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Talk:Jim Lehrer

Untitled
ancestry - What is his ancestry? Be interesting to have that info. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.39.159.92 (talk) 17:47, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

12/15/2011 -is Jonah Lehrer in any way related to Jim? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.206.244.211 (talk) 13:57, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

Doesn't vote
Much has been made of Lehrer not voting to avoid appearing bias. He told Larry King in 2000 that he didn't vote, and hadn't since covering politics in Texas during the 1960s. In 2006 he told Colbert that he sometimes did and sometimes didn't. I am sure there is more to be found. --IvoShandor (talk) 08:17, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

I would like to see his picture in uniform. Monte Melkonian (talk) 04:46, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Change in status of show
I am planning to wait to change Mr. Lehrer's biography until the first episode of the PBS NewHour airs on Monday (7 December 2009) Mataki (talk) 02:19, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Emmy or Emmys?
In the Career section it says that he received several Emmys, but later under Honors and Awards it lists a singular Emmy award. Editrite! (talk) 20:57, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim Lehrer


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CarnEvil

CarnEvil is a 1998 light gun shooter arcade game released by Midway Games. It is often noted for its heavy use of graphic violence and dark humor. It is Midway Games' most successful light gun shooter.

Gameplay
CarnEvil plays similarly to Sega's House of the Dead series. It consists of four levels, each ending with a boss fight. The first three levels (Haunted House, Rickety Town, Freak Show) can be played in any order, but the fourth (Big Top) can only be accessed after all three are cleared. The players shoot enemies while progressing through carnival and amusement park environments. The gameplay is considerably violent and features various gory scenes. The controller is a pump-action shotgun attached to the cabinet by a cable; to reload, players must either pump the fore-end or fire off-screen.

Occasionally, a girl named Betty will appear as an innocent civilian. Shooting her gives a life penalty, but does not garner any long-term consequences or changes to the game.

Health and weapon power-ups can be found throughout the game. Weapon power-ups include a machine gun, shotgun, flamethrower, acid bath gun, and an increase in the magazine capacity for the standard gun. They can be obtained by shooting floating icons, such as a shotgun shell or a barrel of acid. The special weapons cannot be reloaded, but the magazine increase remains in effect until the player's health meter is exhausted. Grabbing these power-ups also provides bonus points.

Plot
The game is set in the fictional town of Greely Valley, Iowa. An urban legend claims that, if a golden token is inserted into the jester skull's mouth on top of the gravestone of a ringmaster named Professor Ludwig von Tökkentäkker, his haunted carnival will rise from the earth.

The game begins with a group of teenagers taking a hayride tour through the Greely Valley cemetery, courtesy of the local "ghost expert", Spooky Sam. The unnamed protagonist leaves the tour and approaches Tökkentäkker's tombstone to find a golden coin sitting in its slot. The protagonist inserts the coin into the jester's mouth, resulting in the haunted amusement park rising from the ground. Trapped within, they take a shotgun from the shooting gallery and uses it to fight off hordes of zombies and other undead monsters in order to escape. After fighting through the Haunted House, Rickety Town and the Freak Show, they enter the Big Top and fights their way through in order to face Tökkentäkker directly aboard his airship.

Soon after killing Tökkentäkker, the protagonist falls from the airship as it explodes. In the morning, they and the only other survivor, Betty, wake up in front of the tombstone, where the token falls back into its slot. The protagonist re-inserts it into the mouth of the jester, causing it to laugh wickedly as Betty screams in horror.

Development and release
CarnEvil was conceptualized by Jack Haeger in 1988 when he was working on the video game Narc. As part of the development team's experiments with live digitized footage for video games, Haegar began working with stop motion puppets in an attempt to recreate a cinematic experience. Haegar was fond of the classic horror movie premise of a teenager daring a friend to run through a graveyard, and sketched a concept piece based on this idea titled "Horror Show". The sketch, primarily depicting a decrepit haunted house, featured a poster with the "CarnEvil" name and a prototypical version of Umlaut named "Smeek". Although Haeger was aware that technical limitations at the time made the concept impractical, he saw potential in the "dark carnival" theme.

Midway Games approved Haeger's concept following the successful releases of the light gun shooters Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) and Revolution X (1994), which Haegar co-directed. The game originally had a tone similar to The Haunted Mansion, and featured an old caretaker character with a Punch and Judy-style puppet. After this version was harshly reviewed by Midway's management, the development team revamped the concept with characters that were more aggressive and darkly humorous. This tone was set by Haeger's conceptual character Hambone, a large brute with a goaltender mask and a gatling gun arm who would become the miniboss of the Haunted House stage. Over 40 characters were created and modeled in 3D Studio Max. Artist and 3D modeler Scott Pikulski recalled that "Many ideas for characters and level content came from us just joking around while working on the game. It always felt like the project would be cancelled at any time, so we worked on it like we had nothing to lose. Jack has a great sense of humor, and many of the great ideas came from his head".

The spindly, angular qualities of Haeger's concept sketches were influenced by The Nightmare Before Christmas, while the expressive and disturbing qualities of the characters' faces were inspired by a black-and-white photobook titled Fellini's Faces. The Avengers episode "Look — (Stop Me If You've Heard This One) — But There Were These Two Fellers...", which features a pair of murderous clowns, was also an influence. The fatalities in Midway's Mortal Kombat pushed the development team to increase the game's graphic violence, with Pikulski responsible for many of the game's goriest effects. However, in response to objections from potential distributors, the development team installed a DIP switch that would allow operators to replace the giant infant boss character Junior with a giant teddy bear character named Deaddy. The opening and closing cutscenes were created by Blur Studio under the direction of Tim Miller. The music was composed by Kevin Quinn. Haeger voiced the game's opening narration as well as the characters Umlaut, Tökkentäkker, Hambone and Krampus. The enemy character Muertito the Bat Boy was created and voiced by artist Martin Martinez.

In September 1998, CarnEvil was showcased at the Amusement & Music Operators Association Expo in Nashville, Tennessee. It was released on Halloween 1998, and it was considered a competitor to Atari Games's Area 51: Site 4 and Namco's Time Crisis II. In 1999, Midway confirmed that the game would not be ported to consoles.

Reception and legacy
Mark Hain of Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the game's visuals and comfortable pump action gun, but was disappointed by the lack of extra gameplay features and hidden background secrets compared to Atari Games' Area 51 and Maximum Force. Jason Wilson and Tyrone Rodriguez of Tips & Tricks also praised the graphics, writing that "the stunning 3D environments are portrayed in such gruesome detail, you will think you're trapped in a horror film". French magazine Player One gave the game a score of 69%, regarding it as a House of the Dead clone, but commending the gun's design and precision as well as the gory graphics. Adam Bregman of LA Weekly considered CarnEvil to be "undoubtedly the best of the genre" and "perhaps the most twisted video game ever created".

According to Haeger, the game's sales exceeded those of Mortal Kombat 4, which encouraged Midway's arcade team to conceptualize a 4D ride adaptation that ultimately never materialized. CarnEvil was never ported to home consoles despite the success of The House of the Dead, Time Crisis and Point Blank on those platforms. Pikulski claimed that a developer had intended to create an original home console game that bore the CarnEvil title.

In September 2015, the fansite "Greely Valley Cemetery" was created as an archive for the game's concept sketches, promotional art, music tracks and voice clips. Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar+ considered Killing Floor and its sequel to be spiritual successors to CarnEvil, and he saw a thematic influence on the "Loony Park" level in Painkiller's Battle Out of Hell expansion pack and Until Dawn: Rush of Blood.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CarnEvil


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British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983

The British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 (1983 c. 6) is an Act of Parliament passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 28 March 1983. The purpose of the Act was to grant British citizenship to residents of the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic.

Under the British Nationality Act 1981, a resident of the Falkland Islands was classed as a British Dependent Territories citizen (BDTCs) unless they also had a connection with the United Kingdom (UK) itself (such as through having a UK-born parent or grandparent). British Dependent Territories citizens were restricted in their right to enter and stay in the UK. The new Act conferred full British citizenship on the residents of the Falkland Islands, giving them more preferential status than that of other BDTCs, including BDTCs of Gibraltar (whose British citizenship must be voluntarily applied for). The 1983 Act had retrospective effect from 1 January 1983, the date on which the 1981 Act had come into effect.

The 1983 Act was passed mainly in response to the Falklands War, which was fought between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the sovereignty of the islands. The United Kingdom maintained that it would stand by the principle of self-determination of allowing the Falkland Islanders to decide their own destiny. It had been argued that the British Nationality Act 1981 had indicated British reluctance to hold the islands, as the residents were not legally full British citizens, and after the war ended in victory for the British, the 1983 Act was passed to clarify the United Kingdom's commitment to the islands.

The Act has been largely superseded by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, which granted full British citizenship to BDTCs of most remaining British overseas territories.


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BOM

BOM, BoM or bom may refer to:

Language

 * Bom language, an endangered language of Sierra Leone
 * Berom language (ISO 639 code: ), a Plateau language of Nigeria

Organisations

 * Bank One Mauritius, a commercial bank based in Mauritius
 * Barrel of Monkeys Productions, a Chicago-based arts-education organization
 * Battle of Malta poker tournament
 * Bureau of Meteorology, Australia
 * Bureau of Mines (Republic of China), a Taiwan government agency

People

 * Bom people, an ethnic group in Bangladesh
 * Klaas Bom (born 1937), Dutch engineer
 * Lars Bom (born 1961), Danish actor
 * Bom (singer), South Korean singer

Science and technology

 * BOM (psychedelic) (3,4,5,beta-tetramethoxyphenethylamine), a psychedelic drug
 * BOM (file format), a file format used in OS X installer packages
 * Browser Object Model, the objects exposed by a Web browser
 * Byte order mark (U+FEFF and others), a Unicode character

Other uses

 * Bōm (restaurant), a Michelin-starred Korean restaurant in New York City
 * Builder's Old Measurement of a ship's cargo carrying capacity, England, 1650-1848
 * Bromborough railway station, Merseyside, England, station code
 * Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai, India, IATA airport code
 * Bill of materials, a list of materials and parts needed to manufacture a product

title: BOM


text:
Do They Know It's Christmas?

