text:
User talk:Fermion

Hi Fermion, welcome to Wikipedia. Are you from Morisset?

Standard welcome boilerplate follows... -- Tim Starling 08:11, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

Hi Tim, I sent you an email. I have fiddled with the Morisset page again, the only thing I am really attached to is Avondale College's name. As I note see the external page - we don't have university status yet so it isn't accurate to call it a university. --Fermion 10:04, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi. I noticed you made an edit on my userbox on my talk page: 05:26, 11 November 2006 Fermion (Talk | contribs) (userbox) (undo). Can you clarify this for me, please? Thanks. Psychophant 00:39, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hello. Please remember to always provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy edits. Hyacinth 08:23, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Furrow Story on Avondale College
Can you have a look at my account of "the furrow story" as recounted on Avondale College. I'm scared it isn't objective and lacks the NPOV. Thanks. MyNameIsNotBob 08:02, May 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks MyNameIsNotBob, the story is common in some circles, but has been largely discredited by a recent thesis which was unable to verify the story. The White Estate at Avondale doesn't support the story either.  If this article is to mirror the university pages, I doubt that mention of the furrow story will remain.  Perhaps a separate page on the history of Avondale and surrounds may include it as a discredited story.--Fermion 09:23, 24 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, doesn't surprise me at all. I think I have heard something along those lines before, now that you mention it. So the agricultural expert did visit though? MyNameIsNotBob 09:35, May 24, 2005 (UTC)

SDA statistics (Fiji)
Hi there!

Thank you for your efforts to standardize statistics among the various articles concerning Fiji. I think you overlooked one thing, though:

The statistics in the main Fiji article are for the nation as a whole. Seventh Day Adventists are 2.9 percent of the total population according to the 1996 census.

The statistics in the Fijian people article are for indigenous Fijians - because that article is about the ethnic group, not the whole nation. SDAs are 5.1 percent of the ethnic Fijian population. (See Demographics of Fiji for details).

Accordingly, I have reverted your edit. David Cannon 12:28, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * In answer to the question in your latest edit summary, I think it is pretty clear that the statistics in the article are about a specific population group, because the Fijian people article itself is specifically about the Fijian ethnic group, not about Fijian citizens as a whole. This ethnic group comprises only 53-54 percent of Fiji's total population.  A case could be made out for renaming the article.  I considered "Fijian (race)" - but decided against that because the word "race" has extremely loaded connotations - even more so in Fiji than in most other countries; "Fijian (ethnicity)" might be a more neutral term, but sounds a bit stilted.  Perhaps "Fijian ethnic group?"  I'll chew over this for a day or two, see what you (and others) have to say about the matter, and see what we can do.  I know that the Fijian people (race) prefers to be called "Taukei," but that name means nothing to most people outside of Fiji.  I would have to say, however, that the title of the article is somewhat ambiguous, and should be rectified if possible. David Cannon 00:54, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I follow your logic and I think Fijian people is a very safe option, albeit slightly ambiguous. Don't the Indian fijians call themselves Fijian?  Perhaps the article could be expanded to include these specfic groups, and the paragraph I noticed could be about religion amongst the Taukei.  Either way, I think Taukei needs to be mentioned on the page.--Fermion 04:55, 25 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There's a separate article for Indo-Fijians. Generally speaking, most of the Indians in Fiji are reluctant to use the "Fijian" label.  When the 1997 constitution was drawn up, "Fiji Islanders" was agreed upon as an umbrella term to cover all Fijian citizens.  For legal purposes (voting on separate electoral rolls, etc), citizens are registered as members of particular ethnic groups.  "Fijians" are defined as people whose ancestors, in either the male or female line, originated in the Fiji Islands (excluding Rotuma; Rotumans, at their own request, have a separate classification).  "Indo-Fijians" are defined as those whose ancestors, on either side of the family, originated anywhere in the Indian Sub-continent.  There is another category of "general electors" - a miscellaneous bunch of Europeans, Chinese, etc.  There are four separate electoral rolls, each with allocated representation in parliament; a further 25 seats are elected by universal suffrage.  As for religion, the Demographics page, as well as the articles about the various ethnic groups, have the statistics.  More tweaking is required, however.  The article on Rotuman people is yet to be written.  In addition, I intend to make a template, which would be placed on the Fijian people, Indo-Fijian, General Electors, and the intended Rotuman Islanders page, as well as on the Demographics of Fiji page, to make it clear that the articles are linked and part of a series.  Like much of the project, this part needs quite a bit of tidying up.  But as for expanding the article, as I said, the other ethnic groups have (or will have) their own articles, and the Demographics article is an umbrella covering them all. David Cannon 11:16, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Sanitarium Foundation
Should the date in the infobox be the official date of formation (1898) or when the company was started in Melbourne (c. 1987) - I think it should be the official date for the infobox. We can put other information in the History section. MyNameIsNotBob 23:27, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Are you 203.206.57.237?
Are you that IP? Or do you know who is? Thanks MyNameIsNotBob 06:08, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * No I am not 203.206.57.237. Yes, I do know who it is. No I am not going to tell you who it is, perhaps they wish to remain anonymous. --Fermion 05:56, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * LOL, they might want to read the Wikipolicies though. Its not my fault either if their ip range gets blocked and affects other people using the same connection. MyNameIsNotBob 08:26, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Southwestern Adventist University
This is referring to an old edit of yours (27 Jan 2005) on the SWAU page. You changed the last phrase of the first paragraph of the article from "SDA Church" to "Seventh-day Adventist Church." I am of agreement that the official name of the church is "Seventh-day Adventist Church," but I feel that "SDA Church" is a perfectly acceptable abbreviation for said name, used widely, at least in North America and I think in Great Britain also. Perhaps you did not notice that the previous sentence mentioned the full name of the church with a link to the appropriate page. I am going to go ahead and change the first reference to "Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Church," so that the second one (which I'm changing back) is obvious. Above all, though, thanks for being interested the article. Cromwellt | Talk 19:59, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you, I agree that your approach is a sound one. -Fermion 03:21, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I would have to disagree with this rationale. See my comment on the project talk page. MyNameIsNotBob 21:03, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It is an APA thing. You are perfectly entitled to abbreviate anything you wish, as long as the first instance is spelt out.  Thus, SDA must always be preceeded by the first instance being Seventh-day Adventist (SDA).  You are definetly correct that any upper case "D" is wrong.  Actually, there is one minor qualm I have with this.  If you are writing an article describing a place, it maybe that the place spells it wrong, what then should be done? -Fermion 03:20, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think upon seeing the official church policy on this, I'd have change my stance and go with MyNameIsNotBob, since this is a public place, even if APA says we can do it. I would say that we should spell things right in any case, though I can't tell exactly what you mean, Fermion.  --Cromwellt|Talk 08:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Is this a source?
The statement on the Ellen G. White page "With the sole exception of Agatha Christie, Ellen White is said to be the most translated female writer in the history of literature [citation needed] and the most translated American author of either gender.[citation needed]" Can this be sourced from "She is the most translated woman writer in the entire history of literature, and the most translated American author of either gender."? MyNameIsNotBob 06:26, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. -Fermion 06:32, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Pick a template
Regarding your last edit to the Seventh-day Adventist Church article. There are a series of template messages available at Template messages/Disputes, I'm not sure which one is most appropriate though. MyNameIsNotBob 06:06, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Adventists as Evangelical
You may recall a discussion about Adventists being evangelical on the talk page a few months ago. I have been trying to find a citation for this and have found that the church does not seem to belong to any evangelical associations of churches or anything of that like. As a seemingly unverifiable statement I am not sure it should remain. Any thoughts? MyNameIsNotBob 06:09, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it should remain. The way to verify it is to look at the theological position of evangelical theology and that of the Adventist church.  I personally don't think it is a point that needs to be verified.  It is taken as given by most theologians that the Adventist church operates within the evangelical theological tradition, as opposed to orthodox or liberal positions.  It may be worth revisiting in the criticism section that components of Adventist theology (e.g. Ellen White and the investigative judgement) have been criticised for being outside the parameters of evangelical. I think the book Answers to objections may be a good reference. -Fermion 06:14, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

3RR, and Perspicacious
You will find that the edits Perspicacious made on Seventh-day Adventist Church that you submitted as WP:3RR are in fact vandalism. Have a read of the 3RR page to see what I mean. MyNameIsNotBob 20:35, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Albion High School
Hi, I'm the creator of the Albion High School disambig page, as well as perhaps 100s of others. I got bored one day and decided that if these highschool pages were randomly being created by students who have never heard of Wikipedia or disambiguity before, that I could head them off by creating the disambig pages before they broke the links. I was coming back to add some more, but since you objected to a full red-link article I thought I'd check with you first. To me, I don't really think the highschool pages add much to the 'pedia, but the disambig page actually seem more helpful than the actual red pages that they link to. As, if someone from the midwest told you they graduated from Albion high school, you won't really care what it's mascot was.

