text:
User talk:Aloysius Patacsil

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 02:53, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Photography
I love the new Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace stained glass photos! Keep up the great work on Wikipedia! --Gerald Farinas 20:31, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Brookie
Thanks - push on !Brookie: Some air in a vacuum 21:35, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Conscience
Two topics I would like to see covered in the Conscience article:
 * Can conscience be coerced?
 * Is there some objective sense in which somone's conscience may be wrong (as opposed to just different)?

Thanks.Mario 14:48, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Baccalauréat formula
I answered your question on the baccalauréat formula. Here's the link. Bobsky 00:37, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Maine Coon Gallery
Per discusion I created a Maine Coon Gallery located at Maine Coon/Gallery. I put the two pictures removed fromt he article there and am encouraging everyne who has coon pictures to post them there and everyone who wants there picture to be in the artcile, to post there first and the discuss it. Have fun!Gator(talk) 16:53, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Father Eustaquio van Lieshout
Do you have any references for this article? Anything related to his travels to this supposed place called "Poo"? — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-12-10 22:03

 * I am travelling right now and obtained the information from a pamphlet published by the Picpus Fathers. When I return I will cite the pamphlet.  In the meantime, I've linked a German article that essentially presents some of the information in the article. Aloysius Patacsil 05:54, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Pio Cardinal Taofinu'u
In true Wikipedia style there are now two pages (since 20/01/06) on the late cardinal - Pio Cardinal Taofinu'u and Pio Cardinal Taofinuu - the difference being the appostrophe (or lack thereof). Rahter than straight out redirect from the latter to the former, I have incorporated some of the latter's text into the former (including the Saomoan quote). This is because I respect the work of other Wikipedians and do not want to redirect the page with out giving you some warning first. If you could just insert the redirect code on the page some time reasonably soon that'd be great.Tobit 11:10, 22 January 2006 (UTC) Cheers

Deletions
I have additionally proposed on grounds on non-notability the deletions of Johnathan Hurrell, James McDonough, William Petrie, Paul Zaccone, Stephen Van den Eynde, Felix Vandebroek, Edward Popish, Marisi Palepale, Harold Meyer, Albert Miechielsen, Paul McLeod, Bertram Lock, Joseph Hendriks, Clarence Guerreiro, Thomas Choo, Lawrence Mampaey, Athanasius Bous, Andrew LaRiviere, Matthew Alencastre, Albert Leunens, Christopher Keahi, Clyde Guerreiro, James Anguay, Gaston Diels, Nobincio Fernandez, Albert Garcia, Clement Geysen, Herman Gomes, Father Edward Martin, Rev. Francis Schellemans

Discussion of all articles is under one title at Articles for deletion/Paul Zaccone. I consider them to be the same situation as Articles for deletion/S. Somasegar. Rmhermen 20:13, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Please include Lane K. Akiona for the same reason. Thanks.Chedlund808 (talk) 06:32, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

Translation
Hi! I'm looking for a translation into hawaian for wikipedia babel of the catalan wikipedia. The required sentence is:

This user does not understand Hawaian (or understands it with considerable difficulty).

If it's possible, write "does not understadn" and "Hawaian" this way

Thank you. Gangleri2001 (Talk to me)

Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia, as you did to Joseph Bukoski, III. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. A link to the edit I have reverted can be found here: link. If you believe this edit should not have been reverted, please contact me. CynicalMe 07:47, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Clergy
Please do not use this template. There will be major works to take place on template pursuant to this closed discussion.

Thank you for your contributions to wikipedia. I noticed that in you introduced one or more internal links that inappropriately targeted non-existent articles. Articles that will never be created or are not relevant to the article should not be linked. Please see Only make links that are relevant to the context for more information regarding what should and shouldn't be linked in articles. --Hemlock Martinis 05:48, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Bishop Silva Crest.jpg, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 16:36, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

see post in Talk:Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Clergy
I wrote some questions here for you to check. Thank you. --Pinay (talk•email) 07:44, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Clergy
I've nominated Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Clergy, an article you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but in this particular case I do not feel that Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Clergy satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion; I have explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Clergy and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Clergy during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you.RJASE1 Talk  09:05, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Scouting in Hawaii
Can you please help render "Be Prepared", the Scout Motto, into Hawaiian? Mahalo! Chris 04:38, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Necrology
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu - Necrology, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Fram (talk) 12:36, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:SILVA.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:SILVA.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the media description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace this non-free media by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our non-free content criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, non-free media which could be replaced by freely licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if uploaded before 13 July 2006), per our non-free content policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Hekerui (talk) 22:30, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Aloysius Patacsil! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 23:59, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Jorge María Mejía -
 * 2) Lane K. Akiona -

Proposed deletion of Lane K. Akiona

The article Lane K. Akiona has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Not notable it appears. Nothing here seems to indicate anything more than a typical cleric.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Scott Mac 20:14, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of George DeCosta

The article George DeCosta has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Insufficent coverage to support a verifiable article, let alone meet the biographical or general notability guidelines. No non-mirror coverage to be found from a Google search, and no coverage whatsoever in Google News.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. -- Lear's Fool 12:43, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Anselm Ernest Gouveia

The article Anselm Ernest Gouveia has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * While I am sure he was notable for the people that he served in his parishes, he does not seem to meet Wikipedia's wider notability guidelines.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Pax85 (talk) 14:41, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Hello. I noticed that you have edited a number of articles on Catholicism. A discussion is taking place as to whether the website Catholic-Hierarchy.org is a reliable source that can be utilized on Wikipedia or whether all references and information derived from it should be deleted. This topic is currently being discussed at the Reliable Sources Noticeboard. As the website's removal as a reference will affect several thousand Wikipedia articles, I believe that the broadest range of opinions should be obtained before action is taken. Please contribute if interested.Patapsco913 (talk) 22:07, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

"Psalter (Roman Catholic)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Psalter (Roman Catholic) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 4 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Veverve (talk) 16:44, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aloysius Patacsil


text:
Talk:Kensington Runestone

External links modified
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New evidence that this is 19th century
Still not properly published though. Doug Weller  talk 17:55, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

Skerries or shelters
Translation of the runes is difficult and there seems to be a dispute over what this word is. Any suggestions how to deal with this? Doug Weller talk 18:38, 30 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Report what the sources say, which may well be that the meaning is unclear. Jonathunder (talk) 20:11, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

Of course, but I couldn't find the first source. I'll look tomorrow. Doug Weller talk 20:28, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

 * This issue is in the rune cluster in the fourth word on line four on the front of the artifact. It contains the "j" rune, the only place that rune is used on the stone.  Runes are alphabets, and there is no standard one.  Runic alphabets change over time and geography.  When any runic inscription is translated, the runes have to be first transliterated into the sounds of the Latin alphabet.  In 1906 Noreen transliterated this rune into the Scandinavian "j" which has the sound of the y in "yah" in English.  Holand followed suit.  This transliterated the word into "skyar" skerries.  Henkrik Williams transliterated the rune as an "l" following the runic alphabets drawn in the Larsson brothers's letters, 1883 and 1885.  This transliterates the word into "skelar" shelters.  This may be too technical for the Wikipedia post. Edwards Geologist (talk) 18:55, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * @Edwards GeologistI think it is. Doug Weller  talk 19:09, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

Location is southernmost point in Laurentian divide

Hoax or no hoax, the location is the southernmost point in the Laurentian continental divide. Could 14th century surveyors figured that out? After the grand USGS survey results were in, that fact could have been the thing to motivate a hoaxer. The fact is, the stone was placed at the southernmost point of the Laurentian continental divide, and this fact isn't discussed much in the literature that I can tell. 172.58.142.156 (talk) 23:18, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

 * If that was the motivation of a modern-day hoaxer, I'd expect them to get closer to the actual southernmost point, which you could identify within a few feet. The runestone was found about fifty miles to the northeast of the Traverse Gap.
 * For Vikings... plotting out the height-of-land would probably have been possible, but without modern equipment, it would have been an enormous project with no real point. Even if they were exploring and map-making, there are so many better ways their time could be spent. And again, it'd be weird for them to put all that effort in, and then miss by fifty miles.
 * I think it's just a coincidence ApLundell (talk) 03:26, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

Dialect analysis
A recent analysis attempts to pin down the dialect of the carver and uses these linguistic traits to argue that the carver was Anders Andersson, a friend of Olof Öhman. Haukur (talk) 22:27, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

Recent article by a retired geologist
The Kensington Runestone: Geological Evidence of a Hoax,Harold Edwards. 2020, The Minnesota Archaeologist.