"Do They Know It's Christmas?" is a charity song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise money for the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia. It was first recorded by Band Aid, a supergroup assembled by Geldof and Ure consisting of popular British and Irish musical acts. It was recorded in a single day at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, in November 1984.

"Do They Know It's Christmas" was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1984. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number one where it remained for five weeks, becoming the Christmas number one of 1984. It sold a million copies in the first week, making it the fastest-selling single in UK chart history until Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997". UK sales passed three million on the last day of 1984. The song also reached number one in 13 other countries. In the US, it fell short of the top ten in the Billboard Hot 100 due to a lack of airplay, but sold an estimated 2.5 million copies by January 1985. It had sold 11.7 million copies worldwide by 1989 and 3.8 million copies in the UK by 2017.

"Do They Know It's Christmas" raised £8 million for Ethiopia within a year, far exceeding Geldof's hopes. The success led to several other charity singles, such as "We Are the World" (1985) by USA for Africa, and spin-off charity events, such as Comic Relief and the 1985 Live Aid concert. In a UK poll in December 2012 it was voted sixth on the ITV television special The Nation's Favourite Christmas Song. Some critics, however, have viewed the song as condescending and offensive for its depiction of Ethiopians, who comprise one of the world's oldest Christian communities, as well as for its description of Africa as barren. The song's co-writer Ure wrote "it was all about generating money. The song didn't matter: the song was secondary, almost irrelevant."

"Do They Know It's Christmas?" was rerecorded and rereleased in 1989, 2004 and 2014. The 1989 and 2004 versions also raised funds for famine relief, while the 2014 version raised funds for the Ebola crisis in West Africa. All three reached number one in the UK, and the 1989 and 2004 versions became Christmas number ones. The 2004 version sold 1.8 million copies. Geldof has said a new supercut version of previous recordings of the song is being compiled to mark the 40th anniversary.

Background
"Do They Know It's Christmas?" was inspired by a series of reports made by the BBC journalist Michael Buerk in 1984, which drew attention to the famine in Ethiopia. The BBC News crew were the first to document the famine, with Buerk's report on 23 October describing it as "a biblical famine in the 20th century" and "the closest thing to hell on Earth". The report featured the nurse Claire Bertschinger, who had to choose which children would receive the limited amount of food at the feeding station and who were too sick to be saved. The reports shocked the UK, motivating the British people to inundate relief agencies, such as Save the Children, with donations. The Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof and his partner, the television presenter Paula Yates, watched the broadcast on 23 October and were deeply affected by it. Geldof said about Bertschinger: "In her was vested the power of life and death. She had become godlike, and that is unbearable for anyone."

On 2 November, Yates was in the Tyne Tees studio in Newcastle upon Tyne, where she was presenting the weekly live music show The Tube. Among the acts performing were Ultravox, promoting their greatest hits album The Collection. The singer, Midge Ure, was chatting to Yates in the dressing room when Geldof called her. Geldof had worked with Ure at the 1981 charity benefit show The Secret Policeman's Ball. Geldof asked to speak to Ure and told him that he wanted to do something to alleviate the suffering in Ethiopia. He and Ure arranged to discuss ideas over lunch the following Monday, 5 November, and decided to make a charity record.

Geldof began recruiting musicians. He called George Michael, Sting and Simon Le Bon, who agreed to participate along with the rest of Duran Duran, and recruited Spandau Ballet after a chance meeting with the band's guitarist Gary Kemp at an antiques shop in London. Geldof said: "It suddenly it hit me. I thought, 'Christ, we have got the real top boys here', all the big names in pop are suddenly ready and willing to do this... I knew then that we were off, and I just decided to go for all the rest of the faces and started to ring everyone up, asking them to do it." Further phone calls from Geldof also secured promises of everybody involved to provide their services free of charge. Other contributors included UK music magazines, which donated advertising space to promote the single; Geldof's record label Phonogram, which released the single; their parent company PolyGram, which distributed it; and the artist Peter Blake, who created the single's sleeve.

Composition
Geldof's and Ure's biggest challenge was to write a song that could be recorded and released in time for Christmas. They realised that they would have to write one themselves and not record a cover version; otherwise, they would have to pay royalties which would have to be subtracted from the amount raised for charity. On the Monday afternoon, Ure wrote what he felt was a Christmas-like melody on a portable keyboard. He sent a tape to Geldof, who sarcastically told him that the tune sounded like the theme to Z-Cars.

Geldof came to Ure's house the next day and together they worked on the song with Geldof on his acoustic guitar. Geldof added lyrics based on a song he had originally written for the Boomtown Rats, which he had provisionally titled "It's My World". Ure recorded Geldof and his guitar and used the recording to develop Geldof's ideas later back in his home studio, adding his own melody onto the end as a chorus. He later stated that he had been unable to improve on Geldof's lyrics and left most of them as they were, with the exception of the line "And there won't be snow in Africa this Christmas time" – the original lyric substituted "Africa" with "Ethiopia" but Ure decided "Ethiopia" had too many syllables to fit the melody.

Geldof asked Trevor Horn to produce the song. Horn was an in-demand producer, having produced three number-one singles that year for Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Horn was receptive but said he would need at least six weeks, which would make it impossible to release by Christmas. However, he allowed the team to use his studios, Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, free for 24 hours on 25 November. Horn later remixed and co-produced the 12" version and remixed it for the 1985 rerelease.

Recording
"Do They Know It's Christmas" was produced by Ure. He spent several days in his home studio with his engineer, Rik Walton, creating the backing track, programming the keyboards and drum machines. For the intro, he used a sample of the drums from the 1983 track "The Hurting" by Tears for Fears. John Taylor of Duran Duran and Paul Weller visited Ure's studio the day before the recording to add bass guitar and lead guitar. Ure and Weller later agreed that the guitar did not fit and did not use it. Ure sang the guide vocal, and Simon Le Bon, George Michael and Sting came to Ure's studio to record their parts.

While Ure was creating the backing track, Geldof contacted various British and Irish artists to ask them to appear. His plan was to have the biggest names in British and Irish music at the time appear on the record. Geldof later revealed only three people had turned him down, but refused to disclose who. Those who were unable to appear sent recorded messages of support that appeared on the B-side, including David Bowie and Paul McCartney. Another successful 1984 UK act, the Thompson Twins, were unable to appear as they were out of the country and were made aware of the recording too late. Instead, they donated part of the proceeds of their single "Lay Your Hands on Me" to the Action for Ethiopia charity.

Geldof and Ure arrived at Sarm West Studios at around 8am on Sunday 25 November with the media in attendance outside. With recording scheduled to begin at 10:30am, the artists began arriving. Geldof had arranged for the UK newspaper The Daily Mirror to have exclusive access inside the studio, and ensured that a 'team photo' was taken by the newspaper's photographer Brian Aris before any recording began, knowing that it would be ready in time to appear in the following day's edition of the newspaper and help publicise the record. The photograph also appeared on the back cover of the single.

Ure played the backing track and guide vocals to the artists and then decided, as a way of getting all involved straightaway, to record the climax first. The artists were put in a huge group and sang the 'Feed the world, let them know it's Christmas time again' refrain over and over again until it was complete. Having recorded the group, Ure chose Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet to be the first singer into the studio to record his solo part. Hadley admitted that this had been nerve-wracking, knowing that all his contemporaries were watching him. One by one the other assigned singers then did likewise, with Ure taping their efforts and then making notes on which segments would be cut into the final recording. Le Bon, despite having already recorded his part at Ure's house, re-recorded it so he could be part of the moment. Sting also recorded his words again, this time to provide harmony vocals. Despite being lead singers themselves, both Geldof and Ure had already decided that they would not sing any solo lines, although both took part in the 'feed the world' finale. Ure later stated in his autobiography that he was constantly battling with Geldof, and telling him to leave when he would come into the production booth and wrongly tell the artist behind the microphone what to sing.

Phil Collins arrived with his entire drum kit to record a live drum track on top of the already programmed drum machine. He set up the kit and then waited patiently until early evening, after all the vocals had been recorded. Ure was content with the first take that Collins performed, but the perfectionist Collins was unhappy with it and asked for a second take to be recorded, which he was satisfied with.

Although the majority of the artists who took part were the UK or Ireland's biggest musical stars at the time, there were a few unusual participants. Members of the US group Kool & the Gang appeared on the record because they were signed to the same record label as the Boomtown Rats, and just happened to be visiting Phonogram's London offices on the day that Geldof walked in to pitch his idea for the charity single to the label. Singer Marilyn, who had scored a couple of chart hits a year earlier but whose star had faded throughout 1984, saw the opportunity to reclaim the spotlight and turned up to the recording despite not being invited to take part, a fact overlooked by Geldof and Ure who felt any publicity was good publicity and the more stars they could get to appear on the record, the better. Actor Nigel Planer, who had reached number two earlier in the year with a cover version of "Hole in My Shoe" in the guise of his character Neil from the television comedy series The Young Ones, also showed up uninvited and in character as Neil to play up to the cameras, and after being tolerated for a while was sent away by Ure.

Geldof also asked Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt, the two frontmen of rock band Status Quo, to take part, knowing that although the group were from an entirely different musical era and background, their consistent chart success and fame would bring a certain amount of credibility to the project from the rock fraternity and ensure that the group's loyal following of fans (the "Quo Army") would buy the record in large numbers. Ure's original idea was for Rossi and Parfitt to sing the "here's to you" harmonies in the song's bridge, but he had to shelve the idea because Parfitt could not hit the high notes. This section was eventually taken on by Weller, Sting and Glenn Gregory. Rossi privately told Ure afterwards that in the studio he sang most of Status Quo's vocal parts and that Parfitt only usually sang onstage, and that Ure should have kept Parfitt away from the microphone. Parfitt admitted in a 2004 documentary that he and Rossi had been extremely hungover from partying the night before, and were in no fit state to attempt to record their vocals. However, according to the journalist Robin Eggar, who at the time was music correspondent for The Daily Mirror and who was the only journalist present throughout the recording of the song, the pair were able to contribute in other ways: "Once Status Quo produced their bag of cocaine and the booze started to flow – I brought six bottles of wine from my flat, which disappeared in a minute – it became a party."

