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Battle of Vigo Bay

The Battle of Vigo Bay, also known as the Battle of Rande (Batalla de Rande; Batalla de Rande), was a naval engagement fought on 23 October 1702 during the opening years of the War of the Spanish Succession. The engagement followed an Anglo-Dutch attempt to capture the Spanish port of Cádiz in September in an effort to secure a naval base in the Iberian Peninsula. From this station the Allies had hoped to conduct operations in the western Mediterranean Sea, particularly against the French at Toulon. The amphibious assault, however, had proved a disaster, but as Admiral George Rooke retreated home in early October, he received news that the Spanish treasure fleet from America, laden with silver and merchandise, had entered Vigo Bay in northern Spain. Philips van Almonde convinced Rooke to attack the treasure ships, despite the lateness of the year and the fact that the vessels were protected by French ships-of-the-line.

The French and Spanish fleet sought safety behind a boom with twin batteries. However, Allied marines captured the harbour batteries while an Allied ship broke the boom. The main Anglo-Dutch fleet then attacked the outnumbered and immobilized French fleet. The French surrendered six ships-of-the-line, and others were destroyed.

The engagement was an overwhelming naval success for the Allies: the entire French escort fleet, under the command of Château-Renault, together with the Spanish galleons and transports under Manuel de Velasco, had either been captured or destroyed. Yet because most of the treasure had been off-loaded before the attack, capturing the bulk of the silver cargo had eluded Rooke. Nevertheless, the victory was a welcome boost to Allied morale and helped persuade the Portuguese King, Peter II, to abandon his earlier treaty with the French, and join the Grand Alliance.

Background
The accession of the Bourbon Philip V to the Spanish throne in 1700 had aroused little opposition in Spain. In the Spanish American empire, however, officials and colonists resisted French attempts to take over their trade. Dutch and English traders – though officially illegal – were accepted by the Spanish, but in the Caribbean, French admirals who had come to "protect" Spanish silver home to Europe were regarded with intense suspicion. The first French squadron sailed in April 1701 under the Marquis de Coëtlogon, but the Spanish governors would not even permit him to buy victuals, and he returned empty handed. Nevertheless, the weakness of the Spanish navy left the government in Madrid little choice but to rely on French warships for escort duty. Every effort was made to ensure that the bullion was landed in Spain rather than France, from where it might never return.

The naval campaign of 1702 was therefore played out in two distant theatres of America and Spain, linked together by the trail of the Spanish treasure ships across the Atlantic. The American theatre became a scene long remembered in popular English tradition following Admiral Benbow's running battle in August off Santa Marta. However, the Royal Navy's main effort was not off the Spanish Main, but off the Spanish coasts in Europe. Under the leadership of King William III, the Maritime Powers – England and the Dutch Republic – had resolved upon a Mediterranean strategy for the Allied fleets, a policy continued under William's successors following his death in March 1702. It was hoped that this strategy would encourage Portugal to join the Allies, open the Strait of Gibraltar, and secure English naval power in the Mediterranean. Their allies, the Austrians, were also clamouring for a naval presence in the Mediterranean to assist them in achieving their own primary ambitions – the capture of Spain's provinces in Italy. To meet these ends, the Anglo-Dutch fleets would first need to seize a port in the Iberian Peninsula from which their ships could operate. The Allies, therefore, resolved upon an expedition, led by Admiral George Rooke, to capture the southern Spanish port of Cádiz, and at a stroke cut off Spain's transatlantic trade.

Silver fleet from America

On 11 June 1702, the Spanish silver fleet from New Spain left Veracruz under escort of a French squadron commanded by Admiral Château-Renault. The Spanish vessels were commanded by Manuel de Velasco in his armed galleon, the Jesús María y José, one of three ships forming the Armada de Barlovento whose task it was to protect the fleet. The whole convoy arrived at Havana on 7 July, before striking out across the Atlantic on the 24th. The fleet comprised 56 vessels: 22 were Spanish, the rest French, including a large number of merchantmen which, by the end of the voyage, had sailed for France as soon as their safety across the Atlantic had been assured.

When Château-Renault had set out for the Caribbean in 1701, war between France and the Maritime Powers had not yet been declared; but the convoy had since received news of the outbreak of hostilities and of Rooke's blockade of Cádiz, the usual destination of the silver fleet from America. It was clear, therefore, a new harbour would be needed. Valesco considered the small port of Los Pasajes, but Château-Renault favoured Brest or La Rochelle, or even Lisbon. A compromise was put forward, and on 23 September the Franco-Spanish fleet entered Vigo Bay in Galicia. There was, however, considerable delay in unloading the cargo. The whole administrative apparatus normally present at unloading (inspectors, valuers, royal officials, etc.), was in Seville and Cádiz, and had to be awaited before anything could be put ashore. When the unloading eventually began, it was found that means of transporting the goods were lacking. As a result, priority was given to the silver, which was unloaded first and despatched inland to Lugo.

Allied pursuit
By mid-October the English government had learnt of the Spanish presence in Vigo Bay, and immediately sent off messengers to scour the seas for Rooke and Admiral Cloudesley Shovell, the latter of whom had been cruising with his squadron off Ushant. By now Rooke was returning home from the disastrous campaign against Cádiz, which, due to ill-discipline and poor co-operation, had forced the admiral to abandon the enterprise at the end of September. Fortuitously, however, Rooke had already learnt the news of the Spanish convoy from one of his own ships – Captain Thomas Hardy in the Pembroke who had stayed behind to water in the Portuguese port of Lagos. Pembroke's chaplain, a Jersey man named Beauvoir, had learned from the boastful French consul of the treasure ships in the harbour, news of which had been confirmed to Beauvoir by a messenger from the Imperial Embassy in Lisbon. At once, Hardy gave chase, and caught Rooke on 17 October in time to prevent him crossing the Bay of Biscay. Admiral Rooke recorded in his journal:

"Under consideration of the intelligence brought to Captain Hardy of the Pembroke ... It is resolved that we make best our way to the port of Vigo, and insult them immediately with our whole line, if not by such detachments as shall render the attempt most effectual."

Rooke sent ships to explore the mouth of Vigo Bay. A landing party had gleaned information from a captured friar that King Philip's part of the treasure had already been landed, but that much wealth was still left on board the Spanish vessels.

Battle

On the evening of 22 October the Anglo-Dutch fleet entered the Ria de Vigo, and sailed past the two forts of the city of Vigo that fired at them as they passed by. At the end of the bay the French fleet and Spanish treasure ships lay in the harbour of Redondela, surrounded by the Galician mountains. Château-Renault had taken charge of the defensive measures, and had blocked the narrow entrance, across the Rande Strait, with a boom made largely of timber and chain tightly bound together. At the north end of the boom was positioned a gun battery which, according to Rooke's journal, comprised "fifteen or sixteen" guns; at the south end sat Fort Rande sitting a little way up from the sea, consisting of a strong stone tower with platforms constructed for cannon. The space between the tower and the water's edge consisted of a fortified enclosure, at the bottom of which stood a battery commanding the straits. In total, the Rande fortifications had been armed with more than 30 guns. To supplement the French troops from the fleet, a number of levies were raised by the Prince of Barbançon, governor and captain-general of Galicia.

Aboard the Royal Sovereign an Allied council of war discussed the options for the attack. The plan was to destroy the boom with English and Dutch ships, whilst the troops from the fleet would silence the shore defences. But the naval encounter would not be a conventional line-of-battle engagement: Vigo Bay allowed no room for the deployment of a battle line, so Rooke had to adapt his tactics to the exigencies of the situation. Rooke recorded in his journal:

"Upon consideration of the present position of Monsieur Château-Renault's squadron ... and in regard the whole fleet cannot, without great hazard of being in a huddle, attempt them where they are: it is resolved to send in a detachment of fifteen English and ten Dutch ships of the line of battle with all the fireships, to use their best endeavours to take or destroy the aforesaid ships of the enemy ..."

Breaking the boom

Early in the morning on 23 October, Vice Admiral Thomas Hopsonn in the HMS Torbay (1693) led the attack on the boom, closely followed by a strong squadron of his English ships, and of Dutch vessels under Vice Admiral Philips van der Goes. Near each end of the boom Château-Renault had moored two of his largest men-of-war: the Bourbon, and the Esperance. Within the boom he had moored five other large men-of-war with their broadsides bearing upon the entrance.

Meanwhile, Ormonde with some 2,000 men, had landed on the shore near Teis and marched on Fort Rande. Ormonde sent Lord Shannon with the vanguard of grenadiers to assault the position, defended by several hundred troops. The wall enclosing the outer ward was stormed, and the seaward battery silenced in time to assist the breaking of the boom by the ships. The tower, defended by approximately 300 Franco-Spanish troops, held out a little longer, but this also fell to the Allied grenadiers. As the southern shore guns were being assailed by Ormonde's men, the 90 gun Association attacked and silenced the smaller northern battery on the other side of the bay.

