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Twink (musician)

John Charles Edward Alder (born 29 November 1944), also known as Twink, is an English drummer, actor, singer, and songwriter who was a central figure in the English psychedelic and proto-punk movement.

In 2006, Alder converted to Islam, and changed his name to Mohammed Abdullah. However, he still records under the name Twink.

Early life and career
Alder was born in Colchester, Essex, in the United Kingdom. Many of his family members were also musicians, including his grandmother, who was a concert pianist and soloist.

Alder was interested in music from a young age. His professional career began in 1963 when he played the drums for Dane Stephens and the Deep Beats, a rhythm and blues band from Colchester. In 1964, after performing for a year, the band changed its name to The Fairies.

Due to the band's growing popularity, its members began receiving regular gifts from their music fans. Alder, who had long curly hair at the time, regularly received bottles of Twink brand home perm lotion. He eventually adopted 'Twink' as his stage name.

Twink later reunited with Dane Stephens and Mick Weaver from The Fairies for two tracks on his 1991 album Odds & Beginnings.

The In-Crowd and Tomorrow
In 1965, Twink moved to London, living in the Chelsea area. When the Fairies broke up in August 1966, he joined a rhythm and blues/soul music band called the In-Crowd whose previous drummer had left. Other members of the In-Crowd included Steve Howe (guitar; later of Yes fame), singer Keith West, and bassist John 'Junior' Wood. A few months later, the band decided to change their name to Tomorrow. The success of West's solo recording, "Excerpt from A Teenage Opera", resulted in the band's breakup and led to a one-off single by the short-lived band 'Aquarian Age' (Twink & Junior).

In his book White Bicycles, Joe Boyd cites a Tomorrow show at the UFO Club in London's Camden borough—and Twink's performance in particular—as the zenith of 60's pop culture. Tomorrow also played with guitarist Jimi Hendrix at UFO.

In 1967, Twink completed a recording session with a group called Santa Barbara Machine Head. It featured two former members of the beat group the Birds: Ron Wood (later of 'The Creation', The Faces and The Rolling Stones) and Kim Gardner (later also of 'The Creation' and Ashton, Gardner & Dyke), and keyboardist Jon Lord (later of Deep Purple).

Pretty Things
Twink replaced Skip Alan in the band the Pretty Things, joining Phil May, Dick Taylor, Wally Allen, and Jon Povey. He participated in the making of their classic album S.F. Sorrow. He was also a member of this group when it appeared in the Norman Wisdom film What's Good for the Goose. Twink became famous for his outrageous behaviour such as climbing the speaker stacks and diving into the audience when the band performed at a free open-air concert in London's Hyde Park.

Think Pink
Twink recorded his first solo album, Think Pink, toward the end of his tenure with the Pretty Things. Supporting musicians included proto-punk forerunners, the Deviants, including Mick Farren (who produced the album), Paul Rudolph (guitar), Duncan 'Sandy' Sanderson, and Steve Peregrin Took (of Tyrannosaurus Rex, who contributed two of the songs). It also included May, Povey, Waller, and Victor Unitt of Pretty Things, Viv Prince (ex-Pretty Things), John 'The Honk' Lodge (Junior's Eyes, Quiver), 'Junior' Wood, and the enigmatic 'Pink Fairies Motorcycle Club and All-Star Rock and Roll Band'. The name "Pink Fairies" was derived from a story by Deviants manager Jamie Mandelkau, who may not have been aware of Twink's former band.

Pink Fairies
The lineup of the Pink Fairies (Mark 1) featured Think Pink musicians Twink, Took, and Farren–-all three having left their respective bands-–and was named after the 'Pink Fairies Rock 'n' Roll Club', a loose group of affiliated musicians including Took, Farren, the Deviants, Syd Barrett (formerly of Pink Floyd), and the Pretty Things. They played in Ladbroke Grove, home of the UK underground. The Mark 1 lineup—including Twink's girlfriend Sally "Silver Darling" Melzer on keyboards—performed one shambolic gig in Manchester and recorded Farren's solo album, Mona – The Carnivorous Circus, in late 1969 before falling apart. Took, Farren, former Entire Sioux Nation guitarist and bassist (and later Motörhead founder) Larry Wallis, and Tim Taylor then assembled the band that became Shagrat, with Farren departing before any recordings were made and drummer Phil Lenoir joining to complete the line-up.

Pink Fairies (Mark 2) was formed in early 1970 by Twink with Mick Farren's former bandmates, the Deviants. The two-drummer Pink Fairies line-up recorded a single called The Snake / Do It followed by the Never Never Land album before Twink left in 1971 (although he would periodically return). A cover-version of The Snake was later recorded by Algy Ward's heavy rock band, Tank.

Stars
After a spell living in Morocco, Twink moved to Cambridge and worked with the 'Last Minute Put Together Boogie Band', which initially included vocalist/guitarist Bruce Michael Paine (ex-Apple Pie and star of the San Francisco production of Hair) and 'The Honk' playing bass. He also played in a band named ZZZ with Alan Lee Shaw and Rod Latter, who later reunited as the Rings. The Last Minute Put Together Boogie Band, now with ex-Delivery bass player Jack Monck, backed American blues guitarist Eddie "Guitar" Burns at King's College Cellar in January 1972. Jack's wife Jenny Spires, an old friend of Twink and former girlfriend of Syd Barrett (ex-Pink Floyd) went with Syd to the gig and brought his guitar along, and even jammed with them at one point. The next day, the Last Minute Put Together Boogie Band, with guests Fred Frith and Syd Barrett, played on a bill with Hawkwind and the Pink Fairies.

In the next two days, Twink formed the short-lived trio Stars with Barrett and Monck. Stars played a handful of well-received shows. However, Syd, who was mentally fragile, quit after reading a negative review by Roy Hollingworth in Melody Maker. After Stars disbanded, Twink moved back to London.

1972–1975
From 1972 to 1975, Twink periodically performed with fellow Ladbroke Grove community band Hawkwind during the transition from the band's original drummer to its replacement Simon King. Twink also played with the band Glider but did not release recordings.

1975 Pink Fairies reunion
In July 1975, the Pink Fairies staged a reunion gig at the Roundhouse, featuring the then-current line-up of Russell Hunter, Duncan Sanderson, and Larry Wallis, joined by former members Twink and Paul Rudolph. They released the recorded show as a live album in 1982.

The Rings and punk
Twink formed the Fallen Angels in August 1976 with Steve Marriott and former Allstars band members Greg Ridley and Mickey Finn. On the way to the band's first gig, a car accident left Twink hospitalised, after which this line-up disintegrated. The Fallen Angels wound up backing Phil May on a solo album. Twink then worked as a vocalist with the Rings in early 1977, releasing one of the first punk rock singles, "I Wanna Be Free", produced by former Sparks member Martin Gordon. Other members of the band included Alan Lee Shaw and Rod Latter of the Adverts. After Twink left, the other members of the Rings formed the Maniacs.

Twink coined the term "acid punk" to describe his music and went on to release an EP called Do It '77 in February 1978. It included the songs "Psychedelic Punkeroo" (about Syd Barrett and songwriting credited to 'A. Syd') and "Enter The Diamonds", both of which featured a band comprising Twink (drums/lead vocals), Kid Rogers (of Kid Rogers and the Henchmen; guitars/vocals), Fingers Falkner (keyboards), and Chris Chesney (lead guitar). According to Twink, "It was the Psychedelic Punkaroo project, but Chiswick Records didn't like the track and I jammed 'Do It' with the Lightning Raiders, which they preferred." According to Duncan 'Danger Sun' Sanderson (bass, Lightning Raiders & ex-Pink Fairies), "Twink came round my house and dragged me down the studio while I was still asleep one morning, and Little John Hodge (lead guitar, Lightning Raiders) just came along to deliver a guitar. Twink had us jam through 'Do It', so we did it. Kid and John hadn't even heard the flaming song before. In the end, he jumps up and shouts 'That's it, thanks, lads!' We didn't even know it was being taped!" Twink responded that "A second take of 'Do It' was a contradiction". The EP was credited to Twink and the Fairies.

Twink next moved to Belgium, where he played drums on the recording of British punk rocker Elton Motello's Victims of Time album (1978, Pinball).

1980s
After a long period of inactivity, Twink released a solo single in 1986 called "Apocalipstic," which inaugurated his new, self-titled record label and a run of new solo releases up to the early 1990s.

In 1987, he rejoined the Pink Fairies for a reunion album. During the subsequent Pink Fairies tour, Twink met members of Plasticland, which resulted in the collaboration You Need a Fairy Godmother, released in 1989 on Midnight Records. He also joined a brief lineup of 'Magic Muscle' in 1988 for a tour and a live album, and he released a collaborative album with The Bevis Frond in 1990.

1990s
In 1990, Twink released his second solo album, Mr. Rainbow, with Robbie Gladwell on guitar and Andy Dowding on drums. Later in the decade, he collaborated with Hawkwind founder Nik Turner in the band PinkWind, writing about the semi-legendary Hawkwind/Pink Fairies jam sessions of the early 1970s. Turner brought in the Wind, and Twink provided the Pink. PinkWind released two albums (one credited to the HawkFairies). Some lineups also featured Judge Trev Thoms of Inner City Unit and Steve Took's Horns. The Out of the Pink into the Blues album by 'Mouse & Twink: Fairies' was released around 1996 and "was recorded at the Pink Bridge [from the] mid-'70s till [the] '80s" by Twink and P. 'Mouse' Pracowik (Peter Pracownik of Astralasia) who were on guitar, Andrew Doran (vocals), Matthew Bailey (bass) and Chris Pinkerton (drums).

