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Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the two political entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, are its federal units with a high level of autonomy. The cantons were established by the Law on Federal Units (Cantons) on 12 June 1996 as a result of the Washington Agreement of 1994 between the representatives of the Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks.

Five of the cantons have a Bosniak majority: Una-Sana Canton, Tuzla Canton, Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde and Sarajevo Canton; three have a Croat majority: Posavina Canton, West Herzegovina Canton and Canton 10, and the two cantons are regarded as ethnically mixed: Central Bosnia Canton and Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. The most populous canton is Tuzla Canton, while Canton 10 is the largest by area.

Creation
The cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are a result of an artificial application of 1993 Vance–Owen Peace Plan for the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, applied only to one part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The plan originally foresaw the cantonization of the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The cantons were to be named after rivers and cities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, based on the tradition from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's naming of banates in 1929.

The ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were created by the Law on Federal Units (Cantons), enacted by the Constituent Assembly of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 12 June 1996. Of these, five have Bosniak and three Croat majorities, while two cantons are mixed. The cantons with Bosniak-majority are: Una-Sana Canton, Tuzla Canton, Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde and Sarajevo Canton, while the Croat-majority cantons are Posavina Canton, West Herzegovina Canton and Canton 10. The two mixed cantons are Central Bosnia Canton and Herzegovina-Neretva Canton.

Jurisdiction
As the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created on the principle of decentralisation, the cantons have strong autonomy which is guaranteed by a long list of exclusive jurisdictions in the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including police, education, cultural policy, housing policy, public services, local economic policy, energy policy, media policy, welfare, tourism and the right of the cantons to introduce taxation and borrow money. Other jurisdictions are shared with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including enforcement of human rights, health and environmental policy, infrastructure, social welfare, tourism and natural resources. Although in some areas the constitution foresaw a mixed jurisdiction between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the cantons, such as tourism and energy policy, the cantons are the dominant actors. The principle of decentralisation is especially emphasised in the two mixed cantons, where the decisions regarding core issues, such as education, are left in the jurisdiction of the municipalities.

Governance
The cantons consist of municipalities. A canton has its own government headed by a premier. The premier has his own cabinet, and is assisted in his duties by various cantonal ministries, agencies, and cantonal services. Five of the cantons (Una-Sana, Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj, Bosnian-Podrinje, and Sarajevo) have a Bosniak majority, three (Posavina, West Herzegovina and Canton 10) have a Bosnian Croat majority, while two of them (Central Bosnia and Herzegovina-Neretva) are "ethnically mixed", meaning neither ethnic group has a majority and there are special legislative procedures for the protection of their political interests.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:TimBray

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Hello! As there is a Wikipedia article about you, you are cordially invited to contribute a short audio recoding of your spoken voice, so that our readers may know what you sound like and how you pronounce your name. Details of how to do so, and examples, are at Voice intro project. Please feel free to ask for help or clarification on the project talk page, or my talk page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 18:55, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

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Thanks again, and happy editing! Robert McClenon (talk) 06:41, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

What is a woman?
Hey Tim, just noting that I reverted your edit because it seemed to be WP:OR. There might be some sources out there discussing that, but I don't have the capacity to handle researching anything surrounding this topic anytime soon. There is some discussion on the talk page you may not have seen that might be useful :)/. ThadeusOfNazereth(he/they)Talk to Me! 20:48, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I can see the point, but I looked and thought "those citations are kind of lousy, they're all from people who had made up their mind before they even saw it, I wonder what the mainstream said?" And I discovered that the mainstream totally ignored the film. Now there's a quote immediately above saying something like that from a culture warrior at National Review so maybe that's good enough.
 * Here's the real problem: That section is has the standard title "Critical reception" but in this case the title is wrong, it's pretty well just "Ideological reception".
 * I might be prepared to argue that the *absence* of coverage from reliable sources ought to be cite-able - it's easily checked, just like a high-quality reliable-source cite. Anyhow, no feelings hurt. Tim Bray (talk) 21:02, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

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title: User talk:TimBray


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Marion Bay, Tasmania

Marion Bay is a rural / residential locality in the local government area (LGA) of Sorell in the South-east LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 27 km east of the town of Sorell. The 2016 census recorded a population of 72 for the state suburb of Marion Bay. Marion Bay is also a large bay on the south-east coast of Tasmania. Its south-western shore is contained by the Marion Bay Important Bird Area.

History
Marion Bay is a confirmed locality.

European discovery
Abel Tasman first anchored just north of a small island in the southern part of this large bay in 1642, and landed in the area he named Frederick Henricx Bay (made up of what is now called Blackman Bay, Marion Bay and North Bay). The name Frederick Henry Bay was mistakenly moved to its present location by Captain Tobias Furneaux. Subsequently, Frederick Henricx Bay was later named Marion Bay after the Breton navigator Marion du Fresne, who arrived in his ship Mascarin with Marquis de Castries in March 1772. Marion recorded that "One sailor found numbers of crayfish, lobsters and huge crabs, and the oysters there are good and abundant".

Marion's landing is the first recorded sighting and description of the Aboriginal people of Tasmania/lutruwita by Europeans. One of the Aboriginal men was shot dead by Marion's men. Marion then sailed to New Zealand where he was killed by Māori in the Bay of Islands.

Geography
The waters of Blackman Bay and Marion Bay form the eastern to southern boundaries.

Road infrastructure
Route C337 (Marion Bay Road) runs through from west to south.

Festivals
Marion Bay was home to the Tasmanian edition of the Falls Festival, first held in December 2003. The Marion Bay Festival was the second Falls Festival location, after Lorne, Victoria commenced in 1993. It became an annual New Year's Eve event, being held for 17 years until 2019, when COVID-19 led to the festival's postponement, and ultimately cancellation. The Festival was run simultaneously alongside other Falls Festivals held in Lorne, Victoria and Byron Bay, New South Wales, with the Byron Bay festival commencing in 2013.

The Bream Creek Show has been taking place in Marion Bay for more than a century. Noted for a display of large pumpkins, the show was first hosted in 1897 in the pavilion at Coppington. It is held every year in March and includes rides for children, wood chopping and other family entertainment.

Army worm infestation
In December 2008, an infestation of army worms in Marion Bay was reported in the national media. Despite the problems residents encountered, infestations of this sort are apparently common wherever the worms are. In October 2008 a general alert was sounded that such an infestation was likely to occur.

title: Marion Bay, Tasmania


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Ammon (Book of Mormon missionary)

In the Book of Mormon, Ammon is a prominent Nephite missionary and a son of King Mosiah. He originally opposes the church, but along with his brothers and Alma the Younger, is miraculously converted. Following his conversion he serves a mission to the Lamanites and converts Lamoni and his people.

Claims about origins of the name
Mormon apologist Hugh Nibley claimed that Ammon (or Amon) is "the commonest name in the Book of Mormon" and "the commonest name in the Egyptian Empire" (which embraced Palestine at Lehi's time, which fell within its Late Period).

Early life and conversion
As one of the four sons of King Mosiah, Ammon has tremendous influence among his people, the Nephites. He rejects the Church and attempts to turn the people from the teachings of the prophets. Because of the fervent prayers of their parents, Alma the Younger and the four sons of Mosiah have a conversion experience much like that of Paul the Apostle; an angel appears to them on the road and rebukes them for their wickedness. The shock puts Alma the Younger into an insensible state for a time; the specific effect on Ammon is not described, but he becomes fully converted to the Gospel and desires to serve as a missionary to the Lamanites. 120 b.c. to 76 b.c.

Successful mission
Ammon and his brothers spend several years teaching the Gospel to the Lamanites. Ammon goes first to the land of Ishmael. He is captured by the Lamanites and taken before their king, Lamoni. Lamoni asks his purpose in straying so far from Nephite lands. When Ammon replies that he wants to live among Lamoni's people, the king, impressed, offers him one of his daughters. Ammon refuses but becomes a servant in the king's household, assisting others in caring for the king's flocks.

When bandits attack, Ammon directs the others to encircle the flock so they will not scatter and confronts the bandits. Fellow servants tell him they will be killed if the bandits acquire any of the flock. As he is seemingly outnumbered, the thieves attack Ammon. From a distance he kills several with his sling and then in hand-to-hand combat cuts off the arms of every robber who attacks him. Ammon's defense of the King's flock convinces the servants and the king that he is favored by God. The king, his household, and the entire kingdom convert to the Gospel.

