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Pingry School

The Pingry School is a coeducational, independent, college preparatory country day school in New Jersey, with a Lower School (K–5) campus in the Short Hills neighborhood of Millburn, a Middle (6–8) and Upper School (9–12) campus in the Basking Ridge section of Bernards Township, and a campus for experiential learning in Pottersville. The school was founded in 1861 by John F. Pingry. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.

Student body
The school currently enrolls 1,129 students; 288 at Short Hills and 841 at Basking Ridge; 270 in the Middle School and 571 in the Upper School. Students come from 100 area communities in twelve counties and over 90 municipalities in New Jersey.

As of the 2017–18 school year, the middle and upper schools had an enrollment of 841 students and 118 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 7.1:1. The school's student body was 48.5% (408) White, 22.0% (185) two or more races, 18.1% (152) Asian, 9.0% (76) Black and 2.1% (18) Hispanic.

In 2022, the SAT and ACT scores for the middle 50% of students were 1290-1540 and 30-34, respectively.

The school claims an acceptance rate across all of its grades of 12%.

Awards and recognition
Niche ranks Pingry 1st on its list of 2023 Best Private K-12 Schools in New Jersey and 2nd on its list of Best College Prep Private High Schools in New Jersey. Over the years, Pingry has been frequently ranked by Niche in the top 3 in New Jersey and in the top 1% nationally.

History
Pingry School was founded by John Francis Pingry, a Presbyterian minister, in 1861 to provide both scholastic training and moral education for boys. The outbreak of the American Civil War that year caused enrollment to dry up at the Pingry Select School for Boys, an academy Pingry had founded in 1854 in Roseville. After learning that the only professional educator in Elizabeth, New Jersey had decided to enlist in the Union Army, Pingry moved to Elizabeth in 1861 where he founded the Pingry School. Although Pingry gave talks on Proverbs and used the Bible for instructional purposes, the school has never been affiliated with any church or denomination.

The school moved from the Elizabeth schoolhouse to the Parker Road campus in 1893. After Pingry retired in 1893, several headmasters with relatively short tenures held his position.

C. Mitchell Froelicher was headmaster from 1917 to 1920. He was succeeded by Charles Bertram Newton who focused on the Country Day School philosophy and served until 1936. From 1936 to 1961, E. Laurence Springer was headmaster, and his tenure was the longest in Pingry's history. He oversaw the 1953 move from Elizabeth to Hillside, New Jersey, and a new facility constructed at a cost of $1.6 million (equivalent to $ million in ).

Early in the 1970s, Pingry began the transition to a coeducational school. The first female students, who graduated in 1976, were succeeded by other young women who today represent half the student body. Pingry grew again by merging with the Short Hills Country Day School to become a school with grades from kindergarten through grade 12. In this period of about twenty years, David C. Wilson and H. Wescott Cunningham each served as headmaster.

In 1983, the school moved to Martinsville, a rural area in the Watchung and Somerset Hills. The campuses are approximately 25 minutes apart, and both are located near the New York metropolitan area, which continues to provide many outside resources to supplement the classroom. The old campus in Hillside is now used as a campus of Kean University. In 2013, the Martinsville location was renamed to "Basking Ridge" in an effort to make it easier to locate the campus using automated mapping tools.

In 1987, John Hanly became headmaster. He served until 2000. Today, the Hanly Lecture on Ethics and Morality holds his name. John Neiswender became headmaster after Hanly, and served until 2005. Nathaniel Conard was headmaster from July 2005 to mid-2019. In late 2018, the school announced that Matt Levinson, of University Prep in Seattle, would be Head of School after Conard retired in mid-2019. Since Pingry's day, there have been 16 headmasters. Currently, Levinson holds the post, his appointment effective mid-2019.

Pingry School's motto is Maxima reverentia pueris debetur, a Latin phrase literally meaning "the greatest respect is owed to the boys." Since becoming co-educational, the school has modified the motto's translation to "the greatest respect is due to the students." John Pingry's personal motto, "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom" (Prov. 1:7), hangs as a sign in the C.B. Newton Library located at the Basking Ridge Campus.

In April 2020, the school received an unspecified amount in federally backed small business loans as part of the Paycheck Protection Program. The school received scrutiny over this loan, which was meant to protect small and private businesses. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin tweeted that the schools should return the money, but Levinson stated they were keeping it, despite having an $80-million-plus endowment, due to the "significant challenges to our ability to serve our community" caused by the pandemic.

In February 2021, Purnell School announced that it would cease operations upon the completion of the 2020-2021 academic year. Later that year, Pingry School paid $5 million for the 82 acre campus in Pottersville in Somerset County, which will be used as an extension of its existing campuses.

Athletics
The Pingry School Big Blue competes in the Skyland Conference which comprises public and private high schools in Essex, Morris, and Somerset counties in west central New Jersey, and operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Pingry is also a member of the New Jersey Independent School Athletic Association. Prior to the NJSIAA's 2010 realignment, the school had previously participated in the Colonial Hills Conference which included public and private high schools covering Essex County, Morris County and Somerset County in west Central Jersey. With 435 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Non-Public A for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 381 to 1,454 students in that grade range (equivalent to Group I for public schools). The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Non-Public Group B (equivalent to Group I for public schools) for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 64 to 223 students.

The school offers 33 varsity teams, with a total of over 70 teams covering seventh to twelfth grade. Many of the school's athletes have been recognized as athletic scholars, and many have gone on to play for college teams. In addition, the school's facilities include two full-court gymnasiums, a 25-meter indoor pool, a state of the art weight and aerobics room with full-time trainers, athletic training room with full-time staff, full locker rooms for women, men and visiting teams, The Miller Bugliari '52 World Cup Field (which has hosted World Cup practices for the '95 Italian National team, the '02 United States National team, and the '13 Ecuadorian National Team) for soccer and baseball, Parsons Field ( which offers stadium seating, a press-box and a scoreboard with a sound system) for football, lacrosse and track and field events, 212 acre total that allow for a cross-country course, 12 tennis courts, and numerous practice fields including the John Taylor Babbitt '07 Memorial Field. The Miller A. Bugliari Athletic Complex was opened in 2017 and includes eight squash courts, two basketball gyms and a weight room.

Pingry's soccer program has been led by Coach Miller Bugliari, who has coached the team for more than 60 years. His 765 wins through 2011 ranked him as the second-winningest boys' soccer coach in the nation. Bugliari was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame in 2018, in recognition of his 58-year career coaching record of 850-116-75. The boys soccer team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 1995 (defeating Bishop Eustace in the finals), 1996 (vs. Wildwood Catholic High School) and 2014 (vs. Hawthorne Christian Academy), and won the Non-Public A title in 2001 (vs. Christian Brothers Academy), 2006 (vs. Christian Brothers), 2008 (vs. St. Augustine Preparatory School). The 2006 team finished the season with a 16-2-2 record after winning the Parochial A state title by beating Christian Brothers Academy by a score of 1-0 in the tournament final; during the season, the team also beat Don Bosco Prep, Delbarton School and Seton Hall Prep along the way, which (together with Christian Brothers) accounted for each of the previous four years' playoff losses. In 2007 the men's team climbed to fifth nationally. The girls' soccer team won the 2001 Parochial North A state sectional championship with a 1–0 win vs. Immaculate Heart Academy.

The baseball team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 1994, defeating St. Augustine Preparatory School in the tournament final.

The boys cross country running team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 1989-1992, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2012 and 2013. The program's nine state titles are tied for sixth-most in the state. In the 2005 and 2006 school years, the team won the conference championship as well as the Non-Public B state championship.

The girls tennis team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 1991 (defeating Moorestown Friends School in the final match of the tournament), and won the Non-Public A title in 2002 (vs. Paul VI High School), 2003 (vs. Red Bank Catholic High School), 2004 (vs. Notre Dame High School), 2012 (vs. Kent Place School), 2013 (vs. Academy of the Holy Angels) and 2016 (vs. Kent Place). The program's seven state titles are tied for tenth-most in the state. In 2003, the team didn't lose a single set in a 5-0 win in the finals against Red Bank Catholic. The 2016 team won the Non-Public A title with a 3-2 win against Kent Place in the finals played at Mercer County Park.

The girls soccer team won the Group I state championship in 1996 (as co-champion with Glen Rock High School), 1998 (vs. Glen Rock), and won the Non-Public A title in 2001 (vs. St. John Vianney High School), 2004 (vs. St. John Vianney), 2006 (vs. Red Bank Catholic High School), 2011 (vs. Red Bank Catholic), 2012 (vs. Immaculate Heart Academy), 2018 (vs. Oak Knoll School of the Holy Child) and 2019 (vs. DePaul Catholic High School) The program's 10 state titles are ranked fourth in the state.

The wrestling team won the Non-Parochial B North state sectional championship in 1998.

The girls cross country running team won the Non-Public Group A state championship in 1999, and won the Non-Public A title in 2004, 2005, 2008 and 2010.

The field hockey team won the North II Group I state sectional title in 2000, 2001, 2004 and 2005, and won the North I/II combined Group I title in 2003. The team won the Group I state championship in 2000 (defeating runner-up Gloucester City Junior-Senior High School in the tournament final), 2001 (vs. Shore Regional High School), 2003 (vs. New Egypt High School) and 2004 (vs. New Egypt). The 2000 team finished the season with a 25-0 record after winning the Group I title with a 4-0 win in the championship game against a Gloucester City team that had only lost once all season and hadn't been shut out all year. The 2003 field hockey team won the Group I state championship with a 2–1 win over New Egypt High School in the tournament's final match. The 2004 team repeated as Group I champion, defeating New Egypt High School in the tournament final.

