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Fort McPherson

Fort McPherson was a U.S. Army military base located in Atlanta, Georgia, bordering the northern edge of the city of East Point, Georgia. It was the headquarters for the U.S. Army Installation Management Command, Southeast Region; the U.S. Army Forces Command; the U.S. Army Reserve Command; the U.S. Army Central. Situated on 487 acre and located four miles (6 km) southwest of the center of Atlanta, Fort McPherson has history as an army post dating back to 1867.

History
Named after Major General James Birdseye McPherson, the fort was founded by the U.S. Army in September 1867 on the grounds where Spelman College is now located. During the Reconstruction Era, between 1867 and 1881, it was named the "McPherson Barracks", and served as a post for U.S. troops in Atlanta, garrisoning elements of the 2nd, 16th and 18th U.S. Infantry Regiments and the 5th Artillery during their mission to enforce U.S. regulations after the American Civil War.

With the end of Reconstruction, the barracks were closed and sold off in 1881, though the site continued to be used during summers by U.S. troops stationed in Florida. In 1885, the land was again purchased by the Army at which to station ten Army companies.

During World War I, Fort McPherson was used as a camp for Imperial German Navy prisoners of war and as a training site for the Active Army and Georgia National Guard. A rifle range was operated along the ridge where current Stanton road now exists. The deploying officers and NCOs surveyed the local Civil War entrenchments parallel to the railroad along Utoy Creek to learn about trench warfare.

During the General Textile Workers Strike in 1934, the fort was used as a detention center to hold picketers who had been arrested while striking at a cotton mill in Newnan, Georgia.

Fort McPherson's nearest Army neighbor, and its sub-post, was Fort Gillem, previously established as the Atlanta Army Depot in 1941, is located in Forest Park, Georgia, approximately 11 miles to the southeast. Fort Gillem was a logistical support base, housing some Army, Department of Defense, and other government agencies. Those units include the First Army, the U.S. Army and Air Force Exchange Distribution Center, the Military Entrance Processing Station, and the U.S. Army Second Recruiting Brigade. Fort Gillem was also the host to the only crime lab of the U.S. Army. Fort McPherson and Fort Gillem shared most common services. Since the closure of Fort McPherson, Fort Gillem has been reduced to the Gillem Enclave partnership with Fort Gordon, both due to the 2005 BRAC commission.

In 2007, 2,453 active duty soldiers and 3,784 civilian employees were at both forts, with a total active duty and civilian employee payroll of $529,874,972.

With only 102 family quarters and 272 single soldier billets at Fort McPherson, and 10 family quarters at Fort Gillem, the active duty military and Department of the Army civilian employees lived in civilian housing in the surrounding Fulton, DeKalb, Clayton, Fayette, and Henry Counties.

Other important users of the fort facilities were the 98,700 or more Atlanta area military and naval retirees and their family members. These residents live mostly in Fulton, DeKalb, Cobb, Clayton, Fayette, Gwinnett, and Henry counties.

Transportation
For urban mass transit, Fort McPherson was mostly served by the Lakewood/Fort McPherson MARTA (Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority) station.

After closure
On June 26, 2015, Fort Mac LRA became the owner of 145 acres of property on the former Fort McPherson in Southwest Atlanta, Georgia. Fort Mac LRA is responsible for ensuring quality reuse and redevelopment of 145 acres on the former Army post. The Fort Mac LRA board of directors are nominated by the Mayor of Atlanta, the Fulton County Commission or the Governor. In June 2015, 330 acres of Fort McPherson was purchased by actor/producer Tyler Perry to be the new home of Tyler Perry Studios. Tyler Perry Studios grand opening occurred on October 5, 2019.

2005 Base realignment and closure (BRAC)
As a result of the BRAC 2005 recommendation, Fort McPherson was closed down September 15, 2011, and Fort Gillem reduced to a military enclave.

Units relocated
The following units were relocated in the late 2010s from Fort McPherson: the Headquarters of the U.S. Army Forces Command and the Headquarters of the U.S. Army Reserve Command, were moved to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The Headquarters, U.S. Army Central, was moved to Shaw Air Force Base Sumter South Carolina. The Installation Management Command, Southeast Region and the U.S. Army Network Enterprise Technology Command, Southeastern Region was moved to Fort Eustis, Virginia. The Army Contracting Agency, Southern Region Office, was moved to Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

The following Fort Gillem units were relocated in the late 2010s: Headquarters, First Army, to Rock Island Arsenal, Ill.; 2nd Recruiting Brigade to Redstone Arsenal, Ala.; the 52nd Ordnance Group (EOD) to Fort Campbell, Ky.; the 81st Regional Readiness Command Equipment Concentration Site to Fort Benning, Ga.; and the U.S. Army Central Headquarters support office to Shaw Air Force Base, S.C. The Army and Air Force Exchange Service Atlanta Distribution Center will cease operations and the Federal Emergency Management Agency will move off the installation.

Fort Gillem became a contiguous enclave for the Georgia Army National Guard, the remainder of the 81st RRC units, the Criminal Investigation Division Forensics Laboratory and the Navy's Reserve Intelligence Area 14, which relocated from Naval Air Station Atlanta. Units have requested discretionary moves into the enclave, included the Atlanta Fraud Residence Agency, the Southeastern Fraud Field Office, the South East Regional Storage Management Office and the Civil Support Readiness Group-East.

Forest Park/Fort Gillem Redevelopment
The Forest Park/Fort Gillem Local Redevelopment Authority (LRA) primary development objectives were to stimulate economic growth, create a high-value redevelopment plan; improve education, quality of life, and the perception of the area and ensure one community. The redevelopment plan adopted was primarily light industrial and logistical, with a smattering of commercial, residential, and retail space.

McPherson Redevelopment
The McPherson Planning Local Redevelopment Authority (MPLRA) was the entity authorized by the Department of Defense after 2005 to develop a plan for what was to become of Fort McPherson after the base was closed. It was a multijurisdictional body representing surrounding communities impacted by the base closure. It bought the land for about $30 million. The MPLRA executive board approved a reuse plan in September 2007 with a science and technology park and a mix of shops, residences and office space:

 * An employment district of approximately 115 acre, envisioned as a biomedical research park. The research park would be anchored by state investment and contain Georgia University system components. It is ultimately planned to include approximately 2400000 sqft of office and lab space and more than 1,900 units of high-density residential space. The research park will be developed by a task force that includes the University System Board of Regents, local governmental entities and private partners.
 * A mixed-use, high-density retail area about 35 acre in size. This high-density area is seen as a "Main Street" development with a mid-rise residential area, a hotel, public plazas and street-level retail, restaurants, offices, and grocery stores.
 * A historic district covering approximately 40 acre. Most of the buildings in this area are already on the National Register of Historic Places. This district centers on the existing parade ground and is expected to be developed for mixed use, but with a historical cultural theme. Within the historic district, Staff Row would be preserved and used for single-family residential or other complementary uses.
 * Other areas will be home for up to 4,600 units of residential housing, a balanced mix of market rate, high-end housing, affordable housing, and housing for the formerly homeless or families at risk of homelessness.
 * Approximately 150 acre would be set aside for green space. This would connect to the historic area to create a public-oriented Linear Park centerpiece that wraps around the entire property from the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) station on the north to the MARTA station on the south. Together with the residential districts, this green space would replace an area dominated by a golf course and include a space of approximately 30 acre to be used for special events and festivals.
 * The Department of Defense transferred 10 acres of land and six buildings of Fort McPherson to the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. The Atlanta VA Fort McPherson campus provides services to the Atlanta veterans community such as the Fort McPherson VA Clinic, VA Domiciliary Residential Rehab Treatment Program, Healthcare for Homeless Veterans HCHV, Community Resource and Referral Center CRRC.

In August 2014, a plan to sell a large portion of McPherson to filmmaker Tyler Perry became public. State Senator Vincent Fort and residents called for more transparency.

Installation Management Command, Southeast Region
The Installation Management Command, Southeast Region (IMCOM-SE), is located in Building 171 at Fort McPherson and has the function of managing Army installations in the southeastern United States and Puerto Rico. IMCOM-SE provides all base operations, public works and family support programs, ensuring the readiness of Soldiers, Families and military units. It has more than 15,000 employees across the southeast and manages a $2.2 billion annual operating budget.

The region is responsible for, delivering to standard, all facets of installation support, including care of Soldiers and Families; morale, welfare and recreation; education services, food and laundry; religious support; force protection; fire and emergency services; public works; environmental; residential housing; and execution of DoD base realignment.

The IMCOM-SE team includes Anniston Army Depot, Ala.; Blue Grass Army Depot, Ky.; Fort Moore, Ga.; Fort Liberty, N.C.; Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico; Fort Campbell, Ky.; Fort Eisenhower, Ga.; Fort Jackson, S.C.; Fort Knox, Ky.; Fort McPherson, Ga.; Fort Novosel, Ala.; Fort Stewart, Ga.; Holston Army Ammunition Plant, Tenn.; Milan Army Ammunition Plant, Tenn.; Mississippi Army Ammunition Plant, Miss.; Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point, N.C.; Redstone Arsenal, Ala.; and the U.S. Army Garrison, Miami, Fla.

The region supports the senior mission commander on each installation by relieving him or her of the requirement to oversee day-to-day garrison operations. The region exercises installation management, provides for public safety, provides for sound stewardship of resources, executes community and Family support services and programs and maintains and improves installation infrastructure.

IMCOM-SE is one of six regions under the Installation Management Command, which is headquartered at Arlington, Va. IMCOM was first organized as the Installation Management Agency in 2002. In 2006, IMCOM was activated as a three-star command that includes the former Installation Management Agency, the former Community and Family Support Center and the former Army Environmental Center under a single command as a direct reporting unit.

