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Sinosauropteryx

Sinosauropteryx (meaning "Chinese reptilian wing") is a compsognathid dinosaur. Described in 1996, it was the first dinosaur taxon outside of Avialae (birds and their immediate relatives) to be found with evidence of feathers. It was covered with a coat of very simple filament-like feathers. Structures that indicate colouration have also been preserved in some of its feathers, which makes Sinosauropteryx the first non-avialian dinosaurs where colouration has been determined. The colouration includes a reddish and light banded tail. Some contention has arisen with an alternative interpretation of the filamentous impression as remains of collagen fibres, but this has not been widely accepted.

Sinosauropteryx was a small theropod with an unusually long tail and short arms. The longest known specimen reaches up to 1.07 m in length, with an estimated weight of 0.55 kg. It was a close relative of the similar but older genus Compsognathus, both genera belonging to the family Compsognathidae. Only one species of Sinosauropteryx has been named: S. prima, meaning "first" in reference to its status as the first feathered non-avialian dinosaur species discovered. Three specimens have been described. The third specimen previously assigned to this genus represents either a second, as-yet unnamed species or a distinct, related genus.

Sinosauropteryx lived in what is now northeastern China during the early Cretaceous period. It was among the first dinosaurs discovered from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning Province, and was a member of the Jehol Biota. Well-preserved fossils of this species illustrate many aspects of its biology, such as its diet and reproduction.

Description
Sinosauropteryx was a small bipedal theropod, noted for its short arms, large first finger (thumbs), and long tail. The taxon includes some of the smallest known adult non-avian theropod specimens, with the holotype specimen measuring only 68 cm in length, including the tail. However, this individual was relatively immature. The longest known specimen reaches up to 1.07 m in length, with an estimated weight of 0.55 kg. A subsequent paper estimated it mass to be 0.99 kg.

There is also a 3.8-meter specimen known as the "largest Sinosauropteryx" that has not been adequately studied.

Sinosauropteryx was anatomically similar to Compsognathus, differing from its European relatives in its proportions. The skull of Sinosauropteryx was 15% longer than its thigh bones, unlike in Compsognathus, where the skull and thigh bones are approximately equivalent in length. The arms of Sinosauropteryx (humerus and radius) were only 30% the length of its legs (thigh bone and shin), compared to 40% in Compsognathus. Additionally, Sinosauropteryx had several features unique among all other theropods. It had 64 vertebrae in its tail. This high number made its tail the longest relative to body length of any theropod. Its hands were long compared to its arms, about 84% to 91% of the length of the rest of the arm (humerus and radius), and half the length of the foot. The first and second digits were about the same length, with a large claw on the first digit. The first fingers were large, being both longer and thicker than either of the bones of the forearm. The teeth differed slightly (they were heterodont) based on position: those near the tips of the upper jaws (on the premaxillae) were slender and lacked serrations, while those behind them (on the maxillae) were serrated and laterally compressed. The teeth of the lower jaws were similarly differentiated.

A pigmented area in the abdomen of the holotype has been suggested as possible traces of organs, and was interpreted as the liver by John Ruben and colleagues, which they described as part of a crocodilian-like "hepatic piston" respiratory system. A later study, while agreeing that the pigmented area represented something originally inside the body, found no defined structure and noted that any organs would have been distorted by the processes that flattened the skeleton into an essentially two-dimensional form. Dark pigment is also present in the eye region of the holotype and another specimen.

Feathers
All described specimens of Sinosauropteryx preserve integumentary structures (filaments arising from the skin) which most palaeontologists interpret as a primitive type of feathers. These short, down-like filaments are preserved along the back half of the skull, the arms, neck, back, and top and bottom of the tail. Additional patches of feathers have been identified on the sides of the body, and palaeontologists Chen, Dong and Zheng proposed that the density of the feathers on the back and the randomness of the patches elsewhere on the body indicated the animals would have been fully feathered in life, with the ventral feathers having been removed by decomposition.

The filaments are preserved with a gap between the bones, which several authors have noted corresponds closely to the expected amount of skin and muscle tissue that would have been present in life. The feathers are closest to the bone on the skull and end of the tail, where little to no muscle was present, and the gap increases over the back vertebrae, where more musculature would be expected, indicating that the filaments were external to the skin and do not correspond with subcutaneous structures. The filaments exhibit random orientations and are often wavy, which has been interpreted as evidence that they were soft and pliable in life. Microscopic examination shows that individual filaments appear dark along the edges and light internally, suggesting that they were hollow, like modern feathers. Compared to modern mammals the filaments were quite coarse, with each individual strand much larger and thicker than the corresponding hairs of similarly sized mammals.

The length of the filaments varies across the body. On the type specimen, they are shortest just in front of the eyes, with a length of 13 mm. Going further along the body, the filaments rapidly increase in length until reaching lengths of 35 mm over the shoulder blades. The length remains uniform over the back, until beyond the hips, when the filaments lengthen again and reach their maximum length midway down the tail at 40 mm. The filaments on the underside of the tail are shorter overall and decrease in length more rapidly than those on the dorsal surface. By the 25th tail vertebrae, the filaments on the underside reach a length of only 35 mm. The longest feathers present on the forearm measured 14 mm.

Though the feathers are too dense to isolate a single structure for examination, several studies have suggested the presence of two distinct filament types (thick and thin) interspersed with each other. The thick filaments tend to appear 'stiffer' than thin filaments, and the thin filaments tend to lie parallel to each other but at angles to nearby thick filaments. These properties suggest that the individual feathers consisted of a central quill (rachis) with thinner barbs branching off from it, similar to but more primitive in structure than modern bird feathers. Overall, the filaments most closely resemble the "plumules" or down-like feathers of some modern birds, with a thick central quill and long, thin barbs. The same structures are seen in other fossils from the Yixian Formation, including Confuciusornis.

However, a 2018 study considered that the thick filaments could simply be bundles of thin filaments overlapping each other. This possibility is supported by the observation that thin filaments tend to run parallel to both each other and thick filaments, rather than branching out as earlier authors identified. Some of the thick filaments are quite long yet end in small tufts of thin filaments. Plumaceous, down-like feathering typically has an opposite appearance, with a short central quill and long tufts. In addition, the thick filaments preserve no evidence of Calcium phosphate, the mineral which modern feather quills are made of. The large amount of curvature present in the filaments also makes a strong central quill unlikely. Thus, the idea that thick filaments are simply bundles of thin filaments is less unusual than the idea that they were a variant of quilled plumaceous feathers which developed a morphology opposite that of birds and other feathered theropods. As a whole, the study preferred the hypothesis that Sinosauropteryx feathers were simple single-branch filaments, although it is conceivable that they were occasionally joined at the base into tufts as predecessors to down-like plumaceous feathers.

While Sinosauropteryx had feather-like structures, it was not very closely related to the previous "first bird" Archaeopteryx. There are many dinosaur clades that were more closely related to Archaeopteryx than Sinosauropteryx was, including the deinonychosaurians, the oviraptorosaurians, and the therizinosauroids. This indicates that feathers may have been a characteristic of many theropod dinosaurs, not just the obviously bird-like ones, making it quite likely that equally distant animals such as Compsognathus had feathers as well.

Colouration
Sinosauropteryx was the first dinosaur to have its life colouration described by scientists based on physical evidence. Some fossils of Sinosauropteryx show an alternation of lighter and darker bands preserved on the tail. Chen and colleagues initially interpreted this banding pattern as an artifact of the splitting between the main slab and counter-slab in which the original specimen was preserved. However, Longrich suggested in his 2002 presentation for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology that these specimens actually preserve remnants of the colouration pattern the animal would have exhibited in life. He argued that the dark, banded areas on the tail were too evenly spaced to have been caused by random separation of the fossil slabs, and that they represent fossilized pigments present in the feathers. Additionally, rather than an artifact of preservation or decomposition, the presence of dark feathers along only the top of the body may also reflect the colour pattern in life, indicating that Sinosauropteryx prima was countershaded with dark colouration on its back and lighter colouration on its underside, with bands or stripes on the tail for camouflage.

Longrich's conclusions were supported in a paper first published online in the journal Nature in January 2010. Fucheng Zhang and colleagues examined the fossilized feathers of several dinosaurs and early birds, and found evidence that they preserved melanosomes, the cell components that give the feathers of modern birds their colour. Among the specimens studied was a previously undescribed specimen of Sinosauropteryx, IVPP V14202. By examining melanosome structure and distribution, Zhang and colleagues were able to confirm the presence of light and dark bands of colour in the tail feathers of Sinosauropteryx like that of a Red panda. Furthermore, the team was able to compare melanosome types to those of modern birds to determine a general range of colour. From the presence of phaeomelanosomes, spherical melanosomes that make and store red pigment, they concluded that the darker feathers of Sinosauropteryx were chestnut or reddish brown in colour. More research on the coloration of Sinosauropteryx reveals that it had a raccoon-like bandit mask and countershading patterns most likely associated with an open habitat, indicating that the Jehol likely had a range of habitat types.

History of discovery
The first fossil specimen of the dinosaur later named Sinosauropteryx prima was uncovered in August 1996 by Li Yumin. Yumin was a farmer and part-time fossil hunter who often prospected around Liaoning Province to acquire fossils to sell to individuals and museums. Yumin recognized the unique quality of the specimen, which was separated into two slabs, and sold the slabs to two separate museums in China: the National Geological Museum in Beijing, and the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology. The director of the Beijing museum, Ji Qiang, recognized the importance of the find, as did visiting Canadian palaeontologist Phil Currie and artist Michael Skrepnick, who became aware of the fossil by chance as they explored the Beijing museum's collections after leading a fossil tour of the area during the first week of October, 1996. Currie recognized the significance of the fossil immediately. As The New York Times quoted him, "When I saw this slab of siltstone mixed with volcanic ash in which the creature is embedded, I was bowled over." When originally described, the authors named Sinosauropteryx, meaning "Chinese Reptilian Wing''.

