text:
Yang Kaihui

Yáng Kāihuì (courtesy name: Yunjin ; 6 November 1901 – 14 November 1930) was the second wife of Mao Zedong, whom he married in 1920. She had three children with Mao Zedong: Mao Anying, Mao Anqing, and Mao Anlong. Her father was Yang Changji, the head of the Hunan First Normal School and one of Mao's favorite teachers.

Early life
Yang Kaihui was born in the small village of Bancang in Changsha, Hunan Province, on 6 November 1901. Her name meant "Opening Wisdom", although she came to be nicknamed Xia, meaning "Little Dawn." Her father was Yang Changji, a teacher and leftist intellectual, her mother was Xiang Zhenxi, while she had a brother three years older than her, Yang Kaizhi. Through his teaching of ethics at the First Normal School of Changsha, Changji had become a father figure to a pupil named Mao Zedong, later writing in his journal that "it is truly difficult to imagine someone so intelligent and handsome" as him. A friendship developing, in summer 1916, Mao was invited to spend several days at Yang's Bancang home, walking twenty miles in straw sandals in order to get there. On this occasion, he did not talk to either Zhenxi or Kaizhi, instead bowing his head to them as a mark of respect.

Yang Changji gained a professorship at Peking University and had moved his family to the city when Mao came to Peking in September 1918 with several like-minded friends from Hunan. Upon arrival, they stayed in the Yangs' small house in the north of the city. Here, Mao met Kaihui again, and the two discovered a mutual attraction. A friend who knew Kaihui at the time described her as "small in stature and round-faced, with deep-set eyes and pale white skin", and her appearance impressed both Mao and his friends. Kaihui later related that she had "fallen madly in love with him already when I heard about his numerous accomplishments" but did not make her feelings immediately known. She kept "hoping and dreaming" that he shared her feelings and decided that she would never marry anyone but him.

Their relationship did not develop swiftly, as Mao was shy and lacked sufficient funds to court her, living in cramped rented accommodation with other Hunanese students in Peking's Three-Eyed Well district. Changji secured Mao a job at the university library as assistant to the librarian Li Dazhao, an early Chinese communist.

In January 1920, Yang Changji died. Mao was in Peking ostensibly on business, though biographer Stuart Schram suspected his presence was partly due to his desire to comfort Kaihui. Yang Kaihui and her mother returned to Changsha with her father's remains, and she soon entered the Fusiang Girls’ School. At the missionary school, her exposure to revolutionary ideas got her labeled a 'rebel', who refused to pray and cut her hair short in defiance of convention.

Mao had gone from Peking to Shanghai, where he worked in a laundry and joined a Communist group for the first time. Following the overthrow of Hunanese warlord Zhang Jingyao by generals favourable to Mao, he returned to Changsha in July 1920. Mao opened a bookstore and publishing house. Now possessing social status and financial security, Mao was able to marry Kaihui.

Revolutionary experience
Yang joined the Chinese Socialism Youth League (CYLC) in the second half of 1920 as one of the first members in Hunan. She married Mao Zedong that winter, without any wedding ceremony or other celebrations. Yang joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the beginning of 1922.

By the 1920s, the Communist movement in China used a labor and peasant organizing strategy that combined workplace advocacy with women's rights advocacy. The Communists would lead union organizing efforts among male workers while simultaneously working in nearby peasant communities on women's rights issues, including literacy for women. Yang and Mao were among the most effective Communist political organizers using this method, using it in the Anyuan mines and nearby peasant communities.

In April 1923, Mao went to the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai to work as the Organization Department Minister. In the following year, Yang, together with her two children, Mao Anying and Mao Anqing, joined her husband in Shanghai and organized an evening school at a cotton mill. In 1925, accompanied by Mao, Yang Kaihui went to Shaoshan to organize peasant movements, while caring for her husband and educating their children. At the same time, she continued to teach peasant evening schools and contracted with other comrades. In the beginning of 1927, Mao inspected the peasant movement in Hunan. Yang Kaihui sorted through the large amount of investigation materials and neatly copied them down. Mao's Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan including Yang's contributions, was published in March of that year. During this period Yang organized many movements among peasants, labor, women, and students.

After the National Revolution failed, Yang returned alone to Bancang to organize underground revolutions and lead fights against the Kuomintang (KMT) in Changsha, Pingjiang, and the borders of Xiangyin. Amid the great difficulties and dangers, Yang wrote many letters to her cousin Yang Kaiming, asking him to take good care of her children and mother if she met a sudden death. Because of the great distance and spare communication with Mao over the next three years, Yang often only saw news about her husband in the KMT's newspapers and worried greatly about his safety.

In early 1928, Mao began a relationship with He Zizhen without ending his marriage with Yang Kaihui.

Death
In October 1930, the local KMT warlord He Jian captured Yang Kaihui and her son Mao Anying. Her captors wanted her to publicly renounce Mao Zedong and the CCP, but she refused to do so. Even under torture, she is reputed to have told her captors, "You could kill me as you like, you would never get anything from my mouth... Chopping off the head is like the passing of wind, death could frighten cowards, rather than our Communists... Even if the seas run dry and the rocks crumble, I would never break off relations with Mao Zedong ... I prefer to die for the success of Mao's revolutionary career."

Yang was executed in Changsha on 14 November 1930 at the age of 29. Her children with Mao Zedong were effectively orphaned, and were rediscovered years later. Mao Anying later died early in the Korean War, and Mao Anqing became a translator for the CCP Central Committee.

Influence of Yang Kaihui's death on Mao
Although he would have relationships with other women, Mao mourned Kaihui for the rest of his life. In summer 1937, he conversed with the American reporter Agnes Smedley, reciting to her a poem that he had written in memory of Kaihui.

In spring 1957, Li Shuyi, a friend and comrade of Mao and Yang's, wrote a poem in memory of her own husband, Liu Chih-hsün, a member of the Red Army who had been killed in 1933. Sending her poem to Mao, he responded by composing his own poem commemorating both Liu and Kaihui, titled "The Immortals", which he would subsequently publish:

The allusion to poplar trees is a reference to Yang, whose surname meant "poplar", while that to willows alludes to Liu's surname, which meant "willow".

