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Paul Channon

Henry Paul Guinness Channon, Baron Kelvedon, (9 October 1935 – 27 January 2007) was Conservative MP for Southend West for 38 years, from 1959 until 1997. He served in various ministerial offices, and was a Cabinet minister for 3½ years, as President of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry from January 1986 to June 1987, and then as Secretary of State for Transport to July 1989.

Early life
Channon was the only child of Sir Henry "Chips" Channon, the politician and diarist, and Lady Honor Channon, eldest daughter of Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh. His family were well connected: his father's dearest friend was Prince Paul of Yugoslavia; he received a toy panda from King Edward VIII in the run up to the abdication; and he was friends with the Duke of Kent, who was born on the same day, from childhood. He was evacuated to live with the Astor family during the Second World War.

Education
Channon was educated at two private schools: at Lockers Park School in Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire and Eton College in Eton, Berkshire. Playwright Terence Rattigan, an intimate companion of his father, dedicated his play The Winslow Boy (1946) to him.

Channon completed his national service in the Royal Horse Guards (the Blues) from 1955 to 1956, serving in Cyprus during the 1956 Cyprus emergency. In London, he was a member of the set around Princess Margaret, and then attended Christ Church, Oxford, from 1956. He was president of the Oxford University Conservative Association.

Early parliamentary career
While still a second-year undergraduate at Oxford, Channon was elected at the by-election for Southend West in January 1959 at the age of 23. The seat had connections with his family since 1912, when his grandfather, Rupert Guinness, became MP for South East Essex. Guinness became MP for the new seat of Southend in 1918. When Guinness succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Iveagh in 1927, the seat was won by his wife, Gwendolen Guinness, Countess of Iveagh, who remained MP for Southend until she retired in 1935. She, in turn, was replaced by her son-in-law, Henry "Chips" Channon, who kept the seat until it was divided in 1950, and who then represented one of the seats that replaced it, Southend West, until his death in October 1958.

Channon won the nomination to his father's seat ahead of 129 other applicants and in spite of a campaign in Lord Beaverbrook's Daily Express against the apparent nepotism. His grandmother, Lady Iveagh, the former MP, congratulated the voters of Southend for "backing a colt when you know the stable he was trained in".

He left university to sit in Parliament, and remained the youngest MP until Teddy Taylor was elected in 1964 (Taylor was later MP for the neighbouring constituency of Southend East).

In government
Channon was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Richard Wood, (later Lord Holderness), the Minister of Power, from 1959 to 1960, and then to R. A. Butler from 1961 to 1964 (while Butler was Home Secretary, First Secretary of State and then Foreign Secretary). Channon's father had once held the same position. Channon was elected to the executive of the 1922 Committee in 1965. He was one of few Conservative MPs to support the 1965 bill that ended capital punishment, and also opposed the unilateral declaration of independence by Ian Smith's Rhodesia.

In opposition, Conservative leader Edward Heath appointed Channon as a spokesman on public building and works in 1965, and then on arts in 1967. He served as a junior minister in the government led by Heath from 1970 to 1974, as Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 1970, then as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the new Department of the Environment from 1970 to 1972, briefly as Minister of State at the Northern Ireland Office for six months in 1972, and then Minister of Housing and Construction from 1972 to 1974. Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw met IRA leader Sean MacStiofain and other Republicans at Channon's house in Chelsea on 7 July 1972. The talks ended in failure, and the IRA bombed Belfast repeatedly on Bloody Friday just two weeks later. After the February 1974 general election, Channon joined Heath's shadow cabinet as environment spokesman. His services were dispensed with by Margaret Thatcher when she became leader of the Conservative Party in February 1975.

Channon joined the Conservative delegation to the Council of Europe and Western European Union in 1976, and considered standing in the first UK elections to the European Parliament in 1979, but failed to win the nomination for the North-East Essex seat.

He became Minister of State at the Civil Service Department when the Conservatives returned to power in 1979, and joined the Privy Council in 1980. After the department was abolished in 1981, he became Minister of the Arts. The call from 10 Downing Street came while he was swimming in the sea near his villa on the island of Mustique. He became Minister of State for Trade at the Department of Trade and Industry following the 1983 general election. He took charge of the department for two short periods, after Cecil Parkinson resigned following the Sara Keays affair in 1983, and while his successor, Norman Tebbit, recovered from his injuries sustained in the Brighton bombing in 1984. Channon became President of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry on 24 January 1986, after Leon Brittan resigned following the Westland affair.

Channon's time as Trade and Industry Secretary was marred in several ways. A major issue of the day was a takeover by the Guinness group using an inflated stock value via third parties – the Guinness share-trading fraud during its takeover of Distillers. As a member of the Guinness family, Channon had to stand aside from any investigation into the affair as he would have been accused of a conflict of interest. In addition, proposed sales of troubled nationalised carmarkers British Leyland to General Motors and of Austin Rover to Ford also fell through. Leyland Trucks was later sold to DAF. He blocked a proposed merger of Tate and Lyle with British Sugar and a takeover bid for Plessey by GEC. Channon was later alleged to have been involved in the government's secret supply of weapons of mass destruction to Iraq.

Transport Secretary
Channon was appointed Secretary of State for Transport on 13 June 1987. His tenure as Transport Secretary was blighted by several major transport disasters: 31 died in the King's Cross fire on 18 November 1987; 35 were killed when three trains crashed near Britain's busiest railway station in the Clapham Junction rail crash on 12 December 1988; 270 died when Pan Am Flight 103 was brought down by a bomb over Scottish town of Lockerbie in the Lockerbie Disaster on 21 December 1988; and 44 died when a British Midland plane crashed beside the M1 motorway in the Kegworth air disaster on 8 January 1989. He was roughly treated in the House of Commons by Labour's transport spokesman, John Prescott, who pilloried him for underinvestment in the rail network, and for taking a family holiday to Mustique shortly after the Lockerbie disaster.

A coincidence led to Channon's sacking in July 1989 as Transport Secretary. British investigative journalist, Paul Foot, in a 1994 article for the London Review of Books, described what happened: "The American investigative columnist, Jack Anderson, has had some scoops in his time but none more significant than his revelation – in January 1990 – that in mid-March 1989, three months after Lockerbie, George Bush rang Margaret Thatcher to warn her to 'cool it' on the subject. On what seems to have been the very same day [in March 1989], perhaps a few hours earlier, Thatcher's Secretary of State for Transport, Paul Channon, was the guest of five prominent political correspondents at a lunch at the Garrick Club. It was agreed that anything said at the lunch was 'on strict lobby terms' – that is, for the journalists only, not their readers. Channon then announced that the Dumfries and Galloway Police – the smallest police force in Britain – had concluded a criminal investigation into the Lockerbie crash. They had found who was responsible and arrests were expected before long. So sensational was the revelation that at least one of the five journalists broke ranks; and the news that the Lockerbie villains would soon be behind bars in Scotland was divulged to the public. Channon promptly said that he was not the source of the story. Denounced in a front page story in the Daily Mirror as a 'liar', he did not sue or complain. A few months later he was quietly sacked. Thatcher could not blame her loyal minister for his indiscretion, which coincided with her instructions from the White House."

Channon was replaced by Cecil Parkinson on 24 July 1989.

Backbenches and retirement
Channon harboured hopes of becoming the fourth member of his family to become Speaker of the House of Commons, but he withdrew from the election to replace Bernard Weatherill in 1992. He later served as chairman of the House of Commons Finance and Services Committee and chairman of the Transport Select Committee.

He retired from Parliament at the 1997 general election and was created a life peer as Baron Kelvedon, of Ongar in the County of Essex, on 11 June 1997, named after the family's house at Kelvedon Hall.

Outside politics, he was a member of the board of directors of Guinness, and served with the Guinness Trust.

Personal life
In 1963, Channon married Ingrid Guinness (née Wyndham), the former wife of his cousin Jonathan Guinness. He inherited three stepchildren, and they had three children: Henry, Georgia, and Olivia Gwendolen. In 1986, 22-year-old Olivia died from the effects of drink and drugs during a party in the Christ Church, Oxford, rooms of Count Gottfried von Bismarck. The coroner recorded a verdict of misadventure. Henry Channon died on 24 October 2021, aged 51.

Death
In later years, Channon suffered from Alzheimer's disease. He died at his home in Brentwood, Essex, on 27 January 2007, at the age of 71.

title: Paul Channon


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List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom (1989–1994)

This is the list of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom in the 1989 to 1994 session. Note that during the session, the parliamentary groups to which both major British parties belonged underwent changes. On 1 May 1992, the European Democrats group, consisting mostly of members of the Conservative Party, dissolved and its members were accorded 'associate party' status by the EPP group. On 21 April 1993, the Socialist Group, which included members of the Labour Party, was renamed the Party of European Socialists group.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Route 66 (company)

ROUTE 66 Geographic Information Systems B.V. is a privately held company headquartered in Pfäffikon, Switzerland. ROUTE 66 was founded in 1992 and specializes in navigation software and hardware products.

In 1999 the company opened a software development center in Brașov, Romania. In 2005 the company moved all its research and development operations to the aforementioned location, which at that date employed 45 of the company's total of 65 employees. In 2008, the company announced 2.4 million euros in revenue. In 2010, the company had 92 employees, of which 65 were software developers. In November 2013, ROUTE 66 launched their latest app Navigate 6.

The Nokia 6110 Navigator delivered with ROUTE 66 was the first mobile phone with on-board navigation installed as standard, apart from smartphones with their significantly larger dimensions and heavier weight.

title: Route 66 (company)


text: Category:Mascots

title: Category:Mascots


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List of Venus-crossing minor planets

A Venus-crosser is an asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Venus. There are 2,809 Venus-crosser and 98 outer-grazers known. Mercury-crossers or grazers are marked ‡.

Venus also has a quasi-satellite, 524522 Zoozve. This asteroid is also a Mercury- and Earth-crosser; it seems to have been a "companion" to Venus for the last 7,000 years or so only, and is destined to be ejected from this orbital arrangement about 500 years from now.