The girls' outdoor track and field team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 2001-2007. The program's seven state titles are tied for fifth among all schools in the state.

The boys' lacrosse team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 2006 (defeating Morristown-Beard School in the final of the playoffs), 2015 (vs. Morristown-Beard), 2016 (vs. Montclair Kimberley Academy), 2017 (vs. Eustace Preparatory School) and 2018 (vs. Immaculata High School) The program's five state title are tied for seventh-most in the state.

The boys track team won the Non-Public Group B spring / outdoor track state championship in 2007, 2009 and 2012.

The boys swimming team won the Non-Public B state title in 1995-1997 and 2008-2020. The program's 16 state titles are ranked fifth in the state while the streak of 13 titles from 2008 to 2020 is the state's longest. The 2013 boys team won all 11 events in the meet and defeated Newark Academy 131-39 in the Non-Public B finals. In 2015, the team won the Non-Public B title with a 119-51 win against Gloucester Catholic High School in the tournament's final match.

The girls swimming team won the Non-Public B state championship in 1997, 1998, 2010, 2014 and 2015.

The girls spring / outdoor track team won the Non-Public B state championship in 2001-2007; the program's seven group titles are tied for seventh in the state and the seven-year streak is tied for second-longest.

The boys track team won the indoor track Non-Public Group B state championship in 2009. The girls team won the Non-Public B title in 2017.

The boys tennis team won the Non-Public Group A state championship in 2014, against runner-up Delbarton School in the final match of the tournament.

The girls track team won the Non-Public Group B state indoor relay championship in 2017.

The girls fencing team was the épée team winner in 2020.

The Pingry Middle School squash team won the 2013 Middle School Nationals, after reaching their previous best of sixth place overall in 2012. Pingry won their first two rounds by scores of 5–0 vs. Bala Cynwyd / Welsh Valley and Greenwich Country Day School, then defeated second-seeded The Haverford School A team by a score of 3–2 in the semis. In the finals, the team played Brunswick School, the top-ranked middle school team in the country and defending champion. After winning the first two matches, the team held on to win the championship by a 3–2 margin.

The boys' ski team won the NJSIAA state title in 2024.

Accreditation
The Pingry School is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, the National Association of Independent Schools, the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools and the New Jersey Department of Education. The Pingry School is a member of the National Association for College Admission Counseling.

Initial allegations
On March 29, 2016, The Pingry School sent a letter to "parents of current students, the entire alumni and school trustees" informing them that the School had "recently learned from a few of our alumni that students were sexually abused by Thad Alton, an employee of Short Hills Country Day School from 1972 to 1974 and, following the merger of the two institutions, an employee of the Pingry School from 1974 to 1978." The letter stated that Pingry had hired a security firm to conduct an investigation on behalf of the school. The letter was signed by Headmaster Nathaniel E. Conard and Jeffrey N. Edwards, chair of the board of trustees.

At that time, Crew Janci LLP, "a law firm that specializes in suing schools and youth organizations for their negligent handling of sexual abuse[,] announced it has been investigating Alton's tenure at Pingry for over a year." Crew Janci LLP's investigation on behalf of the victims was "credited with persuading the 166-year-old [Pingry] school to launch its own investigation[.]" Crew Janci's website made clear that its investigation on behalf of the victims would continue, despite the announcement of the Pingry School's commissioning of an investigation.

On April 1, 2016, The Star-Ledger revealed court documents indicating that Alton had previously been convicted for his sexual abuse of Pingry students. The spokesperson for the Pingry School was quoted as responding to this information by saying: "I'm afraid such a conviction is news to us" and that "[i]t wasn't until recently that the [Pingry] school's current administration knew anything about this situation in the '70s, which prompted us to act[.]"

A news article published on April 8, 2016, detailed how Alton moved from Pingry School in 1978 to The Peck School, "10 miles away in Morristown." The Peck School sent a letter to its alumni explaining "that Alton had nothing but 'positive job references' when he was hired, fresh from six years at the Short Hills Country Day School, which merged with Pingry."

After leaving the Peck School in 1979, Alton continued on as an educator at Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York until he was arrested in December 1989 in relation to his sexual abuse of more than 50 children.

On April 27, 2016, The Star- Ledger ran a report of interviews with several of the victims. Then, on April 28, "Pingry Survivors" – a group of individuals who were sexually abused as children while at Pingry— posted an open letter to the "Pingry Community."

In their open letter, the Pingry Survivors stated their goals as follows: "(1) For the Pingry Community to learn the whole truth about the extent of the problem of child sexual abuse at the Pingry School – including a complete and accurate disclosure about the School's response at the time of the abuse (and since); (2) For The Pingry School to hear, understand, and acknowledge the suffering of each victim and to make meaningful amends; and, (3) For The Pingry School to dedicate itself to ensuring that this history can never be repeated (including an independent review of policies, practices, and culture, as well as implementation of meaningful changes)." The Pingry Survivors went on to say that they "hope that we and the current Pingry School leadership – with the support of the greater Pingry Community – can find a path forward that is collaborative and allows for true healing and reconciliation."

Outcome
During the year following Pingry's announcement of its investigation in March 2016, the school's child sexual abuse scandal was mentioned in multiple national media reports on private schools with pervasive sexual abuse in their pasts, including Vanity Fair and The New York Times.

On March 28, 2017, The Pingry School released a letter announcing that it had concluded its "independent investigation into the sexual abuse allegations and circumstances surrounding Thad Alton's tenure." The school posted a "Report to the Pingry Community" on a website other than its official page called "www.pingryresponse.org." It is unclear whether the school received a more comprehensive investigative report. The "Report to the Pingry Community" substantiated 27 victims of child sexual abuse by Alton, as well as abuse by other former Pingry faculty and staff.

The school announced that their investigator's report "affirms the abuse by former Pingry teacher and assistant Lower School principal Thad Alton. Pingry's investigative report revealed that at least one "school board member learned of Alton's activities in 1979," but that the Pingry School "never shared the information with its faculty, alumni or the family of its students."

The school acknowledged in its letter that "the culture, structure, and policies of the school... allowed such atrocities to occur in the past." The school asserted:

"[W]e are deeply sorry for the pain the survivors have suffered, and are grateful to them for coming forward. In our commitment to ongoing efforts to fully understand and address these troubling events in Pingry's past, we will be engaging with survivors to learn how we can best support them. Our hope is to heal as a community and continue to foster the culture of safety and well-being that our students deserve. This healing requires our continued partnership, collaboration, and candor."

In the days after the release of the Pingry School's report, victims of abuse at Pingry went to the media with their stories about the abuse and the impact it had on their lives. In some of those media reports, the "Pingry Survivors" group asserted "their school knew what was going on" with the abuse at the time it was occurring.

Alton has never been criminally prosecuted for his sexual abuse of most of the Pingry victims. He lives in Manhattan and is a registered sex offender in the State of New York.

On December 4, 2017, an article appeared on the front page of The New York Times detailing Pingry's attempts to invoke to statute of limitations to avoid compensating former students who were victims of sexual abuse at the school.

