text:
Priit Pärn

Priit Pärn (born 26 August 1946 in Tallinn) is an Estonian cartoonist and animation director whose films have enjoyed success among critics as well as the public at various film festivals.

Pärn formerly worked as a plant ecologist; his career in animation began when he accepted Rein Raamat's proposal to make a design for Kilplased (1974). After a brief apprenticeship in Joonisfilm, he directed his first film Is the Earth Round? in 1977.

Pärn's most important films are considered to be Triangle (1982), Breakfast on the Grass (1987), Hotel E (1992), 1895 (co-directed by Janno Põldma, 1995) and Night of the Carrots (1998).

Pärn's style is characterized by black humour, playful surrealism and a unique graphic style. His somewhat crude style marked the departure from both Rein Raamat's overtly serious and moralizing films as well as the Disneyesque style propagated by the directors of Soyuzmultfilm. In his footsteps (and occasionally copying his style to a large degree) have followed numerous new generation Estonian film makers, most notably Ülo Pikkov and Priit Tender.

Influences of Pärn's graphical style can also be seen in such commercial animated series as Rugrats and AAAHH!!! Real Monsters! directed by Igor Kovalyov.

In 2002 Pärn was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Animated Film Association, and he received Lifetime Achievement Award at the World Festival of Animated Film - Animafest Zagreb in 2008.

Divers in the Rain (2010), co-directed with his wife Olga Pärn, became the most successful Estonian animated film of all time with its 18th award at KROK International Animated Film Festival in Ukraine.

Pärn had taught animation at the Arts Academy of the Turku University of Applied Sciences in Turku, Finland since 1994 and now he is teaching at Estonian Academy of Arts.

Animated films

 * Is The Earth Round? (Kas maakera on ümmargune?, 1977)
 * ...And Plays Tricks (...Ja teeb trikke, 1978)
 * The best children's film from 2nd Varna Animated Film Festival, Bulgaria 1981
 * Exercises in Preparation For Independent Life (Harjutusi iseseisvaks eluks, 1980)
 * 2nd Prize at the 15th USSR filmfestival, 1981
 * The Triangle (Kolmnurk, 1982)
 * Time Out (Aeg maha, 1984)
 * Grand Prix Varna Animated Film Festival, Bulgaria 1985
 * 1st Prize from the International Animated Film Festival Cinanima in Espinho, Portugal 1985
 * Best animated film Bilbao Short Film Festival, Spain 1985
 * Breakfast on the Grass (Eine murul, 1987)
 * Grand Prix from the XVIII Tampere Short Film Festival, Finland 1988
 * Grand Prix, best film in category C and critics prize from VIII Zagreb World Festival of Animated Films, 1988
 * 3rd Audience Prize from Short Film Festival in Bonn, Germany 1988
 * 1st Prize in category C from 1st Animated Film Festival in Shanghai, 1988
 * Grand Prix from the International Animated Film Festival Cinanima in Espinho, Portugal 1988
 * 1st Prize from the XXI USSR Film Festival in Baku, 1988
 * Best Animated Film Award from Melbourne Film Festival, Australia 1988
 * 3rd Prize from VIII Odense Film Festival, Denmark 1989
 * Nika – the highest prize of the USSR film industry 1989
 * Commercial spot: Switch Off The Lights (Kustuta valgus, 1988)
 * Bronze Lion 35thCannes International Advertising Festival, France 1988
 * Hotel E (1992)
 * Prize of Land Baden-Württemberg from International Festival of Animated Film in Stuttgart, Germany 1992
 * 1895 (1995) (co-director Janno Põldma )
 * 3rd Prize, awarded by festival's youth jury from 11th International Odense Film Festival 1995 (Denmark)
 * The Prize of Russian ASIFA from 3rd International Animated Film Festival Krok 95, Ukraine 1995
 * The Russian Critics' Prize from 3rd International Animated Film Festival Krok 95, Ukraine 1995
 * Prize in Class C, awarded by International Jury from 19th International Animated Film Festival of Espinho Cinanima, Portugal 1995
 * The Estonian Film Critics (FIPRESCI) Prize for the best film of the year 1995
 * Estonian Cultural Endowment's annual Johannes Pääsuke Award 1995
 * The Republic of Estonia's State Cultural Award for the film "1895" in the year 1995
 * The Festival Jury Special Prize from Balticum Film & TV Festival in Bornholm, Denmark 1996
 * Best Film Award from Oslo Animation Festival, Norway 1996
 * Grand Prix from 12th World Festival of Animated Films in Zagreb, Croatia 1996
 * The Critics' Award given by the Jury of the Association of Croatian Film Critics, Croatia 1996
 * Magic Chrystal Prize 6th International Film Forum Arsenals in Riga, Latvia 1996
 * Best Design Award from Ottawa International Animation Festival, Canada 1996
 * Grand Prix from Pärnu Film Days, Estonia 1997
 * Prize for Outstanding Film in General Category from '97 Seoul Animation Expo, South-Korea 1997
 * Commercial spot: Deliss (1995)
 * Commercial spot: Absolut Pärn (1996)
 * Diploma from International Animated Film Festival Krok 97, Ukraine 1997
 * Diploma from Holland Animated Film Festival in Utrecht, the Netherlands 1996
 * Free Action (1996)
 * Night of the Carrots (Porgandite öö, 1998)
 * Grand Prix from Ottawa International Animation Festival, Canada 1998
 * Special Jury Prize from Oslo Animation Festival, Norway 1999
 * 2nd Prize Silver Dove from 42nd International Leipzig Festival of Documentary and Animated Film, Germany 1999
 * 1stPrize from World Animation Celebration Competition, Los Angeles, USA 2000
 * Karl And Marilyn (Karl ja Marilyn, 2003)
 * Best International Film at FAN International Animation Festival, UK 2003
 * Special Jury Award from 16th World Festival of Animated Films in Zagreb, Croatia2004
 * Frank And Wendy (Frank ja Wendy, 2003–2005) (co-authors: P.Tender, Ü.Pikkov, K.Jancis / joonisfilm 7 x 9,5 min)
 * Estonian Cultural Endowment's Prize for the best Animated Film "Frank ja Wendy" in the year 2005
 * Newspaper Eesti Ekspress cultural extra Prize of the year 2005
 * Audience best animated film prize from film festival de Cinema & Video in Portugal, 2006
 * I Feel Back of My Head (Ma kuklas tunnen 2007) (co-director O.Marchenko / 2 min / 35 mm / short story from animated film Black Ceiling)
 * Life Without Gabriella Ferri (Elu Ilma Gabriella Ferrita, 2008)
 * Grand Prix from the 12th Holland International Animated Film Festival, Utrecht, Holland 2008
 * Grand Prix and the Anoba nomination for the Best Animated Film in the Baltic and Nordic countries from the Animated Dreams Animated Film Festival, Estonia 2008
 * Scottish Leader Estonian Film Award, Black Nights Film Festival 2008, Estonia 2008
 * Estonian Cultural Endowment's award for Best Animation, 2008
 * Jury Special Mention, World Festival of Animated Film - Animafest Zagreb, Croatia 2009
 * ANOBA prize, 2009
 * Grand Prix, I Castelli Animati, Italia, 2009
 * Jury Special Prize, MONSTRA IAFF, Portugal 2011
 * Divers in the Rain (Tuukrid Vihmas, 2010) (co-director Olga Pärn )
 * Silver Jabberwocky prize from the 16th Etiuda&Anima Film Festival, Poland 2009
 * Don Quixote – International Federation of Film Societies Award from the 16th Etiuda&Anima Film Festival, Poland 2009
 * Grand Prix from Anima, the International Animation Film Festival of Brussels, Belgium 2010
 * Grand Prix from the MONSTRA – Lisbon Animation Film Festival, Portugal 2010
 * Best Sound Track award from the MONSTRA – Lisbon Animation Film Festival, Portugal 2010
 * Grand Prix from the World Festival of Animated Film - Animafest Zagreb, Croatia 2010
 * Hiroshima Prize from the Hiroshima International Animation Festival, Japan 2010
 * Best Story from Fantoche International Animation Festival, September 2010
 * Best Sound from Fantoche International Animation Festival, September 2010
 * Best Short Film award Silver Wolf from Festival du Nouveaux Cinema, Canada 2010
 * Grand Prix from International Animation Festival Tofuzi, Georgia 2010
 * Best Nordic and Baltic Short Film award from the Fredrikstad Animation Festival, Norway 2010
 * Prize for the Best Medium Length Film from the International Animated Film Festival CINANIMA, Portugal 2010
 * Award for the Best Story from the Animated Dreams, Estonia 2010
 * Grand Prix from International Animation Festival Anifest, Czech Republic 2011
 * Best International Short Film from International Animation Festival Anifilm, Czech Republic 2011
 * Special Distinction for the Best Direction from International Animation Festival Animanima, Serbia 2011
 * Grand Prix from International Animation Festival Krok, Ukraine 2011

Art exhibitions

 * Tallinn, Estonia 1982, 1984, 1992
 * Viitasaari, Finland 1988
 * Tampere, Finland 1989
 * Turku, Finland 1989
 * Helsinki, Finland 1990, 1992, 1995
 * Stuttgart, Germany 1990
 * Volda, Molde, Grimstad, Norway 1990
 * Odense, Denmark 1991
 * Heidelberg, Germany 1992
 * Karlsruhe, Germany 1992
 * Hafnarfjörður, Ísland 1992
 * Brussels, Belgium 1993
 * Annecy, France 1993
 * Genève, Switzerland 1993
 * Harlem, Holland 1994
 * Baden, Switzerland 1995
 * Genève, Switzerland 1995

title: Priit Pärn


text:
Zewditu

Zewditu (, born Askala Maryam; 29 April 1876 – 2 April 1930) was Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 until her death in 1930. The first female head of an internationally recognized country in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the first and only empress regnant of the Ethiopian Empire, her reign was noted for the reforms of her Regent and designated heir Ras Tafari Makonnen (who succeeded her as Emperor Haile Selassie I), about which she was at best ambivalent and often stridently opposed, due to her staunch conservatism and strong religious devotion. She is the most recent empress regnant, as well as the last female Ethiopian head of state until the 2018 election of Sahle-Work Zewde as president.

Empress Zewditu sought to maintain Ethiopia's traditional values during her reign through a series of conservative policies, resisting rapid modernization. Ascending to the throne in 1916 after the deposition of Emperor Iyasu V, she was supported by conservative factions and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, who saw her as a stabilizing figure. Her rule was characterized by efforts to uphold Ethiopian traditions and the Orthodox Christian faith, contrasting with the modernizing ambitions of her regent, Ras Tafari Makonnen, later known as Emperor Haile Selassie.

Faced with significant internal challenges, she navigated power struggles between conservative and modernist factions within the country. Despite her conservative stance, Zewditu had to deal with the complexities of a nation under pressure to modernize and engage with foreign powers. During her reign, Ethiopia experienced political manoeuvring, with Ras Tafari pushing for reforms and international diplomacy, creating a dual power dynamic that defined her rule. Ethiopia's attempts to assert its sovereignty amidst external threats, particularly from colonial powers like Italy, marked this period. Her commitment to preserving Ethiopian independence and cultural heritage was a notable aspect of her leadership. However, resistance to rapid modernization and reliance on traditionalist policies led to tensions within the government and society.

The death of Empress Zewditu in 1930, under circumstances that remain somewhat unclear, marked the end of an era and paved the way for Ras Tafari to become Emperor Haile Selassie. Her legacy reflects efforts to maintain traditional values while facing the inevitability of change. She is remembered for her dedication to the Ethiopian Orthodox faith and her role in a transitional period that set the stage for the modernization efforts that followed. Critics argue that her conservative policies may have hindered Ethiopia's progress and adaptation to the modern world. However, supporters highlight her significant role in maintaining Ethiopian sovereignty and cultural identity during a period of potential upheaval. Her reign remains a topic of study for its insights into the challenges of leadership during a time of significant political and social change.

