text:
Talk:Manchester city centre

Duplicated content
This article contains content that is duplicated in the Manchester page. I think there is a good case for merging the two and redirecting this one Manchester City Centre to the Manchester page which is more developed. What do people think? Bornslippy 12:57, 19 July 2004 (UTC)

I agree. PJBeef 16:01, 28 December 2004 (UTC)

 * I also agree. Some of the content is already duplicated, or can be moved into existing sections on the Manchester page. Perhaps any remaining information could be added as a new 'Manchester City Centre' sub-section on the Manchester page. --David Edgar 08:23, 11 January 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Some of the information here is too much for the main Manchester page. The City Centre is an official district of Manchester - it usually appears as a named location on OS maps as "City Centre". There should be some information about this area on the main Manchester page, but then the detailed stuff should be kept here in the separate City Centre article. David 08:28, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think there have been quite a lot of additions to Manchester since I last commented, and it probably is sensible to keep this page now.
 * Manchester provides a list of all the wards in the city - the City Centre ward, I believe, being the official district you refer to. Can we establish that this page should be limited to the geographical area of the ward? --David Edgar 10:25, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe that despite the duplicated content, it is necessary to allow Manchester City Centre a distinct page, as it is a separate political and administrative entity. Likewise, it is also important that the page on 'Manchester' detail all of the relevant information on the conurbation of Manchester.  Manchester as a city has grown well beyond its administrative boundaries, and this is reflected in the attitudes of
 * 1. Foreign and national impressions of 'Manchester'
 * 2. National press
 * 3. The office of national statistics
 * 4. Manchester institutions and companies
 * The fact that the administrative boundaries of Manchester enclose only a portion of the living city is becoming as irrelevant as the fact that it is the same for the cities of London and indeed Westminster. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.88.84.107 (talk) 20:05, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

More photos!
Come on guys - get some more photos of Manchester uploaded and added to this page and the Manchester main article. David 15:33, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

POV tag
Sounds like advertisements to the City Centre. Skinnyweed 22:52, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I had a good look through and I could see. So! I removed eevrything which sounded like an advert and in some cases, replaced it with a neutral sentence. - Erebus555 20:40, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

OK!
Hi, anyone fancy building a series on Manchester city centre? I think it could be really good for people new to the city and those who already live here to discover how great this place is. I work in the city centre so am planning to spend a bit of time taking pics of areas. I don't know how to make one of those "series" boxes, so could someone help? I think that following the rather good city centre divisions on the tourist map the council gives out would help, so here they are;

1. Manchester Arndale and Market Street 2. Deansgate, King Street and St Anns square 3. Peter's fields 4. Chinatown 5. Exhange square and new cathedral street 6. Northern Quarter 7. Piccadilly 8. Castlefield 9. The gay village 10. Spinningfields

I also propose the addition to this of Oxford Road/Manchester University.

These 11 areas would cover the city centre. Salford would have its own page, maybe with a link in the series box.

Can anyone help? I don't know how to change the template. --Totalthinker 22:56, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * First of all, I'm not sure what template you're talking about changing, but you can make a template by setting one up at Template:Whatever, making a table on that page, and then adding to this page. If you're confident enough to do this yourself, help is at Help:Template or Help:Table - otherwise you could always use a table that exists, copy its edit mode text and then paste and edit it on the new template's page.

 * There are already several articles on the places you mention, such as Northern Quarter, Piccadilly Gardens, Market Street (Manchester, England), Manchester Arndale, Canal Street (Manchester), Castlefield, Exchange Square (Manchester); but not on others, notably: Chinatown and St. Ann's Square - though I'm slightly dubious about making pages on areas that are just used in marketing literature (I've barely heard of Spinningfields but am dubious of Peter's fields - though I'm ahppy to be proved wrong). In any case, it would be easy to at least create a list on this page (if you're not comfortable enough to make a table/template) - however, most are there already, so a template sounds like a good addition. Overall, great to see some enthusiasm for this page - and your photos would be most welcome :-) Cheers. Cormaggio @ 08:16, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Chinatown
On this page it says that Chinatown in Manchester is the biggest in Europe, on the Chinatown page it says that it is the second largest in the UK after the one in London. Which is correct? CD — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.21.33.99 (talk) 12:47, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Dunno: things get worse. Think the largest dragon arch outside Mainland China still stands. Chinatown biggest in Europe oh no. A large area devoted to Chinese business etc. Manchester does hold the title of the largest collection of free municipal lending library books written in Chinese in Europe complete with a Chinese library. Mike33 13:30, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I see from the discussion above that merging this article with the Manchester article has been considered before, in 2005, when opinion seemed to be fairy evenly divided.

I'm proposing the merger again now for a number of reasons: --Malleus Fatuarum 17:10, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The Manchester article has vastly improved in the meantime, and clearly has a great deal of overlap with this one.
 * This article is not being maintained: there are requests for citations dating back to March of this year.
 * The History section is just a stub referring to the Manchester article.
 * Much of the material looks like like an advertisement for the city centre.

 * I oppose the merge as this article should be a more precise and detailed account of the city centre area of Manchester, in the same way that other districts of the city have their own articles. David 17:14, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Support: Sorry, I forgot to add what is probably obvious anyway. As the nominator of this merger proposal, I'm strongly in favour of it. --Malleus Fatuarum 18:32, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose: I totally agree with Malleus that the quality of the article is poor; futher shown by the recent rocketting of strength in the Manchester article. However, I do think there is more than enough scope to keep and vastly expand (and thereby improve) this article. Furthermore, at a quick glad we do have Belfast City Centre, Bristol city centre, Newport city centre, Leicester City Centre and Sheffield City Centre. Surely the Gtr Mcr WikiProject can aid us in improving this article and keep a step ahead of the other cities? -- Jza84 · (talk) 22:47, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose I agree that this article could be better, but the city centre should have an article just as Ardwick, Ancoats, C-on-M etc do.  Mr Stephen 11:49, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose This article is a total mess but it is useful to have one about the city centre district as there are population figures published for it. I think this article should head in the direction of the economy i.e. focus on business, maybe merge some/all of Spinningfields into it? I get the impression from the article that it is supposed to be the central business district of the Manchester borough and it should focus directly onto that. I do think that suggesting the merge will spur interest in the article which is great! It doesn't need to be a huge article and could easily be overhauled. A detailed map of the boundries of the city would be great so we know what we can and can't include. └ and-rew ┘┌ talk ┐ 13:01, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

OK, I can see that I'm thrashing a dead horse with this merger proposal, so I'll withdraw it. Doesn't mean that I don't still believe that this article ought to be merged of course. :) --Malleus Fatuarum 22:03, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:55, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Five star hotel
I'm pretty sure that it's inaccurate to describe the Lowry as 'Manchester's first five-star hotel'. I think that the Midland was a five star rating when it opened but was subsequently downgraded. I've not checked for an online reference for this, but there was an illuminating documentary on Channel 4 about the Midland a couple of months ago. The same may apply for other hotels too, I don't know (the downgrading, rather than the documentary!). --Benwilson528 (talk) 11:18, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Rename of Manchester City Centre
Surely this article Manchester City Centre, should be renamed Manchester city centre? Cutmynoseofftospitemyface (talk) 18:05, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I think so too.... unless it's used officially, as in, by Manchester City Council? --Jza84 | Talk  18:24, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with the rename too. Never understood why it was capitalised. --Malleus Fatuorum (talk) 18:28, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It appears to be named "City Centre" by the Ordnance Survey and MCC. Perhaps we can rename the article and mention that in the new version? --Jza84 | Talk  18:31, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, this is what London city centre does, and London City Centre is a redlink, as you can see. --Malleus Fatuorum (talk) 18:39, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It might be because London City Centre, is, effectively, the City of London, which is slightly different from Manchester. "Manchester City Centre" gets 423,000 hits, and "Central Manchester" 261,000. --Jza84 | Talk  18:49, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps. But that argument doesn't apply to Cardiff city centre, for instance. --Malleus Fatuorum (talk) 18:53, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I meant "Manchester city centre". I was suggesting we go for that. Of course, we could mention that "Central Manchester" and "City Centre" are also conterminate? --Jza84 | Talk  20:16, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * We could, but isn't that kind of obvious? --Malleus Fatuorum (talk) 20:42, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Yup, probably why I suggested it. :S --Jza84 | Talk  20:44, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

(<-) How's that? I hope that's ok for everyone. --Jza84 | Talk  23:58, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The city centre of London is really two cities: the City of London with its own local government and the City of Westminster (as it was before 1965).--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 07:50, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Density?
How is a density given for this neighborhood, if there is no land area given? What exactly are you basing the size on to be able to calculate the density? What, the electoral ward some other definition..? --Criticalthinker (talk) 03:16, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Since the population of the electoral ward is given, it's logical that the population density is also that of the ward. I have double checked this from the source (statistics.gov) myself and this is the case. Nev1 (talk) 04:34, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
 * A new demography section has been added to the article. It even mentions the area the ward covers (the ward provided the easiest figures and is mentioned in the lead so seemed sensible). Nev1 (talk) 05:36, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
 * If that's the case, than the land area should be added to the infobox to keep these consistent with other pages. It makes little sense to add the population and density and not include the square mileage/kilometers. --Criticalthinker (talk) 10:52, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It looks like it's 559 ha . I'll pop this in. --Jza84 | Talk  12:14, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Transport
The article is missing a section detailing transport information for the city centre, which I think would be key. There is only minimal mention of transportation on the article. Tong22 (talk) 14:24, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Lead
The lead had multiple issues: repetition, non-notablity, insufficent refs and incoherency.

Manchester city centre – known formally as City Centre[1]

Bit repetitive and non-notable

is the central business district of both Manchester and Greater Manchester,[2] in North West England.

Seems a pretty slight ref for such a sweeping claim: is Manchester city centre really the central business district of Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan?

