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Todd Solondz

Todd Solondz (born October 15, 1959) is an American filmmaker and playwright known for his style of dark, socially conscious satire. Solondz's work has received critical acclaim for its commentary on the "dark underbelly of middle class American suburbia," a reflection of his own background in New Jersey. His work includes Welcome to the Dollhouse (1995), Happiness (1998), Storytelling (2001), Palindromes (2004), Life During Wartime (2009), Dark Horse (2011), and Wiener-Dog (2016).

Biography
Solondz was born in Newark, New Jersey. He wrote several screenplays while working as a delivery boy for the Writers Guild of America. Solondz earned his undergraduate degree in English from Yale and attended New York University's Master of Fine Arts program in film and television, but did not complete a degree.

During the early 1990s, Solondz worked at NYANA as a teacher of English as a second language to Russian immigrants in New York City and described the experience as positive.

Solondz is an atheist. In The A.V. Club article "Is There a God?", he answered the question "Well, me, I'm an atheist, so I don't really believe there is. But I suppose I could be proven wrong."

1980s
Solondz's student short film Schatt's Last Shot was produced in 1985, and was shown at least once in 1986. The title character is a high schooler who wants to get into Stanford University, but his gym teacher hates him. The teacher fails him because he cannot make a shot in basketball. He has no luck with the girl of his dreams, but he wishes he was more like the coach, whom he challenges to a game of one-on-one.

In 1989 Solondz wrote and directed Fear, Anxiety & Depression, an episodic comedy about fledgling playwright Ira (played by Solondz) and his frustrating interactions with women. The film contains several musical interludes, including three songs written for the film. Stanley Tucci appears in one of his early roles as an old, disliked acquaintance of Ira, who takes up playwriting on a whim and becomes the toast of Off-Broadway.

1990s
The frustrations of his first feature led Solondz to swear off further involvement with the industry. More than five years later, an attorney friend urged Solondz to give filmmaking another go, and promised partial finance for any project Solondz came up with. The end result was 1995's Welcome to the Dollhouse, which went on to win the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. The dark comedy follows the travails of Dawn Wiener, a bespectacled, toothy, and shy 7th-grade girl who is mercilessly teased at school and treated to alternating contempt and neglect at home. It was distinct from most earlier films about adolescent abuse due to its complex characterization. It gave a balanced and sometimes sympathetic portrayal of the bully antagonist Brandon, and its depiction of Dawn, the ostensible protagonist and victim of the story, showed her as deeply flawed and sometimes cruel and selfish herself. The film was a major success among critics, and a moderate success at the box office. It was a festival hit, with screenings all over the world.

Solondz's next piece was Happiness (1998), a highly controversial film due to the themes explored in it, which range from rape, pedophilia, incest, suicide, and murder to a bizarre sexual phone caller. After the original distributor October Films dropped it, the film was distributed by Good Machine Releasing. The movie received numerous awards, including International Critics' Prize at the Cannes Film Festival, and yielded strong critical praise for Solondz.

2000s
In 2001, Solondz released Storytelling, which premiered at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. It is a film separated into two parts, entitled "Fiction" and "Nonfiction." The two stories share two thematic elements, but deal with each in an autonomous manner. Solondz used this format because he wanted to "find a fresh structure, a fresh form, and a different way of tackling what may be identical geographical material." When Solondz initially presented the film to the MPAA, he was told that if he wished to receive a rating other than NC-17, he would have to remove a scene of explicit sex involving a white female and a black male. However, a clause in Solondz's contract allowed him to cover part of the actors with a bright red box. "For me it's a great victory to have a big red box, the first red box in any studio feature [...] it's right in your face: You're not allowed to see this in our country." Solondz did, however, remove a portion of the film (which has variously been reported as either a subplot of the second story, or a third story entirely) which contained a sex scene involving two male actors (one of whom was James Van Der Beek).

Solondz's next film, Palindromes (2004), raised the eyebrows of many pundits and reviewers due to its themes of child molestation, statutory rape and abortion. Like all of Solondz's previous films, Palindromes is set in suburban New Jersey. It was released unrated in the US.

Life During Wartime (formerly known as Forgiveness) was produced by John Hart and Evamere Entertainment and released in 2009. Solondz said the film is a companion piece to Happiness and Welcome to the Dollhouse. Life During Wartime has characters in common with the two earlier films, but played by different actors and with loose continuity. Information about the characters in the film, and their differences from those of its predecessor Happiness, first emerged in August 2009. The film features Ally Sheedy, Renée Taylor, Paul Reubens, Ciarán Hinds, Shirley Henderson, Michael Lerner, Michael Kenneth Williams, Charlotte Rampling, Allison Janney, Rich Pecci and Chris Marquette.

The film debuted at the Telluride Film Festival in September 2009; it was nominated for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in August–September 2009, and it won the Osella award there for Best Screenplay.

2010s
In July 2010, Solondz completed the script of his next film, Dark Horse, which was filmed in the fall of 2010. To Solondz's surprise, the Creative Artists Agency appreciated the script, the first time for a movie of his. Solondz commented that he realized this is because "there's no rape, there's no child molestation, there's no masturbation, and then I thought, 'omg, why didn't I think of this years ago?'"

On September 5, 2011, Dark Horse was presented at the Venice Film Festival. On October 14, 2011, Dark Horse made its European premiere at the BFI London Film Festival. The film received a mixed reception. On April 23, 2012, Dark Horse was announced as the Closing Night selection for Maryland Film Festival 2012.

Wiener-Dog premiered at Sundance 2016. The film tells the story of a dog, as she travels from home to home. Amazon purchased the film at the festival. Starring an ensemble cast led by Ellen Burstyn, Kieran Culkin, Julie Delpy, Danny DeVito, Greta Gerwig, Tracy Letts, and Zosia Mamet, the film serves as a spin-off from Solondz’s 1995 film Welcome to the Dollhouse, which also features the character of Dawn Wiener. It was released in the US on June 24, 2016 to positive reviews.

2020s
As of February 2024, Solondz was arranging financing for his next film, Love Child. Starring Elizabeth Olsen and Charles Melton, it is set to be a twist on the story of Oedipus.

Themes
Solondz has included portraits of and some satire of Jews and Jewish life in his work. Set in Florida, Life During Wartime portrayed pro-Israel activists. Set in New Jersey, Welcome to the Dollhouse included traditional-Jewish-influenced music befitting a bar mitzvah being played at a wedding anniversary party.

Academic work
In 2009, Solondz became an adjunct professor on the faculty of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. He teaches a course titled Directing and Writing the Feature.

In May 2019, Solondz spent a week as the filmmaker in residence at the Centre for Film and Screen at the University of Cambridge.

Theatre work
In 2018, Solondz premiered his debut play, titled Emma and Max. The production began previews October 1, opened on October 14, and ran through November 4. It starred Ilana Becker, Zonya Love, Matt Servitto, and Rita Wolf.

Awards
In 2007, Solondz was honored with the Filmmaker on the Edge Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival.

title: Todd Solondz


text:
Moambe

Palm butter or palm cream, frequently known as moambe, mwambe or nyembwe, is an ingredient made from the pericarp (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) tree. It forms an important ingredient in stews and sauces in African cuisine.

Dishes made with the sauce often include peanuts, peanut sauce, or peanut butter. The meat usually used in the dishes is chicken but other meats, such as beef, fish, mutton, or any wild game meat, such as crocodile or venison, are used as well. Moambe chicken is considered a national dish of three African countries.

Regional variations
In order to make palm butter, palm nuts are boiled and then pounded. The pulp is mixed with water, sieved and boiled again. Canned palm soup base, also called sauce graine or noix de palme may be substituted.

Angola
In Angola, the dish is called moamba de galinha and is considered a national dish as well. It is usually served with funge, a manioc purée, and can be made with fish on occasions.

Democratic Republic of the Congo
In western regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, mwambi or mwambe (mwǎmba) is the name given to the sauce of palm oil or peanuts. Poulet à la Moambé, "chicken in a moambe sauce", is also considered the Congo's national dish.

Gabon
In Gabon, the sauce is usually called nyembwe, from the Myene word for palm oil. The most important dish using nyembwe is nyembwe chicken (French: poulet [au] nyembwe or poulet [au] gnemboue) which is considered a national dish of Gabon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Moambe


text:
Trelise Cooper

Dame Trelise Pamela Cooper (née Neill; born 1958 (age 58)) is a fashion designer from New Zealand. Her designs have featured in magazines such as Vogue, Marie Claire, Women's Wear Daily, InStyle and the television series Sex and the City.

Early life
Cooper was born to Joe and Pam Neill, and grew up in Henderson, West Auckland. She attended Henderson High School, and volunteered at Lifeline crisis support service as a teenager.

She left school at the age of 15 and married two years later. She and her husband ran a building business together, but the marriage ended in divorce when Cooper was 21.

Career
Cooper's design business began in the early 1980s, with her first boutique opening in 1985. She then took a break from business to have a baby, and returned in late 1996.

