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Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)

Upstairs, Downstairs is a British drama television series produced by London Weekend Television (LWT) for ITV. It ran for 68 episodes divided into five series on ITV from 1971 to 1975.

Set in a large townhouse at 165 Eaton Place in Belgravia in central London, the series depicts the servants—"downstairs"—and their masters, the family—"upstairs"—between the years 1903 and 1930, and shows the slow decline of the British aristocracy. Great events feature prominently in each episode but minor or gradual changes are also noted. The show may be regarded as a documentary of the social and technological changes that occurred during those 27 years, including the Edwardian period, women's suffrage, the First World War, the Roaring Twenties, and the Wall Street Crash. It was a ratings success for ITV and received outstanding acclaim worldwide, winning multiple awards.

The BBC Wales and Masterpiece-produced continuation Upstairs Downstairs was broadcast by BBC One in 2010.

Background
Upstairs, Downstairs was originally an idea by two actress friends, Jean Marsh and Eileen Atkins, for a comedy titled Behind the Green Baize Door. It focused on two housemaids, played by Marsh and Atkins, in a large English country house in the Victorian era. They soon added a family upstairs, as Marsh recognised "Servants have to serve somebody". In summer 1969, they took this idea to Sagitta Productions, which was run by John Hawkesworth and John Whitney. They soon removed the comedy element, changed the setting to a large townhouse in Edwardian London and the title became Below Stairs. It was first offered to Granada Television in Manchester, but it declined as it already had a period drama, titled A Family at War, about to start. However, Stella Richman, the controller of Programmes at London Weekend Television, saw potential, and in April 1970, the first series was commissioned.

Characters were then developed, but when Alfred Shaughnessy, an old friend of John Hawkesworth, was called in as script editor, he changed much of the detail to make the characters more realistic. Honor Blackman was short-listed for the role of Lady Marjorie and George Cole for that of the butler, Hudson. Jean Marsh was already slated to take the part of Rose Buck, the head house parlourmaid. Eileen Atkins was scheduled to play the other maid, Sarah Moffat, opposite Jean Marsh's Rose, but was playing Queen Victoria in a stage show at the time, so Pauline Collins took the role. Gordon Jackson was offered the role of Hudson after it was decided that Londoner George Cole was not suitable to play a Scotsman. The programme took many names, including Two Little Maids in Town, The Servants' Hall and That House in Eaton Square. It was titled 165 Eaton Place until just before the production of the first episode when it was changed to Upstairs, Downstairs, following a suggestion from John Hawkesworth.

Despite having a champion in Stella Richman, the show suffered from internal politics at the station, most notably from the sales department who could not see the attraction of a period drama, and the programme's videotapes spent nearly a year in storage awaiting a transmission date. Eventually the network had a space in its schedule at the unfashionable time of Sunday nights at 10:15 and called upon LWT to fill it. It chose Upstairs, Downstairs, and with no promotion of the show, there was little expectation of success. However, audiences steadily grew, and the series became a hit. In the United States, Upstairs, Downstairs was aired as part of PBS' Masterpiece Theatre.

Plot
The stories depict the lives of the wealthy Bellamy family ("upstairs"), who reside at 165 Eaton Place in London's fashionable Belgravia, and their servants ("downstairs").

The household is led by Lady Marjorie Bellamy (née Talbot-Carey), daughter of the Earl and Countess of Southwold, and her husband Richard Bellamy MP, the son of a country parson. They married despite the objections of her parents and set up house at 165 Eaton Place, one of several London properties owned by Lord Southwold. Richard is a politician, and several plots revolve around his political ambitions and conflicts arising from his desire to follow both his conscience and his allegiance to his father-in-law's politically conservative Tory party.

Richard and Lady Marjorie Bellamy have two children, James and Elizabeth, who are, respectively, in their early 20s and late teens when the series starts in 1903. In 1912, James's wife Hazel becomes the mistress of the house following Lady Marjorie's death, and the following year, Richard's ward, Georgina, comes to live at 165 Eaton Place.

The original servants were the authoritarian butler Mr Angus Hudson, cook Mrs Kate Bridges, pragmatic head house parlourmaid Rose Buck, sweet Irish kitchen maid Emily, eccentric footman Alfred, mischievous under-house parlourmaid Sarah, coachman Pearce, and Lady Marjorie's lady's maid Maude Roberts. Over the years they are joined by Edward, a cheeky footman who later becomes a chauffeur; Daisy, the parlourmaid who eventually marries Edward; Thomas Watkins, the devious chauffeur who dallies with Sarah's affections; and Ruby, the slow-witted kitchen maid.

In the episode "Another Year" from series 4, Hazel Bellamy notes that there are two families living in the house, one upstairs and the other downstairs, which she likens to a related family: Mr Hudson and Mrs Bridges are the father and mother; Rose, the eldest daughter who lost her man at the front; their son Edward and his wife, their daughter-in-law Daisy; and Ruby, the youngest child.

Series One (set 1903–1908)
The first and second series span the period 1903 to 1910, during the reign of Edward VII. In 1903, Sarah Moffat applies to be under-house-parlour maid for the Bellamy family, pretending to be of French parentage but soon revealed to be illiterate, English, and with no work history. Later in the year, Lady Marjorie poses for bohemian artist Mr Scone (which he pronounces "skoon"), who over the same period paints an intimate portrait of Sarah and (an imagined) Rose, the Bellamy's head house maid; he exhibits both paintings juxtaposed at the Royal Academy. Fearing a scandal, Bellamy threatens to sack the two maids but is dissuaded by Scone. Later, the Bellamys holiday in Scotland. With Mr Hudson gone from London, the servants carouse drunkenly through the house only to be caught by the Bellamy son James, who promises not to disclose their misbehaviour. James and Sarah later have an affair that results in Sarah's pregnancy. James is banished to India, while Sarah is sent to the Southwold estate for the duration of her pregnancy.

Around 1905, daughter Elizabeth returns from Germany to be prepared to be presented to the King and the Queen Consort at a social event. Her rebellious, headstrong nature causes her to flee the event. She later talks with servant Rose, who lectures her about the importance of duty and how it applies to the entire household.

Elizabeth soon falls in love with German Baron Klaus von Rimmer, unaware that he is gay and that he is using her in a scheme to obtain naval secrets from her father. Rose catches him having sex with Alfred, the footman, and he flees Eaton Place before the police arrive and arrest them. To spare Elizabeth the real reason for his departure, she is told that he is a spy. Alfred is replaced by Edward Barnes, a young and naive footman whose fun-loving and immature nature initially annoys Mr Hudson.

In the summer of 1906, Lady Marjorie is enamoured with her son James's friend, Captain Charles Hammond. She has an affair with him, but guilt compels her to break it off. While Lady Bellamy and Rose are away in the country, a new under-house-parlour maid, Mary Stokes, arrives. She is pregnant, having been raped by Myles Radford, the son of a powerful politician and a Bellamy family friend. Richard Bellamy attempts to help Mary, but the Radfords refuse to take responsibility and the legal system proves ineffective. Mary quits, but departs with a small gift of money from some of the servants.

The following year, 1907, Mrs Van Groeben arrives from South Africa. Housemaid Emily falls passionately in love with Mrs Van Groeben's footman, William. Mrs Van Groeben learns of the affair, and, considering Emily to be beneath William, forbids him to see her. William drops Emily when he learns of his mistress's disapproval, suggesting he never really cared about her. Emily takes her own life. Mrs Bridges, distraught with remorse over Emily's death, steals a baby from its pram outside a shop and hides it in her room. The baby is returned to its parents by Richard and Lady Marjorie, and Mrs Bridges only escapes a jail sentence after Hudson agrees to marry her once they are no longer in service. The scullery maid position is first replaced by Doris, then by Nellie, and finally by Ruby, who is rather slow and is frequently scolded by Mrs Bridges.

In 1908, daughter Elizabeth Bellamy marries Lawrence Kirbridge, a young poet.

Series Two (set 1908–1910)
Somewhat indifferent to his new responsibilities as a householder, Lawrence also avoids marital relations with Elizabeth, claiming he prefers her to be pure and muse-like, leaving their marriage unconsummated. Elizabeth has a brief affair with Lawrence's publisher, which Lawrence facilitates. It results in Elizabeth becoming pregnant, giving birth to a daughter, Lucy Elizabeth. Elizabeth joins militant suffragettes who attack the home of a prominent politician, resulting in her being arrested. She is bailed out shortly thereafter by a wealthy Armenian gentleman named Julius Karekin. They become romantically involved, and he buys a hat shop for her to manage. Karekin is more interested in buying his way into British society than he is in Elizabeth's affections. He buys the lease of 165 Eaton Place after the Bellamys are forced to sell in the aftermath of Lady Marjorie's father's death in 1909. He offers the lease to Elizabeth who then gives it to her parents. Richard and Lady Marjorie are now morally in Karekin's debt.

