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User talk:Sritharan

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Please don't insert articles that have been printed elsewhere; it violates copyright. Also bear in mind our neutrality policy. Thanks very much, and see Copyright for more details. Best, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:41, 2004 Jul 26 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sritharan


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Switch (debit card)

Switch was a debit card brand in the United Kingdom from 1988 until 2002. It was then merged with Maestro, which is owned by MasterCard.

History
Switch was launched in 1988 by Midland Bank, National Westminster Bank and The Royal Bank of Scotland as a multifunction cheque guarantee and cash card. The brand was merged with Maestro, an international debit card brand owned by Mastercard, at the end of 2002.

This merger was referred to as the "penguin wedding," due to its distinctive advertisements of penguins in different international settings created by Joel Veitch. Since then, Switch has been out of circulation and banks migrated customers from Switch to Maestro. The deal was announced in August 2002.

The merger was also intended to increase the acceptance of foreign Maestro cards in the United Kingdom. However, despite the Maestro brand name, point of sale transactions in the United Kingdom were still processed by Switch Card Services Limited, later S2 Card Services Limited.

Consequently, many retailers who advertise that they accept Maestro could only accept cards issued in the United Kingdom, i.e. former Switch cards that supported both UK Domestic Maestro (UKDM) and Maestro International functionality. In March 2011, Mastercard aligned UK Domestic Maestro with the standard international Maestro proposition, ending its status as a separate card scheme.

This change also led to the discontinuation of Solo debit cards.

Switch/Maestro cards issued by certain banks carried an issue number on the bottom of the card corresponding to the number of times a card had been issued on a particular account. This was usually because the current account number the card was linked to actually formed a large part of the card number, and therefore the card number could not be readily changed in case of loss or the card expiring.

The term "Switch" was commonly used to refer to debit cards in the United Kingdom; however, the brand is largely forgotten now.

In January 2009, First Direct and HSBC discontinued the use of Maestro card, issuing Visa Debit cards to new customers, and a gradual roll out throughout 2009 to existing customers. In September of the same year, Clydesdale Bank and Yorkshire Bank, both owned by National Australia Bank, started the process of replacing the Maestro card with a Debit Mastercard for their current accounts, except for the Readycash and Student accounts, for which the Maestro card continued to be issued.

Likewise, in the same month the then Royal Bank of Scotland Group (Europe's largest debit card issuer which includes the Royal Bank of Scotland, NatWest, Coutts and Ulster Bank) switched from Maestro to Visa Debit, a process that would take two years to complete.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Switch (debit card)


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Big Sandy River (Tennessee)

The Big Sandy River is a 60 mi tributary of the Tennessee River in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Via the Tennessee and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. The Big Sandy rises about 5 mi northwest of Lexington, in the same vicinity as two other important rivers of West Tennessee, the Beech River and the Middle Fork of the Forked Deer River.

From near its source downstream, much of the Big Sandy River has been channelized. It crosses into Carroll County near the community of Yuma. In Carroll County, it passes slightly east of the town of Bruceton. Turning somewhat northeast, it crosses into Benton County. The former channel (prior to channelization) of the Big Sandy forms several miles of the boundary between Benton County and Henry County. The lower Big Sandy is impounded by the Kentucky Dam project of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); it forms the biggest single embayment on Kentucky Lake.

The head of the embayment is the site of the town of Big Sandy and nearby is a major "dewatering area". This is an almost flat area (superficially resembling a tidal flat) which is flooded or not, depending on TVA's assessment of a proper level for Kentucky Lake, taking into consideration flood control, navigation, electrical power needs, and recreation (in that order, according to the 1933 act establishing the Authority). Another, even larger, dewatering area is maintained by the help of an auxiliary dam on a tributary, West Sandy Creek.

Despite the extensive channelization activity, much of what the river must have been prior to this can be seen in the wetlands surrounding it near the Interstate 40 bridge and also along State Route 69 between Camden and Paris.

Mercury contamination
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) has been collecting data on possible contaminates in the numerous fish species in the Big Sandy River and embayment. These studies started in 2009 and continued through 2014. After which an advisory was issued including all of the Big Sandy and its embayment on the Tennessee River. The advisory states that Largemouth bass and spotted bass can have mercury contamination, and that children, expecting mothers, and mothers who are breastfeeding should not consume them at all. The advisory goes on to state that all others should limit their consumption to these bass species to once per month. Mercury can have serious effects on the development of children.

Mercury contamination is contained in the muscular tissue of the fish, instead of the fat tissue like other contaminants. These larger predatory fish like the Largemouth and spotted bass become more contaminated, by biomagnification, as the mercury moves up the food chain. Producer organisms become contaminated, then the fish that eat them can become 10 times as contaminated as the level of the food chain below them, this contamination increases in strength as it moves up the food chain to these top predators in the environment. The contamination levels in other fish like the crappie, blue gill, shellcrackers, and catfish were all listed as safe to consume.

After the advisory was posted about the bass contamination, several members of the public expressed concerns to the TDEC at a public meeting, about possible contamination in the backwater area of the West Sandy Creek at Springville, TN. After the tested was completed an advisory was issued that Bass and Crappie in the backwater area, locally known as the Springville Bottom, had high levels of mercury contamination. The advisory follows:

title: Big Sandy River (Tennessee)


text: Category:IBM software

title: Category:IBM software


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Johan Museeuw

Johan Museeuw (born 13 October 1965) is a retired Belgian professional road racing cyclist who was a professional from 1988 until 2004. Nicknamed The Lion of Flanders, he was particularly successful in the cobbled classics of Flanders and Northern France and was considered one of the best classic races specialists of the 1990s.

He won both the Tour of Flanders and Paris–Roubaix three times and was road world champion in 1996. Other notable career achievements include two individual stage wins in the Tour de France, two final classifications of the UCI Road World Cup, two national road race championships and several classic cycle races. In 1996 he received the Vélo d'Or, awarded annually to the rider considered to have performed the best over the year.

Early life and amateur career
Born in Varsenare, Museeuw grew up in Gistel, West Flanders. His father Eddy had been a professional cyclist for two seasons, albeit without much success. As a junior and amateur, Museeuw practiced cyclo-cross in winter and had a few minor successes on the road.

1988–1989: The early years
Johan Museeuw started his professional career in 1988 with ADR. In 1989 he was part of the ADR team with which Greg LeMond won his second Tour de France. During the Tour, Museeuw headed the peloton for days on end for his team leader who wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification.

1990–1992: Sprinter
In 1990 he signed for the Lotto team and won two prestigious stages in the 1990 Tour de France. He won the uphill-sprint stage to Mont Saint-Michel and the final stage of the Tour in Paris, both in a mass sprint. In an era of successful breakaways, he was an unfortunate sprinter, being unable to win further individual stages.

In 1991 he won several stage wins in smaller stage races and in August he won the Championship of Zürich, his first win in a World Cup race. In 1992 he placed third in Milan–San Remo, winning the peloton sprint behind Sean Kelly and Moreno Argentin. He won E3 Harelbeke, his first cobbled semi-classic race win, and the Belgian national road race title in Peer. He was second in the final points classification of the 1992 Tour de France behind Frenchman Laurent Jalabert for the second time. He did not win a stage, despite having won every peloton sprint behind a group of escapees that year.

1993–1994: First classics victories
In 1993 he moved to MG-GB, the team of manager Patrick Lefevere, with whom he developed a special friendship. With Lefevere, he converted from sprinter to classics specialist. He traded his powerful sprint for more endurance and stamina that allowed him to compete in the spring classics, specializing in the cobbled classics Paris–Roubaix and the Tour of Flanders. He had a strong spring campaign in 1993: after winning a stage in Paris–Nice and Dwars door Vlaanderen, he started as one of the favourites in the Tour of Flanders. Museeuw won the Tour of Flanders in a two-man sprint with Frans Maassen, taking his first win in a monument classic. In the 1993 Tour de France he wore the yellow jersey for two days after a strong prologue and team time trial, and he placed second in the final points classification a third time. At the end of 1993, he won Paris–Tours, taking his third World Cup win.

In 1994 he won Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne and was a front-runner in all cobbled classics, but could win none. He narrowly missed his second victory in the Tour of Flanders, when he was beaten by Gianni Bugno in the sprint by 7 mm. One week later, in Paris–Roubaix, he was in a furious pursuit of Andrei Tchmil, but suffered a mechanical failure on the cobbles and finished 13th. He ended his spring campaign with a victory in the Amstel Gold Race after a two-man sprint with Italian Bruno Cenghialta, his fourth World Cup win. In the Tour de France, he wore the yellow jersey again for three days, before losing it to Miguel Induráin in the long time trial to Bergerac. He ended the year in sixth position of the UCI Road World Rankings.

1995–1997: World Cup and World Champion
In 1995 his MG–GB team merged with Mapei–Clas, forming the strong Italian-Belgian Mapei team that dominated cycling's classic races in the 1990s. He won the 1995 Tour of Flanders, earning him the nickname The Lion of Flanders in the Flemish media. Later he won the Championship of Zürich and won the final standings of the 1995 World Cup, confirming his status as the best one-day classic rider of the year.