Chinese authorities initially barred photographs of the specimen from publication. However, Currie brought a photograph to the 1996 meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, causing crowds of palaeontologists to gather and discuss the new discovery. The news reportedly left palaeontologist John Ostrom, who in the 1970s had pioneered the theory that birds evolved from dinosaurs, "in a state of shock." Ostrom later joined an international team of researchers who gathered in Beijing to examine the fossils; other team members included feather expert Alan Brush, fossil bird expert Larry Martin, and Peter Wellnhofer, an expert on the early bird Archaeopteryx.

Three specimens have been assigned to Sinosauropteryx prima: the holotype GMV 2123 (and its counter slab [opposite face], NIGP 127586), NIGP 127587, and D 2141. Another specimen, IVPP V14202, was assigned to the genus but not to the only species by Zhang and colleagues. The assignment of an additional larger specimen to S. prima, GMV 2124, was later found to be in error. All of the fossils were found in the Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi Beds of the Yixian Formation in the Beipiao and Lingyuan regions of Liaoning, China. These fossil beds have been dated to 124.6–122 million years ago, during the early Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous.

Identity of filaments
Controversy regarding the identity of the filaments preserved in the first Sinosauropteryx specimen began almost immediately, as the team of scientists spent three days in Beijing examining the specimen under a microscope. The results of their studies (reported during a press conference at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences on Thursday, April 24, 1997) were inconclusive; the team agreed that the structures preserved on Sinosauropteryx were not modern feathers, but suggested further research was required to discover their exact nature. Palaeontologist Alan Feduccia, who had not yet examined the specimen, wrote in Audubon Magazine that the structures of Sinosauropteryx (which he considered at the time to be a synonym of Compsognathus, as Compsognathus prima) were stiffening structures from a frill running along the back, and that dinosaur palaeontologists were engaging in wishful thinking when equating the structures with feathers. Subsequent publications saw some of the team members disagreeing over the identity of the structures. Feduccia's frill argument was followed up in several other publications, in which researchers interpreted the filamentous impressions around Sinosauropteryx fossils as remains of collagen fibres rather than primitive feathers. Since the structures are clearly external to the body, these researchers have proposed that the fibres formed a frill on the back of the animal and underside of its tail, similar to some modern aquatic lizards. The absence of feathers would refute the proposal that Sinosauropteryx is the most basal known theropod genus with feathers, and also raise questions about the current theory of feather origins itself. It calls into question the idea that the first feathers evolved not for flight but for insulation, and that they made their first appearance in relatively basal dinosaur lineages that later evolved into modern birds.

Most researchers have disagreed with the identification of the structures as collagen or other structural fibres. Notably, the team of scientists that reported the presence of pigmentation cells in the structures argued that their presence proved the structures were feathers, not collagen, because collagen does not contain pigment. Gregory S. Paul reidentified what the collagen hypothesis's proponents consider a body outline outside of the fibres as an artefact of preparation: breakage and brushed-on sealant have been misidentified as the outline of the body.

The hypothesis that the structures were collagen fibers was closely analyzed and disproven by a 2017 paper published by Smithwick et al. The integument of Sinosauropteryx was closely compared to less controversial evidence of collagen fibers preserved in the ichthyosaur Stenopterygius. Although the collagen hypothesis claimed that the central shafts (rachises) of purported theropod feathers were actually misidentified examples of shaft-like collagen fibers, higher quality imagery showed that these similarities were artificial. The supposed shafts in ichthyosaur collagen were actually scratch marks, cracks, and crevasses created during preparation of one of the ichthyosaur specimens. On the other hand, the shafts in the Sinosauropteryx specimens were legitimate examples of fossilized structures. The collagen hypothesis also claims that Sinosauropteryx integument includes beaded structures similar to structures occasionally found in decaying collagen of modern sea mammals. However, this claim was also unsupported, with Smithwick et al. finding no evidence of the beaded structures which collagen hypothesis proponents identified on the specimens. The study proposes that some areas of the fossil preserved in three dimensions cast shadows which would have resembled beaded structures in low quality photographs.

Other examples of purported collagen fibers in the tail area were revealed to be scratches, similar to those on the rest of the specimen. An area of the bone with an irregular surface was considered evidence that some collagen fibers were less decayed than others. However, Smithwick et al.'s study noted that, after further preparation, this irregular surface was simply a layer of sediment with a different color than the rest of the slab. The 'frill' or 'halo' of collagen identified by Feduccia was also determined to be misidentified sediment surrounding one of the specimens. Smithwick et al.'s study concluded by stating that the integument preserved on Sinosauropteryx closely resembled that of birds preserved in the same formation. Purported features of collagen fibers were in fact misidentified shadows formed by scratches or irregular sediment, a misidentification perpetuated by the low quality of early Sinosauropteryx photographs.

Classification
Despite its feathers, most palaeontologists do not consider Sinosauropteryx to be a bird. Phylogenetically, the genus is only distantly related to the clade Aves, usually defined as Archaeopteryx lithographica plus modern birds. The scientists who described Sinosauropteryx, however, used a character-based, or apomorphic, definition of the Class Aves, in which any animal with feathers is considered to be a bird. They argued that the filamentous plumes of Sinosauropteryx represent true feathers with a rachis and barbs, and thus that Sinosauropteryx should be considered a true bird. They classified the genus as belonging to a new biological order, Sinosauropterygiformes, family Sinosauropterygidae, within the subclass Sauriurae. These proposals have not been accepted, and Sinosauropteryx is generally classified in the family Compsognathidae, a group of small-bodied long-tailed coelurosaurian theropods known from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Asia, Europe, and South America. However, in 2024, Andrea Cau published a study on the phylogenetics of Compsognathids that called this assessment into question. The paper recovered Sinosauropteryx, along with four other proposed Compsognathids in a polytomy within basal Coelurosauria. This polytomy notably did not include Composognathus proper, which would make none of the these species Compsognathids.

Below is a cladogram showing the placement of Sinosauropteryx within Coelurosauria by Senter et al. in 2012.

Here is a simplified version of Cau (2024), with Sinosauropteryx in bold.

There is only one named species of Sinosauropteryx, S. prima. A possible second species is represented by the specimen GMV 2124 (aka NGMC 2124), which was described as a third, larger specimen of S. prima by Ji and Ji in 1997. However, in a 2002 presentation and abstract for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Nick Longrich showed that this specimen differs in several anatomical aspects from the others, including its relatively large size, proportionally longer shins, and shorter tail. Longrich suggested that GMV 2124 was a compsognathid coelurosaurian, while Sinosauropteryx proper was a more primitive kind of coelurosaurian or even a basal carnosaurian. In 2007, Gishlick and Gauthier concurred that this specimen was probably a new taxon, and tentatively re-classified it as Sinosauropteryx? sp., though they suggested it may belong in a new genus. Also in 2007, Ji, Ji and colleagues wrote that GMV 2124 is probably a new genus, noting the differences in tail length and hindlimb proportions.

Distinguishing anatomical features
Ji and Ji (1996) identified many features that set Sinosauropteryx apart from other birds and dinosaurs. They found that it was a small primitive bird with a relatively high skull, blunt rostrum and a slightly high premaxilla; that the antorbital fenestra was elliptical but not enlarged, the dentary was robust, the surangular was narrow and elongated, and the dentition is extremely well developed and acute; that there are over 50 extremely elongated caudals, constituting 60% of the body length, and the forelimb is extremely short with a short and thick humerus; the pubis was elongated and extremely inflated at its distal end and the ischium is broad; the hind limb was long and robust, the tibia is only slightly longer than the femur, the tarsals are separated, and the metatarsals are relatively robust with unfused proximal ends; the feathers are short, small, and uniform; many ornament the top of the skull, cervical, and dorsal regions, in addition to the dorsal and ventral caudal region.

Diet
The specimen NIGP 127587 was preserved with the remains of a lizard in its gut region, indicating that small, fast-moving animals made up part of the diet of Sinosauropteryx prima. Numerous lizards of this type have been found in the same rocks as Sinosauropteryx. These lizards have been interpreted as most likely belonging to the genus Dalinghosaurus. Dalinghosaurus was probably a fast-running lizard adapted to living in open habitats, much like Sinosauropteryx itself.

The possible Sinosauropteryx specimen GMV 2124 (Sinosauropteryx? sp.) was found with three mammal jaws in its gut region. Hurum, Luo, and Kielan-Jaworowska (2006) identified two of these jaws as belonging to Zhangheotherium and the third to Sinobaatar, showing that these two mammals were part of the animal's diet. Zhangheotherium is known to have had a spur on the ankle, like the modern platypus, which would indicate that Sinosauropteryx fed on possibly venomous mammals.

Reproduction
The same specimen of S. prima which had preserved a lizard in its stomach contents (NIGP 127587) also had several small eggs in its abdomen. Two eggs were preserved just in front of and above the pubic boot, and several more may lie underneath them on the slab. It is unlikely that they were eaten by the animal, as they are in the wrong part of the body cavity for the egg shells to have remained intact. It is more likely that they are unlaid eggs produced by the animal itself, proving the specimen to be a female. Each egg measured 36 mm long by 26 mm wide. The presence of two developed eggs suggests that Sinosauropteryx had dual oviducts and laid eggs in pairs, like other theropods.

