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Brodick Castle

Brodick Castle is a castle situated outside the port of Brodick on the Isle of Arran, an island in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. It was previously a seat of the Dukes of Hamilton, but is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland. The castle is a Category A listed building and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

Early and High Medieval
A fortress has been on the site since at least the fifth century, when Gaelic invaders from Antrim expanded their kingdom of Dál Riata. By the tenth century Norse influence had grown, and Arran formed part of Sudreys or Súðreyjar, administered either from Dublin or Orkney (Nordreys or Norðreyjar) and nominally under the control of the King of Norway. This can be deduced by the number of Scandinavian place-names on the island including Brodick, or Breiðvík (Broad Bay). The site is thought to have been a centre of relative importance, on account of its strategic position on the Firth of Clyde.

By the mid-thirteenth century Arran was part of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles ruled by two Gall Gaidheal kings, Magnus of Mann and Dougal of the Isles, sub-rulers of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway. Alexander III of Scotland had inherited his father's desire to control the islands in order to stabilise his kingdom, and made numerous unsuccessful advances to that effect. In 1262 the Earl of Ross sacked and pillaged Skye with the king's blessing. King Hákon determined to avenge this slight and set out in July 1263, with a large fighting fleet (leiðangr) for Scotland. After linking up with the fleets of Magnus and Dougal, and showing his might throughout the Hebrides, Hákon's force anchored in Lamlash Bay on Arran, where they were approached by envoys from the Scots King. The Scots envoys were unsuccessful, and battle was engaged at Largs, a short distance across the firth. Although no rout, the Scots were victorious, and Hákon's forces retreated to Arran, and thence to Orkney to over-winter, where  Hákon died. The ensuing Treaty of Perth in 1266 ceded the Sudreys to the Kingdom of Scotland.

Interregnum and Wars of Independence
When both Alexander III and his heir, Margaret, Maid of Norway died, the Kingdom of Scotland was thrown into turmoil. In 1291, Edward I of England, was called on to choose the most suitable successor. John de Balliol was chosen and was forced to admit Edward as his suzerain. John defied Edward in 1295, and did not answer his request for assistance in his war in France. Edward invaded Scotland the following year and forced John to abdicate. At some point around this time an English garrison was stationed at Brodick. During Robert the Bruces's time in hiding, following his escape from the English after his coronation and defeat at the Battle of Methven, he is said to have had his legendary encounter with a spider on Arran.

On the behest of Robert the Bruce, James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, early in the winter of 1307 previous to their attack on Carrick, attacked forces supplying Brodick castle giving a first minor victory and gaining their forces much needed supplies.

He was able in 1307 to dislodge the English from Brodick, one of the first castles to fall to him in his struggle to regain his country.

Late Middle Ages
In 1406 – the same year that James I was captured by English pirates and Robert III died – the castle was badly damaged by an English force that had sailed into Brodick bay. Further destruction was inflicted by John of Islay, Lord of the Isles, in 1455. At some point after 1470 the castle was granted by James III to his brother-in-law, James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton. His son, James Hamilton, 2nd Lord Hamilton was created Earl of Arran in 1503. At this point Hamilton added the Lymphad of the Isles to his Armorial bearings

Earls of Arran
The castle had been rebuilt by the Earl by 1510 in the form of a tower house, but suffered at the hands of the Campbells and the MacLeans. During the "Rough Wooing" of Mary, Queen of Scots, Brodick castle was attacked by an English force led by the Earl of Lennox on behalf of Henry VIII, in revenge for the actions of the 2nd Earl. Lord Arran was the Regent of Scotland whilst Mary was in her infancy, and was second in line to the Scots throne. In 1543, he had been heavily involved in arranging the marriage of Mary to the Dauphin of France, prior to this she had been promised to Edward, Prince of Wales. Arran was rewarded for his efforts, however, and was created Duke of Châtellerault in the Peerage of France. During Regent Arran's tenure at Brodick he continued to enlarge and expand the castle.

In the summer of 1550 Andrew Hamilton and Dean John Slater worked on the building. In March 1552 live partridges and hares were sent to Brodick for the Regent's table and a special boring tool called a "wombill" was bought to make holes at the rabbit warren. In June a carpenter Peter Moffett made new doors. Some timber spars for the new building were supplied by the Laird of Luss on Loch Lomond.

In May 1579 the Earl of Argyll took Brodick for James VI and Ninian Stewart was installed as keeper for the crown. In 1602 Paul Hamilton, captain of Brodick for Marquess of Hamilton, with his companions all armed with pistols attacked a farmer Marrarat MacMillan at North Sannox and took his horse and cattle, and wool and plaids and imprisoned Duncan MacElloway at Brodick.

Dukes of Hamilton
Brodick Castle did not escape the religious paroxysms that affected seventeenth century life (see the Wars of the Three Kingdoms). In 1639, Scotland was divided between the Presbyterianism of the Lords of the Congregation, and the Episcopalianism favoured by King Charles I. James Hamilton, 3rd marquess of Hamilton, the King's advisor on all things Scottish, was sent north to enforce the King's will, he had previously dissolved the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland when they had abolished the Episcopacy. Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, was the de facto ruler of Scotland and leader of the presbyterian faction. Argyll seized Hamilton's castle of Brodick. Hamilton was made a Duke in 1643 and recovered his castle the following year at the outbreak of the Scottish Civil War. It was lost again to the Campbells in 1646, as the Royalists fortunes foundered. The Duke was captured after the disastrous Battle of Preston, and faced the block in March 1649. He was succeeded by his brother William, Earl of Lanark, but the second Duke died of wounds received at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. The Duchy of Hamilton and Earldom of Arran passed to the first Duke's only surviving child, Anne. She had been unwittingly sent to Brodick for safety. In 1650, Oliver Cromwell's Roundheads had taken control of the castle and had extended it by building an Artillery battery to defend the Firth at this strategic position.

