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Militsiya

Militsiya (милиция) were the police forces in the Soviet Union until 1991, in several Eastern Bloc countries (1945–1992), and in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1992). The term Militsiya continues to be used in common and sometimes official usage in some of the individual former Soviet republics such as Belarus, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as in the partially recognised or unrecognised republics of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, DNR and LNR. In Russian law enforcement, the term remained official usage until 2011.

Name and status

The name militsiya as applied to police forces originates from a Russian Provisional Government decree dated April 17, 1917, and from early Soviet history: both the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks intended to associate their new law-enforcement authority with the self-organisation of the people and to distinguish it from the czarist police. The militsiya was reaffirmed in Russia on October 28 (November 10, according to the new style dating), 1917 under the official name of the "Workers' and Peasants' Militsiya", in further contrast to what the Bolsheviks called the "bourgeois class protecting" police. Eventually, it was replaced by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian: МВД, MVD; Ukrainian: МВС, MVS; Belarusian: МУС, MUS), which is now the official full name for the militsiya forces in the respective countries. Its regional branches are officially called Departments of Internal Affairs—city department of internal affairs, raion department of internal affairs, oblast department of internal affairs, etc. (The Russian term for a raion department is OVD (ОВД; Отдел/Отделение внутренних дел, Otdel/Otdeleniye vnutrennikh del), for region department is UVD (УВД; Управление внутренних дел, Upravleniye vnutrennikh del) or, sometimes, GUVD (ГУВД; Главное управление внутренних дел, Glavnoye upravleniye vnutrennikh del), same for national republics is MVD, (МВД; Министерство внутренних дел, Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del).)

Functionally, Ministries of Internal Affairs are mostly police agencies. Their functions and organisation differ significantly from similarly named departments in Western countries, which are usually civil executive bodies headed by politicians and responsible for many other tasks as well as the supervision of law enforcement. The Soviet and successor MVDs have usually been headed by a militsiya general and predominantly consist of service personnel, with civilian employees only filling auxiliary posts. Although such ministers are members of their respective countries' cabinets, they usually do not report to the prime minister or parliament, but only to the president. Local militsiya departments are subordinated to their regional departments, having little accountability to local authorities.

Internal-affairs units within the militsiya itself are usually called "internal security" departments.

The official names of particular militsiya bodies and services in post-Soviet countries are usually very complicated, hence the use of the short term militsiya. Laws usually refer to police just as militsiya.

The short term for a police officer (regardless of gender) is militsioner (Russian: милиционер, Ukrainian: мiлiцiонер). Slang Russian terms for militsioner include ment (plural: менты, menty) and musor (plural: мусора, musora). Although the latter word is offensive (it literally means "trash" or "garbage"), it originated from an acronym for the Moscow Criminal Investigations Department (МУС, short for Московский уголовный сыск) in Imperial Russia. Ment is a close equivalent to the English slang term "cop" and derived from the Lwów dialect of Polish or possibly from the Polish word menda.

The following countries have changed the name of the police force from Militsiya (or equivalent) to a western-style name analogous to "police": Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Estonia, Lithuania, Moldova, Latvia, Mongolia, North Macedonia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Russia and Ukraine.

In 2019, Uzbekistan officially removed references to the word "Militsiya" from its laws without replacing them with "police".

The police are still called militsiya in Belarus, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, as well as in the unrecognized republics of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria. In Kyrgyzstan active discussion continues about renaming the police force from militsiya to police.

General overview

The organizational structure, methods and traditions of the militsiya differ significantly from those of western police. Militsiya as an organisation consists of many functional departments, such as the GIBDD, a traffic police. Organised crime detectives form highly independent squads inside regional militsiya. Some units may have the distinctive names (like OMON in Russia) which are more specific than militsiya or militsioner.

Militsiya personnel ranks mostly follow those of the Army – from private (Rus: ryadovoy), which is the lowest rank, to colonel general – with only these exceptions: there are no ranks of Yefreytor, Army General, or Marshal. Detectives (Russian: operativnik short for operativniy rabotnik) hold a rank of lieutenant at least and could be promoted to major or the lieutenant colonel. The militsiya of an oblast (or other equivalent subnational entity) is usually headed by a general. The rank name is suffixed with of militsiya (e.g. major of militsiya for a major). Militsiya personnel carry firearms, but are not permitted to carry their weapons when they are off duty.

Unlike in some other countries' police agencies, militsioners are not assigned permanent partners, but work alone or within larger groups. Neither uniformed officers nor detectives are allowed to drive police vehicles themselves, so a specialist driver (either a serviceman or a civil employee) is assigned to each car and is also in charge of its maintenance. Under the Patrol Police Service Regulations a designated police officer-driver is required to have a driver licence and is not allowed to abandon the vehicle. However, this refers only to fully marked police vehicles with emergency lights; detectives are allowed to drive civilian cars with are registered to the MVD, having white number plates (marked police vehicles have blue plates) with specific series (for example, o...vo, o...rr, o...mm, o...om). The last two are usually assigned to the vehicles registered to regional level MVD units. The law does not provide any preferences on the road nor allows emergency lights and/or sirens on such vehicles, therefore technically police officers do not have the right to violate traffic laws even while on an assignment. GIBDD (the traffic militsiya) is the only exception: its members drive their own (or even own private) cars and are specially trained in risk-driving.

One unique feature of militsiya policing approach is the system of territorial patronage over citizens. The cities, as well as the rural settlements are divided into uchastoks (pl. участки, "quarters") with a special uchastkovyi militsioner ("quarter policeman"), assigned to each. The main duty of uchastkovyi is to maintain close relations with the residents of his quarter and gather information among them. In particular, uchastkovyi should personally know each and every ex-convict, substance abuser, young hooligan etc. in given uchastok, and visit them regularly for preemptive influence. Uchastkovyi is also responsible for tackling minor offences like family violence, loud noise, residential area parking etc. Uchastkovyi is also the main, and actually the real, militsiya force in remote areas and small settlements where permanent police departments are not created. Uchastkovyi militsioners possess separate small offices within their quarters and maintain citizens admittance in definite weekdays.

This system slightly resembles the US system of sheriffs but shows some notable differences. Uchastkovyi is neither a chief police officer in a given community nor a universal one (not combining detective, incarceration or special tactics tasks).

The system of uchastkovyis dates back to imperial times when uriadniks were conducting lowest-level policing in rural areas. In Soviet Union, uchastkovyis were also responsible for such tasks as maintaining propiska limitations and overseeing former political prisoners, which were subject to daily registration at the local MVD office.

Although women constitute a significant proportion of militsiya staff, they are usually not permitted to fill positions that carry risks (such as patrolman, guard, SWAT), but are allowed to carry firearms for self-defence. Instead, they are widely represented among investigators, juvenile crime inspectors, clerks, etc. However, limited attempts are being made to appoint women as traffic officers or operativniks.

Conscripted police

Another unique militsiya feature is the use of conscripted soldiers from the Internal Troops and special motorized militsiya units (СМЧМ, SMChM) for regular urban policing and for securing various mass events, which required more force employment than usual. The Internal Troops and SMChMs are the gendarmerie-like military force who can be assigned to carry out simple public security tasks like patrolling while being accompanied by professional militsioners, or cordoning large crowds at sport events, concerts, and protests. These soldiers possess no firearms on their policing duties, however they are equipped with PR-73 rubber police batons, PR-90 tonfas and related equipment; when called to perform riot control duties, they are typically equipped with ballistic shields and tear gas. The SMChM soldiers typically wear grey militsiya uniforms, distinguished from commissioned officers by wearing standard-issued sapogi instead of individual boots or shoes, the Internal Troops wear green military uniform. During emergencies, raids, dragnets and other police operations, they are equipped with bullet-proof vests and protective gear, firearms and armoured vehicles while performing their policing duties.

While not on law enforcement duty, soldiers reside in barracks and maintain standard military training. Special motorised militsiya units stationed in the cities were all battalions with three exceptions. Kyiv and Leningrad had regiments and Moscow had a division, known as ODON, which is frequently used for policing Moscow; its soldiers can be spotted by a shoulder patch which features a white panther; other Internal troops units in the Moscow region use a shoulder patch with a white falcon.

Rank insignia
Until late 1936, the People's Militsiya and Internal Troops of the NKVD had no personal ranks, much akin to the Red Army, Red Navy, and OGPU, and used position ranks. When personal ranks were reintroduced in the military in 1935, the Militsiya created a curious rank system that was a blend of standard military ranks such as sergeant, lieutenant, captain and major, and old positional ranks like 'squad leader', 'inspector', and 'director', some with several grades like 'senior' or 'junior'. The collar rank insignia was completely original and not based on military insignia.

This system was largely reused by the GUGB in their special rank structure introduced in 1935, although with new rank insignia and Commissar-style ranks for top officers.

New insignia were issued to GUGB in 1937 and to Militsiya in 1939. It was now based on collar rank patches of the Red Army and Internal Troops. Confusingly, the special NKVD rank system was left intact, so for example 'Captain of Militsiya/State Security was assigned the three-box insignia of an army Colonel (in the Red Army, this patch was reassigned to lieutenant colonel in September 1939, but the NKVD did not alter their insignia) and Major of Militsiya/State Security was mapped to one-romb insignia of Kombrig (a brigade commander) (which was abolished for commanding officers of the Red Army in May 1940). This created a great deal of inconsistency and tension between army and NKVD/NKGB officers.

The NKVD rank system was streamlined in 1943 when imperial-style shoulder boards replaced the collar insignia patches. The ranks now copied those of the Soviet Army, with the exception of top officers starting with 'Senior Major' who were renamed Commissar of Militsiya 3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, although they still wore army-style Major General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards.

The GUGB/NKGB maintained their commissar ranks until 1945, and switched to equivalent General ranks after that. The Militsiya retained the commissar ranks until 1973.

Some MVD officers had distinct ranks of General of the Internal Service of 1st, 2nd and 3rd rank; they were replaced with Major General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General in the 1970s.

Ranks of militsiya are considered special ranks, not to be confused with military (all-forces) ranks, which are used by the internal troops of the MVD. All militsiya ranks have had the words "of militsiya" at the end, which are part of the rank name and not a descriptive addition.

Non-police services
The Soviet and some post-Soviet Ministries of Internal Affairs have also included:

 * Militarized forces (Internal Troops);
 * Department of prisons (i.e. Gulag and its successor bodies), if not merged with other ministries or agencies;
 * Passport and registration service, if not merged with Migration service.

These non-police services should be distinguished from the militsiya itself, except passport and registration service, which structures are often included into OVD and sometimes considered one of the important militsiya services. Their members have always used different generic names and specific ranks (e.g. Major of the Internal Service, rather than Major of Militsiya).

Soviet militsiya (GAI) cars
The most common types were:

Russia

The Russian MVD was recreated as the MVD of the Russian SFSR in 1990, following the restoration of the republican Council of Ministers and Supreme Soviet, and remained when Russia gained independence from the Soviet Union. It controlled the Militsiya, the State Road Inspection Service (GAI), and the Internal Troops. Since the disbanding of the Tax Police, it also investigates economic crimes.

