text:
Jemma Redgrave

Jemima Rebecca "Jemma" Redgrave (born 14 January 1965) is a British actress, and a member of the Redgrave family. She played the title character in four series of Bramwell, and has a recurring role in Doctor Who as Kate Stewart, Head of Scientific Research and Commander-in-Chief at UNIT. As well as a career in television, she has appeared in many stage productions and on film, including her portrayal of Evie Wilcox in the Merchant Ivory film Howards End.

Early life
Redgrave was born in London on 14 January 1965, she is the daughter of actor Corin Redgrave and his first wife, Deirdre Hamilton-Hill, a former fashion model. They divorced when Jemma was nine. As a child, she attended the Godolphin and Latymer school in Hammersmith. She then enrolled at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art at the age of 18.

Stage
After graduation, Redgrave landed a succession of high-profile stage acting roles: in the 1988 stage production of Strindberg's Easter; in Lady Windermere's Fan in Belfast, Northern Ireland; as Emily in Thornton Wilder's Our Town; as Irina in a 1990 revival of Anton Chekhov's The Three Sisters in London's West End with her aunts Vanessa Redgrave and Lynn Redgrave; in 1993 with Colin Firth in Alexander Griboyedov's Chatsky at the Almeida Theatre, London; and in A Midsummer Night's Dream in 2001 at the Albery Theatre (now the Noël Coward Theatre), London, playing Titania alongside Dawn French as Bottom.

In 2010, she appeared in New York's Public Theater in The Great Game: Afghanistan which featured seven hours of on-stage acting. Redgrave appeared in four of the twelve plays. In 2012, Redgrave appeared alongside Ben Chaplin in Roger Michell's production of Farewell to the Theatre at the Hampstead Theatre, followed by starring roles in Donkeys' Years (2014) and An Ideal Husband (2016).

In 2018, Redgrave appeared in another Roger Michell production, appearing again alongside Ben Chaplin, this time in Joe Penhall's 'Mood Music' at The Old Vic.

Television
She has appeared in many roles on British television, including leading actor roles as the eponymous Dr. Eleanor Bramwell in four series of ITV's Bramwell and as D.S. Eve Granger in Cold Blood, alongside John Hannah and Matthew Kelly. Redgrave also appeared as Eleanor in Roger Michell's The Buddha of Suburbia: a four-part adaptation of the ground-breaking novel of the same name by Hanif Kureishi and with a soundtrack written and performed specifically for the production by David Bowie.

In 1989, she appeared in the TV advert for the Rover 200 car, as the 'rescued bride'. The advert followed part of the plotline of the film "The Graduate".

Other prominent roles have included Francesca Rochester in Judge John Deed and Dee Stanton in Like Father, Like Son. In 2007, she portrayed Lady Bertram in Mansfield Park and Sophie Wall in Waking the Dead, followed by a 2009 appearance in the series, Unforgiven, written by Sally Wainwright. In 2013, she also appeared as Doctor Zoe Evans in the BBC One drama series Frankie.

From 2016 to 2018, Redgrave played former RAMC surgeon, Major Berenice Wolfe, in the popular BBC medical drama Holby City. In 2019, she joined the cast of ITV's Grantchester as Amelia, the mother of the show's lead character, Rev. Will Davenport.

On 31 August 2021, she made a surprise return to Holby City as Bernie Wolfe.

Doctor Who
In 2012, Redgrave was cast in the long-running science-fiction programme Doctor Who as Kate Stewart, daughter of recurring character the Brigadier who featured in the series' original 1963–1989 run. First appearing in "The Power of Three" (2012) with the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith), Kate is the commander-in-chief of the fictional military organisation UNIT, a role previously occupied by her father before his retirement. The character returned in the fiftieth anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" (2013), which was simulcast on television and in cinemas across the world in 94 countries, earning a Guinness World Record for the world's largest ever simulcast of a TV drama.

Kate would go on to become a recurring character in Doctor Who, with Redgrave reprising the role in episodes with the Twelfth (Peter Capaldi), Thirteenth (Jodie Whittaker), Fourteenth (David Tennant) and Fifteenth (Ncuti Gatwa) Doctors. She will return in the 2025 series of the programme alongside Gatwa.

Additionally, Redgrave began headlining the Big Finish audio drama spin-off UNIT: The New Series as Kate alongside Ingrid Oliver as Osgood, whom Redgrave appeared on-screen with multiple times in Doctor Who. She also played Kate in a promo video for Doctor Who: Time Fracture, an immersive experience that began running in London in April 2021.

Personal life
Redgrave married Tim Owen, a barrister at Matrix Chambers, in 1992. They had a son, Gabriel, in 1994. The couple separated from 1997 to October 1998. They reconciled, however, and had another son, Alfie, in 2000. They have since divorced. She has a brother, Luke Redgrave, who is a camera operator, and two half-brothers, Arden and Harvey Redgrave. Her mother died in 1997 and her father died in 2010.

She is the granddaughter of Sir Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson, niece of actresses Vanessa Redgrave and Lynn Redgrave, and cousin of Joely Richardson, Carlo Nero and Natasha Richardson. Her step-mother is the actress Kika Markham.

title: Jemma Redgrave


text:
Odessa, Saskatchewan

Odessa (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Francis No. 127 and Census Division No. 6. The community is located 60 km southeast of the City of Regina on Highway 48.

History
Odessa incorporated as a village on March 14, 1911.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Odessa had a population of $220$ living in $91$ of its $99$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $205$. With a land area of 1.08 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Odessa recorded a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of. With a land area of 1.18 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Sports
General

Like all small communities in Saskatchewan, Odessa thrives on sports. Odessa itself consists of one ice hockey arena, two grass ball diamonds and three dirt ball diamonds, as well as an indoor gymnasium at the community center. These facilities provide opportunities for numerous activities including Ice Hockey, Broomball, Ringette, Baseball, Softball, Slowpitch, Volleyball, Badminton, Floor Hockey, and Basketball.

Teams (Not each age group and sport has a team)

Hockey: Odessa Eagles - All Ages Odessa Beagals - Recreation Broomball: Odessa Bandits - Midget & Junior Boys Odessa Flames - Midget & Junior Girls The Outlaws - Senior Mens Odessa Renegades - Senior Mens Odessa Storm - Senior Women's Baseball: Odessa Expos - All Ages

Titles

1998: National Champions - Odessa Bandits (Jr.)

2009: National Champions - Odessa Bandits (Jr.) Provincial Champions - Odessa Bandits (Jr.)

2008: SCMHL Champions - Odessa Eagles (Midget II)

2007: SCMHL Champions - Odessa Eagles (Midget II)

2006: SCMHL Champions - Odessa Eagles (Midget II)

Other: 2002 SCMHL Champions - Odessa Wings (Midget I)

Business
Organizations and Businesses in Odessa include: - Odessa Co-op (Gas Station & Convenience Store) - Phil's Electric - Hoffart's Services Inc. (Behlen & HSI Manufacturing) - Adam's Welding and Machine Shop - Odessa Community Rink (Arena) - SGI Odessa Branch - Plainsveiw Credit Union (Odessa Branch) - Chuckers Place (Odessa Bar)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Odessa, Saskatchewan


text:
Talk:William Caxton

[Iliad]
The third paragraph ends by telling us that Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is now known as the Iliad. The article for Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye says nothing of the kind, and I suspect that it is NOT known as the Iliad. Can any specialist correct if necessary? J27325 (talk) 05:24, 9 May 2017 (UTC)]

[Untitled]
This "Prologue to his Aeneids" is a rather long sample, since it's three times the length of the rest of the article. Could a simple link to an external source suffice? Also, there doesn't seem to be much discussion of why this sample is even included, which makes it somewhat irrelevant to the article. Is it his greatest piece of writing? Does it have some other significance?

