text:
Yoyodyne

Yoyodyne is a fictional company featured in Thomas Pynchon's novels, most prominently in The Crying of Lot 49, and humorously referenced in various other media.

Background
Yoyodyne was first introduced as a fictional defense contractor in Pynchon's debut novel V. (1963) and featured prominently in his novella The Crying of Lot 49 (1966). Described in the latter book as "a giant of the aerospace industry," Yoyodyne was founded by World War II veteran Clayton "Bloody" Chiclitz. The company has a large manufacturing plant in the fictional town of San Narciso, California. The name is reminiscent of several real high-tech companies, including the Gyrodyne Company of America, Teledyne and Teradyne, all of which were founded a few years before Pynchon wrote The Crying of Lot 49, and Rocketdyne, an aerospace company that manufactured, among other things, propulsion systems.

The name comes from "yoyo", a repetitive motion, and "dyne", a unit of force. According to Gyu Han Kang, it "symbolizes the destructive force of sameness and artificially structured order".

Joseph W. Slade suggests that Yoyodyne was based on Pynchon's time working for Boeing.

Reception and analysis
Ralph Clare notes that Yoyodyne is typical of companies depicted by Pynchon that "appear rather banal, represented not primarily by management and corporate hatchet men but by frustrated salaried employees in their natural cubicle-habitat". It is further noted that although "there has been no physical violence perpetrated by Yoyodyne against its workers or the community", the company "dispossesses people nonetheless" through "entitlement to its workers' patents", thereby turning the process of inventorship from one of creativity to another form of assembly-line drudgery.

Demonstrating how Pynchon uses Yoyodyne as an example of stifling innovation, Cyrus Patell writes: "The corporations that employ these inventors stress the value of 'team-work,' but for [Stanley] Koteks 'teamwork' is nothing but 'a way to avoid responsibility ... a symptom of the gutlessness of the whole society'" He also notes, "Yoyodyne follows the prototypical evolutionary pattern of a business within a culture of corporate capitalism: begun by an individual entrepreneur, it soon grows into a large entrenched bureaucracy that is hostile to individual initiative and inventiveness".

Slade explains that the company is an example of a contradiction in values Pynchon presents in The Crying of Lot 49: "Yoyodyne ... manufactures destructive high-tech weapons but markets them in classical capitalist fashion, as if they were ordinary industrial products".

In fiction
Yoyodyne has frequently been referenced as an "in-joke" in other media. For example:

 * The 1984 film The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension used the name Yoyodyne Propulsion Systems for a defense contractor whose corporate offices feature the sign, "The future begins tomorrow". Yoyodyne is a front for a group of red Lectroid aliens, all with the first name John, that landed in New Jersey in 1938, using the panic created by Orson Welles' War of the Worlds radio play as cover.
 * Numerous references in the Star Trek series, such as control panels and dedication plaques, indicate that parts of Federation starships were manufactured by Yoyodyne Propulsion Systems or YPS. Often, these notices are too small to be visible on a television screen, or can only be observed by freeze-framing.
 * Yoyodyne is a client of the law firm Wolfram & Hart on the television series Angel at the beginning in the 9th episode of the 5th season titled "Harm's Way".
 * The central bus station on the television series The John Larroquette Show was constructed by Yoyodyne.

In technical disciplines
In June 1991 version 2 of the open-source license GNU General Public License used the fictional company name "Yoyodyne, Inc." as an example grantor of the license.

Real-world companies named Yoyodyne
Yoyodyne was an Internet-based direct marketer, founded by Seth Godin and later joined by Mark Hurst, and acquired by Yahoo! on October 12, 1998. Godin took the name from the company in The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension.

A company named Yoyodyne LLC, based in Morristown, New Jersey, is a retailer of aftermarket motorcycle parts, including self-branded clutch accessories.

title: Yoyodyne


text:
Tiny (car)

Tiny was a British cyclecar manufactured by Nanson, Barker & Co at Esholt, Yorkshire between 1912 and 1915.

The first car, the 8 hp, produced in 1912 was powered by an air-cooled JAP V-twin engine, three-speed gearbox and chain drive. Unlike many cyclecars a differential was fitted to the rear axle. The two-seater bodywork was in aluminium with a wheelbase of 96 inches (2440 mm) and the range included a van. Springing was half-elliptic springs front and rear and braking was by external bands on the rear wheels. The car cost about £100 and was claimed to be capable of 50 mph (80 km/h). It was exhibited at the 1912 London Motor Cycle show.

In 1913 the engine was replaced by a water-cooled Precision, V twin of 964 cc. There were other improvements including changing the brakes to internal expanding and replacing the chain with shaft drive. The price rose to £135.

Just before the outbreak of war, in mid-1914, came the final Tiny called the 10/15. This one was a proper light car and had a four-cylinder Dorman engine of 1177 cc. It cost £157.

It is uncertain how many Tinys were made but output was small.

After the First World War, the same company produced cars under Airedale brand.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tiny (car)


text:
Cernin

Cernin may refer to:

 * Černín, a municipality and village in the Czech Republic
 * Czernin family (Černín family), a Czech noble family
 * Saturnin, saint, also called Cernín in Spanish

title: Cernin


text:
Shchi

Shchi (щи) is a Russian-style cabbage soup. When sauerkraut is used instead, the soup is called sour shchi, while soups based on sorrel, spinach, nettle, and similar plants are called green shchi (зелёные щи). In the past, the term sour shchi was also used to refer to a drink, a variation of kvass, which was unrelated to the soup.

History
Shchi (from съти, the plural of "съто" (s(i)to) – "something satisfying, feed") is a traditional soup of Russia. Cabbage soups have been known in Kievan Rus as far back as the 9th century, soon after cabbage was introduced from Byzantium. Its popularity in Russia originates from several factors: As a result, by the 10th century shchi became a staple food of Russia, and a popular saying sprang from this fact: "Щи и каша — пища наша." (Shchi e kasha — pishcha nasha "Shchi and kasha are our food").
 * Shchi is relatively easy to prepare;
 * it can be cooked with or without various types of meat;
 * and it can be frozen in the winter and carried as a solid on a trip to be cut up when needed.

Historical ingredients
The major components of shchi were originally cabbage, meat (beef, pork, lamb, or poultry), mushrooms, flour, and spices (based on onion and garlic). Cabbage and meat were cooked separately and smetana was added as a garnish before serving. Shchi is traditionally eaten with rye bread.

The ingredients of shchi gradually changed. Flour, which formerly was used to increase the soup's caloric value, now was excluded for the sake of finer taste. The spice mixture was enriched with black pepper and bay leaf, which were imported to Russia around the 15th century, also from Byzantium. Meat was sometimes substituted with fish, due to reasons related to the Eastern Orthodox Church calendar-related fasting. As for the vegetables, carrot and parsley could be added to the shchi. Beef was the most popular meat for shchi in Russia, while pork was more common in Ukraine. The water-to-cabbage ratio varies and whereas early shchi was often so viscous that a spoon could stand in it, more diluted preparation was adopted later.

Contemporary ingredients
Sometimes, tomato sauces (such as ketchup) are added to shchi (forming a tomato soup).

To mitigate accidental overspiceness, oversaltiness or general sourness of kvashyonaya kapusta (e.g. sauerkraut), a portion of cooked pasta (rigatoni, penne or macaroni) can be added to the batch of shchi.

Tushonka can also be found in shchi in place of meat or fish.

On some occasions, caviar d'aubergine (a puree made of cooked eggplants) or courgette caviar (made of zucchinis), is added to shchi to improve the thickness of the resulting soup. Caviar (or roe in general, such as pollock roe), can be found in shchi as an artisan additive rather than a "serious" component of shchi.

Linguistics
The two-letter word щи contains the letter щ, which lacks a counterpart in most non-Cyrillic alphabets and is transcribed into them with several letters. In German, щи becomes eight letters, Schtschi. Devanagari script can render щи with only one glyph श्ची, albeit one that takes four keystrokes to type श ् च ी which combine to give श्ची.

title: Shchi


text:
Talk:Historic Scotland

Untitled
I'm not an expert on such things, but is it correct to say that Historic Scotland are under the rule of the Scottish Parliament? I thought they were under the rule of the Scottish Executive, which can barely be said to be under the rule of the legislature (or can it?)

 * Well, the Parliament elects the First Minister who appoints the rest of the executive, so anything under the rule of the Executive is under the rule of the First Minister, who is under the rule of the Parliament. Morwen - Talk 19:46, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, sounds different from the UK parliament. But I'm still not convinced that talking of "rule" is right in this case. After all, the citizens of Scotland elect the scottish parliament, who elect etc. etc. but to say that Historic Scotland are under the rule of the scottish citizens doesn't reflect most people's view of the world. "Rule" to me implies a management or at least regulatory structure, rather than just electing a free agent and setting them free to make their own decisions... it seems more to me as if the author was trying to avoid repeating Scottish Executive or Scottish Ministers but chose a non-equivalent alternative... I may change it as it is at least no more wrong. Notinasnaid 08:40, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The comment regarding remit re: rural communities is legally incorrect. If HS is imply an executive agency of the Executive (and thus Ministers) then the Rose Theatre case in England applies, and Ministers are permitted to take account of other factors.

The comments also fail to take account of other controversial cases included Rowallan.

 * I have removed the claims about HS being under the "rule" of the Scottish Parliament and it being "part of the devolved powers of the government of Scotland" in consequence. Both statements are erroneous. The first for the reason given by Notinasnaid above. HS is an Executive agency, it is "ruled" (insofar as it is "ruled" by anyone) by the Minister holding the relevant portfolio (usually a ministry with a name containing the word "culture"). Minister's are accountable to Parliament and Parliament votes on the annual spending budget and so to that extent Parliament exerts control, indirectly, over HS. That is not ruling them. As to the devolved competence point, even if the Scottish Parliament did rule HS that is not the reason most of what it does is within devolved competence. It is subject to devolved Scottish control, because it is not reserved in terms of the Scotland Act.
 * --Antisthenes 22:58, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

POV?
I have removed this section, which followed the Castle Tioram info, as borderline POV:

 * It has been implied that this dispute has led to a review of the operations of the organisation. Such disputes on the proper way to conserve a building are common, but are normally resolved within an academic context. Historic Scotland seems to have had trouble dealing with a dispute spilling over into a major public argument, and has been seen as autocratic and out of touch with the economic needs of rural Scotland (which are, after all, not within its remit).

