text:
Fiducial

Fiducial may refer to:

 * Fiduciary, in law, a person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust
 * Fiducial inference, in statistics, a form of interval estimation
 * "Fiducial line" or "fiducial edge" of an alidade, an instrument used to measure the angle to a distant object
 * Fiducial marker or fiducial, an object or marking placed in an image for use as a point of reference
 * Reference point (disambiguation), or origin of a frame of reference

In particle physics

 * Fiducial cross section, in particle physics experiments, a cross section for the subset of a process in which the distinctive process signatures are visible within the sensitive regions of the detector volume. The definition now commonly means a cross section with kinematic and other selection cuts consistent with the sensitive detector acceptance applied, but in which detector inefficiencies are corrected for within that volume. These corrections are typically derived by applying the fiducial cuts on collections of simulated collision events, with and without detector simulation, and inverting the resulting detector transfer function. Fiducial cross sections are favoured for many purposes because they minimise extrapolation into experimentally invisible phase space, and are hence maximally model-independent.
 * Fiducial volume, in low-background physics experiments, an inner volume of particle detector media in which background events are largely excluded

title: Fiducial


text:
Talk:Selfoss

Untitled
"Behind the Selfoss (11 m high), there follows Dettifoss, the biggest waterfall of Europe." Would it not be better to say "most powerful"? That is how does one define biggest waterfall?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Selfoss


text:
Talk:Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church

Shouldn't this page and the cardinal page merge?

 * You probably meant the Cardinal (Catholicism) page rather than cardinal, right? But, IMO, this page should remain separate anyway, as it is about the canonical title of Cardinal, not the person.  That said, I'm looking for documentation of this canonical title, haven't found any yet... anyone? Harris7 11:30, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Cardinal (Catholic Church) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:15, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church


text:
Eaglescliffe

Eaglescliffe is a village in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England. It is in the civil parish of Egglescliffe.

The village was formerly known as Eaglescliffe Junction, being formed around Eaglescliffe. In 2011, the Office for National Statistics had the area as Yarm's built-up area.

History
The village's name is thought to be derived from a misspelling of the name of the nearby village of Egglescliffe meaning a church on a hill. A common myth on the name change is that in Victorian times the sign for the new railway station turned up incorrect after the signwriter thought that Egglescliffe was a mistake and altered it.

The Stockton and Darlington Railway passed through the grounds of Preston Hall in Eaglescliffe, and on the opening day there was a famous race between a stagecoach travelling down Yarm Road, and the Locomotion No. 1.

In 2011, Eaglescliffe was named the 4th best place for families to live in England and Wales, according to the savings firm Family Investments.

Events
Many events are held in Eaglescliffe every year, mostly in Preston Park which is situated north of the village, in Preston. Many of these events are run by Stockton Council.

Many local groups gather at the community centres and village halls within Eaglescliffe and its neighbouring villages. Egglescliffe Community Centre is the largest, and plays host to two amateur dramatics groups – Cliffe Theatre (who produce at least two plays every year), and Centre Stage (who produce a pantomime every January, as well as a musical every summer). Egglescliffe Community Centre also hosts many other community groups including a Ladies Section, a weight loss group, dance classes, and many others.

Sport and leisure
To the village's east is Eaglescliffe Golf Club – a course which occupies the land bordered to the south by the Sunningdale Estate, to the north by Teesside High School, and to the east by the River Tees. Many street names in the Sunningdale Estate, as well as the name of the local 'Links Primary School', reflect the location of this golf club. Preston Park has large playing fields.

Education
Eaglescliffe has one secondary school called Egglescliffe School. This is in the east of the village and also has Egglescliffe Sixth Form College for ages 16–18. There are also four primary schools: Junction Farm, Durham Lane, The Links, and Preston. Egglescliffe village has a primary school called Egglescliffe CofE Primary School. As well as these there is also Teesside High School, an independent preparatory and high school, originally an all-girls school, it is now introducing boys within the framework of a diamond model of education.

Economy
Tetley Tea have had their only tea bag factory in the western world here since 1969 on Sowerby Way. It is the largest tea bag factory in the world, on the Durham Lane Industrial Park, having a floor area of 220000 sqft and makes 18 billion tea bags a year; David Cameron and Boris Johnson have both visited the site. Warburtons have a bakery outside of the village to the north-east on the Preston Farm Industrial Estate. The Elementis Chromium site in nearby Urlay Nook closed in June 2009.

Governance
Eaglescliffe is part of the Stockton South Parliamentary Constituency which is currently represented in the House of Commons by Matt Vickers (Conservative) who won the 2019 general election by a majority of 5,260. The previous MP was Dr Paul Williams (Labour), "a local GP" (2017–2019). A previous MP is James Wharton (2010–2017) the former Conservative Minister for Northern Powerhouse. The lowest tier of local government is Egglescliffe and Eaglescliffe parish council.

Transport
Eaglescliffe railway station is staffed. Grand Central operate five trains a day direct to/from London King's Cross station. Northern provide local services to Darlington, Middlesbrough, Saltburn, Sunderland and York. Allens West station also serves the village. The closest airport is Teesside International Airport.

Notable residents

 * Matthew Bates, former professional footballer, raised and schooled in the area
 * Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson, Paralympic athlete, lives in Eaglescliffe
 * Gary Havelock, speedway rider place of birth
 * Frank Middlemass, actor
 * Sir Samuel Alexander Sadler (1842–1911), industrialist, mayor and MP for Middlesbrough resided in Eaglescliffe
 * James Wharton, Former MP for Stockton South

title: Eaglescliffe


text: Category:French literature

title: Category:French literature


text:
Ingleby Barwick

Ingleby Barwick is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees, North Yorkshire, England. It is south of the River Tees and north-east of the River Leven.

Large scale development of the town started in the late 1970s on farm land south-west of Thornaby, the first development being officially opened on 30 July 1981 by the mayor of Stockton-on-Tees. At a parish council meeting in February 2007, the parish gained town status in with the passing of a resolution under the Local Government Act 1972 s245(6).

In 2011, the population of the civil parish of Ingleby Barwick was 20,378, its two electoral wards (which also include the settlements of Hilton, Maltby, High Leven and Low Leven) had a population of 21,045.

Etymology
Ingleby Barwick was originally two settlements under a single joint parish, it is common to shorten the name to Ingleby in speech unless disambiguation is needed. Ingleby is derived from Old Norse Englar+by, a group of Angles' place. Barwick is of Anglo-Saxon in origin, Bere is Old English for barley and Wick means farm.

A '-by' suffix is a homophone to the word 'bee' and such place with the suffix are common locally: Maltby, Thornaby and Coulby Newham. The by-laws are reminant of by's use as a word for a place type, the word itself has come to be pronounced in this case as a homophone to 'bye'. Ingleby is a common name around Yorkshire. Ingleby Arncliffe and Ingleby Greenhow are notably within a ten mile distance from the town and in the same county, North Yorkshire.

This name is pronounced two ways. One way Barwick is pronounced is Bar-ick, this loss is traditional and also seen with Berwick-upon-Tweed. The second way of pronouncing is closer to how the individual words evolved in English and how the name is spelt, Bar-wick. This reflects the name's origin as two separate words. Both ways are common in Ingleby Barwick itself.

Prehistoric and ancient
The settlement of Ingleby Barwick has been occupied for thousands of years. There are traces of human occupation from as far back as the Stone Age. Work at a former farm discovered prolific multi period flintwork and Iron Age field patterns in the town.

A salvage excavation was carried out on the former Windmills Fields of the town, at the end of 1996. Five individual burials were found along with a wooden cist, these finds were accompanied by objects containing stone, jet and copper alloy of high status. This site was considered of European significance as it threw new light on the settlement of the area in the Bronze Age and highlighted a change in tradition of burial traditions and trade networks at this time.

A Roman settlement is also apparent in the town and a Roman Villa, was excavated in part. This has been preserved as public open space at Condercum Green in The Rings area of Ingleby Barwick. Building work at Quarry Farm discovered prolific concentrations of multi period flintwork along the South Bank of the River Tees and traces of Iron Age field patterns were discovered. A Roman Villa c. 200 AD, perhaps the most northerly in UK, was excavated in part. The "official" report on the excavation was published in 2013 with the title "A Roman Villa at the Edge of Empire" ( ISBN 978-1-902771-90-8 )

Norman era
After the Norman Conquest the Manor of Barwick was given to Robert Malet, the son of William Malet, William the Conqueror’s great chamberlain. In the 13th century the land was owned by the Priors of Guisborough Priory and Jervaulx Abbey until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Ingleby and Barwick were two separate places. Between the 14th to 17th century, it is not known when Barwick merged with Ingleby as a parish. Between the 14th and 16th centuries landowners in the area included the Percys of Northumberland and the Parrs of Nottingham.

Renaissance
The Middle Ages are considered to have ended with the Renaissance in the mid 15th century. In the 17th century the Manor of Barwick was sold to Sir Thomas Lynch, Governor of Jamaica and then to Sir William Turner of Kirkleatham.

Modern
After 1611, it is not known when the two separate places of Barwick and Ingleby combined their names or if Ingleby developed as a separate settlement or spawned from and then re-merged with Barwick. The land was in the ownership of the Turners, with them gaining profits from the land used to support a free school and hospital at Kirkleatham.

Industrial revolution The north of Ingleby Barwick was formerly quarried for Whinstone. Much of this area now forms Ingleby Barwick Golf Academy and northern part of The Rings. Evidence of a tramway system and jetty on historic Ordnance Survey maps suggest that the Whinstone was exported by boat.

Ingleby Barwick is listed as being a township in the parish of Stainton in 1887. Its population was given as 132. During this time the land was sold off by the Turner estate.

World wars

During the Second World War Ingleby Barwick stood near to the south-western perimeter of Thornaby Airfield and a number of aircraft crashed where Ingleby Barwick now stands. On 11 June 1940 a Coastal Command Lockheed Hudson crashed at Quarry Farm killing the four crew after the bomb load exploded on crashing. On 28 April 1941 a Bristol Blenheim crashed at Barwick Lane killing all three crew. On 18 December 1941 a Lockheed Hudson stalled soon after take off and crashed into Quarry Farm killing the five crew and four civilians. On 4 September 1942 a Lockheed Hudson crashed at Myton House Farm killing the four crew. The last aircraft accident was a Photo Reconnaissance de Havilland Mosquito which was attempting to land at Thornaby on one engine and crashed into land which is now home to Ingleby Mill School on 11 November 1943 killing both crew members; there is now a stone marking the crash site.

