text:
Talk:Frequency

440 Hz
Is it not true that the A tuning note is only 440 Hz in the United States, while in fact 442 Hz in Europe? Perhaps this should be changed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Trhaynes (talk • contribs) 18:27, 3 December 2004 (UTC)

 * See Pitch (music) — Omegatron 14:36, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Changing wavelength
I was just wondering about the comment that when a wave goes from one medium to another, the frequency remains more or less the same, only the wavelength changes -- this doesn't make sense to me. If frequency has an inverse relationship to wavelength, how can one change without the other? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.172.4.45 (talk) 03:50, 13 April 2005 (UTC)

 * It's correct. Suppose the wave propagates 340 metre per second in the first medium, and 680 m/s in the second, and suppose the frequency is 340 hertz so that the period (i.e. the time it takes for one complete oscillation) is 1/340 seconds. These values fit a sound (a rather deep tone) passing from air into a somewhat harder medium. Then, in air, this sound travels 1 metre per period, so the wavelength is 1 metre. In the harder medium, it will travel 2 metre in the same time, doubling the wavelength.
 * Put differently: Yes, frequency has an inverse relationship to wavelength in a given medium, but the constant of proportionality depends on the medium.--Niels Ø 09:35, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Invariance of frequency
Just wondering if any one has thought about why frequency is invariant (apart from doppler effect). ie whatever you do to a signal, you can change its wavelength and or velocity but you cant change its frequency. (I'm not considering mixers here). Any musings from anyone as to why this should be so?? --Light current 06:52, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Because it's based on time? Theory of relativity and all that?
 * I'm not sure if it's worth pointing out, but the frequency of a pre-recorded signal can certainly be changed by playing it back at a different speed. Practically, if you sample something with an incorrect sampling frequency (you think it's 48 kHz but the oscillator's actually running at 48.01 kHz), then reproduce it correctly, the frequencies will be shifted.
 * Plus there are things like pitch shifters to simulate a change in frequency, though that's even less relevant. — Omegatron 21:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Quite correct about pre recorded signals, but Im thinking more of a 'pitch shifting' method but broad band and not using mixers (multipliers). I guess it just can't be done? --Light current 22:07, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It could probably be done with wormholes. :-) — Omegatron 15:02, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've heard that strong gravitation could change the frequency, so wormholes, why not :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.234.198.85 (talk) 00:05, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh you're right! You could change frequency just by flying around at a different altitude from your observer.  Gravity Probe A was exactly that. — Omegatron 02:22, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This is a Doppler effect. GoldenBoar 16:13, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think so. Time flows at a different speed depending on your distance from the Earth or another body.  If you took a huge loudspeaker and put it in a hot air balloon, time would pass at different rates for you and the speaker, so the frequency would be shifted, since frequency is really just another word for time. — Omegatron 23:21, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * What about the Invariance of Speed, with regard to a constant medium? The above discussion and corresponding paragraph in the article both make some broad assumptions about the source of the Waves.  It is also true that if the medium remains the same, speed is invariant with regard to wavelength and frequency... That is, if you have a slinky... and start sending pulses through it at a fixed speed, changing the frequency with which you initiate the pulses will only affect the wavelength, and vice-versa (i.e., frequency is NOT invariant).    Representing this fact as well would probably make the article more sensible-seeming to those who really don't know anything about waves. I mean, strictly speaking, since the article is a general description of the quantity Frequency, with respect to other common quantities or terms used to describe the nature or behaviour of waves and signals - e.g., period, phase, amplitude, wavelength, cycle, etc. - this rather random statement about the Invariance of Frequency is not true, at least not without some context.  - joe — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.112.6.220 (talk) 10:26, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

I removed from the bottom of the section Frequency of waves: Apart from being modified by the Doppler effect or any other nonlinear process, frequency is an invariant quantity in the universe. That is, it cannot be changed by any linearly physical process unlike velocity of propagation or wavelength. My motivation is: Kraaiennest (talk) 17:07, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) The Doppler effect is a linear process and changes frequency.
 * 2) The statement is contradictory since it states frequency is invariant but it can be changed by the Doppler effect.
 * 3) The statement depends on the definition of frequency. If using, for instance the Fourier transform, frequency is the new independent variable and will be invariable since it is independent. I do not know any other definitions of frequency, e.g. the time derivative of the phase, which leave it in general as an invariant (apart from trivial cases as periodic oscillations).
 * You guys probably settled this a long time ago, but Doppler shift is not linear operation the EM field. It is caused by something in motion, and that something in motion means the media constants are functions or time.  Suppose a steam engine was over there and now it is over here.  When it was over there, the media constants over here were pretty close to vacuum.  When the train is here, the media constants differ greatly from vacuum.  The moving train is in effect a time dependent distribution of the media parameters.  E&M propagation is not linear if the media is time dependent.  Which, of course we know because it generates frequencies at its output that were not in the input.  And if you are more into math, sine waves are Eigen functions of linear time invariant differential equations.  Constant314 (talk) 21:08, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Measurement
We have a rather strange paragraph that tells us how to measure frequency by dividing one number by another which is of course true. But do we have anything about various classes of frequency meter - i.e. how we actually measure frequency? Pcb21 Pete — Preceding undated comment added 10:54, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, that would be a good addition, aince there is no separate article for that topic. -- Chetvorno TALK 19:52, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

radians per second
In my opinion, this is not a unit of frequency, but of angular frequency. --84.159.248.246 17:04, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Human heartbeat
I removed the non sequitur "Notes" heading and its entry about the human heartbeat being close to one Hertz. Actually, the human heartbeat varies quite a bit--it can get down to 0.8 Hertz in mellow marathoners and up to 2 Hz in times of high stress activity. Average heart rate is about 72 bpm, or 1.2 Hz. No studies support the statement that the heartbeat is exactly 60 beats per minute which means there's no benefit to the reader by announcing that the heartbeat is approximately 1 Hz. It doesn't shed any light on the concept of frequency. Binksternet (talk) 08:36, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Period estimators (for ocean surface waves, copied from Talk:Wave period
Mean zero up-crossing period, TZ or Tm0,2

When recordings were first taken this was onto charts and simple counts could be made. First the charts were zero-meaned (the average and trend calculated and drawn through the plot to provide a new axis for measuring) and then the number of times the wave record crossed the mean going up (or sometimes down) was counted and this gave the number of waves and, as a time measure, the zero-crossing period. The parameter is estimated by taking the mean of these periods for a given wave record. For wave records on paper the mean level is found by eye and Tvisual is estimated from the record length and the number of zero up-crossings counted on the record. This method can also be applied to digitised data using a computer but if the wave records are available in machine readable form it is preferable to estimate from the moments of the spectrum using,

Tz=$$sqrt(m0/m2)$$

where the mi values are spectral moments. The alternative symbol of Tm0,2 is derived from the moment equation. It can be seen that TZ is very dependent on the higher frequency end of the spectrum and although TZ is the most commonly used period estimator it is not very stable.

Significant wave period, Ts

The significant wave period is the mean of the zero up-crossing periods associated with the highest one third of the waves. It is sometimes denoted by Ts. Note that this parameter cannot be obtained directly from the wave spectrum. It is not very useful, but sometimes is used!

Spectral peak period, Tp

The spectral peak period is the inverse of the frequency at which the value of the frequency spectrum is a maximum. It cannot be defined satisfactorily in multi-peaked spectra. fp is very important in characterising spectra.

Period associated with the most likely highest wave, Tmax

The most likely height of the highest wave in a record of duration 3 hours is Hmax and Tmax is its period. It is often obtained indirectly from Tz or Tp using empirical relationships, or from Hmax and steepness assumptions – usually to obtain a range of possible associated periods. These methods should be applied only in the water depth for which the empirical relationships have been found, usually deep water (i.e. depth >1/2 wavelength). It should be possible to use the steepness method in shallow water provided that refraction is minimal and that allowance can be made for shoaling effects. It cannot, however, be derived directly from the wave spectrum.

Energy period, Te

This period is important for power estimation and is used in wave power design as a preferred comparator. The most appropriate way to consider energy period is as the period of the regular wave that has the same significant height and the same power density as the sea-state under consideration. It is defined as,

Te=$$(m-1/m0)$$

Because of the relationship with power it is worth giving the expression for time averaged power associated with a spectrum,

power = rho g^2 m0 Te / 4Pi

Hence we can find an expression for Te as follows,

Te=(64 Pi Power)/ rho g^2 Hs^2

Average wave period, Tav This is the inverse of the average frequency calculated from the mean of all component sine waves weighted by the spectral energy. It cannot be measured in the time domain unless the waves are simple sine curves.

Average crest period, Tc

Defined as, Tc=$$sqrt{(m2/m4)}$$

This is equivalent to dividing the length of the wave record by the number of crests where a crest is any point either side of which the surface elevation decreases. Crests are not necessarily associated with zero up-crossings. Clearly this is very much influenced by the ‘tail’ of the spectrum through the fourth moment.

(copied from Talk:Wave period by Kraaiennest (talk) 21:46, 10 February 2008 (UTC)).

Wireless communications
I have removed the following from the "Definitions and units" section:

 * Frequency is important in wireless communications, where the frequency of a signal is mathematically related to the wavelength. If f is the frequency of an electromagnetic field in free space as measured in megahertz, and w is the wavelength as measured in meters, then w = 300/f and conversely f = 300/w

(1) The text, if it belongs in the article at all, is in the wrong section. The text does not belong here. There is a long list of things for which the concept of frequency is important, we aren't going to talk about all of them in the "definitions and units" section. (2) The text is true but not true enough: (2a) With waves speed is always "mathematically related" (i.e. equal to the product) to frequency and wavelength, that fact is not specific to "wireless communications". (2b) The 300 used is the speed of light in a vacuum, although we neglect to mention that point, but this isn't the page for quick rule-of-thumb formulae for radio technicians. (2c) Elementary maths gives us one formula from the other so, once again, not useful here. (3) Everything is already covered in the "physics of light" example section.

Paul Beardsell (talk) 19:22, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Put 'Physics of sound' section on a diet
I think most of the 'Physics of sound' section should be removed. Description of longitudinal vs. transverse waves, polarization, etc. are not necessary for the explanation of frequency of sound waves, and simply repeat coverage in other articles. This is where 'Wikipedia bloat' comes from. All that should appear is a simple exposition of sound wave frequency, mention of how it's measured, and maybe something on the 'spectrum' of sound frequencies analogous to the spectrum of electromagnetic waves. -- Chetvorno TALK 22:58, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I couldn't disagree more. There are far too many articles on audio equipment and acoustics and music that link to this page expecting it to explain what frequency has to do with sound. I recently added information about pitch, because it wasn't there and I needed it.--Atlantictire (talk) 03:04, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. But see new section below.  Dicklyon (talk) 17:55, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Vandalism
The last citation link links to xkcd for absolutely no reason. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.228.164.178 (talk) 02:25, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

XKCD are currently running a campaign to vandalise the wikipedia of every subject the comic touches upon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.23.232.41 (talk) 15:47, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

 * No. Firstly, assume good faith. Secondly, xkcd is a comic (singular) and not a corporation, team or trained knowledge-fighting force all bent on destroying wikipedia. 217.23.232.41, you have yourself proven to be attributing more troll-like behaviour, having recently launched your own "one soldier counter offensive" and posting anti-xkcd pseudo rants on all talk sections of articles pertaining to or mentioned by the webcomic. I'm not in favour of more xkcd refs on WP, I'm just wondering who really has the problem here. --PenguinCopter (talk) 10:15, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Fourier analysis
Frequency in Fourier analysis is a different concept from 1/(period). I don't have time to write an explanation now but I think that concept, and links to appropriate articles, would be helpful here. Ccrrccrr (talk) 23:25, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

It depends!
Please add some data to the article saying what variables of waves in sound and light depend on the frequency of the wave. eg speed, impedance, refracting index, attenuation coefficient, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.99.166.67 (talk) 10:50, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.wavesignal.com/Light/index.html (content was added in February 2009; archives confirm their prior publication. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 21:43, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Frequency and perception info in lead
There ought to be an overview of how frequency is relevant to your perception of, say, light and sound in the lead. I can't tell you how many audio-related pages link to this one, expecting it to explain how frequency is the property of sound that most determines pitch. Until just now it didn't. I've added a very brief explanation of frequency's relationship to pitch in the Physics of sound section.

But, I think this ought to be stated in the lead as well so that readers will know why they'd been linked to the frequency page right away.--Atlantictire (talk) 20:59, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I think that's too much detail for the lead paragraph; most of the knowledge about pitch and color was worked out long before we had the ability to measure "cycles per second", and frequency isn't really a sole determinant of color; "white" is very important to color, but "white light" doesn't have a frequency, it has a spectral distribution over a whole range of frequencies. The color of a pair of socks is not uniquely determined by any particular "frequency" but by the complex interaction of light, the optical properties of the material, and the human vision system. We have sections just a short distance below the lead that explain in detail. I would suggest that any mention of color or pitch not imply that "freqeuncy" of light or sound is the unique determinant. We can't teach all of physics to someone standing on one foot, but we shuold at least avoid a quick 'n'dirty statement in the lead that is going to take paragraphs to unwind and correct later. Have you got a suggested wording? --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:14, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah ha. Excellent points. To be perfectly honest, I am thinking of the needs of people who read articles on audio and I know nothing about optics, but it in broad overall principle it sounds vaguely similar to sound wave perception. Room acoustics and neurocognitive factors play a very important role in how pitch is perceived, but controlling for all that stuff, frequency is the property of sound waves that most determines pitch. Are there other properties of light waves (or whatever you call them!) that determine color, and are they as important as frequency? Sound pressure can affect pitch perception, but it's influence is secondary.

 * How is this: "Frequency is the property of sound waves that most determines pitch, and as a property light it plays an important role in determining color."--Atlantictire (talk) 17:08, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Sure, try that in the article and let's see what consensus tells us. It's better because it doesn't implicitly equate frequency and color. --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:40, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The trouble is, it's not right. It says "Waves, such as sound waves or light waves, are oscillations, and therefore they have a frequency (or frequency spectrum)."  But there's no support for this; the Wave page says a wave is a propagating disturbance; there's no particular reason why a wave would be an oscillation, or be periodic, or have a frequency.  And having a frequency spectrum is a much more complicated concept, which doesn't accord well with the topic, nor does it support the sentence that follows, which presumes the existence of a frequency.  Dicklyon (talk) 15:14, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Your suggested alternative wording is? Light waves and sound waves are propagating oscillations and I suppose then a subset of "waves". --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:40, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I made a change in the lead already. Light waves and sound waves are propagating disturbances, and are waves, but are not necessarily "oscillations" in the sense that means periodic and having a frequency.  Dicklyon (talk) 15:45, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I tried again ...any better? --Steve (talk) 20:53, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer to have the lead stay simpler, and strictly truthful. To introduce Fourier transforms and spectra here is not a good idea; a section in the article about that would be OK.  But it would be better not to say untrue things like "Any time-varying disturbance... can be alternatively described in terms of a frequency spectrum, given by the Fourier transform of the original signal."  There are conditions under which the Fourier transform exists, and conditions under which it doesn't; it doesn't exist, for example, for a stationary noise signal, nor strictly for a sinusoid (you can extend it to include delta functions to allow the latter, but that doesn't help the former).  And there are severe limits on the extent to which a Fourier transform has much say about a sound's pitch, too.  I'd be happy to expound on these problems if you like.  Dicklyon (talk) 21:40, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * OK. I'm not particularly happy with the paragraph but I can't think of any way to improve it. :-) --Steve (talk) 00:38, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I would have thought any real sound or visual signal will necessarily have a Fourier transform;that non-transformable signals only exist in math texts. --Wtshymanski (talk) 01:58, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * If by real world you mean finite in duration and finite in amplitude, then yes, it will have a Fourier transform. But it won't be useful, in general, and in particular won't have any feature identifiable with pitch, for most sounds.  Basically it's a periodogram, which is pretty badly behaved; it's sort of OK for light of a constant color, and perhaps of some use for a sound of a constant pitch, but not much good for a real sound like a song.  Anyway, having a Fourier transform is still remote from having a frequency, and getting into spectrum in this article is probably outside its scope. Dicklyon (talk) 03:47, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Let's see, there's nothing older than the Big Bang, and nothing farther than mumblety-million light years, so yes, I guess I do mean finite in time and in amplitude. I was more concerned with the condition of finite numbers of discontinuities, actually, but those other attributes help. We can't hear DC or see DC, at any rate; gotta be oscillating to be heard, and the ear is its own Fourier analzyer. I don't care to speculate on what other Wiki editors call the real world as my notions of what they consider real and notable seem to have low utility for predicting their behavior. Do we really need all that ponderous oscillation stuff in the lead? --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:06, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The proposed alternatives have been to rely on Fourier transforms, or to rely on the assumption that all waves are oscillations that have a frequency. I don't see how either of those could be seen as an improvement.  What else you got?  What, by the way, is the frequency of the sound entering your ears (it's OK to truncate at your birth and your death).  Dicklyon (talk) 15:08, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh very good. This is exactly how we'd explain it to the first-year physics class.  We don't need Fourier transforms at all (in the lead), and I'm not convinced there's no sound or light that aren't waves. But aren't you also concerned we've left out the relativistic corrections that are such an important feature of so many Wikipedia articles? We must beat the reader to death with every conceivable qualification and limitation in the lead; othjerwise there's the chance they won't be overawed with our smartness.  --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:23, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Wtshymanski, could you copy-and-paste some text, or link to an old revision of the article, that you really like? Then we can discuss whether or not it is misleading, and if so whether or not it can be fixed with rewording or links or footnotes or whatever. :-) --Steve (talk) 06:27, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Good idea, climbing down the ladder of abstraction usually helps focus the discussion. I prefer something like . We should not equate frequency of light with color perception, we should not go off on a tangent about non-oscillatory sounds (whatever that could be), and we must not drag in the whole mathematics textbook in the lead section. I don't like "helps determine", abstract concepts are not Boy Scouts helping little old ladies across the street. Freqeuncy is perhaps the major factor in determining (the perception of) pitch, but it's not absolute.  --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:43, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, I think I'll let you guys handle it. I'm too conflicted, as I spend a large part of my professional life in hearing research where I'm constantly trying to deconfuse people about frequency versus pitch, so this has become a hot button for me.  My favorite quote: "...dehydrated cats and the application of Fourier analysis to hearing problems became more and more a handicap for research in hearing" (von Bekesy). Dicklyon (talk) 15:27, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Dicklyon, I doubt you're conflicted in a bad way and I hope you reconsider.

The quote is:
 * P1 "The frequency of a sound wave helps determine its pitch, while the frequency of a light wave helps determine its color."

The main problem that I see is that if the sound wave is, say, five seconds of human speech, it doesn't really have a pitch and it doesn't really have a frequency. Another problem is that people who don't know how sound work will wonder what it means for sound to have a frequency. So then I thought, how about
 * P2 "The frequency of an oscillating sound wave helps determine its pitch, while the frequency of a light wave helps determine its color."

This sort of answers my first complaint above but not the second. Anyway, this isn't very good because "oscillating sound wave" probably makes people think of like tremolo or vibrato, which is totally different. Another problem is that, even if the waveform is exactly oscillatory, the oscillation frequency is not necessarily related to the pitch...for example when you play two pure tones together, the waveform oscillates at the beat frequency, but you can't hear the beat frequency at all if it's in the audible range. So then I thought
 * P3 "When air pressure oscillates sinusoidally, it corresponds to a sound wave called a pure tone. The frequency of the air-pressure oscillation determines whether the human ear can hear it, and if so, the frequency determinnes the pitch of the tone, with higher frequency giving a higher-register pitch. Likewise, when an electric field oscillates sinusoidally, it corresponds to an electromagnetic wave called monochromatic. The frequency of the oscillation determines whether the wave is visible light, infrared light, a radio wave, etc. In the case of visible light, the frequency determines the color, with lower frequency corresponding to red and higher to violet.

OK, now this is accurate I think...but maybe too many words and too many new concepts for readers ("what does sinusoidally mean?, etc...") Or maybe it's OK? Or maybe a better approach is to take P1 and just slap a giant footnote on it... I'll think more later. :-P --Steve (talk) 01:54, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh yeah, P3 is the Wikiest one of all. And everyone knows the frequency of a sound must be determined at the Big Bang and never change until the end of time. Let's try and work in the Doppler effect and at least first-year relativity, too, while we're at it, and make it perfectly general. (To make it even Wikier, maybe add Tesla in somehow.) --Wtshymanski (talk) 02:30, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * For sound waves, the pressure can't change instantaneously - define "frequency" as "time rate of change of phase" and you can get the notion that an "instantaneous frequency" can be defined for every instant (ok, maybe not uniquely). Every sound you can hear is just a 1000 Hz carrier that started at 4:13 AM UTC, July 17th, 4350 BC, suitably modulated! --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:03, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Wtshymanski, please stop being sarcastic. You can just say "P3 is too technical and readers will be lost". In fact I agree with that. :-) How about:
 * P4 "The frequency of a sound wave (an oscillation in air pressure) helps determine its pitch, while the frequency of a light wave (an oscillation in electric and magnetic fields) helps determine its color.[NOTE 1]
 * [NOTE 1]: This is a simplification, valid if the wave is sinusoidal (a pure tone for sound or a monochromatic light wave). For more complicated waveforms, the perception of pitch and color is related more specifically to the Fourier transform of the waveform over a short time interval.
 * I think this answers both of the problems I pointed out above. "Note 1" is a footnote and would go in a separate footnote section, like they do in this article-section . --Steve (talk) 17:39, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Not sarcasm, just another observation on how the group-think editing model usually produces unreadable prose; it's not confined to this article, it's a common Wikipedia fault. How about "The frequency of sound relates to its pitch, and the frequency of light is the most important factor in the perception of color." (as distinct from ampitude, say) or something like that. Never mind the waveforms and Fourier transforms, Aristotle and Newton had the gist of the properties of color and sound worked out well before the maths came along. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:18, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * So you don't like the idea of having a footnote? Why not? I like how you made it sound more vague ("relates to"), that way people will continue to look for more details if they need to know more details.
 * Do you think it's a problem to say "the frequency of sound", when it's not obvious that sound has anything to do with oscillations? I mean, when you hear a long musical note, it sounds like a constant stream of sound, so isn't it weird to say it has a frequency? Frequency was just introduced in the previous paragraph as something related to periodic oscillations, so intuitively the concept of "frequency" seems unrelated to a constant stream of sound. Imagine you don't know how sound works, then you would read the phrase "the frequency of sound" like you or I would read the phrase "the frequency of a pencil".
 * On the other hand, I suppose it can be OK and sometimes necessary to have poorly-explained things in the introduction, which are explained better later in the article.
 * By the way, I have the same goal as you: Clear and pedagogical and easy-to-read and accurate text. I don't think many wikipedia physics articles achieve this, and I try hard to improve them bit by bit. I hope I'm successful most of the time, even if I sometimes make bad edits. Please stop bringing up the sorry state of wikipedia science articles in general, because it sounds like you're blaming me and Dicklyon personally for every bad science article. I doubt that's your intention, but still...let's please just discuss the frequency article. :-) Thanks, --Steve (talk) 01:16, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Steve, I don't think it's possible for W to talk w/o sarcasm, based on my experience. If you go ahead and try something, he'll tell you if he doesn't like it, but he has a hard time being constructive.  So go for it.  I don't like footnotes, either, as they too often become a hiding place for unsourced interpretation and rambling.  I think that if you have a short thing in the lead that mentions frequency of sound, as long as it doesn't strongly claim that sound has a frequency, should be OK.  You can elaborate more carefully later.  Dicklyon (talk) 05:04, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * If it were only two or three editors, you wouldn't necessarily get the group-think mush; it takes scores of editors to produce the Wikipedia effect at its highest level. It is useful to point out flaws in articles in general so that we can perhaps avoid the flaws in this article. Surely we can explain a basic concept like pitch and color without footnotes? If a relationship is so complex it can't be even mentioned without a forest of qualifications and explanations, maybe it doesn't belong in the lead section at all. "A little inaccuracy sometimes saves a ton of explanation." and I don't think obsessively qualifying the lead paragraph with every historical and relativistic factor helps the lucidity at all. And I've never said a non-sarcastic thing in my life, ask anyone. --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:23, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with Wtshymanski. A major problem with WP is intros that are mushy, or pedantic, technical, and loaded with qualifying phrases.   "It is even more important [in the intro] that the text be accessible." (WP:MOSINTRO)  I would say even considering footnotes in the introduction is an indication that it's getting too pedantic.  How about something like: "Frequency is also a characteristic of waves, such as sound waves, radio waves, and light waves.  It is used to describe the pitch of musical tones and the color of light." -- Chetvorno TALK 16:13, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I like that a little better, and maybe that's as close as we can get...color perception is distressingly complicated but we don't need to get into the problems of color perception in this very peripheral article. --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:52, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Right. The majority of readers, the ones who need the introduction, are nontechnical readers who are looking for the simplest possible explanation.  The techies will skim or skip the intro and go to the more technical sections below. -- Chetvorno TALK 19:13, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

 * "Frequency is also a characteristic of waves" is true with a little stretching. And "It is used to describe the pitch of musical tones" is certainly true, since pitch is quantified as hertz.  But "used to describe...the color of light" may be too much of a stretch, since color is not a one-dimensional thing like frequency, or like the simple conception of pitch.  You often see confusions like "what is the wavelength (or frequency) of purple? of brown?  etc." that we don't want to feed.  Can we just leave out the bit about color?  Dicklyon (talk) 00:38, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Why are people coming to this page?
Somewhere between 1,000 and 4,500 people visit this page every day. I think it might be useful to take a look at the pages that link here to try and get a sense of what the readers' needs are, and then to expand the lead so as to better orient them. It's nice after you've clicked on a link to a page to know from the lead why you're there. As someone who's just started learning about audio engineering concepts, I have to say I couldn't tell right away what frequency had to do with anything... and then I figured it out and added information about pitch. Yes, some of us really are that dumb!:)--Atlantictire (talk) 02:58, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

f versus ν
So what is the criterion for using f instead of the Greek letter ν? As far as I know ν is a more widely used symbol for frequency. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.83.90.251 (talk) 16:10, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The relative frequency of usage of f and ν varies across different disciplines. Dicklyon (talk) 17:19, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I added a mention of ν. Fgnievinski (talk) 16:14, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

Physics of light and physics of sound
I reworked these old sections by departed User:Logger9, and renamed them to be just Light and Sound, since they're supposed to be about frequency, not about physics. It's interesting that the sound one says "Frequency is the property of sound that most determines pitch," which is true for repetitive sound waves according to the definition of frequency given, but completely misses the opportunity to address the oft-discussed disconnect between frequency and pitch in psychoacoustics. Project for another time... Dicklyon (talk) 17:58, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Renaming
Rename to Temporal frequency and keep Frequency as a redirect here. Not asking to change the scope of this article, just to have its title reflecting the scope more accurately. Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 16:16, 21 October 2014 (UTC)
 * My feeling is that's not necessary. "Temporal frequency" is the most common meaning of "frequency" and the other common meanings can be distinguished in the introduction, and for less common there's the hatnote directing readers to the DAB page.  I think it's irritating to readers to use some obscure term for the article title, and it makes it hard to link to the article.   From WP:NC the title chosen should be the one  "...that readers are likely to look or search for and that editors would naturally use to link to..." -- Chetvorno TALK 18:16, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree with 's assessment and recommendation. That said, I've created a redirect at Temporal frequency to the disambiguation page as its Lead clearly differentiates the term. --SCalhotrod (Talk) ☮ღ☺ 18:55, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Frequency is a concept based on occurrences over time, so the adjective temporal (of or related to time) is not needed, redundant. Binksternet (talk) 20:59, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Binksternet's misunderstanding is exactly the reason why I proposed the renaming. Frequency may have originally started as synonym of temporal frequency, but it's outgrown that definition, e.g., spatial frequency is obviously a non-temporal type of frequency. Fgnievinski (talk) 21:41, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree that the word frequency came from frequent, which has long been a temporal phenomenon. The idea of something being frequent in time was borrowed by science to construct the much more recent idea that "spatial frequency" is not about time but about occurrences over area. As such "spatial frequency" is relatively unimportant; a small percentage of humanity uses the term. (It appeared first in 1878 in a study of hemophiliacs, talking about their prevalence in a population or geographic area; the term was quickly criticized for its inaccuracy.) So you'll forgive me for protecting the much more common use. Binksternet (talk) 21:57, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I'll forgive you. The temporal is the usual meaning, and no qualifier is needed.  Dicklyon (talk) 02:56, 18 November 2014 (UTC)

Split wave frequency
As per wikt:frequency, the first definition of frequency is "The rate of occurrence of anything; the relationship between incidence and time period [or interval]" -- there's nothing about periodic/oscillating/cyclic in it, it's just the ratio of incidence count over time duration. Fgnievinski (talk) 06:57, 19 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the article Periodic function is already what you would split off?Constant314 (talk) 13:50, 19 July 2015 (UTC)
 * If you agree with re-targeting the redirects at wave frequency and wave period, then a hatnote in frequency would mostly settle the matter; in the reciprocal second article, a clear distinction between periodic and aperiodic frequency units is sourced to the BIPM. Fgnievinski (talk) 21:24, 19 July 2015 (UTC)

Splitting off Measurement section into new Frequency measurement article
I don't see the need for doing this. The article is not particularly large, nowhere near splitting size, and the Measurement section itself is not large. -- Chetvorno TALK 04:59, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

Proposal to replace subsection
I propose to replace the subsection Frequency with the following. I think the present section invites readers unfamiliar with quantum mechanics into waters too deep. (I am unsure about that page 111 in the 2nd edition. I am also unsure whether I should have left this code in a sandbox, but I feared a sandbox may be too volatile for the archive.)

Radio waves and microwaves
Radio waves and microwaves are electromagnetic waves, consisting of spatially orthogonal electric and magnetic fields oscillating together in both time and space, traveling through space. The wavelengths are in the range of many meters to a few millimeters, corresponding to frequencies that can be directly measured in the time domain by observing the electrical signals induced in an antenna detecting the waves.

Light
Visible light is also electromagnetic radiation with much shorter wavelength, in the 400 to 700 nm range. In scientific observations, it is detected as a stream of massless elementary particles called photons, each with an energy conventionally in the range 2.9 to 4.6 electronvolts. (At low light intensities, these particles can be individually counted by a sufficiently sensitive photodetector.) In common with other subatomic particles, even massive examples such as cold neutrons, streams of multiple photons arrive at detectors in spatial distributions that reflect wave-like propagation, displaying interference and diffraction. Hence a wavelength associated with any particle of such type can be directly measured using an interferometer. This applies also to massive particles such as neutrons.

From the measured wavelength and speed of photons, what is conventionally called a "frequency" can be calculated in the usual way:

 * $$\displaystyle f=c/\lambda$$

where c is the speed of light (c in a vacuum, or less in other media), f is the frequency and λ is the wavelength.

Regarding the interpretation of these quantities, Feynman provided the following advice: We cannot say whether light is particle or wave. This is not an either/or situation; light seems to be both particles and waves and thus is probably neither. Visible light shares that duality with, e.g., cold neutrons, the "frequency" of which is rarely mentioned.

Layzeeboi (talk) 07:36, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

 * In an electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetic fields don't have "a relative phase of 90°". The vectors are orthogonal, but the electric and magnetic fields are in phase; the peaks occur simultaneously (in most circumstances; in materials with an imaginary index of refraction they can be out of phase). On your addition, my feeling is that the subject of the wave/particle nature of light is a little WP:OFFTOPIC for an article on frequency, although it probably doesn't hurt. Cheers. -- Chetvorno TALK 16:12, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for catching the error. I feel that duality, in common with cold neutrons, is topical here as a caveat that wavelike properties constitute no guarantee that frequency is meaningful. Layzeeboi (talk) 00:16, 13 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't understand that point, nor what change you are proposing to make to the article. What does it mean for frequency to be "meaningful"?  When is it not? Dicklyon (talk) 01:55, 13 February 2017 (UTC)
 * My proposed text consisting of two subsections to replace the "Light" subsection appears above, embedded in this talk section. By "meaningful", I mean treated as such by the cited sources. For example, cold neutrons show wave-like behaviour, but the sources cited there don't consider frequency. I think it can be helpful to reveal not only the meaning of a concept, but also its limitations. Layzeeboi (talk) 08:14, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:21, 1 March 2019 (UTC)
 * FrequencyAnimation.gif

Hertz
Hi, see it implicitly means 1 event, and 1 here is full of meaning, but (number of) event has no dimension, because it is a number. So Hertz not means "one per second", but it means "one event per second", i.e., one (or 1) here, is full of meaning. Hertz does not mean 1 "kilometer" per second or one "kilogram" per second or anything else, it means one "event" per second. Hooman Mallahzadeh (talk) 16:14, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frequency


text:
Talk:Frequency/to do

Restructure according to guidelines in WikiProject Science, ie. with the following sections:
 * Introduction : add daily life examples (music, vibration, radio, light)
 * Frequency in practice
 * Types of frequencies: in statistics, frequency modulation, of waves
 * Units of frequency: Hz, per day,...
 * Frequency in everyday life : give examples with typical values: heartbeat, light, radio, sound, computer clock ...
 * Frequency in industry: how to generate various frequencies
 * Frequency in science: how to measure it, interferometry
 * Frequency in theory: period, wavelength, relation to energy in quantum theory, Fourier Transform, frequency of interferences, ...
 * History of frequency : cps → Hertz, relation to quanta, ...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Frequency/to do


text:
Talk:Governor of Hawaii

Education authority
Included within the governor's sphere of jurisdiction is complete authority over the monolithic statewide public education system...

Don't understand this one. If the Governor appointed the superintendent or the Board of Education, then there's a clear chain of command. But in reality the superintendent reports to the Board, which reports to the voters...no clear chain of command here. Though the governor has budget control and thus considerable influence over the DOE, it seems the governor's authority is far from complete. So I excised it for now, pending clarification. --KeithH 21:19, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Structure of State Government
Is there really a state where Governor is considered to be a part-time job? Not legislator, not lieutenant govnernor, but the governorship itself? I don't think so! Also, it is incorrect that Hawai'i is the only state where the governorship is the only statewide elected office. This is true of Tennessee as well, and may be true of a few other states. I am going to wait a little while to make edits, but if no one says anything to the contrary these passages will be gone soon.

Rlquall 18:08, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I was remember watching a Bill O'Reilly interview in 2002 or 2003 with Governor Lingle and it was noted there that Hawaii was the only state with one statewide elected office. And if I recall correctly, the two major Hawaii newspapers also regard the state as such quite often.  --James Easton 04:07, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The only other statewide "elected" officials in Tennessee are the Supreme Court justices, and they aren't elected in the traditional sense, they're just put on the ballot for "Yes-No" confirmation by the voters. This is not because the Tennessee governorship, although quite powerful in some areas, is as much of an "elective monarchy" as the Hawai'i governorship. The Tennessee Secretary of State is elected by the legislature, as are the Treasurer and Secretary of State. The Lieutenant Governor is elected by the State Senate from among its own membership, and the Supreme Court selects the Attorney General. But the only statewide elected postion is governor, and has been ever since the Public Service Commission was replaced by an appointive regulatory body. Perhaps the Star-Bulletin and the Advertiser are just behind the times on this (it happened years ago). I'll leave it for now, but unless I get a good explanation of why it's right, it needs to be changed.

Also, I need you or someone to tell me which states are governed by part-time governors. That doesn't make any sense at all, and I would like it to be justified as well.

Rlquall 12:46, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * In New Jersey, I'm pretty sure the Governor alone is elected by the State. The Judiciary never appears on a ballot... 68.39.174.238 23:18, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * New Jersey has amended its constitution to have a Lieutenant Governor - but since other articles say Hawai'i also has one, Unlike all but one other state in the Union (Tennessee), Hawaii has only one elected statewide officer in the Governor of Hawaii. still seems doubtful. Also, judges need not be elected statewide even in those states which elect one. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:51, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

One significant controversy which is not discussed is whether Hawaii should continue to give driver's licenses to illegal immigrants. Obviously, Hawaii isn't next door to Mexico, so limitless amounts of illegal immigrants cannot enter Hawaii as they can Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Nevertheless, it is certainly open to question whether any state should give driver's licenses to illegal immigrants at any time, but more particularly so in an era of terrorism. Driver's licenses are used to vote, to buy firearms, to rent cars, and are almost a de facto indicator of citizenship. Giving licenses to illegals is a big controversy. 70.44.153.24 (talk) 17:34, 23 December 2007 (UTC)
 * We are not here for partisan talking points. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:51, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It would seem to be worth footnoting, at a minimum. Also, sign your posts Bsharkey (talk) 22:33, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Disputed

 * The comment about "very little devolved authority" doesn't seem to make much sense with the claim that all DMV authority is at the county level.

 * "Hawaii is the only state that has no direct voter involvement in either the selection or retention of judges." — What, exactly does "voter involvement" in the "selection" entail? Does voter creation of the State upper house count? If so, does that mean that governorial appointment of judicaturiates is total and they don't have to have the "consent of the senate" ? If not, and it just means that they aren't subject to election or retention, Hawai'i is FAR from the only State that does it like that. 68.39.174.238 23:18, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed the last comment. A check of Hawaii Supreme Court refuted the last problem. The devolved authority comment still needs attention.

 * The statement "Unlike all but one other state in the Union (Tennessee), Hawaiʻi has only one elected statewide officer in the Governor of Hawaiʻi." Not true, the Lieutenant Governor is also elected in a statewide election.  In the general election the Governor and Lieutenant Governor run together as a ticket like the US President and Vice President do, but this does not change the fact that the Lieutenant Governor is elected statewide.  In addition, the Lieutenant Governor runs in a statewide primary election separate from the Governor in order to secure the party nomination.  Also, four trusties of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs are elected in a statewide vote.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.91.46.171 (talk) 11:19, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Good point on the Lt. Governor - will fix. However, not sure if I agree with the OHA trustee comment, as their structure is more like the Board of Education, not as a single elected official. KeithH (talk) 21:54, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

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G Senjō Heaven's Door

G Senjō Heaven's Door (G戦場ヘヴンズドア) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoko Nihonbashi. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Monthly Ikki from November 2000 to June 2003, with its chapters published in three tankōbon volumes. It is about two boys, Machizo and Tetsuo, who work together to create manga.

Plot
Machizo Sakaida's father is a successful manga artist. Machizo feels he is living under his father's shadow, and resents his father's success. Machizo recently transferred to Tetsuo's school. Tetsuo's friends start Tetsuo on reading Oretachi no Banka, a manga by Machizo's father, Daizō Sakai. A manga competition advertised in the magazine sets Tetsuo on redrawing manga, hoping to win some money to help pay his mother's hospitalization fees. Tetsuo's initial efforts are ruined by Machizo. Kumiko, a ruthless girl who adored Tetsuo, threatened Machizo to repay Tetsuo. Machizo's novel writing efforts were recognized by Tetsuo, and they end up working together to create a manga. In the meantime, it is revealed that Tetsuo's father had returned and was trying to end the publication of Oretachi no Banka. It is also revealed that a manga written by Tetsuo had caused his mother to fall ill, and that Daizō took possession of the aforementioned manga. Daizō describes his motivation as trying his best so that one day Tetsuo would return to creating manga.

Machizo and Tetsuo's manga is completed in the nick of time, with Machizo writing the story and Tetsuo drawing the graphics. Kumiko also advises Machizo on the plot details. They manage to receive the Special Merit Award. Daizō, as a judge of the competition, went up to present the prize to Tetsuo and Machizo, and remembering Tetsuo as his inspiration, hugged him before even realizing that Machizo was on stage as well. Tetsuo's father puts another handicap on both of them: they could not enter any collaborative works for the next competition, but had to create their own work. The death of Tetsuo's mother allows him freedom to create manga, and he begins to work on manga obsessively. Machizo, on the other hand, apprentices himself to another manga artist in order to learn the basics of making manga.

Publication
G Senjō Heaven's Door is written and illustrated by Yoko Nihonbashi. It began in the first issue of Shogakukan's Spirits Zōkan Ikki (re-branded as Monthly Ikki in 2003), released on November 30, 2000. The series finished on June 25, 2003. Shogakukan published its chapters in three tankōbon volumes, released from March 29 to September 30, 2003. A 3-volume "Complete Edition" was published by Shogakukan between August 12 and October 12, 2016.

Reception
G Senjō Heaven's Door was one of the Jury Recommended Works at the 7th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2003.

title: G Senjō Heaven's Door


text: User talk:62.77.181.1

title: User talk:62.77.181.1


text:
User:Bodnotbod/Mental illness and the British Royal Family

A number of members of the British Royal Family have suffered from mental illness. The way that such an important family handles the illness of one of its members tends to follow a pattern or tradition.

 * Katherine Bowes-Lyon
 * Nerissa Bowes-Lyon
 * Prince John of the United Kingdom
 * Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester
 * Idonea Fane
 * Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence - mildly retarded

 * George V of the United Kingdom - manic depression?

Robert III of Scotland - "This undermined his authority and increased his depression, which became so acute that he spent his reign as an ailing recluse. Discussing his funeral with his wife, he asked to be buried in a dunghill, beneath the epitaph: 'Here lies the worst of kings and the most miserable of men.' "

 * George III of the United Kingdom

 * Princess Andrew of Greece

interbreeding - Prince Philip and the Queen were both descendants of Queen Victoria, and George V and Queen Mary were great-great granchildren of George III. These are the two I can remember offhand.

See alo Habsburg jaw

Monster of Glamis
garrick92 - 04:21pm Aug 11, 2004 BST (#57 of 58)

OK, this should set you straight -- or, at least, as straight as it can get. My earlier account, from memory, was a bit confused abouts dates and things. Having checked my own sources I find the following:

The alleged "monster" of Glamis was Thomas, rightful Lord Glamis, the first child of Charlotte Grimstead, later the Dowager Lady Glamis.

Thomas was recorded in Douglas's Scots Peerage as "born and died, October 21, 1821".

The legend of his survival appears to have started in local villages as the result of an account by the midwife (whose name has not been recorded). The deformed child was alleged to have been in rude health when the midwife left, causing suspicion when his death was announced a day or two later. The child Thomas has no gravestone, a matter which tends to support the initial rumours. (Thomas had been baptised as a Christian on birth).

He was said to have been nursed through infancy in secret and later confined in one of Glamis Castle's many (and several are known) secret rooms.

This part of the story of Thomas did not become current until the 1960s, when family accounts were first published (see below).

The entrance to his chamber, which is recounted as measuring 10ft by 15ft, was off the chapel. There is no known account of how the room was accessible, but presumably it would have been through a removable panel or somesuch as there is no visible entrance from the chapel. In 1969, the Queen Mother's biographer Michael Thornton visited Glamis and was told by the sixteenth Earl that the entrance had been bricked up after Thomas's death.

The details of Thomas's appearance -- "His chest an enormous barrel, hairy as a doormat, his head ran straight into his shoulders and his arms and legs were toylike" -- come from James Wentworth-Day's The Queen Mother's Family Story, (Robert Hale, London, 1967). They are attributed to "a member of the Queen Mother's family." Wentworth-Day's account is the first in which the information was gathered direct from members of the Queen mother's family, even though they were understandably reluctant to be named. I suspect that on several occasions, the QM herself was the source.

Thomas was fed daily through an iron grille in his cell door by one trusted servant.

It is not believed that Thomas ever left this cell, but some associated rumours claim that he was occasionally exercised by being taken for a walk, like a dog, on the battlements on moonless nights.

The account of the discovery of the passage by a workman, the summoning of the thirteenth Earl from London, and the subsequent way in which the man and his family were "subsidized and induced to emigrate" also comes from Wentworth-Day.

(Also from Wentworth-Day comes the story of QM's mother, the Countess of Strathmore, trying to get the Glamis factor Andrew Ralston to tell her the truth about the family secret. Only the Earl and his heir were ever fully in the know, the latter let into the grim secret on his 21st birthday.)

It is claimed that the workman event happened in the 1870s. This would indicate that Thomas was in his fifties at the time. The circumstances and date of his death are unknown. Thomas's mother, Charlotte Grimstead, died in 1881.

I do not have a source for the "towels-from-windows" story, which I believe to be apocryphal.

Nor do I see any reason to believe that Thomas was "evil" -- although I can believe that he may have been mentally disabled, and his lifelong confinement and deprivation would hardly have encouraged anything other than animal-like behaviour. Perhaps this is how the "evil" claim began.

A second son, Thomas George, was born on September 28, 1822 and he was entirely normal and eventually became the 12th Earl.

From here:

GEORGE BOWES LYON, LORD GLAMIS, born February 6th., 1801, married, December 21st., 1820, Charlotte, daughter of Joseph Valentine Grinstead, Esq., and died, in his father's lifetime, January 27th., 1834, leaving, with daughters, two sons, who succeeded him, namely,

THOMAS GEORGE BOWES LYON, twelfth EARL OF STRATHMORE AND KINGHORNE, born September 20th., 1822, an officer in the First Life Guards, and a Representative Peer. He married, April 30th., 1850, Charlotte Maria, eldest daughter of William Keppel, sixth Viscount Barrington, but dying without children, his brother succeeded him, -

CLAUDE BOWES LYON, thirteenth EARL OF STRATHMORE AND KINGHORNE, born July 21st., 1824, an officer in the Second Life Guards, married, September 28th., 1853, Frances Dora, daughter of Oswald Smith, Esq., of Blendon Hall, Kent, and had a large family, of whom the eldest son,

CLAUDE BOWES LYON, LORD GLAMIS, D.L. for Forfarshire, Lieutenant in the Second Life Guards, was born March 14th., 1855.


text:
Wife Swap (British TV series)

Wife Swap was a British reality television programme that aired on Channel 4 from 7 January 2003 to 15 June 2017.

In the programme, two families, usually from different social classes and lifestyles, swap wives/mothers – and sometimes husbands – for two weeks. In fact, the programme will usually deliberately swap wives with dramatically different lifestyles, such as a messy wife swapping with a fastidiously neat one. Despite using a phrase from the swinging lifestyle, couples participating in the show do not share a bed with the "swapped" spouse while "swapping" homes.

In November 2009, Channel 4 announced that they had cancelled Wife Swap, and no new episodes of the show would be made for the channel. The final episode was broadcast in December 2009.

It was announced that Wife Swap would return for a special Brexit episode to air on 15 June 2017 on Channel 4.

Synopsis
During the first week, the new wife must adhere to exactly the same rules and lifestyle of the wife she is replacing. Each wife leaves behind a house manual which explains her role in the family and the duties she holds. This almost always determines what rules the wives will apply at the "rules change ceremony".

During the second week, the new wives are allowed to establish their own rules, and their new families must adhere to these new household rules. It usually takes a while for the families to adjust to this policy, meanwhile the wives disburse a sum of money to the family they have become involved with, to do what the wives see fit to spend it on.

At the end of the two weeks, the two couples all meet together for the first time, and the wives, along with their husbands, discuss how they felt about the two weeks. This often descends into personal insults and has degenerated into violence at least twice. More often than not, however, both families reach toward a middle ground and express that they have learned from the experience. Sometimes, the table meeting is a very heartfelt and emotional time for the two families who sometimes have complete and mutual respect for each other. A few weeks later, the cameras return to record what changes have occurred since the wife swap.

Boss Swap
A spin-off, Boss Swap, was broadcast as a series in the UK. A pilot for a US series was shown on ABC but was not commissioned. Husband Swap and Vacation Swap pilots were also broadcast in America, but were not picked up for series production. In the Netherlands and Belgium Vacation Swap episodes, are produced as "Jouw vakantie, mijn vakantie".

At least once a husband and a live-in boyfriend swapped while the women stayed with their families.

X-Change
There is an ongoing series on Hunan Television, in which the people being swapped are mostly the eldest children (or in rare cases, youngest or all children) of between 9–16 years old. One of these comes from an affluent family, but with behavioural and legal issues, in which they must surrender all technological gadgets and money (except for the allowances left by the opposite family, or any money they earned or collected). The other is from a poorer agricultural village, often orphaned or with single parents. This show also has celebrity mentors making videos of support for the participants.

In the Netherlands the same format is being used in KRO's Puberruil, broadcast on NPO3. The children are 15–18 years old. Most of the time Dutch children are swapped, but there are also episodes named "Puberruil buitenland" where Dutch children are swapped with children in countries like India, Brazil and Sierra Leone. Longer episodes are called "Puberruil Xtra".

In popular culture

 * In 2007, Richard Thomas's BBC Two series Kombat Opera Presents included a musical parody of the USA version of Wife Swap, under the title Spouse Change.
 * In The Vicar of Dibley, Alice Tinker mentions going on the programme.
 * In 2009 during a week of EastEnders, Max Branning and Tanya Branning swapped lifestyles with Ian Beale and Jane Beale for a week.
 * The programme was parodied in the children's programme Horrible Histories, where it was called Historical Wife Swap. In the sketch, wives from different positions, such as a Viking and a thrall, or a Pharaoh and a peasant would swap, showing how these people lived. There were seven sketches in total, appearing in series 1–5.

title: Wife Swap (British TV series)


text:
George Black (Canadian politician)

George Black (April 10, 1873 – August 23, 1965) was an administrator and politician in Yukon, Canada. He went to Yukon in 1898 during the Gold Rush and prospected for gold, making a fortune and losing it when his claim was swept away in a flood. He then established a law practice in Dawson City. He was elected to the Yukon Territorial Council in 1905, and first ran for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1908 federal election but was defeated.

In the 1911 federal election he was H.H. Stevens' campaign manager, and was rewarded by the government of Robert Laird Borden by being appointed to the position of Commissioner of the Yukon. As the commissioner from 1912 to 1915, he tried to bring in legislation to protect miners, loggers and others who worked for companies that went bankrupt.

During World War I, Black recruited a regiment from the Yukon to fight in the war. He became the company's Captain, and was later wounded in combat at the Battle of Amiens. In his absence, George Norris Williams fulfilled his duties.

Following the war, he settled in British Columbia in 1919, and ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia.

He first won a seat in Parliament in the 1921 election as a Conservative, representing Yukon. As a Member of Parliament (MP), he introduced legislation to give Yukoners the right to trial by jury and to protect mining titles.

After the Tories won the 1930 election, the new Prime Minister of Canada, R.B. Bennett, nominated Black to be Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada. As Speaker, he kept a .22 caliber pistol in his chambers which he used to shoot rabbits on Parliament Hill. Black's personal and financial life were strained during the Great Depression and he had a nervous breakdown. He was committed to the Westminster Veterans Hospital in London, Ontario for 6 months. Being unavailable to preside over the final session of the 17th Parliament, he resigned prior to its commencement in January 1935. Since Black was unfit to run in the 1935 election his wife, Martha Black, ran in his place as an "Independent Conservative". She held the seat, becoming the second woman elected to the House of Commons (the first being Agnes Macphail), and the first American-born woman to do so.

Black was released from hospital in July 1935, and moved to Vancouver to recuperate. Martha stepped aside, and allowed Black to run for the Yukon seat in the 1940 election. In the 1945 election the Liberal riding association was concerned that Communist union organizer Tom McEwen of the Labor-Progressive Party could win the election and opted not to run a candidate in Yukon riding and instead supported Black against the Communists and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. The local unions supported McEwen and the LPP's platform of support for collective bargaining, family allowance, old age pensions, workers’ compensation and equality for "Indians and Eskimos." Black campaigned on a more left wing platform, promising collective bargaining, minimum wages, maximum-hour and minimum-age laws, paid holidays, unemployment insurance and labour representation on government boards and defeated McEwan by a margin of 162 votes. He remained in Parliament until the 1949 election, which he did not contest. He attempted to recapture his seat in the 1953 election but was unsuccessful.

title: George Black (Canadian politician)


text:
Talk:Light/to do

Restructure according to the guidelines proposed in WikiProject Science, ie. with the following main sections:
 * Introduction : importance of light for life and humans; brief history of the understanding of light; sources of light (man-made or natural)
 * Light in practice: (avoid theory here)
 * Types of light: normal(incandscent, fluorescent) HID (football stadium lights) New eco-watt fluorescent lights and how they change they way colors look., laser; visible vs infrared
 * Properties of light: Spectral characteristics, brightness, color, frequency, coherence, modulation, speed of light
 * Light in the Universe: appearance of light after big bang, sources of light, ...
 * Light in everyday life: How different light effect humans (depression), everyday sources, human eye
 * Light in industry: sources, conversion from/to electricity; some applications of light (laser, ...); application of optics
 * Light in science: spectroscopy, astronomy, interferometry (If tht were important, than it should be in those sections)
 * Light in theory: introduce quantum electrodynamics, explain how the current theory explains light and its applications
 * History
 * Older theories of light
 * History of measurement of the speed of light

title: Talk:Light/to do


text:
Battle of Bléneau

The Battle of Bléneau was a battle of the Second Fronde fought on April 7, 1652, near Bléneau in France between the armies of the rebel Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé and the Royalist Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne. Condé destroyed part of the Royalist army but failed to exploit his victory, retreating to Paris. Turenne regrouped and laid siege to the rebels at Étampes.

During the first four months of 1652, Condé's attempts to conquer Aquitaine were thwarted by royalist troops led by the Count of Harcourt. Upon receiving intelligence that the royal court was travelling toward Paris, Condé left the southwest along with his supporters, among them La Rochefoucauld. On the first of April, he was reinforced at Lorris by troops led by the Duke of Nemours and the force that Gaston of Orleans had given command of to the Duke of Beaufort. Orleans and Beaufort, despite being brothers-in-law, got along poorly. Therefore, Condé took command of the combined rebel army.

The royal army's disposition was as such:  the court was at Gien, Turenne was at Briare, while Marshall Charles de Monchy d'Hocquincourt had imprudently advanced his forces to the village of Bléneau. There, he quartered his troops. Condé ambushed the Marshall's soldiers during the night of April 6/7th and destroyed part of the royal army, compelling d'Hocquincourt to withdraw toward Auxerre. For several hours, the royal court feared being taken prisoner in Gien. In the morning, however, Turenne, despite his numerical disadvantage against Condé, counter-attacked. Exploiting the terrain, the royalists got the better of the rebels. Condé withdrew toward Paris with what remained of his force.

Among the rebel casualties was Nemours, who was wounded in the thigh amidst the fighting.

Victory was claimed by both sides, but Turenne had ensured the safety of the king and managed to thwart Condé's plans. The latter reached Paris by April 11 and quartered his forces there.

Aftermath
Bussy-Rabutin wrote in his memoirs: ''Pour le Maréchal de Turenne, il fit une action de grand Capitaine : car sans attendre les troupes du Maréchal d'Hocquincourt, il osa se présenter en bataille devant le Prince de Condé, qui était beaucoup plus fort que lui seul, mais qui, par la contenance du Maréchal de Turenne, crut que les deux Maréchaux étaient déjà rassemblés. La hardiesse de cette action qui n'était pourtant pas téméraire, car le Maréchal de Turenne s'était posté fort avantageusement, sauva l'Etat : tout était perdu s'il eût voulu se ménager davantage.''

''For Turenne, it was an action of a great captain: for without waiting for the [regrouping] of the troops of Marshall d’Hocquincourt, he dared to present himself in the battle against Condé, who was much stronger than him alone, but who, due to the countenance of Turenne, believed that they [their forces] were equal in number. The hard-fought nature of this action was not reckless, for Turenne posted himself very well, saving the state: had he wished to hold back for his own sake, all would have been lost.''

Napoleon critiqued both generals in The Memorial of Saint-Helena. He judged that Condé, who possessed the greater force, could have been able to force Turenne's position. As for Turenne, Napoleon believed that he took too great a risk in confronting a larger force, and one whose morale had recently been bolstered by victory (referring to the victory against d’Hocquincourt).

title: Battle of Bléneau


text:
Talk:Bridgnorth

St.Mary's Church
I added a piece about the similarities between this church and two in Dublin- including hyperlinks to prove the point. Now that has been deleted by persons unknown. No discussion as to why and no debate. Thanks for the vandalism. colonel1970.
 * Hello there, I recently made some edits to the article in which I removed the points about the similarity between the churches, and I am sorry to read that you are unhappy with the changes. In my examination of the statements you made in the article, I viewed the in-line links given, but these only compared the two churches in Dublin - no references were made in either web-page to Bridgnorth at all.  Furthermore, the graphical comparison over two independent sites is not really adequate as a source; no reference was made in the sources given to any similarities between either church, or the one in Bridgnorth, and I feel the statements therefore bordered on original research. I performed an internet search to find an independent source to back up the claim, but I was unsuccessful.  Naturally this does not mean there is not one, and it would be fab if you had a more suitable source and the content could be returned to the article.  Mouchoir le Souris (talk) 19:10, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Folk Festival
There are reports that in 2006 the Folk Festival will move down the road to the county capital of Shrewsbury in order to accomodate its popularity. As the 2005 festival is yet to occur, I have not edited the line about the folk festival, but it will need to be edited in future.

 * I've heard that the festival is to move to Shrewsbury from 2006 too. David 09:56, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * In 2006, the folk festival formerly known as the Bridgnorth Folk Festival is to move to the county town of Shrewsbury, and be suitably renamed. This is due to increasing numbers of visitors making the small venues in Bridgnorth impractical.

 * Full details at http://www.shrewsburyfolkfestival.co.uk/
 * -- Maelor 14:55, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Nazi HQ of Britain?
In 2005, German papers from 1941 were discovered outlining a possible Nazi invasion of the United Kingdom. There is a lot of detail about two Shropshire towns in the documentation—Ludlow and Bridgnorth. Some experts now believe that it was Hitler's intention to make Bridgnorth his HQ in Britain, due to its central, but rural, location and its now disused airfield.

Bishop Thomas Percy
Does anyone have a picture of Bishop Thomas Percy that is within the public domain that could be added to the Thomas Percy wiki page? There are various images of contempary paintings and engravings of Bishop Thomas Percy on the web but I'm not sure if any are in the public domain.OldBridgnorthian (talk) 22:44, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

RAF Base
The RAF base at Bridgnorth was in existence earlier than 1961, certainly in World War II as evidenced by the many of the airmen's graves (a few from other parts of British Commonwealth) in Bridgnorth Cemetery, and recruits were being trained there through 1950s. When it began and closed would be worth someone finding out.Cloptonson (talk) 20:18, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Having read the article on RAF Bridgnorth I have been able to amend this sentence with a definite timeframe.Cloptonson (talk) 10:14, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Transport
This article mentions Bridgnorth has close transport links with Shrewsbury and Wolverhampton, but what about Telford, which is between the two, closer geographically and a larger urbanised area than Shrewsbury or Bridgnorth itself?Cloptonson (talk) 10:14, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080907010440/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca:80/poet/256.html to http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/256.html

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 * Both of these "wayback" sources are correct to support the article. Which command should be added to each, to let the bot know it did a wondrous job in finding an old link once again? --Prairieplant (talk) 06:00, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I changed to checked=true, for changes made by Cyberbot II, after following out the urls and adding title= to the citations, for clarity. --Prairieplant (talk) 03:47, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * I checked the link today, and it is correct, so I changed "checked=false" to "checked=true" as requested by the bot. --Prairieplant (talk) 00:15, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060127070011/http://www.genuki.org.uk:80/big/eng/SAL/Bridgnorth/Gaz1868.html to http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SAL/Bridgnorth/Gaz1868.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081121031734/http://www.bridgnorth-dc.gov.uk/static/page1051.htm to http://www.bridgnorth-dc.gov.uk/static/page1051.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080430164709/http://www.aboutbridgnorth.com:80/about.htm to http://www.aboutbridgnorth.com/about.htm
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Use of cardinal vs relative directions
The article currently describes High Town as being on the left bank and Low Town as being on the right bank. Relative directions (right, left, forward and backward) have the problem of relying on the speaker vs listener's point of view which depends on which cardinal direction (north, south, east and west) they are facing. The current description relies on the reader facing north while cardinal directions are the same regardless of the direction one is facing. Although most maps have the north at the top this is not always the case e.g. Drayton Manor Theme Park uses a south-up orientation in its visitor maps. It has been argued, in the last revision, that west and east banks change depending on the flow. I cannot find any guidelines on where to use cardinal or relative directions in Wikipedia articles but according to Manual of Style text in articles should use formal language not colloquialisms. Due to the problem with relative directions I am not sure if they should be used in a formal letter when describing geography. Although the river Severn flows in a roughly easterly direction before flowing roughly south after Ironbridge Gorge it does keep to the roughly southerly direction within Bridgnorth e.g a downstream canoeist would see High Town on their right and Low Town on their left. To try to find a similar example the river Liffey also changes direction but it flows east within Dublin. The two sides of the river within the city are referred to as the Northside and Southside in the Wikipedia article (Dublin) although it does not flow in a perfectly straight line. I am however curious to whether to use the term side as opposed to bank in the context of Bridgnorth. Tk420 (talk) 21:40, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

"Left bank" and "right bank" are unambiguously defined, see Bank (geography)Ehrenkater (talk) 21:42, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

 * , that is, in the direction of the flow of the river, or looking downstream, which is where the river flows. In Paris, people refer to the Left Bank and the Right Bank of the Seine River, and those terms are clear, not simply from historical names of the neighborhoods, but with respect to the direction of flow of the river through the city. It is a good point to understand about rivers. The link shared above gives a fuller explanation. --Prairieplant (talk) 03:25, 20 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I am pleased to see the confusion has been resolved by User:Prairieplant in this edit. In the area covered by this article the river flow direction in terms of NSEW varies enough that using cardinal directions relative to the river for description can only lead to muddle. Near Cliff Coppice the Severn flows ENE. Banks are the way to go.SovalValtos (talk) 04:08, 20 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Surprised that the definition of left bank/right bank has been justified by an unsourced wikipedia article. What most concerns me though is that Hightown is not on the banks of the Severn - it is on a hill above the bank which is only about 50 meters wide at this point Lyndaship (talk) 07:20, 20 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Does anyone really need a definition of left bank/right bank? It is common useage If saying Hightown is on the bank of the Severn is bothersome, then perhaps it could be changed to being 'on a hill rising from the bank'. That may not do either as some might say there are parts of Hightown that are not on the hill being low, near or outside the old moat.SovalValtos (talk) 09:41, 20 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not disputing the accepted definition of left bank/right bank (although there seems to be some historical different usage) but was querying if a wikipedia page is a suitable basis for asserting it? Historically Low Town refered to the area on both banks of the Severn and High Town to the area on top of the hill, the clue to this is in their naming as opposed to West Town and East Town. However the council now prefers to consider the river as the boundary between the two towns so I guess we go with that Lyndaship (talk) 11:27, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

Why Nick Owen in list of Notable Townsfolk?
I am surprised to see broadcaster Nick Owen listed as latest in a line of listed 'Notable Townsfolk'. He was born in Herts, mainly educated in Shrewsbury, and presently lives in Kinver, SW Staffordshire. Nothing in his wikipedia article demonstrates a connection with Bridgnorth. As his entry is uncited I will delete it, it can be reinstated if an active involvement in Bridgnorth (education, residence, employment for examples) could be proved.Cloptonson (talk) 13:40, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bridgnorth


text:
Lou Criger

Louis Criger (February 3, 1872 – May 14, 1934) was an American professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1896 to 1912 for the Cleveland Spiders, St. Louis Perfectos / Cardinals, Boston Americans / Red Sox, St. Louis Browns and New York Highlanders. Listed at 5 ft and 165 lb, he batted and threw right-handed.

Biography
Criger began his major league career with two games for the Cleveland Spiders of the National League in 1896. At the time, Cy Young was a pitcher for the Spiders; Young and Criger would remain teammates through 1908. During the 1897–1908 seasons, Young won 284 games, with Criger catching many of them. After playing for Cleveland through 1898, Criger and Young played in St. Louis in 1899 and 1900, then moved to the new American League franchise in Boston in 1901. Criger was the first Opening Day catcher in the team's history. In the first modern World Series in, he caught every inning of every game for Boston, helping his team win the championship. Criger was also the catcher for Cy Young's perfect game, the first perfect game in American League history, on May 5, 1904. Criger and Young remained with Boston through the 1908 season, the first year of the team being known as the Red Sox. Criger then spent the 1909 season with the St. Louis Browns and the 1910 season with the New York Highlanders; he finished his major league career with a single game for the Browns in 1912.

In a 16-season major league career, Criger batted .221—collecting 709 hits in 3202 at bats—with 11 home runs and 342 RBIs. He had 58 stolen bases and scored 337 runs. Although never a major star, Criger received votes for the Baseball Hall of Fame in four years of balloting (1936–1939). He garnered a high of eight percent of the vote, being named on 16 of 201 ballots, in the 1937 balloting.

Criger served as coach of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball team in early 1907, until he had to report to Boston's spring training in mid-March. Born in February 1872 in Indiana, Criger died in May 1934 in Tucson, Arizona; he was survived by his wife, one daughter, and five sons.

title: Lou Criger


text:
L'aut'journal

L'aut'journal is a French language newspaper distributed in Quebec freely and through subscription. It was founded in 1984 by political scientist and journalist Pierre Dubuc, and as of 2004 has a circulation of 35,000 copies.

It advocates Quebec sovereignty, democratic socialism and feminism, and strongly supports labour unions, from whom it receives most of its funding.

Many personalities voluntarily contribute to l'aut'journal, including:

 * Élaine Audet
 * Mario Beaulieu
 * Roméo Bouchard
 * André Bouthillier
 * Michel Chartrand
 * Michel Chossudovsky
 * Paul Cliche
 * Jean-Claude Germain
 * Michel Lapierre
 * Marc Laviolette
 * François Parenteau
 * Paul Rose
 * Charles Castonguay

title: L'aut'journal


text: File:Lou Criger Baseball.jpg

title: File:Lou Criger Baseball.jpg


text:
Tillie (murals)

Tillie is the nickname of two murals of a grinning figure that were painted on the side of the Palace Amusements building in Asbury Park, New Jersey, United States. Tillie is an amusement park "fun face", painted during the winter of 1955–1956. The name Tillie is likely a nod to George C. Tilyou, owner of Steeplechase Park in Coney Island, New York, which featured the Steeplechase Face, similar grinning face signage.

In popular culture
Tillie has inspired various products, such as a soda brand. The mural has been featured in movies, Weird NJ magazine, TV shows such as The Sopranos, and a famous photo of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band early in their career.

Saving of Tillie
Like many other boardwalk areas in the United States, such as Coney Island, New York, Asbury Park fell on hard times. Palace Amusements, built in 1888, closed in 1988, and the historic building fell into disrepair. When the Palace site was targeted for demolition and redevelopment, Asbury Park residents, Tillie fans, and Springsteen fans formed a grassroots effort to save Tillie. The group lobbied the state to block the demolition or at least remove the mural beforehand. The effort was partially successful, as the left-side Tillie, as well as the "bumper girl" murals, were removed. The right-side Tillie was demolished. From June 8 to June 11, 2004, Save Tillie volunteers removed the mural from the Palace building. The building was demolished in July 2004. Tillie and other murals from the Palace building were to be incorporated into a new building on the site. The two wall sections with the Tillie mural are currently stored in Asbury Park; the version on the Wonder Bar at Ocean Avenue is a replica.

Present-day history
After being saved from demolition, Tillie was put in a shed at the city’s wastewater treatment plant while it was decided what was to happen to the mural. It was left in the shed, which was battered by weather and became run-down, letting paint flake off the mural.

On September 28, 2021, Tillie was brought out of storage for the first time in 17 years and sat outside Paramount Theatre before being moved elsewhere.

title: Tillie (murals)


text:
Hambledon Hill

Hambledon Hill is a prehistoric hill fort in Dorset, England, in the Blackmore Vale five miles northwest of Blandford Forum. The hill itself is a chalk outcrop, on the southwestern corner of Cranborne Chase, separated from the Dorset Downs by the River Stour. It is owned by the National Trust.

Prehistory
Its earliest occupation was in the Neolithic when a pair of causewayed enclosures were dug at the top of the hill, one smaller than the other. They were linked by a bank and ditch running northwest–southeast. Two long barrows, one 68 m in length, also stood within the complex and a third enclosure is now known to underlie later earthworks. In all, the area of activity covered more than 1 km².

Excavations in the 1970s and 1980s by Roger Mercer produced large quantities of Neolithic material. Environmental analysis indicated the site was occupied whilst the area was still wooded with forest clearances coming later, in the Bronze Age. The charcoal recovered seems to have come from timber lacing within the Neolithic earthworks.

Radiocarbon analysis gives a date of 2850 BC. At least one skeleton, of a young man killed by an arrow was found, seemingly connected with the burning of the timber defences and suggesting at least one phase of violence. A single grape pip and a leaf fragment is evidence of vine cultivation and the occupants seem to have traded with sites further to the southwest.

The ditches of the enclosures also contained significant quantities of pottery as well as red deer antler picks used to excavate them. Human skulls had been placed right at the bottom of one of the enclosure ditches possibly as a dedicatory or ancestral offering. Animal bone analysis suggests that most of the meat was consumed in late summer and early autumn, possibly indicating seasonal use of the site. Different material was found in different areas of the site suggesting that Hambledon Hill was divided up into zones of activity. The original interpretation was that the large causewayed enclosure was used as a mortuary enclosure for the ritual disposal of the dead and veneration of the ancestors with attendant feasting and social contact taking place in the smaller enclosure.

Little remains of the Neolithic activity and the site is more easily identified as a prime example of an Iron Age hill fort. It was originally univallate but further circuits of banks and ditches were added increasing its size to 125,000 m². Three entrances served the fort, the southwestern with a 100 m long hornwork surrounding it. Hut platforms can be seen on the hillside. The site appears to have been abandoned around 300 BC possibly in favour of the nearby site of Hod Hill. Hambledon Hill is the first in a series of Iron Age earthworks, which continues with Hod Hill, Spetisbury Rings, Buzbury Rings, Badbury Rings and Dudsbury Camp. The Iron Age port at Hengistbury Head forms a final Iron Age monument in this small chain of sites.

Battle of Hambledon Hill
The Clubmen were a third force in the English Civil War, aligned to neither crown nor parliament, but striving to protect their land from being despoiled by foraging troops of either side. They armed themselves with clubs and agricultural implements and gathered in large numbers to protect their fields, especially in Dorset. Between 2,000 and 4,000 of them encamped on Hambledon Hill in August 1645. There were large numbers of Cromwell's troops in the area at that time, after the siege of Sherborne Castle. Cromwell ordered that the Clubmen be dispersed and his well-equipped New Model Army soon drove them away on 4 August. The leaders were arrested but Cromwell sent most home saying they were 'poor silly creatures'.

Protected status
The hill is now a  National Nature Reserve (NNR) with common plants  including milkwort, salad burnet, horseshoe vetch, squinancywort, pyramidal orchid and wild thyme. Rarer species include bastard toadflax, meadow saxifrage, early gentian and dwarf sedge. Butterflies include dingy skipper, grizzled skipper, chalkhill blue and Adonis blue.

In August 2014, Hambledon Hill fort was acquired by the National Trust for £450,000. The money to buy the hill had come from a Natural England grant and a legacy gift left to benefit Dorset countryside. The hillfort is a Scheduled Monument, as is the adjacent Neolithic causewayed camp.

Cultural references
Singer-songwriter Gordon Haskell wrote a song about Hambledon Hill for his album Hambledon Hill in 1990.

title: Hambledon Hill