text:
Talk:Hohmann transfer orbit

Formula Questions
The G in the formula should be changed to a nice greek Gamma in my eyes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.85.247.32 (talk) 22:15, 4 August 2004 (UTC)

 * It shouldn't. The G you refer to is the Gravitational constant and is very standard practice Cole.christensen (talk) 09:00, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Where it shows the vis viva equation, the equation has an M but the meanings for the parameters only mention a mu (greek letter). Which is? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gonzalo Diethelm (talk • contribs) 03:17, 12 December 2004 (UTC)

 * mu is the Standard gravitational parameter, M is the mass of the larger object Cole.christensen (talk) 09:00, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Deceleration wording confusion
This is confusing:

'''At the other end, the spacecraft will need a certain velocity to orbit Mars, which will actually be less than the velocity needed to continue orbiting the Sun in the transfer orbit, let alone attempting to orbit the Sun in an Mars-like orbit. Therefore, the spacecraft will have to decelerate and allow Mars' gravity to capture it.'''

A spacecraft that has Hohmann transferred from Earth's orbit to Mars's will have a linear velocity of about 21.4 km/s, where Mars is going around the Sun at about 24.1 km/s.

That's not a deceleration. What will happen in practice is that the craft will be slightly ahead of Mars in the orbit, and let Mars "catch up with it."

Perhaps what the article meant to say is that the craft will decelerate relative to Mars. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.71.238.231 (talk) 19:57, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Transfer orbits in general
Not all transfer orbits are Hohmann transfers. In practice, you seldom get a perfect minimum energy transfer orbit. Instead, you must use an affordable transfer orbit - i.e., one with a relatively low fuel cost.

The reason the Hohmann transfer orbit mathematics are simple is that both the departure and the arrival occur at (opposite) apsides of the transfer ellipse. A more general sort of transfer involves only one of the end points of the intended trajectory - either departure or arrival, but not both - occuring at one of the transfer orbit's apsides. The transfer path itself is a segment along the transfer orbit that might, or might not, include the other apside.

I've prepared a text based treatment of this more general transfer orbit solution for the "physics forums" website. If someone wants to construct a version of my treatment for Wikipedia, giving me credit for the original work, I'd have no objection.

The URL is

http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=29524

Incidentally, I have another essay posted on "Physics Forums" that relates to the determination of the elements of an asteroid's orbit using the Method of Gauss on telescope observations from Earth at three different times. The URL for that essay is

http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=36657

Credit in that case would be to me and to the Russian astronomer A. D. Dubyago.

Jerry Abbott — Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.215.171.179 (talk) 00:38, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Direction of engine firing confusion
This statement seems backwards, or at least ambiguous:

"Hohmann transfer orbits also work to bring a spacecraft from a higher orbit into a lower one – in this case, the spacecraft's engine is fired in the opposite direction to its current path"

To go into a lower orbit, you would fire the engine in the same direction as the current path, that is to say, the rocket engine's exhaust would be emitted in that direction.

Perhaps less ambiguous would be something like "the spacecraft's engine is fired to create a thrust in the opposite direction to its current path".

Spope3 (talk) 23:49, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation??
How is "Hohmann" pronounced? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.132.53.190 (talk) 01:36, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * hōmân -- emphasis on the first syllable. First syllable rhymes with "Joe". Second syllable rhymes with "John" (kind of). Karl Hahn (T) (C) 02:12, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It doesn't rhyme with "John", it's more like "Bro hun" or "No gun" 79.199.56.26 (talk) 20:03, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Karl Hahn is correct. The comment directly above is wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.136.123.62 (talk) 04:48, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

Error - delta V equations are actually total velocities not impulses
The velocities listed as delta V's are not the change in velocity required to complete the maneuver, but rather they are the total velocity at the point of maneuvering.

To get the change in velocity one must subtract the current velocity in the orbit.

I am changing the equations to reflect that these are total velocities at periapsis and apoapsis, and not delta V's.

I would like to add equations that reflects total delta V for both impulses, by subtracting the velocity of a circular orbit at that altitude, but since I'm at work I can't do that immediately, so anybody else feel free to add that if they want! Mattski (talk) 23:28, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Your change does not seem correct, take e.g. r1=r2. The subtraction is already in the formulas.--Patrick (talk) 01:45, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the bad edit. I was using the formulas on the page and getting incorrect answers because I was using altitudes instead of radii. I redid the derivation and these formulas are indeed correct delta-v's. 65.160.147.253 (talk) 21:30, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

It's not clear how you get from the Vis-Viva equation to the delta velocity equations.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.55.107.211 (talk) 05:27, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

By impulses astrodynamics engineers mean instantaneous changes
Is there some way to make clear in the lead paragraph of the article that the two engine burns are assumed to take place in zero time, i.e. they each create an instantaneous change in delta-v? The lead sentence is already a bit lengthy.... (sdsds - talk) 03:37, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Broken link
Reference 1 appears to be broken. --Coosbane (talk) 21:01, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

periapsis vs. apoapsis: it depends on whether transferring into a higher or lower orbit!
The article had a mistake in attributing the first delta-v to periapsis; that's clearly only so when transferring from a lower into a higher orbit. I've corrected the mistake, generalizing the article to transfers from a higher into lower orbit as well. The edit was reverted, on the grounds of "unencyclopedic tone." Could you please elaborate on that? I guess you (i) agree with the need for the edit but (ii) doesn't agree with the particular wording. If you don't care to reword rather than revert, correctness should take precedence over tone. 128.138.43.113 (talk) 02:41, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I think I jumped the gun a little too fast there. The revert stating "unencyclopedic tone" did not refer to the edit that I was concerned with, which remains in effect. So I take back my protest. 128.138.43.113 (talk) 04:08, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Is a citation really needed?
At the end of the "Maximum delta-V" section, I added a fact and removed the citation needed tag. It's simple enough that I don't think a citation is needed, but if someone wants me to work through the math of it here, I can. I felt it would simply clutter the main article to include it there.Gmalivuk (talk) 21:13, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

As far as I can tell, *all* of the citation needed marks on this page don't need to be there; a simple check of the math already provided on the page with demonstrate the points being made without any real need to call on an external source. 96.30.136.159 (talk) 20:28, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Agreed some bozo put it back. I shall remove it again. Montestruc (talk) 02:12, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

transfer vs. escape
I haven't confirmed the numbers leading up to this, but when it gets to the extra delta-v needed to reach escape velocity, rather than enter the transfer orbit, I think the difference is 0.78:
 * 10.93 - 10.15
 * or 3.20 - 2.42

Jmichael ll (talk) 02:26, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Simple mistake
The article makes the simple mistake of stating that the potential energy at the farthest point (apoapsis) is given by -GMm/a. The correct formula is -GMm/r_a where r_a is the distance from the cental body to the apoapsis. Dauto (talk) 20:21, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

History
I see on the Russian Academy of Sciences site, some of Tsiolkovsky's pre-revolutionary notes (around 1911) show elliptical transfer orbits in diagrams. Some Soviet literature attributes the invention of the fully worked out math to Vetchinkin, others (the Keldysh Institute's reports) attribute it to Tsander. In my own historical research, it is unclear who did it first, as Tsander and Vetchinkin worked closely together on these problems. It is clear that these Russians developed and communicated the idea before Hohmann. In fact, Vetchinkin wrote a famous letter expressing his belief that Hohmann got the idea from the Russians, but this is unprovable. Personally, I don't think it is a difficult concept. Anyone who asks the question of how to transfer from on planet to another will quickly reach this answer. So I think it is believable that Hohmann arrived at the result independently. DonPMitchell (talk) 22:07, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Using English alphabet for german names
The name Kurd Laßwitz is spelled with the German letter ß (eszett = "sz"). This is not a letter in the English language. It's use in German is, according to the Wikipedia german alphabet article, not universal. It is only used in lowercase (uppercase uses "SS") and regional (Swiss German replaces both upper and lower case with "ss"). Since this is the English the English equivalent should be used.154.5.32.113 (talk) 05:19, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

Circular or non-circular
Since nothing in the Solar System has a truly circular orbit (moreover, no two planetary orbits are exactly coplanar), the current first paragraph defines something which cannot exist in the System - although it may be what Hohmamm actually described.

The paragraph, and the article as a whole, should be rewritten on the basis that the orbits are at most approximately coplanar and circular.

Contributors should check for a definition formally recognised by an international body. Otherwise, I suggest that a Hohmann is an orbit tangential to the two other orbits. If one wants, as one must, to allow one truly Hohmann orbit from Earth to Mars for each opposition, one must be careful about calling it minimum-energy, as the least energy depends on the circumstances of the opposition.

There remains the question of what term might be applied to an orbit in a field which is not inverse-square from a single centre - from low Earth orbit to Earth-Moon L1, for example.