Poetry
Yang wrote poems to express her loneliness and her longing for Mao. One of them, "偶感 [Ǒu Gǎn]" ("Occasional Feeling"), was written in October 1928, two years before her death, and discovered when her former residence was being repaired about 50 years later:

Films
Since the Centennial of the Xinhai Revolution, she has been portrayed by various actresses in several red-themed historical drama movies and television series.

title: Yang Kaihui


text:
Talk:Ca' d'Oro

I haven't changed "Moorish" references the entry, but I think they are misleading. The "Eastern" look of Venetian Gothic is a reflection of Byzantine practice, and any Islamic influences are more likely from Egypt and the Levant rather than the western Mediterranean. Wetman 21:22, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Importance
rised to top importance as one of the most significant medieval palazzi in Venice. Amandajm (talk) 14:19, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Rfc about navigation for mobile users
Within Ca' d'Oro in mobile view the navbox Venice landmarks vanishes. The mobile user cannot learn that Ca' Foscari is the next landmark. Using Mediawiki's Extension:ImageMap as in The Last Supper (Leonardo) the mobile user just clicks on the right side of the infobox image. Done. Is this new article navigation mechanic allowed? Ruedi33a (talk) 13:47, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Comment - this seems questionable to me; why would readers think that clicking the picture in the infobox would bring them to the alphabetically next article in the topic? The imagemap is used for adding details about specific things in a photo, it's not meant for this kind of navigation. And lastly, this seems like a problem with mobile view, and should be fixed there, not kludged here. Parsecboy (talk) 14:20, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

 * CommentI agree with @Parsecboy; we don't need to be kludging individual articles and elements if mobile view itself is to blame for not rendering them properly. Xenophore ; talk 14:44, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

If we wait until mobile view is fixed, we may wait forever. Is there an actual problem with this method? · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 15:41, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Are you suggesting we do this to the millions of articles that have navboxes? If not, then it's not a solution either. And what do we do with articles that have multiple navboxes? Who decides what article is next? This is a kludge, plain and simple, and it's not a particularly good one at that. The image doesn't even tell readers what the intended targets are, so we've assumed that blindly clicking a link with no idea what the result will be is helpful to readers...how exactly?
 * And it's not what the ImageMap is for. The point is to annotate images, not introduce random links that have literally nothing to do with the image. If you want to employ a before/after kludge that makes sense, build it into the infobox (like, for instance, Infobox ship does with the |class before= and |class after= parameters). Parsecboy (talk) 18:39, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Are you suggesting we do this to the millions of articles that have navboxes? - Nope. Your argument is convincing. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 09:55, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The facts are not correctly described. The caption of the image says: (Clickable image—Click right for next landmark, left for previous, middle for image detail). If the mobile user clicks the left of the image, he will go to a landmark, that is defined by a list. I cannot show the user the navbox as it is invisible. Ruedi33a (talk) 19:27, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * No, you've missed my point; where in your caption does it tell the reader what article they will be taken to? This is a pretty basic WP:EGG situation. Parsecboy (talk) 19:35, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * This is possible with less than 1 minute more work as the links are already in the rect statements. The caption would like this: (Clickable image—From left to right: Bridge of Sighs, image details, Ca' Foscari) Ruedi33a (talk) 19:44, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Then the clickable image is entirely redundant; you've just recreated my suggestion above to build the links into the infobox. Parsecboy (talk) 20:12, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * You are right. Now the links are in the infobox. But I have avoided to request further complications of the code of the infobox building, that seems to have enough parameters. The human factor is also important. If you do not have a mouse and work on a small screen, it is more easy to click an image than a short text. Ruedi33a (talk) 20:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * My new prototype based on your suggestion is within User:Ruedi33a/sandbox. Imagemap is no longer needed as there are only two clickable parts in the caption allowed, the next and the previous article. As they have nearly the same distance as in my former imagemap solution, I found no problem using a fingertip instead of a mouse on a small screen. The mobile user now has a way to get to the next or previous landmark based on the sequence of articles within the invisible navbox of the article. The used caption is:
 * Ca' d'Oro façade overlooking the Grand Canal. The next landmark is Ca' Foscari. Bridge of Sighs is the previous landmark. Ruedi33a (talk) 22:36, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Am I suggesting we do this to the millions of articles that have navboxes? No. I want to use this tool to make the usage more easy for tourists of Venice, Milano, Verona, ... with mobile devices. There is no suggestion about deleting or migrating the navboxes. They are extremely useful for those who see them. Ruedi33a (talk) 19:32, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Who decides what article is next? The navbox Venice landmarks. In this case there is only one navbox. Th problem of two or more navboxes is not solved by this concept. But this is no migration concept for navboxes. It is an additional possibility to simplify the usage of our articles by a mobile user, who has no mouse, sees no navbox and only wants to jump to the next landmark. Ruedi33a (talk) 19:39, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * This of course assumes that such readers exist in any significant number. Given that this article gets an average of 77 pageviews a day, and we must assume that only a percentage of those would be interested in navigating between articles as you suggest, how worthwhile is this endeavor? I, for one, would not find this remotely useful if I was visiting a city - these aren't even grouped by location - you'd be criss-crossing the city all day if this was how you scheduled your tour. If all you're trying to accomplish is to allow readers on the mobile view to see related articles, they already can see the list in the see also section. Parsecboy (talk) 20:12, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The previous article is Bridge of Sighs. It gets an average of 381 pageviews a day plus all the other locations of the Venice landmarks: Arsenal,, Ca' d'Oro, Ca' Foscari, Ca' Pesaro, Ca' Rezzonico, Ca' Vendramin Calergi, Doge's Palace, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Grand Canal, Piazza San Marco, Punta della Dogana, Il Redentore, Rialto Bridge, San Giorgio Maggiore, Santa Maria della Salute, Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Santi Giovanni e Paolo, St Mark's Basilica. This will be quite a number. And the navbox made sense for the desktop users, in a similar way this structure will help the mobile users. And I really do not want this concept to be a replacement for navigation software or a map. Ruedi33a (talk) 20:38, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Just a bit more statistical information to get a better feeling for this environment. The tool allows to compare desktop use=123 per day with mobile use=249 per day . This special kind of article has a mobile use of 66%. Ruedi33a (talk) 20:53, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose First of all it doesn't actually work for me (on my desktop). 2nd, the infobox is NOT the place to initiate a tour of other "landmarks" (selected by who exactly?). The very epitome of cruft. Nearly all these articles need improving - do that instead. I see the Milhist project sent you packing too. Johnbod (talk) 15:48, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