U.S. Army Forces Command
U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest command in the U.S. Army and the Army's Force Provider to combatant commanders worldwide. FORSCOM combines the contributions of more than 750,000 Army National Guard, Army Reserve and active component Soldiers with those of more than 2,400 Army civilians to form a seamless, winning force that operates as a team across services, components and units. FORSCOM provides relevant and ready land power worldwide, in defense of the nation, at home and abroad.

Headquartered at Fort McPherson, FORSCOM trains, mobilizes, deploys, sustains, transforms and reconstitutes combat-ready Army forces capable of responding rapidly to crises worldwide. Using the Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN) process, FORSCOM tailors the resources and training of its units to meet the specific and ever-changing requirements of combatant commanders and, when directed, those of U.S. civil authorities. These requirements can range from fighting the war on terrorism to providing relief to natural disaster victims.

FORSCOM reports through two chains of command; as an army command responsible directly to the chief of staff of the Army for the readiness, manning, equipping, training, mobilization and deployment of assigned forces, and as an Army Service Component Command, reporting to Joint Forces Command in Norfolk, Va. In this role, FORSCOM provides Army forces to the joint war fight. FORSCOM units also participate in multinational exercises to build confidence among U.S. allies and friends.

The active component of FORSCOM has nearly 200,000 Soldiers stationed nationwide. This number includes three Army corps—I Corps at Fort Lewis, Wash.; III Corps at Fort Cavazos, Texas; and XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Liberty, N.C. FORSCOM also has eight divisions, multiple brigade combat teams and a full range of other combat, combat support and combat service support units.

First Army at Fort Gillem reports to FORSCOM. It is responsible for the training, readiness, mobilization and deployment support for Army National Guard and Army Reserve units in FORSCOM. It also executes FORSCOM missions within the continental United States and Puerto Rico. Army Reserve units are part of the federal force and make their primary contribution to FORSCOM's combat power by providing support specialties such as medical, civil affairs, public affairs, transportation, maintenance and supply. As such, the Reserve accounts for about 45 percent of the Army's total combat service support strength and about 30 percent of the total combat support units. Many Reserve units are designated to deploy early for contingency operations worldwide.

The Army National Guard provides FORSCOM a balanced force of eight National Guard combat divisions, 32 separate brigades and extensive supporting units. The current FORSCOM Army National Guard strength is about 350,000 Soldiers. Mobilizing the Army National Guard into active federal service would bring the total strength of FORSCOM to nearly two-thirds of the Army's combat ground forces.

U.S. Army Reserve Command
The U.S. Army Reserve Command (USARC) has approximately 191,000 U.S. Army Reserve Soldiers and 10,000 DA civilian employees. It commands all U.S. Army Reserve conventional forces in the continental U.S. and Puerto Rico. Units in the Army Reserve have a warfight focus on combat support and combat service support missions for the Total Army and include medical, legal, civil affairs, chemical warfare, transportation, engineering and military police.

The USARC was established in October 1990 as a major subordinate command of the U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM). In September 1998, the USARC moved from leased facilities into their headquarters building on Fort McPherson. In 2007, the USARC transferred from reporting to FORSCOM to reporting directly to DA. Approximately 900 civilians, contractors and Soldiers work at the headquarters.

The USARC provides command, control and support for all Army Reserve troop units in the continental United States. The USARC also ensures the readiness of its force and prepares more than 2,000 Troop Program Units under its command to mobilize in support of joint war-fighting contingencies and operations other than war. Since Sept. 11, 2001, the Army Reserve has mobilized approximately 185,000 Soldiers in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Missions throughout the world where Army Reserve Soldiers are currently providing support include Afghanistan, Iraq, Kuwait, the Balkans and Africa.

The Chief, Army Reserve, Washington, D.C., also serves as the commanding general of the U.S. Army Reserve Command. Since 2003, the Army Reserve has taken an aggressive approach to transitioning the force from a strategic environment to an operational force. With BRAC initiatives and transformation, proposed changes will make the Army Reserve more deployable and functional in order to serve America's military needs in the 21st century. Units will be functionally aligned forces that will not only benefit the Army Reserve, but the total military in terms of readiness and responsiveness to operational requirements.

Within the United States, Army Reserve Soldiers are actively involved in the homeland defense antiterrorism effort while continuing to provide support to military and federal agencies following natural and man-made disasters. USARC's focus is on training, readiness, mobilization support and providing federal military assistance to other federal agencies.

U.S. Army Central
U.S. Army Central (USARCENT) is committed to supporting the objectives of US Central Command (CENTCOM) in some of the most volatile regions of the globe-the Middle East and South and Central Asia. In 1998, CENTCOM assumed responsibility for Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, in turn broadening USARCENT's mission in this very important region of the world.

Assigned as the Army component to CENTCOM, USARCENT is the only Army-level headquarters in the force structure today manned and ready to provide the CENTCOM with a fully deployable, warfighting command and control headquarters anywhere in the world. USARCENT is capable of commanding ground combat forces operating as a joint task force, a coalition joint task force or as an army echelon-above-corps headquarters.

During wartime, USARCENT becomes the Coalition Forces Land Component Command (CFLCC), responsible for commanding all forces involved in ground operations in its area of responsibility.

Since USARCENT beginning as the Third Army in 1918, it has played major roles in America's military history, serving in World Wars I and II, the Persian Gulf War and now the war on terrorism in Afghanistan, Iraq and other parts of the region. Over and over, USARCENT has demonstrated its determination, capabilities and flexibility to deter aggression in different parts of the world.

USARCENT does not have a fixed force structure of assigned units. Instead, it has a central reservoir composed of both active and reserve units based throughout the United States from which it may draw forces tailored to specific situations. In short, USARCENT continually customizes packages geared to sustain operation in the region 365 days a year in support of our national security objectives and obligations, filling a vital defense need and complementing USARCENT's rich heritage and proud traditions.

Under the leadership of Gen. George S. Patton Jr., the 3rd Army participated in eight major operations in World War II, fighting through France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Czechoslovakia and Austria. After performing Army-of-occupation duty following Germany's surrender, Third Army returned to Atlanta in March 1947. Later that year, it moved to Fort McPherson, where it remained until it inactivated Oct. 1, 1973. In December 1982, Third Army was reactivated in Atlanta and assumed its current mission.

Third Army deployed to Saudi Arabia in August 1990 to assume its role as the senior Army headquarters under CENTCOM. At the peak of the build-up, the Third Army command oversaw more than 338,000 coalition forces, including 303,000 U.S. Army soldiers plus British and French ground forces. It was responsible for deploying, receiving and sustaining all Army forces deployed to the Persian Gulf in 1990 and 1991. The headquarters developed the initial defensive plan for Saudi Arabia, and later the offensive ground plan. Following the war, Third Army supervised the relief effort to restore life support facilities in Kuwait and provided protection for Iraqi refugees in southern Iraq.

USARCENT plans and executes an intensive schedule of joint and combined exercises in countries throughout the region, including the "Intrinsic Action" series in Kuwait and the "Bright Star" series in Egypt. Also, the headquarters manages the pre-positioned equipment program in this region to sustain a rapid response to future crisis.

Immediately following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in September 2001, USARCENT began preparing for future operations - the United States invasion of Afghanistan. The command was also heavily involved in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the following Iraq War.

Army Ground Forces Band
The 214th Army Band (The Army Ground Forces Band) was organized in 1845 in Texas as the 4th Infantry Regiment Band. Its heritage, which includes 26 campaign streamers and two awards of the French Croix de Guerre, spans the Mexican War, the American Civil War, the Spanish–American War, the Philippine–American War and both World Wars.

During the Battle of Monterrey, Mexico, the band captured and turned an artillery battery against the enemy. To commemorate this distinguished service, President Zachary Taylor authorized the band to wear red piping on the uniform, making it the only Army band to receive a combat distinction from a president of the United States.

The band fought with the victorious Third Division, which spearheaded the Battle of the Marne in July 1918. Having served in Alaska during World War II, the band participated in the Aleutian Islands operation in May 1943. Following World War II, the 4th Infantry Regiment Band was re-designated the 214th Army Band. Since 1945, this organization has been stationed in Fort Lewis, Washington; Fort Hood, Texas; Fort Meade, Maryland; Fort Richardson, Arkansas; Fort McPherson, Georgia; and Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The unit was reassigned as the band for Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces Command, Fort McPherson, in 1973. Secretary of the Army John O. Marsh Jr. conferred the special designation "The Army Ground Forces Band" in 1985. It was inactivated in 2016.

U.S. Army Forces Command is charged with the combat readiness of active and reserve component Army units and the Army Ground Forces Band has been designated as the "Musical Ambassador of the American Combat Soldier." The mission of the Army Ground Forces Band is to fulfill the requirements of U.S. Army Forces Command at local, national, and international events by providing musical support for military, state, recruiting and civil functions, formal concerts, and recreational activities. The Army Ground Forces Band consists of a variety of musical ensembles, including the marching band, the concert band, the Jazz Guardians, the Old Flint River Dixieland Band, the rock band "The Loose Cannons," and various ceremonial and chamber ensembles.

First Army
First Army is the senior military activity at Fort Gillem. First Army is one of two Continental U.S. Armies in U.S. Army Forces Command. Headquarters, First Army, is staffed by a specialized team of active Army, active Guard and Reserve Soldiers and DA civilian employees. It has an integrated command structure that includes more than 10,000 Active and Reserve Component (RC) Soldiers.

First Army's area of operations includes 27 states east of the Mississippi River (including Minnesota), two territories (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) and the District of Columbia. Its customer base involves support to more than 350,000 RC Soldiers.

First Army's mission centers around the three core functions of training and readiness: support, mobilization of RC forces and homeland defense.

First Army enhances the combat readiness of RC Soldiers and units by providing training and readiness support. It facilitates the RC units' ability to execute missions throughout the full spectrum of military operations. This is done by providing observer/controller trainers and maintaining direct contact with RC units.

