text:
Talk:Capital Beltway

What's in a Name?
There appear to be a variety of disparate methods for referring to spur or loop Interstate routes.

 * 1) A single article titled with the Interstate route number with sections about each of the tertiary routes (e.g., Interstate 205, Interstate 235). This appears to be the most common at this time.
 * 2) In cases where there is a particularly notable segment, or which may be known by a different name, the article may contain a link to a separate article on that segment (e.g., Interstate 110 and California State Route 110).
 * 3) There are articles that are titles with the route number but are disambiguation pages (e.g., Interstate 495).
 * 4) Coupled with the preceding are articles that are titles with either disambiguated route numbers (e.g., Interstate 295 (Florida)) or with unique non-Interstate names (e.g., Capital Beltway).

Personally, I prefer #1 (coupled with #2 to allow development of additional information where warrented). I do not like having articles like Capital Beltway or Interstate 295 (Florida) appearing in Category:U.S. Interstate Highway system--it disrupts the otherwise uniformity of the numbering. That's not to say the Capital Beltway article should be moved. I suggest that the Interstate 495 article be formatted more like #1 with a link to the Capital Beltway article. The Capital Beltway article would NOT be in Category:U.S. Interstate Highway system. I'd prefer it not be in the various Category:Interstate highways in STATE, although it should be in Category:Transportation in STATE.

This question is more general than just this article, but I could locate a more appropriate forum at this point. Perhaps there is a wikiproject about Interstates. older ≠ wiser 13:36, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

For the record, I've created Category:Three-digit Interstate Highways to keep the main category from getting too big as I split the Interstates into separate articles. --SPUI (talk) 20:48, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Capital Beltway, not I-495
Yesterday I moved Interstate 495 back to Capital Beltway. There are numerous "Interstate 495s." Please discuss moves like this before carrying them out. I'm restoring this page -- Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway) -- again, since this is an unusual and nonstandard page title. Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 11:56, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Interstate 495 (Washington, D.C.)
The move to this title was a poor decision as it gives the impression that the highway is in the District. Even though a small, less then even a mile, portion is in the district the majority of the highways lies in Maryland and Virginia. I am going to change the name back to Capital Beltway or maybe Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway), which it should have stayed as in the first place. --User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 20:20, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * However, it's a bypass of Washington, D.C., so that's the primary state/district it's grouped with. Putting it anywhere other than Interstate 495 (Virginia), Interstate 495 (Maryland) or Interstate 495 (Washington, D.C.) makes it differently named than other Interstates (and thus it looks weird in the categories). Though I'd also support Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway), given that this is somewhat of a special case. --SPUI (talk) 20:42, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bridge dates

 * 1964 under ramp from MD 650 north
 * 1963 over MD 650
 * 1967 over Northwest Branch
 * 1958 under MD 193
 * 1959 under US 29
 * 1959 over Brunett Avenue
 * 1959 over Sligo Creek Parkway
 * 1960 over Sligo Creek
 * 2002 over Sligo Creek Trail
 * 1958 over MD 97
 * 1964 under MD 391
 * 1959 under railroad
 * 1964 under Linden Lane
 * 1964 over Stoneybrook Drive
 * 1964 over Kensington Parkway
 * 1964 over MD 185
 * 1964 over Cedar Lane
 * 1958 over branch of Rock Creek
 * 1960 under MD 355
 * 1990 under I-270
 * 1962 over MD 187
 * 1962 under Fernwood Road
 * 1962 under Greentree Road
 * 1996 over I-270 Spur
 * 1962 under MD 191
 * 1962 under MD 190
 * 1962-1964 over Cabin John Parkway
 * 1964 over Cabin John Creek
 * 1962 over Seven Locks Road
 * 1962 under MD 191
 * 1963 over MacArthur Boulevard
 * 1963 over Clara Barton Parkway
 * 1963 over Potomac River

Signage

 * South/west at I-95 (may have been different before I-495 was removed and re-added on I-95)
 * East/south on I-270 - no idea how MD 187 is handled
 * North/east at I-95/I-395 (probably not different before I-495 was removed and re-added on I-95)
 * West/north at Woodrow Wilson Bridge (may have been different before I-495 was removed and re-added on I-95)

 * The Outer Loop is West from I-95 in Virginia to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge. It's North 95/East 495.  After the bridge, it's North 95/495 until the I-95 split.  Then it's West 495 until MD 187.  There, it becomes 495 South (The signage on 187 says "East 495: Baltimore/Silver Spring; South 495: Northern Virginia/Fairfax").  It's South 495 until I-95 in Virginia.
 * The Inner Loop is North 495 from I-95 in Virginia to MD 187 in Bethesda. West 495 to I-95 in Maryland, South 95/495 to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge, and South 95/West 495 (if I remember correctly) from the Woodrow Wilson Bridge to the Springfield Interchange.  If you want pictures, I drove the whole darn thing today.  Well, the Outer Loop at least. --MPD01605 (T / C) 06:38, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Non-compliance flag
How precisely is this article outside of project compliance? The only thing that comes to mind is the article's name, which is discussed below; what else could be wrong with it? Is it the exit list? -TheOneKEA
 * I'm not sure. I'm working on the exit list right now, I'll have that done by later today.  I'm not sure what else.  -- M PD T / C 17:38, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I can do the exit list if need be; I've been busily reformatting exit lists all over the place and have a good routine for it now. It would be nice though if someone would say what else is wrong with this article, other than the absence of a route description. -TheOneKEA
 * The article has sections not specified by WP:IH. The sections, specifically the traffic and trivia sections, should be incorporated into other areas of the article. Other than those two sections and the exit list, as MPD mentioned above, the article looks fine. -- T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 21:13, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * OK. I've rearranged the article structure as part of the addition of a few other sections, and provisionally removed the marker. Hopefully it is compliant now. EDIT: This of course is based upon the fact that the exit list will be updated soon - technically the article is still noncompliant until MPD fixes it. -TheOneKEA
 * The cities/towns section should be renamed "Major cities" to comply with WP:IH and the counties section should be removed once the counties are added into the new exit list. -- T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 21:55, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Understood. The way I did it is the way that the Roads in Maryland WikiProject does it - I'll check the U.S. Interstate Highways WikiProject to find the differences. -TheOneKEA

Done with the exit list. Phew, my arm hurts. -- M PD T / C 23:58, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Future Aspirations
Why is there a warning at the beginning of this section saying that it may be of a speculative nature? Everything that is says is completely incontrovertible truth and merely reflects construction that is mostly finished already. This warning label should be removed. Furthermore, there are more future aspirations for this road such as possible interchange reconfiguration and HOV and/or HOT lanes to be added. Even those are not truly of a speculative nature as those can be referenced on the VDOT website. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by BHolmberg (talk • contribs) 04:17, 7 February 2007 (UTC).

 * I agree: it's not very speculative anymore; and there's certainly more speculative information that deserves to be added. I am not too familiar with any Beltway projects other than the pending upgrade to the FedEx interchange to full 24/7 access, consideration for HOT lanes and/or ETL, and the extremely unlikely Beltway widening in Maryland.  If I get a chance, I'll see if I can scrounge together some info, but it's not among my priorities at the moment, so I'd say that this section definitely fits the be bold ideal -- have at it! :) --Thisisbossi 04:53, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * If you want to beef up this section with more information, this site will do nicely. -TheOneKEA

Fair use rationale for Image:WMATA Metro Logo.svg
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BetacommandBot 01:31, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Rationalized. I mean, rationale added for this use and for Interstate 95 in Maryland. —C.Fred (talk) 03:12, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

statistics?
I looked and searched for a few terms, but couldn't find: Did I miss them? —EncMstr 00:34, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * length
 * traffic volume

 * Length is in the infobox, although it should be in the article somewhere. Traffic volume...the only references to traffic volume are probably around the Wilson Bridge section.  This article probably needs to be cleaned up and re-written a little bit.  I'll get on that this weekend.  -- M PD T / C 00:38, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah! Thanks.  I overlooked the length because: a) I searched for "miles" and "km", b) The intense colors didn't let me easily see "Length".  Thanks again. —EncMstr 00:42, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 15:36, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Exit List
In the table of exits, I believe the column heading Old is incorrectly positioned above the New exit numbers. Dgorsline (talk) 20:56, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope, it is correct as it stands. -- M PD T / C 02:57, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Mileage of Entire Beltway
The cite on this page does not support the total mileage provided since FHWA does not recognize the eastern "half" of the Beltway as I-495. If you look at the FHWA Log provided in the citation, the total mileages provided are only for the western half, from the I-95/I-495/I-395 intersection in Virginia, westward to the northern I-95/I-495 interchange (via the I-270 interchange). Dnrothx (talk) 14:51, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I added a source to the mileage. Thank you for pointing that out. -- M PD T / C 22:22, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

"numerous widening projects?" I think not!
There have not been that many Capital Beltway widening projects!

