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London to Brighton events

London to Brighton refers to a variety of races, tours, charity bicycle rides and rallies that take place between London and Brighton in the United Kingdom.

The route often follows the A23 (and, often, nearby minor roads). The route is full of contrasts, (depending on the starting point and exact route) passing through the London suburbs of Westminster, Brixton, Sutton, Croydon and Purley, past Gatwick Airport, Crawley and then into the countryside of The Weald, crossing the North and South Downs. Ditchling Beacon on the South Downs (near but not part of the A23) is a steep climb followed by a gentle descent for five miles into Brighton, where the route finishes on the promenade by the Kings Road arches. The current London to Brighton Veteran Car Run does not use the route past the Ditchling Beacon but follows the A273 road up Clayton Hill and rejoins the A23 at Pyecombe.

London to Brighton Veteran Car Run
The route was originally popularised by the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run begun in 1927 for cars built before 1904 and re-enacting the original 1896 Emancipation Run, which was held on 14 November 1896 to celebrate the passing into law of the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 which raised the speed limit to 14 mph and did away with the need for a person to walk in front of a mechanised vehicle waving a red flag to warn other road users. In 2007 531 cars participated and over ninety percent of them finished the course; in 2008 there were 550, with 126 international entries from as far away as Australia, Canada, USA, Argentina and South Africa.

London to Brighton Bike Ride
Several fundraising bike rides take place between London and Brighton each year. The most famous is the British Heart Foundation event which has taken place each summer since 1976, and in 2014 involved an estimated 30,000 riders. The event starts on Clapham Common and the 54 mile route finishes on Madeira Drive in Brighton. Despite most roads being closed to cars, the number of bikes is such that traffic jams occur, especially at hills. The toughest part of the route is the climb over Ditchling Beacon which once featured in the Tour de France; having already cycled some 50 mi, cyclists must then tackle a 1 mi climb with an average grade exceeding 1 in 10. Several sections are somewhat steeper, and whilst the fittest will try to cycle up, the vast majority will walk.

To date, over 650,000 riders have taken part and have raised over £40 million for the British Heart Foundation. In recent years, the BHF have introduced a night ride and an off-road ride. These are on separate dates, and some competitors will ride all three routes in the same year.

Running events
An ultramarathon running race used to take this route each October, starting on Westminster Bridge in the centre of London, and finishing at The Level in Brighton. This is a distance of 54 miles, 198 yards (87.085 km). The race was organised by the Road Runners Club from 1951 to 2005. However, the course had been raced over at least since the early 19th century, and regularly since 1899. In its later years the race was low-key with just over one hundred runners taking part. The fastest would finish in well under 6 hours, whilst there was a time limit of 10 hours after which the course was not marshalled. The race was discontinued after 2005 because of increasing road traffic and difficulties in finding sufficient marshals.

In 2010 the ultra-running organisation Extreme Running staged an off-road London to Brighton Trail Race from Blackheath in London to Brighton sea front (56 miles). The winning time was 8 hours 32 minutes. The race was next planned to be held in 2011.

Since 2011, the company UltraChallenge has organised annually a mixed road/trail 100K race from Richmond in West London to Brighton's racecourse. The course can be run or walked.

From Piccadilly to Brighton there is a marathon route.

London to Brighton Mini Run
The London to Brighton Mini Run takes place on the 3rd Sunday in May. It celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2010. In 2009 the event broke the world record for the longest convoy of Minis with a Guinness-verified total of 1450 cars. The London to Brighton Mini Run features a large number of Minis both classic and modern. It is organised by the London & Surrey Mini Owners Club. The event was the brainchild of Mark Steward, who took ideas from the Vintage runs (from London to Brighton). It originally started at Battersea Park but as it grew it moved to Crystal Palace until 2022 when it moved to Cheam. The Route has always followed the A23. The 2023 run is the last one before London ULEZ comes into effect which may impact future runs (as it will cause a £12.50/day charge for those non-compliant vehicles).

Other Motoring events
In 2005 this tradition was copied in the United States. The SotaMINIs car club organized the New London to New Brighton Run in the state of Minnesota (Mini-sota). Minnesota is the only state in the US that has both a New London and a New Brighton. The distance between the two is exactly twice the distance from London to Brighton. The first year it was attended by 20 MINIs/Minis. It has since doubled in size. The club, SotaMINIs (new MINIs) has since merged with the Classic Mini club called MMPE&PSHE (the Mini-sota Minis Pizza Eating & Psychiatric Self-Help Association). The new club is called Minnesota United Minis Minnesota United Minis (M.U.M.) and the tradition of the New London to New Brighton run is still going strong in 2016.

The London to Brighton Land Rover Run is an annual gathering of Land Rover enthusiasts organised by the South London and Surrey Land Rover Club. The event started at Crystal Palace Park until an extension of the London Emissions Zone forced it to move. Since 2012 it has been held at Hook Road Arena in Epsom and the Land Rovers drive down to Madeira Drive in Brighton. The event takes place on or around the first Sunday in October.

Other events
Other London to Brighton events include those for MGs, air-cooled Volkswagens, 2CVs, vintage motorcycles, Smart Cars, vintage commercial vehicles, and electric vehicles. Most events, especially motoring events, finish at Madeira Drive on the seafront.

title: London to Brighton events


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Alan Rawsthorne

Alan Rawsthorne (2 May 1905 – 24 July 1971) was a British composer. He was born in Haslingden, Lancashire, and is buried in Thaxted churchyard in Essex.

Early years
Alan Rawsthorne was born in Deardengate House, Haslingden, Lancashire, to Hubert Rawsthorne (1868–1943), a well-off medical doctor, and his wife, Janet Bridge (1877/8–1927). Despite what appears to have been a happy and affectionate family life with his parents and elder sister, Barbara (the only sibling), in beautiful Lancashire countryside, as a boy Rawsthorne suffered from fragile health. Although he did at various times attend schools in Southport, much of Rawsthorne's early education came through private tutoring at home. Despite his childhood aptitude for music and literature, Rawsthorne's parents tried to steer him away from his dreams of becoming a professional musician. As a result, he unsuccessfully tried to take on degree courses at Liverpool University, first in dentistry and then architecture. Concerning dentistry, Rawsthorne is on record as having said "I gave that up, thank God, before getting near anyone's mouth", while his friend Constant Lambert quipped "Mr Rawsthorne assures me that he has given up the practice of dentistry, even as a hobby."

Career
In 1925, Rawsthorne was finally able to enrol at the Royal Manchester College of Music, where his teachers included Frank Merrick for the piano and Carl Fuchs for the cello. In 1927, Rawsthorne's mother died aged just forty-nine. After graduating from the Royal Manchester College of Music around 1930, Rawsthorne spent the next couple of years pursuing his piano training with Egon Petri at Zakopane in Poland, and then briefly also in Berlin.

On his return to England in 1932, Rawsthorne took up a post as pianist and teacher at Dartington Hall in Devon, where he became composer-in-residence for the School of Dance and Mime. In 1934, Rawsthorne left for London to try his fortune as a freelance composer. His first real public success arrived four years later with a performance of his Theme and Variations for Two Violins at the 1938 International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) Festival in London. The next year, his large-scale Symphonic Studies for orchestra was performed in Warsaw, again at the ISCM Festival. The first in a line of completely assured orchestral scores, the Symphonic Studies, which can be heard as a concerto for orchestra in all but name, rapidly helped Rawsthorne establish himself as a composer possessing a highly distinctive musical voice.

Other acclaimed works by Rawsthorne include a viola sonata (1937), two piano concertos (1939, 1951), an oboe concerto (1947), two violin concertos (1948, 1956), a concerto for string orchestra (1949), and the Elegy for guitar (1971), a piece written for and completed by Julian Bream after the composer's death. Other works include a cello concerto, three acknowledged string quartets among other chamber works, and three symphonies.

Rawsthorne wrote a number of film scores. His best–known work in this field was the music for the 1953 British war film The Cruel Sea, and his other scores included many popular British films, such as The Captive Heart (1946), School for Secrets (1946), Uncle Silas (1947), Saraband for Dead Lovers (1948), Pandora and the Flying Dutchman (1951), Where No Vultures Fly (1951), West of Zanzibar (1954), The Man Who Never Was (1956) and Floods of Fear (1958).

Family
In 1934 Rawsthorne married his first wife Jessie Hinchcliffe, a violinist in the Philharmonia Orchestra. They separated in 1947 and divorced in 1954. Hinchcliffe went on to marry René Leibowitz in Paris. In 1955 he married Isabel Rawsthorne (née Isabel Nicholas), an artist and model well known in the Paris and Soho art scenes. Her contemporaries included André Derain, Alberto Giacometti, Pablo Picasso and Francis Bacon. Isabel Rawsthorne was the widow of composer Constant Lambert and stepmother to Kit Lambert, manager of the rock group the Who, who died in 1981. Alan Rawsthorne was her third husband; Sefton Delmer (the journalist and member of the Special Operations Executive during the Second World War) was her first husband. Isabel died in 1992.

Ballet

 * Madame Chrysanthème (1955)

Orchestral

 * Light Music for Strings (1938)
 * Symphonic Studies (1938)
 * Cortèges, Fantasy Overture (1945)
 * Concerto for String Orchestra (1949)
 * Symphonies
 * Symphony No. 1 (1950)
 * Symphony No. 2 A Pastoral Symphony (1959)
 * Symphony No. 3 (1964)
 * Improvisations on a Theme by Constant Lambert (1960)
 * Music from film The Cruel Sea
 * Divertimento for Chamber Orchestra (1962)
 * Elegiac Rhapsody for Strings (1963)
 * Hallé Overture
 * Suite from Madame Chrysanthème
 * Overture for Farnham
 * Prisoners' March – from film The Captive Heart
 * Street Corner Overture
 * Theme, Variations and Finale
 * Triptych for orchestra
 * 'Suite for Brass Band' (1964)

Concertante

 * Clarinet Concerto (1936–37)
 * Oboe Concerto (1947)
 * Concertante Pastorale for flute, horn and orchestra (1951)
 * Cello Concerto (1966)
 * Violin
 * Violin Concerto No. 1 (1948)
 * Violin Concerto No. 2 (1956)
 * Piano
 * Piano Concerto No. 1 (1939, revised 1942)
 * Piano Concerto No. 2 (1951)
 * Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra (1968)

Chamber

 * Sonatina for Flute, Oboe and Piano (1936)
 * Concertante for Piano and Violin (1937)
 * Theme and Variations for Two Violins (1937)
 * Clarinet Quartet (1948)
 * Concerto for Ten Instruments (1961)
 * Piano Trio (1962)
 * Quintet for Piano, Oboe, Clarinet, Horn & Bassoon (1963)
 * String Quartets
 * String Quartet No. 1 (1939)
 * String Quartet No. 2 (1954)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (1965)
 * Piano Quintet (1968)
 * Suite for Flute, Viola and Harp (1968)

Instrumental

 * Viola Sonata (1937, revised 1953)
 * Cello Sonata (1949)
 * Violin Sonata (1960)
 * Elegy for Guitar (1971)
 * Suite for Treble Recorder & Piano

Piano

 * Ballade in G sharp minor (Dated Christmas 1929)
 * Bagatelles (1938)
 * Piano Sonatina (1949)
 * Four Romantic Pieces (1953)
 * Ballade (1967)
 * The Creel: suite for piano duet

Vocal orchestral

 * Carmen Vitale: choral suite
 * A Canticle of Man: chamber cantata
 * The God in a Cave: cantata
 * Medieval Diptych 962
 * Practical Cats for speaker and orchestra
 * Tankas of the Four Seasons

Choral

 * Canzonet from A Garland for the Queen
 * Four Seasonal Songs
 * Lament for a Sparrow
 * The Oxen
 * A Rose for Lidice

Vocal

 * Three French Nursery Songs
 * We Three Merry Maids
 * Two Songs to Words by John Fletcher
 * Carol
 * Saraband (with Ernest Irving)
 * Scena Rustica for soprano and harp
 * Two Fish

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alan Rawsthorne


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Brachioteuthidae

Brachioteuthidae is a family of squid containing two genera and around seven species.

