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Jake Daubert

Jacob Ellsworth Daubert (April 7, 1884 – October 9, 1924) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Brooklyn Superbas and Cincinnati Reds. His career lasted from 1910 until his death in 1924.

Daubert was recognized throughout his career for his performance on the field. He won the 1913 and 1914 National League batting titles and the 1913 Chalmers Award as the National League's Most Valuable Player. Between 1911 and 1919, The Baseball Magazine named him to their All-American team seven times. Baseball historian William C. Kashatus observed that Daubert was "a steady .300 hitter for 10 years of the Deadball Era" who "never fielded below the .989 mark."

Early life
Daubert was born in Shamokin, Pennsylvania to Jacob and Sarah Daubert. The lack of child labor laws enabled Daubert to go to work early in his life. In 1895, at the age of eleven, the young Daubert joined his father and two brothers at work in the local coal mines.

In 1906, Daubert left his job at the mines and signed a contract with a baseball team in Lykens, Pennsylvania. He was originally a pitcher on the team before he converted to first base. At the end of the 1906 season, Daubert left Pennsylvania and traveled west to Ohio. There, he spent the 1907 season on teams in Kane, Pennsylvania and Marion, Ohio.

Baseball career
In 1908, Daubert was signed by the Cleveland Indians. However, Daubert never played for Cleveland as they released him shortly thereafter. He left Cleveland and signed with the Nashville club of the Southern Association. He spent the remainder of the season with Nashville.

Daubert returned to Ohio for the start of the 1909 season. After playing the first part of the season with Toledo of the American Association, Daubert went back to Tennessee and joined the Memphis club. Like Nashville, Memphis's team played in the Southern Association. While playing for Memphis, Larry Sutton, a scout for the Brooklyn Dodgers, observed his play. Shortly thereafter, the Dodgers purchased Daubert's contract and brought him to Brooklyn for the 1910 season.

While Daubert hit just .264 in 1910, he hit over .300 in each of the next six seasons. On May 6, 1910, Daubert recorded 21 putouts in a single game, one short of the major league record.

In 1911 and 1912, Daubert placed ninth and eighth in the Chalmers Award voting. The following year, he won the award. On August 15, 1914, Daubert tied Cy Seymour's MLB record with four sacrifice bunts in one game. In 1916 he batted .316 and Brooklyn won their first NL pennant. His season ended in disappointment, however, after he hit only .176 in the 1916 World Series and Brooklyn lost the series to the Boston Red Sox.

Daubert hit .261 in 1917, but the following year he hit .308 and led the NL in triples. When the season was cut short due to World War I and the Spanish flu epidemic, major league owners prorated player salaries. Daubert, who had been among the founding members of the Players' Fraternity, sued for the balance of his salary. Eventually, Jake recovered most of the $2,150 he was due. After the dispute started, Brooklyn owner Charles Ebbets traded him to Cincinnati for outfielder Tommy Griffith. Once in Cincinnati, Daubert served as the Reds' captain for the remainder of his career.

In 1919, although he hit only .276, Daubert was second in the league in runs scored and third in triples. The Reds won their first pennant since the inaugural season of the American Association in 1882. In the 1919 World Series, noted for the Black Sox Scandal, he batted .241. In the 9-1 Game One victory, he had three hits, including a triple, and he had two hits and scored twice in the final 10-5 victory in the decisive Game Eight.

Daubert hit over .300 in the next three seasons. In 1922, Daubert hit for a .336 average, led the NL in triples and had a career-high 12 home runs. By 1923, at age 39, he was the oldest regular position player in the major leagues, and he hit .292 that season.

Daubert also excelled in sacrifice hits. His career total of 392 sacrifice hits is second in MLB history, behind Hall of Famer Eddie Collins.

In his career, he had 56 home runs, 1,117 runs, 722 runs batted in, 250 doubles, 165 triples and 251 stolen bases. He recorded a .991 fielding percentage playing every inning of his MLB career at first base. When he left Brooklyn for Cincinnati, Daubert held the Brooklyn franchise record for games played at first base (1,206). The record was broken by Gil Hodges in 1956.

Baseball unionization efforts
Daubert was a trailblazer in baseball's unionization movement, a controversial role that may have been a factor in his omission from the Hall of Fame. In 1913, he served as vice president of the Baseball Players' Fraternity, which petitioned the National Baseball Commission for improved labor conditions. The petition included the following requests: 1) permission for players to negotiate with any team following their unconditional release, 2) a guarantee that clubs would provide players with 10 days' notice before releasing them unconditionally, 3) a guarantee that clubs would inform players of the terms of their contract when they are sent to another team, 4) a guarantee that a veteran players would not be sent to the minor leagues when his services are of interest to another major league club, 5) a guarantee that clubs would furnish uniforms and shoes to players free of charge, 6) a guarantee that clubs would provide traveling expenses to players between their homes and spring training camps, and 7) that players should receive written notice concerning any fine or suspension levied against them.

Although Daubert was unsuccessful in pressuring the commissioners to accept the terms of the fledgling baseball union's petition, he lobbied continuously for his own interests as a player, thereby earning a reputation as a "troublemaker" within the baseball establishment. A salary dispute with Charles Ebbets, owner of the Dodgers, was a major factor in Daubert's transfer to Cincinnati in 1919.

Life outside baseball and death
While Daubert was in Brooklyn, he was nominated for city Alderman. He also spent time as a businessman and invested in several business ventures. His holdings included a pool hall, a cigar business, a semi-pro baseball team, a moving-picture business and a coal breaker. His most profitable business was reportedly the coal breaker, which was located in his hometown.

Daubert left the Reds late in the 1924 season after falling ill during a road trip to New York. Against his doctor's advice, he returned to play in the team's final home game of the season. On October 2, he had an appendectomy performed by Dr. Harry H. Hines, the Reds' team doctor. Complications from the operation arose, and a blood transfusion did not improve his health. He died in Cincinnati one week after the operation, with the doctor citing "exhaustion, resulting in indigestion, [as] the immediate cause of death". It was later discovered that Daubert suffered from a hereditary blood disorder called hemolytic spherocytosis, which contributed to his death. He was interred at the Charles Baber Cemetery in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Daubert was survived by his wife Gertrude, his son George, and his daughter Louisa. As of 2022, he remains the oldest ballplayer to die while in the majors.

During his career, Daubert compiled a .303 lifetime batting average. At the time of his death, he ranked among the major league career leaders in games (4th, 2,001), putouts (4th, 19,634), assists (5th, 1,128), total chances (4th, 20,943) and double plays (3rd, 1,199) at first base; he was also among the NL's leaders in hits (7th, 2,326), triples (9th, 165), at bats (9th, 7,673), games played (10th, 2,014) and total bases (10th, 3,074). Daubert currently holds the NL record for most sacrifice hits (392). He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1966 and the Brooklyn Dodgers Hall of Fame in 1990.

title: Jake Daubert


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Raoul Dandurand

Raoul Dandurand, (November 4, 1861 – March 11, 1942) was a Canadian politician and longtime organizer in Quebec for the Liberal Party of Canada.

Biography
Dandurand graduated from the Faculty of Law at Université Laval, and worked as a corporate lawyer in Quebec.

Dandurand, a Montreal lawyer, was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 1898 by Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He served as Speaker of the Senate of Canada from 1905 to 1909 and was either Leader of the Government in the Canadian Senate or Leader of the Opposition in the Canadian Senate from 1921 until 1942. As Government Leader in the Senate he served in every Cabinet formed by William Lyon Mackenzie King from 1921 until Dandurand's death in 1942. He also served as President of the League of Nations Assembly in 1925 and was Canada's delegate to the League's council from 1927 to 1930. He is perhaps best remembered for having said, in 1927, that in international affairs Canada was “a fireproof house, far from inflammable materials.”

King relied heavily on Dandurand and Ernest Lapointe for advice on Quebec as well as on international affairs and it was Dandurand who suggested Louis St. Laurent for King's Cabinet after Lapointe's death.

After his death, he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

Family
In January 1886, Dandurand married Joséphine Marchand, daughter of Quebec premier and dramatist Hon Félix-Gabriel Marchand and his wife, Marie Herselie Turgeon. Josephine was born in Saint-Jean-d'Iberville, and was educated at the Convent of Les Dames de la Congregation de Notre Dame a branch of Villa-Maria. Her literary works included dramatic pieces, papers and essays on subjects of public interest and in relation to women's duties, rights and place. She founded and edited Le Coin du Feu, a women's paper. They were parents to daughter Gabrielle-Marie-Melinda Dandurand (1886–1933).

She was a member and office-bearer of the National Council of Women of Canada, in which she advanced practical schemes for the promotion of the industrial and fine arts in Canada and the establishment of a Department of Art. She was a member and office-bearer of the Women's Historical Society, the Victorian Order of Nurses. She was President of the Crèche of the Sisters of Mercy, Montreal, Quebec. In 1898, she was created an Officier Academic by the French government. In 1900, she was appointed as a Commissioner from the Canadian government of Canada to the Paris Exposition in Ottawa. In March 1903, she delivered an address before the Alliance française on "La Sociabilite."

Archives
There is a Dandurand-Marchand collection at Library and Archives Canada.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Raoul Dandurand


text:
Jim Munroe

Jim Munroe is a Canadian science fiction author, who publishes his works independently under the imprint No Media Kings. Munroe was managing editor at the magazine Adbusters in the 1990s, before publishing his debut novel Flyboy Action Figure Comes With Gasmask in 1999. The novel was put out by HarperCollins, a major publishing company owned by Rupert Murdoch, and though the book was successful, Munroe so disliked the experience that he launched No Media Kings as a venue for publishing and promoting his own works independently, and a guide to self-publishing for other prospective writers. The book was shortlisted for the Books in Canada First Novel Award in 2000.

In 2000, Munroe released Angry Young Spaceman through No Media Kings. He followed up with Everyone in Silico in 2002, which was promoted partly by Munroe's attempt to invoice corporations mentioned in the novel for product placement. An Opening Act of Unspeakable Evil, a novel written in the form of blog entries, followed in 2004.

Munroe's most recent books are Therefore Repent! and Sword of My Mouth, graphic novels set in post-Rapture Chicago and Detroit.

