text:
Daniel Brière

Daniel Jean-Claude Brière (born October 6, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and current executive. He is the general manager of the Philadelphia Flyers. He was drafted in the first round of the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by the Phoenix Coyotes, and also played for the Buffalo Sabres, Philadelphia Flyers, Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He is best known as one of the top Stanley Cup Playoffs performers in NHL history, with 116 points in 124 career playoff games.

Internationally, Brière won four gold medals in as many appearances with Canada national teams at the 1994 World U18 Championships, 1997 World Junior Championships, and the 2003 and 2004 World Championships.

Junior
Growing up and playing hockey in his hometown Gatineau, Brière played Bantam hockey in 1992–93 for the Abitibi Regents before graduating to the AAA Gatineau Intrepide of the Quebec Midget League for the 1993–94 season. In his first season with the Intrepide, the team captured the bronze medal at the 1994 Air Canada Cup, where Briere was the top scorer and named Top Forward. Soon after, he was drafted by the Drummondville Voltigeurs in the 1994 QMJHL Draft. Brière's number 14 was retired by this team, on January 21, 2007, during a ceremony in the Marcel Dionne Center of Drummondville.

In his rookie season, he recorded 123 points, third overall in the league, was awarded the Michel Bergeron Trophy as league rookie of the year, and the Marcel Robert Trophy as scholastic player of the year. The following season, he improved to 163 points, earning the Jean Béliveau Trophy as the league's leading scorer. He was also named the QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year and awarded the Ford Cup as offensive player of the year. Despite a remarkable six-game, 18-point postseason effort from Brière, Drummondville was not able to advance from the divisional round-robin.

After Brière was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes in the first round, 24th overall, in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft, he returned to Drummondville for one more season. He recorded 130 points, finishing in the top three in league scoring for the third consecutive season, and was awarded the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy as the most sportsmanlike player.

Phoenix Coyotes and AHL
Graduating from major junior, Brière split his first four seasons in the NHL between the Coyotes and their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Springfield Falcons. In his first professional season in 1998, he recorded 92 points in 68 games and was awarded the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award as top rookie, as well as being named the AHL's First Team All-Star center. He is the third leading scorer in Falcons' franchise history.

Brière's training regimen became newsworthy in 2001 when it became known that, in order to overcome his diminutive size (at 5 ft. 9 in., he is comparatively small by NHL standards), he had begun off-season strength training with Canadian World's Strongest Man competitor Hugo Girard, who shares Gatineau as a hometown. He earned a consistent NHL roster spot in the second half of the 2000–01 season and spent his first full season with the Coyotes in 2001–02, recording 60 points.

Buffalo Sabres
At the 2002–03 trade deadline, the Coyotes traded Brière to the Buffalo Sabres alongside a third round pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Chris Gratton and a fourth round pick in 2004. After playing with SC Bern of the Swiss Nationaliiga A during the 2004–05 NHL lockout, he returned to Buffalo and emerged as a bona fide NHL star, beginning with a 58-point season in just 48 games during the 2005–06 campaign. Brière was kept out of the lineup for 32 games due to an abdominal injury suffered in January that required surgery and a two-game suspension following an inadvertent high-stick to Boston Bruins defenceman Brian Leetch. Completing the season with the Sabres healthy, Brière helped lead the club to their first postseason berth in four years. During this time he earned the nickname "Cookie Monster" from Sabres play by play announcer Rick Jeanneret for his notoriety for shooting top shelf, "where momma hides the cookies." Playing on a rejuvenated team that included stars Chris Drury, Thomas Vanek and Brian Campbell, the Sabres advanced to the conference-finals, paced by Brière's team-high 19 points. In the off-season, Brière filed for salary arbitration, which resulted in a one-year, $5 million contract that the Sabres agreed to on August 5, 2006.

The following season, Brière scored two hat tricks. His first came on December 5, 2006, against the Tampa Bay Lightning's goaltender Marc Denis. His second came shortly after, on January 30, 2007, in front of a home crowd at HSBC Arena in a 7–1 victory against the Boston Bruins, with two goals against Hannu Toivonen and one against his replacement Tim Thomas. He was voted in as a starter to his first NHL All-Star Game in Dallas, Texas, and recorded a game-high five points (one goal, four assists). He was named All-Star Game MVP and received a Dodge Nitro that he ended up giving to his sister. Brière finished the season with a career-high 32 goals, 63 assists and 95 points. He added 15 points in the postseason as the Sabres made their second straight appearance in the conference finals, but were eliminated by the Ottawa Senators.

Philadelphia Flyers
As Brière's one-year contract expired at the end of 2006–07, he became an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 2007. It was widely speculated that Brière would return to his home province and play for the Montreal Canadiens, but he instead signed with the Philadelphia Flyers, who finished the previous season as the worst team in the NHL, to an eight-year, $52 million contract with a no-trade clause. The Flyers front-loaded the deal, paying Brière $10 million in the first season of the contract, making him the highest paid player of the league in 2007–08, along with Scott Gomez of the New York Rangers and former Sabres teammate Thomas Vanek. His decision to join the Flyers is often attributed to the influence of his friend Martin Biron, who was traded from Buffalo to Philadelphia at the previous season's trade deadline. He later cited the prospect of anonymity in Philadelphia as opposed to Montreal as an additional factor in his decision.

Brière's production dipped in his first season with the Flyers in 2007–08, but he still finished second in team scoring with 72 points in 79 games, behind eventual team captain Mike Richards. He scored his third career hat trick near the beginning of the season on November 21, 2007, against the Carolina Hurricanes's goaltender Cam Ward. Led by Brière and Richards on the newly revamped Flyers (additional off-season acquisitions included Kimmo Timonen, Scott Hartnell and Joffrey Lupul), Philadelphia went from worst team in the NHL the previous season to an appearance in the 2008 conference-finals against eventual Eastern Conference champions, the Pittsburgh Penguins. Brière recorded nine goals and seven assists in his third straight semi-finals appearance.

Less than a month into the 2008–09 season, on October 22, Brière suffered another abdominal tear requiring surgery. He was expected to be sidelined at least a month, but returned within half that time on November 8 against the Tampa Bay Lightning. In the next game, however, against the New York Islanders on November 11, he suffered a groin pull, sidelining him for nine games. In his first game back, Brière suffered yet another setback; he re-injured his groin on December 3 against the Tampa Bay Lightning. Preparing to make a return to the Flyers lineup, he was assigned to the Philadelphia Phantoms of the AHL on January 13, 2009, to play three games on a conditioning basis. Brière finished the season having played in just 29 games for the Flyers, recording 11 goals and 14 assists. The Flyers were eliminated for the second consecutive year in the playoffs by the Pittsburgh Penguins, the eventual Stanley Cup champions. Brière scored one goal along with three assists in the series.

The following season, Brière was suspended by the NHL for two games for leaving his feet to check Colorado Avalanche defenceman Scott Hannan, making contact with Hannan's neck with his elbow during a game on November 23, 2009. He also suffered a tweaked groin during that season and missed five games because of it. However, a highlight came to Brière on February 13, 2010, in a game in Montreal where he scored a hat trick with all goals in different situations: power-play, even strength and penalty shot against Carey Price.