Abstract: "Analyses of the geology, geological provenance, fabrication, and lack of weathering show it consistent with an 1898 date and not a 1362 date. The agstone that was used as the raw material is not native to the Kensington area. Toolimpressions and other features of its fabrication are consistent with nineteenth century practice, not four-teenth century practice. All of the letters are virtually unweathered. A calcite-rich coating covers the lowerleft corner of the front. This coating is consistent with stucco applied to the surface of the sandstone. This coating is less weathered than the calcite in 61-year old marble tombstones found in Minnesota, so it couldnot have been exposed for 536 years. It is well established from karst geology that calcite weathers at leastone and a half times faster below ground than at the surface, so if the artifact were buried for any lengthof time, its calcite-rich coating, including its inscription, would have been obliterated. This artifact wascreated near the time of its discovery, and is a late nineteenth century hoax" Loads more detail.

Doug Weller talk 14:36, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Here is a link to a pdf of my article:
 * https://www.academia.edu/45218145/The_Kensington_Runestone_Geological_Evidence_of_a_Hoax
 * My article does not name the carver of the artifact. Here is a link to a talk I gave showing that he was Olof Ohman and why Ohman did it:
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96009fUbMLo
 * Here a link to a pdf of the slides used in the talk:
 * https://www.academia.edu/52522029/The_Kensington_Stone_The_Anatomy_of_a_Hoax
 * I will leave it to you to determine how much if anything should be posted on Wikipedia.
 * There are two major defects of this Wikipedia entry. First, it does not convey the changing story Olof Ohman and his sons gave over the years about the month of the discovery, who was present when the artifact was dug up, how deep the artifact was buried, and the exact spot the article was found.  This inconsistencies give doubt to the truthfulness of the Ohmans. Second, it does not place the works of Blegen (1960), Wahlgren (1958), Winchell (1915 reprint of 1910 paper), and Holand (1932) in the "Literature" section.  These are the most important works on the artifact and Blegen's is the best of the lot. Edwards Geologist (talk) 18:33, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * @Edwards Geologist I’m having health problems and chemo but will see what I can do. Doug Weller  talk 19:10, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Please do. I am sorry for your predicament.  Wikipedia forbids original research.  Much of my information is as yet unpublished, and I would continually blunder.  Better someone else handles the matter.  For my part I will try to publish a paper that captures the unpublished material.  However much of it is in my Youtube lecture. Keep in mind that once the draft is finished, it takes two or more years to get a formal paper published. Edwards Geologist (talk) 15:24, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kensington Runestone


text:
Talk:Ben Goodger

Untitled
SCC http://directory.superpages.com/wp/results.jsp?SRC=&PS=15&PI=1&STYPE=WS&WF=ben&WL=goodger&T=&S=&search=Find

Where's he from?
How can he be 'b. March 31, 1980, London, England' and be 'originally from Auckland, New Zealand'?
 * Thanks for pointing that out, I've fixed it. ··gracefool |☺ 03:43, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Stub classification
I have classified this article as a stub. It needs more information on his influence on Firefox. Capitalistroadster 02:57, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ben Goodger


text:
Iwashiro, Fukushima

Iwashiro (岩代町) was a town located in Adachi District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On December 1, 2005, Iwashiro, along with the towns of Adachi and Tōwa (all from Adachi District), was merged into the expanded city of Nihonmatsu.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,002 and a density of 91.51 persons per km2. The total area was 98.37 km2. Obama Castle is located in Iwashiro.

title: Iwashiro, Fukushima


text:
Nilo Cruz

Nilo Cruz is a Cuban-American playwright and pedagogue. With his award of the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play Anna in the Tropics, he became the second Latino so honored, after Nicholas Dante.

Early years
Cruz was born in 1960 to Tina and Nilo Cruz, Sr. in Matanzas, Cuba. The family immigrated to Little Havana in Miami, Florida, in 1970 on a Freedom Flight, and eventually naturalised to the United States. His interest in theater began with acting and directing in the early 1980s. He studied theater first at Miami-Dade Community College, later moving to New York City, where Cruz studied under fellow Cuban María Irene Fornés. Fornes recommended Cruz to Paula Vogel who was teaching at Brown University where he would later receive his M.F.A. in 1994. Cruz is openly gay.

Career
In 2001, Cruz served as the playwright-in-residence for the New Theatre in Coral Gables, Florida, where he wrote Anna in the Tropics. Rafael de Acha, artistic director of the New Theatre, produced and directed the world premiere performance of Anna in the Tropics, which won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the Steinberg Award for Best New Play.

After the play was awarded the Pulitzer and Steinberg awards, Emily Mann directed a production at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey, and the play then had its Broadway premiere with Jimmy Smits in the lead role.

Some of the theatres that have developed and performed Cruz’s works include New York's Public Theater, New York Theatre Workshop, Pasadena Playhouse, McCarter Theatre, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, South Coast Repertory, The Alliance, New Theatre, Florida Stage, and the Coconut Grove Playhouse.

Cruz wrote the book of the Frank Wildhorn-Jack Murphy musical Havana. Its scheduled world premiere at the Pasadena Playhouse has been delayed by the theatre's declaration of bankruptcy in 2010.

Cruz has translated plays into both Spanish and English. His adaptation and translation of La vida es sueño (Life Is a Dream) in English premiered at South Coast Repertory in 2007. He translated the script for Hamlet, Prince of Cuba at Asolo Repertory Theatre into Spanish for the 2012 production that ran simultaneously in English and Spanish on alternating nights.

Cruz has been the recipient of numerous awards and fellowships, including two NEA/TCG National Theatre Artist Residency grants, a Rockefeller Foundation grant, San Francisco's W. Alton Jones award, a Kennedy Center Fund for New American Plays award, and a USA Artist Fellowship.

Cruz is a frequent collaborator with Peruvian-American composer Gabriela Lena Frank. To date, they have completed a set of orchestral songs, La centinela y la paloma (The Keeper and the Dove), for soprano Dawn Upshaw and the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra (premiered under the baton of Joana Carneiro in February 2011); The Saint Maker for soprano Jessica Rivera, mezzo-soprano Rachel Calloway, the San Francisco Girls Chorus, and the Berkeley Symphony in May 2013; Journey of the Shadow for narrator and ensemble of eleven players (San Francisco Chamber Orchestra premiering in April 2013); the Conquest Requiem for soprano, baritone, orchestra, and chorus for the Houston Symphony under the baton of Andrés Orozco-Estrada in May 2017 which will be recorded by the Nashville Symphony in November 2022 for the Naxos label; and Cinco Lunas de Lorca (The Five Moons of Lorca) as a digital short for countertenor, choir, and piano for the Los Angeles Opera. Their newest project is El último sueño de Frida y Diego (The Last Dream of Frida and Diego), a two-act opera commissioned by San Diego Opera and San Francisco Opera with a premiere in October 2022.