Cooper creates five clothing ranges - Trelise Cooper, Cooper by Trelise, COOP, Board Room and Trelise Cooper Kids, all of which she shows at New Zealand Fashion Week. Customers include Liv Tyler, Miley Cyrus, Lindsay Lohan, Stevie Nicks, Suri Cruise, Julia Roberts, and The Pussycat Dolls. She also produces Trelise Cooper Interiors, a fabric range made in association with textiles house Charles Parsons.

Cooper's signature fragrance 'Trelise' was launched in late 2009. It was designed by perfumer Yves Dombrowsky and has been described as an uplifting, positive scent.

In March 2009, she became the first New Zealand designer to stage a fashion show on board the Queen Mary 2 cruise ship.

Cooper is a patron of the Breast Cancer Research Trust, an advocate for domestic violence awareness and supports Habitat for Humanity. At 2009's New Zealand Fashion Week Cooper initiated an onsite house build to promote this charity.

She is also an environmental supporter, producing eco bags for supermarket chain Progressive Enterprises. She is involved with the UN-sponsored organisation MARITAGE International, which connects young women in developed and developing countries, and also mentors young people in New Zealand.

In December 2005, Cooper was involved in an intellectual property dispute with fellow New Zealand fashion designer Tamsin Cooper, objecting to Tamsin registering her name as a trademark. In July 2007, Cooper agreed to drop the suit and let Tamsin Cooper operate under her own name.

As of 2016, Cooper has 10 boutiques around the world, and her ranges are stocked in more than 200 stores in Australasia, Asia, Europe, America and the Middle East.

Recognition
The Trelise Cooper Kids Auckland flagship store won the supreme award at the 2007 New Zealand Retail Interior Design Awards.

In 2004, Cooper was named a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit. In the 2014 New Year Honours, she was elevated to Dame Companion in the same Order.

In 2015, Cooper announced that it will be her final year as a manager. In 2015, her collections were included into the New Zealand Fashion Museum. In 2018, Cooper was inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame.

Controversies
In 2011 she and at least 10 of her models were accused of engaging in modern Orientalism by taping the models' eyes to change their shape to more resemble Asian features.

In 2014 Trelise Cooper sparked controversy when she repeated the same offense made by Victoria's Secret in 2012 and Chanel in 2013 by having models wear sacred Native American feathered headdresses. Cooper stated in her apology 'I genuinely respect and honour all cultures, races and religions. It was never my intention to disrespect another culture.' Originally described by the designer as portraying '70's bohemian vibes', many critics online pointed out the connection between nostalgia and ignorance in this incident. Filmmaker Taika Waititi was quoted as saying '' I think I understand what Trelise means by '70s vibes' - a time when it was cool to be culturally insensitive and racism was super awesome. Nice throw back to better times...'

In December 2020, Cooper was criticised for naming a new floral polyester dress design the "Trail of Tiers", after the forced relocation of about 46,000 American Indians between 1830 and 1850 by the United States Government. The sociologist Professor Joanne Kidman criticised Cooper for her perceived insensitivity to the historical suffering of Indigenous peoples. Cooper apologised for the hurt caused by the dress's name design and announced that the design would be removed from stores.

Personal life
She has a husband, Jack, a stepdaughter, Nadia Cooper and a son Jasper Cooper. Nadia was charged with smuggling of Methamphetamine into one of the Mount Eden Prisons, as well as its distribution in 2008.

title: Trelise Cooper


text:
Talk:B3ta

Pronunciation
The pronunciation needs moved up to the top. Definately. And I don't know how to do that. MG

Sourcing
Towards the bottom, the unsourced statement "b3ta undeniably reduces office productivity," I would recommend linking to the "board stats" page to back up the claim (http://www.b3ta.com/board_stats/mainboard-users.html or simply http://www.b3ta.com/board_stats). Couldn't hurt. - Agent Muu (talk) 05:39, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

In need of a tidy
While being an extensive and interesting article on a site of which I know little, there is quite a bit of repeatition, and it's seems chaotic and 'heavy weight'. Also although it made me smile, there appears to be some B3ta in-humour and the tone sometimes appears to be that of a group member, as opposed to the impartial explaination that should fit an encyclopedia. I'll leave it to those with a better knowledge of the subject to improve the article.--Myfanwy 04:18, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is quite obviously written by a b3ta regular, and its use of in-jokes and the like makes it :impossible to completely understand by someone like me (i.e. a non-B3tan). Needs to be cleaned up and NPOV-erised. [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|30px]] :plattopustalk 15:46, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have tried my best to make this page NPOV, can you please take another look and tell us how much more work needs doing --Pluke 19:35, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * So what if the article contains in-jokes unique to b3ta. Newbies can visit and learn from here. If you erased the in-jokes, you erase half of the jokes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.254.12.60 (talk) 10:36, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Capitalisation
The correct capitalisation is b3ta rather than B3ta - I've corrected all the occurences in the body text. —151.123.192.11 15:44, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You are wrong. Check in any newsletter. Despite the logo, Rob nearly always uses "B3ta" rather than "b3ta". —Wereon 10:00, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

History
This page could do with some history of b3ta. When was it founded? And why?on here it says something about Emap providing some cash.

Madeline McCann "Top Trump" reference
Did this actually cause any real life controversy outside of b3ta itself - tabloid headlines along the lines of "BAN THIS SICK MADDY WEB FILTH" and the like?

If so, where? All I can see is a link to a b3ta message board thread where a few people say they don't like it. In the context of a bad taste humour website, which regularly features sick jokes about child murders and paedophilia, it's not actually that offensive. 217.155.20.163 20:22, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

This whole article reads like a self-promotional "we are so great aren't we" piece of crap and is bad need of removing POV, weasel words and peacock phrases, and needs a lot more secondary sources to support its grandiose claims. DarkSaber2k 11:38, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Tidied your misused apostrophes and tidied your inverted comma usage.

Over-zealous pruning of the article
Can we please have an open discussion regarding what content should be edited and/or removed, instead of letting an admin decree what can and can't be in there? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Greebowarrior (talk • contribs) 15:50, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Hopefully. I agree with comments by Liverpool Scouse and 5telios - there should be a compromise that involves keeping the reliably sourced content and pruning some of the other material. Addhoc 16:20, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree fully, and also this over-zealous mod has deleted the Rob Manuel page and stuck it on a protected redirect, with absolutely no consensus or debate. The mod claims that the page was "heavy vandalism target" with no evidence to support his assertion. I suggest that a mod replaces the page with a version from archive.org and if there's a debate to had about whether it should exist - then we should have it, after the page is reinstated.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.224.67.246 (talk) 16:54, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Note
I have taken the initiative to remove all the POV violating, unsourced garbage and in-jokes from the article, which was most of the article. We are running an encyclopedia, not a fan site for your little project. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 09:12, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Acknowledged, but is full protection necessary? In stripping the 'cruft' from the article it could be argued that you've also removed a lot of its points of interest for readers, and now you've prevented anyone from adding anything back. It all seems a little excessive. -- Countdown Crispy  talk contributions 10:42, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This is an encyclopedia, not a forum to publish a needlessly detailed blow-by-blow guide to a website of questionable notability whose membership have specifically targeted Wikipedia for hard-to-find vandalism. As the website has specifically targeted this Project for vandalism, and as the article's prior contributors have clearly not had the best interests of the Project in mind (in terms of crafting a neutral, factual, verifiable encyclopedia article), I doubt unprotection would be beneficial, either to the subject of the article, nor to the Project. There is nothing salvageable in the content removed, and I am beginning to wonder whether or not the subject should have an article in the first place. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 11:22, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You have removed an awful lot of content without any prior discussion and then protected the article to prevent editing or adding anything back - in a way this smacks of an abuse of admin privileges based largely upon personal opinion (the removal of content without discussion and consensus first would be considered vandalism perhaps, were you not an admin). As just one notable example, a newsletter that is sent to 100,000 people every week is very notable yet you have removed the section entirely.  Whilst I agree that some of the article could have been trimmed and sourced better, I agree with the above editor in that the amount you removed is indeed excessive and I ask that you remove the block or at least downgrade to a semi-protect againt IP vandals. Liverpool Scouse 16:29, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree --5telios 09:59, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe you are acting in an unprofessional and retaliatory fashion. As a neutral user to this matter, I would like to add this: Wikipedia is not b3ta's soap box, but it is equally neither yours. Protecting the page and removing nearly all of the content from it is an abuse of power. The semi-protection on the page is also un-necessary, as it is not a vandalised page. You have done this to concrete your edit to avoid public criticism.  The current revision of the page does not make any sense, with sentences cut off mid-way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.224.67.246 (talk) 11:19, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I've reduced the protection to semi protect. Addhoc 12:16, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I've attempted to alert Wereon of these rather alarming edits, as he / she appears to have been a keen editor of this page in the recent past. If another Wikipedian knows of a better way to proceed then please advise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.224.67.246 (talk) 14:46, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Mr Gustafson, Stephen Colbert has also, very publicly, issued satirical threats of Wikipedia vandalism. Are you now going to go and delete the article on him and the show on which he threatened the vandalism? B3ta is a humor website which should be taken with a grain of salt. To do otherwise is disingenuous and a total calumny. B3ta does have a value as an article as it is a source of many popular internet memes and virals. I am sure even you have received something a B3tan has made in a humorous email from a friend or associate, although you are probably not aware of it. Coder Keitaro 19:54, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

can i add the edit and removal of content has upset people, look  http://b3ta.com/board/7731162 rob, one of the owners thinks it sucks, if members of b3ta (which i am also) have pissed about with wikipedia why dont you contact b3ta about this have a moan it may help. but being a twunt and blocking everything b3ta related to be re-edited is stupid, one of the reasons a few members of b3ta (and myself)  will now no longer donate to wikipedia, admin guy learn hot to moderate/administrate  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.159.189.105 (talk) 15:38, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Re: Mr. Gustafson: Please do not gratuitously remove content from Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.