The 'Get Back' label released some archive collections from the Pink Fairies era. Twink's record label then released two 'Pink Fairies' albums recorded by Twink and Paul Rudolph in 1996/1997.

2000 – present
In the early 2000s, Twink spent time in Los Angeles before settling in Marrakesh, Morocco.

2013 saw the re-release of Think Pink on the Sunbeam label in CD, vinyl, and digital formats. It predated a new release called You Reached for the Stars. It also included a collaboration with the Italian group the Technicolour Dream, featuring guest guitarist Brian Godding from Blossom Toes. The album was recorded in Rome and mastered at Abbey Road Studios by sound engineer Peter Mew, who also worked on Pretty Things and Tomorrow recordings in the 1960s. In 2014, Twink started recording a new album, Think Pink II, with a similar concept of recording, featuring as many guests as on the original. The album was finished in 2015 and released in August the same year.

In spring 2018, under the band name Star Sponge Vision, Twink and Jon Povey released a concept album of music inspired by the poetry of Aleister Crowley, titled Crowley and Me.

Acting career
Twink appeared in the 1960s film Smashing Time with the other members of Tomorrow as the fictional band the Snarks. Tomorrow was also due to feature in Blowup, and even recorded a title song for the film, but was ultimately replaced by the Yardbirds. Similarly, Twink appeared with the Pretty Things under their pseudonym "Electric Banana" in the film What's Good for the Goose.

Twink also worked as an actor during the late 1980s, appearing in several United Kingdom television series, including:
 * 'Allo 'Allo! a BBC1 British sitcom.
 * David Copperfield, a 10-part serial adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel.
 * Chocky's Challenge, which was based on Chocky, a science fiction novel by John Wyndham. The three Chocky series were produced by Thames Television.
 * Lovejoy, a BBC series

Studio albums

 * Think Pink (Polydor Records/Sire Records; LP; 1970)
 * Mr. Rainbow (Twink Records; CD/LP; 1990)
 * Magic Eye (Woronzow; LP; 1990) (with the Bevis Frond)
 * You Reached for the Stars (Sunbeam Records; CD/LP; 2013) (with the Technicolour Dream)
 * Think Pink II (Sunbeam Records; CD; 2015)
 * Think Pink III (VE Recordings; CD/LP; 2018)
 * Sympathy for the Beast: Songs from the Poems of Aleister Crowley (Sunbeam Records; CD/LP; 2019) (with the Technicolour Dream)
 * Think Pink IV: Return to Deep Space (Noiseagonymayhem Records; CD/LP; 2019) (with Moths & Locusts and Heavy Friends)

Live albums

 * You Need a Fairy Godmother (Midnight Records; LP; 1989) (with Plasticland)
 * Out of the Pink and Into the Blues (HTD Records; CD; 1995) (with Peter Pracownik as Mouse & Twink: Fairies)

Other solo albums

 * Odds and Beginnings (Twink Records; LP; 1991) (primarily archival recordings, including outtakes and interviews. Featuring former Fairies colleagues Dane Stephens and Mick Weaver)
 * From the Vaults (a.k.a. Odds & Beginnings Volume 2) (Get Back; LP; 1999) (primarily archival recordings. Includes some Pink Fairies tracks)
 * The Lost Experimental Recordings 1970 (Get Back; CD/LP; 1999) (archival recordings)
 * The Never Never Land and Think Pink Demos (Get Back; CD/LP; 2000) (archival recordings)
 * Sound of Silk: Demos and Rarities (Twink Pink 50th; CD; 2017) (archival recordings)
 * Psychedelic Electrician: 1969 Synthesizer Recordings (Think Pink 50th; CD; 2018) (archival recordings)

EPs and singles

 * Do It '77 (Chiswick Records; 12" EP; 1978) (as Twink and The Fairies)
 * "Apocalipstic" / "He's Crying" (Twink Records; 7" single; 1986) (with Elton Motello)
 * Space Lover (Twink Records; 12" EP; 1986) (as Twink and The Fairies)
 * "Driving My Car" / "Wargirl" (Twink Records; 7" single; 1987)
 * "Psychedelic Punkeroo" / "Seize the Time" (Twink Records; 7" single; 1990)
 * "Brand New Morning" / "Dreams Turn Into Rainbows" (Gare De Nord Records; 7" single; 2019)
 * "10,000 Words in a Cardboard Box" / "Geraldine" (Misty Lane Records; 7" single; 2019) (split with Zion De Gallier, recorded 1999)

With the Fairies

 * "Don't Think Twice It's Alright" / "Anytime at All" (Decca Records; 7" single; 1964)
 * "Get Yourself Home" / "I'll Dance" (HMV; 7" single; 1964)
 * "Don't Mind" / "Baby Don't" (HMV; 7" single; 1965)
 * Get Yourself Home (The Early Years) (Think Pink 50th; CD; 2018) (archival recordings)

With Santa Barbara Machine Head

 * Blues Anytime Vol. 3 (Immediate Records; LP; 1968)

With Tomorrow

 * "My White Bicycle" / "Claramount Lake" (Parlophone Records; 7" single; 1967)
 * Tomorrow (Parlophone Records/Sire Records; LP; 1968)
 * 50 Minute Technicolor Dream (RPM Records; CD; 1998)

With the Pretty Things

 * S.F. Sorrow (Columbia Records/Rare Earth Records; LP; 1968)
 * The Pretty Things/Philippe DeBarge (Ugly Things Records; LP/CD; 2009) (recorded 1969)

With the Aquarian Age

 * "10,000 Words in a Cardboard Box" / "Good Wizard Meets Naughty Wizard" (Parlophone Records; 7" single; 1968)

With Pink Fairies

 * "The Snake" / "Do It" (Polydor Records; 7" single; 1971)
 * Never Never Land (Polydor Records; LP; 1971)
 * Live at the Roundhouse 1975 (Big Beat; LP; 1982)
 * Kill 'Em and Eat 'Em (Demon Records; LP/CD; 1987)
 * Pleasure Island (Twink Records; CD; 1996)
 * No Picture (Twink Records; CD; 1997)
 * The Golden Years: 1969-1971 (Cleopatra Records; CD; 1998)
 * Mescaline and Mandies Round at Uncle Harry's (NMC; CD; 1998)
 * Do It! (Total Energy; CD; 1999)
 * Chinese Cowboys: Live 1987 (Captain Trip Records; LP; 2005)

With the Rings

 * "I Wanna Be Free" / "Automobile" (Chiswick Records; 7" single; 1977)
 * The Rings (NDN Records; 10" EP; 2017) (archival recordings)

Other collaborative albums

 * Mona – The Carnivorous Circus (Transatlantic Records; LP; 1970) (with Mick Farren)
 * One Hundred Miles Below (Big One Guitar; LP; 1989) (with Magic Muscle)
 * Crowley and Me (Mega Dodo; LP; 2018) (with Star Sponge Vision)

title: Twink (musician)


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Pierce Butler (judge)

Pierce Butler (March 17, 1866 – November 16, 1939) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1923 until his death in 1939. He was a staunch conservative and was regarded as a part of the Four Horsemen, the conservative bloc that dominated the Supreme Court during the 1930s. A devout Catholic, he was also the sole dissenter in the later case Buck v. Bell, though he did not write an opinion.

Early life and education
Butler was born in Northfield, Minnesota, to Patrick and Mary Ann Butler. Born in a log cabin, he was the sixth of nine children. All but his sister lived to adulthood. His parents were Catholic immigrants from County Wicklow, Ireland, who had met in Galena, Illinois. They had left the same part of Ireland because of the Great Famine.

Butler graduated from Carleton College in 1887. He received both a degree in the arts and a degree in science. He then read the law for one year before being admitted to the bar in 1888. He married Annie M. Cronin in 1891.

Legal career

He was elected as county attorney in Ramsey County in 1892, and re-elected in 1894. Butler joined the law firm of How & Eller in 1896, which became How & Butler after the death of Homer C. Eller the following year. He accepted an offer to practice in St. Paul, Minnesota, where he took care of railroad-related litigation for James J. Hill. He was highly successful in representing railroads.

In 1905 he returned to private practice and rejoined Jared How. He had also served as a lawyer for the company owned by his five brothers. In 1908, Butler was elected President of the Minnesota State Bar Association.

From 1912 to 1922, he worked in railroad law in Canada, alternately representing the shareholders of railroad companies and the Canadian government; he produced favorable results for both. When he was nominated for the United States Supreme Court in 1922, Butler was in the process of winning approximately $12,000,000 for the Toronto Street Railway shareholders.

