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Peter Hajba

Peter Hajba (born 15 December 1974), also known by his demoscene nickname Skaven, is a Finnish electronic musician, video game composer and graphic artist. His most recent project is with Remedy Entertainment as an animator, sound designer and graphic artist. Prior to working with Remedy, Hajba has been credited on games developed by 3D Realms, PopCap Games, Introversion Software Limited, Epic Games, and Housemarque.

Hajba was a member of the widely popular but now defunct demoscene group Future Crew, which produced some highly acclaimed demos during the 1990s. Despite having no formal training, he has won numerous awards for his music, including winning the Assembly music competition in 1993, 1995 and 2002.

In 2005, Hajba composed the soundtrack for the Text Mode Demo Contest invitation demo.

As of 2012, Hajba now regularly releases tracks on his SoundCloud page.

Video game credits

 * 1998 – GLtron
 * 1999 – Unreal Tournament – music for the "Peak Monastery" and "Liandri Core" level
 * 2001 – Bejeweled
 * 2001 – Uplink
 * 2001 – Seven Seas Deluxe
 * 2001 – Max Payne – Particle effects, character animation and sound effects
 * 2001 – Alchemy Deluxe
 * 2002 – Dynomite Deluxe
 * 2002 – Codename Silver
 * 2002 – Bookworm Deluxe
 * 2002 – Big Money! Deluxe
 * 2003 – Warblade
 * 2003 – Sweet Tooth To Go
 * 2003 – Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne – Particle effects, sound design and voice engineering
 * 2004 – Bejeweled 2 Deluxe
 * 2004 – Hamsterball
 * 2007 – PopCap Hits! Vol 1
 * 2007 – PopCap Arcade Vol 1
 * 2008 – Bejeweled Twist
 * 2009 – Boonka
 * 2010 – Bejeweled 3
 * 2010 – Alan Wake – Sound design, particle effects, additional graphics
 * 2011 – Death Rally
 * 2011 – Bejeweled Blitz Live
 * 2012 – Alan Wake's American Nightmare
 * 2015 - Ice Rage
 * 2019 - Generation Zero

title: Peter Hajba


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BMW 7 Series (E38)

The BMW E38 is the third generation of the BMW 7 Series luxury cars and was produced from 1994 until 2001. The E38 replaced the E32 7 Series and was produced with petrol and turbo-diesel straight-six and V8 engines, along with a petrol V12 flagship model. Three wheelbase lengths were available — short (i), long (iL) and Limousine (L7).

The E38 was the first car available with curtain airbags. It was also the first European car to offer satellite navigation and the first BMW to offer an in-built television. The E38 was the first 7 Series to be available with a diesel engine and the last to be available with a manual transmission.

In 2001, the E38 was replaced by the E65 7 Series.

Development
In early 1988, development began on the third generation of the 7 Series. From 1988 to 1990 styling work was done initially under design director Claus Luthe (through April 1990, taken over by Dr. Wolfgang Reitzle), when Boyke Boyer's concept design was chosen and further refined into production form.

In February 1991, the final production design for the new 7 Series was approved by the board 36 months ahead of the scheduled start of production for 17 February 1994. On 27 April 1993, German design patents were filed featuring a pre-production prototype as a design representation. Patents were later filed on 27 October 1993 in the United States.

Production
Production started on 23 July 1993 on pilot production models and US specification variants on 13 January 1994, with series production commencing in April 1994 for June 1994 domestic German launch with the 730i and 740i. US-specification cars entered production in September 1994, for November 1994 launch. On 18 February 1994, the E38 BMW 7 Series was unveiled for the 1995 model year via a BMW press release. The 750i production began in November 1994, in advance of its January 1995 launch.

The production totals by model are: 728i- 38,000; 728iL- 7,000; 730i- 21,000; 730iL- 2,000; 735i- 21,000; 735iL- 5,000; 740i- 88,000; 740iL- 81,000; 750i- 8,000; 750iL- 15,000; 725tds- 9,000; 730d- 12,000, 740d- 3,000 and less than 500 each for the 740iL P, 750iL P, 750iL S and L7 models.

A total of 340,242 cars were produced. The last E38 rolled off BMW's assembly line on 27 July 2001 to make way for the replacement E65 7 Series.

Transmissions
A 5-speed ZF 5HP automatic transmission was available on all models. In many markets, a 5-speed manual transmission was available for the 725tds, 728i, 730i, and 735i, while a 6-speed manual was on offer for the 740i.

Equipment
Safety features include ASC+T traction control, Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), headlight washers and auto-leveling low beam xenon HID headlamps. Side tubular airbags (called "Head Protection System") were fitted as standard equipment. "Active Comfort Seats" were introduced in 1998, to improve comfort and reduce fatigue for the driver and front passenger. This system uses two fluid-filled bladders which alternate in height.

Other equipment includes Electronic Damper Control (called EDC III), Park Distance Control (PDC), auto-dimming & power folding mirrors, power moonroof, power rear sunblind, rain-sensing wipers, dual-zone or tri-zone climate control, electric driver's seat adjustment and electric steering wheel adjustment.

Double glazed windows were available (called "dual pane glass"). Break resistant laminated "security glass" was also available, which is known to delaminate. The delamination occurred with the Protection S357A option only, not with normal S352A dual pane windows. Bullet-resistant glass was used for the Protection model, with even thicker glass used for the Security model.

The Sport Package included a revised steering wheel, suspension, exterior trim, and interior wood trim. Some sports models also included a shorter differential ratio and higher stall speed for the torque converter. This allowed for a 0–97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration time of 5.9 seconds.

In-car electronics
The E38 was one of the first European cars to be available with satellite navigation, a system called CARIN jointly developed by BMW and Philips.

The in-car entertainment (radio, audio system, satellite navigation, television and communications systems) are part of an automotive communication system called I-bus.

A multi-function steering wheel included controls for the audio, phone, cruise control and air recirculation.

L7
From 1997 to 2001, BMW marketed an extended wheelbase limousine model called the L7. The wheelbase was extended by 250 mm over the "iL" models, resulting in an overall length of 5.37 m. Features included electrically adjustable rear seats, rear footrests, fold down rear trays, a fridge, rear television screen, video player and a fax machine.

Based on the 750iL with a 12-cylinder engine, the L7 has an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h. The L7 was only available in the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Europe, and 899 examples were built. The 2000-2001 models had an optional "privacy window" glass partition to separate the driver from the rear passengers.

Protection line
The armoured "Protection Line" vehicles were built from 2000 to 2001 and were based on the 740iL and 750iL models. Security features include body armor, bullet-resistant glass, and run-flat tyres. An intercom system is provided to communicate with people outside the vehicle while the windows and doors are shut.

Security line
A High-Security version with protection up to B6/7 was also available in Europe, known internally as the 750iL S. The additional security measures brought an additional weight of 950 kg compared to the normal 750iL. Features include explosive cord around the windshield allowing removal of the windshield facilitating escape and hydraulically actuated windows. A gas sensor can detect irritants like CS gas and respond by turning the blower motor off, closing fresh air flaps and all windows. A fire suppression system is triggered by either a button or the detection of extreme temperatures in the engine bay or the vicinity of the fuel tank. A breathing air system is also available which delivers air from a cylinder in the trunk, up to three firearms cases designed to fit a Heckler & Koch MP5K were also optionally available as well as spherical gunports in the doors.

750hL

On 11 May 2000, BMW presented a fleet of fifteen 750hL models in Berlin. Its twelve-cylinder hydrogen combustion engine can be operated on both hydrogen and petrol. In operation on hydrogen, it delivers 150 kW, accelerating from 0 to 100 km/h in 9.6 seconds and slowing the car to attain a top speed of 226 km/h.

The production of the hydrogen engine was integrated into the regular engine production at the Dingolfing plant. It differs from the conventional petrol engine essentially only in regards to the intake tract with additional injection valves for hydrogen. The hydrogen is stored cryogenically at a temperature of minus 253 degrees Celsius in a double-walled steel tank behind the rear seat back. The hydrogen tank holds 140 litres and allows an additional range of 350 km. In addition, the 750hL has a fuel cell rated at 5 kW at 42 volts. This is not used as a drive unit, but as an auxiliary power unit (APU) for power supply to the electrical system.

During the Expo 2000 in Hanover, the vehicles were used as shuttles. From February to November 2001 the vehicles were part of the "CleanEnergy WorldTour 2001" in the cities of Dubai, Brussels, Milan, Tokyo, Los Angeles, and Berlin. By November 2001 the 750hL had achieved a mileage of over 150,000 km. On the Nürburgring the 750hL recorded a time of 9 minutes and 53 seconds while powered by hydrogen.

Alpina B12
The Alpina B12 5.7 and Alpina B12 6.0 models were based on the BMW 750i and 750iL respectively.

1995

 * E38 Production begins in 1994, for the 1995 model year. Initial models were the 725tds, 730i/730iL, 740i/740iL and 750i/750iL.
 * V8 models use a Nikasil bore coating, which experiences failures in countries with high sulfur petrol (see M60 article).
 * DSC III (Dynamic Stability Control) becomes optional on the 740i/740iL and 750i/750iL.
 * 740i/740iL models use differential ratio of 3.15, compared with 2.92 for following years.
 * Standard equipment includes dual-zone climate control, electric front seats with a three-position memory for the driver's seat, front-seat side tubular airbags, a six-disc CD changer, and satellite navigation.