Geldof had been keen to include Culture Club's Boy George on the single, at the time one of the biggest music stars in the world, and had called him in New York the day before the recording to insist that George turn up. By midday, with George still absent, an irate Geldof telephoned him again demanding to know where he was. Having only gone to bed a few hours before, a sleepy George was woken up by Geldof insisting that he get onto a Concorde transatlantic flight later that morning. However, George went back to sleep following the phone call, and only made it onto the last Concorde flight of the day later that afternoon. George eventually arrived at Sarm West at 6pm and went immediately into the recording booth to deliver his lines, the last solo artist of the day. Once George's contribution had been recorded, Ure began working on the mix as the participants began to party in the studio. A B-side, titled "Feed the World", was also produced by Trevor Horn in his own studio, using the same instrumental track as the A-side and featuring messages from artists who had been at the recording, and also from those who had been unable to attend, including David Bowie, Paul McCartney, the members of Big Country and Holly Johnson from Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Before departing the Sarm Studio, Geldof recorded a statement, which featured as the last message on "Feed the World". Geldof's spoken-word statement said:

"This record was recorded on the 25th of November 1984. It's now 8 AM in the morning of the 26th. We've been here 24 hours and I think it's time we went home. So from me, Bob Geldof, and Midge, we'd say, 'Good morning to you all, and a million thanks to everyone on the record. Have a lovely Christmas.'"

Style and content
The song comprises two parts: a verse and bridge which allow individual singers to perform different lines; and a chorus in the form of two repeated phrases by ensemble. The first line of the recording is sung by Paul Young on the 1984 version, Kylie Minogue on the 1989 version, Chris Martin of Coldplay on the 2004 version, and One Direction on the 2014 version. The opening line was sung by David Bowie at the Live Aid concert in 1985.

Release and promotion
The day after recording, Geldof appeared on Mike Read's BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show to promote the record and promised that every penny would go to the cause. Most record retailers agreed to sell the record at its cost price of £1.35 including VAT: however, some refused, citing cost pressures. Geldof was also incensed that the British Government refused to waive the VAT on the sales of the single. He made the headlines by publicly standing up to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In the end the government relented and donated an amount to the charity equal to the amount of tax they had collected on the single.

Radio 1 began to play the song every hour – normally an A-list single got seven or eight plays per day. The number one single at the time of its release was "I Should Have Known Better" by Jim Diamond, and Diamond was quoted as saying, "I'm delighted to be at number one, but next week I don't want people to buy my record; I want them to buy Band Aid instead".

The song had advance orders of 250,000 within a week of its recording, and orders from record dealers had topped one million by 8 December. In order to meet demand, Phonogram had all five of their European factories put to work pressing the single.

Initial quantities of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" were made available from Monday 3 December 1984; however, it was not officially released until 7 December. It received further publicity from a launch party that day at the Royal Albert Hall during the charity event "Dinner at Albert's", an evening of music to raise money for Save the Children and the Ethiopia Famine Relief Fund. The single entered the UK Singles Chart the following week at number one, outselling all the other records in the chart put together, with the 7" single alone selling 200,000 copies in the first two days of release.

Released in the US on 10 December 1984 on Columbia Records, "Do They Know It's Christmas?" sold 1.9 million copies in its first eleven days on release but did not reach number one there, due to the more complex nature of the chart system, which counted airplay as well as sales. Despite outselling the official number one by four to one, it did not make the top ten due to a lack of airplay, ultimately peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Due to the time constraints of releasing the single as quickly as possible, the promotional video for the song simply featured footage from the recording session. David Bowie, who had been Geldof's original choice to sing the song's opening line but who had been unable to attend the recording, flew into England from Switzerland to record a short introduction for the video to be played on the BBC's flagship television music show Top of the Pops on 29 November 1984. However, Geldof was unhappy when he discovered that the show's regulations meant that the song and its video could not be played until it had actually charted. Undeterred, he contacted BBC1 controller Michael Grade directly and persuaded Grade to order that every programme preceding that week's episode of Top of the Pops should start five minutes early to make space to broadcast the song's video (complete with Bowie's introduction) just before the show. That evening's Top of the Pops also saw several artists - Nik Kershaw and his band, members of Slade, Kool & The Gang, Alvin Stardust, Jim Diamond and Black Lace - and presenter Peter Powell wearing "Feed the World" T-shirts to promote the single.

Each week of its stay at number one, the video was shown on Top of the Pops. However, for the Christmas Day special edition of the programme, most of the artists on the record appeared in the studio to mime to the song as it was relayed through the speaker system. The two most notable absentees were George Michael and Bono: during Michael's line the cameras focused on the studio audience, while Paul Weller mimed Bono's line to the camera.

The charity received a further boost during Band Aid's five week tenure at the top of the UK charts with Wham! at number two with their double A-side "Last Christmas"/"Everything She Wants". Wham! singer George Michael had appeared on the Band Aid single and he and fellow band member Andrew Ridgeley donated all the royalties from their single to the Band Aid Trust. As of 2021, "Last Christmas" has sold almost two million copies, and until it reached number one in January 2021 it held the record for the biggest-selling single never to reach number one in the UK.

A 30-minute video titled  ' Do They Know It's Christmas?' – The Story of the Official Band Aid Video was released in the UK on 15 December 1984 and in the US on 18 December 1984 on VHS and Betamax formats. The video featured documentary footage shot at the recording session and interviews with Geldof and Ure, as well as the completed promotional video. At the 1986 Grammy Awards the song's video was nominated for the Best Music Video, Short Form award, eventually losing out to its US counterpart song "We Are the World".

Reception
In December 1984, the reception of the original single from the UK music press was mixed. Under a caption of "TURKEY" (a double meaning referring both to the traditional Christmas dinner and an artistic failure), the biggest-selling music paper NME dismissed the song with the single line, "Millions of Dead Stars write and perform rotten record for the right reasons". The other two major music papers looked upon the record more favourably, recognising that while musically the song was flawed, its intentions were admirable. Sounds said, "It's far from brilliant (if not quite the Bland Aid some have predicted) but you can have fun playing Spot the Star on the vocals, and it deserves to sell by the truckload". Melody Maker stated, "Inevitably, after such massive publicity, the record itself is something of an anti-climax, even though Geldof's sense of universal melodrama is perfectly suited to this kind of epic musical manifesto. Midge Ure's large-screen production and the emotional vocal deliveries of the various celebrities matches the demonstrative sweep of Geldof's lyric, which veers occasionally toward an uncomfortably generalised sentimentality which threatens to turn righteous pleading into pompous indignation. On the other hand, I'm sure it's impossible to write flippantly about something as fundamentally dreadful as the Ethiopia famine."

In retrospective reviews, the song has been criticised for what has been described as its colonial western-centric viewpoint and it has also been criticised for its condescending stereotypical descriptions of Africa, including the phrase sung by Bono: "Well tonight thank God it's them instead of you". For the 2014 version, several lyrics that were previously criticised were rewritten, and the song was changed to focus on Ebola rather than the original version's famine. The new lyrics have also been criticised as promoting stereotypes and condescension. Criticism from Africans regarding the song remained: in 2014, African activists and Twitter users complained that the song disregarded the diversity of the continent of Africa and ultimately did more harm than good for the people. Musician Fuse ODG turned down a request to sing on the 2014 version, stating that the lyrics of the song do not reflect what Africa truly is. He cited lyrics such as "There is no peace and joy in west (sic) Africa this Christmas"; saying he goes to Ghana yearly for the sole purpose of peace and joy, so singing such lyrics would be a blatant lie. The lyrics also inaccurately describe Ethiopia (and Africa in general) as barren ("And there won't be snow in Africa this Christmas time.. Where nothing ever grows / No rain nor rivers flow").

In recent years, several publications and commentators have described the song's lyrics as racist, and demeaning towards Ethiopians. Ethiopia is home to one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, and one likely slightly older than the United Kingdom; yet the song's lyrics and its title imply that "Africans" would be unaware of Christmas at all. Peter Gill, one of the few Western journalists in Ethiopia at the time, has said of this: “As Ethiopians have pointed out ever since, they did of course know it was Christmas because the starving were mainly [ Orthodox] Christian”.

In 2010, Geldof told Australia's Daily Telegraph "I am responsible for two of the worst songs in history." with the other one being "We Are the World". Ure's assessment in his autobiography was that "it is a song that has nothing to do with music. It was all about generating money... The song didn't matter: the song was secondary, almost irrelevant."

In 2005, a parody version entitled "Do They Know It's Hallowe'en?" was created to poke fun at the lyrics in the original version.

1985 reissue
"Do They Know It's Christmas?" was reissued the following year on 29 November 1985, reaching number three in the UK Singles Chart the week following Christmas. The 1985 single was remixed by Trevor Horn, the intended producer of the original version, and it included an updated B-side entitled "One Year On (Feed the World)", beginning and ending with a recording of a telephone message from Geldof and in between featuring Ure reciting a list of what had been bought with the money raised during the previous 12 months.