Duchess Anne returned to her estates in Lanarkshire and West Lothian and in 1656 married William Douglas, 1st Earl of Selkirk. Anne did not return to Brodick, however her husband the newly created Duke of Hamilton for life, used the castle as a base for hunting excursions.

In the following years Brodick was used mainly as an occasional sporting estate. In the nineteenth century, it became residence for the eldest son of the 10th Duke, styled the Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale.

William, 11th Duke of Hamilton, married in 1843, Princess Marie of Baden, youngest daughter of the Grand Duke of Baden and Stéphanie de Beauharnais, adopted daughter of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1844, massive building work was undertaken at the castle, almost tripling the size of the building, under the architect James Gillespie Graham. The Twelfth Duke, William, had no male heirs, so although his titles passed to his distant cousin Alfred Douglas-Hamilton upon his death, he entailed the castle upon his only daughter the Lady Mary Louise Douglas-Hamilton. She married The 6th Duke of Montrose in 1906. Unlike in 1651, when the property also passed through the female line and the then spouse assumed the Hamilton name, at this time, after more than five hundred years, Brodick Castle was no longer possessed by someone bearing the Hamilton name.

Today
The Castle and gardens were acquired by the National Trust for Scotland from the Lady Jean Fforde in 1958, in lieu of death duties upon the death of her mother, the Dowager Duchess of Montrose. The 2017 obituary in The Times of London of Lady Jean (who, among other things, had worked at Bletchley Park, the principal centre of Allied code-breaking during the Second World War) quotes her as saying that the loss "of the castle and all its contents . . . was like losing my whole life."

The castle is open to the public during the summer, with Brodick Country Park open all year round. The site welcomed 68,423 visitors during 2019.

A black-and-white copy of William Woollett's engraving of the painting The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West can be seen at the castle.

Since 1972, an illustration of the castle has featured on the reverse side of twenty pound notes issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland. The 1998 film The Governess, starring Minnie Driver, was filmed at Brodick Castle.

Gardens
Bee boles can be seen in the Walled Garden, which was built in 1710.

title: Brodick Castle


text:
Bohnanza

Bohnanza is a German-style card game based on the game mechanics of trading and politics, designed by Uwe Rosenberg and released in 1997 (in German) by Amigo Spiele and (in English) by Rio Grande Games. It is played with a deck of cards with comical illustrations of eleven different types of beans of varying scarcity, which the players are trying to plant and sell in order to earn money. The principal restriction is that players may only farm two or three types of beans at once (limited by the number of fields they own), but they obtain beans of all different types randomly from the deck and so must engage in trade with the other players to be successful.

The original game is for 3–5 players and takes about 1 hour to play, but the Rio Grande edition adds alternative rules to the official rulebook to allow for games for 2–7 players. The name Bohnanza is a pun on the words Bohne (German for "bean") and bonanza (an English word for "an exceptionally large and rich mineral deposit" as well as a reference to the long-running Western show Bonanza).

Cards
The Coffee, Wax and Cocoa Beans were added in an expansion in the German edition. In the English edition of the game, they are included in the standard set. They are also included in the 25th anniversary edition.

The English edition of the game changed the Weinbrandbohne (Brandy Bean) into the Wax Bean.

In German, blaue Bohnen is slang for bullets, explaining the illustration of the blue bean dressed as a cowboy.

In German, green beans are called Brechbohnen, from the verb brechen, meaning "to break" (as in "breaking" the beans from the bush in order to harvest them); but brechen in German can also mean "to vomit", explaining the illustration of the vomiting green bean.

Only included in the 25th anniversary Edition; Field Bean originally included in an expansion.

Only playable in a 4-5 player game. When Harvested, it grants the player an extra field by turning over the playmat to show three fields.

Setup
Each player is dealt a hand of cards to start (typically five cards, though hand size varies with expansion sets and number of players). A rule unique to Bohnanza is that cards in hand must be kept in the order in which they are dealt at all times; they may not be rearranged.

Each player has two fields (or three in a three-player game) in which to plant beans. In older editions of the game, a third field could be bought by any player at any point during the game for three coins, though in more recent editions this ability has been removed. Each field may contain any number of bean cards, but all beans in a field must be of the same bean type. If a bean of a type different from those already growing in a field is planted into that field, the beans previously in it must be "harvested" for coins. A field containing just one bean may not be harvested by a player unless all of their fields have 1 or fewer beans in them. Each player also has a trading area to hold cards gained through trades and a treasury to hold the player's earned coins.

Cards in the hand are kept hidden. Cards in trading areas and fields are visible to all players. The number of cards in each player's treasury is kept secret from the other players. The discard pile is face up, but only the top card is visible; players may not examine the pile. When the deck runs out, the discard pile is reshuffled and re-used as the deck.

Turn sequence
During their turn, each player does the following:

 * 1) They must play the first card in their hand (the one at the front; i.e., the one dealt to them earliest) into a field. This may result in them having to harvest beans!
 * 2) They may play the next card in their hand into a field.
 * 3) They must take the top two cards from the deck and place them face up into their trading area.
 * 4) Trading opens. Players may make offers and trade cards from (and only from) their hands (but they may offer/trade any card(s) in their hands in any order) and the cards in the active player's trading area. Traded cards go into the recipient's trading area. Trade may only occur with the player whose turn it is. No cards may ever be traded from fields. No cards can ever get placed into a player's hand by trading. No cards that have been traded once may be traded again - once a bean has been traded it must be planted in a field of the person it has been traded with.
 * 5) Trading ends whenever the player whose turn it is decides it should. At the end of trading, each player must plant all cards in their trading area into their fields. This may involve harvesting beans, possibly several times; take note of the order in which beans are planted into fields if there are more types of beans being planted than fields they are being planted into.
 * 6) The player ends their turn by drawing cards from the deck, one by one, and placing them at the back of their hand (so they get played last). Again, the exact number of cards drawn here varies. If players started with a hand of five, three cards are drawn in this stage.