Can I invite Mr Gustafson to a book burning later on? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.198.83.50 (talk) 16:01, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * According to the verifiability policy, "any edit lacking a source may be removed". Also comparing article editing with Nazi persecution is in poor taste. Addhoc 16:17, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

According to Wikipedia Book Burning has been around long before the Nazis used it, so there is nothing offensive about it.

 * True enough, however in all honesty, I consider there is a significant difference between overzealous article editing and book burning. Addhoc 16:22, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

4chan?
So it seems to me that b3ta is just a British rip-off of 4chan, innit? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kakashi-sensei (talk • contribs) 09:34, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

How can b3ta be a rip-off of 4chan when it started 3 years before 4chan. Kakashi = Fail. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Policesquadincolor (talk • contribs) 22:07, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * So it seems that B3ta is a just British ripoff of Futaba? ;-) Anyways, out of curiosity, is there any "cross-pollination" of images between the two sites? 24.80.238.196 (talk) 13:56, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * During the past year, 4chan memes have somewhat infiltrated b3ta board, to many board members' disgust, but this mostly occurs on the board during the US waking hours ("gay shift") rather than the UK waking hours. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.145.59.3 (talk) 09:43, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

B3ta is like /b/ but better. Or /b/ is like b3ta but worse. 79.67.65.114 (talk) 01:25, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Banner

Can an admin please remove the banner asking for references from reliable sources for this article please?

I think The Guardian, The BBC, and Vnunet should be enough for anyone.

Cheers

Legless —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.76.21.237 (talk) 03:35, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Still lacking sources
This article has been flagged as "relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject" for over five years now. Surely b3ta has gotten enough press/blog/interview coverage since then that we can use a third-party source to pick out the "prominent" memes, rather than relying on passing editors adding their own favourites over the years? --McGeddon (talk) 11:22, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

Sickipedia
The Sickipedia site originally started as a spin-off from b3ta to collect sick jokes, however it has now taken on a life of its own. Most of the regulars on Sickipedia are no longer b3tans. I'd be in favour of splitting Sickipedia off into its own article. Comments? Squirrel (talk) 21:56, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:B3ta


text:
Transversal (combinatorics)

In mathematics, particularly in combinatorics, given a family of sets, here called a collection C, a transversal (also called a cross-section  ) is a set containing exactly one element from each member of the collection. When the sets of the collection are mutually disjoint, each element of the transversal corresponds to exactly one member of C (the set it is a member of). If the original sets are not disjoint, there are two possibilities for the definition of a transversal:

 * One variation is that there is a bijection f from the transversal to C such that x is an element of f(x) for each x in the transversal. In this case, the transversal is also called a system of distinct representatives (SDR).
 * The other, less commonly used, does not require a one-to-one relation between the elements of the transversal and the sets of C. In this situation, the members of the system of representatives are not necessarily distinct.

In computer science, computing transversals is useful in several application domains, with the input family of sets often being described as a hypergraph.

Existence and number
A fundamental question in the study of SDR is whether or not an SDR exists. Hall's marriage theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a finite collection of sets, some possibly overlapping, to have a transversal. The condition is that, for every integer k, every collection of k sets must contain in common at least k different elements.

The following refinement by H. J. Ryser gives lower bounds on the number of such SDRs.

Theorem. Let S1, S2, ..., Sm be a collection of sets such that $$S_{i_1} \cup S_{i_2} \cup \dots \cup S_{i_k}$$ contains at least k elements for k = 1,2,...,m and for all k-combinations {$$i_1, i_2, \ldots, i_k$$} of the integers 1,2,...,m and suppose that each of these sets contains at least t elements. If t ≤ m then the collection has at least t ! SDRs, and if t > m then the collection has at least t ! / (t - m)! SDRs.

Relation to matching and covering
One can construct a bipartite graph in which the vertices on one side are the sets, the vertices on the other side are the elements, and the edges connect a set to the elements it contains. Then, a transversal (defined as a system of distinct representatives) is equivalent to a perfect matching in this graph.

One can construct a hypergraph in which the vertices are the elements, and the hyperedges are the sets. Then, a transversal (defined as a system of not-necessarily-distinct representatives) is a vertex cover in a hypergraph.

Examples
In group theory, given a subgroup H of a group G, a right (respectively left) transversal is a set containing exactly one element from each right (respectively left) coset of H. In this case, the "sets" (cosets) are mutually disjoint, i.e. the cosets form a partition of the group.

As a particular case of the previous example, given a direct product of groups $$G = H \times K$$, then H is a transversal for the cosets of K.

In general, since any equivalence relation on an arbitrary set gives rise to a partition, picking any representative from each equivalence class results in a transversal.

Another instance of a partition-based transversal occurs when one considers the equivalence relation known as the (set-theoretic) kernel of a function, defined for a function $$f$$ with domain X as the partition of the domain $$\operatorname{ker} f := \left\{\, \left\{\, y \in X \mid f(x)=f(y) \,\right\} \mid x \in X \,\right\}$$. which partitions the domain of f into equivalence classes such that all elements in a class map via f to the same value. If f is injective, there is only one transversal of $$\operatorname{ker} f$$. For a not-necessarily-injective f, fixing a transversal T of $$\operatorname{ker} f$$ induces a one-to-one correspondence between T and the image of f, henceforth denoted by $$\operatorname{Im}f$$. Consequently, a function $$g: (\operatorname{Im} f) \to T$$ is well defined by the property that for all z in $$\operatorname{Im} f, g(z)=x$$ where x is the unique element in T such that $$f(x)=z$$; furthermore, g can be extended (not necessarily in a unique manner) so that it is defined on the whole codomain of f by picking arbitrary values for g(z) when z is outside the image of f. It is a simple calculation to verify that g thus defined has the property that $$f\circ g \circ f = f$$, which is the proof (when the domain and codomain of f are the same set) that the full transformation semigroup is a regular semigroup. $$g$$ acts as a (not necessarily unique) quasi-inverse for f; within semigroup theory this is simply called an inverse. Note however that for an arbitrary g with the aforementioned property the "dual" equation $$g \circ f \circ g= g$$ may not hold. However if we denote by $$h= g \circ f \circ g$$, then f is a quasi-inverse of h, i.e. $$h \circ f \circ h = h$$.

Common transversals
A common transversal of the collections A and B (where $$|A| = |B| = n$$) is a set that is a transversal of both A and B. The collections A and B have a common transversal if and only if, for all $$I, J \subset \{1,...,n\}$$,

 * $$|(\bigcup_{i \in I}A_i) \cap (\bigcup_{j \in J}B_j)| \geq |I|+|J|-n$$

Generalizations
A partial transversal is a set containing at most one element from each member of the collection, or (in the stricter form of the concept) a set with an injection from the set to C. The transversals of a finite collection C of finite sets form the basis sets of a matroid, the transversal matroid of C. The independent sets of the transversal matroid are the partial transversals of C.

An independent transversal (also called a rainbow-independent set or independent system of representatives) is a transversal which is also an independent set of a given graph. To explain the difference in figurative terms, consider a faculty with m departments, where the faculty dean wants to construct a committee of m members, one member per department. Such a committee is a transversal. But now, suppose that some faculty members dislike each other and do not agree to sit in the committee together. In this case, the committee must be an independent transversal, where the underlying graph describes the "dislike" relations.

Another generalization of the concept of a transversal would be a set that just has a non-empty intersection with each member of C. An example of the latter would be a Bernstein set, which is defined as a set that has a non-empty intersection with each set of C, but contains no set of C, where C is the collection of all perfect sets of a topological Polish space. As another example, let C consist of all the lines of a projective plane, then a blocking set in this plane is a set of points which intersects each line but contains no line.

Category theory
In the language of category theory, a transversal of a collection of mutually disjoint sets is a section of the quotient map induced by the collection.

Computational complexity
The computational complexity of computing all transversals of an input family of sets has been studied, in particular in the framework of enumeration algorithms.

title: Transversal (combinatorics)


text:
Macroeconomic model

A macroeconomic model is an analytical tool designed to describe the operation of the problems of economy of a country or a region. These models are usually designed to examine the comparative statics and dynamics of aggregate quantities such as the total amount of goods and services produced, total income earned, the level of employment of productive resources, and the level of prices.

