text:
Transgender rights in Canada

Transgender rights in Canada, including procedures for changing legal gender and protections from discrimination, vary among provinces and territories, due to Canada's nature as a federal state. According to the 2021 Canadian census, 59,460 Canadians identify as transgender. Canada was ranked third in Asher & Lyric's Global Trans Rights Index in 2023.

Government identity documents
There are two main routes to changing one's legal gender in Canada: the Immigration (or 'federal') route, and the Vital Statistics (or 'provincial/territorial' route). Of note is the distinction between 'legal gender' and 'gender marker'; a legal gender (also commonly referred to as a sex designation; sex indicator in Nova Scotia) is what appears on foundational identity documents such as immigration status documents and birth certificates, whilst a gender marker can appear on a non-foundational identity document, such as a driver's licence or photo card. A gender marker usually follows legal gender, but can differ - and a change in gender marker on a non-foundational identity document alone does not provide a trans individual with foundational identity documentation that establishes such a change.

Federal
Canadian Permanent Residents, Citizens (born inside or outside Canada), Protected Persons, Refugee Claimants and Temporary Residents may apply to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada using form CIT 0404: Request for a Change of Sex or Gender Identifier. Amendment of documents issued by the person's country of birth, former habitual residence, or nationality is not required. Once the person's gender is changed with IRCC, the agency will issue a Verification of Status annotated with the person's change of name (if any) and gender, as a linking document between their Canadian identity and their foreign birth certificate. Since June 2019, the Canadian passport, citizenship certificate, permanent resident documentation and protected person documentation have offered an "X" option for legal gender.

In July 2020, Global News reported that the policy of not allowing refugee claimants and temporary residents to change their legal gender was causing harm, especially to asylum seekers. The article cites the case of Naomi Chen (a pseudonym), a trans woman who was born in Hong Kong and holds Chinese nationality and Hong Kong permanent resident status. Chen's HKSAR passport still states her gender as 'male', and consequently she was issued a Refugee Protection Claimant Document by IRCC bearing that gender.

Chen was not able to change her legal gender in Hong Kong, fearing that her marriage, which was solemnized in Hong Kong, would be terminated (Hong Kong does not allow same-sex marriage). She says she is now afraid of interacting with the community, given the incorrect gender designation on her documents. In response, Kevin Lemkay, spokesperson for federal immigration minister Marco Mendicino, said that 'reviewing gender identity requirements for government-issued documents [was] a priority'. Will Tao, a Vancouver immigration lawyer, noted that the restriction was a matter of policy and not law. He contended that the Canadian federal government was potentially committing a violation of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, in Tao's own words an issue "ripe for future litigation".

As of November 2020, refugee claimants are now able to amend the sex indicator printed on their Refugee Protection Claimant Document. As of March 2021, the same is also now available to temporary residents without the amendment of gender on their country of nationality's passport. Applicants may also elect to amend their legal gender through a provincial process instead, if this is available to them in their province or territory of residence.

Alberta
Following a 2014 court ruling that struck down the existing legislation and its surgery requirements as unconstitutional, the government of Alberta modified the Vital Statistics Information Regulation in 2015. The current regulations eliminate the surgical requirement. Instead, the applicant must submit a "statement confirming that the person identifies with and is maintaining the gender identity that corresponds with the requested amendment to the sex on the record of birth," as well as a letter from a physician or psychologist attesting that the amendment is appropriate. Legal change of gender is accessible to minors; this requires the parents' or guardians' consent, although this can be waived by court order or if the minor is emancipated, married, or a parent.

A legal change of gender through the province is not currently accessible to residents who were not born in Alberta.

British Columbia
In British Columbia, the requirement for surgery to change the birth certificate gender marker was removed in 2014. A legal change of gender is not accessible to residents who were not born in British Columbia. Non-binary B.C. resident Kori Doty, along with seven other trans and intersex persons, filed a human rights complaint against the province, alleging that publishing a sex indicator on birth certificates was discriminatory. The British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal agreed in 2015 to hear their complaint. In April 2017, Doty's child, Searyl Atli Doty, became the first in the world to be issued a health card with a "U" gender marker (for 'unspecified'), but the province has refused to issue a birth certificate without specifying a gender. Doty has filed a legal challenge. In 2022, British Columbia allowed people to change their gender designation on the province's main government-issued ID (BC Services Card, B.C. driver’s licence, BCID card and B.C. birth certificate) without the confirmation of a medical professional.

Manitoba
A change of legal gender in Manitoba is available to persons born there. As of the 1st February 2015, there exists no requirement for trans individuals to have undergone gender confirmation surgery. Section 25(3) of the Vital Statistics Act of Manitoba further provides that "a person may apply to the director for a change of sex designation certificate if the person is a Canadian citizen who has been a resident of Manitoba for at least one year before the date the application is submitted." This follows the model formerly adopted by Québec (now invalidated by the Superior Court in that province), but is discrepant with Manitoba's own policy for legal changes of name (three months' ordinary residence). As of July 2020, this provision has been implemented by the Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency.

As of October 13, 2020, the gender marker on Manitoba driver licenses and photo cards can either be unspecified or marked with an 'X'. This is in response to a complaint lodged at the Manitoba Human Rights Commission by non-binary individuals.

A legal change of gender through the province is not current accessible to residents who were not in Manitoba nor a Canadian citizen.

New Brunswick
In April 2017, a bill passed the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick to add gender identity or expression to the human rights laws and to allow gender changes without the required surgery. A person born in New Brunswick or ordinarily resident there for at least three months may make application to Service New Brunswick for a change of their legal gender.

Newfoundland and Labrador
Persons born in Newfoundland and Labrador have been able to have the sex indicator on their birth registration changed since the adoption of a new Vital Statistics Act in 2009. Initially, that provision was available only to those who had undergone gender confirmation surgery, but such requirement was removed following the December 2015 decision of a Newfoundland and Labrador Human Rights Board of Inquiry on complaints filed with the Human Rights Commission from two trans women. The amendment received Royal Assent on April 13, 2016. The first gender-neutral birth certificate in Newfoundland and Labrador, and possibly the first in Canada, was issued December 14, 2017, to Gemma Hickey, a non-binary resident of St. John's, the province's capital. Hickey, an award-winning activist, had launched court action seeking to compel the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador to issue the gender-neutral certificate after their application for such a document was rejected because the application form was limited to male or female designation only. Hickey withdrew the court action after the government agreed to amend the Vital Statistics Act to authorize the issuing of gender-neutral birth certificates. That amendment received Royal Assent on December 7, 2017.

On June 1, 2021, a bill to amend the Vital Statistics Act to provide for the issuance of certificates of change of sex designation to people born outside Newfoundland and Labrador who have been living in the province for three months was tabled. On June 17, the bill passed Second Reading and the Committee of the Whole stage, and Third Reading on June 22. On June 23, Royal Assent was given. Therefore, Newfoundland and Labrador now permits a provincial change of legal gender for all residents, regardless of citizenship or immigration status, or birthplace.

Northwest Territories
The Northwest Territories government removed the surgery requirement for a legal gender change from the Vital Statistics Act in June 2016.

A territorial legal change of gender is not accessible to residents who were not born in NWT.

Nova Scotia
On May 11, 2015, Bill 82, An Act to Amend Chapter 66 of the Revised Statutes, 1989, the Change of Name Act, and Chapter 494 of the Revised Statutes, 1989, the Vital Statistics Act received Royal Assent. This act abolishes the surgical requirement, instead requiring a statement "that the applicant has assumed, identifies with and intends to maintain the gender identity that corresponds with the change requested," and an attestation from a professional that the applicant's gender identity does not correspond to that listed on the birth certificate. The Act came into force the week of September 24, 2015.

Therefore, a change of sex indicator is now available in Nova Scotia for persons born there or those who have been ordinarily resident at least three months in the province. Nova Scotia also offers the option of no gender being displayed on one's driver's licence and/or identification card.

Nunavut
Nunavut removed the surgery requirement for a legal gender change from the Vital Statistics Act in March 2015.

A territorial legal change of gender is not accessible to residents who were not born in Nunavut.

