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Antipope Ursicinus

Ursicinus, also known as Ursinus, was elected pope in a violently contested election in 366 as a rival to Pope Damasus I. He ruled in Rome for several months in 366–367, was afterwards declared antipope, and died after 381.

Background
In 355, Emperor Constantius II, who was sympathetic towards the Arians, banished Liberius for refusing to subscribe to a sentence of condemnation against Saint Athanasius, staunch opponent of Arius of Alexandria.

Liberius was sent to a prison in Berea in Thrace. The Collectio Avellana says that Damasus was a deacon in Rome; Alban Butler and the Encyclopedia Britannica name him an archdeacon of the Roman Church. In any event, Damasus followed Liberius into exile, though he immediately returned to Rome. Having sworn to have no Pope but Liberius, members of the Roman clergy then chose the Archdeacon Felix as his successor, an action that proved unpopular with the general populace. During the period before Liberius' return, Damasus had a great share in the government of the church.

In May 357, at the insistence of a number of prominent Romans, Liberius was allowed to return. Apparently the Emperor expected Felix and Liberius to rule jointly, but when Liberius returned, Felix was forced to retire to Porto, near Rome, where, after making an unsuccessful attempt to establish himself again in Rome, he died on 22 November 365. However, the rival parties remained highly polarized in Rome.

History
Liberius died on 24 September 366. The upper-class partisans of Felix threw their support to Damasus, but the opposing supporters of Liberius, the deacons and laity, supported Ursicinus; the two were elected simultaneously, in an atmosphere of rioting. Supporters already clashed at the beginning of October. Such was the violence and bloodshed that the two praefecti of the city were called in to restore order, and after a first setback, when they were driven to the suburbs and a massacre of 137 was perpetrated in the basilica of Sicininus (as cited in Ammianus Marcellinus), the prefects banished Ursicinus to Gaul. There was further violence when he returned, which continued after Ursicinus was exiled again.

Church historians, such as Jerome and Rufinus, took the part of Damasus. At a synod in 378 Ursicinus was condemned and Damasus exonerated and declared the true pope. The former antipope continued to intrigue against Damasus for the next few years, and unsuccessfully attempted to revive his claim on Damasus's death. Ursicinus was among the Arian party in Milan, according to Ambrose (Epistle iv).

A decree of 502 under Pope Symmachus ruled that laymen should no longer vote for the popes and that only higher clergy should be considered eligible.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Antipope Ursicinus


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Ilmari Salminen

Ilmari R. Salminen (21 September 1902 – 5 January 1986) was a Finnish long-distance runner, winner of the 10,000 metres at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Salminen became one of the best long-distance runners in the 1930s when he began his international athletics career in 1934 by winning the 10,000 m and taking bronze in 5000 m at the first European Championships in Turin, thus becoming a main favorite at the Olympic 10,000 m run.

On the first day of competitions in the Berlin Olympics, Salminen won the 10,000 m final before compatriots Arvo Askola and Volmari Iso-Hollo. Salminen managed to hold off Askola by a margin of 0.2 seconds. In the 5000 m final a few days later, Salminen finished in sixth place.

In the next season, Salminen ran a new 10,000 m world record of 30:05.6. He also ran a new world record in six miles. Salminen finished his international career by winning the gold medal in 10,000 m at the 1938 European Championships and retired from athletics after the next season. He later became a sports official and headed the organizing committee of the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

title: Ilmari Salminen


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Antipope Benedict XIV

Benedict XIV is a name used by two closely related minor antipopes of the 15th century. The first, Bernard Garnier became antipope in 1424 and died c. 1429. The second, Jean Carrier, became antipope c. 1430 and apparently left office, whether by death or resignation, by 1437.

1st Benedict XIV
Neither of these claimants was supported by more than a very small faction within the Church. They claimed to be the successors to Benedict XIII, one of the parties to the great Papal Schism. In 1417, the Council of Constance resolved the Schism, proclaiming Martin V the new Pope and demanding that Benedict XIII renounce his claim. Benedict XIII, however, remained at a castle in Peñíscola (kingdom of Valencia) and continued to maintain supporters. He died in 1423, but, the day before his death, he created four cardinals loyal to him, in order to ensure the Avignon line. Three of these cardinals met and elected Antipope Clement VIII. However, one of Benedict XIII's cardinals, Jean Carrier, disputed the validity of this election. Carrier, acting as the College of Cardinals by himself, elected Bernard Garnier, who took the name Pope Benedict XIV, instead. Carrier was the archdeacon of Rodez, near Toulouse, and Garnier had been the sacristan of Rodez.

Garnier conducted his office secretly and was known as the "hidden pope": a letter from the Count of Armagnac to Joan of Arc indicates that only Carrier knew Benedict XIV's location. Garnier's reign as Benedict XIV ended at his death in 1429 or 1430, although he named four of his own cardinals, one of whom was named Jean Farald.

2nd Benedict XIV
Following Garnier's death, Jean Carrier elected himself as the new pope, and also styled himself Pope Benedict XIV. Carrier, however, had been captured and imprisoned by Antipope Clement VIII. Carrier finished his days in captivity in the castle of Foix.

In fiction
Some imagine that cardinals loyal to him elected a series of increasingly marginal antipopes in 1437 and 1470. For instance, this is the scenario in the 1995 novel l'Anneau du pêcheur by the French writer Jean Raspail.

title: Antipope Benedict XIV


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Talk:New Imperialism/Archive 16

Lir's "general overview" is simply unacceptable. You would not find such crude economic determinism in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia:

 * During this period, the world powers sought market and territorial expansion; merchants, national leaders, and other economic elites, desired new export markets -- they urged their governments to secure "captive markets", to end "free trade", and adopt policies of "protectionism". This impulse was primarily motivated by economic trends -- as well as increasing industrialist competition over resources, income, and prestige.

I have restored the longstanding introduction. Also, the case against the non-standard "list of important figures" has been stated on many pages, including Lir's own talk page; I'll provide the links or restate it if anyone requests. The list can provide the basis for a helpful supplement to the article series someday, but it's not ready to be placed toward the bottom of the article just yet unless it is coherently organized and put together. 172 16:44, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm sorry; but, don't you think your task here (as a volunteer Wikipedian) is to improve my edits (such as making the list "coherently organized") -- rather than deleting them? I find your reversion, on the grounds that my edits were not "perfect" -- to be extremely inappropriate.

As for the above disputed paragraph (which, ironically enough, was mostly written by you) -- the only way to discuss it is point by point:

 * During this period, the world powers sought market and territorial expansion; merchants, national leaders, and other economic elites, desired new export markets -- they urged their governments to secure "captive markets", to end "free trade", and adopt policies of "protectionism". This impulse was primarily motivated by economic trends -- as well as increasing industrialist competition over resources, income, and prestige.

 * During this period, the world powers sought market and territorial expansion -- true or false?
 * [During this period], merchants, national leaders, and other economic elites, desired new export markets -- true or false?
 * [During this period, merchants, national leaders, and other economic elites], urged their governments to secure "captive markets", to end "free trade", and adopt policies of "protectionism" -- true or false?
 * [The above noted urging] was primarily motivated by economic trends -- as well as increasing industrialist competition over resources, income, and prestige. -- true or false?
 * In short, since you appear to believe that the "New Imperialism" had nothing to do with economics (at least your personal attack: "You would not find such crude economic determinism in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia" indicates so); do tell what you believe it was about...

Furthermore, before reverting all of my paragraphs -- I do think you should take the time to address each point of each paragraph. You have only criticized one paragraph here (arguing that something other than economics should be listed as a primary factor of the period) -- what of the other paragraphs?
 * Origins of the name "imperialism" is the only other section removed. This topic is already dealt with in the intro section, which is not divided up into many subsections in accordance with the standard style. 172 23:41, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Lirath Q. Pynnor

There is no reason to have multiple paragraphs about the history of the word imperialism (which has its own article), within the introduction to this article. Lirath Q. Pynnor

I appear to believe that the "New Imperialism" had nothing to do with economics? You cannot seriously believe this. You've obviously read the article and seen my contributions over the past 15 months. 172 23:39, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

-

 * Well, let me repeat your personal attack, "You would not find such crude economic determinism in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia" -- now then...what exactly do you find so objectionable within: "During this period, the world powers sought market and territorial expansion..." Is this statement true or false?
 * Furthermore, you have still failed not only to discuss what specifically bothers you about the above-mentioned paragraph; but, you have also failed to mention what bothers you about the other paragraphs. Please do so. ***Lirath Q. Pynnor

