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Chewin' the Fat

Chewin' the Fat is a Scottish comedy sketch show, starring Ford Kiernan, Greg Hemphill and Karen Dunbar. Comedians Paul Riley and Mark Cox also appeared regularly on the show among other actors such as Gregor Fisher and Tom Urie.

Chewin' the Fat first started as a radio series on BBC Radio Scotland. The later television show, which ran for four series, was first broadcast on BBC One Scotland, but series three and four, as well as highlights from the first two series, were later broadcast nationally across the United Kingdom. Although the last series ended in February 2002, a Hogmanay special was broadcast each New Year's Eve between 2000 and 2005. Chewin' the Fat gave rise to the successful, and cult spin-off show Still Game, a sitcom focusing on the two elderly friends, Jack and Victor. The series was mostly filmed in and around Glasgow and occasionally West Dunbartonshire.

The English idiom to chew the fat means to chat casually, but thoroughly, about subjects of mutual interest.

Recurring characters and sketches

 * Alistair (Hemphill) and Rory (Kiernan): Two eccentric documentary presenters from the Scottish Highlands, fascinated with Scottish history and landscapes. They are constantly harassed by two neds, who often play practical jokes on the pair or taunt them, shouting: "ya couple o' fannies!" The pranks vary from childish tricks (such as putting glue on the receiver of "Britain's most northerly phone box," which promptly sticks to Alistair's beard) to potentially lethal actions (such as rolling a caber down a mountainside at full tilt towards them); however, the pair of plucky Highlanders always live to present another show. The characters are partly based on the hosts of Scottish history programmes such as Weir's Way.
 * The Big Man (Kiernan): The Big Man is a tough Glaswegian gangster, and a stereotypical representation of an "Alpha Male", who turns up to solve people's problems by means of intense intimidation and violence. Keeping with the "hard man" theme, he has a very deep voice. The character first appeared in a parody of Scotland Today's "Call The Lawyer" section, in which people having problems could get legal advice. The character was so popular after his first appearance that he appeared in other sketches; his catchphrase being: "Is there a problem here?" The Big Man is frequently hypocritical, usually demanding as payment whatever he had helped his clients receive. However, the people are always very happy to give him whatever he asks for.
 * Bish & Bosh: Two very dodgy painter & decorators who usually steal things from the houses they are working at. Their real names are Tony (Kiernan) and Wullie (Hemphill). In the sketches, they are normally seen having a tea break talking about something inconsequential that Wullie drags into depravity, only to be told by Tony, "You've taken that too far".
 * The Banter Boys: Two camp men who are regularly found nearby places where Glaswegian banter is common, taking great relish (and apparently even sexual arousal) experiencing the Glaswegian accent and patter in a variety of situations. This includes hiding out in a football team's changing room to hear the coach shouting at the players and taking a taxi ride in a complete circle back to where they got on, paying out with a £100 note for "the banter" they received from the driver. The two characters appear in the form of the stereotypical Kelvinside housewife, with the same pretensions and turns of phrase. Their catchphrase is "we're just paying for the banter". Their real names are James (Hemphill) and Gary (Kiernan). In earlier sketches, they were seen in a tearoom where they discuss various subjects often relating to Glaswegian banter and culture.
 * Big Jock (Kiernan): An overbearing, narcissistic golfer who enjoys humiliating his fellow golf club members by making them do such things as retrieving a £50 note from a dustbin, or leaving another £50 note on the bar to see who would be desperate enough to pick it up for themselves. He is typically very loud and likes to make bombastic speeches and has a habit of calling everyone "Percy", even if it isn't their name. He also wins many trophies, and makes sure everyone knows about it.
 * The Lighthouse Keepers: Duncan (Hemphill) and Malcolm (Kiernan) are two Highlanders who work in a lighthouse on the fictional west coast island of Aonoch Mor. Their sketches usually featured at the start of the programme. Duncan endures pranks from Malcolm while pleading "Gonnae no dae that?" Malcolm's pranks gradually escalated in severity as the series went on, going from simple jokes to excruciating torture of the psyche, including drawing bras and undergarments over the unfortunate man's pornography (seemingly his only form of sexual gratification available) and pretending that he has hanged himself. The final sketch ends with the lighthouse being blown up, Duncan's trademark "Gonnae no dae that?" phrase being spoken as the unfortunate lighthouse keeper watches Malcolm sail away before the lighthouse explodes.
 * The Lonely Shopkeeper (Karen Dunbar): A bored, friendless woman working in a corner shop who is "stuck in this shop, day after day after day...", and therefore constantly trying to be over-friendly with her customers, and invariably frightening them off. She often attempts to pry into customers' personal lives, and comments on their (occasionally embarrassing) purchases. In the final sketch, she had seemingly faked her death to get sympathy of those that attended her wake within the shop.
 * The Depressed Taxi Caller (Karen Dunbar): These sketches feature an extremely unlucky woman named Fiona working as a taxi controller, who is always shown crying down her headset to the drivers about her terrible life and how her new boyfriends keep dying in bizarre circumstances. She generally smokes many cigarettes and drinks large volumes of whisky throughout the sketch, in order to "dull the pain."
 * Jack (Kiernan) and Victor (Hemphill): Two OAPs who get up to mischief, featuring the characters that were famously later to appear in the series Still Game.
 * The Janny (Kiernan): A school janitor who pops up to try and fix everything from broken ankles to broken hearts with a liberal application of sawdust from his bucket. His catchphrase is "Gie that ten minutes an' it'll be as right as rain."
 * The Boy Who Has Just Started Masturbating:A 14-year-old boy called Stephen (played by Gordon McCorkell) who is constantly embarrassed by his parents as they announce proudly to anyone they meet that he has just started masturbating. While other young people around him find this hilarious, most of the adults react by smiling and congratulating Stephen.
 * Betty the Auld Slapper (Karen Dunbar): A female OAP, usually seen giving interviews to a "teatime [radio] show" about her memories from during the Second World War. These always end up with Betty describing her (numerous) sexual experiences in detail before being cut off by the show's exasperated host (Hemphill). She always sits with her legs spread wide apart, exposing her underwear.
 * The Community Mobile Van: A van that brings various cultural amenities to the car park of a council estate, ranging from things like swimming pools to an art gallery to a theatre. The staff of the van are often harassed by a ned or two walking past. In reality, such vans would contain something like a Mobile Library, or the "Bionic Bus" which councils would send around local estates to keep the children amused.
 * Miss Isabelle Gourlay, the Teacher (Karen Dunbar): A highly-strung, seemingly sexually-repressed teacher who gets overly offended by just about anything her class says, who take pleasure in winding her up as a result. Her catchphrase is: " Right, that's enough!" Apparently, she was based on a chemistry teacher Karen Dunbar had at her own school.
 * Ballistic Bob (Kiernan): A man who attempts to do a normal task, fails multiple times or time takes too long, and ends up trashing the surrounding area in a frustrated rage. He was also featured in two Scottish adverts for broadband where he smashed up an entire office when a file took an infuriatingly long time to download from the Internet and his home study was wrecked when someone he was trying to call wouldn't answer the phone.
 * The Nightshifters: Two men who try to get some sleep for their night shift, but are always interrupted by too much noise. They follow the noise, and upon finding the culprit(s), the men shout "Haw, we're oan the night shift!". This noise can be anything from a loud football match to pens clicking.
 * Gretta (Karen Dunbar):An outgoing female boss who hangs around two reluctant male employees at their desks whilst being obsessed with her moustache.
 * Sluich: Two sock puppets from the Scottish Highlands that get up to mischief, such as finding a "package" on the beach, then discovering that it is hash and proceed to produce a Rizla. They speak gibberish that is supposed to sound like Gaelic with English loan words to allow the audience to understand the gist of what they are saying, with their conversations beginning and ending with "oola." It is a parody of the Gaelic-language children's programme "Dòtaman."
 * Mr. Simpson (Kiernan):A man with a whistling lisp, which often gets satirised by other people by having him say a phrase with the pronunciation of the letter "S" strewn throughout, such as his niece and nephew having him read "The Night Before Christmas" from the beginning (the sketch begins with him finishing it, on the last sentence where the letter "S" not present.) So he reads it as (lisps are in bold) "Twas the night before christmas, and all through the house, not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse."
 * The Smoking Family:A family of chain smokers who only spend their money on their incredibly heavy addiction to cigarettes. They have all lost their voices (due to throat cancer) so they have to rely on voice boxes to communicate. One scene includes the young grandson who, wishing to 'have a fag', invites the opportunity for grandad to 'grab the camera' for the boy's first ever cigarette.
 * The Sewer Workers: Two sewer workers who find strange ways of amusing themselves in the sewer, including playing with faeces.
 * Ronald Villiers (Kiernan):The world's worst actor, with a gravelly, monotonous voice. Ronald is apparently registered with the agent "Widdecombe & Pump." When presented with any script or concept, he invariably responds, "Ah can dae that", but he is incapable of remembering simple lines, often completely misunderstands the directions of the director, and attempts inappropriate ad-libs.
 * Gym Teacher (Hemphill): A flatulent gym teacher who demonstrates physical activity to his class, and ends up passing gas from exertion. After this happens, the class laughs at him as he then yells "Simmer down!"
 * The Sniffer (Karen Dunbar): A woman who can smell "shite", often in the form of a scam or a lie, from a distance away. According to her mail, her name is Olive Actory, a play on olfactory.
 * The Shoe Sniffer (Hemphill): A man with an extreme fetish for sniffing other people's shoes; he usually distracts them and then sniffs them in a surreptitious manner.
 * Bob (Hemphill) & Alan (Kiernan): Two overbearing salesmen in an electronics store who frequently try to put their "sales pitch" on expecting customers. They will usually attempt to completely confuse the customer, often using entirely fictional or inappropriate terminology to describe everyday electronics equipment. They also end up insulting the customers by using offensive and overly familiar terms, such as distorting the person's own name until it becomes a personal insult towards them.
 * Socially Awkward Car salesman: A car salesman (played by Mark Cox) who stands in a group with three other car salesmen (Kiernan, Hemphill, and Paul Riley) that have a laugh with each other by making comments or noises in relation to a subject. When it gets to his turn, he becomes overbearing by making loud noises or gestures, resulting in the other car salesmen walking away in embarrassment.
 * Milk Lemonade Chocolate: Different characters in competitive, or disagreeing situations, who proceed to taunt the losing side by chanting "Milk Lemonade Chocolate", pointing to their breasts, crotch, and posteriors respectively.
 * Oo-oo-hh, fancy!:A sketch featuring a different group of people each time. The group will be comparing items (packed lunches, drinks bought at a bar, etc.). All but the last item will be stereotypically "normal" or "working-class" – but the last person will have something considered "posh". On hearing this sophisticated item everyone else in the group will put their hands by their cheeks – wiggling their fingers – and chant 'OO-OO-HH Fancy!'. The most infamous example is the "Cheese Baguette", as being slightly more sophisticated than an ordinary cheese sandwich, that it is still commonly used as a comedic taunt within social groups.
 * Eric the Activist (Hemphill): A deranged animal rights activist (always seen in a tie-dyed shirt and baggy jeans) who would do to a person what he/she is doing to an animal, such as grab a guy's lip when he is fishing to show what it feels like. His catchphrases are "Now you know what it feels like" and "'Mon the (animal that is being abused)!"
 * Harry (Kiernan), Linda (Dunbar) and George (Hemphill): Harry often becomes unjustifiably angry and even verbally abusive to his long-suffering wife, Linda, if she makes the simplest of mistakes, such as during a game of Monopoly or Countdown. George – a family friend with a soft spot for Linda – always gets caught in the middle of these arguments while trying to stop them. Linda and George always have the last laugh, however, as Harry is nearly always injured at the end of these episodes. The final sketch of Series 2, featuring a Hogmanay party at the couple's house, shows Harry's ultimate comeuppance, when Linda and George end up kissing passionately in front of him after he makes a fuss about some sausage rolls Linda said she'd made herself but had in fact, bought meat and pastry and "put the sausage rolls together" which, Harry tries to make clear, are not the same thing. They reappeared in Series 3 where they visit a zoo in episode one and a warehouse in episode four.
 * Tom Gallagher (Hemphill): A Glasgow merchant who sets up stalls around Glasgow in an attempt to sell sports socks at the price of "two for a pound".
 * Brenda (Karen Dunbar): A woman who repeatedly injures (often seriously) her husband (Hemphill), she then shouts "HELP HELP, there's been a terrible accident!" in a very bored, insincere manner. Her husband then usually replies with "Brenda, ya bastard!" Another Brenda was introduced in Series 4, depicting an overbearing woman who would, at unexpected moments, go "My heart was like that", and tap on her chest simultaneously.
 * Rab McGlinchy (Kiernan):Rab is a stereotypical shellsuit-wearing, chain-smoking, hard-drinking Glaswegian ned in who is employed by the television company to translate the Scottish news, narrated by a newsreader (Hemphill), into the ned dialect. He is introduced thusly "...and here, interpreting for the Neds tonight, Rab McGlinchy."
 * Singing Bar Boys: Many old men who sing songs, changing the lyrics for comedic effect. Some of these characters later appeared in Still Game.
 * Archie – Couple o' plums: Two men harass their friend Archie in a bar. A typical sketch will involve Archie walking up to his mates, at which point they start shouting "ARCHIIIEE" whilst fondling him. Often they will shout "TITTIES" or "COUPLE O' PLUMS." Archie then gets frustrated with them and storms off after shouting: "Get aaf me ya pair ah bastards!"
 * Take a Drink!:In different situations, while several people are drinking (not necessarily alcoholic beverages), a person declines to drink. He/she is prompted to "Take a drink" by a constantly growing number of people until they give up and accept ("Awright then"), at which point everyone cheers him/her.
 * Foulmouthed Fishermen: Two fishermen aboard the trawler the "pearl necklace". They speak in a nautical sounding tone but the words used are rude and have very little to do with ships, tending to make references to sex or various parts of the anatomy.
 * The Wee Girl with the Scooter: Often characters are seen to be injured in various, and often serious, ways, such as being run over or pushed down the stairs, and when looking around to see the perpetrator, they are faced with a smiling young girl on a scooter, accompanied by some light ice cream van-esque music. The injured party and anyone accompanying them respond by saying, "Awww" and seem to forget about what has happened to them, occasionally dying from their injuries.
 * Woman married to Derek (Karen Dunbar):A (gullible) woman on the phone to her mother recounting how great her husband Derek (who is never seen) is, completely unaware that he seems to be a self-serving liar and cheat. For example, he travels to Tenerife without his wife, telling her it's because she has an old red passport instead of a new blue one (red actually being the latest and blue no longer valid during recording) and she could not have a photograph taken because her teeth are "fillings with magnets" and would break the photo booth. The conversation ends when sheriff's officers appear to "repossess the beanbag" she is sitting on.
 * Wank, Good Guy: Various characters in different situations describing other people (and things) as either a "wank" or a "good guy", including ducks in a pond, gingerbread men, fish, and soldiers at the Changing of the Guard being described that way by Prince Philip.

