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Jaguar XJS

The Jaguar XJ-S (later called XJS) is a luxury grand tourer manufactured and marketed by British car manufacturer Jaguar Cars from 1975 to 1996, in coupé, fixed-profile and full convertible bodystyles. There were three distinct iterations, with a final production total of 115,413 units over 20 years and seven months.

Originally developed using the platform of the then-current XJ saloon, the XJ-S was noted for its prominent rear buttresses. The early styling was partially by Jaguar's aerodynamicist Malcolm Sayer—one of the first designers to apply advanced aero principles to cars—however Sayer died in 1970, before the design was finalised.

Its final iteration, produced from 1991 to 1996, was manufactured after Jaguar was acquired by Ford, who introduced numerous modifications – and eliminated the hyphen in the name, marketing Jaguar's longest running model simply as the XJS.

Pre-HE (1975–1981)
The XJ-S was introduced on 10 September 1975. The design and development had begun in the late 1960s by the code name of project XJ27, with an initial shape penned by Malcolm Sayer, but after his death in 1970 it was completed by the in-house Jaguar design team, headed by Doug Thorpe. Power came from the Jaguar V12 engine with a choice of a manual or an automatic transmission, but the manual was soon dropped as they were left over from V12 E Type production. V12 powered production automobiles were unusual at the time; Italian luxury sports car makers Lamborghini and Ferrari produced such models. The specifications of the XJ-S compared well with both Italian cars; it was able to accelerate to 60 mi/h in 7.6 seconds (automatic models) and had a top speed of 143 mi/h. The first series of XJ-S cars had a BorgWarner Model 12 transmission with a cast-iron case and a bolt-on bell-housing. In 1977, General Motors' Turbo-Hydramatic 400 transmissions were fitted. The TH400 transmission was an all-aluminium alloy case with an integrated non-detachable bell-housing. The XJ-S was originally supplied with Dunlop SP Super E205/70VR15 tyres on 6K alloy wheels; British police upgraded their Jaguars to a higher-performance 205/70VR15 Michelin XWX tyres. At the end of the 1970s Jaguar started to fit the 205/70VR15 Pirelli P5. The Pirelli P5 was the tyre that Jaguar had asked Pirelli to produce to improve their luxury cars.

Jaguar launched the XJ-S in the wake of a fuel crisis, when the market for a 5.3-litre V12 grand tourer was small. The buttresses behind the windows were criticised at the time as German authorities feared these would restrict rearward vision, and refused to give type approval to the XJ-S (and to the similarly designed Lancia Montecarlo) – requiring German XJ-S buyers to obtain road approval for each individual car upon registration. Sales remained stubbornly low, and production was halted for half of 1981, to allow unsold stock to be moved. Because of the slow sales, Leyland Cars had decided to discontinue the car but decided to give it another chance with a light facelift and engine revisions.

Italian styling house Pininfarina introduced a 1978 concept car based on the XJ-S, called the Jaguar XJSpider; which did not see production.

HE (1981–1991)
From July 1981, the XJ-S was renamed the XJ-S HE and received the new High-Efficiency V12 engine for much better fuel economy. A positive side effect of the more efficient "Fire Ball" combustion chamber designed by Swiss Engineer Michael May was that power output was increased to 295 hp or 263 hp in North America. At the same time, the XJ-S HE received changes to its exterior and interior: there was body-coloured boot trim in place of the standard previous black, new five-spoke "Starfish" alloy wheels fitted with 215/70R15 Pirelli Cinturato P5 tires, chrome inserts on the upper part of the bumpers, and burled elm inserts on dashboard and door cappings.

Six-cylinder and convertible models
In 1983, the new 3.6-litre Jaguar AJ6 straight-six engine was introduced along with a new convertible model called the XJ-SC. The coupé's rather small rear seats were removed in order to make space for the removable soft top, making it a strict two-seater car. The XJ-SC was not a full convertible but was a fixed profile variant with a non-removable centre targa-type structure, fixed cant rails above the doors, and fixed rear quarter windows. The six-cylinder cars can be identified by a raised bonnet centre section.

Between 1983 and 1987, the six-cylinder-engined cars were only available with a five-speed manual transmission (Getrag 265), with a four-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22) offered from 1987 onwards (along with improved fuel injection as used on the XJ40). The earlier, manual models were not imported by Jaguar into the United States, which had to wait until the facelift manual 4-litre XJS coupé and convertible became available. A V12 powered XJ-SC was introduced in 1985.

The two-seat XJ-SC targa-type model, never a great success in the marketplace, was replaced by a two-seat full convertible in 1988 which proved to be a great hit.

XJ-SC

The first XJ-SC was produced on June 28, 1982, the last January 26, 1988. In all 5013 XJ-SC Cabriolets were built. These cars were different in that they had a Targa/Convertible body style with removable Targa panels over the two seater passenger compartment, similar to T-tops, plus a fabric rear section including the rear window; there was an optional hard top for the rear section. Approximately 1598 Right Hand Drive and 3416 Left Hand Drive cars built. Whilst there are a small number of the XJ-SC cars with the rear seat conversion, Jaguar Cars only ever produced one such car which was specially built for Princess Diana. The rear roof section on this car was fully secured in place and could not be removed. This conversion was later carried out by several aftermarket companies on owners cars, not with the approval of the works.

Hess & Eisenhardt convertible
From 1986, a full convertible version was available through some dealers, modified by Hess & Eisenhardt in the USA. The Hess & Eisenhardt coachbuilding firm was located in Ohio, USA, and built convertible modifications for the XJ-S under contract from Jaguar, before the official Jaguar-built XJ-S full convertible became available in 1988.

The Hess & Eisenhardt convertible differed from the later Jaguar-built XJS convertible as its un-padded top folded down deeper into the body structure of the car resulting in a cleaner rear profile when the roof was lowered. To accommodate this design element, the Hess & Eisenhardt convertibles have two separate fuel tanks, positioned to allow for the roof to fully retract. The process of converting the stock Jaguar XJS coupé into the H&E Convertible included the post-production removal of the roof, cutting the body in several sections, the addition of steel reinforcements behind the driver's seat, and 20 lb weights placed just behind the headlights to eliminate harmonic resonance caused by the significant modifications to the car. H&E XJS convertibles are easily identified by the lower folding top, as well as two small badges located just behind the front wheels. The later Jaguar full convertible had a heavier padded top that did not fold as low as the H&E convertible, but retained nearly all of the original components of the coupé.

The number of H&E Jaguar XJS produced is unknown, partly because a fire at the Hess & Eisenhardt factory destroyed most of the records pertaining to the Jaguar XJS conversions. According to some sources, a total of 2,100 cars were converted.

Police demonstrator
In 1984, a Jaguar XJS with a 3.6l engine and manual transmission was converted by Jaguar Special Vehicle Operations into a Police Special demonstrator vehicle, fitted with a police lightbar on the roof, a police radio in the centre console and plastic interior trim including cloth seats to replace luxury furnishings. The Police Special XJS demonstrator was loaned by Jaguar to a number of police forces across the United Kingdom, including the Warwickshire Constabulary, Greater Manchester Police and the Metropolitan Police, however no orders resulted from the trials due to a lack of interior space for traffic police equipment or for passengers. After retirement from demonstration services, the XJS was first donated to the Greater Manchester Police Museum before later being handed to the Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust, with whom it would become an exhibit vehicle at the British Motor Museum in Gaydon, Warwickshire.

XJR-S
From 1988 to 1993, a special high performance XJR-S version equipped with the 5344 cc HE V12 engine was produced by the newly formed JaguarSport, a separate company owned in a ratio of 50:50 by Jaguar and TWR Group Limited specialising in developing high performance Jaguar sports cars. The car had a distinctive body kit, special 15" alloy wheels, 235/60R15 Pirelli P600 tyres, a unique suspension system utilising modified coil springs and Bilstein shocks, a luxurious interior with Connolly Autolux leather along with walnut wood trim, and handling improvements. The first 100 of these cars were named "Celebration Le Mans" to commemorate Jaguar's 1988 win at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and were only sold in the UK. Between 1988 and 1989, a total of 326 XJR-S cars were produced with the 5344 cc engine which has a power output of 318 hp. After September 1989, the displacement of the engine was increased to 5993 cc and it was now equipped with Zytek fuel injection and engine management system. This was different from the standard 6.0-litre engine used in the late XJS models and was unique to this model. The power output was raised to 333 PS at 5,250 rpm and 495 Nm of torque at 3,650 rpm due to a higher compression ratio of 11.0:1, a new forged steel crankshaft, increased bore and forged alloy pistons. A modified air intake system and a low loss dual exhaust system was also standard on the model. The engine was mated to the 3-speed GM400 automatic transmission utilising a recalibrated valve body and had faster shift times. The car was equipped with 16" Dunlop D40 M2 tyres for better grip. These modifications resulted in a top speed of 160 mph. During a comparison test conducted by Motorsport magazine in 1997, the XJR-S outperformed the other competitors which included a BMW 850i, Porsche 928 GT and a Ferrari Mondial.

A total of 787 coupés and 50 convertible cars were built for the world market. In the United States, to commemorate the XJ220 launch in 1992, a limited number of 100 XJR-S coupés and convertibles were produced. Based on the facelift model, these were for the American market only. These included 22 Signal Red coupés, 22 Signal Red convertibles, 22 Jet Black coupés, 27 Jet Black convertibles, 2 Flamenco Red coupés, and the Silver Frost 'Press Cars' of 4 coupés and 1 convertible.

Daimler
Jaguar considered a luxury Daimler version to be marketed as the Daimler-S, notably without the buttresses and with only a single prototype built in 1986. Paul Banham did produce some custom notch back coupés without buttresses, larger rear side windows, and a narrow C-pillars. In the mid-90s, Banham also made a reworked version called the XJSS based on the XJS.

Facelift (1991–1996)
The XJS was relaunched in its final form in May 1991 under Ford Motor Company's new ownership, as a division of its Premier Auto Group. Ford dropped the model name's hyphen, marketing it as the XJS. By removing the frames, the rear side windows appeared enlarged despite having identical glass apertures as the earlier cars, the windshield was flush fitting, while the buttresses remained – somewhat minimised by the new side window trim. Designer Geoff Lawson noted the buttresses were part of the car's character. The V12 engine was also upgraded with new injection and fuel system, new spark plugs, and a tidier engine room. Power for the catalyzed, European-market version inched up from 273 to 280 PS.