Nomination and confirmation
On December 5, 1922, Butler was nominated by President Warren G. Harding as an associate justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed William R. Day. Although he was supported by Chief Justice William Howard Taft, Butler's opposition to "radical" and "disloyal" professors at the University of Minnesota (where he had served on the Board of Regents) made him a controversial Supreme Court nominee. Farmer–Labor Senator-elect Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota opposed him, as did the Progressive Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin. Also against his confirmation were labor activists, some liberal magazines (The New Republic and The Nation) and the Ku Klux Klan because he was Catholic. His appointment was supported by prominent Roman Catholics, fellow lawyers (the Minnesota State Bar Association strongly endorsed him), and business groups (especially railroad companies), as well as Minnesota's incumbent senators, Republicans Knute Nelson and lame duck Frank B. Kellogg. Butler was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 21, 1922, by a 61–8 vote, and took the judicial oath of office on January 2, 1923.

Court service

As an associate justice, Butler vigorously opposed regulation of business and the implementation of welfare programs by the federal government (as unconstitutional). During the Great Depression, he ruled against the constitutionality of many "New Deal" laws – the Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the National Recovery Administration – which had been supported by his fellow Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. This earned him a place among the so-called "Four Horsemen," which also included James Clark McReynolds, George Sutherland, and Willis Van Devanter. During his sixteen years on the bench, Justice Butler authored 327 majority opinions as well as 50 minority opinions.

He wrote the majority opinion (6–3) in United States v. Schwimmer, in which the Hungarian immigrant's application for citizenship was denied because of her candid refusal to take an oath to "take up arms" for her adopted country.

In Palko v. Connecticut, Butler was the lone dissenter; the rest of the justices believed that a state was not restrained from trying a man a second time for the same crime. Butler believed this violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

He sided with the majority in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, holding unconstitutional an Oregon state law that prohibited parents from sending their children to private or religious schools. In the 1927 decision for Buck v. Bell, Butler was the only Justice who dissented from the 8–1 ruling and Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s opinion holding that the forced sterilization of an allegedly "feeble-minded" woman in Virginia was constitutional. Holmes believed that Butler's religion influenced his thinking in Buck, remarking that "Butler knows this is good law, I wonder whether he will have the courage to vote with us in spite of his religion." Although Butler dissented in both Buck and Palko, he did not write a dissenting opinion in either case; the practice of a Justice's noting a dissent without opinion was much more common then than it would be in the later 20th and early 21st centuries.

Another consequential dissent was from the opinion expressed in Olmstead v. United States, which upheld federal wiretapping. He took an expansive view of 4th Amendment protections.

Death and legacy
On November 15, 1939, Butler went into a Washington, D.C., hospital for "a minor ailment" but died in the early morning hours of November 16, at the age of 73 while still on the Court. He was the last serving Supreme Court Justice appointed by President Harding. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Paul.

The bulk of his and his family's collected papers are with the Minnesota Historical Society. Other papers are collected elsewhere.

Pierce Butler Route in Saint Paul, Minnesota, is named in honor of Butler's son, Pierce Butler Jr.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pierce Butler (judge)


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Boating

Boating is the leisurely activity of travelling by boat, or the recreational use of a boat whether powerboats, sailboats, or man-powered vessels (such as rowing and paddle boats), focused on the travel itself, as well as sports activities, such as fishing or waterskiing. It is a popular activity, and there are millions of boaters worldwide.

Types of boats
Boats (boat types) can be categorized into 3 different types of board categories: unpowered, motor boats, and sailboats. Recreational boats (sometimes called pleasure craft, especially for less sporting activities) fall into several broad categories, and additional subcategories. Broad categories include dinghies (generally under 16 feet (5 m) powered by sail, small engines, or muscle power) usually made from hardwood or inflatable rubber. paddle sports boats (kayaks, rowing shells, canoes), runabouts (15–25 ft. (5–8 m) powerboats with either outboard, sterndrive, or inboard engines), daysailers (14–25 Ft. (4–8 m) sailboats, frequently with a small auxiliary engine), cruisers (25–65 ft. (8–20 m) powerboats with cabins), and cruising and racing sailboats (25–65 Ft. (8–20 m) sailboats with auxiliary engines). Center console (18 to 75 ft. (18-23m) power boats that have a large interior typically used for fishing, with its high speed performance design and engine also used in water sports. Deck boats (25-35 ft.(8-11m) that are characterized by an open deck area and used typically for leisure activities. Lifeboats (smaller, quicker watercrafts equipped with emergency equipment in which to help voyagers in case of emergency in the water.

Boating activities
Boating activities are as varied as the boats and boaters who participate, and new ways of enjoying the water are constantly being discovered. Broad categories include the following:

 * Paddlesports include ears (lakes), swiftwater (rivers), and oceangoing types, usually covered-cockpit kayaks.
 * Canoes are popular on lakes and rivers due to their carrying capacity and efficiency on the water. They are also easy to portage, or carry overland around obstructions like rapids, or just down to the water from a car or cabin.
 * Kayaks can be found on calm inland waters, whitewater rivers, and along the coasts in the oceans. Known for their maneuverability and seaworthiness, kayaks take many shapes depending on their desired use. Rowing craft are also popular for fishing, as a tender to a larger vessel, or as a competitive sport.
 * Rowing shells are extremely long and narrow, and are intended to convert as much of the rower's muscle power as possible into speed. The ratio of length of waterline to beam has much importance in marine mechanics and design.
 * Row boats or dinghies are oar powered, and generally restricted to protected waters. Rowboats are generally heavy craft compared to other has
 * Sailing can be either competitive, as in collegiate dinghy racing, or purely recreational as when sailing on a lake with family or friends.
 * Small sailboats also called dinghies are commonly made from fiberglass, and will have wood, aluminum, or carbon-fiber spars, and generally a sloop rig (two sails: a mainsail and a jib, commonly include 3rd sail the spinnaker for going downwind). Racing dinghies and skiffs tend to be lighter, have more sail area, and may use a trapeze to allow one or both crewmembers to suspend themselves over the water for additional stability.
 * Larger trailerable sailboats include trailer sailers, which have enclosed accommodation, and sportboats which are optimised for speed.
 * Daysailers tend to be wider across the beam and have greater accommodation space at the expense of speed.
 * Cruising sailboats have more width, but performance climbs as they tend to be much longer with a starting over-all length of at least 25 ft re-balancing the dynamic ratio between length of waterline (aiding speed) and beam width (adding cargo and people space).
 * Freshwater fishing boats account for approximately 1/3 of all registered boats in the U.S., and most all other types of boats end up being used as fishing boats on occasion. The boating industry has developed freshwater fishing boat designs that are species-specific to allow anglers the greatest advantage when fishing for walleye, salmon, trout, bass, etcetera, as well as generic fishing craft.
 * Watersport Boats or skiboats are high-powered Go-Fast boats (specialized towboats in fact) is designed for activities where a participant is towed behind the boat such as waterskiing and parasailing.
 * Variations on the ubiquitous waterski include wakeboards, water-skiing, kneeboarding, inflatable towables, and wake surfing. To some degree, the nature of these boating activities influences boat design. Waterski boats are intended to hold a precise course at an accurate speed with a flat wake for slalom skiing runs. Wakeboard boats run at slower speeds, and have various methods including ballast and negative lift foils to force the stern in the water, thereby creating a large and "jumpable" wake.
 * Saltwater fishing boats vary widely in length and are once again specialized for various species of fish. Flats boats, for example, are used in protected, shallow waters, and have shallow draft. Sportfishing boats range from 25 to 80 ft or more, and can be powered by large outboard engines or inboard diesels. Fishing boats in colder climates may have more space dedicated to cuddy cabins and wheelhouses, while boats in warmer climates are likely to be entirely open.
 * Cruising boats applies to both power and sailboats, and refers to trips from local weekend passages to lengthy voyages, and is a lifestyle. While faster "express cruisers" can be used for multiple day trips, long voyages generally require a slower displacement boat (trawler) with diesel power and greater stability and efficiency. Cruising sailboats range from 20 to 70 ft and more, and have easily managed sail plans to allow relatively small crews to sail them long distances. Some cruising sailboats will have two masts (ketch, yawl, or schooner rigs) to further reduce the size of individual sails and make it possible for a couple to handle larger boats. Diesel- (now sometimes electric-) powered Narrowboats are a very popular mode of travel (and accommodation) on the inland waterways of England.
 * Racing and regattas are common group activities in the sub-culture of boaters owning larger (twenty-five foot plus) small boats and larger yachts, and are frequently organized around a yacht club or marina organization
 * Sailboat racing can be done on conventional family sailboats racing under one of the simpler handicap formulas (PHRF, or Performance Handicap Rating Formula is one such rule), or can be done on specialized boats with virtually no accommodation or compromises for comfort. Racing is generally either one design, where the boats are close to identical, or handicapped where the boats' finishing times are adjusted based on their predicted speed potential. Racing is further broken down into ocean racing, where boats start at one port and race in the ocean and back to the same port or a new destination, or buoy racing where boats race around prescribed courses and return to port at night. Several famous races cross oceans, like the biennial Transpac Race from Los Angeles to Honolulu, or the Newport-Bermuda Race from Newport, Rhode Island to Bermuda. Other races actually circumnavigate the globe, like the Volvo Ocean Race or Vendee Globe race.