Crossers
• 1566 Icarus ‡

• 1862 Apollo

• 1864 Daedalus

• 1865 Cerberus

• 1981 Midas

• 2063 Bacchus

• 2100 Ra-Shalom

• 2101 Adonis ‡

• 2201 Oljato

• 2212 Hephaistos ‡

• 2340 Hathor ‡

• 3200 Phaethon ‡

• 3360 Syrinx

• 3362 Khufu

• 3554 Amun

• 3753 Cruithne

• 3838 Epona ‡

• 4034 Vishnu

• 4197 Morpheus

• 4341 Poseidon

• 4450 Pan

• 4581 Asclepius

• 4769 Castalia

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• 5143 Heracles ‡

• 5381 Sekhmet

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• 5786 Talos ‡

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• 6063 Jason

• 6239 Minos

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• 9162 Kwiila

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• 11500 Tomaiyowit

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• 37655 Illapa ‡

• 38086 Beowulf

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• 66391 Moshup ‡

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• 69230 Hermes

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• 136818 Selqet

• 137052 Tjelvar

• 163693 Atira

• 306367 Nut

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• 326290 Akhenaten

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• 524522 Zoozve ‡

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•  ‡ (first known Venus trojan)

Grazers
• 1 4183 Cuno

• 2

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• 20

• 21 2004 HZ

• 22

• 23

• 24

• 25

• 26 2006 CF

• 27 2006 SC

• 28

• 29

• 30

• 31 2007 XP

• 32

• 33 2008 CH

• 34

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• 39 2009 CE

• 40

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• 42 2009 SS

• 43 2009 UL

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• 66 2012 OQ

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• 76 2013 RG

• 77 2013 TG

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• 80 2014 BP

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• 95 2015 YA

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title: List of Venus-crossing minor planets


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Ulysses Ricci

Ulysses Anthony Ricci (1888–1960) was an American sculptor known primarily for his architectural sculpture. Born in New York City, Ricci was an apprentice at the Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Works in New Jersey from 1902 to 1906. He studied at Cooper Union Institute and at the Art Students League with James Earle Fraser and George Bridgman. He opened his own studio in 1914 and was a partner in the firm Ricci & Zari from 1917 to 1941.

Ricci came to the attention of Karl Bitter when Bitter was head of sculpture decoration at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition which opened in 1915, where Ricci was commissioned to execute some of the sculptural decorations.

Architectural sculptor Corrado Parducci apprenticed with Ricci & Zari.

Architectural Sculpture

 * Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library, Albert Kahn architect, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1920
 * Bowery Savings Bank Building, York and Sawyer architects, New York, NY, 1922
 * Wisconsin Hardware Ltd. Mutual Liability Insurance Company (headquarters), Stevens Point, WI, 1922
 * General Motors Building, Albert Kahn architect, Detroit, MI, 1922
 * Angell Hall, Albert Kahn architect, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1924
 * Detroit Free Press Building, Albert Kan architect, Detroit, MI, 1925
 * Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen Building, Cleveland, OH
 * New York Telephone Building, Ralph Thomas Walker architect, New York, 1927
 * Fisher Building, Albert Kahn architect, Detroit, MI, 1929
 * DAR Constitution Hall, John Russell Pope, architect, Washington, D.C., 1930
 * Bank of Lansing Building, Kenneth Black architect, Lansing, MI, 1931
 * Department of Commerce, Louis Ayres, architect, Washington, D.C., 1934
 * American Institute of Pharmacy, John Russell Pope architect, Washington, D.C., 1934
 * National Archives, John Russell Pope architect, Washington, D.C., 1935
 * Rundel Memorial Library, Rochester, NY, Gordon & Kaelber architects, Rochester, NY, 1936
 * bronze doors at Bank of Canada, Marani, Morris & Allen, architects, Ottawa, ON
 * bronze doors at the Iranian Embassy, Washington D.C., 1960

title: Ulysses Ricci


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Committee of Safety

Committee of Safety may refer to:

 * Committee of Safety, the parliamentary body in England that oversaw the English Civil War.
 * Committee of safety (American Revolution), established throughout the Thirteen Colonies at the start of the American Revolutionary War.
 * Committee of Safety (Augusta County), one such Committee in Virginia.
 * Committee of Safety (Rowan County), drafted the Rowan Resolves.
 * Committee of Safety (Tryon County, New York), established in 1774.
 * Committee of Safety (Tryon County, North Carolina), issued the Tryon Resolves.
 * Committee of Public Safety, which controlled the French First Republic during the Reign of Terror.
 * Committee of Safety (Hawaii), the forerunner of the Provisional Government of Hawaii during the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy.

title: Committee of Safety


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Francesco Guardi

Francesco Lazzaro Guardi (5 October 1712 – 1 January 1793) was an Italian painter, nobleman, and a member of the Venetian School. He is considered to be among the last practitioners, along with his brothers, of the classic Venetian school of painting.

In the early part of his career he collaborated with his older brother Gian Antonio in the production of religious paintings. After Gian Antonio's death in 1760, Francesco concentrated on vedute. The earliest of these show the influence of Canaletto, but he gradually adopted a looser style characterized by spirited brush-strokes and freely imagined architecture.

Biography
Francesco Guardi was born in Venice into a family of nobility from Trentino. His father Domenico (born in 1678) and his brothers Niccolò and Gian Antonio were also painters, later inheriting the family workshop after the father's death in 1716. They probably all contributed as a team to some of the larger commissions later attributed to Francesco. His sister Maria Cecilia married the pre-eminent Veneto-European painter of his epoch, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.

In 1735, Guardi moved to the workshop of Michele Marieschi, where he remained until 1743. His first certain works are from 1738, for a parish at Vigo d'Anuania, in Trentino. In this period he worked alongside his older brother, Gian Antonio. The first work signed by Francesco is a Saint Adoring the Eucharist (c. 1739).

His works in this period included both landscapes and figure compositions. His early vedute show influence both from Canaletto and Luca Carlevarijs. On 15 February 1757, he married Maria Mattea Pagani, the daughter of painter Matteo Pagani. In 1760 his brother Gian Antonio died and his first son, Vincenzo, was born. His second son, Giacomo, was born in 1764.

In 1763 he worked in Murano, in the church of San Pietro Martire, finishing a Miracle of a Dominican Saint clearly influenced by Alessandro Magnasco in its quasi-expressionistic style.

Francesco Guardi's most important later works include the Doge's Feasts, a series of twelve canvases celebrating the ceremonies held in 1763 for the election of Doge Alvise IV Mocenigo. In his later years, Canaletto's influence on his art diminished, as shown by the Piazzetta in the Ca' d'Oro of Venice. In circa 1778, he painted the severe ''Holy Trinity Appearing to Sts. Peter and Paul'' in the parish church of Roncegno. In 1782 Guardi was commissioned by the Venetian government six canvases to celebrate the visit of the Russian Grand Dukes to the city, of which only two remain, and two others for that of Pope Pius VI. On September 12 of that year he was admitted to the Fine Art Academy of Venice.

A stronger attention to colours is present in late works such as the Concerto of 80 Orphans of 1782, now in Munich, in the Façade of Palace with Staircase in the Accademia Carrara of Bergamo.

Guardi died at Campiello de la Madona in Cannaregio (Venice) in 1793.

Mature style

Among all the paintings attributed to either Francesco and his brother Gian Antonio Guardi, the most praised work is not a landscape, but instead the airy sfumato Story of Tobit painted for the organ loft in the small Chiesa dell'Angelo San Raffaele. To quote from the Web Gallery of Art: "Perspective, organized aerial space, the Palladian solidity of Tiepolo... are exchanged for a personal style of coloured handwriting – now brilliantly calligraphic, and now brilliantly cloudy."

Guardi's painterly style is known as pittura di tocco (of touch) for its small dotting and spirited brush-strokes. This looser style of painting had been used by Giovanni Piazzetta and Sebastiano Ricci, and recalls, in some religious themes, the sweetened sfumato of Barocci's Bolognese style. In this he differs from the more linear and architecturally accurate style of Canaletto's painting. This style, a century later, would make Guardi's works highly prized by the French Impressionists.

Canaletto, as a vedutista, concentrated on glamorous urban architecture erected by the serene republic; on the other hand, in Guardi, the buildings often appear to be melting and sinking into a murky lagoon. Canaletto's canvases often have intricate linear and brilliant details, and depict Venice in sunny daylight. Guardi paints clouded skies above a city at dusk. These contrasts, however, simplify the facts, since Canaletto often painted the drab communal life and neighborhoods (creating in them some epic artistic qualities), while Guardi did not avoid sometimes painting the ceremonies of Ducal Venice. Ultimately, Guardi's paintings evoke the onset of the dissipation. The citizenry has shrunken to an impotent lilliputian crowd of "rubber-neckers", unable to rescue the crumbling Republic, as for example in the Fire in the Oil Depot in San Marcuola. It was fitting depiction of the rapidly declining empire, which had declined, in Napoleon's assessment, into a "drawing room of Europe" peopled with casinos, carnivals, and courtesans for hire.

title: Francesco Guardi


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Jacob Leisler

Jacob Leisler (c. 1640 – May 16, 1691) was a German-born colonist who served as a politician in the Province of New York. He gained wealth in New Amsterdam (later New York City) in the fur trade and tobacco business. In what became known as Leisler's Rebellion following the English Revolution of 1688, he took control of the city, and ultimately the entire province, from appointees of deposed King James II, in the name of the Protestant accession of William III and Mary II.

Beginning in 1689, Leisler led an insurrection and seized control of the city by taking over Fort James at the lower end of Manhattan. He took over control of the entire province, appointing himself as acting Lieutenant Governor of the Province of New York, which he retained until March 1691, refusing to yield power until the newly appointed governor himself finally arrived. While Leisler claimed to have acted to support the Protestant accession against Jacobite officeholders in New York, he was arrested by the newly appointed governor of New York in March 1691. With opponents active against him, he was condemned and executed in New York City for treason against the English monarchs William III and Mary II. His estate was forfeited to the Crown.

During his period of control, Leisler completed a major purchase of property from Sir John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, to set up a French Huguenot settlement north of Manhattan. This developed as the city of New Rochelle, New York.

Leisler's son and supporters found the trial and conviction most unjust; it was mounted by his enemies. They worked to clear the names of Leisler and Jacob Milborne (his son in law) and for the restoration of their estates to their heirs. They gained an act of Parliament in 1695 to achieve this. Remains of the two men were reinterred with honors at the Dutch Reformed Church in Manhattan.

Early life
Leisler was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in March 1640, the son of Calvinist French Reformed minister Jacob Victorian Leisler. After his father's death in 1651, Leisler was sent to military school.

He went to New Amsterdam (later New York) in 1660 as a soldier in the service of the Dutch West India Company. Leaving the company's employ soon after his arrival, Leisler engaged in the lucrative fur trade and tobacco trade and became a wealthy man. New York tax records from 1676 list Leisler as the third wealthiest man in the city.

In 1674, Leisler was one of the administrators of a forced loan imposed by Anthony Colve. While residing in Albany in 1676, Leisler engaged in a theological dispute with the Rev. Nicholas van Rensselaer, who had been appointed to the Reformed pulpit by James, Duke of York (later King King James II). His finances and reputation both suffered from this encounter, as he and fellow dissenter Jacob Milborne were forced to pay all the costs of a lawsuit they had initiated in the dispute. While on a voyage to Europe in 1678, Leisler was captured by Moorish pirates. He was forced to pay a ransom of 2,050 pieces of eight to obtain his freedom.