Tell me what you think, I won't add more until I hear from you.--Rayc 21:28, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Citation tags
Just letting you know that the citation template requires lower case. Thanks for alerting me to my mistake on Hunter Valley. MyNam e IsNotBob  10:16, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, both edits were to the same place, didn't realise. Have corrected my error. MyNam e IsNotBob  10:25, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

re: Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Could you clarify what you are referring to on my talk page. Currently my I can see an issue with Perspicacious' continual personal attacks. These are a blatant breach of policy and should be warned about. Use (already used),  and  followed by WP:PAIN. It may be a valuable idea to have the page protected, blocking tends to just quiet him for a week or two before he returns with some new creative way to get his POV across. Eg, when he most recently returned and made his rather surprising change to Seventh-day Adventism. Dispute resolution has a process for which steps for resolution should be made. At the moment a RfC is the next step. MyNam e IsNotBob  07:41, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have pointed him to No personal attacks again. I am going to request that he discuss his edits on the talk page first. He tends to make a huge amount of unexplained and unreferenced edits which I struggle to follow and even more so balance out. MyNam e IsNotBob  07:51, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

words words
hi man, i saw your name on the recent edits page. seems u've done a thesis or somethin about a difficult subject. tell me, what is the technique to keep the words coming and the text growing when you're kinda losing inspiration ? Unixer 11:11, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Weasel
I can only imagine what you must have thought, if you're not familiar with WP:WEASEL. That tag looks very much like a derogatory comment, especially in that context. I wouldn't go so far as "LOL", but I did chuckle. Cheers, -Will Beback 10:27, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I wasn't aware of the policy, until I made my mistake. Which is why I reverted back.  I don't mind making mistakes, but I do feel a little silly from time to time.  I notice that someone else has removed it. --Fermion 23:58, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi
Hi Fermion, I'm just returning your greeting on my talk page! Unfortunately, I don't have a copy of the Jacaranda or Orana lying around to look you up in - in fact I don't think you even mentioned your name. I appreciate your edits; at least the ones I have come across have been helpful. Cheers, Col. Colin MacLaurin 02:00, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Still curious as to who you are! You didn't mention your first name. If you're worried about privacy that's fine. I'm taking a big risk by putting my full name out there, place of study, etc. BTW, interesting that there are so many Australian-based, and particularly (current and former) Avondale-based Adventists on here! --Colin MacLaurin 05:28, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Colin, I'm not all that concerned about the privacy, I just enjoy the anonymity. I graduated last year from a BSc/BTch (Hons) - I was the only person to receive that award.  I agree it is interesting about Australian Adventists.  Maybe we a community minded, or alternatively cheap skates who don't want to pay for anything and like the idea of a free encyclopedia.  Thoughts to think about at least. -Fermion 06:10, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi again Fermion. Well I just found the Orana from 2005, and looked for all the BSc/BTch students I could find. It didn't mention "honours". I found three 4th year students, all of whom I am acquainted with! One of those I have passed at Avondale a few times the last few days... I need a tip. (Don't worry, I'll stop short of hiring a private investigator... :P ) Just curious that's all! Keep up the good work on Wiki, Colin MacLaurin 03:38, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Check your myspace, I thought I would end the agony! -Fermion 07:25, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Question
I want to issue a warning to E.Shurbee for personal attacks but don't know where to find the template to do so. Do you have any idea? I'm well versed in the Vandalism templates, but not the personal attacks ones. Please let me know. Thanks! -- 15:27, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * WP:NPA is the place to go. There is also a template npa. -Fermion 21:26, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Just a Thought . . . of which I also pulled from someone elses pages
"Be bold in contributions, but not in destructions. Editing is a collaborative effort, so editing boldly should not be confused with reverting boldly. This only leads to edit wars. Use the talk page instead. Reverting isn't always collaborative editing, but often a cheap shortcut. Be careful if a revert touches off a revert war. If a revert war begins, then collaboration is not working, and editing the article boldly by reverting is not collaboration. Instead it attempts to force one editor's will on the other editors, which will never work." Can it be possible to be new at this and make a mistake on references and not have everything erased by you! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.103.183.8 (talk • contribs).
 * I agree with the sentiments. However, material copied directly from the web is in direct violation of the bold rather clear statement directly below the "save changes" button Do not copy text from other websites without permission. It will be deleted.  Why are you surprised?

Liturgical worship
Hi Fermion,

Thanks for your comment on my talk page. Taizé certainly sounds interesting, and I aim to go one day. For my two European friends who told me about it, it is their spiritual highlight for the year. One of them doesn't really go to church - she was brought up Catholic and isn't impressed with the Catholic churches there. She didn't like that they condemned contraception when Africa is so overpopulated, and that when reciting the Apostles' Creed they interpreted "catholic" in the line "I believe in... the holy catholic Church" as referring to the Catholic church, rather than the meaning "universal church". For them Taizé is a break from the fast paced, high pressure European lifestyle they live. There seems to be a big emphasis on peace, quiet or stillness. For example, during worship services they have a time of 10 minutes or so of complete silence for prayer. There is also a big focus on community - playing (worship?) music together, Bible study together, and making friends from all over the world! Anyway, thanks for reading my user page and taking interest! God bless, Colin MacLaurin 05:19, 16 November 2006 (UTC).
 * Fermion, just letting you know that I now have definite plans in place to visit Taizé! I am planning a tour of Europe with one of my brothers, and we are thinking of arriving at Taizé in late July this year. I was a little sceptical of liturgy in church services, as I grew up in a (low church) Anglican community. I found it rather boring and repetitive, although I must admit that familiarity does help learning, and feels "safe". I was also a little sceptical of the more traditional music I was used to, and liked the freedom I found in contemporary Adventist services. However I followed your lead and also downloaded some music from Taizé. It was beautiful, as you said! I am intrigued because the community mixes elements that to me are old-school (i.e. music choice) with a very new-school population of almost entirely young people, and in a very secular area of the world! I'll let you know how it goes. By the way, I take it that you have come to your own conclusions regarding certain ecumenical and eschatological views? Colin MacLaurin 08:33, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Merry Christmas!
Fermion, as one of my Wikifriends I would like to wish you a merry Christmas. I appreciate your edits and constructive comments on talk pages.

All the best,

Colin MacLaurin 08:00, 17 November 2006 (UTC).

Nope
Just me being overzealous or some shtuff. Peace, Kukini 07:36, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Smiley Award
Feel free to place this award on your user page, as a token of appreciation for your contributions. If you're willing to help spread the good cheer to others, please see the project page for the Random Smiley Award at: User:Pedia-I/SmileyAward

Template:Adventism
What do you think about the Template I "made"? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jannizz (talk • contribs) 12:03, 9 January 2007 (UTC).