Later, Ammon's love and respect for Lamoni impresses Lamoni's father, the king of all the Lamanites. As a result, the Lamanite king accepts the teachings of Aaron, Ammon's brother, and is converted. The Lamanites converted as a result of Ammon's ministry are called the "Anti-Nephi-Lehies" until they change their name to the People of Ammon after their migration to the Nephite land of Jershon. They swear to never take up arms again (and never do), although the two thousand stripling warriors are later recruited from among their sons.

title: Ammon (Book of Mormon missionary)


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Zeniff

Zeniff is a king in the Book of Mormon whose personal account is recorded in the Book of Mosiah. He is the father of King Noah and the grandfather of King Limhi. Zeniff is the first king of Nephite colonists who come from Zarahemla and settle in the land of Lehi-Nephi. The Nephites believe this land to be rightfully theirs by inheritance (as it was the homeland of the early Nephites), even attempting to reclaim the land by force. In an expedition in which he spies for the Nephites, Zeniff claims to see good in the Lamanite inhabitants. He argues against a militaristic approach and causes an internal battle among the Nephite army. Zeniff later leads a group of Nephites back to Lehi-Nephi and establishes a peace treaty with the Lamanite king whose people inhabit the land. Zeniff’s people prosper with him as king, but the Lamanite king betrays their treaty and attempts to exploit them. Zeniff and his people successfully fight off the Lamanites’ multiple aggressions, and Zeniff's reign lasts about forty years, after which he passes the kingship to one of his sons, Noah. Scholarly interpretations have highlighted Zeniff's shifting perceptions of Lamanites, such as how his opinion changes when his people contends with the Lamanites and the role that Zeniff's narration plays in racializing Lamanites in the Book of Mormon.

Narrative
Zeniff participates in two separate expeditions to reclaim the land of Lehi-Nephi, which the Nephites believed to be "the land of [their] inheritance,” as it was the homeland of the early Nephites. In the first attempt, recorded briefly in the Book of Omni and again in Zeniff's personal account, an army of Nephites journeys to the land of Lehi-Nephi to reclaim the land through force. Zeniff is among this group. He is sent as a spy to gather information for the Nephite army to plan a military attack on the Lamanites who inhabit the land. However, Zeniff claims to see “good” among the Lamanites and decides they should not be destroyed. He suggests that the Nephites instead establish a treaty with the Lamanites for the land. His argument goes against the orders of their expedition's "blood-thirsty" leader, who sentences Zeniff to death. Fighting breaks out among the Nephites, ultimately saving Zeniff, which results in the death of a majority of the army. Fifty survivors of this internal battle return to Zarahemla, while others disappear into the wilderness.

In his personal record, Zeniff describes himself as "over-zealous to inherit the land of our fathers," and in around 200 BCE, he gathers another group of Nephites and returns to the land of Lehi-Nephi. Zeniff appeals to Laman, the king of the Lamanites, and establishes a peace treaty that allows Zeniff’s cohort to settle in the land. King Laman grants Zeniff the lands of Lehi-Nephi and Shilom after commanding the Lamanites in those lands to depart. The Nephites settle in the lands, and Zeniff becomes king.

The people of Zeniff live peacefully for twelve years, but Zeniff begins to realize that King Laman had deceived him and did not intend for them to live in peace, but intended for the Lamanites to exploit the Nephites and take, by force, the goods they produced. At first the Lamanite aggressions are limited to small pillaging raids, but they eventually instigate a major battle. Zeniff equips his people with weapons and they enter the battle with Zeniff leading the front line. Zeniff and his people go into battle praying for “deliverance” from their enemies, and emerge victorious. He attributes the Nephites' success in battle to their faith in God.

Another ten years of watchful peace follow until the death of King Laman, when Laman's son and successor again tries to drive the Nephites out of their land. The land of Shilom is adjacent to the land of Nephi-Lehi, but its location leaves Shilom open to enemy attacks on both the north and south sides. Despite this disadvantage, Zeniff prepares his people, sending the women and children into the wilderness and arming all of his men, young and old, for battle. They once again defeat the Lamanites. In his record, Zeniff explains the second war from the perspective of the Lamanites and claims they "have been deceived by the traditions of their fathers." After a reign of about forty years, Zeniff grows old and confers the kingdom to his son, Noah.

Perception of Lamanites
In a commentary, Brant Gardner states that the scrubbed initial plan to retake the land of Nephi by force is one of the Nephites' "rare overtly offensive actions"; elsewhere in the Book of Mormon, Nephites are generally on the defensive in violent interactions with Lamanites. Gardner also presents a possible explanation for Zeniff's declaration that he had seen "much good" in the Lamanites. He argues that Zeniff would have needed sufficient evidence of his claim to convince a majority of the Nephite army to fight with him. Gardner proposes that Zeniff may have believed the "foundational promise of the Nephites"—in which God promised prosperity in return for those who keep his commandments—to be equally true in application to the Lamanites. With this belief, Gardner argues Zeniff may have considered the Lamanites' wealth and power to constitute evidence of virtue.

In Understanding the Book of Mormon: A Reader's Guide, Grant Hardy points out Zeniff’s desire to negotiate a treaty of peace with the Lamanites, as opposed to fighting them for their land. Hardy contrasts Zeniff’s good opinion of the Lamanites with Enos and Jarom's, who "found nothing of value in Lamanite culture." Hardy also addresses Zeniff's inclusion of the exact death count of the first war (3,043), which included the Lamanites. Hardy suggests that Zeniff's “careful counting” shows his "concern for his enemies as individuals." He then posits that Zeniff's shift in opinion of the Lamanite people from "good" to "lazy" and "idolatrous" suggests that "the man of peace has become a man of war", evidenced further by Zeniff's neglect to count the dead after the second war. In The Annotated Book of Mormon, Hardy reasons that Zeniff is humanizing the Lamanites when he explains their beliefs and motives before the battle.

Lamanite racialization
In Make Yourselves Gods: Mormons and the Unfinished Business of American Secularism, Peter Coviello uses Zeniff’s account to expand on ideas of Lamanite racialization in the Book of Mormon. Coviello states that Zeniff’s acknowledgement of Lamanite motivations "offers an account not of Lamanite wickedness but of Lamanite grievance: of a people precipitated into sustained warfare by a sense of usurpation, harm, and lasting injustice." Coviello proposes that in Zeniff’s account, the Lamanites express their view of the Nephites as "persecutors who use the idea of bloodlines, of inherited sins, to authorize their depredations," which Coviello states is an insight into the Nephite's "racialization of righteousness."

title: Zeniff


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Category:Politics of India

This category focuses on political issues and the quest for political office in India. For articles about the work of national and local governments in India see category:Government of India.

title: Category:Politics of India


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Limhi

In the Book of Mormon, Limhi is the third and final king of the second Nephite habitation of the land of Lehi-Nephi. He succeeds his father, Noah. Led by Ammon (a descendant of Zarahemla), Limhi and his people escape from the Lamanites with his people to the land of Zarahemla.

Synopsis
After the death of their previous king, Noah, the surviving members of the Nephite colony living in the land of Lehi-Nephi appoints one of his sons, Limhi, to the throne. Living under occupation by a Lamanite army, Limhi's colonists attempt three violent revolts, all of which the Lamanites quash.

When a band of Nephites from Zarahemla, led by an explorer named Ammon, rediscover the Lehi-Nephi colony, Limhi gathers his community, and he and Ammon read and recite their respective people's histories to each other and before the convocation.

Resolving to escape subjugation, Limhi consults with Ammon about what to do, and Gideon, an advisor, devises a plan to intoxicate and incapacitate the Lamanite guards with a gift of alcohol. The plan is successful, enabling Limhi and his people to flee the land of Lehi-Nephi and travel with Ammon to Zarahemla.

On reaching Zarahemla, Limhi exchanges histories with King Mosiah, ruler of the Nephites there, and their peoples unite.

Visual art
American artist George M. Ottinger's painting Baptism of Limhi, depicting the Mosiah 25:17–18 scene of Alma baptizing Limhi, was completed in 1872 and displayed at the Utah Territorial State Fair that year. The full painting was seven and a half feet by five feet. A version of this image, likely less detailed than the original was, was later published as an illustration in the 1888 The Story of the Book of Mormon.

In approximately 1883, landscape painter Reuben Kirkham produced a panorama of Book of Mormon scenes (the location or survival of which are unknown) which included Last Battle of King Limhi and The Last Battles of the People of Limhi.

Namesakes
Nineteenth-century Latter-day Saint settlers in territorial Oregon named Fort Limhi after king Limhi. They also named the Lemhi River after the Book of Mormon king's name (albeit misspelled). Lemhi County, Idaho receives its name from a misspelling of Limhi.

External link

 * Visual art of Limhi, in the Book of Mormon Art Catalog

title: Limhi


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Lamoni

In the Book of Mormon, Lamoni is king of the land of Ishmael, part of territory controlled by the Lamanites. Lamoni's father is king over all of the Lamanites. After initially having the Nephite missionary Ammon imprisoned, Lamoni later allows him to be his servant. After Ammon saves some of Lamoni's servants and animals in a seemingly miraculous way. Lamoni then believes that Ammon is the Great Spirit, but learns that he is only a servant of the Great Spirit, or God. After his conversion, Lamoni is traveling with Ammon when he encounters his father. At the peril of his life Lamoni defends Ammon. Eventually Lamoni helps gain freedom for Ammon and his fellow Nephite missionaries to preach freely in the Lamanite areas.

Narration
The missionary Ammon visits the land of Ishmael where he is captured and taken to King Lamoni, who rules a portion of Lamanite lands. Ammon becomes his servant and protects his flocks from attackers. After the severed arms of the attackers are brought to Lamoni, he asks Ammon about the Great Spirit. Lamoni then learns from Ammon about the gospel and believes him. As he asks the Lord for mercy, Lamoni falls to the ground as if he is dead. Two days later, as they get him ready for burial, the queen calls for Ammon, who tells her Lamoni is not dead. At Ammon's word, the king revives and talks of Jesus, he and the queen are overwhelmed with joy, and they both fall down as if dead. Ammon and all of the witnessing servants go down as well. A woman named Abish who already believes in God touches the queen's hand and she gets up and talks of the gospel. Then she touches Lamoni's hand and he gets up and testifies of what he has learned.