1996

 * 728i and 735i models introduced.
 * M62 engine replaces M60 for V8 models. The capacity on 740i and 740iL engines increases from 4.0 L to 4.4 L.
 * An S-EDC electronic sports suspension, onboard TV and satellite navigation system offered as options.

1997

 * Front passenger head airbags introduced. In late 1997, E38 7 Series and E39 5 Series became the world's first cars available with side impact head airbags. These are known as "Inflatable Tubular Structure" or "Head Protection System", and were available as optional equipment. These airbags are designed to offer head protection in side impact collisions and also maintained inflation for up to seven seconds for rollover protection.
 * The 750iL (actually a re-badged 740iL) is extensively featured in the 18th James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies starring Pierce Brosnan.

1998 facelift
The E38 facelift (also known as Life-Cycle Impulse) models were introduced in the 1999 model year (produced from September 1998). The major changes are:
 * Revised styling for headlights and tail-lights.
 * 740d model introduced, powered by the 3.9L M67 V8 twin-turbocharged diesel engine.
 * 735i and 740i engines upgraded to the "technical update" (TU) version of the M62, featuring variable valve timing on the intake camshaft (single-VANOS).
 * 728i engines upgraded to the "technical update" (TU) version of the M52, featuring variable valve timing on both camshafts (double-VANOS)
 * Sport Package (ZSP option code) released, including M Sport suspension, Style 37 "M Parallel" alloy wheels, Contour seats and shadowline exterior trim.
 * DSCIII electronic stability control becomes standard on all 7 Series models.
 * Head airbags become standard on all 7 Series models.

1999

 * The 750 now includes Electric Catalytic Converter, or "E-CAT", assemblies. Heating coils inside the catalytic converter assemblies are electrified just after engine start, bringing the catalyst up to operating temperature very quickly to qualify the vehicle for Low emission vehicle (LEV) designation. This system required the use of a two-battery system. This electric catalytic converter had been fitted since 1995 by Alpina to their B12 5,7 E-KAT saloon based on the BMW 750i, as it had been developed jointly by Emitec, Alpina and BMW.
 * From March, features such as Xenon headlamps, rain-sensitive windshield wipers, headlight washers, GPS navigation, and upgraded audio became standard for US models.

2000

 * Display for satellite navigation upgraded in September to 6.5 inch 16:9 screen.
 * Navigation upgraded to MKIII in September, therefore maps for satellite navigation switch to CD format.
 * A radar-based adaptive cruise control (called Active Cruise Control) became available as an option.

2001

 * Cosmetic changes including body-colored side skirts and bumper facias (previously black), clear turn signal lenses (previously amber).
 * Sport package becomes available on 750iL.
 * Additional standard equipment, including a Motorola StarTAC or TimePort mobile phone, with BMW Assist telemetry system.

In popular culture

In the 1997 James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies, the sixteen E38 cars used during production were modified so they could be driven from the backseat, making it appear that Bond actor Pierce Brosnan was controlling the car using his mobile phone. The car type is actually a BMW 740iL but they were re-badged as the 750iL. One survives today and can be seen at the exhibition “TOP SECRET” at Museum Industriekultur, Nuremberg.

Besides the E38 saloons, BMW also supplied a $14,000 R1200C motorcycle. BMW received the rights to use movie clips from the film in its multimillion-dollar campaign, and during the 1997 holiday season they offered a special promotion that included the R1200C with the purchase of the 750iL.

Rapper Tupac Shakur and Death Row Records CEO Suge Knight were gunned down in a black 1996 750iL. Shakur succumbed to his injuries but the car itself later was bid at auction in Las Vegas, Nevada for $1,750,000.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BMW 7 Series (E38)


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BMW 7 Series (E65)

The fourth generation of the BMW 7 Series consists of the BMW E65 and BMW E66 luxury cars. The E65/E66 was produced from 2001 to 2008 and is often collectively referred to as the E65. The E65 replaced the E38 7 Series and was produced with petrol and turbo-diesel straight-six and V8 engines, along with a petrol V12 flagship model.

The E65 was the first BMW vehicle to include the iDrive infotainment system and the exterior styling (overseen by Chris Bangle) marked a significant departure from traditional BMW styling. Other new features included active anti-roll bars, a six-speed automatic transmission, an electronic Smart Key (dispensing with the traditional metallic key), and night vision. The 760i model also utilised the world's first production V12 engine to use direct injection.

In late 2008, the E65 7 Series was replaced by the F01 7 Series.

Development and launch
Development for the BMW E65 7 Series began in early 1996. In early 1997, Chris Bangle delivered a brief to BMW's Munich and DesignworksUSA studios. After a competition between 20 designers, Adrian van Hooydonk's design was approved in the spring of 1998. Production specifications were frozen in January 1999 and took 34 months from freeze to market launch. The design was patented on 16 November 2000 and development ended in early 2001.

The E65 was introduced at the Frankfurt Auto Show in September 2001,  and launched in Germany in November 2001. In order to produce the E65 7 Series and other future models, the BMW Dingolfing plant was retooled at a cost of approximately €500million.

Exterior styling
Under the direction of Chris Bangle, BMW's Design Chief at the time, the BMW E65 7 Series saw a departure from traditional BMW exterior styling.

BMW's board of directors were keen to move the company's image into the future, and the initial styling sketches from 1998 by Adrian van Hooydonk were of a fastback body style - even more radical than the eventual production model. The controversial "flame surfacing" design greatly contrasted the conservative lines of its E38 predecessor. The rear end styling was nicknamed "Bangle Butt" by critics, due to the elongated rear bootlid. However, many believe that the controversial styling helped the 7 series look modern even after many years.

Dimensionally the E65 7 Series is 45 mm longer, 38 mm wider and 60 mm taller than the E38. The wheelbase is 2990 mm, an increase of 60 mm over the outgoing model. Despite these increased dimensions, the E65 7 Series is only 15 kg heavier than the E38.

Interior styling
The E65 contained many departures from automotive interior design conventions. BMW removed the traditional console mounted gear selector, replacing it with a steering-column mounted stalk in favour of two cup holders. The e-brake is controlled using a button on the dashboard. The seat adjustment controls were moved from their traditional place on the side of the seat base to the inside of the raised central console, which drew some criticisms. Unlike most BMWs since 1975 (including the E65's predecessor and successor), the centre instrument panel is not angled toward the driver.

Engines
The V8 models were the first to use the then-new BMW N62 V8 engine, which was the world's first engine to use a continuously variable-length intake manifold. It was also BMW's first V8 engine to use variable valve lift (Valvetronic), replacing throttle butterflies for added response, efficiency and power. A system using traditional throttle butterflies was also present as a backup in case of faults in the valvetronic system.

Transmissions
The E65/E66 was the first sedan to use a 6-speed automatic transmission. The specific models of transmission used for the E65 are:
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP26 automatic (730d / 735i / 740i / 745i / 750i / 760i)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP19 automatic (730i)
 * 6-speed ZF 6HP 32 automatic (740d / 745d)

The E65/E66 was one of the few BMWs to have a column shift lever, as opposed to a stick in the centre console.

iDrive

The E65 was the first BMW to use the iDrive infotainment system. The iDrive system was built on VxWorks while the navigation system was built on the Windows CE for Automotive platform, and featured an interface primarily based around a central control knob. Many of the functions such as climate, navigation, seat heating, telephony, and car settings were incorporated into a single system allowing for centralised control. Early versions of iDrive were criticised for complicated menu structures and a steep learning curve.

The first generation of the system relied on CD media for map data. In March 2003, the maps switched to DVD format, a faster processor was used and a 'Menu' and 'Customisable' button were added below the control knob. In 2005, dedicated buttons were added to change radio stations or skip tracks and a brighter screen was used for the 8.8" widescreen option.

Equipment
The E65 was the flagship model and the most technologically advanced car produced by BMW at the time.

The following features were first introduced on the E65:
 * Active anti-roll bars (active roll stabilisation) to reduce body roll when cornering. It uses a hydraulic servo in the middle of the anti-roll bar to actively counteract body roll and to reduce body roll without the traditional trade-off in ride comfort.
 * Directional headlights (adaptive headlights) which electronically adjust the low-beam lights horizontally (during turns) and vertically (based on rear axle load). Also, the E65 was the first BMW available with bi-Xenon (HID) headlights.
 * World's first car with an electric parking brake. This could automatically activate in stop-and-go traffic situations and when the ignition was switched off.
 * World's first car to offer a 6-speed automatic transmission
 * First BMW with DVD-based GPS automotive navigation system.
 * Adaptive cruise control (ACC), however this was available in some markets on the previous generation 7 Series (E38).
 * The optional automatic soft close system minimized the force required to close the doors and boot lid, and would completely close them if improperly closed.
 * Two fibre-optic electronic networks: MOST Bus (media-orientated system transport) and "Byteflight" (safety systems bus). These busses operate at 22.5 Mbit/s and 10 Mbit/s respectively. Also, the I-bus, K-bus and P-bus were replaced by the K-CAN (Body-controller area network). This increased the system speed from 9.6 kbit/s to 100 kbit/s.

Long-wheelbase 7 Series (E66)
The E66 long-wheelbase models, badged "Li" were introduced in June 2002. Long-wheelbase models are 140 mm longer, allowing for extra rear legroom. The initial long wheelbase models were the 735Li, 745Li and 760Li. After 2003, 730Li, 730Ld, 740Li and 750Li models were added to the lineup.