Help
I am posting this at a couple other pages. I have to be careful and not break the WP:3RR on Seventh-day Adventist Church because of some biased edits. I would like to ask a few of you to help monitor it. I've basically been following protocol of other pages I edit. The editors will not allow links unless they lend value to the article and I am sticking to this with the Adventist article as well. There is a current discussion, however two editors feel compelled to usurp the consensus and stick in their edits. If you wish to weigh in and keep control, I welcome it. I must step back as I wish to not break the 3RR rule. Thanks--Maniwar (talk) 03:19, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Indooroopilly, Queensland
Hi Fermion, You appear to have broken the geocode on this article. Using maps.google.com it appears to now point to the border of Chapel Hill and Indooroopilly rather than the centre of Indooroopilly. Can you confirm why you changed it.. what was being displayed in Google Earth previously? Rimmeraj 04:25, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi. When I was using Google Earth there is a wikipedia icon with the article relating to Indooroopilly situated East of Coopooroo and South of Bulimba, i.e. about Carina!  It is not even on the correct side of the river.  That is what I was trying to have moved.  My apologies for breaking the previous link. -Fermion 07:29, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I suspect that the change you are trying to make is not controlled in the Indooroopilly article itself. (and I cannot help on how to fix it)

Lazarus and Dives RFC
An RFC has been filed to determine whether or not the position of the Jesus Seminar should be included in Lazarus and Dives. Your comments would be most welcome. --Joopercoopers 22:28, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for you interest in my opinion. I don't think I will contribute to this one. Fermion 02:52, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Re: Shurugwi Rural Areas
You put the cleanup tag on this, and it really needed cleanup. I just did some cleanup, but since it still could use quite a bit of work, I don't know if you think we could take the tag off now. I'm leaving it up to you. :) Oh, and I'm currently working to fix at least a good chunk of the redirects to Seventh-day Adventist Church so that they point straight there.  My main focus at the moment is the misspellings like "Seventh-Day Adventist" (should be lowercase d).  Happy editing!  --Cromwellt|talk 23:43, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I used to work on the same thing with the spelling.  It is also a good way to find some very fascinating stuff written about Adventists! -Fermion 10:45, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Feedback for my user page
Hi Fermion,

I was wondering if you would give me some feedback about my user page. I am trying to develop it to be appealing in content and also aesthetically attractive. Writing about religious topics is always controversial, and I would like to know if you think anything would be offensive to anyone, or could be improved. I have also invited a few others. Please reply here. Cheers, Colin MacLaurin 13:53, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Hey
Hey, you all are being quiet on the Amazing Facts article and the articles talk page. Don't know if you've been watching, but I've been fighting a few POV edits and loaded sentences. Can you add anything to the conversations in lieu of a consensus? I think that would quell the issues. Thanks! --User: (talk) 01:08, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Seventh-day Adventist Church
Just letting you know I passed the article for inclusion in the Release Version. John Carter 16:41, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church AFD
Hi Fermion, I have nominated Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church for deletion due to a lack of notability, and thought I'd let you know as a courtesy measure, since you appear to have been involved in its editing. Here is its entry at Articles for deletion (AFD). Colin MacLaurin (talk) 17:02, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

I have been proven right!
I remember you not believing my testimony that the Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church is a hoax. You should then find this interesting: It appears that the Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church has admitted in court to only having three members. See Case 1:06-cv-01207-JDB Document 70 Filed 06/11/2008 page 3. Doesn't that prove the central thesis in Walter McGill and the Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church Hoax is true and therefore that Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church is not notable and therefore should be deleted? --e.Shubee (talk) 21:44, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Judgment Day Has Come
IT IS SO ORDERED this, the 6th day of January, 2010, that all persons acting in concert with Defendant (WALTER MCGILL, d/b/a CREATION SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH, et al.,)… are hereby ENJOINED from using or enabling the use of such domain names and websites:

www.creationseventhdayadventistchurch.ca www.csdadventistchurch.co.cc www.csdachurch.co.cc/ www.csdachurch.0adz.com www.creationsdadventistrelief.to www.csda-adventistchurch.to www.creationsdadventistrelief.to www.adventistry.org www.creationseventhdayadventist.org.rw www.creationsdarelief.0adz.com www.seventhdayadventistsda-v-creation7thdayadventistcsda-uslawsuit.net www.seventhdayadventism.org www.7thdayadventism.org/ www.whypastorwaltermcgillisnotaffiliatedwithgcsdaadventistchurch.net www.csdachurch.wordpress.com www.csda-korea.org www.creationseventhdayadventistreliefprojectsint.ltd.ug www.seventhdayadventistchurchfoundwanting.us www.home.comcast.net/~7thdayadventist www.home.comcast.net/~csdachurch www.home.comcast.net/~creationsda www.home.comcast.net/~creation-adventist www.binaryangel.net www.thefourthangel.net www.home.comcast.net/~creation-sabbath www.home.comcast.net/~barbara_lim www.home.comcast.net/~crmin

s/ J. DANIEL BREEN, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

GA reassessment of Seventh-day Adventist Church
I have conducted a reassessment of the above article as part of the GA Sweeps process. You are being notified as you have made a number of contributions to the article. I have found some concerns which you can see at Jezhotwells (talk) 01:42, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Weimar College
Please visit this link as your opinion and expertise would be appreciated. Fountainviewkid 21:29, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Ichthus: January 2012
 In this issue...   - Ichthus is the newsletter of Christianity on Wikipedia • It is published by WikiProject Christianity For submissions contact the Newsroom • To unsubscribe add yourself to the list here
 * From the Editor
 * What are You doing For Lent?
 * Fun and Exciting Contest Launched
 * Spotlight on WikiProject Catholicism

Need your input on Article
I need your help on this article for Amazing Discoveries....https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Discoveries as it needs work to keep it from being deleted from Wikipedia. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks. Simbagraphix (talk)
 * Also if could get your input on this related article for Walter Veith....https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Veith
 * ....Thanks.Simbagraphix (talk) 17:41, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fermion


text:
Matsuoka, Fukui

Matsuoka (松岡町) was a town located in Yoshida District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,071 and a density of 595.54 persons per km2. The total area was 18.59 km2.

On February 13, 2006, Matsuoka, along with the village of Kamishihi (also from Yoshida District), was merged into the expanded town of Eiheiji.

The area is still identified by the Matsuoka Station of the Echizen Railway Katsuyama Eiheiji Line.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matsuoka, Fukui


text:
Eiheiji, Fukui

Eiheiji (永平寺町) is a town located in Yoshida District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 18,746 in 6,262 households and the population density of 200 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 94.,43 sqkm. The town is named for the famous temple of Eihei-ji.

Geography
Eiheiji is located in Yoshida District in northern Fukui Prefecture, in the river valley of the Kuzuryū River.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Fukui Prefecture
 * Awara
 * Fukui
 * Katsuyama

Climate
Eiheiji has a Humid climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm, wet summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Eiheiji is 14.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2459 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.6 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Eiheiji has remained relatively steady over the past 50 years.

History
Eiheiji is part of ancient Echizen Province, and has been populated since the Japanese Paleolithic period. Numerous Kofun period remains have been found in the area, which was part of a large shōen in the Heian period. During the Kamakura period, in 1244, the monk Dōgen established the Sōtō Zen monastery of Eihei-ji, and the present town developed as a monzen-machi town attached to the temple. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Fukui Domain. Following the Meiji restoration, it was organised into part of Yoshida District in Fukui Prefecture. With the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, the villages of Shihidani, Shimoshihi and Jōhō-ji were established. These villages were merged to form the village of Shihi on March 1, 1954. On September 1, 1962 Shihi was raised to town status, and was renamed Eiheiji.

On February 13, 2006 the town of Matsuoka and the village of Kamishihi, both from Yoshida District, were merged into the town of Eiheiji.

Economy
Eiheiji's economy is heavily reliant on the flow of tourists and pilgrims to the Eihei-ji temple, which serves as a sizable seminary for the Soto Zen faith.

Aoyama Harp, the only harp manufacturer in Japan, is located in Eiheiji.

Education
Eiheiji has seven public elementary schools and three middle schools operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school. Fukui Prefectural University has a campus at Eiheiji, and the medical school of the University of Fukui is also located in the town.

Railway

 * Echitetsu Logomark.svg Echizen Railway Katsuyama Eiheiji Line
 * Kannonmachi - Matsuoka - Shiizakai - Eiheijiguchi - Shimoshii - Kōmyōji - Domeki - Echizen-Nonaka - Sannō - Echizen-Takehara - Kobunato

Highway

 * Chubu-Jukan Expressway

International relations

 * 🇨🇳 - Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, China, friendship city to former Matsuoka Town since August 1997

Local attractions

 * Eihei-ji, head temple and seminary of the Sōtō Zen sect
 * Matsuoka Kofun Cluster, National Historic Site

title: Eiheiji, Fukui


text:
Kamishihi, Fukui

Kamishihi (上志比村) was a village located in Yoshida District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,492 and a density of 137.75 persons per km2. The total area was 25.35 km2.

