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George "Gabby" Hayes

George Francis "Gabby" Hayes (7 May 1885 – 9 February 1969) was an American actor. He began as something of a leading man and a character player, but he was best known for his numerous appearances in B-Western film series as the bewhiskered, cantankerous, but ever-loyal and brave comic sidekick of the cowboy stars Roy Rogers and John Wayne.

Early years
Hayes was born the third of seven children in his father's hotel, the Hayes Hotel, in Stannards, New York. (Hayes always gave Wellsville as his birthplace, but legally he was born in Stannards.) He was the son of Elizabeth Morrison and Clark Hayes. In addition to operating the hotel, his father was also involved in petroleum production, an industry which began in that part of the country. His siblings included his brothers, William W., Morrison, and Clark B., and his sisters, Nellie Elizabeth Hayes Ebeling and Harriet "Hattie" Elizabeth Hayes Allen. Morrison Hayes, a corporal in the United States Army, was killed in action on July 19, 1918, during World War I in France and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions during the war. The American Legion post in Wellsville, New York is named after him. George’s uncle on his mother's side was George F. Morrison, vice president of General Electric.

Hayes grew up in Stannards and attended Stannards School. He played semi-professional baseball while in high school. At 17 he ran away from home, joined a stock company, apparently traveled for a time with a circus, and became a successful vaudevillian. . He often appeared in comic sketches as "The Rube Constable."

Hayes married Olive E. Ireland, the daughter of a glass finisher, on March 4, 1914. She joined him in vaudeville, performing under the name Dorothy Earle (not to be confused with film actress and writer Dorothy Earle). Hayes had become so successful that by 1928, at age 43, he was able to retire to a home on Long Island in Baldwin, New York. He lost all his savings the next year in the 1929 stock market crash. Olive persuaded her husband to try his luck in films, and the couple moved to Los Angeles. They remained together until her death on July 5, 1957. They had no children.

Film career

After his move to Los Angeles, according to later interviews, Hayes had a chance meeting with the producer Trem Carr, who liked his look and gave him 30 roles over the next six years. In his early career, Hayes was cast in a variety of parts, including villains, and occasionally played two roles in a single film. He found a niche in the growing genre of Western films, many of which were series with recurring characters. Hayes did not come from a cowboy background; he did not know how to ride a horse until he was in his 40s.

Hayes, in real life an intelligent, well-groomed and articulate man, often was cast as a grizzled codger who uttered phrases such as "consarn it", "yer durn tootin'", "dadgummit", "durn persnickety female", and "young whippersnapper". From 1935 to 1939, Hayes played the part of Windy Halliday, the humorous "codger" sidekick of Hopalong Cassidy (played by William Boyd). In 1939, Hayes left this role at Paramount Pictures after a dispute over his salary and moved to Republic Pictures. Paramount held the rights to the name Windy Halliday, and Republic renamed him Gabby Whitaker, which was virtually the same character. As Gabby, he appeared in more than 40 films from 1939 to 1946, usually with Roy Rogers (44 times) and with Gene Autry (7) and Wild Bill Elliott (14), often working under the directorship of Joseph Kane (34). Hayes repeatedly was cast as a sidekick of the Western stars Randolph Scott (6 times) and John Wayne (15 times, some as straight or villainous characters). Hayes played Wayne's sidekick in Raoul Walsh's Dark Command (1940), which featured Roy Rogers in a supporting role.

Hayes became a popular performer and consistently ranked among the 10 favorite actors in polls taken of moviegoers of the period. He appeared in either one or both the Motion Picture Herald and Boxoffice Magazine lists of the Top Ten Moneymaking Western Stars for 12 consecutive years and then a thirteenth time in 1954, four years after his last film.

Westerns declined in popularity in the late 1940s, and Hayes made his last film in the genre in 1950: The Cariboo Trail. He had appeared in 174 westerns. He moved to television and hosted The Gabby Hayes Show, a Western series, from 1950 to 1954 on NBC and in a version in 1956 on ABC. The show was sponsored by Quaker Oats, and its products were advertised during the show. In promoting the product, Gabby said to stand back from the screen, and he fired a cannon loaded with cereal at the screen as a tie-in to their ad slogan, "shot from guns". He introduced the show, often while whittling on a piece of wood, and sometimes told a tall tale. When the series ended, Hayes retired from show business. During this time, he made guest appearances on television, including several on Howdy Doody for his friend "Buffalo" Bob Smith. He lent his name to "Gabby Hayes Western" comics, published by Fawcett Publications from November 1948 until January 1957, and to a children's summer camp in New York.

Death
Following his wife's death on July 5, 1957, Hayes first lived at his ranch on Toluca Lake in California. He later stayed at a 10-unit apartment building he owned.

Early in 1969 he entered Saint Joseph Hospital in Burbank, California for treatment of cardiovascular disease. Hayes died there on February 9, 1969, at the age of 83. He is interred in the Forest Lawn–Hollywood Hills Cemetery.

Honors
Two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame commemorate Hayes's work in the entertainment industry: one for his contribution to radio at 6427 Hollywood Boulevard and one for his contribution to television at 1724 Vine Street. In 2000, he was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Popular culture
Gabby Hayes was referenced by name in The Andy Griffith Show, Season 1 Episode 13 “Mayberry Goes Hollywood”. Air date January 12, 1961.

Homage was paid to Hayes in a different way in the 1974 satirical Western Blazing Saddles. The actor and director Jack Starrett, credited as Claude Ennis Starrett Jr., played a Hayes-like character. In keeping with a running joke in the movie, the character is called Gabby Johnson. After Johnson delivers a rousing, though partially unintelligible speech to the townspeople, David Huddleston's character stands up to say, "Now, who can argue with that?!", and proclaims it "authentic frontier gibberish".

In the animated film Toy Story 2, the character Stinky Pete the Prospector, voiced by Kelsey Grammer, is modeled after Hayes. In the film's fictional universe, he is a toy version of a character on the marionette television western Woody's Roundup, where he is a colorful comic relief character. In contrast, the toy is intelligent and well-spoken, a reference to Hayes's contrasting real-life and film personas.

Into a Mighty Carson Art Players sketch on The Tonight Show, Johnny Carson impersonated Gabby Hayes in a sketch with Roy Rogers. This sketch has appeared on Carson's syndicated series Carson's Comedy Classics, which features highlights from his years as host of The Tonight Show.

Hayes was mentioned in The Simpsons episode "Radioactive Man", in which Milhouse becomes Radioactive Man's sidekick Fallout Boy; the director of the film comments that Milhouse is "going to be big, Gabby Hayes big!"

Every year in early July, from 1983 through 1989, Gabby Hayes Days were celebrated in Wellsville, New York. The event featured a street sale, square dancing, and Hayes look-alike contests for adults and children. This celebration was eventually merged in the mid-July Wellsville Balloon Rally and gradually disappeared. A street is also named after him in Wellsville, Gabby Hayes Lane.

Since April 1969, a band of fishermen has traveled to Kettle Creek, Pennsylvania] for the Gabby Hayes Memorial Trout Fishing Tournament. These men, known as Gabby Guys, gather annually to celebrate the opening day of the trout fishing season and the memory of Hayes. In April 2019, they celebrated their fiftieth anniversary, which also marked 50 years since Hayes' passing.

