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User talk:Jambo~enwiki

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title: User talk:Jambo~enwiki


text: User talk:193.77.122.102

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:193.77.122.102


text:
User talk:Jelammers

Hello Jelammers, welcome to Wikipedia. Regarding your question about offensive content, we don't have a policy that precludes it. See our Content disclaimer for an explanation, and Wikipedia talk:Content disclaimer for a lot of discussion on this issue. There was also some discussion at Offensive content about introducing flags so that users could choose to hide such content if they wanted to. If you have any more questions, please ask at the help desk or on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. Angela. 23:55, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey Jelammers, good for vandalism fighting. 203.199.213.194 has not made any recent edits (last on 2/11/04), so there is little point in banning this user. It may also be a dynamic IP, and we'd be punishing other users. Thanks for reverting the damage, anyway. JFW | T@lk  23:19, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of SBS Technologies

A tag has been placed on SBS Technologies requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Percussive Arts Society

A tag has been placed on Percussive Arts Society, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising that only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an acceptable page. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item G11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

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title: User talk:Jelammers


text: Category:Homebuilt aircraft

title: Category:Homebuilt aircraft


text:
Talk:Leopold von Ranke

Untitled
In the German Wikipedia is a bigger text to Ranke. User: Mario todte

Ranke and Hegel
I saw in some passing reference on the internet that Ranke and Hegel were at one point both on the same staff at Berlin (which university?) and were at the head of different faculty factions. Can this be confirmed? If it is true it is a very interesting point, since both Hegel and Ranke have very explicit attacks at each other in some of their fundamental writings, and it would add some context to their disagreement of ideas as well. --Fastfission 02:52, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Connection to E.H. Carr?
Ranke was also the great-uncle of British historian Edward Hallett Carr.

I just removed the above sentence. I guess it's technically possible, but I'd never heard that, and it's not cited. Can anyone confirm this so it can go back in? -- TheMightyQuill 18:30, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

I've definitely heard that but I don't have a source unfortunately. Chris 14/06/11 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.184.185.62 (talk) 06:35, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

Has some other famous historian or scholar cited him as being the "father of scientific history"? I would say Edward Gibbon was the true holder of the title. What set them apart?

Grammatical nit
Can some linguist or native German speaker explain to why Ranke is traditionally quoted as having said, "... wie es eigentlich gewesen," rather than "wie es eigentlich gewesen war" — in other words, why no auxiliary verb? I'm puzzled. Sca (talk) 22:24, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't be puzzled. In former times, it was possible to abbreviate the German sentence like this, at least in literary language. The complete verb form was meant to be wie es eigentlich gewesen ist. In German poems you may find many more examples for this. Sorry that I cannot give you a more detailed explanation. From today's perspective (and in the ears of a German speaker), it is actually the shortened phrase which adds the specific flavour to Ranke's famous quote. --DaQuirin (talk) 18:20, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Originally it was wie es eigentlich gewesen. In university I even lost points on that one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.134.141.13 (talk) 08:05, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Your comment is not merely a grammatical nit, and the "poetic language" and "abbreviate" explanations are not fully sufficient.  It is very difficult to translate Ranke's statement to contemporary English for a number of reasons-- it "takes part" (a lieu) in a longer sentence,  and makes with reference to antecedents in other sentences/statements (at least);  there is not necessarily the same subject-verb distinction in Ranke's German,  nor the same grammar,  as in present-day German or English;  Ranke is referencing a political and personal situation (Ranke's "office" in this case was the politically appointed position of historian to the court).  It's hard to get these sorts of things across in translation-- especially the "sound bite" of a sentence-- and contemporary English translations tend to phrasings that tend to have a contemporary ring and serve present-day purposes,  rather than 'as it really took place.'
 * We'd probably due well to quote more of the original in German, and translate at least the whole sentence (Satz,  statement)  instead of a fragment.  74.223.191.2 (talk) 01:12, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

The text currently contains the parenthetical explanation: "(Note that Ranke wrote "wie es eigentlich gewesen", rather than the more common German phrase "wie es eigentlich gewesen ist". His omission of the final "ist" ("was") suggests, according to some scholars, a less literal meaning.)"

I highly doubt that "some scholars" have suggested that this auxiliary-less construction, typical for academic German in the first half of the 19th century, would be considered "less literal". In fact, in comparable syntactic contexts, we would find the same construction in von Ranke's writing and in the writing of his contemporaries, as an above commenter points out. If some scholar has actually written an article about the subject, there should be a citation here. Otherwise this parenthetical sentence should be removed; it is likely speculation based on ignorance of 19th-century scholarly German written style. 130.231.116.205 (talk) 10:52, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

DaQuirin and this last commentator are correct. In nineteenth century academic German, the auxiliary verb (in this case, "ist") was often omitted when a compound verb occurs at the end of a sentence; it is simply assumed. Today correct German would include the "ist"; in the nineteenth century it would be routinely omitted. Ajrocke (talk) 12:20, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Ranke and Positivism
I feel the tone of the article privileges an outdated anglo-american idea that Ranke was a positivist whose essential contribution to historiography was his methodology and scientific aspirations. Contemporary scholarship in the West is accepting now what Germans have long known, which is that Ranke was anything but a positivist. Seen in his own context, his methodological innovations only followed from an attempt to bring the principles of visual perception to the study of the past, as J. D. Braw has argued. Put simply, we must distinguish between what Ranke was and how we have used him: two very different things. While perhaps applicable to his legacy, it is misleading and does a disservice to Ranke to label him a positivist in the first line when this is being wholly revisited if not rejected outright by many contemporary historians; more should be made of the other interpretations of Ranke's legacy which now have more credence. I am prepared to make some tweaks in this direction myself when I have some time; just putting it out there for discussion for now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.169.16.164 (talk) 02:45, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. It is quite obvious even from his own work that Ranke was not a positivist. I aim to rectify this in my updated version by removing references to him as such and expanding on the various interpretations of his purported advocacy of "empirical" history. ✦ JH ✦ 08:59, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Use of Conservatism template
Can anyone justify the use of the Conservatism template? What about Ranke is particularly conservative or fits him into this category? I would argue that, on the contrary, Ranke's approach to history was radical and he himself described it as such. I think the box ought to be removed unless someone can put a case forward arguing otherwise. John S Holloway (talk) 02:25, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree--he was a major innovator in methodology and teaching. Rjensen (talk) 03:36, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

According to Iggers and Von Moltke, Ranke was against democratic reform (such as the implementation of universal suffrage) and social revolution, because he believed that nation-states have an inner principle and purpose, according to which they should developed. He dismissed reforms and revolutions as radical alterations of the essence of a nation's development, as it was intended by God. See in particular: Georg G. Iggers and Konrad von Moltke, Leopold von Ranke: the Theory and Practice of History (The Bobbs-Merrill Company: Indianapolis and New York, 1973), pages: xxxiv-xxxv. It can still be argued whether his influence on politics is sufficient to justify the Conservatism template, as I believe he has to be seen as a historian rather than a politician. But going by this (and other sources as well) the template isn't very inaccurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cruon (talk • contribs) 17:01, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The article does briefly cover his politics (in #Overview), but I doubt he is notable enough to the conservative movement to merit inclusion in the Conservatism sidebar template, which in turn is the only reason the sidebar is included in the article (added by an editor systematically working through all the people in the sidebar who didn't have the sidebar in their article in this edit). He was added to the template by an IP editor (in this edit) as well as Nikolay Karamzin, Jaime Balmes, Louis Veuillot, Gustave Le Bon, Maurice Barrès, Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, Ivan Ilyin, Henri Massis and Ramiro de Maeztu, in what looks to me less a case of "who are the important figures in conservatism", and more of "which other people on Wikipedia were conservatives". ‑‑ xensyria T 18:01, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

Article Rewrite
Several major problems have been identified with this article and now I have discovered that much of the existing biographical information has been copied word-for-word from an external website (http://www.readanybook.com/author/ranke-leopold-von-12234). Most of the rest is unverifiable because no source is given. I am therefore resolved to rewrite this article, incorporating a number of significant improvements, which I have begun doing in my workspace area. Suggestions and ideas are very welcome. ✦ JH ✦ 07:58, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
 * This rewrite seems to have been abandoned. Please would an interested editor assess the material added at User:John S Holloway/workspace/Leopold von Ranke, incorporate what is useful, redirect that WP:COPYARTICLE, and leave a note here when done? – Fayenatic  L ondon 17:39, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

Spam
This article mostly consists of Ranke, telling us how clever Ranke is.