Farms There are still a number of farmhouses that pre-date the 1980s-onward development. Mills
 * Low Farm. One of the buildings is incorporated in the Teal Arms pub.
 * Cleveland View on Barwick Lane is another former farm building, belonging originally to Lane House Farm.
 * There are original buildings from Ingleby Hill Farm at the end of Heddon Grove, now residential.
 * Ingleby Close Farm buildings, which lie on land originally occupied by Betty's Close Farm, now residential, lie between Crosswell Park and Trevine Gardens.
 * The original Myton House Farm site is marked by the public house that bears its name. The pub's website says "Formally (sic) a farmhouse..."
 * Ingleby Hill Farm, an early 19th–century, Late Georgian, Grade II Listed Farmhouse.
 * White House Farm, converted into houses around the late 2000s to early 2010s.
 * Black Mill on Raydale Beck is the remnant of a corn mill built on the original Sober Hall Farm, now residential.
 * The Old Mill at the southern end of Barwick Lane is now a bed and breakfast

Town Council
Previously under the Maltby and Ingleby Barwick Parish Council, the parish council split in 1990. Ingleby Barwick Parish Council became a town council in 2007, therefore giving the settlement town status.

It has 6 councillors from 4 May 2023, rather than the 12 previously allocated, due to a Boundary Commission error. The town council manage The Rings Community Hub Rings and the war memorial in Romano Park.

In 2021 the council attracted controversy after they declined a request for the council to fly the Pride Flag during pride month.

Coat of Arms
The Coat of Arms was given to the town in October 2000. It contains: a representation of the three rivers that run around Ingleby Barwick; depictions of mill-rinds which are an historical link to the Turner family, who used to own most of the land which now forms the town, and the Barwick element of the name.

The crest shows a Teal bird which refers to a horse named Teal, trained at Middleham by Captain Neville Crump, which won the Grand National in 1952. The Teal Arms in the town is also a reference to the horse.

Borough and county
Historically the town is part of the North Riding of Yorkshire which was a county from 1899 to 1974. From 1894 to 1932, the parish was in the Middlesbrough Rural District then Stokesley Rural District from 1932 until 1974.

Ingleby Barwick then became a part of the Cleveland non-metropolitan district of Stockton-on-Tees in 1974 until 1996. Since the county was abolished in 1996, Ingleby is now placed into non-administrative North Yorkshire, governed by the direct successor unitary authority of Stockton-on-Tees.

Ingleby Barwick, as part of the Borough of Stockton on Tees, has six borough councillors representing the two wards Ingleby Barwick East (including Hilton and Maltby parishes) and Ingleby Barwick West (with High Leven and Low Leven). As of 2019 the community has been represented by Independent councillors and those from the Conservative party and Ingleby Barwick Independent Society (IBIS).

They are currently six councillors that represent the town's wards.
 * Ingleby Barwick East ward is represented by:
 * Ted Strike (Independent)
 * Alan Watson (Conservative)
 * Sally Ann Watson (Conservative)
 * Ingleby Barwick West ward:
 * Ken Dixon (Ingleby Barwick Independent Society)
 * Kevin Faulks (Ingleby Barwick Independent Society)
 * Ross Patterson (Ingleby Barwick Independent Society)

Demography
2001 Census The United Kingdom Census 2001 found Ingleby Barwick had 5,862 households and a population of 16,280, of which 8,272 were male and 8,008 female.

The town consists largely of owner-occupied properties and private rental properties making up 98% of the population. Council housing makes up the other 2%.

Ethnic diversity is minimal in Ingleby Barwick. Over 95% of residents class themselves as White British. The population is generally younger than average for Stockton-On-Tees with a mean age of 31.87 highlighting the high proportion of families with children in the town. In 2011 however, 92% of Ingleby Barwick's 21,045 residents were White British, 5.2% Asian and 0.4% Black.

Residents of Ingleby Barwick tend to have attained a higher level of education compared with Stockton-On-Tees and nationally. Over 25% of residents reported attaining a degree or higher level HNC/HND or NVQ compared with only 15% in Stockton as a whole.

The people of Ingleby Barwick enjoy a high employment rate, with 75% reporting themselves as being in full or part-time employment or being self-employed. Of these 76% usually travel to work by car or van, travelling an average distance of 21 km. Only 2.7% get to work on foot suggesting that most of the employment is from outside of Ingleby Barwick. The largest industry of employment was manufacturing accounting for 16.6% of the workforce. 50% of those working were in roles either in professional occupations or in companies at senior managerial levels.

Continued development of the area means the population of the town is expanding dramatically. Estimates put the population of Ingleby Barwick at 22,290 in mid 2016.

Geography
The town is divided into several areas that include:
 * Ingleby Barwick Centre
 * Lowfields
 * Beckfields,
 * Sober Hall
 * Round Hill, named after the adjacent scheduled ancient monument
 * Broom Hill
 * The Rings, named after the prehistoric settlements.

Rivers, Streams and Ponds
Ingleby Barwick is surrounded by water on three sides. It is bordered by the Leven to the south and west, the Tees to the north and west, and Bassleton Beck to the east. Barwick pond, in the centre of the town, is a small Local Nature Reserve.

Barwick Farm
Barwick Farm is an operating farm adjacent to The Rings. The main spinal path (Barwick Lane) through Ingleby Barwick was originally the access road for this farm.

Sport
Ingleby Barwick is home to a football club – Thornaby & Ingleby Barwick Football Club – known as 'TIBS' and is based at Thornaby Road. It has a senior men's team playing in the North Riding Football League.

There are also 3G and 4G football pitches available at the two secondary schools – All Saints and Ingleby Manor – as well at Bannatyne's leisure complex.

Ingleby Barwick Golf Course is a nine-hole venue with full facilities including an American Golf Shop – which is also home to a floodlight driving range which is the only double decker version in the North of England.

Ingleby is home to a 25-metre swimming pool at the IB Leisure complex.

Angling takes place along the banks of the River Tees that run through Ingleby Barwick. The North Bank is controlled by the Thornaby Angling Association and the South by the Lower Tees Angling Association.

Road
Ingleby is accessible by three roads: Queen Elizabeth Way (north), Ingleby Way (east) and Barwick Way (south). The latter two lead to the A1044 due to the road switching from east-west to north-south in nearby Maltby. Barwick Way leads to the road when it is under as Low Lane while Ingleby Way the road the road is under as Thornaby Road, the latter was formerly designated as the A1045.

Due to its nature as a commuter town Ingleby Barwick has long faced traffic congestion at peak times. Speeding has also been a problem within the main roads in the town. On 15 July 2011, 9-year old Brandon Maggs died after being hit by a speeding car driven by a pizza delivery driver on Roundhill Avenue. This prompted residents to launch a campaign to reduce speeding on the main estate roads which lead to a number of traffic calming measures on main roads throughout the town.

In 2016, due to the housing development of The Rings being built, Myton Way was upgraded to dual-carrigeway from the Tesco roundabout to Broom Hill, and the Sandgate roundabout was replaced with traffic signals. Ingleby Way was also dualled from the Tesco roundabout to Barwick Way roundabout. The works started on Monday 29 February 2016 and were completed on Thursday 22 December 2016, apart from some footpath work.

Arriva North East operate buses in Ingleby Barwick with regular services, day & evening, to Stockton seven days a week & Middlesbrough and Yarm Monday to Saturday.Teesside International Airport with regular daily services to/from Aberdeen and Amsterdam, is about 8 miles away.

Rail
The adjacent towns and villages of Yarm, Eaglescliffe and Thornaby each have railway stations approximately four miles away. Connections to the main line service, at Darlington or York, are further connected to these three stations.

Paths
The route of the original Barwick Lane, which gave access to much of the original farmland remains mainly as a public footpath; parts remain in use as unconnected access roads such as at High Leven. The route goes through Sober Hall, crossing Sober Hall Avenue, Pennine Way and Blair Avenue, passing west of Barley Fields Primary School and the Myton Road shops. The original end of Barwick Lane, leading to Barwick Farm, is north-west in the town (The Rings). The lane has had multiple spurs to other farms predating modern housing.

Library
The original Library was located within All Saints Academy, however in 2020, the Library was relocated within the IB Leisure Centre. It is open to the public during specified times, seven days a week. Library facilities include free computer access, CD/DVD hire, photocopying, reference section, a children's and an adult library. The Library also plays host during elections to a Polling Station.

Schools
Ingleby Barwick has eight schools with six primary and two secondary education.

Primary
Whinstone

Whinstone is in Lowfields and is so named due to Ingleby Barwick formerly having a quarry, now the golf course in The Rings. In December 2017, the school became part of the Vision Academy Learning Trust.

Barley Fields

Barley Fields opened in September 2006 and named due to Barwick, as a name, coming from a still operating farm that formally harvest barley in the large parts of the town and was the initial township.

St Francis of Assisi

St Francis of Assisi is in Broom Hill. The school is affiliated with the Church of England religion and therefore St. Francis church and All Saints Academy in the town. The school is a part of the Dales Academy Trust.

St. Thérèse of Lisieux

St Thérèse is a school religiously affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough and therefore St. Therese church in the town. The congregation previously used the school hall before the church was built.

The school is currently a part of the Nicholas Postgate Catholic Academy Trust.

Myton Park

Myton Park is named after Myton Farm House and is adjacent to All Saints Academy and IB Leisure Centre.

Ingleby Mill

Ingleby Mill is a school named after a mill next to the current site. Barley Fields occupies the former site of Ingleby Mill which is opposite St. Thérèse.

Secondary
All Saints Academy

All Saints Academy, is the oldest secondary school within Ingleby Barwick, located at the centre of the town. The school is affiliated with the Church of England religion and therefore St. Francis of Assisi church in the town.

The school opened as All Saints Voluntary Aided Church of England Secondary School and initially accommodated 600 pupils. From September 2009 the admission number to year 7 had been increased to 140 pupils.

Previously a voluntary aided school (state funded) and affiliated with the Church of England, Diocese of York. The school converted to an academy in May 2013 and was renamed All Saints CofE Academy.

