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User talk:Rabit

Rocket Rods
Hey, thanks for the better photo of the Rocket Rods. I could have *sworn* that I took a dozen shots of the cars, both horizontal and in their upright position, but when I went back through my pictures from the year it was open--nuthin' but that one unclear shot! Very disappointing. I'd still *really* like to have a shot that shows them from the side in the vertical position. But yours is much better than mine. Elf | Talk 02:13, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think I even have a few more that are on my gallery, or if not, they're in a photo album somewhere that I can scan. I remember taking about 5 closeup shots as I was standing next to one "out of commission."  :)  I'll take a look.  Rabit 18:52, 2004 Aug 30 (UTC)

Innoventions
Actually I also have a question for you. Have you been to both Epcot and Innoventions? I've been to the latter and it pretty much sucks. there's not a lot of innovention displayed there--almost all the technology you can get at your local home improvement store, hospital, or whatever. Mostly not creatively presented, either. A waste of space. (Is that NPOV?) I haven't been to Epcot, but I always had a very different impression of what it presented. So I'm wondering whether your comparison of Innoventions being "much like Epcot" is correct--if so, Epcot will be a tremendous disappointment to me. Elf | Talk 02:37, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I haven't even been to Florida yet, though I'm planning to visit EPCOT next year. I agree completely about the "technology" shown at Innoventions.  Most of the exhibits aren't very inspiring.  Most of the ones I recall were home computers running educational software, some silly 'VR' games, and a lot of big flashy corporate logos.  Really, there is nothing there that inspired me as much as going to the [Exploratorium for the first time, and the Exploratorium barely runs on a shoe-string budget and has hardly replaced an exhibit in 25 years (and they look it!).  What Disney should be featuring is stuff related to science and mathematics, computer animation and visual effects, music, electronics and computer technology, programming and game development, and other things where people can be aspire to great feats of creativity.  Not some silly game promoting General Motors cars (or whatever it was).  Now, if I was running that place....  :)  Rabit 19:27, 2004 Aug 30 (UTC)

 * Woops, forgot to answer your last question about stated similarities between Disneyland's Innoventions and Walt Disney World. Innoventions did originally appear at EPCOT and the Disneyland attraction is, as I understand, much in the same spirit of the EPCOT version.  Since it is the only attraction at Disneyland that exhibits technology for the sake of technology, I think the comparison is probably fair. Rabit 00:09, 2004 Aug 31 (UTC)

Small world, isn't it?
*Grins and waves* Loganberry 23:56, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * *waves back at ya!* Wow, it sure is! Hi there!  >:P  --Rabit 22:34, 2004 Nov 18 (UTC)

Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk
I just created an article about the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. I found your user page when I clicked on "What links here." When I first became a serious Wikipediholic, my first question was, "Why isn't there an article about the Boardwalk?" Good to see I wasn't the only one. It seems like you'd have a lot to add to the article, so go ahead and dig in. I don't want this to be a one-man article. --Szyslak 23:41, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent article! I'm not sure there's much I could add to it but I'll try.  I have collected a lot of information and trivia on a possible article on the defunct Playland at the Beach which hopefully I'll find some time to work on soon.  Boardwalk may have inspired Paradise Pier at California Adventure, but Walt Disney himself was inspired enough by Playland that he hired the owner as a consultant when designing Disneyland.  --Rabit 12:27, 2004 Dec 23 (UTC)

 * Thanks! That's an awesome image. I'm looking forward to the Playland article. --Szyslak 00:36, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image:Brer-Rabbit.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Brer-Rabbit.jpg)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Realtime Motion Graphics Software moved to draftspace
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title: User talk:Rabit


text:
Registered Traveler

A registered traveler is a person qualified through an airline passenger security assessment system in the United States air travel industry. Such programs were initially tested in 2005. Registered traveler programs are currently in operation in various airports around the country and are administered by TTAC, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) office responsible for Secure Flight, the replacement for the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS) and the canceled CAPPS II counter-terrorism system.

Registered Traveler is a public and private partnership between the TSA and the Registered Traveler Interoperability Consortium (RTIC), providing rules and standards for private enrollment providers that sign up participants. The largest registered traveler program is called Clear and is operated by Clear Secure, Inc. The Clear Access Clearance Service is currently operating at 60 airports, airports, stadiums, and other venues nationwide as of January 2020.

Overview
The program seeks to identify passengers who pose a minimal security risk and then provide those passengers with an enhanced security checkpoint experience. Passengers will voluntarily pay a fee and submit to a background check to become registered travelers. Passengers who pass the background check will be issued a smartcard credential for use at the security checkpoints of airports that participate in the program. Registered travelers will have access to a reserved security lane and will enjoy a shorter wait at the security checkpoint. Other benefits, such as allowing registered travelers to keep their coats and shoes on and their laptops in their bags have also been discussed. Any U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident over the age of 18 can apply for membership, as can minors over the age of 12 with parental or guardian sponsorship.

In order to prevent a terrorist with a clean background from compromising the system, the TSA requires that registered travelers undergo the normal TSA screening (baggage x-ray and personal metal detector) at the RT kiosk checkpoint. Additionally, registered Travelers are not exempt from random secondary screening and may not bring prohibited items into secure areas of terminals.

Airports
These airports operated the Clear Registered Traveler program until June 2009, and currently other Registered Traveler programs:
 * Albany International Airport (ALB)
 * Cincinnati Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG), Terminal 3
 * Denver International Airport (DEN)
 * Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport (GPT)
 * Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL)
 * Indianapolis International Airport (IND)
 * Jacksonville International Airport (JAX)
 * LaGuardia International Airport (LGA), Delta/Northwest Terminal and B gates in the Central Terminal
 * Little Rock National Airport (LIT)
 * Logan International Airport (BOS)
 * John F. Kennedy Airport (JFK), Terminals 1, 4, and 7
 * Newark Liberty International Airport, Terminal B (EWR)
 * Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport (SJC), Terminal A and C
 * Oakland International Airport (OAK)
 * Orlando International Airport (MCO)
 * Reno/Tahoe International Airport (RNO)
 * Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA)
 * San Francisco International Airport (SFO), Terminals 1 and 3
 * Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC)
 * Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)
 * Westchester County Airport (HPN)

These airports are currently implementing RT programs:
 * Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ)

These airports intend to implement RT programs in the near future:

The following airports have expressed interest and/or have requested TSA approval for the RT program:
 * Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI)
 * Birmingham International Airport (BHM)
 * Chicago Midway International Airport (MDW)
 * Huntsville International Airport (HSV)
 * Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)
 * O'Hare International Airport (ORD)
 * Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT)
 * Springfield-Branson National Airport (SGF)
 * Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC)

Programs
The Registered Traveler programs are interoperable; someone who is registered with one RT program can participate in programs operated by other providers.

Clear
Clear, operated by Verified Identity Pass, was the largest registered traveler program participant, with almost 200,000 members. Clear was founded by Steven Brill, the founder of Court TV. Clear had programs at Albany, Cincinnati, Denver, Dulles Washington D.C., Indianapolis, Little Rock, New York LaGuardia, New York JFK, Newark, Oakland, Orlando, Reagan Washington D.C., Salt Lake City, San Jose, San Francisco, and Westchester Airports.

On July 26, 2008, a laptop containing the names, addresses, birth dates, driver's license numbers, and passport information of 33,000 Clear customers was reported stolen from a secured room in San Francisco International Airport. The information was on an unencrypted laptop, in contravention of TSA rules, although it was protected by two levels of password protection.

As a result of the theft, TSA officials ordered Clear to inform affected customers, suspend enrollment of new customers, and cease the use of unencrypted computers as well as secure devices until encryption can be installed, as required by TSA rules. Verified Identity Pass must submit an independent audit of its systems to the TSA before the company can register new customers.

On August 4, 2008, TSA Suspends Verified Identity Pass, Inc. Clear Registered Traveler Enrollment

On August 5, 2008, the laptop was found in the same room where it went missing. Officials are currently investigating whether any personal data was accessed as well as the circumstances of the reappearance.

On June 22, 2009, Clear announced they would cease operations effective immediately, citing the inability of Verified Identity Pass, Inc. to obtain the necessary financing. The entire contents of Clear's Web site were removed, and most pages were redirected to this simple statement: Clear Lanes Are No Longer Available.

