text:
Tozawa, Yamagata

Tozawa (戸沢村) is a village located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 4,042 in 1492 households,   and a population density of 17 persons per km2. The total area of the village is 261.31 km².

Geography
Tozawa is located in north-central eastern Yamagata Prefecture. To the west of the village is the Dewa Mountains, and to east is the Shinjo Basin. The Mogami River runs westward through the center of the village.

Neighboring municipalities
Yamagata Prefecture
 * Shinjō
 * Sakata
 * Sakegawa
 * Shōnai
 * Ōkura

Climate
Tozawa has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Tozawa is 11.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1877 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.1 °C.

History
The area of present-day was Tozawa part of ancient Dewa Province and during the Nara Period and early Heian period was an important fortified point on the road connecting Akita Castle on the Sea of Japan with Tagajo on the Pacific Ocean. During the Sengoku period, the area was under the control of the Mogami clan. During the Edo period, the village was a river port on the Mogami River. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Mogami District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Tozawa was established on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It absorbed the neighboring villages of Furukuchi and Kadokawa in 1955.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tozawa peaked around the year 1950 and has declined since then. It is now less than half what it was a century ago.

Economy
The main industry is agriculture, livestock and forestry.

Education
Tozawa has one combined public elementary/middle school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railways
East Japan Railway Company - Rikuu West Line
 * Tsuya - Furukuchi - Takaya

Local attractions

 * Shiraito Falls – one of Japan's Top 100 Waterfalls

Sister city relations

 * 🇵🇭 Philippines – General Trias, Cavite, Philippines

title: Tozawa, Yamagata


text:
The Nun's Priest's Tale

"The Nun's Priest's Tale" (Middle English: The Nonnes Preestes Tale of the Cok and Hen, Chauntecleer and Pertelote ) is one of The Canterbury Tales by the Middle English poet Geoffrey Chaucer. Composed in the 1390s, it is a beast fable and mock epic based on an incident in the Reynard cycle. The story of Chanticleer and the Fox became further popularised in Britain through this means.

The tale and framing narrative
The narrative of 695-lines includes a prologue and an epilogue. The prologue links the story with the previous Monk's Tale, a series of short accounts of toppled despots, criminals and fallen heroes, which prompts an interruption from the knight. The host upholds the knight's complaint and orders the monk to change his story. The monk refuses, saying he has no lust to pleye, and so the Host calls on the Nun's Priest to give the next tale. There is no substantial depiction of this character in Chaucer's "General Prologue", but in the tale's epilogue the Host is moved to give a highly approving portrait which highlights his great physical strength and presence.

The fable concerns a world of talking animals who reflect both human perception and fallacy. Its protagonist is Chauntecleer, a proud cock (rooster) who dreams of his approaching doom in the form of a fox. Frightened, he awakens Pertelote, the chief favourite among his seven wives. She assures him that he only suffers from indigestion and chides him for paying heed to a simple dream. Chauntecleer recounts stories of prophets who foresaw their deaths, dreams that came true, and dreams that were more profound (for instance, Cicero's account of the Dream of Scipio). Chauntecleer is comforted and proceeds to greet a new day. Unfortunately for Chauntecleer, his own dream was also correct. A col-fox, ful of sly iniquitee (line 3215), who had previously tricked Chauntecleer's father and mother to their downfall, lies in wait for him in a bed of wortes.

When Chauntecleer spots this daun Russell (line 3334), the fox plays to his prey's inflated ego and overcomes the cock's instinct to escape by insisting he would love to hear Chauntecleer crow just as his amazing father did, standing on tiptoe with neck outstretched and eyes closed. When the cock does so, he is promptly snatched from the yard in the fox's jaws and slung over his back. As the fox flees through the forest, with the entire barnyard giving chase, the captured Chauntecleer suggests that he should pause to tell his pursuers to give up. The predator's own pride is now his undoing: as the fox opens his mouth to taunt his pursuers, Chauntecleer escapes from his jaws and flies into the nearest tree. The fox tries in vain to convince the wary rooster of his repentance; it now prefers the safety of the tree and refuses to fall for the same trick a second time.

The Nun's Priest is characterised by the way that he elaborates his slender tale with epic parallels drawn from ancient history and chivalry, giving a display of learning which, in the context of the story and its cast, can only be comic and ironic. But in contrast, the description of the poor widow and the chicken yard of her country cottage with which the tale opens is true to life and has been quoted as authentic in discussions of the living conditions of the mediaeval peasant. By way of conclusion, the Nun's Priest goes on to reconcile the sophistication of his courtly performance with the simplicity of the tale within the framing narrative by admonishing the audience to be careful of reckless decisions and of truste on flaterye.

Adaptations
Robert Henryson used Chaucer's tale as a source for his Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe, the third poem in his Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian, composed in or around the 1480s. Later, the poet John Dryden adapted the tale into more comprehensible modern language under the title of The Cock and the Fox (1700). In 2007, the playwright Dougie Blaxland wrote a comic verse play Chauntecleer and Pertelotte, roughly based on the Nun's Priest's Tale.

Barbara Cooney's adaptation for children with her own illustrations, Chanticleer and the Fox, won the Caldecott Medal in 1959. Another illustrated edition of the tale won the 1992 Kerlan Award. This was Chanticleer and the Fox – A Chaucerian Tale (1991), written by Fulton Roberts with Marc Davis' drawings for a Disney cartoon that was never completed.

Among musical settings have been Gordon Jacob's The Nun's Priest's Tale (1951) and the similarly titled choral setting by Ross Lee Finney. Another American adaptation was Seymour Barab's comic opera Chanticleer. In the UK Michael Hurd set the tale as Rooster Rag, a pop cantata for children (1976).

A full-length musical stage adaptation of The Canterbury Tales, composed of the Prologue, Epilogue, The Nun's Priest's Tale, and four other tales, was presented at the Phoenix Theatre, London on 21 March 1968, with music by Richard Hill & John Hawkins, lyrics by Nevill Coghill, and original concept, book, and direction by Martin Starkie. The Nun's Priest's Tale section was excluded from the original 1969 Broadway production, though reinstated in the 1970 US tour.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Nun's Priest's Tale


text:
Talk:QOS

VfD discussion (2004)
From VfD:

The article here is pointless, since nothing links to it other than the list of TLAs. 82.6.10.139 02:10, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the best idea is to make it a redirect to Quality of service.-- Finlay McWalter | Talk 01:58, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Jeez, can't you lot wait until people finish posting the proposals? ;-) (Perhaps I need some QoS on this LAN ...)

 * Changed my mind. Make it a disambig for Quality of service and Queen of the South F.C. (which, although it doesn't exist, is linked from List of football clubs in Scotland) -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 02:21, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - nothing here needs deleted, just rearranged and tidied up. The VfD process is only appropriate if you think an article need to be completely excised from Wikipedia.  No permission or privileges are needed to move articles and change them to disambiguation or redirect pages.  If you're not sure  what needs to be done, try the Cleanup process. - TB 12:44, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

end moved dicussion

title: Talk:QOS


text:
Takahata, Yamagata

Takahata (高畠町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 23,367, in 7629 households, and a population density of 130 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 180.26 km2.

Geography
Takahata is located in mountainous southeastern Yamagata Prefecture. The Mogami River flows through the town.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Yonezawa
 * Nan'yō
 * Kaminoyama
 * Kawanishi
 * Miyagi Prefecture
 * Shichikashuku
 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Fukushima

Climate
Takahata has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa/Dfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Takahata is 11.2 C. The average annual rainfall is 1283.0 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.3 C, and lowest in January, at around -0.9 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Takahata has declined slightly in recent decades.

History
The area of present-day Takahata was part of ancient Dewa Province. During the Edo period, it was a castle town ruled by a branch of the Oda clan until their transfer to Tendō Domain, and afterwards a portion was controlled by the Yonezawa Domain. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Higashiokitama District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Takahata was established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. It was elevated to town status on December 12, 1895, and the kanji used to write its name assumed its present form in January 1905.

Economy
The economy of Takahata is based on agriculture and forestry. The town is noted for its production Delaware grapes and for its wine.

Education
Takahata has six public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education. .

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Yamagata Shinkansen East Japan Railway Company - Ōu Main Line
 * Takahata
 * Takahata

Highway

 * – Nanyō-Takahata interchange

Sister city relations

 * 🇦🇺 - Singleton, New South Wales, Australia

Local attractions

 * site of Takahata Castle
 * Hinata Caves, National Historic Site
 * Ōdachi Caves, National Historic Site
 * Hibakoiwa Caves, National Historic Site
 * Ichinosawa Caves, National Historic Site

Notable people

 * Yuko Aoki, model
 * Shunsaku Kudō, Imperial Japanese Navy officer

title: Takahata, Yamagata


text:
Kawanishi, Yamagata

Kawanishi (川西町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 14,967 in 5052 households, and a population density of 90 persons per km². The total area of the town is 166.46 km².

Geography
Kawanishi is located in the southwest of the Yonezawa Basin. There are two major rivers, the Mogami River and the Omonogawa River, running along the town's borders. The literal meaning of Kawanishi is "west of the river", which refers to its location west of the Mogami River. Also, there are two minor rivers, the Inukawa and the Kurokawa, running through the town.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Nagai
 * Nan'yō
 * Takahata
 * Yonezawa
 * Iide

Climate
Kawanishi has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Kawanishi is 11.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1555 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.5 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kawanishi peaked around the year 1950 and has declined steadily since then. It is now considerably less than it was a hundred years ago.

History
The area of present-day Kawanishi was part of ancient Dewa Province. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Higashiokitama District, Yamagata Prefecture. The nineteenth-century English traveler, Isabella Bird, stayed in the town, and noted the Yonezawa Basin area "as a 'Garden of Eden,' ground that smiles fruitfully, and Arcadia in Asia." The town of Kawanishi was established on January 1, 1955 by the merger of the villages of Otsuka, Inukawa, Komatsu and Chugun from Meiji period, the area became part of Higashiokitama District and the village of Tamaniwa from Minamiokitama District. The village of Yoshijima from Higashiokitama District joined the town on February 1, 1955.

Economy
The abundance of water makes the town ideal for farming, mostly rice. The town also produces the famous Yonezawa beef since the Meiji era.

Education
Kawanishi has six public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Yonesaka Line Yamagata Railway - Flower Nagai Line
 * Chūgun - Uzen-Komatsu - Inukawa
 * Nishi-Ōtsuka

Local attractions

 * Kawanishi Dahlia Park

Noted People from Kawanishi

 * Hisashi Inoue, playwright and writer of comic fiction.

