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Conjugate prior

In Bayesian probability theory, if, given a likelihood function $$p(x \mid \theta)$$, the posterior distribution $$p(\theta \mid x)$$ is in the same probability distribution family as the prior probability distribution $$p(\theta)$$, the prior and posterior are then called conjugate distributions with respect to that  likelihood function and the prior is called a conjugate prior for the likelihood function $$p(x \mid \theta)$$.

A conjugate prior is an algebraic convenience, giving a closed-form expression for the posterior; otherwise, numerical integration may be necessary. Further, conjugate priors may give intuition by more transparently showing how a likelihood function updates a prior distribution.

The concept, as well as the term "conjugate prior", were introduced by Howard Raiffa and Robert Schlaifer in their work on Bayesian decision theory. A similar concept had been discovered independently by George Alfred Barnard.

Example
The form of the conjugate prior can generally be determined by inspection of the probability density or probability mass function of a distribution. For example, consider a random variable which consists of the number of successes $$s$$ in $$n$$ Bernoulli trials with unknown probability of success $$q$$ in [0,1]. This random variable will follow the binomial distribution, with a probability mass function of the form
 * $$p(s) = {n \choose s}q^s (1-q)^{n-s}$$

The usual conjugate prior is the beta distribution with parameters ($$\alpha$$, $$\beta$$):
 * $$p(q) = {q^{\alpha-1}(1-q)^{\beta-1} \over \Beta(\alpha,\beta)}$$

where $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ are chosen to reflect any existing belief or information ($$\alpha=1$$ and $$\beta=1$$ would give a uniform distribution) and $$\Beta(\alpha,\beta)$$ is the Beta function acting as a normalising constant.

In this context, $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ are called hyperparameters (parameters of the prior), to distinguish them from parameters of the underlying model (here $$q$$). A typical characteristic of conjugate priors is that the dimensionality of the hyperparameters is one greater than that of the parameters of the original distribution. If all parameters are scalar values, then there will be one more hyperparameter than parameter; but this also applies to vector-valued and matrix-valued parameters. (See the general article on the exponential family, and also consider the Wishart distribution, conjugate prior of the covariance matrix of a multivariate normal distribution, for an example where a large dimensionality is involved.)

If we sample this random variable and get $$s$$ successes and $$f = n - s$$ failures, then we have

 * $$\begin{align}

P(s, f \mid q=x) &= {s+f \choose s} x^s(1-x)^f,\\ P(q=x) &= {x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1} \over \Beta(\alpha,\beta)},\\ P(q=x \mid s,f) &= \frac{P(s, f \mid x)P(x)}{\int P(s, f \mid y)P(y)dy}\\ & = {{{s+f \choose s} x^{s+\alpha-1}(1-x)^{f+\beta-1} / \Beta(\alpha,\beta)} \over \int_{y=0}^1 \left({s+f \choose s} y^{s+\alpha-1}(1-y)^{f+\beta-1} / \Beta(\alpha,\beta)\right) dy} \\ & = {x^{s+\alpha-1}(1-x)^{f+\beta-1} \over \Beta(s+\alpha,f+\beta)}, \end{align}$$

which is another Beta distribution with parameters $$(\alpha + s, \beta + f)$$. This posterior distribution could then be used as the prior for more samples, with the hyperparameters simply adding each extra piece of information as it comes.

Pseudo-observations
It is often useful to think of the hyperparameters of a conjugate prior distribution corresponding to having observed a certain number of pseudo-observations with properties specified by the parameters. For example, the values $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ of a beta distribution can be thought of as corresponding to $$\alpha-1$$ successes and $$\beta-1$$ failures if the posterior mode is used to choose an optimal parameter setting, or $$\alpha$$ successes and $$\beta$$ failures if the posterior mean is used to choose an optimal parameter setting. In general, for nearly all conjugate prior distributions, the hyperparameters can be interpreted in terms of pseudo-observations. This can help provide intuition behind the often messy update equations and help choose reasonable hyperparameters for a prior.

Dynamical system
One can think of conditioning on conjugate priors as defining a kind of (discrete time) dynamical system: from a given set of hyperparameters, incoming data updates these hyperparameters, so one can see the change in hyperparameters as a kind of "time evolution" of the system, corresponding to "learning". Starting at different points yields different flows over time. This is again analogous with the dynamical system defined by a linear operator, but note that since different samples lead to different inferences, this is not simply dependent on time but rather on data over time. For related approaches, see Recursive Bayesian estimation and Data assimilation.

Practical example
Suppose a rental car service operates in your city. Drivers can drop off and pick up cars anywhere inside the city limits. You can find and rent cars using an app.

Suppose you wish to find the probability that you can find a rental car within a short distance of your home address at any time of day.

Over three days you look at the app and find the following number of cars within a short distance of your home address: $$\mathbf{x} = [3,4,1]$$

Suppose we assume the data comes from a Poisson distribution. In that case, we can compute the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters of the model, which is $\lambda = \frac{3+4+1}{3} \approx 2.67.$ Using this maximum likelihood estimate, we can compute the probability that there will be at least one car available on a given day: $p(x>0 | \lambda \approx 2.67) = 1 - p(x=0 | \lambda \approx 2.67) = 1-\frac{2.67^0 e^{-2.67}}{0!} \approx 0.93$

This is the Poisson distribution that is the most likely to have generated the observed data $$\mathbf{x}$$. But the data could also have come from another Poisson distribution, e.g., one with $$\lambda = 3$$, or $$\lambda = 2$$, etc. In fact, there is an infinite number of Poisson distributions that could have generated the observed data. With relatively few data points, we should be quite uncertain about which exact Poisson distribution generated this data. Intuitively we should instead take a weighted average of the probability of $$p(x>0| \lambda)$$ for each of those Poisson distributions, weighted by how likely they each are, given the data we've observed $$\mathbf{x}$$.

Generally, this quantity is known as the posterior predictive distribution $$p(x|\mathbf{x}) = \int_\theta p(x|\theta)p(\theta|\mathbf{x})d\theta\,,$$ where $$x$$ is a new data point, $$\mathbf{x}$$ is the observed data and $$\theta$$ are the parameters of the model. Using Bayes' theorem we can expand $$p(\theta|\mathbf{x}) = \frac{p(\mathbf{x}|\theta)p(\theta)}{p(\mathbf{x})}\,,$$ therefore $$p(x|\mathbf{x}) = \int_\theta p(x|\theta)\frac{p(\mathbf{x}|\theta)p(\theta)}{p(\mathbf{x})}d\theta\,.$$ Generally, this integral is hard to compute. However, if you choose a conjugate prior distribution $$p(\theta)$$, a closed-form expression can be derived. This is the posterior predictive column in the tables below.

Returning to our example, if we pick the Gamma distribution as our prior distribution over the rate of the Poisson distributions, then the posterior predictive is the negative binomial distribution, as can be seen from the table below. The Gamma distribution is parameterized by two hyperparameters $$\alpha, \beta$$, which we have to choose. By looking at plots of the gamma distribution, we pick $$\alpha = \beta = 2$$, which seems to be a reasonable prior for the average number of cars. The choice of prior hyperparameters is inherently subjective and based on prior knowledge.

Given the prior hyperparameters $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ we can compute the posterior hyperparameters $\alpha' = \alpha + \sum_i x_i = 2 + 3+4+1 = 10$ and $\beta' = \beta + n = 2+3 = 5$

Given the posterior hyperparameters, we can finally compute the posterior predictive of $p(x>0|\mathbf{x}) = 1-p(x=0|\mathbf{x}) = 1 - NB\left(0\, |\, 10, \frac{1}{1+5}\right) \approx 0.84$

This much more conservative estimate reflects the uncertainty in the model parameters, which the posterior predictive takes into account.

Table of conjugate distributions
Let n denote the number of observations. In all cases below, the data is assumed to consist of n points $$x_1,\ldots,x_n$$ (which will be random vectors in the multivariate cases).

If the likelihood function belongs to the exponential family, then a conjugate prior exists, often also in the exponential family; see Exponential family: Conjugate distributions.

title: Conjugate prior


text:
1949 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting

Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1949 followed the rules in place since 1947, which had governed two successful elections of recent players. The Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from players retired less than 25 years, with provision for a runoff in case of no winner. This year the runoff was necessary to elect one person, Charlie Gehringer. Meanwhile, the Old-Timers Committee, which met on no schedule and not since 1946, responded again to the continuing calls for election of more of the game's earlier stars. It selected Mordecai Brown and Kid Nichols.

An induction ceremony was held in Cooperstown, New York, on June 13, 1949, for inductees of both 1948 and 1949. Of the five total inductees, Kid Nichols and Pie Traynor attended, while Charlie Gehringer was unable to attend. Mordecai Brown and Herb Pennock had both died in 1948. Dignitaries present included National League president Ford Frick, Hall of Fame founder Stephen Carlton Clark, Hall of Fame president Bob Quinn, and Brooklyn Dodgers president Branch Rickey.

Initial ballot
The 10-year members of the BBWAA had the authority to select any players active in 1924 or later, provided they had not been active in 1948. Voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall. If no candidate received votes on 75% of the ballots, the top 20 candidates would advance to a runoff election.

A total of 153 ballots were cast, with 1,409 individual votes for 98 specific candidates, an average of 9.21 per ballot; 115 votes were required for election. The results were announced in February 1949. For the first time in three elections following the most recent format change, no candidate received 75% of the vote, and a runoff was necessary.

