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Talk:Obedience training

Clicker training
Lachatdelarue 18:54, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm thinking that clicker training should be its own article, because one could say a lot about it. I'm not sure I'd say that it's the most commonly used technique--most knowledgeable trainers know something about it but not all of them use it (or train their students in it) by far. Actually I'd say that "positive reinforcement" is probably a more common training technique. :-)

In my experience, clicker training is not a very common technique. "Positive reinforcement" or pack-leader type of training is much more common in rural America.

Some places to look for info on clicker training (don't know whether they answer your specific questions) include:
 * Bailey & Bailey, the preeminent clicker-trainer trainers
 * Dogpatch clicker training index (the whole dogpatch site has a lot of useful info that you could browse for general training notes, too)
 * Karen Pryor site
 * Susan Garrett/Say Yes site

Elf | Talk 23:46, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I created the article! Elf | Talk 17:19, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Examples
I saw a note in the article that specific examples of typical commands would be desireable. I am working on this, but I have not gotten all my materials together yet. My plan is to include an explanation of the command as well as short videos of dogs in action. If they are included on the same page, it will make for a very long and possibly unwieldy(?) article. Shall I make separate pages for each command to link to (Obedience_training_come, Obedience_training_heel, etc.), or just one long (Obedience_training_commands?) article?The Dogfather 20:22, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't imagine that there's enough encyclopedic to say about each command. If we were also doing how-tos, maybe, but otherwise probably not. I think that one article should be fine. On the other hand, I feel that I've barely scratched the surface of dog agility and keep thinking about how or whether I really want to break any of that out (haven't even started talking about command variations there).  Elf | Talk 04:16, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Do you think the project might be overkill then? I haven't done much work on it yet, so now would be a good time to stop.  It's hard to know when a project stops being encyclopedic, and starts to become a Wikibooks project.  I value your opinion, Elf (and anyone else who wants to chime in please do so).The Dogfather 15:05, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Explanations of the commands is perfectly fine. I don't see why we couldn't also have videos of each that people could click on to access. I just don't see that separate articles are needed for each, of course unless someone convinces me otherwise.  Elf | Talk 19:16, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm working on descriptions of the commands, and agree that links to videos would be a good idea. Anyone willing to take on that part of the project? User:PaulP

 * I'm the one who completed the descriptions of the obedience exercises. I'm new, and I forgot to login before editing.  Sorry User:PaulP

Save for later
Following text involves a lot of how-tos that don't really belong here. Need an "examples" section, perhaps, that lists several methods for teaching one command to show the variation. Other stuff shd go to perhaps wikibooks.

Basic Commands
Here are a few commands that almost every dog should respond to:
 * Come: This command, also referred to as the recall, is crucial. If the dog won't come when called, it is not an obedient dog.  One method for training begins by allowing the dog to wander out on a long leash or line, then calling it by name and the command Come.  This method might require a quick, light tug on the leash to get the dog moving when first teaching this command. Like all commands, it is successful only if the dog is rewarded when it completes the command and only if the practice is repeated—under different circumstances and distances and gradually removing the controls—until the dog performs flawlessly.
 * Sit: This command is also crucial. Sitting dogs are under the handler's direct control.  It is common to precede other commands, such as the Stay command, with a sit command.  One method for training uses a treat held in front of the dog's nose and passed back over its head, forcing the dog to sit.  Sit and Stay are used in conjunction with many other commands.
 * Stay: This command gives peace of mind. An owner can park her dog while doing something else.  One method of training involves placing the dog in a sit or a down position, then telling it to stay while stepping away from the dog.  If the dog stays, the handler rewards it while it is still in the position.  Indoors, use this command to park your dog under a favorite table or bench.
 * Lie down or down: this command allows even greater control than sitting. One training method uses a treat drawn forward and down across the dog's face, forcing it to lie down to get at it.  Since even people without dogs are familiar with this command and use it when dogs are bothering them, the better the dog is at it, the better it can get along with strangers and visitors.
 * Go to bed or get in: Directs the dog to go to its bed or its crate and to remain there until released. The dog has freedom of movement in that location to stand up, turn around, or lie down, unlike when placed in a Stay.  Useful to keep a dog out from underfoot and safe in a busy or complicated situation.
 * Drop or drop it: Dogs pick up all sorts of things, some of which they shouldn't have. A dog that drops anything on command, no matter how attractive (which to a dog can be rotten and smelly), is a dog under control that the owner can prevent from eating dangerous items or from destroying valued personal property.
 * Leave it: An adjunct to Drop, directing the dog to not touch an item. Also useful before the dog has picked anything up.  One method of training involves leaving a treat on the ground and walking the dog past it without allowing the dog to pick it up.  Leave it is also used in conjunction with Take it.
 * Take it: The dog leaves a desired object, such as a toy or treat, untouched until given this command. This can protect an owner's, visitor's, or child's fingers.
 * Heel, Close, By me: The dog walks with its head directly next to the handler's leg and does not deviate until released. One method of training accompanies the command with a slap to the thigh indicating where the handler wants the dog's head.
 * Okay, Free, Break, or Release: Releases the dog from Stay, Heel, Sit, and so forth.  Also a general release to play.

Elf | Talk 20:58, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Hello I've joined in contributing to this article. As a person who has had dogs for over 40 years and done obedience training as well as other training and having a lifelong interest in 'all things dog", I have brought the text more in line with the title. Obedience training is a specific aspect of dog training and should not be confused with "training" or "train your dog". In other words Obedience Training is "Obedience" Training-that's why it is called what it is:>) As this is an encylopaedic article I think it important to write the article in its historically correct context and not diverge in to the more common derivative of "training" your dog.

It is not the methodology in Obedience training which is in itself important-but the result. Is the dog trained reliably. Will it comply with the command each and every time it is given, without fail. That is the measure of successful obedience training and an Obedience trained dog.

The article is a great start and easy to work with. It seems that it has a slanted POV claiming mainstream thought. this is not the case, if it were you wouldn't have to claim it and I would not notice it were such:>) The article should be written to convey historical correctness and not to persuade readers into a particular line of thinking.