Cast & crew
Main Cast Main Crew
 * Ford Kiernan – Various Characters
 * Greg Hemphill – Various Characters
 * Karen Dunbar – Various Characters
 * Paul Riley – Various Characters
 * Mark Cox – Various Characters
 * Julie Wilson Nimmo – Various Characters
 * Tom Urie – Various Characters
 * Gordon McCorkell – Various Characters
 * Ford Kiernan – Writer & Creator
 * Greg Hemphill – Writer & Creator
 * Sanjeev Kohli – Additional Material
 * Donald McLeary – Additional Material
 * Iain Connell – Additional Material
 * Robert Florence – Additional Material
 * Michael Hines – Director
 * Colin Gilbert – Producer
 * Ewan Angus – Producer (For BBC Scotland)
 * Rab Christie – Script Editor
 * John McNeil – Lighting Director

Series 1 (1999)
1. Episode 1 – 13 January 1999

2. Episode 2 – 20 January 1999

3. Episode 3 – 27 January 1999

4. Episode 4 – 3 February 1999

5. Episode 5 – 10 February 1999

6. Episode 6 – 17 February 1999

Series 2 (1999)
1. Episode 1 – 11 November 1999

2. Episode 2 – 18 November 1999

3. Episode 3 – 25 November 1999

4. Episode 4 – 2 December 1999

5. Episode 5 – 9 December 1999

6. Episode 6 – 16 December 1999

Series 3 (2000)
1. Episode 1 – 15 November 2000

2. Episode 2 – 22 November 2000

3. Episode 3 – 29 November 2000

4. Episode 4 – 6 December 2000

5. Episode 5 – 13 December 2000

6. Episode 6 – 20 December 2000

2000 Hogmanay Special – 31 December 2000

2001 Hogmanay Special – 31 December 2001

Series 4 (2002)
1. Episode 1 – 18 January 2002

2. Episode 2 – 25 January 2002

3. Episode 3 – 1 February 2002

4. Episode 4 – 8 February 2002

5. Episode 5 – 15 February 2002

6. Episode 6 – 22 February 2002

2002 Hogmanay Special – 31 December 2002

2003 Hogmanay Special – 31 December 2003

2004 Hogmanay Special – 31 December 2004

2005 Hogmanay Special – 31 December 2005

title: Chewin' the Fat


text:
List of heads of government of Morocco

This is a list of heads of government of Morocco since the formation of the post of Prime Minister of Morocco in 1955, to the present day.

A total of seventeen people have served as President of the Government of Morocco (not counting two periods of direct rule by the King of Morocco). Additionally, one person, Mohammed Karim Lamrani, has served on three non-consecutive occasions.

List of officeholders
{{legend||Istiqlal Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Front for the Defence of Constitutional Institutions|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Rally of Independents|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Constitutional Union|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Socialist Union of Popular Forces|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Justice and Development Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Political parties

{{legend||Independent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Other factions

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of heads of government of Morocco


text:
Foodstuffs (company)

Foodstuffs (NZ) Ltd is a New Zealand grocery company owned by the retailers' cooperatives Foodstuffs North Island Limited and Foodstuffs South Island Limited. Together, the two cooperatives collectively control an estimated 53% of the New Zealand grocery market. The group owns retail franchises Four Square, New World and Pak'nSave, and in-store private labels Pams, Pam's Finest, and Value (formerly named Budget). Foodstuffs operates over 400 retail stores, and serves an estimated 3.6 million customers each week.

Foodstuffs' major competitor is the New Zealand division of the Australian Woolworths Group through their main supermarket chain Woolworths New Zealand, creating an effective duopoly in New Zealand's supermarket sector.

History
The first Foodstuffs co-operative was formed in Auckland in 1922. On 6 July 1922, Foodstuffs founder J Heaton Barker called together members of the Auckland Master Grocers' Association to discuss plans for the formation of a co-operative buying group. The buying group expanded in 1925 with the introduction of Four Square branding on members' stores. Similar co-operatives were set up in other parts of the country, with Wellington commencing also in 1922, Christchurch in 1928 and Dunedin in 1948. Initially, the buying groups traded under different names, but in 1935, the name Foodstuffs was applied to all the original co-operatives.