The Torbay, favoured by a breath of wind, crashed at the boom; it cracked, and the ship floated through in amongst the French squadron beyond. However, a sudden drop in the breeze prevented any other Allied vessel following, and Hopsonn found himself temporarily outnumbered. A fireship was laid alongside the Torbay, setting it alight. Fortunately for Hopsonn the fireship, laden with snuff from the Spanish Indies, suddenly blew up, and a great cloud enveloped the English vessel, partly extinguishing the flames thus enabling the crew to control the blaze. According to Rooke's journal 53 men were drowned in the incident, but as the breeze picked up the other Allied ships managed to traverse the boom and engage with the enemy.

With the boom broken, and the forts silenced, the Franco-Spanish fleet was lost. Offering little resistance, Château-Renault's men set fire to their own ships in the harbour, and sought safety on shore. The Allied seamen worked throughout the night to save their prizes, and by morning there was not a single French or Spanish vessel that had not been either captured or destroyed.

Losses and gains
Vigo Bay was a major naval disaster for the French: of the 15 ships of the line, 2 frigates and one fireship, not a single vessel escaped. Five ships were captured by the English, and one by the Dutch; the rest were burnt, either by the Allies or the French themselves. (See table below). The Spanish suffered as badly: of the three galleons and 13 trading vessels in their fleet, all were destroyed, save five which were taken by the Allies (at least three of these were captured by the English). By 24 October most of the damage was complete; what remained of the ships and the fortifications were destroyed by Admiral Shovell's squadron on 27 October.

Spanish naval losses meant a total dependence on the French navy to keep up communications with the Americas. However, the Spanish government felt no financial blow: it owned only two of the three large galleons, and none of the trading vessels. Those who suffered most, not just from the losses of the ships but also from the immense merchandise on board (pepper, cochineal, cocoa, snuff, indigo, hides, etc.) were the private traders. The news that the treasure fleet had got safely to Vigo was initially the cause of celebration for the merchants of Holland but the subsequent reports of the battle were received with mixed feelings in Amsterdam as the wealth captured or destroyed belonged as much to the English and Dutch traders as it did to the Spanish. What the Spanish government did own was the silver, most of which had already been unloaded from the ships before the Allied attack, and was ultimately deposited in the castle of Segovia.

The Allies, therefore, did not capture as much silver for themselves as was often supposed. The Master of the Mint, Isaac Newton, stated in June 1703 that the total metal handed in to him by that date was 4504 lb 2 oz of silver (~2,043 kg), and 7 lb 8 oz and 13 dwt of gold (~3.4 kg), estimated at a value of just £14,000. Coins subsequently struck from these metals bore the word VIGO below Anne's bust, and are rare and valuable.

In February 1703, Philip V issued a decree, by way of reprisal, to confiscate all the silver that had come with the treasure fleet belonging to the English and Dutch, totalling four million pesos. In addition, the King decided to borrow two million pesos from what had come for the Spanish traders and the Consulate of Seville. In total, Philip managed to keep nearly seven million pesos, representing over half the silver from the fleet, amounting to the biggest sum in history obtained from the American trade by any Spanish king. The result was an immense financial windfall for Philip V.

Methuen Treaties
The naval success at Vigo had considerable implications for the Grand Alliance. On the accession of the Bourbon Philip V to the Spanish throne, King Peter II of Portugal, anxious to remain friends with his more powerful neighbour, had signed an alliance with France in June 1701. But it was the security of Portugal's overseas empire that was more important than its inland frontier. To protect Portugal's trade routes from South America, the ministers in Lisbon knew the importance of aligning themselves with the dominant naval power in the Atlantic. After Rooke's success at Vigo, it was clear that that naval strength reposed in the Maritime Powers.

In May 1703, the Portuguese signed the Methuen Treaties with England. "The preservation of our overseas colonies makes it indispensable for us to have a good intelligence with the powers which now possess the command of the sea," commented José da Cunha Brochado, the Portuguese minister in London, "the cost is heavy, but for us such an understanding is essential." It was an Allied triumph to detach Portugal from her French alliance: with Lisbon as a base the Allied fleet could dominate the Strait of Gibraltar and cripple French action in the Mediterranean. But the alliance with Portugal forced a major change in Allied strategy: the Maritime Powers now found themselves committed to extensive campaigning in Spain, with one army based in Lisbon, another based to the east in Catalonia. The policy was ultimately to prove a heavy burden and the cause of a disastrous campaign in the peninsula, but in the long term, the commercial provisions of the treaties were to prove an essential component of Britain's wealth. The naval victory at Vigo, therefore, made an indirect but powerful contribution to Britain's 18th century prosperity.

Sunken treasure
Efforts to recover the sunken treasure began almost immediately and continued for centuries. After their initial attempts failed, the Spanish government hired private contractors to recover the treasure, but these also proved unsuccessful. In 1728, a Frenchman named Alexandre Goubert managed to bring a ship almost completely to shore, but abandoned his efforts when it became apparent that it was a French battleship without treasure. An English expedition in 1825 led by William Evans utilized a diving bell, and over the course of a year managed to recover small amounts of silver, cannonballs, and other items. Around the same period, a group calling itself The American Vigo Bay Treasure Company made an ill-fated attempt to raise a ship, tearing it apart. Decades later, Cavalier Pino, using his invention the hydroscope, scanned the location and mapped out several ships, and with a series of careful experiments managed to recover several cannons and preserved wood.

On 10 August 1990 after being surveyed by sonar side scan on behalf of '5º Centenario' (Spanish Government 500th anniversary of America's discovery) remains of the wreckage 'Santo Cristo de Maracaibo' were found off the Cíes Islands by R.O.V submarine at 79 metres depth, Contractor: Hidrografic S.A., Tarragona, Surveyor and R.O.V. Pilot: Olaf Hingst, Vessel: 'Potela Seis', Vigo.

In popular culture
The battle is referred to in Jules Verne's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas. The book's protagonist, Captain Nemo, draws his wealth and the funding for his submarine Nautilus from the cargoes of the ships sunk by the Grand Alliance fleet during the battle, which are depicted as never having offloaded their treasure and as being easily accessible to divers.

title: Battle of Vigo Bay


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Gaggia

Gaggia is an Italian manufacturer of coffee machines, especially espresso machines, in addition to small kitchen appliances. The company is owned by the Evoca Group.

History
The founder, Giovanni Achille Gaggia (1895–1961), applied for a patent (patent number 365726) for the first modern steamless coffee machine on 5 September 1938, to be used commercially in his coffee bar. The machine forced water to flow over the coffee grounds at a high pressure, producing the 'crema' that is unique to espresso.

The Gaggia company was founded in 1947 and formally incorporated in 1948. It first produced machines for commercial use, but shortly thereafter released the Gilda, its first home machine.

Success comes when the Motta & Biffi bar in Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, in Milan, installs the Gaggia machine: there is a queue among the customers. Initially the coffee machines produced by Gaggia were exclusively for professional use, in 1977 the production was expanded to coffee machines for domestic use. Giovanni's son, Camillo, with his partner Armando Migliorini, expands the business on the Navigli but encounters economic difficulties. In 1989 the company, which has a turnover of over 56 billion lire, changes ownership and is sold to the Austro-American businessman Gerhard Andlingler.

Gaggia has four product lines. They market automatic espresso machines, manual espresso machines, accessories, and coffee beans under the Gaggia brand name. The company continues to produce espresso machines (as well as accessories) from classic manual machines to the innovative semi-automatic and super-automatic models recently added to the line.

In 2007 the Milanese company went into crisis due to a drop in sales, with the risk of closing the Robecco plant and moving production to Romania and Gaggio Montano. Two years later, Gaggia follows the fate of its parent company Saeco, which is taken over by the Dutch multinational Philips.

As of 2010, all Gaggia espresso and coffee machines are still manufactured in Milan at the Robecco Sul Naviglio factory. The 2015 Gaggia Classic was built in Romania instead. The New Gaggia Classic is made in Italy again and uses an aluminum boiler.

The Gaggia S.p. A company was purchased in 1999 by fellow Italian competitor Saeco International Group, which in turn was purchased by Dutch manufacturer Philips in 2009. Gaggia still operates a separate line but now is using Saeco designs in some of its domestic espresso machines. Before the takeover by Philips most domestic espresso machines from Gaggia had aluminium boilers. Now they have stainless steel boilers.

