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Columbia Basin Project

The Columbia Basin Project (or CBP) in Central Washington, United States, is the irrigation network that the Grand Coulee Dam makes possible. It is the largest water reclamation project in the United States, supplying irrigation water to over 670000 acre of the 1100000 acre large project area, all of which was originally intended to be supplied and is still classified irrigable and open for the possible enlargement of the system. Water pumped from the Columbia River is carried over 331 mi of main canals, stored in a number of reservoirs, then fed into 1339 mi of lateral irrigation canals, and out into 3500 mi of drains and wasteways. The Grand Coulee Dam, powerplant, and various other parts of the CBP are operated by the Bureau of Reclamation. There are three irrigation districts (the Quincy-Columbia Basin Irrigation District, the East Columbia Basin Irrigation District, and the South Columbia Basin Irrigation District) in the project area, which operate additional local facilities.

History
The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation was created in 1902 to aid development of dry western states. Central Washington's Columbia Plateau was a prime candidate—a desert with fertile loess soil and the Columbia River passing through.

Competing groups lobbied for different irrigation projects; a Spokane group wanted a 134 mi gravity flow canal from Lake Pend Oreille while a Wenatchee group (further south) wanted a large dam on the Columbia River, which would pump water up to fill the nearby Grand Coulee, a formerly-dry canyon-like coulee.

After thirteen years of debate, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the dam project with National Industrial Recovery Act money. (It was later specifically authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1935, and then reauthorized by the Columbia Basin Project Act of 1943 which put it under the Reclamation Project Act of 1939.) Construction of Grand Coulee Dam began in 1933 and was completed in 1942. Its main purpose of pumping water for irrigation was postponed during World War II in favor of electrical power generation that was used for the war effort. Additional hydroelectric generating capacity was added into the 1970s. The Columbia River reservoir behind the dam was named Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake in honor of the president. The irrigation holding reservoir in Grand Coulee was named Banks Lake.

After World War II the project suffered a number of setbacks. Irrigation water began to arrive between 1948 and 1952, but the costs escalated, resulting in the original plan, in which the people receiving irrigation water would pay back the costs of the project over time, being repeatedly revised and becoming a permanent water subsidy. In addition, the original vision of a social engineering project intended to help farmers settle on small landholdings failed. Farm plots, at first restricted in size, became larger and soon became corporate agribusiness operations.

The original plan was that a federal agency similar to the Tennessee Valley Authority would manage the entire system. Instead, conflicts between the Bureau of Reclamation and the Department of Agriculture thwarted the goal of both agencies of settling the project area with small family farms; larger corporate farms arose instead.

The determination to finish the project's plan to irrigate the full 1100000 acre waned during the 1960s. The estimated total cost for completing the project had more than doubled between 1940 and 1964, it had become clear that the government's financial investment would not be recovered, and that the benefits of the project were unevenly distributed and increasingly going to larger businesses and corporations. These issues and others dampened enthusiasm for the project, although the exact motives behind the decision to stop construction with the project about half finished are not known.

Geology
The Columbia Basin in Central Washington is fertile due to its loess soils, but large portions are a near desert, receiving less than ten inches (254 mm) of rain per year. The area is characterized by huge deposits of flood basalt, thousands of feet thick in places, laid down over a period of approximately 11 million years, during the Miocene epoch. These flood basalts are exposed in some places, while in others they are covered with thick layers of loess.

During the last ice age glaciers shaped the landscape of the Columbia River Plateau. Ice blocked the Columbia River near the north end of Grand Coulee, creating glacial lakes Columbia and Spokane. Ice age glaciers also created Glacial Lake Missoula, in what is now Montana. Erosion allowed glacial Lake Columbia to begin to drain into what became Grand Coulee, which was fully created when glacial Lake Missoula along with glacial Lake Columbia catastrophically emptied. This flood event was one of several known as the Missoula Floods. Unique erosion features, called channeled scablands, are attributed to these amazing floods.

Grand Coulee Dam Complex and Lake Roosevelt

 * Grand Coulee Dam (1950)
 * Right (north) Powerhouse
 * Left (south) Powerhouse
 * Third Powerhouse (1974) was added as a north wing of the dam from the original Right powerhouse. This addition expanded power generation by 300%.
 * Lake Roosevelt
 * Grand Coulee Pumping-Generating Plant (1953) consist of 12 pump-turbine units and two reversible pump-turbine units.) The reversible pump-turbines are used to move water from Lake Roosevelt into Banks Lake, from which it can be either sent south into the Columbia Basin Irrigation system or returned to Lake Roosevelt by the generating pumps to create additional electricity for the grid.