Perhaps a more rounded look at disputes on the proper way to conserve a building would be appropriate. This seems unduly negative towards HS. :Supergolden:: 11:22, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Intersting. When I added this text, it did have a source, which a later editor seems to have removed. What I will do is restore the text and the source to give a level playing field. In particular It has been implied that this dispute has led to a review of the operations of the organisation was a direct reflection of the source. With it all in place, people can decide whether it remains POV (from an editorial point of view, I was bending over backwards not'' to be negative in my presentation of the facts, but others may disagree). Notinasnaid 11:29, 24 March 2006 (UTC) (Update: I found the source had in fact been moved to another section so I put it back and used new style references tags so it is more clearly identified). Notinasnaid 11:35, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to add a little more background: the Castle Tioram saga led to significant amounts of very public, very angry criticism, in the press and even in parliament. It's certainly open to debate how to present this, but I think failing to cover it shouldn't be an option. The new paragraph as it was edited didn't really say anything at all to suggest it was anything other than a minor planning dispute. I was unable to find any attempt from Historic Scotland to defend itself, or I should have quoted it. Notinasnaid 12:18, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'm happy with that. As long as it can be backed up I don't see it as unbalanced, it just seemed a bit off without any references. I notice you also reverted my other edits. Thanks, :Supergolden:: 14:06, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, reverting the other edits was an accident. I think it is all reinstated. Notinasnaid 14:16, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Historic Scotland. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/policyandguidance/inquiryreports.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:25, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:58, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Historic Scotland


text: User talk:208.57.207.148

title: User talk:208.57.207.148


text:
Cauchy product

In mathematics, more specifically in mathematical analysis, the Cauchy product is the discrete convolution of two infinite series. It is named after the French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Definitions
The Cauchy product may apply to infinite series           or power series. When people apply it to finite sequences or finite series, that can be seen merely as a particular case of a product of series with a finite number of non-zero coefficients (see discrete convolution).

Convergence issues are discussed in the next section.

Cauchy product of two infinite series
Let $ \sum_{i=0}^\infty a_i$ and $ \sum_{j=0}^\infty b_j$  be two infinite series with complex terms. The Cauchy product of these two infinite series is defined by a discrete convolution as follows:

 * $$\left(\sum_{i=0}^\infty a_i\right) \cdot \left(\sum_{j=0}^\infty b_j\right) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty c_k$$    where     $$c_k=\sum_{l=0}^k a_l b_{k-l}$$.

Cauchy product of two power series
Consider the following two power series

 * $$\sum_{i=0}^\infty a_i x^i$$    and     $$\sum_{j=0}^\infty b_j x^j$$

with complex coefficients $$\{a_i\}$$ and $$\{b_j\}$$. The Cauchy product of these two power series is defined by a discrete convolution as follows:

 * $$\left(\sum_{i=0}^\infty a_i x^i\right) \cdot \left(\sum_{j=0}^\infty b_j x^j\right) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty c_k x^k$$    where     $$c_k=\sum_{l=0}^k a_l b_{k-l}$$.

Convergence and Mertens' theorem
Let $(a_{n})_{n≥0}$ and $(b_{n})_{n≥0}$ be real or complex sequences. It was proved by Franz Mertens that, if the series $ \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n$ converges to $A$ and $ \sum_{n=0}^\infty b_n$  converges to $B$, and at least one of them converges absolutely, then their Cauchy product converges to $AB$. The theorem is still valid in a Banach algebra (see first line of the following proof).

It is not sufficient for both series to be convergent; if both sequences are conditionally convergent, the Cauchy product does not have to converge towards the product of the two series, as the following example shows:

Example
Consider the two alternating series with

$$a_n = b_n = \frac{(-1)^n}{\sqrt{n+1}}\,,$$

which are only conditionally convergent (the divergence of the series of the absolute values follows from the direct comparison test and the divergence of the harmonic series). The terms of their Cauchy product are given by

$$c_n = \sum_{k=0}^n \frac{(-1)^k}{\sqrt{k+1}} \cdot \frac{ (-1)^{n-k} }{ \sqrt{n-k+1} } = (-1)^n \sum_{k=0}^n \frac{1}{ \sqrt{(k+1)(n-k+1)} }$$

for every integer $n ≥ 0$. Since for every $k ∈ \{0, 1, ..., n\}$ we have the inequalities $k + 1 ≤ n + 1$ and $n – k + 1 ≤ n + 1$, it follows for the square root in the denominator that $√(k + 1)(n − k + 1) ≤ n +1$, hence, because there are $n + 1$ summands,

$$|c_n| \ge \sum_{k=0}^n \frac{1}{n+1} = 1$$

for every integer $n ≥ 0$. Therefore, $c_{n}$ does not converge to zero as $n → ∞$, hence the series of the $(c_{n})_{n≥0}$ diverges by the term test.

Proof of Mertens' theorem
For simplicity, we will prove it for complex numbers. However, the proof we are about to give is formally identical for an arbitrary Banach algebra (not even commutativity or associativity is required).

Assume without loss of generality that the series $ \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n$ converges absolutely. Define the partial sums

$$A_n = \sum_{i=0}^n a_i,\quad B_n = \sum_{i=0}^n b_i\quad\text{and}\quad C_n = \sum_{i=0}^n c_i$$

with

$$c_i=\sum_{k=0}^ia_kb_{i-k}\,.$$

Then

$$C_n = \sum_{i=0}^n a_{n-i}B_i$$

by rearrangement, hence

Fix $ε > 0$. Since $ \sum_{k \in \N} |a_k| < \infty$ by absolute convergence, and since $B_{n}$ converges to $B$ as $n → ∞$, there exists an integer $N$ such that, for all integers $n ≥ N$,

(this is the only place where the absolute convergence is used). Since the series of the $(a_{n})_{n≥0}$ converges, the individual $a_{n}$ must converge to 0 by the term test. Hence there exists an integer $M$ such that, for all integers $n ≥ M$,

Also, since $A_{n}$ converges to $A$ as $n → ∞$, there exists an integer $L$ such that, for all integers $n ≥ L$,

Then, for all integers $n ≥ max\{L, M + N\}$, use the representation ($$) for $C_{n}$, split the sum in two parts, use the triangle inequality for the absolute value, and finally use the three estimates ($$), ($$) and ($$) to show that

$$\begin{align} &\le \sum_{i=0}^{N-1}\underbrace{|a_{\underbrace{\scriptstyle n-i}_{\scriptscriptstyle \ge M}}|\,|B_i-B|}_{\le\,\varepsilon/3\text{ by (3)}}+{}\underbrace{\sum_{i=N}^n |a_{n-i}|\,|B_i-B|}_{\le\,\varepsilon/3\text{ by (2)}}+{}\underbrace{|A_n-A|\,|B|}_{\le\,\varepsilon/3\text{ by (4)}}\le\varepsilon\,. \end{align}$$
 * C_n - AB| &= \biggl|\sum_{i=0}^n a_{n-i}(B_i-B)+(A_n-A)B\biggr| \\

By the definition of convergence of a series, $C_{n} → AB$ as required.

Cesàro's theorem
In cases where the two sequences are convergent but not absolutely convergent, the Cauchy product is still Cesàro summable. Specifically:

If $ (a_n)_{n \geq 0}$, $ (b_n)_{n \geq 0}$ are real sequences with $ \sum a_n\to A$  and $ \sum b_n\to B$  then

$$\frac{1}{N}\left(\sum_{n=1}^N\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{k=0}^i a_k b_{i-k}\right)\to AB.$$

This can be generalised to the case where the two sequences are not convergent but just Cesàro summable:

Theorem
For $ r>-1$ and $ s>-1$, suppose the sequence $ (a_n)_{n \geq 0}$  is $ (C,\; r)$  summable with sum A and $ (b_n)_{n \geq 0}$  is $ (C,\; s)$  summable with sum B. Then their Cauchy product is $ (C,\; r+s+1)$ summable with sum AB.

Examples

 * For some $ x,y \in \Reals$, let $ a_n = x^n/n!$ and $ b_n = y^n/n!$ .  Then $$ c_n = \sum_{i=0}^n\frac{x^i}{i!}\frac{y^{n-i}}{(n-i)!} = \frac{1}{n!} \sum_{i=0}^n \binom{n}{i} x^i y^{n-i} = \frac{(x+y)^n}{n!}$$ by definition and the binomial formula.  Since, formally, $ \exp(x) = \sum a_n$  and $ \exp(y) = \sum b_n$ , we have shown that $ \exp(x+y) = \sum c_n$ .  Since the limit of the Cauchy product of two absolutely convergent series is equal to the product of the limits of those series, we have proven the formula $ \exp(x+y) = \exp(x)\exp(y)$  for all $ x,y \in \Reals$.
 * As a second example, let $ a_n = b_n = 1$ for all $ n \in \N$ . Then $ c_n = n+1$  for all $$n \in \N$$ so the Cauchy product $$ \sum c_n = (1,1+2,1+2+3,1+2+3+4,\dots)$$ does not converge.

Generalizations
All of the foregoing applies to sequences in $ \Complex$ (complex numbers). The Cauchy product can be defined for series in the $ \R^n$ spaces (Euclidean spaces) where multiplication is the inner product. In this case, we have the result that if two series converge absolutely then their Cauchy product converges absolutely to the inner product of the limits.

Products of finitely many infinite series
Let $$n \in \N$$ such that $$n \ge 2$$ (actually the following is also true for $$n=1$$ but the statement becomes trivial in that case) and let $\sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty a_{1, k_1}, \ldots, \sum_{k_n = 0}^\infty a_{n, k_n}$ be infinite series with complex coefficients, from which all except the $$n$$th one converge absolutely, and the $$n$$th one converges. Then the limit $$\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{k_1+\ldots+k_n\leq N} a_{1,k_1}\cdots a_{n,k_n}$$ exists and we have: $$\prod_{j=1}^n \left( \sum_{k_j = 0}^\infty a_{j, k_j} \right)=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{k_1+\ldots+k_n\leq N} a_{1,k_1}\cdots a_{n,k_n}$$

Proof
Because $$\forall N\in\mathbb N:\sum_{k_1+\ldots+k_n\leq N}a_{1,k_1}\cdots a_{n,k_n}=\sum_{k_1 = 0}^N \sum_{k_2 = 0}^{k_1} \cdots \sum_{k_n = 0}^{k_{n-1}}a_{1, k_n} a_{2, k_{n-1} - k_n} \cdots a_{n, k_1 - k_2}$$ the statement can be proven by induction over $$n$$: The case for $$n = 2$$ is identical to the claim about the Cauchy product. This is our induction base.

