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Talk:SpaceX Merlin

Fastrac
Is it true that the Merlin engine uses the same technology as NASA's (cancelled) Fastrac project? --NeuronExMachina 03:19, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know all of the details, but here's an article on Fastrac and one on TRW's Low Cost Pintle Engine (LCPE) for future reference. Both engines were designed at roughly the same time and Tom Mueller, now VP of Propulsion at SpaceX, was on (led?) the LCPE team for TRW.  Because of this, I would expect that Merlin would look more like LCPE than Fastrac.  The merlin engine has roughly the same thrust as Fastrac and about 1/10 the thrust of LCPE.  I guess I wouldn't be surprised to see a SpaceX design that looks an awful lot like LCPE coming out in the future.Dschmelzer 17:42, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There's some discussion on the a-rocket mailing list that indicates SpaceX may have associated the turbopump with the Fastrac design, but that it's actually a clean sheet design. This level of detail is well beyond my expertise though.  Dschmelzer 19:27, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * "Is it true that the Merlin engine uses the same technology as NASA's (cancelled) Fastrac project?" No. The Fastrac turbopump is a different turbopump in its entirety. The Spacex turbopump was developed by Barber-Nichols under a clean sheet design program and the designs although being similar are entirely different. There is a picture of the FASTRAC turbopump here: http://www.gkllc.com/lit/gk-authored/AIAA-2007-5537_Hydrogen_Peroxide-Optimal_for_Turbomachinery_and_Power_Applications.pdf (page 15 section V)and here is a picture of the Merlin Turbopump here: http://images.spaceref.com/news/2003/05.09.03.spacex.merlin_turbopump.jpg

 * You speak as if there is a single version of the Merlin engine. Which version was the Barber-Nichols' turbopump for? Could be that the original Merlin used the fastrac turbopump and the turbopump from B-N is for a more advanced version of the Merlin, like the B or C. (The C, I know, used a different turbopump than the original). --71.38.170.27 (talk) 23:59, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

Article name
Should this article be at Merlin (rocket engine), sort of like Kestrel (rocket engine)? --NeuronExMachina 07:42, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Done --Duk 20:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Propose merger
I'd like to propose that Merlin 1B and Merlin 2 be merged into Merlin (rocket engine). The two child articles are very brief stubs, and not much outside information is available about the separate models. These models can adequately be covered as sections for the main Merlin article. If enough detail about one model becomes available in the future then it can be broken out. At this point the breakout just results in unnecessary clicking. --StuffOfInterest 17:21, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good --Duk 17:29, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. With the possible launch in a couple of days it seemed to prudent to get the cleanup done before the likely visitors show up. --StuffOfInterest 00:22, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Graphic of Merlin 1C available for Wikipedia?
This article could really use a good photo or diagram of a version 1C engine. There are some good ones here: I am not familiar enough with Wikipedia image guidelines to know if we can use one of these, and under what size/limitation conditions, so will leave that for other more graphic-aware Wikipedians. N2e (talk) 02:32, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Since the article has a photo now, and it's a Creative Commons image, I have disabled the Photo requested tag. If there are additional/better images needed, feel free to undo my actions. Avic enna sis @ 05:06, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, this article requires a replacement for the years-obsolete Merlin 1A engine diagram used in the infobox. This should be a diagram or illustration rather than a photo. --IanOsgood (talk) 21:39, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

BFE = 27 Merlin 1C engines?
The following exchange is from an interview at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2008/09/24/DI2008092402502.html

Urbana, Ill.: Right now you have two rockets based on the same first-stage engine (Merlin). To launch Falcon 9 Heavy, you'll need 27 of those engines to fire simultaneously. Do you have any plans to develop a larger engine in the future so that such clustering is not necessary?

Elon Musk: Yeah, I think there is an argument for a really really big Falcon engine or BFE, as we call it :)

That would be equal or greater to the thrust of 27 Merlin 1C engines. Would be exciting to see that fire! On the other hand, lots of small engines can give very high reliability. Google uses lots of small PC computers for their search service and it has never ever gone down.

91.107.42.12 (talk) 13:17, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Rocket engine infobox
I'm not trying to be picky, but I feel the overall layout and content was better before the infobox was added. I don't really think the infobox is ready for primetime; it's used in only one other rocket engine article that I can see. And the content was changed; "sea level thrust" was changed to simply "thrust", and "vacuum thrust" became "thrust at altitude". I think the infobox itself needs more work before it should be added to the article, or at least before it is used to replace in-article information. Djd sd (talk) 09:35, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I've done some work on the infobox; resize image instead of 'thumb' image, added thrust(Vac) and thrust(SL). --Duk 15:12, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Hello i wanted to ask if you wanted to update the engine info box with the weight stats for the engine look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio for the datas on this i have done the math and its right at 440 kgs about its not a big deal but nice to keep as much data as possible in the infobox

Fwskungen — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.162.81.222 (talk) 19:46, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

Merlin 2
Anyone know why the section on Merlin 2 was removed? Djd sd (talk) 04:39, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed it because other than some vague hints three years ago, there aren't any sources for it. I just commented it out, looks like someone else deleted it. --Duk 05:20, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good enough reason. With all the recent changes, I was having trouble figuring out who was doing what. Djd sd (talk) 07:25, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Merlin Vacuum
Just received from SpaceX newsletter

New Merlin Vacuum engine demonstrates highest efficiency for an American hydrocarbon rocket engine McGregor, TX – (March 09, 2009) – Space Exploration Technologies Corp (SpaceX) successfully conducted a full mission duration firing of its new Merlin Vacuum engine on March 7, at SpaceX's Test Facility in McGregor, Texas. The engine fired for a full six minutes, consuming 100,000 pounds of liquid oxygen and rocket grade kerosene propellant. The new engine, which powers the upper stage of SpaceX's Falcon 9 launch vehicle, demonstrated a vacuum specific impulse of 342 seconds – the highest efficiency ever for an American hydrocarbon rocket engine. Thrust was measured at approximately 92,500 lb of force in vacuum conditions and the engine remained thermally stable over the entire run.

Mchl (talk) 21:43, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, I just saw this also. A serviceable link for the information is spacex.com/press.php?page=20090310. N2e (talk) 22:25, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Moved from article page: Xorsprite (talk) 03:31, 23 March 2009 (UTC) This figure disagrees with the "Engine specifications" section as published here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine)#Merlin_1C. Also this specific impulse of 342 s in a vacume does sound too high from what I've been reading making it even more efficient than the Soviet NK-33 (one of the highest specific impulse values of any engine for this type of fuel - LOX + Kerosene - and the Russians are still the world leaders) on the page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_impulse under "Figures for real engines" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aremisasling (talk • contribs)

 * You are comparing apples to oranges. NK-33 is a first stage engine, so it is thrust optimized, not ISP optimized. The nozzles are shaped differently for one, the pumps are likely tuned differently for another. The Soyuz 2 upper stage engine RD-0124, also LOX/Kerosene staged combustion, has a vacuum specific impulse of 359 seconds. The Zenit upper stage RD-58M is a LOX/Kerosene engine using a gas generator cycle with a specific impulse of 353 seconds. Merlin Vacuum can also throttle thrust between 60-100% which saves fuel. Quasarstrider (talk) 16:24, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

--Mkouklis (talk) 14:10, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
 * First successful launch to orbit has raised "importance=mid"

 * With the Merlin Vacuum engine so much in the space news over the two days prior to the successful launch of Falcon 9 Dragon C1, due to the cracks in the Mvac nozzle and, ultimately, the decision to trim four feet of the nozzle off for the Dragon C1 launch two days after the cracks were discovered, I think the article would really benefit from a photo of the Mvac engine and nozzle, or maybe even a diagram comparing the Mvac with the standard Merlin 1C. N2e (talk) 15:53, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

 * How about these from Steve Jurvetson (License: CC 2.0): Merlin Vacuum engine bell, Merlin 1C, bell shrouded

Merlin Injector
Is the Merlin still a Pintle injector?

I thought the Merlin 1 and 1A were pintles but they went to a Showerhead injector on the 1B, and there after.

Granted the press info is just a little confusing, but, I thought i would ask —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.178.199.89 (talk) 22:04, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

Potential table for comparison of engine version specs
I believe it might be time to consider expanding the Merlin 1C Engine specifications section of the article to become a more general Specifications section that would provide an historical comparison of the various important versions of the engine. (this Talk section is independent of who would do the work of creating such a table; just interested for now to see if other editors thinks such a table a good idea).

It would seem that the first flight Merlin, the Merlin 1A, as well as the now-flown Merlin 1C and Merlin Vacuum would be included, along with perhaps the under-development-but-not-yet-flown Merlin 1D. What do others think about this? N2e (talk) 16:11, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Merlin 1D details
Quite a bit of new info on the Merlin 1D enhancements, much not already in the article, is in this press article published January 11th: Enjoy. N2e (talk) 05:43, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ Finally got around to getting a bit of the detail from this source on Merlin 1D design worked into the article, along with a general copyedit of the 1D section. I'm guessing there will be a lot of 1D stuff published with the first Falcon 9 v1.1 flight in March 2013.