Personnel
(adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve)

Vocalists
 * Robert "Kool" Bell (Kool & the Gang)
 * Bono (U2)
 * Pete Briquette (the Boomtown Rats)
 * Adam Clayton (U2)
 * Phil Collins (Genesis and solo artist)
 * Chris Cross (Ultravox)
 * Simon Crowe (the Boomtown Rats)
 * Sara Dallin (Bananarama)
 * Siobhan Fahey (Bananarama)
 * Johnny Fingers (the Boomtown Rats)
 * Bob Geldof (the Boomtown Rats)
 * Boy George (Culture Club)
 * Glenn Gregory (Heaven 17)
 * Tony Hadley (Spandau Ballet)
 * John Keeble (Spandau Ballet)
 * Gary Kemp (Spandau Ballet)
 * Martin Kemp (Spandau Ballet)
 * Simon Le Bon (Duran Duran)
 * Marilyn
 * George Michael (Wham!)
 * Jon Moss (Culture Club)
 * Steve Norman (Spandau Ballet)
 * Rick Parfitt (Status Quo)
 * Nick Rhodes (Duran Duran)
 * Francis Rossi (Status Quo)
 * Sting (the Police)
 * Andy Taylor (Duran Duran)
 * James "J.T." Taylor (Kool & the Gang)
 * John Taylor (Duran Duran)
 * Roger Taylor (Duran Duran)
 * Dennis Thomas (Kool & the Gang)
 * Midge Ure (Ultravox)
 * Martyn Ware (Heaven 17)
 * Jody Watley
 * Paul Weller (the Style Council)
 * Keren Woodward (Bananarama)
 * Paul Young

Additional spoken messages on B-side
 * David Bowie
 * Stuart Adamson, Mark Brzezicki, Tony Butler, Bruce Watson (Big Country)
 * Holly Johnson (Frankie Goes to Hollywood)
 * Paul McCartney

Musicians
 * Phil Collins – drums
 * John Taylor – bass guitar
 * Midge Ure – PPG Wave, Yamaha DX7, OSCar, DrumTraks programming

Notes

Band Aid II
A second version of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" was recorded under the name of Band Aid II in 1989, overseen by the most successful British production team of the late 1980s, Stock Aitken Waterman. Geldof had telephoned Pete Waterman to ask him to produce a new version of the song to aid the ongoing situation in Ethiopia, and within 24 hours the recording session had been arranged at Stock Aitken Waterman's studios on London's South Bank. The recording took place over the weekend of 2 and 3 December, and featured several artists who had already been produced by SAW, including Kylie Minogue, Jason Donovan, Bananarama, Sonia, and Cliff Richard, as well as other artists who had big hits in 1989, such as Lisa Stansfield, Jimmy Somerville, Wet Wet Wet and Bros. Bananarama's Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward became the only artists to appear on both the 1984 and 1989 versions of the record. Siobhan Fahey, who had been part of Bananarama's line-up at the time the first recording of the song was released, had left the group in 1988.

The lyrics were rearranged for a more traditional 'verse and chorus' structure, with the opening verse being split in two with a short repeat of the ending chorus being played at the end of both, followed by the "here's to you" section and a final lengthened version of the closing chorus (with commentary by Michael Buerk played over the outro in the music video).

Released on 11 December 1989, the Band Aid II version spent three weeks at number one in the UK, becoming the Christmas number one single and the last number one single of the 1980s, and ended the year as the ninth biggest selling single of 1989.

Personnel
(adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve)
 * Bananarama
 * Big Fun
 * Bros
 * Cathy Dennis
 * D Mob
 * Jason Donovan
 * Kevin Godley
 * Glen Goldsmith
 * Kylie Minogue
 * The Pasadenas
 * Chris Rea
 * Cliff Richard
 * Jimmy Somerville
 * Sonia
 * Lisa Stansfield
 * Technotronic (incorrectly listed as "Technotronics" on the record sleeve)
 * Wet Wet Wet

Musicians

The sleeve also credits "A Linn" with playing drums on the record, a joking reference to the programmed Linn drum machine.
 * Matt Aitken – keyboards, guitar
 * Luke Goss – drums
 * Chris Rea – guitar
 * Mike Stock – keyboards

Band Aid 20
Band Aid 20 recorded a third version of the song in November 2004 for the twentieth anniversary of the original recording, and again got to number one. The recording and release of the single tied in with the release of the Live Aid concert on DVD for the first time. The idea was prompted by Coldplay's Chris Martin, although Geldof and Ure both got quickly involved. Geldof did the publicity and educated the younger artists on the issues (some of whom had not been born, or were very young, when the original was recorded) while Ure filmed the event for the corresponding documentary.

The song was produced by Nigel Godrich, who was contacted by Ure. Godrich said: "'I thought, 'Oh fuck!' Then I thought I should do it. In our lives we give so little back." He enlisted musicians including Paul McCartney (on bass), the Supergrass drummer Danny Goffey, and Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood from Radiohead. He said in 2009: "I'm glad I did it – it raised quite a bit of money. It came on when I was sitting in a lobby somewhere once, and it took me a while to recognise it. It sounded good though, better than I remembered."

The artists gathered to record the chorus at AIR Studios, London, on Sunday 14 November 2004. The backing track and many of the solo lines had been recorded over the previous two days. Damon Albarn did not take part in the recording but arrived to serve tea to the participants.

This version of the song featured an extra segment—a rap by Dizzee Rascal in the midst of the "here's to you" section. Bono flew in especially from Ireland late on Sunday evening to sing the same line as he had done two decades earlier, making him the sixth artist to appear on two versions, in addition to Geldof, Ure, McCartney, Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward (Bananarama).

Personnel
Vocalists
 * Tim Wheeler (Ash)
 * Daniel Bedingfield
 * Natasha Bedingfield
 * Bono (U2)
 * Busted
 * Chris Martin (Coldplay)
 * Dido – performed separately from a studio in Melbourne
 * Dizzee Rascal – the only artist to add lyrics to the song
 * Ms Dynamite
 * Skye Edwards (Morcheeba)
 * Estelle
 * Feeder
 * Neil Hannon (The Divine Comedy)
 * Justin Hawkins (The Darkness)
 * Jamelia
 * Tom Chaplin (Keane)
 * Tim Rice-Oxley (Keane)
 * Beverley Knight
 * Lemar
 * Shaznay Lewis (All Saints)
 * Katie Melua
 * Róisín Murphy (Moloko)

 * Snow Patrol
 * Rachel Stevens
 * Joss Stone
 * Sugababes
 * The Thrills
 * Turin Brakes
 * Robbie Williams – performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles
 * Will Young
 * Fran Healy (Travis)

Musicians
 * Danny Goffey (Supergrass) – drums
 * Jonny Greenwood (Radiohead) – guitar
 * Dan Hawkins (The Darkness) – guitar
 * Justin Hawkins (The Darkness) – guitar
 * Paul McCartney – bass guitar
 * Thom Yorke (Radiohead) – piano

Additional personnel
 * Damon Albarn – tea boy
 * Bob Geldof – organiser
 * Nigel Godrich – producer
 * Midge Ure – executive producer

Band Aid 30
At a press conference on 10 November 2014, Geldof and Ure announced that another group of artists would come together to re-record the song, this time under the banner of Band Aid 30 and in aid of the Ebola crisis. The 2014 version was recorded on Saturday 15 November 2014 and released on the following Monday, 17 November.

Background
Tracey Emin provided the artwork and Paul Epworth produced the track. Vocal contributions came from artists including Ed Sheeran, One Direction, Paloma Faith, Ellie Goulding, Seal, Sam Smith, Sinéad O'Connor, Rita Ora, Emeli Sandé, Bastille and Olly Murs. Returning guest musicians from previous versions of the song included Chris Martin (who recorded the opening lines of the 2004 version) and Bono (who sang the tenth line in both the 1984 and 2004 versions). Unlike the previous versions, where lyrics were almost identical to the original, the lyrics were altered to address the then-ongoing outbreak. The lyric changes include:

 * "Where the only water flowing is the bitter sting of tears" is replaced with "Where a kiss of love can kill you and there's death in every tear"
 * "Well, tonight thank God it's them instead of you" is replaced with "Well tonight we're reaching out and touching you"
 * "And there won't be snow in Africa this Christmas time" is replaced with "Bring peace and joy this Christmas to West Africa".
 * "The greatest gift they'll get this year is life" is replaced with "A song of hope where there's no hope tonight".
 * "Where nothing ever grows, no rain or rivers flow" is replaced with "Why is comfort to be feared? Why is to touch to be scared?".
 * "Underneath that burning sun" is replaced with "And all there is to come".
 * "Do they know..." is rephrased as "How can they know...".
 * During the coda, "Feed the world" alternates with "Heal the world".

Personnel
Vocalists:
 * Bastille
 * Bono (U2)
 * Alfie Deyes
 * Paloma Faith
 * Guy Garvey (Elbow)
 * Ellie Goulding
 * Angélique Kidjo
 * Chris Martin (Coldplay)
 * Sinéad O'Connor
 * One Direction
 * Rita Ora
 * Olly Murs

 * Emeli Sandé
 * Seal
 * Ed Sheeran
 * Sam Smith
 * Joe Sugg
 * Zoe Sugg
 * Karl Hyde (Underworld)
 * Jessie Ware

Musicians:
 * Milan Neil Amin-Smith (Clean Bandit) – violin
 * Grace Chatto (Clean Bandit) – cello
 * Roger Taylor (Queen) – drums, keyboards

Additional personnel:
 * Paul Epworth – producer

German version
A German-language version of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" was released on 21 November 2014. It was produced by Vincent Sorg and Tobias Kuhn and features vocals from artists including 2raumwohnung, Andreas Bourani, Die Toten Hosen, Jan Delay, Joy Denalane, Max Raabe, Milky Chance, Peter Maffay, Silbermond, Thees Uhlmann, and Wolfgang Niedecken.

Weekly charts
British and Irish version (original)

German version

Glee Cast version
The song was covered by the cast of Glee and was released in 2011 as a single and alongside the full-length album Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album Volume 2. The song was featured in the season three Christmas episode, "Extraordinary Merry Christmas".

Band Aid Liverpool version
In December 2020, a group of musicians from Liverpool recorded a version of "Do They Know It's Christmas" under the name Band Aid Liverpool as a charity record in support of Shelter. Retitled "Do They Know It's Christmas (Feed the World)" with lyrics referring to places on Merseyside, the project was given the go-ahead by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure, with Band Aid Liverpool releasing their cover version on 10 December 2020.