The induction step goes as follows: Let the claim be true for an $$n \in \N$$ such that $$n \ge 2$$, and let $\sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty a_{1, k_1}, \ldots, \sum_{k_{n+1} = 0}^\infty a_{n+1, k_{n+1}}$ be infinite series with complex coefficients, from which all except the $$n+1$$th one converge absolutely, and the $$n+1$$-th one converges. We first apply the induction hypothesis to the series $\sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty |a_{1, k_1}|, \ldots, \sum_{k_n = 0}^\infty |a_{n, k_n}|$. We obtain that the series $$\sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \sum_{k_2 = 0}^{k_1} \cdots \sum_{k_n = 0}^{k_{n-1}} |a_{1, k_n} a_{2, k_{n-1} - k_n} \cdots a_{n, k_1 - k_2}|$$ converges, and hence, by the triangle inequality and the sandwich criterion, the series $$\sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \left| \sum_{k_2 = 0}^{k_1} \cdots \sum_{k_n = 0}^{k_{n-1}} a_{1, k_n} a_{2, k_{n-1} - k_n} \cdots a_{n, k_1 - k_2} \right|$$ converges, and hence the series $$\sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \sum_{k_2 = 0}^{k_1} \cdots \sum_{k_n = 0}^{k_{n-1}} a_{1, k_n} a_{2, k_{n-1} - k_n} \cdots a_{n, k_1 - k_2}$$ converges absolutely. Therefore, by the induction hypothesis, by what Mertens proved, and by renaming of variables, we have: $$\begin{align} \prod_{j=1}^{n+1} \left( \sum_{k_j = 0}^\infty a_{j, k_j} \right) & = \left( \sum_{k_{n+1} = 0}^\infty \overbrace{a_{n+1, k_{n+1}}}^{=:a_{k_{n+1}}} \right) \left( \sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \overbrace{\sum_{k_2 = 0}^{k_1} \cdots \sum_{k_n = 0}^{k_{n-1}} a_{1, k_n} a_{2, k_{n-1} - k_n} \cdots a_{n, k_1 - k_2}}^{=:b_{k_1}} \right) \\

& = \left( \sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \overbrace{\sum_{k_2 = 0}^{k_1} \sum_{k_3 = 0}^{k_2} \cdots \sum_{k_n = 0}^{k_{n-1}} a_{1, k_n} a_{2, k_{n-1} - k_n} \cdots a_{n, k_1 - k_2}}^{=:a_{k_1}} \right) \left ( \sum_{k_{n+1} = 0}^\infty \overbrace{a_{n+1, k_{n+1}}}^{=:b_{k_{n+1}}} \right)  \\

& = \left( \sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \overbrace{\sum_{k_3 = 0}^{k_1} \sum_{k_4 = 0}^{k_3} \cdots \sum_{k_n+1 = 0}^{k_{n}} a_{1, k_{n+1}} a_{2, k_{n} - k_{n+1}} \cdots a_{n, k_1 - k_3}}^{=:a_{k_1}} \right) \left ( \sum_{k_{2} = 0}^\infty \overbrace{a_{n+1, k_{2}}}^{=:b_{n+1,k_{2}}=:b_{k_{2}}} \right)  \\

& = \left( \sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty a_{k_1} \right) \left ( \sum_{k_{2} = 0}^\infty b_{k_2} \right)  \\

& = \left( \sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \sum_{k_{2} = 0}^{k_1} a_{k_2}b_{k_1 - k_2} \right)  \\

& = \left( \sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \sum_{k_{2} = 0}^{k_1} \left ( \overbrace{\sum_{k_3 = 0}^{k_2} \cdots \sum_{k_n+1 = 0}^{k_{n}} a_{1, k_{n+1}} a_{2, k_{n} - k_{n+1}} \cdots a_{n, k_2 - k_3}}^{=:a_{k_2}} \right) \left ( \overbrace{a_{n+1, k_1 - k_2}}^{=:b_{k_1 - k_2}}  \right) \right)  \\

& = \left( \sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \sum_{k_{2} = 0}^{k_1}  \overbrace{\sum_{k_3 = 0}^{k_2} \cdots \sum_{k_n+1 = 0}^{k_{n}} a_{1, k_{n+1}} a_{2, k_{n} - k_{n+1}} \cdots a_{n, k_2 - k_3}}^{=:a_{k_2}} \overbrace{a_{n+1, k_1 - k_2}}^{=:b_{k_1 - k_2}}   \right)  \\

& = \sum_{k_1 = 0}^\infty \sum_{k_2 = 0}^{k_1} a_{n+1, k_1 - k_2} \sum_{k_3 = 0}^{k_2} \cdots \sum_{k_{n+1} = 0}^{k_n} a_{1, k_{n+1}} a_{2, k_n - k_{n+1}} \cdots a_{n, k_2 - k_3} \end{align}$$ Therefore, the formula also holds for $$n+1$$.

Relation to convolution of functions
A finite sequence can be viewed as an infinite sequence with only finitely many nonzero terms, or in other words as a function $$f: \N \to \Complex$$ with finite support. For any complex-valued functions f, g on $$\N$$ with finite support, one can take their convolution: $$(f * g)(n) = \sum_{i + j = n} f(i) g(j).$$ Then $\sum (f *g)(n)$ is the same thing as the Cauchy product of $\sum f(n)$  and $\sum g(n)$.

More generally, given a monoid S, one can form the semigroup algebra $$\Complex[S]$$ of S, with the multiplication given by convolution. If one takes, for example, $$S = \N^d$$, then the multiplication on $$\Complex[S]$$ is a generalization of the Cauchy product to higher dimension.

title: Cauchy product


text:
ATC code N06

N06AA Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors

 * N06AA01 Desipramine
 * N06AA02 Imipramine
 * N06AA03 Imipramine oxide
 * N06AA04 Clomipramine
 * N06AA05 Opipramol
 * N06AA06 Trimipramine
 * N06AA07 Lofepramine
 * N06AA08 Dibenzepin
 * N06AA09 Amitriptyline
 * N06AA10 Nortriptyline
 * N06AA11 Protriptyline
 * N06AA12 Doxepin
 * N06AA13 Iprindole
 * N06AA14 Melitracen
 * N06AA15 Butriptyline
 * N06AA16 Dosulepin
 * N06AA17 Amoxapine
 * N06AA18 Dimetacrine
 * N06AA19 Amineptine
 * N06AA21 Maprotiline
 * N06AA23 Quinupramine

N06AB Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

 * N06AB02 Zimelidine
 * N06AB03 Fluoxetine
 * N06AB04 Citalopram
 * N06AB05 Paroxetine
 * N06AB06 Sertraline
 * N06AB07 Alaproclate
 * N06AB08 Fluvoxamine
 * N06AB09 Etoperidone
 * N06AB10 Escitalopram

N06AF Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, non-selective

 * N06AF01 Isocarboxazid
 * N06AF02 Nialamide
 * N06AF03 Phenelzine
 * N06AF04 Tranylcypromine
 * N06AF05 Iproniazide
 * N06AF06 Iproclozide

N06AG Monoamine oxidase A inhibitors

 * N06AG02 Moclobemide
 * N06AG03 Toloxatone

N06AX Other antidepressants

 * N06AX01 Oxitriptan
 * N06AX02 Tryptophan
 * N06AX03 Mianserin
 * N06AX04 Nomifensine
 * N06AX05 Trazodone
 * N06AX06 Nefazodone
 * N06AX07 Minaprine
 * N06AX08 Bifemelane
 * N06AX09 Viloxazine
 * N06AX10 Oxaflozane
 * N06AX11 Mirtazapine
 * N06AX12 Bupropion
 * N06AX13 Medifoxamine
 * N06AX14 Tianeptine
 * N06AX15 Pivagabine
 * N06AX16 Venlafaxine
 * N06AX17 Milnacipran
 * N06AX18 Reboxetine
 * N06AX19 Gepirone
 * N06AX21 Duloxetine
 * N06AX22 Agomelatine
 * N06AX23 Desvenlafaxine
 * N06AX24 Vilazodone
 * N06AX25 Hyperici herba
 * N06AX26 Vortioxetine
 * N06AX27 Esketamine
 * N06AX28 Levomilnacipran
 * N06AX29 Brexanolone
 * N06AX62 Bupropion and dextromethorphan
 * QN06AX90 Selegiline

N06BA Centrally acting sympathomimetics

 * N06BA01 Amphetamine
 * N06BA02 Dexamphetamine
 * N06BA03 Dextromethamphetamine
 * N06BA04 Methylphenidate
 * N06BA05 Pemoline
 * N06BA06 Fencamfamin
 * N06BA07 Modafinil
 * N06BA08 Fenozolone
 * N06BA09 Atomoxetine
 * N06BA10 Fenetylline
 * N06BA11 Dexmethylphenidate
 * N06BA12 Lisdexamfetamine
 * N06BA13 Armodafinil
 * N06BA14 Solriamfetol
 * N06BA15 Dexmethylphenidate and serdexmethylphenidate

N06BC Xanthine derivatives

 * N06BC01 Caffeine
 * N06BC02 Propentofylline

N06BX Other psychostimulants and nootropics

 * N06BX01 Meclofenoxate
 * N06BX02 Pyritinol
 * N06BX03 Piracetam
 * N06BX04 Deanol
 * N06BX05 Fipexide
 * N06BX06 Citicoline
 * N06BX07 Oxiracetam
 * N06BX08 Pirisudanol
 * N06BX09 Linopirdine
 * N06BX10 Nizofenone
 * N06BX11 Aniracetam
 * N06BX12 Acetylcarnitine
 * N06BX13 Idebenone
 * N06BX14 Prolintane
 * N06BX15 Pipradrol
 * N06BX16 Pramiracetam
 * N06BX17 Adrafinil
 * N06BX18 Vinpocetine
 * N06BX21 Temgicoluril
 * N06BX22 Phenibut

N06CA Antidepressants in combination with psycholeptics

 * N06CA01 Amitriptyline and psycholeptics
 * N06CA02 Melitracen and psycholeptics
 * N06CA03 Fluoxetine and psycholeptics

N06DA Anticholinesterases

 * N06DA01 Tacrine
 * N06DA02 Donepezil
 * N06DA03 Rivastigmine
 * N06DA04 Galantamine
 * N06DA05 Ipidacrine
 * N06DA52 Donepezil and memantine
 * N06DA53 Donepezil, memantine and Ginkgo folium

N06DX Other anti-dementia drugs

 * N06DX01 Memantine
 * N06DX02 Ginkgo folium
 * N06DX03 Aducanumab
 * N06DX04 Lecanemab
 * N06DX05 Donanemab
 * N06DX30 Combinations

title: ATC code N06


text:
USS John C. Butler

USS John C. Butler (DE-339) was the lead ship of her class of destroyer escorts in the service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was recommissioned between 1950 and 1957 and finally sunk as a target in 1971.

Namesake
John Clarence Butler was born on 2 February 1921 in Liberty, Arizona. He enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve as a seaman second class on 19 February 1941 at Long Beach, California. Reporting for active duty at the Naval Reserve Aviation Base at Long Beach, Butler transferred to Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida on 27 March. On 3 April, after termination of his enlisted service, he accepted an appointment as an aviation cadet in the Naval Reserve. He received flight training at Pensacola from 4 April-29–July 1941, and reported to the Naval Air Station, Miami for further instruction (1 August). Designated a Naval Aviator on 29 August he was appointment as Ensign in the Naval Reserve on 6 September, before receiving orders to the Advanced Training Group (ACTG), U.S. Pacific Fleet, for active duty, involving flying under instruction on 17 September. Receiving an assignment to the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3), arriving in port at San Diego, Butler flew one of the 43 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers attached to Saratoga's Scouting Squadron Three (VS-3) and Bombing Squadron Three (VB-3).

On 18 April 1942, during the Doolittle Raid Butler piloted aircraft an SBD-3 Dauntless flying off USS Enterprise (CV-6), searching for any forward deployed Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) ships that could radio back to Japan to give warning of the raiders. During the scouting mission, he engaged a 125 ft long Japanese patrol boat towing a smaller boat "painted white". Attacking in two separate dives, Butler dropped two 100-pound bombs, both of which were duds. Striking the craft with a 500-pound bomb on the port side, his plane received three hits from enemy fire. Disengaging he noticed the smaller craft belching oil and smoke, estimating it later sank. The larger boat remained undamaged.

