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U.S. Labor Party

The U.S. Labor Party (USLP) was an American political party formed in 1973 by the National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC). It served as a vehicle for Lyndon LaRouche to run for President of the United States in 1976, but it also sponsored many candidates for local offices as well as congressional and Senate seats between 1972 and 1979. After that the political arm of the NCLC was the National Democratic Policy Committee. The party was the subject of a number of controversies and lawsuits during its short existence.

Party objectives and ideology
At first the party was leftist, "preaching Marxist revolution." A state leader described the aims of the party and its organ, New Solidarity, as supporting the working class against capitalism, Nelson Rockefeller, and Leonard Woodcock, head of the United Auto Workers. The USLP predicted collapse of the monetary system by November 1976 and thermonuclear war by 1977. It opposed the Rockefeller family and had a reputation for harassing the Communist Party, the United Auto Workers, and other political foes. In a 1974 interview, the USLP candidate for Governor of Michigan characterized the Watergate scandal as a "deliberate attempt" to discredit Richard Nixon and weaken the presidency. By 1977 the party had shifted from the left to politics of the extreme right, though mixed disparate policies and ideas from both sides made the party overall syncretic.

1972–1976
The U.S. Labor Party was noted for its controversial campaign tactics, and its invective campaigns against other politicians. Nelson Rockefeller, the former Governor of New York who was nominated to be vice president by Gerald Ford in 1974, was an early target of the USLP's attention. During the Senate's confirmation hearings, LaRouche appeared on behalf of the USLP as a witness against Rockefeller's nomination. He testified that a USLP survey showed 90 percent of U.S. workers and the unemployed hated Rockefeller.

In 1974 the Wisconsin branch of the Labor Party took out a newspaper advertisement announcing that it had filed for an injunction to prevent the CIA, FBI, and the New York Police Department from arresting Lyndon LaRouche (then known as Lyn Marcus) or anyone involved in the movement's kidnapping of Christopher White, who had married LaRouche's former common-law wife. According to detailed descriptions by LaRouche, White had been brainwashed by the CIA and KGB to kill him. The advertisement further reported that the movement had found a cure for psychosis and encouraged mental health professionals to contact them to develop this discovery. USLP member Harley Schlanger, a candidate for the House of Representatives, sued the Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, ABC Board in August 1976, for prohibiting campaigning on their property, which he contended was public property. The North Carolina ACLU joined the suit. The district court judge decided that the activity was protected free speech that could not be prohibited so long as activists did not block doorways.

One of the U.S. Labor Party's strategies focused on disrupting other left-wing groups, with questionable success. William Chapman wrote in The Washington Post in September 1976 that several public figures on the left had reported threats and intimidation, and said those responsible had identified themselves as members of LaRouche's NCLC or U.S. Labor Party. The linguist and political activist Noam Chomsky was accused of working for the CIA and being a tool of the Rockefellers; meetings he addressed were disrupted, and threats were made. The philosopher Paul Kurtz, editor of The Humanist, was asked during his lectures at the State University of New York why he was practicing genocide. According to Chapman, sociologists Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, specialists on urban poverty, were followed around the country having their speaking tours disrupted. Environmentalist Lester Brown was accused of genocide and told he would be hanged from a lamppost. LaRouche was asked how he expected a party with a five-year record of harassment and threats to win the election; he did not deny the incidents, but replied, "We are only engaged in an open political attack. We just want to challenge them in debate." He denied however that anyone had been threatened with physical harm: "Sure, we're going to get them – but politically."

The U.S. Labor Party was well financed, operating from the top floor of a building in New York's garment district. A teletype network connected the New York office to branches in a further 13 U.S. cities, and also included a two-way, 24-hour link to Wiesbaden, Germany. Membership was small, ranging from 20 to 100 people per city, with a core of 1,000 to 1,800 members; according to LaRouche, these were complemented by another 13,000 part-time party organizers. LaRouche said the party was funded by members' dues, other small contributions, and the sale of publications like The Campaigner and New Solidarity – one a theoretical journal, the other a twice-weekly newspaper. The party fielded candidates in local and congressional elections, generally garnering only insignificant percentages of the popular vote; but there were exceptions – in Seattle, a Labor Party member running for the city council won 27 percent of the vote, with another candidate who ran for city treasurer garnering 20 percent.

Presidential campaign
In an appearance on Meet the Press with other minor party candidates in October 1976, LaRouche predicted monetary collapse followed by thermonuclear war before summer if Jimmy Carter were elected. LaRouche also described Carter as "a nitwit to begin with, an empty slop jar into which bad lemonade is being poured." However, conservative Republicans like President Ford fared better, incongruously so, given the Labor Party's stated left-wing stance. "I call them honest Americans", LaRouche said. He described Ford as "weak but well-meaning" and "a known quantity we can live with".

On November 1, the eve of the election, the USLP purchased a half-hour block of time on NBC, the first of many national broadcasts by LaRouche that would follow in election years to come. The time was purchased over the objection of the network which unsuccessfully appealed the last-minute purchase to the Federal Election Commission. During the broadcast, which ran opposite a similar advertisement from Carter on another network, LaRouche said that Carter would have the U.S "irreversibly committed to nuclear war by no later than the Summer of 1977" if elected. According to LaRouche's autobiography, he "...blew the policy of James R. Schlesinger, for an early nuclear confrontation with Moscow, and exposed the genocidal policies which key Carter backers, such as George Ball, had publicly demanded as measures for drastic population reduction of nations such as Mexico. More broadly, I presented a policy of international monetary reform, as alternative to a deepening crisis in the developing sector..." NBC reported receiving hundreds of calls protesting the broadcast.

LaRouche's name was on the ballot in 23 states plus the District of Columbia on November 2, 1976. He received 40,043 votes (0.05%). U.S. Labor Party candidates sometimes received unusually high vote totals in comparison with those garnered by other small ideologically-based parties.

Following the election, the USLP brought lawsuits in three states challenging Carter's victory. The Republican Party joined the suits in Ohio and New York. Regional coordinator Paul Greenberg sought a recount in Milwaukee, saying "the election has actually been stolen — the actual winner was probably Jerry Ford."

For more information on LaRouche's 1976 presidential campaign and the movement's legal disputes with the FEC, see Lyndon LaRouche U.S. Presidential campaigns.

1977–1982
In August 1977, the USLP said that the Federal Election Commission (FEC) was intentionally harassing the group as a result of a determination that forgiven debts were the equivalent of campaign contributions. The same month the USLP hired a former OSS and CIA operative, mercenary, firearms engineer and arms dealer, Colonel Mitch WerBell, to protect LaRouche. They said that LaRouche, then living in Wiesbaden, Germany, was being targeted for assassination by the "Baader-Meinhof Gang", allegedly on behalf of the Carter administration. Werbell in turn recruited the chief of police from his town, Powder Springs, Georgia, to set up the security.

In 1978, LaRouche began a vigorous USLP campaign for the presidency in 1980, targeting farmers, small businessmen and Teamsters Union members in the Heartland states.

In May 1978, USLP Steering Committee member Elliott Eisenberg campaigned in a Chicago suburb, saying that "the reason we picked Schaumburg is because it's a relatively conservative area ... There's more of a tendency for people to support nuclear power."

The USLP vice-presidential candidate, Khushro Ghandhi, campaigned in June 1979 and predicted victory based on support from the Teamsters (a faction of the union had ties to LaRouche). Running on a pro-nuclear power platform, Ghandhi said that the recent Three Mile Island accident was ordered by Energy Secretary James R. Schlesinger in order to create a false energy crisis.

By late summer of 1979 the NCLC and LaRouche had decided to join the Democratic Party so that LaRouche could run for that party's presidential nomination, and the U.S. Labor Party was disbanded. In 1982 the USLP was sued for $1.5 million in damages by U.S. News & World Report when one of its employees allegedly impersonated a reporter. The magazine won an injunction against the party publications. Lyndon LaRouche, when asked about the matter, said, "I don't know anything about it and I never looked into it, but I do know that the liberal press uses undercover press practices that are abhorrent and beneath description."

Far-right contacts
The U.S. Labor Party had contacts with several notable figures on the extreme right wing of American politics. By the late 1970s, members were exchanging almost daily information with Roy Frankhouser, a government informant and infiltrator of both far right and far left groups who was involved with the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party. The LaRouche organization believed Frankhouser to be a federal agent who had been assigned to infiltrate right-wing and left-wing groups, and that he had evidence that these groups were actually being manipulated or controlled by the FBI and other agencies. LaRouche and his associates considered Frankhouser to be a valuable intelligence contact, and took his links to racist and anti-Semitic groups to be a cover for his intelligence work. Frankhouser played into these expectations, misrepresenting himself as a conduit for communications to LaRouche from "Mr. Ed", an alleged CIA contact, who did not exist. Frankhouser was convicted in 1975 of conspiring to sell half a ton of dynamite in connection with a school bus bombing that left one man dead, and had marched on Fifth Avenue in New York wearing a Gestapo uniform. LaRouche had organized his defense campaign regarding the dynamite charges. Frankhouser asserted he was working for the government and was sentenced to five years of probation instead of the decades in prison he could have received.

Frankhouser warned LaRouche in 1977 that, according to his claimed CIA contact "Mr. Ed", he was being considered for assassination, and introduced him to Mitchell WerBell III, a noted Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operative, mercenary, operator of a counterterrorism school, accused drug trafficker, firearms engineer, and arms dealer who said he had an ongoing connection to the CIA. LaRouche developed close ties with WerBell, hiring him as a security consultant for protection against the assumed assassination threat and to train his security staff. It was WerBell who arranged for LaRouche movement members to undergo anti-terrorist training. John George and Laird Wilcox say WerBell learned that the way to keep "LaRouche on the hook was to feed his monstrous ego while jerking his paranoia chain".