Munroe was the founder of Perpetual Motion Roadshow, a North American indie touring circuit that sent 100 writers, performers and musicians on the road between 2003 and 2007. A former video games columnist for Eye Weekly, he is a founding board member of the Hand Eye Society and has produced projects such as the Torontron.

title: Jim Munroe


text:
Grays Peak

Grays Peak is the tenth-highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The prominent 4352 m fourteener is the highest summit of the Front Range and the highest point on the Continental Divide and the Continental Divide Trail in North America. (There are higher summits, such as Mount Elbert, which are near, but not on, the Divide.) Grays Peak is located in Arapahoe National Forest, 6.2 km southeast by east (bearing 122°) of Loveland Pass on the Continental Divide between Clear Creek and Summit counties. The peak is the highest point in both counties.

Grays Peak is one of 53 fourteeners (mountains of over 14000 ft in elevation) in Colorado. Botanist Charles C. Parry made the first recorded ascent of the summit in 1861 and named the peak in honor of his botanist colleague Asa Gray. Gray did not see (and climb) the peak until 1872, eleven years later. Grays Peak is commonly mentioned in conjunction with adjacent Torreys Peak. In the Arapaho language Gray's Peak and the adjacent Torrey's Peak are named, Heeniiyoowuu or "Ant Hills".

Climbing
Like the other fourteeners nearby, Grays Peak is considered to be an easy hike by fourteener standards, and is very popular among weekend climbers. Often a climb to the summit of Grays Peak is accompanied by continuing on to Torreys Peak, less than a mile away. The main trail, Grays Peak Trail, departs from Stevens Gulch. With cuts in the road over two feet deep and large stones in the path, travel to the trailhead is only feasible for high-clearance four-wheel-drive vehicles, motorcycles or all-terrain vehicles.

From the trailhead, it is a hike of about 3.5 mi and a climb of 3040 ft. The trail, well-marked and well-trodden, begins by following the gulch for a slow rise in elevation, before hitting the steeper slopes. The summit includes a very small U-shaped rock shelter where a log book is maintained. Extensive views stretch south to Pike's Peak and the San Luis Valley, east to the Great Plains, West to Silverthorne, and north to Longs Peak and Rocky Mountain National Park. At the climber's option, the trail continues from the summit north to Torreys Peak. The trail descends the saddle down to 13707 ft before climbing back to the summit of Torreys Peak at 14274 ft.

Wildlife
Wildlife in the area includes, mountain goat, pika, cougar or mountain lion, mule deer, elk, marmot, coyote, ptarmigan, American red squirrel, and Canada jay. Wildflowers that bloom in the tundra area on the Continental Divide of the Americas include moss campion (Silene acaulis), alpine forget-me-not (Myosotis alpestris), sky pilot (Polemonium viscosum), sea pink, old-man-of-the-mountain (Rydbergia grandiflora), and mountain gentian (Gentiana). Below the tree-line, the blooms of monkshood or wolfsbane, blue columbine, fireweed, and paintbrush (Castilleja) can be found.

title: Grays Peak


text:
Talk:Delta Air Lines

Error
Delta no longer has the 2nd largest fleet in the world. 98.61.138.184 (talk) 07:17, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

 * really? Hamterous1 (talk) 18:01, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

Partner airlines
Partner airlines are listed under the category “subsidiaries” this is false. 67.42.77.90 (talk) 06:42, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Focus cities
Delta reportedly no longer uses the "focus city" moniker to refer to select non-hub airports. (See the TPG article titled "Delta adds 11 new Austin flights just weeks after American slashed its schedule there" [Dec. 15, 2023], which I can't add here.)

That said, on Wikipedia we typically defer to secondary sources. In accordance with that policy, I would be in favor of citing secondary sources to refer to certain airports as focus cities—namely Raleigh, Cincinnati, and Austin. Thoughts? --Precision123 (talk) 22:21, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

bookings
new bookings includes 192.94.102.3 (talk) 18:27, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Includes what? ‹hamster717🐉› (discuss anything!🐹✈ • my contribs🌌🌠) 03:54, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

delta trying out new platform for communications
On 04/02/24 UNC booked a demo, Delta airlines was very excited for us to start using new platform. Shoutout to Unc GO SKYHAWKS 192.94.102.3 (talk) 18:30, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * So, on April 2, 2024, the UNC booked a demo, and Delta Airlines was very excited for a group to start using new platforms? - Master of Hedgehogs (converse) (hate that hedgehog!) 18:33, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 June 2024
2600:1017:B830:7912:3109:E4EC:B61D:4638 (talk) 00:18, 15 June 2024 (UTC) Absolutely horrible should be fined

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ‹hamster717› (discuss anything!🐹✈ • my contribs🌌) 01:33, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 July 2024
Please change "As of June 2024, the Delta Air Lines fleet consists of 991 mainline aircraft, making it the largest commercial airline fleet in the world. Delta Air Lines operates a fleet manufactured by Airbus and Boeing." to "As of June 2024, the Delta Air Lines fleet consists of 991 mainline aircraft, making it the largest commercial airline fleet in the world. Delta Air Lines operates a fleet manufactured by Airbus, Boeing, Embraer and Bombardier." LukeDoesThings (talk) 19:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. - FlightTime Phone  ( open channel ) 19:14, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Delta Air Lines


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Manchester docks

Manchester docks were nine docks in Salford, Stretford and Manchester, at the eastern end of the Manchester Ship Canal in North West England, which formed part of the Port of Manchester from 1894 until their closure in 1982. They marked the upper reaches of the ship canal, and were a destination for both coastal and ocean-bound vessels carrying cargo and passengers, often travelling to and from Canada.

Manchester docks were divided into two sections; the larger Salford docks to the west of the Trafford Road swing bridge and Pomona docks to the east. Each section consisted of four docks in total, the largest being to the west; Dock 5 at Pomona was never fully completed. Of the eight working docks only one, Dock 1 at Pomona, was within Manchester itself.

In the 1970s the docks began a rapid decline, largely due to containerisation. The increasing size of freight-carrying ships meant they could no longer navigate the Manchester Ship Canal and this, combined with increased trading with Europe and the East, saw use of Manchester Docks decrease. In 1982, the remaining docks closed and the area became derelict. Salford City Council bought the docks in 1984 using a derelict land grant and their redevelopment as Salford Quays began 1985, transforming the area for commercial, residential and leisure use.

Salford docks
The Salford docks are the western (downstream) block, made of four large docks running ENE from the canal, numbered 9, 8, 7 and 6, the last three off a turning basin. They have now been redeveloped into Salford Quays.

 * Dock 9 is the largest of the docks and was the site of the Manchester Liners container service to Montreal, Quebec. Today the upper reaches contain cleaned water and have been cut off from their former connection to the ship canal. This cleaned water is accessed from Dock 8 via a new canal through Pier 8, while the lower section remains open to ship canal traffic. This dock was the last to be constructed, built on the former New Barnes site of Manchester Racecourse, and opened in the early years of the 20th century.
 * Dock 8 remains largely intact, although its entrance to the ship canal has been made considerably narrower. It is now accessed through a lock beneath a pedestrian drawbridge, which is used as a buffer to separate the cleaned water of docks 7, 8 and 9 from the relatively untreated water of the ship canal. This is the only route into the redeveloped basins of docks 9 and 7. The lock and drawbridge are mechanised and controlled from the Salford Quays Operations Tower.
 * Dock 7 has been cut off from the ship canal and divided into a series of small basins, linking Piers 6 and 7 by road and pedestrian footbridges. The basins provide a habitat for wildlife and the introduced fish stock. Access is again from Dock 8, at its north eastern end.
 * Dock 6 is retained in largely its original configuration.

The smaller basins into which the docks have been divided are all named after North American lakes, reflecting the area's strong trading links the docks had with North America.

Upstream of Dock 6 there is a triangular depression in the canal wall on a similar alignment to the other docks: this was originally a second navigable channel under a fixed road bridge. At the end of the 19th century the channel was infilled above the bridge and the remainder retained as a wharf. Later this arm was further truncated into the vestige seen today.

While Dock 9 was being built there were plans to construct a further dock (Dock 10) downstream of, and parallel to, Dock 9. Maps from 1921 still show the proposed dock, but it is omitted on later editions.

Pomona docks
Pomona docks was a set of five docks on the Manchester Ship Canal. Unlike the former docks in what is now Salford Quays, there has been little redevelopment.

Dock 5, Ordsall Dock, was a rectangular dock on the opposite bank to the other docks, and was situated directly opposite docks 3-4. Docks 4-2 left the canal at an angle, running east from the canal, each around 200 yd long, whilst Dock 1 (mostly in the City of Manchester) was somewhat longer at 233 yd, and ran almost parallel to the canal in a NE direction.

 * Dock 5 was infilled at the end of the 19th century, during the construction of Dock 9.
 * Dock 4 has now been entirely infilled, and almost no trace remains on the ground, although vague outlines of the dock can still be seen on aerial photographs.
 * Dock 3 remains intact, having been later used as the point for Pomona Lock (which connects the Manchester Ship Canal to the Bridgewater Canal, replacing the redundant Hulme Lock further upstream).
 * Dock 2 has been infilled along most of its length, although a short stump of the dock remains connected to the canal.
 * Dock 1 has been infilled, although a depression in the canal bank exists across the former dock mouth.

The official terminus of the canal is several hundred metres further up the canal, at a point where it is crossed by a footbridge. Between the four main docks and Pomona docks was a swinging road bridge. In the 1960s its openings and closings were announced by a man blowing a hunting horn.

The Pomona docks were built on the site of the Pomona Gardens, named after the Roman goddess Pomona. The swinging roadbridge separating Salford Quays from Pomona docks is now permanently closed, and only small pleasure craft can pass under it into Pomona docks. The gardens gave their name to a public house at Cornbrook. The area is served by the Pomona tram stop on the Manchester Metrolink.

title: Manchester docks


text: Template:United States presidential elections


text:
600-ship Navy

The 600-ship Navy was a strategic plan of the United States Navy during the 1980s to rebuild its fleet after cutbacks that followed the end of the Vietnam War. The plan, which originated with Republican leaders, was an important campaign plank of Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election, who advocated a larger military and strategic confrontation with the Soviet Union.

