text:
Talk:Western Front (World War II)

German figures?
The German figures seem unusually high after going through the individual campaigns of the western front. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dmoloney (talk • contribs) 21:34, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

 * They are too high. Rudiger Overmans whom he sites actually says something different then what is sited and what he says is even featured in the new page on German casualties. He includes figures of soldiers who were dead and missing including in POW camps which is why he gives a number of around 400,000 with an error of margin of + or - 200,000 witch to me shows how faulty the research for his book is. He then breaks down that number into died in allied POW camps, which can be broken down by country which add up to US 22,000, British 21,000 and French 34,000 and and about 2,000 others which equals 76,000. Next we can expect desserters and missing but in captivity to be in the tens of thousands some of which served as mercinaries in the 1st Indo China. The number 339,000 for German dead up to December 31 1944 on the Western Front includes around 79,000 that died from taking part in the 1940 campaign in France and the Low Countries and so can be discarded here for our purposes. The total dead for 1944 from 6 June to 31 December he states is around 238,000 plus 410,000 for 1945 would equal actually 648,000 possible dead and missing from the Western Front starting June 6th 1944 until 8 September 1945 when POWs where mostly sent home. Overmanns somehow is able to come up with numbers right down to the last digit while ignoring the issue of deserters durring the last months of the war. According to Manfred Messerschmidt there where around 100,000 case of desertion on the Western Front between March and mid April when the front collapsed.(1) Total combat loses of around 400,000 dead for the entire Western Front between June 1944 and May 1945 is closer to what German sorces give as the highest number of KIA.(2) The way the article was written the reader would come away with the false belief that while only around 90,000 died on the Allied side for 1945 almost 5 times as many died on the other side.* I would also refer to G.I. Krivasheev who stated that although around 1 million German soldiers died in 1945 almost all of them died on the Soviet Front.(3) To shed more light on the subject I included Krivosheev's casualty figures below.

1. Deserteure der Wehrmacht, Feiglinge-Opfer-Hoffnungsträger? II: Neue Forschungen, Deserteure im Zweiten Weltkrieg., Manfred Messerschimdt 1995 p.62

2. Hintergrund Rheinwiesenlager, Militär und Geschichte Oktober/Noverber 2021 p.18

2. Soviet Casualties and Combat Loses in the Twentieth Century, G.F. Krivosheev 1997 pp.272-278

Krivosheev believes that according to archive material in Germany and in the former Soviet Union that in all the armed forces of Germany suffered over 13,000,000 permanent loses including captured. These can be broken down as
 * On 26 January 1945 Eisenhower announced to his staff that the Allied Armies had suffered 98,600 dead, 389,783 wounded and 74,434 missing in action since the invasion began. If 50,000 were prisoners then that means that around 125,000 were dead then this would indicate that another 65,000 would be killed in action by the end of the war.

Dead and Missing: 5.1 million Injured or disabled: over 6 million Eastern Front: around 4 million dead All Other Battle Fronts over 1 million dead

 * Something the author of this page sould take under consideration. The Imperial Japanese Army's loses in dead and missing are about the same for the the 3 years + of fighting in the Pacific as is listed here for the Wehrmact and Waffen SS for fighting less than 11 months on the Western Front in Europe. The number of Allied dead from all causes is also higher in the Pacific and China Burma India Theater with at least 147,000 American dead, 82,000 British Empire, 17,000 Australian, around thirty thousand Phillipino and 46,000 Chinese Coolies and some 87,000 British Raj (Indian). Are we to believe that with 195,000 dead on the Allied side that nearly as many Germans as IJA soldiers during the entire Pacific War would parish even though the loss ratio on the Western Front was around 1:1.4 or 1:2 and sometimes favored the Germans and the Germans fought far more economically, concerning loses, and smarter and for a shorter period than the Japanese? If indeed there were large numbers of dead and missing on the West Front for 1945 I would say that an emphasis should be placed on the word 'missing' as many Germans recruited into service in the lost Eastern Provinces were more likely to be listed as "Where abouts unknown" after the war. It can be assumed that many stayed in the west to start a new life. Many may not have returned from captivity in Texas or the United Kingdom or from France opting for a new and better life than they could find in a ruined Germany. Professor Overmans research did not include a large enough sample of wounded in order to come up with a more accurate estimate of dead and missing from 1945 and from some of the other fronts where fighting was fierce.(1) I would suggest reading G.F. Krivosheev's book after his.

1. Overmanns, Rüdiger Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweitem Weltkrieg 3rd edition 2004 pp. 274-287 FaladaHart78 (talk) 14:14, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. Articles about the Western Front and the Pacific War need serious edits. The person below wrote about 58,000 British dead on the Western Front instead of the 41,000 in the article. You also need to find a source claiming the death of 171,000 Americans in the Pacific. Because with all due respect to the strength of the US Army, the number of 92,000 Americans killed in the Pacific is just laughable. We will soon find out that the United States has no losses at all. At most one soldier cut himself in Okinawa while opening a can. Lone Ranger1999 (talk) 08:29, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
 * In principle I have no trouble in correcting and/or disputing the numbers of victims. But it works both ways: you have to give reason (with at least some evidence) why the present numbers are inaccurate. And from there, we can work on improving the numbers. The Banner  talk 20:17, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, firstly, it is indicated that 93k died in battle, which implies that these are only combat losses, and non-combat ones seem to be ignored.Secondly, if we take into account that a total of 405k soldiers died in World War II, now let’s take the numbers of losses on the fronts of the fight against Germany: 147k dead and missing on the Western Front, almost 3k dead in Africa, almost 30k dead in Italy, 9k dead sailors in the Atlantic, which gives a total of 189k dead in the war with Germany, I took these figures from articles on Wikipedia, and no one seems to argue with them. Logically, the remaining 216k died in the war with Japan.Thirdly, even if we assume that I overestimated US losses in the war with Japan. Let’s take this source, which is often referred to. It states that 318k people died in the US Army: 207k on the fronts of the war with Germany, 40k on US territory, and 71k in the war with Japan. But these are the losses of the army, but the losses were among the Marines and the Navy. The number of dead sailors is 62.5k, the number of dead marines is 24.5k, most of them died in the war with Japan. If we add up the losses of the army, navy and marines, we get a number of approximately 158k.Fourthly, this is, of course, completely objectivism and not an argument. If you look at the table of Japanese losses, you can come to the conclusion that approximately 1.3 million Japanese died in the fight against the United States. The article says 93k Americans died. With all due respect to the US Army, I highly doubt they were able to defeat the Japanese with a casualty ratio of 1:14. And as a result, although it is unprovable, most likely the United States lost approximately 40-50% of the casualties of all those killed in WWII, but these are my guesses.But in any case, the number of 93k dead Americans sounds like nonsense and does not fit in with logic. Lone Ranger1999 (talk) 20:36, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * On what page did you find that number, as I can not find it? What I find is (see page 8):

