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84th Division (United States)

The  84th Training Command ("Railsplitters" ) is a formation of the United States Army. During World War I it was designated the 84th Division, American Expeditionary Forces; during World War II it was known as the 84th Infantry Division. From 1946 to 1952, the division was a part of the United States Army Reserve as the 84th Airborne Division. In 1959, the division was reorganized and redesignated once more as the 84th Division. The division was headquartered in Milwaukee in command of over 4,100 soldiers divided into eight brigades—including an ROTC brigade—spread throughout seven states.

Changes to the U.S. Army Reserve organizations from 2005 until 2007 redesigned the unit as the 84th Training Command (Leader Readiness) and it was paired with the Army Reserve Readiness Training Center (ARRTC). The flag resided at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. As a result of Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) throughout the Army, the ARRTC was moved to Fort Knox, Kentucky. The 84th Training Command (LR) underwent a command-directed move to Fort Knox, Kentucky in advance of the ARRTC in September 2008. Since the move, the 84th Training Command and ARRTC split, leaving the ARRTC with leader readiness and training support. The 84th Training Command was re-designated once again to 84th Training Command (Unit Readiness).

In September 2010, the 84th was renamed 84th Training Command and began reorganization. The 84th mission currently supports three numbered and three named training divisions – The 78th Training Division (Ft. Dix, NJ), the 86th Training Division (Ft. McCoy, WI), and the 91st Training Division (Ft. Hunter Liggett, CA), Atlantic Training Division (Ft. Dix, NJ), Great Lakes Training Division (Arlington Heights, IL), Pacific Training Division (Camp Parks, Dublin, CA)

Tradition has it that the division traces its lineage to the Illinois militia company in which a young Captain Abraham Lincoln served during the Black Hawk War of 1832. The division patch was selected to honor this legacy and the division's origin in Illinois. For this reason, the alternative nickname of "Lincoln County" Division" has been used to denote the 84th.

World War I

The division was activated in September 1917 at Camp Taylor, Kentucky. It was initially made up of enlisted draftees from Indiana and Kentucky (who chose the formation's distinctive patch and nickname, an allusion to Abraham Lincoln who grew up in those two states), with a cadre of Regular Army, Officers Reserve Corps, and National Army officers. Later groups of enlisted men assigned to the division to replace men transferred to other units came from Ohio, North Dakota, and Montana. The division remained in training at Camp Taylor until August 1918. It was deployed to France in October 1918 to serve as a training formation for replacements which would be sent to the Western Front. At the war's end, the formation was recalled home and, without having seen combat actions, inactivated in January 1919.

Its commanders included Brig. Gen. Wilber E. Wilder (25 August 1917), Maj. Gen. Harry C. Hale (6 October 1917), Brig. Gen. Wilber E. Wilder (26 November 1917), Brig. Gen. Wilber E. Wilder (15 December 1917), Maj. Gen. Harry C. Hale (1 March 1918), Maj. Gen. Harry C. Hale (5 June 1918), Maj. Gen. Harry C. Hale (21 July 1918), Brig. Gen. Wilber E. Wilder (18 October 1918), Maj. Gen. Harry C. Hale (31 October 1918).

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 84th Division
 * 167th Infantry Brigade
 * 333rd Infantry Regiment
 * 334th Infantry Regiment
 * 326th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 168th Infantry Brigade
 * 335th Infantry Regiment
 * 336th Infantry Regiment
 * 327th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 159th Field Artillery Brigade
 * 325th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 326th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 327th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 309th Trench Mortar Battery
 * 325th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 309th Engineer Regiment
 * 309th Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 84th Division
 * 309th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 309th Ammunition Train
 * 309th Supply Train
 * 309th Engineer Train
 * 309th Sanitary Train
 * 333rd, 334th, 335th, and 336th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

Interwar period
The 84th Division headquarters arrived at the Port of Hoboken, New Jersey, aboard the USS Wilhelmina on 19 January 1919 after four months of overseas service and was demobilized on 26 July 1919 at Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky. It was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Fifth Corps Area, and assigned to the XV Corps. The division was further allotted to Indiana as its home area. The division headquarters was organized on 6 September 1921 at room 408 in the Federal Building in Indianapolis. The headquarters was relocated in August 1922 to 24 East Michigan Street and moved again in 1928 to the Meridian Life Building. The headquarters was moved twice more before World War II: first to the Chamber of Commerce Building in 1933; and finally back to the Federal Building in 1937. It remained there until activated for World War II.

Though the designated mobilization and training station for the division was Camp Knox, Kentucky, and some of the division's training occurred there, much of the training activities for the division headquarters and its subordinate units transpired in other locations as well. For example, the headquarters occasionally trained with the staff of the 10th Infantry Brigade, 5th Division, at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. The infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the units of the 10th Infantry Brigade at Fort Thomas, Kentucky, or Fort Benjamin Harrison, but some years they went to Camp Knox. For some years, the 167th and 168th Infantry Brigades and their subordinate units conducted camp at the Culver Military Academy in Culver, Indiana. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster trained at various posts in the Fifth Corps Area, usually with similar active units of the 5th Division. For example, the division's artillery trained with the 5th Division artillery units stationed at Camp Knox; the 309th Engineer Regiment usually trained at Fort Benjamin Harrison; the 309th Medical Regiment trained at Camp Knox; and the 309th Observation Squadron trained with the 88th Observation Squadron at Wright Field, Ohio. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility for conducting the infantry Citizens Military Training Camps held at Fort Thomas and Camp Knox each year.

On a number of occasions, the division participated in various Fifth Corps Area or Second Army command post exercises in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the First Corps Area, the 84th Division did not participate in the Fifth Corps Area maneuvers and the Second Army maneuvers of 1936, 1940, and 1941 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some were assigned duties as umpires or as support personnel.

World War II
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

The 84th Infantry Division was ordered into active military service on 15 October 1942, at Camp Howze, Texas, about 60 miles north of Dallas. It embarked on 20 September 1944 and arrived in the United Kingdom on 1 October, for additional training. The division landed on Omaha Beach, 1–4 November 1944, and moved to the vicinity of Gulpen, the Netherlands, 5–12 November.

The division entered combat on 18 November with an attack on Geilenkirchen, Germany, (Operation Clipper) as part of the larger offensive in the Roer Valley, north of Aachen. Operating under the command of Lt-Gen Brian Horrocks the division was supported by British tanks of the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, specialist armoured units of 79th Armoured Division, and XXX Corps' artillery. Taking Geilenkirchen on 19 November, the division pushed forward to take Beeck (Geilenkirchen) and Lindern (Geilenkirchen) in the face of heavy enemy resistance, 29 November. After a short rest, the division returned to the fight, taking Wurm and Würm (Geilenkirchen), Mullendorf, 18 December, before moving to Belgium to help stem the German winter offensive (Battle of the Bulge).

Battling in snow, sleet, and rain, the division threw off German attacks, recaptured Verdenne, 24–28 December, took Beffe and Devantave (Rendeux), 4–6 January 1945, and seized La Roche, 11 January. By 16 January, the Bulge had been reduced. After a 5-day respite, the 84th resumed the offensive, taking Gouvy and Beho. On 7 February, the division assumed responsibility for the Roer River zone, between Linnich and Himmerich (near Heinsberg), and trained for the river crossing.

On 23 February 1945, the first day of Operation Grenade, the division cut across the Roer, took Boisheim and Dülken, 1 March, crossed the Niers on 2 March, took Krefeld, 3 March, and reached the Rhine by 5 March. One day before, the 'Krefeld-Uerdinger Brücke' was blown off by Wehrmacht soldiers. The division trained along the west bank of the river in March.

After crossing the Rhine, 1 April, the division drove from Lembeck toward Bielefeld in conjunction with the 5th Armored Division, crossing the Weser River to capture Hanover, 10 April. By 13 April, it had reached the Elbe, and halted its advance, patrolling along the river. Soviet troops were contacted at Balow, 2 May 1945. The division remained on occupation duty in Germany after VE-day, returning to the United States on 19 January 1946 for demobilization. It was redesignated a reserve formation on 21 January 1946.

Troops of the 84th Infantry Division liberated two satellite camps of the Neuengamme Concentration Camp: Ahlem (a.k.a. Hannover-Ahlem), on 10 April 1945, and Salzwedel, on 14 April 1945. As such, the 84th is officially recognized as a "Liberating Unit" by both the U.S. Army's Center of Military History and the Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Casualties
The 84th returned to the US in January 1946 and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on January 21, 1946
 * Total battle casualties: 7,260
 * Killed in action: 1,284
 * Wounded in action: 5,098
 * Missing in action: 129
 * Prisoner of war: 749
 * Campaigns: Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe.
 * Days of combat: 170.
 * Distinguished Unit Citations: 7.
 * Awards: Distinguished Service Cross (United States)-12 ; Distinguished Service Medal (United States)-1 ; Silver Star-555; LM-4; SM-27 ; BSM-2,962 ; AM-59.
 * Commanders: Maj. Gen. John H. Hilldring (October 1942 – February 1943), Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson (February–October 1943), Maj. Gen. Robert B. McClure (October 1943 – March 1944), Maj. Gen. Roscoe B. Woodruff (March–June 1944), Maj. Gen. Alexander R. Bolling (June 1944 to 1946).

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 84th Infantry Division
 * 333rd Infantry Regiment
 * 334th Infantry Regiment
 * 335th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 84th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 325th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 326th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 327th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 909th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 309th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 309th Medical Battalion
 * 84th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 84th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 84th Infantry Division
 * 784th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 84th Quartermaster Company
 * 84th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 84th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Assignments in European Theater of Operations

 * 10 September 1944: Ninth Army, ETOUSA.
 * 21 September 1944: III Corps.
 * 4 November 1944: XIX Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 8 November 1944: XIII Corps.
 * 11 November 1944: Ninth Army, 12th Army Group, but attached for operations to the British XXX Corps, British Second Army, British 21st Army Group.
 * 23 November 1944: XIII Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 20 December 1944: Ninth Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to the XVIII (Abn) Corps of First Army, itself attached to the British 21st Army Group.
 * 20 December 1944: VII Corps.
 * 22 December 1944: VII Corps, First Army (attached to British 21st Army Group), 12th Army Group.
 * 18 January 1945: VII Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 23 January 1945: XVIII (Abn) Corps.
 * 3 February 1945: XIII Corps, Ninth Army (attached to British 21st Army Group), 12th Army Group.
 * 4 April 1945: XIII Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.