Feeder Canal, North and Dry Falls Dams, Banks Lake

 * Banks Lake (1951) is an artificial impoundment in the Upper Grand Coulee. It is 27 mi long and 1 to 3 mi wide.  The coulee has nearly vertical rock walls up to 600 ft high. North Dam (4307003306).jpg
 * North Dam, near the town of Grand Coulee, has a maximum height of 145 ft and a crest length of 1,400 ft.
 * Dry Falls, or South Dam, near Coulee City, has a maximum height of 123 ft and a crest length of 8,880 ft. The crest elevation of both dams is 1580 ft. Project water enters Banks Lake through the Feeder Canal from the Pump-generating plant. The outlet for Banks Lake is the Main Canal near Coulee City. It is near the east abutment of Dry Falls Dam. Banks Lake serves as an equalizing reservoir for storage of water for irrigation and can be used to for power generation.
 * Feeder Canal (1951) links North Dam at northern end of Banks Lake with the siphon outlets for the Grand Coulee Pumping—Generating plants discharge lines. It is 1.6 mi long running in an open concrete-lined canal, and a twin-barrel concrete cut—and-cover conduit.
 * Main Canal (1951) is 8.3 mi, including 2.4 mi of lake sections.
 * Bacon Tunnel and Siphon (1950) is a 1037.5 ft long sealed Siphon under the eastern extension of the Dry Falls draw. Pinto Dam.png
 * Billy Clapp Lake (Pinto Dam – zoned earth & rockfill) (1951) aka (Long Lake Dam) is at the south end of Long Lake Coulee. The reservoir is 6 mi long and 0.5 mi wide.
 * Potholes Reservoir

Irrigation
When it was built, Grand Coulee Dam was the largest dam in the world, but it was only part of the irrigation project. Additional dams were built at the north and south ends of Grand Coulee, the dry canyon south of Grand Coulee Dam, allowing the coulee to be filled with water pumped up from the Columbia River. The resulting reservoir, called Banks Lake, is about 30 mi long. Banks Lake serves as the CBP's initial storage reservoir. Additional canals, siphons, and reservoirs were built south of Bank Lake, reaching over 100 mi. Water is lifted 280 ft from Lake Roosevelt to feed the massive network.

The total amount of the Columbia flow that is diverted into the CBP at Grand Coulee varies a little from year to year, and is currently about 3.0 million acre-feet. This is about 3.8 percent of the Columbia's average flow as measured at the Grand Coulee dam. This amount is larger than the combined annual flows of the nearby Yakima, Wenatchee, and Okanogan rivers. There were plans to double the area of irrigated land, according to tour guides at the dam, over the next several decades. However, the Bureau of Reclamation website states that no further development is anticipated, with 671000 acre irrigated out of the original 1100000 acre planned.

Interest in completing the Columbia Basin Project's 1100000 acre has grown in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. One reason for the renewed interest is the substantial depletion of the Odessa aquifer. Agricultural operations within the CBP's boundaries but outside the developed portion have for decades used groundwater pumped from the Odessa aquifer to irrigate crops.

Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectricity was not the primary goal of the project, but during World War II the demand for electricity in the region boomed. The Hanford nuclear reservation was built just south of the project and aluminum smelting plants flocked to the Columbia Basin. A new power house was built at the Grand Coulee Dam, starting in the late sixties, that tripled the generating capacity. Part of the dam had to be blown up and re-built to make way for the new generators. Electricity is now transmitted to Canada and as far south as San Diego.

Environmental impact
One environmental impact has been the reduction in native fish stocks above the dams. The majority of fish in the Columbia basin are migratory fish like salmon, sturgeon and steelhead. These migratory fish are often harmed or unable to pass through the narrow passages and turbines at dams. In addition to the physical barriers the dams pose, the slowing speed and altered course of the river raises temperatures, alters oxygen content, and changes river bed conditions. These altered conditions can stress and potentially kill both migratory and local non-migratory organisms in the river. The decimation of these migratory fish stocks above Grand Coulee Dam would not allow the former fishing lifestyle of Native Americans of the area, who once depended on the salmon for a way of life.

The environmental impacts of the Columbia Basin Project have made it a contentious and often politicized issue. A common argument for not implementing environmental safeguards at dam sites is that post-construction modifications would likely have to be significant. Tour guides at the Grand Coulee dam site, for example, indicate that a "fish ladder might have to be 5 mi long to get the fish up the 550 ft needed, and many fish would die before reaching the upper end" thus no fish ladders were built. Advocates of remedial measures point out that such steps would still be better than the status quo, which has led to marked die-offs and the likely extinction of several types of salmon.

There are a number of issues regarding the runoff of irrigation water. The project region receives about 6 to 10 in of annual rainfall, while the application of irrigation water amounts to an equivalent 40 to 50 in. The original plans did not sufficiently address the inevitable seepage and runoff. In some cases the results are beneficial. For example, numerous new lakes provide recreation opportunities and habitat for fish and game. In other cases agricultural chemicals in the runoff cause pollution.