First Army plans, prepares and executes the mobilization and deployment of RC units to provide combat-ready forces to war fighting combatant commanders. It supports presidential reserve call-ups (such as Bosnia, Kosovo and Kuwait) as well as full and partial mobilizations (such as support of homeland defense (HLD)). In fulfilling this responsibility, First Army has mobilized more than 110,000 Army National Guard and Army Reserve troops for Operations Enduring Freedom, Noble Eagle and Iraqi Freedom since the September 11 attacks in 2001.

First Army conducts HLD in support of national objectives, as directed. This means First Army is the regional DoD planning agent for military support to civil authorities during a response to natural or manmade disasters. This mission directly supports the Federal Response Plan during disaster relief operations. Normally led by the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate and the Federal Emergency Management Agency and joined by 27 federal agencies, including the American Red Cross, First Army Soldiers and civilian employees are proud of their mission to assist American families during times of crisis. The size of the First Army (and military) response depends upon the magnitude of the event requiring military support.

First U.S Army also performs two missions that, while not core functions, are significant in their importance to the Army: management of the Civilian Aides to the Secretary of the Army program and support to the National Boy Scout Jamboree.

First Army serves as the higher headquarters for three reserve divisions (training support (TS)): the 85th Division (TS), headquartered in Arlington Heights, Illinois; the 78th Division (TS), headquartered in Edison, New Jersey; and the 87th Division (TS), headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. The two important missions of training and readiness support and mobilization of RC Soldiers are accomplished through these three divisions.

First Army was formed in France on Aug. 10, 1918, with Gen. John J. Pershing commanding. As America's first numbered Army, First Army engaged in two major operations: the reduction of the St. Mihiel Salient, east of Verdun, and the Meuse-Argonne offensive, west of Verdun. After World War I and a short period of occupation in Europe, First Army was inactivated in 1919. It was reactivated at Fort Jay, N.Y., in 1933.

On D-Day, June 6, 1944, with Gen. Omar N. Bradley commanding, First Army troops landed on Omaha and Utah beaches in Normandy. First Army established an impressive record of "firsts" in World War II: First on the beaches of Normandy, first to break out of the Normandy beachhead, first to enter Paris, first to break through the Siegfried Line, first to cross the Rhine River and first to meet the Russians. After World War II, First Army headquarters was located on Governors Island, New York. On January 1, 1966, First and Second Armies merged and First Army headquarters moved to Fort Meade, Maryland. In 1973, First Army transitioned from an active Army-oriented organization to one dedicated to improving the readiness of reserve components. In 1983, another reorganization took place. Second Army was reactivated at Fort Gillem and assumed responsibility for reserve component matters in seven states and two territories formerly assigned to First Army. In 1991, Fourth U.S. Army was inactivated and its seven Midwestern states became part of First Army. In 1995, First and Second Armies were once again consolidated and First Army moved to Fort Gillem.

52nd Ordnance Group (EOD)
The wartime mission of the 52nd Ordnance Group (EOD) is to conduct force protection operations to defeat or lessen effects of conventional, unconventional (nuclear, biological, chemical or improvised explosive device) and terrorist munitions within its area of operations. Further, the group deploys, redeploys and assumes command and control of up to six ordnance battalions in a theater of operations, supporting the theater commander.

At Fort Gillem, the group headquarters commands and controls four battalion headquarters and 39 companies geographically separated throughout the United States. The group also runs the U.S. Army Very Important Persons Protective Service Agency, responsible for joint service coordination and tasking of EOD support to the U.S. Secret Service and the U.S. State Department.

Military Entrance Processing Station
The Atlanta Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) is one of a network of 65 MEPS located nationwide and in Puerto Rico. The United States Military Entrance Processing Command (USMEPCOM) is a joint DoD agency staffed with personnel from all military services that reports directly to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Personnel Policy. Although it is a separate DoD agency, USMEPCOM comprises two geographical sectors and staffed with personnel from all military services. The mission of USMEPCOM and the Atlanta MEPS is to process individuals for enlistment or induction into the armed services based on DoD-approved peacetime and mobilization standards. The Atlanta MEPS performs state-of-the-art testing, medical evaluation and processing for individuals wishing to enter military service. The three primary areas to be considered in determining an applicant's qualifications for enlistment are aptitude for military service, physical qualifications and background evaluation screening.

For reasons ranging from adventurism to educational benefits, almost 7,000 young men and women from the Atlanta area were qualified for entry into the five military services through the Atlanta MEPS in fiscal year 2007. In most cases, the term of enlistment in the military service includes specialized job training. When these young men and women complete their service obligation, they return to their local community with valuable skills, disciplined work ethics and on-the-job experience.

The current location for the Atlanta MEPS was designed and built specifically for use by the MEPS. With an approximate construction cost of $3.7 million, groundbreaking for the new facility was held August 14, 1997. Personnel from the MEPS began processing applicants from this facility August 30, 1999. The normal tour of duty for military personnel assigned to the station is three years. All personnel assigned to the MEPS have the primary mission of assisting each branch of the military in processing personnel for duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.

The Atlanta MEPS has enlistment responsibility for 95 counties in Georgia, including 316 high schools and five strategically located Military Examination Test (MET) sites. Aside from the MEPS located at Fort Gillem, the five MET sites in the state of Georgia area offer aptitude testing to applicants near their homes, which eliminates unnecessary applicant travel. Those sites are located in Athens, Columbus, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Macon and Robins Air Force Base.

As with any business, the Atlanta MEPS has considerable operating overhead which directly benefits the local business community. The Atlanta MEPS' paid contracts and services during the fiscal year 2007 were more than $4 million.

Headquarters, 3d Military Police Group (CID)
The 3d Military Police Group (Criminal Investigation Division)(3d MP Group (CID)) is a tactical headquarters located at Fort Gillem. The mission of the 3d MP Group (CID) and its four organic battalions is to provide a full range of criminal investigative support and services for commanders, installations and other areas of Army interest in the 28 states east of the Mississippi, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Central and South America and the Caribbean. It also is responsible for providing criminal investigative support to all Army interests within the United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) area of responsibility (AOR).

USCENTCOM's AOR comprises the 25 countries in Southwest Asia (Northern Red Sea Region, South and Central Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and the Horn of Africa). Investigative support to this operational theater includes: criminal investigations of felony crimes, logistical security, criminal intelligence assessments, personal security protection for DoD officials and visiting foreign dignitaries, force protection and safeguarding of critical resources in peacetime, combat and contingency operations. The group also works with other federal, state and local law enforcement agencies and uses the latest equipment, systems and investigative techniques.

The 3d MP Group (CID) is organized into a command group and seven staff divisions, including personnel and administration, operations, logistics, resource management, staff judge advocate, information management and Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment.

The group exercises command and control of 35 subordinate units. These units support key Army field elements, including: XVIII Airborne Division, Fort Bragg, N.C.; the 101st Air Assault Division|101st Air Assault Division (Light), Fort Campbell, Ky.; the Third Infantry Division, Fort Stewart; the 10th Mountain Division (Light), Fort Drum, N.Y.; and Third Army (ARCENT). The 3d MP Group (CID) is also responsible for providing support for various major commands in their area, including: DA, U.S. Army Forces Command, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, U.S. Central Command, U.S. Southern Command, U.S. Joint Forces Command and U.S. Special Operations Command.

U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory
The US Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIL) provides forensic laboratory services to DoD investigative agencies and other federal law enforcement agencies.

USACIL also operates an army school to train forensic laboratory examiners and manages the U.S. Criminal Investigation Command criminalistics program.

USACIL is the DoD forensic laboratory with the most extensive range of capabilities to support all defense criminal investigation organizations worldwide. The laboratory is equipped for analysis in multiple forensic disciplines. USACIL performs forensic analysis in support of criminal investigations in the laboratory, at crime scenes or deployed into combat theaters. USACIL examiners routinely present expert testimony in criminal trials around the globe.

From 2007–2011, the lab underwent scrutiny for a series of instances of personnel misconduct and allegations of poor investigative work.

Southeastern Army Reserve Intelligence Support Center
The Southeastern Army Reserve Intelligence Support Center (Language Lab) at Fort Gillem provides battle-focused intelligence training support to improve reserve component technical intelligence skills, proficiency and readiness.

The center augments the total force's intelligence and linguistic capabilities and supports multi-service reserve component intelligence personnel and units in satisfying requirements of warfighters and national intelligence agencies.

United States Army 2nd Recruiting Brigade
The U.S. Army 2nd Recruiting Brigade, headquartered at Fort Gillem, directs the efforts of nine recruiting battalions located throughout the southeastern United States. The battalions under the U.S. Army 2nd Recruiting Brigade are located in Smyrna, Ga.; Columbia, S.C.; Jackson, Miss.; Jacksonville, Fla.; Miami, Fla.; Tampa, Fla.; Montgomery, Ala.; Nashville, Tenn.; and Raleigh, N.C.

Headquarters functions include command management, administration, operations, liaison, program budget and accounting logistics, advertising and public affairs for operation of the brigade headquarters and its recruiting battalions.

Atlanta Distribution Center – Army and Air Force Exchange Service
The Army and Air Force Exchange Service Atlanta Distribution Center (ADC) mission is twofold: to receive, store and distribute retail, cost, food and expense merchandise to primary customers in the Southeastern United States and to receive, store and distribute specialized merchandise—music, video, jewelry, military clothing, catalog, books and magazines—to customers worldwide.

The ADC completed construction of a 420000 sqft facility next to four existing 120000 sqft buildings at Fort Gillem in the spring of 1999, making it one of the most modern facilities of its kind.

U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
The U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) mission is to provide worldwide health promotion and preventive medicine leadership and services to identify, assess and counter environmental, occupational and disease threats to the health, fitness and readiness of America's Army, the Army community and the Army civilian workforce. The unit's lineage can be traced back over 50 years to the Army Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, established at the beginning of World War II and, under the direct jurisdiction of The Army Surgeon General, conducted occupational health surveys of Army-operated industrial plants, arsenals and depots. These surveys were aimed at identifying and eliminating occupational health hazards within the DoD's industrial production base and proved to be of great benefit to the nation's war effort.