Frankhouser cultivated a contact with a media source in New York, enabling him to tip off LaRouche about upcoming stories before they became public. In 1979, Frankhouser was also placed on the payroll as a security consultant, having convinced LaRouche that he was actively connected to U.S. intelligence agencies. A government official later said that Frankhouser was one of the few people who could call LaRouche directly. Forrest Lee Fick, an associate of Frankhouser from the KKK, was added as a consultant in 1982. Fick helped Frankhouser, who was not a competent writer, to compose the memos from "Mr. Ed"; they appeared so authentic that when news about them began to leak out via defectors from LaRouche's security organization, journalists began to speculate about the identity of "Mr. Ed". Frankhouser and Fick later testified that, to justify their $700-per-week paychecks, they had invented their connections to the CIA, written memos purporting to be from CIA agents, and warned of imaginary assassination plots against the LaRouches. George and Wilcox called Frankhouser's deception "one of the biggest hoaxes in the annals of political extremism", made possible by what they called LaRouche's "obsession with conspiracy theories" and intelligence gathering.

The USLP also had brief contact with the Liberty Lobby led by Willis Carto. Carto had some exploratory talks with LaRouche about a joint strategy against the IRS, but the contact was marked by much mutual suspicion. Carto was troubled by the number of Jews in the U.S. Labor Party, and by their adherence to basic socialist positions, including their support for central banking, while Labor Party members considered people in the Liberty Lobby "red-necks" and "idiots".

Criticism
In 1979, a two-part article by Howard Blum and Paul L. Montgomery appeared in the New York Times that accused LaRouche of running a cult. Blum wrote that LaRouche had turned the U.S. Labor Party—with 1,000 members listed in 37 offices in North America, and 26 in Europe and Latin America—into an extreme-right, anti-Semitic organization, despite the presence of Jewish members. The Times alleged that members had taken courses in how to use knives and rifles, and had produced reports for South Africa on anti-apartheid groups in the United States. A farm in upstate New York was allegedly being used for guerrilla training, attended by LaRouche members from Germany and Mexico. Several members also underwent a six-day anti-terrorist training course, at a cost of $200 per person per day, at a camp in Powder Springs, Georgia, run by WerBell.

The Times reported that U.S. Labor Party members were playing a dominant role in a number of companies in Manhattan: Computron Technologies Corporation, which included Mobil Oil and Citibank among its clients; World Composition Services, which the Times wrote had one of the most advanced typesetting complexes in the city and had the Ford Foundation among its clients; and PMR Associates, a printing shop that produced the party's publications and some high school newspapers (see below).

Blum wrote that, from 1976 onwards, party members were transmitting intelligence reports on left-wing members to the FBI and local police. In 1977, he wrote, commercial reports on U.S. anti-apartheid groups were prepared by LaRouche members for the South African government, student dissidents were reported to the Shah of Iran's Savak secret police, and the anti-nuclear movement was investigated on behalf of power companies. He also wrote that LaRouche was telling his membership several times a year that he was being targeted for assassination, including by the Queen, "big-time Zionist mobsters," the Council on Foreign Relations, the Justice Department, and the Mossad.

LaRouche denied the newspaper's charges, and said he had filed a $100 million libel suit. His press secretary said the series was intended "to set up a credible climate for an assassination hit".

The USLP has also been called a "radical and cult-like group". Milton Copulos of The Heritage Foundation described the USLP as "a virulently anti-Semitic outgrowth of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)" which used the Fusion Energy Foundation as a front to "win the confidence of unsuspecting businessmen". Washington Post columnist Richard Cohen wrote that the USLP began "on the political left but has since gone so far in the opposite direction that to call it politically right is to slander the entire conservative movement". Labor-union journalist Victor Riesel, while writing of "anti-capitalistic movements, ranging all the way from the Communist Party U.S.A. to the Trotskyite Socialist Workers' Party", said in 1976 "the most extreme activists in this sprawling radicalism are the youthful U.S. Labor Party". Civil Rights activist Julian Bond called the party "a group of leftwing fascists".

LaRouche critic and biographer Dennis King says that when the USLP sponsored LaRouche's 1976 campaign, the NCLC was still in transition from a far-left to far-right ideology but by 1977-1978 both organizations (which were really one and the same for all essential purposes) were advocating extreme-right positions. King described a typical post-transition USLP campaign in Lyndon LaRouche and the New American Fascism (Doubleday, 1989):

In Baltimore, USLP candidate Debra Freeman appealed openly to racist and anti-Semitic sentiments in her 1978 campaign against incumbent Congressman Parren Mitchell, chairman of the Black Congressional Caucus. Freeman, who is white, described Mitchell as a 'house nigger' for Baltimore's 'Zionists' and an example of 'bestiality' in politics....She won more than 11 percent of the vote, doing especially well in several white precincts.

The NCLC had used similar language as early as 1974, when an alderman in Madison, Wisconsin, was called a "house nigger" at a city-council meeting. According to Dennis King, the USLP chairman advocated launching ABC (atomic, biological and chemical) warfare against the Soviet Union as well as the military crushing of Britain (which his newspaper described as the headquarters of the "Zionist-British organism").

National Democratic Policy Committee
After the 1980 campaign, LaRouche established the National Democratic Policy Committee as a vehicle for his and his followers, candidacies." Claiming 2,600 members, the NDPC is a source of considerable dismay within the Democratic National Committee, with which it is often confused. It also indicates LaRouche's new strategy, which is to represent himself as a "conservative Democrat." In fact, it is merely the successor of the now defunct U.S. Labor Party as LaRouche's political arm. and is regarded as the successor to the USLP. LaRouche's politics were not shared by many in the Democratic Party, allowing him to occupy a niche with little competition. A number of state and local candidates have been fielded from within the NDPC's ranks over the past several years. Included among them are Mel Klenetsky, LaRouche's campaign manager, who ran for Mayor of New York, and William Wertz who ran for the U.S. Senate from California in 1982." "No more will the United States fight World Wars to save the British Empire in any shape or guise. No more will the United States tolerate the British system, whether colonial or neo-colonial. No more will the United States tolerate the economics of Adam Smith in any part of the world. We are going to take this aching, poor, hungry world and we're going to transform it with American methods. We're going to transform it through the export and development of high technology, we're going to have Manhattan Projects and NASA projects and every dirigiste, Federally-directed, scientific crazed program that we deem necessary."

- Lyndon LaRouche

USLP candidates

 * Nicholas F. Benton gathered petitions in 1978 for Governor of California, but did not appear on the ballot
 * Michael Billington, candidate in 1977 for County Executive of Westchester County, New York, in 1978 for New York's 24th congressional district
 * Robert Bowen, candidate in 1975 for New Jersey's 34th legislative district, in 1976 for New Jersey's 1st congressional district, in 1978 for U.S. Senate from New Jersey.
 * Elijah C. (Zeke) Boyd, candidate in 1974 and 1976 for U.S. Senate from New York, in 1977 for Mayor of New York City
 * Anton Chaitkin, candidate in 1973 for Mayor of New York City, in 1974 for Governor of New York, in 1978 for Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district
 * Wayne Evans, candidate in 1975 for Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, in 1976 for Vice President of the United States
 * Paul Gallagher, candidate in 1977 for 1977 New York City Council President, in 1978 for New York's 18th congressional district, in 1978 for Governor of New York
 * Khushro Ghandi, candidate in 1974 for Michigan House of Representatives 18th district, in 1977 for Mayor of Buffalo, New York, in 1978 for New York's 37th congressional district.
 * Elliott Greenspan, candidate in 1975 for New Jersey's 13th legislative district, in 1976 for New Jersey's 4th congressional district, in 1978 for New Jersey's 7th congressional district
 * Mel Klenetsky, candidate in 1978 for Governor of Illinois, candidate in 1981 for Mayor of New York City
 * H. Graham Lowry, candidate in 1976 for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts, in 1978 for Massachusetts's 11th congressional district
 * J. Philip Rubinstein, candidate in 1978 for Lieutenant Governor of New York
 * Harley Schlanger, candidate in 1976 for North Carolina's 9th congressional district
 * William Wertz, candidate in 1976 for U.S. Senate from Washington