The number of ships peaked at 594 in 1987, before declining sharply after the end of the Cold War in 1989–1991.

The program included:
 * Recommissioning the Iowa-class battleships
 * Keeping older ships in service longer
 * A large new construction program
 * Stepping up production of Nimitz-class aircraft carriers

The idea was supported by John F. Lehman, who became Reagan's Secretary of the Navy, and Caspar Weinberger, Reagan's Secretary of Defense.

Background
The idea behind the 600-ship Navy can be traced back to the Vietnam War. During the war, the armed services rapidly expanded to meet the demands placed on them.

The Soviet Union, which had been supporting North Vietnam, began staging their naval vessels from former U.S. ports in South Vietnam. Building on this gain, Soviet vessels began to sail in all seven seas with increased vigor and even ventured into the Gulf of Mexico. Soviet forces also stepped up infantry, armor, and air force deployments in Eastern Europe.

Reagan plan
It was against this backdrop in 1980 that the United States began an election year. President Reagan continued this in 1984, releasing a campaign commercial "Bear," which played on the use of the bear as a national symbol of Russia in order to promote higher vigilance and defense expenditures against the Soviet Union.

The overseas strategic retaliation arm was strengthened and the development of new weaponry like the B-1B bomber, the Bradley fighting vehicle, and the Abrams tank was completed and they were put into production.

Lehman attempted to "front-load" the program, by committing the Navy to the building program, but in the end the funds were not available and it fell short.

Ships and weapons systems deployed during the plan
The Navy saw the largest benefit of the rebuilding. Under the Reagan administration, the first of the Ohio-class submarine ballistic missile submarines were completed. This class was the largest submarine ever built in the U.S. The ship carried 24 Trident I nuclear-capable missiles, each one with a 4000 mi range. Construction of the Nimitz class of supercarriers and Los Angeles-class submarine attack submarines were dramatically stepped up. The revolutionary new Aegis Combat System was installed on the upcoming Ticonderoga-class cruiser ships, production of which was also stepped up. Several aircraft carriers were put through Service Life Extension Programs (SLEPs) aimed at keeping them in service longer. The Iowa-class battleships, built in the 1940s, were all recommissioned and refitted with RGM-84 Harpoon, BGM-109 Tomahawk, and Phalanx CIWS system capabilities, plus their armor plating would be more resilient against anti-ship missiles. The first Harpoons, Tomahawks, and AGM-88 HARM missiles all debuted on the navy's ships. Naval aviation was stepped up with the introduction of the F/A-18 Hornet, along with improved versions of the EA-6 Prowler electronic countermeasure aircraft, the A-6 Intruder, and the F-14 Tomcat. In addition, the nation's strategic retaliatory arm was strengthened with advanced B-1B bombers and deploying Pershing II theater missiles to Europe. The initiative also included deployment of Abrams main battle tanks and Bradley armored fighting vehicles. U.S. Navy unclassified miscellaneous ships, auxiliary ships, and yard ships are not included in the ship count.

Build-up by year
Aircraft carriers

Battleships

Cruisers

Destroyers

Frigates

Amphibious assault ship

Dock landing ship

Amphibious transport dock

Amphibious cargo ship

Tank landing ship

Command Ship

Hospital ship

Minesweeper

Patrol ships

Replenishment oiler

Tanker

Ammunition ship

Combat stores ship

Fast combat support ships

Roll-on/roll-off

Destroyer tender

Submarine tender

Crane ship

Heavy-lift ship

Cable ship

Rescue and salvage ship

Tracking ship

Ocean surveillance ship

Oceanographic research ship

Attack submarines

Ballistic missile submarines

End of the plan
Eventually political pressure to reduce the national budget deficit resulted in Congress reversing itself and passing a series of declining defense budgets beginning in 1986. Weinberger clashed with Congress over the cuts, resigning in late 1987, and was succeeded by Frank Carlucci. Furthermore, concerns were raised about how the expansion of the Navy would reduce attention and resources needed in other scenarios where the Soviets also had to be confronted such as Europe.

Lehman's successor as Navy Secretary, Jim Webb, remained a fierce proponent of the expanded fleet, and disagreed with Carlucci over how to cut the Navy budget in line with other services. Webb resigned rather than endorse Carlucci's cut of 16 frigates. As revealed in The Reagan Diaries, Reagan reflected about Webb's resignation on 22 February 1988: "Present Sec. Webb resigned over budget cuts. I don't think Navy was sorry to see him go."

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States, several of the Reagan Administration's policies and plans, such as the "600-ship Navy", were scaled back or abandoned. U.S. bases across Europe and North America were slowly decommissioned and closed, others were mothballed through the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process. In the Navy, this resulted in the retirement of several older carriers, the decommissioning of all four of the Iowa-class battleships and the cancellation of the remaining Seawolf-class submarine s.

title: 600-ship Navy


text:
Strathgordon, Tasmania

Strathgordon is a rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Derwent Valley in the South-east LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 121 km west of the town of New Norfolk. The 2016 census recorded a population of 15 for the state suburb of Southwest, which includes Strathgordon. It is on the road to the Gordon River Dam the most south westerly road in the south west of Tasmania. It is a tourist destination for visitors wishing to visit the Southwest National Park and World Heritage listed wilderness.

It is remote by Tasmanian standards; however, fuel can be purchased at the Lake Pedder Wilderness Lodge which also provides accommodation and meals. The nearest basic services, otherwise, are 70 km away along a winding road from Maydena. From Maydena, access can be made along the Gordon River Road to the major population centers of Tasmania. The road is maintained by Hydro Tasmania and has views of the South Western Wilderness.

History
Strathgordon was gazetted as a locality in 1968. The town was the 'company' town for construction by the Hydro Tasmania of the hydro-electric structures that resulted in damming of Lake Pedder and Lake Gordon. Its post office opened on 16 July 1969.

Geography
The locality is completely surrounded by the much larger locality of Southwest.

Road infrastructure
Route B61 (Gordon River Road) runs through from south-east to south-west.

Climate
Strathgordon has a cooler oceanic climate (Cfb) with cool summers and cold winters with crisp nights year round. Rainfall is extremely heavy year round, some of the heaviest in all of Australia. Strathgordon as well as being very wet is also very cloudy for most of the year; it is the cloudiest station in Australia, with only 1,478 hours of sunshine and 16.3 clear days annually. Snow is a common occurrence in the winter and spring months, and can be heavy in amount, while sleet can occur nearer to summer.

The station commenced record in 1968 and ceased on the 19 of March 2021.

title: Strathgordon, Tasmania


text:
Cross-cutting

Cross-cutting is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time, and often in the same place. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not always the case. Cross-cutting can also be used for characters in a film with the same goals but different ways of achieving them.

Suspense may be added by cross-cutting. It is built through the expectations that it creates and in the hopes that it will be explained with time. Cross-cutting also forms parallels; it illustrates a narrative action that happens in several places at approximately the same time. For instance, in D. W. Griffith's A Corner in Wheat (1909), the film cross-cuts between the activities of rich businessmen and poor people waiting in line for bread. This creates a sharp dichotomy between the two actions, and encourages the viewer to compare the two shots. Often, this contrast is used for strong emotional effect, and frequently at the climax of a film. The rhythm of, or length of time between, cross-cuts can also set the rhythm of a scene. Increasing the rapidity between two different actions may add tension to a scene, much in the same manner of using short, declarative sentences in a work of literature.

Cross-cutting was established as a film-making technique relatively early in film history (two examples being Edwin Porter's 1903 short The Great Train Robbery and Louis J. Gasnier's 1908 short The Runaway Horse); Griffith was its most famous practitioner. The technique is showcased in his Biograph work, such as A Corner in Wheat and 1911's The Lonedale Operator. His 1915 film The Birth of a Nation contains textbook examples of cross-cutting and firmly established it as a staple of film editing. Mrinal Sen has used cross-cutting effectively in his agit-prop film Interview, which achieved significant commercial success. Christopher Nolan uses cross-cutting extensively in films such as Interstellar, The Dark Knight and Inception - particularly in the latter, in which sequences depict multiple simultaneous levels of consciousness. Cloud Atlas is known for its numerous cross-cuts between the film's six different stories, some lasting only a few seconds yet spanning across hundreds of years in different locations around the world. Its cuts are eased by the similar emotional tone depicted by each side's action.

Cross-cutting is often used during phone-conversation sequences so that viewers see both characters' facial expressions in response to what is said.

title: Cross-cutting


text:
Hamiltonian constraint

The Hamiltonian constraint arises from any theory that admits a Hamiltonian formulation and is reparametrisation-invariant. The Hamiltonian constraint of general relativity is an important non-trivial example.

In the context of general relativity, the Hamiltonian constraint technically refers to a linear combination of spatial and time diffeomorphism constraints reflecting the reparametrizability of the theory under both spatial as well as time coordinates. However, most of the time the term Hamiltonian constraint is reserved for the constraint that generates time diffeomorphisms.

Parametrization
In its usual presentation, classical mechanics appears to give time a special role as an independent variable. This is unnecessary, however. Mechanics can be formulated to treat the time variable on the same footing as the other variables in an extended phase space, by parameterizing the temporal variable(s) in terms of a common, albeit unspecified parameter variable. Phase space variables being on the same footing.

Say our system comprised a pendulum executing a simple harmonic motion and a clock. Whereas the system could be described classically by a position x=x(t), with x defined as a function of time, it is also possible to describe the same system as x($$\tau$$) and t($$\tau$$) where the relation between x and t is not directly specified. Instead, x and t are determined by the parameter $$\tau$$, which is simply a parameter of the system, possibly having no objective meaning in its own right.

The system would be described by the position of a pendulum from the center, denoted $$x$$, and the reading on the clock, denoted $$t$$. We put these variables on the same footing by introducing a fictitious parameter $$\tau$$, $$x (\tau), \;\;\;\; t (\tau)$$ whose 'evolution' with respect to $$\tau$$ takes us continuously through every possible correlation between the displacement and reading on the clock. Obviously the variable $$\tau$$ can be replaced by any monotonic function, $$\tau' = f(\tau)$$. This is what makes the system reparametrisation-invariant. Note that by this reparametrisation-invariance the theory cannot predict the value of $$x (\tau)$$ or $$t (\tau)$$ for a given value of $$\tau$$ but only the relationship between these quantities. Dynamics is then determined by this relationship.

