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Locking differential

A locking differential is a mechanical component, commonly used in vehicles, designed to overcome the chief limitation of a standard open differential by essentially "locking" both wheels on an axle together as if on a common shaft. This forces both wheels to turn in unison, regardless of the traction (or lack thereof) available to either wheel individually.

When the differential is unlocked (open differential), it allows each wheel to rotate at different speeds (such as when negotiating a turn), thus avoiding tire scuffing. An open (or unlocked) differential always provides the same torque (rotational force) to each of the two wheels on that axle. Therefore, although the wheels can rotate at different speeds, they apply the same rotational force, even if one is entirely stationary, and the other spinning (equal torque; unequal rotational speed).

By contrast, a locked differential forces both left and right wheels on the same axle to rotate at the same speed under nearly all circumstances, regardless of the tractional differences at either wheel. Therefore, each wheel can apply as much rotational force as the traction under it will allow, and the torques on each side-shaft will be unequal. (Unequal torque, equal rotational speeds). Exceptions apply to automatic lockers, discussed below.

A locked differential can provide a significant traction advantage over an open differential, but only when the traction under each wheel differs significantly.

All of the above applies to central differentials as well as to those in each axle: full-time four-wheel-drive vehicles have three differentials, one in each axle, and a central one (called a "transfer case") between the front and rear axles.

Applications

 * Some utility vehicles such as tow trucks, forklifts, tractors, and heavy equipment use locking differentials to maintain traction, especially when driving on soft, muddy, or uneven surfaces. Lockers are common in agricultural equipment and military trucks. On some farm tractors, there is a pedal that can be stepped on with the operator's heel to lock the differential as needed.
 * Differential locking can also be used in the sport of drifting as an alternative to a limited-slip differential.
 * Four-wheel drive vehicles that drive off-road often use a locking differential to keep from getting stuck when driving on loose, muddy, or rocky terrain. Locking differentials are considered essential equipment for serious off-road driving. Many such vehicles have a locking differential on the central differential (between the front and rear axles), rear differential and front differential, or any combination of any of the three. Differential locks are also used on some "non-utility" four-wheel-drive vehicles (such as the Mitsubishi Shogun) to compensate for a relative lack of axle articulation (vertical wheel movement). High amounts of articulation are desirable for off-road driving, to allow the wheels to maintain ground contact over uneven surfaces, but this can lead to excessive body-roll at high speeds on the road, as well as vague steering. Such 4x4s often have suspension systems designed as a compromise between articulation and handling.  If articulation is limited, one wheel on an axle may be lifted off the ground by rough terrain, thus losing all traction to all wheels (all power goes to the lifted wheel, which spins freely).  A rear locking differential is often supplied to make up for this compromise – if a wheel is lifted off the ground, the locking differential can be activated, driving the wheel that remains on the ground.

Automatic lockers
Automatic lockers lock and unlock automatically with no direct input from the driver. Some automatic locking differential designs ensure that engine power is always transmitted to both wheels, regardless of traction conditions, and will "unlock" only when one wheel is required to spin faster than the other during cornering. These would be more correctly termed automatic unlocking differentials, because their at-rest position is locked. They will never allow either wheel to spin slower than the differential carrier or axle as a whole, but will permit a wheel to be over-driven faster than the carrier speed. The most common example of this type would be the Detroit Locker, made by Eaton Corporation, also known as the Detroit No-Spin, which replaces the entire differential carrier assembly. Others, sometimes referred to as lunchbox lockers, use the stock differential carrier and replace only the internal spider gears and shafts with interlocking plates. Both types of automatic lockers will allow for a degree of differential wheel speed while turning corners in conditions of equal traction, but will otherwise lock both axle shafts together when traction conditions demand it.
 * Pros: Automatic action, no stopping for engagement or disengagement is necessary when road conditions change.
 * Cons: Increased tire wear and noticeable impact on driving behaviour. During cornering, which half-axle is uncoupled is dependent on torque direction applied by the driveline. When the torque direction is reversed, the speed of the driveline is suddenly forced to change from the inner to the outer axle, accompanied by tire chirping and a strong jerk. During cornering, the automatic locker is characterized by heavy understeer which transitions instantly to power oversteer when traction is exceeded.

Some other automatic lockers operate as an open differential until wheel slip is encountered and then they lock up. These types generally use an internal governor to monitor vehicle speed and wheel slip. An example of this is the Eaton automatic locking differential (ALD), or Eaton automatic differential lock (ADL), developed by the Eaton Corporation and introduced in 1973 for GM's Rounded-Line C/K Series pickups and utilities. The Eaton ADL is sometimes incorrectly called the Gov-Lok, despite neither GM nor Eaton ever calling it by that name. Gov-Lok is rather an unofficial name of unknown origin that gained popularity over the years. Both Eaton and GM do not know where the name came from, and Eaton has made several unsuccessful attempts in the past to debunk the Gov-Lok name. An updated version of the old Eaton ADL design is still available from Eaton, now known as the Eaton mLocker mechanical differential lock.

Some other automatic lockers operate as an open differential until high torque is applied, at which point they lock up. This style generally uses internal gears systems with very high friction. An example of this is the ZF sliding pins and cams type available for use in early Volkswagens.

Selectable lockers MRT

Selectable lockers allow the driver to lock and unlock the differential at will from the driver's seat. This can be accomplished in many ways.
 * Compressed air (pneumatics).
 * Cable-operated mechanism as is employed on the "Ox Locker".
 * Electronic solenoids and (electromagnetics) like Eaton's "ELocker". However, OEMs are beginning to offer electronic lockers as well. Nissan Corporation's electric locker can be found as optional equipment on the Frontier (Navara), Xterra, and Titan.  Ford offers an electronic rear locker on the F-series and Ranger trucks, as well as the fullsize Bronco.  Toyota currently offers a rear e-locker on the Tacoma, 4Runner, and Tundra (2022+) (TRD Off-Road and TRD Pro trims only), but has also offered front and rear e-lockers on vehicles such as the Land Cruiser in the past.
 * Pros: Allows the differential to perform as an "open" differential for improved drivability and maneuverability, and provides full locking capability when it is desirable or needed.
 * Cons: Mechanically complex with more parts to fail. Some lockers require the vehicle to stop for engagement.  Needs human interaction and forward-thinking regarding upcoming terrain.  Unskilled drivers often put massive stress on driveline components when leaving the differential in locked operation on terrain not requiring a locker.

Spool
A spool or full spool (in contrast to mini-spool) is a device that connects the two axles directly to the ring gear. There is no differentiation side to side, so a vehicle equipped with a spool will bark tires in turns and may become unmanageable in wet or snowy weather. Spools are usually reserved for competition vehicles not driven on the street.