In 2017 Philips sold the Saeco Professional division, along with the Gaggia brand, to N&W Global Vending SpA, an Italian Bergamo based company known as a leader in vending machines for drinks and snacks. In November, 2017 N&W changed its name to Evoca Group.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gaggia


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Syd Field

Sydney Alvin Field (December 19, 1935 –November 17, 2013) was an American author and speaker who wrote several books on screenwriting, the first being Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting (Dell Publishing, 1979). He led workshops and seminars about producing salable screenplays. Hollywood film producers use Field's ideas on structure to measure the potential of screenplays.

In 2001, he was inducted into American Screenwriters Association's Screenwriting Hall of Fame.

Early life
Syd Field was born on December 19, 1935, in Hollywood, California. His uncle, Sol Halprin, was the head of the camera department at 20th Century Fox, and his neighbor was a talent agent who got him minor screen time in Gone with the Wind (1939) which was cut from the final film. He also played the trumpet in State of the Union (1948).

He attended Hollywood High School where he met Frank Mazzola, the "gang consultant" on Rebel Without a Cause (1955), who encouraged him to pursue acting. His mother passed away during his senior year, which caused him to drift across the US for two years.

He considered medical school at the behest of his mother to consider a "professional life", but he eventually earned a bachelor's degree in English from University of California, Berkeley, where he studied under Jean Renoir and was cast in his play, Carola. Renoir recommended that Field attend UCLA Film School where Field collaborated on a short film with Jim Morrison and Ray Manzarek of The Doors.

Career
Field worked as a script reader in the 1970s. Field got his start in the shipping department of David L. Wolper Productions, where he later worked his way up to writer/researcher for the company's Biography series, hosted by reporter Mike Wallace, in the early 60's. By the release of the expanded edition for Screenplay 1994, he was credited as writer/producer at Wolper Productions.

Field was also a freelance screenwriter and script consultant. He wrote nine screenplays, one of which was produced as the Argentinian film, Los Banditos. Field wrote and produced the television series Men in Crisis in 1964 and the Vegas nightlife documentary, Spree, in 1967; the latter of which he also narrated.

He wrote Hollywood and the Stars, National Geographic, and Jacques Cousteau Specials from 1963 −1965 for David L. Wolper Productions.

He was the head of story at Cinemobile System when founder Fouad Said decided to diversify the location services company into an entertainment studio.

Teaching
Field taught screenwriting for the Master of Professional Writing Program at University of Southern California until 2001. In the mid-1970s, Field began teaching screenwriting at the Sherwood Oaks Experimental College (now Sherwood Oaks College) in Hollywood. He also led screenwriting workshops across the world. Previous students include Judd Apatow, John Singleton, Anna Hamilton Phelan, and Alfonso Cuarón.

The paradigm
Field's most notable contribution is his paradigm "three-act structure". In this structure, a writer sets a film's plot within the first twenty to thirty minutes. Then the protagonist experiences a plot point, providing the protagonist with a goal. About half of a movie's running time focuses on the protagonist's struggle to achieve this goal. The second act is called the confrontation. Field also refers to the midpoint, a turning point around the middle of the screenplay (such as on or around page 60 of a 120-page screenplay). This turning point is often a devastating reversal of the protagonist's fortune. The third act depicts the protagonist's struggle to achieve (or not achieve) his or her goal, as well as the aftermath.

Personal life
He met his second wife, Aviva, while leading a workshop in Vienna in the early 1990s. He had one daughter from a previous marriage. His brother is a doctor.

Field died on November 17, 2013, aged 77, at his home in Beverly Hills, California.

Books

 * Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting (1979)
 * The Screenwriter's Workbook (1984)
 * Selling a Screenplay: The Screenwriter's Guide to Hollywood (1989)
 * Four Screenplays: Studies in the American Screenplay (1994)
 * The Screenwriter's Problem Solver: How To Recognize, Identify, and Define Screenwriting Problems (1998)
 * Going to the Movies: A Personal Journey Through Four Decades of Modern Film (2001)
 * The Definitive Guide to Screenwriting (2003)

title: Syd Field


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Jean-Alain Boumsong

Jean-Alain Boumsong Somkong (born 14 December 1979) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender. He began his senior career with French club Le Havre in 1997 before joining AJ Auxerre in 2000. His performances at Auxerre earned him a move to Rangers in 2004. One season later, he signed with Newcastle United. where he spent two seasons. In 2006, he joined Juventus, freshly relegated to Serie B and helped the club return to Serie A. He returned to France with Lyon in 2008. His last spell was at Greek Super League side Panathinaikos before ending his career in 2013. Between 2003 and 2009, he made 27 appearances scoring 1 goal for the France national team.

Early career
Boumsong was born in Douala, Cameroon, and started his career with French team Le Havre before joining AJ Auxerre. He notably scored the 89th-minute winning goal in Auxerre's 2–1 win in the 2003 French Cup Final against Paris Saint-Germain.

A long-time target for then Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier,  the press speculated that it was only a matter of time before Boumsong signed for Liverpool. However, as Boumsong was a free agent, his agent, the Monaco based Scot Willie McKay negotiated the best sign-on fee to the player for Boumsong from Scottish Premier League club Rangers.

Rangers
As a result, Boumsong joined Alex McLeish at Rangers in 2004 and signed a five-year contract. Boumsong quickly adapted to the Scottish game and showed his skill as a centre-back, leading to rumours that his stay in Glasgow may be shorter than expected. Halfway through the 2004–05 season, Newcastle under new manager Graeme Souness, made an £8 million bid for him, which Rangers accepted in a deal that was finalized once the January 2005 transfer window opened. However, as Boumsong had played the requisite number of games for Rangers that season, he still received a Scottish Premiership Winners Medal, despite having been a Newcastle player for around five months by the time Rangers won the title.

Newcastle
Boumsong signed a $5 1/2$-year contract with the Magpies.

The £8 million transfer fee raised eyebrows, as the player, being out of contract, had joined Rangers for free just months before, at which point Newcastle showed no interest in signing him. This transfer is one of those about which the Stevens inquiry report in June 2007 expressed concerns:

"There remains inconsistencies in evidence provided by Graeme Souness – a former manager of the club – and Freddy Shepherd – apparently acting in an undefined role but not as a club official – as to their respective roles in transfer negotiations."

"The inquiry is still awaiting clarification from agent Willie McKay".

However the Stevens enquiry later issued two clarifications. It said of Souness, "We wish to make it clear that inconsistencies did not exist within the evidence given by Graeme Souness to Quest concerning his role in transfers covered by the Inquiry during his time as manager of Newcastle United F.C. and neither the Premier League nor do Quest have any concerns in this regard". As regards McKay it stated: "Further to the key findings from the final Quest report published on 15 June 2007 by the Premier League, Quest would like to emphasise that, in that report, it was clear that no evidence of irregular payments was found in the transfers in the inquiry period which involved the agent Willie McKay. Quest would also like to thank Mr McKay for his cooperation with the inquiry."

He had a mixed time during his stay on Tyneside in regards to his form. During his first season at Newcastle he was praised for his defensive abilities and partnership with Titus Bramble. His popularity led to fans shouting the first syllable of his name, elongating the sound in a similar way to Arsenal fans chanting Nwankwo Kanu's name.

His second season at Newcastle however was less well received. Boumsong's defensive abilities began to lapse and was often blamed for the conceding of goals. He blamed this lapse in form on his girlfriend's illness and other personal problems.

Juventus
On 22 August 2006, Boumsong joined the recently Serie B relegated Juventus for a fee of £3.3m, with future incentives promised to Newcastle relating to Juventus' future performance. In September 2006, Boumsong scored his first Juventus goal in a game against Crotone where Juventus won 3–0. Valeri Bojinov scored the other two goals. In Boumsong's final match with Juventus, he scored a key equaliser in their Coppa Italia match against rivals Internazionale on 23 January 2008.

Lyon
On 24 January 2008, Boumsong moved to French club Olympique Lyonnais on a three-and-a-half-year contract. He stated he made this move in order to increase his chances to make Raymond Domenech's EURO 2008 squad.

He made his debut for the club in 4–1 win over Sochaux at Stade de Gerland on 8 February 2008. In the 2008–09 season, he scored his first Lyon's goal against Le Mans on 4 April 2009.

Panathinaikos
On 30 July 2010, Boumsong transferred from Olympique Lyonnais to Superleague Greece champions Panathinaikos F.C. for a fee that could rise up to €750,000. He signed a three-year contract with the Greek club, earning €1.9 million annually. Although he started the season roughly, he gradually improved his performance and gained the fans' trust. He scored his first goal in a 2–0 win against Panserraikos.

In 2012, Boumsong signed a two-year contract with the club, extending his stay at Panathinaikos until 2014. During the summer, Boumsong was declared vice-captain of the club for the 2012–13 season. He scored the opening goal in a 2–0 win against Motherwell in the first leg of the third qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League.

International career
Boumsong made his France debut against Japan on 20 June 2003 and went with the squad for Euro 2004, although he only made a brief appearance coming on as a substitute in one game.