Anchoring
Anchoring a boat is essential to recreational boaters by giving them the ability to "park" their boat in the water. Anchoring is helpful to boaters who fish or swim off of their boat and provides a stable and established site to achieve whatever activity is being done. Anchoring a boat is also critical in emergency situations and is a good safety measure whenever a vessel becomes disabled. There are three types of anchors, the Plow-style, the Fluke-style, and the Mushroom anchor.
 * Plow-style is the most effective for most boats especially larger boats (over 26 ft). It receives its holding power by plowing into the bottom sediments using the boats mass to drag it underneath the soil.
 * Fluke-style or Danforth anchor is similar to the plow anchor but is more lightweight. This anchor is commonly used on boats smaller than 30 ft but is very effective by using its pointed flukes to bury into the sediment below.
 * Mushroom anchors are designed for situations which require a permanent anchor with strong holding power. The weight of a mushroom anchor causes it to be slowly buried under soft sediment, giving significant holding power and are typically used for moorings, buoys, and other permanent anchoring needs. Mushroom anchors are not carried on a boat for use as a temporary or short term anchor. Initially there is no holding power due to the significant amount of time required for the anchor to settle and bury itself in the sediment.

A rope anchor line should be at least four times longer than the depth of the water in the anchorage. A seven to eight foot chain should also be attached between the rope and the anchor in order to reduce the angle of the pull on the anchor facilitated by the chain sinking and lying on the bottom. This is important because in order for the anchor to be effective, the pull must be at a shallow angle rather than vertically. A vertical pull on the anchor will result in the anchor breaking out of the bottom sediment and is used as a technique to break the anchor's hold allowing the anchor to be raised in order to leave the anchorage.

The anchor should never be dragged behind a boat or dropped at the stern. This could result in the boat being swamped or filled with water. Tie off the anchor to a bow cleat and pull on it to make sure that the knot is secure. After that make sure the vessel is down wind or down current of the anchor. After anchoring it is important to check visual sightings and onshore objects or buoys to let the driver know if his boat is secure by the anchor. The anchor will help boaters to stay in their current position on the water.

Transport and storage
The smallest boats and kayaks may simply be carried by hand or by lashing them to the top of an automobile. Most smaller boats are stored at home and carried to the water on boat trailers, where they are floated from launch ramps leading down into the water. Some marinas will also offer electric hoists that can lift a boat from a trailer and swing it into the water (generally less than 6 tons). Larger boats are kept at marinas, which offer a berth protected from the weather and a variety of support services, such as fuel and equipment.

A more recent form of storage is rack storage where runabouts are stored in large steel racks, sometimes four or five boats high, and perhaps 25 boats across. These racks are housed in sheds, and large specialized fork trucks are used to lift the boats from the racks and place them in the water. This reduces the amount of space needed for boat storage, and also provides a clean environment in which the boats are housed. Some marinas will offer dry storage yards, where boats on trailers or dollies are stored on a hard surface. Many yacht clubs will offer a fenced area where boats are conveniently stored near the water, but without the maintenance associated with continual water storage (bottom growth, etc.) Boats in dry storage areas are either ramp-launched or hoisted into the water.

Safety
Since it is a recreational activity, most boating is done in calm protected waters and during good weather. Even so, conditions can change rapidly, and a small vessel can get into life-threatening difficulties. It's important to keep an inventory of safety gear on board every boat, which is prescribed by the U.S. Coast Guard as well as state boating law administrators in the U.S. Depending on the size of the boat and how it is powered, required equipment may include: Other items might seem obvious but are not actually required by law. They include a flashlight, first aid kit, paddles, whistles, anchor and rope, engine spare parts, bilge pumps, a VHF radio or mobile phone, etc.
 * personal flotation devices or life jackets for everyone on board
 * a throwable flotation device (in the U.S., a type IV personal flotation device)
 * navigation lights suitable for the type of boat operation
 * visual distress signals which are effective both day and night
 * sound-making devices including horns and bells
 * fire extinguisher(s)
 * a copy of the Inland Rules of the Road
 * a VHF or long range radio

In addition to these safety items listed above, the Code of Federal Regulations lists some additional required items that may not fall into the common definition of "safety" items:
 * backfire arresters on gasoline-powered vessels
 * ventilation systems on gasoline-powered vessels
 * plaques which list the penalties associated with pollution due to oil discharge, or dumping trash overboard
 * a marine sanitation system (marine sanitation device) which prevents water pollution from sewage

State laws may add to this list of requirements. Most of the differences fall into a few categories:
 * laws requiring life jackets to be worn in specific activities or by children
 * upgraded life jackets for specific activities or by children
 * restrictions on the types of marine sanitation devices that are allowed within state borders

In the United States, more than 40 states have educational requirements for operating a boat or personal watercraft on state waters. Laws vary by state so it's best to check the laws of your state. Boater education courses can be taken in-person classroom style or online at the student's convenience. Credible courses are recognized by the US Coast Guard, approved by NASBLA and work in conjunction with state agencies.

All pleasure craft operators in Canada are required to have a proof of competency (something that shows they understand the basic rules and how to safely operate a boat). A Pleasure Craft Operator Card (PCOC) is the most common proof of competency and it can be obtained by taking an online course and a Transport Canada exam.

Personal flotation devices
Recreational boating deaths could be dramatically reduced with increased use of personal flotation devices or life jackets. Wear rates in 2003 were around 22.4%, although state and federal laws requiring children to wear flotation were more common, and therefore children's wear rates were much higher than those for adults. Relatively few children die in boating accidents; the more likely victim is an adult male in the mid-afternoon in a boat (under 20 feet length overall) who is not wearing a personal flotation device.

While various strategies have been devised in the last few decades to increase personal flotation device wear rates, the observed rate has been relatively constant. This has led to the possibility of legislation requiring personal flotation device usage on boats under a specified length when underway.

Personal watercraft have increased in popularity for the last 15 years, and account for about 70 fatalities per year (2002). However, operators of personal watercraft commonly wear personal flotation devices, and therefore have a relatively low incidence of drowning. Trauma, largely due to collisions with other vessels and the shoreline, accounts for 70% of personal watercraft fatalities while drowning accounts for about 30%.

Personal flotation device types as defined by the U.S. Coast Guard such as Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, and Type V can be found at the U.S. Coast Guard. In the U.S., one personal flotation device MUST be available for everyone on board. Life jacket definitions for the UK Coast Guard. In 2014, the U.S. Coast Guard announced a new labeling system for personal flotation devices, aiming to align US and Canadian standards. This new labeling system is now being introduced as the older type I-V personal flotation device labels are being phased out.

Drowning
In the United States, approximately 700 people die every year as a result of recreational boating accidents, according to the Boating Accident Reporting Database, published annually by the U.S. Coast Guard.

Alcohol use was the number one contributing factor in U.S. recreational boating deaths between 2003 and 2012, accounting for 15 percent of the fatalities in 2003, and 17 percent in 2012. A Canadian study published in 2011 examined 18 years of data on recreational boating, and concluded that a "true figure" of alcohol-related deaths in that country "may lie between 46% and 56%".

Since 1970, when recreational boating deaths in the U.S. peaked at about 1700 per year, the annual rate of fatalities has been declining at a rate of about 2% per year. The majority of these deaths (70%) occur due to drowning, and are frequently associated with small powerboat accidents. Other causes of death include trauma (especially with small powerboats), fire, carbon monoxide poisoning, and hypothermia.

The cause of the reduction of deaths is subject to some debate, but the Federal Boat Safety Act in the 1970s (effective August 10, 1971 ) required that boats under 20 ft be equipped with level flotation. This change in boat construction meant that boaters who found themselves in the water next to a swamped boat could climb back into the boat and both reduce their likelihood of drowning, while increasing the size of a search target and reducing hypothermia. Other frequently named causes include improved boater safety education, increased use of life jackets, and improved boating safety gear.

Another potential cause for drowning is the presence of stray electrical power from a boat leaking into the water. This is known as electric shock drowning. Metal surfaces of a boat leaking power into the water can create zones of high-energy potential. Stray current entering salt water is less of a problem than the same situation in fresh water. Salt water is a good conductor and it carries current away to ground quickly. Fresh water is a poor conductor and when alternating current forms an electrical potential near a boat, the current can paralyze a swimmer. Because electrical drownings frequently present no obvious signs of injury, post-mortem examinations often fail to identify electrical shock as the cause of death. The problem can be reduced by prohibiting swimming near boats connected to shore power and ensuring marinas comply with National Fire Protection Association Standard 303 for marinas.

Carbon monoxide
In the early 2000s, several high-profile deaths due to carbon monoxide poisoning (CO) led to increased scrutiny of boating habits (especially the practice of towing participants immediately behind a boat, known as "teak surfing" or "platform towing") and the implementation of various warning placards to educate boaters of the hazards arising from these activities. Other CO-related deaths were attributed to high concentrations of CO gas from houseboat generator exhaust, where swimmers were able to access an area near the stern of the boats that collected the exhaust. This has led to improved pollution controls on modern generator sets, and changes in the designs of houseboats so that they discharge exhaust gases in a way that they can dissipate. The increased use of CO detectors, especially in boats with enclosed accommodation spaces, and a proper assessment of boat manufacturers, would help reduce the risk of CO poisoning.

