text:
User talk:Wandering Raleighite

Welcome to Wikipedia, User:Displaced Raleighite.

I saw your note at Guardo. I thought I should let you know that I've posted a request for help at Pages_needing_attention regarding this article. Hope this helps.

If you have questions about getting more involved in Wikipedia, you may want to visit Community_Portal. Loads of useful info there.

Happy editing ! :-)

-- PFHLai 06:24, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)

Hi "Displaced" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.
 * Remember to write in complete sentences.
 * A tip: On your list of army bases, you might wish to add a sentence at the top saying something like "This is a list of U.S. Army bases in Texas" (or wherever).

Cheers, -- Infrogmation 22:39, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It would be nice if you could create a User page; having one makes it easier for people to access your Talk page, and it also gives you more creditbility. Just a suggestion. JesseW 20:46, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks about Pine State Creamery
Thanks for catching the apparent error in the NRHP listings for Raleigh, NC. Thanks especially for opening the reporting item about it, at wp:NRIS info issues. I added more there, and went ahead and started the article Pine State Creamery, to capture the correct info and try to prevent incorrect info from coming in later. Please feel free to add to that stub article. Thanks again! doncram (talk) 19:34, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wandering Raleighite


text:
Warlpiri Sign Language

Warlpiri Sign Language, also known as Rdaka-rdaka (lit. hand signs), is a sign language used by the Warlpiri, an Aboriginal community in the central desert region of Australia. It is one of the most elaborate, and certainly the most studied, of all Australian Aboriginal sign languages.

Social context
While many neighbouring language groups such as Arrernte and the Western Desert Language have auxiliary sign languages, Warlpiri Sign Language, along with Warumungu Sign Language, appears to be the most well developed and widely used — it is as complete a system of communication as spoken Warlpiri. This is possibly due to the tradition that widows should not speak during an extended mourning period which can last for months or even years; during this time they communicate solely by sign language.

In Warlpiri communities, widows also tend to live away from their families, with other widows or young single women. As a result, it is typical for Warlpiri women to have a better command of the sign language than men, and among older women at Yuendumu, Warlpiri Sign Language is in constant use, whether they are under a speech ban or not. However, all members of the community understand it, and may sign in situations where speech is undesirable, such as while hunting, in private communication, across distances, while ill, or for subjects that require a special reverence or respect. Many also use signs as an accompaniment to speech.

Linguistics
British linguist Adam Kendon (1988) argues that Warlpiri Sign Language is best understood as a manual representation of the spoken Warlpiri language (a manually coded language), rather than as a separate language; individual signs represent morphemes from spoken Warlpiri, which are expressed in the same word order as the oral language. However, "markers of case relations, tense, and cliticised pronouns are not signed." Some spatial grammatical features are present which do not exist in spoken Warlpiri, though spoken Warlpiri incorporates directionals in its verbs, and in such cases sign corresponds to speech.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Warlpiri Sign Language


text:
Talk:Kingdom of Bulgarians and Vlachs

This is ludicrous. This so-called "Romanian-Bulgarian kingdom" was actually a part of the timeline of the Second Bulgarian kingdom!! This is the first time I've seen such an absurdity in Wikipedia?! Even if you look at List of extinct states, you'll see that the Second Bulgarian Kingdom lasted from 1186 to 1396. Please someone explain this ridiculous article. --webkid 06:27, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this name is better this name (NPOV) because:
 * The name used in their documents was the "Caloiohannes, lord of the Bulgars and Vlachs"
 * The ruling dinasty was Romanian. "Moreover, the testimony of the sources is overwhelming that the brothers Peter (Kalopeter) and Asen (Assen, Asan), who led the revolt of 1186, were Vlachs."
 * Romanians which had Cuman names and who claimed in all their correspondence to be Bulgarians???:-))) Yeah, right VMORO 21:45, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * It included Romanian lands and much of the population was of Romanian ethnicity. (that was written by a crussader in a description of the lands toward Palestine)
 * Are all states which at some point have included Romanian lands in their territory called in Romanian history "Romanian states". Well, one gets to learn something new everyday, the Russian and the Austrian Empires were also Romanian:-)))VMORO 21:45, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Just because the capital was in Bulgaria, does not means it had any links with the previous Bulgarian Kingdom. If you think that anything is wrong with the article, just contest it, I'll try to give an explanation. Bogdan | Talk 08:55, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, and just because the only language used in the state was Bulgarian, the state was certainly not Bulgarian. And the fact that Kaloyan claimed continuity with Simeon and Peter, and the fact that the Church claimed continuity with the Bulgarian Church from the 1st Bulgarian state, that does not matter, either. They were all Romanians at heart, we know that. VMORO 21:45, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Bulgars are not same thing as Bulgarians
ofcourse Bulgars are not the same thing as Bulgarians, but Caloian Asen was "imperator blachorum et bulgarorum", so the question is: when do we start speaking of Bulgarians instead of Bulgars ? Criztu 21:05, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Bulgars are the Turkic people; Bulgarians are the Slavic people. We'd better not mix them up ;-) Bogdan | Talk 21:11, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * since Caloian was Emperor of Vlachs and Bulgars, should we pay attention to this term of "Bulgar", or should we consider them as Bulgarians ? Criztu 21:21, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * We use Bulgarian, otherwise there would be some confusion. In some Hungarian chronicles, the Romanians were named "pastores romanorum", but we don't write in Romanian history Romans . Bogdan | Talk 21:32, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * but "Blachi ac pastores romanorum" means literally "the Vlachs aka the shepherds of the romans" as oposed to "Imperator Blachorum et Bulgarorum" which means "Emperor of the Vlachs and of the Bulgars" Criztu 22:18, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Bogdan this is wrong. Bulgars were the founders of the Bulgarian state on the Balkans. The main mix even back then was of Bulgars, Slavs and Thracians. They became the bulk of the Bulgarian ethnos. There were later migrations of Pechenegs, Kumans and Uzes, just like in Wallachia, Besarabia and so on. Today, Bulgarians do speak a Slavic language. This is as far as your point can be extended. (Kaloyan)

The Kingdom of Bulgarians and Vlachs and the Empire of Romanians, Austrians, Hungarians, etc.
1)The use of the term: This Kingdom you are talking about had actually a name and it was Bulgaria, this is the way it was addressed by Pope Innocentius and the Hungarian King. By the use of the term above you are essentially trying to launch the idea of a dualistic state of both Bulgarians and Vlachs. This is not the case - the Bulgarians ruled over the Vlachs - who lived in Wallachia. The language used was only Bulgarian, not Bulgarian and Romanian. With the proclamation of the autonomy of the Bulgarian church in 1186, continuity was claimed with the Bulgarian Church of the First Bulgarian Empire, the church was called Bulgarian, not Bulgarian and Romanian. In the correspondence between Pope Innocentius and Kaloyan, Kaloyan claimed he was Bulgarian and he descended from the Tsars Simeon and Peter, not that he was Vlach and stemmed from Butzebuba or whatever you call him. In the few preserved documents from that time (for example, Boril's Synodic), it is talked how Asen and Peter saved the BULGARIAN people from the yoke of the ROMANS, the Vlachs are not even mentioned.

That the Vlachs were utilised by almost all early rulers of the 2Bulgarian Empire during the military expeditions against the Byzantines - that's certain. That they were a leading element in the state - that's anyting but true. They lived in Wallachia, which was a dependency (probably vassal) of the Bulgarian state. The first primate of the Bulgarian Church was called in 1203 Primate of Bulgaria and Wallachia, several kings from the dynasty were called Emperor of Bulgaria and Wallachia. In all medieval descriptions of Tarnovo, we get mention of Bulgarians, of Armenians, of Jews, of Franks, even of Greeks. Not a word, however, about Vlachs. Why? Because they lived in Wallachia, that's why. And your argument about Bulgars and Bulgarians is rather silly - there is a differentiation about the two terms in newer times, previously only Bulgars was used.

What you two are trying to do is to misinterpret and abuse the terminology. In many cases throughout the Middle Ages, kingdoms and empires extended over ethnic borders. This does not automatically lead to the adoption of the names of all nationalities which lived there, it is the dominant nationality which gives the name of the state. If the state is dualistic, then both names are used and the changes in the name of the Austrian Empire before and after 1848 are a good example of that. Your state of Bulgarians and Vlachs is only a wishful thinking. And if you call the Austrian Empire "Kingdom of Romanians, Austrians, Hungarians, etc." because it also included Romanian lands, that's your own problem, don't expect the world to agree. Nikolae Yorga is hovering around, I can see that well. VMORO 21:38, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)~
 * i agree, the Vlach-Bulgar Empire/second Bulgarian Empire belongs to history of Bulgaria, since the capital was in Bulgaria. the little i know is that no Romanian Monarchs ever claimed Asens as their ancestors. I wonder if any later Bulgarian monarch claimed Asens as their ancestors. BUT, the name of Caloian, Ionitsa(if this was his name), is exclusive to romanians, neither slavs, nor bulgars nor cumans nor else had or have this male given name but Romanians... as far as i know -- Criztu 22:11, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yoanitsa and Kaloyan mean the same, dear, - small Ioann (small Ivan) - as far as I can remember - but I'll check. And how frequent are the names Asen and Belgun (Tsar Ioann [or Ivan] Asen Belgun) in Romania:-))))? Cause they are certainly anything but Vlach names. On the other hand, they can easily be Bulgar. VMOROVMORO 22:18, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ionitsa is a exclusive romanian male given name diminutiv, i know Caloian (Calo="beautiful" in greek, but also Calluin is from latin Calende, and means, first born) is Ionitsa... deer :)) -- Criztu 22:38, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Dear, the ending -itsa is well used in Greek and Bulgarian as a diminutive with names like Dimitsa, for example. And I checked last night - Kaloyan means Handsome Ivan. The assumption of a Latin origin of the name is stupid - he was the youngest son, dear. VMOROVMORO 12:47, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * point is, the male given name diminiutiv Ionitsa is exclusive to romanians, if you judge in terms of "as the name Asen indicates, they were of mixed barbarian origin, most likely cumano-bulgarian" -- Criztu 14:28, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Kaloyan might have well been a greek interpretation of the guy's name, as Calvin, Calluinn, Collin, Calin, Kalin, and the exclusive romanian Caloian are found from Ireland to Romania and Bulgaria, and some of them have latin etymology. -- Criztu 14:28, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * the ending -itsa can be also found in Chicheni-Itsa, if you look only for an -itsa ending -- Criztu 14:28, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Darling, you are getting a bit entangled in thé etymology and the assumptions. You forget namely that Kaloyan has also left Bulgarian documents and material evidence - for example his ring with inscription(transcribed, I don't have Cyrillic letters on this computer) "Kaloaynov prasten", or the copper seal with inscription "Kaloyan, Tsar na balgarite" (Kaloyan, Emperor of the Bulgarians). The name Kaloyan is not the corrupted Greek pronunciation of Kalvin, this was the way he called himself VMORO VMORO 14:49, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Kaloyan, this was the way he called himself  - so one can assume the name Kaloyan is not a greek one, but in the language of this "mixed barbarian, most probably cumano-bulgarian" ruler. as i told you, both Caloian (ritual object representing a human, cf. sl. 'kalenu'; also a romanian name) and Ionitsa are exclusive romanian male given names. do u have a cumano-bulgarian etymology for Kaloyan ? or do you want to say this Ionitsa spoke greek, and called him self as Kaloyan in a greek language ? and did he use greek only as a diplomatic language, or was greek his language, and if so, why is his seal written in cyrilic ? also the "Ioo" signature on his seal is to be found on the Vlach rulers, as in Iw(Ioo) Mircea cel Batran, or Iw(Ioo) Stefan cel Mare-- Criztu 15:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You are babbling - half the proper names in Bulgaria are from Greek origin. Kaloyan's brother, Peter, has also been called Kalopeter (the handsome Peter). And the diminutive -itsa is still used by a number of languages on the Balkans. VMORO 02:46, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)~