Film Locations

 * Warabi no kō (2003)
 * Swing Girls (2004)- The competition scene filmed particularly at the town's library and Theater complex called Kawanishi-machi Friendly Plaza.

title: Kawanishi, Yamagata


text:
NCOA

NCOA may refer to:

 * National Change Of Address database (see United States Postal Service)
 * National Chamber Orchestra of Armenia
 * National Council on Aging
 * The Noncomissioned Officer Academy in the United States Air Force

title: NCOA


text:
Talk:Gibson SG

Sister Rosetta Tharpe
How you gonna have an article about the Gibson SG and not mention Sister Rosetta Tharpe? One of you nerds needs to fix this — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.12.231.107 (talk) 14:54, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

Small edit
I added Tony Iommi to notable SG users. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.180.125.178 (talk • contribs)
 * I reverted your edit because he is already mentioned in the paragraph above. PJM 22:55, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Oops, didn't read the paragraph above, my bad. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.180.125.178 (talk • contribs)

The small-person's guitar
Doesn't the SG have a reputation as being the guitar of choice for the smaller player? I know Angus Young and Tanya Donelly are both big fans of it, and both are small people. -- John Fader 16:08, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

''The SG does tend to be used by smaller people because it's much lighter in weight than the Les Paul, but still has the distinctive Gibson sound. The neck scale is also the smaller 24.75" scale (as opposed to 25.5" on Fenders and other guitars) which is also easier to play for people with smaller hands. -- Happydog''

''Well, a lightweight guitar is a big convenience for someone of any size. I mean would you rather (saying they sound the same) be playing 7 or 14 lb guitar? - TMFSG''

Is the picure actually an Angus Young signature?
I thought the Angus Young signature model had "lightening bolt" style fretboard inlays. The photo looks like a standard red SG.

Damned if I know. It looks like a circa-'67 SG reissue, which would make it the right body and pickguard style for an Angus Young model. But ever since I redid these guitar articles, people have been trying to plug in stuff on celebrity signature models, which I personally think is teh ghey. Auto movil 19:20, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It has the vibrato, the devil headstock decal, and the etching of the devil on the vibrato - ergo, it is an Angus Young signature. -- Brother Dysk 13:30, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

''It's an Angus Young. The Angus Young signature doesn't have lightning-bolt inlays. There was a variation on the SG made in the 1980's to appeal to the glam metal crowd that did have a lightning-bolt tailpiece, but it wasn't used by Young. The Angus Young Signature is indeed very similar to late 1960's SG's, which is how Angus wanted it. The only real difference between the Angus Young Signature and a 1960's SG is the inlay on the headstock and the etching on the vibrato. -- Happydog''

There are two Angus Young signatures that I know of, one does have lightning bolt inlays, but the other does not. VoodooWitchDr —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.125.242.236 (talk) 14:26, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Lightning bolt inlays
There was never lightning bolt inlays on the Angus Young signature SG, but Angus did own a customized SG Standard that had those inlays. - TMFSG

lightning bolt inlays were only in a custom les paul.

Picture Change
I changed the picture to a Gibson SG Standard. The original picture was an Angus Young Signature SG. -TMFSG umm someone should just put a picture of a SG standard because i think the current picture is of a 61 reissue with tremolo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.186.64.155 (talk) 02:31, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Notable players
What about Angus Young? He used ONLY an SG! and in my opinion is a very influential guitarist :)

Now, I have don't know why we only have guitarists notable for their use of Gibson SGs. Shouldn't it be more like notable guitarists who use Gibson SGs? This new title will still avoid adding artistes who used SGs only a few times and keep out "fancruft", but will make the list be more like the strat's and tele's. The old title restricts the list to just those notable for using Gibson SGs, thus restricting the list to almost just Gibson's endorsees and signature players, making it biased, too. Ariedartin JECJY Talk 08:35, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The Telecaster player list is extremely strict(has to have refs) This list should be just as strict. 142.179.103.183 13:05, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * that's because telecaster players tend to be cranky old men, and telecaster players who also maintain lists on wikipedia are too far gone to be helped —Preceding unsigned comment added by A plague of rainbows (talk • contribs) 21:18, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * That's a very odd way to put it. Nevertheless, then the list is very lax, since almost all the artistes have no cites. But I'll help. Ariedartin JECJY Talk 13:59, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Yes, even Eric Clapton used an SG, but not that often. Zimouskii —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zimouskii (talk • contribs) 12:08, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

What about Louis Bertignac - exclusively uses a Gibson SG Junior 1963 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bertignac ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:79E0:60:2:4987:460E:1E9B:B37E (talk) 11:03, 31 August 2017 (UTC)

I'm not a fan of these fan-crufty lists of so-&-so-used-this-model-or-that-model because they're often unsubstantiated, & anyway they're often irrelevant. BUT ffs, OLLIE HALSALL.

duncanrmi (talk) 01:47, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

No mention of The Rolling Stones’ Mick Taylor in a Wikipedia page on the Gibson SG? No photo either?! A travesty. Look up the Stones Live 1972 on YouTube. One of the most underrated but important guitar players in your lifetime. (Gimmie Shelter from Philadelphia 1972, listen to it first). And hey, put his photo up once you read up on him. Thanks for your time!

External links / SG Special Faded
I personally do think that Gibson brand guitars are very overpriced these days, but do we really need to have a review bashing the SG Special Faded on this page as one of the six external links?

Guitar Hero II
Some should include the fact that this guitar is included as a pack in guitar controller in the PS2 Release of Guitar Hero II. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.19.181.153 (talk) 19:52, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * that's quite a deal then —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.193.194.181 (talk) 01:27, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

SG = "Spanish Guitar"??
I was always under the impression that SG stood for "Solid Guitar" after Les Paul refused to put his name on it. Is "Spanish Guitar" some kind of joke/vandalism, or is there a story here I'm not aware of? KyuzoGator 20:54, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It was vandalism. SG = solid guitar. 156.34.228.22 21:46, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

I had always heard that SG stood for "Standard Gibson". It would be nice if someone could post a definitive reference.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.185.163.98 (talk) 09:36, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Whole article, no mention of sound
Shouldn't that be a major part of the article, what kind of sound it produces? (same with the major 'Gibson' article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.61.21.58 (talk) 23:42, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The only problem is that sound is a bit subjective, and sometimes dependent on the individual guitar and definitely on the amp. We'd need stuff that meets WP:RS and WP:V for sound quality info.  I had thought about noting something about its good sustain, but that might be subjective too.  •Jim 62 sch• dissera! 17:26, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

According to the Gibson website it "The best selling Gibson".
Anyone want to add that? http://forums.gibson.com/Default.aspx?g=posts&m=221675&--Nothingbutgrains (talk) 05:21, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Too iffy. My personal pref is SG over Les Paul, but then I own an SG, so I suppose I'm biased.  If we had the original source from Gibson, that would be worthwhile.  •Jim 62 sch• dissera! 17:23, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

http://www2.gibson.com/Gibson.aspx--Nothingbutgrains (talk) 07:28, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Appearances section
The first and last sentences of the "appearances" section (about Rossington and Jon Foreman) are out of place. Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 02:27, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

SG vs LP clarification
The last sentence of the SG vs LP section is misleading. Buckethead LP is not the only 24 fret LP, as mentioned previously in the article.Aremgee (talk) 17:20, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Daron Malakian
I removed the mention of Daron Malakian in the Notable SG users again. It's unsourced, for one. But beyond that, I don't think it's even true. A Google image search shows him playing some SGs, a Les Paul, a Flying V, a Fender Strat, a Jackson V, and a whole variety of Ibanez guitars. His signature guitar is even an Ibanez Iceman DMM1. Clearly, he plays a number of guitars. But I looked and I'm unable to find any reliable, third-party published sources saying that he's known for playing an SG. Woodroar (talk) 23:57, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Gibson Les Paul"
Would anyone else like to chime in on the recent slow-moving edit war about the name? It's clear that Les Pauls and SGs are now considered separate models. But the sources indicate that what we now know as the SG was originally introduced as a remodeled Gibson Les Paul Standard, as it said that in the catalog and on the truss rod cover. It was only after Les Paul expressed his displeasure at the body shape and relative lack of wood that it was renamed the SG. Ideas? Woodroar (talk) 23:38, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

 * It might come down to what the catalogs and advertisements of the era say. It is clear the guitar did say "Les Paul." Sometimes it is found on a small plate between the neck and the neck pickup, too. I've never seen any catalogs from that time. But here is an advertisement from the era with Les Paul and Mary Ford on it, which mentions "the Les Paul guitars." https://forgottenguitar.com/2015/11/11/1075/ No mention of "Les Paul SG." (Or even "SG.") Mark Froelich (talk) 00:35, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

"this guy clearly doesn't" edit
SolarFlash I will make allowances for the fact you're Canadian... "this guy" IS Bernard Sumner & he does play an SG New Order - Regret Live in Glasgow Barnie is the SG guitarist behind; Joy Division, New Order & Electronic, so perhaps trade your Celine Dion collection up to a Manchester band (take your pick) All in good humour BTW & leave as is as you probably caught my faceplate... --Steve Bowen 16:48, 21 June 2020 (UTC)  :oD

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:52, 17 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Sister rosetta tharpe gibson sg.jpg

title: Talk:Gibson SG


text:
Talk:Animagus

The article says that the only known registered animagus is McGonagall; though Dumbledore's page also lists him as registered.... anyone can confirm which page is wrong? Ghilz

Do references to Harry Potter games/trading cards really belong in this article? neatnate 02:04, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If properly marked as such, I don't think there's any real reason not to include them. Moreover I've noticed that info contained in these games (I have the "Prisoner of Azkaban" electronic game) has been identical with information offered on the "wizard/witch of the month" thingy in J.K.Rowling's official site. I think it's been done under her supervision. Aris Katsaris 02:11, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Are there really any references in the books to "born" Animagi? As far as I remember, Animagi only become Animagi after a long period of difficult studies. Hermione1980 00:48, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

There are no indications in any of the books that an Animagus can be born. It is always implied that becoming an Animagus is a task involving long studies and great magical talent. This part of the article should be taken out.

In PoA, Hermione says that there have been seven Animagi in the 20th century, in the Shrieking Shack scene. --OGoncho 20:34, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

R.A.B.?
An anonymous user added a line a while ago about a 'Roan Aviaticus Buckbeak' to the unregistered animagi section. This line was repetedly deleted, then readded, and now seems to be accepted. I have found not one mention of Roan Aviaticus Buckbeak on any of the other Harry Potter wikipedia pages, specifically the page about R.A.B., nor anywhere else on the internet. It therefore seems likely that this piece of information is not correct, and I have removed the line ''Roan Aviaticus Buckbeak, an aquaintance of Harry Potter's whose name answers the question "Who is R.A.B.?" is the only likely contender for Pettigrew's record.''. If anyone wishes to re-add it, please list your sources so all users can verify its correctness! --Vampyre 3:04 12/23/2005 (GMT +1)

No choice as to what animal?
Where was it mentioned that the Animagus had no choice as to what animal they became? As far as I can remember, Sirius and James specifically chose large animals, so as to keep werewolf Lupin at bay, while Pettigrew specifically chose a tiny animal, so that he could prod that knot on the Whomping Willow. Plus, how likely would it have been that Rita Skeeter would have gotten a beetle, which would be perfect to spy on people for her job. I think, based on said evidence, that the witch or wizard does get to choose which animal they turn into... does anyone agree? PantherFoxie 22:24, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It has been mentioned. I remember reading in the book by Galadriel Waters that analyzes the HP novels that according to J.K. Rowling (in an interview) that a witch or wizard does not choose their animagus form and it is a reflection of their inner personalities. I'm recalling this from memory and would have to look it up to substantiate it. This seems to contradict what was written in the HP novel, but I did read that, and Galadriel Waters' books are well documented, and it supports what the original Wikipedia author wrote. Anyone else have info on this? PNW Raven 18:05, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

maybe their iner perasonality is like, say for rita skeeter, who is spying, would be to spy, so she gets a beetle?

