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List of Acacia species

There are about 1080 species of Acacia accepted by Plants of the World Online as at November 2023, with species native to Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia, Hawaii and the Mascarene Islands, and introduced to other countries.

An older concept of Acacia included about 1350 species from Australia, Africa, tropical America and Asia, but following decisions made at the 2011 International Botanical Congresses, the name Acacia was reserved for species found in Australia, New Guinea and Southeast Asia.

Some species, previously included in Acacia and distributed in the Indian Ocean, tropical Asia and tropical America are now classified under:
 * Vachellia 157 species (pantropical)
 * Senegalia 220 species (pantropical)
 * Parasenegalia: 11 species (South America)
 * Pseudosenegalia: 2 species (Bolivia)
 * Acaciella : 15 species (Americas)
 * Mariosousa: 14 species (Americas)

Species list
This is a list of species of Acacia accepted by Plants of the World Online as of November 2023.

A

 * Acacia abbatiana (Qld.)
 * Acacia abbreviata (N.T.)
 * Acacia abrupta (W.A., N.T.)
 * Acacia acanthaster (W.A.)
 * Acacia acanthoclada— harrow wattle
 * Acacia acanthoclada subsp. acanthoclada (W.A., Vic., N.S.W.)
 * Acacia acanthoclada subsp. glaucescens (W.A.)
 * Acacia acellerata (W.A.)
 * Acacia acinacea— gold dust wattle, wreath wattle,round-leaf wattle (S.A., Vic., N.S.W.)
 * Acacia aciphylla (W.A.)
 * Acacia acoma (W.A.)
 * Acacia acradenia – Velvet Hill wattle, silky wattle (W.A., N.T., Qld.)
 * Acacia acrionastes (Qld., N.S.W.)
 * Acacia acuaria (W.A.)
 * Acacia aculeatissima – thin-leaf wattle or snake wattle (Vic., N.S.W.)
 * Acacia aculeiformis (W.A.)
 * Acacia acuminata— raspberry jam, fine leaf jam (W.A.)
 * Acacia acutata (W.A.)
 * Acacia adenogonia (W.A.)
 * Acacia adinophylla (W.A.)
 * Acacia adjutrices (W.A.)
 * Acacia adnata (W.A.)
 * Acacia adoxa (W.A., N.T.)
 * Acacia adsurgens (W.A., N.T., Qld., S.A.)
 * Acacia adunca — Wallangarra wattle, cascade wattle (N.S.W., Qld.)
 * Acacia aemula (W.A.)
 * Acacia aemula subsp. aemula
 * Acacia aemula subsp. muricata
 * Acacia aestivalis (W.A.)
 * Acacia alata — winged wattle (W.A.)
 * Acacia abbatiana (Qld.)
 * Acacia alaticaulis (N.S.W.)
 * Acacia alcockii – Alcock's wattle (S.A.)
 * Acacia alexandri (W.A.)
 * Acacia alleniana (N.T., Qld.)
 * Acacia alpina — alpine wattle (N.S.W., Vic.)
 * Acacia amanda (N.T.)
 * Acacia amblygona (W.A., Qld., N.S.W.)
 * Acacia amblyophylla (W.A.)
 * Acacia amentifera (N.T.)
 * Acacia ammitia (Qld.)
 * Acacia ammobia – Mount Connor wattle (N.T., S.A.)
 * Acacia ammophila (Qld.)
 * Acacia amoena – boomerang wattle (Qld., N.S.W., Vic.)
 * Acacia ampliata (W.A.)
 * Acacia ampliceps – salt wattle (N.T., W.A.)
 * Acacia amputata (W.A.)
 * Acacia amyctica (W.A.)
 * Acacia anadenia (Qld.)
 * Acacia anarthros (W.A.)
 * Acacia anasilla (W.A.)
 * Acacia anastema — sandridge gidgee (W.A.)
 * Acacia anastomosa – Carson River wattle (W.A.)
 * Acacia anaticeps – duck-headed wattled (W.A.)
 * Acacia anceps – Port Lincoln wattle, two edged wattle (S.A., W.A.)
 * Acacia ancistrocarpa – Fitzroy wattle (W.A., N.T., Qld.)
 * Acacia ancistrophylla (W.A., S.A., Vic.)
 * Acacia andrewsii (W.A.)
 * Acacia aneura — mulga (W.A., N.T., S.A., Qld., N.S.W., Vic.)
 * Acacia anfractuosa (W.A.)
 * Acacia angusta (W.A.)
 * Acacia anomala — grass wattle, Chittering grass wattle (W.A.)
 * Acacia anserina – hairy sandstone wattle (W.A.)
 * Acacia anthochaera
 * Acacia aphanoclada
 * Acacia aphylla — leafless rock wattle
 * Acacia applanata — grass wattle
 * Acacia aprepta
 * Acacia aprica
 * Acacia aptaneura
 * Acacia arcuatilis
 * Acacia arafurica
 * Acacia araneosa
 * Acacia arbiana
 * Acacia arcuatilis
 * Acacia areolata
 * Acacia argentina
 * Acacia argutifolia
 * Acacia argyraea
 * Acacia argyrodendron
 * Acacia argyrophylla
 * Acacia argyrotricha
 * Acacia arida
 * Acacia aristulata
 * Acacia armillata
 * Acacia abbatiana
 * Acacia armitii
 * Acacia arrecta
 * Acacia ascendens
 * Acacia asepala
 * Acacia ashbyae
 * Acacia asparagoides
 * Acacia aspera
 * Acacia aspera subsp. aspera
 * Acacia aemula subsp. parviceps
 * Acacia asperulacea
 * Acacia assimilis
 * Acacia assimilis subsp. assimilis
 * Acacia assisimilis subsp. atroviridis
 * Acacia ataxiphylla
 * Acacia ataxiphylla subsp. ataxiphylla
 * Acacia ataxiphylla subsp. magna
 * Acacia atkinsiana
 * Acacia atopa
 * Acacia atrox
 * Acacia atrox subsp. atrox
 * Acacia atrox subsp. planiticola
 * Acacia attenuata
 * Acacia aulacocarpa
 * Acacia aulacophylla
 * Acacia auratiflora
 * Acacia aureocrinita
 * Acacia auricoma
 * Acacia auriculiformis
 * Acacia auripila
 * Acacia auronitens
 * Acacia ausfeldii
 * Acacia awestoniana
 * Acacia axillaris
 * Acacia ayersiana

B

 * Acacia baileyana
 * Acacia baeuerlenii
 * Acacia bakeri
 * Acacia balsamea
 * Acacia bancroftiorum
 * Acacia barakulensis
 * Acacia barattensis
 * Acacia barbinervis
 * Acacia barbinervis subsp. barbinervis
 * Acacia barbinervis subsp. borealis
 * Acacia barrettiorum
 * Acacia barringtonensis
 * Acacia bartlei
 * Acacia basedowii
 * Acacia baueri
 * Acacia baueri subsp. aspera
 * Acacia baueri subsp. baueri
 * Acacia baxteri
 * Acacia beadleana
 * Acacia beauverdiana
 * Acacia beckleri
 * Acacia beckleri subsp. beckleri
 * Acacia beckleri subsp. megaspherica
 * Acacia benthamii
 * Acacia besleyi
 * Acacia betchei
 * Acacia bidentata
 * Acacia bifaria
 * Acacia biflora
 * Acacia binata
 * Acacia binervata
 * Acacia binervia
 * Acacia bivenosa
 * Acacia blakei
 * Acacia blakei subsp. blakei
 * Acacia blakei subsp. diphylla
 * Acacia blakelyi
 * Acacia blaxellii
 * Acacia blayana
 * Acacia boormanii – Snowy River wattle
 * Acacia boormanii subsp. boormanii
 * Acacia boormanii subsp. gibba
 * Acacia botrydion
 * Acacia brachybotrya
 * Acacia brachyclada
 * Acacia brachyphylla
 * Acacia brachypoda
 * Acacia brachystachya
 * Acacia bracteolata
 * Acacia brassii
 * Acacia brockii
 * Acacia bromilowiana
 * Acacia browniana
 * Acacia brownii
 * Acacia brumalis
 * Acacia brunioides
 * Acacia brunioides subsp. brunioides
 * Acacia brunioides subsp. granitica
 * Acacia bulgaensis
 * Acacia burbidgeae
 * Acacia burdekensis
 * Acacia burkittii
 * Acacia burrana
 * Acacia burrowii
 * Acacia burrowsiana
 * Acacia buxifolia – box-leaf wattle
 * Acacia buxifolia subsp. buxifolia
 * Acacia buxifolia subsp. pubiflora
 * Acacia bynoeana

C

 * Acacia caerulescens
 * Acacia caesaneura
 * Acacia caesariata
 * Acacia caesiella
 * Acacia calamifolia – broom wattle
 * Acacia calantha
 * Acacia calcarata
 * Acacia calcicola
 * Acacia calligera
 * Acacia calyculata
 * Acacia cambagei
 * Acacia camptocarpa
 * Acacia camptoclada
 * Acacia campylophylla
 * Acacia cana
 * Acacia cangaiensis
 * Acacia capillaris
 * Acacia capillosa
 * Acacia cardiophylla – West Wyalong wattle
 * Acacia carens
 * Acacia carneorum
 * Acacia carnosula
 * Acacia caroleae
 * Acacia cassicula
 * Acacia castanostegia
 * Acacia castorum
 * Acacia cataractae
 * Acacia catenulata
 * Acacia catenulata subsp. catenulata
 * Acacia catenulata subsp. occidentalis
 * Acacia cavealis
 * Acacia cedroides
 * Acacia celastrifolia – glowing wattle
 * Acacia celsa
 * Acacia centrinervia
 * Acacia cerastes
 * Acacia chalkeri
 * Acacia chamaeleon
 * Acacia chapmanii
 * Acacia chapmanii subsp. australis
 * Acacia chapmanii subsp. chapmanii
 * Acacia chartacea
 * Acacia cheelii
 * Acacia chinchillensis
 * Acacia chippendalei
 * Acacia chisholmii
 * Acacia chrysella
 * Acacia chrysocephala
 * Acacia chrysochaeta
 * Acacia chrysopoda
 * Acacia chrysotricha
 * Acacia cincinnata
 * Acacia cineramis
 * Acacia citrinoviridis
 * Acacia citriodora
 * Acacia clandullensis
 * Acacia claviseta
 * Acacia clelandii
 * Acacia clunies-rossiae
 * Acacia clydonophora
 * Acacia coatesii
 * Acacia cochlearis
 * Acacia cochlocarpa
 * Acacia cochlocarpa subsp. cochlocarpa
 * Acacia cochlocarpa subsp. velutinosa
 * Acacia cockertoniana
 * Acacia cognata
 * Acacia colei
 * Acacia collegialis
 * Acacia colletioides
 * Acacia comans
 * Acacia complanata
 * Acacia concolorans
 * Acacia concurrens
 * Acacia conferta
 * Acacia confluens
 * Acacia confusa
 * Acacia congesta
 * Acacia congesta subsp. cliftoniana
 * Acacia congesta subsp. congesta
 * Acacia congesta subsp. wonganensis
 * Acacia conjunctifolia
 * Acacia conniana
 * Acacia consanguinea
 * Acacia consobrina
 * Acacia conspersa
 * Acacia constablei
 * Acacia continua
 * Acacia convallium
 * Acacia coolgardiensis
 * Acacia coriacea
 * Acacia coriacea subsp. coriacea
 * Acacia coriacea subsp. pendens
 * Acacia corusca
 * Acacia costata
 * Acacia costiniana
 * Acacia courtii
 * Acacia covenyi
 * Acacia cowaniana
 * Acacia cowleana
 * Acacia cracentis
 * Acacia craspedocarpa
 * Acacia crassa
 * Acacia crassa subsp. crassa
 * Acacia crassa subsp. longicoma
 * Acacia crassicarpa
 * Acacia crassistipula
 * Acacia crassiuscula
 * Acacia crassuloides
 * Acacia cremiflora
 * Acacia crenulata
 * Acacia cretacea
 * Acacia cretata
 * Acacia crispula
 * Acacia crombiei
 * Acacia cultriformis – knife-leaf wattle
 * Acacia cummingiana
 * Acacia cuneifolia
 * Acacia cupularis
 * Acacia curranii
 * Acacia curryana
 * Acacia curvata
 * Acacia cuspidifolia
 * Acacia cuthbertsonii
 * Acacia cuthbertsonii subsp. cuthbertsonii
 * Acacia cuthbertsonii subsp. linearis
 * Acacia cyclocarpa
 * Acacia cyclops
 * Acacia cylindrica
 * Acacia cyperophylla