94.30.84.71 (talk) 10:43, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you for that observation; I had (and have) the same question. "Circular" was omitted until 10 April 2006, when it was added along with "under standard conditions".  Somewhere further along the line, the "standard conditions" part was dropped.

circular-to-circular.Captain Puget (talk) 06:02, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

"Application" section
The Application section reeks of astroturfing. It adds nothing useful, is out of context and reads like PR talk. Surely the vast majority of Mars missions, if not all, has employed a Hohmann Transfer Orbit. 85.139.13.107 (talk) 00:57, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Picture
Should the location of the picture be changed? The section titled "Explaination" describes the drawing, but when its being read, the picture itself is off screen. Should this be lowered into that section? Leobold111 (talk) 20:16, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

Citation NOT needed for discussion of worst case delta vee
I is mathematically obvious to anyone who can do the math. Montestruc (talk) 02:10, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

Question: Is the Diagram Correct?
The Diagram shows the arc labelled 2 - wouldn't that be a straight line rather than an arc? An arc would require continuous fuel burn, no? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:1C0:8100:1D:9476:948D:388D:90A0 (talk) 14:57, 3 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Probably a bit late to clarify for you, but Earth is constantly exerting a gravitational force on any object with mass in its vicinity. this force is always radial towards the earth, so once a burn stops its trajectory is still being changed by gravity. These trajectories can be approximated as conic sections (e.g. circles, ellipses, hyperbolae). It would take a constant burn to move in a straight line to counteract gravitational forces, but not necessarily to move on an arc. You can look at orbital mechanics for more. Hope I cleared this up for you and anyone else thinking the same thing.--Cincotta1 (talk) 16:29, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Application to interplanetary travel
Section doesn't seem to mention where you would aim for. I could be being silly, but if travelling to higher orbiting planet say Mars and trying to minimize delta-v would you aim for the planets orbital distance or somewhere just above (or even below) the Mars L1 orbit and then let the planets gravity pull you into an orbit rather than needing much of a delta-v when you arrive at Mars orbital distance? Maybe this is just insignificant? Seems to me like this could be more efficient than requiring a slow down delta-v to achieve capture? Perhaps too far from concept of Hohmann transfer orbit? crandles (talk) 20:14, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

 * You are. 94.30.84.71 (talk) 16:30, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

Sorry but your aim would not get you to Mars. Your speed relative to Mars at Mars-Sun L1 is so high that gravity of Mars will not pull you to orbit. Jkn2 (talk) 09:13, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

 * The speed at apogee of a Hohmann transfer orbit is too slow to maintain circular orbit at the target distance from the sun and without the planet you would be about to start plunging back closer to the sun. I would be surprised if aiming at Mars-Sun L1 would be perfect for minimising delta-v requirements, but I imagine there must be some optimum between reducing delta-v requirement at initiation and minimising delta-v requirement when you arrive at apogee of Hohmann transfer orbit. Are you instead saying the optimum is to aim pretty much at the planet orbital distance and only by going really close to the planet can the planet pull you into orbit. Anything slightly less would mean you are travelling too slowly and are not pulled into orbit and the delta-v requirement to achieve orbit at minimum distance to the target planet is much greater than any saving you can make at initiation of the Hohmann transfer orbit? crandles (talk) 15:01, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Inadequacy of Introduction
The present Introduction fails to include a clear statement of the essential benefit of a Hohmann transfer orbit, which is that it requires the least energy and delta-v.

I do not think that the term needs to be restricted to the case of circular planetary orbits.

For that case, I think it would be of sufficient interest to give the initial and final angular separations of the two planets.

94.30.84.71 (talk) 17:23, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

Definition of the Hohmann transfer orbit is incomplete
Definition of the Hohmann transfer orbit is incomplete. It does not mention "both the departure and the arrival occur at (opposite) apsides of the transfer ellipse." (Text taken from Jerry Abbott's comment.) English translation of 'Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper' by Walter Hohmann:page 49
 * "If the vehicle's path is to touch at a distance rII from the Sun, the orbit of a planet other than the Earth, distance rI from the Sun (see Figure 25), then the major axis of the ellipse is
 * a = (rI+rII)/2 "

This does match with definition
 * "A Hohmann Transfer is a two-impulse elliptical transfer between two co-planar circular orbits. The transfer itself consists of an elliptical orbit with a perigee at the inner orbit and an apogee at the outer orbit."

Definition should be changed to generalization of MIT definition:
 * In orbital mechanics, the Hohmann Transfer is a two-impulse elliptical transfer between two co-planar circular orbits. The transfer itself consists of an elliptical orbit with a periapsis at the inner orbit and an apoapsis at the outer orbit.

or
 * In orbital mechanics, the Hohmann transfer orbit (/ˈhoʊmən/) is an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different radii in the same plane. The Hohmann orbit has a periapsis at the inner orbit and an apoapsis at the outer orbit.

Which is better?

This is also good, but not always true (because of Bi-elliptic_transfer)

 The German engineer Walter Hohmann showed in 1925 that elliptical orbits tangent to the orbits of both the planet of departure and the target planet require the least fuel and energy.

Jkn2 (talk) 09:27, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

Type IV?
Magellan (spacecraft) had a 540° trajectory, apparently called a Type-IV. Type II is more than 180°, but 540° is a lot more! Does it belong in this article? Tom Ruen (talk) 07:53, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

Low energy transfer
I'm no rocket scientist, but I've been surfing WP a bit and ran across the assertion here saying: "In general a Hohmann transfer orbit uses the lowest possible amount of energy." just after looking at the Low-energy transfer article. That other article appears to contradict that assertion here. I just thought I would mention this. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 09:49, 20 July 2019 (UTC)

The article is assuming that the transfer is from orbit about a gravitationally significant body (i.e. planet) to a different orbit about the same body. Where the transfer of orbit is from one planet to another the gravitation of the second planet changes the physics substantially. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Trewornan (talk • contribs) 21:29, 20 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Indeed. I noticed the same thing, and have tried to fix it. But better wording and citations would still be helpful. ★NealMcB★ (talk) 02:38, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

More information needed about one aspect of the Earth - Mars transfer orbit (answered)
On the one hand we have: "An ideal Hohmann transfer orbit transfers between two circular orbits in the same plane and traverses exactly 180° around the primary." So presumeably for an orbit to/from Earth, the ideal one would be 6 months?

Yet later we have: "A Hohmann transfer orbit ... for an Earth-Mars journey ... is about 9 months. "

OK, accepting that this particular orbit is 9 months rather than 6 months, the question is ... why? What is it about Earth/Mars that makes the actual Hohman transfer so much longer than the "ideal" one. Is it the [great] eccentricity [of Mars] and the inclinations? How does that actually come into play? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:e422:3c01:a45c:155c:b77a:3dc8 (talk) 08:23, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

 * 6 months is incorrect. The Earth->Mars transfer orbit has a periapsis at the Earth's orbit, and an apoapsis at Mars' orbit.  That makes its period longer than Earth's, and shorter than Mars'.  (Although the velocity of the transfer orbit at periapsis is greater than that of Earth, the transfer orbit is "slower" in terms of its period.)
 * Here's another counterintuitive case: You're in a circular orbit, just behind another object in the same orbit.  You want to catch up.  Do you speed up or slow down?  The answer is, slow down.  You will then fall from the circular orbit, pick up speed due to gravity, and when you rise back up to the circular orbit 360° later, you'll be ahead of the other object, because your altered orbit's period was shorter due to its increased speed and shorter path.  (But don't forget to increase your speed again once you're back at the circular orbit, or you'll be even farther ahead when you come back around another 360° later.  And yes, there are other ways of doing it.)
 * Historical postscript: The primary purpose of the Project Gemini series of spaceflights was to develop techniques to rendezvous two spacecraft in orbit, in preparation for the Apollo orbiter/lander rendezvous.
 * BMJ-pdx (talk) 07:01, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Earth / Mars example is still wrong.
" Therefore, the spacecraft will have to decelerate in order for the gravity of Mars to capture it. " This is either outright wrong, or misleading. Mars' orbital velocity is about 24 km/sec, the spacecraft is travelling at about 21.7 km/sec. So it has to accelerate.

This is also discussed in several places elsewhere. At apogee - which in this case will be at Mars encounter - there is a requirement for an apogee kick, which is an acceleration. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:e422:3c01:a45c:155c:b77a:3dc8 (talk) 08:40, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

 * The wording in the article is bad, but deceleration is not the problem. For efficiency, the kick will be done low in Mars' potential well, changing the hyperbolic trajectory into an elliptic one by reducing the relative velocity from ~6 to ~4 km/s (escape velocity is ~5 km/s).--Rainald62 (talk) 16:08, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

Overhaul of Intro
I just made a series of edits of the "The maneuver uses ..." sentence of the Intro, and I hope it's a lot clearer now. (The "raises the periapsis" of the original, while technically correct, was especially obtuse.) I also split the paragraphs before the sentences about "lowest possible amount of impulse". BMJ-pdx (talk) 06:34, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Time from one planet orbit to another
You may also calculate the time it takes to leave one orbital plane and achieve the other when using least impulse using only the radius and the gravitational constant of the Sun.

the square root of (((r1 + r2) divided by .5787) times 2) gives the number of days, with the radii offered in miles (for kilometers one uses a different solar gravitational constant scaled for kilometers.)

Mars at some 142 million, Earth at some 92.956 million. SoftwareThing (talk) 20:19, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hohmann transfer orbit


text:
User:Tv@nlntv.com

My goal is to add what I know as I find it is missing in the database, lacking or incorrect. I will also pay particular attention to articles I create to make sure they are not hijacked by people with alternative motives, but will support those who add constructively.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tv@nlntv.com


text:
Talk:Henri Cartier-Bresson

Implied Conflation of Street Photography With Candid Photography
By following one after the other in the opening paragraph it gives the impression that his street photography was candid in nature. In fact, while he took candid photos for sure, much of his street photography was posed. And he is still considered an originator of the genre and many of his posed photos are given as examples of it. For example his image of the Mexican Prostitutes or the image of "Plasterers in the 15th arrondissement. Paris, France. 1932." on the Magnum Photography page. In fact as sort of pointed out, the term Decisive Moment wasn't even his and he really meant getting the right time to take the shot. And in further point of fact, many of the photographs he put in that book are posed and/or are certainly not candid.