Partial filmography

 * The Rainbow Man (1929) as Bill (debut)
 * Big News (1929) as Hoffman - Reporter
 * Smiling Irish Eyes (1929) as Taxi Driver
 * Top Speed (1930) as Western Union Clerk (uncredited)
 * For the Defense (1930) as Ben - Waiter (uncredited)
 * Playing Around (1930) as Railroad Ticket Seller (uncredited)
 * She Who Gets Slapped (1930) as Poker Player (uncredited), short film
 * Cavalier of the West (1931) as Sheriff Bill Ryan
 * Freighters of Destiny (1931) as Jim
 * Oklahoma Jim (1931) as Crooked Gambler (uncredited)
 * The Nevada Buckaroo (1931) as Cherokee Williams
 * Pleasure (1931) as Motorcycle Cop
 * Big Business Girl (1931) as Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
 * God's Country and the Man (1931) as Stingaree Kelly
 * Dirigible (1931) as Parade Official (uncredited)
 * The Stolen Jools (1931) as Projectionist (as George Hayes)
 * Dragnet Patrol (1931) as Private Detective
 * Play Girl (1932) as Dance Hall Tobacconist (uncredited)
 * Love Me Tonight (1932) as Grocer (uncredited)
 * Winner Take All (1932) as Intern at Rosario Ranch
 * Ghost Valley (1932) as Dave (uncredited)
 * The Man from Hell's Edges (1932) as Shamrock Cassidy
 * The Boiling Point (1932) as George Duncan
 * Riders of the Desert (1932) as Hashknife Brooks
 * Border Devils (1932) as Dude Sanders
 * Wild Horse Mesa (1932) as Slack
 * Sally of the Subway (1932) as Police Lieutenant Paxton (uncredited)
 * Texas Buddies (1932) as Si Haller
 * Hidden Valley (1932) as Henchman Gavin - Black Hat
 * Broadway to Cheyenne (1932) as Walrus
 * Klondike (1932) as Tom Ross
 * The Night Rider (1932) as Altoonie
 * The Fighting Champ (1932) as Pete
 * Crashin' Broadway (1932) as J. Talbot Thorndyke
 * Self Defense (1932) as Jury Foreman
 * Ship of Wanted Men (1933) as Crewman
 * Ranger's Code (1933) as Baxter
 * Skyway (1933) as George Taylor
 * Galloping Romeo (1933) as Grizzly
 * The Fugitive (1933) as Judge Taylor
 * Fighting Texans (1933) as Pop Martin
 * The Sphinx (1933) as Det. Casey
 * Breed of the Border (1933) as Chuck Wiggins
 * Devil's Mate (1933) as Collins
 * Riders of Destiny (1933) as Charlie Denton (The first of a series of John Wayne Lone Star Westerns)
 * The Gallant Fool (1933) as Dad Denton
 * The Return of Casey Jones (1933) as Timothy Shine
 * Trailing North (1933) as Flash Ryan
 * The Phantom Broadcast (1933) as Police Lieutenant
 * The Brand of Hate (1934) as Bill Larkins
 * Monte Carlo Nights (1934) as Inspector Nick Gunby
 * The Lucky Texan (1934) as Jake Benson
 * West of the Divide (1934) as Dusty
 * Blue Steel (1934) as Sheriff Jake Withers
 * Randy Rides Alone (1934) as Marvin Black aka Matt the Mute
 * The Star Packer (1934) as Matt Matlock
 * The Lawless Frontier (1934) as Dusty
 * The Man from Utah (1934) as Marshal George Higgins
 * 'Neath the Arizona Skies (1934) as Matt Downing (uncredited)
 * In Old Santa Fe (1934) as Cactus (Gene Autry's screen debut)
 * The Man from Hell (1934) as Col. Campbell - Banker
 * City Limits (1934) as Charlie Carter
 * House of Mystery (1934) as David Fells
 * The Lost Jungle (1934) as Doctor - Dirigible Passenger
 * Mystery Liner (1934) as Joe, the Watchman
 * Beggars in Ermine (1934) as Joe Wilson
 * The Lost City (1935) as Butterfield
 * Texas Terror (1935) as Sheriff Ed Williams
 * Rainbow Valley (1935) as George Hole
 * Smokey Smith (1935) as Blaze Bart
 * Tombstone Terror (1935) as Soupy Baxter
 * The Headline Woman (1935) as Police Desk Sgt. Duffy
 * Hitch Hike Lady (1935) as Miner
 * Swifty (1935) as Sheriff Dan Hughes
 * Bar 20 Rides Again (1935) as Windy
 * The Eagle's Brood (1935) as Bartender Spike
 * 1000 Dollars a Minute (1935) as "New Deal" Watson
 * The Throwback (1935) as Ford Cruze
 * Thunder Mountain (1935) as Foley
 * Tumbling Tumbleweeds (1935) as Dr. Parker
 * Welcome Home (1935) as Charles Rogers (uncredited)
 * The Farmer Takes a Wife (1935) as Lucas (uncredited)
 * Hop-Along Cassidy (1935) as Uncle Ben
 * Honeymoon Limited (1935) as Jasper Pinkham
 * Ladies Crave Excitement (1935) as Dan McCloskey
 * Justice of the Range (1935) as John Coffin known as Pegleg Sanderson
 * The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1935) as Pearson
 * The Outlaw Tamer (1935) as Cactus Barnes
 * Death Flies East (1935) as Wotkyns
 * The Lawless Nineties (1936) as Major Carter
 * Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) as Farmer's Spokesman (uncredited)
 * The Texas Rangers (1936) as Judge Snow
 * Valiant Is the Word for Carrie (1936) as Bearded Man
 * Hopalong Cassidy Returns (1936) as Windy Halliday
 * The Plainsman (1936) as Breezy
 * Trail Dust (1936) as Windy
 * Hearts in Bondage (1936) as Ezra
 * I Married a Doctor (1936) as Train Station Agent
 * Three on the Trail (1936) as Windy Halliday
 * Song of the Trail (1936) as Dan Hobson
 * Call of the Prairie (1936) as Shanghai
 * Heart of the West (1936) as Windy
 * Silver Spurs (1936) as Drag Harlan
 * Valley of the Lawless (1936) as Grandpaw Jenkins
 * Borderland (1937) as Windy Halliday
 * Rustlers' Valley (1937) as Windy Halliday
 * Texas Trail (1937) as Windy Halliday
 * North of the Rio Grande (1937) as Windy Halliday
 * Mountain Music (1937) as Grandpappy Burnside
 * Hills of Old Wyoming (1937) as Windy Halliday
 * Hopalong Rides Again (1937) as Windy Halliday
 * Heart of Arizona (1938) as Windy Halliday
 * Bar 20 Justice (1938) as Windy Halliday
 * In Old Mexico (1938) as Windy Halliday
 * Pride of the West (1938) as Windy Halliday
 * The Frontiersmen (1938) as Windy Halliday
 * Sunset Trail (1938) as Windy Halliday
 * Gold Is Where You Find It (1938) as Enoch
 * Silver on the Sage (1939) as Windy Halliday
 * Renegade Trail (1939) as Windy Halliday
 * Days of Jesse James (1939) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Let Freedom Ring (1939) as 'Pop" Wilkie
 * Saga of Death Valley (1939) as Gabby Whittaker
 * The Arizona Kid (1939) as Gabby Whittaker
 * In Old Monterey (1939) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Wall Street Cowboy (1939) as Gabby Whittaker
 * In Old Caliente (1939) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Man of Conquest (1939) as Lannie Upchurch
 * Southward Ho (1939) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Fighting Thoroughbreds (1939) as 'Gramps' Montrose
 * Dark Command (1940) as Doc Grunch
 * Wagons Westward (1940) as Hardtack
 * The Carson City Kid (1940) as Marshal Gabby Whittaker
 * The Border Legion (1940) as Honest John Whittaker
 * Melody Ranch (1940) as Pop Laramie
 * Young Bill Hickok (1940) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Colorado (1940) as Gabby
 * The Ranger and the Lady (1940) as Texas Ranger Sergeant Gabby Whittaker
 * Young Buffalo Bill (1940) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Robin Hood of the Pecos (1941) as Gabriel "Gabby" Hornaday
 * Sheriff of Tombstone (1941) as Judge Gabby Whittaker
 * Red River Valley (1941) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Jesse James at Bay (1941) as Sheriff Gabby Whittaker
 * Bad Man of Deadwood (1941) as Professor Mortimer 'Gabby' Blackstone
 * Nevada City (1941) as Gabby Chapman
 * In Old Cheyenne (1941) as Arapahoe Brown
 * Man from Cheyenne (1942) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Romance on the Range (1942) as Gabby
 * Sons of the Pioneers (1942) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Ridin' Down the Canyon (1942) as Gabby
 * Heart of the Golden West (1942) as Gabby
 * Sunset Serenade (1942) as Gabby
 * Sunset on the Desert (1942) as Gabby Whittaker
 * South of Santa Fe (1942) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Calling Wild Bill Elliott (1943) as Gabby Whittaker
 * In Old Oklahoma (1943) as Despirit Dean
 * Death Valley Manhunt (1943) as Gabby Hayes
 * Overland Mail Robbery (1943) as Gabby
 * Wagon Tracks West (1943) as Gabby
 * Bordertown Gun Fighters (1943) as Gabby Hayes
 * The Man from Thunder River (1943) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Mojave Firebrand (1944) as Gabby Hayes
 * Hidden Valley Outlaws (1944) as Gabby Hayes
 * Tall in the Saddle (1944) as Dave
 * The Big Bonanza (1944) as Hap Selby
 * Tucson Raiders (1944) as Gabby Hopkins
 * Lights of Old Santa Fe as Gabby Whittaker
 * Marshal of Reno (1944) as Gabby
 * Sunset in El Dorado (1945) as Gabby
 * The Man from Oklahoma (1945) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Bells of Rosarita (1945) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Utah (1945) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Don't Fence Me In (1945) as Gabby Whittaker aka Wildcat Kelly
 * Along the Navajo Trail (1945) as Gabby Whittaker
 * My Pal Trigger (1946) as Gabby Kendrick
 * Heldorado (1946) as Gabby
 * Home in Oklahoma (1946) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Roll on Texas Moon (1946) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Under Nevada Skies (1946) as Gabby Whittaker
 * Rainbow Over Texas (1946) as Sheriff Gabby Whittaker
 * Badman's Territory (1946) as Coyote
 * Song of Arizona (1946) as Coyote
 * Wyoming (1947) as Windy Gibson
 * Trail Street (1947) as Billy
 * Albuquerque (1948) as Juke
 * Return of the Bad Men (1948) as John Petit
 * The Untamed Breed (1948) as Windy Lucas
 * El Paso (1949) as Pasky (Pescaloosa) Tees
 * The Cariboo Trail (1950) as Oscar aka Grizzly

Comic book appearances

 * Gabby Hayes Adventure Comics #1 (1953, Toby Press)
 * Gabby Hayes Western #1–59 (1948–1957, Fawcett Publications)
 * Gabby Hayes Western #50–111 (1951–1955, L. Miller black-and-white reprints of Fawcett Comics)
 * Gabby Hayes Mini Comics, 5 issues (1951, Quaker Oats giveaway)

title: George "Gabby" Hayes


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User talk:Theresa knott/image gallery

Very impressive, Theresa. Could you divulge which image editor you use? I use OpenOffice.org for my drawings, but these never reach the level or your fine work. Don't tell me you still use MS Word! JFW | T@lk  18:58, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

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Theresa I just wish to acknowledge your figures that I'm including in some of the Spanish wikipedia articles like those for the Roche limit, the Oil drop experimentand the angle of attack. There are some others I'd like to include too if I have the time. Thanks and keep the good work. Wricardoh 18:53, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC) (Also at the Spanish wiki: User:Wricardoh)
 * Thank you. Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 23:41, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Vector versions
Since the images are made in programs capable of producing vector images wouldn't it be great if you could upload them as SVG files too. // Liftarn

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Canadian Western Bank

Canadian Western Bank (CWB; Banque canadienne de l'Ouest), also operating as CWB Financial Group, is a Canadian bank based in Edmonton, Alberta. The bank serves clients both in Western Canada and in other provinces. It was announced on June 11, 2024 that it would be acquired by National Bank of Canada in 2025.

The CWB Financial Group is made up of 10 banking, lending, wealth and trust companies.

Its loan book is almost equally represented across BC, Alberta and Ontario. As part of its expansion plans, CWB has opened a branch in Mississauga, Ontario, just west of Toronto and a regional office in Downtown Toronto.

History
Canadian Western Bank was formed through the 1988 merger of two banks: the Bank of Alberta (founded 1984), and the Western & Pacific Bank of Canada (founded 1982). It was led by Bank of Alberta co-founders Charles Alexander Allard and Eugene Pechet.

In 1993, it acquired Western Canadian branches of Metropolitan Trust. In 1994, Canadian Western Bank and North West Trust Company merged into Canadian Western Bank. In 1996, it acquired BC Bancorp (chartered in 1967), and purchased the Aetna Trust Company, which was renamed Canadian Western Trust Company. In 2001, it acquired the Kelowna and Regina branches of the Laurentian Bank of Canada.

Acquisition history

 * Western Canadian branches of Metropolitan Trust, 1993
 * Acquired BC Bancorp (chartered 1967), 1996
 * Aetna Trust Company, 1996 - renamed Canadian Western Trust Company 1996
 * Kelowna and Regina branches of Laurentian Bank, 2001
 * Canadian Direct Insurance Inc. (CDII), 2004
 * Valiant Trust Company, 2004
 * Branch of National Bank of Greece (Canada), 2005
 * National Leasing, 2010
 * Maxium Group, 2016
 * iA Investment Counsel Inc., 2020

Operations
Canadian Western Bank's operating affiliates include:
 * Motive Financial (100% ownership) – high-interest savings accounts, GICs, and TFSAs. Before 2017, it was called Canadian Direct Financial.
 * Canadian Western Financial Ltd. (100% ownership) – mutual fund dealer.
 * Canadian Western Trust Company (100% ownership) – personal and corporate trust services. Optimum Mortgage is a division of Canadian Western Trust Company and offers residential mortgages via a network of mortgage brokers.
 * National Leasing Group Inc. (100% ownership) – commercial equipment leasing.
 * Valiant Trust Company (100% ownership) – specialty trust services including stock transfer, corporate trust, escrow and employee plan services.
 * CWB Wealth Management (previously Adroit Investment Management Ltd (76.5% ownership) – investment and wealth management.

