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Category talk:Performers of Christian music

Untitled
WP needs a page to list Christian musicians who do not fall into the Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) category or historical or modern Gospel music. There are acoustic guitar and country types of Christian music, and artists in those genres. I've listed two (Dennis Agajanian and Fernando Ortega) who just don't easily fit into CCM or Gospel categories. While they don't yet have WP articles written on them as yet, I believe they are deserving of such. Thanks for your kind consideration of this. --avnative 14:57, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

I noticed that someone added Michael Praetorius (early Baroque German composer) to this category. While it is literally true that he was a Christian musician--I would be hard pressed to name a single European musician prior to about 1750 who wasn't--is this really what you have in mind for this category? Or are you thinking more along the lines "contemporary Christian perfomers and songwriters in the field of popular music"? If this is intended to be an all-encompassing category of all musicians who were Christians, this will include every classical music genre composer (and performer) from the first recorded composers of Gregorian chant up until about 1700, and then about 80% of them after that, maybe 1000 names. Ideas anyone? Antandrus 17:45, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * More than a year later and it doesn't seem unmanageable. Maybe people have the good sense not to put any musician that just happens to be Christian. That said I think there are a few classical composers that would fit a category like this. Especially if they were near-exclusively known for non-Catholic Christian music. (As there is a Category:Roman Catholic musicians)--T. Anthony 15:25, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm going to add a note to the front page formalizing this consensus that Christian musicians are musicians who make Christian music, not musicians who are also Christian.--M @ r ē ino 21:00, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia also needs a category for musicians who are Christian, but who do not acknowledge Christian themes in their music. --Mookabear 05:26, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Let's set this page aside specifically for Christian artists who make music with Christian themes and/or for the Christian market.

WAVY 10 16:23, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Wavy 10. Will (Talk - contribs) 20:31, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Dedicated Christian Music Wiki available
See http://christianmusic.wikia.com. We could use all the help you can provide. Will (Talk - contribs) 04:19, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Bryn Haworth
Not sure why Bryn is listed under B and not under H? Martinevans123 (talk) 23:04, 23 November 2008 (UTC)


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Sutton-in-Ashfield

Sutton-in-Ashfield is a market town in Nottinghamshire, England, with a population of 48,527 in 2019. It is the largest town in the district of Ashfield, four miles west of Mansfield, 2 mi from the Derbyshire border and 12 mi north of Nottingham.

Geography
For demographic purposes Sutton-in-Ashfield is included in the Mansfield Urban Area, although it administratively forms part of the separate council district of Ashfield, which is based in Kirkby-in-Ashfield. To the north is Teversal, Skegby and Stanton Hill.

History
The area was first settled in the Saxon times and the Saxon suffix "ton" means "an enclosure or fenced in clearing". The town appears in the Domesday Book in 1086 as "Sutone". There are also documents from 1189 showing that Gerard, son of Walter de Sutton, gave two bovates of land and the church at Sutton to Thurgarton Priory.

Landmarks
Sutton-in-Ashfield is home to what was the largest sundial in Europe. It is located in the middle of Portland Square, adjacent to the Idlewells Shopping Centre and Sutton Community Academy. The sundial was unveiled on 29 April 1995.

Sutton-in-Ashfield Town Hall was opened in 1889, and later served as a cinema, before becoming the Regency Dance Centre.

The former site of Silverhill Colliery, close to the village of Teversal on the north-west edge of Ashfield, has been transformed from the colliery to a woodland, which features several walks for all abilities and also features the highest point in Nottinghamshire. At the highest point stands a monument to all the miners who have worked in the area's coalfields.

King's Mill Hospital is between Sutton-in-Ashfield and Mansfield, next to the A38.

The town has an Asda that in April 1999 held the first blessing ceremony and reception to take place in a UK supermarket. It had been unable to get a wedding ceremony licence.

The Sherwood Observatory is located on the B6139 and is run by the Mansfield and Sutton Astronomical Society.

Churches
The Sutton-in-Ashfield area was first settled in Saxon times and the first records of a place of worship in the area date from Norman times (1170). As the population of the settlement grew so the variety of religious denominations represented increased. This was particularly true during the industrial expansion of the nineteenth century. The following is a list of the churches that still have a presence in Sutton, together with brief historical details.

Church of St Mary Magdalene
This Anglican church, situated off Lammas Road and built in local stone, contains a few parts that date back to 1170. The tower and spire date from 1395. However, much of the rest of the church was subject to re-building in the second half of the nineteenth century. The church is a Grade II* listed building.

By American searches, on 5 July 1607, Edward Fitzrandolph was baptised at St. Mary's Church Sutton, marrying Elizabeth Blossom in Scituate, Massachusetts - they are Barack Obama's 10x great-grandparents.

Church of St Michael and All Angels
This was another Anglican church in Sutton, situated at the junction of Outram Street with St Michael's Street. The church was built in two stages. The first stage was designed by John Folwler of Louth and opened in 1887. The second stage was designed by Louis Ambler and completed in 1909. The church building is still standing but is no longer in use for worship.

Church of St Joseph the Worker
In the early part of the twentieth century, Catholics worshipped in one another's homes or in a room above a garage off of Outram Street. In 1961, a full-size church was opened in Forest Street. This was designed in a Romanesque style with a 70 feet tall bell tower.

Church of St John
In 2015, Methodism in Sutton-in-Ashfield is represented by St John's Methodist Church in Titchfield Avenue. This church was built (and later extended) in the twentieth century. Over the years, there have been Methodist churches in several locations around the town:
 * There were Primitive Methodist churches on Mansfield Road (built 1866, now a Zion Baptist Church) and at New Cross (built 1895, now the Ecumenical Partnership Community Church).
 * There was a Wesleyan Methodist Chapel on the south side of Outram Street. This was erected in 1882.  An adjoining Sunday School in Welbeck Street was opened in 1904 and was demolished around 2011.

United Reformed Church
This church on High Pavement was opened in 1906. The architects of the building were G. Baines & Son of London and the builders were J. Greenwood's of Mansfield. Mainly because of the unusual nature of the pews inside, it is a Grade II Listed Building.

New Cross Community Church
This was built in 1895 as a Primitive Methodist Church. It is now run by the New Cross Community Church Anglican/Methodist Local Ecumenical Partnership.

Zion Baptist Church
This was built in 1866 as a Primitive Methodist Chapel. It is now a Zion Baptist Church and is closely associated with the adjoining Eastside Community Centre.

Coal mining
Sutton Colliery was actually outside of the town in Stanton Hill. It closed in 1989.

Hosiery
The Pretty Polly brand of hosiery originated in the town in around 1927, and was manufactured there on Unwin Road until April 2005. Samuel Eden Socks closed in July 2005.

Distribution centre
A major new employer arrived in the area when Amazon created in 2020 a new warehouse and distribution facility, known as a "fulfilment centre", with the promise of 1,000 new vacancies. It is situated at Summit Park, just off the MARR road, on the outskirts of Sutton in Ashfield, close to the boundary with Mansfield. Mansfield's MP Ben Bradley stated it was fortunate that the development would help to mitigate slightly the harmful financial effects of COVID-19 restrictions on the community.

Road
The town is located about two miles from Junction 28 of the M1 motorway and accessed via the A38. The A38 Bypass, which opened in 2005, is a wide single-carriageway that passes through much of the eastern part of the town, meeting the A619 Mansfield Bypass at Kings Mill. The former main road through the town centre is now identified as the B6023 and includes Alfreton Road, Lammas Road, Priestsic Road and Mansfield Road. Other main roads include Kirkby Road, Station Road, Huthwaite Road and Outram Street.

Buses
Sutton-in-Ashfield is served by Trentbarton which provides regular bus services from Nottingham, Mansfield and Derby and Stagecoach East Midlands with its Mansfield Miller 1 route between Mansfield and Alfreton, with service to the East Midlands Designer Outlet. The bus station is located next to the Idlewells Shopping Centre.

Rail
The town was served by five stations. Only one is now open:

 * Sutton Junction on the Robin Hood Line which closed in the 1960s.'''
 * Sutton Parkway which now serves the town on the Robin Hood Line which has since the 1990s provided the town with regular rail service between Nottingham and Worksop. The station is two miles south of the town centre at the junction of Low Moor Road (B6021) towards Kirkby-in-Ashfield and Penny Emma Way. The railway was formerly mostly used by the area's pits, which closed in the early 1990s.
 * Sutton-in-Ashfield Central was on the now-defunct Mansfield Railway and the station was located south of the town centre. The site is now occupied by a steel merchant.
 * Sutton General which was on a very short branch from Sutton Junction. The station was closed to passengers in the 1920s and the site is now occupied by a retail store.
 * Sutton-in-Ashfield Town which was on the branch line from Nottingham Victoria to Shirebrook North. The station closed in 1931 and the line in 1968. The site has been razed but the old abandoned station master's house can be seen, in a state of decay. The line is now part of the Skegby Trail.

Television
The town receives its television signals from various regional transmitters: Belmont (BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire/ITV Yorkshire East), Emley Moor (BBC Yorkshire/ITV Yorkshire West), and Waltham (BBC East Midlands/ITV Central).

Radio
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Nottingham on 95.5 FM, Capital Midlands on 96.5 FM and community based station, Mansfield 103.2 FM which broadcast from nearby Mansfield.

Newspapers
The town is served by the local newspaper, Mansfield and Ashfield Chad.

Recreation facilities
Sutton-in-Ashfield has had a public swimming pool since 1926. The first one was built on Brook Street and was paid for by the local Miners Welfare fund. Initially, the pool was only open during the summer months, with the pool being covered and used as a dancehall in the winter. In 1969, a new 25m-long pool (with high diving board and 4m deep end) was opened next door to the original pool (which was from then on used as a teaching pool). In the 1970s, as part of the construction of the Sutton Centre School, a public ice rink was provided. In 2008, the Brook Street swimming pools and the Sutton Centre ice rink were closed and the Lammas Leisure Centre on Lammas Road opened. The formal opening was performed by Dame Kelly Holmes. The Lammas Leisure Centre has 2 swimming pools (main and teaching), an ice rink (home to Sutton Sting Ice Hockey Academy), a gym, a multi-purpose sports hall and an indoor bowling green.