Cruz penned the libretto to composer Jimmy López's opera Bel Canto which had its world premiere at the Lyric Opera of Chicago on December 7, 2015.

Cruz's most recent work is Bathing in Moonlight, a world premiere featuring Raul Mendez, Priscilla Lopez, Hannia Guillen, Frankie J. Alvarez, Michael Rudko, and Katty Velasquez. Directed by Emily Mann, Bathing in Moonlight ran September 9 - October 9, 2016, at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey. Bathing in Moonlight is the recipient of an Edgerton Foundation New Play Award and a 2016 Greenfield Prize.

Cruz is an alumnus of New Dramatists and has taught playwriting at Brown University, the University of Iowa, and Yale University. He currently lives in New York City and Miami.

Awards and honors
In 2003, Cruz received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play Anna in the Tropics.

In 2009, Cruz received the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award for a distinguished American playwright in mid-career.

In 2010, Cruz was awarded the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) from Whittier College.

Plays

 * Dancing on Her Knees (1994)
 * Night Train to Bolina (1995)
 * A Park in Our House (1995)
 * Two Sisters and a Piano (1998)
 * A Bicycle Country (1999)
 * Hortensia and the Museum of Dreams (2001)
 * Anna in the Tropics (2002)
 * Lorca in a Green Dress  (2003)
 * Capricho (2003)
 * Beauty of the Father (2006)
 * The Color of Desire (2010)
 * Hurricane (2010)
 * Soto Voce (2014)
 * Bathing in Moonlight (2016)
 * Exquisita Agonía (Exquisite Agony) (2018)

Musicals

 * Havana – music by Frank Wildhorn, lyrics by Jack Murphy, book by Cruz

Translations

 * A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings – a children's play that is an adaptation of a short story by Gabriel García Márquez
 * Doña Rosita the Spinster – by Federico García Lorca
 * The House of Bernarda Alba – by Federico García Lorca
 * Life is a Dream – by Pedro Calderón de la Barca

title: Nilo Cruz


text:
Tōwa, Fukushima

Tōwa (東和町) was a town located in Adachi District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On December 1, 2005, Tōwa, along with the towns of Adachi and Iwashiro (all from Adachi District), was merged into the expanded city of Nihonmatsu.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,041 and a density of 111.34 persons per km2. The total area was 72.22 km2.

title: Tōwa, Fukushima


text:
Hellebore

Commonly known as hellebores, the Eurasian genus Helleborus consists of approximately 20 species of herbaceous or evergreen perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, within which it gave its name to the tribe of Helleboreae. Many hellebore species are poisonous.

Despite common names such as winter rose, Christmas rose, and Lenten rose, hellebores are not closely related to the rose family (Rosaceae).

Description
The flowers have five petal-like sepals surrounding a ring of small, cup-like nectaries which are actually petals modified to hold nectar. The sepals do not fall as petals would, but remain on the plant, sometimes for many months. The persistence of the sepals may contribute to the development of the seeds.

Taxonomy
The genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in volume one of his Species Plantarum in 1753.

The scientific name Helleborus could derive from the Ancient Greek word, the common name for H. orientalis, constructed from  (, "to injure") and  , "food.". It is also possibly from Greek, ἄλκη “fawn”, βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat”).

Species and subspecies
Twenty-two species are recognised and divided into six sections. The table below shows the species of the genus Helleborus, give its common name, the area of distribution, an image if available and the meaning of the scientific name. The cladogram shows the relationship between the different species determined with microbiological methods by Meiners et al. (2011).

Caulescent species
These four species have leaves on their flowering stems (in H. vesicarius the stems die back each year; it also has basal leaves).

 * Helleborus argutifolius – Corsican hellebore
 * Helleborus foetidus – stinking hellebore or setterwort
 * Helleborus lividus
 * Helleborus vesicarius

Acaulescent (stemless) species
These species have basal leaves. They have no true leaves on their flower stalks (although there are leafy bracts where the flower stalks branch).

 * Helleborus atrorubens
 * Helleborus croaticus
 * Helleborus cyclophyllus
 * Helleborus dumetorum
 * Helleborus abruzzicus
 * Helleborus liguricus
 * Helleborus bocconei
 * Helleborus multifidus
 * Helleborus multifidus subsp. hercegovinus
 * Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus
 * Helleborus multifidus subsp. multifidus
 * Helleborus niger – Christmas rose or black hellebore
 * Helleborus niger subsp. macranthus (syn. H. niger major)
 * Helleborus niger subsp. niger
 * Helleborus odorus
 * Helleborus odorus subsp. laxus
 * Helleborus odorus subsp. odorus
 * Helleborus orientalis – Lenten rose, Lenten hellebore, oriental hellebore (N.B. most of the Lenten hellebores in gardens are now considered to be H. × hybridus)
 * Helleborus orientalis subsp. abchasicus (syn. H. abchasicus)
 * Helleborus orientalis subsp. guttatus
 * Helleborus orientalis subsp. orientalis (syn. H. caucasicus, H. kochii)
 * Helleborus purpurascens
 * Helleborus thibetanus (syn. H. chinensis)
 * Helleborus torquatus
 * Helleborus viridis - green hellebore or bear's-foot
 * Helleborus occidentalis (formerly H. viridis subsp. occidentalis)

Other species names (now considered invalid) may be encountered in older literature, including H. hyemalis, H. polychromus, H. ranunculinus, H. trifolius.

Hellebore hybrids

Hybridising (deliberate and accidental) between H. orientalis and several other closely related species and subspecies has vastly improved the colour-range of the flowers, which now extends from slate grey, near-black, deep purple and plum, through rich red and pinks to yellow, white and green. The outer surface of the sepals is often green-tinged, and as the flower ages it usually becomes greener inside and out; individual flowers often remain on the plant for a month or more. The inner surface of each sepal may be marked with veins, or dotted or blotched with pink, red or purple. "Picotee" flowers, whose pale-coloured sepals have narrow margins of a darker colour, are much sought-after, as are those with dark nectaries which contrast with the outer sepals.

Recent breeding programmes have also created double-flowered and anemone-centred plants. Ironically, doing this is actually reversing the evolutionary process in which hellebores' true petals had been modified into nectaries; it is usually these nectaries which become the extra petals in double, semi-double and anemone-centred flowers. Double-flowered hellebores provide a very interesting variation to the standard hellebore. They are generally easy to maintain and share the same planting conditions as the standard hellebore.

Semi-double flowers have one or two extra rows of petals; doubles have more. Their inner petals are generally very like the outer ones in colour and patterning. They are often of a similar length and shape, though they may be slightly shorter and narrower, and some are attractively waved or ruffled. By contrast, anemone-centred flowers have, cupped within the five normal outer petals, a ring of much shorter, more curved extra petals (sometimes trumpet-shaped, intermediate in appearance between petals and nectaries), which may be a different colour from the outer petals. These short, extra petals (sometimes known as "petaloids") drop off after the flower has been pollinated, leaving an apparently single flower, whereas doubles and semi-doubles tend to retain their extra petals after pollination.

Interspecific hybrids
Gardeners and nurserymen have also created hybrids between less closely related species. The earliest was probably H. × nigercors, a cross between H. niger and H. argutifolius (formerly H. lividus subsp. corsicus or H. corsicus, hence the name) first made in 1931. H. × sternii, a cross between H. argutifolius and H. lividus, first exhibited in 1947, is named after the celebrated British plantsman Sir Frederick Stern. H. × ballardiae (H. niger crossed with H. lividus) and H. × ericsmithii (H. niger crossed with H. × sternii) similarly commemorate the noted British nursery owners Helen Ballard and Eric Smith. In recent years, Ashwood Nurseries (of Kingswinford in the English Midlands), already well known for its Ashwood Garden Hybrids (H. × hybridus singles, semi-doubles, doubles and anemone-centres), has created hybrids between H. niger and H. thibetanus (called H. 'Pink Ice'), and between H. niger and H. vesicarius (called H. 'Briar Rose'). The gardenworthiness of these hybrids has still to be proven.