D

 * Acacia dacrydioides
 * Acacia dallachiana
 * Acacia dangarensis
 * Acacia daphnifolia
 * Acacia daviesii
 * Acacia daviesioides
 * Acacia cyperophylla
 * Acacia daweana
 * Acacia dawsonii
 * Acacia dealbata – silver wattle
 * Acacia dealbata subsp. dealbata
 * Acacia dealbata subsp. subalpina
 * Acacia deanei
 * Acacia deanei subsp. deanei
 * Acacia deanei subsp. paucijuga
 * Acacia debilis
 * Acacia declinata
 * Acacia decora – western silver wattle
 * Acacia decurrens
 * Acacia deficiens
 * Acacia deflexa
 * Acacia delibrata
 * Acacia delicatula
 * Acacia delphina
 * Acacia deltoidea
 * Acacia deltoidea subsp. ampla
 * Acacia deltoidea subsp. deltoidea
 * Acacia demissa
 * Acacia dempsteri
 * Acacia densiflora
 * Acacia denticulosa
 * Acacia dentifera
 * Acacia depressa
 * Acacia dermatophylla
 * Acacia derwentiana
 * Acacia desertorum
 * Acacia desmondii
 * Acacia deuteroneura
 * Acacia diallaga
 * Acacia diaphana
 * Acacia diaphyllodinea
 * Acacia diastemata
 * Acacia dichromotricha
 * Acacia dictyocarpa
 * Acacia dictyoneura
 * Acacia dictyophleba
 * Acacia didyma
 * Acacia dielsii
 * Acacia dietrichiana
 * Acacia difficilis
 * Acacia difformis
 * Acacia dilatata
 * Acacia dilloniorum
 * Acacia dimidiata
 * Acacia diminuta
 * Acacia dimorpha
 * Acacia disparrima
 * Acacia disparrima subsp. calidestris
 * Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrmia
 * Acacia dissimilis
 * Acacia dissona
 * Acacia distans
 * Acacia disticha
 * Acacia divergens
 * Acacia dodonaeifolia
 * Acacia dolichophylla
 * Acacia donaldsonii
 * Acacia doratoxylon
 * Acacia doreta
 * Acacia dorothea
 * Acacia dorsenna
 * Acacia drepanocarpa
 * Acacia drepanocarpa subsp. drepanocarpa
 * Acacia drepanocarpa subsp. latifolia
 * Acacia drepanophylla
 * Acacia drewiana
 * Acacia drewiana subsp. drewiana
 * Acacia drewiana subsp. minor
 * Acacia drummondii
 * Acacia drummondii subsp. affinis
 * Acacia drummondii subsp. candolleana
 * Acacia drummondii subsp. drummondii
 * Acacia drummondii subsp. elegans
 * Acacia dunnii – elephant-ear wattle
 * Acacia dura
 * Acacia durabilis
 * Acacia duriuscula

E

 * Acacia echinula
 * Acacia echinuliflora
 * Acacia effusa
 * Acacia effusifolia
 * Acacia elachantha
 * Acacia elata
 * Acacia elongata
 * Acacia empelioclada
 * Acacia enervia
 * Acacia enervia subsp. enervia
 * Acacia enervia subsp. explicata
 * Acacia ensifolia
 * Acacia enterocarpa
 * Acacia epacantha
 * Acacia epedunculata
 * Acacia ephedroides
 * Acacia equisetifolia
 * Acacia eremaea
 * Acacia eremophila
 * Acacia eremophiloides
 * Acacia ericifolia
 * Acacia ericksoniae
 * Acacia erinacea
 * Acacia erioclada
 * Acacia eriopoda
 * Acacia errabunda
 * Acacia estrophiolata
 * Acacia euthycarpa
 * Acacia euthycarpa subsp. euthycarpa
 * Acacia euthycarpa subsp. oblanceolata
 * Acacia euthyphylla
 * Acacia evenulosa
 * Acacia everistii
 * Acacia excelsa
 * Acacia excelsa subsp. angusta
 * Acacia excelsa subsp. excelsa
 * Acacia excentrica
 * Acacia exigua
 * Acacia exocarpoides
 * Acacia extensa
 * Acacia exudans

F

 * Acacia fagonioides
 * Acacia falcata
 * Acacia falciformis
 * Acacia farinosa
 * Acacia fasciculifera
 * Acacia faucium
 * Acacia fauntleroyi
 * Acacia fecunda
 * Acacia ferocior
 * Acacia filamentosa
 * Acacia filicifolia
 * Acacia filifolia
 * Acacia filipes
 * Acacia fimbriata
 * Acacia flabellifolia
 * Acacia flagelliformis
 * Acacia flavescens
 * Acacia flavipila
 * Acacia fleckeri
 * Acacia flexifolia
 * Acacia flocktoniae
 * Acacia floribunda
 * Acacia floydii
 * Acacia fodinalis
 * Acacia formidabilis
 * Acacia forrestiana
 * Acacia forsteri
 * Acacia forsythii
 * Acacia fragilis
 * Acacia fraternalis
 * Acacia frigescens
 * Acacia froggattii
 * Acacia fulva
 * Acacia fuscaneura

G

 * Acacia galeata
 * Acacia galioides
 * Acacia gardneri
 * Acacia gelasina
 * Acacia gemina
 * Acacia genistifolia
 * Acacia genistifolia subsp. attenuata
 * Acacia genistifolia subsp. genistifolia
 * Acacia genistifolia subsp. platyphylla
 * Acacia georgensis
 * Acacia georginae
 * Acacia gibbosa
 * Acacia gibsonii
 * Acacia gilbertii
 * Acacia gilesiana
 * Acacia gillii
 * Acacia gittinsii
 * Acacia gladiiformis – sword-leaf wattle
 * Acacia glandulicarpa
 * Acacia glaucissima
 * Acacia glaucocaesia
 * Acacia glaucocarpa
 * Acacia glaucoptera – clay wattle
 * Acacia gloeotricha
 * Acacia glutinosissima
 * Acacia gnidium
 * Acacia gonocarpa
 * Acacia gonoclada
 * Acacia gonophylla
 * Acacia gordonii
 * Acacia gracilenta
 * Acacia gracilifolia
 * Acacia graciliformis
 * Acacia grandifolia
 * Acacia granitica
 * Acacia graniticola
 * Acacia grasbyi
 * Acacia gregorii
 * Acacia grisea
 * Acacia guinetii
 * Acacia gunnii
 * Acacia guymeri

H

 * Acacia hadrophylla
 * Acacia haematites
 * Acacia hakeoides
 * Acacia halliana
 * Acacia hamersleyensis
 * Acacia hamiltoniana
 * Acacia hammondii
 * Acacia handonis
 * Acacia harpophylla – brigalow
 * Acacia harveyi
 * Acacia hastulata
 * Acacia havilandiorum
 * Acacia helicophylla
 * Acacia helmsiana
 * Acacia hemignosta
 * Acacia hemiteles
 * Acacia hemsleyi
 * Acacia hendersonii
 * Acacia heterochroa
 * Acacia heterochroa subsp. heterochroa
 * Acacia heterochroa subsp. robertii
 * Acacia heteroclita
 * Acacia heteroclita subsp. heteroclita
 * Acacia heteroclita subsp. valida
 * Acacia heteroneura
 * Acacia heterophylla
 * Acacia hexaneura
 * Acacia hierochoensis
 * Acacia hilliana
 * Acacia hippuroides
 * Acacia hispidula
 * Acacia hockingsii
 * Acacia holosericea
 * Acacia holotricha
 * Acacia homaloclada
 * Acacia hopperiana
 * Acacia horridula
 * Acacia howittii
 * Acacia hubbardiana
 * Acacia huegelii
 * Acacia humifusa
 * Acacia hyaloneura
 * Acacia hylonoma
 * Acacia hypermeces
 * Acacia hystrix
 * Acacia hystrix subsp. continua
 * Acacia hystrix subsp. hystrix

I

 * Acacia idiomorpha
 * Acacia imbricata
 * Acacia imitans
 * Acacia imparilis
 * Acacia implexa
 * Acacia improcera
 * Acacia inaequilatera
 * Acacia inaequiloba
 * Acacia inamabilis
 * Acacia incanicarpa
 * Acacia inceana
 * Acacia inceana subsp. conformis
 * Acacia inceana subsp. inceana
 * Acacia inceana subsp. latifolia
 * Acacia incognita
 * Acacia incongesta
 * Acacia incrassata
 * Acacia incurva
 * Acacia incurvaneura
 * Acacia infecunda
 * Acacia ingramii
 * Acacia ingrata
 * Acacia inophloia
 * Acacia inops
 * Acacia insolita
 * Acacia insolita subsp. insolita
 * Acacia insolita subsp. recurva
 * Acacia intorta
 * Acacia intricata
 * Acacia irrorata
 * Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata
 * Acacia irrorata subsp. velutinella
 * Acacia islana
 * Acacia isoneura
 * Acacia isoneura subsp. isoneura
 * Acacia isoneura subsp. nimia
 * Acacia iteaphylla
 * Acacia ixiophylla
 * Acacia ixodes

J

 * Acacia jackesiana
 * Acacia jacksonioides
 * Acacia jamesiana
 * Acacia jasperensis
 * Acacia jennerae
 * Acacia jensenii
 * Acacia jibberdingensis
 * Acacia johnsonii
 * Acacia jonesii
 * Acacia jucunda
 * Acacia julifera
 * Acacia julifera subsp. curvinervia
 * Acacia julifera subsp. gilbertensis
 * Acacia julifera subsp. julifera
 * Acacia juncifolia

K

 * Acacia kalgoorliensis
 * Acacia karina
 * Acacia keigheryi
 * Acacia kelleri
 * Acacia kempeana
 * Acacia kenneallyi
 * Acacia kerryana
 * Acacia kettlewelliae
 * Acacia kimberleyensis
 * Acacia kingiana
 * Acacia koa
 * Acacia kochii
 * Acacia kulinensis
 * Acacia kulnurensis
 * Acacia kybeanensis
 * Acacia kydrensis

L

 * Acacia laccata
 * Acacia lacertensis
 * Acacia lachnocarpa
 * Acacia lachnophylla
 * Acacia lamprocarpa
 * Acacia lanceolata
 * Acacia lanei
 * Acacia lanigera
 * Acacia lanuginophylla
 * Acacia lapidosa
 * Acacia laricina
 * Acacia lasiocalyx
 * Acacia lasiocarpa
 * Acacia lateriticola
 * Acacia latescens
 * Acacia latifolia
 * Acacia latior
 * Acacia latipes
 * Acacia latipes subsp. latipes
 * Acacia latipes subsp. licina
 * Acacia latisepala
 * Acacia latzii
 * Acacia lauta
 * Acacia lazaridis
 * Acacia leeuweniana
 * Acacia legnota
 * Acacia leichhardtii
 * Acacia leiocalyx
 * Acacia leiocalyx subsp. herveyensis
 * Acacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx
 * Acacia leioderma
 * Acacia leiophylla
 * Acacia lentiginea
 * Acacia leprosa
 * Acacia leptalea
 * Acacia leptocarpa
 * Acacia leptoclada
 * Acacia leptoloba
 * Acacia leptoneura
 * Acacia leptopetala
 * Acacia leptophleba
 * Acacia leptospermoides
 * Acacia leptospermoides subsp. leptospermoides
 * Acacia leptospermoides subsp. obovata
 * Acacia leptospermoides subsp. psammophila
 * Acacia leptostachya
 * Acacia lespedleyi
 * Acacia leucoclada
 * Acacia leucoclada subsp. argentifolia
 * Acacia leucoclada subsp. leucoclada
 * Acacia leucolobia
 * Acacia levata
 * Acacia ligulata
 * Acacia ligustrina
 * Acacia limbata
 * Acacia linarioides
 * Acacia linearifolia
 * Acacia lineata
 * Acacia lineolata
 * Acacia lineolata subsp. lineolata
 * Acacia lineolata subsp. multilineata
 * Acacia linifolia
 * Acacia lirellata
 * Acacia lirellata subsp. compressa
 * Acacia lirellata subsp. lirellata
 * Acacia lithgowiae
 * Acacia lobulata
 * Acacia loderi
 * Acacia longifolia
 * Acacia longipedunculata
 * Acacia longiphyllodinea
 * Acacia longispicata
 * Acacia longispinea
 * Acacia longissima
 * Acacia loroloba
 * Acacia loxophylla
 * Acacia lucasii
 * Acacia lucens
 * Acacia lullfitziorum
 * Acacia lumholtzii
 * Acacia lunata
 * Acacia luteola
 * Acacia lycopodiifolia
 * Acacia lysiphloia