Lamoni wants to bring Ammon to meet his father, the king over all the Lamanites, but Ammon feels directed by God to go release his brothers from prison. Ammon and Lamoni travel to Middoni, but on the way they meet Lamoni's father, who is offended Lamoni missed his feast and additionally that he is traveling with a Nephite. He tells Lamoni to kill Ammon, and tries to kill Lamoni when he refuses. Ammon protects Lamoni, Lamoni's father realizes he can't hurt them, and he gives Lamoni permission to govern his land without any interference. Lamoni proceeds to build places of worship in his land and allows more missionaries to come and preach there.

Lamoni's people, along with other converted Lamanites ruled by his father, become the Anti-Nephi-Lehies.

Lamoni's daughter
In The Annotated Book of Mormon, Grant Hardy points out that Lamoni may have been politically motivated to offer his daughter as a wife to Ammon. Such a marriage would have been a beneficial alliance if Ammon had revealed to Lamoni that he was the son of a Nephite king.

Lamanite faith
Fatimah Salleh and Margaret Olsen Hemming point out that while the Lamanites are often described as passing down bad traditions and lacking a relationship with God, the way Lamoni and his wife talk about the Great Spirit implies they have at least limited religion of some sort, as well as knowledge and interaction with God. Specifically, Lamoni and his people have a name they call God and the idea that he punishes bad people.

Town of Lamoni
Lamoni, Iowa, USA was named after the scriptural Lamoni, and was the headquarters of the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), a separate group from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints based in Salt Lake City, from 1880 to 1920. It was originally named New Buda by Hungarian immigrants, but in 1870, Joseph Smith III renamed the settlement "Lamoni" after him.

title: Lamoni


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David C. Broderick

David Colbreth Broderick (February 4, 1820 – September 16, 1859) was an attorney and politician, elected by the legislature as Democratic U.S. Senator from California. He lived in New York until moving to California during the Gold Rush. He was a first cousin of politicians Andrew Kennedy of Indiana and Case Broderick of Kansas. At age 39, Broderick was fatally wounded in a duel with jurist David S. Terry, a former friend.

Early years
Broderick was born in 1820 in Washington, D.C., on East Capitol Street just west of 3rd Street. He was the son of an Irish stonecutter and his wife. His father had come to the United States in order to work on the construction of the United States Capitol. In 1823, Broderick moved with his parents to New York City; there, he attended public schools and was apprenticed to a stonecutter.

Political career
Broderick became active in politics as a young man, joining the Democratic Party. In 1846, he was the Democratic candidate for U.S. Representative from New York's 5th congressional district, but lost the election to Whig candidate Frederick A. Tallmadge, who gained 42% of the vote to Broderick's 38%.

State Senate career
Broderick was a member of the California State Senate from 1850 to 1852, serving as its president from 1851 to 1852. Broderick was acting Lieutenant Governor from January 9, 1851 to January 8, 1852, following incumbent John McDougall's succession to the governorship. From then on, Broderick effectively had political control of San Francisco, which under his "utterly vicious" rule soon became notorious for municipal corruption. In the words of his biographer Jeremiah Lynch:

"In San Francisco he became the dictator of the municipality. His political lessons and observations in New York were priceless. He introduced a modification of the same organization in San Francisco with which Tammany has controlled New York for lo! these many years. It was briefly this. At a forthcoming election a number of offices were to be filled; those of sheriff, district attorney, alderman, and places in the legislature. Several of these positions were very lucrative, notably that of the sheriff, tax-collector, and assessor. The incumbents received no specified salaries, but were entitled to all or a certain proportion of the fees. These fees occasionally exceeded $50,000 per annum. Broderick would say to the most popular or the most desirable aspirant: 'This office is worth $50,000 a year. Keep half and give me the other half, which I require to keep up our organization in the state. Without intelligent, systematic discipline, neither you nor I can win, and our opponents will conquer, unless I have money enough to pay the men whom I may find necessary. If you agree to that arrangement, I will have you nominated when the convention assembles, and then we will all pull together until after the election.' Possibly this candidate dissented, but then someone else consented, and as the town was hugely Democratic, his selections were usually victorious."

Broderick became rich from this system.

In 1856, Broderick was elected by the state legislature as US Senator from California. (Popular election of senators did not start until the 20th century.) Broderick began his term on March 4, 1857.

Feud and death
At that time, just prior to the start of the American Civil War, the Democratic Party of California was divided between pro-slavery and "Free Soil" factions. Broderick led the Free Soilers. One of his closest friends was David S. Terry, formerly the Chief Justice of the California State Supreme Court. He advocated extending slavery into California. Terry lost his re-election bid because of his pro-slavery platform, and he blamed Broderick for the loss.

Terry, considered even by his friends as caustic and aggressive, made some inflammatory remarks at a party convention in Sacramento, which Broderick read. He took offense, and sent Terry an equally vitriolic reply, describing:

"Terry to be a 'damned miserable wretch' who was as corrupt as President James Buchanan and William Gwin, California's other senator. 'I have hitherto spoken of him as an honest man—as the only honest man on the bench of a miserable, corrupt Supreme Court—but now I find I was mistaken. I take it all back. He is just as bad as the others.'"

Passions escalated; on September 13, 1859, former friends Terry and Broderick, both expert marksmen, met outside of San Francisco city limits at Lake Merced for a duel. The pistols chosen for the duel had hair triggers, and Broderick's discharged prior to the final "1-2-3" count, firing prematurely into the ground. Thus disarmed, he was forced to stand as Terry shot him in the right lung. Terry at first believed the shot to be only a flesh wound, but it proved to be fatal. Broderick died three days later, and was buried under a monument erected by the state in Lone Mountain Cemetery in San Francisco. He is the only U.S. Senator ever to be killed in a duel while in office.

In 1942, he was reinterred at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.

Legacy
Edward Dickinson Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, spoke at Broderick's funeral. He expressed the widely held belief that Broderick was killed because of his anti-slavery stance:

"His death was a political necessity, poorly veiled beneath the guise of a private quarrel. . .What was his public crime? The answer is in his own words; 'I die because I was opposed to a corrupt administration and the extension of slavery.'"

Some maintain that in his death Broderick became a martyr to the anti-slavery cause, and the episode was part of a national spiral towards civil war. At the Republican National Convention in Chicago in May 1860, a portrait of the late Senator Broderick was hung.

About thirty years later, Terry was shot to death by Deputy United States Marshal David Neagle while threatening Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field, a friend of Broderick. Broderick County, Kansas Territory was named for the senator. The former town of Broderick, California, and Broderick Street in San Francisco were also named in his honor.

In 1963, Carroll O'Connor was cast as Broderick, with Brad Dexter as Justice Terry, in "A Gun Is Not a Gentleman" on the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. The program portrays Terry mortally wounding Senator Broderick in 1859. Though past allies as Democrats, Terry, a defender of slavery, challenges the anti-slavery Broderick to a duel. After he fatally shoots Broderick, Terry is tried, but the case is dismissed.

title: David C. Broderick


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Samuel the Lamanite

According to the Book of Mormon, Samuel the Lamanite is a prophet who lived in the ancient Americas, sent by Jesus Christ around 5 BC to teach and warn the Nephites just before his birth in the Old World. The account is recorded in Helaman 13–16.

Ministry
Samuel first appears in. Samuel is notable in the Book of Mormon as he is a Lamanite prophet. Most prophets that appear in the book are Nephites.

After attempting to preach to the people in Zarahemla, and being rejected, he was told by revelation to return and prophesy to the people. He was not allowed into the city. In one of the more iconic stories of the Book of Mormon, he preached on the wall of the city, calling the people to repentance for their sins, prophesying about the impending advent of Jesus Christ in the Old World, and warning of the destruction of the Nephite nation. The people in the city tried to kill him by throwing stones and shooting arrows, but he was protected from harm by divine providence.

Angered by his preaching, the Nephites of Zarahemla throw rocks at Samuel and try to kill him. When his sermon is finished, Samuel flees the land of the Nephites and returns to Lamanite territory where he ministers to his people and "was never heard of more among the Nephites".