Merlin 1D thrust-to-weight ratio record
The opinion "The engine's 160:1 thrust-to-weight ratio would be the highest ever achieved for a rocket engine" seems wrong. Just look at the old Soviet and Russian rocket engines:

 * RD-270 - thrust-to-weight ratio was 201:1
 * RD-253 - thrust-to-weight ratio was 172:1
 * RD-701 - thrust-to-weight ratio was 212:1

Shpankov (talk) 18:12, 26 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I've seen it stated explicitly once (I think), but most of the time it's just implied: the Merlin 1D has the best thrust to weight ratio of any rocket engine of its type, not any rocket engine ever made. Not sure about thrust-to-weight specifically, but I don't think it's physically possible for a kerosene engine to achieve the same level of efficiency as a straightup hydrogen/oxygen burning engine. Lower costs, ease of use and transport, and higher fuel density all play a role kerosene use. There are reasons it's used, but high efficiency isn't one of them. — Gopher65talk 21:04, 26 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I also suspect that the reason they've been calling it "record setting" is because Orbital Sciences claimed that their "new (wink wink, nudge nudge)" Russian built NK-33 engine was "record setting". The NK-33 has a thrust to weight ratio of 137:1, which (at the time it was originally built in the 1970s) was the highest T/W ratio for a RP-1 (kerosene) rocket engine. Compare that to the 160:1 of the Merlin 1D, and you can see where they got the idea that it was setting new records. Since Orbital's new Antares rocket will be in direct competition with the Falcon 9 v1.1, SpaceX probably thought it would be good press to say "see, our new rocket's engine is more efficient than their new rocket's engine!!1!1!eleven!!" The Merlin 1D is a neat engine, but any time you hear a company use the phrase "record setting" you know it is their PR department at work, not the engineers (even when it's... more true than it is in this case). — Gopher65talk 21:21, 26 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Huh. I'd also read 160:1 in the past, but the most recent press releases say 150:1. I've corrected this article and added a source. — Gopher65talk 21:48, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

I don't think it's physically possible for a kerosene engine to achieve the same level of efficiency

Just look at RD-701 description - this engine with ratio 212:1 had used the same propellant.

Anyway, the phrase The engine's 160:1 thrust-to-weight ratio would be the highest ever achieved for a rocket engine. is incorrect and need more specifics mentioned or should be removed. Otherwise it disorient journalists :)

Shpankov (talk) 21:56, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Hmm, the article linked by you said ''With nine Merlins on the first stage, the Falcon 9 rocket will produce nearly 1.5 million pounds of thrust in a vacuum. An enhanced design makes the Merlin 1D the most efficient booster engine ever built, with a vacuum thrust-to-weight ratio exceeding 150''. But both these parameters are lower than for RD-701.

Shpankov (talk) 22:05, 26 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The RD-701 used liquid hydrogen as well as RP-1. It wasn't a pure kerosene engine. — Gopher65talk 23:08, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

In fact, it doesn't matter at all. In the Wiki article it is written highest ever achieved for a rocket engine. without explaining of engine type. Thus it's an incorrect info.

Shpankov (talk) 01:04, 27 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's clearly wrong. I've seen it in a few news articles too, but that doesn't make it any more right. — Gopher65talk 05:09, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

According astronautix.com those 3 engines mentioned have a much lower T/W ratio than the given numbers:

 * RD-270 - T/W ratio was 153:1
 * RD-253 - T/W ratio was 148:1
 * RD-701 - T/W ratio was 111:1

Who is right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.223.90.34 (talk) 20:50, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I found astronatix.com is a very poor source of Soviet engine specs. For RD-107 they claim dry mass of 410 kg (really 1190 kg) and specific impulse an unbelievable 326s (really 313s). ScalarField (talk) 20:08, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

There are a number of issues here.

First, you have to compare apples to apples. Merlin is an RP-1/LOX gas-generator cycle engine. It only makes sense to compare it to similar engines, such as perhaps the RD-107 family. RD-270 and RD-253 are staged combustion, and RD-701 is tri-propellant on top of that (mix of RP-1 and LH2 as fuel).

Second, T/W is not a meaningful efficiency metric, specific impulse is. You could consider T/W a metric of design efficiency for comparable designs, but ultimately it's specific impulse that shows how much delta-V you get from a set amount of fuel.

Third, SpaceX says Merlin's vacuum specific impulse is 309 seconds, while this article claims with a reference to their website it's 311. Has the number been revised down?

Fourth, where is the claim "The engine has the highest specific impulse ever achieved for a gas-generator cycle kerosene rocket engine" coming from? RD-107 family is gas-generator cycle kerosene, and they all have higher specific impulse than Merlin.

ScalarField (talk) 20:08, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Comparison Chart?
In my opinion, it would be helpful to have a side by side comparison chart of the different versions of this engine to help show the advances made with each version. Can somebody tackle this? Ffejmopp (talk) 16:18, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Merlin 1D thrust-to-weight ratio
I am trying to get my facts straight for a Wiki article about Thrust-to-weight ratio on the Dutch Wiki, part is a table with rocket engines. Because in the article about the Merlin (rocket engine) it is stated that the Merlin 1D has the highest thrust-to-weigh ratio (higher then the NK-33) but there is no source about the engine weight. I don't think the 1D weights the same as the 1C! According to the stated Thrust-to-weight ratio it should weight roughly 990 lbs. Do not get me wrong, I don't care which engine is the "best" I just want to know if someone has a reliable source for the engine weight of the Merlin 1D? Thanks --Felipe de Jong (talk) 16:07, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I looked around the web a bit for this a few weeks ago and couldn't find anything. Maybe someone else will have better luck. — Gopher65talk 01:12, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Merlin 1C thrust - wrong
It seems that the thrust numbers for Merlin IC are way too much in this article.

SpaceX was planning to make a "slightly upgraded Merlin IC engine", slated for the Falcon 9 block II, and the numbers in spaceX website(and in this wikipedia page) are for this version of the engine. This engine however has never flown and will never fly, as SpaceX is jumping directly to Merlin 1D in Falcon 9 v1.1.

The real maximum thrust of Merlin 1C in the flown configurations has been in the range of 423kN(sl), 483kN(vac). --Hkultala (talk) 04:43, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

"Raptor" is not necessarily "Merlin"
There is a subsection in the article entitled "Raptor". However, there is nothing in the sources given for the Raptor engine that indicates that SpaceX has given, or will use, the "Merlin" designator to the Raptor concept. I suspect, therefore, that this section should be removed as 'out of scope'.

On a related note, recent SpaceX news has a very large new rocket engine, fueled by LOX/LH2, to operate on a very large launch vehicle designated the "MCT". I have added this info to the Falcon (rocket family) article about a day ago. Another well-intentioned copied that text (with citation) here today. I just deleted it as there is no indication in the sources I've read that the "MCT" will be called by the designator "Merlin". BTW, there is no indication in the sources that the "MCT" is what used to be the "Raptor" concept engine either. So until sources come out clarifying that info, Wikipedia editors ought not to speculate. Cheers. N2e (talk) 01:42, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

 * ✅ With the recent (November 2012) SpaceX announcments about developing methane-based rocket engines, and with Raptor now explicitly identified as a LOX/methane engine, I have removed the Raptor section, and replaced it with a link in See also. N2e (talk) 23:57, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

Photo is outdated
The only photo/diagram in the article is of the smallest Merlin engine, a Merlin 1A. With the Merlin 1C being substantially more powerful and having now powered multiple flights, and the even greater thrust Merlin 1D having completed ground testing and scheduled for initial flights in 2013, I think the article would be improved by a better cross-section of Merline rocket engine graphics. I'm adding a reqimage tag. N2e (talk) 16:05, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Indeed, this has been a problem for over four years! See previous comments. One idea: Steve Jurvetson is a SpaceX insider and amateur photographer who licenses all his photos under Creative Commons. Perhaps his SpaceX Flickr stream could yield a more recent Merlin photo. For example: A Merlin 1C on the factory floor. --IanOsgood (talk) 19:43, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Here is an excellent Merlin 1C diagram from Flickr (30 Jan 2008). Perhaps the author could be contacted to give permission to use the copyrighted image on Wikipedia. --IanOsgood (talk) 17:34, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Here is yet another really excellent detailed diagram of the Merlin 1C engine, this time from a December 2007 SpaceX update that remains online in the SpaceX "Update Archive". detailed diagram of Merlin 1C engine, with labels  Perhaps SpaceX image will be easier to license, or perhaps the Flickr one, I don't know. — Cheers.  N2e (talk) 01:24, 27 December 2012 (UTC)
 * That is the same diagram, published a few months earlier. I presume it is the original. Perhaps we could import it for fair-use, since SpaceX is the author? --IanOsgood (talk) 05:01, 27 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, that's good if a fair use rationale can allow it's use. I don't have any expertise in the Wiki-photo rulz game so generally leave that to other experts to help with.  So if anyone believes fair use covers that diagram, I think it would be a really good diagram to have in the article, and Merlin 1C is so very different from Merlin 1A that the simple 1A graphic is a total misrepresentation.  N2e (talk) 04:17, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Proposed move: Merlin (rocket engine family)
I am proposing a move of the article from Merlin (rocket engine) to Merlin (rocket engine family).

