". He was merely a left-winger caughter up in the post-9/11 anti-Islam fervor. You could argue that he was once "mildly conservative" on a handful of issues but "right wing"? That's the opening line of the entire article and it's linked to one single opinion column using it as an umbrella term. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.246.164.189 (talk) 01:49, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Are there any cites in sites or works that meet Wikipedia's guidelines for use as sources regarding whether LGF is right-wing, left-wing, centrist, or something else? It would help to have an unbiased opinion on this that we can cite here; lacking that, it would help to have a consensus of opinions where the bias is known. --Rob Kelk 18:44, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Name Origin
While the name may have originated with a Muppets-driven Japanese song, Kermit's inspiration undoubtedly derives from a form of soft green vitamin-pill our mother gave us in the 50's and 60's, which we promptly dubbed exactly 'Little Green Footballs', as in "Here come the little green footballs.", and a web-search shows we were not alone. A D-supplement that apparently survives to this day which some people still call 'little green footballs', e.g.:

 * I have read a suggestion of 1000 IU daily PO, for every 25# of wt.....if obese perhaps more rather than less.....
 * and yes the little green footballs are Vit D2......not the useful form.
 * [emphasis added]

 * http://allnurses.com/general-nursing-discussion/vitamin-d-511928-page2.html

JohndanR (talk) 16:30, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

Parting ways with islamophobia
Sometime during 2007 the blog switched from promoting islamphobia to making a break with that movement. Perhaps that should be mentioned in the article as it's a quite dramatic change. I think it might have been somewhere around this. // Liftarn (talk)

 * He made a break with some figures of the "counter-jihad" movement, but he continued to make paranoid claims through the 2008 election (e.g., that Michelle Obama was "friends" with a Hamas agent and that Pres. Obama himself was a secret Muslim) and beyond until the "Ground Zero Mosque" controversy, which was led by the two closest of his former associates. It seems clear that he only abandoned islamophobic cant (while, in the same move, adopting equally-strident anti-islamophobic rhetoric) as a means of prosecuting a personal vendetta. 06:37, 12 March 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:CCA3:460:E038:355F:9661:5DB6 (talk)

documentary
Was there a documentary that had LGF as a center piece in the drumbeat to war? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.51.236.225 (talk) 06:24, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Worth adding history of the site prior to 2009 ?
Hi, I used to read LGF since about 2001. Certainly since before the September 11 attacks. The article, currently, reads as though LGF started out as a right-wing/conservative site. Actually, it started out as a personal blog, with stuff about computing, music and with mildly LEFT wing viewpoints (Johnson posted criticisms of George W Bush, referring to him as/alluding to then-President Bush's stupidity. In fact, he was even critical of Bush in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, and, if I remember accurately, only altered his views (to the right) slowly, from about mid 2002, up until about the time of the start of the Iraq War, and the events and media coverage leading up to that (2003).

I seem to remember, vaguely, that this Wikipedia page actually did have information in an older version, about how Charles started the blog with left wing views, then changed (or as Johnson himself put it, quoting some other figure whose name now escapes me, "I was a liberal who was mugged by history" (or something like that)).

Forgive my vague recollections, this was some time ago now.

But does anybody think that it might be worth including that history ? As for sources, I think there were some older newspaper articles and perhaps even an interview on Fox News, where Charles Johnson makes reference to the change (from left, critical of George W Bush, to right wing).

I think it is a worthwhile edit, because, in its current form the article implies the website started as a right wing blog, which shifted to the centre or the left. When the truth is, it started out as mildly left wing (probably, 2/3rds of the content was personal stuff, about cycling, about web design, computers, music) and 1/3rd was about politics (little posts, brief posts, critical of Bush, and the Bush administration).

It was one of the most viewed political blogs in the US, at its peak, and certainly has a storied and interesting past.

Anyway, not being a registered editor, and not having much experience editing Wikipedia, I thought it would be prudent to ask others what they think. If I can source some of the articles and interviews I mentioned (where Johnson, and journalists in newspaper articles about LGF, describe the blog as starting out as a personal blog, with slightly left wing/anti Bush views) - can I then make some edits to the page to reflect that history ?

Internet history has always been fascinating to me, or the history of certain websites anyway. I am not a political person funnily enough, I can claim no advanced knowledge or even much interest in politics, so I might not be the person for the job. But I certainly did read his blog, for many years, and was even a commenter there. I enjoyed some of the discussion in the non political threads (the Overnight threads), which were frequent.

OK, thanks for reading. If people do agree with my suggestions, I would only be talking about a brief, say, 1 paragraph edit, with words to the effect of: "Johnson started the site in 2000 [or whatever year], and blogged about his daily activities: cycling, music, and information technology. He would occaissionally include posts critical of the Bush administration, and of George W Bush personally. [Here I'd include some Wayback Machine/Archived links to old posts where Johnson called Bush stupid or what not, as he often did]. After the 9/11 attacks, Johnson's views began to change, and so did the orientation of the blog: the content became more frequently political, and the posts themselves took on an increasingly conservative tone. By March of 2003, Johnson was openly supportive of the Iraq War, Israeli foreign policy, and routinely ridiculed specific Democrats, liberals and left-wing politicians. At this time and in the subsequent months, LGF became one of the most viewed right-wing blogs on the Internet."

[Then this would lead into the current page].

Please let me know what you think, if you care to ! Cheers and all the best Pete — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:44B8:3100:4004:AD88:88AB:91BB:48BA (talk) 14:54, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Little Green Footballs


text:
Talk:The Globe (album)

Jones
Above the track listing it says everything is by Mick Jones unless otherwise listed, but then (Jones) appears by most of the tracks, I'm going to delete said sequence as redundant. Feel free to re-correct it, but please explain here so I can learn the correct way it should be. Thanks. AnarchyElmo (talk) 22:31, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Samples used in RUSH
With the sample "yes, it's delightful, delightful"..etc - who is this from. I always thought it was Peter Sellars? --Mikecraig (talk) 23:29, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Globe (album)


text: User talk:Renamed user hfi3wohiuhfo3hdiaheo8


text: User talk:68.126.194.17

title: User talk:68.126.194.17


text:
User talk:Pfrishauf

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Help with Reference
Please help fix my edit of George D. Lundberg where I was unable to format the reference #2 correctly. Thanks. Please tell me what I'm doing wrong.