Yes, exactly my opinion. Mobile view might never be fixed. This is an easy, fast solution for the majority of our users. And it applies to a lot of lists: next city, next battle, next team... Ruedi33a (talk) 15:48, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

I have used the invisible Venice landmarks to select the landmarks as it would be the best choice. This is a good requirement: the choice of the next landmark, battle, city must be based on a list or navbox. Ruedi33a (talk) 15:59, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

I have tried it on my notebook(W) without problems. Johnbod, does The Last Supper (Leonardo) work on your notebook?
 * Yes that takes me to the biograpies of the individuals - not very helpfully. The usual names and links would be better. Ruedi33a, you should learn how to format talk page contributions before plastering novel types of template all over Wikipedia! Johnbod (talk) 16:18, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I am on a notebook now, too. The formatting is really better. I am normally busy with mapframe, the best tool for mobile users I found. On a mobile there is no mouse to click a tiny word, but a fingertip to click an image. The human factor must be taken into account. The mobiles users are the majority. All the incredible work within the navboxes is invisible without a warning for years now with no hope at all for an improvement. This is an easy way to traansport a fraction of the information within the navboxes to the mobuile user. Ruedi33a (talk) 16:39, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Agreed with the early commenters; this is a problem with Mobile View, and it is not "fixed" by exploiting a bug in Extension:ImageMap (which will probably also get fixed).  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:26, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * My new prototype is within User:Ruedi33a/sandbox. Imagemap is no longer needed as there are only two clickable parts in the caption allowed, the next and the previous article. As they have nearly the same physical distance compared with my former imagemap solution, I found no problem using a fingertip instead of a mouse on a small screen. The mobile user now has a way to get to the next or previous landmark based on the sequence of articles within the invisible navbox of the article. The proposed new caption structure for mobile users is:

Ca' d'Oro façade overlooking the Grand Canal. The next landmark in Venice is Ca' Foscari. Bridge of Sighs is the previous landmark. Comment: The next and previous landmarks are taken from Venice landmarks Comment: No further link is allowed in the caption to enable mobile users to click the right link without a mouse Ruedi33a (talk) 07:52, 25 May 2022 (UTC) Based on Requests for comment I close this RFC as the poster and remove the. As the suggestion with imagemap was denied I will remove the code where imagemap was used by me. Ruedi33a (talk) 18:56, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ca' d'Oro


text:
Talk:Jacksonian democracy

Lead reduction
, thank you for your good faith copyediting of the lead section. Could you write a brief synopsis of what was removed in the process? It is hard to see with a diff. Stevie is the man! Talk • Work 20:15, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
 * , sorry about that. Looking at the diff I see that splitting the opening paragraph made comparing before & after difficult. Most modifications were simple wording changes, though some were made in order to remove redundant sentences or similar sentences (also added Template:Democracy).
 * Jacksonian democracy was a political movement during the Second Party System a 19th century political philosophy in the United States that espoused greater democracy for the common man, as that term was then defined, symbolized by American politician . Originating with President Andrew Jackson and his supporters . , it became the nation's dominant political worldview for a generation. (split formerly single paragraph) The Jacksonian Era This era, called the Jacksonian Era (or Second Party System) by historians and political scientists, lasted roughly from Jackson's 1828 election as president until the slavery issue became dominant slavery became the dominant issue after 1854 and the American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics as the Third Party System emerged . Jackson's policies followed the era of Jeffersonian democracy which dominated the previous political era. When It emerged when the Democratic-Republican Party of the Jeffersonians became factionalized in the 1820s, during the early-to-mid 1820s.  Jackson's supporters began to form what would become the modern Democratic Party . They fought the rival Adams and Anti-Jacksonian factions, which by 1834 emerged as the Whigs , and supporter's of his political rival, John Quincy Adams, began to form what would become the Whig Party. Jacksonian democracy eventually disintegrated in the 1850s with the increasing prominence of slavery as a national issue, which eventually led to a split in the Democratic Party.
 * More broadly, the term refers to the era of the Second Party System (mid-1830s–1854) Broadly speaking, the era was characterized by a democratic spirit . It can be contrasted with the characteristics of Jeffersonian democracy., and built upon Jackson's equal political policy became known as "Jacksonian Democracy", ( subsequent to ending what he termed a "monopoly" of government by elites ) . Jeffersonians opposed inherited elites but favored educated men while the Jacksonians gave little weight to education. The Whigs were the inheritors of Jeffersonian Democracy in terms of promoting schools and colleges. Even before the Jacksonian era began, suffrage had been extended to a majority of white male adult citizens, a result the Jacksonians celebrated. (merged previously separate paragraphs) In contrast to the Jeffersonian era, . Jacksonian democracy also promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch at the expense of Congress, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. The Jacksonians demanded elected (not appointed) judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values. In national terms they favored geographical expansion, justifying it in terms of Manifest Destiny. There was usually a consensus among both Jacksonians and Whigs that battles over slavery should be avoided.
 * Hopefully this helps clarify the "what" & "why" of my edit. Cheers. Drdpw (talk) 22:16, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

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Women's rights
For better or worse, the historical fact is that women's rights weren't even on the political radar until the very end of this period (very much unlike Native American and slavery issues, which were politically debated, and ruled on by the courts). There were some stirrings on the part of foreign radicals (Frances Wright, Robert Owen) or advanced intellectuals (Margaret Fuller), but they had no real impact on society at large. It wasn't until 1848, with the Seneca Falls convention, and the passage of the first of the married women's property acts (in NY state), that the women's rights remotely started to become part of politics... AnonMoos (talk) 15:57, 12 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Makes sense to leave it out of the lead then. Whizz40 (talk) 05:10, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