High security 7 Series (E67)
The E67 high security 7 Series is an armoured variant of the BMW 7 Series. The 760Li high security was introduced at the 2003 Geneva Motor Show, with the 745Li high security model released later in September 2003.

E67 high security models are designed to withstand attacks, and meet the requirements of the B7 weapons standard. Security features include a detachable multi-layer laminated windscreen, a remote starting system, a fire extinguishing system, a fresh air system, and under-body protection. High security models also feature run flat tyres, with Michelin's PAX system; which allows continuous driving at 80 km/h for approximately 50 km, with a puncture.

BMW offers a buyback service for high security models up to seven years old, which are inspected then resold to potential customers worldwide. A training course is also offered to owners and chauffeurs, and teaches car control in case of emergency situations.

Hydrogen 7 (E68)
The BMW Hydrogen 7 is a limited production hydrogen-fueled model. It uses a modified version of the 760Li's N73 V12 engine, producing 191 kW. Claimed fuel economy is 50 L/100 km and the hydrogen is stored as a liquid in an insulated 170 litre tank. Only 100 cars were made, which were leased to high-profile customers, in order to promote the use of hydrogen vehicles.

Alpina B7
The Alpina B7 prototype was introduced to the public at the 2003 Geneva Motor Show in March, and the production version was later unveiled at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. Production began in February 2004, and was built in the Dingolfing BMW plant alongside the regular E65 models.

The Alpina B7 uses a supercharged version of the 4.4-litre V8 found in the 745i, and was the first Alpina model to feature a supercharged engine.

Exterior changes include a rear spoiler and 21-inch traditional Alpina multi-spoke style wheels. Interior changes include sports seats, an Alpina instrument cluster, a three spoke steering wheel with shift buttons, and a silver plated production plaque.

A total of 1114 cars were produced, including 803 cars for North America.

2003

 * iDrive updates including faster processor, addition of "menu" and "customisable" buttons and maps switching to DVD format.

2005 facelift
In March 2005, the facelift (also known as "LCI") models began production. The major changes were:
 * Revised styling for front and rear bodywork, headlights, tail-lights, and a less pronounced trunk lid to address the criticisms of the pre-facelift design. BMW offered "conversion kits" that could be purchased by existing owners to apply these exterior changes to pre-facelift cars.
 * iDrive updates including a simplified interface, clearer graphics, and the iDrive controller now having a leather top surface.
 * Petrol V8 engines increased in displacement, resulting in the 735i model being replaced by the 740i and the 745i being replaced by the 750i. 745d model power increased from 220 kW to 242 kW.
 * Rear track width increased by 14 mm.
 * Adaptive cruise control upgraded to ACC II.

Late 2005
In late 2005, night vision (BMW night vision) became available. The system uses passive infrared sensors and has a claimed range of 300 m.

Automatic highbeam headlamps (BMW high-beam assistant) was introduced at the same time, whereby the high beam headlights are automatically activated in dark areas and temporarily deactivated when oncoming traffic is detected.

Production
The E65 was produced at the BMW Group Plant Dingolfing in Germany, with complete knock-down (CKD) assembly for local markets conducted in Thailand (Rayong), Russia (Kaliningrad) and Egypt (6th of October City).

The following are production figures for E65 7 Series models:

title: BMW 7 Series (E65)


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BMW X5 (E53)

The BMW E53 is the first generation BMW X5 mid-size luxury crossover SUV. The vehicle was the first SUV ever produced by BMW. It was produced between 1999 and 2006 and was replaced by the E70 X5.

The E53 X5 was developed just after the acquisition of Land Rover by BMW. As such, the vehicle shares many components and designs with both the Range Rover L322 model (specifically the hill descent system and off-road engine management system) and the BMW E39 5 Series (specifically engines and electronic systems). The entire in-car entertainment system (radio function, navigation system, television and telecommunications systems) are shared with other BMWs and L322. As a result, the earlier X5 models can be upgraded with newer BMW technologies (e.g. Bluetooth phone connectivity).

History
The history of the X5 begins in 1994, when ideas began on a BMW sports utility vehicle after the acquisition of Land Rover. Eduard Walek was named project leader and chief engineer of the E53. Chris Chapman joined BMW Group's Designworks in California later and began working with Chris Bangle in Munich on two full-scale clay models of the E53 for two months. By 1996, design work was approved and the design basis for the X5 (E53) was frozen, 35 months prior to production. Design patents were filed on 10 June 1998 and 9 December 1998, being registered in the U.S. on 18 January 2000.

The takeover of Rover in 1994 was proved to be very beneficial for BMW in the development of the X5. BMW engineers were able to look at and use Range Rover technology and parts in the development of the X5 - one such example would be hill-descent control. In many respects, the design of the X5 was influenced by its British counterpart; for example, the X5 got the two-piece tailgate straight from the Range Rover. Many parts and electronics were also taken directly from the E39 5 Series parts bin to save costs.

In contrast to the Range Rover models, the X5 was designed as a sporting road car: its off-road capabilities are significantly less than those of Land Rover. BMW reportedly worked hard to ensure it was referred to as an SAV (Sports Activity Vehicle) instead of an SUV (sport utility vehicle).

Even though the X5 was an all-wheel drive vehicle, BMW chose from the start to route 62 percent of the engine's torque to the rear wheels, making it feel as close as possible to the company's rear-wheel drive sedans.

Interior design
The interior design of the E53 X5 was shared with the BMW 5 Series (E39), featuring a similar dashboard layout. The BMW Business Cassette head unit was standard equipment on all E53 X5 models, and included controls for a separately-mounted CD changer unit. The BMW Business CD head unit was optional, and later became standard equipment on newer E53 X5 models. The BMW Business CD head unit also included controls for an accessory CD changer unit. A GPS navigation system radio was also available, and replaced the standard CD player with a cassette player located behind the unit's retractable LCD display screen, but included controls for an accessory CD changer unit. A "Hi-Fi" premium sound system was standard equipment on all E53 X5 models, while an upgraded system with a Digital Sound Processing (DSP) was optional, regardless of head unit option. The BMW Assist telematics system was an option on the E53 X5, and included an "SOS" button in the overhead console.

Production

The X5, along with the BMW Z4 (E85) roadster, BMW X6, and BMW X3 were manufactured in BMW's South Carolina plant in Greer and at the BMW de México plant in Toluca, Mexico, alongside the BMW 3 series, BMW 5 series and BMW 7 series. Production of the E53 X5 began on 1 September 1999 and ceased on 22 September 2006.

X5 LM
A one-off version known as the X5 LM was equipped with the P75 engine based on the S70/3 V12 engine from the 1999 Le Mans winning BMW V12 LMR. It was used by Hans-Joachim Stuck to set a lap record at the Nürburgring in 2000.

4.6is and 4.8is
A sport model, badged 4.6is was released in 2001. The 4.6is, equipped with the M62B46 V8 engine, made 342 hp. The 4.6is was available in 4 colors (black, imola red, estoril blue, and titanium silver). It featured 20 inch wheels that were fitted over larger brakes than the stock X5. It also had additional rear fender flares along with different front and rear bumpers. In 2004, the 4.6is was replaced by a 4.8is model which was not the M62B48 4.8L V8, which Alpina developed for its Alpina B10 V8S and the Alpina Roadster V8, but rather an entirely new engine called the N62 engine producing 355 hp.

2003 facelift
In 2000, development on mid-cycle updates began scheduled for 2003. By late 2001, a radical design update was chosen favoring the new brand design theme. In 2002, following discontent towards the 2001 E65 design, a more conservative appearance was instead chosen and frozen for 2003 production.

In July 2003, the facelifted X5 was presented for the 2004 model year at the IAA 2003 in September, with new headlights, a few new exterior colors, a new four-wheel drive system and upgraded engines. Production started at Spartanburg on 26 September. The grilles were enlarged, as well as their actual slats being modified in a 'flame surfaced' style. In keeping with the E39 facelift of 2001, the 2004 X5's headlights got corona rings around all four headlamp projectors. The tail-lights also received a facelift similar to the BMW E39, and the exterior glass went from a "dotted" pattern to a cleaner "line" pattern. BMW invented a new four-wheel drive system dubbed xDrive shared both in the X5 and X3 in 2004. Instead of using the previous X5 system which consisted of power being split 62-38 (rear wheels-front wheels) and DSC to brake wheels without losing traction, xDrive could vary power to the front or rear axles in milliseconds, transferring up to 100% of engine power to either axle, thus allowing the vehicle to regain traction quickly.

The X5 got the new 4.4i engine which debuted in the 2002 7 Series; power output rose from 290-315 hp. Also from April onwards, a new X5 4.8is was offered (see below), producing 355 hp. Sales began in September 2003.

Several new extras were added to the 2004 X5 such as:
 * Soft-boot close feature (the top part of the trunk pulls itself closed)
 * Trailer Stability Program (making it an ideal tow vehicle)
 * Adaptive Headlights (available only with xenon HID headlamps; these swivel with the direction of travel of the car. Bi-Xenon headlights for both low and high beam replaced the low beam HID headlights)

Originally announced in the end of 2003 along with the rest of the X5 facelift, the X5 4.8is first started shipping in April 2004. It had a new larger 4.8 L engine (which replaced the 4.6 L engine), and was also later used in the 2005 750i/Li. It also included a slightly modified bodykit (parts of the bottom bumper became painted the body color), 20" wheels, and along with the 4.6is, were the only X5's ever to have a large chrome-tipped exhaust which hid the quad pipes.