M

 * Acacia mabellae
 * Acacia macdonnelliensis
 * Acacia macdonnelliensis subsp. macdonnelliensis
 * Acacia macdonnelliensis subsp. teretifolia
 * Acacia mackenziei
 * Acacia mackeyana
 * Acacia macnuttiana
 * Acacia maconochieana
 * Acacia macradenia
 * Acacia macraneura
 * Acacia maidenii
 * Acacia maitlandii
 * Acacia malloclada
 * Acacia mangium
 * Acacia manipularis
 * Acacia maranoensis
 * Acacia mariae
 * Acacia marramamba
 * Acacia masliniana
 * Acacia mathuataensis
 * Acacia matthewii
 * Acacia maxwellii
 * Acacia mearnsii
 * Acacia megacephala
 * Acacia megalantha
 * Acacia meiantha
 * Acacia meiopsperma
 * Acacia meisneri
 * Acacia melanoxylon
 * Acacia melleodora
 * Acacia melvillei
 * Acacia menzelii
 * Acacia merinthophora
 * Acacia merrallii
 * Acacia merrickiae
 * Acacia microbotrya
 * Acacia microcalyx
 * Acacia microcarpa
 * Acacia microcybe
 * Acacia microneura
 * Acacia microsperma
 * Acacia midgleyi
 * Acacia mimica
 * Acacia mimula
 * Acacia minniritchi
 * Acacia minutifolia
 * Acacia minutissima
 * Acacia minyura
 * Acacia mitchellii
 * Acacia mitodes
 * Acacia moirii
 * Acacia moirii subsp. dasycarpa
 * Acacia moirii subsp. moirii
 * Acacia moirii subsp. recurvistipula
 * Acacia mollifolia
 * Acacia montana
 * Acacia monticola
 * Acacia mooreana
 * Acacia mountfordiae
 * Acacia mucronata
 * Acacia mucronata subsp. dependens
 * Acacia mucronata subsp. longifolia
 * Acacia mucronata subsp. mucronata
 * Acacia muelleriana
 * Acacia mulganeura
 * Acacia multisiliqua
 * Acacia multispicata
 * Acacia multistipulosa
 * Acacia muriculata
 * Acacia murrayana
 * Acacia mutabilis
 * Acacia mutabilis subsp. angustifolia
 * Acacia mutabilis subsp. incurva
 * Acacia mutabilis subsp. mutabilis
 * Acacia mutabilis subsp. stipulifera
 * Acacia myrtifolia

N

 * Acacia nanodealbata
 * Acacia nanopravissima
 * Acacia nematophylla
 * Acacia neobrachycarpa
 * Acacia neorigida
 * Acacia neriifolia
 * Acacia nervosa
 * Acacia nesophila
 * Acacia neurocarpa
 * Acacia neurophylla
 * Acacia neurophylla subsp. erugata
 * Acacia neurophylla subsp. neurophylla
 * Acacia newbeyi
 * Acacia nicholsonensis
 * Acacia nigricans
 * Acacia nigripilosa
 * Acacia nigripilosa subsp. latifolia
 * Acacia nigripilosa subsp. nigripilosa
 * Acacia nitidula
 * Acacia nivea
 * Acacia nodiflora
 * Acacia notabilis
 * Acacia nuperrima
 * Acacia nyssophylla

O

 * Acacia obesa
 * Acacia obliquinervia
 * Acacia obovata
 * Acacia obtecta
 * Acacia obtriangularis
 * Acacia obtusata
 * Acacia obtusifolia
 * Acacia octonervia
 * Acacia oldfieldii
 * Acacia olgana
 * Acacia oligoneura
 * Acacia olsenii
 * Acacia omalophylla
 * Acacia ommatosperma
 * Acacia oncinocarpa
 * Acacia oncinophylla
 * Acacia oncinophylla subsp. oncinophylla
 * Acacia oncinophylla subsp. patulifolia
 * Acacia ophiolithica
 * Acacia oraria
 * Acacia orbifolia
 * Acacia orites
 * Acacia orthocarpa
 * Acacia orthotricha
 * Acacia orthotropica
 * Acacia oshanesii
 * Acacia oswaldii
 * Acacia oxycedrus
 * Acacia oxyclada

P

 * Acacia pachyacra
 * Acacia pachycarpa
 * Acacia pachyphylla
 * Acacia pachypoda
 * Acacia palustris
 * Acacia papulosa
 * Acacia papyrocarpa
 * Acacia paradoxa – kangaroo thorn
 * Acacia paraneura
 * Acacia parkerae
 * Acacia parramattensis
 * Acacia parvifoliolata
 * Acacia parvipinnula
 * Acacia pataczekii
 * Acacia patagiata
 * Acacia paula
 * Acacia pedina
 * Acacia pedleyi
 * Acacia pellita
 * Acacia pelophila
 * Acacia pendula
 * Acacia penninervis
 * Acacia pentadenia
 * Acacia pentadenia subsp. pentadenia
 * Acacia pentadenia subsp. syntoma
 * Acacia peregrinalis
 * Acacia perpusilla
 * Acacia perryi
 * Acacia petraea
 * Acacia petricola
 * Acacia peuce
 * Acacia phacelia
 * Acacia phaeocalyx
 * Acacia pharangites
 * Acacia phasmoides
 * Acacia phlebocarpa
 * Acacia phlebopetala
 * Acacia phlebophylla
 * Acacia pickardii
 * Acacia piligera
 * Acacia pilligaensis
 * Acacia pinguiculosa
 * Acacia pinguiculosa subsp. pinguiculosa
 * Acacia pinguiculosa subsp. teretifolia
 * Acacia pinguifolia
 * Acacia platycarpa
 * Acacia plautella
 * Acacia plectocarpa
 * Acacia plectocarpa subsp. plectocarpa
 * Acacia plectocarpa subsp. tanumbirinensis
 * Acacia plicata
 * Acacia podalyriifolia
 * Acacia polifolia
 * Acacia poliochroa
 * Acacia polyadenia
 * Acacia polybotrya
 * Acacia polystachya
 * Acacia porcata
 * Acacia praelongata
 * Acacia praemorsa
 * Acacia praetermissa
 * Acacia prainii
 * Acacia pravifolia
 * Acacia pravissima – Ovens wattle
 * Acacia preissiana
 * Acacia prismifolia
 * Acacia pritzeliana
 * Acacia producta
 * Acacia profusa
 * Acacia proiantha
 * Acacia prolata
 * Acacia prominens
 * Acacia provincialis
 * Acacia proxima
 * Acacia pruinocarpa
 * Acacia pruinosa
 * Acacia pteraneura
 * Acacia pterocaulon
 * Acacia ptychoclada
 * Acacia ptychophylla
 * Acacia pubescens
 * Acacia pubicosta
 * Acacia pubifolia
 * Acacia pubirhachis
 * Acacia pudica
 * Acacia pulchella
 * Acacia pulviniformis
 * Acacia puncticulata
 * Acacia purpureapetala
 * Acacia pusilla
 * Acacia pustula
 * Acacia pycnantha - golden wattle
 * Acacia pycnocephala
 * Acacia pycnostachya
 * Acacia pygmaea
 * Acacia pyrifolia

Q

 * Acacia quadrilateralis
 * Acacia quadrimarginea
 * Acacia quadrisulcata
 * Acacia quinquenervia
 * Acacia quornensis

R

 * Acacia racospermoides
 * Acacia ramiflora
 * Acacia ramulosa
 * Acacia recurvata
 * Acacia redolens
 * Acacia rendlei
 * Acacia repanda
 * Acacia repens
 * Acacia resinimarginea
 * Acacia resinistipulea
 * Acacia resinocostata
 * Acacia resinosa
 * Acacia restiacea
 * Acacia retinervis
 * Acacia retinodes – wirilda
 * Acacia retivenea
 * Acacia retivenea subsp. clandestina
 * Acacia retivenea subsp. retivenea
 * Acacia retrorsa
 * Acacia rhamphophylla
 * Acacia rhetinocarpa
 * Acacia rhigiophylla
 * Acacia rhodophloia
 * Acacia rhodoxylon
 * Acacia riceana – Rice's wattle
 * Acacia richardsii
 * Acacia richii
 * Acacia ridleyana
 * Acacia rigens
 * Acacia rigescens
 * Acacia rivalis
 * Acacia robeorum
 * Acacia robiniae
 * Acacia rossei
 * Acacia rostellata
 * Acacia rostellifera
 * Acacia rostriformis
 * Acacia rothii
 * Acacia roycei
 * Acacia rubida
 * Acacia rubricaulis
 * Acacia rubricola
 * Acacia rupicola
 * Acacia ruppii
 * Acacia ryaniana

S

 * Acacia sabulosa
 * Acacia saliciformis
 * Acacia salicina – cooba
 * Acacia saligna
 * Acacia saxitilis
 * Acacia saxicola
 * Acacia scabra
 * Acacia scalena
 * Acacia scalpelliformis
 * Acacia schinoides
 * Acacia sciophanes
 * Acacia scirpifolia
 * Acacia scleroclada
 * Acacia sclerophylla
 * Acacia sclerosperma
 * Acacia sclerosperma subsp. glaucescens
 * Acacia sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma
 * Acacia scopulorum
 * Acacia seclusa
 * Acacia sedifolia
 * Acacia sedifolia subsp. pulvinata
 * Acacia sedifolia subsp. sedifolia
 * Acacia semicircinalis
 * Acacia semilunata
 * Acacia semirigida
 * Acacia semitrullata
 * Acacia sericata
 * Acacia sericocarpa
 * Acacia sericoflora
 * Acacia sericophylla
 * Acacia serpentinicola
 * Acacia sertiformis
 * Acacia sessilis
 * Acacia sessilispica
 * Acacia setulifera
 * Acacia shapelleae
 * Acacia shirleyi
 * Acacia shuttleworthii
 * Acacia sibilans
 * Acacia sibina
 * Acacia sibirica
 * Acacia siculiformis
 * Acacia signata
 * Acacia silvestris
 * Acacia simmonsiana
 * Acacia simplex
 * Acacia simsii
 * Acacia simulans
 * Acacia singula
 * Acacia smeringa
 * Acacia solenota
 * Acacia sophorae
 * Acacia sorophylla
 * Acacia spania
 * Acacia sparsiflora
 * Acacia spathulifolia
 * Acacia speckii
 * Acacia spectabilis – Mudgee wattle
 * Acacia spectrum
 * Acacia sphacelata
 * Acacia sphacelata subsp. recurva
 * Acacia sphacelata subsp. sphacelata
 * Acacia sphacelata subsp. verticillata
 * Acacia sphaerostachya
 * Acacia sphenophylla
 * Acacia spilleriana
 * Acacia spinescens
 * Acacia spinosissima
 * Acacia spirorbis
 * Acacia spirorbis subsp. solandri
 * Acacia spirorbis subsp. spirorbis
 * Acacia splendens
 * Acacia spondylophylla
 * Acacia spongolitica
 * Acacia spooneri
 * Acacia sporadica
 * Acacia squamata
 * Acacia stanleyi
 * Acacia startii
 * Acacia steedmanii
 * Acacia steedmanii subsp. borealis
 * Acacia steedmanii subsp. steedmanii
 * Acacia stellaticeps
 * Acacia stenophylla
 * Acacia stenoptera
 * Acacia stereophylla
 * Acacia stictophylla
 * Acacia stigmatophylla
 * Acacia stipuligera
 * Acacia stipulosa
 * Acacia storyi
 * Acacia striatifolia
 * Acacia stricta
 * Acacia strongylophylla
 * Acacia suaveolens – sweet wattle
 * Acacia subcaerulea
 * Acacia subcontorta
 * Acacia subflexuosa
 * Acacia subflexuosa subsp. capillata
 * Acacia subflexuosa subsp. subflexuosa
 * Acacia sublanata
 * Acacia subporosa
 * Acacia subracemosa
 * Acacia subrigida
 * Acacia subsessilis
 * Acacia subternata
 * Acacia subtessarogona
 * Acacia subtiliformis
 * Acacia subtilinervis
 * Acacia subulata
 * Acacia sulcata
 * Acacia sulcaticaulis
 * Acacia symonii
 * Acacia synantha
 * Acacia synchronicia
 * Acacia synoria