Later Years Dates Muddled
The following dates are out of order, and repeats itself WRT drawing/painting and portraiture/landscapes: "In 1968, he began to turn away from photography and return to his passion for drawing and painting. Cartier-Bresson withdrew as a principal of Magnum (which still distributed his photographs) in 1966 to concentrate on portraiture and landscapes. In 1967, he was divorced from his first wife, Ratna "Elie"." Lopifalko (talk) 09:47, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Death date
There is still some confusion about the date of HCB's death. Most sources say he died on Monday, August 2, but some (American) sources claim he died on Tuesday morning. All sources concur that he was buried on Wednesday. - Karl Stas 22:26, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The Telegraph obituary (not American) says August 3. - Nunh-huh 02:51, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I checked the French press. Le Monde and Le Figaro say he died on Monday, Libération says Tuesday! - Karl Stas 08:15, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Until it is resolved then, it isn't appropriate to report a certain date. "Died 2 or 3 August 2004" may be the best we can do. - Nunh-huh 08:34, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The contradicting media reports are based on two press releases, one by the French Ministry of Culture and another by Magnum Photos. The former puts the time of death on Monday, the latter on Tuesday morning. It is not entirely clear which version is endorsed by the family. The original text of the press releases is nowhere to be found. Le Monde refers to "sources close to the family". BBC first reported that HCB died on Monday, but now they only say he died "weeks short of his 96th birthday". - Karl Stas 10:14, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Le Monde has changed the date to August 3. Unfortunately, the web site of the HCB Foundation is unreachable and his bio on the Magnum site doesn't mention his death yet. Meanwhile, User:Simonides and User:194.51.20.124 have changed the date in the article, apparently without reading the talk page first. - Karl Stas 08:13, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * And it is not clear where he died: Isle-sur-la-Sorgue (Vaucluse) or in his house in Céreste. --Maha 13:02, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we can now decide in favour of August 3 (time) and Céreste (place). - Karl Stas 16:59, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * For the record. I heard he was dead on August 4. Ericd 19:49, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * No, he was buried that day. - Karl Stas 09:54, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * All the sources that I came across said "early morning Tuesday" ie 3 August, which may have been 2 August in America depending on the exact time (which I'm not aware of); since it was, apparently, Tuesday in France, we should retain 3 August until we have some evidence to the contrary. -- Simonides 05:29, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * At first, BBC and most French media said he died on Monday (local time). But the Magnum press release puts the time of death at Tuesday, 9:30am (local time). - Karl Stas 09:54, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Telephoto landscapes?
The current revision of the introductory paragraphs contains the following statement (emphasis added): Cartier-Bresson exclusively used Leica 35 mm rangefinder cameras equipped with normal 50mm lenses or occasionally a telephoto for landscapes. It strikes me as slightly unusual that he would have used a telephoto lens for landscapes. The conventional wisdom is that landscapes are best captured with normal or wide-angle lenses (of course, the conventional wisdom may very well be wrong). Is HCB's use of telephoto lenses a documented fact? MarkSweep 05:52, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Telephoto lenses can be used for landscape photography, but I don't know if HCB did this. A web search reveals the sentence was taken from Photo-Seminars.com. - Karl Stas 13:35, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Apologies for saving in the wrong language, instead of my own minority language. I was about to fix it when I found, to my pleasant surprise, it was already done. Thanks for your patience.Meabhar 21:00, 24 Sept, 2004 (UTC).

Copyright
Oops, very sorry, I have been so busy making edits to other articles that I missed the talk page on this. I'm also a Wikipedia (contributor) newbie. Again, my apologies, did not mean at all to ignore. I added the images previously but wasn't sure if they were fair use or not at the time. Speedoflight, October 2, 2005

All photos in this article are copyrighted! I think they should be removed, or is this considered "fair use"? - Karl Stas 09:32, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've already marked the Magnum images, but Speedoflight has not responded in any way. It's a shame -- Speedoflight is making great improvements to this article, but needs to pay some attention to talk pages. The images are explicitly NOT fair use. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 22:52, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

try contacting the foundation henri cartier-bresson who adminstrates his estate. they also have a good amount of photos of him (even on the top page). the prez of the foundation is the photographer who took the famous foto of him (the one you're using on top with the mirror) if im not mistaken. - would be good to confirm and credit her Martine Franck --Bine maya 06:47, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I cannot find any proof that the book, "The Decisive Moment" is not in the Public Domain in the U.S., as a renewal of the book is not listed the US Copyright Office, Public Catalog (1978 to present), nor in a reliable database of Class A U.S. Copyright renewals (book) renewal registrations for works published between 1923 and 1963. These renewals were received by the US Copyright Office between 1950 and 1993 --Zeamays 18:18, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Leica hype
I find modern autofocus cameras boring. I like to use manuals cameras and I definitely find rangefinders easier to use in alvailable light... But I'm getting bored by all this contributions by Leica fanatics.... Until the seventies Zeiss lenses where definitely superior... HCB favorite lens was a Zeiss Sonnar 50mm f/1.5 in Contax mount with a Leica adapter (now a very rare and expansive accessory). Both photos HCB that illustrate the article are showing a Contax lens mounted on a Leica with an adapter, probably the Sonnar. Ericd 00:06, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Leica M eventually? M1 or 2? --  max rspct  leave a message  03:09, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * During his life he used various cameras I think he used mostly a M3. Ericd 08:48, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Brownie Camera Reference
To: 12.217.192.63 Hi: You removed a statement in the Henri Cartier Bresson page concerning the Brownie camera and pointed to a reference. Can you please a post a citation (footnote and reference note) to the exact journal, author, date, page, etc. Thanks. --speedoflight | talk to me 06:19, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Private life references from Martine Franck entry
i'm a great fan of HCB, but the gap between the tone of this article and that of Martine Franck his fellow-magnum photographer, wife and legacy administrator is (was!!) too striking not to notice the gender bias:he's a genius. she's his second wife. i've reivised her entry now but it was mostly about HIM (even grammatically) and about her wife- and motherhood --Bine maya 06:45, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Developing his own film?
The article is inconsistent about whether Cartier-Bresson developed his own film. The section "The middle years" states that he and his wife lived in "a large studio with a small bedroom and kitchen and a bathroom where Henri once developed his films." However, the section "Technique" states "He never developed or made his own prints." So ... how to reconcile these statements? -- Docether 18:03, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Link to probable copyvio
In this pair of edits, the reader is pointed to http://www.e-photobooks.com/cartier-bresson/decisive-moment.html.

Neither having nor wanting the requisite plug in, I can't view that. But that site's top page tells people that the site offers:

 *  The Decisive Moment by Cartier-Bresson / The complete book of The Decisive Moment by Henri Cartier-Bresson online in a Flash Image Story, showing all 126 images. The Decisive Moment is generally considered the most important photo book of the last century.

The Decisive Moment was, I believe, copyrighted by HCB, who died in 2004. That would mean it's copyright till at least 2054 in most of the world.

I'm therefore removing the link. If I've misunderstood, persuade me. -- Hoary 10:11, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Daughter adopted?
There seems to be a discrepancy between this page and Martine Franck's as to whether their daughter was adopted, and when. Mooveeguy 16:11, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hcb.jpg
Image:Hcb.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:45, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Henri Cartier-Bresson - no image manipulation???
There has been much said about HCB's images having no darkroom manipulation or cropping. The cropping part is probably right but his images >>have<< been manipulated "to get everything in the negative onto the print." I have seen several of his exhibits in Paris and some of the prints showed signs blatant burning/dodging.

For a printed example, see the photo of the women of Kashmir on the mountain top in the book "The Family of Man" pp. 156-157. The sky is heavily burned in, the woman on right obviously dodged.

For one, I never understood his stance on this issue and as a fervent HCB admirer it has bothered me no end. He employed the best darkroom technicians to bring out the genius of his work - it would have been sufficient to say - as Minor White has done - for technical detail: the camera was faithfully employed.