Ontario
On 11 April 2012, the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario ruled that gender confirmation surgery is no longer required for a change in registered gender on Ontario documents. In its decision, the Tribunal ordered that the Ontario government "shall cease requiring transgender persons to have 'transsexual surgery' in order to obtain a change in sex designation on their registration of birth" and has 180 days to "revise the criteria for changing sex designation on a birth registration". However, some medical certification is still required. It is also not accessible to residents who were not born in Ontario.

In July 2021, an Ontario resident who was born abroad tried to obtain photo identification from ServiceOntario, only to be rejected as she could not obtain an amended birth certificate from her country of birth, nor an Ontario birth certificate. The alternative mentioned in the article was medical certification with prohibitive requirements. (However, the federal government does offer another alternative without medical gatekeeping requirements, as described in the Federal section of this article).

Prince Edward Island
In April 2016, the Prince Edward Island government amended the Vital Statistics Act to allow individuals to change their legal gender on ID without surgery. Individuals must present a letter from a doctor attesting to the applicant's gender identity. Islanders can also now choose to display no gender on their PEI-issued driver's licence/voluntary identification card.

A provincial change of legal gender remains inaccessible for PEI residents born off-Island.

Québec
Since October 2015, adults have been able to change their legal gender on birth certificates in Québec. The process was simplified for minors in June 2016.

To qualify to change legal gender, the person concerned by the application must be domiciled in Québec for at least one year. If the person concerned by the application was born in Québec but lives elsewhere, the person may also qualify to change the sex designation if the person shows that such an amendment is not possible in the province or country in which the person is domiciled. They may make application to the Directeur de l'etat civil for a Certificate of Change of Mention of Sex (certificat de changement de la mention du sexe), regardless of their place of birth; however, this is solely limited to a male or female sex designation, forbidding the use of a non-binary gender designator. They may also apply for a combination Certificate of Change of Mention of Sex and Name (certificat de changement de la mention du sexe et de nom). After such a certificate is issued, one's gender may be amended on a Québec birth certificate. If one was born outside Québec, the birth certificate will be designated a semi-authentic act pursuant to Article 137 of the Civil Code.

Previously, Québec required applicants to be Canadian citizens. A 2021 court ruling, Centre for Gender Advocacy et al. v. Attorney General of Québec, has struck down six legal provisions considered discriminatory towards trans and non-binary Québecois, including one forbidding the use of non-binary gender designations, and another one prohibiting non-citizens to obtain a change of name and sex designation. The Québec government has until the end of 2021 to amend these aforementioned legal provisions, except for the discriminatory citizenship requirement, which the Court declared invalid with immediate effect. The citizenship requirement has been removed in practice by the Directeur on application forms.

In October 2021, Québec Minister of Justice Simon Jolin-Barrette introduced Bill 2, which among other things would partially reverse Québec's policy on birth certificate changes, creating a second category called "gender identity" on the certificate and allowing trans people to only change that while keeping the "sex" category fixed unless said trans people underwent a sex change. Bill 2 was quickly denounced by various civil society groups, and in November 2021, the Office of the Minister of Justice stated in an e-mail to MTLBlog that "[they were confirming] that the requirement for an operation to change the sex designation [would] be removed from the bill."

Saskatchewan
In February 2016, the provincial government changed the Saskatchewan Vital Statistics Act to eliminate gender confirmation surgery as a prerequisite for changing government documents. In May 2018, a judge ruled that the gender marker can be removed from a birth certificate.

Saskatchewan permits the change of sex designation on a Saskatchewan driver’s licence or photo identification card to all residents. However, a provincial change of legal gender remains inaccessible for Saskatchewan residents born outside the province.

Yukon
On April 25, 2017, a bill called Act to Amend the Human Rights Act and the Vital Statistics Act (2017) was introduced to the Second Session of the 34th Legislative Assembly as Bill 5. Its intended purpose was to add "gender identity or expression" to the Human Rights Act, and to allow the recognition of gender without surgery being required under the Vital Statistics Act. On July 1, 2017, it went into effect.

A person may amend the gender designation on their driver’s licence and/or general identification card by presentation of a Change of Gender Designation form.

A territorial change of legal gender remains inaccessible for Yukon residents born outside the territory.

Bill C-16
Bill C-16, which passed in June 2017, added the words "gender identity and expression" in three instances. These words were added to the Canadian Human Rights Act as prohibited grounds for discrimination, and to the Criminal Code in two sections, the first dealing with hate speech and hate incitement and the second regarding sentencing for hate crimes.

In 2005, NDP MP Bill Siksay introduced a bill in the House of Commons to explicitly add gender identity and expression as prohibited grounds of discrimination in the Canadian Human Rights Act. He reintroduced the bill in 2006. In May 2009, he introduced it again, with additional provisions to add gender identity and expression to the hate crimes provisions of the Criminal Code. In February 2011, it passed third reading in the House of Commons with support from all parties, but was not considered in the Senate before Parliament was dissolved for the 41st Canadian federal election. Two bills—C-276 and C-279—on the subject have been introduced in the 41st Canadian Parliament, by the Liberals and the NDP respectively. The NDP's Bill C-279 passed second reading on June 6, 2012. However, the bill again died on the Senate order paper when the 2015 federal election was called. In May 2016, An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code (C-16) was introduced to the House of Commons of Canada, to add and include "gender identity or expression" in the Canadian Human Rights Act. In June 2017, the Parliament of Canada passed bill C-16 and received royal assent a week later. The law went into effect immediately as Bill C-16.

Enforcement mechanism
The federal government and every province and territory in Canada has enacted human rights acts that prohibit discrimination and harassment on several grounds (e.g. race, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, sexual orientation, disability, sex, religion) in private and public sector employment, housing, public services and publicity. Some acts also apply to additional activities. These acts are quasi-constitutional laws that override ordinary laws as well as regulations, contracts and collective agreements. They are typically enforced by human rights commissions and tribunals through a complaint investigation, conciliation and arbitration process that is slow, but free, and includes protection against retaliation. A lawyer is not required.

Grounds for prohibiting discrimination
In 1977, the Québec Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is both a charter of rights and a human rights act, was amended to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. Thus, the province of Québec became the first jurisdiction in the world larger than a city or county to prohibit sexual orientation discrimination in the private and public sectors. Today, sexual orientation is explicitly mentioned as a ground of prohibited discrimination in the human rights acts of all jurisdictions in Canada. In 2016, gender identity or expression was added to the Québec Charter.

Sexual orientation is not defined in any human rights act, but is widely interpreted as meaning heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality. It does not include transsexuality or transgender people. The Federal Court of Canada has stated that sexual orientation "is a precise legal concept that deals specifically with an individual's preference in terms of gender" in sexual relationships, and is not vague or overly broad. The Ontario Human Rights Commission has adopted the following definition: "Sexual orientation is more than simply a 'status' that an individual possesses; it is an immutable personal characteristic that forms part of an individual's core identity. Sexual orientation encompasses the range of human sexuality from gay and lesbian to bisexual and heterosexual orientations."

All human rights laws in Canada also explicitly prohibit discrimination based on disability, which has been interpreted to include AIDS, ARC and being HIV positive, and membership in a high-risk group for HIV infection.

Since June 2017, all places within Canada explicitly within the Canadian Human Rights Act, equal opportunity and/or anti-discrimination legislation prohibit discrimination against gender identity or gender identity or expression.

In addition, human rights commissions consider that sex discrimination includes discrimination based on gender identity at the federal level and in New Brunswick.

The Ontario Human Rights Commission defines gender identity as follows: "Gender identity is linked to an individual's intrinsic sense of self and, particularly the sense of being male or female. Gender identity may or may not conform to a person's birth assigned sex. The personal characteristics that are associated with gender identity include self-image, physical and biological appearance, expression, behaviour and conduct, as they relate to gender. … Individuals whose birth-assigned sex does not conform to their gender identity include transsexuals [sic], transgenderists [sic], intersexed [sic] persons and cross-dressers. A person's gender identity is fundamentally different from and not determinative of their sexual orientation."