The following hellebore species and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

 * H. argutifolius
 * H. foetidus
 * H. lividus
 * H. niger
 * H. × sternii 'Blackthorn Group'

Distribution

Various species of this genus originated in Europe and Asia. The greatest concentration of species occurs in the Balkans. One atypical species (H. thibetanus) comes from western China; another atypical species (H. vesicarius) inhabits a small area on the border between Turkey and Syria.

Phytomyza hellebori
More commonly known as the Hellebore leaf miner, Phytomyza hellebori is a small fly that infests only the H. foetidus plants in the Hellebore genus. The leaf miner fly digs tunnels into the leaves of the H. foetidus. The tunnels create brownish-black blotches on the plant. These later turn into a nesting ground where the flies lay their eggs. With time, the leaves turn a brownish-white along where the tunnels were dug. The larvae start to eat the inside of the leaves in August, and damage develops from the late summer to the early spring, with heavy attacks leaving the foliage disfigured by spring.

To control heavy infestations, the leaves can be removed and destroyed during the winter months before the adult flies emerge. Insecticides can be used with limited effectiveness in controlling larvae and fly populations in the plant. Insecticides may harm non-leaf miner flies if applied during the hellebore's flowering period.

Macrosiphum hellebori
Macrosiphum hellebori, commonly known as 'Hellebore aphid' or 'greenfly', is a sap-feeding aphid that infests the flowers and foliage of hellebore plants. The whitish-green aphids are about 2–4 mm long and form dense colonies on hellebores, coating them with a honeydew that can lead to the growth of sooty mold on the leaves and flowers of the hellebore. This species of aphid only affects hellebores and is most active in March and April when the hellebores are flowering and when few aphid predators are around, though they may infest during any time of the year.

Aphids start their feeding from the outside the flowers, beginning at the leaves and then moving towards the flower petals of the hellebore. As the hellebore beings to open, the aphids try to move into the flower. The aphids then feed on the inner parts of the plant as well as the young stems and shoots. As the population grows, the aphids eventually eat the remaining parts of the plant, such as older leaves, for food.

Aphid infestations can be controlled through persistent squashing of the aphids manually or by using insecticides. It is not recommended to spray flowering hellebores as it may harm the non-aphid pollinating insects.

Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinerea or grey mold is a fungal disease that infects most ornamental plants. The fungus causes a decay of plant tissues and grows fuzzy gray-brown mold over the decaying areas, such as the buds, leaves, and flowers. Parts of the plant may shrivel and die after exposure to the mold, particularly the flowers. Typically the fungus infects plants only through an open wound or when the plant is under stress, but it has also been known to infect plants in humid conditions. If the humidity is low, the mold may be contained to discrete spots on the plant, but the mold has been known to spread rapidly in highly humid conditions. Grey mold is not seasonally dependent and can infect a plant at any time of the year. The fungus forms black seed-like structures in the dead plant tissue to create its spores to help it survive when new host plants are scarce. The spores are spread through the air to new plants.

To treat the infected plant, the first step is to remove infected and dying leaves, buds, and flowers immediately along with any other dead plant materials around the hellebore. The next step is to reduce the humidity around the plant by improving the ventilation and ensuring the plants are not overcrowded.

Coniothyrium hellebori
Coniothyrium hellebori is a fungus that causes the most common fungal disease for helleborus species known as Hellebore black spot or leaf spot. The disease is most common not only in botanical and ornamental gardens but also in hellebore nurseries as well. Visible symptoms include blackish-brown spots that often appear as rings on the leaf blade or at the margins of the leaf. The spots continue to grow larger as the disease progresses, retaining an elliptical or circular shape and turning a dark brown or black color. The spots grow until they infect the whole leaf. Petioles and flowers can also be infected, but the disease is primarily seen in the leaves. The symptoms become visible in the spring and worsen with time.

The small black fruiting bodies which carry the spores, pycnidia, are formed in the dead cells of the leaf spots. The spores are mainly spread by water, wind, and wind-blown rain. The fungus has an ideal habitat to spread and grow at the final growth site for hellebore plants, and if left untreated, the spores remain for many years. The most effective method against C. hellebori is to remove and destroy the infected leaves immediately to avoid reinfection the following spring.

Helleborus net necrosis virus
Helleborus net necrosis virus (HeNNV), also known as Hellebore black death, is an RNA virus that can cause serious disease in Hellebore plants by stunting or deforming the plant as it grows. The disease marks the leaves of the hellebores with black streaks, often following the veins of the leaf, and creating ring patterns. It can also mark the sepals and flowers with black spots or streaks but does not always do so. When symptoms are severe, new leaves have limited growth before dying off. The most seriously affected in the UK is H. orientalis, but all hellebores are susceptible to the disease. The most effective method of treatment against black death is to dig up and destroy all infected plants immediately. Many viruses are not transmitted through seeds, so it is possible to raise new disease resistant plants this way.

Pseudomonas viridiflava
Pseudomonas viridiflava is a bacterium that has been claimed to cause disease in hellebores in New Zealand, among other plants. The bacterial disease manifested on hellebore plants in the form of black leaf spots, necrosis petal, and stem lesions. The most popular ornamental and commercial crop grown in New Zealand is H. orientalis and its hybrids, of which 90 percent of the H. orientalis in the Tauranga nursery contracted the disease after several days of moderate rainfall. The disease caused discoloration in the form of black leaf spots that were circular and about 1.5–2 mm in diameter, black stem lesions, and dry, grey to brown lesions with distinct margins on the flower petals. The symptoms were different from other leaf-spotting hellebore diseases, such as those caused by the fungus Coniothyrium and the bacteria Xanthomonas The case in New Zealand is the only reported case of P. viridiflava infecting hellebores so far, but in other plants P. viridiflava has been reported to also induce symptoms such as leaf rot, leaf blotch, stem necrosis and blossom blight.

Horticulture
Hellebores are widely grown in United States Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 5a to 8b gardens for decorative purposes. They are particularly valued by gardeners for their winter and early spring flowering period; the plants are surprisingly frost-resistant and many are evergreen. Also of value is their shade tolerance. Many species of hellebore have green or greenish-purple flowers and are of limited garden value, although Corsican hellebore (H. argutifolius), a robust plant with pale green, cup-shaped flowers and attractive leathery foliage, is widely grown. So is the 'stinking hellebore' or setterwort (H. foetidus), which has drooping clusters of small, pale green, bell-shaped flowers, often edged with maroon, which contrasts with its dark evergreen foliage. H. foetidus 'Wester Flisk', with red-flushed flowers and flower stalks, is becoming popular, as are more recent selections with golden-yellow foliage.

The so-called Christmas rose (H. niger), a traditional cottage garden favourite, bears its pure white flowers (which often age to pink) in the depths of winter; large-flowered cultivars are available, as are pink-flowered and double-flowered selections.

The most popular hellebores for garden use are H. orientalis and its colourful hybrids, H. × hybridus (Lenten rose). In the northern hemisphere, they flower in early spring, around the period of Lent, and are often known as Lenten hellebores, oriental hellebores, or Lenten roses. They are excellent for bringing early colour to shady herbaceous borders and areas between deciduous shrubs and under trees.