European theatre: 586,628 total battle casualties Total battle casualties: 586,628 Total deaths among battle casualties: 135,576 Killed in action: 116,991 Wounded and injured in action: 381,350
 * The Banner talk 21:07, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * On page 97, the army's losses in theaters of combat are described. If you specifically ask about the European Front, the source indicates 152k dead, which does not differ much from the numbers in the article. If we take the Pacific Ocean, about which we have so much controversy, then we get the number of 71k dead in the army in the war against Japan. 95.25.206.238 (talk) 21:23, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You mean under "BATTLE AND NON-BATTLE DEATHS"? The Banner  talk 21:46, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, combat losses: he died at the hands of the enemy, died from his wounds in the hospital. Non-combat: died from disease or accident 95.25.206.238 (talk) 21:50, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Or got killed in a car accident? The Banner  talk 22:07, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, this is also a non-combat loss Lone Ranger1999 (talk) 05:05, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I am looking for evidence for the German casualties in 1945 because they are simply too high. I contacted Professor Overmans per email and he said he could not breakdown for me how many he thought were dead from other causes, other than his estimates for POW deaths, how many were missing but likely to later be found alive either in Indo-China, North America or West Germany or how many had actually died from combat but said that he believed more or less that the number was acurate. In the mean time could you change the wording on the chart from "Dead" to "Dead and Missing" under German Casualties like it is for Allied Casualties. That might clear up some confusion for readers seeing that there is a large gap between the two numbers given. FaladaHart78 (talk) 16:11, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I went to "Army Battle Casualties and non Battle Deaths in World War II" You find there that 214,000 US Soldiers died in the ETO from ALL causes while 82,000 died in the Pacific theaters. The naval stats were at http://www.history.navy.mil/library/onlinestatistics.htm (broken link) US Navy loses in the Pacific are 39,984 from all causes. I then added all 26,000 Maries and the total for the pacific is 147,000 dead from all causes. It seems that I had been wrong about the other number but I can't remember where I had read it. Most likely a book I have or had and gave away. Add 39,000 CONUS and over 2000 in transit and you have 402,000 dead which seems correct. FaladaHart78 (talk) 15:54, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It seems that you are interested in and understand the losses of countries during the Second World War. And I would like to discuss them with you. I'll start in order
 * 1) USA. Maybe I’m inattentive, but in “Combat and non-combat deaths of the United States in World War II” I discovered that those who died from all causes in Europe were 202 thousand, not 214 thousand.And it seems I’ve already come across your link regarding naval losses. And if my memory serves me correctly, it was indicated that a total of 51 thousand died in the Asia-Pacific region. That is, approximately 160 thousand Americans died in the war with Japan, which is what I tried unsuccessfully to prove.And it’s also very strange that almost 40 thousand soldiers died in the United States, that is, 10%, which seems quite large, but oh well, this is a lyrical digression. I think that 205 thousand Americans died in the war with Germany, 160 thousand and 40 thousand in the United States are objective figures. Someday I will indicate in an article about the Pacific War the number of 160 thousand Americans killed, but then.
 * 2) Japan. Since it seems that you understand the topic, I would like to know your opinion. Do you think it’s correct that out of 2,121,000 Japanese dead, 1.3 million died in the war with the United States and its non-Chinese and non-Soviet allies, 500k in the war with China, and 300+k in the war with the USSR (300k died in captivity)
 * 3) Germany. Regarding the Western Front, I think the numbers in the article are objective. Germany lost 5.3 million killed on all fronts: 4.3 million on the Eastern Front, 150k in Italy, 20k in Africa, 36k in the Atlantic and 700k on the Western European Front. That is, 4.3 million Germans died in the war with the Russians and approximately 1 million or a little more in the war with the USA and Great Britain. The only, I would even say rhetorical question, was whether the Volkssturm was really considered. For the same 300k Volkssturm dead seems underestimated. And the real losses are not 5.3 million, but 6. But this is my speculation.
 * 4) Great Britain.Regarding UK losses, I have 2 questions for you. You previously said that the British lost 58k on the Western Front, say these 58k dead, did you mean the total dead in 1939-1940 and 1944-1945, or only in 1944-1945. And I would ask you to show the source from where you got the number of 58k dead British people. Thank you in advance. Lone Ranger1999 (talk) 16:47, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * There were also naval and merchant marine loses in the ETO but these are mostly estimates. For the Pacific about 1.4 million Japanese died in the Pacific and CBI theaters where 147,000 or 160,000 US, 82,000 British Empire, 17,000 AUS, 30,000 Philippine, 46,000 Chinese and 87,000 Indian service members died which adds up to around 400,000 for all Allied servicemen in both theaters. This shows a ratio of 3 1/2: 1 in favor of the Allies. Only one millitary historian, Overmans, has claimed that Germany lost 5.3 million in dead and missing. The Wehrmacht issued a communique on May 22nd 1945 stating 4.6 million dead and missing and 5 million injured or disabled. Grigory F. Krivosheev in his Soviet Casualties and Combat Loses in the Twentieth Century from 1997 has stated that that number was slightly lower than the actual death toll but working from the captured Wehrmacht archives and the many demographic studies from Germany, Austria, Czech and Western Poland claims that it might be as high as 5.1 million but not higher. He also gives a number of 6 million injured or disabled. I believe it is no more than 5 million dead and 6.5 million injured and disabled. Overmans claims that only 78,000 Volkssturm fell in the fighting. He also claims the there were 900,000 foreign dead including Austrians while G.F. Krivaoheev adds 215,000 Soviet volunteers which would mean 1.1 million non Germans and 4 million Germans from the 1937 borders. I side with the more traditional belief that about 900,000 died on ALL other fronts outside of the Soviet Front and that 300,000 to 500,000 dead AND missing can be assigned to the West Front of 1944-45. The larger number would include a greater mortality from other causes in 1945 including POW deaths which I believe are around 40,000 or only slightly more numerous. British loses are for 1940 and 1944-45 but do not include missing which would mean a considerbly higher number. Their deaths for the ETO could be as high as for the Americans. FaladaHart78 (talk) 16:30, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the interesting conversation. I would like to ask you to correct the article about the Pacific War, that the United States lost 160 thousand killed for all reasons. It’s just that my edits are removed there as a matter of principle, and the article only indicates losses in battle, which means the authors of the article are publishing biased, underestimated data. And regarding Britain, I would like to talk to you about the losses not in the entire European theater, but specifically on the Western Front.I would be grateful if you would share with me the fate of the 58 thousand British dead. It’s just such a confusion, on all WWII fronts the British lost 245k killed, 50k seem to have died in the Atlantic, 35k in Africa, 18k on the Pacific front, 4k in the Balkans, and 20k in Italy. Simply, according to the logic of things, the British should lose about 115k killed there. Lone Ranger1999 (talk) 17:42, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * British Empire troops lost 82,000 in the Pacific-China Burma India theaters which would mean that most were Englishmen with some Burmese and Indians serving in regiments. I believe that they lost 30,000 in Italy. I can't be so sure if the number 58,000 includes aircrews. As for making changes, I would have to first come up with ironclad proof for citations because they take my changes down too. They would not even let me change a biography of an aquaintance citing a judge's ruling on a certain controversy involving the subject. He was misrepresented in a sensationalist hit piece not worthy of anyone's time or patience. I plan on doing more research after the new year including figures for the Korean War. I will look into making changes to the Pacific War article but don't expect much from the narrow-minded authors who cling too tightly to their prejudices. FaladaHart78 (talk) 14:00, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, if the authors of the article seem to have an authoritative source-historian who only indicates combat losses, which means underestimated losses, that’s their right. Maybe in a year or two it will turn out that there were basically no US losses in the Pacific, well, at most one Marine cut himself in Okinawa. Lord, what crap they feed readers, and they are happy Lone Ranger1999 (talk) 20:28, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

British losses
Great Britain lost 384k soldiers in WWII, the article states that England lost only 40 thousand on the Western Front (10 thousand in 1940-1941 and 30 thousand in 1944-1945), but shouldn’t the Western Front be the most bloody for England? Lone Ranger1999 (talk) 06:33, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

 * 384 thousand for the British Empire. Just 245,000 for the United Kingdom although you are right they are to low. According to their own records the British lost 58,000 dead in NW Europe and the Canadians another 33,000 dead including pilots while the Australians lost 9,000 + dead for the period 1940-1945. FaladaHart78 (talk) 13:35, 24 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you share the source? I would like to make the appropriate changes to the article Lone Ranger1999 (talk) 17:04, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

Canada
I removed Canada from the list of Allies since it is included in the United Kingdom before I saw your note about posting it here first. Sstaley1 (talk) 20:35, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

United Kingdom
Since Australia and India among others weren’t on the list of Allies and I know they were in WWII, I assumed you meant to include them in the United Kingdom category, along with Canada. Officially, though, the United Kingdom is only comprised of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

I looked up the name of Britain in WWII and it was called the “British Empire and the Commonwealth.” Britain's declaration of war automatically committed India, the Crown colonies, and the protectorates, but the 1931 Statute of Westminster had granted autonomy to the Dominions so each decided their course separately. The 5 Dominions include the UK, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand. Sstaley1 (talk) 23:47, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

Revert
Her The Banner@undefined - [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:The_Banner&diff=prev&oldid=1181057941 Please explain why this revert is in the "best interest of the article". Why is a single refimprove banner at the top of the article inferior to plastering the article with 4 section banners. Also, why do you think the article should ignore the MOS? Kindly revert your edit. Thanks.]. Parsecboy (talk) 16:05, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Because asking an improvement of references only at the top of the page will not provide the sources on the places where they are actually needed. The Banner  talk 16:31, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * So why didn't you just undo that part of my edits? Why did you roll everything back? Parsecboy (talk) 16:35, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Since you don't appear to be interested in further discussion (or any at all, for that matter), I'm going to restore my edits. Parsecboy (talk) 10:44, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Sometimes people have work to do and find newborn kittens on their couch. Beside that, your aggressive tone did not sit well with me. I have restored the source request to the places where the sources are needed. The Banner  talk 10:52, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * You've had [Special:Contributions/The_Banner plenty of time to do other things]; and asking you to explain your reasoning and that you undo your poorly conceived revert was hardly aggressive. Your response, on the other hand, was quite rude. In any event, what's so special about those four sections? There are several others that lack referencing, and the rest of the article isn't exactly well-cited either. Parsecboy (talk) 10:59, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I still do not like your tone. The Banner  talk 11:17, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * You’ve been nothing but hostile for this entire interaction, have largely refused to explain your actions, and my tone is the problem. Right.
 * If you aren’t interested in actually discussing the article, why did you suggest we come to the article’s talk page in the first place? Parsecboy (talk) 11:59, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Western Front (World War II)


text:
On Avery Island

On Avery Island is the debut studio album by American rock band Neutral Milk Hotel, released on March 26, 1996, by Merge Records. At the time, Neutral Milk Hotel was a solo project of American musician Jeff Mangum, who recorded the album with producer Robert Schneider from February to May 1995. On Avery Island is an indie rock and psychedelic folk album, with a lo-fi sound.

Background and recording
Neutral Milk Hotel was formed in Ruston, Louisiana, in the late 1980s, as one of the many home recording projects of musician Jeff Mangum. The simple home recordings Mangum made with his friends Robert Schneider, Bill Doss, and Will Cullen Hart led to the formation of the Elephant 6 musical collective. After graduating from high school, Mangum moved to Seattle, and released the single "Everything Is" on Cher Doll Records, under the alias Neutral Milk Hotel. The single's exposure convinced Mangum to record more music under this name. He moved to Denver, and began working with Schneider to record his first album On Avery Island.

On Avery Island was recorded from February to May 1995, and was produced and engineered by Schneider. According to the album’s liner notes, among a number of instrumental credits, Mangum played guitar, drums and vocals, and Schneider played bass, organ, and composed horn arrangements; the horn parts were played by trombonist Rick Benjamin. It was recorded at two different locations: about half of the album was recorded at the house of musicians Dane Terry and Marisa Bissinger, and the other half was recorded at Pet Sounds Studio.

Composition
On Avery Island is an indie rock and psychedelic folk album with a lo-fi sound. The Rolling Stone Album Guide likened the album's music to other 1990s lo-fi indie rock acts like Smog and Guided by Voices. On Avery Island most experimental song is the thirteen-minute closing track "Pree-Sisters Swallowing a Donkey's Eye," which is a drone song influenced by gamelan and noise music.

"Naomi" is about Naomi Yang of Galaxie 500 and Damon and Naomi.

Artwork
The cover art for the 1996 release of On Avery Island was designed by Jeff Mangum and Lisa Janssen. The United Kingdom release had different cover art, designed by Jill Carnes.