Economic benefits and costs
The irrigation water provided by this project greatly benefits the agricultural production of the area. North Central Washington is one of the largest and most productive tree fruit producing areas on the planet. Without Coulee Dam and the greater Columbia Basin Project, much of North Central Washington State would be too arid for cultivation.

According to the federal Bureau of Reclamation the yearly value of the Columbia Basin Project is $630 million in irrigated crops, $950 million in power production, $20 million in flood damage prevention, and $50 million in recreation. The project itself involves costs that are difficult to determine. The farms that receive irrigation water must pay for it, but due to insufficient data from the Bureau of Reclamation, it is not possible to compare the total cost paid by the Bureau to the payments received. Nevertheless, the farm payments account for only a small fraction of the total cost to the government, resulting in the project's agricultural corporations receiving a large water subsidy from the government. Critics describe the CBP as a classical example of federal money being used to subsidize a relatively small group of farmers in the American West in places where it would never be economically viable under other circumstances.

title: Columbia Basin Project


text:
Category:People stubs

Note: since this particular category is added to very regularly when people use the bio-stub template, active efforts to move biographical stubs into topical biography stubs, or convert stubs into larger articles, are greatly appreciated.
 * For stub articles sorted by country or region, see Category:People stubs by nationality
 * For stub articles sorted by occupation, see Category:People stubs by occupation
 * Do not use bio-stub for the entries of fictional characters – use fict-char-stub instead.
 * A good biography article should include all of these items, if possible:
 * When and where the person lived.
 * What they did in life that made them significant enough to be in this encyclopedia.
 * Add at least one explicit category under Category:People, possibly a profession and/or a nationality and don't forget a sort tag.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:People stubs


text: Category:Queensrÿche albums

title: Category:Queensrÿche albums


text:
Arimofa

The Arimofa was a German automobile manufactured between 1921 and 1922 by Ari Motorfahrzeugbau of Plauen, Vogtland. The name is an acronym from the company's name.

The company began by producing cyclecars with a 12hp Steudel-Werke flat-twin engine; these were built in limited numbers before the company turned to building motorcycles. Between 1923 and 1925, the company produced a two-stroke motorcycle.

title: Arimofa


text:
Talk:Logitech MX700 optical mouse

From VfD:

Entire content is: "The mx700 is Logitech's flagship wireless mouse. It uses the MX Optical engine, has 7 Buttons, and uses RF technology." Listed for speedy deletion, but I don't think it is, quite. I'm going to start a section in Logitech called ==Products== and put this line in that section. I think it is not notable enough to warrant its own article, and should be deleted—after appropriate deliberation. Dpbsmith 00:18, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC) P.S. The product name appears to be MX700, upper-case letters. I moved the (delete-worthy) article to Logitech MX700 optical mouse. Dpbsmith 00:23, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: As you say, a section/mention in the Logitech article is sufficient. Geogre 03:16, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. - UtherSRG 11:43, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. I also think their flagship wireless mouse is the mx900, not the mx700. Thue | talk 23:12, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Thank you for not allowing it to speedy. Rossami 23:36, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Logitech MX700 optical mouse


text:
Arista (1912 automobile)

The Arista was a French automobile manufactured by the Établissements Ruffier in Paris from 1912 to 1915. The marque took its name from its founder, one P. Arista-Ruffier. Eight models were introduced in the first year of production; these were a 720 cc single cylinder cycle car, fours of 1460 cc, 1726 cc, and 1847 cc which featured friction drive and were sold complete with bodywork and tires, and fours of 1460 cc, 1593 cc, 1847 cc, and 2001 cc with conventional gearboxes; these last were sold as untired chassis.

title: Arista (1912 automobile)


text:
Talk:Eir (telecommunications)

Requested move 09 November 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Eir (telecommunications). Natg 19 (talk) 00:41, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

Eircom → eir – The company called eircom is now called eir so the page currently called eircom needs to be called eir instead. – Lushous3 (talk) 12:28, 9 November 2015 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:57, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

 * eir as an acronym has many meanings: see EIR. Move to Eir (telecommunications)? Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:57, 9 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Support move to "Eir (telecommunications)" which btw is already a redirect for this page (and the current link from the EIR disambiguation page). InsertCleverPhraseHere InsertTalkHere 01:13, 10 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose as proposed if you want to delete the article at Eir, you cannot use Requested Moves to do so. "Eir (telecommunications)" is usable -- 70.51.44.60 (talk) 06:49, 10 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Support move to "Eir (telecommunications)". --Kwekubo (talk) 19:05, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130527182334/http://www.enn.ie/article/97275.html to http://www.enn.ie/article/97275.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130126021820/http://siteassets.eircom.net/assets/static/pdf/IR/Investor%20Update%2009_02_2012.pdf to http://siteassets.eircom.net/assets/static/pdf/IR/Investor%20Update%2009_02_2012.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120526214104/http://siteassets.eircom.net/assets/static/pdf/IR/Investor%20Update%2016_02_12.pdf to http://siteassets.eircom.net/assets/static/pdf/IR/Investor%20Update%2016_02_12.pdf

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title: Talk:Eir (telecommunications)


text:
Arista (1956 automobile)

The Arista was a French automobile with a fiberglass body, produced in Paris from 1952 to 1967.