Keith Lemon and Friends version
In December 2020, comedian Leigh Francis recorded a version of the song in honour of late TV presenter Caroline Flack, with proceeds raising money for the Trussell Trust, Crisis, UNICEF, Shelter and Samaritans. His version, recorded in character as Keith Lemon and the Bear from Bo' Selecta!, featured Emma Bunton, Peter Andre and Ronan Keating (with Keating also turning up on a version of LadBaby's "Don't Stop Me Eatin'", another 2020 Christmas number one contender raising money for the Trussell Trust).

LadBaby version
On 12 December 2022, British blogger Mark Hoyle, aka LadBaby, announced that he had been given permission from Ure, Geldof, and the Band Aid Trust to rewrite the lyrics to "Do They Know It's Christmas?" and release it as his 2022 Christmas single. Retitled "Food Aid", the single was released on 16 December 2022, and featured Hoyle's wife Roxanne and Martin Lewis. Half of the money raised would go to the Trussell Trust and the other half to the Band Aid Trust.

On 23 December 2022, it was announced that LadBaby was the Christmas number one for the fifth consecutive year, making them the first act to achieve five UK Christmas number-one singles, surpassing the record set by the Beatles who had four in 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1967.

title: Do They Know It's Christmas?


text:
Hippolyte Moulin

Hippolyte Alexandre Julien Moulin, sometimes given as Julien-Hippolyte Moulin or Hypolite Moulin, (1832–1884) was a 19th-century French sculptor. Moulin, a shopkeeper's son, entered the École des Beaux-Arts in 1855 but was unable to afford to continue the lessons and had to become a language teacher in Paris to support himself. He subsequently studied with Auguste-Louis-Marie Ottin and with Antoine-Louis Barye.His bronze statue A Lucky Find at Pompeii (Une Trouvaille à Pompei) (1863) depicts a nude boy with a spade dancing for joy with one leg raised, because he has unearthed a Roman statuette. His nude pose reflects that of the statuette itself, possibly indicating that the statue depicts the excavator imagining himself in the original statuette's pose. The statue won a medal at the Paris Salon of 1864 and became his most famous work. The life-size original was bought by the French Government for 7,000 francs and exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in 1867. It stands on a tall pedestal in the Musée d'Orsay alongside Alexandre Falguière's Winner of the Cockfight on an adjacent pedestal - another bronze nude dancing boy poised on one leg that had also been exhibited at the 1864 Salon.

Moulin won further Salon medals in 1867 and 1869, and another at the Exposition Universelle, 1878.

His other works include Victoria Mars (plaster exhibited at the Salon of 1872) and A Secret from On High (Secret d'en Haut) (plaster 1873; marble 1875, now also in the Musée d'Orsay alongside other marble statues.)

A Secret from On High depicts a life-size adolescent nude Mercury (Hermes) whispering a secret to a herm - a pillar topped by a bust of himself - knowing that it will never repeat what he tells it.

Moulin spent his last few years in a rest home for the mentally ill.

title: Hippolyte Moulin


text:
Dr. Terrible's House of Horrible

Dr Terrible's House of Horrible is a satirical British comedy horror anthology series created by Graham Duff, who co-wrote the series with Steve Coogan. BBC Two broadcast the series in 2001. The title parodies Amicus Productions' anthology film Dr Terror's House of Horrors (1965). Coogan presents each episode as Dr. Terrible, and plays various roles throughout.

The show spoofs the British horror films of Amicus Productions, Hammer Film Productions, and Tigon British Film Productions, and most particularly, such noted 1970s anthology series as Roald Dahl's Tales of the Unexpected and Thriller, with Amicus films, both series utilising different, well-known ensemble casts in each episode.

Horror film veterans Honor Blackman, Graham Crowden, Sheila Keith, Joan Greenwood and Angela Pleasence each guest-starred in an episode, in a pastiche of their earlier film performances. Mark Gatiss, John Thomson, Simon Pegg, Ronni Ancona and Warwick Davis also appeared.

Viewership of the six-episode series fell short of expectations, and the BBC declined to recommission it. 2 Entertain published it to DVD-Video on 4 August 2003.

Episode list
Lesbian Vampire Lovers of Lust (Episode 1 in transmission order, episode 4 in DVD order)
 * Hans Brocken and his lovely new virgin wife Carmina are on their honeymoon when they encounter a castle owned by the mysterious Countess Kronstien. She and her ladies seem unusually interested in Carmina. Spoofs Hammer Films Productions films, especially the Karnstein Trilogy (1970–71).

Frenzy of Tongs
 * Gentleman inventor Nathan Blaze must battle the inscrutable Chinese criminal Hang Man Chan in turn-of-the-century London. Spoofs Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu character, Hammer Film Productions' The Terror of the Tongs (1961), and the Doctor Who serial The Talons of Weng-Chiang (1977).

Curse of the Blood of the Lizard of Doom
 * Dr Donald Baxter's experiment with burn victims lead him down a dangerous path as he uses the regenerative powers of lizards on his patients with terrifying results.

And Now the Fearing... (Episode 4 in transmission order, episode 1 in DVD order)
 * Three people trapped in a lift retell their recent nightmares in 1970s London. Spoofs Amicus Productions' The Vault of Horror (1973).

Voodoo Feet of Death
 * A famous ballroom dancer loses his feet to a pair of gigantic scissors. After a quick foot transplant his feet start taking on a murderous mind of their own. Spoofs The Hands of Orlac (1960).

Scream Satan Scream!
 * Witch locator Captain Tobias Slater travels the north of England accusing beautiful young women of being witches and to avoid the pyre they must sleep with him, until he runs across a real coven and Slater is cursed. Spoofs Witchfinder General (1968) and Cry of the Banshee (1970).

title: Dr. Terrible's House of Horrible


text:
Gastonia (plant)

Gastonia is a formerly accepted genus of plants in the ivy and ginseng family, Araliaceae. It had been known as an unnatural group, but was recognized as late as 2010, when its nine species were distributed to four different subgenera of the large genus Polyscias. Because the genus Gastonia is now obsolete, its species are herein referred to by their names in Polyscias.

The species that constituted Gastonia are mostly island endemics, with Madagascar and New Guinea being the largest land masses on which any of them naturally occur. Gastonia had a disjunct distribution, with three species from the Seychelles, three more from the Mascarenes, one from Madagascar and the Comoro Islands, and two distributed from Malesia to the Solomon Islands.

Gastonia is a genus of small to large size trees. It shares with related genera, the lack of an articulation on the pedicel, below the flower. It is distinguished from Reynoldsia, Munroidendron, and Tetraplasandra by the radiating style arms that persist on the fruit.

Species
Listed below are the nine species placed in Gastonia by Frodin and Govaerts (2003). Names in Polyacias are from Lowry and Plunkett (2010).
 * Polyscias crassa (= Gastonia crassa)
 * Polyscias cutispongia (= Gastonia cutispongia)
 * Polyscias duplicata (= Gastonia duplicata)
 * Polyscias maraisiana (= Gastonia elegans, Gastonia mauritiana)
 * Polyscias lionnetii (= Gastonia lionnetii)
 * Polyscias rodriguesiana (= Gastonia rodriguesiana)
 * Polyscias sechellarum (= Gastonia sechellarum)
 * P. sechellarum var. contracta
 * P. sechellarum var. curiosae
 * P. sechellarum var. sechellarum
 * Polyscias serratifolia (= Gastonia serratifolia)
 * Polyscias spectabilis (= Gastonia spectabilis)

Notes on selected species
Polyscias spectabilis is from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It sometimes exceeds 40 m in height, and is the tallest member of Araliaceae. Like most members of Polyscias, P. spectabilis is sparingly branched, sometimes even palm-like in form, at least when young. Mature individuals of P. spectabilis are sometimes unbranched for 3/4 of the height of the tree. Hermann Harms erected the monotypic genus Peekeliopanax for it in 1926, but was not followed by other authors.

The type species for Gastonia is Gastonia cutispongia (now Polyscias cutispongia). It is a tall, smooth tree with spongy bark. It is native to Réunion and sometimes planted there, but it has become very rare.

Polyscias maraisiana is endemic to Mauritius and was cultivated in Europe in the 19th century, but has not been seen there since that time. It was considered exotic on account of its strikingly heteroblastic leaves.

Polyscias maraisiana has been the subject of some nomenclatural instability. In 1984, Wessel Marais separated it from Gastonia cutispongia as Gastonia mauritiana. In 2003, it was shown that the correct name for this species was Gastonia elegans because it had first been described in 1866 as Terminalia elegans. This description was a large and unexpected taxonomic error because Terminalia is in the Myrtalean family Combretaceae. In 2010, when this species was transferred to Polyscias, the specific epithet had to be changed again because the names Polyscias mauritiana and Polyscias elegans already existed. The latter two are in the Polyscias subgenera Grotefendia and Tieghemopanax, respectively.

The most widespread and variable of the species in the former Gastonia is Polyscias serratifolia. It ranges thru most of Malesia and from there to the Solomon Islands. Some of its varieties have been named as separate species and placed in other genera, such as Arthrophyllum and Tetraplasandra. These were united into one species by Philipson, as Gastonia papuana in 1970, and as Gastonia serratifolia in 1979.

History
Quattrocchi states that Gastonia was "named after Gaston d'Orléans, 1608-1660, a patron and promoter of botany and floriculture". The name was originated by Philibert Commerson, but validated later, in 1788, by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in ''Encyclopédie Méthodique.

Lamarck gave a detailed description of the species that he named Gastonia cutispongia. He named another species, but gave it only a cursory description. No one today is really sure of what the other species was. Some authors believe that it was not even a member of Araliaceae.

Other species were added to Gastonia in the 19th century. In 1898, Hermann Harms transferred what is now Polyscias sechellarum to Gastonia in a landmark monograph on Araliaceae in Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

William Raymond Philipson gave Gastonia its modern definition in 1970. He included Malesian species that had been in Tetraplasandra, thus restricting that genus to the Hawaiian Islands. He also reduced the monotypic genera Indokingia (Polyscias crassa) and Peekeliopanax (Polyscias spectabilis) into synonymy under Gastonia.