Notable alumni

 * Michael Arrom (class of 2013), keyboardist with Steve Vai, who has appeared on Glee.
 * John D. Bates (born 1946, class of 1964), Senior Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
 * Hanna Beattie (born 1995), ice hockey forward for the Connecticut Whale in the Premier Hockey Federation.
 * Frank Chapot (1932-2016), equestrian who competed at six Olympic Games from 1956 until his final effort in 1976 where he won two silver medals in the Team Show Jumping.
 * Mike Chernoff (born c. 1981, class of 1999), General Manager of the Cleveland Indians
 * Michael Chertoff (born 1953), Secretary of United States Department of Homeland Security (2005–2009)
 * Buzzy Cohen (born 1985), Jeopardy! champion and guest host, host of The Chase
 * William A. Conway (1910–2006), former CEO of Garden State National Bank who missed his last year at Pingry due to illness.
 * Mael Corboz (born 1994), professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for SC Verl.
 * Rachel Corboz (born 1996), professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Stade de Reims.
 * Robert C. Crane (1920–1962), newspaper publisher who was elected to the New Jersey Senate shortly before his death.
 * Mark Donohue (1937–1975, class of 1955), race car driver, winner of the 1972 Indianapolis 500 and the 1973 Can-Am Championship
 * Paul W. Downs (born 1982), Emmy-Award winning American actor, writer, and director best known for his portrayal of Trey Pucker on the Comedy Central series Broad City.
 * Steve Elmendorf (class of 1978), deputy campaign manager for Presidential candidate John Kerry, and longtime campaign aide to Richard Gephardt.
 * Willard F. Enteman, the eleventh president of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine.
 * Nic Fink (born 1993), Olympic swimmer who specializes in breaststroke events.
 * Michelle Friedland (born 1972, class of 1990), United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
 * Adam Gardner (born 1973, class of 1991), guitarist for the rock band Guster.
 * Howard Georgi (born 1947, class of 1964), emeritus professor of physics at Harvard University.
 * Adam Goldstein (born 1988, class of 2006), author and founder/CEO of Hipmunk
 * Andrew D. Goldstein, prosecutor and the former chief of the public corruption unit of the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York.
 * Benedict Gross (class of 1967), a prominent mathematics professor.
 * Andrew Gruel (born 1980, class of 1998), chef, restaurateur and Food Network celebrity.
 * Miguel Gutierrez (born 1971, class of 1989), choreographer.
 * William Halsey Jr. (1882–1959), Fleet Admiral in the United States Navy.
 * Andrew Horowitz (born 1983, class of 2001), green-tied keyboardist and writer of indie rock band Tally Hall.
 * Amos Hostetter Jr. (born 1937, class of 1954), former CEO and founder of MediaOne, billionaire on Forbes Magazine list.
 * Joseph E. Irenas (1940–2015, class of 1958), Federal Judge
 * Jamie Johnson (born 1979), clothing designer of Black Sweater, documentary film maker, whose documentary films Born Rich and The One Percent appeared on HBO.
 * Thomas Kean Jr. (born 1968), member of the United States House of Representatives representing New Jersey's 7th congressional district.
 * Dan Kellner (born 1976), Olympic foil fencer.
 * Micah Kellner (born 1978, class of 1997), Member of the New York State Assembly.
 * James C. Kellogg III (1915–1980, class of 1933), former chairman of the New York Stock Exchange and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
 * Andrew Lewis (born 1972, class of 1993), professional soccer player
 * N. Gregory Mankiw (born 1958), former chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers and Harvard Professor of Economics.
 * Dean Mathey, class of 1908, investor who made millions for Princeton University.
 * Thomas N. McCarter (1867–1955), Attorney General of New Jersey from 1902 to 1903, founder and president of PSE&G Corporation, developer of Penn Station in Newark, and original benefactor of the McCarter Theatre in Princeton.
 * Robert H. McCarter (1859–1941), Attorney General of New Jersey from 1903 to 1908 and well-known New Jersey lawyer, eventually heading the law firm McCarter & English.
 * Andrew McCarthy (born 1962, class of 1980), actor.
 * Billy McFarland (born 1991), serial fraudster, convicted felon and founder of the fraudulent Fyre Festival and the fraudulent NYC VIP Access.
 * Arthur N. Pierson (1867–1957), politician who served as Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly and President of the New Jersey Senate.
 * Frederick Reiken (born 1966), novelist.
 * Ronald C. Rice (born 1968, class of 1986), Newark City Councilman / Candidate for Congress 10th District.
 * Jon Sarkin (born 1953, class of 1971), self-taught artist and stroke survivor.
 * Robert Schriesheim (born 1960, class of 1978), business executive involved in the restructuring of several American business institutions including Western Union and Sears.
 * Dani Shapiro (born 1962), novelist.
 * Lee Shelley (born 1956), Olympic épée fencer in 1984 and 1988.
 * Gaddis Smith (class of 1950), historian, professor at Yale University for over forty years.
 * Todd Solondz (born 1959), filmmaker.
 * Charles August Sulzer (1879–1919), delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the Alaska Territory.
 * Richard Tregaskis (1916–1973), war correspondent and author of Guadalcanal Diary, the source for the 1943 film of the same name starring William Bendix, Richard Conte, and Anthony Quinn.
 * MJ Tyson (born 1986, class of 2004), jewelry designer.
 * Carl Van Duyne (1946–1983), sailor who competed in the Finn event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
 * Gillian Vigman (born 1972, class of 1990), actress.

Notable faculty

 * Stephen Kovacs (1972–2022), saber fencer and fencing coach, charged with sexual assault, died in prison

title: Pingry School


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Sharon Leal

Sharon Ann Leal is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles in movies such as Dreamgirls (2006), This Christmas (2007), Why Did I Get Married? (2007), Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010) and her roles on the television shows Legacy, Guiding Light and Boston Public.

Early life
Leal was born in Tucson, Arizona. Her mother, Angelita, is Filipina. Her father was an African-American military policeman who broke up with her mother before Sharon was born. Shortly after, her mother married Jesse Leal, a Master Sergeant in the United States Air Force and a police officer at Clark Air Base, Philippines; he legally adopted Sharon.

Career
Leal's career began with the role of Dahlia Crede in the CBS daytime serial Guiding Light. Later, she joined the Broadway company of Rent. Soon after, she was cast as Mimi for the San Francisco leg of the first national tour of Rent. Leal appeared on the 1999 original cast recording of the Off-Broadway musical Bright Lights, Big City alongside Patrick Wilson and Jesse L. Martin. She also appeared on the 2001 cast recording of Making Tracks.

From 2000 to 2004, Leal starred in the Fox prime time TV series Boston Public. She also had a role in the theatrical release Face the Music. She then appeared in a recurring role in the short-lived NBC series LAX, as the wife of airport co-director, Roger de Souza.

In 2006, she co-starred in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Michelle Morris, Effie White's replacement in the pop group The Dreams, with Beyoncé Knowles, Jennifer Hudson, Eddie Murphy and Jamie Foxx. In 2007, Leal was cast in the Tyler Perry production Why Did I Get Married? and This Christmas. In 2010, she starred in Perry's sequel production Why Did I Get Married Too?. She also portrayed the character Vanessa Lodge in the series Hellcats, until it was cancelled in 2011. In 2013, Leal played the supporting role in the movie 1982, which tells a story of a drug addicted mother and a father's fight to protect his daughter.

In 2014, Leal released her album "Leal".

Leal appears in seasons 2, 3, 5 and 6 of Supergirl as M'gann M'orzz (Megan in human form).

Personal life
In October 2001, Leal married Bev Land. Their son Kai Miles Land was born in September 2001. The couple divorced in 2009. Former Guiding Light co-star Yvonna Wright has said that she and Leal are close friends; the two starred together in a community production of Dreamgirls in their hometown.

In 2009, she posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sharon Leal


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Memoirs of a Geisha

Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical fiction novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997. The novel, told in first person perspective, tells the story of Nitta Sayuri and the many trials she faces on the path to becoming and working as a geisha in Kyoto, Japan, before, during and after World War II.

In 2005, a film adaptation was released, directed by Rob Marshall and starring Zhang Ziyi in the lead role.

Plot summary
In 1929, nine year-old Sakamoto Chiyo and her sister are sold by their father to work within the entertainment districts of Kyoto. They are taken from their home in a coastal fishing village known as Yoroido and travel to Kyoto by train. Chiyo is taken to the Nitta (geisha boarding house) in Gion to become a geisha, but her sister is taken to a brothel within Kyoto's pleasure district.

Chiyo is introduced to Auntie, Mother, and Granny. Both Auntie and Mother are strict, though Auntie is kinder to Chiyo, whereas Mother is driven by money and business. Chiyo is also introduced to Hatsumomo, the premier geisha of the, its primary earner, and one of the most famous geisha of Gion, and Pumpkin, another maid at the okiya. Hatsumomo dislikes Chiyo and goes out of her way to torment her. When Chiyo fails an attempt to run away with her sister, Mother refuses to continue investing in Chiyo's future as a geisha.

A few years later, Chiyo is given money and a handkerchief in the street by a kind stranger known to Chiyo as the Chairman. Soon afterwards, Pumpkin prepares to make her debut as a and the "younger sister" of Hatsumomo, whilst Chiyo remains a maid. Mameha, another famous geisha in Gion, persuades a reluctant Mother to reinvest in Chiyo's training, with Mameha acting as Chiyo's mentor and "older sister".

Chiyo becomes an apprentice geisha with the given name of Sayuri, and is reacquainted with Chairman Iwamura, his closest friend and business partner Nobu, and a number of other prominent men. As Sayuri gains popularity, Hatsumomo tries to hurt Sayuri's reputation and career in the hopes of Mother adopting Pumpkin as her heir instead.

Mameha orchestrates a bidding war for Sayuri's and uses the record-breaking payment for Sayuri's  to cover all of her debts. Mother adopts Sayuri, and Hatsumomo begins a downward spiral into alcoholism before being thrown out of the.

In 1944, geisha districts are ordered to close due to the ongoing war, and Sayuri desperately asks Nobu for help to avoid being conscripted into factory work. He sends Sayuri far north to live with his old friend, Arashino, where she stays for much of the war.

At the end of the war, Nobu visits Sayuri, asking that she return to Gion. Sayuri finds Pumpkin working in a new ; despite hoping to rekindle their friendship, Pumpkin later sabotages Sayuri's plan to scare Nobu off from proposing to be her, as revenge for taking her place in the adoption so many years ago.

A few days after her plan fails, Sayuri is summoned to meet the Chairman at a teahouse. She confesses that she has worked for years to become close to the Chairman. The Chairman admits that he has always known she was the girl he met on the street, and confesses his feelings for her as well, but felt he owed Nobu – his oldest and closest friend – the chance to be with Sayuri out of kindness. He also admits to having asked Mameha to train Sayuri.

Sayuri peacefully retires from geisha work when the Chairman becomes her. Sayuri relocates to New York City and opens her own small tea house for entertaining Japanese men on business in the United States. The Chairman remains her until his death.

References to actual locations
Much of the novel is set in the popular geisha district of Gion in Kyoto, and contains references to actual places frequented by geisha and their patrons, such as the Ichiriki Ochaya. Part of the story is also set in the Amami Islands, and Sayuri narrates the story from her suite in the Waldorf towers in New York City.