Ingleby Manor Free School & Sixth Form

Ingleby Manor Free School was the latest secondary school and the first sixth form to be built in Ingleby Barwick. The school is located in the south east of Ingleby Barwick. The admission number to year 7 is 120 pupils. The school is under Delta Academies Trust.

Religion
An Anglican Church dedicated to St Francis of Assisi operates services in the town's centre. In November 2007 Stockton on Tees Borough Council approved plans to build St. Therese of Lisieux Catholic parish church next to the primary school of the same name, where services will continue to be held until funds can be obtained for the construction of the new church. In August 2014 the Diocese of Middlesbrough announced that it was soon to start building the church. The St Therese of Lisieux church started on 8 June 2015, completion expected "early 2016". Building work was completed in February 2016 and the first mass was celebrated on Saturday 5 March 2016.

Centre
In 1997 the first Bannatyne health club was built in Ingleby Barwick Centre. There is a supermarket in the centre with Tesco being the current operator since 2004, previously being operated by Safeway.

Romano Park is located on land behind Tesco and All Saints Academy. The building of a play area for children under 14 years had started in January 2009 and opened thereafter opened soon after. The park also has a multi-use sport ground. In February 2022 a consultation was held regarding the redevelopment of the park.

Ingleby Barwick has a Leisure Centre called IB Leisure. This is located next to All Saints Academy and opened in August 2020. It includes a 25-metre swimming pool, gym and library.

Other
Sandgate Park shopping parade is located in The Rings; the parade includes a convenience shop, DIY shop and food establishments. Ingleby Barwick Community Hall, a green and play park located a short distance away from the parade.

Beckfields contains a number of amenities including a shopping parade, bistro, public house, village green and Ingleby Barwick Community Centre.

Lowfields shopping parade includes a shopping parade, post office, doctors surgery, dentist, public house, primary school and village green.

Notable current/former residents

 * Ben Houchen, first and current Tees Valley Mayor, was brought up in Ingleby.
 * Juninho Paulista, lived in Ingleby Barwick during his time at Middlesbrough FC.
 * Katherine Copeland, a rower who won a gold medal at London 2012 Olympic Games. A gold-painted Royal Mail Postbox honours the medal win, located at the end of Apsley Way in the town's north-west.
 * Nathan Thomas (footballer), born in Ingleby Barwick.
 * Nathan Wood, born in Ingleby and is a footballer for Middlesbrough FC.

title: Ingleby Barwick


text:
Progress Party

Progress Party or Party of Progress may refer to:

Active parties

 * Progress Party (Denmark)
 * Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea
 * Gabonese Progress Party
 * Progress Party (Grenada)
 * Progress Party (Iraq)
 * Progress Party (Jersey)
 * Progress Party (Norway)
 * Progress Party (Russia)
 * Alsatian Progress Party
 * Saskatchewan Progress Party
 * Party of Progress (Germany)
 * Party of Progressive Conservatives (Tunisia)
 * Party of Progress and Socialism (Morocco)

Former parties

 * Australian Capital Territory Progress and Welfare Council
 * Progress Party (Australia)
 * Christian People's Party (Faroe Islands)
 * German Progress Party
 * Progress Party (Ghana)
 * Progress Party (Iran)
 * Progress Party (Norway, 1957)
 * Progress Party (Sweden)
 * Progress Party (Thailand, 1983)

title: Progress Party


text:
Nayim

Mohamed Alí Amar (born 5 November 1966), known as Nayim, is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.

He scored a last-minute goal for Real Zaragoza in the 1995 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final against Arsenal, with a 45-yard lob in the final minute of extra time. Over eight seasons in La Liga, he appeared in 130 matches and scored five goals.

Having started his professional career with Barcelona, Nayim also represented Tottenham for five years.

Barcelona and Tottenham
At the age of 12, Nayim left his hometown of Ceuta and joined FC Barcelona's youth academy La Masia. He broke into the first team under Terry Venables, but had very few opportunities due to 18 months of injuries. The same manager took him to Tottenham Hotspur in November 1988 originally on loan, making him the first Spaniard to play in English football since the Basque child refugee Emilio Aldecoa in 1947. Having initially spent several weeks waiting for a work permit, he signed the following year for £400,000 as part of the deal that took Gary Lineker in the same direction; his first goal for the club came in a 2–0 away win against Southampton, and he also found the net in Spurs' 3–0 home victory over West Ham United.

On 25 October 1989, Nayim scored a free kick in a 3–0 win away to Manchester United, which put pressure on their manager Alex Ferguson. He made a total of 23 appearances in 1989–90, helping Tottenham to a third-place finish. The League Cup offered him his first experience of English cup competition, playing four games en route to the quarter-finals and scoring three times.

The following season proved to be Nayim's most successful in English football. Although the team finished tenth, he appeared in 33 league matches and netted five times; his path to a Wembley final was again halted at the League Cup semi-final but, in the FA Cup, they overcame Nottingham Forest 2–1 in the final, with the player replacing injured Paul Gascoigne early in the game and setting up both goals to bring success to White Hart Lane. In a pre-match interview, he was praised by Bill Nicholson, Tottenham's double-winning manager of 1961.

Nayim took part in 31 league games in 1991–92, adding six in the League Cup campaign, including both legs of the semi-final loss to Nottingham Forest. The following season, he won the Goal of the Month competition for October with a volley against Liverpool; he added a hat-trick in the FA Cup quarter-final at Manchester City, helping his team to a 4–2 win. Spain national team manager Javier Clemente made a rare foreign trip to monitor him, but he never earned a cap.

During his time in England, Nayim was accused by the press of diving; a feign against Oxford United earned a rebuke from the usually reserved television commentator Trevor Brooking. He was dissuaded from continuing to simulate by Venables, who told him that the practice was reviled in England.

Zaragoza
In May 1993, Nayim signed for Real Zaragoza for £500,000. His most notable moment in football came in the final seconds of extra time in the 1995 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final by lobbing David Seaman from 45 yards to score a last-minute goal and win it 2–1 against Arsenal; nearly two decades later, he told UEFA's website that the strike was premeditated as his experience in England had taught him that the Gunners played a high defensive line.

Later years
Nayim retired in 2000, after a stint with Spanish Segunda División side CD Logroñés. He took up coaching afterwards, managing Atlético Ceuta and serving as assistant to AD Ceuta; in late 2009, he joined former Zaragoza teammate José Aurelio Gay's coaching staff, being named his assistant manager after Marcelino García Toral's sacking.

Nayim returned to his hometown in May 2016, to become sporting director at AD Ceuta FC.

Personal life
Nayim, a Muslim, was the only player of the Islamic faith to compete in the inaugural Premier League season. The eldest of his three children, Youssef, pursued a football career in the same position.

In 2006, the Aragonese village of Trasmoz named a street 'Gol de Nayim' ('Nayim's Goal').

Honours
Tottenham
 * FA Cup: 1990–91
 * FA Charity Shield: 1991 (shared)

Zaragoza
 * Copa del Rey: 1993–94
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1994–95

Spain U20
 * FIFA World Youth Championship runner-up: 1985

title: Nayim


text:
User:Spleeman/Contributions

New Articles

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 * Naftule Brandwein
 * Confident Kids
 * Andrei Tolstyk

title: User:Spleeman/Contributions


text:
User talk:Lucero~enwiki

Bold textMy name is Branka and i come from Croatia.I have 25 years old.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Lucero~enwiki


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Hollywood Rose

Hollywood Rose was an American glam metal group formed in June 1983. They are best known as the precursor for what would eventually become Guns N' Roses. The group was founded by Axl Rose, Izzy Stradlin and Chris Weber, while they were aided during live shows by Rick Marrs, Andre Troxx, Daniel "DJ" Nicolson, Johnny Kreis and Steve Darrow. Rose, Stradlin and Weber, along with Kreis and Nicolson, recorded a five-song demo on January 1984. However, after a number of lineup changes, which includes Weber, Kreis and Nicolson being replaced by Slash and Steven Adler (both then of Road Crew) as well the departure of Stradlin, the group disbanded the same year.

Hollywood Rose reunited for a New Year's Eve show on 1 January 1985 with Rose, Stradlin, and Darrow returning and adding former L.A. Guns drummer Rob Gardner to the group. L.A. Guns founder Tracii Guns replaced Weber for the reunion gig. In March 1985, they merged with L.A. Guns to become Guns N' Roses.

The five-song demo was released on 22 June 2004 with the title The Roots of Guns N' Roses. A number of Hollywood Rose songs were included on the Guns N' Roses albums Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide (1986), Appetite for Destruction (1987), Live from the Jungle (1987), and G N' R Lies (1988).

Formation (1983)
Prior to forming, guitarist Chris Weber was introduced to Lafayette native Izzy Stradlin in the parking lot of the Rainbow Bar and Grill, by friend Tracii Guns, who was leading the first incarnation of L.A. Guns at this time, after Weber expressed an interest in forming a band.

Soon afterwards, Weber and Stradlin started writing material and, at the suggestion of Stradlin, recruited his childhood friend, former Rapidfire and L.A. Guns singer Axl Rose, then known as Bill Rose. At the suggestion of Rose, the group called themselves AXL, with Rose adopting Axl as his first name. They played their first gig at The Orphanage in North Hollywood and played a few more shows before changing their name to Rose. The group soon changed their name, for the final time, to Hollywood Rose when Weber discovered that the name Rose was already being used by a New York band.

During the group's live shows, they were aided by bassists Rick Marrs, Andre Troxx, Daniel "DJ" Nicolson and Steve Darrow, along with drummer Johnny Kreis, who remained the only consistent member of the group outside of Rose, Stradlin and Weber.

Lineup changes, Guns N' Roses (1984–1985)
After borrowing money from Weber's father, the group recorded a five-song demo in Hollywood in 1984.

After playing a number of shows, they appeared at the Music Machine in 1984. During the show, Weber accidentally hit Rose with the headstock of his guitar. Rose stormed off and eventually fired Weber from the band, with former Road Crew guitarist Slash joining the group. Unhappy at the firing of Weber, Stradlin left the group when Slash first came to rehearse, going on to join London. Slash's Road Crew bandmate Steven Adler also replaced drummer Kreis during this time. The group continued to play more shows before eventually disbanding, playing their final show at The Troubadour in 1984. Rose went on to front L.A. Guns, while Slash auditioned for Poison at the suggestion of former guitarist Matt Smith.