The more than 1,000-person USACHPPM team is a linchpin of medical support to combat forces and of the military managed-care system. It provides worldwide scientific expertise and services in clinical and field preventive medicine, environmental and occupational health, health promotion and wellness, epidemiology and disease surveillance, toxicology and related laboratory sciences. Professional disciplines represented include chemists, physicists, engineers, physicians, optometrists, epidemiologists, audiologists, nurses, industrial hygienists, toxicologists and entomologists, as well as sub-specialties within these professions.

The USACHPPM headquarters is located at the South Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Five regional subordinate commands are located at Fort George G. Meade, Md.; Fort Lewis, Wash.; Landstuhl, Germany; Camp Zama, Japan; and Fort McPherson, Ga.

Located in Building 180 on Fort McPherson, USACHPPM-South is responsible for providing preventive medicine services and training to the southeast region of the continental U.S. The unit consists of five divisions: entomological sciences, field preventive medicine, industrial hygiene, quality management support and environmental health engineering. USACHPPM-South can request additional support in other, more specialized areas from its headquarters to support its regional customers.

USACHPPM-South is in the process of relocating to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and expects to complete this move by September 30, 2009. At Fort Sam Houston, USACHPPM-South will continue to provide "cutting edge" public health services to all DoD entities (both active and reserve components) in the southeast region of the continental United States.

Origins
Situated on 487 acre and located four miles (6 km) southwest of the center of Atlanta, Fort McPherson is rich in military tradition as an army post dating back to 1867. It was during that year that a post was established in west Atlanta on the grounds where Spelman College is now located. Between the years 1867 and 1881, the post was garrisoned in turn by elements of the 2nd, 16th and 18th U.S. Infantry Regiments and the 5th Artillery. Their mission was to enforce Union regulations during the reconstruction period following the Civil War.

In October 1881, Secretary of War Robert T. Lincoln directed that the lease of the site be surrendered and the buildings sold at public auction. In compliance with this directive, McPherson Barracks was abandoned by U.S. troops Dec. 8, 1881. Part of the site was purchased by the American Baptist Missionary Society for use by the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, which later became Spelman College. The U.S. Treasury realized $17,264.40 from the sale of the buildings. March 3, 1885, Congress passed the Sundry Civil Bill, which contained an initial sum of $15,000 for the purchase of land and the erection of a 10-company post. The task of site selection went to Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock, commanding general of the Division of the Atlantic. Five tracts of land amounting to 140.09 acre were purchased in September 1885. Capt. Joshua W. Jacobs, assistant quartermaster, was responsible for developing and implementing the first master plan for the post.

That same year, Maj. Gen. John A. Schofield, chief of staff, suggested the new post be formally named in honor of Maj. Gen. James Birdseye McPherson. During the Civil War, McPherson participated in the Battles of Jackson and Vicksburg earning promotion to brigadier general. In 1864 he was in command of one of the Three Armies under the Major General William T. Sherman's Military Division of the Mississippi. He was killed while on a reconnaissance patrol during the Battle of Atlanta July 22, 1864. He is the highest-ranking officer to have been killed by position in the history of the United States, He commanded the Union Army of the Tennessee. US Army Engineers built a monument to him on the site he was killed in 1888, in East Atlanta and maintained to this day by the Sons of Union Veterans of the American Civil War, SUVCW.

During the Spanish–American War, Fort McPherson served as a general hospital and as a recruit training center for nearly 20,000 men. Barracks were filled to overflowing and emergency tents were set up. It later became a prisoner of war (POW) facility, and by the end of July 1898, 16 Spanish Army prisoners were incarcerated in what is now the Post Chapel.

World War I
During World War I, Fort McPherson was selected to be an internment camp for German POWs; a base hospital, General Hospital No. 6; and the site of an officers' training camp.

Immediately to the west of the post, across Campbellton Road, a war prison barracks was established to confine German POWs. The prison camp reached a peak population of 1,411 in July 1918.

The secretary of war directed that the permanent barracks of Fort McPherson be made available for general or base hospital use June 23, 1917. The command of the post was turned over to the ranking medical officer and Fort McPherson transformed itself into a general hospital with a capacity of nearly 2,400 beds. It is estimated that more than 10,000 patients were admitted from August 1917 until December 1918.

Fort McPherson served as the headquarters for the IV Corps Area from 1920 until 1923 and 1927 until 1934. In the 1930s, the post hospital was greatly expanded to serve as a rehabilitation center and the post served as the headquarters for District B of the Civilian Conservation Corps.

World War II
With the passage of the 1940 Selective Service Act and the outbreak of World War II, Fort McPherson activities were greatly expanded. In addition to serving as a general depot, a reception center was established to process thousands of men for entry into the service and the post again served as a major hospital center.

In August 1945, as World War II ended, the United States War Department reversed the flow of work at the induction center. Fort McPherson became a separation center for almost 200,000 Soldiers and processed countless others for reassignment.

Historic buildings
The historic district of the post sits on 33 acre of land. The 40 buildings that comprise the historic district are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Some of those buildings and their histories are:

Hodges Hall
Hodges Hall, (Building 65) the post headquarters, was built in 1904 as a double barracks at a cost of $55,000. It has a distinctive horseshoe shape and is a departure from the 30 ft interval between the other barracks. This building is named in honor of Gen. Courtney Hodges, commander of Third United States Army and First United States Army during World War II. Today, this facility houses the offices of the garrison commander and staff.

Troop Row
Construction of Troop Row began in 1889 at the east end with Building 56. All of the buildings are double barracks except Building 60, in the center, which is a triple barracks. The average cost of these buildings was $26,000. The Audie Murphy Barracks Complex opened in 1998, replacing the use of the barracks. The Troop Row barracks have been converted to office space.

Post Chapel
The chapel(Building 42) was built between 1886 and 1889 as the post guardhouse. During the Spanish–American War, this building served as a place of confinement for 16 POWs. In 1921, pews, 11 stained-glass windows and four stained-glass transoms were added to the structure when it was converted into a chapel.

Hospital
The original post hospital, General Hospital No. 6 (Buildings 170 and 171 ), was built between 1886 and 1889 at a cost of $11,414. During World War I, the hospital was so important that the senior ranking medical officer commanded the post. Between August 1917 and December 1918, more than 10,000 Soldiers were admitted. During both world wars, many of the surrounding buildings, including Troop Row, were used as hospital wards. In 1977, the hospital became a clinic and the majority of the building was converted to administrative space. In January 1998, the Lawrence Joel United States Army Health and Dental Clinic was dedicated and opened in Building 125. Building 170 and 171 house Installation Management Command, Southeast Region, headquarters.

Public safety
Construction was completed on Buildings 100,101 and 102 in 1898, 1893 and 1889, respectively. The first two were storehouses for the commissary and the quartermaster, while Building 102 was the post bakery. The bakery contained three rooms and two ovens to bake bread. At one time, tokens were used, evidently as a means of ration control. These small tokens were redeemable for one loaf of bread. Today, these buildings are used by the Office of Public Safety, which houses the Chief, Directorate of Emergency Services and his staff.

Chapel Center
Construction was completed on this facility (Building 51) in 1893 at a reported cost of $13,000. The main floor provided rooms for the officer and sergeant of the guard, the noncommissioned officers of the guard force and the members of the guard itself. Space was also provided for a prison room, with two cages for prisoners, six single cells for garrison prisoners and water closets for both the prisoners and the guards. This one-story brick building was the guardhouse and the post prison. In 1949, it was converted to the Central Telephone Exchange for the post. Today, it houses the post chaplain and staff.

Print Plant
This building (Building 50) was built in 1918 as the post firehouse. It had a capacity of one truck and seven beds. The brickwork covering the old vehicle entrance in the front can still be seen under the small portico. In 1941, it was converted into the post office and used in that capacity until December 2002.

Recreation Center
Built in 1918 by the Red Cross as a convalescent center for hospital patients, this building (Building 46) was built in the shape of a Maltese cross. In 1919, the building was taken over by the Army and converted into a service club. Today, it is used as office space, a meeting area and more.

Pershing Hall
The original and present-day bachelor officers' quarters (Building 16) was completed in 1904. This facility was originally given the number 16 to incorporate the structure with the numbering system for the 19 sets of quarters on Staff Row, numbered 1 through 20, which is the reason why there is no number 16 on Staff Row. This building was named in honor of General of the Armies of the United States John "Blackjack" Pershing. During his career, Pershing served as the commander-in-chief of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I and later as the Army chief of staff.

Van Horn Hall
Completed in 1889 as the original post headquarters, this two-story structure (Building 41) contained office space for the commander, adjutant, sergeant major, clerks, library, mail and court martial room. In 1891, the first rental of a telephone line to Atlanta for $12.50 a month was authorized. In 1893, $17 was approved for material and labor to install electric bells and connections in the building to facilitate communication and the transaction of business in the headquarters. Thus, the first known "intercom" system was installed on post. This building was named in honor of Brig. Gen. Robert O. Van Horn, who served as post commander from January 1934 until August 1940. This six-and-a-half-year period is the longest post commander's tour in the installation's history. In 1957, the building became office space for the staff judge advocate.

Staff Row
Staff Row consists of 19 officer quarters — four single-family residences and 15 duplexes. These quarters were built from 1891 until 1910 at an average cost of $15,000. The original concept for Staff Row was to build homes for the officers of an artillery regiment with 10 batteries. At full strength, such a unit would be authorized a colonel, a lieutenant colonel, three majors, 10 captains, 20 first lieutenants and 10 second lieutenants. The final home built on Staff Row in 1910 is currently the residence of the post commander. The small lot required that Quarters 18 also be a single-family unit.