Brière led the entire 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs in scoring with 30 points (12 goals and 18 assists) and in the process broke the record for points in a postseason by a Flyer, held previously by Brian Propp, who had 28 in 1987. Five games into the playoffs, he was placed with wingers Scott Hartnell and Ville Leino, where the line went on to be one of the most effective of the postseason. In the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals series alone, Brière finished with 12 points (three goals and nine assists), one point shy of Wayne Gretzky's record of 13 in a final, and the highest output in a final since Mario Lemieux in 1992.

During the last minute of an October 30, 2010, game against the New York Islanders, Brière was given a five-minute cross-checking major and a game misconduct for a stick-swinging incident with Frans Nielsen. On November 1, the NHL suspended Brière for three games. Brière disagreed with the ruling, saying, "If you look at the replay, it's clearly not a crosscheck which is two hands moving forward. It's a push with one hand. The mistake I made is my stick was up there. Is it worth three games for that? I don't think so. And on top of that, I missed him. I didn't even get him... My glove grazed the top of his helmet, not my stick."

On January 19, 2011, Brière was named as the replacement to play in the All-Star Game for Calgary Flames player Jarome Iginla, who cited health concerns about his grandmother as the reason for dropping out of what would have been his sixth All-Star appearance. Brière scored two goals for Team Lidstrom in the game, helping them to an 11–10 victory over Team Staal. Brière finished the 2010–11 NHL season with 34 goals and 34 assists. He went on to record seven goals during the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs, a postseason that saw the Flyers defeat Brière's former team, the Buffalo Sabres, in seven games but fall to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins in a four-game sweep.

On January 7, 2012, Brière scored his fifth hat trick as well as his third NHL fight (against Kyle Turris) on home ice. His third goal, against Craig Anderson, was the game winner in overtime as the Flyers beat the Ottawa Senators by a 3–2 score, Brière having scored all of the Flyers' goals. During the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs, Brière continued his dominant playoff play, scoring eight goals in 11 games as the Flyers eventually fell to the New Jersey Devils, the eventual Eastern Conference Champions, in five games in the second round.

During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Brière and Flyers teammate Claude Giroux played for Eisbären Berlin of the German Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Brière played in a total of 21 games before being injured by an uncalled slash of his wrist which resulted in hyperextension and a bone bruise.

On June 18, 2013, Brière was informed by Flyers management that he would be given a compliance buyout, ending his tenure with the Flyers.

Montreal Canadiens
On July 4, 2013, Brière signed a two-year, $8 million contract with the Montreal Canadiens. Brière became the first player in NHL history to have an accent grave on his jersey. On October 19, 2013, Brière sustained another concussion against the Nashville Predators after a collision with Eric Nystrom, which sidelined him for almost a month before returning to the lineup on November 12, 2013. Brière returned to the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia on December 12, 2013, and was greeted with a standing ovation by the home crowd.

Colorado Avalanche
On June 30, 2014, Brière was traded to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for P. A. Parenteau and a fifth-round draft pick in 2015.

Following the conclusion of the 2014–15 season, Brière was not re-signed by the club, and on August 17, 2015, he announced his official retirement from professional hockey.

Management career
After his retirement, Brière remained involved in the Flyers organization. In June 2017, it was announced that he had been appointed to run the day-to-day operations of the upcoming Maine Mariners that had been purchased by the Flyers' owners Comcast Spectacor and moved to Portland, Maine, to begin play in 2018–19. Partway through the 2021–22 season, Brière was named the special assistant to the general manager for the Flyers. On March 10, 2023, the Flyers named Brière interim general manager, later promoting him to permanent general manager on May 11.

International play
Brière appeared in the 1994 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament, a highly competitive under-18 event not directly sanctioned by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). He scored five points and earned his first gold medal as Canada defeated the United States 5–2 in the final. Three years later, during his final year of major junior in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), he competed for Canada junior team at the 1997 World Junior Championships in Switzerland. Brière scored six points in seven games and captured his second gold medal, defeating the United States once more 2–0.

Brière debuted with Canada senior team at the 2003 World Championships and scored nine points in nine games. He earned another gold medal, defeating Sweden in the final. The next year, at the 2004 World Championships, Brière earned his fourth gold medal in as many international appearances, again topping Sweden 5–3 in the final. He tallied eight points to finish ninth in tournament scoring.

Personal life
Brière attended Collège Saint-Alexandre, a private high school in Gatineau. He has four sons: Caelan (born July 1998); Carson (born September 1999); Cameron (born April 2001); and Caiden (born March 2022). He currently resides in Philadelphia.

Brière had fellow Flyer Claude Giroux as a housemate in 2011; when Giroux moved out after the 2010–11 season, Flyers rookie and fellow French–Canadian Sean Couturier moved in.

Brière's son Carson was removed from the Arizona State Sun Devils men's ice hockey team in 2019 during his freshman year for violating team code of conduct. Leaked documentation later revealed that the code of conduct violation was assault. On March 11, 2023, while a junior at Mercyhurst University, Carson was recorded on security camera footage at a club damaging another patron's unoccupied wheelchair by pushing it down a flight of stairs. Multiple criminal charges were later announced.

Minor

 * Named Top Forward at the 1994 Air Canada Cup

QMJHL

 * Michel Bergeron Trophy – 1995
 * Marcel Robert Trophy – 1995
 * QMJHL All-Rookie Team – 1995
 * Jean Béliveau Trophy – 1996
 * QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year – 1996
 * Ford Cup – 1996
 * QMJHL Second All-Star Team – 1996, 1997
 * Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy – 1997

AHL

 * Rookie of the Month – October 1997
 * Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award – 1998

NHL

 * Played in the All-Star Game in 2007 (starter) and 2011
 * Named the All-Star Game MVP in 2007
 * Led all players in points during the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs – 30
 * Played in the All-Star Game in 2011

title: Daniel Brière


text:
1877 in art

Events from the year 1877 in art.

Events

 * January – Claude Monet begins a series of paintings of the Gare Saint-Lazare in Paris.
 * April – Third "Exhibition of Impressionists" arranged by Gustave Caillebotte at 6 rue Le Peletier in Paris.
 * May 1 – The Grosvenor Gallery in London opens to the public with an exhibition of paintings created over the past featuring Edward Burne-Jones's Days of Creation, The Beguiling of Merlin and The Mirror of Venus and James McNeill Whistler's Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket. On July 2, English art critic John Ruskin's review in Fors Clavigera praises Burne-Jones but of Whistler says he "never expected to hear a coxcomb ask two hundred guineas for flinging a pot of paint in the public's face" provoking a charge of libel.
 * Summer – Frederic Leighton exhibits his bronze Athlete Wrestling with a Python at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, inaugurating a renaissance in contemporary British sculpture which becomes known as the New Sculpture.
 * September 6 – The Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England, is opened.

