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Talk:The Bridge on the Drina

Unrelated
Is it just me or does this article go on and on and on about things that are completely unrelated to the book? Just skimming it now... --Shallot 10:58, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Višegrad
Why Višegrad (as the town is originally written in Latin script) was turned into Vishegrad in this article?

Fair use rationale for Image:Bridge on drina.jpg
Image:Bridge on drina.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:42, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

UNESCO's World Heritage List
As of 2007-06, the Bridge has been included into UNESCO's World Heritage List, I think an editor should include this on the article: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=38720&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html greetings - excalibor 08:03, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Chapter Summary
Partially copied from user talk page Please revert yourself. By making this edit you've reinstated content mirroring that which is already summarized in the synopsis. Needless cruft. 23 editor (talk) 01:16, 11 August 2016 (UTC)
 * That should be discussed on the talk page of the article with consensus reached. The chapter summary provides the years and shows the flow of the book which I why I put it back in.  Hardly "needless cruft". -O.R.Comms 03:12, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

Needless cruft, indeed. It repeats virtually everything that is stated in the synopsis only in point form. I'm trying to improve the article considerably. Please point me to a GA or FA promoted in the last two years that has a similar chapter summary. 23 editor (talk) 03:24, 11 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Calling another editors' contribution "cruft" borders on breaking WP:CIV. Its just not a good idea, it can be easily misunderstood.  As far as the chapter summary, I feel its a good quick reference for the reader, designed to show which events occur in which chapter while showing the progression of the years.  As far as I know, there is no Wikipedia policy prohibiting chapter summaries; should probably post on noticeboards to get consensus from other editors more knowledgeable.  If the table needs to be removed until then, that would be fine. -O.R.Comms 03:36, 11 August 2016 (UTC)
 * My apologies. I didn't know that was your contribution to the article until I checked the history. If I had, I probably would have been less terse. In any case, I would like to remove the table temporarily until consensus has been reached. I'll leave a message over Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Literature for opinions. Cheers, 23 editor (talk) 03:49, 11 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Hi,, this is the response I got over at the WikiProject. 23 editor (talk) 19:16, 14 August 2016 (UTC)
 * What I would like to see is just a small info box with the chapter numbers and years that they cover. The "flowing nature" of the book over time was the aspect of it which really fascinating me.  I agree a chapter summary repeating information already mentioned is unnecessary and counter productive. -O.R.Comms 14:48, 15 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I would suggest you create an example infobox to illustrate what it would look like and start an RfC to reach a community consensus. 23 editor (talk) 17:16, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

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Publication date?
The infobox says that this was published in 1945. How can that be, when the English translation linked at the bottom of the article was published in 1919? The English translation says that the original was published in 1915. 50.253.11.17 (talk) 16:20, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Bridge on the Drina


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Ghislenghien

Ghislenghien (Gellingen; Guilinguin) is a small town of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Ath, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It has about 3000 inhabitants.

Gas explosion
On 30 July 2004 a high-pressure natural gas pipeline operated at a pressure of 70 bar ruptured following recent third party damage. 24 people died as a result and 150 survivors were hospitalised, most with severe burns.

It is thought that damage to the pipeline occurred during the final stages of a car park construction project. Notice of the work had been given to the pipeline operator, Fluxys, and one of their operatives had regularly attended the site through the course of the project. Damage to the pipeline probably occurred as a mechanical soil stabiliser was driven over it or near by. This resulted in several evenly spaced (but not full depth) gouges in the steel wall of the pipeline. Two weeks after the completion of the car park gas pressure was increased in the pipeline, which then ruptured with the fault centred on a 350 mm long gouge. Other contributing factors to the accident may have been a reduced cover over the pipeline as a result of levelling, the way information was passed down the sub-contracting chain to workers and the frequency and adequacy of supervision by the pipeline operator at the site.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ghislenghien


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Londonderry (UK Parliament constituency)

Londonderry was a parliamentary constituency in Northern Ireland represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament, as well as a constituency in elections to various regional bodies. It was replaced in boundary changes in 1983. Londonderry returned two MPs (1801–1885) and later one (1922–1983).

Boundaries
The constituency consisted, in 1801–1885, of the whole of County Londonderry, except for the parliamentary boroughs of Coleraine and Londonderry City.

The seat was re-created in 1922. As part of the consequences of the devolved Stormont Parliament for Northern Ireland, the number of MPs in the Westminster Parliament was drastically cut. The seat was focused on County Londonderry. It comprised the administrative county of Londonderry and the County Borough of Londonderry.

In 1951, it was one of the last four seats to be uncontested in a United Kingdom general election.

In 1983 the number of seats for Northern Ireland was increased from 12 to 17 and Londonderry was split in two, forming Foyle and East Londonderry.

Elections in the 1840s

 * Caused by Bateson's resignation by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds

 * Caused by Bateson's death

Elections in the 1850s

 * Caused by Bateson's appointment as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury

 * Caused by Bateson's resignation.

Elections in the 1870s

 * Caused by Smyth's death.

Elections in the 1880s

 * Caused by Law's appointment as Attorney-General for Ireland

 * Caused by Law's appointment as Lord Chancellor of Ireland

 * Caused by Porter's appointment as Master of the Rolls

Elections in the 1920s

 * anti-partition

Elections in the 1950s

 * In the 1951 Londonderry by-election and the 1951 United Kingdom general election, William Wellwood was elected unopposed.

Politics and history of the constituency
From its inception Londonderry had a unionist majority, though by the 1970s the nationalist vote was approaching 40% in some elections.

In 1974 the Ulster Unionist Party repudiated the Sunningdale Agreement and so did not reselect Robin Chichester-Clark, who had been a Minister in the government of Edward Heath. Instead they ran William Ross, who held the seat until 1983. He was then elected for the new East Londonderry.

For the history of the area post 1983, please see Foyle (UK Parliament constituency) and East Londonderry.


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Low power

Low power may refer to:
 * Radio transmitters that send out relatively little power:
 * QRP operation, using "the minimum power necessary to carry out the desired communications", in amateur radio.
 * Cognitive radio transceivers typically automatically reduce the transmitted power to much less than the power required for reliable one-way broadcasts.
 * Low-power broadcasting that the power of the broadcast is less, i.e. the radio waves are not intended to travel as far as from typical transmitters.
 * Low-power communication device, a radio transmitter used in low-power broadcasting.
 * Low-power electronics, the consumption of electric power is deliberately low, e.g. notebook processors.
 * Power (statistics), in which low power is due to small sample sizes or poorly designed experiments

title: Low power


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Jack Davis

Jack Davis may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Jack Davis (actor) (1914–1992), American child actor
 * Jack Davis (playwright) (1917–2000), Australian playwright and poet
 * Jack Davis (cartoonist) (1924–2016), American cartoonist and illustrator

Business and industry

 * Jack Davis, American engineer who worked on the ENIAC computer in the 1940s
 * Jack Davis (industrialist) (1933–2023), American industrialist
 * Jack Davis, American businessman, co-founder of Novell

Sports

 * Jack Davis (English footballer) (1882–1963)
 * Jack Davis (Australian footballer) (1908–1991)
 * Jack Davis (hurdler) (1930–2012), American Olympic hurdler
 * Jack Davis (guard, born 1932) (1932–2013), American football player for the Boston Patriots
 * Jack Davis (guard, born 1933) (1933–2015), American football player for the Denver Broncos

Others

 * Mildirn, (a.k.a. Jack Davis, 1835–1914), Australian Aboriginal leader, translator and merchant
 * Jack Davis (prospector) (1879–1949), American prospector
 * Jack Davis (veteran) (1895–2003), British military veteran
 * Jack Davis (Canadian politician) (1916–1991)
 * Jack Davis (Illinois politician) (1935–2018)
 * Jack L. Davis (born 1950), American archaeologist
 * Jack E. Davis (fl. 2000s), American historian and Pulitzer Prize-winning author

title: Jack Davis


text:
HP OpenView

HP OpenView is the former name for a Hewlett-Packard product family that consisted of network and systems management products. In 2007, HP OpenView was rebranded as HP BTO (Business Technology Optimization) Software when it became part of the HP Software Division. The products were available as various HP products, marketed through the HP Software Division. HP Software became part of HPE after the HP/HPE split and HPE Software was eventually sold to MicroFocus.