In 2023, the album was rereleased with new cover art.

Initial release
On Avery Island was released in the United States on March 26, 1996, by Merge Records, and in the United Kingdom on September 30, 1996, by Fire Records. It sold around 5,000 copies, which Merge considered a success. On Avery Island received positive reviews from critics. Kurt Wolff of the Houston Chronicle gave the album four out of five stars, and wrote: "Neutral Milk Hotel's debut is a trippy experience, at times downright crowded with noise. But at the core of every song is a solid, tangible melody, the kind that rings through your brain all day long." Mike Goldsmith of NME gave it an 8/10, and said: "Neutral Milk Hotel can convert miserable-as-sin introspection into folky mantras that bore into your skull like a well-aimed power drill." On Avery Island was ranked at number thirty-five on The Village Voice Pazz & Jop poll for 1996.

After the release of On Avery Island, Mangum recruited three musicians to tour with: Julian Koster, Jeremy Barnes, and Scott Spillane. On April 28, 1997, Neutral Milk Hotel began a national tour, during which the band members learned to play as a unit. The On Avery Island tour generated enough money for the band members to afford to move to Athens, Georgia, where a large group of Elephant 6 musicians were living. By the spring of 1997, Mangum had written and demoed nearly every song for a second album. He shared the demos with his bandmates before they moved to Denver to record the album In the Aeroplane Over the Sea.

Retrospective commentary
Since its release, On Avery Island continued to receive positive reviews. Jason Ankeny of AllMusic described On Avery Island as "a fuzzy masterpiece of experimental lo-fi recording." The Rolling Stone Album Guide noted that despite the production limitations and underdeveloped lyrics, the album succeeds in blending multiple genres into a unique sound. Sasha Geffen of Pitchfork highlighted the songs "You've Passed" and "Gardenhead / Leave Me Alone" as some of the best songs in Neutral Milk Hotel's discography, and wrote: "The abrupt transitions between perfect pop melodies and gaseous balls of noise lend the album a certain wildfire charm."

Retrospective reviews often compare On Avery Island to Neutral Milk Hotel's second album In the Aeroplane Over the Sea. The Guardian Michael Hann felt On Avery Island was the weaker of the two albums, and wrote: "You can hear Mangum groping towards the realisation of his vision on the likes of 'Song Against Sex' or 'A Baby for Pree,' but never quite finding it." Chris Morgan of Uproxx echoed this remark, and noted that On Avery Island is quieter and less ambitious than its successor. Some critics believe On Avery Island cacophonous sound and abstract lyrics served as a blueprint for In the Aeroplane Over the Sea. Geffen wrote: "[On Avery Island] offers a glimpse of a pivotal songwriter in transition, moving from making shoddy cassettes for his friends to making art rock that spoke to untold thousands of lonely teens listening to pilfered mp3s late into the night."

In 1998, Neutral Milk Hotel disbanded, and Mangum disappeared from the public eye. Fans were not told why the band disbanded, and the subsequent speculation from online discussions significantly raised their profile. Neutral Milk Hotel and, in particular, In the Aeroplane Over the Sea gained a cult following and converted Mangum into a larger-than-life figure. Some journalists have commented that due to the popularity of In the Aeroplane Over the Sea, other recordings from Neutral Milk Hotel, such as On Avery Island, are often overlooked. Morgan highlighted the discrepancy between the two albums by comparing their Wikipedia articles from 2016. Morgan noted that In the Aeroplane Over the Sea article was deemed important enough to include a section titled "Legacy", whereas the entire On Avery Island article merely consisted of a few sentences.

Track listing
All tracks are written by Jeff Mangum, except where noted. Horn arrangements composed by Robert Schneider.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of On Avery Island.
 * Jeff Mangum – guitar, drums, vocals, bells, xylophone, air organ, keyboards, tapes, cover design
 * Robert Schneider – air organs, home organs, fuzz bass, xylophone, horn arrangements
 * Lisa Janssen – fuzz bass on tracks 2 and 8, cover design
 * Rick Benjamin – trombone on tracks 1, 7, 8

Track 12 features Marisa Bissinger, Hilarie Sidney, Zachary DeMichele, Dane Terry, Lisa Janssen, Aaron Reedy, and Jeff Mangum performing various Indonesian instruments.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: On Avery Island


text:
List of world folk-epics

World folk-epics are those epics which are not just literary masterpieces but also an integral part of the worldview of a people. They were originally oral literatures, which were later written down by either single author or several writers.

African languages

 * T'heydinn, a Mauritanian epic ensemble
 * Gassire's Lute, a West African epic about the fall of the Ghana Empire
 * Bayajidda, a West African epic
 * Eri, a West African epic
 * Oduduwa, a West African epic
 * Silamaka, a West African epic
 * Epic of Sundiata, a West African epic about the rise of the Mali Empire
 * Lianja, a Central African epic
 * Mwindo epic, a Central African epic
 * Kebra Nagast, an Ethiopian epic

American languages

 * Popol Vuh, a K'iche' epic
 * Diné Bahaneʼ, a Navajo epic

Southwest Asian languages

 * Bahman-nameh, a Persian epic about the story of Bahman, son of Isfandyar
 * Banu Goshasp-nama, a Persian epic about the daughter of Rustam
 * Kush Nama, a Persian epic recounting the story of Kush the Tusked and Abtin.
 * Faramarz-nama, a story about the Persian hero Faramarz
 * The Garshasp-nama of Asadi Tusi, a Persian epic about the hero Garshasp
 * Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran and world's longest epic poetry written by one poet
 * Mem and Zin, a Kurdish folk and love epic
 * Sirat Bani Hilal, an Arabic epic recounting the journeys and conquests of the Bani Hilal tribe
 * One Thousand and One Nights, also known as "the Arabian Nights", is a collection of Middle Eastern folktales
 * The Daredevils of Sassoun, an Armenian folk epic
 * The Knight in the Panther's Skin, a Georgian epic poem
 * Epic of Gilgamesh, the oldest epic of the world from Mesopotamia
 * The Hebrew Bible

East and Central Asian Languages

 * Epic of King Gesar, a Tibetan epic
 * Secret History of the Mongols
 * The Tale of the Heike, a Japanese epic
 * Jewang ungi, a Korean epic
 * Irk Bitig, a book about Turkic legends from Dunhuang, China
 * Alpamysh, a Turkic epic
 * Alp Er Tunga, a Turkic epic
 * Epic of Manas, a Kyrgyz epic
 * Book of Dede Korkut (Korkut Ata), an Oghuz epic
 * Oğuzname, an Oghuz epic
 * Kutadgu Bilig, a Karakhanid epic
 * Mupamipa, a Lahu epic
 * Olonkho, a Yakut

South Asian languages

 * Khamba Thoibi Sheireng, a Meitei language epic poem, consisting of 39,000 lines, based on the story of Khamba and Thoibi, from India.
 * Numit Kappa, a 1st-century Meitei language epic poetry from India.
 * Meghnad Badh Kavya, a Bengali language epic from India by Michael Madhusudan Dutt.
 * Mahabharata, a Sanskrit epic from India; known as Bharatayuddha in Indonesia and the second longest epic in the world ( the longest epic is Epic of Manas)
 * Ramayana, a Sanskrit epic from India.
 * Panchatantra, a Sanskrit epic of animal folktales from India.
 * Sarala Mahabharata, an Odia language epic, India
 * Jagamohana Ramayana, an Odia language epic poem, India
 * Five Great Epics of Tamil literature, India:
 * Cilappatikaram
 * Manimekalai
 * Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
 * Valayapathi
 * Kundalakesi
 * Mailaralingana in Kannada, India
 * Manteswami Kavya, in Kannada, India
 * Male Madeshvara, in Kannada, India
 * Epic of Siri, in Tulu language from Karnataka, India
 * Koti and Chennayya, in Tulu language, Karnataka, India

Southeast Asian languages

 * Sepha Khun Chang Khun Phaen, a Thai epic about the adventures of Khun Phaen, a Siamese folk hero.
 * The Tale of Kiều, a Vietnamese epic poem in lục bát.
 * Lục Vân Tiên, a Vietnamese epic poem in lục bát.
 * Klei khan Y Dam San, an epic of Rade people in Central Highland (Tây Nguyên), Vietnam.
 * Hikayat Hang Tuah, a Malaccan, and Malay epic
 * Bidasari, a Malay epic
 * La Galigo, also known as Sureq Galigo or La Galigo, is an epic creation myth of the Buginese people from South Sulawesi, Indonesia Written in an Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language, it is the longest epic in the world.
 * Nagarakertagama, an Indonesian epic
 * Ibong Adarna, a Spanish-era Tagalog epic
 * Biag ni Lam-Ang (Life of Lam-Ang), an epic of the Ilocano of northern Luzon, the Philippines
 * Ibalong Epic, a 60-stanza fragment of a Bicolano full-length folk epic of Bicol Region of the Philippines.
 * Hinilawod, an epic of the Panay-Bukidnons of Panay, the Visayas, central Philippines.
 * Darangen, an epic of the Maranao of Mindanao, the Philippines. Derived from the Ramayana

European languages

 * Kalevala, a Finnish epic
 * Kalevipoeg, an Estonian epic
 * Lāčplēsis, a Latvian epic

Celtic languages

 * Mabinogion, a compilation of Welsh myths and legends
 * Matter of Britain, a compilation of Welsh myths and legends
 * Mythological Cycle, a compilation of Irish myths and legends
 * Ulster Cycle, a compilation of Irish myths and legends
 * Fenian Cycle, a compilation of Irish myths and legends
 * Cycles of the Kings, a compilation of Irish myths and legends
 * Táin Bó Cúailnge, an Irish epic
 * Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire, an Irish lament