This turn sequence can be summarized with these four phrases: "Must plant, may plant," "Turn up two," "Trade and plant trades," and "Draw three cards."

Harvesting
Each bean card carries a list of how many beans of that type are needed in order to obtain one, two, three and four coins when harvesting a field. To harvest a field, a player counts the beans in it and consults the list to determine the largest amount of coins he or she can obtain from them. (If not enough beans were harvested, this may end up being none at all.) The player places that many of the cards face down in his or her treasury (each card has a coin on the back). The rest of the cards go on top of the discard pile, face up. Because some of the cards are set aside as coins, the number of cards in the deck becomes fewer with each reshuffle (in practice, the first reshuffle marks approximately halfway through the game).

As mentioned, a field containing just one bean may not be harvested by a player who also owns a field containing more than one bean.

Winning
When the deck runs out, the discard pile is reshuffled and re-used as the deck; this happens twice. The game ends instantly the third time the deck runs out. At that point, all players harvest all beans in their fields. The player with the most coins in their treasury wins. In case of a tie, the player with the most cards remaining in their hand wins the game.

Rules adapted from description at ToothyWiki:Bohnanza, as permitted by ToothyWiki:CopyrightMatters

Expansions
Uwe Rosenberg and Hanno Girke have designed a number of expansions to the game, some of which were released as limited editions by Lookout Games.

 * Erweiterungs-Set (1997):Adds three more bean types, allowing up to seven people to play. These beans were included in the English edition of the game. This expansion was revised by Amigo in 2001 to include an additional bean type and Order cards.
 * La Isla Bohnitâ (1999):Adds two new bean types, trading ships, which help bean trading, and pirate ships, which steal beans. While the name parodies Madonna's song, the game is Rosenberg's answer to Seafarers of Catan.
 * High Bohn (2000):A wild west-themed expansion (cf. High Noon) which adds buildings which can be purchased when a player cashes in a field. There is one building type for each bean type, and they each give the player a different advantage to planting, harvesting or trading. Buildings also add to a player's score at the end of the game. This expansion was revised by Amigo in 2001 to include Prohibohn, an expansion for Al Cabohne. It was released in English by Rio Grande as High Bohn Plus in 2004. The English version contains the additional material from the Amigo revision as well as the cards from the Erweiterungset revision.
 * Mutabohn (2001):A GM-themed expansion. In Mutabohn, players may "mutate" their beans into less-valuable beans, allowing them to plant different crops in the same field. Bonus cards award points for specific sequences of mutations.
 * Ladybohn (2002):Adds female versions of the bean types available. Players can earn more thalers by cashing in a field with a female bean at the top. Allows a two player game. This has later (2007) been reworked as Ladybohn: Manche Mögen's Heiss!
 * Bohnaparte (2003):A Napoleonic expansion where players play Bohnanza to finance a military campaign to conquer the Bohnreich. Girke describes this game as "Bohnanza meets Risk".
 * Dschingis Bohn (2003):Another military expansion where Mongols attack the Bohnreich (cf. Genghis Khan). Dschingis Bohn can be combined with Bohnaparte to allow seven player games. A combined version of Bohnaparte and Dschingis Bohn was released in both German and English in 2004.
 * Telebohn (2004):An expansion in which hostile takeovers replace trading.
 * The Bohnentaler (2004):Adds a plastic playing piece which allows a player to draw four cards instead of three. A player can only take the piece if they have enough unharvested beans in his fields.
 * Bohnröschen (2007):An expansion where the players are princes hacking through the briars to reach Sleeping Beauty in her castle. Each step through the briars is represented by a card that needs to be fulfilled in game terms e.g., harvest exactly one bean from a field, and so on) before the player can move on to the next step. This is the first expansion that explicitly states that it needs either Bohnanza or Ladybohn: Manche Mögen's Heiss! to play, but many of the older expansions will work with either base game.
 * Auf der schwäb'schen Eisenbohn (2008):An expansion that adds a train that travels between five cities, each of which buy beans from the players at slightly different prices. The name is derived from the German folk song "Auf de Schwäb’sche Eisenbahne".
 * Bohnedikt (2009):An expansion that introduces two new types of bean fields, churches and cemeteries. Pope Benedict himself appears in the game as a wild card that can make decrees that affect trading.

Spinoffs
Bohnanza has inspired six spinoffs; additionally, one Amigo card game, Nicht die Bohne, is named in parody of the game.

 * Space Beans (1999): A simpler game than Bohnanza. Players have one "public" and one "secret" field and can harvest when the number of beans in a field matches the number on a bean, for that number of points. The first player to harvest 30 beans wins.
 * Al Cabohne (2000): A mafia-themed spinoff (cf. Al Capone) allowing solitaire and two-player games.
 * Bean Trader (2002): A board game based on Bohnanza, released by Amigo and Rio Grande. The German version is called Bohnhansa which elaborates the pun as Hansestadt refers to a city in the Hanseatic League (i.e. a free port).
 * Rabohnzel (2005): A spinoff which adds magic to the game of Bohnanza
 * Bohnkick (2006): A card game released in time for the FIFA World Cup 2006 in Germany. It's a soccer themed game with beans playing soccer. Most of the beans are caricatures of real soccer players (i.e. Ronaldinho, David Beckham, Zinedine Zidane etc. with Pierluigi Collina as referee)
 * Kannibohne (2006): A two-player cannibal themed spinoff where the players have magic abilities which can be used to attack each other. These abilities depends on the beans planted.
 * Ladybohn: Manche Mögen's Heiss! (2007): ("Ladybean: Some like it hot"): This is a standalone version of Ladybohn. The title refers to the 1959 Marilyn Monroe movie Some Like It Hot and the cover depicts a female bean in Monroe's famous air vent pose from The Seven-Year Itch.

