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Talk:Eleusinian Mysteries

incoherent entheogenic section
I have just read this page for the first time, and I found the section about entheogenic theories extraordinarily incoherent. I believe this is due to the work of several authors in disagreement who inserted contradictory statements regardless of whether in context they would make sense for the reader. Therefore I am going to attempt to bring this section into some kind of order editorially without deleting anything of substance. I just wanted to explain what I am doing—I have no opinion on the subject and don't intend to take sides in the debate. Londonbroil (talk) 08:48, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

"sport, paedophilia and a dodgy ritual?"
...as well as one of the three mainstays of Greek classical culture, the Olympic Games and pederasty (in certain areas) being the other two.

Are you seriously suggesting that Classical Greek culture boiled down to sport, paedophilia and a dodgy ritual? adamsan 20:04, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I, too, consider that part to be a little far fetched, if not a plain POV. The sentence should at least include a reference such as "according to ..." But I'm still sure that Greek classical culture has more to it than these three aspects. Robin des Bois ♘ ➳ ✉ 01:29, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yoink! adamsan 17:58, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

While I agree with both of you I hardly think that the Eleusinian Mysteries are 'a dodgy ritual', unless you regard things like the Eucharist as 'a dodgy ritual' too. The Mysteries are at the heart of Greek worship! ThePeg 22:36, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

(An Other) I almost want to say that the "pederasty" associated with this ritual is really just the expressed 'impressions' of certain individuals who would rather individual, independent investigation of such rituals cease. For whatever reasons those may be. Actually, I do want to say that. And anyone who disagrees with me would be a Fool and a Communoterrorist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.174.120.38 (talk) 03:15, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Corn?
"Following this section of the Mysteries was the Pannychis, an all-night feast accompanied by dancing and merriment. The dances took place in the Rharian Field, rumored to be the first spot where corn grew."

Corn? I think you should make clear that corn back then was any staple food grain, and not the corn, maize.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Adamsan (talk • contribs) 17:58, August 17, 2004

Thanks for that clarification, it sent me down a rabbit hole. There's another section, in, In Art, Literature and Culture:

"Vases and other works of relief sculpture, from the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries BC, depict Triptolemus holding an ear of corn, sitting on a winged throne or chariot, surrounded by Persephone and Demeter with pine torches."

Although this is more confusing because it says, 'ear of corn' does the same apply here? And if so are other grains called ears? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.4.4.60 (talk) 18:06, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

Iacchus and Dionysus
According to the article stub Iacchus, the identification of Iacchus with Dionysus is uncertain. However there seems to be long-standing identification of the two according to the quotes given at Greek Mythology: IACCHUS / IAKKHOS. From memory Jane Ellen Harrison discusses the prominence of Dionysus in the Greater Mysteries at some length in her Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (but I don't have the book in front of me). Is there some reason that I'm unaware of for doubting either the identification of Iacchus with Dionysus, or Dionysus' prominence in the rites? I believe (again, I would need to track down sources) that Dionysus/Iacchus/Zagreus is of major importance in the Orphic Mysteries as well. Fuzzypeg 00:47, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Ethnicity Restrictions
Was it possible for anyone regardless of ethnicity to become an initiate in the Mysteries or was it restricted to Greeks? Obviously my question is mostly relevant for the Roman age. Could Romans become initiated> Lucius Domitius 13:03, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The Eleusinian initiation was open to anyone who could afford it. Cicero, who was initiated there, writes "I don't mention the holy and august Eleusis, where people from the remotest shores are initiated." (De Natura Deorum, I.119, "Omitto Eleusinem sanctam illam et augustam, ubi initiantur gentes orarum ultimae"). L'omo del batocio (talk) 16:50, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
I think this article needs to be divided into sections, to break up that huge mass of text. It's currently very hard to read, and hard to know where to put new text.

I suggest the Mysteries section be broken down in the following manner: begin with a brief description of what events were held and when; move on to a section describing what the events were known to symbolise, and giving a bit more detail about the proceedings; and continue on to a section dealing with theories and interpretations. Fuzzypeg 01:50, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, go for it. --Heah talk 03:00, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

This looks good to me now. However, I did have one comment: in the "Entheogenic" theories, last paragraph, Phalaris could be added next to Acacia. If no one minds, I will do this now.... fine, consider it done! Next I'd like to replace "entheogenic" (what ever that is supposed to mean) with something a bit more precise and perhaps even academic, after a respectful pause212.149.205.113 (talk) 20:26, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Entheogenic is the precise academic term. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tesseractyler (talk • contribs) 18:11, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

Failed GA
A clean-up tag and no references are why I've failed this. Wiki-newbie 16:18, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Shibboleth?
Yes, only Greek speakers were initiated, but how does that relate to shibboleth? The implication is that there was some trick question asked of postulants, a test of pronunciation or meaning that foreigners would unwittingly fail. Surely this is not the case? It was a simple matter of not allowing non-greek speakers? Fuzzypeg ☻ 20:21, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

GA Review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b (lack of images does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:

In reviewing this article compared to the criteria listed at WP:WIAGA, I found the following issues:
 * The lead does not adequately summarize the article. It should touch briefly on each section of the article. Blue check.svg
 * The use (or not) of the serial comma needs to be consistent throughout the article. Blue check.svg
 * There also needs to be a consistency in wikification of centuries. The century in the lead is not wikified. Blue check.svg
 * The article could use some additional wikification. Blue check.svg
 * ..."and probably will be forever." is not very encyclopedic. I recommend rewording. Blue check.svg
 * References need to be consistently formatted per WP:CITE.Blue check.svg
 * The article appears to have a lot of OR. Further use of inline citation would remedy this.Blue check.svg

I am placing the nomination on hold for no more than seven days to allow time for improvements to be made. Let me know if you need any help or have any questions by either responding here or dropping a line on my talk page. Regards, Lara  ♥Love  05:22, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * All issues have been addressed. I have listed the article at WP:GA. Thank you for your hard work. In improving the quality of this article, you have improved the quality of Wikipedia. Best regards, Lara  ♥Love  18:19, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

needs to be cleaned up some, I've never edited pages, so if someone can do it that would be great. Someone slandard the last sentence of the page. Thanks, -B —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.135.66.26 (talk) 19:22, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
 * In my opinion the current article, while decent, is not GA material. The relevant scholarly debate isn't even sketched and marginal, controversial views are given undue weight. Perusing Burkert's book, which was added as a reference only a few days ago, may provide a starting point for substantial improvements. Just to give an example, Synesius' famous quote of Aristotle's views on the Mysteries isn't currently mentioned. The article should provide a context where such crucial information can be meaningfully inserted. L'omo del batocio (talk) 10:45, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

summer or winter?
When they told me of Demetra and Persephone as a child, they taught me that Kore lived with Hades during the winter months. It seems logic. Why should ancient Greeks consider summer a dead period?

Matt —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.19.93.38 (talk) 14:07, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There's a lot of scholarship that debates the two different interpretations. It would be sensible for the article to note the controversy.  I recall running across one or two good refs pertaining to this topic on JSTOR. Robert K S (talk) 03:55, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * "/According to the prevailing version of the myth, Persephone had to remain with Hades for four months while staying above ground with her mother for a similar period. This left her the choice of where to spend the last four months of the year and since she opted to live with Demeter, the end result was eight months of growth and abundance to be followed by four months of no productivity./"

 * "/The Eleusinian Mysteries probably included a celebration of Persephone's return, for it was also the return of plants and of life to the earth. Persephone had gone into the underworld (underground, like seeds in the winter), then returned to the land of the living: her rebirth is symbolic of the rebirth of all plant life during Spring and, by extension, all life on earth./"
 * Is is clear that winter is the dead season? FenixEden (talk) 23:45, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

"This reading of the ritual, however, does not square with the central foundation document of the mystery, the Homeric Hymn to Demeter line 415, where Persephone is explicitly said to return in the spring of the year, not the fall: 'This was the day [of Persephone's return], at the very beginning of bountiful springtime.'" The Mediterranean climate may have been different 3000+ years ago and/or the myths are inherited from immigrants, eg, Dorians, from more northern Europe, eg, Balkans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.3.34.135 (talk) 19:40, 21 April 2018 (UTC)

Taylor
Evidence on the Mysteries from Thomas Taylor is quite suspect, as he was a devoted Neo-Platonist interested primarily in the mystical aspects of Plato. His use of Plato as evidence of the actual mysteries likely conflates the two; it is far more likely that Plato transfigured the symbols and acts of the mysteries, mixing them with the symbols of other cults (e.g. Orphism), rather than reporting them. 134.117.196.196 (talk) 19:06, 16 February 2010 (UTC)tdal

The following is suspect: "However, one researcher writes that this Cista ("kiste") contained a golden mystical serpent, egg, a phallus and possibly also seeds sacred to Demeter.[11]" The source given is self-published; a better source must be out there somewhere. Oh, and the name of the publisher is misspelled: it's "Lightning Source" not "Lighting Source." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.19.115.61 (talk) 22:46, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Expanded Lesser and (especially) Greater Mysteries section.
Dromena, deiknumena and legomena were central aspects to the ritual's climax. Ifnkovhg (talk) 07:22, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Beginnings of the Cult
There are two statements -- one in the intro and one in secton 2, "The Mysteries" -- that claim the Eleusinian Mysteries began in the Mycenean period ca. 1600 BC. The citations are to sources from 1915, 1947 and 1961. This is a controversial conclusion that has been extensively debated since the early 1980's. I'm not sure, but I think the consensus opinion today is that the cult originated in the 6th century BCE. If this is true (the fact needs to be checked) it's important to update this article to make it current with the last 25 years of scholarship.Yonderboy (talk) 04:58, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