Species

 * Genus Brachioteuthis
 * Brachioteuthis beanii
 * Brachioteuthis behnii
 * Brachioteuthis bowmani *
 * Brachioteuthis picta,
 * Brachioteuthis riisei,
 * Brachioteuthis linkovskyi,
 * Genus Slosarczykovia
 * Slosarczykovia circumantarctica

The species listed above with an asterisk ( * ) is questionable and needs further study to determine if it is a valid species or a synonym.

title: Brachioteuthidae


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LVMH

LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, commonly known as LVMH, is a French multinational holding company and conglomerate specializing in luxury goods, headquartered in Paris. The company was formed in 1987 through the merger of fashion house Louis Vuitton (founded in 1854) with Moët Hennessy, which was established following the 1971 merger between the champagne producer Moët & Chandon (founded in 1743) and the cognac producer Hennessy (founded in 1765). In April 2023, LVMH became the first European company to surpass a valuation of $500 billion. In 2023, the company was ranked 47th in the Forbes Global 2000.

LVMH controls around 60 subsidiaries that manage 75 luxury brands. In addition to Louis Vuitton and Moët Hennessy, LVMH's portfolio includes Tiffany, Dior, Fendi, Givenchy, Marc Jacobs, Stella McCartney, Loewe, Loro Piana, Kenzo, Celine, Sephora, Princess Yachts, TAG Heuer, and Bulgari. The subsidiaries are often managed independently, under the umbrellas of six branches: Fashion Group, Wines and Spirits, Perfumes and Cosmetics, Watches and Jewelry, Selective Distribution, and Other Activities. LVMH owns Les Echos-Le Parisien Group, its media subsidiary. The wine estate Château d'Yquem, whose origins date back to 1593, is under LVMH ownership. Bernard Arnault is the founder, chairman, CEO and largest shareholder of LVMH, making him the world’s third richest person as of 2024.

History
In 1987, Moet Hennessy and Louis Vuitton merged to create LVMH. Following different visions of the future of the Group, Alain Chevalier and Henri Racamier, respective leaders of MH and LV, started to fight. Racamier invited Bernard Arnault to invest in LVMH. Rapidly, Arnault succeeded in taking control of LVMH at the expense of the initial family owners. Contrary to what is often indicated, Bernard Arnault never created LVMH. Their successful integration of various famous aspirational brands into a single group inspired other luxury companies to do the same. Thus, the French conglomerate Kering and the Swiss-based Richemont have also created extended portfolios of luxury brands. LVMH is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

Make Up For Ever was established in 1984, and was acquired by LVMH in 1999.

On 7 March 2011, LVMH announced the acquisition of the 50.4% family-owned shares of the Italian jeweller Bulgari and the intention to make a tender offer for the rest, which was publicly owned. The transaction was about $5.2 billion.

By 2012, LVMH established LCapitalAsia, a continuation of its private-equity arm, focused on Asia. In early 2013, LVMH announced its co-investment of LVMH’s private equity LCapitalAsia and the Chinese apparel company Xin Hee Co., Ltd.

In February 2014, LVMH entered into a joint venture with the Italian fashion brand Marco De Vincenzo, taking a minority 45% stake in the firm.

In 2016, L Catterton Asia and Crescent Point, two private equity firms backed by LVMH, bought a majority stake in GXG.

In April 2017, LVMH announced it would gain ownership of Christian Dior haute couture, leather, men's and women's ready-to-wear, and footwear lines to integrate the entire Dior brand within its luxury group.

In January 2018, LVMH announced record sales of 42.6 billion euros in 2017, up 13% over the previous year, as all divisions turned in strong performances. In the same year, the net profit increased by 29%. On 1 November 2018, co-founder Alain Chevalier died at age 87.

On 12 May 2019, the fashion house Fenty, styled as FEИTY, created by singer Rihanna, was launched by LVMH in Paris. It is the first new fashion house by LVMH in 32 years, and she is the first woman of colour to head a brand under LVMH. On 15 July 2019, LVMH announced a new partnership to further develop the Stella McCartney House. On 29 November 2019, LVMH announced its 55% stake in Château d'Esclans, the producer best known for the brand Whispering Angel. The acquisition was part of LVMH's move to offer a beloved high-end rosé portfolio, in addition to reaching customers worldwide. In November 2019, LVMH expressed plans to acquire Tiffany & Co. for approximately US $16.2 billion. The deal was expected to close by June 2020. LVMH issued a statement in September 2020 indicating that the takeover would not proceed and that the deal was "invalid," citing Tiffany's mismanagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, Tiffany filed suit against LVMH, asking the court to compel the purchase or to assess damages against the defendant; LVMH planned to countersuit, alleging that mismanagement had invalidated the purchase agreement.

In mid-September 2020, a reliable source told Forbes that the reason for Arnault's decision to cancel the Tiffany purchase was purely financial: because Tiffany was paying millions in dividends to shareholders despite a financial loss of US$32 million during the pandemic. Some US$70 million had already been paid out by Tiffany, with an additional US$70 million scheduled to be paid in November 2020. LVMH filed a counterclaim against the court action commenced by Tiffany; a statement issued by LMVH blamed Tiffany's mismanagement during the pandemic and claimed that it was 'burning cash and reporting losses'". In late October 2020, Tiffany and LVMH agreed to go back to the original takeover plan, though at a slightly reduced price of nearly $16 billion, a minor reduction of 2.6% from the aforementioned deal. The new deal reduced the amount paid per share by LVMH from the original price of $135 to $131.50. As of late 2020, LVMH has the largest market capitalization of any company in France, and also in the Eurozone with a record of 261 billion euros ($317.6 billion). As of December 2020, Arnault's own fortune was nearly half that, with a personal net worth of $151.7 billion.

LVMH completed the purchase of Tiffany in January 2021. In 2021, with a valuation of $329 billion, LVMH became the most valuable company in Europe.

In January 2022, LVMH acquired a minority stake in the New York-based label Aimé Leon Dore for an undisclosed sum. The investment was made through the conglomerate's LVMH Luxury Ventures arm. In March 2022, LVMH announced the closure of its 120+ stores in Russia, pointing to "the current circumstances in the region", subsequent to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. An LVMH spokesperson stated the company would continue to pay salary and benefits to its 3,500 employees in Russia. In November 2022, it was announced LVMH had acquired the Piedmont-based jewelry maker Pedemonte Group.

On 24 April 2023, LVMH became the first European company to reach a $500 billion valuation.

In November 2023, LVMH agreed to acquire the Los Angeles-based eyewear brand Barton Perreira for $80 million.

In June 2024, LVMH acquired Swiza, the owner of L’Epée 1839, a Swiss manufacturer known for high-end clocks and horological creations. L’Epée 1839, based in Delémont, Switzerland, has been recognized for its watchmaking expertise since 1839. This acquisition highlights LVMH's focus on integrating unique craftsmanship and design within its luxury portfolio. L’Epée 1839 produces intricate clocks, including those with perpetual calendars and tourbillons, favored by various dignitaries and royal families.

Corporate structure
LVMH is headquartered in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France.

The company is listed on the Euronext Paris exchange and is a constituent of the CAC 40 index.

As of 2009, the group employed more than 83,000 people, 30 percent of LVMH's staff worked in France, and LVMH operated over 2,400 stores worldwide.

As of 2010, the group had revenues of €20.3 billion with a net income of just over €3 billion. In 2013, with a revenue of $21.7 billion, LVMH was ranked first luxury goods company in Deloitte's "Global Powers of Luxury Goods" report. By 29 February 2016, the company had a share value of 78,126 million euros, distributed in 506,980,299 shares.

Shareholders
As of 2009, LVMH held 66% of the drinks division, Moët Hennessy, with the remaining 34% held by Diageo.

As of 2013, Christian Dior SE was the leading holding company of LVMH, owning 40.9% of its shares and 59.01% of its voting rights. Bernard Arnault is Chairman and CEO of LVMH and Chairman of Christian Dior SE. In 2017, Arnault purchased all the remaining Christian Dior shares in a reported $13.1 billion buyout.

At the end of 2017, the only declared major shareholder in LVMH was the Arnault Family Group, the holding company of Bernard Arnault. The group's control amounted to 46.84% of LVMH's stock and 63.13% of its voting rights. This significant share held by the Arnault Family Group not only underscores their influential role in the strategic direction of LVMH but also highlights the consolidation of control within family-held enterprises in the luxury sector.

Senior leadership
Bernard Arnault has served as LVMH's chairman and CEO since January 1989. Alain Chevalier was chairman from 1987 until Arnault took over the role.

In 2024, Stéphane Bianchi is appointed LVMH Group Managing Director, responsible for strategic and operational management of the Group Maisons. He also oversees the Regions Presidents, and the Digital and Data Transformation of the Group. He is also the Chairman of the LVMH Executive Committee.

Media group
In 2007, Arnault bought France's leading financial newspaper, Les Echos, from the British company Pearson for 240 million euros (US$262 million) after a negotiating period of four months.

In 2015, LVMH bought the newspapers Le Parisien and Aujourd’hui en France from the Amaury Group. Marie-Odile Amaury, the group's owner, initially hoped for 200 million euros ($218 million) which were later revised to 150 million ($163 million) during a previous sale attempt, but a bid of 50 million euros ($54.5 million) was made. The financial transaction was completed at the end of October 2015.

In 2018, the Lagardère Group sold the stock market information website Boursier.com to Les Echos-Le Parisien Group. In March 2018, Pierre Louette, former CEO of Agence France-Presse from 2005 to 2010, was named CEO of Les Echos-Le Parisien Group, succeeding Francis Morel, who had held this position for seven years.

In 2022, Les Echos-Le Parisien Group acquired 75% of the share capital of the French polling and research institute OpinionWay, which has 140 employees.

Les Echos-Le Parisien Group also acquired Radio Classique, Connaissance des Arts, and Investir and bought 50% of Medici.tv as well as Mezzo TV and EuroArts. Les Echos-Le Parisien Group is also present in business services represented by its subsidiaries, such as Netexplo, Les Echos Etudes, and Les Echos Publishing, as well as communication services for companies such as Les Echos-Le Parisien Partenaires and Pelham Media. ChangeNow, Investir Day, and VivaTech (co-founded with Publicis) are subsidiaries whose objective is to offer trade shows and corporate events.

