text:
Talk:Neocolonialism

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 11 January 2019 and 20 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Louange Mwajuma. Peer reviewers: Louange Mwajuma.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:06, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge Neocolonial dependence into Neocolonialism. There are no sources in the former article and I fail to see why the content can't be covered in Neocolonialism. Snooganssnoogans (talk) 21:41, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

 * If there's no sources, there's not much to merge. It could certainly fit here when there are sources (and even split back out in some later event). CMD (talk) 23:22, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Comment Agree with CMD, just keep it for time being. 2001:8003:9008:1301:44D3:F319:5F79:31D7 (talk) 14:51, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

"Neocolonial" or "neo-colonial?"
This article uses both versions, seemingly interchangeably. May I (or could someone) change all instances to "neocolonial" (no hyphen) for the sake of maintaining a consistent style? Xanthos IV (talk) 21:40, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender and Technoculture 320-02
— Assignment last updated by ACHorwitz (talk) 18:53, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

Criticism section
There are a lot of ways you could approach this and a lot of sources considered valid by wikipedia. 180.241.250.205 (talk) 01:37, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Internally inconsistent
Article credits both Kwame Nkrumah and Jean-Paul Sartre with coining the term. If this is a case of different sources saying different things, the two statements should be together and accompanied by more than the usual amount of sourcing Elinruby (talk) 10:07, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

Other countries as examples
Russia and China should be mentioned and described like US is. Also Russia acts more like an old colonial empire, choosing mass murder and terror over economic influence, both its internal and foreign policies involve neocolonialism as it is described in the article. 109.87.36.102 (talk) 04:00, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender and Technoculture 320-01
— Assignment last updated by Bbalicia (talk) 00:45, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

No mention of Soviet Union/Russia
there's such an extensive section on the United States. why is there no such section for the Soviet Union or continued Russian Federation 2409:40E1:27:60E5:5896:FFFC:5A9:3435 (talk) 16:35, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

 * @2409:40E1:27:60E5:5896:FFFC:5A9:3435 just wanted to add. I thought you all could have added more about China and some other countries too. their involvement in the affairs of other regions and how it plays to the dynamics of their own interests. I just felt that the article went too extensive on the details about the United States while the same could have been done for other countries too. not to take away from the section about America but same standard can be followed with the other sections too 2409:40E1:27:60E5:5896:FFFC:5A9:3435 (talk) 19:10, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Global Extractivism
— Assignment last updated by Sancar27 (talk) 21:10, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

US foreign policy and the CIA
I suggest that the entire first paragraph of this section under "United States" should be removed. It is entirely about the book "The Invisible Government". And that might be relevant, except it does not cite the book in service to the topic of this section, but rather cites some professor's characterization of the thesis of the book, along with some epically awkward paraphrasing of comments by one of the authors about that book. Sarc3n (talk) 22:57, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neocolonialism


text:
User talk:RussellWhitaker

Don't mean to nag, but I hope you intend to reword that paste. Wikipedia entries should be neutral and informative, I don't even know what Georgia Tech is, your stub doesn't help

Nomination of Georgia Tech Information Security Center for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Georgia Tech Information Security Center is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Georgia Tech Information Security Center until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  DGG ( talk ) 21:43, 18 July 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:RussellWhitaker


text:
Technique (newspaper)

The Technique, also known as the "'Nique", is the official student newspaper of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, and has referred to itself as "the South's liveliest college newspaper" since 1945. As of the fall semester of 2011, the Technique has a weekly circulation of 10,000, distributed to numerous locations on the Georgia Tech campus and a handful of locations in the surrounding area. The first issue of the Technique was published on November 17, 1911, and the paper has printed continuously since its founding. The paper publishes weekly throughout the regular school year and primarily covers news, events and issues specific to the Georgia Tech community. In 2004 it was one of 25 collegiate newspapers to receive the Pacemaker award from the Associated Collegiate Press.

History
A publication known as The Georgia Tech was the Georgia Institute of Technology's (also known as Georgia Tech) first student newspaper. It was established in 1894 and was the second student publication to be established on campus. The Georgia Tech published a "Commencement Issue" that reviewed sporting events and gave information about each class. The "Commencement Issue" was likely similar to the Technique's Freshman Issue. The Technique was founded in 1911; its first issue was published on November 17, 1911 by editors Albert Blohm and E. A. Turner, and the content revolved around the upcoming rivalry football game against the University of Georgia. The first issue also featured an article by legendary football coach John Heisman.

The Technique has been published weekly ever since, except for a brief period that the paper was published twice weekly. This period ran from January 14, 1948, to September 6, 1956. The Georgia Tech and the Technique operated separately for several years following the Technique's establishment, though the two publications eventually merged in 1916. Several sources claim that the Technique is among a number of student organizations to be founded by the ANAK Society.

Present-day publication
The Technique is published weekly during the fall and spring semesters, with the exceptions of "dead week", finals week, and spring break and is published biweekly during the summer semester. As of the 2005–2006 publication year, the paper has also taken a hiatus the week prior to spring break. General staff meetings are held on Tuesdays, when the majority of story assignments are made to a mostly volunteer writing staff. Deadline is on Wednesday nights during weeks when the paper is published, and the copy is sent to the printer on Thursday morning. The paper is then distributed around the campus on the Friday of that week. The Technique's office is located in the northwest corner of the Student Services Building.

The paper is operated by a staff of approximately 50 paid and unpaid students, as well as two permanent, paid, non-student staff members. As Georgia Tech has no journalism school, the Technique welcomes all students within the institute to contribute to its content. The Technique is funded primarily by advertisements, and to a lesser extent by Tech's Student Government Association.

The Technique is generally between 16 and 40 pages long, the length of an issue being dependent upon the number of advertisements purchased for a given week. The paper is organized into five sections: News (includes Georgia Tech-specific crime reports and news), Life (previously Focus; includes human interest stories), Entertainment (includes reviews of music, movies, performance arts, and video games, cartoons, a crossword puzzle, and sudoku puzzles), Opinions (includes editorials, an editorial cartoon, op-eds, and letters to the editor), and Sports (includes summaries of recent Georgia Tech sports games and sports features).

To Hell With Georgia
The most well-known of the special issues the Technique publishes is a satire of the University of Georgia's (UGA) student newspaper (The Red and Black). The tradition of this parody dates back to the very first issue of the Technique, which was published with the intent of taunting Georgia Tech's rival school, and has its roots in the embittered rivalry between Georgia Tech and the University of Georgia. It is published just before the two schools compete in football and is one of the last issues of the fall semester. The parody is known as "To Hell With Georgia", after the school's popular cheer. On years where the schools play their football match at UGA's Sanford Stadium, Technique staff distribute the issue across UGA's campus. In 2009, the THWGA issue was printed with an incorrect year in the masthead, though the date was corrected in the version posted online.

Freshman Issue
The Freshman Issue is another special edition of the Technique. It is the first issue published each academic year and is by far the longest issue, with each of the sections about as long as a normal issue. The content usually centers on the themes of welcoming freshmen and welcoming returning students back to Tech. The Freshman Issue also contains a special section dedicated to helping freshmen become more acquainted with Tech and its customs. It is generally the only issue in which content from previous issues is reprinted.

Other special editions
Other special editions include the Homecoming issue, the April Fool's issue (historically known as the Techlique, which includes a section of fake news parodying Tech in a similar style to the "To Hell With Georgia" issue) and the "Best of Tech" issue, which is the final issue of the spring semester.

Two Bits
The Technique featured an anonymous humor column called "Two Bits", which is authored by the mysterious Two Bits Man, a sarcastic, everyday virtuoso who concerns himself with Tech- and university-specific subjects. His articles range from relentless sickly sniffles to school-wide subjects of controversy or interest. Popular targets for his scorn include Georgia Tech's Parking department and School of Physics, whereas he consistently praises the President Emeritus G. Wayne Clough, who he refers to as "Funk Masta G. Wayne". The Two Bits column had been discontinued in 2010, but was brought back in 2012, to again be discontinued in 2013.

Sliver Box
One of the Technique's most popular features is the Sliver Box, an analogue of the Vent feature of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, which allows readers to submit any comment they wish. Comments are submitted on the Technique's website and as many Slivers that will fit appear in the week's paper, usually in order of submission. Slivers are subject to minimal censorship, with only full names of non-public figures, personal information, and strong profanities typically removed or altered. Other entries are occasionally removed or truncated, usually in cases of spamming of the Sliver submission system. According to the paper, the Box is used to fill empty room left between advertisements in order to maintain a modular layout style. It is not uncommon for students to have conversations using the Sliver Box. Slivers were originally comments made by editorial board members during deadline night and were placed in narrow boxes ("Slivers") at the bottom of each page. Comments made on deadline night and opinions of editorial board members still occasionally find their way into the Sliver Box.