Some have suggested that the eggs were stored away from the pelvis, perhaps in a location associated with the intestines, and this has led some to interpret the eggs as having been swallowed.

Palaeoecology
Sinosauropteryx, as a Yixian Formation dinosaur, is a member of the Jehol Biota, the assemblage of organisms found in the Yixian Formation and overlying Jiufotang Formation. The Yixian Formation is composed largely of volcanic rocks such as andesite and basalt. Between the volcanic layers are several beds of sedimentary rocks representing deposition in a lake. The freshwater lake strata of the Yixian Formation have preserved a wide variety of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Gymnosperm forests were extensive, with a few early flowering plants as well. Ostracods and insects were diverse, and bivalves and gastropods were abundant. Mammals and birds are also well known from the formation. The setting was subject to periodic mortality events including volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and noxious gases erupting from the lakes. The climate has been interpreted as temperate, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The yearly temperature during this time period averaged about 10 C, indicating a temperate climate with unusually cold winters for the generally warm Mesozoic era, possibly due to northern China's high latitude during this time.

title: Sinosauropteryx


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Drop Dead Gorgeous (film)

Drop Dead Gorgeous is a 1999 American satirical mockumentary black comedy film directed by Michael Patrick Jann and written by Lona Williams. It stars Kirsten Dunst, Ellen Barkin, Brittany Murphy, Allison Janney, Denise Richards, Kirstie Alley, and Amy Adams in her film debut. The film follows a small town beauty pageant and the fierce, deadly lengths the contestants will take to secure the crown.

Though the film was not a box office success and critical reviews were mixed, it has gained a following over time and has come to be regarded as a cult film.

Plot
In 1995, the small, conservative town of Mount Rose, Minnesota, is preparing for the annual Sarah Rose Cosmetics American Teen Princess Pageant. A film crew is in town to document the pageant and its lead-up. One of the interviewees is 17-year-old Amber Atkins, who signs up for the pageant in the hopes of winning a college scholarship and following in the footsteps of her idol Diane Sawyer.

Among the other contestants are Rebecca ("Becky") Leeman, the daughter of the richest man in town. Becky's mother Gladys is the head of the pageant organizing committee and a former winner. Because of the business connections between the Leemans' furniture store and the pageant judges, many fear the contest will be rigged. In the days leading up to the pageant, many odd events occur around town, such as contestant Tammy Curry being killed when her threshing machine explodes, and the death of a boy Becky liked who was interested in Amber, which is ruled as a hunting accident. Amber considers dropping out when her mother Annette’s trailer explodes but remains in the competition to make her mother proud. At the dress rehearsal, a stage light knocks out contestant Jenelle Betz and renders her deaf.

On the night of the pageant, Amber's dance costume disappears. She accuses Becky of stealing it and they have a fight backstage. Pageant choreographer Chloris Klinghagen gives Amber a new costume; however, organizer Iris Clark says she can't perform as the new costume was not approved weeks ago. Amber's fellow contestant, Lisa Swenson, takes pity on her and drops out to give her an approved costume. Amber is able to perform her tap dance number and receives a standing ovation. For her performance, Becky sings "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" while dancing with a life-sized Jesus doll on a crucifix, which amuses and horrifies the audience.

The pageant announces the winners: cheerleader Leslie Miller is second runner-up, Amber is first runner-up, and Becky wins. During Becky's victory parade the next day, she is killed in a freak accident when her elaborate swan float bursts into flames and explodes. A grief-stricken Gladys flies into a blind rage, admitting to being responsible for all the shenanigans, and is immediately arrested. Amber is crowned the new pageant winner. At the state competition, Amber wins the title by default after the other contestants get food poisoning. She receives an all-expenses-paid trip to the national pageant as a prize, but upon arrival, she and the other state winners are devastated to find that Sarah Rose Cosmetics was shut down for tax evasion, meaning there will be no national pageant. This sends all the contestants except Amber into a rage-fueled rampage where they vandalize the company’s property.

A few years later, Gladys escapes from prison and becomes involved in a police standoff at the Mount Rose supermarket, declaring her intent to take revenge on Amber. During the six-hour standoff, a television reporter at the scene is hit by a stray bullet. Amber quickly picks up the microphone and takes over to report the story, impressing the news station with her poise and confidence. Amber becomes co-anchor of the evening news for Minneapolis–St. Paul WAZB-TV, thus fulfilling her dream of possibly becoming the next Diane Sawyer.

Background
The movie is set in the fictional town of Mount Rose, Minnesota, which in turn is based on Rosemount where writer Lona Williams grew up. The film was originally titled "Dairy Queens" but was changed for legal reasons.

The characters in the movie all sport exaggerated, over-the-top parodies of Minnesota accents. The film was shot throughout the Carver County area, mainly in Waconia, Minnesota, although names of real Minnesota communities were shown on the sashes of contestants later in the movie.

News reporter Diane Sawyer is mentioned throughout the film as Kirsten Dunst's character Amber Atkins's idol, as Sawyer was a former beauty pageant winner. Amber's other idols include her beauty pageant mother who raised her alone in a trailer park, and the previous year's pageant winner who is hospitalized for anorexia. Competing in the beauty pageant for a scholarship is juxtaposed against the opportunities that boys have in leaving Mount Rose, such as hockey scholarships and prison.

Two Melissa Manchester songs are featured in the film as songs used in the talent portion by contestants. Mary lip-syncs "Don't Cry Out Loud", while Jenelle sings and signs "Through the Eyes of Love". Fanfare for the Common Man is played to introduce the parade for the rigged competition and the plight of Hank.

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews.

Allison Janney and Denise Richards in particular received praise for their performances from a number of critics. Dennis Harvey of Variety called the film "a fitfully amusing satire that would have gained a lot of mileage from just a tad more subtlety." Harvey said the writing is not sophisticated enough to pull off the some of the jokes without being condescending. He otherwise praised the pacing, the performances, and the clever visual casting. Roger Ebert liked the idea of the film, but wrote that the script failed to translate to the screen and was not funny enough, due to subtle miscalculations of production and performance. Jeff Vice of the Deseret News criticized the film for being derivative, comparing it to the 1975 pageant comedy Smile, the 1996 film Fargo, and the mockumentary Waiting for Guffman. Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D grade, and compared the film unfavorably to Smile and The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom.

Box office
Drop Dead Gorgeous grossed $10.6 million in the United States and Canada, against a budget of $15 million.

Cult status
The film has gained new fans with time and is regarded as a cult film. In 2011, Allison Janney stated that she is approached by more fans of this film than for her Emmy-winning tenure on The West Wing.

In July 2019, coinciding with the 20th anniversary of its release, Drop Dead Gorgeous was released for streaming for the first time on Hulu, which was "met with a host of celebratory tweets, particularly among women and queer people, who have long recognized it as a cult classic", according to The Independent's Adam White. It attracted retrospective praise from the likes of The Independent, The Guardian, Teen Vogue, The New Yorker and E! News. The New Yorker's Jia Tolentino credited the movie's "transformation" from a flop to a "venerated artifact of Y2K camp" to its slow discovery on VHS and DVD by teenage girls who identified with its truthfulness and particular brand of dark humor. Tolentino summed up the movie as "...offensive, for sure—completely awful, really, and possibly deadly. It is also irreplaceable, hilarious, surprisingly tender, and lavishly, magnificently absurd." The Guardian praised the film's "vicious indecency", describing it as "...trashy, wonderful, endlessly quotable, and...20 years ahead of its time."

Adam White further praised the movie's radical departure from lighthearted teen movies of the late 1990s, stating that it "was made for a generation of freaks and outsiders, whose ambitions, oddities, queerness and poverty were otherwise ignored by anything similarly mainstream or funny." He added that it was "acidic and truthful about beauty, class and ambition, satirised all-American moralism and blew up Denise Richards, then fresh from Wild Things, as she rode a giant paper-maché swan." Alex Zaragoza of Teen Vogue echoed other reviews in praising the movie's appeal to outsiders and misfits, and departing from the teen rom-com tropes of other movies released that year like 10 Things I Hate About You and She's All That. Zaragoza stated that the girls in Drop Dead Gorgeous "don't yearn to land their respective dream boy...they're too busy trying not to get capped by a crazed mother–daughter duo... and striving to break out of the confines of their small town." He further described it as a "wild, absurdly portrayed story that's fundamentally about small-town struggles and overcoming the adversity of being born into a class that lacks opportunities to ultimately earn the life you've dreamed of for yourself. It's unabashed weirdness and mockumentary-style filmmaking made it an immediate cult classic".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Drop Dead Gorgeous (film)


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Auricupride

Auricupride is a natural alloy that combines copper and gold. Its chemical formula is Cu3Au. The alloy crystallizes in the cubic crystal system in the L12 structure type and occurs as malleable grains or platey masses. It is an opaque yellow with a reddish tint. It has a hardness of 3.5 and a specific gravity of 11.5.

A variant called tetra-auricupride (CuAu) exists. Silver may be present resulting in the variety argentocuproauride (Cu3(Au,Ag)).

It was first described in 1950 for an occurrence in the Ural Mountains in Russia. It occurs as low temperature unmixing product in serpentinites and as reduction "halos" in redbed deposits. It is most often found in Chile, Argentina, Tasmania, Russia, Cyprus, Switzerland and South Africa.

title: Auricupride


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Category:Mumbai

This list is a set of related topics that are quintessential to the city of Mumbai, India. They are neighbourhoods, railway stations, buildings etc. The topics listed here are not geographically restricted to the city limits of Mumbai.

title: Category:Mumbai


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Baron Hamilton of Hameldon

Baron Hamilton of Hameldon, of Hambledon in the County of Leicester, is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain, held by the Duke of Hamilton from 1790 to 1799 and by the Duke of Argyll since 1799.