William Botting Hemsley had named Indokingia in 1906 in Hooker's Icones Plantarum. Peekeliopanax was a name that Hermann Harms had applied to a flowering specimen in 1926. A few years later, he placed a fruiting specimen of the same species under Gastonia.

In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae by Kew Gardens. Nine species were recognized therein for Gastonia. The genus was described as "generalized, altho in details, it is quite varied". Since that time, molecular phylogenetic studies, based on DNA sequences, have shown that Gastonia was polyphyletic. These studies have shown that biogeography is strongly correlated with relationships in Araliaceae.

In 2010, the genus Polyscias was expanded from about 100 species to 159. The number of species in Polyscias will be around 250 when the undescribed species are  published. Six genera (Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Gastonia, Reynoldsia, Munroidendron, and Tetraplasandra) were placed in synonymy under Polyscias. In accordance with the phylogenetic studies of DNA, Polyscias was divided into 11 subgenera (Polyscias, Grotefendia, Maralia, Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Tetraplasandra, Eupteron, Sciadopanax, Tieghemopanax, Indokingia, and Palmervandenbroekia) and seven species were left incertae sedis.

The nine species that had been in Gastonia went to four different subgenera of Polyscias; three species went to Grotefendia, three more to Indokingia, two to Tetraplasandra, and one to Maralia.

Polyscias cutispongia, Polyscias maraisiana, and Polyscias rodriguesiana are endemic to Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues, respectively. The latter two were separated from P. cutispongia in 1984. They are in Polyscias subgenus Grotefendia, which comprises 15 species, all from the Mascarene Islands. The type species for Polyscias subgenus Grotefendia is Polyscias repanda.

Polyscias subgenus Grotefendia contains Polyscias cutispongia, the type species for Gastonia. If the subgenus Grotefendia were to be raised to the taxonomic rank of genus, the name Gastonia would have priority over Grotefendia, according to the ICNAFP.

Polyscias crassa, Polyscias sechellarum, and Polyscias lionnetii are all from the Seychelles, with Polyscias lionnetii being very rare and restricted to the island of Mahé. These are the only species of Polyscias in the Seychelles, and together, they constitute Polyscias subgenus Indokingia. "Polyscias seychellarum" is an orthographical variant of Polyscias sechellarum. Polyscias sechellarum was divided into three varieties in 1987, but some authors have declined to recognize them until further studies can be done on this species.

Polyscias duplicata (formerly Gastonia duplicata) is in Polyscias subgenus Maralia. Maralia is, by far, the largest subgenus of Polyscias, with about 115 species. Most of them, like Polyscias duplicata, are endemic to Madagascar.

Polyscias serratifolia and Polyscias spectabilis are now in Polyscias subgenus Tetraplasandra. This is a wide-ranging subgenus of 21 species. Eleven species are endemic to Hawaii, and ten others are distributed in a large area that includes Malesia and extends eastward to Tahiti.

title: Gastonia (plant)


text:
Port of Philadelphia

The Port of Philadelphia is located on the Delaware River in Philadelphia in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

Generally the term applies to the publicly owned marine terminals located within Philadelphia city limits along west bank of the river. These terminals are managed by the Philadelphia Regional Port Authority, PhilaPort, an agency of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The term is sometimes used for Delaware River port complex to collectively refer to the ports and energy facilities along the river in the tri-state PA-NJ-DE Delaware Valley region. They include the Port of Salem, the Port of Wilmington, the Port of Chester, the Port of Paulsboro, the Port of Philadelphia and the Port of Camden. Combined they create one of the largest shipping areas of the United States. In 2016, 2,427 ships arrived at Delaware River port facilities: Fruit ships were counted at 577, petroleum at 474, and containerized cargo at 431.

PhilaPort (The Philadelphia Regional Port Authority)
The Philadelphia Regional Port Authority, commonly known as PhilaPort, and referred to as The Port of Philadelphia, is an independent agency of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania charged with the management, maintenance, marketing, and promotion of port facilities along the Delaware River in Pennsylvania, as well as strategic planning throughout the port district. PhilaPort works with its terminal operators to improve its facilities and to market those facilities to prospective port users around the world. Port cargoes and the activities they generate are responsible for thousands of direct and indirect jobs in the Philadelphia area and throughout Pennsylvania.

On May 22, 2017, The Philadelphia Regional Port Authority (PRPA) announced that it was rebranding as PhilaPort (The Port of Philadelphia) effective immediately. The name ‘PhilaPort’ was decided on to distinguish The Port of Philadelphia from the many other regional authorities.

Terminals
The Port consists of a series of marine terminals, each with specialized capabilities.

 * Packer Avenue Marine Terminal: This facility handles containers, steel products, frozen meat, fruit, heavy lift cargo, project cargo, and paper on 6 berths plus 1 Ro/Ro berth at a depth of MLW of 45 ft. The 160 acre facility features 90000 ft2 of dry storage and 2200000 ft3 of refrigerated storage with 2,500 reefer plugs.
 * Tioga Marine Terminal: This facility handles containers, specialized forest products, over-dimensional cargo, palletized cargo, project cargo, break-bulk cargo, and steel on 6 berths at a depth of MLW of 36 to 41 ft. The 116 acre facility features 734500 ft2 of dry storage, of which 90000 ft2 is refrigerated storage with 116 reefer plugs.
 * Pier 82: This facility handles fruits and vegetables, break-bulk cargo, project cargo, and paper on 2 berths at a depth of MLW of 32 ft. The 13.3 acre facility features 130000 ft2 of dry, temperature-controlled storage.
 * Pier 84: This facility is dedicated exclusively to cocoa beans and other cocoa products on 1 berth at a depth of MLW of 32 feet (9.8 meters). The 13.9 acre facility features 540000 ft2 of dry storage.
 * Philadelphia Forest Products Center: This facility at piers 38, 40, 78, and 80 handles newsprint, coated paper, wood pulp, other forest products, other break-bulk, and semi-bulk products on 2 berths plus 2 Ro/Ro berths at a depth of MLW of 32 ft. The 44.4 acre facility features 1143000 ft2 of dry storage.
 * Philadelphia Automobile Processing Facility: This facility handles automobiles, project cargo, trucks, and heavy equipment just offshore with immediate access to Packer Avenue Marine Terminal and Pier 96. The 84.2 acre facility features an auto-washing and auto service building.

Shipyard
Hog Island was once the largest shipyard in the nation. In 1917, as part of the World War I effort, the US government contracted American International Shipbuilding to build ships and a shipyard at Hog Island. At the time Hog Island was the largest shipyard in the world, with 50 slipways. The first ship (named SS Quistconck for the Lenape name for the site) was christened August 5, 1918, by Edith Bolling Wilson, wife of US president Woodrow Wilson.

The Philly Shipyard is a private company operating on what was once the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.

Development in the 2000s

 * Delaware River Main Channel Deepening: A project to deepen the Delaware River's 103-mile main shipping channel from 40 to 45 feet began in 2010 and was completed in 2017. The $392 million project was funded by the Federal Government and local-match sponsor PhilaPort (using Commonwealth of Pennsylvania general funds).

 * Infrastructure Upgrade: A $300 million Port Development Plan was announced by the Commonwealth in November 2016, which will expand and improve cargo operations throughout the Port's busiest areas. As part of the $300 million Port Development Plan, the first two of five giant cranes capable of unloading the largest container ships arrived in March 2018 from China, where they were manufactured.

An expansion of port facilities at Philadelphia Naval Yard.
 * Southport Marine Terminal

 * New Leadership: In August 2016 PhilaPort's Board of Directors hired Jeff Theobald, a maritime industry professional with more than 40 years of experience in terminal operations and shipping logistics, as its new executive director and CEO, to further professionalize the port's operations.

History

The Port of Philadelphia was established more than 300 years ago during the colonial period, and was for a time the busiest port in both that period and the earliest years of the new republic, finally being eclipsed by the Port of New York. In much of the 20th Century, the Port was overseen by the city's Department of Wharves, Docks, and Ferries, which was replaced by the quasi-public Philadelphia Port Corporation in 1964.

In 1989, following the lead of other municipal ports that made overtures to their respective state governments for capital and operating support, the Port of Philadelphia moved from city to state control, with a new agency, the Philadelphia Regional Port Authority, established by the State Legislature's Act 50 of 1989 to run the Port. The Port of Philadelphia has always been a landlord port, with private companies being given leases to run the Port's facilities, with capital and marketing support provided by the Commonwealth and PRPA.

Philadelphia Cruise Terminal
The Philadelphia Cruise Terminal was located at 5100 South Broad Street within the former Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. The Delaware River Port Authority began operating the terminal in 1998 in Building 3, a landmarked 1874 Navy Yard building. Following the September 11 attacks the Philadelphia terminal accommodated some of the ships that had been diverted from New York. Its peak year was 2006 when it handled 36 cruises. By 2011 the schedule had dwindled to just two cruises. The DRPA decided to close the terminal rather than invest additional operating costs or capital improvements. Its demise was attributed to a combination of the economic downturn, increasing size of cruise ships, and six hours needed to navigate the Delaware River before entering open ocean.

federal court, presided over by judge Anita Brody, ruled down on June 14, rejected Penn Warehouse's financial demands and ordered the ship to be removed in 90 days until September 12, 2024 from Pier 82.

title: Port of Philadelphia


text:
Arab (disambiguation)

An Arab is a member of the Arabic speaking nations in the Middle East and North Africa. It can also refer to someone who has citizenship of another country but is of Arab descent.