Mini-spool uses the stock carrier and replaces only the internal components of the differential, similar in installation to the lunchbox locker. A full spool replaces the entire carrier assembly with a single machined piece. A full spool is perhaps the strongest means of locking an axle, but has no ability to differentiate wheel speeds whatsoever, putting high stress on all affected driveline components.

The internal spider gears of an open differential can also be welded together to make a locked axle; this method is not recommended as the welding process seriously compromises the metallurgical composition of the welded components, and can lead to failure of the unit under stress.

Disadvantages
Because they do not operate as smoothly as standard differentials, automatic locking differentials are often responsible for increased tire wear. Some older automatic locking differentials are known for making a clicking or banging noise when locking and unlocking as the vehicle negotiates turns. This is annoying to many drivers. Automatic locking differentials also affect the ability of a vehicle to steer, particularly if a locker is located in the front axle. Aside from tire scuffing while turning any degree on high friction (low slip) surfaces, locked axles cause understeer and, if used on the front axle, will increase steering forces required to turn the vehicle. Furthermore, automatically locking differentials can cause a loss of control on ice where an open differential would allow one wheel to spin and the other to hold, while not transferring power. An example of this would be a vehicle parked sideways on a slippery grade. When both wheels spin, the vehicle will break traction and slide down the grade.

Alternatives
Limited-slip differentials (LSD) are considered a compromise between a standard differential and a locking differential because they operate more smoothly, and they do direct some extra torque to the wheel with the most traction compared to a standard differential, but are not capable of 100% lockup.

Traction control systems are also used in many modern vehicles, either in addition to, or as a replacement of, locking differentials. Examples include: Volkswagen's electronic differential lock (EDL), Opel's TC+ installed for the first time in Opel Astra G (2001), et cetera. This is not in fact a differential lock, but operates at each wheel. Sensors monitor wheel speeds, and if one is rotating more than a specified number of revolutions per minute (e.g. 100) than the other (i.e. slipping) the traction control system momentarily brakes it. This transfers more power to the other wheel, but still employs the open differential, which is the same as on cars without the EDL option. If all drive wheels lose traction, then throttle control may be automatically applied. Electronic traction control systems may be integrated with anti-lock braking systems, which have a similar action on braking and use some similar components. Such systems are used for example on the most recent Nissan Pathfinder, Land Rover Defender, Land Rover Freelander, the McLaren P1 and the McLaren 650s.

Welded differential (commonly referred to as welded diff), the gears in a (open) differential are welded together as to function as if there was no differential. This is a cheap alternative for offroading or drifting.

Individual wheel drive (IWD), using separate engines, motors and/or gearboxes for each wheel in a vehicle, so that there is no need for torque distribution with drivetrain components from a centralised location.

title: Locking differential


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Sammy Kaye

Sammy Kaye (born Samuel Zarnocay Jr.; March 13, 1910 – June 2, 1987) was an American bandleader and songwriter, whose tag line, "Swing and Sway with Sammy Kaye", became one of the most famous of the Big Band Era. The expression springs from his first hit single in 1937, "Swing and Sway" (U.S. no. 15). He was the first to record and release the standard "Blueberry Hill" in 1940. During World War II, he co-wrote and recorded the anthemic "Remember Pearl Harbor" (U.S. No. 3). He was the first to record and release the no. 1 song "Daddy" in 1941. His signature tune was "Harbor Lights", a number-one hit in 1950.

Biography
Kaye, born in Lakewood, Ohio, United States, graduated from Rocky River High School in Rocky River, Ohio. At Ohio University in Athens, Ohio he was a member of Theta Chi fraternity. Kaye could play the saxophone and the clarinet, but he never featured himself as a soloist on either instrument.

A leader of one of the so-called "Sweet" bands of the Big Band Era, he made a large number of records for Vocalion Records, RCA Victor, Columbia Records, Bell Records, and the American Decca record label. He was also a hit on radio. Kaye was known for an audience participation gimmick called "So You Want to Lead a Band?" where audience members would be called onto stage in an attempt to conduct the orchestra, with the possibility of winning batons. Kaye was also known for his use of "singing of song titles", which was emulated by Kay Kyser and Blue Barron.

He was the first to record and release "Blueberry Hill" in 1941, a song which became a standard in several genres, including pop, jazz, Big Band, Swing, and rock and roll.

He was also the first to record and release the classic song "Daddy" in 1941, which hit no. 1 and which was recorded by other bands and singers.

Shortly after the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941, Sammy Kaye wrote the music and Don Reid wrote the words to "Remember Pearl Harbor", the tune of which was based on Ohio University's "Alma Mater". On December 17, 1941, RCA Victor recorded the song, with Sammy Kaye's Swing and Sway Band and The Glee Club. The 78 single was released in 1942, reaching no. 3 on the charts.

By 1955, Sammy Kaye was also featured five times a week on several national radio networks through the RCA Thesaurus transcription service.

His band members included Ralph Flanagan. Singers included Don Cornell (not related to Dale Cornell), Billy Williams (the country music singer with the Pecos River Rogues), Tommy Ryan, Gary Willner, Barry Frank, Tony Russo, and Nancy Norman. All members of the band sometimes sang backing vocals in various combination as the "Kaydets". Although his musicians were always competent, the jazz critic George T. Simon described them as "magnificently trained and exceedingly unoriginal".

Television
Kaye had the following shows on network television:
 * The Sammy Kaye Show on CBS Television (1951–52)
 * The Sammy Kaye Show on NBC Television (summer 1953)
 * So You Want to Lead a Band on ABC Television (1954–55)
 * Sammy Kaye's Music From Manhattan on ABC (1958–59)

Death
Kaye died at Valley Hospital in Ridgewood, New Jersey. His body was returned to Lakewood, Ohio and after a Mass at St. Christopher Catholic Church in Rocky River, he was buried in the family plot next to his parents at Lakewood Park Cemetery. Prior to his death in 1987, Sammy Kaye left his orchestra to Roger Thorpe of New Paltz, New York. Thorpe, an accomplished music professor at SUNY Dutchess and director of the Dutchess Jazz Ensemble, knew Sammy from over the years. Thorpe operates the orchestra to this day.

In popular culture

 * In October 1939, Kaye's "sweet band" sound was satirized by Charlie Barnet and his Orchestra with the song "The Wrong Idea (Swing and Sweat with Charlie Barnet)" written by Charlie Barnet and Billy May.

Compositions
Sammy Kaye wrote or co-wrote the following songs: "Remember Pearl Harbor" (U.S. No. 3), "Until Tomorrow (Goodnight, My Love)" (U.S. No. 10), "Belmont Boogie", "Kaye's Melody", "Wanderin'" (U.S. No. 11), "I Gotta See a Dream About a Girl", "I Miss Your Kiss" and "Bottoms Up (Let's Have a Ball)" with Sunny Skylar, "The Midnight Ride", and "Hawaiian Sunset". "I Miss Your Kiss" was released as a U.S. War Department V-Disc in May, 1945 as 433A during World War II for American troops overseas.