In August 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev introduced new legislation to reform and centralize the funding of the militsiya, as well as to officially change the militsiya's name to "Police" (the term which was used in the Russian Empire). The change was performed on March 1, 2011.

Ukraine

Militsiya was the national police service of Ukraine from the 1950s until 2015. The militsiya was formed whilst Ukraine was governed by the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union, and continued to serve as a national police service in independent Ukraine until it was replaced by the National Police of Ukraine on 7 November 2015.

Other jurisdictions

The term militsiya remains in use in several parts of the former Soviet Union:

 * The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus operates a militsyya (мiлíцыя), as well as other law-enforcement agencies such as the Presidential Security Service and the State Security Committee (KGB).
 * Tajikistan retains the name militsiya, sometime translated as "police".
 * The Transdnistrian police force bears the official name PMR militsiya.

Cognate terms also came into use in several Soviet bloc countries during the Cold War. Examples included Bulgaria (Peoples' Militia), Poland (Milicja Obywatelska) and other Warsaw Pact nations, as well as the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia (Milicija), which was phased out throughout the 1990s and replaced by policija (police) in early 1997. Bulgaria changed the name of its law-enforcement body to Policija (полиция) in 1991. Romania operated a Miliția, but after the communist regime there fell (1989), the Poliția replaced it in 1990.

title: Militsiya


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Will Cuppy

William Jacob Cuppy (August 23, 1884 – September 19, 1949) was an American humorist and literary critic, known for his satirical books about nature and historical figures.

Early life
Cuppy was born in Auburn, Indiana. He was named "Will" in memory of an older brother of his father's who died of wounds he received as a Union officer at the Civil War Battle of Fort Donelson. Cuppy's father, Thomas Jefferson Cuppy (1844–1912), was at different times a grain dealer, a seller of farm implements and a lumber buyer for the Eel River branch of the Wabash Railroad. His mother, Frances Stahl Cuppy (1855–1927), was a seamstress and worked in a small shop located next to the family home in Auburn. Young Cuppy spent summers at a farm belonging to his grandmother, Sarah Collins Cuppy (1813–1900), on the banks of the Eel River near South Whitley, Indiana. He later said that this was where he acquired his early knowledge of the natural world which he satirized in his writings.

Cuppy graduated from Auburn High School in 1902 and went on to the University of Chicago, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1907. As an undergraduate, he belonged to Phi Gamma Delta, acted in amateur theater and worked as campus reporter for several Chicago newspapers, notably the Record Herald and the Daily News. He lingered at Chicago seven more years as a graduate student in English literature. He did not show much interest in his studies, but in 1910 produced his first book, Maroon Tales, a collection of short stories about university life. In 1914 he pulled together a short master's thesis, took his degree and left for New York.

Literary career

Cuppy supported himself in New York by writing advertising copy while he tried unsuccessfully to write a play. He served briefly stateside in World War I as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Motor Transport Corps. Later he began contributing book reviews to the New York Tribune, where his college friend Burton Rascoe (1892–1957) was literary editor. According to Rascoe, it was his assistant Isabel Paterson who "coaxed and coddled" Cuppy into writing reviews and making a success of his career as a writer. In 1926, Cuppy began writing a weekly "Light Reading" column, later renamed "Mystery and Adventure", for the Tribune's successor, the New York Herald Tribune. He continued writing the column until his death 23 years later, reviewing a career total of more than 4,000 titles of crime and detective fiction.

Seeking refuge from city noise and hay fever (which he referred to as "rose cold"), Cuppy "hermited" from 1921 to 1929 in a shack on Jones Island, just off Long Island's South Shore. The literary result of Cuppy's seaside exile was How to be a Hermit, a humorous look at home economics that went through six printings in four months when it appeared in 1929. The book's subtitle, A Bachelor Keeps House, reflects the fact that Cuppy never married. The crew at the nearby Zachs Inlet Coast Guard Station shared their food and recipes with Cuppy and helped him repair his shack.

Encroachment by the new Jones Beach State Park forced Cuppy to abandon full-time residence on the island and return to New York's noise and soot. A special dispensation from New York's parks czar Robert Moses (1888–1981) let Cuppy keep his shack. He made regular visits to his place at the beach until the end of his life.

From his Greenwich Village apartment, Cuppy continued to turn out magazine articles and books. He always worked from notes jotted on 3x5-inch index cards. Cuppy would amass hundreds of cards even for a short article. His friend and literary executor Fred Feldkamp (1914–1981) reported that Cuppy sometimes read more than 25 thick books on a subject before he wrote a single word about it.

Writing funny but factual magazine articles was Cuppy's real talent. He enjoyed a brief success in 1933 with a humorous talk show on NBC radio with actress and gourmet cook Jeanne Owen, but he flopped on the lecture circuit. Basically shy, Cuppy was happiest when he was rummaging through scholarly journals prizing out facts to copy out on his note cards. According to Feldkamp, one of Cuppy's favorite places was the Bronx Zoo, "where he felt really relaxed."

Many of Cuppy's articles for The New Yorker and other magazines were later collected as books: How to Tell Your Friends from the Apes (1931); and How to Become Extinct (1941). Cuppy also edited three collections of mystery stories: World's Great Mystery Stories (1943); World's Great Detective Stories (1943); and Murder Without Tears (1946). His last animal book, How to Attract the Wombat, appeared two months after his death in 1949.

Cuppy's best-known work, a satire on history called The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, was unfinished when he died. Its humor ranges from the remark that, when the Nile floods receded, the land, as far as the eye can see, is "covered by Egyptologists", to the detailed dissection, quotation, and parody, in the chapter on Alexander the Great, of the picture of Alexander as an idealist for world peace. The book's appeal can be gauged by the fact that CBS broadcaster Edward R. Murrow and his colleague Don Hollenbeck took turns reading from it on the air "until the announcer cracked up."

The Decline and Fall was completed and published in 1950 by Fred Feldkamp, who sifted through nearly 15,000 of Cuppy's carefully filed note cards to get the book into print within a year of his friend's death. Feldkamp also edited a second posthumous volume, a comic almanac titled How to Get from January to December, that appeared in 1951.

Cuppy's last years were marked by poor physical health and increasing depression. Facing eviction from his apartment, he took an overdose of sleeping pills and died ten days later on September 19, 1949, at St. Vincent's Hospital.

Cuppy's cremated remains were returned to his hometown and buried in a grave next to his mother's in Evergreen Cemetery. His grave was unmarked until 1985, when local donors purchased a granite headstone with the inscription, "American Humorist". In 2003, Cuppy received another memorial when a committee of the International Astronomical Union approved the name "15017 Cuppy" for an asteroid. In 2019, the Indiana Historical Bureau approved placing a state historic marker at Cuppy's family home in Auburn.

Although Cuppy was reclusive and cultivated the image of a curmudgeon, he had many friends in New York's literary circles. One of them was the poet William Rose Benét (1886–1950) who, writing in the Saturday Review of Literature, penned this remembrance of him:

"He had the haunted look of the true humorist. All his friends loved him."

Cuppy documents
Cuppy's papers, including thousands of his notecards, are archived at the University of Chicago Library. A number of his letters to his friend and Herald Tribune colleague Isabel Paterson are among Paterson's papers archived at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa. Two of Cuppy's letters to Max Eastman are among Eastman's papers at Indiana University's Lilly Library. The Frank Sullivan Collection at Cornell University also contains correspondence from Cuppy. The papers of John Towner Frederick at the University of Iowa include letters written by Cuppy in the 1940s relating to Frederick's Of Men and Books series for CBS Radio. Four letters from Cuppy to children's author Anne Carroll Moore are among her papers at the New York Public Library

Iranian controversy
A Persian translation by Najaf Daryabandari of Cuppy's The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody was published in 1972 under the title of Čenin konand bozorgān (چنین کنند بزرگان, Thus Act the Great). The good quality of the Persian prose and the fact of Cuppy's being unknown in Iran led to speculation that the book was not a translation, but an original book by Daryabandari and possibly a collaborator, who was speculated to be Ahmad Shamlou. It was guessed that this had been done in order to bypass the Pahlavi era censor. Daryabandari denied it several times, even after the Iranian Revolution. The issue was not publicly settled until the satire magazine Golagha ran an article about their "discovery" of Cuppy, which proved Daryabandari right.

Selected bibliography

 * Books
 * (1951) How to Get from January to December, New York: Holt. Edited by Fred Feldkamp. Illustrations by John Ruge.
 * (1950) The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, New York: Holt. Edited by Fred Feldkamp. Illustrations by William Steig.
 * (1949) How to Attract the Wombat, New York: Rinehart. Illustrations by Ed Nofziger.
 * (1944) The Great Bustard and Other People (containing How to Tell Your Friends from the Apes and How to Become Extinct), New York : Murray Hill Books.
 * (1941) How to Become Extinct, New York: Farrar and Rinehart. Illustrations by William Steig.
 * (1931) How to Tell Your Friends from the Apes, New York: Horace Liveright, Inc. Introduction by P. G. Wodehouse. Illustrations by "Jacks."
 * (1929) How to Be a Hermit, New York: Horace Liveright.
 * (1910) Maroon Tales, Chicago: Forbes & Co..
 * Books, edited
 * (1946) Murder Without Tears: An Anthology of Crime, New York: Sheridan House.
 * (1943) World's Great Detective Stories: American and English Masterpieces, New York, Cleveland: World.
 * (1943) World's Great Mystery Stories: American and English Masterpieces, New York, Cleveland: World.
 * Book, contributed footnotes
 * (1937) Garden Rubbish and Other Country Bumps by W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman; with footnotes by Will Cuppy. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
 * Book containing articles by Will Cuppy
 * (1948) The Home Book of Laughter, May Lamberton Becker (ed.), New York: Dodd, Mead.
 * M.A. thesis completed at the University of Chicago
 * (1914) The Elizabethan Conception of Prose Style.
 * Book about Will Cuppy

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title: Will Cuppy


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Alabel

Alabel, officially the Municipality of Alabel (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Alabel; Maguindanaon: Inged nu Alabil, Jawi: ايڠد نو ءلبيل; Bayan ng Alabel), is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Sarangani, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 88,294 people.

History
In 1947, the families of Santiago Alaba and Tomas Beldad Sr. settled in Buayan. The place became a barrio of the municipality of Dadiangas (now General Santos) on September 17, 1956, through Hadji Abdawa Mohamad and Marcos Malinao and named Alabel in honor of two families.

Alabel became a municipality under Republic Act 6393 (formerly House Bill No. 3222 sponsored by Rep. James L. Chongbian) dated September 10, 1971, comprising eight barrios separated from the city: Alabel (now Poblacion), Alegria, Maribulan, Pag-asa, Kawas, Domolok, Bagacay and Tokawal. Barangays Spring, Baluntay, Datal Anggas, and Paraiso were created between 1986 and 1989, bringing the number to twelve.