1995 refusal of Campus Crusade for Christ ad
In 1995, Campus Crusade for Christ registered a complaint with the attorney general's office protesting the paper's refusal of its ad which included a picture of a young man captioned “a former homosexual, male prostitute and female impersonator." right around National Coming Out Day. The CCC argued that the refusal amounted to a state censorship, because administration was allegedly involved in the decision and that administration is considered a state agency. Following the AG's opinion, the paper reluctantly agreed to run the ad, however, CCC withdrew the ad before it ran. People have sent in letters to the editor.

title: Technique (newspaper)


text:
Talk:List of Austrian Jews

[Untitled]
Please be careful in using the previous version, as it was riddled with errors (with both non-Jews and non-Austrians). I hope the new version is a significant improvement. -Udzu 21:53, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Is this a JOKE? I read, I add a couple of names, and a few hours later they are deleted again, but it still says ?  23:14, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * You'll need to ask Udzu why he/she deleted your entries. RickK 23:20, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Erm ... I thought that's what I've just done (see above).  23:22, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Very nice. Now has been removed, which makes me look like a complete idiot who has no argument whatsoever. And what does that mean now? That the list is already complete?

 * Instead of moving nonsensical templates across articles and removing s, could we focus on the essential things, for example the content?  23:35, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Your personal attacks are unacceptable and unwarranted and do not deserve a response. I suggest you take a deep breath and learn how to deal with other editors in a more collegial manner.  RickK 19:00, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * First, apologies to . The previous version of the page was a mess - no introduction, most links didn't have write-ups, some links were in German, some of the people listed weren't Jewish, and some weren't even Austrian. So I cleaned it up (heavily) and added some new names, as part of the List of Jews by country series. Unfortunately I did this offline and forgot to check recent changes when I commited. I've now re-added Spiegl and Askin. I don't think Frederic Morton is prominent enough to go on a partial list like this, and is better placed at List of Jews, but feel free to add him if you want. (Also, RicK: I've put the template back at the top - it's part of the point of the series and is useless at the bottom - and put back the listdev.) Hope that all made sense - if not, please ask. -Udzu

People will probably have different opinions on whether someone like Teddy Kollek should be included in a list of Austrian Jews: He was born in Austria and spent the first 24 years of his life there but has been living in Israel since 1935. Leon Askin has returned to his native Vienna, so there seems to be no doubt about his name being included.

The problem obviously is that both criteria -- being Jewish and being Austrian -- are vague: It's not just that someone may have done their fair share of globetrotting and living abroad. After the end of the First World War, Austria itself was reduced to a small percentage of its former size (see the ancient discussion about Gregor Mendel on the Hyncice talk page). And of course someone can be half (or three quarter, or whatever) Jewish. (But should we really mention that? Sounds as if we were stressing the fact that they are also half Aryan.)

As both criteria for inclusion versus exclusion are vague, you can be "generous" (see List of Austrians) or restrictive. This is why I've added List of Austrian Jews to Pages needing attention -- if more people get involved we might achieve a more satisfying result.

As far as the genesis of this page is concerned, some anonymous users seem to have put a lot of time and effort into compiling the old (inadequate?) list. They have even linked to Wikipedias in other languages or to external sources, obviously for future reference. Fortunately, the old version can easily be retrieved through the edit history, and hopefully a collaborative effort will materialise and someone will carefully check those old entries.  00:52, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right - both criteria are vague. This is of course true for all similar lists of people by ethnicity/nationality or religion: see for example the recent discussion on List of Belgians. Generally, all such lists tend to be fairly specific on the minor criteria and more generous on the major ones. Hence this page doesn't include Kafka (since he's never refered to as an Austrian writer, even if he's not simlpy a Czech writer), but List of Austrians does. Similarly, this list contains people of partial Jewish ethnicity (within limits). (The case for marking out those cases is that many of those people, though influenced by the Jewish part of their ethnicity, may have also been just as influenced by the non-Jewish one; I agree however that phrases like '3/4 Jewish' sound bad, and I've removed those).

 * Regarding the old page: as you say, it's still there for reference, and has already been very useful. However, the links to German Wikipedia really shouldn't have been part of the article (though a link to a German copy of the list is clearly good). Off the top of my head, a couple of the prominent people listed who weren't Jewish include: Alban Berg, Christian Doppler, Lotte Lehmann and Lotte Lenya. -Udzu 08:44, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * One second thoughts, I also agree that I was too rash in replacing the old page. Basically, I panicked when I saw names like Hermann Bahr (catholic) and Elias Canetti (Bulgarian), and reasoned that any page is better than a wrong page. I still think the new page is/will be an improvement, and I will continue to verify, categorise and re-add names from the old list. (Note that the new list also has a significant number of original entries.) -Udzu 09:14, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

A few more mistakes
Me again :-) To give people a better idea here's a few of the more prominent mistakes on the old list:

 * Not Jewish: Alban Berg, Christian Doppler, Lotte Lehmann, Lotte Lenya, Hermann Bahr
 * Barely Jewish: Ernest Gold (1/4 jewish), Richard Tauber (1/4 Jewish)
 * Probably not Jewish: Karl Renner, Peter Drucker, Friedrich Gulda, Elfriede Jelinek, Joseph Schumpeter
 * People I wouldn't describe as Austrian:
 * Bulgarian: Elias Canetti
 * Czech: Max Brod, Franz Werfel, Edmund Husserl (Czech/Germans but not Austrian)
 * German: Oskar Morgenstern, Bruno Walter, Stefan Wolpe, Carl Flesch
 * Hungarian: Emmerich Kálmán, George Szell, Carl Flesch (also German)
 * Romanian: Paul Celan (also French)
 * Russian: Anton Rubinstein

(Corrections welcome). -Udzu 11:24, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Doesn't this depend on the definition of Austrian? You could argue that before 1919, many people throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire would regard themselves as Austrian. This might be particularly true in cosmopolitan middle-class circles, and most prominent jews would probably be in that category. RachelBrown 14:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I deleted listdev because it said the list wasn't complete. NO Wikipedia article is ever complete. That template seems pretty useless, IMHO. RickK 18:58, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Umm, the List of US Presidents and the List of Nobel Prize winners are complete. I think the point of listdev is to mark a list that is not a stub, but could still do with more input. I think that's appropriate in this instance (though I agree that it gets overused in general). -Udzu 19:36, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I restored former version. See List of Austrian Jews (alphabetical order). You can edit it. User:211.128.71.202

Thomas Morgenstern
Is he Jewish? de:Thomas Morgenstern
 * Most probably not. Successful Jewish winter athletes are rare enough to be noteworthy, and post-war Austrian Jewish athletes are almost unheard of – yet there doesn't seem to be anything online in English or German. Still, the surname is commonly Ashkenazic, so maybe there's some remote ancestry? I think it's best to leave this until someone finds better evidence either way. Juko 23:06, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Otto Robert Frisch and Ludwig Wittgenstein
The extent of his Frisch's Judaism is unknown. I have added an "unconfirmed." Wittgenstein had a Jewish paternal grandfather. Whether or not his parternal grandmother was Jewish is unknown.

 * There are countless sources that state Frisch is Jewish (,, , etc.), and that Wittgenstein had a fully Jewish father and half-Jewish mother (]

Wittgenstein's father was Jewish but only through his Jewish paternal grandfather, and that his mother even had Jewish ancestry is highly disputable. Also, I stated before that Frisch's EXTENT of Judaism is unknown, not that he didn't identify with it. I don't think it seems fair to include them as full Jews, if there are good chances they are not.

Removed people
Why these people removed by 65.....? Because Christian, Jewish father(and non Judaist)?
 * --Sheynhertz-Unbayg 14:41, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * György Ligeti, composer
 * Heinrich Schenker, music theorist
 * Marie Jahoda, psychology of discrimination

In the List?

 * Jakov Lind* (de:Jakov Lind)
 * Emanuel Löwy
 * Karl Wittgenstein
 * Victor Zuckerkandl
 * Walter Munk
 * Ignaz Brüll (born on Moravia)
 * Georg Alexander Pick
 * Heinrich Auspitz
 * Bertha Pappenheim, the "Anna O."
 * Ignaz Maybaum
 * Joe May, Mia May
 * Rudolf Spielmann
 * Leontine Sagan
 * Carl Szokoll
 * Alfred Grünwald (librettist)
 * Abraham Brill
 * Heinz Hartmann
 * Ernst Fuchs (artist)
 * Arik Brauer
 * Jacob Taubes
 * Joseph Unger
 * Henri Herz
 * Robert von Heine-Geldern
 * Gustav Heine von Geldern
 * George Low

 * Jewish?:
 * Kadmon (Gerhard Petak)
 * Theodor Ottawa (de:Theodor Ottawa)
 * Oskar Grünwald
 * Leopold Grünzweig
 * Otto Grünmandl
 * Alfred Grünberger, Czech-Austrian Christian socialist politician
 * Fritz Grünbaum (http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.g/g862467.htm)
 * Victor David Gruen/Gruenbaum
 * Franz Lind (de:Franz Lind)
 * Gerhard Eisler/Gerhart Eisler
 * Walter Klien
 * Stefan Grossmann (de:Stefan Großmann)
 * Andreas Maislinger
 * Vienna School of Fantastic Realism (Ernst Fuchs (artist), Arik Brauer is Jewish)
 * Wolfgang Hutter
 * Rudolf Hausner
 * Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky
 * Rudolf Kolisch*
 * Karl Merkatz