On February 13, 2006, Kamishihi, along with the town of Matsuoka (also from Yoshida District), was merged into the expanded town of Eiheiji.

title: Kamishihi, Fukui


text:
Yoshida District, Fukui

Yoshida (吉田郡) is a district located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 1, 2005, the district has an estimated population of 20,766 with a density of 220.12 persons per km2. The total area is 94.34 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of one town:

 * Eiheiji

History
Fukui Yoshida-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period

Recent mergers

 * On February 13, 2006 - The town of Matsuoka and the village of Kamishihi were merged into the expanded town of Eiheiji.

title: Yoshida District, Fukui


text: User talk:82.64.219.236

title: User talk:82.64.219.236


text:
Izumi, Fukui

Izumi (和泉村) was a village located in Ōno District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 701 and a density of 2.11 persons per km2. The total area was 332.38 km2.

On November 7, 2005, Izumi was merged into the expanded city of Ōno.

title: Izumi, Fukui


text:
Ōno District, Fukui

Ōno (大野郡) was a district located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 701 with a density of 2.11 persons per km2. The total area was 332.38 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of only one village:

 * Izumi

 * Notes:

History
Fukui Ono-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Recent mergers

 * On November 7, 2005 - The village of Izumi was merged into the expanded city of Ōno. Ōno District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Ōno District, Fukui


text:
Patapsco River

The Patapsco River mainstem is a 39 mi river in central Maryland that flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The river's tidal portion forms the harbor for the city of Baltimore. With its South Branch, the Patapsco forms the northern border of Howard County, Maryland. The name "Patapsco" is derived from the Algonquian pota-psk-ut, which translates to "backwater" or "tide covered with froth".

History
Captain John Smith was the first European to explore the river, noting it on his 1612 map as the Bolus River. The "Red river", named after the clay color, is considered the "old Bolus", as other branches were also labeled Bolus on maps. As the river was not navigable beyond Elkridge, it was not a significant path of commerce; in 1723, only one ship was listed as serving the northern branch, and four others operating around the mouth.

Beginning in the 1770s, the Patapsco River became the center of Maryland industrialization. Milling and manufacturing operations abounded along the river throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, generally powered by small dams. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's original main line was constructed in 1829 west along the Patapsco Valley; the nation's first railroad, the route remains, though much altered. Many railroad bridges were built in the valley, including the Thomas Viaduct, which is still in use, and the Patterson Viaduct, now in ruins. The 1907 hydropower Bloede's Dam powered flour mills.

An 1868 flood washed away 14 houses and killed 39 people around Ellicott City. A 1923 flood topped bridges. In 1952, an 8 ft wall of water swept the shops of Ellicott City. A 1956 flood severely damaged the Bartigis Brothers plant. In 1972, rainfall from the remnants of Hurricane Agnes damaged Ellicott City and the Old Main Line. Two died in the July 2016 Maryland flood ravaged Main Street, followed two years later by a May 2018 Maryland flood that took the life of a rescuer.

The mouth of the Patapsco River forms Baltimore Harbor, the site of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. This is where Francis Scott Key, aboard the British HMS Tonnant (1798), wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", a poem later set to music as the national anthem of the United States. Today, a red, white, and blue buoy marks where the ship was anchored.

In the early hours of March 26, 2024, the 1.6 mile Francis Scott Key Bridge, which carried Interstate 695 over the Patapsco River, was struck by a container ship and partially collapsed into the river.

Watershed
The Patapsco has a watershed (including the water surface) of 950 sqmi. Through most of its length, the Patapsco is a minor river flowing mostly through a narrow valley. The last 10 mi, however, form a large tidal estuary inlet of Chesapeake Bay. The inner part of this estuary provides the harbor of Baltimore, composed of the Northwest Harbor and the Middle Branch, including Thoms Cove. (See Baltimore Inner Harbor.) The Patapsco estuary is south of the Back River and north of the Magothy River. The Patapsco River forms the harbor as it empties into the Chesapeake Bay. Besides Baltimore, the river also flows through Ellicott City (the county seat of Howard County) and Elkridge.

The Patapsco River mainstem begins at the confluence of the North and South Branches, near Marriottsville, about 15 mi west of downtown Baltimore. The 19.4 mi South Branch rises further west at Parr's Spring, where Howard County, Carroll, Frederick, and Montgomery counties meet. The latter begins at elevation 780 ft on Parr's Ridge, just south of Interstate 70 and east of Ridge Road (Highway 27), 2 mi south of Mount Airy, Maryland. The South Branch Patapsco River traces the southern boundary of Carroll County and the northern boundary of Howard County. The first land record regarding Parr's Springs dates from 1744, when John Parr laid out a 200 acre tract he called Parr's Range. During the Civil War, Parr's Spring was a stop for the Army of the Potomac's Brig. Gen. David M. Gregg's cavalry, on June 29, 1863, while en route to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Parr's Spring was dug to form a 1.75 acre pond in the 1950s, filled by seven spring heads that form the headwaters of the South Branch of the Patapsco River.

The North Branch flows 20.9 mi southward from its origins in Carroll County. Liberty Dam and its reservoir on the North Branch are major components of the Baltimore City water system.

Patapsco Valley State Park extends along 32 mi of the Patapsco and its branches, encompassing 14000 acre in five areas. The river cuts a gorge 100 to 200 feet (35–70 m) deep within the park, with rocky cliffs and tributary waterfalls. Bloede's Dam, a hydroelectric dam built in 1906, was on the Patapsco River within the park, a nearly complete barrier to anadromous fish passage. Although a fish ladder was installed in 1992, it blocked five of six native fish species trying to run upstream to spawn. Efforts to remove Bloede's Dam began in the 1980s when nine drowning deaths occurred, and also to restore fish passage to a large portion of the Patapsco River watershed. Dam demolition began on September 12, 2018, opening the fishery and creating a rocky rapid for kayaking. Two dams upstream of Bloede's Dam, Simkins and Union, were removed in 2010. The removal of Bloede's Dam leaves Daniels Dam, 9 mi upstream, as the last remaining dam along the mainstem Patapsco River.

Tributaries

 * Deep Run (Carroll County)
 * Board Run (Baltimore County)
 * Roaring Run (Carroll County)
 * Liberty Reservoir (Carroll/Baltimore Counties)
 * Piney Run (Carroll County)
 * Keysers Run (Baltimore County)
 * Beaver Run (Carroll County)
 * Norris Run (Baltimore County)
 * Timber Run (Baltimore County)
 * Middle Run (Carroll County)
 * Morgan Run (Carroll County)
 * Locust Run (Baltimore County)
 * Snowdens Run (Carroll County)
 * Falls Run (Baltimore County)
 * South Branch Patapsco River
 * Davis Branch (Howard County)
 * Brice Run (Baltimore County)
 * Bens Run (Baltimore County)
 * Cedar Branch (Baltimore County)
 * Miller Run (Baltimore County)
 * Sucker Branch (Howard County)
 * Tiber River (Howard County)
 * Cooper Branch (Baltimore County)
 * Bonnie Branch (Howard County)
 * Sawmill Branch (Baltimore County)
 * Cascade Falls (Howard County)
 * Soapstone Branch (Baltimore County)
 * Rockburn Branch (Howard County)
 * Deep Run (Howard/Anne Arundel County)
 * Stony Run (Anne Arundel County)
 * Herbert Run (Baltimore County)
 * Holly Creek (Anne Arundel County)
 * Middle Branch to Gwynns Falls (Baltimore City)
 * Northwest Harbor to Jones Falls (Baltimore City)
 * Colgate Creek (Baltimore City)
 * Curtis Creek (Baltimore City)
 * Bear Creek (Baltimore County)
 * Cox Creek (Anne Arundel County)
 * Stoney Creek (Anne Arundel County)
 * Rock Creek (Anne Arundel County)
 * Old Road Bay (Baltimore County)
 * Bodkin Creek (Anne Arundel County)

Ecology and conservation
The removal of Bloede's Dam in September 2018, opened up 65 mi of the Patapsco River watershed, which will potentially restore spawning runs of at least six species of native anadromous fish: alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), American shad (Alosa sapidissima), hickory shad (Alosa mediocris), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), as only one species, sea lamprey, were found using the Bloede's Dam fish ladder in 2012. One catadromous species would likely also benefit, the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), a fish species that lives in freshwater and migrates to the ocean to breed. The Bloede's Dam removal project was led by American Rivers and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources.

Now that Bloede's Dam has been removed, removal of Daniels Dam upstream on the mainstem Patapsco River would open to anadromous fishes the remaining 6.5 mi of Patapsco River mainstem, the entire 19.4 mi length of the South Branch Patapsco River, 3.5 mi of the North Branch Patapsco River up to the Liberty Dam, and many of these rivers' tributaries.