HP OpenView software provided large-scale system and network management of an organization's IT infrastructure. It included optional modules from HP as well as third-party management software, which connected within a common framework and communicated with one another.

History
The foundational OpenView product was Network Node Manager (NNM), network monitoring software based on SNMP. NNM was used to manage networks and could be used in conjunction with other management software, such as CiscoWorks.

In April 2004, HP bought Novadigm and its Radia suite. In December 2005, it acquired Peregrine Systems with its IT asset and service management software and integrated it into HP OpenView. In November 2006, HP completed its purchase of Mercury Interactive Corp., subsequently integrated Mercury application and software life-cycle management products (QualityCenter, LoadRunner/PerformanceCenter, WinRunner/QTP) into the HP Software & Solutions portfolio. In September 2007, HP acquired Opsware.

In early 2007, alongside the integration of Mercury Interactive, Peregrine Systems and Opsware products, HP OpenView products were rebranded under the HP Software Division business, and the OpenView and Mercury names were phased out. The HP OpenCall name continued as part of the HP Software Division business. HP Software became part of HPE after the HP/HPE split and HPE Software was eventually sold to MicroFocus.

Products

 * HP OpenView Network Node Manager (OV NNM)
 * HP Operations Manager (OM) — monitor systems and applications using agents
 * HP OMW - Operations Manager (Windows) (formerly OVOW, formerly VantagePoint Operations for Windows)
 * HP OMU - Operations Manager (Unix) (formerly OVOU, formerly VantagePoint Operations for Unix, sometimes referenced as ITO, formerly Operation Center " OPC")
 * HP OpenView ServiceManager (formerly Peregrine ServiceCenter)- now HP Software Service Manager
 * HP OpenView AssetManager (formerly Peregrine AssetCenter)
 * HP OpenView Connect-It - A data and process integration tool
 * HP OpenView Service Desk (OVSD) - migration to HP Software Service Manager is optional
 * HP OpenView Internet Services (OVIS) - Discontinued
 * HP OpenView Service Navigator (integrated in HP Operations Manager for Unix since 1996)
 * HP OpenView Transaction Analyzer (OVTA) - Discontinued
 * HP OpenView SOA Manager
 * HP OpenView Select Identity (OVSI) - Discontinued
 * HP OpenView Select Access (OVSA) - Discontinued
 * HP OpenView Select Audit - Discontinued
 * HP OpenView Select Federation - Discontinued
 * HP OpenView Service Information Portal - Discontinued
 * HP Software Universal CMDB (UCMDB)
 * Enterprise Systems Management (ESM)

Performance

 * HP OpenView Performance Agent (OVPA)
 * HP OpenView Performance Insight (OVPI)
 * HP OpenView Performance Manager (OVPM)
 * HP OpenView Reporter (OVR) 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.80
 * HP OpenView GlancePlus

Fault/Resource Status Monitoring

 * HP OpenView TeMIP — A Telecoms OSS service (formerly just known as TeMIP when owned by Compaq-Digital Equipment Corporation)

Provisioning/fulfillment

 * HP OpenView Service Activator (OVSA) - rebranded as HP Service Activator (HPSA)

Storage

 * HP Software Storage Essentials
 * HP OpenView Storage Data Protector
 * HP OpenView Storage Mirroring
 * HP OpenView Storage Mirroring Exchange Failover Utility
 * HP OpenView Dashboard (formerly Service Information Portal (SIP) — provides a web portal for HP OpenView management products)
 * HP OpenView Storage Area Manager (OV SAM) - Discontinued

HP OpenView Smart Plug-ins
(SPIs) — These are add-ons products for OpenView Operations for additional management capabilities:
 * HP OpenView SPI for BEA Tuxedo
 * HP OpenView SPI for BEA WebLogic
 * HP OpenView SPI for BEA WebLogic Integration
 * HP OpenView SPI for BMC CONTROL-M Job Scheduling / Workload Automation Solution
 * HP OpenView SPI for BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES)
 * HP OpenView SPI for Citrix
 * HP OpenView SPI for Databases (Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, and Informix)
 * HP OpenView SPI for Documentum
 * HP OpenView SPI for IBM DB2
 * HP OpenView SPI for IBM WebSphere Application Server
 * HP OpenView SPI for Lotus Domino/Notes
 * HP OpenView SPI for Microsoft Exchange
 * HP OpenView SPI for Microsoft Windows
 * HP OpenView SPI for MySQL Databases
 * HP OpenView SPI for OpenVMS
 * HP OpenView SPI for Oracle Application Server
 * HP OpenView SPI for PeopleSoft
 * HP OpenView SPI for Remedy ARS Integration
 * HP OpenView SPI for SAP
 * HP OpenView SPI for Dollar Universe
 * HP OpenView SPI for Siebel
 * HP OpenView SPI for HP Service Manager
 * HP OpenView SPI for Storage Area Manager
 * HP OpenView SPI for Terminal Server
 * HP OpenView SPI for TIBCO
 * HP OpenView SPI for UNIX OS
 * HP OpenView SPI for Web Servers
 * HP OpenView SPI for VMware
 * HP OpenView SPI for WebSPOC ITSM Integration

Network Node Manager SPIs

 * Network Node Manager for Advanced Routing (for NNM version 7 only)
 * Network Node Manager SPI for Quality Assurance (for NNMi version 9 and later)
 * Network Node Manager SPI for Traffic (for NNMi version 9 and later)
 * Network Node Manager SPI for IP Telephony
 * Network Node Manager SPI for LAN/WAN Edge (for NNM version 7 only)
 * Network Node Manager SPI for MPLS VPN (for NNMi version 9 and later)
 * Network Node Manager SPI for IP Multicast (for NNMi version 9 and later)

HP OpenView Configuration Management
HP Configuration Management software, formerly Radia from Novadigm, is now part of HP Client Automation Software which is now owned by Accelerite, a product division of Persistent Systems. The following products were part of the OpenView product set:
 * HP OpenView Configuration Management Application Self-Service Manager
 * HP OpenView Configuration Management Application Manager
 * HP OpenView Configuration Management Inventory Manager
 * HP OpenView Configuration Management OS Manager
 * HP OpenView Configuration Management Patch Manager
 * HP OpenView Configuration Management Application Usage Manager
 * HP OpenView Client Configuration Manager

IUM
HP OpenView Internet Usage Manager (IUM) provides convergent mediation. It collects, processes and correlates usage records and events from network elements and service applications across voice and data services for prepaid, post-paid and real-time charging in wireless, wireline and cable networks. This usage data can be passed on to business support systems for usage-based billing systems, capacity management and analysis of subscriber behavior.

HP Software Business Availability Center (BAC)
Formerly products from Mercury Interactive and now integrated into the HP portfolio:
 * HP Software Business Availability Center / Business Process Monitor (BAC/BPM)
 * HP Software Business Availability Center / Real User Management (BAC/RUM)
 * HP Software Business Availability Center / System Availability Management (BAC/SAM)
 * HP Software Business Availability Center / Diagnostics (BAC/Diags)
 * HP Software Business Availability Center / Universal CMDB (BAC/uCMDB)
 * HP Software Business Availability Center / Service Level Management (BAC/SLM)
 * HP Software Business Availability Center / Problem Isolation (BAC/PI)
 * HP Software Business Availability Center / Business Process Insight (BAC/BPI)
 * HP Software SiteScope (SiS)

HP Software Data Center Automation (DCA)
Formerly products from Opsware and now integrated into the HP portfolio:

 * HP Software Server Automation (SA) (formerly Opsware Server Automation System (SAS))
 * HP Software Storage Essentials (SE) (HP existing product Storage Essentials has been merged with former Opsware Application Storage Automation System (ASAS))
 * HP Software Operations Orchestration (OO) (formerly Opsware Process Automation System (PAS) (formerly iConclude Orchestrator ))
 * HP Software Network Automation (NA) (formerly Opsware Network Automation System NAS))

User Groups
The OpenView Forum International was an OpenView user group. It became Vivit (in early 2007) and organized the yearly HP Software Forum. In 2007, HP took over responsibility for the HP Software Forum and renamed it HP Software Universe.