Sports clubs
There is a local athletics club, the Sutton-in-Ashfield Harriers & Athletics Club, and swimming club associated with both local schools and the Lammas Leisure Centre itself. There is also the Coxmoor Golf Club on Coxmoor Road (B6139), next to the A611. As a result of local council grant applications for sport development, Sebastian Coe opened a new athletics track for the town at the nearby Ashfield School in February 2007.

Sutton Town AFC
Sutton Town was a football club founded in 1923. Known as the Snipes, the team was a member of the Midland League from 1923 to 1927. The club was reborn in 1958 and was a member of the Midland League until 1982 when the club became a founding member of the Northern Counties East League. In 1992, the team name was changed to Ashfield United, but the team folded after the 1996–97 season. North Notts Football Club began operations in 2000 as a member of the Central Midlands League, changing its name to Sutton Town AFC for the 2001–03 season. The team finished runner up in 2002–03, winning promotion to the Northern Counties East League. In 2004-05 the club won promotion to the NCEL Premier Division. However, in 2007–08, the club resigned from the NCEL and moved down the football pyramid to the Central Midlands League. The club was promoted to the East Midlands Counties League in 2013 but in June 2014 the club resigned from the league after they were unable to come to a suitable agreement over a lease at home ground "The Fieldings" that would enable them to get promoted in the future, which was a league requirement.

Greyhound racing
A greyhound racing track was opened around the Avenue Ground situated on the Mansfield Road behind the Pot Makers Arms, a venue used by Sutton Town AFC. The first meeting took place on 14 May 1932. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and was known as a flapping track, which was the nickname given to independent tracks. Racing came to an end there on 13 May 1972.

Kings Mill reservoir
The reservoir, which lies within Sutton in Ashfield itself and not in the neighbouring town of Mansfield, is home to the Mill Adventure Base with sailing activities. This is one of three Nottinghamshire adventure bases, with the other two at Holme Pierrepont (Lakeside) and Worksop (Sandhill), all of which are available for people aged 11–19. The sailing club has used the reservoir since 1959. Kings Mill received its name from a mill on the north-east of the reservoir, once owned by John Cockle and his wife, who gave Henry II of England a night's lodgings and breakfast during his reign.

Nature
To the west is the 250 acre Brierley Forest Park, built on the site of Sutton Colliery, also known as Brierley Colliery, which was named due to many of the miners coming from Brierley Hill. It is a nature reserve and opened in 1999, it holds the Green Flag Award. Kings Mill Reservoir is also a nature reserve.

Notable people

 * Pascal Broadley, cricketer
 * Jake Buxton, footballer for Mansfield Town, Burton Albion and Derby County
 * Kris Commons, footballer for Stoke City, Nottingham Forest, Derby County and Celtic
 * Andrew Lewis, composer
 * Jeremiah Brandreth, last person to be publicly beheaded with an axe in the United Kingdom in 1817.
 * Trevor Ashmore, famous for his museum quality forgeries of Anglo-Saxon and early English coinage
 * Michael Willetts, one of the first British soldiers to be killed during The Troubles in Northern Ireland
 * Jimmy Walker, football goalkeeper previously of Walsall and West Ham
 * Alex Baptiste, football defender for Mansfield Town, Blackpool F.C. and Bolton Wanderers.
 * Horace Burrows, footballer for Sheffield Wednesday and England
 * Wayne Bullimore, footballer for Barnsley
 * Lisa McKenzie, sociologist based at Durham University
 * John Briggs (1862–1902) born in Lord Street, the only man to have scored a 100 and taken a hat-trick in the history of Ashes cricket
 * Joel Peat, lead guitarist in band Lawson
 * Parosha Chandran, first professor of modern slavery law at King's College, London, human rights barrister

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sutton-in-Ashfield


text: Category:Battles of the Seven Years' War


text:
Talk:Apple maggot

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 4 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Listephanie. Peer reviewers: Sydney.stein7, ArndtH, Chickfilkay.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:34, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Interestingly, this is one of those cases where nobody in real life capitalizes the species name. Being a pest and all, there are a great many pages written by various authorities who need to use the common name so as to communicate better with the apple growers, but I haven't yet found a page where they capitalize the name. Stan 15:01, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Apple maggot (fly) - evolved where?
This article gives as an example of divergent evolution the history the apple maggot fly, which it states as having occurred between 1800 - 1850 in North America.

Yet the 'wiki' article on 'divergent evolution' gives as a time and place for the evolution of this fly as being from 1850s in Australia.

Both articles can't be correct, can they? So if not, which article is correct? Van Dieman (talk) 05:13, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Edits and major expansion
As part of my behavioral ecology class for Project Diptera, I have added the following new sections: Description, Distribution and habitat, Life history, Feeding behavior, Mating, Enemies, Protective mimicry (section heading), and Interaction with humans. I have expanded the section "Evolution" and reorganized some information about mimicry from the lead section to the new section "Protective mimicry." In addition, I added an image showing different stages of the fly to "Description." I have added eight new credible sources and improved the citation for the source by Weems, which I also used but was originally cited already. I used in-text citations, and my sources are peer-reviewed journal articles. My classmates assisted in proofreading and fact-checking in reference to my sources. I also added the WikiProject Diptera banner. Listephanie (talk) 04:40, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review
Which is in progress.

In general this article is awesome! Great job, Stephanie. All of my changes are fairly minor--much of the content is here in my opinion, so I resorted to focusing on narrative/wording to yield substantive edits.

I deleted a claim in the lead section about from where the apple magot came from because it sparked controversy on the talk page--apparently two different articles said two different things about how it evolved.

Some of the language and wording is a bit awkward or nonspecific, so I rearranged a sentence or two for clarity. I also noted on at least one occasion in which a citation is needed. I linked a wikipedia page at least once for at least one word that was not otherwise linked or cited. In general, I would err on the side of having a citation for every claim.For a science article like this it means close to every sentence unfortunately…

Replaced “difficult to detect” (according to who? Possibly subjective) to “blend in ” for example.

Reworded vague terms like “generally speaking” so that the article is more straight to the point (etc etc, changes like these)

Are you able to find any pictures of the developing larvae? Those would be nice to complement the text descriptions.

No need to do a reference in text as well as an end of sentence citation for that 2000 study (nor the 1995 study...so I deleted the in text references and left the citations). I am also not positive it should be included because it is an independent study (I believe the 1995 study is independent research as well) and it’s unclear to me if the foundings are considered the consensus finding?

Great work again!

Chickfilkay (talk) 05:09, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Great article, I can definitely see why it was posted to the “Did you know” page! The corrections I made were mainly for style and grammar- some of the sentences were structured a little awkwardly so I rearranged them to flow a little better. Also I moved around some of the citations so that they appeared at the end of the sentence as opposed to in the middle. Some phrases/sentences were redundant so I took them out as well. (Sydney.stein7) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sydney.stein7 (talk • contribs) 00:44, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

This was an extremely well-written and thorough article. I made small changes in grammar and word choice, as well as added italicizations and punctuation where necessary. I eliminated double spacing after periods and in the middle of sentences, and got rid of some phrases that seemed redundant or otherwise needed concision. I changed the sentence structure of some sentences that seemed in danger of being run-on. I added the subheading "Control" under Interactions with Humans, to differentiate aspects of their interaction. I also completed the caption for the photo from the USDA with 6 figures and added some internal links. Like the other reviewers, I can really tell why this was on the front page of Wikipedia. The quality of writing is excellent. ArndtH (talk) 04:53, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

This is a good article. The main things I fixed on this page were spacing and grammar, such as shortening sentences and removing unnecessary commas. I also hyperlinked "overwinter." I recommend that you add more citations, especially to the overview. There is an arrow formatted into the overview that should be removed. Also, instead of saying "worm" in the overview you should say the actual term. I think the information in the parenthesis in the overview can be put in a different place so that the sentence is shorter and easier to understand. Finally, I think the Description section can be better organized.Hannahwhite97 (talk) 22:50, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

Hi Stephanie, this is a really comprehensive, well-written article! The entry has a breadth of detailed information on this fly species already, so I focused on editing sentence structure and grammar to bring it up to GA status. There were a few wordy sentences that I edited to be more succinct, and a sentence was repeated in the last paragraph of the last section in “Interactions with humans”, so I removed the redundant sentence. I internally linked a few more words to existing Wikipedia articles as well. RappaiT (talk) 05:44, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

This article is extremely comprehensive and well detailed. The writing structure is laid out in a clear organized format and research is cited accordingly. I made a few grammar/syntax changes and added additional research to the "Control" section of the fly. Overall, great work! Rchiou (talk) 15:34, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apple maggot


text:
Odd John

Odd John: A Story Between Jest and Earnest is a 1935 science fiction novel by the British author Olaf Stapledon. The novel explores the theme of the Übermensch (superman) in the character of John Wainwright, whose supernormal human mentality inevitably leads to conflict with normal human society and to the destruction of the utopian colony founded by John and other superhumans.

The novel resonates with the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche and the work of English writer J. D. Beresford, with an allusion to Beresford's superhuman child character of Victor Stott in The Hampdenshire Wonder (1911). As the devoted narrator remarks, John does not feel obliged to observe the restricted morality of Homo sapiens. Stapledon's recurrent vision of cosmic angst – that the universe may be indifferent to intelligence, no matter how spiritually refined – also gives the story added depth. Later explorations of the theme of the superhuman and of the incompatibility of the normal with the supernormal occur in the works of Stanisław Lem, Frank Herbert, Wilmar Shiras, Robert Heinlein and Vernor Vinge, among others.

