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Manchester Central Convention Complex

Manchester Central Convention Complex (commonly known as Manchester Central or GMEX (Greater Manchester Exhibition Centre)) is an exhibition and conference centre converted from the former Manchester Central railway station in Manchester, England. The building has a distinctive arched roof with a span of 64 m – the second-largest railway station roof span in the United Kingdom, and was granted Grade II* listed building status in 1963.

After 89 years as a railway terminus, it closed to passengers in May 1969. It was renovated as an exhibition centre formerly known as the G-Mex Centre in 1982 and was Manchester's primary music concert venue until the construction of the Manchester Arena. After renovation the venue reverted to its former name Manchester Central in 2007.

From April 2020 until March 2021, the complex became a temporary field hospital for non-critical COVID-19 patients, part of a network of temporary NHS Nightingale Hospitals.

Manchester Central railway station
The complex was originally Manchester Central railway station, one of the city's main railway terminals.

Designed by Sir John Fowler, the station was opened in July 1880 by the Cheshire Lines Committee. The station served as the terminus for Midland Railway express trains to London St Pancras. The station's large wrought-iron single-span arched roof, spanning 210 ft, 550 ft long and 90 ft high – was a noted piece of railway engineering and is the widest unsupported iron arch in Britain after the Barlow train shed at London St Pancras.

At its height, in the 1930s, more than 400 trains passed through the station every day. The station operated for 89 years, before closing in May 1969.

GMEX Centre
In 1978, the structure was acquired by Greater Manchester County Council to redevelop as a concert venue. In 1982, construction work was undertaken by Alfred McAlpine. It was the centrepiece of the regeneration plan for the area and wider Castlefield district. The hall covered 10,000 sqm and could be partitioned into various sized units for different exhibitions. Initial construction work concentrated on repairing the derelict structure and re-pointing brickwork which took 18 months. The Greater Manchester Exhibition Centre or G-Mex Centre was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1986 after four years of renovation.

In 2001, the Manchester International Convention Centre (MICC) was added, comprising an 804-seat auditorium and breakout rooms and the Great Northern Hall. In 2005, the company running the complex was bought by Manchester City Council. G-Mex was Manchester's primary concert venue from 1986 to 1995. Its position as a concert venue diminished after the opening of the Manchester (then NYNEX) Arena in 1995.

Manchester Central
In January 2007, the venue was renamed Manchester Central, evoking the memory of the former station and converted into an exhibition and conference centre. The building was renovated at a cost of £30 million in 2008 by Manchester-based architects, Stephenson Bell. The first phase to create a foyer took from February to November 2008.

The second phase, completed towards the end of 2009, included an extended foyer to the Grade II listed Central Hall. The old smoked-glass structure was demolished and replaced by a flat-roofed, clear-glazed structure exposing more of the original architecture. The final phase, completed in September 2010, focused on the rear of the building. New event spaces were built and rooms refurbished to increase the venue's range and size of meeting and banqueting spaces.

Events
During its days as the GMEX Centre, the venue was used for hosting rock concerts. Not long after its official opening, Factory Records used the venue for their Festival of the Tenth Summer in July 1986 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of punk in the city, and included appearances by the Smiths and Factory Records stalwarts New Order. James appeared in 1990, U2 in June 1992, Metallica in November 1992 on their The Black Album tour and the Cure in November 1992. G-Mex had a seating capacity of 9,500 for end stage concerts and 12,500 for standing events and stopped hosting concerts in 1997, with the last gig by Oasis in December. G-Mex was also the 2002 Commonwealth Games venue for gymnastics, weightlifting, judo and wrestling.

After a nine-year break, it was again used for concerts by Snow Patrol in December 2006 with Morrissey, the Verve, Marilyn Manson, Franz Ferdinand, Manic Street Preachers, Arctic Monkeys, Bloc Party and Hard-Fi holding concerts in 2007. Status Quo have performed there multiple times. The venue hosted concerts by Placebo in December 2009, Arcade Fire, Biffy Clyro, Thirty Seconds to Mars, the Taste of Chaos Tour 2010, deadmau5, Pendulum in December 2010 and the Eighth Plague Tour. In 2011, it hosted the Girls' Day Out Show.

In 2009 and 2010, it played host to the Manchester audition stages of the ITV programme The X Factor. In December 2012, it hosted the finals of series 9 of The X Factor.

In September 2006, the Labour Party moved from traditional seaside venues to hold its annual party conference at the complex. It has also hosted conferences for the Confederation of British Industry, ECOFIN, the Liberal Democrats and the Conservative Party.

The venue was also the filming location of Ninja Warrior UK between 2015 and 2019.

The venue was selected to host the final of the 2021 Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup, which saw England beat France 28–24 to lift their second world cup title equalling the record set by the runners-up.

Transport
Located in the heart of the city, Manchester Central is served by two Metrolink tram stops – Deansgate-Castlefield tram stop and St Peter's Square tram stop, both of which are under a five-minute walk from the venue. National Rail local train services serve Deansgate railway station whilst Manchester Piccadilly is a 20 minute walk away.

Emergency hospital
On 27 March 2020, the UK government announced that the building would be converted into an emergency hospital, part of a network of NHS Nightingale Hospitals similar to the NHS Nightingale Hospital London that was already under construction, intended to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic and with 1,000 beds. It opened on 17 April 2020, and was closed in March 2021.

title: Manchester Central Convention Complex


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Mechanical

Mechanical may refer to:

Machine

 * Machine (mechanical), a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement
 * Mechanical calculator, a device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic
 * Mechanical energy, the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy
 * Mechanical system, a system that manages the power of forces and movements to accomplish a task
 * Mechanism (engineering), a portion of a mechanical device

Other

 * Mechanical (character), one of several characters in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * A kind of typeface in the VOX-ATypI classification

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mechanical


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Delk News Quarterly

Friends, we have a Wikipedia first: A vanity disambiguation page! An article on Roger Delk was listed as a copyvio, another article on Delk which should be speedied is a disambiguation page to the Roger Delk article and this article...which also mentions Roger Delk. Confusing, but true. - Lucky 6.9 18:45, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think I shall print this one out and have it framed. After that, feel free to delete. Ianb 18:59, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I warned you all.  Once the genealogists find a place, they fill all voids.  Private, non-notable, website. Geogre 19:04, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete 'em all. In fact, I'm going to use the term 'delk' to mean just that! - UtherSRG 19:26, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all three - (However, Delk is not a speedy delete candidate.) - Tεx  τ  urε  21:45, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delk all three! So Roger Delk is just "some guy" from the 17th century? - Eisnel 06:30, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. However, Roger Delk may be marginally significant since he was elected to the House of Burgesses.  A link to the Delk News Quartlerly [] would then be a suitable external link for that article. If the Roger Delk article was created as vanity, and contributor understands the GFDL, then Roger Delk should stay, albeit with cleanup. Dunc_Harris|☺ 20:52, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Citron-crested cockatoo

The citron-crested cockatoo (Cacatua citrinocristata) is a medium-sized cockatoo with an orange crest, dark grey beak, pale orange ear patches, and strong feet and claws. The underside of the larger wing and tail feathers have a pale yellow color. The eyelid color is a very light blue. Both sexes are similar. Females have a copper colored eye where as the male has a very dark black eye.

They are endemic to Sumba in the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia. The diet consists mainly of seeds, buds, fruits, nuts and herbaceous plants.

In 2022, Birdlife International recognized the citron-crested cockatoo as a separate species, Cacatua citrinocristata, assessed as Critically Endangered, while the International Ornithological Congress designated it to be a species in 2023.

Conservation status
The citron-crested cockatoo is a critically endangered bird whose population has declined due to habitat loss and illegal trapping for the cage-bird trade. A 1993 survey of Sumba estimated the species' numbers at less than 2,000 individuals. By 2012, the estimate had dropped to 563, and as of 2019 the population numbers are estimated to be 1,200-2,000 individuals with 800-1,320 mature individuals. It is listed in appendix I of the CITES list. Consequently, international trade is strongly regulated and trade in wild caught citron-crested cockatoos is illegal.

title: Citron-crested cockatoo


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Silver Spoons

Silver Spoons is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from September 25, 1982, to May 11, 1986, and in first-run syndication from September 27, 1986, to May 30, 1987. The series was produced by Embassy Television for the first four seasons, until Embassy Communications moved the series to syndication after being canceled by NBC. Silver Spoons was created by Martin Cohan, Howard Leeds and Ben Starr.

The show focuses on the wealthy playboy Edward Stratton III, and his relationship with his young son Ricky Stratton. Ricky was the product of a brief marriage between Edward and Ricky's mother. Edward was unaware that he had a son until Ricky comes to live with Edward at the outset of the series. The main cast stars Joel Higgins as Edward, Ricky Schroder as Ricky, Leonard Lightfoot as Edward's attorney, Franklyn Seales as Edward's business manager, and Erin Gray as Edward's personal assistant and later love interest. Jason Bateman plays Ricky's best friend over the first two seasons of the show, replaced by Alfonso Ribeiro over the remaining seasons. John Houseman plays Edward's dour and disapproving father.

Synopsis
In the pilot episode, Ricky Stratton (Ricky Schroder) arrives at the mansion of the father he has never met to introduce himself, move in, and get to know him better. Edward Stratton III (Joel Higgins) epitomizes the phrase "overgrown child"; he has never taken responsibility for anything in his life, including his toy business, Eddie's Toys. Ricky recognizes that his father needs to grow up; Edward thinks his son is too uptight and needs to have more fun while he is still young.