From memory, they were:

Maryland, PRIOR TO completion of entire Beltway: Section between present-day I-270 and Md. 185 (to six lanes) Section between Md. 97 and Md. 193 (to six lanes)

Maryland, early 1970's: Section between Wilson Bridge and (roughly) Seminary Road (near Mormon Temple) in Silver Spring (six lanes to eight lanes)

Virginia, mid 1970's: Section between Springfield Interchange and American Legion Bridge (four lanes to eight lanes) Section between Wilson Bridge and Springfield (six lanes to eight lanes)

Maryland, late 1980's Section between Seminary Road and I-270 (six lanes to eight lanes)

Maryland, early 1990's American Legion Bridge (six lanes to ten lanes)

Maryland, early 1990's Section between American Legion Bridge and I-270Y (I-270 Spur) (six lanes to eight or ten lanes)

Maryland/Virginia (2000 through 2010) Section between Md. 210 and Va. 243 (Six or eight lanes to ten lanes) Cpzilliacus (talk) 04:09, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * If citations can be found, it would be nice to include more detail on these projects in a "remodelling" section of the article. --StuffOfInterest (talk) 13:03, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

I-270/I-66 HOV-ramp claim
There are no "dedicated ramps" at either I-270 interchange to or from the Beltway. The HOV lanes to and from 495 west end prior to the interchange, and the HOV lanes on the spur begin at the point where 495 splits from 270, on the inside of the interchange. There's nothing special about those. Excluding the ramps to and from Washington on I-66 (due to its special HOV status), the only thing notable about the ramps there are that there are two to 66 west from 495 north (left and right entrances and exits), and technically two to 495 north, one from the left and right of 66, both merging on the left to 495 north (the left exit serves 495 south). Any traffic can use the left exit to 66 west, but has to vacate the left lane upon merging with I-66 during HOV times unless they can use HOV. Likewise, any traffic can use the left exit to 495 south (which involves entering the HOV lane). So that said, as soon as I get some free time, I'll be cleaning up those instances in the article, which will be within the next few days. -- M PD T / C 05:05, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Fork HOT lanes to new article?
I'd like to get a sense of the community regarding splitting off discussion of the HOT lanes into a new article, perhaps Virginia I-495 high-occupancy toll lanes. This project is huge in scope as to what it is doing to the Virginia side of the Capital Beltway. Driving through 90% of the extent of the project every day (both ways) has given me a very strong appreciation of the work involved. Between the news stories and dedicated sites such as Virginia HOT Lanes and Virginia Megaprojects there are lots of verifiable primary sources to call on.

To create such an article, I propose reworking the current roadworks section of the main article and undertaking a major expansion. That section currently discusses three projects. The Springfield Interchange is done. Work going on there now is related to the HOT lanes. The Wilson Bridge still needs some discussion as it is a couple of years from finishing up. With that, the HOT lanes can be split into a sub-section and material can start to be added. Once the section reaches a large enough size it can then be split into its own article.

Why do this? The HOT lanes are essential a parallel road to the beltway. Except for the northern and southern terminus, access to the HOT lanes are not from the beltway. For all other interchanges, the HOT lanes have separate on and off ramps leading to surface roads. In a number of cases, these ramps are not concurrent with beltway ramps. Treating the HOT lanes as a separate road allows for discussion of this ramp structure to the same detail given the existing beltway ramps without confusing the topics.

I'd like to get some opinions on this before starting work. It would be a shame to start such an expansion just to have someone come along, cry "undue weight!", and chop back the new material. --StuffOfInterest (talk) 12:31, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

CapitOl vs. CapitAl
I'm going to be a good Samaritan and head off anyone who is tempted to change the spelling of CapitAl to CapitOl throughout the article. Call me a Californian, but I simply never knew until I double-checked myself that "capitOl" is only used for a specific building or complex of buildings, and the city said building resides in is a "capitAl" city. (See this Wiktionary article.) So don't make that change! --Mrcolj (talk) 21:06, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

I-95/I-495 concurrency in Maryland
One of the early sentences in this section talks about how I-295 connects with I-395 in D.C. No, it doesn't. I-395 leaves the Southeast/Southwest Freeway and ends at Mass. Ave. near Union Station. The rest of the SE/SW freeway is unsigned I-695. THIS is what connects with I-295.

This sentence is very confusing, anyway. When I first read it I thought it was saying that the Beltway in MD connects with I-395, and I thought, "That interchange is in Virginia!". Unless there are objections, I'll work on this section. --Tim Sabin (talk) 14:03, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Metaphoric usage
I've just edited a political article by adding a quotation that refers to the Beltway, using it as a metaphor for the political-media conglomerate in Washington, D.C. I linked the term to this article. The problem is that doing so arguably spreads more confusion than light. I'm thinking of non-U.S. readers, who aren't familiar with this meaning of "Beltway". Certainly the article should continue to be about the highway, as a highway, but perhaps there could be a section on how the term is used more broadly? JamesMLane t c 06:15, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Just entered a comment on I-69 (Michigan) page
For THAT page, I have just suggested reference to I-94 in the last two exit numbers on that article's exit list, because those exit numbers are from a different highway (I-94). The exit number references in the table in THIS (I-495 beltway in Md./Va./DC) article are not affected, and it's explained in the text that the high exit numbers going counterclockwise from I-395 to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge are taken from the mileposts of I-95 in Virginia. OK? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.63.16.82 (talk) 20:11, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Grammar in 2nd sentence
"I-495 is widely known as the Capital Beltway or simply the Beltway, especially when the context of Washington, D.C., is clear." aka " I-495 is widely known as the Capital Beltway or simply the Beltway is clear."

I don't normally do wiki corrections or anything but I just noticed this and thought I'd leave it here for someone.
 * The current sentence is much clearer than the one you propose. I say leave it as is. --Tim Sabin (talk) 19:58, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Edited While Not Logged In
Just a heads up, this edit was done by me while not logged in. I didn't realize the site had automatically logged me out after 30 days. I'm not trying any funny business like socking, I just wanted to clear that up. Smartyllama (talk) 00:02, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 12 April 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to move to "Capital Beltway" buidhe 00:20, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway) → Interstate 495 (Maryland-Virginia) – all other 3-digit Interstate highway articles where at least 2 highways of that number that are current, official, and signed are dis-ambiguated by the state they're in, not by an arbitrary nickname. Georgia guy (talk) 01:17, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Technically it would have to be Interstate 495 (District of Columbia–Maryland–Virginia) since the beltway enters DC while crossing the Woodrow Wilson Bridge. However, this is an unwieldy title and I feel the Capital Beltway is a case where we can use WP:IAR from WP:USSH as the Capital Beltway is a well-known name for the road (probably more so than I-495) and would be a better disambiguator than the two states and DC.  Dough   4872   01:23, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
 * My oppose vote is regarding the original proposal to move to Interstate 495 (Maryland-Virginia). I am Neutral on moving to Capital Beltway as, although that is the common name for the road over I-495, I am fine with the current title that references both I-495 and the Capital Beltway.  Dough   4872   22:38, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Since WP:USSH doesn't provide a guideline on how to name this page (it assumes the road has terminal states, which this road, being a beltway, doesn't have), we should look at WP:CRITERIA, which calls for article titles to be recognizable and natural. Since "Capital Beltway" is undoubtedly a recognizable and natural name for this highway (as evidenced by the phrase "Inside the Beltway"), it makes sense to use it as the disambiguator instead of the state names or the clunky alternative that Dough4872 mentioned. Needforspeed888 (talk) 03:21, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose and snow close—the proposal is inaccurate as suggested. As noted above, this highway doesn't have terminal states to use. So the appropriate disambiguator would be its de facto common nickname, "Capital Beltway". Also, the proposed title has a hyphen (-) when it should have an en dash (–).  Imzadi 1979  →   04:13, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
 * To clarify, my opposition is to the proposed name above. For the proposal in comments below, I can support that concept although I could also support leaving the article titled as is.  Imzadi 1979  →   22:22, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Move to Capital Beltway. Is it totally necessary to even have a disambiguated title in this case when there is a common name encompassing this highway? For example, Interstate 90 in Massachusetts currently redirects to Massachusetts Turnpike. Zzyzx11 (talk) 08:01, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Move to Capital Beltway. An unscientific query for "capital beltway" on Google didn't give me anything unrelated to this route until page 5 (which was a PennDOT site on a Harrisburg Capital Beltway construction project). I'd say it meets WP:PRIMARYTOPIC on those grounds. Furthermore, a majority of the blurbs in those 5 pages (particularly the news articles listed) referred to the highway as simply the "Capital Beltway", without the Interstate designation. That seems to imply that it's the common name. -happy5214 02:00, 13 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Move to Capital Beltway per WP:COMMONNAME. –Fredddie™ 20:34, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * That would be Capital Beltway (the name has an "a" not an "o").  Dough   4872   20:38, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Fixed my mistake –Fredddie™ 20:52, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Move to Capital Beltway per WP:COMMONNAME and WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Such title already redirects here, and I doubt many people will confuse it with Capital Beltway (Harrisburg). Needforspeed888 (talk) 00:58, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Move to Capital Beltway, let's kill this Football (soccer)-style monstrosity. -- King of ♥   ♦   ♣  ♠ 22:22, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Large additions of text to the route description
This article has been receiving large additions of text to the route description section, specifically the subsection about the beltway in Maryland. Overall, this is way too much text, causing the RD to be lengthier than high-quality articles on highways five times as long. That much prose creates a wall of text that no one will bother to wade through to read.  Imzadi 1979  →   01:50, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree. Interstate 275 (Michigan) is similar in length to the section of I-495 in Maryland, and its RD is covered in just four paragraphs. Needforspeed888 (talk) 02:29, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Indeed. I've seen articles about routes much longer and RDs much shorter (FAs, even). --Rschen7754 03:54, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