Cold War to present
Following the conclusion of World War II, the division was made part of the Army Reserve. In January 1946, it was redesignated the 84th Airborne Division and headquartered out of Wisconsin. In 1947, it was designated as the Army's Airborne Reserve Command. Five years later, in 1952, the division was reorganized again, this time as a training division composed of three regiments—the 274th, 334th, and 339th. Throughout the 1950s, the division would continue its conversion to a training formation, changing its subordinate unit makeup from regiments to brigades and support groups.

On 24 January 1991, elements of the 84th Division (Training) were activated and mobilized for support roles in Operation Desert Storm. Less than three months later, on 22 March 1991, the elements were returned home. In 1993, reorganization within the Army Reserve brought about the merger between the 84th and the 85th Division (Training). The move expanded the 84th Division's area of command to include the rest of Wisconsin and Illinois, as well as all of Missouri and Iowa. Soon after, in June 1994, units from the 84th participated in peacekeeping operations as part of the multinational observer force in the Sinai, Egypt, and remained there until July 1995.

In April 1995, the formation was once more redesignated, this time as an institutional training division. This change brought with it command of units and training in the state of Nebraska. In August 1995, army reorganization further expanded the 84th's range of authority to command the fourteen U.S. Army Reserve Forces Schools in Region E—Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.

In October 2004, the 84th Division (Institutional Training) underwent a major transformation. All eight brigades realigned under the 100th Division and the Headquarters and Division Band combined with the Army Reserve Readiness Training Center (ARRTC) located at Fort McCoy, Wis., to create the 84th U.S. Army Reserve Readiness Training Command (84th USARRTC). The expertise and resources from the two units gave the 84th USARRTC an edge on the type and amount of training opportunities offered. The three Army Reserve NCO academies were also realigned under the new 84th USARRTC.

In October 2006, the 84th USARRTC underwent another major transformation as 12 brigades from the Army Reserve's Institutional Training Divisions realigned under the command. The brigades were responsible for Officer Education System (OES) training, such as the Combined Arms Exercise (CAX) and Intermediate Level Education (ILE), and Senior Reserve Officer Training Corps (SROTC) support to universities across the country.

In February 2007, the 84th USARRTC was renamed the 84th Training Command (Leader Readiness) in response to the unit's transformation under the Army Reserve's Decision Point 74. The 84th Training Command had exercise command and control over three professional development brigades, one schools brigade, one training development brigade, the 84th Division Band, and eventually the Small Arms Readiness Group.

In September 2008, the 84th Training Command relocated from Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Fort McCoy, Wisconsin to Fort Knox, Kentucky.

In October 2009, the focus of the 84th Training Command shifted from leader readiness to unit readiness. The Army Reserve Readiness Training Center and the three U.S. Army Reserve NCO Academies moved from the umbrella of the 84th and became the 83rd USARRTC which reported directly to the U.S. Army Reserve Command.

In October 2010, the 84th Training Command reorganized to align with the transformation of the Army Reserve. The 84th Training Command is the executing agent of the U.S. Army Reserve's Combat Support Training Programs which includes Warrior Exercises (WAREX), Combat Support Training Exercises (CSTX). The 84th Training Command provides multiple collective training opportunities which prepare units for operational deployments worldwide.

Subordinate units
The 84th Training Command as of August 2016:
 * Headquarters, 84th Training Command (Fort Knox, Kentucky)
 * 78th Training Division (Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey)
 * 1st Brigade (Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey)
 * 3rd Battalion/318th Regiment (Fort Meade, Maryland)
 * 2nd Battalion/323rd Regiment (Lumberton, North Carolina)
 * 2nd Battalion/311th Regiment (Fort Bragg, North Carolina)
 * 3rd Battalion/309th Regiment (Liverpool, New York)
 * 86th Training Division (Fort McCoy, Wisconsin)
 * 1st Brigade OPS (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
 * 1st Battalion/329th Regiment (Indianapolis, Indiana)
 * 3rd Battalion/397th Regiment (Whitehall, Ohio)
 * 2nd Battalion/383rd Regiment (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas)
 * 3rd Battalion/346th Regiment (Hattiesburg, Mississippi)
 * 91st Training Division (Fort Hunter Liggett, California)
 * 1st Brigade OPS (Scottsdale, Arizona)
 * 11th Battalion/104th Regiment (Boise, Idaho)
 * 2nd Battalion/378th Regiment (Salt Lake City, Utah)
 * 3rd Battalion/290th Regiment (Mustang, Oklahoma)
 * 3rd Battalion/381st Regiment (Grand Prairie, Texas)
 * Atlantic Training Division (Fort Dix, NJ)
 * Great Lakes Training Division (Fort Sheridan, IL)
 * Pacific Training Division (Camp Parks, Dublin, CA)

title: 84th Division (United States)


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Kushtaka

Kóoshdaa káa or Kushtaka ( lit. "land otter man") are mythical shape-shifting creatures found in the folklore of the Tlingit peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America.

Description
They are similar to the 'Watsa of the Tsimshian people, Nat'ina of the Dena'ina Native Alaskans of South Central Alaska, and the Urayuli of the Yup'ik in Western Alaska.

Physically, Kóoshdaa káa are shape-shifters capable of assuming human form, the form of an otter and potentially other forms. In some accounts, a Kóoshdaa káa is able to assume the form of any species of otter; in others, only one. Accounts of their behaviour seem to conflict with one another. In some stories, Kóoshdaa káa are cruel creatures who take delight in tricking poor Tlingit sailors to their deaths. In others, they are friendly and helpful, frequently saving the lost from death by freezing. In many stories, the Kóoshdaa káa save the lost individual by distracting them with curiously otter-like illusions of their family and friends as they transform their subject into a fellow Kóoshdaa káa, thus allowing them to survive in the cold. Naturally, this is counted a mixed blessing. However, Kóoshdaa káa legends are not always pleasant. In some legends it is said the Kóoshdaa káa will imitate the cries of a baby or the screams of a woman to lure victims to the river. Once there, the Kóoshdaa káa either kills the person and tears them to shreds or will turn them into another Kóoshdaa káa.

Legends have it Kóoshdaa káa can be warded off through copper, urine, dogs, and in some stories, fire.

Since the Kóoshdaa káa mainly preys on small children, it has been thought by some that it was used by Tlingit mothers to keep their children from wandering close to the ocean by themselves.

It is also said that the Kóoshda káa emit a high pitched, three part whistle in the pattern of low-high-low.

In modern literature
Kóoshdaa káa appear in Pamela Rae Huteson's Legends in Wood: Stories of the Totems in the legend 'War with the Land Otter Men', as well as Pamela Rae Huteson's Transformation Masks with the 'Kooshdakhaa Den'; and Garth Stein's Raven Stole the Moon. Harry D. Colp describes a miner's encounter with the Kóoshdaa káa at Thomas Bay in the short story "The Strangest Story Ever Told."

It is also the subject of the Alaskan-set horror novel Kushtaka by David Pierdomenico. Kóoshdaa káas also appear in William Giraldi's novel Hold the Dark (2015). The second book of Ann McCaffrey's science-fiction The Twins of Petaybee series, Maelstrom, features a species of shape-changing deep-sea otter that refer to themselves as Kóoshdaa káa.

The Kóoshdaa káa is the main antagonist in the Bill Schweigert novel The Beast of Barcroft (2015).

They are also depicted in the book Shamans and Kushtakas: North Coast Tales of the Supernatural by Mary Giraudo Beck.

The short story "Kushtuka" by Mathilda Zeller, features the eponymous creature as a shapeshifter who assumes the image of the protagonist. The story is featured in the collection "Never Whistle at Night: An Indigenous Dark Fiction Anthology" published in 2023.

In television
The Kóoshdaa káa is investigated in the 2015 Discovery Channel series Missing in Alaska in episode 10 "Shapeshifters from the River".

The Kóoshdaa káa is investigated in the 2014 series Alaska Monsters in episode 3 "The Otterman".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kushtaka


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95th Infantry Division (United States)

The 95th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army. Today it exists as the 95th Training Division, a component of the United States Army Reserve headquartered at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

Activated too late to deploy for World War I, the division remained in the Army's reserve until World War II, when it was sent to Europe. Renowned for fighting back fierce German counterattacks, the division earned the nickname "Iron Men of Metz" for fighting to liberate and defend the town.

In April 1945, the 95th Infantry Division (United States) "Victory" division uncovered a German prison and civilian labor camp in the town of Werl. On April 7, the unit reported discovering a camp housing some 4,500 undernourished French officers and 800 enlisted men. The 95th provided the prisoners with emergency rations from the division's own supplies.

After World War II, the division spent another brief period in reserve before being activated as one of the Army's training divisions.

The 95th Infantry Division (United States) was recognized as a liberating unit by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1995.

Over the next fifty years the division would see numerous changes to its structure as its training roles changed and subordinate units shifted in and out of its command. It activated many regimental and brigade commands to fulfill various training roles. The division then began conducting one station unit training, a responsibility it continues to this day.

World War I
The 95th Division was first constituted on 4 September 1918 in the National Army. It was organized that month at Camp Sherman, Ohio. The division was organized with the 189th Infantry Brigade and the 190th Infantry Brigade. The division was slated to be deployed overseas to fight in World War I, and training of all of the division's units began immediately. On 11 November, the Armistice with Germany was signed, ending hostilities. The division's deployment was cancelled, and it was demobilized in December 1918. All of the division's officers and enlisted men were discharged from the military or transferred to other units.