Alaba Administration (1971–1986)
The first set of elected officials were; Lucio J. Alaba as Mayor, Jose Orlino, Jr. as Vice Mayor, and Councilors; Dionisio Lim, Gregorio Lumanta, Hermogenes Pecolados, Ignacio Solis, Alfredo Radaza, Honorio Navarro, Teodolito Jabilles, and Exequil Tecson.

Martial Law
The so-called battle of Ilaga (Ilonggo Land Grabbers Association, its acronym is spelled out of ilaga, meaning "rat" in Visayan languages) Muslim and Lumads happened in Alabel during Marcos administration in 1974. Many Lumads and Muslim were killed by Ilaga.

Civilian fled and evacuated in Dadiangas (now General Santos) in order to survive from brutalities in Alabel while some transfer and went home to their place of origin in Visayan Islands.

Sibugan Administration (1986–1998)
In 1986 EDSA Revolution, Mayor Alaba was replaced by Hernando L. Sibugan, the appointed mayor of the Ministry of Local Government and was elected to the same office in 1988 and 1992. Finally, Alabel was chosen the capital town of the newly created Sarangani Province by virtue of Republic Act No. 7228 on March 16, 1992, through the representation of James L. Chiongbian.

President Corazon Aquino landed in Barangay Spring in 1988 during her visit in South Cotabato. The President together with her team visited Mindanao to watch the solar eclipse. Astronomers and other tourists watched the said celestial phenomena.

President Corazon Aquino and Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos were among the estimated 20,000 sight-seers and scientists who jammed the cities of Davao and General Santos for the event, seen as a total eclipse only in the nation's extreme southern tip and parts of Indonesia. It was the first total eclipse seen in the Philippines since 1955. Another is not expected until the year 2042.

The Grafilos
Two Grafilos became local chief executives of Alabel for a span of 18 year from 1998 to 2016.

Narsico Ra. Grafilo Jr., served as mayor of Alabel from 1998 to 2007. His priority projects are road opening to far-flung barangays and the construction of phase 1 of Alabel MEGA PUBLIC MARKET. In his term, Kasadyaan Festival was inaugurated in 2001.

Corazon Sunga Grafilo succeeded Mayor Jun as mayor in 2007. In her term, her flagship program was the Garantisadong Serbisyo (GS) wherein the LGU bring all the local offices and the National Agancies closer to the people. Alabel became a sister city of Makati. She also completed the construction of the Alabel MEGA PUBLIC MARKET. Abante Alabel as a town's tagline was popularized in her term.

Creation of Ladol
''Provincial Ordinance Nos. 2003-025 (dated December 1, 2003) and 2011-7-048'' (July 26, 2011) of the Sarangani Provincial Board provided for the constitution of Sitio Ladol in Brgy. Poblacion into a regular barangay. This was ratified in a plebiscite held on August 18, 2012.

The separation was further formalized when Pres. Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act 11599 on December 10, 2021.

Salarda Administration (2016–present)
The administration of Vic Paul Salarda started in 2016. Infrastructure projects and community services were his administration's priority. Serbisyong Smile sa Barangay (SSB) was his flagship program where government agencies joined to bring services to various barangay in the municipality. Smile Alabel is the popular tagline of Mayor Nonoy.

Cityhood
House Bill No. 3494 was filed last August 6, 2019, for the conversion of the municipality of Alabel into a component city in the province of Sarangani. The bill is currently pending with the committee on local government since August 13, 2019.

In the 19th Congress of the Philippines, house bills were filed by various representatives which seeks Alabel including other capital towns of provinces with no current component cities, independent component cities or highly urbanized cities to automatically convert into cities.

Creation of New Canaan
On August 20, 2022, majority of selected residents of Alabel ratified in a plebiscite Provincial Ordinance No. 2009-6-044, dated June 29, 2009, separating a part of Barangay Pag-asa to create a new one to be called New Canaan.

Geography
Alabel is located at the head of Sarangani Bay in the southern part of Mindanao Island.

Barangays
Alabel is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
 * Alegria
 * Bagacay
 * Baluntay
 * Datal Anggas
 * Domolok
 * Kawas
 * Ladol
 * Maribulan
 * New Canaan
 * Pag-Asa
 * Paraiso
 * Poblacion
 * Spring
 * Tokawal

Economy
Alabel is largely based on agriculture with a high level production of dried coconut meat. Animal husbandry is the second biggest income earner, notably cattle farming. Other agricultural products are coconuts, maize, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, cotton, mangoes; goat farming, pork, eggs, beef; fish; charcoal; coconut weaving. It is adjacent to the highly urbanized sea port city of General Santos.

The economy has accelerated in the past decade driven by advances in global communication technology and the finishing of a modern highway that tremendously improved trade and transport.

Tourism
Alabel is known for its beaches and agricultural lands.
 * Ladol Beach
 * Half Moon (known as Kawas) Beach

Culture
The Municipality of Alabel celebrates it Foundation anniversary every 10th day of September. It is an annual celebration to commemorate the founding of the town. Together the people of Alabel also celebrates the Kasadyaan Festival. Kasadyaan means bliss, to give an ideal representation of what is Alabel.

The annual Patronal Fiesta in Alabel is celebrated every May 15. It is feast day of San Isidro Labrador, the town's patron saint and the patron saint of farmers.

Mutya ng Alabel is the annual beauty and brains pageant held in Alabel.

Infrastructure
The construction of new municipal hall building was initialized in 2016. Municipal Civic Gymnasium facade was also renovated.

Transportation
It takes 30 minutes land travel by a PUV or tricycle from General Santos to Alabel. ALTRAMSCO is the accredited transport union in Alabel.

Various roads and bridges in different sites in the municipality helps to render efficient services to people especially in far flung locations. Farm to Market roads were essential in bring goods and crops to the town's center.

Health
Alabel Municipal Health Office was headed by Dr. Honorato Fabio. The Alabel Birthing Home was built to supplement the need of maternal health services.

The Rehabilitation Center in Kawas, Alabel, is a China-funded P350 million regional drug treatment and rehabilitation center. This facility will serve as rehabilitation center for drug dependents and users.

In 2016, Alabel received the DOH's prestigious award known as Red Orchid Award. The LGU-Alabel strict implementation of its No Smoking Policy bagged it Hall of Famer DOH's Red Orchid Award in 2018 DOH 12 Regional Awards.

Security
Peace and order in Alabel was maintain by Philippine National Police (PNP) and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

Education
The Division office of the Department of Education (DEPED) Sarangani Province is located in the Provincial Compound in Alabel.

Elementary

 * Alabel Central Integrated SPED Center – located in Poblacion, Alabel

Secondary
Alabel National High School was one of the many Tech-Voc School in the Province. It was established in 1960's as community high school.

The current vice mayor of Alabel, Ronnel Saldua Espaňol, MPA is one of the alumni of ANHS in the year 1992.

Alabel National Science High School, the only regional science high school in Soccsksargen is located in Alabel. It was created through the initiative of the then Congressman James L. Chiongbian. It is the best performing school in Sarangani Province in the discipline of Math and Science. In fact, its students have already represented Alabel in the many international research competition abroad. .

Tertiary

 * Primasia Foundation College Inc.

List of Alabel Mayors

 * 1) Lucio Alaba (1971–1986)
 * 2) Hernando Sibugan (1986–1998)
 * 3) Narciso Ra. Grafilo Jr. (1998–2007)
 * 4) Corazon Sunga Grafilo (2007–2016)
 * 5) Vic Paul Molina Salarda, MPA (2016–present)

List of Alabel Vice Mayors

 * 1) Jose A. Orlino Jr. (1978–1986)
 * 2) Honorio Cayetuna Navarro (1986–1993)
 * 3) Narciso Ra. Grafilo Jr.(1993–1998)
 * 4) Armando Chavez Rabia (1998–2001)
 * 5) Virgilio Clark Tobias (Ret.) (2001–2004)
 * 6) Ptr. Hermie Galzote (2004–2007)
 * 7) Vic Paul Molina Salarda, MPA (2007–2016)
 * 8) Ronnel Saldua Español, MPA (2016–2022)
 * 9) Lente Lee Salway Jr. (2022–Present)

Sister cities

 * Makati, Metro Manila

title: Alabel


text:
Hawaii Aloha

"Hawaii Aloha," also called "Kuu One Hanau," is a revered anthem of the native Hawaiian people and Hawaii residents alike. Written by the Reverend Lorenzo Lyons, (1807-1886), also known as Makua Laiana, a Christian minister who died in 1886, to an old hymn, "I Left It All With Jesus," composed by James McGranahan (1840-1907), "Hawai‘i Aloha" was considered by the Hawaii State Legislature in 1967 and by the Hawaii State Constitutional Convention in 1978 to become the official state song, but "Hawaii Pono‘ī," written by King David Kalākaua and composed by Royal Hawaiian Band Master Henri Berger, was chosen instead.

"Hawaii Aloha" is typically sung in both small and large, formal and informal gatherings, both in Hawaii and abroad, while participants stand in a circle with joined hands. It is a feature of the inauguration of the Governor of Hawaii (called Ke Kiaaina), and the opening sessions of the Hawai‘i State House of Representatives and Hawaii State Senate. Traditionally, the last chorus is sung with hands raised above heads; the act of raising hands is especially important to advocates of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.

 * {| border=0 |

E Hawaii e kuu one hānau e Kuu home kulaīwi nei Oli nō au i nā pono lani ou E Hawaii, aloha ē O Hawaii, O sands of my birth My native home I rejoice in the blessings of heaven O Hawaii, aloha. Hui: E hauoli e nā ōpio o Hawaii nei ''Oli ē! Oli ē!'' Mai nā aheahe makani e pā mai nei Mau ke aloha, no Hawaii Chorus: Happy youth of Hawaii Rejoice! Rejoice! Gentle breezes blow Love always for Hawaii. E hai mai kou mau kini lani e Kou mau kupa aloha, e Hawaii Nā mea ōlino kamahao no luna mai E Hawaii aloha ē (hui) May your divine throngs speak Your loving people, O Hawaii The holy light from above O Hawaii, aloha. (chorus) Nā ke Akua e mālama mai iā oe Kou mau kualono aloha nei Kou mau kahawai ōlinolino mau Kou mau māla pua nani ē (hui) God protects you Your beloved ridges Your ever glistening streams Your beautiful flower gardens. (chorus)
 * }

Listen to an excerpt: (The Rose Ensemble) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jS3DcFwPsac

title: Hawaii Aloha


text:
Roger Dudley

Roger Dudley (born between 1535 and 1545 – 1586?/1588?) was an English soldier.

Dudley was born in London, England, and may have been baptised in Yardley Hastings, Northamptonshire. Dudley's parentage has never been satisfactorily established. Genealogist and researcher Marshall Kirk in 1993 published the results of his exhaustive survey of the Sutton Dudley families, and came to the conclusion that Roger was the son of Henry Sutton Dudley.