Split Proposal
In order to accommodate the large additions to the section of I-495 between the Woodrow Wilson Bridge and Tysons Corner with future additions about the Virginia section, it should be proposed that this article be split into three articles between Interstate 495 in Maryland, Interstate 495 in Virginia, and Interstate 495 with an even lesser brief description that what was there before. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:202:203:ba70:e908:5b30:95ed:6ed3 (talk) 01:06, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - If you see the section above, the route description does not need that much excess detail. There is absolutely no reason why this article needs to be split when one article can cover I-495 fine.  Dough   4872   01:24, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:IDIDNTHEARTHAT. Refactoring the question because you don't like the previous answer is not helpful. Please join the discussions and vouch for why the walls of text are needed. –Fredddie™ 02:34, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose for three reasons.
 * We have the informal three-state rule for splitting Interstate or US Highways into separate subarticles. The 0.11 mi distance of I-95/I-495 along the Woodrow Wilson Bridge in the District of Columbia does not merit counting, leaving us at just two states. (Even some highways enter three states, like U.S. Route 8, but because of the relative distances involved they haven't merited splitting.)
 * We traditionally have not split three-digit Interstates by state regardless. See Interstate 275 (Ohio–Indiana–Kentucky) and Interstate 295 (Delaware–Pennsylvania).
 * As noted above, the level of detail is excessive. Without doing a detailed analysis, the length of the text for the Maryland route description that was being written was comparable to the length of the RD for Interstate 75 in Michigan, a highway five times the length. As noted in the section above, I-495 in Maryland has a length comparable to Interstate 275 (Michigan), yet that RD is just four paragraphs. Now we might have some variation, but not that much. The level of detail scales inversely with the length of highway, so that something like M-209 (Michigan highway) could get a building-by-building account of what that roadway passes, while longer highways ratchet that detail back to keep the RD engaging and manageable. What was being added was neither.
 * Based on those reasons, I echo Fredddie's call to engage with the question in the section above.  Imzadi 1979  →   12:37, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

“Current roadworks”
Nothing in that section is “current” Famartin (talk) 18:09, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Changed header to something better since they are past and not current projects.  Dough   4872   18:23, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

"Interstate 95 and Interstate 495" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Interstate 95 and Interstate 495. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 August 17 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion.  Imzadi 1979  →   04:44, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Capital Beltway


text:
Markku Uusipaavalniemi

Markku Uusipaavalniemi (born 23 November 1966) is a Finnish curler and former politician.

Curling career
Uusipaavalniemi was the skip of Team Finland for the first time in the mid-1990s. Most (but not all) of Finland's curling medals have been achieved with Uusipaavalniemi as skip. Uusipaavalniemi's team won the European Championships in 2000. He is also a two-time World Curling Championships bronze medalist (1998 and 2000) and two-time European Curling Championships bronze medalist (1999 and 2001).

Uusipaavalniemi's Finland team disappointingly finished fifth at the 2002 Olympic Games. In 2004, he and his somewhat altered Finland line-up pulled off the daunting task of securing qualification for the 2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championships from the 'B' competition at the European championships, where they languished following the country's relegation the previous season. To do this, they had to win the competition outright, and then overcome Russia in an additional play-off match. At the 2005 World Championship, Uusipaavalniemi's team finished the round-robin tied for first place with five other teams on an 8–3 record. In the tie-breakers however, they were knocked out of contention by Canada's Randy Ferbey. Also in 2005, Uusipaavalniemi won the first ever European Mixed Curling Championship with teammates Kirsi Nykänen, Teemu Salo and Tiina Kautonen in Andorra.

Uusipaavalniemi's Finland team finished the round-robin at the 2006 Olympic tournament in first place, with a 7–2 record. They beat Great Britain 4–3 in the semi-final, with the last stone of the final end — thrown by Uusipaavalniemi — giving the Finns the deciding point. Finland lost the final to Canada 10-4 taking the silver medal.

Two weeks before the start of the 2006 World Men's Curling Championship in Lowell, Massachusetts, Uusipaavalniemi suffered a wrist injury that forced him to miss the team's first three games of the competition. He recovered enough to start playing in the fourth game, where he skipped and threw second rocks. He played out the rest of the competition throwing third rocks, but Finland did not make the playoff round, finishing tied for fifth with a 6–5 record.

Uusipaavalniemi returned to the 2007 Ford World Men's Curling Championship but his team got off to a rough start, losing their first two games and stringing together back-to-back wins only twice. Finland qualified for a tiebreaker with a 6–5 record, but lost to Germany 8-5 and finished sixth. Markku admitted that his recent campaign for (and eventual election to) Finnish parliament had forced him to cut back on curling practice time, perhaps contributing to the team's early struggles.

After the 2007 World Championships Uusipaavalniemi didn't play at a competitive level until he returned to curling in the 2009–10 season with a new team. The new team won the Finnish Championship in the 2010–11 curling season and represented Finland in 2011 European Curling Championships. The appearance in the 2011 Europeans was a disappointment when Finland finished 7th in the B-group.

Political career
On 20 September 2006 Uusipaavalniemi announced his candidacy for Finnish parliament in the 2007 election for the Centre Party.. Uusipaavalniemi was elected along with three other members of his party from the Uusimaa constituency. He voted against the further privatization of government owned companies as well as against the Lisbon treaty, both of which were supported by the party.

On 11 November 2010 Uusipaavalniemi defected from the Centre Party and joined the ranks of the True Finns Party. He was not reelected in the 2011 election.

Personal life
Uusipaavalniemi lives in Helsinki. He is divorced and has three children. His older brother Jussi taught him how to curl.

Awards

 * Colin Campbell Award: 1998, 2003
 * Markku of the Year, 2002. The award is given by an association of people named Markku.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Markku Uusipaavalniemi


text:
Forgetful functor

In mathematics, in the area of category theory, a forgetful functor (also known as a stripping functor) 'forgets' or drops some or all of the input's structure or properties 'before' mapping to the output. For an algebraic structure of a given signature, this may be expressed by curtailing the signature: the new signature is an edited form of the old one. If the signature is left as an empty list, the functor is simply to take the underlying set of a structure. Because many structures in mathematics consist of a set with an additional added structure, a forgetful functor that maps to the underlying set is the most common case.

Overview
As an example, there are several forgetful functors from the category of commutative rings. A (unital) ring, described in the language of universal algebra, is an ordered tuple $$(R,+,\times,a,0,1)$$ satisfying certain axioms, where $$+$$ and $$\times$$ are binary functions on the set $$R$$, $$a$$ is a unary operation corresponding to additive inverse, and 0 and 1 are nullary operations giving the identities of the two binary operations. Deleting the 1 gives a forgetful functor to the category of rings without unit; it simply "forgets" the unit. Deleting $$\times$$ and 1 yields a functor to the category of abelian groups, which assigns to each ring $$R$$ the underlying additive abelian group of $$R$$. To each morphism of rings is assigned the same function considered merely as a morphism of addition between the underlying groups. Deleting all the operations gives the functor to the underlying set $$R$$.

