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RAF Manston

Royal Air Force Manston or more simply RAF Manston is a former Royal Air Force station located in the north-east of Kent, at on the Isle of Thanet from 1916 until 1996. The site was split between a commercial airport Kent International Airport (KIA), since closed, and a continuing military use by the Defence Fire Training and Development Centre (DFTDC), following on from a long-standing training facility for RAF firefighters at the RAF Manston base.

First World War
At the outset of the First World War, the Isle of Thanet was equipped with a small and precarious landing strip for aircraft at St Mildreds Bay, Westgate, on top of the chalk cliffs, at the foot of which was a promenade which had been used for seaplane operations.

The landing grounds atop the cliff soon became the scene of several accidents, with at least one plane seen to fail to stop before the end of the cliffs and tumble into the sea which, fortunately for the pilot, had been on its inward tide.

In the winter of 1915–1916 these early aircraft first began to use the open farmlands at Manston as a site for emergency landings. Thus was soon established the Admiralty Aerodrome at Manston. It was not long after this that the training school, set up originally to instruct pilots in the use of the new Handley-Page O/400 bombers, was established, and so by the close of 1916 there were already two distinct units stationed at Manston, the Operational War Flight Command and the Handley Page Training School.

Its location near the Kent coast gave Manston some advantages over the other previously established aerodromes and regular additions in men and machinery were soon made, particularly, in these early days, from Detling. By 1917 the Royal Flying Corps was well established and taking an active part in the defence of England.

At a time when Zeppelin raids were bringing the war directly to English civilians, daylight bombing raids by German 'Gotha' Bombers, a twin engined biplane, would have been considerably more effective were it not for the RFC's presence at Manston.

The German air raids had lasted for thirteen weeks, the last being on 22 August 1917. On this occasion, of the 15 bombers that set out for England five did not reach the Kent coast, and the 'spirited' intervention from Manston-based fighters prevented those remaining from flying further west, three being destroyed outright and the remaining seven returning to Germany with dead and wounded on board.

Shortly after such formation raids and in consequence the Cabinet recommended the creation of a separate Air Ministry. The RAF was officially formed on 1 April 1918.

Second World War

At the start of the Second World War, Manston hosted a School of Air Navigation but this was quickly moved out. On 10 September 1939, No. 3 Squadron flew in equipped with Hawker Hurricanes and Manston was put under the command of No. 11 Group Fighter Command. During an eventful Battle of Britain, Manston was heavily bombed; at its height (August 1940) diary entries recorded a steady stream of damage to aircraft and buildings. The station was also littered with unexploded bombs. This caused many staff to move to nearby woods for at least a week. Others were dispersed to surrounding housing. For example, WAAFs (members of the Women's Auxiliary Air Force) stationed at Manston were billeted at the nearby Ursuline Convent in Westgate-on-Sea.

Barnes Wallis used the base to test his bouncing bomb on the coast at nearby Reculver prior to the Dambusters raid. A prototype is on public display at the RAF Manston History Museum. Hawker Typhoon attack aircraft were based there later in the war, and also the first Meteor jet squadron of the RAF. Manston was used as one of the departure points for military gliders of the Glider Pilot Regiment to transport troops and equipment in Operation Market Garden. It was one of the few airfields installed with the Fog, Intensive, Dispersal Of (FIDO) system designed to remove fog from airfields by burning it off with petrol.

Along with RAF Carnaby and RAF Woodbridge, Manston was developed as a south coast emergency landing ground for bomber crews. These airfields were intended for use by returning bombers suffering from low-fuel and/or suspected damage to their pneumatic (wheel brake) and/or hydraulic (undercarriage) systems. All three airfields were equipped with a single runway, 9,000 ft (2,700 m) long and 750 ft (230 m) wide. There was a further clear area of 1,500 ft (460 m) at each end of the runway. At each of the three airfields, the runway was divided into three 250 ft (76 m) lanes. The northern and central lanes were allocated by flying control, while the southern lane was the emergency lane on which any aircraft could land without first making contact with the airfield.

The hilltop site was chosen as it was usually fog-free and had no approach obstructions. Being close to the front line, the airfield became something of a magnet for badly damaged aircraft that had suffered from ground fire, collisions, or air attack but retained a degree of airworthiness. The airfield became something of a "graveyard" for heavy bombers and no doubt the less-damaged portions of aircraft landing or otherwise arriving here sometimes provided spare parts for other Allied aircraft in need of repair. The museums on site display some startling aerial views dating from this era and the post-war years. After the war, the runway was reconfigured, becoming 200 feet wide with a full-length parallel taxiway, both within the original paved width.

USAF use
During the Cold War of the 1950s the United States Air Force used RAF Manston as a Strategic Air Command base for its bomber, fighter and fighter-bomber units.

In the early 1950s, SAC's backbone bombers were the Convair B-36 Peacemaker and Boeing B-47 Stratojet. To support this strategy, the SAC 7th Air Division was established in May 1951. At the time, Manston had only partially recovered from the ravages of the Second World War. There were still makeshift bomb shelters, i.e. trenches with tin roofs, and many large circles of lush green grass where Luftwaffe bombs had cratered the runway. The RAF control tower overlooked a bizarre hilltop runway, which was an extraordinary 750 feet wide and 9000 feet long. The 7th AD expanded Manston by building concrete bunkers suitable for nuclear weapons and upgrading the support facilities for long-term use.

By the summer of 1953, the 7th AD began a series of temporary deployments of B-47 and B-36 wings from the United States to the United Kingdom. These deployments generally involved about 45 aircraft, together with about 20 Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters which were maintained at the English bases for 90 days. At the end of the Temporary Duty (TDY), they were relieved by another SAC wing that was generally stationed at a different airfield. These deployments continued until 1955 when SAC shifted its rotational deployments to RAF Fairford and Manston was turned over to the United States Air Forces in Europe.

In July 1951 SAC deployed the 12th Fighter-Escort Wing to Manston to provide fighter escort for its rotational bombardment wings. The 12th, however, only remained at Manston until 30 November when it was replaced by the 123rd Fighter-Bomber Wing, with the 12th being transferred to Japan for combat duty during the Korean War.

The 123rd was an umbrella wing that was formed from several Air National Guard squadrons activated for federal service during the Korean War. This wing was activated at Manston with three ANG fighter squadrons:

 * 156th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (North Carolina ANG)
 * 165th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Kentucky ANG)
 * 167th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (West Virginia ANG)

The 123d utilized the F-84E "Thunderjets" left behind by the 12th FEW and continued the same mission of fighter escort of SAC's bombers.

In July 1952 the Air National Guard squadrons were returned to State control, and USAFE assumed the fighter escort role. In its place, the 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated in place at Manston with the following squadrons assigned:

 * 512th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Yellow Stripe)
 * 513th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Red Stripe)
 * 514th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Dark Blue Stripe)

Initially, the 406th utilized the existing F-84Es, however in August 1953, the F-86F "Sabre" began to arrive to replace them.

A change of mission for the 406th in April 1954 from fighter-bomber to fighter-interceptor came with a change of equipment. The F-86D Sabre interceptor began to arrive and the F-86F's were transferred to other USAFE squadrons and NATO countries. In addition, the 512th FBS was transferred to Soesterberg Air Base, Netherlands with their F-86Fs.

In June F-86D's arrived from CONUS to equip the 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron which was transferred to the 406th from the 81st FBW assigned to RAF Shepherds Grove. The 87th FIS, however, physically remained at Shepherds Grove, but was under the organisational command of the 406th at Manston. In September 1955, the 87th was redesignated the 512th FIS.

On 15 May 1958 the 406th was inactivated, with its three air defence squadrons being assigned to continental Europe under the 86th Air Division (Defense) at Ramstein Air Base West Germany. The squadrons were transferred to the following bases:

 * 512th FIS to Sembach Air Base, West Germany
 * 513th FIS to Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base France
 * 514th FIS to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany

The F-86D's were eventually withdrawn from Europe in 1961, and the 512th, 513th and 514th were inactivated.

After the transfer of the USAFE interceptors at Manston the base was returned to the RAF control.

Return to RAF use
With the USAF's withdrawal from Manston, the airfield became a joint civilian and RAF airport from 1960 and was thence employed for occasional package tour and cargo flights, alongside its continuing role as an RAF base. The Air Cadets used the northern side of the airfield as a gliding site, and No. 1 Air Experience Flight RAF flying de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunks was also based there. Thanks to its long runway, Manston was designated as one of the UK's MEDAs (Military Emergency Diversion Airfields) for emergency military and civilian landings. Others included RAF Greenham Common, RAF Aldergrove and RAF Machrihanish.

For a number of years, the base operated as a Master Diversion Airfield, open 24 hours every day. Manston, uniquely in the UK, also had a 'foam carpet' crash landing system, where two tractors would pull tankers laying a metre thick layer of foam over a strip of runway, for aircraft with landing gear problems.

Search and rescue base
RAF Manston was home to a helicopter search and rescue (SAR) flight from No. 22 Squadron RAF from 1961, operating Westland Whirlwind aircraft. The flight was withdrawn in 1969, but the outcry led to the RAF contracting Bristow Helicopters from 1971 to 1974 to provide a continued service (also using MK3 Whirlwhinds). In 1972, the Bristow crew was awarded the "Wreck Shield" for "Most Meritorious Rescue in 1972" by the Department of Trade and Industry.

In 1974, the RAF SAR teams returned, with No. 72 Squadron RAF operating two Westland Wessex HC2 aircraft to replace the Bristow cover. The flight was transferred back to No. 22 Squadron in June 1976. In 1988 No. 202 Squadron RAF moved to Manston with their Westland Sea King HAR.3, with the Wessex aircraft moving to RAF Coltishall. The Sea Kings remained at Manston until July 1994, when SAR activity at the base was halted, and SAR cover for the channel relocated to RAF Wattisham.