There have been various mergers between the small regional co-operatives, and until 2013 there were three co-operative companies: Foodstuffs (Auckland) Ltd; Foodstuffs (Wellington) Co-operative Society Ltd, and Foodstuffs South Island Ltd. Each operated independently and autonomously with its own board of directors, chief executive officer and management structure. There were no common members or shareholders. The organisation has continued to evolve, adopting supermarkets early in their evolution with the formation of the New World group in 1963. The Pak'nSave group began later, and the first store was opened in Kaitaia in 1985.

In 2006 Foodstuffs acquired a 10% stake in The Warehouse for $150 million. This was a time when The Warehouse was pushing to enter the grocery business. Later that year, Foodstuffs applied to the Commerce Commission to make an acquisition of The Warehouse in cooperation with Pacific Equity Partners. Foodstuff's stake in The Warehouse was later sold in 2021 for a loss.

On 7 February 2013, Foodstuffs (Auckland) Ltd and Foodstuffs (Wellington) Co-operative Society Ltd announced that a merger was being planned to bring the two companies together under the name Foodstuffs North Island Ltd. The merged Foodstuffs North Island started trading on 1 September 2013.

In September 2017 Foodstuffs announced that they had a goal to stop selling cage eggs by 2027. This followed an announcement by Countdown a few months prior that they would stop selling cage eggs by 2024. Foodstuffs' Pams brand has been cage free since 2008.

In August 2018 Foodstuffs announced that beginning on 1 January 2019, they would stop selling plastic bags within their stores. In 2022 Foodstuffs North Island announced that 29 of its North Island stores had started using facial recognition technology as a crime prevention measure.

In November 2023 Foodstuffs proposed to merge Foodstuffs North Island and Foodstuffs South Island into one entity. This would, according to Foodstuffs, reduce costs due to a lack of duplication. A vote on the merger will be held in mid-2024.

In February 2024 Foodstuffs North Island began trialling facial recognition technology in Pak'nSave and New World stores to detect people who have previously been trespassed. The Privacy Commissioner has expressed concerns about the technology's rate of false matches, which occurs higher in people of colour and women.

Four Square

Four Square is a national chain of 225 small scale supermarkets that operate in both the North and South Islands. During the 1950s the Foodstuffs advertising department designed the famous "Mr 4 Square" who initially appeared only in newspaper advertising and posters, but was developed to become part of the Four Square identity, appearing in every Four Square store and eventually becoming a nationally recognised symbol in New Zealand, remaining famous to this day. The image is often closely associated with the art of New Zealand artist Dick Frizzell, who has used the iconic character in many of his works.

The name Four Square emerged when Mr Barker, while talking on the telephone to one of the buying group members on 4 July 1924, drew a square around the 4 of the date on his calendar. He immediately realised he had a suitable name for the buying group, stating that "they would stand 'Four Square' to all the winds that blew".

New World
New World is a full-service supermarket chain. Founded in 1963, New World was the first American-style full-service supermarket brand of Foodstuffs, and the second in New Zealand (after Foodtown). There is a total of 148 New World supermarkets across the North and South Islands of New Zealand (as of July 2023). New World stores tend to be smaller (2500 - 3000 m2) and more upscale than their competitors. Prices tend to be higher in most stores, due to the cost of upscale presentation, large employee numbers (200–300 in some large stores), and often a lack of competition, especially in smaller towns. New World has been a member of the Fly Buys programme since the programme started in September 1996; Foodstuffs has a 25% stake in the Fly Buys company.

The New World brand was designed by Auckland design and branding studio Sanders Design.

Pak'nSave
Pak'nSave is a New Zealand discount supermarket chain owned by the Foodstuffs cooperative. Founded in 1985, Pak'nSave is the most recent of the three current major New Zealand supermarkets (Countdown, New World, and Pak'nSave) to be founded. There are 58 Pak'nSave stores operating across the North and South Islands of New Zealand as of July 2023. Stores are large and have a no-frills environment, often with unlined interiors and concrete floors. Customers are left to pack their own bags or boxes.

The Pak'nSave brand was designed by Auckland design and branding studio Sanders Design.

The stores are supplied daily from their co-operative distributor Foodstuffs. Pak'nSave stores often buys stock in bulk. This process means that stores don't offer a wide variety of products as full-service supermarkets – a 2009 Consumer magazine survey noticed this especially in the pet food and toilet paper categories.

On the Spot
On the Spot is a chain of 71 (as of July 2023) convenience stores/dairies in the South Island.

LiquorLand
Foodstuffs operates a franchise of independently owned liquor stores: LiquorLand.

LiquorLand is run by Foodstuffs North Island and Foodstuffs South Island. It has 147 stores, including 45 Auckland stores. The chain sells a range of spirits, liqueurs, beer, wine, cider, ready-to-drinks and snack food, including confectionery.

Henry's Beer, Wine & Spirits was run by Foodstuffs South Island. These have now been rebranded to LiquorLand stores.

Wholesalers

 * Gilmours (part of Foodstuffs North Island).
 * Trents (part of Foodstuffs South Island)

Operations
Foodstuffs is vertically integrated, operating central distribution centres which supply stores throughout the country. Foodstuffs North Island and Foodstuffs South Island jointly own Foodstuffs NZ Limited, which is used to coordinate between the different Foodstuffs cooperatives. It owns the brand names, but does not trade on its own or act as a holdings company.

title: Foodstuffs (company)


text: Category:Obscenity law

title: Category:Obscenity law


text:
Manipal

Manipal is a suburb and university town within Udupi, in coastal Karnataka, India. Manipal is located five kilometres away from the centre of Udupi City, in Udupi District, Karnataka (state) in south western India. It is administered by the Udupi City Municipality. The suburb is located in coastal Karnataka, 62 km north of Mangalore and 8 km east of the Arabian Sea. From its location on a plateau, at an altitude of about 75 metres above sea level, it commands a panoramic view of the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats to the east.

Home to the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, the town attracts more than twenty-five thousand students every year, hence most of the population consists of students or university staff. There are numerous spots throughout the suburb that attract students from nearby Mangalore and Udupi such as End Point, Manipal Lake, Malpe Beach, and Peacock Point. The city owes its development to Manipal Academy of Higher Education for converting this into a student city. It is called "Campus Town" by the locals.

A regional information technology hub, Manipal has one of the highest densities of mobile phones in India.

Etymology
Manipal derives its name from 'Manna Palla (meaning "muddy hole" or "muddy lake" in Tulu) commonly called Manipal Lake, a freshwater lake within Manipal.

Location
Situated 5 km east of the center of the temple city of Udupi and 65 km north of Mangalore, Manipal was previously part of the Shivalli village panchayat. Now it is part of Udupi city. The name is derived from "munn" and "palla", anglicised to Manipal. Munn means "mud" and palla means "lake" in Tulu language. This lake, roughly in the shape of 500 mtrs. diameter circle, after which Manipal is named, is located in the middle of the town and about 6 km. away from the Arabian Sea, and has a boating facility. The Swarna river passes just north of Manipal. Recreational facilities are available through End Point Park and Tree Park.

Manipal was once a barren hill with few trees. This hill was transformed into the university town it now is by Dr. T. M. A. Pai, who first started the Kasturba Medical College in 1953, now a part of the university Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE). Tourist spots like Agumbe, Kudremukh, Kapu and Malpe are also located nearby.

Climate
From September to February, the weather in Manipal is tropical with daily temperatures averaging 27 °C. From June to mid October, Manipal witnesses one of the most extreme monsoons in the world, with the annual precipitation ranging from 500 - 560 cm. The months of December to May are hot and humid, with the daily temperatures typically peaking at 35 °C. Being away from large urban centers and the highly tropical climate of the town attracts a large number of birds, with 155 different species of birds being recorded in February 2015, including rarities such as the Tickell's Thrush, Blue-eared Kingfisher and Slaty-breasted Rail.

Road
Manipal is connected to Mangalore (takes about 75 minutes via road) and towns such as Udupi, Karkala and Kundapur by several private bus services and KSRTC City Buses which run every thirty minutes. The town also has overnight bus services to Bangalore, Hyderabad, Goa and Mumbai.

There are also buses that connect to the famous nearby tourist attractions like Malpe beach, Delta Beach, and Dharmasthala.

Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation runs air-conditioned bus service between Mangalore International Airport and Manipal.

Rail
The nearest railway station is Udupi station (UD) on the Konkan Railway line, located four kilometers west of Manipal. It has trains connecting Bengaluru, Mumbai, Goa, Kerala, New Delhi, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Punjab. It is about a kilometer away from the National Highway 169A. Mangalore Central (MAQ) is the nearest major railway station and is located in Mangalore, 67 km south of the town.

Air
The nearest international airport is Mangalore International Airport, which is located around 62 km south of Manipal, connecting it to Indian cities like Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai and Delhi, and internationally to the middle eastern countries like Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Pre-paid taxis are available to transport passengers to and from Manipal and Udupi. KSRTC runs air-conditioned direct bus service between Manipal and Mangaluru International Airport.

Buses also connect Manipal directly to the Kempegowda International Airport in Bangalore, to cater to the large number of international students studying at the university. KSRTC recently started "Flybus", a premium daily bus service from Manipal to Kempegowda International Airport in Bangalore. Buses are also available for travelling to the nearby town of Udupi, where people can switch to the Railway Station for their needs.