X5 Security
The 'Security' edition is an X5 variant with safety glass, heavy-duty material and ballistics-resistant steel, and debuted at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show.

Features include:
 * B4/VR4 ballistic protection, capable of withstanding handguns up to a .44 Magnum, including .357 Magnum or 9mm Luger.
 * Polycarbonate coated glass to reduce spall.
 * An intercom to speak with people outside the vehicle.
 * An assault alarm, which when activated, locks all doors and emits both visual and audio alert signals.
 * Run-flat tires allowing one to continue driving with flat tires at up to 80 km/h for approximately 50 km.

Chinese copy controversy
In June 2008, the Regional Court of Munich ruled that the Chinese SUV model, "Shuanghuan SCEO" is a copy of the BMW X5, prohibited the defendant importer of these vehicles in the "trade in Germany" offer and ordered the destruction of all "vehicles with a certain look" at which the defendant's possession or ownership (Az.: 4HK O 16807/07).

title: BMW X5 (E53)


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BMW X5 (E70)

The BMW E70 is the second-generation BMW X5 mid-size luxury SUV. It replaced the BMW X5 (E53) in July 2006. It was manufactured alongside the BMW X6 at BMW's Greer, South Carolina plant in the U.S. and BMW's facility in Toluca, Mexico.

Design
The E70 BMW X5 was 60 mm wider, 165 mm longer; with a 110 mm longer wheelbase, but remains at the height of the E53 X5 at 1766 mm.

Technology
The xDrive AWD system updates previewed in the facelifted X5 have continued with further detail improvements for the E70. It uses a double wishbone suspension at the front. The manual transmission is entirely dropped, leaving only the automatic transmission.

The E70 features many new technological advancements for this class as standard equipment including BMW's iDrive system, electronic 'joystick' gearshift (no mechanical connection to the gearbox to save space in the console), LED taillamps, the first ever all-polypropylene single module fender module, and options such as heads-up display (HUD), active steering, active damping, and Dynamic Drive which uses active anti-roll bars employing a hydraulic servo in the middle to actively counteract body roll. The X5 has a rollover risk of 17.4%.

The interior of the X5 is completely new. It has a large center-mounted display screen and the simplified iDrive, a man-machine interface system also found in the rest of the BMW model range. The E70 further incorporates many comfort options such as a glass panorama-roof, and, for the first time in a BMW, an optional third row seat which has increased the seating capacity in E70 to 7 passengers, addressing criticism of the E53 model which had been regarded as being slightly too small for this market segment.

The E70 is also the first production vehicle to use FlexRay, a new extremely fast electrical bus system; it is only used for the control of the chassis damping system. The new 'joy-stick'-style electronic space-saving shifter has since been adopted in the new 2007 BMW 5 Series.

For the 2010 model year the X5 received the new iDrive system and the BMW individual audio system along with various other minor updates.

Technical features which other BMW models use also:

 * Active steering- changes the steering ratio depending on the speed and driving style
 * Adaptive Drive with Active Roll Stabilization and adaptive shock absorbers
 * Head-up display - critical information projected onto the windshield
 * Comfort Access - keyless access and engine start
 * Daytime running lights on the "Corona Rings" around the main headlight units
 * Four-zone climate control

New is the Park Distance system that can be integrated into the image of the optional rearview camera.

During the Volkswagen emissions violations, an X5 diesel was used as an example of a compliant vehicle.

BMW X5 M (2010–13)

The BMW X5 M is a high-performance derivative of the X5. It was introduced to the press at the New York Auto Show in April 2009 and started appearing in BMW dealerships in September 2009, for the 2010 model year. It competes with cars such as the Mercedes-Benz ML63 AMG, the Porsche Cayenne Turbo S, and the Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8. At the time of its launch, it was the most powerful car in its class.

The BMW X5 M is the first xDrive all-wheel-drive vehicle from M GmbH along with the X6 M. The M offers the same utility as the regular X5, with the addition of the V8 M TwinPower Turbo, a twin-turbocharged 4.4-liter V8 delivering 547 bhp at 5,750 rpm and peak torque of 501.2 lbft, available between 1,500 and 5,650 rpm. The S63 engine is a high output variation of the N63 power unit.

The X5 M can sprint from a standstill to 60 mi/h in 4.0 seconds, and a quarter-mile (402 m) time of 12.5 seconds with a trap speed of 112 mi/h was recorded by Car and Driver magazine. In the same test, the X5 M bested the 0–60 mph and quarter-mile times of the 2009 Porsche Cayenne Turbo S, the 2009 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT-8, and the 2010 Range Rover Sport Supercharged. In wet conditions, the X5 M went around the Top Gear Test Track in 1:28.2, 5.1 seconds faster than the Audi Q7 V12 TDI.

Coupled with special suspension specifically optimized for M that features Adaptive Drive and the newly developed M Servotronic power steering, the performance Sport Activity Vehicle promises very competent handling. Other high-tech features include launch control for maximum acceleration and a six-speed M Sport automatic transmission optimized for performance. Drivers can manually select gears using either paddles or an electronic gear selector lever. Electronically controlled, variable power distribution to the front and rear axle prevents the tendency to oversteer or understeer, before DSC Dynamic Stability Control is required to cut in.

The BMW X5 M features the biggest brakes on a BMW production vehicle, with 15.55-inch (395 mm × 36 mm) rotors up front clamped by four-piston calipers, and 15.2-inch (385 mm × 24 mm) rotors at the rear with single-piston calipers. Although traction control is standard, the M Dynamic Mode (MDM) reduces the effect of the system, allowing some wheelspin and drift-type cornering.

For the 2013 model lineup, BMW introduced the M Performance Package available for the xDrive35i and xDrive50i. The M Performance Package models have nearly identical features to the X5 M (sport suspension, wider fenders, staggered wheels, etc.) excluding the quad-tip exhaust, headlights, and engines. The M Performance Package also bumped up the engine output for both models - an additional 15 hp for the xDrive35i and 40 hp for the xDrive50i (torque was also increased by 30 lb-ft for both).

M Performance Parts were available for the X5 M. These include black kidney grilles, steel pedals, a sport steering wheel and M rims.

Diesel engines
Since 2008, vehicles sold with diesel engines in the United States are equipped with selective catalysator using Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) to reduce NOx emissions, while vehicles sold in Europe had a bypass exhaust pipe only due the regulations which ended up in Dieselgate.

Transmissions
All models include a 6-speed Steptronic automatic transmission. The new 8-speed transmission is standard in the xDrive50i and xDrive35i from 2011 model year.

Safety

 * Winner of Top Safety Pick 2008 by Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

2010/2011 X5 "Life Cycle Impulse" (LCI) Changes
In 2010 the X5 underwent a "Life Cycle Impulse" (LCI) update, debuted at the New York Auto Show in April 2010 and introduced as 2011 models in BMW North America markets. The changes included revised styling, primarily of the front and rear bumpers, air intakes, headlights, and taillights as well as new exterior and interior colors and new options combination. It also included BMW Group's latest infotainment system. HD Radio, previously an option, was now standard on all X5 models in North America.

More significantly, a new range of engines, all turbocharged and with direct injection was introduced. In the North American market, available gasoline power trains are the xDrive 35i twin-scroll turbo six-cylinder and the xDrive50i twin turbo V8, both coupled to an eight-speed automatic Steptronic transmission. These petrol engines are more powerful than their predecessors, with the 35i also providing improved fuel mileage and reduced emissions. The xDrive 35d turbodiesel carries over in the NA market with the six-speed transmission unchanged from the previous model year. The xDrive40d was also introduced along with a revised xDrive30d, but neither was available in the North American market.

The X5M engine and transmission remains the same.

BMW X5 Security Plus
It is a variant with safety glass, heavy-duty material and ballistics-resistant steel modifications. It comes with a 4.8l engine with Steptronic automatic transmission. Armour is rated to safety class VR4 and is configured to carry a roof mounted 7.62mm, AK-47 assault rifle. The vehicle sells for approximately $220,000.

Vision Efficient Dynamics
It is a hybrid electric vehicle model featuring 2.0 L four-cylinder variable twin-turbo diesel engine rated 204 PS and 400 Nm at 2,000–2,250 rpm, a 15-kilowatt electric motor driven by a lithium ion battery pack, eight-speed transmission developed by BMW and ZF, roof-mounted solar panels, 19-inch light alloy wheels with reduced ventilation. It was unveiled in 2008 at the Geneva Auto Show.

title: BMW X5 (E70)


text:
BMW Z4 (E85)

The first generation of the BMW Z4 consists of the BMW E85 (roadster version) and BMW E86 (coupe version) sports cars. The E85/E86 generation was produced from 2002 to 2008. The E85/E86 replaced the Z3 and is the third model in the BMW Z Series. Initial models were in the roadster (E85) body style, with the coupé (E86) body style being added in 2006. In February 2009, the BMW Z4 (E89) began production as the successor to the E85/E86.

As was its Z3 predecessor, the E85/E86 was manufactured in Greer, South Carolina. The M model, the Z4 M, is powered by the S54 straight-six engine.

Development and launch
The E85 was designed by Danish BMW-designer Anders Warming from mid-1998 to the summer of 1999. The coupe models were designed by Tomasz Sycha. The E85 designs were frozen on March 1, 2000. The Z4 was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in 2002, and North American models went on sale in November of the same year (as the 2003 model year). European sales began in March 2003.