The car received a new 4.0-litre version of the AJ6 straight-six engine. In 1992, a convertible model having the same engine was added to the range. The V12 engine's capacity was enlarged to 6.0 litres in May 1992 and it had a power output of 227 kW. Outboard rear brakes replaced the more complicated inboard brakes of previous models. With the introduction of the 6.0-litre V12, the transmission was also updated to a GM 4L80E with a fourth-gear overdrive, whilst the automatic 4.0-litre models continued with the electronic ZF4HP24E transmission. A 2+2 convertible was also introduced, as was a customized insignia line. At the same time, the car received more aerodynamic front and rear bumpers. The main interior change was to the instrument pack; the original featured distinctive drum type ancillary gauges - this was replaced by a more conventional style binnacle similar to that found in the XJ40 saloon.

In April 1994, substantial revisions were made to the 4.0-litre AJ6 engine, which was now equipped with coil-on-plug ignition and given the new code name AJ16. In 1995, the final specification changes were made and the car was referred to as the Celebration model, to celebrate the 60th year of Jaguar Cars. Celebration cars feature diamond turned wheels, Jaguar embossed seats, and a wooden steering wheel.

The XJS was discontinued in 1996, after 21 years in production, superseded by the XK8.

Aftermarket modifications
TWR XJS

Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR) formed JaguarSport in partnership with Jaguar in 1988. XJR-S was their first model. But prior to 1988, specifically between 1984 and 1988, TWR offered sporting versions of XJS coupe and cabriolet cars. Various bodywork, trim and engine upgrade options were available on both the 3.6 litre 6-cylinder and 5.3 litre V12 vehicles. These cars are particularly unique and rare, often misinterpreted and misunderstood due to the poor record keeping for the pre-1988 cars. Further confusion is caused by the production of later XJR-S "JaguarSport" cars to similar specifications.

Some of the known upgrades included engine and transmission, low drag body kit, special bumper kit (for North American market), 8"x16" low drag Speedline Italian made alloy wheels fitted with "TWR" centre cap (very similar to later XJR-S wheels fitted with "Sport" centre cap), TWR suspension kit, TWR brake kit, TWR steering wheel, manual gearbox (5-speed close ratio), automatic gearbox quick shift kit, automatic gearshift lever (screw on leather type as used on XJR-S), TWR power assisted steering valve and others.

TWR body kits included a rear spoiler with a distinctive hole for radio antenna on the right hand side. It was also shaped differently than later XJR-S spoilers as it stood higher and had more distinctive flaps on the sides.

The fibreglass side mouldings (side skirts) were equipped with rubber seams.

Front bumper modifications included removal of the chrome and reinforcing front air dam and rear bumper featured exhaust exit apertures and rear integrated fog lights.

Lynx Eventer

A number of XJS's were modified by coachbuilders Lynx to create a three-door shooting brake, marketed as the Lynx Eventer. Records suggest that 52 pre-facelift XJ-S, and 15 post-facelift XJS, were adapted, with 18 being left hand drive and 49 being right hand drive.

Lister-Jaguar XJS
In 1986, the newly-formed Lister Cars, under the leadership of engineer Laurence Pearce, began offering a high performance package for the Jaguar XJS. The cars were sold as Lister-Jaguar and 90 customer cars in total were converted. Lister teamed up with two manufacturers namely WP Automotive and BLE Automotive to carry out the conversion process. The standard package included increased engine displacement to 7.0-litres, a modified fuel injection system with four additional injectors and throttle bodies, larger engine valves along with connecting rods manufactured by Cosworth, a new crankshaft, new cylinder heads, new inlet and exhaust valves, new bearing caps, and a new body kit featuring a spoiler at the rear with a modified rear light clusters and flared wheel arches to accommodate the wide tyres. The modified suspension system featured Koni dampers having 30% stiffer rebound than the original and having a modified rear subframe arrangement with wishbones and radius arms relocated to provide greater triangulation and reduce axle tramp. The new shocks were 100% stiff at the front and 50% stiff at the rear. The braking system had ventilated brake discs and were moved outward for better cooling and stability. The interior was also modified and now had Recaro racing bucket seats and a new steering wheel with optimised feedback. The modified engine was rated at 370 kW and 500 lbft of torque. The engine was mated to a 5-speed Getrag manual transmission. The cars were fitted with 17-inch wheels with wide Pirelli tyres measuring 10-inch at the front and 13-inch at the rear. Performance figures include a 0-60 mph acceleration time of 4.5 seconds and a top speed of 200 mph.

Some customers further got their cars modified with the addition of the Le Mans package. The package included a 6-speed Getrag manual transmission, a new exhaust system and twin-superchargers over the standard package applied in order to extract a power output of 450 kW from the engine.

XJS Monaco
Under license from Jaguar build by Paul Bailey Design. The Sultan of Brunei is said to have purchased two of the 11 cars completed.

Motorsport

For 1977, the "Group 44" racing team had a very successful season in Trans Am with a race car based on the actual production XJ-S chassis and running gear. The team won the series' 1977 drivers' championship cup for Bob Tullius but missed winning the manufacturer's title by two points (only one Jaguar was competing in the Trans-Am series compared to many more Porsche entrants). In 1978, a purpose-built tube-frame "silhouette" style XJS race car was constructed which greatly reduced the weight compared to the full production chassis car campaigned in 1977. This silhouette car had only the production car's roof panel as the sole piece of factory XJS sheetmetal on the car. Group 44 succeeded in again capturing the driver's championship for Bob Tullius and also captured the manufacturer's title as well, by entering Brian Fuerstenau driving the 1977 car at some venues to gain additional manufacturer's points for Jaguar. The silhouette car survived and has surfaced recently in the SVRA historic sports race series. The 1977 factory chassis race car is believed to still be in the hands of Group 44's Bob Tullius.

In April 1979 a Jaguar XJS driven by Dave Heinz and Dave Yarborough was entered into Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash, widely known simply as the Cannonball Run. They completed the 2863 mi from New York to Los Angeles in a record time of 32 hours and 51 minutes, a record that stood for 4 years, until it was beaten by David Diem and Doug Turner in a Ferrari 308. Diem and Turner covered the same distance in 32 hours and 7 minutes on the US Express, an unofficial successor to the Cannonball Run.

Tom Walkinshaw Racing
In 1982 Tom Walkinshaw's TWR had entered a team of the V12 XJS' into the European Touring Car Championship, the cars built to the FIA's Group A touring car rules. The XJS won its first race that season when Walkinshaw and Chuck Nicholson won the XIV Grand Prix Brno, the cars simply proving too fast for their rival BMW 530/530i and Alfa Romeo GTV6 opposition with Walkinshaw qualifying 5.37 seconds faster than anyone else on the 10.925 km (6.789 mi) Brno Circuit. After more victories for the team's Jaguars in 1983 (including lapping the 20.81 km (12.93 mi) Nürburgring Nordschleife circuit in 7:56.00), the TWR Jaguars were the cars to beat in the ETCC, with Walkinshaw claiming the 1984 ETCC Drivers' Championship. During the championship season the TWR Jaguar team also won the prestigious Spa 24 Hours race with an XJS driven by Walkinshaw, Hans Heyer and Win Percy, proving not only the speed of the cars but the reliability of the 5.3 litre V12 engine. By 1984 the TWR Jaguars had a new challenger in the ETCC. The turbocharged Volvo 240T run by Eggenberger Motorsport arrived on the scene and had the speed to match the V12, though with turbocharging new to touring car racing it took a number of races for reliability to match the cars' speed.

By the end of 1984 the TWR developed V12 engines in the XJS were rated at approximately 336 kW.

By 1985 the XJS had been retired from European competition and TWR was committed to running the 3.5L V8 Rover Vitesse in the ETCC. Walkinshaw had been to the 1984 James Hardie 1000 at the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst, Australia, to co-drive a locally developed Australian Group C XJS with Australian driver John Goss. Walkinshaw qualified in provisional 7th place with a 2:16.09 lap of the 6.172 km (3.835 mi) circuit, recording a top speed of 180 mph on the 2 km long Conrod Straight, with the promise of more to come in the "Hardies Heroes" Top 10 runoff through the use of special tyres. However, the tyres failed to arrive at the circuit in time and Walkinshaw eventually qualified 10th having to use front wheels on the car as no suitable rubber was available. Clutch failure saw the car fail to get off the start line and a helpless Walkinshaw was hit from behind by a Chevrolet Camaro Z28, causing the car's instant retirement and the race's first ever restart after the track was blocked at the start/finish line.

The Scot was determined to come back in 1985 and win the race in the first season of Group A in Australia and in 1985 the three TWR XJS Jaguars were brought out of retirement for the James-Hardie 1000. The cars were clearly the class of the field, finishing Hardies Heroes in 1st (Walkinshaw/Percy in #8), 2nd (Jeff Allam/Ron Dickson in #9) and 6th (Goss/Armin Hahne in #10). This time the cars got off the start line and Walkinshaw and Percy dominated most of the race, only losing the lead to the Goss/Hahne car during pit stops (the Allam/Dickson car went out on lap 3 with engine failure). The drivers of the #10 car, who had to battle a broken seat which was held loosely in place by straps and cable ties for well over 100 laps, sat in second most of the way until a split oil line late in the race cost the Walkinshaw/Percy car 3 laps and any chance of victory. 1974 Bathurst 1000 winner Goss won his second "Great Race" while Hahne, who had won the Group A category in the 1984 race driving a TWR Rover, maintained his 100% record with his only Bathurst 1000 win. After having the oil line replaced, Walkinshaw resumed in 4th place but easily caught and passed the JPS Team BMW 635 CSi of 1985 Australian Touring Car Champion Jim Richards in the last laps to make it a Jaguar 1–3, with Walkinshaw following Goss across the finish line in a formation finish.