As had been true the previous year, a large number of players received votes, though few players were named who had not appeared in the 1948 vote apart from the newly eligible 1947 retirees (prominently, Mel Ott and Hank Greenberg); every still-eligible player who received more than 2 votes in 1948 was again named. 66 of those named received votes on less than 5% of the ballots, with 28 receiving only a single vote; every candidate had been eligible at some point in the past – for some, the 1936 election in which active players were eligible.

Greenberg's eligibility was questioned by some voters, as he had been listed on the Cleveland Indians' active roster for part of the 1948 season as a precautionary move against injuries to other players. However, he was removed from the active roster once it became clear that his position as an Indians executive precluded any playing role, and he did not appear in any games; nonetheless, some voters maintained that his inclusion on the roster made him an active player and thus ineligible for election in 1949.

Once again, the focus was now on the most recent players; those who had retired before 1932 receded even further in the voting. Only 2 of the top 22 candidates, and none of the top 15, had retired before 1932; 12 of the 20 players reaching the runoff had been active in 1941 or later. Of the 98 players named, only 24 retired before 1930; they received only 9% of the vote. Three players who had retired before 1924 (none earlier than 1921) and were officially ineligible nevertheless received a single vote each; this was a notable reduction from the previous year's total of 23 votes for such now-ineligible candidates. Votes for those best known as managers again appeared, though only for those who were eligible as players and not to the same extent as in 1948, perhaps due to an expectation of more selections from the Old-Timers Committee.

Chief Bender, who was technically eligible due to a single inning pitched in 1925, received only 2 votes – a continued drop from his past prominence on the ballot; as with the previous election, it seems either that most voters were unaware of his eligibility or that they viewed it as irrelevant to the spirit of the rules. There was also some confusion as to the cutoff year for eligibility; some writers believed it to be 1927 or 1928 rather than 1924. Dizzy Dean, whose eligibility in 1948 had been questioned due to a single appearance in a 1947 game, returned to the same level he had attained in the 1947 election. Unlike the 1948 election, no players active in the previous year received votes.

The top 20 candidates, who had each received 20 or more votes, advanced to the runoff election; candidates who have since been selected in subsequent elections are indicated in italics:

Runoff election
From the 20 final candidates listed on the ballot, voters were instructed to cast votes for five; they were aware of the totals from the first election. Any candidates receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be elected and honored with induction to the Hall. A total of 187 ballots were cast, with 920 individual votes for the 20 candidates, an average of 4.92 per ballot; 141 votes were required for election. The results were announced on May 5; exactly one player reached the threshold of 75% and was therefore elected.

The more recent players once again figured more prominently in the voting, with the top 6 candidates retired less than 7 years. There was much criticism from those who disliked the runoff process, believing it amounted to two virtually identical elections in a row; with the candidates finishing in roughly the same order both times, many voters felt they were essentially being encouraged to vote for the top candidates from the first ballot in order to ensure at least one selection (in fact, vote totals decreased for every candidate save Gehringer and Ott, the top two vote-getters in the initial round). As a result, the rules were again revised by the Hall of Fame Committee, and the runoff procedure was eliminated after 1949; it would not be reinstated until after the 1960 election.

The induction ceremonies were held in Cooperstown on June 13, with Brooklyn Dodgers president Branch Rickey officiating. The two 1948 selectees being formally inducted as well; Pie Traynor was present. Charlie Gehringer, however, was unable to attend, as he was in California preparing for his wedding on June 18.

The sole candidate who received at least 75% of the vote and was elected is indicated in bold italics; all the remaining candidates have since been selected in subsequent elections, with 16 of the 20 chosen by 1956, and the last (Tony Lazzeri) in 1991:

Old-Timers Committee
After not having voted on new inductees since 1946, the committee still did not meet formally to consider candidates; instead, the members cast ballots by mail on candidates from the pre-1924 era. This minor action temporarily decreased criticism that earlier players were being overlooked, but it would be the only attempt between 1946 and 1953 to elect players from this period, and there was no attempt to review managers and other non-playing candidates.

On May 9, it was announced that two pitchers had been selected:

 * Mordecai "Three Finger" Brown, whose career extended from 1903 to 1916, ending with 239 victories and a 2.06 ERA; he had been the main pitching star on the Chicago Cubs teams which dominated the National League between 1906 and 1910, with Brown winning 20 or more games each season as the club won four pennants. His shutout in Game 5 of the 1907 World Series clinched the championship for the Cubs. In 25 career matchups against Christy Mathewson, Brown won 13 times, with Mathewson winning 11. His partial loss of two fingers in a childhood farm accident had led to his pitches having an atypical motion.
 * Charles "Kid" Nichols, who won 360 games between 1890 and 1906, primarily with the 5-time champion Boston Beaneaters; at age 30, he became the youngest man ever to win 300 games, and he retired with the 3rd-most wins of any pitcher. He won over 20 games every year in the 1890s, and won 30 or more a record 7 times. An incredibly strong-armed pitcher despite his small size (5'9", 170 pounds (77 kg)), he regularly pitched over 400 innings per year, and completed all but 30 of his 561 career starts – never being replaced by a relief pitcher.

Nichols was still living, but Brown had died the previous year. They were formally inducted on June 13 along with Charlie Gehringer and the 1948 selections, Pie Traynor and the late Herb Pennock; Nichols and Traynor were in attendance.

The selection of these two pitchers from the period between 1890 and 1916 was roundly applauded, but it was noted that stars of the earlier era had been ignored once again, as well as position players from the same period.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1949 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting


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Talk:John Wayne Bobbitt

Untitled
A side effect of all this was all the Bobbitt jokes that came out after Lorena severed his penis. I remember Leno having a field day with this, and I remember some of the other jokes I heard concerning Bobbitt.

JesseG 04:06, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"This successful surgery, necessitated by the un-civil war raging within the Bobbitt household, could be called a Manassas Junction."

Who came up with that?

I remember hearing a few jokes on the subject, such as "The doctors reattached his penis, but they put it on backwards. Afterwards he wasn't able to tell if he was coming or going." JesseG 06:08, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

remove penis...
I removed the recent thumbnail of the penis in question as it was a bit "in your face" for the casual reader. It certainly put me off my breakfast. It is of course entirely relevant, so I kept a link in "See also". While having no wish to nanny visitors to the page, we have no cause to be flagrant and prurient. Dizzley (Peter H) 11:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"Category: People stubs". 'nuff said. Stlemur

title: Talk:John Wayne Bobbitt


text: Template:Regions of the world

title: Template:Regions of the world


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Psychrometrics

Psychrometrics (or psychrometry, ; also called hygrometry) is the field of engineering concerned with the physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures.

History
With the inventions of the hygrometer and thermometer, the theories of combining the two began to emerge during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In 1818, a German inventor, Ernst Ferdinand August (1795-1870), patented the term “psychrometer”, from the Greek language meaning “cold measure”. The psychrometer is a hygrometric instrument based on the principle that dry air enhances evaporation, unlike wet air, which slows it.

Common applications
Although the principles of psychrometry apply to any physical system consisting of gas-vapor mixtures, the most common system of interest is the mixture of water vapor and air, because of its application in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning and meteorology. In human terms, our thermal comfort is in large part a consequence of not just the temperature of the surrounding air, but (because we cool ourselves via perspiration) the extent to which that air is saturated with water vapor.

Many substances are hygroscopic, meaning they attract water, usually in proportion to the relative humidity or above a critical relative humidity. Such substances include cotton, paper, cellulose, other wood products, sugar, calcium oxide (burned lime) and many chemicals and fertilizers. Industries that use these materials are concerned with relative humidity control in production and storage of such materials. Relative humidity is often controlled in manufacturing areas where flammable materials are handled, to avoid fires caused by the static electricity discharges that can occur in very dry air.

In industrial drying applications, such as drying paper, manufacturers usually try to achieve an optimum between low relative humidity, which increases the drying rate, and energy usage, which decreases as exhaust relative humidity increases. In many industrial applications it is important to avoid condensation that would ruin product or cause corrosion.

Molds and fungi can be controlled by keeping relative humidity low. Wood destroying fungi generally do not grow at relative humidities below 75%.

Dry-bulb temperature (DBT)
The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in a place sheltered from direct solar radiation. The term dry-bulb is customarily added to temperature to distinguish it from wet-bulb and dew point temperature. In meteorology and psychrometrics the word temperature by itself without a prefix usually means dry-bulb temperature. Technically, the temperature registered by the dry-bulb thermometer of a psychrometer. The name implies that the sensing bulb or element is in fact dry. WMO provides a 23-page chapter on the measurement of temperature.

Wet-bulb temperature (WBT)
The thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature is a thermodynamic property of a mixture of air and water vapor. The value indicated by a wet-bulb thermometer often provides an adequate approximation of the thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature.

The accuracy of a simple wet-bulb thermometer depends on how fast air passes over the bulb and how well the thermometer is shielded from the radiant temperature of its surroundings. Speeds up to 5,000 ft/min (~60 mph, 25.4 m/s) are best but it may be dangerous to move a thermometer at that speed. Errors up to 15% can occur if the air movement is too slow or if there is too much radiant heat present (from sunlight, for example).

A wet bulb temperature taken with air moving at about 1–2 m/s is referred to as a screen temperature, whereas a temperature taken with air moving about 3.5 m/s or more is referred to as sling temperature.

A psychrometer is a device that includes both a dry-bulb and a wet-bulb thermometer. A sling psychrometer requires manual operation to create the airflow over the bulbs, but a powered psychrometer includes a fan for this function. Knowing both the dry-bulb temperature (DBT) and wet-bulb temperature (WBT), one can determine the relative humidity (RH) from the psychrometric chart appropriate to the air pressure.