In popular media
In 1997, Donny Osmond left his starring role in the tour of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat to play the role of Samuel the Lamanite in the Hill Cumorah Pageant.

title: Samuel the Lamanite


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Fulke Greville (disambiguation)

Fulke Greville may refer to:
 * Fulke Greville, 4th Baron Willoughby de Broke (c.1526–1606)
 * Sir Fulke Greville (1536–1606)
 * Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke (1554–1628), Elizabethan poet, dramatist and statesman
 * Fulke Greville, 5th Baron Brooke, British Member of Parliament for Warwick, father of Francis Greville
 * Fulke Greville, 6th Baron Brooke (1693–1711), son of English politician Francis Greville
 * Fulke Greville (1717–1806), member of Parliament for Monmouth Boroughs and British ambassador to Bavaria. Son of William, 7th Baron Brooke, and nephew of Fulke, the 6th Baron.
 * Robert Fulke Greville (1751–1824, also recorded as R. Fulke Greville), army officer, member of Parliament, and equerry to King George III. Son of Francis, 1st Earl Warwick, and great-grandson of Fulke, 6th Baron Brooke.
 * Fulke Greville-Nugent, 1st Baron Greville (1821–1883), Irish politician, member of Parliament for County Longford. Great-grandson of Fulke the ambassador.

title: Fulke Greville (disambiguation)


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List of Canadian electoral districts (1952–1966)

This is a list of electoral districts or ridings in Canada for the Canadian federal elections of 1953, 1957, 1958, 1962, 1963, and 1965. For the first time, each of Canada's territories would return one member each, instead of one member for both.

Electoral districts are constituencies that elect members of Parliament in Canada's House of Commons every election.

Newfoundland – 7 seats

 * Bonavista—Twillingate
 * Burin—Burgeo
 * Grand Falls—White Bay—Labrador
 * Humber—St. George's
 * St. John's East
 * St. John's West
 * Trinity—Conception

Nova Scotia – 12 seats

 * Antigonish—Guysborough
 * Cape Breton North and Victoria
 * Cape Breton South
 * Colchester—Hants
 * Cumberland
 * Digby—Annapolis—Kings
 * Halifax*
 * Inverness—Richmond
 * Pictou
 * Queens—Lunenburg
 * Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare

Prince Edward Island – 4 seats

 * King's
 * Prince
 * Queen's*

New Brunswick – 10 seats

 * Charlotte
 * Gloucester
 * Kent
 * Northumberland (renamed Northumberland-Miramichi in 1955)
 * Restigouche—Madawaska
 * Royal
 * St. John—Albert
 * Victoria—Carleton
 * Westmorland
 * York—Sunbury

Quebec – 75 seats

 * Argenteuil—Deux-Montagnes
 * Beauce
 * Beauharnois—Salaberry
 * Bellechasse
 * Berthier—Maskinongé—delanaudière
 * Bonaventure
 * Brome—Missisquoi
 * Cartier
 * Chambly—Rouville
 * Champlain
 * Chapleau
 * Charlevoix
 * Châteauguay—Huntingdon—Laprairie
 * Chicoutimi
 * Compton—Frontenac
 * Dollard
 * Dorchester
 * Drummond—Arthabaska
 * Gaspé
 * Gatineau
 * Hochelaga
 * Hull
 * Îles-de-la-Madeleine
 * Jacques Cartier—Lasalle
 * Joliette—L'Assomption—Montcalm
 * Kamouraska
 * Labelle
 * Lac-Saint-Jean
 * Lafontaine
 * Lapointe
 * Laurier
 * Laval
 * Lévis
 * Longueuil
 * Lotbinière
 * Maisonneuve—Rosemont
 * Matapédia—Matane
 * Mégantic
 * Mercier
 * Montmagny—L'Islet
 * Mount Royal
 * Nicolet—Yamaska
 * Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
 * Outremont—St-Jean
 * Papineau
 * Pontiac—Témiscamingue
 * Portneuf
 * Quebec East
 * Quebec South
 * Quebec West
 * Québec—Montmorency
 * Richelieu—Verchères
 * Richmond—Wolfe
 * Rimouski
 * Roberval
 * Saguenay
 * Saint-Antoine—Westmount
 * Saint-Denis
 * Saint-Henri
 * Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot
 * Saint-Jacques
 * Saint-Jean—Iberville—Napierville
 * Saint-Maurice—Laflèche
 * Sainte-Marie
 * Shefford
 * Sherbrooke
 * St. Ann
 * St. Lawrence—St. George
 * Stanstead
 * Témiscouata (renamed Rivière-du-Loup—Témiscouata in 1959)
 * Terrebonne
 * Trois-Rivières
 * Vaudreuil—Soulanges
 * Verdun
 * Villeneuve

Ontario – 85 seats

 * Algoma East
 * Algoma West
 * Brant—Haldimand
 * Brantford
 * Broadview
 * Bruce
 * Carleton
 * Cochrane
 * Danforth
 * Davenport
 * Dufferin—Simcoe
 * Durham
 * Eglinton
 * Elgin
 * Essex East
 * Essex South
 * Essex West
 * Fort William
 * Glengarry—Prescott
 * Greenwood
 * Grenville—Dundas
 * Grey North
 * Grey—Bruce
 * Halton
 * Hamilton East
 * Hamilton South
 * Hamilton West
 * Hastings South
 * Hastings—Frontenac
 * High Park
 * Huron
 * Kenora—Rainy River
 * Kent
 * Kingston
 * Lambton West
 * Lambton—Kent
 * Lanark
 * Leeds
 * Lincoln
 * London
 * Middlesex East
 * Middlesex West
 * Niagara Falls
 * Nickel Belt
 * Nipissing
 * Norfolk
 * Northumberland
 * Ontario
 * Ottawa East
 * Ottawa West
 * Oxford
 * Parkdale
 * Parry Sound-Muskoka
 * Peel
 * Perth
 * Peterborough West
 * Port Arthur
 * Prince Edward—Lennox
 * Renfrew North
 * Renfrew South
 * Rosedale
 * Russell
 * Simcoe East
 * Simcoe North
 * Spadina
 * St. Paul's
 * Stormont
 * Sudbury
 * Timiskaming
 * Timmins
 * Trinity
 * Victoria
 * Waterloo North
 * Waterloo South
 * Welland
 * Wellington South
 * Wellington—Huron
 * Wentworth
 * York Centre
 * York East
 * York North
 * York South
 * York West
 * York—Humber
 * York—Scarborough

Manitoba – 14 seats

 * Brandon—Souris
 * Churchill
 * Dauphin
 * Lisgar
 * Marquette
 * Portage—Neepawa
 * Provencher
 * Selkirk
 * Springfield
 * St. Boniface
 * Winnipeg North
 * Winnipeg North Centre
 * Winnipeg South
 * Winnipeg South Centre

Saskatchewan – 17 seats

 * Assiniboia
 * Humboldt—Melfort (renamed Humboldt—Melfort—Tisdale in 1961)
 * Kindersley
 * Mackenzie
 * Meadow Lake
 * Melville
 * Moose Jaw—Lake Centre
 * Moose Mountain
 * Prince Albert
 * Qu'Appelle
 * Regina City
 * Rosetown—Biggar
 * Rosthern
 * Saskatoon
 * Swift Current—Maple Creek (Swift Current prior to 1953)
 * The Battlefords
 * Yorkton

Alberta – 17 seats

 * Acadia
 * Athabaska
 * Battle River—Camrose
 * Bow River
 * Calgary North
 * Calgary South
 * Edmonton East
 * Edmonton West
 * Edmonton—Strathcona
 * Jasper—Edson
 * Lethbridge
 * Macleod
 * Medicine Hat
 * Peace River
 * Red Deer
 * Vegreville
 * Wetaskiwin

British Columbia – 22 seats

 * Burnaby—Coquitlam
 * Burnaby—Richmond
 * Cariboo
 * Coast-Capilano
 * Comox—Alberni
 * Esquimalt—Saanich
 * Fraser Valley
 * Kamloops
 * Kootenay East
 * Kootenay West
 * Nanaimo (renamed Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands in 1962)
 * New Westminster
 * Okanagan Boundary
 * Okanagan—Revelstoke
 * Skeena
 * Vancouver Centre
 * Vancouver East
 * Vancouver Kingsway
 * Vancouver Quadra
 * Vancouver South
 * Vancouver—Burrard
 * Victoria

Northwest Territories – 1 seat

 * Mackenzie River (merged into Northwest Territories in 1962)

Yukon – 1 seat
*returned two members
 * Yukon


text:
Ether (Book of Mormon prophet)

According to the Book of Mormon, Ether is a Jaredite prophet, one of the last surviving Jaredites, and primary author of the Book of Ether.

Narration
Ether's account, which Mormon abridged into the Book of Ether, is found in the twenty four plates discovered by the people of Limhi in the Book of Mosiah.

Ether's grandfather Moron had been king of the Jaredites. Moron was overthrown and "dwelt in captivity all the remainder of his days". Ether's father, Coriantor, was born while his father was captive and Coriantor "dwelt in captivity all his days". Ether "was a prophet of the Lord" and "lived in the days of Coriantumr; and Coriantumr was king over all the land". He sees and prophecies many things but the people reject his teachings because they refuse to believe what they have not seen for themselves. Because of their rejection, Ether retreats to hide in a cave and record what happens to his people. He is sent by the Lord to prophecy to King Coriantumr that he and his family can be saved if they will repent, but is again rejected. At the end of his record, Ether reflects on whether he will be translated to heaven or die like a normal man.

Praise
Monte J. Brough said the following about him: "Ether, as my personal mentor of some years, has helped me understand how hope, which 'cometh of faith, maketh an anchor' to my soul. It is this hope for a better world that is the foundation of the great plan of happiness. This profound hope...is part of the process of bringing stability into our lives."