At 11:00 p.m. PST on June 22, 2009, Clear will cease operations. Clear’s parent company, Verified Identity Pass, Inc. has been unable to negotiate an agreement with its senior creditor to continue operations.

On July 6, 2009, two law firms filed a class-action lawsuit on behalf of customers of Clear’s parent company, Verified Identity Pass, Inc., that suddenly shut down on June 22.

The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against Verified Identity Pass Inc. by Schneider Wallace Cottrell Brayton Konecky LLP and Kaplan Fox. The suit claims that by ceasing operations and not offering refunds, VIP committed conversion, fraud, breach of contract, negligence, and unjust enrichment. Additional lawsuits since have focused on demanding the return or destruction of personal information, social security numbers, credit card numbers, fingerprints, and iris scans in addition to refunding membership fees.

On April 16, 2010, Judge Stuart M. Bernstein of the U.S Bankruptcy Court in Manhattan granted approval to Alclear LLC to purchase the CLEAR assets after outbidding rival Henry Inc.

On May 3, 2010, Verified Identity Pass was purchased by Alclear LLC. Alclear LLC has brought Clear back and honored the time left on all of Clear's original customers whose membership may have been terminated before the end of their contracts. In November 2010, Clear re-opened in Denver and Orlando airports.

, Clear is operational in nineteen cities.

iQueue
FLO Corporation has partnered with Cogent and iQueue to deliver RT solutions and services. They expected to bring back the Registered Traveler program in the "Fall of 2010," starting with Indianapolis International Airport, with further expansions planned after. The website still exists (flyiqueue.com), but the registered traveler enrollment is not as yet operational.

FLO
The FLO Corporation, in conjunction with FLO Alliance partners, provides biometric identification technologies and credentialing processes for use in airports in accordance with the Registered Traveler program. Final enrollment centers are located in the Washington, D.C. area, or by on-location appointment for corporate accounts.

RtGo
RtGo was operated by Unisys Corporation (it had been bought out by FLO and was being operated by IRAM Associates). Membership was $100 per year, with the option to prepay for up to 5 years. Shortly after the buyout, the company went out of business and was shut down in July 2009.

Preferred Traveler
The Preferred Traveler program is run by Vigilant Solutions, a Jacksonville Beach-based company. The company’s program differentiates itself by adding a suite of value-added services for the traveler.

Identifying information
Passengers who participate in this system must first provide personal biographical information including name, address, phone number, citizenship status, and previous addresses, along with other information. The biographical information will be collected by a commercial Registered Traveler service provider. The biographical portion of the enrollment may be accomplished via a secure website. Next, the applicant will proceed to the biometric phase of the enrollment process. During biometric enrollment applicants will present identification documents and fingerprints. Applicants may also choose to have an image of their iris taken if they wish to use an iris image as an alternative to a fingerprint scan at the security checkpoint. The iris image is non-invasive to the eye. Once the biometric enrollment is complete, the service provider submits the collected data to the TSA which performs a Security Threat Assessment (STA) of the applicant. If the assessment does not indicate that the applicant is suspected of posing a risk to aviation security, the TSA will return an approved STA result to the service provider. The service provider will then provide the passenger with a Registered Traveler card. The card will be a smartcard, containing biometric information to prevent the card from being used by unauthorized persons. This card will then be inserted into a verification kiosk at the special checkpoints, which will verify the passenger's biometrics (fingerprint or iris scan) and acknowledge membership and clearance to proceed to RT screening.

Privacy
This system, like the related Secure Flight, has come under fire for its privacy implications although less so because Registered Traveler unlike Secure Flight is voluntary. The potential effectiveness has also been questioned. On the privacy front Registered Traveler collects far more information than Secure Flight including biometrics. While supporters assert that this program is voluntary, critics assert that RT's extensive background checks will be misused. The privacy safeguards and rules can be found in the RTIC specification and the TSA RT Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA). Many airports and airlines already offer access to shorter "priority" security lines to first-class or other status travelers without requiring any background checks.

Effectiveness
Similar to the concerns raised about CAPPS and CAPPS II, critics point out that any program designed to exclude certain passengers from scrutiny will provide a backdoor for potential terrorists, since they would likely seek Registered Traveler status. This criticism draws on the 9/11 Commission's finding that nine of the 19 hijackers involved in the September 11, 2001 attacks were flagged by the CAPPS I system but were not intercepted, because security was focused on luggage bombs. However, those participating in the Registered Traveler Program currently pass through the same security checkpoints and are screened the same as any other individual, the main difference being RT members enjoy a much shorter wait before screening. Currently, RT programs do not offer a reduced security check, but their announced plans indicate they intend to offer this if airport officials allow it.

Fairness
Because the Registered Travelers Program, in its current form, does not exempt members from any of the security checks of the TSA, it is often criticized as merely being a method by which frequent travelers can pay an annual fee to a private company in order to be permitted to move to the head of the TSA line and not wait their turn along with less frequent travelers. Since the TSA lines are a government program (funded by equal payments on tickets of frequent travelers and non-travelers), this strikes many as being unfair to less frequent travelers.

Organizations

 * Registered Traveler Interoperability Consortium
 * Clear Registered Traveler Program
 * FLO Corporation
 * Preferred Traveler Program(spam Advert)
 * RtGo Program(Broken Link - Spam Advert)

Documents

 * Technical Interoperability Specification for Registered Traveler
 * v1.2 (Spam Advert)
 * v1.5 (Spam Advert)
 * v1.7 (Spam Advert)
 * DHS Registered Traveler Privacy Impact Assessment

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Registered Traveler


text:
Default logic

Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions.

Default logic can express facts like “by default, something is true”; by contrast, standard logic can only express that something is true or that something is false. This is a problem because reasoning often involves facts that are true in the majority of cases but not always. A classical example is: “birds typically fly”. This rule can be expressed in standard logic either by “all birds fly”, which is inconsistent with the fact that penguins do not fly, or by “all birds that are not penguins and not ostriches and ... fly”, which requires all exceptions to the rule to be specified. Default logic aims at formalizing inference rules like this one without explicitly mentioning all their exceptions.

Syntax of default logic
A default theory is a pair $$\langle W, D \rangle$$. $W$ is a set of logical formulas, called the background theory, that formalize the facts that are known for sure. $D$ is a set of default rules, each one being of the form:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{Prerequisite : Justification}_1, \dots, \mathrm{Justification}_n}{\mathrm{Conclusion}}$$

According to this default, if we believe that $Prerequisite$ is true, and each $$\mathrm{Justification}_i$$ for $$i = 1, \dots, n$$ is consistent with our current beliefs, we are led to believe that $Conclusion$ is true.

The logical formulae in $W$ and all formulae in a default were originally assumed to be first-order logic formulae, but they can potentially be formulae in an arbitrary formal logic. The case in which they are formulae in propositional logic is one of the most studied.

Examples
The default rule “birds typically fly” is formalized by the following default:

 * $$D = \left\{ \frac{\mathrm{Bird}(X) : \mathrm{Flies}(X)}{\mathrm{Flies}(X)} \right\}$$

This rule means that, "if $X$ is a bird, and it can be assumed that it flies, then we can conclude that it flies". A background theory containing some facts about birds is the following one:

 * $$W = \{ \mathrm{Bird}(\mathrm{Condor}), \mathrm{Bird}(\mathrm{Penguin}), \neg \mathrm{Flies}(\mathrm{Penguin}), \mathrm{Flies}(\mathrm{Bee}) \}$$.

According to this default rule, a condor flies because the precondition $Bird(Condor)$ is true and the justification $Flies(Condor)$ is not inconsistent with what is currently known. On the contrary, $Bird(Penguin)$ does not allow concluding $Flies(Penguin)$: even if the precondition of the default $Bird(Penguin)$ is true, the justification $Flies(Penguin)$ is inconsistent with what is known. From this background theory and this default, $Bird(Bee)$ cannot be concluded because the default rule only allows deriving $Flies(X)$ from $Bird(X)$, but not vice versa. Deriving the antecedents of an inference rule from the consequences is a form of explanation of the consequences, and is the aim of abductive reasoning.

A common default assumption is that what is not known to be true is believed to be false. This is known as the Closed-World Assumption, and is formalized in default logic using a default like the following one for every fact $F$.