Macroeconomic models may be logical, mathematical, and/or computational; the different types of macroeconomic models serve different purposes and have different advantages and disadvantages. Macroeconomic models may be used to clarify and illustrate basic theoretical principles; they may be used to test, compare, and quantify different macroeconomic theories; they may be used to produce "what if" scenarios (usually to predict the effects of changes in monetary, fiscal, or other macroeconomic policies); and they may be used to generate economic forecasts. Thus, macroeconomic models are widely used in academia in teaching and research, and are also widely used by international organizations, national governments and larger corporations, as well as by economic consultants and think tanks.

Simple theoretical models
Simple textbook descriptions of the macroeconomy involving a small number of equations or diagrams are often called ‘models’. Examples include the IS-LM model and Mundell–Fleming model of Keynesian macroeconomics, and the Solow model of neoclassical growth theory. These models share several features. They are based on a few equations involving a few variables, which can often be explained with simple diagrams. Many of these models are static, but some are dynamic, describing the economy over many time periods. The variables that appear in these models often represent macroeconomic aggregates (such as GDP or total employment) rather than individual choice variables, and while the equations relating these variables are intended to describe economic decisions, they are not usually derived directly by aggregating models of individual choices. They are simple enough to be used as illustrations of theoretical points in introductory explanations of macroeconomic ideas; but therefore quantitative application to forecasting, testing, or policy evaluation is usually impossible without substantially augmenting the structure of the model.

Empirical forecasting models
In the 1940s and 1950s, as governments began accumulating national income and product accounting data, economists set out to construct quantitative models to describe the dynamics observed in the data. These models estimated the relations between different macroeconomic variables using (mostly linear) time series analysis. Like the simpler theoretical models, these empirical models described relations between aggregate quantities, but many addressed a much finer level of detail (for example, studying the relations between output, employment, investment, and other variables in many different industries). Thus, these models grew to include hundreds or thousands of equations describing the evolution of hundreds or thousands of prices and quantities over time, making computers essential for their solution. While the choice of which variables to include in each equation was partly guided by economic theory (for example, including past income as a determinant of consumption, as suggested by the theory of adaptive expectations), variable inclusion was mostly determined on purely empirical grounds.

Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national model, which he built for the Netherlands in 1936. He later applied the same modeling structure to the economies of the United States and the United Kingdom. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates' LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein. The model was cited in 1980 when Klein, like Tinbergen before him, won the Nobel Prize. Large-scale empirical models of this type, including the Wharton model, are still in use today, especially for forecasting purposes.

The Lucas critique of empirical forecasting models
Econometric studies in the first part of the 20th century showed a negative correlation between inflation and unemployment called the Phillips curve. Empirical macroeconomic forecasting models, being based on roughly the same data, had similar implications: they suggested that unemployment could be permanently lowered by permanently increasing inflation. However, in 1968, Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps argued that this apparent tradeoff was illusory. They claimed that the historical relation between inflation and unemployment was due to the fact that past inflationary episodes had been largely unexpected. They argued that if monetary authorities permanently raised the inflation rate, workers and firms would eventually come to understand this, at which point the economy would return to its previous, higher level of unemployment, but now with higher inflation too. The stagflation of the 1970s appeared to bear out their prediction.

In 1976, Robert Lucas Jr., published an influential paper arguing that the failure of the Phillips curve in the 1970s was just one example of a general problem with empirical forecasting models. He pointed out that such models are derived from observed relationships between various macroeconomic quantities over time, and that these relations differ depending on what macroeconomic policy regime is in place. In the context of the Phillips curve, this means that the relation between inflation and unemployment observed in an economy where inflation has usually been low in the past would differ from the relation observed in an economy where inflation has been high. Furthermore, this means one cannot predict the effects of a new policy regime using an empirical forecasting model based on data from previous periods when that policy regime was not in place. Lucas argued that economists would remain unable to predict the effects of new policies unless they built models based on economic fundamentals (like preferences, technology, and budget constraints) that should be unaffected by policy changes.

Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models
Partly as a response to the Lucas critique, economists of the 1980s and 1990s began to construct microfounded macroeconomic models based on rational choice, which have come to be called dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. These models begin by specifying the set of agents active in the economy, such as households, firms, and governments in one or more countries, as well as the preferences, technology, and budget constraint of each one. Each agent is assumed to make an optimal choice, taking into account prices and the strategies of other agents, both in the current period and in the future. Summing up the decisions of the different types of agents, it is possible to find the prices that equate supply with demand in every market. Thus these models embody a type of equilibrium self-consistency: agents choose optimally given the prices, while prices must be consistent with agents’ supplies and demands.

DSGE models often assume that all agents of a given type are identical (i.e. there is a ‘representative household’ and a ‘representative firm’) and can perform perfect calculations that forecast the future correctly on average (which is called rational expectations). However, these are only simplifying assumptions, and are not essential for the DSGE methodology; many DSGE studies aim for greater realism by considering heterogeneous agents or various types of adaptive expectations. Compared with empirical forecasting models, DSGE models typically have fewer variables and equations, mainly because DSGE models are harder to solve, even with the help of computers. Simple theoretical DSGE models, involving only a few variables, have been used to analyze the forces that drive business cycles; this empirical work has given rise to two main competing frameworks called the real business cycle model  and the New Keynesian DSGE model. More elaborate DSGE models are used to predict the effects of changes in economic policy and evaluate their impact on social welfare. However, economic forecasting is still largely based on more traditional empirical models, which are still widely believed to achieve greater accuracy in predicting the impact of economic disturbances over time.

DSGE versus CGE models
A methodology that pre-dates DSGE modeling is computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Like DSGE models, CGE models are often microfounded on assumptions about preferences, technology, and budget constraints. However, CGE models focus mostly on long-run relationships, making them most suited to studying the long-run impact of permanent policies like the tax system or the openness of the economy to international trade. DSGE models instead emphasize the dynamics of the economy over time (often at a quarterly frequency), making them suited for studying business cycles and the cyclical effects of monetary and fiscal policy.

Agent-based computational macroeconomic models
Another modeling methodology is Agent-based computational economics (ACE), which is a variety of Agent-based modeling. Like the DSGE methodology, ACE seeks to break down aggregate macroeconomic relationships into microeconomic decisions of individual agents. ACE models also begin by defining the set of agents that make up the economy, and specify the types of interactions individual agents can have with each other or with the market as a whole. Instead of defining the preferences of those agents, ACE models often jump directly to specifying their strategies. Or sometimes, preferences are specified, together with an initial strategy and a learning rule whereby the strategy is adjusted according to its past success. Given these strategies, the interaction of large numbers of individual agents (who may be very heterogeneous) can be simulated on a computer, and then the aggregate, macroeconomic relationships that arise from those individual actions can be studied.

Strengths and weaknesses of DSGE and ACE models
DSGE and ACE models have different advantages and disadvantages due to their different underlying structures. DSGE models may exaggerate individual rationality and foresight, and understate the importance of heterogeneity, since the rational expectations, representative agent case remains the simplest and thus the most common type of DSGE model to solve. Also, unlike ACE models, it may be difficult to study local interactions between individual agents in DSGE models, which instead focus mostly on the way agents interact through aggregate prices. On the other hand, ACE models may exaggerate errors in individual decision-making, since the strategies assumed in ACE models may be very far from optimal choices unless the modeler is very careful. A related issue is that ACE models which start from strategies instead of preferences may remain vulnerable to the Lucas critique: a changed policy regime should generally give rise to changed strategies.

title: Macroeconomic model


text:
Nolichucky River

The Nolichucky River is a 115 mi river that flows through western North Carolina and East Tennessee in the southeastern United States. Traversing the Pisgah National Forest and the Cherokee National Forest in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the river's watershed includes some of the highest mountains in the Appalachians, including Mount Mitchell in North Carolina, the highest point in the eastern United States. The river is a tributary of the French Broad River and is impounded by Nolichucky Dam near Greeneville, Tennessee.

Hydrography
The Nolichucky River rises as the confluence of the North Toe River and the Cane River near the community of Huntdale, North Carolina. The stream succeeds the North Toe as the boundary between Yancey County and Mitchell County, North Carolina. Trending roughly westward, it flows along the northern base of Flattop Mountain. The gorge is especially steep on its north side. Geologically, the area is predominantly underlain by metamorphic rock of Precambrian age.

The river then enters Unicoi County, Tennessee, as it drops through a whitewater gorge, flowing between the ranges of the Bald Mountains (to the south) and the Unaka Mountains (to the north). Turning northwest, the stream is bridged by the Appalachian Trail and by U.S. Highway 19W southwest of Erwin, Tennessee. Near Erwin, two tributary streams, South Indian Creek and North Indian Creek, join the Nolichucky River. Turning more to the north, the stream is paralleled for several miles by State Route 81, (which is also concurrent with Tennessee State Route 107 for several miles) crossing into Washington County. The river cuts between several mountains at this point, including Rich Mountain to the south and Buffalo Mountain to the north.

Shortly after entering Washington County, the river makes a horseshoe bend near Embreeville, where it is bridged by SR 81 and SR 107 for the first time. At the northeastern end of Embreeville Mountain, the stream emerges from a large gap and turning west-southwest is bridged by SR 81 again. Here it exits the Blue Ridge Mountains and enters the Ridge and Valley province, which is underlain primarily by sedimentary rock of the Lower Paleozoic Era. The river then continues west-southwest for several miles, paralleled by SR 107. The river leaves the roadside near Mt. Carmel. From there it flows northwest over a winding course to David Crockett Birthplace State Park near the Washington County–Greene County line. Many tributary creeks join the river in Washington and Greene counties. At the county line, one of the larger tributaries, Big Limestone Creek, joins the river. State Route 351 crosses the river west of Crockett's birthplace.