Filmography

 * Song of the Open Road (1944)
 * Iceland (1942)

Legacy
Kaye was posthumously inducted into the Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame in 1992, and for his contribution to the recording industry has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sammy Kaye


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User talk:Jim Henry

 * archive to March 2005
 * archive to August 2005

The Wood Beyond the World by William Morris
What is your source for dating this 1892? ISFDB dates 1894, and the London edition is dated 1895.

Regards. Septentrionalis 01:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If you look at the history, you'll see it was already dated 1892 before I edited the article. Don't assume that the last person who edited an article takes responsibility for the accuracy of everything in it. --Jim Henry | Talk 14:11, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough; I just saw you were inserting systematically, and concluded that you had a source that wasn't obvious to me. For all I know, 1892 is provably when Morris actually wrote it, for example. I wanted to make sure before I made a fool of myself; that's all. Septentrionalis 19:55, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No unobvious source; I just happen to notice that two books of his that I own weren't mentioned in the article, so I added them without taking time to look up their dates. --Jim Henry | Talk 22:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Voting on conlangs has started
Since you've been part of the discussion I thought I'd let you know. Do spread the word to others who would like to vote on it too. --Kaleissin 14:11:12, 2005-08-29 (UTC)

Re: natlangs failing corpus size
Many languages still have no written corpus whatsoever (not even a grammatical description in some other language) and in many areas missionaries have become unwanted (I don't know why but I can guess) so no gospel of Mark, furthermore, the missionaries' grasp of the language and general linguistics varies to the point that the gospel of Mark is really for an unintentional conlang... see the history of Tolomako as compared to Sakao. --Kaleissin 16:07:47, 2005-08-29 (UTC)

 * Of course, you're right. I wasn't thinking clearly.  But I'm still not sure how the lack of written corpus on the part of some natlangs is relevant to this criteria re: conlang verifiability and notability.  --Jim Henry | Talk 16:13, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Catholic Encyclopedia
Thank you for your contributions to the Catholic Encyclopedia project. While I'm not Catholic, or not even religious I think incorporation of the information of this public domain source is important and appreciate your efforts. Reflex Reaction 05:58, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You'll also be happy to know that I've done a lot of revision on the Bible translations page, as well as adding your Catholic Encyclopedia link to it. --J. J. 06:55, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Conlang WikiProject
Hello!

It has recently been brought to my attention that you might be interested in participating in the new WikiProject concerning constructed languages. The project has been created to observe, maintain, organize and improve all articles on Wikipedia relating to constructed languages. If you are interested, please add your name to the "Participants" section, and also feel free to add anything to the project page, the to-do list, or leave a comment on the talk page. Also, please check out the constructed languages portal.

Thank you!

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Catholic Bias in Wikipedia
Hello!. You post derogatory terms toward evangelicals in Bible Society article,but delete PROVED references to persecution against evangelicals. Why?. Wikipedia is a catholic ministry?. Evangelicals hadn`t any human rights?. Do you endorse persecution from evangelicals?.

(above unsigned comment by User talk:Guillen)

 * I don't understand what part of my recent edit to Bible society you consider "derogatory terms toward evangelicals". Can you quote the specific phrases or sentences you object to?  And I did not delete the references to persecution of evangelicals, but commented them out because (1) they were phrased in inflammatory, non-NPOV terms, and (2) I didn't have time to read the sources and rewrite the text in a more neutral mode.  "endured violent persecution by Catholics hordes instigated by Hierarchy" is both inflammatory ("hordes") and a bit vague.

The older text I restored, -- "Also, until the development of ecumenical Bible translations (by joint committees of Catholic and Protestant translators) in recent decades, Catholics were suspicious of Protestant Bible translations, which they saw as biased and inaccurate compared with Church-approved translations by Catholic scholars." -- is not derogatory toward evangelicals, but is (as best as I can phrase it) a NPOV statement about what Catholics have said about some Protestant Bible translations. Jim Henry 15:30, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

You are using wikipedia as an proselytist media for catholicism. I will report you to Jimbo Wales. Your comments are NO neutral,and are very defamotories against evangelicals.

According to you, PROVEN persecution by catholics must to be written only in politically correct -and previously aproved by Catholic League- terms?. And you think to delete the article on Holocaust,because it is no neutral toward nazis?.

You don`t have time for reading sources and documents,but edit and delete articles linked to these same documents?. Tries to be serious,some people writing here are serious and mature people,no lazy teenagers as you.

(above unsigned comment by Guillen)

 * I will admit to being lazy, but I haven't any connection with the Catholic League and I unfortunately haven't been a teenager for a while now. I will be happy to consider revising or removing any comments of mine that you consider "defamotories against evangelicals" if you will quote specific comments you consider defamatory, instead of just repeating the charge in the same vague terms.

 * I just reverted part of your changes to Bible society -- you seem to keep making the same ungrammatical and (in my opinion) inflammatory edits after User:BigDT reverts them -- but I tried to keep the most useful parts you added. Let me know if the compromise merge is acceptable to you.  I kept most or all of your links and references, but moved them to the references and external links section out of the body of the article.

 * Probably Talk:Bible society would be a more suitable place to continue this conversation. --Jim Henry 14:20, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Andrew Drummond (artist)
Hi nice painter but look at the bottom of the Andrew Drummond (artist) page for how to categorize this is very important. Ernst Stavro Blofeld 15:21, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Can you point me to a page that has a concise list of all the stub template names?   I can't usually remember the ones for areas I don't often work in. --Jim Henry 12:59, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Plutarch's Influence on Shakespeare
Hello Jim. I read your comments in the Talk page of the Plutarch article where you talked about Plutarch's influence on Shakespeare and give a reference. Would you mind writing a paragraph specifically on how Shakespeare used Plutarch, since that is one of the most famous of of Plutarch's influencees? I'm currently trying to upgrade the Plutarch article. Your help would be much appreciated. BiancaOfHell 16:06, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Again, I'm at work and don't have the Michael Grant book handy. But I recently ran across another reference, in the introduction or foreword to an online etext of Plutarch -- one of the Plutarch editions at Project Gutenberg. --Jim Henry 17:32, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Recent deletion of Category:Esperantists up for review
In case you'd like to chime in, go here. -- Orange Mike 18:09, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Esperanto II
Hi Jim,

As a start to fixing up the Esperanto II article, I tried translating the sample passage. (I did the same for the eo-wiki article.) Most of it is pretty straightforward, and you can catch glimpses of the grammatical regularity Saussure created, but there are two words I can't ID, lo and tiente (also the suffix -ente in general, which also occurs on pliente). Could you take a stab at it?