That was not a "personal attack." I was criticizing the general overview, not attacking you. 172 04:21, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * BTW, how about settling this with a poll, asking users which version they prefer? 172 04:22, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it was a personal attack -- by stating, "You would not find such crude economic determinism in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia", you were implying that I was worse than those Russians whom you apparently dislike. Furthermore, the word "crude" is well...it's rude.
 * No, I was referring to the work. It's only a personal crusade in your head. I only care about the quality of the articles, not the editors. 172 04:53, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If you refer to my work, by saying it is "crude" and implying that it is communist propaganda...then that is a personal attack. You have not actually addressed any specific aspect of the work; the only thing you have done, basically, is say "it sucks". That really isn't going to cut it. You have now made a second personal attack, by saying "It's only a personal crusade in your head." Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * As for a poll, the wikipedia is not about polls -- I fully agree that you will have more "friends" than I, and you will attract a little cabal here which will happily vote in your favour. Even if I were to mobilize a counter-cabal, such as the Red Faction, you would be successful in arguing that their votes be thrown out. In the meantime, I wonder how long you can continue to skirt the issue and avoid talking about this subject...
 * Since you continue to ignore the paragraph which you blasted as Soviet propaganda; let me remind you once again, what the paragraph stated:

 * During this period, the world powers sought market and territorial expansion -- true or false?
 * [During this period], merchants, national leaders, and other economic elites, desired new export markets -- true or false?
 * [During this period, merchants, national leaders, and other economic elites], urged their governments to secure "captive markets", to end "free trade", and adopt policies of "protectionism" -- true or false?
 * [The above noted urging] was primarily motivated by...industrialist competition over resources, income, and prestige. -- true or false?

Lirath Q. Pynnor

no personal attacks
We need a wiki-policy pointing out that ad hominem's are not to be accepted in talk page's and edit summaries, and those who persist w them are to be blocked for 24hrs. Then people like lir would be allowed to explain their thoughts behind their edits, and wouldn't be dismissed w the usual abusive condescension and ad hominem objections. For the record I am not a communist, and I do not share lir's politics, (nor 172's). I am however ready to hear out respectful arguments made by either. Lir is not a banned user, and is not to be subjected to abuse. Sam [Spade] 06:58, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

i disagree with when new imperialism ended
i dont think it ended in 1914 when world war one started im certain that it lasted longer im sure it goes to 1919 when treaty ending world war one happined casue is it ended at the start of the war then fighting world war one was the end but im certain that this article is german centered casue franco prussian war was start of a united german empire and world war 1's end was when german empire broke up. so in fare ness we should at least say 1919 was the end of this period not 1914. and american empire did not break up til independence of philipines but japanese empire broke up in 1945 when ww2 ended. so obviusly this article is going by germany so why not take on atleast 4 more years of history to this article. 99.51.212.6 (talk) 11:09, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

vandalism?
While reading this article I came across this line: "the military actions needed to secure empire and j mac was also seen by colonial enthusiasts as 'the first, faltering steps of convalescence'" Looks like vandalism (j mac), to me. However, I'm too tired to find and correct the issue as it should be; someone should probably correct this line.68.53.232.61 10:49, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Very confused about this vandalism. The term "j mac" appears in the article, but when attempting to edit it out, it is not in the edit section for some reason.  Could someone with more experience correct the issue please.66.20.28.21 16:46, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It (j mac) has probably been edited out by now, but it would have helped to say what section it is/was in! Hugo999 (talk) 01:59, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

title
There are different ways of refering to this period of time, If you consider New Imperialism i the most accurate you should make reference to Imperialism itself when giving the definition and context for avoiding confussion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fsaba (talk • contribs) 17:27, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

I have gone through the article versions in a careful (and yet, admittedly imperfect) way to attempt to salvage what I can of both versions in the hopes of finding a middle ground which both sides can see as an improvement. I have tried to pay special attention to 172's immediate criticisms of Lir's version, but I have also deliberately not dug very deeply into the archives of this dispute.

Reading' Lir's version, I am disappointed to see that 172 simply reverted it. It seems to me that whatever flaws his version had, it did bring to the table some additional information which would undoubtably be of value to the reader. I have tried to retain those features while simultaneously not succumbing to what 172 calls "economic determinism".

For example, I found it useful to see the term "great adventure" linked to this period. I found some of Lir's phrasing (but not all) in the first paragraph to be superior.

To make a statement about the ethics of wiki editing: a revert is a slap in the face. Sometimes, therefore, a revert is warranted, for example when the changes are wholly malicious, or completely without merit. But to revert a genuine attempt at positive change, without even a cursory attempt to take into account the other person's changes, strikes me as wrong. Isn't it better to try to see what the other fellow is trying to do, and work with him?

I hope that my changes will be well-recieved, and of course edited carefully for further improvement. I don't intend for this to be the last word, by any means. It is exceptionally rare for me to edit at all, and I can't remember a single time in at least 3 years now that I actually got involved in a brewing edit controversy. But I did so because I'm really tired of this battle and because I think just maybe my influence can be positive.

Jimbo Wales 16:56, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I rewrote Lir's general overview, which overlooked every other trend and segment in society other than the "industrialists," in order to make it acceptable. However, it's now adds hardly anything that isn't already stated in breakdown of Pax Britannica section. This "general overview" was unnecessary to begin with (and nonstandard style). Hopefully, this will appease Lir, so I'll leave it alone. 172 19:34, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm confused as how you can feel that by deleting most everything I added...that you will have somehow appeased me. You didn't rewrite what I wrote -- you simply deleted my general overview, and replaced it with completely unrelated comments (which may have a place in the article; but don't convey the information which my text conveyed). My ideas haven't been edited by you, they are just gone -- where is the compromise, cooperation, or discussion? As for whether the "general overview" was unnecessary -- please explain why you feel this article shouldn't provide readers with an overview of the content. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Lir,

Yes, I didn't rewrite what you wrote; some portions of your general overview were utterly unacceptable. However, all of the points that I could salvage appear in the new general overview. Below I go through your general overview point by point:

The expansions of this period took place against a background of increasing competition over resources, strategic power, and prestige between the industrialised nations (following the erosion of the 19th-century's "Pax Britannica").
 * You can find this in the new general overview. See the first and forth paragraphs of the new general overview. 172 21:03, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This period coincides with the rise of Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States;
 * Yes, see first paragraph of the new general overview. 172 21:00, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

also during this period, China and Latin America were beginning to industrialize.
 * Hardly so. Even so, this would be off topic. 172 21:00, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

During this period, the world powers sought market and territorial expansion;
 * This is better addressed in the second paragraph of the new general overview. 172 21:00, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

merchants,national leaders, and other economic elites, desired new export markets -- they urged their governments to secure "captive markets", to end "free trade", and adopt policies of "protectionism".
 * (1) Only "economic elites???" What about colonial administrators, parliamentarians, military officers, missionaries, European settlers living abroad, etc., etc. If you're going to bring this point up, you should address the support among both capitalists and bureaucrats. (2) It also seems odd that merchants are listed first. The days of merchant capitalism were associated with mercantilism of the sixteenth and eighteenth century, not the era of the New Imperialism. The first state of capitalism--commercial capitalism-- was associated with merchants, geographical discoveries, mercantilism, and the increase in overseas trade wrought during the colonization of the Americas. Beginning about 1750, a new phase of capitalism, industrial capitalism, was made possible by the accumulation of vast amounts of capital and its investment in machinery and the factory system of manufacturing. A hundred years before the era of New Imperialism, the industrialist had already replaced the merchant as the dominant figure in the capitalist system; industrial capitalism mainly corresponded with the age of Pax Britannica. New Imperialism generally coincided with the era in which the ultimate control and direction of large areas of industry came into the hands of financiers, when industrial capitalism gave way to finance capitalism. I give you credit, though, for trying to account for imperialism's base of support, so the new general overview accounts for imperialism's base of support in the third paragraph. (3) Your point about captive markets and the waning of the free commerce of Pax Britannica is s now addressed in the second paragraph of the new general overview. 172 21:00, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This impulse was primarily motivated by perceived economic trends -- as well as increasing industrialist competition over resources, income, and prestige.
 * (1) Certainly New Imperialism occurred against the backdrop of the Long Depression, but what about the breakdown of the Concert of Europe? (2) Industrialist competition over...? Only industrialists were competing over "resources, income, and prestige?" And only their competition was relevant to these trends? I don't know where to begin to address what's wrong with that. Your general overview seems to be based on the implicit assumption that the state is a mere organ of class rule (the kind of crude Marxism that turns the stomach of serious academics influenced by Marxist analysis), ignoring the international agential power of the state and the role of the state as an actor in society. 172 21:00, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * 172 stated: "also during this period, China and Latin America were beginning to industrialize." -- Hardly so. Even so, this would be off topic.
 * Lir responded: In comparison to, say, Afghanistan -- these regions were industrializing. Investors came to both China and Latin America, and invested their capital in the development of industrial infrastructure -- in that respect, these regions were certainly developing. This is not "off-topic" -- it is quite relevant to the issue at hand, since this "economic imperialism" was very much a part of the "new imperialism". As industrial output increased in China and Latin America, it further saturated the market; and thus, further inspired the European countries to increase and solidify their control of the global market.
 * Yes, China and Latin America were major destinations of the surplus capital of the industrialized great powers. However, the scale of industrial development in these societies at the time was relatively insignificant. Even to this day the majority of China's population resides in the countryside and is employed by the agrarian economy. 172 03:56, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Although it has unfortunately taken you a year and a half to express your objection to the above sentence; I am glad that you have done so. I agree that it is somewhat misleading to merely state, "they were industrializing" -- I offer the following compromise sentence:
 * Also during this period, Chinese and Latin American industry was stimulated by foreign capital investment. The sentence should be placed within the General Overview. I have added it and made some other minor adjustments. (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=New_Imperialism&diff=0&oldid=4795643) Naturally, my edits are not perfect -- but reverting is hardly the proper way to improve them.
 * Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * 172 stated some other things.
 * Lir mostly agreed.
 * 172 stated: Certainly New Imperialism occurred against the backdrop of the Long Depression, but what about the breakdown of the Concert of Europe?
 * Lir responds: Why not mention both?
 * I agree that it should mention both. These trends were the flip side of the same coin, so to speak. And I did mention both. Please check it again. 172 03:58, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 172 continues: Your general overview seems to be...the kind of crude Marxism that turns the stomach of serious academics
 * Lir notes: That is a personal attack.
 * Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * This is not a "personal attack." The subject of the sentence was the "general overview," not you. I assume that you are not a sentence.172 03:56, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Recent changes
Once again, please allow me to go through the problems with the recent changes point by point:

Before this era, Britain was the world's first and only industrialized power; its hegemony (Pax Britannica) was largely unchallenged. Between 1815 and 1870, a gospel of free trade and laissez faire had defined Britain's economic relations with the outside world; this school of thought (perhaps influenced by the American Revolution)
 * Yes, of course this was influenced by the American Revolution, plus a plethora of other trends. However, this is a general overview of New Imperialism; the breakdown of British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese mercantilism in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century requires going into considerably greater detail than what we go into in this paragraph. This is a topic for a different section (in a different article). 172 04:35, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

...argued that there were no advantages in possessing colonies and that the cost of defending them was an expensive burden -- as a result, formal colonial expansion was comparatively small.

However, by the middle of the nineteenth century, other nations, such as Germany, the United States (US), Japan, and Italy, began to industrialize. To compete with British industry, these nations placed protective tariffs on imports. During the 1870s and 1880s, the free commerce of Pax Britannica waned as tariff walls rose within the US, Russia, France, and Germany. Meanwhile, as the industrialized nations gradually began to produce an increasing surplus of manufactured goods, Chinese and Latin American industry was stimulated by foreign capital investment;
 * European capital investment certainly had profound effects on the structures of the societies and economies. But what you did not see was significant autonomous industrial development in these nations in the late nineteenth century. Lir, I think we can make this easier if you just tell me on the talk page what you're trying to say. Are you trying to write a sentence that relates what was going on in East Asia and Latin America to New Imperialism (that seems to be my impression)? If that's your goal, this sentence doesn't seem too well-grounded in historical reality. If you want, I'll write something else. 172 04:35, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

further saturating the market -- the Long Deppression (1873-1896) convinced policymakers that colonialism, captive markets, and territorial expansion were answers to this growing economic crisis.
 * And some colonial bureaucrats found it to be an opportunity to bestow on themselves formal titles and feather their own nests. This sounds like Leopold, Crispi, and Ferry, but I would not just mention the Long Depression (the "economic crisis") as the only trend worth noting). 172 04:35, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Though lawmakers often used economic arguments to explain this resurgence of imperialist doctrine; it also had support from explorers, religious leaders, and the military -- who generally supported the movement for scientific, cultural, and stragetic reasons.
 * (The correct spelling is "strategic.") Everyone supported it for his/her own reasons. It's incorrect to distinguish one group and say that it's supporting imperialism for one reason, and then distinguish another group and say that it's supporting imperialism for another reason. History is more complicated than that. (In historical writing, a reductionism is a more problematic vice than an equivocation, so it's alright to be strategically vague at times.) 172 04:35, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Even some trade unions and socialists were supportive of the process.

An additional cause, of these expansionist aims, was the unstable balance of power which arose from the Franco-Prussian War, the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, and the creation of the new nation-states: Germany and Italy. Such competition resulted in increasing great power tensions and arguably led to the Great War.
 * Ugh. The word "cause" hurts my eyes. Also, when you're saying "arguably led to the Great War," you're making it sound too much like a simplistic matter of cause and effect. History is not mathematics. It was more carefully worded before. 172 04:35, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

''Firstly, if I write something, and you say it is "crude" -- that is a personal attack. If you say it "sucks" -- that is a personal attack. Try to be tactful. ''Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * I am uncertain how criticizing a piece of writing is a personal attack. Unless you are your writing. I would think a personal attack woul dbe calling you crude or saying you suck... maybe a personal attack would be saying your writing in general is crude or your writing in general sucks. But surely a comment directed at a specific piece of writing is not a personal attack. Snowspinner 17:11, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * But it is, give it some more thought. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Unless you are in fact your writing. Which is entirely possible, I suppose, given that you're a space alien. So why not also be a piece of writing. All the same, I find it unlikely. Snowspinner 20:50, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * You reverted a number of changes; when it appears from your above writing, that you only have a half-dozen complaints -- wouldn't it have been more productive for you to simply edit back a comple items...you do realize that reverting is inappropriate?
 * 172 stated: "this school of thought (perhaps influenced by the American Revolution)" -- Yes, of course this was influenced by the American Revolution...However, this is a general overview of New Imperialism...This is a topic for a different section (in a different article).
 * Lir replies: this consisted of 6 words...is it really such a problem for you? If Britain's anti-colonial period was inspired by the American Revolution...the reader will benefit from knowing that the New Imperialism was a reversal of policy extending back to the revolution.
 * 172 stated: Lir, I think we can make this easier if you just tell me on the talk page what you're trying to say. Are you trying to write a sentence that relates what was going on in East Asia and Latin America to New Imperialism?
 * Lir replied: of course, I would agree that there wasn't a great deal of autonomous industrial development within China/Latin America -- however, unless you disagree with the idea that foreign investors were investing in those regions...I'm not sure what your objection to the inclusion of that material is.
 * 172 stated: "further saturating the market -- the Long Deppression (1873-1896) convinced policymakers that...: -- I would not just mention the Long Depression...
 * Lir replied: by all means, list other reasons -- please do not revert my writing, merely because it doesn't include everything...it would have been far more productive if you had edited the sentence to read "the Long Depressed helped convince policymakers".
 * 172 stated: "Though lawmakers often used economic arguments to explain this resurgence of imperialist doctrine; it also had support from explorers, religious leaders, and the military -- who generally supported the movement for scientific, cultural, and stragetic reasons." -- It's incorrect to distinguish one group and say that it's supporting imperialism for one reason, and then distinguish another group and say that it's supporting imperialism for another reason. History is more complicated than that.
 * Lir replied: Firstly, its condescending to say, "History is more complicated than that."; secondly, do note that the text says "generally supported"...and, in general, religious leaders were not primarily concerned with creating strategic naval bases...military leaders were not primarily concerned with spreading christianity...and explorers were primarily concerned with science and discovery.
 * 172 stated: ";;Such competition resulted in increasing great power tensions and arguably led to the Great War.''" --Also, when you're saying "arguably led to the Great War," you're making it sound too much like a simplistic matter of cause and effect.
 * Lir replies: Not at all, the earlier text said that the New Imperialism "laid the foundations" for the Great War -- it is our POV that this economic competition had an impact on the Great War...there are others who will insist it had other causes.

Since you raised only 5 objections to my revision; each of which I believe can be addressed by briefly editing the relevant section of my version -- I will do so, and we shall see if you have further objections. If you find it tedious objecting to each point -- try editing my revision, don't revert everything simply because of a few grammar issues. You can compare my older version with this new one, which I believe addresses (to some degree) each of your 5 points... I have also placed the final paragraph of the Overview, at the top -- it seems most relevant to first inform the user that this was a period of expansionism...marked by depression, unbalanced power, and the existence of new nations. Lirath Q. Pynnor

I can't take this any more
I'm just going to level with you. Yes, I do find it tortuous to respond to each and every one of your points. I know that you'll call this a "personal attack," but your writing is dense and based on a crude, simplistic brand of Marxism; and I don't see it improving. It is unreasonable for anyone to expect me to submit myself to another year and a half of wrangling with you to no avail. Let's just have a poll on which version users prefer. 172 21:12, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What are your new objections to my revisions? Have I not addressed each and every objection you have raised? Lirath Q. Pynnor

Every time I go through problems with your changes you make even more sweeping changes with yet more problems for me to address. This is your classic tactic of filibustering, which is by no means unique to this page (And I'm just one of many who has had to endure this). After a year and a half, I know all too well that you're trying to frustrate me to the point of getting an ulcer in order to get me to go way and quit editing the page, so that you can ave this page all to yourself to impose your POV or personal agenda.

