text:
Talk:Swordfish

Taxonomy and etymology
This section only contains information on how it gets its name (from the sword shaped bill). There is no taxonomy information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.6.168.158 (talk) 20:59, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

Distribution
hi this is cody This article is lacking in the distribution of the species. It is a global species with a large distribution, larger than other tunas and billfish (and most likely due to them having a larger heater organ). They also have the greatest vertical distribution, swimming to depths of 650m as opposed to 200m for other billfish species. They are capable of being at those depths for several hours. Also, it is believed that there are four stocks - Mediterranean, North Atlantic, South Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. Some good references:

Chow, S., Okamoto, H., Uozumi, Y., Takeuchi, Y. & Takeyama, H. 1997. Genetic stock structure of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius?) inferred by PCR-RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Marine Biology 127: 359-367.

Boyce, D. G., Tittensor, D. P. & Worm, B. 2008. Effects of temperature on global patterns of tuna and billfish richness. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 355: 267-276.

Sedberry, G. & Loefer, J. 2001. Satellite telemetry tracking of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, off the eastern United States. Marine Biology 139: 355-360. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.250.84.186 (talk) 04:43, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Scales
This article doesn't seem to cover the scales found on swordfish, which (as far as I know) do not fit into the normal categories of fish scales. Since they are (apparently) unique, this deserves some attention. However, I don't know anything about icthyology, so I do not want to attempt any changes to the article without advice. RK 19:49, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * "Ichthyologists recognize four types of fish scale. The kosher variety of scales are cycloid (round) and ctenoid (comblike). The ganoid scale found on sturgeon, or the placoid scale of the shark are specifically excluded from the Biblical term kaskeses since they are not 'removable' scales without tearing the skin from the flesh. Even an educated layman would not see any similarity between the heavy bony plates of the sturgeon or the needle-like projections on the shark skin and the classic kosher scale of the whitefish or carp.
 * "In Fishery leaflet #531, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wash. D.C., it states 'swordfish during early juvenile stage of life (up to 8 inches long), have "scales" that are markedly specialized and rather unique. They are in the form of bony tubercules or expanded compressed platelike bodies. These scales are rough, having spinous projections at the surface and they do not overlap one another as the scales in most fish do. With growth the scales disappear and the adult fish including those sold commercially have no scales.'
 * Excerpted from a Jewish article on the kosher status of swordfish.
 * Why swordfish in unclean

Sword
I was disappointed that the article doesn't mention the purpose of the sword - or is this not known? (cf this article) 0utsider 03:56, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It does say it's for fighting, though maybe it didn't when you posted. I recall reading that it was covered with toxins or bacteria that would make fish or people sick if it cut them.  Dunno if that's true, though.  -:)Ozzyslovechild 03:53, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

The article mentions the fish being known as the gladiator (gladius) but gladius just means "sword" in latin, not gladiator. i guess i'm not understanding the connection between gladius and gladiator, besides having the same root.

IIRC, the swordfish hunts other fish by spearing them by the sword, shaking their bodies off, and then eating them. It weuld be great if someone could confirm that and place it in the article. Ppe42 02:10, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Does the sword re-generate, if it breaks off, and is that question or detail important enough and pertinent enough to be included in the article? Best regardsTheBaron0530 (talk) 02:27, 1 October 2018 (UTC)theBaron0530

Weight
From the Florid Museum of Natural History link given in the article:

"Swordfish reach a maximum size of 177 in. (455 cm) total length and a maximum weight of 1,400 lbs. (650 kg), although the individuals commercially taken are usually 47 to 75 in. (120-190 cm) long in the Pacific. Females are larger than males of the same age, and nearly all specimens over 300 lbs. (140 kg) are female. Pacific swordfish grow to be the largest, while western Atlantic adults grow to 700 lbs. (320 kg) and Mediterranean adults are rarely over 500 lbs. (230 kg). The IGFA all tackle record is 1182 lb. (536.15 kg)."

Why does the article list maximum weights more than twice as great as anything given by one of its own sources? PenguinJockey 23:51, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Cooking should have a separate category
Could someone give me one reason that the section on swordfish reporduction also contains a few paragraphs about how it is cooked? How do those to things relate? In my opinion, the paragraphs on cooking and its image should be grouped with the section on harvesting, if not grouped into their own section. Fusion7 15:20, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Plagarism
The "Recreational Importance" section is plagarized. Most of it is word-for-word out of the source, with some of the article cut out, and a few edits removing the first-person storytelling perspective out of the original article. Read that section and then the article it's copied from. Jdkkp (talk) 07:53, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Plagiarised from where? From what source? I would gladly read the article you reckon it is plagiarised from if only you would tell us the name, author, publication etcetera. I mean really. Arbo (talk) 07:28, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Hydrodynamics of the sword
Has any research been done to determine if the sword confers a hydrodynamic advantage? The very high speed of the swordfish suggests that the sword could provide a means of reducing turbulent flow by creating a "bow wave" considerably in advance of the body of the fish. --APRCooper (talk) 23:41, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Weight record
The max. weight is listed as 650, yet the record is like, 530. I've noticed this on loads of fish pages, but what sense does it make? 88.107.41.70 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:52, 7 April 2010 (UTC).

 * Yes, it's a good point. The maximum reported weight is the maximum weight that anyone has ever reliably reported. Mostly, these figures are reported by the fishing industry as part of a commercial catch, and are usually recorded by FishBase, which is the defacto official source for the overall maximum weights. However, this figure is often separate from, and never lower than the record weight recorded by a recreational fisherman. The official guide to world salt and freshwater recreational fish records is the World Record Game Fishes, published annually by the International Game Fish Association. You are right that many of the fish articles don't make the difference sufficiently clear. --Epipelagic (talk) 22:10, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Ftufyjtrjtydi8vghkvkygvyigfiyfiytfiytcyifcyitccyricyvjgviyfiytftiyfiytfitytfiytfiytfffyitftyifiytfiytf@Epipelagicyggifytfyfyjtfty567vtyvuggtugtgtyiytvfvtgyffvyvgyuvfffuuf. Fiuuyfvufyyur vtuttut vuytuvvytuvuytutyvutvuvtyuivuvttuvyytrvyjytfvhtyfvyvfygrgytg6tgtgttgyugygytggtgytygytgyutugutgtggvyuvgufhfjfjfjfkekfjrjrjoyffjbghfhrhfhfhffhfhfhffhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhffhifytfiyfdfyjtduytdyigdyfgdhygfyfgftyyfgiiyfgyfgtyfiyftyfvyuftgvfuysjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjssjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsksjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjsjs 70.188.70.35 (talk) 14:48, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ppppppppppppppppppppppp PPPppppppppppppppppbb.b.bbbbbbbbbbbbbb ABC DeFghijklmNOPQRSTUVWXYNZ ABC you sing with me ABC ABC DFGHIJK elemental PQRSTUVWXYNZ 70.188.70.35 (talk) 14:50, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Ecology
The chapter about Physiology contains much that's ecology. This chapter is missing anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.54.162.198 (talk) 07:55, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

 * What is that meant to mean? --Epipelagic (talk) 10:37, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The chapter was a mix of a whole range of matters, many not really fitting under 'Physiology'. I have moved some parts to the 'Reproduction' and other to a new subsection, 'Behavior and ecology'. Unfortunately I had to trim the original 'Reproduction' subsection since most of it was an exact copy (added here) of the 'Reproduction' subsection in the Florida Museum of Natural History reference. I rewrote some of it with the use of additional citations, but more info provided by the Florida Museum of Natural History reference could be used (especially juvenile developement). As long as people don't make an exact copy. RN1970 (talk) 02:46, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Physiological difference?
This article says that the Istiophoridae are physiologically, "quite different" from the family Xiphiidae, but the only differences I can detect are that Xiphias gladius loses its teeth and scales at adulthood and the lobes of the caudal fins do not appear to be as long, relative to body depth, as those of the marlins. Could someone who knows this material please clarify, in the article, the ways in which, their physiology is "quite different" as the article claims? Cheers.  Cottonshirt  τ   09:25, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

Conservation status
The image states the species is "least concern" but in the text its listed as endangered and on the Seafood red list - if appropriate please change the image. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.20.167.2 (talk) 15:53, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Temperature Regulation.
The temperature conversion from Metric to Imperial measurements is incorrect. It should display 50ºF to 64ºF if the original metric data is correct. EffortlessSuperiority (talk) 12:35, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The conversion template wasn't being used correctly (it's confusing). I've fixed that. The numbers are 50ºF to 59ºF, which I've checked manually. —  Jts1882  | talk 13:12, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swordfish


text:
User:Pethan

nl:User:Pethan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Pethan


text: Category:Kuwaiti people

title: Category:Kuwaiti people


text:
List of rulers of the Akan state of Assin Atadanso

This is a list of rulers of the Akan state of Assin Atadanso.


text: User talk:68.38.70.72

title: User talk:68.38.70.72


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Identity (music)

In post-tonal music theory, identity is similar to identity in universal algebra. An identity function is a permutation or transformation which transforms a pitch or pitch class set into itself. Generally this requires symmetry. For instance, inverting an augmented triad or C4 interval cycle, 048, produces itself. Performing a retrograde operation upon the tone row 01210 produces 01210. Doubling the length of a rhythm while doubling the tempo produces a rhythm of the same durations as the original.

