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Joseph Paul Franklin

Joseph Paul Franklin (born James Clayton Vaughn Jr.; April 13, 1950 – November 20, 2013) was an American serial killer, white supremacist, and domestic terrorist who engaged in a murder spree spanning the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Franklin was convicted of several murders and received four life sentences, as well as two death sentences. He also confessed to the attempted murders of magazine publisher and pornographer Larry Flynt in 1978 and civil rights activist Vernon Jordan in 1980. Both survived their injuries, but Flynt was left permanently paralyzed from the waist down. Franklin was not convicted in either of those highly publicized cases, and he made his confessions years after the crimes had occurred.

Franklin was on Missouri's death row for 15 years awaiting execution for the 1977 murder of Gerald Gordon. He was executed by lethal injection on November 20, 2013.

Early life
James Clayton Vaughn Jr. was born in Mobile, Alabama, on April 13, 1950, the elder son of James Clayton Vaughn Sr. and Helen Rau Vaughn. He had two sisters and a brother. Vaughn's father was a World War II veteran and butcher who left the family when Vaughn was aged eight. His sister Carolyn recalled, "Whenever [Vaughn Sr.] came to visit he'd beat us," and their mother had Vaughn Sr. jailed twice for public drunkenness. Vaughn's mother was described by a family friend as "a full-blooded German, a real strict, perfectionist lady. I never saw her beat any of [her children], but they told me stories."

Vaughn later stated that he was rarely given enough to eat and suffered severe physical abuse as a child, and that his mother "didn't care about [him and his siblings]". He claimed that these factors stunted his emotional development, and said he had "always been least ten years or more behind other people in their maturity."

As early as high school, Vaughn developed an interest in evangelical Christianity, then in Nazism, and later held memberships in both the National Socialist White People's Party and the Ku Klux Klan. He eventually changed his name to "Joseph Paul Franklin" in honor of Paul Joseph Goebbels and Benjamin Franklin. In the 1960s, Franklin was inspired to start a race war after reading Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf. "I've never felt that way about any other book that I read," he later reflected. "It was something weird about that book."

In the early 1970s, he took a road trip to an American Nazi Party conference in Virginia with David Duke (then a student) and Don Black.

Crimes
For much of his life, Franklin was a drifter, roaming the East Coast seeking chances to "cleanse the world" of people he considered inferior, especially black and Jewish people. His primary source of financial support appears to have been bank robberies. Franklin supplemented his income from criminal acts with paid blood bank donations, which eventually led to his subsequent capture by the FBI.

1977

 * July 29, 1977: Franklin firebombed Beth Shalom Synagogue in Chattanooga, Tennessee, destroying it. Loss of life was prevented because some of the worshippers left early that Friday evening and as a result, there were not enough worshippers for a minyan.
 * August 7, 1977: Franklin shot and killed a young interracial couple, Alphonse Manning Jr. and Toni Schwenn, in a parking lot at East Towne Mall in Madison, Wisconsin.
 * October 8, 1977: In suburban St. Louis, Missouri, Franklin hid in the bushes near Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel synagogue and fired on a group attending services. In this incident, Franklin killed 42-year-old Gerald Gordon. He also wounded Steven Goldman and William Ash.

1978

 * March 6, 1978: Franklin, according to his later account, used a Ruger .44 caliber semi-automatic rifle to ambush Hustler publisher Larry Flynt and his lawyer Gene Reeves in Lawrenceville, Georgia. In his confession, Franklin said this was in retaliation for an edition of Hustler displaying interracial sex. Neither Franklin nor anyone else was ever charged in that shooting.
 * July 29, 1978: Franklin hid near a Pizza Hut in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and shot and killed Bryant Tatum, a black man, with a 12-gauge shotgun; he also shot Tatum's white girlfriend, Nancy Hilton, who survived. Franklin later confessed and pleaded guilty. He was given a life sentence, as well as a sentence for an unrelated armed robbery in 1977.

1979

 * July 12, 1979: Taco Bell manager Harold McIver, a black man, was fatally shot through a window from 150 yd in Doraville, Georgia. Franklin confessed but was not tried or sentenced for this crime. Franklin said that McIver was in close contact with white women, so he murdered him.
 * October 21, 1979: Franklin killed Jesse E. Taylor, a black man, and his white wife, Marion Bresette, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

1980

 * May 29, 1980: Franklin confessed to shooting and seriously wounding civil rights activist and Urban League president Vernon Jordan after seeing him with a white woman in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Franklin initially denied any part in the crime and was acquitted, but later confessed.
 * June 8, 1980: Franklin killed cousins Darrell Lane (14) and Dante Evans Brown (13) in Cincinnati, Ohio. Waiting on an overpass to shoot a racially mixed couple, he shot the boys instead, a crime to which he later confessed. He was convicted in 1998 and received two life sentences for these murders.
 * June 15, 1980: Franklin shot and killed Arthur Smothers (22) and Kathleen Mikula (16) with a high-powered rifle as the couple walked across the Washington Street Bridge in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Smothers was black; Mikula was white. On the day of the murder, Franklin took a concealed position on a wooded hillside overlooking downtown Johnstown and waited for potential targets to enter his line of sight. He was never arrested for these murders, but he confessed to them during a jailhouse interview after he was apprehended.
 * June 25, 1980: Franklin used a .44 Ruger pistol to kill two hitchhikers, Nancy Santomero (19) and Vicki Durian (26), in Pocahontas County, West Virginia. He confessed to the crime in 1997 to an Ohio assistant prosecutor in the course of investigation in another case. He said he picked up the white women and decided to kill them after one said she had a black boyfriend. Jacob Beard of Florida was convicted and imprisoned in 1993 on these charges. He was freed in 1999 and a new trial was ordered based on Franklin's confession.
 * August 20, 1980: Franklin killed two black men, Ted Fields and David Martin, near Liberty Park located in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was tried on federal civil rights charges as well as state first-degree murder charges.

Apprehension, conviction, and imprisonment
Following the two murders in Utah, Franklin returned to the midwestern U.S. Traveling through Kentucky, he was detained and questioned regarding a firearm that he was transporting in his car. Franklin fled from this interrogation, but authorities recovered sufficient evidence from his vehicle to potentially link him to the sniper killings. His conspicuous racist tattoos, coupled with his habit of visiting blood banks, led investigators to issue a nationwide alert to blood banks. In October 1980, the tattoos drew the attention of a Florida blood bank worker, who contacted the FBI. Franklin was arrested in Lakeland on October 28, 1980.

Franklin faced legal action across the U.S. for the next two decades, eventually being convicted of multiple murders, attacks, and other crimes at both the state and federal levels. He was sentenced to life in prison and received the death penalty in several states.

Franklin tried unsuccessfully to escape during the judgment phase of his 1997 Missouri trial on charges of murdering Gerald Gordon but was ultimately convicted. Psychiatrist Dorothy Otnow Lewis, who had interviewed him at length, testified for the defense that she believed that he was a paranoid schizophrenic and unfit to stand trial. Lewis noted his delusional thinking and a childhood history of severe abuse.

In October 2013, victim Larry Flynt called for clemency for Franklin, asserting "that a government that forbids killing among its citizens should not be in the business of killing people itself."

Franklin was held on death row at the Potosi Correctional Center near Mineral Point, Missouri. In August 2013, the Missouri Supreme Court announced that Franklin would be executed on November 20. Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster said in a statement that by setting execution dates, the state high court "has taken an important step to see that justice is finally done for the victims and their families."

Execution
Franklin's execution was affected by the European Union export ban when the German drug manufacturer Fresenius Kabi was obliged to refuse having their drugs used for lethal injections. In response, Missouri announced that it would use for Franklin's execution a new method of lethal injection, which used a single drug provided by an unnamed compounding pharmacy.

A day before his execution, U.S. District Judge Nanette Laughrey (Jefferson City) granted a stay of execution over concerns raised about the new method of execution. A second stay was granted that evening by US District Judge Carol E. Jackson (St. Louis), based on Franklin's claim that he was too mentally incompetent to be executed. An appeals court quickly overturned both stays, and the Supreme Court subsequently rejected his final appeals.