Snape
I don't know if this is confirmed (and I might need to go back and re-read it), but didn't it seem like Snape was a bat animagus, in Deathly Hallows? He falls out the window and flies away. What else could it have been? Kirobaito
 * He learned how to fly with Voldemort, as Minerva believes. And the "bat-like" passage is more like a metaphor. - 200.209.169.81 20:05, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Do you get to keep your clothes?
Both Pettirgew and Sirius lose their cloths when they turn into animals, but McGonagall does not. Is she actually taking on her animagus form, or is she just using a transfiguration spell on herself? Maybe but as far as I know Mcgonagall was born an animagus where as Pettigrew and Sirius found a way to make themselves an animagus. So the clothes not transorming maybe a side effect of not being a natural animagus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.157.78.104 (talk) 18:19, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Animagus


text:
Higashiokitama District, Yamagata

Higashiokitama (東置賜郡) is a rural district located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. the district had an estimated population of 40,662 and an area of 324.5 km3. All of the city of Nan'yō and parts of the cities of Yonezawa, Nagai, Kaminoyama were formerly part of Nishiokitami District.

Towns and villages

 * Kawanishi
 * Takahata

History
Okitami County was an ancient place name in part of Dewa Province. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the portion which became Higashiokitami district consisted of 113 villages entirely within the area controlled by Yonezawa Domain. The area was designated Yonezawa Prefecture in August 1871, renamed Okitami Prefecture in December 1871, and became part of Yamagata Prefecture in 1876. Higashiokitami District was created on November 1, 1878. With the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889, it was organized into one town (Miyauchi) and 19 villages.

 * On October 22, 1890 Komatsu was raised to town status
 * On December 12, 1895 Takahata and Akayu were raised to town status
 * On October 1, 1954 Shago was raised to town status
 * On January 1, 1955 Komatsu merges with four neighboring villages to become the town of Kawanishi.
 * On February 1, 1955 Miyauchi was raised to town status
 * On April 1, 1955 Shago was absorbed into Takahata.
 * On April 1, 1967 Miyauchi and Akayu merge to form the city of Nanyo.

title: Higashiokitama District, Yamagata


text:
Oguni, Yamagata

Oguni (小国町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 7,376 in 3020 households, and a population density of 10 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 737.56 km2.

Geography
Oguni is located in mountainous southwestern Yamagata Prefecture, bordered by Niigata Prefecture to the west and south.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Nagai
 * Asahi
 * Nishikawa
 * Iide
 * Niigata Prefecture
 * Shibata
 * Murakami
 * Tainai
 * Sekikawa

Climate
Oguni has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Oguni is 10.9 C. The average annual rainfall is 3051.6 mm with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.8 C, and lowest in January, at around -0.3 C. In the winter season, snow cover may exceed 2 meters even in the center of town due to the monsoon from the Sea of Japan.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Oguni peaked in the 1950s, and is now considerably less than what it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Oguni was part of ancient Dewa Province and was ruled as part of Yonezawa Domain during the Edo period. After the start of the Meiji period, most of the area became part of Nishiokitama District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Ogunimoto was established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. It was elevated to town status on November 3, 1943, becoming the town of Oguni. It absorbed the neighboring villages of Minamioguni and Kitaoguni on March 31, 1954 and the village of Tsugawa on August 1, 1960.

Economy
The economy of Oguni is based on agriculture and forestry, and hydroelectric power production from numerous dams.

Education
Oguni has two public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private high school.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Yonesaka Line
 * Uzen-Numazawa - Isaryō - Uzen-Matsuoka - Oguni

title: Oguni, Yamagata


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hailstorm

DicDef Salasks 02:08, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * I added a bit to it, to remove it from dicdef status. Presumably somebody that knows a bit about meteorology could do a bit more. Rhymeless 02:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Colomban Cri-cri

Roll performance - 1 per second or per 2 seconds?!
I am a bit worried about the roll performance figure. While I positively remember the exhibitors telling about 1 roll per second, the standard performance sheet linked in the external fan site I have discovered recently says 1 roll per 2 seconds. Which gives that either F-PYTH was beefed up above average flaperon-wise, or that my memories failed me, or that there was a comm problem at the exhibition. Help establishing this is needed. BACbKA

 * Either figure (1 or 2 rolls per second) is probably too high. That would be 360 degrees per second - or 720 degrees per second.   Astronomical figures.   Even competition aerobatic aircraft such as the Pitts S1S or S2C only manage about 300 degrees per second of roll rate.

 * The "specifications" that were originally listed for the MC-12 Cricket (the US version of the Cri-Cri, offered in Kit form from 1981-1985 by Zenith) showed a roll rate of 180 degrees per second.  That would equate to 1/2 roll per second - a figure that is much more believable.

Andy M. 11 Jan 2005

 * Sorry, I was incoherent in my original question. I had wanted to say "1 roll per second or per 2 seconds?" This is why I was saying that the one at OSH was "beefed up" -- I was also comparing against the Zenith kit sheet where it is 1 roll per two seconds.
 * I've never done any aerobatics myself, even the thought makes me sick, so I don't know ;-) BACbKA 12:55, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The Cri Cri fan site
The webmaster address of the fan site linked in from the article is bouncing (I tried to ask him for a clarification on the Cri-cri issues). The yahoo group CriCri is closed subscription, and closed posting; I have attempted to subscribe but haven't been let in so far (most likely my request hasn't even been seen yet due to the timezone shift). BACbKA 12:39, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

origin of the name
the cricri is said to be short for cricket but the french wikipedia page tells us the name comes from one of Colomban's daughter called Christine. The fan site included in the external links also states that: "The plane became reality in 1973 and was given a name after Michel Comomban's daughter, who was also often called 'Cri-Cri'." Shouldn't something be done? PAG, 16 april 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.173.62.144 (talk) 12:15, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree. There is no reference in the French speaking world of « cri-cri » comming from the cricket. I made the change but was overturned by ahunt without any explanation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ex-IP 2.14.137.125 (talk • contribs) 11:56, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

 * See this ref, which says "Colomban dubbed his unique aircraft the Cri-Cri, French for "cricket", after the nickname of his daughter." I'll cite that and adjust the wording. - Ahunt (talk) 12:50, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I am a French native speaker. First, it is plain wrong to write " Cri-Cri, French for 'cricket' ". French for 'cricket' is 'criquet'. Most of the time "cricri" is the sound made by the cricket or the cicada. The metonymical use of 'cricri' to design a cricket or a cicada is very uncommon, at least in the parts of France I know. Then, in French language articles, you'll find only the Christine explanation for the name of this plane (Cri-cri is the most common nickname for a woman called Christine or Christiane). See  or . One can not be sure that when Colomban decided to call this plane Cri-cri, he didn't think 'hey, this is a good wordplay between my daughter's nickname and one of the meanings of cricri' but in the French speaking world while the reference to Christine is proven, the relation with the onomatopoeia is nowhere so a wikipedia article should write only about the former. Ex-IP 2.14.137.125 (talk) 21:05, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia isn't based on opinions of editors, it is based upon reliable refs and what they say. So let's see what the preponderance of the refs say. If we have many reliable refs that disagree then we have to indicate that disagreement. I have cited one reliable ref above, what else is there out there? - Ahunt (talk) 21:10, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

 * French language references about the origin of the name should prevail over other language references because 1) They are more direct and thus less prone to invention 2) Chances are that Colomban himself can read and criticize incorrect explanations. As for the "Cri-Cri means cricket in English" this is still linguistically wrong . A correct wording (not including my English mistakes) could be "The name Cri-cri is said to come from   the nickname of Christine, one of Colomban's daughters . Incidentally or not ,'Cricri' is the French for the sound of a cricket or a cicada, or for these insects themselves. Ex-IP 2.14.137.125 (talk) 21:59, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

 * On Wikipedia all reliable refs can be used, but, no, primacy is not given to any one language over another. The decision to use refs is based upon WP:RS. In this case your frederic.secchi.free.fr ref is WP:SPS and so not a reliable source, although the www.parismatch.com ref is fine. The aerospaceweb.org source I quoted above is likewise a reliable source. So far the two acceptable refs don't contradict each other and even you noted that "Incidentally or not ,'Cricri' is the French for the sound of a cricket or a cicada, or for these insects themselves". It all sounds consistent to me and that the name was chosen for its double mean, one general meaning and one more personal to the designer. - Ahunt (talk) 00:23, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

 * The discussion is drifting. We agree that both your aerospaceweb article (which btw is a discutable source as the writer doesn't seem to be more reliable than Frederic Secchi) says that the name comes from the nickname of Christine, one of Colomban's daughters. So this part must figure and be the first one. As for the "Cri-Cri means cricket in English" stuff, I have proved that it this just wrong . Any talk about the possible etymological origin of the name should state that "'cricri' (note that there is no capitalization here) is the French for the sound of a cricket or a cicada, or a popular calling for these insects themselves". If this parts stays, it should be at least corrected to be linguistically exact and come after the proven origin of the name. Should it stay ? Writing a explanation about the French meanings of cricri suggests that there is a causal relationship between the meaning and the name of the plane, what you stated as "that the name was chosen for its double mean" . This is a personal opinion and as you wrote before ('Wikipedia isn't based on opinions of editors'), unless you have a reliable ref that the name was chosen for its double mean,  it shall be suppressed. Ex-IP 2.14.137.125 (talk) 13:48, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

 * It is not my opinion, the source for that says "Colomban dubbed his unique aircraft the Cri-Cri, French for "cricket", after the nickname of his daughter." It is very clear there and agrees with what you said. The reason this ref is different from a WP:SPS ref is that it has editorial oversight, as per WP:RS. Nothing in this ref contradicts what the other two refs you cited says, either. The others give one source for the name and this one gives the same, plus a double meaning. - Ahunt (talk) 14:48, 15 March 2017 (UTC)
 * An opinion has no weight here : The affirmation 'Cri-Cri, French for "cricket" ' is simply false.  It just can't be written here and cast more than a shadow on the reliability of the source.  Notwithstanding, your comprehension of the sentence is mistaken.  This sentence explains why Colomban called it plane Cri-Cri (note that if Cri-Cri were to design the sound of a cricket or of a cicada, or these insects, it shouldn't be capitalized on the second C) : "he called it after after the nickname of his daughter". The relation is explicit.  The 'Cri-Cri, French for "cricket" ' is an information added by the redactor and doesn't imply that this was Colomban own intention. Non self published source  also doesn't evoke the insect explanation. I have modified the page accordingly. Ex-IP 2.14.137.125 (talk) 19:57, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

It's not "Colomban" anymore

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move. Dpmuk (talk) 11:18, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Colomban Cri-cri → Cri-cri — Relisted. Macr86 (talk) 23:55, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

It's no longer called "Colomban Cri-cri," but just "Cri-cri". Therefore, I'm making this request for this article to officially be moved, since the cover art seems official confirmation. Macr86 (talk) 10:25, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Surprisingly perhaps, the change of official name has little relevance under our article naming policy. What's it called in practice? No vote as yet. Andrewa (talk) 09:38, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose we normally include the manufacturer or designer in the article name, for example Supermarine Spitfire not Spitfire. MilborneOne (talk) 16:59, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Well, what is it called now? Who makes it/the kits? And former manufacturers are just as relevant as current, especially if there is no current one... - The Bushranger One ping only 17:57, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Colomban Cri-cri


text:
Shirataka

Shirataka (白鷹町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 13,482 in 4730 households, and a population density of 85 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 737.55 km2.