Early life
Baptised as Askala Maryam ("Askal of Mary", a type of flower), but using the given name Zewditu (Zauditu), the future Empress was the second daughter of the Negus (or King) Menelik of Shewa, the future emperor Menelik II. Zewditu is an Amharic word meaning "the Crown", though it sometimes appears erroneously Anglicized as "Judith", with which it is not cognate. Her mother, Weyziro (Lady) Abechi, was a noblewoman of Wollo and a brief companion of Menelik II. Her mother separated from Menelik when Zewditu was very young, and the future empress was raised by her father and his consort Baffana. Negus Menelik later married Taytu Betul but had no children by this wife. Menelik had three acknowledged children: Zewditu herself; a son, Asfa Wossen, who died before adulthood; and another daughter Shewa Regga, the mother of Lij Iyasu, Menelik's eventual heir. However, the Emperor remained closest to Zewditu, who also had good relations with her stepmother, the Empress Taytu, and was part of her father's household for most of her life.

In 1886 the ten-year-old Zewditu was married to Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, son and heir of Emperor Yohannes IV. The marriage was political, having been arranged when Menelik agreed to submit to Yohannes' rule. Yohannes and Menelik eventually fell into conflict again, however, with Menelik launching a rebellion against Yohannes' rule. Zewditu's marriage was childless, since she was very young during her marriage, although her husband had fathered a son by another woman. When Araya Selassie died in 1888, she left Mekele and returned to her father's court in Shewa. Despite the hostility between Menelik and Yohannes, Zewditu managed throughout the conflict to maintain good relations with both. In a sign of his high regard and affection for his daughter-in-law, Emperor Yohannes IV sent Zewditu back to Shewa with a large gift of valuable cattle, at a time when relations between him and her father were at a particularly low point.

Zewditu had two further marriages, both brief, before marrying Ras Gugsa Welle. Gugsa Welle was the nephew of the Empress Taytu, Zewditu's stepmother. Zewditu had already been on good terms with Taytu, but the direct tie between the two helped cement the relationship. Unlike her prior marriages, Zewditu's marriage to Gugsa Welle is thought to have been happy.

Ascent to power
Upon the death of Emperor Yohannis IV at the Battle of Metemma against the Mahdists of the Sudan, in the Mahdist War, Negus Menelik of Shewa assumed power and became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. This restored the direct male line succession of the dynasty, as Emperor Yohannes's claim to the throne was through a female link to the line. As the daughter of Menelik II, Zewditu would be the last monarch in direct agnatic descent from the Solomonic dynasty. Her successor Haile Selassie was also linked in the female line. Menelik died in 1913, and Lij Iyasu, the son of Zewditu's half-sister Shewa Regga, who had been publicly declared heir apparent in 1909, took the throne. Iyasu considered Zewditu a potential threat to his rule, and exiled her and her husband to the countryside.

Due to fears of instability that might be caused, the cabinet of ministers decided not to publicly proclaim the death of Menelik II. As a result, Iyasu was never officially proclaimed as Emperor Iyasu V. However, both Menelik's death and Iyasu's de facto accession were widely known and accepted. The Church authorities, the Lord Regent Ras Tessema, and the ministers agreed that Iyasu's coronation should be postponed until he was a bit older and had taken Holy Communion with his wife, which would make his marriage insoluble in the eyes of the Orthodox Church. However, Iyasu quickly encountered problems with his rule, and he was never crowned. He was widely disliked by the nobility for his unstable behavior, and the church held him in suspicion for his alleged Muslim sympathies. After a troubled few years, Iyasu was removed from power. Zewditu was summoned to the capital, and on 27 September 1916, the Council of State and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church officially announced the death of Emperor Menelik II and deposed Iyasu in favour of Zewditu. Zewditu's official title was "Queen of Kings" (Negiste Negest), a modification of the traditional title "King of Kings" (Nəgusä Nägäst).

Initially, Zewditu was not permitted to exercise power herself. Instead, her cousin Ras Tafari Makonnen was appointed regent, and her father's old loyal general, Fitawrari Hapte Giorgis Dinagde was made commander-in-chief of the army. Ras Tafari was also made heir apparent to Zewditu, for none of her children had survived to adulthood. In 1928, after an attempt to remove Ras Tafari Makonnen from power failed, the Empress was compelled to crown her cousin Negus.

Political maneuvering
While the conservative Ethiopian aristocracy was generally supportive of Zewditu, it was less enthusiastic about many of her relatives. Zewditu's stepmother and the aunt of her husband, Dowager Empress Taytu Betul, had withdrawn from the capital after Menelik's death, but were still distrusted somewhat due to the evident favoritism she had practiced during the reign of her late husband. In an attempt to limit her influence, the aristocracy arranged for her nephew—Zewditu's husband Ras Gugsa Welle—to be appointed to a remote governorship, removing him from court. This move, while intended as a strike against Taytu rather than against Zewditu, is believed to have upset Zewditu considerably. Zewditu also suffered guilt for taking the throne from Lij Iyasu, whom her father had wanted to succeed him – while she believed that Iyasu's overthrow was necessary, she had admired her father greatly, and was unhappy at having to disobey his wishes. Her separation from her husband and her guilt about Iyasu's overthrow combined to make Zewditu not particularly happy as Empress. Even though he had treated her abominably, she held much personal affection for her nephew Iyasu, and is said to have wept bitterly for him when told that she was being made Empress as her nephew had been excommunicated for apostasy. Increasingly, the Empress retreated from state responsibility into a world of fasting and prayer, whilst the progressive elements that surrounded the heir, Tafari Makonnen, gained in strength and influence at court.

War against Iyasu
The early period of Zewditu's reign was marked by a war against Lij Iyasu, who had escaped captivity. Backed by his father, Negus Mikael of Wollo, a powerful northern leader, Iyasu attempted to regain the throne. The two failed to effectively coordinate their efforts however, and after some initial victories Iyasu's father was defeated and captured at the Battle of Segale. The Negus was paraded through the streets of Addis Ababa in chains, carrying a rock of repentance on his shoulders, before entering the throne room and kissing the Empress's shoes to beg for her mercy. The heir to the throne, Ras Tafari Makonnen, was not present at this spectacle out of consideration for the feelings of his wife, who was the granddaughter of Negus Mikael.

Upon hearing of his father's defeat and humiliation, Iyasu himself fled to Afar. After years on the run, Iyasu was later captured by Dejazmach Gugsa Araya Selassie, the son whom Zewditu's first husband had fathered by another woman. Gugsa Araya was rewarded with the title of Ras from his former stepmother, and with Princess Yeshashework Yilma, the niece of Tafari Makonnen, as his bride. When Iyasu was captured, a tearful Empress Zewditu pleaded that he be kept in a special house on the grounds of the palace, where she would see to his care and he could receive religious counsel. She found Ras Tafari and Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis Dinagde to be unbendingly opposed, and so gave up. She did, however, ensure that special favorite foods and a constant supply of clothing and luxuries reached Iyasu at his place of arrest in Sellale.

Rise of Tafari
As Empress Zewditu's reign progressed, the difference in outlook gradually widened between her and her appointed heir, Ras Tafari Makonnen. Tafari was a moderniser, believing that Ethiopia needed to open itself to the world in order to survive. In this, he had the backing of many younger nobles. Zewditu, however, was a conservative, believing in the preservation of Ethiopian tradition. She had the strong backing of the church in this belief. Slowly, however, Zewditu began to withdraw from active politics, leaving more and more power to Tafari. Under Tafari's direction, Ethiopia entered the League of Nations, and abolished slavery. Zewditu busied herself with religious activities, such as the construction of a number of significant churches.

In 1928 there was a small conservative uprising against Tafari's reforms, but it was unsuccessful. Empress Zewditu was compelled to grant Tafari, who now controlled most of the Ethiopian government, the title of King (Negus). While Negus Tafari remained under the nominal rule of Zewditu (who was still Negeste Negest, i.e. Empress), Tafari was now in effect the ruler of Ethiopia. A number of attempts were made to displace him, but they were all unsuccessful. In 1930, Zewditu's husband Ras Gugsa Welle led a rebellion against Negus Tafari in Begemder, hoping to end the regency in spite of his wife's repeated pleas and orders to desist, but was defeated and killed in battle by the modernised Ethiopian army at the Battle of Anchem on 31 March 1930.

Death and succession
On 2 April 1930, two days after Ras Gugsa Welle was killed in battle, Empress Zewditu died. According to some popular histories, Zewditu died of shock and grief at hearing of her husband's death, but other accounts contradict this, claiming that Zewditu was not informed of the battle's outcome before her sudden death. Some diplomatic sources in Addis Ababa reported at the time that the fever-stricken Empress was immersed in a large container of frigidly cold holy water to cure her of her illness, but that her body went into shock, and she died shortly thereafter.

Zewditu was succeeded on the throne by Negus Tafari, who took the name of Emperor Haile Selassie.

Patrilineal descent

 * 1) Dil Na'od (Last king of Axum)
 * 2) Mkhbara Widam (Mahbere-Widam)
 * 3) Agba Seyun (Yakob)
 * 4) Sinfa Ar'ad
 * 5) Negus Zaré
 * 6) Asfiha
 * 7) Yakob
 * 8) Bahr Seggad
 * 9) Adam Asgad (Widma Asgad)
 * 10) Tasfa Iyasus
 * 11) Yekuno Amlak, emperor of Ethiopia, 12??–1285
 * 12) Prince Qidma Seggada
 * 13) Amda Seyon I, emperor of Ethiopia
 * 14) Newaya Krestos, emperor of Ethiopia
 * 15) Dawit I, emperor of Ethiopia
 * 16) Zara Yaqob, emperor of Ethiopia, 1399–1468
 * 17) Baeda Maryam I, emperor of Ethiopia, 1448–1478
 * 18) Na'od, emperor of Ethiopia, 14??–1508
 * 19) Dawit II, emperor of Ethiopia, c. 1496–1540
 * 20) Prince Segwa Qal
 * 21) Warada Qal
 * 22) Lesba Qal
 * 23) Negasi Krestos, ruler of Shewa
 * 24) Sebestyanos, ruler of Shewa
 * 25) Kidane Kale, ruler of Shewa
 * 26) Amha Iyasus, ruler of Shewa
 * 27) Asfaw Wossen, ruler of Shewa
 * 28) Wossen Seged, 1808–1813, ruler of Shewa
 * 29) Sahle Selassie, king of Shewa, 1795–1847
 * 30) Haile Melekot, king of Shewa, 1824–1855
 * 31) Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, 1844–1913
 * 32) Empress Zewditu, 1876–1930

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zewditu


text:
Pran Kumar Sharma

Pran Kumar Sharma (15 August 1938 – 5 August 2014), better known as Pran, was an Indian cartoonist best known as the creator of Chacha Chaudhary (1971). He also created other characters like Shrimatiji, Pinki, Billoo, Raman, and Channi Chachi.

Early life and education
Born in Kasur, British India, in Punjabi Brahmin family. Pran graduated with a BA from Gwalior and Master of Arts (Political Science) degree from evening Camp College, Delhi. He then pursued a five-year course in Fine Arts from Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai through distance as a private student while in Delhi, so that he could apply as a drawing teacher at schools, but he discontinued.