The cultivar ='Walhero' (sometimes listed under H. × hybridus) has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Toxicity
All helleborus plants are toxic, and all parts of the helleborus plant are toxic. Hellebore poisoning is rare, but it does occur. Hellebore plants are usually left alone by animals such as deer and rabbits because the leaves of the plant produce poisonous alkaloids, making them distasteful to animals. The poisonous alkaloids have been known to sometimes bother gardeners with sensitive skin. It was used in the First Sacred War at the start of the sixth century BC to poison the water supply of the city of Kirrha.

Poisonings occur through ingestion or handling. Hellebore plants should not be ingested as poisoning cases are most severe when the plants are eaten. This is especially true when hellebores are eaten in large quantities. Symptoms of ingestion include: burning of the mouth and throat, salivation, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nervous symptoms, and possibly depression. Consuming large quantities of hellebore plants can be fatal. Toxic cardiac glycosides occur in the roots. High levels of ranunculin and protoanemonin, especially in the leaves and sap, also contribute to symptoms after ingestion.

Dermatitis may also occur from handling the hellebore plants without protection. This is typically caused by the ranunculin and protoanemonin found on the outside of the plant, including the leaves, stem, flower, and sap. The poison on the outside of the plant causes irritation and burning sensations on the skin. When collecting seeds from hellebore plants, it is recommended to wait for the pods to dry and shake them out into a container or onto the ground to collect. Attempts to remove the seeds by hand exposes skin to the potent toxins in the sap of the hellebore, which can increase the damage done to the skin. Small or minimal exposure to the toxins should only cause a mild irritation to the skin, and the affliction should only last for a few minutes. If the burning persists or intensifies, it is recommended to wash the affected areas thoroughly to remove the toxins and see a doctor.

The species historically known as "Black hellebore" cause tinnitus, vertigo, stupor, thirst, anaphylaxis, emesis (vomiting), catharsis, bradycardia (slowing of the heart rate), and finally, collapse and death from cardiac arrest. Although Helleborus niger (black hellebore) contains protoanemonin or ranunculin, which has an acrid taste and can cause burning of the eyes, mouth, and throat, oral ulceration, gastroenteritis, and hematemesis, research in the 1970s showed that the roots of H. niger do not contain the cardiotoxic compounds helleborin, hellebrin, and helleborein that are responsible for the lethal reputation of "black hellebore". It seems that earlier studies may have used a commercial preparation containing a mixture of material from other species such as Helleborus viridis, green hellebore.

Uses
In the early days of medicine, two kinds of hellebore were recognized: black hellebore, which included various species of Helleborus, and white hellebore, now known as Veratrum album, which belongs to a different plant family, the Melanthiaceae. Although the latter plant is highly toxic, containing veratrine and the teratogens cyclopamine (which can cause the fatal birth defect of cyclopia) and jervine, it is believed to be the "hellebore" used by Hippocrates as a purgative.

Despite its toxicity, "black hellebore" was used by the Greek and Romans to treat paralysis, gout and other diseases, more particularly insanity.

Culture
H. niger is commonly called the Christmas rose, due to an old legend that it sprouted in the snow from the tears of a young girl who had no gift to give the Christ Child in Bethlehem.

In Greek mythology, Melampus of Pylos used hellebore to save the daughters of the king of Argos from a madness, induced by Dionysus, that caused them to run naked through the city, crying, weeping, and screaming.

During the Siege of Kirrha in 585 BC, hellebore was reportedly used by the Greek besiegers to poison the city's water supply. The defenders were subsequently so weakened by diarrhea that they were unable to defend the city from assault.

In a fit of madness induced by Hera, Heracles killed his children by Megara. His madness was cured using hellebore.

title: Hellebore


text:
Adachi District, Fukushima

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Iwashiro Province > Adachi District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Fukushima Prefecture > Adachi District

Adachi (安達郡) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. As of January 2007, the district has a population of 8,577 and an area of 79.46 km2, for a population density of 107.9 per km2.

Towns and villages

 * Ōtama

History

 * On December 1, 2005, the towns of Adachi, Iwashiro and Tōwa merged into the city of Nihonmatsu.
 * On January 1, 2007, the village of Shirasawa and the town of Motomiya merged to form the city of Motomiya, leaving the district.

Prior to the merger, as of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 68,436 and a density of 178.99 persons per km2. The total area was 382.34 km2.

title: Adachi District, Fukushima


text:
Naganuma, Fukushima

Naganuma (長沼町) was a town located in Iwase District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,455 and a density of 106.98 persons per km2. The total area was 60.34 km2.

History
The people lived in Naganuma, because of Jomon pottery(縄文土器)and Dugout(竪穴式住居)discovered from Tsukakoshi remains in 25th century BC.

Naganuma town built by Takatoki Naganuma in 1260 AD.

It is deserted castle by Decree of One Castle Per Province(一国一城令) in 1615 AD.

Old Naganuma was formed as a result of the enforcement of town organization in 1901 AD.

Old Naganuma town and Hokotsuki village merged Naganuma town in 1955 AD.

On April 1, 2005 AD, Naganuma, along with the village of Iwase (also from Iwase District), was merged into the expanded city of Sukagawa.

Education

 * Naganuma Kindergarten
 * Naganuma Primary School
 * Naganuma East Primary School
 * Naganuma Junior High School
 * Naganuma High School

Tradition
From Edo era to Meiji era made Naganuma dyed paper(長沼染型紙).And from Meiji era to Taisho era made Naganuma ware(長沼焼).

Tourist spot

 * Naganuma Castle
 * Fujinuma Lake National park
 * Naganuma Folk Museum
 * Naganuma Minami Kodate

Festival

 * Naganuma Nebuta Festival

Transportation
From Sukagawa station to Naganuma town (Yatano or Yokota) by bus in Sukagawa station stop 1 pole.

It take about one hour.

title: Naganuma, Fukushima


text:
Kagamiishi, Fukushima

Kagamiishi (鏡石町) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 12,272 in 4434 households, and a population density of 390 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 31.30 km2..

Geography
Kagamiishi is located on a plateau with an average elevation of 280 meters in south-central Fukushima prefecture, bordered by the Shakado River to the west and the Abukuma River to the east.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Ten'ei
 * Sukagawa
 * Yabuki
 * Tamakawa

Climate
Kagamiishi has a humid climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Kagamiishi is 11.8 C. The average annual rainfall is 1286 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.5 C, and lowest in January, at around 0.2 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kagamiishi has plateaued after a long period of growth.

History
The area of present-day Kagamiishi was part of ancient Mutsu Province and formed part of the holdings of Shirakawa Domain during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, it was organized as part of Iwase District in the Nakadōri region of Iwashiro Province. Kagamiishi Village was formed on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. It was elevated to town status on August 1, 1962. During the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, over 1000 structures were severely damaged or destroyed, corresponding to approximately 23 percent of the town,

Economy
The economy of Kagamiishi is primarily agricultural.

Education
Kagamiishi has two public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Fukushima Prefectural Board of Education.
 * Kagamiishi Middle School
 * Fukushima Prefectural Iwase Agricultural High School

Railway
JR East – Tōhoku Main Line
 * Kagamiishi

Highway

 * JP Expressway E4.svg Tōhoku Expressway

Local attractions

 * Iwase Farm

title: Kagamiishi, Fukushima


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title: User:Ellsass/standard.css


text:
Iwase, Fukushima

Iwase (岩瀬村) was a village located in Iwase District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 5,993 and a density of 93.31 persons per km2. The total area was 64.23 km2.

History
Shirakata village merged the Shirae village and it was Iwase village in 1955.

