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Białowieża

Białowieża is a village in Poland's Podlaskie Voivodeship, in the middle of the Białowieża Forest, to which it gave its name. The village is some 21 km east of Hajnówka and 66 km southeast of the province capital, Białystok.

Location
Białowieża is in eastern Poland, in Podlaskie Voivodeship, near Poland's border with Belarus. The nearest city is Białystok, the province capital. Białowieża is also connected to the town of Hajnówka, some 20 km away. The Narewka River flows through Białowieża.

Białowieża is the seat of the administrative district of Gmina Białowieża. Other villages in the district are Budy, Gródek, Pogorzelce, and Teremiski.

History

Before 1426, a wooden hunting lodge was built for King Władysław Jagiełło on the Łutownia River, in the middle of the Białowieża Forest. The lodge was probably one of the area's first permanent settlements, though the forest had already been penetrated by hunters from nearby areas and by the King himself, who hunted there. The wooden lodge was painted white and became the namesake for both the future village and the forest (Białowieża means White Tower in Polish).

From 1538 the forest was protected by the laws of King Sigismund I the Old. However, until the times of John Casimir the forest was mostly unpopulated. Sporadic settlements were established in various places, but the manor in Białowieża was the only one to be permanent. In the late 17th century, several small villages were started for development of local iron ore deposits and tar production. The villages were populated with settlers from Mazovia and Podlachia and many of them still exist.

At the end of the 16th century, probably around 1594, the royal court was moved to the area of today's Białowieża Glade. According to the inventory from 1696, Białowieża was a 25-morgic farm in the period in question. In 1710 Białowieża was affected by a plague epidemic. The settlement and the royal hunting court were burnt down, and the residents who avoided infection moved to a new place. About the burned village is reminiscent of a wooden Orthodox cross set up by the Browska Road, which according to one version means the place where the wooden Orthodox church was located, according to the other - the place where the village once ended. In the mid-eighteenth century, August III built a new hunting palace in the area of today's Palace Park, whose first description comes from an inventory from 1773. On September 27, 1752, August III organized a great hunt in the Białowieża Forest. To commemorate this event, a sandstone obelisk was erected near the palace, in which the names of the hunting entourage and the number of slaughtered animals were engraved in Polish and German. In 1765-1780 Białowieża was ruled by the Lithuanian court Treasurer Antoni Tyzenhauz. In 1784 King Stanisław August Poniatowski came to Białowieża. There were the last royal hunts in the Białowieża Forest.

As a result of the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Białowieża found itself within the borders of the Russian Empire (Russian partition of Poland). After the Partitions of Poland the local population was turned into serfs and Białowieża quickly depopulated. Tsar Alexander I reintroduced the reserve in 1801 and hired a small amount of peasants for protection of the animals. Most of them were settled in the administrative centre of the area - Białowieża. However, since most of the foresters took part in the November Uprising (500 out of 502 in total), their posts were abolished and protection was again harmed. Yet again the village of Białowieża ceased to exist. Protection was reintroduced in 1860 and the village was repopulated with Russians.

The rapid development of Białowieża took place after 1888, when the settlement was incorporated into tsarist estates. In 1889-1894 a large hunting palace was built, designed by Nicholas de Rochefort. A number of buildings were built in the vicinity of the palace: The Świcki (Hunting House) with comfortable, separate rooms, a common billiard room, baths for the tsar's dawn (burned down in 1962), the Hofmarszałkowski House for court marshals (built in 1904), kitchen buildings, palace stable for 40 horses, laundry, telephone station, power plant (demolished in 1978), electric mill, house for servicing horses, house of the palace supervisor, house of shooters (built in 1904), woodcutter, cold store, bakery, house for preparation of forest animals, etc. As a result, a large housing estate was created. In 1895, an English-style palace park was created with an area of approximately 50 ha, designed by Walerian Kronenberg. At that time, another park with an area of 20 ha was established in another part of Białowieża, also according to the design of Kronenberg, surrounding the seat of the Board of the Appanaged Forest. Originally called a regiment, in the interwar period it received the name of the Directorate Park, which is preserved until today. 7 clerical houses were built in this area. In 1895, construction was completed and a new stone church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, located near the palace.

During World War I most of the local Eastern Orthodox (different nationalities) population fled before the advancing German army which seized the area in August 1915. Catholics remained in the village (being ethnic Poles, but also partly Orthodox Poles) The Germans built a lumber mill in Białowieża, connected to the nearby town of Hajnówka by a railway. However, the village did not recover until 1921 when the Białowieża National Park was established. The village became the administrative center of the Park and one of the most popular tourist attractions of the area. Following the Polish-Soviet War, Białowieża was returned to Poland.

On 1 September 1939, with the onset of World War II and joint German and Soviet attack on Poland, Luftwaffe bombed Bialowieza. The bombs seriously damaged the church and, to a lesser extent, a military field hospital located in one of the wings of the palace. Then Białowieża was taken over by the German 3rd Armored Division. On September 16, Podlaska Cavalry Brigade entered Białowieża. On September 20, general Zygmunt Podhorski pseud. "Zaza" appointed from the gathered units of the Suwalska Cavalry Brigade and the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade the improvised Cavalry Division "Zaza" consisting of the Cavalry Brigade "Pleats" and the Cavalry Brigade "Edward".

In accordance with Ribentrop-Molotov Pact, the area came under Soviet occupation and was declared part of the Belastok Region of the Belarusian SSR. In 1939 and 1940 many local inhabitants were arrested and deported to Siberia. Many were arrested and sent to the Gulag. They were replaced with Russian forest workers, but in 1941 the forest came under German occupation and the Russian inhabitants were also deported. Hermann Göring planned to create the biggest hunting reserve in the world there, but those plans were never realized. After July 1941, the forest became a refuge for both Polish and Soviet partisans. The German authorities organized mass executions of people suspected of aiding the resistance. In July 1944 the area was captured by the Red Army. The withdrawing Wehrmacht blew up the historic Białowieża hunting manor.

After the war Białowieża was transferred back to the communist Polish People's Republic, yet again recovered and in 1947 became the center of the re-established National Park. Nowadays it is one of the least populated areas in Poland, while at the same time it is one of the most important tourist attractions in the eastern part of the country with almost 100,000 visitors every year. The Reserve was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1992 and internationally recognized as a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program in 1993.

British historian Simon Schama devotes several chapters of his 1995 book Landscape and Memory to a consideration of the historical vicissitudes of the forests around Białowieża in an effort to explore the ways in which cultural imagination shapes humans' vision of the land.

Population
Today, the majority of the population of Białowieża is Eastern Orthodox mostly identifying themselves as Poles, with a small part identifying as members of the Belarusian ethnic minority. There is also a significant percentage of Catholics living in Białowieża. The local native dialect is described by linguists as being of Ruthenian origin, predominantly a mixture of Belarusian, Ukrainian with significant elements of Polish and a certain influence of the Russian language. However, this dialect is gradually disappearing and an increasing part of the population of Białowieża uses standard Polish or Podlasie-Polesian dialects of the Polish language.