The book is mentioned by Julian May in Intervention, part of the Galactic Milieu Series. It is also responsible for coining the term "homo superior".

Protagonist
John is extremely intelligent even if he is stunted in his physical development. Like Stapledon himself, he believes in communist ideas but is critical of mainstream Marxism. He is also quite vain and highly skillful in the arts of seduction. From a human viewpoint, he can be considered amoral or perhaps to be following a morality beyond human understanding.

Outline

 * 1) John and Author. A physical description of John Wainwright.
 * 2) The First Phase. His parents, and his life from birth (around 1910) to five years of age. At the age of four, he learns to speak; nine months later, he learns to count. He claims to learn all of mathematics, and develops an ability to visualise n-dimensional space.
 * 3) Enfant Terrible. He learns to walk at the age of six, and practises acrobatics and fighting with a neighbourhood boy called Stephen. He studies biology and jujitsu.
 * 4) John and his Elders. John's relationships with people around him. He is taken to see factories and mines, and waylays people of interest to interview them. The interview with "Mr Magnate".
 * 5) Thought and Action. John occupies himself with toys, and studies philosophy. His burglaries, and his murder of Smithson.
 * 6) Many Inventions. John's friendship with the six-year-old Judy. His secret laboratory and his inventions.
 * 7) Financial Ventures. John uses the author as a go-between to sell the inventions. He speculates financially and is cheated. He tries to study directly with financiers.
 * 8) Scandalous Adolescence. John has gay affairs, and courts a much older woman named Europa. After that, it is indirectly hinted that he copulated with his own mother.
 * 9) Methods of a Young Anthropologist. John interviews famous people using various ruses. He travels to France, Germany, Italy and Scandinavia. He plays the part of a backward child while visiting a psychiatrist.
 * 10) The World's Plight. John discusses current affairs with the narrator, and asserts that he has no interest in helping humanity.
 * 11) Strange Encounters. John goes on "holiday" in Scotland, and the narrator hears bizarre reports from two climbers named McWhist and Norton.
 * 12) John in the Wilderness. John returns and gives an account of his austerities and his spiritual experiences.
 * 13) John Seeks his Kind. He develops telepathy, and uses it to discover two beings similar to himself: a musical madman named James Jones, and a crippled child in the Hebrides.
 * 14) Engineering Problems. He conceives the idea of creating a colony of "supernormals", and builds a yacht and a plane.
 * 15) Jacqueline. The story of a superhuman in Paris, who was born in 1765.
 * 16) Adlan. The story of a superhuman in Egypt, born in 1512, who communicates with John 35 years after his own death.
 * 17) Ng-Gunko and Lo. A 12-year-old Ethiopian boy and a 17-year-old Siberian girl join John.
 * 18) The Skid's First Voyage. They travel to the South Pacific, picking up many colleagues on the way. On arrival they take over an island, massacring the original inhabitants.
 * 19) The Colony is Founded. John and Lo briefly return to England.
 * 20) The Colony in Being. The narrator travels to the island and describes the colony.
 * 21) The Beginning of the End. The island is discovered by a British surveying vessel called the Viking. This is followed by a visit from two British light cruisers, a visit from the Soviets, and a final attempt at mass arrest by an international expedition. All are repelled with psionic attacks.
 * 22) The End. Mercenaries invade the island, but are driven away with harsh psionic attacks. On 15 December 1933, the colonists deliberately destroy their own island.

Film rights
George Pal bought the rights to Odd John and in 1966 Castle of Frankenstein magazine reported that actor David McCallum would play the title role.

title: Odd John


text:
Henry Nicholas Ridley

Henry Nicholas Ridley CMG (1911), MA (Oxon), FRS, FLS, F.R.H.S. (10 December 1855 – 24 October 1956) was an English botanist, geologist and naturalist who lived much of his life in Singapore. He was instrumental in promoting rubber trees in the Malay Peninsula that led to a level of rapid deforestation, instrumental in the 1926 Great Flood. For the fervour with which he pursued this work he came to be known as "Mad Ridley".

Life
Henry Ridley was the second son and third child born to Louisa Pole Stuart and Oliver Matthew Ridley in West Harling in Norfolk, where his father was the Rector. At the age of three his mother died and his father moved to Cobham in Kent. He studied at Tonbridge School and then went to Haileybury where his brother Stuart also studied. At Cobham, he had taken to the idea of collecting insects and he continued this at Haileybury where the school encouraged him to publish a "List of the Mammals and Coleoptera of Haileybury". The two brothers left Haileybury and Henry went to a private tutor at Medmenham near Henley who encouraged him in Zoology and then went to Exeter College, Oxford where he studied under Edwin Ray Lankester and George Rolleston while also taking an interest in botany and geology under the influence of Marmaduke Lawson and Joseph Prestwich. He graduated in 1878 and received a Burdett-Coutts scholarship that let him conduct research on fossils from quarries near Oxford. He then joined the British Museum in the botany department to replace Henry Trimen who had moved to Ceylon. He specialised in the monocotyledons and also began to travel around Europe. In 1887 he joined the Royal Society expedition with George Ramage to the island of Fernando de Noronha off Brazil, and published on the collections on returning. In 1888 he applied and was selected for the post of director of Gardens and Forests in the Straits Settlements. He was to meet Odoardo Beccari at Florence for information and to meet Trimen at Peradeniya to learn about rubber cultivation along the route.

Reaching Singapore, he was the first scientific director in charge of the botanical gardens and in charge of introducing new plants of economical value. Ridley established the methods for harvesting latex from Pará rubber plants which had been introduced ten years earlier by Sir Hugh Low apart from starting a zoological section in the gardens in 1870. Ridley explored the regions around including Penang and Malacca. In 1894 his post was abolished as the expenditure was found to exceed the revenues obtained. Ridley returned briefly to England but the removal of the post was however objected to by William Turner Thiselton-Dyer and Ridley went back to Selangor to advise on forest reservation.

Ridley spent many years promoting rubber as a commercial product, which he was known for being passionate; therefore, he was nicknamed "Mad Ridley". In 1895, he discovered a means of tapping which did not seriously damage the rubber trees. Ridley was also largely responsible for establishing the rubber industry on the Malay Peninsula, where he resided for twenty years. The area under Pará rubber slowly increased after 1898 when a Chinese landowner, Tan Chay Yan, grew 40 acres successfully, leading to more people taking to rubber cultivation.

Ridley was also working on the botany of the region, collecting widely. He then returned to England in 1911 and stayed at Kew to work on a botanical treatise of the region. This five-volume Flora was published from 1922 to 1925. In 1930, he published a seminal and comprehensive work on plant dispersal. This work was the culmination of his own observations over several years, and a review of widely scattered literature on the subject. On his 100th birthday in 1955 he received a visit from the High Commissioner of the soon-to-be independent Malaya.

He married Lily Eliza Doran when he was 83 years old. Ridley died in Kew, short of his 101st birthday on 24 October 1956.

Publications
A near-complete list of publications can be found in the 80th birthday dedication issue of the Gardens' Bulletin (1935). The following are a few selected publications.

Eponymous species
Several species are named after Henry Ridley, including Diospyros ridleyi, Stenolepis ridleyi, and Amphisbaena ridleyi. It has been claimed that the olive ridley sea turtle is named after him, but this has been questioned as there is insufficient evidence. It is more likely that the turtle's common name comes from the word "riddle".

In 1913, botanist Rudolf Schlechter published Ridleyella, a monotypic genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. The sole species is Ridleyella paniculata, which is endemic to New Guinea.

Then in 1998, botanists A.Weber & B.L.Burtt published Ridleyandra, a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants from Borneo, Malay and Thailand, belonging to the family Gesneriaceae and it also was named in Ridley's honour.

title: Henry Nicholas Ridley


text:
Wikipedia:Restoring part of a reverted edit

Restoring part of a reverted edit is a recommended practice in online collaborative writing.

Often when an article version contains more than one disagreeable passage, it is easy to revert to a previous version. This gets rid of all the "mistakes" in a few seconds, but it also can eliminate "good stuff", discourage other editors, and spark an edit war.

Don't throw out the baby with the bath water

If some of an edit is bad, but the other half is good, please do not revert all of it. It's better to mine the old version for good stuff and selectively keep it. Just throw out the bad stuff.

Save my baby!
If someone discarded some good stuff when reverting, please don't revert the reversion. This can spark an edit war.

Just find some of the good stuff and put it into the current version. Then do a diff and look for more good stuff. Repeat as needed.


text:
Falster

Falster is an island in south-eastern Denmark with an area of 486.2 km2 and 43,398 inhabitants as of 1 January 2010. Located in the Kattegat, Belts and Sound area, it is part of Region Zealand and is administered by Guldborgsund Municipality. Falster includes Denmark's southernmost point, Gedser Odde, near Gedser.

The largest town is Nykøbing Falster with over 40% of the island's inhabitants. Other towns include Stubbekøbing, Nørre Alslev and Gedser.

Falster has motor and railway links both to the larger island of Zealand to the north and to the island of Lolland to the south-west. These links also lead to the smaller islands of Masnedø and Farø. European route E47 links Copenhagen to Hamburg (Germany) via Falster.

History
From medieval times until 1766, most of Falster belonged to the crown. King Valdemar's Census Book from c. 1231 lists all the parishes and most of the villages. Falster's two main towns, Nykøbing and Stubbekøbing, were both founded towards the end of the 12th century.

In medieval times, the island was marked by wars with the Wends in 1158 and with Lübeck in 1253. The census of 1509 includes only 90 of the 110 villages mentioned earlier. By contrast, it mentions 29 new settlements mainly along the coast.

In the 16th century, Falster had a number of farms which were owned by the local nobility but, from 1560 to 1630, they were slowly returned to the crown which once again owned the entire island. Therefore, Falster could therefore be used as the dowry for Frederick III's wife, Sophie Amalie but as a result of the high taxes which resulted, many of the farms were deserted.