Thank you Tintina 00:24, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Is it true dogs can be obedient to "hot dogs" ??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.65.51.245 (talk) 21:01, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Semi-protect this page
I just RVVed a PETA supporter blanking stuff on this page. I think it would be a good idea to semi-protect it so that the vandal doesn't bring friends over. ChairYeoman (talk) 00:08, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Obedience training


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Dewitt Clinton Senter

Dewitt Clinton Senter (March 26, 1830 – June 14, 1898) was an American politician who served as the 18th Governor of Tennessee from 1869 to 1871. He had previously served in the Tennessee House of Representatives (1855–1861), where he opposed secession on the eve of the Civil War. He was elected to the Tennessee Senate following the war, and was chosen as Speaker of the Senate in 1867. As speaker, he became governor upon the resignation of William G. Brownlow in 1869.

Senter is perhaps best remembered for undoing many of Brownlow's radical initiatives, most notably the restoring of the right to vote to former Confederates. The current Tennessee State Constitution was written and enacted during Senter's tenure.

Early life and career
Senter was born in McMinn County, Tennessee, the son of William Tandy Senter and Nancy White. His father was a popular Methodist minister and renowned orator who served in the United States House of Representatives in the mid-1840s, and was a delegate to Tennessee's 1834 constitutional convention. Dewitt grew up in what is now Hamblen County, Tennessee (then part of Grainger County), where he attended public schools. He studied at Strawberry Plains College in nearby Strawberry Plains from 1851 to 1852, and read law for about a year under Judge T.W. Turley. He had predominantly English ancestry.

Senter represented Grainger County in the state House of Representatives from 1855 to 1861. A Whig, he remained staunchly opposed to secession on the eve of the Civil War. In May 1861, he voted against the state's Ordinance of Secession, and canvassed in East Tennessee in an attempt to rally the region's Unionists. He was a member of the Grainger County delegation at the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to form a separate, Union-aligned state in East Tennessee. In 1862, Senter was arrested and jailed for several months by Confederate authorities. After his release, he fled to Louisville, Kentucky. He was an elector for the Republican Party ticket in the 1864 presidential election.

In January 1865, Senter was elected to the Tennessee Senate, representing Grainger, Claiborne, Anderson, and Campbell counties, and served as the Senate's Chairman of the Committee on Incorporations. That same year, he became president of the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap and Charleston Railroad, a position in which he served until 1866. In 1867, the state senate elected him Speaker of the Senate.

Governor
Senter initially supported the Radical Republican initiatives of Governor William G. Brownlow, which included the disfranchisement of ex-Confederates. In October 1867, he helped elect Brownlow to the United States Senate seat held by David T. Patterson, whose term was set to expire in March 1869. Brownlow resigned as governor on February 25, 1869, and departed for Washington, D.C., to take his seat in the Senate. Under the Tennessee Constitution, the Speaker of the Senate is the first in the gubernatorial line of succession, and thus Senter became governor following Brownlow's resignation.

Brownlow's radical policies of disfranchisement had left the state divided and had led to the rise of the Ku Klux Klan. In his inaugural address, Senter vowed to aggressively pursue the Klan and quell Klan violence. In May 1869, however, he disbanded the state guard, which had been fighting the Klan, but had become unpopular. He also announced he supported restoring the voting rights of former Confederates.

Since Brownlow was near the end of his term as governor when he resigned, Senter was thrust into a reelection campaign within a few weeks of taking office. His relatively lenient policies toward former Confederates led to a rift in the state's Radical Republican ranks, as many Radicals wanted to continue Brownlow's policies and feared retribution if ex-Confederates and Democrats should once again control the state. At the Radicals' tumultuous convention on May 20, 1869, they were unable to agree on a candidate for governor. In subsequent separate conventions, the Radicals who favored continuing Brownlow's policies nominated William B. Stokes, and those who favored more lenient policies nominated Senter.

Under Brownlow, the legislature had given the governor the power to appoint county election commissioners, who were charged with ensuring former Confederates did not vote. Using this power, Senter replaced nearly three-fourths of Brownlow's commissioners. While the law still technically forbade ex-Confederates from voting, Senter's new commissioners did not enforce this law. Thus, with large numbers of former Confederates now voting, Senter easily defeated Stokes on election day by a vote of 120,333 to 55,036.

To address issues over voting and disfranchisement, a new state constitutional convention convened in 1870. This convention, among other things, modified the state constitution to allow all men of at least 21 years of age (whether white or black) to vote, though it also instituted a poll tax, and ordered separate schools for white and black children. The new constitution was approved by a 98,128 to 33,972 vote.

Along with voting issues, one of Senter's primary concerns was the state's rising debt. In December 1869, Senter called for prison reform, arguing that prisons had become a financial drain on the state. Hoping to encourage immigration into the state and increase property tax revenues, Senter established the Tennessee Immigration and Labor Association in February 1871. He also favored initiatives to help railroads struggling to pay interest on state-issued bonds.

In 1870, Senter used his influence to help establish Hamblen County, which was created from parts of Grainger, Jefferson, and Hawkins counties. Senter's home was located within the new county.

Later life
Senter's policies, which allowed Democrats to regain control of the state, angered the state's Republicans, and effectively ended his political career. He spent his remaining years managing his large farm near Morristown. He died on June 14, 1898, and is buried in Morristown's Emma Jarnagin Cemetery.

Family
Senter married Harriet Senter (a distant cousin) in 1859. She was the daughter of Grainger County's circuit court clerk, P.M. Senter. They had no children.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dewitt Clinton Senter


text:
User talk:Marianna D~enwiki

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! Just wanted to let you know, this is the English language Wikipedia; you might be interested in our other languages. Thanks very much, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:59, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

Marianna, I notice that many of your articles are copied from other sources. This is a copyright violation. Please paraphrase information from other sources before adding it to Wikipedia. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 19:42, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

You might want to take a look at: -- Jmabel 07:02, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Pages needing translation into English
 * Translation into English
 * the page where apparent copyright violations are discussed
 * The Polish-language wikipedia

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title: User talk:Marianna D~enwiki


text:
Canadian Union of Public Employees

The Canadian Union of Public Employees (Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique; CUPE–SCFP) is a Canadian trade union serving the public sector – although it has in recent years organized workplaces in the non-profit and para-public sector as well. CUPE–SCFP is the largest union in Canada, representing some 700,000 workers in health care, education, municipalities, libraries, universities, social services, public utilities, transportation, emergency services and airlines. Over 60 per cent of CUPE–SCFP's members are women, and almost a third are part-time workers. CUPE–SCFP is affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress and is its greatest financial contributor.