Activities where equality is guaranteed
Discrimination, including harassment, based on real or perceived sexual orientation, HIV/AIDS and gender identity is prohibited throughout Canada in private and public sector employment, housing and services provided to the public. All aspects of employment are covered, including benefits for spouses and long-term partners. Examples of services include credit, insurance, government programs and schools open to the public. Schools open to the public are liable for anti-gay name-calling and bullying by students or staff.

Prohibited discrimination occurs not only when someone is treated less favourably or is harassed based on a prohibited ground, but also when a policy or practice has an unintended disproportionately adverse effect based on that ground. This is called "adverse effect discrimination". For example, it might in theory be discriminatory for schools to implement a uniform policy that has specifically gendered uniforms.

Trans inclusion in the Canadian Forces
LGBT Canadians have been allowed to serve in the military since the Douglas case was settled in 1992. However, in March 2019 The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) issued revised policies with a mandate of inclusion of gender diverse Canadians. The new directive stresses ones right to freely express their gender identity and outlines uniform and naming protocols, medical and surgical support opportunities and accommodations to privacy.

Trans considerations in federal prison
In 2018 new operations were implemented to accommodate offenders based on gender identity instead of sex assigned at birth. These policy amendments are a result of The Canadian Human Rights Commission, The Correctional Service of Canada and Prisoners Legal Services combined efforts. They include changes such as using an offenders preferred name and pronouns, placing offenders in a men's or women's institutions based on gender identity regardless of anatomy and ensuring the privacy, dignity and safety of trans or gender-diverse offenders.

Policy numbers and titles that have been amended

CD 352 – Inmate Clothing Entitlements

CD 550 – Inmate Accommodation (and User Guide)

CD 566-7 – Searching of Offenders

CD 566-10 – Urinalysis Testing

CD 566-12 – Personal Property Of Offenders

CD 567-1 – Use of Force

CD 577 – Staff Protocol in Women Offender Institutions

CD 702 – Aboriginal Offenders

CD 705-1 – Preliminary Assessments and Post-Sentence Community Assessments

CD 705-3 – Immediate Needs Identification and Admission Interviews

CD 705-7 – Security Classification and Penitentiary Placement

CD 710-2 – Transfer of Inmates

CD 800 – Health Services

GL 800-5 – Gender Dysphoria

CD 843 – Interventions to Preserve Life and Prevent Serious Bodily Harm

Coverage for transition-related surgeries
Canada's system of universal healthcare is delivered through provincial healthcare systems, which vary in terms of their benefits and features, including in the area of transgender health care. As of 2020, all provinces provided coverage for sex reassignment surgery such as vaginoplasty, orchiectomy, or phalloplasty. New Brunswick was the last province to begin insuring such procedures in 2016. Insurance coverage is not generally provided for the transition-related procedures of facial feminization surgery, tracheal shave, or laser hair removal. Reproductive services are also not covered for trans people, with the costs being quite high. For example Rainbow Health Ontario, an LGBTQ+ healthcare organization, estimates that freezing sperm typically costs $125 to $300, with an additional $200 for each year of storage. They also estimate that preserving embryos costs between $480 to $650, with $150 to $300 in storage fees.

The first transgender healthcare clinic in Canada opened at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry in Toronto in 1969. In 1970, Canadian transgender women Dianna Boileau underwent surgery at Toronto General Hospital to have her remaining male genitals removed and female genitals constructed. It was the first time such a surgery had been covered by the Ontario Health Insurance Plan. It was also the first widely publicized sex reassignment surgery in Canada. The first transgender healthcare clinic to offer genital surgery was the Centre Métropolitain de Chirurgie Plastique in Montreal, which opened in 1973. It was also the only Canadian clinic that performed vaginoplasties, the surgical construction of a vagina, on transgender women for 45 years. Transgender surgical clinics opened at Women's College Hospital in Toronto in 2017, and at Vancouver General Hospital in 2019.

Ontario
The Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) began covering sex reassignment surgery in 1970. The first person to have such a surgery under OHIP was Dianna Boileau. It was removed from the list of covered procedures in October 1998 under Mike Harris' Progressive Conservative government, apparently as a cost-saving measure, sparking an outcry from the transgender community. Some surgeries began to be covered again in 2008.

Until 2016, only a single clinic, the Gender Identity Clinic at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, was able to provide referrals for OHIP-reimbursed surgeries. Ontario saw a large rise in patients seeking SRS after 2008, and by 2015, the CAMH gender clinic had a waitlist of 1,150. That year, Ontario health minister Eric Hoskins announced plans to allow referrals from any qualified healthcare provider. The changes went into effect in 2016.

Newfoundland and Labrador
Similar to Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador's Medical Care Plan (MCP) formerly required surgical assessments from CAMH as a prerequisite for covering SRS procedures. This was subject to outcry from the province's trans community, including in one case a complaint filed with the Newfoundland Human Rights Commission. It was the last province to require such an assessment.

In 2019, a new policy on Transition-Related Surgeries went into effect, removing the CAMH assessment requirement. However, other barriers still exist for Newfoundlanders and Labradoreans accessing SRS procedures; some procedures are not covered at all, and since all surgeries are performed outside the province, costs relating to travel and accommodations must be paid upfront. MTAP (the Medical Transportation Assistance Program) does provide some subsidies for these non-surgical costs, but only partially.

Yukon
On March 12, 2021, the Yukon government made changes to Transition-Related Surgeries policy that would by April provide a nationally unmatched coverage - e.g. for facial feminization surgery and voice training, which are not usually covered by provincial/territorial medical care plans. The government also stated its intent to align with best practices identified by World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) guidelines.

Blood donation
On August 15, 2016, Canadian Blood Services established new eligibility criteria for transgender people. These criteria stated that transgender donors who had not had lower gender affirming surgery would be asked questions based on their sex assigned at birth. They would be eligible to donate or be deferred based on these criteria. For example, trans women would be asked if they have had sex with a man in the last 12 months. If the response is yes, they would be deferred for one year after their last sexual contact with a man. Donors who have had lower gender affirming surgery would be deferred from donating blood for one year after their surgery. After that year, these donors will be screened in their affirmed gender. This means that trans women who have not had gender affirming surgery and have sex with men would be deferred for three months following last sexual contact before being eligible, similarly to men who have sex with men. This distinction between operative and non-operative trans women was deemed transphobic by some trans rights activists in different provinces.

On September 11, 2022, new sexual behaviour-based screening was implemented for all donors, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. The new screening procedure requires a deferral for anyone who has had new or multiple sexual partners in the last three months, and has had anal sex in that period.

Conversion therapy
Since 2022, conversion therapy (including attempting to 'convert' transgender individuals to cisgender) has been illegal in all provinces and territories. The provinces of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island had bans in place prior to the enactment of federal legislation. In 2018, the City of Vancouver became the only city in British Columbia to outlaw the practice, and in 2019 St. Albert became the first City in Alberta to ban the practice followed by Edmonton also in 2019, and Calgary in 2020. And on 9 March 2020, the Minister of Justice introduced Bill C-8, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (conversion therapy). Due to a prorogue of parliament by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, the bill died and was later revived in 2020 as Bill C-6, and was passed in the House of Commons with some opposition from Conservative MPs.

Ontario
In 2015, Ontario premier Kathleen Wynne directed her Health Minister, Eric Hoskins, to petition the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario for a ban on conversion therapy under their standards of practice. As well, Wynne spoke in favour of a bill tabled by Cheri DiNovo, a member of the provincial New Democratic Party, that would outlaw any attempt to change the gender or sexuality of a person under 18 via therapy. The bill passed unanimously in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Wynne, as the first openly gay Premier in Canada, stated that youths expressing their sexuality and gender identity should be protected, and that young LGBTQ people are especially vulnerable to these conversion therapy practices.

Manitoba
Also in 2015, Manitoban Health Minister Sharon Blady announced plans for the province to ban the practice of conversion therapy, and stated that conversion therapy had "no place" in Manitoba's healthcare system. This ban targeted the conversion of homosexual people to heterosexual, and had no specific provisions for transgender individuals being "converted" to cisgender.