Leterrible358 (talk) 03:39, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Subjects
In light of the (potential) length of the section and WP:EMBED, it might be a good idea to split the "Notable subjects" into a dedicated list page. 86.41.91.196 (talk) 13:43, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Nice article
I just did a bit of copy editing (the easy part). But that is not meant as a criticism of the article. In fact I enjoyed reading it and appreciate the work that has gone into it. I now know something of Henri Cartier-Bresson! CPES (talk) 14:31, 27 October 2014 (UTC) (don't know what all that stuff below is. I can't delete it. Can anyone help)

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Cartier-Bresson the father of photojournalism?
Holland Cotter in The New York Times wrote that "Cartier-Bresson’s dematerialized working method, so focused on the shutter moment, set a model for modern photojournalism, a field he basically invented.". Ken Carbone in FastCompany quoted this and used it to justify a headline of "Photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson: Father of Photojournalism". On 5 June 2015 User:Hoary removed the following from this: "Removing a daft claim that he was the first photojournalist, one been here for over a decade". FastCompany is not the best of sources on this matter. Today I reverted an edit that called him the father. This article currently states "He became inspired by a 1930 photograph by Hungarian photojournalist Martin Munkacsi..." (citation needed). Mark Oliver's obituary for him in The Guardian is titled "Father of photo-journalism, Cartier-Bresson, dies at 96" and goes on to claim he is "regarded as the founding father of photo-journalism". -Lopifalko (talk) 17:14, 5 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Good edit, Lopifalko. I don't quite know what Fast Company is; but surely it's not a reliable source on photography or journalism. The conventional view is that photojournalism started off in the 1840s; one might define photojournalism restrictively and thereby give it a later start; but I don't know how anyone could deny that it was up and running well before Cartier-Bresson (HCB) was even born. The article in Fast Company is mediocre and I don't know why we're citing it, but to be fair to its author the article doesn't say that he was the father of photojournalism: only the title makes this extraordinary claim, and I suppose the title was applied by some editor ignoramus. Mark Oliver, author of the Guardian obituary, also doesn't seem to be an expert in this subject; his article is rather obviously incompetent, what with "founder of Magnum" (HCB was a founder of Magnum) and such gobbledygook as "But the unique sensibility his photographs, often black and white, has been compared by admirers to being as distinctive as the style of great cinema director." Theroadislong, please reconsider. -- Hoary (talk) 14:53, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Theroadislong, since I posted the message above, you've found time to make 25 (or so) edits elsewhere. Please find time to comment here, or to edit the article. -- Hoary (talk) 23:03, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * A couple of comments on Cotter's article: (i) "He was a founding member of the Magnum Photos cooperative in 1947." Yes, this gets it right. (By contrast, the Guardian article is unusually sloppy.) (ii) "Cartier-Bresson’s dematerialized working method, so focused on the shutter moment, set a model for modern photojournalism, a field he basically invented." I've now read this in context, and I still don't know what "dematerialized" means here. The method employed a camera and film. You could say that meant that there was less material than was used by photojournalists using medium format (then norm when he started), and he didn't use a tripod or flash; but miniaturization of equipment was a continuing process and earlier photographers such as Erich Salomon were renowned for their stealth. Perhaps HCB's lifestyle was unusually free of material trappings (I don't know offhand, but can easily believe this). I suspect that "dematerialized working method" is mere word salad here, tossed together unthinkingly in order to meet a deadline. And this makes me wary of attaching too much importance to what's said in this one article. -- Hoary (talk) 23:57, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Since we have been discussing this, highlighting the flaw in this claim in the article and in these newspaper articles, Theroadislong has bolstered the claim in the article with The Guardian's flawed source. Can I ask why please? -Lopifalko (talk) 05:03, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Lopifalko, since you last asked, Theroadislong has found time to make about forty edits to en:WP, none of them to this article or of course to its talk page. Perhaps Theroadislong has lost interest in this article. -- Hoary (talk) 22:29, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * OK I bow to your superior knowledge of the subject, I edit using reliable sources, if you don't consider them reliable feel free to remove the content. Theroadislong (talk) 22:41, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you Theroadislong. -Lopifalko (talk) 19:49, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

IPHFM
, in this edit you say that photographs by HCB are in the collection of the IPHFM, and that this page says so. Where in that page does it say this? Moreover, HCB's name doesn't appear on this page of the same website, which is where I'd expect to see it. What am I missing? -- Hoary (talk) 04:44, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for catching this. The citation should be linked to this page https://iphf.org/inductees/henri-cartier-bresson/ . I will update this accordingly. Victpeterson (talk) 03:34, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Again, Victpeterson, you appear to be saying that the page iphf.org/inductees/henri-cartier-bresson/ says that photographs (presumably prints) by HCB are in the collection of IPHFM. I cannot find such an assertion within that page. Exactly where/how does the page say this? (If you give the wording, I can use Ctrl-F to find it within the page.) -- Hoary (talk) 05:16, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Cultural Perspective
I deliberately changed “as the city was falling to the communists” to “as the city was being liberated by the communists” in order to highlight the cultural bias in this paragraph. The word “fall” is normally associated with negative events. The word “liberated” is normally associated with positive events. In China, the events of 1949 are always referred to as “The Liberation”. Wikipedia is supposed to be a neutral encyclopaedia. Western writers of Wikipedia articles do not “own” the right to interpret events from a Western cultural viewpoint. Their interpretation is no more valid than a Chinese interpretation. By all means change the wording to something more neutral, but please do not insist on a biased Western cultural interpretation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Forsey (talk • contribs) 10:25, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Fall is neutral language, negative would be something like "subjugated" or "conquest." PS you seem to have been reverted. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 18:54, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:38, 21 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Exhibition Henri Cartier-Bresson - Le grand jeu, BnF.jpg

title: Talk:Henri Cartier-Bresson


text:
Cost estimation models

Cost estimation models are mathematical algorithms or parametric equations used to estimate the costs of a product or project. The results of the models are typically necessary to obtain approval to proceed, and are factored into business plans, budgets, and other financial planning and tracking mechanisms.

These algorithms were originally performed manually but now are almost universally computerized. They may be standardized (available in published texts or purchased commercially) or proprietary, depending on the type of business, product, or project in question. Simple models may use standard spreadsheet products.

Models typically function through the input of parameters that describe the attributes of the product or project in question, and possibly physical resource requirements. The model then provides as output various resources requirements in cost and time. Some models concentrate only on estimating project costs (often a single monetary value). Little attention has been given to the development of models for estimating the amount of resources needed for the different elements that comprise a project.

Cost modeling practitioners often have the titles of cost estimators, cost engineers, or parametric analysts.

Typical applications include:
 * Construction
 * Software Development
 * Manufacturing
 * New product development

authors: Леонид Макаров

title: Cost estimation models


text:
Donair

The donair is a version of the doner kebab originating in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in the early 1970s. A proper donair consists of four main ingredients: donair meat, toppings, donair sauce, and pita bread. Donair meat is made from spiced ground beef sliced off a rotating cone. The toppings typically include chopped onions and tomatoes, while the distinctive sweet sauce is made from sweetened condensed milk, vinegar, and garlic powder. All of these ingredients are wrapped together in a soft white pita.

History
The Halifax donair, a popular Canadian dish, was created in the 1970s by Greek immigrant Peter Gamoulakos. Initially offering traditional gyros at Velos Pizza in Bedford, Nova Scotia, Gamoulakos modified the recipe to better suit local tastes. He replaced lamb with beef and developed a sweet sauce made from evaporated milk, vinegar, and garlic powder.

Development
Donairs have their origins in Greece or Turkey, traditionally known as "doners," "gyros," or "doner kebabs." The modern fast food doner was reportedly invented by Mahmut Aygun, a Turkish immigrant in Berlin, in 1971. Velos Pizza in Bedford, Nova Scotia, is credited with creating the "Halifax" donair around 1971-1973, featuring a very sweet sauce made from condensed milk, sugar, garlic, and vinegar.

In 1973, Gamoulakos opened King of Donair on Quinpool Road in Halifax, where the donair recipe was perfected. The dish quickly gained popularity, becoming a staple of late-night dining. The classic donair consists of spiced ground beef cooked on a rotating spit, served in a pita with tomatoes, onions, and the signature sweet sauce.

Expansion and recognition
Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, the donair continued to grow in popularity. In 2015, Halifax officially recognized the donair as the city's official food. The motion, which saw an equal split among councillors, was decided by Mayor Mike Savage, who cast the deciding vote to elevate the donair to its official status.

Cultural impact
The donair's influence extends beyond Halifax, with its presence in other Canadian cities and endorsements from notable figures like Anthony Bourdain. Despite evolving and inspiring new culinary creations, the donair remains a beloved symbol of Halifax's culinary heritage.

Regional variations and current status
The Halifax donair has inspired numerous regional variations across Canada. In New Brunswick, donairs include lettuce, while in Alberta, variations include cheese and pepperoni. Despite these adaptations, the authentic donair remains a Nova Scotian specialty, and its popularity continues to grow. Today, Tony's Meats, which acquired the Mr. Donair brand, continues to expand its reach, offering a range of donair-related products across Canada and recently into the U.S.

Edmonton donair scene
Edmonton has embraced the donair, with nearly 120 shops featuring donairs in their names. The city's Lebanese community played a significant role in popularizing donairs in Edmonton. Notable establishments like Charles Smart Donair and Athena Donair contributed to its local fame. Unlike Halifax, Edmonton donairs often include variations like lettuce, tzatziki sauce, and unique flavors such as barbecue and pineapple curry. Recently, Prime Time Donair made headlines by winning an auction for a donair costume, paying $16,025 to keep the Alberta-made costume within the province.

Health concerns
In summer 2008, after numerous cases of E. coli related food poisoning due to the consumption of undercooked donair meat in Alberta, the federal government came out with a set of guidelines for the preparation of donairs. The principal guideline was that the meat should be cooked at least twice: once on the spit, and then grilled as the donair is being prepared. Many Atlantic Canadian establishments already did this; however, some restaurants in Alberta omitted the grilling step.

title: Donair


text:
User talk:Danlovejoy

Gone
I have stopped editing the Wikipedia, and no longer visit the site. If you need to reach me, you may do so by writing me at my gmail account, which ends with gmail.com and starts with my wikipedia username.

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Danlovejoy


text:
Republic of Minerva

The Republic of Minerva was a micronation consisting of the Minerva Reefs. It was one of the few modern attempts at creating a sovereign micronation on the reclaimed land of an artificial island in 1972. The architect was Las Vegas real estate millionaire and political activist Michael Oliver, who went on to other similar attempts in the following decade. Lithuanian-born Oliver formed a syndicate, the Ocean Life Research Foundation, which had considerable finances for the project and had offices in New York and London. They anticipated a libertarian society with "no taxation, welfare, subsidies, or any form of economic interventionism." In addition to tourism and fishing, the economy of the new nation would include light industry and other commerce.