Motive Financial
Motive Financial is the virtual banking division of Canadian Western Bank. As such, eligible deposits are held at Canadian Western Bank, a member of Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC). Motive Financial is an online bank.

Motive serves customers in all provinces except Quebec. Accounts can be opened online. Deposits and withdrawals can be made using one of The Exchange ATM network’s 2400 ATMs. Debit-card purchases can be made using the Interac network. Transfers to and from other banks may be done by electronic funds transfer (EFT), by Interac e-Transfer, or by writing cheques. Because motive offers no in-branch services, it offers higher interest rates than conventional banks.

Membership
Canadian Western Bank is a member of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC). It also belongs to the Cirrus, Interac, Mastercard, and The Exchange interbank networks.

title: Canadian Western Bank


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Edward A. Tovrea

Edward Ambrose Tovrea (March 20, 1861 – February 7, 1932) was an American entrepreneur who is best known as a prominent Arizona cattle baron. Edward Tovrea was born at Sparta in Randolph County, Illinois. He was the owner of Tovrea Stockyards in Phoenix. Tovrea opened his stockyard operation in 1919. In 1931 he purchased the Tovrea Castle, one of the most famous landmarks in the City of Phoenix.

He and his first wife Lillian had five sons. In 1906, Edward divorced Lillian and married Della Gillespie. Tovrea died in 1932 and was buried in Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery.

title: Edward A. Tovrea


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Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow

Philip I (Филипп I; died 1473) was Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' from 1464 to 1473. He was the third metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed by the civil authority without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm.

Life
According to the modern researcher Archimandrite Macarius (Veretennikov), he was born in the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 15th century. He served as a patriarchal clerk-official and lived in Constantinople. During his tonsure, he was named after the Philip the Apostle.

He arrived to Russia apparently after the death of Metropolitan Photius, i. e. after 1431. He stayed in Russia for a long time, became Russified, and the memory of his Greek origin was almost lost.

In 1464, he was appointed Metropolitan of Moscow, hand-picked by Theodosius at the time of his resignation, just as Theodosius had been picked by his predecessor, Iona

In the 1470s, Philip was actively engaged in a struggle against the Polish-Lithuanian influence over Novgorod, particularly the influence of the Metropolitan of Lithuania and the fear that Novgorod would defect to him and eventually go over to Catholicism.

While he was instrumental in bringing Sophia Paleologue from Rome to Moscow in 1472, Philip was against admitting a papal legate in her entourage into Moscow, thus continuing his opposition to Catholicism or "Latinism" in his province. That same year, Philip started reconstructing the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin. The original cathedral, built by Metropolitan Petr in 1326, was in a dilapidated state; Philipp hired inexperienced workers and soon after his death the building collapsed. It was rebuilt by Aristotile Fioravanti under Metropolitan Gerontius.

Metropolitan Philip died on 5 April 1473 and was buried in the Cathedral of the Dorimition in the Moscow Kremlin.

title: Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow


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List of extreme points of New Zealand

This article lists the extreme points of New Zealand – the places that lie farther north, south, east or west than any other location in New Zealand.

State Highway 1 runs throughout the two main islands from Cape Reinga in the north to Bluff in the south. Cape Reinga is sometimes popularly thought to be the northernmost point of the North Island, but North Cape is further north, with Cape Reinga the northwesternmost point. Similarly, Bluff is sometimes thought to be the southernmost point of the South Island, but Slope Point in the Catlins is slightly further south than the Bluff (the promontory that gives the town its name).

New Zealand overall

The northernmost, southernmost, westernmost, easternmost, highest and lowest points:
 * Northernmost point – Nugent Island, in the Kermadec Islands (-29.23167°N, -177.86917°W)
 * Southernmost point – Jacquemart Island (off the south coast of Campbell Island) in the Campbell Island group (-52.61944°N, 169.12583°W)
 * Westernmost point – Cape Lovitt, Auckland Islands (-50.79984°N, 165.87013°W)
 * Easternmost point – Forty-Fours / Motuhara, in the Chatham Islands, east of Chatham Island (-43.96222°N, -175.83361°W)
 * Highest point – Aoraki / Mount Cook, 3724 m above sea level (-43.595°N, 170.14194°W)
 * Lowest point – near Momona, Taieri Plains, 2 m below sea level (approximately -45.91667°N, 170.21667°W)

New Zealand's farthest inland point, at -45.00944°N, 169.37347°W, is some 8 km northeast of the town of Cromwell. It is 119.44 km from the Tasman Sea and Pacific Ocean.

The distance from northernmost to southernmost (Nugent Island to Jacquemart Island) is 2813 km. The distance around the four points is 6176 km.

(This excludes New Zealand's claims over lands in the Ross Dependency, and its administration of the Tokelau Islands.)

North Island

 * Northernmost point – Surville Cliffs, North Cape
 * Southernmost point – Cape Palliser
 * Westernmost point – Cape Maria van Diemen
 * Easternmost point – East Cape
 * Highest point – Mount Ruapehu, 2797m above sea level
 * Lowest point – Lagoon Farm/Parklands, Napier, 1m below sea level. Lowest man-made point is Martha Mine pit, Waihi, 15m below sea level.

South Island

 * Northernmost point – Cape Farewell
 * Southernmost point – Slope Point
 * Westernmost point – West Cape
 * Easternmost point – West Head
 * Highest point – Aoraki / Mount Cook, 3724m above sea level
 * Lowest point – Taieri Plains, 2m below sea level

Northernmost settlements
Te Hāpua in the far north of the North Island is the northernmost settlement, although there is a permanently staffed station on Raoul Island, much further north. Kaitaia is the northernmost urban area with at least 1000 people. New Zealand's northernmost city is Whangārei.

The northernmost settlement in the South Island is Pūponga, close to the foot of Farewell Spit. Tākaka is the northernmost South Island urban area with at least 1000 people, and Nelson is the northernmost South Island city.

Southernmost settlements
The southernmost settlement in New Zealand is Oban, on Stewart Island, although there is a meteorological station on Campbell Island, though this is no longer permanently staffed since 1995. The southernmost town in New Zealand with a population over 1000 is Bluff. New Zealand's southernmost city is Invercargill - also its westernmost city. While New Zealand has a permanently staffed base at Scott Base in Ross Dependency, this area is not considered part of New Zealand.

The southernmost settlement in the North Island is Ngawi, near Cape Palliser. Wellington is the southernmost North Island urban area with population over 1000 and the North Island's southernmost city.

Easternmost settlements
The settlement of Waitangi on Chatham Island is New Zealand's easternmost settlement. In New Zealand's main chain, the easternmost settlement of any note is Tikitiki. The town of Ruatoria is New Zealand's easternmost town. New Zealand's easternmost city, and urban area with a population over 1000, is Gisborne.

In the South Island, Ward is the easternmost settlement of significance, Picton is the easternmost town with a population over 1000, and Nelson is the easternmost city.

Westernmost settlements
Small settlements at the head of Doubtful Sound and at Manapouri Hydro are the westernmost settlements in New Zealand. The westernmost settlement of significance is Manapouri, and the westernmost town with a population over 1000 is Te Anau. New Zealand's westernmost city is Invercargill, which is also its southernmost city.

In the North Island, Te Kao is the westernmost as well as the northernmost settlement of significance, Kaitaia is the westernmost town with a population over 1000, and New Plymouth is the westernmost city.

Most remote settlements
Waitangi on Chatham Island is New Zealand's most remote settlement of significance, being over 700 km from mainland New Zealand and the nearest other significant settlement.

Twizel (population ) is the country's most remote urban area with a population over 1,000. The nearest town by road is Cromwell (population ), 141 km away.

Christchurch (population ) is the country's most remote city with a population over 30,000. The nearest city by great-circle distance is Nelson (population ), 256 km away; while the nearest city by road distance is Dunedin (population ), 360 km away.

Closest point to Australia
The closest point to Australia (not including Australian external territories) and Tasmania is near the Resolution Island lighthouse at 45°44'S, 166°27'E (Fiordland), a distance of approximately 1491 km from a point near Tasman Island lighthouse 43°12'S, 148°E (Tasmania).

The shortest distance from New Zealand territory to Australian territory outside Antarctic claims is from Auckland Island to Macquarie Island – a distance of approximately 617 km.

title: List of extreme points of New Zealand


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User:Remush~enwiki

Raymond Gerard Komputisto emerita Skype konto: RemushBE Lando: Belgio

title: User:Remush~enwiki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Permalink

Permalink was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Dicdef. --Yath 19:08, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks pretty valid to me. There's history, nuances, links, etc. Quadell (talk) 20:15, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Looks pretty good, although I'm not sure the title is universally known.  The concept is well discussed and appropriately placed in context. Geogre 20:36, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Well done. The title is universally known in blogs especially.  --G3pro 5 Aug 2004
 * Keep, obviously, but don't give Yath a hard time; it was a dicdef when it was posted here. Salasks 02:03, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Andris 10:52, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Important WWW concept. Stirling Newberry 06:45, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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San Sebastiano al Vesuvio

San Sebastiano al Vesuvio is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Naples, located on the western slopes of Mount Vesuvius. Its elevation means that it is often a few degrees cooler than the neighbouring metropolis of Naples. In 1944 it was destroyed and two children were killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius during the Allies' occupation of southern Italy, but has since been rebuilt. The main attraction is the church of San Sebastiano Martire from the 16th century.

Gaetano Filangieri, a Neapolitan jurist, was born in San Sebastiano al Vesuvius. He had an extensive correspondence with Benjamin Franklin.

title: San Sebastiano al Vesuvio


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Kurt Martti Wallenius

Kurt Martti Wallenius (25 July 1893 in Kuopio – 3 May 1984 in Helsinki) was a Finnish Major General.

Jäger Movement
Wallenius was a member of the Finnish Jäger troops trained in Germany prior to Finnish independence. In 1915, Wallenius travelled to Germany where he enrolled in the Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion. He took part in the battles on the Misa River.