American Gymnosophical Association
A template has been added to the article American Gymnosophical Association, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. Addhoc 23:27, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

user pfrishauf replies: thanks. a friend of mine recently retrieved some early AGA documents plus the papers from Yale. that should do the trick. Peter Frishauf (talk)

Articles
Hi there. I ran across your name while I was editing American Youth Hostels, which lead me to editing your article at Peter Frishauf. I hope you don't mind the edits. Bearian 17:16, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

pfrishauf says: Thanks: i'm very grateful that a number of people have jumped in and continue to improve the page Peter Frishauf (talk) 00:47, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Richard Morris Hunt
Hello. Nice work on adding that youth hostel photo to the Hunt piece, on which I've worked. I had seen that building before when it was abandoned years ago and wondered about it. I never realized that it was Hunt's work back then. Nice to have a current photo now. Regards, MarmadukePercy (talk) 19:39, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

pfrishauf replies: thanks. 'tis a nice page! Peter Frishauf (talk) 00:47, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
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Peter Lance image
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title: User talk:Pfrishauf


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

We need to remove this article (it contains redirect to Warsaw Uprising 1943), because there is consensus that Warsaw Uprising 1943 should be moved to Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 21:16, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote: if it's known by two names (officially or informally), then what's wrong with keeping one and redirecting the other? (I'm asking an honest question.)  --Ardonik 02:35, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Page move completed at 17:18, 30 Jul 2004 by SimonP. This also puts the redirect the right way round. Rossami
 * Okay, keep 'em both. --Ardonik 02:15, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Eucalyptus diversicolor

Eucalyptus diversicolor, commonly known as karri, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tall tree with smooth light grey to cream-coloured, often mottled bark, lance-shaped adult leaves and barrel-shaped fruit. Found in higher rainfall areas, karri is commercially important for its timber.

Description
Eucalyptus diversicolor is the tallest tree that grows in Western Australia. It is a tall forest tree that typically grows to a height of 10–60 m but can reach as high as 90 m, making it the tallest tree in Western Australia and one of the tallest in the world. As of February 2019, the tallest known living karri is just over 80 m tall. A tree south of Pemberton, known as 'The Tyrant' is 69 m tall and 11.5 m in girth and contains approximately 220 m3 of wood in its trunk and is thought to be the largest karri by wood volume. A Eucalyptus diversicolor of 72.9 m height and of 5.71 m girth in Coimbra, Portugal, is the tallest reliably measured tree in Europe.

Karri are an evergreen tree and typically have a heavy, widespread crown. The tree's trunk tend to be long and straight with a diameter of 150 to 300 cm making up about two thirds of the length of the tree. The trees root can reach depths of up to 50 m.

Karri do not form a lignotuber but do form epicormic buds located under the bark along the length of the stem. Trees are able to resprout from the buds after fire or other damage.

The bark on the trunk and branches is smooth, grey to cream-coloured or pale orange, often mottled and is shed in larger plates, short ribbons or small polygonal flakes. The bark sheds each year with the new white bark contrasting with the orange to yellow new bark contrasts against the recently exposed white bark. The bark becomes increasingly granulated with age. The bark is rich in tannins.

The stems and branchlets are round in cross section, the branchlets have no oil glands in the pith.

The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are arranged in opposite pairs, broadly egg-shaped to almost round, paler on the lower surface, 50–155 mm long, 25–100 mm wide and petiolate. The leaves tend to be more spreading than pendulous. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, glossy dark green on the upper surface, paler below, lance-shaped, 70–135 mm long and 15–37 mm wide on a flattened or channelled petiole 10–20 mm long. The leaves are penniveined, where the veins arise pinnately, in a feather like arrangement, from a single primary vein. The leaves are densely reticulated where the network of veins within the leaf is packed closely together. The prominent vein near the margin of the leaf is very close to the margin and runs almost parallel with it. The yellow oil glands within the leaves are situated in centre of the smallest unreticulated areas. The fine lateral nerves spread at a wide angle from the midrib.

The unbranched inflorescences are situated in the axils in small clusters on a common stalk. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on a rounded peduncle 12–30 mm long, each bud on a pedicel 3–6 mm long. The buds are oval, 11–16 mm long and 5–7 mm wide at maturity with a conical operculum. Flowering has been observed in January, April, May, August and December, and the flowers are white. The flowers have narrow cylindrical calyx tubes that slowly taper to the base into the pedicel. The many stamen form a continuous ring and has inflected white coloured filaments. The anthers at the end of the filaments have an oblong shape and open into a parallel longitudinal slits.

The fruit is a woody barrel-shaped capsule 10–12 mm long and 8–10 mm wide on a pedicel 5–6 mm long with three valves at or below rim level.

The seeds found within the fruits have a flattened ovoid shape, are grey in colour with a length of 1.2 to 3 mm. The seeds are pointed at one end with a smooth back and a scar from where it was once attached to the placenta on the underside.

E.diversicolor is relatively fast growing, particularly compared to other Eucalypts, and can grow 2 m each year for the first five years of its life. It reaches maturity after 10 to 15 years.

The species has a haploid chromosome number of 12.

Taxonomy
Eucalyptus diversicolor was first formally described in 1863 by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in his book Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. The type specimen was collected in 1860 by the botanist Augustus Frederick Oldfield near Wilson Inlet, the location given, in Latin, is In Australiae regionibus depressioribus quam Maxime austro occidentalibus, ubi Blue Gum-tree vocatur.

The holotype is held at Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, syntypes are held at Cambridge University Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

The botanical name diversicolor is taken from the Latin word diversus meaning to turn apart and color or "separate colours" and refers to the difference between the top of the leaf and its underside. The common name is derived from the Noongar name for the tree karri pronounces ka-ree.

Karri is a part of the Symphyomyrtus subgenus, all of which have two opercula on the buds and have four rows of ovules. It is not closely related to any other members of the subgenus and is the sole species in the section Inclusae. The defining feature of this section is having inflexed stamens, flattened ovoid seed shape, enclosed valves of the fruit and the lack of pith glands in the branchlets. Although it has no closely related species it has some affinity with tall Eucalypts found the wet forests of eastern Australian including E.saligna and E.grandis all of which have discolorous adult leaves and seeds with a flattened-ovoid shape.

Distribution and habitat
The climate over the range of the tree is mildly temperate with small variations in humidity and temperature with frosts only occurring on rare occasions. Karri occurs only within the High Rainfall Zone of the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia which receives 900 to 1300 mm of rain per year, mostly in winter. It mostly occurs within the Warren biogeographic region, but there are some outlying populations including the Porongorup Ranges, Mount Manypeaks, Torbay, Rocky Gully all along the south coast and Karridale and Forest Grove to the north west and the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge to the south of Margaret River to the west of the main belt.

The heart of the karri forest is found near Nannup and Manjimup through to Denmark.

The total area covered by karri forest is less than 200000 ha which is about one fifth of its virgin growth. The nearest tall tree forests are some 3000 km to the east in Tasmania and Victoria.

Karri has been introduced to parts of Africa including; Kenya, Tanzania and the Canary Islands.