"In facing tragedy, it is instructional to observe those who have complete and total faith in the reality of the mansions of our Father. This faith does result in a testimony of Jesus Christ and the process of the Atonement. 'Man must hope, or he cannot receive' the blessing of the great plan of happiness, which provides peace and understanding for mortal mankind. It is this 'more excellent hope' that allows us to accept whatever trial or test comes to us. As each of us faces personal tragedy, we can have a much better acceptance of the final results because of the prophet Ether's example."

Polygamy
According to Daniel H. Ludlow, it is not clear, however, whether or not the Jaredites were commanded by the Lord to practice polygamy. The following evidences have been cited which might indicate that they did practice polygamy:
 * Many of the men had large numbers of sons and daughters. For example, the brother of Jared had 22 sons and daughters and Orihah had 31 sons and daughters.
 * Riplakish had "many wives and concubines" . He was condemned by the Lord for his wickedness, but it is not clear whether or not this condemnation was because of his "many wives."
 * In it states that "every man kept the hilt of his sword in his right hand, in the defence of his property and his own life and of his wives and children." This verse seems to indicate that the people practiced polygamy, but whether or not it was sanctioned by the Lord is not made clear in the record.

Cycle of Righteousness
shows a pattern repeated many times in the Book of Mormon:
 * 1) During the righteous reigns of Emer and Coriantum the people prospered exceedingly (v. 15-25)
 * 2) Under the reign of Heth, the people began to join together in secret combinations, and they turned to wickedness (v. 26-27)
 * 3) The Lord sent prophets to warn the people of their terrible circumstances (v. 28)
 * 4) The people of Heth rejected the prophets (v. 29)
 * 5) The judgments of God fell upon the people (v. 30-33)
 * 6) The people humbled themselves and repented and the Lord blessed them again with prosperity (v. 34-35)

The Jaredites were able to be wealthy and remain righteous for more than 100 years (see v. 15-25).

Secret Combinations
In we learn four important things concerning secret combinations:
 * 1) Secret combinations are wicked and forbidden of the Lord (v. 18-19)
 * 2) Secret combinations are "had among all people" (v. 20)
 * 3) Secret combinations "caused the destruction" of both the Jaredite and Nephite nations (v. 21)
 * 4) Whatever nation upholds secret combinations "shall be destroyed" (v. 22)

New Jerusalem
In we learn about a New Jerusalem:
 * 1) It will be "the holy sanctuary of the Lord"
 * 2) It will be built on the American continent for the remnant of the seed of Joseph (v. 4–6)
 * 3) It will be a holy city like the Jerusalem built unto the Lord (v. 8–9)
 * 4) It will stand until the earth is celestialized (v. 8)
 * 5) It will be a city for the pure and righteous (v. 10)

Comparison with Moroni
The last prophet called of God to warn the Jaredite nation and to witness against them was Ether, the son of Coriantor. H. Donl Peterson notes that Moroni could have empathized with Ether, since both were prophets of God sent to preach to a people who were "past feeling" and who "did reject all the words of the prophets". Both men were the last of their once great civilizations, and both were called upon to record their final struggles and then were charged to be responsible for preserving the precious records of their fallen people.

title: Ether (Book of Mormon prophet)


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Lockheed YF-22

The Lockheed/ Boeing/ General Dynamics YF-22 is an American single-seat, twin-engine fighter aircraft technology demonstrator designed for the United States Air Force (USAF). The design team was a finalist in the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) competition, and two prototypes were built for the demonstration/validation phase of the competition. The YF-22 team won the contest against the YF-23 team for full-scale development, and the design was developed into the Lockheed Martin F-22. The YF-22 has a similar aerodynamic layout and configuration as the F-22, but with notable differences in the overall shaping such as the position and design of the cockpit, tail fins and wings, and in internal structural layout.

In the 1980s, the USAF began looking for a replacement for its fighter aircraft, especially to counter the advanced Su-27 and MiG-29. A number of companies, divided into two teams, submitted their proposals. Northrop and McDonnell Douglas submitted the YF-23. Lockheed, Boeing and General Dynamics proposed and built the YF-22, which, although marginally slower and having a larger radar cross-section, was more agile than the YF-23. The Lockheed team was picked by the Air Force as the winner of the ATF in April 1991. Following the selection, the first prototype was retired to a museum, while the second continued flying until an accident relegated it to the role of an antenna test vehicle and was later stored.

Concept definition
In 1981, the U.S. Air Force began developing requirements for an Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) that would eventually become a new air superiority fighter to replace the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon. This was made more crucial by the emerging worldwide threats, including development and proliferation of Soviet MiG-29 "Fulcrum" and Su-27 "Flanker"-class fighter aircraft, A-50 "Mainstay" airborne warning and control system (AWACS), and more advanced surface-to-air missile systems. It would take advantage of the new technologies in fighter design on the horizon including composite materials, lightweight alloys, advanced flight-control systems, more powerful propulsion systems and stealth technology.

The ATF request for information (RFI) was sent out to the aerospace industry in May 1981 to explore what the future fighter aircraft could potentially look like, and a subsequent Concept Development Team was established to analyze the results. Initially code-named "Senior Sky", the ATF at this time was still in the midst of requirements definition, and consequently there was substantial variety in the responses from the industry. Lockheed's initial concept was a particularly large aircraft called CL-2016, nicknamed "battlecruiser" for its size, that resembled the SR-71/YF-12 with large delta wings and engines mounted in nacelles spaced away from the fuselage and would have had similarly high operating speed and altitude.

In 1983, the ATF Concept Development Team became the System Program Office (SPO) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. After discussions with aerospace companies and Tactical Air Command (TAC), the SPO narrowed the requirements to an air superiority fighter with outstanding kinematic performance in speed and maneuverability to replace the F-15. Additionally, the SPO began to increasingly emphasize stealth for increasing survivability due to the Air Force's experience from "black world" projects such as the Have Blue/F-117 and the Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB) program (which would result in the B-2). With stealth becoming a core requirement, Lockheed design team, under its Skunk Works division at Burbank, California, migrated away from its initial SR-71-like "battlecruiser" concept and instead began drafting a design that resembled the F-117. However, the faceted shape, resulting from Lockheed using the same "Echo" computer program that it had used to design the F-117, gave the design very poor aerodynamic performance that would be unsuitable for a fighter. Lockheed would perform poorly throughout the concept exploration phase, placing amongst the bottom of the competing contractors.

Demonstration and validation
By November 1984, the SPO had further narrowed the requirements and released the Statement of Operational Need (SON), with requirements calling for a 50000 lb takeoff weight fighter that places strong emphasis on stealth and supersonic cruise without afterburners, or supercruise. In September 1985, the Air Force sent out technical request for proposals (RFP) to a number of aircraft manufacturing teams for demonstration and validation (Dem/Val). In addition to the ATF's demanding technical requirements, Dem/Val also placed a great deal of importance on systems engineering, technology development plans, and risk mitigation. The top four proposals, later reduced to two, would proceed with Dem/Val. At the time, the Air Force anticipated procuring 750 ATFs at a unit flyaway cost of $35 million in FY 1985 dollars. Furthermore, the U.S. Navy under Congressional pressure eventually announced that it would use a derivative of the ATF winner to replace its F-14 Tomcat as the Navy Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF) and called for the procurement of 546 aircraft.

Having performed poorly during ATF concept exploration while also losing the ATB to Northrop who had a curved surface design, Lockheed abandoned faceting in 1984 and began incorporating curved shapes and surfaces. Although its analytical tools were initially not able to calculate for such shapes, good empirical results from radar range testing at Helendale, California gave Lockheed confidence in designing a stealthy aircraft with smooth, curved surfaces, thus greatly improving its aerodynamic characteristics. As Lockheed gradually became able to analyze curved shapes, the final design submitted for Dem/Val, designated Configuration 090P, would have an arrowhead-like forward fuselage shape, swept trapezoidal wings, four empennage surfaces, S-shaped inlet ducts obscuring the engine face, and an internal rotary missile launcher. In addition to the change in aircraft design, Lockheed also shifted much more engineering talent and manpower to its ATF effort, appointing Sherman Mullin as the program manager, and had its draft proposals aggressively red-teamed by a group led by retired Air Force general Alton D. Slay. The resulting proposal improvements were substantial, particularly the systems engineering volume.

The ATF RFP would see some alterations after its first release; stealth requirements were drastically increased in December 1985 after discussions with Lockheed and Northrop regarding their experiences with the Have Blue/F-117 and ATB/B-2, and the requirement for flying technology demonstrator prototypes was added in May 1986 due to recommendations from the Packard Commission. The seven bids were submitted in July 1986. Owing to the immense investments companies were expected to make on their own, teaming was encouraged by the SPO. Following proposal submissions, Lockheed, Boeing, and General Dynamics formed a team to develop whichever of their proposed designs was selected, if any. Northrop and McDonnell Douglas formed a team with a similar agreement.