 * Eisler s
 * Riane Eisler
 * Paul Eisler
 * Johannes Schneider
 * Ernst Grünfeld
 * Felix Mottl

Jewish Encyclopedia articles

 * Abert Hirsch
 * Wilhelm Winternitz
 * Moriz Winternitz

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title: Talk:List of Austrian Jews


text:
Talk:J-B Weld

Untitled
On 22 July 2004, this article was nominated for deletion. Consensus to delete was not achieved. See Votes for deletion/J-B Weld for details. Rossami 21:55, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sam's wife ?
Should the Page be kept, I'd imagine the phrase "In 1968, Sam's wife, who became Mary Bonham..." could be rewritten as "In 1968 Sam's wife..."

ahpook 12:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Photo
I added a photo that I took of J-B Weld. --jmeeter 14:13, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Drying ?
I am surprised by all the references to the product "drying"; since it sets by a polymerisation reaction, not by loosing a solvent, should not "hardening" be used instead ? Renaud OLGIATI (talk) 15:17, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

non toxic ?
does it not contain bisphenol A. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.31.87.128 (talk) 20:40, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * BPA is a poison not a toxin. 57.135.233.22 (talk) 22:24, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Advert
In 2004 there was a debate about deleting this page. The OP admitted most of the stuff was staight off the JB Weld website. I'm not proposing delete but I have added an advert tag. The Yowser (talk) 12:20, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

This page sounds like an advertisement for J-B Weld. I think the entry would work much better simply by deleting the section of the article that lists the products and their properties. There is enough information about the company in the first couple of paragraphs. I really thing the product specs should be deleted. If anyone is interested in the products they can go to the J-B Weld website and look at product info. I don't think Wiki is the place for that kind of content. Glennybrandimarte (talk) 02:30, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

This entry is of little value, as it reads like an advertisement.

38.69.12.6 (talk) 15:59, 14 September 2014 (UTC) BigDumbDinosaur

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Mixing it
What's the correct way to mix it 174.255.2.73 (talk) 00:42, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:J-B Weld


text: Category:Elections in South Africa

title: Category:Elections in South Africa


text:
Talk:JB Weld

On 22 July 2004, this article was nominated for deletion. Consensus to delete was not achieved. See Votes for deletion/J-B Weld for details. Rossami 21:55, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:JB Weld


text:
Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)

Belfast West is a parliamentary constituency (seat) in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. The current MP is Paul Maskey of Sinn Fein.

In 2017, it ranked the most secure of Northern Ireland's 18 seats by percentage and/or numerical tally of its winning majority, followed by North Down and by North Antrim respectively.

Boundaries
1885–1918: In the Borough of Belfast, Smithfield ward, that part of St. Anne's ward bounded on the north-west by a line drawn along the centre of Carrick Hill, that part of St. George's ward lying to the north of a line drawn along the centre of Grosvenor Street and west of a line drawn along the centre of Durham Street, and the townlands of Ballymagarry and Ballymurphy in the parish of Shankill.

1922–1974: The County Borough of Belfast wards of Court, Falls, St. Anne's, St. George's, Smithfield, and Woodvale. The boundaries of these wards can be seen in Schedule 9 of the Report of the Boundary Commission (Ireland) on the Representation of the People Bill 1917 - redistribution of seats.

1974–1983: The County Borough of Belfast wards of Court, Falls, St Anne's, St George's, Smithfield, and Woodvale, and the Rural District of Lisburn electoral divisions of Andersonstown, Ballygammon, and Ladybrook.

1983–1997: The District of Belfast wards of Andersonstown, Ballygomartin, Central, Clonard, Court, Falls, Grosvenor, Highfield, Ladybrook, Milltown, North Howard, St James, Suffolk, and Whiterock.

1997–2010: The District of Belfast wards of Andersonstown, Beechmount, Clonard, Falls, Falls Park, Glencairn, Glencolin, Glen Road, Highfield, Ladybrook, Shankill, Upper Springfield, and Whiterock, and the District of Lisburn wards of Collin Glen, Kilwee, Poleglass, and Twinbrook.

2010–present: The District of Belfast wards of Andersonstown, Beechmount, Clonard, Falls, Falls Park, Glencairn, Glencolin, Glen Road, Highfield, Ladybrook, Shankill, Upper Springfield, and Whiterock, and the City of Lisburn wards of Collin Glen, Dunmurry, Kilwee, Poleglass, Twinbrook, and part of Derryaghy.

The seat was restored in 1922 (having been abolished for the 1918 general election) when as part of the establishment of the devolved Stormont Parliament for Northern Ireland, the number of MPs in the Westminster Parliament was drastically cut. In 1983 the Sandy Row and Donegall Road areas were removed leaving a seat centred on the west section of Belfast, though between 1983 and 1997 it included the area around the Docks on the north east side of the Lagan Estuary.

Prior to the 2010 general election, boundary changes added the Dunmurry ward and the northern part of Derriaghy ward to this seat. Following public consultation, the proposals were passed through Parliament via the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order. In an unprecedented move by a Boundary Commission, an electoral ward was split between constituencies following disquiet in parts of Derriaghy. This ward is now split between Belfast West and Lagan Valley.

History
Belfast West has historically been the most nationalist of Belfast's four constituencies, though it is only in the last few decades that the votes for unionist parties have plunged to tiny levels. The constituency is largely made of a long, slender, belt along the Falls Road and its suburban extensions, with three of the five wards from the staunchly unionist Shankill area now something of a bolt-on, with a several kilometre (miles) long peace line dividing them from the rest of the constituency. There is also a smaller Protestant enclave at Suffolk.

The tenor of the constituency is largely working class and in the 1991 census it was one of only twenty constituencies where the majority of housing was still state owned. Although there are now large pockets of middle-class housing in Andersonstown and other suburban parts of the seat. Closer to the centre public-sector terraced housing, both Victorian and high quality modern housing, predominates, while in the suburbs, leafy pockets are scattered among post-War housing estates such as Lenadoon and Twinbrook.

The Westminster constituency was consistently held by the Ulster Unionist Party but always had strong Labour movement sympathies. In the 1923 UK general election, the Belfast Labour Party came within 1,000 votes of taking the seat. A by-election in 1943 was won by Jack Beattie, standing for the Northern Ireland Labour Party. For the next twenty-three years the seat would regularly change from unionist to nationalist/labour, with the latter represented by a variety of parties.

In the 1966 general election the seat was won by Gerry Fitt of the Republican Labour Party. Later in 1970 he left that party to become a founder and first leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party. In the February 1974 general election, Belfast West was the only constituency in Northern Ireland to elect an MP supporting the Sunningdale Agreement. Fitt's majority was a narrow 2180 votes in February 1974 primarily due to the candidature of Albert Price, father of the Price sisters who were in prison in England for PIRA related offences. However the candidacy of a UVF backed candidate in October 1974 and a declining Unionist vote in 1979 led to him increasing his majorities in subsequent years. He retained the seat for the next nine years but increasingly distanced himself from nationalist groups and in late 1979 he left the SDLP altogether. He sat as an independent socialist but lost his seat in the 1983 General Election when it was won by Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin. The Unionist vote which had still been at 30% in the 1982 Assembly elections was cut to 20% as a result of the 1983 boundary changes which, while adding the loyalist Glencairn area, removed the Donegall Road, Sandy Row and added the Nationalist Lenadoon area.

Adams' share of the vote, at 37%, was short of a majority and he achieved victory only due to Fitt and the SDLP candidate splitting the non-Sinn Féin vote. In 1987 Adams narrowly held his seat, but lost it in the 1992 general election amidst a strong tactical voting campaign in favour of Joe Hendron of the Social Democratic and Labour Party by unionists in the Shankill Road area of the constituency. After the election a constituent, Maura McCrory, lodged an election petition challenging the result. The election court reported Hendron personally guilty of the illegal practice of failing to deliver a declaration verifying the return of his election expenses, and guilty through his election agent of failing to deliver a verified return of election expenses within 35 days, exceeding the maximum spending by £782.02, and failing to pay all the expenses within 28 days. Hendron's agent was also reported personally guilty of distributing election material without the name and address of the printer and publisher. The Judges granted both Hendron and his agent relief from their findings, on the grounds that the law had been broken through inadvertence; they therefore certified that Hendron had been duly elected.

In the mid-1990s the Boundary Commission originally suggested removing the Shankill wards from the constituency and replacing them with about half of the Belfast South constituency namely the 6 wards of the Balmoral Electoral Area and the Shaftesbury ward, effectively transforming the seat into a Belfast South West constituency.

The subsequent local enquiries were bitterly contested with the SDLP favouring the commission's original proposals which would add an area where Sinn Féin had little support (and aside from the Shaftesbury ward, had not contested in council elections), while Sinn Féin argued instead for adding the mostly republican Twinbrook and Poleglass estates (where they were outpolling the SDLP in council elections by a margin of 3 to 1). With all parties except the SDLP supporting an option of retaining four seats in Belfast the latter option became the commissions final proposals and the Shankill wards remained in the constituency.