ryan 23:29, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Source of quotation
Can a anyone give a reference for "If 'tis wrong I do, then 'tis a fine and noble wrong"? It doesn't SOUND like late 15th century (perhaps a hundred years later); there are only 4 Google hits, all of which seem to derive from Wikipedia; and it isn't in Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. MacAuslan (talk) 17:16, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Date of birth
Some sources seem to think he was born 13 August 1422. Is this supported historically, or is it just supposition that's been repeated wildly? -- JackofOz (talk) (9 July 2008)

 * Anyone have any idea where this very precise date came from? --  Jack of Oz   [your turn]  11:42, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Have a look at the old Dictionary of National Biography entry in Vol. 9 beginning on page 381 not yet proofread on Wikisource. The dates currently given in the article are consistent with the entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4963, building on decades of more recent scholarship. A more precise date is not necessarily a better date. --HHill (talk) 16:50, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

born:unknown,MARCH,1490 he was buried and the gravestone date was erased so it was unreadable only march,1490 was readable with a powerful microscope. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.24.166.229 (talk) 19:21, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Works Published
Should a "works published" section be included? Renfield (talk) 02:05, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
 * How about a link to the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, like this. Another option is the ISTC. --HHill (talk) 16:54, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

"Loo what sholde a man in thyse dayes now wryte egges or eyren?"
Hi all, Caxton's anecdote about the differences in ME just from opposite sides of the Thames is very well-known.

Seems something of a glaring omission. Thoughts? --Shirt58 (talk) 09:31, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

 * So how were the long s & Tironian "and" produced in this article? Looking at the source, they are neither symbols from below the editing field nor HTML macros. -- llywrch (talk) 19:14, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Caxton (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:01, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Caxton and “Reynard the Fox”
Can someone more scholarly than I emend the entry to include Caxton's tremendous popularization throughout Europe of his edition of Reynard the Fox tales. He first published it I think in 1485, drawing on stories from the 1100s and it was an instant best-seller. BridgetSF (talk) 00:15, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Caxton


text:
Johnny Maxwell

Johnny Maxwell is a fictional character in a series of three children's books by Terry Pratchett. He is a young boy (twelve in the first book, but a teenager in the later ones) living in the (fictional) typical late-20th-century English town of Blackbury (also the setting of Pratchett's Truckers).

Johnny has a difficult home life. Over the course of the three books his parents split up and he and his mother move in with his grandfather. This may be why he starts seeing things no one else sees, including an alien surrender party, ghosts and a time travelling bag lady. On the other hand, it is possible that he sees them because they are actually there and he lacks the filters that stop most people noticing how amazing the world is (a favourite theme of Pratchett's).

Apart from this tendency Johnny is almost unnaturally normal. His friend Kirsty often gets exasperated by his tendency to simply accept that strange things happen to him, rather than doing something about it. He has a strong sense of fair play, which leads to him fighting for what's right even when he has no idea what's going on.

Pratchett has said that Johnny is based, very loosely, on an idea of what Richmal Crompton's Just William character would be like in a 1990s setting.

The Gang
Johnny has a sort of a gang consisting of the kids who hang around with each other because they don't fit into any of the school cliques. They are:

 * Stephen 'Wobbler' Johnson. Johnny's best friend and the second main character in the book. He is overweight and heavily into computers, an expert at piracy. He wants to be a nerd, but they wouldn't let him join. It is his considered opinion that Johnny is mental. His real name is Stephen Johnson in the books, although the television adaptation of Johnny and the Bomb gives it as Walter. In Johnny and the Bomb Wobbler got stuck in 1941- due to the gang's actions in the past accidentally changing history so that he was never born and therefore couldn't return to the future where he didn't exist- and grew up to be a billionaire calling himself Sir John (Sir Walter in the TV version) but, due to the time travel and multiple timelines involved, where and if this happened is questionable. Certainly a Wobbler returned successfully from 1941.
 * Simon 'Bigmac' Wrigley. An asthmatic skinhead who is deeply embarrassed by his instinctive grasp of mathematics. He lives with his brother in a rundown tower block on the edge of Blackbury. He is not exactly a criminal but has a confused grasp of car ownership. He has a casual friendship with Yo-less, and shows confusion when he is asked to justify why he has a jacket covered in swastikas and pro-Hitler slogans. Wrigley hides his true emotions, and, as seen in Only You Can Save Mankind overtries to be, as he puts it "hard", hanging out near pubs with boys years older than he is. Wrigley is constantly bullied by his older brother, although he knocks his brother out during Johnny and the Dead. He is strangely intelligent, and is probably the third most intelligent in the gang, after Kirsty and Yo-less. A running gag is his attraction to cars with the keys still in the ignition. He has apparently stolen and crashed the minister of education's car, and was thrown into juvenile hall. His favourite band is Heavy Mental. Wrigley's best friend is undoubtedly Wobbler, while he appears to dislike Kirsty. His relationship with Johnny is unclear, although he treats him with a mix of pity and cruelty.
 * Yo-less. A West Indian boy so nicknamed by Johnny because he doesn't say "Yo!". Interested in Star Trek, train spotting, Morris dancing and brass band music. His reaction to those who are surprised a black kid has such "uncool" hobbies varies from amusement to irritation. When faced with genuine racism he has a brittle anger that manifests itself in cold, almost emotionlessly delivered, sarcasm.
 * Kirsty. (Also known as Sigourney, Kimberly, Klytemnestra and Kasandra). Unlike the rest of the gang, Kirsty is a highly organised person who knows exactly where she's going in life. She is highly intelligent but has very poor people skills, something she views as a character flaw in everyone else. She is trying to get Johnny's life organised since he is clearly incapable of doing it himself, but hasn't realised that he doesn't especially want his life organised. He finds her very easy to talk to since she never listens. Unlike her most obvious Discworld counterparts, Susan Sto Helit and Granny Weatherwax, Kirsty has a tendency to romanticise things hidden beneath her practicality and finds Johnny's down-to-Earth attitude to things almost as annoying as his lack of direction.

Recurring characters

 * Mrs Tachyon
 * Sergeant Comely
 * Arthur Maxwell

The novels
The Johnny Maxwell books are:
 * Only You Can Save Mankind
 * Johnny and the Dead
 * Johnny and the Bomb

Other media
In 1995 a serial based on Johnny and the Dead was made for Children's ITV. Johnny was played by Andrew Falvery.

In 1996 BBC Radio 4 dramatised Only You Can Save Mankind. Johnny was played by Tim Smith.

A CBBC serial based on Johnny And The Bomb was broadcast in January 2006. Johnny was played by George MacKay.

"I just see things other people don't see"
Regarding whether the things that happen to Johnny really do happen or are all a matter of perception, as Johnny escapes his problems by projecting fantasy onto reality, Pratchett has said:

''I can't be having with that pernicious rubbish ... To Johnny it's all real, and that's what counts ... He deals with all the problems on their own terms and half the time he's projecting reality onto fantasy.... So: is what happens in the books real? Yes. Does it all happen in Johnny's head? Yes.''

Source:

title: Johnny Maxwell


text:
Scott Thornton (ice hockey)

Scott Christopher Thornton (born January 9, 1971) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played in the National Hockey League. Scott and former Sharks teammate Joe Thornton are first cousins.

Playing career
Thornton was drafted in the first round (third overall) by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. He played thirty-three games for the team his rookie season, accumulating one goal and three assists. He also played left wing for the Edmonton Oilers, Montreal Canadiens, Dallas Stars and San Jose Sharks. He was signed by San Jose as a free agent on July 1, 2000. In his first season with San Jose, he had a career year, scoring twenty goals playing alongside gritty centre Mike Ricci.

