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Tim Roemer

Timothy John Roemer (born October 30, 1956) is an American diplomat and politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 2003 as a Democrat from Indiana's 3rd congressional district. Subsequently, he was the president of the Center for National Policy (CNP), a Washington, D.C.-based national security think tank. He served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 2009 to 2011. Roemer currently serves on the advisory board of Washington, D.C. based non-profit America Abroad Media.

Early life and education
Tim Roemer was born in 1956 in South Bend, Indiana. His grandfather, William F. Roemer, was a philosophy professor at the University of Notre Dame; and his grandmother was an elementary school teacher. Roemer's parents, James and Mary Ann Roemer, also worked at Notre Dame as dean of students and coordinator of volunteer activities, respectively. His uncle, William F. Roemer Jr., was an FBI agent who battled organized crime. Roemer graduated from Penn High School in 1975 and worked at various jobs from the age of 14 to help pay for college.

Tim Roemer graduated from the University of California, San Diego with a B.A. degree in 1979. He earned his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Notre Dame; his 1985 dissertation was titled The Senior Executive Service: Retirement and Public Personnel Policy.

Political career
Tim Roemer entered politics by serving on the staff of U.S. Representative John Brademas of Indiana (1978–1979) while still in college. After completing his doctorate, he served on the staff of U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini of Arizona (1985–1989).

In 1990, Roemer ran and won as a Democrat in 1990 to represent Indiana's 3rd congressional district, his boss' former district, serving six terms in Congress from 1991 to 2003. While in the House, Roemer served on the Intelligence, Education and Workforce, and Science committees. He did not run for reelection in 2002.

Tim Roemer voted in favor of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the African Growth and Opportunity Act, and the Caribbean Basin Initiative. He opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), feeling it provided incentives for businesses to move out of the country (as may have happened in his district). Roemer voted against presidential fast-track trade promotion authority, believing that the United States should have been stricter in its enforcement of existing agreements.

Much of Roemer's efforts during his congressional career were related to improving education. He was the principal author of the Ed-Flex bill, which encouraged states to seek innovative approaches to education. Roemer was the chief sponsor of the "Transition to Teaching" bill that helped address teacher shortages by recruiting and training professionals to become teachers. Roemer was also the lead sponsor of the five-year reauthorization of Higher Education Act, which reduced interest rates on student loans, increased Pell Grants, increased funding for teacher training, and expanded aid to families.

Tim Roemer was a principal sponsor of the AmeriCorps national service program, and a co-author of a bill to expand Head Start services to provide childcare coverage for women moving from welfare to work. He co-wrote legislation on reauthorizing the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and wrote an amendment to tax relief legislation for teacher certification of professionals in outside fields. He co-authored "School-to-Work" legislation to help non-college-bound high school students learn skills to prepare them for the workforce.

In his final term in Congress, Roemer was instrumental in passing the No Child Left Behind Act and pushed for full funding for the program.

Roemer was one of the first members of Congress to call for a Cabinet-level federal executive department to oversee national security, and was an original sponsor of the legislation to create the Department of Homeland Security. Eventually he opposed the revisions proposed by the Bush administration, because of concerns about bureaucratic inefficiencies, and voted against the creation of DHS. Roemer advocated a "civilian reserve corps" to train more fluent speakers in foreign languages for the Intelligence Community. Roemer was an original sponsor of bioterrorism legislation and legislation aimed at creating the 9/11 Commission, upon which he later served.

Post-electoral career
Tim Roemer was appointed as a member of the 9/11 Commission to investigate the terrorist attacks on the US. He was a candidate for chair of the Democratic National Committee (gaining the support of Democratic leaders Nancy Pelosi and Harry Reid). He lost to Howard Dean, who had unsuccessfully sought the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination.

Roemer was criticized as too conservative for the post, due to his anti-abortion stance and his oft-mentioned vote in 1993 against the President Bill Clinton economic plan. Roemer is a moderate Democrat, voting more liberally on some foreign policy issues and conservatively on social issues.

Roemer endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries and campaigned vigorously for him, particularly in his home state of Indiana, where he joined Lee H. Hamilton in support of Obama. Roemer's moderate, bipartisan politics, and national security experience led to speculation (from Chris Cillizza and Ben Smith) that Roemer was considered a possible vice presidential running mate for Obama.

Roemer served as a distinguished scholar at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. He became a partner at Johnston and Associates, a public and legislative affairs consultancy. He was later selected as the president of the Center for National Policy. After leaving his post as U.S. Ambassador to India in 2011, he became a senior executive at the Washington, D.C.-based public affairs firm APCO Worldwide.

Roemer served on the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism, a bipartisan commission created by Congress in 2007. This was one of the reforms recommended by the 9/11 Commission to examine how the United States can best address this threat to national security.

In addition, Roemer served on the Washington Institute for Near East Policy's Presidential Task force on Combating the Ideology of Radical Extremism, and the National Parks Second Century Commission.

Diplomatic career
Roemer was nominated by President Barack Obama as the 21st U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of India on May 27, 2009. His nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 10, 2009, he was sworn in on July 23, 2009, in the State Department's ceremonial Benjamin Franklin Treaty Room and he presented his credentials to Indian President Pratibha Patil on August 11, 2009.

During his tenure as Ambassador, several policies and initiatives were announced. President Obama stated during his visit to India in November 2010 that the U.S. would support India as a permanent member to a reformed United Nations Security Council. The United States also removed India's defense and space-related entities from the U.S. "Entity List," opening the door for increased cooperation, technology transfer, and commercial sales in the defense and space industries. The United States agreed to set up a Global Disease Detection Center. and will work with India on its new Global Center for Nuclear Energy Partnership. The United States and India will partner globally to support food security in Africa and reconstruction in Afghanistan.

On July 23, 2010, Ambassador Roemer and Indian Home Affairs Secretary G.K. Pillai signed the Counterterrorism Cooperation Initiative. This agreement expands cooperation in several areas such as transportation security, border security, money laundering and terrorist financing, and megacity policing. The U.S. government also agreed to give the Government of India access to David Headley, one of the planners of the 26/11 terrorist attacks in Mumbai.

Ambassador Roemer presided over several high level visits including visits by Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner, Commerce Secretary Gary Locke, and Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano. The first annual strategic dialogue meeting between the United States and India was held in June 2010 in Washington D.C., with the second scheduled for July 2011 in New Delhi.

During his two-year tenure, India moved up to be the 12th leading trade partner of the United States. In 2010, exports in goods from the United States to India were up 17 percent and two-way trade in goods increased 30 percent. During President Obama's visit to India, the United States announced 20 deals totaling $10 billion in U.S. exports that will lead to more than 50,000 jobs in America. During his tenure, the United States also pushed to make the G-20 the premier international economic body and reformed the IMF to give India greater representation.

Ambassador Roemer travelled throughout India during his two years, visiting 17 states. He was the first Ambassador in over 10 years to visit Jammu and Kashmir, including a September 20, 2010, visit to the city of Leh to bring relief supplies to 400 rural families affected by a recent flash flood.

In May 2011, Roemer received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Notre Dame and gave the commencement address to The Graduate School.

On April 26, 2011, he announced his resignation as Ambassador and returned to the U.S. A press release from the U.S. embassy in India stated ambassador Roemer leaving by June citing family reasons. Indian politician Shashi Tharoor wrote that Roemer resigned the post following India's decision to reject two American aircraft manufacturing tenders worth US$10 billion.

Personal life
Tim Roemer married Sally Johnston of Louisiana in 1989. They have four children: Patrick Hunter Roemer, Matthew Bennett Roemer, Sarah Kathryn Roemer, and Grace Elizabeth Roemer. Roemer is the son-in-law of Bennett Johnston Jr. and Mary (Gunn) Johnston. Johnston is a Democratic politician who served as a U.S. Senator from Louisiana from 1972 to 1997. The Roemers are Roman Catholic. When in Washington, they attend St. Thomas à Becket Catholic Church in Reston, Virginia.

title: Tim Roemer


text:
Coccidioides immitis

Coccidioides immitis is a pathogenic fungus that resides in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and a few other areas in the Western Hemisphere.

Epidemiology
C. immitis, along with its relative C. posadasii, is most commonly seen in the desert regions of the southwestern United States, including certain areas of Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, and Utah; and in Central and South America in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Venezuela.

Precise location
C. immitis is largely found in California, but also Baja California and Arizona, while C. posadasii is regularly found in Texas, northern Mexico and in Central and South America. Both C. immitis and C. posadasii are present in Arizona. C. immitis is more common west of the Tehachapi Mountains, while C. posadasii is more common east of it. Coccidioides spp. are found in alkaline, sandy soils from semi-desert regions with hot summers, gentle winters, and annual rainfall between 10 and 50 ml. These fungi are usually found 10 to 30 cm beneath the surface.

Clinical manifestation
C. immitis can cause a disease called coccidioidomycosis (valley fever). Its incubation period varies from 7 to 21 days. Coccidioidomycosis is not easily diagnosed on the basis of vital signs and symptoms, which are usually vague and nonspecific. Even a chest X-ray or CT scan cannot reliably distinguish it from other lung diseases, including lung cancer. Blood or urine tests are administered, which aim to discover Coccidioides antigens. However, because the Coccidioides creates a mass that can mimic a lung tumor, the correct diagnosis may require a tissue sample (biopsy). A Gomori methenamine silver stain can then confirm the presence of the Coccidioides organism's characteristic spherules within the tissue. The C. immitis fungus can be cultured from a patient sample, but the culture can take weeks to grow and requires special precautions on a part of the laboratory staff while handling it (screw cap vials and sterile transfer hoods are recommended). It is reported as the tenth-most often acquired infection in the laboratory conditions with two documented deaths. Until October 2012, C. immitis had been listed as a select agent by both the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and was considered a biosafety level 3 pathogen.

