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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NewStar CactuSoft Technologies

A search on CactuSoft +software gets only 2000 hits, not many for an Internet-based software company. I question relevance. Also, this page was involved in a recent bizzare and offensive vandalism of Template:In the news—what's going on with that? [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:30, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)
 * It was not an offensive vandalism, as CactuSoft's Insight and Outlook publishes a list of notable webpages. Wikipedia's first appearance on this list was important to Wikipedia's history.  Please Keep.— [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 20:35, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * A search on "Cactusoft Insight and Outlook" returns 45 hits. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:36, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)
 * The Insight and Outlook feature is under the name NewStar. To save you time, I have taken the Google test with "NewStar Insight and Outlook". — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 20:46, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 366 hits. Still nowhere near notable. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:47, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)
 * Since when is Google the judge of notability? Not everything comes up on Google, you know. — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 20:50, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, but rankings of websites by Internet-based companies tend to. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:52, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)
 * The NewStar web server is coded so that it can not be indexed on Google, to prevent Googlebombing. If you are not finding the corporate site, that is why.  I know this as I work for CactuSoft. — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 21:00, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I keep reading that comment over and over, trying to make sense of it. I can't. -- Cyrius|✎ 17:05, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sadly NewStar "Insight and Outlook" 0 hits Rich Farmbrough 14:53, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This seems fairly inoffensive. What's the problem? wikipedia is not paper 33451's appalling edits to the front page don't really relate to this page. Mr. Jones 20:41, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * My edits to the front page were justified, because, as I said, being listed on I&O is a large step forward for Wikipedia. — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 20:46, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It's nothing of the sort. CactuSoft is obscure, nevermind the bulletien it puts out. Including it in wikipedia is fine (IMO), but it's not front page material. Mr. Jones 21:16, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Does your opinion of CactuSoft have to do with the fact that it says Childlove movement is the most notable article in Wikipedia? — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 21:20, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence that this is encyclopedic. It seems to be promotional material. And please, VfD is not a good place to discuss wider issues. It's long and controversial enough even if we stay focussed. Andrewa 21:31, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I wouldn't say it's promotional...What determines whether or not a company can have an article? — [[User:33451|Mr. Grinch (Talk)]] 17:49, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This is strange. There is a company called "CactuSoft" ( http://www.cactusoft.com ) but that doesn't seem to be related to this one, it's UK based for a start. The google test provided kindly by "Mr Grinch" lists a lot of sites which contains those three words. I find no evidence that this company exists, let alone notable. I call bullshit and for the deletion of this article. --Ianb 22:02, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Why does everyone think their hardly-notable company should have its own encyclopedia article? Household names only, please. Jeeves 22:08, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * NewStar CactuSoft gets ONE Google hit: . Delete.  RickK 23:42, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like a non-notable delete to me. Hayford Peirce 00:41, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zero hits for "CactuSoft Technologies". I really wanted to find a website for them, and tried all kinds of other combinations of the given names and info in the article (BTW "Ty's Software and HTML" also zero hits), but after 20-30 minutes of searching I gave up. Didn't find any news stories, or anything else that seemed related to this "company", either. Niteowlneils 04:18, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - can't prove existence, much less notability. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:28, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable. Make sure you delete the redirects at NewStar and CactuSoft as well.  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 15:56, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)


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Wikipedia talk:Articles with slashes in title

I just removed "IMF/World Bank annual meetings" from the "Can't be renamed" section because it could be renamed: to Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group, after their official title. - dcljr 20:30, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Can't be linked to
Everything in this section except for /. actually can be linked to by specifying an explicit empty namespace:  etc. The /dev/null entry in the next section uses this and seems to work perfectly. Have I missed something? Bo Lindbergh 00:26, 2004 Nov 8 (UTC)
 * No, so I have edited the article to reflect this...it will probably need cleaning up. --Phil | Talk 09:49, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like I did miss something after all: the various Unix device articles link to each other by doubling the leading slash:  etc. Is this documented somewhere? Bo Lindbergh 14:25, 2004 Nov 9 (UTC)
 * Someone else (I forget who) has pointed out that using &_#_4_7_; (without the underscores) can be used to produce &, so that is an alternative to .  Edit this to see better. --Henrygb 01:18, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that using  to produce the dot fares no better: there's obviously an extra level of decoding which can't be gotten around yet. --Phil | Talk 13:23, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

The problem with /. is the period rather than the slash (it's interpreted by web browsers). I'd better list all the cases: But the following are not problematical since you aren't allowed to create articles with such names: Note that the four possible cases all include slashes, so this seems to be the right page for them. Bo Lindbergh 13:47, 2004 Nov 9 (UTC)
 * contains /./
 * contains /../
 * ends with /.
 * ends with /..
 * starts with ./
 * starts with ../
 * starts with ./
 * starts with ../

Obsolete
In recent MediaWiki versions, all eight cases are disallowed: This means that the Slashdot redirect is obsolete, so I deleted its section. Bo Lindbergh (talk) 09:07, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * starts with ./
 * starts with ../
 * contains /./
 * contains /../
 * ends with /.
 * ends with /..
 * ends with /.
 * ends with /..

In use?
Is this page being updated? Is it useful for anything?--Kotniski (talk) 13:00, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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text: User talk:81.211.214.3

title: User talk:81.211.214.3


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Crystal Castles (video game)

Crystal Castles is an arcade video game released by Atari, Inc. in 1983. The player controls Bentley Bear who has to collect gems located throughout trimetric-projected rendered castles while avoiding enemies, some of whom are after the gems as well.

The game was made by Franz Lanzinger and was the first game he ever developed. He joined Atari in 1983 and was initially tasked with making a game like Asteroids (1979). As he was developing the graphics for it involving the unique backgrounds, the game began to develop into what became Crystal Castles. It is a maze video game with warp zones to higher levels and an ending, which were not typical in arcade games in 1983.

Following the game's release in arcades, it was released for the Atari 2600 home console and various home-computer lines. Critics often complimented the game for its unique graphics. Bentley Bear appeared in educational home computer programs from Atari as well as Atari Karts (1995) for the Jaguar. Lanzinger left Atari after developing the game and, after attempting to get the rights to the character, he developed a similarly styled game with Gubble (1997).

Gameplay
Crystal Castles features Bentley Bear as the playable character. In the Arcade flyer, the narrative states that Bentley Bear went to the land of Crystal Castles to gather gemstones. The Atari 2600 manual alters the narrative slightly in that, after having a nap, Bentley found himself in a huge castle where he was trapped by Berthilda the Witch. To escape, he had to collect gems while avoiding the Berthhilda's minions.

In the original arcade game, the player controls Bentley with a trackball throughout a maze of 16 different playing fields. Bentley can also jump, by pressing a button, which allows him to avoid obstacles. The player can collect the gem stones scattered through the maze to gain points. Because some enemies eat gems, players can earn bonus points for collecting the last gem on the board. Other items appear, such as pots of honey, that give bonus points. Different enemies follow unique patterns, such as trees who try to find the quickest path to Bentley and are stunned briefly if Bentley jumps over them. The Gem Eaters can be defeated if Bentley runs into them while a gem stone is rising up through their body. Each level has four waves; the fourth one features Berthilda the Witch, whom Bentley can defeat when he wears the magic hat located in the maze. The hat otherwise makes Bentley briefly invincible to enemies. In the game's ending, the players receive a congratulatory message and ranking based on how many lives they have and a bonus score based on how fast they played, followed by an animation that reproduces animated rectangles.

Development
Franz Lanzinger was the developer of Crystal Castles. Lanzinger had been programming on his own since 1971 and had dropped out of a mathematics degree at the University of California in Berkeley to pursue a career in scientific research. Lanzinger was fan of arcade games and when his friend Brian McGhie was hired by Atari as part of a testing group, Lanzinger was recommended to Atari by McGhie due to his proficiency in coding in assembly language and was hired in 1982. It was the first game he ever developed. Lanzinger later thanked McGhee, including his initials "BBM" in a level in Crystal Castles. On arrival at the company, Lanzinger had to choose from a book on approved projects and chose one titled Toporoids, a variation of Atari's Asteroids (1979) arcade game. He was without a development system for his first month at Atari, leading him to spend the first few months working on a Mainframe computer creating three-dimensional backgrounds as the intended topology of the game. He recalled he would make five or so variations of the backgrounds each day. As he developed them, he began experimenting with them, and created an E.T.-like character that would move along the architecture, and he began to feel he could make a very different game than Toporoids.

At this time, there was no theme or enemies in the game. Lanzinger and some co-workers began thinking of ideas for the game and developed a Fairy tale theme such as moving trees and a witch from The Wizard of Oz (1939). The idea of Bentley Bear came from these sessions. The bear was initially named Bear Braveheart, which was changed by Atari's marketing team feeling it would be offensive to Indigenous people. A competition was held among the engineering team to rename the character with Bentley being chosen.

Lanzinger was a fan of the games Centipede (1981) and Millipede (1982) which used a trackball to control the game, which led him to using one in Crystal Castles. Lanzinger wrote all the code for the game. Two graphic artists employed by Atari contributed to the art, such as Barbara Singh who created the majority of the motion objects and Susan McBride who also contributed a few. Atari programmer Dave Ralston helped design some additional mazes when prototypes were being placed in arcades. Initially, there were 12 mazes, with Ralston helping design some of the more complicated mazes from the later portion of the game.

While developing the game, he spend $2,000 as a tax write-off playing arcade games as research. he stated that he felt it was important to got to an arcade and that it helped him "make good decisions about game design. it pushed me in the right direction." Watching others players games like Tempest and having to take long periods of time to get to the level of play they wanted to be at inspired Lanzinger to include warps in the game, to let advanced players get to the more difficult stages early and to keep game time low for more income on a coin-op. The secret of the warps are shown later in the game to alert players to them.

Crystal Castles for the Atari ST was programmed by Andromeda Software, a company based on in Hungary.

Release
Crystal Castles was released in arcades on July 8, 1983. In Japan, Game Machine listed the arcade game on their December 15, 1983 issue as being the fifth most-successful upright arcade unit of the month.