While it is not an actual "user group", the ITRC is an online forum about former OpenView and HP Software products. A new user group, the HP Software Solutions Community, officially launched publicly in April 2010 and includes all former software-related communities.

title: HP OpenView


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User talk:K e thampi

''Why did you post this text to Your_first_article ? It didn't seem relevant, so I moved it here -- perhaps you will want to move it to Kerala or Kerala model. --DavidCary 11:16, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)''

Kerala model For more than one reason Kerala is widely known as a psecial state in India and abroad. Qite often, its demographic characterstics and the achievements on the socio-economic front are highlighted as 'kerala model' and is unique among developing countries. Kerala,the southern part of India is well known for the world for the first elected ministry of communists.

Nomination of Kerala model for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Kerala model is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Kerala model until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Powerful Karma (talk) 12:18, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:K e thampi


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Olive Oatman

Olive Ann Oatman (September 7, 1837 – March 21, 1903) was a White American woman celebrated in her time for her slavery and later release by Native Americans in the Mojave Desert region when she was a teenager. She later lectured about her experiences.

On March 18, 1851, while emigrating from Illinois to the confluence of the Colorado River and the Gila River (in modern-day Yuma, Arizona), her family was attacked by a small group from a Native American tribe. Though she identified them as Apache, they were most likely Tolkepayas (Western Yavapai). They killed her parents and 4 siblings, left her older brother Lorenzo Dow Oatman (1836-1901) for dead, and enslaved Olive and her younger sister Mary Ann, holding them as slaves for one year before they traded them to the Mohave people, While Lorenzo exhaustively attempted to recruit governmental help in searching for them, Mary Ann died from starvation and Olive spent four years with the Mohave.

Five years after the attack, she was repatriated into American society. The story of the Oatman Massacre began to be retold with dramatic license in the press, as well as in her own memoir and speeches. Novels, plays, movies, and poetry were inspired, which resonated in the media of the time and long afterward. She had become an oddity in 1860s America, partly because of the prominent blue tattooing of her chin by the Mohave, making her the first known White woman with Native tattoo on record. Much of what actually occurred during her time with the Native Americans remains unknown.

Early life
Olive was born the third of seven children to Royce Boise Oatman (1809-1851) and Mary Ann Sperry Oatman (1813-1851) in La Harpe, Hancock County, Illinois. In 1839, her parents left the Methodist church and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) under the leadership of Joseph Smith. After Smith was killed in June 1844, the Oatmans chose to affiliate with the Mormon splinter-group called the Brewsterites (which was founded in 1848 by James C. Brewster) instead of staying with the main body of Mormons under the leadership of Brigham Young.

On August 5, 1850, the Brewsterites (including the Oatmans) left their encampment near Independence, Missouri as a wagon train with 93 people and 24 wagons headed to the confluence of the Colorado River and the Gila River in modern-day Yuma, Arizona. There, Brewster claimed was the "intended place of gathering" for The Church of Christ followers. Dissension caused the group to split near Santa Fe in New Mexico Territory with Brewster following the northern route. Royce Oatman and several other families chose the southern route via Socorro and Tucson. Near Socorro, Royce Oatman assumed command of the party. They reached New Mexico Territory early in 1851 only to find the country and climate wholly unsuited to their purpose. The other wagons gradually abandoned the goal of reaching the Colorado River.

When the party reached Maricopa Wells (20 miles south of modern-day Phoenix, Arizona), they were told that the Gila Trail (Southern Emigration Route) to the west was barren, dangerous, and frequented by hostile Native Americans. They were warned that they would risk their lives if they proceeded further. While the other families resolved to stay in Maricopa Wells, the Oatmans chose to continue their westward journey.

The Oatman Massacre

The Oatman family, traveling alone, was nearly annihilated in what became known as the "Oatman Massacre" on the banks of the Gila River 84 miles east of modern-day Yuma, Arizona. The seven Oatman children ranged in age from one to 17 years old, the eldest being Lucy Oatman. Mary Ann was 8 months pregnant with their eighth child. On the Oatmans' fourth day out from Maricopa Wells, they were approached by a group of nineteen Native Americans who were asking for tobacco and food. Due to the lack of supplies, Royce Oatman was hesitant to share too much with the small party of Yavapais. They became irate at his stinginess. During the encounter, the Yavapais attacked the Oatman family. The Yavapais clubbed the family to death. All were killed except for three of the children: 15-year-old Lorenzo, who was left for dead, and 14-year-old Olive and 7-year-old Mary Ann, who were taken to be slaves for the Yavapais.

After the attack, Lorenzo awoke to find his parents and siblings dead, but he saw no sign of little Mary Ann or Olive. Lorenzo attempted the hazardous trek to find help. He eventually reached a settlement, where his wounds were treated. Lorenzo rejoined the emigrant train, and three days later returned to the bodies of his slain family. In a detailed retelling which was reprinted in newspapers over the decades, he said, "We buried the bodies of father, mother and babe in one common grave." The men had no way of digging proper graves in the volcanic rocky soil, so they gathered the bodies together and formed a cairn over them. It has been said the remains were reburied several times and finally moved to the river for re-interment by early Arizona colonizer Charles Poston. Lorenzo Oatman became determined to never give up the search for his only surviving siblings.

Captivity and conversion
After the attack, the Native Americans took some of the Oatman family's belongings, along with Olive and Mary Ann. Although Olive Oatman later identified her captors as members of the Tonto Apache tribe, they were probably of the Tolkepaya tribe (Western Yavapais)  living in a village 8 mi southwest of Aguila, Arizona, in the Harquahala Mountains. After arriving at the village, the girls were initially treated in a way that appeared threatening, and Oatman later said she thought they would be killed. However, the girls were used as slaves to forage for food, to lug water and firewood, and for other menial tasks.

During the girls' stay with the Yavapais, another group of Native Americans came to trade with the tribe. This group was made up of Mohave Native Americans. The daughter of the Mohave Chief Espaniole saw the girls and their poor treatment during a trading expedition. She tried to make a trade for the girls. The Yavapais refused, but the chief's daughter, Topeka, was persistent and returned once more offering a trade for the girls. Eventually the Yavapais gave in and traded the girls for two horses, some vegetables, blankets, and beads. After being taken into Mohave custody, the girls walked for days to a Mohave village along the Colorado River (in the center of what today is Needles, California). They were immediately taken in by the family of a tribal leader (kohot) whose non-Mohave name was Espaniole. The Mohave tribe was more prosperous than the group that had held the girls captive, and both Espaniole's wife, Aespaneo, and daughter, Topeka, took an interest in the Oatman girls' welfare. Oatman expressed her deep affection for these two women numerous times over the years after her captivity.

Aespaneo arranged for the Oatman girls to be given plots of land to farm. A Mohave tribesman, Llewelyn Barrackman, said in an interview that Olive was most likely fully adopted into the tribe because she was given a Mohave nickname, something only presented to those who have fully assimilated into the tribe. Olive herself would later claim that she and Mary Ann were held captive by the Mohave and that she feared to leave, but this statement could have been colored by the Reverend Royal Byron Stratton, who sponsored the publication of Olive's captivity narrative shortly after her return to White society. For example, Olive did not attempt to contact a large group of whites that visited the Mohaves during her period with them, and years later she went to meet with a Mohave leader, Irataba, in New York City and spoke with him of old times. Anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber wrote in an article about the Oatman captivity: "The Mohaves always told her she could go to the white settlements when she pleased but they dared not go with her, fearing they might be punished for having kept a white woman so long among them, nor did they dare to let it be known that she was among them".