History
CUPE–SCFP was formed in 1963 in a fashion resembling industrial unionism by merging the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and the National Union of Public Service Employees (NUPSE). The first national president was Stan Little, who had previously been the president of NUPSE. Having led public sector unionism through a period where almost no workers had the right to strike, Little has been credited with bringing public sector unions "from collective begging to collective bargaining." By the time of Little's retirement, CUPE–SCFP had already grown to 210,000 members and had eclipsed United Steelworkers as the largest affiliate to the Canadian Labour Congress.

Little was followed in 1975 by Grace Hartman, a feminist activist who was the first woman to lead a major labour union in North America. Hartman led CUPE–SCFP to involve itself in broader struggles for social justice and equality, and emphasized the role of social unionism, as opposed to the more conservative business unionism practised by many North American unions. She was arrested for leading Ontario hospital workers in defying a back-to-work order from the Ontario Supreme Court in 1981 and sentenced to 45 days in jail. She retired in 1983.

Hartman's successor as president was Jeff Rose, a Toronto city worker. Rose's time as the defining face of CUPE–SCFP was marked by membership growth from 294,000 to 407,000 members (largely through organizing), a strengthening of CUPE–SCFP's infrastructure and rank-and-file skills, and his outspoken opposition to Brian Mulroney-era wage restraint, free trade, the GST, privatization, deregulation, and cuts to public services. Under Rose's leadership, CUPE–SCFP was particularly effective in improving pay and working conditions for women. He stepped down in 1991 after eight years, becoming deputy minister of intergovernmental affairs for the Ontario NDP government.

In 1991, Judy Darcy followed Rose and became the defining face of CUPE–SCFP. One of Canada's most visible and colourful labour leaders, Darcy was a vigorous opponent of privatization, two-tier health care, and free trade agreements. Darcy was firmly committed to the union's involvement in broader social issues, and under her tenure CUPE–SCFP strongly attacked the invasion of Iraq, condemned Canada's involvement in ballistic missile defence, and spoke out loudly in favour of same-sex marriage. Darcy stepped down in 2003 after 12 years as president, and was replaced by Paul Moist.

On November 4, 2022, more than 55,000 CUPE–SCFP education workers began an indefinite strike against the Ontario government. Ontario Premier Doug Ford attempted to stop the strike by using the notwithstanding clause, which was criticized by Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau as "wrong and inappropriate."

Internal organization
CUPE–SCFP has an extremely decentralized structure, in which each local elects its own executive, sets its own dues structure, conducts its own bargaining and strike votes, and sends delegates to division and national conventions to form overarching policy. Advocates of this system claim that it places the power in the grassroots where it belongs; critics believe that it makes it difficult for it to organize concerted action and leaves the union highly balkanized with policies and strategies varying widely from local to local and sector to sector. This decentralized structure is often described as "CUPE–SCFP's greatest strength and its greatest weakness." This political decentralization is mirrored by an organizational decentralization. Although CUPE–SCFP has a national headquarters in Ottawa, it is relatively small—the vast majority of its staff are scattered across over 70 offices across the country.

CUPE–SCFP locals are affiliated directly to the National body, and affiliation in Provincial CUPE–SCFP bodies is optional. CUPE–SCFP National provides locals with support and assistance through National Representatives, who are employees of CUPE–SCFP National. National Representatives are assigned to specific locals to assist the democratically elected officers of CUPE–SCFP locals in various aspects of the operation and functioning of the local union. They primarily assist in more complex issues, such as conducting Grievance Arbitrations, bargaining, disability/accommodation issues, human rights, preparation of legal documents, local elections and education. National Representatives also have authority to place a CUPE–SCFP local under administration, pursuant to the CUPE–SCFP Constitution, which effectively means that the Representative runs the local for a brief period of time in an extraordinary circumstance and suspends the locally elected officers, usually only in very serious cases of fraud or gross incompetence or misconduct. In addition to servicing National Representatives, CUPE–SCFP National employs Research Representatives and Legal & Legislative Representatives, who provide research and legal support to locals through their servicing representatives.

Nationally, there are two full-time political positions: the National President (currently Mark Hancock) and the National Secretary-Treasurer (currently Candace Rennick).

Provincial divisions
CUPE–SCFP divisions are the political voice of members in their respective provinces, and an integral part of CUPE–SCFP. Chartered through the national union, each division advocates and campaigns at the provincial level for legislative, policy and political change in the interests of CUPE–SCFP members and the communities they serve. Each provincial division is led by a democratically elected president, secretary-treasurer and executive board, who are directed by members at annual conventions (biennial in Quebec). Provincial organizations do not provide any servicing or support to the locals on specific operational items, focusing primarily on provincial lobbying, policy development and union education.

Internal labour relations
CUPE–SCFP's employees have organized into two main bargaining units. The Canadian Staff Union (CSU) is the larger of the groups. It represents National Representatives and specialist staff in Area and Region Offices across the 10 Regions of CUPE–SCFP. In 2008, CSU absorbed the Administrative and Technical Staff Union which represented about 60 administrative and technical staff at the Ottawa National Office. The Canadian Office and Professional Employees union (COPE) Local 491 represents support staff workers in the national, regional and area offices of CUPE–SCFP. Additionally, a handful of CUPE–SCFP Locals have dedicated CUPE–SCFP staff working in their own offices.

National presidents

 * 1963–1975: Stan Little
 * 1975–1983: Grace Hartman
 * 1983–1991: Jeff Rose
 * 1991–2003: Judy Darcy
 * 2003–2015: Paul Moist
 * 2015–present: Mark Hancock

National secretary-treasurers

 * 1963–1967: Robert P. Rintoul
 * 1967–1975: Grace Hartman
 * 1975–1985: Kealey Cummings
 * 1985–1989: Jean-Claude Laniel
 * 1989–1991: Judy Darcy
 * 1991–2001: Geraldine McGuire
 * 2001–2011: Claude Généreux
 * 2011–2021: Charles Fleury
 * 2021–present: Candace Rennick

Archives
There is a Canadian Union of Public Employees fond at Library and Archives Canada. The archival reference number is R5440, former archival reference number MG28-I234. The fond covers the date range 1919 to 2009. It contains 105.46 meters of textual records, along with a number of other media records.

title: Canadian Union of Public Employees


text:
Fred LaRue

Frederick Cheney LaRue Sr. (October 11, 1928 – July 24, 2004) was an aide in the administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon. He served a short prison sentence for his role in the Watergate break-in and the subsequent Watergate scandal and cover-up.