Civil War
After returning to Finland, Wallenius took part in the Finnish Civil War of 1918 on the side of the anti-Communist Whites. He commanded a platoon in Tervola and Tornio. In Lapland, Wallenius met reindeer herder Aleksi Hihnavaara, with whom he travelled around Lapland, and the two became good friends. Wallenius was later appointed commander of the troops around Kuolajärvi and Kuusamo. Here, he was given the command of the northern group in the failed March 1918 Viena expedition, which tried to annex parts of East Karelia to Finland. He was also the leader of the second Petsamo Expedition in May 1920.

In February 1918, Wallenius presided over the executions of five Russians, including a diplomat.

Regimental Commander
After the Civil War Wallenius commanded troops in North-Western Finland: the Salla Regiment and the 1st Border Guard Regiment of Lapland. In the 1920s, he was briefly made a military attaché in Berlin.

Lapua Movement
In 1930, Wallenius was promoted to the rank of Major General. However, he was forced to retire in that year when he was implicated in the kidnapping of Kaarlo Ståhlberg who served as the first Finnish President. Wallenius spent eight months in pretrial custody and initially received a 3-year sentence, albeit his conviction was later overturned on appeal. In the 1930s, Wallenius became involved in right-wing activities, becoming the secretary-general of the Lapua movement. In this capacity, he was involved in the so-called Mäntsälä rebellion. Wallenius was imprisoned for just over one year for aiding and abetting high treason.

Winter War
In the Winter War, Wallenius commanded Finnish troops in Lapland. When the Winter War began, the Commander-in-Chief of Finnish troops Mannerheim appointed Wallenius as the commander of the Lapland Group. The troops under his command, though outnumbered, repulsed Soviet troops at Salla and Petsamo. Once the front in Lapland had stabilized, Wallenius handed the command over to Swedish volunteers under Lieutenant General Ernst Linder in February 1940. Wallenius and most of his troops were sent to the southernmost point of the front to western shore of the Bay of Viipuri, where the Red Army had crossed the frozen gulf. Wallenius protested this new assignment, thinking he was being punished for his past sins. The situation was critical and terrain totally different from what Wallenius and his men were used to. Wallenius failed to prevent the Red Army from gaining a foothold from the western shore of the bay, and there were reports that he was drinking heavily. Wallenius was dishonorably discharged in early March 1940, after only three days in command, and replaced by Lieutenant General Karl Lennart Oesch. Wallenius was removed from the Defence Forces officer lists.

Retirement
Once the Continuation War began in June 1941, Wallenius failed to get a command. He lived in retirement in Rovaniemen maalaiskunta writing books and articles.

title: Kurt Martti Wallenius


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George Hayes

George Hayes may refer to:

 * Sir George Hayes (judge) (1805–1869), British jurist
 * George "Gabby" Hayes (1885–1969), American actor
 * George Hayes (English actor) (1888–1967), British stage and film actor
 * George Hayes (ice hockey) (1914–1987), Canadian NHL linesman
 * George W. Hayes (1847–1933), former slave and politician in Ohio
 * George Edward Chalmer Hayes (1894–1968), American civil rights lawyer and public official
 * George Hayes (footballer) (1908–1984), Welsh footballer

title: George Hayes


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King William Island

King William Island (Île du Roi-Guillaume; previously: King William Land; Qikiqtaq) is an island in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, which is part of the Arctic Archipelago. In area it is between 12516 km2 and 13111 km2 making it the 61st-largest island in the world and Canada's 15th-largest island. Its population, as of the 2021 census, was 1,349, all of whom live in the island's only community, Gjoa Haven.

While searching for the Northwest Passage, a number of polar explorers visited, or spent their winters on, King William Island.

Geography
The island is separated from the Boothia Peninsula by the James Ross Strait to the northeast, and the Rae Strait to the east. To the west is the Victoria Strait and beyond it Victoria Island. Within the Simpson Strait, to the south of the island, is Todd Island, and beyond it, further to the south, is the Adelaide Peninsula. Queen Maud Gulf lies to the southwest.

Some places on the coast are: (counter clockwise from the northern tip) Cape Felix, Victory Point and Gore Point at the mouth of Collinson Inlet, Point Le Vesconte, Erebus Bay, Cape Crozier, (south side) Terror Bay, Irving Islands, Washington Bay, Cape Herschel, Gladman Point, entrance to Simpson Strait, Todd Islets, (east side) Gjoa Haven, Matheson Peninsula, Latrobe Bay, Cape Norton at mouth of Peel Inlet, Matty Island, Tennent Islands, Clarence Islands, Cape Felix.

Wildlife
The island is known for its large populations of barren-ground caribou, which summer there before migrating in the autumn by walking south over the sea ice.

Sir James Clark Ross
The island was long occupied by Inuit, who had a culture adapted to the extreme environment. In 1830, the British explorer James Clark Ross named it "King William Land" for King William IV the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; Ross thought at the time that it was a peninsula. Some sources credit his uncle, John Ross with naming the land. In 1834, George Back, another Arctic explorer, viewed its south shore from Chantrey Inlet and eventually recognised it as an island.

Sir John Franklin
Sir John Franklin, another British explorer, made an Arctic expedition looking for the Northwest Passage about a decade later; his two ships became stranded in 1846 when frozen in the sea ice northwest of the island. After abandoning the two ships, most of the crew died from exposure and starvation as they attempted to walk south near the western coastline. Two of Franklin's men were buried at Hall Point on the island's south coast. The ships were believed lost forever, as many subsequent expeditions were unable to find them.

It was not until June 29, 1981, that researchers finally had luck. A team led by Canadian archaeologist Owen Beattie, found 31 pieces of human bone fragments on the southern tip of the island, called Booth Point.

On September 9, 2014, Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that the Victoria Strait Expedition had located one of Franklin's two ships beneath shallow waters south of King William Island. It is preserved in very good condition; the side-scan sonar could detect the deck planking. By the beginning of October, the wreck had been identified as HMS Erebus. The other expedition vessel, HMS Terror, was found in 2016 in Terror Bay, off the south-west coast of King William Island.

Roald Amundsen
In 1903, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, looking for the Northwest Passage, sailed through the James Ross Strait and stopped at a natural harbour on the island's south coast. Unable to proceed due to sea ice, he spent the winters of 1903–1904 and 1904–1905 there. During his stays, he learned Arctic living skills from the local Netsilik. He used his ship Gjøa as a base for explorations in the summer of 1904, during which he travelled by dogsled on the Boothia Peninsula and to the North Magnetic Pole. After 22 months on the island, Amundsen left in August 1905. The harbour where he lived has the island's only settlement, Gjoa Haven. Amundsen used skills learned from the Inuit when he made his later expedition to the South Pole.

George Porter
George Porter was born on a whaling ship near Herschel Island in 1895 to Mary Kappak and W.P.S. Porter. George was schooled in Alaska. In 1913 he was a sailor on the Elvira and travelled with the explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson. After briefly working as a reindeer herder in Siberia, he enlisted with the US military near the end of the First World War. In 1919, George was discharged from the Army in Iowa. In 1921 George sailed to Australia. Later George guided Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) commander Henry Larsen on many trips. George Porter eventually made Gjoa Haven on King William Island his home, where he worked as the manager of the Hudson's Bay Company trading post for a career of 25 years.

Climate
Like many places in the high Arctic the island has a tundra climate (Köppen: ET), its winter is long and cold and the summers are cool, melting part of the ice; with low precipitation, it is a "cold desert".

title: King William Island


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Sunset provision

In public policy, a sunset provision or sunset clause is a measure within a statute, regulation or other law that provides for the law to cease to be effective after a specified date, unless further legislative action is taken to extend it. Unlike most laws that remain in force indefinitely unless they are amended or repealed, sunset provisions have a specified expiration date. This is not applicable in legal systems where the concept of desuetude applies.

Origin
The roots of sunset provisions are laid in Roman law of the mandate but the first philosophical reference is traced in the laws of Plato. At the time of the Roman Republic, the empowerment of the Roman Senate to collect special taxes and to activate troops was limited in time and extent. Those empowerments ended before the expiration of an electoral office, such as the Proconsul. The rule Ad tempus concessa post tempus censetur denegata is translated as "what is admitted for a period will be refused after the period". The same rules were applied in the Roman emergency legislation. The fundamental principle appeared in several areas of legislation and was later codified in the Codex Iustinianus (10, 61, 1). The principle was broken when Julius Caesar became dictator for life.

Examples
Sunset provisions have been used extensively throughout legal history The idea of general sunset provisions was discussed extensively in the late 1970s.

Colonial and early state legislatures
Sunset provisions were a frequent legislative tool used by the colonial and early state legislatures but would decrease in popularity as the legislatures were institutionalized.

Federal level
In American federal law parlance, legislation that renews an expired mandate is a reauthorization act or extension act. Extensive political wrangling often precedes reauthorizations of controversial laws or agencies. High-profile examples in American law include:

U.S. Constitution
Article I, Section 8, which enumerates the powers of Congress, includes a sunset provision for expenditures on “Armies,” but not the Navy:"The Congress shall have Power […] To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; To provide and maintain a Navy; […]" Article V contains a provision “that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article,” which, by its words, had sunsetted by 1808.

Sedition Act of 1798
Part of the Alien and Sedition Acts, the Sedition Act was a political tool used by John Adams and the Federalist Party to suppress opposition. The authors ensured the act would terminate at the end of Adams' term so that it could not be used by Democratic-Republicans against the President's own party.

USA PATRIOT Act
Under §224 of the USA PATRIOT Act, several of the surveillance portions originally expired on December 31, 2005. These were later renewed, but expired again on March 10, 2006, and were renewed once more in 2010.

Section 102(b)(1), which states, "the civil rights and civil liberties of all Americans, including Arab Americans, Muslim Americans, and Americans from South Asia, must be protected, and that every effort must be taken to preserve their safety" was set to sunset on March 15, 2020. On March 15, 2020, the House of Representatives left the chamber without voting on an extension for the remaining provisions of the act, which sunset the following provisions:
 * §201 Wiretapping for terrorism cases
 * §202 Wiretapping for computer fraud and abuse
 * §203(b) and (d) Sharing of wiretap and foreign intelligence information
 * §§204, 206, 207, 214, 215, 218, and 225 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act related sections including roving wiretaps
 * §209 Warranted seizure of voicemail messages
 * §217 Computer trespasser communications
 * §220 Nationwide service or warrants for electronic evidence
 * §223 Privacy violation civil liability

Assault Weapons Ban
In 2004, the sunset provision of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban terminated the law.