It is beneficial to distinguish between forgetful functors that "forget structure" versus those that "forget properties". For example, in the above example of commutative rings, in addition to those functors that delete some of the operations, there are functors that forget some of the axioms. There is a functor from the category CRing to Ring that forgets the axiom of commutativity, but keeps all the operations. Occasionally the object may include extra sets not defined strictly in terms of the underlying set (in this case, which part to consider the underlying set is a matter of taste, though this is rarely ambiguous in practice). For these objects, there are forgetful functors that forget the extra sets that are more general.

Most common objects studied in mathematics are constructed as underlying sets along with extra sets of structure on those sets (operations on the underlying set, privileged subsets of the underlying set, etc.) which may satisfy some axioms. For these objects, a commonly considered forgetful functor is as follows. Let $$\mathcal{C}$$ be any category based on sets, e.g. groups—sets of elements—or topological spaces—sets of 'points'. As usual, write $$\operatorname{Ob}(\mathcal{C})$$ for the objects of $$\mathcal{C}$$ and write $$\operatorname{Fl}(\mathcal{C})$$ for the morphisms of the same. Consider the rule:
 * For all $$A$$ in $$\operatorname{Ob}(\mathcal{C}), A\mapsto |A|=$$ the underlying set of $$A,$$
 * For all $$u$$ in $$\operatorname{Fl}(\mathcal{C}), u\mapsto |u|=$$ the morphism, $$u$$, as a map of sets.

The functor $$|\cdot|$$ is then the forgetful functor from $$\mathcal{C}$$ to Set, the category of sets.

Forgetful functors are almost always faithful. Concrete categories have forgetful functors to the category of sets—indeed they may be defined as those categories that admit a faithful functor to that category.

Forgetful functors that only forget axioms are always fully faithful, since every morphism that respects the structure between objects that satisfy the axioms automatically also respects the axioms. Forgetful functors that forget structures need not be full; some morphisms don't respect the structure. These functors are still faithful however because distinct morphisms that do respect the structure are still distinct when the structure is forgotten. Functors that forget the extra sets need not be faithful, since distinct morphisms respecting the structure of those extra sets may be indistinguishable on the underlying set.

In the language of formal logic, a functor of the first kind removes axioms, a functor of the second kind removes predicates, and a functor of the third kind remove types. An example of the first kind is the forgetful functor Ab → Grp. One of the second kind is the forgetful functor Ab → Set. A functor of the third kind is the functor Mod → Ab, where Mod is the fibred category of all modules over arbitrary rings. To see this, just choose a ring homomorphism between the underlying rings that does not change the ring action. Under the forgetful functor, this morphism yields the identity. Note that an object in Mod is a tuple, which includes a ring and an abelian group, so which to forget is a matter of taste.

Left adjoints of forgetful functors
Forgetful functors tend to have left adjoints, which are 'free' constructions. For example:
 * free module: the forgetful functor from $$\mathbf{Mod}(R)$$ (the category of $$R$$-modules) to $$\mathbf{Set}$$ has left adjoint $$\operatorname{Free}_R$$, with $$X\mapsto \operatorname{Free}_R(X)$$, the free $$R$$-module with basis $$X$$.
 * free group
 * free lattice
 * tensor algebra
 * free category, adjoint to the forgetful functor from categories to quivers
 * universal enveloping algebra

For a more extensive list, see (Mac Lane 1997).

As this is a fundamental example of adjoints, we spell it out: adjointness means that given a set X and an object (say, an R-module) M, maps of sets $$X \to |M|$$ correspond to maps of modules $$\operatorname{Free}_R(X) \to M$$: every map of sets yields a map of modules, and every map of modules comes from a map of sets.

In the case of vector spaces, this is summarized as: "A map between vector spaces is determined by where it sends a basis, and a basis can be mapped to anything."

Symbolically:
 * $$\operatorname{Hom}_{\mathbf{Mod}_R}(\operatorname{Free}_R(X),M) = \operatorname{Hom}_{\mathbf{Set}}(X,\operatorname{Forget}(M)).$$

The unit of the free–forgetful adjunction is the "inclusion of a basis": $$X \to \operatorname{Free}_R(X)$$.

Fld, the category of fields, furnishes an example of a forgetful functor with no adjoint. There is no field satisfying a free universal property for a given set.

title: Forgetful functor


text:
List of Latin American Jews

Jewish immigration to Latin America began with seven sailors arriving in Christopher Columbus' crew. The Jewish population of Latin America is today (2018) less than 300,000 — more than half of whom live in Argentina, with large communities also present in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela.

To be included in this list, the person must have a Wikipedia article showing they are Jewish from the indicated country of origin or must have references showing they are Jewish from the indicated country of origin and are notable.

The following is a list of some prominent Latin American Jews, arranged by country of origin:

Argentina

 * Ernesto Acher, musician-humorist, former member of the group Les Luthiers
 * Marcos Aguinis, journalist/writer
 * José Alperovich, former governor of the Tucumán Province
 * Héctor Babenco, film director (Argentinian-born)
 * Daniel Barenboim, conductor and pianist
 * Tania Bíder revolutionary fighter
 * Marcelo Birmajer, writer
 * Laszlo Biro, inventor of the ballpoint pen
 * Jácobo Bolbochán, chess player
 * Julio Bolbochán, chess player
 * Mauricio Borensztein (better known as Tato Bores), comedian
 * Daniel Burman (1973–) filmmaker
 * Israel Adrián Caetano, film director
 * Andres Cantor, sports commentator
 * Sergio Chejfec, writer
 * Mario Davidovsky, composer
 * Alicia Dujovne Ortiz, writer
 * Giora Feidman, klezmer musician
 * Movsas Feigins, chess player
 * Daniel Filmus, ex-Argentine Education Minister
 * Paulino Frydman, chess player
 * Juan Gelman, poet
 * Alberto Gerchunoff, writer
 * Max Glücksmann, pioneer of Argentine music and film industries
 * Osvaldo Golijov, classical composer
 * Guillermo Israilevich, soccer player of Israeli National Team (Jewish father)
 * Martín Jaite, former tennis player
 * Guido Kaczka, actor, show host
 * Mauricio Kagel, classical composer
 * Daniel Katz, former mayor of Mar del Plata
 * Axel Kicillof, governor of Buenos Aires Province
 * León Klimovsky, film director
 * Miguel Lifschitz, mayor of Rosario (Jewish father)
 * César Milstein, immunologist, Nobel prize
 * Marcos Mundstock, musician-humorist of the group Les Luthiers
 * Miguel Najdorf, chess player
 * Gastón Needleman, chess player
 * Carlos Núñez Cortés, musician-humorist of the group Les Luthiers
 * David Pakman, political commentator
 * Alicia Partnoy, writer
 * Raquel Partnoy, painter
 * José Pékerman, soccer manager
 * Jiří Pelikán, chess player
 * Melina Petriella, actress
 * Alejandra Pizarnik, poet
 * Isaías Pleci, chess player
 * Julio Popper, engineer and colonizer of Tierra del Fuego, from Romania
 * Daniel Rabinovich, musician and member of Les Luthiers
 * Ariel Rot, musician
 * Cecilia Roth, actress
 * Lalo Schifrin, composer
 * Aaron Schwartzman, chess player
 * Diego Schwartzman, tennis player
 * Samuel Schweber, chess player
 * Ana María Shua, writer
 * Ariel Sorín, chess player
 * Juan Pablo Sorín, soccer player
 * Coti Sorokin, songwriter/musician/composer
 * Ana Maria Stekelman, Tango choreographer
 * Oscar Strasnoy, classical composer
 * Jorge Telerman, ex-mayor of Buenos Aires
 * Jacobo Timmerman, journalist
 * Bernardo Verbitsky, novelist
 * Eva Verbitsky Hunt, archaeologist
 * Horacio Verbitsky, journalist
 * Bernardo Wexler, chess player

Bolivia

 * Lene Schneider-Kainer, painter
 * Paul Baender, chess player
 * Ricardo Udler, Bolivia's Jewish community leader