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Portraits

The London National Portrait Gallery has a photograph (online) by GW Watkins from the 1850s, which is well worth a look, especially in comparison with the two images this article offers. Is it really impossible to find a less mythologising free-to-use image?Delahays (talk) 09:43, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leopold von Ranke


text:
User talk:Jcb (usurped)

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title: User talk:Jcb (usurped)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Billboard (advertising)/archive1

Billboard (advertising)
This article is fantastically detailed, interesting, well-written, good use of images...it's got it all. I've done a little work on it, but not much--User:Jkeiser gets the credit. Meelar 20:57, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Neutral. Some of the external links seem to be duplicated; e.g. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/cru/resfinds/drf168-00.asp is linked both inline and in the "External links" section. Also, apart from the link to the Scottish study, the article really only discusses billboards in the US; I think it could do with some information on billboards in other countries to be well-rounded. . I found the article interesting, though. — Matt 22:14, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC) ...There's now some mention of Athens and London billboards, which I think helps. — Matt 19:10, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Object: 1. Metric measurements should be provided, in conjunction with Imperial ones, if not alone. 2. The article does not use words where appropriate ("Modern billboards sport technology that can show 3 different messages in succession.") 3. The section "Advertising style" includes a misuse of the word "hopefully." 4. The article uses first person. 5. The article uses second person. 6. "Reasons" is bolded for no apparent reason. 7. The article is Americo-centric. -- Emsworth 22:59, Jun 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * "Hopefully" is virtually never used today in the definition I assume you are saying is not misuse, i.e. "in a hopeful manner." Rather, it is almost always used, like other adverbial modifiers like frankly or mercifully or thankfully, as a sentence adverb.  The disdain of this latter usage as "incorrect" or "misuse" has become shibboleth among grammar conservatives, who do not deny that sentence adverbs are a useful part of the language, but merely contend that this one word hopefully does not get to participate in that construction.
 * Let's compare the sentence as it was:
 * Billboard advertisements are designed to catch a person's attention and leave a memorable impression very quickly, hopefully leaving the reader thinking about the advertisement after they have driven past it.
 * to how it now reads:
 * Billboard advertisements are designed to catch a person's attention and leave a memorable impression very quickly, and leave the reader thinking about the advertisement after they have driven past it.
 * Is it now conclusively better? I think not (even putting aside the awkwardness of the serial use of and leave).  Whereas before, it linked the two clauses, designed feature to hoped effect, it now flattens the sentence into three clauses, all subordinate to designed to.  You've lost information, all in the name of avoiding a taboo word.
 * Perhaps to some grammar conservatives' dismay, there is no English Language Academy. English is as English is used.  "Hopefully" is overwhelmingly used as a sentence modifier.  (There's another sentence modifier there.  Would you prefer I said it was "used as a sentence modifier in overwhelming frequency?")  There is little or no ambiguity in that usage.  It serves in a way that no other substitute does.  The idea that there are thoughts that simply cannot be expressed in English because someone finds the construction objectionable is absurd.--TreyHarris 01:36, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I have gone ahead and fixed the objections and nitpicks from above, except: 1. Amero-centricism. The article is definitely focused towards the U.S., mostly due to the availability of U.S. sources.  I will understand if that is a disqualifying factor.  2. I could not find any first person and second person in the article. 3. I left the billboard measurements in feet since they are intrinsic to the billboard itself (it would be a bit like saying my 6L engine is a 6.34013 Quart engine).  Jkeiser 23:47, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * My objection to the units of measurement used is withdrawn. I have addressed the first and second person issues (in the section "What do we put on billboards"). -- Emsworth 00:20, Jun 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Then you object to the article still, but only on the grounds that The article is Americo-centric? --TreyHarris 01:36, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I would withdraw the objection if some information on billboards outside the US is added. I would not continue to object if the article merely concentrates more on American billboards. Currently, however, there is almost no information on billboards elsewhere. -- Emsworth 13:13, Jun 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I will search around today. I found some interesting information on Athens, billboards and the Olympic Games, but as for base statistics, given how hard it was to find information on the number of billboards in the U.S., I am not particularly optimistic that I will find this sort of information for other countries.  Jkeiser 16:15, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I have found data about billboards in Britain and Greece and added them to the article. Jkeiser 06:42, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Now that the article does not contain solely American material, I withdraw the objection. -- Emsworth 19:05, Jun 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Object . Multiple images are simply taken from other websites.  anthony (see warning)
 * All of them were taken from websites: all authors have been emailed. Most have given permission.  This is fair use, however, at least from what I am told in the IRC channel.  --Jkeiser 06:11, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * It may or may not be fair use, but I think we should take our own pictures rather than taking them from other websites. In the cases where permission under the GFDL has been given this should be noted on the image pages and is acceptable.  These so called "fair use" images are easily replacible by more free images and this should be done before this article is featured. anthony (see warning)
 * I'm inclined to agree with Anthony in this case - the fair-use merit of those images is debatable, and (in this case) I don't think it would be hard to replace them. →Raul654 15:14, Jun 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've removed some of the images, and replaced one of them with a GFDL-equivalent. The article now has slightly fewer images, but still, IMO, warrants featured status. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:24, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that Image:Wall Drug Sign.jpg is probably still reliant on fair use/fair dealing, as it includes the presumably copyrighted billboard, but this kind of incidental fair use I won't object to as it is quite likely to be reusable, even in a commercial encyclopedia. As of the current revision I remove my objection. anthony (see warning) 10:15, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * It was my understanding that a personal photo of a corporate logo (a Wall Drug sign or Golden Arch) could still be licenced under the GFDL, and not be fair use. Is this wrong? [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 13:58, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)


text: Template:Analgesics

title: Template:Analgesics


text:
Gambino

Gambino is an Italian surname. Notable persons with that surname include:

Surname

 * Alberto Gambino (1899–1987), Argentine conductor
 * Antonella Gambino (born 1990), Argentine handball player
 * Domenico Gambino (1890–1968), Italian actor, screenwriter, and film director
 * Giuseppe Gambino (born 1968), Swiss football defender
 * Lu Gambino (1923–2003), American football player
 * Mike Gambino (born 1977), college baseball coach
 * Raffaello Gambino (1928–1989), Italian water polo player
 * Richard Gambino (1939–2024), American author and educator
 * Richard J. Gambino (1935–2014), American material scientist
 * Roberto Gambino (born 1962), Italian architect and politician
 * Salvatore Gambino (born 1983), Italian-German football player
 * Some members of the Gambino crime family, including:
 * Carlo Gambino (1902–1976), New York mobster and former boss of the crime family
 * Emanuel Gambino, New York mobster and nephew of Carlo Gambino
 * Giuseppe Giacomo Gambino (1941–1996), member of the Mafia and head of the San Lorenzo mandamento
 * John Gambino (1940–2017), Sicilian mobster who operated in New Jersey
 * Rosario Gambino (born 1942), Sicilian mobster imprisoned on drug charges
 * Thomas Gambino (1929–2023), son of Carlo Gambino and caporegime in the Gambino crime family

Other uses

 * Childish Gambino, the former stage name of Donald Glover (born 1983)
 * Gambino Family (group), an American hip hop group

title: Gambino


text:
KTVI

KTVI (channel 2) is a television station in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside CW owned-and-operated station KPLR-TV (channel 11). The two stations share studios on Ball Drive in Maryland Heights; KTVI's transmitter is located in Sappington, Missouri.

As WTVI
The station first signed on the air by Signal Hill Telecasting Corporation on August 10, 1953, as WTVI, broadcasting on UHF channel 54. It was originally licensed to Belleville, Illinois (across the Mississippi River from St. Louis), and was the second television station in the St. Louis market after KSD-TV (channel 5, now KSDK) on February 8, 1947. The station's first broadcast was a baseball game between the St. Louis Browns and Cincinnati Reds, announced by Buddy Blattner, Bill Durney and Milo Hamilton. It operated as a primary CBS affiliate, and held secondary affiliations with ABC and DuMont. DuMont affiliation was agreed to in February 1953 to replace KSD-TV. The station was project to sign on May 15, 1953. The station originally operated from studios located in Alton, Illinois. The CBS affiliation moved to KWK-TV (channel 4, now KMOV) when it debuted on July 8, 1954; more or less by default, WTVI became a primary ABC affiliate.