 * $$\frac{:{\neg}F}{{\neg}F}$$

For example, the computer language Prolog uses a sort of default assumption when dealing with negation: if a negative atom cannot be proved to be true, then it is assumed to be false. Note, however, that Prolog uses the so-called negation as failure: when the interpreter has to evaluate the atom $$\neg F$$, it tries to prove that $F$ is true, and conclude that $$\neg F$$ is true if it fails. In default logic, instead, a default having $$\neg F$$ as a justification can only be applied if $$\neg F$$ is consistent with the current knowledge.

Restrictions
A default is categorical or prerequisite-free if it has no prerequisite (or, equivalently, its prerequisite is tautological). A default is normal if it has a single justification that is equivalent to its conclusion. A default is supernormal if it is both categorical and normal. A default is seminormal if all its justifications entail its conclusion. A default theory is called categorical, normal, supernormal, or seminormal if all defaults it contains are categorical, normal, supernormal, or seminormal, respectively.

Semantics of default logic
A default rule can be applied to a theory if its precondition is entailed by the theory and its justifications are all consistent with the theory. The application of a default rule leads to the addition of its consequence to the theory. Other default rules may then be applied to the resulting theory. When the theory is such that no other default can be applied, the theory is called an extension of the default theory. The default rules may be applied in different order, and this may lead to different extensions. The Nixon diamond example is a default theory with two extensions:

\left\langle \left\{ \frac{\mathrm{Republican}(X):\neg \mathrm{Pacifist}(X)}{\neg \mathrm{Pacifist}(X)}, \frac{\mathrm{Quaker}(X):\mathrm{Pacifist}(X)}{\mathrm{Pacifist}(X)} \right\}, \left\{\mathrm{Republican}(\mathrm{Nixon}), \mathrm{Quaker}(\mathrm{Nixon})\right\} \right\rangle $$

Since Nixon is both a Republican and a Quaker, both defaults can be applied. However, applying the first default leads to the conclusion that Nixon is not a pacifist, which makes the second default not applicable. In the same way, applying the second default we obtain that Nixon is a pacifist, thus making the first default not applicable. This particular default theory has therefore two extensions, one in which $Pacifist(Nixon)$ is true, and one in which $Pacifist(Nixon)$ is false.

The original semantics of default logic was based on the fixed point of a function. The following is an equivalent algorithmic definition. If a default contains formulae with free variables, it is considered to represent the set of all defaults obtained by giving a value to all these variables. A default $$\frac{\alpha:\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_n}{\gamma}$$ is applicable to a propositional theory $T$ if $$T \models \alpha$$ and all theories $$T \cup \{\beta_i\}$$ are consistent. The application of this default to $T$ leads to the theory $$T \cup \{\gamma\}$$. An extension can be generated by applying the following algorithm:

T = W        /* current theory */ A = 0        /* set of defaults applied so far */ /* apply a sequence of defaults */ while there is a default d that is not in A and is applicable to T    add the consequence of d to T     add d to A               /* final consistency check */ if for every default d in A        T is consistent with all justifications of d then output T

This algorithm is non-deterministic, as several defaults can alternatively be applied to a given theory $T$. In the Nixon diamond example, the application of the first default leads to a theory to which the second default cannot be applied and vice versa. As a result, two extensions are generated: one in which Nixon is a pacifist and one in which Nixon is not a pacifist.

The final check of consistency of the justifications of all defaults that have been applied implies that some theories do not have any extensions. In particular, this happens whenever this check fails for every possible sequence of applicable defaults. The following default theory has no extension:

\left\langle \left\{ \frac{:A(b)}{\neg A(b)} \right\}, \emptyset \right\rangle $$

Since $$A(b)$$ is consistent with the background theory, the default can be applied, thus leading to the conclusion that $$A(b)$$ is false. This result however undermines the assumption that has been made for applying the first default. Consequently, this theory has no extensions.

In a normal default theory, all defaults are normal: each default has the form $$\frac{\phi : \psi}{\psi}$$. A normal default theory is guaranteed to have at least one extension. Furthermore, the extensions of a normal default theory are mutually inconsistent, i.e., inconsistent with each other.

Entailment
A default theory can have zero, one, or more extensions. Entailment of a formula from a default theory can be defined in two ways:

 * Skeptical : a formula is entailed by a default theory if it is entailed by all its extensions;

 * Credulous : a formula is entailed by a default theory if it is entailed by at least one of its extensions.

Thus, the Nixon diamond example theory has two extensions, one in which Nixon is a pacifist and one in which he is not a pacifist. Consequently, neither $Pacifist(Nixon)$ nor $¬Pacifist(Nixon)$ are skeptically entailed, while both of them are credulously entailed. As this example shows, the credulous consequences of a default theory may be inconsistent with each other.

Alternative default inference rules
The following alternative inference rules for default logic are all based on the same syntax as the original system.

 * Justified: differs from the original one in that a default is not applied if thereby the set $T$ becomes inconsistent with a justification of an applied default;

 * Concise: a default is applied only if its consequence is not already entailed by $T$ (the exact definition is more complicated than this one; this is only the main idea behind it);

 * Constrained: a default is applied only if the set composed of the background theory, the justifications of all applied defaults, and the consequences of all applied defaults (including this one) is consistent;

 * Rational: similar to constrained default logic, but the consequence of the default to add is not considered in the consistency check;

 * Cautious: defaults that can be applied but are conflicting with each other (like the ones of the Nixon diamond example) are not applied.

The justified and constrained versions of the inference rule assign at least an extension to every default theory.

Variants of default logic
The following variants of default logic differ from the original one on both syntax and semantics.

 * Assertional variants : An assertion is a pair $$\langle p: \{r_1,\ldots,r_n\} \rangle$$ composed of a formula and a set of formulae. Such a pair indicates that $p$ is true while the formulae $$r_1,\ldots,r_n$$ have been assumed consistent to prove that $p$ is true. An assertional default theory is composed of an assertional theory (a set of assertional formulae) called the background theory and a set of defaults defined as in the original syntax. Whenever a default is applied to an assertional theory, the pair composed of its consequence and its set of justifications is added to the theory. The following semantics use assertional theories:

 * Cumulative default logic
 * Commitment to assumptions default logic
 * Quasi-default logic

 * Weak extensions : rather than checking whether the preconditions are valid in the theory composed of the background theory and the consequences of the applied defaults, the preconditions are checked for validity in the extension that will be generated; in other words, the algorithm for generating extensions starts by guessing a theory and using it in place of the background theory; what results from the process of extension generation is actually an extension only if it is equivalent to the theory guessed at the beginning. This variant of default logic is related in principle to autoepistemic logic, where a theory $$\Box x \rightarrow x$$ has the model in which $x$ is true just because, assuming $$\Box x$$ true, the formula $$\Box x \rightarrow x$$ supports the initial assumption.

 * Disjunctive default logic : the consequence of a default is a set of formulae instead of a single formula. Whenever the default is applied, at least one of its consequences is nondeterministically chosen and made true.

 * Priorities on defaults : the relative priority of defaults can be explicitly specified; among the defaults that are applicable to a theory, only one of the most preferred ones can be applied. Some semantics of default logic do not require priorities to be explicitly specified; rather, more specific defaults (those that are applicable in fewer cases) are preferred over less specific ones.

 * Statistical variant : a statistical default is a default with an attached upper bound on its frequency of error; in other words, the default is assumed to be an incorrect inference rule in at most that fraction of times it is applied.

Translations
Default theories can be translated into theories in other logics and vice versa. The following conditions on translations have been considered:

 * Consequence-Preserving : the original and the translated theories have the same (propositional) consequences;

 * Faithful : this condition only makes sense when translating between two variants of default logic or between default logic and a logic in which a concept similar to extension exists, e.g., models in modal logic; a translation is faithful if there exists a mapping (typically, a bijection) between the extensions (or models) of the original and translated theories;

 * Modular : a translation from default logic to another logic is modular if the defaults and the background theory can be translated separately; moreover, the addition of formulae to the background theory only leads to adding the new formulae to the result of the translation;

 * Same-Alphabet : the original and translated theories are built on the same alphabet;

 * Polynomial : the running time of the translation or the size of the generated theory are required to be polynomial in the size of the original theory.

Translations are typically required to be faithful or at least consequence-preserving, while the conditions of modularity and same alphabet are sometimes ignored.

The translatability between propositional default logic and the following logics have been studied:

 * classical propositional logic;
 * autoepistemic logic;
 * propositional default logic restricted to seminormal theories;
 * alternative semantics of default logic;
 * circumscription.