NDPC candidates and personnel
This list includes those who have been identified as holding a position within the NDPC and candidates who have run in two or more races, won primaries, or have otherwise gained attention while running NDPC candidates or otherwise identified as "LaRouche Democrats".
 * Ted Andromidas, candidate in 1983 for Los Angeles City Council, in 1990 for California's 29th congressional district, in 1994 for U.S. Senate from California
 * Mark Calney, Northwest coordinator for the NDPC, candidate in 1983 for Seattle City Council, in 1984 for Governor of Washington, 1985 for Mayor of Seattle, Washington, in 1990 for Governor of California, in 1992 for California's 30th congressional district, in 1994 for Governor of California
 * James J. Cleary, candidate in 1984 for New Jersey's 8th congressional district, in 1986 for New Jersey's 7th congressional district, in 1990 for New Jersey's 12th congressional district, in 1994 for New Jersey's 7th congressional district (with the "LaRouche Was Right" party)
 * Michael DiMarco, candidate in 1983 for New Jersey's 7th legislative district, in 1984 for New Jersey's 13th congressional district, in 1992 for New Jersey's 4th congressional district (with LaRouche's "Democrats for Economic Recovery" party).
 * Mark Fairchild, candidate in 1986 for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (won the Democratic primary), in 1990 for Governor of Illinois
 * William Ferguson, candidate in 1983 for School Committee in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1994 for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts (with the "LaRouche Was Right" party), in 2001 for Massachusetts's 9th congressional district
 * Lawrence Freeman, candidate in 1994 and in 1998 for Governor of Maryland
 * Khushro Ghandi, West Coast coordinator of NDPC, candidate in 1983 for Los Angeles City Council, in 1989 for Mayor of Los Angeles., in 1989 for California Lieutenant Governor
 * Bill G. Goff, candidate in 1986 for Michigan State Senate (won Democratic Party primary)
 * Paul Goldstein, chief of security
 * James A. Green, candidate in 1986 for Michigan State Senate (won Democratic Party primary)
 * Elliott Greenspan, Executive Director of the NDPC, candidate in 1983 for New Jersey's 38th legislative district, in 1984 for U.S. Senate from New Jersey, in 1985 for Governor of New Jersey, candidate in 1986 for New Jersey's 9th congressional district, in 2001 for Governor of New Jersey
 * Janice Hart, candidate in 1986 for Secretary of State of Illinois (won the Democratic primary), in 1988 for Clerk of Circuit Court for Cook County, Illinois
 * Warren Hamerman, NDPC Chairman
 * Art Hoffmann, candidate in 1984 for California's 39th congressional district, in 1986 for California's 40th congressional district (initial results showed that Hoffman won the Democratic Party primary, but a recount gave the victory to a write-in candidate ), in 1989 for a seat on the Santa Ana Unified School District board of trustees, in 1990 for California's 38th congressional district. He also ran for the Orange Unified School District board and the Rancho Santiago College board of trustees in unknown years.
 * Georgia Irey, candidate in 1984 for California's 45th congressional district, in 1986 for U.S. Senate from Indiana
 * Sheila Jones, Midwest director for the NDPC, candidate in 1986 for U.S. Senate from Illinois, in 1987 for Mayor of Chicago, in 1988 for Cook County recorder of deeds, in 1989 for Mayor of Chicago, in 1990 for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, in 1991 for Mayor of Chicago, in 1994 for Governor of Illinois, in 1995 for Mayor of Chicago
 * Mel Klenetsky, co-director of political operations for the NDPC, national campaign director for LaRouche, candidate in 1982 for U.S. Senate from New York
 * Brian Lantz, founding member and Northern California director of the NDPC, candidate in 1986 for U.S. Senate from California, in 1987 for California's 5th congressional district
 * Evelyn Lantz, member of PANIC, candidate in 1983 for California's 5th congressional district, in 1986 for California's 9th congressional district, in 1994 for U.S. Senate from Texas and for state Democratic Party chair, in 1998 for U.S. Senate from Texas
 * Mel Logan, candidate in 2000 for U.S. Senate from Wyoming (won the Democratic Party primary)
 * Rose-Marie Love, candidate in 1986 for Mayor of Chicago, in 1992 for Illinois's 7th congressional district (with LaRouche's "Economic Recovery Party"), in 1994 for Secretary of State of Illinois
 * Fernando Oliver, candidate in 1986 for Lieutenant Governor of New York (later removed from ballot by court order)
 * J. Philip Rubinstein, President of Caucus Distributors, Northeast Regional Director of the NDPC, candidate in 1985 for Mayor of New York, in 1986 for Governor of New York (later removed from ballot by court order)
 * Dana Scanlon, spokeswoman for NDPC
 * Harley Schlanger, Southwest coordinator of NDPC, candidate in 1984 for U.S. Senate for Texas, in 1986 for Texas's 8th congressional district, in 1990 for U.S. Senate for Texas
 * Don Scott, candidate in 1984 for Ohio's 7th congressional district, in 1986 for U.S. Senate from Ohio, in 1990 for Ohio's 7th congressional district
 * Lewis duPont Smith, candidate in 1988 for New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, in 1990 for Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district, in 1994 for Minnesota Attorney General, in 1998 for New Jersey's 4th congressional district
 * Nancy Spannaus, candidate in 1990 for U.S. Senate from Virginia, in 1993 for Governor of Virginia, in 1994 for U.S. Senate from Virginia, in 1996 for U.S. Senate from Virginia, in 2002 for U.S. Senate from Virginia
 * Webster Tarpley, candidate in 1986 for U.S. Senate from New York (later removed from ballot by court order)
 * Philip Valenti, candidate in 1992 for U.S. Senate from Pennsylvania, in 1994 for Pennsylvania governor
 * William Wertz, candidate in 1982 for U.S. Senate from California, in 1983 for Los Angeles City Council

title: U.S. Labor Party


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Lois Maxwell

Lois Ruth Maxwell (née Hooker; February 14, 1927 – September 29, 2007) was a Canadian actress who portrayed Miss Moneypenny in the first fourteen Eon-produced James Bond films (1962–1985), from Dr. No in 1962 to A View to a Kill in 1985. She did not appear in the 1967 adaptation of Casino Royale, nor in the 1983 remake of Thunderball, Never Say Never Again, as the production was not Eon's, though she did, as a similar character, appear in the spoof O.K. Connery.

She began her film career in the late 1940s, and won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer for her performance in That Hagen Girl (1947). Following a number of small film roles, she became dissatisfied and travelled to Italy, where she worked in film from 1951 to 1955. After her marriage, she moved to the United Kingdom, where she appeared in several television productions, and later Canada, and Switzerland.

In 2001, she was diagnosed with colorectal cancer and moved to Western Australia, where she lived with her son until her death in 2007, at 80.

Early life
Maxwell was born in Kitchener, Ontario, to Ruth Adelaide Wells, a nurse, and William Victor Hooker, a teacher. Maxwell was raised in Toronto and attended Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute. She gained her first job working as a waitress at Bigwin Inn, a summer resort on Bigwin Island in Lake of Bays, Ontario.

During World War II she ran away from home, aged 15, to join the Canadian Women's Army Corps, a unit formed to release men for combat duties. CWAC personnel were secretaries, vehicle drivers, and mechanics, who performed every conceivable noncombat duty. Maxwell quickly became part of the Army Show in Canada. Later, as part of the Canadian Auxiliary Services Entertainment Unit, she was posted to the United Kingdom, where she performed music and dance numbers to entertain the troops, often appearing alongside Canadian comedians Wayne and Shuster.

Maxwell's true age was discovered when the group reached London. To avoid her being repatriated to Canada, she was discharged; she subsequently enrolled at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where she became friends with fellow student Roger Moore. Moore was later her on-screen colleague, in the James Bond film series, from Live and Let Die (1973) to A View to a Kill (1985).

Career
Moving to Hollywood at the age of 20, Maxwell won the actress Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer for her role in the Shirley Temple drama That Hagen Girl (1947). In 1949, she participated in a later famous Life magazine photo layout, in which she posed with other up-and-coming actresses, Marilyn Monroe, Cathy Downs, Suzanne Dalbert, Enrica Soma, Laurette Luez and Jane Nigh. It was at this time that she changed her surname from Hooker to Maxwell, a name borrowed from a ballet dancer friend. The rest of her family also took this name.

Most of Maxwell's work consisted of minor roles in B films. Tiring of Hollywood, she moved back to Europe, living in Rome for five years (1950–1955). There she made a series of films, and at one point became an amateur race driver. One of her Italian films was an adaptation of the opera Aida (1953), in which Maxwell played a leading role, lip-synching to another woman's vocals and appearing in several scenes with the then unknown Sophia Loren.

While visiting Paris, she met her future husband, TV executive Peter Marriott. They married in 1957 and moved to London, where their daughter Melinda and son Christian were both born (in 1958 and 1959). Maxwell appeared with Patrick McGoohan in the British television series Danger Man as his accomplice in the 1959 episode "Position of Trust".

During the 1960s, Maxwell appeared in many TV series and in films outside the Bond series, in both the UK and Canada. She guest-starred in two episodes of The Saint and later in one episode of The Persuaders!; in both of which she appeared alongside Roger Moore. She provided the voice of Atlanta for the Supermarionation science-fiction children's series Stingray and starred in the CBC series Adventures in Rainbow Country from 1970 to 1971.

Maxwell had a minor role as a nurse in Stanley Kubrick's Lolita (1962). In 1963 Maxwell played a machine gun-firing nurse in the series The Avengers (episode "The Little Wonders", which was first aired on 11 January 1964). She had a guest appearance in an episode of the ITC series The Baron ("Something for a Rainy Day", 1965), as an insurance investigator.

Role as Miss Moneypenny
Maxwell lobbied for a role in the James Bond film Dr. No (1962), after her husband had suffered a heart attack, and they needed the money. Director Terence Young, who had turned her down on the grounds that she "looked like she smelled of soap", offered her either Miss Moneypenny or Bond's girlfriend, Sylvia Trench, but Maxwell was uncomfortable with the idea of a revealing scene outlined in the screenplay. The role as M's secretary guaranteed just two days' work at a rate of £100 per day, and Maxwell supplied her own clothes for the filming.

She played Moneypenny in the first 14 Eon Bond films, including Dr. No (1962), From Russia with Love (1963), Goldfinger (1964), Thunderball (1965), You Only Live Twice (1967), On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969), Diamonds Are Forever (1971), Live and Let Die (1973), The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), Moonraker (1979), For Your Eyes Only (1981), Octopussy (1983), and A View to a Kill (1985).

Maxwell appeared in the Italian spy spoof O. K. Connery in 1967, with Bernard Lee (who played M) and Sean Connery's brother Neil. In the same year, she portrayed Moneypenny in a made-for-TV special, Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond, in which she co-starred with Kate O'Mara and Desmond Llewelyn.

The role of Moneypenny was nearly recast after Maxwell demanded a pay raise for Diamonds Are Forever (1971). However, the producers felt it important to incorporate the regular character, and it was ultimately decided during production to add the scene where, disguised as a customs officer, she gives Bond his travel documents at the Port of Dover. Maxwell and Sean Connery filmed their lines separately and were not present together for the short scene. Moneypenny's undercover policewoman's cap disguises the hair Maxwell had already dyed in preparation for another part.

Maxwell stayed on as Moneypenny when her former classmate Roger Moore assumed the role of 007 in Live and Let Die (1973). She reprised her character, weeping for the death of Bond, in a short scene with Bernard Lee in the French comedy Bons baisers de Hong Kong (1975).