Leisler had endeared himself to the common people by befriending a family of French Huguenots who had been landed on Manhattan island. They were so destitute that a public tribunal had decided they should be sold into slavery to pay their ship charges. Leisler prevented the sale by purchasing the freedom of the widowed mother and son before the sale could be held. French Huguenots were arriving in New York as refugees from religious persecution by Catholics in France. Under Thomas Dongan's administration in 1683, Leisler was appointed one of the judges, or "commissioners," of the court of admiralty in New York, a justice of the peace for New York City and County, and a militia captain.

Leisler's Rebellion
The English Revolution of 1688 also played out in New York, where people of a wide variety of religious and ethnic backgrounds divided into two well-defined factions. In general, the small shopkeepers, small farmers, sailors, poor traders and artisans allied against the patroons (landholders), rich fur traders, merchants, lawyers, and crown officers. The former were led by Leisler (although he was a wealthy man), the latter by Peter Schuyler, Nicholas Bayard, Stephen Van Cortlandt, William Nicolls, and other representatives of the elite Hudson Valley families. The Leislerians claimed greater loyalty to the Protestant accession.

In 1688, Governor Dongan was succeeded by Lieutenant-Governor Francis Nicholson. In 1689, the military force of the city of New York consisted of a regiment of five companies, with Leisler as one of the company captains. He was popular with the men and was probably the only wealthy resident in the province who sympathized with the Dutch lower classes, who were agitated by the attempts of the Jacobite officeholders to retain power in spite of the revolution in England and the accession of William III and Mary II to the throne. When news was received that Governor Sir Edmund Andros had been imprisoned in Boston by the opposition, the Leislerians took possession on May 31, 1689, of Fort James at the southern end of Manhattan Island. They renamed it Fort William and announced their determination to hold it until the arrival of a governor who was commissioned by the new sovereigns.

Upon hearing of a report which claimed supporters of King James II were about to seize the fort and massacre settlers of Dutch descent, an armed mob gathered on the evening of June 2, 1689, to overthrow the existing government. The cry of "Leisler" was raised, and the crowd rushed to his house. At first, he refused to lead the movement, but when the demand was reiterated, he acceded and within an hour received the keys of the fort, which had been seized. The revolutionaries took advantage of the fort containing all the public funds, whose return Lieutenant Governor Nicholson demanded in vain.

Four hundred of the new party signed an agreement to hold the fort "for the present Protestant power that reigns in England," and a committee of safety of ten of the city freeholders assumed the powers of a provisional government of which they declared Jacob Leisler to be the head. They commissioned him as "captain of the fort." In this capacity, he began to repair the fort, strengthening it with a battery of six guns beyond its walls. This was the origin of the public park known as the Battery in Lower Manhattan. Thus began Leisler's Rebellion.

Leisler as acting lieutenant-governor
The aristocrats also favored deposing James but preferred to continue the provincial government established by his authority, rather than risk the danger of an interregnum. Nicholson and the council of the province, with the authorities of the city, headed by Mayor Stephen van Cortlandt, attempted to prevent the uprising, but without effect. Finally, becoming alarmed for his own safety, Lieutenant-Governor Nicholson sailed for England on June 24. The New York City mayor and other officials retired to Albany.

Albany held out against Leisler's authority for a time. In November, Leisler sent Jacob Milborne to Albany with an armed force to assist in its defense against any Indians. Milborne was directed to withhold aid unless Leisler's authority was recognized. That was refused, and Milborne returned unsuccessful. However, after the destruction of Schenectady on February 19, 1690, by the French and their allied Indians, Christian Mohawk among them, Albany submitted to Leisler's authority.

Under authority of a letter from the home government addressed to Nicholson "or in his absence, to such as for the time being takes care for preserving the peace and administering the laws in His Majesty's province of New York," Leisler had assumed the title of lieutenant-governor in December 1689. He dissolved the committee of safety, appointed a council, and took charge of the government of the entire province. He appointed Jacob Milborne as Clerk to the Council, Attorney-General, Advocate General and his Secretary. Milborne married Leisler's daughter Mary.

Leisler summoned the first Intercolonial Congress in America, which met in New York on May 1, 1690, to plan concerted action against the French and Native Americans in the ongoing conflict in North America. The congress planned an expedition against Canada. It equipped and dispatched against Quebec the first fleet of men-of-war ever sent from the Port of New York. However, the expedition was unsuccessful.

In the meantime, Colonel Henry Sloughter had been commissioned Governor of the Province of New York by William and Mary on September 3, 1689, but he did not reach New York until March 19, 1691.

Leisler and Huguenots
Acting on behalf of a group of Huguenots in New York, Leisler brokered the purchase of land upon which they could settle. In 1689 John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, officially deeded 6,100 acres (25 km²) to Leisler for the establishment of a Huguenot community north of Manhattan. On September 20, 1689, Leisler donated a third of this land to Huguenot refugees. In addition to the purchase money, Leisler and his heirs and assigns were to yield and pay unto John Pell and his heirs and assigns (Lords of the Pelham Manor) one "Fat Calf" yearly, as acknowledgment of their feudal obligation to the Manor. This settlement developed as the city of New Rochelle, New York.

End of rebellion
On January 28, 1691, English Army officer Richard Ingoldesby, who had been commissioned lieutenant-governor of the province, landed with two companies of soldiers in Manhattan and demanded possession of Fort James. Leisler refused to surrender the fort without an order from the king or the governor. After some controversy, Ingoldesby attacked the fort on March 17, during which Leisler's forces killed two of his soldiers and wounded several.

When Governor Sloughter finally arrived in New York the following March, he immediately demanded Leisler's surrender. Leisler refused to surrender the fort until he was convinced of Sloughter's identity, and the governor had sworn in his council. As soon as the latter event occurred, he wrote the governor a letter resigning his command.

Sloughter responded by arresting Leisler and nine of his colleagues, including his son-in-law Jacob Milborne. All but Milborne were released after trial. Leisler was imprisoned and charged with treason and murder. Shortly afterward, he was tried and condemned to death. His son-in-law and secretary, Milborne, was condemned on the same charges. Leisler's son and other supporters were outraged by the trials, as they were considered unjust. The judges were the personal and political enemies of the prisoners, and their acts were described as "gross."

Governor Sloughter was said to have hesitated to sign the death warrants but was trying to stabilize politics in the colony and did not have sufficient influence among the elite of New York City. He was said to have finally signed the warrants under the influence of wine.

On May 16, 1691, Leisler and Milborne were executed. Leisler's wife's nephews, Bayard and Van Cortland, were on the Council that insisted upon his execution. The court had sentenced them to be hanged "by the Neck and being Alive their bodyes be Cutt downe to Earth and Their Bowells to be taken out and they being Alive, burnt before their faces...." As was the common law punishment for treason, their estates were forfeited to the Crown. Leisler's son and other supporters appealed for justice from the committee of the Privy Council. It reported that although the trial was in conformity to the forms of law, they recommended the restoration of the estates to their heirs.

Restitution
In 1695, by an Act of Parliament, achieved through the efforts of Leisler's son and supporters, the names of Jacob Leisler and Milborne were cleared, and Leisler's estate was restored to his heirs. Three years later the Earl of Bellomont, who had been one of the most influential supporters of Leisler's son, was appointed as governor of New York. Through his influence, the assembly voted an indemnity to Leisler's heirs.

Personal life
Leisler married Elsie Tymens, the widow of Pieter Cornelisz van der Veen, in 1663. They had three daughters:

 * Catharine Leisler, who in 1685 married Robert Walters (d. 1733), mayor of New York City from 1720 to 1725.
 * Susannah Leisler, who in 1687 married Michael Vaughton of Staffordshire, a half-brother of John Spragg, the colonial secretary of New York.
 * Mary Leisler, who in 1691 married Jacob Milborne (c. 1648-1691), who was executed with his father-in-law.

Some descendants of Leisler use his surname as a middle name. The most prominent of them was Walther Leisler Kiep, a CDU politician.

Legacy and honors

 * Governor Bellomont authorized the honorable reburial of Leisler and his son-in-law at the Dutch Reformed Church in New York City.
 * In June 1913, a monument to Jacob Leisler was dedicated in New Rochelle, New York, by the Huguenot Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Huguenot Association of New Rochelle, to celebrate the 250th anniversary of its founding and honor his role. Leisler has been described as the "first Governor of Colonial New York to owe his position to the popular suffrage."
 * In June 1913, William O. Bates published his play, Jacob Leisler: A Play of Old New York, about the leader and the dramatic events of his life.
 * Leisler was depicted by Nazi German propogandist playwright Curt Langenbeck in his play Der Hochverräter. Tragisches Schauspiel (1938) as a hero.

title: Jacob Leisler


text:
Batrachotoxin

Batrachotoxin (BTX) is an extremely potent cardiotoxic and neurotoxic steroidal alkaloid found in certain species of beetles, birds, and frogs. The name is from the Greek word βάτραχος. Structurally-related chemical compounds are often referred to collectively as batrachotoxins. In certain frogs, this alkaloid is present mostly on the skin. Such frogs are among those used for poisoning darts. Batrachotoxin binds to and irreversibly opens the sodium channels of nerve cells and prevents them from closing, resulting in paralysis and death. No antidote is known.

History
Batrachotoxin was discovered by Fritz Märki and Bernhard Witkop, at the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. Märki and Witkop separated the potent toxic alkaloids fraction from Phyllobates bicolor and determined its chemical properties in 1963. They isolated four major toxic steroidal alkaloids including batrachotoxin, isobatrachotoxin, pseudobatrachotoxin, and batrachotoxinin A. Due to the difficulty of handling such a potent toxin and the minuscule amount that could be collected, a comprehensive structure determination involved several difficulties. However, Takashi Tokuyama, who joined the investigation later, converted one of the congener compounds, batrachotoxinin A, to a crystalline derivative and its unique steroidal structure was solved with x-ray diffraction techniques (1968). When the mass spectrum and NMR spectrum of batrachotoxin and the batrachotoxinin A derivatives were compared, it was realized that the two shared the same steroidal structure and that batrachotoxin was batrachotoxinin A with a single extra pyrrole moiety attached. In fact, batrachotoxin was able to be partially hydrolyzed using sodium hydroxide into a material with identical TLC and color reactions as batrachotoxinin A. The structure of batrachotoxin was established in 1969 through chemical recombination of both fragments. Batrachotoxinin A was synthesized by Michio Kurosu, Lawrence R. Marcin, Timothy J. Grinsteiner, and Yoshito Kishi in 1998.