The city centre, as defined by Manchester City Council, lies within the Manchester Inner Ring Road, straddling the River Irwell, and thereby encompassing a small part of the neighbouring City of Salford.[3]

Salford is a separate city from Manchester, how can any of it lie within Manchester city centre? Surely the Irwell is the border. Haldraper (talk) 16:58, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The river IS the border, in places, BUT there are parts of Salford, BOTH sides of the river, to the north of the city centre up from Manchester Prison, towards Higher Broughton. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.150.197.204 (talk) 22:33, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Salford is a separate city from Manchester, how can any of it lie within Manchester city centre? If you have no idea what you are talking about, best leave the articles alone.  Mr Stephen (talk) 17:04, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Mr Stephen, thank you for your civil, comprehensive and highly illuminating response. Which parts of Salford do you think are in Manchester city centre btw? Haldraper (talk) 17:35, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

 * What I think about the boundaries of the area is neither here nor there. One starting point for the boundaries would be the map in the reference that you removed from the article.  Mr Stephen (talk) 18:15, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

 * A starting point for agreeing what the boundaries are is to acknowledge that for an area to be part of Manchester city centre it has to be in the City of Manchester. Sounds pretty simple to me.

 * The ref you cite isn't conclusive. Pevsner's guide to South Lancashire, for example, says that the western border of the city centre is the Irwell, i.e. the boundary between the cities of Manchester and Salford. It's also the boundary of the city centre electoral ward: http://marcramsbottom.org.uk/en/document/city-centre-ward-boundaries. Haldraper (talk) 08:21, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * In brief: you don't understand the difference between the loosely defined centre of Manchester and Manchester City Centre.  You deleted a brief note that was trying to lead the reader; you would have done better to read up on the subject and expand the distinction.  Manchester City Centre is reasonably well-defined for strategic purposes and, just as the article used to say, extends into Salford.  You might not like it, I might not like it, but there it is.  The steer was in the material you deleted—Manchester Council—but to save you the effort I will give you a link to a strategic plan for manchester city centre 2009-2012 one of many local planning documents referring to the core, this time containing in terms on p30 Chapel Street is the historic core of Salford and is now an integral part of the city centre and one of its primary gateways.  There is a map near the end of the document.  Mr Stephen (talk) 11:48, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Does that mean Manchester or Salford city centre? It's not clear. In any case, Manchester city council defines the city centre as an electoral ward that does not include any part of Salford. The ONS map is just a photograph, the border of it is just that, not the extent of the city centre (the Mancheste-Salford boundary is clearly marked on it). Similarly, the GMPTE ref does not say that Manchester city centre is the central business district of Greater Manchester, it says that Manchester and the adjoining parts of Salford and Trafford form a contiguous urban core of Greater Manchester with the surrounding towns like Oldham and Rochdale having their own centres. Haldraper (talk) 12:51, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The meaning is crystal clear. Mr Stephen (talk) 21:03, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

It is agreed, by most who live here, that the small part of Salford, within the Ring Road, IS a part of "the city centre" or "Central Manchester", whatever you want to call it!!!Just shows what a joke our local authority borders are within this conurbation! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.183.8 (talk) 14:57, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Agree with the above. Love how people, who do NOT live in this rather unique conurbation, love telling us what is what!!!! The area of Salford, WITHIN the inner ring road, IS considered part of the "CITY CENTRE". We all know, even those of us in Salford, Salford DOES NOT really have one!!!The two authorities DO work together promoting the whole area. So this fact needs at least to be ackowledged. We are well aware of the municipal boundaries which most of us cross several times a day! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.182.49 (talk) 11:09, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Future Developments- Co-op quarter
Hello all. Under the future developments section, we have a reference to a 'Co-op quarter'. I believe this has recently been rebranded as "Noma" and there is a bit more information about it here. Can the article be updated to reflect this new information? Tong22 (talk) 23:47, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Lead, again
Hello all,

The lead has been subject of a very viscous and long edit war regarding the definition of Manchester city centre, for months if not years now. I'm concerned that the lead has been diminished by this which could/should be resolved by basing edits on reliable source material, not air brushing or personal preferences or misunderstanding/misreading of source material (both versions are guilty of at least part of these!).

I have spent some time looking closely at the source material would like to propose we adopt a tighter, better defined lead like that written in my draft at User:Jza84/Sandbox2. I do not believe that that should be the lead, rather I believe that those should be two of the three to four needed (we need something on high-rises, notable buildings, politcal and historical activity, the canal/train/tram/bus transport network which converges here and also how the centre is now divided amongst zones such as China Town, Spinningfields, Gay Village etc etc).

Thoughts please? --Jza84 | Talk  22:37, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

 * If there's no objections, I'll switch the lead over to the draft, and try to add some more regarding the centre's zones and buildings etc. I'd like to get something in there about being the hub of the cotton trade (trade not industry) and Peterloo too where possible. --Jza84 | Talk  10:08, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I've not much objection to the stuff in the lead per se, just that most of it isn't notable enough for the lead which as a result ends up as overlong and rambling with all kinds of obscure, minor and random facts. Haldraper (talk) 07:33, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

 * What you're saying has validity and I've tried to further streamline the rewrite. For me there are a couple of key things needed in the lead - Roman origins, Peterloo, cotton trading centre, notable historical buildings, and the notable modern high rises (only mentioning two - the former tallest in Europe and current tallest in the city), decline and redevelopment. Others may think other things ought to be included (and part of me says the town hall is worthy of a mention). Simillarly the location and definition are important too - would I be right in saying that it is this last issue which causes issue for you (with regards to Salford and Greater Manchester)? --Jza84 | Talk  18:35, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

Yes, the fact that the City Council defines part of Salford as within the city centre is one of the things that isn't notable enough for the lead and should be in the body instead. Haldraper (talk) 19:55, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I think it's important to define the boundaries early on and as part of Salford is within them it should be mentioned in the lead and in the body of the article. J3Mrs (talk) 20:10, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

Yes, super important for someone looking for general info that the City Council's technical definition is included in the lead. Haldraper (talk) 07:35, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I too think it's important to include a definition, or definitions. The fact that part of Salford is also considered a part of the city centre is not only curious, but surely interesting and noteworthy. And also it's not only the city council which does this - Visit Manchester and at least one book (Rebuilding Manchester by Euan Kellie) do the same when I've looked in to this further.

 * To be fair, this has been moved from the immediate opening of the article and into an expanded lead which includes other definitions. I think it now makes it clear that the Salford issue is definitive. Surely that's a stronger lead we now have? --Jza84 | Talk  14:54, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure it is definitive (I've never got my head round the idea that some people think part of one city is in the city centre of another) and a lot of weight is being placed on obscure planning documents rather than the actual administrative boundaries of Manchester and the Central ward. The fact that some people define it as such is interesting and noteworthy but belongs in the body rather than the lead which should concentrate on giving an overview of the area and its history for the general reader. Haldraper (talk) 16:12, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Oops! Sorry I meant to type "I think it now makes it clear that the Salford issue is not the definitive definition"! I do agree on that, and the source material shows that it's not the sole definition.

 * If you come at this from a different angle - ask yourself "what is Manchester city centre?", and then research and present the findings.... --Jza84 | Talk  16:49, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * "The idea that some people think part of one city is in the city centre of another" is indeed a very good reason for including it in the lead. The regenerated Greengate, Salford which is closer to the cathedral than most of the city centre is presumably part of it. The histories of Manchester and this very old part of Salford are certainly linked and not only by bridges. J3Mrs (talk) 18:15, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

It's a minor and eccentric belief akin to those who think the Earth is flat and Man didn't go the Moon. It's worth noting but not in the lead. You're either in the City of Manchester or the City of Salford but not both at the same time (unless you stand in the middle of a bridge across the Irwell I suppose). Haldraper (talk) 08:15, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I do agree with much of what you're saying, although I think the connection with flat Earth and conspiracy theories is a little OTT in this case. I'm also all for using legal administrative boundaries, and equally find it utterly frustrating when (for example) the University of Salford decided to brand itself as "in Manchester". However, we're here to write an encyclopedia bound by rules and protocal, and in this case the page Verifiability, not truth is probably the overriding guideline here, and explains the correct approach to be taken in instances where published source material exists, even when we just don't like it. --Jza84 | Talk  09:35, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

How about this?

''Manchester city centre is the central business district of Manchester in North West England. The electoral ward of Manchester Central has an area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2).''

''Manchester city centre evolved from the civilian vicus of the Roman fort of Mamucium on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. This became the township of Manchester during the Middle Ages and was later the site of the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. Manchester was granted city status in 1853 as the Industrial Revolution transformed it into a centre of the cotton trade with buildings such as the Royal Exchange, the Corn Exchange, the Free Trade Hall, and the Great Northern Warehouse. As the cotton trade declined in the mid-20th century, the city centre experienced an economic downturn.''

''The 1996 IRA bombing led to the redevelopment of the city centre and an upturn in retail, leisure and urban living. The revival of the city centre included the construction of the 551 ft (168 metre) Beetham Tower.'' Manchester city centre lies next to the River Irwell, across which is the neighbouring City of Salford.

Haldraper (talk) 12:48, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Definitely not an improvement. I see you have managed to omit any mention of Greater Manchester. Not the first time you've tried to remove interesting content from the lead of settlement articles. J3Mrs (talk) 13:14, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

It's about Manchester city centre. The county Manchester is in is not what people are looking for in the lead. Haldraper (talk) 15:24, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm with J3Mrs here - I disagree entirely. That Greater Manchester is not what people are looking for is not based on anything other than censorship. Equally your suggested lead is not what the source material says - Verifiability, not truth is key here. --Jza84 | Talk  10:29, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

Where fiction and non-fiction collide
Hi all,

Just compare this for a moment. Take a look at the discussions above. Ask yourself what's happened to the lead over the last 12 months. Ask yourself where "The city centre acts as the transport interchange for Greater Manchester and over 7 million people live within an hour's drive of it.." comes from and how one might scruitise this with Wikipedia's arsenal of guidelines. Ask yourself if reference removing, airbrushing of fact, and imposition of a narrow personal desire may have occurred here.