He established himself as a regular starter in the national team in the 2006 World Cup qualifiers, and was called up to the squad for the 2006 World Cup, but did not see any game action during the competition because of Lillian Thuram's return to the team. Boumsong was also named in the France squad for Euro 2008.

Boumsong appeared in only one game during Euro 2008, when during the group match between France and Italy he substituted Samir Nasri. Nasri himself entered the field only 16 minutes earlier, when he replaced the injured Franck Ribéry, however when central defender Eric Abidal was sent off, French coach Raymond Domenech decided to pull off the midfielder Nasri from the field for the defender Boumsong. Four years earlier during the Euro 2004, Boumsong had been already sent to the field once as a substitute's substitute, when he replaced William Gallas during a match against Switzerland, thus he is the first player in European Championship history to achieve this feat twice.

Coaching career
After retiring, Boumsong started working as a consultant for the global TV station beIN Sports. On 5 September 2018 it was confirmed, that Boumsong had been appointed assistant manager of newly hired manager Clarence Seedorf for the Cameroon national football team alongside Patrick Kluivert and Joël Epalle. He was fired in September 2019.

Style of play
Boumsong was known for his physical strength, pace and reading of the game.

Personal life
Boumsong acquired French nationality by naturalization on 16 January 2002.

His younger brother, Yannick Boumsong, is also a professional footballer. He is the older cousin of David N'Gog.

Boumsong is Muslim and performed hajj (the annual pilgrimage) in 2016.

International goals

 * Score and result list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Boumsong goal.

Honours
Auxerre
 * Coupe de France: 2002–03

Rangers
 * Scottish Premier League: 2004–05

Juventus
 * Serie B: 2006–07

Lyon
 * Ligue 1: 2007–08
 * Coupe de France: 2007–08

France
 * FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006

title: Jean-Alain Boumsong


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Lynn Cartwright

Lynn Cartwright (born Doralyn E. Cartwright; February 27, 1927 – January 2, 2004) was an American character actress known for her performance as the older version of Geena Davis' character, Dottie Hinson, in the 1992 film A League of Their Own.

Early years
Cartwright was born in McAlester, Oklahoma, the daughter of U.S. Congressman Wilburn Cartwright and his wife Carrie (née Staggs). She studied drama at Stephens College and at American Academy in New York.

Career
Her acting career spanned from 1957 to 1992 and included smaller roles in films such as Black Patch (1957), The Cry Baby Killer (1958), The Wasp Woman (1959), All the Loving Couples (1969), Son of Hitler (1978) and Lovelines (1984). For 15 years, she was involved with the Group Repertory Theater in Los Angeles.

Cartwright was chosen for the role in A League of Their Own not just because she closely resembled Geena Davis, but also because many of her mannerisms were similar.

Personal life
Cartwright was married to actor and screenwriter Leo Gordon from February 14, 1950, until his death on December 24, 2000. She had a daughter, Tara, and a stepdaughter.

Death
She died in her home from complications of dementia on January 2, 2004, aged 76, after she fractured her hip. Her ashes and those of her husband are together in a memorial display in a columbarium at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles.

title: Lynn Cartwright


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title: User talk:63.169.175.254


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Liberalism and radicalism in France

Liberalism and radicalism have played a role in the political history of France. The main line of conflict in France in the long nineteenth century was between monarchists (mainly Legitimists and Orléanists but also Bonapartists) and republicans (Radical-Socialists, Opportunist Republicans, and later socialists). The Orléanists, who favoured constitutional monarchy and economic liberalism, were opposed to the Republican Radicals.

The Radical Party and especially the "republican" parties (Democratic Republican Alliance, Republican Federation, National Centre of Independents and Peasants, Independent Republicans, Republican Party, and Liberal Democracy) have since embraced liberalism, including its economic version, and have mostly joined either the Union for a Popular Movement in 2002, later renamed The Republicans in 2015, while a minority are affiliated with the Union of Democrats and Independents, launched in 2012. Emmanuel Macron, a former member of the Socialist Party, launched En Marche! (later re-named Renaissance) in 2016 and has served as President of France since 2017.

Background and history
The early high points of liberalism in France were: In France, as in much of Southern Europe, the term liberal was used during the 19th century either to refer to the traditional liberal anti-clericalism or economic liberalism. Economic liberalism in France was long associated more with the Orléanists and with Opportunist Republicans (whose heir was the Democratic Republican Alliance), rather than the Radical Party, leading to the use of the term radical to refer to political liberalism. The Radicals tended to be more statist than most European liberals, but shared liberal values on other issues, especially support for individual liberty and secularism, while the Republicans were keener on economic liberalism than secularism.
 * 1790–1792: when Girondins and Feuillants dominated the early French Revolution;
 * 1848: the French Revolution of 1848, which ended the Orléans monarchy (since 1830) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic.

Intellectuals played a powerful role in all the movements, for example a major spokesman for radicalism was Émile Chartier (1868–1951), who wrote under the pseudonym of "Alain". He was a leading theorist of radicalism, and his influence extended through the Third and Fourth Republics. He stressed individualism, seeking to defend the citizen against the state. He warned against all forms of power – military, clerical, and economic. To oppose them, he exalted the small farmer, the small shopkeeper, the small town, and the little man. He idealized country life and saw Paris as a dangerous font of power.

After World War II, the Republicans gathered in the liberal-conservative National Centre of Independents and Peasants, from which the conservative-liberal Independent Republicans was formed in 1962. The originally centre-left Radical Party was a declining force and joined the centre-right in 1972, causing the split of the left-wing faction and the foundation of the Radical Party of the Left, closely associated to the Socialist Party. The former was later associated with the Union for a Popular Movement. In 1978 both the Republican Party (successor of the Independent Republicans) and the Radical Party were founding components, along with the Christian-democratic Centre of Social Democrats, of the Union for French Democracy, an alliance of non-Gaullist centre-right forces. The Republican Party, re-founded as Liberal Democracy and re-shaped as an economic liberal party, left the federation in 1998 and was later merged, along with the Radical Party, into the liberal-conservative Union for a Popular Movement (later The Republicans) in 2002. The Radicals and several former Republicans launched the Union of Democrats and Independents in 2012.

In 2016 Emmanuel Macron, a former member of the Socialist Party, launched La République En Marche!, a liberal party, and was elected President of France in the 2017 presidential election. The party formed an alliance with the Democratic Movement, established in 2017 as a successor of the Union for French Democracy, stripped of most former Republicans, who joined the Union for a Popular Movement (later The Republicans) or the Union of Democrats and Independents.

19th Century

 * 1815: The Doctrinaires were formed.
 * 1817: Former Feuillants re-united in the Democrats, also known as Liberals.
 * 1848: A radical faction forms the Radicals, supporting the Second Republic in opposition to the Orléanists and the Moderate Republicans emerge
 * 1870: The Third Republic is formed.
 * 1871: The Moderate Republicans split into the Opportunist Republicans, whose official name was Republican Left (GR), and the Republican Union (UR)
 * 1885: The GR and the UR are united in the Democratic Union (UD).
 * 1889: The Progressive Republicans, whose official name was Liberal Republican Union (ULR), are formed. The remaining Opportunist Republicans formed the National Republican Association (ANR).
 * 1894: The Progressive Union (UR) is formed.