He signed a two-year contract $3.42 million contract extension in the 2003–04 season. The first season of the extension coincided with the 2004–05 NHL lockout, and after the second year, Thornton became an unrestricted free agent when the Sharks declined to pick up the one-year team option in his contract. On July 1, 2006, he signed a 2-year, $3 million contract with the Los Angeles Kings. During the 2006–07 season, Thornton was placed on injured reserve due to a wrist injury and missed 23 games as a result.

Thornton announced his retirement on July 28, 2008.

Personal
Since retirement Thornton currently resides in Collingwood, Ontario.

title: Scott Thornton (ice hockey)


text:
Talk:Cortisol

Cortisol
test for cortisol 2409:4073:4D44:5CC1:0:0:C0C9:F413 (talk) 03:12, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

Cortisol
test for cortisol 2409:4073:4D44:5CC1:0:0:C0C9:F413 (talk) 03:12, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cortisol


text:
Talk:Tsar Bell

Change name
I moved the page for uniformity with Tsar Cannon & Tsar Bomba article names (i.e., without hyphen). Mikkalai 23:33, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If the bell is the largest bell in the world (it is, right?), shouldn't the article mention this? --Illythr 00:23, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done. Not exactly so, but you are right about some words to add. `'mikka 00:51, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I propose that the namespace for this article be changed to "Tsar bell". This is English Wikipedia, and very few people will search for this article under it's Russian name. The Tsar bell is well documented in English language sources under its English name. There is no reason to "hide" the article under a foreign-language name. MishaPan (talk) 18:10, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed, go ahead, but check what links to it.--Graham Colm Talk 18:35, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Tsar Bell is a proper noun, so bell should be capitalized. Foobaz·o< 03:44, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Sound
If it had been rung, what would this bell be expected to sound like, i.e. what pitch and how loud? Beorhtwulf (talk) 20:57, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Late response, but, lousy. It's broken, so resonance is out the window. It'd be a checked dissonance sound, or dull.Wzrd1 (talk) 04:56, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I see that a crack research team has since addressed the question comprehensively. I like to fancifully imagine they were inspired to do so by my enquiry on this talk page. Beorhtwulf (talk) 16:19, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

"Voltaire joked that the Kremlin's two greatest items were a bell which was never rung and a cannon (the Tsar Pushka) that was never fired." The source for this is pretty weak. Just some sci-fi magazine columnist from 1961 attesting to same, with no direct quotation. I couldn't find with Google any primary source of Voltaire actually writing this. Anonymous coward, 28 March 2018 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.115.189.81 (talk) 01:51, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

Weight?
The weight of the bell is not very clear from the text right now. Is "tons" metric ton(ne)s or another type of ton? Does this weight include the large part that broke loose?--Paracel63 (talk) 16:23, 13 March 2011 (UTC)
 * According to the Rough Guide to Moscow, the fragment weighs 11 tons and the bell 200 tons. As the book says "ton" and not "tonne", I presume it is the ton that is equivalent to 1,016 kg. (See Ton). Graham Colm (talk) 17:17, 13 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Right. Here they talk of 216 tons and the slab as 11.5 tons. So I guess _those_ may be _short tons_ (if those 216 tons are indeed calculated apart from the slab). dewp  talks of 201,924 kg and the slab as 11,000 kg. Which may or may not be compatible with those numbers (depending of the slab-inclusive/slab-exclusive weight calculation).--Paracel63 (talk) 12:20, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

I've found estimates of the weight ranging from 216 tons, to 180 tons , to "about 202 ton". In any case, there's absolutely no justification for reporting the weight to 6 significant figures, so I'm fixing that -- RoySmith (talk) 14:57, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tsar Bell


text:
Lillix

Lillix was a pop rock band from Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada, formed in 1997 when the early members were in high school. The band was originally an all-girl group under the name Tigerlily composed of guitarist Tasha-Ray Evin, keyboardist Lacey-Lee Evin, bassist Louise Burns, and drummer Sierra Hills. In 2001 the band was signed by Maverick Records and changed their name to Lillix as there was another band called Tigerlily. Hills left in 2002 and was replaced by Kim Urhahn, and later by Alicia Warrington, a future WWE NXT ring announcer under the name Alicia Taylor. Urhahn has been among a rare group of left-handed female drummers. The band was considered on hiatus from late 2006 through 2009 due to the folding of their label, Maverick Records, and officially disbanded after the release of their independent third album in 2010. Their debut album Falling Uphill was an international success, selling more than half a million copies worldwide.

2001–06: Falling Uphill and Inside the Hollow
Under their original name of Tigerlily, the group sent their demo to an industry lawyer named Jonathan Simkin, who liked the band's sound and helped promote them to record labels. The group ultimately ended up signing with Maverick Records in 2001 and changed their name to Lillix. Their debut album Falling Uphill was released in Canada and the United States on 27 May 2003 and in Japan on 27 August. "It's About Time" was released as the band's first single in the spring of 2003 and reached 33 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart. It was followed that fall by "Tomorrow", which did not enter the Billboard pop chart but did reach number 48 on the Radio & Records CHR/Pop Top 50 chart tracking airplay on contemporary hit radio stations. Falling Uphill also featured a cover of "What I Like About You" by The Romantics, which was featured on the 2003 Freaky Friday soundtrack, and serves as the theme song for the comedy series of the same name. The band received two nominations at the 2004 Junos. The album has sold more than half a million copies worldwide making it their best selling album.

The second album, Inside the Hollow, was released in Canada on 29 August 2006 and in Japan on 6 September. The only single from this album is "Sweet Temptation (Hollow)". This album's release featured drummer Alicia Warrington in October 2005.

2007–10: Hiatus, Tigerlily, and disbandment
Maverick Records folded in 2007 as part of restructuring after becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the Warner Music Group the previous year, and Lillix was not picked back up by Warner Bros. Records, leaving them without a record label. In April 2008, Lillix moved to Vancouver and was preparing to record a new album. On 15 March 2009, the band introduced a new member, Britt Black, and announced the recording of a new single, "Dance Alone". The song was released on 14 June. It was followed in March 2010 by "Nowhere to Run" and was later accompanied by a music video directed by Colin Minihan that premiered on 7 August. The title of the new album was announced on 17 July, to be Tigerlily in honour of their original band name.

Tigerlily was released in Canada on 24 August and later released in Japan along with two bonus tracks. The first single released was "Dance Alone", which did not chart but achieved moderate airplay. The album was met by positive reviews; music journalists such as Kate MacRae from Chart Attack have stated that "Tigerlily has some pretty good tracks ("7 Days", "Back Up Girl" and "Nowhere to Run"), Lillix". In November 2015, an interview with Lacey-Lee was published by SonicBids Blog discussing the band's label (Maverick) folding and the struggles they faced afterwards.

title: Lillix


text:
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Talk:Ish-bosheth

His names
Why is Ishbaal entered at this denigrating version of his name, which was plain Ishbaal, using the vowels of bosheth ("shameful")? That's not NPOV. Some dab would be illuminating Wetman 23:35, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Spent some time digging into this issue and have provided extensive information from the primary sources themselves. IZAK 07:57, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * What would have happened if someone referred to him as "Ishbosheth" right in his own court? Instant death! Ishbaal or Ashbaal was his name, recorded in the degrading form "Ishbosheth" by the editors of Samuel, for he was an apostate, from their POV. Like referring to "Queen Fucktoria." Compare Moloch ("king") with the "bosheth" vowels, making Molech. Often a good first place to dig is the Jewish Encyclopedia. None of this should be mysterious. Wetman 08:02, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Jewish Encyclopedia, under "Bosheth":
 * Used concretely by the Prophets as "the shameful thing" to designate the Baalim and their images. (See Hosea ix. 10 and Jer. iii. 24, xi. 13, where the word is parallel with "the Baal" [compare Jer. iii. 24]). Later usage adopted the epithet to such an extent that "Bosheth" became a sort of euphemism for "Baal," as is learned from the proper names "Ish-bosheth" (with which Jastrow [see Bibliography] compares a Babylonian name, "Mati-bashti") and "Mephibosheth," the former being written "Esh-baal" in I Chron. viii. 33, ix. 39, and the latter occurring as "Meri-baal" in I Chron. viii. 34 and ix. 40. The manuscript of the Septuagint, known as 93 Holmes, has εἰσβααλ, and the old Latin version has "Isbalem" for "Ish-bosheth." So also in II Sam. xi. 21, "Jerubbe[o]sheth" is given for "Jerubbaal.""