Thanks, kwami (talk) 23:36, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

In regards to your discussion on "'Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur'....
Hi, My name is Jared and I am fairly new to using Wikipedia as a tool for information. I really just started using it because I read a book with the phrase "mudus vult decipi" and the meaning seemed a valid point, therefore I have been researching it. If you hav'nt heard or read "Killing time" by Caleb Carr, it may be of intrest to you. I've found it to be a great read into the posibility of our ever changing world. Don't know if this makes sense or even does anything, but I am a young person with a thirst for knowledge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JBradford87 (talk • contribs) 17:54, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Ithkuil
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Ithkuil. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Jim Henry! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:28, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Nina Kiriki Hoffman -

GA reassessment of Toki Pona
I have conducted a reassessment of the above article following a request on the talk page. You are being notified as you have made a number of contributions to the article. I have found some concerns which you can see at Talk:Toki Pona/GA2. I have placed the article on hold whilst these are fixed. Thanks. –– Jezhotwells (talk) 00:35, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Deletion request for Glossary of terms in the Jean le Flambeur series
You may be interested in commenting on the deletion request for this article, as you have previously contributed to it. Thanks, Pete Tillman (talk) 23:28, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for May 1
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Sources of the Ditransitive verb's edition of September the 12th 2008
Hello. I'm looking for your sources for your sources on calling the subject of ditransitive verbs D for donnor, and I can't find that nomenclature in the articles that appear on the reference. From what I've seen, everyone uses Dryer's nomenclature that does not distinguish D from A. Is it from an obscure or disabled source (I've seen that some sources don't exist anymore)? Or is it an innovation of yours? Thank you in advance. --Rmmarto (talk) 01:27, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

 * It's not an innovation of mine, but it's been so long since I studied this that I don't remember where I found that terminology used. My guess is that it was some linguistics article that someone linked from a mailing list I'm on, but finding it again after all this time, if I didn't link it in the WP article, will be impossible. --Jim Henry (talk) 17:37, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

"Versions of the Bible" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:Jim Henry


text:
Carolco Pictures

Carolco Pictures, Inc. was an American independent film studio that existed from 1976 to 1995, founded by Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna. Kassar and Vajna ran Carolco together until 1989, when Vajna left to form Cinergi Pictures. Carolco hit its peak in the 1980s and early 1990s, with blockbuster successes including the first three films of the Rambo franchise, Field of Dreams, Total Recall, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Basic Instinct, Universal Soldier, Cliffhanger and Stargate. Nevertheless, the company was losing money overall and required a corporate restructuring in 1992. The 1995 film Cutthroat Island, intended to be a comeback for the studio, instead lost $147 million and brought the company to an end.

Early years
The company was founded through the partnership of two film investors, Mario Kassar and Andrew Vajna. The two were hailed by Newsweek as some of the most successful independent producers. By the age of 25, Vajna went from wig-maker to the owner of two Hong Kong theaters. Then, Vajna ventured into the production and distribution of feature films. One of Vajna's early productions was a 1973 martial-arts film entitled The Deadly China Doll which made $3.7 million worldwide from a $100,000 budget.

Their goal was to focus on film sales, with their first venture being The Sicilian Cross; eventually it went into financing low-budget films. Their earliest films were produced by American International Pictures and ITC Entertainment with Carolco's financial support, and co-produced with Canadian theater magnate Garth Drabinsky. The name "Carolco" was purchased from a defunct company based in Panama, and according to Kassar, "it has no meaning."

Rise
Carolco's first major success was First Blood (1982), an adaptation of David Morrell's novel of the same name. Kassar and Vajna took a great risk buying the film rights to the novel (for $385,000) and used the help of European bank loans to cast Sylvester Stallone as the lead character, Vietnam War veteran John Rambo, after having worked with him on the John Huston film Escape to Victory (1981). The risk paid off after First Blood made $120 million worldwide, and placed Carolco among the major players in Hollywood.

On May 15, 1984, Carolco Pictures entered into a long-term agreement with then-up-and-coming film distributor and fledging studio Tri-Star Pictures, with Tri-Star distributing Carolco's films in North America; HBO (a partner in the Tri-Star venture) handled pay cable TV rights, and Thorn EMI Video (later, HBO/Cannon Video) handled North American home video distribution rights. The first film under the agreement was Rambo: First Blood Part II. TriStar released the majority of Carolco's films from that point on in the U.S. and some other countries until 1994.

The sequel Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985), was timed for the 10th anniversary of the United States' exit from the Vietnam War; that event garnered publicity for the new film, which also became a hit. Tri-Star and Carolco would eventually renew their partnership in 1986, which called for Tri-Star to distribute upcoming Carolco product, including Rambo III, in a new multi-feature agreement.

The release of the two Rambo films were so instrumental to Carolco's financial success that the studio focused more on big-budget action films, with major stars such as Stallone (who later signed a ten-picture deal with the studio) and Arnold Schwarzenegger attached. These films, aimed at appealing to a worldwide audience, were financed using a strategy known as "pre-sales", in which domestic and foreign distributors invested in these marketable films in exchange for local releasing rights.

Carolco entered home video distribution as well. Independent video distributor International Video Entertainment (IVE) was going through financial difficulties and was near bankruptcy. In 1986, Carolco purchased IVE in the hopes of "turning the company around." The deal was finalized a year later. This resulted in Carolco paying $43 million to HBO/Cannon Video (successor to Thorn-EMI Video) in exchange for the video rights to two of Carolco's upcoming releases, Angel Heart and Extreme Prejudice, allowing Carolco to relicense the pictures to IVE. IVE merged with another distributor, Lieberman, and became LIVE Entertainment in 1988.

Fueled by the success of Rambo and their other offerings, Carolco expanded into various other business sectors over the next few years. This included video retail holdings, licensing of their IP, an international division (which included deals with John Carpenter and Alive Films, as well as Canada's Alliance Entertainment Corporation),  and television production and distribution via the buyout of independent syndicator Orbis Communications. In addition to its own library, Carolco also held the television rights to the films of Hemdale Film Corporation (including The Terminator and The Return of the Living Dead), Alive Films (including Kiss of the Spider Woman), HBO Premiere Films (including The Glitter Dome), and future subsidiary The Vista Organization.

Carolco also attempted to buy troubled film distributor Orion Pictures and home video distributor Media Home Entertainment, but these deals failed. They also purchased the former De Laurentiis Entertainment Group production facility in Wilmington, North Carolina.

Vajna sold his share of Carolco in December 1989 for $106 million to Kassar due to increasing disagreement with Kassar over the direction of the company. That November, Vajna formed Cinergi Pictures, with The Walt Disney Company as a distribution partner. Kassar's ownership of the company increased to 62%.