I added some reliable references. The Eleusinian Mysteries were influenced by the religious practices of the Mycenean period.Jestmoon(talk) 13:12, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

Epopteia
In the "Participants" section, the Greek word epopteia is given an English translation of "contemplation". Does anyone have a source on this? If you consult the LSJ lexicon, epopteia must be epi (upon) + opteuein (to look/see), meaning "a look upon", i.e., a vision. I have not come across any other direct translations of the word, but "contemplation" seems very misleading and seems to read in philosophical appropriations of the Mysteries. 134.117.196.196 (talk) 19:34, 16 February 2010 (UTC)tdal

Entheogenic Hypothesis Number 3
As Barley/Wheat and Pomogranate are foods part of the ritual, it makes sense that the drink was made from them. I am guessing Beer or Mead is a possiblity here. If either beer or mead "go bad", do they form a fungus/bacterium that is mind-altering; any references? 2010-07-08 T01:45 Z-7 PDT 76.90.232.7 (talk) 08:45, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The ergot fungus grows on grains such as rye and, I believe, wheat. It has been suggested as the entheogenic source elsewhere.  As an aside to this, I note that the article talks about the contents of the chest and the basket and suggests that there may have been mushrooms in one of them.  The article says in the chest, but I think it means in the basket.  In other words when it says:  However, one researcher writes that this Cista ("kiste") contained a golden mystical serpent, egg, a phallus and possibly also seeds sacred to Demeter.[14] The contents of the chest might have been similar to Central American mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe[verification needed].[15]  I believe it should read The contents of the basket might have been similar to Central American mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe  I read the source for the mushroom hypothesis, unsurprisingly Wasson, and he does suggest them as the source but does not specify whether it is the chest or the basket.  I could swear I had read before that the chest contained ritual objects and the basket what was passed around, which would make sense if mushrooms or morning glory seeds or something like that were being used.

As for the reference to drink, I do wonder what word was used for potion and if it always meant a liquid. This may be part of why we are having trouble divining this mystery. I'm fairly certain that nothing that happens to beer or mead after it is made can increase its entheogenic properties. It is possible that you could make a drink from ergot-infected grains and have some effect, as it is said that bread made from ergot-infected rye did have psychedelic effects Rifter0x0000 (talk) 21:47, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

origins-establishment
In my opinion the origins and the date of the establishment are not verified in the article and by the references.It is possible that the origin of similar mysteries was Egypt,but it is more propable that the Eleusinian mysteries combine a Creto-Pelasgian vegetetion cult with a cult of ressurected gods which came later from the East.(M.Renault:The four seasons of greek philosophy).R.Wunderlich (The secret of Creta) believes that the "mistress of the Labyrinth" became the Godess Demeter.Her title in the Eleusinian mysteries is kept by her daughter Persephone (ko-re).Persephone had also the surname Despoina (miss).(Despoina was the godess of the mysteries of Arcadian cult).This possibility must be included in the article.The double edged-axe labrys which propably gave the name to the Cretan labyrinth was the symbol of matriarchy (F.Schachermeyer:Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta) and the priests at Delphi were called "Labryades" (The men of the double axe). The Myceneans conquered Creta at 1450 B.C,therefore the date of the propable establishment of the mysteries in the article (1600B.C or 1800 B.C as in ref (1)) is not confirmed and must be revised.Creta had a strong connection with Egypt,but a complete diferrent relegion (Furumark).It is very difficult to believe that the mysteries came direct from Egypt during the Mycenean period (ref.(1)) and this must be verified by experts.94.65.192.182 (talk) 08:58, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Blood guilt
I don't think being free of "blood guilt" meant NEVER having committed a murder. Surely someone could be cleansed of blood guilt by bathing somewhere holy, Myrvin (talk) 14:39, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Alcibiades
The article on Alcibiades contradicts the statement in the article that he was condemned for performing the Elusinian mysteries at home. This statement must be cited or it needs to be removed. Spiral5800 (talk) 12:46, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
 * That article states that he was condemned for profaning the mysteries. Do you object that it doesn't actually say how, whereas this article does? Myrvin (talk) 12:29, 17 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Pro tem I have changed the wording a bit and added a citation. Myrvin (talk) 12:52, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Autumn?
"Finally, by consulting Zeus, Demeter reunites with her daughter and the earth returns to its former verdure and prosperity: the first autumn." Shouldn't this be 'spring'? Myrvin (talk) 12:25, 17 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Definitely so. TWx4eABO5y (talk) 17:39, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

"An ear of corn in silence reaped"
Under the Section "Mysteries", sub-section "Secrets"; the quote of "An ear of corn in silence reaped". Refers to grain; not actual corn or maize. Maize corn is native to North America, Europe never had it until European explorers took it back with them. "Corn" is one word for grain, until Columbus and Leif stumpted their keel into North America. So, in European English, corn = grain; maize = corn-on-the-cob. Similar to American English Buffalo is really a Bison, Buffalo are from India. 2010-09-29 T16:28 Z-7 PDsT 76.90.73.133 (talk) 23:28, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Altered States
I added this category and the following while watching H2 just now... '''Altered consciousness was acheived by those practicing the Eleusinian Mysteries. Often, drugs were used for the initiates to experience different mental perceptions.'<ref]The Stoned Ages'', History Channel (H2)</ref] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brad Watson, Miami (talk • contribs) 17:02, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

 * If it was the History Channel, I'm surprised they didn't say the altered states were caused by aliens. However, it's certainly possible to find scholarly sources that suggest the use of psychotropic drugs at Eleusis and elsewhere, and the ecstatic trances associated with some mysteries would qualify as an "altered state." The article content should probably support inclusion in the category better, but only if such content has good-enough sources. Cynwolfe (talk) 17:36, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

 * this whole too long section here and in article is nothing but sheer speculation, ... the rites and others worldwide were about connecting to heaven in a real tangible way and that could include visions, not substance abue,,, etc. such rites bring this connection to initiates, later jesus bringing it to all via him and otherwise as masonic rites bringing the connection to their initiates today ...

arepo sator AO 24.186.53.181 (talk) 13:43, 17 April 2014 (UTC) ...

Vague statements
It is unclear what the sources for several of the statements in the first section may be.

Of all the mysteries celebrated in ancient times, these were held to be the ones of greatest importance. (By whom)

It is acknowledged that their basis was an old agrarian cult which probably goes back to the Mycenean period (who acknowledges this?)

The idea of immortality which appears in syncretistic religions of antiquity was introduced in late antiquity.[2] (Poorly worded and unclear)

216.184.15.172 (talk) 08:22, 30 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I've had a go at this. Myrvin (talk) 14:16, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

etymology
Ελεούσα — милостивая — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.30.66.73 (talk) 11:46, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

global expression
the eleusian mysteries (see 1st paragraph) and very very early, far older than expressed, e.g. the cucuteni pottery show the fully expressed symbols of the entire religion/mysteries circa 5,000-7,000 bc; so too, global not just Greece, with similar early before Greece existed, expression, in asia; we could use global proven artifacts e.g. to show Assyrian 2,000 bc immigration to peru, Bolivia and including via asia / asgard to show migration of the mysteries circa 2000 bc to asia and on to south America... but the even earlier expression fully blown in those cucuteni pottery and c 5000 bc in Egyptian namer palette, show all this 1000s of years before Greece expression... again, what is referred to is not drug/dope induced mindlessness or pederasty - all the babble of the article...but connection to heaven, making initiates be godlike ... via Riemannian wormholes, esp as the babble that is science, not following in the instantaneous nature of such connections to all, which brings back to you, (ahk) all power ...47.18.43.166 (talk) 04:13, 7 March 2015 (UTC)lil ma, sa ba ka, ma sr, AO
 * You need some references for that . . . nothing about it at the Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture article. Wormholes?! Raquel Baranow (talk) 14:19, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

Mythology of Demeter and Phersephone
If we suppose that Persephone stayed with Hades for four months and Demeter eight months

?? Did people divide the year into twelve months in those days? I thought that the number of months that were considered to be in each year changed in Roman times from ten to twelve.Createangelos (talk) 22:10, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Myth was written 650BC, calendar was changed 713BC, I suppose the writer didn't want to confuse people. Raquel Baranow (talk) 22:31, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

Entheogenic theories section (revisited)
I corrected the ergot alkaloids reference. Ergot primarily contains ergotamine as well as ergonovine. It does not contain ergine (LSA). As described by the ergot article, ergotamine is '"a complex molecule consisting of a tripeptide-derived cyclol-lactam ring connected via amide linkage to a lysergic acid (ergoline) moiety"'. So while the ergotamine molecule contains an ergine molecule, ergot does not contain ergine any more than you could say that salty food contains chlorine. Note that ergotamine can be hydrolyzed into ergine through a simple chemical process that would have been available at the time -- the use of lye made from adding ashes to water, and this is also theorized in The Road to Eleusis. Perhaps this should be clarified in this section. --Thoric (talk) 18:58, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

 * On the subject of this section, it feels like it needs a substantial rewrite. Parts of it seem to suggest there's a consensus around a psychotropic element to the Mysteries, and aside from a reference to "pointed scepticism" it's hard to tell that this is a fringe theory that mainstream classicists mostly reject. 79.79.254.66 (talk) 22:17, 4 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Mainstream classicists only insist that it was and remains a 'mystery', they do not claim that it did not involve a hallucinogen. --Thoric (talk) 22:31, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

Famous participants
There is no historical evidence that Socrates or Plato participated in the Eleusinian Mysteries. Socrates, in fact, was famous for never leaving Athens except as a solider during war. Plato *might* have participated, but that is only speculation; never in his extensive writings does he mention having participated; neither do his ancient biographers. In any case, the source cited (an online article that's full of inaccuracies and unsubstantiated opinions, and has not undergone peer review) is a non-reliable source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Practical321 (talk • contribs) 11:49, May 25, 2019 (UTC)
 * , I removed the sentence in question as speculative. The statement fails verification since the source quotes these authors as only mentioning mysteries in passing as part of making other philosophical points.  This fails for two reasons: it doesn't confirm that they themselves were initiates into the mysteries and it doesn't confirm they were speaking about the Eleusinian mysteries specifically. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 15:42, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

skirts an issue
Skirting this issue is a good thing. Apparently there have been assumptions that animal sacrifices were performed inside the buildings dedicated to the Mysteries. This article argues against that as late as 2002. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3270542.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A55229e53df8ac1f81d461a83bfa39e49 100.15.127.199 (talk) 23:49, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

Cited source says opposite of what is listed here
The information on this page appears to have been presented so as to indicate an interpretation of the Mysteries that opposes the source cited as support.