During the filming of A View to a Kill (1985), her final appearance as Moneypenny, producer Albert R. Broccoli pointed out to her that they were the only cast or crew members from Dr. No who had not yet left the series. Maxwell asked that Moneypenny be killed off, but Broccoli recast the role instead.

According to author Tom Lisanti, Maxwell's Moneypenny was seen as an "anchor", and her flirtatious relationship with Bond provided the films with dramatic realism and humanism; for Moneypenny, Bond was "unobtainable", freeing the characters to make outrageous sexual double entendres.

Later life
Maxwell's husband died in 1973, having never fully recovered from his heart attack in the 1960s. Maxwell subsequently returned to Canada, settling in Fort Erie, Ontario, where she lived on Oakes Drive. She spent her summers at a cottage outside Espanola, Ontario, where she wrote a weekly column for the Toronto Sun under the pseudonym "Miss Moneypenny" from 1979 until 1994, and became a businesswoman working in the textile industry. In 1994, she returned to the UK once again to be nearer to her daughter Melinda, retiring to a cottage in Frome, Somerset. A plaque has been placed on her home there by the Frome Society of Local Study.

Death
Following surgery for colorectal cancer in 2001, Maxwell moved to Perth, Western Australia, to live with her son Christian's family. She remained there, working on her autobiography, until her death at Fremantle Hospital on 29 September 2007.

Of his friend's death, Sir Roger Moore said to BBC Radio 5 Live, "It's rather a shock. She was always fun and she was wonderful to be with and was absolutely perfect casting [...] It was a great pity that, after I moved out of Bond, they didn't take her on to continue in the Timothy Dalton films. I think it was a great disappointment to her that she had not been promoted to play M. She would have been a wonderful M."

Partial filmography

 * A Matter of Life and Death (1946) as Actress (uncredited)
 * Spring Song (1946) as Penelope Cobb (uncredited)
 * That Hagen Girl (1947) as Julia Kane
 * Corridor of Mirrors (1948) as Lois
 * The Big Punch (1948) as Karen Long
 * The Dark Past (1948) as Ruth Collins
 * The Decision of Christopher Blake (1948) as Miss McIntyre (uncredited)
 * Crime Doctor's Diary (1949) as Jane Darrin
 * Kazan (1949) as Louise Maitlin
 * Tomorrow Is Too Late (1950) as Signorina Anna
 * Love and Poison (1950) as Queen Christina
 * Brief Rapture (1951) as Erika
 * The Woman's Angle (1952) as Enid Mansell
 * Viva il cinema! (1952)
 * Ha da venì... don Calogero (1952) as Maestrina
 * Lady in the Fog (1952) as Margaret 'Peggy' Maybrick
 * Women of Twilight (1952) as Chris Ralston, the New Mother
 * Mantrap (1953) as Thelma Speight / Tasman
 * Aida (1953) as Amneris
 * La Grande Speranza (1955) as Lt. Lily Donald
 * Passport to Treason (1956) as Diane Boyd
 * Satellite in the Sky (1956) as Kim
 * High Terrace (1956) as Stephanie Blake
 * Time Without Pity (1957) as Vickie Harker
 * Kill Me Tomorrow (1957) as Jill Brook
 * Face of Fire (1959) as Ethel Winter
 * The Unstoppable Man (1961) as Helen Kennedy
 * Lolita (1962) as Nurse Mary Lore
 * Dr. No (1962) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Come Fly with Me (1963) as Gwen Sandley
 * The Haunting (1963) as Grace Markway
 * From Russia with Love (1963) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Goldfinger (1964) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Thunderball (1965) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Operation Kid Brother (1967) as Max
 * You Only Live Twice (1967) as Miss Moneypenny
 * On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) as Miss Moneypenny
 * The Adventurers (1970) as Woman at Fashion Show (uncredited)
 * Diamonds Are Forever (1971) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Endless Night (1972) as Cora Walker Brown
 * Live and Let Die (1973) as Miss Moneypenny
 * The Man with the Golden Gun (1974) as Miss Moneypenny
 * From Hong Kong with Love (1975) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Age of Innocence (1977) as Mrs. Hogarth
 * The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Moonraker (1979) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Lost and Found (1979) as English Woman
 * Mr. Patman (1980) as Director
 * For Your Eyes Only (1981) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Octopussy (1983) as Miss Moneypenny
 * A View to a Kill (1985) as Miss Moneypenny
 * The Blue Man (1985) as Monica Duval
 * Martha, Ruth and Edie (1988) as Edie Carmichael
 * The Fourth Angel (2001) as Olivia (final film role)

Television

 * Danger Man (1960) as Sandi Lewis
 * One Step Beyond: "The Room Upstairs" (1961) as Esther Hollis
 * Zero One (1962) as Miss. Smith
 * The Avengers - episode - The Little Wonders (1964) as Sister Johnson
 * Ghost Squad (1964) as Elizabeth Creasey
 * Stingray (1964) as Lieutenant Atlanta Shore / Milly Carson / Marinville Tracking Station (voice)
 * The Baron (1965) as Charlotte Russell
 * Gideon's Way episode The Millionaire's Daughter (1965) as Felisa Henderson
 * The Saint: "Interlude in Venice" (1966-1967) as Helen Allardyce
 * The Saint: "Simon and Delilah" (1967) as Beth Parish
 * Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (1969) as Kim Wentworth
 * Adventures in Rainbow Country (1969-1970) as Nancy Williams
 * Department S (1970) as Mary Burnham
 * Omnibus - episode - Ian Fleming Creator of the James Bond Myth (1970) as Herself
 * UFO: "The Cat with Ten Lives" (1970) & "The Man Who Came Back" (1971) as Miss Holland
 * The Persuaders! (1972) as Louise Cornell
 * Front Page Challenge (Episode - Meet Miss Moneypenny) (1981) as Herself
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1987) as Ms. Golden
 * E! True Hollywood Story (2002) Documentary (Episode - The Bond Girls)

Miscellaneous

 * James Bond: Licence to Thrill - TV Movie documentary (1987) as Herself
 * In Search of James Bond with Jonathan Ross - TV Movie documentary (1995) as Miss Moneypenny
 * Behind the Scenes with 'Thunderball' - Video documentary (1995) as Herself / Miss Moneypenny
 * Inside 'Octopussy' - Video documentary short (2000) as Herself
 * Terence Young: Bond Vivant - documentary video short (2000) as Herself
 * Inside 'Dr. No' - Video documentary short (2000) as Herself
 * James Bond: A BAFTA Tribute - TV Movie documentary (2000) as Herself

title: Lois Maxwell


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle

The men's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 14.

Australia's Ian Thorpe edged out his teammate Grant Hackett to defend his Olympic title in 3:43.10, despite having been disqualified for a false start from the national trials in Sydney. Hackett earned a silver in 3:43.36, just 0.01 of a second under his winning time at the trials without the presence of Thorpe. U.S. swimmer Klete Keller set a new American record of 3:44.11 to take his second Olympic bronze medal in the event. Meanwhile, another American Larsen Jensen finished outside the medals in fourth place, but came home in a lifetime best of 3:46.08, holding off Italy's Massimiliano Rosolino by 0.17 seconds.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows:

Pre-Olympic buildup
In late March 2004 at the Australian Championships in Sydney, the defending champion Ian Thorpe overbalanced whilst on the blocks in the heats of the 400 m freestyle and fell into the water, resulting in his disqualification and ending the defense of his Olympic 400 m title. This resulted in a large debate among the swimming and public community as to whether Thorpe should be given an exception to Australia's policy of selecting the first and second place getters, with Prime Minister of Australia John Howard describing the situation as a "tragedy". Despite the intense media spotlight, Thorpe managed to win the 100 m and 200 m freestyle events in times of 48.83s and 1 min 45.07s respectively to ensure his selection for Athens. Craig Stevens, who had claimed the second qualifying position in the 400 m event, subsequently faced immense public pressure to relinquish his position to Thorpe, and later did so in a television interview for which he was paid. This generated ethical debate as to whether Stevens' decision had been bought, and criticism against Thorpe.

Thorpe's increasing focus on the 100 m event, coupled with the media pressure, resulted in speculation that he was vulnerable to Hackett in the 400 m event. Thorpe safely qualified for the 400 m final behind Hackett in the heats.

Final
There was a slow start in the final, with Thorpe reaching the 100 m mark one second outside world record pace with a narrow lead. In a topsy-turvy performance at irregular pace, Thorpe was passed by Klete Keller by the 150 m mark before accelerating again to reclaim the lead by the 200 m mark. Thorpe kept Hackett and Keller at around half a body length up to the 300 m mark, before breaking to a body-length lead by 350 m. However, he could not produce his trademark finishing kick and was closed down by Hackett, holding on by only 0.26 in a time three seconds outside his own world record. Thorpe appeared to shed tears in an uncharacteristic sign of emotion, admitting afterwards that the controversy surrounding the event had taken a toll on him, but denying that any liquid had left his eyes.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The best show on WFMU