Nova Scotia
A bill banning conversion therapy for sexual orientation and gender identity was passed unanimously in the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia in 2018. The bill, lauded by Nova Scotian Justice Minister Mark Furey as the "most progressive piece of legislation around sexual orientation and gender identity in the country", bans the promotion of such practices to persons under 19, but contains a very controversial clause allowing "mature minors" between the ages of 16 and 18 to consent to being subject to the practice.

British Columbia
Members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia tabled legislation to ban the practice of conversion therapy in 2019 and again in 2020, although neither private member's bill progressed passed first reading. In August 2019, the B.C. government called on the federal government to add conversion therapy into the Criminal Code of Canada and take action banning the practice nationwide.

Vancouver
Vancouver became the first jurisdiction in British Columbia to ban the practice for gender identity and sexual orientation in 2018. This ban, added to Vancouver's business prohibition bylaw, prohibits the offering of these services to people of any age and was passed unanimously by the Vancouver City Council.

Edmonton
The city of Edmonton unanimously passed bylaw 19061, prohibiting conversion therapy within the city.

St. Albert
Though conversion therapy has not been known to happen in St. Albert, the city council unanimously passed a motion to ban it as a statement against the practice.

Pronouns in schools
As of 2024, two Canadian provinces New Brunswick (Policy 713) and Saskatchewan (Parents' Bill of Rights) have laws that require parental consent when students under 16 years old wish to change their gender pronouns.

title: Transgender rights in Canada


text:
Kingdom (professional wrestling)

Kingdom, or Kingdom Professional Wrestling, was a Japanese shoot style professional wrestling promotion that held events in 1997 and 1998. It was considered a continuation of UWF International, having most of its former roster: Nobuhiko Takada, Yoji Anjo, Kazushi Sakuraba, Daijiro Matsui, Naoki Sano, Masahito Kakihara, Yoshihiro Takayama, Kenichi Yamamoto and Hiromitsu Kanehara.

Several wrestlers began pursuing mixed martial arts during their time at the promotion, most notably Kazushi Sakuraba who won the UFC Japan: Ultimate Japan heavyweight tournament representing Kingdom. The promotion is also a predecessor to the Pride Fighting Championships, which held their first event towards the demise of Kingdom.

History
Kingdom's popularity did not reach or surpass that of the UWF International. Attempts to rectify this by using talent from other shoot-style promotions including Battlarts did little to help, and it seemed that in the eyes of the Japanese fans the era of shoot style wrestling had ended. As a result, Kingdom would go out of business in March 1998.

In the aftermath, Matsui, Sakuraba, Sano and Takada focused on competing for mixed martial arts promotion Pride as part of the Takada Dojo camp. Yamamoto and Kanehara jumped to Rings, which had been a splinter promotion formed from the UWF much like UWF International had been. Meanwhile, Kakihara and Takayama joined All Japan Pro Wrestling as free agents, while Anjo dabbled in K-1 before later reappearing in All Japan Pro Wrestling and Dream Stage Entertainment's Hustle as "Commander Anjoe".

A former trainee of the Kingdom dojo, Hidetada Irie, who debuted at Kingdom's final event, formed a successor promotion called "Kingdom Ehrgeiz", with himself as the top star. The promotion, however, is very obscure and only promotes cards periodically.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kingdom (professional wrestling)


text:
Debendranath Tagore

Debendranath Tagore (15 May 1817 – 19 January 1905) was an Indian philosopher and religious reformer, active in the Brahmo Samaj (earlier called Bhramho Sabha) ("Society of Brahma", also translated as Society of God). He joined Brahmo samaj in 1842. He was the founder in 1848 of the Brahmo religion, which today is synonymous with Brahmoism. Born in Shilaidaha, his father was the industrialist Dwarakanath Tagore; he himself had 14 children, many of whom, including Nobel-prize winning poet Rabindranath Tagore, made significant artistic or literary contributions to society.

Thakur Bari (House of Tagores)
Debendranath Tagore was born to the famous industrialist Dwarakanath Tagore, who was called 'Prince' because of his extravagant lifestyle, and Digambari Devi, a very pious lady, in the Tagore family in Jorasanko, popularly known as Jorasanko Thakur Bari in North-western Kolkata, which was later converted into a campus of the Rabindra Bharati University. The Tagore family, with over three hundred years of history, has been one of the leading families of Calcutta, and is regarded as a key influence during the Bengal Renaissance. The family has produced several persons who have contributed substantially in the fields of business, social and religious reformation, literature, art and music. His siblings were Girindranath Tagore (b.1820) and Nagendranath Tagore (b.1829).

Education and work
Debendranath studied at home from 1820 to 1827. In 1829, he was admitted to the Anglo Hindu College established by Raja Rammohan Roy. After studying there for some time, he started looking after his father's property and business, as well as philosophy and religion. When his grandfather died in 1838, he had a mental change. He became interested in religion and started studying various subjects including Mahabharata, Upanishads and Eastern-Western philosophy. As a result, he developed a desire for spirituality. He established the "Tattwara Jani Sabha" (1839), which was later renamed as the Tattwabodhini Sabha. At this time he published a Bengali translation of the Katha Upanishad (1840).

In 1842, Debendranath took charge of the Tattwabodhini Sabha and the Brahmo Samaj. The following year, the Tattwabodhini Magazine was published in his own money under the editorship of Akshay Kumar Datta. In this newspaper, the Upanishads were published with Debendranath's scholarship and Bengali translation. With the efforts of Debendranath, the public meetings were started on the Vedas. In 1844, Debendranath introduced the first method of Brahmopasana and from the following year it was used in the Brahmo Samaj. As a result of his long study of scriptures, he realized that it was not possible to lay the foundation of Brahmanism on the Upanishads alone. So from 1848 onwards, he gradually started publishing a translation of the Rig Veda in the Tattwabodhini magazine, which was published in a library called Brahmo Dharma (1869). In 1850, another of his books, Atmattvavidya, was published. In 1853, he was appointed secretary of the Tattwabodhini Sabha and in 1859 established the Brahma Vidyalaya.

Debendranath stopped the pooja-parvanadi and introduced festivals like 'Magh Utsav', 'New Year', 'Diksha Din' etc. In 1867, he bought a large piece of land called Bhubandaga in Birbhum and established an ashram. This ashram is today's famous Santiniketan. He was also one of the founders of the Bethune Society of the Hindu Charitable Institution.

Debendranath was actively involved in politics for some time. When the British Indian Association was established on 31 October 1851, he was appointed its secretary. He tried his best to waive the chowkidari tax of the poor villagers and sent a letter to the British Parliament demanding India's autonomy. Debendranath was enthusiastic about the practice of widow marriage, but was opposed to child marriage and polygamy. He also made a special contribution to the spread of education. In 1867, Radhakanta Dev conferred on him the title of 'Protector of National Religion' and 'Maharshi' by the Brahmo Samaj to protect the Indian youth from the influence of Christianity.

Books

 * Brahma Dharmo Grantho (1851)
 * Atmatatto Bdya (1852)
 * Brahma Dharmer Mot O Biswas (1860)
 * Kalikata Bramha Samajer Baktrita (1862)
 * Gyan O Dharmer Unnati (1893)
 * Porolo O Mukti (1895)

title: Debendranath Tagore


text:
Jealous Guy

"Jealous Guy" is a song written and originally recorded by the English rock musician John Lennon from his second studio album Imagine (1971). Not released as a single during Lennon's lifetime, it became an international hit in a version by Roxy Music issued in early 1981; this version reached #1 in the UK and Australia, and was a top 10 hit in several European countries. Lennon's own version was subsequently issued as a single, and charted in the US and UK.

Lennon began writing the song in 1968, when, as "Child of Nature", it was among the many songs demoed by the Beatles before they recorded their self-titled double album (also known as the "White Album"). The lyrics were originally inspired by a lecture given by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in early 1968, when the Beatles attended his spiritual retreat in Rishikesh, India. In January 1969, The Beatles (primarily John) jammed the song during their Get Back / Let It Be recording sessions, where it was referred to as "On the Road to Marrakesh".