Both the Atari 2600 and the original Arcade versions of Crystal Castles was re-released in various compilation formats, such as the Atari Anniversary Edition for Dreamcast and PlayStation in 2001, Atari 80 in One for Windows in 2003 and the Atari Anthology for PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2004, Atari Greatest Hits: Volume 2 for Nintendo DS in 2011, and the Atari 50: The Anniversary Celebration (2022) compilation for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Steam, and Xbox One.

Reception
Reviewing the original arcade release, Bill Kunkel of Electronic Games described the sound and graphics as "top notch", but made Crystal Castles a solid game was its play value. Michael Blanchet of Electronic Fun with Computer & Games said that while "unimaginative maze games abound", Crystal Castles benefitted from a "fresh and novel approach" Roger C. Sharpe writing in Play Meter found the games graphics and cabinet to have "stunning" artwork, and highlighted the games personality, writing that "what's nice about the game is that players have a storyline. You do get a sense of movement as you finish a screen and then watch Bentley move to another as it quickly takes shape on screen." In Electronic Games 1985 Arkie Awards, Crystal Castles received a Certificate of Merit in the Coin-op Division. The award was to which was to salute "the upper crust of gameware" which did not win any major award.

The Atari 2600 port of Crystal Castles was released in March 1984. In 1984, several ports for Crystal Castles were announced, including the Commodore 64, Apple IIe, IBM Personal Computer, and VIC-20. In 1984, Andy Harris wrote in TV Gamer that none of the home versions of the game had the superb graphic quality of the arcade game, which was constantly entertaining with several surprises. Reviewing versions for the BBC Micro and Commodore 64 (C64), "Nicky" of Computer and Video Games stated they "haven't played such a satisfying game of grab-the-loot-and-run for a long time" noting both versions ran quickly and were faithful copies of the arcade games. Reviewing the C64 release, the reviewers in Zzap! disagreed on the overall quality. One reviewer fond of the arcade game recommended it to fellow fans, another felt it did not live up to the arcade game while another felt the game was "little more than glorified Pac-Man".

In retrospective reviews, Brett Alan Weiss of Allgame gave the arcade game a four and a half star rating out of five, noting the game had memorable characters, catchy music, addicting gameplay and was a "beautiful game." In 1995, Flux magazine ranked the game 95th on their "Top 100 Video Games." In his book The Video Games Guide, Matt Fox gave the arcade game a two out of five star rating, finding the building-block like graphics unappealing and that the all the gems, enemies and Bentley appeared small which made the game "worlds away" from the immediacy of Pac-Man. Reviewing the game in 1989, ACE commented that the arcade release was "one of the most addictive cabinets ever", and that the budget release from home computers by Kixx was "ultimately pointless, yet totally unputdownable arcade entertainment." Zzap! re-reviewed the budget re-release; while finding it repetitive and difficult to control, ultimately they wrote that "the Pac-man concept still has a lot of strength (look at Pac-Mania on the Amiga) and this is one of the best versions around."

Legacy
Following Crystal Castles, Lanzinger began development on an arcade machine based on the film Gremlins (1984). He visited the set, but he left Atari after a dispute with Atari over residuals paid to coin-op developers for sales of home conversions. He initially left the video game industry before working for Tengen on their ports of games like Toobin' and Ms. Pac-Man.

Crystal Castles did not receive a sequel. In the mid-1990s, Lanzinger formed Actual Entertainment to create a sequel to Crystal Castles. The group could not get the rights, but they developed a similarly themed game titled Gubble (1997). Bentley Bear reappeared in educational programs such as Bentley Bear's Magical Math for the Atari ST and as a playable character in Atari Karts (1995) for the Atari Jaguar. Lanzinger stated that Crystal Castles remained his favorite game on which he had worked, but later said that he did not think of the implications of using a trackball for the game, saying "In retrospect, having a trackball is a hindrance as it's hard to get the feel right with a different controller."

Crystal Castles includes warps, pre-dating their popular use in Super Mario Bros. (1985). It is also among the earliest arcade games to have a distinct ending. Lanzinger wrote a two-page memo to his bosses stating that if video games are aspiring to tell stories, they should have satisfying conclusions.

title: Crystal Castles (video game)


text:
Talk:Kumquat

The racket sport
THE SECTION ABOUT A BALL GAME CALLED KUMQUAT IS A SPOOF, AND ENTIRELY FICTITIOUS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.242.53.142 (talk) 04:27, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it is. What is for sure is that it has no place here.  If such a sport does exist, it needs its own referenced article. J IM ptalk·cont 17:37, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Eating
Don't eat it!

"The juicy center is often too sour to eat and is thrown away after the rind is consumed." was changed to "The juicy center is often too sour to eat and is thrown away before the rind is consumed."

The two sentences mean quite two different way of eating a kumquat. The original sentence meant that the rind of the fruit is nibbled off and the center is thrown away afterward. The new sentence means that the fruit is prepared in certain way before the rind is consumed. The former is how most people eat kumquat, not the latter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kowloonese (talk • contribs) 07:31, 14 August 2004

 * I find the phrases "Kumquats are frequently eaten whole" and "The juicy center is often too sour to eat; in this case it is thrown away" to be conflicting... if noone has any objections I'm going to change this section to suggest that these are simply two common methods of eating Kumquats. T He He 03:59, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I have strange methods of eating kumquats. The most interesting was first eating the rind, then attempting to split apart all the 'slices' of the

kumquat with my tongue without rupturing any. This creates a very..unique taste if successful, to say the least. Anyone else know about this method? As long as its just me I dont feel it appropriate to put in. Chardansearavitriol (talk) 06:50, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

One line in this article states that the rind is the sweet and the inside is sour and one line states the opposite. There is a conflict. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.47.101.218 (talk) 17:55, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Etymology
I'm suspicious about the current complicated explanation of the origin of this word, especially since I gather from dictionaries that 金 and 柑 are pronounced very similarly in Cantonese. My suspicion is that 柑橘 means "orange" in both Mandarin and Cantonese, 金橘 means "kumquat" in both Mandarin and Cantonese, and there has simply been a mistake in the article.

Thoughts from a Cantonese-speaker?

Pekinensis 00:34, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

If I'm right, then I would like to simplify the text to read:

 * The name derives from the Cantonese pronunciation gam2 gwat1.

Pekinensis 21:20, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * 金 and 柑 are pronounced exactly the same in Cantonese actually, and it should be gam1, not gam2. I have no idea what the exact situation surrounding the origin of this word is though, but most likely Cantonese speakers chose 柑 instead of 金 to represent it because they were homonyms in Cantonese (though not so in Mandarin) and the former character was already related to citrus fruits.  --Umofomia 22:56, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * BTW, to refer to oranges, Cantonese uses 橙 caang2 instead. 柑橘 is not used to refer to oranges in Cantonese.  --Umofomia 23:18, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Kumquat is a fruit, it is not made of metal. Cantonese never call orange 橘.  Remember, there was the Cantonese name 柑橘 before there was the English name Kumquat.  You don't make up or second guess the Cantonese word based on the English name.  It is very likely that 金橘 is used around Chinese new year because everyone wishes for gold around that time of year.  A search in Google showed 339 thousand pages on 柑橘, only 14 thousand pages on 金橘 besides, most of the top hits on the first page was not even about the fruit. Kowloonese 23:32, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Right, I wasn't implying that they made up 柑橘 after the English name. I was saying that in order to represent gam1 gwat1 they could have chosen either character and somehow one of them became the preferred way of writing it.  This happens quite frequently with Cantonese words because written Cantonese never really had a standardization process.  For instance, to represent the word "to give" bei2 both 畀 and 俾 can be commonly seen, even though 畀 is historically the correct one.  --Umofomia 23:47, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Another example of this would be 大牌檔, which can commonly be seen written as 大排檔, even though only the former is the original correct word. When people are not sure how to write a particular word, they may use the wrong character and sometimes that mistake ends up being commonly used, especially since written Cantonese was never standardized.  --Umofomia 00:20, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * In response to:
 * Kumquat is a fruit, it is not made of metal.
 * 金 is not only used to refer to things made of gold or metal. It can be used to refer to things that have a gold color, such as goldfish (金魚).  --Umofomia 23:57, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Please do the image versions of the two Google searches described above. BTW, thank you both for your rapid responses. — Pekinensis 00:06, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the Google searches may be misleading because you end up getting a lot of results for 柑橘 that refer to the Mandarin meaning of "orange." --Umofomia 00:20, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Right, I didn't mean to imply that that was evidence for the Cantonese word, just for Chinese in some unspecified sense. That is, I wanted to emphasize that I'm not just making up these meanings up, but trying to figure out where they are used and where other words are used.

As a side point, the word I have always used for orange in Mandarin is 橙子. I was not aware that 柑橘 could mean orange until I did a Google image search for this article a few weeks ago. I was vaguely aware that I had seen the word somewhere, but didn't know what it meant. I also notice a lot of agricultural sites in the search engine results. Could it be more of a farmer's word than a consumer's word?

Anyway, thanks again for your interest in what I admit is kind of a trivial question. (But that's why we enjoy writing encyclopedia articles, right?)

Pekinensis 00:51, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * So what do you propose we do? My Mandarin skills are not as good so I don't really know the exact meaning of 柑橘 in Mandarin.  Currently the Chinese wikipedia article on 柑橘 just says 橙是柑橘樹的果實，最常見的柑橘類水果, so it doesn't really explain the difference between 橙 and 柑橘.  However, this article is still only half finished since most of it is still in English waiting to be translated into Chinese.  --Umofomia 01:17, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I don't know. My feeling is that the case for saying that it comes from 金橘 is pretty strong. This is the Mandarin word, all the English dictionaries I Googled claim that it comes from a Cantonese word meaning "golden orange" (although I don't know how if they are really independent from each other, or how careful they were likely to have been to tease out the complexities in the first place), and it's a plausible story to suppose that 金橘 is the historical word which has been widely reinterpreted in Cantonese as 柑橘.

Does it matter whether this happened before or after the borrowing?

Perhaps there is no correct answer to the question as posed. English borrowed the sound of the word from spoken Cantonese, not the Chinese character.

There is a lot of supposition and guessing, and I'm tired.