Douglas
, the article has 1848 as the year that Jacksonian democracy ended. My contention is that by the time Douglas became a major figure, the movement was over. Jackson was dead and had been dead. The overarching concern in national politics was slavery, which for the most part wasn't a big issue during Jackson's presidency. Douglas certainly was one of the foremost figures in 1850s politics, but not in the Jacksonian era. The 1850s cannot properly be considered part of the Jacksonian era. Display name 99 (talk) 23:57, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The article gives no cites for choosing 1848--that would leave a 'dead' period of six years until the Third Party System formed in 1854. Lee Benson was the pioneer here in 1957, naming the period and dating it 1827 through 1853. See   More recently we have Joel Silbey with the "The Jacksonian–Whig Synthesis" ending in 1854; see  The Democrats were doing very well indeed in 1852 and considered themselves Jacksonians. In 1854 the new Know Nothing and Republican parties emerged, the Free Soilers and the Whigs collapsed--a dramatic end point.Rjensen (talk) 00:46, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jacksonian democracy


text:
List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom (1979–1984)

1979

 * 20 September: London, South West—The Home Secretary announced on 11 July 1979 that Shelagh Roberts was disqualified from election due to her membership of the Occupational Pensions Board, which was an 'office of profit under the Crown'. She resigned from the board and was re-elected at the by-election.

Change of allegiance

 * Michael Gallagher announced on 5 January 1984 that he had joined the Social Democratic Party.


text:
Line element

In geometry, the line element or length element can be informally thought of as a line segment associated with an infinitesimal displacement vector in a metric space. The length of the line element, which may be thought of as a differential arc length, is a function of the metric tensor and is denoted by $$ds$$.

Line elements are used in physics, especially in theories of gravitation (most notably general relativity) where spacetime is modelled as a curved Pseudo-Riemannian manifold with an appropriate metric tensor.

Definition of the line element and arclength
The coordinate-independent definition of the square of the line element ds in an n-dimensional Riemannian or Pseudo Riemannian manifold (in physics usually a Lorentzian manifold) is the "square of the length"  of an infinitesimal displacement $$d\mathbf{q}$$ (in pseudo Riemannian manifolds possibly negative) whose square root should be used for computing curve length: $$ ds^2 = d\mathbf{q}\cdot d\mathbf{q} = g(d\mathbf{q},d\mathbf{q})$$ where g is the metric tensor, · denotes inner product, and dq an infinitesimal displacement on the (pseudo) Riemannian manifold. By parametrizing a curve $$q(\lambda)$$, we can define the arc length of the curve length of the curve between $$q(\lambda_1)$$, and $$q(\lambda_2)$$ as the integral: $$ s = \int_{\lambda_1}^{\lambda_2} d\lambda \sqrt{ \left|ds^2\right|} = \int_{\lambda_1}^{\lambda_2} d\lambda \sqrt{ \left|g\left(\frac{dq}{d\lambda},\frac{dq}{d\lambda}\right)\right|} = \int_{\lambda_1}^{\lambda_2} d\lambda \sqrt{ \left|g_{ij}\frac{dq^i}{d\lambda}\frac{dq^j}{d\lambda}\right|} $$

To compute a sensible length of curves in pseudo Riemannian manifolds, it is best to assume that the infinitesimal displacements have the same sign everywhere. E.g. in physics the square of a line element along a timeline curve would (in the $$-+++$$ signature convention) be negative and the negative square root of the square of the line element along the curve would measure the proper time passing for an observer moving along the curve. From this point of view, the metric also defines in addition to line element the surface and volume elements etc.

Identification of the square of the line element with the metric tensor
Since $$d\mathbf{q}$$ is an arbitrary "square of the arc length", $$ds^2$$ completely defines the metric, and it is therefore usually best to consider the expression for $$ds^2$$ as a definition of the metric tensor itself, written in a suggestive but non tensorial notation: $$ds^2 = g$$ This identification of the square of arc length $$ds^2$$ with the metric is even more easy to see in n-dimensional general curvilinear coordinates q = (q1, q2, q3, ..., qn), where it is written as a symmetric rank 2 tensor coinciding with the metric tensor: $$ ds^2= g_{ij} dq^i dq^j = g .$$

Here the indices i and j take values 1, 2, 3, ..., n and Einstein summation convention is used. Common examples of (pseudo) Riemannian spaces include three-dimensional space (no inclusion of time coordinates), and indeed four-dimensional spacetime.

Line elements in Euclidean space

Following are examples of how the line elements are found from the metric.

Cartesian coordinates
The simplest line element is in Cartesian coordinates - in which case the metric is just the Kronecker delta: $$g_{ij} = \delta_{ij}$$ (here i, j = 1, 2, 3 for space) or in matrix form (i denotes row, j denotes column): $$[g_{ij}] = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$

The general curvilinear coordinates reduce to Cartesian coordinates: $$(q^1,q^2,q^3) = (x, y, z)\,\Rightarrow\,d\mathbf{r}=(dx,dy,dz)$$ so $$ ds^2 = g_{ij} dq^i dq^j = dx^2 +dy^2 +dz^2 $$

Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates
For all orthogonal coordinates the metric is given by: $$[g_{ij}] = \begin{pmatrix} h_1^2 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & h_2^2 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & h_3^2 \end{pmatrix}$$ where $$h_i = \left|\frac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial q^i}\right|$$

for i = 1, 2, 3 are scale factors, so the square of the line element is: $$ds^2 = h_1^2(dq^1)^2 + h_2^2(dq^2)^2 + h_3^2(dq^3)^2 $$

Some examples of line elements in these coordinates are below.

General curvilinear coordinates
Given an arbitrary basis of a space of dimension $$ n, \{\hat{b}_{i}\}$$, the metric is defined as the inner product of the basis vectors. $$g_{ij}=\langle\hat{b}_{i},\hat{b}_{j}\rangle$$

Where $$1\leq i,j\leq n$$ and the inner product is with respect to the ambient space (usually its $$\delta_{ij}$$)

In a coordinate basis $$\hat{b}_{i} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x^{i}}$$

The coordinate basis is a special type of basis that is regularly used in differential geometry.