Dew point temperature
The saturation temperature of the moisture present in the sample of air, it can also be defined as the temperature at which the vapour changes into liquid (condensation). Usually the level at which water vapor changes into liquid marks the base of the cloud in the atmosphere hence called condensation level. So the temperature value that allows this process (condensation) to take place is called the 'dew point temperature'. A simplified definition is the temperature at which the water vapour turns into "dew" (Chamunoda Zambuko 2012).

Specific Humidity
Specific humidity is defined as the mass of water vapor as a proportion of the mass of the moist air sample (including both dry air and the water vapor); it is closely related to humidity ratio and always lower in value.

Absolute humidity
The mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air containing the water vapor. This quantity is also known as the water vapor density.

Relative humidity
Is a ratio, expressed in percent, of the amount of atmospheric moisture present relative to the amount that would be present if the air was saturated.

Specific enthalpy
Analogous to the specific enthalpy of a pure substance. In psychrometrics, the term quantifies the total energy of both the dry air and water vapour per kilogram of dry air.

Specific volume
Analogous to the specific volume of a pure substance. However, in psychrometrics, the term quantifies the total volume of both the dry air and water vapour per unit mass of dry air.

Psychrometric ratio
The psychrometric ratio is the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient to the product of mass transfer coefficient and humid heat at a wetted surface. It may be evaluated with the following equation:

r = \frac {h_c} {k_y c_s}\, $$

 * where:
 * $$r$$   = psychrometric ratio, dimensionless
 * $$h_c$$ = convective heat transfer coefficient, W m−2 K−1
 * $$k_y$$ = convective mass transfer coefficient, kg m−2 s−1
 * $$c_s$$ = humid heat, J kg−1 K−1

The psychrometric ratio is an important property in the area of psychrometry, as it relates the absolute humidity and saturation humidity to the difference between the dry bulb temperature and the adiabatic saturation temperature.

Mixtures of air and water vapor are the most common systems encountered in psychrometry. The psychrometric ratio of air-water vapor mixtures is approximately unity, which implies that the difference between the adiabatic saturation temperature and wet bulb temperature of air-water vapor mixtures is small. This property of air-water vapor systems simplifies drying and cooling calculations often performed using psychrometric relationships.

Humid heat
Humid heat is the constant-pressure specific heat of moist air, per unit mass of the dry air. The Humid Heat is the amount of Heat required to change the temperature of unit mass of a Water Vapor - Air Mixture by 1 °C.

Pressure
Many psychrometric properties are dependent on pressure concept:
 * vapor pressure of water;
 * atmospheric pressure at the location of the sample.

Terminology
A psychrometric chart is a graph of the thermodynamic parameters of moist air at a constant pressure, often equated to an elevation relative to sea level. The ASHRAE-style psychrometric chart, shown here, was pioneered by Willis Carrier in 1904. It depicts these parameters and is thus a graphical equation of state. The parameters are:

 * Dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is that of an air sample, as determined by an ordinary thermometer. It is typically plotted as the abscissa (horizontal axis) of the graph. The SI units for temperature are kelvins or degrees Celsius; other units are degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Rankine.
 * Wet-bulb temperature (WBT) is that of an air sample after it has passed through a constant-pressure, ideal, adiabatic saturation process, that is, after the air has passed over a large surface of liquid water in an insulated channel. In practice this is the reading of a thermometer whose sensing bulb is covered with a wet sock evaporating into a rapid stream of the sample air (see Hygrometer). When the air sample is pre-saturated with water, the WBT will read the same as the DBT. The slope of lines of constant WBT is the ratio between the heat of vaporization of water and the specific heat of dry air, roughly 0.4.
 * Dew point temperature (DPT) is the temperature at which a moist air sample at the same pressure would reach water vapor "saturation." At this point further removal of heat would result in water vapor condensing into liquid water fog or, if below freezing point, solid hoarfrost.  The dew point temperature is measured easily and provides useful information, but is normally not considered an independent property of the air sample as it duplicates information available via other humidity properties and the saturation curve.
 * Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor to the mole fraction of saturated moist air at the same temperature and pressure. RH is dimensionless, and is usually expressed as a percentage. Lines of constant RH reflect the physics of air and water: they are determined via experimental measurement. The concept that air "holds" moisture, or that moisture "dissolves" in dry air and saturates the solution at some proportion, is erroneous (albeit widespread); see relative humidity for further details.
 * Humidity ratio is the proportion of mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air at the given conditions (DBT, WBT, DPT, RH, etc.). It is also known as the moisture content or mixing ratio. It is typically plotted as the ordinate (vertical axis) of the graph. For a given DBT there will be a particular humidity ratio for which the air sample is at 100% relative humidity: the relationship reflects the physics of water and air and must be determined by measurement. The dimensionless humidity ratio is typically expressed as grams of water per kilogram of dry air, or grains of water per pound of air (7000 grains equal 1 pound).
 * Specific enthalpy, symbolized by h, is the sum of the internal (heat) energy of the moist air in question, including the heat of the air and water vapor within. Also called heat content per unit mass. In the approximation of ideal gases, lines of constant enthalpy are parallel to lines of constant WBT. Enthalpy is given in (SI) joules per kilogram of air, or BTU per pound of dry air.
 * Specific volume is the volume of the mixture (dry air plus the water vapor) containing one unit of mass of "dry air". The SI units are cubic meters per kilogram of dry air; other units are cubic feet per pound of dry air.  The inverse of specific volume is usually confused as the density of the mixture.  However, to obtain the actual mixture density ($$ \rho $$) one must multiply the inverse of the specific volume by unity plus the humidity ratio value at the point of interest:

\rho = \frac {M_{da} + M_w} {V}\, = \left ( \frac {1}{v} \right ) (1+W) $$

 * where:
 * $$M_{da}$$ = mass of dry air
 * $$M_w$$    = mass of water vapor
 * $$V$$      = total volume
 * $$v$$      = moist air specific volume, m3 kg−1
 * $$W = \frac {M_w} {M_{da}}\,$$ = humidity ratio

The psychrometric chart allows all the parameters of some moist air to be determined from any three independent parameters, one of which must be the pressure. Changes in state, such as when two air streams mix, can be modeled easily and somewhat graphically using the correct psychrometric chart for the location's air pressure or elevation relative to sea level. For locations at not more than 2000 ft (600 m) of altitude it is common practice to use the sea-level psychrometric chart.

In the ω-t chart, the dry bulb temperature (t) appears as the abscissa (horizontal axis) and the humidity ratio (ω) appear as the ordinate (vertical axis). A chart is valid for a given air pressure (or elevation above sea level). From any two independent ones of the six parameters dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, humidity ratio, specific enthalpy, and specific volume, all the others can be determined. There are $$\left({6 \atop 2}\right) = 15$$ possible combinations of independent and derived parameters.

Locating parameters on chart

 * Dry-bulb temperature: These lines are drawn straight, not always parallel to each other, and slightly inclined from the vertical position. This is the t–axis, the abscissa (horizontal) axis.  Each line represents a constant temperature.

 * Dew point temperature: From the state point follow the horizontal line of constant humidity ratio to the intercept of 100% RH, also known as the saturation curve. The dew point temperature is equal to the fully saturated dry bulb or wet bulb temperatures.

 * Wet-bulb temperature: These lines are oblique lines that differ slightly from the enthalpy lines. They are identically straight but are not exactly parallel to each other. These intersect the saturation curve at DBT point.

 * Relative humidity: These hyperbolic lines are shown in intervals of 10%.  The saturation curve is at 100% RH, while dry air is at 0% RH.

 * Humidity ratio: These are the horizontal lines on the chart. Humidity ratio is usually expressed as mass of moisture per mass of dry air (pounds or kilograms of moisture per pound or kilogram of dry air, respectively). The range is from 0 for dry air up to 0.03 (lbmw/lbma) on the right hand ω-axis, the ordinate or vertical axis of the chart.

 * Specific enthalpy: These are oblique lines drawn diagonally downward from left to right across the chart that are parallel to each other. These are not parallel to wet bulb temperature lines.

 * Specific volume: These are a family of equally spaced straight lines that are nearly parallel.

The region above the saturation curve is a two-phase region that represents a mixture of saturated moist air and liquid water, in thermal equilibrium.

The protractor on the upper left of the chart has two scales. The inner scale represents sensible-total heat ratio (SHF). The outer scale gives the ratio of enthalpy difference to humidity difference. This is used to establish the slope of a condition line between two processes. The horizontal component of the condition line is the change in sensible heat while the vertical component is the change in latent heat.

How to read the chart: fundamental examples
Psychrometric charts are available in SI (metric) and IP (U.S./Imperial) units. They are also available in low and high temperature ranges and for different pressures.
 * Determining relative humidity: The percent relative humidity can be located at the intersection of the vertical dry bulb and diagonally down sloping wet bulb temperature lines. Metric (SI): Using a dry bulb of 25 °C and a wet bulb of 20 °C, read the relative humidity at approximately 63.5%. U.S/Imperial (IP): Using a dry bulb of 77 °F and a wet bulb of 68 °F, read the relative humidity at approximately 63.5%.  In this example the humidity ratio is 0.0126 kg water per kg dry air.
 * Determining the effect of temperature change on relative humidity: For air of a fixed water composition or moisture ratio, find the starting relative humidity from the intersection of the wet and dry bulb temperature lines.  Using the conditions from the previous example, the relative humidity at a different dry bulb temperatures can be found along the horizontal humidity ratio line of 0.0126, either in kg water per kg dry air or pounds water per pound dry air.
 * A common variation of this problem is determining the final humidity of air leaving an air conditioner evaporator coil then heated to a higher temperature. Assume that the temperature leaving the coil is 10°C (50°F) and is heated to room temperature (not mixed with room air), which is found by following the horizontal humidity ratio from the dew point or saturation line to the room dry bulb temperature line and reading the relative humidity.  In typical practice the conditioned air is mixed with room air that is being infiltrated with outside air.