Initial models consisted of the roadster body style powered by a 2.5L or 3.0L 6-cylinder engine.

Roadster (E85)
The Z4 Roadster was launched in 2002 with the 2.5i and 3.0i six-cylinder models. Transmission choices were a five-speed manual, six-speed manual, five-speed automatic and a six-speed SMG-II automated manual transmission.

A four-cylinder model, the Z4 2.0i Roadster, was introduced for the European market in May 2005.

The drag coefficient is maximum of.

Coupé (E86)
BMW unveiled a concept coupé version of the Z4 at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show. The design of the Z4 and Z4 coupé has variously been ascribed to Anders Warming, Chris Bangle, the controversial former BMW Head of Design, and Adrian van Hooydonk, former BMW chief designer, and BMW designer Tomasz Sycha. The design was approved in Summer of 2004 and frozen in December 2004. The company announced in 2005 that the two-door coupé would be available for production including the return of the M Coupé. The production car was introduced at the New York Auto Show in April 2006 and was available for sale in late May 2006.

Thanks to its hatch design, the Z4 Coupé offers 10.1 cuft of trunk space, compared with 8.5 cuft for the roadster.

The Coupe's fixed roof increases torsional rigidity, resulting in a stiffness of 32000 Nm per degree of body twist on the coupe (compared to 14500 Nm per degree on the roadster), which improves turn-in and overall handling response. The roof has a "double-bubble" contour which serves as an aerodynamic aid and offers more headroom than the roadster with the soft top closed. The Coupé has a sleek fastback rear window that slopes down to an integrated spoiler which is shaped to deliver downforce to the rear axle at high-speed.

The model range for the Coupé was more limited than the roadster, and consisted of the six-cylinder 3.0si and Z4 M model only. Transmission choices were a 6-speed manual and a 6-speed automatic with shift paddles mounted on the steering column.

Chassis and body
Compared with its Z3 predecessor, the Z4 is larger and has a stiffer chassis. As per the Z3, the front suspension is a Macpherson strut design. The rear suspension uses a multi-link design, instead of the semi-trailing design used by the Z3.

The Z4 used lightweight materials to offset the increased weight over the smaller Z3, such as an aluminum hood and suspension components, magnesium roof frame. Run-flat tires removed the need for a spare tire, which reduces weight and allows for a larger trunk.

Equipment
The 6-cylinder engines included all-alloy construction, variable valve timing (double-VANOS), and throttle by wire. Safety technology included four-wheel disc brakes and electronic stability control, incorporating ABS and traction control.

An optional "Sport Package" included added stiffer and lower suspension, 18 inch wheels, and sport tuned electronic steering, throttle and shift parameters ("Dynamic Driving Control").

Electric power steering replaced the traditional hydraulic power steering used by the Z3. The power assist is speed-sensitive, allowing for easier maneuvering at low speeds. However, the Z4 M uses hydraulic power steering, and has been judged as having a more direct and communicative feel to the steering.

In 2002 a 6-speed SMG gearbox was offered as an option on the 2.5 and 3.0 roadsters.

Transmissions
The available transmissions were:
 * 5-speed manual Getrag S5D250G (2.2i, 2.5i)
 * 6-speed manual Getrag GS6-17BG (2.0i)
 * 6-speed manual ZF GS6-37BZ-TJEE (Z4M)
 * 6-speed manual ZF GS6-37BZ-THEA/TJES (3.0&3.0si)
 * 5-speed automatic ZF 5HP19 (2.2i, 2.5i, 3.0i ~ MY 03-05)
 * 6-speed automatic ZF 6HP19 (2.5si, 3.0i, 3.0si ~ MY 06-08)
 * 6-speed GS6-S37BZ SMG automated manual (2.5i, 3.0i)

Models
* The 2.0i was only sold in Europe.

All models are E85 roadsters except as noted. European specifications shown. North American vehicles may have slightly lower power ratings. US models include 2.5i Roadster, 3.0i Roadster, 3.0si Roadster & Coupé, M Roadster & Coupé.

Z4 M versions
The Z4 M Coupé/Roadster was introduced in 2006 and is powered by the S54 straight-six engine shared with the E46 M3. The S54 was also on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2001 through 2004. The engine in the North American Z4 M models are rated at 330 hp at 7,900 rpm, 3 hp less than the North American M3. In other markets, the power output is the same 252 kW as the M3. The engine had BMW double VANOS system and a compression ratio of 11.5:1. The torque generated by the engine amounted to 262 lbft at 4,500 rpm. The torque was available from 2,500 rpm.

The Z4 M uses hydraulic power steering, unlike the electric power steering used by the rest of the Z4 range. The Roadster used the E46 M3 steering rack, the Coupé the faster M3 CS/CSL rack. Other changes include a wider front track, revised front suspension, wider non-runflat-tires (measuring 225/45 at the front, 255/40 at the rear), and steering geometry. The brakes and the entire rear axle was too from the M3 CS/CSL.

The M Coupé's production began at the Spartanburg BMW plant in Greer on 4 April 2006.

Alpina Roadster S (2004–2006)
The Alpina Roadster S is a high-performance iteration of the pre-facelift Z4 introduced at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. Manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Alpina, the Roadster S was assembled at the manufacturer's Buchloe plant from body-in-white sent by the Spartanburg BMW factory. The Roadster S was produced for two years (2004 to 2005) before production was halted due to stricter emission regulations stopping engine supplies. The Roadster S was available in two trims, those being Standard and Luxury with the Luxury trim adding more creature comforts and bigger wheels over the Standard trim. The car had a claimed top speed of 168 mph and accelerated to 100 kph from a standstill in 5.3 seconds. The engine was modified by Alpina and change the name to E5/2. The engine create max output 300hp and max torque 362 Nm.

Concept Coupé Mille Miglia (2006)
The Concept Coupé Mille Miglia is a concept car inspired by the BMW 328 Mille Miglia Touring Coupé. It was unveiled at the 2006 Mille Miglia rally in Italy.

Using the Z4 M Coupé's mechanical components, the concept car is 23 cm longer, 14 cm wider but 4 cm flatter than the Z4 M Coupé. Other features of the concept car include 20-inch alloy wheels with 245/40R20 tyres, permanently integrated sidewalls, swing-up cockpit, an LED headlight panel, silver-coloured carbon-fibre reinforced plastic body and an interior constructed from stainless steel, untreated cowhides and Lycra fabric.

The vehicle was designed by Anders Warming.

2005

 * Four-cylinder model (2.0i) introduced.

2006 facelift or LCI
The Z4 facelift (also known as LCI) models were launched at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The major changes were:
 * Introduction of Coupé models.
 * Introduction of the M Roadster, powered by the S54 straight-six engine (the M Coupe began production a few months later, in April 2006)
 * Discontinuation of the 2.2i model.
 * Introduction of "si" models.
 * Six-cylinder engines (aside from the M Roadster) upgraded from the M54 to the N52.
 * Revised headlights, front bumper and tail lights.
 * Availability of the six-speed automatic transmission.
 * Inclusion of the six-speed manual transmission as standard equipment on all models.

Production
Over the Z4's life cycle, 197,950 vehicles had been produced, with 180,856 roadsters and 17,094 coupés.

The last of the first-generation Z4 (Z4 3.0si Roadster in Space Grey) rolled off the production line on 28 August 2008.

Roadsters
The Z4M Roadster had a total worldwide production of 5,070, including 3,042 cars for the North American market.

Coupes
The worldwide model breakdown for the E86 Coupe over its life cycle (2006–2008) is 12,819 Z4 3.0si coupés, and 4,275 Z4M coupés. Even from its introduction in 2006, the Coupé was relatively rare: In its first 13 months on the market, the roadster outsold it at a ratio of 7 to 1. For the UK 3.0si coupe model, 1598 cars were produced with a manual transmission and 1998 cars with an automatic transmission.

The North American (United States and Canada) production total for coupe models is 3,919, comprising 1,815 M-Coupes and 2,104 were the 3.0si Coupes. Of the 2,104 3.0si Coupes produced for the North American market, 1,276 were automatics and 828 were manual transmission; the Z4M was only available with a manual transmission.

In North America, the 3.0si coupe was only available for sale in the United States although a number were imported into Canada from the US.

The yearly breakdown of North American market coupe production totals are as follows:

Endurance racing
Dieter Quester, Dirk Werner, Jamie Campell-Walter and Tim Mullen won the Silverstone Britcar 24-Hour race with a BMW Z4 M Coupé. The unit of the racing version is a modified version of the S54B32 3.2-litre straight-six engine, producing approximately 294 kW. The car is made by BMW's M Division and called the Z4 M Coupé Motorsport.

In the 2008 Super Taikyu Endurance Series in Japan, the Petronas Syntium Team entered two Z4M cars. The cars dominated the series by taking first and second at every race, finishing the Super Taikyu 1 class in first and second place to win both the championship and drivers title. The Petronas Syntium Team earned 277 points, compared to the next placed team on 98 points. The cars were driven by established and popular drivers such as Fariqe Hairuman, Nobuteru Taniguchi, Masataka Yanagida, Manabu Orido and father and son pairing of Hans-Joachim Stuck and Johannes Stuck.