Re: The best show on WFMU Non-notable local radio program. Poorly capitalized title, last paragraph ends in mid-sentence. RickK 05:34, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable worldwide radio program. anthony (see warning) 20:57, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No reason this can't be incorporated into WFMU. Gamaliel 05:37, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: The information should be in WFMU.  Thing is, it's well known, sort of, in New York, which automatically gives it a listenership that the #1 station in Bismark would envy.  However, it's a specialist audience there and has not broken out to national syndication (as "Morning Becomes Eclectic" has, e.g.).  No standing on its own. Geogre 13:41, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * [Vote left on VfD main page & mvd here, so it shows up in sequence and is visible to those previewing their edits:]
 * Keep. This entry is full of accurate and well-written information for a radioshow that has a large listenership around the world (courtesy of popular webcasts). The show is popular enough to merit an official website devoted to it that is not sponsored by the radio station it appears on (WFMU). --Trailofmusic 05:20, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC) [struck thru as accidental duplicate; see below]
 * Keep: 1.  "New York" is a pretty big city.  2.  I am in Concord CA and I listen to the show.  3.  I rarely listen to any other show on WFMU.  4.  Poor Capitlization Does Not Make Something Not Relevant Or Not True. 5.  Morning Becomes Eclectic is not that eclectic anyway. jaypaulw 13:30, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This is the above editor's only posting. RickK 04:32, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This entry is full of accurate and well-written information for a radioshow that has a large listenership around the world (courtesy of popular webcasts).  The show is popular enough to merit an official website devoted to it that is not sponsored by the radio station it appears on (WFMU).--Trailofmusic 03:44, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This is the above user's only posting. RickK 04:31, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * No, there's another one (identical) on WP:VFD itself. Maybe I should start to vote on principle against articles defended by sockpuppets? Abstain for now. -- Jmabel 05:48, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't see the first entry appear so I tried again, it's gone now.--Trailofmusic 06:16, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It was on the main VfD, then moved here, then confusingly deleted by ToM, and now back but stuck thru (as a dupe) in order to keep the references to it clear. --Jerzy(t) 17:50, 2004 Aug 20 (UTC)
 * Yes, trail of music and I are virtualy slaves of the young man who wrote the entry. I'd actually expect you'd have more 'keep' responses, if adding them weren't such a relatively difficult process.  Check out www.friendsoftom.com and go to the messageboard jaypaulw 09:16, 20 Aug 2004 (PDT)
 * That difficulty is benign in this case, as it impedes and exposes those with no real grasp of what we are doing at WP. --Jerzy(t) 17:50, 2004 Aug 20 (UTC)
 * It impedes and exposes those who do not wish to learn how to contribute and opinion. It is possible to both have a "grasp of what [you] are doing at WP" and to not know how to contribute an opinion. Jaypaulw 22:46, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, now I've read it. The way it's written is very unencyclopedic. I don't care all that much, but if it were up to me, I'd send it to cleanup first and then decide if it deserves its own article or should be merged into the station. And if it's kept, capitalize the title correctly. -- Jmabel 05:57, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- give it time. This show has an active community.
 * No vote yet on deletion, but if kept, rename, del or WP:RfD the resulting confusingly titled and PoV redir, and WP:CU.  Google evidence could push me either direction. --Jerzy(t) 17:50, 2004 Aug 20 (UTC)
 * [Delete]Not even when I was new here did I write such a POV page. The closest I remember was Carlos Monzon, but not even that came even close to this one as far as POV. (The Monzon page was fixed, BTW). The writer looks like he came out of a pile of mud the way he talks, there are bad words there and for all we know, it could be that Tom dude writing, to try to get attention for his show. Delete ...pronto! "Antonio Pronto Porno Martin"
 * Why not google "best show on WFMU" and see if Tom Scharpling would need WP for publicity. Also, since Tom Scharpling is a professional writer, it would be very odd, if he were submitting on his own behalf, to not submit a perfectly written initial entry.  Jaypaulw 165.247.221.211 04:37, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that Jaypaulw has only posted to this page. RickK 05:56, Aug 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * His point is still valid, even if he has only posted to this page. anthony (see warning) 21:19, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * But his vote is not counted. RickK 05:02, Aug 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * I was not able to locate in wikipedia the basis for my vote not being counted. Futhermore, upon reading the rules for what merits a deletion, I do not see non-notability listed as reason something can be deleted.  Additionally, the show is notable, as any effort to determine such will show. Jaypaulw 05:52, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. No cogent reasons offered against suggestion to cover in station's article instead. --Jerzy(t) 07:39, 2004 Aug 24 (UTC)
 * Note that there is now a duplicate article at "The Best Show on WFMU" (different capitalization) -Vina 22:03, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This debate is now closed. Results: 4 delete 2 keep (2 keeps discarded for insufficient previous edits) Result: delete. DJ Clayworth 21:18, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley

The men's 400 metre individual medley event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 14.

U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps broke a new world record of 4:08.26 to claim his first ever Olympic gold medal. Phelps' teammate Erik Vendt added a second silver to the one he earned behind Tom Dolan in Sydney four years earlier, finishing with a time of 4:11.81. Hungary's László Cseh, silver medalist at the 2003 FINA World Championships, held on for bronze in 4:12.15.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.


text:
German submarine U-166 (1941)

German submarine U-166 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 6 December 1940 at the Seebeckwerft (part of Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG, Deschimag) at Wesermünde (modern Bremerhaven) as yard number 705, launched on 1 November 1941, and commissioned on 23 March 1942 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Günther Kuhlmann. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla, U-166 was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front-line service on 1 June 1942. The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling. She was sunk on 30 July 1942 in the Gulf of Mexico.

Design
German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. U-166 had a displacement of 1120 t when at the surface and 1232 t while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m, a pressure hull length of 58.75 m, a beam of 6.76 m, a height of 9.60 m, and a draught of 4.70 m. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4400 PS for use while surfaced, and two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1000 PS for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths down to 230 m.

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 kn and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 kn. When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nmi at 4 kn; when surfaced, she could travel 13450 nmi at 10 kn. U-166 was fitted with six 53.3 cm torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm SK C/30, as well as a 2 cm C/30 antiaircraft gun. The boat had a complement of 49.

First patrol
U-166 first sailed from Kiel to Kristiansand, Norway, on 30–31 May 1942. The U-boat sailed on her first combat patrol, from Kristiansand on 1 June 1942, around the British Isles, and arrived at Lorient, France, 10 days later.

Second patrol
U-166 departed from Lorient on 17 June 1942, sailed across the Atlantic and into the Gulf of Mexico

Fate
SS Robert E. Lee was under escort from the United States Navy PC-461-class submarine chaser PC-566 about 45 mi south of the Mississippi River Delta when she was torpedoed by U-166 on 30 July 1942. PC-566 immediately attacked, making her approach vector outside the view of U-166's periscope, and claimed to have sunk the U-boat with depth charges. Upon returning to port with the survivors of Robert E. Lee, the Navy did not believe the account provided by PC-566's skipper LCDR Herbert G. Claudius, USNR. Claudius' tactics were criticized, resulting in his reprimand and removal from seagoing command.

On 30 July 1942, a United States Coast Guard J4F-1 Widgeon amphibious aircraft spotted a U-boat around 100 mi off the coast of Houma, Louisiana. The aircraft attacked and it appeared that the U-boat was hit in the attack. U-166 was reported missing in action on 30 July 1942, which coincided with the American aircraft's attack on "a U-Boat", leading to the aircraft being credited with the sinking of U-166, with the loss of all 52 crew members. Both aircraft crewmen were decorated for the action.

Wreckage located in 2001
In 2001, when the wreck of Robert E. Lee was located in more than 5000 ft of water, the wreck of U-166 was also located, less than 2 miles from where it had attacked her. An archaeological survey of the seafloor prior to construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren. The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying roughly 500 ft apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat. Petroleum companies operating in the Gulf of Mexico's outer continental shelf are required to provide sonar data in areas that have archaeological potential. BP and Shell sponsored additional fieldwork to record detailed images, including a gun on the deck aft of the submarine's conning tower.

Charles "C.J." Christ, from Houma, spent most of his life searching for U-166 and was involved in the final identification of the U-boat.

The site where U-166 lies, at 28.68333°N, -88.7°W, has been designated a war grave because its crew of 52 is entombed there. It is protected against any future attempts to salvage it.

Oceanographer and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Robert Ballard explored and mapped the wreck in the summer of 2014 with remotely operated vehicles, where they noticed that the submarine's bow had been blown off and was found resting on the seafloor 100 feet away from the main hull. They determined that the bow of the submarine was destroyed, apparently by a depth charge that landed on the forward deck, exploded, and caused an internal detonation of the submarine's own torpedoes, which broke off the bow. If so, this would be one of the few successful submarine kills caused by direct contact from a depth charge, as typical attacks relied upon depth charges exploding a short distance away to inflict repeated hydraulic shocks that would eventually crack a submarine's pressure hull.

Initial credit for the sinking of U-166 had been given to a Grumman G-44 Widgeon, but the position of the wreck made it clear that this should have gone to the submarine chaser PC-566. On 16 December 2014, the Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus posthumously awarded the captain of PC-566, then-LCDR Herbert G. Claudius, USNR (later CAPT USN ), the Legion of Merit with a Combat "V" device for heroism in battle and credited him with the sinking of the U-boat. "Seventy years later, we now know that [Claudius's] report after the action was absolutely correct," he said. "[Claudius's ship] did sink that U-boat, and it's never too late to set the record straight."

Results of a study released in February 2019 showed that the wreck of U-166 was being badly damaged because of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Seabed bacteria, feeding on the oil, were causing the damage.