Another thing that suggests Olive and Mary Ann were not held in forced captivity by the Mohave is that both girls were tattooed on their chins and arms, in keeping with the tribal custom. Oatman later claimed (in Stratton's book and in her lectures) that she was tattooed to mark her as a slave, but this is not consistent with the Mohave tradition, where such marks were given only to their own people to ensure that they would enter the land of the dead and be recognized there by their ancestors as members of the Mohave tribe. The tribe did not care if their slaves could reach the land of the dead, however, so they did not tattoo them. It has also been suggested that the evenness of Olive's facial markings may indicate her compliance with the procedure.

Olive Oatman's 1860s lecture notes tell of her younger sister often yearning to join that better "world" where their "Father and Mother" had gone. Mary Ann died of starvation while the girls were living with the Mohave. This happened in about 1855–56, when Mary Ann was ten or eleven. It has been claimed that there was a drought in the region, and that the tribe experienced a dire shortage of food supplies, and Olive herself would have died had not Aespaneo, the matriarch of the tribe, saved her life by making a gruel to sustain her.

Olive later spoke with fondness of the Mohaves, who she said treated her better than her first captors. She most likely considered herself assimilated. She was given a clan name, Oach, and a nickname, Spantsa, a Mohave word having to do with unquenchable lust or thirst. She chose not to reveal herself to white railroad surveyors who spent nearly a week in the Mohave Valley trading and socializing with the tribe in February 1854. Because she did not know that Lorenzo had survived the massacre, she believed she had no immediate family, and the Mohave treated her as one of their own.

Release
When Olive was 19 years old, Francisco, a Yuma Indian messenger, arrived at the village with a message from the authorities at Fort Yuma. Rumors suggested that a white girl was living with the Mohaves, and the post commander requested her return, or to know the reason why she did not choose to return. The Mohaves initially sequestered Olive and resisted the request. At first they denied that Olive was even white. Over the course of negotiations some expressed their affection for Olive, others their fear of reprisal from whites. The messenger Francisco, meanwhile, withdrew to the homes of other nearby Mohaves; shortly thereafter he made a second fervent attempt to persuade the Mohaves to part with Olive. Trade items were included this time, including blankets and a white horse, and he passed on threats that the whites would destroy the Mohaves if they did not release Olive.

After some discussion, in which Olive was this time included, the Mohaves decided to accept these terms, and Olive was escorted to Fort Yuma in a 20-day journey. Topeka (the daughter of Espianola/Espanesay and Aespaneo) went on the journey with her. Before entering the fort, Olive was given Western clothing lent by the wife of an army officer, as she was clad in a traditional Mohave skirt with no covering above her waist. Inside the fort, Olive was surrounded by cheering people.

Olive's childhood friend Susan Thompson, whom she befriended again at this time, stated many years later that she believed Olive was "grieving" upon her forced return because she had been married to a Mohave man and had given birth to two boys.

Olive, however, denied rumors during her lifetime that she either had been married to a Mohave or had been sexually mistreated by the Yavapai or Mohave. In Stratton's book, she declared that "to the honor of these savages let it be said, they never offered the least unchaste abuse to me." However, her nickname, Spantsa, may have meant "rotten womb" and implied that she was sexually active, although historians have argued that the name could have different meanings.

Within a few days of her arrival at the fort, Olive discovered that her brother Lorenzo was alive and had been looking for her and Mary Ann. Their meeting made headline news across the West.

Later life
In 1857, a pastor named Royal Byron Stratton sought out Olive and Lorenzo Oatman. He co-wrote a book about the Oatman Massacre and the girls' captivity titled Life among the Indians: or, The Captivity of the Oatman Girls Among the Apache & Mohave Indians. It was a bestseller for that era, at 30,000 copies. Stratton used the royalties from the book to pay for Olive and her brother Lorenzo to attend the University of the Pacific (1857). Olive and Lorenzo accompanied Stratton across the country on a book tour, promoting the book and lecturing in book circuits. Olive was a curiosity. Her boldly tattooed chin was on display and people came to hear her story and witness the blue tattoo for themselves. She was the first known tattooed White American woman as well as one of the first female public speakers. Olive entered the lecture circuit as feminism was developing. Though she herself never claimed to be part of the movement, her story entered the American consciousness shortly after the Seneca Falls Convention.

Both Oatman and Mary Brown, Sallie Fox's mother and Rose–Baley Party survivor, lived in San Jose, California, at the same time. Mary Brown refused a meeting.

Oatman married John Brant Fairchild (1830-1907) on November 9, 1865 in Rochester, New York. They met at a lecture she was giving alongside Stratton in Michigan. Fairchild was a wealthy rancher who had lost his brother to an attack by Native Americans during a cattle drive in Arizona in 1854, the same time Oatman was living among the Mohave. Stratton did not receive an invitation to the wedding, and Olive never reached out to him again. Stratton became institutionalized after the development of hereditary insanity and died in 1875.

Olive and John Fairchild moved to Sherman, Texas, a boom town ripe for a businessman like Fairchild to start a new and prosperous life. Fairchild founded the City Bank of Sherman and together they lived quietly in a large Victorian mansion. Olive began wearing a veil to cover her famous tattoo and became involved in charity work. She was particularly interested in helping a local orphanage. She and Fairchild never had their own children, but they did adopt a little girl and named her Mary Elizabeth after their mothers, nicknaming her Mamie. Her husband went on to track down copies of Stratton's book and burn them.

Her brother Lorenzo died on October 8, 1901. She outlived him by fewer than 2 years. Olive Oatman Fairchild died of a heart attack on March 20, 1903, at the age of 65. She is buried at the West Hill Cemetery in Sherman, Texas.

Legacy
The town of Oatman, Arizona, located near her release site, was named in her honor in 1915. It was part of the Oatman Gold District. The once thriving gold rush town is now a tourist stop.

Named in her honor, the historic town of Olive City, Arizona, near the present town of Ehrenberg, was a steamboat stop on the Colorado River during the gold rush days. Other namesakes in Arizona are Oatman Mountain and the adjacent Oatman Flat. Oatman Flat Station was a stage stop for the Butterfield Overland Mail from 1858 to 1861.

Television and film

 * The character of Eva Oates, portrayed by Robin McLeavy in the AMC television series Hell on Wheels is very loosely based on Oatman. Outside of being captured by a group of Native Americans, bearing the distinctive blue chin tattoo, and having been raised Mormon, there are very few similarities between the character of Eva and the actual life of Oatman.

 * In an episode of the series The Ghost Inside My Child: The Wild West and Tribal Quest, a southern American Baptist family claims that their daughter Olivia says she is the reincarnation of Olive Oatman.

 * A 1965 episode of the TV series Death Valley Days starring Ronald Reagan recounts the story of Olive Oatman and features her brother Lorenzo's search for her. In this episode he finds her with the Mojave but she doesn't want to leave. Episode title: “The Lawless Have Laws.” https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556827/

Fiction inspired by Olive Oatman

 * De Burton, Maria Ruiz. Who Would Have Thought It? J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1872.
 * Grayson, Elizabeth. So Wide the Sky. Avon, 1997. ISBN 978-0380778461
 * Leonard, Elmore. The Tonto Woman and Other Western Stories. Delacorte Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0385323864
 * Lawton, Wendy. Ransom's Mark: A Story Based on the Life of the Young Pioneer Olive Oatman. Moody Publishers, 2003. ISBN 978-0802436382

title: Olive Oatman


text:
User talk:Selphie

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title: User talk:Selphie


text:
Rasht

Rasht is a city in the Central District of Rasht County, Gilan province, in Iran. Rasht serves as capital of the province, the county, and the district. The city is also known as the "City of Rain" (شهر باران, Šahr-e Bārān) and, with a population of 679,995 in 2016, is the most populous city of northern Iran.

Rasht is the largest city on Iran's Caspian Sea coast. Due to being between the coast and the mountains, the local environment is rainy with a humid subtropical climate. It also has temperate rainforest to its south, contrasting to the mostly arid Iran.

It is a major trade center between Caucasia, Russia, and Iran using the port of Bandar-e Anzali. Rasht is also a major tourist center with the resort of Masouleh in the adjacent mountains and the beaches of Caspian as some of the major attractions.