The division was commanded by:

 * Colonel Julien Edmund Victor Gaujot (acting), September 23 – September 25, 1918
 * Colonel Edward Croft (acting), September 25, 1918 – October 24, 1918
 * Brigadier General Mathew C. Smith, October 24, 1918 – December 22, 1918

Interwar period
The 95th Division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Eighth Corps Area, and assigned to the XVIII Corps. The division was further allotted to the state of Oklahoma as its home area. The division headquarters was organized on 31 August 1921 at the Oklahoma State Capitol building in Oklahoma City. It was relocated on 3 May 1922 to the Tradesmen’s National Bank Building in Oklahoma City, and relocated once again in August 1924 to 203-1⁄2 West Grand Avenue. The headquarters remained there until activated for World War II. To maintain communications with the officers of the division, the chief of staff published a newsletter titled “The Observation Post.” The newsletter informed the division’s members of such things as when and where the inactive training sessions were to be held, what the division’s summer training quotas were, where the camps were to be held, and which units would be assigned to help conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps (CMTC).

The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Fort Sill, Oklahoma, the location where much of the 95th Division's training activities occurred in the interwar years. The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training with the 3rd Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 1925–27; 1st Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment, 1927–33; and the 3rd Battalion, 29th Infantry Regiment, 1933–39 at Fort Sill. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, trained at various posts in the Eighth Corps Area. For example, the division’s artillery trained at Fort Sill with the 1st Field Artillery; the 320th Engineer Regiment trained at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and Fort Logan, Colorado, with the 2nd Engineer Regiment; the 320th Medical Regiment trained at Fort Sam Houston with the 2nd Medical Regiment; and the 320th Observation Squadron trained at Brooks Field, Texas. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the CMTC training held at Fort Sill each year.

On a number of occasions, the division participated in Eighth Corps Area and Third Army command post exercises in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. These training events gave division staff officers’ opportunities to practice the roles they would be expected to perform in the event the division was mobilized. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the Eighth Corps Area, the 95th Division did not participate in the various Eighth Corps Area maneuvers and the Third Army maneuvers of 1938, 1940, and 1941 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some officers were assigned duties as umpires or as support personnel. But, for each maneuver, the division maximized the number of participants. For example, for the 1938 maneuver at Camp Bullis, Texas, the 95th Division provided 173 officers to the 2nd Division and 68 to the National Guard's 45th Division. Similar numbers participated in the two succeeding exercises.

World War II
On 15 July 1942, the division was ordered into active military service and reorganized at Camp Swift, Texas. Major General Harry L. Twaddle was assigned to command, and he remained in this position until the division was demobilized at the end of the war. The 189th and 190th Infantry Brigades were disbanded as part of an army-wide elimination of brigades. Instead, the division was based around three infantry regiments, the 377th Infantry Regiment, the 378th Infantry Regiment, and the 379th Infantry Regiment. The 380th Infantry Regiment remained in an inactive status, and was disbanded on 11 November 1944. The division also received a new shoulder sleeve insignia in August 1942. Over the next two years, the division trained extensively in locations throughout the United States, including Camp Coxcomb in California.

Order of battle
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

 * Headquarters, 95th Infantry Division
 * 377th Infantry Regiment
 * 378th Infantry Regiment
 * 379th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 95th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 358th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 359th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 360th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 920th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 320th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 320th Medical Battalion
 * 95th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 95th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 95th Infantry Division
 * 795th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 95th Quartermaster Company
 * 95th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 95th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Europe

The 95th Infantry Division was assigned to XIII Corps of the Ninth United States Army, Twelfth United States Army Group. The division sailed for Europe on 10 August 1944. The 95th Infantry Division arrived in England on 17 August. After receiving additional training, it moved to France one month later on 15 September. During this time it was reassigned to III Corps. The division bivouacked near Norroy-le-Sec, from 1 to 14 October. It was then assigned to XX Corps of the Third United States Army. The division was sent into combat on 19 October in the Moselle bridgehead sector east of Moselle and South of Metz and patrolled the Seille near Cheminot, capturing the forts surrounding Metz and repulsing enemy attempts to cross the river. It was during the defense of this town from repeated German attacks that the division received its nickname, "The Iron Men of Metz." On 1 November, elements went over to the offensive, reducing an enemy pocket east of Maizières-lès-Metz. On 8 November, these units crossed the Moselle River and advanced to Bertrange. Against heavy resistance, the 95th captured the forts surrounding Metz and captured the city by 22 November.

The division pushed toward the Saar on 25 November and entered Germany on the 28th. The 95th seized a Saar River bridge on 3 December and engaged in bitter house-to-house fighting for Saarlautern. Suburbs of the city fell and, although the enemy resisted fiercely, the Saar bridgehead was firmly established by 19 December. While some units went to an assembly area, others held the area against strong German attacks. On 2 February 1945, the division began moving to the Maastricht area in the Netherlands, and by 14 February, elements were in the line near Meerselo in relief of British units. During this time the division returned to the Ninth Army under XIX Corps, though saw temporary assignments to several other corps through the spring.

On 23 February, the division was relieved, and the 95th assembled near Jülich, Germany, on 1 March. It forced the enemy into a pocket near the Hitler Bridge at Uerdingen and cleared the pocket on 5 March, while elements advanced to the Rhine. From 12 March, the 95th established defenses in the vicinity of Neuss. Assembling east of the Rhine at Beckum on 3 April, it launched an attack across the Lippe River the next day and captured Hamm and Kamen on the 6th. After clearing the enemy pocket north of the Ruhr and the Möhne Rivers, the division took Werl and Unna on 9/10 April, Dortmund on 13 April and maintained positions on the north bank of the Ruhr. It held this position until the end of the war.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 6,591
 * Killed in action: 1,205
 * Wounded in action: 4,945
 * Missing in action: 61
 * Prisoner of war: 380

Demobilization
The division returned to the United States on 29 June 1945 where it began the process of preparing to join the invasion forces of the Japanese Island of Honshu as part of the First United States Army. With the ending of the war in Japan, the division, remaining on orders for the Pacific, staged a minor mutiny before the orders were changed. This resulted in the division being demobilized and releasing its soldiers from Army service. It was inactivated on 15 October 1945 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The division took 31,988 German prisoners. Soldiers of the division were awarded one Medal of Honor, 18 Distinguished Service Crosses, 1 British Military Cross, 14 Legion of Merit Medals, 665 Silver Star Medals, 15 Soldier's Medals, 2,992 Bronze Star Medals, and 162 Air Medals. The division was awarded one Presidential Unit Citation and four campaign streamers during its time in combat.

Cold War
The division was reactivated on 13 May 1947 at Oklahoma City as a reserve unit. However, it was not mobilized for any combat duties following World War II. In 1952, the division underwent reorganization, with the first change being the addition of the 291st Infantry Regiment of Tulsa, Oklahoma, from the 75th Infantry Division. The second change that year for the division was the withdrawal of assignment of the 377th Infantry Regiment from the 95th, which was transferred to the 75th Infantry Division. The 377th had headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana since its activation after World War II.

The year 1955 saw further changes to the division and more changes of assignment for subordinate elements. On 1 January 1955, the 291st Regiment was again assigned to the 75th Infantry Division from the 95th and was subsequently inactivated on 31 January 1955. On 30 January, the 377th Regiment was reassigned to the 95th from the 75th and its headquarters moved from New Orleans to Tulsa, Oklahoma. The same date saw the relocation of the 379th Regimental headquarters from Hot Springs, Arkansas where it had been since 1947, to Little Rock, Arkansas.

On 1 April 1958 the 95th Infantry Division was redesignated as the 95th Division (Training) and a major reorganization of mission assignments was underway. Personnel trained for infantry combat, field artillery, military police and combat support roles were now to undergo re-training to enable them to train others. The division had a new role as one of the 13 Training Divisions in the Army Reserve. The same year the division's size increased as the 291st Regiment was reassigned again from the 75th and was redesignated as 291st Regiment (Advanced Individual Training). With the reorganization of the division all of the regiments were redesignated. The 95th Divisional Artillery became the 95th Regiment (Common Specialist Training) with headquarters at Shreveport, Louisiana. The 377th became the 377th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), as did the 378th and 379th, and all were reassigned new training sites. In 1966, the division received a distinctive unit insignia.

In 1967, the division was reorganized according to the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan, part of an army-wide transformation. The division's former World War II components were reorganized into brigades. The division's former headquarters was reactivated as 1st Brigade, 95th Division at Tulsa, Oklahoma. The 920th Field Artillery Battalion became the 2nd Brigade, 95th Division, also in Tulsa. The 320th Engineer Battalion became the 3rd Brigade, 95th Division at Oklahoma City, and the 795th Ordnance Battalion became the 4th Brigade, 95th Division in Shreveport, Louisiana. In 1975, the division's center was changed to Midwest City, Oklahoma.

The division was located in three states, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. The 1st Brigade was headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma and had elements of the 377th and 379th in regiments in its battalions. The 2nd Brigade was headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma with elements of the 378th and 379th Regiments. The 3rd Brigade was headquartered in Stillwater, Oklahoma, a move made in September 1975, and consisted of only 291st Regiment elements. The 4th Brigade was headquartered in Bossier City, Louisiana, a suburb of Shreveport, and includes the 95th Regiment and one element of the 379th. The Committee Group was headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas with no Regimental elements. The 95th Support Battalion was headquartered in Midwest City, Oklahoma with the Division Headquarters, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 95th Division Leadership Academy, and the 95th Division Maneuver Training Command. On 1 January 1979 the division's four brigades was reorganized specifically for one station unit training.