Paintings

 * Lawrence Alma-Tadema
 * Flora: Spring in the Gardens of the Villa Borghese
 * A Sculptor's Model
 * Jules Bastien-Lepage – At Harvest Time (Tempo di vendemmia)
 * Robert Bateman – The Pool of Bethesda
 * Frederick Arthur Bridgman – The Funeral Procession of a Mummy on the Nile
 * Ford Madox Brown – Cromwell, Protector of the Vaudois
 * Gustave Caillebotte
 * On the Pont de l’Europe (Kimbell Art Museum)
 * Paris Street; Rainy Day ("Rue de Paris; Temps de pluie")
 * Les périssoires ("Canoes on the Yerres") (Milwaukee Art Museum)
 * Paul Cézanne
 * Bathers at Rest (The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia)
 * Madame Cézanne in a Red Armchair (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
 * The Eternal Feminine (The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles)
 * Frederic Edwin Church
 * The Aegean Sea
 * El Rio de Luz
 * Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville – L'attaque au crépuscule ("The attack at dawn"; Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
 * Thomas Eakins – William Rush Carving His Allegorical Figure of the Schuylkill River (original version; Philadelphia Museum of Art)
 * Albert Edelfelt – Queen Blanca
 * Henri Fantin-Latour – The Reading
 * Carl Fredrik Hill – The Cemetery
 * Charles-Gustave Housez – La petite fille perdue dans Paris
 * Kobayashi Kiyochika – The Sumida River by Night
 * Frederic Leighton
 * Mrs Henry Evans Gordon
 * The Music Lesson
 * Édouard Manet
 * Nana
 * Woman in Evening Dress (Guggenheim Museum, New York City)
 * John Everett Millais
 * Effie Deans
 * Thomas Carlyle
 * Claude Monet – Gare Saint Lazare
 * Camille Pissarro
 * The Côte des Bœufs at L’Hermitage
 * The Garden at Pontoise
 * Arthur Quartley – Early Moonlight Naragansett Bay
 * Briton Rivière
 * Lazarus
 * Sympathy
 * John Roddam Spencer Stanhope – Love and the Maiden
 * James Tissot
 * The Gallery of H.M.S. 'Calcutta' (Portsmouth)
 * Hide and Seek
 * Portsmouth Dockyard
 * Julius von Blaas – Fox Hunt in the Campagna
 * Anton von Werner – Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches ("The Proclamation of the German Empire", original version; destroyed in World War II)
 * James McNeill Whistler
 * Harmony in Blue and Gold: The Peacock Room (decorative scheme)
 * Nocturne (c. 1875–77, Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow)
 * William Frederick Yeames – Amy Robsart

Sculpture

 * Frederic Leighton – Athlete Wrestling with a Python
 * Auguste Rodin – The Age of Bronze
 * The Defenders of Fort Moultrie

Births

 * January 2 – Slava Raškaj, Croatian watercolourist (died 1906)
 * January 26 – Kees van Dongen, Dutch-born painter (died 1968)
 * February 19 – Gabriele Münter, German painter (died 1962)
 * April 15 – Georg Kolbe, German sculptor (died 1947)
 * June 3 – Raoul Dufy, French Fauvist painter (died 1953)
 * July 2 – Rinaldo Cuneo, American painter (died 1939)
 * August 4 – Laura Knight, English Impressionist painter (died 1970)
 * August 7 – Leslie Hunter, born George Hunter, Scottish painter (died 1931)
 * August 18 – Herbert Barnard John Everett, English marine artist (died 1949)
 * December 27 – Adolf Kašpar, Czech painter and illustrator (died 1934)

Deaths

 * January 9 – Alexander Brullov, Russian painter, teacher, and architect (born 1798)
 * February 13 – Auguste Hüssener, German engraver and miniature painter (born 1789)
 * March 31 – Jean Baptiste Madou, painter and lithographer (born 1796)
 * June 4 – William Edward Frost, English painter (born 1810)
 * August 5 – Philipp Foltz, painter (born 1793)
 * September 16 – Marcin Zaleski, Polish painter (born 1796)
 * September 17 – William Fox Talbot, pioneer photographer (born 1800)
 * November 12 – Henry Peters Gray, portrait painter (born 1819)
 * December 18 – Philipp Veit, painter (born 1819)
 * December 31 – Gustave Courbet, painter (born 1819)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1877 in art


text:
2000 Ceredigion by-election

The Plaid Cymru Member of Parliament for Ceredigion, Cynog Dafis, was unexpectedly elected to the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 and decided to give up his seat in the House of Commons in order to concentrate on his work in the Assembly. By accepting the office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead on 10 January 2000, he formally vacated his seat.

Plaid Cymru selected Simon Thomas, who had been their Director of Policy and responsible for writing their manifestos for the 1997 general election and 1999 Assembly election. Labour, who had come second in the previous general election, chose a local social worker, Maria Battle.

The election campaign was dominated by the issue of European Objective 1 funding. The constituency was part of the area of Wales that was granted Objective One status in 1999, but under European rules the funding had to be matched by a minimum of 25% from other sources, including private funding and resources from central and local government. Plaid Cymru, Conservative and Liberal Democrat politicians demanded this funding be made available solely from central government in addition to the block grant already paid to the Welsh Assembly by the UK Treasury, and the chief reporter for Wales on Sunday newspaper Martin Shipton stood as a single-issue candidate demanding 'Match Funding now'. The Labour administration in the Welsh Assembly insisted that such a demand misrepresented the resourcing of Objective 1 programmes.

Polling day in the by-election was 3 February. Plaid Cymru retained the seat comfortably, with the Liberal Democrats taking second in a seat they had previously held from 1974 until 1992 – and would win again in 2005.

title: 2000 Ceredigion by-election


text:
Talk:B. Montgomery Pettitt

Untitled
From VfD:

 * This looks like a resume and an advertisement for this individual and not a valid article. Indrian | Talk 22:29, July 22, 2004
 * Delete in present form/ask the contributor to rewrite it. This is an actual, honest-to-goodness CV.  The figure is notable, but a Clean Up crew probably can't know enough about him to write this in a narrative form.  On the other hand, the author of the article can easily make this look more like an encycl. article. Geogre 13:47, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but it's a really weak keep. Camembert did great work, and it's now comprehensible, but it's still lingering toward the CV side.  It would have been good if the original author had looked at Wikipedia a bit before writing. Geogre 03:25, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how notable he is, chemistry is not my field, but if he is notable then keep, if not notable then delete. The info there is verifiable and can be reworked (or not, I'm not sure what's wrong with the CV form for your "more than the average" less than public intellectual professor, it concisely tells you what is important about them, hence why we use this format in academia.  Perhaps with another paragraph on "research interests", which is usually a part of the CV anyways--Samuel J. Howard 21:13, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just a comment: One of the commands of the wiki is "encyclopedic format," I believe. A CV lists items without explanation, as they're put there to entice employers.  I would think an artice would, instead, explain the life in the context of the world, rather than bullet-point achievements.  Geogre 00:25, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a vote, but note that I've reworked the CV-like parts into prose (a CV format is concise, I agree, but we're an encyclopedia, and it isn't really suitable for our purposes - the CV format also doesn't take to expansion very well), and moved the page to B. Montgomery Pettitt. I've not made any attempt to expand the article, but remember that an article needing expansion is no reason to delete it. --Camembert 00:59, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Your efforts certainly help bring the page more up to snuff, but this does not allay my original concern that this is merely a CV of an insignificant figure. I am no chemist, and if some experts comment in here, confirm he is an important figure, and provide the necessary information to update the article with the figure's signifigance, then I am perfectly satisfied by this and think no further action is necessary.  However, I do not feel this site should list every professor at every university in the United States that is engaged in research of only minor signifigance or has only the potential to become something important.  I eargerly await more input.  Indrian 02:00, July 24, 2004
 * Keep. Getting an endowed chair at a major university is sufficient notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:58, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, agree with Wile E. Heresiarch. Ianb 00:26, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:B. Montgomery Pettitt


text:
S. Haunani Apoliona

S. Haunani Apoliona is a native Hawaiian banker, musician, and activist for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.