Historically, Rasht was a major transport and business center which connected Iran to Russia and the rest of Europe, and because of this was known as the "Gate of Europe". The city has a history that goes back to the 13th century but its modern history dates back to the Safavid era during which Rasht was a major silk trade center with numerous textile workshops. In 2015, this city joined the network of creative cities of the world as a creative gastronomy city under the supervision of UNESCO.

Etymology
There are multiple views about the city's name:  The root of the city's name is the word resh (Persian: "") meaning very light rain. The word Varesh (fa: ) meaning "rain" in gilaki, indicates that this word is a combination of Va+ resh (fa:) Another point of view is that the correct pronunciation of the city's name is Resht (fa: ) that is taken from the root Risidan (fa: ) or Reshtan (fa:, both meaning spin) and the reason for this name is the importance of the city in the production of silk threads.

Timeline

 * 682: Rasht was first mentioned in Umayyad historical documents.
 * 1669: Stenka Razin, a Cossack warlord, plundered the city.
 * 1714: Rasht destroyed by earthquake.
 * 1722–1732: Occupation by the Russians due to the Russo-Persian War.
 * 1901: A major epidemic plague devastates the city.
 * 1917–1920: The Russian and British armed forces fight in the port city of Bandar-e Anzali and Rasht. The British retreat and the Russians occupy the area.
 * 1920–1921: The short-lived Gilan Soviet Socialist Republic was established with its capital in Rasht.
 * 1937: A revolt, sparked by the desire to collect a "road tax" from the Russians, was suppressed.
 * 1974: First university established in Rasht.

Rasht was first mentioned in Umayyad historical documents in 682 CE, but it is certainly older than this and appears on the Peutinger Map of late antiquity. It has seen the Sassanid era, the Rashidun conquest, the armies of Peter the Great and later Russian rulers, and British colonialism. The people of Rasht also played a major role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran.

Rasht has, along with regions around Tabriz and Tehran, one of the earliest industry plants during the last quarter of the 19th century, prominently in fields such as fishing, caviar production, the Caspian sea oil pipeline construction and textiles. During the 20th century, until the mid-70s, Gilan and the Rasht region was the third-ranking industrial city in Iran by number of workers and per capital productivity. It lost its cultural and industrial status to a large extent after the 1970s.

The people of Rasht played a prominent role in instigation and radicalization of the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907). Rasht is the birthplace of Mīrzā Kūchak Khān, one of the leading figures of the Constitutional Revolution. His own movement in Gilan, which went by the name of Jangalis, represented a pro-modern and social democratic program for reformation of Muslim rituals and traditions. Mirza established the short-lived Persian Socialist Soviet Republic in 1920 after the defeat of the constitutional forces and in coalition with Iranian communists.

The republic had the support of the newly established Russian Red Army. The Soviet Government, after a turn of military and political strategy proposed by Trotsky, withdrew its support and the republic itself was tormented by the inner conflicts between the newly established Iranian Communist Party (1919) and the Jangalis and other factions. The republic was finally defeated by the Iranian army under the command of Reza Shah.

The first national library of Iran was established in Rasht under the Qajar dynasty. Nasim-e-Shomal, the first modern newspaper of Iran after the constitutional revolution, has been initially published in Rasht. First Public Library of Iran was built in Rasht City. First Branch of the First Iranian Bank (Sepah Bank) was located in Rasht City. First branch of 24/7 pharmacy (Karoon pharmacy) was built in Rasht City. First school for girls and first fire station in Iran were also built in Rasht City. The city of Rasht was the center of Gilan and the center of the first province of the country.

During the Qajar period, along with economic development between Iran and Russia, Noghan trade and other products expanded. Thus, Rasht became the gateway to Europe in the 19th century. Grigoriy Melgunov, a Russian orientalist and writer who visited Rasht at the end of 1860, wrote in his published notes that the city at that time had 5463 houses, 1021 shops, 22 mosques, 34 schools and 17 bathhouses, and a population of 27,314. At that time, Rasht's political credibility was such that the Russian, British, and Ottoman governments had consulates in Rasht.

Modern day
Rasht is turning into an industrialized town like most of the Iranian large cities and province capitals. Enjoying the Kadus International Hotel and hundreds of tourist attractions, Rasht receives thousands of foreign tourists annually, mostly from Austria, Germany, Netherlands, France, Australia, Japan and African countries like Senegal and Cameroon as well as countries from Oceania like Micronesia.

Rasht is known for its famous municipal building, located in the Square of Municipality, which was constructed circa 1900, and has been renovated each year. Due to the high amount of humidity in Rasht which damages and destroys the aged buildings, the native, older architectural texture of Rasht is gradually being replaced with the modern skyscrapers and apartments.

The culture of consumerism is prevalent among the people of Rasht as a cultural and urban center which is historically engaged in close commercial and political ties with the United Kingdom, Russia and France. Due to this background which makes the inhabitants much familiar with the industrial, cultural and political developments of the west, the finance and credit institutions are more willing to open representative offices and bureaus in Rasht and it has made the city a center of various banks and financial organizations.

There are many commercial centers, malls and financial institutions in Rasht including one branch of the Exports Development Bank of Iran which is an international bank dealing with the Iranian exports. The organizers and directors of national Iranian or non-Iranian banks afford to spend considerable amounts of budgets to construct attractive and modern buildings for their offices in Rasht.

Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, there have always been requests on behalf of Russian, Turkish and Azeri banks to open branches in Rasht and that is why the city is endowed as the "gate of Europe" in Iran. The head consulate of the Russian Federation government is located in Rasht and some of the other Caspian region countries are also keen to establish representative headquarters in Rasht alongside their embassies in Tehran.

Some evidences are the University of Gilan which was constructed jointly by the governments of Iran and West Germany about 40 years ago, the building of IRIB representatives in Rasht which was constructed jointly by the Iranian and Belgian engineers.

First of Iran

 * The first branch of Bank Sepah and first Bank of Iran was established in Rasht in 1925
 * The first girls' school in Iran was established in Rasht
 * The first day & night pharmacy in Iran was established in Rasht
 * The first sanatorium for the elderly and disabled in Iran was established in Rasht
 * The first National Library of Iran was established in Rasht in 1920
 * The first bus Iran arrived in Rasht
 * The first city in which the sewage system was established
 * The first city in which the Russian, British, French and Ottoman governments opened their consulates and had political representatives.
 * The first silk factory in Iran
 * The first national hospital in Iran named Poursina Hospital
 * The first classical theater in Iran

Streets and boulevards

 * Golsar Street
 * Imam Ali Boulevard
 * Shahid Chamran Boulevard
 * Ayatollah Taleghani Boulevard
 * Resalat Street
 * Shohaday-e Gomnam Boulevard
 * Ostadsara Street
 * Esteghamat Street
 * Deylaman Boulevard
 * Moallem Boulevard
 * Imam Khomeini Boulevard
 * Valiasr Street
 * Enghelab Street
 * Azadi Street
 * Azadegan Boulevard
 * Shahid Ansari Street
 * Farhang Street
 * Parastar Boulevard
 * Bastani Shoaar Street
 * Afakhra Street
 * Pasdaran Street
 * 22 Bahman Boulevard
 * Alamolhoda Street
 * Saadi Street
 * Tohid Street
 * Navab Street
 * Gilan Boulevard
 * Gholipour Boulevard
 * Habibzadeh Boulevard
 * Ansari Boulevard
 * Suleman Darab Boulevard
 * Takhti Street
 * Bisotun Street

Climate
Rasht has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf). The climate is one of the wettest in Iran, with warm summers and cool winters, sometimes with snow. The average humidity is above 80%, contrasting heavily with cities in many other parts of Iran. Sunshine hours, averaging roughly 1,700 per year, is lower than in most places in Iran and also compared to most places at this latitude. Rasht is also known as "The City of Rain".

Population
The city of Rasht is the most populated city in the north of the country and one of the metropolises of Iran. At the 2006 National Census, its population was 551,161 in 159,983 households. The following census in 2011 counted 639,951 people in 204,054 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 679,995 people in 228,142 households.

Language
People of Rasht are mostly Gilaks (98/2%) and they speak Rashti variety of Western Gilaki language.