Translations exist or not depending on which conditions are imposed. Translations from propositional default logic to classical propositional logic cannot always generate a polynomially sized propositional theory, unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses. Translations to autoepistemic logic exist or not depending on whether modularity or the use of the same alphabet is required.

Complexity
The computational complexity of the following problems about default logic is known:

 * Existence of extensions : deciding whether a propositional default theory has at least one extension is $$\Sigma^P_2$$-complete;

 * Skeptical entailment : deciding whether a propositional default theory skeptically entails a propositional formula is $$\Pi^P_2$$-complete;

 * Credulous entailment : deciding whether a propositional default theory credulously entails a propositional formula is $$\Sigma^P_2$$-complete;

 * Extension checking : deciding whether a propositional formula is equivalent to an extension of a propositional default theory is $$\Delta^{P[\log]}_2$$-complete;

 * Model checking : deciding whether a propositional interpretation is a model of an extension of a propositional default theory is $$\Sigma^P_2$$-complete.

Implementations
Four systems implementing default logics are DeReS, XRay, GADeL, and Catala.

title: Default logic


text:
WRC Rally Magazine

WRC Rally Magazine was a show on Speed Channel. The show always preceded the network's coverage of a World Rally Championship event. It had the latest news and notes from the championship, while previewing the upcoming event. The show debuted in January 2004 just before the Monte Carlo Rally. Ralph Sheheen was the host/narrator. It lasted just one season.

title: WRC Rally Magazine


text:
Bonnie Blair

Bonnie Kathleen Blair (born March 18, 1964) is a retired American speed skater. She is one of the top skaters of her era, and one of the most decorated athletes in Olympic history. Blair competed for the United States in four Olympics, winning five gold medals and one bronze medal.

Blair made her Olympic debut in Sarajevo in 1984 where she finished eighth in the 500 meters. At the time, Blair trained in both short-track and long-track speed skating. She won the 1986 short-track world championship. Blair returned to the Olympics in 1988 competing in long-track at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. There she won her first Olympic gold medal in the 500 meters and a bronze medal in the 1,000 meter. Blair won two gold medals in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and her final two Olympic gold medals at the 1994 Lillehammer games. Blair continued competing through 1995 when the World Championships were held in Milwaukee, finally retiring in March 1995.

After retiring from speed skating, Blair became a motivational speaker. She has been inducted into the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame, the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame, and the United States Olympic Hall of Fame.

Early life and education
Blair was born in Cornwall, New York to Charlie and Eleanor Blair. She was the youngest of six children. Her godmother is Canadian speed skater Cathy Priestner. The family moved to Champaign, Illinois when Bonnie was a toddler. Already a hobby for her siblings, Bonnie first tried skating at age two. She participated in her first skating meet at age 4. Early on, Blair competed in "pack style," or short track speed skating, where several skaters race on the ice at once. At age 7, Blair won her age group at the Illinois Speed Skating Championship. She attended Jefferson Middle School and later Centennial High School in Champaign In addition to skating, Blair was also a cheer leader and a member of the student council.

It wasn't until 1979 when Olympic medalist Cathy Priestner Faminow became Blair's coach that Blair switched from pack style to long track speed skating in which skaters compete for the fastest time. At age 15, Blair tried out for the national team, earning a spot on her first attempt. With her increased focus on the 1984 Olympics, Blair went to train in Europe. To finance the expense of training in Europe, the Champaign Policemen's Benevolent Association began helping to sponsor Blair. She completed her high school diploma through the mail in 1982. She moved to the Milwaukee area to train with the United States national speed skating team, living with a family friend while she trained. Blair took classes at Parkland College, although college classes were less of a priority than training and she did not receive a degree.

Early career and first Olympics (1984–1986)
Blair made her international competitive debut at the 1984 World Sprinting Championships where she placed tenth. Later that year, Blair appeared at her first Olympic games at age 19 in Sarajevo. Blair had not been not considered a front-runner and later recalled she was happy just to be at the games and see her family in the stands. She failed to medal and finished eighth in the 500 meters. The U.S. failed to win any speed skating medals at the 1984 Olympics. After the 1984 Olympics, Blair worked closely with coach Mike Crowe to improve her skating skills to compete with the powerful East German skaters.

A strong performance at the United States International Skating Association Metric All-Around Championships, held in West Allis, Wisconsin, earned Blair a spot on the U.S. long track women's sprint team for the 1985 World Championships. Blair won both the 500 meter and 1500 meter at the West Allis event, and was considered one of the U.S. team's strongest medal contenders. On the 1985-1986 World Cup Circuit, Blair finished fourth in four distances: the 500 meter, 1,000 meter, and 1,500 meter. In May 1985, at a time when U.S. speed skating lacked unity, U.S. International Speedskating Association replaced national team coach Dianne Holum with Mike Crowe.

During this time, Blair trained in both short-track and long-track. Blair won events at 1984, 1985 and 1986 short-track world championships and was the 1986 overall short-track world champion.

Rise and becoming an Olympic medalist (1987–1989)
Early in 1987, Blair won World Cup titles in the 500 and 1,000 meters. She followed up her World Cup titles in by setting her first world record in the 500 meters with a time 39.43 seconds. Blair also proved she could beat East-German world champion Karin Enke-Kania in head-to-head match-ups. Although Blair was four inches shorter than Enke-Kania, Blair's technique and fast start time made her a formidable competitor. Blair held a world record at 500 meters until December 1987 when Christa Rothenburger beat her time at the World Cup. Blair, under the weather with a cough and cold, finished second in the event. Overall, Blair won 4 of 18 women's medals at the 1987 World Cup; East German skaters, including Rothenburger, won 13.

At the December 1987 U.S. speed skating trials for the 1988 Winter Olympics, Blair led the women's field in the 500,1,000, and 1,500 meters, securing her place on the U.S. Olympic team, as expected. Blair was considered a stronger competitor in the shorter distances, where she was seen as the United States' best chance at a gold medal in speed skating. U.S. speed skating failure to win a single medal at the 1984 Olympics added to the pressure and attention focused on Blair leading up to the 1988 games.

Blair went on to the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, where her first event was the 500 meters. Rothenburger skating first, setting a new world record. Blair responded to the challenge with her best start ever in the 500 meters, winning the gold medal in world record time of 39.10 seconds. For her second event of the games, Blair had a personal best and briefly set an Olympic record in the 1,000 meters. Two of Blair's competitors, who skated after her, subsequently beat her time; thus Blair won the bronze in the 1,000 meters. Blair's third and final event of the 1988 Winter Olympics was the 1,500 meters, in which she placed fourth. Blair's family friends in the stands, affectionately known as the "Blair Bunch," became a staple of her competitive career. To end the games, Blair was chosen to carry the American flag at the closing ceremonies.

Despite her success at the 1988 Olympics, Blair did not enjoy a windfall from endorsements. Holding Blair back from more advertisements was both her choice of sports, which was thought to be less marketable, and ABC's coverage of the games, which failed to resonate with viewers. Blair also took a break from skating, enrolling in Montana Technological University. She skipped the first two World Cup events of the 1989 season. Blair was back to competing later in the season and won the 1989 World Sprint Championships held in Heerenveen, Netherlands. At the event, Blair won the 500 meters twice and finished third and second in two 100 meters races for an overall victory. The win made Blair the first U.S. woman to win a world sprint championship in nearly a decade.

Following the 1988 Olympics, Blair also tried track cycle racing, and was coached by former speed skater and cycling world champion Connie Paraskevin. Cycling became part of Blair's speed skating training as both sports utilized the same muscle groups. She made her competitive cycling debut in June 1989 at the Sundance Juice Sparkler Grand Prix. After placing fourth at U.S. Nationals and missing the opportunity to compete at the World Championships, Blair opted to give up competitive cycling and focus solely on speed skating.

Repeat Olympic gold (1990–1992)
The 1990–1991 season had setbacks for Blair. She contracted a severe case of bronchitis that affected her breathing. The breathing problem lingered through the 1991 World Sprint Championships where she finished fifth. As confidence in coach Crowe had waned in the lead up to the 1988 Olympics, Blair helped to recruit Peter Mueller to coach the U.S. team. The coaching switch took place ten months before the 1992 Olympics. Training with Mueller in the summer before the Olympics, Blair regained her competitive edge.