Pekinensis 01:54, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay in that case I agree with you, especially given the sources you have cited (whether they are completely accurate is not necessarily up to Wikipedia to decide, especially since no other sources to the contrary have surfaced). --Umofomia 02:07, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I decided to go ahead and make the following change:
 * The name derives from the Cantonese pronunciation gam1 gwat1 (given in Jyutping romanization;, though 柑橘, also pronounced gam1 gwat1, is now more commonly written by Cantonese speakers).
 * Do you think this is more amenable? --Umofomia 03:04, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Great! Thank you for your help. — Pekinensis 03:27, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I am okay with both names mentioned. I am from Hong Kong and I have known this fruit as 柑橘 all my life.  The other name is new to me.  I want to emphasize that this name is definitely transliterated from Cantonese according to the pronunciation, hence the Mandarin usage is not as important as the Cantonese usage when Etymology is concerned.  Chinese from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland are different in many terminologies e.g. the Chinese word for hotels are "liquor store", "restaurant" and "guest house" respectively.  The Chinese word for computer is "Electric Brain" or "Electronic Calculator" depending on where you use the term.  Camcorder and Still photograph cameras have their meanings swapped when you declare them to Customs in different countries.  Even American English and Britain English are different in terminologies, e.g. Biscuits and Muffins mean different things depending on who you talk too.  My point is that when it is certain about the Cantonese origin, forget about the Mandarin meaning.  Kowloonese 00:54, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Corfu
I'm surprised that Corfu is not linked with this article and vice versa. Having recently been there, I can say that Kumquats, its marmalade and especially the liquor, are one of symbols of the island – a lots of plantages and abundance of the liquor in every single shop. Google for "Corfu Kumquat" and you'll see what I mean. Duja 11:28, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting! If that was your experience and you think it's worthy of mention, you should add the reference yourself.  I'm sure there are a lot of places that specialize in kumquats or kumquat products but I've never heard of a place emphasizing kumquats over other citrus, as they're so small (because usually where kumquats grow, other citrus fruits grow also).  Badagnani 20:10, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

I will, although I thought someone more knowledgeable on the subject than a dumb tourist would do that :-). Duja 09:05, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I just checked and there are tons and tons of pages (in English and Greek) about Corfu kumquats, kumquat liqueur, kumquat jam, etc. The Greek spelling is κουμ κουάτ, κουμ-κουάτ, or κουμκουάτ. Badagnani 09:16, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Vietnamese name
Thanks for correct Vietnamese at kumquat. Questions: 1) why are there two names in Viet; and 2) what does the "(quả)" signify in the first name? Thanks, Badagnani 04:33, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, from my understanding Vietnamese-speakers use the term "cẩm quất" as simply a corruption of the Cantonese name for the fruit. But actually, the characters are rendered as "kim quất" if transliterated from the characters "金橘" into Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation. The thing is, most Vietnames-speakers are either not actually aware of this etymology, or find the "proper" pronunciation stilted, preferring simply to call it by the Cantonese way. The "quẩ" is simply the Vietnamese rendering of "果". By the way, do you know the meaning of your surname in Italian? The "-gn" part is uniquely Italian or French, but the "-ni" at the end looks Arabic. User:Le Anh-Huy

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Badagnani" Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Le_Anh-Huy"

I've added text to reflect this etymological clarification. Could you please check it to see if it's correct? Badagnani 17:45, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

these names are not needed

 * I am an advocate for adding native text to encyclopedic articles. See my user-talk page for my views. However, I oppose to putting other irrelevant languages into an article. In this article, the title name "Kumquat" was based on the Cantonese name of the fruit. So it is informational to include the Cantonese text in the article.  I don't see a need to name the fruit in all possible languages inside this article.  These foreign names add no information for the English readers because the word "Kumquat" is not based on Vietnamese, nor Thai, hence they are not needed in the article.  Besides, these foreign names are already linked to the non-English editions of Wikipedia. Removing them from the body of the article will not lose the association.  For example, if you click on the Thai link on the left column, you can bring up the Thai article on this fruit.  The Thai name belongs to the Thai article, not in this English article.  In my opinion, only the English and Cantonese name need to stay, any other name does not belong here, not even the Mandarin name.  The comment on how the Vietnamese name is derived belongs to the Vietnamese edition of wikipedia, not here.  Another example to illustrate my point is in the Italian page on this fruit, the title of the Italian article is Fortunella, not Kumquat, so the Chinese text is irrelevant to the Italian readers because they don't name the fruit after the Cantonese name. However, since they named it after the Englishman "Robert Fortune", the English name become more relevant than the Chinese name to the Italian readers.  I propose to remove the foreign names section and only keep the Cantonese name. Kowloonese 19:29, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * What should be done is a transwiki of the names to Wiktionary at kumquat, and then the section should be replaced with a Wiktionary tag: . —  The KMan  talk   20:02, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep names. These are names in nearby nations, and are valuable.  More information is better than less.  The names in Lithuanian, Inuit, etc. are unnecessary and can be found at Wiktionary, but the Asian alternate names are useful.  Badagnani 21:56, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The rule of thumb I use is whether the text is native to the topic or not. For example, the article mentions that Kumquat spread from China to Japan.  If Japan is a major producer of Kumquat, then you may argue Kumquat is also native to Japan, hence the Japanese name may be useful info provided that you can make such a connection.  The article didn't say anything about Vietnam and Thailand except for the name in these languages.  I still propose to have these names removed unless the content of the article establish a connection.  Kowloonese 22:56, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * If you can find a way to include the foreign-language names into the text, or provide some useful information about them, they should be included (e.g., provide the Japanese name in a section about Kumquat cultivation in Japan). However, simple name translations with no other information should be placed on Wiktionary. This isn't a big deal. —  The KMan  talk  02:26, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Nagami color
A sentence in the introduction reads:
 * A Nagami kumquat is oval and has a yellow skin, while a Marumi kumquat is round with an orange-colored skin.

However, I just carefully ate around 20 Nagamis tonight (sour!), and all were orange to light-orange in color. I'll try rewriting the sentence, but feel free to revert me if it turns out I just had an exceptional batch or something. —  The KMan  talk  04:40, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Flower color and fruit count
Citrus flowers are white, not yellow, though the pollen is yellow. I think a mature kumquat tree produces hundreds of fruits, not 30-50, but I'm not sure what the correct count is. It likely depends on variety.

___ (Forgive me if I don't follow procedure, but this is my first time doing this) It seemed totally incredible to me that a kumquat tree would produce only 30-50 fruits, so I did some searching and came up with the following bit of information:

'Nagami', or Oval, Kumquat (F. margarita Swing.)–plants introduced from China into London in 1846 by Robert Fortune, plant explorer for the Royal Horticultural Society; was reported in North America in 1850; introduced into Florida from Japan by Glen St. Mary and Royal Palm nurseries in 1885; obovate or oblong; up to 1 3/4 in (4.5 cm) long and 1 3/16 in (3 cm) wide; pulp divided into 4 or 5 segments, contains 2 to 5 seeds. In season October to January. Tree to 15 ft (4.5 m) tall. A mature specimen on rough lemon rootstock at Oneco, Florida, in 1901, bore a crop of 3,000 to 3,500 fruits. This is the most often cultivated kumquat in the United States.

This was found at the following link: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/kumquat.html. I'm not sure how someone might want to use this information, or even if it's usable, but nevertheless here it is. Quiggifur (talk) 00:02, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

--- I concur. I have a Kumquat tree and it gives hundreds of fruits, maybe thousands. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.66.22.5 (talk) 10:18, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

___ The information about fruit count is just wrong! I have a young (dwarf) Meiwa Kumquat tree that produces more than 200 fruit a year. Kumquats are often cultivated in gardens around where I live, and I've seen mature specimens bearing more than 1000 fruit at one time. An image search will reveal that even small potted trees may have a lot more than 50 fruit on them! Lgalescu (talk) 16:55, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Australian name
It seems that here in Australia, "cumquat" really means calamondin. They are sold as ornamental shrubs. I'll let an expert decide if this is worth working into the main article. 218.185.0.106 04:41, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It seems at least worth mentioning in the article that an almost identical word refers to another plant in an English speaking country. That would seem to justify some kind of disambiguation. Sheherazahde (talk) 05:41, 28 May 2013 (UTC)
 * A citation would be helpful. My experience is that cumquat trees are what is sold as cumquats in Australia, and perhaps the report above is of an isolated misidentification. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 12:29, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Link to Loquat
Why does the Kumquat page include a link to the Loquat page (and vice-versa)? Admittedly, the names sound similar, and apparently both are derived from a Chinese word for orange. But the kumquats and loquats themselves are not related — the trees are not only in different families, they are in different orders! If the links are there merely for etymological interest, it would be helpful to state this alongside the links. Carol the Dabbler 16:19, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a similar name and people get them confused, so cross-linking made sense. Badagnani 16:27, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * True, but couldn't the link line say something like "Unrelated plant with a historically-related name"? Or does somebody have a better phrase?  Also, since limequats and orangequats really are related to kumquats, their links should come first.  Carol the Dabbler 16:37, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

I think your proposed phrase sounds very logical and agree that limequats and orangequats should come first. Badagnani 17:14, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks. If nobody comes up with a better proposal, I'll change it later today.  Ditto the Kumquat, Limequat, and Orangequat links on the Loquat page.  Come to think of it, wouldn't just the Kumquat link be adequate there?  Carol the Dabbler 17:59, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:20, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Fortunella japonica, Citrus japonica, etc.
Citrus japonica redirects to Kumquat, but Fortunella japonica is its own article. Commons claims at Citrus japonica that these species are synonyms. What's the truth? – Quadell (talk) 18:16, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

F. japonica may be considered a synonym of Citrus japonica by some people, but that would be incorrect as Citrus is the specific Genus for oranges, lemons, and limes and while kumquats are related and can cross with various members of the Citrus Genus, they are not actual members of the Citrus Genus ( referance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus#List_of_citrus_fruits ). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Greg Har (talk • contribs) 19:15, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

Merge
The freestanding article on Fortunella japonica does not add anything material not already present in this article, where it is listed as a cultivar. I vote to merge it here. Wikiuser100 (talk) 22:02, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://archive.is/wHL6. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 10:24, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Merged cultivars
Articles existed about 6 so-called cultivars, Citrus japonica 'Crassifolia', 'Hindsii', 'Japonica', 'Margarita', 'Obovata', and 'Polyandra'. These were nearly identical, each calling the cultivars species, lacking citations about the cultivar status, and each with a severely flawed paragraph about the taxonomic history. I've boldly merged them all here, where the original Fortunella species corresponding to these supposed cultivars are discussed. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 20:43, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

Possible removal from list
An entry in List of colors: A–F contained a link to this page.