Under the 'Priesthood' section of the article, we find the following:

You can see that all of the citations here are to reference #45, which is Sarah B. Pomeroy's book Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity.

However, if you actually check Pomeroy's book, she says exactly the opposite:

As you see, Pomeroy does not identify the priesthood as men serving only minor roles. Indeed, she explicitly says that the two major roles, hierophantes and torchbearer, were men who were assisted by female priestesses, which is the opposite of what is state in the wikipedia article, despite citing Pomeroy to support that contention.

Can we correct this? I don't want to do so on my own without at least opening it for discussion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kaw71 (talk • contribs)
 * , you are correct in what the source says, please feel free to correct the inaccuracies in that section. It might also be appropriate to mention that the dating of the events used the name of the High Priestess (The priestess was eponymous--that is, at Eluesis events were dated by the name of the priestess and her successive years in office.) Schazjmd   (talk)  22:05, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

No evidence or dates cited for "two millennia" claim
Twice in the article, the claim is made that the Mysteries were practiced as "a consistent set of rites, ceremonies and experiences that spanned two millennia." No evidence is provided for this claim and there is not even any indication anywhere in the article of what dates that two thousand year span of consistent practices is alleged to cover. Helen P. Foley, in her background essay to the Homeric Hymn to Demeter says one thousand years: https://www.degruyter.com/princetonup/view/book/9781400849086/10.1515/9781400849086-005.xml — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kaw71 (talk • contribs) 21:54, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

Relationship with other mystery rites
This sentence, which was added by an IP editor in 2010, has problems:

"'Comparative study shows parallels between these Greek rituals and similar systems in the Near East. Such cults include the mysteries of Isis and Osiris in Egypt, the Adoniac of Syrian cults, the Persian mysteries, and the Phrygian Cabeirian mysteries. '"

The original source for this claim was The Builders by Joseph Fort Newton, a history of Freemasory that is more than a century old. I recently removed the sentence on the grounds that it wasn't a reliable source, and I was reverted by User:Charles Bélanger Nzakimuena, who added the Leeming source. Since then, I removed the phrase "some of which are older" from the sentence, and User:Ermenrich then removed the citation to Newton and added the verification tag.

These recent actions are an outgrowth of a dispute at Talk:Mysteries of Isis. While I don't have access to the Leeming source, Charles Bélanger Nzakimuena quoted some passages from it, two of which could be read as at least partially supporting the sentence above: "In Greece the most popular initiatic group was the Eleusinian mysteries, into which Plato was admitted. The rites of Dionysos, Orpheus and others flourished as well as mystery religions from Egypt (Isis), Syria (Cybele and Attis)." (from the entry on initiation on page 874) and "mystery religions in Egypt (Isis) and the Levant (Cybele and Attis) came to be very influential in Roman times" (from the entry on mystery religions on page 1240). These passages are pretty vague, but not significantly more so than the passage in this article that they're being used to support.

The fundamental problem here is lack of clarity and context. This sentence doesn't say what these "parallels" are, and in its vagueness it glosses over a lot of details about the relationships between mystery cults. The rituals surrounding the Cabeiri may have some kind of connection to the cultures of Anatolia, but like the Eleusinian mysteries, they were practiced in Greece itself and their origins lie somewhere in the murky Greek Dark Ages or the Archaic Period. The idea that there were mysteries dedicated to Adonis is apparently a long-standing conjecture in the scholarly world, but without much evidence to back it up. The mysteries of Isis, as I've substantiated with multiple authoritative sources on the talk page of that article, were produced when the cult of Isis spread into the Greek cultural sphere and the Eleusinian model of mystery rites was applied to it; apparently something similar happened with the cult of Cybele from Anatolia, although the above sentence doesn't mention Cybele. And the "Persian mysteries" mentioned above are those of Mithraism, whose connection with actual Persian religion is tenuous and hotly debated, but which only emerged in the first century AD.

The sentence in dispute doesn't do justice to those complexities. It implies that the mysteries all originated independently; ignores that the Cabeiri were almost as venerable and almost as thoroughly Greek as the Eleusinian mysteries themselves; asserts the existence of Adonis's mysteries as fact; ignores the bitter contention surrounding the origins of Mithraism; and fails to mention that the mysteries of Isis and Cybele owe a great deal to those of Eleusis, a point that is surely worth mentioning in this article. A. Parrot (talk) 03:46, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * On that basis I think that the sentence should simply be removed as not doing justice to the complexities of the situation.--Ermenrich (talk) 13:24, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I mostly just wanted to lay out the problems with it in detail, given that I was reverted the last time I deleted this sentence. I've removed it again. A. Parrot (talk) 14:32, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

"Revival"
This is an event that occurred at Elefsina this year, certainly. Is it really a "revival" of ancient religious practice? Furius (talk) 16:58, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * From what I can access of the article, characterising the event as a "revival" seems wrong; "multi-media installations and dance displays to a conference of scholars" doesn't equate with "revival of the Eleusinian Mysteries". I'm sceptical it deserves mention here at all, and I would be in favour of removing the section. – Michael Aurel (talk) 23:35, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * As no objections have been raised to this suggestion, I have removed the section. – Michael Aurel (talk) 20:47, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I think that was the right call Furius (talk) 21:26, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eleusinian Mysteries


text:
Killing of Peter Fechter

Peter Fechter (14 January 1944 – 17 August 1962) was a German bricklayer who became the twenty-seventh known person to die at the Berlin Wall. Fechter was 18 years old when he was shot and killed by East German border guards while trying to cross over to West Berlin.

Biography
Peter Fechter was born on 14 January 1944, in Berlin, Germany, during the final years of World War II. Fechter was the third of four children, and raised in the Weißensee district of Berlin. His father was a mechanical engineer and his mother was a saleswoman. Fechter finished school at the age of 14, and graduated as a bricklayer. After World War II had ended, Weißensee was located in the Soviet occupation zone of Berlin when the city was divided during the Allied Occupation, with the Soviet Sector later becoming East Berlin in East Germany. Fechter's eldest sister had married and now lived in West Berlin, where she was regularly visited by her parents and siblings. On 13 August 1961, the East German authorities abruptly closed the border and began construction of the Berlin Wall, effectively separating Fechter and his family from his sister in West Berlin. Fechter's colleague, Helmut Kulbeik, later stated that he and Fechter had been contemplating defecting to West Berlin for a while, and that they had also explored the border installations, but no concrete planning was ever made at the time. Shortly after, Fechter was denied a legally sanctioned trip to West Germany by his company, despite receiving good judgement.

Death

On 17 August 1962, around one year after the construction of the Berlin Wall, Fechter and Helmut Kulbeik attempted to flee from East Germany. The plan was to hide in a carpenter's workshop near the wall on Zimmerstrasse and, after observing the border guards from there, to jump out of a window into the "death-strip" (a strip running between the main wall and a parallel fence which they had recently started to construct), run across it, and climb over the two-metre (6.5 ft) wall topped with barbed wire into the Kreuzberg district of West Berlin near Checkpoint Charlie.

Their plan was initially successful as both Fechter and Kulbeik reached the final wall, but as they began to climb the East German border guards fired at them. Although Kulbeik succeeded in crossing over the wall, Fechter was shot in the pelvis while still climbing, in plain view of hundreds of witnesses. He fell back into the death-strip on the East German side, where he remained in view of West German onlookers, including journalists. Despite his screams, Fechter received no medical assistance from the East German side, and could not be tended to by those on the West side. West Berlin police threw him bandages, which he could not reach, and he bled to death after approximately one hour. As a result of his death, hundreds in West Berlin formed a spontaneous demonstration, shouting "Murderers!" at the border guards. The lack of medical assistance for Peter Fechter was attributed to mutual fear: Western bystanders were apparently prevented at gunpoint from assisting him, although according to a report in Time magazine, a second lieutenant of the US Army on the scene received specific orders from the US Commandant in West Berlin to stand firm and do nothing. It also emerged during the trial that any aid attempt from the West had indeed been made impossible, but according to a report from forensic pathologist Otto Prokop, "Fechter had no chance of survival. The shot in the right hip had caused severe internal injuries."