It was created in 1776 for Elizabeth Gunning (Duchess of Hamilton), wife since 1752 of James Douglas-Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton. The Duke of Hamilton died in 1758, and his widow remarried the following year, to John Campbell, who later became Marquess of Lorne in 1761 and 5th Duke of Argyll in 1770. She died in 1790, and her Barony passed to her only surviving son from her first marriage, the 8th Duke of Hamilton. On his death without male issue, the barony passed to his half-brother the Marquess of Lorne, the Duchess's eldest surviving son by her second marriage. Lord Lorne succeeded his father as 6th Duke of Argyll in 1806, and the Barony of Hamilton has since remained united with that title.

The arms of Elizabeth Gunning, Baroness Hamilton of Hameldon, were her paternal arms of Gunning augmented with a fess ermine and ducal crowns for the doves: Gules, on a fess ermine between three doves argent ducally crowned or as many crosses pattée of the first.

Barons Hamilton of Hameldon (1776)

 * Elizabeth Campbell, 1st Baroness Hamilton of Hameldon (1733–1790)
 * Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 8th Duke of Hamilton, 2nd Baron Hamilton of Hameldon (1756–1799)
 * George William Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll, 3rd Baron Hamilton of Hameldon (1768–1839)

see Duke of Argyll for further succession.

title: Baron Hamilton of Hameldon


text:
Talk:James Forrestal

Old talk
Conspiracy theories aside, are there any modern postulations as to what mental illness(es) Forrestal may have suffered? jengod 19:47, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)

No one has gone past the diagnosis of the lead psychiatrist in the case, Capt. George Raines, who described the condition simply as "depression," as one can read in his official testimony at http://infoshare1.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/forrestal/willcutts/report1.pdf

"DC Dave" Martin claims to have gotten hold of the original Willcutts report. (Apparently JVF was against the invention of Israel - explaining the Israeli agents.) 142.177.21.40 15:37, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, judging by the material quoted by DCDave, it's more accurate to say JVF was against the perpetual subordination of US interests to the protection of Israel—ie exactly what we've seen the past 50-odd years. Example, the quote attributed to James G. McDonald in his My Mission to Israel via Alfred M. Lilienthal Zionist Connection II: “He was in no sense anti-Semitic or anti-Israel nor influenced by oil interests. He was convinced that partition was not in the best interests of the U.S.…” Or that attributed to Hoopes & Brinkley p5: “Forrestal's Jewish assistant, Marx Leva, thought him ‘patriotic, sensitive, intelligent, and just,’ entirely sympathetic to the plight of the European Jews and their desire for a homeland, but unable to agree that that desire should be allowed to override every other national consideration. ‘He was not anti-Semitic,’ Leva said flatly.” Kwantus 23:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm reading the Wilcutts report in a PDF, and it makes pretty clear that it was a suicide.

That's hardly the impression one gets from reading the analysis at http://www.dcdave.com/article4/040922.html.

The report is here, in two PDFs. -Penta 04:14, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A much easier to read HTML version is here — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.125.38.128 (talk) 06:21, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

I have attempted to rewrite this in a more readable fashion by creating a separate section for the conspiracy theories involved in Forrestal's death. The previous version was extremely confusing, with the conspiracy theory interspersed through the whole article instead of in once place. Did i miss anything in this version? Please let me know....TSC, 22:45 EDT, 17 Oct 2005

I have edited the edit described above to set the facts straight, to impart some additional information, and to further improve the readability. GDM, 11:15 EDT, 21 Oct 2005

I have removed the last sentence in which Forrestal was described as a fanatical Roman Catholic and was said to be an extreme anti-Semite. His biographers agree that he was a fallen-away Catholic who was interested in getting back in touch with his religious upbringing. As for the "anti-Semite" charge, no one making it has produced any credible evidence. He made his fortune working for the Jewish-owned investment banking firm, Dillon Read. GDM 12-18-2005

Anecdotal evidence suggests he was not an anti-semite. ⇒   SWAT Jester     Ready    Aim    Fire!  22:23, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

I have added the Dorwart reference and corrected the date of the Hoopes and Brinkley book. It came out in 1992, not 1982. GDM 12-18-2005

This page still has the tone of lending credibility to the conspiracy theories. It seems that I cannot edit the first paragraph, which claims that Forrestal's conflict with the Air Force caused his mental illness. This is absurd. Establishing causation of mental illness is exceedingly difficult, and to reduce it to this cause alone is absolutely ridiculous. I would also like to see a footnote that proves that he never ran into the streets of Florida screaming "The Russians are coming!" Historian James Carrol, son of the first CIA director, recounted this anecdote on NPR as if it were fact, on the program "Forum," 6/5/06. He also confirmed that Forrestal was definitely mentally ill at the time of his suicide in 1949, and had been mentally ill during most, if not all of his tenure as the first Secretary of Defense. Carrol implies that the real reason some government agents tried to cover up the real circumstances of his suicide were simply that it wouldn't look very good for the Truman administration to have their Secretary of Defense being obviously mentally ill and jumping out of the window of the hospital where he was being treated, and this article does not reflect this possibility at all. RSW, 5 June 2006

 * First, concerning the allegation that Forrestal ran into the streets of Hobe Sound, Florida, screaming "The Russians are coming," it's pretty clear from his own book that Carroll doesn't believe it himself. Here's how he recounts it on page 151:  "Rumors flew around Washington.  One radio report had it that Forrestal was found in his pajamas a few blocks from [Robert] Lovett's house, and he was calling out, 'The Russians are coming.'"

 * At this point we are referred to an endnote that says, "Drew Pearson was the source of this report. His previous vilifications of Forrestal make the report unreliable, but Forrestal's mental illness definitely included delusions that the Soviets had invaded the United States."

 * Unreliable, I should say! Here's what biographers Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley say on pp. 455-456 about the episode:

 * "Pearson had, in fact, decided to fire his heaviest ammunition in a radio broadcast on April 9. He charged that Forrestal, awakened by the sound of a fire siren (on the night of April 1 at Hobe Sound), had rushed out of his cottage screaming, 'The Russians are attacking.'  He defined Forrestal's condition as 'temporary insanity.'  In subsequent newspaper columns he asserted that Forrestal made three suicide attempts while in Florida--by drug overdose, by hanging, and by slashing his wrists.  According to a later statement by [Navy psychiatrist Captain George] Raines, all of these assertions were lies."

 * Hoopes and Brinkley were one of Carroll's main sources on Forrestal, so he knows that the evidence does not support Pearson's wild, irresponsible charge, but he repeats it as fact all over the airwaves nonetheless. Here he is on the Diane Rehm show  http://prairieweather.typepad.com/the_scribe/2006/05/5106_npr_james_.html  in Washington, DC: "Forrestal's political paranoia had a personal aspect and he wound up committing suicide having been reported only a few days before he was institutionalized and found in the streets in his pajamas screaming, 'The Russians are coming!  The Russians are coming!'  It seems like something out of a film but it happened.  Or is reported to have happened."

 * Or is reported to have happened. See, he knows it didn't happen.  This Carroll is clearly a very dishonest fellow who should not be believed.  That also goes for his charge that Forrestal was nuts all along.  Here's what Forrestal's closest aide, Marx Leva, told his Truman Library interviewer, Jerry Hess:

 * HESS: What do you recall about the unfortunate mental breakdown that overtook Mr. Forrestal?

 * LEVA: Well, I may have been in the position of not being able to see the forest for the trees because I was seeing him six, eight, ten, twelve times a day and both in and out of the office. A lot of his friends have said since his death, "Oh, we saw it coming," and, "We knew this and we knew that." The only thing that I knew was that he was terribly tired, terribly overworked, spending frequently literally sixteen hours and eighteen hours a day trying to administer an impossible mechanism, worrying about the fact that a lot of it was of his own creation. I knew that he was tired, I begged him to take time off. I'm sure that others begged him to take time off.

 * Not only is James Carroll not honest, but he is not a historian, and he doesn't really claim to be. He is a journalist.  He is also an excommunicated former priest who continues to represent himself as a Catholic.  Most of all, he is a polemicist who constantly runs down the Catholic Church and anything or anybody that he perceives as conservative.  He's something like the liberals' answer to Rush Limbaugh.  Furthermore, his father was not the first head of the CIA, but of the DIA, the Defense Intelligence Agency.

 * The best indication that Carroll is no historian is that, in his discussion of James Forrestal's decline and death, he completely ignores the best available evidence, which is the report of the official investigation into the death by the U.S. Navy, which has been on the web site of the Seeley Mudd Manuscript Library of Princeton University since the fall of 2004. That report, showing a "suicide" note written in someone else's handwriting and with witnesses' reports of broken glass on Forrestal's vacated bed and at the foot of his bed, lends great support to the "conspiracy theories."  And, oh yes, the testimony of Forrestal's doctors lend no credence whatsoever to Carroll's charge that he had delusions about the Soviets having invaded the United States.  It is an established historical fact that they had thoroughly penetrated the Roosevelt administration, and that Forrestal should have been concerned about that hardly made him mentally ill.  Root50 02:47, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I had originally described the campaign by certain members of the American press against Forrestal as a "slander campaign." The word "slander" was removed because that is a legal term and no one was charged or convicted of slander.  Another editor filled the adjective vacuum with "press campaign," which is accurate as far as it goes.  I have changed "press" to "smear," which is more descriptive and is certainly accurate, as well.  This is from page 470 of Hoopes and Brinkley:

 * Democratic congressman Hale Boggs (from Louisiana) was one of the first to link the "tragic manner" of Forrestal's death with "a campaign of abuse and vilification the like of which I have never heard." Without naming Drew Pearson or Walter Winchell, he castigated "irresponsible elements " of the press for "attacking men of character and honor" with "the cruel weapons of distorted words," which are "more devastating than machine-guns or mortars."