Super GT
In August 2008, a modified Z4 debuted in Round 6 of the Super GT season, marking BMW's return to the series after the M3 was retired from the JGTC series. It was run by the Studie team and participated in the GT300 class. The car was powered by a detuned version of the S62 V8 engine from the E39 M5. The Z4 competed in the 2009 Super GT season (aside from than Sepang Race), and they would replace their H-pattern to a sequential transmission, as well as their S62 Engine with an S65B40 after race 3, after they had suffered an unrepairable engine blow in race 2 at Suzuka. The car was retired at the end of the 2009 season, with its E89 Z4 GT3 successor making its debut in the 2010 season.

title: BMW Z4 (E85)


text:
Albert Stewart (sculptor)

Albert Stewart (April 9, 1900 – September 23, 1965) was an American sculptor.

Life
He was born in Kensington, England.

He arrived in America in 1908 and was orphaned shortly thereafter. Through the intervention of a wealthy benefactor, Edwin T. Bechtel, Stewart was allowed to pursue his art studies at the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design and the Art Students League of New York, staples for young and impoverished sculptors of the day. Upon completing his studies, Bechtel helped him obtain some needed commissions.

Dr. George Frederick Kunz, vice-president of Tiffany & Co., also assisted him, and after his death in 1932, in his will, he bequeathed to "Albert T. Stewart, a friend and sculptor," five shares of non-par capital stock in Tiffany & Co.

During World War I, he went to Canada and joined the Royal Air Force. When he returned after the war, he worked as an assistant to both Frederick MacMonnies and Paul Manship.

During the 1930s he worked as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) artist. Throughout his career Stewart frequently was employed to create architectural sculptures. In 1939, he was appointed head of the sculpture program at Scripps College in Claremont, California at the invitation of Millard Sheets. He moved to California and stayed there the rest of his life.

Selected architectural sculpture

 * Buffalo City Hall friezes, Buffalo, New York 1931
 * Decorative panels, 333 Michigan Avenue Building, Chicago, Illinois 1931
 * Waldo Hutchins bench (1932), Central Park, New York City, Eric Gugler, architect. Stewart designed the small sundial, a variation on a 3rd century BC Hellenistic period Berossus sundial, and the bas relief decoration (carved in marble by the Piccirilli Brothers), and sculptor Paul Manship designed the bronze sundial figure.
 * Frieze and Eagle, post office, Albany, New York 1933
 * Municipal Auditorium reliefs, Kansas City, Missouri (for the WPA) 1934
 * Pediment, Department of Labor Building, Washington D.C. 1934
 * United States Customs Building, Washington, D.C. (for the WPA) 1935
 * Panels & Eagle, United States Mint Building, San Francisco, California 1935
 * Panels, the Nassau County Courthouse, Mineola, New York 1939
 * Panels on Home Builder's Savings and Loan Association, Pomona, California 1946
 * Animal figures in brick wall at Los Angeles County Fair Grounds at Pomona 1952
 * Reliefs, Life Science Building, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 1953
 * Figures, Los Angeles County Courthouse, Los Angeles, California 1956
 * Reliefs, Mormon Battalion History, Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial, Los Angeles, California 1957
 * Horse figure, Swaps - Hall of Fame racing thoroughbred, Hollywood Park, Inglewood, California 1958
 * Reliefs, Scottish Rite Temple, Los Angeles, California 1960

Other works

 * Baptistry doors, St. Bartholomew's Church, New York City 1931
 * Elevator doors, Ramsey County Court House, St. Paul, Minnesota 1931
 * Eagles for legs of Steinway & Sons piano given to the White House 1938
 * Several works at United Church of Christ in Claremont, California, USA
 * Eternal Primitive, in the Margaret Fowler Garden at Scripps College, Claremont, California 1965
 * Several works at Brookgreen Gardens in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

title: Albert Stewart (sculptor)


text:
La Hire

Étienne de Vignolles, Sieur de Montmorillon, Chatelain de Longueville, also known as La Hire (1390 – 11 January 1443), was a French military commander during the Hundred Years' War.

Nickname
One explanation for his nickname of La Hire would be that the English had nicknamed him "the Hire-God" (Ira Dei: the wrath of God). Alternatively, his name may simply come from the French "hedgehog" ("hérisson") because he had a prickly disposition.

Military career
La Hire joined Charles VII in 1418, when the English army invaded France. Although not a noble, La Hire was regarded a very capable military leader as well as an accomplished rider. Three years later, in 1421 he fought at the Battle of Baugé. Along with Jean de Dunois, La Hire was involved in scouting and skirmishing in the countryside as far north as Paris. In 1427, both La Hire and Dunois relieved the siege of Montargis. He was a close comrade of Joan of Arc. He was one of the few military leaders who believed in her and the inspiration she brought, and he fought alongside her at Orleans. At the Battle of Patay, La Hire commanded the vanguard and won a great victory for France. La Hire was also known for praying before going into battle, something that could be attributed to Joan's influence. In 1430, La Hire captured the English held fortification of Château Gaillard. He was imprisoned in Dourdan in the spring of 1431. He won the Battle of Gerberoy in 1435 and was made Captain General of Normandy in 1438. His last two major military engagements occurred in 1440 at Pontoise where he assisted Dunois to capture it from the English; and in 1442 he assisted Charles of Orleans in capturing La Réole. He died at Montauban on 11 January 1443, of an unknown illness.

In popular culture
In French tradition, "La Hire" is used as a nickname for the knave of hearts. His name remains a byword for a choleric disposition.

Literature
La Hire is a minor figure in the "Catherine" novels of Juliette Benzoni.

Film, theatre and TV
In Cecil B. DeMille's film Joan the Woman, La Hire was played by Hobart Bosworth. In the French film La Merveilleuse Vie de Jeanne d'Arc (1929), he was played by Fernand Mailly.

La Hire was also played by veteran John Ford "stock company" member Ward Bond in Victor Fleming's classic 1948 Technicolor film Joan of Arc, which starred Ingrid Bergman.

In Otto Preminger's 1957 version of Saint Joan, La Hire was portrayed by Patrick Barr.

On British television, in the BBC's Play of the Month (1968) version of Saint Joan, La Hire was portrayed by Jack Watson. In the USA, Hallmark Hall of Fame did two versions of the story - The Lark (1957), La Hire being played by Bruce Gordon, and Saint Joan (1967), in which the character was played by Dana Elcar.

In the two-part French film Jeanne la Pucelle (1994), La Hire was portrayed by Stephane Boucher. In the television miniseries Joan of Arc (1999), La Hire was played by Peter Strauss. Also in 1999, La Hire appeared in the feature film The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc, portrayed by actor Richard Ridings.

In the Czech musical Johanka z Arku (2003), La Hire was portrayed by Petr Kolar.

Computer games
La Hire appears in Age of Empires II (1999) in the Joan of Arc campaign. A powerful "Champion"-class infantry unit, he is portrayed as an accomplished and capable yet Hulk-like brute that refers to himself in the third person. His remarks include "La Hire wishes to kill something", "The blood on La Hire's sword is almost dry", and "La Hire's sword is not bloody enough!".

La Hire is featured as a character in the tactical roleplaying video game Jeanne d'Arc (2005). In the game, La Hire is depicted as an axe-wielding lion beastman warrior and mercenary, known for his overwhelming strength and a fiery temperament.

In Wars and Warriors: Joan of Arc (2004), La Hire is a playable character who is portrayed as a giant with stunning strength. He fights with a massive club.

In Armored Core: For Answer (2008), one of the featured mechs is designated TYPE-LAHIRE. La Hire is also a character in Koei's Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War (2015).

title: La Hire


text:
User talk:Wfaulk

Hoi polloi
Can you give a documented example of this being used to mean the upper class? I've never heard of this, and it seems extremely surprising| rossb 22:36, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I'm afraid that I cannot, my experience with it being largely anecdotal, though personal. However, the first Google link to "hoi polloi misuse" states the same thing. Actually, it's in the usage note for The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, according to dictionary.com. -- Bitt 23:57, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Certs
That's right, they used to be flat, I had forgotten that. Good catch. Herostratus 09:25, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Star Trek XI Cleanup Tag
Hey, why the cleanup tag? Since a couple of weeks ago, I thought the article had really been doing well at meeting standards. Would you care to make your concerns more specific at the Talk page? --BCSWowbagger 00:55, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Crichton3.gif
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Ball chain
Hi, I noticed that you created Ball chain, but listed no sources for the information contained in the article. According to Wikipedia's content policies, all information must be verifiable from reliable sources. Therefore, it's necessary to cite your sources so other editors can check that the information included in the article is correct and matches the sources used. Information not previously published in such sources is prohibited as original research, since other editors can't verify it. Unsourced information may be challenged and removed at any time, and articles that can't be verified are likely to be deleted. Guidance on how to cite your sources is available, and if you need any further help, feel free to leave a message on my talk page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Unscented (talk • contribs) 19:33, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

An article you worked on is up for deletion
Articles_for_deletion/Star_Trek_planet_classifications Ikip (talk) 15:53, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Lotus Improv screenshot, NeXTSTEP version.jpg
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Proposed deletion of GAG (boot loader)

The article GAG (boot loader) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (software) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back. Thank you,

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Deprod: Talk:Banksy/Archive 4
Hello, I have deprodded Talk:Banksy/Archive 4 because talk pages can't be prodded. Based on your deletion rationale the page would probably qualify for WP:G6; otherwise it would have to go to WP:MFD. — KuyaBriBri Talk 15:58, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Wfaulk


text:
User:Dmn/Hall of Fame

In May 2004, User:Wik decided to honour all those with the common sense to disagree with him. Here is the list (sans insults):

User:Wik's HALL OF FAME

Users that need to be banned (incomplete)

 * User:Anthony DiPierro
 * User:Cantus
 * User:Daeron
 * User:Daniel C. Boyer
 * User:Dmn
 * User:Gene Poole
 * User:Jabberwocky
 * User:Jor
 * User:Anárion
 * User:JRR Trollkien
 * User:Lir
 * User:Mike Church
 * User:Nico
 * User:Node ue
 * User:Perl
 * User:Plato
 * User:Reddi
 * User:Uriber
 * User:VeryVerily

Unsuitable sysops (incomplete)

 * User:Angela
 * User:AntonioMartin
 * User:Cecropia
 * User:David Newton
 * User:Ed Poor
 * User:Eloquence
 * User:Fennec
 * User:Fred Bauder
 * User:Hcheney
 * User:Hephaestos
 * User:Kaihsu
 * User:MyRedDice
 * User:Pakaran
 * User:RickK
 * User:Stan Shebs
 * User:Stevertigo
 * User:UninvitedCompany

title: User:Dmn/Hall of Fame


text:
King & Story, San Jose

The King & Story, also known as Story & King, neighborhood of San Jose, California is located in the Alum Rock district of East San Jose, centered on the intersection of King and Story roads. King & Story is one of San Jose's most notable and historic Chicano/Mexican-American neighborhoods.