Career
Pran began his career in 1960 as a cartoonist for the Delhi-based newspaper Milap with comic strip Daabu. Apart from 'this, Indian comics scenario was largely based on reprints of The Phantom and Superman. In 1969, Pran sketched Chacha Chaudhary for the Hindi magazine Lotpot, which made him famous. Pran has also created other cartoon characters like Shrimatiji, Pinki, Billoo, Raman, Channi Chachi and others, which are regularly published in Indian magazines. Pran reached lakhs of Kannadigas through his Putti, Raman that were published in Kannada daily Prajavani and Shrimathi which publishes in Kannada magazine Sudha. He was included in People of the Year 1995 by Limca Book of Records for popularizing comics in India. In 1983, the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi released Pran's comics "Raman - Ham Ek Hain" which promoted national integration. Pran received a Lifetime Achievement Award 2001, from Indian Institute of Cartoonists. Pran has also given lessons in cartooning at the Pran's Media Institute, run by his son Nikhil.

Maurice Horn notes that Pran has been given the title of "Walt Disney of India" in The World Encyclopedia of Comics. The Chacha Chaudhary strips find permanent place in International Museum of Cartoon Art, United States.

Death
He had been suffering from colon cancer and subsequently was admitted to a hospital in Gurgaon, where he died on 5 August 2014 at approximately 9:30 pm local time. He was posthumously awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award of India, in 2015.

title: Pran Kumar Sharma


text:
Periodic points of complex quadratic mappings

This article describes periodic points of some complex quadratic maps. A map is a formula for computing a value of a variable based on its own previous value or values; a quadratic map is one that involves the previous value raised to the powers one and two; and a complex map is one in which the variable and the parameters are complex numbers. A periodic point of a map is a value of the variable that occurs repeatedly after intervals of a fixed length.

These periodic points play a role in the theories of Fatou and Julia sets.

Definitions
Let

 * $$f_c(z) = z^2+c\,$$

be the complex quadric mapping, where $$z$$ and $$c$$ are complex numbers.

Notationally, $$f^{(k)} _c (z)$$ is the $$k$$-fold composition of $$f_c$$ with itself (not to be confused with the $$k$$th derivative of $$f_c$$)—that is, the value after the k-th iteration of the function $$f _c.$$ Thus

 * $$f^{(k)} _c (z) = f_c(f^{(k-1)} _c (z)).$$

Periodic points of a complex quadratic mapping of period $$p$$ are points $$z$$ of the dynamical plane such that

 * $$f^{(p)} _c (z) = z,$$

where $$p$$ is the smallest positive integer for which the equation holds at that z.

We can introduce a new function:

 * $$F_p(z,f) = f^{(p)} _c (z) - z,$$

so periodic points are zeros of function $$F_p(z,f)$$: points z satisfying

 * $$F_p(z,f) = 0,$$

which is a polynomial of degree $$2^p.$$

Number of periodic points
The degree of the polynomial $$F_p(z,f)$$ describing periodic points is $$d = 2^p$$ so it has exactly $$d = 2^p$$ complex roots (= periodic points), counted with multiplicity.

Stability of periodic points (orbit) - multiplier

The multiplier (or eigenvalue, derivative) $$m(f^p,z_0)=\lambda$$ of a rational map $$f$$ iterated $$p$$ times at cyclic point $$z_0$$ is defined as:

 * $$m(f^p,z_0) = \lambda = \begin{cases}

f^{p \prime}(z_0), &\mbox{if }z_0 \ne \infty \\ \frac{1}{f^{p \prime} (z_0)}, & \mbox{if }z_0 = \infty \end{cases}$$

where $$f^{p\prime} (z_0)$$ is the first derivative of $$f^p$$ with respect to $$z$$ at $$z_0$$.

Because the multiplier is the same at all periodic points on a given orbit, it is called a multiplier of the periodic orbit.

The multiplier is:
 * a complex number;
 * invariant under conjugation of any rational map at its fixed point;
 * used to check stability of periodic (also fixed) points with stability index $$abs(\lambda). \,$$

A periodic point is
 * attracting when $$abs(\lambda) < 1;$$
 * super-attracting when $$abs(\lambda) = 0;$$
 * attracting but not super-attracting when $$0 < abs(\lambda) < 1;$$
 * indifferent when $$abs(\lambda) = 1;$$
 * rationally indifferent or parabolic if $$\lambda$$ is a root of unity;
 * irrationally indifferent if $$abs(\lambda)=1$$ but multiplier is not a root of unity;
 * repelling when $$abs(\lambda) > 1.$$

Periodic points
 * that are attracting are always in the Fatou set;
 * that are repelling are in the Julia set;
 * that are indifferent fixed points may be in one or the other. A parabolic periodic point is in the Julia set.

Finite fixed points
Let us begin by finding all finite points left unchanged by one application of $$f$$. These are the points that satisfy $$f_c(z)=z$$. That is, we wish to solve

 * $$z^2+c=z,\,$$

which can be rewritten as

 * $$\ z^2-z+c=0.$$

Since this is an ordinary quadratic equation in one unknown, we can apply the standard quadratic solution formula:

 * $$\alpha_1 = \frac{1-\sqrt{1-4c}}{2}$$ and $$\alpha_2 = \frac{1+\sqrt{1-4c}}{2}.$$

So for $$c \in \mathbb{C} \setminus \{1/4\}$$ we have two finite fixed points $$\alpha_1$$ and $$\alpha_2$$.

Since
 * $$\alpha_1 = \frac{1}{2}-m$$ and $$\alpha_2 = \frac{1}{2}+m$$ where $$m = \frac{\sqrt{1-4c}}{2},$$

we have $$\alpha_1 + \alpha_2 = 1$$.

Thus fixed points are symmetrical about $$z = 1/2$$.

Complex dynamics

Here different notation is commonly used:

 * $$\alpha_c = \frac{1-\sqrt{1-4c}}{2}$$ with multiplier $$\lambda_{\alpha_c} = 1-\sqrt{1-4c}$$

and

 * $$\beta_c = \frac{1+\sqrt{1-4c}}{2}$$ with multiplier $$\lambda_{\beta_c} = 1+\sqrt{1-4c}.$$

Again we have

 * $$\alpha_c + \beta_c = 1 .$$

Since the derivative with respect to z is

 * $$P_c'(z) = \frac{d}{dz}P_c(z) = 2z ,$$

we have

 * $$P_c'(\alpha_c) + P_c'(\beta_c)= 2 \alpha_c + 2 \beta_c = 2 (\alpha_c + \beta_c) = 2 .$$

This implies that $$P_c$$ can have at most one attractive fixed point.

These points are distinguished by the facts that:
 * $$\beta_c$$ is:
 * the landing point of the external ray for angle=0 for $$c \in M \setminus \left\{ 1/4 \right\}$$
 * the most repelling fixed point of the Julia set
 * the one on the right (whenever fixed point are not symmetrical around the real axis), it is the extreme right point for connected Julia sets (except for cauliflower).
 * $$\alpha_c$$ is:
 * the landing point of several rays
 * attracting when $$c$$ is in the main cardioid of the Mandelbrot set, in which case it is in the interior of a filled-in Julia set, and therefore belongs to the Fatou set (strictly to the basin of attraction of finite fixed point)
 * parabolic at the root point of the limb of the Mandelbrot set
 * repelling for other values of $$c$$

Special cases
An important case of the quadratic mapping is $$c=0$$. In this case, we get $$\alpha_1 = 0$$ and $$\alpha_2=1$$. In this case, 0 is a superattractive fixed point, and 1 belongs to the Julia set.

Only one fixed point
We have $$\alpha_1=\alpha_2$$ exactly when $$1-4c=0.$$ This equation has one solution, $$c=1/4,$$ in which case $$\alpha_1=\alpha_2=1/2$$. In fact $$c=1/4$$ is the largest positive, purely real value for which a finite attractor exists.

Infinite fixed point
We can extend the complex plane $$\mathbb{C}$$ to the Riemann sphere (extended complex plane) $$\mathbb{\hat{C}}$$ by adding infinity:

 * $$\mathbb{\hat{C}} = \mathbb{C} \cup \{ \infty \}$$

and extend $$f_c$$ such that $$f_c(\infty)=\infty.$$

Then infinity is:
 * superattracting
 * a fixed point of $$f_c$$: $$f_c(\infty)=\infty=f^{-1}_c(\infty).$$

Period-2 cycles
Period-2 cycles are two distinct points $$\beta_1$$ and $$\beta_2$$ such that $$f_c(\beta_1) = \beta_2$$ and $$f_c(\beta_2) = \beta_1$$, and hence

 * $$f_c(f_c(\beta_n)) = \beta_n$$

for $$n \in \{1, 2\}$$:

 * $$f_c(f_c(z)) = (z^2+c)^2+c = z^4 + 2cz^2 + c^2 + c.$$

Equating this to z, we obtain

 * $$z^4 + 2cz^2 - z + c^2 + c = 0.$$

This equation is a polynomial of degree 4, and so has four (possibly non-distinct) solutions. However, we already know two of the solutions. They are $$\alpha_1$$ and $$\alpha_2$$, computed above, since if these points are left unchanged by one application of $$f$$, then clearly they will be unchanged by more than one application of $$f$$.

Our 4th-order polynomial can therefore be factored in 2 ways:

First method of factorization

 * $$(z-\alpha_1)(z-\alpha_2)(z-\beta_1)(z-\beta_2) = 0.\,$$

This expands directly as $$x^4 - Ax^3 + Bx^2 - Cx + D = 0$$ (note the alternating signs), where

 * $$D = \alpha_1 \alpha_2 \beta_1 \beta_2, \,$$

 * $$C = \alpha_1 \alpha_2 \beta_1 + \alpha_1 \alpha_2 \beta_2 + \alpha_1 \beta_1 \beta_2 + \alpha_2 \beta_1 \beta_2, \,$$

 * $$B = \alpha_1 \alpha_2 + \alpha_1 \beta_1 + \alpha_1 \beta_2 + \alpha_2 \beta_1 + \alpha_2 \beta_2 + \beta_1 \beta_2, \,$$

 * $$A = \alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + \beta_1 + \beta_2.\,$$

We already have two solutions, and only need the other two. Hence the problem is equivalent to solving a quadratic polynomial. In particular, note that

 * $$\alpha_1 + \alpha_2 = \frac{1-\sqrt{1-4c}}{2} + \frac{1+\sqrt{1-4c}}{2} = \frac{1+1}{2} = 1$$

and

 * $$\alpha_1 \alpha_2 = \frac{(1-\sqrt{1-4c})(1+\sqrt{1-4c})}{4} = \frac{1^2 - (\sqrt{1-4c})^2}{4}= \frac{1 - 1 + 4c}{4} = \frac{4c}{4} = c.$$

Adding these to the above, we get $$D = c \beta_1 \beta_2$$ and $$A = 1 + \beta_1 + \beta_2$$. Matching these against the coefficients from expanding $$f$$, we get

 * $$D = c \beta_1 \beta_2 = c^2 + c$$ and $$A = 1 + \beta_1 + \beta_2 = 0.$$

From this, we easily get

 * $$\beta_1 \beta_2 = c + 1$$ and $$\beta_1 + \beta_2 = -1$$.

From here, we construct a quadratic equation with $$A' = 1, B = 1, C = c+1$$ and apply the standard solution formula to get

 * $$\beta_1 = \frac{-1 - \sqrt{-3 -4c}}{2}$$ and $$\beta_2 = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{-3 -4c}}{2}.$$

Closer examination shows that:

 * $$f_c(\beta_1) = \beta_2$$ and $$f_c(\beta_2) = \beta_1,$$

meaning these two points are the two points on a single period-2 cycle.

Second method of factorization
We can factor the quartic by using polynomial long division to divide out the factors $$(z-\alpha_1)$$ and $$(z-\alpha_2), $$ which account for the two fixed points $$\alpha_1$$ and $$\alpha_2$$ (whose values were given earlier and which still remain at the fixed point after two iterations):

 * $$(z^2+c)^2 + c -z = (z^2 + c - z)(z^2 + z + c +1 ). \,$$

The roots of the first factor are the two fixed points. They are repelling outside the main cardioid.