The TWR XJS Jaguars were next seen late in 1986 at the Fuji 500 in Japan in what was meant to be its Group A swansong as it ran out of FIA homologation in at the end of the year. Against old foes in the BMW 635 CSi and Volvo 240T, as well as newer Group A cars such as the Australian Holden VK Commodore SS Group A V8 and the turbocharged Nissan Skyline DR30 RS, Walkinshaw qualified the XJS on pole, proving how competitive the car could still be in Touring car racing (the cars had been entered in the 1986 Bathurst 1000 and had undergone testing and development which gave a reported an extra 37 kW, though the car ultimately did not race due to a lack of funding from Jaguar Rover Australia to help with freight costs). The Fuji race saw the Walkinshaw/Percy car lead the race until retiring on lap 6 with no oil pressure after easily holding off the 313 kW Holden Commodore of Peter Brock on the circuit's 1.5 km (0.93 mi) main straight, while the Hahne/Denny Hulme/Walkinshaw car only lasted until half distance before retiring with a broken differential.

Despite not being eligible for Group A racing in 1987, TWR ran their two Jaguars in the 1987 (January) Nissan Mobil 500 in Wellington, New Zealand under special invitation from the race promoters. Neither car finished with Walkinshaw/Percy suffering diff failure and the Hahne/Hulme car cutting a tyre resulting in a race ending crash after fighting their way into the lead. The cars then raced at Pukekohe, with Percy/Hahne giving the big cat a second-place finish in its final race behind the Perkins Engineering Holden Commodore VK of Australian drivers Larry Perkins and David Parsons.

TWR built a total of 7 cars.

Non TWR

Australian privateer Garry Willmington ran an XJS in the 1985 and 1986 Australian Touring Car Championships, and also the late season endurance races. While he reportedly had obtained more power from the V12 than TWR, Willmington didn't have TWR's resources to develop either the car or engine reliability and results were not forthcoming, though on occasions where the track had a long enough straight (such as Sandown Raceway in Melbourne or the Adelaide International Raceway), the Willmington Jag was usually the fastest car in a straight line. John Goss also ran his own privately entered XJS in the 1986 James Hardie 1000 after Jaguar-Rover Australia pulled its backing of the proposed TWR return to Bathurst due to a severe downturn in the Australian car market forced him to defend his crown alone, though he did receive some technical assistance from TWR. Electrical problems in the race saw Goss finish 24th with veteran Australian driver Bob Muir.

Today the XJS continues to be extensively campaigned in club level motorsport both in the United Kingdom and overseas. Best known of the race series is probably the Jaguar Enthusiasts' Club XJS championship, currently in association with Toyo Tires. Their championship has now been running for over a decade, offering an affordable entry into club motorsport in the UK, and continuing to attract large grids of this unlikely racing car. Cars compete in various states of modification, from barely modified road cars through to full race-specification cars built in homage to the great TWR specials.

Diecast Models

 * The original coupé was modelled by Corgi Toys.
 * A 1/40 scale model of the convertible was made in China
 * The Lynx Eventer was modelled by PRX/IXO
 * A 1/18 scale 1975 XJ-S coupé was modelled by Yatming, as part of their 'Road Signature' series
 * Autoart produced 1/18 versions of the coupé, convertible and Group A race car that won the 1984 Spa 24 Hour race.
 * Oxford produce a 1/76 coupé in a number of colours, including a Return of the Saint and Police car version.

title: Jaguar XJS


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Karl von Prantl

Karl von Prantl (aka Carl von Prantl) (28 January 1820 – 14 September 1888) (after 1872: Karl, Ritter von Prantl) was a German philosopher and philologist.

Biography
He was born at Landsberg on the Lech. In 1843, he became doctor of philosophy at Munich Observatory, where he was made professor in 1859. He was also a member of the Academies of Berlin and Munich. Strongly in agreement with the Hegelian tradition, he defended and amplified it in Die gegenwärtige Aufgabe der Philosophie (1852) and Verstehen und Beurteilen (1877).

In these works, he emphasized the identity of the subjective and the objective for consciousness, and the fact that the perception of this unity is peculiar to man. He is more important, however, as a commentator and scholar, and made valuable contributions to the study of Aristotle. He published Aristoteles über die Farben (1849), Aristoteles acht Bücher der Physik (1857), and numerous minor articles on smaller points, such as the authenticity of the thirty-eight books of the Problems.

The work by which he is best known is Geschichte der Logik im Abendlande (4 vols.) (Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel, 1855–1870) (History of Logic in the West). Christoph von Sigwart, in the preface to the first edition of his Logic, makes special mention of the assistance he obtained from this work.

Prantl died in Oberstdorf.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Karl von Prantl


text:
Patty Hill

Patty Smith Hill (March 27, 1868 – May 25, 1946) was an American composer and teacher who is perhaps best known for co-writing, with her sister Mildred Hill, the tune which later became popular as "Happy Birthday to You". She was an American nursery school, kindergarten teacher, and key founder of the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) which now exists as the National Association For the Education of Young Children (NAEYC).

Family and early life
Patty Smith Hill was born in 1868 in Anchorage, Kentucky, just outside Louisville. Her parents were passionate people who instilled in Patty and her siblings the importance of education, the value of play, and the necessity of advocating for others. Her father, William Wallace Hill, was born in Bath, Kentucky, graduated from Centre College in Danville, Kentucky in 1833, and earned a doctorate of Theology from Princeton University in 1838. He dedicated his entire life to ministry and education, which took the Hill family from Kentucky to Missouri to Texas. Her mother, Martha Jane Smith, was William's second wife (his first died in childbirth), and was born in Pennsylvania, but as an adolescent moved with her brother to live with their aunt and uncle on their plantation in Danville. Martha Jane was intent on learning and passing along education to others, evidenced, for example, by the fact that she taught the slaves on the Grimes plantation to read and write.

Hill's parents were committed to their children's education; her father is reported to have told his daughters to understand the value of a good education, and that it was, "a tragedy for women to marry for a home. Don't live with law kin! Don't even if you have to live in a hollow tree!" Empowered by her parents' encouragement, Patty graduated valedictorian of her class from the Louisville Collegiate Institute in 1887.

Career in early childhood education
Hill was an authority and leader in the progressive education movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Patty developed the Patty Hill blocks and in 1924 helped create the Institute of Child Welfare Research at Columbia University Teachers College. The Patty Hill blocks were large blocks with which children could create giant constructions. She was a member, President, and lifetime support of the Association for Childhood Education International.

"Happy Birthday to You"
Hill is perhaps best known as the sister of Mildred J. Hill, with whom she is credited as co-writing the tune to the song "Good Morning to All". The tune became even more popular as "Happy Birthday to You" during the 20th century. Hill and her sister Mildred wrote the song (Mildred wrote the tune; Patty wrote the original lyrics) while Mildred was a composer of songs and Patty was principal at the Louisville Experimental Kindergarten School. This kindergarten was an early experiment in modern educational methods, and was honored, along with the Hill sisters, at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893.

Later life and honors
Patty Smith Hill, who never married, was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by Columbia University in 1929. Hill died at her home in New York City, and is buried in Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Kentucky. She and Mildred J. Hill were posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 12, 1996.

title: Patty Hill


text:
Talk:Nadia Almada

Untitled
Hi am NADIA ALMADA & I went into Big Brother on day one, KITTEN PINDER, EMMA GREENWOOD, VANESSA NIMMO, SHELL JUBIN, MICHELLE BASS, JASON COWAN, DAN BRYAN, STUART WILSON, VICTOR EBUWA, AHMED AGHILL, MARCO SABBA, all came into the big brother house and we all became friends Marco, Emma, Michelle and myself were a very tight knit group, calling ourselves the LipGloss Bitches and we always hung out together. KITTEN was the first to be evicted from the big brother house then EMMA was asked to leave by Big Brother, following "Fight Night". Marco and I were gutted. VANESSA was then voted out in week 4. A new girl, BECKI SEDDIKI, then entered the BB House to replace Emma. A few days later, Marco, Michelle and myself (the 3 remaining LipGloss Bitches) were up for eviction. MARCO was evicted, I was deverstated, but happy to be there. A week later, BECKI was evicted. She got a lot of boo's, which I later found out was due to a "Judas Kiss" she had planted on Michelle's Cheeks. The next week, AHMED came out he got a lot of boo's too then it was VICTOR on day 57. Then, my only remaining LGB, MICHELLE was evicted on day 64 There was then a surprise eviction on day 69 and STUART left, without being aloud to say Goodbye. On the last day SHELL went out in 4th place, to a round of cheers. Then it was DAN in 3rd place. Then it was either me or JASON who would win the title of Winner Of Big Brother 2004. The public had voted me as the winner so JASON was the runner up for big brother. When I left the house, my mum, cousin and best friends were there to greet me and I was so happy, I had no words to describe how happy I was. Thank You!!

NADIA ALMADA

Is this real?

 * Highly unlikely ... looking at the edit history the above has been "created" by multiple editors from widely separated address blocks. Moderate humour though and this is only a talk page ... --Vamp:Willow 22:26, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Pronouns
Is the use of the male pronoun appropriate?

--Sjharte 16:03, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No. It's generally considered polite to use the targeted-gender pronoun, so Nadia is a "she" as far as both her and I am concerned. --ByeByeBaby 05:29, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Well the pronoun issue can resolved as Jokestress did with the Calpernia Addams page.