Education
Manipal gained prominence when Dr. T.M.A. Pai founded the Kasturba Medical College in 1953, the Manipal Institute of Technology in 1957, a popular institute for engineering and 21 other colleges later, all of which became a part of Manipal Academy of Higher Education in 1993. Manipal Academy of Higher Education has been granted the status of Institute of Eminence in the year 2018. It has also been ranked among the top ten private engineering colleges within India. It is ranked 2nd within the state of Karnataka. Pai also founded the Manipal Pre-University College.

Manipal is a major technology and medical research hub, with major conferences and seminars organized almost every week. Since the establishment of Manipal University Technology and Business Incubator (MUTBI), the in-house business incubator of the university, a large number of student-run technology and media startups have sprung up.

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Loma Linda, California (1982)

title: Manipal


text:
Eric Malling

Eric Malling (September 4, 1946 – September 28, 1998) was a Canadian television journalist.

Malling was born in Swift Current, Saskatchewan. He was the only son of Danish immigrant John Malling Sorensen, a butcher. He graduated from the University of Saskatchewan with a BA degree in English literature, then continued his studies at Carleton University's School of Journalism in Ottawa.

Career
Eric Malling was a hard-hitting investigative journalist. Malling initially worked for the provincial government. He then worked as a journalist for the Regina Leader-Post, Swift Current Sun, and The Toronto Star beginning in 1968. From 1976 to 1990, he was the host of the CBC's the fifth estate. In 1978, his one-hour documentary on Gerald Bull and his role in the illegal export of artillery shells from Canada to South Africa during apartheid brought wide acclaim. In another of many sensational stories, the Federal Minister responsible for Fisheries, John Fraser, resigned after Malling revealed he had overruled his own health inspectors and allowed the sale of tainted StarKist brand of tuna based on the suggestion by a non-government corporation.

In 1990, he moved to CTV to host W5, which during this period was known as W5 with Eric Malling. In 1995, Malling moved from hosting W5 to hosting Mavericks, a CTV program that explored controversial political figures.

His television journalism earned him a Gemini Award, six ACTRA Awards, three Gordon Sinclair awards for excellence in broadcast journalism. He also received two Centre for Investigative Journalism Awards for excellence in investigative journalism.

Malling died at Sunnybrook Hospital in Toronto. He was 52 years of age.

title: Eric Malling


text:
Category talk:Brands of liqueurs

This should be "Brands of liqueur" (singular) - consider "types of beer" vs. "types of beers". Andy Mabbett 09:39, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Brands of liqueurs


text:
Wir sind Helden

Wir sind Helden (, German for "We are heroes") was a German pop rock band that was established in 2000 in Hamburg and based in Berlin. The band was composed of lead singer and guitarist Judith Holofernes, drummer Pola Roy, bassist Mark Tavassol and keyboardist/guitarist Jean-Michel Tourette.

Wir sind Helden's breakthrough came in 2002 with the release of the song "Guten Tag", even though the band did not yet have a recording contract. The ensuing debut album, Die Reklamation, reached No. 2 in the German charts and sold over half a million copies. Over the rest of the decade, the band released the albums Von hier an blind, Soundso and Bring mich nach Hause, all of which peaked at No. 1 or No. 2 in the German and Austrian charts.

Wir sind Helden's music shows influences from the Neue Deutsche Welle, especially in the debut album Die Reklamation. The band's music is also characterized by social commentary in songs such as "Guten Tag" and "Müssen nur wollen". In April 2012, the band informed its fans that it was going on indefinite hiatus.

2000–2002: Early years
Prior to the formation of Wir sind Helden, singer-songwriter and guitarist Judith Holofernes was performing in Berlin clubs as a solo artist and had self-released the EP Kamikazefliege (1999). The band was founded in 2000 after she met drummer Pola Roy and keyboardist/guitarist Jean-Michel Tourette at a pop music workshop in Hamburg. Soon thereafter, Mark Tavassol joined the band as bassist.

The idea behind using the word "Helden" (which means "heroes") in the band name was to reclaim the word for the antiheroes ("Der Begriff 'Helden' wird jetzt so inflationär benutzt. Wir wollten ihn zurückhaben für die Antihelden." English: "The term 'heroes' is so inflated now. We want it back for the anti-heroes."). In addition, the band name was also inspired by German band Die Helden, which was the first band Holofernes saw performing live, and by the song "Heroes" by English singer David Bowie, whom Holofernes has cited as a role model for the band.

In 2002, Wir sind Helden self-released the EP Guten Tag. Despite the band's lack of recording contract, the title song was played by German radio stations and its music video was aired on the rotation of MTV Germany. The band consequently attracted the attention of several record companies and then signed with Labels, an EMI label. The growing interest in the band also led to Holofernes being invited to appear on Die Harald Schmidt Show, a late-night talk show on German television.

2003–2004: Die Reklamation
Wir sind Helden's debut single, "Guten Tag", was released in February 2003, and the follow-up single was "Müssen nur wollen", released in May 2003. The criticisms of modern-day life in both songs (the former relating to consumerism and the latter concerning the pressure to achieve) brought the band to the attention of newspaper culture sections. Both singles entered the German singles chart, where they reached No. 53 and No. 57, respectively.

The two singles were followed by Wir sind Helden's debut album, Die Reklamation, which was released in July 2003. In addition to uptempo, punk-influenced songs such as the previously released "Guten Tag" and "Müssen nur wollen", the album also includes melancholic songs such as "Die Zeit heilt alle Wunder" and "Du erkennst mich nicht wieder".

German news website Spiegel Online declared that Wir sind Helden's sound reconciled the good sides of New Wave and Neue Deutsche Welle with the modern era, and it named Die Reklamation as one of the most important CDs of 2003. In his review of the album, Stefan Friedrich of music magazine laut.de described Holofornes as the woman currently writing the most intelligent, witty and beautiful German song lyrics.

Die Reklamation entered the German albums chart at No. 6 before peaking at No. 2 and eventually selling over 500,000 copies. At the 2004 ECHO music awards, Wir sind Helden was the recipient of three awards.

2005–2006: Von hier an blind
Released in April 2005, Wir sind Helden's second album, Von hier an blind, saw the band become more introspective and less political compared to Die Reklamation. Speaking in an interview, Holofernes stated that the album was concerned with asking what was it deep inside that prevented happiness ("Ich habe mich gefragt, was mich tief im Inneren davon abhält, glücklich zu sein").

In comparison with Die Reklamation, Von hier an blind gives less prominence to keyboard sounds and Neue Deutsche Welle influences. The album also includes the swing number "Gekommen um zu bleiben", which Wir sind Helden performed with a live orchestra at the 2005 ECHO music awards.

Von hier an blind went straight to the top of the German albums chart and stayed in the top 10 for twenty weeks. The album also charted at No. 1 in Austria. Two singles from the album, "Gekommen um zu bleiben" and "Nur ein Wort", were both top 30 hits in the German singles chart.

Later in 2005, Wir sind Helden was one of the headliners at German rock music festival Rock am Ring and was one of the acts performing in Berlin as part of the series of Live 8 concerts. The following year, Holofernes and Roy married and started a family.

2007–2009: Soundso
The third album by Wir sind Helden, Soundso, was released in May 2007 and reached No. 2 in both the German and Austrian albums charts. Speaking in an interview, Tavassol explained that the common theme of the album was that of distribution of roles, individuality, and personalities within the various roles ("Es gibt dabei einen roten Faden, das ist das Thema Rollenverteilung, Individualität und letztendlich Persönlichkeiten in den verschiedenen Rollen").

Soundso saw a development in Wir Helden's sound, with Neue Deutsche Welle influences reduced to a minimum and the incorporation of further musical elements such as horns, glam guitars and virtual orchestras. The album also saw the introduction of "musical humour" to the band's music: according to Tourette, duophonic guitars and synthesized saxophones were used because of their cheesiness and charm ("Zweistimmige Gitarren einzusetzen, ist im deutschen Pop genauso verpönt, wie synthetische Saxofone zuzulassen. Wir haben jetzt beides auf dem Album, weil sie schön cheesy klingen, aber Charme haben").

The first single released from Soundso was "Endlich ein Grund zur Panik", a hectic synthpop song with a swing and ska climax backing up the choruses. While polarizing fans, the single went to No. 34 in the German charts.

2010–2011: Bring mich nach Hause
After three years away from the spotlight, Wir sind Helden returned in August 2010 with Bring mich nach Hause, the band's fourth album. The band had by then signed to Sony Music following the break-up of Labels. In addition, Wir sind Helden had parted ways with Patrik Majer, who had produced the band's previous three albums, with the new album being produced by English producer Ian Davenport.

For the recording of Bring mich nach Hause, Wir sind Helden strived to use real instruments over synthesizers. Additional instruments which can be heard on the album include the accordion, oud, banjo and glockenspiel. In addition, bassist Jörg Holdinghausen from German band Tele was involved in recording the album as guest musician and vocalist.

Speaking in an interview, Holofernes stated that Bring mich nach Hause had both a melancholic side and a euphoric side, and cited "Alles" as the song which best embodied these two sides. "Alles" was the first single released from the album and reached No. 36 in the German singles chart. The album itself went to No. 1 in Germany and Austria.

2012: Indefinite hiatus
On 4 April 2012, it was announced on the official Wir sind Helden website that the band was going on an indefinite hiatus. The band members cited the distance between their home cities, the demands of their family lives, "signs of wear and tear", and the feeling of an increasingly impossible undertaking ("...so haben wir trotz numeroser echter Kinder, dreier Heimatstädte und diverser Abnutzungserscheinungen festgehalten an einem immer unmöglicher werdenden Unterfangen..."). In February 2014, Holofernes released her first post-Wir sind Helden solo album, Ein leichtes Schwert.