The boundary changes, coupled with the IRA ceasefire, meant that support for Sinn Féin in the constituency soared to new levels and in all elections held in the seat since 1996 they have taken over 50% of the vote. In 1997 Adams regained the seat and held it in 2001, 2005 and 2010. In 2011, Adams decided to stand in the 2011 Republic of Ireland general election and vacated his seat.

In the 2016 referendum to leave the European Union, the constituency voted remain by 74.1%.

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since a 2011 by-election is Paul Maskey of Sinn Féin, who succeeded Gerry Adams, the party president. Adams previously held the seat from 1983 to 1992 when he lost it to Joe Hendron of the Social Democratic and Labour Party but regained it in 1997.

In November 2010, Adams announced his intention to contest the imminent election in the Republic of Ireland. Although the Disqualifications Act 2000 permits MPs to sit in Dáil Éireann, he submitted a letter of resignation to the Speaker in January 2011. However, the prescribed procedure for vacating a parliamentary seat involves applying for the post of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead, which he had "no intention" of doing. Thus he was still considered to hold the seat. On 26 January, HM Treasury announced that Adams had been appointed as Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, claimed that Adams had applied for the appointment, but this was later clarified to state that he had not requested the appointment. Adams stated the Prime Minister's private secretary had apologised to him for making the announcement that Adams had 'accepted' the position, when in fact Adams' resignation letter was taken to be a request to be so appointed, whatever his own wishes.

Elections in the 2010s
This seat had the largest Sinn Féin vote share at the 2019 general election. It also saw the only increase in vote share for the DUP at the election.

Elections in the 1990s
1997 Changes are compared to the 1992 notional results shown below.

Elections in the 1980s
Following the 1979 election, Fitt became increasingly at odds with the SDLP and left it, continuing to sit as an independent socialist.

Elections in the 1970s
After the 1970 election Fitt left the Republican Labour Party to co-found the Social Democratic & Labour Party. The remains of Republican Labour had disintegrated by 1974.

Elections in the 1930s
Note: The sitting MP, W.E.D. Allen, had joined the New Party earlier in 1931 but did not contest the seat at the general election.


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Territorial collectivity

A territorial collectivity (collectivité territoriale, previously collectivité locale), or territorial authority, in many francophone countries, is a legal entity governed by public law that exercises within its territory certain powers devolved to it by the State as part of a decentralization process. In France, it also refers to a chartered administrative division of France with recognized governing authority. It is the generic name for any territory with an elective form of local government and local regulatory authority. The nature of a French territorial collectivity is set forth in Article 72 of the Constitution of France (1958), which provides for local autonomy within limits prescribed by law.

Use of the term
The term collectivité territoriale is used in Burkina Faso, in France by its legislation and the Constitution, in Mali and in Morocco.

In Algeria and Senegal, they refer to it as collectivité locale. However, in France, it is also used by the State administration: the Direction Générale des Collectivités Locales deals with matters relating to local authorities.

In English-speaking countries, the term used is local government or local government area, and in German is Gebietskörperschaft.

Characteristics
Territorial authorities have legal status. They are often administered by a deliberative assembly, which may be elected by direct universal suffrage. Depending on local legislation, they may levy local taxes and receive funds from the State.

Categories

 * Regions: France has 18 regions, or 14 not including single territorial collectivities (collectivities with special status).
 * Departments: France has 94 departments as territorial collectivities (most recently the merger of the territorial collectivities of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin to form the European Collectivity of Alsace). However, the word is also used for the 101 territorial divisions of the State administration, which in most cases cover the same area as territorial collectivities.
 * Collectivities with special status: this status is awarded by specific laws to 6 collectivities which replace departments and regions (Corsica, French Guiana, Greater Lyon, Martinique, Mayotte, and Paris).
 * Overseas collectivities (collectivités d'outre-mer, COM): France has five COMs.
 * Provinces: There are 3 provinces, all in New Caledonia.
 * Communes: There are 36,782 communes. They are found throughout the republic (except for Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Wallis and Futuna, which are subdivided differently, as well as uninhabited Clipperton Island, which is directly administered by the office of the Prime Minister and the Minister of Overseas France).

Administration

 * The assembly of a région and of a ROM is the regional council (conseil régional). They are presided over by a president of the regional council (président du conseil régional).
 * Corsica's assembly is called the assemblée de Corse (Corsican Assembly) that exercises some Corsican autonomy. It is also presided over by the president of the regional council.
 * The assembly of a département (except Paris) or that of a DOM is called a conseil départemental. It is presided over by a président du conseil départemental.
 * The assembly of a province is called an assemblée de province. It is presided over by a président de l'assemblée de province.
 * A commune's assembly (except that of Paris) is called a conseil municipal. It is presided over by a mayor (maire).
 * The Paris assembly is called the conseil de Paris. It is also presided over by a mayor.
 * The Assembly of French Polynesia is presided over by the président de la Polynésie française.
 * Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon's assemblies are called conseil territorial. Each of these is presided over by a président du conseil territorial.
 * Wallis and Futuna's assembly is called an assemblée territoriale. It is presided over by the prefect (préfet).
 * New Caledonia's assembly is called a congrès. It is presided over by the président du gouvernement.

Past and future territorial collectivities

 * The category of overseas territory (territoires d'outre-mer) was eliminated under the constitutional reform of 28 March 2003. French Southern Territories is still a TOM, but this is now a particular designation, not a category. This uninhabited territory no longer is a collectivité territoriale.
 * Mayotte and Saint Pierre and Miquelon used to be collectivités territoriales belonging to no category (but with a status close to that of a DOM), sometimes unofficially called collectivité territoriale à statut particulier, or collectivité territoriale d'outre-mer.
 * Mayotte held a vote in 2009 to change its status, and it became a ROM in 2011.
 * Guadeloupians and Réunionnais have refused to eliminate their ROM and DOM in order to create a unique collectivité territoriale.
 * The European Collectivity of Alsace became effective on the first day of 2021.

Territorial authorities and European institutions
The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe is a pan-European political assembly made up of 648 regional and municipal councillors, mayors and regional presidents, elected for four-year terms. It represents 200,000 territorial authorities in 47 European countries, including France's 36,000 communes. As the voice of territorial authorities, towns and regions, the Congress is responsible for strengthening local and regional democracy in its 47 member states by promoting consultation and political dialogue between governments and territorial authorities. To this end, it cooperates with the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. The work of the Congress is structured around its two chambers, the Chamber of Local Authorities and the Chamber of Regions, and is organized around three statutory committees: a Monitoring Committee, a Governance Committee and a Current Affairs Committee.

Sustainable development applied to territorial authorities
In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, a plan of action for the 21st century called Agenda 21 was adopted, applying to territorial authorities, regions, départements, communities of communes or municipalities. The action plan was divided into 40 chapters, with a preamble and four sections. It includes recommendations in areas as varied as poverty, health, housing, pollution, the management of seas, forests and mountains, desertification, the management of water resources and sanitation, agricultural management and waste management.

Most French regions have an Agenda 21. Taking all territorial authorities together, there were 1128 local agendas listed in France in 2017.

Other facts

 * New Caledonia is the only French local government that is not a collectivité territoriale. It has its own articles in the French Constitution. Since it cannot be categorized, it is sometimes unofficially called a collectivité sui generis (although "collectivity" is not, strictly speaking, a legal category). It is also unofficially called a pays (d'outre-mer), because its local legislative assembly (the congress) can rule using its own lois du pays. New Caledonia voted in 1987, 2018, 2020 and 2021 to reject independence and maintain its current status of large autonomy gained from the national constitutional referendum of 1988.
 * Corsica became the first collectivité territoriale unique that is within metropolitan France starting on 1 January 2018, with new territorial elections held as a result.
 * The régions are divided into départements: ROMs are divided into DOMs; New Caledonia is divided into provinces; départements, COMs (except Saint Barthélemy, Saint-Martin, and Wallis and Futuna), DOMs, and provinces all are divided into communes.
 * The commune of Poya is the only French subdivision assigned to two upper-level units (the provinces of North and South).
 * Paris and some overseas entities belong to two categories.
 * Paris is both a département and a commune. It has one mayor and one assembly.
 * French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion are both ROM and DOM. Guadeloupe and Réunion each have two presidents and two assemblies, while French Guiana, Martinique and Mayotte each have a single assembly.
 * Each COM has its own statutory law that gives it a particular designation:
 * French Polynesia is designated as a pays d'outre-mer,
 * Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin as collectivités,
 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon as a collectivité territoriale, and
 * Wallis and Futuna as a territoire.

title: Territorial collectivity


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Double Dare (1976 game show)

Double Dare is an American television game show, produced by Mark Goodson & Bill Todman, that ran from 1976 to 1977 on CBS. The main game pitted two contestants in isolation booths attempting to correctly identify a person, place, or thing based on one-sentence clues. The bonus round then pitted the champion of the main game against a panel of three Ph.Ds, referred to as the "Spoilers". Alex Trebek was the host, with Johnny Olson and later Gene Wood announcing. The show was created by Jay Wolpert.