Trial
In March 1997, seven years after the reunification of Germany and 35 years after Fechter's death, two former East German guards, Rolf Friedrich and Erich Schreiber, faced manslaughter charges for Fechter's death. Both admitted to the shooting after an intense investigation. They were both convicted and sentenced to 20 and 21 months' imprisonment on probation. Due to a lack of conclusive evidence, the court was unable to determine which of three gunmen (one of whom had already died) had fired the fatal bullet. After pleading guilty to the crime, during sentencing, both guards apologized for killing Fechter, saying that if they could take it back, they would, and that they were honestly remorseful for their actions.

Commemoration

A cross was placed on the western side near the spot where Fechter was shot and bled to death. At the invitation of Willy Brandt, the mayor of West Berlin, the Yale Russian Chorus sang a German translation of Mozart's Ave Verum Corpus near the site in the week following the shooting. On the first anniversary, a wreath was placed there by Willy Brandt and US major general James Polk.

The story of Peter Fechter was the headline of American news magazine Time in August 1962. In this article was used the noun "Wall of Shame" (Mauer der Schande), and this became a synonym for the wall.

After German reunification in 1990, the Peter-Fechter-Stelle memorial was constructed on Zimmerstraße, at the precise spot where he had died on the Eastern side, and this has been a focal point for some of the commemorations regarding the wall. The shooting has also been the subject of documentaries on German television. Cornelius Ryan dedicated his book The Last Battle to the memory of Fechter. Composer Aulis Sallinen wrote an orchestral work Mauermusik to commemorate Fechter. In 2007, artist Mark Gubb was commissioned by the Institute of Contemporary Arts to create a performance based on the death of Peter Fechter. The performance was a one-hour live piece that was later recorded and screened at the ICA with a discussion panel at the end consisting of the artist, and actor Dominik Danielewicz who played the part of Peter Fechter. The 1972 ballad Libre ("Free") – a recording famous in all Ibero-America – by Spanish singer Nino Bravo, remembers this event. In 2012 Canadian playwright Jordan Tannahill's play Peter Fechter: 59 Minutes, a poetic re-imagining of the final hour of Fechter's life, was produced in Canada and Berlin.

Literature
.
 * Christine Brecht: Peter Fechter, in: Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer 1961–1989. Ein biographisches Handbuch. Links, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86153-517-1, S. 101–104.
 * Lars-Broder Keil, Sven Felix Kellerhoff; Thomas Schmid (Hrsg.): Mord an der Mauer. Der Fall Peter Fechter. Mit einem Geleitwort von Klaus Wowereit. Quadriga, Köln 2012, ISBN 978-3-86995-042-6.
 * Ralf Gründer: SED-Mordopfer Peter Fechter, in: Niemand hat die Absicht .... Screenshot-Fotografie von Herbert Ernst, gedreht in den Jahren 1961 und 1962 im geteilten Berlin. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-8305-3673-4, S. 342–369.
 * Jordan Tanahill: Peter Fechter: 59 Minutes, in: Age of Minority. Toronto 2013, ISBN 978-1-77091-194-9

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Killing of Peter Fechter


text:
Groom Porter

The Groom Porter was an office at the royal court of the monarch of Britain, who had "the Inspection of the King's Lodgings, and takes care that they are provided with Tables, Chairs, Firing, &c. As also to provide Cards, Dice, &c. when there is playing at Court: To decide Disputes which arise in Gaming". He was also responsible for "oversight of common Billiards Tables, common Bowling Grounds, Dicing Houses, Gaming Houses and Common tennis Courts and power of Licensing the same within the Citys of London and Westminster or Borough of Southwark."

The title may originally have referred to the keeper of the king's furnishings in his bedchamber. It was a position in the royal household, and therefore had certain privileges associated with it. In 1702 the remuneration was raised to £680 per year, which it remained until it was abolished with other sinecure offices at court in 1782. Eventually, the term became used for the owner, or operator of a gaming hall.

Before 1660

 * Nicholas Fortescue (died 1549), in a will made in 1544 describes himself as Groom Porter of the King's most Honourable Chamber. Will proved 26 September 1549. He is the grandfather of Sir Nicholas Fortescue the Elder.
 * ?c.1547-1556 Edward Lewknor, Esquire (to King Edward VI and Queen Mary)

1660-1782

 * 1660–1665: Sir Richard Hubbert
 * 1665–1678: Thomas Offley
 * 1678–1699: Thomas Neale
 * 1700–1705: William Rowley
 * 1705–1743: Thomas Archer
 * 1743–1763: Charles FitzRoy (FitzRoy-Scudamore from 1749)
 * 1763–1764: Francis Buller
 * 1764–1765: Robert Wood
 * 1765–1782: George Paulet

title: Groom Porter


text: User talk:216.56.2.249

title: User talk:216.56.2.249


text:
EuroGames

The EuroGames are an LGBT+ multi-sport event in Europe, licensed by the EGLSF (European Gay and Lesbian Sport Federation) to a local city host each year and organised (most often) by one or more of the federation's member clubs. Similar to the Gay Games, EuroGames are a sports-for-all event, open for participation irrespective of sex, age, sexual identity or physical ability. Additionally it often included less prominent non-olympic sports and disciplines catering to interest of LGBT+ communities like same-sex ballroom dance, line dance, cheerleading, aerobics, bodybuilding as well synchronised/artistic swimming with male participants, which was historically forbidden.

In terms of scale EuroGames range from 1,5 to cca 4 thousand (or exceptionally more) participants primarily from the West and South of Europe but also elsewhere (often Asian and American diasporic communities), most often with extra outreach support subsidies for less privileged participants.

The EuroGames is most often a long weekend event with opening ceremonies, some of the sport, social and cultural activities (as side program) also happening on the days before.

History
The official name of the EuroGames is the European Gay and Lesbian Multi-Sports Championships. It is a Dutch initiative inspired by GayGames, first organized in The Hague in 1992.

The EuroGames are a multi-day sporting event. They are organized annually in a European city, except in years when the global Gay Games take place. Since the advent of the World Outgames in 2006, this has been taken into account in determining whether or not a city is assigned to a particular year. In a year in which Gay Games and/or World Outgames take place, EuroGames generally do not take place.

Like the Gay Games as well as the World Outgames, the EuroGames are open to everyone regardless of gender, age, race, religion, sexual orientation or disability. When a competitive sport has not yet reached the maximum number of participants, participants from non-European countries are also admitted.

Since 2001, the EuroGames have existed in two versions: the big EuroGames and the small EuroGames. It was planned that these small Games would have a maximum of 1,500 participants and seven sports and would last two days. The "small" EuroGames Utrecht 2005 were an exception to this. Almost 3,000 participants, nine competition sports and three competition days made Utrecht, as the smallest organizing city until then, have the largest 'small' Games compared to Hannover and Copenhagen in 2001 and 2003 respectively.

EuroGames 2023 in Bern, Switzerland

The 2023 EuroGames took place in Bern from 26 to 29 July 2023. 20 sporting disciplines and over 2,000 athletes of various sexual orientations and gender identities participated in the event. The sporting event included new demonstration sports like Quidditch and local recreation like hiking. Classic disciplines included tennis and bowling, but other disciplines such as street workout, the Hyrox challenge, quidditch and many other activities were scheduled. The centre of the old town was decorated with 250 LGBT flags. for the occasion The city of Bern has had to deactivate its Twitter comment function following homophobic comments, notably from the Swiss Young SVP party. The youth branch of the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland has indicated that they are considering filing a complaint. Jasmine Imboden and Greg Zwygart co-president the 2023 EuroGames association. According to Greg Zwygart, the EuroGames is an inclusive sport event, also for heterosexual athletes. The event includes trans and intersex people even though these categories of people are not present in some sport disciplines.

EuroGames 2023 hosting impacted Bern Pride to have exceptionally big Village and elaborate multi-day and multi-vanue program mostly with local talent and few guests.

EuroGames Lyon in 2025
On Twitter,, deputy mayor in charge of sports, announced that the 2025 EuroGames would be held in Lyon from 23 to 26 July. This is the first time the city has hosted a European sports competition dedicated to the LGBT+ community This 22nd edition plans to bring together some 4,000 athletes from over 40 countries in Europe and around the world, who will compete along the banks of the Saône and Rhône rivers in over thirty sporting disciplines, including tennis, football, rugby, synchronised swimming, pétanque, sailing, dance and choral singing. Participation in this sporting competition is made possible thanks to the support of fifteen clubs affiliated to the OS.L

The LGBT+ Sports Federation also pointed out that this event offers the opportunity "to exchange ideas and raise awareness among participants and spectators around themes such as LBGT+ handisport, the fight against serophobia, and notions of gender and sexual orientation".

title: EuroGames


text: User talk:66.5.125.11

title: User talk:66.5.125.11


text:
Ben Hanuschak

Ben Hanuschak (born April 29, 1930) is a Canadian politician from the province of Manitoba. He was a cabinet minister in the government of New Democratic Premier Edward Schreyer, and was subsequently a founding member of the Progressive Party of Manitoba.

Hanuschak was born in Earl Grey, Saskatchewan. He was educated at the University of Manitoba, and worked as a teacher.

Hanuschak was elected to the Manitoba legislature in 1966, defeating Liberal incumbent Mark Smerchanski in the north Winnipeg riding of Burrows. Along with others in the party, he believed that leader Russell Paulley needed to be replaced before the next election. In 1968, he was the only member of the party's parliamentary caucus to support Sidney Green's leadership bid.

Edward Schreyer became provincial NDP leader in 1969, and won the subsequent election for the party. Hanuschak was chosen Speaker of the House on August 14, 1969, and kept this position until August 20, 1970.