Units
The following units were here at some point: • No. 1 Squadron RAF

• No. 2 Squadron RAF

• No. 3 Squadron RAF

• No. 4 Squadron RAF

• No. 9 Squadron RAF

• No. 16 Squadron RAF

• No. 18 Squadron RAF

• No. 21 Squadron RAF

• No. 22 Squadron RAF

• No. 23 Squadron RAF

• No. 26 Squadron RAF

• No. 29 Squadron RAF

• No. 32 Squadron RAF

• No. 33 Squadron RAF

• No. 39 Squadron RAF

• No. 46 Squadron RAF

• No. 48 Squadron RAF

• No. 56 Squadron RAF

• No. 59 Squadron RAF

• No. 62 Squadron RAF

• No. 63 Squadron RAF

• No. 69 Squadron RAF

• No. 72 Squadron RAF

• No. 74 Squadron RAF

• No. 77 Squadron RAF

• No. 79 Squadron RAF

• No. 80 Squadron RAF

• No. 88 Squadron RAF

• No. 91 Squadron RAF

• No. 92 Squadron RAF

• No. 101 Squadron RAF

• No. 107 Squadron RAF

• No. 110 Squadron RAF

• No. 118 Squadron RAF

• No. 119 Squadron RAF

• No. 124 Squadron RAF

• No. 130 Squadron RAF

• No. 137 Squadron RAF

• No. 139 Squadron RAF

• No. 143 Squadron RAF

• No. 151 Squadron RAF

• No. 158 Squadron RAF

• No. 164 Squadron RAF

• No. 174 Squadron RAF

• No. 175 Squadron RAF

• No. 181 Squadron RAF

• No. 183 Squadron RAF

• No. 184 Squadron RAF

• No. 193 Squadron RAF

• No. 197 Squadron RAF

• No. 198 Squadron RAF

• No. 202 Squadron RAF

• No. 206 Squadron RAF

• No. 213 Squadron RAF

• No. 217 Squadron RAF

• No. 219 Squadron RAF

• No. 222 Squadron RAF

• No. 224 Squadron RAF

• No. 226 Squadron RAF

• No. 229 Squadron RAF

• No. 235 Squadron RAF

• No. 236 Squadron RAF

• No. 239 Squadron RAF

• No. 242 Squadron RAF

• No. 253 Squadron RAF

• No. 257 Squadron RAF

• No. 263 Squadron RAF

• No. 266 Squadron RAF

• No. 274 Squadron RAF

• No. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron

• No. 310 Squadron RAF

• No. 311 Squadron RAF

• No. 312 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF

• No. 313 Squadron RAF

• No. 331 Squadron RAF

• No. 332 Squadron RAF

• No. 403 Squadron RCAF

• No. 406 Squadron RCAF

• No. 415 Squadron RCAF

• No. 421 Squadron RCAF

• No. 451 Squadron RAAF

• No. 455 Squadron RAAF

• No. 500 Squadron RAF

• No. 501 Squadron RAF

• No. 504 Squadron RAF

• No. 567 Squadron RAF

• No. 600 Squadron RAF

• No. 601 Squadron RAF

• No. 604 Squadron RAF

• No. 605 Squadron RAF

• No. 607 Squadron RAF

• No. 609 Squadron RAF

• No. 611 Squadron RAF

• No. 615 Squadron RAF

• No. 616 Squadron RAF

• No. 618 Squadron RAF

• 765 Naval Air Squadron

• 812 Naval Air Squadron

• 819 Naval Air Squadron

• 820 Naval Air Squadron

• 821 Naval Air Squadron

• 822 Naval Air Squadron

• 823 Naval Air Squadron

• 825 Naval Air Squadron

• 832 Naval Air Squadron

• 841 Naval Air Squadron

• 848 Naval Air Squadron

• Gladiator Flight

• No. 1 General Reconnaissance Unit RAF

• No. 3 General Reconnaissance Unit RAF

• No. 3 School of Technical Training RAF

• No. 6 Flying Training School RAF

• No. 50 (Army Co-operation) Wing RAF

• No. 50 Training Depot Station RAF

• No. 86 Maintenance Unit RAF

• No. 91 Staging Post

• No. 155 (General Reconnaissance) Wing RAF

• No. 203 Training Depot Station RAF became No. 55 Training Depot Station RAF

• No. 470 (Fighter) Flight RAF

• No. 555 (Light Bomber) Flight RAF

• No. 556 (Light Bomber) Flight RAF

• No. 617 Gliding School RAF

• No. 617 Volunteer Gliding School RAF

• No. 618 Gliding School RAF

• No. 618 Volunteer Gliding School RAF

• No. 1333 Wing RAF Regiment

• No. 1401 Meteorological Flight RAF

• No. 2701 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2715 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2720 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2726 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2733 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2758 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2762 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2763 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2778 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2782 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2794 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2795 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2844 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2909 Squadron RAF Regiment

• Overseas Ferry Unit RAF

• Pool of Pilots, Manston RAF

• S.C.R.584 Training Unit RAF

• School of Technical Training (Men)

• Seaplane Training Squadron RAF

Civilian use
For some years two commercial airlines operated out of Manston, Invicta Airways and Air Ferry. Many thousands of holiday passengers started their journeys from Manston.

From 1989 Manston became styled as Kent International Airport, and a new terminal was officially opened that year by the Duchess of York.

Closure
In 1996, Manston's satellite station RAF Ash, was closed, and in 1999, it was decided to close the RAF Manston base. The 'airside' portion of the base was signed over to the commercial operator of Kent International Airport.

The MoD decided to keep the central fire training school (CTE) facility open, and almost the entirety of the 'domestic' side of the base became FSCTE Manston (Fire Service Central Training Establishment). In 2007 the Army took over responsibility for firefighting across the armed services (except the Royal Navy whose Aircraft Handling Branch are the fire fighters at Naval Air Stations and are trained at RNAS Culdrose at the School of Flight Deck Operations) and the school became the Defence Fire Training and Development Centre (DFTDC). The site is set to be closed in 2025.

Accidents

 * On 18 September 1948, an RAF de Havilland Mosquito crashed during an air show at RAF Manston, killing both crew and ten members of the public.
 * On 27 April 1952, an American Republic F-84E Thunderjet (Serial Number 49-2111), of 165 Fighter Bomber Squadron, 1323 Fighter Bomber Group, United States Air Force, that was based at Manston crashed at nearby St Peter's as a result of an engine fire. The pilot, Captain Clifford Vincent Fogarty, was killed, as were three St Peter's residents.
 * As a Master Diversion Airfield, RAF Manston witnessed numerous emergency landings both civil and military. Any aircraft reporting undercarriage problems would be diverted to Manston. All aircraft landed successfully on the foam carpet with reduced or no undercarriage, and no injuries or fatalities were ever reported by the Civil Aviation Authority.

Museums
There are currently two museums on the former RAF Manston site, in a cluster on the north side :
 * The RAF Manston History Museum
 * The Spitfire and Hurricane Memorial Museum

A third museum in the cluster, the Manston Fire Museum within the DFTDC site, is now closed.

Air show
RAF Manston and the Spitfire and Hurricane museums used to host an air show, which was most recently in 2011.

Film & TV
RAF Manston was used as the effects of what will happen in the surrounding towns of Canterbury and Rochester if a nuclear strike by the Soviet Union happened in the Oscar winning 1965 film The War Game.

Video games
In the vehicular combat multiplayer video game War Thunder, the 'Britain' map Centers around RAF Manston. The map itself is based on the southeast coast of England, depicting just under half of the county of Kent, the Strait of Dover, and a small part of France (in the southeast corner of the map, usually well outside the playable area). Although the details of the map are not completely accurate in some areas, dimensionally the map, as well as RAF Manston, and other landmarks such as Dover Castle and The Port of Dover, are a 1:1 scale.

title: RAF Manston


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Jerry Remy

Gerald Peter Remy (November 8, 1952 – October 30, 2021) was an American professional baseball player and sports broadcaster. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a second baseman for ten seasons—three with the California Angels (1975–1977) and seven with the Boston Red Sox (1978–1984). After retiring from professional play, Remy was a color commentator for televised Red Sox games for 33 years until his death.

Remy began commentating with the TV channel New England Sports Network (NESN) in 1988, and later expanded to over-the-air television in 1995. A native of Somerset, Massachusetts, Remy was a popular local figure, known for his exuberance, humorous non-sequitur game commentary, and thick New England accent that endeared him with Red Sox fans. He was given the nickname "RemDawg" and was elected "President" of Red Sox Nation in 2007. Remy also owned restaurants in the Boston area, and wrote books about baseball.

Early life
Gerald Peter Remy was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, on November 8, 1952, and grew up in nearby Somerset. He attended Somerset High School and Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island. He was of French Canadian descent.

Playing career
Remy was selected by the Washington Senators in the 19th round of the 1970 MLB draft, but he did not sign. He was then selected in the 8th round of the January supplemental phase of the 1971 MLB draft (129th overall) by the California Angels, and signed with the team.

Minor leagues (1971–1974)
Remy played four seasons in the Angels' farm system: 1971 with the rookie league Magic Valley Cowboys, 1972 with the Class A Stockton Ports, 1973 with the Class A Quad City Angels (.335, 4 home runs and 36 RBI in 117 games), and 1974 with Double-A El Paso Diablos and the Triple-A Salt Lake City Angels, where he hit a combined .323 with 4 home runs and 67 RBI. Overall, Remy appeared in 421 games in Minor League Baseball, batting .275 with 12 home runs and 152 RBIs.