A pregnant Sarah returns to Eaton Place the night the Bellamys host the king for dinner; Sarah goes into labour, but the baby, a son, is stillborn. James eventually returns from India just before his mother's birthday on 6 May 1910 (which coincides with the death of King Edward VII). He brings his brash and gushing fiancée, Phyllis, the daughter of an army veterinarian. James eventually breaks off the engagement, however, realizing that Phyllis is not right for him.

Elizabeth eventually moves to America in 1910 after splitting from Karekin and divorcing Kirbridge. She is later said to have married a man named Dana. Sarah falls in love with chauffeur, Thomas Watkins, who previously worked as Lawrence Kirbridge's valet. Sarah becomes pregnant again and will be dismissed. Thomas offers to marry her, but no one knows it is actually his child. To avoid any scandal, Lord Bellamy arranges for them to leave service and start their own business. While in the Upstairs, Downstairs episode "A Family Gathering" it is stated that Thomas and Sarah were married, this fact is disregarded in the spin-off series Thomas & Sarah.

In episode 9 of this series, "An Object Of Value", veteran British actress Cathleen Nesbitt made a guest appearance as Lady Southwold, Lady Marjorie's mother. At the end of the second season, actresses Rachel Gurney (as Lady Marjorie) and Nicola Pagett (as Elizabeth) permanently left the series, but Gurney appeared briefly in the premiere episode of the third season ("Miss Forrest"). Pagett's character of Elizabeth never was seen again, but she was mentioned throughout the remainder of the series. Actresses Meg Wynn Owen as Hazel Forrest Bellamy, James's wife; and Lesley-Anne Down as Georgina Worsley, Richard's ward and James's cousin became the major female upstairs characters.

Series Three (set 1912–1914)
Lady Marjorie, her brother, Hugo Talbot-Carey (the Earl of Southwold), and his new wife (widow Marion Worsley) all perish in the RMS Titanic disaster. Miss Roberts, Lady Marjorie's maid, survives and returns to Eaton Place, refusing to let anyone touch Marjorie's jewellery box, believing she is keeping it for her. Richard's new secretary, Hazel Forrest, gently persuades Miss Roberts to open the box, with her accepting Lady Marjorie is gone; she breaks down into sobs saying she tried to save her.

Richard had hired Hazel Forrest to type the biography of his father-in-law, the old Earl of Southwold, which he is writing. She and James fall in love and eventually marry. Hazel, from a respectable middle-class family, becomes mistress of the household. She and James are happy for a time but grow apart due to their differing backgrounds. Their estrangement is worsened by Hazel's miscarriage in the spring of 1914.

Georgina Worsley, James's cousin, comes to live with the Bellamys at Christmas 1913, aged 18. Georgina is the orphaned stepdaughter of Lady Marjorie's brother Hugo. She befriends Daisy, the new parlour maid. Georgina decides she and Daisy should take food from the pantry to give to Daisy's struggling family. She is shocked to discover that Daisy's family live in miserable, abject poverty.

Rose, the head houseparlourmaid, is shocked when Alfred, the Bellamys' former footman, turns up at Eaton Place one night. He claims that he has been sacked by his former employer and is homeless. She agrees to hide him in one of the basement rooms, but is horrified when it later transpires Alfred is actually on the run from the police having murdered his previous employer. After taking Edward hostage in the coal cellar, Alfred is arrested and eventually hanged for murder. The following year, Rose briefly becomes engaged to an Australian sheep-farmer named Gregory Wilmot whom she meets on a tram. She agrees to move to Australia with him, but at embarkation she discovers that he has a wife in Australia and decides to remain in the life she knows at Eaton Place, a plot line that echoes the story "Eveline" in James Joyce's Dubliners.

Richard, who has sold the house's lease to James after Lady Marjorie's death (all her money passed on to James and Elizabeth), makes money after a share tip-off from a member of his gentleman's club. Richard later is accused unjustly of insider dealing. It is only Hazel's and Hudson's intervention that saves his career and reputation. This plot was inspired by the Marconi scandal of 1912.

During a visit to Somerby, the country house of James's school-friend Lord "Bunny" Newbury in the autumn of 1913, Edward unwittingly becomes a witness in an impending divorce when he spies rising Tory MP Lord Charles Gilmour leaving the bedroom of a fellow MP's wife. Edward is pressured to change his story, but he refuses, and the case is withdrawn due to Richard's influence.

The servants are offered a day's holiday in Herne Bay in Kent in August 1914. They enjoy a rare day out together. Hudson is persuaded to sing on the vaudeville stage but their enjoyment is curtailed by an announcement that Germany has invaded Belgium. Hudson instead sings "Rule Britannia". Back in London, they gather to mark the hour when Britain goes to war.

In the Christmas episode, "Goodwill to All Men", Cathleen Nesbitt returns for a second and final appearance as Lady Southwold.

Series Four (set 1914–1918)
James serves in World War I, is seriously injured in a trench battle and brought home, amid much difficulty, to recover. He is nursed by his step-cousin Georgina, who now volunteers as a VAD Nurse and serves in France during the war. Georgina and James develop a close understanding and affection during the war but do not go so far as to become lovers. Downstairs, Edward signs up and fights in the trenches, Hudson serves as a Special Constable, Rose works as a bus conductress, and Ruby leaves Eaton Place to work in a munitions factory in Silvertown, returning to service after the Silvertown explosion. Hazel, unknowingly echoing her late mother-in-law Lady Marjorie, has a brief affair with an RFC Lieutenant named Jack Dyson who, like herself, has risen from the ranks of the middle classes. He is killed while James is at home on leave. Rose meets up with Gregory Wilmot again. After overcoming their emotional and practical hurdles, she finally agrees to marry him on his return from the war and follow him to Australia. However, he is killed in action. Rose is heartbroken but Gregory has left her £1,275 in his will, enough to make her independent in her retirement. Edward returns, and while not physically wounded, suffers badly from shell shock and goes into hospital. He speaks to Richard, who comforts him, assuring him that mental wounds are as real as physical, and no mark on his character.

The fourth season ends in 1918 with the close of World War I. Both James and Georgina return from their wartime duties. Despite the celebration and relief that the war is over, Hazel, who is about 35 at this time, contracts influenza in the worldwide pandemic. She dies, and the Bellamy household is devastated over her loss. Grief-stricken, James lets Georgina comfort him, but she stops him from any closeness. Richard is elevated to the House of Lords as Viscount Bellamy of Haversham in the New Year Honours List of 1919.

At the end of the fourth series Meg Wynn Owen left the show, with her character Hazel dying of influenza in the Spanish flu pandemic. The character of Virginia Hamilton, played by Hannah Gordon, was introduced in the fourth series when she asked Richard for help in relation to her son.

Series Five (set 1919–1930)
According to Jean Marsh and Simon Williams, at the end of the fourth series they, along with other cast members, were eager to move on to other projects. However, with much persuasion by the producers and writers, they, along with the rest of the cast, agreed to do a fifth and final series showing the Bellamy family and staff entering the decade of the twenties and ending the series with the start of the Great Depression. During the final series, Marsh and Williams reduced their appearances on the show, both appearing in only 11 instalments out of the sixteen episodes produced. In addition, eight new cast members were added to the series, which included two servants, Frederick and Lily, played by Gareth Hunt and Karen Dotrice; Richard Bellamy's new wife, Virginia (played by Hannah Gordon); Virginia's two children Alice and William (Anne Yarker and Jonathan Seely); Shirley Cain as Miss Treadwell, the children's governess; Madeleine Cannon as Lady Dorothy (Dolly) Hale, Georgina's self-centred, catty, fair weather friend; and Anthony Andrews as Lord (Robert) Stockbridge, Georgina's fiancé and husband.

At the start of the fifth season, James is grieving Hazel's death. Richard marries widow Virginia Hamilton, after the events of the fourth series when she asked Richard and his solicitor Sir Geoffrey Dillon (Raymond Huntley), to defend her son, Michael, who was charged with cowardice during the war. He was acquitted but later killed. Richard and Virginia return from their honeymoon. With only himself and Georgina living at Eaton Place, James considers dismissing the servants and selling the house. He wants Richard and Virginia to move in, but Virginia wants her own home. Collaborating with Georgina, James invites Richard, Virginia, and her two children, Alice, aged 10 and William, aged 6, to tea. The house comes alive with their visit. James, Georgina, and the servants welcome them wholeheartedly and Virginia is convinced this is perfect home for her family. Alice becomes attached to Rose, whose duties keep her upstairs with the children and the new Lady Bellamy.

Downstairs, Edward and a pregnant Daisy have left Eaton Place and are replaced by Frederick (James's batman during the war) and Lily, respectively. Edward's job prospects are dim, and Daisy miscarries due to malnutrition; both are re-hired at Eaton Place as chauffeur and house parlourmaid, respectively. Rose tends the children and Lady Virginia's maid.

William is sent to a boarding school while Alice resumes her schooling with Miss Treadwell. To compensate for William's absence, Rose gives Alice a cairn terrier named Thimble. While Lord and Lady Bellamy are away, Miss Treadwell quickly assumes the role as head of the house alienating the servants and mentally and physically abuses Alice and her dog. Upon their return, Lord and Lady Bellamy dismiss Miss Treadwell. Richard and Virginia then decide that Alice should go to a day school for her studies. After that instalment, Alice, William, and the dog are never seen again, but they are frequently referred to, and Alice returns for a brief appearance in the final episode.