On 24 February 1972 Tonga made a claim over the Minerva Reefs, which was backed by Australia, New Zealand (including the Cook Islands), Fiji, Nauru and Samoa. A Tongan expedition was sent to enforce the claim, arriving on 18 June 1972. In 1982 a group of Americans led again by Davis tried to occupy the reefs, but were forced off by Tongan troops after three weeks. No known claimant group since 1982 has made any attempt to take possession of the Minerva Reefs. According to Reason, Minerva has today been "more or less reclaimed by the sea".

History
The reefs were put on the charts by Captain John Nicholson of LMS Haweis in December 1818 as reported in The Sydney Gazette 30 January 1819 and had been marked on charts as "Nicholson's Shoal" since the late 1820s. Captain H. M. Denham of HMS Herald surveyed the reefs in 1854 and renamed them after the Australian whaler Minerva, which collided with South Minerva Reef on 9 September 1829. In 1971 barges loaded with sand arrived from Australia, bringing the reef level above the water and allowing construction of a small tower and flag. The Republic of Minerva issued a declaration of independence on 19 January 1972, in letters to neighboring countries and even created their own currency. Morris C. "Bud" Davis was elected as President of the Republic of Minerva.

Prior to 1972, Tonga had not claimed sovereignty over the Minerva Reefs. In 1887, when King George Tupou I of Tonga first proclaimed Tonga’s territory, the Minerva Reefs were not included. When asked about the Minervan's project, the King of Tonga, Taufaahau Tupou IV, denied rumors that Tonga meant to claim sovereignty over it, yet said "it was in the best interest of Tonga not to allow a group of people, whose objects were to make money and whose activities could be harmful, to become established on the reefs." Neighboring countries agreed; Fiji’s Prime Minister, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, claimed the actions of the Minervans set a dangerous precedent: "If these people can claim Minerva, what would stop them from doing it here?"

Consequently, a conference of the neighboring states (Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Fiji, Nauru, Samoa, and territory of Cook Islands) met on 24 February 1972 at which Tonga made a claim over the Minerva Reefs, and the rest of the states recognized its claim.

On 15 June 1972 the following proclamation was published in a Tongan government gazette: A Tongan expedition was sent to enforce the claim, arriving on 18 June 1972. The Flag of Tonga was raised on 19 June 1972 on North Minerva and on South Minerva on 21 June 1972. Tonga's claim was recognized by the South Pacific Forum in September 1972. Meanwhile, Provisional President Davis was fired by founder Michael Oliver and the project collapsed in confusion. Nevertheless, Minerva was referred to in O. T. Nelson's post-apocalyptic children's novel The Girl Who Owned a City, published in 1975, as an example of an invented utopia that the book's protagonists could try to emulate.

In 1982 a group of Americans led again by Davis tried to occupy the reefs, but were forced off by Tongan troops after three weeks.

In November 2005, Fiji lodged a complaint with the International Seabed Authority concerning Tonga's maritime waters claims surrounding Minerva. Tonga has lodged a counter claim.

title: Republic of Minerva


text:
Tim Hunkin

Tim Hunkin (born Timothy Mark Trelawney Hunkin, 27 December 1950 in London) is an English engineer, cartoonist, writer, and artist living in Suffolk, England. He is best known for creating the Channel Four television series The Secret Life of Machines, in which he explains the workings and history of various household devices. He has also created museum exhibits for institutions across the UK, and designed numerous public engineering works, chiefly for entertainment. Hunkin's works are distinctive, often recognisable by his unique style of papier-mâché sculpture (made from unpainted newsprint), his pen and ink cartoons, and his offbeat sense of humour.

Education
Hunkin enrolled in 1969, and graduated in engineering science from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1972.

Work and career
Hunkin's Under the Pier Show at Southwold Pier, England, is a penny arcade featuring a number of humorous, coin-operated machines of his creation. Attractions include the "Autofrisk" (a device that simulates the experience of being frisked by multiple, inflated rubber gloves), the "Bathyscape" (a device that simulates a brief submarine adventure) and a somewhat rude sculptural clock. Hunkin has also opened Novelty Automation, an amusement arcade in Holborn, London, which has a more satirical tone, of which Hunkin has said "I don’t think political art has an enormous effect, but in the short term it is satisfying to reinforce people’s disrespect of the villains."

Many of his other projects are large-scale and theatrical, including gigantic clocks of unconventional designs, bonfires and pyrotechnic displays. In 1976, he designed the flying pigs and sheep for rock band Pink Floyd's In The Flesh tour, promoting their Animals album.

His displays are also featured in episodes of The Secret Life of Machines and relate to the machine covered by the programmes. These included a mountain of flaming televisions; flying vacuum cleaners fitted with rocket motors; a carhenge; a ballet of self-propelled portable radios; and a bizarre "pilgrimage" of an internal combustion engine carried, shoulder high, on a bier into the centre of Carhenge. The Pink Floyd inflatable pig was also featured in the vacuum cleaner episode. Other displays featured in the series were more informative, such as a free-standing central heating system and a "human sewing machine." The programs also include his cartoons in voiced and animated form.

In 2013 he created a large, unfolding clock for the San Francisco Exploratorium.

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic Hunkin was inspired by other creators online to make a new series called The Secret Life of Components that was distributed on YouTube beginning in March 2021. A second installment was distributed beginning 30 March 2022.

Books
Hunkin has published several books in his distinctive cartoon style. His first was a children's book, Mrs Gronkwonk and the Post Office Tower (ISBN 978-0207955006) in 1973, which he recently made available again at Lulu.com. In 1988 he published Almost Everything There Is To Know, a compilation of his comic strip The Rudiments of Wisdom, first published in The Observer. He is also the author of the book Hunkin's Experiments which describes a variety of science-based pranks, games, and curiosities. Content from both books is freely available online.

title: Tim Hunkin


text:
Tama Janowitz

Tama Janowitz (born April 12, 1956) is an American novelist and a short story writer. She is often referenced as one of the main "brat pack" authors, along with Bret Easton Ellis and Jay McInerney. Her novel-in-stories Slaves of New York (1986) was adapted into the movie of the same name in 1989.

Life and career
Her parents, psychiatrist Julian Janowitz and Phyllis Janowitz (née Winer), a literature professor at Cornell University, divorced when she was ten. She and her brother David grew up with her mother in Massachusetts, and, for two years in the late 1960s, in Israel.

Janowitz graduated from Barnard College with a B.A. in 1977 and from Hollins College with an M.A. in 1979. In 1985 she received an M.F.A from the Columbia University School of the Arts.

Upon settling in New York City, Janowitz started writing about life there, becoming well-known in Manhattan literary and social circles. She began socializing with pop artist Andy Warhol through her relationship with artist Ronnie Cutrone. Janowitz's collection of short stories, Slaves of New York, brought her wider fame in 1986. Publishers Weekly described the book as seven stories featuring a woman named Eleanor, "a diffident young woman who gains entree to the arty milieu of lower Manhattan, which seems to combine elements of Oz and Never-Never-Land with Dante's Inferno." Warhol mentioned in his diary that the characters Eleanor and Stash in the stories are based on Janowitz and Cutrone. The book was adapted into the 1989 film Slaves of New York, which was directed by James Ivory and starring Bernadette Peters. Janowitz wrote the screenplay and also appeared, playing Peters' friend.

Janowitz has published seven novels, one collection of stories and one work of nonfiction. She left Manhattan to live in Brooklyn with her British husband and art-gallery owner, Tim Hunt, and their daughter. She now lives near Ithaca, New York.

Her memoir, Scream: A Memoir of Glamour and Dysfunction, was published in August 2016 to reviews both positive and negative. In The New York Times Book Review, Ada Calhoun noted Janowitz's deadpan, almost careless way of looking at her own life and the glamor of hanging out with Andy Warhol and dancing at Studio 54. The review also addressed the concern with material goods and financial security that drives many of Janowitz's novels and led her to appear in ads for Amaretto and other products. Calhoun wrote, "This memoir—which spans her childhood (partly spent in 1968 Israel, where her family was booted from a hotel for not paying), her adventuresome youth (she had a fling with a 63-year-old Lawrence Durrell when she was 19), her career struggles and successes, and her more recent life as caretaker to her dying mother — shows that she comes by her obsession with money honestly."