In an interview with the St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper published on November 17, 2013, Franklin said he had renounced his racist views. He said his motivation had been "illogical" and was partly a consequence of an abusive upbringing. He said he had interacted with black people in prison, adding: "I saw they were people just like us."

Franklin was executed at the Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center in Bonne Terre, Missouri, on November 20, 2013. The execution began at 6:07 a.m. CST and he was pronounced dead at 6:17 a.m. His execution was the first lethal injection in Missouri to use pentobarbital alone instead of the conventional use of three drugs. An Associated Press agency report said that 5 g of the barbiturate pentobarbital was administered.

Three media witnesses said Franklin did not seem to show pain. He did not make any final written statement and did not speak a word in the death chamber. After the injection, he blinked a few times, breathed heavily a few times, and swallowed hard, the witnesses said. The heaving of his chest slowed, and finally stopped, they said.

Representation in other media
Hunter (1989), a novel by the white supremacist William L. Pierce, revolves around protagonist Oscar Yeager, a racist serial killer who murders interracial couples. Pierce, founder of the National Alliance and author of a similarly themed novel, The Turner Diaries, dedicated the book to Joseph Paul Franklin, and said of Franklin that "he saw his duty as a white man and did what a responsible son of his race must do." In the 1996 film The People vs. Larry Flynt, Franklin was portrayed by Czech actor Jan Tříska. In 2009, Franklin appeared in the MSNBC TV series Criminal Mindscape.

title: Joseph Paul Franklin


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User talk:Duncharris/archive3

At page load, it was -- T in UTC (see W3C Date and Time Formats)

Please leave your message at the bottom of the page. Duncharris 16:05, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

Archives

 * One
 * Two

test
wibble

Darwins and Wedgwoods
Thanks, Duncharris. I really only know what I read in a couple Darwin biographies but I might be able to fill in a few more details. Opus33 15:35, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

what do you think is copyrighted dunc?
I am compiling this material from personal knowledge
 * Dunc, it doesn't appear that there is any verbatim (or even paraphrased) text in the initial revision to DNA repair in the link you posted:

 * http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.2000.01266.x or
 * http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01266.x/full/

 * I did a Google search on a few of the sentences, and couldn't find the posted text in the initial revision of DNA repair anywhere. Is it possible that you didn't quote to search on the phrase and came up with a link that simply contained all of the words by chance? I'm going to revert the page to the original contribution unless you find evidence to the contrary.  --Lexor|Talk 12:46, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

DNA damage
DNA damage can be subdivided into endogenous processes such as oxidation from metabolic byproducts and processes of environmental origin such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, certain plant toxins and man-made mutagenic chemicals. DNA damage due to normal metabolic processes inside the cell occur in a frequency that has been estimated to be between 50,000 to 500,000 lesions per cell per day. Endogenous damage affects the primary rather than secondary structure of the double helix and can be subdivided into three classes: oxidation of bases [e.g. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG)] and generation of strand interruptions from reactive oxygens species, methylation of bases such as formation of 7-methylguanine and hydrolysis of bases such as depurination and depyrimidination.

Consequences of DNA damage
DNA damage cannot be tolerated in mammalian cells as it interferes with transcription of genes and cell replication ultimately resulting in cell senescence, apoptosis or carcinogenesis. The accumulation of normal DNA damage has been implicated with the process of aging.

Mechanisms of DNA repair
DNA repair processes are occurring constantly to compensate for the enormous number of lesions that normally occur. The DNA repair process relies on one strand remaining intact so that a replacement of damaged information can be made by the intact information of the redundant copy. There are numerous mechanisms by which DNA repair can take place. These include base excision repair (BER) where the damaged bases such as those due to oxidation are removed and replaced, nucleotide excision repair (NER) which has evolved to repair damage by UV light.

How humans are animals
Why did you delete the "how humans are animals" segment from the human page. You know humans are actually animals. Read the scientific classification of a human being and look up animal in the dictionary to find out. If you have any questions or comments send them to my talk page. Heegoop, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC).

test message
Hi. The message only goes on the users' talk page. You don't need to put it on the article you wish deleted. Only needs to be placed on the article. - Tεx  τ  urε  15:02, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Tombeau
Thanks for the suggestion, Duncharris. Looks like Antandrus is lightning quick, and did a fine job beefing up the article while I was still just getting into gear! Cheers, Opus33 15:25, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Basically, 172 is trying to create a little cabal; and Plato is being attacked because of his association with me (I am someone who disagrees with 172). Lirath Q. Pynnor

Cardiff Arms Park/Millennium Stadium
Hey, what's with the move? They're two completely different stadiums - one just happens to have been built on the location where the other one used to be. And if there's only to be one article, it should surely be called Millennium Stadium as that's the name it goes by now. --ALargeElk | Talk 13:32, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Phone Sex
Return of the self promotion at phone sex - Maybe revert it? http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Phone_sex&diff=0&oldid=4940202

(by 00:35, 1 Aug 2004 User:Polymorp)

Robert Picton
Ack, maybe Robert Picton isn't speedy-delete material (given that the serial killer was Robert Pickton and the pre-existing article was better). What'd the general do?DS 22:32, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Sydney Morning Herald redirects
Why did you redirect the columnists to the Sydney Morning Herald? I've reverted these changes and made their entries stubs. As it stood, the columnists were each linked to in the SMH article itself, hence a self-referencing link was created!!! - Ta bu shi da yu 11:16, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Substubs
I replied to the fact that you (inappropriately) moved my post here. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 18:43, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

172
I just chose to ignore 172's VFDing my Red Faction, because if I made fuss over it, it would make me look bad. --Plato 22:58, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

substubs (again)
I once again replied to the fact that you inappropriately rearranged the entire talk page here. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 18:26, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Arbitration
I think going straight to the ArbComm is a bit drastic, although I do think Mr. Storm needs a whack with variously the LART, cluestick, and the good ol' mallet of manners. But I still chipped in my two cents. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:29, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

substubs arbitration
Duncharris, you are the one at fault here. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 02:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * whatever Dunc_Harris|☺ 15:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I find your response, "whatever," extremely rude. I expected more maturity from someone who is old enough to drink. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 16:45, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've been old enough to drink for three years, and have been doing so for longer than that. Are you jealous? Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:48, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You must be from England then. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 18:09, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not mad, but I am ticked off at you. Nor do I wish to intimidate you, and please do not put words in my mouth.

 * Are you accusing me of starting rambling flame wars? Because that is not what I do. There is already an organized structure in place - the voting sections.

 * You are correct about one thing - sensible posts do carry more weight than flames. However, you are mistaken - newbie users can edit pages with just as much authority as experienced ones. Furthermore, I am not a newbie - I have done all the things that you have listed. I know how to gain good impressions from people, and I know what is required to become a sysop: respect. So far, you have gained zero respect from me. And I take great offense to you saying that I want to become "emperor of Wikipedia".