On 31 October 1986, Lockheed and Northrop, the two industry leaders in stealth aircraft, were selected as the first and second place respectively; Sherman Mullin would credit the Lockheed proposal's system engineering volume for the top rank. The two teams, Lockheed/Boeing/General Dynamics and Northrop/McDonnell Douglas, were awarded $691 million contracts in FY 1985 dollars and would undertake a 50-month demonstration phase, culminating in the flight test of the two teams' prototypes, the YF-22 and the YF-23; Pratt & Whitney and General Electric had earlier been awarded contracts to develop the propulsion systems with the designations YF119 and YF120. Because the requirement for flying prototypes was a late addition due to political pressure, the prototypes were to be "best-effort" vehicles not meant to perform a competitive flyoff or represent a production aircraft, but to demonstrate the viability of its concept and to mitigate risk.

Design evolution
Work would be divided roughly equally amongst the team. Because Lockheed's submission was selected as one of the winners, the company assumed leadership of the program partners. It would be responsible for the forward cockpit and fuselage, as well as final assembly at Palmdale, California. Meanwhile, the wings and aft fuselage would be built by Boeing, with the center fuselage, weapons bays, tail and landing gear built by General Dynamics. The team would also invest $675 million combined into their ATF effort during Dem/Val in addition to the government contract awards. The partners brought their design experience and proposals with them. Boeing's design was large and long with a chin-mounted inlet, trapezoid wings, V-tail empennage surfaces (deemed sufficient due to the high operating speed), and palletized internal weapons. General Dynamics' design was smaller with fuselage and delta wings optimized for maneuver and supercruise, shoulder-mounted inlets, a large single vertical tail as the only empennage surface (which compromised all-aspect stealth), and weapon bays in the center fuselage. However, much of the scrutiny fell on Lockheed's Configuration 090P, which was problematic due to being highly immature as a result of Lockheed's greater focus on systems engineering rather than a point design. Nevertheless, 090P was the initial starting point that the team worked to refine.

Throughout Dem/Val, the SPO held System Requirement Reviews (SRR) with contractor teams and used the results of their performance and cost trade studies to adjust ATF requirements and delete ones that were significant weight and cost drivers while having marginal value. The requirement for eight internal missiles (represented by the baseline AIM-120A) was reduced to six. The team continually refined the design, making extensive use of analytical and empirical methods such as wind tunnel testing (18,000 hours by the end of Dem/Val), pole testing at radar ranges, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computer-aided design (CAD) software. By early 1987, the design had evolved into Configuration 095, which replaced the rotary launcher with a flatter weapons bay to reduce volume and drag, and the shapes of the forward fuselage and leading-edge root extensions were recontoured to prevent uncontrollable pitch-up moments. Around this time, the design had split into two families, the 500 prefix that represents the full system design to be carried forward for full-scale development and the 1000 prefix that represents the same external shape but designed to be built as prototype air vehicles; Configuration 095 thus became 595 and 1095 respectively.

By mid-1987, detailed weight analysis of Configuration 595/1095 revealed that it was overweight by 9000 lb even if it could still nominally meet maneuver parameters. With weight likely to increase and compromises not forthcoming, the team chose to completely start over with a new design in July 1987, with Lockheed bringing a new director of design engineering, Dick Cantrell. Various different layouts were explored and after an intensive three-month effort, the team chose a new design, Configuration 614/1114, as the starting point with shoulder-mounted inlets and diamond-like delta wings similar to General Dynamics' design, and four empennage surfaces; notably, the diamond-like delta's aerodynamic characteristics approached the original swept trapezoidal profile's while offering much lower weight due to the longer root chord. The design evolved through the rest of 1987 and into May 1988, when Configuration 632/1132 was frozen as the YF-22. Changes include the shapes of the empennage surfaces to diamond-like and recontouring of the fore and aft fuselage to reduce wave drag following the deletion of the thrust reverser requirement after another SRR; the prototype thrust vectoring nozzles still retained some thrust reversing hardware provisions however, resulting in the prototype aft fuselage being bulkier than needed. Ultimately, the 50,000-lb takeoff weight still proved to be unachievable for both teams and was adjusted to 60000 lb, resulting in engine thrust increasing from 30000 lbf to 35000 lbf class. While the YF-22 configuration was frozen to begin construction of the prototypes, the team continued evolving the design into the F-22 for full-scale development.

In addition to the advanced air vehicle and propulsion design, the ATF required an integrated avionics system for sensor fusion to increase the pilot's situational awareness and decrease workload; this demanded a leap in sensor and avionics capability. Avionics development was marked by extensive testing and prototyping and supported by ground and flying laboratories, with Boeing being responsible for avionics integration. As the YF-22 was a technology demonstrator for the airframe and engines, it would not have any of the mission systems avionics. Boeing would build the Avionics Ground Prototype (AGP) and also provide a Boeing 757 modified with the mission systems as a flying laboratory for avionics development; this aircraft would later be named the Flying Test Bed. The SPO would similarly adjust avionics requirements as a result of SRRs with contractors. Side-looking radar and infrared search and track (IRST) were deleted from the baseline requirement and became provisions for potential future addition, and a $9 million cap for avionics per aircraft in FY 1985 dollars was placed by the SPO in 1989 on the baseline proposal for full-scale development.

Naval variant
Due to Congressional pressure, the U.S. Navy joined the ATF program initially as an observer and in 1988 announced that it would procure a variant/derivative of the winning design as the NATF to replace the F-14. Because the NATF would have lower landing speed than the ATF while still attaining Mach 2-class speeds, the Lockheed team's NATF design would incorporate variable-sweep wings, although the resulting aircraft would have been heavier, more complex, and more expensive than the ATF counterpart. Lockheed would submit its NATF design along with its ATF full-scale development proposal in December 1990, although the Navy would withdraw from the program shortly afterwards.

Design

The YF-22 (internally designated Configuration 1132) is a prototype air vehicle intended to demonstrate the viability of the ATF air vehicle and propulsion design, which was ultimately meant to meet USAF requirements for survivability, supercruise, stealth, and ease of maintenance. The airframe has large diamond-like delta wings, shoulder-mounted inlets, three internal weapons bays, and four empennage surfaces: canted vertical tails with rudders and all moving horizontal stabilizers. It has a tricycle landing gear, an aerial refueling receptacle centered on its spine, and an airbrake between the vertical tails. The cockpit has a throttle and sidestick arrangement. Compared with its Northrop/McDonnell Douglas counterpart, the YF-22 has a more conventional design – its wings have larger control surfaces, such as full-span leading edge, and, whereas the YF-23 had two tail surfaces, the YF-22 had four, which made it more maneuverable than its counterpart.

The YF-22 was powered by two engines, with the General Electric YF120 mounted on the first aircraft and the second with Pratt & Whitney YF119. The caret inlets are spaced away from the forward fuselage to divert the boundary layer and generate oblique shocks with the upper inboard corner; the serpentine inlet ducts fully shield the engine faces from any exterior view. Chines run from the nose along the sides of the forward fuselage where they eventually meet the upper edge of the inlets; those then transition to sharp leading edge root extensions further aft. The aircraft had relaxed stability and was controlled via fly-by-wire. To reduce supersonic drag for supercruise, area rule is applied to the airframe shape and most of the fuselage volume lies ahead of the wing's trailing edge, although the late configuration redesign meant that the prototype shaping was not quite refined. The two-dimensional thrust vectoring nozzles help reduce the infrared signature by flattening the exhaust plume and facilitating its mixing with ambient air.

Formally designated as the YF-22A, the aircraft was given the unofficial name "Lightning II" after Lockheed's World War II-era fighter, the P-38 Lightning, which persisted until the mid-1990s when the USAF officially named the production F-22 "Raptor". The F-35 later received the "Lightning II" name in 2006.

NATF-22
The Lockheed team's design for the Navy Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF), sometimes referred to as "NATF-22" or "F-22N" (the design was never formally designated), would have differed from the Air Force version in many ways. Because the NATF needed lower landing speeds than the F-22 for aircraft carrier operations while still attaining Mach 2-class speeds, the design would have incorporated variable-sweep wings. The fuselage shaping was similar, while the landing gears and arresting hook were strengthened for aircraft carrier landings; all of these changes would have resulted in a heavier, more complex, and more expensive aircraft. It retained four empennage surfaces and thrust vectoring nozzles, and the avionics would initially have been largely common with the F-22, although additional sensors and mission avionics had also been planned for maritime missions. The design would have had a similar weapons bay arrangement but with expanded weapons carriage, including the AIM-152 AAAM, AGM-88 HARM, and AGM-84 Harpoon.

While the Lockheed team would submit the NATF-22 design with its F-22 full-scale development proposal in December 1990, the Navy began backing out of the NATF program in late 1990 to early 1991 and fully abandoned NATF by FY 1992 due to escalating cost and the design never progressed beyond Dem/Val for full-scale development, or engineering and manufacturing development (EMD). Lockheed would leverage aspects of the design, such as the variable-sweep wings, for several concepts for the Navy's Advanced-Attack (A-X) program, which later became the Advanced Attack/Fighter (A/F-X) program with added fighter capability, the successor to the canceled A-12 Avenger II; however, A/F-X would also be canceled as a result of the 1993 Bottom-Up Review due to post-Cold War budget pressure.