Background
The firm had been founded in the late 1940s by Antonio Monge and Robert Rowe under the name Callista, but the two fell out over the future direction of the firm after its original project, a sporting model called the "Coupe des Alpes" first seen in prototype form at the 1950 Paris Motor Show, appeared likely to be severely undercut on price when Panhard themselves launched their Panhard Dyna Junior with a comparable level of performance at a far lower price than Callista could achieve with their elegant low volume cars. Monge resolved to return to his former occupation, preparing cars for motor sport events. Shortly after this setback Rowe, who had previously worked as an electrical engineer with the Fulmen business, but who also engaged in other trading activities, suddenly found himself financially ruined after he imported to France several hundred Romanian tractors that turned out to be defective. At the end of 1952 both the firms founding partners, for their own different reasons, withdrew from the project.

A new name and a new strategy
The enterprise was rescued by Raymond Gaillard, also known in the automotive world as a regular competitor in the Le Mans 24 Hour race. Up to this point Gaillard had figured in the Callista business only as a substantial investor and potential sales distributor for the "Coupe des Alpes" model. Gaillard rescued the residual elements of the business and refounded it under the new name of Arista. From now on the firm concentrated on a smaller lighter and presumably cheaper model called the "Arista Ranelagh". The Ranelagh names came from the (then as now) fashionable Paris street, Rue du Ranelagh where Gaillard owned a Panhard dealership.

Again based on the mechanical components from the Panhard Dyna X, the car was a low cabriolet with long overhangs at each end, reflected in the difference between the 2130 mm wheelbase and the 4100 mm overall length of the cabriolet model. There was a shorter roadster of only 3620 mm in length. The car weighed only 550/640 kg and a top speed of between 135 and 140 km/h (between 84 and 87 mph) was claimed. Both the light weight and the front-wheel-drive layout were determined by the car's Panhard underpinnings.

About 100 were made.

1956 saw the arrival of the Arista Passy, powered by the 42 CV 848 cc engine from the Panhard Dyna Z, and still listed in 1962. A model with the 50 CV "Tigre" engine was sold as the Arista Sport, although the weight savings over a regular PL17 was only about 80 kg due to the car's ample equipment. The little Arista coupé, though stylish, had by now become extremely expensive for a car of this engine size and performance. Sales seem to have slowed to a trickle.

Other Arista designs appeared from time to time, but it is not clear if any others made it to production. Arista had disappeared from view by 1963, although the same business was later involved in making the Sovam sports car.

title: Arista (1956 automobile)


text:
User talk:Ian Ford

Welcome!
Great work on Waitakere, Ian! I'll put some specific responses on its talk page.

You have no User Page yet, but that can wait. Useful for listing your quick links and "ToDo" lists and for telling the rest of us about your background or interests. Has the advantage of being accessible with a single click from any page in the English Wikipedia. Maybe you can add your name to the Wikipedians/New_Zealand if you qualify. Robin Patterson 00:28, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ian Ford


text:
Hard Core (Lil' Kim album)

Hard Core is the debut studio album by American rapper Lil' Kim, released on November 12, 1996, by Undeas Recordings, Big Beat Records, and Atlantic Records. After achieving success with the hip hop group Junior M.A.F.I.A. and their album Conspiracy (1995), Kim began working on her solo album with the Notorious B.I.G. serving as the executive producer (besides this, he performed on four songs). She collaborated with a number of producers, such as Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs, Stevie J., David "Ski" Willis and Jermaine Dupri, among others. Other rappers, including Jay-Z, Lil' Cease and Puff Daddy were featured on the album.

The album was notable for its overt raunchy sexual tone and Kim's lyrical delivery, which was praised by music critics and is considered a classic album. Hard Core debuted at number 11 on the US Billboard 200 and at number three on the Billboard's Top R&B Albums, selling 78,000 copies in its first week, while reaching number 26 of the Canadian Albums Chart. The album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Background
After making her debut recording appearance on Junior M.A.F.I.A.'s Conspiracy album, Lil' Kim appeared on records by artists such as Mona Lisa, the Isley Brothers, and Total. With recording her debut album, Hard Core was mainly recorded at The Hit Factory in Manhattan, New York City. Working with a number of producers, including Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs and Jermaine Dupri, the album featured edgy hardcore rap and explicit sexuality, as the title suggested, which at the time were two territories that had long been the province of male rappers. The album was originally titled "Queen Bee".