Falster was managed as a crown estate from 1718 until 1766 when it was sold by auction and divided up into ten large farms, five of which were given large new fields. But as the fields had to be prepared through the serfdom of local peasants, this led to many disputes.

The villages were replaced by the community from 1778 to 1814, and gradually moved to freehold tenants, a process which was only completed in about 1860.

Falster experienced significant economic expansion after 1880 when, with the establishment of cooperative dairies and slaughterhouses, farming was concentrated on livestock production and forage crops. There was also an increase in the cultivation of sugar beet which was processed in factories at Nykøbing and Stubbekøbing between 1890 and 1914. Many seasonal workers, especially women, from Sweden and Poland came to help with harvesting the sugar beet and some of them stayed.

With the new railway from Orehoved to Nykøbing in 1872 and railway ferries to Masnedø (1884) and Warnemünde (1903), Falster slowly became a traffic hub. Its position was reinforced by the construction of the Storstrøm Bridge (1937) and Farø Bridges (1985).

Since 1975, Falster has been marked by high unemployment as a result of harder times for both farming and industry.

Towns and villages
, populations were as follows:

Tourism
With its marinas, sandy beaches and cycle tracks, Falster attracts tourists who wish to have relaxing holidays in unspoilt surroundings. One of the most popular resorts is Marielyst on the east coast.

Nykøbing offers a number of attractions including its old-town atmosphere with narrow streets. Of particular interest are the Middle Ages Centre, which is an open-air museum build as a part of a medieval town around year 1400 and the biggest attraction of the town. Among other attractions in Nykøbing are the Abbey Church (Klosterkirke) which was built in the 15th century, a City Museum and a zoo.

Scattered around the island are several minor museum such as Danish Tractor Museum and Crocodile Zoo in Eskilstrup, a motorbike and radio Museum in Stubbekøbing and a geological museum in Gedser, which holds the world's largest polished garnet by the name of "Nordstjernen" (the Northern Star).

Transport
Falster has a motorway and trunk roads linking its towns and villages.

Falster is connected to the larger island of Zealand to the north by the Farø Bridges (Farøbroerne) on European route E47 linking Copenhagen to Hamburg and the south. The Farø bridges join on the small island of Farø, and from there a further bridge gives access to the eastern neighbouring island of Møn. Falster is also connected to Zealand via the Storstrøm and Masnedsund bridges, via the island of Masnedø.

To the south-west, the E47 connects Falster to the island of Lolland via a tunnel under the Guldborgsund strait. There are two other bridges connecting to Lolland: the Guldborgsund Bridge at the northern end of the strait and the Frederick IX Bridge at Nykøbing Falster.

Nykøbing Falster's railway station is operated by Danish State Railways. There are regular passenger train services to Copenhagen via Ringsted. International trains operating between Copenhagen and Hamburg (via the train ferry between Rødby and Puttgarden) also call at the station. The company Lokaltog operates a rail service to Nakskov. The railway takes the Frederick IX bridge to Lolland and the Storstrøm and Masnedsund bridges to Zealand.

There are also frequent bus services linking Nykøbing with other towns and villages on the island as well as with destinations on Lolland, Møn and Zealand.

Cultural references

 * Marie Grubbe, whose tragic life has been the subject of several works of art including most notably Jens Peter Jacobsen's 1876 novel published in English as Marie Grubbe. A Lady of the Seventeenth Century in 1917, spent her last years in poverty on Falster.

Notable residents
People who were born, or have lived on Falster include:
 * Marie Grubbe (1643–1718), noble woman, lived Stubbekøbing
 * Hans Egede (1686 - 1758 in Stubbekøbing), Lutheran missionary
 * Charles August Selby (1755–1823) English-Danish merchant and landowner, built the Orupgaard manor house near Idestrup
 * Bernhard Severin Ingemann (1789 in Torkilstrup – 1862), novelist and poet
 * Otto Valdemar Koch (1852 in Sønder Kirkeby – 1902) architect and local politician
 * Sophus Torup (1861 in Nykøbing, Falster – 1937) physiologist who settled in Norway
 * Evald Nielsen (1879 in Stubbekøbing – 1958) silversmith
 * Rasmus Sigvardt (1886 in Orehoved - ??) a mechanic, he opened a cycle repair shop which later developed into an engine factory
 * Peter Freuchen (1886 in Nykøbing Falster - 1957), Arctic explorer, author, and anthropologist
 * Peter Laurits Jensen (1886-1961) engineer, inventor, entrepreneur and invented the first loudspeaker
 * Jørgen Hare (1923 in Eskilstrup – 2007) sports shooter, competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics
 * Connie Kruckow (born 1953) nurse who headed The Danish Nurses' Organization
 * Frederik Magle (born 1977 in Stubbekøbing), composer, organist and pianist
 * Mads Rasmussen (born 1981 in Idestrup), rower

title: Falster


text:
Category:Battles of the French and Indian War

 * For the European theater, see: Category:Battles of the Seven Years' War.
 * This was the last of a series of conflicts referred to as the French and Indian Wars.


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User talk:Mneumisi

This is my talk page.

Mneumisi is my user name. If you try, you can probably find out what my real name is, but I don't go around blabbing it.

I generally try to follow a few different articles related to US law and legal practice, and sometimes other aspects of Wikiworld.

Regulatory Offences
I would have to disagree with your suggestion to remove absolute liability. In Canada at least, regulatory offences are a well-defined area of the criminal law that is divided into the two categories of liability. There is no regulatory agencies involved, rather they are criminal prohibitions just like the rest of criminal law and can be found described in any Canadian criminal law text. -- PullUpYourSocks 01:39, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * In the US, or at least where I went to lawschool, it is simply a criminal violation without mens rea.Maybe there needs to be two articles for US and Canadian law.Manney 03:01, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Pro Se
I wonder who the hidden identity of Mneumisi is, a famous lawyer perhaps? Anyway, I can think of no reason to remove my comment about the pro se these days not getting much recognition in court proceedings, and believe me, I know. I created a website for the use of pro ses to link them with self-help facilities (johnclarkprose.com). It also shows how lawyers consistently take advantage of pro ses, sometimes with the approval of the judge. My website is not promoted here. I just want to point out that I know from bitter experience, and it needn't be that way.

At any rate, the entry as it existed appears to suggest that pro ses going forward unrepresented are doomed to failure, and should hire a lawyer.

I won't put my insertion back, but I hope to hear from others on this talk page. It is one of the most misunderstood and under discussed and burning issues of the day. Something should be said to ameliorate the subject on the page as it presently stands. It presents an anti pro se pov. The alternative would be to remove the observation that hiring a lawyer is best, and just state facts and not opinions. JohnClarknew 18:25, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, famous no, but in full disclosure I am a lawyer. One thing I have seen in my job, both in observation and through experience, is that pro se litigants and defendants are constantly taken advantage of primarily because litigation requires a huge body of knowledge. For example, there are many rigid deadlines and requirements for pleadings that a person probably couldn't know if they didn't spend a lot of time (in my case full time) following them. In that regard, I don't disagree with your point that the system as it is set up discourages or penalizes people who just want to take care of their own business and not give up the rest of their life or pay a lawyer.

 * I do believe in NPOV, however, and your point is well-taken that it is not a good position for an encyclopedic article to advocate one position over the other. To that extent I have edited pro se extensively to try and remove bias as much as possible, and add a few much needed citations.Manney 21:33, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

My hat is off to you, Manney. The entry is now very acceptable, good even. Just asking, are you male or female, US or Canadian? I'm both, citizenship, that is. Hey, look at my site. It's all performance art, really. Mine's not over yet, and I am giving up the rest of my life. Wanna do some pro bono work for me? I currently have an appeal before the Ninth Circuit. Contact me through my site. JohnClarknew 03:14, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with you to merge all of the other related stubs and articles into Pro se. Bearian 19:22, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

You helped choose Coffee as this week's WP:AID winner
– ClockworkSoul 04:06, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Professional school for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Professional school is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Professional school until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Rathfelder (talk) 22:10, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mneumisi


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Jerry Denny

Jeremiah Dennis Denny (born Jeremiah Dennis Eldridge; March 16, 1859 – August 16, 1927) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball. He played for the Providence Grays (1881–1885), St. Louis Maroons (1886), Indianapolis Hoosiers (1888–1889), New York Giants (1890–1891), Cleveland Spiders (1891), Philadelphia Phillies (1891), and Louisville Colonels (1893–1894). He also played 86 games at shortstop in six seasons.

After leaving the major leagues, Denny continued playing minor league baseball until 1902. He was the last major league position player (non-pitcher) to play his entire career on the diamond without wearing a fielding glove.

Name
Eldridge attended St. Mary's College, Phoenix, Arizona, in the late 1870s, and wanted to play semi-professional baseball during the summer months, when he wasn't playing for the college as an amateur. He used the pseudonym "Jerry Denny" to hide his professional play from the college.

Professional achievements
Denny holds the major league record for most chances by a third baseman in a single game, handling 16 chances during an 18-inning match on August 17, 1882.

In 1884, Denny helped the National League champion Grays defeat the New York Metropolitans of the American Association in the major leagues' first post-season championship match-up. That season, he was the Grays' leader in home runs (six, and one in the championship series) and runs batted in (59), and second in extra-base hits (37).

Denny's career totals are 1,237 games, 4,946 at bats, 714 runs, 1,286 hits, 238 doubles, 76 triples, 74 home runs, 667 RBI, 130 stolen bases, 173 walks, and a batting average of .260.

"Denny was a rarity among power-hitters in that he drew very few walks, a factor that led to his offensive value being overrated throughout his career," wrote baseball historian Craig Wright, who explained: "[Denny's] batting averages were very normal for a position player of his era, but he walked so little that when he retired he had the second worst on-base percentage (.287) among major leaguers with 5000 plate appearances."