Edward's father (Edward Stratton II) is played by John Houseman as the intelligent, well-to-do patriarch and industrialist whose demeanor starkly contrasts with Edward's and seems more similar to Ricky's (at first). Throughout the series, the comic tension arises between Grandfather Stratton's belief that people with money are obligated to make more money and Edward's belief that money should be used to make people happy. Ricky is often caught between the two, wishing only for peace and harmony within the family.

Ricky's mother is Evelyn Bluthorn (Christine Belford). Edward and Evelyn's romantic relationship led to a week-long marriage. Now Evelyn has remarried and placed Ricky in a military boarding school. When Ricky arrives at the Stratton residence, Edward is stunned to discover that his long-ago brief marriage produced a son (when he expresses incredulity because he "wasn't married that long," Ricky points out, "It doesn't take that long"). At first, he sends Ricky right back to the boarding school; later he dresses up as a swamp monster to take Ricky out of the school and back to the mansion to live with him. The mansion is stocked with arcade games and a scale-model freight train runs through it.

Edward exhibits his childishness and playfulness in many ways, such as performing a little dance while the Pac-Man game plays its theme song. Stratton's personal assistant, Kate Summers (Erin Gray), is often the voice of reason. Kate's role adds tension to the show and provides incentive for Edward to act more maturely (at least sometimes). Edward and Kate's will-they-or-won't-they relationship gives way to a third-season wedding.

During the series' early years, Ricky befriends "bad boy" Derek Taylor (Jason Bateman, seasons 1–2), smooth-talking "cowboy" J.T. Martin (Bobby Fite, seasons 1–2), and "nerdy" Freddy Lippincottleman (Corky Pigeon, seasons 1–4). They get into a lot of trouble and learn many childhood lessons along the way. Leslie Crambottom, played by Georgi Irene, has a major crush on Ricky.

Edward's original attorney was Leonard Rollins (Leonard Lightfoot), who departed after the first season, and was replaced by the aptly named business manager, Dexter Stuffins (Franklyn Seales), who was somewhat stuffier and more erudite than Leonard had been. Dexter remained through the rest of the series and was joined in fall 1984 by his hip, breakdancing nephew Alfonso Spears (Alfonso Ribeiro, seasons 3–5), who became Ricky's new best friend. Once Ricky, Freddy, and Alfonso were in high school in season four, their circle was completed by Brad (Billy Jacoby, seasons 4–5), a reintroduction of the type of "bad-boy" character similar to that of Derek during the show's early years. That year, as Kate and Edward adjusted to married life, Kate's doddering uncle, Harry Summers (Ray Walston), moved into the Stratton mansion.

Main cast

 * Ricky Schroder as Richard Bluthorn "Rick" or "Ricky" Stratton
 * Joel Higgins as Edward Stratton III
 * Erin Gray as Katherine "Kate" Summers-Stratton
 * Leonard Lightfoot as Leonard Rollins (Season 1)
 * Franklyn Seales as Dexter Roosevelt Stuffins (Guest season 1; Main seasons 2–5)
 * Alfonso Ribeiro as Alfonso Spears (Seasons 3–5)

Recurring cast

 * Jason Bateman as Derek Taylor (Seasons 1–2)
 * Bobby Fite as J.T. Martin (Seasons 1–2)
 * Corky Pigeon as Fredrick March "Freddy" Lippincottleman (Seasons 1–4)
 * Billy Jacoby as Brad Langford (Seasons 4–5)
 * John Houseman as Grandfather Edward Stratton II (Seasons 1–5)
 * Christine Belford as Evelyn Bluthorn Stratton (Seasons 1–5)
 * Ray Walston as Uncle Harry Summers (Season 4)

Episodes
Silver Spoons ran for five seasons with a total of 116 episodes, from September 25, 1982, to May 30, 1987.

Music
The show's theme song titled "Together", was written by Rik Howard and Bob Wirth. The original version was accompanied mostly by guitar with vocals by Ron Dante. Two other versions of the theme were used during the show's run. A synthesized version was used in 1985 with a different vocalist. The third version of the theme, a rock version, was introduced in January 1986 and began in use during the second half of season 4 with vocals again by Ron Dante and composed by Ray Colcord.

Locations
Although the location of the show took place was fictional Mockingbird Lane, Shallow Springs, Long Island New York, the brick Tudor period mansion shown in the opening credits (representing the Stratton mansion) is actually a private residence located in Warwickshire, England. The elaborate home, named Compton Wynyates, was built in 1481. Before Silver Spoons, it was used in the 1977 Disney film Candleshoe, starring Helen Hayes, Jodie Foster and David Niven.

Reruns and syndication
Reruns of Silver Spoons aired as a part of NBC's daytime schedule in the summer of 1985.

The show was also rerun on WWOR's superstation feed from December 28, 1992, to September 3, 1993. Select episodes were also aired on Nick at Nite in 2001 and 2005.

FamilyNet (now The Cowboy Channel) aired reruns of the series nightly, until June 30, 2017, when the network underwent a programming format change the following day. Antenna TV began airing reruns of the series starting in January 2018, as well as GAC Family on October 4, 2021.

The series is currently available for streaming online on The Roku Channel and Tubi in the United States and CTV's streaming service, CTV Throwback in Canada.

International airing
In France, the series aired as Ricky ou la Belle Vie (Ricky or the Good Life) as part of a block called Destination Noël (Destination Christmas) from December 21, 1984 until January 2, 1985. Then on Vitamine (Vitamin) under the name Ricky la Belle Vie (Ricky the Good Life) as part of a block Croque-vacances (Holiday Bites) on TF1.

In Italy, the series aired on Canale 5 & Italia 1 as il mio amico Ricky (My Friend Ricky) in 1984.

Home media
On June 19, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of Silver Spoons on DVD in Region 1. As of 2015, this release has been discontinued and is out of print. It is unknown if the remaining 4 seasons will be released.

title: Silver Spoons


text: User talk:151.30.86.207

title: User talk:151.30.86.207


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Liberty of the Mint

The Mint was a district in Southwark, south London, England, on the west side of Borough High Street, around where Marshalsea Road is now located. It was so named because a mint authorised by King Henry VIII was set up in Suffolk Place, a mansion house, in about 1543. The mint ceased to operate in the reign of Mary I and Suffolk Place was demolished in 1557. In the late-17th and early-18th centuries, the area was known for offering protection against prosecution for debtors due to its legal status as a "liberty", or a jurisdictional interzone.

History
In 1550, the City of London acquired two manors from Edward VI's government. They comprised the former holding of Bermondsey Abbey on the west side of Borough High Street (see also King's Manor, Southwark) and that of the Archbishop of Canterbury on the east side. The charter retained the mansion and grounds of the Duke of Suffolk, known as Suffolk Place and Southwark Place that had been assigned to Edward's mother by Henry VIII. On the accession of Mary I she assigned it to the Archbishop of York for his London palace, and that diocese began to lease the estate for development, mainly of the highest density and poorest quality; the area became a rookery of slums. The 1550 charter's exemption from the city's control of the neighbouring manor created a separate jurisdiction, the Liberty of the Mint. "The Mint" therefore, became an Alsatia (so called after the area of Whitefriars), a haunt of criminals and fugitives.

Such anomalous districts attracted particular denizens, and the Mint's primary population was debtors. Those in danger of being thrown into debtors' prison could hide in the Mint. Once there, debtors risked arrest if they were found outside of its boundary. Debt collectors (known as "duns") stood along the main roads out of the Mint to wait for suspected debtors. Sometimes they were bill collectors in the modern sense, and sometimes thugs who beat and seized the debtor. Inside the Mint, life was hard. Since debtors could not leave (except on Sunday, when no debts could be collected), they could not find employment to raise money to pay off their debts. Those who attempted to leave on Sundays to get money from friends or lenders were called "Sunday gentlemen", as they attempted to appear prosperous to hoodwink lenders.

Debtors who went to the Mint frequently died of malnutrition or were murdered before raising enough money to escape. The Mint's geography was a factor in its poor living standard, as it was below the river's level and was a breeding ground for sewage- and water-borne maladies. Daniel Defoe describes life there for his heroine Moll Flanders in the novel of the same name.

In 1723, the Mint lost its protected status as a result of The Mint in Southwark Act 1722 and at the same time, imprisonment for debts of less than £50 was abolished, and many residents left without fear of arrest. The area was a slum into the 19th century. By that time, its reputation as a haunt for the poorest of the poor ensured that it had a lower standard of living than the rest of London. Elsewhere in 19th century London new roads were laid through slum areas to eliminate them, but Southwark Bridge Road, constructed in 1819 to Southwark Bridge, swerved around the western side of the Mint.

In the later 19th century its reputation as one of London's worst rookeries was sustained when conditions there were exposed by the Rev Andrew Mearns in The Bitter Cry of Outcast London (1883) and by George R. Sims in How the Poor Live (1883). The scandal created by Mearns' and Sims' revelations prompted a Royal Commission in 1884–1885 but the destruction of the Mint was underway. From 1881 to 1886, associated with the construction of Marshalsea Road, the area was cleared of most of its slums, although even in 1899 some remnants of the rookery were still in place between Red Cross Street and Borough High Street.

The Mint is referred to by most 18th-century British satirists, including Alexander Pope in his Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot and, indirectly, by John Gay in Trivia. It is the refuge of the outlaw Jack Sheppard in William Harrison Ainsworth's novel Jack Sheppard (1839) and in the novel The System of the World by Neal Stephenson.

The only remnant of the Mint is a street in the location named Mint Street.

title: Liberty of the Mint


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Bombay duck

Harpadon nehereus (common names include Bombay duck, bummalo, bombil, bombili, boomla, lote, loitta) is a species of lizardfish. Adults may reach a maximum length of 40 cm, but the usual size is around 25 cm.