In 1996 he won the Brabantse Pijl, but was third in the Tour of Flanders after suffering mechanical failure. The next week, he finally claimed his first victory in Paris–Roubaix. His Mapei–GB team dominated the race and Museeuw arrived together with his Italian teammates Gianluca Bortolami and Andrea Tafi on the Roubaix Velodrome. Team manager Patrick Lefevere received a phone call from the office of Mapei's managing director, Giorgio Squinzi, ordering Museeuw to win the race. In the summer he won his second Belgian national road race title, but again failed to win a stage in the Tour de France. After a disappointing performance in Paris–Tours, where he wanted to secure his overall lead in the World Cup, he stated he intended to quit cycling altogether. He changed his mind and started the next week in the world championship road race, where he was not considered a favourite because of the mountainous course in Lugano. To the surprise of many, and on his 31st birthday, Museeuw became world champion after a long breakaway with Mauro Gianetti, beating the Swiss in a two-man sprint. Subsequently, he went on to win his second World Cup final standing.

In 1997 Museeuw started the year with three stage wins in the Ruta del Sol and Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne, but failed to take another World Cup win. A crash in Milan–San Remo and the Tour of Flanders and a puncture in Paris–Roubaix prevented him from achieving success. He finished sixth in Liège–Bastogne–Liège, his best result in the Ardennes classic. He abandoned in the 18th stage of the Tour de France, in the rainbow jersey, after several unsuccessful attempts to win a stage in a breakaway. He went on to defend his world title in San Sebastián, but missed the winning breakaway and finished eighth.

1998–2000: Injury-ridden years
In 1998, one week after winning E3 Harelbeke and the Brabantse Pijl in the same weekend, he won the Tour of Flanders, thereby equaling the race's record of three wins. One week later, Museeuw made a horrific fall in Paris–Roubaix on the Trouée d'Arenberg cobbled sector, leaving his kneecap shattered. On top came a dangerous gangrene infection which nearly forced doctors to amputate his left leg. He fought back and resumed cycling after a long healing process, finishing third in the Tour of Flanders of 1999 and ninth in Paris–Roubaix, exactly one year after his horror crash. In 2000 he won Paris–Roubaix a second time after a 44 km solo. Upon crossing the finish line in victory, he lifted his left leg, pointing to his knee as a reminder of the injury that had almost ended his career two years before. Later that year, he was seriously injured while riding a motor cycle with his wife and son. He suffered severe head trauma and spent several days in a coma. All three would recover, but it was his dogged determination that saw him again reach the pinnacle of the sport. His powerful riding style won him legions of fans all over the world and made him all the more popular in his native Flanders.

2001–2002: Domo–Farm Frites
In 2001 he moved with team manager Patrick Lefevere to Domo–Farm Frites, where he worked on his comeback after his second accident. He placed second in Paris–Roubaix and fifth in the Amstel Gold Race. He started a last time in the Tour de France, but abandoned in the Pyrenees stages.

In 2002 he was back on top of his game, with a second place in the Tour of Flanders and a third victory in Paris–Roubaix. His win in the Hell classic was his tenth victory in a World Cup race. Later the same year he won the HEW Cyclassics in Hamburg, totaling 11 World Cup wins.

2003–2004: Final years
In 2003 he followed Lefevere to the newly set up team. He won the Omloop Het Volk early in the season, but an illness obstructed his preparation for the classics. Towards the end of his career, he acted as a mentor to Tom Boonen, who was widely considered to be Museeuw's successor as leading figure in the cobbled classics. In his last years as a professional he attempted to set a new record in the cobbled classics, aiming to win the Tour of Flanders or Paris–Roubaix a fourth time, but failed. With six combined victories in the Tour of Flanders and Paris–Roubaix, he held the record of combined victories in these races until Boonen improved it in 2012.

Museeuw ended his career in the spring of 2004 after 17 years as a professional and 59 professional victories. In his last classic race, the 2004 Paris–Roubaix, he punctured 5 km before the finish while riding in the leading breakaway, thereby losing his last chance of equalling Roger De Vlaeminck's record. He finished in tears, in fifth place, together with his long-time rival Peter Van Petegem. Museeuw's last race was three days later, the Scheldeprijs in Belgium, on 14 April 2004, won by his young teammate Tom Boonen. A farewell race was organized on 2 May in his home town Gistel. After his retirement, Museeuw took up a non-riding position with. He has donated many of his trophies to museums, including the Centrum Ronde van Vlaanderen, but retains three trophies from his Tour of Flander's, Paris–Roubaix and World Championship wins.

Doping
In 2003 a doping allegation surfaced in which Museeuw was implicated. Press reports insinuated the use of human growth hormone which he obtained from veterinarian José Landuyt. Police authorities claimed that Museeuw had purchased banned substances in 2003. They recorded phone conversations between Museeuw and Landuyt speaking of wasps as a codeword for Aranesp, a synthetic hormone known to increase red blood cell levels. Despite the absence of direct evidence, it was ruled in 2004 that there was sufficient argument for his athletic suspension for two years and referral to the criminal court.

On 24 January 2007, Museeuw confessed to the charges in a press conference, revealing that he had "not been completely honest in his last year as a professional, as he wanted to end his career in style", and announcing his resignation from his Quick Step team.

In December 2008 Museeuw was convicted for doping offences by a Belgian Court, together with former cyclists Jo Planckaert and Chris Peers who were involved in the same affair. Museeuw was given a 10-month suspended sentence, a fine of €2.500 and further litigations.

In September 2012 Museeuw gave an interview for Flemish newspaper Gazet van Antwerpen, stating that "nearly every rider of his generation doped", thereby implicitly confessing to the true extent of his doping use. He also stated that he is convinced the current generation of riders is "the cleanest cycling has ever seen". In 2018, he expressed concerns that, although comfortable about discussing former doping offences, he worries "if we keep talking about [doping], the new generation cannot show that they are different".

Major results

 * Road

 * 1989
 * 2nd GP Impanis
 * 2nd Grand Prix d'Isbergues
 * 3rd Overall Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Stage 5
 * 3rd Paris–Tours

 * 1990
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 4 & 21
 * 1st Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
 * 2nd Overall Three Days of De Panne
 * 1st Stage 3b
 * 1st Stage 1 Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour de l'Oise
 * 2nd Overall Nissan Classic
 * 1st Stage 3
 * 2nd Gent–Wevelgem
 * 3rd Scheldeprijs
 * 9th Milan–San Remo
 * 9th Amstel Gold Race

 * 1991
 * 1st Züri-Metzgete
 * 1st Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 * Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Stages 2 & 5
 * 1st Stage 3b Midi Libre
 * 1st Stage 2 Tour of Britain
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 2nd Rund um den Henninger-Turm
 * 3rd Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 4
 * 3rd Overall Nissan Classic
 * 1st Stage 3
 * 3rd Paris–Brussels
 * 5th UCI Road World Rankings
 * 9th Paris–Tours
 * 10th Overall Vuelta a Aragón
 * 10th Amstel Gold Race

 * 1992
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 1st Stage 5 Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Stage 1 Bicicleta Vasca
 * 1st Stage 1b Vuelta a Asturias
 * 1st Stage 2 Tre Valli Varesine
 * 2nd Amstel Gold Race
 * 2nd Scheldeprijs
 * 2nd Grote Prijs Jef Scherens
 * 2nd Circuito de Getxo
 * 3rd Milan–San Remo
 * 3rd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 7th UCI Road World Rankings
 * 7th Paris–Roubaix
 * 8th UCI Road World Cup

 * 1993
 * 1st Tour of Flanders
 * 1st Paris–Tours
 * 1st Dwars door België
 * 1st Stage 4 (TTT) Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Stage 4 Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stage 4 Hofbrau Cup
 * 2nd UCI Road World Cup
 * 2nd Le Samyn
 * 3rd Paris–Brussels
 * 4th Paris–Roubaix
 * 6th UCI Road World Rankings
 * 8th Wincanton Classic

 * 1994
 * 1st Amstel Gold Race
 * 1st Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 1st Stage 3 (TTT) Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 8 Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Stage 1a Tour Méditerranéen
 * 1st Teleport Derny Amsterdam
 * 2nd UCI Road World Cup
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 2nd Züri-Metzgete
 * 2nd Binche–Chimay–Binche
 * 2nd GP Impanis-Van Petegem
 * 3rd Gent–Wevelgem
 * 6th UCI Road World Rankings

 * 1995
 * 1st Mens World Cup leaders jersey.png UCI Road World Cup
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 4
 * 1st Tour of Flanders
 * 1st Züri-Metzgete
 * 1st Omloop de Vlaamse Ardennen
 * 1st Trofeo Laigueglia
 * 1st Druivenkoers Overijse
 * 1st Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
 * 1st Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 * 3rd Paris–Roubaix
 * 3rd Clásica de San Sebastián
 * 3rd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 4th UCI Road World Rankings
 * 5th Leeds Classic
 * 7th Amstel Gold Race
 * 8th Rund um den Henninger-Turm

 * 1996
 * 1st Mens World Cup leaders jersey.png UCI Road World Cup
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * 1st Brabantse Pijl
 * 1st Omloop Mandel-Leie-Schelde
 * 1st Stage 1 Giro di Puglia
 * 2nd Paris–Brussels
 * 3rd Tour of Flanders
 * 3rd Amstel Gold Race
 * 3rd Leeds Classic
 * 3rd Züri-Metzgete
 * 4th UCI Road World Rankings
 * 6th Grand Prix des Nations
 * 8th Milan–San Remo
 * 10th Road race, Olympic Games