1990–1994
In 1990, Pioneer Electric Corporation of Japan acquired a share in Carolco.

Carolco acquired the rights to make a sequel to The Terminator from Hemdale in 1990 (the company already had the television rights to the original film courtesy of its television distribution deal with Hemdale). The company re-hired Terminator director James Cameron (who had worked as a screenwriter on Rambo II) and Arnold Schwarzenegger to star in a multi-million-dollar budgeted sequel, Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). It was the highest-grossing film of the year and the most successful film in Carolco's history. Halfway through the year, Carolco entered into a joint venture with New Line Cinema to start Seven Arts, a distribution company which primarily released much of Carolco's low-budget output. In 1991, syndicator Orbis Communications was renamed to Carolco Television, to better emphasize the Carolco connection. Also around this time, Carolco Home Video was established, with LIVE Entertainment as output partner.

Carolco struggled for some years to secure the rights to Spider-Man, a property that Cameron was keen to produce as a film. Plans fell through, though Columbia Pictures would eventually produce several Spider-Man films. Toward the end of shooting True Lies, Variety carried the announcement that Carolco had received a completed screenplay from Cameron. This script bore the names of Cameron, John Brancato, Ted Newsom, Barry [sic] Cohen and "Joseph Goldmari", a typographical scrambling of Menahem Golan's pen name, "Joseph Goldman", with Marvel executive Joseph Calimari. (Golan had previously, and unsuccessfully, tried to produce a Spider-Man film for his own studio, Cannon Films.) The script's text was identical to what Golan had submitted to Columbia the previous year, with the addition of a new 1993 date. Cameron stalwart Arnold Schwarzenegger was frequently linked to the project as the director's choice for Doctor Octopus. As late as 1995, Internet industry sources such as Baseline Hollywood still listed both Neil Ruttenberg (author of one of the 1990 "Doc Ock" variations submitted to Columbia) and Cameron as co-writers.

Carolco also attempted to make Bartholomew vs. Neff, a comedy film that was to have been written and directed by John Hughes and would have starred Sylvester Stallone and John Candy.

Decline and collapse
Though Carolco made several successful films through the 1990s, including Total Recall, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and Basic Instinct, the studio was gradually losing money as the years went on. Carolco mixed blockbusters with small-budget arthouse films which were not profitable. In addition, the studio was criticized for overspending on films through reliance on star power and far-fetched deals (Schwarzenegger received a then-unheard-of $10–14 million for his work on Total Recall and Terminator 2: Judgment Day; Stallone also had similar treatment). Losses of partnerships also threatened Carolco's stability and drove it towards bankruptcy.

In 1992, Carolco went under a corporate restructuring, invested in by a partnership of Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera of Italy, Le Studio Canal+ of France, Pioneer, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Each partner helped infuse up to $60 million into the studio's stock and another $50 million for co-financing deals. MGM also agreed to distribute Carolco products domestically after a previous deal with TriStar expired. In 1993, Carolco was forced to sell its shares in LIVE Entertainment to a group of investors led by Pioneer; it was later renamed Artisan Entertainment, which was bought by Lions Gate Entertainment in 2003.

Cutbacks at Carolco also forced the studio to make a deal with TriStar over the funding of the Stallone action film Cliffhanger: Carolco would have to sell full distribution rights in North America, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, and France to TriStar in exchange for half of the film's budget. Although a major box-office success, Carolco saw little revenue from Cliffhanger since it ended up becoming a minority owner in the film. Before plans to produce their own Spider-Man film with James Cameron fell through, the studio filed a lawsuit against Columbia Pictures and Viacom in an attempt to gain the home video and television rights to Spider-Man, but the suit backfired when Columbia and Viacom counter-sued Carolco, and the studio also became sued by MGM. Since court did not rule in their favor, these lawsuits caused Carolco to lose an additional amount of money, along with the film rights to Spider-Man. Carolco's attempt to make more of its specialties proved to be more strenuous: the studio had to shelve Crusade, an upcoming Schwarzenegger vehicle based on a script by Walon Green and with Paul Verhoeven attached as director, in 1994 when the budget exceeded $100   million. However, Carolco was able to complete a merger with The Vista Organization in late October 1993.

Carolco attempted a comeback with the big-budget swashbuckler Cutthroat Island, with Michael Douglas in the lead. Douglas dropped out early in its production and was replaced by the less-bankable Matthew Modine. Geena Davis, cast as the female lead through her ties with then-husband, the director Renny Harlin, was already an established A-lister but was coming off a string of flops. MGM hoped to advertise Cutthroat Island based on spectacle rather than cast. In an attempt to raise more financing for the projected $90–100   million film, Carolco sold off the rights to several films in production, including Last of the Dogmen, Stargate and Showgirls. In October 1994, Carolco ran out of funds and Pioneer invested another $8 million. In April 1995, Carolco announced that it was unable to make interest payments on $55 million of debt. In November 1995, Carolco filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Cutthroat Island was released that Christmas and became a box-office disaster. Carolco agreed to sell its assets to 20th Century Fox for $50 million. But when Canal+ made a $58 million bid for the library in January 1996, Fox, which by then lowered their purchase price to $47.5 million, dropped their deal.

A new partnership was formed between Carolco's owner (Mario Kassar) and Cinergi's owner (Andrew G. Vajna) in 1998. The duo formed C2 Pictures and produced Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines and Basic Instinct 2, among other films.

2015–2017: Resurrection of Carolco brand
Film producer Alexander Bafer purchased the Carolco name and logo years later. On January 20, 2015, Bafer renamed his production company Carolco Pictures, formerly known as Brick Top Productions. Bafer then recruited Mario Kassar as the chief development executive of the new Carolco. However, on April 7, 2016, it was announced that both Bafer and Kassar had left the company, Kassar taking with him one of Carolco's planned projects, a remake of the 1999 Japanese horror film Audition which he was producing. Investor Tarek Kirschen was then inducted as Carolco's CEO. In 2017, StudioCanal and Carolco reached an agreement whereby StudioCanal would have sole control of the Carolco name and logo and the Carolco Pictures company would be renamed Recall Studios. That agreement settled a legal dispute over the Carolco mark brought by StudioCanal. The arrangement took effect on November 29 of that year.

Carolco's library
After its bankruptcy, the assets of Carolco were sold off to other companies, most already sold during Carolco's existence. In March 1996, Canal+ purchased the library in bankruptcy court for a value of approximately $58 million. The ancillary rights to Carolco's library (up to 1995 with certain exceptions) are held by French production company StudioCanal, since its parent company, Canal+ Group, owned a stake in Carolco, eventually buying out its partners.

On September 17, 1991, Multimedia Entertainment acquired selected assets of Carolco's television distribution unit Orbis Communications, which included the telefilm subsidiary Carolco Television Productions.