Brazil

 * Davi Alcolumbre, senator and president of the Brazilian Senate
 * Dina Sfat, actress
 * Luciano Szafir, actor
 * Dan Stulbach, actor
 * Renata Sorrah, actress
 * Clara Ant, political activist and presidential adviser
 * Jom Tob Azulay, film director
 * Héctor Babenco, film director
 * Leoncio Basbaum, physician and political activist
 * Eva Todor
 * Roberto Justus
 * Débora Bloch, actress
 * Eva Wilma, actress
 * Rafinha Bastos, comedian and TV host
 * Moysés Baumstein, holographer, film/video producer, painter, writer
 * Adriana Behar, beach volleyball player
 * Samuel Benchimol, entrepreneur and Amazon pioneer
 * Abraham Bentes, army commander
 * Daniel Benzali, TV actor
 * Marcelo Samuel Berman, physicist and writer
 * Joel Birman, writer
 * Eva Altman Blay, sociologist and politician
 * Jonas Bloch, actor
 * Bussunda (Claudio Besserman Vianna), comedian
 * Waldemar Levy Cardoso, field marshal
 * Boris Casoy, journalist
 * Otto Maria Carpeaux, literary critic
 * Moyses Chahon, army commander
 * Juca Chaves (Jurandyr Czaczkes), comedian, composer and singer
 * Victor Civita, journalist
 * Arnaldo Cohen, pianist
 * Gilberto Dimenstein, journalist
 * Alberto Dines, journalist
 * Dina Dublon, director
 * Betty Gofman
 * Israel Klabin
 * Ida Gomes
 * Esther Dweck, government minister
 * German Efromovich, entrepreneur
 * Benny Feilhaber professional soccer player
 * Fortuna, singer and composer
 * Vilém Flusser, philosopher
 * Marcelo Gleiser, physicist and writer
 * José Goldemberg, educator, physicist and minister
 * Neiman Gracie, martial artist, member of the Gracie family
 * Fernando Grostein Andrade, cinematographer
 * Mario Haberfeld, racing driver
 * Alexandre Herchcovitch, fashion designer
 * Wladimir Herzog, journalist
 * Luciano Huck, TV show host
 * Roberto Justus, advertiser and TV host onde, quando/quem_onde_quando_nov_2004.htm
 * Isaac Karabtchevsky, musician and conductor
 * Jacques Klein, pianist
 * Samuel Klein (businessman), entrepreneur
 * Samuel Kicis, army commander
 * Ithamara Koorax, jazz singer
 * Miguel Krigsner, entrepreneur and environmentalist
 * Celso Lafer, diplomat
 * Cesar Lattes, physicist
 * Jaime Lerner, politician (governor Paraná state), urban planner
 * Alexandre Levy, musician
 * José Lewgoy, actor and director
 * Clarice Lispector, writer
 * Gerson Levi-Lazzaris, ethnoarchaeologist
 * Carlos Maltz, drummer of rock band Engenheiros do Hawaii
 * Luísa Mell (Marina Zatz de Camargo Zaborowsky), presenter and animal activist
 * Leopoldo Nachbin, mathematician
 * Noel Nutels, public health physician and human rights activist
 * Carlos Nuzman, sportsman and president of Olympic Committee
 * Ivo Perelman, jazz saxophonist
 * Olga Benário Prestes, German-born communist militant
 * Paulo Ribenboim, mathematician
 * Sultana Levy Rosenblatt, writer
 * Edmond Safra, banker
 * Jacob Safra, banker
 * Joseph Safra, banker
 * Moise Safra, banker
 * Silvio Santos (Senor Abravanel), TV show host
 * Eduardo Saverin, co-founder and CFO of Facebook
 * Mario Schenberg, physicist
 * Moacyr Scliar, writer
 * Lasar Segall, artist
 * Ricardo Semler, entrepreneur
 * Alfredo Sirkis, politician and environmentalist
 * Amir Slama, fashion designer
 * Henry Sobel, rabbi, community leader
 * Márcio Stambowsky, martial artist, father of Neiman Gracie
 * Didi Wagner (Adriana Golombek Wagner), presenter
 * Mauricio Waldman, sociologist and politician
 * Yara Yavelberg, political activist
 * Mayana Zatz, geneticist
 * Benjamin Zymler, auditor-general

Chile

 * Baruch Arensburg, physical anthropologist
 * Claudio Bunster, theoretical physicist
 * Leo Corry, mathematician
 * Julián Elfenbein, journalist, television host
 * Daniel Emilfork, actor
 * Leonardo Farkas, businessman
 * Robert Frucht, mathematician
 * Rodrigo Hinzpeter, (2010–2012) Minister of Interior and Public Security
 * Tomás Hirsch, politician, businessman
 * Alejandro Jodorowsky, film director
 * Mario Luis Kreutzberger Blumenfeld, television host
 * Ariel Levy, actor
 * Nicolás Massú, tennis player
 * Sergio Melnick, (1987–1989) Minister of Planning
 * Israel Polack, businessman
 * Karen Poniachik, (2006–2008) Minister of Mining and Energy
 * David Rosenmann-Taub, (1927-2023) poet and musician
 * Sebastián Rozental, football player
 * Leon Schidlowsky, composer and painter
 * Claudio Spies, composer
 * Miguel Schweitzer Walters, (1983–1983) Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Shmuel Szteinhendler, rabbi & Regional Director Masorti Olami Latin America
 * Volodia Teitelboim, lawyer, politician and author
 * Alberto van Klaveren, (2006–2009) Minister of Foreign Relations

Colombia

 * Main: Colombian Jews

 * Jorge Isaacs, poet, novelist
 * Andy Lassner, Colombian-American television producer
 * James Martin Eder, industrialist, entrepreneur, pioneer
 * Evaristo Sourdis Juliao, lawyer, diplomat, politic
 * Ramon Gomez Portillo, journalist, writer, poet
 * Saúl Balagura, artist, poet
 * Sandra Bessudo, marine biologist
 * Simón Brand, film director
 * Eliana Rubashkyn, pharmacist, chemist
 * John Sudarsky, senator
 * Diana Golden, actress, playwright
 * Isaac Lee, journalist, entrepreneur, television producer

Costa Rica

 * Eliécer Feinzaig Mint, politician
 * Luis Liberman, politician

Cuba

 * Ruth Behar, writer
 * Israel Kantor, singer
 * José Antonio Bowen, jazz musician and president of Goucher College
 * Fabio Grobart, Communist Party co-founder
 * José Miller, leader of the Cuban Jewish community
 * Meyer Rosenbaum, rabbi and spiritual leader
 * William Levy, actor

Dominican Republic

 * Oscar Haza, journalist
 * Dominican President Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal
 * His son Pedro Henríquez Ureña

Ecuador

 * Salomon Isacovici, businessman and writer

El Salvador

 * Juan Lindo, president (1841) (Jewish father)
 * Ernesto Muyshondt, San Salvador's mayor

Guatemala

 * Isaac Farchi, businessman and Politician
 * Alcina Lubitch Domecq, author
 * David Unger, author
 * Eduardo Halfon, author
 * Gert Rosenthal, diplomat
 * Francisco Goldman, author (Jewish father)

Honduras

 * Juan Lindo, president (1847) (Jewish father)
 * Salvador Moncada, pharmacologist (Jewish mother)
 * Jaime Rosenthal, Honduran businessman and politician (Jewish father)

Nicaragua

 * Herty Lewites, Nicaraguan politician

Panama

 * Eric Arturo Delvalle, president (1987)
 * Ricardo Maduro, Honduran president (Panamanian-born)

Paraguay

 * Alfredo Seiferheld, writer
 * Carlos Schvartzman, musician

Peru

 * Eliane Karp, former First Lady of Peru
 * Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, former President of Peru
 * Salomón Libman, football (soccer) player
 * David Waisman Rjavinsthi, former Second Vice President of Peru. Member of the congress for Alianza Parlamentaria party.
 * Yehude Simon, former Prime Minister of Peru

Puerto Rico

 * Alegría Hudes, Quiara, author, playwright. Wrote the book for Broadway's musical In the Heights. Her play, Elliot, a Soldier's Fugue, was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 2007.
 * Sandy Alomar Sr., father was Jewish but an agnostic who allowed his children to be brought up Catholic
 * Anderson, Axel, actor/director, Anderson made his debut in Puerto Rican television with a sitcom named Qué Pareja a local version of I Love Lucy
 * Blaine, David, magician, Blaine is also an endurance artist and Guinness Book of Records world record-holder
 * Brugman, Mathias, leader in Puerto Rico's independence revolution against Spain known as El Grito de Lares (Lares' Cry)
 * Kaplan, Julio, Puerto Rican chess player and former world junior champion
 * Katz Montiel, Marco, composer for Zoey's Zoo and trombonist with Charlie Palmieri and Mon Rivera
 * Leavitt, Raphy, composer, director and founder of "La Selecta"
 * Lehman, Manny, DJ and producer
 * Meyers, Ari, actress, best known for her role as Emma Jane McArdle in the Kate & Allie (1984) TV series.
 * Ostow, Micol, author of "Emily Goldberg Learns to Salsa" and "Mind Your Manners, Dick and Jane".
 * Phoenix, Joaquin, actor, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Gladiator in 2000 and in 2005, he was nominated for the Best Actor Oscar, and won a Golden Globe in the same category in 2006 for his role as Johnny Cash in Walk the Line
 * Rivera, Geraldo, journalist
 * Sally Jessy Raphael, syndicated talk show host
 * Seijo, Jorge, Puerto Rican radio and television personality
 * Starr, Brenda K., salsa singer, her seventh album, Atrevete a Olvidarme, titled, "Tu Eres" earned her a nomination by the Billboard Latin Music Awards in 2006
 * Snyder, Aaron Cecil, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
 * Tassler, Nina, President of CBS Entertainment.
 * Ticotin, Rachel, actress, starred in Critical Condition, Where the Day Takes You Falling Down Total Recall and in Con Air, where she earned an ALMA Award for her role as prison guard Sally Bishop
 * Ticotin, Sahaj, vocalist/guitarist from the rock band Ra