I'm just too weak to deal with this any more. Let's just settle this quickly and painlessly. We can settle this through the poll below (which does not state which version is yours and which version is mine in order to level the playing field-- see, I'm being fair). If I lose, I promise to abide by the results; on top of that, I'll even take this page off my watchlist and quit editing it if I lose. Call this whatever you will, I'm just being honest. 172

Sweeping changes? What was so sweeping about adding a sentence about investments in China and Latin America? That was about the most "sweeping" statement I added! You do realize, that this is a wiki -- I'm allowed to edit your text. Polls are not an acceptable method of resolving debate; you are going to have to discuss your objections. Anhd yes, its going to take awhile...this is a lengthy article. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * I don't have another year and a half. I'm busy enough as it is-- I edit Wikipedia in the time in which I used to sleep. A poll is just an opportunity to open up the discussion to more editors. Instead of just talking with me, you'll be able to interact with other editors, who may be more receptive to the way you see things. 172 04:38, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry if you are too busy; but, that really isn't an acceptable reason to forgo all discussion. Let me note that you haven't been discussing for a year and a half -- you have been avoiding discussing for a year and a half. Really, if you put half as much effort into discussing -- as you do into belittling, reverting, and avoiding...you'd accomplish a great deal of discussion. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Version 1
The Long Depression (1873-1896) helped convinced policymakers that colonialism, captive markets, and territorial expansion were answers to a growing economic crisis. Additional (and equally important) causes, of these expansionist aims, wwere the unstable balance of power which arose from the Franco-Prussian War, the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, and the creation of new nation-states: Germany and Italy. The resulting competition resulted in increasing great power tensions and arguably led towards the Great War.

Before this era, Britain was the world's first and only industrialized power; its hegemony (Pax Britannica) was largely unchallenged. Between 1815 and 1870, a gospel of free trade and laissez faire had defined Britain's economic relations with the outside world; this school of thought (perhaps influenced by the American Revolution) argued that there were no advantages in possessing colonies and that the cost of defending them was an expensive burden -- as a result, formal colonial expansion was comparatively small.

However, by the middle of the nineteenth century, other nations, such as Germany, the United States (US), Japan, and Italy, began to industrialize. To compete with British industry, these nations placed protective tariffs on imports. During the 1870s and 1880s, the free commerce of Pax Britannica waned as tariff walls rose within the US, Russia, France, and Germany. Meanwhile, as the industrialized nations gradually began to produce an increasing surplus of manufactured goods, Chinese and Latin American industry was stimulated by foreign capital investment.

Though lawmakers often used economic arguments to explain this resurgence of imperialist doctrine; it also had support from explorers, religious leaders, and the military -- who generally supported the movement for scientific, cultural, and strategic reasons. Even some trade unions and socialists were supportive of the process.

Support
--200.126.153.25 22:19, 8 August 2007 (UTC) - I am a doing an oxford career in modern history and I specialize on this theme

Version 2
Before the era of the New Imperialism, Britain was the world's first and only major industrialized power; and British hegemony (Pax Britannica) was largely unchallenged. Between 1815 and 1870, the gospel of free trade and laissez faire defined Britain's economic relations with the outside world; and formal colonial expansion was comparatively small. The school of laissez faire argued that there were no advantages in possessing colonies and that the cost of defending them was an expensive burden. Instead, British policy preferred to open the outside world to trade its industry.

However, by the middle of the nineteenth century, other nations, such as Germany, the United States, Japan, and Italy, began to industrialize. To compete with British industry, these nations placed protective tariffs on imports. The free commerce of the early nineteenth century era of Pax Britannica waned as tariff walls rose in the United States, Russia, France, and Germany in the 1870s and 1880s. Great Britain and its competitors—now producing a surplus of manufactured goods—began to search for trade outlets in captive markets; the ensuing Long Depression of 1873-1896 convinced the great powers' most influential policymakers that colonial empire was the solution to the problem.

Though industrialists, financiers, and imperialist statesmen in the great powers often used economic arguments to explain the necessity for colonial expansion, the New Imperialism (1870-1914) had support from a broad array of groups, including colonial administrators, missionaries, atavistic military elites, and elements of the landed aristocracies. Even some trade union leaders and some European socialists were enthusiastic about colonial expansion.

The scramble for overseas territory sprung just as much from the international rivalry between European states, stemming from problems of the balance of power in Europe that were extended abroad, as from their economic competition. Following the Franco-Prussian War, the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the creation of nation-states in Germany and Italy heightened aggressive national rivalry, in which nations began to secure colonies according to what they believed to be a strategic necessity. Such competition resulted in increasing great power tensions and laid the groundwork for the start of the First World War.

Support

 * 1) --128.243.220.41 16:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC) This introduction seems superior to me.

Support

 * 1) 172 21:55, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC) (Adding a general overview was unnecessary in the first place. Everything addressed in either version is addressed clearly enough in the introduction and the section dealing with the rise of the New Imperialism.)
 * 2) I agree, to provide a "general overview" is what the introduction is for, so anything in the "general overview" that isn't already addressed elsewhere should be merged into the introduction. Gzornenplatz 04:17, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

Fourth option
Use a general overview that has the flow and concisensess of #2, but with the less POV language of #1. -SV 16:19, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

/Merge

Fifth option
Discuss the article. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * With whom? -SV
 * Me. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Whoa
That's all I have to say for now, except, aren't we writing a parallel history to a lot of other Wiki articles here?--Amerinese 17:46, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia the antithesis of New Imperialism?
Imperialism is the taking over of one idea from another often to lead. The New Imperialism might be going too far. Things like Wikipedia and the Free State Project keep this from happening by giving all sides a say and not one side taking over another unlike Democracy which seems to allow one side to take over the other only for a little while-even so —This unsigned comment is by 24.13.183.96 (talk • contribs) 05:50, 4 September 2005.
 * Wikipedia is capitalist in nature. As in real society, those that have the greater wealth influence society (a son of a president becomes president in a population of 300 million?). Democracy works if all are equal. This isn't true in real society and this is DEFIANTLY not true in cyber society. There are constant edit wars and when some higher up doesn't like what is said, they LOCK the page, or they BLOCK an IP address. WE have the tools but we don't OWN them and so, we have no power.
 * George Washington was an anti-Semite. This is fact. But wikipedia can make its own facts. And who can do anything about it? You’ll be locked or blocked if you say otherwise.
 * Wikipedia is what the majority think, what the minority allow.
 * Wikipedia is not fact.

-G

NPOV?
"The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed "empire for empire's sake," aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions and the emergence in colonizing countries of doctrines of racial superiority which denied the fitness of subjugated peoples for self-government."

This characterization does not apply to the U.S. The first paragraph needs to be rewritten. —This unsigned comment is by 80.216.253.48 (talk • contribs) 21:55, 27 February 2006.

Imperial rivalry
I've redirected the imperial rivalry article here, because it duplicated the text in this article without adding any additional content (in fact, it contained slightly less detail). I've also removed the article from NewImperialism. Feel free to revert if these edits were in error. --Muchness 20:30, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Too long main article
The "Rise of the New Imperialism" should be much shorter, just a summary of main article. --Beornas 17:13, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Social implications of the Old Imperialism
There is a section titled "Social implications of the Old Imperialism." Is this a typo? I'm thinking it should be titled "Social implications of the NEW Imperialism," being that the first lines are The Old Imperialism gave rise to new social views of colonialism. Rudyard Kipling, for instance, urged the United States to "Take up the White Man's burden" because Kipling was born in 1865 and new imperialism took place in in the late 1800s...

The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed "empire for empire's sake," aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions and the emergence in some colonizing countries of doctrines of racial superiority which purported to explain the unfitness of backward peoples for self-government.