Minkowski spacetime
The Minkowski metric is: $$[g_{ij}] = \pm \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$$ where one sign or the other is chosen, both conventions are used. This applies only for flat spacetime. The coordinates are given by the 4-position: $$\mathbf{x} = (x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3) = (ct,\mathbf{r}) \,\Rightarrow\, d\mathbf{x} = (c dt, d\mathbf{r})$$

so the line element is: $$ds^2 = \pm (c^2 dt^2 - d\mathbf{r} \cdot d\mathbf{r}) .$$

Schwarzschild coordinates
In Schwarzschild coordinates coordinates are $$ \left(t, r, \theta, \phi \right)$$, being the general metric of the form: $$[g_{ij}] = \begin{pmatrix} -a(r)^2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b(r)^2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & r^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & r^2 \sin^2\theta \\ \end{pmatrix}$$

(note the similitudes with the metric in 3D spherical polar coordinates).

so the line element is: $$ds^2 = -a(r)^2 \, dt^2 + b(r)^2 \, dr^2 + r^2 \, d\theta^2 + r^2 \sin^2\theta \, d\phi^2 .$$

General spacetime
The coordinate-independent definition of the square of the line element ds in spacetime is: $$ ds^2 = d\mathbf{x} \cdot d\mathbf{x} = g(d\mathbf{x},d\mathbf{x}) $$

In terms of coordinates: $$ ds^2 = g_{\alpha\beta} dx^\alpha dx^\beta $$ where for this case the indices $(q^{1}, q^{2}, q^{3})$ and $(x, y, z)$ run over 0, 1, 2, 3 for spacetime.

This is the spacetime interval - the measure of separation between two arbitrarily close events in spacetime. In special relativity it is invariant under Lorentz transformations. In general relativity it is invariant under arbitrary invertible differentiable coordinate transformations.

title: Line element


text:
Turkey in the Straw

"Turkey in the Straw" is an American folk song that first gained popularity in the 19th century. Early versions of the song were titled "Zip Coon", which were first published around 1834 and performed in minstrel shows, with different people claiming authorship of the song. The melody of "Zip Coon" later became known as "Turkey in the Straw"; a song titled "Turkey in de Straw" with different music and lyrics was published in 1861 together with the wordless music of "Zip Coon" added at the end, and the title "Turkey in the Straw" then became linked to the tune of "Zip Coon".

The song is related to a number of tunes of the 19th century and the origin of these songs has been widely debated. Links to older Irish/Scottish/English ballads have been proposed, such as "The Old Rose Tree". The song became highly popular and many variations of the song exist. It was also frequently adapted and used in popular media.

Origin
"Turkey in the Straw" is thought to be originally a tune from 19th century minstrel shows, "Zip Coon" or "Old Zip Coon", published around 1834. The authorship of the song has been claimed by George Washington Dixon who popularized the song, as well as Bob Farrell and George Nicholls. "Zip Coon" in turn has been linked to a number of 19th folk songs believed to have older antecedents in Irish/Scottish/English folk songs. Songs proposed it has links to include "Natchez Under the Hill", "The Old Bog Hole", "The Rose Tree", "Sugar in the Gourd", "The Black Eagle", "Glasgow Hornpipe", "Haymaker's Dance", "The Post Office", "Old Mother Oxford", "Kinnegad Slasher" and others.

Eloise Hubbard Linscott believes the first part of the song is a contrafactum of the ballad "My Grandmother Lived on Yonder Little Green", published in 1857 by Horace Waters, which is in turn said to be a contrafactum of the Irish/Scottish/English ballad "The Old Rose Tree" published by at least 1795 in Great Britain. The link to "The Old Rose Tree" has been questioned, but a number of musicologists suggest that it may be a composite of "The Rose Tree" and "The (Bonny) Black Eagle". Similar tune was popular with fiddle players as early as 1820, and the tune of "Turkey in the Straw"/"Zip Coon" may have come from the fiddle tune "Natchez Under the Hill" believed to have been derived from "Rose Tree".

The title "Turkey in the Straw" later became associated with the tune of "Zip Coon" in an unusual way. According to James J. Fuld, Dan Bryant copyrighted a song with new lyrics and music titled "Turkey in the Straw" on July 12, 1861, but with the wordless music of "Zip Coon" (titled "Old Melody") attached at the end. The tune of "Zip Coon" then became known as "Turkey in the Straw".

Lyrics

 * First verse

 * Traditional chorus

 * First verse of another version

 * First verse of another version

 * The full lyrics

 * Tuckahoe (Peltandra virginica, also called green arrow arum) = an edible wetland plant with long petioles
 * Reubens = farmers
 * Reubens = farmers

There are versions from the American Civil War, versions about fishing and one with nonsense verses. Folklorists have documented folk versions with obscene lyrics from the 19th century.

 * Lyrics of The Wiggles and Sharon Lois and Bram

Another version is called "Natchez Under the Hill". The lyrics are thought to have been added by Bob Farrell who first performed them in a blackface act on August 11, 1834.

 * First verse of another version

In 1942, a soundie titled, "Turkey in the Straw" was created by Freddie Fisher and The Schnickelfritz Band (directed by Sam Coslow and produced by Josef Berne). There are two versions to the chorus that are sung. The first goes:

 * Chorus; first version

 * Chorus; second version

In Barney & Friends, they used these lyrics:

Mickey's Fun Songs and Sesame Street use these lyrics:

"Zip Coon"
The title of "Zip Coon" or "Old Zip Coon" was used to signify a dandified free Black man in northern United States. "Zip" was a diminutive of "Scipio", a name commonly used for slaves. According to Stuart Flexner, "coon" was short for "raccoon" and by 1832 meant a frontier rustic and by 1840 also a Whig who had adopted coonskin cap as a symbol of white rural people. Although the song "Zip Coon" was published c. 1830, at that time, "coon" was typically used to refer to someone white, it was only in 1848 when a clear use of the word "coon" to refer to a Black person in a derogative sense appeared. It is possible that the negative racial connotation of the word evolved from "Zip Coon" and the common use of the word "coon" in minstrel shows. Another suggested derivation of the word meaning a Black person is barracoon, an enclosure for slaves in transit that was increasingly used in the years before American Civil War. However, on the stage, "coon" could have been used much earlier as a Black character was named Raccoon in a 1767 colonial comic opera.

The song was first performed by Bob Farrell, and popularized by George Washington Dixon in the 1830s. This version was first published between 1829 and 1834 in either New York or Baltimore. Dixon, and Bob Farrell and George Nicholls had separately claimed to have written the song, and the dispute has not been not resolved. Ohio songwriter Daniel Decatur Emmett is sometimes erroneously credited as the song's author.