California Angels (1975–1977)
Remy made his major league debut with the Angels on April 7, 1975. He hit a single off of Steve Busby of the Kansas City Royals in his first at bat and was subsequently picked off. With the 1975 Angels, Remy played 147 games (145 starts) as the Angels' second baseman, batting .258 with one home run and 46 RBIs. He had 34 stolen bases, but was caught stealing a league-leading 21 times. The following year, his average rose slightly to .263, although with no home runs and 28 RBIs. In 1977, he had a career-high four home runs, along with a .252 average and 44 RBIs; he was named team captain of the Angels in June, becoming only the second captain in the team's history.

Overall, in three seasons with the Angels, Remy played in 444 games, batting .258 with five home runs, 118 RBIs, and 110 stolen bases. On December 8, 1977, he was traded to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for pitcher Don Aase and cash considerations.

Boston Red Sox (1978–1984)
Remy was the Red Sox's starting second baseman in 1978 and was selected for the MLB All-Star Game, although he did not play in the game. Overall, with the 1978 Red Sox, he batted .278 with 44 RBIs and 30 stolen bases in 148 games. He also had two home runs, the last ones of his career. In the 1978 American League East tie-breaker game against the New York Yankees, Remy was on base in the ninth inning when Carl Yastrzemski made the final out; it was the closest Remy came to the postseason in his MLB career.

Remy continued as Boston's starting second baseman for the next six seasons, although he was often hampered by injuries. In 1979, he played in 80 games and batted .297. In 1980, he batted a career-high .313 but was limited to 63 games; he also appeared in the outfield for the only time in his career, playing the ninth inning in right field during a May loss to the Cleveland Indians. In 1981, Remy played in 88 games while batting .307. On September 3–4, 1981, he accomplished the rare feat of collecting six hits in a game, going 6-for-10 in a 20-inning game against the Seattle Mariners.

In 1982, Remy appeared in a career-high 155 games while batting .280; in 1983, he batted .275 while playing in 146 games. In 1984, a knee injury limited him to 30 games for the season, during which he batted .250; he made his final start at second base on May 5, and his final MLB appearance on May 18 when he flied out as a pinch hitter. Remy was released by the Red Sox on December 10, 1985, and he retired during spring training in 1986. Overall, in seven seasons with the Red Sox, Remy played in 710 games, batting .286 with two home runs, 211 RBIs, and 98 stolen bases.

During his ten-year MLB career, Remy batted .275 with seven home runs, 329 RBIs, and 208 stolen bases in 1154 games. Defensively, he had a .981 fielding percentage. Bill James, in his Historical Abstract, rated Remy as the 100th greatest second baseman of all time as of 2001.

Broadcaster
After 1988, Remy found success in broadcasting, working for the New England Sports Network (NESN), as the regular color commentator for NESN's Red Sox broadcasts. Initially paired with Ned Martin through 1992 and Bob Kurtz from 1993–2000, from 2001 through the end of the 2015 season, he teamed with play-by-play announcer Don Orsillo; starting with the 2016 season, Remy worked with Dave O'Brien. Beginning in 1995, he also replaced former color commentator Bob Montgomery on the over-the-air Red Sox broadcasting team, paired with Sean McDonough for those broadcasts through 2004, when Orsillo took over for McDonough on the over-the-air games as well. He also ran a website, The Remy Report, which covered Boston Red Sox news and information.

Restaurateur
Remy owned a hot dog stand, RemDawg's, a nod to the nickname he held amongst Red Sox fans, located just outside Fenway Park, as well as Jerry Remy's Sports Bar & Grill in Terminal C of Logan International Airport. There were three other Bar & Grill locations: one behind Fenway Park on Boylston Street that opened March 9, 2010, which was reported closed in March 2015, and subsequently became a Tony C’s Sports Bar & Grill (named after another former Red Sox player, Tony Conigliaro); a second in the Seaport District of South Boston, which in December 2016 also became a Tony C’s Sports Bar & Grill; and a third in Remy's birthplace of Fall River that opened in October 2012, which in March 2018, The Herald News of Fall River reported would be closed.

Author
Remy wrote three books about baseball, and several children's books about Red Sox mascot Wally the Green Monster, which began as an idea based on Remy's storytelling while broadcasting Red Sox games.
 * Wally the Green Monster series
 * Wally the Green Monster series
 * Wally the Green Monster series
 * Wally the Green Monster series

In 2012, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Fenway Park, then-Red Sox second baseman Dustin Pedroia authored a sixth book in the series, Wally The Green Monster's Journey Through Time.

Charity work
Remy worked extensively with The Jimmy Fund, a charity that supports the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. He was known to invite cancer patients in the broadcast booth, visit with patients in hospitals, and participated in their annual telethon.

Health
In November 2008, Remy had surgery to remove a "very small, low-grade cancerous area" from his lung, most likely a result of years of smoking cigarettes. During his recovery from the surgery, he suffered from an infection as well as a bout of pneumonia. Due to fatigue and depression, Remy took an indefinite leave of absence from his broadcast duties for NESN, starting April 30, 2009.

On August 12, 2009, Remy went to Fenway Park and attended Red Sox manager Terry Francona's pre-game press conference. He told both NESN and The Boston Globe that he had every intention of returning to broadcasting Red Sox games during the remainder of the 2009 season. He entered the NESN's broadcast booth during the top of the second inning during the night's game to speak with broadcasters Don Orsillo and Dennis Eckersley. It was the first time he had been in the booth since he took his leave of absence in April. In between the top and the bottom of the second inning, Remy, still in the booth, was shown on Fenway's center field scoreboard display, to which he received a standing ovation from the crowd attending the game. He revealed during the visit that he had suffered from depression following his physical problems of 2008 and that he was receiving therapy. On August 19, 2009, Remy released a statement announcing his return to commentating on August 21, 2009, against the New York Yankees. He stated that he would likely skip some road trips. He returned full-time for the 2010 baseball season. In April 2013, he announced that he had suffered a relapse that offseason when cancer was found in a different spot on his lungs during his regular six-month CT scan that January.

Remy took time off starting May 28, 2013, due to a bout of pneumonia. He returned to the booth on June 25, 2013. On August 16, 2013, he announced that he would be taking an indefinite leave of absence after his son was arrested for murder; Remy did not return to the broadcast booth until the beginning of the 2014 season. He had another leave during the 2016–17 off-season, missing most of the 2017 spring training.

On June 12, 2017, Remy announced that his lung cancer had returned. In January 2018, he announced via Twitter that he had completed treatments at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). A fourth diagnosis of cancer was announced on August 7, 2018. After undergoing treatments, Remy announced in early November 2018 that he was cancer-free.

On June 11, 2021, Remy left Fenway Park during the third inning of a game he was commentating on, due to shortness of breath, and was admitted to MGH. He was released from the hospital five days later, and returned to broadcasting on June 20. On August 4, Remy announced that he would be stepping away from NESN for lung cancer treatment. On October 5, he appeared at Fenway Park to throw out the ceremonial first pitch before the AL Wild Card Game, in what ended up being his final public appearance.

Remy died of lung cancer on October 30, 2021, nine days before his 69th birthday. A public wake was held in Waltham, Massachusetts, on November 4.

Legacy

Remy and broadcast partner Don Orsillo won four New England Emmy awards, and Remy was voted Massachusetts' favorite sports announcer in 2004 by Sports Illustrated. Remy was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2006, and elected honorary President of Red Sox Nation in 2007. NESN and the Red Sox celebrated Jerry Remy Day at Fenway Park on June 24, 2008, in honor of Remy's 20 years of service for the network. He was inducted into the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 2017.

After his death, Joe Buck, veteran sports broadcaster, called Remy's sports broadcasting career "legendary" and called him a "force in the booth", noting "If Red Sox Nation had an emperor, the ‘RemDawg,’ it would be him." Broadcaster Sean McDonough, who of his own accord has worked with at least 160 different broadcast partners, said of his time with Remy: "nothing felt as special as the nine years I spent with Jerry".

On April 15, 2022, the date of the home opener for the season, the team issued a Tweet showing that the NESN broadcasting booth at Fenway Park was now named the Jerry Remy Booth, in his memory. The booth has also been adorned with a memorial plaque honoring Remy. The team held a ceremony to honor Remy prior to their home game of April 20, including appearances from former teammates Dennis Eckersley, Carl Yastrzemski, Rick Burleson, Dwight Evans, Fred Lynn, Jim Rice, and Bob Stanley.

Family
Remy and his wife Phoebe had three children, Jared, Jordan, and Jenna.

Jordan was selected by the Red Sox in the 49th round of the 1999 MLB draft, but he did not play professionally.