VB-3 received a transfer from Saratoga to USS Yorktown (CV-5) which left Pearl Harbor on 30 May to intercept the IJN carrier force headed for Midway Island. During the Battle of Midway on the afternoon of 4 June 1942 10 dive-bombers from VB-6 (and 14 from VB-3), took off from Enterprise (Yorktown having been damaged in an earlier Japanese attack) at 17:30. The dive-bomber pilots eventually discovered Hiryū, the fourth and only surviving enemy carrier. VB-6 aircraft attacked first, missing the ship with several bombs. About a dozen Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters suddenly swarmed in amongst the slower Dauntless dive-bombers. At some point during the melee Butler's aircraft was shot down. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

History
John C. Butler was laid down by Consolidated Steel Corporation, Ltd., in Orange, Texas, on 5 October 1943; launched on 12 November 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Walter C. Butler, mother of Ensign Butler; and commissioned on 31 March 1944.

World War II
The new destroyer escort conducted shakedown training off Bermuda before departing Hampton Roads on 5 June 1944 for the Pacific. Sailing via the Panama Canal, she arrived Pearl Harbor on 26 June and engaged in convoy and training operations in July. John C. Butler then departed Pearl Harbor on 9 August screening transports bound for the invasion of the Palau Islands. After seeing them safely to Tulagi, the ship operated with escort carriers out of Manus Island on pre-invasion strikes. Two islands wanted as advance bases for the long-awaited move into the Philippines, Morotai and Peleliu, were stormed on 15 September; and John C. Butler provided anti-submarine and anti-aircraft protection for the supporting carriers. Returning to Manus on 30 September, she replenished in preparation for the Leyte operation in October.

Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 1944
The escort vessel sailed with Rear Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie's escort carrier group on 12 October to provide air cover for the massive movement of transports into Leyte Gulf. After the initial landings, the three carrier groups, soon to become famous by their radio code names, "Taffy 1", "Taffy 2", and "Taffy 3", took station east of the Philippines to lend close air support.

The Japanese fleet was closing the Philippines in a last attempt to annihilate the invasion force, with heavy ships designated to break into Leyte Gulf from north and south, and a diversionary fleet of carriers to draw Admiral William F. Halsey's 3rd Fleet off to the North. In the first two actions of the massive Battle of Leyte Gulf which ensued, the Battle of Sibuyan Sea and the Battle of Surigao Strait, the Japanese were badly mauled. But Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force still transited San Bernardino Strait the night of 24–25 October, and just after sunrise bore down on the relatively unprotected Taffy 3, including John C. Butler.

The two-hour Battle off Samar which followed has taken a rightful place among the most memorable actions in naval history. The slow escort carriers launched all planes to attack the Japanese cruisers and battleships, and John C. Butler and her sisters laid heavy smoke to confuse enemy batteries. A rain squall provided cover for a turn to the south, and just after 07:30 the destroyers began their gallant torpedo attacks against great odds. Destroyers USS Johnston (DD-557), USS Hoel (DD-533), and USS Heermann (DD-532), and DE USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413) made close-in attacks on cruisers and battleships, forcing them to zig-zag, while aircraft made continuous attacks. Soon after this first attack, John C. Butler turned from the carriers to launch her remaining torpedoes, then exchanged gunfire with a heavy cruiser. The DE continued to fire and dodge heavy-caliber fire until dangerously low on ammunition, then returned to the carrier formation to provide smoke coverage.

Rear Admiral Clifton A. F. Sprague, commander of Taffy 3, later described the next surprising development: "At 0925 my mind was occupied with dodging torpedoes when near the bridge I heard one of the signalmen yell, '... dammit, boys, they're getting away!' I could not believe my eyes, but it looked as if the whole Japanese fleet was indeed retiring.... At best, I had expected to be swimming by this time." The Japanese – damaged and fearing heavier air attack – had indeed reversed course. Though the escort carriers lost one of their number and three escorts, their valiant fight had stopped the Japanese from attacking the transports in Leyte Gulf. However, shortly after the Center Force retreated from the engagement, the first attack of the war from a kamikaze unit fell upon the remaining ships of Taffy 3, sinking a second escort carrier and damaging all but one of the rest.

After rescuing survivors from USS St. Lo (CVE-63), John C. Butler escorted the surviving carriers of Taffy 3 via Manus to Pearl Harbor, then returned to Manus on 17 December. Departing with escort carriers on 31 December, she protected amphibious transports steaming to the invasion of Luzon. During the voyage through the South China Sea, the ships encountered and drove off determined kamikaze attacks. On the evening of 8 January 1945, John C. Butler and other escorts shot several kamikazes down. She operated off Lingayen Gulf from 9–17 January and screened carriers during massive strikes in support of ground operations. Departing the Luzon coast, she arrived at Ulithi on 23 January to prepare for the next important amphibious landing — Iwo Jima.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa
The veteran DE took part in rehearsals in the Marianas, and arrived off Iwo Jima on 19 February with an escort carrier group. She again fought off a severe air attack on 21 February. She remained on duty off Iwo Jima until 9 March, when she sailed for Ulithi, having helped to win another important island air base for the eventual attack on Japan.

Okinawa was to be the site of the last and largest of the Pacific amphibious assaults. John C. Butler sailed on 26 March with transports; and, as the troops stormed ashore on 1 April, she resumed her now-familiar screening duties with carrier groups. As the Japanese launched fruitless suicide attacks, the ship escorted carriers into Kerama Retto, rescued downed pilots, and ferried men and material. Transferred to dangerous outer picket duty north of Ie Shima on 20 May, she was attacked by six kamikazes just before sunset. Skillful gunnery accounted for five of the attackers, and John C. Butler sustained damage only to her mast and antennas. She sailed on 27 May for repairs in the Philippines.

The ship returned to Okinawa with a convoy on 4 July, and spent the last month of the long war on convoy duty between that island and the Pacific advance bases. She returned to San Pedro, Los Angeles on 23 November and decommissioned on 26 June 1946, joining the Pacific Reserve Fleet at San Diego, California.

Cold War
With the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, John C. Butler recommissioned on 27 December 1950. Following shakedown, she was assigned to 11th Naval District for the job of training naval reservists on short sea cruises. Thus, she helped maintain trained officers and men to meet the U.S. Navy's cold war commitments. In addition to reserve cruises, she took part in the training program of Fleet Sonar School, San Diego. She decommissioned on 18 December 1957 and re-entered the Reserve Fleet, San Diego. She was eventually sunk as a target in December 1971.

Awards
John C. Butler received five battle stars for World War II service, and was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for her part in the Battle off Samar.

title: USS John C. Butler


text:
Wideband

In communications, a system is wideband when the message bandwidth significantly exceeds the coherence bandwidth of the channel. Some communication links have such a high data rate that they are forced to use a wide bandwidth; other links may have relatively low data rates, but deliberately use a wider bandwidth than "necessary" for that data rate in order to gain other advantages; see spread spectrum.

A wideband antenna is one with approximately or exactly the same operating characteristics over a very wide Passband. It is distinguished from broadband antennas, where the passband is large, but the antenna gain and/or radiation pattern need not stay the same over the passband.

The term Wideband Audio or (also termed HD Voice or Wideband Voice) denotes a telephony using a wideband codec, which uses a greater frequency range of the audio spectrum than conventional voiceband telephone calls, resulting in a clearer sound. Wideband in this context is usually considered to cover frequencies in the range of 50–7,000 Hz, therefore allowing audio with richer tones and better quality.

According to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, WIDEBAND is a registered trademark of WideBand Corporation, a US-based manufacturer of Gigabit Ethernet equipment.

Within Australia and New Zealand, the word WIDEBAND is a registered trademark of "Wideband Technology Pty Ltd", an Australian-based company specialising in data and communication equipment.

In some contexts wideband is distinguished from broadband in being broader.

title: Wideband


text: User talk:213.184.104.18

title: User talk:213.184.104.18


text:
Villa La Rotonda

Villa La Rotonda is a Renaissance villa just outside Vicenza in Northern Italy designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, and begun in 1567, though not completed until the 1590s. The villa's official name is Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana, but it is also known as "La Rotonda", "Villa Rotonda", "Villa Capra", and "Villa Almerico Capra". The name Capra derives from the Capra brothers, who completed the building after it was ceded to them in 1592. Along with other works by Palladio, the building is conserved as part of the World Heritage Site "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto".

Inspiration
In 1565 a priest, Paolo Almerico, on his retirement from the Vatican (as referendario apostolico of Pope Pius IV and afterwards Pius V), returned to his home town of Vicenza in the Venetian countryside and built a country house. This house, later known as 'La Rotonda', was to be one of Palladio's best-known legacies to the architectural world. Villa Capra may have inspired a thousand subsequent buildings, but the villa was itself inspired by the Pantheon in Rome.

Design
The site selected was a hilltop just outside the city of Vicenza. Unlike some other Palladian villas of the Veneto, the building was not designed from the start to accommodate a working farm. This sophisticated building was designed for a site which was, in modern terminology, "suburban". Palladio classed the building as a "palazzo" rather than a villa.

The design is for a completely symmetrical building having a square plan with four facades, each of which has a projecting portico. The whole is contained within an imaginary circle which touches each corner of the building and centres of the porticos (illustration, left).

The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome. To describe the villa, as a whole, as a rotunda is technically incorrect, as the building is not circular but rather the intersection of a square with a cross. Each portico has steps leading up to it, and opens via a small cabinet or corridor to the circular domed central hall. This and all other rooms were proportioned with mathematical precision according to Palladio's rules of architecture which he published in I quattro libri dell'architettura. Work spaces for the villa's servants are hidden underneath the first floor, which is accessed via staircases hidden inside the walls of the central hall.

The design reflected the humanist values of Renaissance architecture. In order for each room to have some sun, the design was rotated 45 degrees from each cardinal point of the compass. Each of the four porticos has pediments graced by statues of classical deities. The pediments were each supported by six Ionic columns. Each portico was flanked by a single window. All principal rooms were on the second floor or piano nobile.

Building began in 1567. Neither Palladio nor the owner, Paolo Almerico, were to see the completion of the villa. Palladio died in 1580 and a second architect, Vincenzo Scamozzi, was employed by the new owners to oversee the completion. One of the major changes he made to the original plan was to modify the two-storey central hall. Palladio had intended it to be covered by a high semi-circular dome but Scamozzi designed a lower dome with an oculus (intended to be open to the sky) inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. The dome was ultimately completed with a cupola.

Interior

The interior design of the Villa was to be as wonderful, if not more so, than the exterior.

Alessandro and Giovanni Battista Maganza and Anselmo Canera were commissioned to paint frescoes in the principal salons.

Among the four principal salons on the piano nobile are the West Salon (also called the Holy Room, because of the religious nature of its frescoes and ceiling), and the East Salon, which contains an allegorical life story of the first owner, Paolo Almerico, his many admirable qualities portrayed in fresco.

The highlight of the interior is the central, circular hall, surrounded by a balcony and covered by the domed ceiling; it soars the full height of the main house up to the cupola, with walls decorated in trompe-l'œil.