Guest artists included Jay-Z, the Notorious B.I.G., and other members of Junior M.A.F.I.A. The promotional campaign for the album, including the album cover, featured provocative advertisements of Kim dressed in a skimpy bikini and surrounded by furs.

During the recording sessions, Kim and B.I.G made a demo for the track "Street Dreams", never released officially. "Big Momma Thang" was originally intended to be a diss towards Faith Evans and 2Pac but was re-recorded after Biggie disapproved of it. The verse containing remarks against Faith was replaced by Jay-Z's vocals while the third verse, which had a diss on 2Pac, was re-recorded by Kim.

Singles
The first singles from Hard Core, the gold-certified "No Time" peaked in the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100, top 10 of the Hot R&B Singles chart, and topped the Rap Songs chart, making Lil' Kim the first female rap artist to have two consecutive number-one singles on that chart. Both singles peaked in the top 50 of the UK Singles Chart. A third single, "Not Tonight" (Remix), became a huge top 10 success in 1997, peaking at number six on the Hot 100, number three on the Hot R&B Singles chart, and topping the Rap Songs chart. The single also reached the top 20 on the UK chart and number 10 in Germany. The single was certified platinum by the RIAA. It was nominated in 1998 for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. “Big Momma Thang” was released to commercial radio in the fall of 1996.

Critical reception and legacy
Hard Core received critical acclaim. The Source called the album "a solid debut because phat beats and rhymes are really all it takes, and they're both present", while Rolling Stone magazine included Hard Core in its list of "Essential Recordings of the 90's". In 2003, PopMatters wrote, "Track for track, Hard Core's thuggette-auctioneering flow melds the perfect hybrid of yoni power Mafioso and Park Avenue duchess." Rolling Stone concluded in reviewing the album in the magazine's 2004 version of The Rolling Stone Album Guide:

Hip-hop had never seen anything like Brooklynite Kimberly Jones at the time of her solo debut: She single-handedly raised the bar for raunchy lyrics in hip-hop, making male rappers quiver with fear with lines like "You ain't lickin' this, you ain't stickin' this . . . I don't want dick tonight/Eat my pussy right" ("Not Tonight"). Riding the wing of Notorious B.I.G.'s Ready to Die and Jay-Z's Reasonable Doubt, Kim's Hard Core helped put East Coast hip-hop back on top in the late '90s. The album's overreliance on old '70s funk samples doesn't detract a bit from the Queen Bee's fearless rhymes: In "Dreams", she demands service fom R. Kelly, Babyface, and nearly every "R&B dick" in the field. A landmark of bold, hilarious filth.

LL Cool J's website rockthebells.com wrote that "Kim's high glamour, sex appeal and commercial success made her a new standard for female rappers." In July 2022, Rolling Stone ranked Hard Core as the 78th best debut album of all time.

Commercial performance
Hard Core debuted and peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard 200 and at number three on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, selling 78,000 copies in its first week. Despite not spending another week inside the top 30, the album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on March 14, 2001, and had sold 1.5 million copies in the United States by June 2000. In Canada, the album peaked at number 62. As of November 2016, Hard Core had sold over five million copies worldwide.

In August 2018, the album entered the top 10 Hip Hop/Rap Albums chart on iTunes, reaching number six despite the album being released nearly 22 years prior and eventually reached number one for a short time. It also peaked at number 22 on the overall albums chart on iTunes.

Track listing
Notes
 * "No Time", "Take It!", "Crush on You", "Drugs," "Queen Bitch," and "Fuck You" feature additional vocals by the Notorious B.I.G.
 * The intro of "Spend a Little Doe" is performed by Big Troy and Lil' Kim, and its hook is performed by Fela.
 * The interlude of "Take It!" is performed by Lil' Cease and Trife.
 * "Dreams" features additional vocals and a hook performed by Adilah.
 * The hook of "We Don't Need It" is performed by Junior M.A.F.I.A.

Sample credits
 * "Big Momma Thang" contains a sample of "Was It Something I Said" by Sylvester.
 * "No Time" contains a sample of "Take Me Just as I Am" by Lyn Collins.
 * "Spend a Little Doe" contains a sample of "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" by Frank Chacksfield and His Orchestra.
 * "Crush on You" contains a sample of "Rain Dance" by Jeff Lorber.
 * "Drugs" contains a sample of "Bumpy's Lament" by Soul Mann & the Brothers.
 * "Dreams" contains a sample of "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins.
 * "We Don't Need It" contains a sample of "The One I Need" by Shirley Murdock.
 * "Not Tonight" contains a sample of "Turn Your Love Around" by George Benson.
 * "Not Tonight" (Remix) contains a sample of "Ladies' Night" by Kool & the Gang.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Hard Core.