Musical style
Wir sind Helden has been referred to as a pop band or pop rock band in the German press. In an interview at the time of the release of Die Reklamation, Roy acknowledged that the band's music had Neue Deutsche Welle influences and added that it contained indie rock as well. He further stated that Holofernes's song writing was influenced by Elvis Costello, Bob Dylan and Rio Reiser.

International activities
Wir sind Helden held two back-to-back concerts in London, England in 2005, playing in front of 500 fans on each occasion. Two years later, the band returned to London to perform at the Institute of Contemporary Arts as part of the 2007 iTunes Festival. Other foreign countries in which the band gave live performances include Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

In 2007, the iTunes Store launched its series of "iTunes Foreign Exchange" singles, where two artists from countries with different languages are paired up to cover each other's music. The first single released features American band +44 and Wir sind Helden, with the former providing an English cover of "Guten Tag" and the latter doing a German cover of the +44 song "When Your Heart Stops Beating". The original versions of the songs are also included in the single.

Video game company EA Sports used the Wir sind Helden songs "Guten Tag" and "Endlich ein Grund zur Panik" for the soundtracks of its association football games. The songs appear on FIFA Football 2004 and FIFA 08, respectively.

Two Wir sind Helden compilation albums were released outside Germany: Sa Itte Miyo, which was released in Japan, and "Wir sind Helden", which was released in France. For these albums, some songs were re-recorded in Japanese or French.

Band members

 * Judith Holofernes (real name: Judith Holfelder von der Tann) – lead vocals, guitar
 * Pola Roy (real name: Sebastian Roy) – drums
 * Mark Tavassol – bass
 * Jean-Michel Tourette (real name: Jens Eckhoff) – keyboards, guitar

Studio albums
Note: Die Reklamation, Von hier an blind and Soundso were also each released as a limited edition album with bonus DVD. Bring mich nach Hause was also released as an unplugged album.

Other releases

 * Guten Tag (2002) – 5-track EP independently released, 3000 copies produced
 * iTunes Foreign Exchange #1 (2007) – single available from iTunes
 * iTunes Festival: London 2007 (2007) – 6-track EP available from iTunes
 * Live @ Rockpalast (2012) – live video album

Awards

 * ECHO
 * 2004: National Newcomer Prize (from Deutsche Phono-Akademie), National Newcomer Prize (from radio vote), National Newcomer Video (for "Müssen nur wollen")
 * 2006: Group of the Year (National)
 * Eins Live Krone (radio station award)
 * 2003: Best Newcomer
 * 2004: Best Live Act
 * 2005: Best Album (for Von hier an blind)
 * European Border Breakers Award
 * 2005: Awarded for Die Reklamation

title: Wir sind Helden


text:
Talk:Konkani (disambiguation)

I changed "...given India's official language status" to "...given official language status". The former version, in addition to having a redundancy, tends to imply status as India's sole official language.

On a different note, isn't fishing also a major occupation in the Konkani community? rajneesh 09:41, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Ancient major occupations were fishing, farming and hunting. Then came trade (Goa was a natural port) with the Gulf states. You can put up a separate part for occupations in the Konkan region. I would also suggest you to look at Goa(state). --Desai 05:51, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

The aricle gives the impression that Saraswath Brahmins are called so 'cos they eat fish !Though fish is consumed commonly these  among Konkanis I guess it was never a part of the original Saraswath agenda ! Fishing is not occupation among konkanis atleast in the Mangalore,Udupi region.But I guess it is prevalent in North Canara /Goa Srikanth

-- The GSB in Kerala don't eat fish either. BTW, who owns this root page?

First printed book in Konkani
The article says: "The first known book in Konkani was written in 1651 by Friar Thomas Steven, titled Doctrina Christi (the Doctrines of Christ)."

Madhavi Sardesai, in her article "Konkani Language", in last year's "Goa" issue of _Seminar_ (October?) says

"From the literary contributions of Fr. Thomas Stephens (1549-1619), called 'the Father of Christian Literature in India' (SarDessai 2000: 34) and who is also the author of the first printed book in Konkani - Doutrina Crista (1622)...."

1651 or 1622? Grateful if the date could be confirmed (I need the information for an article I am writing on language politics in Konkani for the Esperanto magazine Monato.) Giridhar 7 July 2005 07:50 (UTC)

Number of speakers of Konkani
The article wisely says: "The Konkani language is spoken widely in the Konkan region" without trying to give even ballpark figures!

See the large discrepancy between the census figure (1.7 million, 1991) and the ethnologue.com figure (7.6 million, 1999/2000). Meanwhile, a recent _Outlook_ article says: "A rough estimate puts Konkani speakers at 37 lakh in Karnataka, spread across three coastal districts." -- Certainly more than the 7 lakhs of the 1991 census! See: http://outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20050627&fname=Konkani+%28F%29&sid=1&pn=1

For Kannada, for example, the discrepancy is much smaller -- the 1991 census says 32.8 million, and ethnologue.com's 1997 figure is 35.3 million. See: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN

Any better approximation, anyone? Giridhar 7 July 2005 07:50 (UTC)

=
================================================================================== the writer of this article seems to have little knowledge of the region or history of the language. there are traditional folklores about how saraswats(Konkani brahmins) came to goa. but new archeological evidence also seem to support this facts that are handed down by word of mouth in traditional saraswat families. to srikanth: NO THE SARASWATS IN GOA ARE NOT FISHERMEN and yes they still do eat fish. this has nothing to do with being brahmin as three of the five pancha gauda brahmins classes of north; one among which is the saraswats; do the same. I can very well attest that maithili brahmins also do eat meat. so please make sure that the facts discussed here are indeed true before believing and arguing about the same. one can find much better facts about konakni at http://www.gsbkerala.com/gsbhistory.htm. --shripad

Konkani is not an offspring of Marathi
The article states that Konkani is another branch of Marathi. But, history has established that even when Konkani language had reached maturity, the Marathi language was not even born. There is an inscription written in Konkani dated 1187 A.D. whereas even the earliest Marathi manuscripts are of 16th century.

http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm

-Ravi

Non-vegetarian forbidden for Brahmins?
Removed the following portion: ...a food that is generally forbidden for this caste (brahmins are generally vegetarian)...

This is not entirely true. Non-vegetarian food is not forbidden, but (strongly) discouraged equally across all castes in Hinduism because it involves harming another living being. Only the meat from cattle and pigs is (strictly) forbidden. Also some Brahmin sects eat non-vegetarian food. Rohitbd 12:28, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Konkani Wikipedia
Dear Konknni friends,

Konkani Wikipedia has been started and been in test stage since August 2006.

Kindly contribute towards the Konkani wikipedia. We intend to make it a multiscript

Wikipeida. At least tri-script with Roman ,Devanangiri and Kannada scripts since these are the most popular ones.

We would like to get more articles/templates in place. We also need volunteers to do the thankless and boring job of transliterating it to different scripts.

As of now only two members are making active contributions. The more the merrier. Your contribution is vital to its success.

The url is given below:

http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Konkani_Wikipedia

Dev boro dees deum! -Deepak D'Souza 05:35, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Note: The current url is incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/gom. —Gyopi (talk) 09:53, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

This page as the main page for Konkani (language)
I propose that this page link redirect to Konkani language with a hatnote to the disambiguation page because Konkani language is the primary article (WP:PRIMARYTOPIC) for this topic, since:

1. Konkani language was viewed the most number of times (10,723) in 201105, followed by Konkan has been viewed 5420 times in 201105, Konkani people has been viewed 3478 times in 201106, and Konkani (dialect of Marathi language) has been viewed 102 times.

2. Konkani language has the most number of incoming links (nearly 1000) followed by Konkani people (little over 700), Konkan (over 600), and the others being less than 50, except for Konkani dialect (Marathi) which is the link to a small section in an article.

3. Most links to Konkani are intended for Konkani language

4. Most of the Google search results for Konkani on the first 3 pages refer to Konkani as in Konkani language

I will make this change after two days if there are no objections.

The Discoverer (talk) 15:00, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Konkani Script.
what is the issue with Kannada-Devanagari script for Konkani? Guess Konkani speakers native to Karnataka, be it GSB or Catholics, have different touch to their language, different from Goan Konkani. Mangalorean Catholic organizations vouch for Roman script actually. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kbr144 (talk • contribs) 06:56, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Konkani (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:35, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Konkani (disambiguation)


text:
Watching Ellie

Watching Ellie is an American television sitcom that stars Julia Louis-Dreyfus and was created by her husband, Brad Hall and aired on NBC from February 26, 2002 to May 20, 2003. Sixteen episodes were broadcast before it was canceled due to low ratings.

Premise and formats
There were two incarnations of Watching Ellie. Both focused on the character of cabaret singer Ellie Riggs (Louis-Dreyfus), with markedly different approaches.

The first was directed by Ken Kwapis, known for his innovative work in single-camera sitcoms such as The Larry Sanders Show, Malcolm in the Middle and The Bernie Mac Show. Each 22-minute episode was meant to portray a 22-minute slice of Ellie's life, in real time. In the earliest episodes, a clock was even shown in the corner of the screen. Louis-Dreyfus stated in 2003 that the clock was Jeff Zucker's idea. Thirteen episodes were filmed, but only ten aired before the series was put on indefinite hiatus (the remaining first-season episodes have never aired).

Nearly a full year later, the show reappeared as a more traditional sitcom, with multiple cameras and a live studio audience plus an added laugh track. This version fared even worse than its predecessor and was canceled after six episodes.