Subsidiaries
A partial list, including some of LVMH's best-known brands and subsidiaries:

 * Wines and spirits
 * Ao Yun
 * Ardbeg
 * Belvedere
 * Bodega Numanthia
 * Chandon
 * Château d'Esclans (Whispering Angel)
 * Château Cheval Blanc
 * Château d'Yquem
 * Château Minuty
 * Cheval des Andes
 * Clos des Lambrays
 * Cloudy Bay
 * Colgin Cellars
 * Dom Pérignon
 * Glenmorangie
 * Hennessy
 * Krug
 * Mercier
 * Moët & Chandon
 * Newton Vineyard
 * Ruinart
 * Terrazas de los Andes
 * Veuve Clicquot
 * Volcan de mi Tierra
 * Woodinville
 * Clos19

 * Fashion and leather goods
 * Berluti
 * Celine
 * Christian Dior
 * Emilio Pucci
 * Fendi
 * Givenchy
 * JW Anderson
 * Kenzo
 * Loewe
 * Loro Piana
 * Louis Vuitton
 * Marc Jacobs
 * Moynat
 * Off-White
 * Patou
 * Phoebe Philo
 * Rimowa
 * Stella McCartney

 * Perfumes and cosmetics
 * Acqua di Parma
 * Benefit Cosmetics
 * BITE Beauty
 * Cha Ling
 * Fenty Beauty by Rihanna
 * Fresh
 * Parfums Givenchy
 * Guerlain
 * Kenzo Parfums
 * KVD Vegan Beauty
 * Maison Francis Kurkdjian
 * Make Up For Ever
 * Marc Jacobs Beauty
 * Officine Universelle Buly
 * Ole Henriksen
 * Parfums Christian Dior
 * Perfumes Loewe
 * Sephora

 * Watches and jewelry
 * Bulgari
 * Chaumet
 * Daniel Roth
 * Fred
 * Gerald Genta
 * Hublot
 * Repossi
 * TAG Heuer
 * Tiffany & Co.
 * Zenith

 * Selective retailing
 * DFS
 * La Grande Epicerie
 * La Samaritaine
 * Le Bon Marché
 * Starboard Cruise Services
 * 24S

 * Other activities
 * Belmond
 * Bulgari Hotel and Resorts
 * Maisons Cheval Blanc
 * Connaissance des Arts
 * Cova
 * Investir
 * Jardin d'Acclimatation
 * Le Parisien
 * Les Echos
 * Radio Classique
 * Royal Van Lent

E-commerce
On 24 May 2018, LVMH launched an e-commerce initiative by investing in online fashion search business Lyst, as a way for LVMH's luxury brands to expand their presence online and capture younger shoppers. LVMH contributed to Lyst's $60 million funding round, which also included access to LVMH's international expertise, designed to drive Lyst's global expansion.

On 22 May 2024, LVMH announced that it would expand its partnership with Alibaba to increase its presence in China.

Sales by region
LVMH made 27% of its 2022 revenue from sales in the Americas. 30% of its sales revenue came from Asia excluding Japan.

Visual arts
LVMH is a major patron of art in France. The group supported about ten exhibitions as "Le grand monde d’Andy Warhol" and "Picasso et les maîtres" at le Grand Palais in Paris. LVMH also endorsed the patronage of "l'atelier d'Alberto Giacometti" and "Yves Klein" at Centre Georges Pompidou.

Since 2005, when the LVMH flagship store opened in Paris at 3, avenue George V, 75008, the company presented close collaborations with contemporary artists. Features included a light sculpture by American James Turrell, a 20-metre (65 feet) long "travelling staircase" showcasing the work of American video artist Tim White-Sobieski and an elevator linking the store to the top floor by Iceland's Olafur Eliasson.

In 2006, a gallery space was inaugurated on the second floor of the same building and named "Espace Culturel". "Icônes" was one of the first exhibitions. Shigeru Ban, Sylvie Fleury, Zaha Hadid, Bruno Peinado, Andrée Putman, Ugo Rondinone, James Turrell, Tim White-Sobieski and Robert Wilson were the nine artists invited by Louis Vuitton to participate in it.

In addition, LVMH foundation created the "young creators LVMH award", an international competition opened to French and international beaux-arts students. Each year, six grants are allocated to the winners.

In 2014, LVMH opened the Fondation Louis Vuitton pour la Creation in a new building designed by Frank Gehry in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. The Fondation is designed as the Group's own museum to present its collections and organize major world-class art exhibitions.

Fashion
In November 2013, LVMH created the LVMH Young Fashion Designer Prize, which comes with a €300,000 grant with a year of mentoring; it was the brainchild of Delphine Arnault. In February 2014 20 finalists for the inaugural prize were shown in London, including Simone Rocha, Thomas Tait, Meadham Kirchhoff, Marques'Almeida, J JS Lee, and others, and Thomas Tait was the winner. Marques'Almeida won the 2015 prize. In 2019, South African designer Thebe Magugu became the first African to win the prize, and was commended by the President of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa.

LVMH underwrites other fashion competitions, including the Andam prize in France, the International Festival of Fashion and Photography in Hyères, France, an investment fund for young designers created by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication, and a scholarship program and sponsored lecture theater at Central Saint Martins in London.

Music
The group also lends Stradivarius violins to young talented musicians. Maxim Vengerov and Laurent Korcia have used the instruments.

Humanitarian aid
On 26 August 2019, Bernard Arnault declared that LVMH would donate $11 million to help fight the 2019 Brazil wildfires.

During the COVID-19 crisis, the group shifted its production of perfume and spirits towards hand sanitizer. This production of 12 tons has been offered to hospitals in Paris, France.

In 2022, Louis Vuitton announced a €1 million donation to UNICEF to help the Ukrainian victims of the Russian invasion. On 2 March 2022, LVMH Group pledged €5 million to the Red Cross to those affected by the war. In addition, the company closed 124 of its stores in Russia.

2024 Olympic Games
LVMH is sponsoring the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games as a premium partner. The company spent €150 million to seal the partnership. Chaumet jewelry company is responsible for the design of the medals, one of LVMH's fashion houses, Berluti, will dress the French delegation, and Moët Hennessy will provide its products for the events. Also as part of the partnership, LVMH will participate in the activities of French Popular Relief, a charity organization that facilitates access to sport for 1,000 children and young people aged 4 to 25 living in vulnerable situations. The group will sponsor athletes, including French swimmer Leon Marchand, and its beauty retailer Sephora will sponsor the Olympic torch relay.

Journées Particulières
Launched in 2011, Journées Particulières (Particular Days) is a biennial event which allows visitors to enter the various ateliers, studios, caves, and mansions owned by LVMH, for free.

"For the first edition we were not at all certain that the public would come. I speak about that with some emotion. I remember coming along avenue Montaigne at 8AM that first morning and seeing hundreds of people, families, elderly ladies and little kids waiting for the doors of avenue Montaigne 30 to open and I thought we are going to write a beautiful page in history."

It is staged every two years and has opened doors in France, Italy, Switzerland, the UK, the Netherlands, Spain and Germany, with 56 brands welcoming guests into over 70 sites on four continents. The 2017 issue attracted 145,000 visitors.

John Galliano's anti-semitism
On 25 February 2011, Christian Dior announced they had suspended designer John Galliano following his arrest over an alleged anti-semitic tirade in a Paris bar. In France, it is against the law to make anti-semitic remarks of this nature, and it can be punished by up to six months in prison. On 1 March 2011, Christian Dior officially announced that it had fired Galliano amidst the controversy.

Sebastian Suhl
In 2012 former Prada COO Sebastian Suhl was hired by Givenchy as the company's new CEO. The Asian Transnational Corporation Monitoring Network (ATNC), a network made of 15 organizations from 12 Asian countries wrote a letter of concern to LVMH Group's Bernard Arnault as Suhl was at the same time a key person in the Prada Female Discrimination Case where he was described as complicit in sexual harassment and discrimination practices.

Corruption
During December 2021, LVMH paid €10 million to settle claims in Paris to end several criminal investigations that a former French intelligence chief, Bernard Squarcini, spied for the company, on competitors and others, including on an activist making a film about its billionaire owner, Bernard Arnault. Prosecutors allege that the intelligence chief used tactics like influence peddling, invasion of privacy, and leveraging his network in intelligence and police on behalf of the company.

Fendi store openings 2023
Fendi has been very active in building new flagship stores in several places like Doha and Amsterdam. It has been claimed that in 2023 Fendi had not paid, or had only partially paid, invoices from their suppliers, with some amounts remaining outstanding for over a year.

title: LVMH


text:
Masterplan (band)

Masterplan is a German power metal band founded by guitarist Roland Grapow and drummer Uli Kusch upon leaving Helloween in 2001.

History
During Helloween's tour of their album The Dark Ride in 2001, members Roland Grapow and Uli Kusch (who had been in the band since 1989 and 1994, respectively) decided to form a side project. As the other Helloween members felt the two were more focused on their side project than Helloween at the time, both were later fired from the band. The name "Masterplan" was born out of the idea that they would be master musicians with the future in their hands, starting the newest power metal band of the new millennium. To fill out their line-up, Roland subsequently invited Children of Bodom keyboardist Janne Wirman. For vocals, Russell Allen was invited but he had to decline, being busy with his main band Symphony X. A second invitation was made for former Helloween singer Michael Kiske, who also rejected the proposal, claiming that he wanted to keep away from the metal scene. After being impressed with the vocals on the Norwegian band Ark's album Burn The Sun and a solo album titled Worldchanger, singer Jørn Lande was invited. Jørn accepted the invitation, completing the band roughly six months after the beginning of the project.

Their first full-length self-titled album Masterplan was released in 2003, produced by Andy Sneap. The band then consisted of Grapow and Kusch with Jørn Lande. The main part of the keyboard lines on the album were arranged and programmed by Roland and Uli. Keyboardist Janne "Warman" Wirman recorded some sessions for the album, but could not stay on as a full-time member due to his commitments to Children of Bodom. Axel Mackenrott replaced him on tour and soon after as a permanent member. Studio bassist Jürgen Attig (Casanova) helped with some bass lines on the recordings, but Grapow was the main bassist for the album. For tour and subsequent recordings, Jan-Sören Eckert was hired as a permanent member.

The band received the "European Border Breakers Award" from the European Commission in 2004, for the debut album success around Europe.

In January 2005, Masterplan released their second album, Aeronautics once again produced by Andy Sneap and the band. After two successful albums and their respective tours, during the writing of the third album the band parted ways with vocalist Jørn Lande, citing "musical differences" as the reason for the split. The split was amicable enough that Jørn agreed to perform four previously arranged live appearances before departing although two of these were eventually cancelled by the promoters.

On 4 October 2006, Uli Kusch announced his departure from the band in an interview with Darkside.ru. Although not discussing the details of what had happened, he mentioned the democratic principles of making decisions in the band as one of the reasons of his leaving – according to him, it often made getting a consensus nearly impossible. Three days later, Masterplan announced their new line-up through their official web site: Grapow, Mackenrott, Eckert, with new members Mike DiMeo (Riot, The Lizards) and Mike Terrana (ex-Artension, ex-Rage, Metalium, ex-Axel Rudi Pell). The band toured with Saxon as an opening act for Saxon's Inner Sanctum tour.