 * And this is on page 471:

 * Several years later, Pearson's right-hand man, Jack Anderson, wrote a remarkable indictment of Pearson's behavior in the Forrestal case and of Anderson's own part in the deliberate, carefully calibrated character assassination.

 * It might be noted that with his most recent book on the Pentagon, James Carroll is in the Drew Pearson tradition. Root50 02:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

"One of Pearson's most spectacular claims was that while Forrestal was at Hobe Sound, Florida, shortly before he was hospitalized, he was awakened by a siren in the middle of the night and ran out into the street exclaiming, "The Russians are attacking." This claim has not been confirmed by anyone who was there that night, and was described as a fabrication by Captain George Raines, the Navy doctor in charge of Forrestal's treatment (See Hoopes and Brinkley, pp. 455-456.)." George Raines couldn't have known. The lack of witnesses proves little. Drew reported what was told to him and attacking Pearson for reporting seems pretty fishy to this old journalist. In any case, however wild the incident, Pearson was proved right--Forrestal was a nut roll wrapped in a fruitcake hidden in a nutburger (and died escaping from the nuthatch, to boot). He did believe obviously paranoid delusions and was visibly, physically weakened by lack of sleep and nutrition, either of which will make any psychiatric condition worse (except for obesity and catalepsy, of course). There is a LOT of editorializing in this and other articles featuring events in the late 40s and early 50s implying that Senator McCarthy was right and his opponents were wrong, that the government was riddled with communist spies, and so forth. In the bright light of day and supported by documents from the brief period of perestroyka, it is clear that McCarty was unjustified in his accusations. I think you may have acquired a right-wing mole who is undermining the reliability of the information in your biographical pieces by eschewing straight reportage in favor of establishing a popular basis for the basic paranoia that underlies a lot of right wing positions. The fact is that the right wing is the province of paranoids and latent homosexuals like Forrestal, McCarthy, and others. Not to diminish the contribution of Forrestal--the carrier fleet may have won World War II and dominated US hegemony during the middle of the 20th century--military and diplomatic. (It became obsolete and even a liability before Vietnam, however.) (I'm also an old sailor; in fact, I served aboard the USS Forrestal. We called it the suicide ship because I believe it to be the only warship named for a suicide, and it even attempted to destroy itself on at least two occasions.) But the guy was obviously plagued by demons that affected everyone who was close to him and he probably matured into a position where he was unable to deny them anymore (one of the more lethal of the Peter principles). The more your daily activities focus on thinking rather than carrying out orders, the harder it is to keep depression and failure out of central focus. It's why older people and retirees have such a high suicide rate, and I would argue it's why so many retirees die fairly young, shortly after retirement. I'd like to recommend that the originator of these editorial passages be found and encouraged to seek treatment from a psychiatrist. Once he is able to admit his homosexual feelings, he will probably make an effective contributor again. (I'm an old psychiatric social worker, too.) But while he is seeking detox and treatment, you should also review all biographies for entries by this mole and correct them, return them to editorial language, or delete them. 152.13.99.132 14:08, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * "George Raines couldn't have known. The lack of witnesses proves little."

 * Captain Raines would have known if anyone did. He was there at Hobe Sound, Florida, when the episode was supposed to have occurred.  He would have no reason to lie about it, either.  One can see from the long-suppressed Willcutts Report on Forrestal's death that he was the one doctor at Bethesda Naval Hospital pushing the notion that Forrestal was suicidally depressed.  He even volunteered that the handwriting on the transcription of the morbid poem looked like Forrestal's, when anyone can see that it looks nothing of the sort.

 * Drew Pearson's source is anonymous, just like his source for his claim that Forrestal had attempted suicide four times before, also in contradiction to the testimony of all the doctors at Bethesda. And Pearson, as Forrestal's determined enemy, had every reason to lie, and he had a lot of experience at it.  Here's what a man who was pretty good at the art, himself, once wrote about him:

 * "His ill-considered falsehoods have come to the point where he is doing much harm to his own Government and to other nations. It is a pity that anyone anywhere believes anything he writes." --President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Pearson, in letter to General Patrick J. Hurley, August 30, 1943, cited in Patrick J. Hurley, a biography by Don Lohbeck, 1956.

 * Not even James Carroll believes that Pearson is a credible source, as he admits in the endnote that accompanies his account of Pearson's "Russians Are Coming" story.

 * But our Pearson believer says he once served on a ship that tried to sink itself twice because it was named after this man who was purported to have committed suicide, which proves that the allegations are true.  Who am I to argue with logic like that?

 * On the matter of Communist infiltration of the Roosevelt administration, here's a short summary of the latest knowlege on the subject:

 * There was scarcely a branch of the American government, including the War, Navy, and Justice Departments, that did not have Soviet moles in high places, feeding Moscow information. Wild Bill Donovan's Office of Strategic Services, the forerunner of the CIA, had so many informers in its ranks, it was almost an arm of the NKVD.  Donovan's personal assistant, Duncan Chaplin Lee, was a spy.  --Thomas Fleming, The New Dealers' War, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the War within World War II, Basic Books, 2001, p. 319.

 * Root50 18:59, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Re: NPOV disputed--Citation is needed for the theory that Admiral Byrd was on a mission to locate a secret nazi base in Antarctica. Alternately this should be labelled as a "conspiracy theory". Also, why is this in the "reference" section rather than the conspiracy section immediately above? The theory of a secret nazi base is highly improbable due to the amount of funding necessary for its support and maintenance.Khalkhingol 22:25, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Why does the issue of Forrestal's sanity/insanity prove that he was or was not murdered. He could have been both insane and delusional as all get out and still have been murdered. Proving his sanity doesn't prove he was murdered and proving insanity doesn't prove he killed himself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.70.172.160 (talk) 06:14, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

POV
This article seems to have serious POV and due weight problems in terms of Forrestal's death. Aren't all these conspiracy theories fringe views? Do any legitimate scholars or Forrestal biographers believe that his death was anything but suicide? I have, at the very least, removed some nonsense about L. Ron Hubbard's view of Forrestal's death, but even with that gone, the whole thing is seriously problematic. I'm going to remove all the cruft about conspiracy theories, and change "alleged suicide" to just "suicide" unless someone can provide some evidence that this is anything but a lunatic fringe theory. john k (talk) 05:14, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Since the release of the official report on Forrestal's death in 2004, no so-called "legitimate scholar" or Forrestal biographer has had anything to say on the subject. Therefore, all that is currently published in books, magazines, or newspapers is based upon out of date evidence.  The report of the review board convened by Admiral Morton Willcutts, the head of the National Naval Medical Center, is on the web site of the Seeley Mudd Manuscript Library of Princeton University.  That report includes a photograph that shows broken glass on the carpet at the foot of Forrestal's bed and testimony that broken glass was on Forrestal's vacated hospital bed.  The photographs also show a bed that has no covering of any kind, in contrast to the description of the first witness in the room.  The report does not conclude that Forrestal "jumped" from a window.  Rather, it concludes, "That the late James V. Forrestal died about 1:50 A.M. on Sunday, May 22, 1949, at the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, as a result of injuries, multiple extreme, received incident to a fall from a high point in the tower, Building 1."  In addition, among the exhibits in the Willcutts Report is the famous transcription of the morbid poem by Sophocles that Forrestal was supposed to have copied, but the handwriting bears no resemblance to Forrestal's handwriting.  I believe that this site should not go beyond the known evidence, and in light of that evidence, the conclusion that Forrestal jumped from a hospital window is nothing more than conjecture from a particular POV.  The word "jumped" should be removed as should the conclusion of suicide, a conclusion that goes beyond the last official government word on the subject of Forrestal's death. ElmoMotterson (talk) 20:30, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I concur, however I do suggest that a separate section be created for the speculations and conspiracies as they are a part of this biography and are a necessary part of the history of this individual. True or not they exist, they are documented to exist and therefore should be mentioned as what they are, conspiracies and speculations.--Kumioko (talk) 20:38, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * It is not accurate to say, "all that is currently published in books, magazines, or newspapers is based on out of date evidence." One U.S. newspaper in Maryland published a report, Handwriting tells dark tale?, based on current news.  The Hyattsville Life and Times, December 2007 edition (page 3), published comments from James Forrestal's personal driver, who was reported living in Pennsylvania.  The newspaper published the handwritten poem from the Willcutts Review Board Report alongside a handwritten letter by Forrestal, obtained from the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library.  The article accurately reported the Willcutts Repot did not call Forrestal's death a suicide. Coffeehead (talk) 23:26, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The section suggested does not need to be "created." All that needs to be done is to restore what was chopped away on March 4, a section that had withstood the scrutiny of Wikipedia readers for quite a long time.  The major amputation was performed, I believe, by the same person who implies above that no one has presented evidence to suggest that it is anything but "a fringe lunatic theory," whatever that pejorative and most unscholarly and uncivil expression might mean.  He apparently failed to read what was right on the page in front of him to infer that insufficient evidence has been presented to raise legitimate doubts about the conclusion of suicide.