 * you are avoiding my question: romanian Caloian (from slavic 'kalenu') and Ionitsa were, and still are romanian names only. Can we assume that "as the names Kaloyan and Ionitsa indicate(add the later Ticu Asen and Micu Asen), the guy was of mixed barbarian origin, most probable Vlach-Slav origin" ? -- Criztu 09:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * BTW, there's another brother of them called "Borilă", which sounds pretty Romanian :-) Bogdan | Talk 09:20, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * i hope the argument is not about the etymology of Asen, but where the article should be put, as a separate article, in the Asen article, or in Bulgarian History article -- Criztu 22:38, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * the Austrian Empire DID changed its name to Austria-Hungary, at least this is how it is treated by modern historians -- Criztu 22:38, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)~

 * and then, if the Asen were Cumans, why didn't they ever claimed to be Cumanians, or why didn't Caloian styled himself as Imperator Cumanorum et Bulgarorum, but Imperator Blachorum et Bulgarorum ? -- Criztu 22:38, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The name "Asen" is most likely Cuman. (just like Basarab or Odobescu) However, by the time of Ioanitsa, most Cumans were already assimilated by either the Vlachs or the Bulgarians. Bogdan | Talk 22:49, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * as far as i know, the Cumanians existed as a political entity in Valahia until 1241, when the Mongol invasion dismantled their empire, and they took refuge in Hungary -- Criztu 22:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * and then, if Vlach meant "shepherd", is there any other example of a Ruler to style himself as "Emperor of the Shepherds and the Bulgars" ? -- Criztu 22:23, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point! :-) Bogdan | Talk 22:49, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There is another take on the name of Kaloyan. According to the ancient Bulgarian callendar he was born in the year of the Dragon (in Bulgarian "Hala"). There is also a dragon inscribed on his ring. The more important question is why would a Bulgarian who despised the Byzantines use a Greek name? Kaloyan, means "Beautiful Ioan" in Greek. Another point must be kept in mind: the whole dynasty of Kaloyan was known as Kalomanovtsi and his brother Peter was also called Kalo-Peter. There is a Bulgarian folk song that starts with a "Kalimanko ..." I have always wondered whether it has anything to do with this name(s).

title: Talk:Kingdom of Bulgarians and Vlachs


text:
Donald Edward Osterbrock

Donald Edward Osterbrock (July 13, 1924 – January 11, 2007) was an American astronomer, best known for his work on star formation and on the history of astronomy.

Biography
Osterbrock was born in Cincinnati. His father was an electrical engineer. He served with the US Army in the Second World War, making weather observations in the Pacific. He did undergraduate classes in physics at the University of Chicago as part of his weather training.

He was educated at the University of Chicago, where he received bachelor's and master's degrees in physics and a PhD in astronomy in 1952. He was a student of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar while working at University of Chicago's Yerkes Observatory. His work there with William Wilson Morgan and Stewart Sharpless showed the existence of the Milky Way's spiral arms.

He became a post-doctoral researcher, instructor and assistant professor at the California Institute of Technology until 1958. He was then appointed assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, received tenure there in 1959, and was promoted to full professor in 1961. He was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1960–1961. In 1973 he moved from Madison to the University of California at Santa Cruz, as Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Director of Lick Observatory, a position he held until 1981. He remained on the faculty at UC Santa Cruz until his retirement in 1993. Thereafter, Emeritus Professor Osterbrock continued to make daily trips to his office on campus, to work on his research, to keep publishing, and to maintain an active role in the astronomical community.

At the time of his death he had authored 12 monographs on astronomy and the history of astronomy, including, in 1989 the influential textbook Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei, and the recently updated and revised 2nd edition (2006) written along with Gary Ferland of the University of Kentucky. Alongside his more than 150 articles on astronomy and astrophysics, he published 70 historical studies, biographical memoirs, and obituaries of major figures in nineteenth and twentieth century astronomy, and numerous book reviews.

Osterbrock's research included work on the nature of ionized gases around hot stars and studying active galactic nuclei powered by black holes.

Osterbrock received lifetime achievement awards from the American Astronomical Society and the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. He was President of the American Astronomical Society from 1988 to 1990.

He died following a heart attack. He was survived by his wife of 54 years, Irene Hansen (1926-2019), and their son and two daughters.

Honors

 * Member, National Academy of Sciences (1966)
 * Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1968)
 * Member, American Philosophical Society (1991)
 * Associate, Royal Astronomical Society (1976)
 * Henry Norris Russell Lectureship, American Astronomical Society (1991)
 * Corresponding member, Academia Mexicana de Ciencias (1998)

Awards

 * University of Chicago Alumni Association Professional Achievement Award (1982)
 * University Center Distinguished Scholar in Physics and Astronomy, Atlanta, Georgia (1990)
 * Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal, Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1991)
 * Gold Medal, Royal Astronomical Society (1997)
 * Antoinette de Vancouleurs Memorial Lectureship and Medal, University of Texas (1994)
 * Hans Lippershey Medal, Antique Telescope Society (1998)
 * University of Chicago Alumni Medal (2000)
 * Leroy E. Doggett Prize for Historical Astronomy, Historical Astronomy Division, American Astronomical Society (2002)

Named after him

 * Asteroid 6107 Osterbrock
 * Osterbrock Book Prize; the Donald E. Osterbrock Book Prize for Historical Astronomy is awarded biennially in odd-numbered years since 2011

Honorary degrees

 * D.Sc., Ohio State University (1986)
 * D.Sc., University of Chicago (1992)
 * D.Sc., University of Wisconsin, Madison (1997)
 * D.Sc., Ohio University (2003)
 * D.Sc., University of Cincinnati (2004)

title: Donald Edward Osterbrock


text:
Håkan Syrén

General Håkan Erik Gunnar Syrén (born 31 January 1952) is a retired officer of the Swedish Coastal Artillery/Swedish Amphibious Corps and former Chairman of the European Union Military Committee. He was the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1 January 2004 to 25 March 2009, and was the first Supreme Commander to come from the Navy.

Early life
Syrén was born in Växjö, Sweden, the son of lieutenant colonel Gunnar Syrén and his wife Siv Syrén. He grew up in Uppsala, where he graduated from Lundellska läroverket in 1970.

Military career
Syrén studied at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy from which he graduated in 1973. He was then instructor and platoon commander at the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 1) from 1973 to 1979 and studied at the Military Academy Karlberg in Stockholm from 1980 to 1984. Syrén was a staff officer at the Naval Staff in Stockholm from 1984 to 1988 and was a student at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, USA from 1988 to 1989. Back in Sweden, he was teacher of strategy at the Military Academy Karlberg from 1989 to 1990 and head of the Planning Department at the Naval Staff from 1990 to 1992. Syrén was then commanding officer of the Marine Amphibious Battalion from 1992 to 1994 and commanding officer of the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment from 1994 to 1996.

Syrén was head of Operations Planning Department at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters from 1996 to 1998. In 1997 he completed a management course at the Swedish Defence University and in 1999 he completed the Senior International Defence Management Course (SIDMC) at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, USA. Back in Sweden, Syrén served as secretary to the Defence Commission at the Ministry of Defence in 1999. On 1 October 1999, Syrén was promoted to major general and assumed the position of Director of Military Intelligence and Security at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters. He served in this position until 2003.

In 2004, Syrén was appointed Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces. His appointment lasted until 31 December 2009. On 25 March 2009 he was succeeded by Sverker Göranson as Supreme Commander. On 29 October 2008, the Chiefs of Defence meeting of the European Union Military Committee (EUMC) endorsed Syrén as the next chairman of the EUMC. In the position as CEUMC he was formally appointed by the Council of the European Union for a period of three years and succeeded general Henri Bentégeat on 6 November 2009. His appointment lasted until November 2012 and after this, he started his consulting firm In General AB the same year.

Other work
Syrén was ADC to His Majesty the King from 1988 to 1996. He became a member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences in 1993 and of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1996. Syrén became a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies in 1997 and is a member of the Swedish Society for International Affairs (Utrikespolitiska samfundet). In December 2012 he became a senior advisor to the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) and the following year he became a board member of the SSC.