Support good research. Support good referencing. Support good editing! Please! --Jza84 | Talk  00:43, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manchester city centre


text:
Alessandro Tassoni

Alessandro Tassoni (28 September 1565 – 25 April 1635) was an Italian poet and writer, from Modena, best known as the author of the mock-heroic poem La secchia rapita (The Rape of the Pail, or The stolen bucket).

Life
He was born in Modena, to a noble family, from Bernardino Tassoni and Sigismonda Pellicciari. Having lost both parents at an early age, he was raised by the maternal grandfather, Giovanni Pellicciari. It was with Giovanni that, according to tradition, he first visited the bucket, which was later to inspire his major work, in the belfry of Modena's Cathedral.

At the age of 13, Alessandro Tassoni was taught Greek and Latin by Lazzaro Labadini, a professor of Literature at the University.

He then became a law student, attending university in Modena, then in Bologna, Pisa and Ferrara, where he eventually graduated. He appears to have been a rowdy youth, living for some time in Nonantola, from where he was expelled in 1595, due to several incidents in which Tassoni had been involved as a member of a local street gang.

In 1597, he began his service for the cardinal Ascanio Colonna whom he followed to Spain. In 1589 he was elected to the Accademia della Crusca. In 1603, he was back in Italy and moved to Rome.

In 1612 he published anonymously the booklet Le Filippiche in which he attacked the Spanish domination of parts of the Italian peninsula. Though he always denied having written it (probably for fear of Spanish retaliation), the work became famous enough to ingratiate Tassoni to the Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, who, in 1618 hired him in Turin with the title of first secretary.

After this, Tassoni was with the cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi in 1626 and served under Francesco I d'Este, duke of Modena, in 1635.

He died in Modena. His fellow citizens remembered his life and work with a statue that can still be seen in front of the town symbol, the Ghirlandina.

Work

Besides the above-mentioned "Filippiche", Tassoni is known for other works, some of poetry and some of literary criticism. The latter includes the Varietà di pensieri di Alessandro Tassoni ("Diverse meditations by Alessandro Tassoni"), and Considerazioni sopra il Petrarcha (1609), a piece of criticism showing independence of traditional views. However, Tassoni is best known as the author of the mock-heroic poem La secchia rapita (The Rape of the Pail, or The stolen bucket); it is by virtue of this work that he is remembered as Modena's poet laureate.

La secchia rapita
La secchia rapita was written by Tassoni between 1614 and 1615 and first published in Paris in 1622. It was not to be published in Italy until Tassoni modified it slightly to accommodate the censorship of the Catholic Church. Tassoni paid for the first Italian edition, bearing his own name, in 1624 (the poem had been previously circulated under the pseudonym of Aldrovinci Melisone). The final edition was published in 1630.

The poem is loosely based on a war originating from the battle of Zappolino fought between Modena and Bologna in 1325. Most of the events reported in the poem are completely fictitious, even incorporating in the war the battle of Fossalta which had been fought almost a hundred years before. The central episode, in which the Modenese steal a bucket from their rivals, is not reported by the main contemporary historians, however a bucket, purported to be that very trophy, has been on display, in the basement of the Torre della Ghirlandina, from the times of the battle to present.

In the poem, the theft of the bucket results in the eruption of an extremely complicated war, where even the Olympian gods take part (this is in the tradition of classical poems such as Homer's Iliad) and is eventually resolved by the intervention of the Pope.

The narration is dotted by references to situations and persons contemporary to the author, and with farcical appearances such as the "Conte di Culagna" (Count of Ass-land) probably the best known character of the book. In the third chapter of the poem, armies from all over the country arrive to take part in the war, and the Conte of Culagna makes his first appearance:

(*)The feathers recall the peacock and its vanity, the horns are the traditional symbol of the cuckold.

La secchia rapita was immensely popular both in Italy and abroad. While Marino's influence was fading, Tassoni's comic poem opened the way for the works of his epigones: L'Eneide travestita (1634), a parody by Giovanni Battista Lalli, imitated in the Virgile travesti by Paul Scarron, Il Malmantile racquistato by Lorenzo Lippi (1676) and several others.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alessandro Tassoni


text:
Rotax Max

The Rotax Max 125 Engine is a two-stroke 125 cc engine designed by Rotax, part of Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP), to provide cost-effective but high speed kart racing. Built in Austria, the engine is liquid cooled, equipped with a balance shaft, integrated water pump, electric starter and centrifugal clutch. Its combination of onboard electric starter and centrifugal clutch simplifies its operation. This concept is called TaG (Touch-and-go).

The Rotax Max was introduced to karting in 1998, easy to use and very reliable, it almost immediately began to gain market share from other slower or more expensive classes. The engine is offered in different performance configurations.

Engine versions
There are several different versions of the engine. The original has a power valve and produces around 30 hp, and is used by racers aged 15 or older. The DD2 is another fully powered version which has two gears and is direct drive in that the axle goes through the engine without need for a chain.

125 MAX EVO "base" configuration:
 * 24 kW at 11,500 rpm
 * Maximum rpm 14,800 rpm.
 * recommended as of 14 years (13 years if the driver turns 14 in the season)
 * has a cylinder with exhaust valve

125 Junior MAX configuration:
 * 17 kW at 8,500 rpm
 * Maximum rpm 14,800 rpm
 * recommended as of 12 years (11 years if the driver turns 12 in the season)
 * has a cylinder without exhaust valve

125 Mini MAX engine configuration:
 * 11 kW at 8,500 rpm
 * Maximum rpm 12,500 rpm
 * recommended for children from 10 to 13 years
 * has a cylinder without exhaust valve, and intake and exhaust restrictors

125 Micro MAX engine configuration:
 * 6 kW at 6,500 rpm
 * Maximum rpm 12,000 rpm
 * recommended for kids from 8 to 10 years
 * same as previous with a different exhaust and radiator, No inlet restrictor, and acceleration stop sleeve, fitting smaller chassis adapted to kids size

Based on an evolution concept, each of the above configurations can be upgraded or downgraded to any of the other configurations by replacing various accessories and components.

125 MAX DD2 engine configuration:
 * 25 kW at 11,750 rpm
 * Maximum rpm 14,000 rpm
 * recommended as of 16 years
 * has a two-speed gearbox operated by shift paddle from the steering wheel, and a chainless drive system

Rotax Max Challenge
BRP-Powertrain has introduced a single (engine) brand race series for the MAX engine concept - called Rotax Max Challenge. This race series is organized in various classes (125 Micro MAX, 125 Mini MAX, 125 Junior MAX, 125 MAX and 125 MAX DD2) in around 60 countries. Competitors from the national Rotax Max Challenges in the 125 Junior MAX, 125 MAX and 125 MAX DD2 class can qualify to participate at the annual Grand Finals of the Rotax Max Challenge, where most of the costs are covered by BRP-Powertrain.

To assure the equal performance of the engines, BRP-Powertrain has established a very strict technical regulation and a sealing system for the engines. Only official service centers are authorized to check engines for their conformity and to seal them.

title: Rotax Max


text:
Kamishibai

"paper play" (紙芝居) is a form of Japanese street theater and storytelling that was popular during the Great Depression of the 1930s and the post-war period in Japan until the advent of television during the mid-20th century. Kamishibai were performed by a kamishibaiya ("kamishibai narrator") who travelled to street corners with sets of illustrated boards that they placed in a miniature stage-like device and narrated the story by changing each image.

Kamishibai has its earliest origins in Japanese Buddhist temples, where Buddhist monks from the 8th century onward used emakimono ("picture scrolls") as pictorial aids for recounting their history of the monasteries, an early combination of picture and text to convey a story.

Origins
The exact origins of kamishibai during the 20th century are unknown, appearing "like the wind on a street corner" in the Shitamachi section of Tokyo around 1930. It is believed, however, that kamishibai has deep roots in Japan's etoki ("pictorial storytelling") art history, which can be traced back to the 12th-century emaki scrolls, such as the Chōjū giga ("Frolicking Critters"), attributed to the priest Toba Sōjō (1053–1140). The scroll depicts anthropomorphised animal caricatures that satirise society during this period but has no text, making it a pictorial aid to a story. It can therefore be considered a direct precursor of kamishibai.

During the Edo period (1603–1868), visual and performing arts flourished, particularly through the proliferation of ukiyo-e ("pictures of the floating world"). Etoki once again became popular during the later 18th century as storytellers began to set up on street corners with an unrolled scroll hanging from a pole. In the Meiji period (1868–1912), tachi-e ("stand-up pictures"), similar to those in the Edo period, were told by performers who manipulated flat paper cutouts of figures mounted on wooden poles (similar to the shadow puppets of Indonesia and Malaysia). The Zen priest Nishimura is also credited to have used these pictures during sermons to entertain children. Another form of etoki was the Japanese-modified stereoscope imported from the Netherlands. Much smaller in size, six engravings of landscapes and everyday scenes would be placed one behind the other on top of the device and lowered when required so that the viewer, who looked at them through a lens, could experience the illusion of space created by this device. The artistic and technological developments of the Edo and Meiji periods can be linked to the establishment of kamishibai.

Golden age
Kamishibai, cartoons, and comics became substantially popular during the Great Depression of the 1930s and after the Japanese surrender to the Allied Forces in August 1945 at the end of the Second World War. This period is known as the "Golden Age" of kamishibai in Japan. Kamishibai produced and narrated over this period give insight into the minds of the people who lived through such a tumultuous period in history. Contrary to the hardships imposed by the Depression, in 1933 there were 2,500 kamishibaiya in Tokyo alone, who performed ten times a day for audiences of up to thirty children, equalling a total of one million children a day. The Depression years were the most prosperous and vibrant for kamishibai: with 1.5 million unemployed in Tokyo in 1930, it provided a great job opportunity for many people.