Main game
Two contestants, typically a returning champion and a challenger, sat in separate isolation booths. They attempted to identify a subject based on one-sentence clues that were given to them, one at a time, on an electronic gameboard. Before the first clue was given, the correct response was shown to the home audience and the host stated the general category (person, place, etc.). A maximum of 10 clues were played per subject, typically starting with obscure pieces of trivia and progressing toward more widely-known facts.

Either contestant could buzz in at any time to guess the subject, and doing so closed off the opponent's booth so that he/she could not see or hear anything. A correct guess won $50 for the contestant, while a miss closed his/her own booth and gave the opponent a chance to see the next clue (referred to as a "penalty clue") and offer a guess unopposed. If the opponent also missed, both booths were opened and play resumed with the next clue after the penalty.

When a contestant correctly identified a subject on a buzz-in, he/she was shown the next clue in sequence and could dare the opponent to answer. When a contestant gave the answer on a penalty clue, it was used for the dare since the opponent had not yet seen it. If the contestant chose to dare, the opponent's booth was opened and he/she had five seconds to study the clue before guessing. A correct answer awarded $50 to the opponent; a miss awarded $100 to the daring contestant, closed the opponent's booth again, and gave the contestant a chance to offer a double dare based on the next clue. A correct answer on a double dare awarded $100 to the opponent, and a miss awarded $200 to the double-daring contestant.

Play on a particular subject ended after any of the following occurred:

 * A contestant identified the subject, but chose not to dare
 * A contestant successfully dared the opponent, but chose not to double dare
 * An opponent correctly identified the subject on a dare
 * A double dare was played
 * Neither contestant identified the subject after all 10 clues were played

In either of the first two cases, the clue for the dare or double dare was read to the opponent to see if he/she would have been able to guess the subject.

The first contestant to accrue $500 or more won the game and moved on to the bonus round. Both contestants kept their accrued money, and the runner-up of each game also received parting gifts.

Beat the Spoilers
The winner of the main game competed in a bonus round against the Spoilers, a panel of three Ph.Ds placed in separate isolation booths so that they could not see or hear each other. The booths were turned off to begin the round.

The gameboard displayed a subject and eight numbered clues (10 in the pilot) in random order of difficulty, and was placed so that the Spoilers could not see it. The contestant selected one clue at a time and, after seeing and hearing it, had to decide whether to pass it or give it to the Spoilers. He/she could pass up to four times (five in the pilot), and these clues were immediately discarded from play. If the contestant decided to give a clue to the Spoilers, their booths were turned on long enough for Trebek to read it to them; he also announced the general category to them before reading the first given clue. The booths were then turned on, one at a time, so that each Spoiler could guess the subject without being heard by the others. Each incorrect answer awarded $100 to the contestant, while a correct answer awarded the money to that Spoiler, who then sat out the rest of the round with his/her booth open so as to hear the remaining clues and the others' guesses.

The round continued as long as at least one Spoiler failed to guess correctly. If all three Spoilers managed to identify the subject, the contestant lost the round but kept any money accumulated to that point from incorrect guesses. If any of the Spoilers were unable to identify the subject after the fourth (fifth in the pilot) given clue, the contestant's winnings for the round were increased to $5,000.

Limits on champions' winnings
Champions stayed on the show until either defeated or surpassing CBS's maximum winnings limit which, for this show, was $20,000 at that time.

Alan Lusher was the only contestant to retire as champion. He crossed the $20,000 threshold with a victory in the main game, then won a further $300 in the bonus round for a final winnings total of $20,500.

Broadcast history
Double Dare premiered on December 13, 1976, and replaced Gambit on CBS' daytime lineup at 11:00 AM Pacific (10:00 Central) following The Price Is Right. Facing NBC's popular two-year-old Wheel of Fortune, it did not draw the audience Gambit had. On March 7, 1977, Double Dare shifted back one hour from its original time slot in order to accommodate the hour-long Price Is Right taking the 10:30 AM timeslot. CBS saw no further success for the show at the earlier hour and decided to cancel Double Dare after 20 weeks and 96 total episodes. The final episode aired on April 29, 1977.

Miscellaneous
Jay Wolpert was acknowledged as the series' creator in the closing credits. Wolpert later created his own production company. This series also marked the debut of Jonathan Goodson as a producer.

Markie Post was an employee of Goodson-Todman at the time and was an associate producer on Double Dare.

Virtually all of the show's music and sounds were recycled for other Goodson-Todman shows. The show's theme music, composed by Edd Kalehoff (who coincidently compose for another game show called Double Dare) for Score Productions, was reused one year later for Card Sharks. The sound effect for the opening of the clue board and the isolation booths was later used for The Price Is Right's Penny Ante and Vend-O-Price pricing games, as well as the bonus round level "wind-up" sound on the Jack Barry-produced game show The Joker's Wild. A truncated version of the "losing horns" from Price was also used for bonus round losses.

The show's taping alternated between Studios 31, 33 and 41 at CBS Television City in Hollywood, California, during its run.

Episode status
All episodes are reported to exist. Reruns of the series aired on Game Show Network from 1996 to 1997, as well as in several one-off airings between 1998 and 2000, then returned to the regular schedule later in the decade, airing from 2007 to 2009.

Buzzr, an American digital broadcast television network owned by Fremantle, then aired several episodes of Double Dare, including one of the 1976 pilot episodes, as part of its "Buzzr Lost and Found" special in September 2015. The series later won a slot on the network's Sunday night lineup that year by viewer vote through their Pick & Play Sweepstakes, and two episodes then aired Sundays at 10 PM (PST) until 2017.

The first 20 episodes of the series (dubbed the "76 & 77" collection) were made available on Amazon Prime Video in North America.

In popular culture
A clip from the finale, where sexually-suggestive clues to "a boomerang" were presented, appeared on VH1's Game Show Moments Gone Bananas in 2005.

title: Double Dare (1976 game show)


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Batsugun

Batsugun (バツグン) is a 1993 vertically scrolling bullet hell arcade video game originally developed and published by Toaplan in Japan and Europe by Taito, as well as Korea by Unite Trading. The last shoot 'em up created by Toaplan, the title takes place on a distant Earth-like planet where a global takeover operative led by king Renoselva A. Gladebaran VII is set into motion, as players assume the role from one of the six fighter pilots conforming the Skull Hornets squadron taking control of submersible jets in a last-ditch effort to overthrow the invading military force from the planet. Its gameplay mainly consists of shooting mixed with role-playing game-esque elements using a main two-button configuration.

Headed by Fire Shark designer Yuko Tataka, Batsugun was created by most of the same team that previously worked on several projects at Toaplan and who would later go on to join one of its offshoots after the company declared bankruptcy in 1994 to continue working in the bullet hell sub-genre. Though first launched for the arcades, the game was later ported to the Sega Saturn by Gazelle and published exclusively in Japan by Banpresto on 25 October 1996, featuring various changes and additions compared with the original version.

Batsugun garnered positive reception from during its initial release in arcades but was later met with mixed critical reception on the Saturn as an import title. Nevertheless, the game garnered awards from Gamest magazine. It has been heralded by many as the first manic shooter due to its evolution of various gameplay features in the shoot 'em up genre and as an inspiration for other similar titles. As of 2019, the rights to the project are owned by Tatsujin, a company founded in 2017 by former Toaplan member Masahiro Yuge and now-subsidiary of Swedish video game and media holding company, Embracer Group, alongside many other Toaplan IPs.

Gameplay
Batsugun is a science fiction-themed vertically scrolling bullet hell game where players assume the role of one of the six Skull Hornets pilots taking control of their respective fighter jets through five increasingly difficult levels in a last-ditch effort to overthrow a global takeover led by the army of king Renoselva A. Gladebaran VII as the main objective. The title initially appears to be standard; players control their craft over a constantly scrolling background and the scenery never stops moving until a boss is reached. Players also have only two weapons at their disposal: the main gun that travels a max distance of the screen's height and three bombs capable of obliterating any enemy caught within its blast radius.

A unique gameplay feature is the weapon system;  as enemies are destroyed, players gain experience points that are separate from the score and for every experience points gained, the main gun is leveled up and becomes much stronger. This is analogous to exp and levelling up in role-playing games. The weapon can only level up twice and after achieving its maximum level, experience points will grant players an extra bomb stock instead. In addition, player can also grab "P" icons to increase the power of the current level gun. A maximum of five "P" icons can be collected per experience level and getting more after this gives extra points instead, while collecting "B" icons increases the number of bomb stock to a maximum of seven. Another gameplay feature, reminiscent of Aero Fighters, is the ability to choose between three fighter ship variations: Sky Mirage (type A), Dragon's Whisper (type B) and Judgement Flasher (type C). Type A ships have a simple array of rapid-fire energy-beams that spread evenly. Type B ships shoot a straight beam of lightning for as long as the fire button is held, while tapping the button causes sparks to appear and travel along the beam. Lastly, Type C ships are adaptable; holding the fire button shoot energy waves straight, while tapping the button fires a spread of projectiles. Each ship type becomes more powerful by leveling up.