 * Lil' Kim – vocals, rapping
 * Stretch Armstrong – producer
 * Corn Bread – producer
 * Andraeo "Fanatic" Heard – producer
 * Carlos Broady – producer
 * Stevie J. – producer
 * Fabian Hamilton – producer
 * Ski – producer
 * Sean Combs (Puff Daddy) – executive producer, additional vocals
 * Christopher Wallace – executive producer, additional vocals
 * Kenny Ortiz – engineer
 * Phil Tan – engineer
 * Jermaine Dupri – producer, engineer, additional vocals
 * Tony Black – engineer, mixing
 * James Cruz – mastering
 * Herb Powers Jr. – mastering
 * Lil' Cease – additional vocals
 * Junior M.A.F.I.A. – additional vocals
 * Jay-Z – additional vocals
 * LaMarquis Mark Jefferson – bass
 * Michael Lavine – photography

title: Hard Core (Lil' Kim album)


text:
Havok (software)

Havok is a middleware software suite developed by the Irish company Havok. Havok provides a physics engine component and related functions to video games.

In September 2007, Intel announced it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire Havok Inc. In 2008, Havok was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for advancing the development of physics engines in electronic entertainment. In October 2015, Microsoft announced it had acquired Havok.

Products
The Havok middleware suite consists of the following modules:

 * Havok Physics: It is designed primarily for video games, and allows for real-time collision and dynamics of rigid bodies in three dimensions. It provides multiple types of dynamic constraints between rigid bodies (e.g. for ragdoll physics), and has a highly optimized collision detection library. By using dynamical simulation, Havok Physics allows for more realistic virtual worlds in games. The company was developing a specialized version of Havok Physics called Havok FX that made use of ATI and Nvidia GPUs for physics simulations; however, the goal of GPU acceleration did not materialize until several years later.
 * Havok AI: In 2009, Havok released Havok AI, which provides advanced pathfinding capabilities for games. Havok AI provides navigation mesh generation, pathfinding and path following for video game environments.
 * Havok Cloth: Released in 2008, Havok Cloth deals with efficient simulation of character garments and soft body dynamics.
 * Havok Destruction (discontinued): Also released in 2008, Havok Destruction provides tools for creation of destructible and deformable rigid body environments.
 * Havok Animation Studio (discontinued): Havok Animation Studio is formally known as Havok Behavior and Havok Animation. Havok Behavior is a runtime SDK for controlling game character animation at a high level using finite state machines. Havok Animation provides efficient playback and compression of character animations in games, and features such as inverse kinematics.
 * Havok Script (discontinued): Havok Script is a Lua-compatible virtual machine designed for video game development. It is shipped as part of the Havok Script Studio.
 * Havok Vision Engine (discontinued): On August 8, 2011, Havok announced their acquisition of German game engine development company Trinigy and their Vision Engine and toolset.

Platforms
Version 1.0 of the Havok SDK was unveiled at the Game Developers Conference (GDC) in 2000. The Havok SDK is multi-platform by nature and is always updated to run on the majority of the latest platforms. Licensees are given access to most of the C/C++ source-code, giving them the freedom to customize the engine's features, or port it to different platforms although some libraries are only provided in binary format. In March 2011, Havok showed off a version of the Havok physics engine designed for use with the Sony Xperia Play, or more specifically, Android 2.3. During Microsoft's //BUILD/ 2012 conference, Havok unveiled a full technology suite for Windows 8, Windows RT, Windows Phone 8 and later Windows 10.

Other software
Havok can also be found in:
 * Futuremark's 3DMark2001 and 03 benchmarking tools
 * a plug-in for Maya animation software
 * Valve's Source game engine uses VPhysics, which is a physics engine modified from Havok
 * Havok addons in 3D Studio Max

Havok supplies tools (the "Havok Content Tools") for export of assets for use with all Havok products from Autodesk 3ds Max, Autodesk Maya, and (formerly) Autodesk Softimage. Havok was also used in the virtual world Second Life, with all physics handled by its online simulator servers, rather than by the users' client computers. An upgrade to Havok version 4 was released in April 2008 and an upgrade to version 7 started June, 2010. Second Life resident Emilin Nakamori constructed a weight-driven, pendulum-regulated mechanical clock functioning entirely by Havok Physics in March 2019.

title: Havok (software)


text:
Jurōjin

In Japan, Jurōjin (寿老人) is one of the Seven Gods of Fortune or Shichifukujin, according to Taoist beliefs. He is the god of longevity. Jurōjin originated from the Chinese Taoist god, the Old Man of the South Pole/Star of the Old Man. He is known as the immortal of the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), and may have been a historical figure of the period. Jurōjin is identified as the personification of the Southern Polar Star. While paintings and statues of Jurōjin are considered auspicious, he never developed a following independent of the other Seven Gods of Fortune.