 * 1997
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 3b (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Three Days of De Panne
 * 1st Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 1st LuK Challenge Chrono (with Oskar Camenzind)
 * 2nd Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Stages 2, 4 & 5
 * 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
 * 2nd Scheldeprijs
 * 3rd Paris–Roubaix
 * 6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 7th Grand Prix des Nations
 * 9th UCI Road World Rankings

 * 1998
 * 1st Tour of Flanders
 * 1st E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 1st Brabantse Pijl

 * 1999
 * 1st Dwars door België
 * 1st Omloop Mandel-Leie-Schelde
 * 2nd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 3rd Tour of Flanders
 * 4th HEW Cyclassics
 * 6th UCI Road World Cup
 * 9th Paris–Roubaix

 * 2000
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * 1st Omloop Het Volk
 * 1st Brabantse Pijl
 * 3rd Gent–Wevelgem

 * 2001
 * 2nd Paris–Roubaix
 * 5th Amstel Gold Race
 * 9th UCI Road World Cup

 * 2002
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * 1st HEW Cyclassics
 * 1st Stage 3 Tour de Wallonie
 * 1st Profronde van Almelo
 * 2nd UCI Road World Cup
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 3rd E3 Harelbeke
 * 4th Overall Guldensporentweedaagse
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 5th Classic Haribo
 * 7th Druivenkoers Overijse
 * 9th Dwars door Vlaanderen
 * 10th Gent–Wevelgem

 * 2003
 * 1st Omloop Het Volk
 * 1st Stage 3 Danmark Rundt
 * 3rd Memorial Rik Van Steenbergen
 * 7th Gent–Wevelgem

 * 2004
 * 5th Paris–Roubaix

Monuments results timeline

 * Criteriums

 * 1988
 * 1st GP Briek Schotte

 * 1989
 * 1st GP Deutsche Weinstrasse
 * 1st Criterium Oostende
 * 1st Criterium Deerlijk

 * 1990
 * 1st Criterium Aalst
 * 1st Criterium Dilsen
 * 1st Criterium Valkenswaard
 * 1st Criterium Lichtervelde

 * 1991
 * 1st Criterium De Haan
 * 1st Criterium Deerlijk
 * 1st Criterium Bavikhove

 * 1992
 * 1st Criterium Bellegem
 * 1st Criterium Peer

 * 1993
 * 1st GP Wielerrevue
 * 1st Criterium Hengeloo
 * 1st Criterium Bavikhove

 * 1994
 * 1st Criterium Made
 * 1st Wielsbeke
 * 1st Geraardsbergen
 * 1st Druivenkoers Overijse

 * 1995
 * 1st Criterium Bavikhove
 * 1st Criterium Graz

 * 1997
 * 1st Criterium Peer
 * 1st Criterium Kortrijk
 * 1st Criterium Karlsruhe
 * 1st Gala Tour de France

 * 1999
 * 1st Criterium Bavikhove
 * 1st GP Briek Schotte

 * 2001
 * 1st Dernycriterium Wilrijk

 * 2002
 * 1st Profronde van Made

 * 2004
 * 1st Afscheidscriterium Johan Museeuw

Honours and awards

 * Crystal Bicycle Best Professional Cyclist: 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2002
 * Vlaamse Reus: 1995
 * Sprint d'Or: 1995, 1996, 1997, 2002
 * Belgian National Sports Merit Award: 1996
 * Vélo d'Or Mondial: 1996
 * Swiss Mendrisio d'Or: 1996
 * Bici al Chiodo Award: 1996
 * Honorary Citizen of Jabbeke: 1996
 * Officer in the Belgian Order of Leopold: 2004
 * Johan Museeuw Classics: from 2018

title: Johan Museeuw


text:
Flea circus

A flea circus is a circus sideshow attraction in which fleas are attached (or appear to be attached) to miniature carts and other items, and encouraged to perform circus acts within a small housing.

History

The first records of flea performances were from watchmakers who were demonstrating their metalworking skills. In 1578, the London blacksmith Mark Scaliot produced a lock and chain that were attached to a flea.

The first recorded flea circus dates back to the early 1820s, when an Italian impresario called Louis Bertolotto advertised an "extraordinary exhibition of industrious fleas" on Regent Street, London. Bertolotto's flea shows included "four card-playing fleas, a flea orchestra (allegedly playing audibly), and a reenactment of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo". Bertolotto's book The History of the Flea (c. 1833) also promoted flea circuses. Flea performances with military themes such as staged "sword fights" among fleas, were popular in the 19th century.

Some flea circuses persisted in very small venues in the United States as late as the 1960s. The flea circus at Belle Vue Zoological Gardens, Manchester, England, was still operating in 1970. In 2013, there was still at least one genuine flea circus still performing (at the annual Oktoberfest in Munich, Germany ) and Svensons in the UK occasionally use real fleas, but most flea circuses are a sideline of magicians and clowns, and use electrical or mechanical effects instead of real fleas.

Techniques with real fleas
Fleas typically live only for a few months. They are observed to see if they have a predisposition for jumping or walking. Once sorted, they are harnessed by carefully wrapping a thin gold or copper wire around their neck. Once in the harness, the fleas usually stay in it for life. The harnesses are attached to the props and the strong legs of the flea allow them to move objects significantly larger than themselves. Jumping fleas are used for kicking small lightweight balls. They are carefully given a ball; when they try to jump away (which is not possible because of the harness), they shoot the ball instead. Running fleas can pull small carts and vehicles or rotate a Ferris wheel.

There are historical reports of fleas glued to the base of the flea circus enclosure. Miniature musical instruments were then glued to the flea performers and the enclosure was heated. The fleas fought to escape, giving the impression of playing instruments.

Techniques without real fleas
Some flea circuses may appear to use real fleas, but in fact do not. A variety of electrical, magnetic, and mechanical devices have been used to augment exhibits. In some cases, these mechanisms are responsible for all of the "acts", with loose fleas in the exhibit maintaining the illusion. These circuses are known as "Humbug" flea circuses. Michael Bentine gave a mechanical flea circus a regular slot on his television show It's a Square World in the 1960s.

Performers

Current flea circuses:
 * Professor A.G. Gertsacov's Acme Miniature Flea Circus has been touring the United States and Canada since 1996.
 * Svensons have been performing in the UK since 1999, and have appeared in media.
 * Swami Bill's Flea Circus is featured at the Denver County Fair.
 * Professor B's Flea Circus has been performing in Northern California, USA for the last few years.
 * The Flohcircus Birk at the Munich Oktoberfest in Germany.
 * Professor Humbug's Flea Circus performing at Seattle's famous Pike Place Market.
 * Captain Franko performs the flea circus across Europe from his base in France

In the 1990s, María Fernanda Cardoso toured the world with her installation art flea circus.

Professor Heckler's flea circus (in residence at Hubert's Dime Museum in Times Square, New York, until 1957) can be seen in the background of the films The Thief and Easy Rider. L. Bertolotto ran a famous flea circus in Regent Street, London.

In popular culture
Flea circuses have featured in cartoons, films, television shows, music, and novels.

title: Flea circus


text:
Adua

Adua may refer to:
 * Adwa, a town in northern Ethiopia
 * Italian submarine Adua
 * El Idwa, a city in the Minya Governorate, Egypt

title: Adua


text:
Talk:Petula Clark

Tony
Tony Hatch? Is that the same guy who wrote the theme for Crossroads? Mike H 18:19, 26 July 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is . . . user:SFTVLGUY2 — Preceding undated comment added 00:52, 9 November 2004 (UTC)

Revert
I've reverted a bunch of recent changes made by user:SFTVLGUY2. It looks like a complete rewrite, with some new material added, but all links and formatting lost in the process. Please feel free to re-incorporate the added information, but please don't destroy the hard work of others with your edits. Jgm 18:52, 8 November 2004 (UTC)

 * It was not my intention to "destroy" anyone's work. As a first-time visitor to Wikipedia, I thought I was properly editing the entry for Petula Clark by adding considerably more than "some" new material.  If anyone is guilt of "destroying" someone's hard work, it's Jgm, who removed everything I added by reverting the entry to its original and less-than-comprehensive form! User:SFTVLGUY2 — Preceding undated comment added 23:02, 8 November 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for restoring the links and formatting to the article, and for your expansion. Jgm 11:47, 9 November 2004 (UTC)

Your article is wonderful, Tom. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TrottieTrue (talk • contribs) 12:31, 22 November 2004 (UTC)