Budget Act and the Byrd Rule
The Congressional Budget Act governs the role of Congress in the budget process. Among other provisions, it affects Senate rules of debate during the budget reconciliation, not least by preventing the use of the filibuster against the budget resolutions. The Byrd rule, named after its principal sponsor, Senator Robert C. Byrd, was adopted in 1985 and amended in 1990 to modify the Budget Act and is contained in section 313. The rule allows Senators to raise a point of order against any provision that is extraneous, where extraneous is defined according to one of several criteria. The definition of extraneous includes provisions that are outside the jurisdiction of the committee or that do not affect revenues nor outlays.

Importantly for sunset provisions, the Byrd rule also defines as extraneous provisions that "...would increase the deficit for a fiscal year beyond those covered by the reconciliation measure." Since the Budget Act says the budget resolution covers at least the four years following the budget year, which is typically the year following the year it was adopted, that is the usual period of time. However, budget resolutions have covered periods as long as ten years, so a reconciliation measure may cover the ten years. This rule has the effect of allowing congress members to raise a point of order against any spending increase or tax cut that does not contain a sunset provision that ends it after five or ten years (conceivably longer). (Otherwise, the provision increases the deficit in a fiscal year after the period covered by the budget resolution.) Appealing or waiving a ruling based on the Byrd rule requires a three-fifths majority of 60 in the Senate. In short, a net effect of the Byrd Rule is to require that any spending increase or tax cut be approved by a majority of 60 if it does not contain a sunset provision. This is intended to assure there is no increase in the deficit after the budget resolution period (though there is an exception that, if the total effect on the deficit in a particular title is to not increase the deficit, the point of order is not triggered). With the sunset provision, only a simple majority is necessary in the budget reconciliation process.

Estate tax and other tax cuts of 2001
In the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 the US Congress enacted a phaseout of the federal estate tax over the following 10 years, so that the tax would be completely repealed in 2010. However, while a majority of the Senate favored the repeal, there was not a three-fifths supermajority in favor. Therefore, a sunset provision in the Act reinstates the tax to its original levels (and indeed, all tax cuts contained in the Act) on January 1, 2011, in order to comply with the Byrd Rule. Congress enacted new estate tax levels before the sunset provision was triggered.

State level
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, "Colorado, Florida and Alabama passed the first sunset laws in 1976. Texas and 21 other states followed suit in 1977. Eventually, a total of 36 states passed broad sunset statutes"; however, dissatisfaction with the sunset process left only 22 states still using it by 1992.

Texas
The Texas Sunset provision was established in 1977. Under Texas law, all agencies – except universities, courts, and agencies established by the Texas Constitution – will be abolished on a specific date, generally 12 years after creation or renewal, unless the Texas Legislature passes specific legislation to continue its functions.

A 12-member Sunset Advisory Commission oversees the provisions of the Texas Sunset Act. The commission consisting of five members of the Texas Senate and one member from the general public appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Texas, and five members of the House and one member from the general public appointed by the Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives. Legislative members are appointed for four-year terms, with half of the commission reappointed on or before September 1 of odd-numbered years, while public members serve two-year terms. The chairman and vice-chairman are appointed by the lieutenant governor and speaker, and the chairmanship alternates between the Senate and House every two years. The commission is assisted by an executive director and staff, who review each agency subject to sunset provisions.

Under the process, each agency must perform for the commission a self-review of its roles and responsibilities, including areas where its duties may overlap those of other agencies and the effect of the agency's abolition on loss of federal funding. The self-review must be completed by September 1 of the odd-numbered year before the year when the agency would be otherwise abolished. The commission must then complete its own review by the following January 1 and hold public hearings by the following February 1.

About 20 to 30 agencies go through the sunset process each legislative session. Constitutionally established agencies are subject to review, but they cannot be abolished under the sunset provisions.

The commission may recommend that an agency be continued in its present form (nearly always with recommendations to the legislature for improvement), consolidated with another agency, or abolished, with its duties either eliminated or transferred to other agencies.

Other states
Alabama has a similar review process with a more limited number of agencies and a review cycle of every four years.

United Kingdom
A sunset clause was introduced by the House of Lords to some parts of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005; the act was eventually passed without it. Part 5 of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013, "Reduction of legislative burdens", made provision for sunset and review provisions" in secondary legislation, i.e. The Coronavirus Act 2020 had a sunset clause provision of two years.
 * a power to review the effectiveness of the legislation within a specified period or at the end of a specified period
 * provision for the legislation to cease to have effect at the end of a specified day or a specified period
 * a power to consider whether the objectives which it was the purpose of the legislation to achieve remain appropriate and, if so, whether they could be achieved in another way.

Canada
In Canada all legislation enacted under Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (subsection three of the notwithstanding clause) has an implied sunset clause of five years, this being the maximum length legislation enacted under the section may be operative for (unless an earlier date is specified).

The Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act contains a sunset clause that went into effect in February 2007.

Special laws enacted to deal with emergency situations often contain sunset clauses; Quebec's Bill 78, had a sunset clause.

Australia
In 2005, the Australian Government decided to legislate new Anti-Terrorism laws. These laws have a sunset clause of ten years.

In 2007, the Liberal Democratic Party proposed a constitutional amendment to make sunset clauses compulsory in all legislation that lacks the support of a 75% parliamentary supermajority.

The Legislative Instruments Act 2003 legislates the automatic expiry of most legislative instruments (delegated legislation). Starting in 2015 these legislative instruments must be renewed or they expire automatically.

Germany
In the German legislation sunset provisions are applied on several federal levels. The German constitution rules a general sunset provision of six months for emergency legislation. Some federal states, e.g., Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia sporadically add sunset provisions to bills.

South Korea
A sunset provision can be found in the Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, which is to facilitate out-of-court workout of insolvent companies. This Act was effective during the period:
 * i) from January 2001 to December 2005 for the first time; and again
 * ii) from January 2007 to December 2010.

Now the Act came into force for the third time on May 19, 2011, and will be effective to December 2013. The main content of the Act has been kept intact for the purpose of constant corporate debt restructuring through market functions and promotion of speedy and smooth corporate restructuring, while some minor provisions were modified from time to time.

Republic of China on Taiwan
The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China are a set of temporary articles of the original constitution that apply to the Free area of the Republic of China with a semi-presidential system. These articles that have a sunset provision that will terminate them in the event the ROC regains control of Mainland China.

New Zealand
The Electoral Integrity Act was passed in 1999 to discourage "waka-jumping" in a mixed-member proportional parliamentary system. The amendment expired as scheduled in 2005.

title: Sunset provision


text: File:Population 6 sample.png

title: File:Population 6 sample.png


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User talk:Croz~enwiki

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Croz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Croz~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Croz~enwiki


text:
Ellef Ringnes Island

Ellef Ringnes Island is an uninhabited island and one of the Sverdrup Islands in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. A member of the Queen Elizabeth Islands and Arctic Archipelago, it is located in the Arctic Ocean, east of Borden Island, and west of Amund Ringnes Island. It has an area of 11295 km2, making it the 69th largest island in the world (slightly larger than Jamaica) and Canada's 16th largest island. Its highest mount is 260 m.

The island was named by Otto Sverdrup for Oslo brewer Ellef Ringnes, one of the sponsors of his expedition. It was first sighted by Europeans in 1901 by one of Sverdrup's men. The island was then claimed by Norway from 1902 until the claim was relinquished in favour of Canada in 1930.

History
The first known European sighting of Ellef Ringnes Island was in 1901 by a sledging party consisting of Gunerius Isachsen and Sverre Hassel, members of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition of 1898–1902, which was under the command of Otto Sverdrup. The island was named to honour Ellef Ringnes, one of the principal patrons of the expedition. At the time of the discovery of Ellef Ringnes Island, the expedition was based at Goose Fiord on the south coast of Ellesmere Island.

Isachsen and Hassel made their initial sighting of Ellef Ringnes Island on April 23 that year, as they rounded the southwest corner of Amund Ringnes Island, an island they had sighted and partly explored the previous year. The following day, Isachsen and Hassel travelled across Hassel Sound making a landfall at the southern extremity of the island. In the course of the following 20 days, they succeeded in circumnavigating Ellef Ringnes. The resulting map and notes on geological specimens are published in Otto Sverdrup's narrative New Land (1904).

In 1948. the Canadian Department of Transport and the United States Weather Bureau jointly established a meteorological station at Isachsen. The station was in operation for thirty years. Drilling took place on the island in the seventies by Panarctic Oils.

A High Arctic Weather Station (HAWS) called Isachsen lies on the west coast of the island. It was opened April 3, 1948 as part of a joint Canada-United States military effort to support a weather station network. When it closed on September 19, 1978, it was replaced with an automatic weather station. The station represented the only known permanent human settlement of the island. In 1959-1961 it was the base of operation for The Polar Continental Shelf Project administered by the then Department of Mines and Technical Surveys now Natural Resources Canada; Polar Shelf as it was known supports research throughout the Arctic, it is now based in Resolute. In the late 1970s there was also a fair amount of oil exploration with a new runway built in the vicinity of the Isachsen Dome; no significant amount of gas or oil was reportedly found.

Ellef Ringnes Island was the last landmass to be visited by the Earth's wandering north magnetic pole. In April and May 1994, Larry Newitt, of the Geological Survey of Canada, and Charles Barton, of the Geoscience Australia, conducted a survey to determine the average position of the north magnetic pole at that time. They established a temporary magnetic observatory on Lougheed Island, close to the predicted position of the pole. They determined that the average position of the north magnetic pole in 1994 was located on the Noice Peninsula, southwest Ellef Ringnes Island, at 78.3°N, -104°W.

Geology
The island is characterized by broad lowlands and locally by dissected uplands which reflect the diversity of structures and lithological characters of the bedrock formations. The island is rimmed by low shelving coastal areas, domal structures (salt dome) with cores of diapiric anhydrite and secondary gypsum constitute striking features of the landscape. Two major structural provinces of the Arctic Archipelago are represented: the Sverdrup basin which includes the greater part of the island and preponderant thickness of sediments: and the Arctic Coastal Plain, an area at the north-eastern extremity of the island. These salt domes create the highest topographic features. While most of the island is flat lying, the salt domes stand out clearly on satellite. There are seven domes, Dumbbells, Contour, Hoodoo, Malloch, Haakon, Helicopter and Isachsen Dome (260 m) which is the highest point on the island. On the north part of the island, there is a concentration of gabbro and diabase dikes and sills. Most of the rock is Jurassic to Cretaceous with the northern part (Isachsen Peninsula) being Tertiary. The Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks are varying formations of sandstone and shale. The sediment was deposited in the Sverdrup Basin. The salt diapirs are Carboniferous.