The group reunited for a New Years celebration show on 1 January 1985, with Rose, Stradlin and Darrow returning along while L.A. Guns drummer Rob Gardner also joined the group. Weber, who left to move to New York City, was replaced by Tracii Guns for the gig.

Hollywood Rose then merged with L.A. Guns in March 1985, forming Guns N' Roses. The initial lineup consisted of Axl Rose, Tracii Guns, Izzy Stradlin, Ole Beich and Rob Gardner.

Beich, Guns and Gardner were all gone from the band within two months and replaced by Duff McKagan, Slash, and Steven Adler. The lineup of Rose, Stradlin, McKagan, Slash and Adler became known as the "classic lineup" of Guns N' Roses.

A number of Hollywood Rose songs would be included on releases by Guns N' Roses, including "Anything Goes" (from Appetite for Destruction), "Reckless Life" and "Move to the City" (both from Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide and G N' R Lies) as well as "Shadow of Your Love" (from Live from the Jungle).

In 1998, former guitarist Weber sued Axl Rose, claiming that he co-wrote two songs he was not credited for, "Shadow of Your Love" and "Back Off Bitch" (from Use Your Illusion I).

Re-formation (1989–1990)
In 1989, Weber re-formed Hollywood Rose with new vocalist Jimmy Swan and they were signed to Summa Music Group. A full-length album was recorded, but went unreleased. One track from the album, "Sweet Little Angel", was subsequently released on the soundtrack to the 1990 film Miami Blues.

A second studio track, "Come A Little Closer", with Jimmy Swan on vocals, can be heard on the four-disc box set Rock 'n' Roll Rebels & the Sunset Strip, Vol. 1.

The Roots of Guns N' Roses (2004)
In 2004, Weber, who had formed U.P.O. since leaving the band, sold the five-song demo the group recorded in 1984 to Cleopatra Records.

They released the album, which included, along with the original recordings, remixes by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Gilby Clarke (which featured addition guitar overdubs by Tracii Guns) and former London and Cinderella drummer Fred Coury (who had filled in for Guns N' Roses drummer Steven Adler for a few shows) on June 22 with the title The Roots of Guns N' Roses. The Japanese edition of the album included a DVD with footage of the group.

On 21 June 2004, Axl Rose sought an injunction against the release of the album, suing Cleopatra Records for trademark infringement, violation of rights in his name and likeness, and unfair competition.

Slash and former Guns N' Roses bassist Duff McKagan were also named as plaintiffs with Rose. However, on July 6, United States district court Judge Gary A. Fees denied the motion of Rose and his Guns N' Roses partnership for a preliminary injunction against the independent record label.

In 2012, Cleopatra Records re-released a CD entitled Dopesnake by a similarly named Guns N' Roses tribute act named Hollywood Roses (plural), which had been originally put out in 2007 by another label. There were no songs by either Guns N' Roses or Hollywood Rose on the album, but it did feature guest performances by Phil Lewis of L.A. Guns as well as Guns N' Roses veterans Tracii Guns, Gilby Clarke, Chris Weber and Teddy Zig Zag.

Final lineup

 * Jimmy Swan – lead vocals (1989–1990)
 * Chris Weber – lead guitar (1983–1984, 1989–1990)
 * Matt Beal – rhythm guitar (1989–1990)
 * Donny Brook – bass guitar (1989–1990)
 * "Captain" – drums (1989–1990)

Past members

 * Axl Rose – lead vocals (1983–1984, 1985)
 * Izzy Stradlin – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1983–1984, 1985)
 * Johnny Kreis – drums (1983–1984)
 * Rick Marrs – bass guitar (1983)
 * Andre Troxx – bass guitar (1983)
 * Daniel "DJ" Nicolson – bass guitar (1984)
 * Steve Darrow – bass guitar (1984, 1985)
 * Slash – lead and rhythm guitar (1984)
 * Steven Adler – drums, backing vocals (1984)
 * Tracii Guns – lead guitar, backing vocals (1985)
 * Rob Gardner – drums, backing vocals (1985)

Compilation albums

 * The Roots of Guns N' Roses (2004)

title: Hollywood Rose


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Sweet November (2001 film)

Sweet November is a 2001 American romantic drama film based in San Francisco directed by Pat O'Connor and starring Keanu Reeves and Charlize Theron. The film is loosely based on the 1968 film Sweet November written by Herman Raucher, which starred Anthony Newley and Sandy Dennis; with some differences in plot. The film reunites Reeves and Theron, who starred in Devil’s Advocate.

Sweet November was released on February 16, 2001, and was panned by critics, who called it "schmaltzy and manipulative", while the plot and the lack of chemistry between Reeves and Theron were also criticized. The film was also a box office disappointment, grossing only $65.8 million worldwide against a budget of $40 million.

Plot
Nelson Moss is a workaholic advertising executive who meets Sara Deever, a woman very different from anyone he has met before. His attempt to get an answer from her on his driving test leads to her failing due to cheating.

Sara beguiles Nelson and continually asks him to spend a month with her on the promise that she will change his life for the better. On the first night of November, after he is fired and dumped on the same day, she sleeps with him, and the next day Chaz, a close friend of Sara's, arrives and refers to Nelson as Sara's "November".

Throughout November, the two experience happy times together and fall in love. Nelson examines his life and past, and befriends a 10-year-old fatherless child named Abner. Eventually, he realizes he is in love with Sara and asks her to marry him. It is revealed that Sara has terminal cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Because she cannot bear to have Nelson experience her death, she asks him to leave. Sara tells Chaz that Nelson proposed. When he says that it wasn't the first time that a man had proposed, implying Sara has had numerous "months" before. Sara confirms this but claims it was the first time she had wanted to say yes.

Sara decides she will not continue the relationship to protect Nelson from being hurt. He complies, but then stages a surprise return during the Thanksgiving holiday, giving her gifts that remind her of their happy times.

They stay together for one more day; he posts November calendars all over her apartment walls, saying it can always be November for them. They make love, but the next morning, Nelson finds Sara is dressed. She asks him to leave, and he sees she has taken down the calendars.

Sara runs out of her apartment with Nelson chasing her in the street until finally she stops along a foot bridge to the park entrance. There, she asks him to let her go so that he will always have happy memories of her, and explains that this is how she needs to be remembered. Sara will return home to her family (whom she had been avoiding) and face her last days.

Sara then blindfolds Nelson, leads him into the park, and gives him a last kiss. He takes off the blindfold and sees that he is alone in the park where they went on one of their first dates. His eyes fill with tears.

Box office
The film opened at number 4 at the North American box office making $11,015,226 in its opening weekend behind Recess: School's Out, Down to Earth and Hannibal. It ultimately grossed only $25.3 million domestically with an additional $40.5 million overseas to a total of $65.8 million worldwide.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 15% based on 99 reviews, with an average rating of 3.6/10. The website's critics consensus states: "Schmaltzy and manipulative, Sweet November suffers from an implausible plot and non-existent chemistry between its leads." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 27 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Todd McCarthy of Variety called it: "A contrived but entirely workable premise is given a well-tooled treatment in Sweet November, a femme-slanted doomed romance with a heavily calculated feel to it." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 1 out of 4, and wrote: "Passes off pathological behavior as romantic bliss. It's about two sick and twisted people playing mind games and calling it love." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone warned: "Beware all male viewers who enter here, you are in chick-movie hell."

The film was nominated for three Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Remake or Sequel, Worst Actor (Keanu Reeves), and Worst Actress (Charlize Theron). It is listed on Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of the 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.

title: Sweet November (2001 film)


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Category:Science fiction awards

 * See also Category:Fantasy awards

title: Category:Science fiction awards


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User:Workster

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Workster/Sandbox

title: User:Workster


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Emission theory (relativity)

Emission theory, also called emitter theory or ballistic theory of light, was a competing theory for the special theory of relativity, explaining the results of the Michelson–Morley experiment of 1887. Emission theories obey the principle of relativity by having no preferred frame for light transmission, but say that light is emitted at speed "c" relative to its source instead of applying the invariance postulate. Thus, emitter theory combines electrodynamics and mechanics with a simple Newtonian theory. Although there are still proponents of this theory outside the scientific mainstream, this theory is considered to be conclusively discredited by most scientists.

History
The name most often associated with emission theory is Isaac Newton. In his corpuscular theory Newton visualized light "corpuscles" being thrown off from hot bodies at a nominal speed of c with respect to the emitting object, and obeying the usual laws of Newtonian mechanics, and we then expect light to be moving towards us with a speed that is offset by the speed of the distant emitter (c ± v).

In the 20th century, special relativity was created by Albert Einstein to solve the apparent conflict between electrodynamics and the principle of relativity. The theory's geometrical simplicity was persuasive, and the majority of scientists accepted relativity by 1911. However, a few scientists rejected the second basic postulate of relativity: the constancy of the speed of light in all inertial frames. So different types of emission theories were proposed where the speed of light depends on the velocity of the source, and the Galilean transformation is used instead of the Lorentz transformation. All of them can explain the negative outcome of the Michelson–Morley experiment, since the speed of light is constant with respect to the interferometer in all frames of reference. Some of those theories were:

 * Light retains throughout its whole path the component of velocity which it obtained from its original moving source, and after reflection light spreads out in spherical form around a center which moves with the same velocity as the original source. (Proposed by Walter Ritz in 1908). This model was considered to be the most complete emission theory. (Actually, Ritz was modeling Maxwell–Lorentz electrodynamics. In a later paper Ritz said that the emission particles in his theory should suffer interactions with charges along their path and thus waves (produced by them) would not retain their original emission velocities indefinitely.)
 * The excited portion of a reflecting mirror acts as a new source of light and the reflected light has the same velocity c with respect to the mirror as has original light with respect to its source. (Proposed by Richard Chase Tolman in 1910, although he was a supporter of special relativity).
 * Light reflected from a mirror acquires a component of velocity equal to the velocity of the mirror image of the original source (Proposed by Oscar M. Stewart in 1911).
 * A modification of the Ritz–Tolman theory was introduced by J. G. Fox (1965). He argued that the extinction theorem (i.e., the regeneration of light within the traversed medium) must be considered. In air, the extinction distance would be only 0.2 cm, that is, after traversing this distance the speed of light would be constant with respect to the medium, not to the initial light source. (Fox himself was, however, a supporter of special relativity.)