Cast

 * Julia Louis-Dreyfus – Ellie Riggs
 * Lauren Bowles – Susan
 * Steve Carell – Edgar
 * Darren Boyd – Ben
 * Peter Stormare – Ingvar
 * Don Lake – Dr. Zimmerman

Production
Louis-Dreyfus and Hall earned salaries of $350,000 each per episode and their contracts stipulated 15 episodes per season, rather than the usual 22. Carsey-Werner-Mandabach Productions, the original production company, dropped out because of the high costs and was replaced by NBC Studios.

The show was pitched to ABC, CBS, Fox and HBO, who all turned down the series.

Louis-Dreyfus and Bowles played sisters and they are also half-sisters in real life.

title: Watching Ellie


text:
Amer (river)

The Amer is a river in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is a continuation of the Bergse Maas river from the river Donge near Raamsdonksveer to the point where it joins the river Nieuwe Merwede to form the Hollands Diep estuary, and has a total length of approximately 20 km. The Amer is a major navigation route. It forms the south boundary of the Biesbosch National Park.

In 1886, the splitting of the Maas and of the Waal made the Amer the mouth of the Maas. Before anthropogenic actions in the early 1900s, salmon used to reach the Bergse Maas through the Amer.

The river is also known because the Amercentrale, one of the biggest power plants in the Netherlands, is located on its bank. As a result, ships transporting coal for the plant use the eastern part of the river, mainly coming from the Wilhelmina Canal.

title: Amer (river)


text:
Alisha Klass

Alisha Klass (born January 3, 1972) is a former American pornographic actress.

Career
Klass began starring in pornographic movies around 1997, becoming the best known collaborator with director Seymore Butts, aka Adam Glasser, to whom she was once engaged. Klass had a tattoo on her rear reading "Seymore Butts." However, following an acrimonious break up in 2000 she has since had it covered with a dolphin. Tampa Tushy Fest, Part 1, a 1998 video featuring Klass in a lesbian fisting scene with Chloe Nicole, resulted in Glasser being charged with obscenity. Glasser pleaded public nuisance charge as part of an agreement with the Los Angeles city attorney's office on March 20, 2002. He also paid a fine of $1,000.

Other ventures
Klass has worked as a host on the Playboy television show, Inside Adult, and wrote a column for Club Confidential magazine.

Appearances
Klass had a brief cameo as a cheerleader in the movie Cruel Intentions in 1999. She appeared briefly as a dancer in the 2001 independent film The Center of the World. Klass has also made appearances on the Howard Stern Show, both television and radio, as well as various documentaries about the adult industry as herself including Porn Star: The Legend of Ron Jeremy in 2001.

Personal life
She studied directing and screenwriting at UCLA in 2001. She was engaged to Seymore Butts and briefly dated sports agent Dan Lozano.

Awards
• 1998 NightMoves Award – Best New Starlet (Editor's Choice)

• 1998 XRCO Award – Best Anal/DP Scene for Behind the Sphinc Door

• 1999 XRCO Award – Best Anal/DP Scene for Tushy Heaven

• 1999 XRCO Award – Best Girl-Girl Scene for Tampa Tushy Fest 1

• 1999 AVN Award – Best Anal Sex Scene – Video for Tushy Heaven

• 1999 AVN Award – Best Group Sex Scene – Video for Tushy Heaven

• 1999 AVN Award – Best New Starlet

• 1999 F.O.X.E Award – Female Fan Favorite

• 1999 NightMoves Award – Best Actress (Fan's Choice)

• 2000 AVN Award – Best All-Girl Sex Scene – Video for Tampa Tushy Fest

• 2007 NightMoves Hall of Fame inductee

• 2012 AVN Hall of Fame inductee

title: Alisha Klass


text:
Coupling (probability)

In probability theory, coupling is a proof technique that allows one to compare two unrelated random variables (distributions) $X$ and $Y$ by creating a random vector $W$ whose marginal distributions correspond to $X$ and $Y$ respectively. The choice of $W$ is generally not unique, and the whole idea of "coupling" is about making such a choice so that $X$ and $Y$ can be related in a particularly desirable way.

Definition
Using the standard formalism of probability theory, let $$X_1$$ and $$X_2$$ be two random variables defined on probability spaces $$(\Omega_1,F_1,P_1)$$ and $$(\Omega_2,F_2,P_2)$$. Then a coupling of $$X_1$$ and $$X_2$$ is a new probability space $$(\Omega,F,P)$$ over which there are two random variables $$Y_1$$ and $$Y_2$$ such that $$Y_1$$ has the same distribution as $$X_1$$ while $$Y_2$$ has the same distribution as $$X_2$$.

An interesting case is when $$Y_1$$ and $$Y_2$$ are not independent.

Random walk
Assume two particles A and B perform a simple random walk in two dimensions, but they start from different points. The simplest way to couple them is simply to force them to walk together. On every step, if A walks up, so does B, if A moves to the left, so does B, etc. Thus, the difference between the two particles' positions stays fixed. As far as A is concerned, it is doing a perfect random walk, while B is the copycat. B holds the opposite view, i.e. that it is, in effect, the original and that A is the copy. And in a sense they both are right. In other words, any mathematical theorem, or result that holds for a regular random walk, will also hold for both A and B.

Consider now a more elaborate example. Assume that A starts from the point (0,0) and B from (10,10). First couple them so that they walk together in the vertical direction, i.e. if A goes up, so does B, etc., but are mirror images in the horizontal direction i.e. if A goes left, B goes right and vice versa. We continue this coupling until A and B have the same horizontal coordinate, or in other words are on the vertical line (5,y). If they never meet, we continue this process forever (the probability of that is zero, though). After this event, we change the coupling rule. We let them walk together in the horizontal direction, but in a mirror image rule in the vertical direction. We continue this rule until they meet in the vertical direction too (if they do), and from that point on, we just let them walk together.

This is a coupling in the sense that neither particle, taken on its own, can "feel" anything we did. Neither the fact that the other particle follows it in one way or the other, nor the fact that we changed the coupling rule or when we did it. Each particle performs a simple random walk. And yet, our coupling rule forces them to meet almost surely and to continue from that point on together permanently. This allows one to prove many interesting results that say that "in the long run", it is not important where you started in order to obtain that particular result.

Biased coins
Assume two biased coins, the first with probability p of turning up heads and the second with probability q > p of turning up heads. Intuitively, if both coins are tossed the same number of times, we should expect the first coin turns up fewer heads than the second one. More specifically, for any fixed k, the probability that the first coin produces at least k heads should be less than the probability that the second coin produces at least k heads. However proving such a fact can be difficult with a standard counting argument. Coupling easily circumvents this problem.

Let X1, X2, ..., Xn be indicator variables for heads in a sequence of flips of the first coin. For the second coin, define a new sequence Y1, Y2, ..., Yn such that

 * if Xi = 1, then Yi = 1,
 * if Xi = 0, then Yi = 1 with probability (q − p)/(1 − p).

Then the sequence of Yi has exactly the probability distribution of tosses made with the second coin. However, because Yi depends on Xi, a toss by toss comparison of the two coins is now possible. That is, for any k ≤ n

 * $$ \Pr(X_1 + \cdots + X_n > k) \leq \Pr(Y_1 + \cdots + Y_n > k).$$

Convergence of Markov Chains to a stationary distribution
Initialize one process $$X_n$$ outside the stationary distribution and initialize another process $$ Y_n $$ inside the stationary distribution. Couple these two independent processes together $$ (X_n,Y_n) $$. As you let time run these two processes will evolve independently. Under certain conditions, these two processes will eventually meet and can be considered the same process at that point. This means that the process outside the stationary distribution converges to the stationary distribution.

title: Coupling (probability)


text:
List of French residents-general in Morocco

In 1911, the conquest of Morocco was initiated by the French Third Republic, in the aftermath of the Agadir Crisis. While the conquest itself lasted until 1934, the Treaty of Fes was signed on 30 March 1912. According to the treaty, most of Morocco would become a French protectorate from 1912 to 1956, when the country regained its independence.

List
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)


text:
Talk:Indian languages

Untitled
I couldn't find an authoritative, independent (outside of Wikipedia) website that classifies the Indian languages. Isn't Hindi the only official language (with English having "associate official" status)? The other languages, though officially recognized (by the constitution?), aren't termed "official languages", are they? rajneesh 09:54, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * They're all official. Hindi and English are official languages of the FEDERAL government. But all other languages receive recognition by the central gov't of India. --LordSuryaofShropshire 01:03, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

Now a dab page, as the links here are not all about the languages of India. — kwami (talk) 05:06, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian languages


text:
Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles

Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles (29 September 1678 – 24 June 1766) was a French nobleman and soldier.

Biography
Son of Anne Jules de Noailles, he inherited the title duc de Noailles on his father's death in 1708.

He fought in the War of the Spanish Succession (1710–1713) during which the forces under his command on 24–26 July 1710 drove back a British attack on Sète. He was president of the Finance Council from 1715 to 1718. He distinguished himself in the War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) and was made a marshal of France in 1734, becoming dean of the marshals in 1748.

He served in the War of the Austrian Succession and was appointed to command the French forces in March 1743. He was defeated at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743, but successfully drove the Austrians out of Alsace-Lorraine the following year, although he missed an opportunity to seriously damage the Austrian army as it was crossing the Rhine.

The duc de Noailles was Foreign Minister from April to November 1744, and regarded Great Britain as a greater enemy of France than Austria. He later acted in a diplomatic capacity and had substantial influence over the course of foreign policy.