In 1992, Carolco Pictures licensed television distribution rights to its library to Spelling Entertainment's Worldvision Enterprises in order to pay off debt. In North America, with certain exceptions, those rights are held by Paramount Television Studios through Trifecta Entertainment & Media as the successor to Spelling/Worldvision. All other rights in terms of home video were (and for a majority of the library, still are) licensed to Lionsgate under an ongoing deal with StudioCanal. Lionsgate, in turn, licensed those rights in Canada to Entertainment One (which in turn was acquired by Lionsgate in 2023), although theatrical rights to most of the library were split between Sony Pictures (for Cliffhanger), and Rialto Pictures (for the rest of the library not already retained by its original distributors or passed on to other companies). The video rights to most titles previously released by Lionsgate in North America are now held outright by StudioCanal, and sublicensed to Kino Lorber.

Showgirls was sold in pre-production to United Artists and Chargeurs (now known as Pathé); both studios retained the film.

StudioCanal itself held full distribution rights in France, Germany, Australia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. In other territories, StudioCanal licensed home video rights to Universal Pictures Home Entertainment until StudioCanal's global distribution deal with Universal expired in January 2022.

title: Carolco Pictures


text:
Electronic countermeasure

An electronic countermeasure (ECM) is an electrical or electronic device designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar, or other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or lasers. It may be used both offensively and defensively to deny targeting information to an enemy. The system may make many separate targets appear to the enemy, or make the real target appear to disappear or move about randomly. It is used effectively to protect aircraft from guided missiles. Most air forces use ECM to protect their aircraft from attack. It has also been deployed by military ships and recently on some advanced tanks to fool laser/IR guided missiles. It is frequently coupled with stealth advances so that the ECM systems have an easier job. Offensive ECM often takes the form of jamming. Self-protecting (defensive) ECM includes using blip enhancement and jamming of missile terminal homers.

History
The first example of electronic countermeasures being applied in a combat situation took place during the Russo-Japanese war. On July 13, 1904, Russian wireless telegraphy stations installed in the Port Arthur fortress and on board Russian light cruisers successfully interrupted wireless communication between a group of Japanese battleships. The spark-gap transmitters in the Russian stations generated senseless noise while the Japanese were making attempts to coordinate their efforts in the bombing of a Russian naval base. Germany and United Kingdom interfered with enemy communications along the western front during World War I while the Royal Navy tried to intercept German naval radio transmissions. There were also efforts at sending false radio signals, having shore stations send transmissions using ships' call signs, and jamming enemy radio signals. On the other hand, there were also attempts by the Ottoman side to jam Allied wireless communications during the Gallipoli campaign.

World War II ECM expanded to include dropping chaff (originally called Window), jamming and spoofing radar and navigation signals. German bomber aircraft navigated using radio signals transmitted from ground stations, which the British disrupted with spoofed signals in the Battle of the Beams. During the RAF's night attacks on Germany the extent of electronic countermeasures was much expanded, and a specialised organisation, No. 100 Group RAF, was formed to counter the increasing German night fighter force and radar defences. Cold War developments included anti-radiation missiles designed to home in on enemy radar transmitters.

In the 2007 Operation Orchard Israeli attack on a suspected Syrian nuclear weapons site, the Israel Air Force used electronic warfare to take control of Syrian airspace prior to the attack. Israeli electronic warfare (EW) systems took over Syria's air defense systems, feeding them a false sky-picture while Israel Air Force jets crossed much of Syria, bombed their targets and returned.

Radar ECM
Basic radar ECM strategies are (1) radar interference, (2) target modifications, and (3) changing the electrical properties of air. Interference techniques include jamming and deception. Jamming is accomplished by a friendly platform transmitting signals on the radar frequency to produce a noise level sufficient to hide echos. The jammer's continuous transmissions will provide a clear direction to the enemy radar, but no range information. Deception may use a transponder to mimic the radar echo with a delay to indicate incorrect range. Transponders may alternatively increase return echo strength to make a small decoy appear to be a larger target. Target modifications include radar absorbing coatings and modifications of the surface shape to either "stealth" a high-value target or enhance reflections from a decoy. Dispersal of small aluminium strips called chaff is a common method of changing the electromagnetic properties of air to provide confusing radar echos.

Communications ECM

Radio jamming or communications jamming is the deliberate transmission of radio signals that disrupt communications by decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio to the point where the target communications link is either degraded or denied service.

Aircraft ECM
ECM is practiced by nearly all modern military units—land, sea or air. Aircraft, however, are the primary weapons in the ECM battle because they can "see" a larger patch of earth than a sea or land-based unit. When employed effectively, ECM can keep aircraft from being tracked by search radars, or targeted by surface-to-air missiles or air-to-air missiles. An aircraft ECM can take the form of an attachable underwing pod or could be embedded in the airframe. Fighter planes using a conventional electronically scanned antenna mount dedicated jamming pods instead or, in the case of the US, German, and Italian air forces, may rely on electronic warfare aircraft to carry them. ECM pods vary widely in power and capability; while many fighter aircraft are capable of carrying an ECM pod, these pods are generally less powerful, capable and of shorter range than the equipment carried by dedicated ECM aircraft, thus making dedicated ECM aircraft an important part of any airforce’s inventory.

Future airborne jammers
The Next Generation Jammer is being developed to replace the current AN/ALQ-99 carried on the E/A-18G electronic warfare plane. Planned for adoption around 2020, it will use a small AESA antenna divided into quadrants for all around coverage and retain the capability of highly directional jamming.

DARPA's Precision Electronic Warfare (PREW) project aims to develop a low-cost system capable of synchronizing several simple airborne jamming pods with enough precision to replicate the directionality of an electronically scanned antenna, avoiding collateral jamming of non-targeted receivers.

An expendable active decoy that uses DRFM technology to jam RF based threats has already been developed by Selex ES (merged into Leonardo new name of Finmeccanica since 2017). The system, named BriteCloud, is self-contained within a small canister that is similar to a standard flare cartridge. The 55 mm format of the system has undergone flight trials with the Gripen aircraft and the development of a 218 variant is at an advanced stage.

Dedicated ECM aircraft

 * EA-3 Skywarrior
 * EB-66 Destroyer
 * EC-130H Compass Call
 * EA-6B Prowler equipped with ALQ-92 communications jammer, ALQ-100 multi-band track breaking system, and five ALQ-99 tactical jammer pods.
 * EA-18G Growler
 * EF-111A Raven
 * Tornado ECR
 * J-16 D
 * Su-24MP
 * Yak-28PP
 * Mi-8PP

Shipboard ECM
The ULQ-6 deception transmitter was one of the earlier shipboard ECM installations. The Raytheon SLQ-32 shipboard ECM package came in three versions providing warning, identification and bearing information about radar-guided cruise missiles. The SLQ-32 V3 included quick reaction electronic countermeasures for cruisers and large amphibious ships and auxiliaries in addition to the RBOC (Rapid Blooming Off-board Chaff) launchers found on most surface ships. The BLR-14 Submarine Acoustic Warfare System (or SAWS) provides an integrated receiver, processor, display, and countermeasures launch system for submarines.