In 1997, Apoliona was sworn-in to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs Board of Trustees and served as its chairperson from 2000 to 2010, as the longest serving Board Chairperson in OHA’s thirty-four year history. She held many federal office positions, such as President's Advisory Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islanders, Queen Liliʻuokalani Children's Center Advisory Board, Queen Emma Foundation, The Nature Conservancy, Bank of Hawaiʻi Corporation, the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Board and U.S. Bureau of the Census Race Ethnic Advisory Council (REAC). As a businesswoman, she was a trustee with the Bank of Hawaii starting in 2004.

Hawaii residents also know her as a musical entertainer and performer with the Hawaiian music group Olomana since 1982. She is a known guitarist and has won several Nā Hōkū Hanohano awards.

title: S. Haunani Apoliona


text:
Talk:Rising (Stargate Atlantis)

Split then re-merge
I originally split this article into 2, but the good discussion on Talk:List of Star Trek TNG episodes convinced me to do otherwise. - UtherSRG 22:25, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

plot correct for the two parts?
I recently watched rising (stargate atlantis is finally on a station I get) and I assume it was part one as the just went to atlantis. It ends just after the Wraith go through the gate and people are running away. Unless part 1 is over an hour long and was split into two parts.
 * Rising is a two-part episode. You have indeed been cut off halfway through. It's usually broadcasted all at once so that's strange.--  Alfakim  --  talk   11:43, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

What about the DVD: i dont have cable : so i watch on free tv and buy the seasons on dvd. ON the dvd atlantis rising its just one long episode, kinda like a mini movie

The Mastadge
Within the banquet scene with the Wraith Queen and Colonel Sumner, a Mastadge head is seen on the table, apparently as a way of keeping that animal in all three Stargate "pilots" (The original movie, SG-1, and Atlantis). It's declared as such on the DVD commentary for the episode, which is source enough for me and was stated in the Trivia section of the article, but there's a slight problem; it wasn't in the SG-1 pilot (Children of the Gods). I just bought the DVD's for the entire Stargate series a few days ago and, having rewatched Children of the Gods, did not see a Mastadge (Although I did see many scenes which are never in the TV broadcast, and they were a hoot). Now, DVD commentary is a source, but so is a broadcast episode itself, and I don't think we should have a note saying it was in all three pilots when it, in fact, wasn't. I edited out the statement that it was in Children of the Gods, but now it's not actully what was said in the source...so I'm stumped. Do we edit it to just say it was in the movie and Rising, which is accurate but unsourced, or leave it at saying it was in all three, which is source but inaccurate? JBK405 22:17, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

P.S. Of course, if it was in Children of the Gods and I just missed it, the nevermind and somebody just throw it back into the article.

Fair use rationale for Image:Rising part 1 (Stargate Atlantis).jpg
Image:Rising part 1 (Stargate Atlantis).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:28, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Plot tagged
It's long and not written very well. I just tagged it for now, but I'll attempt a rewrite if I have the time.Kingdomcarts (talk) 08:46, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I rewrote part 1, but I didn't add links. I'd like to finish part 2 before I get to that, but if anyone would like (or if anyone's paying attention), please feel free.Kingdomcarts (talk) 08:46, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
 * K...threw in some links. I left out the Pegasus Galaxy link because the show is unclear as to which Pegasus Galaxy in the Local Group it is. I'll finish part 2 in the next couple of days.Kingdomcarts (talk) 20:38, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090628191241/http://www.gateworld.net/news/2008/11/iatlantisi_finale_week_is_all_ia.shtml to http://www.gateworld.net/news/2008/11/iatlantisi_finale_week_is_all_ia.shtml
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title: Talk:Rising (Stargate Atlantis)


text:
Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport that has been part of the Olympic programme starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program in 2004 consisted of eleven disciplines divided over nine sailing classes. For each discipline multiple races were scheduled between 14 and 28 August 2004 along the coast near Athens. Athens hosted the Olympic sailing competitions for the second time, having done so during the 1896 Summer Olympics. However, in 1896, the sailing competition was cancelled due to heavy storms and further bad weather conditions. This time the weather conditions were good. The sailing event was executed on the several types of Olympic courses in different course areas using the 'Fleetrace' and 'Matchrace' formats.

Venue
According to the IOC statutes, the contests in all sport disciplines must be held either in, or as close as possible to the city which the IOC has chosen. Among others, an exception can be made for the Olympic sailing events. However the situation in Athens is very suitable for sailing. Therefore, the racing was organized at the Agios Kosmos Marina at the coastal area of Southern Attica some 14 km south of Athens city centre and close to the old airport. This harbor was built in the 1960s but for the 2004 Summer Games it was completely reconstructed to form the Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre. The Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre was completed on 31 January 2004. On clear day the Acropolis could be seen from the course areas.

Continents

 * Africa
 * Asia
 * Europe
 * North America
 * Oceania
 * South America

Countries
During the 2004 Summer Olympics sixty one countries competed in the Olympic sailing regattas. Australia, France, Italy, Great Britain, Greece, Spain and the USA were each present in all classes with a total of eighteen sailors (7 women and 11 men) per country.

title: Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics


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Julie Covington

Julie Covington (born 11 September 1946) is an English singer and actress, best known for recording the original version of "Don't Cry for Me Argentina", which she sang on the 1976 concept album Evita.

Early life
Julie Covington was born in London. Her parents were Ernest Gladden and Elsie Gladden (née Moody). Her parents divorced and her mother married Leslie Covington in 1957. She attended the girls' grammar school Brondesbury and Kilburn High School in Kilburn, northwest London, then studied at Homerton College, Cambridge. She started acting at school, and performed both acting and singing at two Edinburgh festivals. She won the first Edinburgh Festival Fringe Best Actress Award.

Career
Covington started singing songs written by Pete Atkin and Clive James after joining the Footlights while still at teachers' training college in Cambridge. She toured North America with the Oxford and Cambridge Shakespeare Company. Covington's break came in 1967 when, as a student at Homerton College, she was invited to sing on David Frost's television show. After the show, she secured a recording contract with Columbia.