Gay Icon Project
In my effort to merge the now-deleted list from the article Gay icon to the Gay icons category, I have added this page to the category. I engaged in this effort as a "human script", adding everyone from the list to the category, bypassing the fact-checking stage. That is what I am relying on you to do. Please check the article Gay icon and make a judgment as to whether this person or group fits the category. By distributing this task from the regular editors of one article to the regular editors of several articles, I believe that the task of fact-checking this information can be expedited. Thank you very much. Philwelch 20:20, 24 March 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not see anything to support the notion of Petula Clark is a "gay icon". Can anyone else provide a link or any other source to support this contention? If not, I recommend the category be removed. 23skidoo 16:11, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I DO NOT think Petula Clark is a GAY ICON at all. SHe is not a diva-type person either privately or as a performer and is a wholesome, charming very much family orientated performer .  You only have to see her movies and hear her songs to recognise this.  Unlike the flamboyant Dame Shirley Bassey or the 'racked with a horrendous private life' Liza Minelli, Petula is down to earth and very normal.  She should be removed from this list. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.11.62 (talk) 02:54, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Since everyone who has commented here seems to be in agreement, I've removed the category from the article. Graham/pianoman87 talk 05:01, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Clark and Belafonte
" During a duet of an anti-war song she had composed, "On the Path of Glory," with guest Harry Belafonte, Clark innocently touched his arm, much to the dismay of a representative from Chrysler, the show's sponsor. When he insisted they substitute a different take, with Clark and Belafonte standing well away from each other, she and husband Woolf, producer of the show, refused and delivered the finished program to NBC with the touch intact. It aired to high ratings and much critical acclaim, and marked the first time a man and woman of different races touched on American television." I just had to add that I was so surprised to read that Clark's touch of Belofonte's arm was disapproved and the first ever seen on American televison between people of different racial backgrounds as late as 1968 --especially since they were also singing an Anti-War song. Great that Petula Clark and Harry Belafonte refused a more 'acceptable' take. At least most of the American viewers didn't share the same absurdity of the unwarranted dismay of the Chrysler company. Tari 22:09, 4 April 2005 (UTC)

 * Is that what that was about? I came here wondering what on earth the article was talking about, i.e. why this innocent touch of the arm was significant.  That it was a racial thing didn't even occur to me.
 * I think it might be advisable to mention what the issue was in the text. This is especially true for non-American readers, who may have no idea what race relations were like in the U.S. in the 1960s. --Saforrest 00:47, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * When was the first interracial kiss (on Star Trek?)--MartinUK (talk) 15:54, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The Kirk/Uhuru kiss aired in Nvember 1968. Wkharrisjr (talk) 02:37, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

The first on-screen interracial kiss was in A Taste of Honey in 1961.[User:Alberich4|Alberich4]] (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:33, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

Clark and the Carpenters
The information about Petula Clark discovering the Carpenters appears to be apochryphal. According to the duo's biographer, Ray Coleman, the Carpenters were already signed to A&M (and had released an album) when the label arranged for their appearance at the premiere of Goodbye, Mr. Chips in late 1969. They certainly weren't well known then, however, and Clark may have believed that she was hearing undiscovered talent. RBrown 09:39, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I have removed the information: that seems to be a reliable source. Graham/pianoman87 talk 13:47, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've edited the information in the Carpenters article as well. RBrown 15:55, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * On January 11, 2002, I attended a concert by Clark at the Carpenter Center for the Performing Arts in Long Beach, CA. She was introduced by Richard Carpenter who, in his opening remarks, stated that he and his sister owed her a debt of gratitude for having brought them to the attention of Herb Alpert. I assume when info like this comes straight from the horse's mouth, so to speak, it can be accepted as accurate. SFTVLGUY2 — Preceding undated comment added 13:10, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I am not doubting your account of the 2002 concert, but even first person accounts such as you describe can be faulty when removed by more than 30 years from an event. If the Goodbye, Mr. Chips premiere occurred in late 1969 and if that was where Clark first heard the Carpenters perform, then no, she would not have been the one to bring them to Alpert's attention.  They had already been signed to Alpert's label earlier that year and had already released the Offering LP by then. RBrown 03:59, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

The early years
Isn't it more likely that the mention of the U.S. Army should really be the British Army at El Alamein? She was very famous in the U.K., not very famous in the U.S.A., and the U.S. Army wasn't at El Alamein (certainly not in force) SteveCrook 01:33, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Reference to the U.S. Army is accurate, as documented in "This is My Song: A Biography of Petula Clark" by Andrea Kon, published by W.H. Allen & Co. Ltd., 1983 SFTVLGUY2 — Preceding undated comment added 14:21, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks. My wrong assumption. SteveCrook 00:32, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Nevertheless, the U.S. Army has never fought at El Alamein or anywhere else in Egypt. Just because you have a reference that says "U.S. Army" means that that reference is incorrect. There is no reason for swallowing fallacious references whole.
 * There were two major battles fought in and around El Alamein during World War II during 1940 - 42, and the Allied Armies there included parts of the British Army, the Australian Army, the army of New Zealand, the Indian Army, and the South African Army. Their opponents were part of the Italian Army and the Afrika Korps of Germany.
 * In North Africa, the U.S. Army and the U.S. Army Air Forces fought in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, with occasionally some long-range bombers that went to Libya to be able to bomb oilfields in Romania. The U.S. Navy also went to the western Mediterranean Sea to support American troops ashore, including in Italy and southern France, too, but never to the eastern Mediterranean. The whole idea of U.S. Army combat troops being in Egypt is very illogical, historically. 98.67.96.230 (talk) 02:30, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Few things in this world are so unreliable as a celebrity’s biography. Such works are merely publicity aimed at fans, who want thrills, not facts. They are generally confected by journalists, whose credo is always ‘Don’t get it right, just get it written.’

The International Petula Clark Forum
 This is a great, friendly and very active place for fans of Petula Clark to discuss the career and music of the great lady. The forum is administated by someone who has been running the long-standing Original PetulaClark-Listserver at Yahoo Groups for nearly nine years and has been operating this forum since 2005. It would be so nice to see a link included on Petula's Wikipedia page for this wonderful Forum Almil 12:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)Al

Use of International Dating format
Petula Clark is British. Using U.S. format (month/day/year) dates for this article is inappropriate under WP:DATE, which says:
 * If the topic itself concerns a specific country, editors may choose to use the date format used in that country. This is useful even if the dates are linked, because new users and users without a Wikipedia account do not have any date preferences set, and so they see whatever format was typed. See Manual of Style for more guidance.

Insisting that the article must use U.S. Dating format because the subject has American listeners and owns a house in Miami Beach is just bizarre. --Pete 23:45, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * As the dates have the month in words, both November 15 and 15 November are commonly found in use in Britain. If you stick to the Wikipedia standard then you can choose how to have the date displayed -- SteveCrook 23:58, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * As the reference indicates, users without an account (which is most users, being readers rather than editors) don't have date preferences set, and therefore see the raw format. --Pete 00:14, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * And as they use the month in words, it doesn't really matter. You don't get the same confusion you do with 11/12/06, not being sure if it's December 11th or November 12th -- SteveCrook 01:12, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It matters to readers who otherwise get the impression that Wikipedia is an American product, when in fact the focus is on internationalisation. Using the same logic, you could argue that using American spellings in a British article is fine, because everyone knows what is meant. --Pete 03:49, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * But as I said before, when the month is spelt out, both forms are in common use in Britain -- SteveCrook 03:55, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Feel free to amend the Manual of Style accordingly. Be prepared for a lot of resistance. I shall watch with interest. In the meantime, I shall continue to use International Dating format as per WP:DATE. --Pete 13:37, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Story behind "The Little Shoemaker"
About 10-15 years ago I read a biography of Clark that mentioned that some incident occurred just before she was to record "The Little Shoemaker" in 1952 (I believe it was a minor automobile accident) and she didn't want to go through with it. She was basically forced to and, despite the happy tone of the record, recorded it while glaring at her producer. Of course it then became a big hit, anyway. I think it would be interesting to add this bit of information to either this article or to the article on the song, but I can't do so without a source. Does anyone with a more complete library of Clark resources have a book or magazine article that can be used to cite this? The same article I read so many years ago also mentioned something about Clark not liking "My Love" and not wanting to record it, and that Charlie Chaplin did not approve of Clark singing a version of his composition "This is My Song" (that or he just didn't like the arrangement. 68.146.47.196 04:08, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

The story is sourced from Andrea Kon's biography of her — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.56.39 (talk) 22:35, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Fair use problems
User:Ssilvers asked me to review the fair use of non-free images in this article. I'm afraid there are several problems which must be resolved. I'll try to fix things up, starting tomorrow, but I'll probably have to remove a lot of images to bring the article up to standard. Specifically:

 * Image:PetulaParisOlympia.JPG - violates WP:NFCC: There is a free alternative (Image:PetulaClark2006.JPG) which can identify the artist.
 * Image:Petula Clark London Town.jpg, Image:YaYaTwist.jpg, Image:MaChanson.jpg, Image:PetClark.jpg, Image:Petulamemphis.jpg, Image:ClarkSteele.jpg, Image:ASignOfTheTimes.jpg, Image:HitParade.jpg - violates WP:NFCC: There is no fair use rationale for them to appear in article.
 * Image:DontEverLeaveMe.JPG - violates WP:NFCC: Resolution in maximum dimension should be 300-400px. Also, fair use rationale is not very good.
 * Non-free images must also never be used just to illustrate lists like discographies or filmographies.

I hope we can save a few of these from deletion, but I'll have to start tagging them tomorrow, when I have time. Papa November 00:40, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed "fact"
She also holds the distinction of having the longest span on the international pop charts of any artist — 51 years — from 1954, when "The Little Shoemaker" made the UK Top Twenty, to 2005, when her CD L'essentiel - 20 Succès Inoubliables charted in Belgium.