Water quality
The eastern portion of the Patapsco River is in a highly urbanized area and is subject to extensive stormwater runoff and other forms of water pollution. The Maryland Department of the Environment has identified the Lower North Branch as containing high levels of heavy metals (chromium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead, selenium, and zinc), as well as phosphorus, fecal coliform bacteria, and PCBs. The Piney Run Reservoir on the South Branch of the Patapsco is polluted by excess levels of phosphorus and sediment.

Environmental nonprofit organizations, such as The Friends of Patapsco Valley & Heritage Greenway, Inc. (PHG), lead clean-up efforts by the residents of surrounding communities. From 2006 to 2012, PHG volunteers participated in 183 stream clean-ups, removing 264 tons of trash from the streams of the Patapsco Valley watershed.

Recreation
Recreational swimming is possible in areas of the Patapsco River, sometimes involving rope swings, inner tubing, and wading. The river also serves as a venue for rafting. The Patapsco is also great for fishing. The MD DNR stocks parts of Patapsco State Park in the early spring and offers some pretty decent trout fishing. The Northern Snakehead has also made the Patapsco their home. They can be found from historic Ellicott City to the harbor.

Crossings
This is a list of all crossings of the main stem of the Patapsco River, as well as its two downstream short branches, the Middle Branch and Northwest Branch. Listings start downstream and continue upstream to the sources of the rivers.

title: Patapsco River


text:
Mikuni, Fukui

Mikuni (三国町) was a town located in Sakai District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

In the 1870s, the Meiji government constructed a harbor at Mikuni, under supervision of the Dutch engineer George Arnold Escher.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 23,207 and a density of 499.94 persons per km2. The total area was 46.42 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Mikuni, along with the towns of Sakai (former), Harue and Maruoka (all from Sakai District), was merged to create the city of Sakai.

Every August there is a fireworks display at Sunset Beach in Mikuni. Many of the fireworks are floating charges distributed by boat. These explode on the water's surface, creating unique effects.

title: Mikuni, Fukui


text:
Patay, Loiret

Patay is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France.

History
It was the site of the Battle of Patay on 18 June 1429.

title: Patay, Loiret


text:
Maruoka, Fukui

Maruoka (丸岡町) was a town located in Sakai District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 32,575 and a density of 303.42 persons per km2. The total area was 107.36 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Maruoka, along with the towns of Sakai (former), Harue and Mikuni (all from Sakai District), were merged to create the city of Sakai.

title: Maruoka, Fukui


text:
Harue, Fukui

Harue (春江町) was a town located in Sakai District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 23,876 and a density of 977.32 persons per km2. The total area was 24.43 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Harue, along with the towns of Sakai (former), Maruoka and Mikuni (all from Sakai District), was merged to create the city of Sakai.

title: Harue, Fukui


text:
Sakai, Fukui

Sakai (坂井市) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 92,210 in 31,509 households and a population density of 550 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 209.67 sqkm.

Geography
Sakai is located in far northern Fukui Prefecture, bordered by the city of Awara and Ishikawa Prefecture to the north and the Sea of Japan to the northeast, The city of Fukui borders the city to the south. The Kuzuryū River flows through the city.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Fukui Prefecture
 * Awara
 * Fukui
 * Katsuyama
 * Eiheiji
 * Ishikawa Prefecture
 * Kaga

Climate
Sakai has a Humid climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm, wet summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Sakai is 14.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2476 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Sakai has recently plateaued after a long period of growth. Sakai is the second most populous city in Fukui Prefecture. The Harue and Maruoka neighborhoods in the southern part of the city function as commuter towns for the city of Fukui.

History
Sakai is part of the ancient Echizen Province. The semi-legendary Kofun period Emperor Keitai is said to have come from the area that is now the Maruoka neighbourhood of Sakai. During the Edo period, the area was divided between the holdings of the Maruoka Domain, Fukui Domain and tenryō holdings directly under control of the Tokugawa shogunate. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organised into part of Sakai District in Fukui Prefecture. The epicentre of the 1948 Fukui earthquake was in Maruoka. The towns of Mikuni and Maruoka were created with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The village of Harue was raised to town status on April 3, 1942. The village of Sakai was created on March 1, 1955 by the merger of the villages of Higashi-Jūgō, Hyōgo and Ōseki. It was raised to town status on April 1, 1961. The modern city of Sakai was established on March 20, 2006, from the merger of the former town of Sakai with the towns of Harue, Maruoka and Mikuni. Sakai District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

Government
Sakai has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 26 members.

Education
Sakai has 19 public elementary schools and five middle schools operated by the city government, and three public high school operated by the Fukui Prefectural Board of Education. The prefectural also operates one special education school.

High schools

 * Maruoka Senior High School
 * Mikuni Senior High School
 * Sakai Senior High School

Airport

 * Fukui Airport (No scheduled flight services.)

Railway
As of 16 March 2024, JR West no longer operates in Sakai as its operations on the Hokuriku Main Line were transferred to third-sector company Hapi-line Fukui.
 * Hapi-line Fukui
 * Harue - Maruoka
 * Echitetsu Logomark.svg Echizen Railway Mikuni Awara Line
 * Taromaru Angelland - Nishiharue Heartpia - Nishinagata Yurinosato - Shimohyogo Kofuku - Ōzeki - (Awara-shi) - Mizui - Mikuni-Jinja - Mikuni - Mikuni-Minato

Highway

 * [[file:JP Expressway E8.svg|20px]] Hokuriku Expressway

Local attractions

 * Echizen-Kaga Kaigan Quasi-National Park
 * Tōjinbō, National Scenic Site and Natural Monument
 * Maruoka Castle, one of the 100 Famous Castles of Japan
 * Maruoka Domain Battery, National Historic Site
 * Rokuroseyama Kofun Cluster, National Historic Site
 * Technoport Fukui Stadium
 * Mikuni Onsen

Notable people

 * Shigeharu Nakano (from Maruoka) - author and Communist Party politician
 * Chosei Komatsu (from Mikuni) – artistic director of the National Symphony Orchestra of Costa Rica
 * Ai Takahashi (from Harue) – former leader of Japanese idol group Morning Musume.
 * Kazuhiko Masada (from Mikuni) - Japanese professional wrestler and member of Tokyo Gurentai

title: Sakai, Fukui


text:
Centered polygonal number

The centered polygonal numbers are a class of series of figurate numbers, each formed by a central dot, surrounded by polygonal layers of dots with a constant number of sides. Each side of a polygonal layer contains one more dot than each side in the previous layer; so starting from the second polygonal layer, each layer of a centered k-gonal number contains k more dots than the previous layer.

Examples
Each centered k-gonal number in the series is k times the previous triangular number, plus 1. This can be formalized by the expression $$\frac{kn(n+1)}{2} +1$$, where n is the series rank, starting with 0 for the initial 1. For example, each centered square number in the series is four times the previous triangular number, plus 1. This can be formalized by the expression $$\frac{4n(n+1)}{2} +1$$.

These series consist of the
 * centered triangular numbers 1, 4, 10, 19, 31, 46, 64, 85, 109, 136, 166, 199, ... ,
 * centered square numbers 1, 5, 13, 25, 41, 61, 85, 113, 145, 181, 221, 265, ... ,
 * centered pentagonal numbers 1, 6, 16, 31, 51, 76, 106, 141, 181, 226, 276, 331, ... ,
 * centered hexagonal numbers 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127, 169, 217, 271, 331, 397, ..., which are exactly the difference of consecutive cubes, i.e. n3 − (n − 1)3,
 * centered heptagonal numbers 1, 8, 22, 43, 71, 106, 148, 197, 253, 316, 386, 463, ... ,
 * centered octagonal numbers 1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121, 169, 225, 289, 361, 441, 529, ..., which are exactly the odd squares,
 * centered nonagonal numbers 1, 10, 28, 55, 91, 136, 190, 253, 325, 406, 496, 595, ..., which include all even perfect numbers except 6,
 * centered decagonal numbers 1, 11, 31, 61, 101, 151, 211, 281, 361, 451, 551, 661, ... ,
 * centered hendecagonal numbers 1, 12, 34, 67, 111, 166, 232, 309, 397, 496, 606, 727, ... ,
 * centered dodecagonal numbers 1, 13, 37, 73, 121, 181, 253, 337, 433, 541, 661, 793, ..., which are also the star numbers,

and so on.