T

 * Acacia tabula
 * Acacia tarculensis
 * Acacia tayloriana
 * Acacia telmica
 * Acacia tenuinervis
 * Acacia tenuior
 * Acacia tenuispica
 * Acacia tenuissima
 * Acacia tephrina
 * Acacia teretifolia
 * Acacia terminalis – sunshine wattle
 * Acacia tessellata
 * Acacia tetanophylla
 * Acacia tetragonocarpa
 * Acacia tetragonophylla
 * Acacia tetraneura
 * Acacia tetraptera
 * Acacia thieleana
 * Acacia thoma
 * Acacia thomsonii
 * Acacia tindaleae
 * Acacia tingoorensis
 * Acacia tolmerensis
 * Acacia toondulya
 * Acacia torringtonensis
 * Acacia torticarpa
 * Acacia torulosa
 * Acacia trachycarpa
 * Acacia trachyphloia
 * Acacia translucens
 * Acacia trapeziodea
 * Acacia tratmaniana
 * Acacia trigonophylla
 * Acacia trinalis
 * Acacia trinervata
 * Acacia trineura
 * Acacia triptera
 * Acacia triptycha
 * Acacia triquetra
 * Acacia tropica
 * Acacia truculenta
 * Acacia trudgeniana
 * Acacia trulliformis
 * Acacia truncata
 * Acacia tuberculata
 * Acacia tumida
 * Acacia tysonii

U

 * Acacia ulicifolia
 * Acacia ulicina
 * Acacia uliginosa
 * Acacia umbellata
 * Acacia umbraculiformis
 * Acacia uncifera
 * Acacia uncifolia
 * Acacia uncinata
 * Acacia uncinella
 * Acacia undoolyana
 * Acacia undosa
 * Acacia undulifolia
 * Acacia unguicula
 * Acacia unifissilis
 * Acacia ureniae
 * Acacia urophylla

V

 * Acacia validinervia
 * Acacia varia
 * Acacia vassalii
 * Acacia venulosa
 * Acacia verniciflua
 * Acacia veronica
 * Acacia verricula
 * Acacia verticillata – prickly Moses
 * Acacia verticillata subsp. cephalantha
 * Acacia verticillata subsp. ovoidea
 * Acacia verticillata subsp. ruscifolia
 * Acacia verticillata subsp. verticillata
 * Acacia vestita – hairy wattle
 * Acacia victoriae
 * Acacia victoriae subsp. fasciaria
 * Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae
 * Acacia vincentii
 * Acacia viscidula
 * Acacia viscifolia
 * Acacia vittata
 * Acacia volubilis

W

 * Acacia walkeri
 * Acacia wanyu
 * Acacia wardellii
 * Acacia warramaba
 * Acacia wattsiana
 * Acacia webbii
 * Acacia websteri
 * Acacia wetarensis
 * Acacia whibleyana
 * Acacia whitei
 * Acacia wickhamii
 * Acacia wickhamii subsp. cassitera
 * Acacia wickhamii subsp. wickhamii
 * Acacia wilcoxii
 * Acacia wilhelmiana
 * Acacia willdenowiana
 * Acacia williamsiana
 * Acacia williamsonii
 * Acacia willingii
 * Acacia wilsonii
 * Acacia wiseana
 * Acacia wollarensis
 * Acacia woodmaniorum

X

 * Acacia xanthina
 * Acacia xanthocarpa
 * Acacia xerophila
 * Acacia xiphophylla

Y

 * Acacia yalwalensis
 * Acacia yirrkallensis
 * Acacia yorkrakinensis
 * Acacia yorkrakinensis subsp. acrita
 * Acacia yorkrakinensis subsp. yorkrakinensis

Z

 * Acacia zatrichota

Hybrids

 * Acacia adoxa var. adoxa × spondylophylla
 * Acacia adsurgens × rhodophloia
 * Acacia ampliceps × bivenosa
 * Acacia ampliceps × sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma
 * Acacia ancistrocarpa × arida
 * Acacia ancistrocarpa × citrinoviridis
 * Acacia ancistrocarpa × hilliana
 * Acacia ancistrocarpa × orthocarpa
 * Acacia aphanoclada × pyrifolia var. pyrifolia
 * Acacia arida × stellaticeps
 * Acacia auriculiformis × mangium (either direction)
 * Acacia ayersiana × incurvaneura
 * Acacia baileyana × dealbata
 * Acacia bivenosa × sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma
 * Acacia caesaneura × incurvaneura
 * Acacia citrinoviridis × tumida var. pilbarensis
 * Acacia craspedocarpa × macraneura
 * Acacia craspedocarpa × ramulosa
 * Acacia ×daweana Maslin (=? A. effusa × hamersleyensis)
 * Acacia decurrens × mearnsii
 * Acacia dodonaeifolia × paradoxa
 * Acacia eriopoda × monticola
 * Acacia eriopoda × trachycarpa
 * Acacia eriopoda × tumida var. pilbarensis
 * Acacia eriopoda × tumida var. tumida
 * Acacia glaucocaesia × synchronicia
 * Acacia ×grayana J.H.Willis (= A. brachybotrya × euthycarpa)
 * Acacia hilliana × stellaticeps
 * Acacia incurvaneura × mulganeura
 * Acacia ligulata × sclerosperma subsp. sclerosperma
 * Acacia longifolia × oxycedrus
 * Acacia monticola × trachycarpa
 * Acacia monticola × tumida var. kulparn
 * Acacia monticola × tumida var. pilbarensis
 * Acacia mucronata × acutata
 * Acacia ×nabbonandii Nash (= Acacia baileyana × decurrens)
 * Acacia oxycedrus × sophorae
 * Acacia rhodophloia × sibirica
 * Acacia ×sphaerostachya E.Pritzel (=? Acacia stellaticeps × ancistocarpa)
 * Acacia stellaticeps × trachycarpa
 * Acacia trachycarpa × tumida var. pilbarensis

title: List of Acacia species


text:
Vratsa

Vratsa (Враца ) is the largest city in northwestern Bulgaria and the administrative and economic centre of the municipality of Vratsa and Vratsa district. It is located about 112 km north of Sofia, 40 km southeast of Montana.

Situated at the foot of the Vrachanski Balkan, the town is near numerous caves, waterfalls, and rock formations. The most famous of them are the Ledenika Cave, Skaklya Waterfall, and the Vratsata Pass.

The Vratsa History Museum holds the Rogozen treasure, which is the largest Thracian treasure.

Botev Days are held annually in the city, culminating in the rally-dawn on June 1, held at Hristo Botev Square, as well as the national worship on June 2 at Mount Okolchitsa.

Vratsa's motto is "A city like the Balkan - ancient and young".

Name
The name comes from the Vratsata Pass nearby, and derives from the Slavic word vrata ("gate") + the Slavic diminutive placename suffix -itsa, "little gate", used to translate the Latin name Valve ("double door"). The name of the town during Ottoman era was recorded as Ivraca.

History
The Ottoman census records of the early 1550s indicate that İvraca was in a continuous development. According to this, there were 82 Muslim households, corresponding to approximately 400 people, and a mosque, later known as "Eski Camii", with also a population of 31 unmarried males. The Christians living in 12 neighborhoods, on the other hand, reached a population of approximately 1840 with 354 households and 172 unmarried males. At this time the ratio of the Muslim population to the general population increased to 18%. In addition, it is mentioned in the defter that the Muslim and non-Muslim population in the city and some residents of the 2 neighbouring villages were working in the mines and therefore these workers and their families were exempted from the avarız property tax. In 1580, Muslims made up 30% of the total population. At that time, the city had 3 Muslim neighborhoods (mahalle-i Câmi-i Atik, Mahalle-i Câmi-i Cedid, Mustafa Çavuş Mescidi mhalle). There were a total of 258 households in these neighbourhoods. The Christian population also increased, reaching a total of 583 households in 12 neighborhoods named after their priests. Apart from these, there were seven Coptic mining households whose statuses were recognized in 1550. The number of monasteries, which was 4 up to this date, increased to 8.

1831 Ottoman population statistics show that 74% of the Christians were non-taxpayers in the kaza of İvraca and 83% of the Christians were recorded as middle-class.

Geography
The city of Vratsa is located in the foothills of "Vrachanski Balkan" (Vratsa Mountain), on the banks of Leva River, 116 km from the national capital Sofia.

The area has diverse natural features. Several protected natural attractions and historical monuments are located on the territory of the Vratsa State Forestry.

Climate
The climate is humid continental with hot summers and cold winters. The average annual temperature is about 11 °C. Climate in this area has noticeable differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfa" - humid continental climate.

Population
The number of the residents of the city reached its peak in the period 1990-1991 when it exceeded 85,000. As of February 2011, the town has a population of 60,692 inhabitants.

Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: Total: 60,692
 * Bulgarians: 53,275 (97.3%)
 * Roma: 1,045 (1.9%)
 * Turks: 54 (0.1%)
 * Others: 185 (0.3%)
 * Indefinable: 216 (0.4%)
 * Undeclared: 5,937 (9.8%)

The ethnic composition of Vratsa Municipality is 64334 Bulgarians and 2215 Gypsies among others.

History

Vratsa is an ancient city found by ancient Thracians. Vratsa was called Valve ("door of a fortress") by the Romans due to a narrow passage where the main gate of the city fortress was located. Nowadays, this passage is the symbol of Vratsa, and is shown on the town's Coat of arms.

After the fall of Rome, Vratsa became part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium).

At the end of the 6th century AD, Vratsa was populated by the South Slavic tribes. Even if they came from Pannonia and Dacia on the north, the town remained under Byzantine rule.

In the 7th century, the Bulgars and the Slavs found the First Bulgarian Empire and the Slavic Vratsa became part of it. The city grew into important strategic location because of its proximity to the South State border. Vratsa became famous for its goldsmiths and silversmiths production and trade, high-quality earthenware and military significance.

In the 8th century, the Bulgarian army captured Sofia, which led to the decreasing of Vratsa's importance because of the better strategic position of Sofia, its more developed economy and larger size. But Vratsa was again key for the resistance against the Byzantine, Serbian and Magyar invasions in the Middle Ages.

On 1 May 1966 in the village of Sgorigrad, a Mir-Plakanista mine tailings dam collapsed, causing a flood of mud and debris that killed 488 people. It remains one of the biggest disasters in Vratsa since the September 30, 1923 fire and the Anglo-American bombing of January 23, 1944.

Tourism
The mountains and forests are suitable for development of different types of tourism — hunting and fishing, skiing, speleology, delta-gliding, photo-tourism, etc.

Good opportunities exist for exercising different sport activities such as mountaineering, bicycle sport and for those who enjoy being thrilled can go for hang-gliding and paragliding, or set out for carting, buggy and motocross racing tracks.

Conditions are provided for rest and entertainment — children's and adults' swimming pools, water cycles, discos, bars, restaurants, excellent hotel facilities and good service. To accommodate winter sports enthusiasts, there are rope lines near the Parshevitsa Chalet, and the skiing tracks are said to be well maintained.

There are also a Museum of History and an Ethnographic and Revival Complex.

Ledenika cave
Ledenika is the most frequently visited Bulgarian cave.

Ledenika is located in the Stresherski part of the Vratsa mountain. Its entrance being at 830m above sea level. It features an abundance of galleries and impressive karst formations including stalactites and stalagmites, dating back a thousand years. The cave is about 300m long and contains ten separate halls. The cave is part of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria

Vratsata Gorge
Vratsata Gorge – the highest cliffs on the Balkan Peninsula (400 meters high). Vratsata Gorge is situated in Vratsa Mountain. The area is easily accessible from Vratsa. The limestone of Vratsata Central Wall and the other rocks offer many possibilities for climbing and alpinism, connected by more than 70 alpine routes of all categories of difficulty.

Skaklya waterfall
Skaklya waterfall - highest temporary waterfall in Bulgaria and the Balkans - 141 meters.

Regional historical museum
Regional historical museum in Vratsa preserves the Rogozen Treasure - the biggest Thracian treasure that was ever discovered on the territory of Bulgaria

The main building of the museum houses several exhibitions.
 * Prehistory Hall
 * Antiquity Hall
 * The Middle Ages Hall
 * The Thracian Treasures Hall
 * The Rogozen Treasure Hall
 * Hristo Botev exhibition Hall
 * New History Hall
 * Stone arc Hall
 * Lapidarium.