The second factor has the two roots

 * $$\frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{-3 -4c}}{2}. \,$$

These two roots, which are the same as those found by the first method, form the period-2 orbit.

Special cases
Again, let us look at $$c=0$$. Then

 * $$\beta_1 = \frac{-1 - i\sqrt{3}}{2}$$ and $$\beta_2 = \frac{-1 + i\sqrt{3}}{2},$$

both of which are complex numbers. We have $$| \beta_1 | = | \beta_2 | = 1$$. Thus, both these points are "hiding" in the Julia set. Another special case is $$c=-1$$, which gives $$\beta_1 = 0$$ and $$\beta_2 = -1$$. This gives the well-known superattractive cycle found in the largest period-2 lobe of the quadratic Mandelbrot set.

Cycles for period greater than 2
The degree of the equation $$f^{(n)}(z)=z$$ is 2n; thus for example, to find the points on a 3-cycle we would need to solve an equation of degree 8. After factoring out the factors giving the two fixed points, we would have a sixth degree equation.

There is no general solution in radicals to polynomial equations of degree five or higher, so the points on a cycle of period greater than 2 must in general be computed using numerical methods. However, in the specific case of period 4 the cyclical points have lengthy expressions in radicals.

In the case c = –2, trigonometric solutions exist for the periodic points of all periods. The case $$z_{n+1}=z_n^2-2$$ is equivalent to the logistic map case r = 4: $$x_{n+1}=4x_n(1-x_n).$$ Here the equivalence is given by $$z=2-4x.$$ One of the k-cycles of the logistic variable x (all of which cycles are repelling) is

 * $$\sin^2\left(\frac{2\pi}{2^k-1}\right), \, \sin^2\left(2\cdot\frac{2\pi}{2^k-1}\right), \, \sin^2\left(2^2\cdot\frac{2\pi}{2^k-1}\right), \, \sin^2\left(2^3\cdot\frac{2\pi}{2^k-1}\right), \dots, \sin^2\left(2^{k-1}\frac{2\pi}{2^k-1}\right).$$


text:
Talk:Liberal parties by country

Untitled
The edits before 17 October 2005 were made to the entry List of liberal parties.

For an October 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Liberal parties

I redrafted this talk page to make it easier readable. I tried to keep the discussion in. The old version until 16/9/04 can be found at Talk:Liberal parties/old

General remarks
I merged the articles liberal parties and worldwide liberalism (I created them both) into one article and deleted paragraph which are allready in the article liberalism. In this way it fits better in the series on liberalism. Gangulf 20:43, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC) - There were some arguments on discussions on minor parties. This has been solved by making a split between parliamentary and non-parliamentary parties.

Libertarians
The Liberal People's Party (Norway) and other libertarians, they are actually just one streaming of liberalism, similar to the way that the communists and social democrats are streamings of socialism. If a libertarian party chooses to identify itself as liberal, it has as much to do so as for instance social liberals. Anyway, if libertarians aren't considered to be liberals, why is Movimiento Libertario (Costa Rica) included?
 * Then Libertarians is - see the discussion in the article liberalism - not considered to be liberal but an own theory sharing the same roots. BTW I am not an American liberal, but a party that was for a long time against change of the Hong Kong constitution (abolishing indirect parliamentary elections) cannot considered to be liberal at all. Striving after a free market is not enough to be considered liberal, since liberalism includes more. E.g. The British conservatives, certainly not a liberal party, or the German christian democrats strive after a free market, but they are not liberals. The Movimiento Libertario is included since it is affiliated to the Liberal International (and as far as I know not to any international libertarian organisation). These are some first remarks, I will work on it. -- Gangulf 17:41, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The reason why Movimiento Libertario is affiliated to the Liberal International and not to any international libertarian organisation is probably that there isn't any international organisation for libertarian parties, though there is a couple of international organisations for libertarian individuals. I'm sure that LI would be the first choice for any libertarian party, which would be considering to join an international organisation for parties.

The term "libertarian" was first adopted by North American free market libertarians, who couldn't use the term "liberal" anymore, because it had become to mean the same as "Left" in North America. Therefore in the North America, the term "libertarian" is broader than in Europe, and almost identical to what is called "market liberal" in Europe. See for instance Cato Institute's page, "How to label Cato Institute". In Europe the term "libertarian" is used only about what would be called "hard core libertarian" in the North America. For the history of the word see http://web.archive.org/web/20031121153638/www.daft.com/~rab/liberty/history/index.html

I agree, that liberalism is more than just free markets - but free markets are a vital part of classical liberalism, and therefore supporting free markets doesn't make a party illiberal. As for the German christian democrats, I don't see how they would strive after a free market. Maybe they have a market friendly wing somewhere, but there is also strong support for more state interventions, and the FDP is more market friendly anyway.

 * For this page there is no policy that includes that supporting free markets makes a party illiberal. The policy is just that supporting free market is not a synonym of a liberal party. --Gangulf 15:31, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

But you have listed parties, which youself confess socialist? Which policy makes them liberal, but the libertarians not? Have you hidden motives?

 * Dear anonymous: I do not have hidden motives. Which parties do you mean? --Gangulf 18:34, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Radical Civic Union (Argentina), Social Democrat Radical Party (Chile) and Liberal Party (Columbia).
 * Thanks. As some contributors say, membership of LI is not identical with being a liberal party. In the starting of the page membership of LI is seen as an indication. But also a lot of non-members are included, as are parties member of other internationals. The Chilean party is listed in italic with the remark that it is not any longer a liberal party. Both the Argentine and Colombian parties are in between liberalism and social democracy. So I do not see the problem. -Gangulf 14:24, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

BTW, dear anonymous, which parties do you miss. -- Gangulf 14:42, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Centrist parties
I don't see any other reason why certain centrist parties are included than that somebody considers that being critical towards market economy is liberal. see for instance this article about the Centre Party of Estonia http://www.ce-review.org/00/13/amber13.html. And the Centre Party of Finland has never been seen as a liberal party by the Finnish population, as its most central policy has been to advocate more subsidies for the farmers. And when the registration of the same-sex relationships was voted in the Finnish parliament, even more of the MPs of the conservative National Coalition party voted for than of the MPs of the Centre Party. They are actually both conservative, but the Centre Party has more support in the countryside while the National Coalition is mainly supported in cities. When LI accepted Centre Party as a member in the end of eighties, it was argued that LI should be broadened as an international organisation of liberal 'and' centrist parties. This means, that liberal is not same as centrist. However, now LI's policy is to claim that all its members are liberal, even those which were accepted in as centrist parties. This doesn't seem to be very honest to me.

 * All member parties of the LI have to agree with the Liberal manifesto's of these organisation, all members of the ELDR have to agree with the electoral programm of the ELDR. SO therefore these parties are listed, but generally with a remark. --Gangulf 18:38, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

If the policy of LI has been to let in liberal AND centrist parties, obviously signing the manifesto and agreeing with the electoral programm doesn't turn a centrist party liberal. And one more thing: any organisation can't claim that it has the monopoly to define liberalism, or change the definition according it needs. I think this also means, that the membership of an organisation or the lack of the membership can't automatically define the ideology of a party, though most of the parties and organisations claiming to be liberal might happen to be what they claim to be.
 * Both the manifestos of LI and the programs of ELDR are clearly liberal programs. Parties that are member of these organisations have to subscribe to these texts. Since it is about small-l liberal parties, it is not necesary for a party to use the world liberal itself. The Russian liberals wouldn't use the word liberal because of another party in that country labeling itself liberal democratic. It took D66 more then 30 years to label itself as liberal because of domestic reasons, liberal was used by another party. So the fact that Suomen Keskusta doesn't mention the world liberal in its program is not enough to be considered not a liberal party. However, since some dispute the liberal character of these parties, the dispution is added as information in the list.

BTW, even if for instance the Centre Party of Finland has signed the manifesto, it's own programms don't mention liberalism with one word.

Liberal parties vs. member parties of LI, ELDR and CALD
I have a feeling, that somebody is seriously mixing the consepts of a "liberal party" and "member of a liberal organisation". In the end of the 80's and beginning of 90's, the policy of LI was officially to expand it membership to centrist parties. It was to be the organisation of "liberal and centrist parties". This policy clearly distinguished a liberal party from a centrist party, as there was an "and" between liberal and centrist. ELDR has also members, which have allied to it for want of a better, and ELDR has received them to strengthen itself, not because they would be particularly liberal. How has the centrist members of LI and ELDR suddenly become "liberal parties" in this article? They could be listed as members in the articles concerning LI and ELDR, but the membership of an organisation doesn't magically tranform a party "liberal". Also, the membership of an organisation doesn't turn a party conservative (Party of the Liberal Front, G17 Plus). I have a feeling, that the author of such claims identifies himself too closely to ELDR and LI, and can't distinguish "liberal" from "member of liberal organisation".
 * All member parties of the LI have to agree with the Liberal manifesto's of these organisation, all members of the ELDR have to agree with the electoral programm of the ELDR. SO therefore these parties are listed, but generally with a remark. --Gangulf 18:38, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC) See also my remarks of 9 Oct 2004 above here.

Belarus
This statement is vague and potentially biased: "In Belarus, liberalism is under threat." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.24.95.148 (talk) 20:39, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

Bermuda

 * National Liberal Party: Not listed: defunct party

Cyprus

 * Democratic Party (Dimokratikon Komma): Not listed, claims not to be a liberal party

El Salvador:

 * Liberal Democratic Party (Partido Liberal Democrático): Not listed: defunct party

France
Coalition of French tax payers - see http://decrypt.politique.free.fr/partis/rcf/index.shtml. This is a leftist resource, which easily labels right of centre parties as "facho", and as it is itself situated in extreme left, it calls even moderate right as "extreme right". However, even it recognises that Coalition of French tax payers is liberal, not "facho". Compare to some other right of centre parties.
 * Democratic Energies (Energies Démocrates): not a party
 * Coalition of French tax payers (Rassemblement des Contribuables Français): Not listed: seems to be a one man party close to the extreme right
 * But what makes it a liberal party. The mentioning at this site that it is a liberal party is for me not good enough. What is the program of the party? I have serious doubts -- Gangulf 15:15, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

India

 * Indian Liberal Group: Not listed: not a party (might develop into a party)

Italy: Daisy
I think it isn't appropriate to list Margherita (Italy) here, as it is the result of the merger of a liberal and a christian democratic party. It belongs as much in the christian democratic parties than here. I would call it "centrist", but because it has many christian democratic members (probably the majority), not "liberal".
 * You might be wright, I will add a remark at this party Gangulf 20:50, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

New Zealand: ACT New Zealand
http://www.act.org.nz/item.jsp?id=20866

Homophobia and social conservatism are not features of liberal parties. Bye Bye.

 * I made an inquiry about that, and was told that the majority of ACT Mps voted for Civil Unions, to legalise brothels and for the Right to Die Act. A minority of ACT MPs voted against, but so did a minority of Labour MPs, and that doesn't make Labour homophobic and socially conservative. There isn't a major party anywhere without some individual members deviating from the general party line.

Serbia
Since my edits to the section were reverted, I would like to see someone update the article with relevant information and also rewrite the article, so that relevant information is given prominence. I feel that the article, as it is written now, gives a misleading overview of the current situation. --Midjungards 14:14, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Liberal Democratic Party (Serbia 2005) is the only party with a clear liberal profile that has parliamentary representation and the only liberal party which is visibly active. I feel the party should be given prominence in this article, and not be placed last on the list.
 * Civic Alliance of Serbia definitely was a very active liberal party. However, it has merged into LDP less than a month ago and is therefore only of historical significance. I would also like you to pay attention that the name of the party in Serbian (which appears in the brackets) is misspelled, as it uses a letter which doesn't even exist in the Serbian alphabet. (The correct letter should be đ, not ð)
 * It says in the article that Liberals of Serbia lost parliamentary representation in the last election. This is not correct, as the party lost its parliamentary representation much earlier, in the elections that were held before the last ones. I the last elections, I think that the party did not even run for the parliament, and today, the party is not present in the public at all. Although the party claims to be liberal, it has never been very active and in the 90s it gave support to Slobodan Milošević, which was accused of committing war crimes. I also haven't noticed that the party was ever vocal in its support for liberal politics, except for the word liberal.