There are multiple scoring methods for reaching high-scores to obtain extra lives in the game apart from destroying enemies, which are awarded at one million points. Points can be gained from collecting V-shaped gold medals and once the level is finished, points are awarded for every type of medal collected. Firing or bombing on determined locations is also crucial to reach high-scores, as certain setpieces in some stages hosts bonus secrets within their scenery, as well as destroying enemies on certain spots. The game employs a respawn system where a downed single player will start off immediately at the location they died at. Getting hit by enemy fire will result in losing a life, as well as a penalty of decreasing the ship's firepower to its original state, in addition of all medals collected and once all lives are lost, the game is over unless the player inserts more credits into the arcade machine to continue playing. Unlike previous shoot 'em ups titles from Toaplan, there are no additional loops after completing the last stage.

Plot
The plot summary of Batsugun is explained through supplementary materials. On a distant planet similar to Earth, a global takeover codenamed Epsilon Plan led by king Renoselva A. Gladebaran VII is set into motion, with the Imperial Army successfully staging multiple coup d'états upon countries of the planet in less than two weeks. All that stands between the military forces of Renoselva and world domination are the Skull Hornets: a squadron of fighter pilots led by prince Olisis R. Gladebaran VIII, son of Renoselva. The Skull Hornets utilize the most powerful submersible jets the planet's scientists have ever devised.

Characters

 * Jeeno: Pilot of the Type A (P1) ship, he is a teenage soldier with cybernetic implants by Dr. Gabriel and a tragic past.
 * Schneider: Pilot of the Type A (P2) ship and a war veteran who was previously cryogenized and is the main protagonist of Flying Shark.
 * Beltiana: Pilot of the Type B (P1) ship and a young woman who seeks to avenge the death of her brother.
 * Alteeno: Pilot of the Type B (P2) ship, he is a tomboyish mechanic of the Skull Hornets squadron and a child prodigy.
 * Iceman: Pilot of the Type C (P1) ship and a hired mercenary with a turbulent past.
 * Olisis: Pilot of the Type C (P2) ship. Founder and director of the Skull Hornets squadron, he is the exiled prince of his home planet and fights to dethrone his father Renoselva.

Development
Batsugun was created by most of the same team that previously worked on several projects at Toaplan such as Grind Stormer and who would later go on to join one of its offshoots after the company declared bankruptcy in 1994 to continue working in the bullet hell sub-genre. Its development was helmed by a small group at the company and most of the members had several roles during this process, with Fire Shark designer Yuko Tataka acting as both producer and co-designer alongside artists Junya Inoue and Takeshi Kawamoto. Cave co-founder Tsuneki Ikeda served as one of its programmers prior to DonPachi alongside Satoshi Kōyama, Seiji Iwakura and composer Yoshitatsu Sakai. Both Ikeda and Inoue have stated that several games from other companies that were popular at the time served as influence early in development.

Release

Batsugun was first launched in arcades worldwide by Toaplan, Taito and Unite Trading in 1993. During the same year, a soundtrack album containing music from the title was co-published exclusively in Japan by Scitron and Pony Canyon. Several promotional materials were also released by Toaplan.

A second edition, titled Batsugun Special Version, was showcased to attendees at the 1994 AOU Show in Japan but was never officially released in arcades, as Toaplan slid into bankruptcy and this special version appeared on the secondary video game collecting market after the company vanished. The special version featured a number of changes compared to the original version including a much smaller hitbox, a shield protecting the player from one hit, more powerful bombs, new scoring items, and the addition of multiple loops of increasing difficulty after completing the initial loop, among other changes.

On 25 October 1996, Batsugun received a conversion to the Sega Saturn by Gazelle, an offshoot of Toaplan, and published exclusively in Japan by Banpresto. The Saturn version featured various changes and additions such as the inclusion of both the original and special versions as a 2-in-1 package, as well as an arranged soundtrack.

In 2022, the original arcade version was included as part of the Sega Astro City Mini V, a vertically-oriented variant of the Sega Astro City mini console. In 2023, the Saturn version was ported to Playstation 4, Xbox One, Switch, and PC under the title Batsugun Saturn Tribute Boosted. This modern version includes new features such as a "Boost Up HUD" which displays extra information and an increased maximum score. In 2024 Batsugun was released on PC through Steam. The port and new features were handled by Bitwave Games.

EXA Label
In June 2023, Batsugun EXA Label was released in arcades by exA-Arcadia. Besides including the existing Original Arcade and Special modes, a Special' (Special Dash) mode is included which condenses the original Special 4-loop mode into a 1-loop mode. A newly created mode called EXA Label focusing on scoring and bomb usage while allowing the player to select from all pilots instead of being restricted to a set of 3 pilots. Input lag has been decreased to 1 frame. All pilots are now voiced and a new arranged soundtrack by Keishi Yonao has been added. The original character designer, Junya Inoue, created new illustrations for this release.

Reception
Batsugun was met with positive reception during its initial release in arcades. In Japan, Game Machine listed it on their February 1, 1994 issue as being the seventh most-popular arcade game at the time. In the April 1994 issue of Japanese publication Micom BASIC Magazine, the game was ranked on the number nine spot in popularity. Gamest simultaneously awarded the title with both the 6th "Best Shooting" and 36th "Best Character '94" awards. Nick Zverloff of Hardcore Gaming 101 praised Inoue and Sakai's artwork and soundtrack respectively, among other aspects.

The Sega Saturn conversion received mixed reviews from critics such as Famitsu and the Japanese Sega Saturn Magazine. According to Famitsu, the Saturn version sold over 7,017 copies in its first week on the market. Readers of the Japanese Sega Saturn Magazine voted to give the Saturn port a 8.4 out of 10 score, ranking at the number 245 spot, indicating a large popular following. Edge reviewed the Saturn version, deeming it "not a classic in designs terms, perhaps, but one that won't disappoint those yearning a show-off 2D title". French magazine Joypad commended the Saturn released for its boss encounters, arsenal, multiplayer and game modes, stating that "taken from the arcade game of the same name, this Saturn shoot'em-up isn't just another shoot, it's the game to own if you want to see how the genre has evolved today". Christian Blendl of German magazine MAN!AC gave the Saturn an overall mixed outlook. Zverloff of Hardcore Gaming 101 criticized some of the additions in the Saturn conversion such as the arranged soundtrack.

Legacy
Batsugun has been regarded by multiple publications as the first manic shooter due to its evolution of complex enemy waves, bullet patterns, firepower and hitbox. Mark R. Johnson, an author at The University of Sydney in Australia, noted that its first boss unveiled a number of on-screen bullets players never witnessed before. In addition, the game was also cited as an inspiration for other titles in the shoot 'em up genre since its release such as Cho Ren Sha 68K and Eschatos.

After the initial launch of Batsugun, Toaplan would cease development of shooting projects prior to their closure on March 31, 1994. A sequel was planned but never released, although Inoue stated that the idea of gender-based firepower pairing envisionsed for the title was integrated into Progear. In more recent years, the rights to the title and many other IPs from Toaplan are now owned by Tatsujin, a company named after Truxton's Japanese title that was founded in 2017 by Masahiro Yuge, and is part of Embracer Group since 2022.

title: Batsugun


text:
Samuel Hopkins

Samuel Hopkins or Sam Hopkins may refer to:

 * Samuel Hopkins (inventor) (1743–1818), American inventor who was awarded the first US patent for a process to refine potash
 * Samuel Hopkins (theologian) (1721–1803), American clergyman who formulated a religious system called Hopkinsism or Hopkinsianism
 * Samuel Hopkins (congressman) (1753–1819), United States Congressman from Kentucky
 * Samuel I. Hopkins (1843–1914), U.S. Representative from Virginia
 * Samuel M. Hopkins (1772–1837), United States Representative from New York
 * Sam Hopkins (rugby league) (born 1990), English rugby league footballer
 * Lightnin' Hopkins (Sam John Hopkins, 1912–1982), American blues guitarist
 * Sam Hopkins (artist) (born 1979), Artist whose work is rooted in Kenya

title: Samuel Hopkins


text:
Scanning voltage microscopy

Scanning voltage microscopy (SVM), sometimes also called nanopotentiometry, is a scientific experimental technique based on atomic force microscopy. A conductive probe, usually only a few nanometers wide at the tip, is placed in full contact with an operational electronic or optoelectronic sample. By connecting the probe to a high-impedance voltmeter and rastering over the sample's surface, a map of the electric potential can be acquired. SVM is generally nondestructive to the sample although some damage may occur to the sample or the probe if the pressure required to maintain good electrical contact is too high. If the input impedance of the voltmeter is sufficiently large, the SVM probe should not perturb the operation of the operational sample.

Applications
SVM is particularly well suited to analyzing microelectronic devices (such as transistors or diodes) or quantum electronic devices (such as quantum well diode lasers) directly because nanometer spatial resolution is possible. SVM can also be used to verify theoretical simulation of complex electronic devices.

For example, the potential profile across the quantum well structure of a diode laser can be mapped and analyzed; such a profile could indicate the electron and hole distributions where light is generated and could lead to improved laser designs.