Hanuschak joined Schreyer's cabinet on August 20, 1970. He initially served as Minister of Consumer and Corporate and Internal Services (August 20, 1970 – December 1, 1971), and later became Minister of Education (September 9, 1971 – September 22, 1976), Minister of Colleges and Universities (September 15, 1973 – September 22, 1976), Minister of Urban Affairs (February 15, 1973 – August 29, 1973) and Minister of Continuing Education and Manpower and Minister of Tourism, Recreation and Cultural Affairs from September 22, 1976 to October 24, 1977. He left cabinet when the Schreyer government was defeated in 1977.

Like Sidney Green, Hanuschak became disillusioned with the directions taken by the provincial NDP after 1977. On March 3, 1981, he joined with Green and one other MLA to create the Progressive Party of Manitoba. Although initially socialist, this party also incorporated elements of the radical (but not extreme) right. It opposed the NDP's proposed anti-scab legislation, for instance, and was against "distinct status" recognition for minority groups.

The Progressive Party did not elect any members in the 1981 election. Hanuschak, who had been re-elected without difficulty in 1969, 1973 and 1977, received only 728 votes, against 4890 for Conrad Santos of the NDP. He ran for the Progressive Party on two further occasions, but fared no better.

Hanuschak returned to political life in 1986 as a school trustee in the Seven Oaks division. As of 2004, serves in this position.

title: Ben Hanuschak


text:
Magnus Felix Ennodius

Magnus Felix Ennodius (473 or 474 – 17 July 521 AD) was Bishop of Pavia in 514, and a Latin rhetorician and poet.

He was one of four Gallo-Roman aristocrats of the fifth to sixth-century whose letters survive in quantity: the others are Sidonius Apollinaris, prefect of Rome in 468 and bishop of Clermont (died 485), Ruricius bishop of Limoges (died 507) and Alcimus Ecdicius Avitus, bishop of Vienne (died 518). All of them were linked in the tightly bound aristocratic Gallo-Roman network that provided the bishops of Catholic Gaul. He is regarded as a saint, with a feast day of 17 July.

Life
Ennodius was born at Arelate (Arles) and belonged to a distinguished but impecunious family. As Mommaerts and Kelley observe, "Ennodius claimed in his letters to them to be related to a large number of individuals. Unfortunately, he seldom specified the nature of the relationship." Because his sister Euprepia (born 465 or 470) is known to have had a son named Flavius Licerius Firminus Lupicinus, who was named for his grandfather, Vogel argued that Ennodius' father was named Firminus. Jacques Sirmond suggested that Ennodius was the son of one Camillus of Arles, whose father was a proconsular and the brother of Magnus, the consul of 460; but Mommaerts and Kelley dismiss Sirmond's identification as untenable.

Having lost his parents at an early age, Ennodius was brought up by an aunt at Ticinum (Pavia); according to some, at Mediolanum (Milan). After her death he was received into the family of a pious and wealthy young lady, to whom he was betrothed. It is not certain whether he actually married this lady; she seems to have lost her money and retired to a convent, whereupon Ennodius entered the Church, and was ordained deacon (about 493) by Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia.

From Pavia he went to Milan, which Ennodius made his home until his elevation to the see of Pavia about 515. During his stay at Milan he visited Rome and other places, where he gained a reputation as a teacher of rhetoric. As bishop of Pavia he played a considerable part in ecclesiastical affairs. On two occasions (in 515 and 517) he was sent to Constantinople on an embassy to the emperor Anastasius, to endeavour to bring about a reconciliation over the Acacian schism that divided the Eastern and Western churches. Ennodius' epitaph still exists in the basilica of San Michele Maggiore, Pavia.

Writings
Ennodius is one of the best representatives of the two-fold (pagan and Christian) tendency of 5th century literature, and of the Gallo-Roman clergy who upheld the cause of civilization and classical literature against the inroads of barbarism. But his anxiety not to fall behind his classical models—the chief of whom was Virgil—his striving after elegance and grammatical correctness, and a desire to avoid the commonplace have produced a turgid and affected style, which, aggravated by rhetorical exaggerations and popular barbarisms, makes his works difficult to understand. It has been remarked that his poetry is less unintelligible than his prose.

The numerous writings of this ecclesiastic may be grouped into four types: letters, miscellanies, discourses, and poems. His letters on a variety of subjects, addressed to high church and state officials, are valuable for the religious and political history of the period. Of the miscellanies, the most important are: The discourses (Dictiones) are on sacred, scholastic, controversial and ethical subjects. The discourse on the anniversary of Laurentius, bishop of Milan, is the chief authority for the life of that prelate; the scholastic discourses, rhetorical exercises for the schools, contain eulogies of classical learning, distinguished professors and pupils; the controversial deal with imaginary charges, the subjects being chiefly borrowed from the Controversiae of Seneca the Elder; the ethical harangues are put into the mouth of mythological personages (e.g. the speech of Thetis over the body of Achilles).
 * The Panegyric of Theodoric, written to thank the Arian king for his tolerance of Catholicism and support of Pope Symmachus (probably delivered before the king on the occasion of his entry into Ravenna or Milan); like all similar works, it is full of flattery and exaggeration, but if used with caution is a valuable authority.
 * The Life of St Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia, the best written and perhaps the most important of all his writings, an interesting picture of the political activity and influence of the church
 * Eucharisticon de Vita Sua, a sort of confessions, after the manner of Augustine of Hippo
 * the description of the enfranchisement of a slave with religious formalities in the presence of a bishop
 * Paraenesis didascalica, an educational guide, in which the claims of grammar as a preparation for the study of rhetoric, the mother of all the sciences, are strongly insisted on.

Amongst the poems mention may be made of two Itineraria, descriptions of a journey from Milan to Brigantium (Briançon) and of a trip on the Po River; an apology for the study of profane literature; an epithalamium, in which Love is introduced as execrating Christianity; a dozen hymns, after the manner of Ambrose, probably intended for church use; epigrams on various subjects, some being epigrams proper—inscriptions for tombs, basilicas, baptisteries—others imitations of Martial, satiric pieces and descriptions of scenery.

Critical editions
The editio princeps of Ennodius was published by Johann Jakob Grynaeus in 1569 at Basel. Sirmond edited his works in 1611, organizing the individual works into the four groupings described above; this presentation remained "the classic text" until Guilelmus Hartel (vol. vi. of Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vienna, 1882). However, it was not until 1885 that Friedrich Vogel prepared an edition for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Auctores Antiquissimi, vol. vii), that the individual works were once again presented in the miscellaneous order of the manuscripts. Vogel did so seeing traces of a chronological sequence in that order, which Sr. Genevieve Cook notes led to "a series of studies on the chronology of the works of Ennodius".

A modern edition of Ennodius' correspondence is under way: Stéphane Gioanni, Ennode de Pavie, Lettres, tome I: Livres I et II, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2006, based on his 2004 Ph.D. thesis. See a first review (Joop van Waarden) and Stéphane Gioanni, Ennode de Pavie, Lettres, tome II, livres III et IV, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2010.

title: Magnus Felix Ennodius


text:
Interrex

The interrex (plural interreges) was an extraordinary magistrate during the Roman Kingdom and Republic. Initially, the interrex was appointed after the death of the king of Rome until the election of his successor, hence its name—a ruler "between kings" (Latin inter reges). The position was retained during the Republic when both consuls were unable to assume their duties, especially holding elections. Interreges ruled for only five days, which often led several of them to be appointed in succession, the record being 15 interreges in 326 BC. They were exclusively chosen from among patrician senators, and during the Conflict of the Orders, their appointment was sometimes designed to hinder plebeians from reaching power or passing laws.

As with the dictatorship, interreges are mostly found until the time of the Second Punic War. The position was only resurrected by Sulla in 82 BC so he could become dictator, and between 55 and 52 BC, when Pompey disturbed the constitution for his own benefit.

History
The office of interrex was supposedly created following the death of Rome's first king Romulus, and thus its origin is obscured by legend. The Senate of the Roman Kingdom was at first unable to choose a new king. For the purpose of continuing the government of the city, the Senate, which then consisted of one hundred members, was divided into ten decuriae (groups of ten); and from each of these decuriae one senator was nominated as decurio. Each of the ten decuriones in succession held the regal power and its badges for five days as interrex; and if no king had been appointed at the expiration of fifty days, the rotation began anew. The period during which they exercised their power was called an interregnum, and on that occasion lasted for one year. Thereafter Numa Pompilius was elected as the new king.

After the death of each subsequent king, an interrex was appointed by the Senate. His function was to call a meeting of the Comitia Curiata, which would elect a new king.

Under the Republic, interreges were appointed to hold the comitia for the election of the consuls when the consuls, through civil commotion or other cause such as death, had been unable to do so during their year of office. Each interrex held the office for only five days, as under the kings. During the brief interregnum, they cumulated most of the original power of the king, or the power of the two consuls in the first years of the Republic. The comitia were, as a general rule, not held by the first interrex, who was originally the curio maximus, but more usually by the second or third; in one instance we read of an eleventh, and in another of a fourteenth interrex. The comitia to elect the first consuls were held by Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus either as interrex or as praefectus urbi. The interreges under the Republic, at least from 482 BC, were elected from ex-consuls by the Senate, and were not confined to the decem primi or ten chief senators as under the kings. Plebeians, however, were not admissible to this office; and consequently when the Senate included plebeians, the patrician senators met together without the plebeian members to elect an interrex. For this reason, as well as on account of the influence which the interrex exerted in the election of the magistrates, we find that the tribunes of the plebs were strongly opposed to the appointment of an interrex. The interrex had jurisdictio. It is possible that interreges were the only magistrates exempted from the veto power of a tribune - which would be exceptional, since even dictators were usually subject to the veto.