History
The area surrounding King and Story, zip code 95122, is a hub for the East San Jose Community and for Latino culture in San Jose. The neighborhood is sometimes known as Tropicana, after the shopping center on the southwest corner of the intersection. In the 1930s, future agricultural labor union leader César Chávez and his family moved into the neighborhood. It was here that Chávez first began his political actions, registering voters and organizing English language classes for the mostly Mexican American residents. The first grocery stores targeted by the NFWA grape boycott were on King Road. In the 1980s the area was a hub of lowrider culture, and the Mural de la Raza, which depicts Chicano history and was created on a wall near the intersection in that decade, is now one of the oldest murals in the city. The Mi Pueblo Hispanic supermarket chain started at the intersection.

At the start of the 21st century, the San Jose Redevelopment Agency pursued redevelopment of the intersection, successfully locating a grocery store on the north-east corner before pursuing eminent domain to redevelop the southeast and southwest corners. On the southeast corner, in conjunction with local developers Blake-Hunt Ventures, vacant and abandoned buildings were replaced with needed banking and shopping options. However, after encountering a court challenge to its acquisition of the Tropicana shopping center on the southwest corner, the city paid $6.8 million in 2002 to the primary landowner who contended that his own redevelopment plans had been unfairly interfered with, and settled for acquisition of certain portions and the redevelopment of the remainder in conjunction with the existing owners.

In 2003, the San Jose City Council considered a bill to rename King Road, named for an 1851 settler to San Jose, after Martin Luther King Jr. The proposal was generally supported by the African American community and opposed by the Hispanic population. The city council eventually rejected the proposal.

In the late 2000s the neighborhood was badly impacted by the subprime mortgage crisis.

Culture
King & Story is one of the most historic centers of the Chicano/Mexican-American community in San Jose.

Lowriding
King and Story is also recognized as being the "Whittier Boulevard of the North" which has many similar characteristics as East Los Angeles. The usage and showings of lowriders is prevalent along King Rd and Story Rd.

While lowriding began in Los Angeles during the 1940s, by the 1960s lowriding had become commonplace in East San Jose's Chicano/Mexican-American community, particularly along the broad boulevards of Alum Rock Avenue and Story Road. Lowrider magazine was founded in San Jose in 1977 by San Jose State students Larry González, Sonny Madrid, and David Núñez. The magazine covered not only the cars, but the culture surrounding lowriders.

Today, lowrider culture permeates mainstream society through art, music and cars. Several South Bay car clubs still exist and participate in events like Cinco de Mayo celebrations and "Show-n-Shine" events.

Parks and plazas

 * Emma Prusch Farm Park
 * El Jardín Community Garden
 * Cornucopia Community Garden
 * Veggielution Community Farm
 * Plaza de Coatlique

title: King & Story, San Jose


text:
PSR B1620−26

PSR B1620−26 is a binary star system located at a distance of 3,800 parsecs (12,400 light-years) in the globular cluster of Messier 4 (M4, NGC 6121) in the constellation of Scorpius. The system is composed of a pulsar (PSR B1620−26 A) and a white dwarf star (WD B1620−26, or PSR B1620−26 B). As of 2000, the system is also confirmed to have an exoplanet orbiting the two stars.

History
The double system (triple including the substellar companion) is just outside the core of the globular cluster. The age of the cluster has been estimated to be about 12.2 billion years. Hence this is the age estimate for the birth of the planet, and two stars.

There is a minor dispute about the proper nomenclature rules to use for this unusual star system. One side regards the A/B convention of naming binary stars as having priority, so that the pulsar is PSR B1620−26 A, the white dwarf companion is PSR B1620−26 B and the planet is PSR B1620−26 c. The other side considers PSR to apply only to stars which are pulsars, not their companions, so the white dwarf should be named using the WD convention, making the pulsar PSR B1620−26, the white dwarf "WD J1623−266", and the planet "PSR B1620−26 b." Early articles used the first convention, but star catalogs have been using the second. The most recent proposal provides a nomenclature like PSR B1620−26 (AB)b, including capital letters A and B in parentheses to identify inner stellar components of binary system, followed by italic letter b referred to outer planetary companion. In practice, context makes it clear whether the pulsar, the white dwarf, the planet, or the system as a whole is being referred to.

White dwarf
The mass of the white dwarf is 0.34 solar masses and orbits at a period of 191 days with an inclination of 55° relative to its pulsar companion. Its age is approximately $480$ years.

Planetary system

PSR B1620−26 b was originally detected through the Doppler shifts its orbit induces on signals from the star it orbits (in this case, changes in the apparent pulsation period of the pulsar).

In the early 1990s, a group of astronomers led by Donald Backer, studying what they thought was a binary pulsar, determined that a third object was needed to explain the observed Doppler shifts. Within a few years, the gravitational effects of the planet on the orbit of the pulsar and white dwarf had been measured, giving an estimate of the mass of the third object that was too small for it to be a star. The conclusion that the third object was a planet was announced by Stephen Thorsett and his collaborators in 1993.

title: PSR B1620−26


text:
Talk:Éder Jofre

Untitled
I just want to explain, for the record, that calling his fight with Saldivar a "super fight" is not a point of view: in boxing, many fights get advertised as "super fights", this was the case of Jofre-Saldivar. It doesnt mean that the fight was actually a great fight to watch.

"Antonio Window Watcher Martin"

Greatest Fighter Ever== ==

He is. Maybe not as charismatic as Robinson or as prolific as Greb, but Jofre's talent is up there. Yeah, i might be exaggerating a little, but I just wanted to give the man his due.

5"11 height?
I doubt that he was 5"11, I think a fighter that is supposedly that tall wont fight in a crouching style.i think he was 5"6 tops

Vegetarian
I'd read in a boxing book years ago that Jofre had been taken to a slaughterhouse as a youngster and was so upset by the visit that he later became a vegetarian, and throughout his boxing career. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Opusv5 (talk • contribs) 13:57, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Possibly copyvio
I suspect a GFDL violation resulting from the machine translation from English to Portuguese in the version mentioned above. Furthermore, the machine translation from Portuguese to English might have been performed in the fourth revision after this. These were reverted to the version without a problem in the second revision after this. Therefore, these six revisions might have to be deleted. -- Akira Kouchiyama 13:50, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Greek?
He's listed as a Brazilian of Greek descent. Is this true? --TheShadowCrow (talk) 15:54, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

nope, hes actually of italian descent from his mothers side. not really sure about his fathers side. some sources say his father was a french brazilian. --Patrone johnson

http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1073787/index.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by Patrone johnson (talk • contribs) 09:08, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

About the last fight
"After a string of fights against lesser opponents, he retired, having beaten the Mexican Octavio Gomez by a unanimous but controversial[according to whom?] decision": Well, Jofre himself put in doubt the rightness of the decision. In an interview to the Rio de Janeiro's newspaper "O Globo" just after the bout, Jofre said "I did not beat Famoso Gomez". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.206.194.73 (talk) 03:25, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Éder Jofre


text:
Pedro Ludovico

Pedro Ludovico (23 October 1891 – 16 August 1979) was the founder of Goiânia, Brazil, and one of the most important figures in the history of the state of Goiás.

Ludovico was born in Goiás. He went to Rio de Janeiro where he finished Medical School and was a friend of the writers, Lima Barreto and Olavo Bilac. He defended his thesis on hysteria, at a time when all of Freud's theories were revolutionary. Returning to Goiás he opened a clinic in Rio Verde, but he found life in the interior monotonous. Trips to Rio alleviated his tedium which he surpassed by discovering two loves of his life: politics and Dona Gercina Borges, whom he married.

Supporting the liberal revolution of 1930 he was nominated "interventor" in the state of Goiás. He was to govern the state for five periods, three as "interventor" and two as elected governor. He was a senator three times and his struggle for the redemocratization of the country during the period of military rule after 1964 caused the government to strip him of his political office in 1968. His iron will helped to build a new city, Goiânia, which inspired president Juscelino Kubitschek to build Brasília.

Pedro Ludovico's son was Mauro Borges, governor of the state during the military coup of 1964 and later senator for Goiás during several periods.

title: Pedro Ludovico


text:
Pietà, Malta

Pietà (Tal-Pietà) is a small harbour town in the Eastern Region of Malta, located near the outskirts of the capital city Valletta. Its name is derived from Italian and signifies "Pity."