Personal life
Syrén is married to Birgitta and together they have three children.

Positions

 * 1973–1979: Instructor and Platoon Commander at the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment
 * 1980–1984: Student at the Military Academy Karlberg, Stockholm
 * 1984–1988: Staff Officer at the Naval Staff, Stockholm
 * 1988–1989: Student at the Naval War College, Newport, USA
 * 1989–1990: Teacher of Strategy at the Military Academy Karlberg, Stockholm
 * 1990–1992: Head of Planning Department, Naval Staff, Stockholm
 * 1992–1994: Commanding officer of the Marine Amphibious Battalion
 * 1994–1996: Commanding officer of the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment
 * 1996–1998: Head of Operations Planning Department, Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters
 * 1999–1999: Secretary to the Defence Commission, Ministry of Defence
 * 1999–2003: Director of Military Intelligence and Security, Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters
 * 2004–2009: Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces
 * 2009–2012: Chairman of the European Union Military Committee

Promotions
Syréns promotions:

 * 1973 – Lieutenant
 * 1976 – Captain
 * 1983 – Major
 * 1988 – Lieutenant colonel
 * 1994 – Colonel
 * 1996 – Senior colonel
 * 1 October 1999 – Major general
 * 2000 – Lieutenant general
 * 2004 – General

Swedish

 * Noribbon.svg 🇸🇪 H. M. The King's Medal, 12th size gold medal worn around the neck on a chain of gold (2009)
 * Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg 🇸🇪 H. M. The King's Medal, 8th size gold (silver-gilt) medal worn on the chest suspended by the Order of the Seraphim ribbon (1994)
 * For Zealous and Devoted Service of the Realm ribbon.png 🇸🇪 For Zealous and Devoted Service of the Realm
 * SWE_Home_Guard_Royal_Medal_of_Merit_ribbon.png 🇸🇪 Home Guard Medal of Merit
 * Riksförbundet_Sveriges_lottakårers_kungliga_förtjänstmedalj_(1968-).svg 🇸🇪 Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization Royal Medal of Merit in gold (22 November 2008)
 * Förbundet Kustjägarnas förtjänstmedalj.svg 🇸🇪 Coastal Ranger Association Medal of Merit (Förbundet Kustjägarnas förtjänstmedalj) in silver (2006)

Foreign

 * FIN_Order_of_the_Lion_of_Finland_1Class_BAR.png 🇫🇮 Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland (2009)
 * Den_kongelige_norske_fortjenstorden_storkors_stripe.svg 🇳🇴 Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (15 April 2009)
 * Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg 🇫🇷 Commander of the Legion of Honour (27 June 2006)

title: Håkan Syrén


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Anti-Chen

See User:Anti-Chen, User talk:Anti-Chen and Anti-Chen's response at User talk:Woggly

Can somebody explain a bit better what this issue is about? Based on my brief view of the conversation, Woggly contends a username about being anti Chen Shui-bian may be offensive, to which Anti-Chen replies that his name is "An-ti" in Chinese 陳安迪 Chen2 An1 Di2. (Perhaps he could be persuaded to use the pinyin di ?) I don't buy this story, particularly after he cried "discriminatory", but what does it matter anyway? Is being anti a public figure so bad? V V 23:58, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Will Ferguson

William Stener Ferguson (born October 12, 1964) is a Canadian travel writer and novelist who won the Scotiabank Giller Prize for his novel 419.

Ferguson was born fourth of six children in the former fur trading post of Fort Vermilion, Alberta, approximately 800 km north of Edmonton. His parents split up when he was six years old, during a brief interlude in Regina. At the age of 16, he quit school and moved to Saskatoon, Dauphin, and Red Deer.

Ferguson is also an outspoken critic of the monarchy of Canada, both publicly and in his books, and has previously been quoted in the media during debates on Canada's monarchy. He also profiled Canadian secessionist and independence movements (such as the "Republic of Madawaska") in his book Beauty Tips from Moose Jaw (2004).

Personal life
Ferguson completed his high school education at Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School (L.T.C.H.S.) in Red Deer, and was awarded the Alexander Rutherford Scholarships in all available categories. He then joined the Canadian government funded programs Katimavik and Canada World Youth. The latter program sent him to Ecuador in South America, as described in his book Why I Hate Canadians. He studied film production and screenwriting at York University in Toronto, graduating with a B.F.A. (Special Honours) in 1990.

He currently resides in Calgary, Alberta. His son Genki Ferguson is the author of the novel Satellite Love. His older brother, Ian Ferguson, won the Stephen Leacock Medal for his memoir Village of the Small Houses in 2004. Another brother, Sean Ferguson, is currently the dean of music at McGill University.

Ferguson joined the JET Programme in the early 1990s, and lived in Kyushu, Japan, for five years teaching English. He married his wife, Terumi, in Kumamoto in 1995. While living in Asia, he travelled to China, South Korea, Indonesia and Malaysia. After moving back to Canada, he experienced a severe reverse culture shock, which became the basis for his first book, Why I Hate Canadians. He details his experiences hitchhiking across Japan in Hokkaido Highway Blues, later retitled Hitching Rides with Buddha.

Awards and honours
Ferguson has won the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour three times: first for Generica (later renamed Happiness) in 2002, then for Beauty Tips from Moose Jaw in 2005 and for his travel memoir Beyond Belfast in 2010.

In 2005, he was awarded the Governor General’s History Award for Popular Media (the Pierre Berton Award).

In fiction, Ferguson won the 2012 Giller Prize for 419. The novel went on to win the 2013 Libris Award from the Canadian Booksellers Association for Fiction Book of the Year.

He served on the jury of the 2015 Hilary Weston Prize for literary nonfiction.

He received an honorary degree in English from Mount Royal University in 2016.

In 2021, he won the Crime Writers of Canada Award for Best Novel for The Finder.

And in 2024, Ferguson was made a member of the Alberta Order of Excellence

Other activities
Ferguson is on the board of directors of the Chawkers Foundation, which provides support for literary, artistic, environmental and educational projects.

Fiction

 * Happiness™ (2001), winner of the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour, originally titled Generica
 * Spanish Fly (2007) published in the UK as Hustle
 * 419 (2012), winner of the Scotiabank Giller Prize
 * The Shoe on the Roof (2017)
 * The Finder (2020), winner of the Crime Writers of Canada Award for Best Novel

Miranda Abbott mysteries

 * I Only Read Murder (2023), with Ian Ferguson
 * Mystery in the Title (2024), with Ian Ferguson

Travel

 * The Hitchhiker's Guide to Japan (1998)
 * Hokkaido Highway Blues (1998), republished in 2005 as Hitching Rides with Buddha
 * Beauty Tips from Moose Jaw: Travels in Search of Canada (2004), winner of the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour
 * Beyond Belfast: A 560-Mile Walk Across Northern Ireland on Sore Feet (2009), winner of the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour
 * Road Trip Rwanda: A Journey into the New Heart of Africa (2015)

Humour

 * Why I Hate Canadians (1997)
 * How to Be a Canadian (2001), with Ian Ferguson
 * Canadian Pie (2011)

Popular history

 * Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present (1999)
 * Canadian History for Dummies (2000, revised 2005)

Personal memoirs

 * I was a Teenage Katima-victim! (1998)
 * Coal Dust Kisses: A Christmas Memoir (2010)

As editor

 * The Penguin Anthology of Canadian Humour (2006)

title: Will Ferguson


text:
Jim Peebles

Phillip James Edwin Peebles (born April 25, 1935) is a Canadian-American astrophysicist, astronomer, and theoretical cosmologist who is currently the Albert Einstein Professor in Science, emeritus, at Princeton University. He is widely regarded as one of the world's leading theoretical cosmologists in the period since 1970, with major theoretical contributions to primordial nucleosynthesis, dark matter, the cosmic microwave background, and structure formation.

Peebles was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019 for his theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology. He shared the prize with Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz for their discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star. While much of his work relates to the development of the universe from its first few seconds, he is more skeptical about what we can know about the very beginning, and stated, "It's very unfortunate that one thinks of the beginning whereas in fact, we have no good theory of such a thing as the beginning."

Peebles has described himself as a convinced agnostic.

Early life
Peebles was born on April 25, 1935, in St. Vital in present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, the son of Ada Marion (Green), a homemaker, and Andrew Charles Peebles, who worked for the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. He completed his bachelor of science at the University of Manitoba. He then went on to pursue graduate studies at Princeton University, where he received his PhD in physics in 1962, completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Observational Tests and Theoretical Problems Relating to the Conjecture That the Strength of the Electromagnetic Interaction May Be Variable" under the supervision of Robert Dicke. He remained at Princeton for his whole career. Peebles was a Member in the School of Natural Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study during the academic year 1977–78; he made subsequent visits during 1990–91 and 1998–99.

Academic career
Most of Peebles' work since 1964 has been in the field of physical cosmology to determine the origins of the universe. In 1964, there was very little interest in this field and it was considered a "dead end" but Peebles remained committed to studying it. Peebles has made many important contributions to the Big Bang model. With Dicke and others (nearly two decades after George Gamow, Ralph A. Alpher and Robert C. Herman), Peebles predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation. Along with making major contributions to Big Bang nucleosynthesis, dark matter, and dark energy, he was the leading pioneer in the theory of cosmic structure formation in the 1970s. Long before it was considered a serious, quantitative branch of physics, Peebles was studying physical cosmology and has done much to establish its respectability. Peebles said, "It was not a single step, some critical discovery that suddenly made cosmology relevant but the field gradually emerged through a number of experimental observations. Clearly one of the most important during my career was the detection of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation that immediately attracted attention [...] both experimentalists interested in measuring the properties of this radiation and theorists, who joined in analyzing the implications". His Shaw Prize citation states "He laid the foundations for almost all modern investigations in cosmology, both theoretical and observational, transforming a highly speculative field into a precision science."

