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Talk:Trachtenberg system

Incoherent
Much of this is rather incoherent. In particular the meaning of "neighbor" is very confusing. -- Jmabel 05:58, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

Link removed
removed the link *http://www.speed-math.com/. Little relevance to the article.

I disagree about the irrelevance of the link: it is clearly software for practicing Trachtenburg method as described in the book.18.209.1.147 08:03, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Here is one clearer examples
I rewrote the demonstration of multiplication by 12. I hope it is clearer. It could still use work.

without paper.
I removed the phrase 'without pencil and paper'. I don't believe such a claim is made for the trachtenberg system. The system allows one to work quickly, even for large numbers. I will double check this, but I feel sure enough to make the edit for now.

needs work
as previously mentioned I did a quick and clumsy rewrite of one of the examples. but the whole article needs work. The examples may make sense to someone familiar with the trachtenberg system but others would be confused. enhandle

 * I added a brief explanation as to what halving meant, and how it's supposed to speed things up. But it really could use a treatment of how to add, multiply, and square things quickly. --Eienmaru 08:00, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Mental Arithmetic
I have now checked the book on the Trachtenberg system. There is no claim or intent to be a mental, paperless methodology. Perhaps some use it that way. but the examples given use very large numbers and explanations of pencil work. It would be near impossible for any ordinary person to do these things in his head.

I also am now forced to wonder at the comparison to Vedic. perhaps. perhaps not. I do not have the time or inclination to research it.

 * I agree. I used to be able to do up to about 3 x 3-digit multiplication without a pencil, but anything higher and the digit stacks get too long for me to remember.  There are only so many registers in the human brain, after all ^_^ --Eienmaru 08:00, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Not really. By solving the problem in columns instead of rows as we were taught you can add up the numbers immediately upon finding them.  I've been doing 4x4 and 5x5 digit multiplication in my head with this system.  As I find each number, I add it in to the running total in my head.  There are no saving numbers for later use.  Trachtenberg did develop this method in a concentration camp without the benefit of paper or pencil.  Of course, I do have to write down each digit of the answer as I find it.  Perhaps that is what you meant. Netherstar (talk) 23:34, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

this is very confused
This article is very confused. I don't have time to clean it up right now, but whoever does should have a look at http://hucellbiol.mdc-berlin.de/~mp01mg/oldweb/1mutrach.htm. (The french article isn't any better.)
 * you always have to add a 0 at the left, one for each digit of the multiplier
 * neighbour always means to the right
 * you work from right to left
 * you carry the one
 * Finally, the bulk of the article covers on multiplication, and only partially, even though the actual system also includes addition, division, and other special case stuff like certain squares. It seems odd to include so much detail about certain multiplicative cases when the others are left out.

Indeed. The following is moved from Translation into English:

 * Article: fr:Méthode Trachtenberg
 * Corresponding English-language article: Trachtenberg system
 * Worth doing because: Material to incorporate into English-language article
 * Originally Requested by: 80.160.122.64 00:43, 29 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Status: completed by --Frenchgeek 05:12, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Other notes: One of the external links is to a website that advertises a product. Should I delete that link?
 * Not really a translation issue, can be dealt with in the usual manner -- Jmabel 21:44, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * The word translated here as "neighbor" is unclear in its meaning. Can someone nail that before I remove this and call it complete? -- Jmabel 21:44, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * using neighbour for voisin is fine. It's good.
 * It isn't good because it is never defined in the relevant context. What does it mean? Digit to the left? Digit to the right? Both? Something else?
 * this is not a translation problem IMO. The french and english articles are equally ambiguous. I have studied math in both fr. and eng. and voisin / neighbour do not have any special meaning. I would suggest that study of the method, not the french text, is needed to discover the accurate method.

Two-finger Method
The "crown jewel" of the Trachtenburg system is a rapid method of multiplication of two numbers each of arbitrary number of digits. It is called the "two finger method", and this article ought to have a description of it.

Book
Could someone find the year of publication for the book? Larry R. Holmgren 17:29, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

I recorded on the page for Jakow Trachtenberg the year 1965 for its publication in London by Pan Books, per the copy of this book in my possession. Dajwilkinson 23:40, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Trachtenberg X 12 multiplication.
When you perform a multiplication first write down the number to be multiplied on paper and then perform the calculation from right to left.

Let's say 12345 x 12

First put zeros in front, 2 this time as we are multiplying by a 2 digit number. At each step mark the number you are dealing with. First Step * 0012345

The 'neighbour is the one to the right of the 5 ... NO Neighbour. So just double the number and the result goes below the marked number. * 0012345      0 the result being  10 you have to carry the 1 to be added in  the next step. ** 0012345      0 The second step, mark above the 4 and we now have a neighbour to the right, the 5. Double the number, add in the neighbour and the carry 8 + 5 + 1 = 14 0012345     40 Once again remember the carry one. This process is continued until you reach the zero when you add in the neighbour only. In this case the 1 and there is no carry. ** 0012345 148140

Hope this helps convert someone to a brilliant way of doing arithmetic ......

Modified the article to avoid any copyright problems.--PeterDKnight 11:35, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Multiplying by 5
This section is uselessly unreadable. Ugh. What a waste of server space. 128.151.178.66 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 21:06, 5 February 2009 (UTC).

I agree. Multiply x 5???? >>>> add a zero and divide by 2. Not Trachtenberg but it works ;-) 195.217.128.34 (talk) 13:53, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Plan to streamline
I've recently learned this system and I've found it very interesting. However, this article contains several points of misinformation and confusion caused by differences from different contributors. I've already changed the topic for Multiplying by 5 and intend to make some other changes in the future. I may completely rewrite the article. I haven't decided yet. If this causes problems for anyone, please let me know. Netherstar (talk) 21:55, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I've started a rewrite on this article, but I've been informed that an entire rewrite is not advisable without a discussion on this talk page. The rewrite can be found here.  I had all the rules for 3 thru 12 but I commented out several of them.  I began to feel that it was too much information.  This is an enclyclopedia, not a training seminar.  I also improved the cohesion between sections and corrected the citations.  Please let me know what anyone thinks.  Netherstar (talk) 00:20, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Reorder of the rules
I have rearranged the order of the simple number rules because there is a pattern to the rules that the book never explains.

And rule 5 is it's own animal and falls outside any pattern.

Addendum #1: If the rule states to add half the neighbor, always drop any 0.5 you get. Addendum #2: If the rule states to add half the neighbor, always add five if the current digit is odd.

Actually, rule 2 exists because of rule 1. You add five when the current digit is odd in anticipation of dropping the 0.5 in the next digit. Example: 632 --> 0.5 Hundreds = 5 Tens.

But because all of this is not in the book it falls under the catagory of "original research" and can not be included in the main article.

Netherstar (talk) 17:30, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Non-mathematicians point of view
I'm not that good at maths but I was wondering if it would be better if the article started with the x12 method. I didn't have a clue about the lengthy opening paragraphs about the algorithms but as soon as I saw the example given for x12 it took me five minutes to work out (as in understanding what the example was illustrating). I always think that simple examples are far better for non-mathematicians. It would be great for readers if there was an early heading: A simple example of the multiplication method using x12

Sluffs (talk) 22:58, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

How about these examples:

Find the product of 111 x 12. Add a zero to the start of the multiplicand (the number that is to be multiplied) so 01111. Start from the right and double each figure and add the right neighbor. The first figure has no neighbor and therefore receives no addition. Note that the prefix zero has to be calculated (double 0 then add the neighbor).