Abundant frescoes create an atmosphere that is more reminiscent of a cathedral than the principal salon of a country house.

Landscape
From the porticos, views of the surrounding countryside can be seen; this is purposeful as the Villa was designed to be in harmony with the landscape.

This was in contrast to such buildings as Villa Farnese of just 16 years earlier.

While the house appears to be completely symmetrical, it actually has deviations, designed to allow each façade to complement the surrounding landscape and topography. Hence, there are variations in the façades, in the width of steps, retaining walls, etc. In this way, the symmetry of the architecture allows for the asymmetry of the landscape, and creates a seemingly symmetrical whole. The landscape is a panoramic vision of trees, meadows and woods, with Vicenza on the horizon.

The northwest portico is set onto the hill as the termination of a straight carriage drive from the principal gates. This carriageway is an avenue between the service blocks, built by the Capra brothers, who acquired the Villa in 1591; they commissioned Vincenzo Scamozzi to complete the villa and construct the range of staff and agricultural buildings.

Current conditions
In 1994 UNESCO designated the building as part of a World Heritage Site.

A former family owner of the villa was Mario di Valmarana (1929–2010), a former professor of architecture at the University of Virginia. It was his declared ambition to preserve Villa Rotonda so that it may be appreciated by future generations. His brother was Lodovico Valmarana (1926–2018), Count of Valmarana and Nogara, whose father Count Andrea Valmarana (1891–1976) purchased the villa in 1912, with the villa now owned by Lodovico's son, Count Nicolò Valmarana. The interior is open to the public Friday through Sunday, and the grounds are open every day.

Film
In 1979 the American film director Joseph Losey filmed Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Don Giovanni in Villa La Rotonda and the Veneto region of Italy. The film was nominated for several César Awards in 1980 including Best Director, and has generally been praised as one of the finer cinematic adaptations of opera.

England
Five houses have been built in England based on Palladio's Villa Rotonda: Henbury Hall, Cheshire, is the most recent; Chiswick House, Greater London, and Mereworth Castle, Kent, are protected as listed buildings; Foots Cray Place, Kent, and Nuthall Temple, Nottinghamshire have been demolished. One of the earliest Palladian villas in the north of England is Rokeby Park.

Palestinian Territories
The "House of Palestine" (Bayt al-Filastin), built at the top of biblical Mount Gerizim, which towers over the Palestinian city of Nablus, north of Jerusalem, closely resembles the Villa Rotonda. It is owned by Palestinian millionaire Munib al-Masri.

Poland
Palaces built in Poland based on Palladio's Villa Rotonda include the Królikarnia (Rabbit House) Palace, the Belweder in Warsaw and the Skórzewski Palace in Lubostroń.

Belarus
The interior of the main building of the Gomel Palace in Gomel in the Eastern Belarus is based on Villa Rotonda.

United States
For the competition to design the President's House in Washington, DC, Thomas Jefferson anonymously submitted a design that was a variation on the Villa Rotonda. Though James Hoban's Palladian design for what would become known as the White House was selected, the influence of the Villa Rotonda can also be seen at Jefferson's own iconic home of Monticello.

title: Villa La Rotonda


text:
C-41 process

C-41 is a chromogenic color print film developing process introduced by Kodak in 1972, superseding the C-22 process. C-41, also known as CN-16 by Fuji, CNK-4 by Konica, and AP-70 by AGFA, is the most popular film process in use, with most, if not all photofinishing labs devoting at least one machine to this development process.

Processed C-41 negatives, as with all color films, consist of an image formed of dye. Due to the long-term instability of dyes, C-41 negatives can fade or color-shift over time. This was a significant problem with early films; whether the newer films are archival or not is a subject of some debate.

Film structure
C-41 film consists of an acetate or polyester film base, onto which multiple emulsions are coated. Each layer is only sensitive to a certain color of visible light.

In an idealized, illustrative example, there are three light-sensitive layers: one is red-sensitive, another is green-sensitive, and the top is blue-sensitive. Beneath the blue layer is a yellow filter, composed of dyes or colloidal silver, also known as Carey Lea Silver. All silver-based photographic emulsions have some sensitivity to blue light, regardless of what other colors they may be sensitized for. This filter layer serves to remove the blue light, which would expose the layers beneath it. Beneath the blue-sensitive layer and the yellow filter are the green- and red-sensitive layers.

Each emulsion layer, in addition to the light-sensitive components, contains dye coupler chemicals. These couplers, located in the blue-, green-, and red-sensitive layers, produce yellow, magenta, and cyan dyes, respectively, when developed.

The illustrative example outlined above differs from the design of actual film, in respect to the number of layers. Almost all C-41 films contain multiple layers for each color-sensitive layer. Individual layers have different speed and contrast characteristics, allowing the film to be correctly exposed over a wider range of lighting conditions.

In addition to multiple emulsion layers, real films have other layers that are not sensitive to light. In some cases, the base is first coated with an antihalation layer to minimize reflections. Some films are top-coated with UV-blocking layers or anti-scratch coatings. There also may be layers to separate different emulsions, or additional filter layers.

The negative
After processing, the resulting film is a negative, meaning that the darkest spots on the film are those areas that were brightest in the source. Light is projected through the finished negative onto color photographic paper, yielding positive image prints.

Nearly all C-41 films also include an orange mask to offset the optical inadequacies of the dyes in the film. These C-41 negatives appear orange when viewed directly, though the orange base is compensated for in the formulation of color print materials. Some C-41 films, intended for scanning, do not have this orange base.

Process
The C-41 process is the same for all C-41 films, although different manufacturers' processing chemistries vary slightly. C-41 was introduced with Kodacolor II and its professional equivalent, Vericolor II, as the 'Flexicolor' process, replacing C-22, which was used with Kodacolor-X and Ektacolor Professional. Compared to C-22, the working temperature of C-41 is higher, at 100 F, versus 75 F for C-22; total processing time was cut almost in half with C-41, but it is very sensitive to development bath time.

After exposure, the film is developed in a "color developer". The developing ingredient is a paraphenylene diamine-based chemical branded as CD-4. The developer develops the silver in the emulsion layers. As the silver is developing, oxidized developer reacts with the dye couplers, resulting in formation of dyes.

The control of temperature and agitation of the film in the developer is critical in obtaining consistent, accurate results. Incorrect temperature can result in severe color shifts or significant under- or overdevelopment of the film.

After the developer, a bleach converts the metallic silver generated by development to silver halide, which is soluble in fixer. After the bleach, a fixer removes the silver halide. This is followed by a wash, and a final stabilizer and rinse to complete the process.

The bleach in C-41 does not use ferricyanide, which increases cost; it is possible to develop C-41 using substitute chemicals, which requires an extra step for a stop bath after the developer. There are simplified versions of the process that use a combined bleach-fix (EDTA) that dissolves the silver generated by development and removes undeveloped silver halide. These are not used by commercial C-41 processors, and are marketed for home or field use.

Push processing
Similar to black-and-white film processing, the C-41 process can be adjusted to push-process films. Kodak recommends an additional duration of 30 seconds in the developer bath to push certain films by one stop.

Due to the complexity of the film and exacting nature of the process, the results vary widely; as with black-and-white negatives, the process generally results in a negative that is higher in contrast and sometimes higher in grain.

Cross processing
It is also possible to cross-process slide film for the E-6 process in C-41, which yields negatives with a color shift and stronger saturation. Varying brands and film speeds yield different color shifts producing bright, saturated colors and high contrast. C-41 film also may be processed in E-6, yielding positive images with a strong green cast, caused by the orange mask.

C-41 film can be processed in standard black-and-white chemicals, to produce a monochrome negative image. The negatives will typically be of very low contrast, and cloudy, partly caused by the orange mask.

C-41 "chromogenic" black-and-white films
While C-41 is usually considered a color process, Ilford currently manufactures a "chromogenic" C-41 compatible black-and-white film, XP2 Super. Kodak used to manufacture a similar film, BW400CN, but this was discontinued in August 2014. (These should not be confused with regular black-and-white films, which are not compatible with C-41 chemistry.)

These films work like any other C-41 film; development causes dyes to form in the emulsion. Their structure, however, is different. Although they may have multiple layers, all are sensitive to all colors of light, and are designed to produce a black dye. The result is a black-and white image.

The Kodak film has the same orange base as color C-41 films; the base on XP2 is Purple and Fuji films are clear. The orange base on the Kodak film allows them to be printed with correct blacks on standard color printing machines, but this film can be difficult to print on multigrade black-and-white paper, whose contrast is determined by the use of a colored filter during the printing process. Conversely, the clear-based Ilford and Fuji films sometimes results in off-color prints on color paper, but can be optically printed on black-and-white paper, just like any other black-and-white film.

It is often said that prints from these films do not have grain. While they may not appear to have grain, this statement is technically incorrect. On an image from regular black-and-white film, the individual silver particles forming the image are seen as grain. The image on the C-41 films, however, does not contain silver. Instead, C-41 negatives and prints have clouds of dye, causing the resulting image to appear different from that of silver grain.

Traditional black-and-white films
While regular black-and-white films are not intended for use with C-41 chemistry, some photographers have used C-41 developer to develop high-contrast black-and-white films (such as traffic surveillance film and Kodak's Technical Pan). This is done in order to lower the contrast. In this application, only a silver image is formed; the bleach step of the C-41 process is not used, as it would destroy the image.

title: C-41 process


text:
Moosewood Restaurant

Moosewood Restaurant (January 3, 1973–present) is an American natural foods restaurant in Ithaca, New York. In 1978, the original founders sold the restaurant to the staff, who became "The Moosewood Collective." In addition to producing a number of cookbooks (by the Moosewood Collective), The Moosewood Restaurant won the America's Classics award from the James Beard Foundation in 2000, which recognized it as "one of the most popular regional destinations."

Overview
Moosewood Restaurant was originally founded as a worker collective on January 3, 1973 during the natural foods and Farm-to-table movements within the American counterculture. According to the self-published 1974 Moosewood Cookbook (created by staff members), "a group of seven people started building [Moosewood Restaurant] in the fall of 1972," and the name was inspired by Patrick, one of the original founders, "who once read a book and in it was a character-a dog in fact' named Moosewood; it is also the name of a lovely striped maple tree." Its original goal was to provide dishes made of "local, sustainable" food. Although meat was served when the restaurant first opened, it was dropped from the menu. The focus turned to natural foods that primarily featured vegetarian (and later vegan) dishes, but has also included pescetarian options on its menu and in its cookbooks.

It was popular with countercultural icons: "Crosby and Nash once shared drinks at the bar, and Allen Ginsberg ended his dinner with a Moosewood brownie and black coffee. Even the Grateful Dead stopped by during their trip for Cornell's Barton Hall show, only to go unrecognized by the members of the collective."