Peebles has a long record of innovating the basic ideas, which would be extensively studied later by other scientists. For instance, in 1987, he proposed the primordial isocurvature baryon model for the development of the early universe. Similarly, Peebles contributed to establishing the dark matter problem in the early 1970s. Peebles is also known for the Ostriker–Peebles criterion, relating to the stability of galactic formation.

Peebles' body of work was recognized with him being named a 2019 Nobel Laureate in Physics, "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology"; Peebles shared half the prize with Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz who had been the first to discover an exoplanet around a main sequence star.

Peebles was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977 and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1988.

Honors

 * Awards

 * Fellow of the American Physical Society (1964)
 * Eddington Medal (1981)
 * Heineman Prize (1982)
 * Fellow of the Royal Society (1982)
 * Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1993)
 * Bruce Medal (1995)
 * Oskar Klein Medal (1997)
 * Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1998)
 * Gruber Prize in Cosmology (2000), with Allan Sandage
 * Harvey Prize (2001)
 * Shaw Prize (2004)
 * Member of the American Philosophical Society (2004)
 * Crafoord Prize with James E. Gunn and Martin Rees (2005)
 * Hitchcock Professorship (2006)
 * Dirac Medal (2013)
 * Member of the Order of Manitoba (2017)
 * Nobel Prize in Physics (2019)
 * Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020.
 * Named by the Carnegie Corporation of New York as an honoree of the Great Immigrants Award in 2021.

 * Named after him
 * Asteroid 18242 Peebles

Publications

 * Peebles, P. J. E. (1980). Large-Scale Structure of the Universe. Princeton University Press.
 * Peebles, P. J. E. (1992). Quantum Mechanics (1st Printing ed.). Princeton University Press.
 * Peebles, P. J. E. (1993). Principles of Physical Cosmology (n ed.). Princeton University Press.
 * Peebles, J. P. E. (2009). Finding the Big Bang (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
 * Peebles, P. J. E. (2020). Cosmology’s Century. Princeton University Press.
 * Peebles, P. J. E. (2022). The Whole Truth. Princeton University Press.

title: Jim Peebles


text:
James Peebles

James Peebles may refer to:
 * Jim Peebles (born 1935), astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel laureate
 * Jim Peebles (American football) (1920–1997), American football player
 * Jim Peebles (rugby league) (1931–2013), Australian rugby league player
 * James Martin Peebles (1822–1922), American spiritualist and anti-vaccination activist

title: James Peebles


text:
Alfonso Wong

Alfonso Wong Kar-hei (27 May 1923 – 1 January 2017), also known by his pen name Wong Chak, was a Hong Kong manhua artist who created one of the longest-running comic strips, Old Master Q, that became popular across Asia.

Biography
Wong was born in Tianjin, Republic of China. He studied Western art at Fu Jen Catholic University, then based in Beijing and finished school by 1944. In 1956, he moved south to British Hong Kong. He was responsible for drawings in Bibles for a French Catholic missionary in the colony and also became the art editor for Hong Kong Catholic magazine, Lok Fung Pao.

Wong became well known in 1961 when he made the manhua Old Master Q. The comic was one of the most influential pieces of work in Hong Kong under British rule before it was transferred back to China, and was popular across Asia. It voiced the opinions of the citizens in an exaggerated comical sense at a time when comics avoided controversial political issues. From integration with mainlanders to the education gap, there were few limitations being broached by the sensitive subjects which accompanied his stories. The comic became known for maintaining popularity for over 40 years against endless competition with other Hong Kong manhua and Japanese manga. Later adaptations into movies, Chinese animation and other works of fiction continued well after his retirement. He later emigrated to the United States and retired by the mid-1990s, leaving his son Joseph Wong in charge of the Old Master Q series since then.

In an exhibition showcasing Wong, the Hong Kong Arts Centre called his work, "a collective memory of Chinese-speaking communities around the world." Original pieces of Wong's work have been exhibited by both Sotheby's and Christie's auction houses.

Personal life
Wong was ambidextrous (i.e. capable of drawing with both hands) and particularly enjoyed drawing fish. He used his eldest son's name Wong Chak as a pen-name and relinquished the comic to him in 1995. Wong died of organ failure on 1 January 2017, at the age of 93.

He is also the son of the ethnic-Manchu Chinese warlord Wang Chengbin.

title: Alfonso Wong


text: Category:Kyrgyzstan

title: Category:Kyrgyzstan


text:
Aravalli Range

The Aravalli Range (also spelled Aravali) is a mountain range in Northern-Western India, running approximately 670 km in a south-west direction, starting near Delhi, passing through southern Haryana, Rajasthan, and ending in Ahmedabad Gujarat. The highest peak is Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu at 1722 m. The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest geological features on Earth,   having its origin in the Proterozoic era.

The Aravalli Range is rich in natural resources and serves as check to the growth of the western desert.

Etymology
Aravalli, a composite Sanskrit word from the roots "ara" and "vali", literally means the "line of peaks".

Geology
The Aravalli Range, an eroded stub of ancient mountains, is believed to be the oldest range of fold mountains in India. The natural history of the Aravalli Range dates back to times when the Indian Plate was separated from the Eurasian Plate by an ocean. The Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt in northwest India is similar to the younger Himalayan-type orogenic belts of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic era (of the Phanerozoic) in terms of component parts and appears to have passed through a near-orderly Wilson supercontinental cycle of events. The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravalli-Delhi Orogen. The Aravalli Range is a northeast–southwest trending orogenic belt located in the northwestern part of Indian Peninsula. It is part of the Indian Shield that formed from a series of cratonic collisions. In ancient times, Aravalli were extremely high but since have worn down almost completely from millions of years of weathering, whereas the Himalayas, young fold mountains, are still continuously rising. Aravalli have stopped growing higher due to the cessation of upward thrust caused by the tectonic plates in the Earth's crust below them. The Aravalli Range joins two of the ancient Earth's crust segments that make up the greater Indian craton, the Aravalli Craton which is the Marwar segment of Earth's crust to the northwest of the Aravalli Range, and the Bundelkand Craton segment of the Earth's crust to the southeast of the Aravalli Range. Cratons, generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates, are old and stable parts of the continental lithosphere that have remained relatively undeformed during the cycles of merging and rifting of continents.

It consists of two main sequences formed in the Proterozoic eon, metasedimentary rock (sedimentary rocks metamorphosed under pressure and heat without melting) and metavolcanic rock (metamorphosed volcanic rocks) sequences of the Aravalli Supergroup and Delhi Supergroup. These two supergroups rest over the Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement, which is a gneissic (high-grade metamorphism of sedimentary or igneous rocks) basement formed during the archean eon 4 Ga ago. It started as an inverted basin, that rifted and pulled apart into granitoid basement, initially during Aravalli passive rifting around 2.5 to 2.0 Ga years ago and then during Delhi active rifting around 1.9 to 1.6 Ga years ago. It started with rifting of a rigid Archaean continent banded gneissic complex around 2.2 Ga with the coexisting formation of the Bhilwara aulacogen in its eastern part and eventual rupturing and separation of the continent along a line parallel to the Rakhabdev (Rishabhdev) lineament to the west, simultaneous development of a passive continental margin with the undersea shelf rise sediments of the Aravalli-Jharol belts depositing on the attenuated crust on the eastern flank of the separated continent, subsequent destruction of the continental margin by accretion of the Delhi island arc (a type of archipelago composed of an arc-shaped chain of volcanoes closely situated parallel to a convergent boundary between two converging tectonic plates) from the west around 1.5 Ga. This tectonic plates collision event involved early thrusting with partial obduction (overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary) of the oceanic crust along the Rakhabdev lineament, flattening and eventual wrenching (also called strike-slip plate fault, sideways horizontal movement of colliding plates with no vertical motion) parallel to the collision zone. Associated mafic igneous rocks show both continental and oceanic tholeiitic geochemistry (magnesium and iron-rich igneous rocks) from phanerozoic eon (541–0 million) with rift-related magmatic rock formations.

The Aravalli-Delhi Orogen is an orogen event that led to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle, such as Aravalli and Himalayas fold mountains) due to the interaction between tectonic plates when a continental plate is crumpled and is pushed upwards to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called orogenesis.

Minerals
The archean basement had served as a rigid indentor which controlled the overall wedge shaped geometry of the orogen. Lithology of area shows that the base rocks of Aravalli are of Mewar Gneiss formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally sedimentary rock with earliest life form that were formed during the archean eon, these contain fossils of unicellular organism such as green algae and cyanobacteria in stromatolitic carbonate ocean reefs formed during the paleoproterozoic era. Sedimentary exhalative deposits of base metal sulfide ores formed extensively along several, long, linear zones in the Bhilwara aulacogen or produced local concentration in the rifted Aravalli continental margin, where rich stromatolitic phosphorites also formed. Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains shows Mewar Gneiss rocks are overlain by Delhi Supergroup type of rocks that also have post-Aravalli intrusions. Metal sulfide ores were formed in two different epochs, lead and zinc sulfide ores were formed in the sedimentary rocks around 1.8 Ga years ago during Paleoproterozoic phase. The tectonic setting of zinc-lead-copper sulfides mineralisation in the Delhi supergroup rocks in Haryana-Delhi were formed by mantle plume volcanic action around one billion years ago covering Haryana and Rajasthan during the mesoproterozoic. In the southern part of the Aravalli supergroup arc base metal sulfides were generated near the subduction zone on the western fringe and in zones of back-arc extension to the south-east. Continued subduction produced tungsten-tin mineralisation in S-type (sedimentary unmetamorphosed rock), felsic (volcanic rock), and plutons (crystallised solidified magma). This includes commercially viable quantities of minerals, such as rock phosphate, lead-zinc-silver mineral deposits at Zawar, Rikahbdev serpentinite, talc, pyrophyllite, asbestos, apatite, kyanite and beryl.