"Zip Coon" has a vocal range of an octave and a minor sixth. Both the verse and the chorus end on the tonic, and both begin a major third above the tonic. In the verse, the highest note is a fifth above the tonic and the lowest is a minor sixth below. In the chorus, the highest note is an octave above the last note, and the lowest is the last note itself. The song stays in key throughout.

The song gave rise to the blackface minstrel show character Zip Coon.

"Zip Coon" has many different lyrical versions. Thomas Birch published a version in 1834, while George Washington Dixon published a version called "Ole Zip Coon" with different lyrics circa 1835. Both Birch's and Dixon's versions keep the same chorus and the first four stanzas:

 * Chorus

 * Chorus

 * Chorus

In subsequent stanzas, both lyricists talk about events in the life of Andrew Jackson, Birch of President Jackson's battle with the Second Bank of the United States and Dixon of General Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans. When the Mexican–American War began, Dixon published a new version of "Zip Coon" with updated lyrics pertaining to the war:

The chorus "Zip a duden duden duden zip a duden day" likely influenced the song "Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah" in Walt Disney's 1946 adaptation of Joel Chandler Harris' Uncle Remus tales, Song of the South.

Another version of "Old Zip Coon" with new self-referencing lyrics by David K. Stevens (1860–1946) was published in the Boy Scout Song Book (1920). Stevens' lyrics contain no direct racial references other than the title of the song itself:

"Nigger Love a Watermelon, Ha! Ha! Ha!"
"Nigger Love a Watermelon, Ha! Ha! Ha!" is a 1916 adaptation of "Turkey in the Straw", performed by Harry C. Browne and produced by Columbia Records. It has since been named the most racist song title in the United States for its use of watermelon stereotypes.

The song was released in March 1916. It was performed by the silent movie actor Harry C. Browne. It was released with "Old Dan Tucker" as a B-side. The music for it was based upon "Turkey in the Straw" and performed with Browne singing baritone whilst playing a banjo with orchestral accompaniment. A contemporary review in July 1916 called it: "... a treat to tickle the musical palates of those who love to listen to the old-time slave-day river songs". Columbia Records continued to promote it up to 1925. The song used racist stereotypes in it with Browne describing watermelons as "colored man's ice-cream".

Radio DJ Dr. Demento, who had played older songs with racial overtones on the radio, refused to ever play this song because he felt that the title showed it was always intended to be hateful. In 2014, Dr. Theodore R. Johnson asserted that the jingle used by many ice cream trucks in the United States was based upon this song. It has been argued that this allegation is incorrect, as the "Turkey in the Straw" tune had been used long before this song was created. Nevertheless, because of the association, a number of American ice cream truck companies ceased to use the "Turkey in the Straw" melody for their jingles.

Performance history
Artistic and popular use of "Turkey in the Straw" through the years has established the song as an item of Americana.
 * In 1928, this was used as the base melody in the famous early Mickey Mouse cartoon Steamboat Willie.  The rendering of the tune in the cartoon is noted for being one of the first instances of successful synchronization in animated films. The tune became prominent in Disney's animated series and was used in many subsequent cartoons in the 1920s and 1930s, including the first Mickey Mouse cartoon in color, The Band Concert, in which Donald Duck annoys an orchestra by repeatedly playing the tune over their efforts at The William Tell Overture.
 * The 1990s animated television series Animaniacs used the tune for "Wakko's America", in which Wakko names all 50-state capitals in the form of a song.
 * In 1942, Carson Robison performed an anti-Axis Powers version of "Turkey in the Straw".
 * "Turkey in the Straw" was Billy the Kid's favorite song.
 * "Turkey in the Straw" was the signature song of Billy Golden, an American blackface comic who was a popular recording artist from the 1890s to the 1910s.
 * In 1909, the composer Charles Ives incorporated the tune, along with other vernacular American melodies, into his orchestral Symphony No. 2.
 * According to survivors, "Turkey in the Straw" was among songs played by the band of the RMS Titanic at one point during the sinking on April 14 and 15, 1912.
 * "Nigger Love a Watermelon" (1916) was recorded by Harry C. Browne.
 * In 1920, American composer Leo Wood wrote the lyrics to Otto Bonnell's version of "Turkey in the Straw, A Rag-Time Fantasy" which was published by Leo Feist Inc., New York.
 * In early June 1922, Texas champion breakdown fiddler Eck Robertson, together with Henry C. Guililand, made America's first commercial recordings of fiddle music for the Victor Talking Machine Company in New York City, featuring "Turkey in the Straw" as one of their four-song selections.
 * In 1925, American composer Joseph W. Clokey (stepfather of Gumby creator Art Clokey) wrote the choral ballad "The Musical Trust", which incorporated "Turkey in the Straw" (with a reference to Zip Coon ) and other traditional American tunes.
 * In 1926, "Turkey in the Straw" was recorded by the old-time band Gid Tanner & His Skillet Lickers with Riley Puckett. The full melody is quoted in a fiddle and whistling solo in the "Skip to My Lou" number from the 1944 musical film Meet Me in St. Louis starring Judy Garland.
 * Erno Dohnanyi used the tune (and also two other traditional American folk tunes) in his composition American Rhapsody (1953).
 * Woody Woodpecker plays his own variation of the song, with different verses altogether, in the 1960 short "Ozark Lark".
 * The melody is played by many ice cream trucks; in Raymond Chandler's 1942 novel The High Window, the protagonist recounts "The Good Humor man went by in his little blue and white wagon, playing 'Turkey in the Straw' on his music box".
 * The instrumental "Hoedown" from Emerson Lake and Palmer's album Trilogy quotes the melody.
 * The 1990 film Back to the Future Part III featured this song, which was arranged by Alan Silvestri and ZZ Top.
 * The original Animaniacs series made this one more popular with their own take in "Wakko's America", to which Wakko uses the melody to showcase all the countries from the United States and capitals.
 * Adult Swim's television series Robot Chicken used the song as a part of their Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode III special, in which Emperor Palpatine lists the lesser known Star Wars orders, 1–65.
 * The Morning Musume song "Ningen Kankei No Way Way" uses the melody of tune (also known as the "Oklahoma Mixer" in Japan) during the dance break.
 * Barney & Friends had a rewritten version of this song which was sung in the direct-to-video films such as "Barney's Adventure Bus" and "Let's Go to the Farm", as well as the Season 5 episode "Howdy Friends!" and the Season 8 episode "Squares, Squares, Everywhere!".
 * Kidsongs featured this song as one of its selected songs for the music video story "Yankee Doodle Dandy". The song was later featured in a few episodes in the PBS television series The Kidsongs Television Show.
 * The indie game Lethal Company features a variation of the song in the style of an ice cream truck for its delivery vehicle which is used to deliver tools to the players.