1970s
Moosewood was established in "the ground level of the Dewitt Building at 215 N. Cayuga St," and sits "[in the] southeast corner of the building [...] its décor included barn board wainscoting, fifteen wooden tables, mix-matched chairs, and tie-dyed curtains." The founders originally developed the restaurant as “a place to feed their community. The vision was to put forward ideas about sustainable farming and environmentally friendly food systems but to do so in a delicious way." It was also set up to:

"'run collectively, with the aim of supporting a lot of people and sharing the responsibilities of presenting good food to the community. Everyone gets paid the same hourly wage, the 15% service charge is divided among all who work during each day, and while a certain amount of specialization seems inevitable, everyone is encouraged to become skilled at all the different jobs...People often ask us about our philosophy on food - we have no set response, nor do we collectively subscribe to a particular school of thought. From the onset, we decided not to mount a crusade against so-called 'bad' or 'plastic food.'...very simply, we try to offer a lot possibilities without any dogma, reckoning that someone who comes in for the brownies will eventually try a fresh vegetable salad and a meat and potatoes person might try a vegetarian casserole...the basic supposition is that if healthy foods are prepared in delicious ways, people will be inclined to want to eat them.'(p.5)"

Wynnie Stein, an original Moosewood member, states she became involved due to the emphasis on local ingredients: "it's important for people to know where their food was produced. I saw Moosewood's Collective involvement in this locally sourced foods movement and I am so glad to be a part of it. It's refreshing to be part of a group of individuals who support the use of locally produced fruits, vegetables, and grains." Stein also notes that the "first people who were involved were very idealistic, none of them had any restaurant experience. They were just great cooks and they loved to cook... we were really interested in food being not just helpful or good for you, but super creative and delicious, and I think that's what set us apart from the rest of the natural foods movement."

In 1978, the original founders sold Moosewood to the restaurant staff, now called "The Moosewood Collective." David Hirsch (who joined Moosewood in 1976) recalls that there "were seven original owners, and by the time I started there were only two left who were still working there. Within a couple of years we bought out the original seven owners and formed it as more of a philosophical collective, because it wasn't a true cooperative economically. We would have meetings and try for consensus on different decisions that were important. We didn't have a hierarchical leadership; it was more horizontal."

New ownership (2022-present)
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the members of the collective began to explore selling Moosewood. Danica Wilcox (the daughter of Kip Wilcox, an original member of Moosewood who specialized in desserts) eventually bought it, and original Moosewood member Wynnie Stein worked with her to make the transition.

Wilcox took over as of January 1, 2022,  and has launched a new menu that will be "more vegan, more local and sustainable." She also notes that while Moosewood's "menu has often included fish throughout the years – which we may reintroduce – ...our focus right now is to highlight the beautiful produce, grains, dairy and wine available in our region...the first new menu celebrates authentically vegetarian cuisine.”

Moosewood Restaurant
In 1974, members of the original Moosewood staff self- published a spiral bound paper-covered vegetarian cookbook, with "The Moosewood Cookbook Recipes from Moosewood Restaurant in the Dewitt Mall, Ithaca, New York" on the title page. Page three contains a list of its creators: "Design, Editing, Hand-writing, Pen-and-ink illustrations Mollie Katzen Feedback digestion, Critical Analysis, Introduction & History Nancy McCauley Cover Drawing Judith M. Barringer Onion Photogram Kathy Morris Frontispiece: charcoal drawing Meredith (Mimi) Barchat Photographs Phyllis Boudreau Photographic Montage Phyllis Boudreau Susan B. Lent." In addition, page 79 contains a list of cookbooks titled "Postward." The list includes titles such as Diet for a Small Planet, Great Meatless Meals, Recipes for a Small Planet, The Yogi Cookbook (Yogi Vithaldas and Susan Roberts), Ten Talents, The Vegetarian Epicure, Sunset Mexican Cookbook, and The Joy of Cooking. It is preceded by the following statement:"Because we have only presented our original recipes in this book, you may not have found a recipe for something you ate at Moosewood and liked. For this reason, and because we want to share our sources of inspiration with you, it is our pleasure to acknowledge our favorite cookbooks."

Moosewood Cookbook
In 1977, Ten Speed Press in California published a revised version of the 1974 self-published original, with "The Moosewood Cookbook Recipes from Moosewood Restaurant Ithaca, New York Compiled, Edited, Illustrated and Hand-Lettered by Mollie Katzen" on the title page. Page five lists additional contributors: "Frontspiece: Charcoal Drawing by Meridith Barchat Photographs by J.M. Barringer Cover Design by Meridith Barchat and Mollie Katzen." This page also contains a list of 37 names (including Katzen) introduced as: "The Moosewood People who have created the Moosewood Restaurant in Ithaca, New York from which this book has sprung."

The Moosweood Cookbook became a highly influential vegetarian cookbook, with four editions (1977, 1992, 2000, 2014).

Moosewood Collective
Beginning in the late 1980s, The Moosewood Collective began a cookbook series. The first, published in 1987, is titled New Recipes From Moosewood Restaurant. Mollie Katzen states in a quote on the back cover: "It's been nearly ten years since I cooked at Moosewood Restaurant, and I had no hand making this book, yet these recipes evoke memories so fresh, it feels like I worked there yesterday." New Recipes From Moosewood Restaurant has been followed by thirteen more books of vegetarian, vegan, and Pescetarian recipes to date. A share of cookbook royalties have gone to various charities: "Ithaca Community Harvest, Planned Parenthood, AIDS Work of Tompkins County, Eritrean Relief Fund, Tibetan Resettlement Project, Greater Ithaca Activities Center, Loaves & Fishes, and Healthy Food for All." In 2014, the Collective donated "a copy of Moosewood Cooks for a Crowd cookbook to youth and adult secure facility/prisons, plus local schools, community centers and organizations, and spiritual centers throughout New York State."

In 2010, the Moosewood Collective donated its archive of original cookbook manuscripts and memorabilia to Cornell University. The papers are housed in the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections in the Carl A. Kroch Library.

Includes lists of vegan dishes

Moosewood Restaurant
Winner:
 * 2000 (America's Classics: Chef and Restaurant Awards): Moosewood Restaurant. This award recognized Moosewood Restaurant as "one of the most popular regional destinations."

The Moosewood Collective
Six of The Moosewood Collective cookbooks were nominated for James Beard Foundation Awards, and two of the six won awards.

Winners:
 * 1995: Moosewood Restaurant Cooks at Home - (Vegetarian Book Awards)
 * 1997: Moosewood Restaurant Low-Fat Favorites (Healthy Focus Book Awards)

Nominations
 * 1991: Sundays at Moosewood Restaurant (Fruits, Vegetables, & Grains)
 * 1997: Moosewood Cooks for a Crowd (Special Occasions)
 * 2002: Moosewood Restaurant New Classics (Healthy Focus)
 * 2004: Moosewood Restaurant Celebrates (Vegetarian/Healthy Focus)

Moosewood Cookbook
Winner:
 * 2007 (Cookbook Hall of Fame: Book Awards): Moosewood Cookbook

title: Moosewood Restaurant


text:
User talk:G.M.Baxter

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:G.M.Baxter


text:
Representation theory of the Poincaré group

In mathematics, the representation theory of the Poincaré group is an example of the representation theory of a Lie group that is neither a compact group nor a semisimple group. It is fundamental in theoretical physics.

In a physical theory having Minkowski space as the underlying spacetime, the space of physical states is typically a representation of the Poincaré group. (More generally, it may be a projective representation, which amounts to a representation of the double cover of the group.)

In a classical field theory, the physical states are sections of a Poincaré-equivariant vector bundle over Minkowski space. The equivariance condition means that the group acts on the total space of the vector bundle, and the projection to Minkowski space is an equivariant map. Therefore, the Poincaré group also acts on the space of sections. Representations arising in this way (and their subquotients) are called covariant field representations, and are not usually unitary.

For a discussion of such unitary representations, see Wigner's classification.

In quantum mechanics, the state of the system is determined by the Schrödinger equation, which is invariant under Galilean transformations. Quantum field theory is the relativistic extension of quantum mechanics, where relativistic (Lorentz/Poincaré invariant) wave equations are solved, "quantized", and act on a Hilbert space composed of Fock states.

There are no finite unitary representations of the full Lorentz (and thus Poincaré) transformations due to the non-compact nature of Lorentz boosts (rotations in Minkowski space along a space and time axis). However, there are finite non-unitary indecomposable representations of the Poincaré algebra, which may be used for modelling of unstable particles.

In case of spin 1/2 particles, it is possible to find a construction that includes both a finite-dimensional representation and a scalar product preserved by this representation by associating a 4-component Dirac spinor $$\psi$$ with each particle. These spinors transform under Lorentz transformations generated by the gamma matrices ($$\gamma_{\mu}$$). It can be shown that the scalar product

 * $$\langle\psi|\phi\rangle = \bar{\psi}\phi = \psi^{\dagger}\gamma_0\phi$$

is preserved. It is not, however, positive definite, so the representation is not unitary.


text:
Kensington Security Slot

The Kensington Security Slot (also called a K-Slot or Kensington lock) is part of an anti-theft system designed in the mid 1980s and patented by Kryptonite in 1999–2000, assigned to Schlage in 2002, and since 2005 owned and marketed by Kensington Products Group, a division of ACCO Brands.

Design

The system consists of a small, metal-reinforced hole found commonly on small or portable computers and electronics equipment such as laptops, computer monitors, desktop computers, gaming consoles, audio interfaces, and video projectors, combined with a metal anchor attached to a rubberized metal cable secured with a key or combination lock. The end of the cable has a small loop that allows the cable to be looped around a permanent object, such as a heavy table or other similar equipment.

The hole is found in many laptops, although a lock for it is typically not included. Occasionally, the slot is located so that installing a lock will also prevent the removal of a valuable subcomponent, such as a rechargeable battery or a memory module. The Kensington slot may be marked with a small icon that looks like a padlock with a capital "K", or the slot may be unlabelled.

Efficiency

Kensington locks can discourage opportunistic grab-and-run thefts of equipment from public locations such as coffee shops or libraries, but they are not designed to be impervious protection measures, nor are they intended to secure equipment in unattended locations, because they can be torn out of equipment (although not without causing visible damage), given that the cases are typically made of plastic or thin metal, and the cable can be cut with wire or bolt cutters. In addition to this, successfully securing the non-locking, loop end of the cable is dependent upon the availability of a suitable anchoring point on a virtually immovable base object, or a thief may just shift that object, and then take the protected device with cable attached.

The lock mechanism is typically a tubular pin tumbler lock or, less frequently, a flat key lock or a numeric combination lock with no key.

Alternatives
Several manufacturers offer similar locking mechanisms that do not require a special lock hole. They attach to a popular port, such as the VGA or printer port, and have special screws to secure locks in place.

title: Kensington Security Slot


text:
Mount St. Mary's University

Mount St. Mary's University is a private Roman Catholic university in Emmitsburg, Maryland. It has the largest Catholic seminary in the United States. Undergraduate programs are divided between the College of Liberal Arts, the Richard J. Bolte School of Business, and the School of Natural Science and Mathematics. "The Mount" has over 40 undergraduate majors, minors, concentrations, and special programs, as well as bachelor's/master's combinations in partnership with other universities, 8 master's programs, and 6 postgraduate certificate programs.