Jared worked for the Red Sox as a security guard, but was fired in 2008 after another guard told the State Police that Jared had sold him steroids. On August 16, 2013, Jared was arrested in the fatal stabbing of his girlfriend, Jennifer Martel, a charge he pleaded guilty to on May 27, 2014. Jared Remy was sentenced to life in state prison without the possibility of parole.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jerry Remy


text:
Talk:Chick lit

Discussion of topic
Aaargh! The system logged me out in the middle of uploading the text of this article, so I didn't get credit for it. Anyway, if anyone wants to discuss the topic (and it probably needs discussing), the original work is mine....---Michael K. Smith 20:22, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

list and links
I'm planning on adding a list of chicklit books with links to short descriptions of the books in seperate pages. On those pages I'd like to add links to either publishers or places like Barnes&Nobles.com so people know where to pick them up. Lastly, I'm planning on making a section on the main page with links to various places on the web to find stuff. I hope no one minds me doing these things, this is the first section I've found on the pedia that I think I can make a real contribution to. Once the lists are up I hope that some people will be willing to revise and edit as they see fit to make the pages more full. Later --Steeley42 17:05, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * The list idea sounds good, but if you plan to add an article/stub for each book, then you should be using a category instead. See Categories, lists, and series boxes as well as Categories. Also, don't link to booksellers directly. Wikipedia convention is to make reference to a particular edition of a book by writing its ISBN number, prefixed by, such as   (with or without hyphens), which results in a link to a generated page that provides many links to sources for the book. — mjb 19:31, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * In addition, the page needs to be linked to a book category anyway. — Onlyemarie 19:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Done, by adding it to Category:Literary genres. — mjb 20:09, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see a list of books...I added a few popular ones that have wikipedia pages already created. I am hoping people will add more to the list 134.134.139.76 (talk) 23:05, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Tone issues
I'm contemplating an edit to correct what I see as some tone issues in this article. Though the comments regarding the "slightly uncomplimentary" tone of the term "chick-lit" are valid, the genre is immensely popular and I think that many chick-lit readers have come to terms with the realities of the genre (i.e., they're okay with the fact that it's primarily "fluffy" literature). I would thus suggest a separate section on connotations of the term, so that the genre-specific information can be more informative while the article retains references to the possible derogatory connotations of the term "chick-lit." I'll get to this as soon as I'm able; please comment here or send me a personal message if you disagree. Onlyemarie 17:41, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

See Oprah's Book Club?!
Hmm, I am not sure I understand the connection between chick lit and Oprah's book club. Oprah DOES NOT recommend chick lit, unless people like Tolstoy and Toni Morrison write chick lit?! Just because certain books are popular with women does not make them chick lit. You might as well have a "see Romance genre" or something, because Romance novels is as much chick lit as Oprah's Book club. I know many fans of chick lit who would never want to read anything on Oprah's book list.71.194.155.170 08:17, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with the above, Oprah's Book Club recommendations are not in accord with this article and I recommend it be removed unless there is a connection between them. --Avigon 21:35, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Oprah's book club is top-heavy with female authors, however Lowellt 16:48, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Since when do "female authors" equal "chick lit?" Chick lit is not defined as literature written by women. You should try reading the page before commenting on the discussion. Jesus. I feel like I'm taking crazy pills. --J.Dayton 00:32, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Seconded. Oprah, if anything, is "anti-chick-lit." She has tried to promote "good" fiction among those of her viewers who have (historically) not been regular readers, urging women to read books such as those she recommends in place of "junk" paperbacks or TV soaps. I've read many of her recommendations and they definitely are not fluff. Counterparts to chick lit elsewhere in popular fiction would be western shoot-'em-ups and routine cop novels. --Michael K. Smith (talk) 19:15, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

connotations and origin of term
"...with the implication that readers of the genre are likely to be clichéd, unintellectual females who chew gum and avoid "serious" literature."

I am not understanding why the term chick lit carries these connotations. Is there really a stereotype about the chewers of chiclet gum? Why does the term chick lit imply that the people who read it avoid other literature, are unintellectual, and cliched? Seems like the person who wrote the connotations section has opinions about chick lit.71.194.155.170 08:16, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't say the connotation was justified or that I agreed with it -- only that it exists, which it does. I've been a public librarian since the 1960s and get to a lot of annual ALA and ABA conferences, and the several marketing discussions I've witnessed on what chick lit is and who it sells to have noted the semi-sneer with which better educated readers of both sexes approach it -- probably for the same reason that this market segment sneers at people who watch reality TV shows. Myself, I read practically all genres. --Michael K. Smith 16:11, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

a quick google search of "chick lit as a derisive term" returns many results, several by female authors who consider it derisive. 173.71.9.66 (talk) 05:20, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

Christian Chick Lit
Not that I care very much, being atheist and male, but there appears to be Christian Chick Lit - see

Motives for writing Chick-lit
It appears that any woman who eats a bowl of alphabet soup, waits several hours, then goes to the toilet can create any kind of chick-lit plots. Many people will disagree with this bold statement, but the hanging truth is that anyone can pull this pretentious rubbish from their backsides. Even some writers have included female characters who are writing chick-lit books in the writer's story. That's how easy it is.

I am only overly annoyed at the fact that many mindless individuals buy this trash year in, year out. It also reflects whats ongoing in the music scene at present: (if I were to shave my head, would any of you give a shite?)

The only reason i buy chick-lit books is to see what kind of tripe has swindled the general public again. The books seem to have a poor use of vocabulary to describe scenes/places/emotions and there is repetition of spoken dialogue (e.g she said angrily, she said laughing, etc).

So in this day and age, if you want to be successful as a writer, you don't have to be intellectual, witty or dramatic, you only have to have a "hectic" social life with dadjies plastic card and an eaves-dropping ear to create some pieces of commercial dog-faeces. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 89.100.39.45 (talk) 18:25, 8 March 2007 (UTC).

 * This is not a message board. I agree, mostly, but this is not a message board. --J.Dayton 00:33, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You're absolutely right. But the anonymous decrier is also mostly wrong. Writing any sellable popular novel is not at all easy. I've written a few highly formulaic (formula provided by the publisher) romance novels, and believe me, like any other sort of writing, it's hard work to get all of it right. This stuff may not be "great literature" (whatever your definition may be) but not just anyone can produce it, and sell it. --Michael K. Smith (talk) 19:22, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Weasel Statements
I deleted the line "Men frequently use the term disparagingly, considering the genre as a whole to be meaningless/mindless and not worth reading" as it is unsourced opinion. --DOHC Holiday 17:54, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Unsourced doesn't mean weaselly--this should have had a citation needed tag added to it.99.234.101.193 (talk) 23:31, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

a quick google search of "chick lit as a derisive term" returns many results, several by female authors who consider it derisive. 173.71.9.66 (talk) 05:20, 1 February 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.71.9.66 (talk)

Chick Lit
"Chick lit" is a term used to denote genre fiction written for and marketed to young women, especially single, working women in their twenties and thirties. What is the term used to denote genre fiction written for and marketed to young men, especially single, working men in their twenties and thirties? Maybe this term can be connected to Chick Lit. Coffsneeze 23:38, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

I believe it is called 'Dick Lit'. But this term may just be an aphorism to the term 'Chick Lit' as generally books aren't marketed to young men. Unless someone can prove me wrong by naming one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.38.226 (talk) 02:56, 4 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe it is called Fratire — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.134.139.76 (talk) 23:26, 3 June 2011 (UTC) Afifa1989 (talk) 15:35, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Marion Chesney (M.C. Beaton)
I don't see what the M.C. Beaton mystery books, either Agatha Raisin or Hamish Macbeth have to do with "chick lit" and would propose removing that reference. They are just ordinary mystery stories. If that's "chick lit" then so is Agatha Christie. Jlawniczak (talk) 15:32, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

I guess I'm talking to myself here, but I think that it would be arguable that Marion Chesney's series, like the Daughters of Mannerling series, would qualify for this genre. Jlawniczak (talk) 13:46, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * No, I disagree. Beaton is a writer of present-day and historical murder mystery novels. Chick lit novels aren't mysteries, and I can't think of any that are historical in their settings. Quite the opposite -- their authors go to considerable lengths to make them as up-to-date and contemporary in language and setting as possibility. (One reason they tend to date quickly.) Just because an author like Agatha Christie is popular with female readers -- as well as male ones, I should add -- doesn't make her work "chick lit". --Michael K. Smith (talk) 19:26, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Curtis Sittenfeld's quote
This is not a criticism, nor is it about chick lit. An actual criticism would involve saying something specific and negative about chick lit, while this states Sittenfeld's reservations about labeling a specific novel as chick lit. 24.199.87.237 (talk) 15:00, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Most polular?
I moved the following text here, since I think we need a system for presenting "popular" chick lit first, to avoid everybody to dump their own stuff into the article. Dr. Sweetheart (talk) 17:32, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Popular chick lit novelists include Ireland's Marian Keyes, Cecelia Ahern, and Sophie Kinsella, author of the Shopaholic series.

This whole Criticism section
I think we really need to make this whole criticism section more encyclopedic before anything in it may be reinserted. These citations seem unrelevant - it's just some single persons's point of view. The universality of it, if any, needs to be sorted out.

And that scandal, it's just a single book, so why blame the whole genre?