In addition to being a property of a specific set, identity is, by extension, the "family" of sets or set forms which satisfy a possible identity. These families are defined by symmetry, which means that an object is invariant to any of various transformations; including reflection and rotation.

George Perle provides the following example:
 * "C-E, D-F♯, E♭-G, are different instances of the same interval [interval-4]...[an] other kind of identity...has to do with axes of symmetry [reflection symmetry rather than interval families' rotational symmetry]. C-E belongs to a family [sum-4] of symmetrically related dyads as follows:"

C=0, so in mod12, the interval-4 family:

Thus, in addition to being part of the sum-4 family, C-E is also a part of the interval-4 family (in contrast to sum families, interval families are based on difference).

title: Identity (music)


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Bülach

Bülach is a historic town and a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Zürich. It is the administrative capital of Bülach district. It is situated in the Glatt Valley (German: Glattal) to the east of the small river Glatt and about 4 km south of the High Rhine and about 6 km north of the Zurich Airport.

The official language of Bülach is Swiss Standard German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.

History
Bülach is first mentioned in 811 as Pulacha. From early times it fell within the province of the Alamanni. Joachim Werner's description of the early cemetery excavated there was published in 1953.

Geography
Bülach has an area of 16.1 km2. Of this area, 33.2% is used for agricultural purposes, 39.5% is forested, 26.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.4%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

The municipality is located around the lower Glatt Valley. The town of Bülach and the village of Niederflachs are in the valley. Around the town are the hamlets of Heimgarten am Rinsberg, Eschenmosen (since 1919, earlier part of Winkel) and Nussbaumen am Dettenberg. The municipality of Bachenbülach was part of Bülach until 1849 when it became an independent municipality. Bülach is located on the old road from Zürich through Kloten to Eglisau.

The historical population of Bülach is listed in the following table:

Demographics
Bülach has a population (as of ) of. , 22.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 17.8%. Most of the population speaks German  (83.9%), with Italian being second most common ( 4.7%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 2.5%).

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 38.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (17%), the CSP (12.5%) and the FDP (11.2%).

The age distribution of the population is as follows: children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 12.2%. In Bülach about 73.2% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

Attractions
The Reformed Church and the popular Sigristenkeller gallery stand on a small hill, and are surrounded by pretty old buildings, including the Pfarrhaus and the old Tithe Barn. The church is named after Saint Laurentius, to whom the town's coat of arms is dedicated. Saint Laurentius was deacon to Pope Sixtus II, and became a martyr when he was condemned to death by fire in 258 AD. The church forms a well-matched unit with the Town Hall, and has a tower rising above it to a height of 74 meters. Also on the first Saturday of every month at 6pm, trumpeters play for half an hour from the top of the tower.

Duke Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg) granted Bülach a town charter in 1384, including its own jurisdiction and the right to hold its own market.

Economy and transport
One of the most important institutions in the town and its biggest employer (over 700 employees) is the regional hospital Spital Bülach with 200 beds. Other important employers include the traditional glass producer Vetropack, civil engineering firm Mageba, and the Zürcher Unterländer newspaper.

Bülach has an unemployment rate of 3.07%. , there were 130 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 36 businesses involved in this sector. 1893 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 133 businesses in this sector. 5596 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 607 businesses in this sector.

Bülach railway station is a node of the Zürich S-Bahn on the lines S41 and S9. Its train station is a 24-minute (S9) ride from Zürich Hauptbahnhof.

It also has a direct bus link from Zurich Airport which takes 25 minutes on 530 service.

Education
The primary schools include Schuleinheit Böswisli, Schuleinheit Schwerzgrueb, Schuleinheit Lindenhof, and Schuleinheit Hohfuri.

Lower secondary schools include Schule Hinterbirch and Schule Mettmenriet.

The Kantonsschule Zürcher Unterland (KZU) is located in Bülach.

Notable people

 * Sir John Brunner (born 1842) British Industrialist
 * Jürg Gutknecht (born 1949) computer scientist
 * Daniel Klajner (born 1963) conductor, teaches orchestral conducting at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
 * Claude Meier (born 1964) Divisional general of the Swiss Armed Forces

 * Sport
 * Kurt Klingler (born 1928) former sports shooter, competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics
 * Karl Elsener (1934–2010) football goalkeeper, 34 caps for the Switzerland 1958/1966
 * Louis Pfenninger (born 1944) former racing cyclist, competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics
 * Ercüment Şahin (born 1968) Turkish retired professional footballer, over 360 club caps
 * Marcello Marrocco (born 1969) a retired Italian professional footballer, over 325 club caps
 * Martin Plüss (born 1977) retired professional ice hockey player
 * Nicola Spirig (born 1982) professional triathlete, competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Sarah Meier (born 1984) former figure skater, eight-time Swiss national champion
 * Christine Meier (born 1986) ice hockey player
 * Reto Berra (born 1987) professional ice hockey goaltender
 * Martina van Berkel (born 1989) butterfly swimmer, competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Ramona Elsener (born 1992) ice dancer
 * Eddy Yusof (born 1994) male artistic gymnast, lives in Bülach
 * Niels Hintermann (born 1995) World Cup alpine ski racer
 * Nico Georgiadis (born 1996) chess grandmaster

title: Bülach


text:
Saturn Girl

Saturn Girl (Imra Ardeen) is a superheroine appearing in comics published by DC Comics. A talented telepath from the 30th century, Saturn Girl is a founding member of the Legion of Super-Heroes. Imra's "Saturn Girl" title refers to her homeworld of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. There have been three versions of Imra since her original debut, separated by the events of the limited series Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! and Infinite Crisis.

Saturn Girl made her live-action debut in an episode of Smallville, portrayed by Alexz Johnson. She also appears in the third season of the Arrowverse series Supergirl, portrayed by Amy Jackson.

Publication history
Saturn Girl first appeared in Adventure Comics #247 (April 1958), and was created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino.

Silver Age

During the Silver Age of comics, 30th-century Earth is a member of the United Planets and home to its military branch, the Science Police. The most talented telepath among a race of powerful mentalists, Imra left her homeworld of Titan to join the Science Police as a teenager. During her flight to Earth, she, Rokk Krinn, and Garth Ranzz foil an assassination attempt on fellow passenger and billionaire R. J. Brande. At Brande's urging, the three form the Legion of Super-Heroes, inspired by the legacy of Superboy. They traveled back to the 20th century and gave him a place on the team after he passed their tests. When Lex Luthor and the Legion of Super-Villains were about to kill Superman, Saturn Girl offered to die in his place, although a trick by Superman made Saturn Queen save her.

As a Legionnaire, Imra gained a reputation for self-sacrifice; just prior to the leadership elections of 2975, she learned that a Legionnaire would die during an attack on Earth and decided to take on that responsibility herself. Using her telepathy, Imra forced the other Legionnaires to vote her leader and then ordered them not to use their powers during the attack, but Lightning Lad defied her orders and took her place in death. Distraught over his selfless act of devotion, Imra vowed to do all in her power to bring him back. A method was soon developed which could revive Lightning Lad, but only at the cost of another member's life. Imra again interfered in the process to ensure hers was the life taken, but her plan was foiled by Proty, the telepathic shapeshifting pet of Chameleon Boy. Proty admired Imra and tricked her so that it could take her place. Upon Proty's death, Lightning Lad was restored. Despite this series of events, Imra's leadership was highly valued in the Legion, and her position as leader, despite its means of acquisition, was allowed to stand. She earned a second term the following year. As leader of the Legion, Saturn Girl was the first female comic book character to head a group of superheroes.

Romantically, Lightning Lad (Garth Ranzz) had pursued Imra for some time, but she had repeatedly rebuffed his advances. After he sacrificed his life for her own, she understood the depth of his feelings and came to realize that she returned them. After dating for almost ten years, Garth proposed marriage but Imra initially rejected his offer due to a Legion rule which forced married members to retire. Sometime after consulting with her mentors on Titan, however, Imra relented, but the couple's retirement was short-lived; a few months after their marriage, war broke out in which all active Legionnaires were captured and the reserves were forced into action. Imra's telepathic skills were instrumental in the Legion's eventual victory, and as a result the rule barring married members was repealed. The Ranzzes returned to active duty until Imra gave birth to their son, Graym, after which they both retired to devote their energy to him. Unbeknown to the couple, Graym had a twin, Garridan, who was stolen at birth by Darkseid and transported into the past, where he was transformed into the monster Validus. Validus fought the Legion on numerous occasions (and even killed one of the comrades, the first Invisible Kid), but was eventually restored by Darkseid at Imra's insistence.