Blair again competed at Olympics in 1992, this time held in Albertville, France. Although she had won gold at the prior Olympics, Blair felt that her small stature made her an underdog against much larger East German competitors. Blair again won gold in the 500 meters, becoming the first woman to win the event in back to back Olympics, with a time of 40.33 seconds. Her winning time was slower than her record setting pace in Calgary, however, the venue in Albertville was outdoors creating conditions which were less conducive for speed skating. The second-place finisher, Ye Qiaobo of China, claimed to have been slowed down by an improper crossover from another skater. Although Ye claimed the crossover cost her the gold, the referee's rejected China's protest. Blair dedicated her gold medal to her father, Charlie, who had died from lung cancer two years earlier. Charlie had dreamed of Bonnie becoming an Olympic speed skater.

In her second event, the 1,500 meters, Blair finished 21st. The placement was due in part to the strategy of her coach, Peter Mueller; Mueller told Blair he would give her a signal to coast if he felt she was not on pace for a podium finish, allowing her to conserve energy. As Blair approached the final 400 meters, Mueller gave the signal. Blair won her second gold of the 1992 Olympics in the 1,000 meters (1:21.90). Her time was only 0.02 seconds faster than Ye. Blair's gold made her the most decorated U.S. woman in Winter Olympics of all time.

Her success in the 1992 Olympics led to more attention for Blair. She was on the cover of Sports Illustrated. Sports Illustrated Blair also began to pick-up more endorsements, including sports marketing group Advantage International. After the Olympics, Blair moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin to train at the newly opened Pettit International Ice Center.

Final Olympics (1993–1994)
Back in 1986, the International Olympic Committee voted to stage the Winter Olympics and Summer Olympics in alternating four year cycles. Thus, the next Winter Games would be held in February 1994. The attempt to compete at her fourth Olympics was not without its challenges; the 1993 season was lackluster for Blair. At the 1993 World Sprint Championships, Blair did not win any of her four races finishing behind rival Ye Qiabo. Blair felt as though she had lost her quickness and after failing to rectify the problem with coach Peter Mueller, she switched to Nick Thometz. At the 1994, U.S. Olympic long-track trials at the Pettit National Ice Center, Blair set track records in the first round of the 500 meter and 1,000 meter trails.

The 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, were another success for Blair: She again won gold in the 500 meters (39.25) and 1,000 meters (1:18.74) races. Blair finished 0.36 seconds ahead of the second best time in the 500 meters. Her 1.38 second margin in the 1,000 meters race is the largest margin of victory in the history of the event. Blair's success at Lillehammer placed her among the most decorate American Olympians of all time. She became the first American woman to win five gold Olympic medals and the first American Winter Olympian to win six career medals. In addition to the 500 and 1,000 meters races, Blair also competed in the 1,500 meter distance, missing the podium with a fourth-place finish. At her post race press conference, Blair confirmed Lillehammer would be her last Olympic games.

Post-Olympic career
After the 1994 Olympics, Blair continued to compete. Less than a month after Lillehammer Olympics, Blair set another world record in the 500 meters, becoming the first female to complete the race in under 39 seconds, achieving a time of 38.99 seconds. Blair topped her own World Record the following year, achieving a time of 38.69 on February 12, 1995, in Calgary. Blair continued on to the 1995 World Championships in her adopted home town of Milwaukee. The Blair Bunch, the name given to Blair's family and friends, accounted for 12% of the crowd at the Pettit National Ice Center. There, Blair won the 500 meters with a time of 39.54 seconds. On March 18, 1995, she retired. After fellow speed skater Johann Olav Koss founded Right to Play in 2000, he recruited Blair to serve as one of the charities first celebrity ambassadors. Blair became involved with Right to Play, When the Winter Olympics returned to the United States in 2002, Blair was one of the final torchbearers to carry the Olympic flame into Rice-Eccles Stadium for the opening ceremony in Salt Lake City, Utah. As of 2002, Blair served on U.S. Speedskating's board of directors. As of 2014, Blair worked as a motivational speaker and corporate spokesperson. That same year she was a member of the U.S. Olympic delegation to Sochi. As of 2018, Blair serves on the board of the Pettit National Ice Center.

Awards and honors
In 1992, Blair became the third winter athlete to win the Sullivan Award. Blair won the 1992 Oscar Mathisen Award (being the first female winner of this award). In 1992, Blair received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. She also was Female Athlete of the Year as selected by the Associated Press in 1994. Blair also won the World Cup points championship 11 times. Sports Illustrated named Blair their Sportswoman of the Year for 1994. By 1994, Blair's hometown of Champaign had renamed one of its streets Bonnie Blair Drive.

She is a member of the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame and the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame. In 2004, she was elected to the United States Olympic Hall of Fame. She was awarded a star (#7) on The Flag for Hope on September 29, 2015, in recognition of her outstanding speed skating career and philanthropic efforts.

Personal life
Blair began dating fellow Olympic speed skater Dave Cruikshank in 1990. The pair married in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1996. Blair and Cruikshank have two children: a son, Grant, and daughter, Blair. Grant Cruikshank played hockey at Colorado College and as of 2021 for the University of Minnesota. Blair's daughter competed at the 2018 United States Olympic speed skating trials at the 500 meter distance, held at Pettit National Ice Center. In 2021, Blair spoke out in opposition to allowing male-to-female transgender athletes to participate in organized athletics.

title: Bonnie Blair


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Clausula (music)

The clausula (Latin for "little close” or “little conclusion"; plural clausulae) was a newly composed section of discant ("note against note") inserted into a pre-existing setting of organum. Clausulae flourished in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries and were associated with the Notre Dame school. The origin of the clausula has long been subject of scholarly debate, as the relationship between clausulae and motets is very complicated. Clausulae eventually became used as substitutes for passages of original plainchant. They occur as melismatic figures based on a single word or syllable within an organum.

Origins
Clausulae emerged from the compositional practices of the Notre Dame school in Paris c. 1160–1250 (during the stylistic period known as ars antiqua). The composers Léonin and Pérotin in particular contributed heavily in composing clausulae. Rather than write entirely new music, the preference was to take existing music, that is, plainchant melodies, and develop or improve upon them. According to an English author known as Anonymous IV (c. 1280), "Pérotin was better at making clausulae than Léonin had been in that Pérotin was better at making better discant style of clausulae." The appearance of clausulae provided the first rhythmic system. (It is hard to find rhythmic notation in the earliest motets because of the lack of the use of clear rhythmic notation in the manuscripts.) Pérotin's clausulae make use of the rhythmic modes, whose strict metrical feet necessitated that voices change notes together (discantus). This was in contrast to the earlier practice of one voice moving in a free rhythm above a "tenor" voice (Latin tenere: "to hold") sustaining the long notes of a cantus firmus. The tenor line was often repeated to allow for expansion of the clausula; this was the origin of the technique known as isorhythm.

The scholarly debate over the origin of the clausula continues. However, the term clausula already used in ancient Roman rhetoric, where it denoted "a rhythmic figure used to add finesse and finality to the end of a sentence or phrase." In particular, rather than seeing clausula as a genre, the part composed in the style of discantus with a definite final cadence was called clausula. Thus, there are more studies that relate specifically to the motet, rather than studies of the origin of the clausula. One scholar writes that "the motet arose through the addition of Latin texts to the melismatic upper voices of the two-voice clausulae and was thereby able to explain for the first time the previously baffling and unprecedented verse structures of many motet texts." Others claim that by the removal of the text of a motet in its original composition, it was changed into a clausula. As the relationship between clausulae and motets is very complicated, there are conflicting conclusions on whether the clausula or the motet came first. Instead, the relationship between the two is complexly intertwined and closely influenced by each other.