Treatment

 * Most Coccidioides infections have an incubation period from one to four weeks and resolve without specific therapy; few clinical trials have assessed outcomes in less-severe disease.
 * Commonly used indicators to judge the severity of illness include:
 * Continuous fever for longer than 1 month
 * Body-weight loss of more than 10%
 * Intense night sweats that persist for more than 3 weeks
 * Infiltrates that involve more than half of one lung or portions of both lungs
 * Prominent or persistent hilar adenopathy
 * Anticoccidioidal complement fixation IgG titers of 1:16 or higher
 * Absence of dermal hypersensitivity to coccidioidal antigens
 * Inability to work
 * Symptoms that persist for more than 2 months
 * Risk factors for dissemination (for which treatment should be initiated):
 * Primary infection during infancy
 * Primary infection during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester or immediately post partum
 * Immunosuppression (e.g., patients with HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients, patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids, those receiving antitumor necrosis factor medications)
 * Chronic debilitation or underlying disease, including diabetes mellitus or preexisting cardiopulmonary disease
 * High inoculum exposures
 * Certain ethnicities, such as Filipino, Black, or Hispanic

Azoles
The introduction of azoles revolutionized treatment for coccidioidomycosis, and these agents are usually the first line of therapy. However, none of these azoles are safe to use in pregnancy and lactation because they have shown teratogenicity in animal studies.

Of the azoles, ketoconazole is the only one approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Nevertheless, although it was initially used in the long-term treatment of nonmeningeal extrapulmonary disease, more-potent, less-toxic triazoles (fluconazole and itraconazole) have replaced it. Itraconazole (400 mg/day) appears to have efficacy equal to that of fluconazole in the treatment of nonmeningeal infection and have the same relapse rate after therapy is discontinued. However, itraconazole seems to perform better in skeletal lesions, whereas fluconazole performs better in pulmonary and soft tissue infection. Serum levels of itraconazole are commonly obtained at the onset of long-term therapy because its absorption is sometimes erratic and unpredictable. Complications can include hepatic dysfunction.

For patients who are unresponsive to fluconazole, options are limited. Several case reports have studied the efficacy of three newer antifungal agents in the treatment of disease that is refractory to first-line therapy: posaconazole and voriconazole (triazole compounds similar in structure to fluconazole) and caspofungin (glucan synthesis inhibitor of the echinocandin structural class). However, these drugs have not been FDA approved, and clinical trials are lacking. Susceptibility testing of Coccidioides species in one report revealed uniform susceptibility to most antifungal agents, including these newer drugs.

In very severe cases, combination therapy with amphotericin B and an azole have been postulated, although no trials have been conducted. Caspofungin in combination with fluconazole has been cited as beneficial in a case report of a 31-year-old Asian patient with coccidioidal pneumonia. In a case report of a 23-year-old Black male with HIV and coccidioidal meningitis, combination therapy of amphotericin B and posaconazole led to clinical improvement.

Posaconazole has been approved by the European Commission as a salvage therapy for refractory coccidioidomycosis. Clinical trials are now ongoing for further evaluation. Voriconazole is also being studied in salvage therapy for refractory cases. A case report indicated that voriconazole in combination with amphotericin B as salvage therapy for disseminated coccidioidomycosis was successful.

Several case reports have studied caspofungin, with differing results. Caspofungin 50 mg/day following administration of amphotericin B in a patient with acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis who had undergone transplantation showed promising results. In a patient with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, first-line therapy with amphotericin B and caspofungin alone failed to elicit a response, but the patient was then given caspofungin combined with fluconazole, with good results. A published report described a patient with disseminated and meningeal coccidioidomycosis in whom conventional therapy with fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B failed; caspofungin 50 mg/day after a loading dose of 70 mg intravenously was also unsuccessful.

Amphotericin
Amphotericin B, introduced in 1957, remains the treatment of choice for severe infections. It is usually reserved for worsening disease or lesions located in vital organs such as the spine. It can be administered either in the classic amphotericin B deoxycholate formulation or as a lipid formulation. No studies have directly compared amphotericin B with azole therapy. Complications include renal toxicity, bone marrow toxicity, and local systemic effects (fever, rigors).

Duration of therapy and costs
The objectives of treatment are resolution of infection, decrease of antibody titers, return of function of involved organs, and prevention of relapse. The duration of therapy is dictated by the clinical course of the illness, but it should be at least 6 months in all patients and often a year or longer in others. Therapy is tailored based on a combination of resolution of symptoms, regression of radiographic abnormalities, and changes in CF IgG titers. Immunocompromised patients and patients with a history of meningeal involvement require lifelong treatment.

The cost of antifungal therapy is high, from $5,000 to $20,000 per year. These costs increase for critical patients in need of intensive care. Arizona spent an average of $33,762 per patient with coccidioidomycosis between 1998 and 2001.

HHS select agents listing
Along with C. posadasii, C. immitis was featured on the select agents and toxins list compiled by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), as evident from the Code of Federal Regulations (42 CFR 73). However, on October 5, 2012 due to advances in medical research and development of a number of licensed treatments, both pathogens were removed from the HHS select agents listing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Coccidioides immitis


text:
Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton

Alice Lynne "Lindy" Chamberlain-Creighton (née Murchison; born 4 March 1948) is a New Zealand–born Australian woman who was convicted in one of Australia's most publicised murder trials. Accused of killing her nine-week-old daughter, Azaria, while camping at Uluru in 1980, she maintained that she saw a dingo leave the tent where Azaria was sleeping. The prosecution case was circumstantial and depended on forensic evidence.

Chamberlain was convicted on 29 October 1982, and her appeals to the Federal Court of Australia, and High Court of Australia, were dismissed. On 7 February 1986, after the discovery of new evidence clothing the same as Azaria wore  Chamberlain was released from prison on remission. She and her husband Michael Chamberlain, co-accused, were officially pardoned in 1987, and their convictions were quashed by the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in 1988. In 1992, the Australian government paid Chamberlain $1.3 million in compensation. In 2012, a fourth coroner's inquest found that Azaria died "as a result of being attacked and taken by a dingo".

Early life
Alice Lynne Murchison was born on 4 March 1948 in Whakatāne, New Zealand, the daughter of Avis and Cliff Murchison. She was known as "Lindy" from a young age. She moved to Australia with her family in 1969.

She and her family were members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and she married an Adventist pastor, the New Zealand-born Michael Chamberlain, on 18 November 1969. For the first five years after their marriage they lived in Tasmania, after which they moved to Mount Isa in Northern Queensland. In 1980, when their daughter Azaria went missing, Chamberlain's husband served as minister of Mount Isa's Seventh-day Adventist church.

In the 1970s, the Chamberlains had two sons: Aidan (born 1973) and Reagan (born 1976). A family friend, Mrs. Ransom, gave evidence that Chamberlain had always wanted a girl. Chamberlain's first daughter, Azaria, was born 11 June 1980. Her second daughter and fourth child, Kahlia, was born in November 1982.

Azaria's disappearance
When Azaria was two months old, the family went on a camping trip to Uluru, arriving on 16 August 1980. On the night of 17 August, Chamberlain reported that the child had been taken from their tent by a dingo. A massive search was organised; Azaria was not found but the jumpsuit she had been wearing was discovered about a week later about 4 km from the tent, bloodstained about the neck, indicating the probable death of the missing child. A matinee jacket the child had been wearing was not found at the time. From the day Azaria went missing, Lindy and Michael Chamberlain maintained a dingo took their child. Early on in the case, the facts showed that for the two years before Azaria went missing, Uluru chief ranger Derek Roff had been writing to the government urging a dingo cull and warning of imminent human tragedy. Roff noted that dingoes in the area were becoming increasingly aggressive, approaching and sometimes biting people.

Conviction, imprisonment and release
The initial inquiry, held in Alice Springs, Northern Territory, by Alice Springs magistrate and coroner Dennis Barritt in December 1980 and January 1981, supported the Chamberlains' account of Azaria's disappearance, finding a dingo took the child. The Supreme Court quashed the findings of the initial inquest and ordered a second inquest in December 1981, with the taking of evidence concluded in February 1982. By an indictment presented to the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in September 1982, Chamberlain was charged with Azaria's murder. Michael Chamberlain was charged with being an accessory after the fact. On 29 October 1982 the Chamberlains were both found guilty as charged.

First inquest
As is common in cases where someone dies in unusual or suspicious circumstances, a coronial inquest was held to attempt to determine the manner and cause of death. The first of many inquests was held from 15 December 1980 to 20 February 1981 in Alice Springs. The coroner, Stipendiary Magistrate Denis Barritt, found that a dingo snatched and killed Azaria Chamberlain. The parents, Michael and Lindy Chamberlain, were not implicated in any way with the disappearance of their child.

Second inquest
In committing the Chamberlains for trial, the coroner who performed the second inquest and recorded the findings as to the cause and manner of Azaria's death stated that although the evidence was to a large degree circumstantial, a properly instructed jury could arrive at a verdict with regard to the clothing evidence. He surmised that the Chamberlains knew dingoes were in the area, attempted to simulate a dingo attack, recovered Azaria's buried body, removed her clothing, damaged the clothing by cutting, rubbed the clothing in vegetation, and deposited the clothing for later recovery. On this basis and that of blood evidence of unknown origin found in the Chamberlains' car, the Chamberlains were prosecuted and convicted for the murder of their two-month-old baby, with Lindy sentenced to life imprisonment without parole and Michael Chamberlain suspended for three years as an accessory to murder. The stain believed to have been blood that was found in the Chamberlains' car was later determined to be most likely a sound-deadening compound from a manufacturing overspray.