Imra briefly rejoined the Legion again in 2987 when Universo took control of the Earth and hypnotized and imprisoned many heroes, including her. Imra's powerful mind broke free and eventually broke Universo's hold over Earth and forced him unconscious. It was then that she realized how much the Legion was in her blood, and she rejoined, this time without Garth, who was enjoying life as a father and househusband. During the "Five Year Gap", Earth's government became hostile to the Legion, and Garth became incapacitated from the Validus plague which ravaged his native Winath. Disillusioned by the government and feeling needed more at home, Imra resigned from the Legion for the last time in 2990. Returning to Winath, she and Garth took over running a Winathian Lightning Ring plantation, which became quite prosperous. Using their new-found wealth, Imra and Garth replaced their super-heroism with simple but necessary helping of others, feeding a galaxy suffering more from hunger than from super-villains. When the Legion re-formed in 2994, the Ranzzes helped them out, but did not rejoin. Instead, they enlarged their family with the birth of daughters Dacey and Dorritt, who inherited Imra's telepathic abilities.

Post-Zero Hour

After the reboot of the Legion in Zero Hour: Crisis in Time!, Imra remained known as Saturn Girl, and a founder of the Legion along with Cosmic Boy and the renamed Live Wire. Her design was changed from previous versions, combining some elements from past uniforms. The top and pants of her uniform are similar in design to her red and white uniform, but now colored pink instead of red, and has the familiar Saturn logo.

She was initially torn between her two fellow founders romantically, after she was left catatonic from shutting down the Composite Man's mind; as her mentor Aven was only able to restore her to an infant-like state, she demanded Garth, and it was only after he told her he needed her that she was restored to normal.

Later, after half the Legion, herself included, were stranded in the past by the Emerald Eye, she inadvertently awakens and is subsequently attacked by the misogynistic telepath known as Doctor Psycho. As a result of the attack, Cosmic Boy was knocked comatose and Psycho destroyed barriers Aven had placed on her powers, increasing them considerably. As a result, Saturn Girl would unconsciously animate the comatose Cosmic Boy and almost married him in that state before her subconscious mind rebelled, turning Cos into Garth until she shut down the link and Cosmic Boy was properly awakened.

Following Invisible Kid's resignation, she became Legion leader, and stationed Garth as part of a second group of Legionnaires on a space-station known as the Legion Outpost to avoid the appearance of nepotism; this fact irritated him for some time until the three founders went on a mission together against a corrupt regime using their identities and the Legion's symbols to prop up his regime, during which they cleared the air. Shortly thereafter, Garth proposed to her and she assented.

Both of them were among a group of Legionnaires stranded in another galaxy (Legion Lost) by a collapsing rift, during which time Imra also created a psychic projection of Apparition to stabilize Ultra Boy. When the deception was discovered, it severely strained her relationships with most of the other "Lost" Legionnaires. She resigned as leader, and soon thereafter Garth sacrificed himself to stop the mad Element Lad and allow the others to return home safely.

On their return home, her mind was strained by what she had gone through, and returned to her home moon of Titan to undergo psychic therapy. Universo then trapped her in an illusion where she had never impersonated Apparition, Element Lad was not a villain, and Live Wire had never died, to prevent her interfering as he absorbed most of the galaxy into a hivemind with himself at the center. Depressed and angry, when Sensor broke her free, she used her anger to trap Universo in a similar illusion.

Shortly thereafter, when she and Cosmic Boy visited Element Lad's home planet of Trom, they found a resurrected Garth in a crystalline version of Element Lad's body, recreated from electrified crystals Spark had found and placed there. Uncertain of how to react to him, it was some time before they reconciled properly.

"Threeboot"
With the 2005 revamp of the Legion, Imra's personal history stayed largely the same, although her powers (and those of the Titanian race) have now changed drastically. The Titanians only communicate telepathically, having lost use of their vocal cords due to centuries of evolution. It's stated, in the case of another Titanian, that somehow this type of telepathy can mimic the likeness of verbal communication, rendering a mute Titanian able to make some tongue-in-cheek humor, or change the "tone" of his telepathy according to the situation. As a result, Imra only "talks" by broadcasting her thoughts to her fellow Legion members. She is still able to read minds, but cannot express herself in spoken language, which puts her at a disadvantage in those situations where her telepathy is useless.

Imra's appearance has again changed slightly. Her new uniform is similar to her Post-Zero Hour uniform in design, but colored red instead of pink. This uniform is later changed again by M'rissey.

Imra has always been portrayed as cold, but this latest revamp further exaggerates this personality trait. She engages in emotional isolation, and has a serious, introverted demeanor. This may, in part, be caused by shame over her muteness, which she managed to keep secret from the Legion (with the exception of Lightning Lad) for some time. In fact, Lightning Lad seems to be the only one Imra feels comfortable opening up to. Her mother holds a high position in the UP Council, and was instrumental in forging the current alliance between the UP and the Legion.

Her coldness, however, is shown to hide much deeper insecurities; neglected by Lightning Lad, utterly devoting himself to the Legion cause, she always harbors feelings of inadequacy, putting all the blame for her failing relationship on her perceived lack of attractiveness, her plain personality, and her "handicap". When Ultra Boy tries to comfort her, Imra shares a moment of passion, soon discovered by her teammates, of which Lightning Lad isn't informed. Later Lightning Lad is made aware of her affair, putting a considerable strain on her relationship, leading Imra to avoid Garth for a time. Pressured by dealing with the increasing antisocial behavior of Princess Projectra, Imra is forced to admit her true feelings to him, including the possibility of having consummated her passion with Ultra Boy on the mind plane.

Using her telepathy, Imra was instrumental in locating the wraith-like form of Mon-El, hearing his telepathic pleas for help. She pursued a warm relationship with Garth, and kept in contact with her mother, even knowing that the strained relationships between the UP and the Legion mean that her mother risks her career whenever she meets her own daughter.

It is mentioned that her Legion Ring is modified to reroute mental impulses, enabling her to benefit from the improved range of communication and reply telepathically to spoken radio communication.

Post-Infinite Crisis
The events of the Infinite Crisis miniseries have apparently restored a close analogue of the Pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths Legion to continuity, as seen in "The Lightning Saga" story arc in Justice League of America and Justice Society of America, and in the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" story arc in Action Comics. Saturn Girl is included in their number. She is still married to Lightning Lad, as she is identified as Imra Ardeen-Ranzz.

Comics writer, Geoff Johns, commented on the character: Saturn Girl is the heart and soul of the Legion of Super-Heroes. When everybody's saying, 'Legion doesn't work anymore. There's too much xenophobia. You can't change people'. Saturn Girl says, 'Yes, you can'. Then suddenly, you realize she can read people's minds. She knows everyone's deepest darkest secrets. If she has faith, then at the base level, human beings and aliens and everybody can reach that goal, can reach achievement and have that goodness inside them. I believe her. I'm with her. And that's why Saturn Girl is so important to the Legion. She's at the epicention of truth for the entire universe for me.

DC Rebirth
In DC Universe: Rebirth, a mysterious blonde woman (presumably Saturn Girl) is seen during a police interrogation. She has been arrested for stealing a sandwich, not realizing that food isn't free in this era. She says that she's there to speak with Superman and claims to be his friend. Even though she is told that Superman is missing and possibly dead, she smiles and replies that everything will be all right as she has seen it in the future. After the interrogation, the police officers call mental services for her. In the last panel of this scene, it is revealed that the only item in her possession was a Legion flight ring. In the "I Am Suicide" story arc of Batman, she is incarcerated in Arkham Asylum. Here, Batman and two others walk by a cell housing the blonde woman who breaths on the glass of her cell and draws the Legion of Super-Heroes symbol in the condensation. Dan DiDio of DC Comics has confirmed that the mysterious woman in the DC Universe: Rebirth and Batman issues is indeed Saturn Girl.

In the "Justice League vs. Suicide Squad" crossover, it is revealed that Emerald Empress is searching for Saturn Girl. Several years ago, she worked for Amanda Waller in the first Suicide Squad mission in return for intel on Saturn Girl. However, Waller betrays and imprisons the team after the mission. After Maxwell Lord breaks the team out, he convinces them to attack Waller and promises Emerald Empress that he can help with her search. As Emerald Empress flees when the Eye of Ekron is damaged during a battle with the Justice League and the current Suicide Squad, she says that she has to find Saturn Girl and will be trapped if the Eye breaks. In Supergirl, it is revealed that Emerald Empress is aware that she was deceived about Saturn Girl. Earlier, the Eye of Ekron received a vision created to convince Emerald Empress that Saturn Girl was the one who destroyed her life and thus had to die, but Saturn Girl showed the truth to Emerald Empress.

During "The Button" crossover arc between The Flash and Batman, still incarcerated in Arkham Asylum, Saturn Girl is watching a hockey game on the television. She realizes that one of the players will die there, which comes true, and begins screaming in distress that nothing will stop it, Superman won't come, as well as her friends and the Legion will die.

In Doomsday Clock, Saturn Girl sees Rorschach (Reggie Long) being escorted to his cell in Arkham Asylum and later breaks him out of his cell to escape the mental institution. After the escape, she reveals that she is Saturn Girl. They eventually find and save Johnny Thunder, who just found Alan Scott's green lantern and had thugs assault him, at an old steel mill. Thereafter, Saturn Girl, Johnny Thunder, and Rorschach is found by Ozymandias (who Rorschach is helping to find Doctor Manhattan) and brought aboard the Owlship. Later, she and Johnny Thunder stay behind on the Owlship as Rorschach and Ozymandias use the lantern to find Doctor Manhattan. After Doctor Manhattan refuses to go back and Rorschach abandons Ozymandias, Ozymandias returns to the Owlship where Saturn Girl is shocked to discover that she is able to read Ozymandias' mind as that is not supposed to happen. Hereupon, Ozymandias hits and knocks out Saturn Girl and Johnny Thunder. Ozymandias has Johnny Thunder and Saturn Girl imprisoned in his hideout. Saturn Girl fades upon no longer being part of the current timeline. When Doctor Manhattan undoes the experiment that erased the Legion of Super-Heroes and the Justice Society of America, Saturn Girl is restored.