Reviews

 * Pyramid

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bohnanza


text:
James Mackay

James Mackay may refer to:
 * James Mackay (British Army officer) (1718–1785), captain in the British Army during the French and Indian War
 * James Mackay (New Zealand politician, born 1804) (1804–1875), New Zealand MP
 * James Mackay (New Zealand politician, born 1831) (1831–1912), New Zealand farmer, explorer and member of the Auckland Provincial Council
 * James Alexander Kenneth Mackay (1859–1935), Australian politician, writer and military leader
 * James Mackay, 1st Earl of Inchcape (1852–1932), British colonial administrator
 * James Mackay (cricketer) (1880–1953), Australian cricketer
 * James Mackay (rugby union) (1905–1985), New Zealand rugby union player
 * James MacKay (American politician) (1919–2004), US Representative from Georgia
 * James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern (born 1927), Scottish lawyer and former Lord Chancellor
 * James A. Mackay (1936–2007), Scottish historian and philatelist
 * James Mackay (police officer), retired Deputy Chief Constable of Tayside police
 * James Mackay (film producer) (born 1954), friend and collaborator of Derek Jarman
 * James Mackay (actor) (born 1984), Australian actor
 * James Townsend Mackay (1775–1862), Scottish botanist who lived in Ireland
 * Jim "Bones" Mackay, golf caddy for Phil Mickelson
 * Jimmy Mackay (1943–1998), Australian footballer

title: James Mackay


text:
The Wanderer (Massachusetts newspaper)

The Wanderer is a weekly newspaper that serves the "Tri-town area" of Marion, Massachusetts, Mattapoisett, Massachusetts, and Rochester, Massachusetts in southeastern Massachusetts. The Wanderer is published by Wanderer Com Inc., at 55 County Road in Mattapoisett.

History
The Wanderer was first published in 1992 It was named after Wanderer (1879), the last whaling ship built in Mattapoisett.

title: The Wanderer (Massachusetts newspaper)


text:
Talk:Quay

''This page was placed on Votes for Deletion in July 2004. Consensus was to keep; view discussion at /Delete.''

Quay vs wharf
See also the discussion page of the Wharf article, regarding the distinction (if any) between a quay and a wharf. 87.228.188.125 10:05, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Word Not Existing?
I looked this word up in the dictionary. It wasn't in there, and the copyright is very recent. Is the word "quay" now "extinct"? IF so, this page has no purpose. Hopefully, I am wrong, and I didn't see it. But "quay" is no longer exsiting in my dictionary (Hopefully)
 * Looked again, no "quay". Might want to consider removal.
 * The word quay is used in a modern context in Sydney at Circular Quay. I see no reason to remove the entry.  --60.225.0.88 11:51, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It's in my Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, and I think it's in the OED.
 * What a strange person. In any case, hopefully he's purchased a newer dictionary. -LlywelynII (talk) 11:44, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Even if the word doesn't exist anymore (though it does), that's not any reason to remove the article from existance. Maybe merging would have been more appropriate.   De at hN om ad    21:15, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Doing a a basic web search for "quay definition" shows it in the Cambridge, Merriam-Webster, Collins and Oxford english dictionarys. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.11.127.194 (talk) 14:50, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

Word is definitely used.
I recently took a trip to Ireland with friends. They kept pronouncing the word "Key". It is used all over Ireland. I came from Florida and had only heard the word pronounced "Kway". Interesting since there are so many "Keys" down there! I checked here to see the correct way of pronounciation and was glad the word was on Wikipedia.
 * But, then again, those are Cayes.

Quay, is pronounced "Key" here in the Port industry and it is very much in use. The Quay tray is a recessed tray in the deck that houses the electrical wire the powers the large gantry cranes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.71.11.70 (talk) 12:52, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

To add to this, Quay is commonly used in commonwealth nations (the UK and its former colonies such as Canada). The word has many purported origins, but there's a few things we know. First, "key" in the Floridian context is an island while a quay is in reference to a wharf. An alternate spelling for "key" is "cay," but neither "key" nor "cay" mean the same thing as "quay," though all three are allegedly derived of a similar root. That's the extent of the information that I can provide that's fact-based. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.235.255.130 (talk) 14:09, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

Should this really be here?
...Or is it more appropriate for Wiktionary? - Tallasse 17:42, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Jan de Quay
I removed the reference to Jan de Quay because there does not seem to be a connection. The name of this person is pronounced 'Kwaai' (which is a bastardisation of 'the angry one' in Dutch -- people had a strange sense of humor when Napoleon forced everyone to pick a last name). It has nothing to do with the English word 'quay' or the Dutch equivalent 'kade'. ChimpanseeWithTypewriter 21:51, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
Here in England (where the word is quite common; I was very surprised to see the "extinct?" comment above), I've only ever heard it pronounced as "key", never to rhyme with "way". I don't know about other uses, of course. I also note that quayside links to a specific place in Newcastle; other editors might want to be aware of that, as there are lots of other places where it might be used! Loganberry (Talk) 12:51, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I second that. I've even heard it from school that it is pronounced "key" --antilivedT 07:22, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There are actually three proper pronounciations of quay: "Key," "Kay," and "Kway." Quay is definitely a word, but this article either needs to be expanded or the wiktionary entry should suffice. Benastan 6:58PM, 8 February 2006 (EST)
 * It's always, always pronounced "key" in Britain. I don't know about anywhere else. Loganberry (Talk) 02:16, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I first read this word in the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, and as an American reader I immediately read the word pronounced as "kway." Imagine my surprise and embarrassment when my Australian boyfriend said the word as "key" one day when talking about Sydney, and I attempted to correct him!  I had never heard the word used "out loud" anywhere in the United States (nowhere in Wisconsin, anyway, nor in California) but the Australian was very firm with me that in his land, the word is never pronounced anything other than "key".  Since this is certainly how Tolkien heard the word, this is now how I have re-defined its pronunciation.  My jab at creating a regional systematization of this is mostly guesswork.  Would very much like to have this odd word explored more thoroughly on Wikipedia BECAUSE it such a linguistic/ phonetic oddball!  Takers??   KDS 4444  Talk    —Preceding undated comment added 10:50, 10 April 2009 (UTC).
 * Not especially. "Qway" is a perfectly legitimate pronunciation, but Americans tend to prefer "wharf." Without a historical section, this is just a dictionary entry. -LlywelynII (talk) 11:44, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * No, a wharf is built on piles where a quay is build on fill. Both terms are in use in the US, because they refer to different constructions of the structures.dunerat (talk) 19:35, 19 April 2018 (UTC)
 * This word is definitely in use and needed. Quay, pronounced "key" is wharf in the U.S.  However, the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris, publishes international commercial terms (incoterms)used in over 140 countries.  The original terms are published in (British) English and translated into major languages.  Quay is used in the term Delivered Ex Quay (DEQ)meaning goods are delivered to the buyer on the wharf.  This term is used by American businesses, even if they use wharf or wharves for everything else.Sage736 (talk) 07:15, 3 October 2009 (UTC).