Panoramic views

Transport
The strategic location of Vratsa is determined by the major rail and road corridors. Its geographical position became even more important with the construction of the Danube Bridge 2 at the town of Vidin (providing the most direct land access from the Thessaloniki port and Sofia towards Western Europe). Vratsa connects to the villages and city within the region and throughout the country by bus and railway transport. There are regular bus lines to Sofia, Pleven, Vidin, Montana, Kozloduy, Oryahovo, Mezdra (at short intervals), as well as to the smaller villages, scattered around the city. The bus station is located on the way between the railway station and the centre of the city. Vratsa is an important railway station along the railway route Sofia — Vidin (Lom).

Honour
Vratsa Peak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Vratsa.

In popular culture
Vratsa is the home of a professional Quidditch team operating within the fictional Harry Potter universe. The Vratsa Vultures have won the European Cup seven times.

Industry
In the area of Vratsa are developed many branches of industry: textile (production of cotton fabrics and silk), tailoring, food processing (bakery, confectionery, meat processing, dairy processing, soft drinks production, etc.) mining of rock lining materials from the Vratsa region - limestone), furniture, light, machine-building (production of lathes and mills), metal casting and metalworking, etc.

Sport

 * FC Botev Vratsa

Twin towns - sister cities
Vratsa is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇸 Bor, Serbia
 * 🇷🇴 Craiova, Romania
 * 🇲🇰 Kičevo, North Macedonia
 * 🇧🇾 Kobryn, Belarus
 * 🇷🇺 Serpukhov, Russia
 * 🇺🇦 Sumy, Ukraine
 * 🇫🇷 Villeneuve-le-Roi, France

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vratsa


text:
The Osmonds

The Osmonds were an American family music group who reached the height of their fame in the early to mid-1970s. The group had its best-known configurations as a quartet (billed as the Osmond Brothers) and a quintet (as the Osmonds). The group has consisted of siblings who are all members of a family of musicians from Ogden, Utah, and have been in the public eye since the 1960s.

The Osmond Brothers began as a barbershop quartet consisting of brothers Alan, Wayne, Merrill and Jay. They were later joined by younger siblings Donny and Jimmy, both of whom enjoyed success as solo artists. With the addition of Donny, the group became known as the Osmonds; performing both as teen idols and as a rock band, their peak lasted from 1971 to 1975. Their only sister Marie, who rarely sang with her brothers at that time, launched a successful career in 1973, both as a solo artist and as Donny's duet partner. By 1976, the band was no longer producing hit singles; that year, they transitioned into television with Donny & Marie, a popular variety show that ran until 1979.

A revival of the original Osmond Brothers lineup in the 1980s achieved moderate success in country music, and both Donny and Marie separately made comebacks in their respective fields in the late-1980s. The Osmonds have sold over 77 million records worldwide.

The quartet continued to perform through their 50th anniversary in 2007, at which point Alan and later Wayne retired due to health issues; Jimmy was recruited after Alan's retirement, with the group performing as a trio until Jimmy suffered a stroke and retired in 2018. On 14 October 2019, the original Osmond Brothers quartet reunited for CBS' The Talk for their sister Marie's 60th birthday, billed as the last appearance for the lineup. The brothers performed "The Last Chapter", written as a farewell song and introduced in 2018. Donny & Marie ended an 11-year Las Vegas residency on November 16, 2019. Merrill announced his retirement in 2022 to pursue a church mission, leaving Jay as the last remaining member of the original quartet still performing (Donny continues to perform as a solo artist as well). In later years, Alan's sons, particularly Nathan and David, have made appearances with their uncles.

Early careers
George Virl Osmond Sr. and Olive Osmond, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, resided on a farm in Ogden, Utah, with their family. George was a postal worker with a military background; both he and Olive were musicians within their church. They had nine children: Virl, Tom, Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay, Donny, Marie, and Jimmy. Virl and Tom were both born with severe hearing impairments.

The Osmond Brothers' career began in 1958 when Alan, Wayne, Merrill, and Jay began singing barbershop music for local audiences in and around Ogden, as well as during their weekly church services. In their made-for-TV movie Inside the Osmonds, they explain that they originally performed to earn money to help buy hearing aids for Virl and Tom and to finance their future church missions. Despite their young ages (ranging from nine to three years old), within a few years the boys' talent and stage presence were strong enough that their father took them to compete in an amateur barbershop singing competition in California. On the same trip they visited Disneyland, where Tommy Walker, Disneyland's Director of Entertainment and Customer Relations from 1955 to 1966, found the Osmond Brothers singing with the Dapper Dans on Main Street. Walker hired the Osmonds to perform in the park during the following summer and to perform minor roles in the television series The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters, starring actor Kurt Russell. The family also appeared on a segment of Disneyland After Dark, which first aired in April 1962.

While the Osmond Brothers were working on Disneyland After Dark, Andy Williams's father Jay saw them and was so impressed he told his son to book them on his television show, The Andy Williams Show. Andy did, and the Osmond Brothers became regulars on the show from 1962 to 1967, where they earned the nickname "one-take Osmonds" among staff due to their professionalism and tireless rehearsing. Donny soon joined them on the show, making the Osmond Brothers a five-member group. Marie and Jimmy were also introduced on the show a few years later. During this time the Osmonds also toured Europe, performing with Sweden's most popular singer, Lars Lönndahl, and even releasing a single where they sang a Swedish version of "Two Dirty Little Hands" ("Fem smutsiga små fingrar").

The Andy Williams Show ended its first run in 1967, after which the Osmond Brothers were signed to The Jerry Lewis Show, staying with that show until it was canceled in 1969, after which they rejoined The Andy Williams Show, which had just returned for its second run. They soon decided they wanted to perform popular music and become a rock and roll band, prompting them to shed their variety-show image. This change was difficult for their father, who was suspicious of rock and roll, but he was persuaded and the boys began performing as a pop band. George Osmond used his military training to keep his sons strictly regimented.

In 1967, the Osmonds had the single "Flower Music" b/w "I Can't Stop" released by UNI Records. The song failed to become a hit. The group saw several other singles released over the next four years, failing to score a hit until the 1971 chart debut of "One Bad Apple".

Bubblegum: Osmonds and Homemade
Record producer Mike Curb saw the Osmonds perform as a band and recognized that they combined a rare mix of polished performing style, instrumental skill, and vocal talent. He signed the Osmonds to MGM Records and arranged for them to record at Muscle Shoals with R&B producer Rick Hall. Under Hall's guidance, the Osmonds hit the top spot on the pop chart with "One Bad Apple" in 1971. The song, "One Bad Apple", written by George Jackson, was composed in the style of The Jackson 5 (it was not originally offered to The Jackson 5, though the Osmonds would later state that The Jackson 5 considered recording it). The Osmond and Jackson families would eventually meet in 1972 and become friends. "One Bad Apple" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 January 1971, first hitting No. 1 in February, where it stayed for five weeks.

The Osmonds soon had hits with other light, R&B-style pop numbers like "Double Lovin'" (No. 14) and "Yo-Yo" (No. 3). In each of these hits, the formula was the same; Merrill sang lead, and Donny was "co-lead" in essence, singing the "hook" or "chorus" of the song. At this time the Osmonds also recorded several songs that were billed to Donny, the lead soloist on the songs: "Sweet and Innocent" (No. 7), "Go Away Little Girl" (No. 1), "Hey Girl" (No. 9) and "Puppy Love" (No. 3). Uni Records also re-released their 1967 single "Flower Music," this time with "I Can't Stop" as the A-side, where it reached No. 96. Their transition to pop stars required more elaborate choreography than their original work had required, so older brother Virl Osmond taught the quintet how to dance. Olive Osmond initially taught the quintet how to sing harmony; the harmony arrangements eventually fell upon Wayne, who was found to have perfect pitch.

Transition to rock: Phase III and Crazy Horses
The Osmonds began writing and performing their own music, and their sound moved towards rock music beginning with their album Phase III. In addition to "Yo-Yo", Phase III produced the major hit "Down by the Lazy River" (No. 4). Their next Crazy Horses album was the band's first personal statement – the brothers have been quoted as saying that the title song refers to air pollution from cars, and its instrumentation featured an even harder rock sound bordering on early heavy metal. They wrote all the songs and played all the instruments with Alan on rhythm guitar, Wayne on lead guitar, Merrill on lead vocals and bass, Jay on drums, and Donny on keyboards; all of the brothers sang backing vocals and an occasional lead on album cuts. Donny largely switched to instrumental contributions for much of 1972 to accommodate his changing voice; by 1973, Donny had settled from his former boy soprano range into a smooth baritenor voice.

Donny's voice change was a major upset to the group's original formula for success, largely eliminating Merrill's young-sounding co-lead's voice and forcing Merrill's mature tenor voice to strain to cover most of the higher notes, with audible difficulty, through the next few years. The success of Crazy Horses singles "Hold Her Tight" (No. 14) and title track "Crazy Horses" (on which Donny did not sing, but did contribute with a prominent keyboard riff) kept the group very popular through 1973. As the group toured, Donny continued to sing his solo hits, with the band progressively lowering the key until his voice change was complete.

With their clean-cut image, talent, and energetic pop-rock sound, the Osmonds toured to crowds of fans across the United States. By this time, the Osmonds had broken through in the United Kingdom as well: counting group and solo recordings, members of the Osmond family charted 13 singles on the UK charts in 1973. Some observers coined a new word, "Osmondmania", to describe the phenomenon, by analogy with the similar "Beatlemania" of the previous decade. The group also had their own Saturday-morning cartoon series in 1972 and 1973, The Osmonds, on ABC-TV.

Emergence as teen balladeers: The Plan and Love Me for a Reason
The older Osmond brothers were of age to go on church missions, typically mandatory for members of the church. Noting that the Osmonds' music career was a major publicity boon for the church that had brought tens of thousands of new members, the church exempted the Osmonds from missionary service on the logic that the group served as de facto missionaries for the faith through their fame and music. (Merrill would eventually serve a mission in 2022 after the group disbanded. ) They recorded an ambitious album in 1973 called The Plan, perhaps best described as a Mormon concept album with progressive rock aspirations. One reviewer suggested that The Plan carried a too-strong religious message, given that Mormonism is fairly conservative and not usually associated with the themes of rock-and-roll. The reviewer likewise suggested that the music was too varied and too experimental. The album produced only two minor hits: "Let Me In" and "Goin' Home" (both No. 36 in the United States, although they both went top 5 in the United Kingdom and "Let Me In" was also a major hit on the easy listening charts).

Following the release of The Plan, the popularity of the Osmonds as a group began to decline. Alan, Wayne, and Merrill all married their wives in 1973 and 1974 (Donny married in 1978; Jay would not marry until 1987), and the band began to slow their tour circuit. The Plan was also a major departure from the pop music which made them so popular. The combination of this album, along with Donny's voice change the year before, meant that the Osmonds' popularity with young fans would wane.

Another major factor in the band's decline was the sheer diversity of its output: within three years, the Osmonds had waffled between bubblegum pop, hard rock, and easy listening, and Donny's solo career as an oldies cover artist further muddled the band's direction. Donny's collaboration with Steve and Eydie, "We Can Make it Together" (which Alan, Wayne, and Merrill had penned for Donny), came out on the easy listening charts at the same time the much harder "Crazy Horses" song was charting.

Donny's solo career, and the emergence of Marie and Jimmy as spin-off acts

Donny, Marie, and Jimmy soon began to emerge as solo artists. Jimmy was becoming "big in Japan" and, in 1972, had a No. 1 hit in the United Kingdom with "Long Haired Lover from Liverpool". Marie, then 13 years old, hit No. 1 on the US country chart in 1973 with "Paper Roses" (a song originally recorded by Anita Bryant a decade before). Donny had a string of pop hits with covers of earlier teen-pop songs, including "Go Away Little Girl" (No. 1, originally by Steve Lawrence), "Puppy Love" (No. 3, a Paul Anka composition) and "The Twelfth of Never" (No. 8, originally recorded by Johnny Mathis). Between 1971 and 1976, Donny had twelve Top 40 hits, including five in the Top 10; for most of these, the Osmonds were still performing as a full band, but backing and giving star billing to Donny while he sang lead.