The species is considered invasive in South Africa where it is a problem in the Western Cape region and is locally known a karie. It commonly invades clearings, fynbos, water courses and road sides often out competing local species and is spread easily by seed dispersal.

Ecology
Karri is regarded as one of the six forest giants found in Western Australia; the other trees include; Corymbia calophylla (Marri), Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Tuart), Eucalyptus jacksonii (Red Tingle), Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) and Eucalyptus patens (Yarri).

Some karri specimens are thought to reach an age of up to 300 years. The soil in which the species grows is often poor, and the tree tends to flower after fire to take advantage of the nutrients released by the combustion of forest litter. The soil is classified as karri loam. Though low in some minor nutrients it is admired for its depth and pasture-growing properties. The depth of the soil is several metres and thought to be created primarily from the bark shed by the tree, which collects at the trunk base to a depth upwards of six metres in mature trees. The karri supports an extensive ecosystem which is connected to the granite outcrops of the lower south-west and the many subsequent creeks and rivers created from runoff. Karri generally dominate in the deep valleys between granite outcrops surrounding the creeks and rivers.

A dense understorey is found in karri forest areas which retains moisture over the hot summers. Associated trees and shrubs found in the understorey include the peppermint (Agonis flexuosa), karri sheoak (Allocasuarina decussata), karri wattle (Acacia pentadenia) and karri oak (Chorilaena quercifolia). A diverse assemblage of flowers and smaller plants – around 2,000 plant taxa – make up the mosaic of habitats within the karri forests.

The tree has a complex floral cycle and it takes four to five years from the production of flowers to the seeds being released. The production of seed is dependent on a multitude of variables including tree density, availability of pollinators, soil moisture, genetics, nutrients and fire.

Pollinators
Most Eucalypts achieve pollination through insects and birds rather than wind. Insects are far less active through the colder winter months so bird pollination is thought to be more important. The trees are often visited by nectar feeding birds, particularly Purple-crowned lorikeets. The lorikeets have a wide range and are quite active during winter and are thought to be dominant pollinators and able to cross pollinate over larger distances. Karri is a source of pollen for honeybees (Apis mellifera). The pollen has a protein content of 23.4% and provides sufficient amino acids for the nutrition of A.mellifera. The content of some of the amino acids are; 3.84% proline, 2.07% glutamic acid, 1.72% lysine, 1.22% cystine, 1.91% aspartic acid, 1.50% leucine, 1.11% alanine and 1.11% valine.

Uses
The wood has a green density of around 1200 kg/m3 with an air-dried density of about 900 kg/m3. The heartwood of Karri is a red colour and closely resembles Jarrah heartwood. Bushmen used to tell the two timbers apart by burning a splint of wood, Karri would leave a white ash and Jarrah would leave a grey to black coloured ash. Timber from Karri is suitable for construction work. It is a little more dense than Jarrah but is much stronger. Karri wood is not a termite resistant as that of Jarrah. The tree has been logged since the settlement of Western Australia with logging towns appearing throughout the range of the tree and producing hardwood timbers, mostly for construction purposes, for the first 150 years since settlement. The first Karri timber to be felled for export was at the isolated population around Leeuwin, which became known as Karridale. The virtues of the wood were promoted in the 1920s by the state conservator of forests, Charles Lane-Poole, who noted the colonists' preference for other timber as its vulnerability to white ants made it a poor choice for fence posts and railway sleepers. The timber found uses in the state for wagon spokes and wooden pipes, and in England it was found suitable for scantlings by the national railway and telegraph arms by the postal services and was listed among Lloyds shipbuilding timbers as possessing great strength over large lengths.

Fire lookouts were established in the forests using the tallest Karri trees, giving the foresters a commanding view of the landscape. The idea of using karri trees in this way was first suggested in 1937 by a young forester, Don Stewart, who later became Conservator of Forests. The first of these was built on a large marri (Corymbia calophylla) at Alco, near Nannup. Eight lookouts were established in the forests between 1937 and 1952. Spotter planes are now used and some of the trees are now used as tourist attractions.

Karri wood is a beautiful mahogany colour, lighter in colour than jarrah. It is used extensively in the building industry, particularly in roofs for the length and knot-free quality of the boards. The wood is also used for flooring, furniture, cabinetry and plywood. The heartwood is golden to reddish brown, often with an orange or purple cast, and tends to darken with age. It has an interlocked grain with a uniform medium-coarse texture. It has the reputation of being termite-prone, although it is nowhere near as susceptible to these insects as pine. It is durable against rot. It is also an excellent furniture wood.

Some of the main streets of early Sydney were paved with blocks of Karri but have been long since covered by asphalt. The wood was also sent to London for the same purpose.

Karri honey is widely sought after for its clarity, light color and delicate flavor. In 1952 it was estimated that 25% of honey produced in Western Australia was produced in Karri forests. Tourism to this area is also supported by the Karri. Main honey flows occur every four to five years with even larger flows every fifteen years or so.

The species is commercially available and sold in seed form. It germinates readily and prefers a protected sunny position, but is known to be both drought- and frost-sensitive. Although too large for most suburban gardens they are suitable in plantations. Seeds will germinate in three to four weeks and have germination rates of 84%.

title: Eucalyptus diversicolor


text:
Passat (disambiguation)

The Volkswagen Passat is a series of large family cars built since 1973 named after the German word for "trade wind".

Passat may also refer to:

People

 * Raymond Passat (1913-1988), a former French professional road bicycle racer

Other uses

 * Passat (ship), a German sailing ship
 * Passat, the German word for trade wind (a type of wind)
 * Passat Nunatak, a glacial island

title: Passat (disambiguation)


text:
Kazuki Yao

Kazuki Yao (矢尾 一樹) is a Japanese voice actor, actor and narrator who is currently affiliated with Max Mix. He is married to actress Natsuki Hayashi.

Biography
As a child, Yao was very active, building secret bases with his friends and playing outside, and did not watch TV much. In addition, because his father was a government official, he had to be transferred every three years, so he moved from place to place. When he was in the second year of junior high school, he was transferred to Tokyo, and the government office building that he moved into was too small for a TV, so his family decided not to have a TV. At that time, his sister, who was four years older than him, and his mother were fond of musicals and plays, and Yao accompanied them to see them. At the time, it was popular for kabuki actors to perform William Shakespeare's plays, and he saw a Shakespeare play starring Kawarasaki Gonjūrō, and when he saw the stage greeting at the final performance of the play, it solidified his desire to become a stage actor. As soon as he graduated from high school and went to college, one of the women in his class was the younger sister of Shōichirō Akaboshi, so he started going to the rehearsal room of Matenrō Theater Company run by Takuya Hiramitsu with her help, and after being involved in a couple of productions as a staff member, he joined the stage as an actor. One of his seniors in the same theater company was Hozumi Gōda.