"backward peoples" is very loaded. The fact is that the civiliations that were "conquered" were technolgically stagnant and had been so for millenia. Without this "New Imperialism" we wouldn't be curing cancer and sending robots on missions outside the solar system. That fact is much more relevant than whatever pius and self-serving claims of cultural injustice that may be extant today. It is inappropriate to pre-load the definition with an opinion on what took place without first fairly and objectively explaining it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jonny Quick (talk • contribs) 07:11, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Other "new imperialisms"
Google books show a number of books that use the terms to refer to a variety of twentieth-century "new imperialism" and there should at least be an "other uses" section to point this out otherwise this article is less than complete and even dated looking. For any one who cares. (And somebody must with all those archives! :-) CarolMooreDC (talk) 14:53, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

I am amazed that nothing more has been said or done about this. The term neo-imperialism is often used loosely, but it has significant scholarly use as well, so there should be a section discussing the many newer versions of imperialism, at least that have been argued for. It seems to be a somewhat important debate and at least the common use of the term should be registered here. another reason to make a clear argument here would be to point out who is criticizing these uses of the term, and also to distinguish it from the more common term neo-colonialism.

The following is a Marxian analysis: It is now a universal belief on the left that the world has entered a new imperialist phase.1 That imperialism should evolve and take on novel forms is of course not surprising from a historical materialist perspective. ... In the twenty-first century imperialism is thus taking on a new, more developed phase related to the globalization of production and finance. All of this, moreover, is occurring in the context of what top U.S. foreign policy strategists are calling a “New Thirty Years’ War” unleashed by Washington for strategic control of the Middle East and the surrounding regions: a new naked imperialism. source: http://monthlyreview.org/2015/07/01/the-new-imperialism-of-globalized-monopoly-finance-capital/

But the term is used more widely: Nlight2 (talk) 10:44, 11 July 2016 (UTC)
 * http://prospect.org/article/bushs-neo-imperialist-war
 * http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2004_07-09/janowski_bush/janowski_bush.html
 * Globalization Between the Cold War and Neo-imperialism. eds: Jennifer M. Lehmann, Harry F. Dahms. Emerald Group Publishing, 2006

Merger proposal
Second European colonization wave (19th century–20th century) should be merged here. Despite its including New Imperialism as a subsection, the terms cover exactly the same ground. This page's topic heading is terser, more well-known, and much much more active. -LlywelynII (talk) 12:06, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, should be merged, if not renamed to "Neo Imperialism".--$1LENCE D00600D (talk) 02:48, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I second it. It has more or less the same information and covers nearly the same time period (the post World War I part in the Second European colonization wave (19th century–20th century) article is more maintenance of colonies than actual colonization). New Imperialism is a better title than Second European colonization wave (19th century–20th century) because Second European colonization wave (19th century–20th century) is unwieldy. Crisco 1492 (talk) 00:35, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree, both articles should be merged. Many articles cover colonization. Since the First wave article now exists, the Second wave seems a more evident or appropriate title. 99.36.17.112 (talk) 10:01, 8 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Merge into New Imperialism. Better title and better content.--KARL RAN (talk) 17:22, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Is it perhaps possible to merge the articles imperialism and new imperialism? There is a lot identical. Bridgemanen (talk) 22:12, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose. As far as my understanding New Imperialism has a narrower definition than Second Wave of Imperialism. While some consider New imperialism to have begun in the 1830s with the French invasion of Algeria the term is widely used for the developments of the 1870s onwards, when colonial entreprizes massified. If acepting New Imperialism as a distinct subset of the Second Wave of Imperialism this article is large enought to stand by its own. In this logic the merger would be similar to merging WWII into a World Wars article.Chiton (talk) 00:27, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * looks like Second wave of European colonisation was recently removed. Without any merging and from the looks of it offers several tid bits that should have been merged. Here is a link for quick reference --PLNR (talk) 16:56, 12 February 2014 (UTC)

A Wikipedia horror story
It was recently discovered that User:Lir (now blocked), who made quite a number of edits to this article in 2004, introduced a very troubling and untrue edit to Van Allen radiation belts in 2002 that has cascaded into a horrendous mess. The story on that is here: "Van Allen radiation belt" -- a Wikipedia horror tale ?

Editors who care about New Imperialism may want to go back and confirm Lir's edits, especially the unsourced edits. Cheers. N2e (talk) 07:14, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Picture caption
The picture, depicts a "tarte" which is a pie, not a king cake, regardless of play on words with king of cakes, roi des gateaux, galettes etc...--UnQuébécois (talk) 01:42, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The original French text caption is "“En Chine Le gâteau des Rois et... des Empereurs”; in English "In China [...] The cake of Kings and... of Emperors".  The pun on "king cake" (modern Parisian French "galette des Rois") is clear; "gâteau" = "cake". The original cartoon makes no reference to a "tarte" . The illustration is recognizable as a type of old style king cake. That it may remind some people today of a "pie" does not mean that is what the cartoonist intended, and the evidence is overwhelming against it. -- Infrogmation (talk) 01:55, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

Unmitigated Gall
Someone has posted a notice alleging factual inaccuracies (and weasel words, too!) but HAS NOT posted anything here in the talk section to that effect! I'm calling B.S. on this. I am also going to remove the notices. Any who doubt the veracity of the Congo Free State Section should read King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschild (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Leopold's_Ghost) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.126.28.3 (talk) 12:38, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I put that there. King Leopold's Ghost is a very enjoyable book, but it certainly does not provide an impartial history of the Congo Free State - nor one which puts the blame in the right place. Hochschild is a journalist, not a historian after all and there is much more to it than he presents. I am sure this is not your intention, but the gist of the section before I edited it was that 'Leopold II (for no very obvious reason except sheer malice - along with some henchmen) decided to go and oppress, kill and cut the hands off the Congolese for money and then "we" (the British and the Americans, acting from noble and humanitarian motives) told him not to so he stopped, which it did, but it didn't really change under Belgian control'. Whether on not this is the upshot of the period, it is certainly not appropriate for a non-POV summary. I have removed the worse excesses of the section, but it still demonstrates quite a bit of it, but it is still not OK:
 * Take this example:
 * "In order to make this profit, he passed several cruel decrees that can be considered to be genocide." This just isn't true (I believe if you check the net, Hochschild himself is quoted as saying that no serious scholar considers the deaths in the Congo as a "genocide" which itself has an extremely specific definition). Even if this was true, I'd say that "cruel" is, to be honest, a weasel word which has emotional connotations and better ones can be substituted without changing the message.
 * In light of this, I hope you do not mind that I have undone your edit. I suggest that for real history writing on the Congo, read Jean Stengers "Congo, Mythes et réalités" (in French) or Barbara Emerson "Leopold II" and Neal Ascherson "The King Incorporated" (in English) Brigade Piron (talk) 13:20, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

Kipling "White Man's Burden" Quote Inappropriate to Context
The reference to Kipling's "White Man's Burden" in the section "Social implications of the New Imperialism" misapprehends the poem, which is available on Wikisource:

 *

The poem, which is addressed to the United States in the context of the early days of U.S. involvement in the Philippines, is an anti-imperialist poem which lists reasons why the United States should not want to be involved in imperialist adventures. The phrase "white man's burden" is a bitter play on words, because it refers to the heavy backpack of the infantryman at least at much as it refers to an ideological burden of Manifest Destiny. This attitude is typical of Kipling, because his views tended to be anti-imperialism even though his is stereotyped as the unofficial poet laureate of the heyday of the British Empire. -- Bob (Bob99 (talk) 17:05, 3 March 2014 (UTC))

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Merger with Imperialism
Hi, I was recently editing the page Imperialism and I have come to realize that they are virtually the same thing and such research as I have conducted has not proven otherwise. Anyone against this idea or any reason why it has not happening already or if I am looking over some important factor? Thank you. --Jackery01 (talk) 19:57, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:New Imperialism/Archive 16


text:
Antipope Clement VIII

 * Antipope Clement VIII should not be confused with Pope Clement VIII.

Clement VIII, born Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón (1369/70 – 28 December 1445/46), was one of the antipopes of the Avignon obedience, reigning from 10 June 1423 to 26 July 1429. When King Alfonso V of Aragon reached an agreement with Pope Martin V, Sánchez Muñoz abdicated, made his submission and was appointed bishop of Mallorca.

Biography
Gil Sánchez was born in Teruel between 1369 and 1370. He was a friend and advisor of the future Avignon anti-pope Benedict XIII, and member of the Avignon curia. In 1396 he was an envoy to the Bishop of Valencia to get Spanish support. Benedict had appointed four cardinals, and on his death, three of them, on 10 June 1423, elected Sánchez Muñoz as Pope. The fourth, Jean Carrier, absent at the time, declared the election invalid, and elected his own antipope in turn, who took the name Benedict XIV. Consequently, Jean Carrier was excommunicated by Clement VIII.