 * Repeating what I wrote above, what sets this evidence apart is that it is what in a court of law would have to be treated as the best evidence. It is more recent and it comes from more authoritative sources.  Prior to the release of the Willcutts Report, the most recent published source on Forrestal's death was probably the generally excellent biography, Driven Patriot, the Life and Times of James Forrestal, by Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley.  Their sources for what transpired on the 16th floor of Bethesda Naval Hospital on that fateful night, however, are very weak.  They rely primarily on the previous biographer, Arnold Rogow, who said that when Forrestal's Navy guard last saw him, he was busy copying something from a book.  Rogow has no source for that information, however.  Hoopes and Brinkley add to that the impressions of Forrestal's demeanor supplied by the guard who went off duty some two hours before Forrestal went out a window.  They did not interview that guard themselves; rather they got in from the unpublished manuscript of John Osborne, a writer for Time magazine.  From the actual testimony of those two guards, as provided by the Willcutts Report, we find that at the exact same time Rogow said Forrestal was said to be reading and writing, he appeared to the guard to be asleep in his dark room.  For his part, the guard who came before expressed no particular alarm over Forrestal's demeanor during his time on duty.

 * Here is a short summary of the main information contained in the Willcutts Report that calls into question the suicide theory:

 * 1. The handwriting of the transcribed poem, which, for the press, served as his suicide note, does not resemble Forrestal's at all.
 * 2. Broken glass was on his bed and on the carpet at the foot of the bed
 * 3. Forrestal's room was not photographed until many hours after he was found dead and that when it was it did not resemble the room that the nurse who first got a good look at the vacated room described. The photos show a bed with nothing but a bare mattress and pillow on them, whereas Nurse Turner testified that, as one might expect, "The bed clothes were turned back and towards the middle of the bed and I looked down and [the slippers] were right there as you get out of bed." No slippers or any other sign that the room had been occupied are evident in the photographs, either.
 * 4. No satisfactory explanation was given for the bathrobe cord that was tied tightly around Forrestal's neck. There was speculation that he had tried to hang himself out the window from a radiator under the window, but the cord was not broken and no effort was made to determine if one end of it had ever been tied to anything.
 * 5. The influential biographer, Arnold Rogow, apparently fabricated the story that the guard saw Forrestal transcribing the morbid poem when he last looked in on him, because the guard testified that when he last looked in the room Forrestal was apparently sleeping and the lights had been off and Forrestal apparently did no reading or writing during the guard's time of duty which began at midnight
 * 6. The influential newspapers reporting on the death apparently fabricated the story that the transcription ended in the middle of the word "nightingale" or, depending on which article in The Washington Post you read, the transcription included the lines, “When Reason’s day sets rayless–joyless–quenched in cold decay, better to die, and sleep the never-ending sleep than linger on, and dare to live, when the soul’s life is gone.”
 * 7. The findings of the Willcutts Report were not issued until several months had passed and then, the findings did not include the conclusion that Forrestal had committed suicide.
 * 8. The book from which Forrestal supposedly copied the damning poem does not appear in official evidence nor is the supposed discoverer of either the book or the transcription ever officially identified
 * 9. The Willcutts Report was kept secret for 55 years, when its whole purpose was to clear the air and establish the facts publicly concerning the nature of Forrestal's death? ElmoMotterson (talk) 19:50, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

One of the "Majestic Papers" whether bogus or not mentions that his death was nessessary now please realize that parts of this were Blacked out and "Edited". I am now Quoting from this document.

"In protecting the security operations of MAJESTIC it has been necessary to eliminate individuals who would compromise the intelligence efforts. While distasteful [Blacked]t times, the use of [Blacked] measures have been executed. The untimely death of Secretary Forrestal, was deemed necessary and [Blacked]"   Special:Contributions/ (talk) 19:11, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * "Bogus or not"? Hardly meets WP standards for reliable sources then, does it? — NRen2k5 (TALK), 14:11, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

USN v. USAF
I had understood that Forrestal's depression was related to the newly formed USAF claiming that because of its strategic bombers that the Navy should be reduced or eliminated much like proponents of air to air missiles said that machine guns on aircraft were no longer necessary. I thought that a vote was taken in congress and by only one vote was the Navy kept as a major part of the armed forces. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.11.176.78 (talk) 16:19, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

NPOV
Why is there any reference to conspiracy theories? WP already offers objective evidence that Forrestal was personally subjected to discrete campaigns of harassment: The article evidences "outright fabrication" against him- and an opinion from US ambassador to Israel James G. McDonald that "attacks" [plural] on Forrestal were "unjustifiable", "persistent and venomous" and "among the ugliest example... of politicians...[designing] to destroy public servants".

This article offers no theories which allege any conspiracy.

Objectively it better serves the spirit of all WP -and of true "public service" to investigate the nature of Ambassador McDonald's allegations. OTOH nebulous, prejudicial terms regarding Forrestal's response to this political intrigue around him serve only to continue a hostility against, and ridicule of this powerful + intelligent, yet principled person.

Which interests pursue this slander after 60 years?...  Hilar leo  Hey, L.E.O. 08:31, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Investigate? Wrong Web site.  See WP:NOR.  And of course we have no reason to object to someone else investigating; many people like to do that.  Jim.henderson (talk) 00:04, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

This article is exhaustively fringe
Lets play a game. It's called "Ockham's Razor vs. The Lunatic Fringe on Wikipedia"

Established, undeniable facts: a famous public servant and military man undergoes vast stress, strain and media harassment while working 18-hour days in a highly controversial public job, culminating in an embarrassing public dismissal from the position that has defined his entire existence for the last 2 years. He immediately falls into a "strange daze", is diagnosed with acute stress-induced reactive depression and is hospitalized in the locked psychiatric ward of one of the nation's top military hospitals under the care of a team of psychiatrists. At some point during his treatment for acute depression in the locked psychiatric ward of this famous military hospital, he ends up dead, having plummeted from the window of his 16th story room in his bathrobe.

Now that we've got the facts out of the way, pick which one of these two follow up options represents Ockham's Razor and which represents some combination of the Wikipedia Zionist/UFO/Communist/Majestic 12 lunatic fringe that needs to be driven off this project with flamethrowers and roach spray:

Option 1: The aforementioned man, like many sufferers of severe depression who require hospitalization in a locked ward and constant supervision for their own safety, committed suicide by the means available (an unlocked window in a tall building) when the opportunity (a temporary lack of constant supervision) presented itself. The various evidentiary details surrounding this act should be reviewed carefully, but cannot be considered prima facie evidence of conspiracy, murder or other foul play so long as more reasonable explanations for their presence also exist.

Option 2: The Israelis (potentially working on behalf of Majestic 12) infiltrated a locked psych ward in the nation's biggest military hospital and murdered the aforementioned man to shut him up, because he knew too much about the international Jewish/UFO conspiracy. They then bribed/mind-erased hundreds of Congressmen, Senators, psychiatrists and naval officers using their Jew golds/alien mind-erasers, but left obvious forensic evidence for later-day investigators to find, knowing that they would be ignored and mocked as fringe lunatics by the Jew/alien mind slaves who feed America their truth. This option is equally as likely as the option he committed suicide, and should be presented that way in the article; disagreement by citing WP:UNDUE is prima facie evidence that the objector is a Jew-alien mind slave and should be treated thusly. Court Appointed Shrub (talk) 04:06, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Oh I had a good laugh with Option 2! Folk need to be reminded that Wikipedia deals in facts and not "conspiracy theories". Great piece of writing! Regards, David, David J Johnson (talk) 09:06, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

I've changed the subsection "Assassination allegations" to "Assassination theories", because there is only theory, no allegation. An allegation is a claim of a fact, although not immediately provided with proof. That being said - the assassination is everything but a fact - it is conjecture and theory. Wikipedia is a place for facts and the subsection is clearly intended to push the reader to the conclusion that assassination is not only possible, but also likely. That is my view a violation for the very purpose of Wikipedia. On a personal note: I am of a mind to remove the subsection entirely, because it clearly belongs in the bin with other conspiracy theories. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cadoras (talk • contribs) 14:35, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

I also removed the suicide/foul play theorems from the introductory text. It simply does not belong there, if you want to include mention of the theory, it should be as subsection of the cause of death, not in the poor man's introductory text. It is only acceptable if the cause of death is defining of the character, like for example Robert Budd Dwyer. But that is not the case here.

How about instead of facts we simply ask questions? How is a 16th floor window left open in an ASYLUM with a potentially suicidal STATESMAN left open? The open window assume that the doctors, guards, and family are all completely incompetent, ignorant, and unprofessional?

I agree that conspiracy 'theories' should not be stated as fact, but let me remind you that as a scientist ALL FACTS are theories, we simply call them FACTS or LAWS until a better Theory comes along. After all, the world is still FLAT isn't it? Careful with your answer, it might get your burned at the stake.