Toxicity
According to experiments with rodents, batrachotoxin is one of the most potent alkaloids known: its intravenous in mice is 2–3 μg/kg. Meanwhile, its derivative, batrachotoxinin A, has a much lower toxicity with an of 1000 μg/kg.

The toxin is released through colourless or milky secretions from glands located on the back and behind the ears of frogs from the genus Phyllobates. When one of these frogs is agitated, feels threatened or is in pain, the toxin is reflexively released through several canals.

Batrachotoxin activity is temperature-dependent, with a maximum activity at 37 C. Its activity is also more rapid at an alkaline pH, which suggests that the unprotonated form may be more active.

Neurotoxicity
As a neurotoxin, it affects the nervous system. Neurological function depends on depolarization of nerve and muscle fibres due to increased sodium ion permeability of the excitable cell membrane. Lipid-soluble toxins such as batrachotoxin act directly on sodium ion channels involved in action potential generation and by modifying both their ion selectivity and voltage sensitivity. Batrachotoxin irreversibly binds to the Na+ channels which causes a conformational change in the channels that forces the sodium channels to remain open. Batrachotoxin not only keeps voltage-gated sodium channels open but also reduces single-channel conductance. In other words, the toxin binds to the sodium channel and keeps the membrane permeable to sodium ions in an "all or none" manner.

This has a direct effect on the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Batrachotoxin in the PNS produces increased permeability (selective and irreversible) of the resting cell membrane to sodium ions, without changing potassium or calcium concentration. This influx of sodium depolarizes the formerly polarized cell membrane. Batrachotoxin also alters the ion selectivity of the ion channel by increasing the permeability of the channel toward larger cations. Voltage-sensitive sodium channels become persistently active at the resting membrane potential. Batrachotoxin kills by permanently blocking nerve signal transmission to the muscles.

Batrachotoxin binds to and irreversibly opens the sodium channels of nerve cells and prevents them from closing. The neuron can no longer send signals and this results in paralysis. Furthermore, the massive influx of sodium ions produces osmotic alterations in nerves and muscles, which causes structural changes. It has been suggested that there may also be an effect on the central nervous system, although it is not currently known what such an effect may be.

Cardiotoxicity
Although generally classified as a neurotoxin, batrachotoxin has marked effects on heart muscles and its effects are mediated through sodium channel activation. Heart conduction is impaired resulting in arrhythmias, extrasystoles, ventricular fibrillation and other changes which lead to asystole and cardiac arrest. Batrachotoxin induces a massive release of acetylcholine in nerves and muscles and destruction of synaptic vesicles, as well. Batrachotoxin R is more toxic than related batrachotoxin A.

Treatment
Currently, no effective antidote exists for the treatment of batrachotoxin poisoning. Veratridine, aconitine and grayanotoxin—like batrachotoxin—are lipid-soluble poisons which similarly alter the ion selectivity of the sodium channels, suggesting a common site of action. Due to these similarities, treatment for batrachotoxin poisoning might best be modeled after, or based on, treatments for one of these poisons. Treatment may also be modeled after that for digitalis, which produces somewhat similar cardiotoxic effects.

While it is not an antidote, the membrane depolarization can be prevented or reversed by either tetrodotoxin (from puffer fish), which is a noncompetitive inhibitor, or saxitoxin ("red tide"). These both have effects antagonistic to those of batrachotoxin on sodium flux. Certain anesthetics may act as receptor antagonists to the action of this alkaloid poison, while other local anesthetics block its action altogether by acting as competitive antagonists.

Use
The most common use of this toxin is by the Noanamá Chocó and Emberá Chocó of the Embera-Wounaan of western Colombia for poisoning blowgun darts for use in hunting.

Poison darts are prepared by the Chocó by first impaling a frog on a piece of wood. By some accounts, the frog is then held over or roasted alive over a fire until it cries in pain. Bubbles of poison form as the frog's skin begins to blister. The dart tips are prepared by touching them to the toxin, or the toxin can be caught in a container and allowed to ferment. Poison darts made from either fresh or fermented batrachotoxin are enough to drop monkeys and birds in their tracks. Nerve paralysis is almost instantaneous. Other accounts say that a stick siurukida ("bamboo tooth") is put through the mouth of the frog and passed out through one of its hind legs. This causes the frog to perspire profusely on its back, which becomes covered with a white froth. The darts are dipped or rolled in the froth, preserving their lethal power for up to a year.

title: Batrachotoxin


text:
Sudeten German Party

The Sudeten German Party (Sudetendeutsche Partei, SdP, Sudetoněmecká strana) was created by Konrad Henlein under the name Sudetendeutsche Heimatfront ("Front of the Sudeten German Homeland") on 1 October 1933, some months after the First Czechoslovak Republic had outlawed the German National Socialist Workers' Party (Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei, DNSAP). In April 1935, the party was renamed Sudetendeutsche Partei following a mandatory demand of the Czechoslovak government. The name was officially changed to Sudeten German and Carpathian German Party (Sudetendeutsche und Karpatendeutsche Partei) in November 1935.

With the rising power of Nazi Party in Germany, the Sudeten German Party became a major pro-Nazi force in Czechoslovakia with the explicit official aim of breaking the country up and joining it to the Third Reich. By June 1938, the party had over 1.3 million members, i.e. 40.6% of ethnic-German citizens of Czechoslovakia. During the last free democratic elections before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the May 1938 communal elections, the party gained 88% of ethnic-German votes, taking over control of most municipal authorities in the Czech borderland. The country's mass membership made it one of the largest fascist parties in Europe at the time.

Background
In 1903, a group of Sudeten Germans living in the Bohemian crown lands of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy created the German Workers' Party (DAP). Influenced by the ideas of pan-Germanism and anti-Slavism, they opposed the Czech National Revival movement advocated by the Young Czech Party. The history of this party is centered on the cities of Eger (German for present-day Cheb) and Aussig (Ústí nad Labem), it originated and gave the impetus for Austrian National Socialism. At the end of World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire broke up into several nation states. The DAP was renamed German National Socialist Workers' Party on 5 May 1918 and after the proclamation of Czechoslovakia claimed the right of self-determination in the predominantly German-settled Sudetenland and German Bohemian territories, demanding affiliation with the newly established Republic of German-Austria. However, the new Czech-dominated government demanded the unity of the Bohemian (or now called Czech) lands, as confirmed by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and considered the Pan-German party offensive and dangerous for the existence of the country. The Czechoslovakian DNSAP led by Hans Knirsch together with the conservative German National Party (Deutsche Nationalpartei, DNP) became the main proponent of so-called "negativism", the general tendency among the Sudeten Germans not to accept the legitimacy of the Czechoslovakian state. Under Knirsch's successor Rudolf Jung, the party was increasingly influenced by the rise of the Nazi Party in the German Weimar Republic. In 1933, both the DNSAP and DNP decided to dissolve in order to prevent the imminent ban by the Prague government.

SHF
The SHF was founded on 1 October 1933. The party entered into an alliance with the Carpatho-German Party (KdP) in the same year.

Konrad Henlein
The newly established SdP did not see itself as a successor of the DNSAP; in fact, SdP leader Konrad Henlein sharply rejected the idea. At first he advocated the Ständestaat concept of the Austrofascist movement according to the ideas of Othmar Spann and would have rather preferred the affiliation with the Federal State of Austria than with Nazi Germany. In his earlier speeches (until 1937), Henlein stressed his distance from German National Socialism, affirming loyalty to the Czechoslovak state and stressing approval of the idea of a cantonal system and individual freedom. He later described his contact to Nazi leaders as merely tactical. In 1935 when Karl Hermann Frank became deputy leader, the SdP gradually adopted the DNSAP tradition and became more radical.

In the parliamentary election of May 1935, the SdP with 1,249,534 (15.2%) of the votes became the strongest of all parties in Czechoslovakia. The party had won about 68% of the German votes, thus surpassing the German Social Democratic Workers Party, the German Christian Social People's Party and the Farmers' League. Meanwhile, the influence exerted by the German Nazi dictatorship became stronger and after 1935 several groups within the party were financed by Germany. In November 1937 Adolf Hitler openly declared – according to the Hossbach Memorandum – his intention to separate the Sudetenland from the Czechoslovak state. The SdP officially coordinated this policy with Nazi leaders in order to integrate the German-speaking parts of Bohemia and Moravia into the German Reich.

After the Austrian Anschluss Henlein first met Hitler on 28 March 1938. His policy was the so-called Grundplanung OA (Basic Planning) of summer 1938 and later in the interior policy of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In March 1938 the Farmers League joined the SdP, as well as many Christian Social deputies in the Czechoslovak parliament. At a convention in Carlsbad on 24 April the majority of the party advocated the demand of the Sudeten Germans as an autonomous ethnic group, the separation of a self-governing German settlement area and the freedom to decide for annexation to Nazi Germany. At this time the SdP had about 1.35 million members.

Annexation
In September 1938 the policy of SdP succeeded in the German annexation of Sudetenland according to the Munich Agreement (see: German occupation of Czechoslovakia). On 1 October Henlein was appointed Reichskommissar of the incorporated territories, which became the Reichsgau Sudetenland. After a last convention at Aussig, the organization officially merged into the German Nazi Party at a festive ceremony in Reichenberg (Liberec) on 5 November 1938. However, as many Nazi officials like Reinhard Heydrich were suspicious of the SdP party members, they were not absorbed, but had to apply for admission to the Nazi Party. About 520,000 members were approved, among them Henlein himself who also joined the SS. He was officially appointed Gauleiter in 1939, an office he held until 1945, though largely losing power to Reich Protector Heydrich.

As of October 1938 the SdP/KdP parliamentary club had 52 members from the Chamber of Deputies, and their joint Senate club had 26 members. On 30 October 1938 the parliamentary mandates of 46 deputies and 22 Senators of SdP and KdP were annulled.

The SdP branches in areas that remained in Czechoslovakia after the Sudetenland annexation formed the German People's Group in Czecho-Slovakia (Deutsche Volksgruppe in der Tschecho-Slowakei).

title: Sudeten German Party


text:
Nicolas-Toussaint Charlet

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 * Épisode de la retraite de Russie - Nicolas-Toussaint Charlet.jpg
 * - align = "right"
 * Nicolas Charlet Campagne de Russie Napoléon Bonaparte.jpg

Nicolas-Toussaint Charlet (20 December 1792 – 30 October 1845) was a French painter and printmaker, more especially of military subjects.