Etymology

In the early days Bombay Duck caught in Bombay used to be discarded. However, this fish was considered a delicacy in Bengal. When the railways began their journey in India, this fish was transported from Bombay to Calcutta. Since they used to get transported in a mail train, the fish got its name Bombay Mail fish (shortened to Bombail or Bombil) or Bombay Daak (Daak is mail in Bengali). Some claim that this name was given by a British official (perhaps Robert Clive, mentioned later) who hated the overpowering smell of the fish in the train. According to local Bangladeshi stories, the term Bombay duck was first coined by Robert Clive, after he tasted a piece during his conquest of Bengal. He is said to have associated the pungent smell with that of the newspapers and mail which would come into the cantonments from Bombay. The term was later popularised among the British public by its appearance in Indian restaurants in the UK.

In his 1829 book of poems and "Indian reminiscences", Sir Toby Rendrag (pseudonym) notes the "use of a fish nick-named 'Bombay Duck'" and the phrase is used in texts as early as 1815.

Distribution and fisheries
The Bombay duck lives in the tropical areas of the Indo-Pacific. The fish is also known as "strange fish" because of its discontinuous distribution along the Indian coast. It has been traditionally caught in the waters off Maharashtra, Gujarat in the Lakshadweep Sea, where it is an important item of the yearly catch. This fish is also caught in the Bay of Bengal and in the South China Sea, although in smaller numbers.

The fish is sometimes dried, as well as dried and salted before it is consumed. After drying, the odour of the fish is extremely powerful, and it is usually transported in air-tight containers. The Bombay duck is a popular food item in certain areas of India particularly in Maharashtra. It is consumed as a dried fish in Sri Lanka, either tempered, fried or cooked as a curry. Fresh fish are usually fried as bombay duck fry, or cooked in curry.

International availability

At one time, 13 t of Bombay duck were eaten in the UK each year. Following the discovery of a batch of imported seafood contaminated by Salmonella in 1996, the European Commission (EC) prohibited fish imports from India other than from approved freezing and canning factories. As Bombay duck is not produced in a factory, this had the unintended consequence of banning the import of Bombay duck. After a campaign to "Save Bombay Duck", the Indian High Commission approached the EC about the ban, and the EC adjusted its regulations so that the fish can still be dried in the open air, but has to be packed in an "EC approved" packing station. A Birmingham wholesale merchant located a packing source in Mumbai, and the product became available again. Bombay duck is available fresh in Canada in cities with large Indian populations, such as Toronto and Montreal, and is generally known as bumla. Although mainly popular with Indians from Bengal, southern Gujarat, coastal Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka, it is increasingly consumed by the other South Asian populations, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshis and Burmese in particular. Bombay ducks are also consumed as a savoury dish in Mauritius; it is locally known as bomli.

title: Bombay duck


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Beef aging

Beef aging or ageing is a process of preparing beef for consumption by aging it, in order to break down the connective tissue within the meat.

Dry-aged beef
Dry-aged beef is beef that has been hung or placed on a rack to dry for several weeks. After the animal is slaughtered and cleaned, it is hung as a full or half carcass. Primal (large distinct sections) or sub primal cuts, such as strip loins, rib eyes, and sirloin, are placed in a refrigerator unit, also known as a "hot box". This process involves considerable expense, as the beef must be stored near freezing temperatures. Subprimal cuts can be dry aged on racks either in specially climate-controlled coolers or within a moisture-permeable drybag. Moreover, only the higher grades of meat can be dry aged, as the process requires meat with a large, evenly distributed fat content. Because of this, dry-aged beef is seldom available outside of steak restaurants and upscale butcher shops or groceries. The key effect of dry aging is the concentration and saturation of the natural flavour, as well as the tenderization of the meat texture.

The process changes beef by two means. Firstly, moisture is evaporated from the muscle. The resulting process of desiccation creates a greater concentration of beef flavour and taste. Secondly, the beef's natural enzymes break down the connective tissue in the muscle, which leads to more tender beef.

The process of dry-aging usually also promotes growth of certain fungal (mold) species on the external surface of the meat. This does not cause spoilage, but rather forms an external "crust" on the meat's surface, which is trimmed off when the meat is prepared for cooking. These fungal species complement the natural enzymes in the beef by helping to tenderize and increase the flavor of the meat. The genus Thamnidium, in particular, is known to produce collagenolytic enzymes which greatly contribute to the tenderness and flavor of dry-aged meat.

Dry-aged beef is typically not sold by most supermarkets in the U.S. today, because it takes time, the meat loses weight, and there is a risk of spoilage. Dry-aging can take from 15 to 28 days, and typically up to a third or more of the weight is lost as moisture. This type of beef is served in higher-priced steakhouses and by select restaurants.

Dry-aging can be done at home under refrigeration by three means: open air, with the presence of salt blocks, and with the use of a moisture permeable drybag to protect the meat while it is aging. Since the mid-2010s, some chefs have experimented with a "quick" or "cheat" dry-age by coating a cut of beef with ground koji (rice inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae) to simulate the effect of traditional dry-aging; the results are not quite the same, but can be achieved within 48 to 72 hours. The koji technique can also be applied to chicken and shrimp.

When dry aging using a moisture permeable material, surface mold growth is not present, flavor and scent exchange within the refrigerated environment is not a concern, and trim loss of the outer hardened surface is measurably reduced. The flavor and texture profile of the beef is similar on all dimensions to the traditional open air dry-aged results.

Historically, it was common to store mutton or beef joints at room temperature for extended periods; even after the invention of refrigeration hanging sides of beef in large coolers for a few weeks as part of the processing was standard.

Wet-aged beef
Wet-aged beef is beef that has typically been aged in a vacuum-sealed bag to retain its moisture. Since the 1970s, with the development of vacuum packing machines and related technology, this has become the dominant mode of aging beef in the US and UK. It is popular with producers, wholesalers and retailers because it takes less time: typically only a few days and there is no moisture loss, so any given piece of meat sold by weight will have a higher value than a dry aged piece where moisture loss is desired for taste at the expense of final weight. The beef is usually kept for a period of 4 to 10 days in wet aging. Modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) is usually employed for the vacuum packaging of meat; typically between 60 and 80 percent oxygen to retain its appetizing color, with red meat such as beef needing a higher oxygen level than less vividly colored meat such as pork. The vacuum packed beef is stored at a temperature of 32 °F to 45 °F (0 °C to 7.2 °C).

title: Beef aging


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Iron Butt Association

The Iron Butt Association (IBA) is a US-based organization dedicated to safe long-distance motorcycle riding, which claims membership of over 75,000 people.

The IBA is a loose-knit organization with only one way to earn membership: ride one of the several rides the IBA certifies. The minimum is the Saddle Sore 1000 – 1000 mi in 24 hours or less.

History
The Iron Butt Rally first ran in 1984 with 10 riders. From 1984 to 1987 the rally started from Montgomeryville Cycle Center near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Iron Butt was not held again until 1991 when it came under the management of the Iron Butt Association. While the basic format of the original rally remained, two important things changed: to ensure the quality of the event, the rally is run every other year, and the starting and ending points are rotated to different locations within the United States. 107 riders started and 89 finished the latest Iron Butt Rally, which ran in 2017.

Beginning in 1993, shorter rides were arranged that lasted in duration from one to many days, and while the Iron Butt Rally is a large, organized event with a plotted course, the other rides are left up to the competitor to accomplish at their own accord. Some riders prefer to complete a ride solo, while some clubs have arranged rides in groups of up to 30 riders. But while the rally is a monitored event, the riders of other events must monitor themselves. An example is the Saddle Sore 1000, where thorough documentation of the ride must be made, by collecting time-stamped gas and business receipts along the way, and by keeping a trip log recording mileage and location. These documents are then submitted by mail with a fee to the IBA, where it is then processed and an award given if the requirements are met.

The Iron Butt Association has members around the world. Those in the UK run their own rally each year called the Brit Butt Rally, a 12-hour rally and Jorvik Rally a short 8 rally Riders from all over Europe, Norway, Middle East and Australia have entered. There is also a 12-hour teaser rally called the Brit Butt Light. Iron Butt UK has grown from seven registered riders in 2005 to over 350 riders completing Iron Butt rides within the UK during 2009. Iron Butt UK also teamed up with the Royal British Legion Riders branch in organizing a 24-hour 1000 mile run with over 175 riders taking part. The previous world record was 152, however the UK riders were pipped to the post by another US ride of over 400 riders.

Currently the association is headed by Michael J Kneebone.

IBA sanctioned events
The IBA suggests several types of long-distance rides to challenge riders. It is perhaps best known for the Iron Butt Rally, an organized event that is invitation only, through a raffle system. Additionally, the Iron Butt Association hosts the Saddle Sore 1000, the Bun Burner 1500, the Bun Burner Gold, the 50 cc Quest, the National Parks Tour Master Traveler Award, the coveted 10/10ths Challenge, the very exclusive 100K Club, and other longer themed rides taking place on different routes around the world. Besides the Iron Butt Rally, none of these rides are organized events, but rather individual endeavors planned and executed by individual riders on routes and at times they choose.

Iron Butt Rally
The Iron Butt Rally is a competitive motorcycle road rally held in the United States. It was first held in 1984, and beginning in 1991, now takes place in odd numbered years, usually in August. The rally lasts 11 days, and riders often travel over 11000 mi in that time. During the rally, entrants earn points by riding their motorcycles to various "bonus" locations in the U.S. and Canada. A bonus is a task or destination with a point value. To earn the points for a bonus, a rider must provide evidence by photographing an object or scene, purchasing a particular item, or by various other means specified by the organizers.