 * Work on it. Your edits were reverted 'cos you cancelled any information about the Liberals of Serbia, which are members of the Liberal International and so we need to put them here. I think that the current version is balanced, but feel free to make changes, exactly as I feel free to make changes on them. This is Wikipedia, good work! --Checco 15:03, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

The liberal character of the Liberal Democratic Party is disputed too because it fully supports the Serbian goverment decisions that breached basic human rights (see opinion of Human Rights Watch, , , ) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by BoDu (talk • contribs) 12:25, 22 April 2007 (UTC). --BoDu 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Big or small l
In Votes for deletion/Liberal parties there has been some discussion on the article name.

In Australian English, the capitalisation or otherwise of Liberal is extremely important. There is no way you could even question that the Liberal Party of Australia is in at least one sense big-L Liberal without being extremely POV. In US and UK English it's not so important at present, but could become so if the names or policies of their parties were to change. As the software prevents us from making this distinction in article names which start with the word Liberal, it's good to avoid such article names where possible.

This point has been made several times in the discussion, I just want to support it without making VfD even longer! Andrewa 01:26, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Liberal political party
Should that not redirect here, and the specific Dutch party article (not all that important in the greater scheme of things, that the English version of their name should get that title) be moved? elvenscout742 17:34, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * ????? Electionworld = Wilfried (talk 19:52, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * elvenscout742 is talking about the old Dutch Liberal Political Party -- Coelacan | talk 20:38, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Then the question becomes if Staatspartij is to be translated into State Party, Political Party or Party. Intangible 20:51, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Take a look at Special:Whatlinkshere/Liberal_Political_Party for some ideas. Let's see... the Liberal party page is linking to Liberal State Party, that's one instance. Liberale Staatspartij actually gets plenty of hits, but I suppose we have to translate? Then League of Free Liberals is linking to Liberal Political Party, the Freedom League, and I like that one, because it's specific but not cumbersome, imo, and the article already begins with that phrase, and the Dutch article almost echoes it, so I'm guessing it was pretty well known at the time by that name. But as to Staatspartij, it's not just Party, it's either State Party or Political Party and I don't speak Dutch but I think if it were Political Party it would look more like Politieke Partij -- Coelacan | talk 00:51, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Now I understand. I am Dutch: Liberale Staatspartij means Liberal State Party, Polical would be in Dutch Politiek or Politieke. An alternative translation is Staatkundig(e). The Bond van Vrije Liberalen means in English the League of Free Liberals. Electionworld = Wilfried (talk 08:11, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clearing up the translation, Wilfried. I'll go ahead and make the move. -- Coelacan | talk 08:26, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi! Coelacann told me that on basis of this debate, the Liberal Political Party article has been moved. I'm unhappy with this for two reasons:
 * The translation is very unclear: Liberale Staatspartij might be literally translated into Liberal State Party, but then it doesn't mean any thing, in the dutch of the time Liberale Staatspartij was meant to describe Liberal Political Party. I would like to see a common policy towards all dutch "staat"-parties, like the RKSP and the SGP.
 * The move didn't really go according to wikipedia WP:RM, the principle editor (me) was not involved and the normal waiting time (one week) was not observed. I understand that this happens and you were just being bold.
 * In all, I have proposed moving the article to Liberal Political Party (the Netherlands) on the article's talk, please join the discussion there

 * But Political Party is not a correct translation. Staatkundig in SGP should be translated with Political, not Staats-. Compare the German State Party. I did a quick search on google, there are only a few sources, but Liberal Political Party is not used. Rulers and worldstatesmen use Liberal State Party. Electionworld = Wilfried (talk 17:17, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * And it cannot be Liberal Party, since that was the name of another political party from that time :) Intangible 21:56, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Libertarian Parties
Is there any reason why libertarian parties are listed here? Suggest purging them. The Four Deuces (talk) 09:53, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Do you have any particular parties in mind? Some libertarian parties and ideologies closely identify with classical liberalism. The Movimiento Libertario in Costa Rica is a good example. It is part of the LI.UberCryxic (talk) 00:08, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The Canadian and US Libertarian parties. There are libertarian parties in most countries now with a loose international affiliation and warrant a separate list.  I consider all parties in the LI prima facie to be liberal, and acknowledge that some liberal parties do not belong to the LI.  The Four Deuces (talk) 16:53, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, it depends in what you mean by "liberal" parties. In the US/Canada, liberal usually means a political freedom plus economic interventionism combo whereas in several places worldwide liberal and libertarian are synonyms, meaning those who stand for free market economies, moral individualism and individual liberties altogether. --CHARLIE GÓES (Leave a message after the beep) 07:13, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

I don't get it
Whether a party such as the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan has been present for a long time or not does not change the fact that its ideology is still liberal: ie, it still adheres to liberal principles and ideas as outlined by the article. Whether or not the country's status quo is in line with the party's ideologies is irrelevant. It is still a liberal party. Therefore, I don't understand why these parties aren't included. I believe they should be.

201.242.110.159 (talk) 06:42, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

merger?
Problem is that the merger would result in an excessively long article of over 150k as there is essentially no overlap otherwise. Also note that other ideology articles do not list every group or party subscribing to that ideology or philosophy. Communism does not contain List of communist parties. Marxism does not list Marxist parties. Listing various worldwide parties in an article such as this would be unique. Collect (talk) 16:46, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
 * How do you propose determining which political parties should be listed as "liberal"? TFD (talk) 02:47, 4 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Any party which reliable sources so describe. As is required by WP. Collect (talk) 13:25, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Another proposal: Rename this article to "List of liberal parties by nation" as that more clearly reflects what it is. Collect (talk) 19:02, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Proposal to move (rename) "Liberalism Worldwide" to "List of liberal parties by country"
Discussion on the merge topic above having quietened down after some disagreement on a merge, and no-one objecting to a rename, I now propose moving this article to "List of liberal parties by country". Any objections? HiLo48 (talk) 23:45, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree Collect (talk) 23:59, 5 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There are commonalities that would be orphaned if a list-only article title or format were adopted. –  OhioStandard  (talk) 17:04, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Can you please elaborate on that post. I really have little idea what your concern is. What "commonalities"? How would they be orphaned? HiLo48 (talk) 18:37, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Many WP articles with "list" in their title have material beyond a simple list of wikilinks. Nothing would be lost due to a rename, other than the confusion about what "Liberalism worldwide" entails.  As the article is substantially a list of entities around the world, using that descriptor seems logical.  If that is a philosophical problem, then use the title "Liberal partices by country". Easy remedy. Collect (talk) 19:29, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Probably "Liberalism by country" (consistent with Category:Liberalism by country) would be the best option. --Checco (talk) 02:35, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

United States section needs improvement

 * As it stands now, it looks like it was written (or at least heavily edited) by U.S. Libertarians or Republicans. I tried to modify (where I quickly could) some of the most gratuitous statements, but much work remains to be done.  One remaining instance which I find particularly misleading is the equivocation of social justice with Keynesian economics (yes, U.S. Democrats adopted both, but they are two different things.  The reasons for Keynesian econ. had much more to do with market stabilization and preservation than "social justice", and the Republicans also adopted Keynesianism, at least until the 1970s).  Who ever wrote [or edited] this seems to have major misconceptions, and an extreme disdain for U.S. Democrats, from a right-wing (free market) position (or at the very least, they do not seem to consider Democrats worthy of the "liberal" designation, which leads me to believe they were probably a U.S. Libertarian). Shanoman (talk) 02:16, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

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Requested move 17 February 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Unopposed move  (t · c)  buidhe  19:43, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Liberalism by country → Liberal parties by country – This page is not in fact a study of the political philosophy of liberalism by country, but is a list of liberal parties (or near-liberal or formerly liberal parties). The name should reflect this. Iveagh Gardens (talk) 15:45, 17 February 2021 (UTC) —Relisting. Elliot321 (talk | contribs) 18:25, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberal parties by country


text:
User:Conti/MyWatchlists/Middle-earth

If you wonder why this page exist: I always wanted more than one watchlist, so I could sort them by categories or whatever. If you click on "Related changes" to your left, you get a site which shows every recent edits made for the articles that are linked from this article. I found this lately, which uses this feature have a small watchlist over the article the user created. I use this method to create a few sub-watchlists for me to keep my overview of things. :-)

Category:Middle-earthCategory Talk:Middle-earth AinurTalk:Ainur AncalagonTalk:Ancalagon Army of the deadTalk:Army of the dead AthelasTalk:Athelas Awakening of the ElvesTalk:Awakening of the Elves BalrogTalk:Balrog CalaquendiTalk:Calaquendi Chieftains of the DúnedainTalk:Chieftains of the Dúnedain Corsairs of UmbarTalk:Corsairs of Umbar DramborlegTalk:Dramborleg Durin's AxeTalk:Durin's Axe Durin's folkTalk:Durin's folk ElendilliTalk:Elendilli Elvish languageTalk:Elvish language Fell WinterTalk:Fell Winter Fellowship of the Ring (characters)Talk:Fellowship of the Ring (characters) First AgeTalk:First Age Fëa and hröaTalk:Fëa and hröa GlaurungTalk:Glaurung Great JourneyTalk:Great Journey Great Plague (Middle-earth)Talk:Great Plague (Middle-earth) GrondTalk:Grond HuornTalk:Huorn Iron Crown (Middle-earth)Talk:Iron Crown (Middle-earth) Kings of ArnorTalk:Kings of Arnor KinslayingTalk:Kinslaying Languages of Middle-earthTalk:Languages of Middle-earth Last Alliance of Elves and MenTalk:Last Alliance of Elves and Men LaurelinTalk:Laurelin LegendariumTalk:Legendarium List of Kings of RohanTalk:List of Kings of Rohan List of Middle-earth articlesTalk:List of Middle-earth articles List of rulers of NúmenorTalk:List of rulers of Númenor Long WinterTalk:Long Winter Lords of AndúniëTalk:Lords of Andúnië Middle-earthTalk:Middle-earth Middle-earth canonTalk:Middle-earth canon MoriquendiTalk:Moriquendi NaryaTalk:Narya NenyaTalk:Nenya Oath of EorlTalk:Oath of Eorl OliphauntTalk:Oliphaunt One RingTalk:One Ring Orc (Middle-earth)Talk:Orc (Middle-earth) Red ArrowRed Arrow Red Book of WestmarchTalk:Red Book of Westmarch Ring-inscriptionTalk:Ring-inscription ScathaTalk:Scatha Second AgeTalk:Second Age Secret FireTalk:Secret Fire Shire CalendarTalk:Shire Calendar SindarTalk:Sindar SmaugTalk:Smaug Straight RoadTalk:Straight Road Sundering of the ElvesTalk:Sundering of the Elves TelperionTalk:Telperion The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)Talk:The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series) Third AgeTalk:Third Age Three RingsTalk:Three Rings Timeline of ArdaTalk:Timeline of Arda Two LampsTalk:Two Lamps Two Trees of ValinorTalk:Two Trees of Valinor Watcher in the WaterTalk:Watcher in the Water Werewolf (Middle-earth)Talk:Werewolf (Middle-earth) White CouncilTalk:White Council White Tree of GondorTalk:White Tree of Gondor Years of the LampsTalk:Years of the Lamps Years of the SunTalk:Years of the Sun Years of the TreesTalk:Years of the Trees