Albert Einstein is supposed to have worked on his own emission theory before abandoning it in favor of his special theory of relativity. Many years later R.S. Shankland reports Einstein as saying that Ritz's theory had been "very bad" in places and that he himself had eventually discarded emission theory because he could think of no form of differential equations that described it, since it leads to the waves of light becoming "all mixed up".

Refutations of emission theory
The following scheme was introduced by de Sitter to test emission theories:
 * $$c'=c\pm kv\,$$

where c is the speed of light, v that of the source, c'  the resultant speed of light, and k a constant denoting the extent of source dependence which can attain values between 0 and 1. According to special relativity and the stationary aether, k=0, while emission theories allow values up to 1. Numerous terrestrial experiments have been performed, over very short distances, where no "light dragging" or extinction effects could come into play, and again the results confirm that light speed is independent of the speed of the source, conclusively ruling out emission theories.

Astronomical sources
In 1910 Daniel Frost Comstock and in 1913 Willem de Sitter wrote that for the case of a double-star system seen edge-on, light from the approaching star might be expected to travel faster than light from its receding companion, and overtake it. If the distance was great enough for an approaching star's "fast" signal to catch up with and overtake the "slow" light that it had emitted earlier when it was receding, then the image of the star system should appear completely scrambled. De Sitter argued that none of the star systems he had studied showed the extreme optical effect behavior, and this was considered the death knell for Ritzian theory and emission theory in general, with $$k < 2\times10^{-3}$$.

The effect of extinction on de Sitter's experiment has been considered in detail by Fox, and it arguably undermines the cogency of de Sitter type evidence based on binary stars. However, similar observations have been made more recently in the x-ray spectrum by Brecher (1977), which have a long enough extinction distance that it should not affect the results. The observations confirm that the speed of light is independent of the speed of the source, with $$k < 2\times10^{-9}$$.

Hans Thirring argued in 1924, that an atom which is accelerated during the emission process by thermal collisions in the sun, is emitting light rays having different velocities at their start- and endpoints. So one end of the light ray would overtake the preceding parts, and consequently the distance between the ends would be elongated up to 500 km until they reach Earth, so that the mere existence of sharp spectral lines in the sun's radiation, disproves the ballistic model.

Terrestrial sources
Such experiments include that of Sadeh (1963) who used a time-of-flight technique to measure velocity differences of photons traveling in opposite direction, which were produced by positron annihilation. Another experiment was conducted by Alväger et al. (1963), who compared the time of flight of gamma rays from moving and resting sources. Both experiments found no difference, in accordance with relativity.

Filippas and Fox (1964) did not consider Sadeh (1963) and Alväger (1963) to have sufficiently controlled for the effects of extinction. So they conducted an experiment using a setup specifically designed to account for extinction. Data collected from various detector-target distances were consistent with there being no dependence of the speed of light on the velocity of the source, and were inconsistent with modeled behavior assuming c ± v both with and without extinction.

Continuing their previous investigations, Alväger et al. (1964) observed π0-mesons which decay into photons at 99.9% light speed. The experiment showed that the photons didn't attain the velocity of their sources and still traveled at the speed of light, with $$k =(-3\pm13)\times10^{-5}$$. The investigation of the media which were crossed by the photons showed that the extinction shift was not sufficient to distort the result significantly.

Also measurements of neutrino speed have been conducted. Mesons travelling nearly at light speed were used as sources. Since neutrinos only participate in the electroweak interaction, extinction plays no role. Terrestrial measurements provided upper limits of $$k\leq10^{-6}$$.

Interferometry
The Sagnac effect demonstrates that one beam on a rotating platform covers less distance than the other beam, which creates the shift in the interference pattern. Georges Sagnac's original experiment has been shown to suffer extinction effects, but since then, the Sagnac effect has also been shown to occur in vacuum, where extinction plays no role.

The predictions of Ritz's version of emission theory were consistent with almost all terrestrial interferometric tests save those involving the propagation of light in moving media, and Ritz did not consider the difficulties presented by tests such as the Fizeau experiment to be insurmountable. Tolman, however, noted that a Michelson–Morley experiment using an extraterrestrial light source could provide a decisive test of the Ritz hypothesis. In 1924, Rudolf Tomaschek performed a modified Michelson–Morley experiment using starlight, while Dayton Miller used sunlight. Both experiments were inconsistent with the Ritz hypothesis.

Babcock and Bergman (1964) placed rotating glass plates between the mirrors of a common-path interferometer set up in a static Sagnac configuration. If the glass plates behave as new sources of light so that the total speed of light emerging from their surfaces is c + v, a shift in the interference pattern would be expected. However, there was no such effect which again confirms special relativity, and which again demonstrates the source independence of light speed. This experiment was executed in vacuum, thus extinction effects should play no role.

Albert Abraham Michelson (1913) and Quirino Majorana (1918/9) conducted interferometer experiments with resting sources and moving mirrors (and vice versa), and showed that there is no source dependence of light speed in air. Michelson's arrangement was designed to distinguish between three possible interactions of moving mirrors with light: (1) "the light corpuscles are reflected as projectiles from an elastic wall", (2) "the mirror surface acts as a new source", (3) "the velocity of light is independent of the velocity of the source". His results were consistent with source independence of light speed. Majorana analyzed the light from moving sources and mirrors using an unequal arm Michelson interferometer that was extremely sensitive to wavelength changes. Emission theory asserts that Doppler shifting of light from a moving source represents a frequency shift with no shift in wavelength. Instead, Majorana detected wavelength changes inconsistent with emission theory.

Beckmann and Mandics (1965) repeated the Michelson (1913) and Majorana (1918) moving mirror experiments in high vacuum, finding k to be less than 0.09. Although the vacuum employed was insufficient to definitively rule out extinction as the reason for their negative results, it was sufficient to make extinction highly unlikely. Light from the moving mirror passed through a Lloyd interferometer, part of the beam traveling a direct path to the photographic film, part reflecting off the Lloyd mirror. The experiment compared the speed of light hypothetically traveling at c + v from the moving mirrors, versus reflected light hypothetically traveling at c from the Lloyd mirror.

Other refutations
Emission theories use the Galilean transformation, according to which time coordinates are invariant when changing frames ("absolute time"). Thus the Ives–Stilwell experiment, which confirms relativistic time dilation, also refutes the emission theory of light. As shown by Howard Percy Robertson, the complete Lorentz transformation can be derived, when the Ives–Stillwell experiment is considered together with the Michelson–Morley experiment and the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment.

Furthermore, quantum electrodynamics places the propagation of light in an entirely different, but still relativistic, context, which is completely incompatible with any theory that postulates a speed of light that is affected by the speed of the source.

title: Emission theory (relativity)


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Outlet

Outlet may refer to:

 * Outlet, a river that runs out of a lake
 * Electrical outlet
 * Outlet store or outlet mall
 * Pelvic outlet
 * News outlet, news media

Other

 * Outlet (Antigua newspaper)
 * "Outlet" (song), by the American rapper Designer
 * Outlet, Ontario, a community in Canada
 * The Outlet Company, a defunct retail and broadcasting company

title: Outlet


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User:Jadogar

I have created the following articles:

•	Phajje ke Paye •

title: User:Jadogar


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Todd–Coxeter algorithm

In group theory, the Todd–Coxeter algorithm, created by J. A. Todd and H. S. M. Coxeter in 1936, is an algorithm for solving the coset enumeration problem. Given a presentation of a group G by generators and relations and a subgroup H of G, the algorithm enumerates the cosets of H on G and describes the permutation representation of G on the space of the cosets (given by the left multiplication action). If the order of a group G is relatively small and the subgroup H is known to be uncomplicated (for example, a cyclic group), then the algorithm can be carried out by hand and gives a reasonable description of the group G. Using their algorithm, Coxeter and Todd showed that certain systems of relations between generators of known groups are complete, i.e. constitute systems of defining relations.

The Todd–Coxeter algorithm can be applied to infinite groups and is known to terminate in a finite number of steps, provided that the index of H in G is finite. On the other hand, for a general pair consisting of a group presentation and a subgroup, its running time is not bounded by any computable function of the index of the subgroup and the size of the input data.

Description of the algorithm
One implementation of the algorithm proceeds as follows. Suppose that $$ G = \langle X \mid R \rangle $$, where $$ X $$ is a set of generators and $$ R $$ is a set of relations and denote by $$ X' $$ the set of generators $$ X $$ and their inverses. Let $$ H = \langle h_1, h_2, \ldots, h_s \rangle $$ where the $$ h_i $$ are words of elements of $$ X' $$. There are three types of tables that will be used: a coset table, a relation table for each relation in $$ R $$, and a subgroup table for each generator $$ h_i $$ of $$ H $$. Information is gradually added to these tables, and once they are filled in, all cosets have been enumerated and the algorithm terminates.

The coset table is used to store the relationships between the known cosets when multiplying by a generator. It has rows representing cosets of $$ H $$ and a column for each element of $$ X' $$. Let $$ C_i $$ denote the coset of the ith row of the coset table, and let $$ g_j \in X' $$ denote generator of the jth column. The entry of the coset table in row i, column j is defined to be (if known) k, where k is such that $$ C_k = C_ig_j $$.

The relation tables are used to detect when some of the cosets we have found are actually equivalent. One relation table for each relation in $$ R $$ is maintained. Let $$ 1 = g_{n_1} g_{n_2} \cdots g_{n_t} $$ be a relation in $$ R $$, where $$ g_{n_i} \in X' $$. The relation table has rows representing the cosets of $$ H $$, as in the coset table. It has t columns, and the entry in the ith row and jth column is defined to be (if known) k, where $$ C_k = C_i g_{n_1} g_{n_2} \cdots g_{n_j} $$. In particular, the $$(i,t)$$'th entry is initially i, since $$ g_{n_1} g_{n_2} \cdots g_{n_t} = 1$$.

Finally, the subgroup tables are similar to the relation tables, except that they keep track of possible relations of the generators of $$ H $$. For each generator $$ h_n = g_{n_1} g_{n_2} \cdots g_{n_t} $$ of $$ H $$, with $$ g_{n_i} \in X' $$, we create a subgroup table. It has only one row, corresponding to the coset of $$ H $$ itself. It has t columns, and the entry in the jth column is defined (if known) to be k, where $$ C_k = H g_{n_1} g_{n_2} \cdots g_{n_j} $$.