Appearance
In all media except for Supergirl, Saturn Girl is a pale-skinned humanoid being with a slim build, blonde hair, and blue or pink eyes. In Supergirl, she is a green-eyed brunette.

Powers and abilities
Saturn Girl's powers in her initial Silver Age appearances appeared to be great; she could summon distant people; probe human, electronic and animal minds; "push" weakened minds and even directly control others' thoughts and emotions. In later years, her abilities were portrayed more conservatively; her telepathy was used most often for communication or sensing surface thoughts, while her ability to influence and probe minds was usually limited to minds that had already been weakened in some way, such as by fatigue or a villain's mind control.

The post-Zero Hour Saturn Girl was again able to alter, manipulate and read minds. She could communicate mentally, as well as cast illusions and maintain them indefinitely, including pseudo-tactile contact, while the illusions could display a personality different from her own and she would be aware of all interactions the illusory figure was involved in at all times.

The extent of her powers after the "Threeboot", though unknown, is substantially more limited. Although she's retained the "soothing" effect of her powers from her Pre-Crisis incarnation, she is unable to probe shielded minds, and must concentrate to exert direct influence on an opponent's brain (such as disrupting an opponent's amygdala). Her mother (a United Planet ambassador) seems more skilled than her daughter, able to instinctively sense when Imra is using her telepathy. Titanians may choose an "open broadcast" system of communication, enabling everyone, even non-telepathic as a species, to "hear" their thoughts or a "closed broadcast", creating a sort of "astral plane" in which they can "speak" completely undetected and in absolute privacy. Imra is able to modulate her telepathic voice in various modes, including a "telepathic scream", overwhelming and compelling as a voiced one.

As described by Princess Projectra, Titanian telepathy involves mostly the control of the higher brain functions, and Imra is powerless against mental attacks dealt directly to her subconscious.

Equipment
As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Saturn Girl is provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows her to fly and protects her from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments.

Other versions

 * In The Dark Knight Strikes Again, a young, precognitive girl is befriended by Catgirl. She uses the name Saturn Girl, "on account of she's not born yet", implying that this 21st-century character has some information of the 30th century and is named after the Legion's Saturn Girl. She is a stony-eye figure who is at first keen to join Batman's growing army, but then turns the offer down when she foresees the vicious attack on Kelley by a Joker-like villain.
 * In Amalgam Comics Spider-Boy Team-Up #1, Saturn Girl is combined with Psylocke as Psi-Girl of the Legion of Galactic Guardians 2099. When time shifts, her rebooted form is called Psi-Girl II.

Accolades

 * In 2011, Comics Buyer's Guide ranked Saturn Girl 50th in their "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.
 * In 2019, CBR ranked Saturn Girl 3rd in their "10 Most Powerful Telepaths" list, the highest rank for a female character.
 * In 2022, Sportskeeda ranked Saturn Girl 5th in their "5 most powerful comic book characters with telepathic abilities" list.

Television

 * Saturn Girl appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "New Kids in Town", voiced by Melissa Joan Hart. She, Chameleon Boy, and Cosmic Boy travel back in time to stop Brainiac from killing Clark Kent before he can become Superman.
 * Saturn Girl appears in the Smallville episode "Legion", portrayed by Alexz Johnson. This version wears a modernized outfit. She, Lightning Lad, and Cosmic Boy travel back in time to save Clark Kent from Persuader and Brainiac before taking the latter's remains back to the future with them for reprogramming.
 * Saturn Girl makes a non-speaking appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Far From Home".
 * Saturn Girl appears in Legion of Super-Heroes (2006), voiced by Kari Wahlgren. This version sports pink eyes and the additional ability to enter a healing trance while unconscious. After having a prominent recurring role in the first season, she is hospitalized while fighting Esper Lass and Tharok in the two-part second season premiere "The Man from the Edge of Tomorrow" before returning to active duty in the two-part season finale "Dark Victory".
 * Saturn Girl appears in the fourth season of Young Justice, voiced again by Kari Wahlgren. She, Phantom Girl, and Chameleon Boy travel back in time to prevent Lor-Zod from killing Superboy and ensure the Legion's future existence.
 * Imra Ardeen appears in the third season of Supergirl, portrayed by Amy Jackson. This version possesses telekinesis in addition to telepathy, had a sister named Preya who was killed by a Worldkiller called Blight, and married Mon-El to secure an alliance between Earth and Titan. She, Mon-El, and Brainiac 5 travel back in time to help Supergirl defeat Reign and the Worldkillers, though Mon-El breaks up with Ardeen during the mission.

Film

 * Saturn Girl appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash, voiced again by Kari Wahlgren. This version comes from a future Earth that Brainiac conquered by the year 2116. As the only Legionnaires left, she, Cosmic Boy, and Lightning Lad assist Batman in defeating Brainiac before helping him return to the present.
 * Saturn Girl appears in Justice League vs. the Fatal Five, voiced by Tara Strong.
 * Saturn Girl makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Legion of Super-Heroes (2023).
 * The Legion of Super Heroes (2006) incarnation of Saturn Girl makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!.

Video games

 * Saturn Girl appears in DC Universe Online.
 * Saturn Girl makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Brainiac's ending in Injustice 2.

Miscellaneous

 * Saturn Girl appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #10.
 * Saturn Girl appears in the one-shot comic Batman '66 Meets the Legion of Super-Heroes.

title: Saturn Girl


text:
Ayelet Waldman

Ayelet Waldman (איילת ולדמן, born December 11, 1964) is an Israeli-American novelist and essayist. She has written seven mystery novels in the series The Mommy-Track Mysteries and four other novels. She has also written autobiographical essays about motherhood. Waldman spent three years working as a federal public defender and her fiction draws on her experience as a lawyer.

Biography
Ayelet Waldman was born in Jerusalem, Israel. Her grandparents on both sides were Jewish immigrants to North America from Ukraine early in the 20th century. Her father, Leonard, was from Montreal, Canada, but was living in Israel when he met her mother, Ricki. After they married, they moved to Jerusalem. After the Six-Day War in 1967, the family moved back to Montreal, then Rhode Island, finally settling in Ridgewood, New Jersey, when Waldman was in sixth grade.

She was raised in a Jewish family, attended Hebrew school and Jewish summer camps, and lived on a kibbutz in Israel for a year while in the tenth grade. She has said that her parents were atheists, but very Jewish, and that her "whole life was immersed in Judaism, but in a very specific kind of Labor–Zionist Judaism." Despite this, she did not celebrate becoming a bat mitzvah.

Waldman attended Wesleyan University, where she studied psychology and government, and studied in Israel in her junior year, graduating in 1986. She returned to Israel after college to again live on a kibbutz, but found it too sexist for her taste. She then entered Harvard Law School and graduated with a J.D. in 1991.

Waldman has been married to fellow author Michael Chabon since 1993. They live in a 1907 Craftsman house in the Elmwood district of Berkeley, California. The couple work from the same office in the backyard of their home. They edit each other's work,  and offer each other advice on writing, sometimes going on "plot walks" to discuss issues.

Many characters in her fiction are Jewish. Her novel  Love and Treasure  is about the Holocaust.

Waldman has written several times about her 2002 diagnosis of bipolar disorder, an illness that runs in her family, and has spoken publicly about parenting while having a mental illness.

Legal and academic career
After graduating from law school, Waldman clerked for a federal judge, worked in a large corporate law firm in New York for a year, and then moved to California with Michael Chabon, where she became a criminal defense lawyer. Waldman was a federal public defender for three years in the Central District of California. Chabon mentioned on their first date that it was his intention to care for his children so his wife could pursue her career, which he did after the birth of their first and second children. After the birth of her first child, she tried juggling legal work with mothering, then left her job to be with her husband and child. This was short-lived.

Waldman was an adjunct professor at the Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley from 1997 to 2003. She also worked as a consultant to the Drug Policy Alliance, a resource center advocating a drug policy based on harm reduction. While working as an adjunct professor, she found writing scholarly articles uninteresting and intimidating, so she began writing fiction instead. According to Waldman, her fiction is "all about being a bad mother." Waldman said she would not return to the legal profession. In her fiction Waldman has drawn extensively on her legal experience.

Literary career
Waldman has written various online and print articles about mothering while at home on maternity leave after the birth of her first child and again after she left her job as a public defender. She has at various times said that she chose to write because it was not as time-consuming a career as the law, because it gave her something to do during naptimes, it kept her entertained, because she was starved of someone to laugh at her jokes and because it gave her a way of putting off going back to work.