Rationale: the article has emerged over time and has become an article not about any single rocket engine, but rather about an entire family of LOX/RP-1-propellant rocket engines all made by the same manufacturer. The three main engines in the series (Merlin 1A, Merlin 1C, and the Merlin 1D are substantially different rocket engine designs. For example,
 * - the Merlin 1D (147000 lbf) has more than twice the thrust of the Merlin 1A (340 kN (77,000 lbf) of thrust), which means twice the mass flow rate of propellant, different injectors and nozzles, etc;
 * - the Merlin 1C uses an entirely different design of the nozzle cooling system (a regeneratively cooled nozzle and combustion chamber) while the Merlin 1A used an ablatively-cooled carbon fiber composite nozzle;
 * - Merlin is a manufacturer's name for a family of LOX/RP-1 engines, just as news reports are showing that SpaceX has planned a family of Raptor LOX/methane engines.
 * - The fact that the manufacturer chose to leave the lead-digit ("1") in the engine designator the same may have more to do with marketing, reducing perceived risk of change, and reduction of launch vehicle insurance rates than as an indicator of engine sameness.

 * SUPPORT — per nom rationale, as nom. N2e (talk) 13:16, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ I actually did the same thing to the Draco engine article when the Superdraco was released, although now I'm thinking that those two engines might be two different to be considered part of the same family. In that case we'll have to see as more information about the Superdraco is released, but the Merlins look like much more of a clear cut case to me. — Gopher65talk 14:07, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅. No one objected after this had been here for a while, so I moved it. — Gopher65talk 21:27, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

A new source on the Merlin engine
—N2e (talk) 12:55, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * This article profiles Tom Mueller, VP of Propulsion Development and founding employee at SpaceX, who led development of their Merlin engines Under the Hood with the SpaceX Merlin Engine - Pinehead.tv, January 2013.
 * And here is an old source, from 2009 (might be worth adding to the External Links?): a 5 minute Livescribe lecture by Mueller on the Merlin design: Tom Mueller Describes Merlin Engine - Livescribe - July.30.09.

Those links no longer work, but the article is archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20130115011750/http://tuts.pinehead.tv/2013/01/14/under-the-hood-with-the-spacex-merlin-engine/ and check out Mueller's Livescribe at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVQyZn-VtXU AliShug (talk) 16:40, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

Editing by Barber Nichols
Apparently someone from Barber Nichols just went through the article and added a bunch of things saying they created the turbopump. Special:Contributions/184.96.79.5 Do we delete these or keep these? The information is unsourced. Ergzay (talk) 20:16, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * How do you know the IP (184.96.79.5) is from there? Although that is juicy info, we can't use primary sources. Tag it with {citation needed}. It's also not clear whether SpaceX designed their own pump for the Merlin-1D, since they tend to bring key technologies in-house. --IanOsgood (talk) 00:41, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

New source for dead link 4
Thought this might be useful. The 70-100% throttling for Merlin D: http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/06/spacex-merlin-1d-orbital-fire-aj-26-engine/ Davecporter (talk) 02:38, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

SpaceX has manufactured the 100th Merlin 1D now
The 100th Merlin ID engine has come off the manufacturing line as of mid-October 2014. Here's the source. Includes "SpaceX is currently the largest private producer of rocket engines in the world." and "Engines are currently manufactured at a rate of four per week, projected to rise to five per week by the end of 2014."

Also includes this bit on the specific manufacturing process for the engine, a process with elements of mass production involved that have not been traditionally used in rocket engine production: "The production process begins with major engine components – injector, turbopump, gas generator, thrust chamber, valves and actuators – integrated with tubing, sensors, and other small components to form the major sub-assemblies of the engine. These sub-assemblies are put together to become the engine’s lower and upper assembly. Once the lower and upper assemblies are stacked and mated, the engine undergoes a series of quality checks prior to testing." N2e (talk) 17:29, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Merlin 1 bipropellant valve
This source shows the 6 lb bipropellant valve used for throttle control of the Merlin 1, and is spec'd to handle up to 1500 psi of pressure in the fluid streams. It controls both the LOX and RP-1 fuel simultaneously from a single input. Quotation: "The Bi-Propellant Valve simultaneously meters liquid oxygen and RP-1 thru two separate channels using a single electromechanical actuator device for the SpaceX Merlin second-stage vacuum engine turbopump preburner."

The link is a primary source, so not as good as a secondary source for citation, so I'm not adding anything to the article at this time. But it does provide verifiable information about the nature of the throttle valve on the Merlin 1. Cheers. N2e (talk) 11:31, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Based on the WP:PRIMARY policy, wouldn't it be acceptable to provide a factual statement that JASC manufactures the biprop valve? (I might just not understand the policy completely) It restricts any analysis or synthesis of primary sources, but from the information given on the JASC site it seems like a factual statement from it would still contribute to the article. Appable (talk) 17:03, 23 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's what the policy says. We can take things like specs from the SpaceX website, but we can't take interpretations from a primary website. So we can, say, list the thrust-to-weight ratio of a Merlin 1D from straight from SpaceX, but we can't use a statement like "this is the highest thrust to weight ratio of any RP-1 gas generator engine". The first is a factual statement by the manufacturer, the second is a interpretation by the manufacturer. The former is usable from a primary source, the latter is not. — Gopher65talk 04:37, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

Merlin 1D-Vac Isp corrected
The previous Vacuum Isp of 311s was likely the Merlin 1C value. The 340s value is found here click on 'inside the interstage': the relevant bit: "SpaceX's Merlin vacuum engine has the highest vacuum specific impulse (isp)--a measure of engine efficiency--of any American liquid oxygen/kerosene engine with a vacuum isp of 340 seconds. The engine is housed inside the rocket's interstage."

It would seem that the sea level Isp of 282s is also incorrect, but I cannot find a reliable source for the correct value. I don't think spacex has ever released sea level Isp for merlin 1D. Most sources on the web confuse it with the 1C number.

It should be noted that a Vacuum Isp of 340s is very good for a gas generator cycle engine. Infact, this number is on par with the staged combusion RD-180 Vac Isp of 338s. Unless that number is incorrect as well.Rocketdude78 (talk) 18:17, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * In my personal list of rocket engine ISP/thrust, I have these values: Sea level: Merlin1C 266/556kN, Merlin1D 282/654 kN; Vacuum: Merlin1C 305/616kN, Merlin1D 309/741kN, Merlin1D-Vac 340/801kN, Merlin1C-Vac 342/411kN. Sadly, I don't have references; they may have been directly from SpaceX employees and thus not are not usable on Wikipedia. --IanOsgood (talk) 14:47, 3 May 2015 (UTC)
 * This article needs to better distinguish between Merlin-1D and Merlin-1D-Vac. I think the top info box is confusing the two: the first-stage Merlin-1D performance in vacuum should be stated separately from the second-stage Merlin-1D-Vac performance. --IanOsgood (talk) 18:01, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

 * The infobox should give the performance of the Merlin1D, NOT the Merlin1D-Vacuum. 282s at sea level and 311s in vacuum are the correct numbers.  A ( Ch ) 07:58, 5 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Or, rather, more correct. An engine producing 6,672/9=740 kn vacuum with an Isp 311 will produce 670 kn sea level with Isp 282, close to the 655 from 5,885/9. 340 s Isp applies only to the M1D-V used on the second stage, the first stage engines will be around 310 s, as Tom Mueller suggested.  A ( Ch ) 08:23, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

Variants section
Hi. At the end of Variants section, it's written "this engine ... can be throttled between 60 and 100 percent". Does this percentage refers to the propellant? or is it some kind of rocket stage percent ? --Fotte (talk) 11:48, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * It means the amount of thrust it's producing. Which correlates fairly well with the fuel consumption (but not perfectly due to changes in burn efficiency at different thrust levels). Right now the Merlin 1D is throttled to about 75-80% of full thrust at most, because they've been running it in what we might think of as "safe mode" until they were sure it could survive full thrust. A very slightly modified version of the engine is due to debut in a few months (1D+) that will be rated to throttle over that full range. It will be regularly throttled to near 100% on standard missions. — Gopher65talk 13:19, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I've always been under the presumption that the current engine is running at 100% throttle but only around 80% of its potential. Is the 1D currently actually throttled down below what they think the engine can do, or is it just not running quite as high as it could with minor changes? Appable (talk) 13:39, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

Some more information about current Merlin 1D weight and thrust.
Tom Mueller in quora.com

''The Merlin 1D weighs 1030 pounds, including the hydraulic steering (TVC) actuators. It makes 162,500 pounds of thrust in vacuum. that is nearly 158 thrust/weight. The new full thrust variant weighs the same and makes about 185,500 lbs force in vacuum. You can do the math! BTW, I believe most other engines don't include the thrust vector control actuators in their F/W numbers.''

I suggest that we can do the following changes in the M1D infobox

 * 1) change vacuum thrust to 723kN (from 740kN)
 * 2) add the engine weight @ 1030 pounds (or 467kg) with a reference that it includes the hydraulic steering actuators
 * 3) change TWR to 162500/1030 = 158 (from 150)

Also, I think it would be prudent to have a separate infobox about M1d vac, positioned at the section that describes it. Its really the same engine, but tuned for vacuum use, sporting a different nozzle and having more thrust, TWR and isp.