The division experienced tremendous expansion in October 1984 with the addition of the 4073d US Army Reception Station, in Lafayette, Louisiana, with a strength of 809 personnel. The 402nd Brigade was also activated under the division's administrative control. It was designated to expand the training base for the Army's Field Artillery Training Center located at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In 1989 the division's location was returned to Oklahoma City.

Present day
The division continued its mission of training and operating one station unit training. In 1996, the division received three additional brigades as part of an Army consolidation of training commands. The 5th Brigade, 95th Division was activated in San Antonio, Texas, the 6th Brigade, 95th Division was activated in Topeka, Kansas, and the 7th Brigade, 95th Division was activated from the 95th Training Command in Little Rock, Arkansas.

In 2000, the brigade took on the additional responsibility of training Reserve Officer's Training Corps cadets. The 8th Brigade, 95th Division was activated as a provisional unit in charge of ROTC units throughout the southwestern United States. In 2005, the division headquarters were relocated to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. This put the division at the area's major training center, allowing it to more effectively provide training oversight.

Subordinate units
As of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 95th Training Division (Initial Entry Training):

 * 1st Brigade (Initial Entry Training), Fort Sill, Oklahoma
 * 1st Battalion, 330th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Fort Wayne, Indiana
 * 3d Battalion, 334th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * 2d Battalion, 354th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Grand Prairie, Texas
 * 1st Battalion, 355th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Round Rock, Texas
 * 2nd Battalion, 377th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Lincoln, Nebraska
 * 3d Battalion, 378th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Norman, Oklahoma
 * 2d Battalion, 379th Regiment (Training Support), Fort Sill, Oklahoma
 * 2d Brigade (Initial Entry Training), Vancouver, Washington
 * 2d Battalion, 413th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Riverside, California
 * 1st Battalion, 415th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Phoenix, Arizona
 * 3d Battalion, 415th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington
 * 3d Brigade (Initial Entry Training), Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
 * 1st Battalion, 320th Regiment (Military Police One Station Unit Training), Abingdon, Virginia
 * 2d Battalion, 330th Regiment (Engineer One Station Unit Training), Arlington Heights, Illinois
 * 1st Battalion, 334th Regiment (Training Support), Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * 1st Battalion, 354th Regiment (Military Police One Station Unit Training), Tulsa, Oklahoma
 * 1st Battalion, 390th Regiment (Engineer One Station Unit Training), Amherst, New York

Unit decorations
The division has never received a unit award from the United States Army. However, in a recent ceremony in Columbus, Indiana a bridge was named "Iron Men of Metz Memorial Bridge"

Legacy
In the 1962 film, Hell Is for Heroes, the actors wear the 95th Division's shoulder patch on their uniforms. The division is also an element of the Legacy of the Aldenata book series.

A number of soldiers who served with the 95th Division later went on to achieve notability for various reasons. They include journalist Harry Ashmore, writer Jerry Rosholt, oil tycoon Ernest L. Massad, and Lieutenant General Emmett H. Walker, Jr. Additionally, one soldier of the division received the Medal of Honor during his service, Andrew Miller, who received the medal in World War II during the division's fight for Metz. Miller captured a number of German machine gun nests and soldiers while leading a squad of men in assaulting the city. German born (MG) Gerd Grombacher served as an NCO interrogating POWs and was commissioned 2LT Grombacher in January 1945. He directly assisted in the negotiations for the capture of Metz in 1944.

In the 2021 film, Dear Sirs, directed by Mark Pedri and produced by Carrie McCarthy follows the path of Sgt. Silvio Pedri. Silvio’s grandson, Mark, uncovered an archive of documents and photos detailing the horrifying journey of his grandfather as an American POW during World War II. In the winter of 2018, Mark and his fiancé will set out to retrace his footsteps across Germany on bike, piecing together a long-forgotten story in an effort to understand the man who raised him.

In November 1944, Sgt Silvio J. Pedri of the 95th Infantry was sent on a mission to cross the Moselle river near Metz, France. His objective was clear: secure the opposite bank and create a diversion so that a larger unit could build a bridge to bring in the heavy artillery and take the city of Metz from the German army. Sgt Pedri had trained for almost two years for this moment, detailing every step of the way in letters to his fiancé in Rock Springs, Wyoming. However, no amount of training could have prepared him for what happened over the course of these few days. After losing most of his closest friends in a grueling battle against the Germans and mother nature, Sgt Pedri was taken prisoner. His letters home went silent, as did his account of the War once he finally made it back to American soil. After being captured by the German Army, Silvio was transported to a POW hospital in Heppenheim where he was treated for trench foot and injuries sustained in combat during the Battle of Metz. From there he was sent to Stalag XII-A in Diez where he was forced to work in a metal scrap yard near the camp. As the allies advanced into Germany, Silvio and 800 other American POWs were put on a train and shipped north to Stalag XB near the village of Sandbostel.

The film depicting Silvio's journey has been used as a tool to bring families closer to the veterans in their lives who have served.

Notable people
Walter Bedell Smith served with the division during World War I. Silvio J Pedri served with the division during the Battle of Metz. He was a Staff Sergeant in the 377th Infantry Regiment, Company B earning a Silver Star for Gallantry in Action in the vicinity of the Immeldange, France. He was captured by the German Army and became a POW from November 14th 1944 - April 28th 1945. After liberation, Silvio returned home to Rock Springs, Wyoming, where he worked in a trona mine for the rest of his career.

title: 95th Infantry Division (United States)


text:
Category:German World War II divisions

Divisions of the German armed forces in World War II.

title: Category:German World War II divisions


text:
8th Infantry Division (United States)

The 8th Infantry Division, ("Pathfinder" ) was an infantry division of the United States Army during the 20th century. The division served in World War I, World War II, and Operation Desert Storm. Initially activated in January 1918, the unit did not see combat during World War I and returned to the United States. Some units would serve in the American Expeditionary Force to Siberia. Activated again on 1 July 1940 as part of the build-up of military forces prior to the United States' entry into World War II, the division saw extensive action in the European Theatre of Operations. Following World War II, the division was moved to West Germany, where it remained stationed at the Rose Barracks in Bad Kreuznach until it was inactivated on 17 January 1992.

World War I

 * Activated: January 1918
 * Overseas: November 1918
 * Commanders:
 * Col. Elmore F. Taggart (5 January – 14 February 1918)
 * Col. G. L. Van Deusen (15 – 24 February 1918)
 * Brig. Gen. Joseph D. Leitch (25 February – 9 March 1918; 18 March – 17 July 1918; 4 – 10 August 1918; 12 August – 1 September 1918)
 * Maj. Gen. John Frank Morrison (10 – 17 March 1918)
 * Maj. Gen. William S. Graves (18 July – 3 August 1918; 11 August 1918)
 * Maj. Gen. Eli A. Helmick (2 September 1918 – 19 November 1918; 26 November 1918)
 * Brig. Gen. John J. Bradley (20 – 26 November 1918)

Organization
The 8th Division was organized at Camp Fremont, California, from men of the Regular Army, 3 August 1918.

 * Headquarters, 8th Division
 * 15th Infantry Brigade
 * 12th Infantry Regiment
 * 62nd Infantry Regiment
 * 23rd Machine Gun Battalion
 * 16th Infantry Brigade
 * 8th Infantry Regiment
 * 13th Infantry Regiment
 * 24th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 8th Field Artillery Brigade
 * 2nd Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 81st Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 83rd Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 8th Trench Mortar Battery
 * 22nd Machine Gun Battalion
 * 319th Engineer Regiment
 * 320th Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 8th Division
 * 8th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 8th Ammunition Train
 * 8th Supply Train
 * 8th Engineer Train
 * 8th Sanitary Train
 * 11th, 31st, 32nd, and 43rd Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

Moving abroad
In August 1918, Major General Graves, along with his staff, 5000 men, and 100 officers, was transferred to Siberia to occupy Vladivostok in Russia as part of the intervention in the Russian Civil War. Major General Eli A. Helmick succeeded Graves in command of the division. The overseas movement of the division to Europe commenced on October 30, 1918.

The 8th Field Artillery Brigade, 8th Infantry Brigade, 16th Infantry Brigade headquarters, and the 319th Engineer Regiment were the only divisional units to go to France. The 13th and 62nd Infantry Regiments were at sea when recalled after the Armistice. The 12th Infantry did not leave its pre-embarkation point at Camp Mills, New York, because it was quarantined for Spanish influenza. The troops who did reach France became the garrison of Brest and assisted in building huge camps for troops about to embark for return to the United States. The 8th Infantry Regiment became part of the American occupation forces in Germany until August 1919 and the remainder returned to the United States in January 1919, after which the division disbanded.

Between wars
The 8th Division officially demobilized at Camp Lee, Virginia, in September 1919. The division was partially reconstituted on 24 March 1923, allotted to the Third Corps Area for mobilization purposes, and assigned to the III Corps. Camp George G. Meade, Maryland, was its designated mobilization station for reactivation. The 16th Infantry Brigade (12th and 34th Infantry Regiments), the 1st Battalion, 16th Field Artillery Regiment, the 15th Ordnance Company, and the 8th Tank Company (Light) were assigned to the division in June 1923 as Regular Army active units, and formed the force from which the remainder of the division would be reactivated in the event of war. The commanding general of the brigade was considered the division commander for planning purposes. The 16th Infantry Brigade was stationed at Fort Howard, Maryland, from 1922 to 1928; Fort Hunt, Virginia, from 1928 to 1931; in Washington, D.C., from 1931 to 1936; and at Fort Meade from 1936 to the activation of the division.

The division headquarters was organized in April 1926 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as a "Regular Army Inactive" (RAI) unit using personnel of the Organized Reserve, and by mid-1927, most of the division's other inactive elements were also organized as such. The active units of the division conducted annual training with the III and XIII Corps and the 79th, 80th, and 99th Divisions. Summer training camps were usually conducted at Camp Meade.