Germanic Languages

 * Volsunga saga, a Scandinavian saga
 * Edda, a collection of Icelandic poems
 * Njál's saga, an Icelandic saga
 * Nibelungenlied, a German epic poem
 * The Lion of Flanders, a Flemish national epic
 * Van den vos Reynaerde, the Middle Dutch collection of the cycle of fables around Reynard the Fox.
 * Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic written in Old English
 * Le Morte d'Arthur, a collection of Arthurian legends in Middle English (note that Malory's epic is based on the Celtic Matter of Britain listed above)

Italic and Romance Languages

 * Aeneid, a Roman epic
 * Os Lusíadas, a Portuguese literary epic
 * La Araucana, an American Spanish epic
 * The Lay of the Cid, a medieval Spanish epic
 * The Song of Roland, a medieval French epic

Slavic Languages

 * Pan Tadeusz, a Polish literary epic
 * The Tale of Igor's Campaign, an East Slavic epic
 * Epic of the Forgotten, a Bulgarian poetic saga
 * The Baptism on the Savica, a Slovene literary epic
 * Judita, a Croatian epic
 * On the Track of the Sun – The Red Warriors from Chorasmia, a Croatian epic
 * The Mountain Wreath, a Montenegrin epic poem

Albanian language

 * Cikli i Kreshnikëve, an Albanian epic

Greek language

 * Iliad, an Ancient Greek epic
 * Odyssey, an Ancient Greek epic
 * Theogony, an Ancient Greek epic

Northeast Caucasian languages

 * , a Lezgin folk epic

title: List of world folk-epics


text:
File:On avery island album cover.jpg

Rationale of fair use for On Avery Island

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this album.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the album in any way.
 * 4) For an article about an album, the cover artwork provides essential information.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:On avery island album cover.jpg


text:
Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)

Prince of Wales Island (Tlingit: Taan) is one of the islands of the Alexander Archipelago in the Alaska Panhandle. It is the fourth-largest island in the United States (after Hawaii, Kodiak Island, and Puerto Rico) and the 97th-largest island in the world.

Geography and ecology
The island is 135 mi long, 65 mi wide and has an area of 2577 sqmi, about one-tenth the size of Ireland and slightly larger than the state of Delaware. Approximately 6,000 people live on the island. Craig is the largest community; founded as a saltery in the early 20th century, it has a population of 1,500. Some 900 people live in Klawock, a long-established village that grew with the fishing industry. Hollis was a boom and bust mining town from 1900 to about 1915. Abandoned, it was re-established as a logging camp in the 1950s. It now has a population of 100 and is the location of the ferry terminal.

Mountain peaks, all but the tallest of which were buried by Pleistocene glaciation, reach over 3000 ft. Fjords, steep-sided mountains, and dense forests characterize the island. Extensive tracts of limestone include karst features such as El Capitan Pit, at 598.3 ft, possibly the deepest vertical shaft in the United States.

Moist, maritime conditions dominate the weather.

The Tongass National Forest covers most of the island. Within the forest and on the island are the Karta River Wilderness and the South Prince of Wales Wilderness. Many of its wildlife, such as the Prince of Wales flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus griseifrons) and Prince of Wales Island ermine (Mustela haidarum celenda) are found nowhere else.

The island is in the Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area.

History
Prince of Wales Island is the homeland of the indigenous Tlingit people. Tlingit word xʼaaxʼ aani, which translates to "crabapple country". The Tlingit name for the island is Taan, meaning "sea lion". The island is traditional Tlingit territory. The Haida migrated into the area in the late 18th century. Abandoned Haida villages still have Tlingit names.

In 1741, Aleksei Chirikov, commanding a ship on Vitus Bering's second voyage of exploration out of Kamchatka, made the first recorded European landfall on the northwest coast of North America at Baker Island off the west coast of Prince of Wales Island. He did not stop for any length of time there. The next European arrival was in 1774, when Juan Pérez led a Spanish expedition sailing in a 39 ft boat from La Paz, Mexico (then a Spanish colony). They reached Sumez Island off of Prince of Wales' west coast.

In 1779 a British expedition under Captain James Cook passed Prince of Wales Island. Comte de La Perouse led a French expedition to the area in 1786. Karta Bay is the site of the first salmon saltery in Alaska.

On September 20, 1793, British navy officer George Vancouver gave the name "Prince of Wales Archipelago" to all the islands of the southern Alexander Archipelago, which he suspected to have a single major island; the name referred to George, Prince of Wales, who would later become King George IV. By 1825 the name "Prince of Wales Island" was being used for the largest of the islands in Vancouver's archipelago.

Settlers began mining of gold, copper, and other metals on the island in the late 19th century, as European Americans entered the area to exploit the natural resources. Gold production came from underground lode mines exploiting: gold-bearing quartz veins in metamorphic rocks (such as the Gold Standard, Sea Level, Dawson, Golden Fleece and Goldstream mines); skarns (at the Jumbo and Kassan Peninsula copper-gold mines); zoned mafic-ultramafic plutons, as at the Salt Chuck silver-gold-copper-PGE mine; and VMS deposits such as Niblack. Uranium was mined at Bokan Mountain in the 1950s and 1970s.

Logging
Historically, logging was the mainstay of the collective Prince of Wales economy through most of the 20th century. The decline of the industry since the late 20th century has resulted in only a few small-scale sawmills operating. In 1975, the Point Baker Association and others sued the United States Forest Service to prevent logging 400000 acre on the northern portion of the island.

In December 1975, Judge von der Heydt issued a ruling enjoining all clearcutting on the 400000 acres on Northern Prince of Wales Island west of a line from the west side of Red Bay to the easternmost point of Calder Bay. In March 1976, the United States Congress responded to the suit by passing the National Forest Management Act, which removed the injunction. Still, only half of the marketable timber was cut on the north end of the island.

Road construction and logging on the north end of the island at Labouchere Bay commenced early in 1975. Living on a floating camp beginning with the retired tugboat Irene leased as a floating hotel, employees of Robertson & Sons began cutting trees, clearing stumps, and blasting rock in order to build pads for mobile trailers for both the road construction and logging families. The camps were ready in early June for Robertson employees to bring in their families. Under the supervision of the US Forest Service, logging began in 1976.

In 2010, Senators Lisa Murkowski and Mark Begich introduced S730 to privatize stands of old growth forests on the island.

Tourism
Tourism, including sport fishing, is an important part in Prince of Wales' economy. Two factors have led to the increase of tourism on the island. Roads built for the logging companies years ago have enabled better access to different parts of the island for hiking and camping. The second was the new Inter-Island Ferry Authority.

Fishing
Commercial fishing provides the foundation of the economy for numerous towns on the island including Craig, Klawock, Hydaburg, Port Protection and Point Baker. During the summer, trollers and seiners both fish for all five species of Pacific salmon. Longliners bring up halibut and black cod. Dungeness crab and shrimp seasons are open throughout the year. During the winter there are dive fisheries for geoducks, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins.

Government
Since Prince of Wales Island is almost entirely made up of federal land, the two ranger districts (Craig and Thorne Bay) on the island provide employment for a number of residents.

Mining
Mineral exploration continues at many projects on Prince of Wales Island. The only producing uranium mine in the entire state of Alaska was located on the island, the Ross-Adams mine in Kendrick Bay. Current remediation projects have been reported in local media, and continued exploration of rare earth metals continue in the region. Bokan Mountain has been rated by the Technology Metals report as a location (tied with Canada's Strange Lake) containing the third highest of "relative" quantity of individual critical rare earth oxides, a way of comparing rare earth mine reserves. In 2012 the Pentagon issued a contract to perform a mineralogical and metallurgical study of the mountain. "The Bokan – Dotson ridge REE" rare earth deposit on Bokan Mountain owned by Ucore is estimated to hold 5.3 e6ST of heavy rare earths with 207000 ST dysprosium. It is a small deposit on a global basis but the largest in the United States. , the mine was still in the planning stages. Ucore Rare Metals Inc. paid about $1 million for a 9421 acre claim to the family of a prospector who held uranium claims for many years on Bokan Mountain.

Roads
A road system, which taxpayers paid for in credits to logging contractors, was built on the island. However, many of these roads are now being decommissioned as unnecessary in the post-clearcutting era. Only a small percentage of this road system is paved, currently no further than the Whale Pass turn-off. The gravel roads cost between 150,000 and 500,000 per mile in today's dollars. Point Baker and Port Protection chose in 1974 not to be connected to the road system.

There is now a newly designated state "scenic highway"—the 500 km Prince of Wales Island road system. The highway reaches almost every community on Prince of Wales.

Cargo
A few companies provide scheduled barge service from Pacific coast ports to southeastern Alaskan ports, including those on Prince of Wales island, primarily Craig and Thorne Bay.

Alaska Marine Highway System
Historically, the Alaska Marine Highway (AMHS) intermittently served the port of Hollis, until the Inter-Island Ferry Authority began regular scheduled service.

Inter-Island Ferry Authority
The Inter-Island Ferry Authority (IFA) provides daily service on a three-hour, 36 mi route between Prince of Wales Island and Ketchikan. The idea of starting a shuttle ferry service was discussed among communities of Klawock, Craig, Thorne Bay, Coffman Cove on the Prince of Wales Island as well as Petersburg and Wrangell in 1997, which would serve on regular timetable. Budget was fixed with the Alaska Congressional delegation as the state Department of Transportation supported the plan to be organized under the Municipal Port Authority Act of Alaska in 1998, and two vessels introduced between 2002 and 2006 have expanded routes from Hollis–Ketchikan to serve north by Clark Bay.