 * Determining the amount of water to be removed or added in lowering or raising relative humidity: This is the difference in humidity ratio between the initial and final conditions times the weight of dry air.

Mollier diagram
The "Mollier i-x" (Enthalpy – Humidity Mixing Ratio) diagram, developed by Richard Mollier in 1923, is an alternative psychrometric chart, preferred by many users in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, and Russia.

The underlying psychrometric parameter data for the psychrometric chart and the Mollier diagram are identical. At first glance there is little resemblance between the charts, but if the chart is rotated by ninety degrees and looked at in a mirror the resemblance becomes apparent. The Mollier diagram coordinates are enthalpy and humidity ratio. The enthalpy coordinate is skewed and the lines of constant enthalpy are parallel and evenly spaced. The ASHRAE psychrometric charts since 1961 use similar plotting coordinates. Some psychrometric charts use dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio coordinates.

title: Psychrometrics


text: User talk:69.151.63.41

title: User talk:69.151.63.41


text:
Political crime

In criminology, a political crime or political offence is an offence that prejudices the interests of the state or its government. States may criminalise any behaviour perceived as a threat, real or imagined, to the state's survival, including both violent and non-violent opposition. A consequence of such criminalisation may be that a range of human rights, civil rights, and freedoms are curtailed, and conduct which would not normally be considered criminal per se (in other words, that is not antisocial according to those who engage in it) is criminalised at the convenience of the group holding power.

Thus, there may be a question of the morality of a law which simply criminalises ordinary political dissent, even though the majority of those who support the current regime may consider criminalisation of politically motivated behaviour an acceptable response when the offender is driven by more extreme political, ideological, religious or other beliefs.

Political crime is to be distinguished from state crime, in which states break their own criminal laws or international law.

Overview
At one extreme, crimes such as treason, sedition, and terrorism are political because they represent a direct challenge to the government in power. Espionage is usually considered a political crime. But offenders do not have to aim to overthrow the government or to depose its leaders to be acting in a way perceived as "political". A state may perceive it threatening if individuals advocate change to the established order, or argue the need for reform of long-established policies, or engage in acts signifying some degree of disloyalty, e.g. by burning the nation's flag in public. But the scope of such crimes can be rather less direct.

Structural functionist criminologists recognise that states invest their resources in maintaining order through social conformity, i.e. a particular culture is encouraged and maintained through the primary social discourses which may include religious, economic, social, or other less formal concerns. Any interference with the media of communication or the sets of meanings embedded in the communications themselves may be perceived as a threat to the political authority of the state. Hence, whether in hard copy or electronically, if individuals distribute material containing uncensored information which undermines the credibility of state-controlled news media, this may be considered threatening.

Moreover, even an offence against non-governmental institutions, persons, or practices may be deemed political. Violence or even discrimination against an ethnic or racial group, as well trade union strikes or picketing against private employers, can be perceived as a political crime when those in power see such conduct as undermining the political (and economic) stability of the state. In this context, note that the Law Enforcement Code of Conduct passed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police says in part: "The fundamental duties of a police officer include serving the community, safeguarding lives and property, protecting the innocent, keeping the peace and ensuring the rights of all to liberty, equality and justice" (cited in Robinson, 2002). This code requires that police behave in a courteous and fair manner, that they treat all citizens in a respectable and decent manner, and that they never use unnecessary force. When they do, it is argued that this constitutes a crime (e.g. as an assault) and, if it is institutionalised, then over time, the use of unnecessary force become a state crime.

Marxist criminologists argue that most political crime arises from the efforts of the state to reproduce the structures of inequality: racism, sexism, ethnic preference as well as class advantages. Thus, states will protect property rights and reduce the rights of trade unions to represent the interests of the poor. Even war could be grounded in the problems of local capitalists in wealthy countries in the effort to move raw materials, profits and jobs in a globalised political economy, and opposing such a war will be a political crime. Marxists do not dispute that, for a society to function efficiently, social order is necessary. But they consider that, in all societies, one class, usually characterised as the "ruling class", gains far more than other classes. Marxists agree with functionalists that socialisation plays a crucial role in promoting conformity and order. However, unlike the latter, they are highly critical of the ideas, values and norms of "capitalist ideology". Modern Marxists point to education and the media as socialising agencies, which delude or "mystify" the working class into conforming to a social order, which works against its real interests. Thus, all controls which directly or indirectly exploit the criminal law to control access to the discourses are political crimes.

Authoritarian governments
Miller says that one of the defining characteristics of power in modern history has been the rationalisation and bureaucratisation of law. Legal codification, or at least debates over the merits of legal codification, became an almost global phenomenon in the nineteenth century as state power was centralised. In particular, the rationalisation of criminal law standardised not just the concept of crime, but was adopted as the means to eliminate the "deviant" as a threat to a modern, uniform, moral standard. In this, the religious establishment began to play a new role in defining "evil" in which threats to the political or social norm became as dangerous as threats to religious orthodoxy. Thus, political speech became one of the most likely activities to be criminalised. The freedom of association and to meet may also be criminalised if the purpose is to express oppositional political views.

Because a political offender may be fighting against a tyrannical government, treaties have usually specified that a person cannot be extradited for a political offense (the political offence exception). Thomas Jefferson wrote: Treason. This, when real, merits the highest punishment. But most Codes extend their definitions of treason to acts not really against one's country. They do not distinguish between acts against the government, and acts against the Oppressions of the Government. The latter are virtues: yet have furnished more victims to the Executioner than the former. Because real Treasons are rare: Oppressions frequent. The unsuccessful Struggles against Tyranny have been the chief Martyrs of Treason laws in all countries. Reformation of government with our neighbors, as much wanting now as Reformation of religion is, or ever was anywhere. We should not wish then to give up to the Executioner the Patriot who fails, and flees to us. Treasons then, taking the simulated with the real are sufficiently punished by Exile.

Terrorism
People convicted or suspected of certain crimes classified as terrorism by the government of their country (or some foreign countries) reject that classification. They consider that their fight is a legitimate one using legitimate means, and thus their crimes should be more appropriately called political crimes and justify special treatment in the penal system (as if they were soldiers in a war and therefore covered by the Geneva Convention). States tend to consider the political nature of the crimes an aggravating factor in the sentencing process and make no distinction between the terrorists and "ordinary" offenders, e.g. the convicted murderers of Action Directe consider themselves political prisoners.

Religious crimes
Where there is no clear separation between the state and the prevailing religion, the edicts of the church may be codified as law and enforced by the secular policing and judicial authorities. This is a highly functionalist mechanism for enforcing conformity in all aspects of cultural life and the use of the label "crime" adds an extra layer of stigma to those convicted.

title: Political crime


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User talk:Exabyte

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 04:13, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"Automagically" wasn't a typo. See Jargon dictionary. Noel 23:43, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Do you mind fixing the link please? Exabyte (talk) 04:45, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Done.
 * PS: Oh, also, people generally reply on the Talk: page of the person who wrote a message to them - that way, someone doesn't have to monitor a whole long list of Talk: pages (one for each person who they are having a "conversation" with. Noel 04:17, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yo exabyte- about the vitamin b6 page which you have helped with, from the french page it appears there are three forms in fact? you might want to check that out (chem diagrams are the same in every lang). i didn't want to edit it b/c i'm not sure of the reliability of the info, but i thought you might be. my user name is sardino but i can't sign in here.

Walter Rutkowski
Just an FYI - per WP:POLITICIAN he meets the notability requirement, as he has held state-level office. That's usually sufficient grounds for notability. -- Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 16:54, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree, for the reason cited above, and have declined the speedy tag and removed it. You are, of course, welcome to take this article to an articles for deletion process; should you require help with that, feel free to leave me a note.  Accounting4Taste: talk 17:56, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Please do not spam my talk page with spurious warning templates.
If you wish to discuss an article, please do it on that articles talk page. I suggest you review WP:DTTR, as well as WP:BRD and WP:CONSENSUS. Dlabtot (talk) 18:38, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"Califnornia" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Califnornia. Since you had some involvement with the Califnornia redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 22:18, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Exabyte


text: User talk:68.9.94.176

title: User talk:68.9.94.176


text:
SN 1885A

SN 1885A (also S Andromedae) was a supernova in the Andromeda Galaxy, the only one seen in that galaxy so far by astronomers. It was the first supernova ever seen outside the Milky Way, though it was not known at the time how far away it was. It is also known as "Supernova 1885".

Discovery
The supernova appears to have been seen first on August 17, 1885, by French astronomer Ludovic Gully during a public stargazing event. Gully thought it was scattered moonlight in his telescope and did not follow up on this observation. Irish amateur astronomer Isaac Ward in Belfast claimed to have seen the object on August 19, 1885, but did not immediately publish its existence.

The independent detection of the supernova by Ernst Hartwig at Dorpat (Tartu) Observatory in Estonia on August 20, 1885, however, was communicated in a telegram on August 31, 1885, once Hartwig had verified in more ideal circumstances that the feature was not caused by reflected moonlight. The telegram prompted widespread observations of the event, and prompted Isaac Ward, Ludovic Gully, and several others to publish their earlier observations (the first reports on S Andromedae appeared before Hartwig's discovery letter which followed his telegram, since the letter was initially lost by Astronomische Nachrichten and only reprinted in a later issue). The history of the discovery is summarized by K.G. Jones and de Vaucouleurs and Corwin. Both studies doubt that Ward really saw the event since his estimated magnitude is significantly off from the later reconstructed light curve, and conclude that Hartwig should be considered as the discoverer of the supernova.