The entry is :

 * Kumquat

I don't see any evidence that this color is discussed in this article and plan to delete it from the list per this discussion: Talk:List_of_colors

If someone decides that this color should have a section in this article and it is added, I would appreciate a ping.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  17:51, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

Origin Correction
Wikipedia's parent article on the genus Citrus lists kumquats as native to southern China. Two references (Purdue and GRIN) in this article corroborate that claim, listing China. Facial (talk) 22:01, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

Confusing
There's a confusing sentence in the intro, " They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus Fortunella, or placed within Citrus, sensu lato." This implies it was previously classified within Citrus, but the the infobox and scientific name both indicate that it is currently classified within citrus. Can someone please clarify? 2600:4040:1202:AA00:251F:8221:1E1D:34FA (talk) 15:18, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Citrus taxonomy is chaos, both on genus and species levels. In this case, at the start of the 20th century they were viewed as Citrus. Then Swingle went and split citrus into seven or eight different genera. With the advent of genomic data, there is a growing recognition that Swingle's division of Citrus should be reversed and they should all, at least for the most part, go back into Citrus. For most species the literature already reflects this, but there seems to be a hesitance to do so with kumquats (one sees statements like that the kumquats 'belong within' Citrus, yet still using the Fortunella legacy genus name for them).

Thorns?
In the Description subsection, the following contradictory sentences appear:

"Kumquat plants have thornless branches and extremely glossy leaves,"

and

"The plants can reach a height from 2.5 to 4.5 metres (8 to 15 feet), with dense branches, sometimes bearing small thorns." Mlahiff42 (talk) 22:31, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kumquat


text:
Fortunatus (book)

Fortunatus is a German proto-novel or chapbook about a legendary hero popular in 15th- and 16th-century Europe, and usually associated with a magical inexhaustible purse.

The plot of the novel also appears in variants from oral tradition across Europe, Asia, Americas and Africa, which are classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 566, "The Three Magic Objects and the Wonderful Fruits".

Tale
The tale follows the life of a young man named Fortunatus from relative obscurity through his adventures towards fame and fortune; it subsequently follows the careers of his two sons. Fortunatus was a native, says the story, of Famagusta in Cyprus, and meeting the goddess of Fortune in a forest received from her a purse which was continually replenished as often as he drew from it. With this he wandered through many lands, and at Cairo was the guest of the sultan. Among the treasures which the sultan showed him was an old napless hat which had the power of transporting its wearer to any place he desired. Of this hat, he feloniously possessed himself and returned to Cyprus, where he led a luxurious life. On his death he left the purse and the hat to his sons Ampedo and Andelosia; but they were jealous of each other, and by their recklessness and folly soon fell on evil days.

Like Miguel de Cervantes' tale Don Quixote, Fortunatus is a tale which marks the passing of the feudal world into the more modern, globalised, capitalist world. Not quite a morality tale in the purest sense, it nonetheless was clearly written in order to convey lessons to the reader. The moral of the story is obvious: men should desire reason and wisdom before all the treasures of the world. It is far too easy, without wisdom, to lose one's fortune, no matter how it was acquired.

Author
The author is not known; it has been suggested that he may have been Burkhard Zink (1396-1474/5), an Augsburg merchant, councillor, chronicler and traveller. His Augsburg chronicle covers the years 1368-1468 and comprises four books, of which the third, an autobiography, is considered the best, and he is praised for giving "Einblicke von seltener Eindringlichkeit in die Lebensrealität des SpätMA" ("outstandingly penetrating insights into the reality of life in the late Middle Ages"); The most plausible suggestion to date is that Johannes Heybler – the publisher – was himself the author.

Versions
The earliest known edition of the German text of Fortunatus appeared at Augsburg in 1509, and the modern German investigators are disposed to regard this as the original form. Karl Simrock reproduced this version in his Deutsche Volksbücher (3 vols., Frankfort, 1846). In 1530 an edition was published entitled Fortunatus von seinem Seckel und Wunschhütlein. Innumerable versions occur in French, Italian, Dutch and English. The story was dramatized by Hans Sachs in 1553, and by Thomas Dekker in 1600, titled Old Fortunatus; and the latter's comedy appeared in a German translation in Englische Komodien und Tragodien, 1620. Ludwig Tieck has utilized the legend in his Phantasus, and Adelbert von Chamisso in his Peter Schlemihl; and Ludwig Uhland left an unfinished narrative poem entitled Fortunatus and his Sons.

19th-century theologue Johann Andreas Christian Löhr wrote an abridged and moralizing tale (German: "Fortunat mit seinem Säckel und Wünschhütlein"; English: "Fortunatus with his bag and wishing-cap"), using as basis the story of Fortunatus.

An anonymous English compilation of French fairy tales written by Charles Perrault and Madame d'Aulnoy published the story as Fortunatus, or the Wishing Cap. A later publication renamed it Fortunatus and the Wishing Cap. Andrew Lang included it in The Grey Fairy Book as "Fortunatus and his Purse".

A fairy tale compilation by English novelist Dinah Craik included the tale, under the name Fortunatus, following an 1818 publication by Benjamin Tabart, who included an homonymous tale. In the same vein, Ernest Rhys edited a collection of English fairy tales and included one version of tale, named Old Fortunatus after the English play. A third English version exists, titled The History of Fortunatus.

Hero and donor
In folkloristics, the gifting of a never-emptying purse by a magical being is part of a series of tales later classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as ATU 566, "The Three Magic Objects and the Wonderful Fruits". In several variants, the goddess of Fortune of the original tale is replaced by an old lady, a princess or other supernatural being.

Scholarship points that the hero of the tale is sometimes an only child who is given the three objects, or one of three brothers or friends who are each given one of the items. Folklorist Joseph Jacobs also noted that the protagonists of the story were "generally ... three soldiers, or often brothers, but more frequently casual comrades."

Magic objects
The tale is close to "The Knapsack, the Hat, and the Horn" (KHM 54 and ATU 569), where three brothers are given the magical objects. In the same vein, scholarship points to some relationship between tale types ATU 563, "The Table, the Ass, and the Stick", ATU 566 and ATU 569, a relationship already noticed by scholar Reinhold Köhler (de).

Despite their proximity, these tales differ in that in the ATU 566 the adversary is a cunning princess who acquires the magical objects, but gets her just desserts with magical fruits that grow horns or other deformities when eaten. The usual deformities are horns, instead of the nose (as in Grimm's version). In tale type ATU 563, the hero regains the magical objects by a third magical item, usually a stick.

William Alexander Clouston, Scottish folklorist, published an essay in which he compared the magic objects of the Fortunatus tale with many tales featuring similar items. Professor Michael Meraklis noted that the usual objects in Greek variants are a hat that grants invisibility, a rifle that shoots in any direction, a sheet that makes the user fly and a tobacco pipe that summons a servant.

Possible origins
Folklorist Stith Thompson suggested that the ATU 566 tale is "essentially west European folk tradition", following professor Antti Aarne's study on some 145 variants (most of which are European). On the other hand, French scholar Claude Bremond put forth a theory that tale types 566 "Fortunatus", 567 "The Magic Bird-Heart" and 938 "Placidus"/"Eustacius" are related and derive from a single source, possibly Indian.

A third position, by Hans-Jörg Uther, argues that, due to the proximity between tale types ATU 566, ATU 567, ATU 567A, the type ATU 567 may have originated from a combination with type ATU 566. In this regard, scholar Christine Ohno's analysis of all three tale types suggested a combination of the Indian version of ATU 566 and ATU 567A, "The Magic Bird-Heart and the Separated Brothers", gave rise to the South Asian story of Saiyid and Said and from the latter originated the "West European" version of the tale type ATU 567, where the magical bird falls into the hands of a sole hero, instead of two brothers as in other variants.

Emmanuel Cosquin noted, in his time, two distinct groups of stories: the first one, where the hero regains the magical objects with the use of the fruits; and the second one, close to the tales later classified as ATU 567, "The Magic Bird-Heart". Stith Thompson mentioned that Aarne's folktale study pinpointed its origin as Asiatic, possibly originating in Persia, and Richard MacGillivray Dawkins remarked that variants are found in Turkey, south Siberia and in Persia itself. Regardless, the tale can also be found throughout India and versions of it are attested in ancient Buddhist and Jain literature. Similar stories are attested in historical Burmese anecdotes and as an ancient tale from the Jatakas, with a magical rooster, or a pair of birds named Bihangama and Bihangami.

French man of letter, Comte de Caylus wrote a version of the tale of the Magic Bird Heart, titled L'Oiseau Jaune ("The Yellow Bird") and inserted the story in the narrative of his tale Sylvain and Jocosa. "The Yellow Bird" shows heavy Eastern influence.

Early parallels
Johannes Bolte and Jiří Polívka list as early literary parallels an Italian story from the 16th century (Historia di tre giovani e di tre fate) and a French literary story from Le Cabinet des Fées with an oriental flair (French: Histoire du Prince Tangut et de la princesse au pied de nez; English: "The History of Prince Tangut and the princess with a nose a foot long").

Another literary predecessor pointed by both scholars is Die Prinzessin mit der langen Nase, penned by Friedrich Hildebrand von Einsiedel, whose work was published in the collection Dschinnistan (1789), by Christoph Martin Wieland. This tale was also adapted to the stage as Der Barometermacher auf der Zauberinsel (1823) (de).

David Blamires points that the tale of Jonathan, in the Gesta Romanorum, is a version of the folktype later classified as ATU 566.

Spanish scholarship recognizes La ventura en la desdicha, one of the works of Zaragozan religious writer Ana Francisca Abarca de Bolea (1679), as containing an incarnation of the story of Fortunatus written as a moralizing tale.