Unitedroad 13:32, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Somebody keeps changing the pronouns and adding a load of other crap. -- JD talkemail 17:00, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Somebody also keeps deleting the fact that The Sun newspaper refers to Nadia as the 'PortuGeezer' and the 'Portuguese Man 'O' War'. These are unarguabe facts about Nadia and should not be allowed to be deleted. These labels played a significant part in her portrayal by the media and are a FACT, whether the editor who keeps deleting it likes it or not!
 * Actually, that was me... I thought it was vandalism.  Sorry.  -- JD talkemail 13:06, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * You should provide sources for those edits. Dysprosia 13:13, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Ok, that is fair enough. Page should now be unprotected, since it seems to have been a misunderstanding, because it was not vandalism.
 * Oh I completely forgot. Can only I do that or something?  -- JD talkemail 13:44, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

The convention on Wikipedia is to use self-identification as to the Naming conventions (identity). Dysprosia 23:45, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Article has not been protected ever, so it was open for edit all along. I have removed the unprotect request for that matter.-- Kim van der Linde at venus 16:56, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, FireFox explained to me that the tag that I used didn't do a thing.  I just saw it used in other places and assumed it actually protected the page.  But now I know...  -- JD talkemail 22:46, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

editprotected

as per wikipedia policy (as stated above) the subject of this article should be referred to as female, regardless of user POV. unforutnately a few individuals keep changing the pronouns, and so i request this page be protected with the female pronouns intactScoresheet 01:24, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. The article's been semi-protected for a couple of days. Cheers. --MZMcBride 01:45, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Factual accuracy dispute
Is there something on a Wikipedia article, or something on the Internet that was produced when Kelly van der veer was in a series of Big Brother? J Ditalk 19:04, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, no matter; she has her own article. J Ditalk 19:10, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

LGBT Christians?
The article makes no reference to it. I am no expert on her- has she ever mentioned her faith in interviews? Not050 (talk) 22:54, 1 February 2008 (UTC)Not050

Birth name
There seems to be slight problem about names here. The info box right gives her birth name as David Waddell, while the first paragraph gives her birth name as Jorge Leodoro. I don't think it's a jump to assume one of these is correct, and the other incorrect, and the incorrect one should be stricken. (Edit a few minutes later: I'm an idiot, the article states that she was "known as" Leodoro. Strangely, now it isn't Jorge, it's Carlos. In need of some clarification.) Then there's another thing: I happen to know one transsexual woman personally, and read extensively on the subject, and so on and so forth, and I'm convinced of it that transsexual women are usually not very keen on having anybody at all know their "original" name. Gender dysphoria, dyssociation, unwanted past, and so forth. I submit a query: is it Wikipedia's role/place/policy to out transsexual celebrities' "original" names? Are we convinced of it that Nadia Almada wants people to know this name? Is it courteous to mention it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.254.51.151 (talk) 02:49, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I've taken it out of the lede. It's not particularly pertinent to the article and it's not an alternate title, since Almada has never been publicly known by that name. It is, however, well sourced to an interview in the Guardian. I presume that Almada released the information to the Guardian, so I don't think that it's inappropriate to include it. --Danger (talk) 19:31, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * People are removing her birth name, quoting BLP. Can someone explain this? Her birth name is (was) sourced. – anemone projectors – 20:40, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I think we're looking at the actions of two distinct people here. The first was an IP - User:69.244.221.134. Her explanation, as left on EAR is (some trimming for brevity): "I had noticed that a large number of transgendered individuals recorded on Wikipedia had their birth names included in their articles... Being a transsexual woman, I understand firsthand how often transsexual peoples' birth names are rooted out and used by people who are convinced that the transperson in question is "faking," and in some sense, still their old gender, which has to be "revealed" by disseminating that birth name. I believe that it's a violation of Wikipedia's neutrality policy to assert that transpeople have to be hounded by their birth names, even though they are not that person any more, in a personal and legal sense. It seems that the only two times it would be acceptable to use the birth name would be if 1. the transperson explicitly and publicly gives permission to use the birth name, or 2. the transperson did a major amount of public work in their old gender. RafikiSykes and the other user claim that because a transperson's birth name has been disseminated, that makes it a matter of public record. But in this sense, the name serves no purpose other than hateful gossip, hanging an albatross around the neck of people who've had their personal information carelessly thrown around by transphobic individuals..." The problem with that is a number of those names the IP removed were sourceable to reliable sources, which would imply that they fell into category one.
 * The other is User:Rebecca - her explanation according to what she left on my talk page was "The problem is not the inclusion but the weight and prominence you're giving her former name. There was an agreement some time ago that the application of the BLP policy necessitated not putting former names that the person was never publicly known by in lead sections or infoboxes." That's kinda curious since the birth name field in the infobox seems precisely tailored to host Nadia's male birth name... Tabercil (talk) 22:34, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Nadia Almada. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060513015123/http://www.pfc.org.uk:80/gendrpol/pcc-doss.pdf to http://www.pfc.org.uk/gendrpol/pcc-doss.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:51, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Nadia Almada. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110902023150/http://web.researcha.com/iccquery/detail/?did=27331569&c=uk to http://web.researcha.com/iccquery/detail/?did=27331569&c=uk

 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120324070005/http://www.virginmedia.com/homefamily/health/celebrity-fitness-videos.php?ssid=13 to http://www.virginmedia.com/homefamily/health/celebrity-fitness-videos.php?ssid=13

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

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Move page name
Hey everyone! I wanted to propose that the page be moved to "Nádia Almada", seeing as that is the way her name is shown on the actual page itself, and is also the page name on the Portuguese Wikipedia article. The a should have the acute accent, because the name "Nadia" without it does not exist in Portugal, and it wouldn't have the same pronunciation without it (The stress would be on the i), source: I live in Portugal and I speak the language fluently. I'm assuming the show just didn't bother with it because such diacritics don't exist in English bar some rare loanwords.

Thank you! Shattering Crystal (talk) 11:20, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nadia Almada


text:
Bentley Canal

The Bentley Canal is an abandoned canal that was part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations. A very short section still exists where it joins the Wyrley and Essington Canal in Wolverhampton. From there it headed generally southeast through Willenhall and Walsall and connected with the Anson Branch and thus the Walsall Canal. The main line opened in 1843, with the Neachell Hall Branch following two years later. The branch closed in 1953 and the main line in the early 1960s.

History
In 1820, the Birmingham Canal Company had approached the Wyrley and Essington Canal, with a view to amalgamation. This had been declined, but from 1825 mineowners in the Walsall area petitioned for a junction between the two systems. Nothing happened for some years, but in 1837, Walsall Town Council began pushing both companies for a solution. After much disagreement, the Wyrley and Essington announced that they were ready to apply for an Act of Parliament to authorise the construction of a junction at Walsall, which led to the Birmingham Canal Company agreeing to amalgamation. Both signed an agreement to proceed on 9 February 1840, and an Act of Parliament was obtained to April to authorise the move. The Bentley Canal was one of three links between the systems built shortly afterwards. The other two were the Walsall Junction Canal, which linked the north end of the Walsall Canal to Birchills Junction, and the Rushall Canal, between the Tame Valley Canal and the Daw End Branch of the Wyrley and Essington.

In 1828, the Company completed a branch to Ridgeacre at huge cost, and accepted an estimate for the Bentley Branch of £7,135, but they were in the middle of a much bigger enterprise, to lower the level of their main summit, and no further action appears to have been taken concerning the Bentley Branch. In 1839, work on the Tame Valley Canal began, under the direction of Messrs Walker and Burgess, who were the engineers. James Walker suggested that it should be built following a different line to that specified in the Act of Parliament, and the committee approved his revised plans. When there was opposition to the new line from landowners, the committee agreed to revert to the original line, but Walker was infuriated, and wrote a long letter to them. They reconsidered, and agreed to proceed with Walker's new line, for which they obtained a new Act of Parliament. By August 1840, work on the Tame Valley Canal was progressing well, and Walker turned his attention to the Bentley Canal. He suggested that they dispense with the ten locks authorised by the Act, and instead build two sections of level canal, one running from the Anson Branch at the Walsall level, continuing as far as was possible before higher ground prevented further progress, and another running from Wood Green to Portobello, on the same level. The committee again agreed with him.

Tenders were invited for the level canals, and prices received ranged from £11,300 to £27,691. The cheapest one was accepted, with four per cent of the cost going to Walker and Burgess. In June 1841, the committee approved plans to connect the Bentley Branch to the Wednesfield level through four locks, and then proceeding to the Wyrley and Essington Canal. The Wednesfield section was estimated to cost £6,850, and tenders for the whole thing ranged from £19,208 to £28,500. Of the thirteen tenders received, they opted for the cheapest. Effectively, this reinstated the Parliamentary line, in place of Walker's level canals. John Merry reported on progress in October 1842, noting that there were grooves for stop planks at every bridge, and they were all fitted with iron plates to prevent ropes wearing away the brickwork. Coping stones along the top of the locks were of Derbyshire stone, and the entrances to the locks had iron fenders to prevent damage to the brickwork. Each lock had a single paddle, operated by a windlass and rack.

Merry had suggested that the canal would be open by January 1843, but the opening was delayed until 28 April. Soon afterwards, Walker's plan for the level Wood Green branch was dropped. The canal as built ran for 3.4 mi through 10 locks. It fell into dereliction in the 1960s. The Neachells Branch was a short branch of 0.4 mi which opened in 1845 to serve Neachell Hall Colliery and closed in 1953.

Route
The Bentley Canal left the Wyrley and Essington Canal at Wednesfield Junction. A cast iron bridge carried the towpath over the junction, and is still in situ. It dates from the mid-nineteenth century, and is a grade II listed structure. A short section of the canal remains in water, and is used for moorings for the Nickelodeon canalside pub. The first lock was located immediately to the east of the watered stub, and was followed by two more. The canal is heading east at this point, and the towpath was located on the south bank. The remains of old quarries were on both sides of the canal, and there was a metal works washing plant on the north bank in the 1950s. Bradburn's Bridge carried a railway siding over the tail of the third lock. Beyond the bridge, Wolverhampton Metal Works occupied the south bank and there was a foundry on the north bank, although it had been a chocolate and confectionery works in 1902. The fourth lock was immediately before Well Lane Bridge. Between here and Neachells Bridge, there was a metal recovery works and allotment gardens on the north bank, and a cabinet works and two colour works to the south. This whole area has been redeveloped since the canal closed, although Well Lane and Neachells Lane still follow their original courses.

Two more locks occupied the next section, with Merrills Hall Bridge carrying Merrills Hall Lane over the canal just below the second. On the north bank were a steel works and a sports ground, which had been allotment gardens in 1938. A bowling green was nearest the canal, and a footbridge crossed it at this point. Reliance Works manufactured steel tubes on the south bank, and was sandwiched between the canal and a railway line. Beyond the bridge, Neachells Junction Bridge carried the towpath over the Neachells Branch. The branch headed due south. Another footbridge crossed it before it passed under a railway bridge. The settling tanks, filter beds and sludge beds of the Wednesfield Council sewage treatment works occupied the east bank of the branch beyond the bridge. A short arm to the east once served a coal mine, after which Water Lane crossed the canal. Beyond it, a wide basin served the Neachell Hall colliery, situated to the east of the canal, but disused by 1919.