The Republican tradition

 * 1901: The centre-right liberal Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD) and the Popular Liberal Action (ALP) are formed.
 * 1902: The Progressive Union (UR) is merged into the ARD.
 * 1903: The more conservative Republican Federation (FR) is founded and the Liberal Republican Union (ULR) and National Republican Association (ANR) are merged into it.
 * 1911: The ARD is renamed Democratic Republican Party (PRD).
 * 1917: The ARD goes back to its original name.
 * 1919: The ALP is merged into the FR.
 * 1920: The ARD is further renamed Social, Democratic and Republican Party (PRDS).
 * 1926: The ARD is finally renamed Democratic Alliance (AD).
 * 1945: The liberal-conservative Republican Party of Liberty (PRL), successor of the FR, is founded.
 * 1948: The liberal-conservative National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) is founded.
 * 1949: The declining AD and the PRL are absorbed by the CNIP.
 * 1962: A group of splinters from the CNIP, led by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, oppose the party's decision to withdraw support to President Charles de Gaulle and, in order to continue to be part of the government, form the Independent Republicans (RI).
 * 1974: Giscard d'Estaing is elected President of France in the presidential election.
 * 1976: The RI are a founding member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party.
 * 1977: The RI are renamed Republican Party (PR).
 * 1978: The PR joins forces with the Centre of Social Democrats, the Radical Party and the Social Democratic Party to form the Union for French Democracy (UDF).
 * 1995: The Popular Party for French Democracy (PPDF) is formed by supporters of Giscard, including several Republicans, within the UDF.
 * 1997: The PR, under the new leader Alain Madelin, is renamed Liberal Democracy (DL).
 * 1998: The DL separates from the UDF, but a group of dissidents form the Independent Republican and Liberal Pole (PRIL) in order to remain loyal to the UDF.
 * 2002: The DL and the PPDF merge with the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic (RPR) to form the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Liberal factions within the new party include The Reformers, the "Liberal Clubs", "Liberal Generation" and the "Free Right", as well as the Radical Party (see below).
 * 2007: The UDF is transformed into the Democratic Movement (see below). Dissidents form the New Centre (NC) and the Civic Alliance for Democracy in Europe (ACDE) to continue the alliance with the UMP.
 * 2009: Former UDF members formed the Centrist Alliance (AC).
 * 2012: The NC, the AC, the ACDE, Modern Left and other minor centre-right or centrist parties form the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI), which aims at becoming a centrist alternative to the UMP, while being in alliance with it. Democratic European Force splits from the NC.
 * 2014: The UDI and the Democratic Movement form a short-lived alliance named The Alternative.
 * 2015: The UMP is transformed into The Republicans (LR).
 * 2016: The UDI joins the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party. The NC is transformed into The Centrists (LC), which continues to be part of the UDI.
 * 2017: A moderate faction of LR forms Agir.
 * 2021: Centre-right politicians form Horizons.
 * 2021: Agir and Horizons join the ⇒ LREM-led Ensemble Citoyens.

The Radical tradition

 * 1901: The Radicals organise themselves in the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (Rad).
 * 1926: Dissident Radicals form the Independent Radicals (RI), later Independent Radical Party (PRI).
 * 1946: The Radicals, along with the PRI, the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR) and minor parties, form the Rally of Left Republicans (RGR).
 * 1956: The Radicals and the other components of the RGR join forces with the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), however some dissidents transformed the RGR into a full-fledged party and other Radical dissidents from the Republican Centre (CR).
 * 1959: The RGR merges into the Gaullist Union for the New Republic (UNR).
 * 1961: Pierre Mendès France, a leading Radical and former Prime Minister, joins the Unified Socialist Party (PSU).
 * 1972: A left-wing faction forms the Movement of Left Radicals (MRG).
 * 1978: The Rad becomes an affiliated member of the centrist UDF.
 * 1996: The MRG is renamed Radical-Socialist Party (PRS).
 * 1996: The PRS is renamed Radical Party of the Left (PRG).
 * 2002: The Rad leaves the UDF and becomes an affiliated member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).
 * 2011: The Rad cuts its ties with the UMP and joins The Alliance.
 * 2012: The Rad is, along with other parties (see above), a founding member of the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI).
 * 2017: The Rad and the PRG are merged into the Radical Movement (MR).
 * 2017: A group of PRG members founded The Radicals of the Left (LRG).
 * 2019: A group of former members of the PRG re-form the PRG as an independent party.

Classical liberals

 * 2006: A group of classical liberals establish the Liberal Alternative (AL).
 * 2008: A group of dissidents leaves the AL and launches the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD).
 * 2012: The PLD joins the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI).

Democratic Movement

 * 2007: The Democratic Movement (MoDem) is formed by François Bayrou, until then leader of the Union for French Democracy (which has suffered the split of some of its founding components in 1998–2002, see above), on the remnants of the latter party.
 * 2014: The MoDem and the Union of Democrats and Independents form a short-lived alliance named The Alternative.
 * 2017: The MoDem forms an alliance with La République En Marche! and endorses its leader Emmanuel Macron in the presidential election (see below).

La République En Marche!

 * 2016: Emmanuel Macron, a former member of the Socialist Party, launches La République En Marche! (EM!).
 * 2017: Macron is elected President of France in the presidential election.

Liberal leaders

 * 19th century: Lafayette, Benjamin Constant, François Guizot, Adolphe Thiers, Jules Grévy, Léon Gambetta
 * ARD: Émile Loubet, Armand Fallières, Paul Deschanel, Raymond Poincaré, Louis Barthou, Albert Lebrun, André Tardieu, André Maginot, Pierre-Étienne Flandin
 * Rad/MR: Émile Combes, Georges Clemenceau, Gaston Doumergue, Édouard Herriot, Henri Queuille, Édouard Daladier, Camille Chautemps, René Mayer, Gaston Monnerville, Pierre Mendès France, Edgar Faure, Maurice Faure, Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Louis Borloo, Laurent Hénart
 * CNIP: Paul Reynaud (ex-ARD), René Coty (ex-Rad), Joseph Laniel (ex-ARD), Antoine Pinay (ex-ARD), Roger Duchet
 * RI/PR/DL: Raymond Marcellin (ex-CNIP), Michel Poniatowski (ex-CNIP), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (ex-CNIP), Simone Veil, Jean-Pierre Soisson, Alain Madelin
 * MRS/PRS/PRG: Robert Fabre (ex-Rad), Michel Crépeau (ex-Rad), Émile Zuccarelli, Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg, Jean-Michel Baylet, Sylvia Pinel
 * UMP: Jean-Claude Gaudin (ex-PR/DL), Patrick Devedjian, Jean-Pierre Raffarin (ex-PR/DL)
 * LREM: Emmanuel Macron (ex-PS), Sylvie Goulard (ex-MoDem)

Liberal thinkers

 * Montesquieu (1689–1755)
 * Voltaire (1694–1778)
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
 * Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794)
 * Benjamin Constant (1767–1830)
 * Frédéric Bastiat (1801–1850)
 * Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)
 * Raymond Aron (1905–1983)
 * Raymond Boudon (1934–2013)

title: Liberalism and radicalism in France


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xasa

Xasa was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE.

Listed here for the same reasons as Wikimoz. If it gets 247,000 Google hits, it is only because there are many things out there named Xasa, as even the first page of the search shows. Down with linkspam! --Ardonik 20:01, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Infrogmation 21:34, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, unless it has any interesting technological advantage over other search engines. Darksun 22:11, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Another placeholder for a link. Delete for advertising.  Xasa, alles klar herr kommisar? Geogre 00:33, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Andris 10:40, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a web directory. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:12, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable search engine. -- Stevietheman 06:01, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xasa


text:
Periodizations of capitalism

A periodization of capitalism seeks to distinguish stages of development that help understanding of features of capitalism through time. The best-known periodizations that have been proposed distinguish these stages as:

 * 1) Early / monopoly / state monopoly capitalism (Sweezy)
 * 2) Free trade / monopoly / finance capitalism (Hilferding)
 * 3) Early capitalism (primitive accumulation) / colonialism / imperialism (Hobson, Lenin, Bukharin)
 * 4) Extensive stage / intensive stage / late capitalism (Aglietta)

The Marxist periodization of capitalism into the stages: agricultural capitalism, merchant capitalism, industrial capitalism and state capitalism.

Another periodization includes merchant capitalism, industrial and finance capitalism, and global capitalism.

title: Periodizations of capitalism


text:
User talk:Webodyssey

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:Webodyssey


text:
Talk:Adamastor

re:
I am not "somebody more knowledgable about its subject". I posted the tag because a dictionary definition is inadequate for an encyclopedia. I am hoping to read more about Adamastor the Gigante, esp. when there is no mention of Adamastor in Gigantes. And I think at least some mention of Adamastor the rebel boat -- if the boat's flag was chosen as a template to develop the national flag of Portugal, the boat must be important in some way, and we currently lack such info in Wikipedia. If you are "somebody more knowledgable about its subject", please expansion this Wikipage accordingly. Many thanks. -- PFHLai 20:08, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tag, I completely agree with it.
 * As to him being one of the Gigantes, it can either be an omission on that article or a (mine) translation problem from the source wich is in portuguese.
 * Added something about the cruiser Adamastor. I disregarded that, not noticing that it is related to two of the most important events in portuguese history of the 19th and 20th century. As a matter of fact the republican revolution is quite interesting as it started with a so messed up plan that it's military leader (Cândido dos Reis) suicided in it's first hours. I hope someone starts something like Portuguese Republican Revolution
 * If not... I'll try to do so, even if not being an expert, as it's quite easy to get good sources since I live in Portugal.--Nabla 00:01, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adamastor


text:
Talk:Newcastle Jets FC

Chris Darby
Can whoever it is who keeps putting Chris Darby on the page either: Dj backspace (talk) 03:37, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * A: Provide a reference.
 * B: Stop doing it.