Uruguay

 * Monsieur Chouchani, mysterious scholar
 * Gisele Ben-Dor, conductor
 * Jorge Drexler, singer-songwriter (Jewish father)
 * Ricardo Ehrlich, mayor of Montevideo
 * Gabe Saporta, singer-songwriter/bassist of Cobra Starship and Midtown
 * Carlos Sherman, writer (Jewish father, Uruguay-born)
 * Freddy Nieuchowicz, aka Orlando Petinatti, radio host

Venezuela

 * Main: Venezuelan Jews

 * Harry Abend, sculptor
 * Lolita Aniyar de Castro, lawyer and politician
 * Ivonne Attas, actress and politician
 * Huáscar Barradas, flutist, composer
 * Baruj Benacerraf, immunologist, Nobel Prize in Medicine,1980
 * Margot Benacerraf, film director
 * Sara Bendahan, Venezuelan physician who was the first Venezuelan woman to complete her medical degree in Venezuela
 * Amador Bendayán, actor, comedian
 * Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac, writer, professor and poet
 * Jose Beracasa Anram, entrepreneur, sportman
 * Manuel Blum, computer scientist,
 * Jacques Braunstein, economist, publicist, disc jockey
 * Carlos Brandt, writer, philosopher
 * Pynchas Brener, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Caracas
 * Jacobo Brender, writer
 * Vytas Brenner, composer, musician
 * Gerardo Budowski, chess master
 * Miguel Ángel Capriles Ayala, journalist
 * Ilan Chester, composer, pop singer
 * Isaac Chocron, writer
 * Salomon Cohen Levy, engineer
 * Leo Corry, mathematician
 * Elias David Curiel, poet
 * Susana Duijm, Miss World 1955, model, actress
 * Daniel Elbittar, actor, model and entertainer
 * Sammy Eppel, internationalist
 * Paulina Gamus, politician
 * Gego, sculptor
 * Alicia Freilich, writer, novelist, journalist
 * Reynaldo Hahn, composer (Jewish father)
 * Joanna Hausmann, comedian, YouTuber
 * Michel Hausmann, theater director and producer
 * Ricardo Hausmann, politician, professor, academic
 * Lya Imber (Odessa, Ukraine, 1914-Caracas, 1981), the first woman in Venezuela to obtain the degree of Doctor of Medicine (Paediatrics & Child Care Specialist) and the first female member of the board of the Medical School of the Federal District.
 * Sofía Ímber, journalist
 * Jonathan Jakubowicz, film director, writer, and producer
 * Karina, pop singer
 * Moisés Kaufman, screenwriter, director
 * Betty Kaplan, film director
 * Geula Kohen Moradov, painter
 * Ruth de Krivoy, former president of the Central Bank of Venezuela
 * Andres Levin, musician
 * Ivan Lansberg, lawyer
 * Julio Lobo, sugar trader and financier
 * Yucef Merhi, artist, poet
 * Moisés Naím, journalist, economist
 * Elias Mocatta, banker, financer
 * Isaac J Pardo, writer, poet
 * Jacobo Penzo, film director
 * Teodoro Petkoff, guerrilla fighter and politician, journalist, economist
 * L. Rafael Reif, engineer, president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Flor Roffé de Estévez, composer and writer
 * Ángel Rosenblat, philologist
 * Maurice Ruah, tennis player
 * Eduardo Schlageter, painter
 * Veronica Schneider, actress
 * David Smolansky, politician, Voluntad Popular, mayor of El Hatillo, Miranda State.
 * Henrique Salas Römer, politician, former Carabobo State governor
 * Leon Schorr, master chess player
 * Ariel Segal, writer and scholar, correspondent of BBC in Israel
 * Isaac Senior, trader founder of Casa Senior of Coro
 * Rosalinda Serfaty, actress
 * Shirley Varnagy, journalist, Globovisión TV host
 * Abdul Vas, contemporary artist
 * Ernesto Villegas Poljak, journalist, politician
 * Vladimir Villegas Poljak, journalist, politician
 * Geula Zylberman, abstract painter

title: List of Latin American Jews


text:
Car donation

Car donation is the practice of giving away unwanted used automobiles or other vehicles to charitable organizations. In the United States, these donations can provide a tax benefit to the donor.

Tax considerations
Donors need to fulfil certain post-donation requirements to qualify for the tax deduction, such as obtaining a written acknowledgment of the car's subsequent sale by the charity, and itemizing tax returns instead of taking the standard deduction.

For vehicles valued at less than $500, the deduction amount comes from the donor's own estimate of the car's value, even if the charity receives less money from its sale. Deductions greater than $500 are limited to the proceeds of selling the vehicle, usually at auction. The U.S Internal Revenue Service advises that starting in 2005:

"The rules for determining the amount that a donor may deduct for a charitable contribution of a qualified vehicle, including an automobile, with a claimed value of more than $500 changed at the beginning of 2005 as a result of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. In general, that Act limits a donor's deduction to the amount of the gross proceeds from the charity's sale of the vehicle.

For vehicles valued at over $500, taxpayers are required to attach the charity's written acknowledgment to their tax return."

In the United Kingdom
Car donation schemes in the UK are slightly different from those operating in the United States and only established themselves as a valued source of income for UK charities in January 2010, led by GiveACar – a non-profit organization. Operating as a non-profit organization allows charities to avoid the large overheads created by profit-making car donation companies. In addition, whereas car donation in the US has been incentivized through tax breaks, in the UK there are no such tax benefits to donating your car.

Practices
Vehicle donations in America are operated in a wide variety of plans, ranging from highly organized and professional-grade not-for-profit, national, or local charities to scrap yards, haulers, tow-truck companies and salvagers who establish programs that may support a charity. According to Charity Navigator, the guidance of the rating agencies concerning car donation programs, where the charity receives a flat fee for the use of their name by a third party, versus program management by a third party, there are some questionable companies who contract to use a nonprofit's agencies name and logo to raise funds and then just give them a flat fee unrelated to income or performance. This is frowned upon by rating agencies and the government. However, a percentage return program is viewed positively if the nonprofit receives more than 50% of the generated income.

title: Car donation


text:
User talk:Arcfire

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title: User talk:Arcfire


text:
Fast chess

Fast chess, also known as speed chess, is a type of chess in which each player is given less time to consider their moves than classical chess time controls allow. Fast chess is subdivided, by decreasing time controls, into rapid chess, blitz chess, and bullet chess. Armageddon chess is a particular variation of fast chess in which different rules apply for each of the two players.

As of July 2024, the top-ranked blitz chess player in the open section is Magnus Carlsen from Norway, who is also the top-ranked classical chess player, reigning World Rapid Chess Champion, as well as the reigning World Blitz Chess Champion. Carlsen is also the top-ranked rapid chess player.

FIDE rules
The World Chess Federation (FIDE) divides time controls for chess into "classical" time controls, and the fast chess time controls. , for master-level players (with an Elo of 2400 or higher) the regulations state that at least 120 minutes per player (based on a 60-move game) must be allocated for a game to be rated on the "classical" list; for lower-rated players, this can be reduced to as little as 60 minutes. Games played faster than these time controls can be rated for rapid and blitz if they comply with the time controls for those categories.

Players of fast and blitz chess are exempt from the requirement to record their moves onto a scoresheet (A.2). The arbiter or their assistant is responsible for the recording in competitions (A.3.1.2, B.3.1.2). Electronic recording is preferred.

Overview
A fast chess game can be further divided into several categories, which are primarily distinguished by the selection of time controls. Games may be played with or without time increments per move.

Rapid (FIDE), quick (USCF), or active
Time controls for each player in a game of rapid chess are, according to FIDE, more than 10 minutes but less than 60 minutes. Rapid chess can be played with or without time increments for each move. When time increments are used, a player can automatically gain, for instance, ten more seconds on the clock after each move. When time increments are used, the total time per player for a 60-move game must be more than 10 minutes but less than 60 minutes. Rapid chess was called active chess by FIDE between 1987 and 1989.

For the FIDE World Rapid Championship, each player has 15 minutes plus 10 seconds additional time per move starting from move 1.