Prosecution claims
The prosecution's theory was that in a five- to ten-minute absence from the camp fire, Lindy returned to her tent, stopped her young son Aidan from following her, changed into tracksuit pants, took Azaria to her car, obtained and used scissors to cut Azaria's throat, either the carotid arteries or jugular veins. All experts stated there was an absence of evidence of arterial bleeding on the jumpsuit and death would have taken up to 20 minutes if the jugular was cut. The prosecution continued that she then waited for Azaria to die, hid the body in a camera case in the car, cleaned the blood from everything including the outside of the camera case, removed her tracksuit pants, obtained baked beans for her son from the car, returned to the tent, left blood splashes there, and then brought her son Aidan back to the campfire without attracting the attention of other campers. Camper Greg Lowe gave evidence that he observed her go to the tent with Azaria and Aidan and then walk to the car with her left arm around Aidan and her right arm unimpeded. She then returned to the tent and immediately claimed that she saw a dingo taking her baby with evidence implicating a dingo being purely coincidental. It was claimed she was fortunate that no one noticed alleged blood on Chamberlain's clothes in the hours after the disappearance. Chamberlain opening the car where the body was allegedly hidden to give a dog the scent of Azaria from her clothes in the car was called a daring act. She also must have done it without her husband's knowledge or he was also incredibly daring since he left his children in her care afterwards. He told the police that he had given them the wrong camera case and then gave them the one that was allegedly used to conceal the body.

In the second inquest, concerning the clothing evidence alone:

 * 1) The clothing of the deceased child had been buried prior to its finding and probably contained the body of the child when buried.
 * 2) Soil type of a pH found on the clothing is consistent with the pH of the soil at the camp and also with the consistency of the soil in clothing and at the site and is inconsistent with the type of soil and pH in the area in which the clothing was found.
 * 3) There is no evidence on the clothing of dragging or catching nor the presence of saliva. It was argued that the absence of saliva was not remarkable as a witness gave evidence of heavy rain in the area. The clothing was not subjected to heavy rain as there is evidence that heavy rain would have adversely affected the bloodstaining on the clothing and this is not the case. This lack of presence of saliva and dragging is inconsistent with a dingo carrying the body a distance of some four kilometres.
 * 4) The jumpsuit was completely done up by studs to the neck which remained closed while the child was bleeding.
 * 5) After the blood had dried the two top studs were undone prior to the clothing being buried whilst containing the body of the child.
 * 6) There is evidence provided by fluorescent examination to suggest the presence of a palm print of a small adult right hand and some evidence of the presence of a left hand caused by a person holding the child when that person's hands were contaminated with wet blood.
 * 7) Single holes or indentations which appear in the clothing could be consistent with teeth marks of an animal but the absence of tissue stains in conjunction with those holes make it inconsistent with an animal holding the body of the child. The evidence clearly establishes that the clothing has been cut and in places torn by a person or persons and in particular the cut on the collar was made after the bloodstaining had occurred, It was argued that one area of damage in the general area of the elbow may be consistent with an animal tearing, but the evidence is very strong that such a tearing by an animal would be inconsistent because of the lack of evidence of the presence of tissue staining which would inevitably be involved if an animal had caused the damage to the clothing.
 * 8) Vegetation contamination on the clothing is inconsistent with vegetation found at the scene and inconsistent with the likely contamination which would have occurred if the clothing with a body in it had been carried by an animal. This supports the view that the vegetation contamination was caused by human intervention.
 * 9) The clothes as found were not strewn around the area and this is inconsistent with an animal being responsible for their placement.
 * 10) The clothing was found adjacent to a path near the base of a rock and adjacent to a dingo's lair.
 * 11) Scissors were found in the Chamberlain's car on which there was present human fetal blood staining on the cutting edge and on the hinge areas. There is evidence to support that when comparable scissors are used to cut through blood that blood would be deposited on the cutting edge. An inference can be drawn that these scissors were used to cut the deceased's clothing. There is no weight to the argument that the subject scissors were unable to cut clothing as this was after the stud had been removed from the scissors to enable certain tests.

From this evidence it was concluded that both Chamberlains were implicated in covering their crime.

The prosecution's expert testimony for forensic evidence included that of James Cameron, a scientist who had also given crucial evidence in a case in England which was later overturned when his expert evidence was proved wrong. With regard to the timing of the baby's cry and Chamberlain's whereabouts, the prosecution also claimed that the Chamberlains convinced fellow camper and witness Sally Lowe to say that she heard Azaria cry after Chamberlain returned to the camp fire.

Evidence that a dingo took Azaria Chamberlain
Camper Sally Lowe and Michael Chamberlain gave evidence that they heard a baby cry at a time when Chamberlain was with them at the barbecue area and Azaria was believed to be in the family tent.

Witness Judith West, who was camped 30 metres (98 feet) away, testified to hearing a dog's low, throaty growl coming from that direction, a sound that she associated with growls her husband's dogs made when he was slaughtering sheep.

Chamberlain gave evidence that, in response to others hearing Azaria cry, she went to the tent. Halfway to the tent, she thought she saw a dingo emerging from the tent having difficulty getting out of the tent and shaking its head vigorously. Her view of its nose was obscured. She cried "Michael, Michael, the dingo's got my baby!" and ran into the tent to check on her children. Azaria was missing. She chased in the direction she thought it had gone, and called out to her husband for a torch.

Police Detective Sergeant John Lincoln gave evidence that he took photographs of large paw prints a few centimetres from Azaria's cot and found what was probably blood outside the tent. He collected samples but they were not tested.

Lowe also gave evidence that she had brought Reagan out of the tent after the occurrence. When she was in the tent she observed a pool of blood in the tent about 15 cm by 10 cm (6 by 4 inches). However, the amount of blood was disputed. Another witness who entered the tent that night, police Constable Frank Morris, gave evidence that there were only a few drops of blood on a couple of blankets and a sleeping bag in the tent.

A scientific witness located blood on the wall of the tent. Scientist Dr. Andrew Scott agreed that the spray mark of blood was consistent with a dingo carrying a bleeding baby. However, he did not believe that it was human blood. Canine hairs were located in the tent and on Azaria's jumpsuit. The Chamberlains did not own a dog.

Les Harris, then President of the Dingo Foundation, gave evidence that his opinion based on years of studying dingoes is that a dingo could have enveloped the head of a baby in its mouth and carried the weight of a baby over long distances. He produced photographs of dingoes enveloping the head of a baby-sized doll in its jaws. However, forensic expert Professor James Cameron gave evidence that, based on studying plaster casts of dingo jaws, it was impossible for a dingo to open its jaws wide enough to encompass a child's head.

Tourist Max Whittacker gave evidence that he attended a search later on the night of the disappearance with people including the head ranger and an Aboriginal tracker (known to be Nipper Winmarti). He claimed to have been called by the head ranger to help him and the Aboriginal tracker to follow dingo paw prints and scrape marks in the sand in a westerly direction. He was led to believe they were following the trail of a dingo carrying a heavy object believed to be Azaria's body. "I now know that the Aboriginal's account of following these tracks west that night has been denied by rangers and the Aboriginal's account of this incident has not been accepted."

Although expert opinion varied as to whether the clothes damage could have been caused by a dingo some took the view that it could have been. Further, marks on nappy fragments were similar to marks resulting from a dingo on another nappy that was used for testing purposes. Azaria's clothing was found only 30 metres (98 feet) from a dingo's den, although no one, including the chief ranger and his deputy, was aware of the den at the time.

Claims of human interference with clothes
Some evidence indicates human intervention between the time of discovery of Azaria's clothes and the time that the police photographed them.

Camper Wallace Goodwin, who was the first to discover the jumpsuit, singlet and nappy, gave evidence that the whole of the jumpsuit was undone, that the clothes were lying on the ground naturally not artificially, and that he believed the singlet was beside the jumpsuit not inside it. However, police Constable Frank Morris, the first police officer to examine the clothes after Goodwin located them, gave evidence that only the top four buttons were undone and the singlet was inside it. He stated that he picked up the clothes to check the inside for human remains and then returned it to the ground and photographed it. The singlet that had been placed back in the jumpsuit was inside out. Chamberlain gave evidence that she always ensured that singlets were not inside out.

Post-conviction
Shortly after her conviction, Chamberlain was escorted from Berrimah Prison under guard to give birth to her fourth child, Kahlia, on 17 November 1982, in Darwin Hospital, and was returned thereafter to prison. An appeal to the Federal Court against conviction was subsequently dismissed. Another appeal against her conviction was rejected by the High Court in February 1984.

Release on new evidence
New evidence emerged on 2 February 1986 when Azaria's matinee jacket, which the police had maintained did not exist, was found partially buried adjacent to a dingo lair in an isolated location near Uluru. Five days later, on 7 February 1986, with the discovery of Azaria's missing jacket supporting the Chamberlains' defence case, Chamberlain was released from prison, and her life sentence was remitted by the Northern Territory Government. In 1987, a Royal Commission began investigating the matter further.

Morling Royal Commission
The purpose of the royal commission was to enquire into and report on the correctness of the Chamberlain convictions. In reaching the conclusion that there was a reasonable doubt as to the Chamberlains' guilt, Commissioner Trevor Morling concluded that the hypothesis that Chamberlain murdered Azaria had not been proven beyond reasonable doubt. Although the commission was of the opinion that the evidence afforded considerable support for the dingo hypothesis, it did not examine the evidence to see whether it had been proved that a dingo took the baby. To do so would, in the words of Morling, involve a "fundamental error of reversing the onus of proof and requiring Mrs Chamberlain to prove her innocence" (at p. 339 of the report).