The early post-war period was particularly hard on the citizens of Japan who wanted to rebuild their lives in a rapidly changing environment. Comics became popular in newspapers and magazines, depicting scenes of everyday life injected with humour. A strong publishing industry emerged from the demand for comics, but outside of this industry, the desire for cheap entertainment further stimulated the demand for kamishibai. Five million children and adults were entertained across Japan daily during the post-war period.

The gaito kamishibaiya ("street-corner kamishibai storyteller") parked their bicycle at a familiar intersection and banged their hyōshigi ("clapping sticks") together to announce their presence and create anticipation for the show. When the audience arrived they would sell sweets to the children as a fee for the show, which was their main source of income. They would then unfold a butai, a miniature wooden proscenium which held the illustrated boards for the narrator to change as he narrated (and provided sound effects for) the unscripted story. True artists only used hand-painted original art, not the mass-produced kind found in schools or for other communication purposes.

Kamishibai kashimoto (dealers) were sought to commission and rent artwork to narrators for a small fee. The creation of these boards was similar to that of an American comic book company, with each person separately doing the colouring of a panel. The principal illustrator would make pencil sketches that were then done over with thick brushes of India ink. Watercolour paint was then applied to delineate the background and foreground, an opaque tempera paint was then added on top and lastly a coat of lacquer to give it shine and protect it from the elements. A mix of "trashy pop culture" and fine artistry, kamishibai blended the traditional linear style of Japanese painting with the heavy chiaroscuro of Western painting, contrasting light and dark to give the figures depth and dynamism.

There were a variety of popular stories and themes in kamishibai, which are now seen in contemporary manga and anime, including one of the first illustrated costume superheroes in the world, Ōgon Bat ("Golden Bat") in 1931, superheroes with secret identities like Prince Ganma (whose alter ego was a street urchin) and the popular genre of gekiga or "drama pictures". Many prolific manga artists, like Shigeru Mizuki and Sanpei Shirato, were once kamishibai artists before the medium went out of vogue in 1953.

Kamishibai was also utilized as a source of communication to the masses, an "evening news" for adults during the Second World War and the Allied Occupation (1945–1953). There are theories about the acceptance of drawing as a means to communicate in Asian nations more so than in Western nations which can be linked to the different printing technologies utilized in each regions histories. In the West, text and image eventually became separated because of the Gutenberg method of moveable type. It was much easier to employ woodblock printing to depict the complex characters of the Japanese language. Such use was often related to propaganda.

Decline
The popularity of kamishibai declined at the end of the Allied Occupation and the introduction of television, known originally as denki kamishibai ("electric kamishibai") in 1953. With television bringing larger access to a variety of entertainment, many kamishibai artists and narrators lost their work, with the former turning to drawing gekiga, bringing new talent and narrative to this growing genre. Although this Japanese art form has largely disappeared, its significance and contributions have allowed kamishibai to be attributed as an origin for manga.

Modern usage

As part of the Toyota Production System, kamishibai boards are used as a visual control for performing audits within a manufacturing process. A series of cards are placed on a board and selected at random or according to schedule by supervisors and managers of the area. This ensures safety and cleanliness of the workplace is maintained and that quality checks are being performed.

, kamishibai storytelling was being conducted as part of an ongoing campaign to promote world peace. Maki Saji (a Buddhist nun) created a kamishibai based on the story of one of the many children, Sadako Sasaki, who suffered as a result of the atomic bomb raid on Hiroshima in 1945. In May 2010, she was a delegate at a Meeting of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons at the United Nations in New York, where she performed to promote a world in harmony and free of nuclear arms.

A number of manga and anime have been produced that borrow from or call back to kamishibai tropes and presentation. These include Shōjo Tsubaki, an ero guro manga by Suehiro Maruo based around the titular kamishibai character archetype, and Yamishibai, an anime that uses a kamishibai style to tell myths and urban legends. Additionally, some older works that would later become popular manga or anime, such as GeGeGe no Kitaro, originally started as kamishibai programs.

title: Kamishibai


text:
Rancid (1993 album)

Rancid is the debut studio album by the American punk rock band Rancid. It was released on May 10, 1993, through Epitaph Records.

It is the only album to feature the band as a trio (guitarist/vocalist Lars Frederiksen would later join the band for the album's supporting tour), as well as one of three albums not to be produced by Brett Gurewitz (the others being ...And Out Come the Wolves and Life Won't Wait). However, Gurewitz provided backing vocals on the album.

It was also the second of three self-titled releases, the others being the group's debut extended play (1992) and its fifth studio album (2000). This album has been dubbed "Rancid Rancid." Until 2017's Trouble Maker, this was the only Rancid album not to feature their iconic logo on the cover. In 2019, the Brooklyn Vegan ranked the album as their 6th best album.

Reception
Mike DaRonco of AllMusic stated "This is where it all starts. Without any reminiscing about their former band, Operation Ivy, Matt Freeman (bass) and Tim Armstrong (guitar/vocals) blast through their debut without any hints of ska or blatant Clash plagiarizing. On the contrary, this album rips through 15 tracks of high-energy punk that's accompanied by heavy bass leads and Armstrong's permanently slurred vocals. And to top it all off, the lyrical content deals with urban blight and the lifestyle of being a public nuisance. With this trademark sound, Rancid provide the perfect soundtrack for any car chase that includes massive property damage; is it a wonder MTV wouldn't touch this?"

Personnel

 * Tim Armstrong – vocals, guitars
 * Matt Freeman – bass guitar, vocals
 * Brett Reed – drums, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * Jeff Abarta; Jay Bentley; Brett Gurewitz; Eric Martini - backing vocals
 * Beth Oiler - congas
 * Donnell Cameron - maracas

Production
 * Donnell Cameron - producer
 * Chris Brooke; Michael Ewing; Jeff Peccerillo; Eric Martini - engineers
 * Tracy Cox - cover art
 * Mackie McAller - artwork
 * Kathy Bauer - photography

Album notes

 * A music video was made for the track "Hyena".
 * "Union Blood", the album's fifteenth track, is a hidden track and not mentioned on the back cover.
 * "Get Out of My Way", the album's final song, is a cover, originally performed by The Uptones.
 * The album insert thanks Lars Frederiksen, who joined the band prior to Rancid's release. As such, out of respect to what they had done before him and so not as to take any credit for it, he does not appear in the liner notes for the album.
 * The album thanks Billie Joe Armstrong and his band Green Day. Billie Joe Armstrong would later co-write the song "Radio", which is featured on Rancid's second studio album Let's Go.
 * The album also thanks Buzz Osborne and Lori Black of the Melvins.
 * The album also thanks The Offspring and NOFX, who were both labelmates with Rancid and would tour and achieve success together.
 * Bad Religion members Brett Gurewitz and Jay Bentley make a guest appearance on the album. Brett is the owner of the album's label Epitaph and would produce and engineer their later albums.
 * The album thanks Tom Radner, Tony "Blue Shorts" Villis, and Robb Flynn and his band Machine Head as Rob Machinehead. Rancid was also thanked in the booklet of Machine Head's 1994 debut Burn My Eyes.
 * The tracks "Adina" and "The Bottle" were featured in the Adam Rifkin film The Chase in 1994.

title: Rancid (1993 album)


text:
Mswati

There have been three leaders of Swaziland with the name Mswati.

 * Chief Mswati I, c. 1480 – c. 1520
 * King Mswati II, 1840–1868
 * King Mswati III, since 1986

title: Mswati


text:
Category:Clouds

This is the category of types of clouds, their microphysical, thermodynamical and morphological properties. Notice that Category:Fog and Category:precipitation are closely related.

title: Category:Clouds


text:
Mswati II

King Mswati II (c. 1820 – August 1868), also known as Mswati and Mavuso III, was the king of Eswatini between 1840 and 1868. He was also the eponym of Eswatini. Mswati is considered to be one of the greatest fighting kings of Eswatini.

Under his kingship, the territorial boundaries of Eswatini were greatly increased. Mswati was the son of Sobhuza I and Tsandzile Ndwandwe (known as "LaZidze") who after ruling as Queen Mother became Queen Regent after the death of her son. After the death of Sobhuza, Mswati inherited an area which extended as far as present day Barberton in the north and included the Nomahasha district in the Portuguese territory of Mozambique.

Mswati's military power, initially suppressed by infighting with his brothers Fokoti, Somcuba and Malambule, was increased in the late 1850s and thereafter. When Mswati's armies attacked organized forces of other Bantu tribes or nations, the goal was initially plunder in the form of cattle and captives, rather than incorporation into one political unit. During this period the arrival of Trekboers, in what would become the Transvaal republic, marked the first contact between Swazis and European settlers. Mswati greatly extended the boundaries of the Swazi territory beyond that of the present state with military outposts and royal villages outposts such as Embhuleni, on the upper Komati River at the foot of the Mkhingoma Mountains in Badplaas, Mekemeke near the Mbayiyane Mountains, situated east of Mantibovu (Low's Creek) and Malelane in Nkomazi. The death of Mswati II in August 1868 ended the era of Swazi conquest, territorial expansion and resulted in unification of various people into one nation.