The rally consists of one or more checkpoints, which may be located anywhere the United States, and one or more lists of bonuses with locations, times of availability (if limited), and varying point values. Each leg of the rally has its own bonus list, and only the bonuses for the leg currently being ridden are known to riders and can be earned. A bonus list typically contains far more bonuses than can be earned in the time allotted during a leg. This introduces a significant strategic element to the rally, since each rider must determine for him/herself which bonuses to attempt, and what route to use to reach them, while still reaching the next checkpoint before it closes.

Entry into the Iron Butt Rally is by lottery only and every lottery entry must be an Iron Butt Member first.

To be considered a finisher of the event, a rider must be present at each of the checkpoints within a specific time window, and must earn a minimum number of bonus points during the rally. Additional achievement levels (gold, silver, bronze) can be reached by earning more than the minimum required points.

Themes are often employed, with 2011 being about visiting U.S. states and their capitals; 2009 were crime scenes; 2007 was about gateway and arches (i.e. Perce Rock on the Atlantic, St. Louis Arch, and Golden Gate Bridge on the Pacific); and 2005 was about lighthouses.

First-time finishers are assigned a 3-digit number membership to replace their previously assigned number...that often are five digits in length and over 1,000. As of 2019, slightly more than 600 people have officially finished the Iron Butt Rally. In 2019, Wendy Crockett became the first woman to win the rally.

Books
Many books have either focused on or featured the Iron Butt Rally, some of the most notable of which are listed here. In 1997, Ron Ayres published Against the Wind: A Rider's Account of the Incredible Iron Butt Rally, chronicling his experience in the 1995 rally. Joel Rappoport published Hopeless Class in 2012 about his Iron Butt Rally experience in 2009. Finally, Melissa Holbrook Pierson's The Man Who Would Stop at Nothing: Long Distance Motorcycling's Endless Road features the IBA in a broader discussion of the long-distance riding subculture.

Documentaries
In 2007, a feature-length documentary, Hard Miles, was produced about that year's Iron Butt rally. The DVD chronicled the riders, organizers, routes, strategy, controversy and myriad other details. The high-definition video was received as a welcome update to the small list of professional media on the subject.

The 2009 rally was also filmed for a documentary DVD called Hard Miles 2 and included additional material and interviews away from checkpoints. No documentary was made for 2011.

Common Rides (SS1000, BB1500, BBG1500)
The Saddlesore and Bun-Burner were started in California by the California Motorcycle Touring Association (CMTA). These were originally fixed-course group-rides. Pressure soon came from many riders who could not make the annual trek to California, so Les Martin, the driving force behind the CMTA, offered a ride that could be completed anywhere. When Les retired in 1993, the CMTA stopped holding and certifying 1000-in-24 and 1500-in-36 rides, and donated the Saddlesore 1000 and Bun-Burner events to the Iron Butt Association, which had not previously administered a 1000-in-24 ride. Since then the IBA has been sponsoring the Saddlesore 1000 (1,000 miles in 24 hours) and the Bun-Burner (1,500 miles in 36 hours), and added the more extreme Bun-Burner Gold (1,500 miles in 24 hours).

50 cc Quest
Not to be confused with a ride for bikes limited to 50 cc of displacement, the 50 cc Quest is named for riding across the United States from Coast to Coast in less than 50 hours. It was originally conceived by Dave McQueeney as a New York to San Francisco trip of 2910 mi. In the first ten years of its existence only ten riders were officially recognized to successfully complete it. In the meantime a ride from Jacksonville, Florida to San Diego, California has become the most popular route, as it is only 2345 mi long.

100CCC
Two 50cc Quests done back to back (coast to coast to coast) in 100 hours or less. This is considered an Extreme Ride.

National Parks Tour Master Traveler
The object of the IBA's National Parks Tour is to take some time to visit the hundreds of National Parks, National Historic Sites, National Recreation Areas, and National Monuments located in the United States and Canada.

The riders must purchase a Passport to Your National Parks book, then proceed to visit at least 50 of these sites or parks listed in the Passport book in at least 25 states and provinces within the period of one year. Start and finish times are up to the rider, as long as the time frame does not exceed the one year allotment.

10/10ths Challenge
10000 mi in 10 days.

The 100K Club
The Iron Butt Association's 100K Club consists of riders who have ridden more than 100000 mi in one year.

RBLR 1000
The Iron Butt Association in the United Kingdom and The Royal British Legion Riders Branch (RBLR) jointly organize the annual RBLR 1000 event. The RBLR is a motorcyclist's branch of The Royal British Legion, a veterans' organization. In 2018 the RBLR 1000 raised over UK£33,000 for the Poppy Appeal. 2019 it will be around the same. 2019 was the tenth running of the event

title: Iron Butt Association


text:
User talk:Green-Curtain

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Sansevieria
Hi Rellis - sorry to have to change your edit, but Sansevieria is now classified in the Ruscaceae, not in the Agavaceae any more (from genetic evidence; it certainly isn't evident from the appearance!) - MPF 18:30, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note; I just checked it, but JoJan has beat me to it and corrected it to Ruscaceae :-) - MPF 20:04, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Highbury
Hello. I used http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/ to generate TQ 315 855. Kind regards, Mrsteviec 05:15, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Image up for deletion on Commons
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File source problem with File:Highbury Barn.jpg
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File:Highbury House.jpg needs authorship information
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If you have any questions please see Help:File page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 21:05, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Lashenden Air Warfare Museum

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title: User talk:Green-Curtain


text: User talk:195.137.99.213

title: User talk:195.137.99.213


text:
WUNC

WUNC may refer to:

 * WUNC (FM), a radio station (91.5 FM) licensed to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
 * WUNC-TV, a television station (channel 4 analog/25 digital) licensed to Chapel Hill, North Carolina

title: WUNC


text:
Mechanical energy

In physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that if an isolated system is subject only to conservative forces, then the mechanical energy is constant. If an object moves in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase; and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object changes, the kinetic energy of the object also changes. In all real systems, however, nonconservative forces, such as frictional forces, will be present, but if they are of negligible magnitude, the mechanical energy changes little and its conservation is a useful approximation. In elastic collisions, the kinetic energy is conserved, but in inelastic collisions some mechanical energy may be converted into thermal energy. The equivalence between lost mechanical energy and an increase in temperature was discovered by James Prescott Joule.

Many devices are used to convert mechanical energy to or from other forms of energy, e.g. an electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, an electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and a heat engine converts heat to mechanical energy.

General
Energy is a scalar quantity and the mechanical energy of a system is the sum of the potential energy (which is measured by the position of the parts of the system) and the kinetic energy (which is also called the energy of motion):

$$E_\text{mechanical}=U+K$$

The potential energy, U, depends on the position of an object subjected to gravity or some other conservative force. The gravitational potential energy of an object is equal to the weight W of the object multiplied by the height h of the object's center of gravity relative to an arbitrary datum:

$$U = W h$$

The potential energy of an object can be defined as the object's ability to do work and is increased as the object is moved in the opposite direction of the direction of the force. If F represents the conservative force and x the position, the potential energy of the force between the two positions x1 and x2 is defined as the negative integral of F from x1 to x2:

$$U = - \int_{x_1}^{x_2} \vec{F}\cdot d\vec{x}$$

The kinetic energy, K, depends on the speed of an object and is the ability of a moving object to do work on other objects when it collides with them. It is defined as one half the product of the object's mass with the square of its speed, and the total kinetic energy of a system of objects is the sum of the kinetic energies of the respective objects:

$$K={1 \over 2}mv^2$$

The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that if a body or system is subjected only to conservative forces, the mechanical energy of that body or system remains constant. The difference between a conservative and a non-conservative force is that when a conservative force moves an object from one point to another, the work done by the conservative force is independent of the path. On the contrary, when a non-conservative force acts upon an object, the work done by the non-conservative force is dependent of the path.

Conservation of mechanical energy

According to the principle of conservation of mechanical energy, the mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant in time, as long as the system is free of friction and other non-conservative forces. In any real situation, frictional forces and other non-conservative forces are present, but in many cases their effects on the system are so small that the principle of conservation of mechanical energy can be used as a fair approximation. Though energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can be converted to another form of energy.

Swinging pendulum

In a mechanical system like a swinging pendulum subjected to the conservative gravitational force where frictional forces like air drag and friction at the pivot are negligible, energy passes back and forth between kinetic and potential energy but never leaves the system. The pendulum reaches greatest kinetic energy and least potential energy when in the vertical position, because it will have the greatest speed and be nearest the Earth at this point. On the other hand, it will have its least kinetic energy and greatest potential energy at the extreme positions of its swing, because it has zero speed and is farthest from Earth at these points. However, when taking the frictional forces into account, the system loses mechanical energy with each swing because of the negative work done on the pendulum by these non-conservative forces.

Irreversibilities
That the loss of mechanical energy in a system always resulted in an increase of the system's temperature has been known for a long time, but it was the amateur physicist James Prescott Joule who first experimentally demonstrated how a certain amount of work done against friction resulted in a definite quantity of heat which should be conceived as the random motions of the particles that comprise matter. This equivalence between mechanical energy and heat is especially important when considering colliding objects. In an elastic collision, mechanical energy is conserved – the sum of the mechanical energies of the colliding objects is the same before and after the collision. After an inelastic collision, however, the mechanical energy of the system will have changed. Usually, the mechanical energy before the collision is greater than the mechanical energy after the collision. In inelastic collisions, some of the mechanical energy of the colliding objects is transformed into kinetic energy of the constituent particles. This increase in kinetic energy of the constituent particles is perceived as an increase in temperature. The collision can be described by saying some of the mechanical energy of the colliding objects has been converted into an equal amount of heat. Thus, the total energy of the system remains unchanged though the mechanical energy of the system has reduced.