Oddly, LaRue had no rank, title, salary, or even listing in the White House directory. LaRue was present at an early meeting with his friend, United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell, at which the Watergate burglary was planned. Afterwards, LaRue assisted the cover-up, supervising the shredding of documents and the destruction of financial records.

Biography
In 1957, LaRue accidentally shot and killed his father while hunting with friends in Canada.

With his newfound wealth, LaRue invested in many failed business ventures including casinos in Havana, Cuba, prior to the communist revolution, and in Las Vegas, Nevada. He also used his wealth to become a political financier and served as a member of the Republican National Committee from 1963 until 1968.

He was a heavy financial contributor to Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign in 1964. He was also a longtime friend of the Mississippi Democratic U.S. Senator James Eastland.

After Goldwater lost the election, LaRue began getting involved with Nixon's career. LaRue was one of the principal planners of Nixon's so-called "Southern strategy" for winning the election. He coordinated with the campaign office of Strom Thurmond, the veteran U.S. Senator from South Carolina.

Nixon supporter, advisor to Attorney General John Mitchell
LaRue also recommended the use of a "special ballad-type song in the current 'country-and-western music style, by which nationally famous artists will sing the message via the radio and TV." The song was called "Bring Our Country Back" and included "alternate" lyrics with the couplet: "Dick Nixon is a decent man/Who can bring our country back." LaRue proposed broadcasting the song by local radio and television programs throughout the South. However, he had difficulty finding artists to perform the song; most that he contacted either sympathized with George Wallace, the former governor of Alabama, or did not want to help Nixon. Eventually, LaRue managed to convince Roy Acuff and Tex Ritter, who were unsuccessful Republican candidates themselves for governor and U.S. senator, respectively, in the state of Tennessee, to perform versions of the song.

LaRue coordinated with Eastland to obtain the confirmation of Nixon's judicial nominees. He has been described as a special assistant in an "advisory capacity" to then Attorney General Mitchell.

On March 30, 1972, LaRue attended a meeting in Key Biscayne, Florida, with Mitchell and Jeb Magruder. Mitchell, having announced his resignation as attorney general on February 15, assumed his new duties as head of the Committee to Re-elect the President, effective on March 1. The March 30 meeting has been the subject of great dispute among its three participants. According to Magruder, the three men approved the so-called Operation Gemstone and other aspects of a "dirty tricks" campaign against the Democratic Party. LaRue and Mitchell, to their deaths, always denied this vehemently. In 2003, Magruder stated, for the first time, that it was at this meeting that President Nixon, speaking to Mitchell by telephone, voiced specific approval for the Watergate burglary. Mitchell and Nixon had both been dead for years, and Fred LaRue denied Magruder's claim publicly.

"Bagman" for Watergate burglary pay-off
LaRue was known as the "bagman" because he delivered more than $300,000 in cash ("hush money") to the conspirators and their attorneys to keep participants of the Watergate burglary quiet. LaRue was the first Administration official to plead guilty to crimes related to his involvement with the Watergate burglary and the cover-up.

He pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice on June 27, 1973 and served four and a half months in custody at the Maxwell Air Force Base near Montgomery, Alabama. LaRue's fellow Watergate-convicts John Mitchell and Charles Colson also served their prison time at Maxwell AFB.

Life after prison
LaRue refused to testify against Nixon or any other Watergate figure. One of Nixon's first public appearances after his resignation as president came three years later in 1977 at a "Salute to the Military" in Biloxi, directed by LaRue.

LaRue died in Biloxi, Mississippi on July 24, 2004.

title: Fred LaRue


text:
Irish bull

An Irish bull is a ludicrous, incongruent or logically absurd statement, generally unrecognized as such by its author. The inclusion of the epithet Irish is a late addition.

John Pentland Mahaffy, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, observed, "an Irish bull is always pregnant", i.e. with truthful meaning. The "father" of the Irish bull is often said to be Sir Boyle Roche, who once asked "Why should we put ourselves out of our way to do anything for posterity, for what has posterity ever done for us?". Roche may have been Sheridan's model for Mrs Malaprop.

Origin
The derivation of "bull" in this sense is unclear. It may be related to Old French boul "fraud, deceit, trickery", Icelandic bull "nonsense", Middle English bull "falsehood", or the verb bull "befool, mock, cheat".

As the Oxford English Dictionary points out, the epithet "Irish" is a more recent addition, the original word bull for such nonsense having been traced back at least to the early 17th century. By the late 19th century the expression Irish bull was well known, but writers were expressing reservations such as: "But it is a cruel injustice to poor Paddy to speak of the genuine 'bull' as something distinctly Irish, when countless examples of the same kind of blunder, not a whit less startling, are to be found elsewhere." The passage continues, presenting Scottish, English and French specimens in support.

Examples

 * "He'll regret it till his dying day, if ever he lives that long." – "Red" Will Danaher, in The Quiet Man
 * "If I could drop dead right now, I'd be the happiest man alive." – Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer (1882–1974)
 * "Always go to other people's funerals, otherwise they won't come to yours." – Misattributed to Yogi Berra, baseball player (1925–2015)
 * "There'll be people dying in this town who've never f---ing [sic] died before" – Belfast taxi driver
 * "to make an Irish bull, I should expect the next stage in Evolution not to be a stage in Evolution at all" – C.S. Lewis, in Mere Christianity

title: Irish bull


text: Category:Slang

title: Category:Slang


text:
Oval track racing

Oval track racing is a form of motorsport that is contested on an oval-shaped race track. An oval track differs from a road course in that the layout resembles an oval with turns in only one direction, and the direction of traffic is almost universally counter-clockwise. Oval tracks are dedicated motorsport circuits, used predominantly in the United States. They often have banked turns and some, despite the name, are not precisely oval, and the shape of the track can vary.

Major forms of oval track racing include stock car racing, open-wheel racing, sprint car racing, modified car racing, midget car racing and dirt track motorcycles.

Oval track racing is the predominant form of auto racing in the United States. According to the 2013 National Speedway Directory, the total number of oval tracks, drag strips and road courses in the United States is 1,262, with 901 of those being oval tracks and 683 of those being dirt tracks. Among the most famous oval tracks in North America are the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway.