Hedekin Field
Staff Row faces the post parade ground, Hedekin Field. Originally a polo field, it is named in honor of Capt. David Drew Hedekin, an avid polo player who commanded Headquarters Company here from 1936 through 1938. Hedekin was fatally injured while playing in a polo tournament at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, July 17, 1938. He died there July 20, 1938. A monument to Capt. Hedekin is located on the edge of the parade field across from Quarters 10. Today, Hedekin Field is the site of colorful parades, retirement ceremonies and other special celebrations.

Quarters 10
Quarters 10 is the centerpiece of Staff Row. Completed in 1892, the three-story home has 12 ft-high ceilings on the first floor, 11 ft-high ceilings on the second, and semicircular front windows in the turret. In 1925, Gen. Douglas MacArthur was assigned to Fort McPherson as post commander. Since his wife refused to live in the quarters, they rented an apartment downtown near the Fox Theatre. The MacArthurs left after having spent 89 days at Fort McPherson, when he was reassigned to Baltimore. A sleeping porch was added to the back of the quarters in 1935 for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's visits while he was en route to Warm Springs, Georgia.

Other structures
For a short time, German POWs were held on Troop Row. In June 1917, they constructed the war prison barracks located just west of the post between Campbellton Road and Venetian Drive. By June 1919, 1,346 prisoners were interned at Fort McPherson. Many homes located west of the post were later built on the cement slab foundations left behind after the prison barracks were torn down in late 1919. The oldest structure still in use at Fort McPherson is located on Miller Drive.

Quarters 532 was built in 1887 at a cost of $2,470. The single-family dwelling has 1843 sqft of space. It was originally the residence of the civilian post engineer, a plumber, who was in charge of operating the water pump station. Chief Warrant Officer Ulie H. Jeffers, chief field clerk, lived in these quarters from 1923 through 1950. This period of 27 years probably established a record for the continuous occupancy of a set of Army quarters by one individual. The home was later inhabited by the commander, Intelligence Support Element Ft. McPherson (513th MI Bde), Army Captain Steven S. Walsky and family; and appropriately, finally by Chief Warrant Officer Clyde Green, the last Vietnam War draftee to remain on active duty (retired in 2010).

Headwaters of Utoy Creek
Natural springs are one of the headwaters for South Utoy Creek traveling northwest to the Chattahoochee River.

title: Fort McPherson


text: User talk:65.176.32.6

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:65.176.32.6


text: Category:U.S. states

title: Category:U.S. states


text: Category:Preservatives

title: Category:Preservatives


text:
Rancagua

Rancagua is a city and commune in central Chile and part of the Rancagua conurbation. It is the capital of the Cachapoal Province and of the O'Higgins Region, located 87 km south of the national capital of Santiago.

It was originally named Santa Cruz de Triana by Spanish colonists. In 2012, its population was 232,211. The main economic activities range from mining, tourism, agriculture, timber, food production and services to minor industrial activities. The city also serves as the administrative and legal center of the region.

Together with Machalí and Gultro, it forms the Rancagua conurbation. After Curicó, Talca and Concepción, it is one of the most important and densely populated cities of the south central zone of Chile.

Foundation period
The Rancagua Valley was occupied by the local Picunche. They fell briefly under the control of the Inca Empire in the 15th century. Its remains in structures can still be found near the city today. Through their civil engineering, the Inca accomplished expeditions to the south of their empire.

Rancagua was founded by Spanish explorer José Antonio Manso de Velasco, who founded several cities in the central area of Chile. The settlement was first called Villa Santa Cruz de Triana.

The city is notable in Chilean history as the scene of the Disaster of Rancagua of 1814, when Chilean forces fighting for independence from Spain were defeated. This marked the beginning of the period known as the Reconquista (Reconquest), an attempt by Spain to regain control of Chile.

Today
In recent years the city has become one of the most attractive cultural and tourist centers in the O'Higgins Region, largely because of the vineyards that have been developed in the area. Rancagua also offers sports centers and easy access to smaller villages and towns.

Other visitors are attracted to the archeological sites, such as Pukara de La Compañia and the nearby Rio Cipreses nature reserve. Both can be visited by private vehicle or with local tour companies.

The city is connected to the capital, Santiago, by the Panamerican Highway (Chile Route 5). In addition, the Metrotren connects the metro service in Santiago to Rancagua by train.

Rancagua is home of the University of Rancagua (in Spanish), the first private university to be established in the O'Higgins Region.

The region is known for El Teniente in the nearby Andes mountain range: it is the "largest underground copper mine in the world." It is located about 40 km to the east of the city. El Teniente is a division of the state-owned mining enterprise, Codelco.

The city's Braden Copper Stadium, named for the American company that developed the mine through the first half of the 20th century, was one of the four venues of the 1962 FIFA World Cup. More recently, it houses the O'Higgins professional football (soccer) club, one of the leading teams in Chilean professional football. Every year, the National Championship of Chilean rodeo is held in the Medialuna Monumental de Rancagua. In 2015, the city hosted the 2015 Copa América, receiving two matches of the tournament.

Demographics
The population of Rancagua is primarily either of Spanish descent or mestizo, with a particularly strong Basque influence. There are also residents of German, Croatian, Italian, Greek, Levantine Arab, Swiss, French, English or Irish ancestry living in the city. Indigenous Mapuche workers migrate from the south and there are also some Roma gypsies.

In addition, there has been increasing immigration to the city from neighbouring South American countries such as Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Rancagua spans an area of 260.3 sqkm and has 214,344 inhabitants (104,879 men and 109,465 women). Of these, 206,971 (96.6%) lived in urban areas and 7,373 (3.4%) in rural areas. The population grew by 14.4% (27,020 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Notable people born in Rancagua

 * Germán Riesco (1854–1916), President of Chile between 1901 and 1906.
 * Lucho Gatica, bolero singer.
 * Cristóbal González, footballer.
 * José Victorino Lastarria (1817–1888), writer and politician.
 * Mariano Díaz, photographer, graphic designer, and writer.
 * Clarence Acuña, ex-footballer.
 * Bryan Rabello, footballer.
 * Mario Núñez, ex-footballer.
 * Francisco Javier Quintanilla, theologian
 * Ximena Cristi, painter

Administration
As a commune, Rancagua is a third-level administrative division of Chile, administered by a municipal council and headed by an alcalde, who is directly elected by the people for a four-year term.

Culture
This area is known as the "huaso province" after the name of the Chilean cowboy, the huaso. The population is a mixture of both European (including Argentine immigrants) and indigenous races and cultures. The region has a homogeneous culture known as Chileanidad and a mestizo influence is evident.

Rancagua and the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region was settled by Spaniards (notably Andalusian, Basque, Aragonese and Navarrese) and other Europeans. French and Italian families established agriculture, including the important wine industry: the Wine Route is one of the main tourist attractions of the Colchagua valley. Breweries can be found as well, the legacy of German and Swiss immigration. Livestock development and herding was especially influenced by British, Greek and Yugoslavian settlers.

Because the city is relatively close to Santiago, there has led to a growing urban influence in the local culture. Rancagua is fast becoming a suburb of Santiago's upper-class professional workforce.

Transportation
Meanwhile all of the city is readily accessible by walking; Public Transport is provided by Trans O'Higgins by six lines of busses, and nine private taxi lines operate inside the urban radius.

Mining - El Teniente
Situated 44 km east of Rancagua and 75 km south of the capital, Santiago, El Teniente claims to be the largest underground copper mine in the world (see below). The El Teniente orebody has been known and worked on a small scale for many years. In the 16th century it became the property of the Jesuits as it was located on their Hacienda de la Compañia de Jesús. They operated a small mine known as the Socavón de los Jesuitas. Following their expulsion, the hacienda was acquired in 1768 by Don Mateo de Toro y Zambrano y Ureta. Between 1819 and 1823 his heirs restarted and enlarged the workings, bringing in a mining engineer to help. However, these and subsequent attempts to establish anything more than a small scale mine failed for lack of capital and the property was eventually bought by the American, William Braden, for approximately US$100,000. The same year Braden formed Rancagua Mines, which became the Braden Copper Company, in association with old colleagues from ASARCO, including Barton Sewell.

Work started on establishing a mine in 1905 after Government permission had been acquired but progress was slow because of difficulty of access and a hard winter climate. A small gravity plant was soon erected but it was not until 1912 that a flotation plant was erected at Sewell. Control passed to Kennecott in 1915 and it ran the mine until nationalization in 1971.

Climate
Rancagua has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb), with clearly marked seasons. Summers are generally extremely dry, with cool mornings and hot afternoons, while winters are mild with cold mornings and occasional periods of heavy rainfall that averages around 510 mm each year – almost all of which occurs during a handful of storms between May and August. In some years there can be a little snow.

Sports
The sport in the city is varied including football, basketball and hockey. The city's most famous football club is O'Higgins, who currently plays in the first category of Chilean soccer, the Primera División de Chile. O'Higgins had great past glories, with the help of El Teniente they became one of the leading teams of Chile during the 1970s, participating on several occasions in the Copa Libertadores, their best performance being a semifinal appearance. In 2013, they won the Primera División de Chile for the first time, followed by a win in the Supercopa de Chile in 2014. Amongst other football clubs in the city are Tomás Greig and Enfoque, both of which play in the Tercera División de Chile.

Since 2015 the Autódromo Internacional de Codegua in the neighboring commune of Codegua held the Chile Grand Prix in the Superbike World Championship, the circuit was supposed to also host a race in the 2016 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, although those plans were cancelled.