Geography
Shirataka is located in southern Yamagata Prefecture, with the Mogami River running through the center of town. The Asahi Mountains border the town to the east and west.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Nagai
 * Nan'yō
 * Yamanobe
 * Asahi

Climate
Shirataka has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shirataka has declined over the past 60 years.

History
The area of present-day Shirataka was part of ancient Dewa Province. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Nishiokitama District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Shirataka was established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. It was elevated to town status on October 1, 1954 by merger with the neighboring town of Arata and villages of Higashine, Ayukai, Jūō, and Koguwa.

Economy
The economy of Shirataka is based on agriculture, with hops as a major cash crop.

Education
Shirataka has four public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the city government and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
Yamagata Railway Company - Flower Nagai Line
 * Koguwa - Ayukai - Shikinosato - Arato

Local attractions

 * Kannon-ji Kannon-do (Important Cultural Property)

title: Shirataka


text:
Iide, Yamagata

Iide (飯豊町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 6,970 in 2354 households, and a population density of 21 persons per km². The total area of the town is 329.60 km². In 2008, Iide was selected as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

Geography
Iide is located in mountainous southern Yamagata Prefecture, bordered by Fukushima Prefecture to the south. Mount Iide the 2105 meter main peak of the Iide mountain range that spans the Fukushima, Niigata and Yamagata prefectures is on the border of the town, although its peak is actually within Fukushima.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Yonezawa
 * Nagai
 * Oguni
 * Kawanishi
 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Kitakata

Climate
Iide has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Iide is 10.3 C. The average annual rainfall is 2077.7 mm with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.2 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.2 C. In the winter season, snow cover may exceed 2 meters even in the center of town due to the monsoon from the Sea of Japan.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Iide peaked in the 1950s, and is now considerably less than what it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Iide was part of ancient Dewa Province. After the start of the Meiji period, most of the area of Iide became part of Nishiokitama District, Yamagata Prefecture, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. The village of Iide was established on October 1, 1954 by the merger of the villages of Toyohara, Sogawa and Toyokawa. It was elevated to town status on September 1, 1958 after merging with the village of Nakatsugawa from Minamiokitama District.

Economy
The economy of Iide is based on agriculture. About half of the Yonezawa beef originates from this town. The town is also noted for the brewing of nigori sake.

Education
Iide has four public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Yonesaka Line
 * Hagyū - Uzen-Tsubaki - Tenoko

title: Iide, Yamagata


text: User talk:205.206.178.203

title: User talk:205.206.178.203


text:
Nishiokitama District, Yamagata

Nishiokitama (西置賜郡) is a rural district located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. As of December 2013, the district has an estimated population of 30,443 and an area of 1,224.89 km2. Most of the city of Nagai was formerly part of Nishiokitami District.

Towns and villages

 * Iide
 * Oguni
 * Shirataka

History
Okitami County was an ancient place name in part of Dewa Province. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the portion which became Nishiokitami district consisted of 116 villages entirely within the area controlled by Yonezawa Domain. The area was designated Yonezawa Prefecture in August 1871, renamed Okitami Prefecture in December 1871, and became part of Yamagata Prefecture in 1876. Nishiokitami District was created on November 1, 1878. With the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889, it was organized into one town (Nagai) and 16 villages.

 * On December 3, 1890 Arato was raised to town status
 * On November 3, 1942 Oguni was raised to town status
 * On October 10, 1954 Shirataka was raised to town status
 * On November 15, 1954 Nagai was raised to city status
 * On April 1, 1958 Iide was raised to city status

title: Nishiokitama District, Yamagata


text:
Tachikawa, Yamagata

Tachikawa (立川町) was a town located in Higashitagawa District), Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.

On July 1, 2005, Tachikawa, along with the town of Amarume (also from Higashitagawa District, was merged to create the town of Shōnai.

title: Tachikawa, Yamagata


text:
Kappiya

Kappiya is a Buddhist lay manciple (attendant or steward) who resides in a monastery (vihāra) and assists Buddhist monks (bhikkhu in Pali).

Names
The term kappiya, which literally means "lawful" or "proper," is of Pali origin, and is also employed in the Burmese language (ကပ္ပိယ). The compound word kappiyakāraka (lit. 'one who makes it befitting') is also used in Pali. In Thailand, the terms luuk sit wat (ลูกศิษย์วัด) and dek wat (เด็กวัด), commonly rendered into English as "temple boy", are typically used. In Cambodia, the term khmeng voat (ក្មេងវត្ត) is used.

Roles
The kappiya 's primary role is to assist ordained Buddhist monks with various tasks, especially those which are forbidden by the Vinaya, the set of Buddhist monastic rules (e.g., handling of money). A kappiya is not ordained, unlike bhikkhu, bhikkhunī, sāmaṇera or sāmaṇerī. Kappiya may also assist in other capacities, including carrying alms bowls during morning alms collection, and preparing food for monks.

Myanmar (Burma)
In Myanmar (Burma), kappiya are generally young men or boys who live in the monastery they support. Some female renunciants called kappiya thilashin also serve as lay attendants to monastic institutions (kyaung), providing support to ordained monks as managers and treasurers, entrusted with the ongoing upkeep of monasteries.

Thailand
In Thailand, kappiya are typically young boys (typically between the ages of 10 and 15) who are affiliated with temples (wat) and provide cleaning services, run errands and collect gifts in exchange for food, lodging, instruction, and other benefits. Some are sent to become temple boys to acquire merit; others, because they are given free room and board; and others to receive religious and moral instruction. Some temple boys go on to be ordained as monks themselves. Temple boys may undertake the formal step of sāmaṇera ordination as part of their role, depending on their age and local custom. Historically speaking, serving as a temple boy has provided a means for social mobility; notable figures including politicians (Chuan Leekpai and Watana Muangsook) and actors (e.g., Rangsiroj Panpeng) spent their formative years in this role.

title: Kappiya


text:
Amarume, Yamagata

Amarume (余目町) was a town located in Higashitagawa District, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.

On 1 July 2005, Amarume, along with the town of Tachikawa (also from Higashitagawa District), was merged to create the town of Shōnai.

title: Amarume, Yamagata


text:
Talk:Southdale

Untitled
Someone had included the fact that the nearby branch of the Hennepin County Library is named after Southdale. I didn't think that was interesting enough, so I removed it. For those of you who are interested in things like that, let me tell you that there are lots of things in the area that are not actually part of the mall but named after the "Southdale area", which is informally what people call the area around Southdale. For example: Southdale Pet Hospital, Southdale Family Dentistry, Southdale Circle (a road nearby that has some stores that are not actually part of Southdale), Fairview-Southdale Hospital, and so on.

title: Talk:Southdale


text:
San Francisco Bay Guardian

The San Francisco Bay Guardian was a free alternative newspaper published weekly in San Francisco, California. The paper was shut down on October 14, 2014. Parts of the paper were relaunched online in February 2016.

History
The Bay Guardian was founded in 1966 by Bruce B. Brugmann and his wife, Jean Dibble. It was known for reporting, celebrating, and promoting left-wing and progressive issues within San Francisco and (albeit rarely) around the San Francisco Bay Area as a whole. This usually included muckraking, legislation to control and limit gentrification, and endorsement of political candidates and other laws and policies that fall within its political views. The Bay Guardian handed out "Goldie Awards" annually for excellence in the arts and similar areas.

It also printed movie and music reviews, an annual nude beaches issue, and an annual sex issue. The Bay Guardian was one of several alternative newspapers in the greater San Francisco Bay Area, including SF Weekly (formerly its major competitor, now under the same ownership), East Bay Express, Metro Silicon Valley, North Bay Bohemian, Marin's Pacific Sun, and Berkeley Daily Planet.

In 1971, it published The Ultimate Highrise, on the costs of development to the city. In 1975, it published San Francisco Free & Easy: The Native's Guidebook with a revised edition in 1980, edited by William Ristow.

1970s unionization attempt
The Bay Guardian put down an attempt by its employees to unionize in the 1970s. In 1975, Bay Guardian staffers, with the aid of Newspaper Guild Local 52 and International Typographical Union Local 21, signed union cards to seek higher wages and benefits. The paper had previously won a legal settlement and moved to a new building. Nevertheless, publisher Bruce Brugmann claimed there were not enough funds to increase pay or benefits. The day after Thanksgiving, he fired five senior staffers who had helped organize the union effort. Newspaper staffers voted to join the Newspaper Guild and, on June 15, 1976, they called a strike to force Brugmann to offer a labor contract. Brugmann retained a few management staff and hired strikebreaker replacements. In August, César Chávez offered to mediate the strike, but Brugmann refused. Finally, in 1977, another election was called, but this time votes by replacement workers carried the day and the new staff voted not to join a union.

Best of the Bay
Starting in 1974, the Bay Guardian published an annual "Best of The Bay" issue that listed the best restaurants, business, and activities in the Bay Area, based on a readers' poll and staff recommendations. The Bay Guardian claimed that its "Best Of" issue was the first annual guide of its kind and was copied by other publications.

Lawsuit against SF Weekly
In March 2008, the Bay Guardian won a predatory pricing lawsuit against its local rival, SF Weekly, based on allegations that SF Weekly undercut the Bay Guardian by selling display advertisements below cost while supporting itself on cash infusions from its parent, Village Voice Media, in an effort to force the Bay Guardian into bankruptcy. In May 2008 the judge in the case awarded punitive damages, raising the jury's $6.3 million award to $15.9 million, and issuing an injunction prohibiting the SF Weekly from selling advertisements below cost.

Sale
On April 19, 2012, the East Bay Express reported that the Canadian owners of The San Francisco Examiner were in negotiations with the Bay Guardian to buy the newspaper. These rumors were initially denied by its executive editor Tim Redmond, but the sale went through a week later.

On January 15, 2013, their longstanding rival SF Weekly was sold to the San Francisco Newspaper Group, which publishes the Bay Guardian.

Shutdown and aftermath
In mid-June 2013, San Francisco Business Times and other publications reported that Tim Redmond had "been ousted" as publisher and editor. The Bay Guardian issued a statement quoting new publisher Stephen Buel as saying, "The Guardian has been losing money, and we were forced to contemplate some editorial layoffs. Tim decided to resign rather than follow through with what we were discussing." However, Redmond denied resigning.