Unconventional fielding technique
At the time Denny began his professional career, fielding gloves had not yet become standard equipment, other than padded mitts for catchers and first basemen. Fielding gloves gradually gained acceptance between 1885 and the mid-1890s, but Denny refused to adapt. He was one of the few ambidextrous major league players; although he threw primarily with his right arm, he could also toss with his left. This gave him a defensive advantage at his customary field position—in ranging to his left on a ground ball, if he saw a play at second base, instead of having to transfer the ball to his right hand while pivoting and repositioning his body (as third basemen would customarily do), Denny could dispatch the ball to second with his left hand. This skill contributed to his refusal to wear a glove in the field, long after most players considered gloves essential.

title: Jerry Denny


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Talk:History of bus transport in Hong Kong

Untitled
The following text was moved from the article page: olivier 15:10, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * "The original author of this page does not have any connections with Mike Davis, which is a great author on the subject, nor any bus enthuaist pages. The original author put this is Wiki to share out knowledge to the masses."

Will there be any coverage on the residents' buses (邨巴)?

Will there be any coverage on the residents' buses (邨巴)?

Will there be any coverage on the residents' buses (邨巴)?

Will there be any coverage on residents' bus service (邨巴)?

To unnamed commentor: Welcome to Wiki. Since Wiki is open to all to edit, you might work on it if you feel fit. I myself would restraint from working on this seriously except on the part of Citybus, since there was nothing really significant on their part, except providing excellent express service and creating some chaos. If anyone could put in more in this area then I'll be happy to contribute --XF95．邪 13:13, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bus drivers - gender
This may sound odd, but should we include bus companies' different willingness to employ female drivers over the years? This is not an attempt to make a feminist micro-history of buses: the refusal by CMB to employ female drivers had real effects. In the 1993 my husband's colleague was killed by a 70-year-old male driver who was no longer fit to drive, but had been brought out of retirement because of a shortage of drivers: CMB were declining to employ women. Meanwhile, Citybus were making newspaper headlines by employing a woman driver (first ever?).

I'll take this under advisement - if people think it's a daft thing to include, then clearly it shouldn't go in! Cheers, JackyR 22:51, 15 November 2005 (UTC)


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Clarence Brown (disambiguation)

Clarence Brown (1890–1987) was an American film director.

Clarence Brown may also refer to:
 * Clarence J. Brown (1893–1965), Ohio congressman
 * Bud Brown (politician) (1927–2022), Ohio congressman, son and successor to the above
 * Clancy Brown (born 1959), American actor and voice actor, grandson and son to the above
 * Clarence Brown (baseball), Negro league baseball player
 * Clarence John Brown (1895–1973), U.S. Navy Vice Admiral
 * Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown (1924–2005), American R&B singer
 * (1929–2015), professor of Russian literature and comparative literature from Princeton University

title: Clarence Brown (disambiguation)


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Talk:Original Six

"Criticisms" section
The section entitled "Criticisms" doesn't actually come out and say who was criticising the league, although there are plenty of references to various books printed in the 1970s thriugh 1990s (none of which I have copies of.) The comments about the league's arguably unfair (and certainly restrictive) labor practices are fair enough, as are the comments about how few non-Canadian players there were, even on the four US-based teams. Even though I edited that part of the section, I am not sure if the comment about the playoff system being too easy is a fair one: the only alternatives would have been even easier. (Not to belabor the point, but the only other options would have been to have no playoffs at all, a 1-round 2-team playoff, or a system where one or more of the top teams got a bye.) The 50-mile territorial rights rule did give Montreal and Toronto a huge advantage, and Detroit a smaller advantage— but I marked "Boston" as dubious because then as now there was a lively amateur hockey scene in the Boston area. The Bruins' problem wasn't that young men weren't playing hockey in and around Boston so much as that the team was only recruiting players from the remainder of Canada outside the Montreal and Toronto areas. As for the Red Wings, they signed few if any players from Michigan, even though there were doubtless good young players on both sides of the St. Clair River. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 19:54, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

 * One can make such a speculative argument, but the fact of the matter was that the NHL was devoid of American players, not just through the most of the Original Six era but for years after expansion; major American-born stars didn't emerge before the 1980s. It's tough to argue that Boston had a leg up because it could sign Massachusetts-born players, when both plainly few (if any) in the league thought American players could compete, and Boston in that era suffered the longest playoff drought in NHL history up to the 1967 expansion.  As far as books for which you personally have no copies, I commend ordering copies up through your public library if you'd like to review them yourself.   Ravenswing   22:51, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The Bruins' first regular local player seems to have been Mike Milbury, who was born in 1952 and postdates the Original Six era. He played college hockey and was signed as a free agent. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 01:04, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Yep, Milbury was the first (tough to count Myles Lane, who only spent parts of two seasons with the Bruins). As to that, only one Massachusetts-born and raised player played so much as fifty games in the whole Original Six era -- Bill Moe, and there were just two others in NHL history up until that time.  Even now, over forty years after Milbury's debut, looking over the list of New England-born and raised players, if I were to pick out significant stars, there's not as much as a dozen: Amonte, Barrasso, Ftorek, Carpenter, Stevens (coincidentally, a freshman in my high school when I was a senior), Roenick, Tkachuk, Guerin, Janney, Quick and Leclair. By contrast, never mind mere significant stars, there are nearly twice as many Hall of Famers born within the municipal limits of Montreal.   Ravenswing   08:50, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

Original Six vs Solid Six
The popular term Original Six is incorrect. It perpetuates a false history of the NHL. I suggest that the term Solid Six be substituted in the name of accuracy.

The NHL began in 1917 with 4 (and sometimes 3) "original" teams over the first 7 seasons. (Only two of those [MTL & TOR] still exist in 2018.) The Boston Bruins, the first American team, didn't join until the 8th NHL season. Only in the 10th NHL season did the NY Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Red Wings (née Cougars) finally join the league. Hardly "original" teams with 7 previously existing clubs already playing.

However, by the beginning of the 1942 season the league had been decimated by WW II and reduced to six major market teams. These remaining teams, while they constituted the entire league for the next 25 years, are erroneously referred to the "Original Six" when they are clearly not. Even the NHL does not acknowledge four of these six teams as being "original" members of the league.

I propose that this article, and other Wikipedia references to "Original Six", be changed to the "Solid Six". In support of this suggestion, I refer to "The Complete Encyclopedia of Ice Hockey" (Prentice-Hall, 1970), Part IV, "From a Solid Six...To Expansion". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eustance McGargle (talk • contribs) 02:06, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The answer to that is supplied by WP:COMMONNAME, which holds that the proper name for an article is the name for a subject most frequently used in English-language sources; thus, Bill Clinton instead of William Jefferson Clinton, or Rhode Island instead of The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. I'm sure you can agree that the number of uses for "Original Six" would overwhelmingly dwarf all other terms combined.   Ravenswing   03:58, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

Criticisms, II
, that section you removed earlier today (which I just restored) may not have made sense to you, but you didn't ask either. Simply put, static rosters led to 20-year+ careers and a lack of skilled rookies because they were static: if the Powers That Were weren't all that interested in competition, and felt the fans liked familiar faces, then there just wouldn't be change. This was the opinion of many commentators, contemporaneously and afterwards.   Ravenswing     18:07, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

 * You sentence make no sense. I take it Terry Sawchuk, and Bobby Orr, two of the greatest players in their positions were mediocre rookies?  It still does not make sense.  It was poorly written.  It's better to not have it there, than written where it sounds as if the writer was writing nonsense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iamalwaysrightalways (talk • contribs)

 * Good grief. The sentence reads "... it is generally accepted that the weakest Calder Trophy winners (Rookies of the Year) of all time were selected in the 1950s and 1960s." It does not say "Every Calder winner in the Original Six era sucked."  But Pentti Lund?  Jack Gelineau?  Larry Regan?  Kent Douglas?  Brit Selby?  Howie Meeker?  Compare and contrast with the expansion era, even with many more teams.  For example, the stretch between 1970 and 1995 saw nineteen Calder winners make the Hall of Fame, and the six who didn't were all perennial impact players. You may not like the assertion, and you don't seem to agree with it, but that's a long way from it "not making sense."   Ravenswing      19:19, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree the section shouldn't be removed outright, but it does need some clarity for the uninitiated. I'll try to add some specifics here later. Also, if there are opposing. views from reliable sources, those should also be presented in the section. BilCat (talk) 00:54, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

Fitzgerald coining the term
Among other bits of evidence, check this out --. There is no evidence that the term was used prior to Fitzgerald's.   Ravenswing     01:17, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Original Six


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Ferdinand von Mueller

Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, (Müller; 30 June 1825 – 10 October 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist. He was appointed government botanist for the then colony of Victoria, Australia by Governor Charles La Trobe in 1853, and later director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Melbourne. He also founded the National Herbarium of Victoria. He named many Australian plants.

Early life
Mueller was born at Rostock, in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the early death of his parents, Frederick and Louisa, his grandparents gave him a good education in Tönning, Schleswig. Apprenticed to a chemist at the age of 15, he passed his pharmaceutical examinations and studied botany under Professor Ernst Ferdinand Nolte (1791–1875) at Kiel University. In 1847, he received his degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Kiel for a thesis on the plants of the southern regions of Schleswig.

Mueller's sister Bertha had been advised to seek a warmer climate for her health, and the great botanist Ludwig Preiss, who had recently returned from Perth, recommended Australia, so in 1847, Mueller, Bertha, and their other surviving sister, Clara, sailed from Bremen. While still on the ship, he reportedly fished his first plants out of the water to analyse them.