Find the product of 444 x 12. When a step produces ten or above carry the one.

Sluffs (talk) 00:27, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

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Better Algorithm
The C++ example is overly complicated. Instead of all the added complexity of classes and OOP, the example (which I agree should be there) should be more like pseudo-code. At the very least, it should be procedural and not object-oriented. Ackbeet (talk) 17:19, 18 April 2019 (UTC)

pedido de tradução
por traduzam este artigo Lil dripp (talk) 23:45, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Plagiarism at https://artofmemory.com/wiki/Trachtenberg_System/
Why does this keep happening? It's super obvious to people who are researching the subject and already checked the Wikipedia article. 63.155.46.234 (talk) 05:17, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 13, 2004

Go is a strategic, two-player board game originating in ancient China between 2000 BC and 200 BC. It is highly popular in eastern Asia, and play on the Internet has served to greatly increase its popularity throughout the rest of the world in recent years. In China it is called 圍棋 wéiqí (way-chee), in Korea its name is baduk, and in Japan 囲碁 igo (ee-go), which gave rise to the English name Go from the Japanese character 碁. The Chinese name translates to "Chess of Surrounding (One's Opponent)". (more...)

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Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol, is a popular drug that relieves headaches and other minor aches and pains, and lowers fever. It is thus an analgesic and an antipyretic. It is used in numerous cold and flu medications and is a major ingredient in many prescription analgesics. It is remarkably safe in standard doses, but because of its wide availability, deliberate or accidental overdose is not uncommon. Unlike other common analgesics such as aspirin and ibuprofen, Acetaminophen has no anti-inflammatory properties, and so it is not a member of the family of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Prior to the creation of acetaminophen, the only antipyretic agent available was cinchona bark, which was also used to create the anti-malaria drug quinine. (more...)

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Compaq Portable series

Compaq's first computers' form factors were portable, also called "luggables", and then "lunchbox computers", and together constituted the Compaq Portable series. These computers measured approximately 16 in deep, 8 in tall, and approximately 20 in wide. As the products evolved, laptops and notebooks were created offing a new level of portability that caused the market to explode.

Some of the portables, the Portable and Portable II, had CRT monitors, while later the Portable III and the Portable 386) had flat, monochrome, usually amber, plasma displays. The portables came/could come with internal hard disk drives on 0.5" shock mount springs; diskette drives, usually 5-$1⁄4$" double- or quadruple-density drives; batteries; and/or a dual-ISA expansion chassis, about one full-drive-height wide. Note this was before the term "ISA" became a standard. The Compaq Portable 486 included mono and color LCD screens and were battery powered.

Machines of the series

 * Compaq Portable – Compaq's first computer; first 100% IBM PC compatible
 * Compaq Portable Plus – Compaq's version with built-in hard drive
 * Compaq Portable 286 – Compaq's version of the PC AT in the original Compaq Portable chassis; equipped with 6/8-MHz 286 and a high-speed 20-MB hard drive
 * Compaq Portable II – smaller and lighter version of Compaq Portable 286; it was less expensive but with limited upgradability and a slower hard drive
 * Compaq Portable III
 * Compaq Portable 386
 * Compaq Portable 486 and Compaq Portable 486c

The Compaq Portable is an early portable computer which was one of the first 100% IBM PC compatible systems. It was Compaq Computer Corporation's first product, to be followed by others in the Compaq Portable series and later Compaq Deskpro series.

Initial Production and Competition
The Compaq Portable was announced in November 1982 and first shipped in March 1983, priced at US$2995 1983 with a single half-height 5¼" $360 kB$ diskette drive or US$3590 for dual, full-height diskette drives. The 28 lb Compaq Portable folded up into a luggable case the size of a portable sewing machine. Compaq sold 53,000 units in the first year with a total of US$111 million in revenue, an American Business record. In the second year revenue hit US$329 million setting an industry record. Third year revenue was at US$503.9 million, another US business record.

The computer was an early all-in-one, becoming available two years after the CP/M-based Osborne 1 and Kaypro II, in the same year as the 8088 and MS-DOS-based (but not entirely IBM PC compatible) Dynalogic Hyperion, and a year before the Commodore SX-64. Its design was influenced by that of the Xerox NoteTaker, a prototype computer developed at Xerox PARC in 1976. Other portable "work-alikes", that were not PC compatible clones include the Seequa Chameleon, and Corona Data Systems' Model PPC-400, and Eagle Computer's Eagle Spirit Portable. They were all short-lived competitors.

IBM responded to the Compaq Portable with the IBM Portable, developed because its sales force needed a comparable computer to sell against Compaq.

Design
The Compaq Portable has basically the same off-the-self hardware as an IBM PC, transplanted into a luggable case (specifically designed to fit as carry-on luggage on an airplane), with Compaq's BIOS instead of IBM's. All Portables shipped with 128k of RAM and 1-2 double-sided double-density 360 KB disk drives.

The machine uses a unique hybrid of the IBM MDA and CGA which supports the latter's graphics modes, but contains both cards' text fonts in ROM. When using the internal monochrome monitor the 9x14 font is used, and the 8x8 one when an external monitor is used (the user switches between internal and external monitors by pressing Ctrl). The user can use both IBM video standards, for graphics capabilities and high-resolution text. With a larger external monitor, the graphics hardware is also used in the original Compaq Deskpro desktop computer.

Compaq used a “foam and foil” keyboard from Keytronics, with contact mylar pads that were also featured in the Tandy TRS-80, Apple Lisa 1 and 2, Compaq Deskpro 286 AT, some mainframe terminals, SUN Type 4, and some Wang keyboards. The foam pads the keyboards used to make contact with the circuit board when pressed disintegrate over time, due to both the wear of normal use and natural wear. The CRT display also suffered from a low refresh rate and heavy ghosting.

Software
Compaq's efforts were possible because IBM had used mostly off-the-shelf parts for the PC and published full technical documentation for it, and because Microsoft had kept the right to license MS-DOS to other computer manufacturers. The main difficulty was the BIOS, because it contained IBM's copyrighted code. Compaq solved this problem by producing a clean room workalike that performed all documented functions of the IBM PC BIOS, but was completely written from scratch.

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The first Portables used MS-DOS essentially identical to PC DOS 1.10 except for having a standalone BASIC that did not require the IBM PC's ROM Cassette BASIC, but this was superseded in a few months by MS-DOS 2.00 which added hard disk support and other advanced features. The initial Portables are similar to the 16K-64K models of the IBM PC in that the BIOS was limited to 544K of RAM and did not support expansion ROMs, thus making them unable to use EGA/VGA cards, hard disks, or similar hardware. After DOS 2.x and the IBM XT came out, Compaq upgraded the BIOS. Although the Portable was not offered with a factory hard disk, users commonly installed them. Starting in 1984, Compaq began offering a hard-disk equipped version in the Portable Plus. The original hard disks offered would be 10 or 21 megabytes, although bad sectors often reduced the space available for use.

Reception
BYTE wrote, after testing a prototype, that the Compaq Portable "looks like a sure winner" because of its portability, cost, and high degree of compatibility with the IBM PC. Its reviewer tested IBM PC DOS, CP/M-86, WordStar, SuperCalc, and several other software packages, and found that all worked except one game. PC Magazine also rated the Compaq Portable very highly for compatibility, reporting that all tested applications ran. It praised the "rugged" hardware design and sharp display, and concluded that it was "certainly worth consideration by anyone seeking to run IBM PC software without an IBM PC".