Roger may also be the Roger Dudley who was matriculated as pensioner at Christ Church College, Cambridge, in 1566, but left without a degree.

It is believed that Roger married, on 8 June 1575, at Lidlington, Bedfordshire, Susannah (née Thorne), herself recorded as having been born on 5 March 1559/60 in Northamptonshire, and baptised at Yardley Hastings, the daughter of Thomas Thorne and Mary Purefoy, (the Purefoys being of noble descent).

He is reported to have been a Captain in the Earl of Leicester's militia, fighting with a commission from Elizabeth I, and under the banner of Henry of Navarre. He was thought to have died at the Battle of Ivry, France in 1590. However, the Reverend Cotton Mather of Boston wrote: "Thomas Dudley's father was Captain Roger Dudley, -- slain in the wars, when -- his son, and one only daughter were very young". The will of Thomas Dorne (Thorne) of Yardley Hastings, Gent., dated 29 Oct 1588, bequeathed "to the children of Susan Dudley, my Daughter, widow, £10 to be equally divided". (S1, S11). Therefore, Roger was dead at the time of the will of his father-in-law, which, written in 1588, eliminates the Battle of Ivry as a possible date for his death. It is most probable that he died at the Siege of Zutphen in 1586, having followed his kinsman, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, who was a principal figure in that battle, which also claimed the life of Leicester's nephew Sir Philip Sidney.

Marshall K. Kirk suggests that Roger made his home after his father's death with Peter Grey, a "Queen's servant", whose manor of Segenhoe was two miles from Lidlington, (Bedfordshire), where Roger was later married.

Roger and Susannah Dudley left either five or two (Thomas and a sister orphaned children.:

 * Thomas Dudley (second governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony)
 * Mary Dudley
 * Richard Dudley (b. 1583 – d. 20 Aug 1603)
 * Dorothy Dudley
 * David Dudley

Susannah is recorded as having died in 1585 during childbirth, at St. Dunstan's, London and her name appears again three years later in a will, dated 29 October 1588, (Probate 9 May 1589), in which Thomas Thorne bequeaths... "to the Children of Susan Dudley, my Daughter..." (etc.)

Roger and Susannah Thorne Dudley's children sired a vast progeny in America. Among many others who founded or were pillars of early New England communities, William Dudley, a son of David, was the first of this line in the family of the lords of Dudley to move to Connecticut, where he founded the settlement of Guilford on the shores of Long Island Sound. He emigrated to New England sometime between 1636 and 1643, a period corresponding to his uncle Thomas's political ascendancy in Massachusetts.

Three of William Dudley's great grandsons were to give their family name to their new home in the Cornwall hills, when they moved to Owlsbury from Guilford in the mid 17th century. Owlsbury was renamed Dudleytown, and thereafter the persistent legend of America's most haunted town was born.

title: Roger Dudley


text:
Malapatan

Malapatan, officially the Municipality of Malapatan (Lungsod sa Malapatan; Inged nu Malapatan, Jawi: ايڠد نو ملڤاتن;Bayan ng Malapatan), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Sarangani, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 80,741 people.

Malapatan is bounded on the west by Sarangani Bay, on the east by Davao Occidental, on the north by Alabel, and on the south by Glan.

Barangays
Malapatan is politically subdivided into 12 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
 * Daan Suyan
 * Kihan
 * Kinam
 * Libi
 * Lun Masla
 * Lun Padidu
 * Patag
 * Poblacion (Malapatan)
 * Sapu Masla
 * Sapu Padidu
 * Tuyan
 * Upper Suyan

Demographics
Inhabited by Christians, Muslims mostly Maguindanaon as well the indigenous people of Sarangani. Malapatan is a great illustration of how different religious beliefs can harmoniously co-exist. It is also the home of the famous Blaan "dreamweavers" who craft sleeping mats using the designs they have dreamt about.

Economy
The economy of Malapatan is largely based on agriculture with a high level production of copra (dried coconut meat). Animal husbandry is the second biggest income earner, notably cattle farming. Other agricultural products are coconuts, maize, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, eggs, beef, fish.

The economy has accelerated in the past decade driven by advances in global communication technology and the finishing of a modern highway that tremendously improved trade and transport.

title: Malapatan


text:
Talk:Peter Schreier

Text no copyright
Hi, I've submitted a text about Peter Schreier (tenor and conductor) which is blocked because it's identical to http://home.planet.nl/~peter.schreier/biographyengels.htm That is correct, but I am the maker and owner of the website, and I have made this text myself. So there isn't a copyright problem in my opinion!

Marijke

Copyvio? No!
I had sent an e-mail to the address given at, and Marijke was so nice to respond and authorize publication of the article on Wikipedia (under the GFDL):

From: "M.H. Halberstadt" Subject: Re: Article on Peter Schreier on Wikipedia

I am Marijke and I posted this article. I've posted it in the German version too, and that article was also blocked because of this copyright question.

I'm now un-copyvioing the article. Lupo 12:06, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Unreferenced TV production removed
I've removed the two unreferenced TV productions. I hope this is ok. Grimes2 (talk) 12:39, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

His sons' names: a tribute?
I can't seem to find any info about this, but his son's names were Torsten and Ralf; could this have been a tribute to the great heroic tenor Torsten Ralf, one of the leading dramatic tenors of the previous generation? HandsomeMrToad (talk) 02:42, 2 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, indeed! https://www.musik-in-dresden.de/2015/07/29/peter-schreier-80/ Grimes2 (talk) 08:06, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Schreier


text:
Royal Television Society

The Royal Television Society (RTS) is a British-based educational charity for the discussion, and analysis of television in all its forms, past, present, and future. It is the oldest television society in the world. It currently has fourteen regional and national centres in the UK, as well as a branch in the Republic of Ireland.

History
The group was formed as the Television Society on 7 September 1927, a time when television was still in its experimental stage. Regular high-definition (then defined as at least 200 lines) broadcasts did not even begin for another nine years until the BBC began its transmissions from Alexandra Palace in 1936.

In addition to serving as a forum for scientists and engineers, the society published regular newsletters charting the development of the new medium. These documents now form important historical records of the early history of television broadcasting.

The society was granted its Royal title in 1966. The Prince of Wales became patron of the Society in November 1997.

Activities
The society regularly holds meetings and seminars, attended by members of the public and professionals from various areas of the television industry, and it also publishes the monthly magazine Television, covering a broad range of television topics.

Major events held by the RTS include the biennial RTS Cambridge Convention, a three-day event held at King's College, Cambridge. The convention, chaired by one of the UK's major broadcasters, brings together influential figures from the television industry for a series of stimulating talks.

The RTS also hosts "Anatomy of a Hit" events, which gather together the writers, cast and commissioner of some of Britain's most successful TV shows to discuss their qualities. Recent programmes discussed have included Sherlock, Doctor Who, and Humans.

The society also holds a substantial archive of printed, photographic, and audio-visual material of value to television historians and scholars.

Awards
The Royal Television Society hosts six national award ceremonies annually:

National Awards

 * RTS Programme Awards
 * RTS Craft & Design Awards
 * RTS Television Journalism Awards
 * RTS Student Television Awards
 * RTS Young Technologist Awards is given to this seen as potential future leaders in broadcasting technology.
 * RTS Pilgrim Awards acknowledges the outstanding work of RTS volunteers.

Regional Awards

The Royal Television Society hosts fifteen regional award ceremonies annually:

 * RTS Cymru/Wales Awards
 * RTS Devon and Cornwall Awards
 * RTS East Awards
 * RTS Isle of Man Awards
 * RTS London Awards
 * RTS Midlands Awards
 * RTS North East and Border Awards
 * RTS North West Awards
 * RTS Northern Ireland Awards
 * RTS Republic of Ireland Awards
 * RTS Scotland Awards
 * RTS Southern Awards
 * RTS Thames Valley Awards
 * RTS West of England Awards (formerly known as RTS Bristol Awards)
 * RTS Yorkshire Awards

RTS Futures
RTS Futures was launched in 2007 to help people in the early stages of their television careers. RTS Futures offers the opportunity to meet with senior industry professionals, such as series producers and commissioners, as well as their peers in the television industry. RTS Futures hosts a wide range of talks and training sessions aimed at helping young people progress in the business. Recent events have included How to be the Best Researcher and the RTS Futures Entry Level Training Fair.

Presidents of the Society

 * Lord Haldane of Cloan PC (1927–1928)
 * Sir Ambrose Fleming FRS (1928–1945)
 * Sir Robert Renwick Bt KBE (1945–1954)
 * Sir Vincent Ferranti MC (1954–1957)
 * Sir George Barnes (1958–1960)
 * Sir Harold Bishop CBE (1961–1962)
 * Sir Robert Fraser OBE (1963–1964)
 * Sir Neil Sutherland CBE MA FIEE (1965–1966)
 * Lord Bowden (1967–1972)
 * Aubrey Buxton MC (Lord Buxton MC DL) (1973–1977)
 * Duke of Kent GCMG GCVO ADC (1977–1979)
 * Sir Huw Wheldon OBE MC (1979–1986)
 * Sir Paul Fox CBE (1986–1992)
 * Bill Cotton CBE (1992–1995)
 * Michael Grade (1995–1997)
 * Sir Jeremy Isaacs (1997–2000)
 * Will Wyatt CBE (2000–2004)
 * Sir Robert Phillis (2004–2009)
 * Sir Peter Bazalgette (2010–2016)
 * Vacancy

title: Royal Television Society


text:
Malungon

Malungon, officially the Municipality of Malungon (Lungsod sa Malungon; Inged nu Malungun, Jawi: ايڠد نوملوڠون; Bayan ng Malungon), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Sarangani, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 105,465 people.

Malungon is a landlocked town at the north-eastern part of Sarangani. It is bounded on the west by Tupi, South Cotabato, on the north by the province of Davao del Sur, east by Malita, capital of the newly created province of Davao Occidental, on the south by Alabel (the provincial capital) and General Santos, and on the south-west by Polomolok, South Cotabato.

Barangays
Malungon is politically subdivided into 31 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

 * Alkikan
 * Ampon
 * Atlae
 * Banahaw
 * Banate
 * Blaan
 * Datal Batong
 * Datal Bila
 * Datal Tampal
 * J.P. Laurel
 * Kawayan
 * Kibala
 * Kiblat
 * Kinabalan
 * Lower Mainit
 * Lutay
 * Malabod
 * Malalag Cogon
 * Malandag
 * Malungon Gamay
 * Nagpan
 * Panamin
 * Poblacion
 * San Juan
 * San Miguel
 * San Roque
 * Talus
 * Tamban
 * Upper Biangan
 * Upper Lumabat
 * Upper Mainit

Economy
Malungon's economy is largely based on agriculture with a high level production of dried coconut meat. Animal husbandry is the second biggest income earner, notably cattle farming. Other agricultural products are coconuts, maize, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, pork, eggs, beef, and fish.