Blitz
Time controls for each player in a game of blitz chess are, according to FIDE, 10 minutes or less per player. This can be played with or without an increment or delay per move, made possible by the adoption of digital clocks. Three minutes with a two-second increment is preferred. In the case of time increments, the total time per player for a 60-move game must be 10 minutes or less (hence averaging 10 seconds or less per move).

For the FIDE World Blitz Championship, each player has 3 minutes plus 2 additional seconds per move, starting from move 1.

Bullet
Bullet chess games have less than three minutes per player, based on a 40-move game; some chess servers rate one-minute-per-player games separately. Lower time controls are called "hyperbullet" and "ultrabullet" for 30-second-per-player and 15-second-per-player games, respectively. Other common time-control options for bullet games include two minutes with one-second increment, one minute with a two-second increment, or one minute with one-second increment. The term lightning can also be applied to this variant. The use of increment in bullet chess is primarily to avoid issues with latency, as well to discourage playing from a lost position in order to win on time (also known as "dirty flagging").

Online bullet chess avoids practical problems associated with live bullet chess, particularly players accidentally knocking over the pieces. Playing online also allows premoving, or committing to a move before the opponent has taken their turn.

Armageddon
A variant of blitz chess where a drawn game is counted as a win for Black. This guarantees the game ends decisively, so it can be used as a final tiebreaker game. It was used in tournaments such as the Chess World Cup as a tiebreaker.

To compensate for giving Black draw odds, White has more time on the clock. Common times are six minutes for White and five minutes for Black or five minutes for White and four minutes for Black. This can also be played with a small increment. If there is no increment, then difficult questions arise when players must try to flag in trivial draws, which happened in the Women's World Chess Championship 2008 in the match between Monika Soćko and Sabina-Francesca Foisor. With a small increment, the time odds need to be larger to keep the situation balanced: Norway Chess has used 10 minutes to 7 minutes.

Some tournaments utilise a bidding system for individual players of each match to decide how little time they would be willing to play with as black. The player with the lower bid for each match receives the black pieces with draw odds. This system minimises the perceived unfairness of Armageddon time controls that are decided in advance before a tournament with colours randomly allocated. Such an idea is reminiscent of the logical use case of fair cake-cutting.

Armageddon chess does not scale well to slower time controls, as even in rapid the necessary time odds would need to be too large; in correspondence events or engine vs. engine events, it is simply unworkable. Larry Kaufman, Kai Laskos, and Stephen Pohl have tested using engines (Stockfish, Komodo, and Houdini) an alternative solution, allowing for equal times: Black has draw odds, but is not allowed to castle short. Engine tests suggest that this is fair, although it has yet to be tried in practice by human grandmasters.

History and rules
Before the advent of digital clocks, five minutes per side was the standard for blitz or speed chess. Before the introduction of chess clocks, chess club "rapid transit" tournaments had referees who called out every ten seconds. The Washington Divan (2445 15th St. NW) had regular weekly games and used a special clock that beeped every ten seconds to indicate the time to move. Players had to use their full ten seconds and move on the bell.

In 1988, Walter Browne formed the World Blitz Chess Association and its magazine Blitz Chess, which folded in 2003.

In some chess tournaments and matches, the final standings of the contestants are decided by a series of games with ever-shortening control times as tie breaks. In this case, two games may be played with each time control, as playing with black or white pieces is not equally liked among players. The short time controls in fast chess reduce the amount of time available to consider each move, and may result in a frantic game, especially as time runs out. A player whose time runs out automatically loses, unless the opposing player has insufficient material to checkmate, in which case the game is a draw. "Losing on time" is possible at even the longer, traditional time controls, but is more common in blitz and rapid versions.

Play is governed by the FIDE Laws of Chess, except as modified by a specific tournament. However, in case of a dispute during a tournament, either player may stop the clock and call the arbiter to make a final and binding judgment.

Chess boxing uses a fast version for the chess component of the sport, granting 9 minutes for each side with no increment.

USCF rules for Quick and Blitz chess
The rules for fast chess differ between FIDE and the USCF.

With the USCF, a game with more than 10 minutes affects the Quick rating, and the upper bounds for this rating is capped at 65 minutes per player. As 30-minute to 65-minute-per-player time controls are also under the Regular rating system, these games affect both the Quick and Regular ratings and are known as dual-rated games. However, the K factor (a statistic used for ratings) is reduced by comparison, meaning that players will either lose or gain (or rarely both) fewer rating points compared to a solely Quick or Regular game. Any time control over 65 minutes counts under the Regular rating only. All of these time controls include the delay added to the time control, such as a 60-minute game with a 5-second delay, which is still considered to be a 60-minute game, not a 65-minute game.

As of March 2013, the USCF has also added a separate Blitz class rating for any time control between 5 and 10 minutes per player. It is not possible for a game to be dual rated as both Blitz and Quick. Unlike Quick chess, 5 minutes can also mean game 3+2 (three minutes with a two-second increment).

World championships
Both official and unofficial FIDE-sponsored world championships for fast chess have been held since the 1970s.

World Rapid championships before 2012
In 1987, Garry Kasparov (the World Champion of classical chess at the time) and Nigel Short played a 6-game exhibition Rapid match ("Speed Chess Challenge") at the London Hippodrome, won by Kasparov 4–2.

The 1988 victory by Anatoly Karpov in Mazatlan was officially called the World Active Championship, but FIDE changed the word 'active' to 'rapid' soon after.

In 1992, FIDE held the Women's World Rapid and Blitz Championship in Budapest, Hungary. Both Rapid and Blitz Championships were won by Susan Polgar.

The 2001 victory by Garry Kasparov in the FIDE World Cup of Rapid Chess (organized by the French Chess Federation in Cannes) was held contemporaneously to the Melody Amber rapids (thus splitting the top players between the two events), and it is sometimes considered to be official, although it was never named as a "championship" but rather a "world cup".

Viswanathan Anand won the official FIDE 2003 Rapid Championship at the 6th Cap d'Agde event. After no bids in 2004, FIDE optioned the 2005 Rapid to Cap d'Agde, but it was not held. Teimour Radjabov won the 2006 7th Cap d’Agde Rapid Chess Tournament, but this had no FIDE status.

The yearly Frankfurt or Mainz events hosted by the Chess Tigers (2001–2010) were considered as the traditional rapid chess championship, and it often received world championship billing in the absence of an annual FIDE-recognized championship. In its last two years, the 2009 Grenkeleasing World Rapid Chess Championship in Mainz was won by Levon Aronian, and the 2010 Open GRENKE Rapid World Championship in Mainz was won by Gata Kamsky. The Association of Chess Professionals (ACP) also held a World Rapid Cup in some of these years, and the annual Amber chess tournament (1992 to 2011) also had a rapid segment. There was also occasionally a Eurotel Trophy or Intel Grand Prix event, each of which would be of high stature.

World Blitz championships before 2012
The first unofficial Speed Chess Championship of the World (or World Blitz Championship) was held in Herceg Novi on 8 April 1970. This was shortly after the first USSR versus the rest of the world match (in Belgrade), in which ten of these players also competed. Eleven Grandmasters and one International Master played a double round-robin tournament. Bobby Fischer won first place, with a score of 19 points out of a possible 22. Fischer scored seventeen wins, four draws, and one loss (to Viktor Korchnoi). Mikhail Tal was a distant second, 4½ points behind. Fischer won both games against each of Tal, Tigran Petrosian, and Vasily Smyslov; all of them were past World Champions.

By 1971, the Russian and Moscow five-minute championships had been going several years, with Tal, Bronstein, and Petrosian all having success. That year, Fischer played in a blitz tournament organised by the Manhattan Chess Club, and scored 21½/22. There were also strong tournaments in Bugojno (in 1978), which was won by Karpov; and Nikšić (in 1983), which was won by Kasparov.

In 1987, the S.W.I.F.T. super-tournament was held in Brussels, Belgium; first prize was shared by Garry Kasparov and Ljubomir Ljubojević. The first FIDE-sponsored World Blitz Championship was won by Mikhail Tal in 1988.

In 1992, FIDE held the Women's World Rapid and Blitz Championship in Budapest, Hungary. Both Rapid and Blitz Championships were won by Susan Polgar.

In 2000, Anand won the Plus GSM World Blitz Chess Cup, which has since been referred to as a world championship, albeit inconsistently.

The second FIDE-recognized World Blitz Championship was won by Alexander Grischuk in 2006 in Rishon Lezion, Israel; the third World Blitz Championship was won by Vassily Ivanchuk in 2007. The 4th World Blitz Championship was held in Almaty in 2008, and it was won by Leinier Dominguez Pérez of Cuba.