Sure, Petula's had a long career, but the above claim is utterly ludicrous. Off the top of my head, what about Bing Crosby, who was hitting the top of the US charts as a vocalist in the late 1920s, and had a #3 UK hit with David Bowie in 1993 with "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"? Or Louis Armstrong, who hit the US charts in the 1930s, and the UK charts as late as 1994 with "We Have All The Time In The World"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.132.69.28 (talk) 21:07, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about? There weren't any US charts in the 1920s and 1930s. Sales of sheet music were tracked, but not individual recordings. The fact above has been cited in several places. 209.247.22.166 (talk) 13:18, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I added two reliable references supporting this fact. 209.247.22.166 (talk) 13:37, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

The Billboard singles chart officially debuted in 1940, and Bing Crosby was on it the first year with several tracks (The Singing Hills, April Played the Fiddle, Sierra Sue, That's For Me, Trade Winds and Only Forever). He was on the UK charts as recently as 1998 with White Christmas -- http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=1003 -- and the U.S. chart in 2007 -- http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=ADFEAEE4791ED84FAB7620D6803C159BE723D208D14FB48D112D5651D6B66311DF5E6AB513ACC6CFB1FA7DF878A5FD2FAE5808C3BB93&searchlink=BING|CROSBY&samples=1&sql=11:hifoxqw5ld6e~T5 -- nothing against Petula, but this far surpasses her chart run. From KathMurillo —Preceding unsigned comment added by KathMurillo (talk • contribs) 05:23, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Given Crosby has been dead since 1977, it's obvious anything charting in 1998 or 2007 wasn't newly recorded material! Clark holds the record of the longest span on the international pop charts of any artist, a fact supported by the two references cited. MovieMadness (talk) 19:15, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Just because you cite references doesn't make it accurate -- do the math yourself. The Crosby span is longer. What you write in her entry says nothing about charting with new material. And besides -- she charted with a hits package. Also, Doris Day -- first charted in '48 under her own name (Love Somebody) and reached the UK album chart in 2007. http://www.dorisdaytribute.com/news-sonybmg_the_magic_of_doris_day.htm -- this also beats the 51-year run. KathMurillo (talk) 00:17, 23 April 2008 (UTC) --

Also, Frank Sinatra first charted in 1942 ("Night and Day") and hit the Billboard Album Chart this year with "Nothing But the Best" -- this 66-year run also beats Petula's run. Both the Sinatra and Day recording include previously unreleased material, so if you are sticking to your charting with new/unreleased material fact, they both surpass it. Why try to include something that is obviously not true? I love Petula, but this is just inaccurate. KathMurillo (talk) 22:00, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Just because you say something is so doesn't make it a fact. You need to prove what you're claiming by providing references. Two sources back up the statement in the opening paragraph in this article. You haven't provided any sources proving your claims about Crosby, Sinatra, or Day. If you can, then the statement about Clark can be removed. Until then, it should stand as a fact substantiated by two different sources. 209.247.22.164 (talk) 14:46, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Included above are links for Doris Day and Bing Crosby chart achievements. For Frank Sinatra: http://www.livedaily.com/artists/5242.html -- and for the current charting album, http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/albums_index.jsp

Chart positions pre 1955 can be found in Joel Whitburn's Pop Hits 1940-1954, published by Record Research In. (copyright 1994) -- at least that's my edition. I'm sure it's been republished since.

Again, simply do the math: All their chart debuts are earlier, and they have charted recently enough to give them longer spans on the chart. —Preceding unsigned comment added by KathMurillo (talk • contribs) 17:15, 9 June 2008 (UTC) KathMurillo (talk) 17:18, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Petula is currently in the Irish chart in collaboration with the Saw Doctors, (verifiable by looking at the Irish chart http://irma.ie/aucharts.asp). Newly recorded material too. 57 years. Are these other people's records newly recorded? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Trispw (talk • contribs) 00:13, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Doris Day is currently in the U.S. charts with unreleased material with "My Heart," so yes, she surpasses Petula's run. http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/weekly-chart-notes-doris-day-gloria-estefan-1005731952.story#/column/chartbeat/weekly-chart-notes-doris-day-gloria-estefan-1005731952.story --Tclpups (talk) 17:21, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Petula's chart career is now even longer. She appeared in the Belgian charts in 2012 with a download single 'Cut Copy Me', a new recording from her French Album "Petula" released in February 2012. Her chart career is now 1954-2012 ie 58 years. The unreleased material referred to in the above comment about Doris Day is around 15 years old, unless I am mistaken. Petula's is fresh out of the studio. (Trispw) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.146.63.121 (talk) 22:51, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Biography project priority rating
Obviously whoever ranked Petula Clark as being "low" priority in the Biography project is unfamiliar with Petula Clark. I have rectified this! 23skidoo (talk) 17:29, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:PetClark.jpg
Image:PetClark.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:03, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:YaYaTwist.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:YaYaTwist.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Papa November (talk) 00:22, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Non-free images
Please read WP:NFC for details of the non-free content policy. Non-free content needs a separate fair use rationale for every article it appears in. At the moment, there are too many fair use violations for the article to reach good article standard, so something needs to be done! Papa November (talk) 17:54, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * How do you suggest editors provide a separate fair use rationale for every article an image appears in when Wikipedia uploading procedures allow only ONE article to be cited????? This article has been damaged severely because most of the images, including the one in the infobox, were removed! 209.247.22.166 (talk) 14:21, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

 * There's nothing stopping you from adding multiple fair use rationales to a non-free image if it's irreplaceable, and essential for the reader's understanding of more than one subject. I'm not sure where you got the idea that only one article may be cited - that's simply incorrect.  See Image:KISS logo.png for an example of how to do it.  There are two rationales provided, each of which explains why the image is necessary in the respective article.  Note that in neither case is it used just to decorate the article - it is the subject of extensive, detailed commentary.
 * Non-free images in the discography section are explicitly forbidden by policy. There's no way around this, I'm afraid.  See WP:NFC for details.
 * Non-free images to show what a living person looks like are also explicitly forbidden by the same policy unless the person's notability relies on their visual appearance when younger. As Petula Clark is still alive, and still actively performing, you simply cannot justify having a non-free picture of her.  Surely, one of the editors here must have taken a photograph of her and be prepared to release it under a free license?
 * As nice as it is to have lots of pictures in the article, if you ever want it to reach good article standard, let alone featured article status, you have to play by the rules of the project! Papa November (talk) 14:35, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

 * WP:NFC states, "It is a generally accepted standard that editors should follow, though it should be treated with common sense and the occasional exception. This contradicts your belief that "Non-free images in the discography section are explicitly forbidden by policy." Please be advised that nothing in Wikipedia is "explicitly forbidden." 209.247.22.166 (talk) 18:14, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

 * No one is telling you that you can't use non-free images, but the fair use rationales on the deleted images were weak at best. Weak fair use rationales are sometimes acceptable if the images are clear-cut fair use cases, but the ones deleted from this article were not (reasons specified above).  If you're going to go against the accepted standards, you need to provide a good justification for your actions.  No attempt was made to do so for this article.  For example, no explanation was given for why the non-free image in the infobox should have been considered as one of the "occasional exceptions".  Personally, I don't see why it's any different from the thousands of other articles about living musicians, which follow the accepted standards.  If you really think that this article is a special case, then you need to explain why. Papa November (talk) 23:42, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Birth
Petula Clark's year of birth here is stated as 1932. In my Guinness chart book under her entry it states 1931. On one of her LP's the only one I have it says 1933 ?? !!! Atleast the 15 Nov bit is constant on all three versions but which year is correct ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.137.11.54 (talk) 13:38, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * 1932 is accurate — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.136.53.138 (talk) 21:43, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Record Sales
Main article states that with 70 million record sales she is UK's most successful female recording artist. Wiki for Shirley Bassey quotes 135 million record sales nthe same accolade. Both cannot be right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.104.82.156 (talk) 15:17, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * To be honest no one knows how many records Petula has sold. They have been talking about 70 million for at least 30 years, and meanwhile she has been selling millions of CDs. Additionally Petula was releasing records all over the world and many countries did not collect data on discs sold. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.56.39 (talk) 22:40, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Record Sales
I sent this before but it seems to have disappeared. This Wiki entry says that with 70 million record sales PC is the UK's best selling female artist. However similar Wiki entry for Shirley Bassey quoting 135 million sales gives her the same accolade. Both cannot be right!! 124.104.81.66 (talk) 11:42, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