Awards

 * 1975 Bread Loaf Writers fellowship
 * 1976; 1977 Janoway Fiction prize
 * 1982 National Endowment award

Fiction

 * American Dad, Crown, 1981, ISBN 978-0-517-56573-5; Picador, 1988, ISBN 9780330302678
 * Slaves of New York, Crown Publishers, 1986, ISBN 978-0-517-56107-2
 * Five, (with Constance DeJong, Richard Prince, Joe Gibbons, and Leslie Thornton), New York: Top Stories, 1986, ISBN 978-0917061233
 * A Cannibal in Manhattan, Washington Square Press, July 1988, ISBN 978-0-671-66598-2
 * The Male Cross-Dresser Support Group, Crown Publishers, 1992, ISBN 978-0-517-58698-3; Simon and Schuster, 1994, ISBN 978-0-671-87150-5
 * By the Shores of Gitchee Gumee Crown Publishers, 1996, ISBN 978-0-517-70298-7
 * A Certain Age, Doubleday, 1999; Anchor Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-385-49611-7
 * Hear that?, Illustrator Tracy Dockray, SeaStar Books, 2001, ISBN 978-1-58717-074-4
 * Peyton Amberg, Bloomsbury, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7475-6138-5; Macmillan, 2004, ISBN 978-0-312-31845-1
 * They Is Us, The Friday Project Limited, 2008, ISBN 9781906321123

Nonfiction

 * Area Code 212, Bloomsbury, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7475-5828-6; Macmillan, 2005, ISBN 978-0-312-32063-8
 * Scream: A Memoir of Glamour and Dysfunction; Dey Street Books, August 9, 2016 (ISBN 978-0062391322)
 * Scream: A Memoir of Glamour and Dysfunction; Dey Street Books, August 9, 2016 (ISBN 978-0062391322)

title: Tama Janowitz


text:
Niccolò dell'Abbate

Niccolò dell'Abbate, sometimes Nicolò and Abate (1509 or 1512 – 1571) was a Mannerist Italian painter in fresco and oils. He was of the Emilian school, and was part of the team of artists called the School of Fontainebleau that introduced the Italian Renaissance to France. He may be found indexed under either "Niccolò" or "Abbate", though the former is more correct.

Biography
Niccolò dell'Abbate was born in Modena, the son of a violinist.

He trained together with Alberto Fontana in the studio of Antonio Begarelli, a local Modenese sculptor; early influences included Ferrarese painters such as Garofalo and Dosso Dossi. He specialized in long friezes with secular and mythological subjects, including for the Palazzo dei Beccherie (1537); in various rooms of the Rocca di Scandiano owned by the counts Boiardo (whom he portrayed in the late 1530s) he created 12 frescoes, one for each book of The Aeneid, and notably a courtly ceiling Concert composed of a ring of young musicians seen in perspective, Sotto in Su (early 1540s), and the Hercules Room in the Rocca Meli Lupi at Soragna (c. 1540–43), and possibly the loggia frescoes removed from Palazzo Casotti at Reggio Emilia.

His style was modified by exposure to Correggio and Parmigianino, when he moved to Bologna in 1547. In Bologna, most of his painting depicted elaborate landscapes and aristocratic genre scenes of hunting and courtly loves, often paralleled in mythologic narratives. It was during this time that he decorated the Palazzo Poggi, and executed a cycle of frescoes illustrating Orlando Furioso in the ducal palace at Sassuolo, near Modena. Bologna is also the location of his illustrations for Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, and where he was celebrated in a sonnet which compares him to Raphael and Titian among others. One of his early pieces that cemented his reputation was the Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, in the church of the abbey of San Pietro, Modena.

He spent 1548 through 1552 in Bologna, where he gained influence from Correggio and Parmigianino. His surviving stucco-surface landscape in the Palazzo dell'Università shows his maturing style.

In 1552, Niccolò moved to France, where he worked at the royal Château de Fontainebleau as a member of the decorating team under the direction of Francesco Primaticcio. Within two years of his arrival he was drawing a project for a decor commemorating Anne de Montmorency (preparatory drawing at the Louvre). In Paris, he frescoed the chapel ceiling in the Hôtel de Guise (destroyed), following Primaticcio's designs. He also executed private commissions for portable canvases of mythological subjects sited in landscapes. He designed a series of tapestries titles Les Mois Arabesques, some of which were used by the painted enamel industry of Limoges. Much of his output reflected an often overlooked function of artists of the time: the ephemeral festive decorations erected to celebrate special occasions in the court circle, for example, the decorations for the triumphal entry into Paris staged for Charles IX and his bride Elisabeth of Austria. His final pieces, in 1571, were 16 murals which were done with the assistance of his son Giulio Camillo. That year, Niccolò died in Fontainebleau, France.

Niccolò's great-nephew, Ercole Abbate of Modena (1573–1613), was one of his pupils.

Works
Niccolò is best known for his mythological landscape subjects, which introduced the Flemish world landscape into French art, such as the Orpheus and Landscape with the Death of Eurydice in the National Gallery, London and the Rape of Proserpine in the Louvre, and for his profuse and elegant drawings. Not many of his frescoes have survived; however, the Louvre does have a collection of his drawings. Many of his canvasses were burnt in 1643, by the Austrian regent, Anne. Some of his landscapes for Charles IX were influential for the 17th century painters Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin.

title: Niccolò dell'Abbate


text:
Roaring River (Tennessee)

The Roaring River is a 37.7 mi tributary of the Cumberland River in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Via the Cumberland and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

It rises on the Highland Rim approximately 7 mi south of Livingston, Tennessee in Overton County. It initially flows roughly north, then turns largely west for the balance of its course. After crossing into Jackson County, it begins a relatively steep descent, resulting in the namesake "roar" during periods of high flow. The lower portion of its course is designated as a "State Scenic River" under the terms of the Tennessee Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.

The Roaring River empties into the Cordell Hull Lake impoundment of the Cumberland River. A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recreation area is at and around the actual confluence, which is very near the Jackson County seat of Gainesboro.

title: Roaring River (Tennessee)


text: Category:Romanian gymnasts

title: Category:Romanian gymnasts


text:
Talk:An Nakba

Can't this be merged with Palestinian exodus? There is no mention of any other calamities that have been called Nakba, so disambiguation is not necessary. JFW | T@lk  22:39, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I am sorry I disagree, there are still people that would look this up, under the title Nakba or Al-Nakba. Could you please move it back the way it was? Perhaps add a See Also link for further information to the other page, what do you think? I thought we were trying to add entries, not remove them...Just my thoughts, but as a Palestinian I would like the page to revert to the way it was before the last change, please! I do not know how, or I would do it. Thanks. Joseph E. Saad (August 5th, 2004)

Hi Joseph. I was half-expecting you to respond :-). My opinion is that Wikipedia should not have two different articles on exactly the same subject. I would recommend adding everything you'd like to add to Palestinian exodus, which is a much longer article that contains everything on Al-Nakba. People will look up Al-Nakba, and the wiki will take them to the page on the Palestinian exodus. This happens all over the project, even the most important pages (e.g. Diabetes redirects to diabetes mellitus!) As for reverting: you can access previous versions by clicking "History". If you would like to revert (which I would discourage), click on a previous version, edit that article and save it. The wiki will accept that previous version as the new version. (See also [[Wikipedia:How to revert a page to an earlier version.) PS You can sign your name and the time automatically by typing ~ (four tildes) after your message. JFW | T@lk  00:47, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I learned how to do it, and so I did change it back, and added the See Also link to Palestinian exodus, I hope that is OK, please advise if you have any troubles with that. User:Joseph E. Saad

Please respond to my above message, though (I inserted it later due to edit conflict); could you explain why Wikipedia needs two pages on the same historical phenomenon? JFW | T@lk  00:47, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well I am usually pretty easy going about these things, if that is what is best for the entry, and nothing important is omitted. That said, I still feel that there is nothing wrong with the entry as it stands. I guess that someone could get the meaning for Nakba or Al-Nakba from the Palestinian exodus entry, but it would seem to me that it would be clearer to leave the other entry the way it is, if someone just wants to know what it means. I mean Palestinian exodus does not convey the same meaning, and anyway is currently being debated and locked for editing. One last thing is that the Palestinian exodus article is long and full of extra stuff, the see also would take care of that for those that wanted more information than just the basic meaning. I noticed that you added a question to the other article, in talk, so maybe we should wait till we get an answer, and resolve it when the page is free for editing. Does that sound OK?
 * BTW: thanks for the tip about the signature, that is a lot easier.Joseph 08:14, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

There is certainly nothing wrong with the entry, but I am concerned this article will snowball while exactly the same subject being covered in Palestinian exodus, especially now that page is protected. Some points:
 * The fact that Nakba sounds better is insufficient argument to maintain two articles. A redirect should be good enough, or "Palestinian exodus" should be moved to this page (after consultation on that page's talk page).
 * If the "basic meaning" of Nakba is unclear from "Palestinial exodus", this is a serious deficiency in that article and should not be "corrected" by writing a parallel article that rehearses the exercise.
 * In other words: please advance an argument why this page has independent merits over "Palestinian exodus". Are there any other historical events that have also been called Al-Nakba? My view remains that this page should be merged with that page and turned into a redirect, and I hope we can sort this out without having to go through Votes for deletion etc. JFW | T@lk  11:45, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well OK, I have to say I am a bit intimidated, the Wiki has changed so much. In any case, I have found out there is another page out there called: Al-Nakba; someone posted this: This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Al-Nakba&action=edit).

 * I am not sure what all that means, however, that page Al-Nakba should be redirected to the main page here (or perhaps the first one of these two versions should be kept as the main entry.

 * The last part: "Nakba Day (May 15th) is the most important day on the Palestinian calendar, and is traditionally observed as a time to learn about the history of Palestine and to remember the event in 1948." Could be kept (possibly modified), the portion above that, I think is not as accurate as this page Nakba. I am not really sure that Nakba Day (May 15th) is the most important day on our (Palestinian calender). Please advise on this.

 * As I said before, I still would like to keep one of these as it is to show the term and what it means. It can be brief, and I may still add to it, perhaps some book info., and possibly links later. It seems to me that Palestinian exodus, just does not do it. That page Palestinian exodus, can be kept for the myriad various ideas, the two sides issues, and all other theories and discussions. I would like to keep this page very basic, with just the explanation.