Function and development
Clausulae enriched pre-existing settings of organum. Hundreds of clausulae in two, three and four parts were incorporated into the Magnus Liber Organi of Léonin and Pérotin. Others were arranged in liturgical order within manuscripts so that they could be easily introduced into a particular organum setting or piece of plainchant. As they were notated separately, it was possible for them to be expanded and developed further, and they eventually became standalone pieces which could be sung at certain points in the liturgy. At that time, there were some clausulae that people liked or were particularly popular, for example, those composed on the tenor REGNAT from the verse of the Ascension Alleluia Hodie Maria virgo in the early thirteenth-century. Over time, the appearance and use of clausula changed little by little, but the images of clausula found in different times and regions still had similar characters. Some clausula matched the melodic lines from the French motet without text. This is an important clue to the eventual transformation of clausula into the form of motet. The composition of clausulae died out in the mid-13th century as they were replaced by motets as the main platform for the development of new compositional techniques. Norman Smith claimed that the music of pre-existing clausulae in three early thirteenth-century Latin motets in the Florence Manuscript resemble each other so much that it's hard to find differences in rhythms between the motet and the clausula, which clearly exists. However the difference reflects the artistic changes that occurred in the process of texting clausula. Obviously, possibilities and usefulness of clausula played a pivotal role in the creation of an important musical genre called the motet.

title: Clausula (music)


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Sanjay Dutt

Sanjay Balraj Dutt (born 29 July 1959) is an Indian actor, playback singer and film producer who works in Hindi cinema in addition to a few Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Punjabi films. One of the most popular and recognised actors of Hindi cinema, in a career spanning over four decades, Dutt has won several accolades and acted in over 135 films.

Part of the Dutt family, he is the son of actor-politicians Sunil Dutt and Nargis. Dutt made his acting debut with Rocky (1981), directed by his father. A career downturn followed, with the exception of the crime thriller Naam (1986), a milestone in his career. He later established himself as a prolific star with films like Thanedaar (1990), Saajan, Sadak (both 1991), Adharm (1992), Khalnayak (1993), Aatish (1994), Daag, Haseena Maan Jaayegi, Vaastav: The Reality (all 1999) and Mission Kashmir (2000). His critically acclaimed performance in Vaastav won him the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.

Dutt gained widespread acclaim for playing Munna Bhai in Rajkumar Hirani's Munna Bhai series (2003–2006), his most iconic role, and his biggest sole commercial success ever. Since 2000, his other notable films include - Jodi No.1 (2001), Parineeta, Dus (both 2005), Shootout at Lokhandwala , Dhamaal (both 2007), All the Best (2009), Double Dhamaal (2011), Agneepath, and Son of Sardaar (both 2012). He reunited with Hirani on PK (2014). This was followed by another major career downturn with the exceptions of Kannada film K.G.F: Chapter 2 (2022) and the Tamil film Leo (2023), the former being the 4th highest-grossing Indian film and the latter being the 12th highest-grossing Indian film, both in which he played the main antagonist.

Dutt was arrested under the TADA and the Arms Act in April 1993 and was convicted later for violation of Arms Act for possession of illegal weapons procured from other accused in the 1993 Bombay bombings. He was sentenced to five years in prison. He was granted bail several times during his sentence which is why he only completed his five-year jail sentence in 2016. He was granted bail in 1993, 1995, 2007, 2013, 2015, and 2016. Dutt's life receives considerable media coverage in India, and in 2018, Sanju, a biopic based on his life (which also saw a special appearance by him), starring Ranbir Kapoor as Dutt, was released to positive reviews and emerged as one of the highest-grossers of Indian cinema.

Early life
Sanjay Dutt was born in Bombay City (Now Mumbai after 1995), Bombay State, Republic of India to parents who were noted Hindi cinema actors Sunil Dutt and Nargis Dutt. Born to a Punjabi Hindu (Mohyal Brahmin) father and a Muslim mother of Punjabi descent. Dutt's ancestry can be traced back to the Rawalpindi Division of West Punjab. Sanjay has two sisters, Priya Dutt and Namrata Dutt. He is the maternal grandson of music composer Jaddanbai and nephew of actor Anwar Hussain.

Sanjay's name was chosen by crowdsourcing via the Urdu language film magazine Shama. His mother died in 1981, shortly before his debut film's premiere; her death is cited as the instigator of his drug abuse. Dutt made his acting debut at an early age, playing a Qawali singer in his father's film Reshma Aur Shera (1971).

Early career and breakthrough (1981–1990)
Dutt made his Bollywood film debut with the moderately successful Rocky in 1981. Dutt then went on to star in Vidhaata, the highest-grossing Hindi film of 1982, along with film veterans Dilip Kumar, Shammi Kapoor and Sanjeev Kumar. He also starred in movies like Main Awara Hoon (1983). In 1985, he shot Jaan Ki Baazi, his first film in two years.

The 1986 film Naam was a turning point in Dutt's career, it was a major critical and commercial success. Dutt appeared in successful films throughout the '80s such as Imaandaar, Inaam Dus Hazaar (1987), Jeete Hain Shaan Se (1988), Mardon Wali Baat (1988), Ilaaka (1989), Hum Bhi Insaan Hain (1989), Kanoon Apna Apna (1989) and Taaqatwar (1989).

His performances in both Kabzaa (1988) and J. P. Dutta's Hathyar (1989) were both well received by critics, although both films only managed average collections at the box office. In the late 1980s, he was seen in a number of multi-starrers alongside leading actors like Govinda, Mithun, Dharmendra, Jackie Shroff and Sunny Deol.

Rise to prominence (1991–1993)
His successes continued in the 1990s, with films that include Tejaa (1990), Khatarnaak (1990), Zahreelay, (1990) Thanedaar (1990), Khoon Ka Karz (1991), Yalgaar (1992), Gumrah (1993), Sahibaan (1993) and Aatish: Feel the Fire (1994). He went on to star in some of the most era-defining Indian films of the early 1990s such as Sadak (1991), Saajan (1991) and Khalnayak (1993), earning two nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for the latter two.

The Hindu wrote that "Dutt's earlier films (like Naam and Sadak) got him a lot of favourable attention", and "Saajan established Dutt as the conventional soft hero." Saajan was the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1991, and Sadak was the fifth highest grosser of 1991. Khalnayak became a blockbuster and was the second-highest grosser of 1993. This was followed by another box office success Gumrah, this was Dutt's second consecutive hit of the year.

Involvement in 1993 serial bombings and later career (1993–1998)
Bombay (now Mumbai) suffered a series of serial bombings in 1993. Dutt was among several people associated with Bollywood who were accused of involvement. It was alleged that Dutt accepted delivery of weapons at his house from Abu Salem and co-accused Riyaz Siddiqui, who had also been implicated in relation to the Mumbai blasts. It was claimed that the weapons formed a part of a large consignment of arms connected to the terrorists. Dutt, however, in his confession stated that he took only one Type-56 from the producers of his movie Sanam, for his own family protection. It has also been reported that Sanjay Dutt's father Sunil Dutt's political rivalry caused Sanjay Dutt's conviction. Dutt's first film after his 1993 arrest was Daud (1997). It did average business at the box office despite getting a lot of publicity. This was followed by Dushman (1998) which did well financially.

Resurgence (1999–2002)
1999 was an excellent year for Dutt and one that is regarded as his comeback, with all of his five releases being amongst the highest-grossing films of that year. He began it by starring in the Mahesh Bhatt-directed film Kartoos, followed by Khoobsurat, Haseena Maan Jaayegi, Daag: The Fire and Vaastav: The Reality, for which he won many awards, including his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor. His role in 2000's Mission Kashmir won him critical acclaim and a number of awards and nominations, including his fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Dutt was also invited by the President of India to Rashtrapati Bhavan for his performance in the film.

As the decade went on, he continued to play lead roles in critical and commercial successes such as Jodi No.1 (2001), Pitaah (2002) and Kaante (2002), which earned him his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Munna Bhai and prolonged success (2003–2014)
He played the lead role in the National Award-winning film Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003), which garnered him several awards, including his first Filmfare Award for Best Comedian. At the box office, Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. achieved a silver jubilee status (25-week run) being one of only eight films to have achieved this status since the year 2000. In its 26th week of release, the film could still be found playing on 257 screens throughout India. Later successes came with Musafir (2004), Plan (2004), Parineeta (2005), which earned him his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor, and Dus (2005). He also won critical acclaim for his performances in Shabd (2005) and Zinda (2006).

The sequel of Munna Bhai M.B.B.S., Lage Raho Munna Bhai was released on 1 September 2006, for which Dutt received a number of awards, along with an award from the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh for his work in the Munna Bhai series. NDTV India counted the character Munna Bhai as one of top 20 fictional characters in Bollywood. Dutt earned his fifth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film.