Ireland
Irish folklorist Patrick Kennedy listed an Irish variant titled Gilla na Gruaga Donna ("The fellow with the brown hair"), and noted, in his commentaries, that the tale was known in Germany as Die Drei Soldaten ("The Three Soldiers").

Author Seumas MacManus published an Irish tale titled The Wishing Chair of the Lord of Errigal. In this tale, the Lord of Errigal dies, and his heirlooms are bequeathed to his son Cormac, a handsome fellow, but also a spendthrift. Part of the inheritance is a normal looking armchair that is actually a magical wishing chair. He decides to have the daughter of the Lord Mayor as his wife (and her fortune). Unfortunately for him, she is also a skilled gambler, and beats him in a game, leaving him penniless. Later, Cormac meets some hunters on a hunt for a specific hare, the White Hare of Glen-na-smoil, whose right paw grants infinite money. With this new source of money, Cormac regains his wealth, to the Lord Mayor's daughter's interest: she plays with him again and steals from him the hare's right paw while he is asleep. Next, Cormac finds another source of wealth, an egg from the Blackbird of Glen-na-smoil, which is also stolen by the Lord Mayor's daughter. Falling into poverty twice, the youth goes to rest on his father's unsuspecting armchair, and utters loudly he wishes to be in the Lord Mayor's daughter's house. It happens thus: the Lord Mayor's daughter finds out about the Wishing Chair, and goads Cormac to wish them away to the "Isle of Loneliness". He fulfills her request, and both are teleported to the island. The girl takes the opportunity to caress his hair and stick a bioran suan (a sleeping pin) on his head, sits on the chair and wishes her away, abandoning Cormac on the island. The youth wakes up and notices he all alone in the island, then goes to find some food source: green apples that make horns appear on the head, and red apples that make it fall. The next year, Cormac waits for a ship to rescue him and takes the apples with him to teach the Lord Mayor's daughter a lesson.

Irish author Edna O'Brien published an Irish variant in her book Tales for the Telling, with the title The Magic Apples. In this tale, a very lazy boy named Marty welcomes a beggar and his daughter, Sinead, to his house and gives them manna as food. Marty and Sinead marry and have a son named Marteen. Years later, Marteen decides to earn his fortune, and meets a pedlar on the road, who tells him of a rich lord and his daughter in Limerick. Marteen decides to go there to impress the lord's daughter with his acrobatics and tricks, and meets three beggars on the road (who are the same person), to whom Marteen gives his money. In gratitude, the beggar takes Marteen to an inn and gives the youth a magic ring that always produces money. Marteen goes to Limerick, buys some fine clothes and introduces himself to the lord and his daughter. Marteen falls asleep and his ring falls from his pocket, which the lord's daughter fetches, but her stepsister snatches from her hand and runs to her room. The stepsister sees the ring in action when it provides bars of gold, and lies to the girl the ring fell in a pond. Marteen learns of the ring's loss, then goes home despondent. Some time later, after an episode with the lord himself and four talking cats, Marteen cures the lord with water from the boundary well of Coolawn, and asks him again about the ring. Later, Marteen meets in the woods three brothers boxing over their inheritance: a teleporting ring, a self-filling goblet and a harp that plays every tune. Marteen tricks the boys, unburies the objects and goes again to Limerick to impress his beloved. Again, Marteen drinks from the self-filling cup and falls asleep; the stepsister steals the second ring, the cup and the harp. Marteen wakes up and, not seeing the objects, leaves. He then goes to an orchard where he eats red apples (which make horns grow on his head) and golden apples (which breaks off the horns). Marteen takes both types of fruits with him to the lord's house in Limerick and offers them to the inhabitants: horns grow on their heads, and Marteen promises to reverse the change if he gets the objects back. His beloved, the girl, points to her stepsister as the culprit, and Marteen gives them the golden apples, as he promised.

Scotland
A Scottish variant, titled The Three Soldiers, was collected by John Francis Campbell in Popular Tales of the West Highlands. He also collected and transcribed a version in Gaelic (Ursgeul), as well as a version with Coinneach Buidhe ("Kenneth the Yellow"), from Dibaig, and a version from Castle Bay, Barra, involving swan maidens. He also compared it to The Krautesel, or Donkey Cabbages, where the characters are transformed into donkeys. Campbell's tale was translated by Loys Brueyre as Les Trois Soldats.

Germany
French-born poet Adelbert von Chamisso developed in 1806 his own treatment of the Fortunatus legend, titled Fortunati Glücksäckel und Wunschhütlein.

The Brothers Grimm collected a previous version titled Die lange Nase, with many similarities to the Donkey Cabbages tale, but it was expunged from later editions of the collection. Apart from Grimm's purged tale, variants with the title Die lange Nase (English: "The long nose") or the like were also collected by Louis Curtze, from Berndorf, August Ey, in Oberharze; Wilhelm Wisser, in Silesia (German: De Prinzessin mit de lang' Nes').

A Hessian variant was collected by the Brothers Grimm, but not published in their famous collection. Instead, it found its place in the third volume of their Kinder- und Hausmärchen (1856 publication), which contained their annotations on the tales: three soldiers stand guard in a forest at night and receive the items from a short old man. The Brothers Grimm version was translated into the English language as The Nose, by Edgar Taylor, as The Three Soldiers and the Dwarf, by Laura Valentine, as The Nose-Tree by Marian Edwardes, in her 1912 publication, and as Red Jacket, or, The Nose Tree, in a book illustrated by Leonard Leslie Brooke. The Nose Tree was supposedly collected from Dorothea Viehmann ("Zwehrn"), a regular contributor of tales to the Brothers Grimm.

A version by Heinrich Pröhle (Die Geschenke der Klagefrau) differs in that four soldier brothers are given the magic objects, instead of the usual three heroes.

A variant where the soldier's name is explicitly given as Fortunatus, and the stealing princess is killed, can be found in the newly discovered collection of Bavarian folk and fairy tales of Franz Xaver von Schönwerth, titled The Scorned Princess (German: Der Wunderbeutel, das Wünschhütchen und das Wunderhorn).

A literary treatment of the legend of Fortunatus is present in the work of Johann Karl August Musäus: his Volksmärchen der Deutschen contains the story of Rolands Knappen ("Roland's Squires"). A French translation (Les Écuyers de Roland) can be found in Contes de Museäus (1826). In a short summary: three military companions, in a crusade against "infidels", take shelter in a cavern with an old lady who gifts them the purse, a mantle and a gauntlet. At the end of the tale, they never recover the objects, and rejoin the army to avenge their fallen leader, Roland.

A variant from Merano, Beutel, Hütlein und Pfeiflein, was collected by Ignaz and Joseph Zingerle.

Johann Reinhard Bünker collected a variant from the Heanzisch dialect, transcribing the dialect (Ta' Këinich van Rous'npea'ch).

There are variants where the hero does not marry the princess that cheats him out of the magical objects. Instead, he returns to the house where he gained the magical items and marries the donor (an enchanted maiden), as in a tale from Lower Saxony, Die Prinzessin mit dem Horne (English: "The Princess with Horns").

Austria
In an Austrian variant, collected by the Zingerle Brothers in Zillertal (Vom reichen Ritter und seinen Söhnen), the father, a famous and beloved local lord, dies and his sons discover the secret of their fortune (the three magical objects: a pipe, a green hat and a ring).

The Netherlands
A version of the tale, titled De appels van Damasko (English: "The apples of Damascus"), was sent in 1894 to the collection of Dutch philologist Gerrit Jacob Boekenoogen. Another version was collected in 1901, narrated by a pair of siblings about a pair of brothers that inherit a magic flute and a magic cap, and the magical fruits are pears.

Another variant where pears are the transforming fruits is Van het tooverbeurzeken, het tooverstoksken en het tooverhoedje ("The magical purse, the magical wand and the magical hat").

A recent study attested the presence of popular trickster hero Anansi, of West African folklore, in a ATU 566 tale collected from Creole inhabitants of the Netherlands.

Belgium
In a tale collected from Wallonia, L'arbre a cornes, ou Le cuisinier sans paireil, three brothers stay the night at a haunted inn and each of them receives a gift: a cloak, a tablecloth and the purse. The youngest borrows the other two objects from his elder brothers and teleports to another kingdom. There, he employs himself as a cook for the princess's wedding feast. The princess steals the objects but he regains them with the aid of nose-enlarging prunes.

In a Flemish variant, Van Siepe, Sappe en Sijpe, the titular soldiers return from war with the three magical objects: the inexhaustible purse, a teleporting cloak and a cane that can summon an army. The trio use the items to rule over the native village, which attracts the attention of the king to put a stop to the situation. The princess suggests the king invites the three soldiers for a banquet. The soldiers then drink until they pass out. The princess then seizes the opportunity to take the objects and expel the drunken trio from the palace.

France
The Brothers Grimm, in the annotations to their tales, mentioned the existence of "an old French fabliau" version, with no further information.

Andrew Lang included a French variant in his The Green Fairy Book ("The Little Soldier"), which he obtained from Charles Deulin (titled Le Petit Soldat).

Henry Carnoy collected a variant from Warloy-Baillon, titled La bague magique, where the protagonist enlarges the nose of the princess with a ring and a spell.

Emmanuel Cosquin collected two variants from Lorraine: La bourse, le sifflet et le chapeau and a nameless variant in his annotations.

Two variants from Brittany were collected by François-Marie Luzel (Le laboureur, le prêtre et le clerc, ou La bourse, la serviette et le manteau) and Paul Sébillot (Les cornes enchantées). Sébillot also published two abridged versions in Revue de traditions populaires: Les poires qui font les cornes and La serviette, le manteau et la bourse.

Another variant was collected in Brittany by Adolphe Orain (Coeur de pigeon, "The pigeon's heart"): a poor boy is adopted by a fairy who lives in the woods. The fairy helps her adopted child to win the hand of the princess.

Abbot Leopold Dardy collected two tales from Albret (Labrit) and Gascony: Pipéto ("Pipette") and Lous trés hillos de là hadéto ("Les trois filleuls de la fée").