Lawsuit
After the Japanese edition of the novel was published, Arthur Golden was sued for breach of contract and defamation of character by Mineko Iwasaki, a retired geisha he had interviewed for background information while writing the novel. The plaintiff asserted that Golden had agreed to protect her anonymity if she told him about her life as a geisha, due to the traditional code of silence about their clients. However, Golden listed Iwasaki as a source in his acknowledgments for the novel, causing her to face a serious backlash, to the point of death threats. In his defense, Golden countered that he had tapes of his conversations with Iwasaki. Eventually, in 2003, Golden's publisher settled with Iwasaki out of court for an undisclosed sum of money.

Iwasaki later went on to write an autobiography, which shows a very different picture of 20th century geisha life than the one shown in Golden's novel. The book was published as Geisha, A Life in the US and Geisha of Gion in the UK.

Film version
In 2005, film director Rob Marshall made a film version of the novel. It stars two Chinese actresses, Zhang Ziyi as Sayuri and Gong Li as Hatsumomo; Malaysian actress Michelle Yeoh as Mameha; and four Japanese actors, Ken Watanabe as the Chairman, Koji Yakusho as Nobu, Suzuka Ohgo as Sayuri's childhood incarnation Chiyo, and Youki Kudoh as the adult Pumpkin.

Filming was primarily done in California, and in some locations in Kyoto, including Kiyomizu-dera and Fushimi Inari-taisha. It was nominated for and won numerous awards, including nominations for six Academy Awards, winning three: Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, and Best Costume Design.

title: Memoirs of a Geisha


text:
Talk:Alien vs. Predator

Franchises and undue weight to certain media.
This article treats the film series as the main format for this franchise, despite the fact that that in this case is most definitely not the case, the franchise mainly originated in comics and has had extensive exposure in video games and novels since then. I think it would be good if we split the movie content into Alien vs. Predator (film series) since the content seems to hog most of the article otherwise rather inappropriately otherwise.★Trekker (talk) 12:46, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I know this is four years after the fact, but I was just now thinking the very same thing. For twenty years, there were all sorts of mediums that the AvP franchise extended over. If anything, this page should be reorganized with the literary content at the top and the films near the bottom. Would you be interested in spearheading the reorganization? Plus, while TurokSwe was busy copy-pasting the content I wrote on the Alien franchise page, he failed to realize that the plot synopsis doesn't apply to the core concept of AvP hardly at all!  BOTTO ( T • C ) 19:36, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

Hi Botto, I would lovw to try to improve this article, but I am on vacation overseas and do not have access to a computer, all my (probably few) edits on Wikipedia until about October will be from my phone, so until then I dont think I will be able to partake in any larger projects.★Trekker (talk) 20:50, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Interested in tackling this? :)  BOTTO ( T • C ) 17:30, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I'd love to. I think the best would be to maybe have a draft where we could try out how it could look.★Trekker (talk) 15:29, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

Draft:Machiko Noguchi
Help making page for Draft:Machiko Noguchi? Molarium (talk) 11:50, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

AvP Anime Series
There have been recent reports of "a finished, 10-episode AvP anime series" made before the Disney-Fox merger. https://www.ign.com/articles/disney-apparently-has-a-finished-alien-vs-predator-anime-series-it-isnt-releasing LegerPrime (talk) 01:20, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alien vs. Predator


text:
Category:Towns in Missouri

The legal entity of a "town" is recognized by Missouri statutes, but has been superseded by §72.050 of the Missouri Revised Statutes.

 * If incorporated, populated places should be categorized as Category:Cities in Missouri or Category:Villages in Missouri; determined by their legal designation.

 * If unincorporated, they belong in Category:Unincorporated communities in Missouri or Category:Census-designated places in Missouri.

 * If no longer in existence, they belong in Category:Ghost towns in Missouri.

title: Category:Towns in Missouri


text: Category:Perry County, Missouri

title: Category:Perry County, Missouri


text:
Talk:31 Minutos

Cultural phenomenon in Chile
This seems to be a something of a cultural phenomenon in Chile, and while it's always interesting to discover bits of popular culture which are hopelessly obscure everywhere except one country, I fear I may have lost something of the essence of this programme in my translation, so an attempt at clearing up the article from someone who's actually seen it would be very welcome. — Trilobite (Talk) 05:13, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I get the show here on Brazil from Nickelodeon, and it´s awesome. I´m positive the article does not lose anything from the perspective of someone who´s never seen the show. Doidimais Brasil 03:19, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Some translation issues.
Some stuff about the translations:

°In the 'Songs' section, "Nunca me he sacado un siete" (From Season 2) is supposed to mean "I've never got an A", because in Chile a numeric rating is used in schools - 1 for Bad and 7 for Perfect - ; so the title tranlates as "I've never got a seven", and 7 is the highest grade.

°In the same section, Season 3, Mi castillo de blanca arena con vista al mar translates as "My white sand castle with sea view".

Yeah i know that there isn't so much goin' on with this article, but a good fixing wouldn't hurt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.220.233.212 (talk) 01:28, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

Translate the Spanish version
Hi. This article can be improved if the Spanish version is translated. It is the most complete and, for the moment, the most active (also, the one with the most references and is free of errors). I am not trained to do it, so I would appreciate it if an expert takes care of it. Thanks for understand.--TheUser41 (talk) 18:43, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
 * You might want to consider tagging the article with the template 31 Minutos -- 109.78.202.99 (talk) 15:17, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

Genre
Please note MOS:TVGENRE and Template:Infobox television: "Genres must be reliably sourced."

An anon IPv6 editor has spammed various articles including this one and added many genres. These should be trimmed back to only the primary genre/genres that are supported by reliable sources. -- 109.76.203.218 (talk) 21:14, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:31 Minutos


text:
Tan-Tan

Tan-Tan (طانطان) is a city in Tan-Tan Province in the region of Guelmim-Oued Noun in southwestern Morocco. It is a desert town with a population (2014 census) of 73,209. It is the largest city in the province and second largest city in the region after the capital Guelmim. It is located on the banks of the wadi Oued Ben khelil, which flows into the Draa River 15 km north of the town. The Draa River at 1,100 km is the longest in Morocco and flows into the Atlantic Ocean soon after the confluence with the wadi. The town also has an airport, Tan Tan Plage Blanche Airport.

History
The quartz figurine Venus of Tan-Tan was found in a river terrace deposit on the north bank of the Draa River. Dated between 200,000 and 500,000 BCE, it is considered one of the oldest human-form sculptures in the world, although its formation may actually be natural.

Port
The nearby port, known as Tan-Tan Plage in French; Port of Tan-Tan in English; and El Ouatia, al-Watiyah or الوطية in Arabic is about 25 km west of Tan-Tan on the Atlantic Ocean. With a population in 2004 of 6,294 it is the second-largest settlement in the province and ninth-largest in the region. Both Tan-Tan and Tan-Tan Plage are on Morocco's main highway, the N1.

Climate
Tan-Tan has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). While usually strongly moderated by the cold offshore Canary Current, occasional easterly winds from the Sahara Desert interior bring exceptionally hot temperatures to the maritime areas of southern Morocco. These winds being frequent in autumn and seasonal lag from warming sea temperatures cause October afternoons to average warmer than the July counterparts. The varying timing of the hot inland winds causes a vast difference between the individual monthly mean maxima and the many months in which brief temperatures above 40 C may occur. Even the coldest winter nights remain well above freezing due to the Atlantic influence.

title: Tan-Tan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mormonism and Christianity

yeah this needs to go away
This whole article should be deleted. The writer is free to submit it to an anti-Mormon site, where it more clearly belongs. Even in the very first paragraph, a POV (and inaccurate one at that) is stated. From where I stand, Mormonism merges very easily with Biblical Christianity. It doesn't with contemporary, but the one or two paragraphs that are relevant here can be added into less-biased entries and a link to one of the hundreds of similar essays that litter anti-Mormon webpages can be put as an external resource. Cookiecaper 04:33, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Keep. This is not anti-Mormon, it discusses the relationship between Mormonism and traditional Christianity. RickK 05:37, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)

Obvious keeper. Ditto RickK. First, procedural error by Cookiecaper who failed to discuss it much on the talk pages with longstanding Mormon and non-Mormon contributors, but instead made a drive-by-judgement and proceeded immediately to VfD. Second, procedural error by Cookiecaper who didn't even list this entry on the main VfD page, but made an entirely separate page for VfD discussion! Finally, while the article is still going thru some growing pains in pinning down its purpose and content, it is at least intended to be an analog to other articles such as Comparing and contrasting Judaism and Christianity, Islam and Judaism, etc. Some Admin, please delete this page. —B|Talk 19:45, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Asakusa

Meaning of 浅
The '浅' of 浅草 does not meaning "morning", but (variously) "shallow", "wretched" or "shameful". Unless somebody can sort out the etymology and choose the right one I'll leave this out. Jpatokal 05:06, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

(owing to wartime bombing) may be misleading. Less of Tokyo was destroyed than people think. The Japanese themselves, in their zeal to become "modernized," were the ones to tear down so many historical buildings. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.160.214.32 (talk • contribs)

Merging Nakamise-Dori
I've added a template suggesting merging Nakamise-Dori into Asakusa. The street is, according to the article, about 250 m long, and the article focuses more on shops and tourism than on transportation. It seems to be a natural to add to the article on Asakusa. Fg2 (talk) 22:02, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I support this merge suggestion for the reasons given by Fg2. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 02:38, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