Features
SN 1885A reached magnitude 5.85 on 21 August 1885, and faded to magnitude 14 six months later. It was reddish in color and declined rapidly in brightness, which is unusual for type Ia supernovae. Some astronomers observed the spectrum of the star visually (no photographic spectral observations were made in that time). These observations were made at the limit of visibility, but they were considered to be in good agreement with each other and with modern data on typical supernovae of type Ia; SN 1885A has thus been assigned to this type. Studies led by Dovi Poznanski and by Hagai Perets suggest that SN 1885A belongs to a new subclass of Type I supernovae, along with SN 2002bj and SN 1939B.

The supernova occurred $16 arcsec$ from the relatively bright nucleus of the galaxy. This made detection of its remnant difficult — early attempts were unsuccessful. In 1988, R. A. Fesen and others used the 4-meter Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak to discover the iron-rich remnant of the explosion. Further observations were made with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999. The spectrum of the remnant shows the presence of iron, calcium and manganese, which were likely created during the explosion. There is some evidence for spherical symmetry in the explosion; this would mean that this type Ia supernova was not triggered by merging.

title: SN 1885A


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Harry Wright

William Henry "Harry" Wright (January 10, 1835 – October 3, 1895) was an American professional baseball player, manager, and developer. He assembled, managed, and played center field for baseball's first fully professional team, the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings. He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies. For his contributions as a manager and developer of the game, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 by the Veterans Committee.

Wright was the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man. He is the oldest former professional player in the Hall: a few other inductees were born before him, but none of them played professionally. His younger brother George Wright is also in the Hall. The Wrights are one of only two pairs of brothers in the Hall, alongside Paul and Lloyd Waner.

Early life

Born in Sheffield, England, he was the eldest of five children of professional cricketer Samuel Wright and his wife, Annie Tone Wright. His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York. Harry dropped out of school at age 14 to work for a jewelry manufacturer, and worked at Tiffany's for several years.

Both Harry and George, 12 years younger, assisted their father, effectively apprenticing as cricket "club pros". Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859.

Both brothers played baseball for some of the leading clubs during the amateur era of the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP). Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time in 1857, at which time he joined the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club. He did not play in a game with the Knickerbockers until July 8, 1858, playing the outfield against Excelsior of Brooklyn. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13.

In 1863, the Knickerbocker club all but withdrew from official competition, and Wright joined Gotham of New York, primarily playing shortstop. Here, he joined his brother George, who had become a member of the team the previous year. During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of "ice base ball".

Cincinnati
Wright left New York on March 8, 1865, bound for Cincinnati, where he had been hired on salary at the Union Cricket Club. When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball "manager" from that time. By now, Wright was 31, probably past his athletic prime.

Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. With Wright working as the regular pitcher, and still a superior player at that level, the team won 16 matches and lost only to the Nationals of Washington, D.C., on their historic tour. For 1868 he added four players from the East and one from the crosstown Buckeye club, a vanquished rival. The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club.

When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented his 1868 imports (retaining four of five) with five new men, including three more originally from the East. No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine. The most important of the new men was brother George, probably the best player in the game for a few years, the highest paid man in Cincinnati at $1400 for nine months. George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons.

The Red Stockings toured the continent undefeated in 1869 and may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional base ball after the second season, its fourth in the game. As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene.

Manager
During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals.

Seventh-Inning Stretch Report
In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched.

The National Association years

From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the "Cincinnati Red Stockings" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the "Boston Red Stockings". The team was to play in the newly formed National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, now known more often as simply the National Association.

The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season. Wright, now 36 years old was the second-oldest player in the league, behind Nate Berkenstock, aged 38. As the team's regular center fielder, Wright played 30 of the team's 31 games at that position. He also pitched in nine games in relief of Albert Spalding, notching one win.

In 1872, the Red Stockings won its first championship, beating Maryland's Lord Baltimore Club by $7 1/2$ games. They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia White Stockings.

1874 turned out to be Wright's last year as the team's regular center fielder. He had been the oldest player in the NA for three years running. It was also his third straight championship as a manager. That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles.

In 1875, the final year of the NA, the Red Stockings were an amazing 71-8, finishing a full 15 games ahead of the Athletics. Wright, now the oldest player in the league, continued to play regularly in center field for Boston until 1874. After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons.

The National League years
In 1876, the Boston club joined the new National League. Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the "Red Caps" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club. Although they once again stumbled in their first year in a new league, finishing fourth in 1876, they went on to win two more pennants in the following two seasons with Wright at the helm. The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston.

Providence
After leaving the Red Caps, Wright quickly picked up with the Providence Grays, one of the stronger NL teams of the era. In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson. The team dropped to third the following year, and Wright moved on again.

While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team. Wright assembled a team of amateurs, which would play at Messer Street Grounds while the Grays were on the road, with the intention that if one of the senior members was injured, he could be easily replaced from among these players.

Philadelphia

In 1884, Wright was brought in to manage the new Philadelphia team. Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17–81. Under Wright, they improved enough to finish in sixth place in 1884 while winning 20 games more than they had done the previous year. In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56–54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants.

Philadelphia continued to improve under Wright in 1886, finishing with a record of 71–43, although their position in the league fell to fourth. In 1887, the team finished in second place, just $3 1/2$ games behind the champion Detroit club. Unfortunately, that was to be the high-water mark of Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, as the team hovered in the middle of the pack, finishing between third and fifth every year from 1888 until 1893 (although he missed a large portion of the 1890 season due to problems with his eyesight ).

During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers. After the 1893 season, his contract was not renewed. The National League, in recognition of Wright's standing, offered him the position of Chief of Umpires. During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards.

Managerial overview

In 23 seasons of managing in the National Association and National League, Wright's teams won six league championships (1872–1875, 1877, 1878). They finished second on three other occasions, and never finished lower than sixth. Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage. He was the first manager to reach one thousand wins as a manager and Cap Anson was the only other manager who won 1,000 games in the 19th century (Wright briefly held the record for most managerial wins, now he ranks 44th).

Death
Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He was 60 years old. He was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Wright's influence on professional baseball was profound and his death reverberated through the sport. The National League dedicated April 13, 1896, as "Wright Day" and the receipts of eight games played that day dedicated to the establishment of a memorial in Wright's memory. Albert Spalding, then age 46, agreed to appear at the game in Rockford, Illinois, and Henry Chadwick, age 80, scored the exhibition game in Cincinnati to honor Wright.

The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote, "Harry Wright came to [Philadelphia] in the zenith of his powers as a base ball manager, and what he did for the development of the local end of the national game of base ball is a matter of history. It was here that he passed the evening of his life, beloved by all whose good fortune it was to know him. Here it was that he had his little home stake, and here in the impressive silence of beautiful West Laurel Hill his mortal remains lie buried. His work was an honor to Philadelphians, who will doubtless turn and give substantial evidence of their appreciation of that honor."

Wright was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 2005. His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally.

title: Harry Wright


text:
Paolo Conte

Paolo Conte (born 6 January 1937) is an Italian singer, pianist, songwriter and lawyer, known for his distinctly grainy, resonant voice. His compositions fuse Italian and Mediterranean sounds with jazz, boogie and elements of the French chanson and Latin-American rhythms.

Career
Conte was born in Asti, Piedmont. His parents were avid jazz fans and Conte and his younger brother Giorgio spent their formative years listening to a lot of early jazz and blues recordings. After obtaining a law degree at the University of Parma, Conte started working as an assistant solicitor with his father, simultaneously pursuing his musical studies. He learned to play the trombone, the vibraphone and the piano, and formed a jazz band with his brother on guitar. Conte's skill for composing music and original arrangements was noted by music producer Lilli Greco, who paired Conte with lyricist Vito Pallavicini. They wrote songs for Adriano Celentano ("Azzurro", 1968), Caterina Caselli ("Insieme a te non ci sto più", 1968), Fausto Leali ("Deborah", 1968) and Enzo Jannacci ("Messico e nuvole", 1970). In 1974 Conte recorded his first album, Paolo Conte. The following year, he released another eponymous album. Following a series of well-received shows at Club Tenco in Sanremo in 1976 and the commercial success of his third album, 'Un gelato al limon', Conte concentrated almost exclusively on his solo career.

Some of Conte's most popular songs have been used as film soundtracks, including "Come Di" in I Am David (2003) and Mickey Blue Eyes (1999), "Via con me" in French Kiss (1995), Mostly Martha (2001) and Welcome to Collinwood (2002). In addition, Conte's song "L’orchestrina" is featured during the end credits for episodes 3 and 4 of the television series The New Pope (2020). In 1997 Conte won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Score for the film La freccia azzurra.

Awards
On 24 March 1999, Conte was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, by President Giorgio Napolitano for his "outstanding cultural achievements". On 15 May 2001, France ordered Paolo Conte Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2015, Conte was awarded the Premio Galileo for contemporary music in Padua.

Conte has also received several honorary doctorates, including one from the University of Macerata (1990).