In the 20th century, French ethnologist Genevieve Massignon collected another variant, from the Pyrenees, titled Les trois déserteurs. In a second variant, from Central France, collected by Henri Pourrat (La demoiselle au long nez; English: "The Damsel with the Long Nose"), the protagonist is given the magical objects by a miller's daughter, and at the conclusion of the tale uses the items to return to the humble maiden, choosing her over the haughty princess. A third modern variant, collected by Achille Millien (Le Roi de Russie et le roi d'Espagne), was among the tales collected from Morvan and Nivernais.

Basque country
Wentworth Webster collected a Basque version called Dragon and, on a footnote, noted the parallel to John Francis Campbell's "The Three Soldiers" and its wide diffusion.

Eastern Europe
Folkloristic scholarship on Russian folk tales acknowledges the spread of the tale type "in East Slavic tradition".

A tale from Bukovina, collected from Gypsy populations (The Seer), mixes two sources of physical transformation: figs and the water from a stream. The tale is also part of the "Three Stolen Princesses" type: three brothers/heroes rescue three princesses from a subterranean hideout.

In West Slavic sources, a version of the Slavic witch Baba Yaga, named Jezibaba, appears as an antagonist in a version of the ATU 566.

Russia
Professor Andrejev noted that the tale type 566, "The Horns", showed 22 variants in Russia.

An early version in Russian was recorded in "Старая погудка на новый лад" (1794-1795), with the name "Сказка об Иване-гостином сыне" ("The Tale of Ivan, the guest son"): the story of two brothers, one eats the head of a magic bird and the other the heart. The one who ate the heart goes into the forest and resolves a dispute over magical objects (one of which is the purse) and escapes in a magic carpet to another kingdom.

Russian folktale collector Alexander Afanasyev compiled three variants of the tale, under the banner "Рога" (Roga; "Horns").

Emmanuel Cosquin cited a Russian version from author A. A. Erlenwein, which was translated by Angelo de Gubernatis in his Florilegio with the name I tre Soldati ("The three soldiers").

In another Russian variant, Bronze Brow, the tsarevich is expelled from home by the tsar because he let a creature named "Bronze Brow" escape. In his travels, he plays cards with the devil and wins the inexhaustible purse. Later on, a tsarevna and her father, who like to play cards, conspire to steal the magic purse.

In another Russian variant, "Офицеръ и барыня" ("The Officer and the Lady"), collected by Ivan Khudyakov (ru), an officer and a soldier desert from the army and camp out in a forest. A small forest creature meets the officer during three nights and gives him a tablecloth, a ring of invisibility and an inexhaustible wallet. They bet the items against a rich lady and lose them. The officer then wanders through the forest and finds some berries. After he eats the fruits, many horns grow on his body.

Ukraine
Professor Andrejev noted that the tale type 566, "The Horns", showed 7 variants in Ukraine.

In a Ukrainian tale collected by folklorist Petro Lintur from Khust with the title "Сын лесника" ("The Forester's Son"), a forester keeps watch over a forest. On his deathbed, he tells his three sons to take over his job, but warn them never to enter the forest. After he dies, the youngest son, Mykola, suggests he and his brothers venture in to the forest, named Dead Forest, despite their father's prohibition. And so they go. One night, they stop to rest, and the elder brother has the first watch. A forest spirit appears; the elder brother aims a gun at him, but the forest spirit begs to be spared and gives him a cap of invisibility. The same happens to the middle brother, who gains a magic pipe that summons an infinite amount of armed regiments, and Mikola, who gains a magic inexhaustible purse. They make their way of the forest and into an open field. They compare the gifts the forest spirit gave them, and, with the magic purse, buy themselves a large estate and live in luxury. The elder brothers find wives for themselves, and Mykola goes to another city, where he bets with a beautiful princess. He loses the cap of invisibility the first time, and borrows the magic purse to bet an inordinate amount of money against the princess, who exchanges the purse for a normal one and expels Mykola from the kingdom. He then borrows the magic pipe and tries to force the princess to return the objects, but she also steals the magic pipe. Mykola is sentenced with death, but the princess mitigates the sentence by having him blinded and dropped off in the forest. Mykola is guided to a forest, where he finds apples that make horns grow, pears that make them fall, and water of life that restores his sight. Mykola takes thea apples and pears, returns to the kingdom and sells the former to the princess and her parents. Horns grow on their heads; Mykola disguises himself as a doctor and goes to court to cure the royal family; but reserves a special punishment for the princess until she return the three objects she stole. After he gains the objects back, Mykola heals the princess and they marry.

Poland
Polish ethnographer Stanisław Ciszewski (pl) collected a variant from Smardzowice, titled O trzech braciach, którym królewna kradnie cudowne przedmioty, za co wyrastają jej rogi ("About three brothers, from which a princess steals items and on whom horns grow"), where the three brothers gain a cloak of invisibility, a whistle to summon an army and magical shoes. The princess steals the items, the youngest brother who gained the shoes uses magic apples to retrieve the items and does not marry the princess.

Czech Republic
In a Czech version, The Soldier and the Devil, a soldier meets three beggars on his way and gives each a penny. Seeing his generosity, God gives him three items: a self-igniting pipe, a knapsack that forces people to enter it with one specific command and the never-emptying purse. The soldier was also a skilled cardplayer and wanted to bet with a card-playing princess. Ending at a draw, the princess resorts to stealing the items while the soldier is asleep.

In another Czech variant, The Cuirassier and the Horned Princess, translated by Jeremiah Curtin, twelve soldiers desert their regiment and pass the night in a sorceress's house. Nine of them die that night for disobeying the sorceress's orders to not open the boxes they received. The three survivors are allowed to leave the house with their boxes by the sorceress. They soon find a mantle, a cap and the purse. The tale was first collected by Benes Method Kulda, with the title O jednom kyrysarovi ("About one cuirassier").

In a Moravian version, Princezna Tuta s dlouhým nosem ("Princess Tuta with the long nose"), a poor king reveals to his son the secret of his fortune, buried an apple tree, and dies. His son soon digs under the tree and finds three chests with three treasures: the purse, a belt that can teleport and a whistle to summon an army. He tries to use the objects to impress the princess from a neighbouring kingdom, who steals the items. Later the prince tries to kill himself, but finds a pear tree with the nose-enlarging fruits and a stream whose water unmakes the transformation.

In another Moravian variant, O třech vojácích ("About three soldiers"), a drummer, a soldier and a corporal desert the army and pass the night in a house in the forest. Inside the house, the soldiers are greeted by three cursed princesses, who ask the three men to help her break their curse. After three nights, the men depart, but not before giving them a sword that can summon an army, a teleporting cloak and the purse. Soon after, the men arrive in a city where the princess steals the items from them. The soldiers then decide to get new jobs. One day, the three find a magic candle that can summon a spirit. They use the spirit to retrieve the magic objects and expel the princess and her father and reign in their place.

Slovakia
Linguist Jiri Polívka analysed two Slovak variants, wherein three brothers enter an enchanted castle and see three enchanted maidens, who asks for their help in breaking the curse of the castle. The brothers fail, yet are still rewarded with the magical items. In the first variant, the three men never return to the castle, but one of the brothers, named Janko, uses the magical fruits (pears) on a princess and marries her. In another, the items are stolen by a taverner's daughter and are given back when the fruits are used (apples and pears). In this second variant, the brothers return to the enchanted castle and disenchant the princesses.

Hungary
Hungarian folktale collections attest a few variants: A szent leányok ajándéka ("The gifts of the fairies"); A három szerencsepróbáló ("The three trials of fortune"), collected by Elek Benedek.

In another tale, A három mirha, a mother gifts three things for her third and youngest son (a golden watch, a golden necklace and a necktie). The youth becomes infatuated with a woman, who steals his belongings. Later, he discovers a stream whose water makes one ill and apples that make one healthy.

In the tale A két árva királyfi ("The Two Orphaned Princes"), the stepmother queen wants to eat the liver and the heart of her stepchildren's pet bird. Princes Miklós and András eat the organs: Miklós becomes a king and András marries the youngest daughter of a foreign king. His wife gives him a cap of invisibility and a magical whip, before he travels to an enchanted castle that belongs to a maiden named Zsófi. Zsófi steals the whip, but prince András uses the cap to embark on a ship that leads him to a distant island. There, the prince finds a grapevine whose blue-black grapes make a millstone appear on the neck, and white grapes that make it disappear.

In the tale Három Nemeslegény ("The Three Noblemen"), three brothers give shelter to an old lady for three times, and every time the old lady rewards them with a gift: the inexhaustible purse, a cap of invisibility and a golden cane that can summon several troops. When they continue on their journey, they arrive at a city where a princess likes to gamble in card games. One of the brothers bets and loses the purse and the cap, and the princess tricks him out of the golden cane. Later, he sleeps underneath a tree and the old lady appears in his dreams to advise him to use magic apples and water from a magical spring to regain the objects.

Romania
A tale titled Härstäldai was collected from Romania and pertains to the ATU 566 tale-type: the soldier spends the night in a hut that belongs to the devil. Unflinching, the soldier menaces the creature with his gun and receives the magic purse.

In a second variant (German: Drei Spieler; English: "Three Players" or "Three Gamblers"), collected by Pauline Schullerus, three brothers, gamblers, acquire the magic items from a mysterious woman in a house in the forest. The youngest gains the magical purse and loses it to a princess. As a payback, he does not cure her of the horns when he gets his items back.

A variant from the Aromanian language, named Căciula, punga și trâmbița ("The Cap, the Purse and the Horn"), was collected and published in 1967, in a series of Romanian storybooks titled Povești nemuritoare. The tale is part of Volume 5 (ro).

In another Romanian variant, Doftorul Toderaș, collected by author Ion Pop-Reteganul (ro), three soldier brothers camp out in the woods at night. When each of them keep the night watch, a man driving a wagon with four black horses appears and gifts the brothers the purse, a horn and a little straw hat.

Southern Europe
Parker Fillmore translated a tale from South Europe titled Beauty and the Horns: The Story of an Enchanted Maiden.

The tale is attested in Pomaks oral tradition, but instead of figs, the usual fruits of the tale-type, the main character uses grapes to cause the condition.

Italy
A scholarly inquiry by Italian Istituto centrale per i beni sonori ed audiovisivi ("Central Institute of Sound and Audiovisual Heritage"), produced in the late 1960s and early 1970s, found fourteen variants of the tale across Italian sources. Studies suggest the distribution of the tale through Italy may have originated from a 17th-century translation of the German novel by abbot Pompeo Sarnelli.