As KTVI
The station moved to UHF channel 36, and relocated its city of license to St. Louis on April 9, 1955, keeping the base "TVI" letters as part of its callsign while flipping the first assigned letter from "W" to "K" with this switch of sides of the Mississippi River, thus changing to the current KTVI. It moved its operations to facilities located in the Clayton-Tamm/Dogtown neighborhood in west St. Louis (off present-day I-64/US 40 at the intersection of Berthold, Oakland, and Hampton Avenues). However, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had recently changed its regulations so that the station could have kept its license in Belleville even while moving its main studio to St. Louis. The WTVI calls are currently used by a PBS member station in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The station lost DuMont programming when the network ceased operations in 1956, making KTVI an exclusive ABC affiliate. As the FCC would not require television sets to include UHF tuners until 1961, on April 15, 1957, KTVI moved to VHF channel 2, something it had attempted to do soon after moving to St. Louis–the channel 2 allocation had been reassigned from Springfield, Illinois, under pressure from the Truman administration, originally done so as not to interfere with CBS-owned WBBM-TV in Chicago.

For many years, the station was owned by the Newhouse newspaper chain (now Advance Publications), owners of the now-defunct St. Louis Globe-Democrat. In 1980, Newhouse exited from broadcasting, and sold KTVI and its other television outlets to the Los Angeles-based Times Mirror Company. In March 1993, in order for the company to concentrate on its newspaper and cable television system franchises, Times Mirror sold KTVI and its three sister stations—fellow CBS affiliates KTBC in Austin and KDFW-TV in Dallas–Fort Worth and NBC affiliate WVTM-TV in Birmingham—to Argyle Television Holdings in a two-part deal for $335 million in cash and securities. Under the transaction's purchase option structure, WVTM and KTVI were the first two stations that Argyle sold to New World, which the latter purchased for a combined $80 million. (It would later respectively acquire KDFW and KTBC from the group for $335 million in cash and securities). The purchase of the entire group was completed in December of that year following securement of financing for the deal.

New World Communications ownership
On May 23, 1994, as part of a $500-million overall deal in which network parent News Corporation also purchased a 20% equity interest in the group, New World signed a long-term affiliation agreement with Fox to switch thirteen television stations—five that New World had already owned and eight that the company was in the process of acquiring through separate deals with Great American Communications and Argyle Television Holdings (which New World purchased one week later in a purchase option-structured deal for $717 million), including KTVI—to the network. The stations involved in the agreement—all of which were affiliated with one of the three major broadcast networks (CBS, ABC and NBC)—would become Fox affiliates once individual affiliation contracts with each of the stations' existing network partners had expired. (WVTM did not switch as WBRC, which was placed in a blind trust, was later sold to Fox outright as New World could not keep both due to FCC rules at the time that forbade duopolies). The deal was motivated by the National Football League (NFL)'s awarding of the rights to the National Football Conference (NFC) television package to Fox on December 18, 1993, in which the conference's broadcast television rights moved to the network effective with the 1994 NFL season, ending a 38-year relationship with CBS.

ABC had a fourteen-month leeway to find a new affiliate in St. Louis, as its contract with KTVI did not expire until July 1, 1995; its affiliation contracts expired only one month after as CBS's agreement with KDFW and KTBC was scheduled to expire, giving the networks that were already affiliated with the three former Argyle stations slated to switch to Fox a longer grace period to find new affiliates than CBS, NBC and/or ABC were given in most of the other markets affected by the Fox-New World deal (ABC's affiliation contracts with WGHP and WBRC ended even later, respectively expiring in September 1995 and September 1996). Of ABC's options, four prospects were automatically eliminated: KSDK was in the middle of a long-term affiliation agreement between its owner at the time, Multimedia Broadcasting, and NBC; KMOV was under a long-term agreement between CBS and Paramount Stations Group (which was in the process of selling KMOV and its four other major network affiliates to focus on its Fox-affiliated and independent stations that were set to become charter affiliates of group parent Viacom's then-upstart United Paramount Network [ UPN ] ); and KNLC (channel 24, now a MeTV owned-and-operated station) and WHSL (channel 46, now Ion Television O&O WRBU) were respectively owned by the locally based New Life Christian Church and the Home Shopping Network at the time, and both stations had inferior signals, making either unlikely choices as even last-ditch options. This left independent station KPLR-TV (channel 11, now a CW owned-and-operated station) and existing Fox station KDNL-TV (channel 30) as the only viable options with which ABC could reach an affiliation agreement. The network first approached KPLR about negotiating an affiliation deal, ultimately to be turned down by its then-owner Koplar Communications. On August 25, 1994, River City Broadcasting reached an agreement with ABC to shift the network's affiliation rights to KDNL.

KTVI switched to Fox on August 7, 1995, ending its relationship with ABC after 42 years; concurrently, ABC programming moved to KDNL-TV. The last ABC program to air on KTVI was an ABC Sunday Night Movie presentation of Survive the Savage Sea at 8 p.m. Central Time on August 6. As with most of the other New World-owned stations affected by the agreement with Fox, KTVI retained its longtime "Channel 2" branding upon the affiliation switch, with references to the Fox logo and name limited in most on-air imaging; it also retained the news branding it had been using before it joined the network—in its case, The 2 News Team, which the station adopted in November 1990 as an ABC affiliate. In addition to expanding its local news programming at the time it joined Fox, the station replaced ABC daytime and late-night programs that migrated to KDNL with an expanded slate of syndicated talk shows as well as some documentary-based reality series and off-network sitcoms, and also acquired some syndicated film packages and first-run and off-network syndicated drama series for broadcast in weekend afternoon timeslots on weeks when Fox did not provide sports programming.

News Corporation/Fox ownership
On July 17, 1996, News Corporation announced that it would acquire New World in an all-stock transaction worth $2.48 billion, with the latter company's ten Fox affiliates being folded into the former's Fox Television Stations subsidiary, making them all owned-and-operated stations of the network (the New World Communications name continued as a licensing purpose corporation for KTVI and its sister stations until 2007 under Fox, and from 2009 to 2011 under Local TV ownership); upon the completion of the merger on January 22, 1997, KTVI became the first network-owned station in the St. Louis market since CBS sold KMOX-TV (which became what is now KMOV concurrent to the sale) to Viacom in 1986. Under Fox ownership, programming began to change very slightly as KTVI (through Fox) began to add stronger first-run syndicated shows as well as stronger off-network sitcoms to the programming mix.

KTVI first launched its website on November 1, 1999, which featured a design similar to other sites belonging to Fox's owned-and-operated stations at the time and focused on promotional and programming content initially, but eventually incorporated news content. The website was migrated to the MyFox platform on September 14, 2006. On October 15, 2007, KTVI launched STLMoms.com, a website aimed at St. Louis area mothers, whose concept spun off from a popular blog featured on the station's main website. Subsequently, on June 2, 2008, KTVI launched GarageSaleSTL.com, a free website that primarily features a Google-based map of viewer-submitted garage sales (the site has since been discontinued).

Local TV and Tribune ownership
On December 22, 2007, Fox sold KTVI and seven other owned-and-operated stations—WDAF-TV in Kansas City, WBRC in Birmingham, WGHP in Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, WJW in Cleveland, WITI in Milwaukee, KDVR in Denver and KSTU in Salt Lake City—to Local TV (a broadcast holding company operated by private equity firm Oak Hill Capital Partners that was formed on May 7 of that year to assume ownership of the broadcasting division of The New York Times Company) for $1.1 billion; the sale was finalized on July 14, 2008. On February 1, 2012, WJW redesigned its web site under the new WordPress-hosted design implemented months earlier by sister stations WDAF and WITI, replacing the site design previously used for the Local TV stations that was developed by Tribune Interactive (now Tribune Digital). On July 1, 2013, the Tribune Company (which in 2008, had formed a joint management agreement involving its Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary and Local TV to operate stations owned by both companies and provide web hosting, technical and engineering services to those run by the latter group) acquired the Local TV stations for $2.75 billion; the sale was completed on December 27.