Licensing
Depending on the country, boating on coastal waters and inland waters may require a licence. Usually, commercially boating on coastal waters almost always requires a licence, while recreational boating on coastal waters only requires a licence when a certain boat size is exceeded (e.g. a length of 20 meters), or when passenger ships, ferries or tugboats are steered. Boating on international waters does not require any licence, due to the absence of any laws or restrictions in this area. Some of the member states of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe issue the International Certificate of Competence. The International Sailing License and Credentials (SLC) is a recreational sailing license valid for all yacht charter companies worldwide including Europe and the Seychelles.

title: Boating


text:
Sophora

Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the pea family Fabaceae. The species have a pantropical distribution. The generic name is derived from sophera, an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.

The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably Styphnolobium (pagoda tree genus), which differs in lacking nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) on the roots, and Dermatophyllum (the mescalbeans). Styphnolobium has galactomannans as seed polysaccharide reserve, in contrast Sophora contains arabinogalactans, and Dermatophyllum amylose.

The New Zealand Sophora species are known as kōwhai.

The seeds of species such as Sophora affinis and Sophora chrysophylla are reported to be poisonous.

Fossil record
One Sophora fossil seed pod from the middle Eocene epoch has been described from the Miller clay pit in Henry County, Tennessee, United States.

Species
Sophora comprises the following species:

 * Sophora albescens (Rehder) C.Y. Ma
 * Sophora albopetiolulata Léonard
 * Sophora alopecuroides L.—sophora root
 * var. alopecuroides
 * var. tomentosa (Boiss.) Bornm.
 * Sophora bakeri Prain
 * Sophora benthamii Steenis
 * Sophora brachygyna C.Y. Ma
 * Sophora cassioides (Phil.) Sparre—Pelú (Chile)
 * Sophora chathamica Cockayne—coastal kowhai (New Zealand)
 * Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem.—Māmane (Hawaii)
 * Sophora davidi (Franch.) Skeels
 * Sophora denudata Bory
 * Sophora dunii Craib
 * Sophora exigua Craib
 * Sophora fernandeziana (Phil.) Skottsb. (Juan Fernández Islands)
 * var. fernandeziana (Phil.) Skottsb.
 * var. reedeana (R.A.Phillips) Skottsb.
 * Sophora flavescens Aiton—ku shen (Eastern Asia)
 * var. flavescens Aiton
 * var. galegoides (Pall.) DC.
 * var. kronei (Hance) C.Y.Ma
 * Sophora franchetiana Dunn
 * Sophora fraseri Benth.
 * Sophora fulvida (Allan) Heenan & de Lange—Waitakere kowhai (New Zealand)
 * Sophora gibbosa (DC.) Yakovlev
 * Sophora godleyi—Godley kowhai, papa kowhai (New Zealand)
 * Sophora howinsula (W.R.B.Oliv.) P.S.Green—lignum vitae, Lord Howe kowhai
 * Sophora huamotensis Mattapha, Suddee & Rueangr.
 * Sophora inhambanensis Klotzsch
 * Sophora interrupta Bedd.
 * Sophora jaubertii Spach
 * Sophora koreensis Nakai – Korean necklace pod
 * Sophora leachiana M. Peck
 * Sophora linearifolia Griseb.
 * Sophora longicarinata (G.Simpson) Allan—limestone kowhai (New Zealand)
 * Sophora longipes Merr.
 * Sophora macnabiana (Graham) Skottsb.
 * Sophora macrocarpa Sm. — mayo or mayú (Chile)
 * Sophora mangarevaensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
 * Sophora masafuerana (Phil.) Skottsb. (Juan Fernández Islands)
 * Sophora microcarpa C.Y. Ma
 * Sophora microphylla Aiton—small-leaved kowhai (New Zealand)
 * Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker
 * subsp. griffithii (Stocks) Ali
 * subsp. mollis (Royle) Baker
 * Sophora molloyi—Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand)
 * Sophora moorcroftiana (Benth.) Benth. ex Baker
 * Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner
 * Sophora oblongata P.C.Tsoong
 * Sophora pachycarpa Schrenk ex C.A.Mey.
 * Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T. Chen
 * Sophora prostrata Buchanan—dwarf kowhai, prostrate kowhai (New Zealand)
 * Sophora raivavaeensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
 * Sophora rapaensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
 * Sophora reedeana (Phil.) Yakovlev
 * Sophora rhynchocarpa Griseb. (unplaced)
 * Sophora saxicola Proctor (Jamaica)
 * Sophora secundiflora, a popular landscape plant, was reclassified to Dermatophyllum secundiflorum.
 * Sophora songarica Schrenk
 * Sophora stenophylla A. Gray
 * Sophora tetraptera J.F. Mill.—large-leaved kowhai, Taupo kowhai (New Zealand)
 * Sophora tomentosa L.—necklace pod (Pantropical on coasts)
 * subsp. littoralis (Schrad.) Yakovlev
 * subsp. occidentalis (L.) Brummitt
 * subsp. tomentosa L.
 * Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.
 * Sophora toromiro Skottsb.—toromiro (Easter Island)
 * Sophora velutina Lindl.
 * subsp. cavaleriei (H.Lev.) Brummitt & J.B.Gillett
 * subsp. velutina Lindl.
 * subsp. zimbabweensis J. B. Gillett & Brummitt
 * Sophora violacea Thwaites
 * Sophora wightii Baker (India)
 * Sophora xanthoantha C.Y. Ma
 * Sophora yunnanensis C.Y. Ma
 * Sophora zeylanica Trimen

<!--Sophora acuminata was reclassified as Sophora benthamii. Sophora affinis was reclassified as Styphnolobium affine. Sophora alba was reclassified as Baptisia alba. Sophora albicans is a synonym of Sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides Sophora alpina was reclassified as Thermopsis alpina. Sophora ambigua is a synonym of Sophora velutina subsp. velutina Sophora angulata was reclassified as Erythrostemon angulatus Sophora angustifolia was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. Sophora arenicola was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. Sophora argentea was reclassified as Ammodendron bifolium. Sophora arizonica was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum. Sophora aurea was reclassified as Calpurnia aurea. Sophora australis was reclassified as Baptisia australis. Sophora bhutanica was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. Sophora bifolia was reclassified as Ammodendron bifolium. Sophora buxbaumii was reclassified as Sophora mollis. Sophora caerulea was reclassified as Baptisia australis. Sophora calyptrata was reclassified as Podalyria calyptrata. Sophora capensis was reclassified as Virgilia oroboides. Sophora carnosa was reclassified as Sophora nuttalliana. Sophora cavaleriei was reclassified as Sophora velutina. Sophora conzattii was reclassified as Styphnolobium conzattii. Sophora crassifolia was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. Sophora dispar was reclassified as Sophora dunnii. Sophora duclouxii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. Sophora fometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa. Sophora formosa was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum. Sophora fabacea was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides. Sophora galegoides was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. Sophora galioides was reclassified as Cyclopia galioides. Sophora genistoides was reclassified as Cyclopia genistoides. Sophora glauca was reclassified as Sophora albescens and Sophora velutina. Sophora griffithii was reclassified as Sophora mollis. Sophora gypsophila was reclassified as Dermatophyllum gypsophilum. Sophora havanensis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. Sophora heptaphylla was reclassified as Aganope heptaphylla, Sophora wightii, and Sophora zeylanica. Sophora heterophylla was reclassified as Sophora wightii. Sophora hortensis was reclassified as Sophora mollis. Sophora japonica was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. Sophora juanhintoniana was reclassified as Dermatophyllum juanhintonianum. Sophora juncea was reclassified as Viminaria juncea. Sophora kentukea was reclassified as Cladrastis kentukea. Sophora korolkowii was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. Sophora kronei was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. Sophora lanceolata was reclassified as Baptisia lanceolata. Sophora lehmanni is a misspelling of Sophora lehmannii, which was reclassified as Ammothamnus lehmannii. Sophora lehmannii was reclassified as Ammothamnus lehmanni. Sophora littoralis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. Sophora lupinoides was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides. Sophora mairei was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. Sophora monosperma was reclassified as Ormosia monosperma. Sophora nitens was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. Sophora nitida was reclassified as Sophora denudata. Sophora occidentalis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. Sophora oligosperma was reclassified as Sophora albo-petiolulata. Sophora orientalis was reclassified as Sophora alopecuroides. Sophora oroboides was reclassified as Virgilia oroboides. Sophora pallida was reclassified as Sophora alopecuroides. Sophora perfoliata was reclassified as Baptisia perfoliata. Sophora philippinensis was reclassified as Sophora velutina. Sophora platycarpa was reclassified as Cladrastis platycarpa. Sophora prodanii was reclassified as Sophora jaubertii. Sophora purpusii was reclassified as Dermatophyllum purpusii. Sophora raivavaensis is a misspelling of Sophora raivavaeensis. Sophora retusa was reclassified as Sophora denudata. Sophora rubriflora was reclassified as Sophora violacea. Sophora secundiflora was reclassified as Dermatophyllum secundiflorum. Sophora sempervirens was reclassified as Sophora secundiflora. Sophora sericea was reclassified as Podalyria sericea, Sophora denudata, and Sophora nuttalliana. Sophora shikokiana was reclassified as Cladrastis shikokiana. Sophora sinensis was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. Sophora somalensis was reclassified as Millettia usaramensis. Sophora songorica was reclassified as Ammothamnus songoricus. Sophora speciosa was reclassified as Sophora secundiflora. Sophora subprostrata was reclassified as Sophora tonkinensis. Sophora sylvatica was reclassified as Calpurnia aurea. Sophora tinctoria was reclassified as Baptisia tinctoria. Sophora tometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa. Sophora viciaefolia is a misspelling of Sophora viciifolia, which was reclassified as Sophora davidii. Sophora viciifolia was reclassified as Sophora davidii. Sophora villosa was reclassified as Thermopsis villosa. Sophora wilsonii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. Sophora xanthantha is a misspelling of Sophora xanthoantha. Ref. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=901028-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3DSophora%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dspec%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_species%3Dxanthoantha%26output_format%3Dnormal Sophora zambesiaca was reclassified as Xanthocercis zambesiaca.-->