Clement VIII's fate was bound up with the ambitions of Alfonso V of Aragon. Alfonso wished to negotiate for Naples, and so gave Clement support; his queen Maria of Castile, and the Aragonese bishops supported Martin V. In the summer of 1423 Alfonso persuaded the Republic of Siena to acknowledge Clement VIII, thus securing recognition for the pope of the Avignon line in the very city, Pavia, which was part of the Republic of Siena, where the Roman pope Martin V had convened an ecumenical council of the Church.

However, through the exertions of Cardinal Pierre de Foix, an able diplomat and relation of the King’s, an agreement was reached between Alfonso and the Pope. Alfonso then sent a delegation in 1428 (headed by Alfonso de Borgia, the future Callixtus III), to persuade Clement to recognise Martin. Clement declared his abdication on 26 July 1429 and had his cardinals elect Oddone Colonna (Martin V) his successor, a formal act precluding future doubts concerning apostolic succession. His abdication was confirmed in mid-August. Clement had to make a penitential submission in forma to Martin V, and when this was done Martin granted Sánchez Muñoz the Bishopric of Mallorca. Sánchez Muñoz died on 28 December 1445 or 1446.

title: Antipope Clement VIII


text:
Antipope Callixtus III

Callixtus III (also Calixtus III or Callistus III; died between 1180 and 1184) was an antipope from September 1168 until his resignation in August 1178. He was the third antipope elected in opposition to Pope Alexander III during the latter's struggle with the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

Callixtus' baptismal name was John. He entered the Vallombrosan monastery of Struma near Arezzo as a boy. In November 1158, the emperor placed the Vallombrosan under imperial protection. By that time, John was the abbot of Struma and one of the most important supporters of the emperor in Tuscany. After the disputed papal election of 1159, he supported the imperial candidate Victor IV over Alexander III. He was rewarded by Victor with the cardinal-bishopric of Albano, but was not immediately consecrated, rather continuing on as abbot.

After the death of Victor's successor, Paschal III, on 20 September 1168, his supporters gathered in Rome to elect a new (anti-)pope. John was chosen that same month. He took the name Callixtus and sent Umfredo, (pseudo-)cardinal of Santa Susanna, to Germany to inform Frederick of his election. He found the emperor at an imperial diet in Bamberg in June 1169. Frederick, who was in negotiations with Alexander III to end the schism at the time, did not immediately recognize Callixtus' election. According to Cardinal Boso of Santa Pudenziana, a partisan of Alexander III, Frederick was "inwardly deeply grieved" by the election of Callixtus, whom he had never met. Nevertheless, Frederick expressed his intention to go with an army to Italy in 1170 to restore the unity of the Church. No such expedition took place, however.

Late in 1169, Callixtus sent Umfredo and Sigewin, cardinal-bishop of Viterbo, as legates to Germany. They brought a pallium for Baldwin I, the new archbishop of Bremen. Frederick ordered a collection in Germany for Callixtus. Frederick recognized Callixtus only after his negotiations with Alexander broke down. The antipope was primarily a bargaining chip with which the emperor could pressure Alexander, and had only limited geographical support in comparison to Victor IV and Paschal III. He held Rome itself, but was acknowledged only in part of the Papal States, in his native Tuscany and in the Rhineland. He and his legates issued privileges for several monasteries in the Upper Rhineland. He mainly resided in Viterbo.

In 1173, Callixtus sent Martin, cardinal-bishop of Tusculum, to Germany as legate to help mediate an alliance between Frederick and King Louis VII of France. For the next three years nothing is known of Callixtus' activities. Frederick, when it became politically expedient, after the defeat of Legnano, switched his backing to Alexander. In November 1176, he signed the Pact of Anagni, which did, however, protect Callixtus by granting him an abbacy and restoring the cardinals he had created to their former offices. These terms were confirmed in the final Peace of Venice in July 1177.

Callixtus did not immediately recognize the Peace of Venice, but in 1178 Archbishop Christian of Mainz, the imperial chancellor, marched an army into Italy to retake the Papal State and Rome for Alexander. This rendered Callixtus' position at Viterbo untenable, and he fled to Monte Albano. On 29 August 1178, Callixtus submitted to Alexander III at Tusculum and abjured the schism. The pope entertained him with a feast. Some of his obstinate partisans sought to substitute a new antipope, and chose one Lando di Sezze under the name of Innocent III.

Alexander appointed Callixtus rector of Benevento. He still held that position in 1180, but by 1184 he was dead.

title: Antipope Callixtus III


text:
Datalore

"Datalore" is the thirteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, originally aired on January 18, 1988, in broadcast syndication. The story was created by Robert Lewin and Maurice Hurley, and turned into a script by Lewin and the creator of the show, Gene Roddenberry. It was Roddenberry's final script credit on a Star Trek series. The director was originally to be Joseph L. Scanlan, but following delays in pre-production caused by script re-writes, it was reassigned to Rob Bowman.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, the Enterprise crew discover and reassemble Data's "brother", Lore (both Brent Spiner), who is in league with the entity that destroyed the colony on his home world.

The story underwent significant changes prior to filming, with it originally meant to be a romance episode for Data with a female android. It was then altered to an "evil twin" plot at the suggestion of Spiner and elements of Data's origin were introduced, first as an alien creation and then at the hands of Dr. Noonien Soong. Soong was named by Roddenberry after a friend in the Second World War. Edits to the script continued to be made during filming, and while the look of the episode was praised by cast and crew, the characterisations in the script were not. Ratings for the episode came in at 10.3 million for the first broadcast, which was lower than both the previous and subsequent episodes. Critical reception has been mixed, with criticism directed mostly at the quality of the script and Spiner praised for his dual role.

The visuals for the Crystalline Entity were some of the first computer generated graphics on the television show.

Casting
In this episode, Brent Spiner plays not only Data, but also the recurring character Lore.

Plot
While on the way to Starbase Armus IX for computer maintenance, the Enterprise arrives at the planet Omicron Theta, the site of a vanished colony where the starship Tripoli originally found the android Data (Brent Spiner). An away team travels to the surface and finds that what had been farmland is now barren with no trace of life in the soil. The team also finds a lab which they discover is where Dr. Noonien Soong, a formerly prominent but now discredited robotics designer, built Data. The team also find a disassembled android nearly identical to Data and return with it to the ship. As the course to the Starbase is resumed, the crew reassemble and reactivate Data's "brother" (also played by Brent Spiner) in sickbay. He refers to himself as Lore, and explains that Data was built first and he himself is the more perfect model. He feigns naiveté to the crew, but shows signs of being more intelligent than he is letting on. Later, in private, he tells Data that they were actually created in the opposite order, as the colonists became envious of his own perfection. He also explains that a crystalline space entity capable of stripping away all life force from a world was responsible for the colony's demise.

Lore then incapacitates Data, revealing that he plans to offer the ship's crew to the entity. When a signal transmission is detected from Data's quarters, Wesley Crusher (Wil Wheaton) arrives to investigate. He finds Lore, now impersonating Data, who explains that he had to incapacitate his brother after being attacked. Wesley is doubtful, but pretends to accept the explanation. Soon after, the same crystalline entity that had attacked the colony approaches the ship. Lore, still pretending to be Data, enters the bridge as the object hovers before the Enterprise and explains that he incapacitated his brother by turning him off, causing Doctor Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) to be suspicious, since Data had previously treated the existence of such a feature as a closely guarded secret. Lore then explains that he can communicate with the crystalline entity and suggests to Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) that he should show a demonstration of force by beaming an object toward the entity and then destroying it with the ship's phasers.

Lore's attempts to imitate Data are imperfect, though, arousing Picard's suspicion, especially when Lore does not recognize Picard's usual command to "make it so". Although Picard sends a security detachment to tail him, Lore overpowers Lt. Worf (Michael Dorn) and evades pursuit. Meanwhile, the suspicious Dr. Crusher and her son, Wesley, reactivate the unconscious Data, and the three of them race to the cargo hold to find Lore plotting with the entity to defeat the Enterprise. When Lore discovers them, he threatens Wesley with a phaser and orders Dr. Crusher to leave. Data quickly rushes Lore and a brawl ensues. Data manages to knock Lore onto the transporter platform, and Wesley activates it, beaming Lore into space. With its conspirator no longer aboard, the crystalline entity departs, and the Enterprise resumes its journey to the starbase. Data uses a contraction at the end of the episode. Picard asks Data if he is alright, Data responds I'm fine.