The economy has accelerated in the past decade driven by advances in global communication technology and the finishing of a modern highway that tremendously improved trade and transport.

title: Malungon


text:
List of rifle cartridges

List of rifle cartridges, by primer type, calibre and name.

Rim fire cartridges
• .17 PMC/Aguila

• .17 Hornady Mach 2

• .17 Hornady Magnum Rimfire

• .17 Winchester Super Magnum

• .22 BB Cap

• .22 CB Cap

• .22 Short

• .22 Long

• .22 Long Rifle

• .22 Extra Long

• .22 Remington Automatic

• .22 Winchester Automatic

• .22 ILARCO

• .22 Winchester Rimfire

• .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire

• .25 Stevens

• .25 Stevens Short

• .32 rimfire

• .38 rimfire

• .44 Henry

• .46 rimfire

• .56-46 Spencer

• .56-50 Spencer

• .56-52 Spencer

• .56-56 Spencer

• 2.34mm SwissMiniGun

• 4.5×26mm MKR

• 5 mm Remington Rimfire Magnum

• 10.4×38mm Swiss Rimfire

• 12.17×42mm RF

• 14x33mmR Wänzl

Smaller than .30 caliber
• .14-222

• .17-223

• .17 Ackley Bee

• .17 CCM

• .17 Hornet

• .17 Mach IV

• .17 Remington

• .17 Remington Fireball

• .19-223

• .19 Badger

• .19 Calhoon Hornet

• .20 BR

• .20 Tactical

• .20 VarTarg

• .204 Ruger

• .22 Accelerator

• .22 Hornet

• .22 CHeetah

• .218 Bee

• .219 Donaldson Wasp

• .219 Zipper

• .303/22

• .22 Savage Hi-Power

• .22 BR Remington

• .22 Cheetah

• .22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer

• .22 PPC

• .22 Remington Jet

• .22 Spitfire

• .22 WCF

• .220 Russian

• .220 Rook

• .220 Swift

• .221 Remington Fireball

• .22 Nosler

• .22-250 Remington

• .222 Remington

• .222 Remington Magnum

• .222 Rimmed

• .223 Remington

• .223 Winchester Super Short Magnum

• .224 Boz

• .224 Weatherby Magnum

• .224 Valkyrie

• .225 Winchester

• .297/230 Morris

• .240 Apex

• .240 Weatherby Magnum

• .242 Rimless Nitro Express

• .243 Winchester

• .243 Winchester Super Short Magnum

• .244 H&H Magnum

• .244 Remington

• .246 Purdey

• .303/25

• .25 Remington

• .25-45 Sharps

• .25-21 Stevens

• .25-25 Stevens

• .25 Winchester Super Short Magnum

• .250 Savage

• .25-06 Remington

• .25-20 Winchester

• .25-35 Winchester

• .25-45 Sharps

• .297/250 Rook

• .250-3000 Savage

• .255 Jeffery Rook

• .256 Gibbs Magnum

• .256 Newton

• .256 Winchester Magnum

• .257 Roberts

• .257 Weatherby Magnum

• .26 Nosler

• .260 Remington

• .264 LBC-AR

• .264 Winchester Magnum

• .270 Weatherby Magnum

• .270 Winchester

• .270 Winchester Short Magnum

• .275 H&H Magnum

• .275 No 2 Magnum

• .275 Rigby

• .276 Enfield

• .276 Pedersen

• .277 FURY

• .277 Wolverine

• .28 Nosler

• .280 Ackley Improved

• .280 British

• .280 Flanged

• .280 Jeffery

• .280 Remington

• .280 Ross

• .284 Winchester

.30 caliber – .39 caliber
• .30 Carbine

• .30 Newton

• .30 Nosler

• .30 R Blaser

• .30 Remington

• .30 Remington AR

• .30 TC

• .30-01

• .30-03 Springfield

• .30-06 JDJ

• .30-06 Springfield

• .303-06

• .30-30 Winchester

• .30-378 Weatherby Magnum

• .30-40 Krag

• .300 Precision Rifle Cartridge

• .300-221

• .300 AAC Blackout

• .300 H&H Magnum

• .300 Blaser Magnum

• .300 ICL Grizzly

• .300 Lapua Magnum

• .300 Norma Magnum

• .300 Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum

• .300 Remington Ultra Magnum

• .300 Rook

• .300 Ruger Compact Magnum

• .300 Savage

• .300 Sherwood

• .300 Weatherby Magnum

• .300 Whisper

• .300 Winchester Magnum

• .300 Winchester Short Magnum

• .303 British

• .303 Magnum

• .303 Savage

• .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express

• .307 Winchester

• .308 Marlin Express

• .308 Norma Magnum

• .308 Winchester

• .308×1.5" Barnes

• .310 Cadet

• .318 Westley Richards

• .32 Remington

• .32 Winchester Self-Loading

• .32 Winchester Special

• .32-20 Winchester

• .32-40 Ballard

• .32-40 Winchester

• .325 Winchester Short Magnum

• .327 Federal Magnum

• .33 Nosler

• .33 Winchester

• .333 Jeffery

• .338 Blaser Magnum

• .338 Edge

• .338 Federal

• .338 Lapua Magnum

• .338 Marlin express

• .338 Norma Magnum

• .338 Remington Ultra Magnum

• .338 Ruger Compact Magnum

• .338 Weatherby RPM

• .338 Winchester Magnum

• .338-06

• .338-378 Weatherby Magnum

• .338 Whisper

• .340 Weatherby Magnum

• .348 Winchester

• .35 Remington

• .35 Whelen

• .35 Winchester

• .35 Winchester Self-Loading

• .350 Legend

• .350 Remington Magnum

• .350 Rigby

• .351 Winchester Self-Loading

• .356 Winchester

• .357 Magnum

• .358 Norma Magnum

• .358 Winchester

• .360 Buckhammer

• .360 No 2 Nitro Express

• .360 No 5 Rook

• .369 Nitro Express

• .375 CheyTac

• .375 Dakota

• .375 Flanged Nitro Express

• .375 H&H Magnum

• .375 Remington Ultra Magnum

• .375 Ruger

• .375 SOCOM

• .375 SWISS P

• .375 Viersco Magnum

• .375 Weatherby Magnum

• .375 Whelen

• .375 Winchester

• .376 Steyr

• .378 Weatherby Magnum

• .38 Special

• .38-40 Winchester

• .38-55 Winchester

• .38-56 WCF

• .38-70 Winchester

• .38-72 Winchester

• .380 Long

.40 caliber – .49 caliber
• .40-60 Winchester

• .40-65 Winchester

• .40-72 Winchester

• .40-82 WCF

• .400 Legend

• .400/350 Nitro Express

• .400/360 Nitro Express

• .400 H&H Magnum

• .400 Jeffery Nitro Express

• .400 Purdey

• .400 Whelen

• .401 Winchester Self-Loading

• .404 Jeffery

• .405 Winchester

• .408 CheyTac

• .416 Barrett

• .416 Hushpuppy

• .416 Remington Magnum

• .416 Rigby

• .416 Ruger

• .416 Taylor

• .416 Weatherby Magnum

• .425 Westley Richards

• .43 Mauser

• .43 Spanish

• .43 Egyptian

• .44 Magnum

• .44-40 Winchester

• .444 Marlin

• .45 Colt

• .45-70 Government

• .45-90 Sharps

• .45-70 Auto

• 45 Raptor

• .450 Bushmaster

• .450 Black Powder Express

• .450/400 Black Powder Express

• .450/400 Nitro Express

• .500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express

• .450 Marlin

• .450 Nitro Express

• .500/450 No 1 Black Powder Express

• .450 No 2 Nitro Express

• .454 Casull

• .500/450 Nitro Express

• .450 Rigby

• .450 Dakota

• .450 Watts Magnum

• .458×2-inch American

• .458 Express

• .458 HAM'R

• .458 Lott

• .458 SOCOM

• .458 U.S. Silent Sniper

• .458 Winchester Magnum

• .460 Steyr

• .460 Weatherby Magnum

• .461 Gibbs

• .465 H&H Magnum

• .500/465 Nitro Express

• .470 Nitro Express

• .475 Nitro Express

• .475 No 2 Nitro Express

• .476 Nitro Express

• .499 Leitner-Wise

.50 caliber and larger
• .50 AE

• .50 Alaskan

• .50 Beowulf

• .50 BMG

• .50 Krater

• .50 Spotter-Tracer

• .50-70 Government

• .50-90 Sharps

• .50-110 Winchester

• .50-140 Sharps

• .500 A-Square

• .500 Auto Max

• .500 Black Powder Express

• .500 Jeffery

• .500 Nitro Express

• .500 S&W

• .500 Bushwhacker

• .500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express

• .502 Thunder Sabre

• .505/.404 Stewart

• .510 Beck

• .577/450 Martini–Henry

• .577/500 Nitro Express

• .577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express

• .505 Gibbs

• .510 DTC Europ

• .510 Whisper

• .55 Boys

• .56-56 Spencer

• .575 Miller & Greiss

• 20/577 Alexander Henry

• .577 Black Powder Express

• .577 Nitro Express

• .600/577 Rewa

• .577 Snider

• .577 Tyrannosaur

• .585 Nyati

• .600 Overkill

• .600 Nitro Express

• .700 Nitro Express

• .950 JDJ

Smaller than 6 mm

 * 4.5mm mkr
 * 4.6×30mm
 * 4.85×49mm
 * 5mm Craig
 * 5mm/35 SMc
 * 5.45×39mm
 * 5.56×21mm PINDAD
 * 5.56×30mm MINSAS
 * 5.56×45mm NATO
 * 5.6×50mm Magnum
 * 5.6×57mm
 * 5.6×57mmR
 * 5.6×61mm VHSE
 * 5.7×28mm
 * 5.8×21mm
 * 5.8×42mm