Category:Middle-earth battlesCategory Talk:Middle-earth battles Battle of BywaterTalk:Battle of Bywater Battle of DagorladTalk:Battle of Dagorlad Battle of DaleTalk:Battle of Dale Battle of EruiTalk:Battle of Erui Battle of Five ArmiesTalk:Battle of Five Armies Battle of FornostTalk:Battle of Fornost Battle of Helm's DeepTalk:Battle of Helm's Deep Battle of NanduhirionTalk:Battle of Nanduhirion Battle of the MorannonTalk:Battle of the Morannon Battle of the Pelennor FieldsTalk:Battle of the Pelennor Fields Battles of BeleriandTalk:Battles of Beleriand Dagor AglarebTalk:Dagor Aglareb Dagor BragollachTalk:Dagor Bragollach Dagor-nuin-GiliathTalk:Dagor-nuin-Giliath Field of CelebrantTalk:Field of Celebrant Final BattleTalk:Final Battle First Battle of BeleriandTalk:First Battle of Beleriand Kin-strifeTalk:Kin-strife Nirnaeth ArnoediadTalk:Nirnaeth Arnoediad Siege of AngbandTalk:Siege of Angband War of WrathTalk:War of Wrath War of the Dwarves and OrcsTalk:War of the Dwarves and Orcs

Category:Middle-earth booksCategory Talk:Middle-earth books AinulindalëTalk:Ainulindalë AkallabêthTalk:Akallabêth The History of The Lord of the RingsTalk:The History of The Lord of the Rings The Adventures of Tom BombadilTalk:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The War of the JewelsTalk:The War of the Jewels The Peoples of Middle-earthTalk:The Peoples of Middle-earth The Road Goes Ever OnTalk:The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo's Last SongTalk:Bilbo's Last Song The Lost Road and Other WritingsTalk:The Lost Road and Other Writings The Book of Lost TalesTalk:The Book of Lost Tales The Lays of BeleriandTalk:The Lays of Beleriand The Shaping of Middle-earthTalk:The Shaping of Middle-earth The Fellowship of the Ring (book)Talk:The Fellowship of the Ring (book) LhammasTalk:Lhammas Morgoth's RingTalk:Morgoth's Ring Of the Rings of Power and the Third AgeTalk:Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age Quenta SilmarillionTalk:Quenta Silmarillion Red Book of WestmarchTalk:Red Book of Westmarch The History of Middle-earthTalk:The History of Middle-earth The HobbitTalk:The Hobbit The Notion Club PapersTalk:The Notion Club Papers The SilmarillionTalk:The Silmarillion The Two Towers (book)Talk:The Two Towers (book) Unfinished TalesTalk:Unfinished Tales ValaquentaTalk:Valaquenta

Category:Middle-earth charactersCategory Talk:Middle-earth characters CarcharothTalk:Carcharoth Children of IlúvatarTalk:Children of Ilúvatar DraugluinTalk:Draugluin Eagles (Middle-earth)Talk:Eagles (Middle-earth) Eru IlúvatarTalk:Eru Ilúvatar HuanTalk:Huan Old Man WillowTalk:Old Man Willow RingbearerTalk:Ringbearer ShelobTalk:Shelob The Mouth of SauronTTalk:he Mouth of Sauron Tom BombadilTalk:Tom Bombadil UngoliantTalk:Ungoliant WargTalk:Warg

Category:EntsTalk:Category:Ents BeechboneTalk:Beechbone EntTalk:Ent EntmootTalk:Entmoot FimbrethilTalk:Fimbrethil TreebeardTalk:Treebeard

Category:Middle-earth MaiarCategory Talk:Middle-earth Maiar Radagast (Middle-earth)Talk:Radagast (Middle-earth) OssëTalk:Ossë UinenTalk:Uinen ArienTalk:Arien Blue WizardsTalk:Blue Wizards TilionTalk:Tilion IlmarëTalk:Ilmarë SalmarTalk:Salmar Durin's BaneTalk:Durin's Bane EönwëTalk:Eönwë GandalfTalk:Gandalf GothmogTalk:Gothmog MaiarTalk:Maiar MelianTalk:Melian SarumanTalk:Saruman SauronTalk:Sauron Wizards (Middle-earth)Talk:Wizards (Middle-earth)

Category:Middle-earth ValarCategory Talk:Middle-earth Valar AulëTalk:Aulë VardaTalk:Varda NessaTalk:Nessa TulkasTalk:Tulkas EstëTalk:Estë NiennaTalk:Nienna VairëTalk:Vairë VánaTalk:Vána IrmoTalk:Irmo MandosTalk:Mandos ManwëTalk:Manwë MorgothTalk:Morgoth OromëTalk:Oromë UlmoTalk:Ulmo ValarTalk:Valar YavannaTalk:Yavanna

Category:Middle-earth dwarvesCategory Talk:Middle-earth dwarves Balin (Middle-earth)Talk:Balin (Middle-earth) BorinTalk:Borin Dwarf (Middle-earth)Talk:Dwarf (Middle-earth) Gimli (Middle-earth)Talk:Gimli (Middle-earth) Petty-dwarvesTalk:Petty-dwarves ThorinTalk:Thorin

Category:Middle-earth elvesCategory Talk:Middle-earth elves AvariTalk:Avari CelebornTalk:Celeborn CelebríanTalk:Celebrían Elmo (Middle-earth)Talk:Elmo (Middle-earth) Elves (Arda)Talk:Elves (Arda) EölTalk:Eöl Man in the Moon (Middle-earth)Talk:Man in the Moon (Middle-earth) Nandor (Middle-earth)Talk:Nandor (Middle-earth) NimrodelTalk:Nimrodel ÑoldorTalk:Ñoldor OlwëTalk:Olwë TeleriTalk:Teleri VanyarTalk:Vanyar Wood-elvesTalk:Wood-elves

Category:Middle-earth EldarCategory Talk:Middle-earth Eldar AegnorTalk:Aegnor AmrasTalk:Amras AngrodTalk:Angrod AredhelTalk:Aredhel Argon (Middle-earth)Talk:Argon (Middle-earth) CaranthirTalk:Caranthir CelebrimborTalk:Celebrimbor Finrod FelagundTalk:Finrod Felagund TurgonTalk:Turgon AmrodTalk:Amrod CurufinTalk:Curufin CelegormTalk:Celegorm Daughters of FinwëTalk:Daughters of Finwë ElrondTalk:Elrond ElwingTalk:Elwing EärendilTalk:Eärendil FinarfinTalk:Finarfin FingolfinTalk:Fingolfin FingonTalk:Fingon FinwëTalk:Finwë FëanorTalk:Fëanor GaladrielTalk:Galadriel Galdor of the HavensTalk:Galdor of the Havens Gil-galadTalk:Gil-galad IdrilTalk:Idril IndisTalk:Indis MaedhrosTalk:Maedhros MaglorTalk:Maglor MírielTalk:Míriel OrodrethTalk:Orodreth PengolodhTalk:Pengolodh Sons of FëanorTalk:Sons of Fëanor

Category:Middle-earth SindarCategory Talk:Middle-earth Sindar BelegTalk:Beleg CírdanTalk:Círdan DaeronTalk:Daeron LegolasTalk:Legolas LúthienTalk:Lúthien MablungTalk:Mablung ThingolTalk:Thingol ThranduilTalk:Thranduil

Category:Middle-earth hobbitsCategory Talk:Middle-earth hobbits Balbo BagginsTalk:Balbo Baggins Bell GoodchildTalk:Bell Goodchild Bilbo BagginsTalk:Bilbo Baggins BrandybuckTalk:Brandybuck Bullroarer TookTalk:Bullroarer Took Bungo BagginsTalk:Bungo Baggins Fredegar BolgerTalk:Fredegar Bolger Tom CottonTalk:Tom Cotton Boffin (hobbit family)Talk:Boffin (hobbit family) DéagolTalk:Déagol Female hobbitsTalk:Female hobbits Frodo BagginsTalk:Frodo Baggins Gerontius TookTalk:Gerontius Took GollumTalk:Gollum Gormadoc BrandybuckTalk:Gormadoc Brandybuck Hamfast GamgeeTalk:Hamfast Gamgee HarfootsTalk:Harfoots HobbitTalk:Hobbit Lotho Sackville-BagginsTalk:Lotho Sackville-Baggins Meriadoc BrandybuckTalk:Meriadoc Brandybuck Peregrin TookTalk:Peregrin Took Sackville-BagginsTalk:Sackville-Baggins Sam GamgeeTalk:Sam Gamgee StoorTalk:Stoor TookTalk:Took

Category:Middle-earth menCategory Talk:Middle-earth men Bard the BowmanTalk:Bard the Bowman EasterlingsTalk:Easterlings Men (Middle-earth)Talk:Men (Middle-earth) NorthmenTalk:Northmen SouthronsTalk:Southrons WulfTalk:Wulf ÆlfwineTalk:Ælfwine ÉothéodTalk:Éothéod

Category:Middle-earth DúnedainCategory Talk:Middle-earth Dúnedain Tar-AldarionTalk:Tar-Aldarion AmandilTalk:Amandil Tar-AmandilTalk:Tar-Amandil AnárionTalk:Anárion Ar-AdûnakhôrTalk:Ar-Adûnakhôr Ar-GimilzôrTalk:Ar-Gimilzôr Ar-PharazônTalk:Ar-Pharazôn Ar-SakalthôrTalk:Ar-Sakalthôr Ar-ZimrathônTalk:Ar-Zimrathôn AragornTalk:Aragorn AraphorTalk:Araphor Argeleb ITalk:Argeleb I Argeleb IITalk:Argeleb II Arveleg ITalk:Arveleg I Black NúmenóreansTalk:Black Númenóreans BoromirTalk:Boromir CelebrindorTalk:Celebrindor DenethorTalk:Denethor DúnedainTalk:Dúnedain Ecthelion IITalk:Ecthelion II ElendilTalk:Elendil Tar-ElendilTalk:Tar-Elendil ElrosTalk:Elros ErendisTalk:Erendis FaramirTalk:Faramir HerucalmoTalk:Herucalmo ImrahilTalk:Imrahil InzilbêthTalk:Inzilbêth IsildurTalk:Isildur IsilmoTalk:Isilmo MalvegilTalk:Malvegil MírielTalk:Míriel SilmariënTalk:Silmariën SorontoTalk:Soronto Tar-AlcarinTalk:Tar-Alcarin Tar-AncalimonTalk:Tar-Ancalimon Tar-AncalimëTalk:Tar-Ancalimë Tar-AnárionTalk:Tar-Anárion Tar-ArdaminTalk:Tar-Ardamin Tar-AtanamirTalk:Tar-Atanamir Tar-CalmacilTalk:Tar-Calmacil Tar-CiryatanTalk:Tar-Ciryatan Tar-MeneldurTalk:Tar-Meneldur Tar-MinastirTalk:Tar-Minastir Tar-PalantirTalk:Tar-Palantir Tar-SúrionTalk:Tar-Súrion Tar-TelemmaitëTalk:Tar-Telemmaitë Tar-TelperiënTalk:Tar-Telperiën Tar-VanimeldëTalk:Tar-Vanimeldë Valandil of AndúniëTalk:Valandil of Andúnië Vardamir NólimonTalk:Vardamir Nólimon

Category:Middle-earth EdainCategory Talk:Middle-earth Edain AdanelTalk:Adanel BerenTalk:Beren BrandirTalk:Brandir DrúedainTalk:Drúedain EdainTalk:Edain GaldorTalk:Galdor HadorTalk:Hador HaldadTalk:Haldad HalethTalk:Haleth HarethTalk:Hareth House of HalethTalk:House of Haleth HuorTalk:Huor HúrinTalk:Húrin RíanTalk:Rían TuorTalk:Tuor Túrin TurambarTalk:Túrin Turambar