Married
In 1698, as comte d'Ayen, he married Françoise Charlotte Amable d'Aubigné, niece and beneficiary of the marquise de Maintenon, and by her had six children, 4 daughters and 2 sons. His two sons Louis, 4th duc de Noailles, and Philippe, duc de Mouchy, also went on to become marshals of France.

The duc de Noailles was made a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1702, a Grandee of Spain in 1711, and a Knight of the Order of Saint-Esprit in 1724.

Issue

 * 1) Françoise Adélaide de Noailles (1 September 1704 – January 1776) married Charles de Lorraine in 1717, son of Louis, Count of Armagnac and had no issue; divorced in 1721;
 * 2) Amable-Gabrielle de Villars (18 February 1706 – September 1742), lady in waiting to the queen; married Honoré Armand de Villars and had one daughter, Amable Angélique de Villars; Amable Angélique may have been the daughter of le chevalier d'Orléans, whose mistress was Amable Gabrielle;
 * 3) Marie Louise de Noailles (8 September 1710 – 22 May 1782), married Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force and divorced in 1742; had no issue;
 * 4) Louis de Noailles, Duke of Ayen, Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 – 22 August 1793), married Catherine Françoise Charlotte de Cossé-Brissac and had issue;
 * 5) Philippe de Noailles, Count of Noailles Duke of Mouchy (27 December 1715 – 27 June 1794), married the famous Madame Étiquette and had issue; wife was a Lady-in-waiting to Marie Antoinette; Louis and his wife were executed in the Revolution;
 * 6) Marie Anne Françoise de Noailles (12 January 1719 – 29 June 1793), married in 1744 Ludwig Engelbert de La Marck (1701–1773), Count of Schleiden.


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Baptist War

The Baptist War, also known as the Sam Sharp Rebellion, the Christmas Rebellion, the Christmas Uprising and the Great Jamaican Slave Revolt of 1831–32, was an eleven-day rebellion that started on 25 December 1831 and involved up to 60,000 of the 300,000 slaves in the Colony of Jamaica. The uprising was led by a black Baptist deacon, Samuel Sharpe, and waged largely by his followers. The revolt, though militarily unsuccessful, played a major part in the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire.

Ideology
The missionary-educated rebels had been following progress of the abolitionist movement in London; their intention was to call a peaceful general strike. Compared with their Presbyterian, Wesleyan, and Moravian counterparts, Baptist slaves seemed more ready to take action. This may have reflected a higher level of absenteeism among white Baptist missionaries. The relative independence of Black deacons facilitated slaves taking greater ownership over their religious life, including reinterpretations of Baptist theology in terms of their experience (for example, they placed an emphasis on the role of John the Baptist, sometimes at the expense of Jesus. )

Thomas Burchell, a missionary in Montego Bay, returned from England following Christmas vacation. Many of the Baptist ministry expected that he would return with papers for emancipation from the king, William IV. They also thought that the King's men would enforce the order and discontent escalated among slaves when the Jamaican governor announced that no emancipation had been granted.

The strike and the uprising
Led by 'native' Baptist preacher Samuel Sharpe, enslaved black workers demanded more freedom and a working wage of "half the going wage rate"; they took an oath to stay away from work until their demands were met by the plantation owners. The enslaved laborers believed that the work stoppage could achieve their ends alone – a resort to force was only envisaged if violence was used against them. Sharpe was the inspiration for the rebellion, and was nicknamed "Daddy" Sharpe. His military commanders were mainly literate slaves, like him, and they included Johnson, a carpenter called Campbell from York estate, a waggoner from Greenwich estate named Robert Gardner, Thomas Dove from Belvedere estate, John Tharp from Hazlelymph estate, and George Taylor, who, like Sharpe, was a deacon in Burchell's chapel.

It became the largest slave uprising in the British West Indies, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's 300,000 slaves. During the rebellion, fourteen white people were killed by armed slave battalions and 207 rebels were killed.

The rebellion exploded on December 27, when slaves set fire to Kensington estate, in the hills above Montego Bay. Colonel William Grignon of the militia was an attorney who ran several estates, including one at Salt Spring, where a series of incidents in December were the sparks for the uprising.

Grignon led the militia against the rebels at Belvedere estate, but he was forced to retreat, leaving the rebels in command of the rural areas of the parish of St James.

On December 31, the colonial authorities instituted martial law. Sir Willoughby Cotton, who commanded the British forces, then summoned the Jamaican Maroons of Accompong Town to help suppress the rebellion in the second week of January. However, when the Accompong Maroons attacked the rebels at Catadupa, they were forced to withdraw because the rebels were "too strong".

The Accompong Maroons soon gained the upper hand however, and they defeated the rebels in one skirmish, killing one of Sharpe's deputies, Campbell, in the assault. When the army regulars were besieged by the rebels at Maroon Town, the Accompong Maroons relieved them, killing more rebels, and capturing scores of them, including another of Sharpe's deputies, Dehany.

When the Windward Maroons from Charles Town, Jamaica and Moore Town answered the call of Cotton, the rebel cause was lost. These eastern Maroons killed and captured a number of other rebels, including another leader named Gillespie. One of the last leaders of the rebels, Gardner, surrendered when he heard the Charles Town Maroons had joined the fight against them.

Suppression and death toll
The rebellion was quickly suppressed by the colonial authorities. The reaction of the colonial government and reprisals of the plantocracy were far more brutal than any actions undertaken by the rebels; approximately 500 rebels were killed, with 207 killed outright during the revolt. After the rebellion, an estimated 310 to 340 enslaved Jamaicans were killed through "various forms of judicial executions". At times, enslaved Jamaicans were executed for quite minor offenses (one recorded execution was for the theft of a pig; another, a cow). An 1853 account by Henry Bleby described how the courts commonly executed three or four persons simultaneously; bodies were piled up until the Black people relegated to the workhouse carted the bodies away at night and buried them in mass graves outside town.

After the rebellion, property damage was estimated in the Jamaican Assembly summary report in March 1832 at £1,154,589 (roughly £124,000,000 in 2021). Thousands of rebels had set fire to more than 100 properties, destroying over 40 sugar works and the houses of nearly 100 slavers.

The slavers suspected many missionaries of having encouraged the rebellion. Some, such as William Knibb and Bleby, were arrested, tarred and feathered, but later released. Groups of white colonials destroyed chapels that housed Black congregations.

Aftermath
As a result of the Baptist War, hundreds of slaves ran away into the Cockpit Country in order to avoid being forced back into slavery. The Maroons only apprehended a small number of these runaway slaves. Many runaways remained free and at large when the British parliament passed the Act abolishing slavery in 1833.

Historians argue that the brutality of the Jamaican plantocracy during the revolt accelerated the British political process of emancipating the slaves. When Burchell and Knibb described how badly they were treated by the colonial militias, the House of Commons expressed their outrage that white planters could have tarred and feathered white missionaries. Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 for initial measures to begin in 1834, followed by partial emancipation (outright for children six or under, six years' apprenticeship for the rest) in 1834 and then unconditional emancipation of chattel slavery in 1838.

In literature

 * Andrea Levy's 2010 novel The Long Song recounts, through a fictional narrative, the events of the Baptist War.
 * The 1929 novel The White Witch of Rosehall, by Herbert G. de Lisser, has a climax set in Rose Hall at the time of the Baptist War.

title: Baptist War


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Sutro Baths

The Sutro Baths was a large, privately owned public saltwater swimming pool complex in the Lands End area of the Outer Richmond District in western San Francisco, California.

Built in 1894, the Sutro Baths was located north of Ocean Beach, the Cliff House, Seal Rocks, and west of Sutro Heights Park. The structure burned down to its concrete foundation in June 1966; its ruins are located in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Sutro Historic District.

History
On March 14, 1896, the Sutro Baths were opened to the public as the world's largest indoor swimming pool establishment. The baths were built on the western side of San Francisco by wealthy entrepreneur and former mayor of San Francisco (1894–1896) Adolph Sutro.

The structure was situated in a small beach inlet below the Cliff House, also owned by Adolph Sutro at the time. Both the Cliff House and the former baths site are now a part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, operated by the United States National Park Service. The baths struggled for years, mostly due to the very high operating and maintenance costs. Eventually, the southernmost part of the baths was converted into an ice skating rink, with a wall separating it from the dilapidated swimming pools, until 1964 when the property was sold to developers for a planned high-rise apartment complex.

A fire in 1966 destroyed the building while it was in the process of being demolished. All that remains of the site are concrete walls, blocked-off stairs and passageways, and a tunnel with a deep crevice in the middle. The cause of the fire was determined to be arson. Shortly afterwards, the developers left San Francisco and claimed insurance money.

Infrastructure and facilities
The following statistics are from a 1912 article written by J. E. Van Hoosear of Pacific Gas and Electric. Materials used in the structure included 100000 sqft of glass, 600 tons of iron, 3.5 e6board feet of lumber, and 10000 yd3 of concrete.

During high tides, water would flow directly into the pools from the nearby ocean, recycling the two million US gallons (7,600 m3) of water in about an hour. During low tides, a powerful turbine water pump, built inside a cave at sea level, could be switched on from a control room and could fill the tanks at a rate of 6,000 US gallons a minute (380 L/s), recycling all the water in five hours.