Sites of interest

 * Białowieża National Park
 * Palace park (Park Pałacowy) - covering the area of 470000 m², built in 1890. It is a park in English style with a large view to Białowieża National Park. Upon the ponds there is an obelisk for the memory of hunting in 1752 when king Augustus III hunted in Białowieża forests. There are also several tsarist red brick buildings from the 19th century, and a gate which is the only remnant of the wooden manor.
 * Ecological Museum (Muzeum Przyrodniczo-Leśne im. prof. Jana Miklaszewskiego) - museum of natural history
 * St. Nicholas the Miraculous' Orthodox Church - with a unique iconostasis from Chinese porcelain.
 * Open-air folk museum (Skansen) - with original huts, windmills and wells
 * PTTK Tourist Service
 * Nature expert guides (birdwatching, bison and other wildlife observations) you can find at the Białowieża Forest website
 * Graveyard Chapel of St. Cyril (Kaplica św. Cyryla) - from 1873 with an 18th-century icon.

Notable people

 * Gavriil Ilizarov, Soviet orthopedic surgeon, known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for his eponymous surgery.
 * Igor Newerly, Polish novelist and educator, member of the Polish resistance during the Nazi German occupation of Poland.
 * Aleksander Waszkiewicz, Soviet military officer
 * Albert Ordway (born Albert Asoŭski), Belarusian politician and military commander, member of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
 * Hieorhi Vałkavycki, Belarusian poet and writer

title: Białowieża


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Paula Fletcher

Paula Fletcher (born 1951) is a Canadian politician who has served on Toronto City Council since 2003. She currently represents Ward 14 Toronto—Danforth.

Fletcher is regarded as an advocate for affordable housing, environmentally sustainable policy, social justice and good land use planning. She describes her views as ascribing to progressive values.

Early life and family
Fletcher was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and moved to Toronto, then to Winnipeg, Manitoba, before again relocating to Toronto.

She now lives in Toronto with her husband John Cartwright and their two children. Her husband is a former president of the Toronto and York Region Labour Council. A carpenter by trade, Cartwright was formerly the Business Manager of the Construction Trades Council and co-chair of the Metro Jobstart Coalition. He has served on the Boards of the Waterfront Regeneration Trust, the United Way Toronto, the Toronto 2008 Olympic Bid, and the Labour Education Centre.

Early career
In Winnipeg, Fletcher worked as an educator in third world development, and became a community activist. She was a union organizer in a Toronto garment mill in the early 1970s. After working at the mill, she worked at the Downsview DeHavilland Plant. When she worked there, she went by the nickname "Rosie the Riveter". At the DeHavilland plant, she was involved in the women's committee of Canadian Auto Workers Local 112. In the 1990s, Fletcher worked at Toronto City Hall as executive assistant to city councillor Dan Leckie.

Politics
In 1980, she ran for the Winnipeg School Board for Ward 2, in the city's north end. In 1981, she was elected leader of the Communist Party of Canada (Manitoba) and served as leader for five years. She ran in the 1981 and 1986 provincial elections in the Winnipeg riding of Burrows. She garnered 144 and 131 votes respectively, less than 2 per cent of the popular vote. In the early 1980s, she sang with a group called Rank and File. In 1986, Fletcher left the Communist Party and moved back to Toronto.

Toronto District School Board Trustee
In 2000, Fletcher was elected as a trustee for Ward 15 in the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). During her time on the board, she was active in fighting service cuts by the Mike Harris and Ernie Eves Progressive Conservative governments, and helped prevent two school closures in her area. One of them was Bruce Junior Public School, which Fletcher helped save by housing a new centre there for childhood learning and development for families.

Election and early tenure
When Jack Layton resigned from council to run for the leadership of the New Democratic Party (NDP), Fletcher ran to replace him and received the endorsement of Layton (who was NDP leader by the time of the Toronto council election campaign) and the NDP, and Marilyn Churley, who was the NDP member of Provincial Parliament (MPP).

In the 2003 municipal election, eight candidates competed in Ward 30. Prominent candidates included Chris Phibbs, who was executive assistant to Toronto City Councillor Kyle Rae for 11 years, and Maureen Gilroy, a centrist candidate who had the backing of Liberal member of Parliament (MP) Dennis Mills. A key issue in the 2003 election was the proposed fixed link to the Toronto Island Airport that Fletcher opposed. Fletcher won with 39.5 per cent of the vote.

As a councillor, Fletcher rallied Toronto City Council to oppose the Portlands Energy Centre, a 550 megawatt power plant in the Port Lands district beside the Hearn Generating Station. The grassroots campaign was unable to stop construction of the plant, which was completed in 2007. Significant developments in Ward 30 that Fletcher supported include Filmport (now known as Pinewood Toronto Studios), which is Canada's largest purpose-built sound stage and film production space, and the Zhong Hua Men Archway, the only traditional Chinese archway to be built in Toronto.

Re-election
In the 2006 municipal election, Fletcher ran in a field of six candidates. Fletcher won with 60.3 per cent of the vote.

During Fletcher's second term, Fletcher served as the chair of the Parks and Environment Committee, where she spearheaded the City of Toronto's Climate Change, Clean Air and Sustainable Energy Action Plan and Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, and the People, Dogs and Parks – Off-Leash Areas and Commercial Dog Walker Permit Policy. She was also a member of the Mayor David Miller Executive Committee. She also served on the boards of Toronto Public Health and the Toronto Community Housing Corporation, and she chaired the Aboriginal Committee and the Animal Services sub-committee.

Leslieville Smart Centres development
In 2009, Fletcher campaigned against an application by SmartCentres to build a 65000 m2 retail facility in the city's 'Studio District'. The development was proposed for lands occupied by Toronto Film Studios, which would have required a change in the zoning from industrial to retail. The proposal was denied on the grounds that the development would have destabilized the surrounding employment district. Smart Centres appealed the decision to the Ontario Municipal Board (OMB). In March 2009, the OMB sided with city council. However, OMB vice-chair James McKenzie was critical of measures taken to block the proposal.

Budget 2010 outburst
On 2 March 2010, Fletcher "interrogated" a man who was identified as John Smith during deputations on the City of Toronto's budget. In response to Smith's criticisms, Fletcher wanted to know if he expected her to cut the arts budget, school breakfast programs, or subsidized daycare spots. Smith replied, "Councillor, you're asking me to do your job. Are you seeking re-election in [October]? You're being paid to make tough decisions." After a further exchange, he added, "You should be fired." Fletcher yelled back, "Oh, come and run against me. Come on down, baby!" Fletcher subsequently apologized for her comments, writing in a letter to Toronto City Council.

Bike lanes
Fletcher has been a strong advocate for better bike lane infrastructure in Toronto and supports bicycle lanes on Danforth Avenue. In 2014, she joined a number of other councillors on "Bike to Work Day". In May 2010, however, Fletcher accidentally voted against a proposal to install bike lanes on University Avenue in downtown Toronto. The proposal failed on a 15–13 vote. She said she had intended to vote in favour of the proposal and cited fatigue and city hall technology for her mis-vote.