Downstairs, romance blooms between Hudson and Lily, but she spurns him and Lily leaves her position. Frederick leaves service at the Bellamy house when he discovers the allure of escorting young upper-class women to balls and other functions. Also during this season, the roles played by actresses Jenny Tomasin and Joan Benham were expanded to show character depth. For Tomasin, the role of the childlike, simple-minded kitchen maid Ruby Finch was showcased in two episodes - the eighth instalment "Such A Lovely Man" where Ruby meets a man named Herbert through magazine correspondence, but rejects him because "he was no Rudolph Valentino"; and the fourteenth chapter of the series, "Noblesse Oblige" in which Ruby, fed up and disgusted with Mrs. Bridges's treatment of her, temporarily leaves her position at Eaton Place after they have a bitter quarrel. Benham's character of Lady Prudence Fairfax (or Pru as she was affectionately referred to) had been featured throughout the previous four series as a long time close friend of the Bellamy family who was a delightful social butterfly always welcome at family parties and events, as well as a harmless gossipy woman. However, in the fifth series, Benham was able to show another side of Lady Prudence - as a wise, kind, loyal, loving, and devoted friend to the Bellamys in two instalments - in the fourth episode "Joy Ride" and the eleventh episode "Alberto".

In the roaring 1920s, Georgina and her friends rebel against the depression and hard times of the post-war period, but her frivolity and merriment quickly end — first after the suicide of a friend who professed his love for her and threatened to kill himself unless she married him, and then killed himself during a Roaring 20s party at the Bellamy house. Second, Georgina accidentally kills a working class man after taking Richard's car without permission and driving it herself to compete in a scavenger hunt. Her friends, part of the moneyed, bored and pleasure-seeking "bright young things", desert her at the inquest. Only the rich but shallow Lady Dolly Hale and also the seemingly dull Lord Robert Stockbridge, heir to a dukedom, defend her. Georgina and Robert quickly fall in love. James suffers long-term emotional stress from his war experiences and Hazel's death. Restless, he stands for Parliament, but loses the election.

Lord Stockbridge's parents send their son on a trip around the world to try to wean him from Georgina, under the guise of helping him discover whether his feelings are true. James returns from America in October 1929, where he has visited Elizabeth and become rich through speculation on Wall Street. Rose allows James to invest the money Gregory left her when he died in the war, but the market crashes and James loses everything. James had also "borrowed a fair bit" that he now is unable to repay. He has disgraced his family and taken advantage of a member of staff who trusted him. Depressed and ashamed, he goes to a hotel in Maidenhead and kills himself. The final episode, set in 1930, finds things looking up at Eaton Place as Georgina marries Lord Stockbridge on 12 June 1930. Mr Hudson and Mrs Bridges also finally marry, and take the uneducated but surprisingly shrewd kitchen maid, Ruby Finch, to the seaside with them, to run a guest house. When asked by Rose how she feels about becoming part of the Hudsons' household, Ruby says "They'll not last long, and I'll have guest house all to meself." Lord Bellamy has delivered his retirement speech to the House of Lords. He and Virginia retreat to a small villa in Dorset, keeping Rose Buck in their employ. Young Edward and his wife, Daisy, are elevated to the posts of butler and head house parlourmaid in the country household of the marquess and new marchioness of Stockbridge.

The last scene shows Rose taking a final walk through the now empty rooms at 165 Eaton Place, which is for sale. She 'hears' in her head the voices of Lady Marjorie, Mr. Hudson, and others, as well as the many incidents she witnessed over the years. On hearing James reassuring her about Gregory's honourable death in the war echoing in her ears, she becomes spooked and hurriedly leaves through the front door.

Episodes
Upstairs, Downstairs ran for five series from 10 December 1971 to 21 December 1975. The first four series had thirteen episodes each, while the final series had sixteen. Due to an industrial dispute over extra payments for using newly introduced colour equipment, during which broadcasting unions refused to allow their members to use colour cameras, the first six episodes of the first series were shot in black-and-white, and when colour production resumed, the first episode was remade in colour. Two endings were made, which could be shown depending on whether the black and white episodes were broadcast by the channel. The original black-and-white version of the first episode is believed to have been wiped.

The opening credits of each episode featured a cartoon from the magazine Punch, and the lettering was drawn by the graphic designer Terry Griffiths. The theme tune was composed by Alexander Faris and titled The Edwardians. It won an Ivor Novello Award. Part of this tune was made into the song What Are We Going to Do with Uncle Arthur?, sung by Sarah, with lyrics written by Alfred Shaughnessy. Pauline Collins released this as a single in 1973. The theme tune was used as the processional march for the church wedding of Elizabeth and Lawrence in series 1, episode 13: For Love of Love.

Many writers wrote episodes throughout the five series, including Alfred Shaughnessy, John Hawkesworth, Fay Weldon, Terence Brady and Charlotte Bingham, John Harrison, Julian Bond, Raymond Bowers, Jeremy Paul, Rosemary Anne Sisson, Anthony Skene and Elizabeth Jane Howard.

Production
Each episode of Upstairs, Downstairs was made in a fortnightly production schedule. The book Inside Updown has a detailed production history. The first week and a half were spent rehearsing, with two days in the studio, and the latter part of the second day being used for recording. Location footage was usually shot beforehand. The exterior shots of 165 Eaton Place were filmed at 65 Eaton Place with the "1" painted on. Upstairs, Downstairs was one of the first major colour productions to be made by LWT. Interior sequences were first recorded in LWT's first studio facility in Wembley in London, for all of series one and the episode "A Pair of Exiles" in series two. For the rest of series two, and for the remaining three series, the interior sequences were recorded in LWT's new studio complex named Kent House (later known as The London Studios) on London's Southbank.

Herne Bay features in series three, episode thirteen "The Sudden Storm", when the staff take a day out to the seaside.

The show featured the song "What Are We Going to Do with Uncle Arthur?", written by Alexander Faris and Alfred Shaughnessy. Faris had also written the instrumental theme tune for the series. The song is a mildly bawdy music hall number performed by the character Sarah Moffat. Her performance of the song in the episode "For Love of Love" draws the interest of James Bellamy, leading to a dramatic subplot within the ongoing story of the Bellamys. A lively instrumental version of the song was played over the closing credits of each programme in the series.

Awards
Upstairs, Downstairs was nominated for and won many national and international awards, winning two BAFTA awards, two Royal Television Society awards, three Writers Guild Awards, eight Emmys, and a Golden Globe. It was nominated for a further seven BAFTAs, nine Emmys and four Golden Globes. It was nominated for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Drama Series in 1972, 1973, 1975, and 1976, winning in 1972 and 1974. Pauline Collins was nominated for Best Actress in 1973 for her portrayal of Sarah Moffat, and Gordon Jackson was nominated for Best Actor for playing Mr. Hudson in 1975.

In the United States, Upstairs, Downstairs was honoured for both the Primetime Emmy Awards and the Golden Globe Awards. In 1974, 1975, and 1977 it won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. In 1975, Jean Marsh won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, and Bill Bain won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. The following year, it won for Outstanding Limited Series, and Gordon Jackson won for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Comedy or Drama Series, and Angela Baddeley was nominated for Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. In 1977, Jacqueline Tong was nominated for Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. For the Golden Globes, Upstairs, Downstairs won the Golden Globe Award for Best TV Show - Drama in 1975 and was nominated again for the same award in 1978. Jean Marsh was nominated in 1975 and 1977 for Best TV Actress - Drama.

Alfred Shaughnessy, script editor and frequent writer, was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award twice for the episodes "Miss Forrest" and "Another Year". John Hawkesworth, frequent writer and producer, was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for the episode "The Bolter". Fay Weldon won a Writers Guild of America Award for Best British TV Series Script of 1971 for "On Trial".

In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked Upstairs, Downstairs at number 79 on its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series.

Spin-offs
Following the final episode of Upstairs, Downstairs many ideas for spin-offs evolved. These included having the new Lord and Lady Stockbridge buying back 165 Eaton Place and an American company wanted to make a programme based around Hudson and Rose immigrating to the United States. Jack Webb was interested in a series of Marsh and Gordon Jackson reprising their roles as head of a Los Angeles employment agency. Another idea, titled You Live or You Die, was to have Frederick Norton seeking his fortune in the U.S. Another idea followed Hudson, Mrs Bridges and Ruby running their seaside boarding house, and this probably would have been made had it not been for the death of Angela Baddeley on 22 February 1976. The only spin-off to make it onscreen was Thomas & Sarah, broadcast in 1979, and it followed the adventures of Thomas and Sarah after they left Eaton Place. Although very popular, only one series was made as filming of a second series was postponed by strike action at ITV and never resumed. Only a few location scenes were shot and these were later wiped.

A short-lived series titled Beacon Hill, which aired in the fall of 1975, was loosely based upon Upstairs, Downstairs; its executive producer, Beryl Vertue, was Jean Marsh's literary agent and had been responsible for helping sell the original Upstairs, Downstairs to LWT.