In a phrase like "an ancient pagan idol Baal despised by God in the Bible" almost every word is obtuse or childish or misleading or just wrong. This is "Sunday School." Wetman 08:49, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not know what you mean by "Sunday School"! Are you implying that only if one absolutely distorts the Bible as you illustrate on this talk page and write articles that are incomprehensible and completely unconventional and hostile to religion, then it's "not" "Sunday School" (by the way, I'm Jewish so I never went to Sunday schools) because that's just the way YOU like things to be and in fact merely reflect YOUR own POV masquerading as "npov" on Wikipedia. How can YOU speculate (and that is being kind) about what Samuel or Ish-bosheth may have or may not have said, merely by serving up a pot-pourie of contradictory citations? Just because YOU hate the Bible is no reason to make up your own "fairy tales" about it. YOU are not making any sense. Also, YOUR usage of foul-language (i.e "Like referring to "Queen Fucktoria".") is not appreciated. Thank you. IZAK 09:05, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Too long?
5299 bytes is an awful lot of space to spend on such a minor character, most of which is doing nothing more than expounding one POV about the proper version of his name. And in my copy of the New Oxford Annotated Bible, in the passages quoted from 2 Samuel his name appears as "Ishbaal" (with a brief explanation why) -- a fact merits at least a mention that there is at least one other learned POV on this topic.

Does it really matter that much whether his name is "Ish-bosheth", "Ishbaal", "Eshbaal" or "Fred"? If not, can we trim this article back a little? -- llywrch 05:26, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC) The name was certainly not Fred, which is Germanic, but it may have been Mutbaal. And yes, the question of what his real name was is an important one. Das Baz, aka Erudil 15:18, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Use of Original names in Hebrew Bible
Hi Llywrch: Online, I used the combined "Hebrew - English Bible According to the Masoretic Text and the Jewish Publication Society 1917 Edition", on their search page at It is found in two chapters in the Book of Chronicles: So honestly, I really don't know what those folks at the "New Oxford Annotated Bible" are up to and I must just assume that they are just a bunch of POV scholars and ignorant of Hebrew to boot. (Or maybe the Christian version of the Book of Samuel reads differently, which then makes it also unrelaible, because the original version is the Hebrew one.)
 * What you say is the darndest thing I've heard on Wikipedia for a while. Honestly now, would you call Britney Spears "Fred" :-} ?! as she is a Pop "Queen". For that matter, would you call Larry King "Fred" :-] ?! How about King Kong you think he could be "Fred" @:-# ?! You see..you don't make sense... :%| "Fred" ?!
 * Usually the complaints are that the articles need to be filled with more information and here you are bewailing and denigrating an article that is based on its primary sources, the Hebrew Bible itself and you claim it's  all "POV". This beats me! Now, how can you claim the article is too long. That is YOUR POV you know, as the the article is meant for the reader who may want to read and know more about this Israelite monarch. If it's not your cup of tea then just go to articles that interest you. I am not familiar with the "New Oxford Annotated Bible".
 * Since I can read and understand Hebrew, I study the Hebrew Bible in its original Hebrew, and in the original sources in Samuel, Ish-bosheth is called is Ish-bosheth (actually it's "ish-boshet" - with the "h" at the end) and I have not changed anything.
 * I searched for "Ish-boshet" and came up with three references to three chapters in the Book of Samuel that mention his name a few times I had to delete the link because wiki considered it a SPAM link so I couldn't post on this TALK page.רח"ק | Talk | Contribs 05:53, 19 July 2007 (UTC) translated from the Hebrew into the English at:
 * 1) 2 Samuel 2 (Ish-bosheth mentioned four times by this name).
 * 2) 2 Samuel 3 (Ish-bosheth  mentioned three times).
 * 3) 2 Samuel 4 (Ish-bosheth mentioned twice).
 * As for finding the name Eshbaal via my source at I had to delete the link because wiki considered it a SPAM link so I couldn't post on this TALK page.רח"ק | Talk | Contribs 05:53, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) 1 Chronicles 8:33 (Only once).
 * 2) 1 Chronicles 9:39 (Only once).
 * Now if you just do the arithmetic, you will see that the name Ish-bosheth is mentioned NINE times in the Book of Samuel. Whereas the name Eshbaal is mentioned only TWICE in the Book of Chronicles.
 * Finally, in Hebrew, as in every language, and especially in the Hebrew of the Bible, analyzing its language, meaning, symbolism etc of words, and utilizing the classic commentaries of sages from bygone eras (such as Maimonides and Rashi) is the greatest key to understanding and learning what the text is trying tell the reader. If some readers cannot do this, and instead prefer to go off into flights of their own fantasy, they should attribute it to their deficiencies as Bible scholars and as people seeking to arrive at the truth without injecting their own ignorant nonsensical conejcture and calling it "npov". IZAK 09:31, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

IZAK, please review the article POV, because it is very germane to what we are talking about here.

What you have set forth above is one Point of View. Other people, such as myself, can have other Points of View about this subject. To state above that one Point of View is correct & all others "ignorant" or wrong goes against the spirit of Wikipedia -- which is to report various widely-known Point of Views on the subjects described. I quoted an example from the "New Oxford Annotated Bible" simply to show that what you have written is not the only established POV on this subject, & to provide it with a suitable exposition would possibly double or triple the size of this article -- who appears (by your count) 11 times in the Bible.

I won't argue with you concerning your erudition with the Hebrew text of the Bible, but I would like to point out that there is a considerable scholarly consensus that the text of the Septuagint is of acknowledged importance in recovering the meaning of the original text, & that version is written in Greek. So it is possible that the editors of the "New Oxford Annotated Bible" are basing theri translation on the text of the Septuagint.

The reason I felt this article was "too long" is that it presents in very learned, but in excessive detail for the reason this personage should be known as "Ish-bosheth." I feel that reducing all of this detail to the fact that two rabbinical commentators -- Meir Loeb ben Jehiel Michael, & Rabbi David ben Joseph Kimhi -- persuasively argued that "Ish-bosheth" was the proper name of this person makes the point that you expend much energy & 2 extensive quotations pounding away at. And despite all of this effort, I still do not understand why one form of this personages name should be preferred over another; an extensive argument like the ones you have been supplying (both in the article & above) suggest that this is an important point.