Australia
Ferdinand von Mueller was one of a number of influential German-speaking residents such as Ludwig Becker, Hermann Beckler, William Blandowski, Amalie Dietrich, Wilhelm Haacke, Diedrich Henne, Gerard Krefft, Johann Luehmann, Johann Menge, Carl Mücke (a.k.a. Muecke), Ludwig Preiss, Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (a.k.a. Ruemker), Moritz Richard Schomburgk, Richard Wolfgang Semon, Karl Theodor Staiger, George Ulrich, Eugene von Guérard, Robert von Lendenfeld, Georg von Neumayer, and Carl Wilhelmi  who brought their "epistemic traditions" to Australia, and not only became "deeply entangled with the Australian colonial project", but also were "intricately involved in imagining, knowing and shaping colonial Australia" (Barrett, et al., 2018, p.2).

He arrived at Adelaide on 18 December 1847 and found employment as a chemist with Moritz J. Heuzenroeder, in Rundle Street. He was an inveterate explorer, walking alone to Mount Arden and Mount Brown during his first year. Shortly afterwards, he obtained 20 acre of land not far from Adelaide in the Bugle Ranges, and had a cottage built there. He moved there with his sister Clara, intending to start a farm, but after a few months, he returned to his former employment.

Mueller thought to open a chemist's shop in the gold diggings, so in 1851, he moved to Melbourne, capital of the new colony of Victoria. He had contributed a few papers on botanical subjects to German periodicals, and in 1852, sent a paper to the Linnean Society of London on "The Flora of South Australia", thus beginning to be well known in botanical circles.

1853
Mueller was appointed government botanist for Victoria by Governor Charles La Trobe in 1853, a post that was newly created for him. He examined its flora, especially the Alpine vegetation of Australia, which was previously unknown. He explored the Buffalo Ranges, then went to the upper reaches of the Goulburn River and across Gippsland to the coast. The neighbourhoods of Port Albert and Wilsons Promontory were explored, and the journey of some 1500 mi was completed along the coast to Melbourne.

In the same year, he established the National Herbarium of Victoria, which can still be visited today. It has many plants from Australia and abroad, many of which were collected by Mueller. Also, his large private library was transferred to the government of Victoria in 1865 and is incorporated into the library of the herbarium in Melbourne.

1855–1856
Mueller was then nominated as the botanist to accompany the North Australian Exploring Expedition (1855–1856) led by Augustus Gregory, and decided to join despite initial hesitations. He explored the Victoria River and other portions of North Australia, was one of the four who reached Termination Lake in 1856, and accompanied Gregory's expedition overland to Moreton Bay. Mueller, for his part, found nearly 800 species in Australia new to science, such as Macadamia ternifolia (named after his friend and colleague, John Macadam). He published in this year his Definitions of Rare or Hitherto Undescribed Australian Plants.

1854–1872
From 1854 to 1872, Mueller was a member of the Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science, which later became the Philosophical Institute of Victoria. He was president of the Philosophical Institute in 1859 when it received a royal charter and became the Royal Society of Victoria. He was an active member of the society's "Exploration Committee" which established the Burke and Wills expedition of 1860. Mueller promoted the exploration of Australia, and as one of only two members of the Exploration Committee with any experience of exploration, he made several speeches to the society on the topic. He did not favour the selection of Burke as leader, but due to factionalism in the committee, he had little say in the establishment, provisioning, or composition of the exploration party.

1857–1873
From 1857 to 1873, he was director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, and not only introduced many plants into Victoria, but also made the excellent qualities of the blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) known all over the world, and succeeded in introducing it into the south of Europe, North and South Africa, California, and the extratropical portions of South America.

1873
By 1873, influential Melburnians were critical of Mueller's scientific and educational approach with the Royal Botanic Gardens. Development of the gardens with an eye to aesthetics was sought. Mueller was dismissed from his position as director of the Botanic Gardens on 31 May 1873. He had done much to develop the gardens with the scarce resources at hand. Though his pay was not affected and he still continued as the government botanist, he never lost his sense of grievance over losing the position.

In April 1873, Mueller had created the genus Guilfoylia and described William Guilfoyle as "distinguished as a collector [who] evidenced great ardour" and held high hopes for his collecting ability. Mueller's opinion changed when Guilfoyle was appointed to take his place as director of the Botanic Gardens in July 1873. He accused Guilfoyle of being a "nurseryman [with] no claims to scientific knowledge whatever" and of getting the job due to being related to the wife of the responsible minister. Mueller subsequently abolished Guilfoylia as part of the genus of Cadellia in his botanical census of 1882 (today the genus Guilfoylia is again accepted). Guilfoyle went on to landscape the gardens in an aesthetic and pleasing style welcomed by most Melburnians.

Recognition
In 1857, Mueller applied for and was granted the degree of Doctor of Medicine of the University of Rostock; in 1883, he was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales.

Mueller was decorated by many foreign countries, including Germany, France, Spain, Denmark, and Portugal. He was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society in 1861, and knighted as Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1879. A list of his 'Orders, offices, affiliations and sundry honours' has been assembled. Many of his decorations were received in return for supplying zoological specimens to royal museums.

He was the benefactor of explorer Ernest Giles, who visited Lake Amadeus and Kata Tjuta. Giles had originally wanted to name these Lake Mueller and Mt Ferdinand, but Mueller prevailed upon Giles to name them Lake Amadeus, after King Amadeus of Spain, and Mt Olga, after Queen Olga of Württemberg; both kings had granted him honours. In 1871, King Karl of Württemberg gave him the hereditary title of Freiherr, to mark his distinction in 'natural sciences generally and in particular for the natural history collections and institutions of Our Kingdom' He was then known as Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller.

Publications
He published 11 volumes of Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae (1862–1881), two volumes of the Plants of Victoria (1860–1865), and other books on the Eucalyptus, Myoporaceae, Acacia, and Salsolaceae, all profusely illustrated. He also co-operated in the production of George Bentham's Flora Australiensis. He described many novel plant species sent by botanists from other parts of Australia, notably Maurice William Holtze from the Northern Territory, and encouraged settlers to send plants to him.

Women were key contributors to his collections. Two hundred and twenty-five women and girls, the youngest of which was six years of age, collected plant specimens and mailed them to Mueller for cataloging. These women included Louisa Atkinson, Sarah Brooks, and Flora Mary Campbell.

He took a leading part in promoting Australian exploration, especially the Burke and Wills expedition, which was the first to cross the continent, and in the various attempts to unravel the mystery which attended the fate of his fellow countryman Ludwig Leichhardt (1813–1848).

Death
Mueller died in Melbourne and is buried in the St Kilda Cemetery. He was survived by his sister, Mrs. Clara Wehl, of Millicent, South Australia. His other sister, Mrs. Bertha Doughty of near Penola predeceased him. He never married.

Darwinism
Mueller was a theist who rejected Darwinism, but is said by historians to have misunderstood key aspects of Charles Darwin's theory. Despite his differences he remained on friendly terms with Darwin.

Legacy
The Mueller Medal has been awarded since 1904 by the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science to "a scientist who is the author of important contributions to anthropological, botanical, geological or zoological science, preferably with special reference to Australia".

A Victorian Railways S Class diesel-electric locomotive, S311, is named after Mueller.

Places named after Mueller
A number of geographical features were named after Mueller: the Mueller Ranges (Western Australia), Muellers Range (Queensland), Mount Mueller (in WA, Northern Territory, Tasmania and Victoria) and Mount von Mueller (WA), Muellers Peak (New South Wales), the Mueller River (NZ), Muellers Creek (South Australia) and Mueller Creek (NT) also Von Mueller Creek (Vic), Lake Mueller (Qld), and Mueller hut near the Mueller Glacier in New Zealand. Mueller Park, Subiaco (WA) is also named after him.

Artworks based on Mueller

 * Love, Death, Music and Plants, a music theatre work based on scenes from the life of Mueller, was written by Brian Lipson (writer) and Matthew Hindson (composer), and had a two-week season at the Mueller Hall, National Herbarium of Victoria, 18–30 November 2003.
 * A bust of Mueller by Marc Clark is located outside the National Herbarium of Victoria.

Plants named after Mueller
Species named to honour Mueller typically end in , or . Examples include the genus, Muellerina (Loranthaceae), the taxa Callitris muelleri, Persoonia muelleri, and Verticordia muelleriana, Allocasuarina muelleriana and Eucalyptus muelleriana, and Terminalia ferdinandiana.

Animals named after Mueller
A species of Australian lizard, Lerista muelleri, is named in his honour, as well as a number of fish and invertebrates.

Journals named after Mueller
The in-house journal, Muelleria, of the National Herbarium of Victoria is dedicated to Mueller.

Additional publications online

 * Index perfectus ad Caroli Linnaei : species plantarum / collatore Ferdinando de Mueller. (1880)
 * Eucalyptographia. A descriptive atlas of the eucalypts of Australia and the adjoining islands (1879–1884)
 * Iconography of Australian species of Acacia and cognate genera (1887)
 * Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalisation (1891)
 * Introduction to botanic teachings at the schools of Victoria (1877)
 * The organic constituents of plants and vegetable substances and their chemical analysis (1878)
 * Manuel de l'acclimateur (1887)
 * Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ /contulit Ferdinandus Mueller (1858–1882)
 * The plants indigenous to the colony of Victoria, Volume 1 (1860–1862)
 * Key to the system of Victorian plants (1887/88)
 * The Vegetation of the Chatham Islands (1864)
 * Iconography of Salsolaceous plants (1889) R.S. Brain Government Printer, Melbourne.

title: Ferdinand von Mueller


text:
Sirius (novel)

Sirius is a 1944 science fiction novel by the British philosopher and author Olaf Stapledon, whose title character is a dog named Sirius with humanlike intelligence. A sense of existential questioning suffuses the book, as the author delves into aspects of Sirius's psyche. The novel deals with many human issues through Sirius and his experiences, his unusual nature, his ideas and his relationships with humans. The characters go to great lengths to prevent Sirius from becoming a circus-type wonderdog, and instead, they seek to develop Sirius's character much like a family would create and foster that of a human child.