The river then flows southwestward, following the trends of the Ridge and Valley province's underlying geology. Bridged by SR 107 again just east of Tusculum, the stream continues southwestward, later bridged by State Route 350 just above an impoundment caused by Nolichucky Dam.

This dam was constructed as a hydroelectric project by the former Tennessee Electric Power Company in 1912. The dam was sold to the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in 1939, when the agency was established by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration during the Great Depression. The TVA continued to operate the dam for electrical power purposes until the 1970s. The degree of siltation of the reservoir, called Davy Crockett Lake, had made continued efforts to operate the facility for hydroelectric purposes impracticable. The agency retired the dam as a power source but continues to maintain it and to use it for flood control and recreational purposes. Just west of the dam, the river crosses State Route 70 and SR 107 for a third and final time.

Continuing almost due west, the river is bridged by U.S. Highway 321. Just before reaching the Greene County–Cocke County line, the river is bridged by State Route 340. Just past this point, the river becomes the border between the counties. A few miles below this point it is bridged by Knob Creek Road. South of Interstate 81, Greene, Cocke, and Hamblen counties come to a point at a bend in river, where Lick Creek joins the river. From this point on, the meandering stream forms the Hamblen County–Cocke County line.

The confluence of the Nolichucky with the French Broad River occurs in the upstream portion of the Douglas Lake impoundment, caused by Douglas Dam, a World War II-era TVA project located downstream along the French Broad. The mouth of the Nolichucky lies near the point where Hamblen, Cocke, and Jefferson counties meet. Near the mouth is the Rankin Wildlife Management Area, a reserve operated by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.

History
While the origins of the name-place have long been debated and remain unclear, it is believed to be derived from the name of the Cherokee village Na’na-tlu gun’yi, or "Spruce-Tree Place," that once stood near modern Jonesborough, Tennessee. Others argue that, according to local lore, it actually means "Rushing Water(s)", "Dangerous Water(s)", or "Black Swirling Water".

During the 1770s, European frontiersmen established the "Nolichucky settlements" along the river in modern Greene County, in what was then part of Cherokee territory. These settlements were aligned with the Watauga settlements in what is now Elizabethton. As hostilities intensified in the mid-1770s between the settlers and a faction of the Cherokee, known as the "Chickamaugas," who were opposed to the settlements, John Sevier, at the time a young militia officer, began overseeing the construction of Fort Lee. After an invasion was launched by Chickamauga leader Dragging Canoe in July 1776, Sevier abandoned the unfinished fort and fled to the Watauga settlements. Sevier would later acquire the nickname "Nolichucky Jack" or "Chucky Jack" for his exploits along the river and in its vicinity. Famed frontiersman Davy Crockett was born along the river near Limestone, Tennessee, in 1786. The site is now the focus of David Crockett Birthplace State Park.

The turn of the century brought trains hauling passengers (until 1955) and mostly coal on the Clinchfield Railroad (now operated by CSX), which still runs alongside the river through the gorge with bridged crossings at Unaka Springs (Erwin) and Poplar, North Carolina. At least one sunken railcar sits at the bottom of the river near the entrance to the Lost Cove Settlement, a civil-war era ghost town just upriver (and uphill) from the once-disputed Tennessee-North Carolina border.

Whitewater rafting
Between Poplar, North Carolina, and Unaka Springs, Tennessee, the Nolichucky River Gorge provides one of the more scenic and technical whitewater trips in the Southern United States, due in large part to its constant (and often rapid) fluctuations. The naturally flowing Nolichucky River is a popular whitewater rafting and canoeing destination having stretches of both whitewater areas and calm water. Rainfall upstream around Mount Mitchell makes the upper section rapids ever more impressive with significant rain causing extremely big water and un-runnable routes in otherwise ordinary areas.

"Frank Gentry describes such a trip through the gorge with Bob Lawson on a rubber raft. Frank says, 'I just went along for the ride and a look at the scenery. Man-a-live, I didn't have time to look at anything! When that raft hit those rapids at "Rooster Tail" we were going round and round, dived into "Souse Hole", slammed into rocks here and more rocks there. Seemed like the harder you paddled the more rocks you'd hit. You'd just whirl and twirl and wham into more big boulders you hadn't even seen. Sometimes that white-faced water would stand straight up and slam you smack-kadab all over the raft, or out of it. Man, that was a wild trip!"

Inversely, a lack of adequate rainfall throughout the summer considerably increases the difficulty of navigating the pre-existing aspects of the rapids, which already tend towards being both technically difficult and challenging for rafters. These dry conditions and concomitant low water levels reveal a vast diversity of features. These hazards are ordinarily submerged during summers with normal seasonal rainfall patterns. Seasonal droughts can make rafting trips inadvisable or impassable, prompting local rafting companies in Unicoi County to sometimes divert whitewater river trips to the Watauga River running through Elizabethton, Tennessee in Carter County. The TVA regulates flow of the Watauga River and guarantees a minimum release schedule accommodating whitewater rafting companies during the summer season with the regular release of deep, impounded reservoir waters from behind both the Watauga Dam and the Wilbur Dam.

title: Nolichucky River


text:
Linda Eastman

Linda Anne Eastman (July 7, 1867 – April 5, 1963) was an American librarian. She was selected by the American Library Association (ALA) as one of the 100 most important librarians of the 20th century.

Eastman served as the head Librarian of the Cleveland Public Library from 1918 to 1938 and president of the American Library Association from 1928 to 1929. At the time of her appointment in Cleveland, she was the first woman to head a library system the size of Cleveland's. She was also a founding member and later president of the Ohio Library Association, and a professor of Library Science at Case Western Reserve University.

Early life and career
Eastman was born in Oberlin, Ohio and moved to Cleveland at age 7. In her biography of her friend and mentor, William Howard Brett, Eastman wrote about an early interaction she had with him that would shape her career. Visiting the Cleveland library to acquire a book she needed for school, Eastman was told by an assistant that the book had been checked out and was unavailable. Brett, who was then head librarian, happened to pass by and overheard this exchange, and immediately offered to have someone go purchase another copy of the book for Eastman to check out. Following high school Eastman became a teacher, but soon decided to pursue library work instead.

Eastman started working at the Cleveland Public Library in 1892 as an apprentice, and in 1894 took charge of the West Side Branch Library, where she established The Open Shelf, a newsletter for library patrons highlighting new releases. Eastman left for a better position in the Dayton Library System in 1895 but returned quickly when Brett offered her the position of vice-Librarian. In that position, Eastman helped implement Brett's revolutionary and highly successful open shelf system, whereby patrons could choose their own titles from library shelves rather than having to ask library staff to retrieve books from restricted stacks.

When Brett was killed in a car crash in 1918, the Cleveland Library Board appointed Eastman head librarian in a unanimous vote.

New main library
One of Eastman's major achievements as librarian was overseeing the construction and opening of Cleveland's new main library. Plans for the new library began in 1912, but political and financial questions (and World War I) delayed the beginning of construction until 1923, after a series of successful bond initiatives spearheaded by Eastman. The library opened to the public in May 1925 with a grand public event, featuring a main address by former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. The new building was, at the time, the third largest library in the country, boasting six floors and a main reading room that could seat 200.

Special services
Eastman helped devise special centers that would serve patrons’ needs for specific sorts of information. The unique Travel Section was established in 1926 and featured not only travel pamphlets, but also "selected volumes on the history, geography, and society of the major countries of the world." In 1928, the Eastman established the Business Information Bureau. This space served not only as a research facility for Cleveland's businesspeople, but also as a vocational resource center. In addition to creating special collections and services, Eastman took steps to extend the reach of the library, establishing in 1926 a service to distribute books to hospitalized readers.

Services for blind patrons
Eastman's attempts to improve services for blind patrons began in 1903 when she instituted Braille classes as part of the Library's offering. Her attempts to build the library's Braille collection were frustrated by the high price of the books and the difficulty of transporting them, but by 1928 the Library had a collection of six thousand Braille texts. When Eastman retired, the special service was distributing books to thirty thousand blind patrons across northern Ohio. In addition to Braille texts, the Cleveland Library was trailblazing in its use of books recorded on phonograph, initially conceived as a solution for blind patrons who were unable to read Braille.

Great Depression
The Cleveland Library suffered financial cuts during the 1930s, even as public demand for library services soared. Wages were severely cut and funds for new books dried up. The financial situation got so bad that in 1932 a sign had to be placed in the new book section reading, "No New Books for Display this Week Because of Curtailed Funds. Have You Read These Older Titles?" Nonetheless, library patronage soared as unemployed and underemployed Clevelanders came to the library for a variety of purposes. Eastman told the Chicago Daily Tribune that "many of the unemployed patronizing the library call for reference works which will be of benefit to them in their vocation. They are also calling for books and magazines of general culture, finding that since they have a great deal of time and can now enjoy the books they never had time to read before." Eastman was forced to take extreme cost-cutting measures to keep the library open, aided by widespread public support of the library and appreciation of its services.