Early life
Ingwenyama Mswati II was born as a son of Somhlolo or Sobhuza I and Queen Tsandzile Ndwandwe, the daughter of Zwide Ndwandwe, the leader of the powerful Ndwandwe clan south of the Pongola River. The Swazi clans under the leadership of Sobhuza I were constantly in conflict with the Ndwandwe's. As a result, Sobhuza made an offer to marry one of the daughters of Zwide and establish peace with his neighbors. This culminated in a party being sent to the Ndwandwe capital and Tsandzile was chosen as the wife to bear the successor to Sobhuza. Mswati's early life after the death of Sobhuza was marked by disputes over the kingship with his brothers. As a result of this Mswati and his mother were installed in their positions before either of them was properly prepared. Such circumstances during his early life are sometimes considered to have predisposed him to be fierce and decisive later in his rule. When Mswati ascended to the throne, his predecessor left him a country claimed to be reaching modern day Barberton in the north, Carolina in the west, Pongola River in the south and Lubombo Mountains in the east.

Kingship
After succeeding his father in 1850, King Mswati II commenced a career of large-scale raids and adventure. He selected, as his hunting ground, the prosperous tribal lands of the various groups to the north of Eswatini. He became rich and his crack regiments, such as the Nyatsi and the Malalane, brought terror to African homes as far afield as Zimbabwe and Mozambique. His crack regiments were used more importantly against emakhandzambili chiefs in Swazi territory and others outside Eswatini. The foothills of the Drakensberg, westwards from Malelane and Low's Creek to the Barberton mountain land, were occupied by Mbayi, also known as the Maseko people, who were held in subjection by, but were not incorporated with, the people of AbakaNgcamane Maseko. They were driven out of this area in 1852 by the Swazi regiments. They fled north and occupied the area between the Crocodile and Sabie Rivers. King Mswati 2nd also used his force to influence political events in the Gaza kingdom, east of the Lubombo mountains. He also defended his country against Zulu encroachment with great determination.

Mswati built a line of military outposts from west to east along the 'Little Crocodile River' (Kaap River). At each outpost he stationed some of his regiments to watch and stop the Abapedi returning to their old haunts. The posts were Mbhuleni, on the upper Komati River, at the foot of the Mkingomo Mountains, south of Badplaas, where Ngcina Matsebula was the indvuna, and LaMgangeni Khumalo the Nkhosikati (chieftainess), and at Mekemeke, just east of the Mbayiyane mountains (Three Sisters), situated east of Mantibovu (Low's Creek), where Mekemeke Lanyandza III was the chieftainess and Mhlahlo Vilakati the indvuna. Mekemeke is situated high up on the eastern side of the Mbayiyane mountains, from where the drift in the Crocodile River near Malelane could be observed should the Mbayi return to the area. Mswati moved his administrative capital and military posts to Hhohho, on the northern bank of the Mlumati River and continued his attacks on the various tribes, which include the Bapedi, the Baphalaborwa, the Lobedu near Duiwelskloof, the Venda of Zoutpansberg and as far afield as the Great Zimbabwe and the plains of Mozambique. A. T. Bryant writes that in this way Mswati gradually extended borders, increased his subjects and added to the wealth and strength of his kingdom. It is clear that he had a formidable army and Bryant calls him  'a veritable Shaka of the north' . The indvuna of Hhohho was Matsafeni Mdluli fourth, brother of Labotsibeni, who later became the mother of Ngwane V. Matsafeni moved to the Nelspruit area in 1888 and H. L. Hall named the station Mataffin, 5 km west of Nelspruit, after him. Malambule who was Mswati's half-brother, held the reins of government until the young Mswati became king of Eswatini in 1840. Malambule appropriated and hid some of the royal cattle for himself, colluding with his brother Fokoti to commit an act that was tantamount to treason. When Mswati found out about the cattle, he sent his men to punish Malambule. Malambule fled with his brothers Fokoti, Sidubela and Ndlela to the south of the country to seek refuge among the Kunene clan. They later fled to Zululand when Mswati sent his regiments to attack this clan for giving protection to the refugees.

The disruption of rival kingdoms magnified Mswati's power and distant tribesmen sought his protection. King Mswati 2nd established loyal groups in sparsely populated chiefdoms under their own leadership, and in others, he placed royal princes and trusted commoners. These new groups and the immigrants became known as Emafikamuva ( "those who arrived after" ).

Later life
Mswati died at his royal residence at Hhohho in August, 1865, aged about forty. He was buried at the royal burial hill at Mbilaneni, next to his father and great-grandfather. The death of Mswati II ended the era of Swazi conquest, territorial expansion and unification of various peoples into one nation. Mswati's successor was the eleven-year-old Ludvonga. He died in 1874 without any children and Mbandzeni became the new King in June 1875. He was known as Dlamini IV (1875-1889). Ludvonga's older half brother Mabhedla was regarded as a threat to the crown prince and had to flee from Eswatini. He fled Eswatini in approximately 1872 or 1873 and lived for a while on the farm Stonehaven, some 8 km northwest of Low's Creek, before moving on until he settled at the Leolo mountains, near Steelpoort, west of Burgersfort. He died in 1895 and is buried on the Leolo mountains.

title: Mswati II


text:
User talk:Alperalyaz

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

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title: User talk:Alperalyaz


text:
Talk:Erik Satie

Overhaul
I've overhauled the text, removing uncited material and adding new stuff, with citations. Comments on the revised text cordially invited here.  Tim riley  talk   22:32, 18 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't know how you do it Tim; your edits have certainly constituted a massive improvement! I do wonder a few things:

 * Is "who signed his name Erik Satie after 1884" even needed? I'm not sure I understand the need for clarification
 * I feel that his incipient exploration into minimalism should be included, the term itself I mean, as I know many look back at him as the founding father of the style
 * The minimalism note above and his Furniture music "invention" seem worth mentioning in a the lead
 * Of course, a small influence or legacy section could be included discussing such innovations as the above, and perhaps his impact on Cage and visual arts that the Grove article touches on.
 * Just some thoughts. Aza24 (talk) 21:54, 19 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for the above, Aza24. I've added something to the Lead and the Works section about minimalism. Do beef the latter up if so inclined (or any other bit, too, of course). I'm not sure I think the furniture music belongs in the lead. It isn't really what he's known for, I feel, though I am open to conviction on the point. I inherited the line about his signing his name as Erik after 1884 but I thought it was worthwhile keeping to make it plain that the spelling "Eric" in the opening words of the lead is not an error. People can be very hard to convince sometimes: the trouble our predecessors had in getting one strenuously disbelieving editor to realise that Poulenc was not François! –  Tim riley  talk   10:55, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Better source for quote about the Conservatoire
The sentence "un vaste bâtiment très inconfortable et assez vilain à voir – une sorte de local pénitencier sans aucun agrément extérieur – ni intérieur du reste" (in the section "Early years", note 2) is currently cited to Lajoinie. However, Lajoinie doesn't give a source for this, as far as I could tell. The sentence comes from Satie's Écrits : réunis, établis et présentés par Ornella Volta, Éditions Champ libre, 1981, p. 67, from a piece about Claude Debussy. I can't figure out how the ref template works, so I would appreciate it if someone else could change this. --92.72.2.121 (talk) 13:09, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you – that's a tweak worth making, I think, and now duly done.  Tim riley  talk   13:28, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

Stop removing infoboxes for composers
It bugs me SO MUCH that whenever I visit a composer's wikipedia page, and there's no infobox. It looks nice, it's standardized across wikipedia, but for some reason composers are the exception. Why? Because you nerds overthink things and remove it. I'm sorry for being rude, but it's 100% true. It does not matter how much "logic" there is behind removing the infobox, the average reader visits this page and immediately goes, "wow, I wonder why this page is so ugly, oh, it's because there's no infobox". I never write suggestions but this really peeved me. 2607:F598:B40A:E0:8C8D:8D65:C23B:DC6B (talk) 03:33, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid it's 100% true that you have your facts wrong. Info-boxes are not standardised across Wikipedia. Wikipedia's agreed policy is that they are useful for some articles and not others, and it is matter for consensus in each article. If you want to try to change Wikipedia's policy to make info-boxes compulsory, please feel free to propose it.  Tim riley  talk   07:28, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It is indeed strange. However, you won't have much luck, as most articles on classical music are written by a small group of editors who feel extremely strongly about not including info boxes. I believe you may have encountered some of them already. Because they know each other well and have been prolific contributors for years, each proposal will be immediately stonewalled and the subsequent "consensus" is easy to predict. Even though there is supposed to be no WP:OWNERSHIP over articles, it is near impossible to change this trend. Arguing is exhausting and pointless.  Ppt91    talk   04:12, 10 January 2024 (UTC)   Ppt91    talk   04:12, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erik Satie


text:
Dane Cook

Dane Jeffrey Cook (born March 18, 1972) is an American stand-up comedian and film actor. He is known for his use of observational, often vulgar, and sometimes dark comedy. He released six comedy albums: Harmful If Swallowed (2003), Retaliation (2005), Vicious Circle (2006), Rough Around the Edges: Live from Madison Square Garden (2007), and Isolated Incident (2009).

He is one of the first comedians to use a personal webpage and Myspace to build a large fan base, and in 2006 was described as "alarmingly popular". Cook starred in numerous films such as Employee of the Month (2006), Good Luck Chuck (2007), and My Best Friend's Girl (2008). He also acted in Mystery Men (1999), Waiting... (2005), Dan in Real Life (2007), Mr. Brooks (2007) and provided the lead voice role in the 2013 animated sports comedy film Planes, and its 2014 sequel Planes: Fire & Rescue as Dusty Crophopper.

He was the second comedian (after Andrew Dice Clay) to sell out Madison Square Garden's large arena space. In 2006, Retaliation became the highest-charting comedy album in 28 years and went platinum. He performed an HBO special in late 2006, Vicious Circle, a straight-to-DVD special titled Rough Around The Edges (which is included in the album of the same name), and a Comedy Central special in 2009 titled Isolated Incident.

Early life and education
Cook was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the second son of Donna Jean (née Ford; died 2006) and George F. Cook (died 2007). He has an older half-brother, Darryl, and five sisters. He grew up in a Catholic family of Irish descent.