Note

 * One of the foremost authorities on the subject is Charles "C.J." Christ, from Houma, who spent most of his life searching for U-166. His personal account about his search and the final locating and identification of the U-boat can be found in a local newspaper, The Houma Courier: C.J. Christ "WAR IN THE GULF: German submarine, U-166, found in the Gulf of Mexico" (The article can be found online as reprint by another local newspaper, The Daily Comet).

title: German submarine U-166 (1941)


text:
Talk:Joseph Kittinger

Ego problem
During an interview for a television documentary Kittinger said "I did go supersonic" on his freefall. There was no way for him to measure or know whether or not he went supersonic while he was falling. That is for others to determine. Hence, he's just another guy with an ego problem. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.23.53.76 (talk • contribs) 23:16, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The person [user 70.23.53.76] with the first comment obviously does not know Col. Joe Kittinger personally or the details of his experiment. He is very humble, definitely without "an ego problem!"  Additionally, Col. Kittinger had a speedometer strapped to his chest during the fall, measuring his speed throughout. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.62.151.72 (talk • contribs) 02:16, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You're [user 70.23.53.76] the one with the ego problem. The wrong person (Nationality?) made the jump. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.224.119.142 (talk) 23:13, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with the above. I have met Col. Joe Kittinger and flown with him. He has no ego problem. He is honest and truthful, a very down to earth guy, if you'll pardon the pun. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.91.109.241 (talk • contribs) 20:37, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Misleading syntax
Should "he is remembered" not be changed to "he is best remembered" because the former suggests that his involvement in the two Air Force projects mentioned in the article are the only things he has ever done. (I'm sure his family etc. would suggest otherwise) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.252.128.18 (talk • contribs) 15:11, 26 June 2005 (UTC)

"First Man in Space" claim
The Air Force definition of "space" has never included altitudes as low as that attained by Kittinger (see, eg ), so if he was ever regarded as "First Man in Space" it could only have been by the media. A citation substantiating the latter needs to be provided before this is stated in the entry Robma 07:49, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Yeager rivalry
Why would he "occasionally rib" Yaeger about being the first supersonic man when Yaeger did it in 1947? If his drops were in '59-60 then that part doesn't make any sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2006 67.149.53.120 (talk • contribs) 06:32, 10 August (UTC)

 * COL Kittinger would rib Yeager because he achieved supersonic speed without benefit of engines, making him the first truly "supersonic man". Interest is being revived in  Kittinger's feat because of Michel Fournier's attempt to break his records for highest, fastest and longest freefall, and also balloon altitude. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.2.186.10 (talk • contribs) 17:34, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeager did it in an airplane--Kittinger was the first "man" to do so--sans airplane. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Buckboard (talk • contribs) 09:03, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Speed of sound
I'm not sure, but isn't the speed of sound slower at higher altitudes? If so perhaps he broke the sound barrier at higher altitude, even though at sea level he would've been going slower than sound. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uberfruk (talk • contribs) 06:01, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * "The standard value of the speed of sound in air at 31,000 m is 300 m/s (670 mph)." Source: hypertextbook.com/facts/JianHuang.shtml — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.64.99.52 (talk • contribs) 18:25, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

He did not break the sound barrier during his descent. Please take the data given in the US standard atmosphere and do some simple math or read the discussion in Felix Baumgartner's article.178.115.248.77 (talk) 11:08, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Length of free-fall?
On the USAF website, it states he free-falled for only 4.5 minutes, not over 13 minutes, in his record jump.

http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=1114

Dividing 20 miles by 0.2 hrs (12 min) is only 100 mph, is that correct? If it were in 1/3 the time the average speed would be 3 times as great. Is there another source for the 13 minute time? --kris 23:32, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Someone made an edit to the page changing the top speed of the famous fall from 714 to 614MPH. The given citation, which is archived, does not support this change. However, the 614 number is supported by the page at http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=1114, which kris helpfully linked above. Someone will need to clean this up, eventually. --Markzero 09:22, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * In his own words, his top speed was 614 mph. Please read the Life and National Geographic articles written in 1960. The Life article is here …

http://mlsandy.home.tsixroads.com/Corinth_MLSANDY/jk004.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.64.99.52 (talk • contribs) 18:31, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Prather and Ross
Did the jump by Victor Prather and Malcolm Ross (balloonist) break Kittinger's record? Should this be mentioned in the article? Carcharoth 14:46, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * They just got to a higher altitude with the balloon, I don't see anywhere mentioned they jumped from the balloon. JH-man 12:59, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Award - April 3, 2008
"'Joseph Kittinger Will Receive the Air and Space Museum's Highest Honor Today'" http://www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/AsSeenOnGMA/story?id=4580672&page=1 218.215.60.227 (talk) 13:29, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Terminal velocity
First, 988km/h is 614mph, so the current description is self-contradictory. Second, which is the source for 714mph? The point of discussion is well described at http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/q0243.shtml. The bottom line is, if we begin to doubt National Museum of the USAF website numbers, we are too far. The number of 614mph seems to be quite decent. — Shimada22 (talk • contribs) 23:50, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Stratosphere jump
Kittinger's Record Jump was 102,800 feet (31,300 m), right? So that altitude is somewhere in the middle of the Stratosphere layer. Yet in the video, it looked more like he was in the Mesosphere layer or even near the edge of space. That kinda surprised me because the video made it look like he was in danger of atmospheric reentry. — Arima (talk) 01:13, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Rope torture?
In the section about Captain Kittinger's Vietnam service, it says: Kittinger was put through "rope torture" soon after his arrival at the POW compound and this made a lasting impression on him. Could this be clarified? K8 fan (talk) 16:45, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Its self explanatory - they used the rope on him — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:647:5A00:C160:1997:1B3E:957D:42E4 (talk) 09:48, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

Video of his free fall
I don't know how to implement this into the page, but on other pages where there are "references in popular culture", you could include that footage from Col. Kittinger's jump is used in the Boards of Canada video for "Dayvan Cowboy". It's a great song with a fair amount of footage from Kittinger's jump, including when he exited the gondola. You can see it on YouTube here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrBZeWjGjl8  Edit:  Yep, here's the wiki page for the video for Dayvan Cowboy, ironically using the same screenshot picture of Col. Kittinger as used on his own page here:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayvan_Cowboy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.88.204.20 (talk) 20:01, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Holding the records?
The intro says Kittinger holds "the records for having the highest, fastest and longest skydive", but since his accomplishment was never submitted to the FAI, (the governing body for air sports and aeronautics and astronautics) and was never recognised by the FAI, how can he be said to hold these records? Can we find a way to say that he jumped from the highest altitude ever (and the other things), without saying that he holds the record for the highest jump? --212.139.244.241 (talk) 11:42, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Most of the Baumgartner section
Everything after the third sentence of the section on Colonel Kittinger helping Felix Baumgartner needs to go. The extra info has nothing to do with Kittinger and since this is his article and not that of the mission's, it is pointless including it here. --Sephiroth9611 (talk) 22:37, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/eagles/kittnger.htm
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Role of Drogue Shoot in Free Fall Record
I A) Watched the Baumgartner Video and B) came here from there to read Kittinger, trying to resolve how Baumgartner broke the altitude record but apparently did not break the Free Fall time record. Read this article and the only indicator to explain how Baumgartner could fall from a higher distance but not break the Free Fall time record is that Kittinger had a drogue shoot, which may have slowed his "free fall" decent. But that makes me wonder if it's fair to describe what Kittenger did as "free fall", given that he had a drogue shoot. Either way, as a Reader I'd appreciate it the Articles on both of these men and their accomplishments could clarify these points/questions.2605:6000:6947:AB00:ED9A:618F:109D:5E4 (talk) 14:50, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

The first man to fully witness the curvature of the earth?
The lead says "[...] the first man to fully witness the curvature of the earth" but I can't see this mentioned anywhere in the main text? JezGrove (talk) 12:28, 18 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I see the Arthur W. Murray article makes the same claim about Murray and includes a reference, too. JezGrove (talk) 17:15, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

Grave
This site says he was going to be interned at Arlington national cemetery. As far as I can tell, they have no record of his interment and there is no photo of his grave anywhere to be found. Do we know this burial actually happened? Thornfield Hall (talk) 04:52, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Kittinger


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

The men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay took place on 15 August at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece.

The South African team (Roland Mark Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend, and Ryk Neethling) set a new world record of 3:13.17 to solidify their country's triumph with a gold medal in the event. Defending Olympic champion Pieter van den Hoogenband swam a fastest split of 46.79 to take the silver for the Dutch in a national record of 3:14.36, leaving the U.S. team of Ian Crocker, Michael Phelps, Neil Walker, and Jason Lezak with the bronze in 3:14.62, their worst result in Olympic history.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gee-whiz

Slangdef. RickK 05:44, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Move to Wiktionary. Andre 05:59, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Transwiki. However, the ideal solution would be to merge/redirect to something like historical American slang, obsolete slang, or 1950s American slang (to be created). Redirect to Euphemism as suggested by Geogre. • Benc • 06:11, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: We can redirect it to Euphemism or to the new Baby talk -- probably the former. Geogre 13:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Already exists at Euphemism. Delete. Denni ☯ 01:53, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC)


text:
Maurice R. Greenberg

Maurice Raymond “Hank” Greenberg (born May 4, 1925) is an American business executive and former chairman and chief executive officer of American International Group (AIG).

Early life and education
Greenberg was born into a Jewish family in Greenwich Village, New York City. His father, Jacob Greenberg, died when Hank was six and his mother, Ada Rheingold, married a dairy farmer.

Greenberg served in the United States Army in Europe during World War II, participating in Operation Overlord at Normandy, the liberation of Dachau concentration camp, and in the Korean War, rising to the rank of captain. He received the Bronze Star, and the French Legion of Honour as a result of his military service in the European theatre of World War II.

Greenberg attended the University of Miami, where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity, and received his bachelor's degree in 1948. In 1950, he obtained his law degree from New York Law School. He was admitted to the New York Bar in 1953 but did not practice law. He holds honorary degrees from Brown University, Middlebury College, New York Law School, and The Rockefeller University.

Career
In 1962, Greenberg was named by AIG's founder, Cornelius Vander Starr, as the head of AIG's North American holdings after working for Continental Casualty Company, a unit of CNA in Chicago. In 1968 Starr picked Greenberg as his successor. Greenberg held the position until March 2005, when he retired from AIG and was replaced by Martin J. Sullivan. Greenberg was a social friend and client of Henry Kissinger. In 1987, he appointed Kissinger as chairman of AIG's International Advisory Board.

In 2008, he appeared on ABC's Good Morning America, criticizing the board of directors of AIG. In an interview with Reactions magazine in March 2010, serialized over three parts, Greenberg stated that he did not condone AIG's strategy of selling non-core assets to pay back the United States government, and believed the terms under which AIG was provided access to bail-out funds needed to be renegotiated.