Dynamics of this reparametrization-invariant system
The action for the parametrized Harmonic oscillator is then $$S = \int d \tau \left[ {dx \over d \tau} p + {dt \over d \tau} p_t - \lambda \left( p_t + {p^2 \over 2m} + {1 \over 2} m \omega^2 x^2 \right) \right],$$ where $$x$$ and $$t$$ are canonical coordinates and $$p$$ and $$p_t$$ are their conjugate momenta respectively and represent our extended phase space (we will show that we can recover the usual Newton's equations from this expression). Writing the action as $$S = \int d \tau \left[ {dx \over d \tau} p + {dt \over d \tau} p_t - \mathcal{H} (x,t;p,p_t) \right]$$ we identify the $$\mathcal{H}$$ as $$\mathcal{H} (x,t,\lambda;p,p_t) = \lambda \left( p_t + {p^2 \over 2m} + {1 \over 2} m \omega^2 x^2 \right).$$

Hamilton's equations for $$\lambda$$ are $${\partial \mathcal{H} \over \partial \lambda} = 0$$ which gives a constraint, $$C = p_t + {p^2 \over 2m} + {1 \over 2} m \omega^2 x^2 = 0.$$

$$C$$ is our Hamiltonian constraint! It could also be obtained from the Euler–Lagrange equation of motion, noting that the action depends on $$\lambda$$ but not its $$\tau$$ derivative. Then the extended phase space variables $$x$$, $$t$$, $$p$$, and $$p_t$$ are constrained to take values on this constraint-hypersurface of the extended phase space. We refer to $$\lambda C$$ as the `smeared' Hamiltonian constraint where $$\lambda$$ is an arbitrary number. The 'smeared' Hamiltonian constraint tells us how an extended phase space variable (or function thereof) evolves with respect to $$\tau$$: $${dx \over d \tau} = \{ x, \lambda C \} , \;\;\;\; {dp \over d \tau} = \{ p , \lambda C \} \;\;\;\;\;\; {dt \over d \tau} = \{ t , \lambda C \}, \;\;\;\; {dp_t \over d \tau} = \{ p_t , \lambda C \} $$ (these are actually the other Hamilton's equations). These equations describe a flow or orbit in phase space. In general we have $${d F (x,p,t,p_t) \over d \tau} = \{ F (x,p,t,p_t), \lambda C \}$$ for any phase space function $$F$$. As the Hamiltonian constraint Poisson commutes with itself, it preserves itself and hence the constraint-hypersurface. The possible correlations between measurable quantities like $$x (\tau)$$ and $$t (\tau)$$ then correspond to `orbits' generated by the constraint within the constraint surface, each particular orbit differentiated from each other by say also measuring the value of say $$p (\tau)$$ along with $$x (\tau)$$ and $$t (\tau)$$ at one $$\tau$$-instant; after determining the particular orbit, for each measurement of $$t (\tau)$$ we can predict the value $$x (\tau)$$ will take.

Deparametrization
The other equations of Hamiltonian mechanics are $${dx \over d \tau} = {\partial \mathcal{H} \over \partial p}, \;\;\;\; {dp \over d \tau} = - {\partial \mathcal{H} \over \partial x} ; \;\;\;\;\;\; {dt \over d \tau} = {\partial \mathcal{H} \over \partial p_t}, \;\;\;\; {dp_t \over d \tau} = {\partial \mathcal{H} \over \partial t}.$$

Upon substitution of our action these give, $${dx \over d \tau} = \lambda {p \over m}, \;\;\;\; {dp \over d \tau} = - \lambda m \omega^2 x ; \;\;\;\;\;\; {dt \over d \tau} = \lambda, \;\;\;\; {dp_t \over d \tau} = 0,$$

These represent the fundamental equations governing our system.

In the case of the parametrized clock and pendulum system we can of course recover the usual equations of motion in which $$t$$ is the independent variable:

Now $$dx / dt$$ and $$dp / dt$$ can be deduced by

$${dx \over dt} = {dx \over d \tau} \Big/ {dt \over d \tau} = {\lambda p/m \over \lambda} = {p \over m}$$ $${dp \over dt} = {dp \over d \tau} \Big/ {dt \over d \tau} = {- \lambda m \omega^2 x \over \lambda}= - m \omega^2 x.$$

We recover the usual differential equation for the simple harmonic oscillator, $${d^2 x \over dt^2} = - \omega^2 x.$$

We also have $$dp_t / d t = dp_t / d \tau \big/ d t / d \tau = 0$$ or $$p_t = \mathrm{const}.$$

Our Hamiltonian constraint is then easily seen as the condition of constancy of energy! Deparametrization and the identification of a time variable with respect to which everything evolves is the opposite process of parametrization. It turns out in general that not all reparametrisation-invariant systems can be deparametrized. General relativity being a prime physical example (here the spacetime coordinates correspond to the unphysical $$\tau$$ and the Hamiltonian is a linear combination of constraints which generate spatial and time diffeomorphisms).

Reason why we could deparametrize here
The underlining reason why we could deparametrize (aside from the fact that we already know it was an artificial reparametrization in the first place) is the mathematical form of the constraint, namely, $$C = p_t + C' (x,p).$$

Substitute the Hamiltonian constraint into the original action we obtain $$\begin{align} S &= \int d \tau \left[ {dx \over d \tau} p + {dt \over d \tau} p_t - \lambda (p_t + C' (x,p)) \right] \\ &= \int d \tau \left[ {dx \over d \tau} p - {dt \over d \tau} C' (x,p) \right] \\ &= \int dt \left[ {dx \over dt} p - {p^2 \over 2m} + {1 \over 2} m \omega^2 x^2 \right] \end{align}$$ which is the standard action for the harmonic oscillator. General relativity is an example of a physical theory where the Hamiltonian constraint isn't of the above mathematical form in general, and so cannot be deparametrized in general.

Hamiltonian of classical general relativity
In the ADM formulation of general relativity one splits spacetime into spatial slices and time, the basic variables are taken to be the induced metric, $$q_{ab} (x)$$, on the spatial slice (the metric induced on the spatial slice by the spacetime metric), and its conjugate momentum variable related to the extrinsic curvature, $$K^{ab} (x)$$, (this tells us how the spatial slice curves with respect to spacetime and is a measure of how the induced metric evolves in time). These are the metric canonical coordinates.

Dynamics such as time-evolutions of fields are controlled by the Hamiltonian constraint.

The identity of the Hamiltonian constraint is a major open question in quantum gravity, as is extracting of physical observables from any such specific constraint.

In 1986 Abhay Ashtekar introduced a new set of canonical variables, Ashtekar variables to represent an unusual way of rewriting the metric canonical variables on the three-dimensional spatial slices in terms of a SU(2) gauge field and its complementary variable. The Hamiltonian was much simplified in this reformulation. This led to the loop representation of quantum general relativity and in turn loop quantum gravity.

Within the loop quantum gravity representation Thiemann formulated a mathematically rigorous operator as a proposal as such a constraint. Although this operator defines a complete and consistent quantum theory, doubts have been raised as to the physical reality of this theory due to inconsistencies with classical general relativity (the quantum constraint algebra closes, but it is not isomorphic to the classical constraint algebra of GR, which is seen as circumstantial evidence of inconsistencies definitely not a proof of inconsistencies), and so variants have been proposed.

Metric formulation
The idea was to quantize the canonical variables $$q_{ab}$$ and $$\pi^{ab} = \sqrt{q} (K^{ab} - q^{ab} K_c^c)$$, making them into operators acting on wavefunctions on the space of 3-metrics, and then to quantize the Hamiltonian (and other constraints). However, this program soon became regarded as dauntingly difficult for various reasons, one being the non-polynomial nature of the Hamiltonian constraint: $$H = \sqrt{\det (q)} (K_{ab} K^{ab} - (K_a^a)^2 -{}^3R)$$ where $$\;^3R$$ is the scalar curvature of the three metric $$q_{ab} (x)$$. Being a non-polynomial expression in the canonical variables and their derivatives it is very difficult to promote to a quantum operator.

Expression using Ashtekar variables
The configuration variables of Ashtekar's variables behave like an $$SU(2)$$ gauge field or connection $$A_a^i$$. Its canonically conjugate momentum is $$\tilde{E}_i^a$$ is the densitized "electric" field or triad (densitized as $\tilde{E}_i^a = \sqrt{\det (q)} E_i^a$ ). What do these variables have to do with gravity? The densitized triads can be used to reconstruct the spatial metric via

$$\det (q) q^{ab} = \tilde{E}_i^a \tilde{E}_j^b \delta^{ij}.$$

The densitized triads are not unique, and in fact one can perform a local in space rotation with respect to the internal indices $$i$$. This is actually the origin of the $$SU(2)$$ gauge invariance. The connection can be used to reconstruct the extrinsic curvature. The relation is given by

$$A_a^i = \Gamma_a^i - i K_a^i$$

where $$\Gamma_a^i$$ is related to the spin connection, $$\Gamma_{a \;\; i}^{\;\; j}$$, by $$\Gamma_a^i = \Gamma_{ajk} \epsilon^{jki}$$ and $K_a^i = K_{ab} \tilde{E}^{ai} / \sqrt{\det (q)}$.

In terms of Ashtekar variables the classical expression of the constraint is given by,

$$H = {\epsilon_{ijk} F_{ab}^k \tilde{E}_i^a \tilde{E}_j^b \over \sqrt{\det (q)}}.$$

where $$F_{ab}^k$$ field strength tensor of the gauge field $$A_a^i$$. Due to the factor $1 / \sqrt{\det (q)}$ this is non-polynomial in the Ashtekar's variables. Since we impose the condition

$$H = 0,$$

we could consider the densitized Hamiltonian instead,

$$\tilde{H} = \sqrt{\det (q)} H = \epsilon_{ijk} F_{ab}^k \tilde{E}_i^a \tilde{E}_j^b = 0.$$

This Hamiltonian is now polynomial the Ashtekar's variables. This development raised new hopes for the canonical quantum gravity programme. Although Ashtekar variables had the virtue of simplifying the Hamiltonian, it has the problem that the variables become complex. When one quantizes the theory it is a difficult task ensure that one recovers real general relativity as opposed to complex general relativity. Also there were also serious difficulties promoting the densitized Hamiltonian to a quantum operator.