Donny's numerous solo hits have led many to assume he was the group's lead singer. Merrill was usually the lead singer; Donny would usually sing the choruses on songs billed to the Osmonds, thus being a "co-lead". (All five members of the group sang lead at various times; Jay would sing lead on some of the group's harder rock tunes, while Alan and Wayne would occasionally contribute a lead vocal on some album tracks.) Donny's emergence as a solo star and the record company's desire to appeal to the teen-girl audience often thrust Donny out in front of the group.

By now the family was touring, recording, creating, and producing for five technically separate artists: The Osmonds, Donny Osmond, Marie Osmond, and Jimmy Osmond – plus Donny and Marie had begun recording duets and had hits with "I'm Leaving It Up to You" (No. 4) and "Morning Side of the Mountain" (No. 8). Through all the stress and pressures created by these many efforts, the family hung together, largely at George's command. The 2001 ABC-TV movie Inside the Osmonds depicts the family mottoes as being "It doesn't matter who's out front, as long as it's an Osmond" and "family, faith, and career. In that order".

The original Osmonds as a group still produced hits. In 1974, "Love Me for a Reason" reached No. 10 in the United States and No. 1 in the United Kingdom. The Irish boy band Boyzone took the song to No. 2 in the UK in 1994. "Love Me for a Reason" was the title track to the album of the same name, which featured a blue-eyed soul format (their fourth style change in less than a decade) arranged by H. B. Barnum.

Fall from pop prominence: The Proud One and Brainstorm

By 1976, though, the group's record sales were softening. Their 1975 album The Proud One sold poorly (despite the title track, a cover of a Frankie Valli minor hit, providing a chart-topping easy listening hit and the group's last US top-40 hit to date), and MGM Records was sold to PolyGram. Their first album on the subsidiary label Polydor was the album Brainstorm; that album sold only slightly better than its predecessor, and its lead single, "I Can't Live a Dream" (another Valli cover), fell short of the top 40. Polydor would release two more albums from the family (a Christmas album that included all of the performing family members, and a greatest hits compilation).

Television era
In 1976, ABC offered Donny and Marie their own television show, The Donny & Marie Show. George demanded that the Osmond Brothers work behind the scenes on the show. The family and ABC built and operated Osmond Studios, a first-class television studio in Orem, Utah, where the show was produced beginning in 1977. As a result, the Osmonds as a performing band became a lower priority to Donny and Marie. The older brothers deferred or gave up their dreams of being a rock-and-roll band, although Donny and Marie as a duo continued to record hits into 1978. In an interview with The Lost 45s, Wayne Osmond suggested their abandonment of songwriting and not working on material during the TV run may have been a mistake, as their career never recovered from the hiatus. Various members of the family struggled with the transition; Donny experienced stage anxiety, Merrill struggled with bipolar disorder, and Marie had a brief bout with an eating disorder after a network executive told her she looked heavy. Both Donny and Marie were offered roles in the 1978 film adaptation of the hit musical Grease, with Donny being considered for the role of the Teen Angel and Marie for the role of Sandy; Marie turned the role down, concerned that the character's rebellious turn at the end was not a fit for her. Donny and Marie instead chose to star in Goin' Coconuts, under the belief that it would be more family-friendly, which ended up being a critical and commercial failure.

The Donny & Marie Show was canceled in 1979, and the Osmonds found themselves in debt and without a clear direction. The group switched from Polydor to corporate affiliate Mercury Records and released another album, Steppin' Out, was a transitional album for the Osmonds and was produced by Maurice Gibb. Among its tracks was the first recorded version of "Rest Your Love on Me", a country song that became a hit for Gibb's group, the Bee Gees, and topped the country charts in a cover version by Conway Twitty. Steppin' Out itself was a major failure, with the album failing to chart and its only charting single, "You're Mine," reaching only to No. 138 on the Record World charts; it would be their only album on the Mercury label.

The family also produced two unsuccessful projects for Marie, a sitcom pilot that never aired and a variety show revival that lasted seven episodes in 1980 and 1981. Donny permanently separated from the group (and, for a time, from Marie) shortly thereafter. The family also fell prey to embezzlers who came on as business partners to help finance the television show; several went to prison for their crimes.

George Osmond refused to let the family declare bankruptcy and ordered his children honor all of their financial obligations by whatever means necessary, effectively forcing the Osmonds to return to the road.

Marie Osmond
Marie recorded several successful duets with Donny and continued to sing country music; she had several Top 40 country hits in the mid-1980s, the biggest of which was "Meet Me in Montana" with Dan Seals (No. 1). She starred in the Broadway revivals of the musicals The King and I (as the lead, Anna) and The Sound of Music (as the lead, Maria) in the mid-1990s. She returned to television first in the short-lived 1995 ABC sitcom Maybe This Time and then with Donny in 1998 to co-host Donny & Marie, a talk-entertainment show that lasted two seasons.

Marie suffered from postpartum depression and wanted to help other women who suffered from it. In 2001 Marie, Marcia Wilkie, and Dr. Judith Moore wrote a book on postpartum depression titled, Marie Osmond Behind the Smile.

Donny Osmond
Donny returned to the pop music scene in 1989; when he released "Soldier of Love" to much success in the United Kingdom, American music industry insiders were wary of the Osmond brand and promoted the song as being by a "mystery artist". The song became a turntable hit in this manner and, when Osmond's identity as the mystery artist was revealed, "Soldier of Love" eventually rose to No. 2 on the US charts and was enough of a success to warrant follow-up singles, including "Sacred Emotion", which peaked at No. 13, and "My Love Is a Fire," which peaked at No. 21. In 1998, Donny sang "I'll Make a Man Out of You" for the film Mulan. He performed on Broadway as Gaston in the stage production of Beauty and the Beast, and also gave over 2,000 performances as Joseph in the touring production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. He has hosted games shows in the United States and the United Kingdom (most notably the 2002–2004 revival of Pyramid and the British version of Identity), continues to appear on television, winning the ninth season (Fall 2009) of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, and still tours in the United States and England.

Donny & Marie's Vegas residency
From September 2008 to November 2019, Donny & Marie performed a 90-minute show at the Flamingo Las Vegas. The show began in September 2008 and was originally scheduled to run for six months. The response was so overwhelming that the Flamingo immediately asked for a two-year extension. The Donny & Marie Show ultimately ran for 11 years, ending its run in 2019. Donny & Marie has been awarded “The Best Show in Las Vegas” for 2012, 2013, and 2014, according to the Las Vegas Review-Journal. The showroom was renamed "The Donny and Marie Showroom" in 2013.

The Osmond Brothers
In response to their father's orders, Alan, Wayne, Merrill, and Jay returned to using the name "the Osmond Brothers" and, building on the boom in country pop crossover artists and drawing from the success of the covers of "Rest Your Love on Me" from the previous album, started focusing on recording country music full-time. They had two top-30 Billboard Country hits in the early 1980s: "I Think About Your Lovin'" (No. 17) and "It's Like Fallin' in Love (Over and Over)" (No. 28), in addition to a handful that reached the bottom of or narrowly missed the top 40. The Osmond Brothers' record sales were hampered by a reluctance to go on tour; the group instead opted to stay in Branson, Missouri and promote their music through promotional music videos. The brothers paid off their debts by 1983. The brothers continue to perform with various line-ups and sometimes with their children in Branson. Merrill performs and records as a solo artist as well; his biggest hit independent of his siblings was a duet with Jessica Boucher, "You're Here to Remember, I'm Here to Forget", a piece Merrill specifically chose to break from his family-friendly image (like Donny, Merrill had to hide his Osmond identity and recorded the song under the name "Merrill and Jessica") and which became a hit on the country charts in 1987. Alan has multiple sclerosis and does not perform as often today; likewise, Wayne, who survived a brain tumor in 1997, retired from the group in 2012 after treatment for the brain tumor damaged his cochlea and rendered him deaf and a stroke rendered him unable to play guitar. All of the brothers are married, some with large families.

Alan's eight sons started performing in the mid-1980s as "the Osmond Boys", later known as "the Osmonds—Second Generation". Two of Alan's sons, Nathan and David; have emerged as solo artists, David as a pop musician and as the lead of the Osmond Chapman Orchestra, and Nathan as a country singer.

In 2007–2008 all of the Osmonds went on a tour of Europe to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of their career in show business. A special televised concert in Las Vegas (the only tour stop in the US), commemorating the anniversary, aired on US PBS stations on March 10, 2008. Alan played piano with the orchestra for most of the show and Virl and Tom provided signed lyrics for two songs. The Osmonds' long-time friend and mentor Andy Williams made a surprise appearance, reminiscing about how his father had told him to put the brothers on his variety show.

Jay Osmond was the primary choreographer for the Osmonds’ concerts and some television concerts.

Jimmy worked as a businessman and manager. He eventually moved to Branson, Missouri, and opened the Osmond Family Theater, where he and his brothers performed until 2002. They appear in Branson during the Christmas season.

In 2009, Donny and Marie recorded a television special for the British channel ITV1: An Audience with Donny and Marie, part of ITV's long-running An Audience with... series was based on their Las Vegas stage show.

Both Donny and Marie tour extensively around the world, with Alan's son David occasionally filling in for Donny. Merrill, Jay, and Jimmy also sing together at the Suncoast Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, along with some limited touring, mostly in the United Kingdom. Since Andy Williams's death, Merrill, Jay, and Jimmy took over operations of his long-running Christmas show, which they perform in Branson, Missouri in November. In 2012, the trio released their first studio album in 28 years, I Can't Get There Without You, which featured the recording debut of Jimmy as lead singer.

Alan and Wayne rejoined the group for one time only for what was billed as their last-ever performance as the Osmond Brothers at Neal S. Blaisdell Center in Honolulu in October 2018, a concert that also included Marie and David among the performers. Since that time, Merrill and Jay toured as "the Osmonds", sometimes appearing with Marie and David; in these shows (billed as "Marie and the Osmonds"), Jay and Merrill sing many of their old hits and substitute for the late Paul Davis and Dan Seals on Marie's country duets. Jimmy toured separately with various projects at the time before suffering a stroke in December 2018; he stated in April 2019 that he was in good health and had decided to take a "long-overdue break" from performing. Alan and Wayne made a second "last ever performance" in October 2019, appearing on The Talk for Marie's birthday. In 2022, Merrill announced his retirement from performing; his final American show was in April 2022 and featured a special appearance by Donny.

In October 2024, Jay will begin a residency in Branson with Nathan Osmond.

21st-century obscurity
The Osmonds rank among the poorest performers in terms of having their hits of the 1970s survive in recurrent rotation; classic hits and oldies stations rarely play any of their music, with the occasional exception of "One Bad Apple." According to Sean Ross at RadioInsight, discussing the fifteen popular songs of 1971 that saw the biggest declines in airplay:

"Teen acts had been with us from the beginning, of course, but not since the early ‘60s had they seemed so particularly stigmatized (...) Five songs by teen idols – four of them Osmonds-related. We haven’t shown individual breakouts for every year of the ‘70s, but we can tell you that there’s an Osmonds-related song every year between 1971 and 1976, except for 1973, when Donny Osmond was being challenged by the DeFranco Family and didn’t have a big enough hit."

Ross later noted of the top 100 songs in the 1970 to 1974 period ranked by a drop-off in airplay, the Osmond family had six listed, the most of any collection of acts; this was twice as high as the next two artists on the list (Cher and Helen Reddy, each of whom recorded three). The Osmond family as a whole ranked the most neglected musical act of the era of the classic hit, from 1970 to 1994. Broadening to the period of 1960 to 1999, the top 100 most neglected songs (which had a disproportionate number of early 1960s songs largely neglected by modern radio) had three performed by at least one Osmond, tied for the most with Connie Francis on the list; this was especially notable because other neglected 1970s artists such as Reddy and Barbra Streisand failed to make the broader list at all. Such was the Osmonds' fall into obscurity that Karen Osmond, Jay's second and current wife, had never heard of the group before meeting him, while Donny's son Chris advanced all the way to the final episode of season 2 of Claim to Fame largely because most of the contestants were repeatedly unaware who Donny was.

Parents
Olive Osmond, mother of the Osmond siblings, died on 9 May 2004, at age 79. Their father, George Osmond, died on 6 November 2007, at age 90. The couple was survived by their nine children and 55 grandchildren as well as a number of great-grandchildren. Before George Osmond's death, plans were being made for him and the 120-plus members of the Osmond family to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show to celebrate the family's 50th anniversary in show business. He died just a few days prior to the taping. The family ultimately decided to go on with the show as scheduled and, on 9 November, the entire Osmond family appeared on stage with Oprah Winfrey as a tribute to their father. The show aired the following day, the same day as George Osmond's funeral.