Any and every feedback would be vastly appreciated, cheers..C:

--85.72.86.19 (talk) 20:46, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Some new numbers coming in on the Merlin 1-D full thrust and the improved Merlin 1-D vacuum
From SpaceX website.

http://www.spacex.com/falcon9

New figures given:

1. Merlin 1D-Vac thrust is now 934kN / 210.000lbf isp is now 348s burn time is now 397s

2. Merlin 1D full thrust numbers SL thrust 756kN / 170.000lbf vac thrust 825kN / 185.500lbf burn time is now 162s

Could someone update the infoboxes? Also, I think that we need 2 things. 1. An infobox on Merlin Vacuum 2. A section describing the Merlin 1D Full Thrust.

Many thanks..

85.72.73.49 (talk) 10:23, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I agree with points 1 and 2, but I'd love to hear other editor's opinions. Alternatively, for M1D Full Thrust, it could be a subsection of the M1D (since it's basically an uprated and modified M1D). I updated the infobox but haven't done any work on the M1D section yet, so that will likely require major revisions (or, as you suggest, a new section).
 * Does anyone else have an opinion on this? Would love to hear ideas. Appable (talk) 14:46, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Great on finding the new data, 85.72.73.4. Definitely want to use it to update the article.
 * We should be careful not to throw out all the old data. Since Wikipedia is not just about the present, but also notable history, we should be certain to retain the old/former sourced specs, as they were correct for the initial version (2013 through June 2015 at least, and maybe also for the one remaining Falcon 9 v1.1 mission, Jason.
 * In other words, the new data should be added to describe the new "full-thrust" Merlin 1D, but the old data on the (non full thrust???, don't know the name) engine used in 2013-2015 should also be kept in the article. Cheers.  N2e (talk) 23:54, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm 85.72.73.49. and 85.72.86.19 in the thread above). I agree, here is what I think we need.

 * 0. Lede
 * 1. History: a short section explaining how the merlin came to be, its base on the TWR experience from Tom Mueller etc.
 * 2. Design: the basic design of the engine
 * 3. Variants
 * a. 1A
 * b. 1B
 * c. 1C
 * d. 1D
 * e. 1D Full Thrust
 * 4. Merlin Vacuum
 * a. 1C vac
 * b. 1D vac
 * c. 1D Full Thrust vac
 * 4. Production
 * 5. Future variants (talking about the cancelled Merlin2.

 * Regarding infoboxes, it would be nice to have
 * 1. M1-D FT at the lede
 * 2. M1-C at 3c
 * 3. M1-D at 3d
 * 4. M1-D FT vac at 4c

 * what do you think guys? cheers..C: Dante 80 (talk) 02:24, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

Merlin 1D Vac Isp
Vac Isp is currently listed as 348 s, but clicking on the citation shows that the 348 is the Isp for the Merlin Vacuum engine. The extended nozzle of the Vacuum version drastically changes how the engine performs and it seems disingenuous to have it listed for the base 1D engine. There is a source in the article showing that it is actually 311 s.

I'm going to change it for now, let me know if there was reason the information was set up this way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:900:8200:29B0:A460:CF76:847A:8726 (talk) 09:58, 11 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The reason i changed it to 348s is because the figure is for Vacuum Isp and this article contains both vacuum and standard versions. Perhaps we can put both Isp? Hammer5000 (talk) 10:05, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

Merlin Vacuum Engine infobox
There should be an infobox for the Merlin Vacuum Engine. It's substantially different. Currently the infobox is using the thrust value for the sea level thrust of the Merlin 1D and the vacuum thrust of the Vacuum engine rather than the Vacuum thrust of the non-Vacuum engine. The Vacuum thurst is 914 kN not 934 kN. Ergzay (talk) 13:48, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Etymology
Two unsourced assertions about the origin of the Merlin name (a bird or a legendary character) were competing under an "Etymology" section. I removed the whole section until one of the theories is sourced. — JFG talk 23:33, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

Design could mention gimballing details
What angles can it slew, and how fast ? Are the TVC actuators hydraulic ? - Rod57 (talk) 00:36, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

Throttling capability (2019)
SpaceX updated their Falcon 9 user guide. Among other changes they gave us minimal thrust values in table 2-1. They are 57% and 64% for sea-level and vacuum version, respectively, worse than performance claims we have for the same type of engine in the article. Does that mean they decided to not throttle them down that much any more? Or did they change the engines? --mfb (talk) 08:09, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Spaceflight which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 11:00, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Reversion
"Hello, I'm Angus1986. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to SpaceX Merlin have been undone because they did not appear constructive." Can you provide details of the reversion issue? It was well referenced, factual, and is within scope of the core topic. 67.61.89.32 (talk) 20:39, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I have to say that, looking at the changes you reverted, the IP's version seems like an improvement. When you revert without an edit summary, and particularly when you use rollback, the conventionally understood meaning is that you are reverting WP:vandalism. In my opinion, there is no possibility that 67.61.89.32's series of edits can be meaningfully construed as "editing ... deliberately intended to obstruct or defeat the project's purpose. Please take the time to review your revert and consider whether you agree with my assessment. --RexxS (talk) 22:46, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I have to say that, looking at the changes you reverted, the IP's version seems like an improvement. When you revert without an edit summary, and particularly when you use rollback, the conventionally understood meaning is that you are reverting WP:vandalism. In my opinion, there is no possibility that 67.61.89.32's series of edits can be meaningfully construed as "editing ... deliberately intended to obstruct or defeat the project's purpose. Please take the time to review your revert and consider whether you agree with my assessment. --RexxS (talk) 22:46, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for the reply. I'm sorry, I'm confused - I didn't revert, you did, isn't that true? So what do you mean by taking the time to review "my reversions?" So I did look again - all are factual and well-referenced. EDIT: OK, I get it, that message was from RexxS, not Angus1986. 67.61.89.32 (talk) 22:54, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi 67.61.89.32. Yes, the message was from me and I was addressing Angus1986, in agreement with you. Don't worry about not realising that right away – Wikipedia conventions aren't always intuitive when you're new to them. You'll soon get the hang of it. Cheers --RexxS (talk) 00:03, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for the reply, RexxS - how should I proceed? 67.61.89.32 (talk) 00:54, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
 * With patience. Hopefully Angus1986 will reply here and you can see what objections they had to your initial series of edits. When you have some idea of the issues (if any), you'll be in a much better position to move forward with your editing of the article.
 * In the meantime, you could improve the article uncontroversially by linking numerous terms to their Wikipedia articles, like benzene, hydrocarbon, pyrolysis, and so on. Just link the first occurrence of any terms that you think a lay reader interested in this topic might want to follow to get a good background understanding. You might also want to have a read of the article RP-1, which would clearly benefit from being expanded using some of the sourcing from this article – after all, the toxic by-products of incomplete combustion of fuel-rich mixtures are an issue for the fuel as much as for any one application using that fuel. Have a think about how you might add a section to that article, and perhaps make a post on Talk:RP-1 raising the idea. Cheers --RexxS (talk) 01:44, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for the reply. I will look into those suggestions. I had thought Angus1986 represented Wikipedia, hence my initial language - I assumed Wikipedia objected to those facts. 67.61.89.32 (talk) 03:49, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi everyone, sorry I use recent changes with filters of bad faith, I just noticed now that the editing was constructive, my apologies. I highly recommend you to register on Wikipedia with an account instead of using an IP address. @RexxS I tried "undoing" my rollback but there shows an error, could you help? Thanks. Angus1986 (talk) 06:01, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Not to worry: everyone makes mistakes, and I'm glad you have worked it out now. You won't be able to undo rollback now because of some intervening edits, but thanks for trying. I think it best just to let 67.61.89.32 carry on improving the article. They can see from this diff the changes they made previously, and I'm sure they can use copy-paste to resurrect content from there. Cheers --RexxS (talk) 15:52, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

RexxS thank you for managing this and for providing some training which I critically needed. I may be able to provide references into the hydrocarbon pyrolysis literature, which I have studied extensively in my career (e.g., Singer, et al.), so I appreciate the other suggestions. Again, thank you. 67.61.89.32 (talk) 16:22, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

Gas Generator
The section SpaceX Merlin suffers from numerous problems. To wit,

a) It is poorly formatted. There are several instances of excessive citations (one or two is generally sufficient for non-controversial subjects). Also, the extensive use of italics is entirely inappropriate and does not match standard WP style.

b) It is far too long. A simple discussion of the gas generator's pollution characteristics would suffice; there is too much detail.

c) It is potentially original research. While all the claims appear to be factual and well-cited in themselves, the collection of these specific details seems to make it clear that the actual (and unstated) purpose of this section is to detail the degree to which the Merlin motor creates pollution in the atmosphere. While this is an important detail, it's not clear to this editor that this detail is actually appropriate for this encyclopedia. Not because the issue raised is not important, ofc, but rather because, as far as I'm aware, no one is raising this issue. The purpose of this encyclopedia is to inform people of knowledge that has been reported elsewhere, and issues that have been raised elsewhere, not to point out issues that have not been raised by others. This would constitute original research, imo, and that is clearly not allowed.