A way of addressing the problem of reality conditions was noting that if we took the signature to be $$(+,+,+,+)$$, that is Euclidean instead of Lorentzian, then one can retain the simple form of the Hamiltonian for but for real variables. One can then define what is called a generalized Wick rotation to recover the Lorentzian theory. Generalized as it is a Wick transformation in phase space and has nothing to do with analytical continuation of the time parameter $$t$$.

Expression for real formulation of Ashtekar variables
Thomas Thiemann addressed both the above problems. He used the real connection

$$A_a^i = \Gamma_a^i + \beta K_a^i$$

In real Ashtekar variables the full Hamiltonian is

$$H = - \zeta {\epsilon_{ijk} F_{ab}^k \tilde{E}_i^a \tilde{E}_j^b \over \sqrt{\det (q)}} + 2 {\zeta \beta^2 - 1 \over \beta^2} {(\tilde{E}_i^a \tilde{E}_j^b - \tilde{E}_j^a \tilde{E}_i^b) \over \sqrt{\det (q)}} (A_a^i - \Gamma_a^i) (A_b^j - \Gamma_b^j) = H_E + H'.$$

where the constant $$\beta$$ is the Barbero–Immirzi parameter. The constant $$\zeta$$ is -1 for Lorentzian signature and +1 for Euclidean signature. The $$\Gamma_a^i$$ have a complicated relationship with the densitized triads and causes serious problems upon quantization. Ashtekar variables can be seen as choosing $$\beta = i$$ to make the second more complicated term was made to vanish (the first term is denoted $$H_E$$ because for the Euclidean theory this term remains for the real choice of $$\beta = \pm 1$$). Also we still have the problem of the $1 / \sqrt{\det (q)}$  factor.

Thiemann was able to make it work for real $$\beta$$. First he could simplify the troublesome $1 / \sqrt{\det (q)}$ by using the identity

$$\{ A_c^k, V \} = {\epsilon_{abc} \epsilon^{ijk} \tilde{E}_i^a \tilde{E}_j^b \over \sqrt{\det (q)}}$$

where $$V$$ is the volume,

$$V = \int d^3 x \sqrt{\det (q)} = {1 \over 6} \int d^3 x \sqrt{\left|\tilde{E}_i^a \tilde{E}_j^b \tilde{E}_k^c \epsilon^{ijk} \epsilon_{abc}\right|}.$$

The first term of the Hamiltonian constraint becomes

$$H_E = \{ A_c^k, V \} F_{ab}^k \tilde{\epsilon}^{abc}$$

upon using Thiemann's identity. This Poisson bracket is replaced by a commutator upon quantization. It turns out that a similar trick can be used to teat the second term. Why are the $$\Gamma_a^i$$ given by the densitized triads $$\tilde{E}^a_i$$? It actually come about from the Gauss Law

$$D_a \tilde{E}^a_i = 0.$$

We can solve this in much the same way as the Levi-Civita connection can be calculated from the equation $$\nabla_c g_{ab} = 0$$; by rotating the various indices and then adding and subtracting them. The result is complicated and non-linear. To circumvent the problems introduced by this complicated relationship Thiemann first defines the Gauss gauge invariant quantity

$$K = \int d^3 x K_a^i \tilde{E}_i^a$$

where $K_a^i = K_{ab} \tilde{E}^{ai} / \sqrt{\det (q)}$, and notes that

$$K_a^i = \{ A_a^i, K \}.$$

We are then able to write

$$A_a^i - \Gamma_a^i = \beta K_a^i = \beta \{ A_a^i, K \}$$

and as such find an expression in terms of the configuration variable $$A_a^i$$ and $$K$$. We obtain for the second term of the Hamiltonian

$$H' = \epsilon^{abc} \epsilon_{ijk} \{ A_a^i, K \} \{ A_b^j , K \} \{ A_c^k , V \}.$$

Why is it easier to quantize $$K$$? This is because it can be rewritten in terms of quantities that we already know how to quantize. Specifically $$K$$ can be rewritten as

$$K = - \left\{ V, \int d^3 x H_E \right\}$$

where we have used that the integrated densitized trace of the extrinsic curvature is the "time derivative of the volume".

title: Hamiltonian constraint


text:
Talk:Danielle Steel

Critical analysis request
After reading the phrase "like a Danielle Steel novel" twice, I decided to find out who Danielle Steel was. Unfortunately this page was not very helpful - its content is almost a verbatam copy of the biography distributed by Danielle Steel herself. Would someone who knows better please add some critical analysis?

"Steel maintains a strong interest in the well-being of children, and has raised nine of her own. She has been married five times, and is currently single." "This was followed by a brief second marriage to a convicted rapist and she soon found herself pregnant out of wedlock with her second child by the heroin addicted William Toth." Sounds like she's very interested in the well being of her children. Also I heard that her books were complete crap. Romance stories for morons at Wal-Mart.

 * I wouldn't disagree, but Wikipedia isn't a forum for literary criticism. You may feel strongly that her books are drivel, but you aren't Harold Bloom, so it isn't encyclopedic. If a well-known critic said something about her style, we could write about that and remain NPOV. Unfortunately, genre authors like Steel are usually ignored by critics and biographers, so the only resources we have to go on are their own official biographies. Bhumiya (said/done) 05:17, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

what qualifies her for CS aS CATEGORY —Preceding unsigned comment added by CSEI (talk • contribs)

 * "Wikipedia isn't a forum for literary criticism". Not true at all. When reporting on literature, Wikipedia should report on how a writer's been critically received (with appropriate citations, of course). In fact, this article falls very short of giving a clear indication of what Danielle Steel's writing is like, what her best works are thought to be (and by whom), or how significant she is to the development of literature. If she's so widely read, surely there's merit in exploring such questions. QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red flag waving transparent.png|20px|El bien mas preciado es la libertad]] 22:18, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I did not say that literary criticism has no place on on Wikipedia, merely it Wikipedia isn't a forum for literary criticism of our own. While it includes opinions, these opinions are not our own, and that's what I'm arguing against. While we should provide as much information as we can about an author's appraisal by third-party critics, we should not offer our own comments or analysis. This is not controversial: see No original research. Bhumiya (said/done) 02:10, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

This article reads like one long puff piece put out by the subject's press agent. It definitely needs something to balance the endless praise.Lorzu (talk) 07:51, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

Footnotes needed
This whole article needs specific references, particularly in the areas I identified. -- Jreferee 22:57, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

BLP Noticeboard response
In response to a notice on the BLP Noticeboard, and in compliance with WP:BLP, I removed all unsourced negative claims, as well as what I considered to be too much detailed personal information, which was largely also unsourced. There are still some statements that should be sourced, but are not what could be considered libel or an invasion of privacy. If someone can source those statements, please do so. I may have been heavy handed in removing all of the ex husbands's names, if some of them are notable people, they might be able to be reincluded, but should be sourced. Please do not revert my changes until you have reviewed WP:BLP carefully. Crockspot 19:21, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Most of the information that previously appeared in this article about Steel's ex-husbands is verifiable and has been reported at various times in major newspapers and magazines. The information should be restored but with citations to such press reports for each factual item. I may work on that myself unless someone else gets to that first. --Metropolitan90 10:11, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps but is it really that noteable for it all to merit inclusion. AFAIK, she's primarily noted as a writer not because she has had 5 husbands and a lot of messy marriages. I'm not saying we should exclude it all, but I wonder if there is really any need to mention it in such great detail especially given the state of the article Nil Einne 12:19, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree with Nil. Just because something can be verified does not mean is should be included. Certainly any inclusions need citations. Are all of her ex-husbands notable, or is the subject's notability related to their marriage? If not, I would exclude them to protect their privacy. If one or two of her husbands are notable in their own right, I would probably word it like, Steel has been married five times, including marriages to (notable husband1's name), and (notable husband2's name). - Crockspot 15:30, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I assume that the problem is that one of Steel's ex-husbands has been reported to have a criminal record and another one to have had a substance abuse problem. But, in fact, these individuals' problems have been reported about in legitimate news media. I can accept that the ex-husbands are not notable enough to warrant including their problems in this article, but Steel is notable enough that all of her ex-husbands' names and dates of marriage ought to be included in the article. I don't know whether any of the ex-husbands would qualify as notable under WP:BIO in their own right and therefore the issues of criminal record or substance abuse can be omitted if this is a concern under WP:BLP. --Metropolitan90 06:36, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This material remains undocumented in the article and has been removed. DGG 21:12, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

goodday ---can you help me?
hey this is april and i was wondering when you were born and what your whole life was like in a way that my readers can understand —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.16.89.5 (talk) 17:40, 4 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Danielle Steel has nothing to do with this article. I suggest you check with her publishers if you have questions about her life. -- Charlene 10:46, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Article Cleanup
I went through and sourced the article, and then reorganized it into a more chronological order. I couldn't think of good subheading titles, so please change those if you can think of something better. Let's also try to refrain from putting in any more unsourced comments. Karanacs 19:58, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Birth place
The page on Ms Steel suggests she was born in both New York City and San Francisco at the same time.