C.V. Starr
He is chairman and chief executive officer of C.V. Starr, a global insurance and investment organization that is named for the founder of AIG, Cornelius Vander Starr. He joined C.V. Starr as vice president in 1960 and was given the additional responsibilities of president of American Home Assurance Company in 1962. He was elected director of C.V. Starr in 1965, chairman and chief executive officer in 1968 and continues in that role. Greenberg is also the chairman of the board of directors and managing director of Starr International Company Inc. C.V. Starr and Starr International are collectively known as the Starr Companies. Greenberg was named the most connected business executive in New York by Crain's New York Business.

In February 2014, Greenberg led a group through Starr Investment Holdings that acquired health insurance claims processor MultiPlan Inc. for around $4.4 billion. This group, on May 5, 2016, sold MultiPlan Inc. to Hellman & Friedman for approximately $7.5 billion. Under Greenberg’s leadership, Starr has invested more than $1 billion in China since 2005. Starr led the IPO for the People's Insurance Company of China (PICC), and acquired Dazhong Insurance, the first privatization of a state-owned insurance company.

Legal issues
In August 2009, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged Greenberg for his involvement in alleged fraudulent accounting transactions that inflated AIG’s finances. Without conceding or denying the SEC charges, Greenberg agreed to pay $15 million in penalties.

The New York Attorney General brought civil fraud charges against Greenberg in May 2005, charging him with engaging in fraud to exaggerate AIG’s finances. On September 13, 2016, the fraud case against Greenberg came to trial in a state courthouse in Lower Manhattan. The New York State trial counsel said a guilty verdict was needed to "send a message to CEOs of other companies" that "you can’t do this sort of thing." The case was resolved on February 10, 2017, subject to a settlement in which Greenberg admitted to fraud and agreed to pay $9 million.

In late 2011, Greenberg's Starr International announced a lawsuit against the federal government. According to Reuters, the lawsuit requested $55.5 billion in damages against the government stemming from the government's financial bailout of AIG in 2008. Following a trial in Fall 2014, the Court of Federal Claims ruled in June 2015 that the federal government acted without authority, but did not award any damages. On appeal, US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit threw out the original case, ruling that Starr lacked standing to bring the case, holding that standing belonged solely to AIG, which had not sued. The Supreme Court declined in 2018 to review the case. The market value of the 79.9% of AIG common stock the government acquired on the day the government agreed to loan AIG up to $85 billion was $55.4 billion. By the end of 2012, AIG had repaid all of its loans and the government had made a $17.7 billion profit on the AIG equity it had acquired as a result, plus $6.7 billion in interests and fees.

In November 2012, a Manhattan court dismissed Greenberg's claims that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York breached its fiduciary duties to AIG shareholders. The ruling was upheld in appeals court in January 2014.

In July 2013 Greenberg filed a civil lawsuit against New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer alleging that Spitzer made repeated defamatory statements against him. In November 2020, a judge dismissed Greenberg’s defamation case against Spitzer.

In December 2013, Greenberg filed a complaint with the New York State Joint Commission on Public Ethics alleging that New York State Attorney General Eric Schneiderman had violated the state's public officer's law by making disparaging comments about him that could potentially taint a jury selection in any trial.

Public positions
In 1990, Greenberg was appointed by Zhu Rongji, then Mayor of Shanghai, to be the first chairman of the International Business Leaders' Advisory Council for the Mayor of Shanghai. In 1994 Greenberg was appointed senior economic advisor to the Beijing municipal government. He was awarded "Honorary Citizen of Shanghai" in 1997. He is a member of the advisory board of the Tsinghua School of Economics and Management, a member of the International Advisory Council of the China Development Research Foundation and China Development Bank. Greenberg was appointed as a member of the Hong Kong Chief Executive's Council of International Advisers from 1998 to 2005. He is a member of the US-China Business Council, honorary chair of the U.S.-China Policy Foundation and is vice-chairman of the board of directors of the National Committee on United States – China Relations. Greenberg sits on the steering committee of the China–United States Exchange Foundation. The Maurice "Hank" Greenberg Scholarship, administered in his name by the US-China Education Trust, supports the studies of ten Chinese students from low-income families each year at Yunnan University. Greenberg was presented the Friendship Medal for Contribution to China’s Reform by President Xi Jinping in 2018.

In July 2022, Greenberg announced the founding of a group composed of senior U.S. business and policy leaders who share the view that the United States should engage more constructively with China. Greenberg stated, "The deteriorating state of affairs between the U.S. has destabilized the most important bilateral relationship in the world," and the new group is intended to "help foster a meaningful but frank exchange between the U.S. and Chinese governments on issues of mutual concern."

He is founding chairman of the U.S.-Philippine Business Committee, chairman emeritus of the US-ASEAN Business Council and chairman of the U.S.-Korea Business Council. Greenberg has served on the board of directors of the New York Stock Exchange, the President's Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations, and the Business Roundtable and is a member of the Board of Directors of the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He was a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1988-1995 and served as its Chairman 1994-1995. He was awarded "CEO of the Year 2003" by Chief Executive magazine.

Greenberg was vice chairman and director of the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Trilateral Commission. He is a former chairman and current trustee of the Asia Society, a trustee emeritus of the Rockefeller University and is an honorary trustee of the Museum of Modern Art. Greenberg is chairman emeritus of the Board of Trustees of New York-Presbyterian Hospital having joined the Board in 1979. He serves as a member of the board of overseers of the Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, as a life trustee of New York University, a trustee for the School of Risk Management, Insurance, and Actuarial Science and is the chairman of the Academic Medicine Development Company (AMDeC) Foundation. Greenberg also serves as a member of the President's Council on International Activities of Yale University. and on the board of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. He is the former chairman of The National Interest. He is on the board of directors of the International Rescue Committee, is a former trustee of the American Museum of Natural History and is active in a number of other civic and charitable organizations. As chairman of The Starr Foundation, Greenberg oversees the disbursement of major financial support to academic, medical, cultural and public policy institutions.

Incident with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Greenberg gained visibility when he clashed with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad over the Iranian president's denial of the Holocaust. On September 20, 2006, the Council on Foreign Relations hosted a small meeting of select council members with Ahmadinejad, who began by saying that we need to "continue studying" whether it happened. According to David E. Sanger, Chief Washington Correspondent for The New York Times, Greenberg listened for fifteen minutes while Ahmadinejad continued talking about the Palestinians, World War II, and if the Holocaust killings had happened at all. Sanger writes, "Then Hank Greenberg, who had been on a slow boil through the evening, spoke up. He had been a young soldier at the end of the war, and participated in the liberation of the camps. 'I went through Dachau in the war and saw with my own eyes.'" President Ahmadinejad responded by asking if Greenberg was old enough to have participated in the liberation of Dachau. "I'd like an answer regarding whether you think the Holocaust occurred," insisted Greenberg. To which Ahmadinejad replied "I think we should allow more impartial studies to be done on this."

Political involvement
Greenberg is a Republican donor. He donated to Mitt Romney's presidential candidacy.

In the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, he donated $10 million to support Jeb Bush's candidacy and at a later point also donated $5 million to Conservative Solutions PAC which supported Marco Rubio's campaign.

Maurice R. Greenberg Fellowships
There are a number of Maurice R. Greenberg Fellowships:
 * Maurice R. Greenberg Chair in China Studies, Council on Foreign Relations (senior fellowship).
 * Maurice R. Greenberg World Fellows Program, Yale University

Personal life
Greenberg married Corinne Phyllis Zuckerman in 1950 and they have four children:
 * Jeffrey W. Greenberg, former chairman and chief executive officer of Marsh & McLennan Companies, chairman and CEO of Aquiline Capital Partners, which he founded in 2005 in New York.
 * Evan G. Greenberg, chairman and chief executive officer of Chubb Ltd and Chubb Group.
 * L. Scott Greenberg, venture capitalist in New York.
 * Cathleen Greenberg London, physician

Works by and about Hank Greenberg
Greenberg and Lawrence A. Cunningham wrote The AIG Story, published in 2013. Greenberg's career is chronicled in the 2006 book Fallen Giant: The Amazing Story of Hank Greenberg and the History of AIG. He and his son, Jeffrey, are also discussed in the 2011 book All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis. Greenberg is discussed in the 2011 book, Wealth Management: Private Banking, Investment Decisions, and Structured Financial Products He is noted in the 2012 book, Black 9/11: Money, Motive and Technology

Awards

 * 2015: Commander of the Legion of Honour
 * 2014: Legion of Honour
 * 2009: Double Helix Medal
 * 1952: Bronze Star Medal, for service in Korean War

title: Maurice R. Greenberg


text:
Anacyclus pyrethrum

Anacyclus pyrethrum, the pellitory, Spanish chamomile, Mount Atlas daisy, bertram, or Akarkara, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is native to Mediterranean Europe and parts of North Africa, but also naturalised in other parts of Europe, India and Pakistan. This herbaceous perennial resembles chamomile species in habitat and appearance.

The plants known as pellitory-of-the-wall and spreading pellitory belong to a different family, the nettles (Urticaceae).

Names
Although one might assume from the specific epithet pyrethrum that this plant contains pyrethrins, it does not. Both pyrethrum and "pellitory" derive ultimately from the ancient Greek for "fire" (πῦρ).

Cultivation
Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (sometimes considered a separate species, Anacyclus depressus), called mat daisy or Mount Atlas daisy, is grown as a spring-blooming, low-water ornamental. It produces mats of grey-green, ferny foliage and single daisy-like white flowers. It is suitable for growing in an alpine or rock garden. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Medicinal uses
Extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum have anabolic activity in mice and also increase testosterone in the animal model.