Despite the obvious amount of effort put into this single long paragraph by User:67.61.89.32, I find it necessary to decimate this section, while reserving the right to question its inclusion in the first place. The edit(s) I have made represent my corrections to the first two of the three issues I raised above; the third is still up for debate, imo. Please do not revert my edits without detailing your intentions here, for others to read. At this point, it appears to me that this entire section is largely an agenda-driven attempt to paint SpaceX as a dangerous polluter. That, ofc, is also not the purpose of WP. If an editor insists on including detail regarding the pollution of the Merlin engine, I feel it would be wise to explain your reasoning here, lest those edits be construed as ideological edit-warring. Eaglizard (talk) 01:12, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Original research about environmental concerns
After stumbling across this section and doing some digging, it is clear to me that this section is original research. User:67.61.89.32 has identified themselves elsewhere (see [their talk page] and [this talk section on a different article with a link to their personal website]) as a former researcher in the field with a clear agenda with respect to this topic. I have gone for it and deleted the original research content.

I am of course supportive of content within Wikipedia that describes the environmental costs of space launch activity and cites secondary sources -- I was able to find one such secondary source which relates (loosely) to the Merlin engine and added it to the page. Broadly speaking, it seems to me that such content belongs in the SpaceX article or potentially in a new article as I don't see an article about the environmental impact of spaceflight listed in [the spaceflight portal]. In my view, if the editor wishes to include these points in an encyclopedia article on the Merlin engine, they should publish a peer-reviewed article describing the environmental impact of the Merlin engine, obtain secondary (media) coverage of that work, and then wait for other editors to cite the work within the article. Themillofkeytone (talk) 18:10, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

 * User:Themillofkeytone: The first sentence seems to invoke a "clear agenda" but then claims to act according to an "original research" issue.  This seems inappropriate.  As a published researcher myself, I can state that this is not original research, this is simply citing many references well-known in the field of hydrocarbon combustion.  There can be no agenda in facts presented plainly.

 * You can't delete something simply because it cites a lot of references, a complete list of references does not constitute research. As far as I know there has been no research on the environmental impacts of the merlin engine.  The research remains to be done.  This does not constitute original research.  67.61.89.32 (talk) 16:01, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * However, it is still raked with the synthesis materials. In Wikipedia, synthesis materials are similar to the originally researched materials (see WP:SYNTH). --Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 14:21, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * User:Themillofkeytone: I don't believe there's any synthesis here - just a deep, perhaps overly ambitious, dive into well understood but highly-specialized combustion science.

 * I've been pondering a lot the last 24 hours trying to understand the actual issue being expressed. When one explains something, one should heavily reference the explanation for interested users, or else create a large page when explaining an arcane subject like thermal oligomerization and condensation-polymerization of hydrocarbons, even though that field is very well understood.  (You can even download open-source detailed-combustion-chemistry CFD software like OpenFOAM and run the chemistry of a gas generator on your laptop now.  I had considered placing an/some illustrative images in that section - but that much depth seemed out of place, and I suppose might be objected-to despite being common knowledge in the field of combustion.)  It is difficult to explain the chemistry and physics in-depth in one short paragraph; and that may be where the issue is - my attempt to do so - but a larger entry seems out of place in a page about rocket motors.  Perhaps I should simply state the facts without appeal to any deeper explanation of well-understood chemical processes.  That would cut the thing down to, maybe, three sentences (keeping the references for interested readers).

 * The business of what constitutes a synthesis seems troublesome. For instance, one can say "combustion needs three things, air, heat and fuel."  This would seem not to be a synthesis, but a statement of fact.  However, it is a false fact; the combustion of acetylene needs only fuel and pressure.  So, while guidelines like original research and synthesis may be useful, they can be troublesome in guiding some complex encyclopedic content.

 * Perhaps a useful conversation would be about the fundamental content of that section? BTW:  Are you an editor or are you a Wikipedia representative?  I still don't really understand this interface. 67.61.89.32 (talk) 22:57, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, User:67.61.89.32. I am an editor, just like you. Per WP:NOR, original research "includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to reach or imply a conclusion not stated by the sources." As you said in your edit of 16:01, 19 August 2020, "there has been no research on the environmental impacts of the merlin engine. The research remains to be done." Therefore, the content in the Gas Generator subsection of the article is "analysis or synthesis of published material." My read of the subsection is that it is written to suggest to the reader that the Merlin engine in particular creates potentially toxic combustion by-products. It does so by making reference to tests of an entirely different generator from 1966, and commenting that current environmental assessments don't provide data. The effect is to imply (at least) that dangerous chemicals are released by the Merlin engine in quantities that should give readers pause.

 * In other words, the subsection "serves to reach or imply a conclusion not stated by the sources." Thus, the subsection as written violates WP:NOR and I removed it.

 * I am not interested in getting into an edit war with you. That being said, I have not yet been convinced that this material is appropriate for this page. As I mentioned in my original section, I do think that it is within the scope of an encyclopedia to discuss the environmental impacts of spaceflight, and I encourage you to write such an article or add to a more general article. My objection is including general information about the potential environmental harms of gas generators in an article about a specific rocket engine. I actually don't think we are very far away from consensus on this point: you mention that a large entry "seems out of place in a page about rocket motors."

 * Let me state my objection in the form of questions which could be answered to change my mind: Why is it important to discuss these details of gas generator physics/chemistry on this particular page? What point are you trying to make by phrasing this information in this way?

 * Themillofkeytone (talk) 21:19, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Not original research nor synthesis. I'm not sure what you're getting at with the "in particular" comment.  This section just considers the gas generator itself.  It offers appropriate supportive explanation from a combustion scientist: whenever lox/kerosene are burned together under hot, quite fuel-rich conditions at high pressures, there will be PM2.5 (soot particulates coated with PAH and the other chemicals indicated) being generated.  (See references to the combustion literature provided, especially the two excellent summary-images provided.)  In particular, fuel-rich lox/kerosene gas generators have been known to do this. (see ref, among others)  It's really that simple.  The additional references are not synthesis, but a comprehensive sample of the relevant combustion literature (and also plume literature for atmospheric effects) boiled-down to an appropriate size for this article.

 * It does not need to be written that a tree will burn in a forest fire; nonetheless, I'm not proposing that combustion science is "common knowledge," except among rocket/combustion experts: hence, references. The behavior of such a gas generator is known by early measurements and understood by science since the 1990's.  (long after the Apollo era)

 * An encyclopedic source would be remiss not providing this straightforward information and supportive referenced explanation of details about an important open-cycle gas-generator-based lox/kerosene rocket motor, and this is the page about that motor. Not sure about the comment about "phrasing." 67.61.89.32 (talk) 01:41, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Consider the sentence "The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world." In this sentence, both parts may be reliably sourced, but they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research. Do you understand? --Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 09:45, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Also, this is not an article about the RP-1/LOX rocket engines in general. This article is about the Merlin engine. If you want to write anything about the RP-1/LOX rocket engines in general, go to rocket engine. --Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 09:48, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi 67.61.89.32. I am a little stuck here. I have provided a detailed justification as to why the content in this section violates WP:NOR, and in your responses you have agreed with me that there hasn't actually been any research on the environmental impacts of the Merlin engine -- thus this content, synthesized in this way, must be original research. To be clear, given that you have identified yourself as a scientist, the bar for "original research" is different on Wikipedia than it is in academia, and it might be good to familiarize yourself with the policy that I am relying on for my views here.

 * Again, I have no problem with a discussion of the environmental impacts of rocket engines -- and I even don't have a problem with some discussion of the idea that the environmental impacts are yet unknown. However, the content has only one sentence which could conceivably be relevant on this page ("During free-flight of the Falcon launch vehicle in the lower troposphere, the extremely hot main-engine exhaust and substantial partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen are observed to ignite and burn off the gas generator exhaust.") and even that assertion is unsourced. If you want to write about the environmental impacts of the Falcon launch vehicle, find some reliable secondary sources on the issue, and include them on the Falcon page. If you want to provide some information about the environmental impacts of gas generators, contribute to the gas generator page. As wrote, if you want to write about the environmental impacts of rocket engines in general, do so on rocket engine. What I don't see here is well-sourced material about the impacts of this engine in particular. I can't find any secondary sources talking about the environmental impacts of the Merlin engine.

 * Given that I don't see an attempt to engage in discussion about a path forward, per WP:BRD, I am removing the original research once again. Themillofkeytone (talk) 18:28, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Again, this is direct-referenced information, not a synthesis nor original research - it is directly relevant to the merlin engine. I've cited all the relevant sources necessary while trying not to extend beyond the scope of the page - that is, to discuss these types of engines in general (although there are no other engines of this type currently in use except Delta II)   You seem to be interested mainly in keeping this information from being referenced to the relevant engine, namely, the merlin.  In particular, you always remove the most important parts - the information about chemistry.  This suggests bad faith or an agenda of some sort.  Any path forward would include this fundamental information.  Since your only agenda seems to be to delete everything related to the chemistry, I'm guessing this might be a sentence-by-sentence thing as the only possible path forward. 67.61.89.32 (talk) 20:01, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi 67.61.89.32. I don't see a response to the points that I have raised -- including my suggestions to move more general statements about gas generators to other pages. As such, I do not feel as though I am being engaged in good faith. I am going to engage dispute resolution resources to see if we can find a path here. In the interests of engaging as best as I can with that process, and for the record here, I am happy to flesh out some of my thoughts on this content.