Stadiums and arenas

 * Estadio El Teniente, host of the 1962 FIFA World Cup and 2015 Copa América.
 * Medialuna Monumental de Rancagua, host the Campeonato Nacional de Rodeo and Davis Cup.
 * Autódromo Internacional de Codegua.
 * Gimnasio Hermógenes Lizana
 * Estadio Municipal de Rancagua
 * Gimnasio Asociación de Básquetbol de Rancagua
 * Estadio Guillermo Saavedra

Twin towns – sister cities
Rancagua is twinned with:
 * 🇪🇸 Logroño, Spain
 * 🇰🇷 Paju, South Korea
 * 🇦🇷 San Francisco, Argentina

title: Rancagua


text:
Sodium amide

Sodium amide, commonly called sodamide (systematic name sodium azanide), is the inorganic compound with the formula NaNH2. It is a salt composed of the sodium cation and the azanide anion. This solid, which is dangerously reactive toward water, is white, but commercial samples are typically gray due to the presence of small quantities of metallic iron from the manufacturing process. Such impurities do not usually affect the utility of the reagent. NaNH2 conducts electricity in the fused state, its conductance being similar to that of NaOH in a similar state. NaNH2 has been widely employed as a strong base in organic synthesis.

Preparation and structure
Sodium amide can be prepared by the reaction of sodium with ammonia gas, but it is usually prepared by the reaction in liquid ammonia using iron(III) nitrate as a catalyst. The reaction is fastest at the boiling point of the ammonia, c. −33 °C. An electride, [Na(NH3)6]+e−, is formed as a reaction intermediate.

 * 2 Na + 2 NH3 → 2 NaNH2 + H2

NaNH2 is a salt-like material and as such, crystallizes as an infinite polymer. The geometry about sodium is tetrahedral. In ammonia, NaNH2 forms conductive solutions, consistent with the presence of [Na(NH3)6]+ and NH2− ions.

Uses
Sodium amide is mainly used as a strong base in organic chemistry, often suspended (it is insoluble ) in liquid ammonia solution. It is the reagent of choice for the drying of ammonia (liquid or gaseous). One of the main advantages to the use of sodium amide is its relatively low nucleophilicity. In the industrial production of indigo, sodium amide is a component of the highly basic mixture that induces cyclisation of N-phenylglycine. The reaction produces ammonia, which is recycled typically.

Dehydrohalogenation
Sodium amide induces the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen bromide from a vicinal dibromoalkane to give a carbon–carbon triple bond, as in a preparation of phenylacetylene. Usually two equivalents of sodium amide yields the desired alkyne. Three equivalents are necessary in the preparation of a terminal alkynes because the terminal CH of the resulting alkyne protonates an equivalent amount of base.

Hydrogen chloride and ethanol can also be eliminated in this way, as in the preparation of 1-ethoxy-1-butyne.

Cyclization reactions
Where there is no β-hydrogen to be eliminated, cyclic compounds may be formed, as in the preparation of methylenecyclopropane below.

Cyclopropenes, aziridines and cyclobutanes may be formed in a similar manner.

Deprotonation of carbon and nitrogen acids
Carbon acids which can be deprotonated by sodium amide in liquid ammonia include terminal alkynes, methyl ketones, cyclohexanone, phenylacetic acid and its derivatives and diphenylmethane. Acetylacetone loses two protons to form a dianion. Sodium amide will also deprotonate indole and piperidine.

Related non-nucleophilic bases
It is however poorly soluble in solvents other than ammonia. Its use has been superseded by the related reagents sodium hydride, sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NaHMDS), and lithium diisopropylamide (LDA).

Other reactions

 * Rearrangement with orthodeprotonation
 * Oxirane synthesis
 * Indole synthesis
 * Chichibabin reaction

Safety
Sodium amide decomposes violently on contact with water, producing ammonia and sodium hydroxide:
 * NaNH2 + H2O → NH3 + NaOH

When burned in oxygen, it will give oxides of sodium (which react with the produced water, giving sodium hydroxide) along with nitrogen oxides:
 * 4 NaNH2 + 5 O2 → 4 NaOH + 4 NO + 2 H2O
 * 4 NaNH2 + 7 O2 → 4 NaOH + 4 NO2 + 2 H2O

In the presence of limited quantities of air and moisture, such as in a poorly closed container, explosive mixtures of peroxides may form. This is accompanied by a yellowing or browning of the solid. As such, sodium amide is to be stored in a tightly closed container, under an atmosphere of an inert gas. Sodium amide samples which are yellow or brown in color represent explosion risks.

title: Sodium amide


text: User talk:149.174.164.75

title: User talk:149.174.164.75


text:
Category:Antiseptics

Many surfactants have antiseptic properties. See Category:Surfactants. Antibiotics are added to some antiseptic formulas. See Category:Antibiotics.

title: Category:Antiseptics


text:
Monacilioni

Monacilioni is a small town in the province of Campobasso, Molise, southern Italy, located 19 mi northeast of Campobasso.

Monacilioni was originally shaped in a circular fashion with one main intersecting street. During the latter half of the 20th century, a significant portion of the town was destroyed in a series of landslides.

title: Monacilioni


text:
Talk:Agnes Moorehead

Sexuality
I've often heard rumours that she was bisexual. Any idea it this is founded on anything worthwhile? Rhymeless 03:52, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

She pretty much admits it in Boze Hadleigh's book "Hollywood Lesbians," in an interview conducted about a year before her death.

 * On Wikipedia, everyone is considered to be hmo unless proven otherwise.173.61.67.102 (talk) 23:20, 27 September 2012 (UTC)50Cint

What I find troubling about the most recent biography here (July 2005) is the misinformation about her adopted child, Sean. She adopted him in 1949, this was not a product of natural childbirth. There was no other adoption thereafter.

Also, I don't think she smoked in "real life," although I do recollect her smoking in Who's Minding the Store (I don't think she inhaled). And the fact her mother lived to be over 100 makes me wonder if that pesky fallout while filming The Conqueror had anything to do with her (somewhat) premature death.

Deletions January 2012
I found some statements that speculate about the sexual orientation of living persons, of persons OTHER THAN the subject of this biographical entry. To use the biography of a dead person to propagate rumors about the sexual orientation of a living person seems like a bad faith attempt to circumvent the policy for Biographies of Living Persons (WP:BLP). One key source was a TV show that is not accessible. There seems no way to verify that certain things allegedly broached in that show were indeed broached, and to verify what the exact statements were. Anyway, the statements I deleted were not probative for the question of Agnes Moorehead's sexual orientation. For example, the sentiment of a "friend" that she was not gay because she was deeply religious is illogical and also quaint (forty years ago, many people could believe that devout Christians wouldn't be gay, but in the 21st century, everybody knows better). Hurmata (talk) 05:38, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Your personal views of what defines a devout Christian are of no value whatsoever in the building of an article on Wiki, please press your personal agenda elsewhere. WP:SOAP 68.19.10.83 (talk) 10:36, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

Icon
On page 78 of Gay and Lesbian Weddings : Planning the Perfect Same-Sex Ceremony (2004, ISBN 0345475747) David Toussaint asks one to "Choose your favorite gay icon (check either Male or Female, not both):

(Male) (Female)
 * 1) Judy Garland
 * 2) Barbara Streisand
 * 3) Joni Mitchell
 * 4) "Material Girl" Madonna
 * 5) Agnes Moorehead
 * 1) Katharine Hepburn
 * 2) Jodie Foster
 * 3) Ellen DeGeneres
 * 4) "Ray of Light" Madonna
 * 5) Eleanor Roosevelt

Hyacinth 20:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that unvaluable contribution. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.127.236.187 (talk) 12:37, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Cause of Death 1) Smoking or 2) The Conqueror
Okay, for the fun of it, I decided to test a theory. I picked another popular movie at random from about the same time period as The Conqueror, I picked the The Caine Mutiny. Of the 42 actors listed in the credits at IMDb for The Caine Mutiny, it only list the cause of death (or that have died) for 15 of them. Of those 15, 8 died of cancer, 1 of a brain tumor, and 1 of leukemia. That is 53% outright of cancer, and 66.7% of cancer related diseases.

 * The Caine Mutiny (died of cancer related diseases):
 * Humphrey Bogart
 * José Ferrer
 * Tom Tully
 * E.G. Marshall
 * Warner Anderson
 * Claude Akins
 * Jerry Paris
 * Steve Brodie
 * Don Dubbins
 * Todd Karns
 * Tyler McVey

 * Filming Locations for The Caine Mutiny (1954):
 * Los Angeles, California, USA
 * Naval Station Treasure Island, San Francisco, California, USA
 * Pearl Harbor, O`ahu, Hawaii, USA
 * Yosemite National Park, California, USA

I suppose Yosemite gave those people cancer?

WikiDon 23:44, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "Although the number of incidences of cancer in the cast and crew on that set is too large to be due solely to heavy smoking, as obviously not every single one of those afflicted with the disease was a smoker." Seems like a bit of a supposition to me. Post hoc, ipso propter hoc?