Evaluation
The first aircraft (PAV-1, serial number 87-0700, N22YF), with the GE YF120, was rolled out on 29 August 1990 and first flew on 29 September 1990, taking off from Palmdale piloted by David L. Ferguson. During the 18-minute flight, PAV-1 reached a maximum speed of 250 kn and a height of 12500 ft, before landing at Edwards AFB. Following the flight, Ferguson said that the remainder of the YF-22 test program would be concentrated on "the manoeuvrability of the aeroplane, both supersonic and subsonic". The second YF-22A (PAV-2, s/n 87-0701, N22YX) with the P&W YF119 made its maiden flight on 30 October at the hands of Tom Morgenfeld.

During the flight test program, unlike the YF-23, weapon firings and high (60°) angle of attack (AoA, or high-alpha) flights were carried out on the YF-22. Though not a requirement, the aircraft fired AIM-9 Sidewinder and AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles from internal weapon bays. Flight testing also demonstrated that the YF-22 with its thrust vectoring nozzles achieved pitch rates more than double that of the F-16 at low-speed maneuvering as well as having excellent high angle-of-attack characteristics, with trimmed alpha of over 60° flown. The first prototype, PAV-1 with the General Electric engines, achieved Mach 1.58 in supercruise, while PAV-2 with the Pratt & Whitney engines reached a maximum supercruise speed of Mach 1.43; maximum speed was in excess of Mach 2.0. Flight testing continued until 28 December 1990, by which time 74 flights were completed and 91.6 airborne hours were accumulated. Following flight testing, the contractor teams submitted proposals for ATF full-scale development, with the Lockheed team design evolving to Configuration 638 for its submission.

On 23 April 1991, the Lockheed team was announced by Secretary of the Air Force Donald Rice as the winner of the ATF competition. The Lockheed team was rated higher on technical aspects, was considered lower risk (the YF-22 flew more hours and sorties than its counterpart), and was considered to have more effective program management. Both designs met or exceeded all performance requirements; the YF-23 was stealthier and faster, but the YF-22 was more agile. It was speculated in the aviation press that the Lockheed design was also seen as more adaptable to the Navy's Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF), but the US Navy abandoned NATF by 1992. Instead of being retired, as with the case of PAV-1, PAV-2 subsequently flew sorties following the competition – it amassed another 61.6 flying hours during 39 flights. On 25 April 1992, the aircraft sustained serious damage during a landing attempt as a result of pilot-induced oscillations. It was repaired but never flew again, and instead served as a static test vehicle thereafter. In 1991, it was anticipated that 650 production F-22s would be procured.

F-22 production

As the Lockheed team won the ATF competition, it was awarded the full-scale development, or engineering, manufacturing and development (EMD) contract in August 1991 initially worth about $11 billion, which would ultimately allow it to proceed with production of operational aircraft. The EMD/production design would evolve into Configuration 645. The EMD initially called for seven single-seat F-22A and two twin-seat F-22Bs, although the latter was eventually canceled to save on development costs and the orders were converted to single-seaters. On 9 April 1997, the first of these, Spirit of America, was rolled out. During the ceremony, the F-22 was officially named "Raptor". Due to limited funding, the first flight, which had previously been scheduled for mid-1996, occurred on 7 September 1997. Flight testing for the F-22 continued until 2005, and on 15 December 2005 the USAF announced that the Raptor had reached its initial operational capability (IOC); with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Department of Defense focused on counterinsurgency at that time, F-22 production only reached 195 aircraft and ended in 2011.

In many respects, the YF-22s were different from EMD/production F-22s as the design progressed from relatively immature Configuration 632/1132 to the final Configuration 645. Contrary to the F-117 Nighthawk, which was initially difficult to control because of small vertical stabilizers, the YF-22 had its fin area over-specified by Lockheed. Therefore, the company reduced the size of those on F-22s by 20–30 percent. Lockheed and its partners recontoured the shape of the wing and stabilator trailing edges to improve aerodynamics, strength, and stealth characteristics; the wing and stabilitor sweep was reduced by 6° from 48°. The shapes of the radome and fuselage were changed to improve radar performance and aerodynamics. The dedicated airbrake was eliminated in favor of feathering control surfaces using the control laws. Finally, to improve pilot visibility, the canopy was moved forward 178 mm, and the engine intakes were moved rearward 356 mm.

Accidents
In April 1992, the second YF-22 crashed while landing at Edwards AFB. The test pilot, Tom Morgenfeld, escaped without injury. The cause of the crash was found to be a flight control software error that failed to prevent a pilot-induced oscillation.

Surviving aircraft

 * YF-22A PAV-1, S/N 87-0700 – Air Force Flight Test Center Museum, Edwards Air Force Base, California
 * YF-22A PAV-2, S/N 87-0701 – Rome Laboratory, Rome, New York.

title: Lockheed YF-22


text:
Coriantumr

Coriantumr is the name of three figures that appear throughout the narrative of the Book of Mormon:

 * Coriantumr (son of Omer)
 * Coriantumr (last Jaredite king)
 * Coriantumr (Nephite dissenter)

title: Coriantumr


text:
Singer (disambiguation)

A singer is a person who sings.

Singer or Singers may refer also to:

Business

 * Singer Corporation, major manufacturer of sewing machines
 * Singer (automobile company), a defunct American maker of luxury cars
 * Singer Motors, a defunct British bicycle, motorcycle and automobile manufacturer
 * Singer Vehicle Design, a high-end restoration and modification company, founded by Rob Dickinson, and specializing in air-cooled Porsche 911s
 * Singer (Sri Lanka), Sri Lankan home appliances and consumer electronics retailer and a former subsidiary of Singer Corporation

Media and entertainment

 * Singer (novel), a 2005 young-adult fantasy novel by Jean Thesman
 * Singers (album), by Mount Eerie
 * Singer (band), a Chicago musical group featuring members of Lichens/90 Day Men, U.S. Maple & Town & Country
 * Singer (Hunan Television), a Chinese TV series
 * Marla Singer, female character from the 1996 novel Fight Club

Other uses

 * Singer (surname)
 * Singer Building, in which the Singer Corporation was based in New York City
 * Singer (dog), a species of wild dog also known as the New Guinea singing dog
 * Singer railway station, Clydebank, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland
 * Singer (naval mine)
 * Singers F.C., original name of Coventry City F.C.

title: Singer (disambiguation)


text:
Patiala and East Punjab States Union

The Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) was a state of India, uniting eight princely states between 1948 and 1956. The capital and principal city was Patiala. The state covered an area of 26,208 km2. Shimla, Kasauli, Kandaghat and Chail also became part of PEPSU.

Princely states union
It was created by combining eight princely states, which maintained their native rulers :
 * Six Salute states :
 * Patiala, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (119-guns local)
 * Jind, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns personal and local)
 * Kapurthala, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns personal and local)
 * Nabha, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local):
 * Faridkot, title Raja, Hereditary salutes of 11-guns
 * Malerkotla, title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 11-guns

 * and two Non-salute states:
 * Kalsia, title Raja (till 1916 Sardar)
 * Nalagarh, title Raja.

The state was inaugurated on 15 July 1948 and formally became a state of India in 1950.

Successor states
On 1 November 1956, PEPSU was merged mostly into Punjab State following the States Reorganisation Act.

A part of the former state of PEPSU, including the present day Jind district and the Narnaul tehsil in north Haryana as well as the Loharu tehsil, Charkhi Dadri district and Mahendragarh district in southwest Haryana, presently lie within the state of Haryana, which was separated from Punjab on 1 November 1966. Some other areas that belonged to PEPSU, notably Solan and Nalagarh, now lie in the state of Himachal Pradesh.

Heads of state and government
When the state was formed, the then-Maharaja of Patiala, Yadavindra Singh, was appointed its Rajpramukh (equivalent to Governor). He remained in office during the entire length of the state's short existence. The then Maharaja of Kapurthala, Jagatjit Singh, served as Uparajpramukh (lieutenant-governor).

Gian Singh Rarewala was sworn in on 13 January 1949 as the first Chief Minister of PEPSU. Col. Raghbir Singh became the next Chief Minister on 23 May 1951, and Brish Bhan the Deputy Chief Minister.

The state elected a 60-member state legislative assembly on 6 January 1952. The Congress Party won 26 seats and the Akali Dal won 19 seats.

On 22 April 1952, Gian Singh Rarewala again became Chief Minister, this time an elected one. He led a coalition government, called the "United Front", formed by the Akali Dal and various independents. On 5 March 1953 his government was dismissed and President's rule was imposed on the state. In the mid-term poll that followed, the Congress party secured a majority and Raghbir Singh became Chief Minister on 8 March 1954. Upon his death, Brish Bhan became the Chief Minister on 12 January 1955 and remained in office as last incumbent.

Subdivisions
Initially, in 1948, the state was divided into the following eight districts:
 * 1) Patiala
 * 2) Nabha
 * 3) Jind
 * 4) Faridkot
 * 5) Kalsian
 * 6) Kapurthala
 * 7) Malerkotla
 * 8) Nalagarh

In 1953, the number of districts was reduced from eight to five. Barnala district became part of Sangrur district and Kohistan and Fatehgarh districts became part of Patiala district.