Matenrō Theater Company was one of the more popular small theater companies, but it did not generate enough income to keep them afloat. For a while, Yao worked part-time while doing theater activities, but when he realized that he couldn't go on like this, he consulted with the staff and was introduced to a production company, which led him to get work in TV dramas and movies. Among them, he had an audition for an anime and made his voice acting debut as Shurugi Nam in the OVA BIRTH. Naturally, he had no experience in dubbing, and although he was the lead actor, he did not understand the technical terms included in the director's instructions, but he was helped by his co-stars Keiko Toda and Jōji Yanami, and he still looks up to them as his teachers.

In 1985, Yao played the role of Shinobu Fujiwara in the TV anime series Dancouga – Super Beast Machine God. This is the series that Yao considers most memorable, and he says it was the show that made him understand what it meant to play an anime character. In addition, Shinobu's line, "I'll do it!" (やってやるぜ！) is a byword for Yao, and is often quoted in other works. In the arcade game Kaiser Knuckle, in addition to "I'll do it!", he also shouts, "Dancouga!" in some scenes. He also sang a song called "YATTE YARUZE!", which is included in his 1986 album YAO.

After working for Haikyō, M-Company, and Sigma Seven (May 20, 2004 – May 2009), he became a member of Max Mix on June 1, 2009.

Television animation

 * Dancouga – Super Beast Machine God (1985) (Shinobu Fujiwara)
 * Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985) (Gates Capa, Addis Aziba)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ (1986) (Judau Ashta)
 * NG Knight Lamune & 40 (1990) (Da Cider)
 * Wedding Peach (1995) (Pluie)
 * Detective Conan (1996) (Naoki Uemura)
 * VS Knight Lamune & 40 Fire (1997) (Da Cider)
 * Harelya II Boy (1997) (Reiji Maroka)
 * Initial D (1998) (Kouichirou Iketani)
 * Detective Conan (1998) (Kenichi Shishido)
 * Beast Wars Neo (1999) (Saberback)
 * Betterman (1999) (Bodaiju)
 * Monster Rancher (1999) (Tiger)
 * One Piece (Jango)
 * Great Teacher Onizuka (2000) (Toshiyuki Saejima)
 * Digimon Adventure 02 (2000) (Igamon)
 * Hunter × Hunter (1999) (2000) (Izunabi (episode 45))
 * One Piece (2001) (Mr. 2 Bon Clay)
 * Astro Boy (2003) (Skunk)
 * Konjiki no Gash Bell!! (2003) (Steng)
 * Ninja Scroll: The Series (2003) (Kawahori)
 * F-Zero Falcon Legend (2003) (Jack Levin)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist (2003) (Lieutenant Yoki)
 * Kenran Butohsai (2004) (Episode 18, Crawley)
 * Sweet Valerian (2004) (Stress Team)
 * One Piece (2005) (Franky)
 * Detective Conan (2005) (Kano)
 * Genesis of Aquarion (2005) (Moroha)
 * Nerima Daikon Brothers (2006) (Prime Minister Oizuma)
 * Keroro Gunsou (2006) (Zoruru)
 * Detective Conan (2006) (Kuramoto Youji)
 * Demonbane (2006) (Tiberius)
 * Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple (2006) (Takeda Ikki)
 * Death Note (2007) (Sidoh)
 * Kaiji (2007) (Kitami)
 * Detective Conan (2007) (Kahara Fuuga)
 * Detective Conan (2008) (Toby Keynes)
 * Real Drive (2008) (Ayumu Fujiwara)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (2008) (Arbor Lint)
 * Pokémon (2008) (Tougan)
 * Detective Conan (2009) (Yaguchi Akihiko)
 * Digimon Xros Wars (2011) (Zamielmon)
 * Wolverine (2011) (Hideki Kurohagi)
 * One Piece (2011) (Fake Sogeking)
 * Hunter × Hunter (2011) (2011) (Majitani)
 * Naruto: Shippuden (2011) (Suika)
 * Detective Conan (2013) (Reiji Himuro)
 * Detective Conan (2017) (Ginji Kajiyoshi)
 * One Piece (2018) (Charlotte Tablet)
 * Blade Runner: Black Lotus (2021) (Hooper)

Unknown date
 * Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (Desmond)
 * Beast Wars (Starscream)
 * Black Jack (Takashi)
 * Captain Tsubasa (Heffner)
 * Corrector Yui (Kasuga Shinichi)
 * Doraemon (Red haired Gang Member)
 * Grenadier (Suirou)
 * Gunslinger Girl (Marco)
 * Hanada Shōnen Shi (dad)
 * Inuyasha: The Final Act (Kaō, English: The Flower Prince)
 * Jankenman (Masked Osodashi)
 * Marchen Awakens Romance (Puss n' Boots)
 * Pretty Sammy TV (Ginji Kawai)
 * Saint Seiya Omega (Taurus Harbinger)
 * Street Fighter II V (Fei Long)
 * Tenjho Tenge (Bunshichi Tawara)
 * Yaiba (General Mongetzu, Gekko)
 * Zoids: Chaotic Century (Stinger)

Original video animation (OVA)
Unknown date
 * The Heroic Legend of Arslan (1993) (Guibu)
 * Rance: Sabaku no Guardia (1993) (Rance)
 * Amon: The Apocalypse of Devilman (Seylos)
 * Bastard!! (Dark Schneider)
 * Crystal Triangle
 * Gunbuster (Aim for the Top! - Top wo Nerae!) (Smith Toren)
 * Legend of the Galactic Heroes (Warren Hughs)
 * Madara (Seishinja)
 * Megazone 23 Parts I and II (Shogo Yahagi)
 * Murder Princess (Dominikov)
 * Ushio and Tora (Juro)
 * Yagami-kun's Family Affairs (Yūji Yagami)
 * Soreyuke Marin-chan (Stripper in episode 2)

Theatrical animation

 * Violinist of Hameln (1996) (Hamel)
 * Berserk: The Golden Age Arc (2012) (Gaston)
 * City Hunter the Movie: Shinjuku Private Eyes (2019)