Returning to the main line, the Weldless Steel Tube Works were located on the north bank, and a gas furnace plant was to the south. Hill's Bridge carried a footpath over the canal. Fly Bridge, which was overshadowed by electricity pylons, carried another footpath. The Reliance Brass Foundry occupied the south bank just before Fibbersley Bridge, which now carries the B4484 road. Beyond it, the course of the canal is still clearly defined to the north of a housing estate. Dingle Bridge allowed walkers to cross from the end of Dingle Lane, while at Monmer Lane, there were two bridges, one to carry the road and a separate footbridge immediately to the west. An industrial estate occupied the south bank, as the canal turned towards the south east. After Spring Bank Bridge, there was a wharf and a short arm, with a towpath bridge over it, which served the Spring Vale iron foundry, which later became the Spring Vale stamping works.

Next the canal passes between the remains of Short Heath Brick Works on the north bank and Spring Bank Brick Works on the south. There were two locks, with a small arm and wharf to the north, between them. Sandbeds Bridge connected Charles Street and Stringers Lane, beyond which a third lock was located beneath a railway bridge. The fourth lock on this section was just before Clarke's Lane Bridge, now carrying the A462 road. Farm Bridge joined the end of Durham Avenue. The canal turned to the south to pass under Wolverhampton Road West (now the B4464, formerly the A454) at County Bridge, and resumed its south-easterly course at Hopyard Bridge. A large cemetery occupies the north bank between the two bridges. Pendlebury Colliery occupied the south bank beyond the bridge, and had a small arm with a towpath bridge. The course of the canal is no longer visible from here, as its route is occupied by County Bridge Primary School. Beyond the school, Bentley Road North crossed at Bentley Lane Bridge, and the canal continued to join the Anson Branch just below Bentley Mill Bridge. The Anson Branch is no longer navigable, but is still partially watered.

title: Bentley Canal


text:
Happy Birthday

Happy Birthday may refer to:

 * "Happy Birthday", an expression of good will offered on a person's birthday

Film, theatre and television

 * Happy Birthday (1998 film), a Russian drama by Larisa Sadilova
 * Happy Birthday, a 2001 film featuring John Goodman and directed by Helen Mirren
 * Happy Birthday (2002 film), an American film by Yen Tan
 * Happy Birthday, a 2005 film featuring Kousei Amano
 * Happy Birthday, a 2006 Hong Kong film starring Louis Koo
 * Happy Birthday, a 2007 French short film co-directed by Hichem Yacoubi
 * Happy Birthday, a 2008 Thai film
 * Happy Birthday (2009 film), a Maldivian suspense thriller
 * Happy Birthday (2016 Indian film), an Indian Kannada-language film
 * Happy Birthday (2016 American film), a horror-thriller
 * Happy Birthday (2021 film), an Indian thriller short film
 * Happy Birthday (2022 Indian film), an Indian Telugu-language crime comedy film
 * Happy Birthday (2022 Sri Lankan film), a Sri Lankan mystery thriller
 * Happy Birthday (play), a 1946 Broadway play by Anita Loos
 * Happy Birthday (TV series), a 2018 Thai television series
 * "Happy Birthday" (CSI: Miami), an episode of CSI: Miami
 * "Happy Birthday" (Roseanne), an episode of Roseanne

Albums

 * Happy Birthday (Altered Images album) or the title song (see below), 1981
 * Happy Birthday (Pete Townshend album), 1970
 * Happy Birthday (Sharon, Lois & Bram album), 1988
 * Happy Birthday!, by Modeselektor, or the title song, 2007
 * Happy Birthday (mixtape), by Tinie Tempah, or the title track, 2011
 * Happy Birthday, by the Burning Hell, 2008
 * Happy Birthday, by Cookies, 2002

Songs

 * "Happy Birthday to You", a traditional song from 1893 or earlier, also known as "Happy Birthday"
 * "Happy Birthday" (Altered Images song), 1981
 * "Happy Birthday" (Birthday Party song), 1980
 * "Happy Birthday" (The Click Five song), 2007
 * "Happy Birthday" (Concrete Blonde song), 1989
 * "Happy Birthday" (Flipsyde song), 2005
 * "Happy Birthday" (Loretta Lynn song), 1964
 * "Happy Birthday" (NEWS song), 2008
 * "Happy Birthday" (Stevie Wonder song), 1980
 * "Happy Birthday", by B'z from Monster, 2006
 * "Happy Birthday", by the Birthday Massacre from Nothing and Nowhere, 2002
 * "Happy Birthday", by Carly Simon from Have You Seen Me Lately, 1990
 * "Happy Birthday", by Childish Major featuring Isaiah Rashad and SZA from Woosah, 2017
 * "Happy Birthday", by Gary Glitter from Touch Me, 1973
 * "Happy Birthday", by Lenny Kravitz from Strut, 2014
 * "Happy Birthday", by R. Kelly, 2015
 * "Happy Birthday", by So Def featuring Izza Kizza and Missy Elliott, 2007
 * "Happy Birthday", by Sufjan Stevens from A Sun Came, 1999
 * "Happy Birthday", by Technohead, 1996
 * "Happy Birthday", by "Weird Al" Yankovic from "Weird Al" Yankovic, 1983
 * "Happy Birthday", by Woo Jin-young, 2021
 * "Yom Huledet (Happy Birthday)", by Eden, representing Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999

title: Happy Birthday


text:
Talk:Happy Birthday

disambig
converted to a disambig -- Zondor 10:56, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Happy Birthday


text:
Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart

Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm von Sigwart (31 August 1789 – 16 November 1844) was a German philosopher and logician. He was the father of Christoph von Sigwart (28 March 1830 – 4 August 1904), who also was a philosopher and logician.

Life
Sigwart was born into a family with a long history of philosophers, theologians and physicians at Remmingsheim in Württemberg. From 1813 he served as a repentant at Tübinger Stift in Tübingen, and obtained an associate professorship at the University of Tübingen in 1816. He became a full professor of philosophy at Tübingen in 1818 and wrote numerous books on the history of philosophy. He died in Stuttgart.

Works

 * Über den Zusammenhang des Spinozismus mit der Cartesianischen Philosophie (1816). Google (UMich)
 * Handbuch zu Vorlesungen über die Logik (1818; 3rd edition, 1835). Google (UCal) Google (UMich)
 * Handbuch der theoretischen Philosophie (1820).
 * Die Leibnizsche Lehre von der prästabilierten Harmonie (1822). Google (Harvard) Google (UMich)
 * Grundzüge der Anthropologie (1827).
 * De historia logicae inter Graecos usque ad Socratem commentatio (1832).
 * Der Spinozismus: historisch und philosophisch erläutert (1839). Google (Harvard) Google (UCal)
 * Die Propädeutik der Geschichte der Philosophie (1840).
 * Vergleichung der Rechts- und Staatstheorien des B. Spinoza und des Th. Hobbes (1842). Google (Harvard)
 * Geschichte der Philosophie (3 volumes, 1844).

title: Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart


text:
Christoph von Sigwart

Christoph von Sigwart (28 March 1830 – 4 August 1904) was a German philosopher and logician. He was the son of philosopher Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart (31 August 1789 – 16 November 1844).

Life
After a course of philosophy and theology, Sigwart became professor at Blaubeuren (1859), and eventually at Tübingen, in 1865.

Philosophical work
The first volume of Sigwart's principal work, Logik, was published in 1873 and took an important place among contributions to logical theory in the late nineteenth century. In the preface to the first edition, Sigwart explains that he makes no attempt to appreciate the logical theories of his predecessors; he intended to construct a theory of logic, complete in itself.

The Logik represents the results of a long and careful study not only of German but also of English logicians. In 1895 an English translation by Helen Dendy was published in London. Chapter 5 of the second volume is especially interesting to English thinkers as it contains a profound examination of the induction theories of Francis Bacon, John Stuart Mill and David Hume. His Kleine Schriften contains valuable criticisms on Paracelsus and Giordano Bruno.

Quotations
No amount of failure in the attempt to subject the world of sensible experience to a thorough-going system of conceptions, and to bring all happenings back to cases of immutably valid law, is able to shake our faith in the rightness of our principles. We hold fast to our demand that even the greatest apparent confusion must sooner or later solve itself in transparent formulas.

Publications

 * Ulrich Zwingli, der Charakter seiner Theologie (1855). Google (Oxford) Google (Stanford) Google (UCal)
 * Spinoza's neuentdeckter Traktat von Gott, dem Menschen und dessen Glückseligkeit (1866). Google (Harvard) Google (Oxford)
 * Beiträge zur Lehre vom hypothetischen Urteile (1871). Google (UMich)
 * Logik (1873–1878). 2 volumes. 2nd ed ., 1889-1893. 3rd ed ., 1904. 4th ed ., 1911. 5th ed ., 1924.
 * Volume 1, 1873. Die Lehre vom Urtheil, vom Begriff und vom Schluss. 1889. Google (UCal) IA (UToronto) 1904. Google (Harvard)
 * Volume 2, 1878. Die Methodenlehre. IA (UToronto)
 * Kleine Schriften (1881). 2 volumes. Google (UCal) 2nd ed ., 1889.
 * Vorfragen der Ethik (1886).
 * Die Impersonalien, eine logische Untersuchung (1888). Google (UCal) Google (UMich)

English translations

 * Logic (1895). (Tr. Helen Dendy)
 * Volume 1 . The Judgment, Concept, and Inference. Google (Stanford) Google (UWisc) IA (UToronto)
 * Volume 2 . Logical Methods. Google (Stanford) Google (UMich) Google (UWisc) IA (UToronto)

title: Christoph von Sigwart


text:
User talk:Pissipo

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Re: Thanks
Well, thanks for the thanks :-) But you had me puzzled there for a moment—until I checked your contributions I didn't know what you meant. Probably you were referring to the revert on Gustav Wagner and the subsequent block of the vandalizing user: no big deal. However, I was tempted to speedy delete the article because at the time it was a less than useful substub. Luckily I had seen the development of Franz Stangl earlier, so I figured you'd get around to improve the Wagner article, too. In the future, don't be surprised or offended if someone just deletes an article of yours that just reads "Gustav Wagner (?, ?) nazi SS. This is a stub". I usually edit my articles offline in a text editor and upload them when they have a decent length. That helps avoid such problems. Keep up the good work! Lupo 19:05, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Re: Collie
Done. See the page source for what I did.