Sicilian folklorist Giuseppe Pitrè collected a Sicilian variant named La vurza, lo firriolu e lu cornu 'nfatatu ("The purse, the cloak and the enchanted horn"). In his commentaries, he also listed two short variants, and commented on similar tales found in the works of fellow folklorists Laura Gonzenbach and Vittorio Imbriani. The Sicilian version was later translated to German by Waldemar Kaden as Beutel, Mäntelchen und Wunderhorn and included in Fiabe italiane by Italo Calvino as tale nr. 189. La Reginetta cornuta ("The Princess with horns").

Giuseppe Pitrè collected a second Sicilian variant named Petru, lu Massariotu, in which a poor man gambles with the princess the magical items he received, loses them and gets thrown in prison, where he learns from the other prisoners the tricks of the cheating princess. He also collected a Tuscan variant named Soldatino, with notes to other existing Italian and European versions.

Laura Gonzenbach, folklorist of Swiss origin, collected two Sicilian versions of the tale: Die Geschichte von Ciccu ("The Story of Ciccu") and Von dem Schäfer, der die Königstochter zum Lachen brachte.

Vittorio Imbriani collected a version from Firenze (Il Figliolo del Pecoraio), with mentions to variants contained in Gesta Romanorum, in Laura Gonzenbach and Pitré, four variants from Pomogliano d'Arco ('E Corna, La Coa, A' Reggenella and Lu Cunto ri Tre Frati) and a variant from Milan (La coa).

Thomas Frederick Crane published another version, The Shepherd Who Made the King's Daughter Laugh, which he translated from Laura Gonzenbach's book of Italian folktales (compiled originally in German).

Angelo de Gubernatis commented on a nameless narrative, in Zoological Mythology, which was collected in Osimo. Instead of the figs that grow horns, they grow a tail on the deceiving princess. At the end of the tale, the poor brother regains the magical items the princess stole, but he does not heal the princess.

Gherardo Nerucci collected a Montalese variant, titled I fichi brogiotti, where there are three poor brothers who sleep in the woods and dream of the fabled objects. When they wake up, an old man gifts each brother the respective item they saw in their dreams.

Gennaro Finamore collected a variant from Abruzzi, named Lu fatte de le tre ffàte.

British traveller Rachel Harriette Busk collected two versions in Rome: Dodici Palmi di Naso ("Twelve Feet of Nose") and Mezza Canna di Naso ("A Yard of Nose"). She also collected a third Roman variant, titled The Transformation-Donkey, mixing the ATU 566 story (donkey-transformation herbs) with ATU 567 (brothers eat the organs of bird).

Carolina Coronedi-Berti wrote down a variant from Bologna (La fola del Nan), and compared it to Gonzenbach's and Imbriani's versions.

Scholar Jack Zipes classifies Venetian tale Der arme Fischerknabe ("The poor fisherman's son") as pertaining to the ATU 566 tale type: poor Almerigo witnesses a quarrel in the forest about an invisibility cloak, the never-emptying purse and a pair of fast travelling shoes.

Heinrich Zschalig collected a tale from Capri (Pfeife, Geldbeutel und Feder), where the magic objects (pipe, purse and feather) are inherited by three brothers and it is the king who steals the items.

A version from Livorno, Il fico boddone, related to the plot of Frutta che fanno crescere il naso (English: "Fruits that make the nose grow"), is reported to have been collected, but otherwise remains inedited.

A variant from Trentino (La Regina dalla coda) was collected by Nepomuceno Bolignini: there are two brothers who receive the magic purse and a cloak of invisibility.

Spain
Hispanist Ralph Steele Boggs listed the occurrence of the tale in two compilations: one in A. de Llano Roza de Ampudia's Cuentos asturianos ("Las tres prendas de Pedro"), and other in A. M. Espinosa (Sr.)'s Cuentos populares españoles ("El tonto lagañoso, magañoso").

Aurelio M. Espinosa, Jr. in a 1993 article, analysed the tale collection of Castilla y León, and affirmed that the tale type AT 566 is "muy difundido" ("widespread").

A Galician version titled Un novo papa en Roma e un novo rei en España (English: "A new Pope in Rome and a new king of Spain") was collected in late 20th century.

Mallorca
Majorcan writer Antoni Maria Alcover, in the tradition of Catalan rondayes, collected three variants of ATU 566: Fruita fora temps: figues flor per a Nadal (in Volume X), La Reina banyuda (in Volume 11) and Dos fiis de viuda (in Volume 15).

In another variant from Mallorca, Sa Cadeneta (Das Kettchen), is singular in that the peasant brother uses the fruits (pears and figs) before the count's daughter (the princess-like character in this variant) steals the magical items. Actually, there is no stealing in this version: the brother uses the items to impress the count and ask for his daughter's hand in marriage.

Greece
Johann Georg von Hahn collected a tale from Zagori, in Epirus, Greece (Von den Feigen, die Hörner erzeugen und Hörner vertreiben), and compared the characters in the tale to a Servian variant and a Romanian one.

Richard M. Dawkins collected a variant from Phloïtá (The Magic Bird) in which the hero forces both the horns and the donkey transformations on the characters.

In the 20th, scholar Georgios A. Megas collected another variant (Das Pfeifchen und das Mützchen).

Lithuania
In a Lithuanian variant (Lithuanian: Stebuklingi obuolėliai; English: "Wonderful apples"), the wonderful fruits that cause the bodily transformation are apples. Professor Bronislava Kerbelyte states the existence of 114 variants collected from all over Lithuania, several of them with contamination from other tale-types.

Latvia
In a Latvian variant collected in 1877, "О царѣ и трехъ унаслѣдованныхъ вещахъ" ("The tsar and the three inheritances"), a tsar dies and leaves to his three sons three relics: a belt that transports the wearer where he wishes to go; a purse that grants an unlimited amount of coins, and a horn that summons an army. With the belt and the purse, one of the king's sons travels to a princess's bedchambers. She manages to trick him into giving her the objects. Later, he returns with the horn, which the princess also manages to take from him. After he is expelled from the palace, the tsar's son finds a tree with nose-enlarging fuits.

Estonia
Andrew Lang collected an Estonian variant, titled Tiidu the Piper, in The Crimson Fairy Book. The story tells of a piper who, at a later point in the tale, gets stranded on an island after a shipwreck and eats the nose-enlarging fruits. A previous English version (1895) was published as Tiidu, the Flute-Player by William Forsell Kirby, which had even noted the effects of the Nose-tree fruits. The tale was first published by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in Ehstnische Mährchen (1869), named Dudelsack-Tiddu. Kreutzwald even noticed the similarities of the episode with the fruits to that of Fortunatus.

Finland
A Finnish tale, collected in Karelia (Das Teufelsschiff; English: "The Devil's Ship"), begins with a poor farmer finding a self-moving golden ship in the forest with devils. He distracts them and takes the marvellous objects for himself, setting sail for a king's castle, where he invites the princess on a ride on the magical ship. When they arrive on an island, the princess abandons him and takes the objects, while he finds the horn-growing berries. The tale was first collected by Eero Salmelainen, titled Hiiden laiva, and translated int English editions with the name Hidden Laiva (sic) or the Golden Ship.

Denmark
A variant titled Svend's Exploits was translated by Benjamin Thorpe, from the work of Carit Etlar.

A second variant, De lange Næser (English: "The long noses") was collected by Evald Tang Kristensen and included in his folktale collection Tales from Jutland.

Iceland
The Icelandic variant (German: Die ungetreue Dienerin; English: "The unfaithful servant") was given by Adeline Rittershaus in abbreviated form: the hero is a prince (son of a king), and the objects are lost due to the carelessness of a servant.

Norway
A variant named The Magic Apples was collected by Klara Stroebe. In this variant, the protagonist just happens to previously own a self-setting tablecloth, the purse and a wishing cap.

Ornul Hodne, in his 1984 publication of Norwegian folktales, classified Underepla as ATU 566.

Armenia
Author Frédéric Macler translated into French an Armenian variant titled La belle de Tiflis, further translated into English as by folklorist Lucy Garnett as The Princess of Tiflis, and A. G. Seklemian as The World's Beauty. In this tale, the hero is the son of a rich merchant and is instructed never to reveal the secret of the family's wealth: the magical purse.

In another Armenian tale, The Peasant's Son and the King's Daughter, a peasant rescues the son of the King of Snakes (a snake) and is gifted a fez, a fife and a tobacco pouch. The peasant dies and his son inherits the objects. When he uses them for the first time, the fez grants invisibility, the fife summons an army and the tobacco pouch always replenishes itself with money. The King's daughter steals the items, but the hero wins them back with white and red grapes that transform one into a buffalo.

Georgia
Georgian scholarship registers variants of type 566, "The Horns", in Georgia. According to their tale index, the objects that cause the physical transformation are "wonderful plants".

Tatar people
In a tale from the Tatar people titled "Младший сын" ("The Youngest Son"), a father, on his deathbed, asks his three sons - the youngest considered a fool - to hold a vigil on his grave for three nights, one son on each night. The eldest son goes first and his father's spirit gives him a cloak of invisibility. Next, the middle son gets a cow horn that summons an army, and the youngest a magic purse. Later, the local padishah announces a challenge: anyone is to have a contest in measuring fortunes with him, and he who proves he is richer than the padishah, shall marry his daughter. The youngest son goes to the padishah's palace with the magic purse and produces an infinite amount of coins. The youngest son marries the padishah's daughter, who dislikes her husband and, out of curiosity, asks him the secret of the purse. The youngest naïvely answers her, and she plots with some guards to steal the purse, beat the man and expel him from the palace. It happens thus. The youngest brother asks the middle one to borrow the army-summoning horn to get his revenge on his wife. She also steals the horn. Lastly, he borrows the cloak of invisibility and sneaks into the castle, but he also loses the cloak. After the third time, the padishah's daughter orders her husband to be abandoned in some remote remote island. The man is left to die on an island, and finds three trees: one whose fruits make one beautiful, another whose fruits make expensive clothes appear, and a third whose fruits make large horns appear on the head. By listening to two birds, he learns of a fourth tree whose fruits make the horns disappear. The birds also talk about how the leaves of the fourth tree have buoying properties. The man gathers the fruits and uses the leaves to cross the sea back to his wife, so he can use the fruits on her.