 * As of this still isn't resolved.  The cited source says New York; I don't know if the mentions of San Francisco reflect differing sources or just vandalism.  (Note that the birth place is mentioned three places). Kingdon 18:42, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

And why nothing about Steel's life as owner/resident of the Spreckels mansion?George415 (talk) 01:48, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Guinness inaccuracy
Far be it from me to criticize the Guinness Book of Records, but there is no consecutive string of 381 or 390 weeks during which Steel was on the NYT Best-Seller List. The proof is here: http://www.hawes.com/pastlist.htm. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.57.17.115 (talk) 17:17, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * My best guess would be that the Guinness numbers include both hardback and paperback bestsellers. I'm not familiar with the Hawes site, but I assume it lists only hardbacks. Karanacs 17:26, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

um.
"In 2006 Steel reached an agreement with Elizabeth Arden to launch a new perfume, called "Danielle by Danielle Steel." The new fragrance, made of mandarin, jasmine, orchid, rose, amber, and musk scents, is available only in select stores. The target audience for the fragrance is readers of Steel's novels, and she believes that the new scent reflects her characters, saying "fragrances represent so many aspects of like that my characters experiences - commitment, love, and emotion."[21]

Does this not sound like blatant advertising? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.94.144.181 (talk) 19:44, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Genres
Danielle Steel's novels are usually classified as either mainstream or romance (check libraries/bookstores). "Romantic drama" is not usually considered a literary genre. Please discuss here before changing again. Karanacs (talk) 21:57, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Season of Passion
On the list of novels, it says that Season of Passion was published in 1980. Yet on the Season of Passion page, it says it was published in 1989. Which is it? -- Mûĸĸâĸûĸâĸû 04:55, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Picture
how to put her picture in this article.can anyone do it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Muzammil901 (talk • contribs) 12:18, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Flagged for cleanup
I think this article can really use some work. Yes, some parts are poorly cited, but I think the entire article needs an overhaul.
 * The Biography and Personal Life sections have no reason to be separate as they are currently written
 * The Personal Life section contains many professional tidbits
 * There is really no overall story about her professional career
 * Should probably be a separate section for her accolades/awards/honors, or maybe get rid of them all together
 * Can the list of her novels be reformatted so it's several columns or something?
 * Novels list should probably be in the same format as the other lists, no?
 * A picture would be nice, but probably hard to get, seeing as she doesn't make public appearances —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fnordware (talk • contribs) 00:49, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Updating sales figures?
The sales total of 800 million is dated 2005. Might be time for an update. 109.154.3.28 (talk) 12:58, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

Extended lede 18/9/12
In the View History, my contribution has been appended with 'BLP issue or vandalism'. I cannot see how any of this material could be viewed as sensitive or controversial. 109.154.28.125 (talk) 21:19, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

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Danielle Steele/Alternate timeline
Hello, I would like to request this article to consider mentioning the reality where the author's name is Danielle Steele, with an e at the end. There are plenty of hard copy sources for this: https://www.flickr.com/photos/154930084@N08/albums/72157689854269574 There are also some online sources, where the two renditions are used side by side: https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/danielle-steele-interview-glamour-life-books-desk-diet-twitter-a8908391.html https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a27321374/danielle-steele-christian-dior-dress/ I am one of the people who remembers her as Steele, although I don't own any of her books. I would like this view included in the article.

05:11, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

Index Translationum
When this article says that her works have been translated into 43 languages, it could point out that according to the Index Translationum, she is the sixth most translated author, after Agatha Christie, Jules Verne, William Shakespeare, Enid Blyton and Barbara Cartland. Vorbee (talk) 17:54, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

gender of maxx?
"Together they had five children, Samantha, Victoria, Vanessa, Maxx, and Zara" this passage above, it said 5 children, but if all children were male then they were sons, if female then they were daughters. The problem is what is the gender of Maxx? 182.253.54.120 (talk) 10:40, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Danielle Steel


text:
Country codes: S

Samoa
† The code is also assigned to American Samoa

title: Country codes: S


text:
Steven Heighton

Steven Heighton (August 14, 1961 – April 19, 2022) was a Canadian fiction writer, poet, and singer-songwriter. He is the author of eighteen books, including three short story collections, four novels, and seven poetry collections. His last work was Selected Poems 1983-2020 (House of Anansi Press) and an album, The Devil's Share.

Life and work
Heighton was born in Toronto, Ontario, and grew up there and in Red Lake, in northern Ontario. He travelled and worked in western Canada and Australia after high school, got a BA and MA from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and then travelled and worked for two years in Asia before settling back in Kingston and starting to write, at first part-time and eventually full-time.

Heighton's most recent books are the novel The Nightingale Won't Let You Sleep (2017), the Governor General's Award-winning poetry collection The Waking Comes Late (2016), and the Trillium Award finalist The Dead Are More Visible (May 2012). Heighton is also the author of the novel Afterlands (2006), which appeared in six countries and was cited on best of year lists in ten publications in Canada, the US, and Britain. The book is in pre-production for film. Heighton's debut novel, The Shadow Boxer (2001), a story about a young poet-boxer and his struggles growing up, also appeared in five countries.

His work has been translated into ten languages and widely anthologised. He won the Governor General's Award for Poetry in 2016. His books have been nominated for the Governor General's Award, the Trillium Award (twice), the Journey Prize, a Pushcart Prize, and Britain's W.H. Smith Award (best book of the year). He received the Gerald Lampert Award, four gold and one silver award for fiction and for poetry in the National Magazine Awards, the Air Canada Award, the P.K. Page Award, the K.M. Hunter Award, and the Petra Kenney Prize. Flight Paths of the Emperor has been listed at Amazon.ca as one of the ten best Canadian short story collections and has been published in Britain by Granta Books.

Heighton has been the writer-in-residence at McGill University, Queen's, Concordia, the University of Ottawa, and Massey College at the University of Toronto. He has also led writing workshops at the Summer Literary Seminars in Saint Petersburg, Russia (2007), the May Studios at the Banff Centre for the Arts (2001), Writing with Style at the Banff Centre, and the Sage Hill Writing Experience in Blackstrap Lake, Saskatchewan (2015 and 2016.)

His nonfiction book Reaching Mithymna: Among the Volunteers and Refugees on Lesvos was shortlisted for the 2020 Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction.

In April 2021, Heighton released an album of eleven original songs with Wolfe Island Records/CRS Europe. The Devil's Share emerges from "an alchemical bath of blues, rock, folk, country, soul, and Americana." It was recorded at the Post Office Studio, Wolfe Island, Ontario, and produced by Hugh Christopher Brown.

Heighton died on April 19, 2022, at the age of 60 of cancer. He lived in Kingston, Ontario.

Novels

 * The Shadow Boxer (2000) Knopf Canada
 * Afterlands (2005) Knopf Canada
 * Every Lost Country (2010) Knopf Canada
 * The Nightingale Won't Let You Sleep (2017)

Short stories

 * Flight Paths of the Emperor (1992) The Porcupine's Quill
 * On earth as it is (1995) The Porcupine's Quill
 * The Dead Are More Visible (2012) Knopf Canada
 * Instructions for the Drowning (2023) Biblioasis

Poetry

 * Foreign Ghosts (1989) Oberon Press
 * Stalin’s Carnival (1989) Quarry Press
 * The Ecstasy of Skeptics (1994) House of Anansi Press
 * The Address Book (2004) House of Anansi Press
 * Patient Frame (2010) House of Anansi Press
 * The Waking Comes Late (2016) House of Anansi Press
 * Selected Poems: 1983-2020 (2021) House of Anansi Press

Nonfiction

 * Reaching Mithymna (2020) Biblioasis

Essays

 * The Admen Move on Lhasa: Writing & Culture in a Virtual World (1997) House of Anansi Press
 * Workbook (2011) ECW Press
 * The Virtues of Disillusionment (2020) Athabasca University Press

Music

 * The Devil's Share (2021)

Anthologies and magazines

 * Best American Mystery Stories (James Patterson, ed., Norton, 2015)
 * 70 Canadian Poets (Gary Geddes, ed., Oxford, 2015)
 * Best American Poetry (Mark Doty, ed., Scribner, 2012)
 * Finding the Words (Jared Bland, ed., 2011)
 * The Best Canadian Poetry (Molly Peacock, series ed., Tightrope Books, 2009, 2010, 2011)
 * Best Canadian Stories (Oberon, 1989, ’92, ’95, ’04, ’07)
 * The New Story Writers (John Metcalf, ed., Quarry Press, 1991)
 * Best English Short Stories (David Hughes & Giles Gordon, eds., Heinemann, U.K., 1992)
 * The Minerva Book of Short Stories 5 (Hughes & Gordon, eds., Minerva, U.K., 1993)
 * Best of Best English Short Stories 1986-1995 (Hughes & Gordon, eds., Minerva, 1996)
 * The Journey Prize Anthology 4 (M&S, 1992)
 * The Literature of Work (University of Phoenix Press, 1993)
 * The Second Gates of Paradise (Alberto Manguel, ed., MW&R, 1995)
 * Canadian Short Fiction, second edition (W.H. New, ed., Prentice Hall, 1996)
 * Writing Home (Constance Rooke, ed., M&S, 1997)
 * Turn of the Story (Joan Thomas & Heidi Harms, eds., Anansi, 1999)
 * Lost Classics (Ondaatje, Redhill, Spalding, and Spalding, eds. Knopf, 2000)
 * The Reader (Carolyn Meyer & Bruce Meyer, eds., Prentice Hall, 2001)
 * The Notebooks (Michelle Berry & Natalee Caple, eds. Doubleday, 2002)
 * Viewpoints 12 (Prentice Hall, 2002)
 * The New Canon (ed. Carmine Starnino, Véhicule, 2005)
 * Literature (ed. Laurie G. Kirszner, Stephen R. Mandell, and Candace Fertile: Thomson/Nelson 2007)
 * The Exile Book of Canadian Sports Stories (ed. Priscila Uppal, Exile Editions, 2009)

Prizes and honours

 * 1990 Gerald Lampert Award for best first poetry collection (for Stalin’s Carnival)
 * 1991 Prism International Short Story Competition, first prize for "Five Paintings of the New Japan"
 * 1992 Finalist, The Journey Prize
 * 1992 National Magazine Awards gold medal for fiction
 * 1993 Finalist, Trillium Award (for Flight Paths of the Emperor)
 * 1995 Finalist, Governor General's Award for Poetry (for The Ecstasy of Skeptics)
 * 2002 Petra Kenney Prize for Poetry
 * 2004 National Magazine Awards gold medal for poetry
 * 2008 National Magazine Awards gold medal for fiction
 * 2010 National Magazine Awards gold medal for fiction
 * 2010 K.M. Hunter Award for literature
 * 2011 National Magazine Awards silver for poetry
 * 2011 P.K. Page Founder's Award
 * 2013 Finalist, Trillium Award (for The Dead Are More Visible)
 * 2016 Governor General's Award for Poetry (for The Waking Comes Late)
 * 2019 Finalist, The Moth International Poetry Prize

title: Steven Heighton


text:
Talk:IEEE 1284

Todo
This article needs a pin layout / diagram, and pictures of printer ports. Rhobite 01:26, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

Added a picture of an IEEE 1284 printer cable. EagleOne 03:35, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)

Timing Conventions
Are there any? I may wish to build my own peripherals,but have seen no discussion on timing.