Now you'd have to explain on the image description page at Image:Collie Ursula.JPG what that image's copyright status and license status is. The current text isn't helpful in determining whether the image may be used on Wikipedia. Are you Sergio Blancato? If so, add a statement saying that you took that picture, decide on a license, and add the appropriate tag to the page (such as e.g. ). If you're not the copyright holder, then please provide a source, that is, state where the image is from, and again, tag it with an appropriate license.

And, BTW, to sign a message you can just write four tildes (like this: ~ ), when you save the page, the software will replace them with your signature and a timestamp.

Lupo 19:30, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, I was just coming here to say the same thing about the photo: Nice photo of a collie. Do please add the source of the photo (who took it) and its licensing or copyright info so that we can continue to use it guilt-free. :-) Thanks so much!  Also, you'll see that I took out the collie breed links from the generic collie page because they're already on the specific breed pages that are referenced on that page. Elf | Talk 19:55, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Re: copyright
Buon giorno, Sergio. Come stà?

You wrote:

 * The image I posted for Collie is mine and I want to give permission to use it to wikipedia only. What whould I write and where?

 * 1) Do you want to give permission only to en.wikipedia.org, or also to other Wikipedias, e.g. the Italian Wikipedia?
 * 2) Do you want to disallow Wikipedia mirrors to use the image? Why?
 * 3) Do you want to forbid commercial uses of the image?
 * 4) Do you want to ensure that you're credited (i.e., that anybody who uses the image must also state that it is © by Sergio Blancato)?

I'd advise against allowing only uses on Wikipedia. Somebody else will probably claim that such a license was incompatible with Wikipedia, and that the image should be removed.

Images that may be used only for non-commercial purposes only have for a long time been fine on Wikipedia, but recently it seems like the owner of Wikipedia wants them all deleted. Personally, I disagree with this, and will try to find out why Jimbo Wales doesn't want them anymore.

Are you making money (or intending to do so) by selling the image to other parties? If so, I'd advise you to upload a lesser resolution image (say, 300 pixel wide) instead of the high-resolution one. A 300 pixel version has no commercial value, and you'd still be free to sell the high-resolution one, without running the risk that anybody else just copies it from Wikipedia instead of buying it from you.

The three best options for you are, in my opinion:
 * 1) License the image to Wikipedia under the terms of the GFDL. That ensures that you are credited, but allows anyone to use the image and even to make derivative versions from it, such a cropping it. If you choose this, put " " onto the image description page at Image:Collie Ursula.JPG.
 * 2) Release the image into the public domain. This is not an option if you do intend to make money from selling the image. It just means that anybody can use it and do with it whatever he likes. If you choose this, put " " on the image page.
 * 3) Use a Creative Commons License. There are various types, e.g. " " (similar to the GFDL, ensures credit and requires any reuser to re-license the image under this same license), or "  " (same, but also forbids derivative works). Decide on a license type, and put the appropriate tag on the image page.

Ciao, Lupo 11:14, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Bruno Pontecorvo
Ciao, may I upload your photo of Bruno Pontecorvo on the Italian Wikipedia? Thanks TøW €®M ªN ™   answer me  08:11, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Bruno Pontecorvo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Bruno Pontecorvo.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 05:46, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pissipo


text: User talk:69.195.89.126

title: User talk:69.195.89.126


text:
Talk:Scarlet ibis

National birds
I've reverted last edits to Rufous-vented Chachalaca and Scarlet Ibis because my understanding is that the former is the national bird of Tobago - it doesn't occur in Trinidad, and the latter is the national bird of Trinidad; both therefore are featured on the coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago

There is no inconsistency in parts of a nation state having their own national birds; England, Scotland and Wales have their own national flowers, despit not being independent countries. jimfbleak 15:09, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

No, although each bird only occurs on one island, they are both the national birds of Trinidad and Tobago. Guettarda 01:08, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

scarlet ibis
needs more info —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 168.169.63.108 (talk) 13:45, 4 January 2007 (UTC).

"it enjoys protected status among humans"
Slightly strange wording! 109.149.143.15 (talk) 23:10, 25 March 2012 (UTC)
 * True. Fixed. –  Maky  « talk » 18:24, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Scarlet Ibis has a broader range than shown here
For one, I've personally seen several Scarlet Ibis near my home near Fort Desoto in Florida.

Looking further, I do find references to them nesting in the coastal areas of the SE US:

http://what-when-how.com/birds/scarlet-ibis-birds/

This is corroborated by the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, which lists them as non-native residents that are established in 24 counties:

http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/birds/scarlet-ibis/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Danlemberg (talk • contribs) 16:51, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scarlet ibis


text:
Joe Darby

Sergeant Joseph M. Darby (born c. 1979) is a former U.S. Army Reservist known as the whistleblower in the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Darby is a graduate of North Star High School, near his hometown at the time, Jenners, Pennsylvania.

At the time, Darby served as an M.P. at the Abu Ghraib prison, in Abu Ghraib, Iraq. After learning of the abuse, Darby was the first person to take steps to alert the U.S. military command.

Disclosure of abuses at Abu Ghraib
In January 2004, Darby provided two CD-ROMs of photographs to Special Agent Tyler Pieron of the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command, who was stationed at Abu Ghraib Prison, triggering an investigation that led to the implication of several soldiers violating the Geneva Convention. Darby initially wanted to remain anonymous, and had been assured of anonymity — he and those implicated all served in the 372nd Military Police Company, but became known when The New Yorker published his name and when later Donald Rumsfeld named him during a Senate hearing. This led to harassment and death threats against him and his family, resulting in them being taken into protective custody by the U.S. Army. Darby had agonized for a month beforehand, but finally decided to blow the whistle on his former friends explaining: "It violated everything I personally believed in and all I'd been taught about the rules of war." He had known Lynndie England, one of the most well-known suspects, since Basic Training. He testified that he had received the photos from Charles Graner, another soldier in the photographs.

Reactions
The disclosure was not received well by the community in which Darby and his wife, Bernadette, were living in Maryland. They have been shunned by friends and neighbors, their property has been vandalized, and they now reside in protective military custody at an undisclosed location. Bernadette said, "We did not receive the response I thought we would. People were, they were mean, saying he was a walking dead man, he was walking around with a bull's-eye on his head. It was scary."

On the other hand, CBS reports that former neighbors from one of his childhood homes in Pennsylvania were proud of him. Darby has also said that soldiers in his unit shook his hand afterward.

Recognition
On May 7, 2004, Darby was profiled as the "Person of the Week" by anchor Peter Jennings on ABC's World News Tonight, and in December 2004, he was selected as one of three ABC News "People of the Year". He was profiled and interviewed by Anderson Cooper on the December 10, 2006, broadcast of 60 Minutes (the segment was aired again on June 24, 2007).

Darby received a John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award on May 16, 2005, in recognition of his courage in exposing the abuses at Abu Ghraib.

Darby also received a personal letter from Donald Rumsfeld, asking him to stop talking about how his identity had been disclosed by Rumsfeld despite receiving assurances of anonymity from military command.

title: Joe Darby


text:
User:Nysalor

I'm a Finnish student, and I live in Helsinki, Finland. I have also studied Finnish Literature, because I read quite a lot, and I also write something myself. My hobby is role-playing, especially RuneQuest and the fantasy world Glorantha.

In Wikipedia, I write only in Finnish, but I often add interlanguage links.

Look at my Finnish page for more information (if you understand Finnish :)).

fi:Käyttäjä:Nysalor sv:Användare:Nysalor

title: User:Nysalor


text:
Synod of Elvira

The Synod of Elvira (Concilium Eliberritanum, Concilio de Elvira) was an ecclesiastical synod held at Elvira in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica, now Granada in southern Spain. Its date has not been exactly determined but is believed to be in the first quarter of the fourth century, approximately 305–6. It was one of three councils, together with the Synod of Arles (314) and the Synod of Ancyra, that first approached the character of general councils and prepared the way for the first ecumenical council. It was attended by nineteen bishops and twenty-six presbyters, mostly resident in Baetica. Deacons and laymen were also present. Eighty-one canons are recorded, although it is believed that many were added at later dates. All concern order, discipline and conduct among the Christian community. Canon 36, forbidding the use of images in churches, became a bone of contention between Catholic and Protestant scholars after the Protestant Reformation.

It is one of a number of pre-ecumenical ancient church councils and synods. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia refers to this as a "council," conveying a wider scope than a synod. The Vatican refers to it using both terms.

Place and purpose
The place of meeting, Eliberri, rendered as Elvira, was not far from the modern Granada, if not, as A.W. Dale and Edgar Hennecke think, actually identical with it. There the nineteen bishops and twenty-four presbyters, mostly from Hispania Baetica and Carthago Nova, assembled, probably at the instigation of Hosius of Córdoba, but under the presidency of Felix of Accitum (Guadix) in Baetica, probably by virtue of his being the oldest bishop present, with a view to restoring order and discipline in the church. The canons which were adopted reflect with considerable fullness the internal life and external relations of the Spanish Church of the 4th century. The reputation of this council drew to its canons further canons that came to be associated with the Synod of Elvira.

Victor De Clercq notes "that except for Hosius of Córdoba, we know practically nothing about these men, nor do we know with certainty when and why the council was held, and that the church of Spain is one of the least known in pre-constantinian [sic] times".

The canons
Maurice Meigne considers that only the first twenty-one canons in the list that has been transmitted were promulgated at Elvira; the remainder having been added to the collection.

The social environment of Christians in Hispania may be inferred from the canons prohibiting marriage and other intercourse with Jews, pagans and heretics, closing the offices of flamen and duumvir to Christians, forbidding all contact with idolatry and likewise participation in pagan festivals and public games. The state of morals is mirrored in the canons denouncing prevalent vices. The canons respecting the clergy exhibit the clergy as already a special class with particular privileges, as acting under a more exacting moral standard, with heavier penalties for delinquency. The bishop has acquired control of the sacraments, presbyters and deacons acting only under his orders; the episcopate appears as a unit, bishops being bound to respect one another's disciplinary decrees.