When a row of a relation or subgroup table is completed, a new piece of information $$ C_i = C_j g $$, $$ g \in X' $$, is found. This is known as a deduction. From the deduction, we may be able to fill in additional entries of the relation and subgroup tables, resulting in possible additional deductions. We can fill in the entries of the coset table corresponding to the equations $$ C_i = C_j g $$ and $$ C_j = C_i g^{-1} $$.

However, when filling in the coset table, it is possible that we may already have an entry for the equation, but the entry has a different value. In this case, we have discovered that two of our cosets are actually the same, known as a coincidence. Suppose $$ C_i = C_j $$, with $$ i < j $$. We replace all instances of j in the tables with i. Then, we fill in all possible entries of the tables, possibly leading to more deductions and coincidences.

If there are empty entries in the table after all deductions and coincidences have been taken care of, add a new coset to the tables and repeat the process. We make sure that when adding cosets, if Hx is a known coset, then Hxg will be added at some point for all $$ g \in X' $$. (This is needed to guarantee that the algorithm will terminate provided $$ |G : H| $$ is finite.)

When all the tables are filled, the algorithm terminates. We then have all needed information on the action of $$ G $$ on the cosets of $$ H $$.

title: Todd–Coxeter algorithm


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Telenor Denmark

Telenor Denmark is one of the 4 major Danish mobile telephone operators with a customer base in excess of 1.4 million customers. Since 12 February 2004, it has been a subsidiary of the Norwegian mobile telephone company Telenor ASA. Before 15 June 2009, it was known as Sonofon. Sonofon and Cybercity merged in 2006 to form an alliance. On 15 June 2009, the two brands merged and renamed to Telenor. Since December 2014, Telenor has partnered with Swedish operator Telia to deliver a joint mobile network across Denmark.

Sonofon
Sonofon was founded as a company in 1991 as a joint venture between GN Store Nord and BellSouth Corporation. On 9 September that year, Sonofon was awarded the license to operate Denmark's first GSM 900 mobile network (while the second GSM license was later awarded to Tele Danmark). Sonofon launched its services in September 1992 and saw its mobile base grow rapidly to half a million users by 1996. On 11 January 1998, Sonofon launched Denmark's first prepaid SIM cards, and in 2000 Sonofon launched GPRS on its network.

GN Store Nord sold its 53.1% stake in Sonofon for 13.1 billion DKK on 13 June 2000, and on 10 December 2003, Telenor acquired BellSouth's stake for 3.05 billion DKK.

In 2006, Cybercity initiated a tight cooperation with Sonofon, sharing headquarters on Frederikskaj in Copenhagen (where Sonofon's main administrative sections are housed), and even going as far as using Sonofon-hired and trained consultants within Sonofon's main call centre as a secondary base of customer service operations.

Tele2
In May 2007, Telenor announced the purchase of the Danish operations of the competing ISP Tele2, with the Danish commission of monopoly approving the purchase (later the approval was announced to the press, currently the main press release).

Cybercity
Cybercity was a name of a leading Danish internet service provider owned by Telenor. The company has its own nationwide core network, and serves both consumer and business customers. Cybercity has reported more than 186.000 DSL customers in its report for the first quarter of 2007 (Danish), with more than 380 employees.

title: Telenor Denmark


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Japanese sound symbolism

The Japanese language has a large inventory of sound symbolic or mimetic words, known in linguistics as ideophones. Such words are found in written as well as spoken Japanese. Known popularly as onomatopoeia, these words do not just imitate sounds but also cover a much wider range of meanings; indeed, many sound-symbolic words in Japanese are for things that make no noise originally, most clearly demonstrated by 'silently', not to be confused with the religion Shintō.

Categories
The sound-symbolic words of Japanese can be classified into four main categories:
 * Animate phonomime (擬声語)
 * words that mimic sounds made by living things, like a dog's bark (wan-wan).

 * Inanimate phonomime (擬音語)
 * words that mimic sounds made by inanimate objects, like wind blowing or rain falling (zā-zā).

 * Phenomime (擬態語)
 * words that depict states, conditions, or manners of the external world (non-auditory senses), such as "damp" or "stealthily".

 * Psychomime (擬情語)
 * words that depict psychological states or bodily feelings.

These divisions are not always drawn: sound-symbolism may be referred to generally as onomatopoeia (though strictly this refers to imitative sounds, phonomimes); phonomimes may not be distinguished as animate/inanimate, both being referred to as giseigo; and both phenomimes and psychomimes may be referred to as gitaigo.

In Japanese grammar, sound-symbolic words primarily function as adverbs, though they can also function as verbs (verbal adverbs) with the auxiliary verb suru (する), often in the continuous/progressive form shiteiru (している), and as adjectives (participle) with the perfective form of this verb shita (した). Just like ideophones in many other languages, they are often introduced by a quotative complementizer to (と). Most sound symbolic words can be applied to only a handful of verbs or adjectives. In the examples below, the classified verb or adjective is placed in square brackets.

* Unlike the other examples, doki doki is an onomatopoeic word and mimics the sound of two heartbeats.

Other types
In their Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui point out several other types of sound symbolism in Japanese, that relate phonemes and psychological states. For example, the nasal sound gives a more personal and speaker-oriented impression than the velars  and ; this contrast can be easily noticed in pairs of synonyms such as node (ので) and kara (から) which both mean because, but with the first being perceived as more subjective. This relationship can be correlated with phenomimes containing nasal and velar sounds: While phenomimes containing nasals give the feeling of tactuality and warmth, those containing velars tend to represent hardness, sharpness, and suddenness.

Similarly, i-type adjectives that contain the fricative in the group shi tend to represent human emotive states, such as in the words kanashii (悲しい), sabishii (寂しい), ureshii (嬉しい), and tanoshii (楽しい). This too is correlated with those phenomimes and psychomimes containing the same fricative sound, for example shitoshito to furu (しとしとと降る) and shun to suru (しゅんとする).

The use of the gemination can create a more emphatic or emotive version of a word, as in the following pairs of words: pitari / pittari (ぴたり / ぴったり), yahari / yappari (やはり / やっぱり), hanashi / ppanashi (放し / っ放し), and many others.

title: Japanese sound symbolism


text:
Carathéodory's theorem

In mathematics, Carathéodory's theorem may refer to one of a number of results of Constantin Carathéodory:

 * Carathéodory's theorem (conformal mapping), about the extension of conformal mappings to the boundary
 * Carathéodory's theorem (convex hull), about the convex hulls of sets in Euclidean space
 * Carathéodory's existence theorem, about the existence of solutions to ordinary differential equations
 * Carathéodory's extension theorem, about the extension of a measure
 * Carathéodory–Jacobi–Lie theorem, a generalization of Darboux's theorem in symplectic topology
 * Carathéodory's criterion, a necessary and sufficient condition for a measurable set
 * Carathéodory kernel theorem, a geometric criterion for local uniform convergence of univalent functions
 * Borel–Carathéodory theorem, about the boundedness of a complex analytic function
 * Vitali–Carathéodory theorem, a result in real analysis

title: Carathéodory's theorem


text:
List of national parks of Finland

There are 41 national parks in Finland. They are all managed by the Metsähallitus. The national parks cover a total area of 9892 km2 – 2.7% of Finland's total land area.

A total of 3.2 million people visited the parks in 2018. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of national park visitors strongly increased, with a total of 8.5 million people visiting the parks in 2021.

title: List of national parks of Finland


text:
Failure (band)

Failure is an American alternative rock band from Los Angeles that was active from 1990 to 1997 and again from 2014 to the present. They have released six full-length albums and five EPs.

1990–1997: Formation, Comfort, Magnified and Fantastic Planet
In 1992, Failure signed with Slash Records (an LA-based independent label whose releases were manufactured and distributed by Warner Bros. in the United States), and went to Minnesota to record their debut album with producer Steve Albini at Pachyderm Studio that summer. Comfort was released in September 1992, and around this same time, they went on their first of several tours with Tool.

The band were unsatisfied with the sound of Comfort and their lack of involvement in the mixing process; they wanted a more flattering, produced sound that went beyond Albini's style of essentially documenting a band's raw live sound. So when the band went back into the studio in 1993, Andrews and Edwards took on the role of producers themselves. Midway through these sessions, Gauss left the band, so Edwards played some drums himself, until a replacement was found in Kellii Scott. Their second album, Magnified, was released in March 1994; a promotional video (the band's first) was made for the single "Undone", but it received little airtime, if any, on any of the traditional music video outlets. Critics took note of the sonic and musical advances achieved on Magnified, and other more well-known musicians also began singing Failure's praises. That year, they again went on tour with Tool, and during Failure's set each night, Tool guitarist Adam Jones joined them onstage to play rhythm guitar on the Comfort track "Macaque".

Anxious to build on the momentum afforded to them by the relative success of Magnified, Andrews, Edwards, and Scott began recording again in 1995, this time in a rented home owned by Lita Ford in the hills just outside LA. With the band again producing themselves, and Andrews handling the lion's share of the engineering himself, the situation allowed the band to take far more time in recording than they ever had before, and follow their instincts as far as they chose without outside interference. As the recordings neared completion, they received word that their label's distribution deal with Warner had expired and would not be renewed. Since Failure was essentially sidelined while the owners of Slash were trying to negotiate a new distribution deal, the band members kept themselves busy with outside projects: Andrews and Edwards (and friends) recorded an album of covers under the name Replicants; Andrews produced albums for Blinker the Star and Molly McGuire (the Kansas City-based rock band, not the LA-based singer-songwriter); Scott did some session work. Meanwhile, the band continued to "unofficially" shop the record to other labels and industry personnel, while hoping that Warner would step up and release the album. In the spring of 1996, Warner did exactly that, agreeing to keep the Slash imprint one last time for Failure, and Fantastic Planet was released that August. Guitarist Troy Van Leeuwen, a friend and former bandmate of Scott's, joined Failure around the time of the album's release. The album's first single, "Stuck on You" became a minor alternative-radio hit and achieved light to medium rotation on MTV, but failed to chart significantly. The song peaked at No. 31 on the U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and No. 23 on the Modern Rock chart. Other songs, such as "Saturday Saviour" and "Pitiful", received some airplay from more adventurous-minded DJs, but no more videos were made for any of the album's tracks, and due to the state of disarray at their label at that time, little effort was put into its promotion.