On September 17, 2008, Local TV LLC entered into a local marketing agreement with Tribune Broadcasting, under which it assumed some operational responsibilities for CW affiliate KPLR-TV. The agreement, which took effect on October 1, allowed KTVI to provide advertising and promotional services as well as news operations for KPLR, while Tribune would retain responsibilities over channel 11's programming (although both stations would share certain syndicated programs), master control and production services. The LMA resulted from the formation of a "broadcast management company" that was created to provide management services to stations owned by both Tribune and Local TV. Although it was the senior partner in the agreement, KTVI vacated its longtime studios in the Clayton-Tamm/Dogtown neighborhood on St. Louis' west side and moved its operations to KPLR's facility in Maryland Heights (KPLR moved to that building, the larger of the two facilities, in 2003; whereas KTVI had been operating from the Berthold studios for nearly 50 years).

On July 1, 2013, Tribune acquired KTVI and Local TV's eighteen other television stations outright for $2.75 billion; the sale received FCC approval on December 20, and was completed on December 27, creating the first legal station duopoly in the St. Louis market between KTVI and KPLR. As FCC rules prohibit the common ownership of two of the four highest-rated television stations in the same market, Tribune's direct purchase of KTVI to form a duopoly with KPLR was permissible because KPLR ranked in fifth place in total day ratings at the time of the purchase. (In recent years, KPLR and KDNL – which ranked fourth in the ratings at that time – have rotated between fourth and fifth place in total day viewership due to the weaker viewership of KDNL's programming since its news department was shut down by owner Sinclair Broadcast Group in 2001); St. Louis also has only nine full-power television stations, seven of which are commercial outlets, making this the only legal duopoly allowable in the market under FCC rules.

Aborted sale to Sinclair; sale to Nexstar
Sinclair—which has owned KDNL-TV since the group's 1996 acquisition of its previous corporate parent River City Broadcasting—entered into an agreement to acquire Tribune Media on May 8, 2017, for $3.9 billion, plus the assumption of $2.7 billion in Tribune debt. Prohibited from owning all three stations, Sinclair would have been required to sell KPLR to a third party to comply with ownership rules and alleviate potential antitrust issues. The deal received significant scrutiny over Sinclair's forthrightness in its applications to sell certain conflict properties, prompting the FCC to designate it for hearing and leading Tribune to terminate the deal and sue Sinclair for breach of contract.

Following the Sinclair deal's collapse, Nexstar Media Group of Irving, Texas, announced its purchase of Tribune Media on December 3, 2018, for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. The sale was completed on September 19, 2019.

Programming
KTVI currently carries the majority of the Fox network schedule; however, it delays the network's Saturday late night block (currently, as of September 2016, consisting of reruns of Fox prime time reality series) by a half-hour in order to air its 10 p.m. newscast. The station may preempt some Fox programs in order to air long-form breaking news or severe weather coverage, although live sports events may require such coverage to air simultaneously with the scheduled Fox Sports telecast. Fox prime time shows preempted or otherwise interrupted by such content may either be rebroadcast on tape delay over KTVI's main channel in place of syndicated programs normally shown during overnight timeslots. Station personnel also gives viewers who subscribe to AT&T U-verse, DirecTV, Dish Network and other pay television providers within the KTVI viewing area the option of watching the affected shows on the Fox Now streaming platforms or its cable/satellite video-on-demand service the day after their initial airing.

The only two notable program preemptions that KTVI made as a Fox affiliate—outside of those necessitated by extended breaking news or severe weather coverage, special programming, or other scheduling conflicts—have been the brief one of the Fox Kids block and that of the secondary Sunday morning NFL pre-game show Fox NFL Kickoff, of which KTVI had declined carriage for the 2015 regular season (the program moved to Fox from Fox Sports 1 in September 2015), with the station's second digital subchannel airing it instead in its network-recommended time slot; KTVI began clearing Fox NFL Kickoff in September 2016.

Fox children's programming
Unlike most of its sister stations under its former New World ownership, KTVI has carried Fox's children's programming. Upon joining the network in August 1995, it opted not to run the Fox Kids weekday afternoon and Saturday morning blocks, instead airing children's programs acquired via syndication on weekend mornings (the preemptions of Fox Kids by the New World stations led the network to change its carriage policies to allow Fox stations uninterested in carrying the block the right of first refusal to transfer the local rights to another station; by 2001, affiliates were no longer required to run the Fox Kids lineup even if Fox had not secured a substitute carrier). Fox Kids originally wanted to be broadcast locally on KPLR, but the offer was turned down by that station's then-owner Koplar Communications, because Koplar felt that "they had a strong slate of children's programming and no room for the Rangers". Fox Kids subsequently went unseen in the market, and representatives of the block faced the possibility of piping in KSMO-TV in Kansas City (which aired Fox Kids because WDAF-TV declined carriage of the block) for cable subscribers until September, when Fox Kids arranged for its programming to be aired locally on religious independent KNLC. KNLC then drew the ire of the network by asking children to write to Missouri governor Mel Carnahan to protest the planned execution of Johnny Lee Wilson, then in prison for the 1986 murder of 79-year-old Aurora resident Pauline Martz (Carnahan pardoned Wilson that same month ); additionally, KNLC's poor signal—both over the air and on cable—angered members of the largest Fox Kids Club in the nation. As a result, Fox Kids moved to KTVI in 1996.

KTVI stopped carrying the Fox Kids weekday block in 1998, although the station retained its Saturday morning lineup via negotiations, although KTVI had to cut to two hours of educational-and-informational programming before cutting back to Fox Kids (this was despite the fact that Fox gave its affiliates the option to push the weekday block to an earlier afternoon timeslot at that period). Fox discontinued its weekday block nationwide on December 31, 2001, while the Saturday lineup was contracted out to 4Kids Entertainment and relaunched as FoxBox on September 14, 2002. In September 2006, KTVI aired the block (by then, renamed 4Kids TV) two hours earlier than most carrier stations to accommodate the station's Saturday morning newscast. Fox ended its network-supplied children's programming on December 28, 2008, replacing it thereafter with the paid programming block Weekend Marketplace. On September 13, 2014, KTVI began carrying Xploration Station, a live-action educational program block distributed by Steve Rotfeld Productions that is syndicated primarily to Fox stations, on Saturday mornings through an agreement involving Tribune's Fox-affiliated stations.

Sports programming
KTVI became the official "home" station of the St. Louis Rams—which had relocated to the city from Los Angeles in 1995 (with the exception of select prime time telecasts on Thursday, Sunday and Monday nights, KTVI broadcast most of the NFL franchise's road games as well as most home games against other NFC teams). The station served as the local broadcaster for the Rams' appearance in Super Bowl XXXVI. KTVI's status as the team's primary station ended after the 2015 season, as a consequence of NFL team owners voting to approve the Rams' relocation back to Los Angeles effective with the 2016 NFL season, 30–2.

Since 1996, channel 2 also airs any St. Louis Cardinals games that are broadcast via Fox's broadcast contract with Major League Baseball; this included the team's World Series victories in 2006 and 2011, and its appearances in the 2004 and 2013 World Series.

News operation
KTVI presently broadcasts 68 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 11½ hours each weekday and 5½ hours on Saturdays, and 5 hours on Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest local newscast output among St. Louis's broadcast television stations. KTVI's Sunday 5 p.m. newscast is subject to preemption due to network sports coverage, as is standard with Fox stations that carry early evening weekend newscasts (though the Saturday 5 p.m. newscast is usually delayed to 6 p.m. due to baseball or college football coverage).

News department history
As an ABC affiliate, KTVI's newscasts usually placed third in the ratings, behind longtime leader KSDK (channel 5) and KMOV. However, for most of the 1980s and early 1990s, the station fought a spirited battle with KMOX-TV/KMOV for second place. Since 2009, the station's weekday morning newscast has placed first among the newscasts in the St. Louis market during that time period. One of the mainstay evening segments is "You Paid For It" (an investigative segment reported by Elliott Davis that uncovers city government tax abuse; the segment ends by giving the phone number of the office of that municipality's mayor, followed by the signoff "Call and speak your mind: after all, you paid for it").