 * So far, I believe that I have acted in a much more courteous, respectful, and Wikipedian manner than you have, and I do not appreciate you talking down to me, like I am some idiotic newbie, when all proof shows otherwise. Get off your high horse. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 18:01, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Throwing your rattle out of your pram is going to impress nobody. I just tried to reason with you, but you continue with all the subtlety and tact of a fairy elephant. Dunc_Harris|☺ 18:40, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

mess dress photo
photo is mine - release added - thanks

Removing Internet Explorer
Hi. You just merged the content on Removing Internet Explorer into Internet Explorer. I am not going to take a position on whether it should or should not be there (I am already involved, having edited it to its current state), but were you aware that it had just been removed from Internet Explorer by User:Pcb21? - Mark 12:50, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, fair enough. Thanks for restoring it, anyway. I sway towards thinking it should be left in anyway. - Mark 13:12, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Steven Sills Do not delete
Do not Delete: An American Papyrus is in a hundred libraries according to Worldcat OCLC. One can obviously tell that he is writing literature. Project Gutenberg does not publish every Tom, Dick, and Harry. As I understand it one would need to be deceased and a famous literary writer or, rarely, that modern authors are showcased. Furthermore, I think the University of Pennsylvania's Online Books is rather fastidious about what they choose to put on the net. Anyhow, this is my opinion User:168.120.27.112 13:39, 6 Aug 2004

 * You should special:userlogin and make your case on Votes for deletion, not here, though nice to meet you and all that. Dunc_Harris|☺ 14:11, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Please see disambiguation. For example, Columbia, Tennessee clearly indicates that the city is in Tennessee and not Pennsylvania. Therefore, adding :For other uses see Columbia on top is entirely unecessary. There is no room for confusion. --Jiang 10:40, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * oh well, I've done it now. There's no harm in it. Dunc_Harris|☺ 10:42, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Replied on my talk. —No-One Jones 12:32, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Substubs (still)
Since you participated in the discussion on this subject, could you express your opinion on what to do with the substub template at Template talk:Substub? Thanks. --Michael Snow 21:23, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Fumoto no iro
I have (finally) commented on "Fumoto no iro" at this page: Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion/Fumoto no iro. I hope it helps, and if there is anything more I can do, please let me know. Tomos 11:31, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Sympson the Joiner
--Jerzy(t) 04:25, 2004 Aug 16 (UTC)
 * 1) Sympson the Joiner survived VfD with two Del votes (including the nomination to VfD), three explicit Keep votes, and two arguable implicit Keeps (via mentions of Cleanup).
 * 2) In accord with severalWP:CU mentions, it
 * 3) went on,
 * 4) got a one-word M(inor) edit after 18 minutes, and
 * 5) was kicked off by one editor after 14 hours, with summary "nothing more is likely to turn up".
 * 6) Your comment at Talk:Sympson the Joiner would assist me in determining what next.

Calayan Rail
The agreed convention on Wikipedia is that bird species are fully capitalised, and every one of the 1500 plus articles follows that convention. jimfbleak 05:26, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Just because some bird-brained twit couldn't write properly doesn't mean that we should vandalise properly capitalised articles into the wrong namespace! As it is now, we have 1501 articles Badly Capitalised.  Honestly, you went to the trouble of moving the page back, any other time would be considered vandalism.  You are being silly.  We need to get a bot on the job. Maybe its not as silly as Pokemon, but it's still silly. I won't do it again, I try to help and what happens? Bloody ornithologists. grrrr! :) Dunc_Harris|☺ 17:53, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Rest assured it's not just birds, it's policy for all animal species. Pcb21| Pete 19:12, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Committee of correspondence
I responded to your move suggestion on the article's talk page. As there were numerous such committees and the article describes them all, the term is properly lower-cased as a generic label, rather than capitalized as if it were in reference to a specific one. Postdlf 21:33, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Atheism precludes spirituality== ==

Atheism precludes spirituality
Sam Spade said a person cannot be both spiritual and atheist (i.e., atheism precludes spirituality). Dunc Harris said that words used to describe Spirituality are incomprehensible gobledegook. However, in order to be consistent with these views, shouldn’t the entire section on “atheist religious organizations” in the Atheist article be deleted? From your points of view such wording is unintelligible. I submit to you both that you argue that atheism precludes spirituality, and if you are successful then we can delete that section of the Atheist article that mentions “atheist religious organizations.” Aliman 12:23, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

VfD fixing
I managed to fix the contents of VfD, but someone's edits keep preventing me from saving it. RAHOWA is already on the page once. The User Formerly Known As 82.6.10.139 21:57, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Veronika Zemanova in de Wikipedia
Hi Duncan

You posted a request for the deletion of the Veronika Zemanova article in the German WP. Unfortunately, you omitted to give any reasons (neither did you put a warning in the article). If you put a short summary of why you think the article should be deleted on my discussion page, I’d be happy to translate and post it.

(I might add, however, that I do not so far see a reason to delete the article.)

--217.88.185.237 10:34, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * What is a "kidi wiki"? I'm unfamiliar with the term. As for topless photos, they may or may not be viewed as inappropriate in the German WP - few people are so uptight about issues like that as the Americans are. (Which does not excuse copyright violations, of course.) --Skriptor 12:49, 25. Aug 2004 (CEST)

English/British categorisation
Hi, I notice you've been moving people from English xxx to British xxx categories. Why? If you look at Category:British sportspeople, for example, there are separate subcategories for the nations within Britain. There is a good reason to keep this distinction, especially for sportspeople, since in many sports the nations compete separately: football and Commonwealth Games in particular. I appreciate it's not always easy to identify the particular nation an individual represents (where does Greg Rusedski go?) but coalescing English/Welsh/Scottish into British is information loss -- Avaragado 17:36, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Nationalist POV? Sorry, I don't understand. How does recording a person's nationality, one under which they compete, count as POV? There's information loss as I can no longer easily locate a list of Welsh athletes, for example. Every time you coalesce multiple categories you take knowledge out of the category system: the information that distinguished the two categories in the first place. It would be trivial to create a "British athletes" category - just make it the supercategory of the English/Welsh/Scottish athletes categories. -- Avaragado 19:26, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The athletes already were in the appropriate countries before you changed them! As I said: Category:British athletes could trivially be made a supercategory of Category:English athletes, Category:Welsh athletes and Category:Scottish athletes while retaining the individual nationalities. I still don't understand why listing Scottish athletes is POV, since they compete as such in an international event. Is Category:Scottish cities also POV? -- Avaragado 19:45, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You think that Category:British sportspeople means sportspeople who complete for Britain. From looking at the supercategories of that category, I think it means sportspeople who are British. However, that's by the by. Let's use an example. Colin Jackson was in Category:Welsh athletes; he's Welsh, he's an athlete, there you go. Category:Welsh athletes is in Category:Welsh sportspeople (athletes are sportspeople) and in Category:Athletes (Welsh athletes are athletes). To create Category:British athletes, just make it another supercategory of Category:Welsh athletes (Welsh athletes are then classed as British athletes). Hence Jackson becomes a member of British athletes by implication. You wouldn't put him in both categories: just the most specific one. That's the way categories are supposed to work. Categories aren't lists. You don't put everyone on one list, you categorise them so that you can then aggregate the categories in various interesting ways. If I want to find all Welsh people, I should be able to look at Category:Welsh people and all its subcategories. I can no longer find Colin Jackson that way, because you have taken knowledge out of the category system. Please rethink this. -- Avaragado 20:22, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Template:Dartmouth-vfd
It might interest you that I created a special template for Dartmouth: votes for deletion. It's called "dartmouth-vfd". -- Allyunion 22:55, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Okay, let's see: Dunc_Harris|☺ 23:03, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)  This page has been listed on Votes for deletion due to the fact it is non-notable Dartmouth related article that is a substub. This article should be merged with an approprate Dartmouth list of organizations or on the Dartmouth entry itself.

Please see its entry on that page for additional justifications and discussion. If you don't want the page deleted, please read the deletion guidelines and vote against its deletion there. Please do not remove this notice or blank this page while the question is being considered. However, you are welcome to make improvements to it. Category:Pages on votes for deletion Category:Dartmouth Pages on votes for deletion

I have to say that your User Page is way cool! I like it. I've just discovered Wikipedia recently, so mine is lame, but hopefully that will change.

Thanks, because your comment about "incomprehensible" got me on a roll. I'm a "spiritual agnostic almost atheist" who has a rich spiritual life. I'm more into science than anything else, but, as you'll see below, science melds into spirituality once you get past the big bang, etc., because "spirituality" is the only word that we have that effectively explains some experience. Sorry, I'm getting ahead of myself.

This is on Talk:spirituality.

Is there a problem with "Spirituality" being "incomprehensible"?
User:duncharris said: "Although an atheist may well be able to follow Subud, I have never heard of [t]he term, and it appears to be religious/spiritual, and uses the same incomprehensible gobledegook [sic]."