Quay is traditionally pronounced as 'key' in Australia, as in Circular Quay it is pronounced "Circular Key". "kway" is an americanisation added later.

Previous comment suggested that quay is pronounced as "kway", responses below add to the idea that comment is entirely incorrect: Well that is wrong. Literally as I write this the Sydney trains announcement is calling Circular "Key" as next stop. — Preceding unsigned comment added by  203.42.178.36 (talk) 20:59, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

Not sure where the contributer above comes from, suggesting "kway" as the correct prononciation in Australia. During my 74 years of life in Australia it has only ever been pronounced as "key". At Sydney Cove the harbour was originally known as "Semi-Circular Quay", this being the actual shape of the quay. The name was shortened for convenience.[10] Circular Quay was constructed in 1837-1844 by reconstructing the southern section of Sydney Cove with an artificial shoreline. Wharves were built on the southern shore. Reflecting Circular Quay's status as the central harbour for Sydney. This area is now occupied by Sydney's major Ferry Terminal Hub, a Light Rail turn around Hub and Circular Quay Railway Station. As mentioned before, I have never heard the term "kway" used, even from interstate!

I was born and have lived in Australia for most of my 65 years and reading this article is the first time I have ever seen it suggested that 'quay' is pronounced 'kway'.

Merge proposal
There is an outstanding merge proposal added anonymously a few months ago. This needs to be resolved. I second the merge proposal. Though one can argue that wharf and quay may at times be used in slightly varying ways, Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Ultimately whatever difference there is between the two words is less than the differences among different wharfs around the world. And I think it is safe to say that, given that there are already separate articles for pier, harbor, and port, all of which can be used as synonyms for quay in some contexts, it is safe to say that two articles for quay and wharf are unnecessary.

Any objections?

--Mcorazao (talk) 19:05, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Weak support - Since the quay has no references, while wharf does, quay should be made into a subsection of the wharf artice...unless other sourcing is found to prove it is uniquely different from a wharf, at which point it should remain an independent article.  That said, I do not always like deleting articles based on differences in terminology, as less is not always more.  -- nsaum75 ¡שיחת!  20:39, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Comment - Thanks, but I'm not sure I understand the argument. By policy "deleting articles based on differences in terminology" is one of the best arguments for merging. If no evidence is offered that there are unique topics implied by each term then these fall into the "distinction without a difference" category. Why even create a separate section if no appreciable difference has been established (with the caveat that if there is something significant and interesting that can be said about how and when each term is used then perhaps that might merit a subsection; it doesn't appear to me that this is the case though)? --Mcorazao (talk) 17:24, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

OK, turning this into a redirect since there has been no objection. --Mcorazao (talk) 20:34, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quay


text: User talk:68.38.33.47

title: User talk:68.38.33.47


text:
FSC Żuk

The Żuk (pl. beetle) is a van and light truck produced in Lublin, Poland, between 1958 and 1998 by FSC. It was based on FSO Warszawa, which in turn was licensed from the Soviet passenger car GAZ-M20 Pobeda. The chassis, suspension and engine from FSO Warszawa formed the basis of the Żuk and the Nysa light vans designed in the late 1950s. About $587,818$ were manufactured.

The Żuk was mainly sold to state organizations, but also to individuals. After 1989, with the liberalization of the Polish economy, the Żuk was able to maintain sales to the traditional markets and expand the number sold to individual consumers. The final few years of production was in parallel to its successor, the Lublin van, as a cheaper alternative.

The Żuk came in a range of body styles. The most common were van and light 1.1-ton pickup truck. Rarer variants were minibus and a long-cab truck. Rare for a van, it had independent front suspension. It was very angular, with a number of wide channels running along the side of the body and a completely flat windscreen/windshield. After about ten years in production the front of the cab was restyled, from then on the distinctive side channels no longer continued around onto the front to meet the grille. No further changes were made, except a minor change to the number of vents located above the headlights.

The Żuk was a favourite of farmers, and a common place to find groups of them was at any local market when they were used to transport crops from the fields to the farmers’ own stalls. The Polish postal service (Poczta Polska) used large numbers of Żuks painted in a dull orange colour, and local fire services used them as personnel carriers or even as mini fire engines in country districts.

The Żuk was shipped to the Soviet Union in the panel van form. From the 1970's to about 1990, it was also manufactured in Egypt under licence as ELTRAMCO RAMZES.

title: FSC Żuk


text:
James Hanson

James Hanson may refer to:

* James Hanson, Baron Hanson (1922–2004), English industrialist
 * Jimmy Hanson (footballer, born 1904) (1904–?), English footballer for Manchester United
 * James Hanson (footballer, born 1987), English footballer for Grimsby Town
 * Jamie Hanson (born 1995), English footballer for Derby County
 * James Hanson (rugby union) (born 1988), Australian rugby union player (hooker) for Queensland Reds
 * James C. Hanson (1862–1946), American politician

title: James Hanson


text:
Talk:Ben Weasel

He's Ben Weasel
What can you do?