The figure for Petula has been used for over 20 years, probably lifted from a biogrpahy of her put out about that time. As all her workhas been put out on cd since then and she has had secveral chart entries, including a silver disc album, I suspect these figures are hugely out of date. Dave —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.167.58.198 (talk) 18:56, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Even if the original 70 million amount was correct (and that is questionable itself since none of Petula's albums ever made the UK Top 10), putting her work onto CD will most certainly not double her sales to beyond 135 million! She may have once been the biggest selling British female artist but that was a long time ago. 80.47.67.114 (talk) 16:27, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Petula was far more successful chart wise in most other record buying countries than she was in the UK, but it is fair to say that she has been recording for a very very long time (62 years) and figures mount up over the years and over maybe 100 countries +. Virtually everything that she ever recorded in 5 languages has been transferred to cd, some from shellac. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.56.39 (talk) 22:50, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Petula surpassed by Vera Lynn
The claim that Petula has the longest chart run of any British female artist is no longer valid, as Vera Lynn (who was charting in the 1940s) had an album debut at #1 on the UK charts in Sept 2009. Accordingly I've removed this reference. 172.131.180.228 (talk) 20:35, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm aware, the only UK charts that existed in the 1940s were for sheet music, and the record charts didn't commence until November 1952- unless you have a source that says differently? Rodhull  andemu  20:39, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Vera Lynn was actually on the very first UK chart issued in 1952, predating Petula Clark by over a year. 172.135.69.172 (talk) 00:34, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
 * You are correct on that. My Guinness shows Vera Lynn on the UK chart for November 1952, and Petula Clark not charting until June 1954. It helps if you cite a source, because it saves time for the rest of us. Rodhull  andemu  00:45, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * 1) Is it not that Petula keeps getting into the charts with NEW material, as opposed to the Vera Lynn material that was recorded in the 1940s and 50s and has been re released. Petula's albbums include newly recorded material. Her lastest recorded in New York in 2009. Dave —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.167.58.198 (talk) 18:54, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, but non of Petula's newly recorded material has actually charted. According to chartstats.com, her last "new" single to chart was in 1972 (and then a reissue of Downtown in 1988) and her last album to chart that wasnt a greatest hits album was in 1968. 80.47.67.114 (talk) 16:38, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

 * All Petula's charting reissue albums have new material on them. She will record 3, 4 ,5 6 new songs for an album and they will put it with "greatest hits" presumably to maximise appeal. The latest to chart was this year 2011 in France, "Une Baladine" where there was new material recorded at Arthanor studios in Switzerland. She is currently recording in Paris for an album of all new material. It is hope that this will chart too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.56.39 (talk) 22:43, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Petula has been in the Belgian charts this year, the album charts with her newly recorded French album "Petula", and the singles chart with a download "Cut Copy Me". This makes her chart career 1954 - 2012. Her albums have been charting (with new material) pretty consistently. She got a silver disc for "Then and Now". As the title suggests it was a double album of new and old material. Dave sept 13, 2012. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.138.7.203 (talk) 19:56, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Appearance on Swiss television
On 21 February 2010 she appeared live singing 'Downtown' on a variety show hosted by Alain Morisod on the first Télévision Suisse Romande chain, with enormous success and a long standing ovation. Not a single note or choreographic movement wrong and an appearance that belies her age by at least 20 years. Certainly the highlight of an otherwise mediocre show. A lady, shall we say of a certain age, who is now a legend. Devilinhell (talk) 12:00, 21 February 2010 (UTC)Devilinhell

Links double standards and dead links
Lordsnootyandhispals (talk) 13:45, 20 March 2010 (UTC) Why are most of the external links to interviews dead links? Yet, when I try to include a link to a new interview with Pet (http://www.retrosellers.com/features149.htm) I am told it is against Wiki rules to include the link and it is deleted. And who allowed these links in the first place if the one I am trying to include is not allowed?

"Wisdom?"
The "Downtown Era" section contained this:
 * On December 31, 1976, Wisdom performed her hit song Downtown on BBC1's A Jubilee Of Music, celebrating British pop music for Queen Elizabeth II's impending Silver jubilee.

I don't know who "Wisdom" is supposed to be, but the A Jubilee Of Music article states that Pet performed it herself, so I've changed the line accordingly. Rojomoke (talk) 19:11, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Another Movie
She was also in City After Midnight (1957) - not listed under Filmography — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.118.187.218 (talk) 10:08, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

The Huggets
The Films were not based on a radio series, the radio series, which ran from 1953 to 1962 (and did not include Petula Clark) was based on the films (see separate articles). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.14.219.127 (talk) 16:41, 1 January 2013 (UTC)
 * So change the article -- SteveCrook (talk) 19:04, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Nationality
Someone may like to change the "English" in her nationality to English/Welsh. He mum was Welsh and she is rather proud of that, often citing in French or English in concert that "they Welsh are a bit like the Italians..they sing..." Of course when she married Claude Wolfe she technically became French (as at that time one took one's husband's nationality). She actually annotated a photograph of her marriage in French album (Chariot) at the time: "Je deviens francaise". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.136.53.138 (talk) 21:52, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Julie Andrews
In the first full paragraph of "Career start" there is a mention of her touring with Julie Andrews. I suspect this is an error. The Julie Andrews page not only doesn't mention it but says she didn't start performing except by getting on stage at her parents' performances and participating in an uncredited way starting in 1944/45 (she's three years younger than Petula Clark).

The reason I think this is an error in the Clark page rather than an omission in the Andrews page is that an opportunity to tour with someone as famous as Clark (back when Andrews was an unknown baby) would really have been significant milestone in Andrews' career. So it's more likely to be an overeager edit.

Does anyone have a reference for this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by G001 (talk • contribs) 16:52, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

Nashville Bombing Reference
Would it be appropriate to add onto the page that one of her songs, Downtown, played in an audio recording made by the 2020 Nashville Christmas Day bomber shortly before his bomb exploded? — Preceding unsigned comment added by RaskBunzzz (talk • contribs) 23:53, 28 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I would say no, as it seems to have more to do with the song than with Clark herself. It's already mentioned at Downtown (Petula Clark song). GA-RT-22 (talk) 00:22, 29 December 2020 (UTC)
 * No. Nothing to do with Clark.   Ghmyrtle (talk) 08:57, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

First publilc appearance
These two statements seem contradictory: The first one seems well sourced to Wales Online, but the second is in Kon, which I don't have a copy of. Can we reconcile this somehow? GA-RT-22 (talk) 16:24, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
 * "Her first ever live audience was at the Colliers' Arms in Abercanaid"
 * "Her first public performances were ... in Kingston upon Thames"

Dead ELs
I suggest we remove the dead ELs, per WP:ELDEAD: "Links to dead URLs in a list of external links are of no use ... In rare cases, such as the official website for a notable political campaign, it may be better to replace the dead link with a link to an archived copy". I don't think we need, for example, an archived copy of an old discography when we've already got a live recent Discogs discography. GA-RT-22 (talk) 21:54, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

 * You may be correct. Before reading the comment above I spent a little time today cleaning up what links were there (I only added one, to a February 1970 article about her from a Canadian newspaper.)  I didn't want to take the extra step to remove any links, although I agree some of them might not be as useful now as they might have been when they were originally added.  No hurt feelings if you want to cull the list a bit. Itsfullofstars (talk) 22:27, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Addendum to my note above. All the links point to something, either an original working page or to an archived copy.  They don't go to dead pages anymore, as some did when I started my edits earlier today. Itsfullofstars (talk) 22:35, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

 * @GA-RT-22 Taking your advice, I removed the two least-useful external links. I also used the one I recently added as a primary source in the main article, so it's now in the References section instead.  Itsfullofstars (talk) 21:43, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

Years of birth and first appearance
Why has her birth year been changed from 1932 to 1938? There's no source given, and the main text still talks about her being nine years old in 1942, and twelve years old in 1944. 82.22.141.20 (talk) 15:05, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I see it's been changed back again. Not sure what's going on here - was she seven or nine years when she first appeared on radio?  The article seems to say both.  GDBarry (talk) 15:10, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

Pet on radio
Hi,

I've been trying to find confirmation of my belief that Pet Clark was in the cast of Educating Archie, where I'm sure she was playing Archie's girlfriend Pet. I remember listening to the programme regularly as a lad.

I can find no such confirmation either here or in the Wikipedia article about that programme.

Poppa Mintin (talk) 09:58, 29 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Hello. The BBC says that Julie Andrews played Archie's girlfriend. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/361459.stm Youtube has a recording: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3sSv8lLcFc Regards, Itsfullofstars (talk) 10:55, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

Birth name
Was "Petula" part of her birth name- as per the infobox- or was it a "stage name" apparently created by her father based on two ex-girlfriends, as per the main body of the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.109.205.133 (talk) 04:01, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

Petula Clark
In the paragraph beginning ‘Clark has sold more than 68 million...’ immediately before the section ‘Life and Career’, I think it would be useful to say, ...‘musical films “Finian’s Rainbow” and “Goodbye, Mr Chips”..., which I would say is on a par with ‘Finian’s Rainbow’.

Trevor Willimott

2A00:23C6:3488:5901:1DF9:9F7A:8151:4688 (talk) 14:50, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

UK singles? (or albums)
The article lists French singles, German singles, Italian singles, Complete Spanish recordings, Other noteworthy recordings, but no UK albums or singles. This seems a bit lop-sided? Martinevans123 (talk) 21:02, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petula Clark


text:
Talk:Ezer Weizman

Name of the article
The correct spelling is Weizmann (as in Chaim Weizmann) and therefore it should be the name of the article. Therefore I move it Ezer Weizmann.MathKnight 16:06, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * According to  (from mfa.gov.il) it's spelled Weizman .. Can you provide a better source?  If not I think it's best to err on the side of the Israeli government site Jewbacca 18:24, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * http://www.weizmann.ac.il/ the official website of Weizmann Institute of Science named after Chaim Weizmann (a relative of Ezer). MathKnight 18:32, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It's true they are relatives, but for whatever reason it doesn't seem that they transliterated their last name's the same way? I'll look into this some more and will post here.  Jewbacca 18:35, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps this helps.