Third term
In the 2010 municipal election, Fletcher increased her vote to narrowly beat former CityTV reporter Liz West by less than 2 per cent of the votes cast. West's campaign was buoyed by the support of mayoral candidate Rob Ford and his upsurge in the campaign that led to his election. The Globe and Mail reported that there was a strong desire for change in the ward that led to the close showing by West, who entered the race in mid-August. Third-place candidate Andrew James dropped out of the race and endorsed West prior to the election day. The Toronto and York Region Labour Council endorsed Fletcher and several other councillor and school trustee candidates.

Fourth term
Fletcher was re-elected in the 2014 municipal election, once again beating West and four other candidates.

Fifth term
Fletcher was re-elected in the 2018 municipal election, running in the newly created Ward 14, which includes much of her old ward. She ran against fellow councillor Mary Fragdakis.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paula Fletcher


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Talk:Pan-pan

Pan-pan
I don't think it necessary means urgency, I think a pan-pan is something like a breakdown or medical problem. --uberdog 22:30, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * This is incorrect. PAN PAN is the pro-word proceeding a Urgency Marine Information Broadcast. It is used in cases of emergency prompting immediate action by any Vessels in the vicinity. It is always used exclusively in cases of distress, at least in America, and the Coast Guard does not use it for mundane broadcasts such as weather. Such informational broadcasts use the pro-word SECURITE before their transmission. I am updating the page to reflect this. --Coldbourne 17:01, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Is there a "PAN PAN" for pilots who require police assistance on landing, such as when a stewardess claims to have been sexually assaulted by a passenger? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.39.131 (talk) 21:48, 13 March 2016 (UTC)
 * No, that would not require a PANPAN call. PAN-PAN is used for radio priority (one priority level below MAYDAY). If you need police assistance on landing, but you're not going to be landing for an hour, you don't need radio priority. cagliost (talk) 12:10, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

3-minute silence periods
At 02:44, 21 October 2006, a user at 68.221.51.12 added the following without comment:

"Protocol indicates that there is at least a 3 minute radio silence period at the top and bottom of the hour for three minutes to keep airwaves clear for Pan-Pan calls. For example; silence from 0600-0603hrs, and 0630-0633hrs."

In essence, this is correct, but I think the wording should be improved and I think it has been added in the wrong place. Maybe it should be near the top of the article; maybe it should also be mentioned in Mayday where it is even more important, and also in Marine VHF radio, 2182 kHz, Marine and mobile radio telephony etc?

Does it only apply to maritime radio? I know it does, but what about aeronautical radio? Another question is, where is there a reference to the original source of this 'protocol' or 'operating procedure'? The best I can find is http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga-guidance-regulation/mcga-mgn/mcga-mld-page.htm?textobjid=99ABF1A5D7392DA6&printout=1 This is fairly official but clearly not the original definition. Somewhere it might be worth mentioning the, now historical, H+15 min and H+45 min CW silence periods that used to be applied on 500 kHz too. All of these can be illustrated very nicly by a photo of one of those ship's clocks that had these silence periods marked in red and green on the face. Maybe this deserves a whole new article - but what's the name of these? Hourly radio silence periods? Marine radio listening times?

Too many questions... I'm stunned into temporary inactivity :-) --Nigelj 16:02, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

"The 3 minute radio silence periods are no longer observed. They were not mentioned in the syllabus of my marine VHF radio short range certificate, nor are they mentioned in the article on marine VHF radio. I know this doesn't really work as a reference, but the post by Jo Eirik Vee in this forum thread in Norwegian is written by one of the radio officers at the Norwegain coastal radio. It explains that the silence periods are no longer needed after the introduction of GMDSS. --Jon kare (talk) 09:03, 21 April 2009 (UTC)"

pan pan medico
Currently the MCA and RYA are telling us that pan-pan medico should no longer be used and a standard pan-pan should be used when asking for medical advice. I think the article should possibly reflect this change. Colonel-shoe 15:07, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you have a written source for this? If so, edit the article and cite the source. Be bold! Kev (talk) 18:56, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I have the MCA's own website maritime safety information, which tells you the procedure for medical advice link calls. Also I have an email from the MCA stating that pan pan medico was never an officially sanctioned international procedure word, it just slipped into common parlance. I am new to wiki and would not be confident on how to cite these sources, if indeed they would be acceptable. I will do it, if I could possibly get some help. Colonel-shoe 19:29, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * : : Is there a risk of confusion with "Pan Pan Medical", which signifies that an aircraft is a protected medical transport operating under the Geneva convention? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.133.85.37 (talk) 09:16, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

I've updated the article with sources for aviation and sailing, explaining that "PAN PAN MEDICAL" is for medical transports only. We have sources saying that the phrase "pan pan medico" should "no longer" be used, so I've added these as well. Frankly, I think it likely that the phrase "pan pan medico" was never correct, but we don't have sources saying that. cagliost (talk) 12:12, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I have included an IPA pronunciation of "pan-pan" from it's wiktionary entry. Dreammaker182 01:59, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The pronunciation is "pon-pon" not "pan-pan". I'll have to go through my FCC manual to find a reference because I can't find an authoritative reference on-line. However [| this Wikipedia article] says "pon-pon". Rsduhamel (talk) 05:35, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

 * You are 100% correct and I changed the article to reflect it, with two citations from US Coast Guard sources. 68.174.97.122 (talk) 02:00, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Rsduhame1 is completely wrong - the correct international pronunciation is pan, not pon. I believe Rsduhamel is referring to the mispronunciation used by some U.S. mariners which is based on a pecularity of American-English pronunciation where a first "a" (following a consonant) is often pronounced as the "a" in "father" rather than the "a" in "can".

Two examples of this are in the American-English pronunciation of the Japanese word "banzai" or the city name, "Casablanca". American-English sounds the first "a" as in "father" (more like a British "o") and International-English tends to make them both "flat or short a" sounds - like the "a" in "hat". By the same token, "pon" is a simple American-only corruption of the correct international pronunciation - which is "pan" as in "cooking pan". --621PWC (talk) 21:08, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Regardless of what the correct pronunciation is, your rationale is ridiculous. The phenomenon is much more likely the result of American speakers preferring to use an open back vowel [ɑ] in place of a foreign open front [a], rather than the near-open front [æ]. Because of the way these vowels are pronounced in the American English dialect (their open back vowel tends to be not as far back, and their near-open front vowel not as open, and sometimes even diphthongised), to them, their pronunciation sounds much closer to the native French word "panne". It's not a "corruption" or a "peculiarity"; it's perfectly rational and predictable. Whether it's correct or not is a different issue, but save us from your uninformed and biased analyses.