On April 1, 2005, Iwase, along with the town of Naganuma (also from Iwase District), was merged into the expanded city of Sukagawa

Education
・Shirakata Primary School

・Shirae Primary School

・Iwase Junior High School

Event
A Japanese drone meeting held at Iwase yukyu no sato in every August.

title: Iwase, Fukushima


text:
Stehekin, Washington

Stehekin is a small unincorporated community in Chelan County, Washington. The name "Stehekin" comes from a word in the Salishan language that means "the way through". Stehekin has somewhat more than 100 permanent residents, although its population swells during the summer with vacationers and seasonal workers.

Stehekin is part of Wenatchee–East Wenatchee Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located at the northwest end of Lake Chelan, the town lies just south of the North Cascades National Park. Stehekin is within the Lake Chelan National Recreation Area, a unit administered by the National Park Service. The Glacier Peak Wilderness Area lies to the northwest of Stehekin.

History
The upper end of Lake Chelan was part of a major east-west corridor for Native Americans for at least 9,000 years connecting communities on either side of the Cascade Range. In the 1800s, Native Americans in the Lake Chelan and Upper Skagit Valley referred to the pass between them as Stehekin meaning "the way through". Natives would store canoes at the head of the lake. White settlement began around 1875 when prospectors began searching for minerals in and around the Stehekin Valley. Mining activity increased in the 1880s with significant ore discoveries through 1891. A small gold rush occurred in the area.

Difficulty in accessing the community created problems for miners attempting to get their product to markets. Numerous proposals for wagon roads, railroads, and later vehicle highways were created in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, but none were brought to fruition and the village remains disconnected from the North American road and railroad networks. A road was built connecting the original dock on the south side of the Stehekin River to mining areas up the valley in the 1890s. This route was abandoned within a few years when a new dock was built on the north side of the river.

William Buzzard homesteaded and cleared a 160 acre area and planted a small garden in 1889. This was sold in 1911 to the Buckner family, who developed it into a small farm and orchard that they operated into the 1940s. A post office was established in Stehekin in 1892.

The Stehekin Valley Road was included in Washington's inventory of state highways during the first half of the 20th century before passing into the hands of Chelan County and later the federal government. The last extension of the road was in 1949, from which point mining interest stopped proposing extensions due to the high cost of construction and maintenance. Sections were abandoned after flood damage in 1995 and 2003.

Tourism
Stehekin is visited by hikers and bikers in the summer, and snowshoers and skiers in the winter, as well as photographers year-round. Sights and attractions in Stehekin include the Buckner Homestead Historic District, The Golden West Visitor Center, the Stehekin Pastry Company, the one-room Stehekin School, the 312' Rainbow Falls, Harlequin Bridge, and the CCC-constructed National Park Service cabin at High Bridge. Trout and sockeye salmon are popular targets for fishing in Stehekin.

Transportation
There is no road access to Stehekin, although roughly 10 mi of road exist in the Stehekin Valley. The town is accessible by passenger ferries operated by the Lake Chelan Boat Company, by private boat from Chelan, by foot over Cascade Pass, by floatplane, or by small aircraft that land on a turf airstrip open from June through September. Vehicles in Stehekin are barged up Lake Chelan. The Stehekin Airport is noted by the Washington State Department of Transportation as being one of the state's most challenging. While only 1230 ft in elevation, there are mountains on the sides and trees at each end of the 2630 ft runway. The airport is often used as a base for firefighting, at which times it is closed to the public.

In addition to these means of access, visitors come to Stehekin by horseback and hiking. In 2003, much of the upper (northern) half of the Stehekin Valley Road was washed out by the nearby Stehekin River. Thus, access via Cascade Pass has become more difficult, adding as much as 10 mi to the already strenuous trek. Stehekin is also accessible from Washington Pass via the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT). As well, the PCT can be used to access Stehekin from the Suiattle River Valley, although the hike is longer than that from Washington Pass.

A network of trails through the mountains east of Stehekin provide access by foot from the Methow Valley area. The Chelan Summit trail starts near the nexus of Grade Creek Road northwest of Chelan and provides a continuous trail all the way into Stehekin. The Lake Shore Trail, which leads into Stehekin from Prince Creek. The Lady of the Lake ferry services this trail head.

Climate
Stehekin has a dry-summer continental climate (Köppen Dsb) with warm to hot summers and heavy winter snowfall. The precipitation pattern closely resembles a Mediterranean climate and using the lower 26 F isotherm for the coldest month, Stehekin may be described as a highly unusual mediterranean climate. Winter temperatures are much colder than those encountered on the windward side of the Cascades, but are still moderate compared to areas further east. The overall temperature span has ranged from 107 F in summer to -18 F in winter. The coldest daily maximum measured was 0 F in December 1968. During the series of normals spanning from 1991 to 2020 the coldest annual maximum averaged a lot closer to the normals with 19 F. Summer nights can occasionally be very warm, with a record of 77 F from July 1907, as well as a reading of 74 F measured in 2015. In a normal year, the warmest low is 67 F.

Telephone service
Between March 15 and 28 of 2007, WeavTel, a telecommunications company based in Chelan, at the southern end of the lake, began normal operations of standard-delivery residential and business telephone service, joining Stehekin to the Washington State telephone grid after decades of isolation. With no cell phone reception, Stehekin had previously only been served by highly expensive satellite and radio telephones. Although the move was not widely accepted amongst residents, business owners found benefit in having normal telephone service.

The WeavTel service is currently limited to the Lower Stehekin Valley, around Stehekin Landing and the village proper, but WeavTel has applied for permits to extend the service into the Upper Valley using underground fiber-optic cables. The move was made possible under federal and state grants that provided support for any telecommunications company willing to extend service to rural areas. Although most other areas of North Central Washington have standard service, areas outside the city of Wenatchee have benefited from the grants as well. One of the first test phone calls was placed from Stehekin's Silver Bay Resort.

title: Stehekin, Washington


text:
Ten-ei, Fukushima

Ten-ei (天栄村) is a village located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 5,258 in 1717 households, and a population density of 23 persons per km2. The total area of the village was 225.52 km2.

Geography
Ten-ei is located in south-central Fukushima prefecture. The village spans the Pacific side of the Abukuma River watershed and the Sea of Japan side of the Agano River watershed across the Ou Mountains. Hatori Dam is located in the village, which supplies agricultural water to the Shirakawa area of the Abukuma River basin and golf courses, campgrounds, skiing around the reservoir. There are many of traditional hot springs in the village.

 * Mountains: Futamatayama (1544 m)
 * Rivers: Shakado River, Tsurunuma River

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Kōriyama
 * Sukagawa
 * Aizuwakamatsu
 * Shimogō
 * Kagamiishi
 * Yabuki
 * Shirakawa
 * Nishigō

Climate
Ten-ei has a humid climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Ten-ei is 10.8 C. The average annual rainfall is 1328 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.8 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.1 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ten-ei has declined over the past 70 years.

History
The area of present-day Ten-ei was part of ancient Mutsu Province and formed part of the holdings of Shirakawa Domain during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, it was organized as part of Iwase District in the Nakadōri region of Iwashiro Province. The villages of Makimoto, Yumoto, Oya and Hiroto were established on April 1, 1889, with the creation of the modern municipalities system. The village of Ten-ei was formed on March 31, 1955, with the merger of the villages of Makimoto, Yumoto, and a portion of Hiroto with the village of Osato.

Its population was above 10,000 in the 1950s, and this was the highest its population ever was.

Many of the houses in the village suffered severe damage from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, after which Ten-ei has experienced accelerated population decline. Additional population losses before and after the earthquake were due to the community being far from key sites.

Economy
In the 1950s the economy of Ten’ei was primarily made up of factories and agricultural operations. Ten-ei circa 2023 is majority agricultural, with Yacón a noteworthy crop.