It ferries more than 50,000 passengers and 12,000 vehicles between Hollis and Ketchikan annually. The system is more than a form of transportation - it is an economic engine for southern Southeast Alaska, generating jobs, commerce, and tourism - while also increasing community well-being. In 2015, the IFA brought 3,000 tourists to Prince of Wales Island, where they spent more than $10 million on hotels, fishing expeditions, and dining - generating hundreds of summer jobs across the island. It provides a means for the seafood industry to move millions of pounds of high-quality, high-value fresh and live seafood to market, creating hundreds more jobs. It provides access to health care for a thousand island residents who use Ketchikan's medical services without the cost, inconvenience, or weather-related delays of flying. It shuttles workers to their jobs, reinforcing Ketchikan's status as the regional economic hub; Prince of Wales residents spent more than $14 million there in 2015 on groceries, goods, services, and medical care.

The Inter-Island Ferry allows for cultural and social commerce as well. Students, tribal members, and other residents use the system to participate in basketball games, totem pole raisings, trainings, college fairs, celebrations, and funerals. There were 3,100 student trips last year. This allowed students from 13 different Alaska school districts the opportunity to challenge themselves and interact with their peers. It connects residents to family, friends, and recreation.

The ferry is a critical piece of a more extensive transportation network. It provides transportation security on days when the skies are rough, and access to transportation to those who cannot afford alternative means. Nearly a quarter of the ridership last year were senior citizens and young children, who have saved a combined $17 million over the cost of flying since the system began in 2002. Its reliable arrivals and departures - so precise that people are said to set their watches by it - have enabled organizations to build their business models around this daily transportation connection. The result of the IFA's efficient operations is farebox revenue that covers a full 85% of the ferry's operational costs, a significant rate in the world of public transportation. The word businesses and residents most frequently use to describe the ferry service is "invaluable". While there are many intrinsic values of the system that cannot be measured, an analysis of the ferry's economic impact in the seafood, healthcare, visitor, transportation, and retail sectors shows an impressive $52.2 million combined impact in Ketchikan and Prince of Wales in 2015.

Airports
Klawock Airport is the only airport on Prince of Wales Island. At least two commercial airlines in Ketchikan provide scheduled service to Prince of Wales Island. Air taxi or chartered flights are also available from them and other airlines.

Communities

 * Coffman Cove
 * Craig
 * Hollis
 * Hydaburg
 * Kasaan
 * Klawock
 * Naukati Bay
 * Point Baker
 * Port Protection
 * Port St. Nicholas
 * Thorne Bay
 * Waterfall
 * Whale Pass

Notable ex-residents

 * Holly Madison, American model and Hugh Hefner's former girlfriend.
 * Elizabeth Peratrovich and Roy Peratrovich, early Alaskan civil rights advocates, heavily involved in passage of Alaska's Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945, the first civil rights law in the U.S. Elizabeth Peratrovich Day is Alaska's equivalent of Martin Luther King Day.

title: Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)


text:
Natalya Nazarova

Natalya Viktorovna Nazarova (Наталья Викторовна Назарова, born May 26, 1979, Moscow) is a track and field sprinter.

She was born in Moscow. Following a personal best time of 49.65 seconds run a fortnight earlier, Natalya had lost form by the start of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, and only just made the final finishing 8th. She won a silver medal in the relay run and finished fourth at the 2003 World Championships.

On January 8, 2004 Natalya Nazarova broke the sixteen-year-old indoor world record for the rarely run 500 metres in a time of 1:07.36, that had been set by Olga Nazarova (no relation).

Major achievements

 * 1998
 * World Junior Championships - Annecy, France.
 * 400 m gold medal
 * 4 × 400 m relay silver medal
 * 1999
 * World Championships - Seville, Spain.
 * 4 × 400 m relay gold medal
 * World Indoor Championships - Maebashi, Japan.
 * 4 × 400 m relay gold medal
 * 2000
 * European Indoor Championships - Ghent, Belgium.
 * 400 m silver medal
 * 2002
 * Russian Championships - Cheboksary.
 * 400 m silver medal
 * 2003
 * World Championships - Paris, France.
 * 4 × 400 m relay silver medal
 * World Indoor Championships - Birmingham, England.
 * 400 m gold medal
 * 4 × 400 m relay gold medal
 * Russian Championships - Tula.
 * 400 m gold medal
 * Russian Indoor Championships
 * 400 m gold medal
 * 2004
 * World Indoor Championships - Budapest, Hungary.
 * 400 m gold medal
 * 4 × 400 m relay gold medal in world record 3:23.88
 * Russian Championships - Tula.
 * 400 m gold medal
 * Russian Indoor Championships
 * 400 m gold medal in national record 49.68 s.
 * 2006
 * World Indoor Championships - Moscow, Russia.
 * 4 × 400 m relay gold medal

title: Natalya Nazarova


text:
Morticia Addams

Morticia Addams (née Frump) is a fictional character from the Addams Family multimedia franchise created by American Charles Addams in 1933. She plays the role of the family's reserved matriarch. Morticia Addams has been portrayed by several actresses in various Addams Family media, including Carolyn Jones in the television series The Addams Family (1964), Anjelica Huston in the feature films The Addams Family (1991) and Addams Family Values (1993), and Catherine Zeta-Jones in the streaming television series Wednesday (2022).

Cartoons
""The real head of the family and the critical and moving force behind it. Low-voiced, incisive and subtle; smiles are rare. This ruined beauty has a romantic side, too, and is given to low-keyed rhapsodies about her garden of deadly nightshade, henbane and dwarf's hair. Generally indulgent [of] the often sinister activities of the children, but feels that Uncle Fester has to be held in check. Her costume is always the same—the form-fitting black gown, tattered or cut to ribbons at the elbows and feet. Occasionally, she will wear a shawl. Her voice is never raised, but has great range. Contemptuous and original and with a fierce family loyalty. She never uses a cliché except to be funny. She is a thoughtful hostess in her way and, if a guest needs anything, he is advised to scream for it. The children are instructed to observe the amenities and always kick Daddy good night."

— Charles Addams"

Morticia first appeared in Charles Addams' newspaper cartoons as the stern, aloof matriarch of the family. She often appeared with the rest of the family, and was, along with Gomez and Grandmama, one of the few members to actually speak in the cartoons.

Background
Morticia is the wife of Gomez Addams and mother of Wednesday, Pugsley and Pubert Addams. The character originated in the Charles Addams cartoons for The New Yorker magazine in the 1930s. In the cartoons, none of the family members had names. When the characters were adapted to the 1964 television series, Charles Addams' selection of her name was inspired by "mortician". Morticia's maiden name is "Frump" and she has an older sister named Ophelia (also played by Carolyn Jones in the original TV series). In the television series, her mother is Hester Frump (played by Margaret Hamilton). Her mother-in-law is Grandmama Addams. In the 1990s Addams Family films, familial relationships are changed for the characters of Grandmama and Fester. Grandmama is actually Morticia's mother, not Gomez's, while Fester is Gomez's brother, not Morticia's uncle.

Morticia is slim, with extremely pale skin and long flowing straight black hair. She commonly wears black hobble dresses to match her hair, tightly form fitting, with a fringe of octopus-like cloth "tentacles" at the lower hem. According to Wednesday, Morticia applies baking powder to her face instead of actual makeup. In each episode, she easily allures her husband Gomez by speaking French (or any other foreign language for that matter). Morticia is musically inclined, and is often seen freely strumming a Japanese shamisen. She frequently enjoys cutting the buds off of roses, which she discards (keeping only the stems), likes cutting out paper dolls with three heads and making sweaters with three arms, collecting the mail from the hand-in-the-box Thing, and cooking unusual concoctions for her husband, including eye of newt. Her personal pet is Cleopatra, a fictitious breed of carnivorous plant called an African Strangler, to which she feeds hamburgers and various other meats.

She is described as a witch. In one episode, she wears a black pointed hat. Her family tree can be traced back to Salem, Massachusetts, and witchcraft is also implied at times in the television series. For example, Morticia likes to "smoke," an activity that does not involve cigarettes or cigars (such as her husband frequently enjoys), but smoke instead emanates directly from her.

In 2009, she was included in Yahoo!'s Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the time period 1964–1966. AOL named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters.

In other media

Morticia was portrayed by Carolyn Jones in the TV series, and Halloween with the New Addams Family TV movie. According to the 60s TV series, Morticia is descended from Salem, Massachusetts ("The Addams Family Tree", episode 5, season 1). In the season II 2-parter episodes, Morticia's Romance (Parts I & II), Morticia first met Gomez when she (then 22 years old) and her elder sister, Ophelia, were brought to the Addams' Mansion by their mother, Mrs. Esther Frump, a long-time close friend of Gomez's mother, from their time together at "Swamp Town High", both of whom wished for the then around 22 year old Gomez and Ophelia to marry. Before this episode, however, different allusions as to how Morticia and Gomez first met and fell in love are made; in Green-Eyed Gomez, it's mentioned that Gomez first fell in love with Morticia when he first saw her riding "sidesaddle on a buffalo" and she, likewise, when he carved her initials on his leg; in Morticia the Matchmaker, Grandmama mentions that her "Love Dust" (which she uses multiple doses on Morticia's cousin, Melancholia) was used to initially bring Morticia and Gomez together.

Jones also voiced the character in an episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies that featured the family: "Wednesday Is Missing".

Anjelica Huston portrays Morticia in The Addams Family and its sequel Addams Family Values. Huston's portrayal of Morticia was always illuminated by a ghostly glow around the eyes, which became most noticeable when she was standing or lying in dim light (just like Bela Lugosi in 1931's Dracula). According to the 1991 movie, Morticia first met Gomez when she was attending his cousin Balthazar's funeral (and Gomez was the main suspect); Morticia and Gomez could not keep their eyes off each other and, according to Gomez, everyone hardly paid Balthazar any attention as he was buried, and Gomez proposed to Morticia later that very night.

Daryl Hannah played Morticia in the 1998 film Addams Family Reunion.

Canadian actress Ellie Harvie played Morticia in the 1998-1999 revival series, The New Addams Family.

In the first animated series made in 1973, Morticia was voiced by Janet Waldo.