It probably should be included in the article that there are a significant number of mariners who use this pronunciation, whether it is correct or not. If somebody hears it, they should know what it means.24.84.172.213 (talk) 11:25, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Aide-memoire
That's an odd term to use. Wouldn't "mnemonic" suffice? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.5.67.134 (talk) 22:11, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Very Frenchnocentric
This whole article is a bit off. I know in America at least it is Pan-Pan-Pan All Stations... among other errors. Another instance of the problems with wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

 * The usage is currently sourced to Transport Canada. I have UK RYA instructional books here that say the same thing. Have you any reference that recommend what you suggest for US waters? I thought these things were standardised internationally, so it would be interesting if the US CG was currently recommending such usage. --Nigelj (talk) 15:16, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The procedures do indeed trace back to international standards. Ideally a source such as the ITU regs would provide a clear international endorsement.  In any case, "Pan-Pan-Pan" is quite incorrect.  The USCG Radiotelephone Handbook and FAA publications are both examples of US sources that conform to these standards. --Requiem Aristos (talk) 04:52, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

PON PON PON PON PON PON
Its PAN PAN everywhere except the Americas, repeated 3 times, PON PON, PON PON, PON PON, ALL STATIONS ALL STATIONS ALL STATIONS 2602:63:C3E6:4400:2D18:7A5A:48C1:A072 (talk)73 DE KM4QKW —Preceding undated comment added 17:36, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

RAF Chinook incident
The article states that an RAF Chinook was hit above Baghdad, issued a Pan-pan call and safely recovered to Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. Point-to-point with a fully fuelled Chinook and overflight permission from Iran this is probably possible but I doubt it happened like that. The blurb of the book referenced talks about operations in Afghanistan so I'd guess that it's the Baghdad part of the statement that's wrong thanks to a confusion between The Green Zone (The International Zone of Baghdad) and the Green Zone (The fertile area of Helmand province down the route of the Helmand River). Does anyone have the book and knows what the sentence should actually read? 164.11.157.175 (talk) 14:01, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree. Sources available online describing the book about the pilot of the RAF Chinook say that he operated in "the green zone of Afghanistan" rather than Baghdad, Iraq. - LuckyLouie (talk) 17:13, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

Not widely understood?
In the international commercial aviation world, we are advised not to use PANPAN in certain countries like Spain, where it is allegedly not widely understood. However I can't find a source for this. cagliost (talk) 12:15, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pan-pan


text:
USS Harding (DD-91)

USS Harding (DD-91) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I. She was the first ship named in honor of Seth Harding.

Launched in 1918, she undertook training exercises off the East Coast of the United States sporadically for several years. In 1919, she escorted a major transatlantic flight of Curtiss NC seaplane. Later that year, she was selected to be converted into a seaplane tender, and was then used to support naval aviator training off Naval Air Station Pensacola. She took one trip to Veracruz with emergency medical supplies, and was also on hand during aircraft bombing tests against decommissioned German ships, including the sinking of SMS Ostfriesland. She was decommissioned in 1922 and sold for scrapping in 1936.

Design and construction
Harding was one of 111 Wickes-class destroyers built by the United States Navy between 1917 and 1919. She, along with seven of her sisters, were constructed at Union Iron Works shipyards in San Francisco, California using specifications and detail designs drawn up by Bethlehem Steel.

She had a standard displacement of 1,060 t an overall length of 315 ft, a beam of 31 ft and a draft of 8 ft. On trials, Harding reached a speed of 35 knot. She was armed with four 4"/50 caliber guns, three .30 caliber machine guns, and twelve torpedo tubes 21 in Mark 15 torpedoes. She had a regular crew complement of 122 officers and enlisted men. She was driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers.

Specifics on Harding's performance are not known, but she was one of the group of Wickes-class destroyers known unofficially as the 'Liberty Type' to differentiate them from the destroyers constructed from detail designs drawn up by Bath Iron Works, which used Parsons or Westinghouse turbines. The 'Liberty' type destroyers deteriorated badly in service, and in 1929 all 60 of this group were retired by the Navy. Actual performance of these ships was far below intended specifications especially in fuel economy, with most only able to make 2,300 nmi at 15 knot instead of the design standard of 3,100 nmi at 20 knot. The class also suffered problems with turning and weight.

Harding was the first ship to be named for Seth Harding. The second USS Harding (DD-625) was a Gleaves-class destroyer, commissioned in 1943.

Service history
Harding was launched on 4 July 1918 from Union Iron Works. She was sponsored by the wife of George A. Armes, and commissioned under the command of Commander Henry D. Cooke. On 3 February 1919, she was assigned to the United States Atlantic Fleet and sailed for Newport, Rhode Island via Santa Cruz, California. Transiting the Panama Canal, she arrived on 18 February. Two days later she moved to Boston, Massachusetts and stood out of that harbor on 21 February, to escort SS George Washington which was transporting President Woodrow Wilson from the Versailles Conference. Two days later she participated in ceremonies in Boston harbor celebrating the arrival of that ship.

Next, she put in for repairs at Norfolk, Virginia until 8 March, when she left for fleet exercises near Cuba. Following this, Harding left for New York, arriving there on 14 April. On 1 May, she departed as part of a group of destroyers acting as a guide for a flight of Navy Curtiss NC seaplanes across the Atlantic Ocean. Harding provided searchlight illumination by night during the first part of the flight; NC-1 and NC-3 made forced landings near the Azores and Harding rendered assistance to NC-1 before it sank. NC-4, the remaining seaplane, arrived at Ponta Delgada 20 May and as she took off for the last leg of her journey, Harding got underway to provide radio compass signals at sea. After the seaplanes landed at Plymouth, England, to complete the flight on 31 May 1919, Harding visited Brest, France and the Azores before returning to Newport 18 June. For several months, Harding was based out of Newport and Norfolk on training exercises.

After the end of World War I, the U.S. Navy began to convert surplus ships to support its growing seaplane tender program. Several steamers and minelayers were selected in 1919, but Harding was the only destroyer, because it was determined that she would require minimal modifications. Following this success, and as aircraft carrier designs advanced, more ships were designed specifically to support naval aviation. Fourteen Clemson-class destroyers were converted to seaplane tenders in 1938 when it was determined that aircraft production was outpacing the development of these ships. During the conversion of Harding, her three .30 caliber machine guns were removed and her crew complement was reduced to 100 officers and enlisted men. Her torpedo tubes may also have been removed. On 13 December 1919, she reported to the Philadelphia Navy Yard for conversion to a seaplane tender. She completed the conversion at Charleston Navy Yard and on 20 May 1920, she sailed for duty at Pensacola Naval Air Station. Immediately after this, though, Harding was loaded with medical supplies from the American Red Cross and was ordered to Veracruz, Mexico, where an outbreak of bubonic plague necessitated serum and other supplies. She reached Veracruz on 9 June 1920 and unloaded her supplies. She then steamed for Pensacola, Florida, stopping at Tampico on the way, and arrived in Florida on 13 June.

At Pensacola, Harding was assigned to a seaplane pilot training program. She remained there until 4 August 1920, after which she operated in the Caribbean area tending seaplanes until 23 February 1921. She stopped briefly at Philadelphia before heading to Hampton Roads to support bombing tests on surrendered German ships, leaving Norfolk on 21 June. She was present during the bombing tests on SMU U-117 and remained assigned to the tests until the sinking of the German battleship SMS Ostfriesland on 21 July 1921. Harding was detached from this duty the next day.