Interreges continued to be appointed occasionally until the time of the Second Punic War. After that no interrex was appointed until the Senate, by command of Sulla, named L. Valerius Flaccus to hold the comitia for his election as Dictator in 82 BC. In 55 BC, another interrex was appointed to hold the comitia in which Pompey and Crassus were elected consuls. There were multiple interreges in 53 and 52 BC, the last known being Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir); in 52 an interrex held the comitia in which Pompey was appointed sole consul. The number of interreges during these two years was so high that Cicero ironised about it in a letter.

List of Roman interreges (509 - 52 BC)
Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the interreges are taken from Thomas Broughton's The Magistrates of the Roman Republic.

title: Interrex


text:
User talk:Spiralx

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title: User talk:Spiralx


text:
Talk:Alan Jackson

Song lyrics of "Where Were You"
Not knowing anything about Alan Jackson, when I heard "Where Were You" I assumed it was satirical. Are you sure it isn't? The character in the song is portrayed as such a backward hick that it can't be serious, surely? Bonalaw 20:23, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Satrical? That's one I've never heard of before about "Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)." In no way was this song meant to be satrical, but rather, a reflection on the events of September 11, 2001, a way to sort out what everyone was feeling after learning of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. This song asks a series of rhetorical questions – such as whether one cried, became angry or scared, whether they decided to call their mother, purchased a gun, turned the channel, etc. – and then asks, "Where were you when the world stopped turning that September day?" Listen to the song's lyrics again, and I'm sure you'll agree. Yes, this song is aimed at "backward hicks" – after all, they have opinions too on that day, even if they lived in remote mountainous sections of the mountains. But it is also aimed at middle Americans who were deeply affected – emotionally, physically and otherwise – on that terrible September day. No wonder this song was so widely acclaimed. Briguy52748 19:39, 14 December 2005 (UTC)]]

 * And there was me giving Alan Jackson the benefit of the doubt and all. Pah. --Bonalaw 16:52, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Blatantly, it's not satirical, nor is it 'aimed at backward hicks". Of the suggestions for 'Where you were' on that September day, I don't think "working on some stage in LA" chimes too directly with the "hick" experience of 9/11. The point is to show that, wherever you were "when the world stopped turning", the experience was a shared one, a shared American one, and one from which the message that "faith, hope and love are some good things He gave us, and the greatest is love" can be reflected upon and strength be drawn from it. It is an incredibly powerful song, and I assume the original contributor to this discussion had his tongue firmly in cheek. That or he is deaf.

 * Or (oh horrors of horrors!) not American. -88.109.200.188 17:41, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * If people can say that Alan Jackson wasn't just trying to turn a buck, then it is equally valid to say that he was. If Alan Jackson wasn't doing this just to make some cash, then he should've just gave all profit from his sales to the victims of the tragedy.

 * he donated 1.25 million to the victims of 9/11 fund

He awoke in the middle of the night and felt a strong need to go write down the words and music to this song. It was just a few days after the event. Several sources say that Alan said it was just there--in his head--when he awoke and that he went to jot it down quickly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jackie7 (talk • contribs) 12:30, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Originally from?
From what I recall (in my younger years I was a HUGE fan) he was born in Noonan, GA. Kyou 03:26, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Except that I spelled it wrong, and didn't notice it until later. :P Kyou 17:03, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Originally from?...Heaven, as he does believe in God (lol), but here on Earth--Newnan, Georgia.--Jackie7 (talk) 11:58, 8 August 2009 (UTC)Jackie7

Monday Mourning Church?
Who is the woman who sings backup with him in "Monday Mourning Church"? I can't find any refernece to her anywhere, who is she? Or is she just a plain old backup singer or what exactly?

Also, when is Alan's next single out? USA Today has been old since November.

Faris b 00:48, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Faris, I know this question was a long time ago,but better late than never. For anyone viewing this talk page and wanting to know the answer, Patty Loveless sang backup on Monday Morning Church. I love Patty's material, and I love this song, but I thought she stuck out like a sore thumb. TenPoundHammer 18:31, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

I think she sounds great. She has this sad, soulful sound on it that just sounds like she's been crying, which works great for that song. --Jackie7 (talk) 11:56, 8 August 2009 (UTC)Jackie7

NPOV
Here are some sections that, to me, seem very much in violation of NPoV.TenPoundHammer 14:25, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * "His 1992, A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'Bout Love) was a smash success, spawning five major singles with "Chattahoochee" being the most enduring and successful. After a few more hit albums, Jackson again rocketed to fame with "Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)," a song about the terror attacks of September 11, 2001, which became a hit single and briefly propelled him into the mainstream spotlight."

 * "Although Jackson has been characterized as a commercialized "hat act", his influences go deep into the roots of country music and his songs have been recorded by some of the greats like Charley Pride, who recorded "Here In The Real World"." —The preceding unsigned comment was added by TenPoundHammer (talk • contribs) 14:25, 16 April 2007 (UTC).

Wrong facts?
Although it wasn't a success, Alan Jackson's career started in 1987, with the album New Traditional on Americana Records. Tbjornstad (talk) 08:17, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Is there any evidence of this album existing or do you own it? Publichall (talk) 03:29, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

I do not have this yet, but I have seen it for sale in a few different country music catalogs. There is one called "Great Country Music" that sells it. I think Alan has it listed on his website under "Discography" as well. Also, try bmg.com, as that is where most of his music has been sold in the past. If they don't have it listed, they may have some in storage if you ask. Or, try ebay. I'll have to go searching for it as well. --Jackie7 (talk) 11:53, 8 August 2009 (UTC)Jackie7

This album does exist. I own it on CD. For those of you looking for it, and expecting the same quality music found on other AJ albums, you'll be very disappointed. It almost sounds like a bad impressionist trying to do and AJ album. Don't waste your time or money. Bodaddy52

Photo?
If that's a photo of country music singer Alan Jackson, my butt's a toaster oven. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.159.189.141 (talk) 23:28, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

LOL. That is him. It's a nice one of him at the Pentagon. I'd never seen that one before. Sexy! :)--Jackie7 (talk) 11:48, 8 August 2009 (UTC)Jackie7

alan jackson was named a cmt giant in 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.147.18.155 (talk) 17:02, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

new forthcoming album
I know this isn't very helpful, but I don't want to add it myself because I'm not familiar with Wikipedia's standards: Jackson has a new album forthcoming.

At the bottom of the 2000s-present section, there's a mention of his new ACR label. But there's no mention of the first single he's released on it ("Long way to go"), or his new album coming out.

Links: http://www.emimusic.com/blog/2011/alan-jackson-premieres-long-way-to-go-video/ http://www.alanjackson.com/news.html?n_id=3119 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.124.122.237 (talk) 14:32, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Democrat or Republican??
I have seen Jackson labeled on his wiki article as both a Republican and a Democrat, but nothing ever cited to back either of them up. Can someone do that please?Bjoh249 (talk) 06:19, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

# of Studio Albums?
The introduction paragraph clearly states "thirteen studio albums" have been released...then scroll on down to the 2000-present section, and notice he has released his "sixteenth studio album." Could someone clear this up? I'm not sure if there's some miscount with "greatest hits," "compilations" and the like, or if it just hasn't been updated in THAT long. – Alex43223T 23:00, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

kqtieday
i hqve alaways loved your music ihsven" been on a computer iin 20 yrs you r my favorite (i cant styand taylor nor tim) forgive my type hell mim 40  my husband 80  and works fulltime mpso iwastop of my class now im having 2 leafn can u make a song   ablout second chances at love   something like he stop loving her todayandblueeyes crying in ra  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:100C:B201:D55A:716C:C2CE:E8CE:8BE5 (talk) 04:58, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

alan jackson's full name
i am almost 99.99999% positive that alan jackson's middle name is not correct on his wikipedia page. like, i am pretty sure. you'll see what i mean if you look at it.

71.126.35.197 (talk) 19:42, 5 June 2015 (UTC)Eric
 * ✅ So why didn't you fix it? Corkythe   hornetfan  19:44, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

well, last time i tried to fix a tiny insignificant part of a wikipedia page to correct information when i was doing my senior research paper in highschool, i got "banned" from editing after i correctly changed how much the willy's overland MB (the original jeep) weighed and the actual number of how many were made. i didn't want that to happen again for something stupid like that. 71.126.35.197 (talk) 19:53, 5 June 2015 (UTC)Eric

a BIG FAN OF ALAN JACKSON'S IS GOING TO BE 100 JUNE 28TH. I WOULD LIKE ALAN JACKSON TO SEND HER A CARD OR WHAT EVER... HOW DO I GET THIS TO HIM OR HIS FAN CLUB????????????????????? boypoor123@yahoo.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.213.153.57 (talk) 15:39, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

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New Traditional album
There are multiple reliable references that the album obviously exists, and was in fact his debut album. Being a relatively unheard of / unknown album at the time cancels that fact? No, it does not. It keeps being removed from his discography list, which I believe to be kinda wrong to what the reality says. 79.176.29.127 (talk) 16:33, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

Edit request on August 3rd
At the section of the awards, the song I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair needs to be linked. 216.16.174.76 (talk) 15:38, 3 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Done. Felicia (talk) 15:41, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

Mercury Blues
Article incorrectly references this song as Jackson's song about his car, when in fact the song was written in 1948 and has its own Wikipedia page... Panenquake (talk) 12:30, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

Edit request 10/15/20
In the background information box, "Active" shows 1983 - 2020. It should read 1983 - present as Mr. Jackson is still recording and touring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bjameson4 (talk • contribs) 16:08, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 October 2020
In the background information box on the top right, "Active" shows 1983 - 2020. It should read "1983 - present" as Mr. Jackson is still recording and touring. Bjameson4 (talk) 16:10, 15 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Done thank you, some vandal had added that he was deceased and some parts of that vandalism were overlooked. – Thjarkur (talk) 14:26, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 December 2022
184.171.233.83 (talk) 23:11, 3 December 2022 (UTC) Alan Jackson has just passed away to day December 3,2022
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Cannolis (talk) 02:05, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I initially thought this was yet another sockpuppet of Angela Criss, but after doing some research, it seems there is a death hoax going around. - ZLEA  T \ C 17:42, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Yeah saw the same thing when I came across this request and googled Jackson. Kind of funny that the IP gave a death date of 12/3 when these articles about the hoax were already coming out on 12/2. Cannolis (talk) 18:55, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Touring
Is Alan Jackson planning a new tour this year? 67.52.210.170 (talk) 16:41, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alan Jackson


text:
Metro Toronto Convention Centre

Metro Toronto Convention Centre (originally and still colloquially Metro Convention Centre,  and sometimes MTCC), is a convention complex located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada along Front Street West in the former Railway Lands in downtown Toronto. The property is today owned by Oxford Properties. The centre is operated by the Metropolitan Toronto Convention Centre Corporation, an independent agency of the Government of Ontario.