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status
The status of the following species is unresolved:

 * Sophora angustifolia Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye
 * Sophora biflora Houtt.
 * Sophora biflora Retz.
 * Sophora buxifolia Retz.
 * Sophora chathamica Cockayne
 * Sophora coerulea Moench
 * Sophora cuneifolia Steud.
 * Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels
 * Sophora donihuensis Ravenna
 * Sophora genistaefolia Salisb.
 * Sophora genistoides L.
 * Sophora glabra Moench
 * Sophora glabra Hassk.
 * Sophora godleyi Heenan & de Lange
 * Sophora grandiflora (Salisb.) Skottsb.
 * Sophora grisea O.Deg. & Sherff
 * Sophora hirsuta Aiton
 * Sophora houghiana Wall.
 * Sophora howinsula (W.R.B. Oliv.) P. Green
 * Sophora jabandas Montrouz.
 * Sophora juncea Schrad.
 * Sophora ludovice-Adecim-Asexta Buc'hoz
 * Sophora mangarevaensis H.St.John
 * Sophora mecosperma J.St.-Hil.
 * Sophora molloyi Heenan & de Lange
 * Sophora molokaiensis O. Degener & I. Degener
 * Sophora mutabilis Salisb.
 * Sophora myrtillifolia Retz.
 * Sophora oblongata P.C.Tsoong
 * Sophora oblongifolia Ruiz & Pav.
 * Sophora oligophylla Baker
 * Sophora pendula Spach
 * Sophora pentaphylla Desv.
 * Sophora persica (Boiss. & Buhse) Rech.f.
 * Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T.C. Chen
 * Sophora raivavaeensis H.St.John
 * Sophora rapaensis H.St.John
 * Sophora robinoides Walp.
 * Sophora senegalensis Deless. ex DC.
 * Sophora sibirica Holub
 * Sophora sinica Rosier
 * Sophora sinuata Larrañaga
 * Sophora sororia Hance
 * Sophora sumatrana Yakovlev
 * Sophora sylvatica Burch.
 * Sophora tetraptera J. Miller
 * Sophora tiloebsis Blume ex Miq.
 * Sophora tiloensis Blume ex Miq.
 * Sophora trifolia Steud.
 * Sophora triphylla Sweet
 * Sophora vanioti H. Lév.
 * Sophora vestita Nakai
 * Sophora viciifolis Hance

title: Sophora


text:
Kimberley Process Certification Scheme

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) is the process established in 2003 to prevent "conflict diamonds" from entering the mainstream rough diamond market by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/56 following recommendations in the Fowler Report. The process was set up "to ensure that diamond purchases were not financing violence by rebel movements and their allies seeking to undermine legitimate governments".

The effectiveness of the process has been brought into question by organizations such as Global Witness (pulled out of the scheme on 5 December 2011) and IMPACT (pulled out on 14 December 2017), claiming it has failed in its purpose and does not provide markets with assurance that the diamonds are not conflict diamonds.

Organizations such as Human Rights Watch have also argued that the Kimberley Process is too narrow in scope and does not adequately serve to eliminate other human rights concerns from the diamond production chain.

History

The United Nations imposed sanctions against UNITA in 1998 through United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173, however investigators led by Robert Fowler presented the Fowler Report to the UN in March 2000, which detailed how the movement was able to continue financing its war efforts through the sale of diamonds on the international market. The UN wished to clamp down on this sanctions-breaking trade, but had limited powers of enforcement; the Fowler report therefore set out to name the countries, companies, government and individuals involved. This led to a meeting of diamond-producing and trading states from around the world in Kimberley, Northern Cape in May 2000. A culminating ministerial meeting followed during September in Pretoria, from which the KPCS originated.

In December 2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution A/RES/55/56, supporting the creation of an international certification scheme for rough diamonds, and this was followed by support from the United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1459 passed in January 2003. Every year since, the General Assembly has renewed its support for the KP – most recently in March 2018.

In order for a country to be a participant, it must ensure that any diamond originating from the country does not finance a rebel group or other entity seeking to overthrow a UN-recognized government, that every diamond export be accompanied by a Kimberley Process certificate and that no diamond is imported from, or exported to, a non-member of the scheme. This three-step plan is a simple description of the steps taken to ensure a chain of countries that deal exclusively with non-conflict diamonds. By restricting diamond revenues to government-approved sources, the Kimberley Process is neutral towards different governments.

System of warranties
The World Diamond Council created a System of Warranties for diamonds that has been endorsed by all KPCS participants. Under this system, all buyers and sellers of both rough and polished diamonds must make the following affirmative statement on all invoices:

"'The diamonds herein invoiced have been purchased from legitimate sources not involved in funding conflict and in compliance with United Nations resolutions. The seller hereby guarantees that these diamonds are conflict free, based on personal knowledge and/or written guarantees provided by the supplier of these diamonds.'"

It is considered a violation of the KPCS to issue a warranty declaration on a sales invoice unless it can be corroborated by warranty invoices received for purchases. Each company trading in diamonds must also keep records of the warranty invoices received and the warranty invoices issued when buying or selling diamonds. This flow of warranties in and out must be audited and reconciled on an annual basis by the company's auditors.

In addition, the diamond industry organizations and their members have adopted the following principles of self-regulation:
 * to trade only with companies that include warranty declarations on their invoices;
 * to not buy diamonds from suspect sources or unknown suppliers, or which originate in countries that have not implemented the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme;
 * to not buy diamonds from any sources that, after a legally binding due process system, have been found to have violated government regulations restricting the trade in conflict diamonds;
 * to not buy diamonds in or from any region that is subject to an advisory by a governmental authority indicating that conflict diamonds are emanating from or available for sale in such region, unless diamonds have been exported from such region in compliance with the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme;
 * to not knowingly buy or sell or assist others to buy or sell conflict diamonds;
 * to ensure that all company employees that buy or sell diamonds within the diamond trade are well informed regarding trade resolutions and government regulations restricting the trade in conflict diamonds.

Failure to abide by these principles exposes the member to expulsion from industry organizations.

Working procedure
The working procedure of the KPCS is done by the chair, elected on an annual basis at a plenary meeting. A working group on monitoring, works to ensure that each participant is implementing the scheme correctly. The working group reports to the chair. Other working groups include the technical working group (or working group of diamond experts) which reports on difficulties in implementation and proposes solutions, and the statistics working group, which reports diamond trading data.

While the process has been broadly welcomed by groups aiming to improve human rights in countries previously affected by conflict diamonds, such as Angola, some say it does not go far enough. For instance, Amnesty International says "[We] welcome the Kimberley Process as an important step to dealing with the problem of conflict diamonds. But until the diamond trade is subject to mandatory, impartial monitoring, there is still no effective guarantee that all conflict diamonds will be identified and removed from the market." Canadian aid group One Sky (funded in part by the Canadian government) concurs with Amnesty's view saying "If effectively implemented, the Kimberley Process will ensure that diamonds cannot be used to finance war and atrocities... However, without a system of expert, independent and periodic reviews of all countries, the overall process remains open to abuse." Fatal Transactions campaign's (started in 1998) founder Anne Jung in 2008 criticized KPCS for not being a legally binding agreement and suggested a revision of the scheme.

Another form of criticism by the African Diamond Council (ADC) is whether the Kimberley Process is realistically enforceable. There are many factors that can jeopardize the "Officialdom of certificates and paperwork" from lack of enforcement on the ground to the secrecy in the diamond trading centers such as Antwerp. Human Rights Watch has also found that there is little independent monitoring of compliance with the Kimberley Process, and few penalties for violations.

Working groups
KPCS has established a number of working groups for carrying out its programs. As of 2019, it had seven working groups: Working Group of Diamond Experts (WGDE), Working Group on Monitoring (WGM), Working Group on Statistics (WGS), Working Group on Artisanal & Alluvial Production (WGAAP), Committee on Participation and Chairmanship (CPC), Committee on Rules and Procedures (CRP) and Ad Hoc Committee on Reform and Review (AHCRR).

Current membership
As of 1 July 2013, there were 54 participants in the KPCS representing 81 countries, with the European Union counting as a single participant. The participants include all major rough diamond producing, exporting and importing countries. Cameroon, Kazakhstan, Panama, and Cambodia were admitted as participants in 2012. The following is a list of participant countries with their year of entry (and re-entry, as appropriate) in brackets.