On October 14, 2014, publisher Glenn Zuehls announced that the San Francisco Media Co., which also owns SF Weekly, had decided to close the publication. The 40th annual Best of the Bay issue, published on the same day, was the weekly publication's final issue.

Following the Bay Guardian's closure, its laid-off staff launched the Bay Guardian-in-Exile Project, which included a fundraising campaign on Indiegogo that raised more than $25,000 to help preserve the paper's archives and produce a final commemorative edition of the Bay Guardian, which was released on Jan. 22, 2015 and distributed in conjunction with the San Francisco Public Press and Gum Road.

In October 2015, the Bay Guardian's print and digital archives were handed over to the San Francisco Center for Newspaper Preservation, a newly founded nonprofit organization led by Marke Bieschke (the paper's former publisher) and Tim Redmond. In January 2016, they announced that a "Bring Back the Bay Guardian" crowdfunding campaign and other donations had yielded enough funds to secure the archives and relaunch several Bay Guardian features, included "Best of the Bay".

With Bieschke, Redmond now publishes 48 Hills, a separate site focusing on San Francisco politics that Redmond founded in 2014 after leaving the Bay Guardian.

title: San Francisco Bay Guardian


text:
Fujishima, Yamagata

Fujishima (藤島町) was a town located in Higashitagawa District, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,922 and a density of 188.58 persons per km2. The total area was 63.22 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Fujishima, along with the towns of Haguro and Kushibiki, the village of Asahi (all from Higashitagawa District), and the town of Atsumi (from Nishitagawa District), was merged into the expanded city of Tsuruoka, and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Fujishima, Yamagata


text:
List of Taiwanese people

This is a list of famous Taiwanese people. People who were not born in Taiwan are indicated by an asterisk (*, notation incomplete).

Artists and performers

 * Alien Huang Hong sheng 黄鸿升
 * Annie Shizuka Inoh 伊能静
 * Chen Bo-lin 陳柏霖
 * Chang Chen 張震
 * Brandon Chang 張卓楠
 * Brigitte Lin 林青霞
 * Huang He 黃河
 * Jerry Yan 言承旭
 * Joe Chen Qiao En 陳喬恩
 * Jeng Jundian
 * Joey Wong 王祖賢
 * Ken Chu 朱孝天
 * Jimmy Lin 林志穎
 * Ruby Lin 林心如
 * Chase Tang 唐嘉壕
 * Vanness Wu* 吳建豪
 * Vic Chou 周渝民
 * Kelly Lin 林熙蕾
 * Barbie Shu 徐熙媛
 * Rainie Yang 楊丞琳
 * Ariel Lin 林依晨
 * Chang Shu-hao 張書豪
 * Takeshi Kaneshiro 金城武
 * Nicky Wu 吳奇隆
 * Show Lo 羅志祥
 * Jay Chou 周杰倫
 * Cindy Yen 袁詠琳
 * Chris Wang 王宥勝
 * Wu Chin-tai 吳金黛

Models

 * Lin Chi-ling 林志玲
 * Alicia Liu 劉薰愛
 * Faith Yang 楊乃文
 * Yinling 垠凌
 * Sonia Sui 隋棠

Singers and bands for popular music

 * A-mei 張惠妹
 * Alec Su 蘇有朋
 * Alien Huang 黄鸿升
 * Amber Liu* (f(x)) 劉逸雲
 * Brandon Chang 張卓楠
 * Chang Fei 張菲
 * Cheer Chen 陳綺貞
 * Chen Ying-Git 陳盈潔
 * Chou Chuan-huing 周傳雄
 * Chthonic 閃靈
 * Cindy Yen 袁詠琳
 * Cyndi Wang 王心凌
 * David Tao 陶喆
 * Elva Hsiao 蕭亞軒
 * Typhoon
 * Evan Yo 蔡旻佑
 * Evonne Hsu 許慧欣
 * F.I.R 飛兒樂團
 * F4
 * Fahrenheit 飛輪海
 * Fei Yu-ching 費玉清
 * Fong Fei-fei 凤飞飞
 * Freya Lim 林凡
 * i.n.g
 * Jacky Wu 吳宗憲
 * Jay Chou 周杰倫
 * Jeff Chang 張信哲
 * Jerry Yan 言承旭
 * Jimmy Lin 林志穎
 * Jiro Wang 汪東城
 * Jody Chiang 江蕙
 * Jolin Tsai 蔡依林
 * Kang Jing Rong 康康
 * Ken Chu 朱孝天
 * Lai Guanlin (Wanna One) 賴冠霖
 * Landy Wen 溫嵐
 * Leehom Wang 王力宏
 * Liu Yangyang (NCT/WayV) 劉揚揚
 * Lollipop F 棒棒糖
 * Machi 麻吉
 * Mark Tuan (Got7) 段宜恩
 * Mayday 五月天
 * Nicky Wu 吳奇隆
 * Peggy Hsu 許哲珮
 * Rainie Yang 楊丞琳
 * Richie Ren 任賢齊
 * S.H.E
 * Seraphim 六翼天使
 * Show Lo 羅志祥/小豬
 * Shuhua ((G)I-DLE) 葉舒華
 * Sodagreen 蘇打綠
 * Takeshi Kaneshiro 金城武
 * Tank 吕建忠
 * Teresa Teng 鄧麗君
 * Tim Wu* 金力若
 * Tsai Chin 蔡琴
 * Tzuyu (Twice) 周子瑜
 * Vic Zhou 周渝民
 * Vivian Hsu 徐若瑄
 * Will Pan 潘瑋柏
 * Wu Bai 伍佰

Musicians

 * Chen Da, singer
 * Ch'eng Mao-yün*, violinist and composer
 * Lin Cho-liang, violinist
 * Jenny Lin, pianist
 * Kessier Hsu, guitarist and composer
 * Freddy Lim, vocalist and Hena player
 * Julie Chang 張鈴, pianist and flutist
 * Ching-Yun Hu, pianist
 * Yo-Yo Ma*, cellist
 * Ouyang Nana*, cellist, actress
 * Ray Chen, Taiwanese-Australian violinist
 * Yu-Chien Tseng, violinist

Film-makers

 * Ang Lee 李安, Academy Award winner
 * Hou Hsiao-hsien* 侯孝賢, director of the A City of Sadness, Golden Lion winner
 * Tsai Ming-liang* 蔡明亮, Golden Lion winner
 * Wei Te-sheng 魏德聖
 * Edward Yang 楊德昌, director of Yi Yi, winner of the Best Director Award in Cannes

Comedians

 * Ed Hill (comedian), award-winning stand-up comedian

Drag Performers

 * Nymphia Wind* 妮妃雅‧瘋, winner of RuPaul's Drag Race season 16

See also: Cinema of Taiwan

Billiards

 * Jennifer Chen
 * Huang Hsin (pool)
 * Po-Cheng Kuo
 * Kun-Fang Lee
 * Hung-Hsiang Wang
 * Chia-Ching Wu
 * Ching-Shun Yang
 * Zhiting Wu

Badminton

 * Tai Tzu-ying, at the age of 22, she became world No. 1 in the women's singles in December 2016, and holds the record for most weeks ranked at the top in BWF history
 * Chou Tien-chen, currently 4th place in the BWF World Ranking (as of February 2021)

Basketball

 * Austin Cheng 蟲蟲, current point guard for Taipei School of Special Education
 * Jeremy Lin 林書豪, former NBA player
 * Joe Alexander (born 1986), American-Israeli basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv born in Taiwan
 * Cheng Chih-lung 鄭志龍
 * Chen Hsin-An (Sean Chen) 陳信安
 * Lee Hsueh-Lin 李學林
 * Tien Lei 田壘 (born 1983)
 * Tseng Wen-Ting 曾文鼎
 * Lin Chih-Chieh 林志傑
 * Jet Chang 張宗憲
 * Quincy Davis 戴維斯

Infielders

 * Chin-Lung Hu, Los Angeles Dodgers 2007 All-Star Futures Game MVP
 * Yung-Chi Chen, Oakland Athletics 3A
 * Sen Yang, Uni-President Lions (CPBL)
 * Tai-Shan Chang, Sinon Bulls (CPBL)
 * Tzu-Wei Lin, Boston Red Sox

Outfielders

 * Chen Chih-peng, (CPBL) 2006–2010 seasons
 * Chia-Hsian Hsieh, Macoto Cobras (CPBL)
 * Chin-Feng Chen, Los Angeles Dodgers, La New Bears (CPBL)
 * Che-Hsuan Lin, Houston Astros 3A 2008 All-Star Futures Game MVP
 * Wang Po-Jung, Lamigo Monkeys (CPBL) 2016 CPBL MVP and ROY, first to record 200 hits in single season

Pitchers

 * Chien-Fu Yang, Uni-President Lions (CPBL)
 * Chien-Ming Wang, former MLB player.
 * Chien-Ming Chiang, Yomiuri Giants (NPB)
 * Chin-Hui Tsao, former MLB player.
 * En-Yu Lin, Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles (NPB)
 * Hong-Chih Kuo, former MLB player.
 * Ming-Chieh Hsu, Seibu Lions (NPB)
 * Tai-Yuan Kuo, former Seibu Lions (NPB)
 * Wei-Yin Chen, Hanshin Tigers (NPB), former MLB player.
 * Fu-Te Ni, former Fubon Guardians (CPBL), former MLB player.
 * Chia-Jen Lo, Wei Chuan Dragons (CPBL), former MLB player.
 * CC Lee, CTBC Brothers (CPBL), former MLB player.
 * Wei-Chung Wang, Wei Chuan Dragons (CPBL), former MLB player.

Golf

 * Yani Tseng, LPGA player. She is the youngest player ever, male or female, to win five major championships and was ranked number 1 in the Women's World Golf Rankings for 109 consecutive weeks from 2011 to 2013.