Facilities included:
 * Six saltwater pools and one freshwater pool. The baths were 499.5 ft long and 254.1 ft wide for a capacity of 1.805 e6usgal. They were equipped with seven slides, 30 swinging rings, and one springboard.
 * A museum displaying an extensive collection of stuffed and mounted animals, historic artifacts, and artwork, much of which Sutro acquired from the Woodward's Gardens estate sale in 1894
 * A 2700-seat amphitheater, and club rooms with capacity for 1100
 * 517 private dressing rooms
 * An ice skating rink

The baths were once served by two rail lines. The Ferries and Cliff House Railroad ran along the cliffs of Lands End overlooking the Golden Gate. The route ran from the baths to a terminal at California Street and Central Avenue, now Presidio Avenue. The second line was the Sutro Railroad, which ran electric trolleys to Golden Gate Park and downtown San Francisco. Both lines were later taken over by the Market Street Railway.

In popular culture

 * Media stored by the Library of Congress as part of the "American Memory" collection and available for viewing online:
 * Sutro Baths, no. 1 and Sutro Baths, no. 2, filmed in 1897 by Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
 * Leander Sisters, The Yellow Kid dance
 * Panoramic view from a steam engine on the Ferries and Cliff House Railroad line route along the cliffs of Lands End, starting at the Sutro Baths depot, filmed in 1902 by Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
 * Panoramic view from the beach below Cliff House at Sutro Baths, filmed in 1903 by American Mutoscope and Biograph Company.
 * The climax of the film The Lineup was shot at the ice skating rink in 1958.
 * Scene from the film  Harold and Maude shot at the ruins of the Sutro Baths.
 * Some parts of Earthquake Weather, the last piece of the Fault Lines Trilogy by Tim Powers, are set in and near Sutro Baths.
 * Part of the 2019 fantasy novel Middlegame by Seanan McGuire is set in Sutro Baths.
 * Key scenes from the Cory Doctorow young adult novels Little Brother and Homeland are set in the ruins of the Sutro Baths.

title: Sutro Baths


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User:Rabit

Who I Am
I live in Northern-ish California.

I like Wiki, Wiki is fun!

I play guitar on an Ibanez Sabre (80's model) and code on a Toshiba Qosmio F55.

I browse the internets mostly on my HP Touchpad 32GB running Android. Not anymore, now own Nexus 7 (Both 2012 & 2013 models), Nexus 10 (2012) and Dell Venue 8 Pro (Windows 8.1). Now 2017 Google Pixelbook, 2017 Razer Blade Pro, Samsung Galaxy View, and 2009 MacPro.

My MP3 player is a Creative Nomad Jukebox, iRiver U10, and a Sony PSP iPhone4, Motorola MOTOACTV Watch, iPod 3G + Toshiba Gigabeat both running Rockbox firmware.

I program computers and sometimes even get paid.

I have too many ideas.

Someday I'll write something intelligent here.

My /Todo list.

How to Reach Me
Email: paul@stratofex.com Blog:  http://bunny.rawbitz.com/ Twitter: http://twitter.com/njrabit/

Entries That I've Created

 * Adolph Sutro
 * Jason Becker
 * Houdini (software)
 * Space Mountain
 * Sutro Baths
 * XG
 * Andre Coyne
 * Possibly others... (Need to update)

Okay, others

 * Motorola MOTOACTV SuperSmartWatch
 * ZGPAX S5 Smartwatch

Entries Where I've Left a Mark

 * 3D computer graphics
 * Disneyland
 * General MIDI
 * Laserdisc
 * Laura Schlessinger
 * List of current Disneyland attractions
 * Musical Instrument Digital Interface
 * San Francisco
 * Santa Cruz, California
 * SGI Indigo2 and Challenge M
 * Yamaha Corporation
 * Many, many, many, many more. See my contributions.

Complete Wikipedia History

 * Damage Report

My Todo Lists

 * Stuff That Needs Fixin'

 * 1) Motion_capture (minor contradiction in wording between two paragraphs, regarding non-bipeds]

 * Stuff That Needs Some Rewritin'

 * Stuff That Needs Some Expandin'

 * 1) nuon
 * 2) dreamweaver
 * 3) visual effects
 * 4) Crash Bandicoot Lisp-backend
 * 5) SGI Indigo² and Challenge M

 * Stuff That Needs Writin'

 * 1) Playland at The Beach
 * 2) Shadow Maps
 * 3) Notable items listed in List of current Disneyland attractions

title: User:Rabit


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High Willhays

High Willhays, or according to some authorities High Willes, is the highest point on Dartmoor, Devon, at 2039 ft above sea level, and the highest point in Southern England.

Toponymy
In 1912, William Crossing, writer and documenter, said that the name High Willes had been thought to have derived from the word huel or wheal meaning mine, but he did not think that very likely as old mine workings were invariably located near to streams. He suggested instead that the name derived from gwylfa, a watching place, noting its similarity with Brown Willy, the name of the highest hill on nearby Bodmin Moor, and suggested that a watch for beacon fires used to be kept here. He also posited a possible link to the word gwili meaning winding or tortuous, but said it was unlikely this was where it originated from.

The Place-Names of Devon (1931) notes that the peak was named Hight Wyll in a document of 1532, and was known in 1827 as High Willows. The authors state that the name may simply be a compound of high and well (meaning spring), though they admit that the additional syllable at the end is hard to explain.

Topography
High Willhays is near the northwestern edge of Dartmoor, about 2.5 km south east of Meldon Reservoir and about 5 km south of the town of Okehampton. Although it is the highest point of the moor, it is relatively insignificant in comparison to most of the moor's tors, consisting of no more than a few low outcrops of rock along a north–south ridge. The largest outcrop is crowned with a cairn. The more impressive, but slightly lower, Yes Tor is about 1 km north along this ridge, which is known as "the roof of Devon".

High Willhays and Yes Tor are the only summits in England south of Kinder Scout in the Peak District to rise above 2000 ft, apart from Black Mountain on the Welsh border. Before Ordnance Survey measured accurately the heights of High Willhays and Yes Tor many people believed Yes Tor was the higher of the two, and it was only the local farmers and moormen that believed the contrary. However, the first topographical survey of the area carried out by Ordnance Survey suggested that High Willhays was 12 ft higher, although the difference has now been measured at just 8 ft. William Crossing stated that High Willhays was the highest point in England south of Ingleborough in the Yorkshire Dales, but since then surveys have shown that Kinder Scout is also higher (albeit less prominent).

The geology of High Willhays, like most of Dartmoor, consists of granite intruded about 280 million years ago. However High Willhays is in an area of the northern plateau of the moor where the exposed rock has noticeably fewer of the large feldspar megacrysts that are typical of most of Dartmoor's tors. Each of the outcrops displays lamellar bedding.

High Willhays is within one of Dartmoor's Danger Zones, areas used periodically by the British Army for exercises. Red flags are raised around the perimeter when live-firing is due to take place.

title: High Willhays


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Nederrijn

The Nederrijn ("Lower Rhine"; distinct from the Lower Rhine or Niederrhein further upstream) is the Dutch part of the Rhine from the confluence at the town of Angeren of the cut-off Rhine bend of Oude Rijn (Gelderland) and the Pannerdens Kanaal (which was dug to form the new connection between the Waal and Nederrijn branches). The city of Arnhem lies on the right (north) bank of the Nederrijn, just past the point where the IJssel branches off. The Nederrijn flows on to the city of Wijk bij Duurstede, from where it continues as the Lek. The once-important but now small Kromme Rijn branch (in Roman times part of the Limes Germanicus and border river of the Roman Empire) carries the name "Rhine" towards the city of Utrecht.

From the city of Utrecht, the Kromme Rijn forks into the Vecht to the north, and into the Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland) to the west. The first part is channelised and known as the Leidse Rijn (Leiden Rhine). After the railway bridge near Harmelen (municipality Woerden) it is known as the Oude Rijn, flowing westward to the North Sea.

In order to regulate the distribution of drainage between the different branches of the Rhine, several dams have been constructed. If the dams were to be closed, there would be little flow in the Nederrijn and most of the water would be drained by the IJssel. As for the Old Rhine, there is a pumping station near the North Sea that protects the river from sea tides and silting.

Bridges over the Nederrijn are in Arnhem (railway and three road bridges), in Heteren (A50) and Rhenen. Ferries are found near Doorwerth, Wageningen, Opheusden, Elst and Amerongen.

History
In 1530, the Rhine near Arnhem was moved, a project that was completed in 1536. The city, which originated along the St. Jansbeek ("St. John's Brook'), could develop better now that it was closer to the river, and was also more easily defended against Habsburg expansionism into Guelders.

title: Nederrijn


text:
Slavocracy

A slavocracy (from slave + -ocracy) is a society primarily ruled by a class of slaveholders, such as those in the southern United States and their confederacy during the American Civil War. The term was initially coined in the 1830s by northern abolitionists as a term of disparagement and subsequently used in wider senses, including as a term for the planter class of such a society itself. Slavocracies are also sometimes known as plantocracies, after "planter" used as a term for the owners of plantations.

A number of European colonies in the New World were largely slavocracies, usually consisting of a small European settler population relying on a predominantly West African chattel slave population as well as smaller numbers of indentured servants, both European and non-European in origin. In the Caribbean, the slaves were primarily used to produce sugar, while in North America the slaves were primarily used to produce cotton. These proslavery societies attempted to resist the abolitionist movement and subsequently relied on freed black and poor white sharecroppers for labor following abolition.

One prominent organization largely representing and collectively funded by a number of British slavocracies was the "West India Interest", which lobbied the British parliament on behalf of planters. It is credited with delaying the abolition of the slave trade from the 1790s until 1806–1808 and then delaying emancipation into the 1820s and 1830s, extracting reparations for the lost "property" in a policy known as "amelioration".

title: Slavocracy


text: Category:Fetish magazines

title: Category:Fetish magazines