Amphenol
do you know something about "Amphenol"? it is sometimes stated together with "Centronics". you can google for amphenol, and you'll find a lot of different connectors, no one of them looking like a parallel port connector. thanks, --Abdull 19:16, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Technically, there is no CENTRONICS connector. CENTRONICS specified the Amphenol 57 series connector in it's interface. Gadget850 13:08, 19 July 2005 (UTC) See my major update of Centronics and addition or micro ribbon. Gadget850 17:10, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

LPT
Shouldn't LPT be merged into this article, or vice-versa?

They are not quite the same, since one is buffered, one is not, one is a char device on linux, the other not, one can be used for cnc and each bit is driven and the other does not....

The german wikipedia page seems to have more info, unfortunately I dont know german.... I arrived here trying to find out which is whitch, and how to find out if my pc (that being modern enough does not ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.5.158.82 (talk) 14:38, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

Data throughput rate
There seems to be a little confusion as to whether the throughput is BITS or BYTES per second. Any chance someone in the know could correct whichever one is wrong please?

I agree there is confusion. What I noticed is a contradiction between the table's listed speeds for ECP and EPP, vs. the speeds for same listed in the text above the table. I do not *know* what's what, but I *think* ECP is faster/more recent. HTH.

A guy sitting in the next cube was at ZDS when ECP was created by them and some other heavyweights at that time...it is the faster one and uses DMA. EPP is slower. John O66.178.240.34 20:33, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The table is obviously wrong, at least. The reference states that "output pulse is specified to 2 MHz", and the port is 8 bits, one byte, wide, which would give 2 megabytes per second.  And Nibble Mode, which I assume is only a minor tweak, is supposedly faster than ECP, the DMA-driven standard specifically designed for high speed data transfer.  Furthermore, I'm not sure that a bandwidth figure is even meaningful for the "lower" modes given that they are not standardized in the same way.  I'll cut it from the article for now (and paste it below).  magetoo 05:20, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Anyone clear this up?
Under List of device bandwidths, parallel port is mentioned as having a max speed of 16Mbits/s, and that is described as EPP. That doesn't seem to tally with this article which mentions a max speed of 2.5 Mbits/s (and that being for the faster ECP). 87.194.223.183 (talk) 12:16, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The parallel port sends 8 bits at a time. 2 M writes/sec (EPP) multiplied by 8 data lines gives 16 Mbit/sec.  The article really should say 2 Mbyte/sec (or 16 Mbit).  magetoo 05:31, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

picture male or female?
The caption says that's a male 36-pin connector. It looks to me like those are holes in the central block of plastic, not pins. I'll admit it looks like there's a row of pins above that block. Hermaphroditic connector?

Jmichael ll (talk) 08:44, 28 February 2014 (UTC)
 * It is male. The ribbon contacts are formed above and below the central block. Individual contacts do not insert into the female connector like a DB. Look at the female connector- the male contacts slide across the female contacts. See micro ribbon for a better photo. --   Gadget850talk 11:30, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

IEEE 1284 connectors and cables
This entire section needs redrafting. I am not an expert on 1284 but it is clear that is conflating a number of different areas. 1284-I/1284-II are not purely cables but specify a complete implementation - cables wiring, connectors and signalling - in particular 1284-II is not TTL although it is designed to be interoperable in the simple case, i.e. short cable and low to moderate speed. I may return to this if I have a slack couple of hours at some point but that entire section is suspect at this time. ﬥ (talk) 19:12, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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History, claim of "first"
I removed the claim that Centronics made the first dot-matrix printer. Dot matrix printing technology existed in the 1950s or earlier. OKI introduced a dot matrix printer in 1968, well before Centronics was founded. The claim that Centronics introduced the first successful low-cost seven-wire print head is also quite suspect; I added a citation request. "Successful" is in any case quite subjective.

In general, it seems inappropriate for this article to devote much space to the history of printers; the history section only should cover the history of the interface. Linking to the Dot matrix printing article is adequate for readers that want the history of the printers. --Brouhaha (talk) 07:14, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Original Centronics interface
This article needs discussion about how the original Centronics was arranged, as well as description of how IBM got Epson to bastardize the interface to prevent the use of third-party Centronics printers with a PC.

 * 216.152.18.132 (talk) 20:34, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:IEEE 1284


text:
Talk:Envelope (mathematics)

Cyclic
Interesting, but I can find only one mention of it because "cyclic" (even cyclid/cyclide) is such a common word. take a circle and a curve that does not come into the circle. Take the circles that are centered on the curve and orthogonal to the given circle. The envelope of those circles is the cyclic. 142.177.169.115 19:27, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Problem with Example 2 or definition
It seems to me there is a problem with example 2, the point (u, v) is a solution to the simultaneous equations $$F=F_t=0$$ whether the curvature is 0 or not. The only thing that curvature = 0 implies is that the system of equations has a unique solution for the given t. When the curvature is 0, the equations are dependent and there is a line of solutions corresponding to the tangent line. So the solution to the simultaneous equations is really the union of the curve with all tangent lines at points of inflection. Is there another condition needed to eliminate these extra lines as solutions? Also, if the family is defined by $$F(x,y,t)=x-t^2$$ then the solution to $$F=F_t=0$$ is x = 0, but this does not satisfy the definition given. In this case the family of curves consists of parallel lines and has no envelope. --RDBury (talk) 06:13, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

New example 2
Hello there pma, I hope you're well. Your addition to the envelope article is a very nice piece of mathematics. But I think it might be a bit out of place in the article as it stands. The idea of an envelope is a simple one from differential geometry. When people talk about envelopes they are, by and large, talking about the envelopes of families of smooth submanifolds. Your addition seems very algebraic, and a little out of place. For example: Hölder's inequality? (and in turn Lp-spaces?) It seems to be a very algebraic and topological addition to what was, and ought to be, a differential geometric article. You obviously know a lot about the topic. Why don't you start another article or at least a new section? I think there's a lot of milage to be had in looking at envelopes from this point of view, but at the moment the example looks right out of place. It had me scratching my head, and I have a PhD in singularity thoery (e.g. discriminants, bifurcations sets, families of functions, etc) and differential geometry. If I was left scratching my head then the interested undergraduate (God help the laymen) would be totally lost. Dr Dec ( Talk )    12:50, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Regularity of F?
Doesn't one usually impose some regularity condition on the smooth function F, e.g., that its Jacobian in the (x,y) variables be nonsingular? This guarantees that the curves cut out by F = 0 are smoothly embedded. In that case, the Whitney theorem appears to be overkill. Sławomir Biały (talk) 13:22, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I do think that some minimal set of conditions should be put on F in the definition. I don't have access to the referenced source, but I strongly suspect that something is left unsaid.   Sławomir Biały  (talk) 22:24, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I've re-written the first paragraph of this section to include a regularity condition. I've also removed Whitney's theorem.  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    10:31, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * This looks substantially better. One more thing, though, is that the family of curves Ct is the geometric data, not the function F.  Probably the article should start "Let Ct be a smoothly parameterized family of curves..."  The article can then say that this means that there exists a function F with the indicated properties (there would of course be many such F).   Sławomir Biały  (talk) 12:34, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * That's just a matter of taste and point of view: you have a family of curves given by a family of functions. If you define the family of curves first then you need to say why there is a generating function which has these curves as level sets. I think it's fine as it is.  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    13:02, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is a problem that I acknowledge: how does one make sense of a "smoothly parameterized family" of curves without a generating function? Of course, there are ways to do it, but none of them is essential for the article.  In any event, I still feel that the article should point out that the construction itself does not depend on the choice of generating function, rather only on the system of curves.   Sławomir Biały  (talk) 13:26, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, I think that overall accessibility of the section could be improved by putting the geometrical definition first. Also, it is possible then to treat both the case when the curves are given parametrically (as is done in most texts I have seen) and implicitly (as is done in the current article) as special cases of the geometrical notion.  I do think this would make things more understandable, and also resolve any potential ambiguity of the kind referred to in my earlier post.  Any thoughts?  Sławomir Biały  (talk) 15:03, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The problem is that there are three "geometric" ideas of an envelope (given as E1, E2 and E3) and their definitions don't always coincide. If I had to choose a geometric definition then I'd go for the infinitesimal intersection of neighbouring curves. But this, in itself, proves difficult. We see that Ct ∩ Ct+ε comes from solving F = 0 and F(t,(x,y)) = F(t+ε,(x,y)) as ε → 0. Some authors say that this last condition is always
 * $$\lim_{\varepsilon\to 0} \frac{1}{\varepsilon} [F(t,(x,y)) - F(t+\varepsilon,(x,y))] = \frac{\partial F}{\partial t}(t,(x,y)) = 0 \ . $$
 * But what about when F(t,(x,y)) – F(t+ε,(x,y)) is divisable by a higher power of ε, say εn? Shouldn't the limiting intersection be given by solving F = 0 and
 * $$\lim_{\varepsilon\to 0} \frac{1}{\varepsilon^n} [F(t,(x,y)) - F(t+\varepsilon,(x,y))] = 0 \ ? $$  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    15:53, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * So basically what I'm saying is that the formal function based definition should go first and then the (non-unique) geometrical interpretations could follow. As for the envelope of parametrised curves: yeah, that's a good idea!  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    15:55, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

(unindent) I see what the issue is. It may be that there is no satisfactory way to address the problem, but it does appear that the current "functional" definition allows for some pathologies that would not ordinarily be considered as part of the envelope. The example given in the text clearly illustrates this: the line y=0 should obviously not be part of the envelope, but there it is. Sławomir Biały (talk) 17:38, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It does indeed introduce some problems, but it also gives some fantastic insight. If the generating family F gives a versal unfolding of a certain singularity type then we know the local structure of the discriminant. In the case of families of smooth plane curves we can prove that the discriminant generically consists of smooth points and ordinary cusp points.  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    18:00, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Applications section
The new applications section is a nice addition. One of the reasons that envelopes were studies in the past is because they gave singular solutions of differential equations. There are just a couple of things that I think we need to do: Let me know if you'd like me to do either of those. Dr Dec ( Talk )    09:02, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) Give a more concrete introduction, say with ODEs, and maybe give an example.
 * 2) Explain how the caustic of reflected parallel light rays relates to differential equations.