Later Models
The Compaq Portable Plus simply had a hard drive to replace one floppy disk drive, and logos and badges with gold backgrounds instead of silver. Independent computer stores were previously doing this upon request of users, and Compaq saw this as a lost revenue opportunity. In 1985, Compaq introduced the Portable 286, although it was replaced by the more compact Portable II in a redesigned case within a few months. The Portable 286 featured a full height hard disk, and the options of one half-height floppy drive, two half-height floppy drives, or a half-height floppy drive and a tape backup drive The Compaq Portable 286, Compaq's version of the PC AT was offered in the original Compaq Portable chassis; equipped with $6 MHz$ 286 and a high-speed $20 MB$ hard drive The Compaq Portable II – was smaller and lighter version of Compaq Portable 286; it was less expensive but with limited upgradability and a slower hard drive.

The Compaq Portable III was another AT-compatible computer released in 1987. It was advertised as being much smaller and lighter than the previous portable x86-PCs, however it was still quite large by today's standards. Three models were announced at release. The Model 1 had a list price of US$3999 and was equipped with a $12 MHz$ Intel 80286, $640 KB$ RAM, $1.2 MB$ $5.25 "$ floppy, and a $10 "$ amber colored gas-plasma display. Other options included the Model 20 at US$4999 which added a $20 MB$ hard disk, or US$5799 for the Model 40 with the upgraded $40 MB$ hard disk. There was also an optional ISA Expansion chassis allowed for 2 full length 16-bit ISA add-in cards for US$199. Power is supplied using a mains electricity outlet, no battery exists.

The Compaq Portable III, Compaq Portable 386, Compaq Portable 486 and Compaq Portable 486c were later in the series.

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 15, 2004

A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship pioneered by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century. Due to the outstanding success of the Zeppelin design, the term zeppelin in casual use came to refer to all rigid airships. The German defeat in World War I halted the business temporarily, but under the guidance of Hugo Eckener, the successor of the deceased count, civilian Zeppelins experienced a renaissance in the 1920s. They reached their zenith in the 1930s, when the airships LZ127 "Graf Zeppelin" and LZ129 "Hindenburg" profitably operated regular transatlantic passenger flights. The Hindenburg disaster in 1937 triggered the fall of the "giants of the air", though other factors, including political issues, contributed to the demise. (more...)

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The Beatles are among the most influential popular music artists of modern times, initially affecting the culture of Britain and the U.S., the postwar baby boom generation, and then of the rest of the world, especially during the 1960s and early 1970s. Certainly they are the most successful, with global sales exceeding 1.3 billion albums. Their influences on popular culture extended far beyond their roles as recording artists, as they branched out into film and even semi-willingly became spokesmen for their generation. The members of the group were John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr (Richard Starkey), all from Liverpool in England. The effect of the Beatles on Western culture (and by extension on the rest of the world) has been immeasurable. (more...)

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Nishi (Direction) listed at Redirects for discussion
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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 19, 2004

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The Voynich Manuscript is a mysterious illustrated book of unknown contents, written some 500 years ago by an anonymous author in an unidentified alphabet and unintelligible language. Over its recorded existence, the VMs has been the object of intense study by many professional and amateur cryptographers — including some top American and British codebreakers of World War II fame — who all failed to decipher a single word. This string of egregious failures has turned the VMs into the Holy Grail of historical cryptology; but it has also given weight to the theory that the book is nothing but an elaborate hoax — a meaningless sequence of random symbols. The book is named after the Russian-American book dealer Wilfrid Voynich, who acquired it in 1912. It is presently item MS 408 in the Beinecke Rare Book Library of Yale University. (more...)

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Thai Town, Los Angeles

Thai Town (ไทยทาวน์) is a neighborhood in Central Los Angeles, California. In 2008, it was one of the five Asian Pacific Islander neighborhoods (Chinatown, Little Tokyo, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, and Thai Town) in the city that received federal recognition as a Preserve America neighborhood. It is the only officially recognized Thai Town in the United States.

History
The Los Angeles City Council voted unanimously on October 27, 1999, to designate the neighborhood as "Thai Town," the first place in the United States with that name. The designation was proposed by Councilwoman Jackie Goldberg, who said the move would bring neighborhood pride, economic development and promotion of tourism to the area. At that time, the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) was instructed to install signage to identify Thai Town.

It was significant to Goldberg that the staff of the Thai Community Development Center includes other Asians, Latinos and whites, all intent on improving the East Hollywood business community in general. "They're already calling Thai Town the 77th province," said Thai Chamber of Commerce President Niphun Rojanasopondist, referring to the 76 provinces that made up Thailand at the time.

In 2000, the center won a $15,000 Department of Public Works matching grant  to create a garden and to bring from Thailand four golden statues of kinnari (mythical creatures who are half angel, half bird) to mark Thai Town's borders.

In 2008, the Thai Community Development Center expanded its partnership with the four Asian Pacific Islander communities in Los Angeles to pursue a national designation by the White House of all five API towns as a Preserve America Neighborhood. The other communities are Chinatown, Little Tokyo, Historic Filipinotown and Koreatown. They formed the API Preserve America Neighborhood Coalition. First Lady Laura Bush presented the "Preserve America" designation, signifying value as a cultural and historic asset. The designation made Thai Town eligible for up to $250,000 in Preserve America grants, along with $250,000 in other public and private matching funds.

Geography
Thai Town is a six-block neighborhood flanking Hollywood Boulevard between Normandie Avenue and Western Avenue, its entrances being marked by two statues of apsonsi (a mythical half human, half lion angel in Thai folklore).

Thai Town is bordered by the neighborhoods of Los Feliz to the north and east, central Hollywood to the west, and Little Armenia to the south.

Neighborhood
In 2000 a Los Angeles Times writer said Thai Town was a place where

"gourmands can stock up on bitter melon and round Thai eggplant. A Thai dessert shop offers preserved jackfruit, Pandan cookies and Kring Krang, crisply sweetened rice. The large Silom supermarket occupies the middle of a block near Hobart Boulevard, its exterior the rose-hued color of dusk with ornate trimming and a spirit house, draped with colorful garlands and a stone-faced Buddha image, guarding the entrance from destructive forces."

Demographics
The neighborhood has been the home to immigrant groups, including Armenians and Latinos, for a long time, and Thai Americans began settling there in the 1960s.

The influx of Thai people into East Hollywood made the neighborhood a "point of entry" for the 80,000 Thais estimated to be living in Southern California. Many came with the intention to attend Southern California universities.

Data for the area show that 27% of households live below the poverty line—a rate 12 percentage points higher than the county average. Fueling the persistent poverty has been the arrival of thousands of working-class Thai immigrants in the last two decades who have flooded sweatshops, restaurant kitchens and, most recently, massage parlors, said Chancee Martorell, executive director of the Thai Community Development Center, which has conducted several studies on the plight of Thai Town.

Public transport
The area is served by the Metro B Line subway at the Hollywood/Western station in addition to Metro Local bus lines 2, 180, 206, 207, & 217.

Holidays
On the first Sunday in April, Thai Town celebrates Songkran, the Thai New Year, by closing off Hollywood Boulevard within its boundaries, and setting up food stands and entertainment on the street along with a parade on the street from New Hampshire Avenue to Winona Boulevard.

title: Thai Town, Los Angeles


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Hampton Court Conference

The Hampton Court Conference was a meeting in January 1604, convened at Hampton Court Palace, for discussion between King James I of England and representatives of the Church of England, including leading English Puritans. The conference resulted in the 1604 Book of Common Prayer and, in 1611, the King James Version of the Bible.