In 1971, she was cast in the original London production of Godspell at The Roundhouse, alongside David Essex, Jeremy Irons and Marti Webb. A recording of the production, featuring Covington's lead vocal on the track "Day by Day", was released in 1972. This was followed by a role in the hit Australian comedy film, The Adventures of Barry McKenzie. She was then cast as Janet Weiss in the original production of The Rocky Horror Show in 1973. Between 1974 and 1984 Covington appeared regularly in the companies of the National Theatre and the Royal Court Theatre, creating such roles as Alice in Plenty, Vivienne Eliot in Tom & Viv (for which she received an Olivier Award nomination) and Edward in the original production of Caryl Churchill's Cloud Nine.

During the early 1970s she appeared in and sang in the children's television programme Play Away. She starred in the BBC's 1975 Christmas production Great Big Groovy Horse, a rock opera based on the story of the Trojan Horse, shown on BBC2. (It was repeated on BBC1 in 1977.) 1976 and 1977 saw her appearing in both series of the primetime British television musical drama Rock Follies. In 1976, the composer Andrew Lloyd Webber saw her perform in cabaret, and recognising her from Rock Follies, suggested to lyricist Tim Rice that she might be the actress to play the title role in their original studio recording of their musical Evita. The singer Elkie Brooks had previously turned down an offer.

Covington's recording of the song "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1977. Later offered the opportunity to originate the role in the stage production of Evita, she declined, which led to Elaine Paige being cast. Speaking in 1985, Covington expressed some regret at this decision, but explained that she did not like Eva Perón and that without some positive feeling for the person she preferred to turn the role down.

As Evita opened in 1978, she instead appeared with the English National Opera as Anna in The Seven Deadly Sins. Paige's successor in Evita, Marti Webb, later also played Anna in the ENO's production of The Seven Deadly Sins.

In 1978, Covington performed the role of Beth, wife of Parson Nathaniel (Phil Lynott), on the recording of "The Spirit of Man" from Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds.

Covington achieved chart success with a cover version of Alice Cooper's "Only Women Bleed", which reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart. It is included on reissues of her eponymous 1978 album.

After recording a second solo album and guesting on other artists' albums, she returned to the theatre, starring in the 1982 National Theatre production of Guys and Dolls, playing Sister Sarah opposite Ian Charleson's Sky Masterson. Russell Davies said that her performance "is of such a special timbre that she isn't easily matched."

In 1989 she took part in a British television special with Colm Wilkinson, Carol Woods and Paul Jones called Let's Face the Music of Lennon and McCartney. Her solo performances of "If I Fell" and "In My Life" are available on YouTube.

Solo albums

 *  While the Music Lasts (1967)
 * The Party's Moving On (1969)
 * The Beautiful Changes (1971)
 * Julie Covington (1978)
 * The Beautiful Changes Plus (1999)
 * Julie Covington Plus (2000)

Cast recordings and soundtracks

 * Godspell: Original London Cast Recording (1972)
 * The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972)
 * The Rocky Horror Show (1973)
 * Hey You! Songs from Play Away (1975)
 * Evita: An Opera Based on the life of Eva Peron (1919–1952) (1976; re-released 1996)
 * Rock Follies (1976)
 * The Mermaid Frolics (1977) – benefit for Amnesty International
 * Rock Follies of '77 (1977)
 * Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds (1978; remastered 2005)
 * Guys and Dolls: National Cast Recording (1982)
 * The Wildcliffe Bird (audio book) (1991)
 * Guys and Dolls (1992)

Awards

 * Britannia Awards 1977 – "Best British Female Newcomer"

title: Julie Covington


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Soyuz TM-4

Soyuz TM-4 was a crewed Soyuz spaceflight to Mir. It was launched on 21 December 1987, and carried the first two crew members of the third long duration expedition, Mir EO-3. These crew members, Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov, would stay in space for just under 366 days, setting a new spaceflight record. The third astronaut launched by Soyuz TM-4 was Anatoli Levchenko, who returned to Earth about a week later with the remaining crew of Mir EO-2. Levchenko was a prospective pilot for the Soviet Space shuttle Buran. The purpose of his mission, named Mir LII-1, was to familiarize him with spaceflight.

It was the fourth Soyuz TM spacecraft to be launched (one of which was uncrewed), and like other Soyuz spacecraft, it was treated as a lifeboat for the station's crew while docked. In June 1988, part way through EO-3, Soyuz TM-4 was swapped for Soyuz TM-5 as the station's lifeboat. The mission which swapped the spacecraft was known as Mir EP-2, and had a three-person crew.

Crew
Titov and Manarov were members of the long duration mission Mir EO-3, and returned to Earth just over a full year later, in Soyuz TM-6. Levchenko, on the other hand, returned to Earth about a week later in Soyuz TM-3.

In June 1988, Soyuz TM-4 landed the three-man crew of Mir EP-2, after their 9-day stay on the station; that crew included the second Bulgarian astronaut Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov.

Mission parameters

 * Mass: 7070 kg
 * Perigee: 337 km
 * Apogee: 357 km
 * Inclination: 51.6°
 * Period: 91.5 minutes

Mission highlights
Fourth crewed spaceflight to Mir. Manarov and Titov (known by their callsign as the "Okeans") replaced Romanenko and Alexandrov. Anatoli Levchenko was a cosmonaut in the Buran shuttle program. Levchenko returned with Romanenko and Alexandrov in Soyuz TM-3.

Before departing Mir, Romanenko and Alexandrov demonstrated use of EVA equipment to the Okeans. The Okeans delivered biological experiments, including the Aynur biological crystal growth apparatus, which they installed in Kvant-1. The combined crews conducted an evacuation drill, with the Mir computer simulating an emergency.

Titov and Manarov conducted part of an ongoing survey of galaxies and star groups in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum using the Glazar telescope on Kvant. The survey required photography with exposure times up to 8 min. Even small cosmonaut movements could shake the complex. This produced blurring of astronomical images, so all cosmonaut movements had to be stopped during the exposures.

title: Soyuz TM-4


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Trust (social science)

Trust is the belief that another person will do what is expected. It brings with it a willingness for one party (the trustor) to become vulnerable to another party (the trustee), on the presumption that the trustee will act in ways that benefit the trustor. In addition, the trustor does not have control over the actions of the trustee. Scholars distinguish between generalized trust (also known as social trust), which is the extension of trust to a relatively large circle of unfamiliar others, and particularized trust, which is contingent on a specific situation or a specific relationship.

As the trustor is uncertain about the outcome of the trustee's actions, the trustor can only develop and evaluate expectations. Such expectations are formed with a view to the motivations of the trustee, dependent on their characteristics, the situation, and their interaction. The uncertainty stems from the risk of failure or harm to the trustor if the trustee does not behave as desired.

In the social sciences, the subtleties of trust are a subject of ongoing research. In sociology and psychology, the degree to which one party trusts another is a measure of belief in the honesty, fairness, or benevolence of another party. The term "confidence" is more appropriate for a belief in the competence of the other party. A failure in trust may be forgiven more easily if it is interpreted as a failure of competence rather than a lack of benevolence or honesty. In economics, trust is often conceptualized as reliability in transactions. In all cases, trust is a heuristic decision rule, allowing a person to deal with complexities that would require unrealistic effort in rational reasoning.