Table tennis

 * Ben Chiu, 1st (1981 Jr. Canadian Champion), 2nd (1984 US Open doubles)

Tennis

 * Yen-Hsun Lu, professional player
 * Yeu-Tzuoo Wang, professional player
 * Jason Jung
 * Su-Wei Hsieh, winner of 3 WTA singles titles and 28 WTA doubles titles

Olympic medalists

 * Shih-Hsin Chen, gold medal, Athens Olympics, 2004
 * Mu-Yen Chu, gold medal, Athens Olympics, 2004
 * Chuan-Kwang Yang, silver medal, Rome Olympics, 1960
 * Chih-Hsiung Huang, silver medal, Athens Olympics, 2004; bronze medal, Sydney Olympics, 2000
 * Cheng Chi, bronze medal, Mexico Olympics, 1968

Business people

 * Momofuku Ando 吳百福, founder of Nissin Food Products Company Limited
 * Jimmy Lin Chih Ying 林志穎, CEO of an IT company/has own racing team/owns JR(Jimmy Racing) company
 * Morris Chang 張忠謀
 * David Chu, co-founder of Nautica
 * Shenan Chuang 莊淑芬, chief executive officer for Ogilvy & Mather Greater China
 * Terry Gou 郭台銘
 * Jen Hsun Huang, co-founder, President and CEO of NVIDIA Corporation
 * Min Kao, co-founder of Garmin
 * Koo Chen-fu 辜振甫
 * Winston Wang, founded Grace Semiconductor Manufacturing
 * Wang Yung-ching 王永慶
 * Steve Chen, co-founder and Chief Technology Officer of YouTube 陳士駿
 * Steve Chang, co-founder of Trend Micro 張明正
 * Stan Shih, co-founder of Acer 施振榮
 * Aimee Sun 孫芸芸, co-founder of Breeze Center
 * Tsai Wan Lin, founder of Cathay Life Insurance
 * Jerry Yang 楊致遠, computer scientist and entrepreneur, cofounder of Yahoo!
 * Ben Chiu 邱澤堃, founder of KillerApp.com acquired by CNET
 * William Wang, founder and CEO of VIZIO
 * Wu Yao-ting, founder of several large department stores

Educators

 * Winston Chang*
 * Benjamin Hsiao, Chief Research Officer and vice-president for Research at Stony Brook University, Fellow of the American Physical Society, Fellow of the American Chemical Society, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * Hu Shih*, philosopher, essayist and diplomat
 * Henry T. Yang, Chancellor of the University of California, Santa Barbara

Linguists

 * Yuen Ren Chao*
 * Woo Tsin-hang*, linguist

Others

 * Mai Chen, constitutional lawyer, emigrated to New Zealand
 * Chen Chien-Jou, activist and whistleblower
 * Wen Ho Lee, engineer falsely accused of spying; author of book "My Country Versus Me" 李文和
 * Fu Szeto (1916–92), commander-in-chief of the Air Force and presidential advisor
 * Jason Wu, fashion designer
 * Hsing Yun*, Buddhist monk and founder of Fo Guang Shan Order

Philosophers, thinkers, and writers
See also: List of Taiwanese authors and List of Confucianists
 * Yin Shun*, Buddhist scholarly writer and key figure of Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwan
 * Sheng-yen*, Buddhist scholarly writer and founder of Dharma Drum Mountain Order
 * Cheng Yen, founder of Tzu Chi
 * Yifa, writer and founder of Woodenfish
 * R. C. T. Lee (Chia-Tung Lee), writer and professor
 * Tu Wei-ming, ethicist
 * Giddens Ko, novelist and filmmaker

Politicians

 * Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文
 * John Chiang* 蔣孝嚴
 * Chang Chun*
 * Chen Li-an*
 * Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁
 * Sisy Chen
 * Chang Chau-hsiung
 * Chang Chin-cheng
 * Chiang Ching-kuo* 蔣經國
 * Chiang Wei-kuo* 蔣緯國
 * Chu Mei-feng
 * Frank Hsieh 謝長廷
 * Lee Teng-hui 李登輝
 * Lien Chan* 連戰
 * Lin Yang-kang
 * Annette Lu 呂秀蓮
 * Ma Ying-jeou* 馬英九
 * Vincent Siew 蕭萬長
 * James Soong* 宋楚瑜
 * Su Tseng-chang 蘇真昌
 * Sun Yun-suan*
 * Yu Shyi-kun 游錫堃
 * Wang Chien-shien*
 * Wang Jin-pyng 王金平
 * Wang Xiang 王驤
 * Andrew Yang (US 2020 Presidential Candidate)

See also: List of leaders of the Republic of China, Premier of the Republic of China

Scientists, physicians and engineers

 * Robert Yih-shyong Lai, fluid mechanics engineer and university professor 賴義雄博士
 * Yu-Ju Chen, proteogenomics researcher 陳玉如
 * David Ho, medical researcher 何大一
 * Henry Lee*, forensic expert 李昌鈺
 * Sung-Yang Lee, entomologist 李淳陽
 * Yuan T. Lee, Nobel laureate in chemistry 李遠哲
 * Fushih Pan, medical researcher 潘扶適
 * Chiaho Shih, researcher and former university professor 施嘉和
 * Tsungming Tu, medical doctor 杜聰明
 * Wu Cheng-wen, biochemist 吳成文
 * Chi-Huey Wong, biochemist 翁啟恵
 * Fu Jen-kun, professor 傅仁坤

title: List of Taiwanese people


text:
User:Qbncgar

I am a nobody, you should ignore me. Nosy bastards. :-)

title: User:Qbncgar


text:
List of trademarks owned by the Church of Scientology and its affiliates

The following are trademarks, service marks, or collective membership marks that the Church of Scientology and affiliated organizations claim to own, some of which are registered in some nations. Additional notes are provided in parentheses after the trademark. Non-English trademarks the same thing but are listed under their English-language equivalents.

Religious Technology Center
Religious Technology Center (RTC) is the primary manager of Scientology intellectual property. It is headed by David Miscavige.

 * Advance! (magazine of Advanced Org of Los Angeles)
 * Applied Philosophy
 * ARC Straightwire (ARC stands for affinity-reality-communication)
 * ARC Fil Direct
 * Audited NOTs (refers to OT V; NOTs stands for NED for OTs)
 * The Auditor (magazine of Saint Hill UK and American Saint Hill Organization)
 * Book 1
 * Book One (nickname for the book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health)
 * The Bridge
 * El Puente
 * Le Pont
 * הגשר
 * ブリッジ
 * Cause (magazine for International Hubbard Ecclesiastical League of Pastors (I HELP)
 * Celebrity (magazine for Celebrity Centres)
 * Celebrity Centre (special Scientology facilities for celebrities)
 * Centro de Celebridades
 * Centre
 * Clear Certainty Rundown
 * Clear View
 * Clearsound (sound reproduction technology)
 * Dianetics
 * Dajnetika
 * Dianetica
 * Dianetique
 * La Dianétique
 * Dianetiikka
 * Dianetik (Swedish)
 * Dianetika
 * Dianetyka
 * 戴尼提
 * Διανοητική
 * דיאנטיקה
 * दिअनेटिक्स
 * ダヤネチックス
 * [Dianetics in Korean]
 * [Dianetics in Ukrainian]
 * [Dianetics in Urdu]
 * Дианетика
 * Dianética
 * E-Meter
 * [E-Meter in Greek]
 * [E-Meter in Hebrew]
 * False Purpose Rundown
 * Recorrido del Proposito Falso
 * Rundown des Faux Buts
 * [False Purpose Rundown in Hebrew]
 * FEBC (stands for Flag Executive Briefing Course)
 * Flag
 * 旗
 * The Flag Land Base
 * Flag OT Executive Rundown (OT is stands for Operating Thetan)
 * Recorrido de Flag de OT Ejecutivo
 * Freedom (magazine)
 * Freewinds
 * Golden Era Productions (film production company)
 * Goldline
 * Happiness Rundown
 * Recorrido de la Felicidad
 * Silverwood Properties
 * Rundown du Bonheur
 * [Happiness Rundown in Greek]
 * [Happiness Rundown in Hebrew]
 * [Happiness Rundown in katakana]
 * HCO (stands for Hubbard Communication Office)
 * High Winds
 * HQS (stands for Hubbard Qualified Scientologist)
 * HRD (stands for Happiness Rundown)
 * Hubbard
 * [Hubbard in Chinese]: 賀伯特
 * [Hubbard in Cyrillic]: Хаббард
 * [Hubbard in Greek]
 * [Hubbard in Hebrew]
 * [Hubbard in katakana]
 * [Hubbard in Korean]
 * Hubbard Life Orientation
 * INCOMM (stands for International Network of Computer Organized Management)
 * Key to Life
 * KSW News (KSW stands for Keeping Scientology Working)
 * La Clé de la vie
 * Llave de la Vidad
 * [Key to Life in katakana]
 * L. Ron Hubbard
 * [L. Ron Hubbard in Chinese]: L.·羅恩·賀伯特
 * [L. Ron Hubbard in Cyrillic]: Л. Рон Хаббард
 * [L. Ron Hubbard in katakana:] L・ロン・ハバード
 * L. Ronald Hubbard
 * L10
 * L11
 * L12
 * Life Improvement
 * Life Orientation
 * [Life Orientation in katakana]
 * Life Repair
 * LRH (stands for Lafayette Ronald Hubbard)
 * [LRH in Greek]
 * Mark V (E-Meter model)
 * Mark Super VII (E-Meter model)
 * Mark Super VII Quantum (E-Meter model)
 * Method One
 * Methode Un
 * Metodo Uno
 * [Method One in Greek]
 * NED (stands for "New Era Dianetics")
 * [NED in Hebrew]
 * New Era
 * New Era Dianetics
 * Dianetique de Nouvel Age
 * [New Era Dianetics in katakana]
 * New Life Rundown
 * New Vitality Rundown
 * NOTs (refers to OT V through OT VII; NOTs stands for NED for OTs)
 * [NOTs in Hebrew]
 * [NOTs in katakana]
 * [NOTs in Korean]
 * OCA (stands for Oxford Capacity Analysis)
 * OEC (stands for Organization Executive Course)
 * Operating Thetan
 * OT (stands for Operating Thetan)
 * Oxford Capacity Analysis (personality test)
 * Oyotetsugaku
 * Purification
 * Purification Rundown
 * Recorrido de Purificacao
 * Recorrido de Purificacion
 * Rundown de Purification
 * [Purification Rundown in Greek]
 * [Purification Rundown in katakana]
 * Religious Technology Center
 * Saint Hill Manor
 * Scientology
 * Cienciologia
 * Cientologia
 * Scientologi
 * Scientologia
 * Scientologie
 * La Scientologie
 * Szcientologia
 * [Scientologia in Cyrillic]
 * [Scientology in Chinese]: 山達基
 * [Scientology in Cyrillic]: Саентология
 * [Scientology in Greek]
 * [Scientology in Hebrew]
 * [Scientology in Hindi]
 * [Scientology in katakana:] サイエントロジー
 * [Scientology in Korean]
 * [Scientology in Urdu]
 * Scientology Today (a magazine)
 * Scientometric
 * SHSBC (stands for Saint Hill Special Briefing Course)
 * Solo NOTs (refers to OT VI through OT VII; NOTs stands for NED for OTs)
 * [Solo NOTs in Hebrew]
 * Source
 * Standard Admin
 * Standard Tech
 * Student Hat
 * Chapeau de l'Etudiant
 * [Student Hat in Greek]
 * [Student Hat in Hebrew]
 * Sunshine Rundown
 * Recorrido del Resplandor
 * Rundown du Soleil
 * [Sunshine Rundown in Hebrew]
 * [Sunshine Rundown in katakana]
 * Super Power
 * Theta
 * Truth Revealed
 * the Celebrity Centre logo
 * the Celebrity Centre International logo
 * the Class III Auditor badge
 * the Class IV Auditor badge
 * the Class V Auditor badge
 * the Class V Auditor Graduate badge
 * the Class V Org corporate symbol
 * the Class VIII Auditor badge
 * the Clearsound logo
 * the CSI corporate symbol (CSI is stands for Church of Scientology International)
 * the Dianetics symbol
 * the Dianetics symbol in a circle
 * the Division 6 symbol
 * Fast Flow Student symbol
 * the Flag Crew symbol
 * the Flag Service Org corporate symbol
 * the Flag Ship Service Org symbol
 * the Freewinds logo
 * the Golden Age of Tech symbol
 * the Golden Era Productions symbol
 * the Hat in Life symbol
 * the HCO badge
 * the I HELP symbol (I HELP is stands for International Hubbard Ecclesiastical League of Pastors)
 * the INCOMM symbol
 * the Key to Life symbol
 * the L. Ron Hubbard signature
 * the Life Hat symbol
 * The Lion symbol
 * the LRH device (stands for Lafayette Ronald Hubbard)
 * the LRH signet
 * the LRH Classics symbol
 * the Manor Hotel logo (part of the Los Angeles Celebrity Centre)
 * the Mark V E-Meter symbol
 * the Mark Super VII Quantum configuration
 * the Mark Super VII Quantum symbol
 * the New Flag Ship Org logo
 * the New World Corps logo
 * the OT symbol (OT stands for Operating Thetan)
 * the OT symbol in wreath
 * the OT Ambassador symbol
 * the OT Universe Corps symbol
 * the Power pin
 * the Professional TRs symbol (TR is stands for Training Routine)
 * the Release pin
 * the Religious Technology Center corporate symbol
 * the Ron signature
 * the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course symbol
 * the Scientologist On-Line logo
 * the pointed Scientology cross
 * the rounded Scientology cross
 * the Scientology symbol
 * the Scientology Missions International logo
 * the Sea Horse symbol
 * the Sea Org symbol
 * the Solo Auditor symbol
 * the Standard Admin badge
 * the Standard Ethics symbol
 * the Super Power symbol
 * the Universe Corps symbol
 * the Volunteer Minister symbol