"Mommy-Track Mysteries"
In 1997, Waldman started writing mystery novels, thinking they would be "easy … light and fluffy." At first she wrote in secret, then with her husband's encouragement. She has said that she chose mysteries because they are primarily about plot. Waldman has said that her first mystery work, eventually published as Nursery Crimes, was her first attempt at creative writing, describing it as her first piece of fiction "aside from my legal briefs."

Waldman wrote seven novels about the "part-time sleuth and full-time mother" Juliet Applebaum. Waldman has said of Juliet, "She is me, well, she was me," and "They say to write what you know … so I wrote exactly what I knew." Like Waldman, Juliet is a 5 ft, red-headed former public defender with a nocturnal writer for a husband, who has become a stay-at-home mother but finds it boring. To relieve her boredom, Juliet works as a part-time detective. The collective title of the series is The Mommy-Track Mysteries. The novels are humorous and Waldman has said of her criminals, "My villains aren't villains. They're people whose crime you understand." Waldman has previously said that Bye-Bye, Black Sheep is likely to be the last, but her agent's website notes that she is working on more mysteries.

Novels
In addition to the mystery genre, Waldman has published three other novels. Daughter's Keeper, published in 2003, drew on Waldman's experience as a criminal defense lawyer and representation of drug offenders. The first manuscript was rejected thirty-one times. It features a young woman, Olivia, who inadvertently becomes involved in the trafficking of drugs and her relationship with her emotionally reserved mother. The book is also about the impact of federal drug policy, particularly mandatory minimum sentencing, on the criminal justice system. The novel was inspired by a case Waldman handled. The book was generally well received  and was a finalist for the 2003 Northern California Book Award.

Love and Other Impossible Pursuits, published in 2006, is about a Harvard-educated lawyer with a precocious stepson who loses a newborn child to SIDS. The impetus was the loss of her own unborn child diagnosed with a genetic abnormality. The book also deals with how mothers criticize each other's mothering, a theme in Waldman's nonfiction too. It explores negative feelings towards one's own children. The novel was also reviewed well in places,   although some reviews were negative.

Don Roos wrote and directed a film based on the novel, starring Natalie Portman, Lisa Kudrow and Scott Cohen. The film premiered at the Toronto Film Festival in August 2009.

Waldman's Red Hook Road, published in 2010, is about two bereaved families in a small village in Maine and the effect of a family tragedy and class differences on marriage, styles of motherhood (including the domineering), and family life. It is also about boxing and boat building.

Short stories
Waldman has contributed short stories to the anthologies McSweeney's Stories of Love and Neuroses  (2003) and McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories  (2004), the latter of which was edited by Michael Chabon. The short story "Minnow," which appeared in McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories, is about a woman who is haunted by her dead baby. Again, she regards this as related to the loss of her own child. A horror film is being developed, based on the short story.

Nonfiction
Waldman has written many personal essays for online and print publications aspects of motherhood, such as how women criticize each other's mothering (that is, the "mommy wars"), combining paid work with motherhood, and how the upbringing of those raised in a postfeminist era clashed with the reality of having to make professional sacrifices. Her essays have also explored the sexuality of mothers and of young people, homework, extended family life, body image, aging, literary hoaxes, and Jewish life. Although most of her nonfiction is personal, she has also written on aspects of the criminal justice system.

In 2016, Waldman and her husband Michael Chabon, in collaboration with the "Breaking the Silence" organization, initiated the production of an anthology that includes articles written by writers from around the world about the Israeli occupation, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Six-Day War. As part of the project, about 50 writers visited Israel, including Dave Eggers, Colm Tóibín and Mario Vargas Llosa. The book was published under the title "Kingdom of Olives and Ash: Writers Confront the Occupation", in June 2017.

Motherlove
Her 2005 essay "Motherlove" was first published in the anthology Because I Said So: 33 Mothers Write About Children, Sex, Men, Aging, Faith, Race and Themselves, where she thought it would have only a small readership. However, it was reprinted in the Modern Love section of the New York Times in March 2005 under the headline "Truly, Madly, Guiltily." It can be read online here. Waldman's essay led to extensive and vitriolic debate, on television shows like The View, on internet blogs, in coffee shops, and elsewhere. Some people even threatened to report Waldman to the Department of Social Services in relation to the perceived mistreatment of her family. Oprah Winfrey, who said she was "very brave" for speaking out, invited Waldman onto her television show to discuss her views on love, marriage, and motherhood.

Bad Mother
After Waldman complained about the response to her essay, a friend suggested she write a book about it. In 2009, Waldman published a collection of her personal essays, Bad Mother: A Chronicle of Maternal Crimes, Minor Calamities, and Occasional Moments of Grace. The book argues that no woman can be a perfect mother, that, in fact, competitive, neurotic parenting and having unrealistic expectations may be damaging to children. Waldman contends that society (particularly women, in what she calls the "Bad Mother police") are too hard on other women's parenting skills. The book includes chapters on women's criticism of the mothering by other women, feminism, motherhood, and associated anxieties, including anxieties about breastfeeding, marriage, sexuality of mothers and teenagers, homework, mental illness, the loss of her unborn child, and her relationship with her mother-in-law. The book was a New York Times bestseller, and generally it received favorable reviews.

A Really Good Day
A Really Good Day was published in January 2017 and documents Waldman's taking microdoses of LSD to help cope with her debilitating mood and anxiety disorders. She learned about this practice from a 2011 book by psychedelic researcher James Fadiman. A Really Good Day was called "an engaging and deeply researched primer on a taboo subject and a strong case for more research on it" by Nora Krug for the Washington Post. Jennifer Senior of the New York Times noted that Waldman "is wielding her powers of provocation to goad us into an uncomfortable but necessary conversation. Quibble with her style, her methods, her desire to attract attention. In normalizing the conversation about LSD, she may one day help others feel normal."

Blogs
For a short time in 2004 and 2005, Waldman wrote a blog under the title "Bad Mother." Her topics included sexuality, gay rights, motherhood, and her bipolar disorder. She said "A blog like this is narcissism in its most obscene flowering. But it's necessary. As a parent your days are consumed by other people's needs. This is payback for driving back and forth to gymnastics all week long." On her reaction to the criticism that her blogging engendered, she has said "It's ridiculous to be so willing to expose myself and at the same time be so hypersensitive. Those are two contradictory impulses no one person should have." After an incident where she hinted at suicidal thoughts, she decided to discontinue the blog. Although she found it a therapeutic way to channel frustrations – likening the experience to "slashing my wrists and haemorrhaging all over the computer screen" – she found it was having a deleterious effect on her writing. Waldman blogged on the 2008 Democratic National Convention and had a blog on her own website from 2008 to 2009 on a variety of subjects.

Television
Between 2015 and 2019, Waldman worked on the development of the acclaimed Netflix television show Unbelievable. She created it with her spouse Michael Chabon and veteran writer Susannah Grant. She had the original idea for the show after reading the Pulitzer-winning article it is based on: "An Unbelievable Story of Rape".

She co-wrote with Michael Chabon an episode of Star Trek: Picard, and is credited as a co-executive producer on five episodes. Her husband was the showrunner on the first season.

Activism
During the 2008 Presidential primaries and general election campaign, Waldman campaigned and raised funds in support of Barack Obama, acting as a full-time volunteer, speaking at fundraisers; she was appointed as a delegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention.

On 26 April 2024, Waldman was arrested by Israeli police (along with six others, including three rabbis) as she tried to take food to Palestinians inside Gaza. Her husband Michael Chabon said at the time, “She was there in the company of a group of American rabbis, #rabbis4ceasefire, to show the world, the people of Gaza, and their fellow Jews in Israel, and around the world what Judaism teaches: justice, lovingkindness, peace, mercy, liberation.”

"Mommy-Track" mystery novels

 * Nursery Crimes (2000)
 * The Big Nap (2001)
 * Playdate With Death (2002)
 * Death Gets a Time-Out (2003)
 * Murder Plays House (2004)
 * The Cradle Robbers (2005)
 * Bye-Bye, Black Sheep (2006)

Other novels

 * Daughter's Keeper (2003)
 * Love and Other Impossible Pursuits (2006)
 * Red Hook Road (2010) Doubleday
 * Love and Treasure (2014) Hodder & Staughton. ISBN 978-1-4447-6311-9

Nonfiction

 * Bad Mother: A Chronicle of Maternal Crimes, Minor Calamities, and Occasional Moments of Grace (2009)
 * A Really Good Day: How Microdosing Made a Mega Difference in My Mood, My Marriage, and My Life (2017)

title: Ayelet Waldman


text:
Sidney Morgenbesser

Sidney Morgenbesser (September 22, 1921 – August 1, 2004) was an American philosopher and professor at Columbia University. He wrote little but is remembered by many for his philosophical witticisms.

Life and career
Sidney Morgenbesser was born on September 22, 1921, in New York City and raised in Manhattan's Lower East Side.

Morgenbesser undertook philosophical study at the City College of New York (B.S.S., 1942) and rabbinical study at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (B.J.P., 1941). Following World War II, he pursued graduate study in philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. There he obtained his M.A. in 1950 and, with a thesis titled Theories And Schemata In The Social Sciences, his Ph.D. in 1956. It was also at Pennsylvania, Morgenbesser records, that he would have his first job teaching philosophy.