Culture
People of Rasht spend much on arts, food, and clothes. They spend the leisure times going to cinemas, art exhibitions, music concerts and international book fairs that are being held in the city most of times in a year. Also the municipality kicks off sports, cultural or IT-related competitions to involve the youth in healthy and constructive activities. The most beloved competition is the annual blogging competition which awards the top young bloggers each year.

Rasht has played a major role in Iranian history. It was Iran's gateway to Russia and Europe; therefore it was influenced by western architecture. Iran's first public library was built here and it was the first city in Iran where girls were allowed to go to school.

Iranian cities of Isfahan and Rasht were accepted to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network on December 11, 2015. Isfahan is registered because of its creative crafts and folk art; and Rasht because of its unique gastronomy. Rasht embroidery is a handicraft and art specific to the city and Gilan province.

On 4 January 2015, Rasht was selected as the political center of Gilan more than 4,500 years ago. The date 4 January was then included in the official calendar of the country as Rasht Day.

Cuisine
The dominant foods of Rasht people are various types of fish. Mirza Ghassemi, vavishka (a type of haggis), nargesi, baghala ghatogh, and ashpal (roe) are some other popular local dishes. Reshteh khoshkar is a well-known sweet. Zeitoun Parvardeh is a kind of delicacy prepared from olives and pomegranates; it is a popular seasoning in the city.

Rose de Rescht
Rosa 'de Rescht', like many old garden roses, presents an interesting historical background story. This cultivar, originating in Iran, was reported at the end of 19th century in England, but it was then forgotten. It was rediscovered near the Iranian provincial capital of Rascht by Miss Nancy Lindsay in 1945, and was brought back to the United Kingdom, where it was re-introduced around 1950. Today it is shown in the Victorian Class, winning many trophies.

Sports
The people of Rasht have always been regular fans of football which is the beloved sport in the city. Most are fans of Damash Gilan who play in the Azadegan League or Sepidrood Rasht who play in the Persian Gulf Pro League. Damash Gilan is the newer version of former Pegah football club that belonged to the municipality of Rasht, but was purchased later by the mineral water factory of Damash and changed its name and properties to Damash Gilan.

The home stadium of Damash Gilan is Dr. Azodi Stadium which is an old stadium dating back to almost 40 years ago and its capacity is 11,000 people. Sardar Jangal Stadium is the city's second stadium.

Following football, wrestling, judo and weightlifting are the most popular sports of youth in Rasht and that is due to the enchanting appearance of Iranian wrestlers and weightlifters in the international competitions like Olympics. The outstanding figure of world weightlifting and the two-time olympics Gold medal winner Hossein Rezazadeh is a main inspirer of Rasht youth to try Weightlifting as their professional job. Asghar Ebrahimi who was the squad captain of Iranian weightlifting team at the 2008 Olympics is from Rasht and a successful example of those youth from Rasht who tried this national field of sport after Hossein Rezazadeh.

Colleges and universities

 * University of Gilan
 * Gilan university of medical sciences
 * Islamic Azad University of Rasht
 * Jaber ebn Hayyan Institute of Higher Education
 * Payame Noor University
 * Institute of Higher Education for Academic Jihad of Rasht
 * Guilan Technical & Vocational Training Organization
 * Gilan Advanced Skills Training Center
 * Rasht Technical and Vocational Institute
 * Guilan University of Applied and Scientific Technology

Economy
This city is greatly important based on its geographical situation (locating on the central plain and its large width, fertile lands and soil, being the most important region of the province and Iran in terms of rice cultivation), communicative situation (locating among Tehran–Qazvin-Anzali-Astara roads, in one hand, and the main road from Gilan to Mazandaran and the east of Gilan, on the other hand), political–administrative situation (situating as the capital city of Gilan province) and economic development, towns expansion and industrial factories and the following increase in the agricultural-commercial activities  and in the number of science and technology centers.

The most residents of this city are active in service, trading and industrial jobs and paddy is the main activities of the villagers in this region. Rasht has long been one of the most prominent customs cities in Iran. This city used to be the only communication and trade route of Iran to Europe through the Anzali port. From the time of Shah Abbas II until the end of the Qajar rule, the city of Rasht was a large commercial center, and caravans stopped in this city to buy silk and sell their goods from In this way, they were sent to the ports of the Mediterranean Sea.

The presence of the Russian Consulate and then the British Consulate in Rasht caused the economic and social prosperity of this city, and there was a representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or a broker, a Russian consul, a French deputy consul, and a British deputy consul in this city, and apart from The ruler of Rasht, the agent of foreign affairs was also stationed in Rasht on behalf of the central government. During this period, Tomanians Russian Borrowing Bank and Trading House were active in Rasht consecutively.

At the same time, Rasht's foreign trade developed and most Rashtites became millionaires, and Rasht became an aristocratic city during the Qajar period. The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., Ofoq Kourosh chain store.

Pharmaceutical industry
At present, Rasht has a Faculty of Pharmacy under the auspices of Gilan University of Medical Sciences and several drug production centers, one of which is a center for the production of anti-cancer nano-drugs with 24 pens. Sobhan Daroo Co. is one of the most successful pharmaceutical companies in Iran. And with more than 100 production licenses, it is currently the second largest producer in the country in terms of production volume. Sobhan Oncology Pharmaceutical Company is one of the most modern and advanced production units of anti-cancer and chemotherapy products in the world.

Health centers and hotels
Hotel • Kadus Grand Hotel

• Shabestan Hotel

• Ordibehesht Hotel

• Pardis Hotel

• Ghadir Hotel

• Pamchal Hotel

• Pourya Hotel Hospital • Poursina Hospital

• Golsar Hospital

• Arya Hospital

• Pars Rasht Hospital

• Rasoul Akram Hospital

• Velayat Hospital

• Omid Hospital

• 17 Shahrivar Hospital

• Dr. Heshmat Educational & Remedial Center

• Razi University Hospital

• Qaem Hospital

• Rasht Family Hospital

• Al Zahra Hospital

• Toton Karan Hospital

• Shafa Educational & Remedial Center

• Amir Al Mo'menin Educational Remedial & Research Center

Taxi
In 1947, 50 taxis were purchased from England by the order of Fakhr-ol-dowleh (daughter of Muzaffar al-Din Shah) and imported to Iran. In 1948, the first taxi entered Rasht by crossing the main street of the city due to his interest in Gilan. Rasht Metropolitan Taxi Organization has so far organized more than 9,500 taxis and private cars.

Railway
Rasht is served by Rasht railway station, which is located south of the city near the road to Jirdeh, Shaft. The railway passes through Alborz mountains and then Sefidrood river valley and is connected to Karaj and Qazvin on its way to Tehran. To the north the railway leads to Anzali free trade zone.

International airport
The Rasht International airport is the only airport in the province of Gilan and was established in 1969 with an approximate area of 220 hectares. At first, the airport just handled domestic flights to Tehran and Mashhad, but after it was renamed to Sardar Jangal International airport in 2007, additional routes were established.

The airport is in close affiliation with hundreds of flights by national and international airlines, including Mahan Air, Iran Air, Iran Aseman Airlines, Kish Air and receives more than 2000 flights annually.