 * This page should be kept to explain the purely Palestinian meaning of the word/term. I mean, with all due respect and not to minimize at all, would you object to the Holocaust turning into Jewish exodus? I am just asking, that is how I as a Palestinian take it.

 * Anyhow, still willing to discuss it here first.

 * BTW: Looking over some various links, I see two different explanations for the same links on quite a few pages, so I will try to make them the same, for consistencies sake! I have been away for a long time.

 * Hoping that is OK Joseph 18:09, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

Joseph, I have redirected Al-Nakba here, and moved the line about May 15 to this article. The pronouncement that Nakba day is "the most important" is IMHO a value judgment, which is rather bound to POV. Some Palestinians might prefer to celebrate the signing of Olso 1 or the handshake between Rabin and Arafat in the Rose Garden! I will made the appropriate modification. I'm still not really sure if this page adds anything to the content of Palestinian exodus. If you feel the term Al Nakba deserves more treatment, Wikipedia will be better served if this happens on the other page. I wonder if anyone else is reading this, and what their feelings are on this issue. JFW | T@lk  20:40, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Cultural significance
I actually side with Joseph this time ;-) The Palestinians I know put a lot of stress on the use of the word Nakba, so I see potential for a good article on the cultural and political significance of the term. I propse to rewrite the introduction to reflect this and prevent the article from snowballing into a copy of Palestinian exodus. Tell me what you think of this:

Nakba or An-Nakba is an Arabic term meaning literally "cataclysm" or "calamity". It is used amongst Arabs and and others to refer to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the ensuing Palestinian exodus.

This article will deal with the cultural and political significance of the term Nakba. For a historical view, see Palestinian exodus or the wider History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The term Nakba was coined by Constantine Zurayk, a professor of history at the American University of Beirut...

Remarks: Gadykozma 02:03, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Al-Nakba is just a mistake, right? I already created an An-Nakba redirect, BTW.
 * Why the strange order of the exodus and the war in the original version? Am I missing a point?
 * If you want more people to participate without using VfD, why don't you post on Peer Review or WikiProject Arab-Israeli conflict? I only got here by snooping after Joseph...

 * I have never heard of An-Nkba, it must be a mistake. Al before a word in Arabic means simply the so The Nakba instead of Nakba, Nakba itself is the word, all references to it, should be made to that word. There should be only one article, and it need not be too long, it has a very basic concept and meaning to Palestinians and some Arabs. On that note at the intro. I propose the sentence should read:

 * ''This term is often used amongst Palestinians, some Arabs, and others to describe the Palestinian exodus in 1948 (and shortly before) which culminated in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and its aftermath.

 * I am not sure what you mean about the exodus thing, but suspect if you mean the shortly before period of time...There was quite a bit of unrest, military activity, and attacks (terrorist and otherwise) that occurred before May 8, 1948 (the date the Zionist state came into being), but when most refer to Al-Nakba, they refer to the end result of the 1948 conflict: Deir Yassin (approx. a month before the formal war began), the destruction and conquest of hundreds of Arab villages during and after, the death of the popular Palestinian leader and fighter - Abdel Khader Husseini I believe in Kastel shortly before Deir Yassin, and the pitiful state of the Palestinian refugees from that point onwards.

 * That, and that no solution has ever been found for the displacement of such a large number of people from their homes, livelihood, and land is the main reason for the term I believe. Add to that the fact they have never been allowed to return, in direct violation of UN resolutions. The worst nightmare of the Palestinians was realized in 1948, from when the first mention was made of the partition plan, the Palestinian Arabs realized too late, that the state the Zionists would get would be at their expense. Others may know about this in more detail though.

 * Does that help your inquiry? Joseph 22:19, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)

Not really: Gadykozma 22:41, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, modern transliteration from Arabic takes into account solar letters, and definitely this is the standard on Wikipedia, so it should be An-Nakba.
 * Exodus, as I understand this, is the very act of massive evacuation and transfer, so it is outcome of the 1948 war, not the other way round.
 * Most importantly, you haven't commented on the paragraph that starts with "this article will deal with..." This is the most important point, my suggestion how to resolve the conflict between you and JFW by ensuring different contents for this article and the Palestinian exodus article.

 * OK, I will try again

 * OK, I do not know anything about solar letters or anything. All I know about linguistics is what I said. I write and read Arabic like a small child. I can write my name and where I am from in Arabic, most of the letters, but that is about all. All I know is Al-Nakba or Nakba,, but if you also say An-Nakba ok.

 * I went back to the link: Nakba A 50th year anniversary Webpage of the Nakba. Lets just for the sake of argument, say that can be considered a fairly accurate Palestinian POV, OK.

 * In the chronology section, one would see:

 * Chronology of events before the Nakba

 * 1876 - 1918
 * 1918 - 1935
 * 1936 - 1939
 * 1939 - 1947

 * And:

 * Chronology of the Nakba
 * 1947
 * 1948
 * 1949.

 * So can we say it started in 1947, ok? I also found this article from: Le Monde diplomatique. - Fifty years of dispossession in the articles section. In it, it refers to:

 * ...This can largely be attributed to the dramatic events which live on in the Palestinian memory as the nakba (the catastrophe). On 29 November 1947 the United Nations adopted Resolution 181 partitioning Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states. Already it was a bizarre application of the principle of national self-determination. For a full 86% of the land allotted to the proposed Jewish state was Palestinian-inhabited and owned land, predominantly public, with the state’s Jewish citizens in a slight, but distinct, minority position...'

 * This implies that the partition plan was the starting factor, the ensuing violence and disorder after, and the final actual 1948 war, and what its end result meant to the Palestinians afterwards, 1967, on and on. Still no solution...

 * As for the perceived mixing of similar content, and the intro, I do not know. I was happy with the way it was. The main point of what Nakba means, and what people should know. As I said before, it is the crux of the Palestinian refugee problem, and the collective memory of the injustice all Palestinians suffer and feel every day.

 * With all due respect, I know it may need wordsmithing, but I liked it the way it was. Feel free to make improvements, however, no problem; Imay add a comment or suggestion in a peer to peer sort of way too. The article is short anyway so it is pretty evident on what it will deal with. I am not sure if that explains better. If some one looks it up, they should be able to find a suitable explanation.

 * This is purely a Palestinian term and experience. One akin to the Holocaust, in due respect to that and the scars it left behind. No one can say what it means specifically unless they are those people, and ancestors.

 * My remarks were meant to help explain, and were meant to be taken simply as friendly remarks and notes. I hope that helps? Joseph 01:08, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)

Relatively Unwikifiable
For various political reasons the article (as of May 2005) doesn't seem to touch on the obvious Wiki links it needs to touch on. Perhaps this sample is helpful:

 * The Nakba is a very important historical event. It is actually a key to peace in the Middle East.

 * The Nakba or Al Nakba occurred in 1948. Nakba is originally an Arabic word, used to refer to the military events of 1947-1949 in Palestine. The Nakba involved the relocation of up to a million extant Palestinians from the small towns they lived in in what is now Israel. It was a huge disaster for both sides -- the nascent Israelis became persona non grata because of this, and the Palestinians and other Semitic people there became instantly embroiled in a mind-bogglingly involved military puzzle they didn't really expect to become involved in. It had something to do with the events in Europe in the first half of the 1900s. Evacuated areas include the sites of the cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa, although in general, the entire area of present-day Israel was evacuated during the Nakba.

 * The events comprising the Nakba had a great deal to do with both the so-called Stern Gang, led by Avraham or Abraham Stern, a Polish emigrant to Palestine, and with David Ben-Gurion, who participated officially in the Nakba. Avraham Stern was later assassinated by an agent of the British government, perhaps in retaliation for the assassination of Count Bernadotte, a British diplomat assigned to Palestine during the time of the Nakba.

 * The Nakba could be considered to be a hot political issue at this point in the first decade of the 3rd millenium. However, it could also be considered the nettle which should be grasped in attempting to unravel the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East area.

 * 50th anniversary of the Nakba (Palestinian cataclysm) Website

Does this seem a little more realistic? I mean, the way the article is written now, it is like writing American Revolution without mentioning Benjamin Franklin. I consulted the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center in Ramallah through araboo.com in writing the article sample. It seems to me that sanguinity would be a good watchword in putting a monstrously important article like this together.--McDogm 14:00, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is about the word Nakba, not the Nakba itself. As the header here makes clear, the events themselves are discussed elsewhere, particularly in Palestinian exodus, and the relevant links ought to be in that article. —Charles P. (Mirv) 16:02, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * What's the deal with the word Nakba? What else does it sound like, what else does it mean, in Arabic?--McDogm 01:57, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well I like the revision, but as you can well see, there was serious issues with the Concept, of this article, and its right to exist. So at this point, I am just happy to see it remain. JMHO, but hey thanks, I appreciate the honest effort, well done. --Joseph 03:45, May 24, 2005 (UTC)

2013
I really appreciate your own personal opinions, but there is no place for that in wikipedia. let the user choose whats he wants to read. exodus of palestinians or exodus of jews from the arab lands. both of them are Nakba's. I do not understand what is your problem. freedom, peace and love. thank you 109.65.226.91 (talk) 03:33, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The issue is whether there is a primary topic for the term "Nakba" within the guidelines and policies of Wikipedia disambiguation. The term originally came from Arabic, and referred to Arabic-speaking non-Jews who left the territories which became Israel. Later the term was applied in the phrase "Jewish Nakba". See the quotation and citation from Israeli columnist Ben Dror Yemini at Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. It seems pretty clear that "Nakba" does have a primary meaning, and that the "Jewish Nabka" is secondary. The procedure set up for two possible topics where one is primary is laid out at Wikipedia:Disambiguation, and a  dab hatnote is added to the header of the primary topic article.  Such a header exists at the 1948 Palestinian exodus article. I have restored the status quo ante; please discuss if and why change is required. --Bejnar (talk) 21:27, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The purpose of this page is not to make a political point—There was a "Jewish Nakba" too!—but to direct readers where they're most likely trying to go, and that is the primary meaning of Nakba, the exodus of Palestinian Arabs in 1948. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 22:14, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:1948 Palestinian exodus which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:15, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:An Nakba


text: Category:War photographers

title: Category:War photographers


text:
Richard Topcliffe

Richard Topcliffe (14 November 1531 – late 1604) was a priest hunter and practitioner of torture during the reign of Elizabeth I of England. A landowner and Member of Parliament, he became notorious as the government's chief enforcer of the penal laws against the practice of Catholicism.