Mining
Mining of copper and other metals in the Aravalli range dates back to at least the 5th century BCE, based on carbon dating. Recent research indicates that copper was already mined here during the Sothi-Siswal period going back to c. 4000 BCE. Ancient Kalibangan and Kunal, Haryana settlements obtained copper here.

Geographical features

The Indian Craton includes five major cratons. Cratons are part of continental crust made up of upper layer called platforms and older bottom layer called basement rocks. shields are part of a craton where basement rock crops out at the surface and it is the relatively oldest and most stable part that are undeformed by the plate tectonics. The Aravalli Craton (Marwar-Mewar Craton or Western Indian Craton) covers Rajasthan as well as western and southern Haryana. It includes the Mewar Craton in the east and Marwar Craton in the west. It is limited by the Great Boundary Fault in the east, the Thar Desert in the west, Indo-gangetic alluvium in the north, and the Son River-Narmada River-Tapti River basins in the south. It mainly has quartzite, marble, pelite, greywacke and extinct volcanos exposed in the Aravalli-Delhi Orogen. Malani Igneous Suite is the largest in India and third largest igneous suit in the world. The uniqueness of the geological feature of Malani Igneous Suite at Jodhpur prompted the Geological Survey of India to declare the site as a National Geological Monument.

Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution
Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Aravalli Range:
 * Neoproterozoic: Marwar Group
 * 500–550 Ma: Malani Igneous Suite
 * 720–750 Ma: Sindhrath/Punagarh Group
 * 800–850 Ma: Sirohi Group
 * 900 Ma: Erinpura granite
 * Mesoproterozoic: Delhi Supergroup
 * 1100–900 Ma: South Delhi fold belt
 * 1600–1450 Ma: North Delhi fold belt
 * Paleoproterozoic: Hindoli Group
 * 1800–1700 Ma: Sandmata Complex
 * 2200–1800 Ma: Aravalli Supergroup and mineralised basin at Rajpura-Dariba
 * Neoarchean (2900–2600 Ma): Mangalwar Complex with Bhilwara Group
 * Mesoarchean (3300–3000 Ma): Mewar gneiss with Jagat Supergroup

Stratigraphic classification
The stratigraphic classification of the Aravalli Range can be divided into the following parts (north to south direction):

 * The Archean basement is a banded gneissic complex with schists (medium grade metamorphic rock), gneisses (high grade regional metamorphic rock), composite gneiss and quartzites. It forms the basement rock for both the Delhi Supergroup and the Aravalli Supergroup.
 * Aravalli Supergroup: The Aravalli supergroup passes through Rajasthan state, dividing it into two halves, with three-fifths of Rajasthan on the western side towards the Thar Desert and two-thirds on the eastern side consisting of the catchment area of Banas and Chambal rivers bordering the state of Madhya Pradesh. Guru Shikhar, the highest peak in the Aravalli Range at 5650 ft in Mount Abu of Rajasthan, lies near the south-western extremity of the Central Aravalli range, close to the border with Gujarat state. The southern Aravalli Supergroup enters the northeast of Gujarat near Modasa where it lends its name to the Aravalli district, and ends at the centre of the state at Palanpur near Ahmedabad.
 * Champaner Group is a rectangular outcrop composed of subgreywacke, siliceous phyllite, pelitic schist, quartzite and pertomict conglomerate.
 * Lunavada Group is a polygon area in the south of the Aravali Orogen composed of greywacke-phyllite
 * Jharol Group is spread over 200 km2 area with average width of 40 km carbonate-free phyllite and arenite with turbidite facies and argillaceous rocks.
 * Udaipur Group is a thick accumulation of greywacke-phyllite basement overlain by dolomite.
 * Debari Group consists of Carbonates, Quartzite, and Pelitic rocks which are overlain by the Delwara group.
 * Delwara Group is spread over a 500 km2 area with average thickness of 500 m and includes basement orthoquartzite overlain by volcanic conglomerate.
 * Unconformities
 * Mangalwar/Sandmata Complex and Mewar Gneiss with enclaves of the Jagat group
 * Delhi Supergroup
 * Alwar Group with arenaceous and mafic volcanic rocks
 * Delhi Ridge, in the north
 * Haryana Aravalli ranges, in the west
 * Tosham Hill range basement rocks include quartzite with chiastolite, the upper layers of quartz porphyry ring dyke, felsite, welded tuff and muscovite biotite granite rocks which have commercially nonviable tin, tungsten and copper. The Tosham Hill range, west of Bhiwani in Haryana, is the northernmost end of the Aravalli range. A northeastern extension of the Aravalli extends to the national capital of India also. Locally known as a ridge it diagonally traverses to the South Delhi (hills of Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary), where at the hills of Bandhwari, it meets the HaryanaAravalli range consisting of various isolated hills and rocky ridges passing along the southern border of Haryana.
 * Madhogarh hill
 * Satnali hill
 * Nuh-Ferozepur Jhirka hill range, runs along Haryana-Rajasthan border from Nuh to the south of Ferozepur Jhirka.
 * Rajasthan Alwar range, in the east
 * Ajabgarh Group – Kumbhalgarh Group with carbonate, mafic volcanic and argillaceous rocks
 * Raialo Group with mafic volcanic and calcareous rocks

Human history
The Aravalli Range has been site of three broad stages of human history, early Stone Age saw the use of flint stones; mid-Stone Age starting from 20,000 BP saw the domestication of cattle for agriculture; and post Stone Age starting from 10,000 BP saw the development of the Kalibangan civilisation, 4,000 BP the Aahar civilisation and 2,800 BP the Gneshwar civilisation. <!-- The three stone age cultures as traceable in Rajasthan are (1) Early Stone Age, (2) Mid-Stone Age and (3) Post Stone Age.(1) Early Stone Age: In this stage of human civilisation man was in the habit of using many type of tools made of stone. This culture flourished on the banks of several rivers and their tributaries of Rajasthan traces of which have been found in the districts of Ajmer, Alwar, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Jaipur, Jhalawar, Jodhpur, Jalore, Pali, Tonk etc.(2) Mid-Stone Age : The second stage of human development in Rajasthan is about 50 thousand years old. The tools of this page are largely identified as scraper and pointed tools. Such tools have been found in valleys of Luni river and its tributaries, valley of Bairach river in the Chittorgarh district and also in Viratnagar. Till this age, mankind had no knowledge of domestication of cattle for agricultural activities. (3) Post-Stone Age: The Third stage of human development is 10 thousand years old, the post-stone age. The tools of this age were found in the excavations of Bagaur in Udaipur and Tilwara in Marwar. The excavations of Ganeshwar (Sikar), Aahar (Udaipur), Gilund (Udaipur) and Kalibanga (Shriganganagar) not only brought to light the representative materials of copper stone age but also that of copper age which in turn provides enough information about the ancient civilisation as developed and flourished in Rajasthan. A large region was covered under the famous Indus Valley Civilisation. The remains of Pilibanga, Kalibanga, Rangmahal, etc. as discovered in Rajasthan indicate that Indus Valley Civilisation. Kalibanga Civilisation: The excavation of Kalibanga was done under the supervision of Sri B.K. Thapar and Sri B.B. Lal. Kalibanga Civilisation developed and flourished near the river Saraswati. River Saraswati used to flow in Ganganagar district formerly but has now altogether vanished. Most archaeologists fully agree with the view that the prehistoric remains of Mohanjodaro period are scattered over Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaipur districts. Saindhava script was used by the people of this period which was written from right to left. Aahar Civilisation: The excavation work of Aahar civilisation was done under the direction of Dr. H.D. Sankalia. About 4000 years old Aahar civilisation was spread all over the near vicinity of river Aahar in Udaipur district. This civilisation flourished on the banks of rivers Banas and Bairach in Udaipur, Gambhiri, and Wagan in Chittorgrah, Khari and Kothari in Bhilwara up to Ajmer. Copper was largely used in Aahar civilisation as also utensils of black brown and red colours were in common use. Rice was known to the people of this civilisation whose economy was chiefly based upon domestication of cattles. The house were made of pucca bricks.

Ganeshwar Civilisation: The remains of Ganeshwar civilisation are situated in Neem-Ka-Thana tehsil of Sikar district as the point of origin of river Kantli. The civilisation is about 2800 years old and is probably the oldest one as per the dates be available from the records of the cultural centres of copper age. This civilisation was spread over from Sikar to Jhunjhunu, Jaipur and Bharatpur. Pind Padlia(Chittorgarh), Jharol (Udaipur), Kurada (Nagaur), Sabnia and Poogal (Bikaner), Nandlalpura, Kirarot and Chauthvari (Jaipur), Aelana(Jalore), Budha Pushkar (Ajmer), Kol-Maholi (Sawai Madhopur), Malah (Bharatpur) etc. Were notable ancient places of copper age civilisation. Aryan Civilisation: The clay pots as found in the course of the excavations of Anupgarh and Tarkhanwala Dera are indicative of the presence of Aryan civilisation in Rajasthan. It is worth noting that the seventh part of the Rigveda was written on the banks of river Saraswati. Excavations show that people of this age were perfect in the different uses of iron. Jodhpura, Noh (Bharatpur), Viratnagar(Jaipur) and Sunari in Jhunjhunu are the important places Where the excavations brought to light the traces of Aryan civilisation in Rajasthan. The Mahabharata Age: During the Mahabharata period, northeastern Rajasthan was highly developed. The excavation of Bairath near Alwar and Noh near Bharatpur disclosed that the social life became highly developed at these places during this period. The whole of Rajasthan except for Jaisalmer and Barmer had started developing into different cities and towns by the beginning of Kushan period. The excavation of Bhinmal (Jalore), Sambhar (Jaipur), Nainwa (Tonk), Raidh (Tonk), Nagri (Chittoregarh), Rangmahal (Ganganagar), Noh (Bharatpur), Bairath (Jaipur) etc. have brought to light the remains of many centuries before Christ which go to prove the ancient character of these places. -->

Tosham Hills - Indus Civilisation mines
The Tosham hills have several Indus Valley Civilisation sites in and around the hill range as the area falls under copper-bearing zone of Southwest Haryana and Northeast Rajasthan of Aravalli hill range.