Plot summary
Sirius is raised by scientist Thomas Trelone in North Wales, near Trawsfynydd. Thomas embarks on a program of using steroids and other chemicals to rapidly develop cognitive power of dogs, resulting in super sheep dogs. Sirius, however, proves to possess a dog intelligence comparable to a normal human being, as he is able to communicate with English words, although it takes some time for the humans to understand his canine pronunciation. He is born at the same time as his creator's human daughter, Plaxy, and the two of them are raised together as brother and sister. During childhood, Sirius and Plaxy develop an intense bond for each other. Their physical and intellectual growth become a sort of competition, with Sirius striving to equal his handed sister. But as they grew, their relationship comes under strain, as Sirius develops a dog-like sensitivity to sound leading to a unique musicality, while Plaxy had a strong visual aesthetic. Their different sensory experiences afforded less interest in each other's experience of the world. Soon it was time for Plaxy to attend primary school, but Sirius could not attend. Despite his pleas to learn, Plaxy became reluctant to share her school and social life experiences with him. Their lives drifted further apart. When Plaxy departed to attend boarding school, Thomas wanted to bring Sirius to Mr. Pugh's farm, where he would work as a "sheep-dog apprentice" before taking him to the city, believing the experience would be beneficial to his character. However, Thomas wanted Sirius to keep most of his human intelligence a secret, with Pugh only suspecting him to be a "Super-super-sheep-dog." After a period of time, Sirius became desperately lonely and longed for his family, Plaxy especially. He yearned to write to her, and after weeks of difficulty and strings of failure, but gradually building upon his successes, he managed to write and send out a letter to her, without the aid of human hands. After a year being a silent sheep-dog, save for the holidays with Thomas and Plaxy, Sirius surprises Thomas by describing the psychological trauma he has experienced. Sorely realizing the insensitivity of his program, Thomas decides to show Sirius the university, where he marvels in awe. Sirius is acquainted with his creator's most trusted colleagues and scientists. They soon begin to study his mind and body. Months pass, and his new life as a pampered laboratory animal takes a toll on his physical and mental well-being, becoming overweight and agitated. After realizing his declining state, he arranges a meeting with Plaxy, now a university student. Plaxy, however, does little to console his feelings. After sensing her coldness and discomfort with him, Sirius is left feeling nauseated.

As they part for the night, an embittered and dispirited Sirius strolls through town. His mind floods with brooding thoughts of his own loneliness, analyzing the cruelty and hypocrisy of humankind, and the harshness of the universe towards all living things. Miserably depressed, lonely, and frustrated, he sought for an outlet to express the "spirit" within him. He develops a mystical idea of the perfect hunting, which is associated with his sophisticated sense of smell. The scent he pursues, the prey he's looking for is God. Sirius experiences a spiritual epiphany, seeing and sensing the world in a new light. He becomes instantly fascinated by human religion, realizing it had the answers he sought for, beyond the strict boundaries of science. His foster-mother, Elizabeth, agrees to take Sirius to a priest, Rev. Geoffrey Adams, who serves in the impoverished East End. Over a period of time, Sirius converses with Geoffrey, hoping to find the heart of spiritual truth and love, but is disappointed to learn that human religion has become lost in its doctrine and mythology. Fortunately, he discovers one outlet for his spirit, his feelings and life experience. After great persuasion to express himself, Geoffrey, with caution, allows Sirius to sing in his church — in front of an astounded audience.

When Sirius returns home, he mostly works as a sophisticated sheep-dog. But after seeing the destruction, death and misery of war, and mankind's stupidity, combined with his unique nature, which makes him isolated, he has a spiritual breakdown, and begins to indulge more and more his "wolf mood" which is irrational and murderously destructive. The final part of the story deals with his hatred towards humans and towards himself, and his violent acts. It also deals with the rumors of the rural community about Sirius' advanced nature being the work of the devil, and the scandal of Plaxy possibly having a sexual relationship with Sirius — which the novel's narrator, Plaxy's human lover, indirectly suggests that their love has a physical nature, but not directly sexual. Plaxy and Sirius have, during the whole tale, their political and personal issues, but also a very special bond, which leads to the idea of a mystical or metaphysical relationship, transcending ordinary love and understanding, which Plaxy refers to as a unique double-being, a 'Plaxy-Sirius.'

Eventually, Plaxy is conscripted during the Second World War. People continued to attack Sirius, and he subsequently sinks into deep despair. The hysterically religious population, who seek to vent their own fear and frustration with the war on an easy target, persecute Sirius with increasing violence, provoking violent responses by Sirius. Depression with what he calls the "tyrant species" cause him to abandon many of his more humane pursuits and live wild, killing many animals on their farms. One farmer and his sheepdogs venture out to hunt him, but Sirius kills the farmer in self-defense. Fear and rage rises in the town, solidifying their resolve to destroy him. Plaxy, after a desperate search, finds a terrified and feral Sirius, hiding from the townspeople. Plaxy manages to re-awaken Sirius' human mind, and tries to console him. But Sirius laments, realizing there's no place for him in the world, insisting that his human-needing spirit, and his wild wolf-side, made his nature fundamentally incompatible and torn. As they planned for their escape to Scotland, Sirius is hunted and eventually shot by the community. He dies professing his love for Plaxy, stating their life and time together, despite all the hardship, was worthwhile.

title: Sirius (novel)


text:
User:Lentando~enwiki

some personal bookmarks...

 * Help:Editing
 * How to edit a page
 * edit summary legend

title: User:Lentando~enwiki


text: User talk:66.213.99.62

title: User talk:66.213.99.62


text:
The Storr

The Storr (An Stòr) is a mountain on the Trotternish peninsula of the Isle of Skye in Scotland. The hill presents a steep rocky eastern face overlooking the Sound of Raasay, contrasting with gentler grassy slopes to the west.

Geology
The Storr is a prime example of the Trotternish landslip, the longest such feature in Great Britain. It is the type locality for the mineral gyrolite.

The area in front of the cliffs of the Storr is known as the Sanctuary. This has a number of weirdly shaped rock pinnacles, the remnants of ancient landslips.

Ascent routes
A well-constructed path, used by many sightseers, leaves the A855 just north of Loch Leathan. It heads up through a clearfell area that was formerly a conifer plantation. Most day-trippers are content simply to wander around the Sanctuary, admiring the pinnacles and gazing up at the Storr's eastern cliffs. Walkers can easily ascend to the summit, however, by skirting below the cliffs whilst heading north from the north end of the Sanctuary. After passing over a fence at a makeshift stile and climbing a brief steep section of loose rock, the recommended route for walkers heads north-west as far as Coire Scamadal, 1 km north of the summit, then doubles back and heads southwards along the north side, climbing towards the summit. From this route, visible breaks in the cliffs offer tempting short cuts, but these are steep, may not save time and may not be safe. An alternative route, involving some mild scrambling, follows the rim of the south-east-facing cliffs from the top of the aforementioned steep section.

Another route to or from the summit starts 500 m south-west of the car park and heads north-west to Bealach Beag, about 1 km south-west of the summit, following the course of a stream which breaches the cliffs. A steep section of this course is slippery and requires care.

The Storr is often climbed as part of a much longer expedition, following the full length of the Trotternish landslip.

Media and the arts
From 1 August to 17 September 2005 one of Britain's single largest environmental artworks was staged on the walk up to Coire Faoin at the base of the Old Man of Storr and the Storr cliffs. Created by NVA, a Scottish environmental arts company, directed by Angus Farquhar (formerly of Test Dept) and designed by a team including " " and David Bryant from Midnight Design, the work contained music by Geir Jenssen, Paul Mounsey, live performance by Gaelic singer Anne Martin and recordings of the works of Gaelic poet Somhairle MacGill-Eain (Sorley MacLean). This was David Bryant's last major environmental creative work as he died from cancer in 2007. He won a Plasa Lighting Design award in 2006 for his work lighting the Storr.

In October 2009, a photograph taken of the pinnacles looking towards Raasay and South Rona won the "Take a view: Landscape photo of the year 2009".

In January 2012, production of the science-fiction film Prometheus moved to the Isle of Skye, with filming taking place at the Old Man of Storr.

British composer Matthew Taylor composed the orchestral piece Storr, which takes its name and inspiration from the rock formation, which the composer found awe-inspiring on a visit there. Storr was commissioned and premièred by the Essex Symphony Orchestra conducted by Tom Hammond, and given its London première by the Kensington Symphony Orchestra and Russell Keable on 24 June 2013.

title: The Storr


text:
Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium

The Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium (Liechtenstein Gymnasium) is a secondary school located in Vaduz, Liechtenstein. It was founded in 1937 as the Collegium Marianum by the Maristen-Schulbrüder as an independent school. Since 1981, the Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium has been a public school run by the state of Liechtenstein.

The number of pupils has been increasing steadily since the mid-1980s, especially since girls were admitted in the mid-1960s; today, the school educates over 700 students.

Unterstufe
The Unterstufe (or lower grades) of the Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium comprises three grades (US1, US2 and US3). There are three ways to enter the Liechensteinisches Gymnasium from the Realschule (a type of secondary school offering a less theoretical education). One can enter the second grade (US2) of the Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium from the first grade of the Realschule, the fourth grade (OS1) of the Gymnasium from the third grade of the Realschule, or the fourth grade (OS1) of the Gymnasium from the fourth grade of the Realschule.

All students study the same subjects in each grade. In US1, students study Religious Education, Geography, History, German, Science, Informatics, Technics, Needlework, Art, Music, Physical Education, and Mathematics. In US2, students start studying English, Latin and French. In addition, there is one "class lesson" (or Lebenskunde) per week.

Students may not be exempt from studying the subjects mentioned above in the Unterstufe. They may, however, choose to study additional subjects if they please.