Infrared and acoustic analogies
Infrared homing systems can be decoyed with flares and other infrared countermeasures. Acoustic homing and detection systems used for ships are also susceptible to countermeasures. United States warships use Masker and PRAIRIE (propeller AIR Ingestion and Emission) systems to create small air bubbles around a ship's hull and wake to reduce sound transmission. Surface ships tow noisemakers like the AN/SLQ-25 Nixie to decoy homing torpedoes. Submarines can deploy similar acoustic device countermeasures (or ADCs) from a 3-inch (75-mm) signal launching tube. United States ballistic missile submarines could deploy the Mark 70 MOSS (Mobile submarine simulator) decoy from torpedo tubes to simulate a full size submarine. Most navies additionally equip ships with decoy launchers.

title: Electronic countermeasure


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Books & Bytes - Issue 17
 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 17, April-May 2016 by The Interior, Ocaasi, UY Scuti, Sadads, and Nikkimaria

 Read the full newsletter The Interior via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:36, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * New donations this month - a German-language legal resource
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URESWNI listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect URESWNI. Since you had some involvement with the URESWNI redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. -- Tavix ( talk ) 20:51, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

Sarah Hyland image
You said in your edit where you changed the lead image in the article that "same Flicker stream (2015 PaleyFest) has a few more suitable images". I'm in touch with the the person behind the stream - in fact I got that image originally. Which other image(s) do you have in mind? Oh, BTW, I think the new image you put into the article in worse than the PaleyFest one. Tabercil (talk) 16:59, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

 * The problem looked obvious to me, but perhaps it is more subjective than I thought. This is the one in the article. I was quickly able to find two similar shots without the deep facial creases:

 * https://www.flickr.com/photos/idominick/17045831442/in/photostream/
 * https://www.flickr.com/photos/idominick/16859759720/in/photostream/

 * 3/4 profile: https://www.flickr.com/photos/idominick/16427153863/in/photostream/

 * There are others. And if you really prefer the previous image, I'm not interested in fighting for the change. / edg ☺ ☭ 17:40, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Hey I like those creases - to me, it's called a smile :) (Granted, edging into a smirk). She looks too dour in the other images you recommended for my taste which is why I didn't ask for them. Tabercil (talk) 18:31, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

Books & Bytes - Issue 18
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Books and Bytes - Issue 19
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Books and Bytes - Issue 20
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Books and Bytes - Issue 21
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Books and Bytes - Issue 22

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Issue 22, April-May 2017

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 * New and expanded research accounts
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Books and Bytes - Issue 23

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Family Guy lead, redux
Please see Talk:Family guy, about resolving questions not resolved in the earlier RfC. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ<  17:06, 1 October 2017 (UTC)

The Right Stuff June 2018

 June 2018

 FROM THE EDITOR

The Right Stuff Returns

 By

Fellow members, I'm pleased to announce the return of the newsletter of WikiProject Conservatism. And considering the recent downsizing at The Signpost the timing could not be better. The Right Stuff will help keep you apprised of what's happening in conservatism at Wikipedia and in the world. The Right Stuff welcomes submissions including position pieces, instructional articles, or short essays addressing important conservatism-related issues. Post submissions here.

Add the Project Discussion page to your watchlist for the latest updates at WikiProject Conservatism (Discuss this story) -
 ARBITRATION REPORT

Russian Agents Editing at American Politics?

 By

After a series of unfortunate events largely self-created, bureaucrat and admin was the subject of an Arbitration case for conduct unbecoming. Prior to the case getting underway Andrevan resigned as bureaucrat and admin. A widely discussed incident was when he suggested that some editors he described as "pro-Trump" were paid Russian agents. This resulted in a number of editors from varied quarters denouncing the allegations and voicing support for veteran editors including and the notorious.

Editors who faced Enforcement action include (no action),  (three month topic ban ARBAPDS),  (no action) and  (indef topic ban ARBAPDS). (Discuss this story)

 IN THE MEDIA

Breitbart Versus Wikipedia

 By

Breitbart News, in response to Facebook's decision to use Wikipedia as a source to fight fake news, has declared war on our beloved pedia. The article in Haaretz describes the Facebook arrangement as Wikipedia's "greatest test in years" as well as a "massive threat" to the encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Breitbart's targeting of Wikipedia has resulted in an "epic battle" with respect to editing at the Breitbart article. The article has also recently experienced a dramatic increase in traffic with 50,000 visitors according to Haaretz. There is no love lost between Breitbart and Wikipedia where editors at the Reliable Sources Noticeboard have criticized the news websites unreliability and have compared it to The Daily Mail. (Discuss this story) -
 DISCUSSION REPORT

Liberty and Trump and Avi, Oh my!

 By

There are several open discussions at the Project:

Recently closed discussions include Anti-abortion movements which was not renamed, and an RFC at Trump–Russia dossier. (Discuss this story)
 * There is an RFC regarding Liberty University and its relationship to President Trump; see discussion
 * Activist and commentator Avi Yemini is listed at AFD; see discussion

Delivered: 11:12, 12 June 2018 (UTC)

The Right Stuff: July 2018

 July 2018

 DISCUSSION REPORT

WikiProject Conservatism Comes Under Fire

 By

WikiProject Conservatism was a topic of discussion at the Administrators' Noticeboard/Incident (AN/I). Objective3000 started a thread where he expressed concern regarding the number of RFC notices posted on the Discussion page suggesting that such notices "could result in swaying consensus by selective notification." Several editors participated in the relatively abbreviated six hour discussion. The assertion that the project is a "club for conservatives" was countered by editors listing examples of users who "profess no political persuasion." It was also noted that notification of WikiProjects regarding ongoing discussions is explicitly permitted by the WP:Canvassing guideline.

At one point the discussion segued to feedback about The Right Stuff. Member SPECIFICO wrote: "One thing I enjoy about the Conservatism Project is the handy newsletter that members receive on our talk pages." Atsme praised the newsletter as "first-class entertainment...BIGLY...first-class...nothing even comes close...it's amazing." Some good-natured sarcasm was offered with Objective3000 observing, "Well, they got the color right" and MrX's followup, "Wow. Yellow is the new red."

Admin Oshwah closed the thread with the result "definitely not an issue for ANI" and directing editors to the project Discussion page for any further discussion. Editor's note: originally the design and color of The Right Stuff was chosen to mimic an old, paper newspaper.