In 2011, the BBC ran a series titled Royal Upstairs Downstairs in which Tim Wonnacott and Rosemary Shrager tour country houses visited by Queen Victoria. Tim tours the upstairs concentrating on the architecture and events of Victoria's visit, and Rosemary concentrates on the downstairs, demonstrating recipes cooked for the queen.

Novelisations
Each series of Upstairs, Downstairs was accompanied by a novelisation, with additional detail in each, but also with some episodes missing. All books were published by Sphere Books. The novelisation of the first series, Upstairs, Downstairs or the secrets of an Edwardian household, was written by John Hawkesworth and published in 1972. Hawkesworth also wrote the series two novelisation, In My Lady's Chamber and this was published in 1973. The following year, The Years of Change, Mollie Hardwick's novelisation of the third series, was published and she also wrote the 1975 The War to End Wars, the fourth series novelisation. The fifth series, which was longer than the others, was novelised in two books, both by Michael Hardwick and published in 1975. They were titled On with the Dance and Endings and Beginnings.

As well as these novelisations, five books were separately published, again by Sphere Books, with each being the biography of a main character before the series started. Rose's Story was written by Terence Brady & Charlotte Bingham and published in 1972. The following year, Mollie Hardwick's Sarah's Story and Michael Hardwick's Mr Hudson's Diaries were both published. Mr Bellamy's Story, by Michael Hardwick, was published in 1974 and Mrs Bridge's Story by Mollie Hardwick was published in 1975. Also in 1975, The Upstairs, Downstairs Omnibus, featuring all five slightly edited stories, was published.

John Pearson published The Bellamys of Eaton Place (a.k.a. The Bellamy Saga) in 1976.

Influence
The BBC series The Duchess of Duke Street is widely seen as the BBC's answer to Upstairs, Downstairs, not least because some of the same producers and writers worked on it, and it has a theme tune by Faris. The 1990 BBC sitcom You Rang, M'Lord? also featured a similar situation. In 1975, an American version, titled Beacon Hill, debuted but due to low ratings it was soon cancelled, running for just thirteen episodes. Tom Wolfe called the series a plutography, i.e. a "graphic depiction of the lives of the rich".

A Monsterpiece Theater sketch on Sesame Street, introduced/narrated by Cookie Monster (as Alistair Cookie, a play on Alistair Cooke, who was at that time the host of Masterpiece Theater) was titled Upstairs, Downstairs and featured Grover running up and down a staircase until collapsing from exhaustion.

In 2000, a stop-motion animated series titled Upstairs, Downstairs Bears, co-produced by Canada's Cinar and Scottish Television for the CITV block, was based upon Upstairs, Downstairs. Ironically, it happened to air on the last day of London Weekend Television's broadcasting under that brand (as part of the CITV block) on 27 October 2002; the next day LWT was subsumed into ITV London.

Company Pictures' 2008 television series The Palace has been described as a "modern Upstairs, Downstairs" as it features the points of view of both a fictional royal family and their servants.

From November 2008 to January 2010, variations (played in different styles, e.g., a fugue, jazz, calypso, death metal) of the theme music were played on BBC Radio 4's PM programme to introduce a segment titled "Upshares, Downshares", in which Nils Blythe ran through the day's business news. In November 2010, with the composer Alexander Faris's blessing, a special CD of collected versions was released to raise money for the charity Children in Need.

The ITV series Downton Abbey, which ran from 2010 to 2015, has many similarities with Upstairs, Downstairs. Both series depict a noble family and their servants in the context of some of the same historical events; certain storylines and characterisations also appear in both series. In 2019, Downton Abbey's executive producer Gareth Neame acknowledged the inspiration, stating that upon watching Upstairs, Downstairs for the first time as an adult, he realised that "there's two generations now who have got something new to be exposed to" because they had never seen Upstairs, Downstairs.

Revival
In 2009, the BBC announced it was to broadcast a revival of the series, with Jean Marsh reprising her role as Rose alongside a new cast in the same Eaton Place household. The series was created and written by Heidi Thomas. The first series aired from 26 December 2010. Eileen Atkins appeared in the first series, but left her role before production on the second series began.

Region One DVDs
Upstairs, Downstairs was first released to Region One DVD in December 2001 by A&E Home Entertainment. During 2002, it released the remaining series and then released Thomas and Sarah on DVD in 2004. The individual releases have been collected into two boxed sets, the second of which, The Collector's Edition Megaset, also includes Thomas and Sarah. These are all out of print. In 2011, Acorn Media released Upstairs Downstairs: The Ultimate Collection, which includes Thomas and Sarah and 25 hours of special features in a 40th anniversary, 26-disc set.

Region Two DVDs
Upstairs, Downstairs was released on DVD by VCI in Region 2 (UK). The colour episodes of the first series were released in 2001 followed by the other series finishing in 2003. In 2004, the black-and-white episodes and the first episode with the original ending were released. Thomas & Sarah was released in matching packaging in 2004. In 2005, VCI stopped making these DVDs, none of which had included any extras.

Network Video released the entire programme series-by-series from 2005 to 2006. The episodes were remastered and the black-and-white episodes were put in chronological order in the first series. Some episodes also featured audio commentaries, the LWT logo, commercial bumpers and the original preceding countdowns. In addition, each series was accompanied by a special one-hour documentary relating to that series featuring new and archive interviews. The fifth series release also featured the 1975 documentary Russell Harty goes... "Upstairs, Downstairs". In 2006, a boxed set featuring all the DVDs was released.

DVDs of the series have also been released in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden.

Region Four DVDs
Universal DVD released all five series to DVD in Australia and New Zealand. These later were deleted. Timelife issued the series as a mail-order collection. ITV began re-releasing the series in Australia in January 2013.

The show is rated PG in New Zealand for its low-level violence.

title: Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)


text:
Kitauonuma District, Niigata

Niigata KitaUonuma-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Kitauonuma (北魚沼郡) was a district located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 5,549 with a density of 110.91 persons per km2. The total area was 357.29 km2.

Towns and villages
Prior to its dissolution on 3 March 2010, the district consisted of only one village:

 * Kawaguchi

 * Notes:

History

 * On 1954 - The areas now covering Ojiya were merged and elevated to city status.

Recent mergers

 * On November 1, 2004 - The towns of Horinouchi and Koide, and the villages of Hirokami, Irihirose, Sumon and Yunotani were merged to form the city of Uonuma.
 * On March 31, 2010 - The town of Kawaguchi was merged into the expanded city of Nagaoka. Therefore, Kitauonuma District was dissolved as the result of this merger.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kitauonuma District, Niigata


text:
Talk:Atomic force microscopy

TAG
I think this article should be tagged for review by an expert, it seems to be a bit incoherent. Akashag27 (talk) 16:58, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

I agree, it needs lots of editing, the references should be numerical, shouldn't they?--Jpeaton (talk) 15:19, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Detection Method
I think most AFM's (I know of, anyway) use the laser reflection detection method. Feel free to put back the interferometry if I'm wrong.

RE: Added some other possible detection methods. Although laser reflection is most common, things like interferometry, piezo-levers etc. are used as well in some (and growing) applications -- PMH, July 7, 2006

The original AFM as built by Binnig &co had an STM on the back to detect lever deflection. I think a few groups now are developing MEMS based levers for more accurate detection of deflection (although I can see this approach creating new problems the optical lever approach doesn't have). DJ

 * I fail to see how a longer cantilever amplifies changes in the beam angle. The cantilever would have to be extended beyond the scanning tip in order to amplify changes in the beam position (but not angle). Icek (talk) 18:28, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Imaging Modes
I tried to make the section on imaging modes more self-consistent using my experience with AFM and the already provided information. This section still needs a lot of work. Phancy Physicist (talk) 06:54, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Tapping Mode
Also, I think tapping mode is a trademark of DI/Veeco, but I'm not sure if it's "tapping mode" in general or "TappingMode" which they've got on their website - if someone is better informed, fill me in. --Bibble 13:58, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

RE: Tapping mode is not a registered trademark anymore(search for TappingMode on www.uspto.gov), however the Tapping patent by DI/Veeco is still maintained.

RE: Perhaps adding more information about phase imaging and how it can detect different materials on the surface.

RE: In my opinion, there should be a section on Non-contact AFM(NCAFM), which would include tapping mode as well. -- RK, October 20, 2007.

Re: This is easy enough to get around by renaming the section Intermittent Contact mode. -elypse Nov. 28 2007

Non-Contact Mode
I edited this section because it was too specific in that it focused NC-AFM around surfaces with adsorbed liquid only. My corrections were intended to generalize the description of NC-AFM and expand on NC-AFM as it applies to surfaces with adsorbed liquid. Jatosado (talk) 02:20, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Force
Perhaps this article should include what force is being measured? For an AFM its the van der waals interactions between the tip and the sample, but the article doesn't indictate this. 24.59.193.0 02:19, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The article claims Casimir forces are also used in AFM. This looks like impossible, Casimir forces are too little to be measured between plates the size of a door. Could somebody double-check this?