Flora and fauna
Ellef Ringnes Island is interesting to biologists because of its extremely rigorous Arctic environment and its resulting meagre flora and fauna. Together with Amund Ringnes, Borden, Brock, King Christian, Lougheed, Mackenzie King and Meighen islands (the so-called northwestern Queen Elizabeth Islands) it constitutes the most barren part of the high Arctic region. Some idea of its bleakness is conveyed by the remarks of others who worked there. Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1921), on visiting Ellef Ringnes in June 1916, wrote "I did not see a blade of grass and the district struck me as the most barren I had even seen"; S. D. MacDonald (1961) who spent the field season of 1954 at Isachsen, stated, "My immediate impression of Isachsen was of a region of utter desolation". Summers at Isachsen, the richest locality on the island, are colder than at any other Arctic weather station. Accordingly, Ellef Ringnes probably supports fewer forms of life than any other ice-free Arctic land mass of comparable size (5,000 mi2). The total confirmed flora comprises 49 species of vascular plants and about 85 of fungi; only 10 species of mammals and 15 of birds have been recorded on the island. Mammals include muskox, Peary caribou, polar bears and Arctic foxes

title: Ellef Ringnes Island


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Flora the Red Menace

Flora the Red Menace is a musical with a book by George Abbott and Robert Russell, music by John Kander, and lyrics by Fred Ebb. The original 1965 production starred Liza Minnelli in the title role in her Broadway debut, for which she won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. This was the first collaboration between Kander and Ebb, who later wrote Broadway and Hollywood hits such as Cabaret and Chicago.

Although not full of well-known numbers ("A Quiet Thing" and "Sing Happy" aside), the score does present a valuable insight into the later work of Kander and Ebb. Like Cabaret and Chicago, it features a headstrong heroine and has a strong dose of political content.

Productions
Flora the Red Menace opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre on May 11, 1965, and closed on July 24, 1965, after 87 performances. The cast featured Liza Minnelli as Flora, Bob Dishy as Harry Toukarian and Cathryn Damon as Comrade Charlotte. Direction was by George Abbott, choreography by Lee Theodore, with scenic design by William and Jean Eckart, costume design by Donald Brooks and lighting design by Tharon Musser.

Liza Minnelli won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical, the youngest person to have done so at age 19.

Flora was not written for Minnelli, as is sometimes said; Robert Russell was rumored to have written the show as a vehicle for Barbra Streisand. George Abbott became involved, thinking it would be a vehicle for Eydie Gormé. Receiving promising out-of-town reviews in New Haven and Boston, the show was recorded two days before its Broadway opening. However, the New York critics were not enthusiastic, and when it closed it had lost almost all of its $400,000 investment.

The New York Times reviewer wrote: "The voice [of Minnelli] is not yet distinctive ... She is going to be a popular singer, all right. It [Flora the Red Menace] has the appearance of being pasted together with bits and pieces. A promising idea has not been enlivened by a creative spark."

The musical was revived at the off-Broadway Vineyard Theatre in December 1987 with a new book by David Thompson. Directed by Scott Ellis with choreography by Susan Stroman, Flora was played by Veanne Cox with Peter Frechette as Harry. In the Vineyard Theatre revival, the story was told as though in a presentation by the Federal Theatre Project, part of the WPA established by President Roosevelt (voiced by Art Carney). A company of actors played all the roles, with obvious props and scenery, not trying to hide the "amateur" look and feel of the show.

Other notable productions include:

Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama, London RADA, GBS Theatre, UK, 1992
 * Brighton Little Theatre, UK, 1998, directed by Simon Cross and musically directed by Gary Nock.
 * Dundee Repertory Theatre, Scotland, autumn 2003.
 * 42nd Street Moon (San Francisco, California) presented the musical in concert in November – December 2006.
 * "Reprise! Broadway's Best" production, Freud Theatre (Los Angeles, California) – May 6 through May 18, 2008, with Eden Espinosa as Flora.
 * Oberlin College, 2011, notable for John Kander returning to his alma mater to consult on the production.
 * Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama Production, March 2023 in the Richard Burton Theatre directed by Georgie Rankcom.

Plot synopsis
In the winter of 1935, many people are unemployed due to the Great Depression, yet they seem to have hope ("Prologue"). Valedictorian and future fashion designer Flora Meszaros inspires and leads her graduating class in taking charge of the future before them ("Unafraid"). She applies at Gimbel's, Saks Fifth Avenue, Macy's and Altman's before finally applying at Garret and Mellick's where she meets Harry Toukarian, a fellow artist who stutters when he's nervous. When she learns that the boss, Mr. Stanley, isn't hiring, Flora tries impressing the secretary by saying that she is "the most amazing miss in all of New York City." ("The Kid Herself"). During the song, Flora, Harry and the other artists sneak their designs into a box of Mr. Stanley's merchandise, and after the secretary kicks them out, Flora asks Harry to coffee. The coffee date conversation starts about Flora's previous employer, who paid her through the barter system and she ended up having to dig cemetery plots. Harry asks why she didn't strike, and explains the concept to her after she shows incomprehension. This ends up with Flora punching Harry in the face and, after initial refusal, taking him to her studio. Flora rents out her studio to other artists, like a dancer named Maggie and her ex-boyfriend Kenny ("All I Need is One Good Break").

Headstrong wannabe fashion designer Flora Meszaros is a member of an artists' co-operative of bohemian types – dancers, musicians, designers – struggling to find work during the Great Depression. Hoping to find a job which pays at least $15 a week, she is hired by the head of a large department store at $30. She falls in love with Harry Toukarian, another struggling designer, who attempts to convert Flora to his communist ideals.

Although it compromises her job in an organization that does not recognize the new unions, she seeks to hold down both job and relationship. Complicating matters is a predatory communist matriarch, Comrade Charlotte, who wants Harry for herself, a secretary with designs on her boss, and Kenny and Maggie, a jazz dancing duo with their sights on greater things. In the end, however, Flora finds herself torn between two vastly different ideals, and has to sacrifice one or the other for true happiness.

Songs

 * Act I
 * Prologue – Ensemble
 * "Unafraid" – Flora, Students and Ensemble
 * "All I Need is One Good Break" – Flora, Harry Toukarian and Artists
 * "Not Every Day of the Week" – Flora and Harry Toukarian
 * "All I Need is One Good Break" (Reprise) – Flora, Elsa and The Lady
 * "Sign Here" – Harry Toukarian
 * "The Flame" – Comrade Ada, Harry Toukarian and Comrades
 * "Palomino Pal" – The Lady and Cowboy
 * "A Quiet Thing" – Flora
 * "Hello, Waves" – Harry Toukarian and Flora
 * "Dear Love" – Flora and Ensemble

 * Act II
 * "Express Yourself" – Comrade Charlotte and Harry Toukarian
 * "Knock, Knock" – Comrade Ada and Cowboy
 * "Comrade Charlotte's Ballet (The Tree of Life)" – Comrade Charlotte, Comrade Ada, Harry Toukarian and Ensemble
 * "Sing Happy" – Flora
 * "You Are You" – Mr. Weiss, Elsa, Flora, Mr. Stanley, Lulu, Katie and Joe
 * Finale – Entire Company

Recordings
The original Broadway cast recording was released by RCA Victor Broadway in May 1965; a CD was released March 10, 1992.

The 1987 off-Broadway cast recording is also available on CD.

title: Flora the Red Menace


text:
User talk:Buddyweiser

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United States of Indonesia
Hi there. I semi-reverted your edit to this article. RUSI is the customary English abbreviation of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia, but I have included 'RIS' after the Indonesian for the term in the intro. Regards. Davidelit (talk) 06:13, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Edit summaries
Hi Buddyweiser

It would be helpful to other editors to fill in the edit summary box so they can see what you have done. You can set user preferences to remind you to do this.--Charles (talk) 19:12, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Buddyweiser


text:
Scary Movie 3

Scary Movie 3 is a 2003 American parody film directed by David Zucker. It is the sequel to Scary Movie 2 and is the third film in the Scary Movie film series. The film parodies the horror, sci-fi, and mystery genres.

The film stars Anna Faris and Regina Hall reprising their roles as Cindy Campbell and Brenda Meeks, respectively. New cast members include Charlie Sheen, Simon Rex, Anthony Anderson, Kevin Hart, and Leslie Nielsen. It is the first film in the series to feature no involvement from the Wayans family. The characters of Ray Wilkins and Shorty Meeks, previously played by Shawn and Marlon Wayans respectively, do not appear, nor are they referenced.

The film's plot significantly parodies the films The Ring, Signs, The Matrix Reloaded and 8 Mile. The film grossed $220.7 million worldwide, becoming the second highest-grossing film in the series. It is the last film in the series to be released by Miramax Films (under their then-subsidiary Dimension Films). It was named the 2004 Teen Choice Awards in the category of Choice Movie: Your Parents Didn't Want You to See. A sequel, Scary Movie 4, was released in 2006.

Plot
Two women discuss a cursed videotape that kills anyone who watches it in seven days. Having both watched it, an unseen entity kills them. Meanwhile, on a farm outside Washington, D.C., widowed pastor Tom Logan and his brother George discover Tom's daughter Sue screaming in the middle of a crop circle.

Reporter Cindy Campbell discusses the crop circles on the news, but it is largely ignored. She cares for her nephew Cody, who has precognition powers. While picking him up from school, Cindy meets George who invites her and Brenda Meeks to a rap-battle. With support from his friends Mahalik and CJ, George beats Fat Joe, but is thrown out after unintentionally wearing a pointy white hood and waves to the largely African American crowd.

Brenda tells Cindy about the cursed videotape she watched and asks her to keep her company. After playing several pranks on Cindy, the girl from the tape, Tabitha, kills Brenda. George receives a phone call about Brenda's death, and Tom meets with Sayaman, who apologizes for killing Tom's wife in a car accident.

During Brenda's wake, George and Mahalik wreak havoc in an unsuccessful attempt to revive her. Cindy finds the tape in Brenda's room, watches it, and receives a phone call warning her of her death in seven days. She calls George, CJ and Mahalik for help. CJ says his Aunt Shaneequa can help. Shaneequa discovers the hidden image of a lighthouse, which can break the curse if Cindy finds it. When Cindy returns home, she finds Cody has watched the tape.

Desperate to save Cody, Cindy types a warning into the news anchor's teleprompter but her boss interrupts her and the anchor recites the wrong message. Meanwhile, the Logans encounter an alien disguised as Michael Jackson, and U.S. president Baxter Harris personally visits the farm to investigate the crop circles.