Google results: "Ezer Weizman" - 9750    "Ezer Weizmann"  - 879

Google results: "Chaim Weizman" - 966    "Chaim Weizmann"  - 15500

Judging by these results, Chaim is with two n's and Ezer is with one n. Jewbacca 18:38, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)

This [ I checked the MFA site and indeed, most of the new entries has "Weizman", but this one has "Weizmann". It is indeed strange, since in Hebrew their family name is identical! MathKnight 18:40, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * As they say, 2 Jews, 3 opinions. Judging by the overwhelming spelling of Ezer's last name with one 'n' do you agree to move the article back to Ezer Weizman and post a redirect here?  As we find more info on this, it may be worthy of a mention in the article as well as Chaim Weizmann. Jewbacca 18:43, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. Since there are indeed more n than nn and also offical sources uses 'n' than it is o.k. MathKnight 18:48, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Both of you are right. The name is German and indicative of origin. Hence, it should be spelled "Weizmann" (Weiz = region in Austria; Mann = man). However, since the name was transliterated into Hebrew with its non-Roman alphabet and then transliterated back into the English (with its Roman alphabet), the correct German spelling has been lost. This isn't uncommon with Israeli names. TippTopp (talk) 21:52, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

The spelling of Weizman
According to Ezer Weizman's orbituary in the Daily Telegraph, the name used to be spelt Weizmann, but Ezer Weizman changed the English spelling to Weizman.

Tuvia Frydman.

Here's why: The name is German and indicative of origin. Hence, it should be spelled "Weizmann" (Weiz = region in Austria; Mann = man). However, since the name was transliterated into Hebrew with its non-Roman alphabet and then transliterated back into the English (with its Roman alphabet), the correct German spelling has been lost. This isn't uncommon with Israeli names. TippTopp (talk) 21:53, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Quotation requires correction; what is the source text?
One of the quotations is written in clearly incorrect English, and is so ambiguous as to be almost incomprehensible. I'm referring to: "45 years I am married and not a time I dreamed of slaping Reuma (Ezer Weizman's wife)" (meeting in a shelter for violence hurt women). [sic]

QUESTION: What is the source Hebrew from which this was translated? (The article's author indicates this is a translation.) The quotation does not appear in the Hebrew version of this article (unless I missed it there).

CLARIFICATION: The critical ambiguity, upon which the sense of the entire sentence rests, lies in the phrase "not a time": If this comes from the Hebrew "אף פעם" - that means: [at] no time; i.e. never; however, if it's from the Hebrew "לא פעם" - that means: not [only] once; i.e. several times. As the article's author cites this as one of several "notorious" quotes, I suspect the latter is the correct version; if so, the Hebrew idiom (and the entire quotation, really) requires correct translation to English. I'd appreciate some input on this. Thanks, Deborahjay 22:18, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The quote can be found at Ma'ariv's NRG site, which has him saying " מעולם לא עלה בדעתי " -- "It never occurred to me". RolandR 20:17, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, RolandR—I've corrected the entire translation and its context, and included an internal link on the topic of the quotation. -- Deborahjay 23:19, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Place of death
Wasn't it just Caesarea the town and not the nearby 'Caesarea Maritima'?Counterboint 01:17, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

photo
There must be a better photo of Ezer Weizman somewhere. This one is disgraceful. He was the president of Israel. I'm sure there's an official looking portrait.--Gilabrand 15:25, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * There was one but it was deleted for copyright reasons. Number   5  7  16:35, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:00, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

References, bibliography, notes or citations?
I have tried to tidy up the References section of the article. It previously contained two sub-headings, namely Bibliography and Citations. One of the citations was a page in the only listing in the "bibliography". In my opinion, this format is messy and clutters the article. The following is from Citing sources:

 * Sections containing citations are usually called "Notes" or "References." Many editors prefer to reserve the section heading "Bibliography" for complete lists of published works in authors' biographies. Whichever header you choose, sections containing citations should be placed after the "See also" section and before the "Further reading" section.[4] Once a style is selected for an article it is inappropriate to change to another, unless there is a reason that goes beyond mere choice of style.[5]

The approach used in this article was a mixture of all of the above. I have tried to simplify it by putting all references under a "References" heading. Wikipeterproject (talk) 16:49, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Check all the GA articles on my main page. Its perfectly clear and easy. I'm aghast someone thinks this format could be messy. The current one doesn't make any sense to the casual reader, how are they suppossed to decipher the page number? Dapi89 (talk) 23:24, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Not a big deal, really. I just happen to agree with the Style Guideline I quoted.  Wikipedia has a policy of inline citations, which means that reference material is cited by footnote/endnote.  This is a distinction from a biography referencing style.  With an inline citation style, it does make sense to separate explanatory footnotes from citations, if both are included in the article.  I am one of the "many editors" who "to reserve the section heading "Bibliography" for complete lists of published works in authors' biographies".  A list of reference material and related publications is often included in a "Further reading" section.  As far as the journal citation goes, I used the cite journal template.  Not sure why the page number comes up like that.  I do find it messy when a third of the contents list is made up of References, Citations, Footnotes, Bibliography, Further reading and See also sections.  But, as I said, I don't feel particularly strongly about this and if you want to go back to how it was, just do it.  Wikipeterproject (talk) 01:36, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ezer Weizman


text:
User talk:Slipknot~enwiki

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Good band :) I too listen to The Gods  —Preceding unsigned comment added by BrokenxMirror666 (talk • contribs) 23:08, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

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Hello,

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title: User talk:Slipknot~enwiki


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User talk:JTN

Talk:Stereoscopy
See the article for my response to your questions. Leonard G. 23:59, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Spam filter
Hi, saw your message about the spam filter. Unfortunately, I can't really help; I had no role in setting it up, and wouldn't know how to change it. Wish I could be of more use, but happy holidays regardless, and best wishes, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:34, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

PGP "data format"
Hi,

In Pretty Good Privacy's change log you write:

 * I'm not sure about the importance of "and associated data format"

I think it's quite important given the existence of independent re-implementations of the PGP formats and the consequent need for interoperability; the data format these days has an independent existence and destiny to the software derived from Zimmermann's code. IMO, it's necessary to keep the two separate in order to have a clear explanation of how they interrelate.

In particular, I added that to give myself licence to talk later about "V3 keys", "V4 keys" and so on. (This isn't entirely covered by the discussion of OpenPGP, as "V3 keys" and the associated message formats predate OpenPGP.)

JTN 20:53, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC)

 * Sure...I've tried to put this back in the lead section, in the third sentence; does that look OK? — Matt Crypto  21:08, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hexadecimal
Hey, nice edit on Hexadecimal. --Doradus 22:57, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Category:Reservoirs in Canada
Category:Reservoirs in Canada, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. The Interior (Talk) 16:52, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of File:Titan cassini 2.jpg

The file File:Titan cassini 2.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused, low-res, no obvious use. Better files at c:Category:Titan (moon)."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 04:03, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Fine by me, tbh. When I added it in 2004 I did say "I realise this probably won't last long..." -- JTN (talk) 13:11, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:JTN


text:
Giambattista Basile

Giambattista Basile (Giugliano in Campania, 15 February 1566 (date of baptism) – February 1632) was an Italian poet, courtier, and fairy tale collector. His collections include the oldest recorded forms of many well-known (and more obscure) European fairy tales. He is chiefly remembered for writing the collection of Neapolitan fairy tales known as Il Pentamerone.

Biography
Born in Naples into a middle-class family, Basile was a soldier and courtier to various Italian princes, including the doge of Venice. In Venice he began to write poetry. Later he returned to Naples to serve as a courtier under the patronage of Don Marino II Caracciolo, prince of Avellino, to whom he dedicated his idyll L'Aretusa (1618). By the time of his death he had reached the rank of "Count" Conte di Torone.

Basile's earliest known literary production is from 1604 in the form of a preface to the Vaiasseide of his friend the Neapolitan writer Giulio Cesare Cortese. The following year his villanella Smorza crudel amore was set to music and in 1608 he published his poem Il Pianto della Vergine.

He is chiefly remembered for writing the collection of Neapolitan fairy tales titled Lo cunto de li cunti overo lo trattenemiento de peccerille (Neapolitan for "The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones"), also known as Il Pentamerone published posthumously in two volumes by his sister Adriana in Naples, Italy in 1634 and 1636 under the pseudonym Gian Alesio Abbatutis. It later became known as the Pentamerone. Although neglected for some time, the work received a great deal of attention after the Brothers Grimm praised it highly as the first national collection of fairy tales. Many of these fairy tales are the oldest known variants in existence. They include the earliest known European versions of Rapunzel and Cinderella (with the Chinese version of Cinderella dating from 850–60 AD). Tales of Pentamerone are set in the woods and castles of the Basilicata, in particular the city of Acerenza.

In popular culture
The 2015 film Tale of Tales is a screen adaptation loosely based on his fairy tale collection.