Satellite
A satellite of mass $$ m$$ at a distance $$ r$$ from the centre of Earth possesses both kinetic energy, $$ K$$, (by virtue of its motion) and gravitational potential energy, $$U$$, (by virtue of its position within the Earth's gravitational field; Earth's mass is $$M$$). Hence, mechanical energy $$E_\text{mechanical}$$ of the satellite-Earth system is given by $$E_\text{mechanical} = U + K$$ $$E_\text{mechanical} = - G \frac{M m}{r}\ + \frac{1}{2}\, m v^2$$

If the satellite is in circular orbit, the energy conservation equation can be further simplified into $$E_\text{mechanical} = - G \frac{M m}{2r} $$ since in circular motion, Newton's 2nd Law of motion can be taken to be $$G \frac{M m}{r^2}\ = \frac{m v^2}{r} $$

Conversion
Today, many technological devices convert mechanical energy into other forms of energy or vice versa. These devices can be placed in these categories:
 * An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 * A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 * A hydroelectric powerplant converts the mechanical energy of water in a storage dam into electrical energy.
 * An internal combustion engine is a heat engine that obtains mechanical energy from chemical energy by burning fuel. From this mechanical energy, the internal combustion engine often generates electricity.
 * A steam engine converts the heat energy of steam into mechanical energy.
 * A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a stream of gas or liquid into mechanical energy.

Distinction from other types
The classification of energy into different types often follows the boundaries of the fields of study in the natural sciences.

 * Chemical energy is the kind of potential energy "stored" in chemical bonds and is studied in chemistry.
 * Nuclear energy is energy stored in interactions between the particles in the atomic nucleus and is studied in nuclear physics.
 * Electromagnetic energy is in the form of electric charges, magnetic fields, and photons. It is studied in electromagnetism.
 * Various forms of energy in quantum mechanics; e.g., the energy levels of electrons in an atom.

title: Mechanical energy


text: User talk:134.67.6.24

title: User talk:134.67.6.24


text:
List of caves in the United Kingdom

This is an incomplete list of caves in the United Kingdom, including information on the largest and deepest caves in the UK.

Longest, deepest and largest
The longest cave system in the UK is the Three Counties System in the Yorkshire Dales, with 86.7 km of passageways. It includes the Ease Gill system, the Notts Pot / Ireby Fell Cavern system, the Lost Johns' Cave system, and the Pippikin Pot system, all of which are connected.

 * The deepest cave in Wales and the UK is Ogof Ffynnon Ddu, 274.5 m deep and containing around 50 km of passageways.
 * The deepest cave in England is the Three Counties System which is 252 m deep between the entrance of Large Pot, and the deepest point reached by diving in Gavel Pot.
 * The deepest cave in Scotland is Uamh an Claonaite in Assynt, 110 m deep.
 * The deepest cave in Northern Ireland is Reyfad Pot in County Fermanagh, 193 m deep.

A sea cave on the north side of Calder's Geo in Shetland was measured in 2014 at over 20 m high and with a floor area of around 5600 m2. This makes it the largest known cave chamber in the United Kingdom.

A chamber in Reservoir Hole, Cheddar Gorge called “The Frozen Deep” was discovered in 2012 and found to be 30 m high and 60 m long.

England
By English caving region.

Devon
See also Caves in Devon

 * Ash Hole Cavern
 * Bakers Pit, Buckfastleigh
 * Chudleigh Cavern
 * Kent's Cavern
 * Kitley Show Cave
 * Pridhamsleigh Cavern, Ashburton
 * Reed's Cave

Mendip Hills
The following are all within Somerset unless otherwise stated. See also Caves of the Mendip Hills.

 * Aveline's Hole
 * Charterhouse Cave
 * Cox's cave
 * Eastwater Cavern
 * GB Cave
 * Goatchurch Cavern
 * Gough's Cave
 * Lamb Leer
 * Longwood Swallet
 * Manor Farm Swallet
 * Pierre's Pot
 * Reservoir Hole
 * Rhino Rift
 * Shatter Cave
 * St Cuthbert's Swallet
 * Stoke Lane Slocker
 * Swildon's Hole
 * Thrupe Lane Swallet
 * Wookey Hole Caves

Peak District
The following are all within Derbyshire unless otherwise stated. See also List of caves in the Peak District and List of caves in Derbyshire.
 * Blue John Cavern
 * Great Masson Cavern
 * Great Rutland Cavern
 * Oxlow Cavern
 * Peak Cavern
 * Poole's Cavern
 * Speedwell Cavern
 * Thor's Cave, Staffordshire
 * Titan
 * Treak Cliff Cavern

Yorkshire Dales

 * Alum Pot
 * Aquamole Pot
 * Bar Pot, Gaping Gill
 * Boxhead Pot
 * Big Meanie (See Death's Head Hole)
 * The Buttertubs
 * Crackpot Cave
 * Coal Hole Entrance (See Short Drop Cave)
 * Death's Head Hole
 * Disappointment Pot, Gaping Gill
 * Ease Gill Caverns
 * Eden Sike Cave, Mallerstang
 * Flood Entrance Pot, Gaping Gill
 * Gaping Gill
 * Gavel Pot
 * Great Douk Cave
 * Goyden Pot
 * Great Douk Cave
 * Ingleborough Cave
 * It's a Cracker (See Lost Pot)
 * Jib Tunnel
 * Jingling Caves (See Jingling Pot)
 * Jingling Pot
 * Juniper Gulf
 * Langcliffe Pot
 * Long Churn Caves
 * Lost John's Cave
 * Long Drop Cave
 * Long Kin East Cave
 * Lost Pot
 * Manchester Hole
 * Marilyn, Gaping Gill (See Disappointment Pot)
 * Mossdale Caverns
 * Motley Pot, Gaping Gill (See Disappointment Pot)
 * New Goyden Pot
 * OBJ Pot, Gaping Gill (See Flood Entrance Pot)
 * Oddmire Pot (See Langcliffe Pot)
 * Rat Hole, Gaping Gill
 * Rat Hole Sink, Gaping Gill (See Rat Hole)
 * Rift Pot (see Long Kin East Cave)
 * Rift Entrance (See Short Drop Cave)
 * Rowten Pot
 * Rumbling Beck Cave (See Rumbling Hole)
 * Rumbling Hole
 * Short Long Drop Cave (see Long Drop Cave)
 * Simpson Pot
 * Short Drop Cave
 * Skirwith Cave
 * Small Mammal Pot, Gaping Gill (See Bar Pot)
 * Stile Pot, Gaping Gill (See Bar Pot)
 * Stream Passage Pot, Gaping Gill
 * Stump Cross Caverns
 * Swinsto Cave
 * Three Counties System
 * Wades Entrance, Gaping Gill (See Flood Entrance Pot)
 * Weathercote Cave
 * White Scar Caves
 * Yordas Cave
 * Yordas Pot (See Yordas Cave)

Other areas

 * Alloa Lea Quarry Cave, Northumberland
 * Creswell Crags
 * Excalibur Pot, North York Moors
 * Kirkdale Cave, North York Moors
 * Miss Grace's Lane, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire
 * Mother Ludlam's Cave, Moor Park, Farnham, Surrey
 * Dog Hole Cave, Cumbria
 * Pate Hole, Cumbria
 * Slaughter Stream Cave, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire
 * Heathery Burn Cave, Stanhope, County Durham
 * Pen Park Hole, Bristol
 * Clearwell Caves, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire

Northern Ireland
The following are all within County Fermanagh unless otherwise stated. See also Caves of the Tullybrack and Belmore hills.
 * Badger Pot
 * Boho Caves
 * Marble Arch Caves
 * Noon's Hole
 * Portbraddon Cave, County Antrim
 * Shannon Cave, County Fermanagh and County Cavan, Republic of Ireland)

Scotland

 * Calder's Geo, Shetland
 * Cleeves Cove Cave, North Ayrshire
 * Fingal's Cave, Inner Hebrides
 * Smoo Cave, Sutherland
 * Uamh An Claonaite, Sutherland

Wales

 * Cathole Cave
 * Dan yr Ogof
 * Ogof Agen Allwedd
 * Ogof Craig a Ffynnon
 * Ogof Draenen
 * Ogof Ffynnon Ddu
 * Ogof Hen Ffynhonnau
 * Ogof Hesp Alyn
 * Ogof Llyn Parc
 * Ogof Nadolig
 * Ogof y Daren Cilau
 * Otter Hole
 * Porth yr Ogof

title: List of caves in the United Kingdom


text: Category:Politicians from Catalonia

title: Category:Politicians from Catalonia


text:
Landru (film)

Landru (US title: Bluebeard) is a 1963 French-Italian crime drama film directed by Claude Chabrol. The screenplay was written by Françoise Sagan. The film stars Charles Denner, Michèle Morgan, Danielle Darrieux and Hildegard Knef.

It was based on the story of French serial killer Henri Désiré Landru, who murdered and dismembered more than 10 women during World War I.

Plot
During World War I, the seemingly respectable middle-aged man Henri Landru has devised an ingenious means of obtaining money to supplement his dwindling income. Adopting various assumed names, he lures middle-class women to his villa at Gambais, just outside Paris. There he kills them and burns their bodies. He then helps himself to his victims’ bank accounts, so that he can keep his wife, his mistress and his four children in the manner to which they have grown accustomed.

Having murdered ten women and one boy, Landru is finally captured and placed before a court of law. Eloquent in his protestations of innocence, he is confident that no jury will condemn a man of such intellect and breeding.

title: Landru (film)


text:
Carleton County Historical Society

The Carleton County Historical Society (CCHS), located in southwest New Brunswick, Canada, was established in 1960.

It maintains an extensive collection of historical artifacts and archival material. They maintain two historic buildings, the Old Carleton County Court House, 19 Court Street, Upper Woodstock, and the Honourable Charles Connell House, 128 Connell Street, Woodstock, which doubles as the society's headquarters and as a museum.