Arab, Arabic, Ərəb or Arap may also refer to:

Language and writing

 * Arab (etymology)
 * Arabic alphabet
 * Arabic (Unicode block)
 * Arabic language
 * Varieties of Arabic
 * Arabic numerals
 * Arabic script

Azerbaijan

 * Ərəb, Agdash, Azerbaijan
 * Ərəb, Khachmaz, Azerbaijan
 * Ərəb, Masally, Azerbaijan
 * Ərəb Qubalı, Azerbaijan
 * Ərəb Yengicə, Azerbaijan

Iran

 * Arab, Iran, a village in North Khorasan Province, Iran
 * Arab, Firuzabad, a village in Fars Province. Iran
 * Arab, South Khorasan, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran

United States

 * Arab, Alabama, United States
 * Arab, Missouri, United States

People

 * Arap, a clan of the Somali Isaaq clan family
 * Arab (born Abrahim Mustafa), an American rapper, a member of S.O.D. Money Gang Inc. alongside Soulja Boy and JBar
 * Leila Arab (born 1971), an Iranian-born and London-based recording artist, producer and DJ
 * Mohamed Arab (born 1948), Egyptian politician

Biology

 * Arabian horse, often called an "Arab" within the equestrian community
 * araB, a bacterial gene promoter
 * Colotis, a genus of butterflies sometimes referred to as the Arabs
 * Gum arabic

Sports

 * Arab (horse), a British Thoroughbred racehorse foaled in 1824
 * Arabs, the nickname for the fans of Dundee United Football Club

Transport

 * Arab (automobile), a 1920s British car
 * Arab class gunvessel, a 19th-century class of Royal Navy gunboat
 * Sunbeam Arab, a British World War I-era aircraft engine

Ships

 * Arab, a 484 or 485 ton copper sheathed ship (originally 415 ton) built at Stockton in 1840 and chartered by the New Zealand Company
 * HMS Arab, the name of seven ships of the Royal Navy
 * SS Arabic, multiple ships
 * SS Arabic (1902), a British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915
 * SS Arabic (1920), a German-built passenger liner, operated by the British White Star Line after World War 1

Entertainment

 * The Arabs, backing band of reggae musician Prince Far I
 * "Arabic", a song by the British punk band Gang of Four (band)
 * The Arab (1915 film), directed by Cecil B. DeMille
 * The Arab (1924 film), directed by Rex Ingram
 * Arab Money, a song by Busta Rhymes

Other uses

 * Amateur Radio Association of Bahrain
 * The Arab (magazine), a Middle-Eastern affairs online magazine
 * Arabs (book), a 2019 book of non-fiction
 * Arab (number), transliteration of the Hindi term for one billion in the Indian numbering system
 * Arab Udupi, a brand of restaurants in the UAE

title: Arab (disambiguation)


text:
Phileas Fogg

Phileas Fogg is the protagonist in the 1872 Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days. Inspirations for the character were the American entrepreneur George Francis Train and American writer and adventurer William Perry Fogg.

Fictional biography
Fogg is a man of independent means and is a gentleman who is "exact", as in he has a perfect routine and life right down to the number of steps he walks to the temperature of his shaving water. Having fired a servant for providing him with shaving water at a slightly incorrect temperature, he hires Jean Passepartout as a new servant. Fogg makes a wager of £20,000 (£2.4 million in 2022) with members of London's Reform Club that he can circumnavigate the world in 80 days or fewer. He sets out with his French servant Jean Passepartout to win the wager, unaware that he is being followed by a detective named Fix, who suspects Fogg of having robbed the Bank of England. Fix spends the first half of the book trying to delay Fogg's journey to keep him in British territory. However, after Fogg reaches America, Fix helps Fogg complete his bet to get him back to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, where he will be under British jurisdiction and Fix can arrest him (while still suspicious that Fogg will run off and go into hiding somewhere on the journey).

While in India, Fogg saves a widowed princess, Aouda, from sati during her husband's funeral and she accompanies Fogg for the rest of his journey after initial plans to take her to an uncle failed as the uncle had moved. Together, the trio have numerous exciting adventures which come to an abrupt end when he is arrested by Fix immediately upon their arrival back in Britain. Although Fogg is quickly exonerated of the crime, the delay caused by his false arrest appears to have cost him the wager. However, he is proven wrong in the end, revealing that he made it to the deadline.

Other appearances
In Albert Robida's Voyages très extraordinaires de Saturnin Farandoul (1879), Fogg appears in the narrative having gone on an attempt to travel the world again, this time in 77 days. He is portrayed as a serial saviour of ladies, having over three hundred rescued women accompanying him on his travels, which have lasted well over three years by the time he is introduced.

In Philip José Farmer's The Other Log of Phileas Fogg (1973), he is said to be Eridanean, an Earth-born member of the more benevolent of two extraterrestrial factions attempting to control the Earth; Fogg is a member of Farmer's Wold Newton family. Fogg's adventures continue in Phileas Fogg and the War of Shadows and Phileas Fogg and the Heart of Orsra, both by Josh Reynolds, and in "Being an Account of the Delay at Green River, Wyoming, of Phileas Fogg, World Traveler, or, The Masked Man Meets an English Gentleman" by Win Scott Eckert.

Film

 * Fogg was played by Conrad Veidt in the 1919 film adaptation of the book.
 * Fogg was played by David Niven in the 1956 film adaptation of the book.
 * In the 1963 movie The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze, Moe, Larry, and Curly Joe circle the globe with Phileas Fogg III.
 * Fogg was voiced by Simon Callow in the 1999 animated film adaptation of the book.
 * Fogg was referenced by Allan Quatermain in the 2003 film adaptation of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.
 * Fogg was played by Steve Coogan in the 2004 live action film adaptation by The Walt Disney Company.

Television

 * In the 1957 episode of Mr. Adams and Eve "Taming of the Shrew," David Niven portrays himself as he promotes a movie version of Around the World in 80 Days in which he plays Phileas Fogg, and at one point his balloon disrupts auditions Eve Drake (Ida Lupino) and Howard Adams (Howard Duff) are holding for their movie version of The Taming of the Shrew.
 * In an episode of Have Gun, Will Travel starring Richard Boone, Fogg was used in the episode "Fogg Bound" that first aired on 3 December 1960.
 * In the 1969 "Around the World in 79 Days" 16 episodes animated series Phineas Fogg great-grandson in order to inherit the family fortune must travel the globe in 79 days in a balloon beating his ancestor record..all the while pursuded by a sinister butler Crumondgen who stands to inherit the fortune in the event the descendant fails.
 * In the 1972 animated series, Fogg was voiced by Alastair Duncan. This version of Fogg took the bet to travel the world in eighty days in order to win the hand of Lord Maze's niece, Belinda.
 * On the TV show Voyagers!, Fogg is said to have been named after the main character Phineas Bogg, when the latter met Jules Verne in Montmartre.
 * A 1980s cartoon series, Around the World with Willy Fog was based on, and expanded on, the original story. The characters are anthropomorphisms of various animals, with Fog as a lion and sharing the first name of Phileas' inspiration, William Perry Fogg. Furthermore, this character appears in the sequel series, Willy Fog 2, where he and his companions undertake adventures based on Verne's major science fiction novels, Journey to the Center of the Earth and Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas.
 * Fogg was played by Pierce Brosnan in the 1989 television adaptation.
 * Fogg was played by Michael Praed in The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne.
 * Fogg is played by David Tennant in the 2021 series.
 * The Count Duckula episode "Around the World in a Total Daze" features a spoof of the character called Sibellious Smogg.
 * Alexei Sayle did a parody of Fogg in one of his comedy sketches where Fogg has to reach the front of a Post Office queue in 80 days.

Video games

 * The 2014 video game 80 Days by Inkle Ltd., based on the novel by Verne, also featured an eccentric Mr. Fogg who was accompanied by his valet Passepartout.

Homages

 * The creators of Disney's Phineas and Ferb named Phineas Flynn after Phileas Fogg, whose first name is changed to Phineas in some adaptations.
 * Podcast von der Firma.Maritim: Oscar Wilde und Mycroft Holmes – Sondermittler der Krone
 * Around the World in 80 Days with Michael Palin was a BBC television travel series first broadcast in 1989. It was presented by comedian and actor Michael Palin, who followed Fogg's journey and modes of transport as closely as possible, and achieved the feat in 79 days and 7 hours.
 * Phileas Fogg Blue Plaque.jpg Fogg's is a collection of London based cocktail bars specialising in international drinks and exotic cocktails. The bars are referred to in print as places where Phileas/Phileas J. Fogg, Esq. lives or visits.
 * Phileas Fogg snacks is a brand of British crisps founded in 1982. The aim was to create a snack aimed at adults and branded with a recognisable character. The range included different flavours "from around the world" such as miniature garlic breads and tortilla chips.

title: Phileas Fogg


text:
Wulfstan (died 956)

Wulfstan (died December 956) was Archbishop of York between 931 and 952. He is often known as Wulfstan I, to separate him from Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York.

Early life
Wulfstan was consecrated in 931. He was presumably appointed with the consent of King Æthelstan, and attested all of the king's charters between 931 and 935. Between 936 and 41, however, he was absent from the king's court, for unknown reasons.

Career
Wulfstan's career is characterised by frequent swapping of allegiances, both among Viking leaders from Dublin and the Wessex kings. Perhaps Wulfstan played the part of 'king-maker' in Northumbrian politics in the mid-10th century, or perhaps he was guided by self-preservation and the interests of the Church in Northumbria.

In 939, King Olaf Guthfrithson of Dublin invaded Northumbria and occupied York. King Edmund of England marched north to remove Olaf from York, but in 940 Wulfstan and Archbishop Wulfhelm of Canterbury arranged a treaty that ceded the area between Watling Street and the border of Northumbria to Olaf. But Olaf died in late 940, and his rule in York was inherited by his cousin, Olaf Sitricson who became King of Jórvík. In 944, Olaf Sitricson and his co-ruler Ragnald Guthfrithson were driven out from York; the chronicler Æthelweard wrote that it was "Bishop Wulfstan and the eoldormen of the Mercians" who were responsible for their expulsion. In 947 Wulfstan invited Eric Bloodaxe, the King of Orkney to become King of Jórvík. Eadred of Wessex brutally ravaged Northumbria in 948, forcing Eric to leave Northumbria. Olaf Cuaran then resumed his second reign at York. By 951, Wulfstan appears to have supported Eric's claim to the kingdom of York over Olaf as he ceased to witness charters at the English court. In 952, Olaf was driven out by the Northumbrians in favor of Eric.