The 16th Infantry Brigade's 12th and 34th Infantry Regiments, reinforced by the 3d Cavalry and the District of Columbia National Guard's 260th Coast Artillery, were called out on 28 July 1932 to quell potential trouble from the Bonus Army in Washington, D.C. The 12th Infantry was ordered to clear the United States Capitol and the camps on the Anacostia Flats of the veterans that afternoon. From June 1936 to August 1937, the 16th Brigade was commanded by Lorenzo D. Gasser, who went on to serve as the Army's assistant chief of staff for personnel (G-1) and Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army.

The division was also provisionally organized in 1939 for the First Army Maneuvers at Manassas, Virginia, with the 16th Brigade reinforced by the 66th Infantry (Light Tanks). In preparation for becoming a "triangular" division, the 8th Infantry Division was reactivated on 1 July 1940 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, less Reserve personnel, and assigned to the I Corps .

World War II

 * Activated: 1 July 1940 at Camp Jackson, South Carolina
 * Trained at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, in late 1942
 * Trained at Camp Laguna, Arizona, in 1943
 * Overseas: 5 December 1943
 * Campaigns:
 * Normandy
 * Northern France
 * Rhineland
 * Central Europe
 * Days of combat: 266.
 * Distinguished Unit Citations: 5
 * Awards: Medal of Honor – 3 ; Distinguished Service Cross (United States) – 33 ; Distinguished Service Medal (United States) – 2 ; Silver Star – 768; LM – 12 ; DFC – 2 ; SM – 24; BSM – 2,874; PH – 1 ; AM – 107.
 * Commanders:
 * Maj. Gen. Philip B. Peyton (June 1940 – December 1940)
 * Maj. Gen. James P. Marley (December 1940 – February 1941)
 * Maj. Gen. William E. Shedd (February 1941)
 * Maj. Gen. Henry Terrell Jr. (March 1941)
 * Maj. Gen. James P. Marley (April 1941 – July 1942)
 * Maj. Gen. Paul E. Peabody (August 1942 – January 1943)
 * Maj. Gen. William C. McMahon (February 1943 – July 1944)
 * Maj. Gen. Donald A. Stroh (July 1944 – December 1944)
 * Maj. Gen. William G. Weaver (December 1944 – February 1945)
 * Maj. Gen. Bryant E. Moore (February 1945 – November 1945)
 * Maj. Gen. William M. Miley (November 1945 to inactivation).
 * Returned to U.S.: 10 July 1945.
 * Inactivated: at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, 20 November 1945.

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 8th Infantry Division
 * 13th Infantry Regiment
 * 28th Infantry Regiment
 * 121st Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 8th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 28th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 43rd Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 45th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 56th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 12th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 8th Medical Battalion
 * 8th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 8th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 8th Infantry Division
 * 708th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 8th Quartermaster Company
 * 8th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 8th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Major General William C. McMahon was relieved shortly after the division arrived in Normandy. His replacement, Major General Donald A. Stroh was temporarily relieved during the Hurtgen fighting; the death of his son Harry, a pilot in the U.S. Army Air Forces who was shot down over Brittany, had made a deep psychological impact. After a rest, Stroh went on to command the 106th Infantry Division.

Combat chronicle
During World War II, the 8th Infantry Division was sent to Europe to fight against the Axis. After training in Northern Ireland the 8th Infantry Division landed on Utah Beach, Normandy, 4 July 1944, and entered combat on 7 July. Shortly after its arrival, the division captured the French cities of Rennes and Brest. Fighting through the hedgerows, it crossed the Ay River, 26 July, pushed through Rennes, 8 August, and attacked Brest, France in September. When U.S. Brigadier General Charles Canham, who was at the time the deputy commander of the 8th Infantry Division, arrived to accept the surrender of German troops in Brest, the commander of the Brest garrison, General Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke asked the lower-ranking man to show his credentials. Canham pointed to his nearby troops and said "These are my credentials". That phrase has since become the 8th Infantry Division's motto.

Following these actions, the 8th turned eastward toward the German border, taking part in the heavy fighting in the Hürtgen Forest in November 1944. The Crozon Peninsula was cleared on 19 September, and the division drove across France to Luxembourg, moved to the Hürtgen Forest, 20 November, cleared Hürtgen on the 28th and Brandenberg, 3 December, and pushed on to the Roer. That river was crossed on 23 February 1945, Düren taken on the 25th and the Erft Canal crossed on the 28th. The 8th reached the Rhine near Rodenkirchen, 7 March, and maintained positions along the river near Koeln. In early March 1945, the 8th had advanced into the Rhineland. It fought its way into the Ruhr region the following month.

On 6 April the division attacked northwest to aid in the destruction of enemy forces in the Ruhr Pocket, and by the 17th had completed its mission. After security duty, the division, under operational control of the British Second Army, drove across the Elbe, 1 May, and penetrated to Schwerin when the war in Europe ended.

On 2 May 1945, as it advanced into northern Germany, the 8th Infantry Division encountered the Neuengamme concentration camp Wöbbelin subcamp, near the city of Ludwigslust. The SS had established Wöbbelin in early February 1945 to house concentration camp prisoners who had been evacuated from other Nazi camps to prevent their liberation by the Allies. Wöbbelin held some 5,000 inmates, many of whom suffered from starvation and disease. The sanitary conditions at the camp when the 8th Infantry Division and the 82nd Airborne Division arrived were deplorable. There was little food or water, and some prisoners had resorted to cannibalism. In the first week after liberation, more than 200 inmates died. In the aftermath, the United States Army ordered the townspeople in Ludwigslust to visit the camp and bury the dead.

The 8th Infantry Division was recognized as a liberating unit by the U.S. Army's Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1988.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 13,986
 * Killed in action: 2,532
 * Wounded in action: 10,057
 * Missing in action: 729
 * Prisoner of war: 668

Assignments in the European Theater of Operations

 * 30 November 1943: Attached to First Army.
 * 24 December 1943: XV Corps.
 * 1 July 1944: VIII Corps, attached to First Army.
 * 1 August 1944: VIII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 5 September 1944: VIII Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 22 October 1944: VIII Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 19 November 1944: V Corps.
 * 18 December 1944: VII Corps.
 * 20 December 1944: Attached, with the entire First Army, to the British 21st Army Group.
 * 22 December 1944: XIX Corps, Ninth Army (attached to British 21st Army Group), 12th Army Group.
 * 3 February 1945: VII Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 2 April 1945: XVIII (Abn) Corps.
 * 26 April 1945: XVIII (Abn) Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group, but attached for operations to the British Second Army in the British 21st Army Group.

Medals of Honor
Three soldiers of the 8th Division were awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II.

 * Private First Class Ernest Prussman, 13th Infantry Regiment. Prussman took over his squad on 8 September 1944 during the advance on Les Coates [wrong transliteration of Loscoat, near Brest] in Brittany, and disarmed several Germans, including a machine gun crew. Shot by a German rifleman, his dying act was to unleash a hand grenade that killed the man who shot him. His Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously.
 * Private First Class Walter C. Wetzel, 13th Infantry Regiment. As acting squad leader in the regimental Anti-Tank Company, PFC Wetzel defended his platoon's command post from an enemy attack on 3 April 1945. Wetzel threw himself on either 1 or 2 enemy grenades (sources vary) thrown into the C.P. His Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously.
 * Staff Sergeant John W. Minick, Company I, 121st Infantry Regiment. After his battalion was halted by enemy minefields during an advance on 21 November 1944 during the Hurtgen fighting, he led four men through the obstacle, then successfully destroyed an enemy machine gun post that had opened fire on the small party. Moving forward again, he single-handedly engaged an entire company of enemy soldiers, killing 20 men and capturing 20 more. Resuming the advance, he tried to scout through another minefield, but detonated a mine in the attempt. His Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously.

After World War II
The 8th Infantry Division was reactivated in 1950 as a training division at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and in 1954 became a regular infantry division. In 1956-57 it was sent to West Germany, initially on a temporary basis in Operation Gyroscope, but remained in West Germany for decades. The Division's First Brigade (with subordinate units) was stationed in Mainz, the Second Brigade (with subordinate units) was stationed in Baumholder, and the Third Brigade (with subordinate units) was stationed in Mannheim (Sullivan and Coleman Barracks). In 1974, an amendment by Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia led to two more brigades being organized for European service. The 4th Brigade, 4th Infantry Division ("Brigade-76") was dispatched to Europe in the fall of 1976. It was stationed in Wiesbaden, attached to the 8th Infantry Division, and for eight years, made it unique - the 8th ID became the Army's only four-brigade division. In 1984, the 4th Brigade was inactivated and the division's size fell to the standard three brigades. From December 1957, until it was inactivated in January 1992, the 8th Infantry Division was headquartered at Bad Kreuznach.

From the late 1950s until the early 1960s, the 8th Infantry Division was organized as a partially Airborne Pentomic division, with two of its five battle groups (the 1st Airborne Battle Group, 504th Infantry, and 1st Airborne Battle Group, 505th Infantry) on jump status. In 1963 the division was reorganized into a brigade structure with the 1st Brigade on jump status, and 1-504th was reorganized and reflagged as the 1st Battalion (Abn), 509th Infantry and 1-505th as the 2d Battalion (Abn), 509th Infantry. Supporting units throughout the division (for example, one field artillery battalion, one company of the engineer battalion, one platoon of the MP company, etc.) were also on jump status. The 8th Infantry Division operated its own jump school at Wiesbaden Air Base to support its 1st Brigade as well as other elements of the United States Army, Europe. In 1973 elements of the 1st Brigade were transferred to Vicenza, Italy, to establish a separate Airborne battalion combat team (1-509th INF) and the two Airborne infantry battalions were reorganized and reflagged as the 2d Battalion, 28th Infantry and the 2d Battalion, 87th Infantry. The reorganized 1st Brigade included a tank unit, the 4th Battalion, 69th Armor.