 * That's ergo propter hoc, but we get the picture. :) SkoreKeep (talk) 23:40, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree that it reads as supposition, and Moorehead died of uterine cancer not lung cancer, regardless of the fact that she was a smoker. Therefore I think it's possible the discussion of lung cancer reflects an anti smoking bias on the part of the contributor. Moorehead's death certificate states that she had "widely mestastacized cancer" (no mention specifically but it could have been in her lungs by then) during the 4 months prior to her death, but that it started in her uterus 2 years before.  Moorehead's smoking addiction may or may not have contributed to her cancer. Rossrs 12:34, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed, no one (including an oncologist and his lab) can assign other than statistical blame on any of the causes of cancer to any particular case. It is improper to do so scientifically.  Statistically speaking, though, it is more likely life-long heavy smoking caused than a 3 month exposure to possibly radioactive soils.  In addition, the type of cancer is largely not germane as to the cause; radioactive particles in the lungs are pretty rapidly drawn into the bloodstream and thence to the body in general, as is smoking carcenogens (and pollution, and asbestos, etc, etc.). As it happens both cause first damage to the lungs usually, but there's a lot more to actual cancer occurrence than where the carcinogens first land. SkoreKeep (talk) 23:40, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

 * The entire section on her death being related to the fallout from bombs needs to be revised and written from a less biased POV. It's all part of an urban legend, and only an ill-informed anti-nuke nutter would believe it today. Back in the 50s, HUNDREDS of atom bombs were tested in the Southwestern U.S. If they had anything to do with the deaths of these folks, there would be a distinct pattern; there is none.  Science writer Brian Dunning covers this myth well:  http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4238

 * Actually, in my opinion, this article should state that her death was due to metastatic cancer of the uterus, and just say there is some controversy as to the cause of the cancer (which will, in fact, never be factually determined) and refer to the The Conqueror article for the full argument. In any case someone added a little more fuel to the fire here yesterday, so I added an extension to the paragraph about this mysterious AEC researcher (which means the quote must be from before 1974 in any case) Robert C. Pendleton (surely not the auto mechanic/creationist? *cough*) that is only quoted second hand. Note also the chosen article they get Pendleton's quotes from deflates them as well.  In about a month, I'll consider moving the cancer cause argument to the film page (or perhaps another page just for the controversy) and deleting it from here, and probably Wayne's page and others as well. SkoreKeep (talk) 22:43, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

more on Sean
Lets hear more about her son.

=
how about a photo of her as a young woman?

Is a publicity photo ok to post? http://www.angelfire.com/yt/Weston/images/agnes.jpg

She was quite pretty, and rather vain about it, "back in the day"

Yeah, a picture of a younger version of her would be excellent. But are you sure this is a promotional shot? -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 09:59, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Image
The image of Agnes Moorehead in this article is terrible. Can someone please replace it with a better image. jmfh3733 june 15 2006

I commented about the picture of Agnes Moorehead 5 months ago, and it's still here. I'm not good at knowing the copywrite laws and such for images but can someone that does please change that God awful picture of her. jmfh3733 November 25 2006

The picture
This was one of the most important actresses of her generation. To illustrate the article with a picture of her in a frivolous TV series is preposterous. (unsigned comment by User:66.108.179.173)

Agnes was not a smoker!
I read on this website that Agnes Moorehead was a heavy smoker some time ago, and asked that it be removed. I knew her, and I can guarentee she was NOT a smoker. I do not know who posted this info in her bio, but a lot of it is not correct (she never adopted Sean, he was just a Foster son) but it is most upsetting to suggest that her death had anything to do with smoking - she was a non-smoker her whole life. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.113.202.211 (talk) 23:01, 20 February 2007 (UTC).

Are you sure? She certainly sounded like a smoker in "Pollyanna". (92.14.245.88 (talk) 20:32, 11 October 2009 (UTC))

 * Everywhere where I've gone to investigate the "Conqueror Disaster" where there has been a remark at all about smoking, Moorehead has been cited as having been a heavy smoker. If you can indeed establish by cite your relationship to her, then perhaps your argument can be made. SkoreKeep (talk) 22:46, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

Article protected - vandalism target
Because this page has been targeted for vandalism, I have protected it through most of 9 July. —C.Fred (talk) 22:02, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Possible error
The article says she was an only child, then later in the same paragraph alludes to her sister. Which is it???

It says her mother lived 1883-1990 and listed the age as 97. In that case she would have been 107. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cromwellj (talk • contribs) 02:40, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

 * She was 106 when she died in 1990. She died two months before her 107th birthday. 2600:1700:BC01:9B0:A4B6:2F48:BB48:9261 (talk) 03:09, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

Only child?
The early life section seems to contradict itself, indicating that she's an only child, then later referring to her sister. Can somebody with access to the source book verify? —C.Fred (talk) 23:29, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

She had a younger sister named Margaret who committed suicide when she (Margaret) was 23 years old, in 1929. Agnes was 28. Suicide was stigmatized then much more than it is now, and the family would tell people that Margaret died from a heart attack. It was ruled a suicide by the coroner. — Preceding unsigned comment added by YieldingTendon (talk • contribs) 11:23, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

Moorehead's sexuality
Material on Moorehead's homosexuality has been deleted from the article on spurious grounds that the sources are hollywood gossip books. This is not the case; the sources are all reliable books published by mainstream publishers and university presses. It is not libelous to state that Moorehead had a reputation for lesbianism -- this is supported by reliable sources. This information should not be deleted without due discussion on the talk page and the achievement of a consensus. --Jburlinson (talk) 01:57, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Once again, repeated attempts have been made by an editor to delete this material. This time, though, there is no rationale given as to why the section is being summarily zapped out.  If anyone has any problem with what currently appears in the article about Moorehead's sexuality, they should bring their concerns to this talk page before they start arbitrarily deleting sections of the article.  Thanks to the two editors who have reverted the attempted cuts. --Jburlinson (talk) 22:49, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I have altered the wording slightly in this section. "Speculation" is more neutral than "controversy" and so far as I know no great controversy has erupted over the subject. I rephrased the sentence about the interview in which Moorehead supposedly acknowledged her lesbianism because the cited source does not quote directly from the interview and the interview itself does not appear to be available online. If the original interview is available then it should be cited directly rather than the second-hand report. The two statements from Moorehead's associates are from the same source and the proper citation is at the end of the section. Frank Booth Luce (talk) 00:09, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Was Agnes Moorehead Part Black
I read somewhere many years ago about star's who hid the fact that they were black, part black or had ancestors who were black, but of course looked white. Agnes Moorehead's name was on the list. Now it is nowhere to be found about this information. Is this true or not?

Solangespa (talk) 16:39, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Her parents were both white. 2600:1700:BC01:9B0:A4B6:2F48:BB48:9261 (talk) 03:07, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

Moorhead's graduation year error?...
Wikipedia says that Agnes Moorehead graduated from Muskingum College in 1923. It seems that it is a possible error because she appears in the college yearbook of 1923 as a Junior Student and in 1924 as a Senior Student. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.103.218.214 (talk • contribs) 15:14, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

Location of birth
On the Help Desk, an IP editor left a note saying that AM was a guest in an episode of Password_(game_show) and said she was born in Cambridge (MA), not Clinton, though she grew up in Clinton. If true, I would say that is enough to overturn the current birthplace sourcing (Encyclopedia Britannica). I have no idea how to locate that episode, though. Tigraan Click here to contact me 14:18, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

Agnes Moreheads burial site.
Agnes Morehead is not buried in Dayton Memorial Park. She is buried at Woodland Cemetary close to downtown Dayton. I grew up in Dayton and have seen her burial site many times, as my Grandmother is buried there also. 99.196.6.219 (talk) 20:36, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Agnes Moorehead is entombed at Dayton Memorial Park in the Abbey Mausoleum, Sanctuary of Peace, see register or Dayton Daily News, next to her parents and other relatives. Interment was handled by Martin Funeral Home of Rochester, MN, where she passed away. P37307 (talk) 22:43, 3 December 2022 (UTC)
 * She is not at Woodland Cemetery, sorry. She is in fact at the Mausoleum in Dayton Memorial Park. My aunt and uncle & cousin are also there and I have seen her name on her crypt. 216.255.13.93 (talk) 23:50, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Really?
In talking about her mother, this article states: "who was 17 when she was born." Now, that's impressive...bet it was painful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:801:380:63E0:0:0:0:E5ED (talk) 13:02, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Is this the first time that you have heard of a teenage pregnancy? Dimadick (talk) 21:59, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Foster son's birth name
The article currently says that Moorehead's foster son Sean was "né John Griffith Lee." How can that be possible? John Griffith Lee was her first husband. Surely if her foster son was born with her husband's name, there'd be a source for that. Or the son wasn't related at all to the husband and just happened to be born with his name? Dlauri (talk) 08:33, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

Mother
I noticed that in the article about Agnes it says that her mother was still alive when she died. Knowing she was born in the 1800s and was still alive in 1974 led me to look her up. This link has her obituary, among other things, so surely that should be proof of her age at death. It would be an interesting tidbit to include in this article since Agnes' mother died in 1990 at the age of 106. https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/KPS2-T3J/mary-mildred-mccauley-1883-1990 2600:1700:BC01:9B0:A4B6:2F48:BB48:9261 (talk) 03:06, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agnes Moorehead


text:
Winnipeg Folk Festival

The Winnipeg Folk Festival is a nonprofit charitable organization with an annual summer folk music festival held in Birds Hill Provincial Park, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The festival features a variety of artists and music from around the world and is sure to include a number of local artists.

Begun by Mitch Podolak, Colin Gorrie, and Ava Kobrinsky in 1974 as a celebration of Winnipeg's centennial, the festival itself has grown into an event exceeding 70,000 attendees to the festival annually. The festival is held over the second weekend of July, beginning on Thursday night and running through to Sunday night.

Beyond the four-day festival, the organization offers year-round concert programming at venues throughout the city bringing in artists as well as organizing free concert programming throughout the city.

Music
The festival offers a wide selection of music over the four-day festival. Throughout the year the organization facilitates the Hear All Year concert series.

Festival programming
There is a large variety of music at the festival, including bluegrass, Celtic, blues, roots, indie folk, Americana, folk rock, French Canadian, contemporary singer-songwriters, and a variety of children's performers. Every year artists join the lineup from all over North America and across the world. The Winnipeg Folk Festival hosts over 70 artists annually from nearly 10 different countries including Australia, Colombia, Iceland, Ireland, Mexico, Netherlands, Niger, United Kingdom and more with the majority of the acts coming from Canada and the United States.

The festival showcases several genres every summer. Past performers include Bahamas, Joan Baez, Barenaked Ladies, Blue Rodeo, Oscar Brand, Brandi Carlile, Bruce Cockburn, City and Colour, Courtney Barnett, Ray Davies, Death Cab for Cutie, Elle King, Mimi Farina, Feist, Fleet Foxes, Stephane Grappelli, Great Big Sea, Arlo Guthrie, Half Moon Run, Emmylou Harris, Japanese Breakfast, Levon Helm, John Hiatt, Jason Mraz, Kacey Musgraves, k.d. lang, K'naan, Lyle Lovett, Nick Lowe, Natalie MacMaster, Odetta, Passenger, Pete Seeger, Sheryl Crow, The Shins, Stan Rogers, The Strumbellas, Sudan Archives, Jeff Tweedy, Townes van Zandt, Kurt Vile, Weyes Blood, and Wilco.