Pack racing
Pack racing is a phenomenon found on fast, high-banked superspeedways. It occurs when the vehicles racing are cornering at their limit of aerodynamic drag, but within their limit of traction. This allows drivers to race around the track constantly at wide open throttle. Since the vehicles are within their limit of traction, drafting through corners will not hinder a vehicle's performance. As cars running together are faster than cars running individually, all cars in the field will draft each other simultaneously in one large pack. In stock car racing this is often referred to as "restrictor plate racing" because NASCAR mandates that each car on its two longest high-banked ovals, Talladega and Daytona, use an air restrictor to reduce horsepower.

The results of pack racing may vary. As drivers are forced to race in a confined space, overtaking is very common as vehicles may travel two and three abreast. This forces drivers to use strong mental discipline in negotiating traffic. There are drawbacks, however. Should an accident occur at the front of the pack, the results could block the track in a short amount of time. This leaves drivers at the back of the pack with little time to react and little room to maneuver. The results are often catastrophic as numerous cars may be destroyed in a single accident. This type of accident is often called "The Big One".

Comparison with road racing
Oval track racing requires different tactics than road racing. While the driver does not have to shift gears nearly as frequently, brake as heavily or as often, or deal with turns of various radii in both directions as in road racing, drivers are still challenged by negotiating the track. Where there is generally one preferred line around a road course, there are many different lines that can work on an oval track. The preferred line depends on many factors including track conditions, car set-up, and traffic. The oval track driver must choose which line to use each time they approach a corner. On a short track in a 25-lap feature race, a driver might not run any two laps with the same line. Both types of racing place physical demands on the driver. A driver in an IndyCar race at Richmond International Raceway may be subject to as many lateral g-forces (albeit in only one direction) as a Formula One driver at Silverstone.

Weather also plays a different role in each discipline. Road racing offers a variety of fast and slow corners that allow the use of rain tires. Paved oval tracks generally do not run with a wet track surface. Dirt ovals will sometimes support a light rain. Some tracks (e.g., Evergreen Speedway in Monroe, WA) have "rain or shine" rules requiring races to be run in the rain.

Safety has also been a point of difference between the two. While a road course usually has abundant run-off areas, gravel traps, and tire barriers, oval tracks usually have a concrete retaining wall separating the track from the fans. Innovations have been made to change this, however. The SAFER barrier was created to provide a less dangerous alternative to a traditional concrete wall. The barrier can be retrofitted onto an existing wall or may take the place of a concrete wall completely.

Track classification
Oval tracks are classified based upon their size, surface, banking, and shape.

By size
Their size can range from only a few hundred feet to over two and a half miles. The definitions used to differentiate track sizes have changed over the years. While some tracks use terms such as "speedway" or "superspeedway" in their name, they may not meet the specific definitions used in this article.

Short track
A short track is an oval track less than one mile (1.6 km) long, with the majority being 0.5 miles (0.8 km) or shorter. Drivers seeking careers in oval track racing generally serve their apprenticeship on short tracks before moving up to series which compete on larger tracks. Due to their short length and fast action, these tracks are often nicknamed "bullrings". Professional-level NASCAR races on short tracks usually use a 500-lap or 400-lap distance. Short tracks in many cases have lights installed and routinely host night races. The short ovals still form the backbone of NASCAR in the feeder series. Three race tracks of this type are also represented in the Cup: Bristol, Martinsville and Richmond. Tracks with potential for future cup races are the Iowa Speedway built in 2006, the Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway used until 1984 in the Cup, and the Memphis Motorsports Park, which had races of the Busch Series back then until the 2000s. The Auto Club Speedway is to be converted from a 2-mile super speedway to a 1/2 mile short track in 2024.

Mile oval
Synonymous with the name, a 1-mile (1.61 km) oval is a popular and common length for oval track racing. The exact measurements, however, can vary by as much as a tenth of a mile and still fall into this category. Most mile ovals are relatively flat-banked, with Dover being a notable exception.

Many 1-mile dirt ovals were used by stock cars or champ cars before race tracks with dirt surfaces were removed from the racing calendar in the early 1970s. Many of these racetracks got the nickname "Fairgrounds” — for example Arizona State Fairgrounds, California State Fairgrounds and Michigan State Fairgrounds Speedway. The origin of these racetracks was in harness racing, which commonly used 1-mile tracks. Also, the oldest oval race track, the Milwaukee Mile was originally a race track for horse racing.

In NASCAR, 1-mile oval tracks are among the intermediate tracks. IndyCar rates these tracks as short ovals, since IndyCar does not usually run on ovals shorter than 3/4-mile. The 1-mile ovals have lost a great deal of their former importance for oval racing. Most of the racetracks abandoned by NASCAR or IndyCar in the 2000s were of this type. These include the Chicago Motor Speedway and the Walt Disney World Speedway, which were built during the 1990s construction boom but used for only four years. The historic Nazareth Speedway, which was paved in 1986, was completely abandoned after the 2004 season. Physically, the Milwaukee Mile, the oldest oval race track in the world, as well as the Rockingham Speedway and the Pikes Peak International Raceway still exist. However, these racetracks have not been used by nationally important motorsports events for years. There are only three 1-mile tracks left on the NASCAR racing calendar: Phoenix, Loudon, and Dover. IndyCar has not raced on an oval of this length since 2018.

Intermediate
Also referred to with the general term of "speedway", these courses are 1 to 2 miles (1.6 to 3.2 km) in length, but the term is particularly reserved for 1.5-mile (2.4 km) tracks. At the beginning of the history of NASCAR and IndyCar, this oval size was not very common. Until 1990, there were only five examples. Two of these, the Marchbanks Speedway (1.4 miles) and the Trenton Speedway (1.5 miles), were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s, and only three—Charlotte Motor Speedway, Atlanta Motor Speedway and Darlington Raceway—have survived to this day. All other ovals of this type were built after 1994. During the race track construction boom of the late 1990s, these tracks began to be labeled with the rather derogatory term "cookie cutter" tracks, as their differences were perceived to be minimal.

In 1992, Charlotte became the first intermediate track to install lights and allow for night racing. It is now commonplace for these types of tracks to host night races. Intermediate tracks usually have moderate to steep banking. Almost all modern race tracks that are still used in NASCAR and IndyCar today are of this type. Since their size allows them to compromise high speeds with sightlines, especially tri- and quad-ovals of 1.5-mile length have become commonplace in major racing series that use oval tracks.