 * Definately literature on this. Don't have a reference to hand though...82.5.50.61 22:39, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Umar Mohideen at University of California Riverside has done substantial work on measuring the Casimir Force. I attened a talk he gave at Harvey Mudd College in which he discussed his use of an AFM to measure the Casimir Force. The setup is rather novel: an atomicly flat conductive substrate such as gold, a probe with a polystyrene sphere attached to the end, an AFM, and a system for ensuring the respective surfaces are electrically nuetral. I suggest searching the litereture if you are still skeptical. Keep in mind that the AFM can resolve features on the order nanometers. In other words the instrument is capable of very small movements in the z direction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.180.159.152 (talk) 20:53, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Except when it was, in 2001 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.041804 --A Shortfall Of Gravitas (talk) 00:22, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

Re: Force
The AFM isn't necessarily measuring the van der Waals interactions, it simply is measuring the deflection of the cantilever, of which some force is exerted on. What this implies can vary, you can get van der Waals interactions (depending if you control your experiment correctly and apply the applicable modeling theory), among/ other things, such as friction data, capillary forces, hardness of a material, etc.

Re2: Force
Added other forces besides van-der-Waals. Agree with writer above, AFM is just measuring whatever forces are present, depending on situation. Of course, Van-der-Waals is important, as it is the one force that is always present. Maybe a discussion of different forces & related techniques would be useful or would that be too much ? -- PMH, July 7, 2006

Nanolithography and nanomanipulation
Perhaps there should be a little more info on the ability for using AFM's for manipulation, for example nanolithography, or for moving around and cutting up large molecules like DNA?

--Kiwifish 04:51, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

RE: Here's a better link, nanolithography

Veeco Images

 * Image taken with Veeco Bioscope AFM

Microscope Images

 * AFM Gallery

Additional Modalities
The article does well in addressing the salient features of the instrument and the most prominent imaging methodologies, but there are many adaptations of the AFM: AFAM, RDF-AFUM, MFM, etc. I think it would be appropriate to expand the article to include, at least briefly, descriptions of these imaging methods. --Geodesic42

Most detailed molecule image
BBC. can someone who knows the subject matter well update either this or proper article for ITN purposes. thanks. If the image itself can be included then that would be great too. -- Ashish-g55 20:24, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

HSAFM?
Should there be a section concerning High-Speed AFM and it's advantages/disadvantages? HSAFM rfwebster (talk) 13:32, 18 March 2010 (UTC) There certainly should be. It's on my to do list. The Bristol/Infinitesima work is only a minor part of that. Allardkatan (talk) 00:08, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

Protein/Ligand interactions
In the article cited for biological utility for AFM (citation 11) at no point is there any discussion of protein-ligand interactions. I took the liberty of taking that part of the sentence out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.194.35.225 (talk) 08:06, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Images of molecules
Nearly four years ago, the popular media published this nice image of pentacene: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1209726/Single-molecule-million-times-smaller-grain-sand-pictured-time.html   "'This is the first time that all the atoms in a molecule have been imaged,' lead researcher Leo Gross said."

By now, shouldn't we have seen many more (and/or higher-quality) images of molecules? The lack of additional images makes me wonder whether the first image was a hoax. 174.24.17.119 (talk) 14:41, 21 January 2013 (UTC)
 * IBM later recorded images of other small molecules, like File:Olympicene AFM.jpg. Materialscientist (talk) 23:11, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

 * There was a nice writeup (abstract only unless you have access) about it in Physics Today recently, it's legit. a13ean (talk) 01:40, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I second this. I have seen images through a real atomic force microscope in first year, but where are all the images? I'm searching all over the internet and I'm disappointed in the lack of images of everything. ugh [EDIT: found this http://nano.em.keysight.com/index.php/image-library] 24.141.2.226 (talk) 00:21, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

Primary Image Caption Reads as though it's an Advertisement
It would appear the image has been added to the page by someone with commercial interests in Cypher, perhaps slightly more generic phrasing is in order? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.179.203.52 (talk) 14:53, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

Names of AFM modes for imaging topography
Noncontact AFM is a bit of a misnomer and the use of this term to describe an AFM mode for imaging topography in scientific literature has lost popularity in the past 5 or so years. It is more common to describe AFM modes for topographic imaging in in terms of the applied feedback mechanism i.e. Contact Mode AFM, Amplitude Modulation AFM, and Frequency Modulation AFM as opposed to Contact Mode, Tapping Mode, and Noncontact mode. I think the adjusted terminology should be applied to the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.211.178.4 (talk) 06:41, 26 February 2014 (UTC) I agree. I started a little bit on thiAllardkatan (talk) 00:10, 12 February 2016 (UTC)s but it needs work.

External links modified
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This article needs updating and improving
As a present for his 70th birthday, my father, Martijn Katan, asked me to edit a Wikipedia page. I naturally turned to the thing I know most about, the Atomic Force Microscope. As someone with 14 years of experience in using, designing and modifying AFMs, I see a lot of things wrong with this page. The structure is very confusing, some things are explained five times and others are completely left out. E.g. the fast force mapping methods that are becoming popular now are not even mentioned, even old school force volume is not in there. The strong link between AFM and many other SPM techniques like KPFM, SSRM, PFM etc is not clear. The list of applications is extremely limited. There are hardly any AFM images to illustrate the capabilities. The list goes on.

 * I have started doing a major overhaul, but I don't want to rewrite this whole page on my own, as this is not what Wikipedia is about. So I call on any AFM experts that read this page to help me improve it.Allardkatan (talk) 00:23, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

What is the velocity of AFM
When people move little groups of atoms together with software control, what is the velocity of that process?

The article does not yet say. I wrote a thing suggesting a little clump of atoms could be constructed every 1/10 of a second, (basically,on a platter put grouped atoms together that might form a superconductor with afm, then laser warm them to crystallize, then rotate the platter like a disk drive to detect meissner effect variations at a number of temperatures to find new superconductors, 1/10 of a second sample prep is 300 million samples a year) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.185.2.34 (talk) 17:26, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

One online reference says a diffraction grating can be imaged at one second. Another reference says a complex image like C60 is 1/3 of 200 seconds — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.185.2.34 (talk) 17:31, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Imaging is not the same as nanomanipulation. Moving a single atom over a few nm takes only a fraction of a second. However, preparing a surface such that you have the atoms you want in place, identifying the different atoms and figuring out how and where to move them can take anything between days and years.Allardkatan (talk) 00:06, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

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STM
In the paragraph "Other microscopy technologies", the abbreviation STM has not been defined. Is this Scanning Tunneling Microscope?

Mathyeti (talk) 20:29, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

Invention of AFM
"The AFM was invented by IBM scientists in 1982".

Where does the year 1982 come from? Most articles I have seen attribute its invention to the year 1986, and there is nothing in the cited article referencing the stated year. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cachinnus (talk • contribs) 03:54, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

Agreed, it was first described in 1986, in the paper "Atomic Force Microscope" by Binnig, Quate and Gerber, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 56, Pages 930-933.Jpeaton (talk) 15:33, 14 November 2018 (UTC)

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What's the purpose of this question?
What's the purpose of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy#What_is_the_topographic_image_of_atomic_force_microscope? question] ? Rizosome (talk) 14:47, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

May want to add info on C-AFM
The page on Conductive atomic force microscopy may want to be referenced in the "see also" section, and in the text. I'm not an expert on this topic nor experienced with Wiki edits so I don't feel comfortable doing so. MatthewJenkins02 (talk) 17:46, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atomic force microscopy


text:
Carbon black

Carbon black (with subtypes acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of coal tar, vegetable matter, or petroleum products, including fuel oil, fluid catalytic cracking tar, and ethylene cracking in a limited supply of air. Carbon black is a form of paracrystalline carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, albeit lower than that of activated carbon. It is dissimilar to soot in its much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio and significantly lower (negligible and non-bioavailable) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content.

Carbon black is used as a colorant and reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products; pigment and wear protection additive in plastics, paints, and ink pigment. It is used in the EU as a food colorant when produced from vegetable matter (E153).

The current International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation is that, "Carbon black is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B)". Short-term exposure to high concentrations of carbon black dust may produce discomfort to the upper respiratory tract through mechanical irritation.

Common uses
The most common use (70%) of carbon black is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires. Carbon black also helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life. Its low cost makes it a common addition to cathodes and anodes and is considered a safe replacement to lithium metal in lithium-ion batteries. About 20% of world production goes into belts, hoses, and other non-tire rubber goods. The remaining 10% use of carbon black comes from pigment in inks, coatings, and plastics, as well as being used as a conductive additive in lithium-ion batteries.

Carbon black is added to polypropylene because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which otherwise causes the material to degrade. Carbon black particles are also employed in some radar absorbent materials, in photocopier and laser printer toner, and in other inks and paints. The high tinting strength and stability of carbon black has also provided use in coloring of resins and films. Carbon black has been used in various applications for electronics. A good conductor of electricity, carbon black is used as a filler mixed in plastics, elastomer, films, adhesives, and paints. It is used as an antistatic additive agent in automobile fuel caps and pipes.