The following diagrams show a few examples of centered polygonal numbers and their geometric construction. Compare these diagrams with the diagrams in Polygonal number.

Formulas
As can be seen in the above diagrams, the nth centered k-gonal number can be obtained by placing k copies of the (n−1)th triangular number around a central point; therefore, the nth centered k-gonal number is equal to

 * $$C_{k,n} =\frac{kn}{2}(n-1)+1.$$

The difference of the n-th and the (n+1)-th consecutive centered k-gonal numbers is k(2n+1).

The n-th centered k-gonal number is equal to the n-th regular k-gonal number plus (n-1)2.

Just as is the case with regular polygonal numbers, the first centered k-gonal number is 1. Thus, for any k, 1 is both k-gonal and centered k-gonal. The next number to be both k-gonal and centered k-gonal can be found using the formula:

 * $$\frac{k^2}{2}(k-1)+1$$

which tells us that 10 is both triangular and centered triangular, 25 is both square and centered square, etc.

Whereas a prime number p cannot be a polygonal number (except the trivial case, i.e. each p is the second p-gonal number), many centered polygonal numbers are primes. In fact, if k ≥ 3, k ≠ 8, k ≠ 9, then there are infinitely many centered k-gonal numbers which are primes (assuming the Bunyakovsky conjecture). Since all centered octagonal numbers are also square numbers, and all centered nonagonal numbers are also triangular numbers (and not equal to 3), thus both of them cannot be prime numbers.

Sum of reciprocals
The sum of reciprocals for the centered k-gonal numbers is

 * $$\frac{2\pi}{k\sqrt{1-\frac{8}{k}}}\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{8}{k}}\right)$$, if k ≠ 8

 * $$\frac{\pi^2}{8}$$, if k = 8

title: Centered polygonal number


text:
Sakai District, Fukui

Sakai (坂井郡) was a district located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 1, 2005, the district had an estimated population of 92,312 with a density of 439.77 persons per km2. The total area is 209.91 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of six towns:

 * Awara
 * Harue
 * Kanazu
 * Maruoka
 * Mikuni
 * Sakai

 * Notes:

History
Fukui Sakai-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Recent mergers

 * On March 1, 2004 - The former town of Awara absorbed the town of Kanazu to form the city of Awara.
 * On March 20, 2006 - The former town of Sakai absorbed the towns of Harue, Maruoka and Mikuni to form the city of Sakai. Sakai District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Sakai District, Fukui


text:
Talk:Duck and Cover (film)

Hillsborough County School District's usage of the Duck and Cover method.
I felt it was necessary to add that the Duck and Cover sheltering style was still being used for purposes unrelated to nuclear attacks, like the Hillsborough County School District in Tampa, Florida. I know this, because I am a student in this district concurrently. This district is just one example of many districts in the United States, that use this style.

-70.126.216.230 A current SDHC (School District of Hillsborough County) student, based out of Tampa, Florida. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.126.216.230 (talk) 23:11, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Separation
Do we need separate articles for Duck and Cover and duck and cover? If yes, how the material should be separated between them? Paranoid 08:30, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think so (although I'm a mite biased). Duck and Cover was a film, wheras duck and cover (lowercase) was a strategy. The two are, of course, inter-related, but I would say with conviction they are quite separate. If nothing else, D&C falls under the category 1951 films (if I can find it) and that alone might be enough to call it separate. -Litefantastic 14:13, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know if this should be mentioned somewhere but California had to take the time to transform the whole "Duck and Cover" idea to "Duck and Hold" for earthquake situations. --Allyunion 09:24, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Could you provide more information? -Litefantastic 11:57, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I've never heard it described as that name, but California schoolchildren have earthquake drills which are basically the same as the nuclear drills. (I did them myself) Actually at my elementary school we also had duck and cover drills for armed psychopaths with AK-47s but I'm sure that was probably a local phenomenon. --Fastfission 04:51, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

If we are keeping these 2 articles separate, perhaps the text starting from "Possibly..." to "...blocker." into Duck and cover, since it deals with the method of defence, not the film itself. A short introduction of why the movies was made is still in order, but it would make sense to direct the reader to another article if he wants to read about the reasoning behind the method. Paranoid 16:21, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * if you feel so inclined. But it would, as you say, still need soem sort of introduction. -Litefantastic 16:38, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

POVness about efficacy
The discussion of efficacy is POV and, in fact, largely wrong. While it is currently fashionable to ridicule the advice in this film, most of it is actually sound. (That isn't to say that the techniques would be totally effective, but they would greatly reduce the number and severity of casualties over a large "borderline" zone, which is usually many times larger than the zone in which such precautions are futile.) For example, the statement "at most distances in which an atomic flash would be seen, ... the intense heat and radiation from a nuclear explosion would be little guarded against by such a simple action". This statement is quite false, in several ways at once: Another example: "...in one scene, a father is shown holding a newspaper over his face as soon as he sees the flash. A newspaper is, in fact suitably thick enough to shield against alpha radiation, but would be torn to shreads [sic] by the shock wave." Yes, it very likely will be torn to pieces by the shockwave; but over most of the affected region, the prompt radiation and burning flash intensity are long over by the time the shockwave arrives. That is why whitewashing windows is also a useful protection (by the time the blast smashes the windows, the flash is no longer bright enough to ignite interior furnishings - of course exterior flammables need to be protected too). But what is quite wrong is the idea that the paper is supposed to protect against alpha rays. Alpha rays have a maximum range in air of only a few inches, so if you need protection from prompt alpha, you are actually inside the fireball!! In fact, the paper is to reduce the severity of flash burns to exposed skin. Certainly better protection would be desirable if it could be found, but the point of the illustration is that if nothing better can be found, even a piece of paper can offer sufficient opacity to make the difference between blindness plus third degree burns over the whole head and hands, versus a bad sunburn plus third degree burns to the knuckles only. At Hiroshima, two thirds of those who died on the first day (before they could receive medical aid, in other words) were burn victims. The shade from a simple piece of paper can make the difference between mild burns that can be treated by a first-aider, and those that will kill before medical services can be reestablished. Securiger 12:30, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It should be obvious that the flash can be seen for a much greater distance than that at which it is intense enough to burn you (in fact for a high altitude burst at night it may be seen for hundreds of kilometres);
 * The flash is not instantaneous, but sustained over a period. (Significant burning brightness only lasts about 1 second with the weapons available when this film was made, although with large megatonne class weapons it may last five seconds or more.) The sooner you get out of the light, the better;
 * Except for neutron bombs, or extremely small bombs, the distance at which a person in the open may be killed by blast effects (specifically, flying objects or by being knocked down by blast, rather than direct crushing) is much greater than the distance at which flash burns are likely to be fatal, which in turn is much greater than the range at which prompt radiation is likely to be fatal; and
 * The area over which laying down is likely to be an effective protection against blast effects is as much as a hundred times larger than the area over which it will be futile (exact ratio depending on bomb size and terrain.)

 * I agree that there might be some POV in this area, but you make a number of errors in your comment. First, the obvious - when you see the flash, it's already too late.
 * As I pointed out above, this is incorrect. For protection against flash from a 1951 era nuke, you have only a fraction of a second to respond, it's true. This is possible but would require a high degree of training; that would be a valid criticism of efficacy. However for protection against flash from a larger weapon, or blast from any weapon, you may have several seconds in which to respond. In fact, from a very large weapon you may have as much as 30~40 seconds between seeing the flash, and the shockwave arriving. Securiger
 * Burn and radiation got you.
 * There are very few situations under which prompt radiation is your major concern. Fallout, yes - but you've got time to think about that later. Flash burns depend on a lot of factors - the clarity of the air, the humidity, skin colour, and the amount of clothing people are wearing. But there is a large margin where reducing your exposure by even 1 second can make a big difference. Also, suppose that our hypothetical attack on Calgary occurs during a rain storm. With most people indoors, the rest rugged up, and poor transmisibility in the air, the effects of flash will be comparatively minor. In this case, protection from blast is what matters, and for that you may have 20 seconds. Of course, the attack on Calgary might not be during a rain storm, but these drills are about improving the odds, not 100% protection. I think that's what most people have failed to grasp. Securiger
 * Second, since most scenarious involved bombs dropped on large cities, most of the area where duck and cover would be useful would be outside of cities, where almost noone lives (compared to people in the target cities that would not benefit much from D&C). Of course, there is still some useful advice in the film, but it isn't clear how much of it. Paranoid 13:35, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The advice would only be futile for everyone if the fireball overlapped the entire city. Unless we are talking about a very small city, they just didn't make nukes that big. Securiger