 * "During tests of that engine (ca. 1966), Rocketdyne showed that open-cycle RP-1 gas generators of this type yield 20 - 200 pounds of class-1 carcinogens, such as benzene and butadiene, per ton of RP-1 fuel."

 * This is about a different gas generator from 50+ years ago. There is no direct link to the gas generator used in the Merlin engine. The implication I read is that because they share a design history, the Merlin must also produce the same carcinogens as the F-1.

 * "Note that by the current date, the thermal-cracking/condensation-polymerization chemistry of fuel-rich aliphatic hydrocarbon combustion has been well-understood for decades."

 * As a follow-on to the previous sentence, this seems to be saying "something bad is happening, and the perpetrators should know they are doing something bad."

 * "Due to their toxicity, these combustion products are now legally regulated within the US, providing community and worker health protections which did not exist during the Apollo era."

 * In context, this sentence says "these bad chemicals might have been OK back then, but they are not OK now." That is relevant if it had been established that the Merlin was producing these same chemicals. As you agree above, the research to back this point up has not yet been done.

 * "During free-flight of the Falcon launch vehicle in the lower troposphere, the extremely hot main-engine exhaust and substantial partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen are observed to ignite and burn off the gas generator exhaust. However, during the test-stand and launch-stand (pre-lift-off) water deluges, as well as in-flight at altitudes above the mid-stratosphere, this post-combustion is extinguished, and these chemicals, tars, and soot are released to the atmospheric and space environments."

 * The sources for these sentences do not refer to either the Falcon launch vehicle nor the Merlin engine in particular, with one potential exception (the environmental assessment of 27 September 2007) which is unlinked and has an editorial note indicating synthesis.

 * "Rocket engine thrust chemistry models and mechanisms exclude large toxic molecules such as benzene and butadiene, and SpaceX Environmental Assessments provide no data on this important chemistry for environment, community, and worker protection."

 * Who decides that this is "important chemistry?" We have not established that the chemistry is occurring in this engine -- instead, we must assume that this chemistry is happening in this way and at this scale because of tests of a different gas generator for a different engine more than 50 years ago. We have not cited secondary sources that identify this potential omission as a concern. Stringing together a chain of logic in this way reads to me as synthesis.

 * Taken together, the chain of logic reads to me to be something like: "This gas generator of this old engine produced output which we now know to be potentially harmful. The gas generator used in this engine shares some design features with this old one. SpaceX should know that this harm is possible. They haven't done anything to prove that the harm isn't occurring. Therefore, communities and workers are threatened and should be worried about the Merlin engine." If this argument were made in a reliable secondary source, I would be happy to have it included here. If components of this discussion were included in more general pages, I would be happy to see them. But I don't see a way to include this specific chain of logic without violating WP:NOR and WP:NPOV.

 * I'm not interested in engaging in an edit war, so I will leave the content as is pending dispute resolution. Themillofkeytone (talk) 22:40, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * It looks like original research to me, so I removed it and invite 67.61.89.32 to explain to me why he believes that it isn't original research --Guy Macon (talk) 00:08, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Again, you can't just delete information you don't like from an encyclopedia, even by bending the rules. It seems clear that this isn’t coming from a random editor who stumbled across this Wiki page, as initially claimed in this round of protests.  The introductory criticism on this section included ad hominem, and falsely cited "original research."  Failing that, "synthesis" and "unrelated information" were cited, which are also false. The first sentence clearly lays out the referenced core fact.  Subsequent sentences lay out key, related facts/references which aid understanding of the relevant underlying chemistry, as it's been understood for the last few decades.  The environmental assessment reports are public record and are also directly related to the merlin engine.  You can’t bend rules to serve an agenda of removing information you don’t like (as our current government does https://climate.law.columbia.edu/Silencing-Science-Tracker).  Also, if you don't understand the science, don't presume to edit it. 67.61.89.32 (talk) 16:34, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

 * See WP:CITE for better understanding about referencing Wikipedia. Given the interest you've expressed by your edits in this article, have you considered joining WikiProject Rocketry? WikiProject Rocketry is a group of editors dedicated to improving the overall quality of Wikipedia's rocketry-related content. If you would like to join, register your account and add your name to the list of participants. Thanks! --Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 06:41, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive1046.
 * Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.
 * --Guy Macon (talk) 04:26, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

Second stage configurations
@Ergzay I just needed a help. Since the data for second stages is not collected like me by any other website as far as I know, so for SpaceX Merlin, we don't have a single website in handy to cite my graph. The only reference is to cite all SpaceX livestreams that is a very bad idea, so will just citing https://www.spacex.com/launches/ work? —🪦 NΛSΛ  B1058 (TALK) 05:24, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't have a good idea. In my opinion it doesn't belong on Wikipedia as it's a pointless statistic that doesn't really matter. It's also nigh impossible to source and in my opinion counts as WP:OR. The text of the article doesn't even talk about short bell vehicles. Nor does it talk about the difference between what a "long coast kit" and a "medium coast kit" are. I only put a citation needed tag on it because some people really want that table on wikipedia for some reason. If you can't find a source for it, then delete it. Note that sourcing SpaceX streams directly doesn't count as that's a primary source and you can't use primary sources generally on wikipedia. See WP:PRIMARY Ergzay (talk) 09:55, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Everyday Astronaut has told us about short bell vehicles and we have talked on then in SpaceX Merlin and for medium coast kit i just remembered, there's a line written, "Based on mission requirements, they are Medium Coast & Long Coast kits, i.e., depending on the number of helium bottles for pressurization, added batteries for power and other hardware to make sure that the fuel and stages systems operate as long as needed." —🪦 NΛSΛ  B1058 (TALK) 14:08, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * For example from WP:PRIMARY.
 * "A primary source may be used on Wikipedia only to make straightforward, descriptive statements of facts that can be verified by any educated person with access to the primary source but without further, specialized knowledge. For example, an article about a musician may cite discographies and track listings published by the record label, and an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source."
 * Any smart editor should, without any knowledge of SpaceX or rocketry, be able to verify the information in that table from SpaceX's streams in order to use that as a source. I'm pretty sure that is not possible as not even I, with plenty of knowledge about SpaceX and rocketry, know the difference between a "long coast kit" and a "medium coast kit" and I'm pretty sure most people wouldn't be able to tell what a "coast kit" is. Ergzay (talk) 10:05, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Long and medium coast kit varies just that after medium coast kit was launched, it was said if grey band is seen on 2nd stage,
 * 1) Mission that requires less than 6 hours of 2nd stage operations (counting coast phases) - medium coast phase
 * 1) Mission that requires more than 6 hours of 2nd stage operations (counting coast phases) - long coast phase
 * Difference is just the batteries and things required to avoid fuel sloge,etc is more in long wrt medium coast phase. In my opinion, sometimes I feel to merge them as if they are different one may oppose and ask, "Hey if it's as such, recently SpaceX started ditching 2nd stage engine bell stiffener ring, call it a different 2nd stage then!" —🪦 NΛSΛ  B1058 (TALK) 14:00, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * (Just told the difference in my reply to your 1st comment in this discussion. —🪦 NΛSΛ  B1058 (TALK) 14:10, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @RIP B1058 You're missing my point. The fact that you can describe to me what the difference is is completely irrelevant. I'm not the one that needs to know. Any random editor is the one that needs to know in order to verify the information. Ergzay (talk) 16:29, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Again. Please read WP:OR and WP:PRIMARY. Ergzay (talk) 16:30, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * So Everyday Astronaut's insider view perspective and direct connection to elon/spacex and others such points listed on WP:PRIMARY designate him as primary source? Just confirming what I am realizing is right or still wrong —🪦 NΛSΛ  B1058 (TALK) 18:02, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh you meant the point 3 in wp:primary that you said explicitly here! —🪦 NΛSΛ  B1058 (TALK) 18:06, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:SpaceX Merlin


text:
Talk:Siebel

Untitled
Siebel Systems is the world's leading provider of customer relationship management (CRM) software solutions and a leading provider of software applications for business intelligence and standards-based integration. Through its "CRM for Everyone" strategy, Siebel provides CRM software solutions for any kind of organization, any type of user, and any budget.

Siebel CRM software solutions can be installed on premise, delivered online via a hosted service over the Internet, or deployed in any combination. Available in more than 20 industry-specific versions, Siebel software solutions embed industry best practices for sales, marketing, and customer service. And, through interactive analytic dashboards, they provide real-time insight for all users, enabling better, smarter decision-making. Siebel CRM software solutions integrate easily and cost-effectively with any set of applications, and they are supported by a comprehensive set of services reflecting ten years of CRM knowledge and experience.

Siebel CRM software solutions unleash the potential of every person in an organization to serve customers better and deliver greater value to the bottom line. More than two million employees at over 4,000 organizations worldwide use Siebel solutions to drive increased profitability and customer satisfaction, while reducing operating costs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Siebel


text:
Nikon FM

The Nikon FM is a mechanically operated, interchangeable lens, 35 mm film, single-lens reflex (SLR) camera. It was manufactured in Japan between 1977 and 1982 by Nippon Kogaku K. K. (now Nikon Corporation).

History
The FM was the replacement for Nikkormat FT3, which had been introduced only a few months prior. It introduced an entirely new compact, but rugged, copper-aluminum alloy (duralumin) chassis that would become the basis for Nikon's highly successful range of compact semi-professional SLR cameras.