Cindy visits the lighthouse, where she encounters The Architect. The loquacious old man explains Tabitha was his evil adopted daughter whom his wife drowned in the farm's well, but not before she imprinted her evil onto the VHS tape. He mistakenly returned it to Blockbuster, mistaking it for Pootie Tang, unleashing the curse. When Cindy asks about how this relates to the aliens, the Architect speculates that Tabitha is summoning them to aid her in destroying humanity.

Returning home, Cindy discovers Cody is missing, the news has been broadcasting the cursed tape for hours, and there have been various sightings of aliens around the world. She tracks Cody to the Logan farm, where he has taken refuge with George. Tom sends Cindy, Sue, and Cody into the basement for safety, as he, George and Mahalik go outside to fight the aliens with help from President Harris and the Secret Service. The aliens reveal they are friendly and have come to stop Tabitha after accidentally watching the tape on a broadcast they intercepted, also mistaking it for Pootie Tang.

In the basement, Cindy recognizes the farm's cellar from the tape and she finds the well where Tabitha drowned. Tabitha appears and takes Cody hostage. Cindy and George appeal to her, offering her a place in their family. Tabitha falsely claims her curse is broken but as she attacks, President Harris opens a door and unintentionally knocks her into the well.

The aliens depart and Cindy and George get married. Leaving for their honeymoon, they realize they accidentally left Cody behind. After Cindy narrowly avoids hitting Cody at an intersection, another car strikes him.

Cast

 * Anna Faris as Cindy Campbell
 * Charlie Sheen as Tom Logan
 * Regina Hall as Brenda Meeks
 * Simon Rex as George Logan
 * Leslie Nielsen as President Baxter Harris
 * Queen Latifah as Aunt Shaneequa/The Oracle, based on The Oracle from The Matrix
 * Anthony Anderson as Mahalik
 * Kevin Hart as CJ Iz
 * Camryn Manheim as Trooper Champlin
 * George Carlin as The Architect, based on the architect from The Matrix
 * Eddie Griffin as Orpheus, based on Morpheus from The Matrix
 * Pamela Anderson as Becca Kotler
 * Jenny McCarthy as Katie Embry
 * Drew Mikuska as Cody Campbell
 * Denise Richards as Annie Logan
 * D. L. Hughley as John Wilson
 * Ja Rule as Agent Thompson
 * Darrell Hammond as Father Muldoon
 * Jeremy Piven as Ross Giggins
 * Tim Stack as Carson Ward
 * Simon Cowell as himself
 * Marny Eng as Tabitha, based on Sadako Yamamura from The Ring
 * Naomi Lawson-Baird as girl form of Tabitha
 * Edward Moss as MJ Alien
 * Ajay Naidu as Sayaman
 * Tom Kenny and Derek Stephen Prince as the voice of the Aliens
 * Jianna Ballard as Sue Logan, based on the Abigail Breslin character Bo Hess from Signs

Rapper cameos
As well as in "The Rap Battle", several actual rappers assist in the confrontation with the aliens and a subsequent shootout amongst themselves.
 * Master P
 * RZA
 * Raekwon
 * Method Man
 * Redman
 * Macy Gray
 * U-God
 * Fat Joe

Production
On November 22, 2002, Dimension Films announced a third Scary Movie without the Wayans brothers (namely director Keenan Ivory Wayans and co-stars/co-writers Shawn Wayans and Marlon Wayans) returning, with David Zucker taking over as director. The movie was given the title Scary Movie 3: Episode I — Lord of the Brooms, and the movie was supposed to spoof the Star Wars, Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter franchises. Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, who previously wrote an early draft for Scary Movie (2000), were set to write the movie. Zucker was going to shoot that script but eventually decided to not use it, instead using a new script written by Craig Mazin and Pat Proft that was more similar to the first two installments.

Filming started on March 12, 2003 and wrapped on July 16, 2003. The movie was shot in British Columbia and in Washington, D.C.

Music
The score for the film was composed by James L. Venable. The original soundtrack was released on October 24, 2003, and features hip hop artists such as Buku Wise, Delinquent Habits, Dame Lee, Kebyar, and others. Frank Fitzpatrick served as music supervisor for the film and soundtrack. Jorge Corante produced and co-wrote the majority of original songs used for the feature.

Alternate scenes
The DVD edition includes a director's audio commentary, several deleted scenes and alternate endings (with optional commentary). A "3.5" special DVD was also released, and contained several more deleted scenes than the original DVD, with an unrated version of the film.

In the alternate ending, Cindy is told Cody does not exist by her psychiatrist (played by William Forsythe). After hitting a few people in the face with a shovel, Cindy asks everybody who is not real to stand over at a different spot. Cody goes over there and is followed by Santa Claus. The aliens then begin to invade but George stops them by transforming into The Hulk. President Harris tries to hulk out but ends up soiling his pants. Cindy enters the Logan House, where she is attacked by Tabitha. She is teleported away to Aunt Shaneequa, who teaches her how to defeat Tabitha. Cindy must then confront hundreds of Tabitha's. She wins the battle by performing moves from The Matrix and teleports back to the Logan House. The cast then gets into a car with the President, but are horrified to learn that the driver happens to be M. Night Shyamalan.

One of the scenes that appeared on the Extended DVD named Scary Movie 3.5 was part of the unrated feature. After Pamela Anderson and Jenny McCarthy shut off the TV, the two compliment each other on their good looks. Anderson then asks if McCarthy wants her "shaved pussy", but this turns out to be a furless kitten.

In an extended scene, the person who runs Cody down at the end is shown to be Michael Jackson.

Box office
Scary Movie 3 opened at the number one spot in the US, grossing $48.1 million in its opening weekend and $57.5 million for that week. In its second week, it grossed $24.7 million. At the end of its box office run, Scary Movie 3 grossed $110 million in the US and $110.7 million internationally, making $220.7 million in total.

Critical response
Scary Movie 3 received a 35% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 129 critics, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Though an improvement over the second Scary Movie, the laughs are still inconsistent." On Metacritic, it has a score of 49 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

title: Scary Movie 3


text:
Dorel Industries

Dorel Industries Inc. is a Canadian company, based in Montreal, Quebec, which designs and manufactures juvenile products and home furnishings. Its Dorel Sports division, sold in 2022, sold bicycles. It was formed in 1987 as a result of a merger between Dorel Co. Ltd., founded in 1962 by Leo Schwartz and Ridgewood Industries, founded in 1969. Dorel employs approximately 10,000 people and its products are sold in over 100 countries.

Product segments
Dorel divides its brands into the following product segments.

Dorel Juvenile
Dorel Juvenile is a manufacturer of juvenile products, including car seats, play yards, high chairs, bath accessories, infant health, home safety and feeding products. The company sells more than 8 million children's car seats globally each year.

Juvenile products are designed, manufactured and marketed under several brand names, including Safety 1st, Maxi-Cosi, Quinny and Tiny Love. Regional brands include Cosco, Infanti, Bertini Baby, Bébé Confort, Mother's Choice, and Voyage.

Dorel Juvenile USA is headquartered in Foxborough, Massachusetts, and has a design and development center in Columbus, Indiana. In these locations, the company builds from the concept stage through development. The main US manufacturing facility is also in Columbus, allowing the company to produce many products within the United States. The Dorel Technical Center for Child Safety, also in Columbus, features research and design facilities.

Similar facilities exist in Europe with substantial operations in South America. In 2014 Dorel purchased the juvenile operations of the Lerado Group, providing the company with its first owned facilities in China and Taiwan.

Dorel Home
Products include home and commercial office furniture in metal or wood, storage cabinets and cubes with storage bins, futons, bunk beds, mattresses, dining tables and upholstered furniture, TV Stands and living room furniture like coffee and end tables, metal folding furniture, step stools, ladders.

The Dorel umbrella for home furnishings includes: The Novogratz, Cosco Home & Office, Ameriwood Industries, Dorel Home Products (DHP) and Dorel Living (formerly Dorel Asia). Dorel Home does significant on-line business.

Dorel Sports
In 2004, Dorel acquired Pacific Cycle, a company that designs, markets, and distributes branded bicycles and other recreational products. In February 2008, Dorel purchased the Cannondale Bicycle Corporation and SUGOI Performance Apparel. In July 2009, Dorel announced its acquisition of Iron Horse Bicycles. In August 2013, Dorel announced its acquisition of Brazil-based Bicicletas Caloi S/A.

The Dorel Sports segment comprises three operating divisions:
 * The Cycling Sports Group division, which deals specifically with the independent bicycle dealers' channel
 * The Pacific Cycle division, which deals with the mass merchant and sporting goods channel
 * Caloi: largest bicycle brand in Latin America and leader in Brazil

Dorel markets its sports products under the brand names of Cannondale, Schwinn, GT Bicycles, Mongoose, Caloi, IronHorse, Roadmaster, SUGOI (sold to Garneau June 2018), and Fabric.

In October 2021, Dorel Sports was sold to Dutch Pon Holdings.

title: Dorel Industries


text:
David Teniers III

David Teniers III, also referred to as David Teniers junior (baptized 10 July 1638 – 2 October 1685) was a Flemish painter and tapestry designer who was mainly active in Antwerp, Madrid and Brussels. He is known for his portraits, religious compositions and genre scenes.

Life
David Teniers III was born in Antwerp where he was baptized on 10 July in the St. James' Church. He was a scion of two very prominent artist families from Antwerp: his father was the painter David Teniers the Younger and his mother was Anna Brueghel, the daughter of Jan Brueghel the Elder and grand-daughter of Pieter Bruegel the Elder. His grandfather was the painter David Teniers the Elder. His father had close links with Peter Paul Rubens as is demonstrated by the fact that Rubens' second wife Helena Fourment was David III's god-mother. When his father was called to the court in Brussels around 1650 to become court painter to Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, the family Teniers moved from Antwerp to Brussels. Originally destined for an ecclesiastical career, David III showed such an aptitude for drawing and painting as a collaborator of his father that he chose to become a painter. David III's mother died on 11 May 1656 and his father remarried on 21 October of the same year to Isabella de Fren, the 32-year-old daughter of Andries de Fren, secretary of the Council of Brabant.

His father sent him to Madrid in 1661 with a letter of recommendation from Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena, then governor of the Southern Netherlands. He left on 26 April 1661. He was active in Spain as a designer of cartoons for tapestries and as a portrait painter. He remained at the court of Philip IV of Spain until 1663. The Spanish king bestowed upon him the honorary title of gentleman of the artillery of His Majesty.