Harding subsequently conducted training exercises out of Newport and other East Coast ports until 27 December 1921, when she arrived at Charleston, South Carolina. Remaining there until 3 April 1922, she sailed to Philadelphia where she decommissioned 1 July 1922. Harding was then sold for scrap on 29 September 1936, to Schiavone-Bonomo Corporation in New York City.

title: USS Harding (DD-91)


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Talk:Specificity (tests)

In gene structure prediction literature, specificity has traditionally been computed as $$S_p = \frac{TP}{TP+FP}$$. That is, $$S_p$$ is the proportion of predicted coding nucleotide that are actually coding. 22:31, 15 Aug 2004

 * The problem with using specificity that way is that it does not tell you much about the procedure or test, since it depends on what proportion of the underlying population is in fact positive or negative. --Henrygb 19:36, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It would be nice to see a credible reference if you have one. I think you are talking about positive predictive value. --Henrygb 02:36, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you mean by credible reference, but Burset and Guigo (1996) defines specificity in this way. That's not to say that it's correct.  As they say in a later paper (free full text), "we essentially compute the proportion of actual coding nucleotides/exons that have been predicted correctly-(which we call Sensitivity) and the proportion of predicted coding nucleotides/exons that are actually coding nucleotides/exons (which we call Specificity)".  Thus, it may not be correct, but it has become the standard.  That said, the gene finding definition of specificity appears to be the same as precision from Information Retrieval, i.e. "(number of relevant documents retrieved) / (number of documents retrieved)".  This corresponds to TP/(TP+FP).  Thus, there seems to be some conflict in this article, which states that specificity is the same as precision.  It is not.  24.63.115.69 06:55, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, I asked for a reference and you kindly provided one. I still think it is an error: the CDC in their pages on Genomics use the standard definition . Meanwhile someone else manages to use "specificity" to produce a number 10^13,167,898.  I read the article as saying that positive predictive value and precision are equivalent, and that both depend on the underlying population, which specificity does not. --Henrygb 13:49, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * $$\frac{TP}{TP+FP}$$ is precision, also known positive predictive value: 'the proportion of items classified positive which truly are positive'.  Specificity is the true negative rate, $$\frac{TN}{TN+FP}$$, 'the proportion of negative items classified negative'.   1996 Burset and Guigo paper simply got them mixed up.

continuous interpretation of specificity (for instrumentation)
I came to this page looking for a continuous interpretation of specificity (for instrumentation). For example if you built an instrument to measure the salt content of a solution, it might (by imperfect design) also register the amount of sugar in the sample. Suppose the actual instrument reading was [reading] = 0.99*[true salt concentration] + 0.01*[sugar concentration]. Is there a concept of specificity that characterizes this kind of imperfection? 69.159.205.193 14:07, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Such a thing does not fall under information retrieval definitions of specificity. What you are actually looking for is a statistical method to give you a confidence interval for the salt concentration... --Jettlogic

Reference for Information Retrieval and Binary Classification
This is based on http://www.musc.edu/dc/icrebm/sensitivity.html

Information Retrieval Basics True Positives (TP) "Number of P's that you called P"       True Negatives (TN) "Number of N's that you called N"       False Positives (FP) "Number of N's that you called P" (Type I errors) False Negatives (FN) "Number of P's that you called N" (Type II errors) Positives (P=TP+FN) "Number of P's"       Negatives (N=TN+FP) "Number of N's"       Data set (A=P+N) "Number of P's and N's"   Sensitivity (TP/P) "Proportion of P's that you called P" (recall in IR) Specificity (TN/N) "Proportion of N's that you called N"   False Positive Rate (FP/N) "Proportion of N's that you called P"   False Negative Rate (FN/P) "Proportion of P's that you called N"   Positive Predictive Value (TP/TP+FP) "Proportion of those you called P that are P" (precision in IR) Negative Predictive Value (TN/TN+FN) "Proportion of those you called N that are N"   Prevalence (P/A) "Proportion of data that are P"   F-Measure (2 x Rec x Pre / Rec + Pre) "Harmonic mean of precision and recall"

--Jettlogic

Table and edits
See Talk:Sensitivity (tests) re past wish list for simpler description, setting what it is before launching in mathematical jargon. I have also added a table and in Sensitivity (tests) added a worked example. The table is now consistant in Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV & NPV with relevant row or column for calculation highlighted. David Ruben Talk 02:44, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

I like the table! I think it would be helpful to somewhere explicitly say "Power = Sensitivity" (which follows from your equations) but I did not know how to edit the linked to example myself. If you agree, can you perhaps add this somewhere? Best wishes, David (wp07 at kreil.org). (23:20, 11 June 2007 User:141.244.140.159)

 * No not true that "Power=Sensitivity". Power is to do with the size of the study, giving a measure of how confident one can be that in a given selection of test subjects from the wider population as a whole, that statistical significance is achieved in showing null hypothesis (ie whether there really is a difference made by the conditional test).
 * As an example, consider a population of a million, with half having a disease and a test that correctly identifies all but 2 cases of the 500,000 with the disease. Now if we do a study with 2 subjects, the the power of the study is low; in that if one happens to randomly select the two people with the disease but a negative test as one's research subjects, one might wrongly assume the test has a low sensitivity - ie does not work. However if one selects 10,000 test subjects from the one million, then the power of the study is higher and we can be more confident of the result (which would conclude that the test is helpful in all but extremely rare cases). Likewise following a single person who smokes is never going to tell us much - if they get cancer this gives no clue as to how likely it is that smokers as a whole are to get cancer. Conversely, if this one individual smoker test subject never gets cancer, nor can we conclude no smokers ever get cancer - the power of the test is too low. However follow 1,000,000 smokers for 10 years will yeild meaningful data as to incidence rates of cancers in smokers. Power is therefore a feature of the research study methodology in selecting a enough test subjects, not just whether the test itself has good sensitivity or specificity. See Statistical power for more information David Ruben Talk 00:56, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Specificity and Selectivity
I would like to clarify in my mind the differences between the two concepts. At the moment specificity redirects to specificity (tests) but am I wrong in believing that in general terms the two words are synonymous? LouisBB (talk) 06:11, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed same, but just issue of being consistant with Sensitivity (tests), as Sensitivity itself is a disambiguation page linking to several articles. Probably best to leave as it is - redirects are cheap, so no problem leaving Specificity as a redirect to Specificity (tests). David Ruben Talk 12:50, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Specificity (tests)


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Gustave Reese

Gustave Reese (29 November 1899 – 7 September 1977) was an American musicologist and teacher. Reese is known mainly for his work on medieval and Renaissance music, particularly with his two publications Music in the Middle Ages (1940) and Music in the Renaissance (1954); these two books remain the standard reference works for these two eras, with complete and precise bibliographical material, allowing for almost every piece of music mentioned to be traced back to a primary source.

Early life and education
Reese was born in New York City on 29 November 1899. He was an avid scholar and had interests in many areas outside music, including art, architecture, and literature. He studied law at New York University, graduating in 1921. Though he was admitted to the New York State Bar, he opted to re-enroll and pursue a Bachelor of Music from NYU, which he received in 1930.

Career
In 1927, however, he was already teaching classes at the university in medieval and Renaissance music. He continued teaching there intermittently until 1974, and he became Professor Emeritus in 1973. He also served as a visiting professor at a number of universities, including Harvard, Duke, UCLA, USC, Michigan, Oxford and the Juilliard School of Music. At his death he was still leading doctoral seminars in the Graduate School of the City University of New York. He was a founder-member of the American Musicological Society (AMS) from 1934, serving as its first secretary (1934–1946). He became vice-president in 1946 and president of the organization in 1950. He has also held positions in the International Musicological Society (IMS), the Renaissance Society of America, and the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society.