After joining Fox in August 1995, KTVI increased its news programming output from roughly 30 hours a week to nearly 45 hours. It initially retained a news schedule similar to what it had as an ABC affiliate. All of its existing newscasts were retained, but it expanded its weekday morning newscast from one to three hours (with two hours added from 7 to 9 a.m.), and bridged the weeknight 5 and 6 p.m. newscasts into a 90-minute early evening news block (by adding a half-hour newscast at 5:30 to compensate for Fox's lack of a national news program). However, like its Austin sister station KTBC did during its first four years as a Fox station, KTVI did not initially add a prime time newscast at 9 p.m. upon switching to the network to compensate for Fox's lack of prime time network programming during that hour; instead, it filled the slot with syndicated programming from the August 1995 switch until September 1997, when it debuted a half-hour 9 p.m. newscast; it continued to air syndicated shows during the 9:30 half-hour until the prime time newscast expanded to one hour in September 1999, now leading directly into the 10 p.m. newscast (KTVI is one of several Fox stations that offer newscasts in both the final hour of prime time and the traditional late news timeslot, one of the few affiliated with the network that runs a nightly 10 p.m. (or 11 p.m.) newscast and one of the few to continue its Big Three-era 10 p.m. newscast after switching to Fox).

In addition to compensating for the absence of daily national newscasts on Fox's schedule, the expansion of KTVI's news schedule also served to fill timeslots vacated by the departures of Good Morning America and World News Tonight through its discontinuance of the ABC affiliation. KTVI is able to emphasize a broad array of stories from national and local reports, to investigative stories because of its large news programming output. The station also devotes a sizeable portion of its sports coverage to local high school sports (once partnering with the St. Louis Post-Dispatch to produce the now-canceled Prep Sports Show on Saturdays) and was the home of Jeff Fisher's weekly St. Louis Rams review show on Mondays.

For much of the time since it affiliated with Fox until the LMA began, KTVI's 9 p.m. newscast had beaten KPLR-TV's own prime time news program in that timeslot. Before Dick Ford retired from the station in December 2005, all four of KTVI's main male anchors (Ford, Tom O'Neal, Dan Gray and John Pertzborn) formerly served as anchors at KSDK. On April 10, 2006, KTVI debuted a new standardized graphics package, logo and news theme ("Fox Affiliate News Theme" by OSI Music) that was used by Fox's other owned-and-operated stations and select affiliates, during that evening's 9 p.m. newscast. A new set and weather center (replacing one built in 1998) was also introduced (the old news desk was donated to Southern Illinois University Carbondale, with the old weather center donated to the University of Missouri–St. Louis). In December 2008, KPLR temporarily relocated its newscasts to KTVI's now-former Clayton-Tamm/Dogtown studios as KPLR's facility was being remodeled to accommodate both KPLR and KTVI's newscasts; KTVI moved production of its newscasts to a temporary set in January 2009, in order for crews dismantle and move the station's existing news set to KPLR's Maryland Heights facility.

On February 15, 2009, KTVI began broadcasting local newscasts in high definition from its new Maryland Heights studio, accompanied by a new graphics package. The set was updated with several elements added to better fit the new graphics and due to the conversion to HD, while removing the city skyline backdrop in favor of a blue background. In January 2010, KTVI expanded its weekday morning newscast to six hours from 4 to 10 a.m. (despite the expansion, the station retained its 11 a.m. newscast). On December 23, 2011, KTVI/KPLR opened a news bureau in the newly renovated Peabody Opera House in downtown St. Louis, to better serve the downtown and eastern portion of the St. Louis metropolitan area.

On January 28, 2015, both stations introduced a new combined set with LED lighting, two video walls (one replacing the weather green screen), and a new anchor desk. Both stations now share the set (but KPLR uses a separate Weather center). They also introduced new graphics and music package for both stations the same day. KTVI became the first station in the Central Time Zone to launch an 11 p.m. weeknight newscast Hosted by Shirley Washington and Jasmine Huda (formerly of KMOV) the show debuted on January 18, 2016.

In mid-2019, both stations introduced The Power of Two: Midday, replacing Fox 2 News Midday and News 11 at Noon. The program is aired live at 11 a.m. on KTVI and KPLR.

On January 30, 2020, both stations introduced a new graphics package and music package for each station. The music, titled "Beyond", was created by Stephen Arnold Music, and is largely used by Fox affiliates.

In spring 2020, both stations introduced The Power of Two at 6 am, which is simulcast on KTVI and KPLR. While branded for both stations, it is largely targeted towards the KTVI audience, as it is part of Fox 2 News in The Morning.

In February 2021, both stations overhauled their set again with an expansion of the physical studio space with multiple venues and a larger video wall. KPLR no longer has a separate weather center, now just appearing on the same set as KTVI.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Martin Kilcoyne – sports director

Notable former on-air staff

 * Nancy Cozean – Later became the mayor of the City of Poughkeepsie.
 * Dana King – anchor (retired from broadcasting in 2012, last with KPIX-TV/San Francisco)
 * Don Lemon – anchor/reporter (formerly at CNN until 2023)
 * Russ Mitchell – reporter (now at WKYC/Cleveland)
 * Paul Moyer – anchor/reporter (later anchor at KNBC/Los Angeles, now retired)
 * Lisa Sylvester – anchor (currently at WPXI-TV)

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

KTVI began carrying Antenna TV upon its launch on January 1, 2011, on digital subchannel 2.2. As of January 2016, digital subchannel 2.3 started showing colored bars with a pending affiliation to Escape.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KTVI shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 43, using virtual channel 2.

As part of the repacking process following the 2016-2017 FCC incentive auction, KTVI relocated to UHF channel 33 in 2020.

title: KTVI


text:
Reseda (plant)

Reseda, also known as the mignonette , is a genus of fragrant herbaceous plants native to Europe, southwest Asia and North Africa, from the Canary Islands and Iberia east to northwest India.

Description
Reseda includes herbaceous annual, biennial and perennial species 40–130 cm tall. The leaves form a basal rosette at ground level, and then spirally arranged up the stem; they can be entire, toothed or pinnate, and range from 1–15 cm long. The flowers are produced in a slender spike, each flower small (4–6 mm diameter), white, yellow, orange, or green, with four to six petals. The fruit is a small dry capsule containing several seeds.

Cultivation and uses
Propagation is by seed, which is surface-sown directly into the garden or grass verge. The plant does not take well to transplanting and should not be moved after sowing.

Mignonette flowers are extremely fragrant. It is grown for the sweet ambrosial scent of its flowers. It is used in flower arrangements, perfumes and potpourri. A Victorian favourite, it was commonly grown in pots and in window-boxes to scent the city air. It was used as a sedative and a treatment for bruises in Roman times. The volatile oil is used in perfumery. Yellow dye was obtained from the roots of R. luteola by the first millennium BC, and perhaps earlier than either woad or madder. Use of this dye came to an end at the beginning of the twentieth century, when cheaper synthetic yellow dyes came into use.

Charles Darwin used R. odorata in his studies of self-fertilised plants, which he documented in The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.

Species
The Plant List recognises 41 accepted species (including infraspecific names):

 * Reseda alba White Mignonette
 * subsp. myriosperma
 * Reseda arabica
 * Reseda aucheri
 * Reseda barrelieri
 * Reseda bucharica
 * Reseda complicata Glaucous Mignonette
 * Reseda decursiva
 * Reseda ellenbeckii
 * Reseda glauca
 * Reseda globulosa
 * Reseda gredensis
 * Reseda inodora
 * Reseda jacquinii
 * subsp. litigiosa
 * Reseda lanceolata
 * Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette
 * subsp. neglecta
 * Reseda luteola Weld
 * subsp. biaui
 * Reseda media
 * Reseda minoica
 * Reseda muricata
 * Reseda odorata Common Mignonette
 * Reseda orientalis
 * Reseda paui
 * subsp. almijarensis
 * Reseda phyteuma Corn Mignonette
 * subsp. collina
 * Reseda pruinosa
 * Reseda scoparia Canaries Mignonette
 * Reseda stenostachya
 * Reseda stricta
 * Reseda suffruticosa
 * subsp. barrelieri
 * Reseda tymphaea
 * subsp. anatolica
 * Reseda undata
 * subsp. gayana
 * subsp. leucantha
 * Reseda urnigera
 * Reseda villosa
 * Reseda virgata
 * Reseda viridis

title: Reseda (plant)


text:
Critical applied linguistics

Critical applied linguistics (CALx) is an interdisciplinary critical approach to English applied linguistics. One of the central concerns in this approach is exposing the political dimensions and power relations involved in mainstream applied linguistics, in areas like language teaching, language policy and planning, language testing, language rights, and so on. The term was first used in 1990 by Alastair Pennycook.