 * It is hard to tell what should be done with the article in its current form. I debated creating it when I first started working on related articles earlier this year (Kaminarimon, Hozomon, Sanja Matsuri, etc.) but ultimately decided against it. I'm not sure how much information about Nakamise-dori is out there and if it is enough to justify a whole article. In its current form however, I would have to support this suggestion. --TorsodogTalk 07:33, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I would suggest that it instead be merged into Sensō-ji, as it's more directly related to the temple than to the wider larger area. However, I am not particularly opposed to it being merged into Asakusa. LordAmeth (talk) 01:22, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * LordAmeth, that's a good point. I'd also support merging into Sensō-ji. It doesn't have to be Asakusa. Fg2 (talk) 10:16, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Look Japan article on Asakusa
https://web.archive.org/web/20020629070449/http://www.lookjapan.com/LBsc/02JuneWT.htm WhisperToMe (talk) 12:09, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asakusa


text:
Chervonohrad

Chervonohrad (Червоноград, ) is a mining city and the administrative center of Chervonohrad Raion, Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Chervonohrad urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Chervonohrad lies about 62 km north of Lviv, 7 km from Sokal, 28 km northeast of the town of Voroniv, and has a population of

History
The city was part of the Polish Kingdom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth since its foundation in 1692 until 1772, when it was incorporated into the Habsburg Empire. During the interwar period, it belonged to the Second Polish Republic, and between 1945 and 1951 was part of the Polish People's Republic. It passed from Poland to the Ukrainian SSR after the territorial exchange in 1951 and had its name changed to Chervonohrad, after the color red (червоний).

In May 1685, the Crown hetman and Kraków Voivode Feliks Kazimierz Potocki purchased land along the Bug River. In 1692, he founded a city on the lands of the village "Novyi Dvir" (literally "New Garden", Polish: Nowy Dwór) and named it "Krystynopol" after his wife Krystyna Lubomirska (the suffix "-pol" derives from Greek "polis" ). Potocki made the city his family center. He died here on September 22, 1702. His grandson Franciszek Salezy Potocki built a palace and in 1763 founded a monastery of Basilians (barocco church of Saint George; prior to 1946 – a place of miracles with wondrous icon of the Mother of God).

In the 19th century, the "Apostolus Christinopolitanus" and famous chronicle from 1763 to 1779 were kept in the city. The Catholic order of Myrrh-Bearing Sisters was founded by Fr. Yulian Datsii in 1910, with the purpose of gathering funds to build a home for orphans and the poor. The first members of the congregation vowed to build two buildings: one for the people and one for the congregation. In 1913 the first convent arose, where 15 sisters lived.

Among the landmarks of the city is Count Potocki's palace, constructed by the order of Feliks Kazimierz Potocki after 1692.

A local newspaper is published in the city since June 1962.

On August 1, 1990, Chervonohrad became the first city in the Soviet Union where a monument to Vladimir Lenin was removed.

Until 18 July 2020, Chervonohrad was designated as a city of oblast significance and belonged to Chervonohrad Municipality. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven, Chervonohrad Municipality was merged into newly established Chervonohrad Raion. Before being abolished, Chervonohrad Municipality also included the city of Sosnivka (until 2019) and the urban type settlement of Hirnyk.

In August 2023, Ukrainian Institute of National Memory decided that the name of the city did not meet the law "On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy", meaning that Chervonohrad will be renamed. On 20 March 2024, the Committee of the Verkhovna Rada on issues of organization of state power, local self-government, regional development and urban planning decided to propose the name Sheptytskyi, in the name of Andrey Sheptytsky, a metropolitan archbishop who taught in the local monastery. The ultimate decision on the renaming will be made only after a vote.

Krystynopol Jews
Presently, there are 11–100 Jews residing in Chervonohrad. The earliest known Jewish community dates back to 1740. In 1931 the Jewish population was 2,200. The Jewish cemetery dates from 18th century with the last known Hasidic burial in 1941. Krystynopol Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp in September, 1942. The Jewish surname and rabbinical family Kristinopoler / Kristianpoller stem from the city's former name, Krystynopol. Jewish immigrants to America from this city founded the Krystenopoler Synagogue and First Krystenopoler Sick Benevolent Association Brith Isaac in New York. The Jewish cemetery is located in the town center, in Shevska Street.

Economics

Since 1951 the city became the center of newly emerged coal mining basin. Other enterprises, besides the mining works, include:
 * Iron-Beton Foundry
 * Wood Processing Plant
 * Tailoring Factory
 * Stockings Factory
 * Mines
 * Dairy

Chervonohrad Coal Mines
Chervonohrad was started as a coal mining town. Currently, there are still many functional coal mines on the outskirts around the city:
 * Chervonohradska
 * Velykomostivska
 * Mezhyrichanska
 * Nadiya
 * Stepova
 * Lisova
 * Vidrodzhennya
 * Zarichna
 * Vizeiska

Education

 * Branch of Lviv National Polytechnic University
 * Mining College

Population
The population of Chervonohrad has increased significantly since 1939.
 * 1939 — 3,000
 * 1959 — 19,000
 * 1970 — 54,000
 * 1974 — 61,000
 * 1981 — 78,000
 * 1989 — 89,000
 * 2001 — 85,500
 * 2005 — 83,400
 * 2010 — 82,900
 * 2013 — 83,600

Notable people

 * Janina Hurynowicz (1894–1967) a Polish doctor, neurophysiologist and neurologist.
 * MamaRika (born 1989) a Ukrainian singer and actress.
 * Franciszek Salezy Potocki (1700–1772) a Polish nobleman, diplomat and politician.
 * Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki (1751–1805) a member of the Polish nobility and a military commander.
 * Frank Taffel (1877-1947) a journalist, a founder of the Congregation Beth Jacob (Atlanta)
 * Volodymyr Tykhyi (born 1970) a Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and film producer of documentaries and feature films.

Sport

 * Volodymyr Dykyi (1962–2021) a Soviet and Ukrainian footballer with over 500 club caps
 * Roman Hnativ (born 1973) a former Soviet and Ukrainian footballer with 354 club caps
 * Tetyana Klimchenko (born 1994) a Ukrainian professional racing cyclist
 * Nazar Kulchytskyy (born 1992) a Ukrainian-American retired freestyle and folkstyle wrestler
 * Mykola Morozyuk (born 1988) a Ukrainian footballer with over 330 club caps

Postal codes
80100-80110

title: Chervonohrad


text:
Althaea (plant)

Althaea is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants native to Europe, North Africa and western Asia. It includes Althaea officinalis, also known as the marshmallow plant, whence the fluffy confection got its name. They are found on the banks of rivers and in salt marshes, preferring moist, sandy soils. The stems grow to 1–2 m tall, and flower in mid summer. The leaves are palmately lobed with 3–7 lobes. Althaea species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix quadrigemina.

Species
The genus formerly included a number of additional species now treated in the genus Alcea (hollyhocks).

, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:
 * Althaea armeniaca Ten.
 * Althaea bertramii Post & Beauverd
 * Althaea cannabina L.
 * Althaea damascena Mouterde
 * Althaea hiri Parsa
 * Althaea octaviae Evenari
 * Althaea officinalis L.
 * Althaea oppenheimii Ulbr.
 * Althaea villosa Blatt.

Chemical constituents
The root contains starch (37%), mucilage (11%), pectin (11%), flavonoids, phenolic acids, sucrose, and asparagine.

Uses
The traditional medicinal uses of the plant are reflected in the name of the genus, which comes from the Greek althainein, meaning "to heal".

The flowers and young leaves can be eaten, and are often added to salads or are boiled and fried. The roots and stem also secrete mucilage, which is used to soften the skin, and is used in cosmetic treatments.

The Roman poet Horace refers to his own diet in his Odes, which he describes as very simple: "As for me, olives, endives, and smooth mallows provide sustenance."

The root has been used since Egyptian antiquity in a honey-sweetened confection useful in the treatment of sore throat. The later French version of the recipe, called pâte de guimauve (or "guimauve" for short), included an eggwhite meringue and was often flavored with rose water. Pâte de guimauve more closely resembles contemporary commercially available marshmallows, which no longer contain any actual marshmallow.

The root's emulsifying property is used for cleaning Persian carpets in the Middle East. It is regarded as the best method to preserve the vibrancy of vegetable dyes used in coloring the carpet's wool.

title: Althaea (plant)


text:
The Philosophy of Composition

"The Philosophy of Composition" is an 1846 essay written by American writer Edgar Allan Poe that elucidates a theory about how good writers write when they write well. He concludes that length, "unity of effect" and a logical method are important considerations for good writing. He also makes the assertion that "the death... of a beautiful woman" is "unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world". Poe uses the composition of his own poem "The Raven" as an example. The essay first appeared in the April 1846 issue of Graham's Magazine. It is uncertain if it is an authentic portrayal of Poe's own method.

Poe's philosophy of composition
Generally, the essay introduces three of Poe's theories regarding literature. The author recounts this idealized process by which he says he wrote his most famous poem, "The Raven", to illustrate the theory, which is in deliberate contrast to the "spontaneous creation" explanation put forth, for example, by Coleridge as an explanation for his poem Kubla Khan. Poe's explanation of the process of writing is so rigidly logical, however, that some have suggested the essay was meant as a satire or hoax.