title: Turkey in the Straw


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Baracoa

Baracoa, whose full original name is: Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Baracoa ("Our Lady of the Assumption of Baracoa"), is a municipality and city in Guantánamo Province near the eastern tip of Cuba. It was visited by Admiral Christopher Columbus on November 27, 1492, and then founded by the first governor of Cuba, the Spanish conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar on August 15, 1511. It is the oldest Spanish settlement in Cuba and was its first capital (the basis for its nickname Ciudad Primada, "First City").

Geography
Baracoa is located on the spot where Christopher Columbus landed in Cuba on his first voyage. It is thought that the name stems from the indigenous Arauaca language word meaning "the presence of the sea".

Baracoa lies on the Bay of Honey (Bahía de Miel) and is surrounded by a wide mountain range (including the Sierra del Purial), which causes it to be quite isolated, apart from a single mountain road built in the 1960s.The Baracoa mountain range is covered with Cuban moist forests and Cuban pine forests.

The municipality includes the villages of Barigua, Boca de Yumurí, Cabacú, Cayogüín, Jamal, Jaragua, Los Hoyos, Mabujabo, Mosquitero, Nibujón, Paso Cuba, Sabanilla, Santa María, Vega de Taco, and other minor localities.

Baracoa has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification with high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. Although there are no true wet or dry seasons, there is a noticeably wetter stretch from October to December.

History
The original inhabitants of the island were Taíno. They were almost eradicated by European diseases throughout the island. A local hero is Hatuey, who fled from the Spanish in Hispaniola and raised a Taíno army to fight the Spanish in Cuba. According to the story Hatuey was betrayed by a member of his group and sentenced to burn at the stake. It is said that just before he died a Catholic priest tried to convert him so he would attain salvation; Hatuey asked the priest if Heaven was the place where the dead Spanish go. When he received an answer in the affirmative he told the priest that he would rather go to Hell.

Christopher Columbus landed in Cuba in a place he named Porto Santo. It is generally assumed from his description that this was Baracoa, although there are also claims it was Gibara. But Columbus also described a nearby table mountain, which is almost certainly nearby El Yunque. He wrote in his logbook "the most beautiful place in the world ...I heard the birds sing that they will never ever leave this place...". According to tradition, Columbus put a cross called Cruz de la Parra in the sands of what would later become Baracoa harbor.

Around 15 August 1511 (the official foundation day) Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar was appointed the first governor of Cuba and built a villa here and named the place 'Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Baracoa', thus making Baracoa the first capital of Cuba. In 1518 it received the title of city and the first Cuban bishop was appointed here. As a result, several remains of the Spanish occupation can still be seen here, such as the fortifications El Castillo, Matachín and La Punta and the cemetery.

In the 16th and 17th centuries the isolated location made it a haven for illegal trade with the French and English. During the Jenkin's Ears War the newly organized Fixed Regiment of Havana appointed in 1744 as Baracoa war lieutenant Luis de Unzaga who managed, thanks to a network of confidants, Irish merchants and French military, to be warned of possible English attacks, which would allow Baracoa a certain peace and commercial prosperity between Saint-Domingue and Cuba despite the time of conflict. At the beginning of the 19th century many Saint Dominicans fled here from the Haitian Revolution, who started growing coffee and cocoa.

From the middle of the 19th century many expeditions of independence fighters landed here (including Antonio Maceo and José Martí) which greatly helped the independence from Spain in 1902.

Before the Cuban Revolution the only access was by sea, but in the 1960s a 120 km road from Guantánamo named La Farola was built through the mountains, which was one of the showcases of the revolution. The road had already been planned by the Batista government, but never got built. The highest point of the road is at over 600 m and it passes over 11 bridges.

Economy
The main products in the region are banana, coconut and cacao. It is Cuba's main chocolate manufacturing area.Theobroma cacao trees are cultivated under groves of Royal palm on the banks of the Río Miel, Río Duaba, Río Toa and Río Yumuri. Ecotourism and birdwatching are important in Baracoa due to the Cuban moist forests.

Tourism
The remote location at the eastern end of the Cuban island has kept the influence of mass tourism quite low, despite the idyllic location. Baracoa can be reached by bus from Santiago de Cuba (four hours) or by plane from Havana (two hours).

To the east the Fuerte Matachín (built in 1802) is still standing and contains houses and museums. To the west the Fuerte La Punta (built in 1803) houses a restaurant; there is a small beach next to the fort. The third fort, El Castillo, which sits on a steep hill with a commanding view of the town and both bays, is now Hotel El Castillo. The other hotels in Baracoa are Hotel Porto Santo, Hotel La Rusa, Hostal La Habanera and Villa Maguana. There are also a few casas particulares. The Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Asunción houses the earrings of the Cruz de la Parra, a cross that Cali is supposed to have brought from Spain. Although it has been carbon dated to approximately that period, it is made from a local type of wood, which means at least part of the story is not correct.

There are two music venues near the central Parque Independencia, the touristy Flan de Queso and the more traditional Casa de la Flana.

Nearby are the rivers Miel and Toa, the latter of which has many waterfalls, the best known of which is 'el Saltadero', which is 17 m high.

The 575 m table mountain el Yunque (the anvil) is 10 km to the west of Baracoa. It is a remnant of a plateau and because of its isolation it houses several unique species of ferns and palms. The only official and easiest approach to climb it starts at campismo El Yunque (simple lodgings for Cubans only), where a guide is obligatory (about 15 euro).

From Baracoa, it is possible to visit the Parque Nacional Alejandro de Humboldt located about 20 kilometers north.