External links and resources

 * Giambattista Basile in Dizionario biografico degli italiani
 * "La vita di Giambattista Basile"
 * SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Il Pentamerone by Giambattista Basile
 * Illustrations by Warwick Goble
 * Illustrations by George Cruikshank
 * Professor S. Cicciotti's page about G. B. Basile (in Italian)
 * Online text of some stories, in English (from Taylor translation)
 * From Court to Forest: Giambattista Basile's "Lo cunto de li cunti" and the Birth of the Literary Fairy Tale, Nancy L. Canepa (Wayne State University Press, 1999)
 * Giambattista Basile's "The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones", Translated by Nancy L. Canepa, Illustrated by Carmelo Lettere, Foreword by Jack Zipes (Wayne State University Press, 2007)
 * Online text of some stories, in English (from Taylor translation)
 * From Court to Forest: Giambattista Basile's "Lo cunto de li cunti" and the Birth of the Literary Fairy Tale, Nancy L. Canepa (Wayne State University Press, 1999)
 * Giambattista Basile's "The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones", Translated by Nancy L. Canepa, Illustrated by Carmelo Lettere, Foreword by Jack Zipes (Wayne State University Press, 2007)

title: Giambattista Basile


text:
Peace lines

The peace lines or peace walls are a series of separation barriers in Northern Ireland that separate predominantly Irish republican or nationalist Catholic neighbourhoods from predominantly British loyalist or unionist Protestant neighbourhoods. They have been built at urban interface areas in Belfast and elsewhere.

The majority of peace walls are located in Belfast, but they also exist in other regions with more than 20 mi of walls in Northern Ireland.

History
Although temporary peace walls were built in Belfast in the 1920s (in Ballymacarett) and 1930s (in Sailortown), the first peace lines of "the Troubles" era were built in 1969, following the outbreak of civil unrest and the 1969 Northern Ireland riots. They were initially built as temporary structures, but due to their effectiveness they have become wider, longer, more numerous and more permanent. Originally few in number, they have multiplied over the years, from 18 in the early 1990s to at least 59 as of late 2017; in total they stretch over 21 mi, with most located in Belfast. They have been increased in both height and number since the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Three-quarters of Belfast's estimated 97 peace lines and related structures (such as gates and closed roads) are in the north and west of the city. These are also the poorer and more disadvantaged areas of Belfast. 67% of deaths during the sectarian violence occurred within 550 yd of one of these "interface structures".

The stated purpose of the peace lines is to minimise inter-communal violence between Catholics (most of whom are nationalists who self-identify as Irish ) and Protestants (most of whom are unionists who self-identify as British ).

The peace lines range in length from a few hundred metres (yards) to over 3 mi. They may be made of iron, brick, steel or a combination of the three and are up to 25 ft high. Some have gates in them (sometimes staffed by police) that allow passage during daylight but are closed at night.

In recent years, they have become locations for tourism. Black taxis now take groups of tourists around Belfast's peace lines, trouble spots and famous murals.

The most prominent peace lines in the past few years separate the nationalist Falls Road and unionist Shankill Road areas of West Belfast; the nationalist Short Strand from the unionist Cluan Place areas of East Belfast, the unionist Corcrain Road and the nationalist Obins Drive in Portadown and the unionist Fountain Estate and nationalist Bishop Street area of Derry.

In 2008, a public discussion began about how and when the peace lines could be removed. Belfast City Council agreed to develop a strategy regarding the removal of peace walls on 1 September 2011. At the end of 2011, several local community initiatives resulted in the opening of a number of interface structures for a trial period. A study was released in 2012 indicating that 69% of residents believe that the peace walls are still necessary because of potential violence.

In January 2012, the International Fund for Ireland launched a Peace Walls funding programme to support local communities who want to work towards beginning to remove the peace walls. In May 2013, the Northern Ireland Executive committed to the removal of all peace lines by mutual consent by 2023.

In 2017, the Belfast Interface Project published a study entitled "Interface Barriers, Peacelines & Defensive Architecture" that identified 97 separate walls, barriers and interfaces in Belfast. A history of the development of these structures can be found at the Peacewall Archive.

In September 2017, the Northern Ireland Department of Justice published its Interface Programme, established to deliver the commitment made by the Northern Ireland Executive to remove all Interface structures by 2023 under the Together: Building a United Community Strategy.

In September 2019, a series of events were held in Belfast to mark the anniversary of 50 years of peace lines in the city. This included an international conference alongside other events to discuss the past and possible future of the peace lines.

title: Peace lines


text:
Peggy Wood

Mary Margaret Wood (February 9, 1892 – March 18, 1978) was an American actress of stage, film, and television. She is best remembered for her performance as the title character in the CBS television series Mama (1949–1957), for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series; her starring role as Naomi, Ruth's mother-in-law, in The Story of Ruth (1960); and her final screen appearance as Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music (1965), for which she received an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award.

Career
Mary Margaret Wood was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Eugene Wood, a journalist, and Mary Gardner, a telegraph operator. She studied voice in France with soprano Emma Calvé. Wood was an early member of the Actors' Equity Association, spending nearly 50 years onstage, beginning in the chorus and becoming known as a Broadway singer and star. Wood made her stage debut in 1910, as part of the chorus for Naughty Marietta. In 1917, she starred in Maytime, in which she introduced the song "Will You Remember". She starred in several other musicals before playing the role of Portia in a 1928 production of The Merchant of Venice. From the late 1920s until the late 1930s, Wood had lead roles in musicals staged in London and New York. She was selected by Noël Coward to star in the original London production of his wildly successful operetta Bitter Sweet.

According to a 1920 profile, Wood also wrote plays "in collaboration with her father and with Samuel Merwin." She was a member of the Algonquin Round Table. In 1941, she starred in the New York premiere of Blithe Spirit as Ruth Condomine, whose husband is tormented by the ghost of his deceased first wife. Wood did not star in many films. Her few film appearances include roles in Jalna, A Star Is Born, Call It a Day, The Housekeeper's Daughter, The Bride Wore Boots, Magnificent Doll, and Dream Girl. From 1949 to 1957, she played matriarch Marta Hansen on the popular series Mama, based on the 1943 Broadway play and 1948 film I Remember Mama. When General Foods cancelled the program, there was so much protest that CBS brought it back on Sunday afternoon, this time as a filmed series. As the network did not have all the affiliate station clearances that were needed, the show was put into syndication, where it was a huge success. Producers filmed 26 episodes.

Following "Mama", Wood was seen in episodes of Zane Grey Theatre and The Nurses. She co-starred with comedian Imogene Coca on Broadway in The Girls in 509. In October 1963, she and Ruth Gates appeared in the one-act play Opening Night, which played in off-Broadway. Wood portrayed Fanny Ellis, a once famous star who prepares for a performance; the play lasted 47 performances. Gates played "Aunt Jenny" on Mama, which starred Wood.

Wood returned to movies in the 1960 CinemaScope production The Story of Ruth in a co-starring role as the mother-in-law, Naomi, of the title character, although she pointed out the lack of verisimilitude in her own casting as a biblical matriarch, i.e. a "blonde, blue-eyed Jewess". Her final screen appearance was as the Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music (1965), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture. She was thrilled to be in the movie, but she knew she could no longer sing "Climb Ev'ry Mountain". She was dubbed (for singing) by Margery McKay. In her autobiography, Marni Nixon, who appeared in the film as Sister Sophia, said Peggy especially liked McKay's singing voice because she sounded as Peggy did in her younger days. In 1969, Wood joined the cast of One Life to Live as Dr. Kate Nolan, and had a recurring role until the end of the year.

Other
Her first autobiography How Young You Look was published by Farrar and Rinehart in 1941. The updated version Arts and Flowers appeared in 1963. She wrote a biography of actor John Drew, Jr. and a novel titled The Star Wagon as well as co-wrote the play Miss Quis. Wood received numerous awards for her theatrical work and for a while was president of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA).

Personal life
Wood was married and widowed twice. Her first husband (poet/writer John Van Alstyne Weaver) died at the age of 44. She gave birth to their son (David Weaver) in 1927 at the age of 35. Her second husband (William H. Walling, whom she wed in 1946) was an executive in the printing business who died in 1973. They were married for 27 years. She was a devout Episcopalian and a member of the Episcopal Actors Guild.

Death
Wood died on March 18, 1978, at age 86, in Stamford, Connecticut, following a stroke.

Stage (partial list of appearances)

 * Love O' Mike (1917)
 * Maytime (1917)
 * Buddies (1919)
 * Bitter Sweet (1929)
 * Old Acquaintance (1940)
 * Blithe Spirit (1941)

title: Peggy Wood


text:
User talk:Dedalus (usurped)

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Hello, Dedalus. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because you have not used it to edit, and another user would like to use it to edit. Changing username/Usurpations says that any unused username may be usurped if the user is given seven days notice to object and does not do so.

If you have an email set in your preferences, you should be getting an email from a bureaucrat or changing username clerk explaining how to consent or object to this process.

If you do not object to being renamed to a new username in order for another user to utilize the name you currently have, please log in and post a reply here saying so (you may also tell us what username you would like to be renamed to, or we will provide you with a generic one).

If you do nothing : the request will be filled after seven days, and your account will be moved to a generic username. You may request that it be moved to a new username of your choice at any time.

If you object to being renamed : please log in and make an edit to this page clearly stating that you object to usurpation.

Please note that even if your current username is usurped, you can still edit and your data will not be lost; your preferences, watchlist, and other user settings will be transferred to a new username.

Thank you for your time. Gebruiker:Dedalus (talk) 20:34, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dedalus (usurped)