Also active in the music publishing industry, he headed the publication department of G. Schirmer (1940–1945) and was also director of publication at Carl Fischer (1945–1955). Furthermore, he was editor of The Musical Quarterly from 1944 to 1945.

Gustave Reese had a profound impact on many generations of music students through his passionate and insightful teaching. He has left a valuable legacy in Music in the Middle Ages and Music in the Renaissance. These two pillars have incited a revival of interest and scholarship in the areas of early music. He is often perceived to have 'raised the bar' of musicological scholarship with his thorough research, intellectual rigour and comprehensive bibliographies. He commissioned other people to contribute specialist sections to these books, such as Igor Buketoff's piece on Russian chant in Music in the Middle Ages.

Personal life
Reese married Fine Arts administrator and cookbook author and editor Carol Truax in 1974. He died, aged 77, in Berkeley, California.

Books

 * Fourscore Classics of Music Literature: A Guide to Selected Original Sources on Theory and Other Writings on Music Not Available in English. New York, Da Capo Press, 1970. ISBN 0-306-71620-8
 * Fourscore Classics of Music Literature: A Guide to Selected Original Sources on Theory and Other Writings on Music Not Available in English. New York, Da Capo Press, 1970. ISBN 0-306-71620-8
 * Fourscore Classics of Music Literature: A Guide to Selected Original Sources on Theory and Other Writings on Music Not Available in English. New York, Da Capo Press, 1970. ISBN 0-306-71620-8

Articles

 * Reese, Gustave. "Josquin Desprez (biography)" The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. London, Macmillan, 1980. (20 vol.) ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
 * Reese, Gustave. "Josquin Desprez (biography)" The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. London, Macmillan, 1980. (20 vol.) ISBN 1-56159-174-2.

Others

 * Essays in musicology in honor of Dragan Plamenac on his 70th birthday. Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, c1969. ISBN 0-8229-1098-5
 * A compendium of musical practice. New York, Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 0-486-20912-1
 * A compendium of musical practice. New York, Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 0-486-20912-1

title: Gustave Reese


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Talk:Battle of Stiklestad

Naming
It is probably wise to use the english names of the scandinavian kings in the english version of wikipedia. I guess the norwegian/danish/swedish names could (should?) be included if the english name is presented in the same article.

For a norwegian like my self it is awkward to see "Snorri Sturluson" used for Snorre Sturlason. I assume Snorri Sturluson is the Icelandic spelling. Snorre (Snorri) being from Iceland I have introduced this form and made an internal link. Snorri Sturluson is the only version to be found in wikipedia. Is this correct? Should there be any redirects?

I have made an intro, added external link and corrected a few typos as well. Hope the result is ok.

Crukis 22:37, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Snorri Sturluson is both the modern Icelandic and Old Norse form of the name, clearly it is better to use this than a modern Norwegian corruption. The same goes for the spellings of Olav, Tore, Kalv Arneson, et cetera which I have changed to Olaf, Thorir, Kalf Arnason which are closer approximations of the original spellings and pronunciations aswell as being more common in modern English scholarship. Someone seemed to have gone through and systematically changed all of these names to modern Norwegian forms, this needs to be guarded against. BodvarBjarki (talk) 14:45, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Found this in Wikimedia Commons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Stiklestad.jpg has an interesting picture of this battle. -- 199.71.174.100 01:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The picture in question is made by Halvdan Egedius. Some of his pictures has becomem famous as they are used as illustrations to many publications of the Norse Saga. His rendition of the Battle of Stiklestad is probably one of the most famous.

'Civil war'?
Using the term 'Norwegian Civil War' is in my view incorrect with regards to the conflict between Olav Digre and the Danish-supported lords. Traditionally, 'civil war' has been used about the period between 1130 and 1186, as numerous pretenders to the throne clashed (partly) because of the liberal succession laws. Some even feel it includes the bagler/birkebeiner conflict, thus not concluding before 1217.

The conflict between Olav and King Canute/The peasant leaders is, in its deepest sense, the same conflict that ensued when Håkon jarl broke the Lade family's alliance with the Fairhair decendants. However, this conflict has no real name. Suggestions?

References?
(Hardwarecompugeek (talk) 23:16, 19 February 2008 (UTC)) I didn't see any references. Did the writers reference the play, or what???
 * It really need references. Some of the speculations in the article is dubious. "The rather barren and hostile Trøndelag..." - hostile yes, but barren? The lowland around Trondheimsfjord has lots of marine deposits as it is an old seabed, rich in nutrients and easy to grow crops in, indeed the dense population in the Trondheimsfjord-area is why this often was considered the most powerful area of Norway in the Viking Age ("where the largest power of the country lies" is a frase often used in Heimskringla to describe the area); see this picture from Verdal, parts of the valley. And Nidaros (Trondheim) was considered the capital of the country, and the Ting here was were kings were traditionally acclaimed and accepted as King of Norway (not always accepted in the whole country, though). Orcaborealis (talk) 18:55, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

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Depiction of the battle as non-fictional
Given that all contemporary sources say that this was a betrayal by his own men, or an ambush, it seems a bit silly to embrace the canonization of the battle. Is this personal opinion only, or should this page get an edit for tone?

It's also interesting that the most likely founder of the town, Stikla, was the second of the notoriously brutal Rusla and did so relatively close to that period historically. Less than 50 years. A town founded by a brutal viking raider who would likely have been alive within the lifespan of some of the older residents seems like the sort of place that would have been unlikely to bow to a new leader attempting to lead in the - unelected and heredity - fashion that spread by force of arms from western europe and overtook the folk tradition of an elected king. (See [Thing_(assembly)]) 2601:545:4600:D514:7861:4331:49AE:CDCB (talk) 17:45, 26 March 2018 (UTC)

Legal regicide =o)
Hi, SNL says this about the background:

 * "https://snl.no/Slaget_på_Stiklestad#-Konfiskasjonspolitikken
 * Konfiskasjonspolitikken
 * De trønderske bøndene utgjorde langt den største delen av dem som nå gikk mot kongen. Hvorfor kom det til et slikt alminnelig trøndersk folkeoppbud? Spørsmålet kan ikke besvares med sikkerhet, men da de norske lovene senere ble skrevet ned, tok man i Frostatingsloven med noen helt spesielle «motstandsbestemmelser» – helt uten sidestykke i andre nordiske lover:
 * «Ingen mann skal gjøre atför [egentlig «tilferd»] mot en mann, verken kongen eller annen mann. Men hvis kongen gjør det, skal det skjæres hær-pil [krigsbudstikke]. Den skal gå i alle åtte fylker, og alle bøndene skal gå mot kongen og drepe ham hvis de kan. Men hvis kongen kommer unna, skal han aldri få komme tilbake til landet. Hver den som ikke vil gå mot ham, skal bøte tre merker, og likeledes den som ikke bringer pilen videre.»
 * «Tilferden» det her handler om, ser ut til være en juridisk term for ulovlig tvangsinndrivelse og jordegodskonfiskasjon – det vil si eiendomsbeslag bare på kongelig maktbud og uten tingets dom.
 * My hasty transgoogling:
 * «The confiscation policy
 * The landholders in Trøndelag made up the largest contingent by far of those who now opposed the king. Why was there such a widespread Trøndelag levy? The question cannot be answered with certainty, but when the Norwegian laws were later written down, some very particular "resistance provisions" were included in the Frostating Law - completely unparalleled in other Nordic laws:
 * "No man shall do atför [actually "imposition"] against a man, neither the king nor any other man. But if the king does it, one must carve the host-arrow [war-message stick]. It shall go out into all eight counties, and all the farmers shall fight the king and kill him if they can. But if the king gets away, he shall never be allowed to return to the land. Anyone who does not want to fight him shall be fined three marks, and likewise whoever does not pass on the arrow."
 * The "imposition" referred to here appears to be a legal term for illegal forced recovery and confiscation of landed property - that is, seizure of property by royal fiat alone and without the verdict of the Ting assembly.»
 * A fairly rare circumstance, having a law that raises the Law above the king. T
 * The "imposition" referred to here appears to be a legal term for illegal forced recovery and confiscation of landed property - that is, seizure of property by royal fiat alone and without the verdict of the Ting assembly.»
 * A fairly rare circumstance, having a law that raises the Law above the king. T