"Jealous Guy" is one of the most commonly recorded Lennon songs, with at least 92 cover versions.

Origins
The song's inspiration came in India, after the Beatles attended a lecture by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi about a "son of the mother nature". This inspired both Paul McCartney and John Lennon to write songs about the same subject. McCartney's composition, "Mother Nature's Son", was selected for The Beatles, but Lennon did not attempt to record "Child of Nature" during the sessions for the album. Both were demoed at George Harrison's Esher home in May 1968. The demo of "Child of Nature" featured Lennon's double-tracked vocal and playing an acoustic guitar. Early the following year, Lennon revisited the song as "On the Road to Marrakesh" during the Get Back sessions. Eventually, the lyrics were scrapped and replaced by the now well-known "Jealous Guy" lyrics for Imagine.

Listening to the original Esher Demo, the song begins "On the road to Rishikesh" and mentions mountains. It is not referring to Marrakesh in Morocco, and there is no evidence Lennon ever visited there. In its rewritten form, the song serves as a confessional in which Lennon addresses the feelings of inadequacy that resulted in pain for those he loved.

Three recordings of "Child of Nature" are currently known. The first is a demo of the song recorded at the home of George Harrison in May 1968. The second, on which Harrison sings backing vocals, was recorded at Twickenham Film Studios on 2 January 1969. A third recording was made at the Beatles' Apple Studio on 24 January. A snatch of the chorus from the second recording appears on the Fly on the Wall bonus disc packaged with Let It Be... Naked (2003). The first recording appears on the fiftieth anniversary release of The Beatles, which contains all of the demos recorded at Esher.

Recording
Lennon recorded "Jealous Guy" on 24 May 1971 at Ascot Sound Studios, where his vocals were overdubbed on 29 May 1971. String overdubs took place on 4 July 1971 at the Record Plant, in New York City. Musicians included Mike Pinder of the Moody Blues and Joey Molland and Tom Evans of Badfinger.

Release
Lennon's recording of "Jealous Guy" was released on the Imagine album in 1971. It was not released as a single until November 1985, five years after Lennon's murder, and four-and-a-half years after Roxy Music had taken their cover of the song to number one. Accompanied on the B-side by "Going Down on Love", a track from Walls and Bridges (1974), the single reached number 65 in the UK charts.

In the United States, the single reached number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1988, in conjunction with the release of the documentary film Imagine: John Lennon. "Jealous Guy" also peaked at number 22 on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart.

Critical reception
Stereogum contributors Timothy and Elizabeth Bracy rated it as Lennon's second best solo song, saying that "we have Lennon at his most wounded and vulnerable, confessing to every manner of emotional extortion, and somehow still on the defensive" in a song with "a melody worthy of anything the Beatles ever produced."

Ultimate Classic Rock critic Stephen Lewis rated it as Lennon's third greatest solo love song, calling it "one of his most mature piano melodies."

Personnel
The following musicians performed on the final track on Imagine:

 * John Lennon – vocals, acoustic guitar, whistling
 * Nicky Hopkins – piano
 * John Barham – harmonium
 * Alan White – vibraphone
 * Klaus Voormann – bass
 * Jim Keltner – drums
 * Mike Pinder – tambourine
 * Joey Molland and Tom Evans – acoustic guitars
 * The Flux Fiddlers – strings

Promotional video
A promotional video was made for the song in 1971. It showed, mostly in a continuous overhead shot by helicopter, John and Yoko travelling in a hearse from their Tittenhurst Park mansion to a nearby lake, where they were then shown getting into a row boat.

Other versions
"Jealous Guy" has been recorded by many musicians including Aslan, Joe Cocker, Roberto Bellarosa, Donny Hathaway, Claudine Longet, the Faces, Frankie Miller, Roxy Music, Belinda Carlisle, Hurray for the Riff Raff, Peter Criss, Elliott Smith, Deftones, Spector, and the Weeknd. Lou Reed covered the song for a 2001 Lennon tribute concert. Jazz musician Jimmy Scott covered Jealous Guy on his 1998 album Holding Back the Years. The rock band the Black Crowes released a live cover of Jealous Guy on the 30th anniversary release of their debut studio album Shake Your Money Maker (1990).

Roxy Music version
Following Lennon's murder in 1980, Roxy Music added a version of the song to their set while touring in Germany, which they recorded and released in February 1981. The single was released by Polydor with "To Turn You On" as the B-side, with catalogue number "ROXY 2". The song was the only UK No. 1 hit for Roxy Music, topping the charts for two weeks in March 1981. "To Turn You On" later appeared on their eighth studio album Avalon (1982), although it was slightly remixed. Roxy Music's cover of "Jealous Guy" features on many Bryan Ferry/Roxy Music collections and 1980s music compilations, though not always in its full-length version. As of 1982, the single had sold 91,000 copies in Australia.

Music video
A music video was filmed for the song, which mainly consisted of Bryan Ferry singing to camera before whistling and playing on a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 synthesizer during the coda. Guitarist Phil Manzanera and saxophonist Andy Mackay also appear in the video during their respective solos.

Roberto Bellarosa version
In 2012, Belgian singer of Italian origin Roberto Bellarosa recorded "Jealous Guy" after winning the first season of The Voice Belgique. It was released as a single on 4 April 2012 and included on his debut studio album Ma voie. The single reached number 4 in Belgium.

title: Jealous Guy


text:
Mannequin (1987 film)

Mannequin is a 1987 American romantic comedy film directed by Michael Gottlieb in his directorial debut, and written by Edward Rugoff and Gottlieb. It stars Andrew McCarthy, Kim Cattrall, Estelle Getty, Meshach Taylor, and G. W. Bailey. The original music score was composed by Sylvester Levay. The film revolves around a chronically underemployed passionate artist named Jonathan Switcher who lands a job as a department-store window dresser and the mannequin he created which becomes inhabited by the spirit of a woman from Ancient Egypt, but only comes alive for Jonathan.

Mannequin received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for its main title song, "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now" by Starship, which reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart. Both early and later critical reception has been generally negative with common criticisms being made towards the ludicrous premise and the overly farcical and sentimental tone; however, audience responses have been comparatively more positive and in the years since its release, the film has developed a cult following. In 1991, a sequel called Mannequin Two: On the Move was released.

Plot
In Ancient Egypt, Ema "Emmy" Hesire takes refuge in a pyramid, pleading to the gods that she find true love rather than enter an arranged marriage. Emmy suddenly vanishes before her mother's eyes. In 1987 Philadelphia, Jonathan Switcher is a sculptor working at a mannequin warehouse and finishes a single female mannequin he considers a masterpiece. His boss fires him for spending time trying to make his mannequins works of art rather than assembling several each day.

Jonathan takes a number of odd jobs and is fired each time for working too slowly because he tries to make each project artistic. His girlfriend Roxie Shield, an employee of the Illustra department store, dumps him, criticizing him as a flake. After his motorcycle breaks down in the rain, Jonathan passes the Prince & Company department store. Seeing his mannequin in the display window, he remarks she is the first work that made him feel like a true artist. The next morning, he saves store owner Claire Timkin from being injured by her own shop sign. Grateful, Claire orders store manager Mr. Richards (who is secretly paid by Illustra to sabotage Prince & Company so it can be bought) to give Jonathan a job. Viewed with suspicion by security guard Captain Felix Maxwell, Jonathan works with and befriends window dresser Hollywood Montrose. When Jonathan is putting together a window display, the mannequin he made comes to life with Emmy's spirit. She says she has existed for centuries as a muse, sometimes inhabiting the works of an artist she admires and inspires. She has encountered amazing people but has never found true love. Emmy explains the gods allow her life when she and Jonathan are unobserved, otherwise she is a mannequin.