Attendance
While the meeting was originally scheduled for November 1603, an outbreak of plague meant it was postponed until February. The conference was called in response to a series of requests for reform set down in the Millenary Petition by the Puritans, a document which supposedly contained the signatures of 1000 Puritan ministers, including Henry Robinson, Anthony Watson, Tobias Matthew, Thomas Dove, Anthony Rudd, Thomas Bilson, Gervase Babington, Deans Lancelot Andrewes, John Overall, James Montague, William Barlow, Giles Tomson and Thomas Ravis. Also John Rainolds (sometimes written as Reynolds), the president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. There were three meetings over a period of five days.

The first meeting
The conference set off with a meeting between James and his bishops about some of the Puritan complaints detailed in the Millenary Petition, particularly the complaints about the Catholic terms Absolution and Confirmation. The King, after ending his talks with the bishops, claimed he was "well satisfied", and declared that "the manner might be changed and some things cleared". Private baptism, especially when administered by women, would prove to be a more intense argument between James and his bishops, but James eventually persuaded them that only ministers should administer baptisms.

James then turned his attention to ecclesiastical discipline. Excommunication for "trifles and twelvepenny matters" was to be abolished, and the often hasty trial policies of the commissaries' court were to be reviewed and amended by the Lord Chancellor and Lord Chief Justice. For the Puritan complaint that punishment should be enforced by Christ's own institution, James held the view that bishops should not exercise ecclesiastical discipline solely, though he did not speak of any specific method that he would use to remedy this.

All in all, James was pleased, and had good reason to be. With the first meeting, not only had he eloquently reached agreements on many of the Puritan demands, he also avoided any major arguments.

The aftermath
Soon after the conference, Archbishop John Whitgift died and the anti-Puritan Richard Bancroft, who had argued against the Puritans at Hampton Court, was appointed to the See of Canterbury, and the King's fears led to demands that Puritan ministers adhere to each of the Thirty-Nine Articles.

But the Hampton Court Conference also bore fruit for the Puritans, who, led by Rainolds, insisted that man know God's word without intermediaries, as it led to James's commissioning of that translation of the Christian Bible into the English vernacular, which would be known as the Authorised Version because it alone was authorised to be read in Churches. It is now commonly described as the King James Version. Crucially, the King broadened a base of support, which under his predecessor Elizabeth I had been narrowed through harsh anti-Catholic laws, through his moderate and inclusive approach to the problems of English religion; while alienating the more extreme Puritan and Catholic elements of English Christianity.

title: Hampton Court Conference


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Park Road railway station

Park Road railway station is the junction station for the Gold Coast and Cleveland lines in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Dutton Park.

It is served by Beenleigh, Cleveland and Gold Coast line services. Immediately south of the station lies a triangle junction with the Cleveland and Fisherman Islands lines branching off.

History
In September 1930, the standard gauge NSW North Coast line opened to the west of the station. On 12 November 1942, a wartime siding opened at Park Road, followed by a second on 28 February 1944. After falling out of use in 1945, the yard was reactivated in 1949. In its later years, it was primarily used by paper trains for Queensland Newspapers. It closed again in the early 1990s.

As part of the construction of the Gold Coast line, the standard gauge line was converted to dual gauge to allow these services to be segregated from Beenleigh and Cleveland services. In 2000, a project commenced to add a fourth track and platform face between the existing lines, as well as add a platform face to the dual gauge line.

Platform 4 was intended for use by Gold Coast trains but the curvature of the platform was deemed unsafe for commuter train usage. In preparation for sweeping changes across the City network on 20 January 2014, the use of platform 4 at Park Road was trialled from 13 January, before opening for selected Gold Coast services on 20 January.

During an extended 10-day track closure from 25 December 2021 to 3 January 2022, Park Road Station was closed including tracks from it to Yeerongpilly Station and Lindum Station. This allowed for works to move the Up Beenleigh track 40-50m to the east following the Dual Gauge unwired flyover, to support the final alignment of Cross River Rail southern portal. The section of track from Dutton Park Station that allowed access to Platform 2 at Park Road Station was also removed permanently, resulting in all trains from the Down Beenleigh track servicing Platform 3 at Park Road.

The dual gauge track between Dutton Park Station and Platform 4 at Park Road Station remains closed due to Cross River Rail works.

Services
Park Road station is served by Beenleigh, Cleveland and Gold Coast line services.

Transport links
Adjacent to the station lies Boggo Road busway station that is served by Transport for Brisbane bus services. The future Boggo Road railway station is due to open in 2024 and will provide interchange with Park Road.

title: Park Road railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 21, 2004

The London Underground is a public transport network, composed of electrified railways (that is, a metro system) that run underground in tunnels in central London and above ground in the London suburbs. It is the oldest city underground network in the world. Lines on the Underground can be classified into two types: sub-surface and deep level. The sub-surface lines were dug by the cut-and-cover method, with the tracks running about 5 metres below the surface. The deep-level or "tube" lines, bored using a tunnelling shield, run about 20 metres below the surface (although this varies considerably), with each track running in a separate tunnel lined with cast-iron rings. Today there are 275 stations and over 408 km of active lines, with 3 million passenger journeys made each day. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 22, 2004

The White Rose was a group of students that formed a resistance movement in Nazi Germany from June 1942 to February 1943. Based in Munich, the group released six leaflets, calling on Germans to engage in passive resistance against the regime. The group consisted of five students: Hans Scholl, his sister Sophie Scholl, Christoph Probst, Alexander Schmorell, and Willi Graf, all in their early twenties. They were joined by a professor, Kurt Huber, who drafted the final two leaflets. Though the members of the White Rose were all students at Munich University, the men had also participated in the war on the French and Russian fronts, were witness to the atrocities being committed against Jews, and sensed that the reversal of fortunes that the Wehrmacht suffered at Stalingrad would eventually lead to Germany's defeat. They rejected the Prussian militarism of Adolf Hitler's Germany and believed in a federated Europe that adhered to Christian principles of tolerance and justice. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 23, 2004

Computing hardware has been an essential component of calculation and data storage since it became necessary for data to be processed and shared. Humanity has used devices to aid in computation for millennia. The Phoenicians stored clay shapes representing such things as livestock and grains in containers, which were used not only by merchants but by accountants and government officials of the time. Even today, an experienced abacus user using a device several thousand years old can complete basic calculations more quickly than the average person using a standard four-function hand calculator. (more...)

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Shannon Sharpe

Shannon Sharpe (born June 26, 1968) is an American former football tight end who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Denver Broncos. Regarded as one of the greatest tight ends of all time, he ranks third in tight end receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns. He was also the first NFL tight end to amass over 10,000 receiving yards. He was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011.

Sharpe played college football for the Savannah State Tigers and was selected by the Broncos in the seventh round of the 1990 NFL draft. During his 12 non-consecutive seasons with Denver, he was selected to seven consecutive Pro Bowls and four first-team All-Pros, and won two consecutive Super Bowl titles. In between his Broncos tenures, Sharpe was a member of Baltimore Ravens for two seasons, with whom he received an eighth Pro Bowl selection and won a third Super Bowl title. Sharpe retired as the NFL leader in receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns by a tight end. Following his retirement, Sharpe appeared as an analyst for The NFL Today on CBS Sports and co-hosted Skip and Shannon: Undisputed on Fox Sports 1 with Skip Bayless from 2016 to 2023.