Studio albums

 * Paolo Conte (1974)
 * Paolo Conte (1975)
 * Un gelato al limon (1979)
 * Paris milonga (1981)
 * Appunti di viaggio (1982)
 *  Paolo Conte (1984)
 * Aguaplano (1987, double album - the Japanese and German releases were issued as two separate albums, the second titled Jimmy Ballando in 1989)
 * Parole d'amore scritte a macchina (1990)
 * 900 (1992)
 * Una faccia in prestito (1995)
 * Razmataz (2000)
 * Elegia (2004)
 * Psiche (2008)
 * Nelson (2010)
 * Snob (2014)
 * Amazing Game (2016)

Live albums

 * Concerti (1985)
 * Paolo Conte Live (1988)
 * Paolo Conte - Haris Alexiou (1990)
 * Tournée (1993)
 * Tournée 2 (1998)
 * Paolo Conte Live Arena di Verona (2005)
 * Live in Caracalla – 50 Years of Azzurro (2018)
 * Paolo Conte Live at Veneria Reale (2022)

Greatest Hits albums

 * Come Di (1986, French release)
 * Collezione (1988)
 * Boogie (1990)
 * Wanda, stai seria con la faccia ma però (1992)
 * The Best of Paolo Conte (1996)
 * Reveries (2003)
 * Wonderful (2006)
 * Gong-oh (2011)
 * The Platinum Collection (2014)

title: Paolo Conte


text:
Dzhugdzhur

The Dzhugdzhur (Джугджу́р) or Jugjur, meaning "big bulge" in Evenki, are a mountain range along the western shores of the Sea of Okhotsk in the far east of Siberia.

The mountains are quite deserted, the one exception being the gold mines that have operated in the range since the 1920s.

Geography
The east range is bound by the northwest coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. To the northwest the range limits with the Yudoma-Maya Highlands, to the southwest with the Stanovoy Range, to the south with the Dzhagdy Range, and to the northeast with the Kolyma Mountains. The Maya, the Maymakan, and the Mati are among the rivers having their source in the range.

Geology
The range was formed by an asymmetrical fold. The southwestern half of the mountains is composed of gneiss and granite from the Precambrian, while the northeast contains Mesozoic shale and limestone as well as Cretaceous and Paleocene igneous rock.

Ecology and Climate
The coastal stretch of the range is populated by Japanese stone pine and Dahurian larch. Parts of the range occupied by the Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga ecoregion contain swathes of Jezo spruce up to elevations of 1,300 m.

The climate is wet and cold, with wet rainy summers and severe winters.

Popular culture

 * "Mikhail", (also known as "Misha") most commonly known as Heavy Weapons Guy or The Heavy, from the 2007 FPS video game Team Fortress 2 lives in a remote log mansion in the Dzhugdzhur Mountains with his mother and three sisters.

title: Dzhugdzhur


text:
User:Yakovsh

Hi, and welcome to my Wikipedia use page. Not much here but you can visit my homepage at shaftek.org or my blog at shaftek.org/blog.

title: User:Yakovsh


text:
Non-Commissioned Officer Professional Development Ribbon

A Noncommissioned Officer Professional Development Ribbon is an award presented by the United States Army, Air Force, and Space Force to recognize those noncommissioned officers (NCOs) who have completed a prescribed leadership course at an NCO training school. The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard have no equivalent to the Noncommissioned Officer Development Ribbon.

Army
The NCO Professional Development Ribbon (established in 1981) is issued by the U.S. Army for completion of any prescribed NCO development courses. The first award of the NCO Professional Development Ribbon is issued for completion of the Basic Leader Course (BLC [former titles of BLC include: the "Warrior Leader Course", "Primary NCO Course", "Combat Army Course", and the "Primary Leadership Development Course"]). When a soldier completes additional schooling such as the Advanced Leaders Course (ALC), Senior Leaders Course (SLC), and Master Leader Course (MLC), an award numeral is worn on the ribbon to denote subsequent satisfactory completion of those courses (2, 3, & 4 respectively). Currently, the numeral "5" is authorized for graduation from the US Army Sergeant Major Academy's 'Sergeants Major Course'. Graduates of the Battle Staff NCO Course, and the legacy First Sergeant Course, do not receive a numeral device for graduation from those courses. The highest numeral authorized for the NCO Professional Development Ribbon is "6" for graduates of the Nominative Leaders Course (NLC). NLC is a two-week strategic leader development course designed to prepare nominative Command Sergeants Major (CSM) and Sergeants Major (SGM) for their duties as CSMs for commanders of 1-2 star Army commands, and Staff Section SGMs at HQDA level of responsibilities.

The Army NCO Professional Development Ribbon is a green ribbon 1+3/8 in wide. It has a center strip of 1/4 in of Flag Blue, bordered by 1/16 in stripes of yellow. Equidistant from the edge and center stripes on each side are 1/8 in stripes of yellow. The green and yellow of the ribbon represent the chevrons worn by NCOs. The central stripe of blue represents support of the United States.

Air Force and Space Force
The NCO Professional Military Education Graduate Ribbon was established by the Secretary of the Air Force on 28 August 1962. The ribbon is awarded to NCOs of the US Air Force and US Space Force for completion of prescribed NCO professional development programs. Approved programs are the NCO Preparatory Course, Airman Leadership School, NCO Leadership School, NCO Academy, and Senior NCO Academy. Select professional development programs of other services may also be counted for award of the ribbon. Eligible courses are the Army Sergeants Major Academy, Navy Senior Enlisted Academy, and Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Academy. The ribbon is awarded to individuals who complete the course in-residence and may not be awarded to those who only complete the correspondence course. Additional awards of the NCO Professional Military Education Graduate Ribbon are denoted by oak leaf clusters.


text:
User:Jed Smith

Jed Smith jed@REMOVEjed.bz

I am a grammar Nazi. Don't be offended if I edit your page to correct a seemingly-minor problem. I'm still getting up to speed on this Wiki thing, so if I do something bad and awful feel free to let me know.

I am commonly asked if I'm the same idiot from Kuro5hin. Yes, that is me.

Rewrites/Additions

 * 1) Rewrite: Non-directional beacon

title: User:Jed Smith


text: User talk:203.217.29.165

title: User talk:203.217.29.165


text:
Chicago typewriter

Chicago typewriter may refer to:
 * Chicago Typewriter (TV series)
 * Thompson submachine gun

title: Chicago typewriter


text: Category:Panamanian sportspeople

title: Category:Panamanian sportspeople


text:
Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise

Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise is Tiger Army's third full-length album. It was released by Hellcat Records on June 29, 2004. It takes the psychobilly of their first two efforts and layers it with elements of country, blues and punk to create a more mature and emotional sound than previous works. The focus of the lyrics on the album range from topics of ghosts and vampires to life and love. The album was well received and led to their first U.S. headlining tour in spring of 2005.

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Nick 13

Personnel
Tiger Army
 * Nick 13 – Composer
 * Geoff Kresge – Mixing, Standup Bass,  Vocals
 * Fred Hell – Drums

Guests and Other
 * Greg Leisz – Pedal Steel
 * Andrew Alekel – Engineer, Mixing
 * Stevie B – Guitar Technician
 * Chad Essig – Assistant Engineer
 * Mike Fasano – Drums, Drum Technician
 * Gene Grimaldi – Mastering
 * Sergie – Graphic Design

title: Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise


text: Category:Nationalism

title: Category:Nationalism


text:
Andre Braugher

Andre Keith Braugher (July 1, 1962 – December 11, 2023) was an American actor known for his roles as Detective Frank Pembleton in the NBC police drama series Homicide: Life on the Street (1993–1999) and Captain Raymond Holt in the Fox/NBC police comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine (2013–2021). He won two Primetime Emmy Awards and was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards.

Braugher started his acting career as part of The Public Theatre's Shakespeare in the Park, appearing in Much Ado About Nothing (1988), Coriolanus (1989), Twelfth Night (1996), Hamlet (2008), and As You Like It (2012). He transitioned his career into television, gaining roles in Kojak (1989–1990), The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson (1990), and The Tuskegee Airmen (1995), followed by leading roles in the ABC medical series Gideon's Crossing (2000–2001), the CBS crime series Hack (2002–2004), the FX crime mini-series Thief (2006), and the TNT comedy series Men of a Certain Age (2009–2011).

Braugher's film roles include Glory (1989), Primal Fear (1996), City of Angels (1998), Frequency (2000), Duets (2000), Poseidon (2006), The Mist (2007), Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007), Salt (2010), The Gambler (2014), and She Said (2022). He also had supporting roles in series such as The Good Fight, House, New Girl, and BoJack Horseman.

Early life
Andre Keith Braugher was born in Chicago on July 1, 1962, the son of Sally and Floyd Braugher, a postal worker and heavy equipment operator. Andre had three older siblings and was raised in the Austin neighborhood of Chicago. He attended St. Ignatius College Prep for high school and earned a scholarship to attend Stanford University. Initially majoring in engineering, Braugher found that he enjoyed acting and graduated with a BA in theatre in 1984. He then attended the Juilliard School's Drama Division, graduating in 1988.

Career
Braugher's first film role was in the 1989 film Glory as Thomas Searles, a free, educated black man from the North who joins the first black regiment in the Union Army. He played Kojak's sidekick in the late 1980s ABC television film revival of Kojak. He subsequently moved on to a role on the television series Homicide: Life on the Street as Detective Frank Pembleton, a self-righteous, fiery, unyielding, Jesuit-educated police detective. Braugher won Television Critics Association awards for individual achievement in drama in 1997 and 1998. He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1996 and 1998, winning in the latter year. He left Homicide after its sixth season but returned for the reunion television film. He also co-starred in the films City of Angels, Frequency, and Poseidon.

In 1997, he was selected by People as one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World".

As part of the Shakespeare in the Park series at the Delacorte Theater in New York City's Central Park, Braugher played the title role in the 1996 production of Henry V, for which he received an Obie Award. In 2000, he played the title role as Ben Gideon in the series Gideon's Crossing, which lasted one season. In 2002, Braugher narrated the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet, produced by Unity Productions Foundation. He narrated The Murder of Emmett Till for PBS. He played Detective Marcellus Washington in the TV series Hack from 2002 to 2004.