Ayurveda (the ancient Mesopotamian medicine system now known as Indian) and Siddha (the ancient medical system of India (Dravidian), have uses for this plant root and it has been used for centuries as a medicine. It is called Akkal-Kara in Hindi, Akkal Kadha in Marathi, Akkala-karra Malayalam, Akkarkkara (അകർക്കാര)(Telugu: అక్కలకఱ్ఱ) and Akkarakaaram (Tamil: அக்கரகாரம்). A kind of oil is prepared by a method known as pit extraction (Tamil: குழி எண்ணெய்).

In The Perfumed Garden (from 15th century Tunisia), al-Nefzawi recommends pelleter taken externally as an ointment on the penis and scrotum or internally to enhance sexual pleasure and enhance erection (ch. 13, 15, 17).

title: Anacyclus pyrethrum


text: Category:Renault vehicles

title: Category:Renault vehicles


text:
Jeffrey W. Greenberg

Jeffrey Wayne Greenberg (born 1951) is an American lawyer and business executive, who was chairman and CEO of Marsh & McLennan Companies from 1999 to 2004.

Early life and education
Greenberg was born the son of Corinne Phyllis (née Zuckerman) and Maurice R. Greenberg, the former chairman and CEO of American International Group (AIG). He attended Choate Rosemary Hall in Connecticut. He earned a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1973 and a JD degree from Georgetown University Law School in 1976.

Career
He began his career at Marsh & McLennan after graduation. During the September 11 attacks, 295 staff members were killed. Greenberg was then in midtown Manhattan, at the company's headquarters, with "an unobstructed view of lower Manhattan" where he witnessed "smoke rising from One World Trade Center and the fireball erupt from the second tower." He then led the company's immediate response to the crisis.

Greenberg resigned as CEO of Marsh & McLennan after the firm was charged with conducting a lucrative kickback scheme by then New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer, who demanded management changes, stating that "The leadership of that company is not a leadership I will talk to and not a leadership I will negotiate with." In 2012, the Financial Times reported that "Mr. Greenberg was never charged with any wrongdoing, while Mr. Spitzer was later engulfed in a prostitute scandal."

Greenberg is chairman of the private equity firm he founded, Aquiline Holdings. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, serves as a trustee of the Brookings Institution, and has served as a member of Brown University's corporation. He has sat on the board of trustees of New York-Presbyterian Hospital since 1998.

Personal life
Greenberg had a 14-year relationship with journalist Nikki Finke, getting engaged in 1974 and married in 1980. The couple divorced in 1982. He later remarried and has four children.

title: Jeffrey W. Greenberg


text:
Wiryeseong

Wiryeseong was the name of two early capitals of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Both are believed to have been in the modern-day Seoul area. According to Samguk Sagi (the oldest surviving Korean history book, written in the 12th century), Onjo, the son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong, founded the nation of Sipje (십제, 十濟; later became Baekje) on Wiryeseong in 18 BC, while his elder brother Biryu established himself in Michuhol (미추홀, 彌鄒忽) further to the west. The location of Michuhol is usually believed to be present-day Incheon.

After some time, Biryu recognized that Michuhol's land was too barren and saline to sustain his people, so he moved to Wiryeseong with his people (Shortly after, the name of the state is changed from Sipje to Baekje). Later, Onjo moved further south because of Malgal to the north and Lelang to the east.

The former Wiryeseong is called Habuk (north of the river) Wiryeseong and the latter is called Hanam (south of the river) Wiryeseong. The earthen walls of Pungnap Toseong and Mongchon Toseong in Songpa-gu, Seoul are believed by many to be the remains of Hanam Wiryeseong.

During the Hanseong period, Baekje grew up against Southern Mahan and Northern Chinese Commanderies including Daifang, which attempted to violate their border. In the process, Baekje modified the political systems, and expended its territory to Mahan and Hwanghae region, and it became as a regional power.

Wiryeseong served as Baekje’s capital until 475, when Goguryeo's King Jangsu attacked Baekje and captured Wiryeseong, as well as the whole Han River area, and killing Baekje's King Gaero. Baekje's next king Munju moved south and set the new capital at Ungjin (modern day Gongju city).

title: Wiryeseong


text:
Talk:Ann Black

Untitled
From VfD:

This is hardly more than a politician's e-mail and url. --Superninja 05:49, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It's an awful article (I don't mean to be rude, but, well, it is). The NEC, I assume, is the UK Labour Party's National Executive Committee. Note, she's not elected by members of the public as a whole, but by members of the Labour Party, presumably on a constituency basis. I tried to look up how it works, but her website doesn't say much and the Labour Party website won't open at the moment. However, looking at [this BBC link], it suggests the NEC is quite small, so she would be a significant figure in the Labour Party, and hence keep. Average Earthman 08:37, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I've put some links and clarification on the page. Average Earthman 08:47, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * At this point it looks like a perfectly OK stub. Keep.
 * Keep the article, delete the VFD entry. anthony (see warning) 20:58, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

NEC democracy
The NEC is the Labour Party's National Executive Committee and they are charged with running the party. The members of the NEC are all elected by secret postal ballot of all Labour Party members and the candidates who score the most votes are deemed to be elected. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Marthants (talk • contribs)

The NEC is the Labour Party's National Executive Committee and they are charged with running the party. There are 32 members: the party leader, the deputy leader, three ministers appointed by the leader, the leader of the European Labour party, the party treasurer, three MPs/MEPs elected by MPs and MEPs, two local government representatives elected by Labour councillors, one representative elected by the socialist societies, 12 trade union representatives elected by trade union delegates at annual conference, one young Labour representative elected at the young Labour conference, and six constituency representatives elected by a one-member-one-vote ballot of the entire party membership. All elected members serve two-year terms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.73.211.60 (talk • contribs)

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title: Talk:Ann Black


text:
German submarine U-171

German submarine U-171 was a Type IXC U-boat of Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II. It was laid down on 1 December 1940 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard at Bremen as yard number 1011, launched on 22 July 1941, and commissioned on 25 October 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Günther Pfeffer.

After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla, U-171 was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front-line service on 1 July 1942. It was sent to patrol in the Gulf of Mexico. It was sunk by a naval mine in the Bay of Biscay 115 days into its first and only patrol, whilst returning to Lorient in occupied France, with the loss of 22 of its crew of 54. For many years it was believed GS U-166 (1941) was sunk by an American aircraft in what was, in reality, an unsuccessful attack on U-171 in the Gulf of Mexico.

Design
German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. U-171 had a displacement of 1120 t when at the surface and 1232 t while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m, a pressure hull length of 58.75 m, a beam of 6.76 m, a height of 9.60 m, and a draught of 4.70 m. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4400 PS for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1000 PS for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 m.

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 kn and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 kn. When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nmi at 4 kn; when surfaced, she could travel 13450 nmi at 10 kn. U-171 was fitted with six 53.3 cm torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Patrol
U-171 departed Kiel on 17 June 1942, at the end of which it was to return to Lorient, where it would be based for future sorties. It negotiated the 'gap' between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, entering the Gulf of Mexico.

The submarine sank the 4,351 GRT Mexican general cargo merchant ship, SS Oaxaca on 26 July 1942, at 28.38333°N, -96.13333°W off Corpus Christi, Texas. The ship was at the time en route from New Orleans to Tampico via Veracruz. The first spread of two torpedoes missed the ship, but a second spread, also of two eels (German U-boat slang for torpedoes), was successful when one hit the port side near the fore-part of the ship. Six of the crew of 45 died.

On 1 August 1942, also in the Gulf of Mexico, U-171 came under attack from a U.S. Coast Guard J4F-1 Widgeon aircraft, causing it little damage. However, for decades it was believed that the U-boat attacked that day was GS U-166 (1941); the credit for sinking U-166 went to that aircraft.

The wreckage of U-166 was discovered in 2001, just a short distance from its last victim, Robert E. Lee, meaning that the credit for the sinking of U-166 should have gone to the U.S. Navy patrol craft, PC-566, which had reported that they believed they were successful in their depth charge attack on the submarine following the U-boat's successful torpedoing of Robert E. Lee, but PC-566 were believed by investigating officials to have missed.

Having not been sunk, as had been believed by the Allies, U-171 continued its patrol. On 13 August 1942 it sank the 6,779 GRT US tanker R. M. Parker Jr. at 28.83333°N, -90.7°W which is about 25 nmi south of Isles Dernieres, Louisiana. The ship, which was carrying water ballast, was struck by two torpedoes; the submarine then surfaced and fired five rounds from its deck gun into the wreck. The whole crew of 44 survived, being picked up eight hours later by the United States Coast Guard auxiliary USS Pioneer (AM-105).

On 4 September 1942, the submarine had its final success, the Mexican tanker SS Amatlan 6,511 GRT; again in ballast, at 23.45°N, -97.5°W. This ship had evaded three spreads of two torpedoes each, before being hit by a torpedo fired from U-171's stern tube. There were 10 dead and 24 survivors.

Loss
U-171 was sunk at 13:00 hours on 9 October 1942 in the Bay of Biscay near Lorient, in position 47.65°N, -3.56667°W, by a mine. Twenty-two men died, thirty survived. Captain Günther Pfeffer (1914–1966), was one of the lucky ones.

The wrecked submarine was classified as a "military cemetery" in 1999 by the French authorities: divers are then warned that going inside the boat is strictly forbidden.

title: German submarine U-171


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle

The women's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 15.

France's Laure Manaudou won the gold medal in this event, with a European record time of 4:05.34. The silver medal was awarded to Poland's Otylia Jędrzejczak, who finished behind Manaudou by half a second (0.50), in an outstanding time of 4:05.84. U.S. swimmer Kaitlin Sandeno, who earned a silver in the 400 m individual medley on the previous day, fought off a challenge from Romania's Camelia Potec in the final lap to take a bronze by two tenths of a second (0.20), clocking at 4:06.19.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.