Early life and education
Sharpe, the younger brother of former NFL star wide receiver Sterling Sharpe, grew up in Glennville, Georgia, where he was an all-state player in three sports at Glennville High School. He once joked, "We were so poor, a robber once broke into our house and we ended up robbing the robber." He commented, "I was a terrible student. I didn't graduate magna cum laude, I graduated 'Thank you, Lawdy!'" At Savannah State University, he played football and basketball, and also competed in track and field. In track, he competed in jumping and throwing events.

Sharpe was a three-time All-Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference selection from 1987 to 1989 and the SIAC Player of the Year in 1987. He was also selected as a Kodak Division II All-American in 1989. He led the Tigers' football team to their best records in the program's history: 7–3 in 1988 and 8–1 in 1989. As a senior, Sharpe caught 61 passes for 1,312 yards and 18 touchdowns, including three games with more than 200 yards. Sharpe finished his college career with 192 receptions for 3,744 yards and 40 touchdowns. He was inducted into the Division II Football Hall of Fame in 2009, Savannah State's athletic Hall of Fame in 2010, and the Black College Football Hall of Fame in 2013.

Professional career
Despite his stellar college career, Sharpe was not considered a highly rated prospect in the 1990 NFL draft. In addition to playing Division II college football, Sharpe's size (6'2", 230 pounds) was considered too large for a receiver and too small for a tight end. He was eventually selected in the seventh round with the 192nd pick by the Denver Broncos.  After two mediocre seasons as a receiver in which he caught just 29 passes, Denver converted him to a tight end.  This quickly paid off, as Sharpe caught 53 passes in his third season. He remained with Denver until 1999, winning two championship rings at Super Bowl XXXII and Super Bowl XXXIII in the process. After a two-year stint with the Baltimore Ravens, where he won another championship ring at Super Bowl XXXV, he returned to the Broncos. He played there until 2003. From there, he retired to become an NFL analyst for CBS.

Ozzie Newsome, the Ravens' general manager, said of Sharpe during his career: "I think he's a threat when he's on the field. He has to be double-teamed. He's a great route-runner. He's proven that he can make the big plays. That's what separates him. He's a threat." Sharpe was selected to the All-Pro Team four times, played in eight Pro Bowls (1992–1998, 2001) and amassed over 1,000 receiving yards in three different seasons. In a 1993 playoff game against the Los Angeles Raiders, Sharpe tied a postseason record with 13 receptions for 156 yards and a touchdown. In the Ravens' 2000 AFC title game against the Oakland Raiders, he caught a short pass on third down and 18 from his own four-yard line and took it 96 yards for a touchdown, the only touchdown the Ravens scored, en route to a 16–3 Ravens' win. As of 2024, this remains the Ravens' longest offensive play in team history. Sharpe also caught a 50+ yard pass in each of their other two playoff games. He finished his 14-year career with 815 receptions for 10,060 yards and 62 touchdowns in 203 games.

Post-playing career
Sharpe was a commentator for the CBS Sports pregame show The NFL Today, including the Sprint Halftime Report and the Subway Postgame Show, replacing Deion Sanders and co-hosting with James Brown (formerly with Fox NFL Sunday), former NFL quarterbacks Dan Marino and Boomer Esiason, as well as former coach Bill Cowher. In the 2004 NFL regular season, Sharpe defeated Marino and Esiason in the pick 'em game of The NFL Today with a 53–21 record. On February 18, 2014, it was announced that Sharpe, along with Dan Marino, were being relieved of their duties as on-air commentators on The NFL Today and were being replaced by Tony Gonzalez and Bart Scott.

In 2013, Sharpe became a columnist and spokesperson for FitnessRX For Men magazine and appeared on their September 2013 cover.

Sharpe has hosted Sirius NFL Radio's Opening Drive morning program, alongside Bob Papa.

Sharpe was among the 17 finalists being considered for enshrinement at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009. However, he was passed over in his first year in a class that included Bruce Smith, Ralph Wilson, Derrick Thomas and Rod Woodson. On October 23, 2009, the NCAA Division II Football Hall of Fame announced that Sharpe would be inducted in December of that year. In addition, Savannah State University also retired Sharpe's No. 2 jersey. On November 28, 2010, Sharpe was nominated as a semi-finalist for induction into the 2011 Pro Football Hall of Fame, along with Art Modell and 24 others, among them Jerome Bettis, Roger Craig, Marshall Faulk, and Deion Sanders. Subsequently, on February 6, 2011, Shannon Sharpe was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

After his retirement, Sharpe has been a social media staple, going viral for his antics and sports commentary. He is also notably a huge supporter of NBA player LeBron James, referring to him as the greatest basketball player in NBA history. He also appeared on the American Dad! episode "The Scarlett Getter", portraying himself.

Sharpe joined Skip Bayless in FS1's sports debate show Skip and Shannon: Undisputed which premiered on September 6, 2016. In addition to his defense of LeBron James, Sharpe is also known for his criticism of Tom Brady and the Dallas Cowboys on the show.

Sharpe also has multiple podcasts: Club Shay Shay (which he hosts) and Nightcap (which he hosts with Chad Ochocinco Johnson and Gilbert Arenas). The episode of Club Shay Shay featuring Bubba Wallace was selected by the Apple Podcasts editorial team on their "Apple Podcasts Best of 2021" list. Both podcasts have been nominated for and won multiple awards for online media.

On February 10, 2023, former NFL quarterback Brett Favre began a lawsuit against Sharpe and fellow former NFL player Pat McAfee, as well as Mississippi auditor Shad White, for making "defamatory charges" about Favre's involvement in a $77 million welfare fraud scheme. A representative for Favre stated that Sharpe and McAfee "tried to enhance their careers by fabricating unsubstantiated defamation charges against [Favre]."

In May 2023, Sharpe's home was burglarized with over $1 million worth of items stolen, according to several media reports. Obvious signs of forced entry were not found by the police. Sharpe announced a $50,000 reward for information leading to an arrest and conviction.

On May 31, 2023, it was announced that Sharpe would soon leave Undisputed after reaching a buyout agreement with Fox Sports. On June 13, Sharpe co-hosted his last episode of Undisputed. He later confirmed that he and Bayless had a falling out following an argument where Bayless compared Sharpe's NFL career to Tom Brady's.

On August 23, 2023, it was announced that Sharpe and his Club Shay Shay podcast would join The Volume, a digital podcast network founded by Colin Cowherd under a multi-year deal.