The band's third album, suitably titled MK II, was released on 26 February 2007. It was produced this time by the band's actual leader, Roland Grapow himself, at his own studio in Slovakia. It was recorded in September and October 2006. On 11 January 2009, Mike DiMeo confirmed on his MySpace page that he had parted ways with Masterplan. On 25 July 2009, the band finally revealed that Jørn Lande has made his return to Masterplan.

On 16 April 2010, a single titled Far From the End of the World was released to precede the band's new fourth album, Time To Be King, once again produced by Roland Grapow.

On 13 July 2011, the band announced on their official website that they were writing songs for a new album. The album was set to be released in March 2013.

In July 2012, it was announced that Martin Marthus Skaroupka (Cradle of Filth drummer) will play on the new Masterplan album. In early November, it was announced that Rick Altzi and Jari Kainulainen would replace Jorn Lande and Jan Eckert on the upcoming album. In November 2012, during an interview with Metal Shock Finland's Chief Editor, Mohsen Fayyazi, when talking about Jorn's departure from the band, Roland stated the following: "Everybody always expects something special from Jorn, but it's a very unstable situation. To keep happy it's not easy and to be honest I've not heard from him for 2 years. Don't get me wrong, we're still friends but we just don't have much contact."

On 21 February 2013, the new album was announced. The title of the album is Novum Initium and it was released on 14 June 2013 through German record label AFM Records.

In an interview made in Italy, on 16 September 2016, Roland Grapow confirmed the addition of At Vance member Kevin Kott as the drummer of the band replacing Martin Marthus Škaroupka whose commitments with his other band Cradle of Filth prevented him for playing shows with Masterplan.

They also announced the release of a new album consisting of re-recordings of Helloween songs written by Roland Grapow from the time he was in the band. The album, PumpKings, was released on 28 July 2017. Grapow stated that the album was not any kind of revenge for being fired from Helloween, or not being invited to their Pumpkins United World Tour in 2017: "[fans] all thought it was kind of a revenge or something... now I remember. To me, it's just a relaxing situation [...] I never had this in my mind. It's just a bit coincidental because I delayed this album for two years and it came out at the same time when the reunion tour came." The band was on hiatus for the following years. The band announced a new song and a tour to follow to start 2024. The band hinted at a new album.

Current

 * Roland Grapow – guitars (2001–present), lead vocals, bass, keyboards (2001–2003)
 * Axel Mackenrott – keyboards (2003–present)
 * Rick Altzi – lead vocals (2012–present)
 * Jari Kainulainen – bass (2012–present)
 * Kevin Kott – drums (2016–present)

Former

 * Uli Kusch – drums (2001–2006)
 * Jørn Lande – lead vocals (2001–2006, 2009–2012)
 * Jan S. Eckert – bass (2003–2012)
 * Mike Terrana – drums (2006–2012)
 * Mike DiMeo – lead vocals (2006–2009)
 * Martin Marthus Skaroupka – drums (2012–2016)

Guest and session musicians

 * Janne Wirman – session keyboards (2002)
 * Jürgen Attig – session bass (2002)
 * Michael Kiske – vocals on "Heroes" on Masterplan (2003)
 * Ferdy Doernberg – keyboards on "Into the Light" on Masterplan (2003)
 * Russell Allen – vocals on demos (2001)

Studio albums

 * Masterplan (2003)
 * Aeronautics (2005)
 * MK II (2007)
 * Time to Be King (2010)
 * Novum Initium (2013)

Singles/EPs

 * Enlighten Me (2002)
 * Back for My Life (2004)
 * Lost and Gone (2007)
 * Far From the End of the World (2010)
 * Rise Again (2024)

Live albums/DVDs

 * Keep Your Dream Alive (2015)

Cover albums

 * PumpKings (2017) – album of re-recorded Helloween songs written by Grapow

Other appearances

 * "Headbanger's Ballroom" – track on Ballroom Hamburg: A Decade of Rock compilation (2010)

Music videos

 * "Enlighten Me" (2002)
 * "Back for My Life" (2004)
 * "Lost and Gone" (2007)
 * "Time to Be King" (2010)
 * "Keep Your Dream Alive" (2013)
 * "Spirit Never Die" (2015)

title: Masterplan (band)


text:
Histioteuthidae

Histioteuthidae is a family of Oegopsid squid. The family was previously considered to be monotypic but the World Register of Marine Species assigns two genera to this family.

The species classified under Histioteuthidae are mostly weakly muscled, moderately sized squid with a maximum mantle length of 33 cm. They generally have very long, robust arms and a short mantle with small, rounded fins. Their main distinguishing feature is that the eyes are different sizes and orient in different vertical directions. The larger left eye is semitubular, mobile, generally is directed back and up as indicated by the pattern of iridophores on the eye's outer surface. This means that when the squid is positioned obliquely the eye is pointed upwards towards the surface. It is thought that this is used to detect animals above the squid silhouetted against the sun during the day. The right eye has a normal shape and is oriented laterally and slightly downward. This arrangement gives the family the common name of cock-eyed squid.

Genera and species
There are two genera which are included in the Histioteuthidae and a total of circa 19 species:

 * Histioteuthis d'Orbigny, 1841
 * Histioteuthis atlantica (Hoyle, 1885)
 * Histioteuthis berryi Voss, 1969
 * Histioteuthis bonnellii (Férussac, 1834)
 * Histioteuthis celetaria (Voss, 1960)
 * Histioteuthis cerasina Nesis, 1971
 * Histioteuthis corona (Voss & Voss, 1962)
 * Histioteuthis eltaninae Voss, 1969
 * Histioteuthis heteropsis (Berry, 1913)
 * Histioteuthis inermis (Taki, 1964)
 * Histioteuthis macrohista Voss, 1969
 * Histioteuthis meleagroteuthis (Chun, 1910)
 * Histioteuthis miranda (Berry, 1918)
 * Histioteuthis oceani (Robson, 1948)
 * Histioteuthis pacifica (Voss, 1962)
 * Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill, 1880)
 * Stigmatoteuthis Pfeffer, 1900
 * Stigmatoteuthis arcturi Robson, 1948
 * Stigmatoteuthis dofleini Pfeffer, 1912
 * Stigmatoteuthis hoylei (Goodrich, 1896)

title: Histioteuthidae


text:
User:Parkour

The user 'Parkour' is an alias for one of the team of the UK Parkour Association

title: User:Parkour


text:
Zend (disambiguation)

Zend is a Zoroastrian technical term for exegetical glosses, paraphrases, commentaries and translations of the Avesta's texts.

Zend may also refer to:

Computing

 * Zend, a computer software company
 * Zend Engine, an open-source scripting engine for the PHP programming language
 * Laminas, a PHP-based web development framework formerly known as Zend Framework
 * Zend Studio, an integrated development environment for PHP
 * Zend Server, a web application server for running PHP applications

Other uses

 * Zend language, historical name for the Avestan language
 * Salla Zend, a fictional character in Star Wars

title: Zend (disambiguation)


text:
San Rafael Swell

The San Rafael Swell is a large geologic feature located in south-central Utah, United States about 16 mi west of Green River. The San Rafael Swell, measuring approximately 75 by, consists of a giant dome-shaped anticline of sandstone, shale, and limestone that was pushed up during the Paleocene Laramide Orogeny 60–40 million years ago. Since that time, infrequent but powerful flash floods have eroded the sedimentary rocks into numerous valleys, canyons, gorges, mesas, buttes, and badlands.

The swell is part of the Colorado Plateau physiographic region.

Geography

Interstate 70 divides the Swell into northern and southern sections, and provides the only interstate access to the region. The swell lies entirely within Emery County. The northern Swell is drained mainly by the San Rafael River, while the southern Swell is drained mainly by Muddy Creek, which eventually joins the Fremont River to become Dirty Devil River northeast of Hanksville, Utah. The Dirty Devil River flows southward into the Colorado River, while the San Rafael River joins the Green River before it also flows into the Colorado. Muddy Creek cuts into the western edge of the Swell, exits at Muddy Creek Gorge, and then flows across the Blue Hills Badlands near Caineville to its confluence with the Fremont River.

Geology

The San Rafael Swell was formed when deeply buried Precambrian rocks faulted, or broke, during the Laramide orogeny, about 60 million years ago. These "basement" rocks below the present-day Swell moved upwards relative to the surrounding areas and caused the overlying sedimentary rocks to fold into a dome-like shape called an anticline. The resulting structure is analogous to a series of blankets draped over a box.

Since that time, the relentless force of running water has eroded the geologic layers, resulting in older rocks becoming exposed in the middle of the Swell, and younger rocks exposed around the edges. Many of the most impressive landforms are composed of more resistant rocks, including the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Jurassic Wingate Sandstone, and Permian Coconino Sandstone. The folding is much steeper on the eastern edge of the Swell than in the west, and this eastern edge is referred to as the San Rafael Reef.

Both the San Rafael River and Muddy Creek drain out of the high Wasatch Plateau and the cut directly across the uplift of the Reef, which marks them as superimposed streams, pre-dating the time of the uplift. Part of the Swell has geographic features that resemble Mars. The Mars Society decided to set up the Mars Desert Research Station in the area as a Mars analog for such reasons.

Ecology
The San Rafael Swell is an area of high plant endemism, with many native plants occurring nowhere else in the world. An example is the endangered San Rafael cactus (Pediocactus despainii).

History
Evidence of Native American cultures, including the Fremont, Paiute, and Ute, is common throughout the San Rafael Swell in the form of pictograph and petroglyph panels. Examples are the Millsite Rock Art and the Buckhorn Draw Pictograph Panel, with rock art left by the Barrier Canyon Culture and the Fremont Culture. From about 1776 to the mid-1850s the Old Spanish Trail trade route passed through (or just north of) the Swell. In the past 150 years, areas of the Swell have been used for the grazing of sheep and cattle, as well as for uranium mining. Many of the gravel roads in the interior of the swell were originally used to service the uranium mining activities. Although surrounded by the communities of Price, Green River, Hanksville, Ferron, Castle Dale, and Huntington, the Swell itself does not support permanent residents.

The Swell has been used by Hollywood filmmakers as a location setting for alien planets, including the Planet Vulcan in the 2009 film Star Trek and the alien world in Galaxy Quest.

In 2002, Governor Mike Leavitt of Utah proposed the creation of a San Rafael Swell National Monument. President George W. Bush, who had authority to create such a monument under the Antiquities Act, never acted on Leavitt's proposal.

The idea of federal designation of the San Rafael Swell as a national monument resurfaced in 2010 in a US Department of the Interior document.

In May 2018, US Representative John Curtis put forward a bill to make the area a national monument, to be called "Jurassic National Monument."

San Rafael Recreation Area

The area is managed by the US Bureau of Land Management. On March 12, 2019, the Emery County Public Land Management Act was signed into law as the Dingell Natural Resources Act. As part of this designation, approximately 217,000 acres were protected as the San Rafael Swell Recreation Area.