President: John Thompson Executive Director: Kellie Blue-McQuade

title: Carleton County Historical Society


text:
Implode

Implode may refer to:

Arts

 * Implode (album), a 1999 album by industrial group Front Line Assembly
 * String functions, implode is the join string function in PHP

title: Implode


text:
WUNC (FM)

WUNC (91.5 MHz) is a listener-supported public radio station, serving the Research Triangle area of North Carolina. It is licensed to Chapel Hill and is operated by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. On weekdays, WUNC carries National Public Radio, American Public Media, Public Radio Exchange, and BBC programming in an "all-news-and-information" format, including shows such as All Things Considered, Morning Edition and Fresh Air. On weekends, in addition to NPR weekend shows, WUNC broadcasts locally produced folk music programming. The longest-running continuously produced program offered by the station is Back Porch Music, a weekly folk and traditional music program. WUNC holds periodic on-air fundraisers seeking listener contributions.

The station operates five full-service FM repeater stations, WFSS from Fayetteville on 91.9; WRQM from Rocky Mount on 90.9; WBUX from Buxton on 90.5; WUND-FM from Columbia on 88.9; WUNW-FM from Welcome on 91.1; and WZCO from Chadbourn on 89.9. WUNC should not be confused with WXYC, which is UNC's student radio station.

As of January 2024, WUNC has the second highest ratings of any station in the Raleigh–Durham radio market.

History
WUNC was originally on the air for a brief time as an AM station in the 1940s, then returned to the air in 1952 as a student-run FM station with equipment from Jefferson Standard Broadcasting, which had operated WBT-FM for several years. The original station stayed on the air until a lightning strike in 1970.

WUNC signed on in its current incarnation on April 3, 1976. It immediately became the state's second NPR member. One of its earliest shows was Gary Shivers on Jazz, a jazz program produced by the station and syndicated regionally. (Shivers was the station's first program director and second General Manager.) WUNC had studios in Swain Hall on the UNC campus; it moved to a state-of-the-art studio near the Friday Center in 1999. Prior to its switch to a news and information format, the station was a multi-format station of NPR news, classical music, and jazz music.

WRQM began in 1992 as a separate NPR station under the call letters WESQ, licensed to North Carolina Wesleyan College in Rocky Mount. NCWC set up the station to fill the void left by the closure of WVSP, an African-American public radio station licensed to Warrenton but which moved to Rocky Mount in 1985, shortly before it closed. WESQ offered a variety of music that included country and R&B. When Wesleyan opted to cut ties with the station in 1995, a group of Rocky Mount business leaders known as Friends of Down East Public Radio bought the station and relaunched it as WRQM on March 31, 1996. The station floundered for most of its existence, as there were just barely enough listeners in that area of the market for the station to be viable on its own. This caused a chronic shortage of financial support. In March 1999, it began airing most of WUNC's schedule; it became a full repeater of WUNC that October.

WUND-FM in Columbia signed on March 24, 1999, bringing NPR programming to one of the few areas of North Carolina without a clear signal from a full-fledged NPR station.

WUNW-FM in Welcome signed on as a full-service FM station on 91.1 FM in December 2013, providing increased coverage of WUNC to suburban communities in Davidson County, located south of Greensboro and Winston-Salem.

On May 13, 2015, officials announced the acquisition of WFSS, a public radio station licensed to Fayetteville State University in Fayetteville. Simulcasting of WUNC began at 10:00 AM on May 13, 2015. The sale closed in November.

On August 4, 2016, WUNC launched WUNC Music, an adult album alternative format, on their HD2 channel and on their website.

On May 31, 2023, WUNC announced the purchase of WZCO in Chadbourn, the former Columbus County Schools student-run radio station, for $50,000. WUNC programming began on October 6.

Programming
Aside from Back Porch Music, WUNC also produces The People's Pharmacy with Joe and Terry Graedon, a nationally syndicated program first broadcast on WUNC in the early 1980s. From 1999 to 2020, it also aired The State of Things, a regionally syndicated local affairs show. The network began offering podcasts for The State of Things and other locally produced news stories in September 2005.

WUNC's main radio studios are located in Chapel Hill near the Friday Center. In 2005, a second broadcast facility was opened in Durham's American Tobacco Historic District. On October 17, 2005, The State of Things began production at the new Durham location and broadcasts live about once a month remotely from Triad Stage in Greensboro. Other programs continue production in the Chapel Hill studios.

Dick Gordon, former host of WBUR's The Connection, began hosting a new interview show called The Story with Dick Gordon on February 16, 2006, that was co-produced with and nationally syndicated by American Public Media. The show's final program aired on WUNC on October 11, 2013. Talk of the Nation had been dropped by WUNC-FM earlier in the year. Today, in addition to the aforementioned current programs plus NPR staples such as Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Fresh Air with Terry Gross and Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, WUNC-FM also airs 1A, The Takeaway, It's Been A Minute and Here and Now. Many of these shows are distributed nationally by American Public Media, Public Radio Exchange, or WNYC.

WUNC is the home station of the American Homefront Project, which reports on military life and veterans issues.

HD programming
WUNC broadcasts in the HD radio format. Since the summer of 2016, WUNC has aired WUNC Music on its HD2 digital subchannel. WUNC Music specializes in adult album alternative (AAA), indie rock, Americana, and music by North Carolina artists.

Transmitters
In 2005, to reflect its growth into a network, WUNC rebranded as "North Carolina Public Radio - WUNC". The call letters of the other stations are identified only during required station identifications at the start of each hour. However, in recent years, it has largely reverted to using "WUNC" as its main on-air name, with "North Carolina Public Radio" as a secondary brand.

WUNC's 100,000-watt signal broadcasts from the PBS North Carolina tower on Terrells Mountain in Chatham County, five miles west of Chapel Hill. In addition to its home market of the Research Triangle (Raleigh, Durham and Chapel Hill), it also provides a strong city-grade signal to the eastern Piedmont Triad, including Greensboro and High Point. Terrells Mountain is roughly halfway between the Triangle and the Triad, and WUNC has long claimed Greensboro as part of its primary coverage area. WUNC provides much of the eastern Triad region a second choice for NPR programming alongside that market's primary NPR station, WFDD in Winston-Salem.

WRQM serves the far eastern portion of the Triangle market, as well as Greenville. WUND serves northeastern North Carolina and the Outer Banks, with WBUX covering southern Dare County. WUNW covers portions of Davidson County that aren't served by WUNC's main signal. WFSS is heard in the Fayetteville area. WZCO serves the largely rural area between Fayetteville and Wilmington. Combined, the seven stations reach just over half of North Carolina's population, providing at least secondary coverage from the fringes of the Charlotte suburbs to the Outer Banks.

title: WUNC (FM)


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Oscar Shumsky

Oscar Shumsky (March 23, 1917 in Philadelphia – July 24, 2000 in Rye, New York) was an American violinist and conductor.

Biography
Oscar Shumsky was born to Russian-Jewish parents. He started learning the violin at the age of three, and made his concert debut at the age of seven with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski, who declared him to be "the most astounding genius I have ever heard". Fritz Kreisler took a special interest in him, and he played Kreisler's own cadenzas to the Beethoven violin concerto to him after learning them by ear. He was a pupil of Leopold Auer from 1925 and studied at the Curtis Institute of Music from 1928 to 1936, continuing his studies with Efrem Zimbalist after Auer's death in 1930. His New York debut was in 1934 and his Vienna debut was in 1936. He played first violin in the Primrose Quartet from 1939, and the same year joined the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Arturo Toscanini. During the Second World War, he served in the U.S. Navy.

His violin was a Stradivari of 1715 known as 'Ex-Pierre Rode' or the 'Duke of Cambridge' (previously owned by Pierre Rode). It was used by Shumsky to record the complete 24 Caprices by Rode. He tells how he came to acquire the instrument: It was a case of "love at first sound". During the period of readjustment after the "war to end all wars" we were trying to pick up our lives where we had left them, and I was in the throes of trying to better my instrument. I realized that if I were to pursue a concert career I needed something considerably more outstanding than the Camillo Camilli (an excellent violin in its class) on which I was performing. In the process I had been through many Guadagninis and some lesser Strads, but always came away disappointed. Then on one of my innumerable visits to the atelier of Emil Herrmann, I spotted a violin lying on the long felt-covered table. A quick glance told me that the violin was not only a Stradivarius but one of the finest examples I had seen. Thrilled and discouraged at the same time (I knew that such an instrument was out of my financial range) I nevertheless had a strong curiosity to examine and try it. Permission was granted, and after a few passages from different fragments of the repertory I just knew I had to have it! I won't flood readers with all the information about my huge bank loan, but I have never had a moment's cause for regret. The fact that it somehow came by way of my old teacher Leopold Auer is a fascinating bit of mysticism.

He taught at the Curtis Institute, Philadelphia, Peabody Conservatory, Baltimore, Yale University, and, from 1953, the Juilliard School in New York. From 1959 to 1967, he co-directed the Stratford Festival (in Ontario) with Glenn Gould, with whom he played regularly at the festival and made some recordings for T.V. broadcast. Around this time, he appeared regularly as a soloist with American orchestras. His conducting debut was in 1959 with the Canadian National Festival Orchestra; he later conducted the Orchestral Workshop of Westchester, the Westchester Symphony Orchestra, and the Empire Sinfonietta in New York, and the New Jersey Colonial Symphony Orchestra. He joined the Bach Aria Group in the early 1960s. He was granted a Ford Foundation Award in 1965.