Life
Charlet was born in Paris. He was the son of a dragoon in the Republican army, whose death in the ranks left the widow and orphan in very poor circumstances. Madame Charlet, however, a woman of determined spirit and an extreme Bonapartist, managed to give her boy a moderate education at the Lycée Napoléon, and was repaid by his lifelong affection.

His first employment was a minor post in the Paris city administration, where he had to register recruits: he served in the National Guard in 1814, fought bravely at the Barrière de Clichy, and, being thus unacceptable to the Bourbon party, was dismissed from the city administration in 1816. He then, having from a very early age had a propensity for drawing, entered the atelier of the distinguished painter Baron Gros, and soon began issuing the first of those lithographed designs which eventually brought him renown.

His Grenadier de Waterloo, 1817, with the motto "The Guard Dies and Does Not Surrender" (La Garde meurt et ne se rend pas)—a famous phrase frequently attributed to Cambronne but which he never uttered, and which cannot, perhaps, be traced farther than to this lithograph by Charlet—was particularly popular. It was only towards 1822, however, that he began to be successful in a professional sense. Lithographs (about 2000 altogether), watercolours, sepia drawings, numerous oil sketches, and a few etchings followed one another rapidly. Later in his life there were also three exhibited oil pictures, the especially admired Episode in the Campaign of Russia (1836), the Passage of the Rhine by Moreau (1837), and Wounded Soldiers Halting in a Ravine (1843).

His military subjects particularly delighted Charlet, and they found an energetic response in the popular heart where they kept alive a feeling of pride and regret for the recent past of the French nation and discontent with the present. These feelings increased upon the artist himself towards the close of his career as Charlet designed many subjects of town life, peasant life, and the ways of children with much wit and whim in his descriptive mottoes. One of the most famous sets is the Vie civile, politique, et militaire du Caporal Valentin, 50 lithographs dating from 1838 to 1842. In 1838 his health began to fail owing to an affection of the chest.

Charlet was an uncommonly tall man, with an expressive face, bantering and good natured. His character was full of boyish fun and high spirits, with manly independence and a vein of religious feeling. He was a hearty favourite among his intimates, one of whom was the painter Théodore Géricault.

Charlet married in 1824, and two sons survived him.

Legacy
A life of Charlet was published in 1856 by a military friend, De la Combe.

title: Nicolas-Toussaint Charlet


text:
Martin Wiener

Martin Joel Wiener (born 1941) is an American academic and author. He is currently a research professor at Rice University.

Keith Joseph gave a copy of Wiener's book English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit: 1850–1980 to every cabinet minister.

Selected bibliography

 * Between Two Worlds: The Political Thought of Graham Wallas, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
 * English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit: 1850–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1981; paperback edition. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1985; new edition. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2004.
 * Review article "Treating 'Historical' Sources as Literary Texts: Literary Historicism and Modern British History," The Journal of Modern History Vol. 70, No. 3, September 1998
 * Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law and Policy in England, 1830–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
 * Men of Blood: Violence, Manliness and Criminal Justice in Victorian England, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
 * An Empire on Trial: Race, Murder and Justice under British Rule 1870–1835, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
 * Edgerton, D. (2006) Warfare State: Britain, 1920 – 1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 * Edgerton, D. (1991) England and the Aeroplane – An Essay on a Militant and Technological Nation.

title: Martin Wiener


text:
User talk:Raul654/Anthony evidence

Has this case gone through mediation for the specific infringement in question before it went for arbitration? The case is not Anthony v. Raul over the Main Page. Neither Anthony nor Raul have the right to decide how the Main Page should be handled. That is a decision made by all Wikipedians. Nor can the arbitration committee decide on how the feature articles are switched on the Main Page. That is also a general Wikipedia decision. I, for one, am not sure I see the point of this arbitration, since it is not a debate between two users (if it was, it should be me versus Anthony, because I actually blocked him, and I do not want to take Anthony to arbitration). Nor is any agreement on Anthony's status, made between Raul and Anthony, legitimate, if the problem is one of Anthony v. Wikipedia norms. I therefore ask the arb. comm. to come up with some other solution, preferably sending it back to mediation. At that point, the mediation committee can decide whether there is a case, and who should be involved in it. Danny 15:46, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I just don't see what mediation is going to achieve in this particular case. What do you expect mediation to achieve, Danny? Based on what I've read here, it doesn't read as if the AC is being expected to decide on how the feature articles are switched, so I don't see why that's even coming up here. Moreover, if the case is Anthony vs Wikipedia norms, rather than Anthony vs Raul, what good is mediation going to do? Are we going to have a mediation session between Anthony and the rest of Wikipedia? Methinks not. Ambivalenthysteria 15:55, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * What exactly are you saying or advocating? A criticism without any suggested alternative or a general opinion is too ambivalent to be helpful. -SV 17:52, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC) PS : Just as my comment here is too late to be useful. ;)
 * Danny, it hasn't gone through mediation at all. anthony (see warning) 16:01, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raul654/Anthony evidence


text:
Société Angélique

The Société Angéliqué was a group of writers and other scholars which formed around the printer/publisher Sebastian Gryphius in Lyon in the mid 16th century during the "Lyon Renaissance". It is considered to be the antecedent of the more recent literary societies. According to the cryptographer Claude Sosthène Grasset d'Orcet the group employed masonic trappings and adopted an angel's head as their crest.

The Société Angéliqué is purported, by Michel Lamy, to be the secret society behind many esoteric phenomena and movements including the mystery of Rennes-le-Château, the Priory of Sion, and the Thule Society. Lamy indicated that he based his extrapolations about the society on previous work by Grasset d'Orcet. According to Lamy, the society's traditions were disseminated in cryptic form, and he postulated that its membership included all the usual conspiracy theory favourites: Leonardo da Vinci, Alexandre Dumas, père, Guercino, Nicolas Poussin, Dante Alighieri, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jules Verne and others.

title: Société Angélique


text:
Freedom Now

Freedom Now is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit, non-partisan organization that protects individuals and communities from government repression and defends human rights through direct legal support, targeted high-leverage advocacy, and capacity-building analysis and assistance.

Its approach is to use focused legal, political, and public relations advocacy efforts designed to compel the release of individuals deprived of their liberty in violation of the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and other international human rights instruments.

A small organization with limited resources, Freedom Now works closely with other human rights organizations and lawyers to identify high-impact cases that would benefit from the organization's approach.

Notable campaigns
Freedom Now represents 38 prisoners of conscience worldwide, including:
 * Abdulhadi Alkhawaja (Bahrain)
 * Loujain Alhathloul (Saudi Arabia)
 * G.N. Saibaba (India)
 * Buzurgmehr Yorov (Tajikistan)

Notable past campaigns
Prisoners of conscience previously represented by Freedom Now include:
 * Eskinder Nega (Ethiopia)
 * Óscar Elías Biscet, M.D. (Cuba)
 * Father Thadeus Nguyen Van Ly (Vietnam)
 * Andrei Sannikov (Belarus)
 * Lapiro de Mbanga (Cameroon)
 * Dr. Yang Jianli (China)

UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Database
In 2011, Freedom Now partnered with the UN and Thomson Reuters to create the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Database. The online database includes over 1,000 legal decisions from 1992 to the present. It is the only searchable, complete database of Working Group decisions available. Freedom Now continues to monitor and update the database.

title: Freedom Now


text:
Antoine-Jean Gros

Antoine-Jean Gros (16 March 1771 – 25 June 1835) was a French painter of historical subjects. He was granted the title of Baron Gros in 1824.

Gros studied under Jacques-Louis David in Paris and began an independent artistic career during the French Revolution. Forced to leave France, Gros moved to Genoa. His portrait of French commander Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Arcole in 1796 brought Gros to public attention and gained the patronage of Napoleon. After traveling with Napoleon's army for several years, he returned to Paris in 1799. In addition to producing several large paintings of battles and other events in Napoleon's life, Gros was a successful portraitist.

Early life and training
Born in Paris, Gros began learning to draw at the age of six from his father, Jean-Antoine Gros, who was a miniature painter, and showed himself to be a gifted artist. His mother, Pierrette-Madeleine-Cécile Durand, was also a painter. Towards the close of 1785, Gros, by his own choice, entered the studio of Jacques-Louis David, which he frequented assiduously, continuing at the same time to follow the classes of the Collège Mazarin.

The death of his father, whose circumstances had been embarrassed by the French Revolution, threw Gros upon his own resources in 1791. He now devoted himself wholly to his profession, and he competed (unsuccessfully) in 1792 for the grand prix. Around this time, however, on the recommendation of the École des Beaux Arts, he painted portraits of the members of the National Convention, but as the Revolution developed, Gros left France in 1793 for Italy.

Genoa and Bonaparte
Gros supported himself in Genoa as a portraitist. He visited Florence and returned to Genoa, where he met Joséphine de Beauharnais. Following her to Milan, Gros was well received by her husband, Napoleon Bonaparte.

After Gros painted the scene Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole, Bonaparte gave him the post of inspecteur aux revues, which allowed Gros to follow the army. In 1797, Gros was charged with selecting the spoils for the Louvre.

Paris
In 1799, Gros left Genoa and made his way to Paris. In the beginning of 1801, he took up his quarters in the Capucins. His study for the painting of the Battle of Nazareth, now in the Musée d'Arts de Nantes, gained the prize offered in 1802 by the consuls, but the project was not carried out, owing, it is said, to Napoleon's jealousy of Jean-Andoche Junot, the general in the painting. Gros was commissioned to paint Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa, which is now in the Louvre. This was followed in 1806 by Gros's Bataille d’Aboukir, 25 Juillet 1799 (Joachim Murat at the Battle of Abukir) now at Versailles; and in 1808 by his Napoléon sur le champ de bataille d'Eylau, le 9 février 1807 (Napoleon at the battlefield after the Battle of Eylau) now in the Louvre.

Salon of 1804
At the Salon of 1804, Gros debuted his painting Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa. The painting launched his career as a successful painter. It depicts Bonaparte in Jaffa visiting soldiers infected with the bubonic plague. He is portrayed reaching out to one of the sick, unfazed by the illness. According to P. Jill Morse, Napoleon commissioned Gros to paint the scene to neutralize British propaganda. The propaganda focused on two episodes of the Egyptian campaign (1798-1800). First when he ordered the massacre of Turkish prisoners. Second, when he ordered the death by poison of French soldiers suffering from the plague. The painting showed a compassionate Napoleon visiting the sick at the plague hospital. Morse adds that Gros was probably using the disease as a metaphor for the vanity of Napoleon and his First Empire.

While Bonaparte did actually visit the pesthouse, later, as his army prepared to withdraw from Syria, he ordered the poisoning (with laudanum) of about fifty of his plague-infected men.