While intermediate speedways were designed primarily with stock cars in mind, they were also believed to be suited to host Indy cars as well. In the early years of the Indy Racing League, the series visited several intermediate tracks. The higher-downforce, normally aspirated IRL-type cars proved to be competitive at several of the tracks. The CART series however, mostly stayed away as the faster, more powerful Champ Cars were generally thought to be too fast for this type of circuit. This became evident at the 2001 Firestone Firehawk 600, when drivers experienced vertigo-like symptoms, and the race was cancelled for safety reasons. As of 2020, the IndyCar Series has only one race remaining at a high-banked intermediate track (Texas). These tracks began to be removed from the Indy car schedule in the late-2000s and early-2010s due to low crowds and serious crashes, including the fatal accident involving Dan Wheldon at Las Vegas in 2011.

Superspeedway
Originally a superspeedway was an oval race track with a length of one mile or more. Since the introduction of the intermediate oval, Superspeedway is an oval race course of 2 miles or longer. There are six active superspeedways in the United States, the most famous being Indianapolis Motor Speedway and Daytona International Speedway, both 2.5 mi long. These tracks were built in 1909 and 1959 respectively. Indianapolis Motor Speedway was built as a facility for the automotive industry to conduct research and development. Daytona International Speedway was built as a replacement for the Daytona Beach Road Course, which combined the town's main street and its famous beach. Daytona hosts the Daytona 500, NASCAR's most prestigious race, while the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is home to the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400.

The longest superspeedway in North America is the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama. Built in 1969, it is 2.66 mi long, and holds the current record for fastest speed in a stock car, lapping at an average of 216.309 mi/h and reaching 228 mph at the end of the backstretch. Daytona and Talladega are the pinnacle of stock car superspeedway racing, where restrictor plates are mandated by the sport's ruling body to reduce the high speeds accommodated by their steep banking since 1988.

Other superspeedways used by NASCAR include the Michigan International Speedway (2.0 miles), Auto Club Speedway (known as California Speedway prior to February 2008) (2.0 miles), and Pocono Raceway (2.5 miles). Auto Club Speedway and Michigan are often considered intermediate tracks by NASCAR due to their similarities with 1.5-mile tracks, while Pocono and Indianapolis are sometimes classified separately, as they are the only long, flat tracks on the schedule. Auto Club Speedway, which joined Indianapolis, Michigan and Pocono as the one of four superspeedways used in the Verizon IndyCar Series, was the site of Gil de Ferran's qualifying lap of 241.428 mi/h in the CART FedEx Championship Series in 2000, the fastest qualifying lap recorded at an official race meeting. Due to the low number of spectators or safety concerns by the drivers, IndyCar will no longer drive super speedways outside of Indianapolis. Michigan Speedway was part of the series from 2002 to 2007, AutoClub Speedway from 2002 to 2005 and a second time from 2012 to 2015, Pocono was used by IndyCar between 2014 and 2019. In NASCAR they are still an essential part of the racing calendar.

The closed and partially demolished Texas World Speedway, was the original "sister track" to Michigan. The two-mile oval, with its 22-degree banking, was the site of Mario Andretti's closed-course record of 214.158 mph which stood for 12 years. No major professional series have raced at TWS since the 1990s.

The 2.5 mile Ontario Motor Speedway was known as the "Indianapolis of the West", but was bought by the Chevron Land Company in 1980 and partitioned for development.

Track length disputes
NASCAR and IndyCar use different measuring systems to measure the oval race tracks. As a result, the racetracks have lengths of different accuracy. The following table shows the values that NASCAR, IndyCar and CART/CCWS used to determine the lap speeds and track records.

By shape
A typical oval track consists of two parallel straights, connected by two 180° turns. Although most ovals generally have only two radii curves, they are usually advertised and labeled as four 90° turns. While many oval tracks conform to the traditional symmetrical design, asymmetrical tracks are not uncommon.

Classical geometric shapes
Additional prominent examples:

Tri-ovals
The tri-oval is the common shape of the ovals from the construction booms of the 1960s and 1990s. The use of the tri-oval shape for automobile racing was conceived by Bill France, Sr. during the planning for Daytona. The triangular layout allowed fans in the grandstands an angular perspective of the cars coming towards and moving away from their vantage point. Traditional ovals (such as Indianapolis) offered only limited linear views of the course, and required fans to look back and forth much like a tennis match. The tri-oval shape prevents fans from having to "lean" to see oncoming cars, and creates more forward sight lines. The modern tri-ovals were often called as cookie cutters because of their (nearly) identical shape and identical kind of races.

Additional prominent examples:

Unique shapes
There are a lot of oval tracks, which neither have a classical geometric shape nor still represent a modern tri-oval in the strict sense. While these courses still technically fall under the category of ovals, their unique shape, flat corners, hard braking zones, or increased difficulty, often produces driving characteristics similar to those of a road course.

Concentric oval track / legends oval
Some facilities feature several ovals track of different sizes, often sharing part of the same front straightaway. The now defunct Ascot Speedway featured 1/2 mile and 1/4 mile dirt oval tracks, and Irwindale Speedway features 1/2 mile and 1/3 mile concentric paved oval tracks. Pocono Raceway once had a 3/4 mile oval which connected to the main stretch, and circled around the garage area.

In 1991, Charlotte Motor Speedway connected the quad oval start-finish straight to the pit lane with two 180 degree turns, resulting in a concentric 1/4-mile oval layout. The 1/4-mile layout became a popular venue for legends car racing. The name "legends oval" was derived from this use. They have also seen use with go-karts, short track stock cars, and other lower disciplines. This idea was adopted by numerous tracks including Texas Motor Speedway, Atlanta Motor Speedway, Kentucky Speedway, Las Vegas Motor Speedway, and Iowa Speedway which has a 1/8 mile version.

Perhaps the most unusual concentric oval facility is Dover Speedway-Dover Downs. The one-mile oval track encompasses a 0.625-mile harness racing track inside.

By banking / superelevation
Oval tracks usually have slope in both straight and in curves, but the slope on the straights is less, circuits without any slope are rare to find, low-slope are usually old or small tracks, high gradient are more common in new circuits.

Circuits like Milwaukee Mile and Indianapolis Motor Speedway have 9° banking in the turns and are considered low banked, superspeedways like Talladega have up to 33° of tilt in curves, Daytona has up to 32°, both are considered high banked. Atlanta is the intermediate track with the highest banking, 28°. Winchester has the highest banking of any active oval track with 37°

By surface
Track surfaces can be dirt, concrete, asphalt, or a combination of concrete and asphalt. Some ovals in the early twentieth century had wood surfaces. Indianapolis Motor Speedway's track surface used to be made entirely of bricks, and today, 3 feet (0.91 m), or one yard, of original bricks remain exposed at the start-finish line. Each was hand laid over a 2-inch (51 mm) cushion of sand, then leveled and the gaps filled with mortar. Before the work was completed, locals nicknamed the track "The Brickyard".