People believe himself as the God of Wisdom and longevity had been live in the world for 1500 years. People respect to acquire safety and happy living.

Jurōjin is often identified with Fukurokuju, another of the Seven Gods of Fortune. In some accounts, the two are said to inhabit the same body. As such, the two are often confused.

Jurōjin walks with a staff and a fan. He is depicted as an old man of slight stature, and by tradition, less than 3 shaku (approximately 90 cm). He is depicted with a long white beard and often a very tall, bald head. He has a scroll tied to his staff, on which is written the lifespan of all living things. The scroll is sometimes identified as a Buddhist sutra. The deer, a symbol of longevity, usually (but not always) accompanies him as a messenger, as do other long-lived animals such as the crane and the tortoise.

Jurōjin is a popular subject of Japanese ink wash paintings. He was introduced into the Japanese art tradition by Zen Buddhist painters, and depictions of Jurōjin span from the Muromachi period (1337–1573) through the Edo period (1603–1868). Artists who depicted Jurōjin as a subject include Sesshū (1420–1506), Sesson Shukei (1504–1589), Kanō Tan'yū (1602–1674), and Maruyama Ōkyo (1733–1795).

title: Jurōjin


text:
Talk:Vladislas I of Poland

 * Note: Additional discussions about this monarch can be seen at Talk:Władysław I the Elbow-high.

King Vladislaus or Wladislaus (never Ladislaus)
The king name was Władysław in Polish and was also spelled: Wladislaus (early Latinized version) or Vladislaus (late Latin and English version), never Ladislaus. This shoud be corrected. Below is a sample of original documents sign by the Vladislaus kings. Althout the form Wladislaus was used more often, in my opinion Vladislaus is much better here, beacuse it is more modern version and more English. Vladislaus Rex 00:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

King Vladislaus I the Short (Władysław I Łokietek)

 * 27.02.1298: Wladislaus Dei gracia, dux Regni Polonie et dominus Pomerania, Cuiavie, Lancicie as Siradie
 * 7.03.1298: Wladislaus ...
 * 1.09.1999: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus II Jagiello (Władysław II Jagiełło)

 * 3.05.1386: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie Litwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 30.09.1388: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradia, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithuanie princeps supremus, Pomoranie Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 22.04.1389: Wladislaus ...
 * 28.01.1392: Wladislaus ...
 * 10.05.1394: Wladislaus ...
 * 11.04.1409: Wlodislaus (sic! with o) ...
 * 12.12.1410: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.07.1416: Wladislaus ...
 * 6.09.1422: Wladislavs (sic! with v)...
 * 24.06.1425: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus III of Varna (Władysław III Warneńczyk)

 * 21.12.1436: Wladislaus Dei gratia rex Polonie Lithwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie
 * 16.12.1438: Wladislaus Tercius Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithwanieque princeps supremus, Pomeranie Russie dominus et heres et cetera
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus Dei gracia Hungarie, Polonie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Litwanieque princes supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.04.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 19.04.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Lithwaniaque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. tex necnon terrarum Cracouie, Samdomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuyauie, Lithwanie princeps supremus, Pomeranie, Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 27.08.1444: Wladislaus

King Vladislaus IV Vasa (Władysław IV Waza)

 * 20.02.1633: Vladislaus Quartus Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Livoniaeque, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque haereditarius rex, electus magnus dux Moschoviae
 * 12.03.1633: Wladislaus Quartus ...
 * 14.08.1634: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 17.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 7.05.1638: Vladislaus IV ...
 * 30.09.1641: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 1.09.1647: Vladislaus Quartus ...

The "Ladislaus" articles should be moved to Wladislaus (see his royal seal, and the seal of Wladyslaw Jagiello)--Emax 03:10, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

So how tall was he?
There's a sentance at the end about the ell measure, and of course his name also hints to short stature, but the article never actually says how high he was. This needs to be added. Maury 13:31, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vladislas I of Poland


text:
Arkley (automobile)

The Arkley is an English automobile that was manufactured by John Britten Garages workshops at Arkley in the London Borough of Barnet.

The first model was a two-seater called Arkley SS, designed by John Britten in 1970 (not to be confused with the famous New Zealand motorcycle designer, John Britten).

The retro "bug-eyed" design was inspired by a mixture of the Morgan and the original Austin-Healey Sprite. The main purpose was recycling old rusty or damaged Austin-Healey Sprites or MG Midgets. The Arkley SS utilised a BMC A-Series engine launched by Austin in 1951.

The Arkley Midget used fibre glass front and rear ends fitted to the donor car. Transformation did not affect the main structural members. There were two versions, the S for standard wheels and the SS for wide wheels.