The three central elements of Poe's philosophy of composition are:

Length
Poe believed that all literary works should be short. He writes, "[...] there is a distinct limit, as regards length, to all works of literary art — the limit of a single sitting [...]" He especially emphasized this "rule" with regard to poetry, but also noted that the short story is superior to the novel for this reason.

Method
Poe dismissed the notion of artistic intuition and argued that writing is methodical and analytical, not spontaneous. He writes that no other author has yet admitted this because most writers would "positively shudder at letting the public take a peep behind the scenes at the fully matured fancies discarded in despair at the cautious selections and rejections".

"Unity of effect"
The essay states Poe's conviction that a work of fiction should be written only after the author has decided how it is to end and which emotional response, or "effect", he wishes to create, commonly known as the "unity of effect". Once this effect has been determined, the writer should decide all other matters pertaining to the composition of the work, including tone, theme, setting, characters, conflict, and plot. In this case, Poe logically decides on "the death... of a beautiful woman" as it "is unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world, and equally is it beyond doubt that the lips best suited for such topic are those of a bereaved lover." Some commentators have taken this to imply that pure poetry can only be attained by the eradication of female beauty. Biographers and critics have often suggested that Poe's obsession with this theme stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his mother Eliza Poe, his foster mother Frances Allan and, later, his wife Virginia.

"The Raven"
In the essay, Poe traces the logical progression of his creation of "The Raven" as an attempt to compose "a poem that should suit at once the popular and the critical taste." He claims that he considered every aspect of the poem. For example, he purposely set the poem on a tempestuous evening, causing the raven to seek shelter. He purposefully chose a pallid bust to contrast with the dark plume of the bird. The bust was of Pallas in order to evoke the notion of scholar, to match with the presumed student narrator poring over his "volume[s] of forgotten lore." No aspect of the poem was an accident, he claims, but is based on total control by the author.

Even the term "Nevermore," he says, is based on logic following the "unity of effect." The sounds in the vowels in particular, he writes, have more meaning than the definition of the word itself. He had previously used words like "Lenore" for the same effect.

The raven itself, Poe says, is meant to become symbolic by the end of the poem. As he wrote, "The reader begins now to regard the Raven as emblematical—but it is not until the very last line of the very last stanza, that the intention of making him emblematical of Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance is permitted directly to be seen." This may imply an autobiographical significance to the poem, alluding to the many people in Poe's life who had died.

Reception
It is uncertain if Poe really followed the method he describes in "The Philosophy of Composition." T. S. Eliot wrote that "[i]t is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method." Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as, "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization than literary criticism."

It is apparent, however, that many French literary figures and composers believed that Poe composed "The Raven" in the manner depicted in "The Philosophy of Composition." Maurice Ravel, in a July 1931 interview, stated that "the finest treatise on composition, in my opinion, and the one which in any case had the greatest influence upon me was [Poe's] "Philosophy of Composition... I am convinced that Poe indeed wrote his poem "The Raven" in the way that he indicated." Charles Baudelaire believed that the "unity of impression, the totality of effect" described by Poe endowed a composition with "a very special superiority."

Publication history
George Rex Graham, a friend and former employer of Poe, declined Poe's offer to be the first to print "The Raven". Graham said he did not like the poem but offered $15 as a charity. Graham made up for his poor decision by publishing "The Philosophy of Composition" in the April 1846 issue of Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature and Art.

title: The Philosophy of Composition


text: Category:Unincorporated communities in Missouri


text:
Alien vs. Predator (film)

Alien vs. Predator (stylized as AVP: Alien vs. Predator) is a 2004 science fiction action horror film written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson, and starring Sanaa Lathan, Raoul Bova, Lance Henriksen, Ewen Bremner, Colin Salmon, and Tommy Flanagan. It is the first film installment of the Alien vs. Predator franchise, the fifth film in the Alien franchise and third film of the Predator franchise, adapting a crossover bringing together the eponymous creatures of the Alien and Predator series, a concept which originated in a 1989 comic book written by Randy Stradley and Chris Warner. Anderson wrote the story, with the creators of the Alien franchise, Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett receiving additional story credit due to the incorporation of elements from the Alien series, and Anderson and Shane Salerno adapted the story into a screenplay. Their writing was influenced by Aztec mythology, the comic book series, and the writings of Erich von Däniken. In the film, scientists are caught in the crossfire of an ancient battle between Aliens and Predators as they attempt to escape a bygone pyramid.

Alien vs. Predator was theatrically released on 12 August 2004. It received generally negative reviews and grossed $177.4 million worldwide against a production budget of $60–70 million. A direct sequel, Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem, was released in 2007.

Plot
A Predator ship arrives on Earth and uses a heating device to melt a hole in Antarctic ice. Meanwhile, a satellite detects the heat bloom beneath Bouvetøya, an island about 1000 mi off the coast of Antarctica. Wealthy industrialist Charles Weyland discovers through thermal imaging that there is a pyramid buried 2000 ft beneath the ice. He assembles a team of experts to investigate, including archaeologists, linguists, mercenaries, and a mountaineering guide named Lex Woods. Terminally ill, Weyland desires to claim the discovery in his name.

When the team arrives at the abandoned whaling station, they find a newly made tunnel running directly from the ice’s surface toward the pyramid beneath. The team descends the tunnel and begins to explore the pyramid, soon finding evidence of an ancient civilization and what appears to be a sacrificial chamber filled with human skeletons that all have ruptured rib cages.

Meanwhile, three Predators — Scar, Celtic, and Chopper — arrive and kill the remaining team members on the surface. They make their way down to the pyramid and arrive just as the team unwittingly activates the structure and is trapped within it. The Xenomorph Queen awakens from cryogenic stasis and begins to produce eggs. When the eggs hatch, several facehuggers attach themselves to humans trapped in the sacrificial chamber. Chestbursters emerge from the humans and quickly grow into adult Xenomorphs. The humans take possession of the Predator's blasters, and conflict erupts between the Predators, Xenomorphs, and humans. Celtic and Chopper are killed by a Xenomorph, and Weyland buys Lex and Italian archaeologist Sebastian De Rosa enough time to escape from Scar, giving his life in the process. The two witness Scar kill a facehugger and a Xenomorph before unmasking and marking himself with the acidic blood of the facehugger. After Lex and Sebastian leave, another facehugger attacks Scar.

Through translation of the pyramid's hieroglyphs, Lex and Sebastian learn that the Predators have been visiting Earth for millennia. They taught the early human civilization how to build pyramids and were worshipped as gods. Once a century, they visit Earth to take part in a rite of passage by which several humans sacrifice themselves as hosts for the Xenomorphs, creating the "ultimate prey" for the Predators to hunt. As a fail-safe, if overwhelmed, the Predators would activate a self-destruct device to eliminate the Xenomorphs. They deduce that the Predators lured them into the pyramid to use as a sacrifice.

Lex and Sebastian decide that the Predators must be allowed to succeed so that the Xenomorphs do not escape to the surface. Sebastian is captured by a Xenomorph, and Lex returns the blaster to Scar. They are attacked by a Xenomorph, and Lex manages to kill it. Impressed, Scar uses parts of a dead Xenomorph to fashion weapons for Lex, and the two form an alliance. Lex finds Sebastian, who has become the host of a Xenomorph. She mercy kills him, but the Xenomorph Queen is freed from her restraints and, along with the other Xenomorphs, begins pursuing Lex and Scar. Scar detaches and uses a bomb in his wrist module to destroy the pyramid and the remaining Xenomorphs and their eggs. Lex and Scar reach the surface, and Scar uses acidic Xenomorph blood to mark Lex with the Xenomorph hunter symbol. However, the Xenomorph Queen reappears and attacks. They defeat the Queen by hooking her chains to a water tank and pushing her over a cliff so that she sinks to the ocean floor under the tank's weight. Scar is fatally wounded.

A Predator spaceship appears, and its crew retrieves its fallen comrade. An elder Predator presents Lex with a spear as a gift as the spaceship departs. Lex walks over to a snowcat and leaves the area. On the Predator spaceship, Scar's body lies at rest when a Predalien chestburster erupts from his chest.

Cast

 * Sanaa Lathan as Alexa "Lex" Woods, an experienced guide who spent several seasons exploring Arctic and Antarctic environments. She is loosely based on Machiko Noguchi from the self-titled quadrilogy.
 * Raoul Bova as Professor Sebastian De Rosa, an Italian archaeologist and member of the exploration team who is able to translate the pyramid's hieroglyphs.
 * Lance Henriksen as Charles Bishop Weyland, the billionaire head of Weyland Corporation and its subsidiary, Weyland Industries, who organizes the expedition.
 * Ewen Bremner as Dr. Graeme Miller, a Scottish chemical engineer, the main scientist of the exploration team.
 * Colin Salmon as Maxwell Stafford, assistant to Mr. Weyland and former British Special Forces officer.
 * Tommy Flanagan as Mark Verheiden, a member of the armed escort that accompanies the exploration team.
 * Carsten Norgaard as Rusten Quinn, head of the drilling team.
 * Joseph Rye as Joe Connors, a member of the armed escort that accompanies the exploration team.
 * Agathe de La Boulaye as Adele Rousseau, a member of the armed escort that accompanies the exploration team.
 * Sam Troughton as Thomas Parks, the second archaeologist of the exploration team, De Rosa's assistant.
 * Petr Jákl as Stone, a member of the armed escort that accompanies the exploration team.
 * Liz May Brice as The Supervisor at the Nebraska satellite receiving station that detects the heat bloom in Antarctica.
 * Karima Adebibe as a Sacrificial Maiden in the flashback to the ancient era.
 * Tom Woodruff Jr. as The Alien / "Grid". The Alien played by Woodruff is listed in the film's credits as Grid, referencing crosshatch scars from Predator net constriction in the battle with the Predator called "Celtic".
 * Ian Whyte as The Predator / "Scar", one of the three main Predators who come to Earth to create and hunt Aliens within the pyramid as a rite of passage. Whyte played the lead Predator, called Scar in the film's credits due to the Predator marking himself with the Alien's acidic blood. He is loosely based on Dachande from the self-titled quadrilogy.
 * Whyte also played the other three Predators: "Chopper", "Celtic" and "Elder" (leader of the Predators at the end of the film).