History

Mount Saint Mary's was founded by French émigré Father John DuBois. In 1805, Father DuBois bought land near Emmitsburg, Maryland on the mountain that Catholic colonists had christened "St. Mary's Mountain," and laid the cornerstone for Saint-Mary's-on-the-Hill church. Parishioners from two local congregations built a one-story, two room log cabin for Father DuBois, and that cabin was the first structure of Mount Saint Mary's. The church was completed in 1807. Father DuBois first opened a boarding school for children. Then, in 1808, the Society of St. Sulpice closed Pigeon Hill, its preparatory seminary in Pennsylvania, and transferred all the seminarians to Emmitsburg. This marked the official beginning of Mount St. Mary's. Father DuBois was appointed president of the college. Father Simon Bruté, whom President John Quincy Adams called "the most learned man of his day in America," joined Mount St. Mary's as teacher and vice-president in 1812. The small faculty of Mount St. Mary's strove to offer a full high school and college course to lay students and potential priests and developed Mount St. Mary's into "one of the most important ecclesiastical institutions of the country." DuBois Hall, named for Father DuBois, was completed in 1826 in what had been a swampy thicket on the mountain. The first charter for a university was obtained in 1830. Until the early 1900s, Mount St. Mary's also acted as a boarding school. Some remnants of the boarding school, such as Bradley Hall (one of the oldest buildings on campus), still exist. The Mount was known as Mount Saint Mary's College and Seminary until June 7, 2004, when the name was changed to Mount Saint Mary's University.

Saint Joseph College history and merger with Mount Saint Mary's
Elizabeth Ann Seton, founder of the Sisters of Charity and the first native born United States citizen to be canonized as a saint, came to Emmitsburg in 1809. She lived on the campus of Mount St. Mary's while her own school was being built. For a while, she lived in the same log cabin that had been built for Father DuBois. In June 1809, Mother Seton established Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School for girls, the first free Catholic parochial school in the United States. This school is considered to be the foundation of the entire Catholic parochial school system in the United States. Mother Seton wrote classroom textbooks and trained her Catholic sisters to become teachers, and accepted all students regardless of ability to pay. Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School developed into Saint Joseph College High School (1890–1946), Saint Joseph's High School (1946–1982), and Saint Joseph College (1902–1973), a four-year liberal arts college for women.

There was a long shared history between Saint Joseph and Mount St. Mary's. In 1815, Mother Seton sent several of the Sisters of Charity to manage the Infirmary at Mount St. Mary's. As enrollment at Saint Joseph's Academy grew in the 1800s, some professors from Mount St. Mary's were added to the Saint Joseph's faculty. And, since the campuses of the all-female Saint Joseph College and the all-male Mount St. Mary's were just a couple of miles apart, the schools historically depended on each other for social life. In 1967, female students at Saint Joseph College began taking some classes at Mount St. Mary's, and men from Mount St. Mary's began taking some classes at Saint Joseph. In 1973, with declining enrollment numbers and rising operating costs, Saint Joseph College closed its doors and merged with Mount St. Mary's, which has been fully co-educational since then.

World War II
During World War II, Mount Saint Mary's College was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

2016 "Drown the bunnies" controversy
In January 2016, The Washington Post reported on plans by university president Simon P. Newman to use a questionnaire administered to freshman students to dismiss 20 to 25 freshmen in the first weeks of school to improve the school's retention statistics. The questionnaire included questions about students' mental health, disabilities, and financial support. The story originally appeared in the university's student newspaper, The Mountain Echo. Newman was quoted as saying, in response to criticism and questions from colleagues, "...you think of the students as cuddly bunnies, but you can't. You just have to drown the bunnies … put a Glock to their heads." Two professors who objected to the president's policies were abruptly terminated without severance. One, Ed Egan, was the faculty adviser of The Mountain Echo, while the other, Thane Naberhaus, was a tenured professor who had publicly questioned the president's actions. The two were told they were fired because they had violated "a duty of loyalty" to the university. University provost David Rehm also objected to the president's plan and was asked to resign as provost but allowed to keep his faculty position. Professors throughout America protested the terminations and denounced them as retribution. Over 8,000 scholars digitally signed a petition for them to be reinstated, while organizations such as the American Association of University Professors, Student Press Law Center, and Foundation for Individual Rights in Education issued statements condemning Newman's actions. On February 12, 2016, the Mount St. Mary's faculty issued a resolution asking Newman to resign; on that same day, Newman announced at a faculty meeting that the two fired professors would be reinstated. On February 29, 2016, the university announced Newman's resignation. In a statement, Newman said that he cared deeply about the university, and that the recent publicity regarding his leadership became "too great of a distraction to our mission of educating students."

Connection to Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College in Indiana
French missionary Simon Bruté spent two decades as teacher and pastor in the formative years of Mount St. Mary's. He was considered "one of the foremost scholars in America," and he had a great deal of influence on the Catholic Church in America. In 1834, he was appointed the founding bishop of the Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana. In 1832, Father Stephen Badin of Indiana purchased 524 acres of land surrounding two lakes near South Bend, Indiana, and when he retired in 1835 he deeded the property to the Diocese of Vincennes. It was Father Badin's dream that a school would be established there. Bruté visited the South Bend property and described it as "a most desirable spot, and one soon I hope to be occupied by some prosperous institution." In 1836, Bruté traveled to France seeking funds and priests for his diocese, and one of the priests he recruited was Father Edward Sorin, the founder of Notre Dame. After Bruté's death in 1839, his successor, Bishop Hailandière, offered the 524 acre South Bend property to Father Sorin for the purpose of starting a college. The school was founded in 1842 as "L'Université de Notre Dame du Lac" (The University of Our Lady of the Lake). and grew to become the University of Notre Dame and its sister school Saint Mary's College.

Mount Saint Mary's, Notre Dame, and Saint Mary's College are each named in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, with Notre Dame meaning "Our Lady," a term of endearment for Mary. And each school's motto focuses on Mary's attribute of Catholic hope. Mount St. Mary's: 'Spes Nostra' (Our Hope), Notre Dame: 'Vita Dulcedo Spes' (Life, Sweetness, Hope) and Saint Mary's College in Indiana: 'Spes Unica' (The Only/Unique Hope)

Main campus

Mount St. Mary's University is located on a 1,400 acre campus in a rural mountain setting. Students live in five new or completely renovated residence halls. There are also three apartment buildings where seniors (and some juniors) live in fully furnished apartments complete with bathrooms and kitchens. The student center and cafeteria are located in the recently renovated McGowan center.

Academic classes are held in the Knott Academic Center, the COAD Science Building, and the Borders Learning Center. The fine arts department is located in the newly renovated Flynn Hall, now known as the Delaplaine Fine Arts Center.

Bradley Hall is the campus administration building.

The ARCC, called "The Ark," is a sports and fitness complex available to students. It contains the Knott Arena, which can seat up to 5,000 people and is used for athletic events, special events and concerts on campus. On October 4, 2015, President Barack Obama spoke at the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service at the Knott Arena.

National Shrine Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes

Mount St. Mary's is home to the National Shrine Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, a Catholic pilgrimage site devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary that draws thousands of visitors annually. Emmitsburg.net describes the Grotto as "a place of pastoral beauty and spiritual inspiration ... situated high on the mountainside where nature displays itself in all its wild and picturesque glory." The sixty acres of grounds include lush gardens, a pond, rosary paths, the Stations of the Cross, devotional areas, a scenic overlook, and St. Mary's Chapel on the Hill (also known as the Glass Chapel). Grotto water flows from taps located around a fountain pool, and chaplains are available to bless the water for visitors. Father John Watterson had the stone Grotto cave built in 1875 as a replica of the miraculous Our Lady of Lourdes in France.

The Grotto was first established on St. Mary's Mountain in 1805 by the university's founder, Father John DuBois. According to legend, Father DuBois was attracted to a light on the mountain and found a blessed spot and sat down at the foot of a large oak tree beside a stream. He made a cross of twigs and fixed it to the tree to be the symbol of the holy work he was undertaking. This was the original Grotto. Father Simon Bruté was an early steward of the Grotto. He created pathways throughout the grounds and attached crosses to the trees that now line the Stations of the Cross along the entrance. Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton attended Sunday Mass at the Grotto chapel. The 1911 book The Story of the Mountain tells how Mother Seton would sit on her favorite rock at the Grotto and "invoke the divine blessing by reciting the Canticle of the Three Children, and none that heard her could ever forget the tones of that voice and the fervor of that heart, which in the midst of the wild scenery of nature called upon all creatures to bless and magnify their Creator." Her rosary walks around the Grotto were re-enacted in 2005 to celebrate its 200th anniversary.

In 1958, the Grotto was refurbished and made more accessible to the public by Father Hugh J. Phillips, who became known as the "Restorer of the Grotto." The Grotto was proclaimed a Public Oratory on December 8, 1965, by Cardinal Lawrence Shehan, archbishop of Baltimore. On November 27, 2007, Bishop Jacques Perrier of the Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes in France visited the Mount St. Mary's Grotto and gave the gift of a stone excavated from the original Grotto in Lourdes, France, in order to "spiritually connect" the two places.

Frederick campus
The Frederick campus is a satellite campus of The Mount that is located in Frederick, Maryland, about 20 mile south of the main Emmitsburg campus. All classes are held in the evening to accommodate working adults. Students can study in master's degree and graduate certificate programs. There are four undergraduate degree programs that are designed specifically for working adults: B.S. in business, B.A. in criminal justice, B.S. in elementary education, and B.S. in human services. Most courses are offered in five or eight-week sessions, instead of traditional 15-week semesters. Classes meet once each week, from 6 to 9:30 p.m. Sessions run on a year-around schedule.

Admissions
In 2024, the university accepted 79.6% of undergraduate applicants, with those admitted having an average 3.36 GPA. Mount St. Mary's University does not require submission of standardized test scores. The university is a test optional school and those submitting test scores had an average 1040-1250 SAT score (22% submitting scores) or average 19-25 ACT score (2% submitting scores).

Rankings
In 2024, Mount St. Mary's University was ranked tied for #69 out of 178 Regional Universities North by U.S. News & World Report. The Mount was also ranked #24 in Best Value Schools and #48 in Best Colleges for Veterans.

Seminary
Mount Saint Mary's Seminary enrolls on average over 150 full-time residential seminarians each year. They represent more than 25 dioceses from the U.S., as well as overseas. Students must be sponsored by a diocese or religious order before applying to study at the seminary. Some students are co-sponsored by the Archdiocese for the Military Services. It is the second oldest Catholic seminary in the United States (after St. Mary's in Baltimore). The Catholic Review writes that the seminary has "a solid tradition of excellence in the formation of candidates for the Catholic priesthood." The seminary is well known for its more traditional theology, discipline and secluded rural setting.

The seminary has produced over 2600 priests and has been referred to as the "Cradle of Bishops" because 51 of its graduates have shepherded dioceses. John Hughes, an early graduate of the seminary, was the first Archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York. Class of 1826 graduate John McCloskey became the first American cardinal in 1875.

The seminary online blog On Mary's Mountain describes the daily life of the seminary community. Seminarians also write the Seminary Newsletter.

Students and faculty
In 2014-15 the university enrolled 1,741 undergraduate students and 499 graduate students, with a total of 2,240 students.