Desert Storm
Four battalions deployed to Operation Desert Storm.
 * Attached to 3d Armored Division:
 * 4th Battalion, 34th Armor
 * 12th Engineer Battalion
 * 5th Battalion, 3d Air Defense Artillery
 * Attached to the 42d Field Artillery Brigade:
 * 2d Battalion, 29th Field Artillery (M109A2/A3 155mm SP)

Inactivation
The 8th Infantry Division inactivated on 17 January 1992, with some elements being "reflagged" as part the 1st Armored Division, which had been stationed in southeastern West Germany.

Commanders

 * Maj. Gen. Frank McConnel 	Aug 50 	Jan 51
 * Maj. Gen. Harry J. Collins 	Jan 51 	Feb 52
 * Maj. Gen. W.P. Sheppard 	Feb 52 	Jan 53
 * Brig. Gen. John A. Dabney 	Jan 53 	Jan 54
 * Maj. Gen. Riley E. Ennis 	Jan 54 	Jun 54
 * Maj. Gen. Harry J. Collins 	Jun 54 	Aug 54
 * Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Harold	Aug 54 	Nov 54
 * Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Sherburne 	Sept 54 	Nov 54
 * Maj. Gen. John G. Van Houten 	Nov 54 	Jan 56
 * Maj. Gen. Thomas M Watlington 	Jun 56 	Aug 57
 * Maj. Gen. Philip F. Lindman 	Aug 57 	Mar 59
 * Maj. Gen. Lloyd R. Moses 	Mar 59 	Oct 60
 * Maj. Gen. Edgar C. Doleman 	Oct 60 	Oct 61
 * Maj. Gen. Andrew Goodpaster 	Oct 61 	Oct 62
 * Maj. Gen. Stanley R. Larsen 	Nov 62 	Apr 64
 * Maj. Gen. Joseph R. Russ 	Apr 64 	Apr 66
 * Maj. Gen. Patrick F. Cassidy 	Apr 66 	Jun 68
 * Maj. Gen. George L. Mabry Jr.	Jun 68 	Feb 69
 * Maj. Gen. Elmer H. Almquist 	Feb 69 	Aug 70
 * Maj. Gen. Donald V. Rattan 	Aug 70 	May 72
 * Maj. Gen. Frederic E. Davison May 72 	Oct 73
 * Maj. Gen. Joseph C. McDonough 	Oct 73 	Jul 75
 * Maj. Gen. John R.D. Cleland 	Jul 75 	Jun 77
 * Maj. Gen. Paul F. Gorman 	Jun 77 	May 79
 * Maj. Gen. William J. Livsey 	May 79 	Jun 81
 * Maj. Gen. Carl E. Vuono 	Jun 81 	Jun 83
 * Maj. Gen. Charles W. Dyke	Jun 83 	Jun 85
 * Maj. Gen. Orren R. Whiddon Jun 85 Jun 87
 * Maj. Gen. Calvin A. H. Waller Jun 87 Jun 89
 * Maj. Gen. David M. Maddox 	Jul 89 	Nov 90
 * Maj. Gen. John P. Otjen 	Nov 90 	Jan 92

In Popular Culture
2010 movie A-Team, General Morrison (portrayed by actor Gerald McRaney) wears the UCP version of the 8th I.D. patch. Soldiers in the camp are seen wearing the same patch in UCP.

In the 2002 WW2 Hallmark movie, "Silent Night", the US soldiers wear the 8th Infantry Division Patch.

The 2022 real-time strategy video game Warno features the 8th Infantry Division as a playable battlegroup based on its order of battle in 1989 in the Fulda Gap.

title: 8th Infantry Division (United States)


text:
Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness

The Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness is a protected wilderness area in the states of Idaho and Montana, in the northwestern United States. At 1.3 million acres (5,300 km²), it is one of the largest designated wilderness areas in the United States (14th overall, but third-largest outside Alaska).

The Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness spans the Bitterroot Mountain Range, on the border between Idaho and Montana, and covers parts of Bitterroot National Forest, Clearwater National Forest, Lolo National Forest, and the Nez Perce National Forest. The Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness Area is immediately to its south, separated from it only by a dirt road (the Magruder Corridor). Together with adjoining public land, the two wilderness areas form a five million-acre (20,000 km²) wild region.

It is here that the Lochsa and Selway rivers form and flow westward to their confluence at Lowell, Idaho (outside the wilderness along U.S. Route 12) to form the Middle Fork of the Clearwater River. The land ranges in elevation from 1700 ft on the Lochsa River to 10157 ft at Trapper Peak in the Bitterroot Mountains.

One of the largest elk herds in the United States calls the wilderness home, and it also boasts a healthy population of bighorn sheep. This wilderness is one of the areas being used to reintroduce wild packs of the grey wolf. The high-elevation areas around the Bitterroot peaks are rugged alpine parkland. Lower areas are covered by dense coniferous forest.

title: Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness


text:
Otter Island

Otter Island may refer to:

 * Otter Island (Alaska), island near Saint Paul Island, Alaska
 * Otter Island (Ontario), island in Ontario, Canada
 * Otter Island (South Carolina), noted in American Civil War accounts
 * Otter Island (Wisconsin), island located in Wisconsin
 * Otter Island (Tangier Sound), island in Maryland
 * Otter Island (Scotland), island in Scotland
 * Otter Island, an island on Derwentwater in Cumbria, England

title: Otter Island


text:
Talk:Rhodesian Front

Untitled
More perhaps on its origins from Liberals, the Dominion Party, and of Ian Smith who split from the latter forming the Reform Party, later remerging with the Dominion Party to form the Rhodesian Front (led by former Dominon Party leader, Winston Field, soon to be ousted by Smith).

Fascism tag?
I see a WikiProject: Fascism tag has been added to this page. I've added a note at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Fascism asking for explanation, since there's no obvious connection. If no explanation is forthcoming, I'll remove the tag.Humansdorpie 21:17, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Founding principles
Replaced the list of party principles removed without explanation; the principles of the party (i.e. what it stood for) are surely an important part of the article? 82.108.5.59 12:57, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep them in list form, simply because it is easier to read. Why should we tax people's eyes? Putting them together turns them into a mush. michael talk 05:07, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * This is an issue of Wikipedia policy. In this case guidelines say to use sentences rather than to present information in bullet form. Perspicacite 05:10, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't give a damn about policy. Does bullet form make it easier to read? Yes. So it should be in bullet form. Common sense should override policy at every single oppourtunity. michael talk 05:12, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, consensus overrides the "ignore all rules" policy. Such passion would be better spent referencing this content and expanding the article. This disagreement is of little importance. Perspicacite 05:21, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * But you lack a consensus, and you had no consensual mandate for change, so wouldn't IAR win, then? And, like you said, there are better things to argue over. Time to go purchase Rhodesians Never Die and actually improve articles rather than fiddling with them. michael talk 05:29, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Consensus for broad policy does not need to be certified every time the issue comes up. This has already been settled on other pages and is policy for all pages. Perspicacite 06:15, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

I would like to know what these 15 principles are. If they can not be put in the article, could we have a link to them? 66.201.56.88 (talk) 00:30, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The founding principles state explicitly that the Rhodesian Front was a white supremacist party. While this was not contentious at the time, the references to furthering domination of the European race in Rhodesia at the expense of Native races is making some contributors nervous. MTM-2k (talk) 14:38, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

Dissolved
The party changed its name in 1981 - it was not dissolved.Royalcourtier (talk) 20:10, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

RfC about "Ideology" list in Infobox

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Should "White supremacy" be included in the "Ideology" list of the Infobox? --T*U (talk) 09:06, 11 April 2020 (UTC)

Background
After having been reverted several times in spite of adding gradually more sources in support of the addition, I feel the need to get input from more editors. --T*U (talk) 09:06, 11 April 2020 (UTC)

Survey

 * Include: The reasons given for removal has been The Rhodesian Front was not white supremacist, calling them "White Supremacists" is misleading and similar statements. Wikipedia does, however, not base its content on the opinion of editors. but on reliable sources, and there seems to be no lack of sources that describe the party as "White Supremacist". Here are but a few:
 * --T*U (talk) 09:06, 11 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Include per the above signed,Rosguill talk 03:19, 19 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Include per the given sources, which seem to demonstrate academic consensus. — Bilorv ( talk ) 22:58, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Include per the above Babakathy (talk) 14:55, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose ... I'm not going to be up-in-arms if this is added to the infobox since it's probably close enough, however, while many sources seem to indicate individual members espoused WS ideas, that it attracted WS members, etc., fewer sources indicate it was in fact white supremacist in its manifesto and platform. I would prefer "Racialist" be added as an ideology, instead, as there seems to be less disagreement on that term among sources.  Again, however, I'm splitting hairs on this point and I if my opinion is the only thing preventing a close then I ask the closer to reconsider my opinion as an "Include."  DocumentError (talk) 21:03, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - They aren't really white supremacists. They rather simply opposed racial integration, therefore I oppose. 🌺Kori🌺  - ( @ ) 19:03, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Include per sources of TU-nor. Behindthekeys (talk) 18:13, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

White supremacism
The RfC above was closed with a clear consensus: The consensus is that "White supremacy" should be included in the "Ideology" list of the infobox based on how reliable sources have described the political party. This was implemented 16 May. One month later, two editors again edit to remove it, using edit summaries like the Rhodesian Front is not a white supremacist party. In a last version, they accept including "White interests", which hardly can be described as an ideology.

The outcome of the RfC was clear. I have explained WP:RS and WP:CONSENSUS to in their talk page and given them the chance to self revert, but they have not been active for more than a week after their last revert. Now it is time to implement the consensus again. --T*U (talk) 07:04, 6 July 2020 (UTC)\

There obviously is no consensus above, per the Weak Oppose and Oppose sections. I propose we replace "White Supremacy" with "White Interests" 2001:56A:FA44:C100:B4A7:9202:3268:8A89 (talk) 23:06, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

The Rhodesian Front was a self proclaimed white supremacist organisation, this view was unambiguously espoused within rank and file of the party and existed in the Rhodesian Front's own Principles and Policies (1962) manifesto. Why is this being contested? MTM-2k (talk) 22:18, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Why then it had a lot of Black members? --95.24.66.180 (talk) 02:27, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * hi. Do you have a source where we can read that? Babakathy (talk) 05:14, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhodesian Front


text:
80th Division (United States)

The 80th Training Command (The Army School System - TASS) is a formation of the United States Army Reserve.