 * Angola (2003)
 * Armenia (2003)
 * Australia (2003)
 * Bangladesh (2006)
 * Belarus (2003)
 * Botswana (2003)
 * Brazil (2003)
 * Cambodia (2012)
 * Cameroon (2012)
 * Canada (2003)
 * Central African Republic (2003)
 * China (2003)
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003)
 * Côte d'Ivoire (2003)
 * European Union (2003)
 * Eswatini (2011)
 * Gabon (2018)
 * Ghana (2003)
 * Guinea (2003)
 * Guyana (2003)
 * India (2003)
 * Indonesia (2005)
 * Israel (2003)
 * Japan (2003)
 * Kazakhstan (2012)
 * Laos (2003)
 * Lebanon (2003/2005)
 * Lesotho (2003)
 * Liberia(2007)
 * Malaysia (2003)
 * Mali (2013)
 * Mauritius (2003)
 * Mexico (2008)
 * Namibia (2003)
 * New Zealand (2006)
 * Norway (2003)
 * Panama (2012)
 * Republic of the Congo (2003/2007)
 * Russia (2003)
 * Sierra Leone (2003)
 * Singapore (2004)
 * South Africa (2003)
 * South Korea (2003)
 * Sri Lanka (2003)
 * Switzerland (2003)
 * Tanzania (2003)
 * Thailand (2003)
 * Togo (2003)
 * Turkey (2007)
 * Ukraine (2003)
 * United Arab Emirates (2003)
 * United Kingdom (2021, previously a member as part of the European Union)
 * United States (2003)
 * Venezuela (2003, withdrew in 2008, re-admitted in 2016)
 * Vietnam (2003)
 * Zimbabwe (2003)

Applicants
The following countries have expressed interest in joining the KPCS, but have yet to satisfy the minimum requirements:

 * Burkina Faso
 * Chile
 * Kenya
 * Kyrgyzstan
 * Mauritania
 * Mozambique
 * Qatar
 * Uzbekistan
 * Zambia

Waiver
The World Trade Organization (WTO) in December 2006 approved a waiver for the KPCS while recognizing the importance and effectiveness of the KPCS.

Chairs
The following is a list of the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme's chairs and vice chairs. The chair oversees the implementation of the program, the operations of the working groups and committees, and general administration. The chair rotates annually. The current chair of KPCS is the nation that held the position of vice chair the previous year.

 * 2003: South Africa; vice chair Canada
 * 2004: Canada; vice chair Russian Federation
 * 2005: Russian Federation; vice chair Botswana
 * 2006: Botswana; vice chair European Commission
 * 2007: European Commission; vice chair India
 * 2008: India; vice chair Namibia
 * 2009: Namibia; vice chair Israel
 * 2010: Israel, Mr. Boaz Hirsch; vice chair DRC
 * 2011: DRC, Mr. Mathieu Yamba; vice chair United States
 * 2012: United States, Ambassador Gillian Milovanovic; vice chair South Africa
 * 2013: South Africa, vice chair China
 * 2014: China, vice chair Angola
 * 2015: Angola, vice chair United Arab Emirates
 * 2016: United Arab Emirates, vice chair Australia
 * 2017: Australia, vice chair European Union
 * 2018: European Union, vice chair India
 * 2019: India, vice chair Russian Federation
 * 2020: No chairmanship due to Covid-19
 * 2021: Russian Federation, vice chair Botswana
 * 2022: Botswana, vice chair Zimbabwe

The DRC's position as the 2011 KPCS chair is notable, in that it had been a known source of conflict diamonds and other minerals in recent years.

Statistics
KPCS emphasizes collecting and publishing data relating to actual mining and international trade in diamonds. Member countries are required to officially submit statistics that can be verified through audit. Also, all member countries are required to produce and submit an Annual Report on the trade in diamonds. According to the Working Group on Statistics (WGS) of KPCS, in 2006, the KPCS monitored $35.7 billion in rough diamond exports representing more than 480 million carats. The number of Certificates issued by KPCS members was 55,000.

In 2014, 100 Reporters published an article showing how the use of KP certificates had allowed for the publication to identify transfer pricing manipulation in South Africa's trade of rough diamond exports, detailing "Most imported diamonds appear to be re-exported uncut and unpolished. While imports make up relatively small volume, or carats, they drastically increase the value of rough diamond exports. Subtracting the values and volume of imported diamonds shown on South Africa's K.P. certificates from corresponding exports, the actual price per carat of rough diamonds being exported for the first time falls dramatically."

The article revealed that when, "asked about the anomalies in reported trade figures for diamonds under the Kimberley Process (K.P.) in South Africa, where De Beers is a dominant player, [Lynette] Gould, [head of media relations for De Beers], responded, "The primary purpose of the K.P. process (or the issuing of the certificates at least) is for Governments to certify the origin of diamonds, not to keep track of the volume and value of diamonds imported or exported."

Annual report
Annual report by all KPCS members is a component of peer review mechanism established by KPCS. In the United States, for example, all companies that buy, sell, and ship rough diamonds must submit an annual report via email to the State Department, deadline April 1. The report must include the company's contact information and a detailed breakdown of the total carat weight and value in U.S. dollars of rough diamonds imported, exported, and stockpiled (still in inventory) for the previous calendar year. These are also sorted by HTS codes for unsorted (gem and industrial) rough diamonds, sorted rough industrial diamonds, and sorted rough gem diamonds – the latter of which is most likely to be polished into finished stones and jewelry for retail sale, while industrial diamonds are most likely to be used in cutting and drilling tools. Failure to submit this annual report in a timely fashion could result in a fine up to $10,000. If found to be in willful violation, the convicted offender could be fined up to $50,000 and sentenced to up to ten years in prison.

Expulsion
In 2004, Republic of the Congo was removed from the scheme because it was found unable to prove the origin of its gems, most of which were believed to have come from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo. For countries economically dependent on diamond exports, this can be a substantial punishment, as it disallows trade with much of the rest of the world. Republic of the Congo's membership in the KPCS was reinstated in the Plenary of 2007.

In 2005, trade in diamonds from Côte d'Ivoire was prohibited. Ivorian diamonds and cocoa are considered conflict resources.

In 2008, Venezuela voluntarily removed itself from the KPCS, after it had been in non-compliance for several years. The nation ignored several attempts to communicate from Kimberley working groups, finally responding to an Angolan ambassador in 2007. Venezuela invited Kimberley officials to visit the nation, but this required authorization, and the deadline expired without further correspondence. Finally, Venezuela agreed to remove itself from the KPCS and work toward strengthening its infrastructure.

Côte d'Ivoire and Venezuela are still considered Kimberley Process members, but not Kimberley Process participants. As explained in the FAQ section of the Kimberley Process website, "Participants in the Kimberley Process (KP) are states or regional economic integration organisations (currently the European Community) that have met the minimum requirements of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) and are, therefore, eligible to trade in rough diamonds with one another. The KPCS prohibits participants from trading with non-participants. Therefore, while the aforementioned countries still retain membership in the KPCS, they do not fulfill the requirements for participation, and thus cannot be called "participants".

Global Witness
Global Witness is a London-based NGO, a key member of the KPCS and was one of the first organizations to bring the issue of 'conflict diamonds' to international attention. They state that a report they wrote, "A Rough Trade", was partial inspiration for the film Blood Diamond.

According to Global Witness, the Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of conflict diamonds, leading them to abandon the scheme in 2011.

Criticism
In December 2013, the World Policy Journal published an investigative report by journalists Khadija Sharife and John Grobler. This showed that a minimum of $3.5 billion in KP-certified diamonds from Angola and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) had been moved through KP-certified tax havens such as Dubai and Switzerland. This was in collaboration with self-regulating 'KP-approved' governments including Angola; arms dealers such as Arkadi Gaydamak, diamond magnate Lev Leviev and certain international banks.

The authors concluded that tax havens should not be allowed to handle resource revenues because they provide "the legal and financial-secrecy infrastructure enabling illicit activities, while the former struggle to generate revenue for citizens' needs". Under-invoicing and other illicit manipulation of reported income or tax avoidance were excluded from the definition of "conflict diamond" used by the KP, they note, and this "has enabled a 99 percent clean diamond industry to exist largely because the real violence of the industry is whitewashed, ignored, or excluded entirely from the framework – the criminal portion of which continues to exist entirely on the periphery."

In 2013, US investigative platform 100 Reporters released another Khadija Sharife investigate through Central Intelligence Organization (CIO) documents, showing $3 billion in diamond revenues used to rig the Zimbabwean elections.

In June 2009, Ian Smillie of the Canadian-based NGO, Partnership Africa Canada (PAC), one of the founder members of the Kimberley Process resigned his position accusing the regulator of failing to regulate and saying he could no longer contribute to the "pretense that failure is success".

Another founding member of the process, UK-based NGO Global Witness said, "Despite having all tools in place, the Scheme was failing effectively to address issues of non-compliance, smuggling, money laundering and human rights abuses in the world's... diamond fields". The scheme came under further criticism from Global Witness and Partnership Africa Canada in June 2010 after the Kimberley Monitor appointed to review diamond mining conditions in Zimbabwe recommended that the country be allowed to sell diamonds as conflict-free from its contested Marange diamond fields in Chiadzwa. For the first time the two NGOs jointly called for a redefined classification for conflict diamonds.

In August 2010, another key draftsman of the KP, and also Africa's highest-ranking diamond official, African Diamond Council (ADC) and ADPA chairman Dr. M'zée Fula Ngenge, demoralized KP supporters by persuading African diamond-producing nations to renounce their support for the scheme. Ngenge blasted the KP for its ongoing ineffectiveness, stating that "the system has failed to thwart trading of diamonds mined as a result of human suffering."