Oberstufe
The Oberstufe (or upper grades) of the Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium comprises four grades (OS1, OS2, OS3 and OS4). In the Oberstufe, the pupils must choose one out of five education tracks:

 * Lingua (Latin and Italian)
 * Modern languages (Spanish, Italian or Latin)
 * Art, Music, and Pedagogy (art, music and pedagogy)
 * Economics and Law (business administration, law, and accounting (in OS1 and OS2), and economics (in OS3 and OS4))
 * Mathematics and Science (computer science; mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry and geography all have higher numbers of lessons than is usual)

During school, students study a number of base subjects in addition to several classes that form the educational track they choose. Basic subjects include English, German, French, mathematics, physics, and physical education. In OS3 and OS4, students choose elective courses in addition that enhance their specialisation.

Courses in several subjects are only taught in certain grades:
 * OS1: Biology, Economics and Law, history, Art, Music, Religious Education and Ethics
 * OS2: Biology, Chemistry, Geography, History, Art or Music, Religious Education and Ethics
 * OS3: Biology, Chemistry, Geography, Art or Music, Philosophy
 * OS4: Geography, Economics and Law, History, Religious Education and Ethics, Philosophy

Matura
In order to meet the requirements to graduate with a Matura (school-leaving diploma), a student must successfully complete OS4, and must receive the mark of “sufficient" in at least two dissertations. Written examinations are held in German, English or French, Mathematics, and a subject related to the student's specialisation. Oral examinations are held in German, Philosophy, Religious Education, Ethics or History, Mathematics, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Geography or Economics and Law, English, French, Italian, Spanish or Latin, and a subject chosen by the student.

title: Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium


text:
Category:Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses, 1455 to 1487, is the name generally given to the intermittent civil war fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster and the House of York.

title: Category:Wars of the Roses


text:
User talk:Tomco

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Balzan request to remove wikiverse links
I've included an email from the Balzan Stiftung and my response on Talk:Balzan_Prize that refers to a possible misunderstanding between wikiverse and wikipedia. Please comment if it's relevant or wrong. -Wikibob | Talk 12:03, 2004 Nov 15 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tomco


text:
Talk:Charles Greeley Abbot

Untitled
Cut from article:

 * The modern consensus is that, at least on short time scales of only a few decades, such variability does not occur, apart from tiny variations due to sunspots and faculae.

I am suspicious of any statement claiming a scientific consensus on anyone's research or theories. Better to say WHO agrees or disagrees. --Uncle Ed 15:23, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Reworded. Modern measurements are much more accurate than the ones he made. -- Curps 20:32, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Whbat was his last patent for?

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:46, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Charles Greeley Abbot


text:
Husbands and Wives

Husbands and Wives is a 1992 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. The film stars Allen, Mia Farrow, Sydney Pollack, Judy Davis, Lysette Anthony, Juliette Lewis, Liam Neeson and Blythe Danner. The film debuted shortly after the end of Allen and Farrow's romantic and professional partnership, and was the last of their 13 films together. The movie is filmed by Carlo Di Palma with a handheld camera style and features documentary-like interviews with the characters interspersed with the story.

Husbands and Wives, released by TriStar Pictures, was Allen's first film as sole director for a studio other than United Artists or Orion Pictures (both now part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) since Take the Money and Run (1969). It received critical acclaim despite being a box-office failure, and was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Supporting Actress (Judy Davis) and Best Original Screenplay (Woody Allen).

Plot
The film follows two couples: Jack and Sally, and Gabe and Judy. It starts with Jack and Sally visiting Gabe and Judy's apartment to announce their separation. Gabe is shocked, but Judy takes it personally and is deeply hurt. The four of them go out to dinner at a Chinese restaurant, still confused about the situation.

A few weeks later, Sally visits a colleague's apartment to begin an evening at the opera and dinner. She calls Jack from the colleague's phone and accuses him of having an affair during their marriage after learning that he has met someone new.

Judy and Gabe meet Jack's new girlfriend, Sam, an aerobics trainer. While Judy and Sam go shopping, Gabe calls Sam a "cocktail waitress" and tells Jack that he's crazy for leaving Sally for her. Later, Judy introduces Michael, her colleague from the magazine, to Sally. They begin dating, but Sally is unsatisfied with the relationship.

Meanwhile, Gabe has developed a friendship with Rain, a young student of his, who reads and criticizes his novel manuscript. They share a romantic moment at her 21st birthday party, but Gabe decides they should not pursue it any further.

At a party, Jack learns that Sally is seeing someone else and becomes jealous. He and Sam argue intensely, and Jack drives home to find Sally in bed with Michael. He asks Sally to give their marriage another chance, but she refuses.

Less than two weeks later, Jack and Sally are back together and meet Gabe and Judy for dinner. Afterward, Judy and Gabe argue about her not sharing her poetry, and Gabe makes a failed pass at her. Judy tells him she thinks the relationship is over, and a week later Gabe moves out. Judy begins seeing Michael.

In the end, Jack and Sally are still struggling with marital problems, but accept them as the price of remaining together. Gabe is living alone and not dating to avoid hurting anyone, including himself. The film ends with Gabe asking the unseen documentary crew whether he can leave.

Cast
The cast includes (in credits order):

 * Woody Allen as Gabe Roth
 * Mia Farrow as Judy Roth
 * Judy Davis as Sally Simmons
 * Sydney Pollack as Jack Simmons
 * Juliette Lewis as Rain
 * Liam Neeson as Michael Gates
 * Lysette Anthony as Sam
 * Cristi Conaway as Shawn Grainger, call girl
 * Timothy Jerome as Paul, Sally's date
 * Ron Rifkin as Richard, Rain's analyst
 * Bruce Jay Friedman as Peter Styles
 * Jeffrey Kurland as interviewer-narrator (voice)
 * Benno Schmidt as Judy's ex-husband
 * Nick Metropolis as TV scientist
 * Rebecca Glenn as Gail
 * Galaxy Craze as Harriet
 * John Doumanian as Hamptons' party guest
 * Gordon Rigsby as Hamptons' party guest
 * Ilene Blackman as Receptionist
 * Blythe Danner as Rain's mother
 * Brian McConnachie	as Rain's father
 * Ron August as Rain's ex lover
 * John Bucher as Rain's ex lover
 * Matthew Flint as Carl, Rain's Boyfriend

Soundtrack

 * "What Is This Thing Called Love" (1929) by Cole Porter, performed by Leo Reisman and His Orchestra
 * "West Coast Blues" (1960), written and performed by Wes Montgomery
 * Symphony No. 9 in D, I. Andante Commodo (1909–10) by Gustav Mahler, performed by John Barbirolli and the Berlin Philharmonic
 * "That Old Feeling" (1937) by Lew Brown (lyrics) and Sammy Fain (music), performed by Stan Getz and Gerry Mulligan
 * "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" (1935) by Irving Berlin, performed by Bernie Leighton
 * "Makin' Whoopee" (1928), by Walter Donaldson (music) and Gus Kahn (lyrics), performed by Bernie Leighton
 * "The Song Is You" (1932), by Jerome Kern (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (lyrics), performed by Bernie Leighton

Philosophical interpretation
The scene in which Sally, while having sex with Michael, begins to mentally compare (through voiceover narration) him and her husband Jack, as well as numerous friends and acquaintances, to hedgehogs and foxes, is an allusion to British philosopher Isaiah Berlin's 1953 essay The Hedgehog and the Fox. In that book, Berlin contrasts two distinct types of thinker in the Western literary and philosophical tradition: those he calls "hedgehogs"—"who relate everything to a single central vision, one system"—and those he calls "foxes"—"who pursue many ends, often unrelated and even contradictory... related to no moral or aesthetic principle".

Box office
Husbands and Wives opened on September 18, 1992 in 865 theatres, where it earned $3,520,550 ($4,070 per screen) in its opening weekend. It went on to gross $10.5 million in North America during its theatrical run. The film was also screened at the 1992 Toronto Festival of Festivals.

Critical response
Husbands and Wives opened to acclaim from film critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 40 reviews, with an average score of 8.2/10.

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it "a defining film for these emotionally embattled times; it's classic Woody Allen." Todd McCarthy of Variety similarly praised the film as "a full meal, as it deals with the things of life with intelligence, truthful drama and rueful humor."

Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it "a very fine, sometimes brutal comedy about a small group of contemporary New Yorkers, each an edgy, self-analyzing achiever who goes through life without much joy, but who finds a certain number of cracked satisfactions along the way." He added, "'Husbands and Wives' -- the entire Allen canon, for that matter -- represents a kind of personal cinema for which there is no precedent in modern American movies. Even our best directors are herd animals. Mr. Allen is a rogue: he travels alone." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times opined, "... what 'Husbands and Wives' argues is that many 'rational' relationships are actually not as durable as they seem, because somewhere inside every person is a child crying me! me! me! We say we want the other person to be happy. What we mean is, we want them to be happy with us, just as we are, on our terms."

In 2016, Time Out contributors ranked Husbands and Wives fifth among Allen's efforts, with Keith Uhlich praising the work's "trenchant examination of long-term relationships on the downswing". The same year, Robbie Collin and Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph listed Husbands and Wives as his seventh greatest film, calling it "a rapid marvel of four-way characterization" and praising the opening scene as "one of Allen’s most vividly written, shot and acted scenes ever".

title: Husbands and Wives


text:
Athletes in Action

Athletes in Action (AIA) is an American sports organization founded in 1966. It is the sports ministry of Cru Ministries, formerly known as Campus Crusade for Christ.

History
Athletes in Action was started in 1966 by Dave Hannah.

Participation in international tournaments
The core of the United States national basketball team that participated at the 1978 FIBA World Championship was composed by players from Athletes in Action. Athletes in Action has also participated at the William Jones Cup, an international basketball tournament held in Taiwan which featured both national teams and club sides. The Eastern Unit of the AIA won the 1977 edition besting second placers, the Eastern Washington Eagles and third placers Flying Camel of Taiwan. AIA also won the 2006 edition with the Chinese Taipei and Qatar national basketball teams finishing second and third respectively.

title: Athletes in Action