title: Critical applied linguistics


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Battle of Normandy/archive1

Battle of Normandy
This article has expanded a lot the latest days, and has become a really good article. It has a good intro, much background, a thorough body and lots of diagrams and images. ✏ Sverdrup 12:22, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Chancemill 10:34, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, although I think the article could do with more maps. Cabalamat 21:34, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. -Pedro 22:57, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Object - Too many sections = overwhelming TOC (see What is a featured article). I suggest an easy fix: Combine all sub-sections under ===Landings=== into one H3 section except for ====German reaction==== which should be promoted to an H3 and eventually expanded a bit. Also, nix the ==Historical significance== section and move that sentence to the end of the lead section (single paragraph sections are bad enough - single sentence ones are horrid). --mav 00:59, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I just spent about 20 minutes resectioning. I think you'll agree it's now reasonable. →Raul654 18:38, Jun 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Much better. But I see that the page size warning has hit 32KB now but since at least 7KB of the article is markup or in lists, I think that is OK. --mav
 * Support, with some reservations. I agree with the esteemed mav that ===Landings=== has too many sub-sections, but disagree on the solution. I'd keep the five D-Day beaches as sub-sections, edit the three parachute landings sections into two (north/south, Brit/US -- roughly) and move the ====Mulberry harbours==== content to ===Special preparations=== earlier in the article. That still leaves seven sub-sections, but I do seriously believe all five beaches and all the major parachute landing sites deserve their own sections; the names of those beaches especially are national icons. Having done recent non-minor editing on ==Historical significance== I agree it should be moved, there's not enough there. However, it is a two sentence para. ;) Finally, as one of the recent contributors to the article, I'm really glad to see it nominated and will try to keep working to make it better. See Talk:Battle of Normandy for further discussion! - Madmagic 08:44, Jun 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just because something is a national icon does not mean that it must be in the TOC. There is no need to have the string of stub sub-sections and expanding each into a proper section would overburden this article with too much detail. Simply summarize the entire landing and put the detail in a set of separate articles on each landing (such as the beach articles that already exist). --mav 02:53, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. 1. American and British English are inconsistently used: "memorialize" and "characterised." Note that if American spelling is decided upon, periods should be used in abbreviations such as "U.S.," as is customary in American English. 2. Wikipedia policy is that double quotation marks be used, instead of single ones, in all cases. The single quotation marks in the article need, therefore, to be replaced. 3. Section 1, "The battle," is blank. 4. Em dashes are rendered as "--". One would prefer if "—" is used. 5. Some articles are linked to multiple times. "Eisenhower" links thrice, for example. I think that a link at the first mention should suffice. -- Emsworth 21:14, Jun 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The manual of style explicetely says that US is preferred over U.S. Also, the empty section "The Battle" was my doing when I resectioned it. I have now fixed that. →Raul654 22:34, Jun 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The manual of style explicitly says that U.S. is preferred over US. Use Canadian English. The 'z' is not wrong - it's just mass ignorance on the part of the British. --Jiang 04:09, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * It is true that the Manual of Style prefers "U.S." Furthermore, I do not dispute that "ize" is correct, but the article uses both "ise" (characterise) and "ize" (memorialize). -- Emsworth 10:46, Jun 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've standardised the article to British "-ise" spelling (except Operation Totalize), based on the earliest version of the article I could find. — Matt 15:00, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I changed 5 instances of single quotes (') to double (") ✏ Sverdrup 11:57, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Full support - great article. --mav 05:44, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - but just so people are aware, we are considering moving this to Invasion of Normandy or somewhere similar to leave Battle of Normandy as an article about operations in Normandy including and after the landings. That was what the article was intended to be originally, but the bits on the first 24 hrs got so big they deseve their own article. DJ Clayworth 14:34, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)


text:
Medical University of South Carolina

The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) is a public medical school in Charleston, South Carolina. It opened in 1824 as a small private college aimed at training physicians and has since established hospitals and medical facilities across the state. It is one of the oldest continually operating schools of medicine in the United States and the oldest in the Deep South.

The school has expanded into a state university with a medical center and six colleges for the education of health professionals, biomedical scientists, and other health care personnel. It also operates as a center for research and has a public hospital.

History
The College of Medicine began in 1823 with the incorporation of the Medical College of South Carolina, a private institution of the Medical Society of South Carolina. Seven Charleston physicians formed the initial faculty with 30 students enrolled in 1824. The first graduation was on April 4, 1825. With the exception of the American Civil War, the college has served continuously to the present, even when there was a total enrollment of two students.

At the time of Robert Wilson's appointment as dean of the College of Medicine in 1908, Abraham Flexner was beginning his survey of the medical college. Flexner's survey resulted in the report titled "Medical Education in the United States and Canada". It was highly critical of the medical college and its poor facilities, lack of full-time faculty, lack of equipment, and lack of money. Recognizing that the college did not meet national requirements, Wilson determined that the only way to save the college from closure was to transfer it to state ownership in order to have access to state appropriations. The state took over formal control of the college in 1913.

In 1969, twelve African Americans were fired from the hospital, resulting in a two-month-long strike and protest that gathered as many as 10,000 participants, including influential leaders such as Coretta Scott King.

Degree programs
The College of Medicine offers a four-year medical curriculum leading to a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). The college also offers dual-degree programs in conjunction with other colleges and universities. The Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies offer a combined M.D./Ph.D degree through the Medical Scientist Training Program as well as an M.D./master's degree in clinical research through the Southeastern Predoctoral Training in clinical research. Students can also receive a combined M.D./M.H.A. through the Colleges of Medicine and Health Professions. The college partners with the University of South Carolina and The Citadel to provide an M.D./master's in Public Health and M.D./master's of Business Administration, respectively.

The college accepts 155–160 students per year into the medical curriculum. The  curriculum consists of two years of core basic science instruction followed by two years of clinical training. Students also participate in a longitudinal curriculum that includes instruction in doctoring, physical examination and diagnosis, and biomedical ethics.

College of Pharmacy
The Department of Pharmacy was created by an amendment to the charter in 1881, organized in 1882, and discontinued by 1884. Resuming in 1894, the Department of Pharmacy offered the Graduate in Pharmacy (Ph.G.) degree. The current program offers the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree. In 2006, the College of Pharmacy merged with the University of South Carolina's College of Pharmacy in Columbia, SC to form the South Carolina College of Pharmacy (SCCP). However, in 2016 the College of Pharmacy at MUSC ended its merger with SCCP. Members of the graduating class of 2020 were the first to receive degrees under the newly separated MUSC College of Pharmacy.

The MUSC College of Pharmacy offers a dual PharmD/MBA program, a consortium between The Citadel Graduate College and MUSC College of Pharmacy. This consortium was originally designed and implemented before the SCCP was formed.

College of Nursing
The two-year training course for nurses was started in 1884 at Roper Hospital. The training school was incorporated into the Medical College of South Carolina in 1919 and expanded to three years. Today, the College of Nursing offers a Bachelor of Science in nursing, a Master of Science in nursing, and three doctoral degrees – a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy), and a DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice).

College of Graduate Studies
Graduate instruction began in 1949, with the first Master of Science degree conferred in 1951 and the first Doctor of Philosophy awarded in 1952. The School of Graduate Studies, formally organized in 1965, now offers a variety of programs including neuroscience, biostatistics, epidemiology, molecular and cellular biology, pathology and laboratory medicine, pharmacology, pharmaceutical sciences, microbiology and immunology, and environmental sciences.

College of Dental Medicine
The School of Dental Medicine was authorized in 1953 at the request of the South Carolina Dental Association. Funding delayed the school until 1964. The first class received DMD degrees in 1971.

MUSC recently completed construction of a new, clinical education facility: The James B. Edwards Dental Clinics Building.

College of Health Professions
Three hospital-based training programs (Medical Technology, Cytotechnology, and Radiologic Technology) became the nucleus of a Division of Technical Training, recognized as a separate branch of the Medical College in 1964. The School of Allied Health Sciences, now the College of Health Professions, was formally organized in 1966, and expanded to offer over 20 different training options in the paramedical field. The college now offers baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral degree programs.

MUSC Foundation
The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Foundation was chartered in 1966 as a charitable, educational foundation to support the education, research, patient care and other programs at the Medical University. Most gifts to MUSC are handled by the foundation, which ensures that benefactors receive proper acknowledgment. Gifts of all sizes and types are accepted from alumni, parents and friends of the university as well as corporations and foundations.