Video games

 * Angelique (xxxx) (Pastha)
 * Demonbane (xxxx) (Tiberius)
 * Dynasty Warriors: Gundam (xxxx) (Judau Ashta)
 * Dynasty Warriors: Gundam 2 (xxxx) (Judau Ashta)
 * Earnest Evans (1991) (Earnest Evans)
 * Initial D Arcade Stage series (xxxx) (Koichiro Iketani)
 * Last Bronx (1996) (Yusaku Kudo)
 * Kaiser Knuckle (known outside Japan as Global Champion) (xxxx) (Kazuya)
 * Maji de Watashi ni Koishinasai! S (xxxx) (Chosokabe)
 * One Piece (xxxx) (Jango, Mr. 2 Bon Clay, Franky)
 * Puyo Puyo CD (xxxx) (Dark Prince)
 * Puyo Puyo Tetris (xxxx) (X)
 * Super Robot Wars series (xxxx) (Judau Ashta, Gates Capa, Fujiwara Shinobu, Fog Sweeper, Tiberius, Da Cider)
 * Tales of the Abyss (xxxx) (Dist)
 * Ys 4: The Dawn of Ys (xxxx) (Mīyu)

Drama CDs

 * Fujimi Orchestra Series 2: D-Senjou no Aria (xxxx) (Tsutomu Yasaka)
 * Fujimi Orchestra Series 6: Manhattan Sonata (xxxx) (Takane Ikushima)
 * Fujimi Orchestra Series 7: Recital Rhapsody (xxxx) (Takane Ikushima)
 * Fujimi Orchestra Series side story: Yasei no Amadeus (xxxx) (Takane Ikushima)
 * Yumemiru Nemuri Otoko (xxxx) (Kenji Anan)

Tokusatsu

 * Ninja Sentai Kakuranger (1994) (Ninjaman/Samuraiman) (Eps. 36-53)
 * Gekisou Sentai Carranger (1996) (OO Batton) (Ep. 40)
 * B-Robo Kabutack (1997) (Denden Roller)
 * Voicelugger (1999) (Buzzerma) (Ep. 1)
 * Moero！！ Robocon (1999) (Roboboss (Voice), Police (Actor)
 * Mirai Sentai Timeranger vs. Go Go V (2001) (Murder Boxer Boribaru/Fused Psyma Boripierre (Voice of Taiki Matsuno)
 * Mahou Sentai Magiranger (2005-2006) (Hades Ultimate God Drake) (Eps. 35-42)
 * GoGo Sentai Boukenger (2006) (Ouga) (Ep. 40-42)
 * Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2012) (Ninjaman) (Ep. 45-46)
 * Unofficial Sentai Akibaranger (2012) (Doctor Z/Takehiro Tsuzuki (Actor)
 * Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger (2013) (Debo Nagareboshi) (Ep. 17-18, 21, 36)
 * Shuriken Sentai Ninninger (2015) (Advanced Yokai Oboroguruma) (Ep. 36)
 * Kamen Sentai Gorider (2017) (Totema)
 * Super Sentai Strongest Battle (2019) (Ninjaman (Ep.1 Non Credit))

Live-action

 * Gridlock'd, Alexander "Stretch" Rawland (Tim Roth)
 * Kung Fu Hustle, Brother Sum (Danny Chan Kwok-kwan)
 * Lost Boys: The Tribe, Edgar Frog (Corey Feldman)
 * Snatch, Franky Four-Fingers (Benicio del Toro)
 * That Thing You Do!, Lenny Haise (Steve Zahn)

Animation

 * Adventure Time, Billy

Other

 * Yan and the Japanese People: Let's Learn Japanese (1984-1995) (Taro Kato)

title: Kazuki Yao


text:
Hans Stuck

Hans Erich Karl Josef Stuck (pronounced "shtook"; sometimes called Hans Stuck von Villiez; 27 December 1900 – 9 February 1978) was a German motor racing driver. Both his son Hans-Joachim Stuck (born 1951) and his grandsons Johannes and Ferdinand Stuck became race drivers.

Despite many successes in Grand Prix motor racing for Auto Union in the early 1930s, during the era of the famous "Silver Arrows", he is now mostly known for his domination of hillclimbing, which earned him the nickname "Bergkönig" or "King of the Mountains".

Pre-WWII career
Stuck's experience with car racing started in 1922 with early morning runs bringing milk from his farm to Munich, shortly after his first marriage. This eventually led to his taking up hill-climbing; he won his first race, at Baden-Baden, in 1923. A few years later, after a year as a privateer for Austro-Daimler, he became a works driver for them in 1927, doing well in hill climbs, and making his first appearance in a circuit race (the German Grand Prix) that year as well. In 1931, Austro-Daimler left racing, and Stuck eventually wound up driving a Mercedes-Benz SSKL in sports car racing, where he continued to excel.

In 1933, his acquaintance with Adolf Hitler (whom he had met by chance on a hunting trip in 1925) led to his involvement with Ferdinand Porsche and Auto Union in Hitler's plans for German auto racing. With his experience from racing up mountain passes in the Alps in the 1920s, he was virtually unbeatable when he got the new Auto Union car, which was designed by Porsche. Its rear mounted engine provided superior traction compared to conventional front engine designs, so that its (eventually) 500+ horse-power could be transformed into speed even on non-paved roads. In circuit racing, the new car was very hard to master, though, due to the swing axle rear suspension design in combination of the weight distribution of its rear engine design.

His career with Auto Union was quite successful. In 1934, he won the German, Swiss and Czechoslovakian Grand Prix races (as well as finishing second in the Italian Grand Prix and Eifelrennen). There was no European Championship for the circuit races that year, or he would have won it. Wins in a number of hill-climb races brought him European Mountain Champion, the first of three he would eventually collect.

In 1935, he won the Italian Grand Prix (along with second at the German Grand Prix; he also won his usual collection of hill-climb wins, again taking the European Mountain Championship. 1936 was leaner; he placed second in the Tripoli and German Grands Prix, finishing second in the competition for the European Championship. After Stuck missed a number of hill-climbs because of injuries suffered in accidents, that year the European Mountain Championship fell to his famous team-mate, Bernd Rosemeyer. 1937 was equally lean, bringing only second places in the 1937 Rio de Janeiro Grand Prix and 1937 Belgian Grand Prix.

1938 opened poorly; Stuck was either fired from, or quit, the Auto Union team (accounts from the two sides differ). After a series of injuries to other team drivers, as well as pressure from the German government (again, accounts differ as to what combination of factors was the cause), he was re-hired, and proved himself by winning a third European Mountain Championship, his last major pre-war success.

Post-WWII career
After the war, although Germans were banned from racing until 1950, Stuck obtained Austrian citizenship and immediately continued racing. A link with Alex von Falkenhausen (not to be confused with the contemporaneous general of the same name) led to Stuck driving for his team in Formula Two racing, although with little success.

He drove a Porsche Spyder in 1953, also with no success. A liaison with BMW, starting in 1957, was more fruitful, although his first hill-climbs for them (in a Type 507) were not. A switch to their tiny BMW 700 RS did the trick, and at age 60, he became German Hillclimb Champion for the last time. He decided to retire on a high note, and thereupon closed his professional driving career.