Carbon black from vegetable origin is used as a food coloring, known in Europe as additive E153. It is approved for use as additive 153 (Carbon blacks or Vegetable carbon) in Australia and New Zealand but has been banned in the US. The color pigment carbon black has been widely used for many years in food and beverage packaging. It is used in multi-layer UHT milk bottles in the US, parts of Europe and Asia, and South Africa, and in items like microwavable meal trays and meat trays in New Zealand.

The Canadian Government's extensive review of carbon black in 2011 concluded that carbon black could continue to be used in products – including food packaging for consumers – in Canada. This was because "in most consumer products carbon black is bound in a matrix and unavailable for exposure, for example as a pigment in plastics and rubbers" and "it is proposed that carbon black is not entering the environment in a quantity or concentrations or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health."

Within Australasia, the color pigment carbon black in packaging must comply with the requirements of either the EU or US packaging regulations. If any colorant is used, it must meet European partial agreement AP(89)1.

Total production was around 8100000 MT in 2006. Global consumption of carbon black, estimated at 13.2 million metric tons, valued at US$13.7 billion, in 2015, is expected to reach 13.9 million metric tons, valued at US$14.4 billion in 2016.

While distinct from soot and similar particulates, carbon black can be used as a model compound for diesel soot to better understand how diesel soot behaves under various reaction conditions. Carbon black and diesel soot have some similar properties such as particle sizes, densities, and copolymer adsorption abilities that contribute to them having similar behaviours under various reactions such as oxidation experiments.

Global consumption is forecast to maintain a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of 5.6% between 2016 and 2022, reaching 19.2 million metric tons, valued at US$20.4 billion, by 2022.

Reinforcing carbon blacks
The highest volume use of carbon black is as a reinforcing filler in rubber products, especially tires. While a pure gum vulcanization of styrene-butadiene has a tensile strength of no more than 2 MPa and negligible abrasion resistance, compounding it with 50% carbon black by weight improves its tensile strength and wear resistance as shown in the table below. It is used often in the aerospace industry in elastomers for aircraft vibration control components such as engine mounts.

Practically all rubber products where tensile and abrasion wear properties are important use carbon black, so they are black in color. Where physical properties are important but colors other than black are desired, such as white tennis shoes, precipitated or fumed silica has been substituted for carbon black. Silica-based fillers are also gaining market share in automotive tires because they provide better trade-off for fuel efficiency and wet handling due to a lower rolling loss. Traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wear properties, but the technology has gradually improved to a point where they can match carbon black abrasion performance.

Pigment
Carbon black (Color Index International, PBK-7) is the name of a common black pigment, traditionally produced from charring organic materials such as wood or bone. It appears black because it reflects very little light in the visible part of the spectrum, with an albedo near zero. The actual albedo varies depending on the source material and method of production. It is known by a variety of names, each of which reflects a traditional method for producing carbon black:
 * Ivory black was traditionally produced by charring ivory or bones (see bone char).
 * Vine black was traditionally produced by charring desiccated grape vines and stems.
 * Lamp black was traditionally produced by collecting soot from oil lamps.

All of these types of carbon black were used extensively as paint pigments since prehistoric times. Rembrandt, Vermeer, Van Dyck, and more recently, Cézanne, Picasso and Manet employed carbon black pigments in their paintings. A typical example is Manet's "Music in the Tuileries", where the black dresses and the men's hats are painted in ivory black.

Newer methods of producing carbon black have largely superseded these traditional sources. For artisanal purposes, carbon black produced by any means remains common.

Surface and surface chemistry
All carbon blacks have chemisorbed oxygen complexes (i.e., carboxylic, quinonic, lactonic, phenolic groups and others) on their surfaces to varying degrees depending on the conditions of manufacture. These surface oxygen groups are collectively referred to as volatile content. It is also known to be a non-conductive material due to its volatile content.

The coatings and inks industries prefer grades of carbon black that are acid-oxidized. Acid is sprayed in high-temperature dryers during the manufacturing process to change the inherent surface chemistry of the black. The amount of chemically-bonded oxygen on the surface area of the black is increased to enhance performance characteristics.

Use in lithium-ion batteries
Carbon black is a common conductive additive for lithium-ion batteries as the particles have small sizes and a large specific surface areas (SSA) which allow for the additive to be well distributed throughout the cathode or anode in addition to being cheap and long-lasting. Unlike graphite, which is one of the other common materials used in chargeable batteries, carbon black consists of crystal lattices that are further apart and promotes Li+ intercalation because it allows more pathways for lithium storage.

Carbon black has a low density that allows for a large volume of it to be dispersed so that its conductive effects are applied evenly throughout the battery. Furthermore, its arrangement of randomly distributed graphite-like crystals improves battery stability because of the decrease in the potential barrier of lithium intercalation into graphite, which ultimately affects the performance of cathodes.

While carbon black is lightweight and well dispersed throughout the battery and increases the conductive performance of batteries, it also contains oxygen containing hydrophilic functional groups that can cause side reactions to occur in the battery and lead to the decomposition of electrolyte. Graphitization (heating) of carbon black can thermally decompose the hydrophilic functional groups and thus increase the cycle life of the battery which maintains the conductive abilities of carbon black while mitigating the damage that can be caused to batteries by hydrophilic functional groups.

Half cells created with heavy graphitization, light graphitization, and no graphitization showed that the cell created with heavy graphitization had a stable cycle life of 320 cycles, the cell with light graphitization showed a stable cycle life of 200 cycles, and the cell with no graphitization showed a stable cycle life of 160 cycles.

Carcinogenicity
Carbon black is considered possibly carcinogenic to humans and classified as a Group 2B carcinogen because there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals with inadequate evidence in human epidemiological studies. The evidence of carcinogenicity in animal studies comes from two chronic inhalation studies and two intratracheal instillation studies in rats, which showed significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals. An inhalation study on mice did not show significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals. Epidemiologic data comes from three cohort studies of carbon black production workers. Two studies, from the United Kingdom and Germany, with over 1,000 workers in each study group showed elevated mortality from lung cancer. A third study of over 5,000 carbon black workers in the United States did not show elevated mortality. Newer findings of increased lung cancer mortality in an update from the UK study suggest that carbon black could be a late-stage carcinogen. However, a more recent and larger study from Germany did not confirm this hypothesis.

Occupational safety
There are strict guidelines available and in place to ensure employees who manufacture carbon black are not at risk of inhaling unsafe doses of carbon black in its raw form. Respiratory personal protective equipment is recommended to properly protect workers from inhalation of carbon black. The recommended type of respiratory protection varies depending on the concentration of carbon black used.

People can be exposed to carbon black in the workplace by inhalation and contact with the skin or eyes. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit) for carbon black exposure in the workplace at 3.5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 3.5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 1750 mg/m3, carbon black is immediately dangerous to life and health.

title: Carbon black


text:
Sandgate, Queensland

Sandgate is a northern coastal suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the, Sandgate had a population of 4,926 people.

The town became a popular destination for the people of Brisbane in the early 20th century and remains popular due to its coastline, including Lovers Walk along the bay between Sandgate and neighbouring Shorncliffe as well as Moora Park and Beach.

Geography
Sandgate is situated on the coastline, along Bramble Bay part of Moreton Bay. The western border of the suburb is marked by the Gateway Motorway.

The Shorncliffe railway line (part of the Queensland Rail City network) enters the suburb from the south-west (Deagon) and exits to the south (Shorncliffe) with Sandgate railway station in Chubb Street off Rainbow Street (-27.3222°N, 153.0695°W) serving the suburb.

The Deagon Wetlands are in the west of the suburb (-27.3156°N, 153.052°W); they are part of the North East Wetlands of Brisbane.

Dowse Lagoon is in the centre of the suburb (-27.3166°N, 153.0666°W). It was officially named on 15 November 1975 after Thomas Dowse who settled in the Sandgate area in 1853. Einbunpin Lagoon is a smaller lagoon to the south-east of Dowse Lagoon (-27.3193°N, 153.0677°W).

History
The Turrbul people inhabited the seashore, the creeks and lagoons from Nudgee Beach to the Pine River. They were a branch of the clan of the Yugarabul speaking people. This larger clan inhabited the area from North Brisbane and along the coastline of Nudgee, Sandgate to Caboolture. In their language the local Turrbal clan called their coastal land "Warra" meaning "an open sheet of water". This land is now called Shorncliffe, Sandgate and Brighton. Their existence depended upon their knowledge of the seasons and their surroundings. Spears, nullas and boomerangs were used in hunting and woven nets for fishing.

The British settlers originally called the area Cabbage Tree Creek (after the creek).

The town was named Sandgate by James Burnett, an early surveyor in the region after the seaside town of Sandgate in Kent, England. Sandgate in Kent had a military camp, Shorncliffe Camp, on top of the cliffs adjacent to it. Sandgate in Brisbane has an adjacent suburb called Shorncliffe named after the camp in Kent, again by Burnett, after the similarity of the cliffs.