These cameras were intended to provide a more reasonably priced alternative to Nikon's professional F-series cameras, which at the time was the Nikon F2. They were all-new successors to the Nikkormat F- and EL-series of amateur-level SLRs, but despite the lower price-point they continued Nikon's reputation for high-quality construction, impressive durability and measured technical innovation.

The FM has proven to be a remarkably long-lived and reliable camera. Over the next twenty-nine years Nippon Kogaku would use the same chassis and basic design philosophy (with some modifications) for the FE (introduced in 1978), FM2 (1982), FE2 (1983), FA (1983) and the limited production FM3A of 2001.

Design and construction
The FM is constructed almost entirely from metal and uses a mechanical shutter. It is manual-focus-only, with manual exposure control. Being mechanical, the FM needs no batteries to operate (though two 1.5 volt 357 or 76A or LR44 or SR44 cells are required to operate the light meter). The metering system comprises a gallium photodiode (with 60/40% center-weighting) that meters through-the-lens at maximum aperture. Its reading is displayed by a "center-the-LED" system using vertically arranged light-emitting diodes (LEDs) next to +/O/- markers on the right side of the viewfinder that indicate overexposure, correct, or underexposure, respectively. The photographer adjusts the aperture or shutter-speed until the "O" LED illuminated to indicate correct exposure. This system can be traced back to the Nikkormat FT of 1965 and its "center-the-needle" system. The succeeding Nikon FM2 uses an improved center-the-LED system.

For its time, the FM used a modern titanium-bladed, vertical-travel focal plane shutter capable of speeds from 1 second to 1/1000 of a second, plus bulb. Flash X-sync was at speeds up to 1/125th second.

The body has dimensions of 89.5 mm height, 142 mm width, 60.5 mm depth and 590 g weight. It was available in two finishes; silver with black trim and all black.

Lens compatibility
The FM accepts all Nikon F bayonet mount lenses, with certain limitations or exceptions. Full compatibility requires lenses that support the Automatic Maximum-Aperture Indexing (AI) specification. This includes most Nikon lenses manufactured after 1977. Pre-AI lenses can be used, but only with stop-down metering.

Many newer Nikon and third-party F-mount lenses are also compatible. The only major exceptions are G-type Nikkor lenses, which have no aperture ring and thus no way of properly controlling exposure, and DX Nikkors, which do not resolve an image large enough to cover the 135 frame. All other AF Nikkor lenses will mount and be usable, but autofocus and Vibration Reduction (VR) will not be supported.

Both IX Nikkor lenses, for Nikon's Advanced Photo System (APS) SLRs, and very old "invasive" Fisheye-Nikkor lenses from the 1960s must not be mounted on the FM, as their rear elements will damage the FM's reflex mirror.

Other features
The FM has a "full information" viewfinder. In addition to the metering LEDs; the viewfinder also displays the set shutter speed and lens aperture to give context to the LEDs. A fixed K-type focus screen with 3 mm split-image rangefinder and 1 mm microprism collar is fitted.

Major system accessories for the FM include the MD-11 and MD-12 motor drives; which enables continuous film advance at 3.5 frames per second, the Data Back MF-12; enabling the imprinting of date and time data on the film, and the Speedlight SB-8E electronic flash; guide number 82/25 (feet/meters) at ASA 100.

Note that there were two distinct versions of the FM, depending on how the FM's light meter (see below) was activated when a motor drive was mounted. The original FM had a rotary switch shutter button collar to lock the shutter, or switch to motor drive mode when the MD-11 was mounted. The MD-12 activated the meter automatically and the switch was omitted on late (1979 or after) FMs. Nippon Kogaku also took the opportunity to construct late FMs more strongly internally than early FMs.

Design history
Beginning in 1977 with the FM, there was a complete overhaul of Nippon Kogaku's entire Nikon SLR line. The 1970s and 1980s were an era of intense competition between the major SLR brands: Nikon, Canon, Minolta, Pentax and Olympus. Between circa 1975 to 1985, there was a dramatic shift away from heavy all-metal manual mechanical camera bodies to much more compact bodies with microprocessor electronic automation. In addition, because of rapid advances in electronics, the brands continually leap frogged each other with models having new or more automatic features. The industry was trying to expand out from the saturated high-end professional and advanced amateur market and appeal to the large mass of low-end amateur photographers itching to move up from compact automatic leaf shutter rangefinder (RF) cameras to the more versatile and glamorous SLR but were intimidated by the advanced learning curve required to operate a traditional SLR.

Both Nikon's F2 and the Nikkormats were prized for their toughness and reliability. Nippon Kogaku wanted to distill these qualities into a new smaller and lighter design. Nippon Kogaku continued with their unusually high standard of workmanship for amateur-level SLRs. For the FM this meant the use of high-strength machined metal parts, hardened metal gears, a bearing-mounted film and shutter transport, and a camera assembled to precise tolerances. As a result, the Nikon FM is one of the most reliable 35mm SLR designs ever built.

The Nikon FM sold very well compared to the competing mechanical Pentax MX (released 1977) and Olympus OM-1N (1979) cameras. It was also a very popular backup camera among professional photographers using the Nikon F2 and F3. Because of its durability and access to the Nikkor lens line, the FM came to dominate its market niche and was rewarded by the introduction of an improved successor, the Nikon FM2, in 1982. Time has proven the FM to be tough and reliable and it is now regarded as one of the finest SLRs of its generation.

title: Nikon FM


text:
Category:Soviet gymnasts

Gymnasts, who competed for the USSR are listed here. Athletes, who competed for post-Soviet states are listed in respective categories:
 * Category:Russian gymnasts
 * Category:Ukrainian gymnasts, etc.

title: Category:Soviet gymnasts


text: Category:Belarusian gymnasts

title: Category:Belarusian gymnasts


text:
Talk:Sweet potato

Raw foodism
This article doesn't inform if sweet potato can/should be eaten raw, instead of boiled.--MisterSanderson (talk) 19:58, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
 * There is a reason you don't see raw sweet potatoes being eaten. Don't be fooled by nutrition assessments that don't account for bio-availability. Humans aren't designed to break down the cells like these and raw potatoes. UserTwoSix (talk) 00:59, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Sweet potato and hypervitaminosis A: does it contain actual Vitamin A or only its precursors?
Hypervitaminosis A is caused by ingesting too much vitamin A. The difference between a recommended intake and a toxic intake is not very great. A Wikipedia article says that taking in excessive amounts of beta-carotene will not cause hypervitaminosis as the body regulates its conversion to Vitamin A. On the other hand, the body cannot protect itself against ingesting too much actual Vitamin A, which will cause hypervitaminosis.

The second table in the article indicates that sweet potatoes have very high levels of vitamin A per portion, nearly three times the upper daily dose limit even in as little as 100g. Is this true? Does it really contain actual vitamin A, or only the harmless precursors such as beta-carotene? 92.3.54.10 (talk) 12:42, 8 September 2019 (UTC)
 * This https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/#h3 suggests that Vitamin A is not found in vegetables, only beta-carotene. It could be more explicit and clearer. 92.3.58.255 (talk) 14:53, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

Naming
I do believe that sweet potato is actually one word - sweetpotato. -Indy beetle (talk) 20:36, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The opening sentence of the article makes it clear that it can be spelt either as "sweet potato" or "sweetpotato", and at least in my country (the United Kingdom), it is more commonly known as "sweet potato". Vorbee (talk) 16:22, 17 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I've never seen it like that. But I like it! UserTwoSix (talk) 01:00, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm British and have never encountered the 'sweetpotato' variant before reading about it here. Maybe it's an American thing, like calling swedes 'rutabagas'. --Ef80 (talk) 14:24, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

Staple crop comparison table
Please see Template_talk:Comparison_of_major_staple_foods regarding a proposed change to the template transcluded in this article. SmartSE (talk) 12:13, 13 June 2021 (UTC)
 * , it was a worthy change. THank you. UserTwoSix (talk) 01:01, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sweet potato


text:
Bull trout

The bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) is a char of the family Salmonidae native to northwestern North America. Historically, S. confluentus has been known as the "Dolly Varden" (S. malma), but was reclassified as a separate species in 1980. Populations of bull trout in the lower 48 states are listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, and bull trout overall are listed as vulnerable to extinction on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Saskatchewan-Nelson Rivers population in Alberta, Canada is listed as threatened under the Species at Risk Act.

Description
Like other species of char, the fins of a bull trout have white leading edges. Its head and mouth are unusually large for salmonids, giving it its name. Bull trout have been recorded measuring up to 103 cm in length and weighing 14.5 kg. Bull trout may be either migratory, moving throughout large river systems, lakes, and the ocean, or they may be resident, remaining in the same stream their entire lives. Migratory bull trout are typically much larger than resident bull trout, which rarely exceed 2 kg. Bull trout can be differentiated from brook trout (S. fontinalis) by the absence of distinct spots on the dorsal fin, as well as yellow, orange, or salmon-colored spots on the back as opposed to red spots with blue halos on the brook trout. Bull trout lack the deeply forked tail fin of lake trout (S. namaycush, another char).

Distribution and habitat
S. confluentus is found in the cold, clear waters of the high mountains and coastal rivers of northwestern North America, including Yukon, Alberta, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, as well as the Jarbidge River of northern Nevada and perhaps Alaska. A population of bull trout exists east of the Continental Divide in Alberta, where it is the provincial fish. The historical range of bull trout also included northern California, but they are likely extirpated.