Cook has described himself as having been "pretty quiet, pretty introverted, shy" as a child, although he was a "wild child" at home. He overcame his shyness in his junior year of high school, when he began acting and doing stand-up comedy. After graduating from high school, he studied graphic design in college as a back-up plan, in case he did not achieve success in comedy. He now designs all of his merchandise, including the cover of his album, Harmful If Swallowed.

Early work
In 1990, Cook began performing stand-up in comedy clubs.

On October 30, 1992, Cook and a group of local emerging improv/sketch comedians were scheduled to appear at the Boston Garden as part of local radio station WBCN's "Rock of Boston" music concert. Although they anticipated appearing earlier in the lineup, they were scheduled to perform between popular band Spin Doctors and the final headline act Phish, making them somewhat nervous but determined to do well. Moments after they took the stage however, the crowd, neither expecting nor appreciating a comedy act at this late stage in the evening's program and impatient for Phish to go on, expressed their displeasure by throwing their shoes at the stage. Robert Kelly, also on stage as a member of the comedy group, pleaded with the audience to settle down and let them perform their act; the crowd instead escalated to throwing lighters. Sustaining minor injuries, Cook and the comedy group left the stage. Cook described the incident – as well as how dejected he felt and his resulting determination to someday return to the Boston Garden and perform successfully someday – as part of a web series for The Tonight Show entitled "Worst I Ever Bombed".

1990s
In 1994, Cook moved to New York City and began performing. Two years later, he moved to Los Angeles, where he still lives today. His big break came in 1998 when he appeared on Comedy Central's Premium Blend. In 2000, Cook did a half-hour special on Comedy Central Presents. Since then his special has won the Comedy Central Stand-up showdown twice in a row.

2000s
In 2003, Cook released his first CD/DVD, Harmful If Swallowed. He signed a contract with Comedy Central Records. The album is certified platinum. He released his second CD/DVD in 2005, entitled Retaliation. This album went double platinum and made Cook the first comic in 27 years to have an album in the top 5 on the Billboard charts after Steve Martin's A Wild and Crazy Guy moved as high as #2 in late 1978. He performed at the MTV Video Music Awards, and then afterwards he joined Snoop Dogg in presenting the award for Best New Artist.

On April 15, 2005, Cook performed his first HBO Special entitled Vicious Circle. Vicious Circle was filmed "in the round" at the TD Garden. The same year, Cook shot two pilot episodes for his own sitcom, Cooked. The sitcom was not picked up and the two pilot episodes were later released on DVD as the Lost Pilot. That same year, he embarked on a 30-day, 20-show college tour called Tourgasm with his longtime friends Robert Kelly, Gary Gulman, and Jay Davis. The tour was filmed and was later made into a 9-episode documentary on HBO.

On December 3, 2005, Cook hosted Saturday Night Live (SNL). He would then go on to host the premiere of season 32 of SNL a year later. The same year Cook launched his own company, Superfinger Entertainment, in order to produce his own albums and videos.

In 2006, Cook headlined for Dave Attell's Insomniac Tour and hosted the 2006 Teen Choice Awards alongside Jessica Simpson. The following year he won the award for Best Comedian. On November 12, 2007, Cook became the second comic to sell out Madison Square Garden's large arena space after Andrew Dice Clay accomplished this feat in 1990. He did two sold-out shows in one night. The show was filmed and would later be put onto a DVD to be sold on Cook's third comedy album. Cook won the Big Entertainer Award at the VH1 Big in '06 Awards, and Rolling Stone magazine's Hot Comic of the Year. The following day, November 13, 2007, he released his third CD/DVD entitled Rough Around The Edges, which was filmed live at Madison Square Garden in New York City. During that time, he embarked on his first arena tour. On April 10, 2007, Cook broke the Laugh Factory's endurance record (previously held by Richard Pryor) by performing on stage for three hours and 50 minutes. Dave Chappelle would break the record five days later by performing for six hours and seven minutes. Chappelle beat that record on December 3, 2007, by performing for six hours and twelve minutes. On January 1, 2008, Cook broke Chappelle's record, by performing on stage for seven hours.

From May 23, 2008, to May 25, 2008, Cook reunited with Robert Kelly and Al Del Bene for three shows at The Coliseum in Caesars Palace. From May 29-June 4, 2008, the trio went to Iraq to perform for the troops. Del Bene was the Emcee, Kelly was the feature, and Cook was the headliner.

He finished his fourth album, Isolated Incident; a performance which aired on Comedy Central on May 17, 2009, with the release of the record following two days later. He kicked off that tour at the Mohegan Sun in Uncasville, Connecticut, on April 25, 2009. This album was the last as part of Cook's four-record deal with Comedy Central Records. The new album was performed at Laugh Factory in Hollywood, which is considered to be Cook's home base, where he goes to work on new material. He released the DVD version of Isolated Incident in November 2009.

2010s
In 2012, Cook caused a minor controversy when a joke he made in a comedy club about the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting was recorded and made the headlines."So I heard that the guy came into the theater about 25 minutes into the movie. And I don't know if you've seen the movie, but the movie is pretty much a piece of crap… Yeah, spoiler alert. And I know that if none of that would have happened, I'm pretty sure that somebody in that theater, about 25 minutes in, realizing it was a piece of crap, probably was like, 'Ugh fucking shoot me.'"He later apologized on Twitter: "I am devastated by the recent tragedy in Colorado & did not mean to make light of what happened. I made a bad judgment call with my material last night & regret making a joke at such a sensitive time. My heart goes out to all of the families & friends of the victims."

In 2014, Showtime aired Cook's Troublemaker special.

In September 2016 Cook headlined with Sebastian Maniscalco at the Oddball Comedy Festival in Dallas, Texas, and the Oddball Comedy & Curiosity Festival in Irvine, California. He also toured Canada in November at the annual "Just For Laughs" comedy festival.

In May 2018 he performed at Hard Rock Rocksino in Northfield Park, Ohio.

At the end of 2018 Cook announced the "Tell It Like It is" Tour, his first full-scale stand-up tour since "Under Oath" in 2013. The tour began in February 2019 in Huntington, New York and concluded in November in Los Angeles, California.

Film
Cook began his film career with small roles in the late 1990s, including Mystery Men as "The Waffler", and opposite Dennis Rodman in 1999's Simon Sez.

In 2006, Cook starred in his first leading role as Zack Bradley in Employee of the Month, which co-starred Jessica Simpson and Dax Shepard. The film made a modest $30 million against a $12 million budget. In June 2007, Cook co-starred in his first dramatic role as the devious photographer "Mr. Smith" in Mr. Brooks, which starred Kevin Costner. The film debuted at number 4 at the box office, grossing $10,017,067 in its opening weekend and $48 million in total.

In September 2007, Cook starred as dentist Charlie Logan in Good Luck Chuck, which co-starred Jessica Alba and Dan Fogler. The film was the second-highest-grossing film (#1 Comedy) at the U.S. box office in its opening weekend, grossing $13.6 million in 2,612 theaters. The film went on to have a total box office tally of approximately $35 million U.S. and $24 million foreign. A month later, Cook co-starred as Mitch Burns in Dan In Real Life, which starred Steve Carell. The film grossed $11.8 million in 1,921 theaters its opening weekend, ranking number 2 at the box office. As of July 6, 2008, it has grossed $62,745,217.

In 2008, Cook starred as air purifier call-center supervisor Tank Turner in My Best Friend's Girl with Kate Hudson, Jason Biggs, and Alec Baldwin. The film grossed $8.2 million in its opening weekend, debuting at #3 at the box office. In 2010, Cook claimed that he had auditioned for the role of Captain America for Captain America: The First Avenger, although director Joe Johnston did not have him on the short list for the part.

In 2013, Cook voiced the character of Dusty Crophopper in the animated film, Planes, a spin-off of Pixar's Cars franchise. He reprised his role as Dusty in the 2014 sequel Planes: Fire & Rescue.

In 2015, Cook starred in the film 400 Days with Brandon Routh, Caity Lotz, and Ben Feldman. The film was directed by Matt Osterman and executive produced by Cook.

Stage
On November 18, 2010, it was announced that both Cook and Josh Hamilton would be starring in Neil LaBute's 2011 Broadway production of Fat Pig; however, before the show began it was postponed for financial reasons.

In 2012, he played Franz Liebkind in the Hollywood Bowl production of The Producers.

Television
His first TV role was playing a quarterback named Kyle on the 1995 ABC comedy Maybe This Time, which starred Marie Osmond, Betty White and Ashley Johnson.

In October 2005, during an interview with Jay Leno on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, actress Charlize Theron leaned forward and allowed Cook to kiss her backside.

In May 2012, it was announced that Cook would be starring in the new NBC comedy Next Caller. On October 12, 2012, the show was canceled prior to its airing after filming four out of six episodes.

Comedic style
Cook's style is principally "long-form storytelling" and "multipurpose phrases". Cook says his onstage persona is a combination of the personalities of his mom, Donna, and his dad, George. "My mother is like a Looney Tunes cartoon. She's wiggly ... She has the ability to tongue in cheek a lot, and do it in a way where she's being physical. My dad is the polar opposite. He always had a little 'what the fuck' in his voice. Even if he knew nothing about what he was talking about, he could sell it. So I looked at these two extremely funny people and created a style of comedy from absorbing their actions."

He explains: "I wanted to create a stage persona for myself that allowed me to really speak about anything I want... So I can be a storyteller, I can be jokey, I can be corny, I can be a little vulgar, I can be a lot vulgar. And I'm not afraid to go anywhere to get the point of the joke across, even if I have to just blabber like a retard until it becomes apparent that I'm a retard and that the audience should laugh."

Reception
One reviewer noted that Cook attracted a young, growing audience through colorful observations and high-energy performances.