Combined road course
A combined road course, colloquially referred to as a "roval" (a blend word combining "road course" and "oval") is an oval track racing facility that features a road course in the infield (and/or outfield), that is usually linked to the oval circuit. This type of course makes for a multi-purpose track, and allows the facility to be used for both oval and road racing. A typical combined road course consists of the oval portion of the track, using the same start/finish line, and same pit area, but a mid-course diversion to a winding road circuit in the infield (and/or outfield). At some point, the circuit leads back to the main oval, and completes the rest of the lap. On some of the faster ovals, a chicane is present on long back-straights, to keep speeds down, and create additional braking/passing zones. Some more complex facilities feature a stand-alone road course layout(s) in the infield not directly linked to the oval layout, or otherwise using only a short portion of the oval.

Combined road courses combine the high speed characteristics of ovals with the technical precision of road courses. It allows road racing disciplines the unique experience of being held in the stadium style atmosphere of an oval superspeedway. Numerous combined road courses saw widespread use with sports cars in the 1970s and early 1980s. However, their use at the professional level has since diminished considerably, since most layouts lacked the desirable topography and competitive challenges of natural road courses. In addition, most combined road course circuits offer poor sightlines for fans sitting in the grandstands. Oftentimes the challenging infield portion is obscured or not visible at all from the grandstands that line the circumference of the oval track, so many fans choose to view from the ground level inside the infield – leaving the grandstands mostly empty and unsightly.

Many combined road course layouts have been abandoned. However, some have enjoyed extended life as venues for testing, driving schools, and amateur race meets. Since 1962, the most famous race continuously held on a combined road course has been the 24 Hours of Daytona. Since 2018, NASCAR has held the Bank of America Roval 400 on a combined course at Charlotte.

In some rare examples, the combined road course layout is run in the opposite direction to the oval circuit. For instance, at Indianapolis the oval is run counter-clockwise, but the combined road course used during the IndyCar Series Grand Prix of Indianapolis is run clockwise. However the MotoGP  races were run counter-clockwise, with some reconfigured corners to fix corner apex problems. Michigan was also an example of a clockwise combined road course. Another example is the Adelaide International Raceway in Australia which combines a 2.41 km (1.50 mi) road course with an 0.805 km (0.500 mi) speedway bowl. The Bowl forms a permanent part of the road course and also runs clockwise. At many tracks, multiple configurations are available for the combined road course layout(s).

An example of an outfield combined road course can be seen at the Calder Park Raceway in Melbourne, Australia. The Calder Park complex has a 1.119 mi (1.801 km) high-banked oval speedway called the Thunderdome as well as a separate road course. The road course and the oval can be linked via two short roads that connect the front straight of the road course to the back straight of the oval. As they are separate tracks, this creates a unique situation where different races can actually be run on both the oval and the full road course at the same time. Also unique is that unlike most combined circuits which use the oval track's start/finish line and pits, in the case of Calder Park it is the road course start/finish line and pits that are used. This configuration was used only twice (both in 1987) and has not been used for major motor racing since hosting Round 9 of the 1987 World Touring Car Championship.

Oval track construction booms in North America
There have been two distinct oval race track construction "booms" in the United States. The first took place in the 1960s, and the second took place in the mid-to-late 1990s. The majority of tracks from the 1960s boom and the 1990s boom have survived, but some tracks failed to achieve long-term financial success. Incidentally, these two booms loosely coincided with the similar construction boom of the baseball/football cookie-cutter stadiums of the 1960s and 1970s, and the subsequent sport-specific stadium construction boom that began in the 1990s.

Tracks built during the 1960s boom

 * Current
 * Daytona International Speedway (1959)
 * Atlanta Motor Speedway (1960; substantially reconstructed in 1997; reprofiled in 2022)
 * Charlotte Motor Speedway (1960)
 * North Carolina Motor Speedway (1965; demoted to primarily a test/amateur facility since 2005)
 * Dover International Speedway (1966)
 * Michigan International Speedway (1968)
 * Talladega Superspeedway (1969)
 * Pocono Raceway (1971)

 * Former
 * Marchbanks Speedway (short oval exists since 1951, intermediate tri-oval build 1960; facility closed and demolished 1970)
 * Texas World Speedway (1969; primarily amateur racing and testing from 1981–2016; closed 2017, demolished in 2020)
 * Trenton Speedway (mile oval exists since 1946, intermediate dogleg oval build 1969; facility closed 1980; track demolished in 1981)
 * Ontario Motor Speedway (1970; demolished in 1980)

Tracks built during the 1990s boom

 * Current
 * Homestead-Miami Speedway (1995)
 * Las Vegas Motor Speedway (1996)
 * Texas Motor Speedway (1996)
 * Gateway International Raceway (1997)
 * Pikes Peak International Raceway (1997; hosting only non-major events since 2008)
 * Kentucky Speedway (2000; no race since 2021)
 * Kansas Speedway (2001)
 * Chicagoland Speedway (2001; closed in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic, no race on the oval since 2020)
 * Nashville Superspeedway (2001; closed 2011, reopened 2021)
 * Iowa Speedway (2006; closed in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic, held only ARCA Menards Series in 2021, IndyCar returned in 2022)

 * Former
 * Walt Disney World Speedway (1996; demolished 2015–2016)
 * California Speedway (1997; superspeedway closed and partially demolished in 2023 for planned new short track)
 * Memphis International Raceway (1998; closed in 2022; is to be demolished)
 * Chicago Motor Speedway (1999; demolished in 2009)

International oval tracks
Most of the oval tracks are located in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. However, there are also many oval tracks elsewhere too, as listed below.