The following wilderness areas were congressionally designated around the San Rafael Swell Recreation Area as part of the John D. Dingell. Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act: Big Wild Horse Mesa (18,192 acres), Cold Wash (11,001 acres), Devil's Canyon (8,675 acres), Eagle Canyon (13,832 acres), Horse Valley (12,201 acres), Little Ocean Draw (20,660 acres), Little Wild Horse Canyon (5,479 acres), Lower Last Chance (19,339 acres), Mexican Mountain (76,413 acres), Middle Wild Horse Mesa (16,343 acres), Muddy Creek (98,023 acres), Red's Canyon (17,325 acres), San Rafael Reef (60,442 acres), and Sid's Mountain (49,130 acres).

Cattle grazing is only allowed in parts of the Swell that are not designated as such. The San Rafael Swell is also dotted with sections of land managed by the Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration, as is much of the state of Utah. Goblin Valley State Park is on the southeastern edge of the San Rafael Swell.

Recreation
The San Rafael Swell attracts hikers, backpackers, horseback riders, trail runners and all-terrain vehicle (ATV) enthusiasts. Many steep, narrow slot canyons popular with technical canyoneers are found in the San Rafael Reef.

The Eastern Reef is a possible destination for rock climbers. It is home to some of the longest and sandiest climbing routes in Southeastern Utah, and was, at least by one person, nicknamed the Sandstone Alps.

title: San Rafael Swell


text:
Bang Bo district

Bang Bo (บางบ่อ, ) is a district (amphoe) of Samut Prakan province in Thailand.

Geography
Neighbouring districts are Mueang Samut Prakan, Bang Phli, and Bang Sao Thong to the west, Lat Krabang (Bangkok and Mueang Chachoengsao to the north, and Ban Pho and Bang Pakong (both in Chachoengsao province) to the east. To the south is the Bay of Bangkok.

History
The district was renamed from Bang Hia (บางเหี้ย, 'hamlet of water monitor'), to Bang Bo ('hamlet of pond') in 1930.

Economy
Hino Motors Manufacturing (Thailand) Ltd (HMMT) is constructing a manufacturing and development centre at the Asia Industrial Estate Suvarnabhumi in the district. To be operational in 2021, the 400,000-square metre centre will supply trucks and buses to the ASEAN region. Hino is investing 3.65 billion baht in the facility which will employ 1,300 workers in its initial stages of operation.

Bang Bo is known as a snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) aquacultural area. The freshwater fish is processed into salted fish.

Administration
The district is divided into eight sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 74 villages (mubans). There are three townships (thesaban tambons). Bang Bo and Khlong Dan each cover parts of the same-named tambon, and Khlong Suan covers tambon Khlong Suan. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO), for each tambon except Khlong Suan.

Khlong Prawet Buri Rom
Khlong Suan 100-year-old market (ตลาดคลองสวน 100 ปี) is on Khlong Prawet Buri Rom, a canal bordering two provinces: Khlong Suan in Bang Bo, Samut Prakan and Theppharat with Ko Rai of Ban Pho, Chachoengsao. The market dates back to the King Chulalongkorn (Rama V)'s reign. It retains some of the charm of Thailand's old days, similar to SamChuk's 100-year-old market of Sam Chuk district, Suphan Buri province.

Samut Prakan (Klong Dan) Wastewater Management Project
Tambon Klong Dan is the site of a never-completed wastewater treatment plant, approved in 1995, financed in part by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The 24 billion baht project was not completed due to opposition from local residents and charges of malfeasance levelled against those responsible for the project. In 2014, the Pollution Control Department (PCD) was ordered by the Supreme Administrative Court to pay nine billion baht in compensation to a consortium of contractors building the Klong Dan wastewater treatment plant due to the state's termination of that project in 2003. In July 2016, the Department of Special Investigation (DSI) initiated an investigation of a private consortium, NVPSKG, for corrupt practices related to the 90 percent completed project. In 2015, three senior Pollution Control Department (PCD) employees linked to the consortium were jailed for 20 years for malfeasance. In July 2018 the supreme court sentenced 11 persons, including the former deputy interior minister, to between three and six years in prison. The court found the defendants guilty of fraud in the purchase of 1,900 rai of land at the inflated price of 1.9 billion baht, and irregularities in the construction contract. Public land was fraudulently acquired with title deeds issued to private owners, who then inflated the price before the land was sold to the Thai Pollution Control Department.

title: Bang Bo district


text:
Joseph Harper

Joseph or Joe Harper may refer to:

 * Joe Harper (born 1948), former Scotland and Aberdeen footballer
 * Joe Harper (American football) (born c. 1936), American college football coach
 * Joe Harper, a character in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, see list of characters in the Tom Sawyer series
 * Joseph Harper (actor) (1759–1811), English-born American actor and theatre manager
 * Joseph Harper (canoeist) (born 1966), American sprint canoer
 * Joseph Harper (English politician) (1914–1978), Labour MP for Pontefract and Castleford
 * Joseph Harper (horse breeder), 19th-century Australian horse breeder
 * Joseph Anthony Harper (1867–1939), Australian businessman and politician
 * Joseph H. Harper (1901–1990), US army officer
 * Joseph M. Harper (1787–1865), US politician

title: Joseph Harper


text:
Bang Phli district

Bang Phli (บางพลี, ) is a district (amphoe) of Samut Prakan province in Thailand. It is home to Suvarnabhumi Airport (also called (New) Bangkok International Airport), which opened on 28 September 2006 as Thailand's primary airport. The district was part of the once-proposed Nakhon Suvarnabhumi province.

History
Bang Phli appeared as evidence that it has been a habitat since the Khmer era (around 435–1158), because many areas around it are names that are derived from Khmer such as Thap Nang, Nam Daeng,  Bang Chalong etc. The Khlong Samrong canal, which is 55 km long, flows through the area and is considered a main watercourse.

Rattanakosin's renowned poet Sunthorn Phu wrote about Khlong Samrong in his work "Nirat Mueang Klaeng" during a visit to his father in Rayong Province. When he arrived here and impressed with the young people that take a boat pass through.

The name "Bang Phli" came from the assumption that when King Naresuan the Great fought with the enemies that came to invade Ayutthaya. He stopped the army here and have performed a ritual called "Bat Phli" to terrorize the enemies and to be an auspicious for the army.

In the reign of King Rama III, Bang Phli became a community where more people came to live, consisting of a variety of people, such as Laotians, Mons with Teochews and Hainanese. Most Chinese have a career in trading and building houses along the waterfront. Therefore, causing Bang Phli to prosper respectively and raised the status to a district in 1895.

Geography
Bang Phli district is on the eastern outskirts of Bangkok bisected by the Bang Na-Chonburi Expressway.

Neighboring districts are Bang Na, Prawet, and Lat Krabang (all in Bangkok) in the north, Bang Sao Thong and Bang Bo to the east, and Mueang Samut Prakan to the south and west.

Administration
The district is divided into six sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 83 villages (mubans). Bang Phli itself is also a sub-district municipality (thesaban tambon) which includes parts of tambons Bang Phli Yai, Bang Pla, and Bang Chao Long. There are another six tambon administrative organizations (TAO) in the district. The missing geocodes in the table are now form Bang Sao Thong district.

Economy
Bang Phli is home to a number of manufacturing companies including Plan Toys; lingerie company, Triumph International; auto parts maker, Yarnphan; Surf Technicians Inc.; windsurfing equipment design company, Natural Corporation; chemical manufacturer, Hanwha Chemical alkali soluble resin (ASR) and emulsion plant; furniture manufacturer, Rockworth;, Hino Motors, and a Nivea cosmetics production plant. The first IKEA store in Thailand opened at Mega Bangna on the Bang Na-Bang Pakong Highway in Bang Kaeo in late-2011.

Festivals
Bang Phli is known for its annual Lotus Flower (Rap Bua) Festival, which takes place on the last day of vassa on the fourteenth day of the waxing moon in the eleventh lunar month, usually the full moon in October. A boat carrying a replica of the Luang Poh To Buddha statue from the temple Wat Bang Pli Yai Nai is moved along the Khlong Samrong canal. The people on the banks of the canal throw lotus flowers onto the boat, as donating lotus flowers to Buddha is merit-making.

Attractions

 * Bang Phli floating market or Ancient Bang Phli market: an authentic market over 100 years old which still remains the same. It is located on the bank of Khlong Samrong. It was one of the flourishing communities in the past. It is assumed that Chinese opened this market in 1857 to transport goods and people from the east coast to Bangkok. What is interesting about the market are traditional wooden shophouses lined along the Khlong Samrong with a length of 500 m (1640 ft). They were built with Thai mixed Chinese architectures two-storey hipped roof.
 * Wat Bang Phli Yai Nai: an ancient Buddhist temple rim Khlong Samrong next to floating market, where Luang Poh To is enshrined. This Buddha statue has a folklore that is said to float over the water more than 200 years ago along with two other Buddha statues (Luang Poh Ban Laem of Wat Ban Laem and Luang Poh Sothon of Wat Sothonwararam).
 * Wat Bang Phil Yai Klang, also known as Wat Phra Non: another Buddhist temple in pair with Wat Bang Phli Yai Nai, located between Wat Bang Phli Yai Nai and Wat Khong Kharam (Wat Yai Nu), hence the name Wat Bang Phli Yai Klang (Klang in Thai means middle). Highlight of the temple remains at the biggest Buddha reclining posture statue in Thailand named Phra Sakayamunee Si Sumetbophit, with approximately 53 m (173 ft) long.
 * Mega Bangna, the first low rise Super Regional shopping center in Southeast Asia.

Health

 * Bang Phli Hospital, a general hospital operated by the Ministry of Public Health
 * Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute (CNMI), a university hospital operated by the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University

Education

 * American School of Bangkok Bangna Campus
 * Thai-Chinese International School is in Bang Phli Yai

title: Bang Phli district


text:
Phra Pradaeng district

Phra Pradaeng (พระประแดง, ) is a district (amphoe) of Samut Prakan province in Thailand.

History
Phra Pradeang was the original center of the area south of Bangkok near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. Originally named Nakhon Khuean Khan (นครเขื่อนขันธ์), it was settled by Mon people. In 1815, King Rama II built the Pom Phlaeng Faifa Fort at the river's bend. The fort is now a small park and is accessible to visitors.

 * [[Image:Fort Pom Phlaeng Faifa 1.jpg|200px]] [[Image:Fort Pom Phlaeng Faifa 2.jpg|200px]]

In 1819, the new town Mueang Samut Prakan (or Paknam) was established. Due to economic problems in the early-1930s, several administrative entities were abolished, including Phra Phradaeng Province, which had its districts assigned to Samut Prakan and Thonburi effective 1 April 1932.

A two kilometre tramway across the neck of the Phra Pradaeng river bend opened in 1908 and closed c. 1940. Operated by a private company, the motorised trams connected with motorboat services to Bangkok and to Paknam at each end of the line. The tram cut a considerable time off the up and downriver journey by avoiding the long river bend.

Administration
The district is divided into 15 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 67 villages (mubans). The town (thesaban mueang) Phra Pradaeng covers the tambon Talat, the town Lat Luang, the tambon Bang Phueng, Bang Chak, and Bang Kharu. The town (thesaban mueang) Pu Chao Saming Phrai administers tambons Samrong Tai, Samrong, Samron Klang, Bang Hua Suea, and Bang Ya Phraek. There are six tambon administrative organizations (TAO) for the tambon not covered by the municipalities.