Later life
In 1810, his Madrid and Napoleon at the Pyramids (Versailles) show that Napoleon had deserted him. His Francis I and Charles V, 1812 (Louvre), had considerable success.

Fame
Gros was made a member of the Legion of Honour on 22 October 1808 by Napoleon, after the Salon of 1808, where he had exhibited the Battle of Eylau. Gros had many pupils and gained considerably more after David left Paris in 1815.

Under the Bourbon Restoration, Gros became a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts, a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts, and a member of the Order of Saint Michael. He was granted the title of baron in 1824 by King Charles X of France.

Gros inspired Eugène Delacroix, especially with his work in lithography. The two both worked during the same time period, and both did portraits of Napoleon. However, at one point, Gros had referred to Delacroix's Chios and Missolonghi as "a massacre of art".

G. Dargenty produced a book on the subject entitled ''Les Artistes célèbres. Le Bon Gros'' (1887).

M. Delcluze gave a brief notice of his life in Louis David et son temps ("Louis David and his times"), and Julius Meyer's Geschichte der modernen französischen Malerei ("History of Modern French Painting") contains what Britannica cites as an excellent criticism on his works.

title: Antoine-Jean Gros


text:
Category:McDonald's characters

Categorization for articles about fictional characters used in McDonald's advertising.

title: Category:McDonald's characters


text: Category:Aruba

title: Category:Aruba


text:
ATC code L01

L01AA Nitrogen mustard analogues

 * L01AA01 Cyclophosphamide
 * L01AA02 Chlorambucil
 * L01AA03 Melphalan
 * L01AA05 Chlormethine
 * L01AA06 Ifosfamide
 * L01AA07 Trofosfamide
 * L01AA08 Prednimustine
 * L01AA09 Bendamustine
 * L01AA10 Melphalan flufenamide

L01AB Alkyl sulfonates

 * L01AB01 Busulfan
 * L01AB02 Treosulfan
 * L01AB03 Mannosulfan

L01AC Ethylene imines

 * L01AC01 Thiotepa
 * L01AC02 Triaziquone
 * L01AC03 Carboquone

L01AD Nitrosoureas

 * L01AD01 Carmustine
 * L01AD02 Lomustine
 * L01AD03 Semustine
 * L01AD04 Streptozocin
 * L01AD05 Fotemustine
 * L01AD06 Nimustine
 * L01AD07 Ranimustine
 * L01AD08 Uramustine

L01AG Epoxides

 * L01AG01 Etoglucid

L01AX Other alkylating agents

 * L01AX01 Mitobronitol
 * L01AX02 Pipobroman
 * L01AX03 Temozolomide
 * L01AX04 Dacarbazine

L01BA Folic acid analogues

 * L01BA01 Methotrexate
 * L01BA03 Raltitrexed
 * L01BA04 Pemetrexed
 * L01BA05 Pralatrexate

L01BB Purine analogues

 * L01BB02 Mercaptopurine
 * L01BB03 Tioguanine
 * L01BB04 Cladribine
 * L01BB05 Fludarabine
 * L01BB06 Clofarabine
 * L01BB07 Nelarabine
 * QL01BB90 Rabacfosadine

L01BC Pyrimidine analogues

 * L01BC01 Cytarabine
 * L01BC02 Fluorouracil
 * L01BC03 Tegafur
 * L01BC04 Carmofur
 * L01BC05 Gemcitabine
 * L01BC06 Capecitabine
 * L01BC07 Azacitidine
 * L01BC08 Decitabine
 * L01BC09 Floxuridine
 * L01BC52 Fluorouracil, combinations
 * L01BC53 Tegafur, combinations
 * L01BC58 Decitabine, combinations
 * L01BC59 Trifluridine, combinations

L01CA Vinca alkaloids and analogues

 * L01CA01 Vinblastine
 * L01CA02 Vincristine
 * L01CA03 Vindesine
 * L01CA04 Vinorelbine
 * L01CA05 Vinflunine
 * L01CA06 Vintafolide

L01CB Podophyllotoxin derivatives

 * L01CB01 Etoposide
 * L01CB02 Teniposide

L01CC Colchicine derivatives

 * L01CC01 Demecolcine

L01CD Taxanes

 * L01CD01 Paclitaxel
 * L01CD02 Docetaxel
 * L01CD03 Paclitaxel poliglumex
 * L01CD04 Cabazitaxel
 * L01CD51 Paclitaxel and encequidar

L01CE Topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors

 * L01CE01 Topotecan
 * L01CE02 Irinotecan
 * L01CE03 Etirinotecan pegol
 * L01CE04 Belotecan

L01CX Other plant alkaloids and natural products

 * L01CX01 Trabectedin

L01DA Actinomycines

 * L01DA01 Dactinomycin

L01DB Anthracyclines and related substances

 * L01DB01 Doxorubicin
 * L01DB02 Daunorubicin
 * L01DB03 Epirubicin
 * L01DB04 Aclarubicin
 * L01DB05 Zorubicin
 * L01DB06 Idarubicin
 * L01DB07 Mitoxantrone
 * L01DB08 Pirarubicin
 * L01DB09 Valrubicin
 * L01DB10 Amrubicin
 * L01DB11 Pixantrone

L01DC Other cytotoxic antibiotics

 * L01DC01 Bleomycin
 * L01DC02 Plicamycin
 * L01DC03 Mitomycin
 * L01DC04 Ixabepilone

L01EA BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors

 * L01EA01 Imatinib
 * L01EA02 Dasatinib
 * L01EA03 Nilotinib
 * L01EA04 Bosutinib
 * L01EA05 Ponatinib
 * L01EA06 Asciminib

L01EB Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors

 * L01EB01 Gefitinib
 * L01EB02 Erlotinib
 * L01EB03 Afatinib
 * L01EB04 Osimertinib
 * L01EB05 Rociletinib
 * L01EB06 Olmutinib
 * L01EB07 Dacomitinib
 * L01EB08 Icotinib
 * L01EB09 Lazertinib
 * L01EB10 Mobocertinib
 * L01EB11 Aumolertinib

L01EC B-Raf serine-threonine kinase (BRAF) inhibitors

 * L01EC01 Vemurafenib
 * L01EC02 Dabrafenib
 * L01EC03 Encorafenib

L01ED Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors

 * L01ED01 Crizotinib
 * L01ED02 Ceritinib
 * L01ED03 Alectinib
 * L01ED04 Brigatinib
 * L01ED05 Lorlatinib

L01EE Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors

 * L01EE01 Trametinib
 * L01EE02 Cobimetinib
 * L01EE03 Binimetinib
 * L01EE04 Selumetinib

L01EF Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors

 * L01EF01 Palbociclib
 * L01EF02 Ribociclib
 * L01EF03 Abemaciclib

L01EG Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitors

 * L01EG01 Temsirolimus
 * L01EG02 Everolimus
 * L01EG03 Ridaforolimus
 * L01EG04 Sirolimus

L01EH Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase inhibitors

 * L01EH01 Lapatinib
 * L01EH02 Neratinib
 * L01EH03 Tucatinib

L01EJ Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitors

 * L01EJ01 Ruxolitinib
 * L01EJ02 Fedratinib
 * L01EJ03 Pacritinib
 * L01EJ04 Momelotinib

L01EK Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors

 * L01EK01 Axitinib
 * L01EK02 Cediranib
 * L01EK03 Tivozanib
 * L01EK04 Fruquintinib

L01EL Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors

 * L01EL01 Ibrutinib
 * L01EL02 Acalabrutinib
 * L01EL03 Zanubrutinib
 * L01EL04 Orelabrutinib
 * L01EL05 Pirtobrutinib

L01EM Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (Pi3K) inhibitors

 * L01EM01 Idelalisib
 * L01EM02 Copanlisib
 * L01EM03 Alpelisib
 * L01EM04 Duvelisib
 * L01EM05 Parsaclisib

L01EN Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors

 * L01EN01 Erdafitinib
 * L01EN02 Pemigatinib
 * L01EN03 Infigratinib
 * L01EN04 Futibatinib

L01EX Other protein kinase inhibitors

 * L01EX01 Sunitinib
 * L01EX02 Sorafenib
 * L01EX03 Pazopanib
 * L01EX04 Vandetanib
 * L01EX05 Regorafenib
 * L01EX06 Masitinib
 * L01EX07 Cabozantinib
 * L01EX08 Lenvatinib
 * L01EX09 Nintedanib
 * L01EX10 Midostaurin
 * L01EX11 Quizartinib
 * L01EX12 Larotrectinib
 * L01EX13 Gilteritinib
 * L01EX14 Entrectinib
 * L01EX15 Pexidartinib
 * L01EX17 Capmatinib
 * L01EX18 Avapritinib
 * L01EX19 Ripretinib
 * L01EX21 Tepotinib
 * L01EX22 Selpercatinib
 * L01EX23 Pralsetinib
 * L01EX24 Surufatinib
 * L01EX25 Umbralisib
 * L01EX26 Sitravatinib
 * L01EX27 Capivasertib
 * QL01EX90 Toceranib

L01FA CD20 (clusters of differentiation 20) inhibitors

 * L01FA01 Rituximab
 * L01FA02 Ofatumumab
 * L01FA03 Obinutuzumab

L01FB CD22 (clusters of differentiation 22) inhibitors

 * L01FB01 Inotuzumab ozogamicin
 * L01FB02 Moxetumomab pasudotox

L01FC CD38 (clusters of differentiation 38) inhibitors

 * L01FC01 Daratumumab
 * L01FC02 Isatuximab

L01FD HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) inhibitors

 * L01FD01 Trastuzumab
 * L01FD02 Pertuzumab
 * L01FD03 Trastuzumab emtansine
 * L01FD04 Trastuzumab deruxtecan
 * L01FD05 Trastuzumab duocarmazine
 * L01FD06 Margetuximab

L01FE EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitors

 * L01FE01 Cetuximab
 * L01FE02 Panitumumab
 * L01FE03 Necitumumab

L01FF PD-1/PDL-1 (programmed cell death protein 1/ death ligand 1) inhibitors

 * L01FF01 Nivolumab
 * L01FF02 Pembrolizumab
 * L01FF03 Durvalumab
 * L01FF04 Avelumab
 * L01FF05 Atezolizumab
 * L01FF06 Cemiplimab
 * L01FF07 Dostarlimab
 * L01FF08 Prolgolimab
 * L01FF09 Tislelizumab
 * L01FF10 Retifanlimab
 * L01FF11 Sugemalimab
 * L01FF12 Serplulimab
 * L01FF13 Toripalimab