Acquittal
In acquitting the Chamberlains in 1988, the Supreme Court found that the alleged "baby blood" found in the Chamberlains' car, upon which the prosecution so heavily relied, could have been any substance, but was likely that of a sound deadening compound from a manufacturing overspray (which contained no blood). This finding underscored inconsistencies in the earlier blood testing, which, along with the later-recovered matinee jacket from a dingo lair area, had given rise to the Morling Royal Commission's doubts about the propriety of her conviction. The court also noted that as DNA testing was not advanced in the early 1980s, the expert testimony given by the prosecution at trial and relied on by the jurors was reasonable evidence at the time, even though it was ultimately found to be faulty.

Third inquest
After the Chamberlains were acquitted by the Supreme Court in September 1988 and their convictions overturned, a third inquest in 1995 took place, with the coroner's report stating that it was a "paper inquest" rather than a full inquest since there was little new evidence and the second inquest was never fully completed. The coroner considered the Morling Royal Commission's report enquiring into the correctness of the convictions against Chamberlain along with submissions made on behalf of the Chamberlains, and returned an open verdict in Azaria's cause of death, or, insufficient evidence by the prosecution that failed to meet the required standard of proof for conviction. Specifically, he wrote "'After examining all the evidence I am unable to be satisfied on the balance of probabilities that Azaria Chamberlain died at the hands of Alice Lynne Chamberlain. It automatically follows that I am also unable to be satisfied on the balance of probabilities that Michael Leigh Chamberlain had any involvement in the death.'" He also wrote that because the evidence for the death-by-dingo hypothesis was never developed, "I am unable to be reasonably satisfied that Azaria Chamberlain died accidentally as a result of being taken by a dingo." He noted that "'Indeed, the evidence affords considerable support for the view that a dingo may have taken her. To examine the evidence to see whether it has been proved that a dingo took Azaria would be to make the fundamental error of reversing the onus of proof and requiring Mrs Chamberlain to prove her innocence.'"

2012 inquest
The Chamberlains continued to push for a resolution to the investigation into the death of Azaria as being caused by one or more dingoes without human interference. A new inquest began in February 2012 and new figures on dingo attacks on Fraser Island were collated by the Queensland Government's Department of Environment and Resource Management and provided as evidence at the Azaria Chamberlain inquest. Coroner Elizabeth Morris said that the new evidence in relation to dingo attacks on infants and young children had helped convince her to reopen the investigation. After 32 years of intense media interest and public excoriation, the Chamberlains stated they remained unsatisfied with bare acquittal and presumed innocence, and were keen to finally, and definitively, determine how their daughter died. On 12 June 2012, an Australian coroner made a final ruling that a dingo took baby Azaria Chamberlain from a campsite in 1980 and caused her death. Morris apologised to the Chamberlain family while an amended death certificate was immediately made available to them.

Court cases

 * Chamberlain v R (Azaria Chamberlain case and Dingo case) High Court bail application, Brennan J, 2 May 1983.
 * Chamberlain v R Full Court of the Federal Court, Bowen CJ, Forster & Jenkinson JJ, 29 April 1983.
 * Chamberlain v R (No 2) High Court, Gibbs CJ, Mason, Murphy, Brennan & Deane JJ, 22 February 1984.
 * Chamberlain v R (Acquittal decision) Reference Under S.433A of the Criminal Code by the Attorney-General for the Northern Territory of Australia of Convictions of Alice Lynne Chamberlain and Michael Leigh Chamberlain, Supreme Court of the Northern Territory, 15 September 1988.

Subsequent life
Chamberlain published Through My Eyes: an autobiography in 1990. The Chamberlains divorced in 1991. On 20 December 1992, she married Rick Creighton, an American publisher and fellow member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and is now known as Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton. She and Creighton live in Australia. In 2007, Chamberlain spoke out in support of the parents of Madeleine McCann and said she would be willing to talk to the McCanns.

In August 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the death of Azaria, Chamberlain appealed on her website to have the cause of death amended on Azaria's death record. In 2012, the coroner's final report identified that a dingo was the cause of death.

Film and other adaptations
In the 1983 Australian television movie about the case, Who Killed Baby Azaria?, Chamberlain was played by Elaine Hudson; the movie aired on Network Ten. In the 1988 film Evil Angels (released as A Cry in the Dark outside Australia and New Zealand) the role was played by Meryl Streep, whose performance received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in 1989. Miranda Otto played Chamberlain in the 2004 Australian television mini-series Through My Eyes: The Lindy Chamberlain Story, which aired on the Seven Network.

Australian composer Moya Henderson wrote the opera Lindy to a libretto by Judith Rodriguez. In 1990, the Rank Strangers' recording of their song "Uluru", which supported the Chamberlains and called for compensation to be paid to them, finished in the final five of the Australian Country Music Awards in Tamworth, New South Wales.

In 2021, Australian drag queen Etcetera Etcetera portrayed Chamberlain on the Snatch Game episode of the first series of RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under. The performance was roundly criticised in the media and by fellow contestants for being in poor taste.

Also in 2021, the release of Lindy Chamberlain from prison after the jacket of her baby daughter was found in a dingo lair was featured in episode three of the Australian series The Newsreader.

title: Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton


text:
Exhibition railway line

The Exhibition railway line is a special-purpose railway line in Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. It conveys Queensland Rail City network passengers during the Royal Queensland Show (locally known as "the Ekka") in August and rare other special events held in the showgrounds. It is informally known as the Ekka Loop.

Goods trains also use the Exhibition line to access the Normanby marshalling yard and to travel across Brisbane while avoiding city stations and congestion between Bowen Hills and Roma Street stations. QR Traveltrain long-distance passenger services similarly use the Exhibition line to arrive at and depart from Roma Street station. Empty City network and Traveltrain sets also use the line to access the Normanby train washing facility and the Mayne locomotive and electric depot.

History
When the Roma St to Sandgate railway opened in 1882, it had been constructed via Normanby to avoid the need for land resumptions through the Brisbane CBD. When passenger trains were diverted to the new line via Central station in 1890, traffic diminished significantly, and the section between Exhibition station and Mayne along with Normanby station was closed in 1900.

Traffic on the QR system continued to grow, and so the closed section was reopened in 1911 to allow goods trains from the North Coast line to use that route to reach Roma St, the main goods yard in Brisbane. When the locomotive and carriage sheds were relocated from Roma St to Mayne in 1927, the line was duplicated to deal with the additional empty trains travelling to and from Brisbane's main terminating station.

The line was electrified in 1982 to allow empty electric units to travel to and from Roma St.

In 2023, the line was realigned as part of the Cross River Rail project in what was described as one of the longest and most complicated pieces of track work ever undertaken in South East Queensland. Works included a new 150-metre bridge outside the Brisbane Showgrounds.

Line guide and services
Services stop at city stations (Roma Street, Central and Fortitude Valley) before the loop leaves the main line in the middle of platform 4 of Bowen Hills, and therefore can not stop here for passengers. The service runs in both directions.

Passengers for/from the Airport, Doomben, Caboolture, Ferny Grove, Nambour and Gympie North and Shorncliffe lines change at Central or Fortitude Valley) and Beenleigh, Cleveland, Gold Coast, Ipswich and Rosewood, lines at Roma Street.

title: Exhibition railway line


text:
Characterizations of the exponential function

In mathematics, the exponential function can be characterized in many ways. This article presents some common characterizations, discusses why each makes sense, and proves that they are all equivalent.

The exponential function occurs naturally in many branches of mathematics. Walter Rudin called it "the most important function in mathematics". It is therefore useful to have multiple ways to define (or characterize) it. Each of the characterizations below may be more or less useful depending on context. The "product limit" characterization of the exponential function was discovered by Leonhard Euler.

Characterizations
The six most common definitions of the exponential function $$\exp(x)=e^x$$ for real values $$x\in \mathbb{R}$$ are as follows.
 * 1) Product limit. Define $$e^x$$ by the limit:$$e^x = \lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac x n \right)^n.$$
 * 2) Power series. Define $e^{x}$ as the value of the infinite series $$e^x = \sum_{n=0}^\infty {x^n \over n!} = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} + \cdots$$ (Here $n!$ denotes the factorial of $n$. One proof that $e$ is irrational uses a special case of this formula.)
 * 3) Inverse of logarithm integral. Define $$e^x$$ to be the unique number $y > 0$ such that $$\int_1^y \frac{dt}{t} = x.$$ That is, $$e^x$$ is the inverse of the natural logarithm function $$x=\ln(y)$$, which is defined by this integral.
 * 4) Differential equation. Define $$y(x)=e^x$$ to be the unique solution to the differential equation with initial value:$$y' = y,\quad y(0) = 1,$$ where $$y'=\tfrac{dy}{dx}$$ denotes the derivative of $y$.
 * 5) Functional equation. The exponential function $$e^x$$ is the unique function $f$ with $$f(x+y)=f(x)f(y)$$ for all $$x,y$$ and $$f'(0)=1$$. The condition $$f'(0)=1$$ can be replaced with $$f(1)=e$$ together with any of the following regularity conditions: For the uniqueness, one must impose some regularity condition, since other functions satisfying $$f(x+y)=f(x)f(y)$$ can be constructed using a basis for the real numbers over the rationals, as described by Hewitt and Stromberg.
 * 6) Elementary definition by powers. Define the exponential function with base $$a>0$$ to be the continuous function $$a^x$$ whose value on integers $$x=n$$ is given by repeated multiplication or division of $$a$$, and whose value on rational numbers $$x=n/m$$ is given by $$a^{n/m} =\ \  \sqrt[m]{\vphantom{A^2}a^n}$$. Then define $$e^x$$ to be the exponential function whose base $$a=e$$ is the unique positive real number satisfying: $$\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{e^h - 1}{h} = 1.$$

Larger domains
One way of defining the exponential function over the complex numbers is to first define it for the domain of real numbers using one of the above characterizations, and then extend it as an analytic function, which is characterized by its values on any infinite domain set.