The canons (which are available in English and Latin online) are almost entirely concerned with the conduct of various elements of the Christian community, and have no theological content as such. Sanctions include long delays before baptism, exclusion from the Eucharist for periods of months or years, or indefinitely, sometimes with an exception for the death-bed, though this is also specifically excluded in some cases. Periods of penance, often for sexual offences, extend to 5 or 10 years: "Canon 5. If a woman beats her servant and causes death within three days, she shall undergo seven years' penance if the injury was inflicted on purpose and five years' if it was accidental.  She shall not receive communion during this penance unless she becomes ill.  If so, she may receive communion."

All the canons which pertain to Jews served to maintain a separation between the two communities. Canon 15 prohibited marriage with pagans, while Canon 16 prohibited marriage of Christians with Jews. Canon 78 threatens Christians who commit adultery with Jews with ostracism. Canon 49 forbade the blessing of Christian crops by Jews, and Canon 50 forbade the sharing of meals by Christians and Jews.

Among the early canons (which are possibly the only original ones), Canon 1 forbade giving holy communion to lapsed Christians even in articulo mortis, an unusually severe application of Novatianist principles, which had divided the church since the recovery from mid 3rd-century persecutions: compare the severity of Cyprian of Carthage. The subject of this leading canon is a major indication for a date following recent persecution.

Among the later canons, of especial note are Canon 33, enjoining celibacy upon all clerics, married or not, and all who minister at the altar (the most ancient canon of clerical celibacy). Also relating to the subject of clerical celibacy is Canon 27, which calls for bishops and other clergy to refrain from living with women unless they are of relation. This canon is believed to be condemning the practice of Syneisaktism, or spiritual marriage, which was growing more and more popular among ascetic men and women.

Canon 36 states, "It has seemed good that images should not be in churches so that what is venerated and worshiped not be painted on the walls." It allegedly forbids pictures in churches (compare the Iconoclastic Controversy in the East); according to Philip Schaff this canon "has often been quoted by Protestants as an argument against image worship as idolatrous; while Roman Catholic writers explain it either as a prohibition of representations of the deity only, or as a prudential measure against heathen desecration of holy things". Canon 36 was the first official statement on art by the Christian Church and so of special interest in the history of Early Christian and medieval art, even if it represents Church policy only within the limits of the synod's jurisdiction of Spain.

Canon 38, permits lay baptism under certain conditions, and Canon 53, forbids one bishop restoring a person excommunicated by another.

Other provisions relating to images forbade Christian slave-owners from allowing their pagan slaves to keep their personal idols, or "if this is impossible to enforce, they must at least avoid the idols and remain pure. If this does not happen, they are alienated from the church" (Canon 41). Canon 60 says "If someone smashes an idol and is then punished by death, he or she may not be placed in the list of martyrs, since such action is not sanctioned by the Scriptures or by the apostles." Canon 34 says "Candles are not to be burned in a cemetery during the day. This practice is related to paganism and is harmful to Christians.  Those who do this are to be denied the communion of the church". Other canons imposed "the rigorous form of fasting" every Saturday (Canon 26), forbade the baptism of chariot racers or stage performers (Canon 62), and many tightly control the reception of former pagan priests into the Christian church and clergy (Canons, 2,3,4,55).

Several canons relate only to the behaviour of women, such as Canon 67: "A woman who is baptized or is a catechumen must not associate with hairdressers or men with long hair..." Canon 81 reads: "A woman may not write to other lay Christians without her husband's consent. A woman may not receive letters of friendship addressed to her only and not to her husband as well." However married former prostitutes are not to suffer delays in baptism on that account (Canon 44).

Date of the synod
The solution of the question of the date hinges upon the interpretation of the canons, that is, upon whether they are to be taken as reflecting a recent persecution, or as redacted in a time of peace, that is either after or before the persecution under Diocletian. Thus the earliest investigators, Louis Duchesne and Victor De Clercq, argue for a date between 300 and 303, i.e. before the persecution under Diocletian; others for a date between 303 and 314, after the persecution, but before the Synod of Arles (314); a few others argue for a date between the synod of Arles and the Council of Nicaea, (325). Karl Josef von Hefele and Robert William Dale follow early compilers of the canons Giovanni Domenico Mansi and Jean Hardouin in agreement upon 305 or 306, while Hennecke concludes that "the whole attitude points to a time of peace, not to one immediately following a persecution; the complete absence of any provisions as to the case of the lapsed is enough to preclude the modern theory as to the date".

Documentation
The scanty documentation of the Synod of Elvira was first assembled by Ferdinand de Mendoza, De confirmando Concilio IIIiberitano ad Clementem VIII, 1593.

The canons are available online in English and in Latin (with dictionary lookup links)

title: Synod of Elvira


text:
Khalid Skah

Khalid Skah (خالد سكاح) (born 29 January 1967) is a Moroccan track and field athlete, winner of the 10,000 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Born in Midelt, Morocco, Skah established himself first as a good cross country runner by winning the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1990 and 1991.

1991 World Championships
His first major tournament on track was the 1991 World Championships where he first won a bronze in 10,000 m and then finished sixth at the 5000 m run. This was a disappointing outcome for Skah as, earlier in the season, he had won the 10000 m race in Oslo against a very strong field and had emerged as one of the favourites for the finals in Tokyo. However, for the 10 000 m final Richard Chelimo and the eventual world champion, Moses Tanui (both of Kenya), employed some very elaborate tactics and worked as a team. By the time of the 5000 m final Skah was probably tired. Yobes Ondieki of Kenya, who won the gold medal in the 5000 m, had expected Skah to be his major rival.

1992 Olympics
The following year, at the Barcelona Olympics, Skah met Chelimo again. With three laps remaining in the 10,000 m final, the two athletes were clear and battling for the gold medal. At this point the pair came to lap another Moroccan athlete, Hammou Boutayeb, who stayed with the leaders even after being lapped. The rules state that a lapped runner cannot "assist" another runner but, although Boutayeb's actions were interpreted as unsportsmanlike by the crowd, it was not certain that there was collusion. Nevertheless Skah gained advantage, Chelimo was disadvantaged. These events incensed the Spanish crowd, and the Swedish track judge Carl-Gustav Tollemar attempted to stop Boutayeb.

During the final 150 m Skah sprinted away from Chelimo to win the race and was disqualified, making Chelimo the Olympic champion. However, the Moroccans appealed the disqualification and Skah was reinstated as Olympic champion the next morning, because the rule under which he was disqualified did not define a penalty.

Other races
In 1993 Skah won the 5000 m race at Weltklasse Zürich. However, he finished fifth in 5000 m at the 1993 World Championships. He ran his only world record in 2 miles (8:12.17) in the same season. He won the 1994 World Semi-Marathon Championships and finished second in 10,000 m at the 1995 World Championships.

Skah's last major international meet was the 1996 Summer Olympics, where he finished seventh in the 10 000 m. In 1995, Skah was given Norwegian citizenship, where he lived and trained with athletes club B.U.L. After that, the Moroccan Athletics Association banned him from international competitions. Skah was reinstated in 2001, after which he tried a comeback to re-establish himself as one of the world's best long distance runners, finishing tenth in the World Half Marathon Championships that year.

title: Khalid Skah


text:
Ibkilwit Lava Bed

The Ibkilwit Lava Bed is a lava bed on Nunivak Island in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located at 59.975°N, -166.20833°W, one mile (1.6 km) east of Karon Lake and twelve miles (19 km) north of Cape Mendenhall.

Ibkilwit is an Eskimo term that was recorded in 1949. Variations include Ebcyeet, Ibkhikhyit, and Ibxixyit.

title: Ibkilwit Lava Bed


text:
Lens space

A lens space is an example of a topological space, considered in mathematics. The term often refers to a specific class of 3-manifolds, but in general can be defined for higher dimensions.

In the 3-manifold case, a lens space can be visualized as the result of gluing two solid tori together by a homeomorphism of their boundaries. Often the 3-sphere and $$S^2 \times S^1$$, both of which can be obtained as above, are not counted as they are considered trivial special cases.

The three-dimensional lens spaces $$L(p;q)$$ were introduced by Heinrich Tietze in 1908. They were the first known examples of 3-manifolds which were not determined by their homology and fundamental group alone, and the simplest examples of closed manifolds whose homeomorphism type is not determined by their homotopy type. J. W. Alexander in 1919 showed that the lens spaces $$L(5;1)$$ and $$L(5;2)$$ were not homeomorphic even though they have isomorphic fundamental groups and the same homology, though they do not have the same homotopy type. Other lens spaces (such as $$L(7;1)$$ and $$L(7;2)$$) have even the same homotopy type (and thus isomorphic fundamental groups and homology), but not the same homeomorphism type; they can thus be seen as the birth of geometric topology of manifolds as distinct from algebraic topology.

There is a complete classification of three-dimensional lens spaces, by fundamental group and Reidemeister torsion.

Definition
The three-dimensional lens spaces $$L(p;q)$$ are quotients of $$S^3$$ by $$\Z/p$$-actions. More precisely, let $$p$$ and $$q$$ be coprime integers and consider $$S^3 $$ as the unit sphere in $$ \Complex^2$$. Then the $$ \mathbb{Z}/p$$-action on $$S^3$$ generated by the homeomorphism
 * $$(z_1,z_2) \mapsto (e^{2\pi i /p} \cdot z_1, e^{2\pi i q/p}\cdot z_2)$$

is free. The resulting quotient space is called the lens space $$L(p;q)$$.

This can be generalized to higher dimensions as follows: Let $$p,q_1,\ldots,q_n$$ be integers such that the $$q_i$$ are coprime to $$p$$ and consider $$S^{2n-1}$$ as the unit sphere in $$ \mathbb C^n$$. The lens space $$L(p;q_1,\ldots q_n)$$ is the quotient of $$S^{2n-1}$$ by the free $$\mathbb Z/p$$-action generated by
 * $$(z_1,\ldots,z_n) \mapsto (e^{2\pi iq_1/p} \cdot z_1,\ldots, e^{2\pi i q_n/p}\cdot z_n).$$

In three dimensions we have $$L(p;q)=L(p;1,q).$$

Properties
The fundamental group of all the lens spaces $$L(p;q_1,\ldots, q_n)$$ is $$\Z/p\Z$$ independent of the $$q_i$$.