In the 1992 animated series, she was voiced by Nancy Linari.

In the 2010 Broadway musical, Morticia was portrayed by Bebe Neuwirth. Brooke Shields replaced her in the role on June 28, 2011.

Morticia was also one of the inspirations for the Disney character Magica De Spell, first designed and drawn by Carl Barks for the Donald Duck universe. Natasha Fatale, a villain from the Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoons, was also based on Morticia's design.

Morticia is voiced by Charlize Theron in The Addams Family (2019). Theron reprised her role in the sequel, which was released on October 1, 2021.

Catherine Zeta-Jones portrays Morticia in the Netflix series Wednesday. According to the 2022 series, both she and Gomez first met at Nevermore Academy, a boarding school for supernatural people (also known as "Outcasts"). Her maiden name from the 60s TV series, Frump, was kept. It is revealed in flashbacks that she and Gomez were involved in the death of "normie" Garrett Gates, who tried to kill Gomez in a blind rage, desiring Morticia for himself. The future Principal, Larissa Weems, was her roommate and very jealous of Morticia, due to her many achievements. Morticia's supernatural ability is receiving psychic visions of the past or future, just like Wednesday, and is hereditary on both sides of the family, since both Gomez and Morticia share a mutual ancestor in Goody Addams, from the 1600s. Morticia tells her daughter that the mood and tone of their visions are based on the recipient's attitude, so hers tend to be happier in nature than Wednesday's. Morticia also warns Wednesday to be careful of their distant ancestor, Goody Addams, whom Morticia describes as a "witch of great strength", as she let her thirst for vengeance consume her.

title: Morticia Addams


text:
Tandag

Tandag, officially the City of Tandag (Tandaganon/Surigaonon: Siyudad nan Tandag; Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Tandag; Lungsod ng Tandag), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 62,669 people.

Farming and fishing are the main economic activity for most of the people in Tandag. The chief farm products are rice, corn, and coconut. Livestock- and poultry-raising are also important sources of income. Tandag has a national secondary airport and a seaport.

Tandag has a land area of 291.73 square kilometers or 112.64 square miles. This constitutes 5.91% of the land area of Surigao del Sur. The population density of the city is at 193 inhabitants per square kilometer or 500 inhabitants per square mile.

Etymology
Many versions have been given regarding the name of Tandag. One version states that Father Calan, Father Encarnacion, and another priest were on their way to visit chieftain Suba to baptize his people. When one of the missionaries asked a native rowing their boat what name of the place was with fingers pointing downward, the native thought the priest meant the school of fish. He answered "tamda", meaning 'look down'. This name later became Tandag. Father Encarnacion, a member of the group, was later killed by the natives.

Another version states that when Spanish-Peruvian historian and explorer Inca Garcilaso de la Vega landed in Tandag to subdue the ferocious Caragas (as the rebellious natives were called then), he did not know the name of the place so he inquired from a native who was gathering the leaves of an herb locally known as tanglad. The native, who did not understand Spanish, answered "tangad". Later the name was changed to Tandag.

One more account tells of a group of Spanish soldiers and missionaries who lost their way around the settlement. When they asked for correct directions, the natives, who could not understand Spanish, merely laughed at them, continually saying the word "tarantados", meaning 'lost'. Thus, the name Tandag' meant lost.

History
Long before Tandag became what it is today—the bustling capital town of Surigao del Sur was inhabited by the Manobos and the Mamanwas who lived along the river banks under the leadership of Suba, their Chieftain. Suba was later converted into Christianity by Father Juan de la Encarnacion, a Spanish missionary. After Legazpi’s final conquest to the Philippines in 1609, the Spanish government sent missionaries accompanied by platoons of guardia civil to subdue the hostile natives. One of these missionaries was Father Juan de la Vega who was assigned in Tandag. In an effort to establish a symbol of authority, Fr. dela Vega erected a stone fort and built a small settlement about a size of a football field enclosed by a stone wall. Out of this settlement rose the town of Tandag, which later on became a center of faith.

During this period Tandag became a port-of-call for the Spanish galleons that sailed along the southern part of Mindanao. It is still believed that somewhere underneath the sea near Tandag's Linungao Islands lies a sunken galleon ship.

After the Spanish missionaries' visit to Tandag, a group of Italian explorers and soldiers then landed in the city. They did what the Spanish did, but mandated that Italian be one of the city's primary language aside from Surigaonon, Cebuano, and Filipino. Strict compliance was enforced during those times, which explains why Italian became Tandag's local dialect aside from the mainstay Surigaonon.

In 1650, Tandag became the capital town of Surigao or Caraga, then a district that covered the present provinces of Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, and a part of Davao. As the center of faith and capital town, Tandag was fortified with cottas which were erected sometime in the 18th century. The cottas were placed in the northern part of the town and near the old cemetery on the western side. These fortifications served to protect the town from Moro raids.

In several separate attacks between 1754 and 1767, the Moro pirates wrought havoc and destruction to Tandag. Father Jose Ducos, a Jesuit from Iligan, came to the rescue and rebuilt Tandag. He established the Tandag Garrison and restored the Tandag priory. Although a part of the Tandag fort survived, it was demolished during the Second World War. Calamities like typhoons and earthquakes destroyed what remained of it. This explains why there are no remains of these structures that could be seen today.

During World War II, for much of the war Tandag was free from the Japanese occupation that followed the American and Filipino military forces' surrender in May 1942. However, on April 27, 1944, about 500 Japanese troops landed by a number of boats a short distance outside town. Most of the residents fled to the mountains nearby when the Japanese arrived. The 10th Military District of the U.S. Army maintained a guerrilla presence in Mindanao in World War II. Capt. Charles Hansen led a small group of guerrillas against the Japanese. Outnumbered, the guerrillas were unable to dislodge the Japanese and about ten days later another group of guerrillas made a second attempt to force the Japanese out. The Japanese remained in town several weeks and left after causing much damage in Tandag.

Real transformation was finally afforded to Tandag via Republic Act No. 2786, an act that created Surigao del Sur and whose salient measure made Tandag the capital and seat of the provincial government of Surigao del Sur.

Cityhood
On June 23, 2007, Tandag, by virtue of Republic Act No. 9392, became a city.

The Supreme Court declared the cityhood law of Tandag and 15 other cities unconstitutional after a petition filed by the League of Cities of the Philippines in its ruling on November 18, 2008. On December 22, 2009, the cityhood law of Tandag and 15 other municipalities regain its status as cities again after the court reversed its ruling on November 18, 2008. On August 23, 2010, the court reinstated its ruling on November 18, 2008, causing Tandag and 15 cities to become regular municipalities. Finally, on February 15, 2011, Tandag becomes a city again including the 15 municipalities declaring that the conversion to cityhood met all legal requirements.

After six years of legal battle, in its board resolution, the League of Cities of the Philippines acknowledged and recognized the cityhood of Tandag and 15 other cities.

Geography
Tandag City is located along the northeastern coast of Mindanao facing the Philippine Sea. It is bounded on the north by the municipalities of Cortes and Lanuza, on the east by the Philippine Sea, on the south by the towns of Tago and San Miguel, and on the west by the Municipality of Sibagat in the province of Agusan del Sur. It is located 448 nautical miles from Manila and 150 nautical miles from Cebu. The distance from Surigao City in the north to Tandag is about 200 km and 331 km is the distance from Davao City to the south.

Barangays
Tandag is politically subdivided into 21 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Most of the barangays are considered rural areas.

 * Awasian (Tandag Airport)
 * Bag-ong Lungsod (Poblacion)
 * Bioto
 * Bongtud (Poblacion)
 * Buenavista (includes Mahayag)
 * Dagocdoc (Poblacion)
 * Mabua (Poblacion)
 * Mabuhay
 * Maitum
 * Maticdum
 * Pandanon
 * Pangi
 * Quezon
 * Rosario
 * Salvacion
 * San Agustin Norte
 * San Agustin Sur or Dawis
 * San Antonio
 * San Isidro
 * San Jose
 * Telaje (Poblacion)

Climate
Tandag has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy-to-very-heavy rainfall year-round and extremely heavy rainfall in January.

Demographics
It consists of twenty-one (21) barangays. Six of which are urban barangays, five are coastal barangays, four are built-up expansions, and six are hinterland barangays. The urban barangays comprise 1,594.10 hectares; 3,464.61 hectares for coastal barangays; 2,233.15 hectares for built-up expansion barangays and 4,964.34 hectares for hinterland barangays.

Languages
Major languages spoken in the area are Tandaganon, Surigaonon, Filipino, and Cebuano (Mindanao variant). English is widely used in schools, businesses, and government offices.

Commercial retail

 * Gaisano Capital Tandag is located along Cabrera and Navales Street. Gaisano Capital Group is a shopping mall chain in the Philippines, owned by Cebu-based Gaisano family.
 * TT & Company
 * Prince Town Tandag
 * Ultrastar Supermart

Culture

 * Tandag annually celebrates the feast day of San Nicolas de Tolentino, Tandag's patron saint, every September 10. A novena in honor of San Nicholas is held for nine consecutive days starting September 1 in the San Nicholas de Tolentino Cathedral. It is the highlight of the city's Fiesta. In connection to this, a week-long celebration is organized by the Local Government Unit of Tandag. Parades, concerts, and bazaars are just some of the activities lined up for the said celebration.
 * Diwatahan Festival is held every January in honor of the Santo Niño. Tandag City also organizes a one-day cultural dance competition for interested dance groups held at the Tandag City Plaza. Diwatahan Festival is the counterpart of Cebu City's Sinulog festival.
 * Since Tandag is the capital of the province of Surigao del Sur, it hosts the annual Araw ng Surigao del Sur Celebration. A trade fair showcasing products from the different municipalities of Surigao del Sur is one of the events in the celebration. Another event is a local pageant, Mutya ng Surigao del Sur, held at the Tandag City Gymnasium in Bongtud.