Education
Ten-ei has four public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Junior high schools:
 * Ten-ei Junior High School (天栄村立天栄中学校)
 * Yumoto Junior High School (天栄村立湯本中学校; closed in 2023) - The building was two stories tall. Its peak population was in the 1960s. A sharp population decline occurred after 2000. The population loss resulted in it closing in 2023, with its final graduating class having two students.

Elementary schools:
 * Hiroto Elementary School (天栄村立広戸小学校)
 * Makimoto Elementary School (天栄村立牧本小学校)
 * Osato Elementary School (天栄村立大里小学校)
 * Yumoto Elementary School (天栄村立湯本小学校)

Kindergartens:
 * Ten-ei Kindergarten (天栄幼稚園)

Railway

 * Ten-ei does not have any passenger railway service.

Local attractions

 * Hatori Dam
 * Futamata Hot Spring
 * Yumoto Hot Spring
 * Ten’ei Hot Spring
 * Hatoriko Hot Spring and ski resort

title: Ten-ei, Fukushima


text:
Talk:Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)

Untitled
1984 is the British title of this film, it was released elsewhere under the title Nineteen Eighty-Four. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dlloyd (talk • contribs) 02:59, 3 August 2004 (UTC)
 * The on-screen title is Nineteen Eighty-Four. Vote for adopting this as the official title. Lee M 12:31, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The film was given limited release in the United States in December 1984 to qualify for the Oscars. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.231.179.166 (talk) 06:46, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

The music
"The Eurythmics fourth album 1984 (For the Love of Big Brother) was subsequently released as a soundtrack to the film, and includes the track "Sexcrime" which was released as a single. (A little sidenote: many people have been fond of the original Eurythmics soundtrack for the movie, which was experimental and dark, and ironically, by eradicating this soundtrack for the DVD release, the director commited the very thing which makes this movie so frightening - he altered history)"

I've extracted the following and made a rewrite of the music section for several reasons:

1. The situation as described was inaccurate - in the cinematic release, the one Eurythmics track used in the film was over the closing credits. This was done against Michael Radford's consent, possibly without his knowlege, for purely commercial reasons (Eurythmics were under contract to Virgin Records at the time).

2. Radford made a public statement at the time that the film on cinematic release was not the film he had delivered to the producers. I don't believe, therefore, that the comment that Radford "altered history" holds water. What he actually did was to restore the film he had made to its original state so that it would be seen by viewers of the DVD as he intended.

3. The page is actually supposed to be about the film, not whether people like or dislike the contribution of various people to the music soundtrack. The section on the music was a lot bigger than the section on what the film was actually about. Eurythmics fans can surely argue the merits of their music on the Eurythmics page, if they wish. --Stephen Burnett 12:00, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Might I just add, in reference to point 1, that the original UK video release follows the cinematic release in having just one Eurythmics track ("Julia") over the end credits. The video actually contains the full-length version of the track, even though the credits themselves end quite early in the song. The rest just plays out over a blank screen. --Bonalaw 12:44, 12 March 2006 (UTC).
 * When I saw the theatrical release late in 1984, it did not seem to feature the Eurythmics tracks that were releases at the time of the film. For example the Eurythmics hit 'Sex Crime', was not featured.  I heard the opposite of what the article suggests, that the Eurythmic's tracks had been removed following a row.  Gomez2002 12:26, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Remake
as we seem to be in a era of remakes (aka king kong, Resident evil, superman etc...), is there any nod to a 21st century version?86.31.236.116 10:38, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

I was wondering about a remake myself. I checked IMDB and it does have a mysterious listing for 1984 and next to it (2010). When you click on it there is nothing at all, no listing of possible actors or who is directing it. This would suck since Iwanted to do the remake, Im a wannabe screenwriter. How's this for some ideas. Anthony Hopkins as O'Brien, Clive Owen as Winston Smith, Kate Beckinsale as Julia, and Brian Cox as Charrington, and finally Ian Mckellen as Goldstein. --76.31.242.174 (talk) 01:40, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

V For Vendetta
Why the hell is there "V For Vendetta" in the See Also list? Just because something similar happened to both films? Why dont we add "Fahrenheit 451" and the "BAFTA awards" in the same way? I suggest the removal of these links. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.74.224.137 (talk) 21:21, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, since after 2 weeks I got zero responces, I'll just proceed and delete the V For Vendetta entry, feel free to add it back if you see a reason to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.75.90.100 (talk) 17:32, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, it's one thing I noticed very quickly after seeing the two films: quite ironic that the actor who played Winston Smith should also play the Big Brother-like figure in a very similar film. That's the link, not the situation. Backgroundbob 01:09, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Remove from Category:Films which explore libertarian themes
1984 is more about totalarism and its perils than libertarianism. futurebird 21:46, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Question
Is this on DVD or VHS or downloadable in US? 71.50.69.27 02:32, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

1984 (film) or Nineteen Eighty-Four (film)
I'm starting this talk section to discuss moving this page. I'll move existing comments from the top of the talk page here and continue the discussion. --Steven J. Anderson 01:44, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Please register your views and your reasoning below.

Nineteen Eighty-Four (film):

The film is listed this way at imdb. "1984" is listed as an alternate title (not the primary title) in the UK. If someone else has information to the contrary, please provide a source.--Steven J. Anderson 02:03, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

The UK title on screen and as certified by the BBFC is Nineteen Eighty-Four. 1984 only gained currency because of the stylised logo used in the UK and elsewhere. Nick Cooper 21:51, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

more differences from the novel?
Are there any more differences from the novel? Differences in events? Differences in dialogue? 218.215.143.107 01:21, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

This part in the main article

"In the novel, Winston admits making love to a prostitute - in the film, this is omitted. "

Is not true as he admitted paying $2 to make love to a prostitute. However this is no editable. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

There is a servant in the film, too. He definitely serves Wiston! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.64.54.248 (talk) 14:52, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) In the film, Winston is served some wine by O'Brien himself. In the book, a servant who is identified as a member of the Brotherhood serves Winston and Julia some wine.
 * The article suggests Julia was not at O'Brien's apartment with Winston in the novel. As far as I understood, she was there but O'Brien told her to leave before Winston. Oh Frustration (talk) 13:25, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Why does it say that Winston is killed in the novel? I've never come across that interpretation before. Mariavite (talk) 12:51, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The quote I seem to remember from the end of the novel was something like "As the long awaited bullet was entering his brain ..." But it's been years since I read it, I could be wrong. It doesn't seem like a novel interpretation to me. --Steven J. Anderson (talk) 08:22, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does say that in the penultimate paragraph of the novel, but he is sitting in the café, ignoring what is going on around him, and half-remembering, half- imagining (or having a vision of?) himself back in the Ministry of Love: "He was in the public dock, confessing everything, implicating everybody. He was walking down the white-tiled corridor, with the feeling of walking in sunlight, and an armed guard at his back. The long-hoped-for bullet was entering his brain." In the next paragraph (the last of the novel), his mind comes back to where he is (in the café) and he is pleased that he has been cured: "But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother." Kmasters0 (talk) 11:41, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Release Date
is the 10th, Oct. 1984 the release-date for England or for the US? -- Hartmann Schedel (talk) 20:34, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Brownell's comments
In the production section of this article it is written "Sonia Brownell, Orwell's widow, owned the film rights to the famed novel. Shortly before her death in 1980, Brownell eventually agreed to allow the film to be produced only under the condition that no futuristic special effects be used."