Commentators in a variety of media sources have characterized Dane Cook's humor as unfunny. Comedian Ron White has criticized Dane Cook for his lack of real material and for his inflated ego, saying: "[He] does not make me laugh, at all, in any way, shape or form." When asked about his opinion of Cook on The Howard Stern Show, comedian Nick DiPaolo said "he doesn't make me laugh, but that doesn't mean he's not funny." On Boston radio station WBCN, Dane Cook was named by radio show Toucher and Rich to a tournament of the top 16 "Worst Comedians" and, based on listener voting, was voted the "Worst Comedian" of all. In the Michigan Daily, Elie Zwiebel and co-author Jesse Bean wrote that "he's managed to become one of the most overrated comics ever" and that his act is "boringly stagnant". In an interview with Jason Tanamor of Zoiks! Online, Tanamor asked Cook why he was so despised. Cook stated that he'd had conversations with his therapist, attributing some of the negativity to his alpha demeanor. Add to that, Cook's highly successful career. "Unfortunately, what you find is, you know in your graduating class with the guys you came up with, there's going to be some dudes in front of you that don't want you catching up, and there's going to be some guys behind you that maybe they've never had an opportunity. That, coupled with, like you said, reaching the Billboard charts with 'Retaliation' and a lot of people going, 'Who the fuck does he think he is?'

Jim Breuer talked about Cook's reputation within the comedy industry, saying: "Everyone kills this guy ... Not one comedian comes on [my Sirius radio show] and says 'I'm so happy for him', which is weird. ... They can't stand this poor guy." Breuer went on to say that he personally thinks Cook is a "tremendous performer".

Paul Provenza said that he was not a fan of his earlier work, but "...caught a couple of Dane Cook shows at the Laugh Factory in Los Angeles, and he was fantastic", and became a fan because he felt he had "matured".

Accusations of plagiarism
Comedian Joe Rogan claimed that Cook performed a bit on an episode of Premium Blend that Rogan had developed on I'm Gonna Be Dead Someday, and claimed to have performed the routine earlier in clubs with Cook present. In 2010, Rogan had Cook as a guest on his podcast, telling him that he was a "good dude" and that he was "...glad we put all that shit past and hung out...I think you are doing some awesome shit." Cook replied: "That means the world hearing that from you, Joe ... You've got a lot of integrity and I've always had a lot of respect for you."

There was also widespread Internet discussion regarding three bits from Cook's 2005 album Retaliation, and similar bits from comic Louis C.K.'s 2001 album Live in Houston. In 2011, Cook played himself in an episode of Louie, scripted by C.K., centering on a fictional encounter between the two comics during which they discuss the controversy. In an interview in 2012, Louis C.K. defended Cook, saying: "I don't think he stole from me knowingly... I think he sort of got some of my jokes in his head and got sloppy. He's a good guy and not capable of maleficence."

Tours

 * Tourgasm 2005 (w/ Robert Kelly, Gary Gulman, Jay Davis)
 * Dave Attell's Insomniac Tour 2006 (w/ Dave Attell, Greg Giraldo and Sean Rouse)
 * Rough Around The Edges Tour 2007
 * Globo Thermo Tour 2008 (w/ Robert Kelly and Al Del Bene)
 * Isolated Incident 2009
 * Under Oath 2013
 * Tell It Like It Is Tour 2019

Personal life
Cook's half-brother, Darryl McCauley, served as his business manager until 2008, when Cook discovered that McCauley and his wife Erika had embezzled at least $12 million from him. They were charged with embezzlement and larceny in 2010, and pleaded guilty. Darryl was sentenced to six years in prison and 16 years of probation, and Erika was sentenced to three years in prison and 13 years of probation. Both were ordered to pay restitution to Cook.

Cook says he has never had a drink of alcohol or done drugs in his life.

In 2017, Cook began dating fitness instructor Kelsi Taylor, who is 26 years his junior. They became engaged on July 13, 2022. The couple married on September 23, 2023, in an intimate ceremony at a private estate in O'ahu, Hawaii.

Other releases

 * 2006: Dane Cook's Tourgasm (3DVD)
 * 2007: The Lost Pilots (DVD) Sony Pictures Television.

Singles

 * "I'll Never Be You" (2006)
 * "Forward" (2007)
 * "Drunk Girl/Red Car" (2010)

Cook co-wrote and performed the song "Ruthie Pigface Draper" for the Dan In Real Life film with Norbert Leo Butz.

Cook provided guest vocals on the 2011 song In the Future by Steel Panther from their third studio album Balls Out.

title: Dane Cook


text:
Ermioni

Ermioni (Greek Ερμιόνη, Ancient Greek Hermione Ἑρμιόνη, Ἑρμιών) is a small port town and a former municipality in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece  on the Argolid Peninsula. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Ermionida, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 168.180 km2. It is a popular tourist resort.

Geography
The port town Ermioni is situated in the southeastern part of Argolis, on the coast of the Aegean Sea. It faces the islands of Hydra and Dokos. The municipal unit Ermioni also contains the communities Iliokastro (7 km north of Ermioni) and Thermisia (7 km east of Ermioni). It is 10 km east of Kranidi,17,27 km southwest of Porto Cheli 22 km southwest of Galatas and 44 km southeast of Nafplio. Ermioni is connected to Piraeus by ferry.

History
The place has been continuously inhabited, at least since the times of Homer. Long before classical times ancient Hermione was settled by Dryopians. During the classic era it was well known for its shipbuilders and also for the production of porphyra, a very important red dye. This dye was used for the colouring of the uniforms of many armies including that of Alexander the Great. It controlled a wider region named Hermionis.

Pausanias described the major temples and buildings, various festivities and sport games of the town. According to Pausanias, Ermioni was also the home of a temple of the goddess Hestia:
 * "[At Hermione in Argolis :] Passing into the sanctuary of Hestia, we see no image, but only an altar, and they sacrifice to Hestia upon it."

This was exceptional, as Hestia normally did not have temples but was worshipped in the prytaneum of each city, and a sanctuary of the goddess was therefore something highly unusual—Pausanias himself mentions only two (the other one in Sparta).

During the Ottoman Era it was still known for ship building and its naval abilities, which played a significant role in the Greek revolution of 1821.

Persons

 * Lasus of Hermione, a Greek poet from the 6th century BC
 * Xenon of Hermione, a tyrant before 229 BC
 * Spyridon Merkouris, former mayor of Athens

title: Ermioni


text:
Dnyaneshwari

The Dnyaneshwari (ज्ञानेश्वरी) (IAST: Jñānēśvarī), also referred to as Jnanesvari, Jnaneshwari or Bhavartha Deepika, is a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita written by the Marathi saint and poet Sant Dnyaneshwar in 1290 CE. Dnyaneshwar (born 1275) lived a short life of 22 years, and this commentary is notable to have been composed in his teens. The text is the oldest surviving literary work in the Marathi language, one that inspired major Bhakti movement saint-poets such as Eknath and Tukaram of the Varkari (Vithoba) tradition. The Dnyaneshwari interprets the Bhagavad Gita in the Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism. The philosophical depth of the text has been praised for its aesthetic as well as scholarly value.

According to Pradhan and Lambert, the reliable dating of Dnyaneshwari to 1290 CE is based on textual and corroborative reference to the Yadava king Ramadeva as well as the name of the scribe and the samvat of its completion. It is also confirmed by the works of Namdev, another contemporary Bhakti movement saint-poet, who mentions Dnyaneshwari and who the Hindu tradition believes accompanied Dnyaneshwari on various pilgrimages. The authenticity of the Dnyaneshwari has been contested in light of Eknath comments in late 16th-century, where he stated he had restored the text to the original version, and asked "neither change nor addition should be permitted". Scholars generally accept that this version is most faithful one, and this edition was identified in 1909 by V. K. Rajvade and published in 1959.

The narrative of the Dnyaneshwari closely follows the Bhagavad Gita, yet the commentary – called tika in the local tradition – is written in the form of a "song-sermon" that expands the explanation to include a discussion of the major Hindu philosophies and beliefs in the 13th-century. While the Gita has 700 verses, the Dnyaneshwari has about 9,000 verses. It includes references to the Vedas, the Upanishads and other major Hindu texts. The Dnyaneshwari is a rhythmic prose, that can be recited alone or chanted as a group. Each of its 9,000 verses consists of four lines (quarters) called an ovi (a form of Marathi meter). Unlike the Gita which has fixed number of syllables in its verses and which do not rhyme, the Dnyaneshwari commentary on the Gita has a variable number of syllables per line, of which first three of four do rhyme. Each line in the Dnyaneshwari typically has between three and thirteen syllables.

The text reverentially includes the names of numerous Hindu gods and goddesses from Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism traditions, as well as Vedic ones such as Saraswati (Sharada). The last line of many of its verses include the characteristic "Jnanadeva says" or "Says Jnanesvara". This format was adopted by other later era Bhakti movement poets, as well as in the Guru Granth of Sikhism.

title: Dnyaneshwari


text:
Thynia

In the ancient world, Thynia (, Θυνία) was a region of Europe along the northern coast of the Propontis, opposite Bithynia on the Asian side. It was originally occupied by the Thyni, a Thracian people who came from Thrace. Note that in the Middle Ages, Mesothynia ("middle Thynia") was the peninsula of modern Kocaeli.

According to Greek mythology, its name came from Thyneas (Θυνέας) son of Phineas (Φινέας).

In the Argonautica (Book 2), Jason and the Argonauts are turned aside from the Clashing Rocks at Bithynia, and go to the opposite coast to consult King Phineus.

title: Thynia


text:
Dieter Baumann

Dieter Baumann (, ; born 9 February 1965) is a German former athlete and winner of the 5000 m at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He also won the silver medal in the same event (5000 m) at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

In 1999, Baumann tested positive for the performance-enhancing drug nandrolone and received a two-year suspension from athletic competition.