6 mm–7 mm
• 6×45mm

• 6x62 frères

• 6mm AR

• 6mm ARC

• 6mm BR Remington

• 6mm Creedmoor

• 6mm Lee Navy

• 6mm Musgrave

• 6mm PPC

• 6mm Remington

• 6mm TCU

• 6mm XC

• 6.5-06

• 6.5-06 A-Square

• 6.5 Precision Rifle Cartridge

• 6.5mm Creedmoor

• 6.5mm Grendel

• 6.5-284 Norma

• 6.5mm Remington Magnum

• 6.5mm TCU

• 6.5 Weatherby RPM

• 6.5×47mm Lapua

• 6.5×50mm Arisaka

• 6.5×52mm Mannlicher–Carcano

• 6.5×53mmR

• 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer

• 6.5×55mm Swedish

• 6.5×57mm Mauser

• 6.5×58mm Vergueiro

• 6.5×68mm

• 6.5-300 Weatherby Magnum

• 6.8mm Remington SPC

• 6.8 Western

7 mm–8 mm
• 7×64mm Brenneke

• 7mm BR Remington

• 7.45mm Ingram

• 7×54mm Finnish

• 7×54mm Fournier

• 7×57mm Mauser

• 7mm-08 Remington

• 7mm PRC

• 7mm Remington Magnum

• 7mm Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum

• 7mm Blaser Magnum

• 7mm Remington Ultra Magnum

• 7×61mm Sharpe & Hart

• 7mm Shooting Times Westerner

• 7mm Weatherby Magnum

• 7mm Winchester Short Magnum

• 7-30 Waters

• 7×33mm Sako

• 7.35×51mm Carcano

• 7.5×54mm French

• 7.5x27mm Swiss

• 7.5x29.8mm Swiss

• 7.5×55mm Swiss

• 7.5×57mm MAS

• 7.7×58mm Arisaka

• 7.62×35mm

• 7.62×39mm

• 7.62×40 Wilson Tactical

• 7.62×45mm vz. 52

• 7.62x45mm Pindad

• 7.62×51mm NATO

• 7.62×53mmR

• 7.62×54mmR

• 7.62 Thumper

• 7.65×53mm Mauser

• 7.92×33mm Kurz

• 7.92×36mm EPK

• 7.92×57mm Mauser

8 mm–9 mm
• 8 mm-06

• 8mm Lebel

• 8mm Remington Magnum

• 8×50mmR Mannlicher

• 8x52mmR Mannlicher

• 8×56mmR

• 8×57mm IS

• 8×58mmR Danish Krag

• 8×59mm Rb Breda

• 8×60mm S

• 8×63mm patron m/32

• 8×64mm S

• 8×68mm S

• 8.5×55mm Blaser

• 8.6mm Blackout

9 mm and larger
• 9x17mm Short (Browning) 380 Auto, 380 ACP

• 9x18mm Makarov

• 9x19mm Parabellum

• 9×39mm

• 9x51mm SMAW

• 9×53mmR

• 9×57mm Mauser

• 9.3x53R Finnish (Sako)

• 9.3×57mm

• 9.3×62mm

• 9.3×64mm Brenneke

• 9.3×74mmR

• 9.5×57mm Mannlicher–Schoenauer

• 10mm Auto

• 10.75×68mm

• 11.2x60 Schüler

• 11.2x72 Schüler

• 11.15x42R

• 11.15x58R

• 11×59mmR Gras

• 11×60mm Mauser

• 12.7×55mm

• 12.7x70 Schüler

• 12.7x76mm M48

• 12.7×99mm NATO

• 12.7×108mm

• 13.2×92mm Tank und Flieger

• 14.5×114mm

• 14.5mm JDJ

• 15×115 FN

• 15.2mm Steyr

Bore/gauge

 * .360 bore — .360 in
 * .410 bore — .410 in
 * 32 gauge — .526 in
 * 28 gauge — .550 in
 * 24 gauge — .579 in
 * 20 gauge — .615 in
 * 16 gauge — .663 in
 * 14 gauge — .693 in
 * 12 gauge — .729 in
 * 10 bore — .775 in
 * 8 bore — .835 in
 * 6 bore — .919 in
 * 4 bore — 1.052 in
 * 2 bore — 1.326 in

title: List of rifle cartridges


text:
Category talk:Birmingham, West Midlands/Archive 1

Over-categorization
Though I believe that the category deserves to stay named as it is, I do think that there are far too many articles associated with it. For city-name categories, I'd limit it to articles which are about: Basically, read the city's article, and include almanac-type information using reasonable judgement. Some items in this are currently over-categorized into it, such as Rip van Winkle. If people want to really see all articles linking to a city page, they can use "What links here" - the category doesn't need to have everything. I think this one can turn into a nice example of good categorization for cities, an perhaps should be documented in Categorization. -- Netoholic 00:13, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Physical locations within the city (buildings, parks, schools, roads, etc.)
 * Notable residents (born in, or significantly tied to the city)
 * Businesses headquartered in the city
 * Media (newspapers, radio stations, website portals, etc.)
 * Local government

 * I agree completely. This category has an "everything but the kitchen sink" feel to it. older ≠ wiser 00:48, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I also agree. Would be nice to trim this back, and I think it needs it. Out of curiosity, what's the opinon of creating "Bands from Birmingham" or categories like that, in order to further seperate this category a bit. I don't particulary like the idea (I think some of the connections are tenuous at best), but that is another way to fix this. Lyellin 07:30, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * There already is a Category:Residents of Birmingham, England, and I'd like to know what should belong in such categories. Everyone who ever lived in Birmingham for a while? If yes, persons who lived in 10 cities in their life can have 10 "residents of foo" categories in their article? That sounds like alot of categories, but at the moment I don't really know how that could be shortened. --Conti|✉ 20:21, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree as well. My attempts to remove some articles from this category have been reverted so far though. --Conti|✉ 20:21, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

There is no over-categorization; there is no attempt to include in the category all articles linking to Birmingham (to suggest otehrwise is at best a red herring). All the articles in this category are relevant to (and will be of interest to people studying) some aspect or other of the City of Birmingham. Why should someone who belongs in ten categories not have those ten categories shown at the foot of their article? If not that; then what are categories for? That said, I would have no objection to, say, a sub-category of "Music of Birmingham" or some such. Please explain why you think Rip van Winkle should not be in this category, making explicit references to the circumstances in which it was written. Please also state the optimum or maximum permissible number of articles for inclusion in this category (since some apparently believe it has "too many"; stating the logic which leads you to arrive at your figure. Andy Mabbett 21:07, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I explained to you why I think The Legend of Sleepy Hollow should stay out of this category on your talk page, and you apparently ignored it. Maybe you could react to that first before we discuss another article?
 * "Too many" categories per article simply doesn't look very good and it makes things not very easy to overlook. That's not my main argument here tho, many articles don't belong in this category, whether these articles have many other categories or not. --Conti|✉ 21:49, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I explained to you why I think The Legend of Sleepy Hollow should stay out of this category on your talk page No, you did not. You revealed that you do not know why it should be in it. it makes things not very easy to overlook Good! You still haven't quantified "too many". Andy Mabbett 22:20, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If I do not know why it should be in it, would you please explain to me why it should?
 * I'd say 10 categories are a bit too much, but it depends on how big the article is. But again, that was not my main argument, it's just another effect of overcategorization. --Conti|✉ 22:33, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've no problem with a lot of categories, as long as they are important. If they're just cruft, get rid of them. This reads more like a connections list. I'd say, for example, that since The Legend of Sleepy Hollow isn't set in Birmingham, it certainly shouldn't be listed merely because it was written there (or Gamgee Tissue just because it was invented there). Equally, The Archers isn't about the culture of Birmingham, and it isn't significantly affected by the culture of Birmingham any more than any other British city. Places that are in Birmingham should of course be included, companies that are based in Birmingham perhaps should be included, bands should only be included if Birmingham was an essential part of their history (like Liverpool was to The Beatles). Average Earthman 23:25, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Looking at this talk page, most of the people who raised their voice here think this category is overcategorized, and it was explained what should belong in this category and what shouldn't, so I'm going to remove some articles that to not belong to this article (bands, books, etc.) from this category. --Conti|✉ 19:38, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

My (actually not only my) attempts to remove some categories from the articles are getting reverted. Again.. Now I could revert again and start an edit war, but that won't help anyone. What to do in such a situation? --Conti|✉ 22:34, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Either produce evidence that of Wiki policy that categorizaton should be arbitrarily limited in the way you seem to desire; or accept taaht there is no over- categorization. Andy Mabbett 08:46, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no policy about what belongs in a category and what not (some guidelines should be made IMHO), therefore we must rely on common sense and what the majority of wikipedians think is right. --Conti|✉ 14:18, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, the old "common sense" fallacy - and (lack of demonstration of a majority of Wikipedians not withstanding) Wikipedia is not a democracy. Andy Mabbett 16:31, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course I didn't meant the majority of all of the thousands of wikipedians, but the majority of the wikipedians that raised their voice here. So if not the majority and not common sense, who or what decides what belongs in this category in your opinion then? --Conti|✉ 17:03, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

ContiE, I agree with you about this, and what few comments have been made to this page also seem to support the opinion that there are too many extraneous articles in this category. However, I think it will be difficult to gain any traction over someone determined to revert. I suspect that an RfC will be needed for each and every article that you want to extricate from that category. Once there is a clear majority in favor of removing from a specific article (as with LOTR), Andy will have a harder time continuing his reversion. older ≠ wiser 17:26, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I agree that there are extraneous articles. It is important not to develop a "George Washington slept here" kind of mentality when categorizing. For example Rip Van Winkle should not be included here partly because the story isn't related to Birmingham and partly because the author's article is already in Category:Residents of Birmingham, England.

And although there isn't really such a thing as too many articles within a single category, if you find several articles (5 or 7 maybe) that could be grouped together, creating a subcategory would be a logical step. —Mike 19:22, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

Proposal
As there is no clear consensus on this topic, why don't we just start a vote? I wrote all the articles that I think should be removed from this category down and also added what connection they have with Birmingham I found on the corresponding articles. --Conti|✉ 01:09, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

Wizzard, Spencer Davis Group, Dexy's Midnight Runners, Charlatans UK, Musical Youth, Bentley Rhythm Ace, Duran Duran and Black Sabbath are all bands that were formed in Birmingham. No special connection between Birmingham and these bands is mentioned in any of the articles, so I've put them all into one vote.
 * Keep:
 * Remove:
 * 1) Conti|✉ 01:52, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PMcM 00:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) older ≠ wiser 01:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sean Curtin 09:52, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC) although maybe move into Category:Musical groups from Birmingham, England.

Bakelite "was formed in 1927 from the amalgamation of three suppliers of phenol formaldehyde materials: the Damard Lacquer Company Limited of Birmingham; Mouldensite Limited of' Darley Dale and Redmanol Limited of London."
 * Keep:
 * Remove:
 * 1) Conti|✉ 01:52, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PMcM 00:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) older ≠ wiser 01:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sean Curtin 09:52, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

The Archers is a radio series with a "rural flavour" that is recorded in Birmingham.
 * Keep:
 * Remove:
 * 1) Conti|✉ 01:52, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PMcM 00:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) older ≠ wiser 01:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sean Curtin 09:52, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

Mellotron is a keyboard "developed and built in Birmingham".
 * Keep:
 * Remove:
 * 1) Conti|✉ 01:52, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PMcM 00:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) older ≠ wiser 01:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sean Curtin 09:52, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

Ummagumma is an album by Pink Floyd recorded in Birmingham.
 * Keep:
 * Remove:
 * 1) Conti|✉ 01:52, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PMcM 00:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) older ≠ wiser 01:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sean Curtin 09:52, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

Rip van Winkle is a short story written in Birmingham.
 * Keep:
 * Remove:
 * 1) Conti|✉ 01:52, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Jeez... PMcM 00:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) older ≠ wiser 01:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sean Curtin 09:52, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

HP Sauce is a sauce produced in Birmingham.
 * Keep:
 * Remove:
 * 1) Conti|✉ 01:52, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PMcM 00:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) older ≠ wiser 01:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sean Curtin 09:52, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

All the articles have been moved to subcategories or have been removed from this category, so I think it's ok to close this poll now. Any objections? --Conti|✉ 14:07, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)

Sub-categories
These are my suggestions, try them out or feel free to give feedback. Keep in mind too that anything in a sub-category should not also be in the main category. -- Netoholic 22:41, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Category:People of Birmingham, England - "Residents" implies on people that have homes there. This sub-cat should include all articles about people who originated from, or are strongly tied, to the city. (Think this way - each person article should have one maybe two such categories... is Birmingham one of those?)
 * Category:Places in Birmingham, England- "Places of interest" implies the places need to be interesting. This sub-cat should include all articles about physical locations within the city (buildings, streets, airports, etc.).
 * Category:Government of Birmingham, England- This sub-cat should include all articles about governing bodies within the city. It should also include any "government-devised" area divisions ("lines drawn on a map" such as districts, towns, etc.) within its confines.