The unit was first organized in August 1917 and activated the following September during World War I as the 80th Division. During World War II, the Division was redesignated on 1 August 1942, as the 80th Infantry Division. Nicknamed the "Blue Ridge Division", it was initially composed of draftees from the mid-atlantic states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. The Division was redesignated the 80th Airborne Division from December 1946 to May 1952. In May 1952 and March 1959, the unit was redesignated as a reserve infantry division and then a reserve training division. In 1994, the unit was granted the designation, 80th Division (Institutional Training). On 1 October 2008, the unit underwent a major transformation and is now the 80th Training Command.

World War I

 * Activated: September 1917
 * Overseas: June 1918
 * Major operations: Battle of the Somme (1918), Meuse-Argonne, Battle of Saint-Mihiel.
 * Casualties: Total-6,029. (KIA-880; WIA-5,149).
 * Commanders: Brig. Gen. Herman Hall (ad interim, 27 August 1917), Maj. Gen. Adelbert Cronkhite (9 September 1917), Brig. Gen. Loyd M. Brett (ad interim, 26 November 1917), Brig. Gen. Wilds P. Richardson (ad interim, 28 December 1917), Brig. Gen. Charles S. Farnsworth (ad interim, 7 January 1918), Brig. Gen. Loyd M. Brett (ad interim, 14 January 1918), Maj. Gen. Adelbert Cronkhite (1 March 1918), Maj. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis (22 November 1918), Maj. Gen. Adelbert Cronkhite (12 April 1919)
 * Inactivated: May 1919.

History
The 80th Division was organized in August 1917 at Camp Lee, Virginia. The units were made up mostly of men from Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia.

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 80th Division
 * 159th Infantry Brigade
 * 317th Infantry Regiment
 * 318th Infantry Regiment
 * 313th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 160th Infantry Brigade
 * 319th Infantry Regiment
 * 320th Infantry Regiment
 * 315th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 155th Field Artillery Brigade
 * 313th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 314th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 315th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 305th Trench Mortar Battery
 * 314th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 305th Engineer Regiment
 * 305th Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 80th Division
 * 305th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 305th Ammunition Train
 * 305th Supply Train
 * 305th Engineer Train
 * 305th Sanitary Train
 * 317th, 318th, 319th, and 320th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

The 317th Infantry included men from central and western Virginia; the 318th Infantry was made up mostly of men from the Shenandoah Valley and Tidewater areas; the 313th Machine Gun Battalion mostly had men from the Erie, Pennsylvania, area. These units comprised the 159th Infantry Brigade. The 318th Infantry were nicknamed the "squirrels" while training with the British in the Artois/Picardy section of France; the 1st Battalion was the "red squirrels," the 2nd Battalion was the "gray squirrels," and the 3rd Battalion was the "flying squirrels."

The 319th Infantry included men from the Allegheny County and Erie areas, and a few from eastern Ohio. The 320th Infantry had men from Pittsburgh; the 315th Machine Gun Battalion had men from Pittsburgh and Erie. These units combined to create the 160th Infantry Brigade.

Each infantry regiment in the 80th Division used a unique helmet marking; the 317th used a diamond, the 318th a square, the 319th a circle, and the 320th Infantry Regiment a bowl shape. The headquarters of each regiment divided their shape using three vertical stripes of red, white, and blue; the 1st battalion of each regiment used solid red, the 2nd battalion white, and the 3rd battalion blue. Each company painted their respective letter inside the shape. The machine gun company of each regiment divided their shape vertically in half in red and blue; the supply company divided their shape in red and white.

The 313th, 314th and 315th Field Artillery Regiments were composed of men almost exclusively from the state of West Virginia, and formed the 155th Field Artillery Brigade.

Serving with the division were the 314th Machine Gun Battalion (men from the Tidewater area) as well as the 305th Engineer Regiment (men from the area east and north of Pittsburgh); the 305th Trains (Ammunition, Engineer, Supply and Sanitary) were men from western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Virginia. The engineers were more often than not sent out ahead. During the rest period from 14 October through the Armistice, they finally were outfitted with U.S. Springfield and Browning automatic rifles. They had two weeks to train before the third and final push began in the Meuse-Argonne. It was also during this period that an attack formation was reorganized to allow for more maneuverability.

Meuse-Argonne

The 155th Field Artillery Regiment was in combat from the start of the Meuse Argonne, continuously with the 80th Division, but served also with the 90th Division into Germany, until after the Armistice. Altogether, the 155th served with five different divisions.

During the Meuse Argonne campaign, the 80th Division was the only one that saw action during each phase of the offensive (three times). And they first earned their motto, "The 80th Division Moves only Forward!". The artillery of the division boasted more days of continuous combat firing than the batteries of any other American division. The 80th captured two Germans and one machine gun for every man wounded and one piece of artillery with gun crew for every 10 men wounded. Men of the 80th Division received 619 awards and decorations.

Helmet insignias
"Previously announced, the distinctive symbols of the various units of the Division were declared official on 30 April 1918. For the four Infantry Regiments, in their order beginning with the 317th Infantry, they were a diamond, square, circle, and semi circle. The symbol of each unit's Headquarters Company was colored red, white and blue; that of the Supply Company red and white; that of the Machine Gun Company red and blue. The battalion symbols were colored in red (Coys, A, B, C, D), white (Coys, E, F, G, H), blue (Coys, I, K, L, M) in numerical order. The three Machine Gun battalions were identified with a shield - blue and white (313th), red and white (314th), red and blue (315th), in order, beginning with the 313th M.G.Bn. Other Units of the Command were assigned equally distinctive symbols, thereby enabling property and individuals immediately identified by the markings required on the packing cases, wagons, helmets and other property articles".

All artillery units wear the "Gun Sight" on their helmets. It referenced the 313th F.A. and 314th F.A. with two blocks at approximately 45 degrees and 270 degrees. The 315th F.A. was 155mm and their "Gun Sight" emblem was a variation of this emblem. It contained the infantry colors (blue) in the four quadrants. In the center, there was a star and the battery letter was in the center of the star. The engineer units were identified by spades on their helmets. White and red for the headquarters company, red for the 1st Battalion (Companies A,B,C), white for the 2nd Battalion (Companies D, E, F).

Interwar period
The 80th Division headquarters arrived at the port of Newport News, Virginia, aboard the USS Zeppelin on 28 May 1919 after 12 months of overseas service and was demobilized on 5 June 1919 at Camp Lee, Virginia. It was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Third Corps Area, and assigned to the XIII Corps. The division was further allotted to the states of Virginia, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. The division headquarters was organized on 1 September 1921 at 1014 East Main Street in Richmond, Virginia. It was relocated in 1926 to the Post Office Building, moved in 1933 to the Broad-Grace Arcade Building at Third and Grace Streets, and finally to the Parcel Post Building in 1935. The headquarters remained there until activated for World War II.

The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Camp George G. Meade, Maryland, the location where much of the 80th’s training activities occurred in the interwar years. The division headquarters usually conducted its summer training there, and on a number of occasions, participated in command post exercises. The 80th Division headquarters occasionally trained with the staff of the 8th Division's 16th Infantry Brigade. The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the units of the 16th Infantry Brigade. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, trained at various posts in the Second and Third Corps Areas usually with units of the 1st Division or the active elements of the 8th Division. For example, the division’s artillery trained with the 16th Field Artillery Regiment at Camp Meade; the 305th Engineer Regiment usually trained with the 1st Engineer Regiment at Fort DuPont, Delaware, or the 13th Engineers at Camp Humphreys, Virginia; the 305th Medical Regiment trained with the 1st Medical Regiment at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania; and the 305th Observation Squadron trained with the 99th Observation Squadron at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps held at Camp Meade each year.

On a number of occasions, the division participated in Third Corps Area or First Army command post exercises in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the Third Corps Area, the 80th Division did not participate in the Third Corps Area maneuvers and the First Army maneuvers of 1935, 1939, and 1940 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some officers were assigned duties as umpires or support personnel.

World War II

 * Ordered into active military service: 15 July 1942; Initially, soldiers reported to Camp Forrest, Tennessee, named for General Nathan Bedford Forrest, a Confederate Cavalry commander in the Civil War. The Division later moved for training at Camp Phillips, near Salina, Kansas and at Camp Iron Mountain and Camp Laguna at the Desert Training Center in the California - Arizona Maneuver Area (DTC / C-AMA). The 80th Division, as part of MG Alexander M. Patch Jr.'s IV Corps, were stationed at Camp Laguna, AZ about 25 miles North of Yuma AZ. The 80th remained at the DTC / C-AMA from December 1943 to March 1944.
 * Overseas: 1 July 1944
 * Campaigns: Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
 * Days of combat: 239
 * Distinguished Unit Citations: 6
 * Awards: Medal of Honor-4; Distinguished Service Cross (United States)-34; Distinguished Service Medal (United States)-1; Silver Star-771; LM-12; DFC-5; SM-35; BSM-3,869, AM-123.
 * Commanders: Maj. Gen. Joseph D. Patch (July 1942 – March 1943), Maj. Gen. Horace L. McBride (March 1943 – October 1945), Maj. Gen. Walter E. Lauer (October 1945 – December 1945).
 * Returned to U.S.: 3 January 1946.
 * Inactivated: 5 January 1946.