In 2006, Braugher starred as Nick Atwater in the mini-series Thief for FX Networks, winning a second Emmy for his performance. He portrayed General Hager in the 2007 film Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer. Braugher appeared on the TV series House, M.D. as Dr. Darryl Nolan, a psychiatrist who helps House recover from his addiction to Vicodin. He also appeared in the TNT series Men of a Certain Age, for which he was nominated twice as Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. He also voiced the villain Darkseid in the animated film, Superman/Batman: Apocalypse. He took supporting roles in the science fiction film The Mist (2007), the mystery film Passengers (2008), and the action thriller Salt (2010).

Braugher acted in the Manhattan Theatre Club's production of the Matthew Lopez play The Whipping Man, off-Broadway, for a limited run from January–March 2011. Braugher co-starred alongside Andre Holland. Marilyn Stasio of Variety described the play as "genuinely moving and Braugher captures the moment with his thrilling evocation of Simon's pride and joy and hope". He narrated the introduction to the Olympic Games on NBC from 2006 to 2010. Braugher narrated James Patterson's Alex Cross book Cross Fire (2010).

Braugher had a recurring role as defense attorney Bayard Ellis on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit from 2011 to 2015, and starred as the lead character, Capt. Marcus Chaplin, in ABC's 2012 military drama TV series Last Resort. In 2017, Braugher had a recurring role in season 4 of the Netflix animated series BoJack Horseman as California Governor Woodchuck Coodchuck-Berkowitz. From 2013 to 2021, he starred in the Golden Globe-winning TV series Brooklyn Nine-Nine as the precinct captain, Raymond Holt. For his performance in Brooklyn Nine-Nine, he was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.

Personal life and death
In 1991, Braugher married actress Ami Brabson, who co-starred with him in Homicide: Life on the Street. They had three sons, Michael, Isaiah, and John Wesley, and lived in New Jersey.

Braugher died on December 11, 2023, at the age of 61. His death was attributed to lung cancer, with which he had been diagnosed a few months prior. Braugher had previously been a smoker, but quit in 2010. Following his death, many of his co-stars expressed gratitude for his warmth, kindness, and talent as an actor.

title: Andre Braugher


text:
Mandaryna

Marta Katarzyna Wiktoria Wiśniewska (born Marta Mandrykiewicz on 12 March 1978 in Łódź, Poland), professionally known as Mandaryna, is a Polish singer, dancer and actress. She rose to fame as the dancer of Polish pop group Ich Troje, and the partner of its leader, Michał Wiśniewski. She embarked on a singing career in 2004, covering Whitesnake's "Here I Go Again", which became a hit in Poland. Her first two albums, Mandaryna.com and Mandarynkowy sen, released in 2004 and 2005, respectively, were met with commercial success. In 2005, Mandaryna sparked a major controversy during her performance at Sopot Festival, which exposed her alleged lack of vocal talent. Nonetheless, the performed song "Ev'ry Night" became a massive hit and remains arguably her best-known song to date.

Career
Throughout her teenage years, Marta Wiśniewska took extensive dancing lessons and was part of several dancing groups. In 2000, she became the dancer and choreographer of Ich Troje, then highly popular Polish pop group. She would become the partner of its lead singer, Michał Wiśniewski, and the couple took part in controversial reality show Jestem, jaki jestem, which became a television hit. During the show in 2003 she recorded two songs for Michał and began to prepare her musical career with professionals. She chose the artistic nickname "Mandaryna" deriving from her birth name.

In 2004, Mandaryna debuted as a singer and had a hit with the song "Here I Go Again", a cover version of a Whitesnake song, produced by Groove Coverage. Later in the summer, her debut album Mandaryna.com was released, going on to sell well and achieving gold certification in Poland. It was then released in Germany and Austria. In 2005, Mandaryna took part in Sopot Festival, performing live her new song "Ev'ry Night". The performance, which proved her lacking singing abilities, caused nationwide controversy and Mandaryna became the object of a backlash. Nonetheless, "Ev'ry Night" became a massive hit in Poland and the follow-up second album, Mandarynkowy sen, reached number 1 spot in the albums chart in Poland. The album also featured a cover of Bon Jovi's "You Give Love a Bad Name", which was released as the next single to considerable success.

In 2006, Mandaryna released the single "Stay Together" and started recording her third studio album. She also filmed her own short-lived, yet successful TV show Let's Dance, czyli zrobię dla was wszystko. In 2007, she recorded a new song, "Heaven", which again caused a stir, after it was proclaimed a rip-off of Madonna's "Jump". In the same year, she opened her first Mandaryna Dance Studio, which has since evolved into a chain of successful dance schools, and regularly appeared on Rozmowy w toku, a popular talk show. The release of her third studio album, Third Time: Mandaryna4You, was scheduled to January 2008, but due to a serious conflict between Mandaryna, her manager Katarzyna Kanclerz and music producer Marek Sośnicki, its release was pulled and it now remains unreleased. She founded a short-lived band, 2be3, and recorded a cover of New Kids on the Block's "Step by Step" with them. In 2009, she made a comeback with the album AOK. Although the album failed to chart, its only single "Good Dog Bad Dog", an electropop song with elements of rap, earned considerable popularity.

"Good Dog Bad Dog" was written and produced by Ali Alien and Marek Śledziewski, then remixed by Josh Harris, an American producer. The videoclip for the song was shot within six days in Poland. It premiered on 12 October 2009 on Polish division of VIVA. The song was performed on Polish breakfast TV show Dzień Dobry TVN. The song and the video met with positive response but received little airplay on Polish mainstream radio stations and television, apart from VIVA.

In 2010, she appeared as a member of the judging panel on popular TV show Hot or Not on VIVA Poland. She also announced working on her next studio album, due in early 2011 and initially called Sugar Sugar. The album was not released, but in 2012 Mandaryna came back with a new single, "Bring the Beat". In 2013, Marta Wiśniewska announced she has ended her musical career and instead is going to focus on developing her dance school business.

In 2018 she announced her musical comeback with performances in some clubs in Poland.

Private life
Mandaryna was married to Michał Wiśniewski, the lead singer of the Polish pop group Ich Troje. She has two children with Wiśniewski, Xavier Michał (born 24 June 2002) and Fabienne Marta (born 21 August 2003), both born in Warsaw. She has been in a long-term relationship with Wojtek Bąkiewicz, a Polish photographer for Playboy and CKM magazines. She's a diabetic.

Acting

 * 1999: Cisza – film
 * 2002: Gwiazdor – film
 * 2003-2004: Na Wspólnej – soap opera
 * 2006-2007: Pierwsza miłość – soap opera
 * 2007: Kryminalni – crime drama

title: Mandaryna


text:
Patrick McKenna

Patrick McKenna (born May 8, 1960) is a Canadian comedian and actor. He is best known for playing Harold Green on the television series The Red Green Show and Marty Stevens on the television series Traders.

Early life
Patrick McKenna became interested in Second City when a high-school teacher took him to a show at Second City Toronto. After he graduated from high school, he attended Sheridan College, graduating with a business degree in 1982.

Career
To help with tuition, he worked his way to being night manager at Second City, learning how improv worked. In 1983, he auditioned successfully for the main stage. During the 1980s he tried his hand at standup and spent five years performing his act in Canada and the US.

One night at Second City during the late 1980s, McKenna received the acting offer which would change his life. Steve Smith was recruiting cast members, especially a sidekick, for his new project, The Red Green Show. He had come to Second City and was checking out the entire troupe, but when Patrick did his twitchy-nerd character, Smith knew he had his sidekick. He offered McKenna a job after the show. McKenna appeared on television screens throughout Canada and the US for the next 15 years as the lovable nephew Harold Green on The Red Green Show, a part he would reprise in the feature film Duct Tape Forever.

He also played Marty Stephens on Traders, working alongside future Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis Canadian actor David Hewlett. For his work on Traders and The Red Green Show, McKenna received two Gemini Awards. He is the only Canadian actor to win for both drama and comedy in the same year, at the 13th Gemini Awards on 4 October 1998.

McKenna guest-starred in two episodes of Stargate SG-1 playing Dr. Jay Felger, first in the season 6 episode "The Other Guys" and then in the season 7 episode "Avenger 2.0". He also starred in the 2002 Trudeau miniseries.

In 2006, McKenna played producer Jeffrey Littleman on the short-lived CBC television series Getting Along Famously. In 2007, he appeared in the pilot of Sabbatical. He starred as Victor in the 2011 indie horror film Silent but Deadly. In late 2011, he played the politician and Canadian Confederation leader Alexander Galt in the CBC television movie John A: Birth of a Country. Throughout the mid-2000s and early 2010s, McKenna saw work as a voice actor in Canadian animated series such as Atomic Betty, Iggy Arbuckle, Crash Canyon and Sidekick.

McKenna was the subject of the 2009 PBS documentary ADD and Loving It?! McKenna has ADHD, but was not diagnosed until he was well into his forties. He has become somewhat of a spokesman on this condition in Canada. McKenna and Rick Green, writer and performer and co-creator of The Red Green Show, made a documentary to explain some of ADHD's positives and negatives titled "ADD and Loving It." Both men open up about how it has affected them and their relationships.

Charitable work
McKenna has become involved with many charity organizations and causes—including wheelchair athletes, Adult ADHD, MS Society, Lupus Canada and McMaster Sick Kids—some of which he has personal connection with.