Ahead of this denunciation, the ADC unleashed a distressing TV infomercial that exposed internal problems at the front end of the African diamond industry. The broadcast was not only a huge boost for the ADC, it proved to be an enormous setback for the Kimberley Process and ultimately ended De Beers’ ascendancy on the African continent.

In December 2010 Time Magazine published a piece discussing the newly established rough diamond trade in Zimbabwe. The article questioned the legitimacy of the Kimberley Process, stating that it was unable to prevent Zimbabwean conflict diamonds from entering the market.

On 11 August 2011, a BBC radio documentary titled "Zimbabwe's Diamond Fields" repeated an interview with representatives of the Kimberley Process claiming officials were unaware of the tortures and killings exposed in the documentary. Official stated they were only aware of incidents uncovered by their brief visits to the field, implying that they were not staffed to do in-depth investigations.

Global Witness walked out on KP in December 2011. The human rights watchdog group has stated that in recent times, the governments of Zimbabwe, Côte d'Ivoire and Venezuela have all dishonored, breached and exploited the system without bearing any consequential penalties for their infringements.

title: Kimberley Process Certification Scheme


text:
Nashville Dixie Flyers

The Nashville Dixie Flyers were a professional minor league ice hockey team in Nashville, Tennessee. They played in the Eastern Hockey League from 1962 until the franchise folded in 1971. Their home games were held at the Nashville Municipal Auditorium.

title: Nashville Dixie Flyers


text:
Boater (disambiguation)

A boater is a type of hat.

Boater may also refer to:
 * Boater, one of the first disposable diapers
 * Someone involved in boating
 * Boaters, a term which refers to a pair of boat shoe

title: Boater (disambiguation)


text:
Bill Lange

William Alexander Lange (June 6, 1871 – July 23, 1950), also known as "Little Eva", was an American Major League Baseball center fielder, who played his entire seven-year career for the Chicago Colts and Orphans from 1893 to 1899. During his time in the Majors, he once led the National League in stolen bases, and was among the seasonal leaders in several other offensive categories including home runs, and batting average.

Lange was noted for having a combination of great speed and power, especially for his size. His 6 ft, 190 lb frame was considered large for his era. He is best known for retiring from baseball during the prime of his career to get married, as his future father-in-law forbade his daughter to marry a baseball player. Despite the short-lived marriage, he refused all offers to return as a player.

He became a successful businessman after his retirement from baseball. In addition to his success in real estate and insurance, he became a leading figure in Major League Baseball's efforts to generate interest in the game worldwide. He was enlisted by the leading baseball figures of the day to assist in establishing leagues in several European countries, that could eventually compete against American teams, while also scouting for undiscovered talent.

Early life
Born in the Presidio District of San Francisco, California, he ran away from home while still in grammar school to live with his brother in Port Townsend, Washington. It was from there that he moved up to play Minor League Baseball for the Seattle Reds of the Northwestern Baseball League in the early 1890s. When the Northwestern League folded, Lange return the Bay area to play for the Oakland Colonels of the California League. He played one season for the Colonels, then was signed by the Chicago Colts of the National League.

Major League career
Lange made his Major League debut on April 27, 1893 for the Colts, and enjoyed a successful inaugural Major League season. He scored 92 times, hit eight home runs, had 88 runs batted in (RBIs), while also finishing seventh in stolen bases with 47, and batted .281. This was the only time he batted under .300 during his Major League career. In the field that season, he played at second base, in right field and center field. He did not start playing center field exclusively until the following season. Lange continued his success in 1894 by raising his batting average to .328 and finishing fifth in the league with 65 stolen bases.

Lange achieved his highest league rankings in 1895. His .389 batting average was fifth in the league and is still the top individual season average in Chicago Cubs history. He also finished second in the league in stolen bases with 67, fifth in home runs with 10, fifth in on-base percentage with .456, hit 16 triples, scored 120 runs, and batted in 98 RBIs.

Lange had several notable moments during the 1896 season. On July 4, he stole five bases in one game against the Louisville Colonels, although it was two stolen bases short of the record of seven set by George Gore and Billy Hamilton. During a game on August 31, he entered baseball lore with a feat that he never actually performed. The game was scoreless in the bottom of the 10th inning when Lange made a diving catch in center field to keep the game scoreless. Later in the inning, Chicago's first baseman, George Decker attempted to field a thrown ball from third baseman Barry McCormick, but it bounced off and broke his wrist instead. In an effort to get Decker to the hospital adjacent the ballpark, his teammates knocked down several wooden slats of the outfield fence to expedite his journey. However, the two events were confused and it became legend that Lange had crashed through the fence making that acrobatic catch in tenth. Lange finished the season with a .326 batting average, while also stealing 84 bases, second in the league, and finished eighth in league with 16 triples.

His success continued into the 1897 season, as he batted .340, scored 119 runs, and led the league in stolen bases for the only time in his career. His production dropped his last two seasons in the Majors as his runs scored fell to 79 in 1898 and 81 in 1899, although he still kept his batting averages of .319 and .325 respectively.

While he was very popular, his career as a baseball player was not without controversy. He was ejected from a game on at least two occasions, one of which occurred on May 23, 1897 when he had an on-field fight with Washington Senators second baseman John O'Brien. On September 16, 1899, in a game against the Brooklyn Superbas, umpire Ed Swartwood called the game because of darkness with Brooklyn up by two runs. Lange, and other Chicago player surrounded Swartwood and proceeded to "knock him around", with Lange notably "tweaking" the umpire's ear.

Retirement
Lange finished his career on October 15, 1899, having announced a few days earlier his intention to retire after the season. His team played a doubleheader that day, winning 7–0 against the St. Louis Perfectos, then losing to the Louisville Colonels later that day in a game shortened by darkness.

He retired from the game at age 28, during the prime of his career, so he could marry a woman whose father forbade her to marry a baseball player. In the eyes of the 19th century public, baseball players were popular, but were often looked upon as low class. Lange's future wife was from his hometown of San Francisco, and her family was very well-to-do. Also, with the prospect of entering into the world of real estate and insurance, he could make much more money than he did as a ball player. Though the marriage ended in a divorce a short time later, he would not take any offers to return to Major League Baseball, despite Chicago's salary offer of $3,500 that would have made him the highest paid player in the league. Although his career lasted only seven years, he finished as the decade leader among 1890s Chicago players in batting average, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, and stolen bases.

In 813 games over seven seasons, Lange posted a .330 batting average (1056-for-3202) with 691 runs, 39 home runs, 579 RBI, 400 stolen bases and 350 bases on balls. He finished his career with a .932 fielding percentage.

Post-career
Lange became successful in both real estate and insurance in his hometown of San Francisco after he retired from baseball. Lange is also credited in several sources, as being the person who discovered future Chicago Cubs first baseman, manager, and Hall of Famer, Frank Chance, after having watched him play for the local Fresno, California team during the off-season of 1897. Lange had recommended Chance to the team owner, Jim Hart, but Hart disputed this claim, saying that Henry Harris had recommended Chance to him while Harris was an owner of a San Francisco team in the fall of 1897.

In 1907, the California State League, a minor league, was declared by organized baseball to be an "outlaw" league. Organized baseball accused the league of harboring players from the Majors Leagues who had violated the reserve clause to join a number of their teams. The league had become a rival to the already established Pacific Coast League (PCL), who, after being an "outlaw" league themselves, had signed the National Agreement with organized baseball, agreeing that they would not harbor blacklisted or banned players from the Major Leagues. The National Commission decided that the best way to deal with this situation was to dissolve this outlaw league. They did this by lifting the blacklist on any player already in the State League, which would create competition among all known leagues, for these players. This commission enlisted Lange, who used his influence with the sports editors in the local area to speed up the process. The attempt worked as the PCL successfully lured the Sacramento, California team into joining their league, with many of the players soon to follow.

Later, John McGraw of the New York Giants enlisted Lange as his chief European baseball scout, hoping to discover any hidden talent in that untapped market. In 1919, Ban Johnson, the American League president enlisted Lange as his chief organizer of baseball teams in Europe, mainly in England, France, Belgium, and Italy. Johnson's plan was for Lange to evaluate talent and establish an International Baseball League that could compete against the American League pennant winning team in an effort to generate greater interest in the game. Lange became part of the board of directors at the YMCA, which helped fund the expedition. Additionally, Washington Senators owner Clark Griffith donated $40,000 worth of equipment to assist in supplying the new league.

Lange died at the age of 79 in his hometown of San Francisco, and is interred at the Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California. Two of his nephews played Major League ball as well, Ren, and George "Highpockets" Kelly. George later gained induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973.

title: Bill Lange


text:
User talk:Mike Hackney

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Article Licensing
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NASCAR WikiProject
Hello. I'm starting a WikiProject NASCAR and I thought you might be interested in helping (your NASCAR Realignment article is very good, btw). There's a lot of good information about NASCAR in WikiPedia, but it isn't very well organized and theres still a lot missing (driver bios, team info, etc.). If you can help, stop on by! Recury 18:58, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rick Allen (commentator)
Hi, looks like you made this page. I put a prod notice on it. Thanks, • Lawrence Cohen  00:20, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Mike Hackney


text: Category:Battles of the War of the Austrian Succession