Add the Project Discussion page to your watchlist for the "latest RFCs" at WikiProject Conservatism (Discuss this story) -
 ARTICLES REPORT

Margaret Thatcher Makes History Again

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Margaret Thatcher is the first article promoted at the new WikiProject Conservatism A-Class review. Congratulations to. A-Class is a quality rating which is ranked higher than GA (Good article) but the criteria are not as rigorous as FA (Featued article). WikiProject Conservatism is one of only two WikiProjects offering A-Class review, the other being WikiProject Military History. Nominate your article here. (Discuss this story)

 RECENT RESEARCH

Research About AN/I

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Reprinted in part from the April 26, 2018 issue of The Signpost; written by

Out of over one hundred questioned editors, only twenty-seven (27%) are happy with the way reports of conflicts between editors are handled on the Administrators' Incident Noticeboard (AN/I), according to a recent survey. The survey also found that dissatisfaction has varied reasons including "defensive cliques" and biased administrators as well as fear of a "boomerang effect" due to a lacking rule for scope on AN/I reports. The survey also included an analysis of available quantitative data about AN/I. Some notable takeaways:

 * 53% avoided making a report due to fearing it would not be handled appropriately
 * "Otherwise 'popular' users often avoid heavy sanctions for issues that would get new editors banned."
 * "Discussions need to be clerked to keep them from raising more problems than they solve."

In the wake of Zarasophos' article editors discussed the AN/I survey at The Signpost and also at AN/I. Ironically a portion of the AN/I thread was hatted due to "off-topic sniping." To follow-up the problems identified by the research project the Wikimedia Foundation Anti-Harassment Tools team and Support and Safety team initiated a discussion. You can express your thoughts and ideas here. (Discuss this story)

Delivered: 09:26, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:P-nutty2.jpg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:37, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

The "White Rabbit" video
I've reverted a couple of your recent changes as I see no evidence for your claim that the video is a "hoax" and "almost certainly fictional". Of course, good sources (beyond IMDb) should be provided if they exist, but that is not the same point. Anyway, I suggest that you make your case on the article talk page(s) rather than in edit summaries. Ghmyrtle (talk) 20:20, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

"Garage days revisited" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Garage days revisited. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 October 13 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. JJPMaster (talk) 16:04, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Philippine Entertainment Portal

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RINO revert
Hi, sorry for manually reverting your revert rather than clicking on “undo”; I’d started to make more changes than were actually called for, and minus those, it amounted to just re-reverting you. I explained why in the edit summary, but the supporting text in the cited source is limited to a circular reference to the very same article, and the cn template had evidently been present on that claim since at least 2010.

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James A. McDougall

James Alexander McDougall (November 19, 1817 – September 3, 1867) was an American attorney and politician elected to statewide office in two U.S. states, then to the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. A gifted orator, McDougall began his career as a civil engineer in New York, then read law, rising quickly to heights in his profession in Illinois, where he became a friend of fellow Illinois attorneys Abraham Lincoln, Edward D. Baker, and Stephen Douglas. Like many Americans, McDougall was drawn to Gold Rush California in 1849; he resumed his law practice and was elected second attorney general for the new state of California. In the election of 1860, Lincoln won the presidency as a Republican, Baker was elected Republican senator from Oregon, and McDougall was elected senator from California, joining Douglas in the Senate as fellow War Democrats. All three of McDougall's Illinois friends would die in the six years before his term as senator expired. A noted drinker, McDougall once gave an address to the Senate disparaging a proposed rule to outlaw the sale of alcohol in the United States Capitol, but died shortly after leaving the Senate, "...hastened by his indulgence in the bowl."

Early life
James Alexander McDougall was born on November 19, 1817, in Bethlehem, New York, and educated in the Albany grammar schools, where he excelled in mathematics and civil engineering. While still a young man, McDougall assisted the survey of the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, later known as the Albany and Schenectady, one of the first railroads in the nation. McDougall began the study of law in Albany before moving westward, settled in Pike County, Illinois, in 1838, married the daughter of a leading Jacksonville attorney, and joined the Democratic Party. He completed his study and began practicing law in Cook County, where McDougall soon made the acquaintance of another rising Chicago lawyer, Stephen A. Douglas.

Illinois
In January 1843 the 25-year-old McDougall was elected Illinois Attorney General; he was re-elected in 1844. "Small in stature, he had uncommon strength of constitution, as well as of mind. He was a brilliant speaker, skillfully wielding the weapons of repartee, humor, and sarcasm, and made himself one of the most noted speakers of the West." During his tenure in the state capitol, Springfield, Illinois, rising tensions in Nauvoo, Illinois, gave way to violence when on June 27, 1844, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith was killed by a mob after surrendering to the custody and protection of the state. McDougall was involved in the negotiations by which the Mormons agreed to leave Illinois. Following his two terms as state attorney general, McDougall returned to private practice in Chicago, establishing a law partnership with Ebenezer Peck.

While traveling the circuit and serving as attorney general in Illinois, McDougall became friendly with many fellow lawyers, including Douglas, Edward D. Baker and Abraham Lincoln. By 1849, McDougall had been twelve years in the Prairie State of Illinois, and had made himself "one of the most popular men of his state," but like many of his age was still looking westward. McDougall organized and accompanied an exploration of the Rio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers reaching the headwaters of the Rio Grande in what would soon become southwestern Colorado Territory. Hearing news of the California Gold Rush, McDougall returned to Illinois, gathered up his family and possessions, and took the new steamship California to San Francisco.

California
Resuming his law practice, McDougall was elected California Attorney General in October 1850 but resigned after a year to accept a seat in the state legislature.

In 1852 McDougall successfully ran for Congress as a Democrat, pledging to get federal support for a railroad to the Pacific. He did introduce a Pacific Railroad bill, but it was opposed by Thomas Hart Benton. McDougall served a single term in the House before returning to law practice in San Francisco.

The Democrats in California split into factions, and election of a California Senator in 1860 became entangled in the national crisis over secession. When it appeared that a secessionist Democrat might be elected, Republicans abandoned their own candidate and threw their support to McDougall.

Washington, D.C.
While serving in the U.S. Senate during the Civil War, McDougall again worked on behalf of a Pacific railroad project, but alcohol abuse made him ineffective. By 1862, McDougall was making a spectacle of himself and neglecting his Senate duties. He fought against some of Lincoln's war measures, but he was mostly dysfunctional. Not once did he travel back to California during his entire six-year term.

Later life
Upon leaving office, McDougall retired to his boyhood home in Albany, New York, where he died on September 3, 1867, presumably of alcoholism. His body was sent to California, per his wishes, and buried in Lone Mountain Cemetery in San Francisco, later renamed Calvary; his remains were reinterred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California, in 1942.

title: James A. McDougall