Scanning gate microscopy
In a similar technique, scanning gate microscopy (SGM), the probe is oscillated at some natural frequency some fixed distance above the sample with an applied voltage relative to the sample. The image is constructed from the X,Y position of the probe and the conductance of the sample, with no significant current passing through the probe, which acts as a local gate. The image is interpreted as a map of the sample's sensitivity to gate voltage. A lock-in amplifier aids noise reduction by filtering through only the amplitude oscillations that match the probe's vibration frequency. Applications include imaging defect sites in carbon nanotubes and doping profiles in nanowires.

title: Scanning voltage microscopy


text:
Metaplot

The metaplot (also, metastory ) is the overarching storyline that binds together events in the official continuity of a published role-playing game campaign setting, also defined as an "evolving history of a given fictional universe". Major official story events that change the world, or simply move important non-player characters from one place to another, are part of the metaplot for a game. Metaplot information is usually included within gaming products such as rule books and modules as they are released. Major events in the metaplot are often used to explain changes in the rules in between versions of the games, as was the case with the Time of Judgment in White Wolf's World of Darkness and the Time of Troubles and the Sundering for TSR's/Wizards of the Coast's Forgotten Realms. Because of events like this, many gaming groups choose to ignore the metaplot for a game entirely.

Metaplot is often developed not just by the writers, but by teams - multiple writers, editors, publishers, graphic designers and even players. The concept is related to more than just role-playing sourcebooks, as much of the metaplot can come from other media, such as novels (for example, The Legend of Drizzt or the Dragonlance novels, representative of numerous Dungeons & Dragons fiction). For the Forgotten Realms this was the case only after its inception, while it was part of the design from the start for the Dark Sun setting. For campaign settings based on movies, TV shows or other pieces of fiction, the plot of those works usually functions as the metaplot, while for historical settings history itself may fill this role.

Metaplot appears in settings of various genres like The Dark Eye, Deadlands, Dragonlance, Fading Suns, Legend of the Five Rings, and Shadowrun.

Reception
The metaplot is meant to "give the players a sense of immersion in a large and complex world as well as an aesthetic appreciation of the story they were witnessing" whenever their characters come into contact with it. The narrative tool of metaplot has been criticised for shifting the focus away from the player characters and making them "marginal rather than central figures".

Role-playing game designer Jasmin Neitzel commented that metaplot could facilitate constructive interaction of players with a game setting within and beyond individual gaming groups, but could be a hindrance in getting beyond harmful stereotypes used in past products.

Olaf Pajączkowski notes that the metaplot constraints reduce the freedom of writers, who have to respect the history and present events in the universe (as many books are set in the present), and they cannot "break the world". Pajączkowski gives an example of Elaine Cunningham's novel Reclamation which was cancelled because the metaplot evolved changing the world (a 100-year jump) making her book 'obsolete', and the publisher decided it's not worth finishing as it was no longer set in the "present" of the evolving Forgotten Realms universe.

title: Metaplot


text:
User:Ghw~enwiki

George H. Williams is an associate professor of English at the University of South Carolina Upstate.

title: User:Ghw~enwiki


text:
Dark Ages: Mage

Dark Ages: Mage is a tabletop role-playing game supplement released by White Wolf Publishing in October 2002 for use with their game Dark Ages: Vampire, and is part of the World of Darkness series.

History
White Wolf resumed publishing historical settings in 2002, by first relaunching Dark Ages: Vampire as a core rulebook, and then adding supplements for other supernatural groups, all of them dependent on Dark Ages: Vampire to play, including Dark Ages: Mage, which was released in October 2002 as a 240-page hardcover book, and later re-released as an e-book.

Description
This book acts as a precursor to Mage: The Ascension. It is a wildly different system from the modern counterpart, as Paradox has not quite taken hold. Because the consensus of reality is less powerful, magic itself is more bold. Rather than magic commonly being explained away by coincidence, it is often obviously the working of some powerful being.

title: Dark Ages: Mage


text: User talk:62.128.42.246

title: User talk:62.128.42.246


text: User talk:210.49.207.254

title: User talk:210.49.207.254


text:
Talk:Adobe Flash

"Flash" was not renamed - only the software "Flash Professional"
The introduction currently says "Adobe Animate (formerly called Adobe Flash and Shockwave Flash)". However, as far as I see, the Flash platform as a whole was not renamed. For example, on http://www.adobe.com/products/flashruntimes.html you can still download the "Adobe Flash runtime" and the "Flash player". Even the page for Adobe Animate CC says you can use it to:

Design interactive animations with cutting-edge drawing tools and publish them to multiple platforms — including Flash/Adobe AIR, HTML5 Canvas, WebGL, or even custom platforms [...].

So clearly Adobe uses "Adobe Animate" for the software, and "Flash" for the platform. I have therefore changed the introduction accordingly. Sebastian (talk) 09:31, 20 March 2017 (UTC)

Why pixelbender is removed.
On scratch, lag is very bad because Adobe Flash removed pixelbender. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.203.169.191 (talk) 14:14, 27 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Adobe Flash. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090204162951/http://www.adobe.com/macromedia/events/john_gay/page02.html to https://www.adobe.com/macromedia/events/john_gay/page02.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150101204138/https://www.adobe.com/macromedia/events/john_gay/page03.html to https://www.adobe.com/macromedia/events/john_gay/page03.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://news.zdnet.co.uk/internet/0%2C1000000097%2C39211831%2C00.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100106113036/http://www.kaourantin.net/2007/08/what-just-happened-to-video-on-web_20.html to http://www.kaourantin.net/2007/08/what-just-happened-to-video-on-web_20.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.openmedianow.org/?q=node%2F21
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121400373300/http://www.macuser.co.uk/5470-microsoft-ditches-flash-support-in-tablet-version-of-internet-explorer to http://www.macuser.co.uk/5470-microsoft-ditches-flash-support-in-tablet-version-of-internet-explorer
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120504213731/http://blogs.adobe.com/flashplatform/2011/09/announcing-flash-player-11-and-air-3.html to http://blogs.adobe.com/flashplatform/2011/09/announcing-flash-player-11-and-air-3.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081227145942/http://news.zdnet.com/2424-3515_22-199508.html to http://news.zdnet.com/2424-3515_22-199508.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:36, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

Adobe Flash has been deprecated. DO NOT REVERT
Adobe Flash has [https://blogs.adobe.com/conversations/2017/07/adobe-flash-update.html really, really, finally been formally, officially deprecated. Really.] Please do not revert this important fact. Thank you. We now return you to your regularly scheduled program. DavidBailey (talk) 19:57, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

 * That's not the point of reverting. Nobody is questioning the fact that Flash is deprecated. The problem is the violent, activist manner used to show this fact. Using the "deprecated" word in the introductory sentence, and using excessive citations to prove it. This looks like someone is trying really hard to promote this fact. It does not look like a solid, neutral, encyclopedic intro. It can be calmly mentioned in the next sentence, next paragraph, section or anywhere else, without the "megaphone" feeling.—J. M. (talk) 22:44, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Agreed, this #$%^$%&* has to stop. It's oppressive to the point of a dictator or an insolent Apple fanboy. Re-writen that **** to tone that Mussolini **** down.

 * The citations were put in because it keeps getting reverted. By the way, check other deprecated media platforms. You'll see that the lede is written the same way. Deprecation matters because it states that it is no longer considered current, but rather legacy technology. It impacts everything about the technology. DavidBailey (talk) 19:57, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
 * The complaint, with which I also agree, is the WP:REFBOMBing to support such a simple claim. A single ref is sufficient. Pick the one most authoritative. I observe that the use of a single ref is exactly what your Microsoft Silverlight example does. I also observe that in this edit of yours, the content is already there in the very next sentence. That, coupled with your edit-summary of "unauthenticated edit warriors are removing that Adobe has deprecated Adobe Flash" for that edit, makes it clear that your edit is blind edit-warring, whereas others are merely trying to work out the level of sourcing and editorial way to include the idea. DMacks (talk) 20:40, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
 * That duplicate content was added by anonymous editors after my initial edits. Switched to one reference. DavidBailey (talk) 21:24, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Now that you've reduced to one ref and you and other editors have removed your (collective) duplicated content, it looks reasonable now. Thanks all! DMacks (talk) 10:52, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

The Adobe Flash Platform is NOT deprecated!
The Adobe Flash Platform is NOT deprecated as it reads in the first sentence! The end-of-life announcement entirely focuses on the "Flash Player" and the "browser plugin" environment and NOT on the "Flash Platform" ecosystem!! The Flash Player EOL announcement and the clarifications are made on a same day by Chris Campbell, the product manager at Adobe Systems. The Adobe's commitment to the platform (excluding the deprecated Flash Player plugin, of course) and a discourse of a road-map is also considered in the forum post! Please, kindly remove the word of "deprecated" in the first sentence to not to provoke the misunderstandings!