The section:

{|class="wikitable

Criticism of chick lit
"To suggest that another woman's ostensibly literary novel is chick lit feels catty, not unlike calling another woman a slut -- doesn't the term basically bring down all of us?" -- Curtis Sittenfeld in the New York Times

"Chick lit claims to be representative of women’s lives, their hopes, fears, dreams and values. But it’s actually about white, upper-middle-class American and Western European women. Chick-lit defenders like to point out that there is black and Latina chick lit, chick lit for older women, but this is all tokenism—a chance for women of every color and age to be portrayed as annoying, shallow twits. Just like George W. claims to be a regular Joe, chick lit claims to be the story of the Everywoman, when really, it’s the story of Some Women of a Certain Class. Which is pretty ironic, given that chick-lit authors cry elitism more often than their characters accidentally trip on their own designer shoes and fall into tall, handsome strangers." -- Anonymous Chick lit editor in Boston's Weekly Dig

Major scandals
In April 2006, 19-year-old Harvard College sophomore Kaavya Viswanathan faced a major scandal when it was discovered that her chick lit novel "How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life", published by Little, Brown and Co. had lifted major portions from several other chick lit books, most notably Megan McCafferty’s "Sloppy Firsts" and "Second Helpings". Plagiarized passages were also found taken from the works of Salman Rushdie and Meg Cabot. Significantly, Kaavya had received a $500,000 advance for her first book, with plans for another. Her publishers were so embarrassed that on May 4 2006, they recalled all unsold copies of the book with plans to destroy them, and called off the second book deal. The movie studio also stopped pre-production and dropped her movie project based on the book.
 * }

Dr. Sweetheart (talk) 17:50, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Surely we need a criticism section (albeit a better one than you removed) but the "major scandals" is unrelated and shouldn't be in the article. I'm all for a well-researched and NPOV criticisms section. Themfromspace (talk) 03:14, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. It's needed, just a better one. Dr. Sweetheart (talk) 06:55, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Redefining Chick Lit
I can't find back up for the definition posted. http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA623004.html and http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6674245.html?q=women%27s+lit disagree with the basic definition. So I'm changing it and adding sources.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 17:33, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I finished the rehaul of the article, and fixed the errors in the article to include a wider variety of Chick lit and the definition of Chick lit. I also expanded it out of the White-centric POV which is just wrong and rewrote the history part with references. The first Chick lit is often now defined as Jane Austen's novels, not Bridget Jones, which took from Jane Austen. (Plenty of sources on that). The article was ugly all over and misquoted sources as well as putting a whole pro-white spin on it, when clearly Waiting to Exhale and other novels predated the definition, but were still considered as such, which is to be very frank, racist. I expanded the sub sub genre bents of Chick Lit too... So it should look better than it did before me as this is a lot more diverse. Might have small errors here and there in terms of grammar and style, though I tried to fix them all. The references need to be fixed too.--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 17:33, 8 November 2009 (

Lesbian Chick Lit
Is there "Lesbian Chick Lit"? If yes, I think it should be mentioned in the article. Luizlac (talk) 23:47, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

Jane Austen, the Brontes, and Chick Lit
One really must raise one's eyebrows at the assertion that Jane Austen and Helen Fielding share more than a superficial connection. I might refer to the Borges' "Kafka and His Precursors," in which Borges suggests that, reading Kafka, we begin to detect hints of the Kafkaesque in older works, hints that were not perhaps visible before. It is Kafka who has influenced our reception of his predecessors. I could see how a similar argument might be made that reading Bridget Jones makes us see the Bridget-Jones-esque qualities in Austen.

However, I have several objections to the way this idea is used in the article. Foremost, it seems like the only reason that Austen and the Brontes are invoked at all is to give the genre a greater air of legitimacy. Between Jane Eyre and Waiting to Exhale there is an 140 year gap not covered at all by the article, a gap during which many other kinds of popular fiction that are closer ancestors to chick lit arose. I surmise that the reason Austen is highlighted and pulp romances are omitted is because the author of the article is not interested in the real genealogy of chick lit but rather in making chick lit more respectable by associating it with authors who are for all purposes above reproach. Additionally, the sources cited do not actually back up the assertions of the article. Most importantly, in citation 1, Ferris does not seem to be saying that chick lit was started by the Austen, but rather that chick lit authors take inspiration and plot elements from her novels. Further, the "inspiration" section at the bottom of the article is misguided at best. While Bridget Jones may have been inspired by Pride and Prejudice, Bridget Jones is not the chick lit genre, and the inspiration section would be more suited to the article about Bridget Jones.

Anyways, having explained myself, I am going to take an axe to every part of this article which claims the classics as an inspiration, and do some further general editing to fix a few of the more egregious stylistic problems with the article. Aperfectvacuum (talk) 01:02, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * These classic novels can certainly be read as simple marrying-up romantic fantasies if you read them in a superficial manner, but I agree they have no connection to modern chick-lit which is mostly about consumerism and narcissism and grew out of the sex-and-shopping genre. Austen's novels have certainly been marketed to a chick-lit readership though, even down to the stereotypical girlie fonts on the covers. --Ef80 (talk) 00:15, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

WorldCat Genres
Maximilianklein (talk) 23:05, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Which PC halfwit wrote the "criticism" section?
Pamela Butler or Jigna Desai? Whichever one of you managed to get your narrow, tendentious p.o.v. (with something like 7 straight footnotes to the exact same source) turned into an entire section of this article should be very, very proud. Not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.227.246.83 (talk) 17:16, 13 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Merge from Indian Chick Lit
I propose merging Indian Chick Lit into Chick Lit. Much of the Indian Chick Lit article includes general information on the concept of chick lit, which is better covered in the main article. The limited specific information on Indian chick lit novels can be easily incorporated into the main chick lit article. A merger would not cause any article-size or weighting problems in Chick Lit. Atrapalhado (talk) 15:30, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: University Writing 1020 Communicating Feminism MW 1 pm
— Assignment last updated by Mrthbtn96 (talk) 00:44, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chick lit


text:
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer

The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer (Rite d’engagement de l’ingénieur) is a private ritual, authored by Rudyard Kipling, in which students about to graduate from an engineering program at a university in Canada are permitted to participate. Participation may also be permitted for Canadian professional engineers and registered engineers-in-training who received training elsewhere. The ritual is administered by a body called The Corporation of the Seven Wardens. As part of the ritual each participant is conferred the Iron Ring.

History
The ritual traces its origins to professor H. E. T. Haultain of the University of Toronto, who believed and persuaded other members of the Engineering Institute of Canada that there needed to be a ceremony and standard of ethics developed for graduating engineers. This was in response to the Quebec Bridge Disaster in which 75 workmen died due to faulty engineering calculations and miscommunication. The ritual was created in 1922 by Rudyard Kipling at the request of Haultain, representing seven past-presidents of the Engineering Institute of Canada. The seven past-presidents were the original seven wardens of the corporation.

"The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer has been instituted with the simple end of directing the young engineer towards a consciousness of his profession and its significance, and indicating to the older engineer his responsibilities in receiving, welcoming and supporting the young engineers in their beginnings."

An inaugural ceremony was held in the evening of 25 April 1925, at the University Club of Montreal, when the obligation was taken by six engineers, some of whom were involved with Kipling in its development. On 1 May 1925, three of these newly obligated engineers met at the University of Toronto with a number of the officers of the Engineering Alumni Association and obligated 14 of them in the Senate Chamber of the university becoming the first local chapter (referred to as a camp) to do so. Fairbairn met with Harry F. McLean, president of Dominion Construction and Kipling in Montreal at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel to discuss the details of the ritual. Fairbairn later visited McLean at his home in Merrickville, Ontario, to secure a sizeable donation from McLean, philanthropist, on behalf of the Corporation of the Seven Wardens, the custodian and administrator of the ritual, to ensure its survival.

The Ritual and the conferring of the Iron Ring continues to be administered by The Corporation of the Seven Wardens Inc./Société des Sept Gardiens inc. through camps associated with the universities granting degrees in engineering in Canada.

Ritual
The ritual takes place separately at individual Camps across Canada usually situated near an engineering university. The ceremonies are separate, organised by one of 28 camps of the Corporation of the Seven Wardens for administrative purposes.

The Obligation, which is not an oath but a solemn expression of intention, is subscribed to at the ceremony. The Obligation essentially states the duties and responsibilities of the engineer. Following the Obligation, the Iron Ring is placed on the little finger of the working hand, and is worn by the engineer as a symbol and a reminder. As originally conceived, the engineer's iron ring rubs against the drawings and paper upon which the Engineer writes and even in modern times, serves as a reminder when working on a computer.

Previously, a biblical passage was quoted: 2 Esdras, Chapter 4, Verses 5–10. More generally today, Kipling's poem the Hymn of Breaking Strain is recited.

The Obligation is private, though not necessarily secret. However, it is customary for those who have gone through it to not discuss the details of the Calling with others, even engineers from other countries. The ceremony is open only to candidates, those who have already undergone the ritual and at some sites, guests invited by candidates. As part of the preparation for the ritual, candidates are instructed not to discuss the details of the ritual with the media. A reminder of this is provided at the end of the ceremony in the form of a written instruction that states: "''The Rule of Governance provides that there shall be no publicity in connection with the Ritual." ''

Commemorating the 75th anniversary, the Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer domestic-rate stamp was issued on 25 April 2000. Designer Darrell Freeman's "head-to-foot" layout incorporates the symbolic iron ring that is presented as part of the ceremony. The ring also visually links the four engineering achievements featured on this stamp.

The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer has a very simple purpose: To direct the newly qualified engineer toward a consciousness of the profession and its social significance and indicating to the more experienced engineer their responsibilities in welcoming and supporting the newer engineers when they are ready to enter the profession.

The ring symbolizes the pride which engineers have in their profession, while simultaneously reminding them of their humility. The ring serves as a reminder to the engineer and others of the engineer's obligation to live by a high standard of professional conduct.

Iron Ring
The Iron Ring may be made from either iron or stainless steel. Presently, only Camp One of the Corporation in Toronto continues to confer rings made from iron; stainless steel rings are conferred at all other locations across Canada. The Iron Ring does not certify a person as a Professional Engineer, which requires registration with a relevant professional organisation followed by examination and practical experience.

Management
The Corporation of the Seven Wardens (French: Société des Sept Gardiens) is the body that holds the rights and the duty to carry out The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer. It is organised into 28 regional branches, called camps, numbered by order of establishment. The term camp is used to describe these regional branches because it conveys a smaller, close-knit sense of community.

title: Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer


text:
Abbott-Detroit

The Abbott-Detroit was an American luxury automobile manufactured between 1909 and 1919. It was designed by John G. Utz, designer of the Chalmers, who had previously worked for Olds Motor Works and the Autocar Company. Considered powerful and well-designed, the Abbott sported a Continental engine. The cars were guaranteed for life by 1913, when electric lighting and starting had been standardized.