L01FG VEGF/VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor) inhibitors

 * L01FG01 Bevacizumab
 * L01FG02 Ramucirumab

L01FX Other monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates

 * L01FX01 Edrecolomab
 * L01FX02 Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
 * L01FX03 Catumaxomab
 * L01FX04 Ipilimumab
 * L01FX05 Brentuximab vedotin
 * L01FX06 Dinutuximab beta
 * L01FX07 Blinatumomab
 * L01FX08 Elotuzumab
 * L01FX09 Mogamulizumab
 * L01FX10 Olaratumab
 * L01FX11 Bermekimab
 * L01FX12 Tafasitamab
 * L01FX13 Enfortumab vedotin
 * L01FX14 Polatuzumab vedotin
 * L01FX15 Belantamab mafodotin
 * L01FX16 Oportuzumab monatox
 * L01FX17 Sacituzumab govitecan
 * L01FX18 Amivantamab
 * L01FX19 Sabatolimab
 * L01FX20 Tremelimumab
 * L01FX21 Naxitamab
 * L01FX22 Loncastuximab tesirine
 * L01FX23 Tisotumab vedotin
 * L01FX24 Teclistamab
 * L01FX25 Mosunetuzumab
 * L01FX26 Mirvetuximab soravtansine
 * L01FX27 Epcoritamab
 * L01FX28 Glofitamab
 * L01FX29 Talquetamab

L01FY Combinations of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates

 * L01FY01 Pertuzumab and trastuzumab
 * L01FY02 Nivolumab and relatlimab
 * L01FY03 Prolgolimab and nurulimab

L01XA Platinum compounds

 * L01XA01 Cisplatin
 * L01XA02 Carboplatin
 * L01XA03 Oxaliplatin
 * L01XA04 Satraplatin
 * L01XA05 Polyplatillen

L01XB Methylhydrazines

 * L01XB01 Procarbazine

L01XD Sensitizers used in photodynamic/radiation therapy

 * L01XD01 Porfimer sodium
 * L01XD03 Methyl aminolevulinate
 * L01XD04 Aminolevulinic acid
 * L01XD05 Temoporfin
 * L01XD06 Efaproxiral
 * L01XD07 Padeliporfin

L01XF Retinoids for cancer treatment

 * L01XF01 Tretinoin
 * L01XF02 Alitretinoin
 * L01XF03 Bexarotene

L01XG Proteasome inhibitors

 * L01XG01 Bortezomib
 * L01XG02 Carfilzomib
 * L01XG03 Ixazomib

L01XH Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors

 * L01XH01 Vorinostat
 * L01XH02 Romidepsin
 * L01XH03 Panobinostat
 * L01XH04 Belinostat
 * L01XH05 Entinostat

L01XJ Hedgehog pathway inhibitors

 * L01XJ01 Vismodegib
 * L01XJ02 Sonidegib
 * L01XJ03 Glasdegib

L01XK Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors

 * L01XK01 Olaparib
 * L01XK02 Niraparib
 * L01XK03 Rucaparib
 * L01XK04 Talazoparib
 * L01XK05 Veliparib
 * L01XK06 Pamiparib
 * L01XK52 Niraparib and abiraterone

L01XL Antineoplastic cell and gene therapy

 * L01XL01 Sitimagene ceradenovec
 * L01XL02 Talimogene laherparepvec
 * L01XL03 Axicabtagene ciloleucel
 * L01XL04 Tisagenlecleucel
 * L01XL05 Ciltacabtagene autoleucel
 * L01XL06 Brexucabtagene autoleucel
 * L01XL07 Idecabtagene vicleucel
 * L01XL08 Lisocabtagene maraleucel
 * L01XL09 Tabelecleucel
 * L01XL10 Nadofaragene firadenovec
 * L01XL11 Lifileucel

L01XX Other antineoplastic agents

 * L01XX01 Amsacrine
 * L01XX02 Asparaginase
 * L01XX03 Altretamine
 * L01XX05 Hydroxycarbamide
 * L01XX07 Lonidamine
 * L01XX08 Pentostatin
 * L01XX10 Masoprocol
 * L01XX11 Estramustine
 * L01XX16 Mitoguazone
 * L01XX18 Tiazofurine
 * L01XX23 Mitotane
 * L01XX24 Pegaspargase
 * L01XX27 Arsenic trioxide
 * L01XX29 Denileukin diftitox
 * L01XX33 Celecoxib
 * L01XX35 Anagrelide
 * L01XX36 Oblimersen
 * L01XX40 Omacetaxine mepesuccinate
 * L01XX41 Eribulin
 * L01XX44 Aflibercept
 * L01XX46 Olaparib
 * L01XX52 Venetoclax
 * L01XX53 Vosaroxin
 * L01XX57 Plitidepsin
 * L01XX58 Epacadostat
 * L01XX59 Enasidenib
 * L01XX62 Ivosidenib
 * L01XX66 Selinexor
 * L01XX67 Tagraxofusp
 * L01XX69 Lurbinectedin
 * L01XX72 Tazemetostat
 * L01XX73 Sotorasib
 * L01XX74 Belzutifan
 * L01XX75 Tebentafusp
 * L01XX77 Adagrasib
 * L01XX78 Navitoclax
 * L01XX79 Eflornithine
 * L01XX80 Imetelstat
 * QL01XX91 Tigilanol tiglate
 * QL01XX92 Verdinexor

L01XY Combinations of antineoplastic agents

 * L01XY01 Cytarabine and daunorubicin

title: ATC code L01


text:
Talk:Bald River

Comments
I would say that perhaps ordinarily a stream no longer that the Bald River might not justify an encyclopedia article; however becasue the Bald River terminates in one of the most spectacular waterfalls in the state of Tennessee and one that is very well known because it is so highly accesible that an article is more than justified.
 * why not post an image of it?

title: Talk:Bald River


text:
Mary Delahunty

Mary Elizabeth Delahunty (born 7 June 1951) is an Australian journalist and politician with the Labor Party.

Early life
Delahunty was born in the Victorian town of Murtoa and educated at Loreto College in Ballarat. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from La Trobe University.

Media career
Delahunty was a news journalist for the ABC and Network Ten from 1975 to 1996. She appeared in news and current affairs programs such as Four Corners and The 7.30 Report. She received a Gold Walkley award for the story Aiding and Abetting which was shown and produced by Four Corners in 1983.

Aiding and Abetting was about the improper use of Australian aid money in the Philippines. In the late 1980s, Delahunty, then the chief newsreader for the ABC in Victoria, was parodied by comedian Jean Kittson on The Big Gig, where Kittson portrayed a snobbish, acid-tongued announcer called Veronica Glenhuntly (whose surname was taken from that of the elite Melbourne suburb). Delahunty was the weeknight presenter of ABC News Victoria from 1986 until 1990. She was replaced by Sue McIntosh.

Political career
Delahunty was elected to the seat of Northcote in the Victorian Legislative Assembly at a 1998 by-election. Her maiden speech was about the implications of the Fitzgerald report for Victoria, especially in regard to police corruption.

Delahunty was Minister for Education from 1999 to 2002, during the term of the first Bracks Government. She was the Minister for the Arts from 1999 to 2006, Minister for Women's Affairs from 2002 to 2006, and Minister for Planning from 2002 to 2005. As Minister for Planning, she was responsible for the media presentation of Melbourne 2030.

As Minister for Planning, Delahunty was criticised for the altering of the annual Surveyor-General's Report 2002–03, submitted by the Surveyor-General of Victoria, Keith Clifford Bell. The acting Victorian Ombudsman announced in January 2004 that he would "investigate why the former Surveyor-General's final annual report was substantially altered before being tabled in State Parliament last November" He also announced he would investigate the misuse of the Surveyor-General's electronic signature by the Department of Sustainability and Environment. The Auditor-General confirmed it would keep a watching brief over the investigations. It was also confirmed that the government ignored the advice of the office of the Victorian Government Solicitor "to not interfere with the report". Bell, himself had confirmed that the report had been altered. The complaint to the Ombudsman leading to the investigation had come from the then Opposition planning spokesman Ted Baillieu Efforts to alter or block Bell's reports, 1999-01 and 2000–01, had also occurred under the former Minister Sherryl Garbutt. Garbutt had made claims the reports were inaccurate, but were subsequently tabled without any alteration.

The Ombudsman's investigation found substantial sections altered after Bell had finished his term as Surveyor-General. It also found that Bell's signature was assigned to the Annual Report 2002-03 of the Surveyors Board of Victoria, without his knowledge or consent. The government was directed to apologise to Bell. Shadow Planning Minister, Ted Baillieu, in his statement to the Parliament on 9 April 2003 reported on the political interference at multiple levels, including the Planning Minister, in the performance of the responsibilities of the Surveyor-General. Bell was acknowledged as a competent, highly respected public servant and he was held in the highest esteem by both the surveying profession and the business sector. In a further statement to Parliament on 4 May 2005, Baillieu commented on the "doctoring" of Bell's report, which had been done at the Minister's direction. Baillieu further cited the Ombudsman's findings that the altering of the report was inappropriate and there were concerns regarding the adequacy of the investigations. It was claimed that then Planning Minister Delahunty had misled the Parliament. The tabled report bears the hand-written note signed by Bell's successor: "Amended by the direction of the Minister. John E.Tulloch Surveyor General of Victoria 19/4/2005”.

Previously, in 2002, the Auditor-General reviewed the functions and responsibilities of the Surveyor-General and agreed with reports submitted by Bell. The Auditor-General identified the interference by Land Victoria in the performance of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities, including the wrongful transfer of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities to business units of Land Victoria outside of the Office of Surveyor-General. He confirmed that such responsibilities cannot be transferred without legislative mandate. The Auditor-General found that the transfer of the functions of the Surveyor-General had seen them delivered unsatisfactorily and did not meet the obligations of the legislation. The Opposition blamed Delahunty and her predecessor Sherryl Garbutt, for extreme political interference in the performance of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities. Such interference included: attempts to block or alter annual reports from Bell; affix his electronic signature without his knowledge or permission; threats and intimidation by the former Executive Director of Land Victoria Elizabeth O'Keeffe; hiring of private investigators to investigate Bell and his office; and efforts to interfere with his review of State electoral boundaries in his capacity as a Electoral Boundaries Commissioner.

In January 2005 Bracks dumped Delahunty as Planning Minister. Rob Hulls replaced Delahunty in what the media reported as an "increasingly controversial" ministerial portfolio. Delahunty commented in the media that in late February 2005 "she picked up The Sunday Age to read that members of the ruling Right faction of the ALP wanted her out of her safe seat." In October 2006, Delahunty advised that she would not contest the November 2006 election due to health and family reasons.