Upon his return to Flanders he married Ana María Bonnaerens on 4 August 1671 in Dendermonde. His wife was from a wealthy bourgeois family from Dendermonde. The couple had six children of whom the eldest, David Teniers IV (1672–1731), appears to have been yet another painter in the dynasty. David Teniers III kept a record of his household's incomings and outgoings, which has been preserved and carries the title ''Handtboeck daer in staedt gespecificeert alle goederen ende gronden van erven, renten ende obligatiën, competerende aen d' Heer david teniers ende myne Huysvrouw, J. Anna Maria Bonnarens, die getrouwt zyn den 4. Augustus, 1671'' (Manual in which are specified all assets and funds inheritances, annuities and obligations belonging to Mr. David Teniers and his housewife Anne-Marie Bonnarens, who married on 4 August 1671). It contains information about the household of the artist, which has been helpful in establishing some of the facts of his life.

He initially stayed at his father's country estate and collaborated with his father on various projects. He seems to have been unhappy with his share in the payments received for some of their collaborative works. After settling in Brussels in 1675, he entered the local Guild of Saint Luke. He received Flemish as well as Spanish pupils including Frans Jochin, Lodewyk van der Vinne, Cascarillo and Jan van Diest.

He died in Brussels on 2 October 1685.

Work
David Teniers III painted portraits, genre scenes and religious compositions. He is stylistically close to the elegance of Anthony van Dyck or Gonzales Coques but remained thematically closer to the genre scenes painted by his father and grandfather.

David Teniers III was also sought after as a designer of tapestries. His main contribution here is the cartoons for genre scenes executed in the family tradition for tapestries, which were woven in the workshops of Brussels and Lille.

The Museo del Prado holds a series of works that have been attributed to him as well as several signed copies realized in 1673 after sketches of Rubens for a series of tapestries destined for the Monastery of the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales in Madrid.

title: David Teniers III


text:
Martin Dahlin

Dan Martin Nataniel Dahlin (born 16 April 1968) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a striker. In his prime, he was considered one of the world's best strikers.

Starting off his career with Malmö FF in 1987, he was the 1988 Allsvenskan top scorer and played for clubs in the Bundesliga, Serie A, and the Premier League before retiring in 1999.

A full international between 1991 and 1997, he won 60 caps for the Sweden national team and was a part of the Sweden team that finished third in the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He also represented Sweden at the 1988 Summer Olympics as well as UEFA Euro 1992. In 1993, he was awarded the Guldbollen as Sweden's best footballer of the year.

Early life
Dahlin was born in Uddevalla, Sweden to a Venezuelan father, who was a musician, and a Swedish mother. Named after Martin Luther King Jr., Dahlin spent his upbringing in Lund.

Club career
In 1993, he was selected as best Swedish player of the year, winning Guldbollen.

He played for Malmö FF, Borussia Mönchengladbach, A.S. Roma, Hamburger SV and Blackburn Rovers. The most successful time of his career he spent with Borussia Mönchengladbach with whom he won the German Cup in 1995 along with Stefan Effenberg.

Dahlin transferred from Roma to Blackburn Rovers in mid-1997 and made 21 appearances in the 1997–98 season, scoring four goals.

In the 1998–99 season, he only played five games when an injury in a training game ruled him out for the rest of the season and contributed to his retirement from the game after a short spell at Hamburger SV in 1999.

Blackburn Rovers later sued their insurance company who had refused to pay out over the injury claiming that normal wear and tear could have been a contributing factor. Although the initial verdict was given in favour of the club, in 2005 the Court of Appeal overturned the verdict and sent it back to the lower court. On 12 April 2006, the High Court ruled in favour of the insurance company, decreeing that the player probably had a pre-existing condition. This decision left Blackburn about £4 million out-of-pocket.

International career
Dahlin earned 66 caps for Sweden at the senior level. He was part of the Swedish national team which finished third in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, scoring four goals in the tournament. He also participated in the team which reached the semifinals of UEFA Euro 1992.

Retirement
Dahlin officially lives in Monaco. He lends his name to a clothing line. He speaks three languages – Swedish, English and German.

Dahlin became a sports agent working for former teammate Roger Ljung's sport agency Roger Ljung Promotion AB. He has since formed his own agency called MD Management. He represents Ola Toivonen, Guillermo Molins, Markus Rosenberg, Jonas Olsson, Behrang Safari and Pontus Jansson.

Club

 * Source:

International
Appearances and goals by national team and year International goals
 * Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first.

Honours
Malmö FF

 * Swedish Champion: 1988

 * Allsvenskan: 1988, 1989
 * Svenska Cupen: 1988–89

Borussia Mönchengladbach
 * DFB-Pokal: 1994–95

Sweden
 * FIFA World Cup third place: 1994

Individual
 * Allsvenskan top scorer: 1988
 * Guldbollen: 1993
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1995–96

title: Martin Dahlin


text:
Grand Mufti

The Grand Mufti (also called Chief Mufti, State Mufti and Supreme Mufti) is the head of regional muftis, Islamic jurisconsults, of a state. The office originated in the early modern era in the Ottoman Empire and has been later adopted in a number of modern countries.

Muftis are Islamic jurists qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion (fatwa) on a point of Islamic law (sharia). In the 15th century, muftis of the Ottoman Empire, who had acted as independent scholars in earlier times, began to be integrated into a hierarchical bureaucracy of religious institutions and scholars. By the end of the 16th century, the government-appointed mufti of Istanbul came to be recognized under the title Shaykh al-Islam (Turkish: şeyhülislam) as the Grand Mufti in charge of this hierarchy. The Ottoman Grand Mufti performed a number of functions, including advising the sultan on religious matters, legitimizing government policies, and appointing judges. After the dissolution the Ottoman Empire the office of the Grand Mufti has been adopted in a number of countries across the Muslim world, often serving the role of providing religious support for government policies. The Grand Mufti is generally an individual appointed by the state, although the office has collective or elective character in some modern countries.

History
Muftis are Muslim religious scholars who issue legal opinions (fatwas) interpreting sharia (Islamic law). The Ottoman Empire began the practice of giving official recognition and status to a single mufti, above all others, as the Grand Mufti. The Sheikh ul-Islam (or "grand mufti") of Istanbul had, since the late 16th century, come to be regarded as the head of the religious establishment. He was thus not only pre-eminent but bureaucratically responsible for the body of religious-legal scholars and gave legal rulings on important state policies such as the dethronement of rulers. This practice was subsequently borrowed and adapted by Egypt for the head of its Dar al-Ifta (House of Fatwas) from the mid-19th century. From there, the concept spread to other Muslim states, so that today there are approximately 16 countries with sizable Muslim populations which have a Grand Mufti. The relationship between the Grand Mufti of any given state and the state's rulers can vary considerably, both by region and by historical era.

India
The Grand Mufti of India is elected by the Sunni Barelvi Muslims and appointed by the Barelvi Sunni Muslims.

Brunei
The State Mufti of Brunei is nominated by the Sultan

Jerusalem
Throughout the era of British colonialism, the British retained the institution of Grand Mufti in some Muslim areas under their control and accorded the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem the highest political stature in Palestine. During World War I (1914–1918), there were two competing Grand Muftis of Jerusalem, one endorsed by the British and one by the Ottoman Empire. When Palestine was under British rule, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem was a position appointed by the British Mandate authorities. In the Palestinian National Authority, the administrative organization established to govern parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the Grand Mufti is appointed by the president.

Malaysia
Malaysia has a unique system of collective mufti. Nine of the fourteen Malaysian states have their own constitutional monarchy; nine are ruled by their own constitutional monarch while the country is led by a monarch elected from the nine. These nine monarchs have authority over religious matters within their own states: therefore, each of these nine states have their own mufti who usually controls the Islamic Council or Islamic Department of the state. At the national level, a (Majlis Fatwa Kebangsaan) has been formed under the Department of Islamic Advancement of Malaysia (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia or JAKIM). JAKIM appoints five Muftis for the five states which do not have monarchs. The muftis of the nine monarchical states, together with the five officials appointed by JAKIM in the National Council of Fatwā, collectively issue fatāwā at the national level.

Mughal Empire
In the Mughal Empire, the Grand Mufti of India was a state official.

Ottoman Empire
In the Ottoman Empire, the Grand Mufti was a state official, and the Grand Mufti of Constantinople was the highest of these.

Saudi Arabia
The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, with office created in 1953, is appointed by the King.

Tunisia
According to Article 78 of the 2014 Constitution, the Grand Mufti of Tunisia is appointed and can be dismissed by the President of the Republic.

List of Grand Muftis
The list includes the names of currently appointed Grand Muftis who will take office on an appointed date and appointed by a governing committee.

title: Grand Mufti


text:
Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow

Gerontius (Геронтий; died 1489) was Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' from 1473 until 1489. He was the fourth metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed by the civil authority without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm.

Gerontius was the Bishop of Kolomna. In 1473, he was appointed Metropolitan of Moscow. In the late 1470s, he was in conflict with Ivan III over, among other things, the consecration procedures of the new churches. During the Great standing on the Ugra river in 1480, Gerontius spoke for resisting the Golden Horde to the very end. He adhered to a moderate position in dealing with heresies, which had already plagued Moscow and Novgorod. In 1482, Gerontius left his post, though he would later return at the request of the Grand Prince. Gerontius died in 1489, and was buried in Dormition Cathedral, Moscow.

title: Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow


text:
Sverdrup Islands

The Sverdrup Islands is an archipelago of the northern Queen Elizabeth Islands, in Nunavut, Canada. The islands, part of the Arctic Archipelago, are situated in the Arctic Ocean, west of Ellesmere Island from 77° to 81° North and 85° to 106° West.

History
The islands are named after Norwegian explorer Otto Sverdrup, who explored and mapped them from 1898 to 1902 with the vessel Fram, although Inuit previously inhabited some of them. Sverdrup claimed the islands for Norway, but the Norwegian government showed no interest in pursuing the claim until 1928. At that point, the Norwegian government raised the claim, primarily to use the islands as bargaining chips in negotiations with the United Kingdom over the status of two other islands: the Jan Mayen in the Arctic and Bouvet Island in the Antarctic. On 11 November 1930, Norway recognized Canadian sovereignty over the Sverdrup Islands. On 19 November 1930, the United Kingdom recognized Norwegian sovereignty over Jan Mayen.

Geography
The main islands of the group are Axel Heiberg Island, Ellef Ringnes Island, Amund Ringnes Island, Cornwall Island, Graham Island, Meighen Island, King Christian Island, Stor Island, and the archipelago also includes a number of smaller islands in the surrounding waters. The only inhabited place was Isachsen, a formerly staffed weather station, 1948 through 1978, on Ellef Ringnes Island and McGill Arctic Research Station on Axel Heiberg Island (a research station occupied during the summer).

title: Sverdrup Islands