My removal of the following passage has been reversed because it wasn't talked about here first: If Forrestal's [work], according to some intelligence sources, then he could not scribble the word 'nightingale' in the poem because it was the code name of the Ukrainian Nazi elite unit Nachtigall Brigade which Forrestal had helped to smuggle to the United States to supplant Kim Philby's failed ABN (Anti Bolshevik Nationals), an MI6 Soviet émigré fascist group." I said it sounded like nonsense.  Doesn't it?  What sense does it make?  At the very least, it's far from the heart of the matter.  I also removed the juxtaposing of "conspiracy theories"to "legitimate concerns." This suggests that all theories of conspiracy are always illegitimate, which we know is far from the case.  "Conspiracy theory" is typically used pejoratively to mean any conclusion that differs from the official government conclusion. Using that definition even, the assumption lying behind the statement seems to be that the government concluded that Forrestal committed suicide. Go back and read the last word on the death, the conclusion of the Willcutts Report. It left completely open the question of responsibility for Forrestal's fall from the window. ˜˜˜˜ — Preceding unsigned comment added by StuartHedrick (talk • contribs) 14:41, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Defenestration?
Since Forrestal most likely committed suicide, is it right to put Defenestration category here? 5.1.21.254 (talk) 11:04, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * not so sure. Maybe he was under influence of substances that made him think he had turned into a Navy Dive bomber. --129.187.244.19 (talk) 05:57, 6 September 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:James Forrestal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shockmaster

Shockmaster was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge into Fred Ottman and redirect

Orphan. Merge into WCW, and redir. I cannot possibly fathom the need for Wikipedia to have separate articles for each of the thousands (millions?) of "bloopers" ever televised and/or caught on film/tape. Niteowlneils 19:48, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Elf-friend 19:56, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Fred Ottman, and find someone knowledgeable about wrestling to write an introductory paragraph. I'll do it if no-one better qualified steps up. —Stormie 00:55, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, subtrivial. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:43, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. -Sean Curtin 23:45, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with and redirect to Fred Ottman. The incident is infamous among wrestling fans, but doesn't deserve a separate article.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:51, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Trina

Katrina Laverne Taylor (born December 3, 1978), known professionally as Trina, is an American rapper. She rose to prominence in the late 1990s for her collaborations with Trick Daddy on the singles "Nann Nigga", "Shut Up", and "Take It to da House". In 2000, she released her debut album Da Baddest Bitch. Afterwards, she made an appearance on the remix of "One Minute Man" by Missy Elliott and Ludacris. In 2002, she released the Kanye West-produced single "B R Right" featuring Ludacris, from her sophomore album Diamond Princess (2002).

Trina's third album Glamorest Life (2005), spawned the hit single "Here We Go" featuring Kelly Rowland, which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Her follow-up album Still da Baddest (2008), peaked within the top ten on the Billboard 200, and reached number one on the US R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In 2010, she released her fifth album Amazin', which featured the Lady Gaga co-penned track "Let Dem Hoes Fight", as well as collaborations with Diddy, Nicki Minaj, Lil Wayne, and Rick Ross.

She has been described by XXL as "the most consistent female rapper of all time". In 2014, Trina was included in Billboard's list of the "31 Female Rappers Who Changed Hip-Hop".

Early life
Katrina Laverne Taylor was born on December 3, 1978, in Miami, Florida. She grew up in the Liberty City area of Miami, Florida. Her father is Dominican, while her mother, Vernessa Taylor, was Bahamian. They separated when Trina was a child. She attended Miami Northwestern Senior High School, where she was a majorette, and where she graduated. Taylor initially educated herself towards becoming a real estate agent, before switching her career path to music.

Breakthrough, Da Baddest Bitch (1998–2000)
In 1998, Trina was studying to get her real estate license, when she caught the attention of Miami rapper Trick Daddy, who asked her to appear on his track "Nann Nigga". The song was released as the lead single from Trick's second studio album, www.thug.com on July 14, 1998, reaching No. 62 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 3 on the Rap Songs chart. This kickstarted Trina's rap career, leading to a record deal with Slip-n-Slide Records with distribution from Atlantic Records.

On March 21, 2000, Trina released her debut album Da Baddest Bitch, which debuted at No. 33 on the US Billboard 200 and No. 11 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It stayed on the Billboard 200 chart for 39 weeks and on the Hip-Hop/R&B album chart for 49 consecutive weeks and was certified Gold by the RIAA by November of that year. The album was preceded by the singles "Da Baddest Bitch" on December 22, 1999, and "Pull Over" on February 13, 2000, which reached No. 93 on the Hot 100, No. 46 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and No. 41 on the Rap Songs chart.

Diamond Princess (2001–2003)
Trina began working on her second album in 2001 with Missy Elliott, enjoying more creative control than ever before, saying in interviews that the album was "more what Trina's about, how Trina looks, how Trina feels, the things that Trina consists of." During this time, she started her own record label imprint, Diva Enterprises. In September 2002, she signed 9-year-old recording artist Lil' Brianna, who would appear on her track "Kandi" and later be known as Brianna Perry.

On August 27, 2002, Trina released her second album Diamond Princess, which debut at No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and No. 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, selling 67,000 units in its first week. The album was preceded by "Told Y'all", featuring Rick Ross, which reached No. 64 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and appeared on the soundtrack to the action comedy All About the Benjamins, and "No Panties", featuring Tweet, which reached No. 88 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and No. 45 on the UK Singles Chart. On October 22, 2002, Trina released the album's third and final single, "B R Right", featuring Ludacris, which reached No. 83 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 50 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and No. 24 on the Rap Songs chart.

Glamorest Life (2004–2005)
On October 4, 2005, Trina released her third studio album, Glamorest Life, which debut at No. 11 on the Billboard 200, No. 2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and No. 2 on the Top Rap Albums chart, selling 77,000 units in its first week. The album was preceded by the single, "Don't Trip", featuring Lil Wayne on April 28, 2005, which reached No. 74 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and "Here We Go", featuring Kelly Rowland, on September 23, 2005, which became one of Trina's most successful singles, reaching No. 17 on the Hot 100, No. 8 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and No. 3 on the Hot Rap Songs chart and Top 20 in most countries worldwide. The single was certified Gold in the US in June 2006. The album's third and final single, "Da Club", featuring Mannie Fresh, was released on November 22, 2005.

Still Da Baddest (2006–2008)
On May 18, 2007, it was announced that Trina had left Atlantic Records and signed to EMI in conjunction with her original label, Slip-n-Slide Records.

On April 1, 2008, Trina released her fourth studio album, Still da Baddest, which reached No. 6 on the Billboard 200, No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and No. 1 on the Top Rap Albums chart, becoming her first album to top the charts. Its first-week sales were 47,000. The album was preceded by the singles "Single Again", which reached No. 25 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100, No. 59 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and No. 19 on the Rap Songs chart, and "I Got a Thang for You", featuring Keyshia Cole, which reached No. 21 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 and No. 59 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The third and final single from the album, "Look Back at Me", featuring Killer Mike, hit No. 1 in Denmark.

Amazin' (2009–2010)
On May 4, 2010, Trina released her fifth studio album, Amazin', which debut at No. 13 on the Billboard 200, No. 4 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, No. 2 on the Top Rap Albums chart, and No. 1 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The album sold over 32,000 copies in its first week. The album was preceded by the singles "That's My Attitude" on August 21, 2009, "Million Dollar Girl", featuring Diddy and Keri Hilson, on January 12, 2010, which reached No. 61 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and No. 20 on the Rap Songs chart, "Always", featuring Monica, on April 20, 2010, which reached No. 42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and "White Girl", featuring Flo Rida and Git Fresh, on June 29, 2010.

Independent releases (2011–2016)
On March 28, 2011, Trina released the mixtape Diamonds Are Forever. It was preceded by the singles "Ghetto", featuring T-Pain, "Waist So Skinny", featuring Rick Ross, and "Can I", featuring Mýa. The mixtape received 4.8 million streams in two days. During this time, Trina was preparing her sixth studio album. On November 9, 2011, Trina announced on MTV RapFix Live that she was no longer signed to Slip-N-Slide Records, the label she had been with since the beginning of her career. On December 3, 2012, Trina released the mixtape Back 2 Business, which was preceded by the singles "Beam" featuring Gunplay and Iceberg Slimm, and "Bad Bitch", featuring Lola Monroe and Shawnna.

On December 17, 2012, Trina appeared as a co-host on the VH1 late night talk show Tiny Tonight! with Tiny, Tamar Braxton and Claudia Jordan.

On March 9, 2015, Trina revealed that she had signed a new imprint venture with Penalty Entertainment. Days earlier, Trina had released the promotional single "Real One" featuring Rico Love, who she said would be the executive producer of her sixth album. On July 21, 2015, Trina previewed its music video on an episode of Love and Hip Hop Atlanta: Afterparty Live! on July 21, 2015. On October 29, Wolfgang Gartner announced that his song "Turn Up", featuring Trina and Wiley, would be featured on the soundtrack for the video game Need For Speed. On November 13, Trina released her single "Fuck Boy", along with a remix of One Direction's "Perfect", both garnered positive reviews.

On March 21, 2016, the 16th anniversary of her debut album Da Baddest Bitch, Trina released the single "Overnight", which discusses the ups and downs of her career including lawsuits, label issues, and being underestimated. On April 1, 2016, Trina released the single "Forget That", featuring Steph Lecor, from the Meet the Blacks soundtrack. On July 11, Trina participated in Missy Elliott's tribute for VH1's Hip Hop Honors: All Hail The Queens. On December 3, Trina celebrated her 38th birthday by unveiling a surprise EP, Dynasty 6, at a private Art Basel event.

The One (2017–present)
On August 25, 2017, it was announced that Trina and Trick Daddy would star in the VH1 reality television series Love & Hip Hop: Miami.

On June 21, 2019, Trina released her much-delayed sixth studio album, The One. In a 2020 interview, Trina stated that she was working on another project that was "almost done".

Professional wrestling
On September 21, 2022, Trina made a guest appearance on All Elite Wrestling's Dynamite program, being revealed as the celebrity guest supporting Diamante against TBS Champion Jade Cargill. Two nights later on AEW Rampage, Trina appeared in Diamante's corner during the TBS Championship match, which saw Diamante defeated by Cargill. After the match ended, Trina turned heel on Diamante; attacking her and showing her support for Cargill.