Duncharris’ sentence is a bit ambiguous, but I'll assume that he is saying that words used to describe spiritual matters are incomprehensible. Indeed, they may be! But, most worthwhile endeavors are difficult or impossible to comprehend:

The singularity (of the Big Bang) is incomprehensible because the curvature of spacetime was infinite, so physical law and time as we know it did not exist; Infinity is incomprehensible, a fortiori different types of infinities are incomprehensible; Infinity can be demonstrated in a proof, but it still makes no sense to our understanding; The proof that the number of natural numbers is equal to the number of EVEN natural numbers is incomprehensible. Again, we can demonstrate the proof but it’s not satisfying to the understanding; Time dilation, many ramifications of E=mc(2), some behavior of muons, and the notion of electrons “traveling around” a nucleus (related to Heisenberg uncertainty)--it’s all incomprehensible. It is possible for a “tear” to open up in our space time in the vicinity of our Local Group, and “another” Big Bang would happen—an entirely different universe (likely with different physical laws) would spread destroying spacetime as it goes (not “replacing” space, but actually destroying spacetime itself). This means another dimension would “open up” within our dimension, at least temporarily. Of course, by “temporarily” is meant thousands of years, until our spacetime and everything associated with it was destroyed when the explosion reached us. Currently physics says that communication with this new universe would be “impossible” but most of quantum theory is “impossible” from Aristotelian/Newtonian principles). "Non-locality" is currently incomprehensible (classical physics assumes change/effect only by direct physical contact, yet non-locality denies this stricture).  Varying c (speed of light)(or VSL theory) makes little sense in terms of relativity theory.  Matter is mostly space rather than “solid” as common sense would have it.  Chaos theory, inflationary theory, the Lambda problem, Inflation’s so-called solution to the Lambda problem, Bohm’s implicate order, quantum states “jumping” up to the atomic level (this has already been used to explain behavior in some bacteria), etc., etc.,—all this stuff makes little sense to our understanding. Yet it is either currently actual, or has strong theoretical grounds. While humanity currently has the most amazing bank of knowledge in human history, it’s also true that “incomprehensibility” is a cornerstone of the universe, and given the scope of Epistemology it will remain so.

Regarding Spirituality, some people have access to more subtle forms of physical energy, but it’s only physical energy nonetheless—it’s not some mysterious “supernatural mystic vision.” Some people claim it’s that out of ignorance. But that doesn’t mean that some persons cannot sense outside normal boundaries. I don’t want to get too reductionist, but for sake of explanation I’ll say that what we now call spiritual experience will someday be explained. Maybe not completely explained, but explained enough to give it credence to most thinking people (many accepted theories in physics are only partly explained—theories have “lives,”—big bang cosmology, inflation, etc.). Maybe spiritual experience is a bleed-over from other (physical) dimensions, or from an implicate order, or maybe it’s direct prehension from quantum states (although it’s true that quantum theory currently says that useful information can’t travel non-locally). Or, spiritual experience may be enhanced sense perception. (That is, the five senses don’t open the world to us, rather they may cut us off from reality. Those with enhanced senses would have been quickly selected out of the population by evolution—how can you hunt and gather with continual influxes of irrelevant data coming into your consciousness, even if that data is actual states of affairs in the world? Some of that ability, or vestiges of it, was retained, however, because some people have the ability that animals do, to sense barometric pressure, etc.). Our knowledge of human sense perception and neurology, which is bound up with the issue of “spirituality,” is in it’s infancy.

Energy and matter are the same thing but just in a different states. Everything may be reduced to energy or experience (“experience” as used here is not to be confused with “consciousness,” as the latter is something very different). At the quantum level there is a continual exchange of energy—photonic energy. On some level every interaction of one object with another object is “recorded.” Interaction between objects leaves some kind of energy-impression (call it “data”), either locally or non-locally or both, in one or both affected objects. True, we can only access a fraction of that data in the 21st century (e.g., the object's color, a mark left on it from a collision with another object in the past, evidence that it has sat in the sun or weather for years, radioactive properties, etc.), but given enough time and development we’ll be able to prehend or access much more of this data. Some people claim to have a more developed intuitive sense and claim that they can access it, but they really cannot. In other words, yes, there are charlatans in the world. But, other people claim they are able to access this energy, and they are correct. Energy may be sensed by human beings—human beings may receive data and if they have trouble classifying this data in common or worldly terms, then they resort to a “spiritual” explanation. Spirituality may be defined as real experience that doesn’t fit into neat and easy categories.

The universe is a complex place. I wish the universe were nice and neat—well-defined, easily, clearly, and completely referenced. I wish I could close my mind to what we’re calling “spiritual” today, and relegate it all “gobbledygook.” Tossing a label on something and denying it wholesale is the work of radicals (at both ends of the spectrum) and it’s the easy way out. (Of course, this doesn’t mean we accept everything either—astrology and many things “metaphysical,” in the non-academic sense, are probably best classified as nonsense, or at least as very dubious.) The radical Evolutionists will continue to fight the radical Creationists, and since they both only have a tiny picture of the whole, they’ll fight to no avail, and continue to close themselves off from the larger picture. The most difficult and treacherous path, but the most rewarding one, is to tread in the middle between the Creationists and the Evolutionists, taking ALL evidence seriously (i.e., if you’re going to be radical, then be a “radical” empiricist, and take all experience seriously, even “spiritual” experience). There’s plenty of room in (what we today call) “material science” for (what we today call) “spirituality.” It’s all the same: supernaturalism is nonsense—there’s only nature. The more of nature you study, the more open and synoptic you become. Socrates’ attitude (from the oracle) sums it up best, after all. User:Aliman

 * All swans are white, after all. Dunc_Harris|☺ 11:35, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Swans?
Sorry, I don't understand. What do you mean? Swans? Aliman 11:45, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * see Falsifiability Dunc_Harris|☺ 11:53, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, yes, I'm quite familiar with Popper! You're making too many assumptions (probably about classical theism) so it's difficult to sort out what you're saying!  A hui ho! Aliman 12:17, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm not sure that if I modify my Talk Page that you'll ever get my response. So here it is:

DuncHarris said: "Atheism is essentially used in two ways, the first generally used in the Western World, is really a synonym for the results of rationalism (see also philosophy of science). However, there are religions such as Buddhism which do not have deities but have key concepts that are incompatible with rationalism. Subud seems to fall into this latter category. However, on their website they appear to use the word "God" as a synomym for "Universe", as a rather vague concept less well defined as Abrahamic monotheism but a deity nevertheless. My main problem with Subud is that it is obscure. With you having a perfectly legitimite interest in it, perhaps it might be worthwhile to wait until somebody more neutral writes about it. Atheism is a controversial issue (see talk:atheism), so we need to tread carefully. Dunc_Harris|☺ 12:34, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)"

Being a philosopher and sometimes theolgian (I study theology rather than practise it), and having been so for the better part of 20 years, and having been intimately involved in Subud for 19 years, I can assure you that persons who say that Subud necessarily has anything to do with God or Deity simply don't know what they're talking about. There is no Subud doctrine. No creed. No rules. It's a meditative-type "spiritual" (used loosely) exercise, and a person's experience of it is whatever they want to make of it. Climbing a dangerous mountain, like Mt. Everest, or doing some other dangerous experience, is not necessarily a spiritual or religious experience. If a religious person climbs it, however, they are likely to interpret it and explain it in religious terms. Then someone comes along, who doesn't know better, and reads it on the Internet, and concludes that mountain climbing is a spiritual endeavor. Well, yes, it may be. Someone can get "converted" to Christianity or some other religion by having a profound and dangerous experience climbing a mountain, but inherently speaking moutain climbing is not necessarily spiritual. I don't know, does that make sense? That's why I think that Subud can go on the Atheist page. Oh, I'm tired! I have to get up for work in three hours (it's 2am here). Aliman 12:07, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Palmone handhelds
I have moved over the the PalmOne discontinued handhelds page to the main PalmOne, Inc. page. I understand that I do not know everything about Wikipedia. Did you know I started the idea of using a color scheme for WikiProject Music genres? The idea really was originally mine, but has been improved by User: TUF-KAT.