Bull trout have exacting habitat demands, requiring water temperatures generally below 55 °F (13 °C), clean gravel beds, deep pools, complex cover such as snags and cut banks, and large systems of interconnected waterways to accommodate spawning migrations. Thus, they favor the deep pools of cold lakes and large rivers, as well as high, cold mountain headwaters. Bull trout may be anadromous in coastal rivers, and individual bull trout have been found to have migrated from one coastal river to another by the ocean.

Dispersal
Bull trout are known for their extensive movements within river systems. They exhibit short-distance and long-distance movements, which are crucial in maintaining healthy populations and genetic diversity. During the early life stages, bull trout are often found in small, low-gradient streams or near the shores of larger rivers and lakes. As they grow and mature, they start to disperse in search of suitable spawning grounds and feeding habitats.

One of the primary reasons for bull trout dispersal is the need to find appropriate spawning areas. Bull trout rely on clean, cold water and gravels of specific sizes for successful reproduction. Once mature, they migrate upstream to spawn in the same streams where they were born. This behavior ensures that the population remains connected and allows for the exchange of genetic material. The dispersal distances can vary greatly, with some individuals traveling only a few miles while others undertake extensive migrations of over a hundred miles.

Long-distance dispersal is also an essential aspect of bull trout ecology. These movements often occur during the non-spawning season when the fish search for suitable feeding grounds or escape unfavorable conditions such as high water temperatures or low oxygen levels. In some cases, bull trout have been observed moving between different river basins, crossing over mountain ranges, and even traversing large lakes. These long-distance dispersal events contribute to gene flow between isolated populations, maintaining genetic diversity and increasing the species’ resilience.

Understanding bull trout dispersal patterns is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies. Conservation efforts can be focused on protecting critical habitats and maintaining connectivity between populations. Conservation biologists use various techniques to study bull trout dispersal, including radio telemetry, genetic analysis, and mark-recapture studies. By tracking the movements of individual fish and analyzing their genetic makeup, researchers can gain valuable insights into dispersal patterns, population dynamics, and potential barriers to migration.

Bull trout dispersal is a complex and vital aspect of their life history. Their movements are critical to maintaining population connectivity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem health. Protecting and restoring essential habitats, ensuring the connectivity of river systems, and managing anthropogenic influences in bull trout habitats are all crucial steps in conserving this iconic species.

Feeding
Young bull trout feed on zooplankton and zoobenthos, especially chironomids. As they grow larger, they begin to feed heavily upon other fish. In coastal Washington, some of the southernmost populations of bull trout feed heavily on salmon eggs and fry, as well as fish.

Conservation
The bull trout is listed as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act throughout its range in the contiguous United States. In 1998, the Klamath River distinct population segment (DPS) and Columbia River DPS were federally listed as threatened. This finding followed a legal challenge to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's (USFWS) decision in 1994 to assign a lower priority to the species' listing. The Jarbidge River DPS was listed as endangered under an emergency rule in 1998, and was subsequently downgraded to threatened in 1999. Finally, in determining that the Coastal-Puget Sound and St. Mary-Belly River DPS were threatened, the USFWS issued a threatened listing for all bull trout in the lower 48 states in 1999.

In the United States, bull trout are used as a management indicator species for several national forests, including Boise National Forest and Sawtooth National Forest (Sawtooth National Recreation Area). They can also be found in the Glacier National Park. Bull trout reproduction requires cold water and very low amounts of silt, both of which are negatively impacted by road building and logging. Additionally, its need to migrate throughout river systems may be hindered by impassible fish barriers, such as dams. Bull trout populations are also in danger from hybridization with non-native brook trout. Several of these issues were raised in a long-running lawsuit where in 2003, the Oregon Natural Desert Association and the Center for Biological Diversity sued the U.S. Forest Service claiming they violated the National Forest Management Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act by approving grazing plans in Oregon's Malheur National Forest. In April 2018, U.S. District Judge Michael W. Mosman dismissed the complaint.

They are a prized game fish in northern Canada. It was once maligned out of fear they threatened populations of other native species more prized by anglers. Some jurisdictions publicize the requirement to release with the slogan "No black, put it back".

Within Canada, bull trout have been designated as a "species of Special Concern" by both the Government of Alberta and the Government of British Columbia. By the recommendation of COSEWIC, the Saskatchewan-Nelson Rivers population in Alberta was listed as threatened under the Species at Risk Act in 2019.

"Dolly Varden" in California
Historically, confusion has existed between S. confluentus and Salvelinus malma malma, today commonly called the Dolly Varden trout. This was likely due to overlapping ranges and similar appearances among members of the two species.

The first recorded use of the name "Dolly Varden" for a fish species was applied to members of S. confluentus caught in the McCloud River in northern California in the early 1870s. In his book Inland Fishes of California, Peter Moyle recounted a letter from Mrs. Valerie Masson Gomez: "My grandmother's family operated a summer resort at Upper Soda Springs on the Sacramento River just north of the present town of Dunsmuir, California. She lived there all her life and related to us in her later years her story about the naming of the Dolly Varden trout. She said that some fishermen were standing on the lawn at Upper Soda Springs looking at a catch of the large trout from the McCloud River that were called 'calico trout' because of their spotted, colorful markings. They were saying that the trout should have a better name. My grandmother, then a young girl of 15 or 16, had been reading Charles Dickens' Barnaby Rudge in which there appears a character named Dolly Varden; also, the vogue in fashion for women at that time (middle 1870s) was called 'Dolly Varden', a dress of sheer figured muslin worn over a bright-colored petticoat. My grandmother had just gotten a new dress in that style and the red-spotted trout reminded her of her printed dress. She suggested to the men looking down at the trout, 'Why not call them 'Dolly Varden'?' They thought it a very appropriate name and the guests that summer returned to their homes (many in the San Francisco Bay area) calling the trout by this new name. David Starr Jordan, while at Stanford University, included an account of this naming of the Dolly Varden trout in one of his books."

In 1874, Livingston Stone, a naturalist working for the U.S. government, wrote of this fish: "Also called at (Upper) Soda Springs the 'Varden' trout. … The handsomest trout, and, on the whole, having the most perfect form of all the trout we saw on the McCloud. Also, the only fish that had colored spots. This one was profusely spotted over most of the body with redish [sic?] golden spots. ... The local name at (Upper) Soda Springs is the Dolly Varden."

It is currently unknown whether the name "Dolly Varden" was later applied to S. m. malma because of its similar appearance to S. confluentus; the two may have even been believed to be the same species. The name "Dolly Varden" may have also been given to S. m. malma independent of the McCloud River fish.

Ironically, the original "Dolly Varden" trout (i.e., S. confluentus) apparently likely became extirpated in the McCloud River in the 1970s, although reports continue of its being caught. Other fish species, typically introduced trout, outcompete S. confluentus, and can interbreed with them, resulting in sterile hybrids. An attempt to reintroduce S. confluentus to the McCloud was unsuccessful, and no additional attempts are expected.

Other uses of "Dolly Varden"
The "Dolly Varden" name is also applied to the other subspecies of S. malma, the S. m. krascheninnikova, and S. m. miyabei, found in Lake Shikaribetsu on the island of Hokkaidō in Japan.

The name has also been applied to S. alpinus, today more commonly known as Arctic char.

"Bull trout" in Europe
The name "bull trout" was also given in the past to some of the large sea trout that run the River Tweed and other rivers in Scotland and North East England. Victorian anglers and others classified these as a separate race, but today they are biologically classified along with all other UK brown and sea trout as Salmo trutta. This does not deny that populations of S. trutta can differ appreciably in habits, size, and appearance from place to place, or indeed in the same river or lake.

title: Bull trout


text:
Anonymous IV

Anonymous IV is the designation given to the writer of an important treatise of medieval music theory. He was probably an English student working at Notre Dame de Paris, most likely in the 1270s or 1280s. Nothing is known about his life. His writings survive in two partial copies from Bury St Edmunds; one from the 13th century, and one from the 14th.

Along with Johannes de Garlandia and Franco of Cologne, whose work precedes his, Anonymous IV's writings are the main source for understanding the Notre Dame school of polyphony. He wrote about Léonin and Pérotin, thereby assigning names to two of the composers of the music of the Notre Dame school who otherwise would have been anonymous. Léonin and Pérotin are among the earliest European composers whose names are known. Although they probably died at least fifty years earlier, he described them as still famous and part of the living tradition.

Anonymous IV mentions Léonin and Pérotin as the best composers of organum and discant respectively. He also mentions specific compositions as being by Pérotin (or Perotinus), including the four-part organa quadrupla Viderunt and Sederunt. Anonymous IV also mentions the work of the theorist Franco of Cologne; describes organum, discantus, rhythmic modes, and genres of composition; and gives rules for the use of notation and of consonance and dissonance.

Editions and translations
The standard edition of the treatise of Anonymous IV is that of Fritz Reckow. Two translations into English have been made. The most recent, still in print, is by Jeremy Yudkin. Although the older translation by Luther Dittmer has long been unavailable, it has recently been released online by the Institute of Medieval Music.

title: Anonymous IV