Untitled
From VfD:

Vanity. Oh deary deary me. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 14:03, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. I'd say use for this type of articles. -- Solitude 15:49, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Apparently notable, so I cleaned it up a bit more, let's keep. -- Solitude 12:20, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Dreadful. (Vin Diesel anyone?) Geogre 17:06, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It's still dreadful. One of those occasions where the topic is worthy, but the article is not.  If rewritten or redirected, fine.  If it looks like this at the end of the time on VfD, I'll go back to my deletionist tendencies.  Geogre 02:31, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Get the weasel out of here. - Lucky 6.9 17:30, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep - Screeching Weasel is a pretty famous pop punk band, maybe merge with SW paige, or at very least clean it up a bit, there's probably a lot more info on him that could go in here. --Iscariot 21:02, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Then the solution is to merge with Screeching Weasel, lose the blog and "favorite number" garbage, and redirect. The Screeching Weasel article will still be barely-a-stub, though.  --Ardonik 21:08, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, grow. He has (or had) a column in MAXIMUM ROCKNROLL, possibly the most important print fanzine in the punk/hardcore world, I'm amazed we lack an article on it. This actually looks to me like the tip of the iceberg on an area that would merit multiple articles. -- Jmabel 22:51, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's different, then. If he's notable and this can be expanded, by all means keep.  The new stub is a terrific start. - Lucky 6.9 23:59, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, though it needs work. Gamaliel 22:06, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep with changes. Rhymeless 04:34, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Afd Merge from Sweet Black And Blue
The following text may be merged with this article, per Articles for deletion/Sweet Black And Blue:

Sweet Black and Blue was a very short-lived project featuring Ben Weasel and Mass Giorgini (of Screeching Weasel) and a number of other Chicago musicians. After problems scheduling practice time due to the extensive commitments of Ben Weasel, the band broke up. Ben Weasel immediately announced plans the second instalment of his eponymous solo project. Whether this will get off the ground remains to be seen.

Thanks, Ëvilphoenix Burn! 17:23, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Interview with Vonnegut
Ben Weasel never interviewed Kurt Vonnegut. Ben had an "imaginary conversation" with Vonnegut based on published interviews, which Ben then posted in his blog. See this link: http://benweasel.mu.nu/archives/134401.php  Also, if you read the interview link that was posted, it makes it clear that the interview being quoted is Austrailian. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by CDaniel (talk • contribs) 1 August 2006.
 * And it looks like CDaniel has already edited accordingly. - Jmabel | Talk 04:36, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

SXSW Incident
There seems to be a few people determined to rewrite this section as "poor Ben got attacked". Case in point: The suggestion that the first female "threw a beer at Foster". Video evidence, blog reports, and eyewitness accounts suggest the woman spat beer at Foster, so that's what should be reported. "Threw a beer" has connotations of Foster being hit by a beer container, which is not the case. Secondly, he did not "heckle" the woman, he made a prolonged speech about the woman performing a sex act on him which for many was the point things turned ugly, which is why it should be included. Finally, Foster did not stop hitting the club owner when he noticed it was a woman - if you watch the video, he does notice it's a woman while trying to turn around. Following this, he punches her in the neck and stomach before being pulled off her by a bouncer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.169.89.235 (talk) 09:44, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

I find it extremely funny, especially in the punk "community" where people preach how politically correct they are and how Ben's actions aren't an example of the community as a whole, then they go listen to "Rock the 40oz" by Leftover Crack which promote school violence, or anything by Gigi Allen which is violent. It's also funny that Fat Mike of NOFX was more violent (kicked a kid in the face!) with less provocation, and all of you hipster, hypocrites, jump to defend him. It's sad. I really think if poor Ben wasn't a Christian or a Conservative all of you would be dick riding him like you do Fat Mike.

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title: Talk:Ben Weasel


text:
Weimar political parties

In the fourteen years the Weimar Republic was in existence, some forty parties were represented in the Reichstag. This fragmentation of political power was in part due to the use of a peculiar proportional representation electoral system that encouraged regional or small special interest parties and in part due to the many challenges facing the nascent German democracy in this period.

After the Nazi seizure of power, they used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to effectively eliminate their chief adversaries, first the Communists (March 1933) and then the Social Democrats (22 June 1933) through arrests, confiscation of assets and removal from office. Other parties were pressured into disbanding on their own or were swept away by the "Law Against the Formation of Parties" (14 July 1933) which declared the Nazi Party to be Germany's only legal political party.

Other political organizations
Besides the larger parties, there were also a multitude of smaller groups and parties that that were either affiliated with the electoral coalitions of larger parties or were organizationally independent and participated with their own lists either throughout the entire Republic or only in individual constituencies.

Unions

 * Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB)
 * Allgemeiner freier Angestelltenbund (AfA) white-collar employee union affiliated with the SPD-dominated free trade unions. (Pro-Weimar Republic)
 * Deutscher Landarbeiterverband (German Agricultural Workers' Union) SPD-organized. (Pro-Weimar Republic)
 * Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfenverband (DHV) (National Association of Clerical Employees) — the conservative white-collar worker union. The DHV leadership did not fully support the NSDAP because it didn't recognize the independence of unions. (Against the government)
 * Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (FAUD) — an anarcho-syndicalist trade union that participated in the revolution in Germany and continued to be involved in the German labor movement in the early 1920s.
 * Gesamtverband Deutscher Beamtengewerkschaften (GDB) was a conservative civil service union.
 * Gewerkschaftsbund der Angestellten (GdA) was a Hirsch-Duncker union.
 * Gewerkschaftsbund deutscher Angestelltenverbände (Gedag) was a conservative white-collar union.
 * Reichsbund Deutscher Angestellten-Berufsverbände was a conservative white-collar union.
 * Vereinigung der chrislichen-deutschen Bauernvereine (Association of Christian-German Peasant Unions)
 * Zentralverband der Angestellten (ZdA), an association of white-collar unions started by the SPD. (Pro-Weimar Republic)