Author James Riordan translated another Tatar tale with the title The Tale of the Three Talismans. In this tale, a poor father lives in an aul by the margins of Lake Baikal with his three starving sons. One day, he takes a hunting gun to shoot some game. He sights a strange, large bird by a tree. The bird begs the man to be spared and gives him a magic cloth that produces food. Some time later, the khan stops by their hunt on a hunt and asks for food. The man waves the cloth and produces a feast before the khan. The khan returns to his palace and learns he has to host foreign envoys, so he sends for the same peasant man that prepared the feast before him. The peasant man sends his son Osman in his stead with the magic cloth. After the feast, the khan plans to discover the peasant's secret, and goads him into marrying his daughter, princess Isharad. The princess marries Osman and he shows her he cloth. She steals the object for her father, and the khan orders Osman to be locked in prison. Back to the peasant, he goes to hunt again, meets the same bird and is given a magic purse that produces golden coins. He loans the purse to his second son Mustafa, who goes to the khan's court to finance a new palace for him. Mustafa also marries princess Isharad, who steals the purse for her father. Lastly, the peasant meets the bird a third time and is given a golden arrow that always lands on its target. The peasant gives it to his youngest son, named Taz-Oglan, who uses the golden arrow to defeat an enemy army and marries Isharad. Once again, the princess learns the secret of her husband and steals the object for her father. Taz-Oglan, in desperation, flees his spouse's palace into the forest. There, he eats any type of berries and fruits, including ripe figs that make horns grow on his head. By using leaves from a bush, the horns fall off. With his newfound knowledge, Taz-Oglan goes back to the khan, punishes him and the princess, releases his brothers from prison and becomes the new khan.

Karachay-Balkar people
In a tale from the Karachay-Balkars with the title "Пасынок" ("Stepson"), a man remarries, and his new wife hates her young stepson, so the youth asks his sister to prepare some food for the road, for he will try his luck in the world. He journeys alone and meets three giants-emegen quarreling about their inheritance, three magical objects: a wagon that takes the user where he wishes to go, a cap of invisibility, and a "sakis", a type of chewing gum that, when spat out, produces gold. The youth tricks the giants and steals the objects, then goes to a royal city. He sees the city's beautiful princess from a distance, and falls in love with her. Because she has been kept hidden from the world, many would pay to see her. The youth then spits out gold with the sakis and pays some maidservants to be allowed access to the princess. They enjoy each other's company, but the princess gets him drunk and he reveals the secret of his fortune: the sakis. She steals the sakis and tosses the youth out of the city with the wagon and the hat. Eventually, she repeats her trick and steals the remaining objects from him. He decides to leave the city and finds work with some stupid giants. He helps them in harvesting their grains and is allowed to eat some fruits from their orchard: pears, carobs and apples. He picks and eats them: the pear turns him into a buffalo, the carob enlarges his horns, and the apples restore him to human form. Inspired by the transformation, he takes some of the fruits and goes back to the city to sell them to the princess.

Native
Folklorist Stith Thompson analysed a variant collected among the native North Americans ("The Magic Apples").

In a Penobscot tale, Story of Jack the Soldier, a soldier named Jack defects and is joined by a captain and a corporal. They see an illuminated house in the distance. After spending he night, they see three enchanted maidens who give them three gifts: a food-providing tablecloth, a money-providing wallet and a cap of transportation. Jack uses the cap and takes them to London. He falls in love with a woman of status and tries to woo her by using the objects. She steals the items and abandons him. Jack finds magic apples that grow a tree on his head. He returns to London on a ship and uses the apples on the woman. She returns the items and is left to die. Jack and his companions return to disenchant the maidens.

Canada
French folklorist Henry Carnoy obtained a variant titled Les Figues Merveilleuses ("The Wonderful Figs") from Canada.

Marius Barbeau collected a variant titled La Princesse de Tomboso, from a man named Joseph Mailloux, and a second variant, unpublished at the time.

In a Woods Cree tale, The Man and the Berries, a man who was studying to be part of the Anglican Church decides to abandon his studies after a prank by some students. He meets an old woman on his journey. They eat and drink together and she gives him a box that provides money and a belt of transportation. After arriving at a town, he decides to play cards with a local woman. He loses the belt and the box, but decides to use the belt to transport them to an island. The woman steals the belt and returns to the city. The man finds the berries that grow horns and builds a raft to return to the city. He uses the berries on the woman to make grow horns on her head, and, after restoring her to normal, marries her.

United States
A version was collected among German-speaking populations living in Pennsylvania, being a unique composition of types made by the storyteller.

A variant was collected by researcher Susie Hoogasian-Villa amongst Armenian descent populations of the United States, in Detroit: The Magic Figs.

Mexico
Professor Stanley Robe collected, in 1947, a variant named La fruta extranjera (English: "The foreign fruit") from a 24-year-old housewife from Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco who provided many tales, later published in 1970. In this version, the hero inherits a little sombrero and the purse, and the pair of magic fruits are bananas and prunes.

Central America
British traveller Rachel Harriette Busk registered a version from Matanzas, in Cuba, about a family man named Perrico, who is given the purse, a tablecloth and a stick from a sprite (a goblin).

In a variant collected in Costa Rica with the name Prince Simpleheart, the magical objects are an invisibility cloak, the money knapsack and a violin that forces people to dance.

Anthropologist Elsie Clews Parsons recorded a tale from Saint Lucia titled Petit fille mangé pomme la, y tou'né yun choval (English: "The young woman ate a fruit and became a horse").

Middle East
Scholar Ulrich Marzolph points that Maronite storyteller Hanna Diyab had in his repertoire of narratives - according to Antoine Galland's diary - an as of yet unpublished version of type 566: The Purse, the Dervish's Horn, the Figs, and the Horns.

A variant in the Mehri language (German: Die Stiefmutter und der Vogel; English: The stepmother and the bird) was collected and published at the turn of the 20th century.

Iran
A Persian variant, The Story of Magic Bird, mixes the motif of the ATU 567 with the magical objects the hero steals from his step-brothers by trickery.

India
Reverend James Hinton Knowles collected a variant from Kashmir titled Saiyid and Said: two poor brothers eat the head and breast of a golden bird and gain special abilities. They go their separate ways: one becomes a king; the other gets romantically involved with a beautiful woman who betrays him twice (the second time, she steals the magic objects and, as a payback, is turned into an ass for her troubles).

A Bengali variant was collected by Wiiliam MacCulloch, titled Learning and Motherwit: the princess is transformed into a monkey by the use of special leaves in her bath.

A variant was collected from India in the 20th century, by tale collector A. K. Ramajunan, with the title Three Magic Objects, originally in the Kannada language.

Writer Adeline Rittershaus pointed to the existence of an "Hindustani" version published in the 1865 edition of Revue orientale et americaine: L'Inexorable Courtisane et Les Talismans, whose translation was provided by Garcin de Tassy.

Natesa Sastri registered a Dravidian variant where twins brothers eat the peel and seed of a special fruit, thus setting each of them on a grand destiny. The younger of the two collects the four magical items a dying sage left to his disciples, but loses them to the trickery of two courtesans. He eventually discovers a four-branched mango tree, a fruit of each branch causing a transformation: black ape, kite, old woman and back into his normal self.

China
Folklorist Joseph Jacobs saw a parallel of the tale of Fortunatus in a Chinese translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka, where the monk is given a magic jug.

Chinese folklorist and scholar Ting Nai-tung established a second typological classification of Chinese folktales (the first was by Wolfram Eberhard in the 1930s). In his new system, he noted other magical items (e.g., hoe that produces silver from the ground, a cloak that helps cross water safely), and there are other types of fruits that cause the transformation.

Missionary Adele M. Fielde transcribed a Chinese tale from Guangdong (The Three Talismans) where a poor man goes to an island and is gifted a cap of invisibility, a cloak of transportation and a basket that replenishes itself with jewels, and the horn-growing fruits are bananas.

Korea
In a Korean tale, The Long-Nosed Princess, a mother, on her deathbed, divides the family's heirlooms among her three sons: a gold-producing marble to the eldest; a flute that summons a regiment to the second eldest and a ragged cloak of invisibility to the youngest. A princess becomes aware of the treasures and decides to have them all. She invites the first two brothers to her palace, steal the items and throws the brothers in the dungeons. The third brother enter the palace with the cloak of invisibility and discovers in the palace gardens red apples that grow horns and yellow apples that make them disappear. This tale is classed KT 282 in the Koran tale type index.

Vietnam
A Vietnamese variant is reported to have been collected by F. Zuchelli and published in 1968, in a compilation of Vietnamese folktales.

Philippines
Professor Dean Fansler collected two variants from Philippines (The charcoal-maker who became king and Pedro's Fortunes), and suggested its entry in the archipelagical oral tradition from an external source.

North Africa
A version from Kabyle, Ahmed, le fils du charbonnier, is related to the ATU 566 cycle. A second variant (Die kostbaren Eier) was collected by German archeologist Leo Frobenius.

A variant from Egypt (Histoire du musicien ambulant et de son fils) was collected by Guillaume Spitta-Bey in the 19th century and classified by scholar Hasan M. El-Shamy as belonging to the ATU 566 tale-type. Professor Hasan El-Shamy also states the tale type is distributed throughout Egypt, such as in a New Valley variant where the objects are a magic carpet, a tray and a stone, and the fruits, in two versions, are dates and carrots.

West Africa
Anthropologist Elsie Clews Parsons collected an untitled variant from the Cape Verde Islands that she dubbed Horns from Figs, where the soldier uses the magical objects to kill the princess and the royal family and make himself king of the realm.

East Africa
In a variant from East Africa, written down by linguist Carl Velten, protagonist Mohamedi obtains cucumbers that grow horns.

In a Swahili variant, The Magic Date Trees, one of two brothers, seduced by a charming woman, is robbed of all his fortune by the woman and abandoned in an island. There, he finds two date trees whose fruits cause the appearance of tusks on one's face.

title: Fortunatus (book)