Morgenbesser taught at Swarthmore College and then The New School for Social Research. He then took a position at Columbia University in 1954. He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1963, and by 1966 he was made a full professor at Columbia. He was visiting professor at the Rockefeller University in 1967—1968 and in 1975 was named the John Dewey Professor of Philosophy at Columbia. This position he held until retirement.

Morgenbesser's areas of expertise included the philosophy of social science, political philosophy, epistemology, and the history of American Pragmatism. He founded the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs along with G.A. Cohen, Thomas Nagel and others.

Morgenbesser appeared on in an interview by Bryan Magee on the topic of American Pragmatism in 1987 that is available on YouTube.

He died on 1 August 2004 at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in Manhattan at the age of 82.

Influence
Morgenbesser was known particularly for his sharp witticisms and humor which often penetrated to the heart of the philosophical issue at hand, on which account The New York Times Magazine dubbed him the "Sidewalk Socrates." According to one anecdote, when J. L. Austin claimed that, although a double negative often implies a positive meaning (e.g., "he is not unlike his sister"), there is no language in which a double positive implies a negative, Morgenbesser retorted: "Yeah, yeah." In another commonly reported story, Morgenbesser was asked by a student whether he agreed with Chairman Mao's view that a statement can be both true and false at the same time, to which Morgenbesser replied "Well, I do and I don't."

Another anecdote is given as follows by the Independent: "[An] unfortunate encounter with the police occurred when he lit up his pipe on the way out of a subway station. Morgenbesser protested to the officer who tried to stop him that the rules covered smoking in the station, not outside. The cop conceded he had a point, but said: 'If I let you get away with it, I'd have to let everyone get away with it.' To which Morgenbesser, in a famously misunderstood line, retorted: 'Who do you think you are, Kant?' Hauled off to the precinct lock-up, Morgenbesser only won his freedom after a colleague showed up and explained the Categorical Imperative to the nonplussed boys in blue."

Morgenbesser published little and established no school, but was revered for his extraordinary intelligence and moral seriousness. He was a famously influential teacher; his former students included Jerry Fodor, Raymond Geuss, Alvin Goldman, Daniel M. Hausman, Robert Nozick, Hilary Putnam, Gideon Rosen, Mark Steiner, and Michael Stocker. In 1967, Morgenbesser signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes in protest against the U.S. war in Vietnam, and urging other people to also take this stand.

Works
Books, (co-)edited

 * (1960) with Arthur Danto [preface by Ernest Nagel], Philosophy of Science (New York).
 * (1962) with James Walsh, Free Will, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,).ISBN 978-0385030373
 * (1967) Philosophy of Science Today, US: Basic Books Inc. ISBN 9780465056835
 * (1969) with Patrick Suppes and Morton White, Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel ISBN 9780312607258
 * (1974) with Virginia Held and Thomas Nagel, Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: essays edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195017595.
 * (1977) Dewey and His Critics: Essays from the Journal of Philosophy (New York). ISBN 9780931206009

Select articles, book chapters (co-)authored

 * “The Decline of Religious Liberalism,” The Reconstructionist 19 (1953): 17–24.
 * "On the Justification of Beliefs and Attitudes." The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 51, no. 20, 1954, pp. 565–576
 * "Character and Free Will," with Arthur Danto, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 54, No. 16 (Aug. 1, 1957), pp. 493–505
 * "Approaches to Ethical Objectivity," Educational Theory 7 (1957): 180–86.
 * “Social Inquiry and Moral Judgement,” in Philosophy and Education, ed. Israel Scheffler (1958): 180–200.
 * “Role and Status of Anthropological Theories,” Science 128 (1958): 72–9.
 * "A Comment on Toulmin," in Dimensions Of Mind: A Symposium ed. Sidney Hook (1960)
 * “The Deductive Model and Its Qualifications,” in Induction: Some Current Issues, ed. Henry Kyburg and Ernest Nagel (1963), pp. 169–80.
 * “Perception: Cause and Achievement,” in Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, ed. Marx Wartofsky (1963), pp. 206–12.
 * "Belief and Disposition," with Isaac Levi American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 3, 1964, pp. 221–232. reprinted in Dispositions (1978)
 * “Is It Science?” Social Research 33 (1966): 255–71.
 * “The Realist-instrumentalist Controversy,” in Philosophy, Science and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel (1969), pp. 200–18.
 * “Imperialism: Some Preliminary Distinctions,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 3 (1973): 3–44.
 * “Experimentation and Consent: A Note,” in Philosophical Medical Ethics: Its Nature and Significance ed. Stuart Spicker and H. Tristam Engelhardt (1977), 97–110.
 * “Picking and Choosing,” with E. Ullman-Marglit, Social Research 44 (1977): 757–85.
 * “The Questions of Isaiah Berlin,” with Jonathan Lieberson, New York Review of Books 27 no.3 (1980)
 * "The Choices of Isaiah Berlin". with Jonathan Lieberson, The New York Review of Book 27, no.4. (1980)

For a more complete record of publications see "Sidney Morgenbesser: A Bibliography" in the below.

Festschrift

 * How Many Questions?: Essays in Honour of Sidney Morgenbesse r, (eds.) Leigh S. Cauman, Isaac Levi, Charles D. Parsons and Robert Schwartz (1983)

title: Sidney Morgenbesser


text:
Gunde Svan

Gunde Anders Svan (born 12 January 1962) is a Swedish former cross-country skier and auto racing driver. During his cross-country skiing career he won a total of four gold, one silver and one bronze medals at the Winter Olympics. Svan won a total of seven golds, three silvers, and one bronze at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. Svan also won the 15 km once (1983) and the 50 km twice (1986, 1990) at the Holmenkollen ski festival. In 1984, he earned the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal, and in 1985, he earned the Holmenkollen medal (shared with Anette Bøe and Per Bergerud). In both 1984 and 1985 did Svan win the Jerring Award. He is a board member of the International Ski Federation.

Biography
During his skiing career he became known for his dedication and attention to detail. For instance, he used a lighter alloy on the tips of his ski poles, saving 4 g. He won two golds (15 km and relay), one bronze (30 km) and one silver (50 km) at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo. At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, he won two golds for 50 km and relay. He also won the World championship gold six times and won the World cup five times.

As a competitor in rallycross he got one gold medal in the Swedish Championship and a bronze medal in the FIA European Championship for Rallycross Drivers (1995: Division 1 – Group N category; with a Toyota Celica GT-Four). One of the reasons for getting into another sport was that some people called him a natural skier while he himself maintained that it's just a matter of will and dedication, according to his famous tagline "nothing is impossible". He applied the same methods to his driving as his skiing and even built his own reaction-tester to practice for the rallycross eminently important starts. When his compatriot and teamboss, the late Christer Bohlin, was not able to fulfill his promise to upgrade his Toyota team for 1996 into the top ERC category (Division 2 by then), Svan quit and gave up rallycross.

After retiring from his athletic career he has worked as the host for some game shows such as the Swedish versions of American Gladiators and Fort Boyard along the swedish national lotery Bingolotto. He has played a seductive lady in the short movie En handelsresandes nöd, directed by rock group Svenne Rubins and starring Claes Månsson, Björn Skifs and Gert Klötzke. He has also appeared in numerous commercials including a famous commercial where he impersonated fellow skier Thomas Wassberg.

Svan resigned from his position as Chief of Cross-Country for Sweden on the week of 4 May 2009 after he was involved in its reorganization.

He participated in Let's Dance 2018 broadcast on TV4 where he finished third together with Jeanette Carlsson.

He retired to his 1000 ha forest farm, where he worked with his son, Ferry Svan, and now supports his children's careers.

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Olympic Games

 * 6 medals – (4 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze)

World Championships

 * 11 medals – (7 gold, 3 silver, 1 bronze)

Season titles

 * 5 titles – (5 overall)

Individual podiums

 * 30 victories
 * 46 podiums

Team podiums

 * 9 victories
 * 14 podiums

Note: Until the 1999 World Championships and the 1994 Winter Olympics, World Championship and Olympic races were included in the World Cup scoring system.

title: Gunde Svan


text:
Cosmic Boy

Cosmic Boy (Rokk Krinn) is a superhero appearing in comics published by DC Comics. He is from the 31st century, and is a founding member and original leader of the Legion of Super-Heroes.

Cosmic Boy made his live-action debut in an episode of Smallville, portrayed by Ryan Kennedy.

Publication history
Cosmic Boy first appeared in Adventure Comics #247 (April 1958) and was created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino.

Original
Cosmic Boy is a founding member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, along with Lightning Lad and Saturn Girl, and he has the superhuman ability to generate magnetic fields. Cosmic Boy's brother, Pol, eventually joined the Legion as Magnetic Kid, but died during the "Magic Wars". Cosmic Boy is one of the few Legionnaires ever to have his own miniseries, which ran for four issues in the mid-1980s as a spin-off of the Legends cross-over.

In the pre-Zero Hour Legion, Cosmic Boy was romantically involved with Night Girl (Lydda Jath) from the Legion of Substitute Heroes. During the "Five Year Gap" following the Magic Wars, he lost his powers in the course of a war between the planets of Braal and Imsk (the homeworld of Shrinking Violet), in which the Imskian army used a "dampener" on the magnetic fields within the Braalian soldiers. "Vi" was on the scene when her fellow Legionnaire was crippled by the dampener during the battle of Venado Bay, and harbored deep guilt for years. No longer using his codename, Rokk retired to the slums of a demilitarized Braal with his wife Lydda, who gave birth to their son Pol (named for Rokk's brother).