Category:Middle-earth RohirrimCategory Talk:Middle-earth Rohirrim BregoTalk:Brego Elfwine (Middle-earth)Talk:Elfwine (Middle-earth) GrímaTalk:Gríma Helm HammerhandTalk:Helm Hammerhand RohirrimTalk:Rohirrim ThéodenTalk:Théoden ThéodwynTalk:Théodwyn ÉomerTalk:Éomer ÉowynTalk:Éowyn

Category:Middle-earth orcsCategory Talk:Middle-earth orcs AzogTalk:Azog BoldogTalk:Boldog BolgTalk:Bolg GolfimbulTalk:Golfimbul GorbagTalk:Gorbag GorgolTalk:Gorgol Gothmog (Third Age)Talk:Gothmog (Third Age) GrishnákhTalk:Grishnákh LurtzTalk:Lurtz ShagratTalk:Shagrat UfthakTalk:Ufthak UglúkTalk:Uglúk Uruk-haiTalk:Uruk-hai

Category:Middle-earth ringwraithsCategory Talk:Middle-earth ringwraiths KhamûlTalk:Khamûl RingwraithTalk:Ringwraith Witch-king of AngmarTalk:Witch-king of Angmar

Category:Middle-earth trollsCategory Talk:Middle-earth trolls Olog-haiTalk:Olog-hai Troll (Middle-earth)Talk:Troll (Middle-earth)

Category:Middle-earth languagesCategory Talk:Middle-earth languages AdûnaicTalk:Adûnaic Black SpeechTalk:Black Speech CirthTalk:Cirth Common EldarinTalk:Common Eldarin Common TelerinTalk:Common Telerin DoriathrinTalk:Doriathrin FalathrinTalk:Falathrin KhuzdulTalk:Khuzdul North SindarinTalk:North Sindarin Primitive QuendianTalk:Primitive Quendian QuenyaTalk:Quenya RohirricTalk:Rohirric SindarinTalk:Sindarin TaliskaTalk:Taliska TengwarTalk:Tengwar ValarinTalk:Valarin WestronTalk:Westron

Category:Middle-earth placesCategory Talk:Middle-earth places AglarondTalk:Aglarond AlmarenTalk:Almaren AlqualondëTalk:Alqualondë AmanTalk:Aman Amon AmarthTalk:Amon Amarth AndrastTalk:Andrast AndrothTalk:Androth AndúniëTalk:Andúnië AnfalasTalk:Anfalas AngbandTalk:Angband AngmarTalk:Angmar AnnúminasTalk:Annúminas AnórienTalk:Anórien AramanTalk:Araman Ard-galenTalk:Ard-galen ArdaTalk:Arda ArnorTalk:Arnor ArthedainTalk:Arthedain AvatharTalk:Avathar Barad-dûrTalk:Barad-dûr Barrow-downsTalk:Barrow-downs Bay of BalarTalk:Bay of Balar Bay of BelfalasTalk:Bay of Belfalas Bay of EldamarTalk:Bay of Eldamar BelegostTalk:Belegost BeleriandTalk:Beleriand BelfalasTalk:Belfalas Black Gate (Middle-earth)Talk:Black Gate (Middle-earth) BrethilTalk:Brethil Buckland (Middle-earth)Talk:Buckland (Middle-earth) CalaciryaTalk:Calacirya CalenardhonTalk:Calenardhon CardolanTalk:Cardolan Carn DûmTalk:Carn Dûm Cirith UngolTalk:Cirith Ungol ColdfellsTalk:Coldfells Minas MorgulTalk:Minas Morgul BelegaerTalk:Belegaer Crack of DoomTalk:Crack of Doom CuiviénenTalk:Cuiviénen Dale (Middle-earth)Talk:Dale (Middle-earth) Dol AmrothTalk:Dol Amroth Dol GuldurTalk:Dol Guldur Dor DaedelothTalk:Dor Daedeloth Dor-lóminTalk:Dor-lómin DoriathTalk:Doriath DorthonionTalk:Dorthonion DorwinionTalk:Dorwinion Drúadan ForestTalk:Drúadan Forest Drúwaith IaurTalk:Drúwaith Iaur DunharrowTalk:Dunharrow DunlandTalk:Dunland DurthangTalk:Durthang East BeleriandTalk:East Beleriand East RoadTalk:East Road EchoriathTalk:Echoriath EdhellondTalk:Edhellond EldamarTalk:Eldamar Emyn ArnenTalk:Emyn Arnen Emyn MuilTalk:Emyn Muil Enchanted IslesTalk:Enchanted Isles Ephel DúathTalk:Ephel Dúath Ered LithuiTalk:Ered Lithui Ered WethrinTalk:Ered Wethrin EregionTalk:Eregion EriadorTalk:Eriador EsgarothTalk:Esgaroth EstoladTalk:Estolad EttenmoorsTalk:Ettenmoors EäTalk:Eä FalasTalk:Falas Fangorn forestTalk:Fangorn forest Farthing (Middle-earth)Talk:Farthing (Middle-earth) Fords of IsenTalk:Fords of Isen ForodwaithTalk:Forodwaith Gap of RohanTalk:Gap of Rohan Gladden FieldsTalk:Gladden Fields Goblin TownTalk:Goblin Town GondolinTalk:Gondolin GondorTalk:Gondor Great Gulf (Middle-earth)Talk:Great Gulf (Middle-earth) Grey Mountains (Middle-earth)Talk:Grey Mountains (Middle-earth) Gulf of LuneTalk:Gulf of Lune HaradTalk:Harad HarrowdaleTalk:Harrowdale Haudh-en-NirnaethTalk:Haudh-en-Nirnaeth HelcarTalk:Helcar HelcaraxëTalk:Helcaraxë High PassTalk:High Pass HimringTalk:Himring HithlumTalk:Hithlum HobbitonTalk:Hobbiton Houses of HealingTalk:Houses of Healing IsengardTalk:Isengard IsenmoutheTalk:Isenmouthe Isle of BalarTalk:Isle of Balar IthilienTalk:Ithilien KhandTalk:Khand Kingdom of RhovanionTalk:Kingdom of Rhovanion LadrosTalk:Ladros Lake EvendimTalk:Lake Evendim LamedonTalk:Lamedon LindonTalk:Lindon LithladTalk:Lithlad Long LakeTalk:Long Lake LossarnachTalk:Lossarnach LórienTalk:Lórien MenegrothTalk:Menegroth Minas IthilTalk:Minas Ithil Minas TirithTalk:Minas Tirith Minas Tirith (First Age)Talk:Minas Tirith (First Age) MinhiriathTalk:Minhiriath MirkwoodTalk:Mirkwood MithlondTalk:Mithlond MithrimTalk:Mithrim MordorTalk:Mordor Moria (Middle-earth)Talk:Moria (Middle-earth) Mouths of SirionTalk:Mouths of Sirion Nan ElmothTalk:Nan Elmoth NargothrondTalk:Nargothrond NevrastTalk:Nevrast NogrodTalk:Nogrod NúmenorTalk:Númenor NúrnTalk:Núrn Old ForestTalk:Old Forest OsgiliathTalk:Osgiliath OssiriandTalk:Ossiriand Parth GalenTalk:Parth Galen Paths of the DeadTalk:Paths of the Dead PelargirTalk:Pelargir Pelennor FieldsTalk:Pelennor Fields Region (Middle-earth)Talk:Region (Middle-earth) Reunited Kingdom (Middle-earth)Talk:Reunited Kingdom (Middle-earth) RhovanionTalk:Rhovanion RhudaurTalk:Rhudaur RhûnTalk:Rhûn RivendellTalk:Rivendell RohanTalk:Rohan Sea of HelkarTalk:Sea of Helkar Sea of NúrnenTalk:Sea of Núrnen Sea of RhûnTalk:Sea of Rhûn Shire (Middle-earth)Talk:Shire (Middle-earth) StarkhornTalk:Starkhorn SwanfleetTalk:Swanfleet Tarn AeluinTalk:Tarn Aeluin TharbadTalk:Tharbad Thargelion (Middle-earth)Talk:Thargelion (Middle-earth) Timeless HallsTalk:Timeless Halls TirionTalk:Tirion Tol EressëaTalk:Tol Eressëa Tol-in-GaurhothTalk:Tol-in-Gaurhoth Tower HillsTalk:Tower Hills TumladenTalk:Tumladen UmbarTalk:Umbar UtumnoTalk:Utumno VaiyaTalk:Vaiya ValinorTalk:Valinor ValmarTalk:Valmar VinyamarTalk:Vinyamar Warning beacons of GondorTalk:Warning beacons of Gondor WeathertopTalk:Weathertop West BeleriandTalk:West Beleriand WestmarchTalk:Westmarch White DownsTalk:White Downs Yale (Middle-earth)Talk:Yale (Middle-earth)

Category:Middle-earth riversCategory Talk:Middle-earth rivers AdornTalk:Adorn AdurantTalk:Adurant AnduinTalk:Anduin ArosTalk:Aros BaranduinTalk:Baranduin BrithonTalk:Brithon BruinenTalk:Bruinen CarnenTalk:Carnen CelduinTalk:Celduin CelebrantTalk:Celebrant CelebrosTalk:Celebros CelosTalk:Celos CirilTalk:Ciril Deeping StreamTalk:Deeping Stream Enchanted RiverTalk:Enchanted River EntwashTalk:Entwash EruiTalk:Erui EsgalduinTalk:Esgalduin Forest River (Middle-earth)Talk:Forest River (Middle-earth) GinglithTalk:Ginglith GladdenTalk:Gladden GlanduinTalk:Glanduin GlithuiTalk:Glithui GreylinTalk:Greylin GwathlóTalk:Gwathló HarnenTalk:Harnen IsenTalk:Isen LangwellTalk:Langwell LefnuiTalk:Lefnui LhûnTalk:Lhûn LimlightTalk:Limlight MalduinTalk:Malduin Mering StreamTalk:Mering Stream MindebTalk:Mindeb MitheithelTalk:Mitheithel MorgulduinTalk:Morgulduin MorthondTalk:Morthond NenningTalk:Nenning NimrodelTalk:Nimrodel NunduinëTalk:Nunduinë Poros (Middle-earth)Talk:Poros (Middle-earth) RhimdathTalk:Rhimdath RinglóTalk:Ringló RingwilTalk:Ringwil River CelonTalk:River Celon River GelionTalk:River Gelion River NarogTalk:River Narog River SirionTalk:River Sirion Rivers of GondorTalk:Rivers of Gondor RivilTalk:Rivil ShirebournTalk:Shirebourn SirannonTalk:Sirannon SirilTalk:Siril SnowbournTalk:Snowbourn TeiglinTalk:Teiglin ThalosTalk:Thalos WithywindleTalk:Withywindle

Category:Mountains of Middle-earthCategory Talk:Mountains of Middle-earth CelebdilTalk:Celebdil CrissaegrimTalk:Crissaegrim Ered LuinTalk:Ered Luin Ered MithrinTalk:Ered Mithrin Iron HillsTalk:Iron Hills Iron Mountains (Middle-earth)Talk:Iron Mountains (Middle-earth) Lonely MountainTalk:Lonely Mountain MethedrasTalk:Methedras Misty MountainsTalk:Misty Mountains Mount DolmedTalk:Mount Dolmed Mount DoomTalk:Mount Doom Mount Gram (Middle-earth)Talk:Mount Gram (Middle-earth) Mount GundabadTalk:Mount Gundabad Mountains of AngmarTalk:Mountains of Angmar Pelóri MountainsTalk:Pelóri Mountains TaniquetilTalk:Taniquetil ThangorodrimTalk:Thangorodrim White Mountains (Middle-earth)Talk:White Mountains (Middle-earth)

Category:Middle-earth swordsCategory Talk:Middle-earth swords AnglachelTalk:Anglachel Angrist (fictional knife)Talk:Angrist (fictional knife) AnguirelTalk:Anguirel GlamdringTalk:Glamdring HadhafangTalk:Hadhafang Morgul bladeTalk:Morgul blade NarsilTalk:Narsil OrcristTalk:Orcrist RingilTalk:Ringil Sting (Middle-earth)Talk:Sting (Middle-earth)

List of Middle-earth riversTalk:List of Middle-earth rivers

title: User:Conti/MyWatchlists/Middle-earth


text:
Ricardo-AEA

Ricardo-AEA Ltd, trading as Ricardo Energy & Environment, is a UK-based engineering company. It was formed on November 8, 2012, when Ricardo acquired the business, operating assets and employees of AEA Technology Plc (also known as AEAT and AEA Europe) for £18 million.