Later life
Eadred then re-invaded and imprisoned Wulfstan. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle version D says that "because accusations had often been made to the king against him", Eadred arrested Wulfstan and took him to Iudanbyrig (the location of which is not known). He attested some charters in 953, so he was not imprisoned then. Although he was restored to episcopal office, he had to exercise his authority from distant Dorchester, 230 mi from York. He appears not to have attended court for most of 956 and was possibly in failing health by then. According to Lesley Abrams: "After the sidelining to the treacherous Wulfstan I, Oscytel, a kinsman of Oda, became Archbishop of York in 956." He died at Oundle, Northamptonshire, on 16 or 26 December 956. He was buried at Oundle.

Assessment
The historian Clare Downham observes that Wulfstan was almost certainly made archbishop in 931 with Æthelstan's support:
 * It may seem surprising, then, that the bishop was a staunch supporter of Scandinavian rule in York throughout his career, or at least whenever he felt it safe to do so. Some hints of this are provided in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (D). This shows that Wulfstan accompanied a Scandinavian king called Olafr on a raid into Mercia. Wulfstan later swore allegiance to Eadred, King of England (946-55), but he broke his oath soon after and endured temporary imprisonment by the same King in the 950s. Wulfstan thus appears as a power-broker and a leading figure in Northumbria at this time. But he was also someone wno took political risks with varying success.

title: Wulfstan (died 956)


text:
Kent Hrbek

Kent Alan Hrbek (born May 21, 1960), nicknamed "Herbie", is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman. He played his entire 14-year baseball career with the Minnesota Twins (1981–1994). Hrbek batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He hit the first home run in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome on April 3, 1982, in an exhibition game against the Phillies. Fans knew Hrbek as an outstanding defensive player, perennial slugger, and charismatic hometown favorite. Former Twins pitcher Jim Kaat considered Hrbek to be the best defensive first baseman he had ever seen, despite him never winning a Gold Glove at the position.

Early life
Hrbek was born in Minneapolis on May 21, 1960. He attended Kennedy High School in Bloomington, Minnesota.

Career
Kent Hrbek was drafted by his hometown Minnesota Twins in the 17th round of the 1978 Major League Baseball draft and spent the next three seasons working his way up the Twins' organizational ladder where he would hit 47 home runs and rack up 111 runs batted in while hitting .318 in 253 minor league games. In 1979, Hrbek played 24 games for the rookie league Elizabethton Twins in the Appalachian Rookie League before spending the next two seasons playing A ball—first for the Wisconsin Rapids Twins in the Midwest League and then the Visalia Oaks in the California League. Hrbek made his major league debut on August 24, 1981, at Yankee Stadium, hitting a game-winning home run in the 12th inning off New York reliever and future Twins player George Frazier.

After his "cup of coffee" at the end of the 1981 season, Hrbek would make the team out of spring training and come into his own in 1982, playing well for Twins manager Billy Gardner. Finishing his rookie season hitting .301 with 23 home runs and 92 RBI, Hrbek would finish second in the Rookie of the Year voting (to future Hall of Famer Cal Ripken Jr.) and be selected to his only All-Star game. Although the Twins would finish 60–102, Hrbek and fellow rookies Tim Laudner, Gary Gaetti, Tom Brunansky, Randy Bush, and Frank Viola would make up the nucleus of the 1987 World Series team. Falling off slightly in his sophomore year (.297, 16 HR, 84 RBI), Hrbek would come up big in 1984, finishing the season hitting .311 (his second-highest career batting average) with 27 HR (his 3rd highest total), 107 RBI (his highest career total), 174 hits (his highest total), and 80 runs (his third highest total). During, arguably, his career year, Hrbek would power the Twins all season and the team would surprise the rest of the American League West by battling for the division crown. Although the team was as close as 0.5 games out of first place at 81–75, the Twins faded fast, lost their last 6 games, and finished in a tie with the California Angels, three games behind the Kansas City Royals. After the season, Hrbek was recognized for his performance and the team's surprise September run, by his finishing second in the American League Most Valuable Player balloting to Detroit Tigers' closer Willie Hernández.

World Series Play
Some of his most memorable moments were during the 1987 season. He hit a career-best 34 home runs to help the Twins win the AL West.

Hrbek was instrumental in capturing the World Series Championship, although he hit only .208, as he slugged a grand slam in Game 6 off Cardinals reliever Ken Dayley, which essentially sealed the win for his Twins.

In 1991, he again helped the Twins win the World Series after having a typical Hrbek season (.284, 20 home runs, and 89 RBI). The Twins had finished the previous season in last place, as had their Series opponent the Atlanta Braves, which prompted the media to coin the phrase "Worst to First World Series." Hrbek's offense turned stale after his home run in Game 1 and he hit only .115 for the series with the one home run and 2 RBI. However, in Game 7, with the score still tied 0–0 in the 8th inning, Hrbek executed a very uncommon 3–2–3 bases-loaded double play with catcher Brian Harper which saved the Twins against the Braves' biggest threat of the game. The Twins eventually won the game 1–0, with Gene Larkin hitting a bases-loaded single to center field that scored Dan Gladden in the bottom of the 10th inning.

Hrbek was involved in a controversial play with Ron Gant in Game 2 of the 1991 Series. While Gant was coming back to first base after widely rounding the base on a single, it appeared Hrbek lifted Gant off the bag while applying the tag. Umpire Drew Coble called Gant out. Gant angrily disputed the call and had to be restrained when Coble refused to change it. The move was later nicknamed the "T-Rex Tag," because of Hrbek's long-standing, but joking nickname, in which he jokingly speculated about a post-baseball career in professional wrestling using the name Tyrannosaurus Rex. When the Series moved to Atlanta, Braves fans jeered him, and Hrbek received much hate mail, including a death threat.

Although he was a key part of both World Series teams, Hrbek was largely ineffective at the plate, hitting just .154 in 24 post-season games with only 3 home runs and 12 RBI. Hrbek was one of seven Twins to be part of both the 1987 and 1991 World Series teams. The other six were Randy Bush, Greg Gagne, Kirby Puckett, Al Newman, Gene Larkin (who made the winning hit in Game 7 of the 1991 series), and Dan Gladden (who was the runner Larkin scored with that hit).

Media
Hrbek served as an unofficial consultant for the baseball movie Little Big League (1994). The character of Lou Collins was loosely based on him and actor Timothy Busfield (himself a former minor league player) became friends during filming.

Retirement
Frequently injured (though seldom seriously), Hrbek retired after the players strike in 1994, citing his nagging injury problems and desire to spend more time with his wife and daughter at their home in Bloomington, Minnesota. Hrbek, who was notorious for losing his stirrups, was the most outspoken member of the MLBPA to revise the uniform code to remove mandatory stirrups and helped to ensure it was written into the new labor agreement following the 1994 player strike. "I'm thankful that future generations of players will not have to rummage through their lockers 20 minutes before the first pitch to find those darn stirrups. If that's my lone contribution to the game, I've done enough." Despite operating in the same lineup as Kirby Puckett for all but two years of his career—and his long and close association with Puckett—Hrbek's numbers never approached those of the center fielder. In 2000, his first year of Hall of Fame eligibility, Hrbek garnered only 5 votes, which was nowhere near the 5% minimum threshold for continued eligibility. Thus, he is ineligible for the Hall of Fame unless voted in by the Veterans Committee. His first year of Veterans' Committee eligibility was 2015. Kent Hrbek's number 14 was retired by the Twins in 1995, which at the time, made him just the fourth Twins player in franchise history to have his number retired. (The other three were Harmon Killebrew, Rod Carew, and Tony Oliva.) Hrbek was also inducted into the Minnesota Sports Hall of Fame in 1996. He was also one of few players at the time—and even rarer by today's standards—to have played out his entire career with only one team. He never expressed any desire to play for any other team and took less money than he could have made elsewhere to remain with the Twins for his final contract which covered the 1990–1994 seasons.

In 2000, the Twins established their own "Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame," and Hrbek was one of six former Twins inducted into the initial class. The 2000 class also included MLB Hall of Famers Rod Carew, Harmon Killebrew, and Kirby Puckett, player and Twins coach Tony Oliva, along with former owner Calvin Griffith.

Other affiliations
Hrbek is an avid hunter and fisherman, particularly in his home state of Minnesota. He hosted an outdoor sports program on KMSP-TV called Kent Hrbek Outdoors from 2004 to 2010. Hrbek is a perennial pitchman for Twin Cities-area HVAC companies offering Carrier Heating and Air Conditioning equipment. He has a series of baseball fields named after him in his hometown of Bloomington.

Since Kent Hrbek's father died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or "Lou Gehrig's disease") in 1982, he has worked to increase awareness of the disease. Hrbek hosts an annual charity golf tournament in Minnesota to raise money for ALS research and makes many public appearances on behalf of the cause. He also participates in an annual fundraising event called the "Black Woods Blizzard Tour," a snowmobile excursion around northern Minnesota which raises money to fight the deadly disease. As of 2019, Hrbek and his then-wife, Jeanie Hrbek, were honorary co-chairs of the ALS Association's MN/ND/SD Chapter. He was awarded the Lou Gehrig Memorial Award in 1991 for his efforts.

title: Kent Hrbek


text:
Red and black

Red and black may refer to:

Media

 * The Red & Black (University of Georgia), the student newspaper at the University of Georgia
 * Red & Black (Washington & Jefferson College), the student newspaper at Washington & Jefferson College

Cards

 * Red and Black (solitaire), a patience game
 * Rouge et Noir (patience) (French for Red and Black), a different patience game
 * Red and black (card trick)

Other

 * Red and Black Cafe, a coffee shop in Portland, Oregon
 * RED/BLACK concept, in cryptography
 * Red–black tree, a data structure
 * "Red and Black", a song from the 1980 musical Les Miserables
 * The red and black banner a symbol of anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-communism
 * Red and Black Flags

Other uses

 * The Red and the Black, a 1830 novel by the French author Stendhal
 * Red and Black (film), a 1955 Italian film

title: Red and black