 * cool. please remember to sign your posts. :) Dunc_Harris|☺ 23:29, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

sorry, corrected to english
Thanks for the heads up. I just replaced the bio to an english one.

new user, getting used to
Thank you for your message. I will not past copyrighted material in the future. I just discovered Wikipedia and am still learning the rules.

cheers,

Heptathlon
That's true modern pentathlon is not the same as the ancient pentathlon. I changed the link to point to the modern pentathlon because women were obviously not competing in the ancient pentathlon when the heptathlon was instituted. I think it's better for that link to point to what the heptathlon actually replaced. -- Ponder 14:27, 2004 Aug 29 (UTC)

Kelly Holmes== ==

Thanks for your recent work on Kelly Holmes - much needed and timely. (I'll be thanking the others who have helped too). --[[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 17:41, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC)

Dartmouth Review
You marked Dartmouth Review as having NPOV issues, but you haven't indicated on the discussion page what those issues might be. Obviously, there is no way I (or anyone) can set about addressing your unstated issues. Please indicate your issues in the talk page of that article. (Note that on NPOV dispute it is explicit that "If you add the above code to an article which seems to you to be biased, but there is no prior discussion of the bias, you need to at least leave a note on the article's talk page describing what you consider unacceptable about the article." -- Jmabel 00:09, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

Cricket categories
Thanks for your comment on the categorisation of cricketers. Although I helped to implement it, it's not actually my categorisation, but was developed by dmmaus and others - see Category_talk:Cricket.

I see what you mean about a category being needed for English people who play bowls. However, given that (i) Category:English bowlers is already set up and populated by cricket players (and reflects the same categories that were set up for the other major cricket-playing nations), and (ii) (not denigrating bowls) I expect that the cricket category would have more entries than a bowls category, my preference would be for the cricket categorisation to stay the same and a bowls categorisation structure to be set up separately, say Category:English bowls players.

I'll copy the above (and your initial comment) to Category_talk:Cricket. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:48, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

human
Where are you getting your info from? I fairly strongly understood that bonobos are more closely related to humans, and that hominids are great apes. (i'm not biting, btw, just curious) Dunc_Harris|☺ 15:37, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It's uncontroversial that the evolutionary tree for hominids looks like this:

.--+.             |                           |     .+--.                |     |                   |                |     |            .--+-.          |     |            |            |          |   Homo   P. troglodytes P. paniscus   Gorilla

 * So neither of the two Pan species is more closely to related to humans than the other, but Pan is more closely related to humans than Gorilla. (Of course, measures of DNA similarity may favour one species, but that's a different story.)

 * "Great ape" is not a taxonomical term; I think it's more often used to mean "hominids, except for the branch leading to humans" as it is to mean "hominid" only. So I think it needs to be used carefully in a taxonomical context. Gdr 15:57, 2004 Aug 31 (UTC)

That's pretty much what I thought, but I thought that P. paniscus was slightly more closely related by the order of a small % base pairs. Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:06, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think that people usually mean "% of base pairs" when they say "related"! In my opinion, the story of DNA comparison among hominids is too complex and requires too much interpretation to be simplified to a claim that bonobos are more closely related to humans than common chimpanzees are. It needs its own section in the Hominidae article. My revised sentence is true for both the phylogenetic and sequence-similarity meaning of "related", so I think it can stand without any extra discussion. Gdr 16:18, 2004 Aug 31 (UTC)

Nylon
This isn't airing in America. I would have known about it. I've heard of Rashida Jones, though. She used to be on Boston Public. Mike H 21:57, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

Irwin Miller
As for Mr. Miller's likeness, I'd encourage you to see if you could obtain a photo. I'm not very proficient with the technical aspects of uploading and downloading files--on top of which I use a library computer and can't do some things--so I've left images to more capable hands. There's an image on the Courier-Journal obit I link to; none of the other obits I saw had one. Let me know if you have any success. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 21:49, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

jpg/bmp
I had a cust this morning with the same problem. we haven't findured out what it is yet but I told him to use Firefox which is really a better brouser anyway. Let me know on my talk it you actually figure out what caused it thoughCavebear42 19:16, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought that too, but this guy was on sp1 still.Cavebear42 19:21, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I've been having the same problem. If someone gives you a real answer, could you post it back to WP:VP for the rest of us? TNX. -- Jmabel 19:27, Sep 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Here's a Microsoft Knowledge Base Article on the problem (and it's apparent solution/workaround): Internet Explorer Does Not Save Graphics Files in the Proper Format. Some people have said it doesn't work, though. - 21:36, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC) Lee  (talk)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Duncharris/archive3


text:
Webley & Scott

Webley & Scott is an arms manufacturer founded in Birmingham, England. Webley produced handguns and long guns from 1834 to 1979, when the company ceased to manufacture firearms and instead turned its attention to producing air pistols and air rifles. In 2010 Webley & Scott restarted the production of shotguns for commercial sale.

Webley is famous for the revolvers and automatic pistols it supplied to the British Empire's military, particularly the British Army, from 1887 through both World War I and World War II.

History
The Webley company was founded in the late 18th century by William Davies, who made bullet moulds. It was taken over in 1834 by his son-in-law, Philip Webley, who began producing percussion sporting guns. The manufacture of revolvers, for which the firm became famous, began twenty years later. Their first percussion revolver, Webley Longspur, entered production in 1853. However, heavy competition from Colt's and Adams revolvers at the time led to modest sales of the early Webley revolvers. At that time the company was named P. Webley & Son. In 1897, Webley amalgamated with W & C Scott and Sons to become The Webley & Scott Revolver and Arms Company Ltd of Birmingham.

Webley's revolvers became the official British sidearm in 1887, remaining in British service until 1964. After 1921, however, Webley service revolvers were manufactured by the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield.

In 1932 the Enfield No.2 .38 inch calibre revolver, became the standard British service revolver. However, wartime shortages ensured that all marks of the Webley, including models in .455 and .38/200, remained in use through World War Two. The .455 Mk.VI was declared obsolete in 1945 but the .38 Mk.IV remained in service as a substitute standard weapon into the early 1960s.

In 1920, the passing of the Firearms Act in the UK, which limited the availability of handguns to civilians, caused their sales to plummet. The company adapted by producing pneumatic guns, their first being the Mark I air pistol.

Demand for air guns increased rapidly in the 1920s and Webley's business began to grow again, with an inevitable peak related to weapons supply for British military use during the Second World War. Declining sales led to the decision to give up firearms manufacture completely in 1979, however air gun production at the Birmingham factory continued until 22 December 2005, when the company closed down. Webley's dependent company - Venom Custom Shop - ceased trading as well. It was then bought by Wolverhampton-based company Airgunsport. At this time Airgunsport relocated the manufacture of all Webley guns to Turkey.

Webley & Scott Ltd is owned by both the Fuller Group and John Bright. John Bright is also co-owner of Highland Outdoors Limited who are the UK distributors for Webley, Webley & Scott and AGS.

Production
Until 1979 Webley & Scott manufactured shotguns and revolvers for private use, as well as producing sidearms for military and police use. This came to include both revolvers and self-loading (semi-automatic) pistols.

Webley's production originally consisted of hand-crafted firearms, although mass-production was later introduced to supply police and military buyers.

The first Webley production revolver appeared in 1853. Known as the Longspur it was a muzzle-loaded percussion cap and ball pistol. Some consider it to be the finest revolver of its day as it could shoot as fast as the contemporary Colt revolvers and was faster to load. However the hand-made Longspur could not compete in price with mass-produced revolvers such as the Colt, and production never equalled that of Webley's competitors Adams (Deane, Adams & Deane) or Tranter.