Retirement and legacy
Eastman retired from the library in 1938 at age 71, citing a desire to spend more time outdoors. The Plain Dealer summed up the library's condition at the time of her retirement: "She leaves the library the third largest in the United States, with 28 branches, 108 stations, 30 school libraries and ten county libraries administered under the system. Also with a million books on its shelves, a circulation of over eight million a year, and the good will of the entire population of Cleveland, each man, woman and child having been sold the idea that the Public Library is his own private library, to serve him according to his needs".

Following Eastman's retirement, both a branch library and a reading garden at the Main Library were named in her honor.

In 1954 she was awarded American Library Association Honorary Membership.

Eastman died in 1963 at age 95. She is buried at Riverside Cemetery in Cleveland, OH.

title: Linda Eastman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Memories from the Past

Delete: Personal essay, idiosyncratic, unlikely to be an encyclopedic topic. --rbrwrˆ 12:06, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Looks like someone's saludinitarian essay.  I hope it's a draft.  Geogre 13:39, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, borderline for speedy delete. Now, Memories from the Future --- that's a subject worth pursuing. Smerdis of Tlön 13:40, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete - personal essay, no useful article to be written on the subject, no redirect appropriate. - TB 14:25, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speed deleted as patent nonsense. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:38, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. PBTim 18:43, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Mount Lu

Mount Lu or Lushan (, Gan: Lu-san) is a mountain situated in Jiujiang, China. It was also known as Kuanglu in ancient times. The mountain and its immediate area are officially designated as the Lushan National Park, and it is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. Mount Lu is located primarily in Lushan City within Jiujiang, although its northern portions are found in Jiujiang's Lianxi District. The oval-shaped mountains are about 25 km long and 10 km wide, and neighbors Jiujiang and the Yangtze River to the north, Nanchang to the south, and Poyang Lake to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak (大汉阳峰), reaching 1474 m above sea level. Dahayang Peak is also one of the hundreds of steep peaks that tower above the so-called sea of clouds that can encompass the mountain for almost 200 days each year.

Mount Lu is known for its grandeur, steepness, and beauty and is a prominent tourist attraction, especially during the summer months when the weather is cooler in the mountains than elsewhere. The mountain and the surrounding region is also one of the "spiritual centers" of China, containing many Buddhist and Daoist temples in addition to landmarks of Confucianism. Due to its striking beauty and sacred importance, Lushan National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996. The overlapping Lushan Quaternary Glaciation National Geopark is a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network.

History
Mount Lu contains important sites and temples for Daoism, (Mahayana) Buddhism, Confucianism, and even Christianity. Between AD 386 and 402 during the Jin dynasty, Huiyuan founded Pure Land Buddhism and Donglin Temple on the slopes of Mount Lu. During the Tang dynasty (618–907), Daoist temples were constructed nearby to house sacred scriptures. The White Deer Grotto Academy, founded in AD 940, was developed into a renowned center of academic research during the Song dynasty under the direction of Confucian scholar Zhu Xi. The academy was continually open until at least the 19th century. Other important medieval structures on the mountain include the grave of the famous Tang dynasty poet Tao Yuanming and imperial pavilions during the Ming dynasty.

The Song dynasty poet Su Shi famously described the difficulty of conveying the mountain's beauty in his expression, "Why can't I tell the true shape of Lushan? Because I myself am in the mountain."

In later years, Kuling in Mount Lu became a summer resort for Western missionaries in China. Absalom Sydenstricker, the father of Pearl Buck, was one of the first five missionaries to acquire a property in the Kuling Estate on the mountain. The development of Kuling was instigated by the Reverend Edward Little and Dr. Edgerton H. Hart. The four principal founders of China's Nurses Association and its first president, Caroline Maddock Hart, met in Kuling to form this association.

During the Long March, in early 1935, a battle took place in the area between the Chinese Red Army and nationalist forces, in which Hu Yaobang, later General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was seriously injured.

Mount Lu was once dubbed the hsiatu (xiadu, "summer capital") of the Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek, China's leader at the time, would frequently spend his summers in the area. In June 1937, Zhou Enlai, then a major leader in the Chinese Communist Party, met with Chiang on the mountain to discuss a united front against the Japanese invasion. In July 1937, Chiang Kai-shek announced his intention for a full mobilization for war against Japan from Mount Lu. In 1946, following the war, the U.S. special diplomatic mission led by General George C. Marshall met with Chiang Kai-Shek to discuss the role of post-World War II China.

Mao Zedong convened three large conferences of senior party officials at Mount Lu, in 1959, 1961, and 1970. The 1959 conference became known as the Lushan Conference. The meeting saw the purge of decorated Chinese Civil War and Korean War general Peng Dehuai, who was critical of Mao's Great Leap Forward policies. The 1970 Lushan Conference took place during the Cultural Revolution, and marked the increasing antagonism between those loyal to Mao and those loyal to his chosen successor Lin Biao.

In 1980 the famous movie Romance on Lushan Mountain, which was entirely shot on Mount Lu, was released to the public and won considerable positive reception. It was considered as the most progressive film since the founding of communist China, because there was a kissing scene in the movie, which was seen as public taboo in the pre-reform-and-opening-up China. It still holds the Guinness World Record for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980 until today.

Attractions and features
Popular attractions on Mount Lu include the Immortal Caverns (仙人洞), Meilu Outhouse (美庐别墅), Five Old Man Peaks (五老峰), White Deer Cavern Academy (白鹿洞书院), Three Tiled Springs (三叠泉), Lulin Lake (芦林湖), Lushan Hot Springs (庐山温泉), Lushan Botanical Garden (植物园), Bamboo Temple (竹山寺), Guanyin Bridge (观音桥), Peach Blossom Garden (桃花源), and the Catholic Church of Mount Lu (庐山天主堂).

 * The Lushan Botanical Garden features tens of thousands of plant species.
 * Below the Five Old Men Peak is the White Deer Grotto Academy, named after the poet Li Bo (not to be confused with the famous poet Li Bai), who raised white deer there. It is one of the most famous higher learning institutions in ancient China.
 * West is the Flower Path which provided inspiration to Bai Juyi, a famous poet who lived during the Tang dynasty.
 * Between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake lie the Greater and Lesser Tianchi Lakes, the Jingxiu Valley, and Lulin Lake. On the north bank of the latter is the Mount Lu Museum, which features pottery and bronzes dating from various periods of ancient China, as well as calligraphy from the Tang dynasty and paintings from the Ming and Qing dynasties.
 * At the centre (between three peaks), and at an altitude of over 1 kilometer above sea level, is the town of Kuling, which is linked by a mountain highway to neighboring spots in the region.
 * World-famous 'Lushan clouds and mist tea' is grown on the mountain.

title: Mount Lu


text:
Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize

Named after Osamu Tezuka, the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize (手塚治虫文化賞) is a yearly manga prize awarded to manga artists or their works that follow the Osamu Tezuka manga approach founded and sponsored by Asahi Shimbun. The prize has been awarded since 1997, in Tokyo, Japan.

Current prizes categories

 * Grand Prize – for the excellent work during the year
 * Creative Award – for the creator with innovative or epoch-making expression and fresh talent
 * Short story Award – for the excellent work or creator of the short story
 * Special Award – for the person or group who contributed to extend the culture of manga

1997

 * Grand Prize: Fujiko Fujio for Doraemon
 * Award for Excellence: Moto Hagio for A Cruel God Reigns
 * Special Award: Toshio Naiki for the foundation and management of Modern Manga Library

1998

 * Grand Prize: Jiro Taniguchi and Natsuo Sekikawa for the trilogy Bocchan No Jidai (Times of "Botchan")
 * Award for Excellence: Yūji Aoki for Naniwa Kin'yūdō (The way of the Ōsaka loan shark)
 * Special Award: Shotaro Ishinomori for the long years of contribution to manga

1999

 * Grand Prize: Naoki Urasawa for Monster
 * Award for Excellence: Akira Sasō for Shindō
 * Special Award: Fusanosuke Natsume for the excellence criticism of manga

2000

 * Grand Prize: Daijiro Morohoshi for Saiyū Yōenden (The Monkey King and other Chinese Legends)
 * Award for Excellence: Minetarō Mochizuki for Dragon Head
 * Special Award: Frederik L. Schodt for the distinguished service to introduce Japanese manga round the world

2001

 * Grand Prize: Reiko Okano and Baku Yumemakura for Onmyōji (The Master of Shade and Light)
 * Award for Excellence: Kotobuki Shiriagari for Yajikita in Deep
 * Special Award: Akira Maruyuma for the valuable service to support comic artists at Tokiwa house

2002

 * Grand Prize: Takehiko Inoue for Vagabond
 * Award for Excellence: Kentaro Miura for Berserk