Association for Better Living and Education International
Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE) is an educational and drug rehabilitation organization.
 * ABLE
 * Applied Scholastics
 * Criminon
 * Effective Education Publishing
 * Narconon
 * the ABLE logo
 * the Applied Scholastics open book design
 * the Criminon design
 * the Effective Education Publishing design
 * the Narconon design

Author Services Inc.
Author Services Inc. is the administrator of L. Ron Hubbard's fiction works.
 * Author Services Inc.
 * Battlefield Earth
 * Terl
 * the Battlefield Earth logo

Bridge Publications, Inc.
Bridge Publications, Inc. is the U.S. publisher of L. Ron Hubbard's nonfiction works. From 1983 to 2002, Bridge also published Hubbard's fiction works.
 * Bridge Publications, Inc.

Citizens Commission on Human Rights
The Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR) is a psychiatry watchdog organization.
 * CCHR
 * Citizens Commission on Human Rights
 * the CCHR logo

Delphi Schools, Inc.
Delphi Schools, Inc. operates private schools that use study methods devised by L. Ron Hubbard.
 * Delphi Academy
 * Delphi Schools, Inc.
 * The Delphian School

Hubbard College of Administration
Hubbard College of Administration is a business college which teaches methods devised by L. Ron Hubbard.
 * the tiger symbol

International Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance
International Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance is an organization promoting human rights awareness.
 * the International Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance logo

L. Ron Hubbard Library
Church of Spiritual Technology, doing business as L. Ron Hubbard Library, owns the copyrights to L. Ron Hubbard's texts, and these trademarks.
 * Illustrators of the Future
 * Mission Earth
 * The Way to Happiness
 * Writers of the Future
 * the L. Ron Hubbard Gallery logo
 * the Mission Earth fist and glove logo
 * The Way to Happiness "road and sun" design

World Institute of Scientology Enterprises
World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE) is an organization of businesspeople who use L. Ron Hubbard's methods in their business.
 * Model of Admin Know-How
 * Prosperity (magazine of WISE)
 * WISE
 * the lioness and cubs logo
 * the WISE logo

Unattributed

 * "New Era is a trademark and a service mark."
 * "Scientologist is a collective membership mark designating members of the affiliated churches and missions of Scientology."

 * Resourceful Construction, Inc.
 * CEDAR LOT, LLC
 * Pacific Heart LLC
 * Talley-Ho Ventures
 * KPS RE, LLC
 * TRIO RE, LLC
 * Silverwood Properties, Inc.
 * AA RE, LLC
 * SHUCKS, LLC
 * Son of Judd Construction
 * Resourceful DEVELOPMENTS, Inc.
 * RJW LLC
 * Ken Shapiro Llc
 * CHENEY SHAPIRO 401K
 * LANTZMAN Management
 * Lantzman Investment
 * Marcuson Tree Management
 * Joyce Essex Harvey Coldwell Bankers International


text:
Vanguard (rocket)

The Vanguard rocket was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV-3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket, making Vanguard 1 the second successful U.S. orbital launch.

Vanguard rockets were used by Project Vanguard from 1957 to 1959. Of the eleven Vanguard rockets which the project attempted to launch, three successfully placed satellites into orbit. Vanguard rockets were an important part of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Overview
In 1955, the United States announced plans to put a scientific satellite in orbit for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957–1958. The goal was to track the satellite as it performed experiments. At that time, there were three candidates for the launch vehicle: The Air Force's SM-65 Atlas, a derivative of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency's SSM-A-14 Redstone, and a Navy proposal for a three-stage rocket based on the RTV-N-12a Viking sounding rocket.

The RAND Corporation, Air Force and CIA had long pursued the idea of a reconnaissance satellite. Such a program was under way, Weapon System 117L, which was top secret compartmented. One problem with reconnaissance was the question of legality: Was there "freedom of space" or did a nation's airspace end when space is entered? The National Security Council backed the IGY satellite because it would make good cover for WS117L and set a precedent of freedom of space peaceful civilian satellite. At the same time the NSC stressed that the IGY satellite must not interfere with military programs. The Army's Redstone-based proposal would likely be the first one ready for a satellite launch. Its connection with German-born scientist Wernher von Braun, however, was a public-relations risk. In any case, the Atlas and Redstone ballistic missiles were top-priority military projects, which were not to be hindered by pursuing a secondary space launch mission. Milton Rosen's Vanguard was a project at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), which was regarded more as a scientific than a military organization. Rosen and Richard Porter (IGY satellite chief and head of the American Rocket Society) both lobbied for the Vanguard and against using the Atlas or von Braun's rockets. They emphasized the non-military goals of the satellite program. Besides the public-relations aspect, a non-military satellite was considered important, because a discussion of whether overflights of foreign countries by satellites were legal or illegal was to be avoided.

In August or September 1955, the DOD Committee on Special Capabilities chose the NRL proposal, named Vanguard, for the IGY project. The Martin company, which had also built the Viking, became prime contractor for the launch vehicle. The Vanguard rocket was designed as a three-stage vehicle. The first stage was a General Electric X-405 liquid-fueled engine (designated XLR50-GE-2 by the Navy), derived from the engine of the RTV-N-12a Viking. The second stage was the Aerojet General AJ10-37 (XLR52-AJ-2) liquid-fueled engine, a variant of the engine in the RTV-N-10 Aerobee. Finally, the third stage was a solid-propellant rocket motor. All three-stage Vanguard flights except the last one used a motor built by the Grand Central Rocket Company. Vanguard had no fins, and the first and second stages were steered by gimbaled engines. The second stage housed the vehicle's telemetry system, the inertial guidance system and the autopilot. The third stage was spin-stabilized, with the spin imparted by a turntable on the second stage before separation.

The Vanguard's second stage served for decades as the Able and Delta second stage for satellite launch vehicles. The AJ10 engine which made up those stages was adapted into the AJ10-137, which was used as the Apollo Service Module engine. The AJ10-190, adapted from the Apollo spacecraft was used on the Space Shuttle for orbital maneuvers. The AJ10-160 is to be repurposed for use on NASA's upcoming Orion spacecraft.

Launch summary
The first two flights of the Vanguard program, designated Vanguard TV-0 and Vanguard TV-1, were actually the last two remaining RTV-N-12a Viking rockets modified. Vanguard TV-0, launched on 8 December 1956, primarily tested new telemetry systems, while Vanguard TV-1 on 1 May 1957, was a two-stage vehicle testing separation and ignition of the solid-fueled upper stage of Vanguard. Vanguard TV-2, launched on 23 October 1957, after several abortive attempts, was the first real Vanguard rocket. The second and third stages were inert, but the flight successfully tested first/second-stage separation and spin-up of the third stage. However, by that time, the Soviet Union had already placed the Sputnik 1 satellite into orbit, and so project Vanguard was more or less forced to launch its own satellite as soon as possible. Therefore, a very small experimental satellite (derisively called the "grapefruit" by Nikita Khrushchev, and weighing only 1.5 kg) was added to Vanguard TV-3, which was to be the first test of an all-up Vanguard rocket. Although the NRL and Glenn L. Martin Company tried to emphasize that the Vanguard TV-3 mission was a pure test flight (and one with several "firsts"), everyone else saw it as the first satellite launch of the Western world, billed as "America's answer to Sputnik". Wernher von Braun angrily said about the Sputnik launch: "We knew they were going to do it. Vanguard will never make it. We have the hardware on the shelf. We can put up a satellite in 60 days".

On 6 December 1957, the US Navy launched Vanguard TV-3 rocket, carrying a 1.5 kg satellite, from Cape Canaveral. It only reached an altitude of 1.2 m before it fell and exploded. The satellite was exploded from the top of the rocket, landed in bushes near the pad, and began transmitting signals, leading New York Journal-American columnist Dorothy Kilgallen to remark "Why doesn't somebody go out there, find it, and shoot it?" The American press called it Kaputnik.

Investigation into the accident concluded that inadequate fuel tank pressure had allowed hot exhaust gases to back up into the injector head and destroy it, causing complete loss of engine thrust. After the failure of Vanguard TV-3, the backup vehicle, Vanguard TV-3BU ("BU" for backup), was prepared for another attempt. Pad crews hastened to repair the damage done to LC-18A by Vanguard TV-3's explosion, and in the third week of January 1958, the job was completed. Vanguard TV-3BU was erected on the pad, but continuous delays frustrated the launch attempt. Heavy rains shorted some electrical cables on the ground and necessitated their replacement. The second stage had also been sitting on the pad with a full load of nitric acid for several weeks, which eventually corroded the fuel tank and valves. It had to be removed and replaced by a different stage. Finally, the launch got under way on the night of 5 February 1958. The Vanguard lifted smoothly into the sky and performed well until 57 seconds into launch, when the booster pitched over almost 40°. The skinny second stage broke in half from aerodynamic stress four seconds later, causing the Vanguard to tumble end-over-end before range safety officer sent the destruct command. Cause of the failure was attributed to a spurious guidance signal that caused the first stage to perform unintended pitch maneuvers. The guidance system was modified to have greater redundancy, and efforts were made to improve quality control. On 17 March 1958, Vanguard TV-4 finally succeeded in orbiting the Vanguard 1 satellite. By that time, however, the Army's Juno (Jupiter-C) had already launched the United States' first satellite, Explorer 1. The Vanguard TV-4 rocket had put the satellite Vanguard 1, to a relatively high orbit of (3966 x). Vanguard 1 and its third stage remain in orbit as the oldest man-made artifacts in space. The following four flights, TV-5 and SLV (Satellite Launch Vehicle) Vanguard SLV-1, Vanguard SLV-2 and Vanguard SLV-3 all failed, but on 17 February 1959, Vanguard SLV-4 launched Vanguard 2, weighing 10.8 kg, into orbit. The SLVs were the "production" Vanguard rockets. Vanguard SLV-5 and Vanguard SLV-6 also failed, but the final flight on 18 September 1959, successfully orbited the 24 kg Vanguard 3 satellite. That last mission was designated Vanguard TV-4BU, because it used a remaining test vehicle, which had been upgraded with a new third stage, the Allegany Ballistics Laboratory X-248A2 Altair. This more powerful motor enabled the launch of the heavier payload. The combination of the AJ10 liquid engine and X-248 solid motor was also used, under the name Able, as an upper stage combination for Thor and Atlas space launch vehicles.