Biography
Born in Blaustein, West Germany, Baumann was one of the few non-African athletes who were able to seriously challenge the African dominance of middle-distance running during the 1990s. Baumann was equally adept at both the 1,500 m and 5,000 m distances.

Although Baumann came second in the 3,000 m at the European Indoor Championships in 1987, few considered him a medal chance at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The 5,000 m final at Seoul was won by John Ngugi from Kenya who broke away from the field early in the race. However, Baumann used his superior 1,500 m speed to outsprint the rest of the field in the final lap to win the silver medal. Baumann missed most of the 1990 season due to tendon trouble, but he returned in 1991 to finish fourth in the 5,000 m at the World Championships in Tokyo. At the end of the season, Baumann unexpectedly beat the Kenyan 5,000 m world champion Yobes Ondieki over 3,000 m in Cologne.

In early 1992, Baumann narrowly missed the 3,000 m world indoor record. In June, at a meeting in Seville, he set a new German record over 5,000 m (13:09.03). At the Olympics in Barcelona, the 5000 m final started at a fast pace, but then slowed, increasing Baumann's advantage due to his finishing kick. However, he got boxed in amongst four African runners in the back straight of the last lap, and was only able to get out into the clear coming into the home straight. From there, Baumann launched into a devastating sprint to pass his opponents and win the gold medal. Later that year, Baumann pre-announced a world record attempt over 3,000 m for the meeting in Cologne. However, he did not win the race as Moses Kiptanui snatched the victory away by setting a new world record.

Baumann missed the next season due to injury, but was back at the European Championships in 1994. In the 5,000 m final, Baumann was always well placed in the field, and used his trademark devastating kick to outsprint Rob Denmark of the UK in the final lap to win the gold medal. At the World Championships in Gothenburg, in the 5,000 m final, Baumann inexplicably lost contact with the leading group with three laps to go, and struggled home in a disappointing ninth place. However, a few days after the disappointment of Gothenburg, Baumann ran one of the fastest races in his career when he broke his national record (13:01.72) to come second in Zürich behind Haile Gebrselassie.

At the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Baumann would find it a difficult challenge to successfully defend his Olympic title, because the other athletes had been setting much faster times than Baumann's during 1995 and 1996 seasons. But Baumann still managed to finish in a creditable fourth place.

On his third World Championships in Athens, Baumann finished fifth in the 5,000 m. In Zürich, a few days later, he became the first European runner to break the 13-minute barrier when he finished in 12:54.70 min.

In the next year, he won a silver medal in 10,000 m at the European Championships held in Budapest. He also tried to defend his title over 5,000 m but did not even come close to winning a medal. In one of his last great races, he set a new personal best over 3,000 m in Monaco in 7:30.50 min in August 1998.

Doping suspension
On 19 October 1999, Baumann tested positive for nandrolone and received a two-year suspension, thus missing the 2000 Summer Olympics. Baumann was voluntarily tested after the initial results by an independent institute. Extremely high levels of nandrolone continued to be found in the tests and the results of the tests fluctuated dramatically depending on which time of day Baumann was tested. After several weeks of voluntary tests, Baumann claimed that the results varied with the time of day because the nandrolone was in his toothpaste. The German Athletics Federation (DLV) stated that they believed Baumann that someone had manipulated his toothpaste and allowed him to start at the German championships where Baumann qualified for the Olympic Games in Sydney. However, the IAAF did not agree with that verdict and imposed a ban. Baumann tried to sue the IAAF before a German court but was unsuccessful. Those defending Baumann have pointed to the fact that the levels of nandrolone found in his body were completely abnormal for any athlete wishing to enhance his performance. Baumann's opponents argued that he had no conclusive proof for his version of the story and could not name a suspect.

After the ban, Baumann came back in 2002 at the age of 37 and won the silver medal at 10,000 m at the European Championships in Munich. Baumann participated in the 2003 World Championships in Athletics in Paris at 10,000 m but did not finish the race. He retired in late 2003.

Personal life
His daughter, Jackie Baumann, is a hurdler.

title: Dieter Baumann


text:
User talk:Mag~enwiki

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Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
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title: User talk:Mag~enwiki


text:
Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben

Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben was a German naturalist from Quedlinburg.

Erxleben was professor of physics and veterinary medicine at the University of Göttingen. He wrote Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre (1772) and Systema regni animalis (1777). He was founder of the first and oldest academic veterinary school in Germany, the Institute of Veterinary Medicine, in 1771.

He was the son of Dorothea Christiane Erxleben, the first woman in Germany to earn a medical degree.

Works

 * 1767 Einige Anmerkungen über das Insektensystem des Hr. Geoffroy und die Schäfferschen Verbesserungen desselben. Hannoverisches Magazin, Hannover (Stück 20). 305–316.
 * 1772 Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre. Göttingen und Gotha, Dieterich 648 p., 8 Taf.
 * 1775 Anfangsgründe der Chemie. Göttingen, Dieterich, 472p. Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * 1769–1778 Pallas, P. S., Baldinger, E. G., Erxleben, J. C. P. [full title] Peter Simon Pallas Naturgeschichte merkwuerdiger Thiere, in welcher vornehmlich neue und unbekannte Thierarten durch Kupferstiche, Beschreibungen und Erklaerungen erlaeutert werden. Durch den Verfasser verteutscht. I. Band 1 bis 10te Sammlung mit Kupfern. Berlin und Stralsund, G. A. Lange (Samml. 1–10), 48 Taf.

title: Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben


text:
List of rulers of Kabul

List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Kabul:

title: List of rulers of Kabul


text:
Erxleben, Stendal

Erxleben is a village and a former municipality in the district of Stendal, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 July 2009, it is part of the town Osterburg (Altmark).

title: Erxleben, Stendal


text:
Tormsdale

Tormsdale is a megalithic site on the banks of the River Thurso, in Caithness, Scotland. It is 3 km south of Westerdale.

The site consists of some low stone rows which are difficult to trace as the stones are small and have been partly overgrown by grass. Tormsdale is near to another stone row at Dirlot, and is also close to the brochs at Tulach Beag and Tulach Mor.

title: Tormsdale


text:
Robert Esche

Robert L. Esche (born January 22, 1978) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who is the current president of the Utica Comets of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Utica City FC of the Major Arena Soccer League (MASL). He previously played eight seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Phoenix Coyotes and Philadelphia Flyers.

Playing career
Esche started his career with the Phoenix Coyotes, only to be traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in a deal involving Michal Handzuš and Brian Boucher. In 2004, he claimed the starting goaltending spot for the Flyers, and led them to the Eastern Conference Finals, only to fall in seven games to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Tampa Bay Lightning.

While playing in Russia for Ak Bars Kazan, he posted a record of 22–5–2 with a 2.01 goals against average (GAA) and a .912 save percentage, along with four shutouts.

Esche skated with Dinamo Minsk during the 2010–11 KHL season. In 2008–09, he posted a record of 21–14 with a 1.87 GAA and .912 save percentage, as well as nine shutouts.

On June 16, 2011, the SCL Tigers announced they had signed the 33-year-old Esche to a contract, where he played 40 games, going 15-25, with a 3.05 GAA and .898 save percentage.

International play
Esche has represented the United States in the 1997 and 1998 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships and the IIHF World Championships in 2000, shutting out Russia in Russia, an accomplishment he still lists as his greatest moment in hockey. He represented the US team in 2001 and also received the starting nod at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey.

Esche was named to the 2006 US Men's Olympic Hockey Team in Turin. He played one game in the Olympic tournament, losing 5–4 to Russia.

Esche played for the 2008 Team USA Hockey team in the World Championships which took place in Canada. He had earned some starts after sitting out the first few games, including a 42 save performance in a controversial 3–2 loss against Finland. He also posted a 9–1 victory against Norway.

Personal
Esche has two children with his former wife Kelly.

Esche is nicknamed "Chico" after former NHL goaltender Chico Resch because his sticks were labeled R. Esche.

Awards and accomplishments

 * 1997–98: Second All-Star Team (OHL)
 * 1998–99: All-Rookie Team (AHL)
 * 2002–03: William M. Jennings Trophy shared with Roman Čechmánek, PHI and Martin Brodeur, NJ (NHL)
 * 2002–03: Yanick Dupre Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)
 * 2003–04: Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)
 * 2008 World Championships: Best save percentage (.931)
 * 2008–09: Played in KHL All-Star Game

title: Robert Esche


text:
User talk:Arevich

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Allen Bukoff for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Allen Bukoff is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Allen Bukoff until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Allan Nonymous (talk) 16:32, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arevich


text:
User talk:Timwai

Your Future
Your future is shaped by what you have decided today. For example, if you have decided to change your job today, it will trigger off a series of chain reaction in the future. If your decision is to fall in love, you may end up marry the person you fell in love with and have kids. Another example, if you have some how look into the future and find yourself in a disaster, you would avoid it now, so the future is altered because you have make a different decision now. This can be sum up in the formula:

Future = decision(now)

Then, how do we make decision? I think it is based on 2 factor: 1, by our knowledge and, 2, by external factor. First, let's talk about external factor, we can change our decision by other person or other natural factor, for example, we could have listen to someone's explanation and change our decision or it is raining, I have decided to stay a home.

Our knowledge is accumulated from our experience. How do our knowledge grow? Through time!! From your past experience. Therefore:

Knowledge = experience x time

But we don't always remember all of our experiences, sometime we forget!! Then, the formula is:

Knowledge = experience / forget factor x time

This only show the knowledge gained at slice of time, the formula for all you knowledge will be:

Knowledge = experience / forget factor x time ^ past

past is the time from past

Now our future formula is:

Future = (experience / forget factor x time ^ past) + external factor

time is a constant because everyone will have the same time external factor is apply as other factor can change your decision

If your decision would have been different!! The rest of the future would have been different.

title: User talk:Timwai