Total production for the 1911 model year was expected to be 3000 cars. By 1916, production of these cars had reached 15 to 20 units a day, so the company moved from Detroit to a larger facility in Cleveland. This proved too stressful on the company's finances, and they declared bankruptcy in April 1918.

Dealerships
The company opened a dealership in Kansas City, Missouri around June 1910. The newly constructed building was located at 321 Admiral Boulevard, on the southeast corner of Admiral Boulevard and McGee Street. H. F. Worth was the sales manager at the time. His goal was to "place five hundred cars in Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma."

Models
Models that Abbott-Detroit offered included:

 * 34/45 hp (25/30 kW) Fore Door Roadster
 * Limousine (1913 model)
 * 44/40 hp (33/37 kW) Battleship Roadster
 * 34 hp (25 kW) Model F
 * 31 hp (24 kW) Model L
 * 22 hp (20 kW) Model K
 * 30 hp Fore Door Roadster ($1500 in 1910)
 * 30 hp Fore Door Demi Tonneau ($1650 in 1910)

Prices ranged from US$1700 for the Fore Door to US$3050 for the Limousine.

title: Abbott-Detroit


text:
Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital

Until 2014, the Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement of Brussels-Capital (French: Gouverneur de Bruxelles-Capitale, Dutch: Gouverneur van Brussel-Hoofdstad) has the responsibility to enforce laws concerned with public order in the Brussels-Capital Region, one of the three regions of Belgium. The governor's powers are actually quite limited. Just as the Governors of the provinces of Belgium he heads the coordination of all necessary actions and all emergency services during the provincial phase of a disaster on the territory of the Brussels-Capital Region.

The Governor of Brussels-Capital should be confused with neither the Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region nor with the mayor of the City of Brussels, which is one of the 19 municipalities of Brussels.

The regional government also appoints the Vice-Governor, who must have a considerable knowledge of both the French and the Dutch language and who must ensure that the legislation regarding the use of languages is observed in Brussels.

The agreement following the 2011 state reform includes the removal of this post and the post was abolished in 2014. Instead, there is a high official appointed by the Brussels Government.

List of governors

 * André Degroeve, 1 January 1995 – 30 April 1998
 * Raymonde Dury, May 1998 – 13 November 1998
 * Véronique Paulus de Châtelet, 22 December 1998 – 1 January 2009
 * Hugo Nys (acting), 1 January 2009 – October 2010
 * Jean Clément (acting), October 2010 – 2014


text:
People's Revolutionary Youth Union of Kampuchea

The People's Revolutionary Youth Union of Kampuchea was the youth organization of the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (which governed Kampuchea/Cambodia during the 1980s). The organization was internationally known by its French name, Union de la Jeunesse Populaire Révolutionnaire du Kampuchéa (UJPRK). UJPRK was a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth.

UJPRK was a member of the Kampuchean United Front for National Construction and Defense, the front of Kampuchean mass organizations. The role of KUFNCD and UJPRK was established in the Constitution.

UJPRK organized youth between the ages of 15 and 26. It functioned as a school for future members of the KPRP. At the time of the 2nd Congress of the UJPRK in 1987, the organization had more than 50,000 members. A significant portion of the members were within the armed forces.


text:
Movement for Democracy (Cape Verde)

The Movement for Democracy (Movimento para a Democracia, MpD) is a Christian democratic and liberal party in Cape Verde. Established in 1990, it was the ruling party from 1991 to 2001 and returned to power in the 2016 parliamentary election. Its members are nicknamed "os ventoinhas" (the wind fans) in Portuguese, a reference to the party's logo.

History
The MpD was established on 14 March 1990 by Carlos Veiga after Prime Minister Pedro Pires of the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV, formerly the sole legal party) allowed its creation. The party was publicly launched in May 1990, and its first convention was held in November 1990.

In the January 1991 parliamentary elections, the first multi-party elections in the country's history, the MpD won 56 of the 79 seats in the National Assembly. In the presidential elections the following month, MpD candidate António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated the incumbent PAICV President Aristides Pereira.

Following the MpD's second convention in January 1993, splits developed within the party, with two groups, List A and List B, emerging. A split in 1994 led to the creation of the Democratic Convergence Party. Despite losing six seats, the party retained its parliamentary majority in the 1995 elections, whilst Monteiro was re-elected unopposed in the presidential elections the following year.

The January 2001 parliamentary elections saw the party lose another 20 seats, as it was defeated by the PAICV. In the February 2001 presidential elections the MpD nominated Veiga, but he was defeated by the PAICV's Pires by just 12 votes in the second round of voting.

In the 2006 parliamentary elections, the party lost another seat and was reduced to 29 MPs. Veiga was again defeated by Pires in the presidential elections later in the year.

Despite gaining three seats in the 2011 parliamentary elections, the MpD remained in opposition. However, in the presidential elections in the same year, MpD candidate Jorge Carlos Fonseca defeated the PAICV's Manuel Inocêncio Sousa by 54–46%.

In July 2013, Ulisses Correia e Silva, the mayor of the capital, Praia, became party's new chairman, following Carlos Veiga, who stepped down after five years.

Fonseca was re-elected as president in the 2016 presidential election. The MpD also won a majority in the National Assembly during the 2016 parliamentary elections, ending fifteen years of PAICV majorities in that body and electing its leader Ulisses Correia e Silva as Prime Minister of Cape Verde.

title: Movement for Democracy (Cape Verde)


text:
Sinus of Morgagni

Sinus of Morgagni may refer to:
 * Aortic sinus
 * Sinus of Morgagni (pharynx)

title: Sinus of Morgagni


text:
List of Ford platforms

This List of Ford platforms features automobile platforms developed by Ford Motor Company, its present-day subsidiaries, as well as those shared from subsidiaries from the past (Mazda, Mercury, Volvo, Jaguar, and Land Rover).

Ford announced in 2014 plans to reduce its vehicle platforms from sixteen to nine. In 2014, Ford vehicles were built on fifteen distinct platforms. This only applies to Ford and Lincoln and not to any brands that were previously held by the company (such as Mazda and Volvo), and is expected to cut costs by 20%.

As of there are five global platforms and four regional platforms. The regional platforms are only sold in some continents and not others.

Table Fields

 * Image: Photograph of a single example of each automotive platform.
 * Platform: Platform code name, linking to article (in some cases, platform articles are substituted with vehicle articles)
 * Type: Refers to types of car classification each platform vehicle falls under
 * Drive: Driven wheels in the drivetrain (front, rear, all, or four-wheel drive)
 * Production: Years produced, if not currently in production
 * Region: Primary market for platform vehicles (on a single platform, this can vary by brand and is noted)
 * Example(s): The nameplates produced on the platform
 * VIN code: code on the VIN that designates each platform variation (typically with several vehicles produced on a single platform)

Current Ford platforms
Virtually all Ford and Lincoln vehicles will use these platforms globally by 2016.

title: List of Ford platforms


text:
OUM

OUM may refer to:

 * Oracle Unified Method
 * Ovonic Unified Memory
 * Open University of Mauritius
 * Open University Malaysia
 * Oxford University Museum of Natural History

title: OUM


text:
Radical Party of Chile (2018)

The Radical Party of Chile (Partido Radical de Chile), is a classical radical political party in Chile. The party has also been referred to as liberal, social-liberal, and social-democratic.

The party is a member of Socialist International and participant in the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean.

History
The party was founded as the Social Democrat Radical Party (Partido Radical Socialdemócrata) on 18 August 1994 out of a union between the Radical Party and the Social Democracy Party, both of which had received poor results in the parliamentary elections. The party re-adopted its historic name in 2018.

The party supported Ricardo Lagos in the 1999–2000 presidential elections, who won 48.0% in the first round and was elected with 51.3% in the second round. At the 2001 legislative elections, the party won as part of the Concertación six out of 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and no seats in the Senate. This changed at the 2005 legislative elections to seven and one, respectively. In 2009, it won five congress seats and one senate seat.

Executive board
The current party executive assumed in August 2018.

Election results
Due to its membership in the Concert of Parties for Democracy, the party has endorsed the candidates of other parties on several occasions. Presidential elections in Chile are held using a two-round system, the results of which are displayed below.

title: Radical Party of Chile (2018)


text:
Leader of the Opposition in the Senate

Leader of the Opposition in the Senate may refer to:

 * Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Australia)
 * Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)
 * Leader of the Opposition in the French Senate

title: Leader of the Opposition in the Senate


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User talk:Toze~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 20:30, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Desenrascanço
Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia. Glad you got a login, this makes talking much easier. About the photo: Why did you upload Image:Air conditioning fixing using desenrascanco.jpg again as Image:Desenrascanco construcao civil.jpg with a foreign language (portugese?) text? Now we have the same photo twice. OR did you want to upload it to the portugese wikipedia Página principal? Let me know if Image:Desenrascanco construcao civil.jpg is redundant, and I will delete it. Also, a few tips: If you type ~, it will automatically be translated into a signature like this: "Chris 73 | Talk 22:39, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)". And, if you add images, it is usually helpful to include Image copyright tags so others know about the copyright status of the image. In any case, Welcome again to wikipedia and happy editing -- Chris 73 | Talk 22:39, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Image:Desenrascanco_construcao_civil.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Desenrascanco_construcao_civil.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Sherool (talk) 13:42, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Toze. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Toze~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:11, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:57, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Toze~enwiki


text:
ABC (1906 automobile)

ABC was an American high wheeler automobile built by Albert Bledsoe Cole in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, from 1905 to 1910.