Lens spaces are locally symmetric spaces, but not (fully) symmetric, with the exception of $$L(2;1)$$ which is symmetric. (Locally symmetric spaces are symmetric spaces that are quotiented by an isometry that has no fixed points; lens spaces meet this definition.)

Alternative definitions of three-dimensional lens spaces
The three dimensional lens space $$L(p;q)$$ is often defined to be a solid ball with the following identification: first mark p equally spaced points on the equator of the solid ball, denote them $$a_0$$ to $$a_{p-1}$$, then on the boundary of the ball, draw geodesic lines connecting the points to the north and south pole. Now identify spherical triangles by identifying the north pole to the south pole and the points $$a_i$$ with $$a_{i+q}$$ and $$a_{i+1}$$ with $$a_{i+q+1}$$. The resulting space is homeomorphic to the lens space $$L(p;q)$$.

Another related definition is to view the solid ball as the following solid bipyramid: construct a planar regular p sided polygon. Put two points n and s directly above and below the center of the polygon. Construct the bipyramid by joining each point of the regular p sided polygon to n and s. Fill in the bipyramid to make it solid and give the triangles on the boundary the same identification as above.

Classification of 3-dimensional lens spaces
Classifications up to homeomorphism and homotopy equivalence are known, as follows. The three-dimensional spaces $$L(p;q_1)$$ and $$L(p;q_2)$$ are: If $$q_1 \equiv \pm q_2^{\pm 1} \pmod{p}$$ as in case 2., they are "obviously" homeomorphic, as one can easily produce a homeomorphism. It is harder to show that these are the only homeomorphic lens spaces.
 * 1) homotopy equivalent if and only if $$q_1 q_2 \equiv \pm n^2 \pmod{p}$$ for some $$n \in \mathbb{N}$$;
 * 2) homeomorphic if and only if $$q_1 \equiv \pm q_2^{\pm 1} \pmod{p}$$.

The invariant that gives the homotopy classification of 3-dimensional lens spaces is the torsion linking form.

The homeomorphism classification is more subtle, and is given by Reidemeister torsion. This was given in as a classification up to PL homeomorphism, but it was shown in  to be a homeomorphism classification. In modern terms, lens spaces are determined by simple homotopy type, and there are no normal invariants (like characteristic classes) or surgery obstruction.

A knot-theoretic classification is given in : let C be a closed curve in the lens space which lifts to a knot in the universal cover of the lens space. If the lifted knot has a trivial Alexander polynomial, compute the torsion linking form on the pair (C,C) – then this gives the homeomorphism classification.

Another invariant is the homotopy type of the configuration spaces – showed that homotopy equivalent but not homeomorphic lens spaces may have configuration spaces with different homotopy types, which can be detected by different Massey products.

title: Lens space


text:
Category:Pulitzer Prize winners

These people have won a Pulitzer Prize. For articles on particular works that have been recognized by their prizes, see Category:Pulitzer Prize-winning works

title: Category:Pulitzer Prize winners


text:
John Reynolds (Illinois politician)

John M. Reynolds (February 26, 1788 – May 8, 1865) was an American lawyer and politician from the state of Illinois who served in all three governmental branches.

One of the original four justices of the Illinois Supreme Court (1818–1825), Reynolds won several elections to the Illinois House of Representatives (1826–1830, 1846–1848, and 1852–1854, when he was Speaker of the House), United States House of Representatives (1834–1837 and 1839–1843) and the fourth Illinois Governorship (1830–1834). He was also a major general in the Illinois militia during the Black Hawk War.

Reynolds published Pioneer History of Illinois and a large autobiography titled My Own Times.

Early life
Reynolds was born in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. His father, Robert Reynolds and his mother, née Margaret Moore, were both natives of Ireland, from which country they emigrated to the United States in 1785, arriving first at Philadelphia. When Reynolds was about six months old, his parents emigrated with him to Tennessee, where many of their relatives had already located, at the base of the Copper Ridge Mountain, about 14 mi northeast of the present city of Knoxville. After experiencing raids from Native Americans, the Reynolds moved into the interior of the state in 1794. They were poor, and brought up their children to habits of manual industry.

In 1800 the family moved to near Kaskaskia, Illinois, where Reynolds spent most of his childhood. As part of his upbringing, he adopted the principle and practice of total abstinence from intoxicating liquors. In 1807 the family made another move, this time to the Goshen Settlement, at the foot of the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River southwest of Edwardsville.

At the age of twenty, Reynolds attended college for two years near Knoxville, Tennessee, where he had relatives, taking courses in classical studies. He then studied law in Knoxville; health problems forced him back to Illinois, but he afterward returned to college and law in Knoxville. In the fall of 1812 he was admitted to the bar at Kaskaskia, and began practicing law in Cahokia, Illinois, opening his first law office there over the winter of 1813–1814. About this time he also learned the French language, which he regarded as being superior to all others for social intercourse.

Military service
He also served as Judge Advocate. For this service, Reynolds became known as the "Old Ranger". In 1814, Reynolds opened a law office in the old French village of Cahokia, then the county seat of St. Clair County.

Politics
In the fall of 1818, John Reynolds was elected an associate justice of the Illinois Supreme Court by the Illinois General Assembly. In 1822, he was joined on the court by Thomas Reynolds, but both were defeated for re-election in 1824; John Reynolds went on to become Governor of Illinois in 1830 and Thomas Reynolds became Governor of Missouri in 1840. Despite some biographies stating that the two men were brothers or uncle and nephew, a 1961 historical journal letter states that the two were not related: John Reynolds had a brother named Thomas Reynolds — or Thomas Michael Reynolds in one of his obituaries — but that brother owned a livery stable and dry goods store in Belleville; neither John nor his brother Thomas were any relation to the Thomas that served with John on the Supreme Court.

In 1818, John Reynolds was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate. In 1826, he was elected a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the first time, serving until 1830. Although aligning himself with the Jacksonian Democrats, his moderation earned him respect from both pro-Jackson and anti-Jackson factions.

In August 1830, Reynolds was elected governor of Illinois and took office on December 6, 1830, giving an inaugural address that advocated for free popular education, general internal public improvements, the completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and the improvement of the Chicago harbor. He also advocated and recommended the completion of the first state penitentiary at Alton, at the direct cost of the state. The most significant event of his administration was the Black Hawk War in 1832. He called out the militia, and was field commander, often appearing in person on the battle-grounds. He was recognized by U.S. President Andrew Jackson as Major-General, and was authorized to make treaties with the Native Americans. Asiatic Cholera was a prominent feature of Reynolds' gubernatorial term.

On November 17, 1834, Reynolds resigned as governor, having been elected to the United States House of Representatives for the Twenty-third Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles Slade. He was reelected to the Twenty-fourth Congress, serving from December 1, 1834, to March 3, 1837. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1836 to the Twenty-fifth Congress. He was subsequently elected to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses, serving from March 4, 1839, to March 3, 1843.

In 1837, while out of Congress and in company with a few others, he built the first railroad in the Mississippi Valley, about six miles (10 km) long, leading from his coal mine in the Mississippi bluff to the bank of the river opposite St. Louis. Not having the funds to purchase a locomotive, the railroad was operated by horse-power. The next spring, the company sold out at great loss.

In 1839 Reynolds was appointed one of the Canal Commissioners and traveled to Philadelphia to raise funds for that purpose. During that year, he also made a tour of Europe with his wife. He introduced the Latter-day Saint Prophet, Joseph Smith to President Martin Van Buren when Smith was seeking redress for the grievances that the Latter-day Saints suffered in Missouri. This was done by Reynolds with the hope of winning the votes of the growing number of Latter-day Saints in Illinois in latter political contests.

Reynolds was elected in 1846 for one term as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from St. Clair County; during this term he caused to be built the first macadamized road in the state, from Belleville to St. Louis. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Illinois Senate in 1848. He was again elected to the Illinois House in 1852, serving as Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives.

He was an unsuccessful candidate for Illinois State Superintendent of Schools in 1858, and then engaged in newspaper work.

In 1860, aged and infirm, Reynolds attended the Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina, as an anti-Douglas delegate, instead supporting John C. Breckinridge in the U.S. presidential election. Against Republican Abraham Lincoln that year, he published his support for Douglas. His correspondence before and during the American Civil War showed a sympathy for secession.

Personal life
Reynolds married twice, to Catherine Dubuque in 1817 and to Sarah E. Wilson in 1836, and had no children. He died in Belleville in May 1865, shortly after the Civil War, and his body was laid there in Walnut Hill Cemetery.

title: John Reynolds (Illinois politician)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jake Hess

Jake Hess was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Eulogy for man non-notable in encyclopedic sense. Transwiki to WikiMemorial. Salasks 15:25, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Did you look at 'What links here'? Three Grammys I consider notable. Also allmusic.com finds him notable |HESS&uid=SUB010408081721&sql=11:jd6gtq2zmu4p~T0. 5,000 hits and inductee to the Alabama Music Hall of Fame. Article needs help, but Keep. (also, my understanding is that we only have a memorial for 9/11 victims, which I think is unfortunate.) Niteowlneils 21:34, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I've done a complete rewrite. Turns out he won a fourth Grammy as part of a quintet, and is in at least three musical halls of fame, and at one time, Elvis said Hess was his favorite singer. Niteowlneils 22:28, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

My mistake and thanks for the rewrite. Salasks 23:11, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem. It was actually one of the more interesting vfd-rewrites I've done--heck, the dude had a six decade career, toured with his kids, cut an album with NFL Hall of Famer Terry Bradshaw, and even sang at the funerals of Hank Williams and Elvis Presley. The original article just didn't offer much of a clue to his notability. Niteowlneils 00:53, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, but it's easy to vote this way with Niteowlneils's rewrite. The original was vague.  As it is currently, it's a good article.  Shoot, just mention The Imperials...great stuff.  Good work Niteowlneils. Geogre 01:41, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep. GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame inductee, among other Hall of Fames.  Elvis' favorite singer?  Shows how much most of the public knows about Elvis (which is too little of the right stuff to know).  I didn't know that.  I learned something from you, Niteowlneils.  Excellent rewrite - I hereby give you the esteemed "Mighty Mouse" award for saving the day on this article.  Thanks, and Happy Trails to you!  --avnative 22:54, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)