In 2009 and 2010, there was an event called the World Blitz Championship, held after the Tal Memorial in Moscow in November. It was won by Magnus Carlsen (in 2009) and Levon Aronian (in 2010), with the Women's Championship being won by Kateryna Lagno (in 2010). There is no record of a 2009 blitz event in the FIDE Calendar for that year; however, the October 2009 FIDE Congress discussed whether it should be a "proper" Championship (given the qualification scheme), and it left the decision to the corresponding internal Commission. For 2010, it was organized in conjunction with FIDE from the beginning. However, in neither case was an arbiter's report presented to the next FIDE Congress or General Assembly, as would be expected for a World Championship, and indeed occurred previously with the 2008 Blitz Championship. The 2012 Arbiter's report refers to 7th World Blitz Championship thus seeming to imply that 2009 and 2010 events were indeed Championships; although this report can be faulted for referring to the rapid championship of 2012 as being the 1st World Rapid Championship, which at the very least forgets Anand's official Rapid Championship in 2003. The balance of the evidence favors these Blitz Championships as being counted as official.

In 2011, there was no official blitz championship held, but FIDE was involved with the Sport Accord Mind Games blitz won by Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, with Hou Yifan winning the women's division.

World Championships since 2012

Since 2012, FIDE have held joint World Rapid and Blitz Championships most years, with some years Women's World Rapid and Blitz Championships also being held.

In 2012, the World Rapid and Blitz Championships were held at Batumi, Georgia and Astana, Kazakhstan (Women's Championships) Sergey Karjakin won the Rapid Championship. Alexander Grischuk won the Blitz Championship. Antoaneta Stefanova won the Women's Rapid Championship. Valentina Gunina won the Women's Blitz Championship.

In 2013, the World Rapid and Blitz Championships were held at Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Shakhriyar Mamedyarov won the Rapid Championship. Lê Quang Liêm won the Blitz Championship.

In 2014, the World Rapid and Blitz Championships were held at Dubai, UAE and Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia (Women's Championships). Magnus Carlsen won both Rapid and Blitz Championships. Kateryna Lagno won the Women's Rapid Championship. Anna Muzychuk won the Women's Blitz Championship.

In 2015, the World Rapid and Blitz Championships were held in Berlin, Germany. Magnus Carlsen won the Rapid Championship. He also received the privilege of playing at a dedicated Board 1 the whole time, not having to move while others did. The given reason was that Norwegian television was sponsoring the event, and moving the heavy cameras around would be too much hassle. After his first-round draw, he should not have been on Board 1 until Round 8 when he caught the leaders. Carlsen himself later called this "weird" that Board 1 would be reserved for him. Alexander Grischuk won the Blitz Championship.

In 2015, FIDE did not receive the expected 80,000 euros from Agon's organization of the event, causing a budget shortfall of 55,000 euros. It was later announced that approximately 200,000 euros were lost on the event.

In 2016, the World Rapid Championships were held at the Ali Bin Hamad Al Attiya Arena in Doha, Qatar. Vassily Ivanchuk of Ukraine won the 2016 World Rapid Championship, while Carlsen, after defending his title with difficulty in 2015, came in third place. In the Blitz Championship, Sergey Karjakin of Russia and contender in the recently held World Chess Championship 2016 won the championship title albeit due to a better tiebreak over the second place Carlsen. Karjakin defeated Carlsen in their individual encounter. Carlsen was once again reserved board 1 for both championships. Anna Muzychuk also from Ukraine, won both the 2016 Women World Rapid and Blitz Championshipship.

At the FIDE Presidential Board meeting at the end of March 2016, they gave Agon six months to find an organizer for the 2017 event. At the Baku General Assembly in September, it was announced they had extended this deadline until the end of 2016. The issue of the non-payment of the players for the IMSA Mind Games was also brought up.

Views on fast chess
Many top chess players disagree on the validity of fast chess compared to standard time controls as well as the usefulness of fast time controls for serious training.

Some quotes from top chess players may serve to illustrate this:

 * "I don't know if bullet is useful but I think blitz is 100% useful. Blitz develops instincts." — Magnus Carlsen
 * "Any coach that's trying to dissuade you from enjoying blitz is doing you a disservice." — Magnus Carlsen
 * "To be honest, I consider [bullet chess] a bit moronic, and therefore I never play it." — Vladimir Kramnik
 * "Blitz – it's just a pleasure." — Vladimir Kramnik
 * "Blitz is simply a waste of time." — Vladimir Malakhov
 * "Blitz is the opposite [of classical chess], you don't care at all. You can be drunk, you can dance all night, whatever happens you just need to be lucky and it will work." - Daniil Dubov
 * "I play way too much blitz chess. It rots the brain just as surely as alcohol." — Nigel Short

title: Fast chess


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User talk:Invalid username 87496~enwiki

Your article on Resonance FM looks fine to me. It might be a little gushing, and in need of a dissenting opinion to make it NPOV, but maybe there aren't any dissenting opinions; in all likelihood the sort of people who would dislike the station haven't even noticed it. --rbrwrˆ 18:21, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Invalid username 87496~enwiki


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Bantik language

Bantik is an endangered Austronesian language, perhaps a Philippine language, of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is the traditional language of the Bantik people, who are now switching to Manado Malay (the local variety of Malay) as their language for everyday communication. While using Indonesia for formal and religious occasions. Though Bantik is still used as a marker of ethnic identity.

Bantik is regarded as a men's language, used by men in private, and it is considered improper to speak to women in Bantik. Very few women under the age of 30 know how to speak it.

Morphology
Bantik is agglutinative.

Syntax
The basic sentence orders of Bantik are subject–verb–object and verb–object–subject. The former is used when introducing a new object, the latter when introducing a new subject.

title: Bantik language


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Bihar Vikas Party

Bihar Vikas Party (Bihar Development Party), political party in the Indian state of Bihar. BVP was formed ahead of the Lok Sabha 1999 elections by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Rajya Sabha MP, Janardan Yadav. Yadav got some local ex-BJP leaders along to his new party. Yadav got 6 591 votes (1.04%) in the constituency Godda (today part of Jharkhand).

BVP are opponents of the bifurcation of Bihar and the creation of Jharkhand as a separate state.

BVP stands on the same ideological ground as BJP, for example on the Ayodhya issue.

title: Bihar Vikas Party


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Henryk Jabłoński

Henryk Jan Jabłoński (27 December 1909 – 27 January 2003) was a Polish historian and politician. After 1948, he became a politician of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party, as well as a historian and professor at Warsaw University. He served as head of state of the People's Republic of Poland between 1972 and 1985.

Life and career
Jabłoński was born in Stary Waliszew in the Warsaw Governorate of Congress Poland. From 1931, he was a member of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). During World War II he fought in the battle of Narvik (Norway) and then joined the French Resistance. In 1945 Jabłoński become a member of the State National Council (KRN), and during the years 1946 and 1948 he had high functions in the PPS (chairman of Central State Committee and its vice-leader). He approved joining the PPS with the Polish Workers' Party (PPR, Polska Partia Robotnicza).

From 1947 to 1972, he was a deputy to the Sejm. In 1948 he was appointed professor at Warsaw University (from 1952 member of Polish Academy of Sciences – PAN). Between 1948 and 1981, Henryk Jabłoński was in the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party (KC PZPR).

In 1972, on the initiative of Edward Gierek, Jablonski was chosen the de iure leader (chairman of the Council of State) of the People's Republic of Poland. From 1976 to 1983 he was a chief of the Front of National Unity (FJN, Front Jedności Narodu). From 1983 to 1990 he was chief of ZBoWiD, the Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy, an organisation of war veterans. In 1985 he was replaced as head of state by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. His wife Jadwiga Jabłońska died in 1999.

Honours and awards

 * Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, earlier Commander's Cross
 * Order of the Builders of People's Poland
 * Order of the Banner of Labour (Poland), 1st class
 * Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 3rd class
 * Deed Combat Cross Polish Armed Forces in the West (1989)
 * Gold Medal of Merit for National Defence
 * Great Star of Honour of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Austria
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
 * Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria)
 * Order of the White Lion, First Class with Chain (CSSR)
 * Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France)
 * Order of the Two Rivers, 1st Class (Iraq)
 * Order of José Marti (Cuba)
 * Collars of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (Mexico)
 * Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia)
 * Great Chain of the Order of Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal)
 * Great Banner of the Order of the Umayyads (Syria)
 * Order of the Flag of the Republic of Hungary, 1st class
 * Order of the October Revolution (USSR)
 * Order of Friendship of Peoples (USSR)
 * Order of the Badge of Honour (USSR)
 * State Award, Grade II – 1955
 * State Prize – 1964
 * Special National Award – 1979

title: Henryk Jabłoński