Webley's first popular success came with its first double-action revolver, adopted by the Royal Irish Constabulary in 1867. There is a well-known story that a pair of Webley RIC Model revolvers were presented to Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer by Lord Berkeley in 1869, and it is believed that General Custer was using them at the time of his death in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

There is some question whether the gun or guns presented to George Armstrong Custer were Webley RIC's. Other sources indicate that Lord Berkeley Paget presented Custer with a Galand & Sommerville 44 calibre revolver (manufactured in England by the firm of Braendlin & Sommerville) and gave another to Tom Custer. Of course, it is possible that Lord Berkeley Paget may have given Custer two revolvers, both a Galand & Sommerville and a Webley RIC or even given the Custer brothers, in some combination, a pair of Webley RICs and a pair of Galand & Sommervilles. A cased Galand & Sommerville revolver certainly formed part of Tom Custer's estate. Galand & Sommerville 44 revolvers were made to use the same ammunition as the first Webley RIC's, i.e. Webley's .442 centre-fire cartridge.

Almost all of Webley's subsequent revolvers were of a top-break design. A pivoting lever on the side of the gun's upper receiver was pressed to release the barrel and cylinder assembly, which then tilts up and forward on a bottom-front pivot. After loading, the assembly is tilted back into firing position and locked closed.

Webley went on to produce more revolvers for the civilian market. Webley's popular pocket revolver, The British Bull Dog, was developed in 1872, available in .44 Short Rimfire, .442 and .450 calibers, and widely exported and copied. Smaller scale versions in .320 and .380 calibers were added later.

Although often attributed to Webley, Webley only produced some of the revolvers now commonly referred to as Webley .577 Boxer Revolvers, which used the most powerful handgun cartridge of the day, the .577 Boxer. It was produced by Webley under licence from the firm of William Tranter of Birmingham, whose design it actually was. Webley was just one of several firms licensed to use Tranter's double-action lock and particularly Tranter's patented revolving recoil shield, which was a key feature of the early .577 calibre revolvers.

In 1879 Webley developed & sold commercially a rugged and powerful revolver intended for the British military, the WG or Webley Government in .455/.476, the WG's cylinder was long enough for .44 Russian & .45 Colt length rounds [Jim Farmer has seen .45 Colt chambered WG models, but is unsure if they were converted .455s- further research is needed for WG chamberings- he has seen Belgian WG copies made in .44-40]. The WG frame & cylinder were then shortened for the .455 & the variant was adopted in the 1880s as the Webley Mk 1. Nicknamed "the British Peacemaker" in the United States, the Mk 1 was manufactured in .450, .455 Webley, and .476 calibre and founded a family of revolvers that were the standard handguns of the British Army, Royal Navy, and British police constabularies from 1887 to 1918. The Mark VI (known as the Webley Revolver No. 1 Mark VI after 1927) was the last standard service pistol made by Webley; the most widely produced of their revolvers, 300,000 were made for service during World War I.

Webley began experimenting with semi-automatic action in 1900 and in 1909 they began producing a series of semi-automatic pistols for civilian and police use. Their .32 Automatic Pistol was adopted by London's Metropolitan Police in 1911. The same weapon in .38 calibre was used by the Royal Navy as a substitute standard weapon during World War II. The Ordnance Factory Board of India still manufactures .380 Revolver Mk IIz cartridges, as well as a .32 caliber revolver (also known as IOF Mk1) with 2 in barrel that is clearly based on the Webley Mk IV .38 service pistol.

In 1924 Webley produced its first air pistol, the Mark I.

In 1929 Webley introduced its Mark II air rifle. During World War II Webley air rifles were used for rifle training as well as civilian target shooting and hunting.

The Mark II, known as the service air rifle because of its use by the UK military, used break-action with a superimposed barrel locked by bolt action. The detachable barrel was easily interchangeable with others of the three calibres available.

The Mark II was discontinued in 1946 and replaced by the Mark III, in production until 1975. The Mark III was a top-loaded air rifle with a fixed barrel and used underlever cocking. It was only made in .177 and .22 calibres.

Webley continues to manufacture air pistols in .22 (5.5 mm) and .177 (4.5 mm) calibre, and air rifles in .22, .177 and .25 (6.35 mm) calibre. A variety of actions were/are available in several different models, including the Hurricane, Nemesis, Stinger and Tempest air pistols and Raider, Venom, and Vulcan air rifles. In early 2007 Webley broke away from its traditional 'barrel overlever' design to launch the revised Typhoon model, a 'break-barrel' design with a recoil-reduction system.

Webley & Scott has also returned to shotgun production with alliances with European manufacturers, and now markets a number of sporting and competition shotguns.

In 2008, Webley sold to Webley (International) Limited but still produces products under the Webley name.

In January 2011 Webley (international) Limited held a creditors meeting Under Section 98 Insolvency Act 1986. On 3 February 2011 liquidators were appointed to wind up the affairs of the company.

According to the Statement of Affairs produced by the Liquidators, Webley (international) owed their unsecured creditors a sum of £164,595.76. They also owed money to one Secured Creditor, Webley Limited (in Liquidation) a sum of £140,000.

Webley & Scott was acquired by the Fuller Group in 2012.

In 2016, Webley & Scott launch the 1000 Series and 950 Series shotguns. The Xocet Rimfire Rifle is also launched.

Webley & Scott automatic pistols
Webley's first autoloading pistol was an experimental pistol in .45 calibre produced in 1903; mass production began in 1906 with the .32 ACP (7.65 mm) model. This pistol had a 3.5" barrel and an 8-round magazine. A .25 (6.35 mm) version had a 3-inch barrel and a 6-round magazine.  Ultimately pistols were produced in a range of bores from .22 inch to .455 inch, and included 9 mm models.  Webley self-loaders were simple, single-action blowback pistols, designed by William Whiting.  Production ceased in 1940.

In 1905, Webley had presented an auto-loading pistol for testing by the Small Arms Committee (SAC), a British military group charged with organizing trials and making recommendations of arms to the War Office. The SAC, which had begun testing automatics in 1900, was unimpressed by Webley's offering, preferring foreign automatics including the Colt. However no automatic was recommended over contemporary service revolvers, which were all Webleys at the time, and trials would continue until 1913.

In 1910 Webley offered a new automatic for testing, and in 1911 the Webley self-loading .455-inch Mark I was recommended by both the SAC and the Chief Inspector of Small Arms (CISA.) This pistol was adopted by the Royal Navy in early 1912 as the first automatic pistol officially in British service. Later the pistol was also adopted by the Royal Horse Artillery and was issued to members of the Royal Flying Corps.

The Webley & Scott self-loading .455 inch pistol had a 7-round magazine. It was not a small pistol, rugged and accurate at short range, but also heavy with an awkward grip angle. It was prone to jamming throughout most of its service career, owing largely to its cordite ammunition, which left residue that fouled the close tolerances of its diagonally locking breech. The problem was officially resolved in 1941 with the introduction of the Mark Iz (nitrocellulose) cartridge.

The first examples of the pistol had the safety on left side of the hammer, but later models moved the safety to the left side of the frame, where it could also lock the slide. A grip safety was provided on the military models. The pistol had dual ejectors. The slide stop was activated by the absence of a cartridge in the feedway, not by the magazine follower as in most automatics. A drift-adjustable rear sight had range-hashmarks in micrometers.

Although never officially adopted by the British Army, Webley self-loaders were widely used as a substitute-standard or personal weapons by British and Commonwealth forces in both World Wars. Versions were also marketed to colonial military and police forces and were widely adopted.

The 1906 Webley & Scott Self Loading Pistol in .32 ACP was adopted by the London Metropolitan Police in 1911, and is sometimes referred to as the Webley MP for this reason. It officially replaced the bulldog revolvers then in use following the infamous Siege of Sidney Street in 1911.