Production
The original story for this episode featured a non-lookalike female android who was intended to be a love interest for Data. The new android was intended to have been created as something that could be deployed into dangerous or hazardous situations, described in the premise as something along the lines of a female android version of Red Adair, the fire fighter. The "evil twin" story was suggested by Brent Spiner, instead, and was originally developed to include the creation of Data by an alien race. This was instead dropped and Dr. Noonien Soong was introduced. Soong was named by Gene Roddenberry after his Second World War friend, Kim Noonien Singh, for whom the character Khan Noonien Singh was also named. It would be Roddenberry's final script credit on a Star Trek series. The script made mention of Isaac Asimov and the Laws of Robotics, something which had been suggested should be included at some point in the show as a spoken credit in a memo dated October 28, 1986 from executive producer Bob Justman. The episode suffered delays during pre-production caused by re-writes to the script, resulting in the script being switched with "The Big Goodbye", which meant that director Joseph L. Scanlan went on to direct that episode instead. Rob Bowman, who had previously been told by Justman that he was going to direct "The Big Goodbye" after his work on "Too Short a Season", was instead assigned to direct "Datalore".

He took the new episode on as a challenge, in the belief that the producers did not think the episode would work well, which caused him to become determined to put out a good episode. He had numerous discussions with Brent Spiner, Justman, and Rick Berman on aspects of the episode, and the technical requirements and effects required an additional day of filming. Bowman credited Spiner for making the episode work, giving one example, "He did the one scene in his own office with Brent sitting down and Lore discussing what it's like to be human. He did one side, we shot through a double, then turned around, read it the other way and shot the other half of it. Those two characters in those scenes are different people... he really painted those characters differently." Edits were still being made to the script during filming, as the writers wanted to introduce a new element to Data, in order to further distinguish him from Lore: an inability to use contractions. Data had used contractions during earlier episodes, and Spiner refused to shoot the scene until a final decision was reached; production stopped while there was a meeting on this subject between Gene Roddenberry, the producers, and the writers, in the middle of the bridge set.

The music for the episode was composed by Ron Jones, and was later released on the second disc of the album Star Trek: The Next Generation: The Ron Jones Project. For this episode, Jones created a six-note theme to represent Lore. The crystalline entity was given a theme of three notes which played through two pieces entitled Crystal Entity and Crystal Attacks. The music played when the away team explore Omicron Theta was similar to that created by Jerry Goldsmith for the 1979 film Alien. Jones acknowledged that link saying that, "I was playing with the stuff like Jerry's music at the beginning of Alien, Bowman was like our Ridley Scott—he was like Ridley Scott Jr. and I was Jerry Goldsmith Jr."

Executive producer Maurice Hurley was pleased with the outcome of the episode, saying "The sets, the design of it and the look of that show was brilliant, I thought that might have been the best-looking show of the first season". However, he felt that the characterisations were not quite right. This was the same opinion as that put forward by actor Brent Spiner, who portrayed both Data and Lore, who thought that Data's actions were not in line with his expectations of the character. This episode was the second and last appearance of Biff Yeager as Chief Engineer Argyle. He was the only one of the Chief Engineers introduced during the first season to appear twice, with Geordi La Forge (LeVar Burton) gaining the role in season two. Wil Wheaton later recalled that the stand-in actor used in this episode really irritated Spiner, and was never used again. He described the stand-in as looking like "a break dancer doing the Robot" whenever he had to portray Data or Lore, and said that "I think the guy was really into playing an android, and his enthusiasm got cranked up to eleven, but by the end of the week, pretty much everyone wanted to deactivate him and sell him to the nearest Jawa." The events of the episode would be followed up in later seasons, with the crystalline entity returning in the fifth-season episode "Silicon Avatar". Brent Spiner reprised the role of Lore in the episodes "Brothers" and "Descent".

Special effects
The presentation of the Crystalline Entity alien this episode was re-created in computer generated graphics for the HD release on Blu-ray discs of Star Trek: The Next Generation.

The original standard definition Crystalline Entity effect was also computer generated, and it was one of the first uses of CGI graphics on the show.

Reception
"Datalore" was first broadcast on January 18, 1988, in broadcast syndication. The episode received Nielsen ratings of 10.3 million on the first broadcast, which was a dip between "The Big Goodbye" which received ratings of 11.5 in the previous week, and "Angel One" which gained ratings of 11.4 million in the next week.

Several reviewers re-watched the episode after the end of the series. Keith DeCandido reviewed the episode for Tor.com in June 2011. He summed up, "While it's important in the grand scheme of things in what it establishes about Data's background, the episode itself is horrendously bad, from the clumsy script to the embarrassingly inept body-double work." He thought the ending was anticlimactic, that the characters all acted "as dumb as posts", and that Spiner's performance as Lore was scenery chewing. DeCandido gave "Datalore" a score of four out of ten. Cast member Wil Wheaton watched the episode for AOL TV in December 2007. While he credited the art direction of the episode, he criticised the story, saying that "it comes down to lazy writing that has things happen because they're supposed to happen, rather than having them happen organically. The characters are credulous when they should be skeptical, the audience is not surprised by anything after the second act, and there are story problems that should have never gotten past the first draft." He remembered really enjoying the episode as a child, but felt that it did not hold up on repeat watchings as an adult, and stated that Spiner's "fantastic job creating distinctly different characters in Data and Lore" was not enough to remedy the other faults in the episode. He gave it a D grade.

Michelle Erica Green, who reviewed the episode for TrekNation in May 2007, thought she might be more forgiving in hindsight as she knows that the follow-ups to "Datalore" were great episodes. She praised Spiner's "lovely, subtle performances as both Data and Lore", but felt that Lore's motivations and goals were unclear, and that the crew came off as stupid by their inaction to the Lore threat. She thought that transporting the villain into space was shocking (as the show generally presents androids as having personhood) and inconsistent (as Lore had just told the entity to attack when the shields drop following a transporter activation). Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website "Jammer's Reviews" valued the episode for providing backstory to Data, but agreed that the crew's inability to recognize Lore's threat and unwillingness to listen to Wesley made them seem stupid. He gave the episode a score of three out of four.

Zack Handlen watched "Datalore" for The A.V. Club in April 2010. He noted that Data's origins had significant plotholes, such as that the ship which found Data did not investigate the planet. He thought that Lore was a well-conceived villain who works well with Spiner's strengths as an actor, but that the story only scratched the surface of the character's potential. He considered the contraction issue a problem, as despite saying that Data could not use them, he uses them throughout the episode, including immediately after Lore was beamed off the ship, which "punishes you for paying attention, because now you'll be half-convinced that the wrong robot was beamed away, and that Lore somehow won out in the end." He disliked the response of the crew to Wesley and thought that he was being mistreated, and gave the episode an overall grade of B−.

The Crystalline Entity was noted by Space.com among the one of more exotic aliens in the Star Trek franchise; they note its snowflake like appearance—beautiful but deadly.

In 2016, Empire ranked this the 38th best out of the top 50 episodes of the more than 700 Star Trek television episodes.

In 2020, Space.com recommended watching this episode as background for Star Trek: Picard.

In 2020, GameSpot noted this episode as one of the most bizarre episodes of the series.

In 2020, SyFy Wire recommended this episode for binge watching, noting how it explores Data's origins and relationships.

Home media and theatrical release
The episode was released as part of the season one Blu-ray set on July 24, 2012. In order to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Star Trek: The Next Generation and promote the release of the first season on Blu-ray, the episodes "Datalore" and "Where No One Has Gone Before" received a theatrical release in the United States on July 23, 2012, in nearly 500 cinemas. "Datalore" was chosen by Star Trek experts Mike and Denise Okuda because of the fan favourite status of Brent Spiner.

Episodes from "Encounter at Farpoint" to "Datalore" were released in Japan on LaserDisc on June 10, 1995, as part of First Season Part.1. This included half the first-season episodes with a total runtime of 638 minutes on 12-inch optical video discs.

title: Datalore


text:
Takashi Yoshimatsu

Takashi Yoshimatsu (吉松 隆) is a Japanese classical music composer. He is well known for composing the score for the 2003 remake of Astro Boy.

Biography
Yoshimatsu was born and raised in Yoyogi, Tokyo. He did not receive formal musical training while growing up. Yoshimatsu was a fan of The Walker Brothers and The Ventures when he was 13, but symphonies of Ludwig van Beethoven and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky fascinated him when he was 14. When he entered Keio High School, he had hoped to go to medical school, but eventually changed his aspirations to become a symphony writer. While studying at the Faculty of Engineering at Keio University, he became an apprentice of Teizo Matsumura. Although he says that he was not influenced in any way by Matsumura's style, his 1974 solo piano piece, To the companion star of Sirius (Op. 1), shows a strong influence of contemporary music, including Matsumura's. He was introduced to Manabu Kawai, a professor at Tokyo University of the Arts, who encouraged him to study harmony and counterpoint, but he gave up taking lessons after a few months and left the university in March 1974. At this time, while composing music as art music, he was also fascinated by progressive rock music such as Pink Floyd, Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, etc., and joined rock bands as a keyboard player.