Hospitals
As MUSC Health the university maintains several hospitals.

MUSC Health University Medical Center
The Medical College of South Carolina was one of the first medical schools in the United States to establish, in 1834, an infirmary specifically for teaching purposes. In the 1840s the college also entered into agreements for clinical training opportunities at the Poorhouse, the Marine Hospital, and the local "dispensary." In 1856, Roper Hospital was opened, and for 100 years Roper was the Medical College's primary teaching hospital.

The Medical College recognized the need for its own facilities to expand clinical teaching opportunities, as well as to serve as a major referral center in South Carolina for diagnosis and treatment of disease. The ten-story Medical University Hospital accepted its first patients in 1955. In 1985 the name of the hospital and its clinics was changed to MUSC Health Medical Center, reflecting its function in an academic health institution and its wide range of services to the public. This comprehensive facility now consists of three separate hospitals (the University Hospital, the Institute of Psychiatry, and the Children's Hospital). The Medical Center includes centers for specialized care (Heart Center, Transplantation Center, Hollings Cancer Center, Digestive Diseases Center). Numerous outpatient facilities include the Family Medicine Center, University Diagnostic Center, and affiliated faculty practice association ambulatory care centers. In the past ten years, $200 million in capital improvements for the Medical Center focused resources on improved quality of patient care and accessibility of services. In 1993–94 there were over 23,000 inpatient admissions and almost 300,000 outpatient visits.

In 1994, Peter B. Cotton formed the Digestive Disease Center at the Medical University of South Carolina. The center specializes in the management and treatment of digestive diseases. In 2012, it was the first hospital in South Carolina to perform the new LINX Reflux Management System treatment for patients with GERD.

MUSC Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital
MUSC Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital is a nationally ranked, freestanding acute care women's and children's hospital in Charleston, South Carolina. It is affiliated with the Medical University of South Carolina. The hospital features all private rooms that consist of 250 pediatric beds and 29 beds for women. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout the Carolinas. The hospital also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. The hospital has a rooftop helipad and is an ACS verified level I pediatric trauma center, the only one in South Carolina. The hospital features a regional pediatric intensive-care unit and an American Academy of Pediatrics verified level IV neonatal intensive care unit.

Along with the main hospital in Charleston, MUSC Children's operates the ambulatory R. Keith Summey Medical Pavilion with 4 operating rooms and 2 procedure rooms.

Others
The MUSC board voted to acquire Kershaw Health's hospitals and Providence Hospitals in 2021. The hospitals had their names changed, and are now in MUSC Health.

University status
Until 1950, the college was headed by a dean, with the schools headed by directors. In 1950, the title of the school's chief executive was changed to president, with the six schools headed by deans. In 1969, the state legislature elevated the Medical College to university status. By this act it established MUSC as the state's only free standing academic health sciences center, and one of the few institutions of its kind in the nation.

In 1970, the six schools of the university were designated as colleges, each with its separate administration and faculty organization. Each college awards appropriate degrees along standard academic lines connected with its educational activities. All professional education programs, and the MUSC Medical Center, are accredited by the appropriate professional accrediting agency.

South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium
One of the most pressing problems in health care delivery and disease prevention across the nation is in the distribution of health professionals. The Medical University serves as the "home" institution for the South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium (AHEC), a statewide consortium of teaching hospitals and rural health education centers. As Dean of the Medical University of South Carolina from 1971 to 1974, J. F. A. McManus provided the impetus for the establishment, with area hospital leaders, of a consortium of statewide hospitals for undergraduate and postgraduate medical education. Since 1972 South Carolina AHEC has influenced the education, supply, retention, and geographic distribution of health care professionals statewide, particularly in smaller, underserved communities. South Carolina AHEC programs include undergraduate and graduate level medical education, nursing, allied health, pharmacy and dental education, as well as all family practice residency programs in the state. South Carolina AHEC maintains partnerships between the university and communities across the state, as evidenced by more than 200 full-time faculty members and hundreds more part-time and consulting faculty who teach in South Carolina AHEC programs in virtually every county of the state.

Growth in the past 40 years
In the 93 years since the Medical University became a state institution, its growth was gradual up to the 1940s and phenomenal since then, particularly in the past 40 years. Student enrollments have jumped from 571 in 1965 to almost 2,500 students in the fall of 2006 (not including post doctoral residents in medicine, dental medicine and pharmacy); the full-time faculty has grown from approximately 200 to over 1,000 (including approximately 500 FTE teaching faculty). The library has more than 200,000 bound volumes, approximately 12,600 E-journal subscriptions, and a vast array of online databases & knowledgebases.

More than $200,000,000 of extramural grant awards were received by MUSC in the 2009–2010 fiscal year. Expansion in enrollments and programs has been made possible by ambitious programs of physical plant development that have seen the institution grow from one building in 1913 to a 76 acre medical complex, with more than 89 buildings. Among the many buildings added to the campus was the historic old Charleston Arsenal, acquired in 1963. Since 1985, nine new buildings have been constructed: East Wing and Children's Hospital (1986), Institute of Psychiatry (1988), North Tower (1993), Harper Student Center (1993), Hollings Cancer Center (1993), The Strom Thurmond Biomedical Research Center and the Gazes Cardiac Institute (1997) in cooperation with the VA Hospital, Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute (2005), Ashley-Rutledge Parking Garage (2005), and Ashley River Tower (2008). In addition there have been major renovation/addition projects including Storm Eye Institute expansion (1998), Rutledge Tower Ambulatory Care Facility renovation (1998), College of Health Professions Complex (2005), Hollings Cancer Center Tower expansion (2005), and Colcock Hall (2005–2006). The growth of the campus has been made possible, at times, by the demolition of historic properties such as the c. 1820s Bennett Mill's overseer's house at 76 Barre Street, demolished in 1977 to make way for a parking lot.

The Drug Discovery & Bioengineering Building, part of the James E. Clyburn Research Center, was completed in 2011. This building began a new chapter in South Carolina as it created 78 labs and other facilities to improve biomedical research efforts. The Bioengineering building and the work it will do are in collaboration with Clemson University and the University of South Carolina.

MUSC Catalyst News
MUSC Catalyst News is the name of both the digital and print sources of news from the Medical University of South Carolina. It is published by the MUSC Office of Public Affairs and Media Relations.

title: Medical University of South Carolina


text:
Alaskan Way Viaduct

The Alaskan Way Viaduct ("the viaduct" for short)  was an elevated freeway in Seattle, Washington, United States, that carried a section of State Route 99 (SR 99). The double-decked freeway ran north–south along the city's waterfront for 2.2 mi, east of Alaskan Way and Elliott Bay, and traveled between the West Seattle Freeway in SoDo and the Battery Street Tunnel in Belltown.

The viaduct was built in three phases from 1949 through 1959, with the first section opening on April 4, 1953. It was the smaller of the two major north–south traffic corridors through Seattle (the other being Interstate 5), carrying up to 91,000 vehicles per day in 2016. The viaduct ran above Alaskan Way, a surface street, from S. Nevada Street in the south to the entrance of Belltown's Battery Street Tunnel in the north, following previously existing railroad lines.

The viaduct had long been viewed as a barrier between downtown and the city's waterfront, with proposals to replace it as early as the 1960s. Questions of the structure's seismic vulnerability were raised after several earthquakes damaged similar freeways in other cities, including some with the same design as the viaduct. During the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, the Alaskan Way Viaduct suffered minor damage but later inspections found it to be vulnerable to total collapse in the event of another major earthquake, necessitating its replacement.

The state and city governments considered several options, including a rebuilt elevated structure, a surface boulevard, and cut-and-cover tunnel, but could not compromise on a final choice. A deep-bored tunnel was selected in 2009 and the southern section of the viaduct was demolished in 2011 and replaced with a six-lane, single-deck freeway that travels through the SoDo industrial area. Excavation of the downtown bored tunnel by the tunnel boring machine "Bertha" began in 2013 and was completed in 2017 after two years of delays. The viaduct was closed permanently on January 11, 2019, and the new tunnel opened three weeks later on February 4. Demolition of the main viaduct deck began weeks later, and was completed in early 2020 with remaining demolition occurring at the southern approach ramp through 2020 as part of the Waterfront Seattle project.