Also, characterisations (1), (2), and (4) for $$e^x$$ apply directly for $$x$$ a complex number. Definition (3) presents a problem because there are non-equivalent paths along which one could integrate; but the equation of (3) should hold for any such path modulo $$2\pi$$. As for definition (5), the additive property together with the complex derivative $$f'(0) = 1$$ are sufficient to guarantee $$f(x)=e^x$$. However, the initial value condition $$f(1)=e$$ together with the other regularity conditions are not sufficient. For example, for real x and y, the function$$ f(x + iy) = e^x(\cos(2y) + i\sin(2y)) = e^{x + 2iy} $$satisfies the three listed regularity conditions in (5) but is not equal to $$\exp(x+iy)$$. A sufficient condition is that $$f(1)=e$$ and that $$f$$ is a conformal map at some point; or else the two initial values $$f(1)=e$$ and $ f(i) = \cos(1) + i\sin(1) $ together with the other regularity conditions.

One may also define the exponential on other domains, such as matrices and other algebras. Definitions (1), (2), and (4) all make sense for arbitrary Banach algebras.

Proof that each characterization makes sense
Some of these definitions require justification to demonstrate that they are well-defined. For example, when the value of the function is defined as the result of a limiting process (i.e. an infinite sequence or series), it must be demonstrated that such a limit always exists.

Characterization 1
The error of the product limit expression is described by:$$\left(1+\frac x n \right)^n=e^x \left(1-\frac{x^2}{2n}+\frac{x^3(8+3x)}{24n^2}+\cdots \right),$$ where the polynomial's degree (in x) in the term with denominator nk is 2k.

Characterization 2
Since $$\lim_{n\to\infty} \left|\frac{x^{n+1}/(n+1)!}{x^n/n!}\right| = \lim_{n\to\infty} \left|\frac{x}{n+1}\right| = 0 < 1.$$ it follows from the ratio test that $\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}$ converges for all x.

Characterization 3
Since the integrand is an integrable function of $t$, the integral expression is well-defined. It must be shown that the function from $$\mathbb{R}^+$$ to $$\mathbb{R}$$ defined by $$x \mapsto \int_1^x \frac{dt}{t}$$ is a bijection. Since $f$ is positive for positive $t$, this function is strictly increasing, hence injective. If the two integrals $$\begin{align} \int_1^\infty \frac{dt} t & = \infty \\[8pt] \int_1^0 \frac{dt} t & = -\infty \end{align}$$ hold, then it is surjective as well. Indeed, these integrals do hold; they follow from the integral test and the divergence of the harmonic series.

Characterization 6
The definition depends on the unique positive real number $$a=e$$ satisfying: $$\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{a^h - 1}{h} = 1.$$This limit can be shown to exist for any $$a$$, and it defines a continuous increasing function $$f(a)=\ln(a) $$ with $$f(1)=0$$ and $$\lim_{a\to\infty}f(a) = \infty $$, so the Intermediate value theorem guarantees the existence of such a value $$a=e$$.

Equivalence of the characterizations
The following arguments demonstrate the equivalence of the above characterizations for the exponential function.

Characterization 1 ⇔ characterization 2
The following argument is adapted from Rudin, theorem 3.31, p. 63–65.

Let $$x \geq 0$$ be a fixed non-negative real number. Define $$t_n=\left(1+\frac x n \right)^n,\qquad s_n = \sum_{k=0}^n\frac{x^k}{k!},\qquad e^x = \lim_{n\to\infty} s_n.$$

By the binomial theorem, $$\begin{align} t_n & =\sum_{k=0}^n{n \choose k}\frac{x^k}{n^k}=1+x+\sum_{k=2}^n\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)\cdots(n-(k-1))x^k}{k!\,n^k} \\[8pt] & = 1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)+\frac{x^3}{3!}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)\left(1-\frac{2}{n}\right)+\cdots \\[8pt] & {}\qquad \cdots +\frac{x^n}{n!}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)\cdots\left(1-\frac{n-1}{n}\right)\le s_n \end{align}$$ (using x ≥ 0 to obtain the final inequality) so that: $$\limsup_{n\to\infty}t_n \le \limsup_{n\to\infty}s_n = e^x$$ One must use lim sup because it is not known if tn converges.

For the other inequality, by the above expression for tn, if 2 ≤ m ≤ n, we have: $$1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)+\cdots+\frac{x^m}{m!}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)\left(1-\frac{2}{n}\right)\cdots\left(1-\frac{m-1}{n}\right)\le t_n.$$

Fix m, and let n approach infinity. Then $$s_m = 1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\cdots+\frac{x^m}{m!} \le \liminf_{n\to\infty}\ t_n$$ (again, one must use lim inf because it is not known if tn converges). Now, take the above inequality, let m approach infinity, and put it together with the other inequality to obtain: $$\limsup_{n\to\infty}t_n \le e^x \le \liminf_{n\to\infty}t_n $$ so that $$\lim_{n\to\infty}t_n = e^x. $$

This equivalence can be extended to the negative real numbers by noting $\left(1 - \frac r n \right)^n \left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)^n = \left(1-\frac{r^2}{n^2}\right)^n $  and taking the limit as n goes to infinity.

Characterization 1 ⇔ characterization 3
Here, the natural logarithm function is defined in terms of a definite integral as above. By the first part of fundamental theorem of calculus, $$\frac d {dx}\ln x=\frac{d}{dx} \int_1^x \frac1 t \,dt = \frac 1 x.$$

Besides, $\ln 1 = \int_1^1 \frac{dt}{t} = 0$

Now, let x be any fixed real number, and let $$y=\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\frac{x}{n}\right)^n.$$

$f$, which implies that $f$, where $1/t$ is in the sense of definition 3. We have $$\ln y=\ln\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\frac{x}{n} \right)^n = \lim_{n\to\infty} \ln\left(1+\frac{x}{n}\right)^n.$$

Here, the continuity of ln(y) is used, which follows from the continuity of 1/t: $$\ln y=\lim_{n\to\infty}n\ln \left(1+\frac{x}{n} \right) = \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{x\ln\left(1+(x/n)\right)}{(x/n)}.$$

Here, the result lnan = nlna has been used. This result can be established for n a natural number by induction, or using integration by substitution. (The extension to real powers must wait until ln and exp have been established as inverses of each other, so that ab can be defined for real b as eb lna.) $$=x\cdot\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\ln\left(1+h\right)}{h} \quad \text{ where } h = \frac{x}{n}$$ $$=x\cdot\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\ln\left(1+h\right)-\ln 1}{h}$$ $$=x\cdot\frac{d}{dt} \ln t \Bigg|_{t=1}$$ $$\!\, = x.$$

Characterization 1 ⇔ characterization 4
Let $$y(t) $$ denote the solution to the initial value problem $$y' = y,\ y(0) = 1$$. Applying the simplest form of Euler's method with increment $$\Delta t = \frac{x}{n}$$ and sample points $$t \ =\ 0,\ \Delta t, \ 2 \Delta t, \ldots, \ n \Delta t   $$ gives the recursive formula:"$y(t+\Delta t) \ \approx \ y(t) + y'(t)\Delta t \ =\ y(t) + y(t)\Delta t \ =\  y(t)\,(1+\Delta t).$"This recursion is immediately solved to give the approximate value $$y(x) = y(n\Delta t) \approx (1+\Delta t)^n$$, and since Euler's Method is known to converge to the exact solution, we have:"$y(x) = \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\frac{x}{n}\right)^n. $"

Characterization 1 ⇔ characterization 5
The following proof is a simplified version of the one in Hewitt and Stromberg, exercise 18.46. First, one proves that measurability (or here, Lebesgue-integrability) implies continuity for a non-zero function $$f(x)$$ satisfying $$f(x+y)=f(x)f(y)$$, and then one proves that continuity implies $$f(x) = e^{kx}$$ for some k, and finally $$f(1) = e$$ implies $Ln(y) = x$.

First, a few elementary properties from $$f(x)$$ satisfying $$f(x+y)=f(x)f(y)$$ are proven, and the assumption that $$f(x)$$ is not identically zero:
 * If $$f(x)$$ is nonzero anywhere (say at x=y), then it is non-zero everywhere. Proof: $$f(y) = f(x) f(y - x) \neq 0$$ implies $$f(x) \neq 0$$.
 * $$f(0)=1$$. Proof: $$f(x)= f(x+0) = f(x) f(0)$$ and $$f(x)$$ is non-zero.
 * $$f(-x)=1/f(x)$$. Proof: $$1 = f(0)= f(x-x) = f(x) f(-x)$$.
 * If $$f(x)$$ is continuous anywhere (say at x = y), then it is continuous everywhere. Proof: $$f(x+\delta) - f(x) = f(x-y) [ f(y+\delta) - f(y)] \to 0$$ as $$\delta \to 0$$ by continuity at y.

The second and third properties mean that it is sufficient to prove $$f(x)=e^x$$ for positive x.

If $$f(x)$$ is a Lebesgue-integrable function, then $$g(x) = \int_0^x f(x')\, dx'.$$

It then follows that $$g(x+y)-g(x) = \int_x^{x+y} f(x')\, dx' = \int_0^y f(x+x')\, dx' = f(x) g(y). $$

Since $$f(x)$$ is nonzero, some $y$ can be chosen such that $$g(y) \neq 0$$ and solve for $$f(x)$$ in the above expression. Therefore: $$\begin{align} f(x+\delta)-f(x) & = \frac{[g(x+\delta+y)-g(x+\delta)]-[g(x+y)-g(x)]}{g(y)} \\ & =\frac{[g(x+y+\delta)-g(x+y)]-[g(x+\delta)-g(x)]}{g(y)} \\ & =\frac{f(x+y)g(\delta)-f(x)g(\delta)}{g(y)}=g(\delta)\frac{f(x+y)-f(x)}{g(y)}. \end{align}$$

The final expression must go to zero as $$\delta \to 0$$ since $$g(0)=0$$ and $$g(x)$$ is continuous. It follows that $$f(x)$$ is continuous.