On August 24, 2023, it was announced on social media that Sharpe would join First Take, starting September 4, 2023, every Monday and Tuesday during the 2023 NFL season. On February 16, 2024, it was officially announced that Sharpe signed a contract extension to remain on the show. In June 2024, Sharpe had officially signed a new multi-year contract extension with ESPN which will also allow him to expand his role on First Take.

title: Shannon Sharpe


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 24, 2004

A billboard is a large outdoor signboard, usually wooden, found in places with high traffic such as cities, roads, motorways and highways. Billboards show large advertisements to pedestrians and drivers traveling from one place to another. The vast majority of billboards are rented to advertisers rather than owned by them. Shown with large, witty slogans splashed with distinctive color pictures, billboards line the highways and are placed on the sides of buildings, peddling products and getting out messages. Billboard advertisements are designed to catch a person's attention and create a memorable impression very quickly, leaving the reader thinking about the advertisement after they have driven past it. Thus there are usually a few large words, and a humorous or arresting image in brilliant color. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 25, 2004

Greek mythology is the set of myths which come from the religion of ancient Hellenic civilization. These stories were familiar to all ancient Greeks and, although some thinkers professed skepticism, they provided the people with both rituals and history. Like the religions of most of their neighbors, the Greeks believed in gods and goddesses who were associated with specific aspects of life. Although there were hundreds of beings that could be considered "gods" in one sense or another, most figured only into obscure bits of folklore, perhaps as fragments of remembrances of more ancient deities. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 26, 2004

A heavy metal umlaut is an umlaut over some of the letters in the names of a heavy metal band—although the names will then sound very silly to people who use languages in which umlauts are common, such as German, Turkish or Swedish. Umlauts are often used in concert with a Blackletter or pseudo-Blackletter typeface in the band logo to give it a more gothic feel. The original use of gratuitous diacritical marks appears to have been by the Blue Öyster Cult in 1971; Motörhead and Mötley Crüe then followed. Spoof band Spinal Tap parodied the idea still further in 1982 by putting the umlaut over the letter n, which does not belong to any standard character set. (more...)

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User talk:IndianCow

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Paratwada

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File:OvalMaidan-1875.jpg
Do you have any more information as to the source of this image? ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 17:54, 8 July 2018 (UTC)

File:Dhirubhai ambani.svg
Did you use other artwork as a reference guide for this, for example File:Dhirubhai_Ambani_2002_stamp_of_India.jpg, because you seem to have made an excellent conversion. Did you plan to do conversions like this for other biographical figures ? ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 10:41, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of ESOMAR for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article ESOMAR is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of Ambuja Cements for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Gagangiri Maharaj

A tag has been placed on Gagangiri Maharaj requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person, a group of people, an individual animal, an organization (band, club, company, etc.), web content, or an organized event that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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title: User talk:IndianCow


text:
Jaguar (disambiguation)

A jaguar is a large cat native to South and Central America.

Jaguar may also refer to:

Transportation

 * Jaguar Cars
 * UAZ Jaguar
 * Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar, an aircraft engine
 * SS Empire Ballad, a Panamanian steamship built in 1941 and renamed SS Jaguar in 1962

Cartoons, comics and print

 * Jaguar (Insurgent Comix), a superheroine
 * Jaguar (Archie Comics), a comics character
 * Jaguar (cartoonist), Sérgio Jaguaribe (born 1932) from Brazil
 * Jaguar (novel), by Roland Smith

Music

 * Jaguar (band), a new wave British heavy metal band
 * Jagúar (band), an Icelandic funk band
 * Jaguar (musician), a Kenyan musician and politician
 * The Jaguars, an American doo wop group known for their 1956 cover of "The Way You Look Tonight"
 * The Jaguars, a 1960s Japanese band featured on the Banzai! TV series
 * Fender Jaguar, a guitar introduced in 1962
 * "Knights of the Jaguar", often shortened as "Jaguar", a techno song by DJ Rolando
 * Jaguar, the 2020 EP released by pop singer Victoria Monét
 * Jaguar Bingham, a British DJ

Film

 * Jaguar (1967 film), French
 * Jaguar (1979 film), Filipino
 * Jaguar (1994 film), Greek
 * Le Jaguar (1996 film), French
 * Jaguar (2016 film), Indian

Other

 * Jaguar!, a roller coaster at Knott's Berry Farm

Science and technology

 * Atari Jaguar, a game console
 * Jaguar (supercomputer), built by Cray, became operational in 2005
 * Jaguar (microarchitecture), a CPU design
 * Jaguar (British rocket), a research rocket
 * Jaguar (American rocket), a sounding rocket
 * Jaguar (software), for computational chemistry
 * Jaguar, the marketing name for the Mac OS X 10.2 operating system
 * Jaguar (Hewlett-Packard), a code name for the HP 95LX palmtop PC
 * Claas Jaguar, a forage harvester

Sports

 * Argentina Jaguars, an Argentine secondary national rugby team
 * Chiapas F.C., a Mexican association football team, also known as Chiapas Jaguar
 * IUPUI Jaguars, the sports teams of Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis
 * Jacksonville Jaguars, a professional American football team
 * Jaguar Racing, automobile racing teams
 * Jaguar Yokota (b. 1961), Japanese wrestler
 * South Alabama Jaguars, the sports teams of the University of South Alabama
 * South American Jaguars, an international rugby team active in the 1980s
 * Southern Jaguars and Lady Jaguars, the sports teams of Southern University and A&M College
 * UHV Jaguars, the sports teams of the University of Houston–Victoria
 * USJ-R Jaguars, the sports teams of the University of San Jose–Recoletos

Military and weapons

 * HMS Jaguar, a Royal Navy destroyer sunk in the Second World War
 * HMS Jaguar, a Royal Navy destroyer launched in 1957 and sold to the Bangladeshi Navy in 1978
 * French destroyer Jaguar (1922–1940), a Chacal-class destroyer
 * Jaguar class fast attack craft, a German S-boat
 * USS Jaguar (IX-120), a US Navy World War II tanker
 * Jaguar 1, a German tank destroyer
 * Jaguar 2, a German tank destroyer
 * SEPECAT Jaguar, a military aircraft
 * Grumman XF10F Jaguar, a cancelled prototype military aircraft first flown in 1952
 * Beretta 70 "Jaguar", a hand gun model
 * EBRC Jaguar, a French armoured reconnaissance vehicle

Other uses

 * Jaguar (beverage), an alcoholic/energy drink

title: Jaguar (disambiguation)


text:
German New Guinea Company

The German New Guinea Company (Deutsche Neuguinea-Kompagnie) was a German Chartered Company which exploited insular territory in and near present Papua New Guinea.

History
In the 1870s and 1880s German commercial firms began to site trading stations in New Guinea. Agents of J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn reached the Bismarck Archipelago from the Caroline Islands in 1872. In 1875 Hersheim & Company moved to the Archipelago.

In 1884, the New Guinea Company was founded in Berlin by Adolph von Hansemann and a syndicate of German bankers for the purpose of colonizing and exploiting resources on Neuguinea (German New Guinea), where German interest grew after British Queensland's annexation of part of eastern New Guinea. This expedition was with the knowledge and blessing of the German Chancellor, Count Otto von Bismarck, and with secrecy and speed an expedition was fitted out under Dr Otto Finsch, ornithologist and explorer. His task was to select land for plantation development on the north-east coast of New Guinea and establish trading posts. Its influence soon grew to encompass the entire north-eastern part of New Guinea and some of the islands off the coast.

The Neuguinea Compagnie expedition left Sydney for New Guinea in the steamer Samoa captained by Eduard Dallmann. On 19 August, Chancellor Bismarck ordered the establishment of a German protectorate in the New Britain Archipelago and north-eastern New Guinea.

German colonial rule in New Guinea lasted for a period of thirty years, For the first fifteen years the colony was administered under imperial charters by a private company, in the manner of the old British and Dutch East India companies, but with far less success. From 1899 to 1914, the Imperial Government administered German New Guinea through a governor, who was assisted after 1904 by a nominated Government Council.

When the Imperial Government took over the running of the colony in 1899, its overriding objective was rapid economic development, based on a German- controlled plantation economy.

title: German New Guinea Company


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Buranda railway station

Buranda railway station is located on the Cleveland line in Queensland, Australia. It is one of two stations serving the Brisbane suburb of Woolloongabba, the other being Park Road.