Early life
Topcliffe was the eldest son of Robert Topcliffe of Somerby, Lincolnshire, and his wife, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Burgh, 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough, who had been chamberlain of the household to queen Anne Boleyn. His uncle Edward Burgh was queen Katherine Parr's first husband — so Topcliffe was extremely well-connected. When his father died in 1544, the twelve-year-old Topcliffe became the ward of his uncle, Sir Anthony Neville. In 1548, aged sixteen, like other well-to-do young Elizabethan gentlemen he entered Gray's Inn, though he never practised law. On coming of age in 1553, he entered upon a large property, over 4,000 acres.

Career
According to his own account, he entered the service of the Queen in 1557, a year before her accession to the throne, when they were both in their mid-twenties, but he did not begin his service of the state until the Northern Rebellion of 1569 when he armed a troop of thirty horses at his own expense. In his early years, too, he had served the 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, but then became one of Leicester's men. There is no foundation for the frequently-repeated assertion that he worked for Burghley and Walsingham. As an independent, self-financed operator with his own squadron of "instruments" as he called them, he worked with both Burghley and Walsingham under commission from the Privy Council, and was on very good terms with them both, though he always considered himself the Queen's personal servant and friend.

He represented Beverley in Parliament in 1572. He would later return to Parliament as MP for Old Sarum in 1584 and 1586.

Topcliffe was a tireless agent of the English government's determination to eradicate Catholicism from England. At the height of his power, from the late 1580s until 1595, he hunted, captured, arrested, and interrogated many prisoners - often with torture. Topcliffe's infamous interrogations took place either in the Tower of London, in Bridewell prison, or even at his own house in Westminster, next to the Gatehouse prison. Exiled Catholic intelligencer Richard Verstegan regularly reported on Topcliffe's activities, condemning him "whose inhuman cruelty is so great, as he will not spare to extend any torture whatsoever". His favourite method (which he may have introduced) was to hang a prisoner by the hands in the gauntlets or manacles, a procedure which, though exquisitely painful, left no permanent injury if properly administered. Improperly administered, it caused permanent internal injury and even death. There is some evidence that he used psychological torture as well, keeping prisoners awake, for instance.

Having seen his prisoners through to trial and condemnation, he would then attend the executions as a kind of master of the ceremonies, usually putting up a notice or titulus on the gallows indicating the sufferer's name and offence, and making sure that the full rigours of the sentence — hanging, drawing, and quartering while still alive for those convicted of treason — were carried out. Under the law after 1585, merely being a priest in England was treason. The British literary critic Frank Kermode notes in The Age of Shakespeare that "Topcliffe's copy of a history of the Jesuit mission survives, with his gloating marginalia: beside the name of a missionary the words ‘I racked him,’ beside the name of someone hanged a little stick figure dangling from a gallows.” Unfortunately, Kermode's reference cannot be verified, though Topcliffe, whose official police career began with the searching out of Catholic books, was fond of annotating the books he confiscated and kept.

Topcliffe's victims included the Jesuits Robert Southwell, and Henry Walpole. Topcliffe features numerous times in John Gerard, S.J.'s autobiography of his days as a hunted priest in Elizabethan England. In it, he is described as, "old and hoary and a veteran in evil". In early 1592, he or one of his men, Nicholas Jones, raped or seduced a prisoner in the Gatehouse prison, Anne Bellamy, and persuaded her to arrange the capture of the Jesuit priest Robert Southwell at her family's house outside London. When Bellamy married Jones, Topcliffe tried to force her father to give the couple an estate. What became of them is unknown, but the Bellamy family was ruined. Anne Bellamy was the Queen's prisoner, and therefore entitled to her protection, yet no action was taken against Topcliffe over this affair, even though the Queen knew about the pregnancy, and knew that Topcliffe had spirited the woman away to his house in Lincolnshire.

In August 1597, the Council commissioned Topcliffe to investigate the play by Ben Jonson and Thomas Nashe, The Isle of Dogs, which upset the authorities so badly. Fortunately for Jonson, by then Topcliffe's general commission had been withdrawn, and his power much curtailed, though he never lost favour with the Queen and the Cecils. It is possible, though unlikely, that he initiated the inquiry.

The Fitzherberts
Topcliffe, who was engaged in a long-running attempt to destroy the Catholic Fitzherberts of Derbyshire and Staffordshire, persuaded Sir Thomas Fitzherbert's heir, also Thomas, to assist him. He entered into a bond under which Thomas Fitzherbert would pay him £3,000 for bringing about the deaths of his uncle Sir Thomas, his father John, and a cousin, William Bassett. The uncle and the father died in prison, and the cousin remained alive. When Fitzherbert refused to pay up, Topcliffe sued him in Chancery for the money. Scandalised, the Privy Council intervened. Topcliffe insulted them, and they put him in prison. The Queen released him after a couple of weeks in response to his personal letters to her. He did not get the money, but he had succeeded in tricking Thomas into deeding an estate in Padley, Derbyshire, to him. Under King James I, though, the 7th Earl of Shrewsbury ejected him, and the Fitzherberts recovered the property.

Death
Topcliffe died in November or December 1604 at the age of about 73. His heir, Charles, succeeded to a heavily encumbered estate. Like Walsingham, Topcliffe impoverished himself by his service to the crown.

Depictions
Richard Topcliffe was portrayed by Brian Wilde in the 1971 British television mini-series Elizabeth R. Topcliffe is featured in Rory Clements' "John Shakespeare" murder mystery novel series as a sadistic torturer. Topcliffe is also portrayed as a torturer and persecutor of Catholics in the Sir Robert Carey and James Enys novels by P.F. Chisholm/Patricia Finney.

Topcliffe is portrayed by Ewen Bremner in the 2017 American television series Will, a fictional look at the life of young William Shakespeare. In the series, Shakespeare bases the scheming title character of Richard III on Topcliffe.

Topcliffe is the master villain in the latter half of Robert Hugh Benson's 1912 novel, Come Rack! Come Rope!, in which the Topcliffe character pursues and ultimately executes several priests, including Edmund Campion and the protagonist of the novel, Robin Audrey.

In Modern literature in Irish, Topcliffe is fictionalised as the malevolent priest hunter Elias Creepe in Liam Mac Cóil's 2014 prizewinning novel I dTír Strainséartha (In a Strange Land).

Quote
"The morrow after Simon and Jude's day I was hanged at the wall from the ground, my manacles fast locked into a staple as high as I could reach upon a stool: the stool taken away where I hanged from a little after 8 o'clock in the morning till after 4 in the afternoon, without any ease or comfort at all, saving that Topcliffe came in and told me that the Spaniards were come into Southwark by our means: 'For lo, do you not hear the drums' (for then the drums played in honour of the Lord Mayor). The next day after also I was hanged up an hour or two: such is the malicious minds of our adversaries."—Saint Eustace White, S.J., written to Father Henry Garnet from prison. 23 November 1591. Quoted in The Other Face; Catholic Life Under Elizabeth I, by Father Philip Caraman, pages 235–236. "The Chief Justice asked how old he was, seeming to scorn his youth. He answered that he was near about the age of our Saviour, Who lived upon the earth thirty-three years; and he himself was as he thought near about thirty-four years. Hereat Topcliffe seemed to make great acclamation, saying that he compared himself to Christ. Mr. Southwell answered, 'No he was a humble worm created by Christ.' 'Yes', said Topcliffe, 'you are Christ's fellow.'"—Father Henry Garnet, "Account of the Trial of Robert Southwell." Quoted in Caraman's The Other Face, page 230.

title: Richard Topcliffe


text:
Atilano Cordero Badillo

Atilano Cordero Badillo (born c. 1944 in Moca, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican entrepreneur and supermarket owner.

Career
In 1967 he founded Supermercados Grande where he remains as president and he is also President of Empresas Cordero Badillo. Cordero Badillo has developed Food Price stores in Puerto Rico which are based on the warehouse model of food sales. Cordero Badillo is President of the Chamber of the Food Marketing & Distribution Industry (MIDA) Through his career he has won numerous awards, and he belongs to the Top Business Leaders association of Puerto Rico's Hall of Fame. He was named president of that organization from 1986 to 1990.

Personal
Cordero Badillo is married to Puerto Rican television news anchorwoman Cyd Marie Fleming.

title: Atilano Cordero Badillo