 * Okay, I've added a subsection on ODEs. Any thoughts?  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    10:07, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Caustics would make an easy example to segue into a section on the calculus of variations, that can take up conjugate points and the cut locus. A good structure might be: (1) odes, (2) caustics, (3) calculus of variations, (4) pdes.   Sławomir Biały  (talk) 12:13, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Great minds think alike. I seem to have been busy writing a section on caustic when you made this remark. I would be tempted to keep the DEs together for the sake of continuity.  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    13:16, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

How to write more clearly
Honestly, I'm sick of being reverted after good faith attempts to improve the attrocious writing style of this article. Does anyone here (besides User:Declan Davis) honestly agree that the version of the writing in the definition section is clearer after this revert? Do other editors here really believe that an enormous profusion of the term "i.e." is the hallmark of good prose style? I don't wish to get into an edit war over this, already having been told off once before (and then, apparently, given free license to make such copyedits—evidently that has been rescinded). If there is consensus to make the changes, I would also like to clarify some of the text throughout the article, but I have a feeling that unless I seek such consensus here, Dr. Dec will just continue to revert all of my improvements. Sławomir Biały (talk) 14:58, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I've changed it twice, and both times left an edit summary to explain my reasoning. After the first change you failed to comment on my edit summary, you just changed it back, without any reasoning. I've left edit summaries and notes on your talk page. You don't seem to have returned the favour. There's no edit war here. In fact the problem would go away if you left notes on my talk page and tried to discuss conflicts, as I have repeatedly done today. This post you have just made is antagonistic. You should have come to my talk page first and explained your reasoning, not just reverted it and then placed a thinly veiled insult on a general talk page.  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    15:05, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I didn't realize that you are the WP:OWNer of the article. Is there anyone else whose permission I need to ask before making minor copyedits to the article?  Sławomir Biały  (talk) 15:08, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I have not suggested that I am the owner. As I said on your talk page: "It's becoming very frustrating: we've both spent a lot of time over the last couple of days working on this article. While I take the time to suggest changes to you, and then explain changes, you just undo my work without any warning, let alone explanation. Please be more considerate." And your sarcasm isn't very constructive. If you want to make changes then explain them to people and leave an edit summary. Being frustrated by you going around making changes without any discussion is not claiming ownership; it's simply natural. Wikipedia works much better when editors collaborate.  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    15:21, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Specific problems with the writing: -- Sławomir Biały (talk) 15:17, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It is loaded with the first person plural. This is not encyclopedic language.  One of the purposes of the copyedit that was reverted was to clean up some of this in the definition section.
 * The Definition section needs to give context early on to the function F. The lead talks about curves and manifolds, but the definition kicks off with a discussion of functions and only later (vaguely) makes the connection with curves.  A segue was needed.
 * The article has an enormous profusion of the term "i.e.", which is generally poor style.

 * I agree with all of these points. I just recommend a multilateral resolution instead of what has been the so far unilateral one.  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    15:25, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Good. I've tried to clarify the first section, without the term "cut out" that you seem to disagree with (though I would argue that it is quite a standard term throughout mathematics for the locus of an equation).  Sławomir Biały  (talk) 15:37, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Possible sample image
Does this image (used in Timbre) fulfill the definition of mathematical envelope? I'm considering adding it as a sample to the article. unsigned comment by 128.138.158.200, 23:47 (UTC), 28 September 2009.

This does not fulfill the definition of a mathematical envelope. As the article clearly states: "In mathematics, an envelope of a family of manifolds (especially a family of curves) is a manifold that is tangent to each member of the family at some point." Your picture is just a single curve, and not a family of curves. The red curve in the picture is tangent to the black curve at some of its points, but that's nothing special: there are uncountably many curves tangent to any given curve, not least the curve itself! Dr Dec ( Talk )    22:47, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for your input. This notion of envelope (or something close to it) is widely used in signal processing. Let me try to formalize it. Let $$V = A cos(\phi)$$ be a signal; all its parameters are time-dependent: $$V(t), A(t), \phi(t)$$. The signal $$V(t)$$ is said to oscillate within the envelope defined by $$\pm A(t)$$. What do you think? (There is another illustration at .) unsigned comment by 128.138.158.200, 00:25 (UTC), 29 September 2009.

 * It's a nice idea, but it's just not what this article is about. You have a single curve, and not a family! and the "envelope" in this sense is just a curve that that bounds the region filled by this one curve. You could write a new article, say Envelope (sound) or something like that and then link to it from this page via a disambiguation. Secondly, please sign your posts by putting ~ at the end of your messages. It'll authomatically be changed into your user details, the time and date so that people know who wrote what and when.  Dr Dec  ( Talk )    09:52, 29 September 2009 (UTC)
 * There is already an article called Envelope detector with most of what you're talking about. It has a red link for Envelope (waves) but it's hard to see why you'd need two articles so maybe a move would be better. Looks like there's some work to be done but it's not my area of expertise.--RDBury (talk) 12:25, 29 September 2009 (UTC)
 * You're right, it's there, right under my nose. Thanks! 128.138.43.211 (talk) 21:59, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Envelope detector should be about the circuits that have envelope (waves) as their output. But it is not, it is largely about envelope (waves) themselves.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  21:48, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Confusing definition
"In geometry, an envelope of a family of curves in the plane is a curve that is tangent to each member of the family at some point."

As far as I understand english, this definition is wrong. I would prefere something like that:

"In geometry, an envelope of a family of curves in the plane is a curve that is tangent to some member of the family at each point." (i.e. at each point of the envelope). It is not clear if the word "point" in the original definition is related to "point of the envelope" or "point of the member of the family". Perhaps it is more clear for native speakers, but other wikipedians are often confused by this definition (and, moreover, try to "correct" proper definitions in their local languages... Could you please write the definition more precisely? Tescobar (talk) 21:21, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Not just confusing but still wrong (now two years later).

 * Consider for example the family of curves $$(x-a)^3$$. Now consider the $$x$$-axis. Clearly this axis is "tangent to each member of the family at some point" and even is "tangent to some member of the family at each point". Yet every curve in the family crosses onto both sides of that axis, in total disagreement with the intuitive concept of it being an envelope (although I'm less sure about the concept of a caustic).

 * A more sensible definition would be something like: an envelope is (a continuous section of) the (tightest possible) boundary which encloses (the image of) a family of curves (or at least of curve segments). (Or maybe need something about being a closed boundary of open curve segments..?) At least, there needs to be a greater discussion of different ways authors have defined the concept and their motivations. (The text about higher dimensions is also unbalanced. And I think explaining the relation to signal processing, where the signal is the envelope of the family of modulated carrier waves that can be transmitted to represent the signal, is warranted.) Cesiumfrog (talk) 02:41, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

$\mathcal{D}$ in Alternative definitions
In section Alternative definitions a set $\mathcal{D}$ makes its appearance, which is then explained as being "the set of curves given by the first definition at the beginning of this document".

In fact, $\mathcal{D}$ refers to a differently defined set  on September 10, 2009; the definition was  on August 16, 2010, leaving dangling references to an undefined $\mathcal{D}$. The original definition was sourced to. It is hard to understand and I do not recommend reinstating it here.

It seems to me that alternative definition #2 ("tangent to all of the Ct") is the same as the definition given at the beginning of the article ("tangent to each member of the family at some point"). What is missing in either case, I believe, is that each point of the envelope serves as a tangent point. (To see this is needed, take some arbitrary circle C and let L be some tangent of C. Now consider the family of curves F defined by Ft = C for all t. Is L an envelope of F? According to the definition it is: L is tangent to each member of F at some point.) Additionally, the envelope should be defined as the largest set having that property. (For consider again the same family F as before. Without the maximality requirement, any proper segment of C is also an envelope of F.) --Lambiam 16:18, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

The last issue is in fact the same as identified by Tescobar and Cesiumfrog in the preceding section. It has not been addressed for more than seven years. --Lambiam 16:43, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Part of the problem seems to be ambiguity about what is and isn't an envelope.

 * The boundary set of the union of images of a set of curves
 * The set of points that each intersect exactly one of the curves.
 * A curve that intersects every member of the set.
 * A curve that at every point is tangential to some member of the set.
 * Zeros of the first derivative with respect to the family parameter.
 * Combinations of the above, etc.

 * It's fairly easy to think of examples that are envelopes according to some definitions, and are not according to other definitions. Cesiumfrog (talk) 23:26, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Faulty Proof?
The derivation of the condition $$\partial F/\partial t = 0$$ seems to be wrong since the point of intersection $$(x,y)$$ of the curves $$F(t,x,y)=F(u,x,y)=0$$ changes with t and u. The limit as u tends to t does not give the partial derivative since that would assume x and y are fixed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.188.47.48 (talk) 11:01, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

Bad picture of astroid
The astroid should appear symmetrical about the line x = y, but it does not. It would be much better to replace it with a good picture of an astroid.50.205.142.50 (talk) 01:52, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Envelope (mathematics)


text: Category:Georgian people

title: Category:Georgian people


text:
Grumman XTB2F

The Grumman TB2F was a cancelled twin-engined torpedo bomber project, intended as Grumman's successor to the successful TBF Avenger. However, only a mockup was ever constructed.

In 1944, during World War II, the Midway class aircraft carriers were being built, and Grumman attempted to design a new torpedo bomber to accompany those carriers. However, it was soon decided that, among other difficulties, it would be impractical to efficiently deploy twin-engined aircraft of this size from an aircraft carrier, and the plans were shelved.

title: Grumman XTB2F