Attractions

 * Bang Kachao
 * Bang Nam Phueng Floating Market

Notable people

 * Sompote Sands, film director
 * Chintara Sukapatana, actress

title: Phra Pradaeng district


text:
Most (city)

Most (Brüx) is a city in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 64,000 inhabitants.

Most is an industrial city with a long tradition of lignite mining. Due to mining, the historic city was demolished and replaced by a planned city. In locations where mining has ended, Most is an example of successful landscape revitalization.

Administrative division
Most is made up of eight city parts and villages: Most, Starý Most, Čepirohy, Komořany, Rudolice, Souš, Velebudice and Vtelno.

Etymology
The name Most means 'bridge' in Czech. It first appeared as translation of the German name "Brüx" (derived from the German word for 'bridge', Brücke). The city was named after the system of bridges that crossed the swamps in this area in the 10th century.

Geography
Most is located about 33 km southwest of Ústí nad Labem and 70 km northwest of Prague. It lies on the border between the Most Basin and Central Bohemian Uplands. The highest point is the hill Ressl at 413 m above sea level. The Bílina River flows through the city.

There are several artificial lakes created during land rehabilitation after coal mining. The largest of them is Most Lake, created in 2008–2012. With an area of 309.4 ha, it is the second largest artificial lake in the country. It is mainly used for sports and recreation. The second notable lake in the centre of Most is Matylda Lake, also used for sports and recreation. It was infused in 1992 and has an area of 38.7 ha.

11th–15th centuries
The first written mention of Most is from 1040, when it was mentioned in Latin Chronica Boemorum as Gnevin Pons ("Hněvín Bridge"). From the end of the 12th century, the Hrabišic dynasty began to colonize the territory and established here a stronghold. Most was originally a market village at the crossroads of old trade routes. After 1210, the villages was moved to the other bank of the river Bílina.

In 1227 Kojata, the last Hrabišic, passed his property to the Zderaz Monastery, but King Wenceslaus I used the right of escheat and took Most from the monastery. Hněvín Castle was built on the site of the old stronghold in 1238–1248. After 1240, Most acquired the character of a town. It was first referred to as a town in 1247. In the mid-13th century, it was promoted to a royal city. King Ottokar II granted the city further privileges in 1273. The city developed rapidly and benefited from its advantageous location near the kingdom's borders and on an important road.

During the reign of next kings, the city continued to prosper. In 1321, 1334, 1395 and 1455, the city was damaged by fires. In 1374, Charles IV granted Most the vineyard right, wine has probably been produced here since the 12th century. In the mid-14th century, the city walls were finished. The prosperity ended with the Hussite Wars but in both 1421 and 1424 the city withstood the Hussite siege. Most recovered thanks to the trade route of international importance and thanks to the start of iron ore mining in the nearby Ore Mountains.

16th–17th centuries
In 1515, the worst fire in its history hit the city, damaging the church from 1253–1257 and the town hall. Construction of the new church began in 1517, and the new Renaissance city hall was built before 1553. In the second half of the 16th century, the crisis was deepened by crop failures, loans to the king, plague, famine, further fires and Turkish wars. Most went into debt and paid off the debts for the next hundred years. In 1595, the city bought the Hněvín Castle from Emperor Rudolf II and other estates.

In 1639–1648, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was occupied by Swedish troops because of the Hněvín Castle. After the Thirty Years' War, the city lost much of its economic and political significance. So that the castle would no longer be a reason to besiege the city, the inhabitants of Most asked Emperor Ferdinand III to demolish the castle. The demolition took place in 1651–1653.

18th–19th centuries
Huge reserves of coal were discovered in the 18th century. Most was affected by the Silesian Wars when the city had to pay war contributions. After the city's economic conditions were consolidated in the second half of the 18th century, Most was affected by the passage of Napoleon's army at the beginning of the 19th century. In the first half of the 19th century, the medieval wall were demolished. In 1820, Most was hit by another big fire.

At the beginning of the 19th century, mining of lignite was started. Industrialization began and the turning point was the construction of the railway in 1870, which brought connection with coal outlets. The last quarter of the 19th century saw a rapid increase in the number of inhabitants and newly built apartments, and there was an influx of the Czech population. A sugar factory, a porcelain factory, a steel factory, a brewery and a city museum were built.

20th century
In 1938, Most was annexed by Nazi Germany. Under German occupation from 1938 until 1945, the city was administered as a part of the Regierungsbezirk Aussig of Reichsgau Sudetenland. In 1944, there was a subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp providing forced labor in coal mines outside Most. The prisoners were mostly Poles. Most was repeatedly bombed during the Oil Campaign of World War II. The Germans also operated a Gestapo prison in the city.

After the war, Most was restored to Czechoslovakia. German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and the city was resettled by Czechs.

In 1964, the Czechoslovak Communist government decided to demolish the historic Most due to the expansion of coal mining, including the Gothic city centre, the brewery founded in 1470, the 1910 theatre, and the cemetery established in 1853. Only the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was saved. The destruction of the historic city began in 1965 and was finished in 1985. Simultaneously with the start of mining, a new city began to emerge, with the first building finished in 1971. Newly built, standardized blocks of flats (paneláks) followed brutalist architecture common for that era. The destruction of Most brought monetary profit to the state as coal was mined in the locality for an estimated 3 billion CSK.

Construction of the new City Hall began in 1972 and was completed in 1977 after construction delays.

Demographics
Most has a significant Romani people community, concentrated especially in the Chanov housing estate.

Economy
Most lies on the edge of the Most Basin and is an important lignite-mining region. Since the discovery of huge reserves of coal, the city has been shaped by mining. It caused an influx of residents and the development of other industries, but it also caused the destruction of historic parts of the city. The mining industry still employs hundreds of people; the largest employer in the city is Czech Coal Group.

The Komořany power plant is linked to coal mining. It is a large lignite power plant with a total installed electrical output of 239 MWe, built in 1955–1958.

In addition to mining, heavy industry and chemistry were developed in Most, but in the 21st century they are replaced by services in the composition of the city's economy. The mining segment operates not only in the form of coal mining, but also in the framework of extensive land rehabilitation. The cultivation of wine and fruit was also restored. The recultivation of the landscape in the vicinity of Most is unique and appreciated as an effective and sensitive revitalization of the landscape, which is a model for further recultivations. The ouskirts of Most have become attractive for tourism.

Transport
Most is located on the railway lines Prague–Cheb, Kadaň–Děčín and Rakovník–Osek. In addition to the main railway station, the Most-Kopisty and Třebušice stops are also located in the municipal territory.

The city operates a transport company together with the neighbouring town of Litvínov. In addition to buses, there is also the Most–Litvínov tramway network.

Culture
The Repre House of Culture (originally called "Regional House of Culture of Miners and Energy Workers") started in 1972 but was not completed until 2 June 1984. It includes a planetarium located on the roof sphere, a cinema and numerous rooms and halls. The city sold the building to the private sector in 2010 and has been subject to numerous replacement and refurbishment proposals.

The new theatre was planned for the new city centre from the late 1960s but construction didn't commence until 1979 and was opened on 7 November 1985. Designed by Ivo Klimeš following his completion winning design in 1969, it features a 500 seat auditorium and was called Divadlo Pracujících (Theatre of the Working People) until 1990.

Education
Three universities have detached workplaces in Most: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, and University of Finance and Administration.

Sport
The local football club FK Baník Most 1909 existed for more than 100 years and used to play in the top tier of Czech football, but it was disestablished in 2016. The city is now represented by FK Baník Most-Souš, playing in the 3rd tier of Czech football.

Most Hippodrome is located in the Velebudice part of Most. The city hosts eight horse racing days per year, and is thus one of the leading horse racing locations in the region. The area with the race track was created during the reclamation of the landscape and is also used for other sports and cultural events.

Most is known for Autodrom Most, a race track for motorsport opened in 1983.

Aquadrom Most is a water park located in the centre of Most.

Sights
Hněvín Castle belongs to the main landmarks of the city. After the original castle was demolished in 1651–1653, the current romantic castle was built as a copy of it. Its main part is a stone lookout tower, built in 1900.

The most important monument is the Gothic Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It was built in 1517–1602, after the old city church was destroyed by a huge fire in 1515. The church became famous when it was moved 841.1 m away to the newly constructed town in 1975, due to the demolition of the historic centre of the old town. The move took 28 days to complete with an average speed of 2.16 cm per minute. The Czechoslovak government took pride in the relocation of this religious structure, and the building was mentioned in the Golden Guinness Book Of World Records as the heaviest building ever moved on wheels.

The oldest preserved building in Most is the Church of the Holy Spirit. It was probably built in the 1320s and first documented in 1351. The church is small, but it is very valuable due to its preservation and pure Gothic style. After the move of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, the churches found themselves next to each other. Today the Church of the Holy Spirit has been desecrated and exhibitions and classical music concerts take place in its premises.

In Vtelno is the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. It was built in the Baroque style in 1736–1738.

Among the other monuments are the building of the Regional Museum in Most, Neorenaissance fountain, plague column with the sculptural group of St. Anne, set of Stations of the Cross, and Jewish cemetery in Souš.

In popular culture
Most was nationwide popularized by successful TV series Most! (2018). It used to be a popular location for filming foreign war films, particularly as period buildings could be realistically exploded for the cameras. Several films were shot here, including The Bridge at Remagen (1969), Slaughterhouse-Five (1972), All Quiet on the Western Front (1979) and Battle of Moscow (1985), and Czech films The Joke (1969), Something Like Happiness (2005), Dolls (2007) and ROMing (2007).

Notable people

 * Andreas Hammerschmidt (c. 1611–1675), composer
 * Florian Leopold Gassmann (1729–1774), composer
 * Rudolf Ritter (1878–1966), tenor
 * Wenzel Hablik (1881–1934), painter and architect
 * Raoul Schránil (1910–1998), actor
 * Heini Halberstam (1926–2014), mathematician
 * Judita Čeřovská (1929–2001), singer
 * Josef Masopust (1931–2015), football player and coach
 * Olga Fikotová (1932–2024), Czech-American discus thrower, Olympic winner
 * Jan Mühlstein (born 1949), politician
 * Pavel Chaloupka (born 1959), football player
 * Vladimír Růžička (born 1963), ice hockey player
 * Libor Pimek (born 1963), tennis player
 * Petr Svoboda (born 1966), ice hockey player
 * Bedrich Benes (born 1967), computer scientist
 * Martin Ručinský (born 1971), ice hockey player
 * Jan Vopat (born 1973), ice hockey player
 * Petr Franěk (born 1975), ice hockey player
 * Vlastimil Kroupa (born 1975), ice hockey player
 * Petr Johana (born 1976), football player
 * Marek Židlický (born 1977), ice hockey player
 * Pavel Rosa (born 1977), ice hockey player
 * Kamil Piroš (born 1978), ice hockey player
 * Tomáš Divíšek (born 1979), ice hockey player
 * Markéta Jánská (born 1981), model
 * Tomáš Kůrka (born 1981), ice hockey player
 * Iveta Benešová (born 1983), tennis player
 * Lukáš Kašpar (born 1985), ice hockey player

Twin towns – sister cities
Most is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Marienberg, Germany
 * Meppel, Netherlands
 * 🇭🇺 Veszprém, Hungary

title: Most (city)


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Phra Samut Chedi district

Phra Samut Chedi (พระสมุทรเจดีย์, ) is the westernmost district (amphoe) of Samut Prakan province in central Thailand.

Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the west, clockwise) Bang Khun Thian and Thung Khru of Bangkok, Phra Pradaeng and (across the Chao Phraya River) Mueang Samut Prakan of Samut Prakan Province.

History
The district was created as a minor district (king amphoe) on 15 December 1984 by splitting off five tambons from Mueang district. It was upgraded to a full district on 15 July 1991.

Administration
The district is divided into five sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 42 villages (mubans). There are two townships (thesaban tambons): Phra Samut Chedi covers tambon Pak Klong Bang Pla Kot, and Lae Fa Pha covers parts of tambons Laem Fa Pha and Nai Khlong Bang Pla Kot. There are a further four tambon administrative organizations (TAO), for each tambon except Pak Klong Bang Pla Kot, which has no non-municipal area.

Environment
The district's coastline has seen severe erosion since the 1990s. Coastal mangrove forests were destroyed then and replaced with shrimp farms. Three to five metres of shoreline has been submerged every year since then, resulting in the loss of 4,000 rai of land to the sea.

Thailand lost almost one third of its coastal mangrove forests between 1961 and 2000. According to Thailand's Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, a quarter of the country's shores—about 700 kilometres (500 miles)—are eroding, some "severely".

Places
The district is named after the temple Phra Samut Chedi, which was built 1827–1828 by King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) on an island in the Chao Phraya River—hence its popular name Phra Chedi Klang Nam ('chedi in the middle of the water'). The island is now connected with the left river bank.

At the mouth of the Chao Phraya is Chulachomklao Fort, built in 1819 and came into use only once during the Paknam crisis in the same year. The fort is now accessible to visitors. The HTMS Maeklong, a former training ship of the Royal Thai Navy, is another attraction in the park.

title: Phra Samut Chedi district


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Southern Gothic

Southern Gothic is an artistic subgenre of fiction, country music, film, theatre, and television that are heavily influenced by Gothic elements and the American South. Common themes of Southern Gothic include storytelling of deeply flawed, disturbing, or eccentric characters who may be involved in hoodoo, decayed or derelict settings, grotesque situations, and other sinister events relating to or stemming from poverty, alienation, crime, or violence.

Origins
Elements of a Gothic treatment of the South were first apparent during the ante- and post-bellum 19th century in the grotesques of Henry Clay Lewis and in the de-idealized representations of Mark Twain. The genre was consolidated, however, in the 20th century, when dark romanticism, Southern humor, and the new literary naturalism merged in a new and powerful form of social critique. The thematic material was largely a reflection of the culture existing in the South following the collapse of the Confederacy as a consequence of the Civil War, which left a vacuum in its cultural and religious values. The resulting poverty and lingering bitterness over the loss of the Civil War in the region during Reconstruction exacerbated the racism, excessive violence, and religious extremism endemic to the region.

The term "Southern Gothic" was originally pejorative and dismissive. Ellen Glasgow used the term in this way when she referred to the writings of Erskine Caldwell and William Faulkner. She included the authors in what she called the "Southern Gothic School" in 1935, stating that their work was filled with "aimless violence" and "fantastic nightmares". It was so negatively viewed at first that Eudora Welty said: "They better not call me that!" Another prominent feature in Southern gothic is its relation to voodoo and hoodoo.

Characteristics

The setting of these works is distinctly Southern. Some of these characteristics include exploring madness, decay and despair, continuing pressures of the past upon the present, particularly with the lost ideals of a dispossessed Southern aristocracy and continued racial hostilities.

Southern Gothic particularly focuses on the South's history of slavery, racism, fear of the outside world, violence, a "fixation with the grotesque, and a tension between realistic and supernatural elements".

Similar to the elements of the Gothic castle, Southern Gothic gives us the decay of the plantation in the post-Civil War South.

Villains who disguise themselves as innocents or victims are often found in Southern Gothic literature, especially stories by Flannery O'Connor, such as "Good Country People" and "The Life You Save May Be Your Own", giving us a blurred line between victim and villain.

Southern Gothic literature set out to expose the myth of old Antebellum South, and its narrative of an idyllic past hidden by social, familial, and racial denials and suppressions.

Authors

 * V. C. Andrews (1923–1986)
 * Dorothy Allison (b. 1949)
 * Ambrose Bierce (1842–1914)
 * Poppy Z. Brite (b. 1967)
 * Larry Brown (1951–2004)
 * Erskine Caldwell (1903–1987)
 * Truman Capote (1924–1984, early works)
 * Fred Chappell (b. 1936)
 * Brainard Cheney (1900–1990)
 * Kate Chopin (1850–1904)
 * Harry Crews (1935–2012), who has been called "the Hieronymus Bosch of Southern Gothic"
 * James Dickey (1923–1997)
 * William Faulkner (1897–1962)
 * Tom Franklin (b. 1962)
 * William Gay (1941–2012)
 * Jacqueline Goldfinger (b. 1978)
 * William Goyen (1915–1983)
 * Davis Grubb (1919–1980)
 * Joe R. Lansdale (b. 1951)
 * Charlaine Harris (b. 1951)
 * Beth Henley (b. 1952)
 * Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960)
 * Harper Lee (1926–2016)
 * Robert R. McCammon (b. 1952)
 * Cormac McCarthy (1933–2023)
 * Carson McCullers (1917–1967)
 * Michael McDowell (1950–1999)
 * Flannery O'Connor (1925–1964)
 * Breece D'J Pancake (1952–1979)
 * Walker Percy (1916–1990)
 * Edgar Allan Poe, work usually described as Dark Romanticism (1809–1849)
 * Cherie Priest (b. 1975)
 * Anne Rice (1941–2021), particularly The Feast of All Saints and The Witching Hour
 * Frank Stanford (1948–1978), specifically The Battlefield Where The Moon Says I Love You
 * John Kennedy Toole (1937–1969)
 * Alice Walker (b. 1944)
 * Jesmyn Ward (b. 1977)
 * Eudora Welty (1909–2001)
 * Tennessee Williams (1911–1983)
 * Thomas Wolfe (1900–1938)

A resurgence of Southern Gothic themes in contemporary fiction has been identified in the work of figures like Barry Hannah (1942–2010), Joe R. Lansdale (b. 1951), Helen Ellis (b. 1970) and Cherie Priest (b. 1975).

Other media
A number of films and television programs are also described as being part of the Southern Gothic genre. Some prominent examples are:

Films

 * Haunted Spooks (1920)
 * Swamp Water (1941)
 * A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
 * The Night of the Hunter (1955)
 * Baby Doll (1956)
 * Written on the Wind (1956)
 * The Fugitive Kind (1960)
 * The Young One (1960)
 * To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
 * Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)
 * Mudhoney (1965)
 * Hurry Sundown (1967)
 * The Beguiled (1971)
 * Deliverance (1972)
 * The Legend of Boggy Creek (1972)
 * Macon County Line (1974)
 * The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974)
 * Eaten Alive (1976)
 * Ode to Billy Joe (1976)
 * The Town That Dreaded Sundown (1976)
 * The Evictors (1979)
 * Wise Blood (1979)
 * A Day of Judgment (1981)
 * The Beyond (1981)
 * Southern Comfort (1981)
 * The Color Purple (1985)
 * Crimes of the Heart (1986)
 * Angel Heart (1987)
 * Near Dark (1987)
 * Pumpkinhead (1988)
 * Wild at Heart (1990)
 * Fried Green Tomatoes (1991)
 * Flesh and Bone (1993)
 * Interview with the Vampire (1994)
 * Sling Blade (1996)
 * Eve's Bayou (1997)
 * Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997)
 * George Washington (2000)
 * O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)
 * Frailty (2001)
 * Big Fish (2003)
 * Searching for the Wrong-Eyed Jesus (2003)
 * The Skeleton Key (2005)
 * Black Snake Moan (2007)
 * In the Electric Mist (2009)
 * Winter's Bone (2010)
 * Bernie (2011)
 * Killer Joe (2011/2012)
 * The Paperboy (2012)
 * Mud (2012)
 * Lawless (2012)
 * Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)
 * Jug Face (2013)
 * Beautiful Creatures (2013)
 * Joe (2013)
 * Stoker (2013)
 * Jessabelle (2014)
 * Cold in July (2014)
 * Crimson Peak (2015)
 * Nocturnal Animals (2016)
 * The Beguiled (2017)
 * Mudbound (2017)
 * The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019)
 * The Devil All the Time (2020)
 * Bones and All (2022)
 * Where the Crawdads Sing (film)(2022)
 * May December (2023)

Television series

 * In the Heat of the Night (1988–1995)
 * American Gothic (1995–96)
 * Justified (2010–15)
 * The Heart, She Holler (2011)
 * American Horror Story: Coven (2013–2014)
 * American Horror Story: Freak Show (2014–2015)
 * Rectify (2013–16)
 * The Originals (2013–2018)
 * True Detective, seasons 1 (2014) and 3 (2019)
 * Bloodline, seasons 1 (2015) and 2 (2016)
 * Preacher (2016–2019)
 * American Horror Story: Roanoke (2016)
 * Outcast (2016–2018)
 * Ozark (2017–2022)
 * Hap and Leonard (2016–2018)
 * Outsiders (2016–2017)
 * True Blood (2008–2014)
 * Sharp Objects (2018)
 * Cloak and Dagger (2018–19)
 * The Act (TV series) (2019)
 * Outer Banks (TV series) (2020–)
 * Lovecraft Country (2020)
 * P-Valley (2020–)
 * Interview with the Vampire (2022–)
 * Mayfair Witches (2023–)
 * Atlanta (TV series) (2016–2022)

Video games

 * The Adventures of Bayou Billy (1989)
 * Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers (1993)
 * Night in the Woods (2017)
 * Resident Evil 7: Biohazard (2017)
 * Red Dead Redemption 2 - Chapters 3 and 4 (2018)
 * Hunt: Showdown (2019)
 * Kentucky Route Zero (2020)
 * Norco (2022)

Music
Southern Gothic (also known as Gothic Americana, or Dark Country) is a genre of country music rooted in early jazz, gospel, Americana, gothic rock and post-punk. Its lyrics often focus on dark subject matter. The genre shares thematic connections with the Southern Gothic genre of literature, and indeed the parameters of what makes something Gothic Americana appears to have more in common with literary genres than traditional musical ones. Songs often examine poverty, criminal behavior, religious imagery, death, ghosts, family, lost love, alcohol, murder, the devil, and betrayal.

Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska (1982) was influenced by the writings of Flannery O'Connor. Athens, Georgia–based alternative rock band R.E.M. displayed a Southern Gothic influence with their third album, Fables of the Reconstruction (1985). J.D. Wilkes, frontman of the band Legendary Shack Shakers, described Southern Gothic music as "[taking] an angle that there’s something grotesque and beautiful in the traditions of the South, the backdrop of Southern living." Ethel Cain's music has been described as "Southern Gothic Pop," often focusing on themes such as intergenerational trauma, Christianity, grotesque violence, poverty, and abuse, and she often credits inspiration to the works of Southern Gothic writers such as Flannery O’Connor.