 * I think most of the discussion of efficacy should be moved to duck and cover as it is more relevant there.
 * Maybe. I would be more inclined to merge the two articles, but I don't feel strongly about it. However if you mean to fully expand an article on US Civil Defense strategy it should be under a broader title than "duck and cover" as there was rather more to it. Securiger
 * Also, from that page, the method of defence was promoted till the 1980s (perhaps until the Soviet Union collapsed, or until Gorbachec intensified the disarmament).
 * Intensification of Russian nuclear disarmament did not begin until the late 90s, long after Gorbachev. Also, "this method of defence" refers to a last minute drill if caught totally by surprise. In 1951, there was a pretty good chance of that happening. By the 1980s, there was a reasonable expectation of several minutes warning in the worst case, and up to 40 minutes warning for most ICBMs. Securiger
 * Even though it would make some sense in 1951 when the film was made, because the weapons were relatively weak, by 1960s already, when thermonuclear weapons became reality, the advice would be almost completely devoid of usefulness. According to an article like this, an area around the epicentre with the diameter of 20 km will be totally destroyed (cover or no cover) the ring between 10 and 15 km (in radius) will be a continuous fire
 * The article you cite is giving a "worst case" scenario, and even then seems to exaggerate a little. For a start, it is for a 10 MT warhead. Weapons of this size (or larger) represented about 1% of the Soviet arsenal, and were mostly targetted at super-hardened military sites. A more likely warhead for Calgary would be 550 kT, of which they had bazillions. Secondly, their claim of 7 mi total destruction for 10 MT is somewhat larger than most other sources, which cite 5 mi. Thirdly zone of total destruction refers to demolition of conventional buildings. It doesn't necessarily mean that human survival in that region is impossible; on the contrary, at Hiroshima many people survived well within the zone of total destruction, and even a few at ground zero.
 * and anyone outside will perhaps be permanently blinded and have 3rd degree burns (no matter whether he ducks afterwards or not).
 * The radius for third degree burns to unprotected skin from a 10 MT bomb, in clear weather, is indeed immense. However "whether he ducks or not" matters a huge amount. A bomb of this size takes as much as 5 seconds to deliver its flash, and during that time any amount of shading will reduce the severity of the burns. Cutting the received flash by 60% is all it takes to reduce all the way from 3rd degree burns over all exposed skin (probably fatal, if medical services are disrupted) down to a sunburn (no treatment necessary).Securiger 15:24, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This means that a bomb dropped on any city would pretty much destroy it and kill or main everyone there regardless of ducking and covering. So may be we should clarify that the film was not as stupid, as its use (and promotion of the duck and cover method) over the following decades. Paranoid 13:49, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Which is why I say sometimes. I got that piece of info from the duck and cover page, so this isn't me making things up. -Litefantastic 23:21, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I just came here and the article seems something out of the Onion, the DnC was a propaganda and psychological tool used to pacify and calm the US population and little more... 79.168.46.147 (talk) 21:47, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

 * "If any member of your family should die while in the shelter, leave them outside for collection - but remember to tag them"
 * Two Tribes, Frankly Goes to Hollywood 95.147.153.80 (talk) 21:53, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

Misses the point
The main criticism of Duck and Cover type propaganda is not that it's inaccurate, it is that it belittles the horror of nuclear war through a literally cartoonish depiction of its effects. The point of this propaganda was not so much to minimize the harm of a nuclear attack, it was to introduce a sense of normality into the Cold War, so that the population would accept the constant threat of MAD instead of participating in the nascent peace and disarmament movement.

The emotional value of having a room full of children hiding under their school desks in a nuclear war exercise was, from the perspective of the planners, far greater than any amount of prevention: Instead of associating the concept of nuclear war with ghastly images of women and children burned to death in the ruins of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it created a sense of security and the belief that after such a war, there would still be a society to hold on to, that they, personally, had a realistic chance of survival if they just followed the instructions. The purpose of the propaganda was to mitigate the human drive of self-preservation so that it would not turn into social activism.

The article presently completely fails to address this sociological side of the issue. I am sure there are declassified papers from the 1950s and 1960s which are relevant here.--Eloquence*

 * I agree. More than personal safety was involved in the merry little jingle and the scenes of jolly children crouching beneath their desks at school. The message was decidedly political. Shorne 02:09, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * So let me get this straight, the two of you think/thought works that would push children to "social activism" and "the nascent peace and disarmament movement" ARE NOT political propaganda?! Instead of showing a child an inconsequential cartoon that they'd watch and pay attention to simply for the stupid turtle, you'd rather flick pictures of "ghastly images of women and children burned to death" in front of them and scare them out of their wits with tales of everything they'd known and loved being dead and gone?  So if the bombs don't drop, they still have nightmares?  All that simply to fulfill YOUR OWN agendas?  You are truly pieces of work.  If I ever met either of you I'd bust you in the mouth.  Go to hell, hippies. MudskipperMarkII (talk) 05:31, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Generally speaking, if you're close enough to witness a nuke strike, aren't you already dead?

 * Well not necessarily, nukes can generally be seen from quite some miles away, for instance if you were 10 miles away from a 15kt detonation, ducking and covering the minute you saw the flash WOULD actually help you, at that distance you would only recieve very minor burns if any, and ducking down and covering immediatly would hamper this further. Also the blast wave would not do much harm at that distance, at most it would hit you with dust and very small debris, so again being down on the ground and shielding your head would stop you getting dust blown in your eyes and mouth... the point is this, as silly and camp and as 'political' as the film is, it still makes a valid safety point and if actually followed would very much help many people who were on the outskirts of a blast effected area (thats quite a few people when you think about large cities), obviously though it would be useless to anyone close to a nuclear fireball.... -- anon —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.17.56.81 (talk) 16:57, 23 February 2007 (UTC).

'''“You are truly pieces of work. If I ever met either of you I'd bust you in the mouth. Go to hell, hippies.”'''

So it seems that, despite rules against people being rude, it is okay if they agree with the powers-that-be?

2nd FAC nomination, failed

 * This is my second time trying to get this nominated, and I think that I and the others have written everything there is to be written on the subject at this point :-) After I started this page (yes, it's a self-nom) I put it on the FAC, and was turned down unanimously--although suggestions for improvement were provided. So we worked some more on it. I took it to the Collabartion of the Week, but they said they only worked on stubs and couldn't help me. So I've been adding more ever since. -Litefantastic 16:43, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. I found this article quite informative and entertaining, especially for us youngsters that weren't around during the cold war. pie4all88 17:57, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. 1. The discussion of efficacy is POV and, in fact, largely wrong. While it is currently fashionable to ridicule the advice in this film, much of it is actually sound. To avoid clutter and debate here I have made some comments to that effect on Talk:Duck and Cover 2. Also I think Duck and Cover and Duck and cover probably should be merged; while they are arguably not about exactly the same thing, the content of Duck and cover is almost completely duplicated in Duck and Cover. Securiger 12:30, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC) OK, withdraw my objection. Securiger 15:58, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Objection to merger proposal. Duck and Cover was a movie; duck and cover was a strategy. Some explanation of duck and cover has been provided in Duck and Cover, but only for clarification purposes. -Litefantastic 19:03, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I don't feel strongly about merging, but as it stands, describing them as separate concepts, while true, seems to be hair-splitting to me: one is about the film, the other about the contents of the film. And the material in the big 'C' version for clarification purposes already almost completely duplicates the contents of the small 'c' version. If the small 'c' version is intended to be expanded to detail US nuclear civil defense in the Cold War, then it's under the wrong title, since it's a much broader subject than just the emergency drill. I guess we could put detailed discussion of the physics of the drill in the small 'c' version and call it a subpage or something. Securiger 15:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps duck and cover should be moved to "cold war training" or something like that. There was, you are right, much more to this than the drill. -Litefantastic 16:48, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Object for now. Questioning its usefulness is POV. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:26, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have removed the paragraph that questioned its usefullness. Better, or worse? -Litefantastic 19:03, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think removal is necessary; it is quite appropriate to observe (especially in this "Pop culture" section) that people have doubted the efficacy. The problem for me is in the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs of the "History and logic" section. These paragraphs outright dismiss the concept (i.e., are POV), and additionally are riddled with errors of fact. The shortest of several examples: "...its blast and resulting heat." (The heat doesn't result from the blast, but the other way around.) I discuss this further on the Talk page. Securiger 15:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The bits questioning its usefullness have been partially reverted back and moved into a new block called "Controversy". Feel free to edit. -Litefantastic 16:48, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have patched in places for NPOV purposes, and the remaining bits questioning its usefullness have been quartered off so that they are expressed as a possibility, not a POV. What else? -Litefantastic 15:43, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Since it has no analog in any other country, the world's only duck and cover film for children is sometimes regarded as being a red scare political tool, to make children frightened of the Soviet Union and communism. Is the Sovjet Union or communism mentioned anywhere in the film? Seems odd to call it a red scare political tool if the kids it's shown to have absolutely no political knowledge. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 07:50, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