GA Quality question.
I'm interested in getting this article up to GA standard and I've been researching some of the requirements for that and I personally think that we should remove the references to KB United, Rosebuds and Breakers and put them into a new article about history of football teams in our region. As much as I think this is useful information it doesn't really relate to the Jets specifically apart from some historical relevance. What do others think? Dj backspace (talk) 05:42, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah maybe the KB United, Rosebuds and Breakers sections can be moved. The Newcastle United section should stay though as it is the same club. Jared Wiltshire (talk) 11:01, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree Jared I think the Newcastle United bit should stay as well. I have made a new page, please give us a hand fixing it up, it's pretty crap at the minute Dj backspace (talk) 23:38, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Newcastle Jets.jpg
Image:Newcastle Jets.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 09:58, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 21:59, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Newcastle United Jets FC → Newcastle Jets FC – 'Newcastle Jets' is much more common than 'Newcastle United Jets' across news articles (compare NJ to NUJ) and the club's website. The proposed title meets all three criteria listed at Naming conventions (sports): it is the name used on the club's official website and by the majority of English-language media, and it is not likely to be confused with any other club's name. A previous and mostly inconclusive move request in 2007 resulted in 'FC' being added to the page title. -- Black Falcon (talk) 23:52, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. --BDD (talk) 19:08, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

away colours
the away colours are wrong! i'm watching the game against sydney now and they have GREEN shirts! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.183.126.130 (talk) 09:02, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

What IS this club really called?
I'm genuinely confused about what this club is really called.

The Infobox is headed "Newcastle Jets". The logo below that says "Newcastle United Jets". The Full Name entry below that now says "Newcastle United". And the article is titled "Newcastle Jets FC".

So, four different names, all visible on the one screen. This is a bit untidy. Can we sort this out? HiLo48 (talk) 04:49, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I just saw your message on my talk page. It would seem that the club has ditched "United" from Newcastle United Jets. For the past few years the club has promoted itself as Newcastle Jets Football Club.--2nyte (talk) 05:03, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

 * That makes five names! The club website doesn't help all that much. All it has as a heading on the home page is the above-mentioned logo, saying "Newcastle United Jets". The name "Newcastle Jets" is mentioned several times in the text. HiLo48 (talk) 05:46, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

Changes from "Socceroos" to "Australia national association football team"
In this and several other articles Macktheknifeau has unilaterally changed the word "Socceroos" to "Australia national association football team" (Sometimes with the word "player" tacked on for sanity, but hardly for clarity and simplicity.) I see these changes as pointy, confrontational, and not in line with the agreed naming of Soccer in Australia There is a centralised discussion on this matter underway at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Football in Australia). HiLo48 (talk) 21:03, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Let's try again - What is this club really called?
See the thread above. Does anybody actually know? HiLo48 (talk) 07:35, 5 June 2014 (UTC)

Rivalry with Sydney FC
Sydney FC's article does not mention any rivalry with the Newcastle Jets. The section of this article which details such a rivalry is unsourced. Can anybody find any evidence that Sydney FC and the Newcastle Jets are major rivals? If not, I will remove that section. --Alza08 (talk) 05:50, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Just delete it. Unsourced rivalries are a blight on Wikipedia. HiLo48 (talk) 06:10, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Newcastle Jets FC


text:
Talk:Terry Venables

Manager history
This is the link for the Australian club's signing of Venables.

http://soccernet.espn.go.com/headlinenews?id=304760&cc=5739 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rupertslander (talk • contribs) 20:08, 4 August 2004 (UTC)

I think I'm correct in saying that Venables resigned from Leeds after being given promises that Jonathan Woodgate would not be sold - his departure came after Peter Ridsdale went back on his word. Somewhat different to the account on this page, which suggests he left because he couldn't handle the job! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.34.253.105 (talk) 15:57, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Wrong - Venables was sacked after a dreadful run of results culminating in being knocked out of the FA Cup by 2nd Division Sheffield United - I've added a ref on the main page as well as rewriting the paragraph about Leeds - while there were mistakes on both sides, that was far too flattering towards Venables. That squad that he inherited, until the selling of Woodgate in January, was the same one that had qualified for the Champion's League in 2000, PLUS Robbie Fowler. (Ferdinand was bought after qualification and sold before Venables took charge). Given that, for the team to be 15th at Christmas must say something (as does the fact that as soon as Venables left, Reid took them on a good run which saved the club from relegation). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Black Kite (talk • contribs) 06:55, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

St Patrick's Athletic FC.
I have reverted a second time a reference to TV signing for St Patricks Athletic F.C. plus related edits to the info box As this reversion was referred to as vandalism by User talk:83.71.9.176 I have penned reasons here. Firstly this edit is factually incorrect, TV did not 'sign' for St Pats he guested on "one or two occasions" along with Gordon Banks during 'thin times' for the club. Secondly the link provided was to a subscription site which requires sign up to access so is not appropriate as a citation. Thirdly such a guest appearance or two is not a notable event for such a player / manager/ football personality who will have no doubt played many such appearances for good causes like this during his career. A quick referral to the club's official website history page here does not make any reference to his appearance as a player and elsewhere an unofficial history of the club here confirms the guest appearance in passing but elsewhere says "Perhaps the brightest star to play for St Pats was Paul McGrath." Tmol42 (talk) 21:16, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Firstly this edit IS correct and to say otherwise is patronising at the very least. You cannot guest in another country's league as you have to sign a league registration form. Venables and Banks' played in League games not friendlies and therefore were not guesting. Secondly while the Irish Times is a subscription service its content is accurate and the link refers to the Venables' signing. Lastly just because the official club site does not mention the player does not mean he did not play for them. Any further reversions to this will be vandalism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.71.9.176 (talk) 12:36, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Two more points
I think I'm right in saying that Veneables was born in Dagenham, and that he passed the eleven plus. In any event, it seems odd that the article implies that he left school at fourteen (1957) since in those days the school leaving age was fifteen.

Secondly, I think that I've read that Venables was capped by England at four levels: schoolboy, youth, under 23 (in those days) and full international. Millbanks (talk) 19:44, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Position
What position(s) did he play? 62.254.234.111 (talk) 15:32, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Many years later and just after TV's death, this still appears to be absent (I understand he was primarily a central midfielder). Indeed, a short section on his playing style would be beneficial, and might go some way to explaining his brief England career (given if he was an attacking midfielder he would have been behind Bobby Charlton for pretty much his entire career). I don't have any appropriate references here, so cannot contribute to the main article, although again my understanding is that he was a technically sound midfielder, perhaps lacking a little in athleticism. Dummy half (talk) 14:53, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

Constant QPR garbage
At least a couple of times a mention has been made that Venables is current manager of Queens Park Rangers which is false. It is now even mentioned in an interview with him in The Guardian, intolerable damage to Wikipedia being done by some joker. --Stalfur (talk) 10:33, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

BBC Panorama programme
Nothing in here about Venables business interests?

Panorama --Broichmore (talk) 15:23, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Medal Record
It says he won a bronze medal at Euro 96. The Euros don’t have a 3rd place playoff, so this is a bit of a stretch, isn’t it? A Patient Etherised (talk) 17:13, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Can't see where it says that. Where is it in the article? Rodericksilly (talk) 11:28, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It's in the medals dropdown section of the infobox. It's not featured anywhere in the article, I couldn't find any sources to back it up and there's no reference anywhere of "bronze", "medal" or "Venables" anywhere on the Euro 96 either. Safe to remove I'd say. CommissarDoggoTalk?  12:55, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terry Venables