With Emmy's help, Jonathan's window display is a massive success. Now placed in charge of visual merchandising, Jonathan asks Emmy to continue helping with the displays. Over several weeks, they create several popular displays, attracting new business while also deepening their relationship. Montrose realizes Jonathan loves a mannequin he created but does not judge him. Illustra's chief executive B.J. Wert sends Roxie to poach Jonathan but he refuses, saying he now works for people who value him. Annoyed by Felix's ineptitude and Richards' attitude towards Jonathan, Claire fires them. Deeply impressed with his work, Claire makes Jonathan vice president of the department store. One night, Jonathan takes Emmy through the city on his motorcycle, despite how unusual this seems to bystanders. He is witnessed by Richards and Felix, who conclude he is deeply fixated on a female mannequin.

Richards and Felix (who now works for Illustra) steal the female mannequins from Prince & Company. The next morning, Jonathan confronts Wert about the theft, who makes another job offer. Furious over Jonathan caring so much about the mannequin he calls Emmy, Roxie storms off. Jonathan follows Roxie while being pursued by security guards including Felix. Wert and Richards demand the police be called. Roxie loads the stolen mannequins into the store's large trash compactor, then is knocked out by debris. As Hollywood holds the pursuers at bay with a fire hose, a janitor watches Jonathan jump onto the compactor's conveyor belt to save the mannequin that is Emmy. As Jonathan risks his life for her, Emmy comes to life. Once safe, she realizes she is truly and permanently alive again. Emmy thanks the gods for uniting her with her true love and Jonathan promises to love her forever.

While the janitor wonders if other mannequins will come to life, Hollywood arrives and realizes Emmy was alive the entire time. Felix and his fellow guards rush in, followed by Wert and Richards who demand the police arrest Jonathan. Claire arrives, revealing she has security video of Richards and Felix breaking and entering, and committing theft. She accuses Wert of conspiracy, and Jonathan adds the man also kidnapped Emmy. Wert fires Roxie as he is arrested and hauled away alongside Richards and Felix. Jonathan realizes the security footage may have shown him being romantic with a mannequin, but Claire coyly suggests he should not worry about that. Some time later, Jonathan and Emmy are married in the store window of Prince & Company, with Claire as maid of honor and Hollywood as best man. Numerous pedestrians outside the store window applaud the wedding.

Cast

 * Andrew McCarthy as Jonathan Switcher
 * Kim Cattrall as Ema "Emmy" Hesire
 * Estelle Getty as Claire Timkin
 * James Spader as Mr. Richards
 * G. W. Bailey as Captain Felix Maxwell
 * Meshach Taylor as Hollywood Montrose
 * Carole Davis as Roxie Shield
 * Steve Vinovich as B.J. Wert
 * Christopher Maher as Armand
 * Andrew Hill Newman as Compactor Room Janitor

Development
The idea for the film came when director Michael Gottlieb was walking down Fifth Avenue and thought he saw a mannequin move in the window of Bergdorf Goodman. Others observe the similarities to the plot of the film One Touch of Venus (1948). The film was made based on the marketing principles of noted Hollywood market researcher Joseph Farrell, who served as an executive producer. The film was specifically designed to appeal to target demographics. Though not a star, McCarthy was cast after tests of his films showed that he strongly appealed to girls, the target audience.

Filming
The producers contacted various state film commissions across America looking for an elegant center city department store in which to shoot the movie. They visited stores across the country before settling on John Wanamaker's in Philadelphia (now Macy's Center City). The store was given the name Prince and Company for the film. Interior filming at Wanamaker's took about three weeks, with shooting usually beginning around 9 pm and going until 6 am the next day.

Additional scenes were filmed in the formal gardens behind The Hotel Hershey. Scenes taking place at the fictitious department store Illustra were filmed at the Boscov's department store in the former Camp Hill Mall (now Camp Hill Shopping Center) near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia mayor Wilson Goode estimated the film injected $3 million into the city.

Prior to the start of filming, Cattrall spent six weeks posing for a Santa Monica sculptor, who captured her likeness. Six mannequins, each with a different expression, were made. Cattrall recalled, "There's no way to play a mannequin except if you want to sit there as a dummy [...] I did a lot of body-building because I wanted to be as streamlined as possible. I wanted to match the mannequins as closely as I could." The actress also said that doing the film made her feel "grown up":

"I've become more of a leading lady instead of, like, the girl... All the other movies that I've done I played the girl, and the plot was around the guy. I've never had anybody to do special lighting for me, or find out what clothes look good on me, or what camera angles are best for me... In this movie, I learned a lot from it. It's almost like learning old Hollywood techniques... I've always been sort of a tomboy. I feel great being a girl, wearing a dress."

Music
Featured in the film, "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now" was co-written by Albert Hammond and Diane Warren and recorded by the American rock band Starship in 1986. It is a duet featuring Starship vocalists Grace Slick and Mickey Thomas. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 4, 1987, and topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks the following month, becoming the UK's second-biggest-selling single of 1987. Mannequin Soundtrack (by Sylvester Levay) 00. Twentieth Century Fox (00:13):

 * Prologue (02:02)
 * In My Wildest Dreams (complete studio) (04:24)
 * My Girl (02:46)
 * Making Baloons (02:13)
 * Jonathan's Theme (02:08)
 * Looking For A Job (00:46)
 * I Have Just The Job For You (00:12)
 * The Mannequin (00:53)
 * Roll Over Bill Shakespeare (00:36)
 * Identify Yourself (00:49)
 * Don't You Like Your New Scarf (00:03)
 * You Like To Work With Your Hands (00:06)
 * Emmy’s Theme (00:51)
 * First Window (00:33)
 * Store Front (01:32)
 * We Have Got Ourselves a Mission (00:18)
 * Temporary Insanity (00:03)
 * Chris, Who's Chris (00:41)
 * Do You Dream About Me (03:48)
 * Just When I Think You’re Real (00:06)
 * Talk To Them (00:10)
 * Oh Yes Hot Smoking (00:27)
 * Flambe Terrorist (violin background) (01:50)
 * Comon' Rambo (00:07)
 * Full Filled Stay In The Caribbean (00:39)
 * Get A Picture (00:58)
 * You're Gonna Pay For That (background) (01:20)
 * Department Store Fight (00:50)
 * That'll Teach Em (00:15)
 * Hang Gliding (01:19)
 * We'll Never Dress The Mannequins In Time (00:28)
 * Movin’ On Up (01:03)
 * You Can't Worry What Will Happen To Us (Jonanthan's Theme 2) (00:21)
 * You Personally Vouch For This Guy (00:17)
 * Put Your Arms Around Me (Emmy’s Theme 2) (01:00)
 * Shoe Polish On My Face (00:06)
 * Expert At Surveilance (01:45)
 * Harley Ride (01:02)
 * It's Breath Taking (Jonathan’s Theme 3) (01:25)
 * I'm In The Hands Of A Vegetable (01:55)
 * Saving Emmy (00:33)
 * You're Never Gonna See Her Again (05:47)
 * I Always Have, I Always Will (Jonathan's Theme 4) (00:32)
 * Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now (End Credits) (04:36)

Box office
The film debuted at number three at the US box office behind Platoon and Outrageous Fortune, grossing $6 million over the four-day President's Day weekend, surpassing the other opener, Over the Top starring Sylvester Stallone. To date, the film has grossed a total of $42.7 million in the United States and Canada.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 40 reviews and an average rating of 3.9/10. The site's consensus states: "Mannequin is a real dummy, outfitted with a ludicrous concept and a painfully earnest script that never springs to life, despite the best efforts of an impossibly charming Kim Cattrall." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 21 out of 100 based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F. It was savaged by Leonard Maltin, who called it "absolute rock-bottom fare, dispiriting for anyone who remembers what movie comedy should be". In his print review, Roger Ebert awarded it a half star and wrote, "A lot of bad movies are fairly throbbing with life. Mannequin is dead. The wake lasts 1 1/2 hours, and then we can leave the theater."

Rita Kempley of The Washington Post called the film "made by, for, and about dummies". Janet Maslin of The New York Times puts the blame on the writer-director: "as co-written and directed by Michael Gottlieb, Mannequin is a state-of-the-art showcase of perfunctory technique". Dan McQuade, writing in Philadelphia Magazine, referencing the film's use of Philadelphia as a setting, panned the film and wrote, "The message of Mannequin, clumsy as it is, is that the greatest place and time in recorded history is 1980s Philadelphia... Truly, this is the most uplifting film ever made about the city."