Now, $$f(q) = e^{kq}$$ can be proven, for some k, for all positive rational numbers q. Let q=n/m for positive integers n and m. Then $$f\left(\frac{n}{m}\right)=f\left(\frac{1}{m}+\cdots+\frac{1}{m} \right)=f\left(\frac{1}{m}\right)^n$$ by elementary induction on n. Therefore, $$f(1/m)^m = f(1)$$ and thus $$f\left(\frac{n}{m}\right)=f(1)^{n/m}=e^{k(n/m)}.$$ for $$k = \ln [f(1)]$$. If restricted to real-valued $$f(x)$$, then $$f(x) = f(x/2)^2$$ is everywhere positive and so k is real.

Finally, by continuity, since $$f(x) = e^{kx}$$ for all rational x, it must be true for all real x since the closure of the rationals is the reals (that is, any real x can be written as the limit of a sequence of rationals). If $$f(1) = e$$ then k = 1. This is equivalent to characterization 1 (or 2, or 3), depending on which equivalent definition of e one uses.

Characterization 2 ⇔ characterization 4
Let n be a non-negative integer. In the sense of definition 4 and by induction, $$\frac{d^ny}{dx^n}=y$$.

Therefore $$\frac{d^ny}{dx^n}\Bigg|_{x=0}=y(0)=1.$$

Using Taylor series, $$y= \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {f^{(n)}(0)}{n!} \, x^n = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {1}{n!} \, x^n = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {x^n}{n!}.$$ This shows that definition 4 implies definition 2.

In the sense of definition 2, $$\begin{align} \frac{d}{dx}e^x & = \frac{d}{dx} \left(1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {x^n}{n!} \right) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {nx^{n-1}}{n!} =\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {x^{n-1}}{(n-1)!} \\[6pt] & =\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac {x^k}{k!}, \text{ where } k=n-1 \\[6pt] & =e^x \end{align}$$

Besides, $e^0 = 1 + 0 + \frac{0^2}{2!} + \frac{0^3}{3!} + \cdots = 1.$ This shows that definition 2 implies definition 4.

Characterization 2 ⇒ characterization 5
In the sense of definition 2, the equation $$\exp(x+y)= \exp(x)\exp(y)$$ follows from the term-by-term manipulation of power series justified by uniform convergence, and the resulting equality of coefficients is just the Binomial theorem. Furthermore: $$\begin{align} \exp'(0) & = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{e^h-1}{h} \\ & =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{1}{h} \left (\left (1+h+ \frac{h^2}{2!}+\frac{h^3}{3!}+\frac{h^4}{4!}+\cdots \right) -1 \right) \\ & =\lim_{h\to 0} \left(1+ \frac{h}{2!}+\frac{h^2}{3!}+\frac{h^3}{4!}+\cdots \right) \ =\ 1.\\ \end{align}$$

Characterization 3 ⇔ characterization 4
Characterisation 3 involves defining the natural logarithm before the exponential function is defined. First, $$\log x := \int_{1}^{x} \frac{dt}{t}$$ This means that the natural logarithm of $$x$$ equals the (signed) area under the graph of $$1/t$$ between $$t = 1$$ and $$t=x$$. If $$x<1$$, then this area is taken to be negative. Then, $$\exp$$ is defined as the inverse of $$\log$$, meaning that $$\exp(\log(x))=x \text{ and } \log(\exp(x))=x$$ by the definition of an inverse function. If $$a$$ is a positive real number then $$a^x$$ is defined as $$\exp(x\log(a))$$. Finally, $$e$$ is defined as the number $$a$$ such that $$\log(a)=1$$. It can then be shown that $$e^x=\exp(x)$$: $$e^x=\exp(x\log(e))=\exp(x)$$ By the fundamental theorem of calculus, the derivative of $\log x = \frac{1}{x}$. We are now in a position to prove that $\frac{d}{dx} e^x=e^x$, satisfying the first part of the initial value problem given in characterisation 4: $$\begin{align} \text{Let }y&=e^x=\exp(x) \\ \log(y)&=\log(\exp(x))=x \\ \frac{1}{y}\frac{dy}{dx}&=1 \\ \frac{dy}{dx}&=y=e^x \end{align}$$ Then, we merely have to note that $$e^0=\exp(0)=1$$, and we are done. Of course, it is much easier to show that characterisation 4 implies characterisation 3. If $$e^x$$ is the unique function $$f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$$ satisfying $$f'(x)=e^x$$, and $$f(0)=1$$, then $$\log$$ can be defined as its inverse. The derivative of $$\log$$ can be found in the following way: $$y = \log x \implies x=e^y$$ If we differentiate both sides with respect to $$y$$, we get $$\begin{align} \frac{dx}{dy} &= e^y \\ \frac{dy}{dx} &= \frac{1}{e^y} = \frac{1}{x} \end{align}$$ Therefore, $$\int_{1}^{x}\frac{1}{t}dt=\left[\log t\right]_{1}^{x} = \log x - \log 1 = \log x - 0 = \log x$$

Characterization 5 ⇒ characterization 4
The conditions $y = e^{x}$ and $e^{x}$ imply both conditions in characterization 4. Indeed, one gets the initial condition $k = 1$ by dividing both sides of the equation $$f(0) = f(0 + 0) = f(0) f(0)$$ by $f'(0) = 1$, and the condition that $f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)$ follows from the condition that $f(0) = 1$ and the definition of the derivative as follows: $$ \begin{array}{rcccccc} f'(x) & = & \lim\limits_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)} h & = & \lim\limits_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x)f(h)-f(x)} h & = & \lim\limits_{h\to 0}f(x)\frac{f(h)-1} h \\[1em] & = & f(x)\lim\limits_{h\to 0}\frac{f(h)-1} h & = & f(x)\lim\limits_{h\to 0}\frac{f(0+h)-f(0)} h & = & f(x)f'(0) = f(x). \end{array} $$

Characterization 5 ⇒ characterization 4
In the sense of definition 5, the multiplicative property together with the initial condition $$\exp'(0)= 1 $$ imply that: $$\begin{array}{rcl} \frac{d}{dx}\exp(x) &=& \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\exp(x{+}h)-\exp(x)}{h}\\ & = & \exp(x) \cdot \lim_{h \to 0}\frac{\exp(h)-1}{h}\\ & = & \exp(x) \exp'(0) =\exp(x). \end{array}$$

Characterization 5 ⇔ characterization 6
The multiplicative property $$f(x+y)=f(x)f(y)$$ of definition 5 implies that $$f(0)=1$$, and that $$f(x)=a^x$$ according to the multiplication/division and root definition of exponentiation for rational $$x=n/m$$ in definition 6, where $$a=f(1)$$. Then the condition $$f'(0)=1$$ means that $$\lim_{h\to 0}\tfrac{a^h-1}{h}=1$$. Also any of the conditions of definition 5 imply that $$f(x)$$ is continuous at all real $$x$$. The converse is similar.


text:
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Thomas Watt Gregory

Thomas Watt Gregory (November 6, 1861 – February 26, 1933) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a progressive and attorney who served as US Attorney General from 1914 to 1919 under US President Woodrow Wilson.

Early life
Gregory was born in Crawfordsville, Mississippi. He graduated from the Webb School (Bell Buckle, Tennessee) in 1881 and Southwestern Presbyterian University, today known as Rhodes College, in 1883, and was a special student at the University of Virginia. Gregory entered the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 and graduated a year later with a degree in law.

He began the practice of law in Austin in 1885 and served as a regent of the University of Texas for eight years. Gregory Gymnasium was named in honor of his efforts to provide an adequate exercise facility for the students and faculty of the university. He declined appointment as assistant attorney general of Texas in 1892 and an appointment to the state bench in 1896, but he "gained experience as a trust prosecutor as a special counsel for the state of Texas."

He embraced the progressive rhetoric of the early 20th century by his condemnations of "plutocratic power," "predatory wealth," and "the greed of the party spoilsmen" and participated in Edward M. House's Democratic coalition.

Gregory was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis and at state delegate at-large at the Baltimore convention. He was appointed Special Assistant to the US Attorney General in 1913 in the investigation and proceedings against the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company.

Attorney General
In 1914, US President Woodrow Wilson appointed him US Attorney General, an office that Gregory held until 1919. Despite a continuing commitment to progressive reform, Gregory provoked enormous controversy performance as attorney general because of his collaboration with Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson and others in orchestrating a campaign to crush domestic dissent during World War I.

Gregory helped frame the Espionage and Sedition Acts, which compromised the constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and press, and he lobbied for their passage. He encouraged extralegal surveillance by the American Protective League and directed the federal prosecutions of more than 2000 opponents of the war: "By 1918 the Attorney General was able to declare, 'It is safe to say that never in its history has this country been so thoroughly policed.'"

In 1916, Wilson wanted to appoint Gregory to the US Supreme Court, but Gregory declined the offer because of his impaired hearing, his eagerness to participate in Wilson's re-election campaign, and his belief that he lacked the necessary temperament to be a judge. He was a member of Wilson's Second Industrial Conference in 1919 and 1920.

Death and legacy
During a trip to New York to confer with Franklin Roosevelt, Gregory contracted pneumonia and died. He is buried in Austin.