2003

 * Grand Prize: Fumiko Takano for The Yellow Book: A friend Named Jacques Thibault
 * Creative Award: Yumi Hotta and Takeshi Obata for Hikaru no Go
 * Short story Award: Hisaichi Ishii for Gendai Shisō no Sōnanshātachi (Victims of modern ideas)
 * Special Award: Shigeru Mizuki for the creative pictures and the long years of activities

2004

 * Grand Prize: Kyoko Okazaki for Helter Skelter
 * Creative Award: Takashi Morimoto for Naniwadora ihon (Variant edition of the Naniwa wastrel)
 * Short story Award: Risu Akizuki for OL Shinkaron and other works
 * Special Award: Tarō Minamoto for the pioneer works of historical manga and contribution to manga culture

2005

 * Grand Prize: Naoki Urasawa, Osamu Tezuka and Takashi Nagasaki for Pluto
 * Creative Award: Fumiyo Kōno for Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms
 * Short story Award: Rieko Saibara for Jōkyō Monogatari and Mainichi Kaasan
 * Special Award: Kawasaki City Museum for the collection of manga works from Edo period to the present day, and its exhibitions

2006

 * Grand Prize: Hideo Azuma for Disappearance Diary
 * Creative Award: Asa Higuchi for Big Windup!
 * Short story Award: Risa Itō for One Woman, Two Cats, Oi Piitan!! (Hey Pitan!), Onna no mado (A Woman's Window) and other works
 * Special Award: Kousei Ono for the long years of the introduction of comics from abroad to Japan as a commentator for manga

2007

 * Grand Prize: Ryoko Yamagishi for Terpsichora (The Dancing Girl; Maihime Τερψιχόρα)
 * Creative Award: Nobuhisa Nozoe, Kazuhisa Iwata and Kyojin Ōnishi for Shinsei Kigeki (Divine Comedy)
 * Short story Award: Hiromi Morishita for Ōsaka Hamlet

2008

 * Grand Prize: Masayuki Ishikawa for Moyashimon
 * Creative Award: Toranosuke Shimada for Träumerei
 * Short story Award: Yumiko Ōshima for GūGū Datte Neko De Aru (Cher Gou-Gou...mon petit chat, mon petit ami.)
 * Special Award: International Institute for Children's Literature, Osaka Prefecture (English Official site)

2009

 * Grand Prize: Fumi Yoshinaga for Ōoku: The Inner Chambers
 * Grand Prize: Yoshihiro Tatsumi for A Drifting Life
 * Short story Award: Hikaru Nakamura for Saint Young Men
 * New Artist Prize : Suehiro Maruo for Panorama-tō Kitan (Anecdote of the Panorama Island)

2010

 * Grand Prize: Yoshihiro Yamada for Hyouge Mono
 * Short story Award: Mari Yamazaki for Thermae Romae
 * New Artist Prize : Haruko Ichikawa for Mushi to Uta
 * Special Award: Yoshihiro Yonezawa to wide achievements of the collection and the commentary activity of basic material of the cartoon research.

2011

 * Grand Prize: Motoka Murakami for Jin
 * Grand Prize: Issei Eifuku and Taiyo Matsumoto for Takemitsuzamurai
 * New Artist Prize: Hiromu Arakawa for Fullmetal Alchemist
 * Short Work Prize: Keisuke Yamashina for his work in creating C-kyū Salaryman Kōza, Papa wa Nanda ka Wakaranai, and other salaryman manga.

2012

 * Grand Prize: Hitoshi Iwaaki for Historie
 * New Artist Prize: Yu Itō for Shut Hell
 * Short Work Prize: Roswell Hosoki for his work in creating Sake no Hosomichi, and other manga.
 * Special Award: "That Weekly Shōnen Jump" - a specific copy of the magazine's 16th issue of 2011 that was shared by over 100 children at the Shiokawa Shoten bookstore in Itsutsubashi, Sendai immediately after the Great East Japan earthquake

2013

 * Grand Prize: Yasuhisa Hara for Kingdom
 * New Artist Prize: Miki Yamamoto for Sunny Sunny Ann!
 * Short Work Prize: Yoshiie Gōda for Kikai-Jikake no Ai (Love of Machine)

2014

 * Grand Prize: Chica Umino for March Comes in Like a Lion
 * New Artist Prize: Machiko Kyō for Mitsuami no Kamisama
 * Short Work Prize: Yūki Shikawa for Onnoji
 * Special Award: Fujiko Fujio (A) for Manga Michi and Ai... Shirisomeshi Koro ni...
 * Readers' Award: Chūya Koyama for Space Brothers

2015

 * Grand Prize: Yoiko Hoshi for Aisawa Riku
 * New Creator Prize: Yoshitoki Ōima for A Silent Voice
 * Short Work Prize: Sensha Yoshida for his works as a whole
 * Special Prize: Chikako Mitsuhashi for Chiisana Koi no Monogatari

2016

 * Grand Prize: Kei Ichinoseki for Hanagami Sharaku and Kiyohiko Azuma for Yotsuba&!
 * New Creator Prize: Yuki Andō for Machida-kun no Sekai
 * Short Work Prize: Tatsuya Nakazaki for Jimihen
 * Special Prize: Kyoto International Manga Museum in recognition of its 10th anniversary and its contributions to manga culture

2017

 * Grand Prize: Fusako Kuramochi for Hana ni Somu
 * New Creator Prize: Haruko Kumota for Descending Stories: Showa Genroku Rakugo Shinju
 * Short Work Prize: Kahoru Fukaya for Yomawari Neko
 * Special Prize: Osamu Akimoto for Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo

2018

 * Grand Prize: Satoru Noda for Golden Kamuy
 * New Creator Prize: Paru Itagaki for BEASTARS
 * Short Work Prize: Taro Yabe for Oya-san to Boku
 * Special Prize: Tetsuya Chiba for Ashita no Joe

2019

 * Grand Prize: Shinobu Arima for Jitterbug The Forties
 * New Creator Prize: Sansuke Yamada for Areyo Hoshikuzu
 * Short Work Prize: Ken Koyama for Little Miss P
 * Special Prize: Takao Saito for Golgo 13 in recognition of its 50th anniversary

2020

 * Grand Prize: Kan Takahama for Nyx no Lantern
 * New Creator Prize: Rettō Tajima for Mizu wa Umi ni Mukatte Nagareru
 * Short Work Prize: Yama Wayama for Captivated, by You
 * Special Prize: Machiko Hasegawa in recognition of what would have been her 100th birthday on January 20

2021

 * Grand Prize: Kazumi Yamashita for Land
 * New Creator Prize: Kanehito Yamada and Tsukasa Abe for Frieren: Beyond Journey's End
 * Short Work Prize: Hiroko Nobara for Kieta Mama Tomo and Tsuma wa Kuchi o Kiite Kuremasen
 * Special Prize: Koyoharu Gotouge for creating a social phenomenon with Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba

2022

 * Grand Prize: Uoto for Chi: On the Movements of the Earth
 * New Creator Prize: Natsuko Taniguchi for Kyōshitsu no Katasumi de Seishun wa Hajimaru and Konya Sukiyaki da yo
 * Short Work Prize: Izumi Okaya for Ii Toshi o and Hakumokuren wa Kirei ni Chiranai

2023

 * Grand Prize: Kiwa Irie for Yuria-sensei no Akai Ito
 * New Creator Prize: Ganpu for Danchōtei Nichijō
 * Short Work Prize: Ebine Yamaji for Onna no Ko ga Iru Basho wa
 * Special Prize: Kazuo Umezu for Zoku Shingo: Chiisana Robot Shingo Bijutsukan

2024

 * Grand Prize: Mari Yamazaki, Miki Tori for PLINIVS
 * New Creator Prize: Akihito Sakaue for Kanda Gokura-chō Shokunin-Banashi
 * Short Work Prize: Miri Masuda for Tsuyukusa Natsuko no Isshō
 * Special Prize: COMITIA for contributing to the cultural spread of manga.

title: Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize


text:
Bright Future (policy)

‘Bright Future’ was an innovation policy initiated by the National government in New Zealand in 1999. Originally called ‘Five Steps Ahead’, it was designed to identify the areas in which New Zealand innovation could be improved, including the tall poppy syndrome. It was overseen by the Ministry of Commerce, whose minister at the time was the Hon Max Bradford.

Amongst other initiatives, the Bright Future programme introduced a group of scholarships for talented students at graduate and post-graduate level.

The policy was dropped by the Fifth Labour Government.

title: Bright Future (policy)


text:
David Allen (author)

David Allen (born December 28, 1945) is an American author and productivity consultant. He created the time management method Getting Things Done.

Careers
Allen grew up in Shreveport, Louisiana where he acted and won a state championship in debate. He attended New College (now New College of Florida) in Sarasota, Florida, and completed graduate work in American history at the University of California, Berkeley.

After graduate school, Allen began using heroin and was briefly institutionalized. He is an ordained minister with the Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness. He claims to have had 35 professions before age 35. He began applying his perspective on productivity with businesses in the 1980s when he began consulting at Lockheed's human resources department.

Publications and habitat
Allen has written three books: Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity, which describes his productivity program; Ready for Anything: 52 Productivity Principles for Work and Life, a collection of newsletter articles he has written; Making It All Work: Winning at the Game of Work and Business of Life, a follow-up to his first book. In 2015, he also wrote a new updated version of Getting Things Done: the Art of Stress-Free Productivity.