Other Organizations

 * Alldeutscher Verband — Pan-German League. A nationalist and colonialist organization whose goal was to nurture, protect and expand German nationality as a unifying force. (Against the government)
 *  Deutsches Handwerk. German crafts organization headed by Zeleny. Zeleny advocated positions that would improve conditions for the old middle class. It would later back the NSDAP.
 *  Katholische Burschenvereine. Catholic youth associations that the Catholic Church started in southern Germany to provide Catholic youth with numerous activities.
 * Tatkreis movement
 * Völkisch movement (Against the government)

Secret societies

 * Bund Wiking — Viking League. A paramilitary organization founded in Munich in 1923 by members of the banned Organisation Consul as a successor group. Its stated aim was the establishment of a military dictatorship and modification of the Treaty of Versailles by armed means, including provocations intended to incite workers into violence and provide the pretext for a coup.
 * Organisation Consul (OC) — An ultra-nationalist and anti-Semitic terrorist organization that operated from 1920 to 1922. It was formed by Hermann Ehrhardt and several members of his Freikorps brigade. It was responsible for political assassinations, including former Minister of Finance Matthias Erzberger and Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau, that had the goal of destroying the Republic and replacing it with a right-wing dictatorship. The group was banned by the German government in 1922.
 * Schwarze Reichswehr — Black Reichswehr. Extra-legal paramilitary formations promoted by the German Reichswehr to circumvent manpower restrictions imposed by the Versailles Treaty. Black Reichswehr members were responsible for several Feme murders. Active 1921 to 1923.

Reichstag election results
All vote numbers in thousands.
 * Regional= Total for regional parties not listed individually
 * Rightist= Total for right-wing parties not listed individually
 * Splinter= Total for splinter parties not listed individually or among regional or rightist

6 June 1920 includes by-elections in Schleswig-Holstein and East Prussia (20 February 1921) and Upper Silesia (19 November 1922) Eligible 35,920 Turnout 28,196 % voting 78.4 (Party, Votes, Seats) KPD 590 4 USPD 5,047 83 SPD 6,104 103 Centre 3,910 64 BVP 1,173 21 DDP 2,334 39 WP 219 4 DVP 3,919 65 DNVP 4,249 71 Regional 709 5 Splinter 161 0 Total 28,415 459

4 May 1924 Eligible 38,375 Turnout 29,282 % voting 76.3 (Party, Votes, Seats) KPD 3,693 45 USPD 235 0 SPD 6,009 100 Centre 3,914 65 BVP 947 16 DDP 1,655 28 WP 530 10 DVP 2,728 45 DNVP 5,697 95 NSFP 1,918 32 Regional 608 5 Rightist 666 10 Splinter 682 4 Total 29,282 455

7 December 1924 Eligible 33,987 Turnout 30,290 % voting 77.7 (Party, Votes, Seats) KPD 2,709 45 USPD 99 0 SPD 7,881 131 Centre 4,092 69 BVP 1,134 19 DDP 1,920 32 WP 639 17 DVP 3,049 51 DNVP 6,206 103 NSFB 907 14 Regional 708 4 Rightist 545 8 Splinter 401 0 Total 30,290 493

20 May 1928 Eligible 41,224 Turnout 30,754 % voting 74.6 (Party, Votes, Seats) KPD 3,265 54 SPD 9,153 153 Centre 3,712 61 BVP 946 17 DDP 1,479 25 WP 1,388 23 DVP 2,680 45 DNVP 4,382 73 NSDAP 810 12 Regional 956 3 Rightist 1,025 23 Splinter 958 2 Total 30,754 491

14 September 1930 Eligible 42,958 Turnout 34,971 % voting 81.4 (Party, Votes, Seats) KPD 4,592 77 SPD 8,578 143 Centre 4,128 68 BVP 1,059 19 DDP 1,322 20 WP 1,362 23 DVP 1,578 30 DNVP 2,458 41 NSDAP 6,383 107 Regional 683 3 Rightist 2,373 46 Splinter 455 0 Total 34,971 577

31 July 1932 Eligible 44,211 Turnout 36,882 % voting 83.4 (Party, Votes, Seats) KPD 5,283 89 SPD 7,960 133 Centre 4,589 75 BVP 1,193 22 DDP 372 4 WP 147 2 DVP 136 7 DNVP 2,177 37 NSDAP 13,769 230 Regional 219 0 Rightist 552 9 Splinter 185 0 Total 36,582 608

6 November 1932 Eligible 44,374 Turnout 35,471 % voting 79.9 (Party, Votes, Seats) KPD 5,980 100 SPD 7,248 121 Centre 4,230 70 BVP 1,095 20 DDP 336 2 WP 110 1 DVP 661 11 DNVP 2,959 52 NSDAP 11,737 196 Regional 353 1 Rightist 510 10 Splinter 252 0 Total 35,471 584

5 March 1933 Eligible 44,665 Turnout 39,343 % voting 88.1 (Party, Votes, Seats) KPD 4,848 81 SPD 7,181 120 Centre 4,425 74 BVP 1,074 18 DDP 334 5 DVP 432 2 DNVP 3,137 52 NSDAP 17,277 288 Regional 1,246 0 Rightist 384 7 Splinter 5 0 Total 39,343 647

List by abbreviation
• ADB — Allgemeiner Deutscher Beamtenbund

• AfA — Allgemeiner Freier Angestelltenbund

• ASPD — Old Social Democratic Party of Germany

• BB — Bavarian Peasants' League

• BdL — German Agrarian League

• BLWV — Brunswick State Electoral Association

• BVP — Bavarian People's Party

• CNBL — Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party

• DAP — German Workers' Party

• DBB — German Civil Service Federation

• DBP — German Farmers' Party

• DDP — German Democratic Party

• DHP — German-Hanoverian Party

• DHV — Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfenverband

• DNAgB — Deutschnationaler Angestelltenbund

• DNAP — Deutschnational Arbeiterband

• DNVP — German National People's Party

• DSP — German Social Party

• DSP — German Socialist Party

• DStP — German State Party

• DVFP — German Völkisch Freedom Party

• DVP — German People's Party

• GdA — Gewerkschaftsbund der Angestellten

• GDB — Gesamtverband Deutscher Beamtengewerkschaften

• Gedag — Gewerkschaftsbund deutscher Angestelltenverbände

• GVG — Greater German People's Community

• HVB — Hanseatic People's League

• KAPD — Communist Workers' Party of Germany

• KGRNS — Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists

• KPD — Communist Party of Germany

• KPO — Communist Party of Germany (Opposition)