His portrait was painted in 1917 by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947) and hangs in the Department of Justice in Washington, DC.

title: Thomas Watt Gregory


text:
Allright (automobile)

The Allright (known in Germany as the Allreit and outside of Germany as the Vindec-Special) was a German automobile manufactured from 1908 to 1913 at the Cologne-Lindenthal factory that produced Allright, Tiger, Roland, and Vindec-Special bicycles and motorcycles.

The first Allright-Mobil of 1908 was offered with an air-cooled 5 hp v-twin engine and four wire wheels. It weighed 200 kg and could reach 35 km/h.

From 1910 an improved model was offered, available as two-seater Runabout or delivery truck. Its 960 cc v-twin engine delivered 7 hp at 1300 rpm. A rear-wheel-drive vehicle, its axle was driven via a conical leather clutch, a three-speed transmission, and chains. The vehicle weighed 500 kg and could attain a speed of 55 km/h. It was sold for 3,000 German gold marks.

Vindec-Special
In 1906 the Motor Cycling Club's gold medal was awarded to those who could complete the 391-mile journey from London to Edinburgh in under 24 hours. The fastest finisher was Tom Woodman (22h 38m) riding a 5-horsepower Vindec-Special motor-bicycle. W. H. 'Billy' Wells in second was also riding a Vindec-Special.

Vindec-Specials were also placed in the 1907 Isle of Man TT Twin Cylinder race, Billy Wells coming second and Arnold Dent fourth.

title: Allright (automobile)


text:
Themeparks LLC

Themeparks LLC, later known as Kentucky Kingdom LLLP, was an American company that operated two amusement parks. The company was originally formed as "227 Plus One" in the late 1980s by Ed Hart and is based in Louisville, Kentucky. Themeparks' first park was Kentucky Kingdom, which it bought in 1989 and sold to Premier Parks (now Six Flags) in 1997. Themeparks subsequently operated Magic Springs Theme Park in Hot Springs, Arkansas from 2000 to 2008 before selling it to PARC Management. Themeparks LLC repurchased Kentucky Kingdom in 2013 and operated the amusement park from 2014 to 2020. In February 2021, Kentucky Kingdom was sold to Herschend Family Entertainment.

The first decade (1989–2008)
In early April 1989, businessman Ed Hart bought the then-bankrupt Kentucky Kingdom amusement park's operating rights in a contract with the Kentucky State Fair Board. Hart then turned the park around and reopened it for the 1990 season. During this time, Hart founded Themeparks LLC specifically for the project.

On September 26, 1997, Themeparks LLC announced that Kentucky Kingdom would be sold to Premier Parks for $64 million, the deal was finalized on November 7. In 1998, Premier Parks purchased Six Flags Theme Parks from Time Warner, Kentucky Kingdom became Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom on June 21, 1998.

In the late 1990s, Hart was approached by Fitraco, a Belgian company, to reopen Magic Springs amusement park in Arkansas. Hart then reassembled and restarted Themeparks LLC, only one year after it dissolved after the sale of Kentucky Kingdom to Premier Parks (now Six Flags). Hart and Themeparks LLC then reopened the park on May 27, 2000, after five years being closed. During Themeparks LLC's operations at Magic Springs, attendance grew to new highs, after the additions of Crystal Falls Water Park and the Timberwood Amphitheater.

In October 2002, the company made a bid for VisionLand, a theme park in Bessemer, Alabama, but the price was too high.

Themeparks LLC sold Magic Springs and Crystal Falls to PARC Management in June 2008. Themeparks LLC then dissolved for a second time afterwards.

Return to Kentucky Kingdom (2010–2021)
In 2010, Themeparks LLC temporarily renamed itself to KK Redevelopment LLC to buy back Kentucky Kingdom from the state of Kentucky. In late 2011, The Kentucky State Fair Board ended their plans with KK Redevelopment LLC to reopen Kentucky Kingdom, after they failed to reach a lease agreement by a September 30 deadline. On October 19, 2012, KK Redevelopment LLC submitted a new proposal to reopen the park, the proposal included $50 million in startup funding and $70 million over the term of a lease with the state.

On January 24, 2013, The Fair Board approved the proposal from KK Redevelopment LLC and Ed Hart to reopen Kentucky Kingdom. The park (along with Hurricane Bay) was set to reopen on May 24, 2014, with new thrill rides and a bigger water park. Kentucky Kingdom and Hurricane Bay is now open with Themeparks LLC as the new operators. They spent over 50 million dollars to bring back Kentucky Kingdom and during the first year of operation. Theme Park LLC added a $7 million roller coaster named Lightning Run and doubled the size of the water park. Though Themeparks LLC does operate Kentucky Kingdom, the company was commonly referred to as Kentucky Kingdom LLLP when relating to Kentucky Kingdom.

On February 23, 2021, at a press conference attended by Kentucky governor Andy Beshear and Louisville mayor Greg Fischer, it was announced that the operating rights to Kentucky Kingdom had been sold to Herschend Family Entertainment, a Georgia-based company that operated three theme parks.

Proposed amusement parks
After selling Kentucky Kingdom to Premier Parks in 1997, Hart began planning to build a brand new amusement park near Seattle, Washington, which was to be called "The Great Northwest Theme Park". The park was to be 100 acres and be located in the town of Lakewood. It was planned to open in the Spring of 2002. However, the project was scrapped for unknown reasons.

In the early 2000s, Hart and Themeparks LLC began developing a new theme and water park, which was to be called Thrillopolis, and to be located in Nashville, Tennessee. Nashville's only amusement park, Opryland USA, had previously closed permanently several years prior in 1997 and was replaced by a shopping mall in 2000. The closest amusement park to Nashville at this time was Dollywood in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. On June 17, 2002, Hart announced that Thrillopolis would not be built in Nashville, due to funding issues with the local government. In late 2002, Themeparks LLC did try to find property for Thrillopolis in Wilson County, Tennessee, even signing an exclusivity agreement with Wilson County on October 15, 2002. However, by the mid-2000s, plans to open Thrillopolis had been canceled.

Properties

 * Former
 * Kentucky Kingdom (1990–1997), (2014–2021)
 * Magic Springs and Crystal Falls (2000–2008)

 * Proposed
 * The Great Northwest Theme Park
 * Thrillopolis

title: Themeparks LLC


text:
Allstate (automobile)

The Allstate is an American automobile that was offered for sale through Sears, Roebuck and Co. during the 1952 and 1953 model years. It was a rebadged version of the Henry J, an automobile manufactured by the Kaiser-Frazer company from 1950 through 1954.

History
The Sears retail chain had previously marketed vehicles made by the Lincoln Motor Car Works under the name "Sears Motor Buggy" between 1908 and 1912.

These horseless carriages were of the "high-wheeler" variety with large wagon-type wheels. Their high ground clearance was well-suited to muddy, wagon-rutted country roads. Customers were accustomed to mail ordering through the Sears catalog, and the Sears Motor Buggy could be delivered to the nearest railroad siding. A wood crate would arrive and the customer had to install the wheels and add oil to the engine, but Sears deemed the product not to be profitable at $370 and was dropped from the catalog after 3,500 orders.

Development

The Allstate was the brainchild of Henry J. Kaiser, who saw distribution by Sears as another means to mass-market his slow-selling "Henry J" two-door sedan, introduced in 1950. The independent automakers at the time, such as Kaiser-Frazer, could compete with the large dealer networks marketing the cars made by the "Big Four" auto companies at the time. The catalog and retail chain was also interested in working out a deal.

Starting in 1945, Sears executive, Theodore Houser, discussed the idea with Kaiser-Frazer. Allstate automobiles were planned to be built on the senior Kaiser platforms. The concept came together after the affordable Henry J model was developed by Kaiser-Frazer.

Thus, after three years of negotiations between Kaiser-Frazer and Sears, the production of Allstate was announced on November 20, 1951, by Sears merchandising vice president, Theodore V. Houser, and Kaiser-Frazer administrative vice president, Eugene Trefethen. The three-year delay was also due in part to tension from existing Kaiser-Frazer dealerships fearing competition with Sears.

The Allstate was essentially a Henry J, but with several differences that included Allstate badges on the hood and rear deck, a more upscale interior of Saran plaid or occasionally leather or smooth vinyl, special hubcaps/wheel covers, horn buttons and instrument bezels, a locking trunk lid, special engine color (blue), custom armrests and sun visors, revised door locks and keys, and special parking and taillamp assemblies. The cars came finished in Sears-blue paint. Most notably, the Allstate featured a unique two-bar grille and jet-plane hood ornament designed by Alex Tremulis, who had come to Kaiser-Frazer from the Tucker Corporation. Tremulis described it as a "rush job" including the Allstate logo with an outline map of the United States.

Production
The Allstate was built by Kaiser-Frazer in Willow Run, Michigan, (and after 1953 by Kaiser-Willys in Toledo, Ohio) and was based on Kaiser's compact Henry J. One body style was offered, a fastback two-door sedan in two lines, the Series 4 and the Series 6.

For 1952, the Series 4 came in the Model 111 Standard (the best seller at US1,486) and Model 113 DeLuxe ($1,539) trim versions, and was also available in an austere Model 110 Basic version for $1,395. The Series 6 Basic was priced at $1,594 and the well-trimmed, swift Model 115 DeLuxe was offered at $1,693. (The Standard was never offered in the Series 6.) The cars had a 100 in wheelbase. The marketing slogan was "Your one brand new car for '52! Allstate!"

No appearance changes were made for 1953 but Allstate cars weighed as much as 145 lb more than their 1952 counterparts.

All the Allstate Basic models were dropped and Allstate prices jumped substantially; the entry-level Series 4 Standard Model 210 sold for $1,528 and the DeLuxe Model 213 for $1,589. The Series 6 was now only offered in the upscale DeLuxe Model 215 version at $1,785 and was the most popular Allstate that year.