Types
Types of trust identified in academic literature include contractual trust, competence trust and goodwill trust. American lawyer Charles Fried speaks of "contractual trust" as a "humdrum" experience based on the voluntary acceptance of contractual obligations: for example, people keep appointments and undertake commercial transactions. "Competence trust" can be defined as "a belief in the other's ability to do the job or complete a task"; this term is applied, for example, in relation to cultural competence in healthcare. In working relationships, "goodwill trust" has been described as "trust regarding the benevolence and integrity of [a] counterpart". Four types of social trust are recognized:
 * Generalized trust, or a dispositional trait geared towards trusting others, is an important form of trust in modern society, which involves much social interaction with strangers. Schilke et al. refer to generalized and particularized trust (trust exhibited in a specific situation or a specific relationship) as two significant research streams in the sociology of trust.
 * Out-group trust is the trust a person has in members of a different group. This could be members of a different ethnic group, or citizens of a different country, for example.
 * In-group trust is placed in members of one's own group.
 * Trust in neighbors considers the relationships between people with a common residential environment.

Sociology
Sociology claims trust is one of several social constructs; an element of the social reality. Other constructs frequently discussed together with trust include control, confidence, risk, meaning and power. Trust is attributable to relationships between social actors, both individuals and groups (social systems). Sociology is concerned with the position and role of trust in social systems. Interest in trust has grown significantly since the early 1980s, from the early works of Luhmann, Barber, and Giddens (see Sztompka for a more detailed overview). This growth of interest in trust has been stimulated by ongoing changes in society, known as late modernity and post-modernity.

Sviatoslav contended that society needs trust because it increasingly finds itself operating at the edge between confidence in what is known from everyday experience and contingency of new possibilities. Without trust, one should always consider all contingent possibilities, leading to paralysis by analysis. Trust acts as a decisional heuristic, allowing the decision-maker to overcome bounded rationality and process what would otherwise be an excessively complex situation. Trust can be seen as a bet on one of many contingent futures, specifically, the one that appears to deliver the greatest benefits. Once the bet is decided (i.e. trust is granted), the trustor suspends his or her disbelief, and the possibility of a negative course of action is not considered at all. Hence trust acts as a reducing agent of social complexity, allowing for cooperation.

Sociology tends to focus on two distinct views: the macro view of social systems, and a micro view of individual social actors (where it borders with social psychology). Views on trust follow this dichotomy. On one side, the systemic role of trust can be discussed with a certain disregard to the psychological complexity underpinning individual trust. The behavioral approach to trust is usually assumed while actions of social actors are measurable, allowing for statistical modelling of trust. This systemic approach can be contrasted with studies on social actors and their decision-making process, in anticipation that understanding of such a process will explain (and allow to model) the emergence of trust.

Sociology acknowledges that the contingency of the future creates a dependency between social actors and, specifically, that the trustor becomes dependent on the trustee. Trust is seen as one of the possible methods to resolve such a dependency, being an attractive alternative to control. Trust is valuable if the trustee is much more powerful than the trustor, yet the trustor is under social obligation to support the trustee.

Modern information technologies have not only facilitated the transition to a post-modern society but have also challenged traditional views on trust. Information systems research has identified that people have come to trust in technology via two primary constructs: The first consists of human-like constructs, including benevolence, honesty, and competence, whilst the second employs system-like constructs, such as usefulness, reliability, and functionality. The discussion surrounding the relationship between information technologies and trust is still in progress as research remains in its infant stages.

Influence of ethnic diversity
Several dozen studies have examined the impact of ethnic diversity on social trust. Research published in the Annual Review of Political Science concluded that there were three key debates on the subject:

 * 1) Why does ethnic diversity modestly reduce social trust?
 * 2) Can contact reduce the negative association between ethnic diversity and social trust?
 * 3) Is ethnic diversity a stand-in for social disadvantage?

The review's meta-analysis of 87 studies showed a consistent, though modest, negative relationship between ethnic diversity and social trust. Ethnic diversity has the strongest negative impact on neighbor trust, in-group trust, and generalized trust. It did not appear to have a significant impact on out-group trust. The authors present a warning about the modest size of the effect, stating, "However, the rather modest size of the [overall negative relationship] implies that apocalyptic claims regarding the severe threat of ethnic diversity for social trust in contemporary societies are exaggerated."

Psychology
In psychology, trust is believing that the trusted person will do what is expected. According to the psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, development of basic trust is the first state of psychosocial development occurring, or failing, during the first two years of life. Success results in feelings of security and optimism, while failure leads towards an orientation of insecurity and mistrust possibly resulting in attachment disorders. A person's dispositional tendency to trust others can be considered a personality trait and as such is one of the strongest predictors of subjective well-being. Trust increases subjective well-being because it enhances the quality of one's interpersonal relationships; happy people are skilled at fostering good relationships.

Trust is integral to the idea of social influence: it is easier to influence or persuade someone who is trusting. The notion of trust is increasingly adopted to predict acceptance of behaviors by others, institutions (e.g. government agencies), and objects such as machines. Yet once again, perceptions of honesty, competence and value similarity (slightly similar to benevolence) are essential.

There are three forms of trust commonly studied in psychology: Once trust is lost by violation of one of these three determinants, it is very hard to regain. There is asymmetry in the building versus destruction of trust.
 * Trust is being vulnerable to someone even when they are trustworthy.
 * Trustworthiness are the characteristics or behaviors of one person that inspire positive expectations in another person.
 * Trust propensity is the tendency to make oneself vulnerable to others in general. Research suggests that this general tendency can change over time in response to key life events.

Research has been conducted into the social implications of trust, for instance:

Despite the centrality of trust to the positive functioning of people and relationships, very little is known about how and why trust evolves, is maintained, and is destroyed.
 * Barbara Misztal attempted to combine all notions of trust. She described three functions of trust: it makes social life predictable, it creates a sense of community, and it makes it easier for people to work together.
 * In the context of sexual trust, Riki Robbins describes four stages. These consist of perfect trust, damaged trust, devastated trust, and restored trust.
 * In the context of information theory, Ed Gerck social functions such as power, surveillance, and accountability.
 * From a social identity perspective, the propensity to trust strangers (see in-group favoritism) arises from the mutual knowledge of a shared group membership, stereotypes, or the need to maintain the group's positive distinctiveness.

One factor that enhances trust among people is facial resemblance. Experimenters who digitally manipulated facial resemblance in a two-person sequential trust game found evidence that people have more trust in a partner who has similar facial features. Facial resemblance also decreased sexual desire for a partner. In a series of tests, digitally manipulated faces were presented to subjects who evaluated them for attractiveness within a long-term or short-term relationship. The results showed that within the context of a short-term relationship dependent on sexual desire, similar facial features caused a decrease in desire. Within the context of a long-term relationship, which is dependent on trust, similar facial features increased a person's attractiveness. This suggests that facial resemblance and trust have great effects on relationships.

Interpersonal trust literature investigates "trust-diagnostic situations": situations that test partners' abilities to act in the best interests of the other person or the relationship while rejecting a conflicting option which is merely in their self-interest. Trust-diagnostic situations occur throughout everyday life, though they can also be deliberately engineered by people who want to test the current level of trust in a relationship.