Lastly, in response to your first question, no one has ever seriously argued that Brittany Spears, Larry King, or King Kong should be better known by another name; in this case, there appear to be several candidates for this personage. -- llywrch 20:41, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I cannot really add much to what I have already stated. The Greek Septuagint was written over a thousand years (at least) after the original Book of Samuel, so I do not see what makes it "reliable" at all. The names Ish-bosheth and Eshbaal are derived directly from the original Hebrew texts themselves and NOT from any rabbis' commentaries. All that the two rabbis quoted above do is explain the relationship and connection between the names of Ish-bosheth and Eshbaal affirming that Ish-bosheth and Eshbaal are one and the same. In classical Jewish scholarship the name Ish-bosheth is basically used exclusively in reference to this king. IZAK 02:31, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Do I then understand you to say that you accept no other opinion on this matter than Jewish scholarship? I hope that is not the case, for that would only allow a very narrow range of opinions on this matter. -- llywrch 21:58, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

llywrch: All scholarship is good if it makes sense. Referring to the original Hebrew texts of the Book of Samuel and the Book of Chronicles as they were written is not a matter of "Jewish scholarship" but rather the correct reading of the original historical primary source. The Septuagint is perhaps a secondary source. I have tried to cite the relevant primary sources as objectively and correctly as possible, as well as the opinions of some other later rabbinical commentary. If you can cite commentary from the Septuagint or that which is based on it or other reputable sources by all means do so. If not, please advise as to which point is not clear or is not factual and we can work on it for the sake of clarity and arriving at the truth. If there are other opinions, of course they may be entered as such. What is it specifically that you are still having trouble with, (besides wanting to interrogate me about my personal beliefs, which is not relevant as we all have personal beliefs including you and especially User:Wetman)? IZAK 22:56, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The only reason I can see to ignore the importance of the text of the Septuagint (which was the product of Jewish scholarship in the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE, by the way) is that it was not written in Hebrew. However, a number of readings it supplies that diverge from the Massoretic text have been confirmed by the materials included in the Dead Sea Scrolls, so an objective viewpoint would be to at least acknowledge that the Septuagint text may contain correct readings lost before the Massorites began their work.

 * To insist that only the Massoretic text, & the opinions of later rabbis upon it, are the only views worth considering on this part of the Bible is a POV; what they believe & concluded is not fact, it is a POV. This assertion presumes that almost two millenia of Christian scholarship is not worth even mentioning, & again proves to be a POV. (The Greek Orthodox Church, for example, holds the Septuagint as holy text & of higher quality than the Hebrew text; while I do not agree with this POV, should you treat it with contempt will only resumlt with your POV being treated equally with contempt -- to the loss of both parties.) Again, I sincerely hope this narrowness of valid opinions is not your POV, because that would put you in conflict with the goals of Wikipedia, & because you have contributed some valuable information to this project.

 * I am unaware that I have raised the point of your personal beliefs, beyond asking that you acknowledge that other people may have POVs different from you. And I have attempted to be respectful to you (for example, I acknowledged your erudition in Talmudic studies, which is clearly superior to mine) -- & which I admit Wetman unfortunately failed to do in this instance. From what you have written that I have read, I cannot avoid but assume that you are of a Jewish heritage; if you cannot acknowledge that there exist people who have an equally strong claim to the Bible as you, who are not Jewish, then you will not help but find that they will work to minimize your contributions. This as a threat, but simply simply an observation: your lack of understanding & empathy for others will engender a lack of understanding & empathy for you from them. -- llywrch 03:49, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

llywrch:I really do appreciate your detailed response. Please feel free to insert whatever you feel should be added as additional comments from additional sources out there as is done in many Wikipedia articles. Many of these type of articles have Jewish view, Christian view, Islamic view or whatever else may need to be be said. The original context and comment that I was responding to was the usage of the name Ish-bosheth. I provided the comperehensive materials to show that it was the primary name used in the Hebrew Bible itelf. Speculation about what supposed "authors" or "supporters" of what the prophet Samuel may or may have not have done is pure fantasy which I try to stay away from. I have been atttempting to stick to the primary original Hebrew text. Whatever additional commentary by rabbis was added was "icing on the cake" and not POV as it is something they said and I certainly did not concoct it. Again I say, anyone on Wikipedia is free to add things that stand up to reason coming from whatever source, be it Jewish or Christian or otherwise, so go ahead and do your share here. Thanks again. IZAK 19:09, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Title again
The guy's name was Eshbaal (or Ishbaal, or whatever). He is referred to as that in Chronicles, and as Ish-bosheth, a euphemism, in Samuel. I don't see why we shouldn't use his actual name as the title for the article, especially since the other name is offensive. john k 04:33, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think the request is frivolous. Article is after his most common name. - CrazyRussian talk/email 20:13, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

In modern historical sources, I'm almost certain "Eshbaal" (or variants) is actually more used). That this article is still here, and appears to largely consist of a Talmudic discursus without any reference to modern scholarship, is deeply annoying. john k 13:05, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree that the primary heading should be Ishbaal, as in Chronicles, as the most likely name. The absurd name Ishbosheth looks like a taboo-alteration by a later scribe, replacing the now unfashionable -ba'al element with the word 'shame'. You can see the same process in the name Meribaal, which was similarly changed in later sources to Mephibosheth. At Mephibosheth the process of alteration is correctly explained, though the article is incorrectly titled. Of course, Ishbosheth and Mephibosheth should be offered as cross-references. Finn Froding (talk) 17:14, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Second king of Israel?
Whatever the gentleman's name was, can anyone clarify for me whether he was really the second king of all Israel, or was this David? Samuel (the book, not the man), says he was made king "over Gilead and the Ashurites and Jezreel and Ephraim and Benjamin and all Israel"; but David had already been made king over Judah; so what exactly was this "all Israel" that Ishbosheth was king over, if it excluded Judah? I want to know this so we can update the intro to the David article.PiCo 08:55, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 12 September 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Vpab15 (talk) 16:30, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Ish-bosheth → Ishbaal – Although there are two sections above in which editors have suggested changing the name of the article, it does not appear that either has actually proposed a move. The NRSV gives his name as Ishbaal with a footnote (at 2 Sam 2:8) "Gk Compare 1 Chr 8.33; 9.39: Heb Ish-bosheth, 'man of shame'". The references to Chronicles give his name as Eshbaal. The New Interpreter's Study Bible has a footnote "The name Ishbaal comes from the Greek text. In the Hebrew text the name is Ishbosheth ('Man of Shame'), no doubt a play on words. 'Baal' is both a common noun meaning 'lord' and a proper name for the Canaanite god.  In the latter meaning, it became a name of shame for an Israelite.  Bosheth was often substituted for Baal in names (cf. Mephibosheth/Mephibaal in 4:4)." The NJPS gives his name as Ish-bosheth with a footnote "Meaning 'Man of Shame,' deliberately alterered from Ish-baal, 'man of Baal'" The Jewish Study Bible (2nd edition) has a margin note "[Ish-bosheth] is a tendentious and secondary form of the name Ish-baal (NJPS Eshbaal), Baal-exists, which has been transformed into 'there is shame.' The original form of the name is preserved in some Gk versions and in 1 Chron. 8.33 and 9.39." The position therefore seems tolerably clear that his name was Ishbaal/Eshbaal and has been deliberately altered, although it is unclear whether the original name meant Man of Baal or Baal-exists or if baal was being used as a common noun for lord. Either way, Ish-bosheth was not his real name. Havelock Jones (talk) 11:48, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Since Saul and his children were really wiped out and removed in some way or another, clearing the way for the winner King David, it is not surprising that one of his children would have problematic names such as these ones left on the record. One way or the other, I would support the move per the argument above. After seeing all the arguments against below, I now actually Oppose the suggested move. Thank you, warshy (¥¥) 16:50, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The article title should be the name the subject as it is given, "in a significant majority of independent, reliable English-language sources," per WP:TITLE. See this ngram. Encyclopaedia Judaica (1996), KJV, ESV, NIV, and Robert Alter's translation all went with Ish-bosheth. We should not be uncovering the subject's "real" name like detectives. NRSV is far from being the most commonly read English translation. 99to99 (talk) 04:26, 13 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Those are reasonable points. I acknowledge there are many reliable Bible translations which use Ish-bosheth, following the Masoretic Text.  Nevertheless, there are also reliable Bible translations which use Ishbaal, following the Greek text and the academic consensus that this is the correct name, as reflected in the Encyclopaedia Judaica entry linked by you, which states "The name Ish-Bosheth is a dysphemism .. for his true name Eshbaal (Heb. אֶשְׁבַּעַל, i Chron. 8:33; 9:39)".  In many cases (such as the NJPS), translators who keep Ish-bosheth include a footnote such as I have quoted above.  Your ngram shows that Ishbaal was more popular until 2005, with a significant rise in the use of Ish-bosheth from 2013 onwards.  I am unable to explain this and I would welcome input from anyone who can.  Either way, both names have significant usage.  Per WP:COMMONNAME "Ambiguous or inaccurate names for the article subject, as determined in reliable sources, are often avoided even though they may be more frequently used by reliable sources... When there are multiple names for a subject, all of which are fairly common, and the most common has problems, it is perfectly reasonable to choose one of the others." Havelock Jones (talk) 08:45, 14 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Support The change makes it clearer that this was a theophoric name. Dimadick (talk) 07:45, 13 September 2021 (UTC)
 * ALT move to Ishbosheth which trumps both the hyphenated form and Ishbaal in this Ngram, for all dates except the 1940s. – Fayenatic  L ondon 16:07, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * If we add "Ishboseth" to "Ish-boseth", the traditional spelling has always dominated compared to "Ishbaal" plus "Eshbaal," even in the 1940s. The margin has only grown wider in recent years. 99to99 (talk) 16:26, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose - what is going on? "Theophoric" or "real" are not the words in question here. Honestly, who cares what his "real" name was? WP:COMMONNAME is policy, WP:DONTUSETHEOPHORICNAMES (or WP:USETHEOPHROCINAMES) is not. The dude died a long long time ago. He's commonly referred to as "Ish-bosheth". That's it. Common. Names.  Red   Slash  19:12, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose: "Ishbaal" is pretty much a fringe translation according to this list: it's really only the NRSV. The translations are split between "Ish-bosheth", "Ishbosheth", and "Ish-Bosheth". StAnselm (talk) 17:58, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