Theatre
The Southern Gothic genre comes to the stage in many different ways.

Southern Gothic fiction writers like Carson McCullers and Zora Neale Hurston adapted their own work for the stage in language-heavy productions of The Member of the Wedding and Spunk.

Playwrights like Tennessee Williams, Beth Henley, and Jacqueline Goldfinger translated elements of Southern Gothic aesthetic to the stage and added theatrical elements such as stylized movement, dialogue, and design. Examples of Southern Gothic plays include the Pulitzer Prize winner A Streetcar Named Desire (1948), the popular The Jacksonian (2014), and the Yale Prize winner Bottle Fly (2018).

In addition, many Southern Gothic novels and short stories have been adapted for the stage by artists who are not the original authors. The Tony Award winning musical The Color Purple by Alice Walker is a prime example of this approach to theatricalization of the Southern Gothic genre. The Color Purple is an adaptation of the novel with music by Brenda Russell, Allee Willis, Stephen Bray, and Marsha Norman which has been performed around the country constantly since its world premiere at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta in 2004.

Photographic representation
The images of Great Depression photographer Walker Evans are seen to evoke the visual depiction of the Southern Gothic; Evans claimed: "I can understand why Southerners are haunted by their own landscape".

Another noted Southern Gothic photographer was surrealist Clarence John Laughlin, who photographed cemeteries, plantations, and other abandoned places throughout the American South (primarily Louisiana) for nearly 40 years.

title: Southern Gothic


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Category:Former lakes

This is the subcategory of former lakes, those that once existed but have since dried up, been claimed by the ocean or an even larger lake, or otherwise disappeared.

See also shrunken lakes — natural lakes that have permanently shrunk considerably in size but still exist in one or more permanent significant remnants.

title: Category:Former lakes


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Bang Sao Thong district

Bang Sao Thong (บางเสาธง; ) is a district (amphoe) of Samut Prakan province in central Thailand.

Geography
Neighboring districts are Lat Krabang to the north, Bang Bo to the east and Bang Phli to the west.

History
Bang Phli New Town (Thai Mueang Mai Bang Phli) was established between 1992 and 1993 as a residential area for high-income families. The area around the new town, comprising three tambons, was then split off from Bang Phli district and formed the new minor district (king amphoe), becoming effective on 1 April 1995.

The Thai government, on 15 May 2007, upgraded all 81 minor districts to full districts. On 24 August 2007 the upgrade became official.

Economy
Nissan has an automobile factory in the district. Nissan produces hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) there based on its e-Power technology as well as batteries for electric vehicles. It has a production capacity of 370,000 vehicles a year.

Administration
The district is divided into three sub-districts (tambon), which are further subdivided into 39 villages (muban). Bang Sao Thong is a township (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of tambon Bang Sao Thong and Sisa Chorakhe Yai. Each of the tambons has a tambon administrative organization (TAO) responsible for non-municipal areas.

title: Bang Sao Thong district


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Parameters

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title: Template:Swatch


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Lewisport

Lewisport may refer to:

 * Lewisport, Kentucky
 * Lewisporte, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Lewisport, Virginia, early name of what is now West Union, West Virginia

title: Lewisport


text:
Bogan

Bogan is Australian and New Zealand slang for a person whose speech, clothing, attitude and behaviour are considered unrefined or unsophisticated. Depending on the context, the term can be pejorative or self-deprecating. The prevalence of the term bogan has also been associated with changing social attitudes towards social class in Australia.

Since the 1980s, the bogan has become a very well-recognised subculture, often as an example of bad taste. It has antecedents in the Australian larrikin and ocker, and various localised names exist that describe the same or very similar people to the bogan.

History
The origin of the term bogan is unclear; both the Macquarie Dictionary and the Australian Oxford Dictionary cite the origin as unknown. Some Sydney residents' recollection is that the term is based on the concept that residents of the western suburbs (stereotyped as "Westies") displayed what are now termed "bogan" characteristics and that an individual who displayed these characteristics to a strong extent was as "west" as the Bogan River in western New South Wales. According to another anecdote, the term emerged in Melbourne's outer-western and outer-eastern suburbs in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The term became widely known in the late 1980s when the teenage character Kylie Mole (played by Mary-Anne Fahey), in the Australian sketch comedy television series The Comedy Company, frequently used the term to disparage anyone she disliked. The same program included a sketch about a magazine called Bogue (a parody of Vogue), which featured traditional bogans.

The Australian National Dictionary Centre (ANDC) included the word in its Australian dictionary project in 1991 and said the earliest use they found was in the September 1985 issue of surfing magazine Tracks: "So what if I have a Mohawk and wear Dr. Martens (boots for all you uninformed bogans)?"

In 2019, Bruce Moore of the Australian National University published a piece in The Conversation, in which he suggested an earlier usage or origin of the word, discovered by historian Helen Doyle: an article in a student magazine published at Melbourne's Xavier College in 1984, which describes a fictional toy—the "bogan doll"—which possesses many characteristics of the bogan stereotype.

There are places in western New South Wales that contain bogan in their name—for example Bogan Shire, the Bogan River and the rural village of Bogan Gate. Bogan Gate, for example, is derived from the local Aboriginal word meaning "the birthplace of a notable headman of the local tribe". Residents of streets such as Bogan Place and Bogan Road have been moved to action by the negative connotations of their street names and lobbied to rename them, prompting Ku-ring-gai mayor Nick Ebbeck to joke that he was a bit of a bogan himself. The 1902 poem "City of Dreadful Thirst" by Australian poet Banjo Paterson makes reference to a "Bogan shower" as a term meaning "three raindrops and some dust", although this is likely a reference to the dry area around the Bogan River. Makeshift gates in a rural fence in northwest NSW were known as bogan gates at least as early as the 1960s.

Concept
Some features regularly associated with the bogan stereotype include residing in the outer working class suburbs of larger cities, having teeth that have not had dental care due to cost, having an anti-authoritarian or jingoistic stance, as well as being interested in classic rock music, hoon-driving and excessive alcohol consumption.

Certain types of clothing are stereotypically associated with bogans, including flannelette shirts, blue singlets, Stubbie shorts, fluoro (abbreviated from "fluorescent") workwear, ugg boots, jeans and black leggings.

Vehicles, such as earlier Holdens from FJ to HQ, Toranas, some Commodores, (more so sports variants, especially Peter Brock Commodores), SS models, HSV, and Ford Falcon right up to AU models, particularly modified or poorly-maintained examples, also have similar associations.

A person described as a bogan may refuse to conform to middle-class standards of taste, dietary habits, leisure activities, styles of dress and ways of speaking, and might be looked down upon by some groups due to preconceived perceptions and biases which can often exacerbate the hardships faced by disadvantaged people.

Mel Campbell argued in a 2006 article in The Sydney Morning Herald that bogan (including "cashed-up bogan") is a nebulous, personal concept that is frequently used in a process by which "we use the idea of the bogan to quarantine ideas of Australianness that alarm or discomfort us. It's a way of erecting imaginary cultural barriers between 'us' and 'them'." Campbell argues that though many people believe they know exactly what a bogan is and what their characteristics might be, there is no defined set of characteristics of a bogan: the speaker imagines the denoted person to be different from, and less cultured than, themselves. Campbell considered "cashed-up bogan" to be a "stupid term". A similar argument is made by David Nichols, author of The Bogan Delusion (2011), who says that people have "created this creature that is a lesser human being to express their interclass hatred".

Non-pejorative usage
The term bogan has sometimes been used favourably to indicate pride in being rough around the edges.

In 2002, Michelle Griffin discussed the fact that "bogan" is no longer just being used as an insult, but is in fact a way to identify with the "Aussie" culture that many Anglo‐Australian citizens are proud of. In the past, bogan was a term of disdain, but nowadays it has become "cool" to be a bogan.

Radio station Triple J held a "National Bogan Day" on 28 June 2002, which they commemorated by playing music by rock bands such as Cold Chisel, Midnight Oil, Rose Tattoo and AC/DC.

In a 2011 study, linguistics students at the University of Auckland found that the term was likely to be thought of as positive by people under the age of 30, compared with over-30s who generally felt it was more of a negative term.

Television
The typical bogan has been portrayed on television in shows such as Outrageous Fortune, Bogan Hunters, Pizza, Housos, Bogan Pride, Kath & Kim, and Upper Middle Bogan.

Peter (pronounced 'Poi-da') was a recurring bogan character played by Eric Bana on 1990s sketch comedy show Full Frontal.

Film
In the 2016 film Suicide Squad, DC Comics villain Captain Boomerang—a classically Australian character—is depicted as having a bogan-esque personality.

Internet
The popular website (and 2010 bestselling book) Things Bogans Like contains 250 articles on various things that bogans are claimed to like, and suggests that a "bogan today defies income, class, race, creed, gender and logic".

In 2007 Microsoft deemed bogan to be one of twenty colloquialisms most relevant to Australian users when the word was added to the dictionary of Microsoft Office 2007. The word entered the Oxford English Dictionary in June 2012.

The word bogan attracts negative attention online towards Anglo-Australians, and consequently boganbroadcast is actively campaigning to reclaim the term in a positive way.

Apps
An app known as "The Bogan Test" has been created to examine a person's likelihood to fall within the boundaries of the bogan category.

Music
Melbourne band This Is Serious Mum (TISM) sing about discrimination from coming from "the Western Suburbs" in "The History of Western Civilization" on the 'Hot Dogma' album released in 1990.

Australian ska-punk band Area-7 achieved one of their biggest hits with the song "Nobody Likes A Bogan", released in 2002.

Ben Folds included the lyric "Now I see the Bogans at the motor race" in his song "Adelaide" from his 'Super D' EP, released in 2004.

Use in marketing
"CUB" or "cashed up bogan" was used by social analyst David Chalke in 2006 to describe people of a blue collar background now earning a high salary and spending their earnings on expensive consumer items as a matter of conspicuous consumption. The media have cited tennis player Lleyton Hewitt and his actress wife, Bec Cartwright, as examples. Subsequently, the Kaesler Winery, in the Barossa Valley, released a Shiraz wine under the name Bogan.

Regional equivalent terms
The Courier-Mail described "bogan" as peerless, and that it warrants acceptance as an Australian keyword. It also wrote "There are plenty of other words purporting to describe the same social and cultural subset or behaviour, but 'bogan' really does stand alone".

Although the term "bogan" is understood across Australia and New Zealand, certain regions have their own slang terms for the same group of people. These terms include:

 * "Bevan" or "Bev" in Queensland.
 * "Booner" in Canberra.
 * "Chigger" (also "chigga" or "chig") in Tasmania. This appears to be a reference to the Hobart suburb of Chigwell.
 * "Scozza" in Geelong, Victoria, Australia.

"Westie" or "westy" is not synonymous with bogan, although westies are often stereotyped as being bogans. "Westie" predates bogan, originating in Sydney in the 1970s to refer to people from that city's western suburbs. As Sydney's western suburbs are predominantly working class blue collar areas, the term connotes a predominantly working class blue collar person – someone with little education, little taste, and very limited horizons. "Westie" is now in wide use in many cities and towns across both Australia and New Zealand, where it especially refers to the denizens of West Auckland.

title: Bogan