A low-trust relationship is one in which a person has little confidence their partner is truly concerned about them or the relationship. People in low trust relationships tend to make distress-maintaining attributions whereby they place their greatest focus on the consequences of their partner's negative behavior, and any impacts of positive actions are minimized. This feeds into the overarching notion that the person's partner is uninterested in the relationship, and any positive acts on their part are met with skepticism, leading to further negative outcomes.

Distrusting people may miss opportunities for trusting relationships. Someone subject to an abusive childhood may have been deprived of any evidence that trust is warranted in future relationships. An important key to treating sexual victimization of a child is the rebuilding of trust between parent and child. Failure by adults to validate that sexual abuse occurred contributes to the child's difficulty in trusting self and others. A child's trust can also be affected by the erosion of the marriage of their parents. Children of divorce do not exhibit less trust in mothers, partners, spouses, friends, and associates than their peers of intact families. The impact of parental divorce is limited to trust in the father.

People may trust non-human agents. For instance, people may trust animals, the scientific process, and. Trust helps create a social contract that allows humans and domestic animals to live together. Trust in the scientific process is associated with increased trust in innovations such as biotechnology. When it comes to trust in social machines, people are more willing to trust intelligent machines with humanoid morphologies and female cues, when they are focused on tasks (versus socialization), and when they behave morally well. More generally, they may be trusted as a function of the "machine heuristic"—a mental shortcut with which people assume that machines are less biased, more accurate, and more reliable than people —such that people may sometimes trust a robot more than a person.

People are disposed to trust and to judge the trustworthiness of other people or groups—for instance, in developing relationships with potential mentors. One example would be as part of interprofessional work in the referral pathway from an emergency department to a hospital ward. Another would be building knowledge on whether new practices, people, and things introduced into our lives are indeed accountable or worthy of investing confidence and trust in. This process is captured by the empirically grounded construct of "Relational Integration" within Normalization Process Theory. This can be traced in neuroscience terms to the neurobiological structure and activity of a human brain. Some studies indicate that trust can be altered by the application of oxytocin.

Social identity approach
The social identity approach explains a person's trust in strangers as a function of their group-based stereotypes or in-group favoring behaviors which they base on salient group memberships. With regard to ingroup favoritism, people generally think well of strangers but expect better treatment from in-group members in comparison to out-group members. This greater expectation translates into a propensity to trust a member of the in-group more than a member of the out-group. It is only advantageous for one to form such expectations of an in-group stranger if the stranger also knows one's own group membership.

The social identity approach has been empirically investigated. Researchers have employed allocator studies to understand group-based trust in strangers. They may be operationalized as unilateral or bilateral relationships of exchange. General social categories such as university affiliation, course majors, and even ad-hoc groups have been used to distinguish between in-group and out-group members. In unilateral studies of trust, the participant is asked to choose between envelopes containing money that an in-group or out-group member previously allocated. Participants have no prior or future opportunities for interaction, thereby testing Brewer's notion that group membership is sufficient to bring about group-based trust and hence cooperation. Participants could expect an amount ranging from nothing to the maximum value an allocator could give out. Bilateral studies of trust have employed an investment game devised by Berg and colleagues in which people choose to give a portion or none of their money to another. Any amount given would be tripled and the receiver would then decide whether they would return the favor by giving money back to the sender. This was meant to test trusting behavior on the sender's part and the receiver's eventual trustworthiness.

Empirical research demonstrates that when group membership is salient to both parties, trust is granted more readily to in-group members than out-group members. This occurs even when the in-group's stereotype was comparatively less positive than the out-group's, , and when participants had the option of a sure sum of money (i.e. in essence opting out of the need to trust a stranger to gain some monetary reward). When only was made aware of group membership, trust becomes reliant upon group stereotypes. The group with the more positive stereotype was trusted (e.g. one's university affiliation over another's) even over that of the in-group (e.g. nursing over psychology majors).

Another explanation for in-group-favoring behaviors could be the need to maintain in-group positive distinctiveness, particularly in the presence of social identity threat. Trust in out-group strangers increased when personal cues to identity were revealed.

Philosophy
Many philosophers have written about different forms of trust. Most agree that interpersonal trust is the foundation on which these forms can be modeled. For an act to be an expression of trust, it must not betray the expectations of the trustee. Some philosophers, such as Lagerspetz, argue that trust is a kind of reliance, though not merely reliance. Gambetta argued that trust is the inherent belief that others generally have good intentions, which is the foundation for our reliance on them. Philosophers such as Annette Baier challenged this view, asserting a difference between trust and reliance by saying that trust can be betrayed, whereas reliance can only be disappointed. Carolyn McLeod explains Baier's argument with the following examples: we can rely on our clock to give the time, but we do not feel betrayed when it breaks, thus, we cannot say that we trusted it; we are not trusting when we are suspicious of another person, because this is in fact an expression of distrust. The violation of trust warrants this sense of betrayal. Thus, trust is different from reliance in the sense that a trustor accepts the risk of being betrayed.

Karen Jones proposed an emotional aspect to trust—optimism that the trustee will do the right thing by the trustor, which is also described as "affective trust". People sometimes trust others even without this optimistic expectation, instead hoping that by extending trust this will prompt trustworthy behavior in the trustee. This is known as "therapeutic trust" and gives both the trustee a reason to be trustworthy, and the trustor a reason to believe they are trustworthy.

The definition of trust as a belief in something or a confident expectation about something eliminates the notion of risk because it does not include whether the expectation or belief is favorable or unfavorable. For example, to expect a friend to arrive to dinner late because she has habitually arrived late for the last fifteen years is a confident expectation (whether or not we find her late arrivals to be annoying). The trust is not about what we wish for, but rather it is in the consistency of the data. As a result, there is no risk or sense of betrayal because the data exists as collective knowledge. Faulkner contrasts such "predictive trust" with the aforementioned affective trust, proposing that predictive trust may only warrant disappointment as a consequence of an inaccurate prediction, not a sense of betrayal.

Economics
Trust in economics explains the difference between actual human behavior and behavior that could be explained by people's desire to maximize utility. In economic terms, trust can explain a difference between Nash equilibrium and the observed equilibrium. Such an approach can be applied to individual people as well as to societies.

Trust is important to economists for many reasons. Taking the "Market for Lemons" transaction popularized by George Akerlof as an example, if a potential buyer of a car does not trust the seller not to sell a lemon, the transaction will not take place. The buyer will not buy without trust, even if the product would be of great value to the buyer. Trust can act as an economic lubricant, reducing the cost of transactions between parties, enabling new forms of cooperation, and generally furthering business activities, employment, and prosperity. This observation prompted interest in trust as a form of social capital and research into the process of creation and distribution of such capital. A higher level of social trust may be positively correlated with economic development: Even though the original concept of "high trust" and "low trust" societies may not necessarily hold, social trust benefits the economy and a low level of trust inhibits economic growth. The absence of trust restricts growth in employment, wages, and profits, thus reducing the overall welfare of society. The World Economic Forums of 2022 and 2024 both adopted the rebuilding of trust as their themes.