Historical and natural attractions

 * Municipal Complex
 * Iran Hotel
 * Post Building
 * National Library
 * Tomb of Mirza Kuchak Khan
 * Mirza Kuchak Khaan House
 * Safi Mosque
 * Kolah Farangi Mansion
 * Sabzeh Meydan Park
 * Gilan Rural Heritage Museum
 * Saravan Forest Park
 * Gilan Rural Heritage Museum
 * Rasht Museum of Anthropology
 * Avanesian House
 * Rasht Grand Market
 * Hajj Samad Khan Mosque
 * Haj Samiee Mosque
 * Badyollah Mosque
 * Qadiri House of Rasht
 * Mirza Khalil House
 * Governor's Building
 * Mohtasham Garden
 * Mafakher Park
 * Emamzadeh Hashem
 * Imamzadeh Ismail and Abbas
 * Mellat Park
 * Eynak Lagoon
 * Keshavarz Park
 * Meshkat Park
 * Towhid Park
 * Golshan Mosque
 * Kase Forushan Mosque
 * Zargaran Mosque
 * Abrishamchi House
 * Ashkouri House
 * Seyyed Ali Moghimi House
 * Mohtasham Caravanserai
 * Haji Bath
 * Ebrahim Pourdavoud Tomb
 * Chomarsara Clay Bridge
 * Gishe Damerdeh Bridge
 * Gurab-e Lishavandan
 * Tomb of Imam's sister
 * Imamzadeh Bibi Zeynab
 * Tomb Tower Danaye Ali
 * Siah Estalakh Village
 * Lat Carvansary
 * Shahid Beheshti High School

Notable people

 * Hushang Ebtehaj (1928–2022) poet
 * Hossein Sami'i (1876–1953) writer, poet, diplomat, and politician
 * Mirza Kuchik Khan (1880–1921) revolutionary leader
 * Aydin Aghdashloo (1940) painter, graphic artist, and art curator
 * Reza Baluchi (born 1972) cyclist, athlete
 * Mahmoud Behzad (1913–2007) biologist
 * Mir Abdolrez Daryabeigi (1930–2012) painter
 * Mohammad Bagher Nobakht (born 1950) politician and economist
 * Fathollah Khan Akbar (1855–1937) Qajar dynasty prime minister
 * Amir Eftekhari (born 1964) footballer
 * Shaya Goldoust (born 1986), Iranian-born Canadian journalist, activist
 * Khosrow Golsorkhi (1944–1974) journalist, poet, and communist
 * Hadi Jelveh (1919–2011) associate justice of the Iran Supreme Court
 * Alexander Kasimovich Kazembek (1802–1870) Azerbaijani-Russian Orientalist, historian, philologist
 * Mohammad Khatam Iranian air force commander and advisor to the Shah
 * Hamideh Kheirabadi (1924–2010) actress
 * Arsen Minasian The Armenian founder of the first modern sanatorium in Iran
 * Mohammad Moein Linguistics and literature researcher
 * Ardeshir Mohasses (1938–2008), illustrator, cartoonist
 * Bahman Mohasses (1931–2010) painter, sculptor
 * Youcef Nadarkhani Christian pastor sentenced to death for apostasy from Islam
 * Mahmoud Namjoo (1918–1989) weightlifter
 * Ardeshir Ovanessian, Communist leader
 * Mohammad Nouri, singer
 * Kazim Rashti, Shaykhi scholar
 * Ebrahim Poordavood Academic
 * Dariush Ramezani Cartoonist
 * Fazlollah Reza Former Iran's ambassador to UNICEF and former manager of Sharif University
 * Anoushiravan Rohani Musician
 * Massoumeh Seyhoun (1934–2010) painter
 * Sadeq Saba Head of BBC Persian Service
 * Majid Samiei Neurosurgeon and the Manager of Hanover Brain and Nerves Treatment institute
 * Marjane Satrapi (born 1969) graphic novelist, cartoonist, film director
 * Susan Taslimi (born 1950) actress
 * Yahya Rahmat-Samii (born 1948), electrical engineer, professor at UCLA
 * Farideh Lashai (1944–2013), painter
 * Homayoon Toufighi chess grandmaster
 * Houchang Nahavandi Iranian professor and politician
 * Habib Nafisi (1908–1984) engineer, educator
 * Houman Seyyedi (born 1980) actor and director
 * Shohreh Bayat (born 1987) chess arbiter
 * Asghar Ebrahimi Iranian weightlifter
 * Mahmoud Etemadzadeh Writer
 * Enayatollah Reza Iranian historian
 * Reza Ramezani Gilani Muslim cleric
 * Esmaeil Elmkhah Iranian weightlifter
 * Nasrollah Moghtader Mojdehi Iranian professor
 * Mohammad Tolouei Writer
 * Asghar Kardoust Basketball player
 * Mohammad Rahbari (born 1991) fencer
 * Babak Zarrin Composer
 * Mohsen Forouzan Footballer
 * Hadi Tabatabaei Footballer
 * Saeid Hassanipour Karateka

Twin towns – sister cities
Rasht is twinned with:
 * 🇷🇺 Astrakhan, Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Moscow, Russia
 * 🇵🇰 Multan, Pakistan
 * 🇹🇷 Trabzon, Turkey

title: Rasht


text:
James Van Der Zee

James Augustus Van Der Zee (June 29, 1886 – May 15, 1983) was an American photographer best known for his portraits of black New Yorkers. He was a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance. Aside from the artistic merits of his work, Van Der Zee produced the most comprehensive documentation of the period. Among his most famous subjects during this time were Marcus Garvey, Bill "Bojangles" Robinson and Countee Cullen.

Biography
Born in Lenox, Massachusetts, Van Der Zee demonstrated an early gift for music, and was initially aspired to career as a professional violinist. Van Der Zee's second interest was in photography. He bought his first camera when he was a teenager, and improvised a darkroom in his parents' home. He took hundreds of photographs of his family as well as his hometown of Lenox. Van Der Zee was one of the first people to provide an early documentation of his community life in small town New England.

In 1906, he moved with his father and brother to Harlem in New York City, where he worked as a waiter and elevator operator. By now Van Der Zee was a skilled pianist and aspiring professional violinist. He would become the primary creator and one of the five performers in a group known as the Harlem Orchestra. In March 1907, Van Der Zee married Kate L. Brown and they moved back to Lenox to have their daughter, Rachel, born in September. Soon after, they moved to Phoebus, Virginia. In 1908, their son, Emile, was born but died within a year from pneumonia. In 1915, he moved to Newark, New Jersey, where he took a job in a portrait studio, first as a darkroom assistant and then as a portraitist. That same year, he converted to Catholicism and began taking assignments from the Church. He returned to Harlem the following year, just as large numbers of Black immigrants and migrants were arriving into that part of the city. He set up a studio at the Toussaint Conservatory of Art and Music with his sister, Jennie Louise Van Der Zee, also known as Madame E Toussaint, who had founded the conservatory in 1911.

In 1916, Van Der Zee and Gaynella Greenlee launched the Guarantee Photo Studio on West 125th Street in Harlem. They married in 1918. His business boomed during World War I, and the portraits he shot from this period until 1945 have demanded the majority of critical attention. In 1919, he photographed the victory parade of the returning 369th Infantry Regiment, a predominantly African American unit sometimes called the "Harlem Hellfighters."

During the height of his popularity in 1927, his daughter Rachel, aged 19, died of appendicitis while in Portland, Maine. Van Der Zee photographed her funeral; he incorporated poems and heavenly imagery into the final prints.

During the 1920s and 1930s, he produced hundreds of photographs recording Harlem's growing middle class. Its residents entrusted the visual documentation of their weddings, funerals, celebrities and sports stars, and social life to his carefully composed images. Quickly Van Der Zee became the most successful photographer in Harlem. Among his many renowned subjects were poet Countee Cullen, dancer Bill ("Bojangles") Robinson, Charles M. "Daddy" Grace, Joe Louis, Florence Mills, and black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. By the early 1930s Van Der Zee found it harder to make an income from his work in photography, partly because of the strained economic circumstances of many of his customers and partly because the growing popularity of personal cameras reduced the need for professional photography.

Van Der Zee worked predominantly in the studio and used a variety of props, including architectural elements, backdrops, and costumes, to achieve stylized tableaux vivant in keeping with late Victorian and Edwardian visual traditions. Sitters often copied celebrities of the 1920s and 1930s in their poses and expressions, and he retouched negatives and prints heavily to achieve an aura of glamour. He also created funeral photographs between the wars. These works were later collected in The Harlem Book of the Dead (1978), with a foreword by Toni Morrison.

In 1982, at age 96, Van Der Zee photographed 21-year-old painter Jean-Michel Basquiat for the January 1983 issue of Interview magazine.

Van Der Zee died in Washington, D.C., on May 15, 1983. Ten years later the National Portrait Gallery exhibited his work as a posthumous tribute. In 1984 Van Der Zee was inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.