Cold War propaganda that is sometimes mis-characterized as a social guidance  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.147.93.179 (talk) 12:41, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

Might not the opening statement be changed from: "Duck and Cover is a civil defense film (sometimes characterized as social guidance...") to: "Duck and Cover is a civil defense propaganda film that is sometimes mis-characterized as social guidance"? 2.96.124.23 (talk) 13:51, 2 August 2014 (UTC)

Track Record

 * AID: 1 time, sucessful
 * COTW: 1 time; aborted
 * PR: 1 time
 * FAC: 3 times

To date, not a featured article

-Litefantastic 17:47, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Maybe it's tim to submit it to FAC again. A few enhancements before retrying could help it attain FA status this time.

Don't get my hopes up. -Litefantastic 14:17, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Controversy
Could someone look into the racism quote in the controversy section? It looks like someone wrote 'just' too many times, but I can't be sure. -Litefantastic 14:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Watch out for Vandalism
The article is linked from, which is linked from the MSN homepage. Hello32020 19:18, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE NOT MOVED - I went with Nick Boalch's suggestion, making Duck and Cover the disambiguation page and moving the band article to Duck and Cover (band) after cleaning it up a bit. It still probably needs an AfD. While Duck and cover is arguably the primary use, it's not the primary use with a capital 'C', so I think putting the disambiguation page there is fair. -GTBacchus(talk) 18:09, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Duck and Cover (film) → Duck and Cover — This should be at Duck and Cover, and not some article on a band that is currently there Bletch 12:16, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add  * Support   or   * Oppose   on a new line followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~.

Oppose a move of Duck and Cover (film) → Duck and Cover; but support an alternative of Duck and Cover → Duck and Cover (band) and Duck and Cover (disambiguation) → Duck and Cover. It's not clear that any one option is the 'primary meaning' here. --ⁿɡ͡b Nick Boalch \ talk 12:44, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Oppose I think the topics covered in the film version and the strategy version are currently nicely separated and should not be combined. Support creation of a diambiguation page for the term. If the band doesn't reach notability status, then put it on AfD and give it its day in court. Rearden9 12:53, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Oppose - as per Naming conventions (films), "unless the film title is far and away the most common accepted meaning of the word or phrase, title the film article like this: Film Title (film)." I don't think a huge majority would think of the specific film over the general phrase (or, if you're a South African hard rock fan, maybe even the band), so I'd say the article should stay where it is. I'd probably go with Nick Boalch's suggestion, making Duck and Cover a disambiguation page, and moving the current article to Duck and Cover (band). You might want to think about renaming Duck And Cover to as well to something more specific, e.g. Duck and Cover (song)? --DeLarge 13:21, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Support. The film is a notable part of American culture, and it appears that the band may not even qualify as notable according to the guidelines for including musical acts. Croctotheface 20:47, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose as per Nick Boalch. -- Beardo 23:08, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Move Duck and Cover to Duck and Cover (band) and Duck and Cover (disambiguation) to Duck and Cover.  Vegaswikian 06:24, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Comment. It appears the band Duck and Cover is totally non-notable. A new user created the band article over a redirect to Duck and cover. Prolog 12:46, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Alternately, I could support making Duck and cover about the procedure itself with links to the film and the band (if it is actually notable). Croctotheface 20:49, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment - I did not realize that there was a Duck and cover article (note the lower case "C") distinct from the band. The band should be at Duck and Cover (band), Duck and Cover should redirect to Duck and cover, and the disabmiguation page should stay where it is. --Bletch 23:22, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That works for me. Croctotheface 03:55, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Fair use rationale for Image:Lea headline.JPG
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BetacommandBot (talk) 22:52, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Category removal rationale
I removed this article from the category "American anti-communist propaganda films". Not every film involving preparedness for nuclear war is anti-communist. And there is nothing in this film that makes any reference to this; therefore I don't believe it qualifies for the category. 68.146.81.123 (talk) 21:20, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

What about calling this article an: "American anti-communist/Cold War/pro-nuclear war, propaganda film"? For while the anti-communist rationale of this (pro-nuclear) film is not stated directly - should it not be considered in relation to the cold war setting of the time? 2.96.124.23 (talk) 14:52, 2 August 2014 (UTC)

Film location
The lead paragraph states that the film was made with the help of schoolchildren in New York City and Astoria, New York. Astoria is in New York City (the borough of Queens). Perhaps what's meant is Manhattan (which is "New York City" to many) and Astoria? Wi2g 02:27, 13 January 2011 (UTC)}

References alledgedly under question 2012
The picture linked to illinois.edu, and others like it, were the basis on which the advice to cover exposed skin was given in the Duck and Cover film. Are those that object to the references inclusion in the article denying that the leaf in the picture protected the underlying telephone pole in 1945 from the thermal pulse? Or are you trying to argue that this picture, and others like it, somehow played no part in shaping the advice to Duck and Cover? I wonder, if you were unfortunate enough to find yourself standing in the same spot as the telephone pole in the picture, or further away from a larger nuclear weapon, would you, or would you not Duck and Cover? Boundarylayer (talk) 03:33, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Further references to include
http://www.webofstories.com/play/54981?o=R Robert Christy discussing how lethal radiation ranges do not scale as quickly as thermal flash does as higher and higher yield nuclear weapons are used. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Boundarylayer (talk • contribs) 04:42, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

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"Duck and Cover (film" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Duck and Cover (film. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Utopes (talk / cont) 23:07, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duck and Cover (film)


text:
Geography of association football

The following article gives a list of association football confederations, sub-confederations and associations around the world. The sport's international governing body is FIFA, but those associations not affiliated with FIFA are also included in this article.

Most European, African, and Asian countries have two principal competitions: a more prestigious league which is typically a double round-robin tournament restricted to the elite clubs, and a cup which is a single-elimination tournament open to both the elite and lesser clubs.

In the Americas, leagues are often organised as either multi-stage tournaments or separate Apertura and Clausura stages.

Affiliated with FIFA
There are currently 211 national associations which are members of FIFA. An additional 11 associations are full or associate members of continental confederation, but not members of FIFA.

By country
The football associations listed in this section are members of FIFA-affiliated confederations. They are listed by their official names registered with FIFA.

Europe
All UEFA associations are affiliated with FIFA.

South America
All CONMEBOL associations are affiliated with FIFA.

Non-FIFA associations
The football associations in this section represent fully and partially recognized sovereign states, dependent territories, and stateless nations that are not members of FIFA or a FIFA confederation.

Several of these non-FIFA associations are included in the World Football Elo Ratings, which ranks all national association football teams from FIFA-affiliated confederations, in addition to some unaffiliated teams. Several of these associations are also members of the Confederation of Independent Football Associations and/or the International Island Games Association.

Europe

 * Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Svalbard do not have a Football Association.

Oceania

 * Pitcairn Islands does not have a Football Association.

Regional
Beneath the national level, governance of football may be divided up into regional or territorial associations. Other non-national associations represent stateless populations, diasporas or micronations. Details of these are listed at non-FIFA international football.

title: Geography of association football


text:
Imadate, Fukui

Imadate (今立町) was a town located in Imadate District, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2020, the town had an estimated population of 2,423 and a density of 12.45 persons per km2. The total area was 194.7 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Imadate, along with the city of Takefu, was merged to create the city of Echizen.

Established in 1956, Imadate was a fairly well-renowned center of Japanese paper making, or washi. The town was situated approximately 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the prefectural capital of Fukui shi, and 5 miles (8 km) east of the city of Takefu.

title: Imadate, Fukui