Known as the Autobuggy from 1906 to 1908, it was sold as "the cheapest high-grade car in America", and was available with 18 hp two-cylinder and 30 hp four-cylinder engines, friction drive, and pneumatic or solid tires. The drive system used a cone and two bevel wheels, one for forward and the other for reverse. This allowed it to reach its 30 mph top speed in either direction. A larger engine was fitted in 1908, and the wheelbase grew from 72 in to 90 in. Its high ground clearance made it popular in rural areas.

Later models were more conventional with two- or four-cylinder engines, but the market for high wheelers was disappearing and the company folded in 1910.

title: ABC (1906 automobile)


text:
Talk:Perseus

Edits made.
In this article I added 2 new sections of information that I thought would add to the article and added sources to backup that information. I also changed some wording. Anyone is free to add to my sections or edit them. JCSmith123 (talk) 19:15, 1 April 2022 (UTC) JCSmith123

How long did it take Perseus to travel over and sea
How long did it take for to travel over and sea 2600:1005:B14C:26AA:8C9F:F150:B0D5:A4E9 (talk) 00:34, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

Persian and Perseus
Anschluss called Persians the children of golden rain in his play, Persian. 2A02:A210:20BB:C980:6180:3D42:4883:E5F8 (talk) 09:02, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perseus


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User talk:Semorrison

Hi Scott! It sounds like you have some interesting ideas of how to improve mathematical Wikipedia. I've added your name to a list of low-dimensional topologists I keep on my user page. If you know anyone else editing Wikipedia that belongs on the list, feel free to add him/her. --C S 05:10, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot
SuggestBot predicts that you will enjoy editing some of these articles. Have fun!

SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please tell me on SuggestBot's talk page. Thanks from ForteTuba, SuggestBot's caretaker.

P.S. You received these suggestions because your name was listed on the SuggestBot request page. If this was in error, sorry about the confusion. -- SuggestBot 04:44, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

context!!
Please: Look at my edits to dominant functor. You need these initial context-setting words. Michael Hardy (talk) 20:06, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Joseki (RDF server) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Joseki (RDF server) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Joseki (RDF server) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Ysangkok (talk) 23:49, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Semorrison


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark Hurst

Vanity. RickK 20:32, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * ...is a consultant and author widely credited for popularizing "customer experience" online: classic vanity weasel words. (By coincidence articles Usability testing and Customer_experience_management were altered by the same anon IP to create links to this article). Delete tentative keep if can be NPOVed. Current text is c&p from here: http://www.goodexperience.com/about/mark.php. Also needs disambiguating from the British comedian of same name. Ianb 21:23, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:15, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Tag for POV rewrite. Arevich 21:26, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity, non-notable. Delete. - Kenwarren 21:41, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, while he seems to get a fair number of Google most of them seem to be for minor technology events where he has spoken. - SimonP 23:37, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable consultant who's claim to "fame" is starting a solo consulting practice and then talking about it a lot. See [] for some interesting background. Based on his own website, he "popularized" concepts that were routine parts of my MBA education years before. Rossami 03:39, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Someone hoping for free advertising. Rossami, thanks for reverting the promo links in other articles. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:38, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, useless information.  Postdlf 13:20, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Bacchiad 21:52, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Wonkette

Wonkette is an American online magazine of topical and political gossip, established in 2004 by Gawker Media and founding editor Ana Marie Cox. The editor since 2012 is Rebecca Schoenkopf, formerly of OC Weekly. Wonkette covers U.S. politics in a satirical manner.

Launch and history
Wonkette was established in January 2004 as part of the Gawker Media network. Its founding editor was Ana Marie Cox, a former editor at suck.com.

Cox rapidly established a large reading audience and media notice for the site. The blog gained further national media attention after Cox publicized the story of Jessica Cutler aka "Washingtonienne", a former Hill staffer who blogged about her affair with a member of former Senator Mike DeWine's staff.

Cox announced her resignation as Wonkette's editor on January 5, 2006, in order to promote her book, Dog Days, and was succeeded by David Lat, the author of Underneath Their Robes, a blog about the federal judiciary, and Alex Pareene, a young New York University student and Gawker intern/guest editor in New York who moved to D.C. for the Wonkette position. (In late 2007, Pareene moved to the flagship Gawker site and, in April 2010, to Salon.)

In June 2006, Lat announced his decision to leave Wonkette. His slot was to be filled by guest editors until August 2006, when longtime political blogger Ken Layne joined as editor. Wonkette reached its largest pre-2008 audience during the 2006 midterm elections due to scandal coverage of Mark Foley and other incumbents involved in corruption, sex-abuse and bribery scandals.

After Pareene and Layne's departure in October 2007, a team of new editors including John Clarke, Jr. and Megan Carpentier was installed by Gawker management. Gawker publisher Nick Denton brought Layne back as sole editor two months later, who put in place the team of Jim Newell of IvyGate, videographer Liz Glover, former Gawker blogger Sara K. Smith, Columbia literary magazine The Blue and White editor Juli Weiner, and longtime contributors Princess Sparkle Pony (Peter Huestis) and Josh Fruhlinger, the Comics Curmudgeon.

Wonkette teams covered both the Denver DNC and St. Paul RNC conventions. Newell and columnist Josh Fruhlinger covered Barack Obama's inauguration in Washington. As with many political websites, readership hit new records between the November 2008 election and January 2009 inauguration.

Past and current guest editors and contributors include Reason Magazine editor Nick Gillespie, Washington Post reporter David Weigel, DCeiver editor and Huffington Post writer Jason Linkins, Gawker editor and The Awl founder Choire Sicha, New York comedian and author Sara Benincasa, Chicago artist and journalist Lauri Apple, Boston Globe political blogger Garrett Quinn, cartoonist Benjamin Frisch, and Vanity Fair online writer Juli Weiner.

In April 2011, Wonkette came under criticism after blogger Jack Stuef wrote a post that was interpreted as mocking Trig Palin for his having Down syndrome. The post suggested that Trig was possibly the result of incest between Todd Palin and Bristol Palin. In response, at least 14 advertisers, including major companies such as Ford, Toyota, Verizon, Nordstrom, and Papa John's, announced that they would exclude their network remnant advertising from Wonkette. Editor Ken Layne announced that Stuef was placed on probation and Stuef apologized for the post.

The name of the site is a play on the slang word wonk, meaning a "zealous student of political policy", adding the feminine ending to best describe founding editor Cox and as a play on the word "gazette."

Separation from Gawker Media
On April 14, 2008, Gawker Media announced that it was selling Wonkette and that Layne would remain managing editor and part owner. Gawker Media head Nick Denton attributed the sale to "hunkering down" before another dot com downturn and the Internet bubble bursts: "And, even if not, better safe than sorry; and better too early than too late..." Gawker's Silicon Valley gossip site, Valleywag, was merged with the flagship Gawker.com site, its popular music site, Idolator, was sold to Buzznet, and The Consumerist was sold to Consumers Union as part of the same divestiture effort.

Wonkette Media also launched Wonkabout, a D.C. culture guide, which ran from February 12, 2009 until April 28, 2011, and was edited by Arielle Fleisher.

In February, 2017, Wonkette went ad-free, and it is now supported by reader donations.

Move to Substack
In July 2023, Schoenkopf moved Wonkette to Substack, retaining its existing URL. She projected that the move would lower the site's hosting costs and possibly attract new readers.

Reception
The Bloggies at SXSW selected Wonkette as Best Political Blog in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Wonkette was chosen as a top political blog by Vanity Fair and Real Simple in 2008. Wonkette won the Best Liberal Blog category in the 2008 Weblog Awards and is nominated in the humor, politics and group-blog categories in the 2009 and 2010 Bloggies. Items are frequently picked up by national broadcasts including Colbert Report, Wait, Wait Don't Tell Me and CNN.

Alex Nichols, writing in The Outline in 2017, described Wonkette, saying, "This is why I love Wonkette, the gossip blog that refuses to die. Wonkette is Bush-era liberalism frozen in amber, motionless and immortal, forced to passively observe a changing world until the end of time. Why does it still exist? Hard to say. But as long as it is here, we must celebrate its inanity." He wrote, "The site isn't an indictment of centrists, the Democratic Party, or neoliberalism. It doesn't prove a point about anything, and it isn't an example of any trend or political tendency, which makes it all the more baffling ... Wonkette simply exists, and it might outlast us all."

title: Wonkette


text:
Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania

The Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania (Lietuvos demokratinė darbo partija, LDDP) was a political party in Lithuania. It was the successor of the Soviet-era Communist Party of Lithuania. The youth organization of LDDP was called Lithuanian Labourist Youth Union (Lietuvos leiboristų jaunimo unija).

History
The party traced its roots to December 1989, when the majority of the Communist Party of Lithuania broke away from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. CPL (independent) (as it became known after formation of (CPL (CPSU)) took part in the 1990 Lithuanian Supreme Soviet election, in which the party came in second place. Amid this position, CPL (independent) joined the national unity government, which included almost all parties and organisations in the Supreme Council except the CPL (CPSU), Lithuanian Democratic Party (LDP) and the Association of Poles in Lithuania (ZPL). Algirdas Brazauskas became Deputy Prime Minister of Lithuania in the Prunskienė Cabinet.

By the autumn of 1990 there were several new names proposed for the party (etc. Lietuvos socialistų partija (Socialist Party of Lithuania), Lietuvos socialinės pažangos partija (Social Advancement Party of Lithuania), Lietuvos komunistų partija (Communist Party of Lithuania), Lietuvos demokratinė darbo partija (Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania)). In December 1990, the main body of the CPL reorganized as the DLPL.