West of the station, the line joins the Beenleigh line via a triangle junction.

History
Buranda station opened in 1889 as Logan Road station, being renamed Buranda in July 1917.

On 15 July 1996, the Fisherman Islands line to the Port of Brisbane opened to the north of the station.

In the early hours of 29 March 2009, the main station building on platform one was destroyed by fire. A 17-year-old man was later charged with one count of arson following the incident.

From 8 January 2024, the station was temporarily closed for an accessibility upgrade. This upgrade includes additions of lifts, raised platforms, hearing loops and disability compliant ticket windows. It is expected to reopen in 2025. During this upgrade, trains do not stop at this station.

Services
The station is served by Cleveland line services from Shorncliffe, Northgate, Doomben and Bowen Hills to Cannon Hill, Manly and Cleveland. During the accessibility upgrade, trains do not stop at this station.

Services by platform
During the accessibility upgrade, trains do not stop at this station.

Transport links
Adjacent to the station lies Buranda busway station that is served by Transport for Brisbane bus services.

title: Buranda railway station


text:
Gerstenhaber algebra

In mathematics and theoretical physics, a Gerstenhaber algebra (sometimes called an antibracket algebra or braid algebra) is an algebraic structure discovered by Murray Gerstenhaber (1963) that combines the structures of a supercommutative ring and a graded Lie superalgebra. It is used in the Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism. It appears also in the generalization of Hamiltonian formalism known as the De Donder–Weyl theory as the algebra of generalized Poisson brackets defined on differential forms.

Definition
A Gerstenhaber algebra is a graded-commutative algebra with a Lie bracket of degree −1 satisfying the Poisson identity. Everything is understood to satisfy the usual superalgebra sign conventions. More precisely, the algebra has two products, one written as ordinary multiplication and one written as [,], and a Z-grading called degree (in theoretical physics sometimes called ghost number). The degree of an element a is denoted by |a|. These satisfy the identities
 * (ab)c = a(bc)  (The product is associative)
 * ab = (−1)undefinedba  (The product is (super) commutative)
 * ab| = |a| + |b|     (The product has degree 0)
 * [a,b]| = |a| + |b| − 1 (The Lie bracket has degree −1)
 * [a,bc] = [a,b]c + (−1)(b[a,c] (Poisson identity)
 * [a,b] = −(−1)( [b,a] (Antisymmetry of Lie bracket)
 * [a,[b,c]] = [ [a,b],c] + (−1)([b,[a,c]] (The Jacobi identity for the Lie bracket)

Gerstenhaber algebras differ from Poisson superalgebras in that the Lie bracket has degree −1 rather than degree 0. The Jacobi identity may also be expressed in a symmetrical form
 * $$(-1)^{(|a|-1)(|c|-1)}[a,[b,c]]+(-1)^{(|b|-1)(|a|-1)}[b,[c,a]]+(-1)^{(|c|-1)(|b|-1)}[c,[a,b]] = 0.\,$$

Examples

 * Gerstenhaber showed that the Hochschild cohomology H*(A,A) of an algebra A is a Gerstenhaber algebra.
 * A Batalin–Vilkovisky algebra has an underlying Gerstenhaber algebra if one forgets its second order Δ operator.
 * The exterior algebra of a Lie algebra is a Gerstenhaber algebra.
 * The differential forms on a Poisson manifold form a Gerstenhaber algebra.
 * The multivector fields on a manifold form a Gerstenhaber algebra using the Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket

title: Gerstenhaber algebra


text:
Purveyance

Purveyance was an ancient prerogative right of the English Crown to purchase provisions and other necessaries for the royal household, at an appraised price, and to requisition horses and vehicles for royal use. It was finally abolished in 1660.

Under Edwards I–III
The right was developed in England over the course of the late eleventh through the fourteenth centuries. In theory, the king's prerogative allowed him to collect goods needed for both household and military use, but the latter was discontinued in 1362. The primary problem with the system was that it was open to abuse from corrupt officials, who would often requisition goods and sell them for profit or use extortion and other means to obtain items or money that was not passed on or divulged to the king. Accordingly, English kings established numerous, though somewhat ineffectual, statutes in an attempt to limit the corruption.

When Edward I and the English Army invaded Scotland, with little agricultural productivity, they used purveyances. The English court had, of old, a right of customary purchase of food for the poor. The right was called prise. Edward took this and grossly expanded it to make the institution called purveyance. The sheriffs would buy food at a set price in the shires and the sellers had to sell at the government price. The government then created a system to store the food. Edward created a convoy system to move mountains of food from the English Midlands to southern Scotland, which the English controlled. Administrative historians say this was a real triumph in organizational power of government, but also a racket because Edward paid late and low.

Edward I also employed purveyances for his many Welsh campaigns, utilizing the produce of both the Isle of Anglesey and Ireland. Purveyance was largely the cause for intense dissatisfaction over Edward's campaign in Gascony of 1294–8, and in 1298, a nationwide investigation was held into abuses of royal administrators, including purveyors.

Purveyance continued to be the favoured method of the English kings for obtaining food and other necessities for feeding their armies, supplying their castles and garrisons, and supporting their itinerant households. Both Edward II and Edward III used the system heavily: the former in his unsuccessful campaign against Scotland and then in the civil war against Thomas of Lancaster and the latter in his relatively successful campaign against Scotland and then in France during the Hundred Years' War.

It was under Edward III that the issue of corruption and abuses that accompanied the collection of goods for military use particularly came to a head. Complaints reached such a feverish pitch in the opening years of the Hundred Years' War that Edward III launched another nationwide investigation, and effectively removed most purveyors from office. However, purveyance was too valuable a royal privilege to surrender, and it was only in 1362, under intense pressure from Parliament, that Edward III agreed to discontinue purveyance for military use.

Under Henry V
When Henry V was preparing for war against France during the Hundred Years' War, he ordered the continuance of purveyance for military purposes, but with the supposed order for all purveyors to be fair and reasonable, not to take any goods from church property, and to pay a fair price. However, many of the purveyors behaved notoriously badly, extorting many foodstuffs from the peasants and either buying at a low price and selling at a high price for a profit, or not paying at all. Faced by a purveyor with armed men backing him, most peasants did not dare to resist. King Henry, acknowledging the corruption of his purveyors, included in a proclamation that anyone harassed or aggrieved by any captain or soldier should present themselves to the seneschal of the king's treasury. Complete justice, the king proclaimed, would be given on his arrival at Southampton. The retention of purveyance as a tool for supplying the growing royal household would eventually come under fire with the Stuarts.