text:
User talk:Byrial

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 20:09, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Vendsyssel
Hi. A question regarding that page on its talk page - you might be the one to answer it. Thanks. Kosebamse 12:42, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, I tried to answer at talk:Vendsyssel. Byrial 13:02, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Double-redirect page
About your page User:Byrial/Double redirects: This list is now over a year old, and all of the double-redirects on it appear to have been fixed. Can I delete the page? — Timwi 16:43, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Dab tool
Ok, thanks for notifying me :) Does it use the toolserver database in order to find links? Bjelleklang -  talk  Bug Me  23:12, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Ja, linkcount bruger toolserverdatabasen til at finde lenker og til finde pekermaler for det valgte wikiprojekt. Du kan se hvordan i kildekoden (der er lenke til den nederst til højre). Byrial 23:21, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Re: Database import in MediaWiki
Byrial, thanks for your information that you gave me in May about importing databases into MediaWiki. I got it working over the weekend! It actually still messed up with Wikibooks (lost connection with the MySQL database), but I'm so glad I could actually get the server and the software up and running. Thanks again, Iamunknown 14:11, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Bot edits
I'd like to discuss the edit by User:Byrialbot to November 7. It looks like it thought the previous edit was vandalism. Thanks. -- Mufka (user) (talk) (contribs) 21:44, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry! I think it undid the last edit due to a software error (missing detection of edit conflict. I will file a bug report for this. Byrial 13:11, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Minor Bot error
Your bot's edit to 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup removed some text (~1kb). I have restored the earlier version, and added the transwiki link to the German article that the bot added. Flyguy649 talk contribs 20:37, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I would not say that this was just a just minor. The bot updated a one hour old version, and I am very sorry about that. I have added this example to an existing bug report about undetected edit conflicts for pywikipediabot. Byrial 21:26, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, I didn't realise it was that old! It was minor, though, in that I caught the mistake right away. No worries about it. I thought you would want to know. Cheers! Flyguy649 talk contribs 23:28, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * According to the bot developers, the bug was fixed yesterday, so we will hopefully not see more edits of old versions by Byrialbot. Byrial 12:28, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Bot error
Hello Byrial, your bot incorrectly added all these interwikis:. I removed them, but I think the damage may have been done and the bots will bring them back. Suggestions? Appleseed (Talk) 03:10, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Hello Appleseed. I did that edit on purpose. The interwikis for categories for towns/citis/settlements/villages etc. are hard as the different languages not always distinguish between those or do it in different ways. The administrative distinctions are also different from country to country. However I think that the inserted interlanguage links for Category:Settlements in Poland or at least many of them indeed were for any kind of settlements. However the matter is further complicated by the fact many Wikipedias only have articles about Polish settelements which also are cities. It also varies in the Wikipedias how the category hierarcy is made, i.e. which ones are parallel or sub/super catergories of each other.
 * I do not remember the exact details of the edits as it is nearly 3 months olds now, but generally when solving interwiki conflicts for categories I check the content or interwiki links of articles and subcategories in the category and of the supercategories.
 * I am ready to repair any damage as you put it, but first we need to find what the damage is. I know for sure that some of the inserted links were correct (for instance those to the many of Germanic languages). Can you tell which ones you know to be incorrect, and preferly also which category if any instead should be linked to in those languages? Byrial 08:25, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Shalom!
I'm trying to expand and bring the Eilat page up to date. From the history/talk pages you have been there too, so please come and see what we can do to make it even better. Thank you, Shir-El too 23:53, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Category list tool
I just want to thank you for your category list tool, I've been looking for something with it's functionality for quite a while. I only have one feature request: right now, you have a feature that only lists pages that have a certain template within the content of the page (if I understand correctly). One thing that would be really useful is if you could search all talk pages of the articles listed for template usage, so that an editor could find all articles within a category that are not yet members of the respective wikiproject. Do you think you'd be able to add such a feature? Many thanks. ← Spidern  →  13:21, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Spidern, I have just implemented your feature request. Please test it and tell me if I understood you right and it works as you want. BTW if you want a faster response another time you can use my talk page at my home project (the Danish Wikipedia) as I do not check this wiki for new messages regulary. Regards, Byrial (talk) 00:09, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

X!'s tools
Just an FYI, I moved your bug report to User_talk:Cyberpower678. Cyber is maintaining "X!'s tools" so he will be able to act upon the report. Cheers, Legoktm (talk) 05:02, 26 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Byrial (talk) 07:26, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

Size of merge lists
Hi Byrial, your excellent merge lists are so successful that many of the pages they are stored on are so big that my computer struggles with them, which slows down work that can be done on them. Would it be possible to break them down into smaller pages of about 100,000 to 150,000? Right now if I right click an item, it takes several seconds to respond.  Del ♉ sion 23  (talk)  10:05, 1 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I have moved the discussion to d:User talk:Byrial where I have answered. Byrial (talk) 13:25, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 17:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Byrial


text:
Edwin Hansford

Edwin Arnold Hansford (December 1, 1895 – March 12, 1959 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada, and served as leader of that province's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation between 1948 and 1952.

Hansford was born in the Annapolis Valley region of Nova Scotia. He served overseas in World War I for four-and-a-half years, and subsequently worked for Canadian National Railways.

Hansford ran as a candidate of the Independent Labour Party in the federal riding of St. Boniface, in the 1930 federal election, but was defeated. Five years later, he was again defeated as a candidate of the CCF (successor party to the ILP in Manitoba). Hansford was more successful in municipal politics — he became a St. Boniface alderman in 1931, and served until 1945.

Hansford was also a member of the provincial CCF executive, although his first attempt to enter provincial politics was unsuccessful. The CCF had joined Premier John Bracken's coalition ministry in 1940, but was subsequently marginalized by the Liberal-Conservative alliance that dominated the government. Demoralized, the party won only three seats members in the 1941 election. Running in provincial St. Boniface riding, Hansford was defeated by almost 1000 votes.

In 1943, the CCF left the coalition and was enjoying a higher level of popular support. The party posed a credible threat to the Liberal-Conservative coalition in the 1945 election, and while the overall results were disappointing (only ten Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) elected out of 57 seats), Hansford was able to carry St. Boniface by more than 2000 votes over his nearest opponent.

Seymour Farmer resigned as party leader in 1947. The CCF caucus chose Hansford to lead the CCF in the legislature and, the following year, Hansford was confirmed leader at the party's convention without opposition. Five others were nominated from the floor for the position but all declined to stand. He was the first leader of Manitoba's "parliamentary left" from outside of the City of Winnipeg proper.

The late 1940s were a period of decline for most left-wing groups within Canada, and the Manitoba CCF did not escape this pattern. The party was particularly plagued by divisions over cooperation with the province's Communists. The party leadership was universally against such cooperation, but many rank-and-file members (and some MLAs) supported it. The result was that the party was viewed with suspicion by both "centre-left" voters and more committed leftists. Hansford himself was not regarded as a strong leader, often being upstaged by MLAs Donovan Swailes and Lloyd Stinson.

Prior to the 1949 election, Hansford publicly rebuked two members of his caucus (Wilbert Doneleyko and Beresford Richards) who had condemned international negotiations for what became the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. This resulted in a backlash from the left wing of the CCF, which generally opposed the foreign policies of American President Harry Truman.

The CCF ran only 26 candidates in the election of 1949, and won seven seats. Hansford was re-elected in St. Boniface, but finished a discouraging second in what was now a two-member riding (members elected by preferential balloting). He resigned as party leader in 1952, and did not seek re-election in 1953. He subsequently returned to municipal politics, serving as mayor of St. Boniface.

Hansford died in Winnipeg in 1959.

title: Edwin Hansford


text:
HMS La Hogue

HMS La Hogue was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 3 October 1811 at Deptford. She was named after the 1692 Battle of La Hogue. "The La Hogue of 1811 [...] sported a green and chocolate lion, its grinning mouth displaying rows of white teeth and a huge red tongue."

History
During the War of 1812, while under the command of Thomas Bladen Capel, on 16 May 1813 Hogue recaptured and sent to Halifax, Nova Scotia, the packet Ann. Ann had been on her way from Jamaica to Halifax when the American privateer Yorktown had captured her. However, the American privateer Young Teazer again captured Ann and sent her into Portland, Maine.

Later, La Hogue successfully trapped Young Teazer off the coast of Nova Scotia, British North America.

On 16 August 1813 La Hogue captured the Portuguese ship Flor de Mar. At the time HMS Tenedos (1812) was in sight.

La Hogue was driven ashore at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 12 November 1813 during a storm. She was refloated, repaired, and returned to service.

From 7–8 April 1814, ships' boats of the La Hogue, HMS Endymion (1797), Maidstone and HMS Borer (1812) attacked Pettipague point. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "8 Apr Boat Service 1814" to all surviving claimants from the action. The raid was commanded by Coote, who was promoted as a result of the successful outcome, as was Lieutenant Pyne of the La Hogue who assisted him.

In September 1814, La Hogue anchored near the Scituate Light station on the coast of Massachusetts with the intent of sending a raiding party into the town. Rebecca and Abigail Bates, the lighthouse keeper's daughters, repulsed the attack by playing a drum and a fife that had been left at the station, simulating the approach of the town militia.

La Hogue was converted into a screw-propelled steamship frigate in 1850. From 1852, she acted as a guard-ship at Devonport under the command of Captain William Ramsay and saw her final service, still under Ramsay, on duties in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War. On 18 September 1855, she ran aground off Renskär, Sweden and was severely damaged. She was refloated with the assistance of three gunboats after her lower deck guns were taken out.

She was eventually broken up in 1865.

title: HMS La Hogue


text: User:JohnArmagh/Working List

title: User:JohnArmagh/Working List


text:
Man and Superman

Man and Superman is a four-act drama written by George Bernard Shaw in 1903, in response to a call for Shaw to write a play based on the Don Juan theme. Man and Superman opened at the Royal Court Theatre in London on 21 May 1905 as a four-act play produced by the Stage Society, and then by John Eugene Vedrenne and Harley Granville-Barker on 23 May, without Act III ("Don Juan in Hell"). A part of the third act, Don Juan in Hell (Act 3, Scene 2), was performed when the drama was staged on 4 June 1907 at the Royal Court. The play was not performed in its entirety until 1915, when the Travelling Repertory Company played it at the Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh.