Fifth Alien film and sequel
Before 20th Century Fox gave Alien vs. Predator the greenlight, Aliens writer/director James Cameron had been working on a story for a fifth Alien film. Alien director Ridley Scott had talked with Cameron, stating "I think it would be a lot of fun, but the most important thing is to get the story right." In a 2002 interview, Scott's concept for a story was "to go back to where the alien creatures were first found and explain how they were created"; this project eventually became Scott's film Prometheus (2012). On learning that Fox intended to pursue Alien vs. Predator, Cameron believed the film would "kill the validity of the franchise" and ceased work on his story, "To me, that was Frankenstein Meets Werewolf. It was Universal just taking their assets and starting to play them off against each other...Milking it." After viewing Alien vs. Predator, Cameron remarked that "it was actually pretty good. I think of the five Alien films, I'd rate it third. I actually liked it. I actually liked it a lot." Conversely, Ridley Scott had no interest in the Alien vs. Predator films. When asked in May 2012 if he had watched them, Scott laughed, "No. I couldn't do that. I couldn't quite take that step." Director Neill Blomkamp would eventually go on to pitch his sequel to Aliens. However, Scott stated in 2017 that the project has been cancelled.

Development
The concept of Alien vs. Predator originated from the Aliens versus Predator comic book in 1989 and subsequent novelisations and novels. It was also hinted at when an Alien skull appeared in a trophy case aboard the Predator ship in Predator 2. Shortly after the release of Predator 2, Predator co-writer Jim Thomas discussed the possibilities of a Predator franchise and commented on the prospect of a crossover film, stating, "I think Predator vs. Alien is a good idea that will probably never happen". Screenwriter Peter Briggs created the original spec screenplay in 1990–1991, which was based on the first comic series. In 1991, he successfully pitched the concept to 20th Century Fox, who owned the film franchises, although the company did not move forward with the project until 2002; a video game produced by Capcom as a tie-in to the unmade film saw independent release in 1994. The project was delayed chiefly because the studio was working on Alien Resurrection. A draft penned by James DeMonaco and Kevin Fox described as "pretty much word-for-word like the Dark Horse comic book" was rejected by producer John Davis, who hoped to give the film an original approach by setting it on Earth.

As there were six producers between the film franchises, Predator producer John Davis had difficulty securing the rights as the producers were worried about a film featuring the two creatures. Paul W. S. Anderson pitched Davis a story he worked on for eight years, adapting the Machiko Noguchi series, and showed him concept art created by Randy Bowen. Impressed with Anderson's idea, Davis thought the story was like Jaws in that it "just drew you in, it drew you in". Anderson started to work on the film after completing the script for Resident Evil: Apocalypse, with Shane Salerno co-writing. Salerno spent six months writing the shooting script, finished its development, and stayed on for revisions throughout the film's production. Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett received story credit on the film based on elements from their work on the original Alien.

Story and setting
Early reports claimed the story was about humans who tried to lure Predators with Alien eggs, although the idea was scrapped. Influenced by the work of Erich von Däniken, Anderson researched von Däniken's theories on how he believed early civilizations were able to construct massive pyramids with the help of aliens, an idea long debunked and based on misinterpretations of Aztec mythology. Anderson wove these ideas into Alien vs. Predator, describing a scenario in which Predators taught ancient humans to build pyramids and used Earth for rite of passage rituals every 100 years in which they would hunt Aliens. To explain how these ancient civilisations "disappeared without a trace", Anderson came up with the idea that the Predators, if overwhelmed by the Aliens, would use their self-destruct weapons to kill everything in the area. H. P. Lovecraft's novella At the Mountains of Madness (1931) served as an inspiration for the film, and several elements of the Aliens vs. Predator comic series were included. Anderson's initial script called for five Predators to appear in the film, although the number was later reduced to three.

As Alien vs. Predator was intended to be a sequel to the Predator films and prequel to the Alien series, Anderson was cautious of contradicting continuity in the franchises. He chose to set the film on the remote Norwegian Antarctic island of Bouvet commenting, "It's definitely the most hostile environment on Earth and probably the closest to an Alien surface you can get." Anderson thought that setting the film in an urban environment like New York City would break continuity with the Alien series as the protagonist, Ellen Ripley, had no knowledge the creatures existed. "You can't have an Alien running around the city now, because it would've been written up and everyone will know about it. So there's nothing in this movie that contradicts anything that already exists."

Casting
The first actor to be cast for Alien vs. Predator was Lance Henriksen, who played the character Bishop in Aliens and Alien 3. Although the Alien films are set hundreds of years in the future, Anderson wanted to keep continuity with the series by including a familiar actor. Henriksen plays billionaire and self-taught-engineer Charles Bishop Weyland, a character that ties in with the Weyland-Yutani Corporation as the original founder and CEO of Weyland Industries. According to Anderson, Weyland becomes known for the discovery of the pyramid, and as a result the Weyland-Yutani Corporation models the Bishop android in the Alien films after him; "when the Bishop android is created in 150 years time, it's created with the face of the creator. It's kind of like Microsoft building an android in 100 years time that has the face of Bill Gates."

Anderson opted for a European cast including Italian actor Raoul Bova, Ewen Bremner from Scotland, and English actor Colin Salmon. Producer Davis said, "There's a truly international flavor to the cast, and gives the film a lot of character." Several hundred actresses attended the auditions to be cast as the film's heroine Alexa Woods, loosely based on the comic and novel protagonist Machiko Noguchi. Sanaa Lathan was selected, and one week later she flew to Prague to begin filming. The filmmakers knew there would be comparisons to Alien heroine Ellen Ripley and did not want a clone of the character, but wanted to make her similar while adding something different.

Anderson reported in an interview that California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger was willing to reprise his role as Major Alan "Dutch" Schaeffer from Predator in a short cameo appearance if he lost the recall election on condition that the filming should take place at his residence. Schwarzenegger, however, won the election with 48.58% of the votes and was unavailable to participate in Alien vs. Predator. Actress Sigourney Weaver, who starred as Ellen Ripley in the Alien series, said she was happy not to be in the film, as a possible crossover was "the reason I wanted my character to die in the first place", and thought the concept "sounded awful".

Filming and set designs
Production began in late 2003 at Barrandov Studios in Prague, Czech Republic, where most of the filming took place. Production designer Richard Bridgland was in charge of sets, props and vehicles, based on early concept art Anderson had created to give a broad direction of how things would look. 25 to 30 life-sized sets were constructed at Barrandov Studios, many of which were interiors of the pyramid. The pyramid's carvings, sculptures, and hieroglyphs were influenced by Egyptian, Cambodian, and Aztec civilisations, while the regular shifting of the pyramid's rooms was meant to evoke a sense of claustrophobia similar to the original Alien film. According to Anderson, if he was to build the sets in Los Angeles they would have cost $20 million. However, in Prague they cost $2 million, an important factor when the film's budget was less than $50 million.

Third scale miniatures several meters in height were created to give the film the effect of realism, rather than relying on computer generated imagery (CGI). For the whaling station miniatures and life-sized sets, over 700 bags of artificial snow were used (roughly 15–20 tons). A 4.5-meter miniature of an icebreaker with working lights and a mechanical moving radar was created, costing almost $37,000 and taking 10 weeks to create. Visual effects producer Arthur Windus, claimed miniatures were beneficial in the filming process: "With computer graphics, you need to spend a lot of time making it real. With a miniature, you shoot it and its there." A scale 25-meter miniature of the whaling station was created in several months. It was designed so the model could be collapsed and then reconstructed, which proved beneficial for a six-second shot which required a re-shoot.

Effects and creatures
Special effects company Amalgamated Dynamics Incorporated (ADI) was hired for the film, having previously worked on Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection. Visual special effects producers Arthur Windus and John Bruno were in charge of the project, which contained 400 effects shots. ADI founders Alec Gillis, Tom Woodruff Jr. and members of their company, began designing costumes, miniatures and effects in June 2003. For five months the creatures were redesigned, the Predators wrist blades being extended roughly four times longer than those in the Predator films, and a larger mechanical plasma caster was created for the Scar Predator.

The basic shape of the Predator mask was kept, although technical details were added and each Predator was given a unique mask to distinguish them from each other. These masks were created using clay, which was used to form moulds to create fiberglass copies. These copies were painted to give a weathered look, which Woodruff claims "is what the Predator is all about". A hydraulic Alien puppet was created so ADI would be able to make movements faster and give the Alien a "slimline and skeletal" appearance, rather than using an actor in a suit. The puppet required six people to run it; one for the head and body, two for the arms, and a sixth to make sure the signals were reaching the computer. Movements were recorded in the computer so that puppeteers would be able to repeat moves that Anderson liked. The puppet was used in six shots, including the fight scene with the Predator which took one month to film.