Hollywood Walk of Fame
In 2003, the Osmond Family was honored for their achievements in the entertainment industry with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles, California.

Band members
The members of the band transitioned from exclusively vocal performance to playing instruments, all around the time that Crazy Horses was released.

Band members
 * Merrill Osmond- vocals (1958–2023), bass guitar (1970–2023)
 * Donny Osmond- vocals (1963–1979, occasional afterward), keyboards (1970–1979)
 * Alan Osmond- vocals (1958–2007), rhythm guitar (1968–2007)
 * Wayne Osmond- vocals (1958–2007), lead guitar (1970–2007)
 * Jay Osmond- vocals (1958–2023), drums (1970–2023)
 * Jimmy Osmond- vocals (1967–1972, 2007–2018)
 * Marie Osmond- vocals (1973–1979, occasional)
 * David Osmond - vocals (occasional, after 2007)
 * Nathan Osmond - vocals (occasional, since 2024)

Studio albums

 * Osmonds (1970)
 * Homemade (1971)
 * Phase III (1972)
 * Crazy Horses (1972)
 * The Plan (1973)
 * Love Me for a Reason (1974)
 * The Proud One (1975)
 * Brainstorm (1976)
 * Osmond Christmas Album (1976)
 * Steppin' Out (1979)

title: The Osmonds


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The Crucifucks

The Crucifucks were an American punk band formed in 1981 in Lansing, Michigan. They were noted for their political agitation, provocative lyrics, and unusually shrill vocals by band leader Doc Corbin Dart. Dead Kennedys vocalist Jello Biafra signed them to his independent Alternative Tentacles label.

Other members of the original line up included Dart's cousin Joe on guitar, Scott Fagersten on bass, and drummer Steve Shelley, who went on to play with Sonic Youth.

History
The band's debut LP The Crucifucks was recorded in 1984 and released in 1985 on Jello Biafra's Alternative Tentacles label. Wisconsin followed in 1987, also on Alternative Tentacles. Between that album and 1996's L.D. Eye, Dart recorded two solo projects, Patricia, on Alternative Tentacles in 1990, and Black Tuesday, a self-released cassette, in 1991. After a long hiatus, Doc released an album entitled "The Messiah" on Crustacean Records in 2004. The moniker he used for this album is "26".

A Crucifucks compilation album entitled Our Will Be Done was issued in 1992, combining the band's first two LPs with a non-LP song, "Annual Report," also featured on Maximum Rock 'n' Roll's compilation Welcome To 1984. A picture of a Philadelphia police officer posing as shot—originally part of a public relations campaign to obtain wage concessions from the city —was used on the album's back cover. Four years later, its discovery by the Philadelphia Fraternal Order of Police led to a lawsuit against the Crucifucks, which was eventually dismissed.

Dart claims the Crucifucks never officially broke up, but rather drifted apart due to a variety of reasons. By the mid 1990s, Dart had formed a new group called The L.D. Eye. When the group had prepared a full-length record, Alternative Tentacles agreed to release it under the stipulation that it be credited to The Crucifucks. Thus, the group changed its name to The Crucifucks, although no former members other than Dart were involved with The L.D. Eye, and used The L.D. Eye as the title of the 1996 album. The band played a number of concerts during this period, including a 1998 performance at Alternative Tentacles' twentieth anniversary party at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco, California, before sinking back into inactivity.

In the early 2000's Dart toured with Arizona based punk band the Zero Tolerance Task Force. ZTTF would open for Dart, and he would perform Crucifucks songs with them backing him up. They did at least two tours of this. ZTTF was also signed to Alternative Tentacles.

The band was known for its anti-authoritarian lyrics, often rife with obscure and perverse humor. The band sought to go beyond the pale in terms of lyrical content, attempting to be as offensive as possible. Many of their other songs are similarly blunt, attacking the American government, American culture in general, and religion, particularly Christianity.

As recently as 2006, Dart has begun identifying himself by the name 26 (dropping his entire given name of Doc Corbin Dart) and renounces swear words, such as his former group's moniker.

Discography

 * The Crucifucks - 1985
 * Wisconsin - 1987
 * Our Will Be Done - 1992
 * L.D. Eye - 1996

title: The Crucifucks


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User:Dhoom

About ME
Hello. I am 23 years old living in Thane,Maharashtra, India. I have done my graduation in Software Engg from Champlain College, Vermont , USA.

My Contributions
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title: User:Dhoom


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UC Davis Graduate School of Management

The UC Davis Graduate School of Management (GSM) is a graduate business school at the University of California, Davis. Established in 1981, its degree programs include MBA, MPAc and MSBA.

The GSM offers Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees in three locations: The two-year, Full-Time MBA program is offered at the main campus in Davis. Two working professional programs are offered in Sacramento and San Ramon in the San Francisco Bay Area. The school also offers an Online MBA program with the same standards and credit hours as the in-person programs.

The school's LEED Platinum certified facility, Maurice J. Gallagher, Jr. Hall, opened in September 2009.

Academics
UC Davis undergraduates can minor in technology management or accounting. GSM's executive programs include the Wine Executive program, jointly managed with the Department of Viticulture & Enology.

The school's teaching model combines case study, experiential learning, lecture and team projects.

Master of Business Administration
The in-person working professional programs are designed to be completed in three years, but may be "accelerated" to finish in two by taking additional classes. The MBA degree requires completing 72 hours of credit (24 courses) with a cumulative grade point average of 3.0 or better. MBA students at UC Davis may also seek to earn a joint degree such as a J.D./M.B.A., MBA/Doctor of Medicine (MD), MBA/Master of Science in Engineering (MSE), and MBA/Master of Science (MS) in Agricultural and Resource Economics.

MBA concentrations offered include: Accounting; Competitive Analytics and Technologies; Finance; Information Technology; General Management; Marketing; Technology Management; and Entrepreneurship. MBA specializations are offered in Agribusiness; Biotechnology; Corporate and Social Responsibility; Healthcare; High Tech; International Business; Non-Profit; Real Estate; Small Business; and Wine Industry.

The MBA curriculum is anchored by IMPACT, a new, two-part capstone course designed to sharpen writing, speaking and critical-thinking abilities. IMPACT teams work on 10-week projects for clients ranging from multinational Fortune 500 firms to ultra-fast-paced Silicon Valley start-ups.

Master of Professional Accountancy
In 2012 UC Davis became the first University of California school to offer a master's degree in professional accountancy. The MPAc program requires students to pass an examination after advancing to candidacy, and at the end of all coursework, in order to receive the degree.

Master of Science in Business Analytics
With its inaugurating class in Fall of 2017, the school launched a master's degree in Business Analytics, at its UC Hastings extension campus in San Francisco.

The Graduate School of Management began a 9-month MPAc (Master of Professional Accountancy) program in 2012.

Research centers

 * Institute for Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Under the direction of Professor Andrew Hargadon.
 * Center for Investor Welfare and Corporate Responsibility - Under the direction of Professor Brad M. Barber, engaged in research related to investor welfare, corporate fraud, white-collar crime, corporate ethics and social responsibility. The Center advocates for improved corporate practices, educates investors through research and outreach.

Student life

 * Associated Students of Management (ASM) provides the framework for incorporating student ideas into the MBA program, networking with alumni, engaging in philanthropic activities, and coordinating extracurricular and social events.
 * Big Bang! is the annual UC Davis Business Plan Competition organized by MBA students. The competition promotes new business development, technology transfer and entrepreneurship on campus and in Northern California. Over 20 thousand dollars are awarded to the winners of the competition each year.
 * MBA Challenge for Charity (C4C) supports the Special Olympics and family-related local charities.
 * Net Impact offers programs to help its members broaden their business education, refine leadership skills, pursue professional goals and build their network.
 * Various intramural sports teams that compete against other teams on campus in recreational sports such as flag football, soccer, basketball, and inner tube water polo.

title: UC Davis Graduate School of Management


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Category:Requests for peer review

Discussion pages of articles which are undergoing peer review are listed here. Pages are added to this category by.

title: Category:Requests for peer review


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Talk:Fir

Older comment
Hello, I added some external links on the 11.08.04 for the genus Abies. However, abies has a redirection to 'fir' and so I added them there. This is only my first time Wiking and I do not know how to change the Abies redirection so that I can add my external links to the Abies topic and not the Firs topic. If you could guide me to some instructions I would be happy to try. Mikcohen 09:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You'd better keep them here, since Abies is the same as "fir" and putting external links on the Abies page would mess up the redirect.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 20:17, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
Just read on the new of a Fir tree growing inside a man's lung: http://uk.news.yahoo.com/5/20090415/tod-fir-tree-found-growing-inside-man-s-870a197.html

How would you add this to the article? 129.31.41.36 (talk) 15:11, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Generally we try not to include WP:trivia. Rich Farmbrough, 16:37, 3 August 2009 (UTC).

Number of species
We have 48 and a sub-sp. I have changed the article to reflect. If I am wrong, of course, revert - but please also drop me a note. Rich Farmbrough, 16:26, 3 August 2009 (UTC).
 * I just made a little change in the species list regarding A. lasiocarpa and bifolia to make it consistent with the systematics used in the Abies lasiocarpa article. 83.108.38.14 (talk) 09:40, 6 November 2010 (UTC) Ingvar Åberge, Norway
 * Have also added Syrian fir to the list. 83.108.38.14 (talk) 22:17, 6 November 2010 (UTC) Ingvar Åberge, Norway
 * And Abies fargesii. Does anybody have an English name for it? (Number of living species on the list is now 47.) 83.108.38.14 (talk) 23:04, 6 November 2010 (UTC)Ingvar Åberge, Norway

Species and subspecies/varieties list
I know that there are som different views of the systematics within the genus Abies, as with many other tree genera, and there is no reason to hide this, of cource. On the other hand could we hope that the presentation in the Wikipedia articles at least in one and the same language could be internally consistent. I have done som adjustmens towards this. Two species not mentioned in the species list have been added and varieties and subspesies earlier not noted on the genus page, but mentioned in the species articles, have been added. Further has links back to the fir article been added to the respective species articles.

There is still som work to be done: 83.108.38.14 (talk) 02:53, 7 November 2010 (UTC)Ingvar Åberge, Norway
 * "Taiga|boreal Asia and North America": Is this supposed to be a link to the taiga article?
 * Do anyone have an English name for the semenovii variety of A. sibirica?
 * The coahuila variety of durango fir is not mentioned in the species article, yet it is i noted on the list.
 * Jalisco fir has it´s own species article and is at the same time treated as a variety under the article about Guatemalan fir. On the species list is it noted as a separate species and not as a variety of guatemalensis.
 * On the list are mentioned two subspecies of A. nordmanniana additional to the main subspecies, but in the article about the species is there only mentioned one, and this one has the names of the two subspecies in the list noted as synonyms. Could somebody please make the two articles consistent with one another?
 * The variety ernestii of A. recurvata is not mentioned in the species article.
 * The variety of A. chensiensis is also not mentioned in the article.
 * The article about Pindrow fir mentions another species, Gamble´s fir, but this one does not exist on the list, but could maybe be noted as a variety or subspecies? And should in such case also be that in the Pindrow fir article.
 * Does anybody have English names on the varieties and subspecies of A. delavayi?
 * How about Abies fabri subsp. minensis?

photo can be used
heres a link to a fir [i think, im no botanist !], located at Wat Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Dont think its native to the area. http://www.flickr.com/photos/27789249@N05/5273227350/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gizziiusa (talk • contribs) 05:13, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

That's a Spruce
The picture of the "fir" from Arcadia National Park is actually of a spruce. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.167.176.222 (talk) 22:07, 1 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yep, doesn't belong in this article. Removed the photo. Plantdrew (talk) 03:48, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

Fir vs Spruce ?
Please help me. In everyday speech, is there a difference between fir and spruce ? I'm living in Sweden and here grows a lot of them. But I'm very uncertain whether they are fir, spruce or possibly both. By the picture in Spruce article it seems to be that kind. But they can also look like some pictures in this article. Is it just a matter of taxonomy - or more "obvious" ? Google translates Swedish "gran" to "spruce" but also to "fir". Answers would be very appriciated, as I'm thinking of an article (or an image atleast) of the south-west natural boundry of such trees in northern and eastern Europe. Boeing720 (talk) 14:15, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * In everyday English speech, it depends on how much a person knows about plants. In my experience, those who know very little might refer to firs, spruces and many other conifers with needle like leaves as "pines". Those who know a little more might recognize pines as having long clustered leaves and firs and/or spruces as having short unclustered leaves. If they're fairly knowledgable, they will distinguish trees with sharply pointed leaves and cones which mature with out falling apart in the genus Picea (spruces) from trees with blunted leaves and cones that fall apart at maturity in the genus Abies (firs). Plantdrew (talk) 03:48, 3 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I give the foliage a feel, then look for cones. Spruces have cones which hang down, and remain intact after falling from the tree. Firs have erect cones which shatter while still on the tree, or may fall from the tree as a semi-organized collection of scales, which shatters while falling or else when it hits the ground. Firs leave behind the core of the cone, still attached to the tree branch.