The standard Allstate interior material was made from tightly twisted strands of paper that were woven together and then coated in plastic, which proved to be unusually durable as well as attractive and eliminated the need for seat covers. Seat covers were popular in the 1950s, and many were made of this material.

Unlike early Henry Js, which were built without trunk lids to reduce costs, the Allstates featured a regular opening trunk lid.

Series 4 cars used an 134.2 CID L-head I4 engine producing 68 hp, and the Series 6 was powered by a 161 CID L-head I6 rated at 80 hp, both built by Willys. A three-speed manual transmission was standard, with overdrive available for $104 extra.

One mechanical difference between Allstate and Henry J was that Allstates were equipped with Allstate-brand tires, tubes, spark plugs, and batteries, all with their own Sears "Triple Guarantee" warranties.

Initially, the Allstate was offered only in the south and southwest United States, with plans to expand distribution as demand for the product grew. Sears locations selling Allstates included Baytown, Texas; Beaumont, Texas; Birmingham, Alabama; Dallas, Texas; Fayetteville, North Carolina; Houston, Texas; Jackson, Mississippi; Knoxville, Tennessee; Little Rock, Arkansas; Lubbock, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee; Norfolk, Virginia; Orlando, Florida; Phoenix, Arizona; Portsmouth, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Waco, Texas.

While some Sears outlets tried to stock at least one sample of the car, most were built on demand by Kaiser-Frazer, which made delivery to the store where they were sold. Kaiser-Frazer urged its dealers to service Allstate cars when asked. Many Kaiser-Frazer dealers were displeased to see "their cars" sold by another outlet, especially since the Allstate carried more standard equipment, yet sold at a lower price than the Henry J.

Sears marketed the car as "the lowest-priced full-sized sedan on the U.S. market." However, Sears did not accept trade-ins from Allstate buyers, and there may have been a reluctance to buy a car through a department store where service was thought to be questionable. The lack of a trade-in program also proved to be a serious impediment to the sale of Graham-Bradley tractors from Graham-Paige Motors by Sears in the late 1930s.

Epilogue
A total of 2,363 Allstates were sold during two model years before the marque was discontinued; 1,566 during 1952 and 797 in 1953. Kaiser discontinued the Henry J the following year.

The Allstate has become a car desired by collectors as reflected in the few remaining examples in original condition and by their current market values. As of 2022, a restored 1953 Allstate was on display in the corporate building of Allstate in Northbrook, IL.

title: Allstate (automobile)


text:
Left-hand path and right-hand path

In Western esotericism, left-hand path and right-hand path are two opposing approaches to magic. Various groups engaged with the occult and ceremonial magic use the terminology to establish a dichotomy, broadly simplified as (malicious) black magic on the left and (benevolent) white magic on the right. Others approach the left/right paths as different kinds of workings, without connotations of good or bad magical actions. Still others treat the paths as fundamental schemes, connected with external divinities on the right, contrasted with self-deification on the left.

The terms have their origins in tantra: the right-hand path (RHP, or dakṣiṇācāra) applied to magical groups that follow specific ethical codes and adopt social convention, while the left-hand path (LHP, or vāmācāra) adopts the opposite attitude, breaking taboos and abandoning set morality. Contemporary occultists such as Peter J. Carroll have stressed that both paths can be followed by a magical practitioner, as essentially they have the same goals.

The godhood self sought by left-hand path followers is represented by the qliphah Thaumiel in the Tree of Knowledge.

Right-hand path
The right-hand path is commonly thought to refer to magical or religious groups which adhere to a certain set of characteristics:
 * They divide the concepts of mind, body and spirit into three separate, albeit interrelated, entities.
 * They adhere to a specific moral code and a belief in some form of judgement, such as karma or the Threefold Law.

The occultist Dion Fortune considered Abrahamic religions to be RHP.

Left-hand path
Historian Dave Evans studied self-professed followers of the left-hand path in the early 21st century, making several observations about their practices:
 * They often reject societal convention and the status quo, which some suggest is in a search for spiritual freedom. As a part of this, LHP followers embrace magical techniques that would traditionally be viewed as taboo, for instance using sex magic or embracing Satanic imagery. As Mogg Morgan wrote, the "breaking of taboos makes magic more potent and can lead to reintegration and liberation, [for example] the eating of meat in a vegetarian community can have the same liberating effect as anal intercourse in a sexually inhibited society."
 * They often question religious or moral dogma, instead adhering to forms of personal anarchism.
 * They often embrace sexuality and incorporate it into magical ritual.

Tantra and Madame Blavatsky
Vāmācāra is a Sanskrit term meaning "left-handed attainment". The converse term is dakshinachara. The Western use of the terms left-hand path and right-hand path originated with Madame Blavatsky, a 19th-century occultist who founded the Theosophical Society. She had travelled across parts of southern Asia and gave accounts of having met with many mystics and magical practitioners in India and Tibet. She developed the term left-hand path as a translation of the term vamachara, an Indian Tantric practice that emphasised the breaking of Hindu societal taboos by having sexual intercourse in ritual, drinking alcohol, eating meat and assembling in graveyards, as a part of the spiritual practice. The term vamachara literally meant "the left-hand way" in Sanskrit, and it was from this that Blavatsky first coined the term.

Returning to Europe, Blavatsky began using the term. It was relatively easy for her to associate left with evil in many European countries, where it already has had an association with evil and bad luck since the Classical Latin era. As the historian Dave Evans noted, homosexuals were referred to as "left-handed", and while in Protestant nations Roman Catholics were called "left-footers".

Adoption into the western esoteric tradition
In New York, Madame Blavatsky founded the Theosophical Society with several other people in 1875. She set about writing several books, including Isis Unveiled (1877) in which she introduced the terms left-hand path and right-hand path, firmly stating that she herself followed the RHP, and that followers of the LHP were practitioners of black magic who were a threat to society. The occult community soon picked up on her newly introduced duality, which, according to historian Dave Evans, "had not been known before" in the Western Esoteric Tradition. For instance, Dion Fortune, founder of the magical group the Society of the Inner Light, also took the side of the RHP, making the claim that followers of the LHP were homosexuals and that Indian servants might use malicious magical rites devoted to the goddess Kali against their European masters.

Aleister Crowley further altered and popularized the term in certain occult circles, referring to a "brother of the left-hand path", or a "black brother", as one who failed to attain the grade of Magister Templi in Crowley's system of ceremonial magic. Crowley also referred to the left-hand path when describing the point at which the Adeptus Exemptus chooses to cross the Abyss, which is the location of Choronzon and the illusory eleventh Sephira, which is Da'ath or Knowledge. In this example, the adept must surrender all, including the guidance of his Holy Guardian Angel, and leap into the Abyss. If his accumulated karma is sufficient, and if he has been utterly thorough in his own self-destruction, he becomes a "babe of the abyss", arising as a Star in the Crowleyan system. On the other hand, if he retains some fragment of ego, or if he fears to cross, he then becomes encysted. The layers of his self, which he could have shed in the Abyss, ossify around him. He is then titled a "brother of the left-hand path", who will eventually be broken up and disintegrated against his will, since he failed to choose voluntary disintegration. Crowley associated all this with "Mary, a blasphemy against Babalon", and with the celibacy of Christian clergy.

A figure Fortune considered to be a follower of the LHP was Arthur Edward Waite, who did not recognise these terms, and acknowledged that they were newly introduced and that in any case he believed the terms LHP and RHP to be distinct from black and white magic. However, despite Waite's attempts to distinguish the two, the equation of the LHP with black magic was propagated more widely in the fiction of Dennis Wheatley; Wheatley also conflated the two with Satanism and also the political ideology of communism, which he viewed as a threat to traditional British society.

Later 20th and 21st centuries
In the latter half of the 20th century various groups arose that self-professedly described themselves as LHP but did not consider themselves as practicing black magic. In 1975, Kenneth Grant, a student of Aleister Crowley, explained in Cults of the Shadow that he and his group, the Typhonian Order, practiced the LHP. Grant's usage takes meaning from its roots in eastern Tantra; Grant states that it is about challenging taboos, but that it should be used in conjunction with the RHP to achieve balance.

title: Left-hand path and right-hand path


text:
User talk:Brucehorner

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text: File:Vangelis Heaven and Hell.jpg

title: File:Vangelis Heaven and Hell.jpg


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Talk:FanMail

Discussion
There seem to be two versions around, with different track 6. One is around 4.39 minutes, the other either 5:25 or 5:39. See http://musicbrainz.org/show/release/?releaseid=30237 and http://musicbrainz.org/show/release/?releaseid=561519. Does anyone have more info on this?

 * Don't know when the above poster asked this as the question is not signed, but the article for I'm Good at Being Bad explains why there are three different versions of Fanmail. The 5:39 version of the song is from the original "explicit" release of FanMail. The 5:25 version is from the edited "clean" release of the album with what might be considered offensive content removed. The 4:39 version is from what is the currently in print "explicit" release. It is a minute shorter because the Donna Summer sample has been removed, apparently at the request of Summer herself. The article speculates that this might be because Summer objected to her music being sampled on a song she considered offensive.94.173.10.78 (talk) 17:43, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111018005836/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=400 to http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=400

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title: Talk:FanMail


text: Category:Greek history

title: Category:Greek history


text:
User talk:Sicignano

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title: User talk:Sicignano


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nathan Paul Lindsell

He currently has plans to start up a new band, and release a new album... Talented, but vanity. Ianb 23:38, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, he's a talented web guy. I wouldn't wager either way on the music, except that his approach doesn't look promising.  Nevertheless, he's probably a great guy to hang out with, but he's not notable. Delete. Geogre 04:07, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete musical vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:38, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. SWAdair | Talk  04:52, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Person is not notable. Icarus 16:15, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text: Talk:Point of Know Return

title: Talk:Point of Know Return