Webley & Scott flare pistols
Webley & Scott produced a number of single-shot, break open signal flare gun devices used by Commonwealth Military Forces during the First and Second World Wars. The most prolific of these was the No.1 MkIII, produced in 1918 at the company's Birmingham facility. A variant, differing only in its use of black plastic grip panels instead of the earlier wood, was produced by Colonial Sugar Refinery in Sydney, Australia in 1942. Perhaps the most famous example of a No.1 Mk 1 Flare Pistol is in the collection at the Conception Bay Museum, Harbour Grace, NL. The gun was lent by Edward Langdon Oke, IV, a veteran of WW1 and the then editor of the Harbor Grace Standard newspaper, to the first Canadian to make a transatlantic flight, Capt. J. Errol Boyd (1891–1960). Boyd took off 9 Oct 1930 from the Harbour Grace airstrip in the plane Maple Leaf (aka, Columbia), navigated by Lieut. Harry Connor, and landed 10 Oct in Tresco, Scilly Isles, England. The gun was engraved to mark the historic flight and is also tatted with the owner's initials. The company logo is that of a bird wing with the tips angling left and W+S underneath and the gun is stamped 7648.

Notable designs

 * The Webley Longspur Revolver (1853)
 * The Royal Irish Constabulary Revolver (1867)
 * The Boxer Revolver (1868)
 * The British Bull Dog revolver (1872)
 * Developed from the RIC Revolver, with a barrel only 2½ inches long, it can fit in a coat pocket.

 * The Webley Revolver Marks I - VI, (1887 to 1923)
 * Sold commercially as the "Webley-Government"

 * The Webley-Wilkinson (1884 to 1914)
 * A revolver manufactured by Webley, sold by Wilkinson Sword company

 * The Mars Automatic Pistol (1900)
 * The Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver (1900)
 * The Webley Self-Loading Pistol (1910)
 * The Webley Mark I Air Pistol (1924)
 * The Webley Mark II Air Rifle (1929)
 * The Webley Mark III Air Rifle
 * The Webley Hawk Mark III Air Rifle (1977)
 * The Webley Hurricane Air Pistol (1977)
 * The model 100 single barrel shotgun
 * The model 400, 500 & 700 boxlock shotguns

Webley & Scott in India
As part of the Make in India initiative launched in 2014, Webley & Scott began to manufacture its revolvers in India in collaboration with an Indian firm at their Sandila factory, Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh. The company has also decided to open two shooting ranges in Gorakhpur and Kanpur. In 2020, they began production of weapons for the Indian civilian market, including the Webley Mk IV, and the WP20, a newly built .32 Auto semi-automatic pistol.

title: Webley & Scott


text:
Cambrian Mountains

The Cambrian Mountains (Mynyddoedd Cambria, in a narrower sense: Elenydd) are a series of mountain ranges in Wales. The term Cambrian Mountains used to apply to most of the upland of Wales, and comes from the country's Latin name Cambria. Since the 1950s, its application has become increasingly localised to the geographically homogeneous Mid Wales uplands, known in Welsh as Elenydd, which extend from Plynlimon (Pumlumon) to Radnor Forest in the east and Mynydd Mallaen to the south. This barren and sparsely populated 'wilderness' has been referred to as the Desert of Wales. The area includes the sources of the River Severn and River Wye and was unsuccessfully proposed as a national park in the 1960s and 1970s. The highest point of the range is Plynlimon, at 2467 ft.

The wider, more historic, use of the term also includes Snowdonia in North Wales, and the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains in South Wales. They range in height up to 3559 ft in Snowdonia.

Geology and topography
While Snowdonia contains a mix of volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age, the mountains of South Wales are mainly Devonian age Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Limestone and similarly aged sandstones. The ranges of mid-Wales on the other hand are predominantly formed from Ordovician and Silurian sandstones and mudstones which in many areas outcrop only infrequently so resulting in more rounded grassy hills. The Cambrian Mountains (in the modern sense of the term) are generally less popular with hillwalkers and scramblers than the ranges to their north and south. Since all of Wales' ranges face the predominant westerly air stream coming in from the Atlantic Ocean, they enjoy high levels of rainfall and are the source of numerous rivers, among which the rivers Severn and Wye, which rise on the eastern slopes of Pumlumon, are the largest.

Dams and wind farms
The Cambrian Mountains host the Elan Valley Reservoirs and Llyn Brianne reservoir, which provide water for the English West Midlands and for South Wales respectively. They include the Clywedog Reservoir and Nant y Moch Reservoir. Cefn Croes, the site of a controversial wind farm project, is in the Cambrian Mountains, just south of the A44 road between Aberystwyth and Llangurig.

National park proposal
The area was proposed as a national park in 1965 by the National Parks Commission, a precursor body of the Countryside Commission. However, the proposal was opposed by many farmers and local authorities in the area. Formal consultations on the proposal began in 1970, and in 1971 the Countryside Commission proposed a revised boundary for the designation. The proposed area, of 467 sqmi, covered the area of Pumlumon and Elenydd, within an area bounded by the settlements of Machynlleth, Llangurig, Rhayader, Newbridge-on-Wye, Llanwrtyd Wells, Llandovery, Pumsaint, Tregaron, and Devil's Bridge. Despite continuing local opposition, the Countryside Commission published the order designating the area on 15 August 1972, and submitted it to the Secretary of State for Wales, Peter Thomas, for confirmation.

Objections to the proposed designation were then made by all five county councils, 5 of the 7 district councils, 5 parish councils, the National Farmers Union, the Country Landowners Association, Plaid Cymru, the Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales and others. Support for the designation was expressed by the Ramblers Association, Youth Hostels Association, and Cyclists' Touring Club. In July 1973, the Secretary of State announced the decision not to proceed with the designation because of "massive evidence of objections", and also rejected a call to hold a public inquiry. This was the first time such a recommendation on national park designation had not been accepted.

Principal summits
This list confines itself to the more geographically restricted area referred to above.
 * Pen Pumlumon Fawr [Plynlimon] 2467 ft
 * Pen Pumlumon Arwystli 2431 ft
 * Pen Pumlumon Llygad-bychan 2385 ft
 * Y Garn 2244 ft
 * Pumlumon Fach 2179 ft
 * Rhos Fawr 2165 ft
 * Y Domen Ddu 2130 ft
 * Drygarn Fawr 2116 ft
 * Gorllwyn 2011 ft
 * Bryn Bach 2000 ft
 * Pen y Garn 2004 ft
 * Y Gamriw 1982 ft
 * Llan Ddu Fawr 1948 ft
 * Pegwn Mawr 1923 ft
 * Clipyn Du 1909 ft
 * Y Glog (Draws Drum) 1883 ft
 * Cefn Croes 1879 ft

title: Cambrian Mountains


text:
User:X-G

Peter "X-G" C O Johansson is a Swedish Computer Science student at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg. He has a webpage; monkeyblah.com.

title: User:X-G


text:
Mid Wales

Mid Wales (Canolbarth Cymru or simply Y Canolbarth, meaning "the midlands"), or Central Wales, is a region of Wales, encompassing its midlands, in-between North Wales and South Wales. The Mid Wales Regional Committee of the Senedd covered the unitary authority areas of Ceredigion and Powys and the area of Gwynedd that had previously been the district of Meirionnydd. A similar definition is used by the BBC. The Wales Spatial Plan defines a region known as "Central Wales" which covers Ceredigion and Powys.

Mid Wales is dominated by the Cambrian Mountains, including the Green Desert of Wales. The region is sparsely populated, with an economy dependent on farming and small businesses.