When Reep Daggle reformed the Legion, a powerless Rokk joined up, moving his family to the Legion's new headquarters. The former Cosmic Boy continued to serve with honor during the adult Legion's tour of duty, proving that he needed no powers to be a hero. Rokk did however regain his powers shortly before Zero Hour, thanks to a special pair of power gauntlets. He took on the codename Polestar, only to renounce the power gauntlets after they began to affect his mind. After learning that he was apparently destined to become the Time Trapper, Rokk and the rest of the Legion were erased from history by Zero Hour.

Post-Zero Hour
In the post-Zero Hour Legion, Rokk Krinn came from a poor family but became a superstar in the Braallian sport of Magnoball, earning the nickname "Cosmic Boy" after winning the Magnoball Cosmic Games. He sent most of his earnings to his family, unaware that his manager, Alex Cuspin, was embezzling them instead. After being approached by R. J. Brande to form the Legion, Saturn Girl discovered and revealed the truth about Cuspin. Rokk promptly dismissed his manager and had him arrested. The founding members voted him leader, but soon after found out that Leviathan, a Science Police veteran, had been appointed to leadership by the United Planets President. Leviathan would shortly thereafter give Cosmic Boy the leadership position after the death of Kid Quantum, a position he served in very admirably. After the attack on Earth by the White Triangle Daxamites, he seemed to turn into a controlling martinet under the thumb of UP President Chu. During this period, he made many unpopular decisions, including forcing Lightning Lad and Ultra Boy off the team. However, this was a ruse planned by himself and Invisible Kid to expose the corruption of the UP President.

After this, he voluntarily stepped down from leadership, feeling that he had served as leader for long enough. When Shrinking Violet fell under the influence of the Emerald Eye of Ekron, Rokk was one of the team members the Eye sent to the 21st century. During this period, he and Saturn Girl began a relationship, but was then rendered comatose during a battle with Doctor Psycho. While he apparently recovered, it was later revealed that Saturn Girl had been subconsciously manipulating his comatose body since Psycho's attack. She also realized that she was in love with Garth. The relationship ended, but the two remained close friends. After returning to the 31st Century, he would deal with an attempt on his life by his former manager, who had been released from prison. After half the team was lost in a rift in space, the Legion was disbanded by Leland McCauley, president of the United Planets. Brande quickly recruited him to reform the Legion in secret and Rokk again led the team for a short time, discovering that McCauley had been killed and was being impersonated by Ra's al Ghul. After defeating Ra's, Rokk would step down from leadership again. Later, he began a relationship with the Legion's new leader, Kid Quantum II.

"Threeboot" continuity
In Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 5, #1, Cosmic Boy is the leader of the Legion of Super-Heroes. After seemingly destroying the Dominators' homeworld (he actually sends it to the Phantom Zone), Cosmic Boy is voted out of office, being replaced by Supergirl. He then joins a superhero team from the 41st century, who come back in time to offer him membership.

Post-Infinite Crisis
The events of the Infinite Crisis miniseries have apparently restored a close analogue of the pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths Legion to continuity, as seen in "The Lightning Saga" story arc in Justice League of America and Justice Society of America, and in the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" story arc in Action Comics. Cosmic Boy is included in their number.

Comics writer Geoff Johns said about the characters: Cosmic Boy is like the all-around leader who puts it all on his shoulders, but he's magnetic. His powers are all about magnetics, and so it carries over to his personality. And he struggles to bring all the Legion back together. He's like, 'We can do this. We can bring it together'. It comes naturally to him.

Limited series
Cosmic Boy was featured in a four-part limited series, cover dated December 1986 through March 1987. A tie-in to the Legends limited series, it was written by Paul Levitz, with art by Keith Giffen, Ernie Colón, and Bob Smith.

In the series, Cosmic Boy and Night Girl have traveled from the 30th century to enjoy a vacation in the 20th century. They find themselves threatened by many citizens and residents of the United States, who have been manipulated by Glorious Godfrey as part of Darkseid's scheme to discredit Earth's superhero community. Soon after arriving, Cosmic Boy encounters Superman, who does not recognize him—even though Superboy was a member of the Legion for years. He and Night Girl review videotapes of recent history, including references to the bombing of Hiroshima, the explosion of the American space shuttle Challenger, and the meltdown at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, but no mention of Superman's early career as Superboy. Cosmic Boy, a 20th-century Earth history buff, insists that none of these events are correct. As theirs is one of the first journeys through time since the Crisis, the couple fears that something is terribly wrong with history. The future could be in serious danger, since many of the worlds in the United Planets were colonized by settlers from Earth. A space shuttle mission carrying a satellite crucial to Earth's future development of space travel goes awry, with the shuttle exploding. Cosmic Boy magnetically catches the payload and sends the debris harmlessly toward the ocean, but American soldiers assume that he is a foreign spy. They attack him, implementing President Ronald Reagan's directive outlawing all superhero activity.

Seeking to protect the satellite, Cosmic Boy and Night Girl travel to NASA facilities in Houston where they meet Jason, one of the astronauts who designed the shuttle. They help to quell a riot that breaks out when demonstrators break down the gates at NASA, and Cosmic Boy becomes convinced that some unseen enemy is deliberately trying to prevent the mission. As they depart, the couple notes that both of their families are from worlds settled during the Great Emigration from Earth. They are unaware that the last name of Jason — the astronaut they just met — is Krinnski, which implies that he may be a distant ancestor of Cosmic Boy, whose real name is Rokk Krinn.

Cosmic Boy and Night Girl decide to return to the 30th century, where time travel experts Brainiac 5 and Circadia Senius might be able to determine the problem. Upon entering the timestream, their Time Bubble encounters a storm and starts to shake violently. They are forced to return to the 20th century. They turn to Jason Krinnski for assistance, who does his best to help them repair the Time Bubble. However, their second attempt to leave fails, as if there was a barrier blocking them. Realizing that they need a massive power source to propel the Bubble all the way to the 30th century, Cosmic Boy harnesses the electromagnetic energy from Earth's magnetic field. They breach the barrier, but are propelled past their own century, all the way to the End of Time, where they are confronted by one of the Legion's deadliest enemies: the Time Trapper.

The Trapper toys with the couple, giving them an hour to find their way back to the 30th century. They eventually make their way through the Trapper's Citadel to their Time Bubble, just as the last grains in the hourglass are about to fall. Cosmic Boy uses his power to warp the hourglass, closing it so that the last grain will never fall. Amused, the Trapper allows them to leave. He directs the Time Bubble to the 30th century, placing it right in front of Legion Headquarters. He warns the couple that this will be their final journey through time, and that "the next occasion when a Legionnaire dares break the time barrier will be the last". As the two of them race to warn the Legion about what has occurred, the Trapper realizes that the Legionnaires will be returning for him. He finds this quite satisfying, as he looks at a pair of statues of Superboy and his dog Krypto.

The events of this series are continued in the story arc "The Greatest Hero of Them All", published in Superman vol. 2, #8; Action Comics #591; and Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 3, #37-38 (August–September 1987).

In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Cosmic Boy is among the Legionnaires that appear in the present after Doctor Manhattan undid the experiment that erased the Legion of Super-Heroes and the Justice Society of America.

Powers and abilities
Cosmic Boy's superpower is super-magnetism. He can manipulate, repel or attract metal objects of varying sizes. Naturally, the more metal is in an object the easier it is for him to affect magnetically. Cosmic Boy has been known to pull large iron meteors and satellites down from space with minimal effort. He can use his magnetic power on rocks that contain iron ore to pull or use them as projectiles. He can also magnetize metal objects so that they become magnets themselves and make them stick to other metal objects. His power cannot affect non-metals, such as organic substances like wood or flesh. His control is such that he can manipulate electronic records or the iron in blood. He has been known to use a uniform with ferrous fibres so he can fly with his own powers, but usually relies on a Legion flight ring.

Equipment
As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Cosmic Boy is provided a Legion Flight Ring. It allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments.

Costume
Cosmic Boy's original costume was pink with black at the sides, with four white circles, the code-name "Cosmic Boy" written on the chest, and a plastic bubble space helmet. After his first appearance, the helmet and the codename were replaced with white epaulets. For a period in the late 1970s, he was portrayed in a costume designed by Mike Grell which was essentially a black bustier with black gloves and boots, with bare arms, shoulders, chest, and legs. Cosmic Boy returned to a close variation on the original costume a few years later. As Polestar, he wore a black and purple bodysuit with a stripe up the side and a black cowl. In the post-Zero Hour Legion, he wore a version of his original costume with lavender as the primary color instead of pink. On this version of the costume, the four circles on the chest were actually discs that he could magnetically manipulate and use as weapons. The "Threeboot" version is a similar pattern, with blue as the primary color and black circles instead of white.