Investigation of IVC network of mineral ore needs for metallurgical work and trade, shows that the most common type of grinding stone at Harappa is of Delhi quartzite type found only in the westernmost outliers of the Aravalli range in southern Haryana near Kaliana and Makanwas villages of Bhiwani district. The quartzite is red-pink to pinkish grey in colour and is crisscrossed with thin haematite and quartz filled fractures with sugary size grain texture.

Ravindra Nath Singh and his team of Banaras Hindu University carried out ASI-financed excavations of Indus Valley Civilisation site on the grounds of the Government School in Khanak, during 2014 and 2016. They found early to mature Harappan phase IVC materials, pottery, semiprecious beads of lapis lazuli, carnelian and others. They also found evidence of metallurgical activities, such as crucibles (used for pouring molten metal), furnace lining, burnt floor, ash and ore slugs. Ceramic petrography, metallography, scanning electron microscope (SEM, non-destructive, surface images of nanoscale resolution), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXA and EDXMA non-destructive, qualitative and quantitative elemental composition) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, destructive method) scientific studies of the material found prove that the Khanak site was inhabited by the IVC metal-workers who used the locally mined polymetallic tin, and they were also familiar with metallurgical work with copper and bronze. The lowest level of site dates back as far the pre-Harappan era to Sothi-Siswal culture (6600 BP) tentatively.

Ganeshwar Sunari Cultural Complex
The Ganeshwar Sunari Cultural Complex (GSCC) is a collection of third millennium BCE settlements in the area of the Aravalli Hill Range. Among them, there are similarities in material culture, and in the production of copper tools. They are located near the copper mines.

"The GSCC is east of the Harappan culture, to the north-east of Ahar–Banas Complex, north/north west to the Kayatha Culture and at a later date, west of the OCP-Copper Hoard sites (Ochre Coloured Pottery culture–Copper Hoard culture). Located within the regions of the Aravalli Hill Range, primarily along the Kantli, Sabi, Sota, Dohan and Bondi rivers, the GJCC is the largest copper producing community in third millennium BCE South Asia, with 385 sites documented. Archaeological indicators of the GSCC were documented primarily in Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, India ..."

Pottery found in the area include incised ware, and reserved slipware.

There are two main type sites, Ganeshwar, and Sunari, in Tehsil Kot Putli, Jaipur district (Geo coordinates: N 27° 35' 51", 76° 06' 85" E).

Climate
The Northern Aravalli range in Delhi and Haryana has humid subtropical climate and hot semi-arid continental climate with very hot summers and relatively cool winters. The main characteristics of climate in Hisar are dryness, extremes of temperature, and scanty rainfall. The maximum daytime temperature during the summer varies between 40 and 46 C. During winter, its ranges between 1.5 and 4 °C.

The Central Aravalli range in Rajasthan has an arid and dry climate. <!---

The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 km. Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.

The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region is covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of Thar Desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also an important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can sometimes exceed 54 °C in the summer months or 129 °F and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighbouring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river.

The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar–Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region, home to the cities of Dungarpur and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges.

The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical centre of Rajasthan. --->

The Southern Aravalli range in Gujarat has a tropical wet and dry climate

Rivers
Three major rivers and their tributaries flow from the Aravalli, namely Banas and Sahibi rivers which are tributaries of Yamuna, as well as Luni River which flows into the Rann of Kutch.

 * North-to-south flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of the Aravalli range in Rajasthan, pass through the southeastern portion of the Thar Desert, and end into Gujarat.
 * Luni River, originates in the Pushkar valley near Ajmer, ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch. It used to be one of the channel of the Saraswati River, as a result its banks have several Indus Valley Civilisation sites including Lothal.
 * Sakhi River, ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch.
 * Sabarmati River, originates on the western slopes of Aravalli range of the Udaipur district, end into the Gulf of Khambhat of the Arabian Sea.
 * West to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of the Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical Shekhawati region and drain into southern Haryana. Several Ochre Coloured Pottery culture sites, also identified as late Harappan phase of Indus Valley Civilisation culture, have been found along the banks of these rivers.
 * Sahibi River, originates near Manoharpur in Sikar district flows through Haryana and meets its confluence with the Yamuna in Delhi where it is called Najafgarh drain, along with its following tributaries:   Masani barrage, is an important wildlife area.
 * Dohan river, tributary of the Sahibi River, originates near Neem Ka Thana in Sikar district).
 * Sota River, tributary of the Sahibi River with which it merges at Behror in Alwar district.
 * Krishnavati river, former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba copper mines in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, flows through Patan in Dausa district and Mothooka in Alwar district, then disappears in Mahendragarh district in Haryana much before reaching Sahibi River. It previously was a tributary to the Sahibi and part of its present canalised channel is called the Outfall Drain No. 8. Many important wetlands lie in its paleochannel, including Matanhail, Chhuchhakwas-Godhari, Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarbashirpur, Sultanpur National Park, Basai and The Lost Lake (Gurugram).
 * West to north-east flowing rivers, originating from the eastern slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow northwards to Yamuna.
 * Chambal River, a southern-side tributary of Yamuna River.
 * Banas River, a northern-side tributary of Chambal River.
 * Berach River, a southern-side tributary of Banas River, originates in the hills of Udaipur district.
 * Ahar River, a right-side (or eastern side) tributary of the Berach river, originates in the hills of Udaipur district, flows through Udaipur city forming the famous Lake Pichola.
 * Wagli River, a right-side tributary of the Berach River.
 * Wagon River, a right-side tributary of the Berach River.
 * Gambhiri River, a right-side tributary of the Berach River.
 * Orai River, a right-side tributary of the Berach River.

The Great Green Wall of India
"The Great Green Wall of Aravalli" is a proposed 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi, it will be connected to Shivalik hill range and 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees will be planted over 10 years to rehabilitate the forest cover in this area. To be implemented on a concept similar to the Great Green Wall of Sahara in Africa, it will act as a buffer against pollution, 51% of which is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles, 8% by crop burning and 5% by diwali fireworks. It was proposed several times form the 1990s, but as of 2024 the project is still in the planning stage.

Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor

The Sariska–Delhi leopard wildlife corridor or the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor is a 200 km long important biodiversity and wildlife corridor which runs from the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan to Delhi Ridge.

This corridor is an important habitat for the Indian leopards and jackals of Aravalli. In January 2019, the Wildlife Institute of India announced that they will undertake the survey of leopard and wildlife, using pugmarks and trap cameras, subsequently, leopards and jackals will be tracked via the radio collars. Urban development, especially the highways and railways bisecting the Aravalli range and wildlife corridor in several places pose a great risk. Large parts of Aravalli are legally and physically unprotected, with no wildlife passages and little or no wildlife conservation work resulting in deaths of over 10 leopards in 4 years between January 2015 to January 2019.

The Haryana side of the Gurugram-Faridabad Aravalli hill forests lack availability of water due to which wild animals are seldom seen there. The Government of Haryana used drones for aerial surveys and dug 22 ephemeral pits in 2018 to store the rainwater which became dry during the summer months. In January 2019, the government announced the plan to make the pit perennial by connecting those with pipelines from the nearby villages.

Human activity, such as unplanned urbanization and polluting industrial plants, also pose a great threat. There is often reluctance and denial on part of the government officials of the presence of wildlife such as leopard so that the forest land can be exploited and opened up for the intrusive human development.

This habitat is under serious threat from the wrong actions of the Government of Haryana which in 2019 passed the amendment to the Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 (PLPA). Governor has given his assent for the act, but it has not yet been notified by the Haryana government, hence it is in limbo and has not officially become a law. This amendment will reduce the Haryana's Natural Conservation Zones (NCZs) by 47% or 60,000 acres from 122,113.30 hectares to only 64,384.66 hectares. This is in violation of multiple guidelines of the Supreme Court of India as well as "NCR Planning Board" (NCRPB) notification which states the original 122,113.30 hectares ecologically sensitive forest of South Haryana is a forest, "The major natural features, identified as environmentally sensitive areas, are the extension of Aravalli ridge in Rajasthan, Haryana and NCT-Delhi; forest areas; rivers and tributaries... major lakes and water bodies such as Badkhal lake, Suraj Kund and Damdama in Haryana sub-region". This area as part of Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor is an important habitat for the leopards in Haryana.

Southern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor
This corridor runs from Sariska and Ranthmbor to Rann of Kutch National Park and Gir National Park in Gujarat.

Nature reserves

The following national parks, wildlife reserves, and forests lie in the Aravalli Range.

 * Delhi Ridge
 * Northern Ridge biodiversity park, 87 hectares approximately near Delhi University
 * Yamuna biodiversity park
 * Neela Hauz biodiversity park, next to Sanjay Van
 * Sanjay Van
 * Sanjay Lake
 * Aravalli Biodiversity Park
 * Tilpath valley biodiversity park, 70 hectares approximately near Sainik Farm
 * Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Haryana

 * Aravali Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon
 * Madhogarh Biodiversity Park forest
 * Nuh Aravalli Biodiversity Park forest
 * Satnali Biodiversity Park forest
 * Tosham Hill range biodiversity park
 * Masani barrage wildlife area.
 * Matanhail wildlife area
 * Chhuchhakwas-Godhari wetland
 * Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Sarbashirpur
 * Sultanpur National Park
 * Basai
 * Bandhwari forest
 * Mangar Bani forest
 * The Lost Lake (Gurugram)
 * Rajasthan
 * Sariska Tiger Reserve
 * Ranthambore National Park
 * National Chambal Sanctuary
 * Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Todgarh-Raoli Sanctuary
 * Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Gujarat

 * Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary

Flora
The Aravalli Range has several forests with a diversity of environment.