Etymology
The name of Pietà in Italian means Pity.

Description
Pietà is the suburb next-closest to the capital after Floriana.

Malta's former national hospital, St. Luke's, is located in Tal-Pietà, and an old boathouse of notable historic interest, now in use as a restaurant, is located on the waterfront. The town is named after a Church of Our Lady of Sorrows dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries which is still in active use today.

A couple of streets nearby bear the names of St. Augustine and his mother, St. Monica. Tal-Pietà was a departure point for the Gozo ferry before the construction of a yacht marina. The patrol boat depot of the Armed Forces of Malta is located at the Hay Wharf in nearby Floriana. Also within the boundaries of Pietà are St. Ursula's Orphanage; PBS, the national broadcaster; Villa Guardamangia, which served as the residence of then Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain (later Queen Elizabeth II), when she lived in Malta between 1949 and 1951; the Ta' Braxia Cemetery Complex is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission site and where many World War I garrison veterans from the British army and navy are buried; and the headquarters of the Nationalist Party. The party built its base here in 1969. Tal-Pietà is regarded as a suburb of Ħamrun, Msida, Floriana and Valletta. Most of its resident population over the past 50 years hails from this area.

The population of Pietà was 3,853 in November 2005, which had been an increase over previous years due to a new housing estate and the redevelopment of old homes over the past thirty years. In March 2014 the population stood at 4,020.

A large number of Maltese citizens have Tal-Pietà as their place of birth, because many women gave birth at St. Luke's Hospital. Tal-Pietà is not, however, considered by the Maltese born there to be their home town, that being considered instead the town or city they first lived in.

In August 2020, a group of enthusiasts formed the first band club in Tal-Pietà named Soċjetà Filarmonika Madonna ta' Fatima, Gwardamanġa - Pietà. The first General Meeting was in November 2021. By the first months, the band club had already nearly 100 members. The premises of the band club is at 231, Triq id-Duluri, Tal-Pietà.

Education
The secondary school campus of St. Augustine's College is located in Pietà and run by the Augustinian Order.

Administration
The current Pietà local council members are:

 * Keith Tanti (Mayor, PL)
 * Zoya Attard (Deputy Mayor, PL)
 * Anthony Camilleri (PL)
 * Josef Fitzpatrick (PN)
 * Annhelica Agius (PN)
 * Simon Cauchi (Executive Secretary)

Zones in Tal-Pietà

 * Ta' Braxia
 * Xatt it-Tiben
 * Sa Maison
 * Gwardamanġa

Main roads in Tal-Pietà

 * Misraħ San Luqa (St Luke's Square)
 * Misraħ il-Madonna ta' Fátima (Our Lady of Fátima Square)
 * Telghet Gwardamanġa (Gwardamanġa Hill)
 * Triq ix-Xatt (Marina Street)
 * Triq il-Mimosa (Mimosa Street)
 * Triq San Luqa (St Luke's Road)
 * Triq Santa Monika (St Monica Street)
 * Triq San Guzepp (St. Joseph Street)
 * Triq id-Duluri (Our Lady of Sorrows Street)
 * Triq Zammit Clapp (Zammit Clapp Street)
 * Triq Hookham Frere (Hookham Frere Street)
 * Triq San Girgor (St Gregory Street)
 * Triq is-Sorijiet tal-Ursolini (Ursoline Sisters Street)
 * Sqaq Borton (Borton Lane)

title: Pietà, Malta


text:
Lyakhovsky Islands

The Lyakhovsky Islands (Ляховские острова; Ляхов арыылара) are the southernmost group of the New Siberian Islands in the Arctic seas of eastern Russia. The islands are named in honour of Ivan Lyakhov, who explored them in 1773.

Geography
They are separated from the mainland by the Laptev Strait (60 km wide), and from the Anzhu Islands group by the Sannikov Strait (50 km wide). Two islands dominate the group:

 * Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island (Great Lyakhovsky Island) 5156.6 km2 with a maximum altitude of 311 m on Emy Tas
 * Maly Lyakhovsky Island (Little Lyakhovsky Island) 975.5 km2
 * Stolbovoy is a large island detached from the group.
 * Yaya island
 * zatoplaimi island
 * Off Great Lyakhovsky Island's southwestern cape lies a small islet called Ostrov Khopto-Terer.
 * Semyonovsky Island has now disappeared after heavy erosion. Before its disappearance, it was at 4 km2, one of the smallest islands in the archipelago.

In popular culture
Part of the action of two novels by Jules Verne, Waif of the Cynthia (1885) and César Cascabel (1890), takes place there. In the latter, the term "Liakhov Islands" refers to the New Siberian group as a whole, as the principal action is on Kotelny Island.

title: Lyakhovsky Islands


text:
Lladró

Lladró is a Spanish company based in Tavernes Blanques, Valencia, that produces high-end lighting, home accessories, decorative sculptures and porcelain figurines.

History
The company was founded in 1953 by three brothers, Juán, José and Vicente Lladró, in the village of Almàssera near Valencia. Starting with items such as vases and jugs, it wasn't until 1956 that they started producing the sculptures for which they are now known. Interest in the items produced by the Lladró brothers saw their small workshop expand several times until eventually they moved to Tavernes Blanques in 1958.
 * 1962, the brothers open the Professional Training School at their site in Tavernes Blanques to share their knowledge and experience.
 * 1969, on 13 October the City of Porcelain was opened by the Spanish Minister for Industry. It took 2 years to build, and currently employs over 2,000 people.
 * 1970, Lladró begins to use a new material, gres, for its sculptures. It has earthy colours and is used frequently in natural themes.
 * 1973, Lladró buys 50% of the North American company Weil Ceramics & Glass.
 * 1974, the first blue emblem, consisting of a bellflower and ancient chemical symbol, appears on the base to show the origin of the sculpture. The Elite Collection is also launched.
 * 1984, Rosa, Mari Carmen and Juan Vicente Lladró joined the company. Each is a child of each of the founding brothers. They underwent a long apprenticeship before they were permitted responsibility in the company.
 * 1985, the Collectors’ Society is formed. The first annual sculpture, "Little Pals", can fetch several thousand US dollars at auction due to the small number of members able to purchase it in the early years.
 * 1986, Lladró forms an alliance with the Mitsui Group creating the subsidiary Bussan Lladró based in Tokyo.
 * 1988, on 18 September in New York City the Lladró Museum and Gallery is opened on 57th Street in Manhattan.
 * 1993, Lladró receives the Principe Felipe award for internationalisation.
 * 2001, Lladró Privilege, a new customer loyalty programme, takes over from the Lladró Collectors’ Society.
 * 2004, Lladró Privilege Gold, becomes a new level of loyalty programme within the Privilege programme.
 * 2011, Lladró Privilege Society becomes Lladró Gold, in which only one level of membership is offered.
 * 2013, Lladró expands into the lighting market with Belle De Nuit, a collection of chandeliers, lamps and sconces.
 * 2013, Lladró releases the first piece in their new Dazzle collection which uses a geometric black and white design.
 * 2016, PHI Industrial Acquisitions acquires a majority stake in the Lladró Group.

Technique

The manufacturing ingredients are kept closely guarded. The process is detailed in a number of Lladró publications and is on view for tours at the City of Porcelain. Lladró figurines are made of hard-paste porcelain.

Marketing
Lladró figurines are given an additional title in English as well as the Spanish original, however these names are frequently not translations (figurative or literal) but new names that are more likely to appeal to an English speaking audience. An area for some confusion is that the names of the pieces can change throughout their run so the same figurine may end up with several titles.

Popular culture

 * In an episode of the sitcom Will and Grace (season 7 episode 12, "Christmas Break"), Will's mother Marilyn (portrayed by Blythe Danner) had a collection of Lladró, her favourite being 'Ouisan, the bashful geisha.' She was described as being priceless; the humour of the episode revolved around Grace's breaking the figurine and was fearful of Marilyn finding out, as she was very precious to her (she declared she would "wait until April and pour bleach on her (the culprit's) roses").
 * In The Sopranos, Carmela Soprano boasts about her Lladró figurine in "Everybody Hurts" (season 4 episode 6). In the episode "Chasing It" (season 6 episode 16), Carmela breaks the figurine by throwing it at Tony Soprano.
 * In The Nanny (season 5 episode 5), Fran's paternal aunt Freida contemplates whether she may or may not hire Niles as a butler. She decides that she should because she wants someone to dust her Lladró collection. Nonetheless, she pronounces it wrong ("Lardo") and makes a remark about it to Fran's mother Sylvia ("You can pronounce it, I can afford it").
 * In Big Love Roman Grant's wife Adaleen has a large Lladró collection.
 * In Russell Brand Radio Show (BBC Radio 2 episode), Russell refers to the chink of his hard buttocks hitting the seat of the toilet as 'making the sound of two Lladró figurines kissing'.
 * In the musical comedy Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (TV series), titular heroine Rachel Bloom casually gifts a figurine as an off-handed kind gesture, fully aware that at least one other character would recognize the market value of a limited edition peacock and allow her to set a grand plan in motion.
 * In Great News (season 1 episode 4 "War Is Hell"), Carol, in a conversation with anchorman Chuck Pierce about his tentative trip to South Sudan, says "you couldn't get me to South Sudan for all the Lladrós in Angie's hutch."

title: Lladró