The crew tried to keep CGI use to a minimum, as Anderson said people in suits and puppets are scarier than CGI monsters as they are "there in the frame". Roughly 70% of scenes were created using suits, puppets, and miniatures. The Alien queen was filmed using three variations: a 4.8-meter practical version, a 1.2-meter puppet, and a computer-generated version. The practical version required 12 puppeteers to operate, and CGI tails were added to the Aliens and the queen as they were difficult to animate using puppetry. The queen alien's inner-mouth was automated though, and was powered by a system of hydraulics. Anderson praised Alien director Ridley Scott's and Predator director John McTiernan's abilities at building suspense by not showing the creatures until late in the film, something Anderson wanted to accomplish with Alien vs. Predator. "Yes, we make you wait 45 minutes, but once it goes off, from there until the end of the movie, it's fucking relentless".

Music
Austrian composer Harald Kloser was hired to create the film's score. After completing the score for The Day After Tomorrow, Kloser was chosen by Anderson as he is a fan of the franchises. It was recorded in London, and was primarily orchestral as Anderson commented, "this is a terrifying movie and it needs a terrifying, classic movie score to go with it; at the same time it's got huge action so it needs that kind of proper orchestral support."

The score album was released on iTunes on 9 August 2004, and on CD on 31 August 2004 and received mixed reviews. James Christopher Monger of Allmusic thought Kloser introduced electronic elements well, and called "Alien vs. Predator Main Theme a particularly striking and serves as a continuous creative source for the composer to dip his baton in." Mike Brennan of Soundtrack, however, said it "lacks the ingenuity of the previous trilogy (Alien) and the Predator scores, which all shared a strong sense of rhythm in place of thematic content. Kloser throws in some interesting percussion cues ("Antarctica" and "Down the Tunnel"), but more as a sound effect than a consistent motif." John Fallon of JoBlo.com compared it to character development in the film, "too generic to completely engage or leave a permanent impression."

Home media
Alien vs. Predator was released on VHS, DVD, and PSP UMD Movies in North America on 25 January 2005. The DVD contained two audio commentaries. The first featured Paul W. S. Anderson, Lance Henriksen, and Sanaa Lathan, while the second included special effects supervisor John Bruno and ADI founders Alec Gillis and Tom Woodruff. A 25-minute "Making of" featurette and a Dark Horse AVP comic cover gallery were included in the special features along with three deleted scenes from the film. On release, Alien vs. Predator debuted at number 1 on the Top DVD Sales and Top Video Rental charts in North America.

A two-disc "Extreme Edition" was released on 7 March 2005, featuring behind the scenes footage of the conception, pre-production, production, post-production, and licensing of the film. An "Unrated Edition" was released on 22 November 2005, containing the same special features as the Extreme Edition as well as an extra eight minutes of footage in the film. John J. Puccio of DVD Town remarked that the extra footage contained "a few more shots of blood, gore, guts, and slime to spice things up...and tiny bits of connecting matter to help us follow the story line better, but none of it amounts to much."

Box office
Alien vs. Predator was released in North America on 13 August 2004 in 3,395 theatres. The film grossed $38.2 million over its opening weekend for an average of $11,278 per theatre, and was number one at the box office. The film spent 16 weeks in cinemas and made $80,282,231 in North America. It grossed $9 million in the United Kingdom, $16 million in Japan, and $8 million in Germany and totalled $97,144,859 at the international box office. This brought the film's worldwide gross to $177,427,090, making it the second highest-grossing film in either the Predator or Alien franchises, behind Prometheus, which grossed over $403 million worldwide. It ranks third behind Aliens and Prometheus at the domestic box office.

Critical response
On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Rick Kisonak of Film Threat praised the film stating, "For a big dumb production about a movie monster smackdown, Alien vs. Predator is a surprisingly good time". Ian Grey of the Orlando Weekly felt, "Anderson clearly relished making this wonderful, utterly silly film; his heart shows in every drip of slime." Staci Layne Wilson of Horror.com called it "a pretty movie to look at with its grandiose sets and top notch creature FX, but it's a lot like Anderson's previous works in that it's all facade and no foundation." Gary Dowell of The Dallas Morning News called the film, "a transparent attempt to jumpstart two run-down franchises". Ed Halter of The Village Voice described the film's lighting for fight sequences as, "black-on-black-in-blackness", while Ty Burr of The Boston Globe felt the lighting "left the audience in the dark".

Sequel
A sequel titled Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem was released in December 2007.

Related film
A fourth Predator film, titled The Predator, was released in September 2018, featuring Lex Wood's Xenomorph-bone spear from the conclusion of Alien vs. Predator on display at Project Stargazer.

title: Alien vs. Predator (film)


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18th (Eastern) Division

The 18th (Eastern) Division was an infantry division of the British Army formed in September 1914 during the First World War as part of the K2 Army Group, part of Lord Kitchener's New Armies. From its creation the division trained in England until 25 May 1915 when it landed in France and spent the duration of the First World War in action on the Western Front, becoming one of the elite divisions of the British Army. During the Battle of the Somme in the latter half of 1916, the 18th Division was commanded by Major General Ivor Maxse.

Formation
The division was formed in September 1914 during the First World War as part of the K2 Army Group, part of Lord Kitchener's New Armies. It was formed in the Colchester area but relocated to the Salisbury Plain Training Area in May 1915. Major-General Ivor Maxse took command in October 1914.

Order of battle
The following units served in the division.
 * 53rd Brigade :
 * 10th (Service) Battalion, Essex Regiment
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, Norfolk Regiment (disbanded February 1918)
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (disbanded February 1918)
 * 6th (Service) Battalion, Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment) (disbanded February 1918)
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment) (joined February 1918)
 * 7th (Service) Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) (joined from 55th Brigade February 1918)
 * 53rd Machine Gun Company (joined 13 February 1916, left to move into 18th MG Battalion 16 February 1918)
 * 53rd Trench Mortar Battery (joined 17 June 1916)

 * 54th Brigade :
 * 10th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (left October 1914)
 * 11th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers
 * 6th (Service) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment (joined November 1914)
 * 12th (Service) Battalion, Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment) (disbanded February 1918)
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment (reformed as divisional pioneers February 1915)
 * 7th (Service) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment (joined February 1915 merged with 2nd Battalion in May 1918)
 * 2nd Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment (joined May 1918)
 * 54th Machine Gun Company (joined 13 February 1916, left to move into 18th MG Battalion 16 February 1918)
 * 54th Trench Mortar Battery (joined 1 June 1916)

 * 55th Brigade :
 * 7th (Service) Battalion, Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)
 * 7th (Service) Battalion, Buffs (East Kent Regiment)
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
 * 7th (Service) Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) (transferred to 53rd Brigade February 1918)
 * 55th Machine Gun Company (joined 13 February 1916, left to move into 18th MG Battalion 16 February 1918)
 * 55th Trench Mortar Battery (joined 17 June 1916)

Divisional Troops
 * 6th (Service) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment (left November 1914)
 * 10th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (joined October 1914, left March 1915)
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment (joined as Pioneer Battalion in February 1915 from 54th Brigade)
 * 15th Motor Machine Gun Battery (joined 22 July 1915, left 4 May 1916)
 * 18th Battalion Machine Gun Corps (M.G.C.) (formed 16 February 1918 absorbing brigade MG companies)
 * Divisional Mounted Troops
 * C Sqn, Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry (joined 15 June 1915, left 10 May 1916)
 * 18th Divisional Cyclist Company, Army Cyclist Corps (formed 8 December 1914, left 21 May 1916)
 * 18th Divisional Train Army Service Corps
 * 150th, 151st, 152nd and 153rd Companies
 * 30th Mobile Veterinary Section Army Veterinary Corps
 * 219th Divisional Employment Company (joined 3 June 1917)

Royal Artillery
 * LXXXII Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (R.F.A.)
 * LXXXIII Brigade, R.F.A.
 * LXXXIV Brigade, R.F.A. (left 25 January 1917)
 * LXXXV (Howitzer) Brigade, R.F.A. (broken up 3 December 1916)
 * 18th Divisional Ammunition Column R.F.A.
 * 18th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery (raised with the Division but moved independently to Egypt in October 1915)
 * V.18 and W. 18 Heavy Trench Mortar Batteries R.F.A. (V battery formed 28 April 1916, left for II Corps on 19 February 1918. W battery formed 21 May 1916, but broken up by 26 November 1916)
 * X.18, Y.18 and Z.18 Medium Mortar Batteries R.F.A. (formed 19 June 1916, Z battery broken up 19 February 1918 and distributed to X and Y batteries)

Royal Engineers
 * 79th Field Company
 * 80th Field Company
 * 92nd Field Company
 * 18th Divisional Signals Company

Royal Army Medical Corps
 * 54th Field Ambulance
 * 55th Field Ambulance
 * 56th Field Ambulance
 * 35th Sanitary Section (left 24 March 1917)

Battles

 * Battle of the Somme (1916)
 * Battle of Albert
 * Capture of Trônes Wood: 14–15 July 1916.
 * Battle of Delville Wood
 * Battle of Thiepval Ridge
 * Battle of the Ancre Heights
 * Battle of the Ancre
 * Third Battle of Ypres
 * Battle of Épehy

title: 18th (Eastern) Division