Description
The MTCC has 700000 sqft of space, and is home to the 1232-seat John Bassett Theatre. To the east end of the complex is the 586-room InterContinental Toronto Centre hotel (formerly Canadian National Railway's L'Hotel CN). At the west end of the complex is a 265,000 square foot Class-B office building. Within the office building is the Pint restaurant, which was formerly a Baton Rouge from 2006 to 2017 and a Planet Hollywood from 1996 to 2006. A south building containing exhibition space is located on Bremner Boulevard, south of the rail lines.

The centre is connected to the Union Station railway and transit station through the SkyWalk, and the centre is also accessible via the underground Path system. The centre is also connected by the Skywalk system to the nearby Rogers Centre and large conventions or exhibitions will sometimes also use it as an additional venue. The Skywalk also connects the convention centre to the CN Tower and Ripley's Aquarium of Canada.

According to a 2018 report, over the past 34 years, the MTCC has hosted over 20,000 events and has added CA$6.3 billion in direct spending economic impact to the community. Direct spending economic impact is created when conference, trade and public show attendees spend on dining, hotel nights, shopping, transportation and more in Toronto. Based on the Ontario Tourism Regional Economic Impact Model (TREIM), the MTCC also sustained a record-breaking 7,622 jobs in the community in its 2017/18 fiscal year.

History
The site was formerly federally owned Railway Lands. Prior to the early 1980s, the site was home to tail end tracks and a parking lot. During the 1970s, the site was part of the proposed and failed "Metro Centre" development which sought to convert the large rail lands in one large development. Development instead proceeded in parcel-by-parcel fashion, with developments such as Roy Thomson Hall, the CN Tower, the SkyDome stadium (renamed Rogers Centre in 2005) and Ripley's Aquarium of Canada. The rail yards were transferred to new locations north and east of Toronto. The main rail lines south of the centre were retained.

The convention centre and hotel was completed in 1984, built by CN Real Estate designed by Architects Crang and Boake. In 1995, ownership was transferred to Canada Lands Corporation, an agency of the Government of Canada. A new largely underground addition, designed by Bregman + Hamann Architects, was added south of the railways, east of the CN Tower in 1997 to expand convention space. In April 2011, the Canada Lands Corporation announced that the centre and hotel was for sale. OMERS-owned Oxford Properties won the rights to the complex in August 2011. The purchase of the North Building, the hotel, the 277 Front Street West office building and a 1,200 stall parking facility was completed in September 2011 for CA$238 million. The complex was adjacent to other Oxford-owned properties at 315 and 325 Front Street.

In October 2012, Oxford Properties proposed the re-development of the site with an updated convention centre, casino, hotel and retail complex. The current MTCC complex would be demolished and replaced with a new complex.

In January 2021, a site at the convention centre opened as a large-scale clinic for distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto.

Events
The centre has hosted many large-scale events over the years. The G-20 summit was held at the centre on June 26 and June 27, 2010. It was the same venue for the 14th G7 summit held in 1988. The 1985 NHL Entry Draft was held at the centre. It has also hosted the XVI International AIDS Conference in 2006. As well, it has played host to Toronto auditions for So You Think You Can Dance Canada and Canadian Idol. It has also been the site of numerous political conventions, and was the annual home of the NHL Awards. Fan Expo & Enthusiast Gaming Live Expo (EGLX) is held here, as well as the Canadian International Auto Show. The 2016 Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference was held here as well.

In 2011, on the occasion of Art Toronto the artist Achim Zeman presented an installation at the entrance-hall of the building called Str@del: Eight columns, walls, the ceiling and the reception were covered in red and matte white fluorescent foils. The stripes, wide and narrow surrounded the architectural space, and because of their arrangement left the impression on the viewer as if he was experiencing countless whirlpools, which swirled around him.

title: Metro Toronto Convention Centre


text:
Schwerer Panzerspähwagen

The Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (German for 'heavy armoured reconnaissance vehicle'), is a series of six- and eight-wheeled armoured cars that were used by Germany during the Second World War.

In the German Army, armoured cars were intended for the traditional cavalry missions of reconnaissance and screening. They scouted ahead and to the flank of advancing mechanized units to assess enemy location, strength and intention. Their primary role was reconnaissance, but they would engage similar or light units and at times attempt to capture enemy patrols.

History
The heavy Panzerspähwagen was a large but fast addition to the German Army. The original 6-Rad (six wheel) versions were based on a 6x4 truck with an armoured body, but by 1937 they were being replaced by 8-Rad versions. During the replacement phase, the Sd.Kfz. (Sonderkraftfahrzeug, 'special vehicle') numbers were carried directly over; differentiation was made by the inclusion of 6-Rad or 8-Rad in the vehicle's name.

These vehicles were used throughout the war in various guises and first saw combat in the campaign against Poland and in the Battle of France. Later, they saw use in both the USSR and North Africa campaigns. Extreme climatic conditions in both these areas proved too severe for the vehicle. In the USSR, adverse ground conditions immobilized 150 Sd.Kfz 232s during the first wet season of the campaign. The speed of the eight-wheeled cars made them the best scouting vehicles that Rommel had for long-range reconnaissance across the wide desert territory.

Armour
The Sd.Kfz. 232 had 15 mm of slightly sloped homogeneous steel armour on the front, 8 mm on the sides, and 10 mm on the back, with 6 mm and 5 mm of armour on the top and bottom respectively. This armour was designed to provide protection from small arms fire and HE fragments; it was ineffective against heavier weapons. After the French campaign, additional spaced frontal armour plate was added to provide better protection. Armour was increased up to 30 mm in the later Sd.Kfz. 234 series. However, it was not designed to provide protection from anti-tank weapons.

Armament
The Sd.Kfz. 232 was armed with a 20 mm KwK 30 L/55 autocannon. This cannon was based on the 20 mm FlaK 30 anti-aircraft gun, and was capable of firing at a cyclic rate of 280 rounds per minute.

The 20 mm cannon was not designed to defeat enemy tanks; experiments were made towards replacing it with a heavier gun, which resulted in the Sd.Kfz. 234/2. The Sd.Kfz. 234/2's 50 mm gun could penetrate and knock out Allied armoured cars and light tanks, but this was not the vehicle's role. The role intended was for the car's armour to protect the crew from small arms fire during reconnaissance missions.

Using high explosive ammunition, the 20 mm autocannon was highly effective against infantry and unarmoured vehicles. Great success was also achieved by replacing the regular armour-piercing explosive ammunition with Armour Piercing Composite Rigid rounds, but this ammunition was in chronically short supply.

Propulsion
Production versions of the Sd.Kfz. 232 were fitted with a 155 PS, eight-cylinder Büssing-NAG L8V-G petrol engine, which gave a top speed of 85 kph and a range of 300 km.

Crew
A crew of four was typical. The commander and gunner sat in the turret. The Sd.Kfz. 232 employed a dual driver arrangement, with one driver seated at each end of the vehicle. This allowed the vehicle to be driven in either direction (forward or backward) with ease.

Six wheelers
All 6-rad versions were produced from 1932 to 1937.

Sd.Kfz. 231
The first of the German armoured cars, the Sd.Kfz. 231, was based on a modified Daimler-Benz, Büssing or Magirus 6x4 truck chassis. The 231 was armed with a 2 cm KwK 30 L/55 autocannon, and a Maschinengewehr 13 machine gun. The 231 was introduced into service in 1932 and began to be replaced in 1937 when the German Army switched production to 8-wheeled armoured cars instead of 6-wheeled. Despite being replaced, they were used by Aufklärungs ('reconnaissance') units during the Invasion of Poland, the Battle of France, and the invasion of the USSR. They were withdrawn afterwards for use in internal security and training. The crew consisted of a commander, gunner, driver, and a radio operator/rear driver.

Sd.Kfz. 232
The 232 carried a Fu.Ger.11 SE 100 medium-range and a Fu.Spr.Ger.A short-range radio. This model was very distinctive because of the heavy "bedspring" antenna over most of the hull. This antenna was supported by two insulated vertical connecting tubes at the back corners and an inverted U-shape tube construction on the turret sides with a central joint that allowed the turret its full 360° traverse.