By the late winter of 1992, the party overtook Sąjūdis as the most supported political party in Lithuania. The LDDP won the 1992 parliamentary election, gaining 43% of the vote giving it 73 seats in the Seimas. It is the best results for any political party in Lithuanian parliamentary election up to this date. LDDP was led by Algirdas Brazauskas. Because Brazauskas was elected as the first president in 1993, he was required to stop his activities in any parties. Adolfas Šleževičius became the party leader and the Prime Minister. After Šleževičius was charged with corruption in 1996, he was replaced by Česlovas Juršėnas.

In 1996 parliamentary election, LDDP got about 9.5% of the votes and won 10 seats in the parliament. In next few years the party's support remained relatively steady. The party remained the main opposition party in Seimas, although its member and former Prime Minister Laurynas Mindaugas Stankevičius was Minister of Heath in the Vagnorius Cabinet between 1998 and 1999. Prior to the 2000 parliamentary election, the LDDP formed a coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania, the New Democracy Party and the Union of the Russians of Lithuania. The electoral coalition was named after Algirdas Brazauskas and it won a majority of the votes. In this coalition, parties formed a joint list in the nationwide constituency, but in single-member constituencies the coalition stood only one candidate per constituency to avoid vote splitting. In the elections the LDDP won 26 seats (the largest number of seats among the coalition's parties and third largest number of seats in the parliament).

In 2001, LDDP merged with the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania.

Popular support
In the first half of 1990s, LDDP had around twenty per cent support nationally. This support was not uniform – mainly the party had the largest support in large cities with large factories and Russian speaking communities (e. g. Klaipėda). The only exception of large cities was Kaunas, where Sąjūdis (and later the Homeland Union) had greater support. In rural areas the party's support came from districts with developed industry (e. g. Kelmė district).

As Lithuania became a service economy in the late 1990s, the party's support declined to around ten per cent. The other loss of voters came from parties representing Russian speakers (e. g. Union of the Russians of Lithuania). Also, the LDDP lost support to the New Union (Social Liberals).

title: Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania


text:
Wild Style

Wild Style is a 1983 American hip hop film directed and produced by Charlie Ahearn. Regarded as the first hip hop motion picture, it includes appearances by seminal figures such as Fab Five Freddy, Lee Quiñones, Lady Pink, The Rock Steady Crew, The Cold Crush Brothers, Queen Lisa Lee of Zulu Nation, Grandmaster Flash and ZEPHYR.

Wild Style was shot in 1981, completed in 1982, and released theatrically in 1983. The film was later released on home video by Rhino Home Video in 1997. In 2007, it was released on DVD for the 25th anniversary. A 30th anniversary collector's edition was released on Blu-ray in 2012.

Background
Fab Five Freddy (Fred Brathwaite) approached Ahearn about making a film focusing on what would become known as hip-hop culture and they began working together in late 1981. The idea was a hybrid of narrative musical and documentary, having hip-hop pioneers play themselves in a loosely scripted story shot entirely in the South Bronx, the Lower East Side, and MTA subway yards. Freddy eventually stepped back from co-writing and co-directing with Ahearn ("Freddy didn’t have the focus at that particular time to write or direct," Ahearn said), but he helped Chris Stein produce the soundtrack. An early version of the Wild Style logo appeared in 1981 when Ahearn hired graffiti writer Dondi to paint the "window down" subway car piece that appears in the film. The Dondi piece was the inspiration for the animated title sequence designed by the artist, Zephyr and animated by Joey Ahlbum in 1982. The Wild Style mural was painted by Zephyr, Revolt and Sharp in 1983.

Synopsis
Wild Style centers around a Bronx teenager named Raymond (Lee Quiñones), who under the pseudonym "Zoro" is a celebrated but anonymous graffiti artist. Raymond scorns a group of graffiti artists, known as the Union Crew, who have turned their talents to legitimate, commissioned murals on the walls of playgrounds and business establishments. Their graffiti murals attracted the attention of Virginia (Patti Astor), a journalist, who brings the uptown hip-hop culture to the downtown art world. There are a series of encounters with graffiti artists, rappers and breakers, leading up to a giant rap-break concert in a Lower East Side band shell decorated by Raymond.

Cast

 * Lee Quiñones (Lee) as Raymond Zoro
 * Frederick Brathwaite (Fab 5 Freddy) as Phade
 * Sandra Fabara (Lady Pink) as Rose Lady bug
 * Patti Astor as Virginia
 * Andrew Witten (Zephyr) as Zroc
 * Carlos Morales as Raymond's Brother
 * Alfredo Valez as Boy with Broom
 * Niva Kislac as Art Patron
 * Bill Rice as TV Producer

Release
Wild Style premiered as part of the New Directors/New Films Festival at the 57th Street Playhouse in New York on March 18, 1983. In November 1983, the film opened at the Embassy 46th Street Theatre on Broadway. By early 1984, it was being shown in other major cities.

Reception
Film critic Vincent Canby wrote for The New York Times that Wild Style "never discovers a cinematic rhythm that accurately reflects and then celebrates the rare energy and wit of the artists within the film." However, he noted that the "subjects are appealing, especially Mr. Quinones, a graffiti artist in real life, and Frederick Brathwaite as a very cool artist promotor."

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 90% based on 20 reviews. Phelim O'Neill of The Guardian noted that despite the low production values, "nothing else comes close to capturing the atmosphere of the early days of hip-hop and spraycan art..." Reviewing the film for BBC, David Mattin wrote that "Wild Style is a cult classic - indisputably the most important hip hop movie, ever."

Historical value and impact
The plot of Wild Style is fairly loose and the film is more notable for featuring several prominent figures from early hip hop culture such as Busy Bee Starski, Fab Five Freddy, The Cold Crush Brothers and Grandmaster Flash. Throughout the movie, there are scenes depicting activities common in the early days of hip hop. These include MCing, turntablism, graffiti and b-boying. The film demonstrates the interconnections between music, dance and art in the development of hip hop culture.

The film has received a large cult following over the years after its initial release. Highly regarded hip hop albums such as Illmatic by Nas, Midnight Marauders by A Tribe Called Quest, Black Sunday by Cypress Hill, Resurrection by Common, Big Shots by Charizma, Mm..Food by MF Doom, Check Your Head by Beastie Boys, Beat Konducta by Madlib, Jay Stay Paid by J Dilla and Quality Control by Jurassic 5 have used samples from the film.

In 2007, the VH1 Hip Hop Honors paid tribute to Wild Style in recognition of its influence upon the culture. The film was also voted as one of the top ten rock and roll films of all time by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2012, Wild Style was ranked No. 1 on Billboard's list of the Top 10 Best Hip-Hop Movies Ever. The film was exhibited as part of a 1980s art retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago and the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston in 2012. In 2021, it was shown at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston to celebrate the closing weekend of the exhibition "Writing the Future: Basquiat and the Hip-Hop Generation."

Soundtrack
Chris Stein of Blondie worked on the soundtrack and score of Wild Style. The original 1983 soundtrack was released by Animal Records. It consisted of 13 tracks recorded by various artists included in the film. A 25th anniversary edition expanded this to 17 tracks, plus a bonus disc of remixes, instrumentals and DJ tools. The album has been described by Allmusic as "one of the key records of early 1980s hip-hop".

title: Wild Style


text:
ABC (1920 automobile)

The ABC was an English car manufactured between 1920 and 1929 by ABC Motors.

It was a light car (305 kg), powered by a 1203 cc flat-twin, air-cooled engine designed by Granville Bradshaw (the man who was also responsible for the ABC Motorcycle). The engine however was difficult to start, loud, inefficiently lubricated, and prone to breakages, particularly the quite long, exposed push rods. Over time quality improved dramatically. Combined with the vehicle's light weight, the powerplant made the car quite fast for its size, capable of speeds approaching 60 mph, and boasting quite good acceleration. ABC was originally part of the Harper Bean combine, and was based in Hersham, Surrey and Harper Bean supplied castings, stampings, and forgings utilized on the first ABCs. The car was expensive; in 1920 it sold for £414 but came down to £265 for a four seater in 1923.

The "radiator" cap was actually the fuel tank filler, which led to problems when mechanics unfamiliar with air-cooled cars topped off the fuel tank with water.

In 1925 a more refined version came featuring stronger valve gear, a better system of lubrication, and enclosed pushrods. Front-wheel brakes became an option.

The company introduced a Super Sports model in 1925 with a 1320 cc engine. This was the only model offered for the last four years of ABC's production.

title: ABC (1920 automobile)


text:
Dronryp

Dronryp (Dronrijp ) is a village in the Dutch municipality of Waadhoeke. On 1 January 2017, it had 3,281 inhabitants.

History and architecture
Before 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality. A few centuries BC, a settlement developed around where the street Tsjerkebuorren is now (Stenvert et al., 2000). Another settlement came into existence nearby when a canal between Leeuwarden and Harlingen was completed in 1507. (Part of it was filled up in 1940.) Between roughly 1850 and 1950, these two gradually merged.

The oldest known reference to the village dates from 1132, when it was called Denningrip, meaning a "rip" (narrow stretch of land) where a family called Drenninga lived.

Of the old mansions in the area only the early 18th century Schatzenburg remains.

Miscellaneous information
The van Harinxmakanaal, completed in 1953, runs along the south side of the town. The A31 runs along the north side. Dronryp also has a railway station.

Painter Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema was born in the house at Dûbelestreek 2, Eise Eisinga, famous for his planetarium, at Tsjerkebuorren 13.

Transportation

 * Dronryp railway station

Windmills
There are three windmills in Dronryp; De Poelen, Kingmatille, and the Hatsumermolen.

title: Dronryp