Launches
Vanguard launched 3 satellites out of 11 launch attempts:
 * Vanguard TV3 - December 6, 1957 - Failed to orbit 1.36 kg satellite
 * Vanguard TV3 Backup - February 5, 1958 - Failed to orbit 1.36 kg satellite
 * Vanguard 1 (Vanguard TV4) - March 17, 1958 - Orbited 1.47 kg satellite
 * Vanguard TV5 - April 28, 1958 - Failed to orbit 10.0 kg satellite
 * Vanguard SLV-1 - May 27, 1958 - Failed to orbit 10.0 kg satellite
 * Vanguard SLV-2 - June 26, 1958 - Failed to orbit 10.0 kg satellite
 * Vanguard SLV-3 - September 26, 1958 - Failed to orbit 10.0 kg satellite
 * Vanguard 2 (Vanguard SLV-4) - February 17, 1959 - Orbited 9.8 kg satellite
 * Vanguard SLV-5 - April 13, 1959 - Failed to orbit 10.3 kg
 * Vanguard SLV-6 - June 22, 1959 - Failed to orbit 10.3 kg satellite
 * Vanguard 3 (Vanguard TV4-BU, also Vanguard SLV-7) - September 18, 1959 - Orbited 22.7 kg satellite

Specifications

 * Stage Number: 1 - Vanguard
 * Mass: 7,704 kg
 * Empty Mass: 811 kg
 * Thrust (vac): 134.7 kN
 * Isp (sea level): 248 isp
 * Burn time: 145 s
 * Diameter: 1.14 m
 * Length: 12.20 m
 * Propellants: LOX/Kerosene
 * Engines: General Electric X-405
 * Stage Number: 2 - Delta A
 * Mass: 2,164 kg
 * Empty Mass: 694 kg
 * Thrust (vac): 33.8 kN
 * Isp: 271 isp
 * Burn time: 115 s
 * Diameter: 0.84 m
 * Length: 5.36 m
 * Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH
 * Engines: Aerojet AJ10-37
 * Stage Number: 3 - Vanguard 3
 * Mass: 210 kg
 * Empty Mass: 31 kg
 * Thrust (vac): 11.6 kN
 * Isp: 230 isp
 * Burn time: 31 s
 * Isp (sea level): 210 isp
 * Diameter: 0.50 m
 * Length: 2.00 m
 * Propellants: Solid
 * Engines: Grand Central 33KS2800

title: Vanguard (rocket)


text: User talk:192.100.53.50

title: User talk:192.100.53.50


text:
Hill tribe (Thailand)

Hill tribe (ชาวดอย, ชาวเขา, ; Northern Thai: จาวดอย, คนดอย, ; 'mountain people/folk') is a term used in Thailand for all of the various ethnic groups who mostly inhabit the high mountainous northern and western regions of Thailand, including both sides of the border areas between northern Thailand, Laos and Burma, the Phi Pan Nam Range, the Thanon Range, the latter a southern prolongation of the Shan Hills, as well as the Tenasserim Hills in Western Thailand. These areas exhibit mountainous terrain which is in some areas covered by thick forests, while in others it has been heavily affected by deforestation.

In 1959, the government of Thailand established the Hill Tribe Welfare Committee under the Ministry of the Interior; nine ethnic groups (Akha, Hmong, Htin, Iu-Mien, Karen, Khamu, Lahu, Lisu and Lua) were officially recognized as Chao Khao or “Hill Tribes” at that time. By 2004, these groups and other ethnic minorities like Kachin, Dara’ang, Mlabri and Shan came to be called Klum chatiphan Chao khao or “Ethnic Hill tribes”.

The hill dwelling peoples have traditionally been primarily subsistence farmers who use slash-and-burn agricultural techniques to farm their heavily forested communities. Popular perceptions that slash and burn practices are environmentally destructive, governmental concerns over borderland security, and population pressure has caused the government to forcibly relocate many hill tribe peoples. Traditionally, hill tribes were a migratory people, leaving land as it became depleted of resources. Cultural and adventure travel tourism resulting in visiting the tribal villages is an increasing source of income for the hill tribes.

The mountain peoples are severely disadvantaged by comparison with the dominant Thai ethnic group. A 2013 article in the Bangkok Post said that "Nearly a million hill peoples and forest dwellers are still treated as outsiders—criminals even, since most live in protected forests. Viewed as national security threats, hundreds of thousands of them are refused citizenship although many are natives to the land". The Ministry of Social Development and Human Security's 2015 Master Plan for the Development of Ethnic Groups in Thailand 2015-2017  listed 13 mountain peoples and recognized problems in five areas, namely a lack of rights and uncertainty in housing, a lack of rights in legal status, a lack of stability in life, and weaknesses in bureaucratic planning. It sought to provide a planning framework to address these issues. The Master Plan was not renewed after 2017; it was 'subsumed' into planning by the Office of the National Security Council and by the Ministry of Culture.

The term "hill tribe"
In the 19th century, the tribes living in the mountain ranges were the largest non-Buddhist group in Thailand. Their mountain locations were then considered remote and difficult to access. In Thai official documents, the term hill tribe (chao khao) began to appear in the 1960s. This term highlights a "hill and valley" dichotomy that is based on ancient social relationships existing in most of northern and western Thailand, as well as in Sipsongpanna and Northern Vietnam. For the most part, the Dai/Tai/Thai people occupied the more fertile intermontane basins and the valleys, while the less powerful groups lived in the poorer, higher elevations. This dichotomy was often also characterized by a master/serf relationship.

"Highland Thais" is a more recent term also used to designate groups living in the mountainous areas.

Main groups

The seven major hill tribes in Thailand are the Akha, Lahu, Karen, Hmong/Miao, Mien/Yao, Lisu, and Palaung, each with a distinct language and culture.

The Akha
The Akha are closely related to the Hani of China's Yunnan province. They are also known derogatorily in Thai as the Gaw or the E-gaw. The Akha are one of the dominant cultural influences in the area. There are two to three million Akha and Akha-Hani in total, 70,000 of whom live in Thailand. The Akha speak a language in the Lolo/Yi branch of the Tibeto-Burman language group, but have no traditional written language.

Although many Akha, especially younger people, profess Christianity, Akha Zang ('The Akha Way') still runs deep in their consciousness. The Akha are a shamanic group that share the ancient universal archetype that the Goddess spins a universe where nature is not distinguished from humankind. They embody the essence of its consciousness into a holistic continuum where there is no dichotomy between themselves and the natural world. The Akha Way, a prescribed lifestyle derived from religious chants, combines animism, ancestor worship, shamanism and a deep relationship with the land. The Akha Way emphasizes rituals in everyday life and stresses strong family ties and the hymn of creation; every Akha male can recount his genealogy back over fifty generations to the first Akha, Sm Mi O.

The Yao
The Yao people are composed of several different groups and they speak different languages which are used to differentiate them. The Iu Mien make up 70% of the Yao population.

The Yao people were said to be the first civilization in China according to the chanting song story, Iu Mien Elders, a shaman's worship book written by Iu Mien elders in ancient Chinese characters. The Iu Mien nation was located in the southern part of China today known as Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan provinces and was ruled by the king of the Iu Mien people. The last Iu Mien king was King Pan, the namesake of the modern Iu Mien surnames: Phan, Saephanh, Saephan, Phanh, Pharn, Pan, Pham. King Pan and the Chinese emperor declared war against each other 800 years ago over disputed territory. The Iu Mien, led by King Pan, were fighting to protect their people and their territory. King Pan and the Iu Mien were decimated. King Pan lost countless soldiers and civilian casualties as well as territory to the Chinese emperor. The Chinese emperor captured most of the Iu Mien's territory. Iu Mien and King Pan were left unable to resist, which forced King Pan to negotiate with the Chinese emperor. The Chinese emperor gave two options to King Pan and Iu Mien people: Surrender to the Chinese emperor and sign a treaty to give all territory to the Chinese emperor, or continue to fight until the Chinese wiped out Iu Mien society utterly.

King Pan and his government chose to give up all territories to China and signed the treaty called "Passport to travel in the hill" or "Passport to cross the mountain". This document contained relevant information. The Chinese emperor had written this document in Chinese character.

"Iu Mien people have rights to maintain their identity, language, culture, and worship system and live on the hill side or in the mountain to cultivate land for farming and crops and raise their family. The Iu Mien would not be allowed to form their own government and have no rights to pursue their own nation. Iu Mien who possess this document have the legal right to cross all territories and borders to settle and to build their village in the hill/mountain to make a living by farming without hindrance by government. The governments of that country are responsible for their well-being and educating them to follow the rules of laws of the country that Iu Mien are living in."

After the loss of their nation, the 12 existing clans of Iu Mien people had to separate into small villages due to the mountainous area and foot hill land. Each village consisted of 15 to 20 families. The majority of people in each village were related. In some cases, they kept their clan together. They practiced slash-and-burn agriculture. Hunting and fishing were their primary means of acquiring food. Iu Mien women minded the household chores and children. Iu Mien's written language is similar to Chinese characters which is for religious and chant only songs. There was no written language for daily speaking. When their soil was exhausted, they moved to a new place in the tropical forest to start a new life and a new village all over again. Iu Mien people were scattered all over the mountains in China. The mountains where they lived became deserts because of the slash and burn farming. They sought new places in mountainous areas. They searched further south and eventually moved into Vietnam.

The Karen
The K’nyaw,(ကညီ) known to many as Karen, and to others as Kariang or Yang, are one of the largest hill tribes in Southeast Asia. The total number of Karen people is unknown as they are spread throughout Burma, Laos, and Thailand, and no reliable census has been conducted in Burma since the 1930s. Population estimates range from 7.5 million to 14 million people. (The more conservative estimate makes their population equivalent to that of Switzerland). The approximately 320,000 Karen in Thailand comprise half of the country's total hill tribe population.

While the Karen still practice slash-and-burn agriculture as other hill tribes do, they differ in that they live in permanent villages at lower elevations and have been aggressive in developing environmentally sustainable terraced rice fields. These factors have allowed the Karen to better integrate themselves into Thai society.

title: Hill tribe (Thailand)