As an instructor on the Nürburgring, he taught his son Hans-Joachim the secrets of this challenging circuit.

Personal life
Stuck was born in Warsaw in 1900. Although his parents were of Swiss ancestry, they had moved to Germany by the time Stuck was born, and he grew up there.

He was called up for military service in World War I in 1917. In 1918, his older brother Walter was killed, along with Walter's commanding officer; as a result, Stuck met the commander's sister, Ellen Hahndorff, and they were married in 1922. After several years, Stuck's involvement in the fast life on the track as well as off it caused them to split up and divorce.

In 1931, he met Paula von Reznicek, a famous tennis player; they were married in 1932. The fact that she had a Jewish grandfather caused Stuck some problems with the rise of the Nazis, but his personal relationship with Hitler saved him from serious trouble.

In 1939, he met Christa Thielmann, at that point engaged to Paula's youngest brother. Stuck and Paula divorced in 1948, and he married Christa that year. Their son, Hans-Joachim Stuck, was born in 1951. Christa died in 2014, at the age of 93.

Complete European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
 * Notes
 * – Not listed in the Championship.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Hans Stuck


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ram Jam

Ram Jam (demoscene section only) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was EDIT THE PAGE, REMOVE THE DEMOSCENE SECTION

This applies to the "Demoscene group" section of this page only. Page originally created by User:Twilek, reference to the band later added. The only backlinks relating to the demoscene group are from their user page and Demoscene (history entry - look who added it). The link provided is dead. Propose to remove the section on the demoscene group, leaving only the rock band. Failing that, to place the subject of greater notability first. 82.6.10.139 02:43, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC) Further note: Google for "ram jam" -"black betty" produces lots of results, but nothing on the first page references the demoscene group. "ram jam" -"black betty" demogroup gives 17, of which 3 of the first top 10 appear to be copies of the Wikipedia article. The page should be for the band first, or for the band only. (Furehter tests 82.6.10.139 03:22, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC) ) *Sorry...that would be me. These seem legit, but then again I haven't done the usual litmus test yet. No vote for now. - Lucky 6.9 02:54, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC) ***There is...? Oh, hell. I thought this was a double nomination. Now I'm confused! :^P - Lucky 6.9 03:26, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm confused. What's "these"?  I thought that "these" was a plural reference - there is only one section of one page listed here :)

This is weird. Someone put this nomination here, but didn't post the headers on either article nor did they post a reason for deletion. Stranger still, the articles are legit. Keep both and remove this notice. - Lucky 6.9 02:38, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Since the recommendation is only to edit out a section of the article and not to delete the entire article, this discussion belongs on the article's talk page, not here. Or even better, be bold and make the change yourself.  (Or am I missing something?) Rossami 03:43, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought that killing the section straight away would get me branded as a vandal :o) - I've commented out that section for now, for someone to get rid of later if nobody objects. 82.6.10.139 08:13, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It will not get you labeled as a vandal if you document what you did and why in either the edit summary or the article's talk page. By the way, I encourage you to get a free user account and log in so we can have these conversations directly.  Happy editing. Rossami

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ram Jam


text:
Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1796, with France fighting the First Coalition.

On 14 February, British admiral Jervis met and defeated a Spanish fleet off Portugal at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent. This prevented the Spanish fleet from rendezvousing with the French, removing a threat of invasion to Britain. However, the British fleet was weakened over the rest of the year by the Spithead and Nore mutinies, which kept many ships in port through the summer.

On 22 February, a French invasion force consisting of 1,400 troops from the Légion Noire (The Black Legion) under the command of Irish American Colonel William Tate landed near Fishguard (Wales). They were met by a quickly assembled group of around 500 British reservists, militia and sailors under the command of John Campbell, 1st Baron Cawdor. After brief clashes with the local civilian population and Lord Cawdor's forces on 23 February, Tate was forced into an unconditional surrender by 24 February.

In Italy, Napoleon's armies were laying siege to Mantua at the beginning of the year, and a second attempt by Austrians under Joseph Alvinczy to raise the siege was driven off at the Battle of Rivoli. Finally, on 2 February, Wurmser surrendered Mantua and 18,000 troops. The Papal forces sued for peace, which was granted at Tolentino on 19 February. Napoleon was now free to attack the Austrian heartland. He advanced directly toward Austria over the Julian Alps, sending Barthélemy Joubert to invade the Tyrol.

Archduke Charles of Austria hurried from the German front to defend Austria, but he was defeated at the Battle of Tagliamento on 16 March, and Napoleon proceeded into Austria, occupying Klagenfurt and preparing for a rendezvous with Joubert in front of Vienna. In Germany, the armies of Hoche and Moreau crossed the Rhine again in April after the previous year's failure. The victories of Napoleon had frightened the Austrians into making peace, and they concluded the Treaty of Leoben in April, ending hostilities. However, his absence from Italy had allowed the outbreak of the revolt known as the Veronese Easters on 17 April, which was put down eight days later.

Although Britain remained at war with France, this effectively ended the First Coalition. Austria later signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, ceding the Austrian Lombardy and the Austrian Netherlands to France and recognizing the French border at the Rhine. Austria and France also partitioned Venice between them.


text:
Oleg Kalugin

Oleg Danilovich Kalugin (Олег Данилович Калугин; born 6 September 1934) is a former KGB general (stripped of his rank and awards by a Russian Court decision in 2002). He was during a time, head of KGB political operations in the United States and later a critic of the agency. After being convicted of spying for the West in absentia during a trial in Moscow, he remained in the US and was sworn in as a citizen on 4 August 2003.

Early life and career
Born 6 September 1934, in Leningrad and son of an officer in the NKVD, Kalugin attended Leningrad State University and was recruited by the KGB, under the aegis of the First Chief Directorate (Foreign Intelligence). After training, he was sent to the United States, where he enrolled as a journalism student at Columbia University on a Fulbright scholarship in 1958, along with Aleksandr Yakovlev. In 1959, his photo appeared in a Newsweek article in which, identified as a 24-year-old student, he said: "I like Americans very much. But after seven months here I am convinced more than ever that the Communist system is better than yours." He continued to pose as a journalist for a number of years, eventually serving as the Radio Moscow correspondent at the United Nations. In 1965, after five years in New York City, he returned to Moscow to serve under the cover of press officer in the Soviet Foreign Ministry.

Kalugin was then assigned to Washington, DC, with the cover of deputy press officer for the Soviet embassy. In reality, he was deputy resident and acting chief of the Residency at the Soviet Embassy. Rising in the ranks, he became one of the KGB's top officers operating out of the Soviet embassy in Washington. That led to his being promoted to general in 1974, the youngest in its history.