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 80th Infantry Division
 * 317th Infantry Regiment
 * 318th Infantry Regiment
 * 319th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 80th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 313th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 314th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 315th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 905th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 305th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 305th Medical Battalion
 * 80th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 80th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 80th Infantry Division
 * 780th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 80th Quartermaster Company
 * 80th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 80th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment
 * 702nd Tank Battalion

Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

Combat chronicle
On 5 August 1944, the 80th landed at Utah Beach. The division was destined to become the "work horse" of General Patton's Third Army and to play a key role in the breakthrough at Avranches. The Division then attacked Argentan, taking it, 20 August, and creating the Falaise Pocket. After mopping up in the area, the 80th took part in the Third Army dash across France, cutting through Saint-Mihiel, Châlons, and Commercy in pursuit of the retreating Germans until stopped by the lack of gasoline and other supplies at the river Seille.

From 25 September to 7 November, the division maintained an aggressive defense of positions west of the Seille, and prepared for the Third Army sweep into the industrially vital Saar Basin. The attack jumped off on 8 November, the 80th advancing through Delme Ridge, Faulquemont, and St. Avold to within 5 mi of Saarbrücken, when it was relieved by the 6th Armored Division, 7 December 1944.

Battle of the Bulge
After 10 days rest, the division returned to combat, moving southeast to take part in an attack on the Siegfried Line at Zweibrücken when the Germans launched their winter offensive in the Ardennes. The 80th was moved northward to Luxembourg and was hurled against the German salient, fighting at Luxembourg and Bastogne. By Christmas Day, men of the 80th were side by side with the tanks of the 4th Armored Division, battering forward through murderous opposition to help the 101st Airborne Division, besieged in Bastogne. Over frozen, snow-covered terrain, the attack gained nine bitter miles despite constant machine gun and mortar fire. The next day, the gap between the rescuers and the besieged was narrowed to 4000 yards. On 28 December, the 80th broke through, bringing relief to the 101st before driving the enemy across the Sure to Dahl and Goesdorf, 7 January 1945, and across the Clerf and Wiltz Rivers by 23 January. On 7 February 1945, the division stormed across the Our and Sauer Rivers at Wallendorf (Eifel), broke through the Siegfried Line, pursued the fleeing enemy to Kaiserslautern, 20 March, and crossed the Rhine, 27–28 March, near Mainz.

Pursuit continued in April, the division defeating the German defenders at Kassel, driving rapidly to Erfurt on the 12th, and Weimar, Jena, and Gera on the 14th. Relieved, 21 April, it moved to Nürnberg for occupation duty and on 28 April, to Regensburg, then to the Enns River, battling to the very end. It has been alleged that the last shot fired on the western front was in Czechoslovakia by the 80th, the last of General Patton's divisions still in action. General Patton issued his cease-fire order at 0800 on 8 May 1945. By V-E day, the 80th Division had amassed 289 days of combat and had captured more than 200,000 enemy soldiers.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 17,087
 * Killed in action: 3,038
 * Wounded in action: 12,484
 * Missing in action: 488
 * Prisoner of war: 1,077

Assignments in European Theatre of Operations

 * 1 August 1944: XII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 7 August 1944: XX Corps
 * 8 August 1944: XV Corps.
 * 10 August 1944: XX Corps.
 * 17 August 1944: Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to the V Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 28 August 1944: Third Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 26 August 1944: XII Corps.
 * 19 December 1944: III Corps.
 * 26 December 1944: XII Corps.
 * 10 March 1945: XX Corps.

Cold War
The division was inactivated in January 1946, but reactivated in December of that year as the 80th Airborne Division. Since then, the division has been reorganized several times. As an airborne division, it became one of 24 organized Reserve Corps divisions. In 1952, during the Korean War, it was reorganized again as the 80th Infantry Division and remained as such for seven years. In March 1959, it was reorganized as the 80th Division (Training), with a primary focus of providing initial entry training to trainees at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Fort Jackson, South Carolina, a mission and structure that lasted for many years. In 1988 and 1990, the division carried out ten-week exercises for wartime mobilization missions named, "Old Dominion Forward" at Fort Bragg, setting up training for nearly 700 new Soldiers.

Persian Gulf War
Units from the 80th Division were activated in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Two 80th Division units were called to active duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm. The 424th Transportation Company of Galax, Virginia, was activated 17 November 1990. After training and equipping at Fort Eustis, Virginia, it deployed to Saudi Arabia 5 January 1991. For its service in the war the company was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation. Citation reading: "... under adverse conditions in a combat zone, logging over 850,000 accident- free road miles, in the countries of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq." By the end of the war, elements of the 424th had advanced as far as the Euphrates River in support of coalition assault units. The 424th returned to the United States on 29–30 June 1991, and to home station 3 July. Soldiers of the 3rd Battalion, 318th Regiment, 4th Brigade, at Fort Story, Virginia, were activated 23 January 1991, and reported to Fort Eustis to train recalled reservists. Because of the short duration of the ground war in Iraq and Kuwait, additional Individual Ready Reserve troops were not called up and the 3rd Battalion was released from active duty and returned to home station 17 March.

New training reorganization
In 1992, the division began a training base expansion mission at Fort Benning, Georgia. The mission changed to professional roundout training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, the following year when Reservists worked with active duty Army drill sergeants in training new soldiers. October 1994 marked the fourth major reorganization since World War II, when it became Headquarters, 80th Division (Training). Maintaining the Initial Entry mission, it expanded to provide "The Army School System" or TASS mission. The 80th took command and control of 10 Army Reserve Forces schools, and along with legacy divisions from World War II (84th, 95th, 98th, 100th, 104th, and the 108th) became one of seven institutional training (IT) divisions, located in seven regions throughout the U.S. The 80th Division (IT) provided instructions for units in Region B which included Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Delaware. Seven brigades of the 80th Division (IT) carried out specific training missions in the above states and proceeded to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, to support expansion of the U.S. Army Training Center and to conduct Basic Combat Training (BCT), One Station Unit Training (OSUT) and other specialized training, as directed by Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC).

Global War on Terrorism

 * Operation Noble Eagle After 11 September 2001, specialized training commenced with drill sergeant and instructor units mobilized to training posts in the U.S.
 * Operation Enduring Freedom in 2004, 80th Division (IT) units provided training and reconstruction support to the Afghanistan government.
 * Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2005 in support, the 80th Division (IT) mobilized and deployed to Iraq in support of the largest activation of the division's soldiers since World War II, serving in every specialty and skill as a part of the Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq. Two soldiers were killed in action and two others died stateside while mobilized during this conflict.

During the period 17 May 2005 to 15 August 2006, 80th Division (Institutional Training) displayed outstanding meritorious service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit planned and executed the largest mobilization and combat-zone deployment of the Army Reserve Division since 1945. Additionally, the unit was responsible for training and advising over 106,000 Iraqi Army Soldiers to include: two Iraqi Army Division Headquarters, seven Iraqi Brigade Headquarters, and twenty-two Battalions of Iraqi Soldiers.

So far 80th Division soldiers have earned more than 1,144 medals and citations including 31 Purple Hearts, 2 Bronze Stars with Combat V, 467 Bronze Stars, 84 Combat Infantryman Badges (CIB) and 187 Combat Action Badges (CAB). The unit continues to support the Global War on Terrorism with individual and group deployments to the theater of operations as required.

80th Training Command
On 1 October 2008, the 80th Division (IT) transformed to become the 80th Training Command (TASS). It expanded from the five states to reach across the entire country. Of the seven IT divisions, only three remain, with the 80th taking command of the entire TASS mission for the Army Reserve. The 80th expanded from eight brigades and 12 battalions to three divisions (94th, 100th, 102nd), 13 brigades, 63 battalions, and 14 training centers. The 80th is the third-largest command organization in the U.S. Army Reserve. Made up of over 7,300 Army Reserve Soldiers assigned to 15 brigade units aligned under three major subordinate one-star commands with units located nationwide—from Pennsylvania to Puerto Rico and from the Carolinas and Georgia to California. It has an operational control training relationship with a unit in Hawaii and a support relationship with a unit in Germany.

The command's annual economic impact is about $40–60 million. In addition to the salaries of full-time civilian and military personnel, this figure also includes pay to Army Reserve soldiers, money spent locally for the purchase of supplies, services, maintenance support, equipment, facility construction and renovation, and the G.I. Bill college tuition payments to Army Reserve soldiers attending school.

The 80th trains Army soldiers in the career military fields for Combat Support and Combat Service Support. The 94th Training Division (Force Sustainment) headquarters is located at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia (Erstwhile Fort Lee) and became fully mission capable in October 2009. The 100th Training Division (Operational Support) has its headquarters in Louisville. Kentucky, and will soon relocate to Fort Knox. The 102nd Training Division (Maneuver Support) headquarters is located at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, and also became fully mission capable in October 2009.

Commanders
World War I
 * Major General Adelbert Cronkhite
 * Brigadier General Lloyd Milton Brett
 * Major General Samuel D. Sturgis

World War II
 * Major General Walter E. Lauer
 * Major General Joseph D. Patch
 * Major General Horace L. McBride

Cold War
 * Major General James B. Cress
 * Major General William M. Stokes, Jr.
 * Major General Morgan M. Wallace
 * Major General Frederick H. Garber III
 * Brigadier General Charles B. Deane
 * Major General Willard P. Milby, Jr.
 * Major General Louis H. Ginn
 * Major General John P. Henderson
 * Major General John W. Knapp

Persian Gulf War
 * Major General Stephen H. Sewell, Jr.

______________

 * Major General Max Guggenheimer, Jr.
 * Major General James P. Browder, Jr.

Global War on Terrorism
 * Major General Douglas O. Dollar
 * Major General David L. Evans
 * Major General John P. McLaren, Jr.

General information

 * Nickname: Blue Ridge. Thundering Herd
 * Slogan: Only moves forward. (Original slogan: Strength of the mountains.)
 * Shoulder patch: Whitebordered shield of green upon which are superimposed three azure blue mountain peaks.

title: 80th Division (United States)


text: Category:Presidents of Mexico

title: Category:Presidents of Mexico