84.208.65.62 (talk) 23:12, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Stiklestad


text:
Chandos portrait

The Chandos portrait is the most famous of the portraits that are believed to depict William Shakespeare (1564–1616). Painted between 1600 and 1610, it may have served as the basis for the engraved portrait of Shakespeare used in the First Folio in 1623. It is named after the 3rd Duke of Chandos, who formerly owned the painting. The portrait was given to the National Portrait Gallery, London, on its foundation in 1856, and it is listed as the first work in its collection.

It has not been possible to determine with certainty who painted the portrait, or whether it really depicts Shakespeare. However, the National Portrait Gallery believes that it probably does depict the writer.

Authorship and provenance
It has been claimed that Shakespeare's friend Richard Burbage (1567–1619) painted the Chandos portrait, but the first known reference to the painting is in a note written in 1719 by George Vertue, who states that it was painted by John Taylor, a respected member of the Painter-Stainers' company who may also have been the same John Taylor who acted with the Children of Paul's. Vertue refers to Taylor as an actor and painter and as Shakespeare's "intimate friend". Katherine Duncan-Jones argues that 'John Taylor' could have been a misreading of what had originally been "Jo: Taylor"; she suggests that this may refer to the actor Joseph Taylor, who was a protégé of the older Shakespeare.

Vertue also states that before the Duke of Chandos acquired it, the portrait was owned by Shakespeare's possible godson, William Davenant (1606–1668), who, according to the gossip chronicler John Aubrey, claimed to be the playwright's illegitimate son. He also states that it was left to Davenant in Taylor's will and that it was bought by Thomas Betterton from Davenant and then sold to the lawyer Robert Keck, a collector of Shakespeare memorabilia.

After Keck's death in 1719, it passed to his daughter, and was inherited by John Nichol, who married into the Keck family. Nichol's daughter Margaret married James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos. The painting passed through descent within the Chandos title until Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos sold it to the Earl of Ellesmere in 1848. Ellesmere donated it in 1856 to the National Portrait Gallery.

Scholarly views
A contemporary image of the playwright is the engraving in the posthumously published First Folio of 1623, which was created by Martin Droeshout and was probably commissioned by Shakespeare's friends and family. It is considered likely that the Droeshout engraving is a reasonably accurate likeness of Shakespeare because of its acceptance by these close associates and that contemporaries such as Ben Jonson praised it at the time of the publication. Since the man in the Chandos portrait resembles the one in the Droeshout engraving, the similarity lends an indirect legitimacy to the oil painting. A further indication of legitimacy is the fact that the Chandos portrait was the inspiration for two posthumous portraits of Shakespeare, one by Gerard Soest and another, grander one, known as the "Chesterfield portrait" after a former owner of that painting. These were probably painted in the 1660s or 1670s, within living memory of Shakespeare. The Chesterfield portrait is held by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in Stratford-upon-Avon.

In 2006, art historian Tarnya Cooper of the National Portrait Gallery completed a three-and-a-half-year study of portraits purported to be of Shakespeare and concluded that the Chandos portrait was most likely a representation of Shakespeare. Cooper points to the earring and the loose shirt-ties of the sitter, which were emblematic of poets (the poet John Donne and Shakespeare's patron the Earl of Pembroke sported similar fashions). However, she readily acknowledges that the painting's authenticity cannot be proven.

Cooper also notes that the painting has been badly damaged by over-cleaning and retouching. Parts are abraded and some parts have been slightly altered. The hair has been extended and the beard is longer and more pointed than when originally painted.

Copies
In addition to the Chesterfield portrait, a copy was made at least as early as 1689 by an unknown artist. Many 18th century images used it as a model for portrayals of Shakespeare.

The painting was engraved by Gerard Vandergucht for Nicholas Rowe's 1709 edition of Shakespeare's works. Another print was made by Jacobus Houbraken in 1747.

Ethnic interpretations
Because there are a lack of sources regarding Shakespeare's appearance – no written contemporary descriptions of him are known to exist, and conflicting views regarding Shakespeare's ethnicity were written about in the 19th and 20th centuries based on the painting (which themselves were based on phrenology). George Steevens said that the picture gave Shakespeare "the complexion of a Jew, or rather that of a chimney sweeper in the jaundice". According to Ben Macintyre, "Some Victorians recoiled at the idea that the Chandos portrait represented Shakespeare. One critic, J. Hain Friswell, insisted 'one cannot readily imagine our essentially English Shakespeare to have been a dark, heavy man, with a foreign expression'." Friswell agreed with Steevens that the portrait had "a decidedly Jewish physiognomy" adding that it displayed "a somewhat lubricious mouth, red-edged eyes" and "wanton lips, with a coarse expression." According to Ernest Jones, the portrait convinced Sigmund Freud that Shakespeare was French: "He insisted that his countenance could not be that of an Anglo-Saxon but must be French, and he suggested that the name was a corruption of Jacques Pierre."

title: Chandos portrait


text:
Tetraethylammonium

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a quaternary ammonium cation with the chemical formula [Et4N]+, consisting of four ethyl groups (\sC2H5, denoted Et) attached to a central nitrogen atom. It is a counterion used in the research laboratory to prepare lipophilic salts of inorganic anions. It is used similarly to tetrabutylammonium, the difference being that its salts are less lipophilic, more easily crystallized and more toxic.

Preparation
The halide salt is prepared by the reaction of triethylamine and an ethyl halide:

This method works well for the preparation of tetraethylammonium iodide (where X = I).

Most tetraethylammonium salts are prepared by salt metathesis reactions. For example, the synthesis of tetraethylammonium perchlorate, a salt that has been useful as a supporting electrolyte for polarographic studies in non-aqueous solvents, is carried out by mixing the water-soluble salts tetraethylammonium bromide and sodium perchlorate in water, from which the water-insoluble tetraethylammonium perchlorate precipitates:

Other examples include tetraethylammonium cyanide (Et4NCN), and trichlorostannate (Et4NSnCl3). In some cases, salts are produced of anions that cannot be generated in water, such as the tetrahedral [NiCl4](2-) salt.