 * As to foliage, spruces may have needles with sharp points, sometimes very sharp points. Fir needles never have sharp needle points, and may have obviously rounded ends. Those are the criteria I use, which are less useful for identifying immature specimens, which lack cones.--Quisqualis (talk) 02:51, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

"Candle" as terminology for new growth?
Hello, all. What began as an attempt to fix an incorrect link has made me begin to question my sanity. The section on Cones briefly refers to "Candles", a term I have long understood to mean new, often lighter-in-color conifer growth. The word candle linked to the waxy, melty variety rather than the botanical term. I was surprised to find that the disambiguation page for Candle does not include a reference to the botanical term. Further, I had trouble finding references to the term on search engines -- though I believe this has more to do with the fact that conifer-scented wax candles are particularly popular -- especially this time of year. I am not a Wikipedia wizard, but I do pop in occasionally when I find a stray mistake. I'm not quite comfortable pushing a disambig page addition myself, and as botany is only a hobby of mine I cannot attest to the widespread use of the term "candle" in conifer morphology. I have removed the link to our drippy, waxy, flammable friends. I have also clarified the term after its use in the section, as (1) I think it is a nice way to indicate the direction of growth -- worthy of keeping -- and (2) there was no better article for me to link the term to. Enjoy your evenings, tree lovers. --Dstrichit (talk) 01:28, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I tried Googling "conifer candling", and fewer attempts were made to sell me candles. I also went to the candle DAB page, and was shocked that botanical candles were not mentioned. I found that Virginia Tech has a page on candles and pruning, so will get conifer candles onto the DAB page. even if I must first add them to Pine, Thanks for the heads up. Edit: PS: the term candle only applies to pines, whose vertical new growth is not found in other genera. --Quisqualis (talk) 03:38, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fir


text:
Petrography

Petrography is a branch of petrology that focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks. Someone who studies petrography is called a petrographer. The mineral content and the textural relationships within the rock are described in detail. The classification of rocks is based on the information acquired during the petrographic analysis. Petrographic descriptions start with the field notes at the outcrop and include macroscopic description of hand-sized specimens. The most important petrographer's tool is the petrographic microscope. The detailed analysis of minerals by optical mineralogy in thin section and the micro-texture and structure are critical to understanding the origin of the rock.

Electron microprobe or atom probe tomography analysis of individual grains as well as whole rock chemical analysis by atomic absorption, X-ray fluorescence, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy are used in a modern petrographic lab. Individual mineral grains from a rock sample may also be analyzed by X-ray diffraction when optical means are insufficient. Analysis of microscopic fluid inclusions within mineral grains with a heating stage on a petrographic microscope provides clues to the temperature and pressure conditions existent during the mineral formation.

History
Petrography as a science began in 1828 when Scottish physicist William Nicol invented the technique for producing polarized light by cutting a crystal of Iceland spar, a variety of calcite, into a special prism which became known as the Nicol prism. The addition of two such prisms to the ordinary microscope converted the instrument into a polarizing, or petrographic microscope. Using transmitted light and Nicol prisms, it was possible to determine the internal crystallographic character of very tiny mineral grains, greatly advancing the knowledge of a rock's constituents.

During the 1840s, a development by Henry C. Sorby and others firmly laid the foundation of petrography. This was a technique to study very thin slices of rock. A slice of rock was affixed to a microscope slide and then ground so thin that light could be transmitted through mineral grains that otherwise appeared opaque. The position of adjoining grains was not disturbed, thus permitting analysis of rock texture. Thin section petrography became the standard method of rock study. Since textural details contribute greatly to knowledge of the sequence of crystallization of the various mineral constituents in a rock, petrography progressed into petrogenesis and ultimately into petrology.

Petrography principally advanced in Germany in the latter 19th century.

Macroscopic characters
The macroscopic characters of rocks, those visible in hand-specimens without the aid of the microscope, are very varied and difficult to describe accurately and fully. The geologist in the field depends principally on them and on a few rough chemical and physical tests; and to the practical engineer, architect and quarry-master they are all-important. Although frequently insufficient in themselves to determine the true nature of a rock, they usually serve for a preliminary classification, and often give all the information needed.

With a small bottle of acid to test for carbonate of lime, a knife to ascertain the hardness of rocks and minerals, and a pocket lens to magnify their structure, the field geologist is rarely at a loss to what group a rock belongs. The fine grained species are often indeterminable in this way, and the minute mineral components of all rocks can usually be ascertained only by microscopic examination. But it is easy to see that a sandstone or grit consists of more or less rounded, water-worn sand grains and if it contains dull, weathered particles of feldspar, shining scales of mica or small crystals of calcite these also rarely escape observation. Shales and clay rocks generally are soft, fine grained, often laminated and not infrequently contain minute organisms or fragments of plants. Limestones are easily marked with a knife-blade, effervesce readily with weak cold acid and often contain entire or broken shells or other fossils. The crystalline nature of a granite or basalt is obvious at a glance, and while the former contains white or pink feldspar, clear vitreous quartz and glancing flakes of mica, the other shows yellow-green olivine, black augite, and gray stratiated plagioclase.

Other simple tools include the blowpipe (to test the fusibility of detached crystals), the goniometer, the magnet, the magnifying glass and the specific gravity balance.

Microscopic characteristics

When dealing with unfamiliar types or with rocks so fine grained that their component minerals cannot be determined with the aid of a hand lens, a microscope is used. Characteristics observed under the microscope include colour, colour variation under plane polarised light (pleochroism, produced by the lower Nicol prism, or more recently polarising films), fracture characteristics of the grains, refractive index (in comparison to the mounting adhesive, typically Canada balsam), and optical symmetry (birefringent or isotropic). In toto, these characteristics are sufficient to identify the mineral, and often to quite tightly estimate its major element composition. The process of identifying minerals under the microscope is fairly subtle, but also mechanistic – it would be possible to develop an identification key that would allow a computer to do it. The more difficult and skilful part of optical petrography is identifying the interrelationships between grains and relating them to features seen in hand-sized specimen, at outcrop, or in mapping.

Separation of components
Separation of the ingredients of a crushed rock powder to obtain pure samples for analysis is a common approach. It may be performed with a powerful, adjustable-strength electromagnet. A weak magnetic field attracts magnetite, then haematite and other iron ores. Silicates that contain iron follow in definite order—biotite, enstatite, augite, hornblende, garnet, and similar ferro-magnesian minerals are successively abstracted. Finally, only the colorless, non-magnetic compounds, such as muscovite, calcite, quartz, and feldspar remain. Chemical methods also are useful.

A weak acid dissolves calcite from crushed limestone, leaving only dolomite, silicates, or quartz. Hydrofluoric acid attacks feldspar before quartz and, if used cautiously, dissolves these and any glassy material in a rock powder before it dissolves augite or hypersthene.

Methods of separation by specific gravity have a still wider application. The simplest of these is levigation, which is extensively employed in mechanical analysis of soils and treatment of ores, but is not so successful with rocks, as their components do not, as a rule, differ greatly in specific gravity. Fluids are used that do not attack most rock-forming minerals, but have a high specific gravity. Solutions of potassium mercuric iodide (sp. gr. 3.196), cadmium borotungstate (sp. gr. 3.30), methylene iodide (sp. gr. 3.32), bromoform (sp. gr. 2.86), or acetylene bromide (sp. gr. 3.00) are the principal fluids employed. They may be diluted (with water, benzene, etc.) or concentrated by evaporation.

If the rock is granite consisting of biotite (sp. gr. 3.1), muscovite (sp. gr. 2.85), quartz (sp. gr. 2.65), oligoclase (sp. gr. 2.64), and orthoclase (sp. gr. 2.56), the crushed minerals float in methylene iodide. On gradual dilution with benzene they precipitate in the order above. Simple in theory, these methods are tedious in practice, especially as it is common for one rock-making mineral to enclose another. Expert handling of fresh and suitable rocks yields excellent results.

Chemical analysis
In addition to naked-eye and microscopic investigation, chemical research methods are of great practical importance to the petrographer. Crushed and separated powders, obtained by the processes above, may be analyzed to determine chemical composition of minerals in the rock qualitatively or quantitatively. Chemical testing, and microscopic examination of minute grains is an elegant and valuable means of discriminating between mineral components of fine-grained rocks.

Thus, the presence of apatite in rock-sections is established by covering a bare rock-section with ammonium molybdate solution. A turbid yellow precipitate forms over the crystals of the mineral in question (indicating the presence of phosphates). Many silicates are insoluble in acids and cannot be tested in this way, but others are partly dissolved, leaving a film of gelatinous silica that can be stained with coloring matters, such as the aniline dyes (nepheline, analcite, zeolites, etc.).

Complete chemical analysis of rocks are also widely used and important, especially in describing new species. Rock analysis has of late years (largely under the influence of the chemical laboratory of the United States Geological Survey) reached a high pitch of refinement and complexity. As many as twenty or twenty-five components may be determined, but for practical purposes a knowledge of the relative proportions of silica, alumina, ferrous and ferric oxides, magnesia, lime, potash, soda and water carry us a long way in determining a rock's position in the conventional classifications.

A chemical analysis is usually sufficient to indicate whether a rock is igneous or sedimentary, and in either case to accurately show what subdivision of these classes it belongs to. In the case of metamorphic rocks it often establishes whether the original mass was a sediment or of volcanic origin.

Specific gravity
Specific gravity of rocks is determined by use of a balance and pycnometer. It is greatest in rocks containing the most magnesia, iron, and heavy metal while least in rocks rich in alkalis, silica, and water. It diminishes with weathering. Generally, the specific gravity of rocks with the same chemical composition is higher if highly crystalline and lower if wholly or partly vitreous. The specific gravity of the more common rocks range from about 2.5 to 3.2.

Archaeological applications
Archaeologists use petrography to identify mineral components in pottery. This information ties the artifacts to geological areas where the raw materials for the pottery were obtained. In addition to clay, potters often used rock fragments, usually called "temper" or "aplastics", to modify the clay's properties. The geological information obtained from the pottery components provides insight into how potters selected and used local and non-local resources. Archaeologists are able to determine whether pottery found in a particular location was locally produced or traded from elsewhere. This kind of information, along with other evidence, can support conclusions about settlement patterns, group and individual mobility, social contacts, and trade networks. In addition, an understanding of how certain minerals are altered at specific temperatures can allow archaeological petrographers to infer aspects of the ceramic production process itself, such as minimum and maximum temperatures reached during the original firing of the pot.

title: Petrography


text:
User:Jarsyl

Oh, me? I'm an IT tech/web programmer, originally from rural Petersham, Massachusetts, living in highly urbanized Takadanobaba, Tokyo. Interests include Ultimate, Phish, balcony gardening, retro gaming (particularly Atari/NES), pickle making, and good food in general. Tech specializations include Linux, Javascript/AJAX, HTML/CSS, PHP, MySQL, PostGreSQL, JSP, and open source in general.

title: User:Jarsyl


text:
Stoke Newington and Edmonton Railway

The Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway was built by the Great Eastern Railway, under the GER (Metropolitan Station & Railways) Act of 29 July 1864. Construction was delayed due to the financial problems of the GER. Work commenced on the Hackney Downs to Lower Edmonton section in 1870. The section from Bethnal Green Junction to Stoke Newington with stations at Cambridge Heath, London Fields, Hackney Downs, Rectory Road, and Stoke Newington opened on 27 May 1872. The remainder opened on 22 July 1872 with stations at Stamford Hill, Seven Sisters, Bruce Grove, White Hart Lane, Silver Street, and Edmonton, then to Edmonton Green. The connection with the original branch line to Enfield Town north of Edmonton Green station was opened on 1 August 1872.

title: Stoke Newington and Edmonton Railway