Personal Life
Allen lived in Ojai, California with his fourth wife, Kathryn. In 2014, they moved to Amsterdam in the Netherlands.

title: David Allen (author)


text:
Tezuka Award

The Tezuka Award (手塚賞) is a semi-annual manga award offered by the Japanese publisher Shueisha since 1971, under the auspices of its Weekly Shonen Jump magazine. It awarded new manga artists in the Story Manga category. Its counterpart award, Akatsuka Award, awards new manga artists in the Comedic Manga category. The award is named after the manga pioneer Osamu Tezuka and is designed to cultivate new artists. The prize for a top Selected Work is two million Japanese yen and for a lesser but still worthy work, a million yen. The award also has third place honorable mentions for contestants deemed worthy, that includes half a million yen. These cash prizes may not be awarded (as is often the case) if the judges deem none of the candidates worthy.

Historically the recipients have been in their early twenties, although two notable winners were over 90 years of age.

Committee chair

 * Osamu Tezuka (1971–1988)
 * Fujio Akatsuka (1989–2008). Due to his failing health, this title was merely a formality during the years leading up to his death on August 2, 2008, with his duties handled by Akira Toriyama in his absence.

Major committee members
These are the most prominent members of the committee only. Other adjudicators are also present in the committee.
 * Akira Toriyama
 * Eiichiro Oda
 * Kazuki Takahashi
 * Masanori Morita
 * Masashi Kishimoto
 * Hiroyuki Asada
 * Takehiko Inoue
 * Tezuka Productions

Notable Recipients

 * Yoshihiro Takahashi
 * Buichi Terasawa　(1977, for Daichi yo Aoku Nare)
 * Masakazu Katsura (1980, for Tsubasa and 1981, for Tenkousei wa Hensousei!?)
 * Masanori Morita
 * Takeshi Obata (1985, for 500 Kōnen no Shinwa)
 * Yoshihiro Togashi (1986, for Buttobi Straight)
 * Nobuhiro Watsuki (1987, for Teacher Pon)
 * Takehiko Inoue (1988, for Kaede Purple)
 * Hiroyuki Takei
 * Yuuziro Sakamoto (2003)

title: Tezuka Award


text:
Talk:Darren O'Shaughnessy

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tsd1510.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:03, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Really is darren shan gay tell me —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.45.108.175 (talk) 19:39, 31 May 2010 (UTC) No. He supports gay rights but is married to a woman --213.233.148.27 (talk) 14:04, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

Gay side
there is no single mention in this article about darrens homosexuality. i find that offensive. he is known to be one of the greatest supporters of gay rights in ireland and should be paid hommage as such. all attempts to portrait his homosexuality as a negative trait is childish and retarded. 91.148.97.253

YES THIS IS TRUE 81.133.192.237 14:09, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

You want to defend one frequently discriminated against status (homosexuality) yet dip to juvenile lows and disrespect the developmentally disabled by using the word "retarded" in a derogatory capacity. Go away, dumbass. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.132.84.97 (talk • contribs)

We dont really care about Homosexuality in a ENCYCLOPEDIA! >:O Katsuuu!! (talk) 04:31, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Lexi lover (talk) 14:42, 8 April 2010 (UTC) On the contrary, I agree with KatsuSan, in an encyclopedia, homosexuality of a person is not really needed but it could be added nevertheless, and just because it isn't mentioned doesn't mean that it is portrayed as a negative trait! Lexi lover (talk) 14:42, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Comments by Ta bu shi da yu
Uh, it's almost as if the author of this book wrote this page. This needs LOTS of work! - Ta bu shi da yu 12:18, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Wow, great work editors! - Ta bu shi da yu 05:14, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Darren Shan WikiProject
The Darren Shan articles here are is serious need of clean up or need to be written. If anybody is interested in doing a Darren Shan WikiProject, sign here. -Ationsong 18:37, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Vandal?
I don't really know enough to help with the article, but I am adding it to my watchlist after remoing two pieces of irrelevant information, just to be sure if it happens again it's fixed. Tartan 20:10, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Book Covers
How would I go about adding book cover pictures to some of these articles? For instance, Cirque du Freak needs a picture of the book cover. But i'm unsure of what is allowed and what isn't because of copyright. - Cpudestroyer 23:54, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

3d design?
This is the first I've read of a hidden 3D design on any of the books. Can you point out where they are on the books? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.106.106.5 (talk • contribs) 02:41, July 13, 2006 (UTC)

yeah, i wondered what that meant Andy mci 15:51, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

I thought I saw a 3-d book cover at a store Eulric

Darren Shan
Is that really Darren Shan's picture?--Eulric 22:32, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is. --Yarnalgo 00:50, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Why wouldnt it be?--Andy mci 16:30, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Improvements to make
This was left on my talk page as the ways to improve this article. so read it.

Hi Andy. Here are some comments I posted to the project discussion page of this article after I assessed it:

I gave this a "Stub" classification because there is only a short biography, a list of books and some trivia. After finishing, I knew only a little more about this person than before I had started.

Some suggestions: Expand the bio, and please include inline citations for your information. As things stand, this article is not sourced at all.

Instead of a list of books, consider discussing the impact the books (each series) have had on the public and literary community. Also, to be complete, please include the publisher and ISBN number for the books that you feel must be listed.

I also think this article might better be merged with the ones about this other series of books.

he then put this

Forgot to add that the second paragraph in the lead would need to be deleted, since it doesn't reference anything from the body of the article. The lead should provide a concise summary of the article itself.

--Andy mci 18:16, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This is also available at Talk:Darren Shan/Comments by the way. --Yarnalgo 01:05, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Article Name
The name of this article is "Darren Shan", but Darren Shan is just his pen name. His real name is Darren O'Shaughnessy, so shouldn't that be the name for the article? I think that the article title should be changed and have "darren shan" just redirecet to this page. Leave a comment if you agree/disagree. Skittlesrgood4u 16:20, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Most people know him by Darren Shan, so it might as well be the name of the page.--Andy mci 17:54, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

First Paragraph
"He is also currently writing the Demonata series, which seems to be doing well." This sentence is vague and unprofessional. 86.138.64.146 17:48, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

I agree. This sentence sounds like it is promoting the series, which does not meet the requirements. This should be changed immediately. It should be changed to say that he is currently in the process of writing another series titled the Demonata, which is having a good response with the public, or something along those lines. Skittlesrgood4u 02:09, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Skull and Crossbones Logo
The logo on the newer covers on the Darren Shan Sage/Vampire Chronicles appears to be that of a stylised spider, with a skull embedded. This would fit in with major lines in the plot, in much the same way that in the demonata series this is a wolf's head with chess pieces either side. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.217.252.91 (talk) 11:53, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Crepsley?
Where does it say that the new four book series is about Larten Crepsley? I've yet to see any proof of this. I've emailed Darren Shan about it, but I'm not sure if he'll respond. If he does this will be settled, but I'd still like to see some proof. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.72.106.215 (talk) 05:58, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

User talk:Avatarcloud —Preceding comment was added at 19:49, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Edinburgh Book Festival, he read out a couple of chapters from it.--Andy mci 17:55, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Avatar Cloud: Your right, I just got an email from him confirming it. But he read a couple of chapters? Were you there?

The two new trilogies
Who added these and where's the proof? I can't find anything about them on the internet. J4cK0fHe4rt5 (talk) 10:00, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Articles_for_deletion/Lord_Loss
FYI, please comment there. Ikip (talk) 01:46, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Correct me if I'm wrong...
...but the dragon article on Wikipedia claims they're a myth, so I don't think the author fought one. Maybe verify that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.25.142.142 (talk) 21:09, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Demonata book 11 and 12
wheres the proof for 11. Demons Horns (book)(2012) and 12. Choas Theory (novel)(2013)? Im deleting them until a source is given to validate that he is writing more books in the series, which i doubt. S-m-r-t (talk) 12:13, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Nationality
I would say that his nationality is Anglo-Irish/English-Irish, as opposed to Irish, seeing as he was born and spent his first six years living in England. Plus he went to university in London and I have seen a video of him in which he speaks with an English Accent. Any thoughts? 92.27.203.153 (talk) 17:47, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Well U2's the Edge is called Anglo-Irish on his article, despite having only lived in England for a year, so it would probably be a better description. 82.1.157.16 (talk) 22:44, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced
If unreferenced info should be challenged and/or removed, when is it appropriate to start yanking things out of the article? The awards sections doesn't have a single reference. The "shortlisted" awards are especially questionable. Tripnoted (talk) 01:59, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and I think 2+ years is long enough! I'm removing it. Hoof Hearted (talk) 19:56, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

Films
I just wanted to explain that the film section was tagged before the film was released. Now that it has its own wikipedia article, I don't think we need the unsourced tag here. There don't appear to be any contentious claims in that section anyway. If anyone disagrees, feel free to replace the tag. Also, while it may seem that I removed a reference, the IMDb title tag is meant for title articles only (not people). Hoof Hearted (talk) 20:36, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:51, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Darren O'Shaughnessy