Error in infobox
Both the Saul and the David infoboxes are wrong as they list Ish-Bosheth as having been King of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah, when all sources agree that Ish-Bosheth was never king of the United Monarchy, which only had three kings: Saul, David, and Solomon. Both pages therefore need fixing. Munter He (talk) 21:14, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I was the one who added Ish-Bosheth's name in the inbox, but I made sure to provided reliable sources to support that addition. I understand that would be perceived as inaccurate because David is such a popular figure that no one would notice Ish-Bosheth's biblical narrative, especially since his overall presence in the Bible is so little. Jerm (talk) 00:05, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Yup, the Bible isn't a reliable source, see WP:RSPSCRIPTURE. tgeorgescu (talk) 01:16, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The article currently opens with the following incorrect statement: "Ish-bosheth was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the second monarch of the United Kingdom of Israel who succeeded his father, Saul". This statement is simply false as "according to the Hebrew Bible" (and all other sources that mention his existence) he was never king "of the United Kingdom of Israel". I therefore removing the clearly incorrect information. Yet, my edit was undone and the false affirmation that "according to the Hebrew Bible" Ish-Bosheth was "monarch of the United Kingdom" is back in the first sentence of the article. Munter He (talk) 03:10, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * We don't WP:CITE the Bible, we cite mainstream Bible scholars. tgeorgescu (talk) 04:04, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * We certainly can (and frequently do) cite the Bible as a source for what the Bible says. What the Bible says in this instance is "Abner ... had taken Ishbaal son of Saul, and brought him to Mahanaim.  He made him king over Gilead, the Ashurites, Jezreel, Ephraim, Benjamin, and over all Israel... But the house of Judah followed David."  2 Sam 2:8-10.  There is however a question of interpretation, on which we must follow the RSs: what is meant by "over all Israel"?  New Interpreter's Study Bible, p443, has a note "The phrase refers to the northern section of the country; Judah is the south."  We should perhaps also note that this reign is omitted from the Chronicler's account: 1 Chr 11:1 has David acclaimed king immediately following Saul's death.  I don't have Garfinkel et al here, but I would be surprised if it claimed Ish-bosheth reigned over the entire United Monarchy. Havelock Jones (talk) 08:49, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The elephant in the room: David probably didn't, either. tgeorgescu (talk) 13:03, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Still, the first sentence is this article continues to state a lie - that, "according to the Bible, Ish-Bosheth was king of the United Kingdom of Israel", with "United Kingdom of Israel" linking to the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. It is however an error that is simple to fix: we just need to remove the word "United" and correct the link, and correct Saul and David's infoboxes (Ish-Bosheth succeeded David as King of Israel, not of the United Monarchy), which I can do in a few seconds to make the first sentence factually true, unless someone has a source stating otherwise. Munter He (talk) 14:10, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I mean, you're not wrong. We probably should mention the that the historical existence of the United Monarchy is dubious.  Nevertheless, it is true that "according the Hebrew Bible" Saul, David and Solomon each ruled the United Kingdom, from Dan to Beersheba.  The Hebrew Bible makes no such claim for Ish-Bosheth, so we should not say it does.  This does not seem like it should be controversial. Havelock Jones (talk) 14:37, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Precisely. That is all I'm arguing for: "The Hebrew Bible makes no such claim for Ish-Bosheth [that he ever ruled the United Kingdom], so we should not say it does. This does not seem like it should be controversial". Thank you. Munter He (talk) 14:54, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The Bible does not use the term "United Kingdom", just Kingdom of Israel which Ish-bosheth ruled after Saul's death. And this matter is already being discussed at Talk:David. There are already reliable sources in the article supporting Ish-bosheth as Saul's successor and second King of Israel. David ruled Israel after representatives of every tribe declared him king after Ish-bosheth died:. I would also add the original lead said Ish-bosheth ruled the "Kingdom of Israel", not United Kingdom of Israel which was added here:. Jerm (talk) 15:13, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Lead too short Sept 2022
Hi there! I noticed you added the "Lead too short" tag to the article last year; no reasoning was left in the edit summary. '''Do you have suggestions for what is missing that we can include? If not, the tag will be removed to prevent overtagging as part of the WP:WIKI backlog cleanout.''' Thanks! -- Missionedit (talk • contribs) -- Missionedit (talk • contribs) 04:06, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

 * The lead does not even cover the religious implications of his various names, or the archaeological findings which seem to confirm his historicity. Dimadick (talk) 08:59, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * @Dimadick Thanks for that input! Apologies for the delay in my reply, I'm only semi-active these days. Is this information that you feel is already covered in the article which simply needs to be summarized in the lead section? Or are these items which are not included in the article at all, and they require an editor to do research / find verifiable sources to expand the article? Any details are appreciated.
 * -- Missionedit (talk • contribs) 03:12, 25 October 2022 (UTC)
 * These aspects are covered in entire sections of the main text. Dimadick (talk) 04:15, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ish-bosheth


text:
ISO 3166-2:CU

ISO 3166-2:CU is the entry for Cuba in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Cuba, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 15 provinces and 1 special municipality. The special municipality, Isla de la Juventud, is not part of any province and administered directly by the central government.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is CU, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Cuba. The second part is two digits: The code CU-02 was assigned to La Habana Province as it existed from 1976 through 2010; it was split into Artemisa and Mayabeque as of January 1, 2011. The codes for the original 14 provinces were assigned roughly from west to east.
 * 01, 03–16: provinces
 * 99: special municipality

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).

Click on the button in the header to sort each column.

Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

title: ISO 3166-2:CU


text: File:Violetcrumblepic.jpg

title: File:Violetcrumblepic.jpg


text:
ISO 3166-2:DK

ISO 3166-2:DK is the entry for Denmark in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

The current version of the standard defines codes for the five regions of Denmark created during the municipal reform of 2007.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is DK, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Denmark. The second part is a two-digit number between 81 and 85.

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as shown in the second edition of the ISO 3166-2 standard, published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency.

In 2011, by request of the Danish Government, the prefix Region was removed from the name of each subdivision and the list was re-sorted to show the names in Danish alphabetical order (a–z, æ, ø, å) rather than numerical sequence.

 * Notes

Earlier codes
The first edition of ISO 3166-2, published in 1998, defined codes for 14 counties (amter), and two municipalities (kommuner) with county status:

title: ISO 3166-2:DK


text:
Talk:Eocene

Untitled
Nothing links here. Will Pliocene, Oligocene etc all be moved to Pliocene Epoch etc.? Will all the redirects be cleaned up? Wetman 23:42, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * (William M. Connolley 21:13, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)) Don't understand. Lots of things link here.

marsupials
"Early forms of many other modern mammalian orders appeared, including bats, proboscidians, primates, rodents and marsupials." - haven't marsupials been a separate group since the Cretaceous?

mesonychids
Whales have been thought to be descended from ancestral artiodactyls, not mesonychids, since about 2001 (Gingerich). I'd have to look up the referen

crocdile
Deinosuchus died out before the Eocene.

The Grande Coupure
A plain reference seemed likely to mystify the reader. I've made it into a subsection. The Grande Coupure is currently being placed in the earliest Oligocene, however. Perhaps someone better informed than I will look over my edits and decide where the section really belongs.--Wetman 05:56, 12 November 2006 (UTC)--Wetman 05:56, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

responce to crocodile
sience dinosucus died out before the eocene i am going to erase the part about dinosucucus. Crocadog 21:58, 1 December 2006 (UTC)CROCADOG

AMK152's Geotimeboxes
AMK152 proposed in edits of 27 December 2006 a geotimebox for this article as follows:

I feel that the box information that is appropriate for the article is already in the footer, and that other extraneous information, such as previous eons, can be supplied where important, by links from the text. I removed the geotimebox and left the footer, pending discussion. --Bejnar 02:11, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

"Misleading" tag
To clarify: The current description of the initiation of global cooling is ambiguous and doesn't make clear the effects of the Azolla event and antarctic currents - it could be read to imply that the one caused the other. Verisimilus  T  19:44, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Writing Is Too Exclusive: Needs to Include Terms Understandable to the Average Non-Scientist Reader
Wikipedia is not a science journal. It is a public-use encyclopedia and cryptic scientific terminology should always be accompanied by a clearly understandable lay-explanation. For example, the opening of the article does not explain how long ago the Eocene occurred in terms that the average reader could readily understand. This not only violates the stated Wikipedia mission but is also a rude and snobbish approach to writing in this context (fine for science journals but inappropriate and inconsiderate when taking into account the fact that the average Wikipedia reader is not a scientist).

In summary, advanced science terminology is acceptable in Wikipeda, but should always be accompanied by easily understood lay-explanations targeted to the average public reader. Sean7phil (talk) 17:46, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Ma is linked, I added a parenthetical note. Thanks for toning it down at the end, but please be more courteous in the future. Awickert (talk) 17:56, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Any thought to addressing Sean7phil's concerns, courteous or not? Signof4 (talk) 12:11, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I am not scientist by I like to have more accurate term and elaborate explanation available. On terminology, as long as they are linked (once per subsection minimum) I think it should be fine. On the wording, I think I can still follow it, but some reorganization and more subheadings will help. I certainly don't want any facts to be removed and definitely no valid references should be removed. Arifsaha (talk) 16:57, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

time
Time notation is inconsistent with notation for other epochs. For instance, Pleistocene epoch lists "X years before present" (which is intuitive). This, "lasting from 55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma (million years ago)" is relatively complicated. Perhaps unnecessarily so? Also, some articles use "mya" to abbreviate "millions of years". Which is correct? 64.53.222.219 (talk) 09:17, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Seems the dates could be generalized first without the ± range, then in parens include the more specific - from about 56 to 34 Ma (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) maybe? I see Paleocene uses the error range, but Oligocene doesn't. As to Ma vs mya, seems that Ma is preferred (based on some geochron organization "decree") though both are used. Agree that consistency would be nice :) Vsmith (talk) 13:42, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Methane
I would like to see more details about methane and water vapor. -- Brothernight (talk) 12:42, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

Modern mammals
According to the lead,

 * The start of the Eocene is marked by the emergence of the first modern mammals.

The taxobox for Proboscidea dates the order to the Paleocene. Were early proboscideans not modern mammals? What makes a mammal modern? There is a similar statement in the Paleocene article. Peter Brown (talk) 00:22, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

methane's "temperature emission"?
"temperature emission" is regarding the physics nonsense, I'll change that part a little --2A02:8108:86C0:553:B099:9E0A:4539:1428 (talk) 08:59, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

When I think about it, the higher effect of methane should be neglectible anyway on a geological scale, as atmospheric methane decomposes into CO2 in mere decades. On a geological scale it's only important if there is a very constant source of methane; but then, its effect is much greater than 23-fold (because 23-fold is for a one-time-release averaged from the time of release until 100 years later, most of which time it is already CO2!). --2A02:8108:86C0:553:B099:9E0A:4539:1428 (talk) 09:06, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

At any given time, methane's effect is 171-fold compared to CO2 on the radiative balance (compare article "methane as a GHG") --2A02:8108:86C0:553:B099:9E0A:4539:1428 (talk) 09:17, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Palaeogeography
Is this header a typo or a new term I am not familiar with? I feel it should be Paleogeography Phillip Sand Hansel II
 * It's the standard UK, Commonwealth etc spelling. Not sure if that is appropriate here. Pterre (talk) 09:48, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Flora and Fauna
A few things that need to be improved on in these sections - a) More-less unreferenced; has some, but mostly devoid of such, and second (And far more important.)b) IT'S DAMN SHORT. This hardly does justice to Eocene fauna and fauna - Seriously, this could be an article at least this long on it's own!142.176.114.76 (talk) 00:48, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The section "Animal Life" is redundant to "Fauna"; it should probably merged into there, which would also result in a longer Fauna section. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 00:07, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

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Water vapor
After pointing out that methane decomposes into CO(2), the article says "Water vapor traps more infrared than does carbon dioxide." Given that new water vapor immediately enters the self-limiting hydrological cycle, whose residence time is on the order of ten days, how is this relevant to temperature change? Vaughan Pratt (talk) 04:45, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Reinstatement of the Tertiary
The final sentence of the 'Etymology' section suggests that the reinstatement of the Quaternary as a period 'may lead to the reinstatement of the Tertiary in the future'. Of course, its reinstatement is always possible but seems unlikely; the paper used as a reference here recommends against it. It seems to me that the lay reader of this article may take away the idea that such a reversion is more on the cards than perhaps it is. Geopersona (talk) 07:25, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Support rephrasing to more accurately reflect the source. --Kent G. Budge (talk) 15:02, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eocene


text:
John Rigas

John James Rigas (November 14, 1924 – September 30, 2021) was an American businessman who was one of the founders of Adelphia Communications Corporation, which at its peak was one of the largest cable TV companies in the United States. He was also the majority owner of the Buffalo Sabres franchise of the National Hockey League. In 2005, he was convicted on multiple charges of fraud and sentenced to 15 years in prison, serving nine of those years before being released due to declining health.