There were four Lok Sabha constituencies in this state. Three of them were single-seat constituency: Mohindergarh, Sangrur and Patiala. The Kapurthala-Bhatinda Lok Sabha constituency was a double-seat constituency.

Demography
The state had a population of 3,493,685 (1951 census), of which 19% was urban. The population density was 133/km2.

title: Patiala and East Punjab States Union


text: Category:Prime ministers of India

title: Category:Prime ministers of India


text:
Mansöngr

A mansǫngr (literally 'maiden-song'; plural mansǫngvar; modern Icelandic mansöngur, plural mansöngvar) is a form of Norse poetry. In scholarly usage the term has often been applied to medieval skaldic love-poetry; and it is used of lyric openings to rímur throughout the Icelandic literary tradition.

In high-medieval Iceland
Skaldic love-poetry and erotic poems in Old Norse-Icelandic are often characterised in modern scholarship as mansöngvar. However, Edith Marold and Bjarni Einarsson have argued that the term mansöngr has been over-used in medieval scholarship, being applied to love-poems which we have no evidence were actually viewed as mansöngvar. Many medieval references to mansöngvar are not accompanied by the poem in question, and the boundaries of the genre are thus disputed. The Icelandic Homily Book (from c. 1200) mentions mansöngr in connection with the music of David and Solomon.

In Icelandic sagas
In Egils saga, the poet Egill Skallagrímsson recites a poem about a woman to his friend Arinbjörn. Arinbjörn asks Egill for whom he has composed this mansöngr and Egill recites another poem before revealing that the subject of both is Arinbjörn's kinswoman Ásgerðr, the widow of Egill's brother Þórólfr (Thorolf). Egill requests Arinbjörn's help in arranging his marriage with Ásgerðr, and the mansöngvar are thus a prelude to an open declaration of love and a marriage petition.

Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld's poems to Kolfinna Ávaldadóttir are also described as mansöngvar in Hallfreðar saga, but the saga depicts Hallfreðr as resisting attempts to organise Kolfinna's marriage to both himself and other men. The saga portrays Hallfreðr's erotic poetry about Kolfinna and his libellous verses on Kolfinna's husband, Grís, as destructive in nature—objectifying Kolfinna while inciting her family to violence. Only through his relationship with his King Ólafr Tryggvason (his eventual godfather) and his spiritual poems does Hallfreðr find redemption and maturity and eventually express regret for the sorrow he has caused Kolfinna.

One of the oldest saga manuscripts to preserve a reference to the genre is DG 8 from c. 1225–1250 in the hagiographical saga Óláfs saga helga. According to the saga, the Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti composed a mansǫngsdrápa about Queen Ástríðr of Norway when they were both in the court of her father, the King of Sweden. This drápa provoked the wrath of her husband, King Ólafr Helgason, but when Óttarr travelled to Norway he prudently enlisted the help of his uncle and skald Sigvatr Þórðarson to gain an audience with the Norwegian king and redeem himself with the poem Hǫfuðlausn, which praises the merits of King Ólafr rather than the beauty of his wife.

In Icelandic law
The composing of mansöngvar for or about women is explicitly prohibited by the medieval Icelandic law-code Grágás, 'in the younger additions to Konungsbók (GKS 1157 fol) and Staðarhólsbók (AM 334 fol), where it is inserted into a passage bearing the title 'vm scaldscap' ('on poetry'), an exhaustive treatment of the different kinds of poetry and the various punishments for them'. But there is no clear explanation of what a mansöngr is. In the Konungsbók version, §238, the text reads

"Ef maðr yrkir mansöng vm cono oc varðar scog gang. Kona a söc ef hon er xx. eða ellre. ef hon vill eigi søkia láta. oc a lavg raðande hennar sökena."

"If a man composes mansǫngr about a woman he suffers full outlawry. The woman has to bring the case if she is twenty or older. If she will not have it prosecuted, then her legal administrator has to bring the case."

In rímur
In Icelandic rímur, mansöngur is the term used for the (optional) opening section of each ríma poem within the larger epic. The mansöngur typically shares a metre with the ríma it prefaces but is lyric poetry rather than narrative and the poet often speaks in the first person, addressing the audience directly. The mansöngur is often addressed to a woman but known as mansöngr even when it isn't. The mansöngur may or may not relate to the main narrative of the rímur: some poets use the mansöngur to comment on the events of the story as they unfold or explore specific narrative themes, but others treat the mansöngur as a 'break from the action'.

The earliest rímur lack mansöngvar. In later rímur, the author (usually male) would compose poetry about a woman he had fallen in love with (but who generally is not depicted as reciprocating his feelings). Accordingly, mansöngvar are often sorrowful. Later, they started to feature other topics, such as love for one's ancestral estate or complaints at how few people appreciate poetry.

One example of the content of a mansöngur is afforded by Craigie's summary of stanzas 1-17 of the third ríma of Skotlands rímur by Einar Guðmundsson, a 17th-century poet. It includes many of the classical features of the mansöngur in rímur: a fair woman is addressed, while the poet laments his inadequacy as a poet and the sorrowful state of the world. The mansöngur is also a platform for personal expression—here, probably, a (veiled) complaint over losing his position as the minister for Staður in Reykjanes in 1635 after accusing two parishioners of sorcery:

"Though the ring-decked maiden might wish for a love-song, I have but little poetry from Odin. Only a little scent of the fruit of song he gave me once: I have no need to be grateful for his generosity. Let those rejoice who have been more successful. Friendship is not shown to every man, and I was never good at winning favour of the great. True friendship is rare over all the land; most men look for some advantage and are envious of all others who get wealth or fame. Seek not, then, to be praised by the world: disgrace and loss may follow. He that sees in secret will reward you, and He will come one day to sit in judgement. May I be able to see Him with joy, though my works are not so good as they might be. I have not the mansöngs to speak about the fair maid, but I must try to give her the third ballad now!"

In Norway
Among the medieval inscriptions found at Bryggen in the Norwegian city of Bergen, there are preserved examples of mansǫngskvæði (mansǫngr poems) written in Skaldic meters such as dróttkvætt. In particular, N B145 dates to the first half of the thirteenth century and contains a full dróttkvætt stanza, the first half of which translates thusly:
 * The ancient breeze of the cliff-goddesses [GIANTESSES > DESIRE] fell to me early with respect to the beautiful, dangerous young pine-tree of the fastened fire of the fish expanse [SEA > GOLD > (beautiful, dangerous, young) WOMAN].

Simplified, this means:
 * Desire for the beautiful, dangerous young woman overcame me a long time ago.

title: Mansöngr


text:
Talk:Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve

Redirects and images
More images at User:Maveric149/images/Idaho. If you use any, then please either drop me a line on my talk page or move it from ==Orphan== to ==Images that have homes== on my image page. --mav 04:51, 20 July 2004 (UTC)

Redirects: Craters of the Moon National Monument, Craters of the Moon Lava Field, Kings Bowl Lava Field, Wapi Lava Field — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mav (talk • contribs) 17:46, 31 December 2004 (UTC)

Presidential Proclomation of November 2000
I've looked for this on the whitehouse site with no success. Perhaps I didn't look properly, after all i'ts gone midnight.... Happy new year. Rich Farmbrough 00:34, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The USGS site http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_craters_moon.html reports: Established in 1924, Craters of the Moon National Monument celebrated its 75th birthday in 1999. On November 9, 2000, President Clinton issued a proclamation greatly expanding the size of the monument. Vsmith 03:40, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The same data were in the NPS site as well as the BLM one. --mav 07:10, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Wow
I don't know how made this article but I am surprised and impressed. Nice job. As a native Idahoan I am glad to see some one did such a fine job on one of our National Monuments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hdstubbs (talk • contribs) 01:29, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. :) Now you'all should work to make this wonderful place Idaho's first national park (that thin strip of Yellowstone does not count :). --mav 02:44, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Check your additions, people
Craters of the Moon Loop Drive map is a busted image, doesn't load. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.129.0.166 (talk) 03:48, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Bears
While visiting July 1995 Black Bears came one night (they were so unexpected the garbage cans were not bear proof). I know of no reference for this, but if someone finds one I'll attest to it. Kevink707 (talk) 03:35, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

Not Basin and Range
Definitive statement on the Digital Atlas page I've linked: "Great Rift Unrelated to Basin and Range - Although many of the volcanic rift zones in the central and eastern Snake River Plain may be extensions of northwest-trending, range-front faults, the Great Rift does not appear to be a continuation of such a fault."

Other sources note that while the rifts are roughly parallel to alignments in the nearby basin and range province, they are actually not collinear. Tmangray (talk) 20:48, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

Other parts of the article need to be consistent with this. If the volcanism at Craters is attributed to the Great Rift, then it cannot be related to basin and range faulting. I hesitate to further amend, but this does need attention.Tmangray (talk) 21:10, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

WP:URFA/2020 review
In anticipation for a WP:TFA run in May, I have reviewed this article to see if it still meets the featured article criteria. Unfortunately, there are several instances of uncited statements throughout the article, including whole paragraphs in several sections. Therefore, I do not think this should run in its current state. Is anyone willing to fix up the article and add the needed citations? If not, this may be sent to WP:FAR. Z1720 (talk) 00:58, 14 February 2024 (UTC)