Theoretical economical modelling demonstrates that the optimum level of trust that a rational economic agent should exhibit in transactions is equal to the trustworthiness of the other party. Such a level of trust leads to an efficient market. Trusting less leads to losing economic opportunities, while trusting more leads to unnecessary vulnerabilities and potential exploitation. Economics is also interested in quantifying trust, usually in monetary terms. The level of correlation between an increase in profit margin and a decrease in transactional costs can be used as an indicator of the economic value of trust.

Economic "trust games" empirically quantify trust in relationships under laboratory conditions. Several games and game-like scenarios related to trust have been tried, those that allow the estimation of confidence in monetary terms. In games of trust the Nash equilibrium differs from Pareto optimum so that no player alone can maximize their own utility by altering their selfish strategy without cooperation. Cooperating partners can also benefit. The classical version of the game of trust has been described as an abstract investment game, using the scenario of an investor and a broker. The investor can invest some fraction of his money, and the broker can return to the investor some fraction of the investor's gains. If both players follow their naive economic best interest, the investor should never invest, and the broker will never be able to repay anything. Thus the flow of money, its volume, is attributable entirely to the existence of trust. Such a game can be played as a once-off, or repeatedly with the same or different sets of players to distinguish between a general propensity to trust and trust within particular relationships. Several variants of this game exist. Reversing rules leads to the game of distrust, pre-declarations can be used to establish intentions of players, while alterations to the distribution of gains can be used to manipulate the perceptions of both players. The game can be played by several players on the closed market, with or without information about reputation.

Other interesting games include binary-choice trust games and the gift-exchange game. Games based on the Prisoner's Dilemma link trust with economic utility and demonstrate the rationality behind reciprocity.

The popularization of e-commerce led to new challenges related to trust within the digital economy and the desire to understand buyers' and sellers' decisions to trust one another. For example, interpersonal relationships between buyers and sellers have been disintermediated by the technology, and consequentially they required improvement. Websites can influence the buyer to trust the seller, regardless of the seller's actual trustworthiness. Reputation-based systems can improve trust assessment by capturing a collective perception of trustworthiness; this has generated interest in various models of reputation.

Management and organization science
In management and organization science, trust is studied as a factor which organizational actors can manage and influence. Scholars have researched how trust develops across individual and organizational levels of analysis. They suggest a reciprocal process in which organizational structures influence people's trust and, at the same time, people's trust manifests in organizational structures. Trust is also one of the conditions of an organizational culture that supports knowledge sharing. An organizational culture that supports knowledge sharing allows employees to feel secure and comfortable to share their knowledge, their work, and their expertise. Structure often creates trust in a person, and this encourages them to feel comfortable and excel in the workplace; it makes an otherwise stressful environment manageable.

Management and organization science scholars have also studied how trust is influenced by contracts and how trust interacts with formal mechanisms. Scholars in management and related disciplines have also made a case for the importance of distrust as a related but distinct construct. Similarly scholars have assessed the relationship between monitoring and trust, for example in a trust game context, and in shareholder-management relations.

Since the mid-1990s, organizational research has followed two distinct but nonexclusive paradigms of trust research: Together, these paradigms predict how different dimensions of trust form in organizations by demonstrating various trustworthiness attributes.
 * 1) The first distinguishes between two major dimensions of trust: Trust in another can be characterized as cognition-based trust (based on rational calculation) and affect-based trust (based on emotional attachment). For example, trust in an auto repair shop could come in the form of an assessment of the capabilities of the shop to do a good job repairing one's car (cognition-based trust) or of having a longstanding relationship with the shop's owner (affect-based trust).
 * 2) The second distinguishes between the trustworthiness factors that give rise to trust (i.e., one's perceived ability, benevolence, and integrity) and trust itself.

Systems
In systems, a trusted component has a set of properties that another component can rely on. If A trusts B, a violation in B's properties might compromise A's correct operation. Observe that those properties of B trusted by A might not correspond quantitatively or qualitatively to B's actual properties. This occurs when the designer of the overall system does not consider the relation. Consequently, trust should be placed to the extent of the component's trustworthiness. The trustworthiness of a component is thus, not surprisingly, defined by how well it secures a set of functional and non-functional properties, deriving from its architecture, construction, and environment, and evaluated as appropriate.

Other
Trust in politics is political efficacy.

title: Trust (social science)


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Soyuz TM-5

Soyuz TM-5 was a crewed Soyuz spaceflight to Mir. It was launched on June 7, 1988, carrying the Mir EP-2 mission's three-person crew. This week-long stay on Mir occurred during the third long-duration Mir expedition, Mir EO-3. The crew of EP-2 returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-4, while the TM-5 spacecraft remained docked to Mir, acting as the lifeboat for the long-duration crew. On September 7, 1988, the TM-5 spacecraft undocked from Mir, and landed Mir EP-3 mission's two-person visiting crew. The de-orbit procedures for Soyuz were revised after this flight, as multiple issues almost prevented the descent module's safe de-orbit and landing.

Launch
Soyuz TM-5 launched on 1988 June 7 and arrived at Mir on June 9 carrying the second Bulgarian in space, Alexandrov (not to be confused with the Soviet cosmonaut of the same name). He became the first Bulgarian to reach a Soviet space station (Georgi Ivanov failed to reach Salyut 6 on Soyuz 33 in 1979—Alexandrov was his backup). Their launch had been advanced by 2 weeks late in the planning stages to improve lighting conditions for the Rozhen astronomical experiment.

Landing
On September 5 cosmonauts Lyakhov and Mohmand undocked from Mir. They jettisoned the orbital module and made ready for deorbit burn to return to Earth. During descent, the spacecraft experienced a computer software problem combined with a sensor problem. This caused their landing to be delayed by a full day. The Descent Module, where they spent this 24-hour period, had no sanitary facilities. Consequently, they soiled themselves. They would not have been able to redock with Mir because they had discarded the docking system along with the orbital module. Reentry occurred as normal on September 7. Following this incident, the Soviets decided that on future missions, they would retain the orbital module until after deorbit burn, as they had done on the Soyuz Ferry flights.

title: Soyuz TM-5


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2000 Romsey by-election

Conservative Member of Parliament Michael Colvin and his wife died in a fire at their home on 24 February 2000. This created a by-election in his constituency of Romsey in Hampshire, England.

The Conservative Party decided to delay the polling day until 4 May, so that it would come simultaneously with local elections. They selected Tim Palmer, a farmer and Dorset County Councillor, to defend the seat. The Liberal Democrats considered this byelection their best chance of gaining a seat since 1997 and selected a local pharmacist Sandra Gidley (who had been Mayor of Romsey) as their candidate.

Labour carried out minimal campaigning in a constituency in which they had come third for years. This led many observers to assume that the party was expecting, or hoping, that its vote would largely go to the Liberal Democrats in order to help defeat the Conservatives. In the event, the Labour vote collapsed while the Liberal Democrats surged, and they made this the only mainland by-election to result in a change of party control in the entire Parliament. This was the first time the Conservatives had lost a seat in a by-election while in Opposition since the 1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election, and would be the last time the Liberal Democrats gained a constituency from the Conservatives at a by-election until the 2016 Richmond Park by-election.

title: 2000 Romsey by-election