Each year the Winnipeg Folk Festival showcases local Manitoba talent including Begonia, Boniface, The Bros. Landreth, John K. Samson, Leonard Sumner, Living Hour, Richard Inman, Roger Roger, Royal Canoe, William Prince and more.

Winnipeg Centennial Folksong Festival, 1974
The first Winnipeg folk festival was held August 9 - 11, 1974 at Birds Hill Provincial Park. The free concert was staged with funding from the Centennial Committee and the CBC. The event depended on the collective work of many local volunteers so the organizers developed an organizational structure that embodied their philosophy that everyone contributing was a significant participant. Subsequent events built on the foundation of this initial idea creating a model that heavily influenced the operation of other similar festivals in Canada, particularly the Vancouver Folk Music Festival and the Edmonton Folk Festival.

Performers at the first festival included: • Alan Mills

• Angèle Arsenault

• Barry O'Neill

• Bill Russell

• Bob King

• Booker White

• Bram Morrison

• Bruce Cockburn

• Carol Brant

• Cathy Fink & Duck Donald

• Curly Boy Stubbs

• David Rea

• Eagle Creek Band

• Enoch Kent

•  Eric and Martha Nagler

• Fraser & DeBolt

• Glen McCabe

• Humphrey & the Dumptrucks

• Jean Carignan

• Jim Donahue

• John Allan Cameron

• John P. Hammond

• Len Udow

• Leon Redbone

• Liam Clancy

• Lou Killen

• Michael Cooney

• Mike Seeger

• Mimi Fariña

• Monte Dunn & Karen Cruz

• Murray McLauchlan

• Norma-Jean McCreedy

• Original Sloth Band

• Oscar Brand

• Peter Gzowski

• Peter Mathieson

• Raffi

• Ray Materick

• Rick Neufeld

• Roosevelt Sykes

• Ryan's Fancy

• Shirley Eikhard

• Stringband

• Sylvia Tyson

• Ted MacGillivray

• Tom Jackson

• Tom Kines

• Tommy Makem

Honorary members

 * Mitch Podolak (Founder/Director/Artistic Director), 1974–1975
 * Colin Gorrie (Founder), 1974–1975
 * Ava Kobrinsky (Founder), 1976–1989
 * Nate Nurgitz (Board Legal Advisor), 1975–85
 * Bill Merritt (Business/general manager), 1977–1994
 * Jon Singleton (Past Treasurer), 1978–1987

Past Executive Directors

 * Trudy Schroeder, 1999–2008
 * Tamara Kater, 2008–2011

Past Artistic Directors

 * Mitch Podolak, 1974–1986
 * Rosalie Goldstein, 1987–1991
 * Pierre Guérin, 1992–2000
 * Rick Fenton, 2001–2004

Past President and Chairs

 * Peter Stringham, 1976–1979
 * Greg Brunskill, 1980
 * Derek Black, 1981–1987
 * Jane Graham, 1988–1990
 * David Asper, 1991–1992
 * Michael Handler, 1993–1995
 * Brenda Prosken, 1996–1998
 * Gloria Koop, 1999–2000
 * Gerry Couture, 2001–2002
 * Sandra Altner 2003–2004
 * Terry Sargeant 2005–2009
 * Allan Finkel 2010–2011
 * Gerry Couture, 2012
 * Mike Baudic, 2012–2015
 * Karen-Denise Cyr, 2015–2017

title: Winnipeg Folk Festival


text:
National Snow and Ice Data Center

The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) is a United States information and referral center in support of polar and cryospheric research. NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow and ice data and also maintains information about snow cover, avalanches, glaciers, ice sheets, freshwater ice, sea ice, ground ice, permafrost, atmospheric ice, paleoglaciology, and ice cores.

NSIDC is part of the University of Colorado Boulder Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and is affiliated with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information through a cooperative agreement. NSIDC serves as one of twelve Distributed Active Archive Centers funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to archive and distribute data from NASA's past and current satellites and field measurement programs. NSIDC also supports the National Science Foundation through the Exchange For Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (ELOKA) and other scientific research grants. NSIDC is also a member of the ICSU World Data System. Mark Serreze is the director of NSIDC.

History
The World Data Center (WDC) for Glaciology, Boulder, a data center responsible for archiving all available glaciological information, was established at the American Geographical Society under Dr. William O. Field, Director, in 1957. Between 1971 and 1976 it was operated by the U.S. Geological Survey, Glaciology Project Office, under the direction of Dr. Mark F. Meier.

In 1976, responsibility for the WDC for Glaciology was transferred to NOAA, Environmental Data and Information Service (EDIS), and the center moved to the University of Colorado at Boulder under the direction of Professor Roger G. Barry. In 1982, NOAA created the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) as a means to expand the WDC holdings and as a place to archive data from some NOAA programs. In the 1980s and 1990s, support to NSIDC widened with NASA funding for the Snow and Ice Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) and NSF funding to manage selected Arctic and Antarctic data and metadata.

Milestones

 * 1957-58: First International Geophysical Year
 * 1957: U.S. National Committee for the IGY awards the operation of WDC-A for Glaciology to the American Geographical Society
 * 1970: WDC for Glaciology transfers from the American Geographical Society to the U.S. Geological Survey in Tacoma, Washington
 * 1976: WDC for Glaciology transfers from the U.S. Geological Survey in Tacoma, Washington to the University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado under the direction of Roger Barry
 * 1982: NOAA designates the National Snow and Ice Data Center
 * 1983: NSIDC receives grant from NASA for archiving Nimbus 7 passive microwave data
 * 1990: NSIDC receives funding from NSF for Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Data Coordination Center (ADCC)
 * 1993: NSIDC receives first DAAC contract
 * 1996: Antarctic Data Coordination Center (ADCC) established with NSF support
 * 1999: Antarctic Glaciological Data Center (AGDC) established with NSF support
 * 2001: NSIDC celebrates its 25th Anniversary
 * 2002: Frozen Ground Data Center established with International Arctic Research Center (IARC) support
 * 2003: Full suite of Earth Observing System (EOS) cryospheric sensors (AMSR, GLAS, MODIS) in orbit
 * 2009: Mark Serreze named NSIDC director

International interactions
International science and data management programs facilitate the free exchange of data and accelerate research aimed at understanding the role of the cryosphere in the Earth system. NSIDC contributes to a number of international programs. Most of these programs, only a few of which are mentioned here, fall under the aegis of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU).

NSIDC scientists participate in International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS), and in activities of the International Permafrost Association (IPA), the Global Digital Sea Ice Data Bank (GDSIDB), and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), including Climate and Cryosphere (CliC), Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX), the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). Former NSIDC Director, Roger G. Barry, was co-Vice Chair of the WCRP CliC Scientific Steering Group until 2005, and was a member of the GCOS/Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate through 2007.

Research
Researchers at NSIDC investigate the dynamics of Antarctic ice shelves, new techniques for the remote sensing of snow and freeze/thaw cycle of soils, the role of snow in hydrologic modeling, linkages between changes in sea ice extent and weather patterns, large-scale shifts in polar climate, river and lake ice, and the distribution and characteristics of seasonally and permanently frozen ground. In-house scientists pursue their work as part of the CIRES Cryospheric and Polar Process Division, University of Colorado Boulder.

NSIDC also monitors Arctic and Antarctic sea ice in near real time, and regularly posts sea ice extent data and analysis on its Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis page.

Local and traditional knowledge
A research project of the NSIDC is the Exchange For Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic or ELOKA. It is a collaborative international effort that was launched during the 2007–2009 International Polar Year. ELOKA facilitates the collection, preservation, exchange, and use of local observations and knowledge of the Arctic. Data management and user support are provided by ELOKA while it fosters collaboration between resident Arctic experts and visiting researchers. By working together, Arctic residents and researchers have made significant contributions to our understanding of the Arctic and recent changes to it. A key challenge of local and traditional knowledge (LTK) research and community-based monitoring is having an effective and appropriate means of recording, storing, and managing data and information. There is also the issue of finding an effective means of making such data available to Arctic residents and researchers, as well as other interested groups such as teachers, students, and decision makers. Without a network and data management system to support LTK and community-based research, a number of problems have arisen. ELOKA aims to fill this gap.

title: National Snow and Ice Data Center


text:
Poof (disambiguation)

Poof is a pejorative term for a homosexual man.

Poof may also refer to:

 * Baby Poof, a character in the American animated series The Fairly OddParents
 * Yarael Poof, a character in the Star Wars franchise

title: Poof (disambiguation)


text:
Suslov

Suslov (Суслов) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Suslova (Суслова). Notable people with the surname include:

 * Elena Suslova (born 1984), Russian football defender
 * Iryna Suslova (born 1988), Ukrainian politician
 * Kirill Suslov (born 1991), Russian football defender
 * Mikhail Suslov (1902–1982), Soviet statesman
 * Nadezhda Suslova (1843–1918), Russian physician
 * Nikolay Suslov (born 1969), Russian film producer and writer
 * Oleh Suslov (born 1969), Ukrainian football player
 * Polina Suslova (1839–1918), Russian short story writer, sister of Nadezhda
 * Tomáš Suslov (born 2002), Slovak football player
 * Vladimir Suslov
 * Vladimir Antonovich Suslov (born 1939), Russian politician
 * Vladimir Vasilyevich Suslov (1857–1921), Russian architect

title: Suslov


text:
Talk:United Nations/to do

 * None at this time.

title: Talk:United Nations/to do