He returned to concerts and recordings in 1981, performing in the USA and in Britain for the first time in 30 years; a programme he gave for solo violin led to great acclaim: It is not common practice here for audience members to leap on their feet in acknowledgement of outstanding playing and it is a mark of Oscar Shumsky's achievement at the Queen Elizabeth Hall that so many did spontaneously do just that.

He recorded Eugène Ysaÿe's solo violin sonatas op.27 and Bach's sonatas and partitas for solo violin, the Beethoven violin concerto, Bach's single and double violin concertos, Mozart's 4th and 5th violin concertos, and other works, including the two Brahms Viola Sonatas on the viola. Many of these recordings have not been released on CD.

Many fellow violinists consider him to be one of the great violinists of the century; David Oistrakh called him "one of the world's greatest violinists" and the New Grove dictionary says of him: 'He was a player of virtuoso technique, pure style and refined taste; yet never sought recognition as a soloist, preferring to concentrate on teaching, chamber music playing and conducting.'

Shumsky married Louise Sophia Carboni on October 4, 1939. Together they had two sons; Noel (a business executive & teacher) and Eric (a violist & teacher).

A great deal has been written about Shumsky’s musical artistry; however, little is known about his “other interests”. Since his childhood in Philadelphia Shumsky was fascinated with photography. He was an avid amateur photographer who could often be found with a camera. His photographic skills and knowledge were recognized by the great American photographer- Ansel Adams. The two men became friends drawn together by their mutual interests and respect; Shumsky a professional musician and amateur photographer and Adams a professional photographer and amateur musician (pianist).

Shumsky had a curiosity with the world around him. He was drawn to biology and microbiology which led him to the field of photo microscopy. He would often find himself in a situation where he needed a special mounting to marry one optical device to another. He taught himself how to use a metal lathe and other machining tools to build whatever was needed to accomplish the task.

title: Oscar Shumsky


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Hair of the dog

"Hair of the dog", short for "hair of the dog that bit you", is a colloquial expression in the English language predominantly used to refer to alcohol that is consumed as a hangover remedy (with the aim of lessening the effects of a hangover). Many other languages have their own phrase to describe the same concept. The idea may have some basis in science in the difference between ethanol and methanol metabolism.

Etymology
The expression originally referred to a method of treatment for a rabid dog bite by placing hair from the dog in the bite wound. Ebenezer Cobham Brewer writes in the Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898): "In Scotland it is a popular belief that a few hairs of the dog that bit you applied to the wound will prevent evil consequences. Applied to drinks, it means, if overnight you have indulged too freely, take a glass of the same wine within 24 hours to soothe the nerves. 'If this dog do you bite, soon as out of your bed, take a hair of the tail the next day.'" He also cites two apocryphal poems containing the phrase, one of which is attributed to Aristophanes. It is possible that the phrase was used to justify an existing practice, as the idea of "like cures like" (similia similibus curantur) dates back at least to the time of Hippocrates. The idea was also postulated by Pliny the elder, who wrote "“When a person has been bitten by a mad dog, he may be preserved from hydrophobia by applying the ashes of a dog’s head to the wound.” Likewise he claimed one could “insert in the wound ashes of hairs from the tail of the dog that inflicted the bite.”  It exists today as the basic postulate of classical homeopathy. In the 1930s cocktails known as Corpse Revivers were served in hotels.

An early example of modern usage (poil de ce chien) can be found in Rabelais' 16th century pentalogy Gargantua and Pantagruel, literally translated by Motteux in the late 17th century.

Europe
The phrase also exists in Hungarian, where the literal translation to English is "(You may cure) the dog's bite with its fur", but has evolved into a short phrase ("kutyaharapást szőrével") that is used frequently in other contexts when one is trying to express that the solution to a problem is more of the problem.

Among the Irish and Mexicans, the phrase 'The Cure' ("curarse la cruda", in Spanish) is often used instead of 'hair of the dog'. It is used, often sarcastically, in the question "Going for a Cure?". In Portuguese, people speak of "a hit" (uma rebatida), meaning to strike away (the hangover with more alcohol).

In some Slavic languages (Polish, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian and Russian), hair of the dog is called "a wedge" (klin), mirroring the concept of dislodging a stuck wedge with another one; hence the popular Polish phrase "[to dislodge] a wedge [with] a wedge" – [wybijać] klin klinem – which is used figuratively both with regard to alcohol and in other contexts. In Bulgarian, the phrase is "Клин клин избива" (using the "wedge" metaphor common in other Slavic languages). The proper Russian term is опохмелка (opohmelka, "after being drunk"), which indicates a process of drinking to decrease effects of drinking the day before. In Estonia, the phrase used is "peaparandus", which literally translated is "head-repair".

A similar usage is encountered in Romanian, in the phrase "Cui pe cui se scoate" (A nail (fastener) pulls out a nail); in Italian, in the phrase "Chiodo scaccia chiodo"; in Spanish, in the phrase "Un clavo saca otro clavo" (A nail pulls out another nail). In all three cases, the English translation is "a nail dislodges a nail", though these phrases are not exclusively used to refer to the hangover cure.

In German, drinking alcohol the next morning to relieve the symptoms is sometimes described as "having a counter-beer" (ein Konterbier trinken), and in Japan, drinking alcohol in the morning after drinking too much is called 迎え酒 (mukae-zake), which roughly translates as "counter drinking". In Austria people talk about having a repair-beer (Reparatur-Seidl).

The Dutch have also coined the portmanteaus "reparadler" and "reparipa", referring to Radler and IPA as repair beverages. The term "Morning-afterpils" is also used (where “pils” is beer).

In Norwegian, it is usually called "repareringspils", meaning a "beer to repair". In Czech, it is called "vyprošťovák" (extricator). In Swedish, drinking alcohol to relieve a hangover is called having an "återställare", which translates roughly to "restorer". In Danish, a beer the day after drinking, is called a "reparationsbajer", which translates to "repair beer". There is also a saying: "One must rise at the tree where one fell". Similarly, in Dutch, the term "reparatiebier" is frequently used, which also translates to "repair beer".

In Finnish, consuming alcohol the next day is called ”tasoittava” (smoothener, equalizer), ”loiventava” (leveller) or ”korjaussarja” (a repair kit). Also the phrase "Sillä se lähtee millä tulikin" that translates to "What caused it, will also cure it" describes the same concept.

In French, "soigner le mal par le mal" (cure evil with evil) refers to the ancient belief of fitting a disease with the same origins and is said in case of a hangover as you drink again.

In Icelandic, a hangover cure is called "Afréttari" translated "a straightener". If you are feeling hungover, the first drink will straighten you out or lift you back up to your normal state. Like a bent nail that needs to be fixed.

The Americas
In Colombia, the same expresion is used “pelos de la misma perra” (hairs of the same female dog). In Costa Rica (Central America), it refers to a pig, as in: hair of the same pig ("pelos de la misma chancha" in Central America) referring to the same method to cure the hangover. In Puerto Rico, drinking alcohol as a remedy for a hangover is called "matar al ratón", or "to kill the mouse".

Asia
The earliest known reference to the phrase "hair of the dog" in connection with drunkenness is found in a text from ancient Ugarit dating from the mid to late second millennium BC, in which the god ʾIlu becomes hungover after a drinking binge. The text includes a recipe for a salve to be applied to the forehead, which consists of "hairs of a dog" and parts of an unknown plant mixed with olive oil.

In Korea, alcohol (typically soju) drunk in the morning to relieve hangovers is called "haejangsul" (해장술), which literally translates as "a drink that relieves the bowels." In China, alcohol drunk to relieve hangover is called "huíhúnjiǔ" (回魂酒), which literally translates to "the drink that brings back your soul". In Japan, the equivalent phrase is “mukaezake” (迎え酒), which can be literally translated as “alcohol for facing (greeting) the next day.”

Africa
In Cape Afrikaans, drinking alcohol to cure a hangover (babbelas) is called "kopskiet", or "shot to the head". In Tanzania, the equivalent Swahili phrase used is "kuzimua" which means "assist to wake up after a coma". The phrase also exists in (Sheng) Swahili Slang: In Kenya taking alcohol to relieve a hangover is called "kutoa lock", translated into "removing the lock".

Scientific background
There are at least two hypotheses as to how "hair of the dog" works. In the first, hangovers are described as the first stage of alcohol withdrawal, which is then alleviated by further alcohol intake. Although "...Low [ethanol] doses may effectively prevent alcohol withdrawal syndrome in surgical patients", this idea is questionable as the signs and symptoms of hangover and alcohol withdrawal are very different.

In the second, hangovers are partly attributed to methanol metabolism. Levels of methanol, present as a congener in alcohol, have been correlated with severity of hangover and methanol metabolism to the highly toxic formate via formaldehyde coincides with the rate of appearance of hangover symptoms. As both ethanol and methanol are metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase – and ethanol has a greater binding affinity for this enzyme than methanol – drinking more of the former effectively prevents (or delays) the metabolism of the latter.

title: Hair of the dog


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title: User talk:Atherts


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Thymallus

Thymallus or graylings is a genus of freshwater salmonid ray-finned fish (family Salmonidae) and the only genus within the subfamily Thymallinae. Although all Thymallus species can be generically called graylings, without specific qualification the term "grayling" typically refers to the type species Thymallus thymallus, the European grayling.

Name
The name of the genus Thymallus first given to grayling (T. thymallus) described in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus originates from the faint smell of the herb thyme, which emanates from the flesh. Thymallus derives from the Greek θύμαλλος, "thyme smell".