In 1975, through Matsumura's introduction, Yoshimatsu met Isao Harada, and on November 28, 1978, he made his debut as a composer by presenting Forgetful Angel at a private concert hosted by Harada (although he received no fee for the composition). In the meantime, he entered various composition competitions about 20 times and was unsuccessful, but in 1980, Dorian for orchestra was selected for the Composition Prize of the Foundation for the Promotion of Symphony Music. Since then he composed a number of pieces before making his name with the serialist Threnody to Toki in 1981. In Hiroshi Aoshima's book Composer's Way of Thinking (Kodansha's New Library of Knowledge, 2004), there is a description that he won the Otaka prize for Threnody to Toki (p. 263), but Yoshimatsu himself has denied this on his website.

Soon afterwards, Yoshimatsu became disenchanted with atonal music, and began to compose in a free neo-romantic style with strong influences from jazz, rock and Japanese classical music, underscoring his reputation with his 1985 guitar concerto. , Yoshimatsu has presented six symphonies, 12 concertos: one each for bassoon, cello, guitar, trombone, alto saxophone, soprano saxophone, marimba, chamber orchestra, traditional Japanese instruments, and two for piano (one for the left hand only and one for both hands), a number of sonatas, and various shorter pieces for ensembles of various sizes. His 'Atom Hearts Club Suites' for string orchestra explicitly pay homage to the Beatles, Pink Floyd and Emerson, Lake & Palmer.

Musical style
Takashi Yoshimatsu is a contemporary composer. The majority of his work is triadic and contains simple, repeated progressions, or in some cases pandiatonicism. Often extended tertian harmonies are followed by whole tone harmonies (such as in the first movement of Symphony No. 5; or the first movement of his "Cyber Bird" Concerto for alto saxophone, which, in addition, makes use of free atonal jazz; or the final movement of his "Orion Machine" Concerto; or in his Saxophone Concerto "Albireo Mode"). His works for Japanese traditional instruments (such as Subaru, and Within Dreams, Without Dreams) make use of traditional Japanese scales and tunings.

He has published some essays and primers about classical music.

Symphonies

 * 1990 Kamui-Chikap Symphony (Symphony No. 1), Op. 40
 * 1991 Symphony No. 2 "At Terra", Op. 43
 * 1998 Symphony No. 3, Op. 75
 * 2000 Symphony No. 4, Op. 82
 * 2001 Symphony No. 5, Op. 87
 * 2013 Symphony No. 6 Birds and Angels, Op. 113

Concertante works

 * 1980 Threnody to Toki, for piano and string orchestra, Op. 12
 * 1984 Guitar Concerto, "Pegasus Effect", Op. 21
 * 1988 Bassoon Concerto, "Unicorn Circuit", Op. 36
 * 1993 Trombone concerto, "Orion Machine", Op. 55
 * 1993 Alto saxophone concerto, "Cyber Bird", Op. 59
 * 1997 Piano concerto, "Memo Flora", Op. 67
 * 1998 While an Angel Falls into a Doze..., for piano and string orchestra, Op. 73
 * 2003 Cello concerto, "Centaurus Unit", Op. 91
 * 2005 Soprano saxophone concerto, "Albireo mode", Op. 93
 * 2007 Concert "Cepheus Note", for piano (left hand) and orchestra, Op. 102

Other orchestral works

 * 1979 Dorian, Op. 9
 * 1982 Chikap, Op. 14a
 * 1986 The Age of Birds, Op. 25
 * 1991/1997 White Landscapes, Op. 47a
 * 1993/1998 Dream Colored Mobile II, Op. 58a
 * 1994 Ode to Birds and Rainbow, Op. 60
 * 1997 Atom Hearts Club Suite I, for string orchestra, Op. 70b
 * 1997 And Birds Are Still..., Op. 72
 * 1999 Atom Hearts Club Suite II, for string orchestra, Op. 79a
 * 2000 And Birds sing again..., Op. 81
 * 2000 Prelude to the Celebration of Birds, Op. 83
 * 2000 Fanfare 2001, Op. 84
 * 2008 Academic Festival Overture EX, Op. 103

Chamber music

 * 1999 Metal Snail Suite, for eufonium and piano, Op. 80

Piano solo

 * 1986-2001 Pleiades Dances

Works for traditional Japanese instruments

 * 1980 U-Getsu-Fu, for shakuhachi and 17-snare koto, Op. 11
 * 1986 Soh-Gyo-Fu, for shakuhachi and 20-snare koto, Op. 26
 * 1987 MIROKU effect, for 11 traditional Japanese instruments and strings, Op. 33
 * 1997 GAGAKU "Bird Dream Dance", for gagaku ensemble, Op. 69
 * 2002 Fugaku ...7 scenes of The Sacred Mount Fuji, for shakuhachi, 20-snare koto and orchestra, Op. 88

Works for guitar

 * Compositions for Guitar by Takashi Yoshimatsu

title: Takashi Yoshimatsu


text:
Antipope Gregory VIII

Gregory VIII (died 1137), born Mauritius Burdinus (Maurice Bourdin), was antipope from 10 March 1118 until 22 April 1121.

Biography
He was born in the Limousin, part of Occitania, France. He was educated at Cluny, at Limoges, and in Castile, where he was a deacon at Toledo. In 1098/1099 his Cluniac connections recommended him as Bishop of Coimbra. After a four-year pilgrimage to the Holy Land, he was made Archbishop of Braga in 1109. There he was one of the principal agents of the Burgundian Henry, Count of Portugal, in his reorganization of the Portuguese church.

Portugal was then a fief of León, and the ambitious Count Henry pursued a vigorous program of ecclesiastical and political autonomy. By 1114, Mauritius had become embroiled in a dispute with the Spanish primate and papal legate in Castile, Bernard of Toledo, to the extent that he was called to Rome and suspended by Pope Paschal II (1099–1118). Nevertheless, he found favor at the papal court, and in 1116, when Emperor Henry V (1105–1125) invaded Italy during the ongoing confrontations over the Emperor's rights of investiture of clerics, Paschal II sent Mauritius with some cardinals on an embassy to the emperor, while the Pope and the Curia fled south to Benevento. Mauritius openly espoused the cause of Henry, and defected to the Emperor's side. Henry V went to Rome, and on Easter Sunday, March 23, 1117, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Mauritius. Paschal II deposed and excommunicated Henry V and removed Mauritius from office.

Papacy
When Paschal II died on 24 January 1118, he was succeeded by Pope Gelasius II (1118–19). Henry V went to Rome but Gelasius II escaped to Gaeta and refused to meet the Emperor to discuss German affairs. Partly in reprisal the imperial party among the cardinals then annulled Gelasius II's election, and on March 1, 1118 Mauritius was proclaimed Pope, taking the name Gregory VIII. Gelasius II, at Capua, proceeded to excommunicate both Gregory VIII and Henry V on April 7, 1118.

After Gelasius II's death, when Calixtus II had been elected Pope in 1119, Henry V was induced to change papal allegiance, in the Concordat of Worms of 1122. Calixtus II entered Rome, and Gregory VIII left, going to Sutri, where he was in April 1121, when papal troops of Calixtus II closed up the city for eight days until its citizens surrendered antipope Gregory VIII. He was taken to Rome and imprisoned in the Septizonium. After having been moved in confinement from monastery to monastery, he finally died at La Cava, Salerno, some time after August 1137.

Cardinals
No information has been found about the cardinals created by Gregory VIII, but it is known that in March 1118 three cardinals created by Antipope Clement III (1080/84-1100) joined his obedience and formed his own Sacred College:
 * Romanus — cardinal-priest of S. Marco and provost of the titular church of S. Marcello
 * Cinthius — cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono
 * Teuzo — cardinal-priest, former legate of Clement III in Hungary

title: Antipope Gregory VIII


text:
Sami

Acronyms

 * SAMI, Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange, a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft
 * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company
 * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise network of malaria researchers

People

 * Sami (name), including lists of people with the given name or surname
 * Sámi people, the indigenous people of Norway, Sweden, the Kola Peninsula and Finland
 * Sámi languages, languages spoken by the Sámi

Places

 * Sami (ancient city), an ancient Greek city in the Peloponnese
 * Sami, Burkina Faso, a district
 * Sämi, a village in Lääne-Viru County in northeastern Estonia
 * Sami District, Gambia
 * Sami, Cephalonia, Greece, a municipality
 * Sami Bay, east of Sami, Cephalonia
 * Sami, Gujarat, India, a town
 * Sami, Paletwa, Myanmar, a town

Other uses

 * Sami (chimpanzee), chimpanzee who was kept at the Belgrade Zoo
 * Sami, a common name for Prosopis cineraria, a tree

title: Sami


text: Talk:Sami

title: Talk:Sami