Land in Sandgate became available on 9 November 1853, allowing a small seaside settlement to develop. One of the first structures built at Sandgate was a Native Police barracks, from where officers such as the Frederick Wheeler conducted punitive raids against local aboriginals.

On 25 May 1872, Robert Travers Atkin, a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, died at Sandgate following an illness of some months. At his request, At his request, he was buried in Sandgate on the crest of the rise on which he had enjoyed sitting under the shade of the trees and looking out onto Moreton Bay. His will provided £50 to build a church beside his grave. This church was the first St Margaret's church (and is now used as the rectory). A monument was erected to his memory by the members of the Hibernian Society of Queensland, of which he was vice-president.

In August 1873, a public meeting was held to establish a school. There were about 50 school-age children in Sandgate and nearly £70 was donated towards the establishment of a school. Sandgate State School opened on 15 September 1873 under teacher William R. Barfoot in the chapel of the first Baptist Church in Loudon Street (not to be confused with the Sandgate Baptist Church in Flinders Street which opened in 1887). The first permanent school building opened in 1874. By 1874, coach services connected Sandgate to Brisbane.

In December 1879, allotments in the Town of Sandgate were auctioned by John Cameron. A map advertising the auction states the land available was subdivisions 1 to 14, of allotments 8, 9, 10 and part of 7, Sec. 3, Town of Sandgate. The map shows allotments bordered by Friday, Yundah and Kate Streets, now in Shorncliffe.

In January 1880, a plan of subdivisions 1 to 32 of Portion 73, Town of Sandgate, was advertised for sale, with interested persons to apply to William Potts, Queen Street, Brisbane. The map advertising the sale includes the location of the proposed railway terminus, and situates the proposed subdivisions between a lagoon and the esplanade. Newspaper advertisements describe the proposed subdivisions as "choice marine villa sites".

On 29 April 1880, Sandgate was proclaimed a municipality known as the Borough of Sandgate. The Local Authorities Act 1902 replaced all Divisions and Boroughs with Towns and Shires, creating the Town of Sandgate on 31 March 1903. This new status meant a town council was formed to guide the development of the local area. Initially, the council chambers were located in Shorncliffe. However, following a fire which destroyed the council chambers in 1910, a much larger town hall was opened in 1911. The Sandgate Town Hall was extensively renovated in 2011 to mark the 100th anniversary of the hall. The Sandgate Town Council, which operated from 1880 to 1925, had to provide a range of services for the growing community. These included a fire department, ambulance, and sanitation facilities, as well as maintaining roads and regulating local development. In October 1925 the Town of Sandgate was amalgamated into the City of Brisbane.

A Church of England was built in Signal Row on the corner of Yundah Street (-27.3234°N, 153.0806°W), then the centre of the developing town. It was opened and dedicated on Sunday 12 December 1880 by Bishop Matthew Hale. It was a timber church 35 by 20 ft and able to accommodate 150 people. It was designed by architect FDG Stanley and built by contractors Woodward and Betts of Brisbane. In September 1886 it was announced that it would be dedicated to St Nicolas, the patron saint of sailors and sea-farers, a common practice in seaside towns. In 1887 it was enlarged which involved re-orienting the building on the block so the chancel was to the south rather than to the original east. In 1930 the undercroft was enclosed with bricks to form a church wall. The church closed in 1988. The Queensland Government purchased the church and incorporated it into Shorncliffe State School but subsequently demolished it due to extensive termite damage. Its stained glass windows were preserved and are now in St Margaret's Anglican Church.

The first Catholic Church was opened on 25 September 1881. It was a small brick building which remains in use as the office of the Sacred Heart Primary School.

The coming of the railway in 1882 promoted more rapid development of the Sandgate area. Travel to Brisbane by train could be completed in less than half an hour.

On 12 August 1882 the Garden Estate, Sandgate was advertised for auction by James R. Dickson. An estate map shows the 61 blocks making up the estate at the area bounded by Rainbow and Friday Streets.

The Sandgate Baptist church opened on the corner of Cliff Street and Flinders Parade in 1887. It has since undergone multiple restorations, yet has continued to remain in its original structure. It is no longer operating as a church, being now used as a child care centre.

On Sunday 25 September 1892, the new Sacred Heart Catholic Church was opened and blessed by Cardinal Francis Moran assisted by Archibshop of Brisbane Robert Dunne. The former church building was to be used to establish a school.

Sacred Heart Catholic School opened on Monday 23 January 1893 in the former church. It opened with an initial enrolment of 50 students was operated by three Sisters of Mercy from the All Hallows' Convent in Fortitude Valley. The first principal was Sister Mary Borgia. The school also provided boarding facilities for some years. A purpose-built school building was constructed in 1920. The school provided secondary education until 1980 when St John Fisher College opened in neighbouring Bracken Ridge. In 1995 principal Sister Mary O'Donoghue retired and Glenda Honan was appointed as the first lay principal. Land for a Methodist church was purchased in Brighton in 1914. In January 1917, a small Sunday school was opened on the site. In 1919, a Methodist church building was relocated from Killarney (where it had opened in 1902) to the Brighton site, where it was erected and officially opened on Saturday 5 June 1920. On Saturday 2 December 1939, 500 people attended the opening of a new church building by Reverend F. A. Malcolm, the President of the Methodist Conference. The previous church was relocated to the rear of the site to be used as a Sunday school hall. In 1977, the church joined in the amalgamation that created the Uniting Church in Australia becoming the Brighton Uniting Church. The church at 41 Deagon Street (-27.3136°N, 153.0628°W) was closed circa 1999, and was later sold and the church and hall (the former church) were converted into a house. It is now within the suburb boundaries of Sandgate. It is listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register.

On 27 December 1920, 33 building sites in the Nashville Heights Estate were advertised for auction by Lyons & Coaldrake. A map showing the allotments, which are in the area currently bounded by Alexandra Street, Nash Street, Darling Street and Borella Street, notes the blocks' proximity to the Sandgate Central Station, beach, state school and post office.

Sandgate boasted clean beaches that were a popular weekend destination, with thousands of people visiting from Brisbane to escape the heat. Boating, swimming and golf were the most common sporting activities. Moora Park (-27.3243°N, 153.0849°W) was the location for dances and open-air films.

Sandgate Library opened in 1952 with a major refurbishment in 1996.

The Sandgate Little Theatre Group was established in 1958. They perform in the Sandgate Town Hall. Now known as Sandgate Theatre Incorporated, this community theatre group hosts Brisbane's longest running community theatre festival, the Yarrageh Drama Festival, which is held in August and September each year at the town hall.

Sandgate Infants State School was separated from Sandgate State School in 1955. It was amalgamated back into Sandgate State School in 1971.

Sandgate District State High School opened on 26 January 1959. Due to delays in the construction of the first school building, the first classes were taught in the Sandgate Town Hall.

Sandgate Opportunity School opened on 26 April 1960. It was later renamed Sandgate Special School. It closed on 15 December 1995.

In June 1990, the Uniting Church in Australia congregations of Boondall, Brighton, Sandgate and Shorncliffe decided to amalgamate. Their new Sandgate Uniting Church in Deagon was opened in Sunday 20 November 1994.

Demographics
In the, Sandgate had a population of 4,626 people, 51.4% female and 48.6% male. The median age of the Sandgate population was 43 years, 6 years above the Australian median. 77.8% of people living in Sandgate were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 5.9%, New Zealand 3.7%, Scotland 0.8%, Ireland 0.6%, Philippines 0.5%. 92.1% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.5% German, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% French, 0.3% Filipino, 0.3% Italian.

In the, Sandgate had a population of 4,909 people.

In the, Sandgate had a population of 4,926 people.

Heritage listings
Sandgate has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 1 Bowser Parade (-27.321°N, 153.069°W): former Sandgate Post Office
 * 5 Brighton Road (-27.3206°N, 153.0705°W): former Sandgate Town Hall
 * 92 Brighton Road (-27.3169°N, 153.0668°W): Sacred Heart Catholic Church Precinct
 * 6–8 Flinders Parade (-27.3202°N, 153.0743°W): former Sandgate Baptist Church
 * 8 Seymour Street (-27.3206°N, 153.0698°W): Sandgate War Memorial Park
 * 138 Flinders Parade (-27.3155°N, 153.0698°W): Broadhurst, Sandgate

Education
Sandgate State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 54 Rainbow Street (-27.3208°N, 153.0658°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 479 students with 34 teachers (30 full-time equivalent) and 20 non-teaching staff (15 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Sacred Heart Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 92 Brighton Road (-27.3174°N, 153.0671°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 215 students with 21 teachers (17 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (6 full-time equivalent).

There are no secondary schools in Sandgate. The nearest government secondary schools are Sandgate District State High School in neighbouring Deagon to the south-west and Bracken Ridge State High School in neighbouring Bracken Ridge to the north-west.