He then returned to KGB headquarters to become head of the foreign counterintelligence or K branch of the First Chief Directorate. Meanwhile, he received high honors for the assassination of Bulgarian writer Georgi Markov. It had been accomplished on a request from Todor Zhivkov and then an order by the KGB chief, Yuri Andropov.

Criticism of KGB
In 1980, Kalugin was demoted to deputy head of the Leningrad KGB as a result of an intrigue initiated by Vladimir Kryuchkov, then a close confidant of Yuri Andropov who had been privately criticized by Kalugin. Kalugin was accused of recruiting an agent 20 years prior who was actually an American spy (though the KGB probably believed incorrectly). That made Kalugin himself seem to be a security risk. He was suspected of working for the CIA, but there was no supporting evidence. Vladimir Kryuchkov, Chairman of the KGB and orchestrator of the 1991 coup plot, alleged that in his time in counterintelligence, Kalugin failed to discover a single US agent, but his successor would allegedly find over a dozen. Former CIA mole Karl Koecher made unsupported claims that for his eventual arrest, Kalugin was responsible.

The unsubstantiated accusations did not stop him from criticizing the agency's policies and methods. He complained that the KGB overlooked corruption in the highest circles of Soviet society while it terrorized common people. His unbridled public criticism led to reassignment to Security Officers posts first in the Academy of Sciences in 1987 and then at the Ministry of Electronics in 1988. His career at the KGB ended with his forced retirement on 26 February 1990.

As the Soviet Union underwent changes under Mikhail Gorbachev, Kalugin became more vocal and public in his criticism of the KGB by denouncing Soviet security forces as Stalinist domestic political police, but he never disputed the importance of espionage abroad. Finally, in 1990, Gorbachev signed a decree stripping Kalugin of his rank, decorations, and pension. In August 1991, Gorbachev returned his rank, decorations, and pension. Despite opposition from the KGB, he was elected in September 1990 to the Supreme Soviet as a People's Deputy for the Krasnodar region.

Countering the Soviet coup attempt
Kalugin became a firm supporter of Boris Yeltsin, the president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the abortive Soviet coup attempt of 1991, led by KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov, he led crowds to the Russian White House, the center of anticoup efforts, and induced Yeltsin to address the crowds.

After the coup, he became an unpaid adviser to the new KGB chairman, Vadim Bakatin. Ever vocal, Kalugin told the press that in the future, the KGB should have no political functions and no secret laboratories to manufacture poisons and secret weapons. While Bakatin succeeded in dismantling the old security apparatus, he did not have the time to reform it before he was fired in November 1991.

Exile to the United States
According to Kalugin, he has never betrayed any Soviet agents except those who were already known to Western intelligence. He called intelligence defectors like Oleg Gordievsky "traitors."

One of the allegations in his 1994 book, The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West, stated that the death of Sean Bourke, who had helped traitor George Blake to escape prison, was caused by poisoning ordered by the KGB. Another allegation was that the KGB "virtually controlled the Russian Orthodox Church through the blackmail of its many gay priests", according to a review of the book. (In a 2015 interview, he named the late head of the church, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, as a KGB collaborator.) A second edition of the book, published in 2009, provided some additional specifics about some of the cases that Kalugin had discussed only briefly in the first edition.

In 1995, Kalugin accepted a teaching position at The Catholic University of America and has remained in the United States ever since. Settling in Washington, D.C., he first wrote the First Directorate book about Cold War espionage and a subsequent book Spymaster in 2008. He also collaborated with former CIA Director William Colby and Activision to produce Spycraft: The Great Game, a CD-ROM game released in 1996. He has appeared frequently in the media and given lectures at a number of universities.

In June 2001, Kalugin testified at the espionage trial of George Trofimoff, a retired Colonel of the United States Army Reserve who was charged with spying for the KGB in the 1970s and the 1980s. Upon being asked whether he knew the name of the U.S. military intelligence mole codenamed "Markiz," Kalugin responded "Yes. I did. His name was George Trofimoff." Kalugin testified that Metropolitan Bishop Iriney (Susemihl), the Russian Orthodox hierarch of Austria, had recruited Trofimoff into the service of the KGB. Kalugin further described having invited the Metropolitan to visit his dacha in 1978. According to Kalugin, "He did good work, particularly in recruiting Markiz. I wanted to thank him for what he had done." Kalugin further described his own meeting with Trofimoff at a location in Austria. When asked his reasons for testifying, Kalugin explained that as a resident alien, he was trying to obey American law. Trofimoff was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.

On 4 August 2003, Kalugin became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

Criticism of Vladimir Putin
With the return to power of elements of the KGB, most notably Vladimir Putin, Kalugin was again accused of treason. In 2002, he was put on trial in absentia in Moscow and found guilty of spying for the West. He was sentenced to fifteen years in jail, in a verdict he described as "Soviet justice, which is really triumphant today". The US and Russia have no extradition treaty, though it is unlikely the U.S. would extradite Kalugin for such charges anyway.

As of 2019, Kalugin was a professor for the Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies (CI CENTRE). He is a member of the advisory board for the International Spy Museum. He remains a critic of Putin, a former subordinate, whom he called a "war criminal" over his conduct of the Second Chechen War, and claimed that he would absolutely face an international tribunal some day and would be severely penalized for his crimes against the people of the North Caucasus, just like former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic.

Works

 * The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West by Oleg Kalugin and Fen Montaigne. 1994. 374 pages. St Martins Pr. ISBN 0-312-11426-5
 * Spymaster: The Highest-ranking KGB Officer Ever to Break His Silence by Oleg Kalugin and Fen Montaigne. 1995. Blake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85685-101-X
 * (Russian) Proshchai, Lubianka! (XX vek glazami ochevidtsev) by Oleg Kalugin. 1995. 347 pages.  "Olimp" ISBN 5-7390-0375-X
 * Window of opportunity: Russia's role in the coalition against terror. An article from: Harvard International Review. 22 September 2002. Vol. 24 Issue 3 Page 56(5).

title: Oleg Kalugin


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FICS

FICS may refer to:

 * Falkland Islands Community School
 * Fellow of the International College of Surgeons
 * Free Internet Chess Server, a volunteer-run chess server
 * Fellow of the Institution of Chartered Surveyors, until 1946 – now FRICS
 * International Federation of Sports Chiropractic (French: Fédération Internationale de Chiropratique du Sport)

title: FICS


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Mary Ann Oatman

Mary Ann Oatman (1843 – c. 1855) was the sister of Olive Oatman. She is notable for surviving a gruesome attack on her family, “the Oatman Massacre” by south-western Native Americans who, according to historian Brian McGinty, were likely Tolkepaya, of the Yavapai, in what is now Arizona. Mary Ann and her sister Olive were both abducted. Following their abduction, the sisters were traded to the Mojave tribe. The date of her death is uncertain. According to Olive Oatman, Mary Ann died of starvation as a result of a severe drought.