Beginnings
Rigas was born in Wellsville, New York, to Greek immigrants James and Eleni (Brazas) Rigas, who sought a better life in the United States for their children. John had three siblings: Gus, Mary, and Katherine. James was an entrepreneur of some repute in Wellsville, beginning as a shoe-shine man, then in 1921 introducing the Texas hot to Wellsville. The Texas hot stand remains in operation, currently co-owned by John's nephew, Chris Rigas. John's first job was, at the age of nine, busing tables. After graduating from Wellsville High School, he was drafted into the U.S. Army and was placed in the 20th Armored Division in 1943, seeing combat in France. His division ended up being involved in the liberation of Dachau concentration camp in April 1945. After the war ended he returned to life in Wellsville and, soon afterward, enrolled at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. He studied engineering and earned a bachelor of science degree in management engineering. He was also a member of the Nu Theta Chapter of Phi Mu Delta. He then returned to Wellsville, only to take a job with the Sylvania corporation in Emporium, Pennsylvania.

Business career
In 1952, Rigas started his first business venture by buying a movie theater in Coudersport, Pennsylvania, a town midway between Wellsville and Emporium. He borrowed the money from his family and friends, including his godfather, James Lucas, to purchase the theater and started operating it in the evenings while he worked days at the Sylvania plant.

The Rigas cable television enterprise first started in Coudersport when the family purchased the town's TV cable franchise. Always looking to grow his company, John had teamed with his brother Gus to start Adelphia after buying out his partners. They borrowed heavily to buy more and more suburban cable companies and avoided city franchises. Eventually, Adelphia became the largest cable provider outside Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and South Florida and had systems reaching over 30 states and over 5.6 million customers. Adelphia also launched product lines such as high-speed cable Internet service and long-distance telephone service.

Rigas was honored numerous times, including honorary degrees by three universities. In 1997 he bought the Buffalo Sabres from team co-founder Northrup R. Knox, installing his son Timothy as team president. After considering buying a professional baseball franchise, Rigas opted to relaunch the Wellsville Nitros as a collegiate summer baseball team in 1998. His political contributions include a total of $50,750 to the Republican Party, with which he had affiliation, and placed a strong value in conservative Republican family values.

Criminal indictment and incarceration
Rigas resigned from his position as CEO of Adelphia in May 2002 after being indicted for bank fraud, wire fraud, and securities fraud. His sons Timothy and Michael, as well as James Brown and Michael Mulcahey, were also charged with participation in these crimes. The executives were accused of looting the corporation by concealing $2.3 billion in liabilities from corporate investors and of using corporation funds as their funds.

John Rigas was convicted of the charges in the summer of 2004, and on June 27, 2005, was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison. Adelphia Corporation filed for bankruptcy after it acknowledged that the three Rigases had taken $3.1 billion in loans that were not recorded on the books. In 2005 John and Timothy were charged with tax evasion and pleaded not guilty in October 2005. On January 27, 2012, the charge of tax evasion was officially dismissed. Following John's arrest, the NHL virtually stripped him of his authority over the Sabres. After more than a year as a ward of the league, the franchise was purchased by another western New York multibillionaire, Tom Golisano.

On May 24, 2007, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld John's and Timothy's 2004 convictions on 17 of the original 18 counts. On June 27, 2007, John and Timothy were ordered to report to prison on August 13 for their fraud convictions. On August 13 John and Timothy reported to the Federal Correctional Complex, Butner, located about 45 minutes northwest of Raleigh, North Carolina, unsuccessful in their request to be allowed to serve their time together at a facility close to their homes in Coudersport, Pennsylvania. On November 1, 2007, after a 20-day bidding war involving 31 bidders, the palatial $30 million former Adelphia Headquarters building in Coudersport was sold to an undisclosed buyer at auction for $3.4 million.

On March 3, 2008, the Supreme Court rejected the final appeal without comment. The case was Rigas v. U.S., 07-494. John's original release date was September 4, 2020, but a federal judge reduced his sentence by three years, and his new release date was scheduled to be January 23, 2018. Rigas applied for a presidential pardon in January 2009, but George W. Bush left office without making a decision. Rigas sold his house in Indigo Run, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, to pay for legal fees. Sometime during the week of November 6, 2011, both John and Timothy were transferred to the Low Security Facility of the Allenwood Federal Correctional Complex in Pennsylvania. The Allenwood FCC is located 2 miles north of Allenwood on Route 15, about 11 miles south of Williamsport.

Illness and death
On December 14, 2015, Rigas' lawyers announced that he was terminally ill with bladder cancer and had between one and six months to live. Rigas was diagnosed with cancer before his conviction and, under his sentencing, could seek compassionate release if he had less than three months to live. Judge Kimba Wood issued an order allowing for Rigas's release on February 19, 2016. Rigas was alive and well enough to make public appearances by June 2016.

Rigas died in Coudersport, Pennsylvania, on September 30, 2021, at the age of 96.

title: John Rigas


text:
Shitmat

Shitmat is an English breakcore artist and mashup producer, one of several monikers used by Henry Collins. Shitmat became known in the early 2000s for releases on the Ad Noiseam and Planet Mu labels. He also set up his own label, Wrong Music and put on parties in Brighton. His 2012 project Mash Hits remixed every UK number one single from 1952 onwards. He then stopped the Shitmat project, restarting it again in 2016.

Background
Shitmat is used as a pseudonym by artist Henry Collins, who also uses monikers such as Kyler, Armand Van Hard-On and Misty Conditions. DJ Slipmatt took exception to the name when they were both on the same lineup and insisted on Shitmat's name being written in smaller text.

In the early 2000s, Shitmat set up the label Wrong Music and put on events in Brighton. He became known for his mashup productions which blended jungle, breakcore and plunderphonics, released on Ad Noiseam, Planet Mu and his own label. In the 2016 release Killababylonkutz 2, Collins produced eleven different tracks all featuring the Baby Cham vocal "Babylon Bwoy", combined with the Ghostbusters theme tune or music from Slayer, Vengaboys and NOFX. Shitmat termed this genre "mashcore", as represented by the track "There’s No Business Like Propa' Rungleclotted Mashup Bizznizz", played by John Peel.

Shitmat has performed at a number of festivals, including SuperSonic Festival (2006), Hokaben Festival (2008), Glade Festival, Glastonbury Festival (2009), All Tomorrow's Parties (2010) and Dour Festival (2011).

In 2012, Shitmat decided to remix every UK number one single since 1952, in a project called Mash Hits. This meant working with over 1,200 tracks from artists such as John Lennon, David Bowie, David Cassidy, David Essex and David Sneddon. All the Davids were rolled together into one mashup track.

Shitmat announced in December 2012 that he was ready to kill off his moniker, stating "It’s basically time for me to move on, progress, evolve and let the other music I make take the front seat. I’ve always enjoyed experimenting with humour and heavy music but for me, I’d like to launch and explore some of my other projects and ideas". He planned to release a new album under the name Tafkas (The artist formerly known as Shitmat) on Love Love records. He then restarted the project in 2016, telling Vice News that "I have resurrected Shitmat. I decided I still like DJing, making mashups and being that dickhead".

Selected works

 * Killababylonkutz (2004, Planet Mu)
 * Full English Breakfest (2004, Planet Mu)
 * Monsters Of Mashup  (2005, Ad Noiseam) with Bong-Ra and Enduser
 * Shitmat Presents The Rolf Harris Mashup CD (2006, Wrong Music)
 * Hang the DJ (2006, Wrong Music)
 * The Subliminal Pograddy Disection (2006, Wrong Music)
 * Grooverider (2007, Planet Mu)
 * One Foot In The Rave (2009, Planet Mu)
 * Full of Shit (Volume Bum) (2010, Wrong Music)
 * Global Hypercolour EP (2012, Bandcamp)
 * The NeverEnding EastEnders Album (2017, Bandcamp)

title: Shitmat