Commission from UNIA
In the spring and summer of 1924, Van Der Zee worked to document the members and activities of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). He took thousands of photographs on this assignment, some of which were featured in a calendar issued to members in 1925.

Fulfilling Garvey's wishes, Van Der Zee's job was to project a positive image of the Association, especially to emphasize the strength and social standing of its membership, the so-called Garveyites. Nowhere in Van Der Zee's visual record was there any hint of the controversy surrounding Garvey in the early 1920s, a period when the leader was subject to public interrogation, quarrels with the writer and philosopher W.E.B. DuBois, and legal proceedings against him on charges of mail fraud.

Harlem on My Mind
In 1969, Van Der Zee gained worldwide recognition when his work was featured in the exhibition Harlem on My Mind: Cultural Capital of Black America, 1900-1968 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. His inclusion in the exhibition was somewhat by accident. In December 1967, a researcher for the exhibition (and a photographer in his own right), Reginald McGhee, came across Van Der Zee's Harlem studio and asked if he happened to have any photographs from the 1920s and 30s.

In a story recounted by photo historian Rodger C. Birt, Van Der Zee showed him the boxes and boxes of negatives he had kept from this period. These photographs would become the core of Harlem on My Mind—and the feature of the exhibit that critics routinely praised as the show's biggest revelation. As art historian Sharon Patton observed, Van Der Zee not only documented the Harlem Renaissance, but also helped create it.

Harlem on My Mind marked a controversy between the Met and a number of practicing artists then living and working in Harlem. Painters including Romare Bearden and Benny Andrews protested the show for its emphasis on social history and experience, at the expense—as they viewed it—of interest in the artistic legacy of black New York artists. The Metropolitan rejected Harlem residents from planning the exhibition and utilized photography as the sole method of representation, excluding all sculptures, paintings, drawings, and prints by Harlem artists. At the time, Harlem artists — and the art world at large — did not view photography as an art form, but as a form of documentation. In this way, the Metropolitan received criticism for framing Harlem as an ethnographic study rather than a living community with thriving artistry.

On opening day, a picket line formed in front of the Met. Andrews carried a sign reading: "Visit The Metropolitan Museum of Photography."

Photographic techniques and artistry
Works by Van Der Zee are artistic as well as technically proficient. His work was in high demand, in part due to his experimentation and skill in double exposures and in retouching negatives of children. One theme that recurs in his photographs was the emergent black middle class, which he captured using traditional techniques in often idealistic images. Negatives were retouched to show glamor and an aura of perfection. This affected the likeness of the person photographed, but he felt each photo should transcend the subject.

His carefully posed family portraits reveal that the family unit was an important aspect of Van Der Zee's life. "I tried to see that every picture was better-looking than the person ... I had one woman come to me and say 'Mr. VanDerZee my friends tell that's a nice picture, but it doesn't look like you.' That was my style", said VanDerZee. Van Der Zee sometimes combined several photos in one image, for example by adding a ghostly child to an image of a wedding to suggest the couple's future, or by superimposing a funeral image upon a photograph of a dead woman to give the feeling of her eerie presence. Van Der Zee said, "I wanted to make the camera take what I thought should be there."

Van Der Zee was a working photographer who supported himself through portraiture, and he devoted time to his professional work before his more artistic compositions. Many famous residents of Harlem were among his subjects. In addition to portraits, Van Der Zee photographed organizations, events, and other businesses.

Solo exhibitions
Source:

 * 1970: Lenox Library, Massachusetts
 * 1971: Studio Museum in Harlem, New York
 * 1974: Lunn Gallery/Graphics International, Washington, D.C.
 * 1979: The Legacy of James Van Der Zee: A Portrait of Black Americans, Alternative Center for International Arts, New York and Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington
 * 1983: Camera Club of New York and Idaho State University, Pocatello
 * 1987: Deborah Sharp Gallery, New York
 * 1994: Retrospective, National Portrait Gallery Washington, D.C., and Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York

Selected group exhibitions
Source:

 * 1969: Harlem on My Mind: Cultural Capital of Black America 1900–1968, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * 1978: Lunn Gallery, Washington, D.C.
 * 1979: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and Fleeting Gestures: Dance Photographs, International Center of Photography, New York (traveling)
 * 1982: Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn, Germany
 * 1985: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
 * 1987: Studio Museum in Harlem, New York (traveling)

title: James Van Der Zee


text:
Epsom and Ewell (UK Parliament constituency)

Epsom and Ewell is a constituency in Surrey represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Helen Maguire, a Liberal Democrat.

History
The seat has existed since the February 1974 general election, forming the centre of the previous Epsom constituency. Epsom had been held by a Conservative since its creation in the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.

In Westminster elections, it was one of the strongest Conservative areas in the country. Locally, however, the majority area council (Epsom and Ewell Borough Council) is controlled by the local Residents' Association. Conservatives regularly run the two slightly included neighbouring councils and until recently the party rarely contested the main borough's elections. One ward in Epsom, Court, is quite strongly Labour, and several Residents Association councillors have sided against Conservative-run Reigate and Banstead council which is also electorally diverse.

In 1987, Barbara Follett, later Member of Parliament for Stevenage, unsuccessfully stood for the Labour Party in the constituency.

Boundaries
Before 1997 Epsom and Ewell excluded Ashtead but instead included Banstead from Reigate and Banstead. As the borough of Epsom and Ewell is small and includes relatively sparsely populated areas such as Epsom Downs, the constituency has consistently also included areas of neighbouring Surrey districts.

1974–1983: The Municipal Borough of Epsom and Ewell, and the Urban District of Leatherhead.

1983–1997: The Borough of Epsom and Ewell, and the Borough of Reigate and Banstead wards of Banstead Village, Nork, Preston, and Tattenhams.

1997–2010: The Borough of Epsom and Ewell, the District of Mole Valley wards of Ashtead Common, Ashtead Park, and Ashtead Village, and the Borough of Reigate and Banstead wards of Nork, Preston, and Tattenhams.

2010–2024: The Borough of Epsom and Ewell, the District of Mole Valley wards of Ashtead Common, Ashtead Park, and Ashtead Village, and the Borough of Reigate and Banstead wards of Nork and Tattenhams.
 * The boundary with Mole Valley moved slightly the uninhabited portions of land by the M25 motorway adjoining Ashtead and Leatherhead, in line with local government wards. The Preston ward of Reigate & Banstead (in Tadworth) was transferred to Reigate.

2024–present: The Borough of Epsom and Ewell, and the District of Mole Valley wards of Ashtead Lanes & Common, Ashtead Park, Leatherhead North, and Leatherhead South.
 * The electorate was reduced to bring it within the permitted range by transferring the parts in the Borough of Reigate and Banstead to Reigate. To partly compensate, Leatherhead joined from extinct Mole Valley (its main successor being Dorking and Horley).


text:
BCV

BCV could refer to:

Transport

 * Balaclava railway station, Melbourne
 * Bruce Grove railway station, London, England

Airports

 * Birchwood Airport (FAA LID code), an airport near Birchwood, Alaska
 * Hector Silva Airstrip (IATA code), Belmopan, Belize

Banks

 * Central Bank of Venezuela
 * BCV Building, headquarters of the bank, Caracas, Venezuela
 * Banque cantonale vaudoise, which is a bank in Switzerland

Science and medicine

 * Beclabuvir, an antiviral drug for the treatment of hepatitis C virus
 * Bovine coronavirus, an RNA virus

Other uses

 * Bain Capital Ventures, the venture capital division of Bain Capital
 * BCV: Battle Construction Vehicles, a fighting game for the PlayStation 2
 * BCV Volley Cup, former name of the Montreux Volley Masters women's volleyball tournament, Switzerland
 * Bristol Commercial Vehicles, a subsidiary of Bristol Tramways
 * Bulgnéville Contrex Vittel FC (BCV), a French football club
 * Business continuance volume
 * GLV/BCV or BCV, the callsign of a TV station in Bendigo and regional Victoria, Australia
 * Melbourne School of Theology, formerly known as the Bible College of Victoria

title: BCV


text: User talk:213.61.7.196

title: User talk:213.61.7.196