Thank you :) --Ehsan.Marufi (talk) 11:09, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Adobe Flash is in fact deprecated. I quote, "We remain committed to supporting Flash through 2020," and "Adobe remains committed to AIR." Adobe AIR has it's own page. Feel free to continue editing there. Please don't spread misinformation about Adobe Flash end of life. DavidBailey (talk) 19:36, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Please read your link and also Ehsan.Marufi's post again. Adobe specifically talks about the Flash Player, that is, the browser plugin (they also clearly explain this in the follow-up post). We have a separate article for the Flash Player. Stop confusing Flash Player with Flash.—J. M. (talk) 20:08, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

 * J.M., I have read all of the above articles and you have failed to show a single source that says that Adobe Flash is not being deprecated. I have shown multiple sources that say that it is. This is not just for the Player. For instance, Adobe has renamed Adobe Flash Professional to Adobe Animate, and has been adding features that allow publishing to HTML 5. ""Several industries and businesses have been built around Flash technology – including gaming, education and video – and we remain committed to supporting Flash through 2020, as customers and partners put their migration plans into place." --Flash & The Future of Interactive Content Official Announcement"

 * This quote clearly shows they are referring to the entire platform and ecosystem, not just the Flash Player. If you mean Adobe authoring platforms generally are not being deprecated, please take your edits to Adobe AIR which is the only related technology that is not deprecated. You will note that the link you keep telling me to read is titled "AIR Roadmap Update" not "Adobe Flash Roadmap update." Any products that Adobe has called "Flash" are being deprecated, merged into other product lines, or rebranded. Times, technologies, and names change. As an example, we no longer refer to Flash as Shockwave. Again, please show any authoritative reference that states that anything called "Flash" is not being deprecated, or please stop reverting these factual edits or I will request dispute resolution. Thank you. DavidBailey (talk) 16:47, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry for necroposting but they said "The Adobe Flash platform is not deprecated", not "The Adobe Flash platform is not being deprecated." As for why this part is important, Adobe Flash was not deprecated in 2017, it will be deprecated in January of 2021. Tommy has a great username (talk) 01:09, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Significant updates needed to three sections
The text in the following sections: needs significant updates. Many of the devices and platforms mentioned there are now of only minor historical interest. Reading this material is a bit like picking up a seven-year-old newspaper for IT specialists — dated. Rather than clutter an already tediously long article with yet more banners asking for sections to be updated, I've stopped at adding just one, which may prompt some cluey editor to check out this "Talk page" - and do something about it. Here's hoping …! yoyo (talk) 16:21, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

2021
The situation in February 2021 does not seem to jibe with the text. I routinely get a message from Adobe about updating my Flash. At the same time, I often run into interactive educational sites that tell me I cannot play without Flash or without a current Flash version. Kdammers (talk) 02:22, 7 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Which specific statement contradicts your experience? Can you find a reliable third-party source describing it, which could be used for the article? Also, Wikipedia is not a tech support forum, so if you are looking for help with Flash, we might not be able to provide it here. Anton.bersh (talk) 16:32, 7 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I do note we have the fact that Adobe is trying to patch Flash post Dec 31, 2020 to make it impossible to run; and that sites haven't updated to remove Flash content is not Adobe's responsibility, that's just lazy web site management. --M asem (t) 16:34, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

Deduplicating copy-pasted content on Adobe Flash and Adobe Flash Player
This page (Adobe Flash) and Adobe Flash Player have a lot of overlap, even some copy-pasted content. This is not good. Therefore, I propose we determine which sections belong where, and consolidate each topic in corresponding place (thus de-duplicating content and making each section complete). Furthermore, we can add "Main article" templates in place of moved sections so that people can find the info.

I propose the following moves (incomplete):
 * - EOL section is about Player, so should be on Adobe Flash Player (including "Post EOL support")
 * - "Content preservation projects" are about Flash content as a "platform", so they belong to "Adobe Flash"
 * - "Open source" should be moved to Adobe Flash
 * - "Availability" should be updated and moved into corresponding articles

Anton.bersh (talk) 08:40, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

"Flash templates" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Flash templates. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 13 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. User:1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 13:49, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

Is enterprise Flash EOL or not?
After some googling, all I could find was a harman tweet from 2021 saying that support ends in 2023. However, the linked page says nothing about a 2023 EOL and the wayback machine also has nothing (at least on the day the tweet as posted). So, who's to say these plans didn't change? Is there an WP:RS that says that Harman ended support for Flash in 2023? Nickps (talk) 02:33, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

Bad lead sentence
"Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flashand FutureSplash) was, except in China, a multimedia software platform used for production of animations, rich internet applications, desktop applications, mobile apps, mobile games, and embedded web browser video players."

This sentence is confusing. The obvious way to read it would imply that Flash is not, or was not, a multimedia platform in China, which is nonsense. It doesn’t even specify that what it actually means is that Flash isn’t deprecated in China. 138.185.195.46 (talk) 15:49, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I readded the except in China part as a footnote and tried to explain what it means. The biggest problem right now is that there is a comment telling us not to change "is" to "was" and yet that is exactly what has been done. If the comment reflects consensus we need to change it back, otherwise we need to remove it. Nickps (talk) 17:19, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, I changed was back to is. Nickps (talk) 17:23, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adobe Flash


text:
Alan Reed

Alan Reed (born Herbert Theodore Bergman; August 20, 1907 – June 14, 1977) was an American actor, best known as the original voice of Fred Flintstone on The Flintstones and various spinoff series. He also appeared in many films, including Days of Glory, The Tarnished Angels, Breakfast at Tiffany's, Viva Zapata! and Nob Hill, as well as several television and radio series.

Early years
Alan Reed was born Herbert Theodore Bergman on August 20, 1907, in New York City to Jewish parents. His father was a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant and his mother was born in the United States to Ukrainian-Jewish parents from Galicia. He attended George Washington High School (now George Washington Educational Campus) and majored in journalism at Columbia University.

Between graduating from WHS and entering Columbia, he studied drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He began his acting career in the city, eventually working on Broadway.

For several years, Reed toured in vaudeville with his cousin, Harry Green. He also had two other jobs—operating a wholesale candy factory and working at the Copake Country Club as "social director, entertainment producer and actor".

Radio
As early as 1930, Reed (billed as Teddy Bergman) co-starred with Herbert Polesie in Henry and George, a CBS program that featured "minute dramas, popular laughmakers ... interspersed with dance music selections".

Reed's radio work included having two roles in Valiant Lady, the role of Solomon Levy on Abie's Irish Rose, as the "Allen's Alley" resident poet Falstaff Openshaw on Fred Allen's NBC radio show, and later on his own five-minute show, Falstaff's Fables, on ABC, as Officer Clancey and other occasional roles on the NBC radio show Duffy's Tavern, as Shrevey the driver on several years of The Shadow, as Chester Riley's boss on the NBC radio show The Life of Riley, as Italian immigrant Pasquale in Life with Luigi on CBS radio, various supporting roles on Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar and The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show, and as Lt. Walter Levinson in several episodes of Richard Diamond, Private Detective.

Reed was "heard regularly on the Crime Doctor series," and "was the original Daddy to Fanny Brice on Baby Snooks". Billed as Teddy Bergman, he had the title role on Joe Palooka.

Stage
Billed as Teddy Bergman, Reed appeared on Broadway in Double Dummy (1936), and A House in the Country (1937), and Love's Old Sweet Song (1940).

Film
Porky's Romance; Days of Glory; Nob Hill; The Postman Always Rings Twice; Perfect Strangers; Emergency Wedding; The Redhead and the Cowboy; Here Comes the Groom; Viva Zapata!; Pickup on South Street; I, the Jury.

Television
From 1957 to 1958, Reed appeared in a recurring role as J.B. Hafter, a studio boss, on the CBS sitcom Mr. Adams and Eve. He also played the same character in The Bob Cummings Show. In 1963, he appeared as Councilman Jack Gramby in episode 8 of the CBS sitcom My Favorite Martian. In 1964–65, he had a recurring role as Mr. Swidler in the ABC sitcom Mickey.

Voice acting
In animation, Reed provided the voice of Boris the Russian Wolfhound in Walt Disney's Lady and the Tramp in 1955. In 1960, he began the voice role for Fred Flintstone, the lead character of Hanna-Barbera's prime-time animated series The Flintstones. Reed provided Fred's voice for the entire six-season run of the show, as well as in several spin-off series (The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show, The Flintstone Comedy Hour) and specials. His final performance as Fred Flintstone was a cameo guest role on an episode of Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics. Among his other voice roles for Hanna-Barbera was Touché Turtle's sidekick, Dum Dum.

Radio playwright and director Norman Corwin cast Reed as Santa Claus in the 1969 KCET television reading of his 1938 play The Plot to Overthrow Christmas.

In television commercials Reed was the voice over for J.J. Keebler, a creation of the Leo Burnett Agency.

Personal life
In May 1932, Reed married the former Finette Walker (1909–2005), a Broadway actress whom he met at television station W2XAB (later WCBS-TV) in New York City. She appeared on stage in the early 1930s and was a chorus member in the original 1934 Broadway production of Anything Goes with Ethel Merman. They had three sons, including actor Alan Reed, Jr. (born 1936).

Death
Reed, a smoker, was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1967. The cancer was treated surgically, but he later developed emphysema. On June 14, 1977, he died at St. Vincent Medical Center (Los Angeles) after having a heart attack, two months before his 70th birthday.

title: Alan Reed