Current

 * Adelaide International Raceway in Australia, 0.800 km short track
 * Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry in France, 2.540 km intermediate oval
 * Autódromo Internacional de Luanda in Angola, 3.208 kilometres (1.993 mi) rectangular oval
 * Autódromo Ciudad de Rafaela in Argentina, 4.624 km superspeedway
 * Bahrain International Circuit in Bahrain, 2.500 km intermediate oval
 * Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia, 1.801 km intermediate quad-oval
 * EuroSpeedway Lausitz in Germany, 3.256 km triangular superspeedway
 * Foxhall Stadium in The United Kingdom, 0.382 km
 * Highlands Motorsport Park in New Zealand, 1.133 km short track
 * Mallory Park in the United Kingdom, 1.609 km intermediate oval
 * Penbay International Circuit in Taiwan, 1.801 km intermediate tri-oval
 * Phakisa Freeway in South Africa, 2.414 km D-shaped intermediate oval
 * Raceway Venray in the Netherlands, 0.880 km short track
 * Tipperary Raceway in Ireland, 0.402 km
 * Twin Ring Motegi in Japan, 2.491 km egg-shaped intermediate oval

Former

 * Autódromo de Sitges-Terramar in Spain, 2.000 km high banked intermediate oval
 * Autodromo Nazionale di Monza in Italy, 4.250 km high banked superspeedway
 * AVUS in Germany, 8.300 km high banked superspeedway
 * Brooklands in the United Kingdom, 4.426 km kidney-bean-shaped high banked superspeedway
 * Emerson Fittipaldi Speedway in Brasil, 3.000 km trapezoid intermediate oval
 * Opel-Rennbahn in Germany, 1.500 km high banked short oval
 * Rockingham Motor Speedway in the United Kingdom, 2.380 km trapezoid intermediate oval
 * Tours Speedway in France, 0.805 km temporary short track

title: Oval track racing


text:
Talk:American depositary receipt

How are they backed?
Is ADR backed by existing shares(eg: the treasury shares) or new shares? If it is the latter, the company issuing ADR effectly get financing from foreign markets. Correct me if I am wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.186.12.211 (talk) 15:04, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I am reasonably certain that ADRs are backed by existing shares of the non-U.S. company. Good question, and I'll see if I can find a source to cite.--FeralOink (talk) 11:27, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

Price compared to foreign company share
The price of an ADR corresponds to the price of the foreign stock in its home market, adjusted for the ratio of ADRs to foreign company shares.

This is technically not accurate. There is often a very close correlation, but ADRs trade on their own and occassionally are a good percentage off when adjusted.

I will be expanding this article as I am very familiar with ADRs, since I work with them, as long as I get no objection. Skyler 19:05, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

Name change
It took a lot of work to change the name from "American Depositary Receipt" to "American depository receipt", and change everything that links here. Unfortunately, it all apparently needs to go back.

It's not true that "American depository receipt" is the "more common spelling". When I enter both spellings into Google, American depository receipt gets 40800 hits, and American Depositary Receipt gets 77600 hits.

Google isn't case sensitive, so it's only comparing the spelling difference, -ary vs. -ory. However, looking down both lists of hits, it is obvious that nearly all references to American Depositary (or Depository) Receipts capitalize all three letters, even if it isn't part of an article title. So even if -ary vs. -ory isn't worth fighting over, we really need to revert the capitalization anyway.

Furthermore, the preference for -ary is much more than Google's 2 to 1, because the articles that say -ory don't represent the same ADR experience as the articles that say -ary. The SEC link in your External Links says -ary. The other External Link doesn't mention ADR's at all, because it's about foreign currency exchange trading, not ADR's, and it should be replaced with a major ADR site like www.adr.com. The New York Stock Exchange glossary says -ary (although they are carrying a news story that says -ory). The big banks that actually handle ADR's for other companies, JP Morgan, Bank of New York, and Citigroup, have extensive sites on ADR's and always spell them -ary. (Merrill Lynch says -ory, but only twice - to describe issuing a new index based on ADR's, not ADR's themselves). The sites that say -ory are mostly reference sites that talk about ADR's, and sometimes companies with their own ADR, but not banks that handle them for others.

Finally, let's consider organizations that are aware of both spellings and see which spelling they chose. You can find the JP Morgan site www.adr.com and the Bank of New York site www.adrbny.com with either spelling in the Google search field (perhaps to snag prospective customers who can't spell) - but on the sites they only use -ary. According to , Depository is "common but incorrect; it's depositary". The only source that verifiably knows both spellings and uses -ory is Wikipedia - for now. Art LaPella 23:14, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Addition. A foreign company has to file an equivalent of 10-Q under heading 6K. This heading can include all kinds of other information, so in order to find quarterly data, the best strategy is to browse through all 6Ks one-by-one starting with one filed immediately after the analysed quarter ended.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:SEC_filing"

Dollar-Denominated Negotiable Certificate
When trying to find out what ADR meant, in the disambiguate page I also found this entry: 'Dollar-Denominated Negotiable Certificate, represents ownership of shares in a non-U.S. company.' Does anyone think it should be merged in with this article (and its entry removed from the disambiguate page) or are they indeed different? Sparky132 00:09, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * A share or similar equity interest such as an ADR, that is issued by a corporation,and traded on a public exchange, is a security. As a security that is represented by a registered security certificate (not a bearer instrument), an ADR is governed under Article 8 - Investment Securities.

 * There is specific language in Article 8 explaining why negotiable certificates are not securities and as such, cannot be governed under Article 8. Negotiable certificates are governed under Article 3 instead.

 * I don't think we should have merged, but that was a long time ago. I checked on the vestigial link to the original Dollar-Denominated Negotiable Certificate. It is brief. It only contributed a few sentences to this article, which I can correct. I would like to remove the redirect, and entirely delete the Dollar-Denominated Negotiable Certificate stub. It is covered accurately by the current, broader-scoped Negotiable Instrument article. I need to figure out how to do that. For now, I will concentrate on revising the ADR article. I will also try to add enough RS inline sources to justify removing some of those tags.--FeralOink (talk) 11:21, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Ping User:Dw122339, you just reverted my redirect removal. I explained my reasoning for doing so, specifically, that a dollar-denominated negotiable certificate is not an ADR, see immediately preceding text. I provided a similar explanation on Talk:Dollar-Denominated_Negotiable_Certificate. A dollar-denominated negotiable certificate is merely a dollar-denominated Negotiable Instrument. An ADR is an exchange-traded security. If want to discuss this further, let's do so. I stated my intention to remove the redirect right here, five days ago. There was no response. We can discuss this here if you want. I'll be back later today. Thank you.--FeralOink (talk) 16:22, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

Dislike "Case Study" section as seen August 27, 2014
Maybe it is an example, but I'm concerned it might serve more to promote that investment than to improve Wikipedia. Detailaware (talk) 17:43, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:American depositary receipt