Fauna
The Aravalli Range is rich in wildlife. The first-ever 2017 wildlife survey of a 200 square kilometre area crossing five districts (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Mewat, Rewari and Mahendergarh) of Haryana by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) found 14 species, including leopards, striped hyena (7 sightings), golden jackal (9 sightings, with 92% occupancy across the survey area), nilgai (55 sightings), palm civet (7 sightings), wild pig (14 sightings), rhesus macaque (55 sightings), peafowl (57 sightings) and Indian crested porcupine (12 sightings). Encouraged by the first survey, the wildlife department has prepared a plan for a comprehensive study and census of wildlife across the whole Aravalli Range, including radio collar tracking of the wild animals. Well known leopard and hyena habitat is along the Ferozpure Jhirka-Nuh Aravali range as well as Delhi South Ridge (Faridabad-Gurugram) to Farrukhnagar area on the Delhi–Haryana border, with reports of sightings in Saidpur, Lokri and Jhund Sarai Viran villages near the KMP expressway; Bhukarka 7 km from Pataudi; Pathkori, Bhond, Mandawar in Ferozepur Jirka region.

Concerns
In May 1992, some parts of the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and Haryana were protected from mining through the Ecologically Sensitive Areas clauses of Indian laws. In 2003, the central government of India prohibited mining operations in these areas. In 2004, India's Supreme Court banned mining in the notified areas of Aravalli Range. In May 2009, the Supreme Court extended the ban on mining in an area of 448 km2 across the Faridabad, Gurgaon and Mewat districts in Haryana, covering the Aravalli Range.

A 2013 report used high-resolution Cartosat-1 and LISS-IV satellite imaging to determine the existence and condition of mines in the Aravalli Range. In the Guru Gram district, the Aravalli hills occupy an area of 11,256 hectares, of which 491 (4.36%) hectares had mines, of which 16 hectares (0.14%) were abandoned flooded mines. In the Faridabad and Mewat districts, about 3610 hectares were part of mining industry, out of a total of 49,300 hectares. These mines were primarily granite and marble quarries for India's residential and real estate construction applications. In the Central Rajasthan region, Sharma states that the presence of some mining has had both positive and negative effects on neighboring agriculture and the ecosystem. The rain-induced erosion brings nutrients as well as potential contaminants.

Economy
The Aravali Range is the source area of many rivers, resulting in development of human settlements with sustainable economy since pre-historic times. The Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project, Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, North Western Railway network, Jaipur–Kishangarh Expressway and Delhi–Jaipur Expressway, all run parallel to the length of the Aravalli Range providing an economic boost.

Tourism
The Aravalli Range is the home of forests, wildlife, protected areas, UNESCO heritage listed forts, rivers, and historical monuments which sustain a large tourism industry.

Concerns
Damage to the environment and ecology from the unorganized urbanization, overexploitation of the natural resources including water and minerals, mining, untreated human waste and disposal, pollution, loss of forest cover and wildlife habitat, unprotected status of most of the Aravalli and the lack of an integrated Aravalli management agency are the major causes of concern.

title: Aravalli Range


text: Category:British Virgin Islands

title: Category:British Virgin Islands


text: Category:Cook Islands

title: Category:Cook Islands


text:
Talk:Baby shower

Other Countries?
It seems the first part of the article refers to the tradition in one country, and then there is an 'other countries' section for elsewhere. It is never stated which country the beginning refers to. --81.109.145.143 (talk) 10:20, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

I second this. 88.109.52.246 (talk) 22:20, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Also, I don't think "wetting the baby's head" in the UK section is a valid comparison to a baby shower. Wetting the baby's head is a post-birth celebration, more comparable to fathers in the United States passing out cigars after the baby is born. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.158.1.164 (talk) 16:25, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

The text seems to give the US a privileged position. The section international comparison should include the united states, where baby showers do occur, and the bulk of the article should be neutral as to country. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.91.168.12 (talk) 16:34, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I disagree that the article should be neutral. Baby showers are quite US-centric. Other pre-, peri- and post-natal celebrations should be recognized, but this doesn't seem to be the location, since baby showers are separate and seem notable enough themselves to have an article. The lead does seem confused about whether the article is country-agnostic, but the rest of the article (even prior to my edits?) seemed quite US-centric, with links to other practices and stray information about international alternatives. I think it should be updated to explain how baby showers are quite American (assuming we have a citation for that and I'm not mistaken, since I'm from the UK)? Throne3d (talk) 05:10, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is generally US-centric. 86.139.218.163 (talk) 11:35, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

USA is not mentioned in the country sections
The section listing all the countries (strangely called "International") has no reference to the USA. I thought baby showers were common in the USA? Why isn't it included?

Or has it been written (probably unintentionally) in an America-centric manner? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ebelular (talk • contribs) 15:28, 6 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Lots of WP articles on US culture have this "all the world's America" tone to them. Few people in the UK have even heard of baby or bridal showers. The practice sounds mercenary and grasping. --Ef80 (talk) 18:32, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm confused. Where do you get the impression from that few people in the UK have ever heard of a baby shower? I would expect the opposite, especially with the prevalence of American TV (and am British myself, so find myself confused). I recognize it's not often practiced? Throne3d (talk) 05:06, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It depends what sort of TV you watch. If you watch a lot of US reality shows on fringe channels then you are more likely to be aware of the concept, and the older you are the less likely you are to have heard of it. --Ef80 (talk) 13:57, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how true that is, but it at least suggests it's not extremely widespread knowledge in the UK, so I suppose it's useful to know. I'm not sure what we should do, if anything, if it does turn out to be rather America-centric – I've only ever known about the practice as an American thing, but there are cites about similar practices happening in other countries. Is there a "natal celebrations" page, or equivalent, which is more general? (I'm not sure what to search for to find it, and the article itself doesn't seem to link one.) If not, should we move most of this information into a new page for that, and link this article as a subset of it? Throne3d (talk) 20:50, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Baby showers are practised here in the UK by the younger generation, though I admit that I'd never heard of them until a few years ago because I never watch American TV.  Dbfirs  21:08, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

 * One rule in the US is baby showers are women-only events or men over age 13 do not attend, however you have baby showers where males over age 13 are invited. This isn't a clearly defined rule in North America, because men want to celebrate a female family or friend's life event. It all depends on the host's personal preference, culture, religion, region or state, and relationship with the party. In CA (from my personal experience), I attended them at age 10-12 (oddly, my family didn't know anyone pregnant not before that age), but I avoid them since turning age 20 or 21 (I have women ask me not to attend, even if I'm their friend), because this is social graces to the majority of Americans (not so much in 2017 than in 1990), then again this "women-only" rule isn't strictly followed by everyone. 67.49.89.214 (talk) 00:14, 31 March 2020(UTC)

US idea
A US idea exported by US TV (which must be some of the worst that I've seen in the world) to the hard-of-thinking in other countries as a culture substitute. Fortunately, it is relegated by the more intelligent people in those countries to the 'US over-consumption' bin.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.156.104.126 (talk • contribs) 07:47, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

"Ancient" section is unrelated bloat.
The addition of the "Ancient traditions" is so puzzling to me. Some of these are completely unrelated to the topic. It feels like it was added to add some petty credibility to this modern tradition. Antari.koko (talk) 07:55, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes. In fact all of the "Ancient traditions" are unrelated to the US event.  As long as sell-whenever-you-can remains the US way it will have trouble being great, let alone great again.  The saying outside the US is that US-ians know the price of everything and the value of nothing. 86.139.218.163 (talk) 11:39, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baby shower


text:
Category:Normandy

and the corresponding French Region of Normandy (administrative region)

title: Category:Normandy


text:
Samuel L. Gravely Jr.

Samuel Lee Gravely Jr. (June 4, 1922 – October 22, 2004) was a United States Navy officer. He was the first African American in the U.S. Navy to serve aboard a fighting ship as an officer, the first to command a Navy ship, the first fleet commander, and the first to become a flag officer, retiring as a vice admiral.

Early life and training
Gravely was born on June 4, 1922, in Richmond, Virginia, the oldest of five children of Mary George Gravely and postal worker Samuel L. Gravely Sr. He attended Virginia Union University but left before graduating to join the Naval Reserve in 1942. He had attempted to enlist in the U.S. Army in 1940 but was turned away due to a supposed heart murmur.

After receiving basic training at Naval Station Great Lakes, Illinois, Gravely entered the V-12 Navy College Training Program at the University of California, Los Angeles. Upon graduating from UCLA, he completed Midshipmen's School at Columbia University and was commissioned an ensign on December 14, 1944. His commission came only eight months after the "Golden Thirteen" became the first African-American officers in the U.S. Navy.

World War II and Korean War
Gravely began his seagoing career as the only black officer aboard the submarine chaser USS PC-1264, which was one of two U.S. Navy ships (the other being USS Mason (DE-529)) with a predominantly black enlisted crew. Before June 1, 1942, African Americans could only enlist in the Navy as messmen; PC-1264 and Mason were intended to test the ability of African Americans to perform general Navy service. For the remainder of World War II, PC-1264 conducted patrols and escort missions along the east coast of the U.S. and south to the Caribbean.

In 1946, Gravely was released from active duty, remaining in the Naval Reserve. He married schoolteacher Alma Bernice Clark later that year; the couple went on to raise three children, Robert, David, and Tracey. He returned to his hometown of Richmond and re-enrolled at Virginia Union University, graduating in 1948 with a degree in history and then working as a railway postal clerk.

Gravely was recalled to active duty in 1949 and worked as a recruiter in Washington, D.C., before holding both shore and sea assignments during the Korean War. During that time he served on the USS Iowa as a communications officer. He transferred from the Reserve to the regular Navy in 1955 and began to specialize in naval communications.

Vietnam War and later career
Many of Gravely's later career achievements represented "firsts" for African Americans. From 15 February 1961 to 21 October 1961, he served as the first African-American officer to command a U.S. Navy ship, the USS Theodore E. Chandler (DD-717) (Robert Smalls had briefly commanded a Navy ship in the American Civil War, although he was a civilian, not a Navy officer). He also commanded the radar picket destroyer escort USS Falgout (DER-324) from January 1962 to June 1963. During the Vietnam War he commanded the destroyer USS Taussig (DD-746) as it performed plane guard duty and gunfire support off the coast of Vietnam in 1966, making him the first African American to lead a ship into combat. In 1967 he became the first African American to reach the rank of captain, and in 1971 the first to reach rear admiral.