Peter May, who had worked with John Britten Garages, founded Peter May Engineering in Halesowen in 1979 and bought the manufacturing rights to the Arkley in 1987. Production of the DIY fiberglass kits continues via Peter May Engineering, from their workshops in Ombersley, Worcestershire.

Since 1971, around 1000 kits have been sold, but the surviving number today is unknown.

Some kits were modified, such as a one-off called Pink Bathtub, produced in 1990.

title: Arkley (automobile)


text:
User:Vladislaus Rex

King Vladislaus or Wladislaus (never Ladislaus)
The king name was Władysław in Polish and was also spelled: Wladislaus (early Latinized version) or Vladislaus (late Latin and English version), never Ladislaus. This shoud be corrected. Below is a sample of original documents sign by the Vladislaus kings. Althout the form Wladislaus was used more often, in my opinion Vladislaus is much better here, beacuse it is more modern version and more English. Vladislaus Rex 00:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

King Vladislaus I the Short (Władysław I Łokietek)

 * 27.02.1298: Wladislaus Dei gracia, dux Regni Polonie et dominus Pomerania, Cuiavie, Lancicie as Siradie
 * 7.03.1298: Wladislaus ...
 * 1.09.1999: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus II Jagiello (Władysław II Jagiełło)

 * 3.05.1386: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie Litwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 30.09.1388: Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradia, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithuanie princeps supremus, Pomoranie Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 22.04.1389: Wladislaus ...
 * 28.01.1392: Wladislaus ...
 * 10.05.1394: Wladislaus ...
 * 11.04.1409: Wlodislaus (sic! with o) ...
 * 12.12.1410: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.07.1416: Wladislaus ...
 * 6.09.1422: Wladislavs (sic! with v)...
 * 24.06.1425: Wladislaus ...

King Vladislaus III of Varna (Władysław III Warneńczyk)

 * 21.12.1436: Wladislaus Dei gratia rex Polonie Lithwanieque princeps supremus et heres Russie
 * 16.12.1438: Wladislaus Tercius Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracouie, Sandomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuiauie, Lithwanieque princeps supremus, Pomeranie Russie dominus et heres et cetera
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 5.03.1440: Wladislaus Tercius ...
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus Dei gracia Hungarie, Polonie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Litwanieque princes supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 11.06.1443: Wladislaus ...
 * 17.04.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 19.04.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. rex Lithwaniaque princeps supremus et heres Russie etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus Dei gracia Polonie, Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie etc. tex necnon terrarum Cracouie, Samdomirie, Syradie, Lancicie, Cuyauie, Lithwanie princeps supremus, Pomeranie, Russieque dominus et heres etc.
 * 18.08.1444: Wladislaus ...
 * 27.08.1444: Wladislaus

King Vladislaus IV Vasa (Władysław IV Waza)

 * 20.02.1633: Vladislaus Quartus Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Livoniaeque, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque haereditarius rex, electus magnus dux Moschoviae
 * 12.03.1633: Wladislaus Quartus ...
 * 14.08.1634: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 17.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1637: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 7.05.1638: Vladislaus IV ...
 * 30.09.1641: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 24.03.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 16.05.1646: Vladislaus Quartus ...
 * 1.09.1647: Vladislaus Quartus ...

title: User:Vladislaus Rex


text:
Independent Labour Party (Manitoba, pre-1920)

Before World War I, there were at least two organizations in Winnipeg calling themselves the Independent Labour Party. The first of these was set up in 1895, and collapsed soon thereafter.

The second was created in 1906, following a visit to the city from Ramsay MacDonald. The party received support from members of Arthur Puttee's Winnipeg Labour Party, which had been moribund since 1904.

Like other groups of the same name, this Independent Labour Party was a reformist organization. It was opposed by members of the more radical Socialist Party of Canada.

The ILP nominated Kempton McKim to contest the riding of Winnipeg West in the provincial election of 1907. McKim called for labour standards legislation and the public ownership of utilities. He was defeated by Thomas Johnson, a popular figure from the left wing of the Liberal Party.

In 1908, some members agitated for the ILP to officially declare itself as socialist. They were opposed by another group, led by moderate reformer Fred Dixon (later a member of the provincial legislature). The controversy split the party, which ceased to exist as a viable organization after June 1908. The reformist faction of the ILP regrouped as the Manitoba Labour Party for the 1910 provincial election.

In 1914-15, candidates nominated by the Labour Representation Committee officially ran for the "Independent Labor Party", even though no formal organization of that name seems to have existed at the time.

J.S. Woodsworth helped launch a new Independent Labour Party in 1919. He would be elected as MP under that banner in 1921. This ILP went on to be one of the founding organizations of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party, a predecessor to the New Democratic Party.