Species
According to FishBase, 14 species are placed in this genus. However, views differ on their taxonomic rank.
 * Thymallus arcticus (Pallas, 1776) - Arctic grayling
 * Thymallus baicalensis Dybowski, 1874 - Baikal black grayling
 * Thymallus brevipinnis Svetovidov (ru), 1931 - Baikal white grayling
 * Thymallus brevirostris Kessler, 1879 - Mongolian grayling
 * Thymallus burejensis Antonov, 2004 - Bureya grayling
 * Thymallus flavomaculatus Knizhin, Antonov & Weiss, 2006 - yellow-spotted grayling
 * Thymallus grubii Dybowski, 1869 - Amur grayling
 * Thymallus mertensii Valenciennes, 1848 - Kamchatka grayling
 * Thymallus nigrescens Dorogostaisky, 1923 - Kosogol grayling
 * Thymallus pallasii Valenciennes, 1848 - East Siberian grayling
 * Thymallus svetovidovi Knizhin & Weiss, 2009 - Upper Yenisei grayling
 * Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758) - European grayling (type species)
 * Thymallus tugarinae Knizhin, Antonov, Safronov & Weiss, 2007 - Lower Amur grayling
 * Thymallus yaluensis T. Mori, 1928   - Yalu grayling

Modern reviews and the Catalog of Fishes also list additional species including Thymallus nikolskyi Kaschenko, 1899, Thymallus baicalolenensis Matveyev et al., 2005 and Thymallus ligericus Persat et al, 2019. An old controversy exists over the status of Baikal black vs white graylings, T. baicalensis and T. brevipinnis. Modern research supports the view that they are not separate taxa, but alternative ecological forms of T. baicalensis.

Distribution
The fishes of this genus are native to the northern parts of the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, ranging from the United Kingdom and northern Europe across Eurasia to Siberia, as well as northern North America. T. thymallus, the grayling, is widespread in Europe, and T. arcticus, the Arctic grayling, is widespread throughout Eurasia east of the Ural Mountains and in the Nearctic. The other species have more localized ranges in northern Asia.

Appearance
Thymallus species are distinguished from other members of the salmonid family by their larger scales, their small mouths with teeth on the maxillary bone, and most striking of all, their showy, sail-like dorsal fins. This fin is longer in males and highly colourful, with spots of red, orange, purple or green. The body is also colourful; the dorsal surface is a dark purplish to bluish black or gray, grading to dark blue or silver gray on the flanks and gray or white on the belly. The body is further decorated with a smattering of small dark spots; these are much more numerous in juveniles.

The longest of the graylings is the Arctic grayling, T. arcticus, at a maximum length of 76 cm and a maximum weight of 3.8 kg. T. thymallus, while somewhat shorter - 60 cm - may weigh significantly more, 6.7 kg. The fishes of this genus may live for 18 years or more.

Ecology and reproduction
These fishes require cool, well-oxygenated water, preferably with a swift current; they are found in large, sandy- or gravel-bottomed rivers and lakes, but T. thymallus may occasionally be found in brackish conditions. Generally omnivorous, they feed primarily on crustaceans, insects, and zooplankton.

The grayling species, typically for salmonids, spawn in rivers and do not guard their brood, although they do conceal their eggs in silt. The spawning behavior of the Arctic grayling may be typical for the genus Thymallus.

As they are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, Thymallus fishes may be considered indicator species; T. arcticus has largely disappeared from the Great Lakes Basin.

Human use
Due to their agreeable taste and attractive form, the grayling species are valued as food and game fishes, and they are occasionally seen in public aquaria. The most economically important of these fishes, for which fisheries and aquaculture operations exist, are the grayling (T. thymallus) and the Arctic grayling (T. arcticus).

title: Thymallus


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Modern English Bible translations

Modern English Bible translations consists of English Bible translations developed and published throughout the late modern period (c. 1800–1945) to the present (c. 1945–).

A multitude of recent attempts have been made to translate the Bible into English. Most modern translations published since c. 1900 are based on recently published critical editions of the original Hebrew and Greek texts. These translations typically rely on the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia / Biblia Hebraica Quinta, counterparted by the Novum Testamentum Graece (and the Greek New Testament, published by the United Bible Societies, which contains the same text).

With regard to the use of Bible translations among biblical scholarship, the New Revised Standard Version is used broadly, but the English Standard Version is emerging as a primary text of choice among biblical scholars and theologians inclined toward theological conservatism.

Development of Modern English Bible versions
The Wessex Gospels were the first translation of the four Gospels in English without accompanying Latin text. The Authorized King James Version of 1611 was sporadically altered until 1769, but was not thoroughly updated until the creation of the Revised Version in 1885; it was not until the Revised Standard Version of 1952 (New Testament in 1946) that a rival to the KJV was composed, nearly 350 years after the KJV was first published. The RSV gained widespread adoption among the mainstream Protestant Churches in America and a Catholic Edition was released in 1962. It was updated as the New Revised Standard Version in 1989.

In the late twentieth century, Bibles increasingly appeared that were much less literal in their approach to translation. In 1946, the New English Bible was initiated in the United Kingdom, intended to enable readers to better understand the King James Bible. In 1958, J. B. Phillips (1906–1982) produced an edition of the New Testament letters in paraphrase, the Letters to Young Churches, so that members of his youth group could understand what the New Testament authors had written. In 1966, Good News for Modern Man, a non-literal translation of the New Testament, was released to wide acceptance. Others followed suit. The Living Bible, released in 1971, was published by its author Kenneth N. Taylor, based on the literal American Standard Version of 1901. Taylor had begun because of the trouble his children had in understanding the literal (and sometimes archaic) text of the King James Bible. His work was at first intended for children, but was later positioned for marketing to high school and college students, as well as adults wishing to better understand the Bible. Like Phillips' version, the Living Bible was a dramatic departure from the King James Version. Despite widespread criticism due to being a paraphrase rather than a translation, the popularity of The Living Bible created a demand for a new approach to translating the Bible into contemporary English called dynamic equivalence, which attempts to preserve the meaning of the original text in a readable way. Realizing the immense benefits of a Bible that was more easily accessible to the average reader, and responding to the criticisms of the Living Bible, the American Bible Society extended the Good News for Modern Man to the Good News Bible (1976) by adding the Old Testament, in this more readable style. This translation has gone on to become one of the best selling in history. In 1996, a new revision of Taylor's Living Bible was published. This New Living Translation is a full translation from the original languages rather than a paraphrase of the Bible.

Another project aimed to create something in between the very literal translation of the King James Bible and the more informal Good News Bible. The goal of this was to create a Bible that would be scholarly yet not overly formal. The result of this project was the New International Version (1978). This version became highly popular in Evangelical Protestant circles.

The debate between the formal equivalence and dynamic (or 'functional') equivalence translation styles has increased with the introduction of inclusive language versions. Various terms are employed to defend or attack this development, such as feminist, gender neutral, or gender accurate. New editions of some previous translations have been updated to take this change in language into account, including the New Jerusalem Bible (1985), the New Revised Standard Version (1989), the Revised English Bible (1989), and Today's New International Version (2005). Some translations have approached the issue more cautiously, such as the English Standard Version (2001).

A further process that has assisted in greatly increasing the number of English Bible versions is the use of the Internet in producing virtual bibles, of which a growing number are beginning to appear in print – especially given the development of "print on demand".

Today, there is a range of translations ranging from the most literal, such as the Young's Literal Translation to the most free such as The Message and The Word on the Street.

King James Version and derivatives
The King James Version of 1611 (in its 1769 amended Oxford edition) still has an immense following, and as such there have been a number of different attempts to update or improve upon it. The English Revised Version and its derivatives also stem from the King James Version.

English Revised Version and derivatives
The English Revised Version was the first official attempt to update the King James Version of 1769. This was adapted in the United States as the American Standard Version. The translations and versions that stem from them are shown in date order:

New International Version and derivatives
The popular New International Version has appeared in a number of editions.

Dynamic translations and paraphrases
A significant aspect in translations from the latter half of the 20th century was much greater use of the principles of dynamic equivalence.

Internet-based translations
The New English Translation (or NET Bible) is a project to publish a translation of the Bible using the Internet. It is freely available and accompanied by extensive translator's notes. The Open English Bible aims to create the first modern public domain English translation of the Bible, using an open-source process for corrections and modernizing verses.

Messianic translations
Some Bible translations find popular use in, or were prepared especially for, the Messianic Judaism movement.

New English Bible and derivatives
The initiative to create the New English Bible began in 1946, in an attempt to make an entirely new translation of the Bible in contemporary English.

Catholic translations
In addition to the above Catholic English Bibles, all of which have an imprimatur granted by a Catholic bishop, the authors of the Catholic Public Domain Version of 2009 and the 2013 translation from the Septuagint by Jesuit priest Nicholas King refer to them as Catholic Bibles. These versions have not been granted an imprimatur, but do include the Catholic biblical canon of 73 books.

Sacred Name translations
These Sacred Name Bibles were all done with the specific aim of carrying into English the actual Name of God as they were in the originals. Most have been done by people from the Sacred Name Movement. They are distinguished by their policy of transliterating Hebrew-based forms for sacred names, such as "Yahweh", "YHWH", etc.

Masoretic Text / Jewish translations
Jewish translations follow the Masoretic Text, and are usually published in bilingual editions with the Hebrew text facing the English translation. The translations often reflect traditional Jewish exegesis of the Bible. As translations of the Masoretic Text, Jewish translations contain neither the apocrypha nor the Christian New Testament.

Simplified English Bibles
There have been a number of attempts to produce a Bible that greatly simplifies the English. (Some of these versions are also listed in other categories: for example, the NIrV is also found under the NIV section). These are translations that are not necessarily a very dynamic translation, but go beyond simply everyday English into a restricted vocabulary set, often aimed at non-native speakers of English.

Adaptive retellings
Some versions have been labelled "adaptive retelling" as they take many liberties with the form of the text.

title: Modern English Bible translations