Early life and the journey from La Harpe to Bashan
Mary Ann Oatman was the fourth of seven children born to Roys and Mary Ann Oatman, for whom she was named. She was born in 1843 in La Harpe, Illinois. The Oatmans were early converts to the Latter Day Saints Movement, more commonly referred to as Mormonism, founded by Joseph Smith in the 1820s. After Smith's death in 1844, Brigham Young became the new leader of the movement. As the result of the succession crisis over this change in leadership, several new sects of the Latter Day Saints Movement splintered from the main organization. The Oatmans joined one of these sects, known as the Brewsterites.

The Brewsterites were founded in 1848 by James Colin Brewster and differed from the original movement in several distinct ways. At age eleven Brewster claimed to have had visions given by an ancient Hebrew prophet named Esdras. In these visions, he was told that Joseph Smith was a liar, and that the church must be reorganized with him as the leader. Unlike Smith's teachings, Brewster's sect forbade the practice of polygamy. Further, Brewster also claimed his visions allowed him to know “directions to the Mormons’ true ‘gathering place.’” The Saints “would build their ‘Zion’ at the confluence of the Gila and Colorado rivers, at a place Esdras referred to variously as the ‘Land of Bashan …’”

Believing that they were immigrating to a divine country, the Oatmans set off from Illinois to Arizona on August 9th, 1850. The trip began with James Brewster and fifty Brewsterites. After some tensions on the trail, the group split. Brewster and 32 members headed over the Sangre de Cristos toward Santa Fe. The other 18 members of the Oatman, Thompson, Wilder, Meteer, and Kelly families headed toward the Rio Grande Valley. .

The Oatman Massacre
By 1851, the Oatmans’ circumstances had become dire. As the family continued to make their way towards Bashan they faced multiple run-ins with local Native nations, dwindling supplies, and were now alone because they had decided to separate from the group who had joined them in leaving Brewster.

On March 18, 1851, a group of “Apache” approached the family near Maricopa wells. Apache is a non-specific name that Olive used to describe the Yavapai. After a short bargaining interaction between Roys and the “Apache”, the Native American party decided they were unable to come to a proper trade agreement with Roys. They clubbed to death nearly the entire family. The only survivors of the Oatman Family Massacre were Mary Ann, her sister Olive, and her brother Lorenzo, who had been injured and left for dead. He is known to have survived after finding a nearby settlement and receiving medical treatment.

Olive only referred to the tribe that massacred their family and abducted them as “Tonto Apaches” in all her interviews and in the book she compiled with Methodist minister Royal B. Stratton entitled Captivity of the Oatman Girls: Being an Interesting Narrative of Life among the Apache and Mohave Indians. Historian Timothy Braatz argues that referring to them as Apaches was most likely a “catch all term for any mountain dwellers at odds with the Pima, and Maricopa …” Braatz, and Brian McGinty further argue that the attackers were most likely members of the Yavapai tribe, not the Apache.

McGinty suggests the attackers were of the Tolkepaya, a band of the Yavapai tribe. McGinty argues that this band of the Yavapai most accurately fit the description of the attackers given the location of the attack, Olive's description of their village, testimony by Dr. LeConte, an individual the family passed on the trail, and interviews from members of the Mojave tribe taken by anthropologist A.L Kroeber in the early 20th century. According to English professor Margot Mifflin, “The Oatman massacre was evidently inspired by the Yavapai's’ typical late winter hardship, exacerbated by the previous year's bone-cracking drought.” Another possible reason for the attack was that because of the harsh climate Southwestern natives faced many tribes practiced kidnapping as a form of family replacement.

The abduction and the “adoption” by the Mojave
In The Captivity of the Oatman girls, Olive described their life among the “Apache” (Yavapai) as harsh. As with most of Olive's testimony, it is influenced by the racist ideologies of her time, making it impossible to know if the girls did become integrated into their captors' society. The girls' uncertain treatment is also highlighted in Olive's own description of being traded to the Mojave tribe. Olive claims that she and Mary Ann refused to state which tribe they preferred to reside with, and that the children in the village wept when the girls departed to live with the Mojave. Olive claims that the trade occurred in 1851, and that she and her sister were traded by the “Apache” (Yavapai) to the Mojave tribe for a couple of horses and bags of beans. Once the sisters arrived in the Mojave village they were taken in by Espaniola, his wife Aespaneo, and their daughter Topeka, who belonged to the Owich clan. Although Olive later identified Espaniola as the chief, he was most likely the Kohot, a “religious leader.”

During their time with the Mojave, according to Olive, the girls were given a plot of their own land and seeds to plant. Mojaves who were later interviewed about the girls shared that the sisters were also paid to sing hymns. Both girls also received facial tattoos codifying their place in the Mojave afterlife.

In Olive Oatman's narrative of her and Mary Ann's experiences, co-written with Methodist minister Royal Stratton, she highlights her unhappiness as well as a deep desire to escape. Historian Brian McGinty suggests that Olive's complaints and negative reflections need to be read within the context of the colonial themes common to similar literature of the time. Her supposed desire to escape raises questions given that the sisters apparently had opportunities to leave and did not. According to military commander Amiel Weeks Whipple, he and a group of his men had been in the area in February and March 1854 to survey a railroad route, and the sisters had not communicated with them.

It is unknown exactly how long Mary Ann resided with the Mojave before her death, but historian Brian McGinty argues that she died after three to four years from starvation during a famine. Olive gave many different dates for the death of her sister, but McGinty claims that the first interview Olive gave of her experiences is the most trustworthy. In the first interview, in 1856, she states that her sister died one year ago, making her death date 1855. Olive states later in her book that she died in 1854, and in still later interviews 1853.

Death and legacy
Mary Ann's last days are significant because they provide further evidence that suggests that the Oatman sisters had assimilated into the Mojave tribe. Historian Stephanie Wampler uses Olive's testimony of Mary Ann's last days to argue that both sisters were well treated and had integrated into Mojave society. Wampler writes, “When Mary Ann was sick, the chief's wife made sure that Olive was allowed to sit with her sister. Then, after Mary Ann died, the chief's wife made sure that Olive was allowed to bury her sister according to her own customs and was given time to mourn for her afterward.”

Mary Anne's death is also important because it served as a motivating factor for Olive to return into white society and it showcases the harsh climate that the Mojave tribe faced. Olive states the girls were given as much food as possible by Topeka, but that Mary Ann and many other Mojave could simply not survive on such little portions.

title: Mary Ann Oatman