In January 2008, the Indian film Institute Filmfare listed 12 films featuring Dutt in its list of the top 100 highest-grossing movies of all time. In its May 2013 edition "100 years of Indian cinema", Filmfare listed three films featuring Dutt in its top 20 list of highest-grossing Hindi films of all time, adjusted for inflation these films were Lage Raho Munna Bhai, Khalnayak and Saajan. Later, Dutt starred in movies like Dhamaal (2007), Shootout at Lokhandwala (2007), All the Best (2009), Double Dhamaal (2011), Son of Sardaar (2012) Agneepath (2012) and PK (2014).

Setbacks and expansion into South Indian films (2016–present)
Vidhu Vinod Chopra on 29 September 2016 announced that the third part of Munna Bhai series, starring Dutt in the title role, would begin soon. However, as of 2024, production on the film has still not commenced.

In 2017, Dutt appeared as the lead in Bhoomi, directed by Omung Kumar. In 2018, he starred in Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3. On 29 June 2018, his biopic Sanju released in which he made a special appearance. He then produced and starred inPrassthanam, which released on 20 September 2019.

Due to the COVID pandemic, Dutt then had four OTT releases. First was Sadak 2, a sequel to his 1991 film Sadak, co starring Alia Bhatt and Aditya Roy Kapur. The trailer for the film became the most disliked trailer of all time, with fans critical of nepotism following the death of Sushant Singh Rajput. The film was universally panned and some claimed it to be one of the worst films in Dutt's career. Then came Netflix release Torbaaz, an action thriller set in Afghanistan. His 2021 release Bhuj: The Pride of India, which featured an ensemble cast consisting of Ajay Devgn, Sonakshi Sinha and Nora Fatehi, also received negative reviews. However, in 2022, Dutt appeared in Toolsidas Junior, a sports drama which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi.

Also in 2022, Dutt made his debut in Kannada cinema as Adheera, the main antagonist in K.G.F: Chapter 2, the sequel to the blockbuster Kannada film, K.G.F: Chapter 1. The movie was a financial success and became the third highest grossing Indian film. However, his other 2022 theatrical releases were financial flops - the period epic Shamshera, directed by Karan Malhotra and starring Ranbir Kapoor, in which he again played a key antagonist, and Samrat Prithviraj alongside Akshay Kumar.

In 2023, Dutt first appeared in a cameo role in Shah Rukh Khan starrer Jawan. He then played a key antagonist in Lokesh Kanagaraj's Leo (2023), alongside Vijay, which marked his debut in Tamil cinema. Both were huge financial successes.

His upcoming films include The Good Maharaja and Ghudchadi, where he will reunite with Raveena Tandon in the latter.

Hosting
Dutt co-hosted the fifth season of the Indian reality show Bigg Boss along with Salman Khan. The show aired on Colors television from 2 October 2011 to 7 January 2012. Dutt later said it was Khan who persuaded him to co-host the show.

MMA league
Dutt and entrepreneur Indian Premier League cricket team owner Raj Kundra together launched India's first professionally organised mixed martial arts league—the Super Fight League—on 16 January 2012.

Poetry
While in jail, Dutt wrote some Hindi poetry, around 100 couplets, that he aims to release as a book in the future under the title Salaakhen (Lock Up).

Relationships
In the early 1980s, Dutt had a relationship with his co-star from his first film, Tina Munim. After this relationship ended, Dutt married actress Richa Sharma in 1987. She died of a brain tumour in 1996. The couple have a daughter, Trishala Dutt, born in 1988, who lives in the United States with her maternal grandparents.

Dutt's second marriage was to air-hostess-turned-model Rhea Pillai on 14 February 1998. The divorce finalised in 2008. Dutt married Manyata (born Dilnawaz Sheikh) first registered in Goa in 2008 and then, in a Hindu ceremony in Mumbai, after two years of dating. On 21 October 2010, he became a father to twins, a boy and a girl.

Religion
Earlier, Dutt used to identify with Islam, for example wearing Qur'anic verses around his neck, which Mahesh Bhatt attributed to his mother's family, Dutt also often frequenting his maternal uncle's house and thus his Muslim cousins. When the police interrogated him following the 1992-1993 Mumbai riots about an assault rifle he conceded getting from Anees Ibrahim, the brother of Dawood Ibrahim, he responded that "Because I have Muslim blood in my veins. I could not bear what was happening in the city."

In more recent years, Dutt has been considered as a worshiper of Shiva.

Health issues
Sanjay Dutt was diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer. He took treatment in Mumbai and now has recovered from lung cancer.

1993 Bombay bombings case
Bombay suffered a series of serial bombings in 1993. Dutt was among several people associated with Bollywood who were accused of involvement. It was alleged that Dutt accepted a delivery of weapons at his house from Abu Salem and co-accused Riyaz Siddiqui, who had also been implicated in relation to the Bombay blasts. It was claimed that the weapons formed a part of a large consignment of arms connected to the terrorists. Dutt, however, in his confession stated that he took only one Type-56 from the producers of his movie Sanam, for his own family protection. It has also been reported that Sanjay Dutt's father Sunil Dutt's political rivalry caused Sanjay Dutt's conviction.

On 19 April 1993, after initial reporting by Baljeet Parmar on Dutt's possession of the AK-56, he was arrested under the provisions of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA). Dutt was granted bail by the Supreme Court of India on 5 May 1993; however, on 4 July 1994 his bail was cancelled and he was re-arrested. On 16 October 1995 he was granted bail. Abdul Qayyum Abdul Karim Shaikh, who was thought to be a close aide of the terrorists' ringleader, Dawood Ibrahim, was arrested. Dutt had given Qayuum's name to the police when confessing to arms possession, saying that in September 1992 he had bought a pistol from Qayuum in Dubai. His arrest coincided with the release of his film, Khalnayak, in which he played a wanted criminal. The film's major success was in part due to Dutt's off-screen legal controversy.

On 31 July 2007, Dutt was cleared of the charges relating to the Mumbai blast; however, the TADA court sentenced Dutt to six years' rigorous imprisonment under Arms act for illegal possession of weapons. According to The Guardian, "The actor claimed he feared for his life after the notorious 'Black Friday' bombings, which were allegedly staged by Mumbai's Muslim-dominated mafia in retaliation for deadly Hindu-Muslim clashes a few months earlier. But the judge rejected this defence and also refused bail." Dutt was returned to at the Arthur Road Jail and soon after moved to the Yerawada Central Jail in Pune. Dutt appealed against the sentence and was granted interim bail on 20 August 2007 until such time as the TADA court provided him with a copy of its judgement. On 22 October 2007 Dutt was back in jail but again applied for bail. On 27 November 2007, Dutt was granted bail by the Supreme Court. On 21 March 2013 the Supreme Court upheld the verdict but shortened the sentence to five years' imprisonment. Dutt was given a month to surrender before the authorities.

Dutt has said that "I am not a politician but I belong to a political family." He was persuaded by a close friend to contest the 2009 Lok Sabha elections as a candidate for the Samajwadi Party, but withdrew when the court refused to suspend his conviction. He was then appointed General Secretary of the Samajwadi Party, leaving that post in December 2010. In March 2013 the Supreme Court upheld Dutt's five-year sentence, 18 months of which he already spent in jail during the trial. He was given four weeks to surrender to the authorities, the court having refused to release him on probation due to the severity of the offence.

On 10 May, the Supreme Court rejected Dutt's review petition for the reconsideration of his conviction and asked him to surrender on the stipulated date. on 14 May, Dutt withdrew the mercy plea and surrendered to the Mumbai Police on 16 May 2013. Just before the surrender, the Mumbai jail authority got an anonymous letter threatening Dutt's life. Dutt filed an appeal to allow him to surrender before entering Yerwada Central Jail. Later, Dutt withdrew this request too. He was paroled from 21 December 2013. The parole was extended three times until March 2014, raising concern in Bombay High Court and a proposal from the Government of Maharashtra to amend the law of parole. He returned to Yerwada Central Jail after his parole ended. Dutt was out on a two weeks' furlough granted by the Yerwada Central Jail authorities on 24 December. He was subsequently incarcerated in Yerwada Central Jail, to complete his jail term. He was released from there on 25 February 2016 after serving his sentence.

Drug addiction
For years, Dutt struggled with drug abuse, being addicted to cocaine and heroin in particular, having started them for attracting the attention of girls as he put it, but after years of rehab and personal struggle he eventually overcame his drug addiction.