Personal life
Delahunty is the sister of Victorian National Party MP, Hugh Delahunty, who is also a former Victorian Football League player, as is another brother, Michael. Her husband of 22 years, the journalist Jock Rankin, died in 2002. She has two children, Nicholas and Olivia. She was a guest on Life Matters (ABC Radio National, 26 August 2010) on such topics as grief, parenting, civic participation and public life, and her memoir, Public Life, Private Grief.

Critical studies and reviews of Delahunty's work

 * Review of Gravity.

title: Mary Delahunty


text:
Society of Merchant Venturers

The Society of Merchant Venturers is a charitable organisation in the English city of Bristol.

The society can be traced back to a 13th-century guild which was to fund the 15th-century voyage of John Cabot to Canada. In 1552, it gained a monopoly on sea trading from Bristol from its first royal charter. For centuries it had almost been synonymous with the government of Bristol, especially Bristol Harbour. In recent times, the society's activities have centred on charitable agendas.

The society played a part in the development of Bristol, including the building of Clifton Suspension Bridge and the Great Western Railway. It also influenced the development of educational institutions in Greater Bristol, including University of Bristol, University of the West of England, University of Bath, City of Bristol College, Merchants' Academy, Montpelier High School and Wells Cathedral School.

History
A Guild of Merchants was founded in Bristol by the 13th century, and swiftly became active in civic life. It funded John Cabot's voyage of discovery to Newfoundland in 1497. The society in its current form was established by a 1552 Royal Charter from Edward VI granting the society a monopoly on Bristol's sea trade. The society remained in effective control of Bristol's harbour until 1809. Further charters were granted by Charles I, Charles II and Elizabeth II. The society's members were active in the English colonisation of North America, helping to establish the Bristol's Hope and Cuper's Cove settlements in Newfoundland.

From the accession of William III in 1689, the society promoted trade protectionism which resulted in Parliament enacting policies such as restricting exports from Ireland and banning imports into Ireland from anywhere except England 'with deplorable results'.

In 1698 the society successfully lobbied Parliament to open up the slave trade to all subjects of the Crown. Over the next fifty years, the society joined with the city corporation and Bristol MPs in fighting numerous attempts to restore London's monopoly. Joseph Harford, a member of the society who would go on to become Master in 1796, was both a banker and a brass manufacturer, and thus a beneficiary of the trade. He was also the first chairman in 1788 of Bristol's provincial committee for the abolition of slavery, when opinion was becoming more divided.

During the eighteenth century one quarter of the individual members of the society were directly involved in the slave trade, including Michael Becher, Edward Colston, John Duckenfield, and Isaac Hobhouse.

The first light on the island of Flat Holm was a simple brazier mounted on a wooden frame, which stood on the high eastern part of the island. In 1733 the Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol found the brazier to be unreliable and petitioned the general lighthouse authority, Trinity House, for an actual lighthouse, but the petition failed. In 1735 William Crispe of Bristol submitted a proposal to build a lighthouse at his own expense. This initial proposal also failed but negotiations resumed in 1736 when 60 soldiers drowned after their vessel crashed on the Wolves rocks near Flat Holm. Following this disaster, the Society of Merchant Venturers supported William Crispe's proposal. Crispe agreed to pay £800 (£110,552, $220,241 in 2008) for the construction of the tower as well as the fees permits. The construction of the tower finished in 1737 and it began operating on 25 March 1738.

The costs of the construction of Bristol's Floating Harbour, completed in 1809, were far beyond the limited resources of the society and necessitated the setting up of the Bristol Docks Company. Although the society was represented on the board, it ceded its role in the management of the port of Bristol, which had dominated its activities throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

In the 19th century the society helped to fund the building of Clifton Suspension Bridge and members of the society helped to establish the Great Western Railway. In the 1860s the society acted with the Bristol Corporation to put Clifton Down and the adjoining Durdham Down under the control of a single Downs Committee. The society's members wanted to protect the land from future development and ensure that it remained available to the people of the city. The creation of the Downs Act in 1861 brought together Clifton Down with Durdham Down, setting out a long-term partnership to protect this open green space. Representatives from Bristol City Council and members of the society form the Downs Committee which meets regularly to ensure that the Downs is maintained and improved for the long term. Alderman Proctor's Drinking Fountain on Clifton Down was built in 1872 by G. and H. Godwin in a Gothic Revival style to commemorate the society's presentation in 1861 of "certain rights over Clifton Down made to the citizens" of Bristol.

The society contributed a total sum of £26 towards the construction of the statue of Edward Colston, which was completed in 1895 – 170 years after Colston's death. With growing awareness in the late 20th century of his involvement in the Bristol slave trade, there were protests and petitions for changes to institutions named after Colston, alterations to the statue's plaque, or for the statue to be removed, culminating in June 2020, when the statue was toppled and dumped in Bristol Harbour by Black Lives Matter protesters. After the statue was toppled, the Merchant Venturers issued a statement claiming that it had been "inappropriate" for them to have become involved in the rewording of the plaque in 2018.

In the sixteenth century the society had maintained a free school for mariners' children under the Merchants' Hall in King Street. A century later sailors were being instructed in the 'Arte of Navigacion'. This was to evolve into the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in Unity Street towards the end of the nineteenth century when over 2,500 students were enrolled. When University College, Bristol achieved its charter as the University of Bristol in 1909, the Merchant Venturers' Technical College provided the faculty of engineering, whilst the remaining departments of the college eventually became the University of the West of England. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the society took on Edward Colston's 'Colston's Hospital', a school for 100 boys (now Colston's School). This moved to Stapleton in 1861, becoming co-educational in 1991. In 1891 Colston's Girls' School (now Montpelier High School) was opened on Cheltenham Road using funds from Edward Colston's endowment. It became an academy in 2008, when Withywood School reopened as Merchants' Academy. In 2016 the Bristol Autism Free School, now called Venturers' Academy, opened nearby. Since 2017 the society and the University of Bristol have jointly sponsored five primary schools, a secondary school, an all-through school and a special school in Bristol. The overarching Venturers' Trust now oversees the education of more than 3,200 students.

The Merchant Venturers cared for twelve poor mariners in the sixteenth century and the society continues to be involved with the care for older people. The society has managed Colstons Almshouses on St Michael's Hill since its foundation by Edward Colston in 1696. Since 1922 the society has been the endowment trustee for the independent charity, the St Monica Trust, enabling very substantial developments to accommodate older people in recent years. The Society has also been sole trustee of the Cote Charity, set up in 1968, which in 2009 opened Katherine House, a residential care home and in 2016, Griffiths House for those living with dementia.

Involvement in the slave trade
The society was an active participant in the transatlantic slave trade from the seventeenth century until the eighteenth century.

Edward Colston's membership
The society says that Edward Colston became a member of the slave trading Royal African Company in 1680 and joined the society in 1683, continuing to live in London and attending two meetings.

Archives
Records of the Society of Merchant Venturers including foundation and membership, administrative, financial, charities, education, estates management, trade, associated clubs and societies, the Seamen's Hospital Fund, and various name indexes are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. SMV) (online catalogue) as well as further papers and correspondence related to the Society of Merchant Venturers' interests (Ref. 12152) (online catalogue). Other deeds and estate papers related to the society's interests in Somerset and Dorset are available at Somerset Heritage Centre.

Current status
The Society of Merchant Venturers comprises men and women who volunteer their skills and expertise to support the organisation's objectives. The Merchant Venturers work closely with the wider community and many of its members play a role in Bristol's commercial life and the institutions within the city. Its objectives are to:
 * 1) Contribute to the prosperity and well-being of the greater Bristol area through active support of enterprise and commercial and community activity;
 * 2) Enhance the quality of life for all, particularly for the young, aged and disadvantaged;
 * 3) Promote learning and the acquisition of skills by supporting education;
 * 4) Act as effective stewards of the charitable trusts, heritage, ancient buildings and open spaces for which the society is responsible.

Criticisms
According to an article in local magazine Venue in 2002, many members were not active in charity. However, the society says that the qualification for potential members is being "prominent in their own sphere of business and active in the charitable or public life of the area". There were no female full members of the society until 2003 (though Margaret Thatcher had earlier been made an honorary member), and no ethnic minority members until 2017 when Mohammed Saddiq, executive director of Wessex Water, was appointed; followed by Marti Burgess in 2020, a partner at Bevan Brittan.

Venue said that the Merchant Venturers control 12 charities and 40 trust funds, and also a private unlimited company, SMV Investments, that has major investments in defence contracting, tobacco, genetically modified agriculture and the petroleum industry. Merchant Venturers serve on the boards of many local charitable and cultural organisations, and are guaranteed seats on the University of Bristol Court and the Downs Committee. It quotes Paul Burton of the university's School of Policy Studies as saying, "they exert quite a bit of influence and we, the people of Bristol, don't know much about them and can't hold them to account".

In January 2022 Thangam Debbonaire, the MP for Bristol West whose constituency includes the Merchants’ headquarters in Clifton, told the Bristol Post that she believed it was time for the society to disband, calling them an "unaccountable, undemocratic network with no place in a modern, multicultural Bristol".

Statue of Edward Colston
On 7 June 2020, during international Black Lives Matter demonstrations provoked by the murder of George Floyd, a group of protestors in Bristol pulled down the 1895 statue of Edward Colston that stood in Magpie Park in The Centre, Bristol, objecting to the veneration of Edward Colston, a slave-trader, and pushed it into the harbour. During ensuing debate over the legitimacy of this act, the Society of Merchant Venturers was accused of having used its influence to block previous attempts to remove the statue legally. In response to the statue's removal, a spokesperson for the Merchant Venturers promised the society would "continue to educate itself about systemic racism".

Heraldry
The company's arms are blazoned as follows:

Arms: Barry wavy of eight argent and azure, on a bend or, a dragon passant with wings indorsed and tail extended vert, on achief gules, a lion passant guardant of the third, between two bezants. Crest: In a ducal coronet or, a main-mast of the last with pennon flying argent, charged with a cross gules, on the round top a man in armour proper, on his dexter arm a truncheon, his sinister hand supporting a carved shield of the second, from the round top six pike staves, three on each side issuing bendways of the first, the rigging from the round top to the coronet sable. Supporters: The dexter, a mermaid in the sea, all proper crined or, the middle fins at the joining of the bodies of the last, holding in her sinister hand a mirror of the first, and supporting with her dexter hand an anchor of the second, cabled proper: the sinister supporter, a winged satyr proper standing on a mount vert, winged and legged or, holding in his sinister hand a scythe the blade in base, all proper. Motto: Indocilis pauperiem pati.

The motto Indocilis pauperiem pati (Will not learn to endure poverty) is from the Odes of Horace.

title: Society of Merchant Venturers