At the time of his promotion to rear admiral, he was in command of the guided missile frigate USS Jouett (DLG-29). Gravely commanded Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2. He was later named the Director of Naval Communications. From 1976 to 1978, he commanded the Third Fleet based in Hawaii, then transferred to Virginia to direct the Defense Communications Agency until his retirement in 1980.

Gravely's military decorations include the Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious Service Medal and Navy Commendation Medal. He was also awarded the World War II Victory Medal, the Korean Service Medal with two service stars, the United Nations Korea Medal, and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation.

Later years and legacy
Following his military retirement, Gravely settled in rural Haymarket, Virginia, and worked as a consultant. An elementary school in Haymarket, Virginia has been named the Samuel L. Gravely Jr. Elementary School in his honor.

After suffering a stroke, Gravely died at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, on October 22, 2004. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

In Richmond, the street on which Gravely grew up was renamed "Admiral Gravely Boulevard" in 1977. Samuel L. Gravely, Jr. Elementary School in Haymarket, Virginia was named after him in 2008. The destroyer USS Gravely (DDG-107), commissioned in 2010, was named in his honor.

Vice Admiral Gravely is honored annually in San Pedro, California, aboard Battleship Iowa, at the Gravely Celebration Experience. Each year the organization honors trailblazers exemplifying VADM Gravely's leadership and service with the Leadership & Service Award. An essay competition for U.S. History high school students that explores VADM Gravely's motto — “Education, Motivation, Perseverance” — is affiliated with the annual event.

title: Samuel L. Gravely Jr.


text: Category:Macedonia (region)

title: Category:Macedonia (region)


text:
Łabiszyn

Łabiszyn is a small town in Żnin County, in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland, with 4,452 inhabitants (2010). It is located on the Noteć river near Żnin, on the border between the historic regions of Pałuki and Kuyavia.

History
The first written mention of Łabiszyn comes from the 13th century as an estate owned by a knight, located within medieval Piast-ruled Poland. A document from 1247 mentions Dezydery of Łabiszyn, probably the owner of the settlement. In 1362 the village is mentioned as Labissino and Lambissiono. In the 14th century, Łabiszyn belonged to the Prawdzic family. Thanks to their efforts, the settlement and the castle were granted town rights in 1369. In 1407, the town already had its own wax seal with the coat of arms depicting the right, open and severed hand with the inscription "Łabiszyn". King Władysław Jagiełło passed through Łabiszyn on November 2, 1410, on his way from Inowrocław to Szubin after the victorious Battle of Koronowo. According to tradition, Jagiełło planted two oaks on the Łabiszyński Hill, one of which has survived to this day.

Łabiszyn was a private town, administratively located in the Kcynia County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. In the years 1604-1610, the owner of the town with the castle and the surrounding villages was Andrzej Czarnkowski, the voivode of Kalisz. From the 16th to the 19th century, the town was owned by the Czarnkowski, Opaliński, Gembicki and Skórzewski families. In 1678, the castellan Paweł Gembicki confirmed the town rights for Łabiszyn. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the town was devastated by fires and plagues. With the annexation of the town by Prussia in the late 18th-century Partitions of Poland, Protestant clothiers from German states began to arrive. On September 30, 1794, during the Kościuszko Uprising, the troops of General Henryk Dąbrowski defeated the Prussian army near Łabiszyn and captured the town, which was defended by the Prussian garrison of Lieutenant Beyer. After the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, and then re-annexed by Prussia after the duchy's dissolution in 1815. Another battle between Polish insurgents and the Prussian army near Łabiszyn took place in 1848, during the Greater Poland uprising, as part of the Revolutions of 1848.

Under Prussian rule, the town was part of Kreis Schubin in the Province of Posen until 1919. It was also part of the German Empire from 1871. According to the German census of 1890, the town had a population of 2,328, of which 900 (38.7%) were Poles. In the aftermath of World War I, the town's inhabitants played an important role in the Greater Poland uprising (1918-1919). In 1919, the Łabiszyn insurgents won a decisive victory against the Germans and the town became part of the newly established Second Polish Republic. Within interwar Poland, the town was initially located in the Poznań Voivodeship and then in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. Łabiszyn was one of the sites of executions of Poles carried out by Germany in 1939 as part of the Intelligenzaktion. In 1940, the Germans renamed the town Lüderitz, in memory of Adolf Lüderitz, founder of the German South West Africa colony. Towards the end of World War II in 1945, the town was captured by the Red Army and restored to Poland.

title: Łabiszyn


text:
Service stripe

A service stripe is an embroidered diagonal stripe worn on the sleeve(s) of some military and paramilitary uniforms. In the case of the United States military, service stripes are authorized for wear by enlisted personnel on the lower part of the sleeve of a uniform to denote length of service. Service stripes vary in size and in color.

Criteria
The United States Army authorizes one stripe for each three-year period of service, while the United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, and United States Coast Guard authorize one stripe for each four-year period of duty.

In contrast to the Army, the Navy and Marine Corps Good Conduct Medals, a service stripe is authorized for wear by enlisted personnel upon completion of the specified term of service, regardless of the service member's disciplinary history. For example, a sailor or marine with several non-judicial punishments and courts-martial would still be authorized a service stripe for each four-year period of service, although the Good Conduct Medal would be denied.

History
In 1777, the French ancien régime-era army had used Galons d'ancienneté, or "Seniority Braid" (cloth braid chevrons nicknamed brisures > "breaks") worn on the upper sleeves awarded for each seven years of enlistment. Soldiers who wore such emblems were called briscards ("breakers"). The practice was continued in Napoleon Bonaparte's army in which they were awarded for 10, 15, and 20 years of service. The French Army later moved them to the lower sleeves and the rank stripes to the upper sleeves. Service chevrons were worn on the lower left sleeve and Wound Stripes were worn on the lower right sleeve (influencing the U.S. Wound Chevron device).

In the United States, the concept of a service stripe dates back to 1782 when, during the American Revolution, George Washington ordered that enlisted men who had served for three years "with bravery, fidelity and good conduct" should wear "a narrow piece of white cloth, of angular form" on the left sleeve of the uniform coat. In the U.S. Army, sleeve stripes denoted a successful completion of a standard enlistment. They were the same color as the enlisted rank stripes and were "half-chevrons" (angled strips of cloth). Service during the American Civil War was denoted by a red stripe bordered by the rank stripe color (called a "Blood Stripe"). The artillery corps, who wore red stripes on their uniforms, wore a white stripe bordered red instead.

United States
Sleeve stripes are worn only by enlisted personnel. U.S. Army soldiers, U.S. Navy sailors and U.S. Coast Guardsmen wear their stripes on the bottom cuff of the left sleeve, where U.S. Marines wear them at the bottom cuff of both sleeves. Since 1953 U.S. soldiers wear them on the left sleeve and Overseas Service Bars on the right one. Prior to 1953, Overseas Service Bars were worn on the left sleeve. Service stripes are only worn on formal uniforms, and are not seen on work uniforms.

Navy service stripes come in three colors and they are red, gold, and blue. They are 7 inches long and three-eighths of an inch wide for male chief petty officers; male sailors from rates seaman recruit to petty officer first class wear service stripes 5.25 inches long and three-eighths of an inch wide. Female navy sailors wear service stripes 5.25 inches long and a quarter-inch wide. They are worn two inches above the left sleeve cuff on jackets, and 1.5 inches above the cuff on service dress blue jumpers and the new summer white jumpers. On the old-style summer white jumpers they are worn two inches above the cuff. Multiple navy service stripes are worn a quarter-inch apart from each other.

United States Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard

For the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, service stripes are given to service members for every four years of service.

Color
The U.S. Navy authorizes gold service stripes for those sailors with over twelve cumulative years' of service. Until June 2019, the service had to have been free of disciplinary action in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Navy Reserve. During the period when that rule was in effect, in cases where a disciplinary infraction had occurred, the sailor was not denied a service stripe but simply was authorized the standard red stripe design only.

Like the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Coast Guard authorizes gold and red service stripes, however the color in the case of the latter does not depend on time in service, but rather on rank: Junior enlisted personnel (i.e. those in paygrades E-1 to E-6) wear red service stripes, whereas chief petty officers (i.e. those in paygrades E-7 to E-9) wear gold service stripes.

United States Military Academy
These stripes are also used on the sleeves of the full dress uniform worn by cadets of the United States Military Academy at West Point, which denote the number of years a cadet has been at the academy. This is also done by cadets of other military colleges and prep schools.

United States Air Force
The United States Air Force is the only branch of service that does not authorize service stripes. The Air Force Longevity Service Ribbon is awarded instead. Historically, persons who were in the Army Air Forces and then became part of the Air Force when it was separated from the Army in 1947 could continue to wear their service stripes.

U.S. law enforcement use
In many civilian law enforcement agencies in the United States, policemen, troopers, constables, and sheriff's deputies will often be awarded service stripes for wear on their long-sleeved uniforms, usually on the lower left sleeve. One stripe may be worn for varying lengths of time and differs by agency; for instance the Los Angeles Police Department issues one service stripe for every five years served.

title: Service stripe


text: Category:New Caledonia

title: Category:New Caledonia


text: Category:Marshall Islands

title: Category:Marshall Islands


text: Category:Maldives

title: Category:Maldives


text:
Lee Beom-seok

Lee Beom-seok (sometimes transliterated in other ways such as Yi Pom-Sok) was the name of two important 20th century politicians in South Korea:

 * Lee Beom-seok (prime minister) (1900–1972), Korean independence activist and later the first Prime Minister of South Korea from 1948 until 1950
 * Lee Beom-seok (foreign minister) (1925–1983), Foreign Minister of South Korea from 1982 until his death in the Rangoon bombing in 1983

title: Lee Beom-seok


text: User talk:145.35.88.40

title: User talk:145.35.88.40