Summary
Mr. Whitefield has recently died, and his will indicates that his daughter Ann should be left in the care of two men, Roebuck Ramsden and John Tanner. Ramsden, a venerable old man, distrusts John Tanner, an eloquent youth with revolutionary ideas, whom Shaw's stage directions describe as "prodigiously fluent of speech, restless, excitable (mark the snorting nostril and the restless blue eye, just the thirty-secondth of an inch too wide open), possibly a little mad". In spite of what Ramsden says, Ann accepts Tanner as her guardian, though Tanner does not want the position at all. She also challenges Tanner's revolutionary beliefs with her own ideas. Despite Tanner's professed dedication to anarchy, he is unable to disarm Ann's charm, and she ultimately persuades him to marry her, choosing him over her more persistent suitor, a young man, Tanner's friend, named Octavius Robinson.

List of characters

 * Hector Malone, Sr., an elderly gentleman who has worked hard throughout his life to attain a high social status in which he now takes pride.
 * Ann Whitefield, a young woman, graceful, somewhat enigmatic. She corresponds to the character Doña Ana in the Don Juan myth (in Act III, Shaw's stage direction refers to Doña Ana de Ulloa as "so handsome that in the radiance into which her dull yellow halo has suddenly lightened one might almost mistake her for Ann Whitefield").
 * Henry Straker, chauffeur with a cockney accent (representing Leporello from the Mozart opera).
 * John Tanner, also called "Jack Tanner", a well-educated, well-spoken man who takes everything seriously, including himself; a "political firebrand and confirmed bachelor." Allegedly the descendant of Don Juan, as well as the modern representation of the Don Juan character (in Act III, Shaw notes Don Juan's resemblance to Tanner: "Besides, in the brief lifting of his face, now hidden by his hat brim, there was a curious suggestion of Tanner. A more critical, fastidious, handsome face, paler and colder, without Tanner’s impetuous credulity and enthusiasm, and without a touch of his modern plutocratic vulgarity, but still a resemblance, even an identity"). The very name "John Tanner" is an anglicisation of the Spanish name "Juan Tenorio", which is the full name of Don Juan.
 * Violet Robinson, sister of Octavius Robinson. She has been secretly married to Hector Malone, Jr.
 * Mrs. Whitefield, mother of Ann, and widow of the late Mr. Whitefield.
 * Susan Ramsden, the spinster sister of Roebuck Ramsden.
 * Hector Malone, Jr., an American gentleman who is secretly married to Violet Robinson.
 * Octavius Robinson, an amiable young man who is in love with Ann Whitefield. Brother to Violet Robinson. He represents "Don Ottavio" from the Don Juan myth.
 * Roebuck Ramsden, an aging civil reformer who was friend to the late Mr. Whitefield. He corresponds to the statue in the Don Juan myth, who is in turn the representation of the spirit of Don Gonzalo, the father of Doña Ana (in Act III, Shaw writes of The Statue, "His voice, save for a much more distinguished intonation, is so like the voice of Roebuck Ramsden").
 * Mendoza, an anarchist who collaborates with Tanner. Mendoza is the "President of the League of the Sierra," a self-described brigand and a Jew. He corresponds to Shaw's conception of the Devil as he would be portrayed in the Don Juan myth (Shaw writes of "The Devil" in Act III: "A scarlet halo begins to glow; and into it the Devil rises, very Mephistophelean, and not at all unlike Mendoza, though not so interesting").

Don Juan Play
The long third act of the play, which shows Don Juan himself having a conversation with several characters in Hell, is often cut. Charles A. Berst observes of Act III:

"Paradoxically, the act is both extraneous and central to the drama which surrounds it. It can be dispensed with, and usually is, on grounds that it is just too long to include in an already full-length play. More significantly, it is in some aspects a digression, operates in a different mode from the rest of the material, delays the immediate well-made story line, and much of its subject matter is already implicit in the rest of the play. The play performs well without it."

Don Juan in Hell consists of a philosophical debate between Don Juan (played by the same actor who plays Jack Tanner), and the Devil, with Doña Ana (Ann) and the Statue of Don Gonzalo, Ana's father (Roebuck Ramsden) looking on. This third act is often performed separately as a play in its own right, most famously during the 1950s in a stage production featuring Charles Boyer as Don Juan, Charles Laughton as the Devil, Cedric Hardwicke as the Commander and Agnes Moorehead as Doña Ana. This version was also released as a spoken word album on LP, but is yet to appear on CD. In 1974–1975, Kurt Kasznar, Myrna Loy, Edward Mulhare and Ricardo Montalbán toured nationwide in John Houseman's reprise of the production, playing 158 cities in six months.

Ideas
Although Man and Superman can be performed as a light comedy of manners, Shaw intended the drama to be something much deeper, as suggested by the title, which comes from Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical ideas about the "Übermensch" (although Shaw distances himself from Nietzsche by placing the philosopher at the very end of a long list of influences). As Shaw notes in his "Epistle Dedicatory" (dedication to theatre critic Arthur Bingham Walkley) he wrote the play as "a pretext for a propaganda of our own views of life". The plot centres on John Tanner, author of "The Revolutionist's Handbook and Pocket Companion", which is published with the play as a 58-page appendix. Both in the play and in the "Handbook" Shaw takes Nietzsche's theme that mankind is evolving, through natural selection, towards "superman" and develops the argument to suggest that the prime mover in selection is the woman: Ann Whitefield makes persistent efforts to entice Tanner to marry her yet he remains a bachelor. As Shaw himself puts it: "Don Juan had changed his sex and become Dona Juana, breaking out of the Doll's House and asserting herself as an individual". This is an explicit, intended reversal of Tirso de Molina's play The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest, more widely known as the source of Da Ponte's Don Giovanni; here Ann, representing Doña Ana, is the predator – "Don Juan is the quarry instead of the huntsman," as Shaw notes.

Ann is referred to as "the Life Force" and represents Shaw's view that in every culture, it is the women who force the men to marry them rather than the men who take the initiative. Sally Peters Vogt proposes: "Thematically, the fluid Don Juan myth becomes a favorable milieu for Creative Evolution", and that "the legend ... becomes in Man and Superman the vehicle through which Shaw communicates his cosmic philosophy".

Productions
In 1905, the Hudson Theatre produced the play for 192 performances. Produced by Charles Dillingham.

In 1917, the Abbey Theatre produced the play for 7 performances. The production was directed by J. Augustus Keogh.

In 1925, the Abbey Theatre produced the play for seven performances. The production was directed by Michael J. Dolan.

In 1927, the Abbey Theatre produced the play for seven performances. The production was directed by Lennox Robinson.

In 1946, the BBC Third Programme broadcast the entire play over the wireless for the first time. The production was directed by Peter Watts. It starred John Garside, Leonard Sachs, Sebastian Shaw, Grizelda Hervey amongst others.

In 1968, the BBC adapted the play for television as a Play of the Month. Only a short sequence from this play still exists.

In 1977–1978, the RSC produced the play at London's Savoy Theatre.

In 1981, London's National Theatre staged a production, with the "Don Juan in Hell" act included, directed by Christopher Morahan and starring Daniel Massey as Jack Tanner and Penelope Wilton as Ann Whitefield.

In 1982, director David Wheeler staged a production at the Charles Playhouse in Boston, starring Richard Jordan and Diane Salinger. During rehearsals, the play was gradually whittled down to a three-hour length, but the "Don Juan in Hell" sequence survived intact.

In 1982, a television version with Peter O'Toole in the starring role and Barry Morse as The Devil was first broadcast in the United Kingdom.

In 1990, South Coast Repertory in Costa Mesa, California staged a production, with the "Don Juan in Hell" act included, directed by Martin Benson and starring John de Lancie as Jack Tanner and his wife Marnie Mosiman as Ann Whitefield.

In 1996, to celebrate BBC Radio 3's 50th Anniversary, Sir Peter Hall directed an audio production with Ralph Fiennes as Jack Tanner, Judi Dench as Mrs. Whitefield, John Wood as Mendoza, Juliet Stevenson as Ann Whitefield, Nicholas Le Provost as Octavius Robinson and Jack Davenport as Hector Malone.

In 2012, the Irish Repertory Theatre and Gingold Theatrical Group presented a revival directed and adapted by David Staller and starring Max Gordon Moore as Jack Tanner.

In 2015, London's National Theatre staged a production, with the "Don Juan in Hell" act included, directed by Simon Godwin and starring Ralph Fiennes as Jack Tanner and Indira Varma as Ann Whitefield.

In 2019, Canada's Shaw Festival staged the full production with Martha Burns as Mendoza/The Devil, Gray Powell as Jack Tanner and Sara Topham as Ann.

title: Man and Superman


text: User talk:82.81.204.164

title: User talk:82.81.204.164