 * "Residents" was chosen deliberately, to provide an objective qualifying measure. There is a difference between "Places", which would include all the wards, districts, towns, villages and oethr centres of community, and "Places of interest" which are generally buildings, museums, art venues and other historical or tourist attractions. There are few "goveernemnt derived" divisions whcoh are not also "Places" as I have just described. Surely this debate should be generic, and not repeated for each town and city in the UK, or even World?? Andy Mabbett 23:26, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have to say that this is certainly one of the most confusing category pages I've come across, and I'd like to see (or help with) further sub-categorisation (or complete removal from the category hierarchy) of the vast majority of the articles which are currently there. People coming to this category are surely most likely to be looking for info about things to do with Birmingham, rather than an exhaustive, and almost completely non-differentiated scatter-gun approach to everyone and anything that ever existed in, though of, or passed through the place. Furthermore, the main Birmingham, England article itself serves as an excellent point for linking to many of the things which would seem to be present here, in the category page. This seems much more sensible than including everything about Birmingham in a single one-level category. If there are enough things to make a sub-category, then why not make one?

 * As it stands, the list of things which is present in the main category is very hard to parse, as although they (supposedly) all have something to do with Birmingham, they have nothing in common except that. This makes it very difficult to pick out what things might actually relate to, so difficult to assign meaning to them. I'd like to see Birmingham looking more like the New York category page, with many well-organised sub-categories. PMcM 14:17, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * ...or more comparably, the London category even. Note how there the articles tend to be in the form 'X about London', 'Y of London', 'List of Z in London', rather than seemingly arbitrary names, places, entities, bands... There are no doubt many more articles in the tree stemming from the plain London category than there currently are in the Birmingham one, but because they are much better organised, it is trivial to find what you might be looking for.

 * Also, a lot of the things which are/were in the Birmingham category (Rip van Winkle?! A joke surely...) could/should be more easily, and appropriately found by anyone doing research on Birmingham via What links here from that page, rather than indiscriminate overpopulation of the category page.

 * By all means have many things which are (pretty tenuously) related to Birmingham, but plonk them in more sensible sub-categories. The current very lazy approach is like having a Yellow pages with a single category called "Businesses"... PMcM 23:45, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * People coming to this category are surely most likely to be looking for info about things to do with Birmingham all the things in the category are to do with Birmingham. That said, I've already said that I would support an expansion of the sub-categories. And no, RvW is not a joke. Andy Mabbett 23:50, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I definitely agree with you (PMcM). The problem here is that every removal of some articles from the category are constantly getting reverted by User:Pigsonthewing (aka Andy Mabbett), and it seems that many wikipedians just gave up on this topic. I started a vote (see above), but I got no response to that yet. This page is on request for comments, which brought the many comments by the wikipedians on this page. Still, besides many comments like yours, nothing has changed yet. --Conti|✉ 23:56, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I started a vote (see above), but I got no response to that yet. - That was the response. Andy Mabbett 23:59, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The category in its current form is not useful at all, due to its lack of organisation. Possibly you (both?) should support an expansion of the sub-categories by... expanding the sub categories? Suggestions for serious consideration: Areas of B'ham, Bands of B'ham, Bands influenced by B'ham, Artists influenced by B'ham, Notable inventions of B'ham, Venues in B'ham, etc. Having lots of categories with say... three to 50 things in them will be much more useful than the current undifferentiated mass that we have here at the moment.

 * Less realistically, and on a lighter note, I'd like to see a category: Things which don't have anything much to do with B'ham, except in the eyes of one terribly stubborn individual. Everything in the current B'ham category could go in there, until the useful bits are shuffled around into the appropriate sub-categories.

 * In response to User:Pigsonthewing; that's precisely what the What links here feature is for. Think of it as 'Show me everything vaguely related to this page', which is what you seem to be hoping to turn the category into. PMcM 00:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Subcategories would be nice in some cases, but I do not think we need a category like Bands influenced by Birmingham etc., therefore the only thing I could to would be to remove the categories from some articles, which gets reverted as I already said. Categories like Areas of Birmingham would be fine, but that's not really the thing I'm complaining about. ;-) --Conti|✉ 00:35, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * I get what you're saying. I hope that once a few more sub-categories are in place, the odd-ball inclusions (Rip van is the one that most irks personally) will look even more obviously out of place, and common sense will prevail. Forgot to mention I voted above too. PMcM 00:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, subcategories would be nice. But having dealt with this for a while now, I strongly doubt that they will solve the overcategorization problem at all. Thanks for your votes by the way. --Conti|✉ 01:02, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

How sad to see people resort to personal abuse and the "common sence" fallacy. Andy Mabbett 10:14, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * err.. could you please explain who's personally abusing what here..? --Conti|✉ 10:31, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks to User:Pigsonthewing for putting in a lot of effort and making some very sensible sub-categories. Would you like myself and others to help you out in this task, or is this category 100% your baby?

 * With respect to personal abuse, it would seem to be (from looking at your other ongoing crusades) something with which you are more than capable of dealing, albeit in a rather abrasive, and brusk manner. The majority of your counterpoints to people's issues raised with some of your edits (XP, Prince Charles as a painter, etc.) seem to take the form of "I know best", "So? I don't care", and "Please explain, with reference to...". This is often the case after someone has just spend five to ten minutes of editing time explaining quite clearly their point of view.

 * Just to try and explain my reasoning against the over-categorisation issue once more (although I'm starting to lose the will to live with this one) I would imagine that out of people looking for things relating to Birmingham, probably a tiny minority will be interested in the fact that Rip van Winkle was written there. These people can read it in the article, so there's no need to include it in the category. I am, however, willing to concede to your sensible idea of having it in the Literature of... sub-category, which is infinitely more sensible than simply having it lying - inexplicably - in the main cat.

 * I can't really understand your fixation with needing to populate various categories to extreme degrees. To digress somewhat, and go back to the Prince Charles example; if I was to consider Prince Charles, I would think of him as a Prince (clearly), future king, philanthropist and possibly, eventually, I'd remember that he's a painter in his spare time. A quick glance at the categories he is in suggests that he is a well-known and influential painter most of the time, which is "a fallacy". His inclusion in the category for the sake of name-dropping devalues its usefulness, much in the same way as many of the Birmingham entries did. The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh paint too; why are they excluded? (This question is rethorical). Furthermore - and quite incredibly - not a single mention of his painting activities occurs in the article, yet he is in the British Painters category...? This seems pointless. Should he also be in a Known wearers of shoes category?

 * You have no doubt noticed a pattern developing in your edits; that they are praised, with the exception of some of your categorisation decisions, which you seem to single-handedly taking the high-ground on. Polite requests by many users are met with terse put-downs, and a dreadfully unhelpful "No surrender" attitude. This is in no way in the spirit of Wikipedia, and is intensely frustrating for any user who has the patience and time to put up with it for more than a few rounds. I also note that you seem to be the only person in your corner on this issue.

 * Possibly you should consider being somewhat more accommodating on the issue of categories? The time you spend defending your repeated reverts could much more productively be spent doing other editing tasks, which are more beneficial to the community, and don't put so many noses out of joint. I also refer you to the unfortunately titled 'Stay cool' page, which I have found most helpful.

 * Thanks again for making the additional sub-categories. It looks much more sensible already. Again, I'm more than willing to help you out with these, provided everything I do isn't instantly unilaterally reverted! PMcM 15:09, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC) (Not doing too well at remembering to sign things today...)


text:
United States Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences

The Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was a standing committee of the United States Senate from 1958 until 1977, when it was folded into the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. It was preceded by the Special Committee on Space and Astronautics, which operated from February 6, 1958, to March 11, 1959.

History
The Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was established July 24, 1958, when the Senate adopted S. Res. 327, introduced by Senator Lyndon Johnson. The resolution also extended the term of the Special Committee on Space and Astronautics until March 11, 1959, so it could complete its final report. Many of the members of the special committee joined the new standing committee.

Jurisdiction
The standing committee was given jurisdiction over the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and all aeronautical and space sciences generally. However, matters concerning the development of weapons systems or military operations were reserved for the Senate Armed Services Committee. However, the Space Committee was permitted to survey, review, and report on both military and civilian space activities of the United States. According to Senate Rule 25, as amended at the time, the committee was to consist of 16 Senators.

Special Committee on Space and Astronautics

 * Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX) February 6, 1958 – March 11, 1959

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences

 * Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX) 1958-1961
 * Robert S. Kerr (D-OK) 1961-1963
 * Clinton P. Anderson (D-NM) 1963-1973
 * Frank E. Moss (D-UT) 1973-1977
 * Wendell H. Ford (D-KY) January 10 – February 11, 1977


text:
Talk:Peter III of Russia

Untitled
QUOTE Peter was born in Kiel. His parents were Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna, a daughter of Emperor Peter the Great of Russia and his second wife, Catherine I of Russia (a former Latvian peasant, Martha Skavronskaya)UNQUOTE

That's of course all wrong. Martha Skavronska was not a Latvian peasant since even the word Latvian did not exist then. There was no Latvia, no concept of Latvia and no Latvian peasants either. Martha Skavronska was not a Lettish serf either, she was most likely of free Polish Lithunian descent and came from minor clergy family.

 * Where was she from? Livonia, Courland, Lithuania? At any rate, feel free to change it. john k 19:20, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Does that bit about Catherine's real names and nationality belong here, really? The Frederick 15:31, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

"Peter's son the tyrannical Emperor Paul" - do you really think Paul was tyrannical??