Major settlements

 * Aberaeron
 * Aberdyfi
 * Aberporth
 * Aberystwyth
 * Bala
 * Barmouth
 * Borth
 * Brecon
 * Builth Wells
 * Caersws
 * Cardigan
 * Crickhowell
 * Dolgellau
 * Fairbourne
 * Harlech
 * Hay-on-Wye
 * Knighton
 * Lampeter
 * Llandrindod Wells
 * Llandysul
 * Llanidloes
 * Llanwrtyd
 * Machynlleth
 * Montgomery
 * New Quay
 * Newcastle Emlyn
 * Newtown
 * Rhayader
 * Tregaron
 * Tywyn
 * Welshpool
 * Ystradgynlais

Main lines

 * Heart of Wales line
 * Cambrian Line
 * Welsh Marches line

Heritage lines

 * Talyllyn Railway
 * Welshpool & Llanfair Light Railway
 * Vale of Rheidol Railway
 * Cambrian Heritage Railways
 * Brecon Mountain Railway
 * Fairbourne Railway
 * Corris Railway

Politics
Parliamentary constituencies in Mid Wales include; Brecon and Radnorshire, Ceredigion, Dwyfor Meirionnydd and Montgomeryshire.

The region is represented in the Senedd with an electoral region known as Mid and West Wales.

In April 2021, a Mid Wales Corporate Joint Committee was formed to allow the two local councils in the region to collaborate in areas relating to economic well-being, strategic planning and the development of regional transport policies.

Mid Wales Growth Deal
On 13 January 2022, the Mid Wales Growth Deal's Final Deal Agreement was signed between the Growing Mid Wales Board; containing representatives from Ceredigion County Council and Powys County Council, and the UK and Welsh Governments. The deal involves the commitment of £110 million of funding from the two governments, with additional funding provided by other public and private sectors over the span of 10 years. The deal aims to increase investment in the region to £400 million by 2032, support an increase in gross value added of between £570 million and £700 million in the region's economy, and create between 1,100 to 1,400 jobs in Mid Wales.

title: Mid Wales


text:
Ornex

Ornex (Ornèx) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

Geography
It is located on the former N5 highway between the Jura mountains and the Swiss border.

Located nine kilometres from Geneva, many inhabitants commute across the Swiss border each morning to jobs with international organizations and multinational corporations. It is bordered in the south by Ferney-Voltaire, in the west by Prévessin-Moëns and Segny, in the north by Versonnex and in the east by the Swiss commune of Collex-Bossy.

A section of the 27 km tunnel excavated by CERN between 1983 and 1988 passes under the town. Originally excavated for the LEP collider, the tunnel now houses the Large Hadron Collider that started operating in 2008. The major visible presence of the LHC tunnel in the area are some surface buildings and some large helium gas tanks further North in Cessy. There are also a number of smaller tunnel Access Points, including one on the border of Ornex and Ferney-Voltaire. Liquid helium is used to cool the LHC's superconducting magnets.

History
The first documented mention of Ornex was in 1153 under the name of Ornacho; from 1286 onwards the name of Ornay is mentioned. It is assumed the name was derived from the Roman personal name Aurinius or Orinius and would thus mean the manor of Aurinius (Auriniacum).

While the village church belonged to the monastery of Payerne in the 13th century, the village itself belonged to local gentry, and became part of the fiefdom of the lords of Gex in the 14th century. With this is followed the changeable history of the Pays de Gex in which it was finally ceded from the Dukes of Savoy to France in the Treaty of Lyon in 1601.

Population
The census of 1999 revealed that 62.5% of working residents were employed outside of the Ain department. Between 1975 and 1999, the population of Ornex increased by 1621. The population of Ornex is extremely diverse, representing many nationalities and several languages.

title: Ornex


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/History of the Peerage/archive1

History of the Peerage
(Uncontested -- July 10)

A self-nomination. -- Emsworth ke4roh 02:34, Jul 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, again. Great work. James F. (talk) 10:44, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Good article. Satori 18:52, Jul 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * I can't say that I can find anything really objectionable in this article. Support.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  23:36, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. It is well written. One minor note, the link to James Parke doesn't have an article yet.  Other than that, perfect.  Revth 04:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - "I've learned something today" Palnu 04:43, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Another good one.  195.167.169.36 16:37, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * (Not an objection) Looks fine, but I have some minor remarks: 1) the Queen Anne image is not dated. I assume it is contemporary (so no coypright issue), but I'd like to be sure. 2) The References section is awfully short, and while the 1911 EB might be a good source and is available only, it certainly doesn't contain recent information, and updated modern views. Any more recent reference works? I'd support with these two issues fixed. Jeronimo 17:01, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * This objection was found under "Hereditary peers" nomination. Since there is no image of Anne on that page, and the References section includes ten references, I presume that this objection belongs in the "History of the Peerage" section? I have therefore moved it. -- Emsworth 17:07, Jul 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Queen Anne's image has been dated to circa 1702. As to the references: I added a few works, but only those that I actually used in creating the article (as is the practice for all other articles that I have created). -- Emsworth 17:21, Jul 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just to say I agree with this practice. Adding references just for the sake of FAC hoop-jumping, as has been suggested and indeed implemented in the past, is not a great idea. Pcb21| Pete 18:20, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support now, thanks for the replies (and sorry for the confusion with replying to the wrong article). BTW, I wasn't asking to add more references for the sake of having more references; I just think a good article should include pointers to major works on the topic, even if they haven't been used in creating the article. I helps readers to find more information about the topic if they want to. They shouldn't be added because I (or anybody else) requested them, but because they would improve the article. Jeronimo 20:09, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It would help if the captions were full sentences explaining why each person got his or her picture in the article. Tips at Captions.  Thanks! -- ke4roh 23:45, Jul 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with the idea of having complete sentences in captions. In this page, each image is adjacent to relevant content. Hence, it is unnecessary to restate information found in the article. Furthermore, the extended size of the picture box appears wholly inelegant. Thus, I must respectfully disagree with the suggestion. -- Emsworth 00:31, Jul 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I see your point since the text is so closely tied to the pictures. Different people read the article different ways. When I look at an article, I read the first paragraph (or until I hit information overload for that topic) and scan through for anything else interesting, looking at each of the pictures and captions along the way. Tank reads well that way. The captions tell something about the pictures &mdash; and most benefit from it. Admittedly, it's more challenging to write a captivating caption about a portrait, especially in this case, since the information is adjacent in the text — What about putting a teaser in the caption to draw the reader into the article: "William of Normandy overthrew the Anglo-Saxon monarchs bringing a new style of government." Then the reader gets curious about that new form of government and reads text to learn what it is. (You might like to see Wikipedia_talk:Captions which addresses short identifying captions of objects.) --
 * Agreed; long captions are not a good idea in well-written texts. James F. (talk) 14:46, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. 172 22:14, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Minimal model

Disambig?
Is this page truly a disambig page? It seems to lack any links to articles with the same name, and instead functions as a dicdef page. Kevyn 12:52, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

birational geometry
I changed the definition of a minimal model in birational geometry, because the old one was wrong (it is not always enough to blow down in order to get a minimal model, but it needs to be flipped) Mrwoody

title: Talk:Minimal model


text:
Brahim Boutayeb

Moulay Brahim Boutayeb (مولاي ابراهيم بوطيب; born 15 August 1967) is a retired Moroccan track and field athlete. He was the winner of the 10,000 m race at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Career
Boutayeb was born in Khemisset, Morocco. Although he had been considered more a 5000 m runner before 1988, he was quite unknown until the Seoul Olympics.

The 10,000 m final at Seoul was started at a very fast pace, pushed along mostly by Kenyans, Kipkemboi Kimeli, and Moses Tanui. A small lead group reached the halfway mark at world record pace, at which point Boutayeb moved to lead. He continued the race at world record pace, but deliberately slowed after the bell to finish in a world's fourth fastest time of 27:21.46.

After the Olympic Games, Boutayeb decided to concentrate again on shorter distances, running his personal bests in distances from 1500 m to 5000 m over the next couple of seasons. He placed second in the season rankings for the 1988 IAAF Grand Prix Final. He won a bronze medal in 5000 m at the 1991 World Championships held in Tokyo. At the Barcelona Olympic Games, Boutayeb came fourth in 5000 m, only 0.75 seconds behind the winner Dieter Baumann from Germany.

After being eliminated in his heat of the 5000 m at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart, Brahim Boutayeb retired from competitive athletics and preferred to concentrate on his new sporting interest as a rally driver.

title: Brahim Boutayeb