David Cornelius of DVD Talk wrote: "Mannequin is one of the stupidest movies ever conceived, and one of the worst. Which makes it, in its own lousy way, mesmerizing. To watch it is to get sucked in by its hypnotic ways; its very off-the-wall shoddiness is astounding. Spader alone is worth the price of admission – surely aware of the movie's badness, the actor hams it up with a deliriously over-the-top performance." He called it "a Bad Movie Essential" but warned viewers with a lower pain threshold for bad films to "obviously skip it as it is a dreadful film".

Though initially poorly received, Mannequin has been cited as a romantic comedy cult classic and has managed to garner an ardent and strong cult following; its fans have praised the film's sets, costumes, supporting cast, script, and the romantic chemistry between lead actors McCarthy and Cattrall. The film is considered one of the many popular comedy films from the golden age of 1980s Brat Pack films because it features actors Spader, Cattrall, and McCarthy who all starred in other movies of that era. Retrospective reviews have also commended the provocative and progressive portrayal of Hollywood for being an unashamedly positive homosexual character who befriends the main character and manages to be heroic in the finale.

Home media
Mannequin was released on VHS, Betamax, and digital stereo LaserDisc format in September 1987 by Cannon Films through Media Home Entertainment. The film was released on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on October 7, 2004, in a widescreen Region 1 DVD, and was later re-released to DVD on January 16, 2008, in a new double feature edition with Mannequin Two: On the Move as the second disc. Mannequin was released on Blu-ray for the first time by Olive Films (under license from MGM) on November 3, 2015.

Sequels and legacy
In 1991, a sequel called Mannequin Two: On the Move was released and was directed by Stewart Raffill. The sequel was dubbed as "one of the worst follow-ups ever made". In 2010, Gladden Entertainment executives were said to be in the "early development" stage of the remake, envisioning a plot of the man crushing on a "laser display hologram" as opposed to a mannequin. However, no further details were made public about its development. An original mannequin prop was located by Philadelphia brand South Fellini in 2019 and has been placed on display in the company's boutique. The film was also parodied by James Corden and Victoria Beckham in 2017 on The Late Late Show with James Corden as a precursor to the Carpool Karaoke segment.

title: Mannequin (1987 film)


text:
Governor General's Body Guard

The Governor General's Body Guard was a royal guard regiment of the Canadian Army that formed part of the country's household troops. The Body Guard was the senior regiment of the Canadian Army and the equivalent of the British Army's Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards. In 1936 the regiment amalgamated with the Mississauga Horse to become The Governor General's Horse Guards.

The Governor General's Body Guard

 * Originated in 1810 as Button's Troop
 * Formed on 16 August 1822 as the York Dragoons from the 1st West York Regiment of Volunteer Infantry
 * Redesignated in 1837 as the Queen's Light Dragoons for duty during the 1837 rebellion
 * Separated in 1839 as an independent unit from its parent infantry battalion
 * Redesignated on 27 December 1855 as the 1st Toronto Troop of The Volunteer Militia Cavalry of the County of York
 * Redesignated on 27 April 1866 as The Governor General's Body Guard for Upper Canada
 * Redesignated on 1 July 1867 as The Governor General's Body Guard for Ontario
 * Reorganized on 5 May 1876 as a two troop squadron
 * Reorganized on 17 May 1889 as a full regiment
 * Redesignated on 13 July 1895 as The Governor General's Body Guard
 * Amalgamated on 15 December 1936 with The Mississauga Horse and redesignated as The Governor General's Horse Guards

Early history
The regiment dates as far back as 1822 in York, Upper Canada (now Toronto). For the remainder of the 19th century this troop was recognized as the cavalry of the city of Toronto. It has links to the 1st York Light Dragoons formed in 1810 by Captain (later Major) John Button or Button's Troop (commanded until 1831). Also known as 'Denison's Troop', it began as the York Dragoons under the command of Captain George Taylor Denison I. Under the Militia Act of 1793, service in the militia was mandatory for all healthy male citizens aged 16 to 60 years. Like most militia in Canada during this period, the Dragoons were raised and financed by wealthy gentry, in this case the Denison family, as volunteers were not part of a regular army. The Dragoons began as a local mounted infantry company linked to the parent West York Regiment of Militia. This peculiar organization was a practice that started during the American Revolution with the Loyalist militia regiment the "Queen's York Rangers". Light cavalry was needed to provide dispatch duty, scouting, flank protection and picketing for the infantry battalion. Full militia cavalry regiments were too expensive to operate and large scale cavalry operations were of little use in the dense forests of eastern North America. The cavalry troop was sufficient to serve the purpose and militia infantry were allowed to raise cavalry troops under the Militia Act of 1808. This unit, like many local military units, was made up of volunteers and formed to supplement the presence of British Army units in Upper Canada. The company or troop broke from the parent infantry battalion and became an independent troop of cavalry in 1839. The troop was one of only two fully uniformed militia units to rally to the flag with the threat of unrest and rebellion within the colony, in 1837. The troop was given new uniforms, fully armed and redesignated the "Queens Light Dragoons" (QLD). Operating alongside the local Markham Troop, forming a squadron, the QLD participated in a number of actions during the rebellion to include Gallows Hill, Navy Island and Town of Scotland. The Toronto troop was on active service for several months during this crisis.

In 1866, the troop was the only cavalry in Upper Canada to be placed on active duty, engaged and employed against the Fenian Irish Republican Army invasion from the United States. The troop lead Col Peacock's Column to meet the Fenian force along the Niagara Peninsula as scouts. The troop was the first unit to enter and relieve the town of Fort Erie - capturing several Fenians before they escaped across the Niagara River. The Fenian force was defeated and many of its members arrested by Canadian and American authorities.

By the mid-19th Century, Britain began to pull its army out of Canada for the Crimea War and the need to establish a Canadian army became clear. With the enactment of the Militia Act of 1855, the Canadian Militia Department was established. Under the act, the Canadian Militia unit establishment was drafted by the new department. Local militia units for the first time were recognized as standing units to become a more critical part of the defence of Canada. In 1847 the unit was gazetted and became known as the 1st Toronto Independent Troop of Cavalry. It was renamed again in 1855 as the 1st Troop of Volunteer Militia Cavalry of the County of York and placed on the Militia list 27 Sept 1855. In 1866 it was renamed 1st York Troop The Governor General's Body Guard for Upper Canada and in 1867 became The Governor General's Body Guard for Ontario. After British forces completely left Canada in 1870 the Canadian Government raised a small regular force and began to look at reorganizing the Militia cavalry into full regiments. Most of the independent troops across the country were amalgamated into numbered regiments of dragoons or hussars during the 1870s. The GGBG was the only non-numbered corps and was expanded to squadron strength in 1876. With a final rationalization of the Canadian Cavalry Corps in 1889, the GGBG was brought to full regimental strength with the amalgamation of the local Markham and Oak Ridges Troops of the 2nd Regiment of Cavalry (later the 2nd Dragoons). The name was changed a final time in 1895 to The Governor General's Body Guard of Canada.

The North-West Rebellion
The GGBG was mobilized as a full squadron and participated in the North-West Rebellion in 1885 as rear area security for General Middleton's force. The squadron's task was to protect the main supply route for the force in place with routine patrols from the rail line to Batoche and to secure the only supply depot and telegraph station at Humboldt. A fort was built, consisting of an earthen berm, around the telegraph station and named "Fort Denison". Middelton's force defeated the Metis at Batoche.

The South African War
The GGBG, as a regiment, supplied some 50 men to augment the small Canadian Regular Army for service in South Africa in 1900. Lieutenant Hampton Cockburn earned the Victoria Cross while serving as a volunteer with the Royal Canadian Dragoons during the war.

The Great War
The GGBG, like all of the militia during the First World War, was not activated for duty, but rather assisted in raising numbered battalions for the Canadian Expeditionary Force and recruiting to fill the CEF ranks. Thousands of Toronto's citizens were recruited through the GGBG for service in the trenches. The GGBG supplied soldiers for the 3rd Bn, 2nd Bn, 4th CMR, 216th Bn, 124th Bn to name a few.

1920s-1930s
In 1936 the regiment was amalgamated with The Mississauga Horse to become The Governor General's Horse Guards.

Campaigns

 * Rebellions of 1837–1838 / Upper Canada Rebellion
 * Fenian Raids 1866
 * North-West Rebellion 1885
 * Boer War (1899)
 * First World War 1914-1918

The Governor General's Body Guard for Ontario (17 May 1889)

 * A Troop (York, Ontario)
 * B Troop (York, Ontario)
 * C Troop (Oak Ridges, Ontario) (redesignation of No. 2 Troop, 2nd Regiment of Cavalry)
 * D Troop (Markham, Ontario) (redesignation of No. 3 Troop, 2nd Regiment of Cavalry)

The Governor General's Body Guard (01 March, 1921)

 * Regimental Headquarters (Toronto, Ontario)
 * A Squadron (Toronto, Ontario)
 * B Squadron (Toronto, Ontario)
 * C Squadron (Toronto, Ontario)

North-West Rebellion

 * North West Canada, 1885

The South African War

 * South Africa, 1899–1900

The Great War

 * Mount Sorrel
 * Somme, 1916
 * Flers-Courcelette
 * Ancre Heights
 * Arras, 1917, '18
 * Vimy, 1917
 * Ypres, 1917
 * Hill 70
 * Passchendaele
 * Amiens
 * Scarpe, 1918
 * Hindenburg Line
 * Canal du Nord
 * Cambrai, 1918
 * Valenciennes
 * Sambre
 * France and Flanders, 1915–18

Notable members

 * Major Hampden Zane Churchill Cockburn, : Boer War, with the Royal Canadian Dragoons
 * Captain George Taylor Denison: first organized the preceding York Dragoons in 1822 and commanded the unit during the Upper Canada Rebellion
 * Colonel George Taylor Denison II: served in the Upper Canada Rebellion and later commanded the Toronto garrison during the 1866 Fenian Raids
 * Lieutenant Colonel George Taylor Denison III, : commanded the regiment during against the Fenian Raids and the North-West Rebellion
 * Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Charles Denison, : Commanded the Canadian Voyageurs on the 1884 Nile Expedition
 * Lieutenant Colonel William Hamilton Merritt III: served in the North-West Rebellion and the Boer War
 * Brigadier General James H. Elmsley,
 * Colonel John Everett Lyle Streight,

title: Governor General's Body Guard


text:
Industrial Age

The Industrial Age is a period of history that encompasses the changes in economic and social organization that began around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines such as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.

While it is commonly believed that the Industrial Age was supplanted by the Information Age in the late 20th century, a view that has become common since the Revolutions of 1989, much of the Third World economy is still based on manufacturing, although mobile phones are now commonplace even the poorest of countries, enabling access to global information networks. Even though many developing countries remain largely industrial, the Information Age is increasingly on the ground.

Origins
Huge changes in agricultural methods made the Industrial Revolution possible. This agricultural revolution started with changes in farming in the Netherlands, later developed by the British.

The Industrial Age began in Great Britain in the mid 18th century and was fueled by coal mining from places such as Wales and County Durham.

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because it had the factors of production, land (all natural resources), capital, and labour. Britain had plenty of harbors that enabled trade, Britain had access to capital, such as goods and money, for example, tools, machinery, equipment, and inventory. Britain, lastly, had an abundance of labor, or industrial workers in this case. There are many other conditions that help show why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. The British Isles and colonies overseas represented huge markets that created a large demand for British goods. Britain also had one of the largest spheres of influence due to its massive navy and merchant marine. The British government's concern for commercial interests was also important. The steam engine allowed for steamboats and the locomotives, which made transportation much faster. By the mid-19th century the Industrial Revolution had spread to Continental Europe and North America, and since then it has spread to most of the world.

The textile industry
The cotton industry was the first industry to go through mechanization, the use of automatic machinery to increase production. The domestic system sprouted as a result of when businesses began importing raw cotton, employing spinners and weavers to make it into cloth from their home. James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, which could produce eight times as much thread as a single spinning wheel, and Richard Arkwright made it driven by water. Later Arkwright opened a spinning mill which marked the beginning of the factory system. In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented a loom which was powered by water.

Steam engines
In 1712, Thomas Newcomen produced the first successful steam engine, and in 1769, James Watt patented the modern steam engine. As a result, steam replaced water as industry's major power source.

The steam engine allowed for steamboats and the locomotives, which made transportation much faster. By the mid-19th century the Industrial Revolution had spread to Continental Europe and North America, and since then it has spread to most of the world.

The Industrial Age is defined by mass production, broadcasting, the rise of the nation state, power, modern medicine and running water. The quality of human life has increased dramatically during the Industrial Age. Life expectancy today worldwide is more than twice as high as it was when the Industrial Revolution began.

title: Industrial Age


text:
Dazzling Killmen

Dazzling Killmen was an American math rock band from the St. Louis, Missouri area. Formed in 1990, the group issued four singles and two full-lengths before officially ending in 1995, with a majority of it released through the independent label Skin Graft Records. Taking influence from hardcore punk and jazz music, the band has been noted by critics to have helped influence genres such as math rock and post-metal.

Biography
The group, named after a character from Lucas Samaras' "Crude Delights", formed in 1990, and was composed of jazz students—drummer Blake Fleming, bassist Darin Gray, vocalist/guitarist Nick Sakes, and later on guitarist Tim Garrigan, who joined the group initially as a guest musician for the "Medicine Man" 7-inch single. Gray, Fleming, and Garrigan all previously performed in their school band in high school. The group has named bands such as Ultraman, Black Flag, Minutemen, Captain Beefheart, Big Black, Miles Davis, and John Coltrane influences for their personal sound.

With their early singles and 1992 debut LP Dig Out the Switch, Dazzling Killmen caught the attention of the Chicago-based noise rock label Skin Graft Records, who proceeded to release the band's next few singles as well as their second and final full-length Face of Collapse. The group would later break up in the fall of 1995, immediately prior to a planned tour of Japan with Jim O'Rourke.

Today, its members are better-known for their later projects - Nick Sakes has been in bands Colossamite, Sicbay, and xaddax. Darin Gray was in You Fantastic!, Grand Ulena, Brise-Glace, and has performed and recorded with Jim O'Rourke and with Glenn Kotche in On Fillmore. Blake Fleming was in Laddio Bolocko, The Mars Volta and Electric Turn to Me. Tim Garrigan, now based in Brooklyn, is in Skryptor and a solo artist.

Legacy
Dazzling Killmen has been cited as an influence by musicians such as Ben Weinman of The Dillinger Escape Plan, Jes Steineger of Coalesce, Mike Taylor of Pg. 99, KEN mode, Knut, and The Nation Blue.

The group's music has been stated to of helped influence the development of multiple genres of music, with Brad Cohen writing for Clryvnt stating that the band "helped usher in myriad movements, including math rock, math metal and progcore, all the while defying classification." Robin Jahdi named Face of Collapse as one of the best post-metal albums ever released, also stating that Dazzling Killmen "were ostensibly noise rock" and that they had left behind a "fantastic – if largely unknown – legacy in the form of [Face of Collapse]." In 2013, Spin magazine named Blake Fleming as among the 100 best drummers in alternative music.

Albums

 * Dig Out the Switch CD/LP (1992, Intellectual Convulsion Records)
 * Face of Collapse CD/LP (1994, Skin Graft Records)

Singles

 * "Numb/Bottom Feeder" 7" (1990, Sawtooth Records)
 * "Torture/Ghost Limb" 7" (1991, Crime Life Records)
 * "Mother's Day Split" 7" (1991, Skin Graft/Sluggo Records)
 * "Medicine Me" / "Poptones" 7" + Comic Set (1993, Skin Graft Records)

Live albums

 * Lounge Ax CS (1993, Skin Graft Records)

Compilation albums

 * Recuerda CD (1996, Skin Graft Records)

title: Dazzling Killmen