In 1997, the band were asked by friends in the industrial rock band God Lives Underwater to contribute a track for a Depeche Mode tribute album that they were assembling; Failure chose to cover the 1990 hit "Enjoy the Silence", a worldwide smash and Depeche Mode's best-selling and most well-known single. The members of Depeche Mode were reportedly very pleased with the album, and with the Failure track particularly; Andrew Fletcher said that he actually prefers their cover over his band's original version. That summer, Failure also joined the Lollapalooza tour, during what became the last of that tour's travelling years. Originally booked to headline the side stage, Failure was promoted to also perform on the main stage to fill the void created when Korn dropped out; Failure played both an early afternoon set on the main stage and a longer headlining set in the evening on the side stage for the remainder of the tour.

On November 19, 1997, Failure officially announced that they had disbanded, citing personal differences.

1997–2013: Post-breakup work
Ken Andrews has gone on to become a well-known producer, engineer, and mixer, and has been involved in several different music projects. ON (1999–2002) was more or less a solo project, and was not unlike Failure, in terms of songwriting, but the overall sound was more based on electronics, with less emphasis on guitars and the typical heavy rock sound. Year of the Rabbit (2002–2004) saw Andrews' return to the four-piece rock band format, alongside ON's touring drummer, Tim Dow, and former members of National Skyline and Cupcakes; the harder-rocking sound of YotR is much closer to that of Failure, but the band lost momentum and eventually went on indefinite hiatus after their label, Elektra Records, was ostensibly shut down by in the wake of its merger with Atlantic Records. Throughout all of this, Andrews has become increasingly sought-after for his production and mixing skills, and his résumé has expanded to include work on albums by Pete Yorn, Paramore, Candlebox, Tenacious D, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, and Mae, among many others. Also notable is his participation in the production of "You Know My Name", the theme for the 2006 James Bond movie Casino Royale, performed by then-former Soundgarden/Audioslave frontman Chris Cornell. Currently, Andrews is performing as a solo artist, as well as collaborating in a self-described "digital band" called Los Angeles Digital Noise Academy, whose loose membership also includes Brad Laner (Medicine), Sharky Laguana (Creeper Lagoon), Charlotte Martin (whom Andrews married in 2005), Jordon Zadorozny (Blinker the Star) and others. He released his first solo album, Secrets of the Lost Satellite, in 2007. He has also started a label, Dinosaur Fight Records, which has released his solo album and Martin's, and has announced their intention to release the forthcoming LADNA album, as well.

Greg Edwards collaborated with fellow musicians Chris Pitman, Brad Laner, and Paul D'Amour in the psychedelic pop outfit Lusk, releasing the album Free Mars in 1997. In 2000, Edwards formed the band Autolux in with vocalist/bassist Eugene Goreshter and former Ednaswap drummer Carla Azar. Their self-produced, self-released 2001 EP Demonstration brought them to the attention of legendary producer T Bone Burnett, who used his vanity label DMZ to secure them a contract with Sony BMG Music Entertainment and produced their debut album, Future Perfect, which was released in October 2004 to general critical praise. They were hand-picked by Trent Reznor to open for Nine Inch Nails' North American arena tour in the autumn of 2005, playing bottom of the bill before Queens of the Stone Age. In 2006, they collaborated on a few tracks with the British musical outfit Unkle, for Unkle's 2007 release, War Stories. After various delays, Autolux released their second album, Transit Transit, in 2010.

Kellii Scott joined Blinker the Star after Failure's breakup, and then joined Campfire Girls for their 2003 album, Tell Them Hi. Scott also played on a track titled 'Best Friend' by Size 14 bassist Robt Ptak on his solo project Artificial Joy, Ptak put this on his own personal reverbnation page in 2013. As of 2005, he was playing drums for both Veruca Salt and Enemy. In 2008, his most recent band The Brontosaur released their self-titled album. From 2008 to 2012 Kellii could be heard playing on all Linda Perry's recording sessions, most notably Christina Aguilera's song "You Lift Me Up" and Courtney Love's "Letter To God". And in 2013 he worked with the Dr Dre and a 72 piece orchestra at Capitol studios for a song on his upcoming album.

Troy Van Leeuwen first resurfaced in the original lineup of A Perfect Circle, appearing on their debut album, Mer De Noms (2000), and on the subsequent tour. During the sessions for APC's second album, Van Leeuwen was extended an invitation to join Queens of the Stone Age, which he accepted; he does appear on three tracks on the second APC album, Thirteenth Step (2003), but the included cover of Failure's "The Nurse Who Loved Me" is not one of them. He has remained with Queens of the Stone Age since then, first appearing on the tour for their 2002 album, Songs for the Deaf, but not on the album itself. Also, during this time, Van Leeuwen assembled Enemy, a vehicle in which he is the front man and guitarist; their debut album, Hooray for Dark Matter, was released in October 2005. In 2008 Van Leeuwen formed the band Sweethead with vocalist Serrina Sims, who also provided backing vocals on Queens of the Stone Age single Make It wit Chu on the album Era Vulgaris, in 2007. The bands roster was rounded up with Norm Block formerly of Plexi and Troy's former Enemy bandmate Eddie Nappi.

In 2004, although the band had been inactive for many years, Andrews and Edwards got together to collaborate on a CD/DVD set entitled Golden, which collects demos, outtakes, touring footage, both of the band's videos, and other rare material from the band's active period. Another posthumous compilation, a 2-CD set titled Essentials, was assembled for release in 2006; the first disc contains selected tracks from Failure's three studio albums, and the second disc features the first official CD release of all four songs from their two pre-Slash singles, and the complete demos for Magnified. In 2008, a tribute album to Failure was released titled: "A Tribute to Failure: The Nurse Who Loved Me." On June 8, 2010, Fantastic Planet was planned to be released on a 2LP vinyl set for the first time from Warner Bros. Both Magnified and Comfort were released on LP for the first time in the second half of 2011 by ORG Music (Magnified was delayed until late 2013). The 2010 limited LP release of Fantastic Planet were in such high demand, that they were fetching hundreds of dollars online. In 2016 as part of their pledge project for The Heart Is A Monster, the band re-released Fantastic Planet on vinyl once more.

2013–2017: Reunion, Tree of Stars, The Heart is a Monster
Failure announced their reunion in late 2013. With the "classic lineup" of Greg Edwards, Ken Andrews and Kellii Scott, they performed their first show since 1997 at the El Rey Theatre in Los Angeles on February 13, 2014. The members had said they had heard rumors that they were even more beloved now than in 90s, and decided to see if it was true, and the show sold out in less than 5 minutes, which had never happened in the 90s. It was subsequently announced that the band would open for Tool on their upcoming tour.

After the first leg, starting in March and culminating with the "Cinquanta" shows on May 10 and 11 at The Greek Theater in Los Angeles, Failure's separate "Tree of Stars" tour took place during May and June 2014 for 18 performances. A tour exclusive EP entitled Tree of Stars was available during this leg. The EP contains 4 live tracks and their first new song since Fantastic Planet, entitled "Come Crashing". On May 14, Failure released the track on their Bandcamp following with "The Focus" on July 14, 2014. Failure commenced work on their fourth album in late 2014, which was significant as their first album in over eighteen years.

On March 30, Failure announced their fourth studio album The Heart Is a Monster, spanning 18 tracks, which was released on June 30 through INgrooves. This announcement coincided with the release of the new single "Hot Traveler," which the band debuted at SXSW earlier that month. Troy Van Leeuwen was not cited as returning to the band, however, he contributed guitar work on several tracks and would participate in its October 2015 tour.

In 2016 Failure announced an October tour where they would be playing Fantastic Planet in its entirety to celebrate the album's 20 year anniversary. On Thanksgiving 2016, Failure announced they'd be releasing Fantastic Planet live, using tracks recorded during the Fantastic Planet Anniversary tour. On December 8, 2017, Failure's Slash Records albums were acquired by PIAS Recordings, as part of Warner Music Group's divestment of artist catalogues to indie labels.

2018–present: In The Future... EP/LP Releases and Wild Type Droid
On March 14, 2018, Failure announced a series of four EPs, with the first, In The Future, released on March 30. The remaining three will be released throughout 2018 and will eventually culminate in a complete full-length studio album later in the year. The second EP, Your Body Will Be, was released on May 25, 2018, and the third, The Furthest Thing, was released on September 14, 2018. . The finished album, titled In The Future Your Body Will Be The Furthest Thing From Your Mind was released on November 16, 2018, with the completion of the fourth and final EP, From Your Mind. In support of the new album, Failure embarked on a 29 city tour starting March 11, 2019 and ending April 24, 2019. They were joined by Swervedriver as a co-headlining act on the tour.

While Failure had previously financed two projects, the 2015 album The Heart is a Monster and the 2016 live album Fantastic Planet Live, using the crowdfunding website PledgeMusic, the band announced in March 2019 that they were not paid at the end of a similar crowdfunding campaign for In The Future.... The band advised supporters to seek remedies from their credit card companies and PledgeMusic declared bankruptcy in May 2019. Andrews said that, following the PledgeMusic bankruptcy, major label artists were refunded but independent and self-funded musicians were left out.

As of December 2021, Failure moved their digital releases to Bandcamp going forward, including prior albums released with Ingrooves & Slash Records. On February 1, 2022, Failure released a statement that they would be removing their music from Spotify due to policies regarding COVID vaccine misinformation and artist royalties.

On December 16, 2019, Failure announced their vinyl box set Failure 1992–1996, which includes their albums Comfort, Magnified, and Fantastic Planet. The band was to embark on 2020 residency shows in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City in support of its release, however the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the cancellation of all dates.

On July 3, 2020, the band released a re-recorded cover of "Enjoy the Silence", titled "Enjoy the Silence 2020". Failure had originally covered the song in 1998 for the tribute album For the Masses and re-recorded the song due to the album being hard to find, being out of print for several years and not available on streaming sites. Ken Andrews stated that Failure received the blessing of Depeche Mode for the updated cover.

Ken Andrews appeared on a podcast by Shiner's Allen Epley on April 26, 2021, stating that Failure was currently working on music for an upcoming album. The band's sixth studio LP, Wild Type Droid, was released on December 3, 2021. On January 12, 2022, Failure announced a tour to support the new album during June & July 2022. On February 1, 2022, Failure announced they parted ways with Spotify citing artist compensation and disinformation as the two leading causes of the split. Albums under Rhino Records, who purchased the rights to Slash's back catalog, remains on the service.