Television

 * Cosmic Boy appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "New Kids in Town", voiced by Chad Lowe. He, Saturn Girl, and Chameleon Boy travel back in time to stop Brainiac from killing Clark Kent before he can become Superman.
 * Cosmic Boy makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Far From Home".
 * Cosmic Boy appears in Legion of Super Heroes (2006), voiced by Wil Wheaton. This version is often busy traveling the universe and maintaining the Legion's reputation, which strains his relationship with them, particularly his best friend Lightning Lad. As a result, Cosmic Boy was temporarily replaced by Bouncing Boy as the Legion's leader during the first season after Lightning Lad grew frustrated with him and called for a new leader to be elected.
 * Rokk / Cosmic Boy appears in Smallville, portrayed by Ryan Kennedy. This version rarely speaks and displays the most determination of his teammates. In the episode "Legion", he, Saturn Girl, and Lightning Lad travel back in time to rescue Clark Kent from Persuader and Brainiac, though Rokk nearly kills Chloe Sullivan while she was possessed by Brainiac. After Kent inspires him to never resort to murder and helps the Legion defeat Brainiac while saving Sullivan, Rokk updates the Legion's rules accordingly and warns Kent of his future battle with Doomsday before he and his team return to the future to reprogram Brainiac. In the episode "Doomsday", Rokk returns to the present to give Kent a new Legion flight ring and asks him to send Doomsday to the 31st century as the Legion is better equipped to fight it.

Film

 * Cosmic Boy appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash, voiced by Yuri Lowenthal. This version comes from a future Earth that Brainiac conquered by the year 2116. As the only Legionnaires left, Cosmic Boy, Saturn Girl, and Lightning Lad assist Batman in fighting Brainiac before helping the former return to the present.
 * Cosmic Boy appears in Legion of Super-Heroes (2023), voiced by Eric Lopez.
 * The Legion of Super Heroes (2006) incarnation of Cosmic Boy makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the crossover film Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!.

Video games
Cosmic Boy makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Brainiac's ending in Injustice 2.

Miscellaneous

 * Cosmic Boy appears in Adventures in the DC Universe #10.
 * Cosmic Boy appears in the one-shot comic Batman '66 Meets the Legion of Super-Heroes.

title: Cosmic Boy


text:
Revenue Act of 1861

The Revenue Act of 1861, formally cited as ''[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=012/llsl012.db&recNum=323 Act of August 5, 1861, Chap. XLV, 12 Stat. 292]'', included the first U.S. Federal income tax statute (see Sec. 49). The Act, motivated by the need to fund the Civil War, imposed an income tax to be "levied, collected, and paid, upon the annual income of every person residing in the United States, whether such income is derived from any kind of property, or from any profession, trade, employment, or vocation carried on in the United States or elsewhere, or from any other source whatever". The tax imposed was a flat tax, with a rate of 3% on incomes above $800. The Revenue Act of 1861 was signed into law by Abraham Lincoln.

The income tax provision (Sections 49, 50 and 51) was repealed by the Revenue Act of 1862. (See Sec.89, which replaced the flat rate with a progressive scale of 3% on annual incomes beyond $600 (which was 3.4 times the 1862 nominal gross domestic product per capita of $177.69; the corresponding income in 2021 is $234K) and 5% on incomes above $10,000 (which is 56 times the 1862 nominal gross domestic product per capita; corresponding to $3.9M of income in 2021) or those living outside the U.S., and perhaps more significantly it was explicitly temporary, specifying termination of income tax in "the year eighteen hundred and sixty-six").

History
Prior to the Civil War, the United States faced a financial depression subsequent to the Panic of 1857, an event facilitated by over-expansion of the domestic economy and a European financial meltdown. In the three years preceding the Civil War, the Federal Government incurred a budget deficit exceeding $40 million. Coupled with the threat of secession, the Federal deficit placed the US government under considerable financial strain. In 1860, the US Treasury paid between 8 and 12 percent interest on government bonds in order to raise additional funds and meet public expenditures. In December 1861, the US Treasury attempted to sell five million dollars of interest-bearing notes at 12 percent but found itself able to dispose of only four million dollars worth. The Treasury's struggles illustrate the precarious nature of the US government's financial state. As the nation edged closer to war, the need to mobilize a volunteer force placed an additional financial burden upon the Federal government. While treasury notes with enticing interest rates allowed the US government to raise revenue quickly, they also established a need for additional revenue streams with which to pay off interest.

In March 1861, President Lincoln began to explore the federal government's ability to wage war against the South from a logistical standpoint. He sent letters to cabinet members including Edward Bates, Salmon Chase, and Gideon Welles inquiring whether the president had constitutional authority to collect duties ranging from an import tariff to a property tax. Documents housed at the Library of Congress indicate that Lincoln was concerned with the Federal government's ability to collect tariffs from ports along the Southeastern seaboard, noting the imminent threat of secession.

On July 4, 1861, President Lincoln opened a special session of Congress with the explicit purpose of addressing the Civil War from a legislative standpoint. One of the primary concerns facing Congress was the question of funding: given a surfeit of volunteers, the Union Army military incurred extraordinary expenditures as they trained and armed a martial force. President Lincoln noted that, "One of the greatest perplexities of the government, is to avoid receiving troops faster than it can provide for them. In a word, the people will save their government, if the government itself, will do its part" To raise revenue by approximately $50 million, legislators adopted a three-pronged approach consisting of an increase in certain import tariffs, a newly instituted property tax, and the first personal income tax.

Under the leadership of Senator William Pitt Fessenden of Maine, chair of the Senate Finance Committee, Congress drafted the Revenue Act of 1861 in a relatively short time-frame. While the legislation effectively introduced import tariffs, property taxes, and a flat rate income tax of 3% on those making above $800, it lacked a comprehensive enforcement mechanism. In Congress, the bill provoked considerable debate: Thaddeus Stevens, chairman of the House Committee of Ways and Means, declared that, "This bill is a most unpleasant one. But we perceive no way in which we can avoid it and sustain the government. The rebels, who are now destroying or attempting to destroy this Government, have thrust upon the country many disagreeable things." His sentiment reflected the view that the income and property taxes levied by the bill were necessary evils. The bill was eventually passed by Congress and signed into law by President Lincoln. Despite its sweeping reform, the ineffective enforcement mechanism coupled with a 3% flat tax rate failed to yield the desired revenue.

Tax structure

 * Import Tariff: The Revenue Act of 1861 levied various tariffs on imports including sugar, tea, nuts, brimstone, coffee, liquor, and various fruits and herbs. The majority of imports were taxed on a per unit basis while certain imports, often those with more volatile pricing such as hides, citrus fruit, silk, and gunpowder were taxed ad valorem, with rates ranging from 10% on hides and rubber to 50% on wines. The act imposed an additional tax of 10% ad valorem on articles imported in foreign vessels from beyond the Cape of Good Hope. The provisions included in the act expanded upon the protectionist precedent set by the Morrill Tariff of 1861.
 * Property Tax: The Revenue Act of 1861 instituted a tax on real estate, levied in proportion to each state's population. While the act's enforcement mechanism was limited, it formally established a system of tax districts, assessors, and collectors, laying the groundwork for the Internal Revenue Service's formation on July 1, 1862. The property tax drew criticism from representatives of rural states: by taxing real estate and excluding other forms of personal property, the tax, they argued placed an undue burden upon large, sparsely populated states and territories in the West and Southwest. Though densely populated states such as New York were assessed at a higher rate due to a large population, a greater proportion of wealth in such states was invested in personal property other than real estate.
 * Income Tax: The Revenue Act of 1861 levied a 3% flat rate income tax on those with an annual income at or exceeding $800 (which was 5.6 times the 1861 nominal gross domestic product per capita of $144.31; the corresponding income in 2021 is $384K). In 1861, only 3% of the population had an annual income of at least $800; as such, the tax enjoyed relatively widespread support among legislators. The act granted President Lincoln the power to appoint one principal assessor and one principal collector per state/territory; these officials were charged with enforcing income tax provisions. However, another portion of the bill stipulated that each state may collect and pay its own portion of the direct tax levied upon each state in its own way. Lacking an effective enforcement mechanism, the income tax provision was repealed in 1862 and replaced with a more expansive bill in the Revenue Act of 1862. The subsequent revenue act called for the establishment of the Internal Revenue Bureau (later renamed Internal Revenue Service) and a progressive tax scale.

title: Revenue Act of 1861


text:
List of rulers of the Akan state of Bono-Tekyiman

List of Rulers of the Akan state of Bono-Tekyiman

Bonoman (Bono State) Kings


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abu Ayoub al-Iraqi

This article looked suspicious, so I googled the person. Nothing. I think it's some kind of joke. The article was created by an anonymous user who hasn't made any other edits. Quadell (talk) 19:59, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - the "al-Iraqi" part is the giveaway. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 21:31, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Something on Findlaw mentioned a person by this name involved with al Qaida PDF but I can't determine significance or context. No vote for now. --Sesel 04:27, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and BJAODN. If there is a real person by this name, one can write a new article. Andris 10:58, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too stupid for BJAODN. This is the kind of thing I'd have been tempted to speedy-delete if someone hadn't already started the VFD process. -- Jmabel 03:49, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Deprifry

commons • meta • de_wp  • en_wp • en_wn

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Deprifry