In popular culture

 * The author Yasser Usman published a biographical book on Dutt, titled Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy, in 2018.
 * Sanju is a 2018 Hindi film, based on Dutt's life. Dutt's role was essayed by actor Ranbir Kapoor.
 * In 2021, Punjabi singer from Moosa, Sidhu Moose Wala had also made a song Sanju, comparing his AK-47 possession and firing case with Sanjay Dutt.

title: Sanjay Dutt


text: Category:Brunei

title: Category:Brunei


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Joseph-Aldric Ouimet

Joseph-Aldric Ouimet, (baptised Aldric; May 20, 1848 – May 12, 1916) was a Canadian parliamentarian.

Biography
Ouimet was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in an 1873 by-election as Member of Parliament for Laval, Quebec. He was a Liberal-Conservative and supporter of the government of Sir John A. Macdonald.

After being educated in a seminary, and a brief career as a journalist, Ouimet became a lawyer. He was first elected to the House of Commons at the age of 25. His advocacy of the rights of French Canadians was challenged by the Conservative government's attitude to Louis Riel. Following the First Riel Rebellion, Ouimet argued for Riel to be pardoned, and, in 1875, voted against a Conservative motion to expel Riel from the seat in the House of Commons to which he had been elected.

With the beginning of the Second Riel Rebellion in 1885, Minister of Militia Adolphe Caron asked Ouimet to raise a regiment from Montreal to join in the suppression of the uprising. Ouimet raised three hundred men, and led his regiment as its Lieutenant-Colonel. He was put under the command of Thomas Bland Strange who rejected Ouimet's proposal to negotiate safe passage for Riel.

Strange sent Ouimet to Ottawa to secure supplies resulting in newspapers accusing him of desertion. He returned west and was placed in command of Fort Edmonton.

Despite fighting against the rebels, Ouimet opposed the execution of Riel when he returned to Ottawa. Ouimet's pleas fell on deaf ears, and, despite his efforts, he was condemned by French Canadians for having helped put down the rebellion.

Ouimet voted in the House of Commons for a Liberal motion to censure the government for executing Riel.

The execution of Riel seriously damaged the Conservative Party in Quebec, and was one of the key factors in the party's decline and eventual loss of power. In an attempt at conciliation, Prime Minister Macdonald nominated Ouimet for the position of Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada following the 1887 election.

Because of the custom of alternating between English and French Speakers following each general election, Ouimet returned to the backbench following the 1891 election. Macdonald died in June 1891, and his longtime Quebec lieutenant, Sir Hector Langevin, was forced to resign from Cabinet due to a corruption scandal in August. In January 1892, Prime Minister Sir John Abbott made Ouimet the senior minister from Quebec, and appointed him to Langevin's old job as Minister of Public Works. Ouimet stayed in that position under the succession of Prime Ministers who attempted to keep the Conservative government together. He also served as Acting Minister of Agriculture and Acting Secretary of State for Canada under Sir Mackenzie Bowell. Bowell faced a caucus revolt over his handling of the Manitoba Schools Question and was forced to resign. The issue split the party as English Protestant Conservatives rejected Bowell's proposal to create a new Catholic School Board in Manitoba.

With the fall of Bowell's cabinet, the opposition of Tory MPs to French Catholic rights in Manitoba further hurt the party's prospects among Catholic Quebecers. Perhaps sensing that the Conservative government was doomed and that his prospects of keeping his seat were dim as Quebecers turned against the Tories, Ouimet decided not to run in the 1896 election. He declined to serve in the short-lived Cabinet of the Sir Charles Tupper, the final Tory prime minister prior to the election. He instead accepted a judicial appointment that he held until his death in 1916.

Legacy
He holds the current record for being acclaimed to parliament 5 times.

Ouimet Canyon near Thunder Bay in north-western Ontario is named for him.

title: Joseph-Aldric Ouimet


text:
Vulturine guineafowl

The  vulturine guineafowl  (Acryllium vulturinum) is the largest extant species of guineafowl. Systematically, it is only distantly related to other guineafowl genera. Its closest living relative, the white breasted guineafowl, Agelastes meleagrides inhabit primary forests in Central Africa. It is a member of the bird family Numididae, and is the only member of the genus Acryllium. It is a resident breeder in northeast Africa, from southern Ethiopia through Kenya and just into northern Tanzania.

Description
The vulturine guineafowl is a large (61–71 cm) bird with a round body and small head. It has a longer wings, neck, legs and tail than other guineafowl. The adult has a bare blue face and black neck, and although all other guineafowl have unfeathered heads, this species looks particularly like a vulture because of the long bare neck and head.

The slim neck projects from a cape of long, glossy, blue and white hackles. The breast is cobalt blue, and the rest of the body plumage is black, finely spangled with white. The wings are short and rounded, and the tail is longer than others in the family Numididae.

The sexes are similar, although the female is usually slightly smaller than the male and with smaller tarsal spurs. Young birds are mainly grey-brown, with a duller blue breast and short hackles.

Behaviour
The vulturine guineafowl is a gregarious species, forming flocks outside the breeding season typically of about 25 birds. This species' food is seeds and small invertebrates. This guineafowl is terrestrial and will run rather than fly when alarmed. Despite the open habitat, it tends to keep to cover, and roosts in trees. It makes loud chink-chink-chink-chink-chink calls.

It breeds in dry and open habitats with scattered bushes and trees, such as savannah or grassland. It usually lays 4–8 cream-coloured eggs in a well-hidden grass-lined scrape.

title: Vulturine guineafowl


text:
Alain de Cadenet

Alain de Cadenet (27 November 1945 – 1 July 2022) was an English television presenter and racing driver. He was noted for racing in 15 editions of the 24 Hours of Le Mans during the 1970s and 1980s, achieving one podium finish with third place in 1976.

Early life
De Cadenet was born on 27 November 1945, the son of Maxime de Cadenet, a lieutenant or a film technician in the French Air Force, and his English first wife, Valerie (Braham), who occasionally acted in Hollywood. According to The Times, he "claimed that his French ancestors had fought with Charlemagne in the 9th century". As a baby he and his family were abandoned by his father. He attended Framlingham College in Suffolk. Although he studied to become a barrister, he did not pursue the profession. He first worked as a fashion and music photographer for Radio Caroline and Wonderful Radio London.

Career
De Cadenet decided to pursue racing after attending a race meeting at Brands Hatch in which his friend was participating. He made his reputation building and driving his own sports prototypes, taking on works teams and occasionally beating them. After a life-threatening accident at the Targa Florio, he first raced at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1971 driving a Ferrari 512M. A year later, he persuaded Duckhams Oil to sponsor a car he commissioned Gordon Murray to design for the Le Mans race. He finished 12th overall. De Cadenet later finished third overall at Le Mans in 1976. In 1980, with co-driver Desiré Wilson, he won two rounds of the World Sportscar Championship – the Monza 1000 kilometers and Silverstone six hour events. This was a major achievement in an era of increasing professionalism, when it was very difficult for privateers to defeat larger, better-funded teams that had factory support.

Later life
After retiring from sports car endurance racing, de Cadenet hosted numerous shows and broadcasts for the Speed Channel, ESPN, the Velocity Channel, and the Petrolicious website. He hosted Legends of Motorsport for Speed between 1996 and 2000, as well as the network's coverage of the Goodwood Festival of Speed.

During the 2000s, he was the host of Speed's Victory By Design, in which he drove vintage racing cars and discussed their history. The New York Times described the series as "car pornography". In 2012, de Cadenet hosted Renaissance Man for the Velocity Channel (now called the Motor Trend network), covering cars, motorcycles, the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine and racing at Monaco.

Collecting
De Cadenet also raced classic and vintage cars, having owned and raced numerous models, particularly Alfa Romeos. In addition to cars, he also collected motorcycles and aircraft, and operated a Supermarine Spitfire. A video on the Internet shows a clip from a documentary in which a Spitfire flies extremely low over his head. He was also a collector and authority on George V stamps, and advised the Royal Mail on their collection.

Personal life
De Cadenet's first marriage was to Anna Gerrard, an interior designer and model. Together, they had two children: Alexander and Amanda. They eventually divorced. He later married Alison Larmon, with whom he had a son, Aidan. They remained married until his death.

De Cadenet died on 1 July 2022. He was 76, and suffered from cholangiocarcinoma prior to his death. He was buried at the Putney Vale Cemetery; his grave is alongside pre-war racing driver Richard Seaman.

title: Alain de Cadenet