Sd.Kfz. 263
This was a radio vehicle, Funkspähwagen, equipped with extra long-range radio equipment and an additional radio operator. To support the additional equipment, the turret was omitted, the superstructure was raised and only a single ball-mounted machine gun was mounted.

Sd. Kfz. 231 family
As the cross-country performance of the 6-wheeled armoured cars was deemed insufficient, the Heer Ordnance department (WaPrw 6) signed a contract with Büssing to develop an eight-wheel armoured car with all-wheel-drive, all-wheel-steering and two driver positions at front and rear. Deutsche Werke in Kiel were contracted to design the armoured body. The turret in the 231/232 series was altered to a hexagonal shape for increased internal volume, it was equipped with a long barrelled 2 cm KwK 30 L/55 autocannon and a coaxial 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun.

The Sd. Kfz. 231, 232 and 263 were initially built on chassis slightly modified for their needs. From July 1942 they were built on the same Einheitsfahrgestell chassis and had their armour increased to 30 mm. From September 1941, a more powerful engine was installed, providing 180 PS instead of 155 PS. From late 1940 Stand-off angled armour plates were mounted about 50 cm in front of the vehicles. This additional armour was retrofitted to older vehicles and dropped with introduction of the strengthened front armour in July 1942.

This was the standard reconnaissance variant built from 1937 to 1941. From July 1941, any need for a 231 was fulfilled by producing a 232 without the additional radio equipment. The official name was '''Schwerer Panzerspähwagen Sd. Kfz. 231 (8-rad)'''.
 * Sd. Kfz. 231

The Sd. Kfz. 232 (8-Rad), which was produced from 1938 to 1943, was a 231 with additional medium range radio sets and a large frame aerial. From 1942, a small Sternantenne ('star aerial') replaced the frame aerial, a modification retrofitted to older models. The official name was '''Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (Fu) Sd. Kfz. 232 (8-rad)'''.
 * Sd. Kfz. 232

This was equipped with a short barrelled (L/24) 7.5 cm KwK 37 gun and based on the open-topped superstructure of the Sd. Kfz. 263 (8-Rad) radio vehicle. 109 of these vehicles were built at the Büssing plant between December 1942 and October 1943. A further 10 were converted from 263 chassis in October 1942. This variant of the Sd.Kfz. series entered service during 1942 and remained in use throughout the war. They were issued as a platoon of six vehicles in support of reconnaissance battalions. The official name was '''Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (7,5 cm) Sd. Kfz. 233'''.
 * Sd. Kfz. 233

This was an eight-wheeler with an increased height superstructure armed with a single 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun. It was a dedicated radio vehicle with the bedstead frame aerial. The official name was 'Panzerfunkwagen Sd. Kfz''. 263 (8-rad)'''.
 * Sd. Kfz. 263 (8-rad)

Sd.Kfz. 234 family
The Sd.Kfz. 234 series were completely new designs, of a similar size and appearance to the Sd.Kfz. 231 family that they replaced. They were powered by a Tatra diesel. One external difference is the single-piece mudguards compared to the two-piece mudguards on the 232 series.

The Sd.Kfz. 234/1 was fitted with a 2 cm KwK 38 L/55 gun and coaxial 7.92 mm MG 34 or MG 42 machine gun in a rotating six-sided open-topped turret. The open top was protected from grenades by a mesh-covered frame. The second version to enter production, it was built from July 1944 to the end of war.
 * Sd. Kfz. 234/1

This version had a turret adapted from the cancelled VK 1602 Leopard mounting a long barrel (60 calibres) 5 cm KwK 39/1, similar to the weapon previously used on the later versions of the Panzer III. It weighed nearly 12 tons but was still capable of 85 km/h. It was one of the most heavily armed armoured cars available. However, engagement was strictly discouraged due to its thin armour, and also due to its intended role of reconnaissance. The armoured car could be driven backwards by the radio operator in an emergency. Series production started in December 1943 and ended in July 1944, with production switching to 234/1 and 234/3. Many publications use the name "Puma" for this vehicle, but this was neither officially used nor was it a nickname.
 * Sd. Kfz. 234/2

This version, like the Sd.Kfz. 233, carried the short-barreled (24 calibres) 7.5 cm K 51 gun, in a raised open superstructure. The gun's low velocity made its armour-piercing round ineffective against most Allied tanks, but allowed the high-explosive shell casing to be thinner and thus contain more explosive. The HEAT round for this weapon was, however, effective against vehicles. In December 1944, production ended in favour of the 234/4.
 * Sd. Kfz. 234/3

Another variant of the 8 wheeler, but mounting a 7.5 cm PaK 40 L/46 anti-tank gun in an open compartment. This variant was similar to the Marder tank destroyer series in that it was a weakly armoured, open-topped anti-tank vehicle that could not engage enemy armour head to head; it was a stop-gap measure.
 * Sd. Kfz. 234/4

title: Schwerer Panzerspähwagen


text:
List of Beijing landmarks

There are many landmarks in Beijing. The best-known ones include the Badaling stretch of the Great Wall of China, the Temple of Heaven, the Tian'anmen and the Forbidden City, a number of temples, hutongs and parks, relics of ages gone by.

Buildings, monuments and landmarks

 * Baliqiao (Eight Li Bridge)
 * Beijing Ancient Observatory
 * Beijing National Stadium
 * Bell Tower and Drum Tower
 * Forbidden City (World Heritage Site)
 * Guozijian (Imperial College)
 * Haotian Pagoda
 * Historic hutongs and siheyuans in many older neighborhoods
 * Huguang Guild Hall
 * Liulichang
 * Marco Polo Bridge and the Wanping Fortress
 * Ming tombs (World Heritage Site)
 * Old Summer Palace
 * Pagoda of Cishou Temple
 * Pagoda of Tianning Temple
 * Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian (World Heritage Site)
 * Prince Chun Mansion
 * Prince Gong Mansion
 * Summer Palace (World Heritage Site)
 * Tiananmen Square
 * Great Hall of the People
 * Mausoleum of Mao Zedong
 * Monument to the People's Heroes
 * National Centre for the Performing Arts
 * National Museum of China
 * Tiananmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace)
 * Zhengyangmen
 * Tuancheng Fortress
 * Zhengyici Peking Opera Theatre

Temples, churches and mosques

 * Altar of Earth and Harvests
 * Badachu
 * Bailin Temple
 * Big Bell Temple
 * Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
 * Chanfu Temple
 * Changchun Temple
 * Cheng'en Temple
 * Confucius Temple
 * Dahui Temple
 * Dajue Temple
 * Dongyue Temple
 * Fahai Temple
 * Fayuan Temple
 * Guanghua Temple
 * Guangji Temple
 * Hongluo Temple
 * Imperial Ancestral Temple
 * Jietai Temple
 * Miaoying Temple
 * Niujie Mosque
 * Temple of Azure Clouds
 * Temple of Earth
 * Temple of Heaven (World Heritage Site)
 * Temple of Moon
 * Temple of the Sun
 * Xiancantan
 * Tanzhe Temple
 * Temple of Agriculture
 * Wangfujing Church
 * Wanshou Temple
 * White Cloud Temple
 * Wofo Temple
 * Xishiku Church
 * Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Beijing
 * Yonghegong
 * Yunju Temple
 * Zhenjue Temple
 * Zhihua Temple

Museums

 * Beijing Art Museum
 * Beijing Exhibition Center
 * Beijing Liao and Jin City Wall Museum
 * Beijing Museum of Natural History
 * Beijing Planning Exhibition Hall
 * Capital Museum
 * China Railway Museum
 * Chinese Aviation Museum
 * Dabaotai Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum
 * Geological Museum of China
 * Madame Tussauds Beijing
 * Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution
 * National Art Museum of China
 * National Museum of China
 * Palace Museum
 * Paleozoological Museum of China
 * Western Zhou Yan State Capital Museum
 * Yuan Center

Parks and gardens

 * Beihai Park
 * Beijing Botanical Garden
 * Chaoyang Park
 * Ditan Park
 * Fragrant Hills
 * Grandview Garden
 * Haidian Park
 * Honglingjin Park
 * Jingshan Park
 * Longtan Park
 * Milu Yuan
 * Ming City Wall Relics Park
 * Olympic Green
 * Purple Bamboo Park
 * Qingnianhu Park
 * Ritan Park
 * Shichahai
 * Taoranting Park
 * Tiantan Park
 * World Park
 * Wuzuolou Forest Park
 * Yuetan Park
 * Zhongshan Park
 * Yuyuantan Park

Shopping and commercial districts

 * 798 Art Zone
 * Beijing central business district
 * Beijing Financial Street
 * Silk Street
 * Wangfujing
 * Xidan
 * Yizhuang
 * Zhongguancun

title: List of Beijing landmarks


text:
User:JVittes

Jorge Vittes

Grew up in Peru in the 1980's, moved to the US in 1991, DC area '92, Pittsburgh '00, Bay Area '04, back to DC area '06, and back to the Bay Area again '06. Formerly an employee, and student at Carnegie Mellon University. Recently graduated from the Masters program in Computer Science at Stanford University; currently working for a software company in the Bay Area.

I usually edit articles about things I am personally familiar with, Palo Alto, Stanford, Caltrain, BART, Fairfax County, VA, Carnegie Mellon, Peru, or things of which I know more than the given article (3 years ago I could edit them), some math and computer science subjects.

I will also sometimes add articles in the Spanish version of wikipedia, though my Spanish skills may be good compared to most of my peers in the US, they are not much of a comparison to the articles in wikipedia.

title: User:JVittes


text: Category:Unincorporated communities in Hillsborough County, Florida