Personal life
Trina was in an on-again, off-again relationship with rapper Lil Wayne from 2005 to 2007. On October 5, 2005, during an interview with Wendy Williams, she confirmed that she and Wayne were engaged to be married. Trina later became pregnant by Lil Wayne, but suffered a miscarriage. The couple have matching tattoos, Trina has "Wayne" on her wrist, while Lil Wayne has "Trina" spelled out on his ring finger.

Trina's brother, Wilbrent Bain Jr., was murdered in a shooting in 2013. Her mother, Vernessa Taylor, died at age 62 after a struggle with cancer in September 2019. In July 2022, Trina's niece was killed.

Trina dated basketball player Kenyon Martin from 2007 to 2010. He had the image of her lips tattooed on his neck. Trina dated rapper French Montana from 2012 to 2014.

Trina began dating Raymond Taylor on 2017 and got engaged in September 2021.

Trina married Benjamin Kearse Jr. on May 22, 2024.

Philanthropy
Trina started the Diamond Doll Foundation, a non-profit organization that helps younger girls with their life struggles. The organization is partnered with the Florida Entertainment Summit to organize the Jingle Bell Toy Drive for children in South Florida.

Awards and nominations
Trina has received ten nominations at the BET Awards,  nine of which were for Best Female Hip-Hop Artist, and three nominations at the Soul Train Music Awards. She has received four Source Award nominations winning one. She has been nominated for one American Music Award. She was nominated for six awards at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards. She was nominated for one MTV Sucker Free Summit Award. She has won one Golden Trailer Award for her appearance on the film A Miami Tail. She has won two ASCAP Awards, two BMI Awards, one Billboard Music Award, one EME Award, and one All Star Music Award.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Da Baddest Bitch (2000)
 * Diamond Princess (2002)
 * Glamorest Life (2005)
 * Still da Baddest (2008)
 * Amazin' (2010)
 * The One (2019)
 * T7 (2022)
 * The One (2019)
 * T7 (2022)

title: Trina


text:
William Howell Pegram

William Howell Pegram (August 18, 1846 – April 30, 1928) was an American chemist and educator.

Biography
Born Chalk Level, Harnett County, North Carolina, Pegram fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy. His combat experience and subsequent internment on the Confederacy's defeat left him with a military bearing and, untainted by cynicism, an enthusiasm to be part of the Reconstruction.

After spending the next four years on his father's farm, he entered Trinity College (now Duke University) in 1869 and, even as an undergraduate, assisted in the teaching of science and English literature. Graduating in 1873, by 1874 he was professor of natural science with responsibility for the teaching of physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. It was about this time that he began courting Emma, the daughter of college president Rev. Braxton Craven. As an uncredited report put it:

 * In 1873 a bright young man, just out of college and full of the fine enthusiasm of youth was appointed to teach the sciences. It did not take him long to doff his coat, roll up his sleeves and resolve to make something happen. This youth was William H. Pegram.  The records do not show whether this fine enthusiasm was fundamentally excited by a love of pure science or by a love of the President's daughter. The fact is well-established, however, that through it he won the unqualified approval of the President and also of the President's daughter, and thereby won for himself a career in science.

Pegram married Emma in 1875 and they parented five children, most famously George Braxton Pegram. Tight finances at the college demanded that Pegram was still teaching English until 1879 and it was not until 1900 that he could devote himself to his principle love of chemistry.

title: William Howell Pegram


text:
USS Kimberly (DD-80)

USS Kimberly (DD-80) was a Wickes-class destroyer built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Wickes class was an improved and faster version of the preceding Caldwell-class destroyer. Two different designs were prepared to the same specification that mainly differed in the turbines and boilers used. The ships built to the Bethlehem Steel design, built in the Fore River and Union Iron Works shipyards, mostly used Yarrow boilers that deteriorated badly during service and were mostly scrapped during the 1930s. The ships displaced 1202 - 1208 LT at standard load and 1295 - 1322 LT at deep load. They had an overall length of 314 ft, a beam of 30 ft and a draught of 9 ft. They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Wickes class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 27000 shp intended to reach a speed of 35 kn. The ships carried 225 LT of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of 2500 nmi at 20 kn.

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) guns. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Kimberly, named for Lewis Ashfield Kimberly, was launched 14 December 1917, by Fore River Shipbuilding Company, Quincy, Massachusetts; sponsored by Miss Elsie S. Kimberly, daughter of Rear Admiral Kimberly; and commissioned 26 April 1918.

After shakedown Kimberly cleared Boston 19 May 1918, escorting a convoy to the United Kingdom. After her arrival in June, the destroyer spent the remainder of the war protecting ships bound for the battle zones in Europe from the British Isles. She departed Queenstown, Ireland, 26 December; and, after arrival Boston 8 January 1919, Kimberly engaged in training operations along the coast. In May the destroyer served as a lifeguard ship in New England waters during the world's first transatlantic flight—that of the Navy's NC-4 hydroplane commanded by Lt. Comdr. Albert C. Read.

In August 1918, "Kimberly", with Undersecretary of the Navy Franklin D Roosevelt and the First Lord of the Admiralty Sir Eric Geddes on board, took a short cruise from Pembroke to Queenstown, escorted by HMS Patrol.

Kimberly completed maneuvers out of Newport, and entered Boston Navy Yard for extensive repairs. She joined the Destroyer Force at Newport 18 April 1921, and throughout the summer operated with submarines. Information gained through these early experiments was of great value in refining the techniques of undersea warfare. Kimberly spent the winter at Charleston, South Carolina, before arriving Philadelphia 29 March 1922, where she decommissioned 30 June. Her hull was sold to Boston Iron & Metal Company, Baltimore, Maryland, for scrapping.

title: USS Kimberly (DD-80)


text:
Daniel Dixon, 2nd Baron Glentoran

Daniel Stewart Thomas Bingham Dixon, 2nd Baron Glentoran, KBE (19 January 1912 – 22 July 1995), was a Northern Irish soldier and politician.

Glentoran was the son of Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron Glentoran. After being educated at Eton and Sandhurst he was appointed aide-de-camp to the GOC in Northern Ireland in 1935. He served with the Grenadier Guards in World War II, for which he was mentioned in dispatches. In 1950 he succeeded his father as Baron Glentoran, as well being elected in his place as Ulster Unionist member for Belfast Bloomfield in the Northern Ireland House of Commons (where peers could also hold a seat).

Appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Finance in 1952, Lord Glentoran was the following year made Minister of Commerce, a post he held until elected to the Northern Ireland Senate in 1961. He was the Minister responsible for the destruction of much of the Great Northern Railway in Northern Ireland, when he unilaterally closed the Portadown – Armagh – Monaghan, Clones – Enniskillen -Belleek and Enniskillen – Omagh railway lines in 1957. Consequently, the privately owned Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway linking Enniskillen to Sligo was forced to close. He was then Minister in and Leader of the Senate for three years, becoming its last speaker in 1964.

Lord Glentoran was said to have had such a "grand" demeanour that once, when visiting America, a Texas newspaper carried the headline "Irish royalty to visit Texas."

Appointed Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1973, Lord Glentoran was also the Lord Lieutenant (and from 1950 to 1976 Lieutenant) for Belfast from 1976 to 1985. In 1933 he married Lady Diana Mary Wellesley (died 1984), daughter of the third Earl Cowley, by whom he had three children; the eldest is Olympic gold medal-winning bobsledder Robin Dixon.

Lord Glentoran died in 1995 aged 83 and was succeeded to the Barony by his son Robin.

title: Daniel Dixon, 2nd Baron Glentoran


text:
Ministry of National Education (France)

The Ministry of National Education and Youth, or simply Ministry of National Education, as the title has changed several times in the course of the Fifth Republic, is the cabinet member in the Government of France who oversees the country's public educational system and supervises agreements and authorisations for private teaching organisations.

The ministry's headquarters is located in the 18th century Hôtel de Rochechouart on the Rue de Grenelle in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. As education is France's largest employment domain, the ministry directs the work of more than half of the state civil servants. The position is therefore traditionally a strategic one.

On 11 January 2024, with the installation of the Attal government, the ministry changed its name to Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de la Jeunesse, des Sports et des Jeux Olympiques et Paralympiques (Ministry of National Education, Youth, Sports and the Olympic and Paralympic Games). During the second cabinet reshuffle of February 2024, and owing to a controversy involving Amélie Oudéa-Castéra, the ministry was divided into two: Oudéa-Castéra kept the Ministry of Sports and Olympic and Paralympic Games title, while the Ministry of Education was assigned to Nicole Belloubet.

History
A governmental position overseeing public education was first created in France in 1802. Following the various regime changes in France in the first decades of the 19th century, the position changed official status and name a number of times before the position of Minister of Public Instruction was created in 1828. For much of its history, the position was combined with that of Minister of Public Worship, who dealt with issues related to the Roman Catholic Church, except in instances where the Minister of Public Instruction was a Protestant. The position has also occasionally been combined with Minister of Sports and Minister of Youth Affairs. In 1932, the office's title was changed to Minister of National Education, although it was briefly changed back in 1940–1941, and was renamed Minister of Education during the presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1974–1981). In 1975, it created the Comité d'études sur les formations d'ingénieurs which studies the training and job placement of engineers in France.

title: Ministry of National Education (France)


text:
Category:Feathered dinosaurs

This category contains non-avialian dinosaur genera that have been shown by fossil evidence to have been feathered. Primitive birds belong in Category:Prehistoric birds, though transitional fossils may belong in both. See the article on Fossil birds for a list of early avian taxa.

title: Category:Feathered dinosaurs