But there is no reference given to this statement. One would naturally assume that in allowing for this film to be made, Ms. Brownell would have also set some other preconditions asides from 'no futuristic special effects be used.' The film is dogmatically faithful to the book, I'd say, and it does not even shy away from showing the old technology that Orwell spoke about in the book ('floating fortresses' and so forth). Can someone please add a reference to this section?--The Diamond Apex (talk) 16:12, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I kinda disagee. I wouldn't say it "dogmatically" stays faithful. It is faithful but there are deviations in crucial areas. For example the full dialogue between O'Brien and Smith during the torture scene is left out. If you recall the novel has O'Brien mentioning the old nazis and soviet communists and how they failed to convert the heretic whereas the inner party learned not to destroy but convert the heretic so that there are no martyrs. Orwell's mention of the nazis and soviets was/is important in my opinion. There are some other areas as well.--76.31.242.174 (talk) 05:41, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Smith killed?
The novel does not depict the killing of Smith. In the final scene, as in the movie, he is sitting in the Café drinking gin and listening to the news. He just realizes that now that he has achieved his goal of learning to love Big Brother, he will be killed, and he imagines and welcomes his coming death. I edited the "differences" section to reflect this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stewart king (talk • contribs) 22:19, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Locations
"Alexandra Palace not used for the two minute hate" Are you sure? This looks very much like the Great Hall at Alexandra Palace: http://film.virtual-history.com/pic.php?id=964 vs http://www.alexandrapalace.com/For_Exhibitors/Conferences_&_banqueting/Great_Hall.html --128.16.5.246 (talk) 13:56, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

References to use

 * Please add to the list references that can be used for the film article.

 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by Erik (talk • contribs) 21:01, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by Erik (talk • contribs) 21:01, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Plot ending
He doesn't say anything, it appears to be narration. You physically cannot say "I love you" without moving your lips, try it. Should it not also be mentioned that he looks absolutely horrified? It's clear a part of him is resisting his brainwashing. Darkwarriorblake (talk) 23:12, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

I think he still loves Julia at the end as the term I love you was used between the two. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Graylandertagger (talk • contribs) 12:08, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

In the book, it is Big Brother he loves. The movie is ambiguous: Is he talking to Julia or to Big Brother? I don't think the article should assert that he "actually" means Julia and therefore his spirit hasn't been broken after all; that is just an interpretation. Rather let the article note the complete (and surely deliberate) ambiguity of the movie's ending. Fauskanger (talk) 13:58, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

This is the movie we're talking about. Not the book. You do have a point since I guess it'd be better to mention that it could go either way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Graylandertagger (talk • contribs) 17:03, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Richard Burton:

Do you think we should metion that it is richard burtons last role — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.162.241.245 (talk) 11:57, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

Filming dates
The article uses a claim from the Turner Classic Movies website, clearly sourced from IMDB's production dates, that the film started production on March 19, 1984 and wrapped in October 1984. This is completely impossible, as the film was released in October 1984 in the UK. Also, no film like this would take seven months to film. Two months would have been a reasonable amount of time, and indeed, there is a title card at the end of the film stating that it "was photographed in and around London during the period April-June 1984, the exact time and setting imagined by the author." This seems like far more convincing information than IMDB's claim. Jamesluckard (talk) 01:10, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 19 April 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: NOT MOVED. IP editor is evading a block of an indef'd editor. Anyone else who feels strongly about the title is free to start a RM if they wish (non-admin closure)  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 19:56, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film) → 1984 (1984 film) – WP:COMMONNAME. 90.249.169.199 (talk) 14:49, 19 April 2019 (UTC) --Relisting.  SITH   (talk)   19:39, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose no evidence from books provided. In ictu oculi (talk) 19:57, 19 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Google is good. 90.249.169.199 (talk) 12:21, 23 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per film poster used in article and home release, though it does make for a slightly awkward title. PC78 (talk) 20:33, 19 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The on-screen title is Nineteen Eighty-Four, with the opening credits confirming the title here. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 15:56, 23 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Your personal policy is not Wikipedia policy. 90.249.169.199 (talk) 16:39, 24 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Naming conventions (films). —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 00:18, 25 April 2019 (UTC)
 * That policy does not support your argument. We're still looking for the title most commonly used in reliable sources. 90.249.169.199 (talk) 10:00, 25 April 2019 (UTC)
 * The title for the 1984 film version that is most commonly used in reliable sources is Nineteen Eighty-Four, per its on-screen credits. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 03:23, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, that's a blatant lie. 90.249.169.199 (talk) 10:47, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Where are your sources to support such a dismissal? Chaheel Riens (talk) 11:52, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * You get the occasional publication that uses the on-screen title (Variety, for example) but they are vastly outweighed by those which use the title as marketed: etc. 90.249.169.199 (talk) 13:24, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

Note: Announcement of this discussion appears at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 16:38, 29 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME.  Calidum   17:16, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. This is what readers recognize most often. Its the title used in every major film resource - Rotten Tomatoes, Metacritic, TCM, IMDb, Amazon Prime, Google Play. I am not citing these as sources -but rather pointing out how the film is handled on other platforms. I found these by searching the sites for "Nineteen Eighty-Four" - and yet had to often fall back to searching "1984" because some sites don't even bother with the longer title). The Gale/Cengage study guide puts it like this: "Orwell's book is titled Nineteen Eighty-Four. The same title is displayed in the film itself, but reference materials generally refer to the film as 1984.". -- Netoholic @ 09:14, 28 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Britishfinance (talk) 14:57, 28 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Many of the sources provided also call the book "1984" which is lazy and incorrect. Chaheel Riens (talk) 17:21, 29 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment - why is it necessary to call it the 1984 film? I know there's a 1956 film as well, but surely if this move goes ahead, then it's been demonstrated that the 1984 version is the primary topic, so the article could simply be 1984 (film)?  1984 (film) currently redirects to 1984 (disambiguation) which is not a good disambig either - but it's presumably because of the two films  Chaheel Riens (talk) 17:25, 29 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Support. Clear common name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:34, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)


text:
Recruit scandal

The Recruit scandal (リクルート事件) was an insider trading and corruption scandal that forced many prominent Japanese politicians to resign in 1988.

Recruit is a human resources and classifieds company based in Tokyo. Its chairman,, offered a number of shares in a Recruit subsidiary, Cosmos, to business leaders and senior politicians shortly before Cosmos went public in 1986. Following the public offering, Cosmos's share price skyrocketed, and the individuals involved in the scheme saw average profits of ¥66 million each.

Although only seventeen members of the Diet were involved in the insider trading, another thirty were later found to have received special favors from Recruit.

Among the politicians involved in the scandal were Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita, former Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, and Chief Cabinet Secretary Takao Fujinami. In addition to members of the LDP government, leaders of the Komeito, Democratic Party of Japan, and Japan Socialist Party were also found to be involved. As a result, Takeshita's cabinet was forced to resign, although some of its members returned to political prominence later (including future prime ministers Kiichi Miyazawa and Keizō Obuchi).

The chairmen of NTT, the Yomiuri Shimbun, and the Nihon Keizai Shimbun were also involved in the scandal.

Despite the breadth of the Recruit Scandal across party lines, the LDP was hurt most significantly by the scandal. It is often said to be one of the main causes of Morihiro Hosokawa's opposition party victory in 1993, which briefly interrupted the LDP's otherwise continuous reign over Japan.

title: Recruit scandal


text:
Iwase District, Fukushima

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Iwashiro Province > Iwase District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Fukushima Prefecture > Iwase District

Iwase (岩瀬郡) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 31,847 and a density of 83.50 persons per km2. The total area is 381.38 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Kagamiishi
 * Ten'ei

Merger

 * On April 1, 2005 the town of Naganuma and the village of Iwase merged into the city of Sukagawa.

title: Iwase District, Fukushima