 * Charter Day is held every 23rd day of June to celebrate the cityhood of Tandag. Different events are held during the day. Laguboh! is a drums and lyre corps competition among elementary and secondary schools in the city.
 * Summer Kite Festival – an annual event initiated by the City Government of Tandag enhancing the artistic talent and creativity among the teenagers through the making of fantastic designs of kite enjoying the sun, sand and sea during summer time.
 * Eco Sports Festival – Tandag City is a coastal city, with 10 of its 21 barangays facing the Pacific Ocean. Thus, the City Government of Tandag initiates a three-day event consisting of activities that promote the good care for the ocean. The events are participated by the youth sector, enhancing their skills in different activities like skim boarding, Frisbee, beach volleyball, urban adventure race, and sand castle sculpture making. For the culmination of the Ocean Month Celebration, there are live performances of bands from all over the country.
 * TAMDA Festival – a Tandaganon variation of the word "Tan-awa" which means to "see beneath" or "to take care of". This showcases the correct and historically accurate cultural festival and explains the Tandaganons' art – dances, rituals, music, life ways, and creative expressions. It is an annual event of Tandag City in celebration of the Charter Day held every June 23.

Tourism

 * Tago – Green Falls
 * San Isidro – Busay Falls
 * Bioto – Cold Spring
 * Pangi – Bugsukan Falls & Tagbak stream
 * Salvacion – Abaca Plantation
 * Quezon – Cave, Falls, & Wild Life
 * Maticdum – Falls, Water Spring, Cave, Forest, & Wild Life Conservation
 * San Agustin – Norte Beach Resort & Mangroves
 * Mabuhay – Panugmakan Creek (Potable Water Source) Mt. Resort & Cave
 * Dagocdoc – Board Walk (Dike) & Floating Restaurant
 * Awasian – Ihawan Mt. Spring Resort/Hitaub IP Gawad Kalinga Project
 * Pandanon – Cold Spring
 * Rosario – Andap Falls & Spring
 * Bag-ong Lungsod – Tandag City Boulevard
 * Bongtud – Twin Linungao Island, Mancagangi Island & MPA (Fish Sanctuary)
 * Buenavista – MPA (Fish Sanctuary)
 * Mabua Beach Resort (MPA) – Fish Sanctuary

City proper

 * Tricycle (roams around the vicinity of the city)
 * Pedicab
 * Jeepney

By air

 * via Tandag Airport: From Cebu, you can take direct flight to Tandag through Cebgo, which flies this route every M-W-F (destination terminated as of September 2018).
 * via Francisco Bangoy (Davao) International Airport: From Manila or Cebu to Davao City as transit point, Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific and Cebgo fly the Manila-Davao (and vice versa) route (approx. 1-$1 1/2$ hours travel time) and the Cebu-Davao (and vice versa) route (approx. 45 minutes travel time) several trips daily.
 * via Surigao Airport: From Manila or Cebu to Surigao City as transit point, Cebgo flies these routes (approx. 1-$1 1/2$ hours travel time) daily.
 * via Bancasi (Butuan) Airport: From Manila or Cebu to Butuan as transit point, PAL Express, Cebu Pacific, and Cebgo fly these routes (approx. 1-$1 1/2$ hours travel time) three times a week.

By land

 * Multicabs, vans and jeepneys around northern and southern Surigao del Sur routes include Butuan, (fastest are the white vans plying the Butuan-Tandag route; their terminal is at the Bancase Airport), Surigao City, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur and Bislig.
 * Buses – direct travel with bus companies like Bachelor Express are serving routes from Davao City, Butuan, Surigao City, and Bislig. Philtranco and PP Bus Line serving Pasay/Cubao via Cantilan are also available.
 * Buses, vans and jeepneys can be located at Tandag City Overland Transport (TCOTT) (Balilahan Bus Terminal).
 * Some jeepneys and tricycles bound for Surigao City, Cantilan, Cortes, Tago, San Miguel, and nearby municipalities and barangays can be found at Moonglow Public Market.

By sea

 * Inter-island vessel Cokaliong Shipping Lines ply the Cebu-Surigao City routes on regular schedules with Surigao City Port as transit point. Multi-cabs and tricycles are available at the wharf going to Surigao City Integrated Terminal for the regular bus trips to Tandag.

Healthcare

 * Adela Serra Ty Memorial Medical Center – On February 15, 1993, the Surigao del Sur Provincial Hospital was renamed Adela Serra Ty Memorial Medical Center by Virtue of RA No. 7433 authored by then Congressman Mario Serra Ty.
 * Pama Polyclinic
 * Philippine Red Cross Tandag

Basic education

 * Tandag Pilot Elementary School
 * Tandag Central Elementary School
 * Telaje Elementary School
 * Quintos Elementary School
 * Saint Theresa College of Tandag
 * Jacinto P. Elpa National High School
 * Tandag National Science High School
 * Vicente L. Pimentel Sr. National High School
 * Buenavista Nursery School
 * Buenavista Elementary School
 * Buenavista National High School
 * Tandag Christian School, Inc.
 * Tandag City SpEd Center
 * Tandag Science Elementary School
 * Engr. Nestor Ty Memorial Elementary School
 * Bongtud Elementary School
 * Meliton M. Ajos Memorial Elementary School
 * San Jose Elementary School
 * Mahanon Elementary School
 * Mabuhay Elementary School
 * Pandanon Elementary School
 * Carmen Integrated School
 * San Antonio Elementary School

Higher education

 * Saint Theresa College of Tandag – College Dept.
 * North Eastern Mindanao State University – Main Campus

Media
Radio

FM
 * 89.3 MHz Real Radio (PEC Broadcasting Corporation)
 * 90.1 MHz Kakampi FM (St. Jude Thaddeus Institute of Technology)
 * 92.9 MHz Brigada News FM (Brigada Mass Media Corporation)
 * 95.9 MHz Radyo Natin (Manila Broadcasting Company/Radyo Natin Network)
 * 96.7 MHz Energy FM (Ultrasonic Broadcasting System)
 * 97.5 MHz Shure FM (Iddes Broadcast Group)
 * 99.1 MHz Radyo Gugma (Capitol Broadcasting Center)
 * 100.7 MHz Radyo Bandera News FM (Bandera News Philippines/Fairwaves Broadcasting Network)
 * 102.3 MHz DABIG C Radio (Prime Broadcasting Network)
 * 103.1 MHz Unitas Radio (Palawan Broadcasting Corporation)

AM
 * 837 kHz Radyo Pilipinas Tandag DXJS AM (Philippine Broadcasting Service)

Internet Radio

For desktop users, you may click the link provided below. And or if you're using mobile phones, use your preferred Internet browser by clicking the link below: https://rmn.ph/ifm939davao/
 * 93.9 MHz iFM Davao "Ang Best Friend Mo!"

Television

 * TV-2 GMA Network
 * TV-6 TNTV-6 (Tandag Network Television) Surigao Del Sur's local community channel
 * TV-8 – PEC Broadcasting Corporation
 * TV-12 – ABS-CBN (defunct)
 * TV-23 – TV5
 * TV-26 – ABS-CBN Sports+Action

Cable providers

 * Morning Star Cable TV
 * Cignal Digital TV

Telephone providers

 * TETCO

Internet Service provider

 * Globe Broadband
 * PLDT Home Bro
 * Smart Bro
 * TETCO DSL

Cellular Network Providers

 * Globe Telecom
 * Smart Communications
 * Sun Cellular

Sports and recreation
The Surigao del Sur Sports Center (formerly named as Gregorio P. Murillo Sports Complex) is a multi-sports complex, located near the provincial capitol situated in Tandag City, which has hosted the Caraga Regional Athletic Meet, several times. The Tandag City Gymnasium is an indoor gymnasium located at Luis Perez corner Serra Street, adjacent the local police station.

Sister cities

 * Malaybalay, Philippines

title: Tandag


text:
Hinoemata, Fukushima

Hinoemata (檜枝岐村) is a village located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 556, and a population density of 1.5 persons per km². The total area of the village was 390.46 sqkm. It is locally famous for its soba (buckwheat noodles) and known nationally for its kabuki performances and as a gateway to the Oze marshlands.

Geography
Located in the southwestern corner of Fukushima prefecture, Hinoemata is surrounded by the mountains Komagatake, Mount Taishaku, and Hiuchigatake (the highest mountain in northwestern Japan). Between these mountains runs the Hinoemata River. It is known for having the lowest population density of any municipality in Japan.

 * Mountains: Aizu-Komagatake (2133 m), Mount Taishaku (2060 m), Hiuchigatake (2356 m)
 * Rivers: Hinoemata River
 * Lakes: Ozegahara

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Tadami
 * Minamiaizu
 * Niigata Prefecture
 * Uonuma
 * Gunma Prefecture
 * Katashina
 * Tochigi Prefecture
 * Nikkō

Climate
Hinoemata has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Hinoemata is 6.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1050 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 19.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around -5.2 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Hinoemata peaked around the year 1960 and since declined to pre-1930 levels.

History
The area of present-day Hinoemata was part of ancient Mutsu Province and formed part of the holdings of Aizu Domain during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, it was organized as part of Minamiaizu District in Fukushima Prefecture. Hinoemata was formed on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system.

Economy
The economy of Hinoemata is primarily agricultural.

Education
Hinoemata has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the village government.
 * Hinoemata Elementary School
 * Hinoemata Junior-High School

Bus
Hinoemata is served by a single local bus line connecting it with Aizukogenozeguchi and Aizu-Tajima stations in neighboring Minami-Aizu Town.