The student population is about 55% female and 45% male.

Of the 1,689 undergraduate students, 55% are from Maryland and 33% are from other Mid-Atlantic States. 33 total states are represented, as well as 13 foreign countries.

Around 85% of undergraduates live on campus.

The student-faculty ratio 13:1, and 46 percent of classes have fewer than 20 students. The most popular majors at Mount St. Mary's include: Business/Commerce, Criminology, Biological Sciences, Elementary/Secondary Education, and Accounting. The average freshman retention rate, an indicator of student satisfaction, is 80%.

For students who want to graduate early, the university offers a three-year degree option.

The Mountain Echo
The Mountain Echo is a print and online newspaper that reports on news and events at the university.

The newspaper began in 1879. According to a 1993 article by Dr. William Lawbaugh in The Mountain Briefing, the first issues were printed on a hand-operated press by Professor Ernest Lagarde from his home. Early issues of the newspaper were four pages long and reported on education, sports, and significant campus events. The issues also included articles on the history of Mount St. Mary's, poetry and literary works, death notices, alumni news, and personal and other advertisements. The Mountain Echo ceased publication after several years, but was revived on October 28, 1923, when Volume I, Number 1 was published. The Echo has been in continuous publication since then. The Mountain Echo was restructured during the academic year 1974–75, and was renamed The Mountain Review. The name was changed back to The Mountain Echo the following year. By the 1995/96 academic year, The Mountain Echo was printing a 24-page issue on a biweekly schedule. That year the newspaper expanded into two other formats. Echo Online was the first incarnation of The Mountain Echo website. And Echo Weekly News with Vince Chesney was a radio show hosted by the newspaper's editor-in-chief on the college radio station, WMTB.

Tolle Lege
Tolle Lege, first published in 2007, is a collection of philosophy and theology essays by undergraduates and seminarians. Essays are submitted through email and then voted on by the board of student editors. The journal's name means "take up and read," and is taken from Augustine's Confessions.

Lighted Corners
Lighted Corners, the Mount's literary and arts magazine, published its first issue in 1981. Lighted Corners is dedicated to art, fiction, creative nonfiction, poetry, and photography. Each year near the end of the fall semester, submissions are collected through email, which are voted on anonymously by staff. The editorial board makes the final selections, and then the staff spends the spring semester editing and putting the magazine together. Lighted Corners has won many awards from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association (CSPA), the American Scholastic Press Association, and the Society for Collegiate Journalists. In 2017, Lighted Corners received a gold medal and All-Columbian honors from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association. According to the CSPA, “All-Columbian honors have been given only when the publication has achieved the 95th percentile or higher in one or more of the three categories.”

Moorings
Moorings, the Mount's undergraduate critical humanities journal, published its first issue in 2016. Moorings accepts essay submissions primarily in History, English, Communications, Art, Music, and Theater. The journal attempts to maintain a balance in subjects while remaining dedicated to a high quality of academic work. Moorings also accepts student art submissions for cover artwork and provides a monetary prize for best essays and artwork. Although Moorings has an interdisciplinary panel of faculty advisors, the journal is almost entirely student-run with its editor-in-chief position passed down among students, making it unique among the Mount's journals. It also offers a double-blind peer review processes which both grades and edits written submissions.

Athletics

Mount St. Mary's ('MSM' or 'The Mount') athletic teams compete as "the Mountaineers" at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Mount is a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) since 2022–2023, having previously held membership in the Northeast Conference (NEC) from 1989–90 to 2021–22, and the Mason–Dixon Conference, at the NCAA Division II level, from 1940–41 to 1977–78 and from 1983–84 to 1987–88.

The Mount competes in 22 intercollegiate sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and water polo; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, rugby, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and water polo.

Faculty

 * Jim Phelan, basketball head coach until 2003. Phelan had 830 career wins (currently 18th on the all-time list), and coached a college basketball record 49 seasons at the same school. At the time of his retirement, Phelan had coached more NCAA games than any other coach in collegiate history. He was inducted into the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008.

Alumni

 * Francisco I. Madero, democratic president of Mexico from 1911 to 1913; boarding school graduate
 * John Baer, journalist
 * Geno Baroni, civil rights and anti-poverty activist
 * Agnus Berenato (1980) head women's basketball coach at the University of Pittsburgh
 * Rory Bourke (1964) songwriter, co-wrote the No. 1 hit song "The Most Beautiful Girl"; inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1989
 * Todd Bowles (2022) American Football Head Coach in the NFL, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * Charles C. Byrne, U.S. Army general
 * Fred Carter, professional basketball player, 1969–1976; his Mount St. Mary's jersey number "33" was retired in 2007
 * Jamion Christian, Former Mount St. Mary's Head Basketball Coach
 * Joe Engel, major league baseball pitcher 1912-20 (mainly for the Washington Senators)
 * Edward J. Flanagan, founder of Boys Town in 1921; portrayed by Spencer Tracy in the 1938 film Boys Town
 * William J. Frank, member of Maryland House of Delegates
 * Francis Xavier Gartland, (January 13, 1805 – September 20, 1854) first Bishop of Savannah, Georgia (1850–1854)
 * Chase Hilgenbrinck, former professional soccer player for the New England Revolution Priest and Vocation Director for Recruitment of the Diocese of Peoria
 * Harry Hughes, Governor of Maryland, 1979–87
 * John Hughes, the first Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, 1842–64
 * John LaFarge, artist
 * Joe Lamas, American professional football player with the Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Richard A. La Vay (1975) former Maryland State Delegate
 * William E. Lori, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore
 * Michael McCafferty, author and entrepreneur
 * John McCloskey, first American Cardinal, archbishop of New York 1864–1885, first president of Fordham University 1841–43; university and seminary graduate
 * Matthew F. McHugh, former U.S. Congressman
 * Susan O'Malley, first female president of an NBA franchise, the Washington Wizards
 * Paul Palmieri, founder of Millennial Media
 * John Baptist Purcell, Archbishop of Cincinnati
 * James William Reilly, Ohio state representative and American Civil War general in the Union Army
 * Kevin C. Rhoades, Bishop of Fort Wayne-South Bend
 * Peter Rono, gold-medal winner of the 1,500 metres event at the 1988 Summer Olympics; university graduate
 * Stanley Rother, priest and martyr; seminary graduate
 * Harry A. Slattery, U.S. Under Secretary of the Interior, 1938–39; the Slattery Report
 * John F. Sullivan, basketball (1953–57), later played in American Basketball League
 * Richard Vincent Whelan, Bishop of Richmond, Virginia (1841–1850) and Bishop of Wheeling, West Virginia (1850–1874).
 * Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, 1910–21
 * Hugo Winterhalter (1931), musical composer, arranger, musician, and orchestra leader – MSM Choir and Chorus (1928–1931)
 * Michael William Fisher (1958), Bishop of Buffalo
 * Heath Tarbert, 14th Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)

title: Mount St. Mary's University


text:
ATC code N07

N07AA Anticholinesterases

 * N07AA01 Neostigmine
 * N07AA02 Pyridostigmine
 * N07AA03 Distigmine
 * N07AA30 Ambenonium
 * N07AA51 Neostigmine, combinations

N07AB Choline esters

 * N07AB01 Carbachol
 * N07AB02 Bethanechol

N07AX Other parasympathomimetics

 * N07AX01 Pilocarpine
 * N07AX02 Choline alfoscerate
 * N07AX03 Cevimeline

N07BA Drugs used in nicotine dependence

 * N07BA01 Nicotine
 * N07BA03 Varenicline
 * N07BA04 Cytisinicline

N07BB Drugs used in alcohol dependence

 * N07BB01 Disulfiram
 * N07BB02 Calcium carbimide
 * N07BB03 Acamprosate
 * N07BB04 Naltrexone
 * N07BB05 Nalmefene

N07BC Drugs used in opioid dependence

 * N07BC01 Buprenorphine
 * N07BC02 Methadone
 * N07BC03 Levacetylmethadol
 * N07BC04 Lofexidine
 * N07BC05 Levomethadone
 * N07BC06 Diamorphine
 * N07BC51 Buprenorphine, combinations

N07CA Antivertigo preparations

 * N07CA01 Betahistine
 * N07CA02 Cinnarizine
 * N07CA03 Flunarizine
 * N07CA04 Acetylleucine
 * N07CA52 Cinnarizine, combinations

N07XA Gangliosides and ganglioside derivatives

 * Empty group

N07XX Other nervous system drugs

 * N07XX01 Tirilazad
 * N07XX02 Riluzole
 * N07XX03 Xaliproden
 * N07XX04 Sodium oxybate
 * N07XX05 Amifampridine
 * N07XX06 Tetrabenazine
 * N07XX07 Fampridine
 * N07XX08 Tafamidis
 * N07XX10 Laquinimod
 * N07XX11 Pitolisant
 * N07XX12 Patisiran
 * N07XX13 Valbenazine
 * N07XX14 Edaravone
 * N07XX15 Inotersen
 * N07XX16 Deutetrabenazine
 * N07XX17 Arimoclomol
 * N07XX18 Vutrisiran
 * N07XX19 Sodium phenylbutyrate and ursodoxicoltaurine
 * N07XX21 Eplontersen
 * N07XX22 Tofersen
 * N07XX23 Troriluzole
 * N07XX59 Dextromethorphan, combinations

title: ATC code N07


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2443

Stub with redundant information --Ianb 19:57, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. That The Simpsons mentioned something doesn't make it encyclopedic.  --Ardonik 05:59, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sweet zombie Jesus, delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:54, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The year 2004 is when this article will be deleted, according to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. Geogre 18:33, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you think of a re-direct to 25th century?? Any objections to a re-direct?? 66.245.81.19 12:41, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Page content not appropriate for the page, as non-historical - information already present at Timeline of fictional future events. -- Michael Warren | Talk 14:38, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Add this fact into a Futurama page, if it has an internal timeline then this would be the perfect place, if not then just add it in a trivia section or something. Then delete this article.  Year pages should only contain notbale events and facts from that year, not notes from Cartoon series. -- Hackerjack 15:29, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It's already mentioned on the Futurama page, but a timeline might be useful to help keep these things from popping up again. -- Cyrius|✎ 16:43, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Reappearance of stub with redundant, fictional information. Ianb 06:32, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Isn't recreation grounds for speedy deletion, if the article is identicle and no new relevance is added? Darksun 11:42, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I've redirected to newly-created Timeline of Futurama to prevent this from being resurrected (haha!) in the future. —Rory ☺ 12:04, Sep 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - that is a most useless redirect. I'd rather fight the recreation. -  Tεx  τ  urε  20:09, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2443


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fart-eater

Not worthy of speedy deletion, but this doesn't really fit into Wikipedia's mission, it's a dictionary definition, and not really significant. See What Wikipedia is not. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 19:58, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)
 * when I was a kid we weren't allowed to say words like that. Can supply list of ones we did if interested. Delete. Ianb 20:18, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: dictdef, insufficient for Wiktionary.  Geogre 20:21, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete yet another insignificant neologism. There are much more vulgar and widespread insults that do not have their own articles.  --Ardonik 05:56, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - quite frankly, it's just stupid. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:59, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)