Abolition
In the 17th century, purveyance was worth about £40,000 per year to the crown. However, Parliament wanted to put an end to it, though James I would not relinquish that control without financial compensation. Parliament feared this would lead only to further corruption and no changes were made to the system during the reign of James I. During the Commonwealth an Act for taking away Purveyance and compositions for Purveyance was passed 12 December 1656 and given assent 9 June 1657. Since all laws of that period were declared null and void upon the Restoration, it would be the Tenures Abolition Act 1660, which finally abolished purveyance and other feudal charges.

title: Purveyance


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 27, 2004

Poetry is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and syntactical content. It consists largely of oral or literary works in which language is used in a manner that is felt by its user and audience to differ from ordinary prose. It may use condensed or compressed form to convey emotion or ideas to the reader's or listener's mind or ear; it may also use devices such as assonance and repetition to achieve musical or incantatory effects. Poems frequently rely for their effect on imagery, word association, and the musical qualities of the language used. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 28, 2004

Synapses are specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system signal to one another and to non-neuronal cells such as muscles or glands. Synapses are circuits in which the neurons of the central nervous system interconnect. They are thus crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They also provide the means through which the nervous system connects to and controls the other systems of the body. At a prototypical synapse, such as a dendritic spine, a mushroom-shaped bud projects from each of two cells and the caps of these buds press flat against one another. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 29, 2004

The Revised Standard Version (RSV) is an English translation of the Bible that was popular in the mid-20th century and that posed the first challenge to the King James Version as the most popular Bible in English. The RSV is a revision of the 1901 American Standard Version. In 1937, an international council decided that a revision would be done and put together a panel of 32 scholars for that task. The decision, however, was delayed by the Great Depression. The translation panel used the 17th edition of the Nestle Greek text. The New Testament was released in 1946, and the Old Testament in 1952. Special editions of the RSV were released for the Catholic Church in 1965 and for Eastern Orthodox churches in 1977. Reader's Digest published a condensed edition of the RSV in 1982. Revisions of the RSV were released by different groups in 1989 and 2001. (more...)

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text:
List of colonial and departmental heads of Guadeloupe

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

Note: currently, the prefect is not the true departmental head, which is the President of the General Council. The prefect is merely the representative of the national government.

Ancien regime
Governors under the Ancien Régime were:


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 30, 2004

John Major is a British politician and was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 to 1997, attaining that office when he succeeded Margaret Thatcher as Conservative party leader. When Michael Heseltine's challenge to Margaret Thatcher's leadership of the Conservative Party forced the contest to a second round and Thatcher withdrew, John Major entered the contest alongside Douglas Hurd. Though he fell two votes short of the required winning margin of 187 votes in the second ballot, Major's result was sufficient to secure immediate concessions from his rivals and he became prime minister on November 27, 1990. Major was prime minister during the Gulf War. During the first years in office, the world economy slid into recession after the long boom during the 1980s. After losing the 1997 general election to Tony Blair he stood down as an MP at the 2001 general election and has so far declined the customary life peerage and seat in the House of Lords that is given to former Prime Ministers. (more...)

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text:
Category:Airlines of Argentina

See Also: List of airlines and List of defunct airlines

title: Category:Airlines of Argentina


text:
Edson, Alberta

Edson is a town in west-central Alberta, Canada. It is located in Yellowhead County, 192 km west of Edmonton along the Yellowhead Highway and 10 km east of the intersection with Highway 47.

History
The town was founded as Heatherwood, but the name was changed around 1911 in honour of Edson Joseph Chamberlin, vice-president of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. When Edson was declared the local rail centre, smaller communities such as Rosevear (abandoned), Wolf Creek, Carrot Creek and Niton Junction fell into a decline that continues today. In the 1950s, upgrading of Highway 16 caused a dramatic increase in private, commercial and industrial traffic. Today, the Yellowhead Highway carries some of the heaviest traffic flow in Alberta and has been declared the second Trans-Canada Highway. In the 1970s, a revitalized coal industry launched the Cardinal River Coal and Luscar Sterco mines in the area. In the 1980s Pelican Spruce Mills (now Weyerhaeuser Company Limited) and Sundance Forest Industries (now Edson Forest Products a division of West Fraser Timber) became two of Edson's major employers. The former hamlets of Glenwood and Grande Prairie Trail were annexed from Yellowhead County by the Town of Edson on 1 January 1984. In 2023, Edson was evacuated due to wildfires, a few weeks later, Edson declared another state of emergency due to floods.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Edson had a population of 8,374 living in 3,386 of its 3,768 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 8,414. With a land area of 29.43 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Edson recorded a population of 8,414 living in 3,359 of its 3,762 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 8,475. With a land area of 29.72 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

The Town of Edson's 2012 municipal census counted a population of 8,646.

Geography
Edson lies in the McLeod River valley, immediately east of the Canadian Rockies foothills. The surrounding landscape consists of primarily taiga forest with sand hills and muskeg. The town is located at an altitude of 925 m. Two provincial parks are located west of Edson: Sundance Provincial Park along Sundance Creek and Obed Lake Provincial Park surrounding the three Obed Lakes.

Climate
Due to Edson's high elevation, the community experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc). The highest temperature ever recorded in Edson was 38.9 C on 30 June 2021, with the humidex reaching 41. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -48.3 C on 22 January 1943, and 14 January 1950. Summers in Edson are generally mild to warm with chilly nights and moderate precipitation. Winters are long and severely cold with relatively high snowfall, higher than surrounding areas due to the town's high elevation.

Economy
The main industries that drive the local economy are resource based – coal, oil, natural gas and forestry products.

Sports
Edson was home to Canada's largest slo-pitch tournament until 2017.

Culture
The Galloway Station Museum, established in 1981, explores the history of Edson and the surrounding area. It contains an original Canadian Northern Railway station used by several communities around Edson as well as large modern gallery spaces, an archives and public events space. The museum is located in RCMP Centennial Park, a large park at the centre of town created in 1974 to honour the 100th anniversary of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Alberta. The park, run by the Town of Edson, also contains an event pavilion, a Canadian National Railway caboose, a preserved RCAF Lockheed T-33 Silver Star aircraft, and giant squirrel statue that depicts the town's mascot, "Eddie the Squirrel".

Infrastructure
Edson is connected to the Yellowhead Highway from east to west and to Coal Valley via Highway 47 to the south.

Via Rail's The Canadian calls at the Edson railway station twice per week in each direction as a flag stop.

Education

 * Grande Yellowhead Public School Division No. 77
 * Mary Bergeron Elementary School (K-5)
 * Parkland Composite High School (9-12 English, French)
 * École Pine Grove Middle School (6-8 English, French)
 * Westhaven Elementary School (K-5 English, French)

 * Living Waters Catholic Regional Division No. 42
 * Holy Redeemer Junior Senior Catholic High School (7-12)
 * Vanier Community Catholic School (K-6)

 * Private
 * Yellowhead Koinonia Christian School (K-12)

Media
Edson has one weekly paper, The Weekly Anchor, published every Monday. A second paper, Edson Leader, was established in 1911 before ceasing publication in 2020.
 * Newspapers

 * Radio stations
 * CBXD 1540 CBC Radio One
 * CFXE 94.3 Newcap Broadcasting
 * CKUA-FM-8 103.7 CKUA Radio Network

Coat of arms
On 15 October 2019, the town was granted a coat of arms by the Canadian Heraldic Authority, while the announcement of the Letters Patent was made on 28 March 2020, in Volume 154, page 692 of the Canada Gazette.

Notable people

 * George VanderBurg, Canadian politician, Progressive Conservative MLA (2001-2013)

title: Edson, Alberta


text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/May 1, 2004

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a children's story written by L. Frank Baum, illustrated by W.W. Denslow, and first published in 1900. The story chronicles the adventures of a girl named Dorothy in the land of Oz. It is well regarded in popular culture and has been widely translated as the first American fairy tale due to its setting. Its initial success led to Baum writing and publishing thirteen more Oz books. (more...)

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text:
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/May 2, 2004

The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility in the United Kingdom. Peers include Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts and Barons; such titles may be either hereditary or for life. Additionally, certain Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England are classified by some authorities as Spiritual Peers. Formerly, all peers meeting qualifications such as age could sit in the House of Lords, the Upper House of the British Parliament. Since 1999, however, hereditary peers have not had the automatic right to sit in Parliament. (more...)

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