Local attractions

 * Okutadami Dam (Hinoemata is situated on the east bank of the dam lake.) While half the dam is technically within Hinoemata the dam is not accessible to the public from the Hinoemata side due to mountainous terrain.
 * Hinoemata Hot Spring
 * Sanjō Falls
 * Takeda Hisayoshi Memorial Hall

title: Hinoemata, Fukushima


text:
Russell Lee (writer)

Russell Lee is the pseudonym of the Singaporean authors of True Singapore Ghost Stories, a well-known book series of ghost stories in Singapore, Malaysia, other parts of Asia ever since the release of Book 1 in 1989.

The brand had a lasting impact on Singapore publishing. Their first release was the first of many that were published for the mass market. True Singapore Ghost Stories surpassed 30,000 copies in three months.

Despite publicly claiming to be a real person, Russell Lee never provided any photograph of himself nor revealed anything about his personal life. At book signing events for True Singapore Ghost Stories, a person claiming to be Russell Lee would always show up, wearing a mask and clothes that cover every inch of his body. Due to the improbability of not having any leaked details about his identity for decades, the universal consensus is that Russell Lee is a pseudonym, and an actor was hired to put on a mask and make public appearances for marketing purposes.

True Singapore Ghost Stories
As of 2023, 28 books in the True Singapore Ghost Stories series have been released. With over 1.5 million copies sold worldwide.

In 2014, True Singapore Ghost Stories 25th Year Special Edition was released, where it looked back at the first 25 years of the series.

Book 27, the latest in the series, was released in 2023. The authors expressed their hope to reach Book 50.

The book series has also been made into a 13-part TV series.

title: Russell Lee (writer)


text:
Ina, Fukushima

Ina (伊南村) was a village located in Minamiaizu District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,812 and a density of 11.83 persons per km2. The total area was 153.13 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Ina, was merged with town of Tajima, and the villages of Nangō and Tateiwa (all from Minamiaizu District), was merged to create the town of Minamiaizu.

title: Ina, Fukushima


text:
Nangō, Fukushima

Nangō (南郷村) was a former village located in Minamiaizu District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,994 and a density of 25.05 persons per km2. The total area was 119.50 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Nangō, along with town of Tajima, and the villages of Ina and Tateiwa (all from Minamiaizu District), was merged to create the town of Minamiaizu.

Nangō is famous throughout Fukushima for its tomatoes.

Nangō is one of many rural areas in Japan that suffers from the problem of having a large aged population but relatively few young people. As of March 2006, there were more people aged 90 and above than people between the ages of 20 and 24 living in Nangō.

Nangō's ski and snowboard area attracts people from as far south as Tokyo. It is home to ski courses of varying difficulty, but known best for its large snowboard park.

title: Nangō, Fukushima


text:
Tadami, Fukushima

Tadami (只見町) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town has an estimated population of 4,117 in 1749 households, of which 45.88% were classified as "elderly households" The town had a population density of 5.5 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 747.56 sqkm. Tadami is famous locally for its own Snow Festival, where huge sculptures and replicas of monuments are cut out of Tadami's abundant snow.

Geography
Tadami is located in the mountainous western portion of the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture, bordered Niigata Prefecture to the west.

Mountains

 * Aizuasahidake
 * Asakusadake
 * Gamoudake

Rivers

 * Tadami River
 * Ina River

Lakes

 * Lake Tadami
 * Lake Tagokura

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Kaneyama
 * Shōwa
 * Minamiaizu
 * Hinoemata
 * Niigata Prefecture
 * Uonuma
 * Sanjō
 * Aga

Climate
Tadami has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tadami is 11.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1749 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.3 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tadami peaked around the year 1960 and has declined steadily in the decades since. It is now much smaller than it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Tadami was part of ancient Mutsu Province and formed part of the holdings of Aizu Domain during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, it was organized as part of Minamiaizu District in Fukushima Prefecture. Inahoku village was founded on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It changed its name on November 3, 1953 to Tadami. The village expanded on July 20, 1955 through a merger with neighboring Meiwa Village. Tadami was raised to town status on August 1, 1959 after merging with the village of Asahi.

Economy
Hydroelectric power generation from numerous dams on the Tadami River is the primary source of revenue for the town.

Education
The town has three public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Fukushima Prefectural Board of Education.

Elementary schools

 * Tadami Elementary School
 * Asahi Elementary School
 * Meiwa Elementary School

Junior high schools

 * Tadami Junior High School

High schools

 * Tadami High School

Railway
JR East – Tadami Line
 * Aizu-Shiozawa - Aizu-Gamō - Tadami

Local attractions

 * Tadami Hot Springs
 * Fukasawa Hot Springs
 * Mizukubo castle ruin
 * Tagokura Dam
 * Kurotani Shrine
 * Tadami Museum
 * Kawai Tsuginosuke Museum
 * Beech tree forest, listed on UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in 2014

title: Tadami, Fukushima


text:
HMS A4

HMS A4 was an early Royal Navy submarine.

She was a member of the first British A-class submarine (1903) of submarines. Like all her class, she was built at Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness.

Service history
A4 suffered a serious accident, although without casualties, on 16 October 1905 during an underwater signalling experiment off Spithead.

A bell had been lowered into the water from a dinghy some distance away from the submarine was being used to signal to the submarine, which was running awash. A flag on a boat hook protruding through a ventilator which had been left open was used to indicate that the signal had been heard. The experiment had been performed successfully on the previous day, but the sea was much rougher on 16 October and consequently the submarine stayed inside the breakwater.

The same trim settings had been used as on the previous day, but as there was fresh water flowing into the harbour, the water was less dense and so the submarine was less buoyant than on the previous day.

Seawater flooded through the ventilator causing the boat to develop a 40 degree inclination on the bow and dive to 90 ft and also partially filling her with chlorine gas when it came in contact with the battery acid. The crew managed to blow the ballast tanks to surface the boat and evacuate onto the deck, but there was an explosion whilst she was being towed back to port and she slowly sank. The boat was salvaged and repaired. The captain of the submarine at the time, Lieutenant Martin Nasmith, was later awarded the Victoria Cross for his command of HMS E11 during the Dardanelles campaign in 1915.

During the First World War she was used for training at Portsmouth, and was sold for scrap on 16 January 1920.

title: HMS A4


text:
Minamiaizu District, Fukushima

Minamiaizu (南会津郡) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. It makes up the southern third of the Aizu region in western Fukushima Prefecture.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 33,533 and a density of 14.32 persons per km2. The total area is 2,341.64 km2. It is the least populated part of Aizu.

Towns and villages

 * Minamiaizu
 * Shimogō
 * Tadami
 * Hinoemata

Merger

 * On 20 March 2006 the town of Tajima, and the villages of Tateiwa, Ina and Nangō merged to form the new town of Minamiaizu.

title: Minamiaizu District, Fukushima


text:
SCO–SGI code dispute of 2003

During its SCO Forum conference of 2003, The SCO Group (SCO) showed several examples of allegedly illegal copying of copyrighted code into Linux. The open source software community quickly debunked most of them. One example showed some Unix code within some of SGI's Linux contributions. The Linux maintainers stated that this code had already been removed from Linux before the example had been revealed — not because it was infringing, but because it had needlessly duplicated some functions already present in Linux. SGI and other analysts also confirmed that the code had never infringed.

Background
During SCO Forum, on August 17–19, 2003 at the MGM Grand Las Vegas, SCO publicly showed several alleged examples of illegal copying of copyrighted code in Linux. Until then, these examples had only been available under NDA, which had prohibited them from communicating about it. SCO claimed the infringements are divided into four separate categories: literal copying, obfuscation, derivative works, and non-literal transfers.

The example used by SCO to demonstrate literal copying is also known as the atemalloc example. The name of the original contributor was not revealed by SCO, but quick analysis pointed to SGI. It was also revealed that the code had already been removed from the Linux kernel, because it duplicated existing functions.

Within hours, the open source community started several different analyses of the infringing code. The results of these analyses differ slightly, but they all confirm that it was derived from Unix code. These analyses also pointed out that while the code could possibly have originated in Unix, this does not necessarily prove infringement of copyrights.

The community was determined that this was a particularly bad example, because the code in question had never been used in the mainstream distributions of Linux, and had been present only in the IA-64 version. The relative sparseness of worldwide IA-64 installations, combined with the limited time in which the code was present in Linux, makes the chance of actually encountering a system running this code very slim.

Origin
It is possible that the code contributed to Linux originated from UNIX System V, but its original implementation happened in the early 1970s. There are no substantial differences between the original Unix source code and the UNIX System V source. Dennis Ritchie, one of the creators of Unix, acknowledged that either he or Ken Thompson wrote the original code from which the UNIX System V code is derived:

"So: either Ken or I wrote it originally. I know that the comments that first appeared by the 6th edition were definitely written by me, since I spent some time annotating the almost comment-free earlier editions."

This is very important, because early Unix source code does not have any copyright claim. At that time, the law required explicit copyright claims, which effectively means the early Unix code is not protected by copyright law. Additionally, both Santa Cruz Operation and The SCO Group released the source code of early versions of Unix under a 4-clause BSD-like license, allowing its use in other open source products.

SGI response
On October 1, 2003, SGI responded to SCO's allegations in an open letter to the Linux community. In it, Rich Altmaier, vice president of software, claims that these small code fragments were inadvertently included in the Linux kernel:

"All together, these three small code fragments comprised no more than 200 lines out of the more than one million lines of our overall contributions to Linux. Notably, it appears that most or all of the System V code fragments we found had previously been placed in the public domain, meaning it is very doubtful that the SCO Group has any proprietary claim to these code fragments in any case."

title: SCO–SGI code dispute of 2003


text:
Kitaaizu, Fukushima

Kitaaizu (北会津村) was a village located in the former Kitaaizu District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On November 1, 2004, Kitaaizu was merged into the expanded city of Aizuwakamatsu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 7,603 and a density of 269.80 persons per km2. The total area was 28.18 km2.

title: Kitaaizu, Fukushima