Uses
The principal chemical characteristic of tetraethylammonium salts is their ability to engage in processes involving phase-transfer, such as phase-transfer catalysis. Typically, the four ethyl groups surrounding the nitrogen are too small to facilitate efficient ion transfer between aqueous and organic phases, but tetraethylammonium salts have been found to be effective in a number of such applications, and these are exemplified under the headings of the individual salts.

TEA salts such as tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate and tetraethylammonium methylsulfonate are used in supercapacitors as organic electrolytes.

TEA halide and its hydroxide are used for the synthesis of high-silica zeolite, especially for the zeolite beta. TEA can act as a template for micropore of zeolites under hydrothermal conditions during crystallization processes.

Properties
The effective radius of the tetraethylammonium ion is reported as ~0.45 nm, which is comparable in size to that of the hydrated K+ ion. The ionic radius for TEA is given as 0.385 nm; several thermodynamic parameters for the TEA ion are also recorded.

The octanol-water partition coefficient of TEA iodide, Po-w was determined experimentally to be $0.001$ (or log P ≈ −3.16).

Pharmacology
The literature dealing with the pharmacologically-related properties of tetraethylammonium is vast, and research continues. It is clear that TEA blocks autonomic ganglia - it was the first "ganglionic blocker" drug to be introduced into clinical practice. However, TEA also produces effects at the neuromuscular junction and at sympathetic nerve terminals.

At the mechanistic level, TEA has long been known to block voltage-dependent K+ channels in nerve, and it is thought that this action is involved in the effects of TEA at sympathetic nerve terminals. With respect to activity at the neuromuscular junction, TEA has been found to be a competitive inhibitor at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, although the details of its effect on these receptor proteins are complex. TEA also blocks Ca2+ - activated K+ channels, such as those found in skeletal muscle and pituitary cells. It has also been reported that TEA inhibits aquaporin (APQ) channels, but this still seems to be a disputed issue.

A partial effect of these voltage-dependent and permeability properties within each system mentioned above is not only due to the aforementioned inhibitory properties of TEA, but also its ability to inhibit Na,K-ATPase. Acting on the extracellular vestibule of the Na,K-ATPase, inhibiting K+ access similar to ouabain, TEA further accentuates the disrupted K, and Na, gradients within each of these systems.

Clinical considerations
Although TEA (sometimes under the name "Etamon" ) was explored in a number of different clinical applications, including the treatment of hypertension, its major use seems to have been as a probe to assess the capacity for vasodilation in cases of peripheral vascular disease. Because of dangerous, even fatal reactions in some patients, as well as inconsistent cardiovascular responses, TEA was soon replaced by other drugs.

TEA is not orally active. Typical symptoms produced in humans include the following: dry mouth, suppression of gastric secretion, drastic reduction of gastric motility, paralysis of urinary bladder, and relief of some forms of pain. Most studies with TEA seem to have been performed using either its chloride or bromide salt without comment as to any distinctions in effect, but Birchall and his co-workers preferred the use of TEA chloride in order to avoid the sedative effects of the bromide ion.

Toxicology
An extensive study of the toxicology of tetraethylammonium chloride in mice, rats and dogs was published by Gruhzit and co-workers in 1948. These workers reported the following symptoms in mice and rats receiving toxic parenteral doses: tremors, incoordination, flaccid prostration, and death from respiratory failure within 10–30 minutes; dogs exhibited similar symptoms, including incoordination, flaccid prostration, respiratory and cardiac depression, ptosis, mydriasis, erythema, and death from respiratory paralysis and circulatory collapse. After non-lethal doses, symptoms abated within 15–60 minutes. There was little evidence of toxicity from chronic administration of non-lethal doses. These investigators recorded the following acute toxicities, as LD50s for TEA chloride (error ranges not shown):

 * Mouse: 65 mg/kg, i.p.; 900 mg/kg, p.o.

 * Rat: ~56 mg/kg, i.v.; 110 mg/kg, i.m.; 2630 mg/kg, p.o.

 * Dog: ~36 mg/kg, i.v.; 58 mg/kg, i.m.

Another research group, working at about the same time, but using tetraethylammonium bromide, published the following LD50 data:

 * Mouse: 38 mg/kg, i.v.; 60 mg/kg, i.p.; >2000 mg/kg, p.o.

 * Rat: 63 mg/kg, i.v.; 115 mg/kg, i.p.

 * Dog: 55 mg/kg, i.v.

 * Rabbit: 72 mg/kg, i.v.

Writing in 1950, Graham made some observations on the toxic effects of tetraethylammonium bromide in humans. In one subject, described as a "healthy woman", 300 mg of tetraethylammonium bromide, i.v., produced incapacitating "curariform" (i.e., resembling the effects of tubocurarine) paralysis of the skeletal muscles, as well as marked drowsiness. These effects were largely dissipated within 2 hours. Citing the work of other investigators, Graham noted that Birchall had also produced "alarming curariform effects" in humans with i.v. doses of 32 mg/kg of tetraethylammonium chloride.

title: Tetraethylammonium


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Streetstudio

From VfD:

Non-notable, created by Clay Enos, who has been advertising himself and his website all over Wikipedia. 22:40, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * He was plugging himself inappropriately but he also made some legitimate contributions, as I noted in reporting his vandalism. I went through all the edits and cleaned out the junk.  I thought about listing this article on VfD, but the "Press" section of the website suggests that the project of going around NYC photographing thousands of people has gotten enough attention to be notable.  That's why, after some dithering, I settled for a Cleanup listing instead.  Tentative keep. JamesMLane 23:32, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Borderline keep. At first I thought it was just a commercial site plug, but it does seem to have gotten some attention.  Sometimes we must remember that just because someone does promote themselves, does not necessarily mean they are not "notable".  I agree with JamesMLane's cleanup idea.  Antandrus 01:40, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep: I know nothing of the user, but he has succeeded in getting Google hits outside of WP, and there are Internet art sites that are talking about his work, whether he staged the discussion or not (many of the references on Google are separate links to their site, and then there are blogs).  Very much on the edge. Geogre 01:58, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Clay Enos is famous enough to warrant this coverage. I know he's annoying at times, top artists often (not always but often) are. Andrewa 03:28, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Hi all, Clay here, I am amazed at this whole thing. I had no intention to vandalize but rather to contribute something I know something about. It is a start for me. I am new to this wiki process and have no intention of being an ugly self-promoter. It seemed to me, that creating a link without reference to it was foolish. Live and learn. Streetstudio succeeded in making the largest portrait collection of the people of New York in the history of New York. That is worth something, No? If I have made errors in style, I appologize. I look forward to gleaning further insights from all of you. BTW, Streetstudio is a total loss. It is not a business, it is a work of passion and had broken my bank to the point where i was in serious debt.
 * Notable, worth an article. Keep and cleanup as suggested above. Jgm 06:46, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - it's still self-promotion. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:36, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete There are internet sites talking about all kinds of very unnotable people. "Largest portrait collection of the people of New York" sounds like a Guiness world record stunt. A fun thing to do, but there are tens of thousands of such unique doings. In evaluting one should discount obvious promotion. If someone wants to save some of he information in another more general article that would be ok. Jallan 14:16, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion