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Sleeper effect

The sleeper effect is a psychological phenomenon that relates to persuasion. It is a delayed increase in the effect of a message that is accompanied by a discounting cue, typically being some negative connotation or lack of credibility in the message, while a positive message may evoke an immediate positive response which decays over time. The sleeper effect also refers to a delayed positive response that is maintained over time. The effect was first noticed among US Army soldiers exposed to army propaganda. It was hypothesized that over time the soldiers forgot that the message was propaganda. The effect has been widely studied but notoriously difficult to reproduce, leading to some doubt over its existence.

The sleeper effect
When people are exposed normally to a persuasive message (such as an engaging or persuasive television advertisement), their attitudes toward the advocacy of the message display a significant increase.

Over time, however, their newly formed attitudes seem to gravitate back toward the opinion held prior to receiving the message, almost as if they were never exposed to the communication. This pattern of normal decay in attitudes has been documented as the most frequently observed longitudinal pattern of persuasion research (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993).

In contrast, some messages are often accompanied with a discounting cue (e.g., a message disclaimer, a low-credibility source) that would arouse a recipient’s suspicion of the validity of the message and suppress any attitude change that might occur by exposure to the message alone. Furthermore, when people are exposed to a persuasive message followed by a discounting cue, people tend to be more persuaded over time; this is referred to as the sleeper effect (Hovland & Weiss, 1951; Cook & Flay, 1978).

For example, in political campaigns during important elections, undecided voters often see negative advertisements about a party or candidate for office. At the end of the advertisement, they also might notice that the opposing candidate paid for the advertisement. Presumably, this would make voters question the truthfulness of the advertisement, and consequently, they may not be persuaded initially. However, even though the source of the advertisement lacked credibility, voters will be more likely to be persuaded later (and ultimately, vote against the candidate disfavored by the advertisement).

This pattern of attitude change has puzzled social psychologists for nearly half a century, primarily due to its counter-intuitive nature and for its potential to aid in understanding attitude processes (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). It has been a very widely studied phenomenon of persuasion research (Kumkale & Albarracín, 2004; see also Cook & Flay, 1978). Despite a long history, the sleeper effect has been notoriously difficult to obtain or to replicate, with the exception of a pair of studies by Gruder et al. (1978).

Controversy about the existence of a "sleeper effect"
One of the more challenging aspects that the sleeper effect posed to some researchers in early studies was the sheer difficulty of obtaining the effect.

The sleeper effect is controversial because the influence of persuasive communication is greater when one measures the effect closer to the presentation instead of farther from the time of the reception.

After attempting to replicate the effect and failing, some researchers suggested that it might be better to accept the null hypothesis and conclude that the sleeper effect does not exist.

The sleeper effect is involved with initial message impression so the phenomenon has implications for models of persuasion, including teaching methods, as well as more recent conceptualizations, such as the heuristic-systematic model and the elaboration likelihood model.

However, Cook and his associates responded by suggesting that previous studies failed to obtain the sleeper effect because the requirements for a strong test were not met. Specifically, they argued that the sleeper effect will occur only if:
 * (a) the message is persuasive;
 * (b) the discounting cue has a strong enough effect to suppress initial attitude change;
 * (c) enough time has elapsed between immediate and delayed post-tests; and
 * (d) the message itself still has an effect on attitudes during the delayed post-test.

Experimental studies conducted did, in fact, provide evidence for the sleeper effect occurring under such theoretically relevant conditions. Furthermore, the sleeper effect did not occur when any of the four requirements were not met.

According to the dissociation interpretation, a sleeper effect appears to happen when a convincing message is conferred with a discounting cue (such as a low-credible source or counterargument). A sleeper effect occurs because of an impulsive dissociation of a message and a discounting cue over time (contrasting to a simple forgetting of a source).

First identified
The sleeper effect was first identified in US Army soldiers during World War II, after attempts to change their opinions and morals. Carl Hovland et al. measured the soldier’s opinions five days or nine weeks after they were shown a movie presentation of army propaganda. It was found that the difference in opinions of those who had observed the army propaganda movie and those who did not watch the movie were greater nine weeks after viewing it than five days. The difference in delayed persuasion is (which Hovland et al. termed) the sleeper effect, where there was a significant increase of persuasion in the experimental group.

The first efforts to justify the effect were consistent with the understanding of persuasion processes at that time. Hovland and his colleagues introduced a program of research to study how recall of the message and the source persuaded the sleeper effect. They first hypothesized that message receivers forget the noncredible communicator as time goes by, and therefore the initial message rejection diminishes. Nevertheless, they later propositioned that message receivers may not entirely forget the cue, yet the association between the representations of the discounting cue and the message content may fade over time and produce a sleeper effect. These two formulations vary in that (a) forgetting suggests that the traces of the cue disappear or become unavailable in memory over time, while (b) dissociation suggests that cue remains available in memory but is simply less easily retrieved (less accessible) in relation to the topic of communication.

Hypotheses on how the sleeper effect occurs
Because the sleeper effect has been considered to be counter-intuitive, researchers since the early 1950s have attempted to explain how and why it occurs.

Forgetting and dissociation
According to the forgetting hypothesis, a discounting cue associated with a message initially decreases acceptance of the message. As time goes by, one may observe a delayed increase of persuasion if the recipient forgets the cue but recalls the merits of the message (Hovland et al., 1949). To test this hypothesis, Hovland and his colleagues (Hovland & Weiss, 1951; Kelman & Hovland, 1953; Weiss, 1953) initiated a series of experiments in which participants received messages attributed to either trustworthy or untrustworthy sources and then completed measures of opinions as well as of recall of the message content and the source. Overall, messages with credible sources produced greater initial persuasion than messages delivered by non credible sources.

Hovland, Lumsdaine, and Sheffield (1949) first discovered the effect by a well-known study that demonstrated the delayed impact of a World War II propaganda movie on American soldiers.

With a subset of conditions that caused participants to question the credibility of the source in the movie, participants later reported a slight increase of persuasion (much to the researchers’ surprise). After examining the results, they initially hypothesized that forgetting of the discounting cue (in this case, the non-credible source) was causing the effect. Over time, however, the effect of the messages presented by credible sources decayed, whereas the effect of the messages presented by non-credible sources either remained the same or increased slightly. Despite evidence for the sleeper effect from this series of studies, the recall measures indicated that recipients could still remember the non-credible sources of the messages at the time of the delayed follow-up.

This is when the forgetting hypothesis was replaced by the dissociation hypothesis. Now according to the dissociation hypothesis the sleeper effect does not need to imply that the discounting cue becomes permanently unavailable in memory. A weakened association between the cue and the message may be sufficient for the sleeper effect to occur. As the association weakens over time, rendering the cue less accessible in relation to the communication topic, there may be a delayed increase in persuasion as long as the message arguments are still memorable. To this extent, factors that facilitate retention of the message content should create settings conducive to the sleeper effect.

According to this reasoning, the sleeper effect occurs because the association between the discounting cue and the message in one’s memory becomes weakened over time; hence, when the message is recalled for purposes of producing an attitude, the source is not readily associated.

Differential decay
Something that Hovland and his team ignored that is important is why over time, the discounting cue becomes less accessible than the message even when both pieces are similarly effective at the onset. To answer this question Greenwald, Pratkanis, and their team (Greenwald et al., 1986; Pratkanis et al., 1988) implemented a study to identify the conditions by which the sleeper effect does and does not occur. Pratkanis directed a series of seventeen experiments in which he presented the discounting cue either before or after the message and found that the sleeper effect occurred mostly when the cue followed the message but not when the cue was first. In order to explain his findings, Pratkanis and his team proposed a modified forgetting hypothesis, which suggested that the sleeper effect occurs because the effect of the message and the cues decay at different rates. Based on this suggestion the message and the cue act like two communications operating in opposite directions. The sleeper effect emerges when the effect of these communications is about equal, promptly following message exposure, but the effect of the cue later decays more rapidly than that of the message. However, the timing of the discounting cue is essential to produce the effect because information presented first lasts longer, whereas more recent information dissipates more rapidly (Miller & Campbell, 1959). Thus, the sleeper effect should occur when the discounting cue occurs at the end of a persuasive communication and stimulates a primacy effect of the message content. Years later, Pratkanis, Greenwald, Leippe, and Baumgardner (1988) offered an alternative hypothesis that differed from Hovland and his colleagues.

They argued that the conditions under which the sleeper effect is more likely to occur were not emphasized by the dissociation hypothesis. Additionally, the requirements for a sleeper effect specified by Gruder et al. (1978) did not detail the empirical conditions necessary to observe the sleeper effect.

title: Sleeper effect


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Doki Doki School Hours

Doki Doki School Hours (せんせいのお時間) is a Japanese four-panel manga series by Tamami Momose. The manga was serialized in Manga Life and published by Takeshobo from 1997 to 2013.

An anime television series adaptation was animated by J.C.Staff and aired on TV Tokyo from April 4, 2004 to June 27, 2004. An OVA series, titled Sensei no Ojikan Gold (せんせいのお時間 ご～るど), was also animated by J.C.Staff and continued from where the TV series left off. These episodes were released onto the DVDs of the TV series, one episode for each DVD. Both the TV series and OVA were dubbed into English by Ocean Productions using their Blue Water Studios and have been licensed for release in North America by Geneon Entertainment. However, the OVA was folded onto the TV series and released together as simply Doki Doki School Hours. Thus, for the release in that region, the 14th episode is actually the first episode of the OVA and so on.

The series is centered on 27-year-old homeroom teacher Mika Suzuki (who only looks about half her age) and the eccentric and colorful students of her class. The anime, coming two years after J.C.Staff had success with Azumanga Daioh, inherits a lot stylistically from that series, however the original manga predates Azumanga Daioh by two years. Additionally, before the recent anime incarnation, the manga spawned a series of drama CDs.

Plot
A very short 27-year-old teacher has an interesting time trying to teach her class. She has to deal with the eccentricities of her students as they present themselves over the school year. When you have an insane class (which includes a cross-dressing narcissist, an otaku, a dumb jock, a boy-band obsessed girl, a lesbian in love with the teacher, a homosexual in love with the jock, a guy who looks like a middle-aged man, a girl obsessed with material items and the vain rich girl), what's a person to do but hope?

Characters

 * Mika Suzuki (鈴木みか), also known as Mika-sensei
 * The 27-year old homeroom teacher of Class 2A who is unusually short. She is usually addressed, as given the nickname "Mika-sensei". Her short stature and generally "cute" appearance causes people to think her more childish than she is. Even so, she is not especially mature, still lives with her parents and dreads "measuring day". Mika also has a tendency to cry when things do not go her way.
 * The 27-year old homeroom teacher of Class 2A who is unusually short. She is usually addressed, as given the nickname "Mika-sensei". Her short stature and generally "cute" appearance causes people to think her more childish than she is. Even so, she is not especially mature, still lives with her parents and dreads "measuring day". Mika also has a tendency to cry when things do not go her way.

 * Minako "Tommy" Tominaga (富永美奈子)
 * A brutally honest student who belongs to the cooking club. She is often shown moaning about being surrounded by idiots in her class, or telling people off. She loves slasher films.
 * A brutally honest student who belongs to the cooking club. She is often shown moaning about being surrounded by idiots in her class, or telling people off. She loves slasher films.

 * Akane Kobayashi (小林あかね)
 * A girl who likes to sleep in class but outside of school she holds a part-time job as she loves to make money. She has also shown great concern about her appearance and weight, causing her to put herself on crash diets. She's very ditzy sometimes, like when she walked into the classroom and Anthony (an American exchange student) said "Hello!" in English: she came to the instant conclusion she had woken up in America.
 * A girl who likes to sleep in class but outside of school she holds a part-time job as she loves to make money. She has also shown great concern about her appearance and weight, causing her to put herself on crash diets. She's very ditzy sometimes, like when she walked into the classroom and Anthony (an American exchange student) said "Hello!" in English: she came to the instant conclusion she had woken up in America.

 * Shizuka Nagare (流静), also known as "Chairman (Iincho)"
 * The Class President of Class 2A. She wanted to be class president due to her favorite pop star stating that he liked class presidents: she decided to be class president for the rest of her life. She is highly intelligent and friendly, but is seem at times being brutal to people, especially when they somehow insult her idol.
 * The Class President of Class 2A. She wanted to be class president due to her favorite pop star stating that he liked class presidents: she decided to be class president for the rest of her life. She is highly intelligent and friendly, but is seem at times being brutal to people, especially when they somehow insult her idol.

 * Rio Kitagawa (北川理央)
 * A tall and very pretty girl who constantly teases Mika-sensei, as she finds her various moods cute. She is a lesbian and has stated on several occasion that she loves small girls, thus making it no surprise that she has a huge (and slightly sadistic) crush on Mika-sensei. She is constantly flirting with her, which often borders on molestation. She has an excellent body, which Kobayashi is jealous of, though she is fairly modest about it. She also does well academically, though she isn't above failing a test on purpose if it means she'll get to spend time with Mika-sensei.
 * A tall and very pretty girl who constantly teases Mika-sensei, as she finds her various moods cute. She is a lesbian and has stated on several occasion that she loves small girls, thus making it no surprise that she has a huge (and slightly sadistic) crush on Mika-sensei. She is constantly flirting with her, which often borders on molestation. She has an excellent body, which Kobayashi is jealous of, though she is fairly modest about it. She also does well academically, though she isn't above failing a test on purpose if it means she'll get to spend time with Mika-sensei.

 * Kenta Suetake (末武健太)
 * The athlete. Suetake knows nothing other than sports-related information. He is rather dumb and fails most things that don't involve sports, but he is also kind and good-natured. Kudo, who likes him, will often tutor him.
 * The athlete. Suetake knows nothing other than sports-related information. He is rather dumb and fails most things that don't involve sports, but he is also kind and good-natured. Kudo, who likes him, will often tutor him.

 * Yuichi Kudo (工藤雄一)
 * A male honor student who is gay and in love with Suetake. He has poor self-control and is known as "the nosebleed king". Though Suetake is completely oblivious to Kudo's affections, everyone else is aware of them, and they are constantly rolling their eyes over his actions (which is very similar to how they react to Kitagawa's love for Mika, the only difference being that Mika is aware of Kitagawa's feelings, but can do little to stop her advances). He is seen having fantasies about Suetake, and not much else. A running gag is he will constantally have nose bleeds (in Japan, it is a sign of sexual arousal, especially in young men) brought on by Suetake's innocent comments and actions to the point of passing out and requiring medical attention.
 * A male honor student who is gay and in love with Suetake. He has poor self-control and is known as "the nosebleed king". Though Suetake is completely oblivious to Kudo's affections, everyone else is aware of them, and they are constantly rolling their eyes over his actions (which is very similar to how they react to Kitagawa's love for Mika, the only difference being that Mika is aware of Kitagawa's feelings, but can do little to stop her advances). He is seen having fantasies about Suetake, and not much else. A running gag is he will constantally have nose bleeds (in Japan, it is a sign of sexual arousal, especially in young men) brought on by Suetake's innocent comments and actions to the point of passing out and requiring medical attention.

 * Jyoji Seki (関譲治)
 * A student who used to love beautiful girls and turned into a narcissist, to the point that he usually goes to school in makeup. He goes on and on about how lovely a girl can be, if she uses the right products. Outside school, he has been seen in skirts and even a full ladies' kimono. Despite the two of them often stating that they dislike each other, he seems to have a good relationship with Kobayashi.
 * A student who used to love beautiful girls and turned into a narcissist, to the point that he usually goes to school in makeup. He goes on and on about how lovely a girl can be, if she uses the right products. Outside school, he has been seen in skirts and even a full ladies' kimono. Despite the two of them often stating that they dislike each other, he seems to have a good relationship with Kobayashi.

 * Takumi "Watabe" Watanabe (渡部匠)
 * The head (and, originally, sole member) of the school's manga club. He has great artistic ability, but he's only ever seen drawing stereotypical bishōjo-type characters, and his obsession tends to get a little on the creepy side. He dislikes drawing men, and it's somewhat implied that he's not very good at doing so. Mika-sensei has occasionally shown interest in his work. Mika has often been the subject of his work, which has seems to have earned him a somewhat friendship with Kitakawa for his art of her.
 * The head (and, originally, sole member) of the school's manga club. He has great artistic ability, but he's only ever seen drawing stereotypical bishōjo-type characters, and his obsession tends to get a little on the creepy side. He dislikes drawing men, and it's somewhat implied that he's not very good at doing so. Mika-sensei has occasionally shown interest in his work. Mika has often been the subject of his work, which has seems to have earned him a somewhat friendship with Kitakawa for his art of her.

 * Gen Nakamura (中村元), also known as "Old Man (Oyaji)"
 * The 17-year-old student carries himself in a stereotypically "40-year-old" manner, and therefore is nicknamed "Old Man". Later in the series, it is hinted he has a crush on Iincho, and is occasionally mistaken for a pervert.
 * The 17-year-old student carries himself in a stereotypically "40-year-old" manner, and therefore is nicknamed "Old Man". Later in the series, it is hinted he has a crush on Iincho, and is occasionally mistaken for a pervert.

 * Linda Matsumoto (松本リンダ), also known as Matsumoto-sensei
 * Okitsu High School's Doctor and Mika's best friend on the faculty.
 * Okitsu High School's Doctor and Mika's best friend on the faculty.

 * Chinatsu Nakayama (中山千夏)
 * A member of Takumi Watanabe's manga club who, ironically, is terrible at drawing manga. She idolises and has a large crush on Takumi. He seems to know, but manages to throw her off.
 * A member of Takumi Watanabe's manga club who, ironically, is terrible at drawing manga. She idolises and has a large crush on Takumi. He seems to know, but manages to throw her off.

 * Anthony M. Chamberlain (アンソニー・M・チェンバレン)
 * A transfer student who is studying abroad from America. He is fluent in Japanese because he is an otaku.
 * A transfer student who is studying abroad from America. He is fluent in Japanese because he is an otaku.

Episode list

 * 1) Here Comes Class 2A Of Okitsu High School
 * 2) Measuring and Throwing and Hitting
 * 3) Swimsuits and Exams! Something Drops!
 * 4) Mika-Sensei's Summer Story
 * 5) Summer Ends and Artistic Autumn Arrives
 * 6) The Culture Festival Is The Festival of Culture
 * 7) Santa Girl and New Years' Fun
 * 8) Winter Has Come and Spring Is Around The Corner
 * 9) The Tearful Graduation Ceremony
 * 10) The Kyoto Field Trip Incident of Love and Hate!
 * 11) Sunshine After Rain, Partially Student Teacher
 * 12) Frightening experiences, Summer Activities
 * 13) Summer in Shonan: The Don't Say Goodbye Episode
 * 14) The Exchange Student and Okitsu, The Dark City
 * 15) Sports Festival Special
 * 16) The Big Family and The Elusive Pork Ramen, Big Sister Mika Is Running Away
 * 17) Beast Buster Ekaterina Nagare A.K.A. Iincho
 * 18) SF Magical Period Drama Doki Doki Version: The Okitsu Millennium Battle!
 * 19) The Culture Festival Operation
 * 20) The Small One Departs Okitsu

Reception
Tim Jones of THEM Anime Reviews said the series is "quite an interesting series upon first glance", with three of the main characters coming out of nowhere,doing a bad job of introducing characters unlike a series like Azumanga Daioh, meaning that they embody stereotypes. He also criticizes Mika being the "target of sexual advances of one of her students", a student named Kitakawa who is "a lesbian lolicon lover", a character he called one of the most shallow, and annoying character he had ever "seen in the history of animation". He also noted that there is a gay man who only thinks of his male crush, "sometimes to the point of getting nosebleeds" and said his love interest had one of the most annoying voices, and added that the series has problems when "a guy who draws half-naked anime girls is one of the best characters". He further called the animation "horrible" and doesn't understand how it ran for 20 episodes.

Carlos Santos of Anime News Network said that the anime is "a cute diversion that will leave you mildly happy rather than annoyed or offended" and said the series has "shadows of hilarity". He also said that the series is "lighthearted", and called the series "far from perfect". He concluded that there are "some genuinely cute and funny moments but said that it has the "same jokes, same structure" which gets boring.

title: Doki Doki School Hours


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Colin Mackenzie

Colonel Colin Mackenzie (1754–8 May 1821) was Scottish army officer in the British East India Company who later became the first Surveyor General of India. He was a collector of antiquities and an orientalist. He surveyed southern India, making use of local interpreters and scholars to study religion, oral histories, inscriptions and other evidence, initially out of personal interest, and later as a surveyor. He was ordered to survey the Mysore region shortly after the British victory over Tipu Sultan in 1799 and produced the first maps of the region along with illustrations of the landscape and notes on archaeological landmarks. His collections consisting of thousands of manuscripts, inscriptions, translations, coins and paintings, which were acquired after his death by the India Office Library and are an important source for the study of Indian history. He was awarded a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 4 June 1815.

Early life
Colonel Colin Mackenzie was born in Stornoway on Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, the second son of merchant Murdoch Mackenzie (who was the first postmaster of the town) and Barbara around 1753 or 1754. Little is known of his early life but he is thought to have started his work as a Comptroller of the Customs at Stornoway from 1778 to 1783, possibly through the influence of his father's association with the Mackenzie Earls of Seaforth. In his youth he had an interest in mathematics possibly fostered by his schoolmaster, a freemason, Alexander Anderson. Lord Kenneth Mackenzie (last Earl of Seaforth) and Francis (fifth Lord Napier) sought his help in preparing a biography of John Napier and his work on logarithms. When Lord Napier died in 1773, Kenneth Mackenzie helped Colin to obtain commission with the British East India Company to join the Madras Army. When he arrived in Madras on 2 September 1783 he was thirty and was never to return home again. He joined as a Cadet in the Infantry division but was transferred in 1786 as a Cadet of Engineers.

India
Arriving in India he first met the daughter of Lord Francis Napier, Hester (d. 1819). Hester was married to Samuel Johnston who worked as a civil servant at Madurai (their son Alexander Johnston later became a judge in Sri Lanka, founded the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland and wrote a memoir on the life of Colin Mackenzie). Hester introduced Mackenzie to some Brahmins to obtain information on Hindu mathematical traditions as part of the biographical memoir on John Napier and the history of logarithms. The biography project appears to have been subsequently dropped but Colin continued to take an interest in antiquities.

For the first thirteen years in India, he was busy with military duties. He began in Coimbatore and Dindigul around 1783 followed by engineering duties in Madras, Nellore and Guntur and during the campaign against Mysore from 1790 to 1792. In 1793 he saw action in the Siege of Pondicherry. He was posted as a commanding engineer to Ceylon and returned in 1796. He rose in rank starting from a second lieutenant on 16 May 1783, first lieutenant on 6 March 1789; and captain 16 August 1793. Major by 1 Jan 1806 rising on to become a colonel on 12 August 1819. It was after his return from Ceylon that he was able to follow his interest in antiquities.

Mysore survey
In 1799, Mackenzie was part of the British force in the Battle of Seringapatam, where Tipu Sultan, Maharaja of Mysore was defeated. After the defeat of Tipu, he led the Mysore survey between 1799 and 1810 and one of the aims was to establish the boundaries of the state as well as the territories ceded by the Nizam. The survey consisted of interpreters, a team of draftsmen and illustrators who collected material on the natural history, geography, architecture, history, customs, and folk tales of the region. When he began the survey, he was concerned that he had no linguistic skills and was more appalled by the lack of British competence in south Indian languages. Around the same time, the trigonometric survey was proposed by William Lambton but there was little collaboration between the two during the Mysore survey. Mackenzie was told that his survey was not to be "mere military or geographical information, but that your enquiries are to be extended to a statistical account of the whole country." However he was not provided enough resources for this grand plan. He wrote to Barry Close that he would not "descend to the minutiae" of measuring cultivated and uncultivated land but would instead focus on that which was of political and military importance. He pointed out that enquiries into revenues created uneasiness. One of his chief interpreters was a man named Kavelli Venkata Boria (IAST kāvelī veṃkeṭā boraiyāḥ, there are variations in spelling) who Mackenzie first met in 1796, shortly after his return from Ceylon. He found Boria capable of dealing with all sects and considered him as "the first step of my introduction into the portal of Indian knowledge." Boria knew Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Sankskrit. In 1797, Mackenzie visited Mudgeri and found the ruins of a Jain temple. He wrote an extensive note on the Jains based on interviews through his translator "Cavelly Boria". Boria died in 1803 and Mackenzie took in his brother Venkata Lechmiah (IAST lakṣmaiyyā, also spelt Lakshmaiah or Lakshmayya). Another of Mackenzie's assistant was Dhurmiah (IAST dharmayāḥ), a Jain pandit (scholar) from Maleyur, then in Mysore State. Dhurmiah, with his ability to read Hale Kannada (old Kannada) inscriptions contributed greatly to the study of the inscriptions in the region. Dhurmiah provided Mackenzie with Jain insights into the history of India but some ideas were considered too unreliable such as the idea that the Jains had fled from Mecca. Dhurmiah's son may also have been on Mackenzie's staff. Another orientalist, Mark Wilks interviewed Dhurmiah and wrote on the Jains in his 1817 Historical Sketches of the South of India.

Stating the aims of his survey, he wrote from the perspective of a historian in a letter to Major Merwick Shawe in 1805: "The elucidation of the History of the several Governments that have rapidly succeeded in this Stage will I conceived be very interesting, as by the Inscriptions, Grants & other Documents that came into my hands, a regular Progress is traced up to the first Mahomedan invasion in the 13th Century & even beyond it to the 8th but more obscurely; & in several instances still further, these consist not merely of a dry Chain of uninteresting facts but are connected by various illustrations of the genious & manner of the People, their Several Systems of Government & of Religion, & of the predominant causes that influence their Sentiments & opinions to this day; lights are derived on the Tenures of lands, the origin & variety of the several classes, and the genius and Spirit of the Government prevalent generally in the South for centuries from Several Documents illustrating claims & pretension not foreign to modern discussions; ... confirming the utility of this undertaking to the existing Government from a knowledge of Institutions that influence so considerable a part of the Population of the Empire."

Amaravati
Among Mackenzie's vast collection of illustrations is a set of 85 sketches made at Amaravati. He appears to have first visited the site in 1798 and conducted more systematic studies between 1816 and 1820 after he became a Surveyor General and three copies of these documents were made. One was deposited at the Library of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, another at Madras and one in the British Library at London. Only the London copy survives. Sketches of the site were made by John Newman, draftsman for Mackenzie from 1810 to 1818. About 132 stones were found by Mackenzie but these are no longer traceable. Mackenzie believed that the site was related to the Jain religion and had no idea of Buddhism in India. The stones from Amaravati were brought to Masulipatam but many were not taken to ship but deposited into a mound that came to be known as "Robertson's Mound" after Francis W. Robertson who was Assistant Collector at Masulipatnam from 1814 to 1817. Most of these were subsequently moved to the Madras Museum along with Sir Walter Elliot's collections from Amaravati. About 79 stones depicted in the Mackenzie drawings are unaccounted for and are not traceable to collections in museums.

Java
Mackenzie spent two years (1811-1812/13) in Java, during the period of British occupation during the Napoleonic Wars. On 18 November 1812, while in Java, he married Petronella Jacomina Bartels at a local Lutheran Church. Petronella was born in Ceylon and was of Dutch ancestry. In 1814, Stamford Raffles having heard of Mackenzie's work in India, wanted him to survey Java and report on its monuments. Since Mackenzie had then moved back to India, the team was led by H. C. Cornelius (who had accompanied Mackenzie earlier) who was also responsible for the work involved in removing the debris from the buried ruins of Borobodur. His report on the survey of Java included many watercolours illustrating life during that period. These were published in three volumes. The first was titled Antiquities & Costume(s) of Java, 1812-13 and includes drawings and sketches some of which were made use of by Raffles in his History of Java. The second volume bore the title ''A Collection of Monuments, Images, Sculptures &c. illustrative of The Ancient History, Religion & Institutions of the Island of Java and of the Adjacent Isles: Taken under the immediate Inspection & Direction of Lieutenant Colonel Colin Mackenzie in the course of a Tour & of different Excursions through the Island of Java in the years 1811-1812 & 1813'' and included numerous sketches and a few watercolours. The third volume Views, Plans and Maps on the Island of Java carried some pencil drawn maps.

Surveyor General of India
In 1757, the East India Company under Lord Clive had appointed James Rennell as Surveyor General for Bengal. Colin Mackenzie was appointed Surveyor General of Madras Presidency in 1810 but these posts were abolished in 1815. After his returning to India, in June 1815, he was invested as a Companion of the Bath. He returned to continue surveys of eastern India from the Krishna to Cape Comorin. On 26 May 1815 he was appointed Surveyor General of India with his headquarters at Fort William in Calcutta but he was allowed to stay on in Madras to help reorganize the surveys. He stayed there till May 1817 during which period he worked on planning surveys and examining earlier surveys. He appointed Benjamin Swain Ward (1786-1835) to survey Travancore, Lieutenant Peter Eyre Conner (born 5 August 1789, died 29-April-1821 at Hyderabad) (Sometimes given only as Lt. Connor ) for Coorg (then written as Codugu or Koorg), Francis Mountford (1790-1824) to Guntur and James Garling (1784-1820) to the Nizam's territories. By 1816 Garling had used a triangulation system similar to that of Lambton to work out the position of the ruins of Bijapur and was moving northwards. While Garling's work was appreciated by the surveyors of Bombay, he was rebuked by Mackenzie whose orders restricted him to the Nizam's territory. The government in an attempt to hasten his move to Calcutta sent the yacht, HC Phoenix to transport him and his family from Madras on 24 June 1816. The captain, Criddle, was ordered to take him to survey the Pulicat and Armegon Shoals before taking him to Calcutta. Mackenzie however set about to his work and did not board the yacht. The government then wrote that he should use the survey ship Sophia which was to bring Sir John Malcolm to Madras in May 1817. He finally set sail to Calcutta on 17 July 1817 aboard Sophia. When Mackenzie moved from Madras to Calcutta, Lechmiah was retained.

Death and after
He died on 8 May 1821 at his home in Calcutta, India, and was buried in South Park Street Cemetery. His widow, Petronella, offered the collections to the Bengal Government at a tentative price of Rs 20,000. The law firm Palmer and co. did an assessment of the collections and arrived at a figure of Rs 100,000 as a 'reasonable reimbursement' and the Bengal Government acquired the collections. In 1823 Petronella married Lt. Robert Page Fulcher at the Cape of Good Hope. Fulcher was a fellow traveller on the ship to England and her original plan was to move to Stornoway to live with Colin's sister. Mackenzie's Will left 5% to Lechmiah. Much of his collection of documents, manuscripts, artifacts, and artworks is now in the British Museum and the Oriental and India Office Collections of the British Library, though part of it remains in the Government Museum in Madras. Samuel and Hester Johnston's son, Sir Alexander Johnston, wrote a memoir on the life of Colin Mackenzie.

After Mackenzie's death, Lechmiah continued to help Horace Hayman Wilson in cataloguing the collections. He applied to the Madras division of the Asiatic Society to continue work on the collections made by his master. This was rejected on the grounds that no oriental could handle the managerial and critical work. James Prinsep declared that "..The qualifications of Cavelly Venkata for such an office, judging of them by his 'abstract,' or indeed of any native, could hardly be pronounced equal to such a task...". Lechmiah was the only Indian admitted to the Madras Literary Society which was founded in 1817 and in 1833, Lechmiah founded a parallel Madras Hindu Literary Society as a means of continuing his work. Sir Alexander Johnston supported this venture which also got the support of Captain Henry Harkness (author of a book on Indian scripts ) and George Norton (a radical Advocate-General who was against government support for Christian missionaries support for but this organization did not survive long. A missionary in Madras, William Taylor was chosen for the job. Taylor has been described as a poor scholar (with a defective knowledge of the Devanagari script ) if not a deranged antiquarian by Dirks (1993).  Lechmiah received a monthly pension of 300 rupees and was given a grant of a Shotrium (or Shrotrium ), land given as a reward for Civil officers. Three other brothers Ramaswamy (Ramasawmy), Narasimhalu (Naraseemoloo) and Sitayya (Seetiah) also worked for Mackenzie but the latter two were mainly as minor assistants. Ramaswamy later published extensively in English. His works included a book on the cities of the Deccan (Descriptive and Historical Sketches of Cities and Places in the Dekkan...), a biography of Deccan poets (1829), a cookbook translated in 1836 from a Telugu book written by Saraswati Bai (Pakasastra, otherwise Called Soopasastra, or the Modern Culinary Receipts of the Hindoos ), a book on caste in 1837.

Studies of the maps made by Mackenzie's survey are considered to have the potential to highlight interesting archaeological sites as well as provide information on the organization and structure of poligar chiefdoms which were dismantled after British takeover.

title: Colin Mackenzie


text:
Category:Opioid antagonist

Antagonists of the opioid receptors.

title: Category:Opioid antagonist


text:
Talk:Bahia

untitled
(Note: I did on-site research in Salvador da Bahia in 1999 for my doctoral dissertation and have read extensively on the region.)

1) INTRO

Quote: "Bahia is a state in the north-east of Brazil. The name "Bahia" is also sometimes used to refer to the state's capital city, Salvador."

COMMENT: This is a helpful introduction to two of the various shades of meaning in the term "Bahia". One more should be added -- since the article itself falls victim to a confusion of the meanings later on. "Bahia" in popular usage nationally refers above all to the *cultural region* of the capital city Salvador and the outlying Recôncavo area - i.e. just a small subsection of the entire state. (I don't think most Brazilians would think of Juazeiro first when they heard someone say "Bahia"!)

SUGGESTED CHANGE:

"Bahia is a state in the north-east of Brazil. The name "Bahia" is also sometimes used to refer to the state's capital city, Salvador da Bahia - especially by its citizens.  In popular usage, "Bahia" refers above all to the African-influenced cultural region comprising the capital Salvador and the area surrounding All Saints' Bay (Baía de Todos os Santos), where a majority of the population are still of African ancestry."

2) BAHIA TODAY

Quote: "As the chief locus of the early Brazilian slave trade, Bahia is considered to possess the greatest and most distinctive African imprint, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil. These include the Yoruba-derived religious system of Candomblé, the martial art of capoeira, African-derived music such as samba, afoxé, and axé, and a cuisine with strong links to western Africa. Bahia is the birthplace of such noted Brazilian musicians as Dorival Caymmi, João Gilberto, Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso and his sister Maria Bethânia, Daniela Mercury, Ivete Sangalo, and Carlinhos Brown, and home to internationally famous groups like Olodum, Ara Ketu, and Ilê Aiyê."

This section falls victim to the confusion I mention above - 95% of it refers only to Salvador, and not the state as a whole. The paragraph could be reworded to more accurately reflect the state/capital distinction.

SUGGESTED CHANGE:

"As the chief locus of the early Brazilian slave trade, Bahia -- especially the greater Salvador area -- is famous for having the greatest and most distinctive African imprint, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil. These include candomblé (a Yoruba-derived, West-African religious system), capoeira (an African martial art), axé music (a carnival music style derived from candomblé rhythms), and a cuisine with strong links to West Africa. While some famous Bahian musicians such as João Gilberto come from the state's hinterland, the vast majority of Bahia's noted musicians -- Dorival Caymmi,  Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso and his sister Maria Bethânia, Gal Costa, Daniela Mercury, Ivete Sangalo, and Carlinhos Brown -- come from its capital Salvador, which is also home to internationally famous Afro-Brazilian carnival groups such as FIlhos de Gandhy, Ilê Aiyê, Olodum and Ara Ketu."

(n.b. An afoxé is not a genre of music, but a genre of carnival group. Samba is not particularly unique to Bahia and is not really associated with Salvador, whereas axé music definitely is.)

Alternatively, this paragraph could be reduced substantially and the material added to the entry for Salvador.

How great to find a free on-online encyclopedia writing about Bahia!

 * You seem like just the person to make the changes. Here on wikipedia, we encourage anyone to be bold with their editing - learn how to edit a page and get started!  Reid 07:49, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)

The name "Bahia" is also sometimes used to refer to the state's capital city, Salvador.

sorry, i am brazilian and never heard of anyone misusing the term bahia like that. maybe its a tourist thing like calling california a synonim to los angeles.--Alexandre Van de Sande 18:36, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

CORRECTION

In fact the information is true, although probably a little bit old fashioned. In the past it was common to refer to Salvador as "a cidade da Bahia" or "the city of Bahia". I was born in Salvador ( naturals are called "soteropolitano" ) and have heard some locals specially from my parents generation refer to the city like that.

Muddy English
"There are some discussions about brazilian indepence, because for almost the "baianos", it really came to happen in Bahia, with the battles, not in september 7, when the imperator declared independency."

That just doesn't make sense. Smells like Google translate or something. Anyone who knows what was trying to be said, change? Karlusss 00:32, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The whole article could use some work to clean up the English, actually. "XIX century", improper capitalization, bad spelling...

 * On the other hand, whoever helped write the article writes much better English than I do Portugese, so this isn't meant as an insult by any means. ekedolphin 08:14, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Yes! Please clean up the English. The rambling, run-on sentences are painful to read. Some make little sense. I speak/read a little Portuguese and understand that ideas are conveyed in a slightly different manner than in English. It's the same kind of thing with Spanish where writers try to bamboozle their audience with complexity. English prefers clarity. 37.133.234.35 (talk) 01:52, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

Attention to history and ongoing debate
This page is generally good and helpful, but I did find the history to be somewhat misleading, even if well written. Perhaps it was almost too convincing at first and I am glad that I have since found competing information on wikipedia, but also at the library and elsewhere on the internet.

Currently a paragraph under the sub-header "History" reads: "...After several battles, mostly in Pirajá, the province was finally able to expel the Portuguese on July 2nd 1823, known as Bahia Independence Day, a great popular celebration. In the state there is an ongoing discussion about the exact moment of Brazilian independence, because for almost all "baianos," it really happened in Bahia with the battles, and not on September 7, when the Emperor, Pedro I, declared independence."

I am not sure how the first sentence is supported and makes itself evident, other than by simple statement or seemingly popular belief. The second paragrhaph seems to allude to some questions and pursue a more veracious standpoint, but perhaps it is not nearly as forthecoming as it should be. And that is the real point. In other words, this paragraph is probably way too simple in its details to discuss the wheight and truth of the matter that is Brazilian constitutional history and national formation.

I suggest either editing the paragraph and/ or cross-referencing another wikipedia page (topic) for clarity and intellectual justice. And I strongly suggest that all readers take note of the discussions on this page and others. It seems more relevant than some wikipedia topics we read that are not as seemingly complex. Therefore...

See Wikipedia topic "Empire of Brazil" at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil

See Wikipedia topic "Brazilian War of Independence" at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence

READ THE DISCUSSIONS and also NOTE that the "The neutrality of this article is disputed" on the second topic in the above.

I also suggest reading Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852 by Roderick J. Barman (Stanford University Press, 1988)

I may be able to point out other issues, but this is the most glaring right now.

I appreciate the participation by everyone. Thanks.

DjZ 08:00, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

what does it produce

Worth Mentioning the Disney filem Los Tres Caballeros/ The Three Caballeros song?
There is a song in The Three Caballeros that is about Bahia. Is it worth mentioning on this page?Mrobinson587 06:03, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

No. 209.29.86.3 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 22:19, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Climate?
Anybody want to add a section for climate/weather? 64.81.167.175 (talk) 09:00, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Bahía means bay in Spanish
It is not archaic Portuguese but Spanish.--83.35.181.1 (talk) 22:09, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

It is the pre-1943 spelling reform spelling in Brazil.2804:14D:5C70:9981:4156:ED4A:B873:B8A0 (talk) 16:10, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

northeastern?
The lead paragraph says that Bahia is "located in the northeastern part of the country", and the infobox includes this map. Why is that called "northeastern" Brazil? "Eastern" it certainly is, but how "north"? It looks to me like it's roughly equidistant from the northern and southern boundaries of the country, but there's a lot more area to the north than to the south. Simply "eastern" seems much more appropriate to me. If "northeastern" reflects how Brazilians think of Bahia because of the way the population is distributed in the country, rather than because of its geographic location, then the article needs to note that. To call that "northeastern" Brazil is simply an error in the purely geographic and most universally understood meaning of the word.

This is a sufficiently glaring error that I'm going to change the text to say "eastern", and if calling it "northeastern" is important enough for the change to upset anyone, maybe they will explain why here before they revert it.—Jim10701 (talk) 18:50, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Olá, eu sou brasileiro e irei escrever em português, pois não sou suficientemente fluente em inglês para assim escrever (Peço desculpas adiantadas por isso). O seu questionamento é compreensível, porém não há sentido em mudar um termo aceito no Brazil e mundialmente, como o termo nordeste o é. A resposta para a sua duvida é simples: Como você pode notar o Brazil é menos uniforme geograficamente do que os Estados Unidos e, portanto sua divisão regional não é totalmente relacionável ao que é feito com o mapa dos Estados Unidos ou noutros países anglófonos ou do mundo todo. Outro exemplo que eu posso lhe citar é o fato de parte do nosso "Norte" estar mais para um noroeste e seguindo sua lógica, a única divisão correta seria a de "Sul" e "Centro-Oeste" ou o Brazil deveria ser dividido em apenas duas regiões (Norte-Sul, Leste-Oeste ou Oriente-Ocidente). Obs: Essa resposta não foi apenas dirigida ao usuário "Jim10701", mas a todos que tiverem essa duvida. Agradeço a atenção. 189.36.234.145 (talk) 17:15, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Well, 2013 was a while ago, and so was 2017. So I am going to rely on my imperfect Portuguese, which means I could misunderstand something. However, there are at least two common systems for dividing Brazil into regions. The one I am most familiar with says that Bahia is part of the Northeast of Brazil (although it is sometimes described as the Northeast coast). However, (skipping Sergipe and Alagoas which were split off from Bahia and Pernambuco) at times when the NE coast is talked about it is more Pernambuco and North (Ceara etc.) There are geographical/climatological/historical reasons why much of Bahia is not part of the Northeast. Further, Bahia was for a while the Colonial Capital of Brazil. Which made it a dividing point. So it is mostly a convention and not a geographical thing.P2dwight (talk) 03:35, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Brazilian chiming in! I know this topic is old, but I feel I should give an explanation to why is Bahia on the Northeast region: the current regionalization of Brazil is being observed since 1970, before that specific arrangement, Bahia (and Sergipe) were usually grouped with Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, the regions group the states according to physical and socioeconomic aspects. Bastewasket (talk) 02:23, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:36, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Bahia Köppen.svg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:42, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Bahia Product Exports (2020).svg

Section heading locations
The section headings History and Universo Paralello are on the right. Can anything be done so that they're on the left like the others? Mcljlm (talk) 16:12, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

 * @Mcljlm can you give us some more details about your set-up (ex. mobile or desktop, browser, etc.)? They all appear on the left for me. -- Nsophiay (talk) 14:57, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm looking at the page on my desktop. Now I see Universo Paralello on the left but History isn't. Mcljlm (talk) 15:56, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm also on desktop and I don't see that in any browser (unless you're talking about the fact that an image is blocking the heading from being entirely on the left?). Otherwise you might want to try clearing your cache and reloading. -- Nsophiay (talk) 00:28, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The image blocking the heading from being entirely on the left is exactly what I'm referring to . Looking at some of the previous versions it appears that at one time Economy wasn't on the left but it is now. Mcljlm (talk) 18:22, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Should be fixed now (I put some of the images into a gallery). -- Nsophiay (talk) 02:27, 24 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, much better. Mcljlm (talk) 10:23, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Page formatting with images
@Moxy I added the gallery of images yesterday to clean up the page a bit because it's so overloaded with images and that's affecting how headings and paragraphs are displayed (see above discussion). The images that are now in the gallery used to all be on the right-side of the Regions section, which resulted in the Koppen climate map being pushed down to History. Hence why I grouped them together and moved them to the bottom of the Geography section. I also moved the pie chart to the left because otherwise there's an unseemly gap between the Largest cities subheading and the list of cities.

I am still a fairly new Wikipedian, so maybe this was not the best solution. Do you have any suggestions (especially on the Largest cities gap issue)? Just remove some images? -- Nsophiay (talk) 16:24, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bahia


text: Category:Oripavines

title: Category:Oripavines


text:
Mushabbar

Mushabbar may refer to:

 * Mushabbar, third son of Harun (Aaron in the Bible)
 * Al Muhsin, third son of Ali and Fatima, also known as Mushabbar

title: Mushabbar


text:
Category:Synthetic opioids

Opioid

title: Category:Synthetic opioids


text:
Cosimo Boscaglia

Cosimo Boscaglia (c. 1550 – 1621) was a professor of philosophy at the University of Pisa in Italy. He is the first person known to have accused Galileo of possible heresy for defending the heliocentric system of Copernicus, in 1613.

title: Cosimo Boscaglia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wikipedist

The page as it stands contains basically a copy of the preamble to Wikipedians, plus some content which would be better suited at Meta, plus a not quite NPOV example of an incident which happened to the author. I don't think the content is appropriate. Move the content for Meta to Meta and redirect, or delete. Dysprosia 07:40, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * yeah, what he said! 138.88.173.188 07:45, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. This page bothers me. As do all sorts of vampire fruit fanpages. Yath 07:45, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. (!) User can recreate it on meta if sie wants. —Lady Lysiŋe Ikiŋsile | Talk 07:44, 2004 Jul 25 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambivalenthysteria 08:36, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It wouldn't be appropriate on Meta either unless labelled POV. If it's to go anywhere, it should be a user subpage. Angela. 13:31, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a user in a snit that his insistence that vampire watermelons were a Pratchett invention was knocked back by people with actual references - David Gerard 13:47, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - reasons as stated above. -- Cyrius|✎ 22:41, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not useful. Dpbsmith 00:01, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Tableround

A tableround is a traditional academic feast known at universities in most Middle and Eastern European countries. At a tableround, tables usually are placed in the form of a U or a W, the participants drink beer and sing commercium songs. A more formal form of the tableround is the commercium. Tableround probably shares the same roots with Cantus and Sitsit.

title: Tableround


text:
Talk:Django

This page was listed for "Speedy deletion" because we were unable to tell what the page was about. I added the context that the page is about a character in the One Piece series of anime and manga, and added the "stub" marker. I believe this is no longer a candidate for speedy deletion, and removed the deletion marker. -- Creidieki 07:44, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC) What about Django the Pug?

Django Reinhardt
I don't get this line from the introduction: " ... because it fit with his first name." How does "I awake" fit with Jean Baptiste? - DavidWBrooks 22:36, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

I have now removed that phrase, and also the apparently incorrect assertion that his middle name was Baptiste. - DavidWBrooks 20:09, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Page clean-up
The point of a disambiguation page is not to list every possible use of a particular word in the English language; disambiguation pages are meant to assist a Wikipedia user in finding an existing page whose topic is (or could also be) the actual word used in their search query.

Having said that I performed the following edits:
 * Removed reference "Django is a Romany term meaning "I awake". Definitions of words do not belong on disambiguation pages.
 * Removed links to biographical articles whose subject's full name contains the name "Django" such as King Django or Django Bates; I found no evidence that these artists are or were ever referred to simply by the name "Django"
 * The same goes for Django Reinhardt Jazz Festival, the album Return of Django, no evidence found that either would be simply known as "Django"
 * Removed any red links or references to topics which do not have articles of their own or lack coverage elsewhere in Wikipedia
 * Removed link to Jango Fett, however I added link to the Jango disambiguation page under "See also" and did the same on the Jango page.

For more info, please see Disambiguation and Manual of Style (disambiguation pages) for more info. Marchije (talk) 08:51, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Django (character)
Should have an entry separate from the film, as he's been reused in dozens of other films. --NEMT (talk) 01:55, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Feel free to make the article! - DavidWBrooks (talk) 02:09, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't know if an article is necessary (it's explained pretty well on Django (film)), just a mention on the disambig. --NEMT (talk) 02:26, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Reinhardt as primary topic
I have returned Django Reinhardt to the top of the article even though an (IMHO) overly literal reading of wikipedia suggestions (not mandates, remember) indicates it should be otherwise.

My reasoning: the point of a disambiguation page is to help the reader and since virtually all these Djangos were inspired by Reinhardt, who is by far the best known of the batch, it is not helpful to readers to bury his reference amid obscurities by following alphabetical order. Again, the point of this article is to aid readers, not just to follow our own rules. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 15:35, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

 * In hopes of resolving this, I've incorporated a technique that's been used on some other dab pages to put the two most likely topics, the character and Reinhardt, at the top. The character is at the top because he is referred to only as "Django", and would be searched for only by that name, unlike Reinhardt, who would more likely be searched for as "Django Reinhardt." Putting Reinhardt directly below the character is a compromise I am offering. If you want more, I suggest you create a move request to move this page to Django (disambiguation) so that Django can redirect to Django Reinhardt, which would mean recognizing that Reinhardt is the primary topic for "Django", and which would likely require more evidence that readers who search for "Django" are more likely to be searching for Reinhardt than for any other usage; your assertion that Reinhardt is obviously the most super-important is not very good evidence to that end. Theoldsparkle (talk) 16:13, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

 * That's quite reasonable - thanks. The spaghetti western name seems to be taken from Reinhardt (from the article: "Cox also attempts to clarify the name Django, stating how it appears to be “a sick joke on the part of Corbucci and his screenwriter-brother Bruno” as it seems to make reference to jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt ...") but your argument about setting it up seems very useful. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 18:28, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I've restored the one-sentence etymology. WP:MOSDAB allows for exceptions to the general guidelines where they are warranted, an in this case I believe one is clearly warranted. Regardless of whether or not Reinhardt is the primary topic, he is the reason this hitherto extremely obscure word manifested in a plethora of subsequent iterations, and that should be made clear. However, to have a primary topic page dedicated to that information would be overkill. A brief etymology here makes the most sense.Sylvain1972 (talk) 15:58, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

Jingo Django
According to Wikipedia's article on "Albert Sidney Fleischman (March 16, 1920 – March 17, 2010), or Sid Fleischman", a book exists named "Jingo Django". My memory (which I will not attest to be infallible) is that the central character starts in an orphanage believing his name is "Jingo" and later finds out (I am omitting spoilers here) that he is of what the book refers to as "Gypsy" ethnicity and that "Jingo" is some kind of bureaucratic garbling of his real name, "Django". There is a list of fictional characters in the article of which this page is the talk-page, and this boy named "Django" is not in that list.2604:2000:C6AA:B400:1465:FEEF:436:CABF (talk) 18:19, 1 October 2015 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson

Django song by band Shadowrise
Someone removed my addition of the song Django by band Shadowrise. Why? JohnMasinter (talk) 01:51, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Because it needs a blue link to an existing article on Wikipedia, per WP:DAB. As we don't even seem to have an article about Shadowrise, there is nowhere for it to target. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 01:55, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Django


text:
User:Creidieki

Myself
Hello! I'm a graduate student in computer science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. I primarily edit complexity-theory articles and perform maintenance tasks.

Conflict of Interest
I am currently doing research in descriptive complexity, with Neil Immerman as my research advisor. Many of my edits focus on what I have recently been learning, including the research of Neil Immerman. I am careful to limit myself to published, peer-reviewed sources, to cite these sources, and to identify the source of the information in the text. (In ongoing research, "Neil Immerman defines this as..." is often more appropriate than "This is..." anyway).

That being said, if there is anything I can improve about how I deal with these areas, please leave me a message on my talk page. On the request of any user, I will gladly stop editing any article or set of articles in this area. We can use this time to discuss the article content without risking a revert war, or for me to solicit comments on RFC about how I can improve, or about the appropriateness of my behavior. Feel free to leave such requests anonymously.

Maintenance work

I was the originator of Articles for creation.

Articles I've written
conditional entropy, conditional quantum entropy, joint entropy, coherent information, joint quantum entropy

L (complexity), NL (complexity), FP (complexity)

Comparison of normal-order evaluation and applicative-order evaluation

sodium phosphate (now merged into trisodium phosphate), hair care, OpenOffice.org Calc, error message

Articles I've contributed to significantly

 * M. King Hubbert
 * Stern-Gerlach experiment

User:Creidieki/Redirects

User:Creidieki/AFC_Templates

User:Creidieki/Help:Contents

title: User:Creidieki


text:
Talk:Larry Tesler

Autobio
''Note: The article edit of 05:16, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC) and the discussion edit of 05:24, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC), both attributed to 207.171.180.101, were made by me before I realized they were going to appear to be anonymous. The first edit was a correction/clarification. The second edit deleted a comment that Stan Shebs had made about a false statement in the article that he had already removed. I was also the person who augmented my own entry in the List of programmers at 21:53, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC). If the community objects to my editing my own entry, go ahead and revert it.'' --Larry Tesler 06:58, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I think it's great - we're glad to have you! Going right to the source certainly cuts down on the loss of accuracy during the telephone game.  Hey, if you get a chance, could you please take a look at my mention of you in mode error and correct anything I may have gotten wrong?  Thanks!  Oh, and according to this policy, autobiography, small edits seem fine.  Spalding 12:31, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

The article says I joined 23andMe in 2008. True, but that's not where I am now. I left 23andme in June 2009. I am now consulting. As far as I know, there is no independent reference for that fact, only my website, my LinkedIn page and my Gorilla Foundation Board Member blurb, all written by me. Larry Tesler (talk) 22:55, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

successors and enthusiastic - LISA
Hi

I am not sure about the validity of the "enthusiastic" quote so have simply added the successors

Chaosdruid (talk) 19:07, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

 * "Lisa's later high end replacement the Macintosh Plus."
 * Lisa's replacement was the low end Macintosh 128k. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.5.27.97 (talk) 21:11, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Adding Law of Conservation of Complexity to the author page, or as a new page
The Book "Designing Interactions" by Dan Saffer (book link) has an interview with Larry Tesler, wherein the Law of conservation of complexity was discussed, and since then it became quite popular amongst the User Experience and the Interaction Design Professionals as a reference point.

The reference interview can be found at http://www.designingforinteraction.com/tesler.html Another prominent Usability practitioner, Bruce Tognazzini has mentioned about this law and Larry Tessler in his 1998 piece "The Complexity Paradox"

So, the proposal is to add the following text to the Larry Tesler page, or a new page altogether.

Law of Conservation of Complexity

Between 1983-85, Larry Tesler was involved in developing the MacApp object-oriented framework at Apple. He advocated a three-layer code model. In addition to the Macintosh Toolbox--a shared software library--and the application itself, he made the case for an intermediate layer that implemented what he called a "generic application". A generic application was a real interactive program--with windows, menus, and commands--that did nothing at all, but did it in a standard way. You could create, open, save and print documents, but the documents lacked form and were empty of content. You built your actual application by modifying the generic application in an object-oriented way. To sell the idea to Apple management and independent software vendors, he came up with the "Law of Conservation of Complexity"

The law of Conservation of Complexity states that : "Every application must have an inherent amount of irreducible complexity. The only question is who will have to deal with it."

Ashish Tiwari (talk) 13:19, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

web page nomodes.com doesn't seem to be Larry Tesler's
Probably ought to remove the errant link 2020-02-19

Also Larry Tesler's other links from 2009 in this talk page are dead ends, no longer found 2020-02-19 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8806:2402:100:494d:13cc:3996:bcf4 (talk) 03:59, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

On his martial status
When I was updating this after news of his death, I was trying to confirm his (latest) wife's name. IEEE Spectrum clearly has it as Colleen, and you can find several non-news/non-reliable sources that clearly show that Larry Tesler and "Colleen Barton" attended several events together. (eg: a Stanford AI Lab reunion list), and you can go back to find Getty photos of the two of them at events in 1987ish (eg ) I just have not found any definitive proof of their marriage, everything is (from a WP:BLP standpoint) second-hand knowledge. I'm also surprised no obit yet has mentioned this either. In any case, I'm just leaving my research here in case someone hits on a firm source that confirms their marriage. IEEE Spectrum does mention a daughter too but that's from his first marriage right out of college. --M asem (t) 14:05, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * And NYTimes obit confirms. --M asem  (t) 21:23, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Date of death
This article gives Larry Tesler's date of death as February 16 2020, but in the list of deaths for February 2020, it is given as February 17 2020. Vorbee (talk) 18:34, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Every original source - all US based - says he died Monday. Which is the 17th. I dn't know where people are getting 16th from. --M asem (t) 21:20, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh wait, the NYTimes (which is more authoritive) has said he died Sunday night. So the 16th would be right then. --M asem (t) 21:21, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 February 2020
In the last sentence of para 3, sub sec 1.3 Larry Tesler, pls change
 * "By 1997, Tesler decided to leave Apple, and one of his last acts was to shutter the Advanced Technology Group as Apple was financially struggling, too much to support such a research program at that time."

to
 * "Tesler decided to leave Apple in 1997. One of his last acts was to close the Advanced Technology Group as Apple was struggling too much financially to support such a research program at that time."

Thx 121.44.38.245 (talk) 02:14, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 02:25, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you! 121.44.38.245 (talk) 04:46, 21 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Larry Tesler