I removed the tyrannical. It sounds... i don't know, biased? - Martens

Posthumous Coronation?
I was just looking through The Book of Facts Volume 1 by Isaac Asimov. It's essentially a book of trivia - about the obscure and the weird, "interesting things". Like many books, it has on the first page an excerpt of the text. The first part of the excerpt is as follows: "Did you know that Czar Peter III of Russia was murdered before his coronation and was crowned 35 years later when his coffin was opened expressly for that purpose?". It certainly is the stuff of Trivia books. This doesn't seem to be at all reflected in the article... Perhaps another source could be found to substantiate it? I'm not going to insert it until I see some form of verification. A hasty google search indicates he ascended the throne while living... --The Chairman (Shout me · Stalk me) 02:53, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Somebody needs to understand the difference between ascending the throne and being crowned. (188.162.64.122 (talk) 12:17, 28 June 2018 (UTC)) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.162.64.122 (talk) 12:13, 28 June 2018 (UTC)

Insanity?
Eleanor Herman's book "Sex with the Queen" depicts Peter III as a man who was mentally disturbed. She describes him as having a deformed foreskin which made intercourse impossible, so instead of making love to his wife he forces her to drill with a rifle at night and locked dogs in her closet to defecate on her clothes. At one point he attacked Catherine with a sword. She later describes him taking joy in watching buildings burn and makes no bones about calling him a pyromaniac. His disturbing eccentricities are not really reflected in the article. Are other sources consistent in this regard? 75.93.59.254 22:11, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

He also used to play with toy soldiers in bed rather than make moves on his wife. This included dressing his servants as soldiers and ordering them to march around as well as hanging rats in Catherine's bedroom when they devoured his toy soldiers. These actions began in childhood and carried on through much of their marriage.

24.31.111.166 21:03, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

These claims are based entirely on one, biased source: the memoirs of Catherine the Great. History may never know whether Peter was actually "disturbed." Trogyssy (talk) 17:26, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

Time lapse between Grand Duchess Anna death & Peter's birth
Seeing as Peter was born February 21 [1728] & his mother died March 4 [1728]? wouldn't that mean he was just 'bout 2-weeks old, when she died? GoodDay (talk) 14:15, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Elena Palmer
This article has undergone a lot of changes recently, based on information in a recent book by historian Elena Palmer, that takes a revisionist standpoint on Peter. While it is certainly noteworthy to add information about this, and Elenas viewpoints may soon become the generally accepted view of Peter, I fear that it is entirely too premature to rely too much of her work in this article.

Especially the summary of his reign in the "Overthrow and murder"-section seems to contain swiping generalisations of a very revisionist character, entirely based on Elena Palmer. I am referring to this in particular: "The reign of Peter the Third was certainly progressive and focused on the transformation of feudal Russia, which in its development was clearly behind other countries in Europe, to an advanced economically developed state. His reform efforts were welcomed by society as a whole. . The attempts of clerics to prevent secularization did not meet with a lot of support among the people. The aristocracy was entirely on the side of Peter. The idea that the plot against him brought together members of the government and influential nobles is not justified. ." --Saddhiyama (talk) 12:42, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I have to agree that this article seems very POVridden. Xxanthippe (talk) 04:03, 17 July 2011 (UTC).
 * I have removed the worst weaselwording, and reworded where general statements were made that were clearly based on Elena Palmers interpretations. However this article is still very much slanted towards the revisionist interpretation of Palmer, for example it currently lacks a mainstream description of the overthrow of Peter III. Unfortunately, as I am in the process of doing my own thesis at the moment, I don't have the time and opportunity to acquaint myself properly with the needed sources to fix this. --Saddhiyama (talk) 11:32, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Splendid. Do continue your work of mitigating the revisionism when you can. Xxanthippe (talk) 12:10, 17 July 2011 (UTC).

I don't understand, is she the only reliable source for Peter's reign? Most of the 'domestic policy' section, and that about his overthrow, are based exclusively on her work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.121.247.251 (talk) 18:53, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

This article seems to more about Elane Palmer views on Peter, than its about Peter. Half way down the article, its gives too much prominence to her views, and mention of her name. As the other guy said, seems like she is the only source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.79.163.211 (talk) 22:02, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

Just wanted to add another voice agreeing. After having to do some major research on Catherine it appears as if the article is out of alignment with the general academic consensus and heavily favors one interpretation in one book by Elena Palmer. While this may in time come to be seen as accurate it seems misleading if not biased to list this as the primary view in a more general encyclopedic entry like Wikipedia. 207.118.9.26 (talk) 05:57, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

Russian Pomerania?
This sentence: "Being a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Peter planned the war against Denmark in order to restore Schleswig to his Duchy. He focused on making alliances with Sweden and England to ensure that they would not interfere on Denmark’s behalf, while forces were concentrated in Colberg in Russian Pomerania."

Pomerania was not Russian territory then (or never has been) and the city is Kolberg. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rikaard (talk • contribs) 02:31, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Citation found
I noticed that you were lacking a citation for the statement that Paul III removed obligatory education for nobility and I have the source here. I'm just studying for a test right now and don't have time to figure out how to add the citation myself.

It is stated in the "Manifesto Freeing the Nobility from Compulsory Service" in 1762

I found an excerpt of the primary document in my textbook Kaiser, Daniel and Gary Marker. Reinterpreting Russian History: Readings 860-1860. Oxford University Press. 1994.

It's on page 230 That isn't a proper citation, and I apologize, but that is where the information comes from. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.231.164.237 (talk) 01:45, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Supposedly — ??
... he was transported to Ropsha where he was supposedly assassinated.

What's this, er, supposed to mean? He really wasn't assassinated? Or, we think he was assassinated? Or, we don't know what happened to him?

How about: where it is generally supposed that he was assassinated?

OTOH, the entry on Catherine the Great states unequivocally that "Peter III died at Ropsha, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then a court favorite and a participant in the coup)."

Sca (talk) 18:13, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

I'm very happy to consider all points of view, but they are hardly set out here. What is the 'traditional' reason for his overthrow? 128.72.36.64 (talk) 11:21, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

The word that Catherine II (Catherine the Great) sent out was that he died of hemorrhoids. Whether this is true cannot be determined, but it is a popular belief that he died at the hands of Alexei Orlov, brother of Grigory Orlov, by Catherine's orders. I personally think the statement should be changed to something along the lines of "...he was transported to Ropsha where he later died. Though there is no current evidence on the cause of his death, many believe that he was assassinated by Alexei Orlov, brother of Grigory Orlov." I think it's safe to be relatively vague about his death as is the original statement.

Revisionist Bias
This article has a deeply revisionist bias which gives short shrift to, or simply ignores, the negative views of the overwhelming majority of reputable historians relating to its subject. As a serious encyclopedic article it fails basic standards of neutrality and needs to be substantively rewritten. -Ad Orientem (talk) 00:47, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

date of birth
At top of article, I only see this for date of birth: "21 February 1728".

Need comment as to whether this is Old or New style. At the time, those styles were 11 days apart.

Neutrality
This article has been tagged since 2013. Yet there has been no discussion and only a single observation made in 2013. Since the discussion is dormant, the conditions to remove the tag have been met.---- Work permit (talk) 01:21, 1 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Did you want to reinstate the tag and restart the discussion on revisionist bias in the article? ---- Work permit (talk) 03:38, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Some thought on an approach to fully achieve balance. The article fails to fully elaborate on Peters "generally poor reputation".  For example, His love of everything prussian and his inability to speak russian.    Withdrawing from the seven years war when prussia was planning to negotiate a surrender.  What made a war with Denmark potentially unpopular. These issues are stated, but there isn't much text devoted to them.
 * Just because Peter was not as stupid, drunk, or inept as classical historians say, it doesn't mean he was a good husband or a wise and capable czar. ---- Work permit (talk) 05:41, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

Economy Peasants?
Something seems missing or disjointed here: "State peasants were given higher social status than estate peasants, and all peasants under the servitude of the church were transformed into the economy peasants similar to the state peasants."

A "state peasant" was one employed by the Russian government? As opposed to "estate peasants," employed by private landowners? My guess is that "economy peasant" is some kind of error, perhaps a place where a few words went missing. Otherwise, what was an economy peasant? (Cheaper to feed?) And in what respects were economy peasants similar to state peasants?

--Jdickinson (talk) 07:25, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

Russian transliteration
I corrected the transliteration of the Russian word "великого" (the genitive singular form of "великий"). In the Russian language, the letter г (IPA: /ɡ/) is pronounced like an English "v" (IPA: /viː/) when used in adjectival endings. Google Translate uses the incorrect transliteration I corrected. Matuko (talk) 04:02, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Transliteration simply means converting from one alphabet to another, so "г" is romanized as "g", though I am not sure what is the norm in cases such as these. I would imagine it is still written as "g" despite the pronunciation as "v". Mellk (talk) 13:39, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

I concede I used the wrong word—I should have used "Anglicization". Is it the point to transliterate or to provide the equivalent pronunciation in English? Wiktionary provides the latter. Perhaps clarification is needed (transliteration: Velikogo)? I have no dog in this hunt, so feel free to revert it if I edited it in error. I could have looked into it more than I did. Matuko (talk) 14:47, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * It is only a minor issue anyway so I would not worry. The lang-ru template offers a transliteration parameter which is often used in articles (if the name of the subject is not already a transliteration). lang-rus template also offers IPA for pronunciation. So I think it is typical to include transliteration (if it does not become redundant) and also IPA. I think pronunciation should be left to IPA. Wiktionary also does not provide usual romanization (for example velíkij with stress mark rather than velikiy or veliky). I think typical transliteration should be used to prevent inconsistencies or any confusion, for example "Москва" is transliterated as "Moskva" while pronunciation is more like "Maskva", and so on. Mellk (talk) 16:05, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

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BitPass

BitPass was an American company from 2002-2007 that developed an online payment system for digital content and services including micropayments. One of its best-known projects was the Mperia online music store catering to unsigned artists.

Background
Kurt Huang and Gyuchang Jun founded BitPass. Michael O'Donnell was brought on as CEO in 2004, but left by April 2005, and was eventually replaced by Doug Knopper in November 2005.

Although the origins of the idea for the company dated back to 1999, the company incorporated and got off the ground with $1.5 million in joint venture funding led by Garage Technology Ventures in late 2002. The first test version of the product was launched in June 2003. In late 2004, a second funding round of $11.75 million was announced.

For the content buyer, Bitpass worked like a pre-paid telephone card: the buyer signed up for the service and put money into an account using a credit card or PayPal. This stored-value amount could be used to purchase digital content or services. Transaction fees were paid by the content provider. For payments under $5, the charge was 15% of the price paid by the buyer (Bitpass Professional merchant account fee). BitPass also partnered with major technology and financial services companies such as Microsoft, PayPal, the Royal Bank of Scotland and First Data.

On January 19, 2007 Bitpass announced that they were shutting down, and operations officially closed on January 26, 2007.

Mperia
Mperia was an online music store founded in 2003 by BitPass to use the BitPass payment system. Launched by Huang and Joshua Ellis, it was aimed toward allowing independent musicians to sell their music online. Artists could upload their own music directly, and could price their own music, with tracking costing between US$0.25 and US$1.50. No digital rights management features were permitted. Artists kept 70% of each track's revenue.

In 2004, Mperia partnered with CD Baby to sell tracks from CDBaby's catalog.

With the shutdown of BitPass, Mperia also shut down in early 2007.

title: BitPass