McKenna suffered a debilitating back injury in the early 2000s that left him unable to walk for a year. He went through times of being in a wheelchair and having to learn to walk again. It was from this experience that he became involved with wheelchair athletes.

His mother, Patricia, has suffered from lupus since the 1970s. McKenna's friend and fellow Second City alumnus Colin Mochrie and his wife Debra McGrath often help McKenna with lupus charity fundraising.

Personal life
McKenna is a member of Toronto's The Second City comedy troupe.

McKenna's mother's name is Patricia, and he has three brothers. He married his high school sweetheart, Janis, in 1983. They have a son, Brendon, born in 1985. Brendon McKenna was seen in two episodes, Dancing with Mr. D. and The Unseen Lever, of his father's series Traders as Marty's son, Mark Stephens.

Filmography
This is a partial filmography for Patrick McKenna.

Television

 * The Red Green Show (Harold Green)
 * Traders (Marty Stephens)
 * Little Mosque on the Prairie (The Principal)
 * Stargate SG-1 (2 eps.) (Dr. Jay Felger)
 * Due South (Pizzas and Promises, season 1, ep. 5) (Gary Redfield)
 * Getting Along Famously (Jeffrey Littleman)
 * The Border (Don Campbell)
 * Spliced (Two-legs "Joe")
 * Clang Invasion (Rivet)
 * Bill 'n' Lloyd (Krasky the Klown)
 * Wingin' It (Mr. Telson)
 * The Outer Limits (episode "Mindreacher") (Dr. Seigal)
 * Sidekick (Pamplemoose)
 * Remedy (Frank Kanaskie)
 * Forever Knight ("Dance by the Light of the Moon'', season 1, ep. 5)
 * Everywhere (Jim)
 * Rick Mercer Report
 * The Ron James Show
 * Mysticons (King Darius; supporting role)
 * Murdoch Mysteries (5 episodes, 2010-2019) (Detective/ Inspector Hamish Slorach)
 * Robocop: The Series (1994) (Umberto Ortega, Talk Show Host)
 * Pink Is In (Colonel Kwoka) (4 episodes)
 * Moville Mysteries (Victor's father)

Animated television and film (voice)

 * Sam & Max: Freelance Police!!! (Lorne, the Friend for Life) (voice)
 * Crash Canyon (Norm Wendell / Vernon Wendell)
 * Iggy Arbuckle (Robear)
 * Atomic Betty (Quincy Barrett)
 * Best Ed (Doug aka Buddy)
 * Detective Squirrel Jr. (Dad)
 * Scaredy Squirrel (Nestor)
 * Go, Dog. Go! (Grandpaw Barker)
 * Stories From My Childhood (Various characters)
 * The ZhuZhus (Wilfred P. Kerdle)
 * Esme and Roy (Roy)
 * The Trades

Films

 * Duct Tape Forever (Harold)
 * Milo 55160 (Milo 55160)
 * John A.: Birth of a Country (TV movie) (Alexander Galt)
 * The Masked Saint (Judd Lumpkin)
 * Silent But Deadly (Victor)
 * Margarita (Ben)
 * The Music Man (TV movie remake) (Anvil salesman Charlie Cowell)

Radio

 * The Debaters (recurring)

title: Patrick McKenna


text:
Sorath (raga)

Sorath is an India musical raga (musical mode) that appears in the Sikh tradition from northern India and is part of the Sikh holy scripture called Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Every raga has a strict set of rules which govern the number of notes that can be used; which notes can be used; and their interplay that has to be adhered to for the composition of a tune. In the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy Granth (book) there are a total of 60 raga compositions and this raga is the twenty fifth raga to appear in the series. The composition in this raga appear on a total of 65 pages from page numbers 595 to 660.

Raga Sorath belongs to the Khamaj thaat. Besides Guru Nanak, Sorath was used by Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadar for a total of 150 hymns plus numerous slokas.

Raag Sorath (ਸੋਰਠਿ) – Sorath conveys the feeling of having such a strong belief in something that you want to keep repeating the experience. In fact this feeling of certainty is so strong that you become the belief and live that belief. The atmosphere of Sorath is so powerful, that eventually even the most unresponsive listener will be attracted.

The following represents the order of notes that can be used on the ascending and descending phase of the composition and the primary and secondary notes:

 * Arohana: Sa Re Ma Pa Ni Sa
 * Avarohana: Sa Re Ni Dha, Ma Pa Dha Ma Ga Re Ni Sa
 * Vadi: Re
 * Samavadi: Dha

The melodies are characterized by sweeping phrases with glides connecting all leaps, even the shorter ones. Movement is moderately fast.

Raga Sorath is named after Saurashtra, Gujarat.

title: Sorath (raga)


text:
Talk:Mamie Eisenhower

Untitled
Maybe someone who knows more about her can expand on this, so that it's not just a copy of the whitehouse.gov bio.

Two stories I've heard about her, and both may be apocryphal: 1. She spent her mornings in bed -- sometimes working from bed, but rarely got up until after noon. 2. She was responsible for racially integrating the annual Easter egg hunt at the White House.

Both the story about Mamie Eisenhower staying in bed for part of the day and the story about her integrating the annual Easter Egg Roll are true. See the biography her granddaughter, Susan Eisenhower, wrote called Mrs. Ike.

"Icky"?
Does anyone have any information about this bizarre nickname for their short-lived son Doud Dwight? I thought it was some kind of vandalism when I first saw it, but I found confirmation on other websites, though no explanation.

Oh wait, maybe it's supposed to be a cute take-off on "Ike", his father's nickname. If so, it sure didn't work for me! Bigmac31 (talk) 20:39, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

24.17.192.70 (talk) 19:11, 30 January 2015 (UTC) It was popular on the base; perhaps the connotation of 'ickiness' came later in our vernacular.

Suggestion for hyper-link to successor in "succession box"
In the

for First Lady of the United States it lists Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis now. Shouldn't it display the name she was known by, while living in the white house? Something like Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy for example That way, it would display as "Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy" (a name she was known by, while living in the white house) -- but it would still point to the same article, about the same person; that is, "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis". (right?) Just a suggestion. --Mike Schwartz (talk) 03:37, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * going ahead with the above [change to the article]. Any objections or opinions (etc.), you can revert and/or comment here.  --Mike Schwartz (talk) 18:34, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Surname
Is there a source for the hyphen in "Mamie Geneva Doud-Eisenhower"? I have not seen it anywhere else. Jim (talk) 20:35, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Icky, Ike's rumored infidelity, alcohol
I'm not a Mamie scholar, so will defer to others interested in this subject, but there were a couple of omissions I thought I should point out in case others want to take them up in the article:

- Icky's death probably warrants a bigger section, as it loomed large in Dwight's life and it would be prudent to assume Mamie's as well. They never got over it, though reportedly past it. He sent her flowers on Icky's birthday each year, I believe. The scarlet fever (strep throat which progresses) was brought into the house by a housekeeper or babysitter that Ike hired, no doubt a source of guilt and problems. Icky's popularity around the base (I think he was a mascot of some kind, but it's hazy) is oft noted.

- Whether or not Ike slept with Kay S., the rumors took a toll on Mamie. Kay was 'photoshopped' (Airbrushed in the day, I presume) out of at least one photo so that Mamie wouldn't see it. I would make no -claim- of infidelity in her entry, but certainly the rumors during and after WW2 were painful, and if Kay's book came out during Mamie's lifetime (I'd have to verify) claiming the affair, perhaps a sentence on that?

 * I checked and the book wherein Kay claims her big love affair with Ike (http://www.amazon.com/Past-Forgetting-Affair-Dwight-Eisenhower/dp/0671223585) did in fact come out two years before Mamie died. That seems relevant, and not just TMZ-worthy, as Kay could have waited until Mamie died but chose not to.  I guess a good benchmark would be whether this type of thing is mentioned in Jacquie Kennedy's article.

- Authors vary on whether Mamie drank a lot or not. Defenders point to inner ear, though there's nothing but anecdotal evidence. Since the alcohol use is also anecdotal, perhaps a mention of both as possibilities. It's not bad now, though it reads like the inner ear was the reason and the alcohol but a rumor. I don't think it's that cut and dried.

Cheers! 24.17.192.70 (talk) 19:05, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

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Querying revert
In 2016, I contributed a new lede which ended: ‘On leaving the White House, she made clear her disapproval of the incoming Kennedys.’

This was reverted (18/4/16) by user 2600:1001:B01A:88DD:60DD:157B:9803:86B0. (I can't access his Talk Page, because he has currently been blocked for a year). In the main article, it says that this story had been repeated in several biographies. I think it is quite a significant event in White House history. Valetude (talk) 18:19, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mamie Eisenhower


text:
Gothabilly

Gothabilly (sometimes hellbilly ) is music genre influenced by rockabilly and the goth subculture. The name is a portmanteau word that combines gothic and rockabilly, first used by the Cramps in the late 1970s to describe their somber blend of rockabilly and punk rock. Since then, the term has come to describe a fashion style influenced by gothic fashion, as seen in its use of black silks, satins, lace and velvet, corsets, top hats, antique jewellery, PVC, and leather.

Characteristics
Gothabilly is distinctly different in sound from psychobilly, as while psychobilly fuses 1950s rockabilly with 1970s punk rock in a faster, more aggressive sound, gothabilly fuses bluesy rockabilly with gothic piano and guitar, and is defined by having slower tempos and emphasizing mood over aggression.

History
The Cramps have been credited with coining the term "gothabilly". The term was not popularized until the release of a series of international gothabilly compilation albums released by Skully Records in the mid-1990s.

Gothabilly is particularly active in the western portion of the United States, with many of today's bands originating in California.

title: Gothabilly