At the time, AEA Europe's operational staff numbered around 400, located at five UK sites. After the merger, AEA continue under the leadership of Robert Bell, reporting to Martin Fausset, managing director of Ricardo UK. In 2012, the assets acquired generated annual revenues of £39 million and delivered profit margins similar to those of the rest of the Ricardo group.

History
AEA Technology plc was an energy and environmental consultancy business, formed in 1996 as the privatised offshoot of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). It was a constituent of the FTSE Fledgling Index. Originally it consisted of divisions with expertise in a wide variety of areas, mostly the products of nuclear-related research. These included nuclear safety, nuclear engineering, environmental protection, battery technology and non-destructive testing. It mainly acted as a contractor organisation for UKAEA and other governmental and private customers.

AEA divested all of the nuclear-related elements of its business, along with other non-core elements such as its rail business, where they had acquired NS Technisch Onderzoek among others .The Dutch branch was later sold and is now called DEKRA Rail BV. The UK branch of the rail business is now called Resonate Group Ltd (previously DeltaRail Group Ltd), having been sold to secondary private equity investment firms. AEA's profitable engineering software business was split into two and sold to Aspen Technology (Hyprotech) and Ansys (CFX).

In addition to environmental consultancy, the company also works in the knowledge transfer and programme management areas. The business is organised around a mesh style "communities" structure which includes knowledge leadership (key technical consultants), project management, IT, marketing and sales.

The company's main UK operations are located at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Oxfordshire (head office), London, Risley and Glasgow.

In 2001 a sub-division, EHS Solutions, was created with a remit to build an environment, health and safety software business. It acquired the environmental data management system Monitor-Pro and the health and safety software business Lexware. Significant resource was put into product development, but the market at the time was not sufficiently mature, and in 2006 Monitor-Pro was divested, followed by the former Lexware systems.

AEA Technology was fined £250,000 for transporting a 2.5 tonne 60cobalt gamma radiation source from Cookridge Hospital, Leeds to Sellafield with defective shielding on 11 March 2002. The company is no longer involved in the transportation of nuclear material.

In August 2006, AEA established a Romanian subsidiary in Bucharest (AEA Mediu); this was shut down in April 2009. The company was voted best Consultancy for Climate Change and Renewables in the EDIE Awards 2007.

AEA made 60 redundancies in 2010, reducing its cost base by 10%. The company saw a continuing slump in its share price: from 277p in November 2003 to around 0.4p in January 2012. Shares lost up to one third of their value during 2010 and were even temporarily suspended on the stock exchange. Andrew McCree quit as CEO in November 2011 and was replaced by John Lowry as Interim CEO. Lowry had previously been involved in the National Health Service as a restructuring advisor.

AEA Technology went into administration in 2012. Ricardo took on the environmental business and staff. The company's large pension liability, dating from when it was much larger and unsupportable by the small remaining company, was transferred to the UK Government's Pension Protection Fund.

Rebrandings and former names
Ricardo-AEA was formed by acquisition of AEA Technology. AEA Technology included a division previously known as the Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU); many reports published under this name are still in circulation. AEA Technology, for a time, included branding as "Future Energy Solutions (incorporating the Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU))".

Another former division of AEA Technology was Momenta. This provided services to the public sector, offering services including research management, knowledge transfer, best practice, fund management and behaviour change programmes. Its major programmes included Envirowise for DEFRA and Knowledge Transfer Partnerships for the Technology Strategy Board. Momenta and the Digital Solutions Business (a small IT sub unit) were merged into the rest of AEA in the UK, creating AEA Consulting (an internal name) or AEA Europe.

title: Ricardo-AEA


text:
Methemoglobin

Methemoglobin (British: methaemoglobin, shortened MetHb) (pronounced "met-hemoglobin") is a hemoglobin in the form of metalloprotein, in which the iron in the heme group is in the Fe3+ (ferric) state, not the Fe2+ (ferrous) of normal hemoglobin. Sometimes, it is also referred to as ferrihemoglobin. Methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen, which means it cannot carry oxygen to tissues. It is bluish chocolate-brown in color. In human blood a trace amount of methemoglobin is normally produced spontaneously, but when present in excess the blood becomes abnormally dark bluish brown. The NADH-dependent enzyme methemoglobin reductase (a type of diaphorase) is responsible for converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.

Normally one to two percent of a person's hemoglobin is methemoglobin; a higher percentage than this can be genetic or caused by exposure to various chemicals and depending on the level can cause health problems known as methemoglobinemia. A higher level of methemoglobin will tend to cause a pulse oximeter to read closer to 85% regardless of the true level of oxygen saturation.

Etymology
The word methemoglobin derives from the Ancient Greek prefix μετα- (meta-: behind, later, subsequent) and the word hemoglobin.

The name hemoglobin is itself derived from the words heme and globin, each subunit of hemoglobin being a globular protein with an embedded heme group.

Common causes of elevated methemoglobin

 * Reduced cellular defense mechanisms
 * Children younger than 4 months exposed to various environmental agents
 * Pregnant women are considered vulnerable to exposure of high levels of nitrates in drinking water
 * Cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency
 * G6PD deficiency
 * Hemoglobin M disease
 * Pyruvate kinase deficiency
 * Various pharmaceutical compounds
 * Local anesthetic agents, especially prilocaine and benzocaine.
 * Amyl nitrite, chloroquine, dapsone, nitrates, nitrites, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, phenacetin, phenazopyridine, primaquine, quinones and sulfonamides
 * Environmental agents
 * Aromatic amines (e.g. p-nitroaniline, patient case)
 * Arsine
 * Chlorobenzene
 * Chromates
 * Nitrates/nitrites
 * Umbellulone
 * Inherited disorders
 * Some family members of the Fugate family in Kentucky, due to a recessive gene, had blue skin from an excess of methemoglobin.
 * In cats
 * Ingestion of paracetamol (i.e. acetaminophen, tylenol)

Therapeutic uses
Amyl nitrite is administered to treat cyanide poisoning. It works by converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which allows for the binding of cyanide (CN–) anions by ferric (Fe3+) cations and the formation of cyanomethemoglobin. The immediate goal of forming this cyanide adduct is to prevent the binding of free cyanide to the cytochrome a3 group in cytochrome c oxidase.

Methemoglobin saturation
Methemoglobin is expressed as a concentration or a percentage. Percentage of methemoglobin is calculated by dividing the concentration of methemoglobin by the concentration of total hemoglobin. Percentage of methemoglobin is likely a better indicator of illness severity than overall concentration, as underlying medical conditions play an important role. For example, a methemoglobin concentration of 1.5 g/dL may represent a percentage of 10% in an otherwise healthy patient with a baseline hemoglobin of 15 mg/dL, whereas the presence of the same concentration of 1.5 g/dL of methemoglobin in an anemic patient with a baseline hemoglobin of 8 g/dL would represent a percentage of 18.75%. The former patient will be left with a functional hemoglobin concentration of 13.5 g/dL and potentially remain asymptomatic while the latter patient with a functional hemoglobin concentration 6.5 g/dL may be severely symptomatic with a methemoglobin of less than 20%.

 * 1–2% Normal
 * Less than 10% metHb - No symptoms
 * 10–20% metHb - Skin discoloration only (most notably on mucous membranes)
 * 20–30% metHb - Anxiety, headache, dyspnea on exertion
 * 30–50% metHb - Fatigue, confusion, dizziness, tachypnea, palpitations
 * 50–70% metHb - Coma, seizures, arrhythmias, acidosis
 * Greater than 70% metHb - High risk of death

This may be further compounded by the "functional hemoglobin's" decreased ability to release oxygen in the presence of methemoglobin. Anemia, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and essentially any pathology that impairs the ability to deliver oxygen may worsen the symptoms of methemoglobinemia.

Blood stains
Increased levels of methemoglobin are found in blood stains. Upon exiting the body, bloodstains transit from bright red to dark brown, which is attributed to oxidation of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2) to methemoglobin (met-Hb) and hemichrome (HC).

title: Methemoglobin


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Category:Stub categories

These categories contain articles that need improvement. Pick your specialty and begin writing! A full list of stub category types is available at: WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types. Help organize stubs or better yet, expand them and remove the stub templates. If you're very interested in stub-sorting, consider joining the WikiProject Stub sorting group.

title: Category:Stub categories


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Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liosia Olympic Hall and was split into two disciplines, Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories. Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the Freestyle event with 18 gold medals being contested in all. This was the first Olympic Games that included women's wrestling events on the program.

Participating nations
A total of 342 wrestlers from 66 nations competed at the Athens Games:

title: Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics


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Talk:Hatshepsut

Early life
Neat one to cleanup. And the Met is cool too. While I'm sure I've forgotten several things from the days of taking art history courses, her mortuary temple isn't one of them. What a large thing to seemingly know so little about. Anyway: The "early life and family" section having only one fact has me try to think of another one, and should it not say something about her father Thutmose I? It is not unusual to recapitulate what is in the lede, for it is unusual to have citations in the lede, a problem easily resolved by recapitulating with a citation and elaborating in the body. Cake (talk) 03:30, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

Breasted Quote follow-up
'Hatshepsut is, according to Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, "the first great woman in history of whom we are informed."'

-- Fair enough. And she might have been deified by the Greeks as Athena(Athena Saitis)(Athena Onga/Ahkh)(Athena Tritogeneia-third gen from Aahotep II), with statues linking her to Ethiopia, commemorating her voyage to Punt.

Of course her grandmother, Aahotep II, was Artemis, or Io, and worshiped in Egypt, Greece, and Canaan(3 continents), and might be linked to Asherah, the wife of God, in the bible; and her Grandmother, Aahotep I founded the new kingdom, and might have been conflated with the other 2 great women. 2601:58B:E7F:8410:64F0:AFF4:2F14:9CB8 (talk) 03:37, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hatshepsut


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OCF

OCF may refer to:

 * Ocala International Airport, in Ocala, Florida
 * Off Center Fed antenna, a dipole antenna with specific placement of feedpoint allowing multiple resonances in HF band
 * Officers' Christian Fellowship, a nonprofit Christian parachurch organization which serves the U.S. Military
 * Open channel flow, Flow of a fluid with its surface exposed to the atmosphere
 * Open Cluster Framework, a clustering standard in computing
 * Open Computing Facility, at University of California, Berkeley
 * Open Connectivity Foundation, the biggest industrial connectivity standard organization for IoT.
 * Open Container Format (also OEBPS Container Format) in the specification for E-Books in the ePUB format.
 * OpenBSD Cryptographic Framework, an OpenBSD initiative to provide operating system support for cryptographic acceleration hardware.
 * Operating cash flow, a term in financial accounting
 * Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain
 * Ordinal collapsing function, a process used for reaching large ordinals in the field of set theory
 * Ordnance Clothing Factory, Avadi, Shahjahanpur, India
 * Oregon Country Fair, an annual event in Veneta, Oregon
 * Original Composite Font, an early CJK font format by Adobe Systems
 * Orthodox Christian Fellowship, a North American Orthodox campus ministry
 * Our Common Future, a 1987 report from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
 * Owens Corning Fiberglass, a manufacturer of fiberglass insulation
 * Observable canonical form

title: OCF