Amenities
Most of Sandgate's facilities are located along Brighton Road, the main street in Sandgate, which include numerous banks, shops, services and a small shopping centre anchored by a Woolworths supermarket. Woolworths previously traded adjacent to the site of the centre until the opening of the new store in February 2009. The old Woolworths site has been redeveloped as an Aldi supermarket, opened in December 2013. The Sandgate railway station is a short walk from these facilities.

In 2009, the Sandgate Post Office was relocated to other premises and the heritage-listed building was sold. It was subsequently renovated and is now operating as the 4017 Bar & Grill (4017 being the postcode for Sandgate).

The Brisbane City Council operates a public library at 1 Seymour Street.

Despite its name, Sandgate Uniting Church is at 116 Board Street in neighbouring Deagon.

Recreational facilities in Sandgate include numerous parks, walking and bike tracks, and a municipal swimming pool on Flinders Parade.

Sport
The Sandgate Golf Club is located in Allpass Parade, Shorncliffe.

A number of sports teams represent the local area, including the Sandgate-Redcliffe Gators and Sandgate Football Club.

In 2005 Surf Connect Watersports Centre opened at 170 Flinders Parade. Other than kayak rentals, they introduced the sport of kitesurfing, windsurfing as well as standup paddling to the area.

The Police and Citizens Youth Club (PCYC) is located next to playing fields at the western end of Kempster Street. It runs regular Blue Light Discos and other social events, and is a centre for gymnastics, martial arts training and other sports. Anytime Fitness Gym is located at 27 Brighton Road.

Operating out of the PCYC is the Shorncliffe Pottery Club which started in nearby Shorncliffe over 30 years ago, and after some years at Sandgate Town Hall relocated to the PCYC.

Events
The Brisbane to Gladstone Yacht Race starts from Shorncliffe Pier every Easter. It is the highlight of the popular Bluewater Festival of arts and cultural events held throughout the district.

The Shorncliffe Pottery Club holds an annual exhibition named Expressions at Sandgate Town Hall each October, as well as participating with other local arts organisations, such as Sandgate Art Society (SasArt) and the Deagon-based Artrageous, in staging other art and culture events, including those which are part of the Bluewater Festival in the week before Easter each year.

Attractions
The Sandgate & District Historical Society & Museum is at 150 Rainbow Street (-27.3218°N, 153.0722°W) in a building that was formerly Mohoupts' General Store and a local funeral business.

title: Sandgate, Queensland


text:
William Morris Gallery

The William Morris Gallery is a museum devoted to the life and works of William Morris, an English Arts and Crafts designer and early socialist. It is located in Walthamstow at Water House, a substantial Grade II* listed Georgian home. The extensive grounds of the building are a public park, known as Lloyd Park.

Collections and exhibits
The William Morris Gallery holds the most comprehensive collection of objects relating to all aspects of Morris's life and work, including his work as a designer, a writer and a social activist.

The permanent exhibit is divided into 9 rooms:
 * 1. Meet the Man, Morris' early life and background;
 * 2. Starting Out, Morris' early works and his influences including Pre-Raphaelite artists and Art Critic John Ruskin;
 * 3. Morris & Co, the formation and ideal's of Morris' design company;
 * 4. The Workshop, the design and manufacturing techniques championed by Morris;
 * 5. The Shop, an interactive gallery exploring the experience of shopping for Morris' creations in Victorian London;
 * 6. Ideal Book, Morris' foray into printing and book design includes an original printing of Earthly Paradise by William Morris;
 * 7. Fighting for a Cause, Morris' social activism and socialist beliefs;
 * 8. Arts and Crafts, the movement that Morris founded;
 * 9. Frank Brangwyn, works from the student of William Morris.

The museum is also used as a learning facility with educational exhibitions from artists such as Eamon Everall of the stuckist movement.

History
Water House was constructed in 1762 and was Morris' family home in his teenage years from 1848 to 1856. The building and its grounds were sold on to newspaper proprietor Edward Lloyd in 1856, whose son donated the house and grounds (which then became Lloyd Park) to Walthamstow in 1900. The building was not opened as a museum until 1950, by Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

In 2007, as a result of cost saving exercises, by owners Waltham Forest Borough Council, the museum's opening hours were cut back to allow staffing to be reduced. This broke a stipulation of gifts by Sir Frank Brangwyn, that works should be on view for a minimum amount of time weekly. And a number of campaigners, including former Culture Secretary Chris Smith, were concerned that this would lead to the museum's closure.

Redevelopment

In March 2009 the Heritage Lottery Fund awarded the gallery £80,000 to enable detailed proposals for redevelopment. In Autumn 2010 this proposal was successful in securing a second funding of £1.523 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund, which was matched with £1.5 million from the London Borough of Waltham Forest. Subsequently, a major redevelopment was carried out.

The building was closed for refurbishment and redevelopment in 2011 and was reopened in August 2012.

The redevelopment of Water House, designed by architects and exhibition designers Pringle Richards Sharratt, included a new wing "inspired by Georgian & Victorian precedents" containing a 60 m2 gallery for temporary exhibitions as well as a tearoom with windows incorporating a Morris ‘Thistle’ frit pattern and a balcony that overlooks the gardens.

Grayson Perry's fifteen-metre long Walthamstow Tapestry was displayed for the first month after reopening.

Recognition
In 2013 the William Morris Gallery won national prizes for Museum of the Year, and the Museum and Heritage Shows's award for Best Permanent Exhibition.

Lloyd Park
The gardens of Water House, now known as Lloyd Park, are a public park maintained by Waltham Forest Borough Council. The park includes an area surrounded by a moat which pre-dates the Georgian house.

The park's facilities include a café, public toilets, artist studios, a play area, a bowls pavilion, tennis courts, skate park and basketball practice areas. The park also hosts a regular food market, Lloyd Park Market.

Waltham Forest Theatre
A pavilion was built in 1937, on the artificial island created by the moat, and converted into the Waltham Forest Theatre in 1972. The theatre was popular through to the 1990s and local actor Jack Watling presented several seasons of plays there. However, it eventually fell into disuse and was demolished in 2011 as part of wider redevelopment.

title: William Morris Gallery


text: Category:Thrash metal musical groups

title: Category:Thrash metal musical groups


text:
Upstairs Downstairs

Upstairs Downstairs may refer to:

Television

 * Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series), a British TV series broadcast on ITV from 1971 to 1975
 * Upstairs Downstairs (2010 TV series), a sequel of the ITV series broadcast on the BBC from 2010
 * "Upstairs/Downstairs" (Daredevil)

Music

 * Upstairs/Downstairs, a 2007 album by The Ergs!
 * Upstairs Downstairs, a 2000 live album by Radio Massacre International
 * "Upstairs Downstairs", a 1971 TV series theme song issued as a single by Mantovani 1973
 * "Upstairs, Downstairs", a song by Herman's Hermits from the 1967 album Blaze

Other uses

 * "Upstairs Downstairs", a maze game for the Unisys ICON

title: Upstairs Downstairs


text:
Justin Currie

Justin Robert Currie (born 11 December 1964) is a Scottish singer and songwriter best known as a founding member of the alternative rock band Del Amitri.

Del Amitri
Justin Currie was born in Glasgow and established the band Del Amitri in the early 1980s after putting up a sign in a music shop asking for other people who could play instruments to get in contact with him. In addition to being the lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the band, Currie also plays bass with them. Between 1985 and 2002, the band released six studio albums. Their single, "Nothing Ever Happens" reached No. 11 in the UK, and their 1995 single "Roll to Me" reached the top ten in both Canada and the US. Five Del Amitri albums have reached the Top 10 in the UK. Globally, Del Amitri have sold six million albums.

The Uncle Devil Show
Justin Currie with Kevin and Jim McDermott released the studio album A Terrible Beauty under the moniker the Uncle Devil Show in 2004.

Solo career
In addition to his career with Del Amitri, Currie is also a solo artist. In 2006 he was a special guest on Tom McRae's Hotel Cafe Tour. In 2005 he wrote and recorded an album with the working title Rebound. It was subsequently re-titled What Is Love For and released on Rykodisc on 8 October 2007. A single and extended play (EP) from the album, "No, Surrender", was released on 24 March 2008.

Currie's second solo studio album The Great War was released on 3 May 2010, a single titled "A Man with Nothing to Do" was released on 26 April 2010.

A third solo studio album, titled Lower Reaches, recorded in Texas, and was released on 19 August 2013. It is preceded by a free download of the track "Little Stars", plus a track released to radio in July 2013, "Bend to My Will". The album reached number 46 in the UK Albums Chart.

In 2017, he released his fourth studio album, This Is My Kingdom Now.

Solo discography

 * 2007: What Is Love For UK #106
 * 2010: The Great War UK #90
 * 2013: Lower Reaches UK #46
 * 2017: This Is My Kingdom Now UK #54

Family and personal life
Currie’s father John Currie was chorusmaster for the Royal Scottish National Orchestra Chorus from 1965 to 1984 and music director of the Los Angeles Master Chorale from 1986 to 1991.

Currie's cousin is singer-songwriter Nick Currie, known as "Momus".

As of 2013 Currie had been in a relationship for 13 years with his girlfriend Emma.

In 2024, Currie revealed that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's.

title: Justin Currie