• NSDAP — National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party)

• NSFP — National Socialist Freedom Party

• NSV — National Socialist People's Welfare

• OC — Organisation Consul

• RDA — Reichsbund Deutscher Angestellten-Berufsverbände

• RLB — Agricultural League

• SAPD — Socialist Workers' Party of Germany

• SHBLD — Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy

• SPD — Social Democratic Party of Germany

• USPD — Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany

• VKPD — United Communist Party of Germany

• VRP — People's Justice Party

• VSB — Völkisch-Social Bloc

• WP — Economic Party

• Z — Center Party

• ZdA — Zentralverband der Angestellten

title: Weimar political parties


text:
Space hopper

A space hopper (also known as a moon hopper, skippyball, kangaroo ball, bouncer, hippity hop, hoppity hop, sit and bounce, or hop ball) is a rubber ball (similar to an exercise ball) with handles that allow one to sit on it without falling off. The user can attempt to hop around on the toy, using its elastic properties to move forward.

The term "space hopper" is more common in the United Kingdom. The toy is less familiar in the United States and may be known as a "hoppity hop", "hippity hop", or a "sit and bounce". A similar toy, popular in the United States in the 1980s, was the pogo ball, which has a hard plastic ring encircling the ball instead of a handle.

Use
The space hopper is a heavy rubber ball about 60 – in diameter, with two rubber handles protruding from the top. A valve at the top allows the ball to be inflated by a bicycle pump or car tire pump.

A child can sit on top, holding the two handles, and bounce up and down until the ball leaves the ground. By leaning, the driver can make the ball bounce in a particular direction. In practical terms, this is a very inefficient form of locomotion, but its simplicity, ease of use, low cost, and cheerful appearance appeal to children.

History

The space hopper was invented by Aquilino Cosani of Ledragomma, an Italian company that manufactured toy rubber balls. He patented the idea in Italy in 1968, and in the United States in 1971. Cosani called the toy "Pon-Pon".

Space hoppers were introduced to the United Kingdom in 1969. The Cambridge Evening News contained an advertisement for the hopper in November of that year and described it as a trend. The space hopper became a major craze for several years and remained widely popular through the 1980s. The toy is sometimes considered a symbol of the 1970s.

The original space hopper in the United Kingdom was manufactured by Mettoy (Mettoy-Corgi). Wembley made a similar model, which had smooth handles rather than the ribbed original. The orange kangaroo design is now available in adult-sized versions in the UK.

In the United States, the first mass-marketed hopping ball was a version of an earlier European toy—the Hoppity Hop, released by the Sun company after it introduced the ball in 1968 at the American International Toy Fair in New York.

Within the first three months, more than 300,000 units were sold across the country. Because of market and media saturation of this toy, any such ball, regardless of origin, is now generally known in the US by that name.

The earliest Hoppity Hops were made of rubber (usually red or blue) with a round ring handle on top and an automotive tire valve for inflation. In the 1970s, Sun introduced various character versions of the Hoppity Hop, such as the Hoppity Horse or Disney's Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck (with hard plastic versions of the character's head attached to the ball).

The Hoppity Hop sold steadily for decades, but by the 1990s, sales began to slip due to increased competition from foreign hoppers.

According to advertising materials, the Hoppity Hop's original targets were both adults and children. Since the balls only inflated to around 20 in, however, it is doubtful that any but the shortest adults could have gotten much use out of one.

The European "Hop!" balls appeared in the beginning of the 1990s and are still available. Made by Italy's Ledragomma/Ledraplastic, these are essentially an exercise ball with a handle attached. The sizes of these balls range from the "Hop! 45" to the "Hop! 66" (66 cm, about 26 in).

The Hop! 66 is still primarily child-sized. Demand for truly adult-proportioned hopping balls was met with two notable items: The first was Kitt 2000 Velp, of the Netherlands Mega Skippyballs, a large hopping ball that, by virtue of its size, was intended only for adult use. It came in three sizes: 120 cm, 100 cm, and 80 cm.

The Mega Skippyballs are made of extra-strong vinyl, and in the Netherlands, there are various Skippyball races and championships.

Popular culture
Terry Cooper's humorous science fiction trilogy Kangazang features space hoppers (referred to as "Hoppas"), who are depicted as an alien race living on the planet Profania Alpha.

Episode 12, season 2 of the 1970s British comedy The Goodies was mostly related to space hoppers.

In a season-7 episode of Friends, "The One Where They All Turn Thirty", Phoebe bounced for a mile on a Hippity Hop.

The 1973 pornographic parody film Bat Pussy features the titular character using a space hopper for transportation.

A character named Space Hopper, which resembles a toy space hopper, appears in Ian Stewart's book Flatterland.

The British animated sketch show Monkey Dust features the recurring character Ivan 'The Meat-Safe Murderer" Dobsky, a man imprisoned in 1974 for a crime he didn't commit, being finally released in every episode with no possessions other than a variety of 1970s clothing and a space hopper called Mr. Hoppy. Mr. Hoppy is eventually revealed to be both sentient and responsible for the Meat-Safe Murders himself.

In the British crime drama Endeavour, episode "Apollo" (2019), a child is shown bouncing on a Space Hopper in a scene contemporaneous with the 1969 Apollo mission, consistent with the toy's 1968/1969 release in the UK.

title: Space hopper