The concert film We Are Hallucinations featuring performances from the band's Wild Type Droid tour was released to Veeps on December 15, 2022. A blu-ray version was released on July 6, 2023.

Musical style
Musically, the band has been described as alternative rock, art rock, space rock, post-grunge  and alternative metal. However in December 2021, Edwards stated that the band may be leaning away from the space rock themes and iconography in their future work. Failure has cited a number of bands as influences, including the Beatles, Pink Floyd, and the Cure.

Band members
Current members
 * Ken Andrews – vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards (1990–1997, 2014–present)
 * Greg Edwards – bass, guitar, piano, keyboards (1990–1997, 2014–present)
 * Kellii Scott – drums (1993–1997, 2014–present)

Former members
 * Robert Gauss – drums (1990–1993)
 * Troy Van Leeuwen – guitar (1996–1997)

Studio albums

 * Comfort (1992)
 * Magnified (1994)
 * Fantastic Planet (1996)
 * The Heart Is a Monster (2015)
 * In the Future Your Body Will Be the Furthest Thing from Your Mind (2018)
 * Wild Type Droid (2021)

Compilation albums

 * Golden (2004)
 * Essentials (2006)
 * 1992–1996 (2020)

Live albums

 * Fantastic Planet Live (2017)
 * We Are Hallucinations (2023)

Extended plays

 * Tree of Stars (2014)
 * In the Future (2018)
 * Your Body Will Be (2018)
 * The Furthest Thing (2018)
 * From Your Mind (2018)

Concert films

 * We Are Hallucinations (2023)

Singles

 * "Count My Eyes"/"Comfort" (1991)
 * "Pro-Catastrophe"/"Dipped In Anger" (1991)
 * "Empty Friend" [Promo] (1994)
 * "Moth" [Promo] (1994)
 * "Stuck on You" (1996)
 * "Pitiful" [Promo] (1996)
 * "Saturday Savior" [Promo] (1996)
 * "Solaris 2014"/"Shrine" (2014)
 * "The Focus" (2014)
 * "Hot Traveler" (2015)
 * "Mulholland Dr." (2015)
 * "Enjoy the Silence 2020" (2020)
 * "Headstand" (2021)
 * “Submarines” (2021)
 * "Waiting Room" (2022)

Music videos

 * "Undone" (Magnified)
 * "Stuck on You" (Fantastic Planet)
 * "Hot Traveler" (The Heart Is a Monster)
 * "Counterfeit Sky" (The Heart Is a Monster)
 * "Dark Speed" (In the Future Your Body Will Be the Furthest Thing from Your Mind)
 * "Headstand" (Wild Type Droid)

title: Failure (band)


text:
Talk:Tannhäuser

Disambiguate?
I would LOVE to disambiguate Pope Urban, for there are several - just having a very rough idea of when the story was set would inform us. 3, 11, 12, 13, 14 (twice), 16, and 17th century - I doubt it is any of the latter. --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 10:08, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It's the 13th century one, from what I can gather from the corresponding German article and various web sources. That is, Pope Urban IV (have altered article text).

libretto?
The article states that the opera is set in the thirteenth century. If anyone can provide a libretto for the opera, or at least for the Pilgrims' Chorus "Begluckt darf nun dich, O Heimat" I'd be very interested to see it.--64.12.117.12 03:02, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

There are English and German libretti for Tannhäuser at www.rwagner.net (all his other operas too)

why on earth is a reference to SEED in Wiki Tannhauser page? Shouldn't the allusion to Tannhauser from Blade Runner be included too? What about Gunbuster: Aim for the Top?

I think the Gundam SEED *shudder* reference should be removed and put in a DIFFERENT entry. So should any other "Tanhauser" references.

The Japanese anime section needs to be removed, or put elsewhere. It doesn't belong here.--Cuchullain 00:44, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

I agree that the anime references are irrelevant and superfluous; indeed, many wiki entries are beginning to be cluttered with trivial information of this sort. (i.e., Tannhauser in Video Games, Tannhauser in Cookbooks, Tannhauser in Advertising, etc)

Venusburg?
The correct name for the place where Tannhäuser lived with Venus (worshipping her in a really down to Earth manner, until he got bored and decided to go back to the real world and unsuccessfully try to obtain pardon from a merciless Pope) is the Venusberg (German for the Mountain of Venus).

historical side
i have one of my dad's dad's world books and it says that tannhauser was a historical figure. somebody please put history down.

David Peoples did not write the "Tannhauser Gate" speech in Blade Runner
*** Arguments for and against. ***

Rutger Hauer actually wrote the "Tannhauser Gate" speech in Blade Runner. This is confirmed by screenwriter David Peoples, director Ridley Scott, and Hauer himself in the BBC Channel 4 documentary "On the Edge of Blade Runner" (the relevant segment is viewable here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjAcWD_DLCo&eurl=). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.120.254.211 (talk) 17:59, 28 April 2007 (UTC).

Counter argument to "David Peoples did not write the Tannhauser gate speech in Blade Runner.

The YouTube clip suggests that this contributor is correct, however, the wording is ambiguous, not saying exactly which lines are by Peoples and which were improvised by Hauer.

The book "Future Noir: The making of Blade Runner" by Paul M Sammon has the following quote from Rutger Hauer: "So when we filmed that speech, I cut a little bit out of the opening and then improvised these closing lines: 'All those moments will be lost, in time. Like tears in rain. Time to die.' "But you know, everyone always writes about me and that speech, and ignores the screenwriter. I thought David Peoples, the man who wrote that version of Batty's soliloquy, really did a beautiful job. I mean, I loved those images he came up with-'c-beams glittering near the Tanhauser (sic) gate, attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion.' I thought they were really interesting, even if you didn't understand them." The page from the book is viewable here: --Agronox 11:52, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Heinrich T?
Altho the DramPers (list of roles) of the opera obscures the fact, via the single-word name for the title character, and the minor character Heinrich der Schreiber (Henry the Writer), the text of the libretto repeatedly demonstrates that the character Tannhäuser is addressed as "Heinrich" -- and I think never addressed nor referred to as "Tannhäuser" by another character (tho Venus seems to call him "Beloved"). Is the name "Heinrich" supported in the historical record? If we knew it weren't, we should probably mention in the accompanying bio of the historical figure that it is a later invention, perhaps by Wagner. --Jerzy•t 16:56, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Name
I presume "Tannhaeuser" is really his surname? Is his given name not known? Zacwill ( talk ) 16:49, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Correct. No one knows his given name. 79.106.203.123 (talk) 12:27, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tannhäuser


text:
Digastric muscle

The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named digastric as it has two 'bellies') is a bilaterally paired suprahyoid muscle located under the jaw. Its posterior belly is attached to the mastoid notch of temporal bone, and its anterior belly is attached to the digastric fossa of mandible; the two bellies are united by an intermediate tendon which is held in a loop that attaches to the hyoid bone. The anterior belly is innervated via the mandibular nerve (cranial nerve V), and the posterior belly is innervated via the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). It may act to depress the mandible or elevate the hyoid bone.

The term "digastric muscle" refers to this specific muscle even though there are other muscles in the body to feature two bellies.

Anatomy
The digastric muscle consists of two muscular bellies united by an intermediate tendon. The posterior belly is longer than the anterior belly. The two bellies of the digastric muscle have different embryological origins - the anterior belly is derived from the first brachial arch and the posterior belly from the second brachial arch - and consequently differ in their innervation (the former being innervated via CN V and the latter via CN VII).

Posterior belly
The posterior belly attaches at the mastoid notch of the temporal bone (which is located upon the inferior surface of the skull, medial to the mastoid process of the temporal bone - between the mastoid process and the styloid process of the temporal bone).

It extends anteroinferiorly from its osseous attachment toward the intermediate tendon.

Anterior belly
The anterior belly attaches at the digastric fossa of mandible (situated at the base of the mandible near the midline).

It extends inferoposteriorly from its origin toward the intermediate tendon.

Intermediate tendon
The two bellies meet at the intermediate tendon which perforates the stylohyoideus muscle. The tendon is embraced by a fibrous sling which attaches the body and greater cornu of hyoid bone. The tendon occasionally features a synovial sheath.

Innervation
The anterior belly receives motor innervation from the mylohyoid nerve (a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve, which is in turn a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)).

The posterior belly is supplied by the digastric branch of facial nerve.

Relations
The posterior belly is situated posterior to the parotid gland and the facial nerve.

Triangles of the neck
The digastric muscle divides the anterior triangle of the neck into four smaller triangles: the submandibular triangle (digastric triangle), the carotid triangle, the submental triangle (suprahyoid triangle), and the inferior carotid triangle (muscular triangle).

Variation
The intermediate tendon may be absent. The posterior belly may arise partly (by an supplemental strip of muscle) or entirely from the styloid process of the temporal bone. It may be connected by a muscle slip to the middle or inferior constrictor.

The anterior belly may be double, or extra slips from this belly may pass to the jaw or mylohyoideus or decussate with a similar slip on opposite side. It may be absent and posterior belly inserted into the middle of the jaw or hyoid bone. It may fuse with the mylohyoid muscle.

The tendon may pass in front, more rarely behind the stylohyoideus. The mentohyoideus muscle passes from the body of hyoid bone to chin.

Actions/movements
The muscle depresses the mandible, and may elevate the hyoid bone.

It depresses the mandible when the hyoid bone is held in place (by the infrahyoid muscles).

Function
The digastric muscle is involved in any complex jaw action such as speaking, swallowing, chewing, and breathing. The posterior belly is particularly functionally involved in swallowing and chewing.

Other animals
The digastric muscles are present in a variety of animals, specific attachment sites may vary. For example, in the orangutan, the posterior digastric attaches to the mandible rather than the hyoid.

title: Digastric muscle


text:
User:Richard Astley-Clemas

Richard Astley-Clemas is a 50+ widower from Blackpool England and is a collector of Alice In Wonderland. He is the author of the books THE EDWIN ASTLEY TRIBUTE and THE ASTLEY/TOWNSHEND DYNASTY,contributing most of the info here for Edwin and Virginia Astley. He also has specialist knowledge on his American penfriend Ginny Wright,a country singer from the 50s. Astley-Clemas is Moderator of the Lewis Carroll Group on Yahoo,a job he was handed recently.His own sites are 3 for Alice In Wonderland,also on Yahoo. He has published a number of horror stories to the Web.

title: User:Richard Astley-Clemas