Route description

The Alaskan Way Viaduct was a double-decker freeway that traveled through Downtown Seattle and SoDo along the western waterfront facing Elliott Bay. The two highway decks each carried two to four lanes measuring as narrow as 9 ft wide, with northbound traffic on the upper deck and southbound traffic using the lower deck with a vertical clearance of 14 ft. The viaduct was 60 ft tall, had 3 ft concrete railings, and was supported by 400 columns spaced approximately every 51 ft.

SR 99 formerly transitioned from a surface freeway to the double-decker elevated viaduct near South Holgate Street in SoDo, approximately 3 mi north of the First Avenue South Bridge and beyond an interchange with the West Seattle Freeway near Harbor Island. The freeway then ran between the Port of Seattle's Terminal 46 and the Seattle Coast Guard Station to the west and the BNSF Railway container yard to the east. It passed a set of ghost ramps near Safeco Field that were originally planned to accommodate a freeway connection to Interstate 90 that was never built. Near CenturyLink Field, SR 99 reached the terminus of the original (and post-2011) viaduct and the south portal of the future downtown bored tunnel, using a set of diagonal ramps parallel to Railroad Way to reach the central section of the viaduct.

The viaduct expanded from four lanes to six lanes and turned northwest as it followed Alaskan Way and the city's waterfront on the west side of Pioneer Square; the area underneath the viaduct was used for street parking between construction periods. It passed east of the state ferry terminal at Colman Dock and reached a set of ramps serving downtown traffic: the Columbia Street onramp to the southbound lanes and the Seneca Street offramp from the northbound lanes. The waterfront section of the viaduct was noted for its scenic views, which include Elliott Bay, the distant Olympic Mountains, and the city's skyline. Between the Seattle Aquarium and Pike Place Market, the double-decker viaduct ended as SR 99 split into a pair of side-by-side elevated lanes that traveled over the north portal of the Great Northern railroad tunnel and under Victor Steinbrueck Park. SR 99 then came to an interchange with Elliott and Western avenues, which marked the north end of the viaduct and the south end of the four-lane Battery Street Tunnel. The Western Avenue crossing included a notch in the southbound railing of the viaduct, which was cut out to pass around a column of the Seattle Empire Laundry Building.

The Alaskan Way Viaduct was one of two north–south freeways traversing Downtown Seattle, the other being Interstate 5 to the east. Traffic volumes on the viaduct, measured by WSDOT in terms of average annual daily traffic in 2015, averaged approximately 91,000 vehicles south of Columbia Street and 71,000 vehicles between Columbia Street and Western Avenue. The viaduct formerly carried an average daily volume of 110,000 vehicles until the start of demolition in 2011. The viaduct and other sections of SR 99 were designated as part of the National Highway System by the federal government and as Highway of Statewide Significance by the state legislature.

History

The Alaskan Way Viaduct was originally built to carry a section of U.S. Route 99, the main north–south highway in Washington and along the U.S. West Coast. The highway previously used downtown streets, but rising automobile congestion in the 1920s sparked proposals for a limited-access bypass of Seattle. An elevated roadway, placed along the waterfront's Railroad Avenue (later renamed Alaskan Way), was recommended by several city engineers in the latter part of the decade. Plans for an elevated highway gained public support in the late 1930s and was approved for construction in 1947 using funds from the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944.

Construction on the viaduct began in February 1950 and was completed in stages between 1953 and 1959. The central portion, from Railroad Way to Elliott Avenue, opened on April 4, 1953. It was connected to the Battery Street Tunnel the following year and a series of offramps and onramps to downtown in the 1960s. Additional ramps to University and Spring streets were included in design plans, but never built. The southern section of the viaduct, linking to the Spokane Street Bridge, was opened in September 1959.

The viaduct officially closed on January 11, 2019, attracting spectators and drivers who caused it to miss the 10 p.m. deadline. Demolition of the northbound ramp on Railroad Way began the following day in preparation for the excavation of pre-constructed ramps into the new tunnel. Demolition was completed in stages between February and November 2019, using a section-by-section approach to avoid major disruptions. The last section to remain standing was near Pike Place Market.

Earthquake concerns
The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake destroyed the similarly designed Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland, California, with the loss of 42 lives. The 2001 Nisqually earthquake damaged the viaduct and its supporting Alaskan Way Seawall and required the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to invest US$14.5 million in emergency repairs. Experts gave a 1-in-20 chance that the viaduct could be shut down by an earthquake within the next decade. Semi-annual inspections discovered continuing settlement damage from the Nisqually earthquake up until the viaduct was removed in 2019.

Due to damage from continuing settlement, a group of researchers and faculty from the University of Washington urged the mayor of Seattle (in 2007) to close the viaduct within a four-year timeframe.

Tunnel planning and construction
On January 12, 2009, the governments of Washington, King County, the city of Seattle, and the Port of Seattle announced that they had agreed to replace the viaduct with a four-lane, 2 mi long tunnel. The tunnel would have a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal near Thomas Street, north of the Battery Street Tunnel.

The project was estimated to cost $4.25 billion, with state, city, and county promised funding well short of the estimate. The state would fund boring of the tunnels, while the city and county would fund surface street improvements and repairs to the Alaskan Way Seawall, which itself was damaged in the Nisqually earthquake. The announcement did little to quell the long and heated debate over the viaduct's replacement, with several factions expressing their criticism over the tunnel decision.

Boring of the tunnel by the tunnel boring machine "Bertha" began on July 30, 2013, with the roadway initially scheduled to open in December 2015. Tunneling stopped on December 6, 2013, after the boring machine struck a steel pipe, which obstructed its path 1,083 ft into the route. Investigations revealed that the machine had struck a pipe which had been installed in 2002 as a part of an exploratory well used to measure groundwater as part of the planning phases for the project. Boring resumed briefly on January 28–29, 2014, stopping again due to damage to the seal system which protects the machine's main bearing and damage to several of the cutting blades. This caused a two-year delay as it was necessary to dig a 120 ft vertical shaft recovery pit from the surface in order to access and lift the cutterhead for repair and partial replacement.

Work was initially expected to resume by March 2015, but it was December 2015 before tunnelling recommenced. Boring was halted again 23 days later after a sinkhole developed on the ground in front of the machine, but resumed a month later.

In July 2016, a citywide ballot measure attempted to build an elevated park along the waterfront after the demolition of the viaduct, utilizing a portion of the existing structure. The attempt failed, with more than 80 percent of voters in Seattle rejecting the measure. By this time, the tunnel was not expected to be completed until 2019, and had incurred $223 million in cost overruns.

Opening of new tunnel
In March 2018, construction of the replacement tunnel was expected to be completed in August 2018, with a planned opening date of October 2018. Cost overruns had reached about $600 million due to the delays in tunnel boring. WSDOT reverted to the tunnel's original opening date of early 2019 to accommodate a longer preparation period and avoid potential work delays due to winter weather. On January 11, 2019, the Alaskan Way Viaduct was permanently closed in preparation for the opening of the new tunnel, which required the excavation of several buried ramps at the south portal and other road realignments.

The viaduct was opened to pedestrian traffic on February 2, 2019, and bicycle traffic the day after, as part of a festival to celebrate the freeway's history. Over 100,000 people attended the two events, which also included tours of the new tunnel. The replacement tunnel was opened to traffic on February 4, 2019.

Demolition and replacement

Demolition of the viaduct began on February 15, 2019, after being delayed by several days due to a severe snowstorm. Contractors began with the upper deck and its columns, followed by the lower deck in a section-by-section process. It was originally scheduled to be completed by June 2019, but a compressed schedule caused by the tunnel's delayed opening caused demolition to take longer than expected and conflict with the summer tourism season. Demolition work reached the 50 percent milestone on June 11, with the Pioneer Square and Pike Place Market sections left for the final stages. The final double-deck section of the viaduct, including the Marion Street pedestrian bridge at Colman Dock, was demolished in late September 2019. The final section of the viaduct, removed in November 2019, was over the northern portal of the Great Northern Tunnel near the Pike Place Market.

Demolition work was completed on November 21, 2019, with 240 e6lb of concrete recycled and 15 e6lb of steel rebar reclaimed. Some of the concrete from the demolition was pulverized and used to fill the Battery Street Tunnel. New development along the waterfront in downtown Seattle, including a park promenade, was planned to be completed by 2021. The full program is scheduled to be completed in 2025 due to delays attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic and a concrete workers' strike.

Exit list
The entire route was in Seattle, King County. All exits were unnumbered.

title: Alaskan Way Viaduct