Salto Fino is the highest waterfall in the Caribbean, located in this municipality, is produced by a sudden drop in the Arroyo del Infierno (Hell's stream), a tributary of the Quibijan river. That river, along with 71 others, flows into the Toa river, which is the largest river in Cuba. The 305-meter-high Salto Fino waterfall is recorded as the 20th-highest water chute in the world.

Gastronomy
Baracoa has typical dishes, such as cucurucho, a mix of coconut and much sugar and other ingredients like orange, guava and pineapple and wrapped in a palm leaf. Another is Bacán, which is made from bananas and wrapped in a banana leaf. And of course there is much chocolate in this cocoa-producing region.

Demographics
In 2022, the municipality of Baracoa had a population of 78,056. With a total area of 977 km2, it has a population density of 80 /km2.

Transport
Baracoa is the eastern end of Carretera Central, a highway spanning the length of the island of Cuba for 1,435 km, that ends in the village of La Fé, Pinar del Río Province.

Airport
Gustavo Rizo Airport is a regional airport that serves this town. This is a small airport that usually operates with national flights. Located west of the bay near the Hotel Porto Santo and about 4 km ($2 1/2$ miles) NNW of Baracoa. Although flights are infrequent, Cubana de Aviación flies here from Santiago de Cuba and Havana.

Notable residents
Cuban artist Pablo Borges Delgado was born in Baracoa.

Cuban composer Eduardo Davidson was born in Baracoa.*

title: Baracoa


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Herbert Austin, 1st Baron Austin

Herbert Austin, 1st Baron Austin (8 November 1866 – 23 May 1941) was an English automobile designer and builder who founded the Austin Motor Company. For the majority of his career he was known as Sir Herbert Austin, and the Northfield bypass is called "Sir Herbert Austin Way" after him.

Background and early life
[[File:Herbert Austin 1905.jpg|thumb|upright|Herbert Austin aged 38, 1905 "Mr H Austin, who has for so many years been associated with the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company, Limited, and who is starting new works, where he will manufacture Austin Cars, at Longbridge, near Birmingham"

Mr H Austin, who has been for so long associated with the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Co. of Adderley Park, Birmingham, advises us that he is leaving the Company, and is starting works on his own account situated at Longbridge, near Birmingham, where he will manufacture vehicles which are to be known as the ‘'Austin'’ Cars. At first Mr Austin will turn out two sizes of tourist cars viz., a 15–20 hp and a 25–30 hp. both of which models will embody the best approved principles in design, and Mr Austin proposes to use only the highest grade of materials in their manufacture. Moderation is to govern the selling price, and Mr Austin hopes to make the car of his name a household word for reliability and good service. Captan Frank Kayser is associated with Mr Austin in the new undertaking and he will be assisted by a specially-selected staff, several of whom have been connected with him in the past. The works are of considerable extent, covering several acres, and are thoroughly suitable for the construction of automobiles of all types. Mr Austin hopes to have his first 25–30 hp car on the road by 1 December and to commence deliveries by the end of March 1906. Mr Austin sends us, in a tabulated form, an extremely interesting record gained by the cars which have been turned out by the Wolseley Company during his direction of that Company. This list bristles with gold and silver medals in all the leading reliability and consumption trials, exhibitions etc whilst in the speed events and hill-climbing contests, the number of winners makes a formidable show, these triumphs being in addition to the selection by the A.C.G.B.I. of the Wolseley racers in 1904 and 1905 for the Gordon Bennett Race.

‘'The Automotor Journal, 4 November 1905 Page 1366'’ The portrait published with his announcement that he had left Wolseley and was setting up on his own account]] The son of a farmer, he was born in Little Missenden, Buckinghamshire in South East England, but the family moved to Wentworth Woodhouse, near Rotherham, Yorkshire in 1870 when his father was appointed farm bailiff. Herbert Austin first went to the village school, later continuing his education at Rotherham Grammar School.

In 1884, he emigrated to Australia, travelling with a maternal uncle, who lived in Melbourne but had recently returned to England on a family visit. They travelled to Australia by ship, via the Cape.

Life in Melbourne
He started work with his uncle who was the works manager at a general engineering firm, Mephan Ferguson, in North Melbourne. Two years later he joined Alex. Cowan & Sons, a Scottish paper business which had an agency for printing equipment and Crossley gas engines. Later he worked for the Langlands Foundry Company Limited in Yarra Bank, Melbourne, which made locomotive boilers, wheels and gold mining equipment.

To develop his drawing skills, Austin attended Hotham School of Art in North Melbourne, outside working hours. During this time, he submitted a design for a swing bridge over the Yarra River at Spencer Street, Melbourne, for a competition organised by the Government of Victoria, but did not win.

In December 1887, Austin took up his new appointment as manager of an engineering workshop owned by Richard Pickup Park, who was developing a new sheep-shearing machine for Frederick York Wolseley.

On the strength of this new managership, he married Helen Dron in Melbourne on 26 December 1887. Born in Melbourne on 23 October 1866, she was the seventh daughter of Scottish parents. They were to have two daughters, Irene (born in 1891, later Mrs. Waite) and Zeta (later to become Mrs Lambert). Their only son, Vernon James Austin, was killed in action in France during the First World War on 26 January 1915.

After Austin spent three months improving the sheep-shearing machine, he was asked to join The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company, in Sydney. Shortly after joining, he was sent to a sheep station at Avoca, Victoria to study the machines in use. Austin patented in his own name the improvements he made to the sheep-shearing machines and later sold the patents to the Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company on 10 March 1893 in exchange for shares.

Motor cars
Frederick Wolseley wound up the Sydney-registered company in 1889 and transferred ownership of the business to a new company registered in London but all operations remained in Australia. Difficulties with suppliers persuaded the Wolseley board to move assembly to England in 1893. Frederick Wolseley and Herbert Austin left John Howard in charge of the Australian operation and returned to England in November 1893. Austin set up a factory in Broad Street, Birmingham. Fredrick Wolseley resigned from the company in 1894. The Broad Street factory was not large enough, so Austin bought a bigger premises in Aston, Birmingham. Shearing machinery sales were highly seasonal, thus during slack periods in the year they built bicycles.

Looking for other products to even out the workload, Herbert Austin became interested in motor cars and built two different types of three-wheelers in his own time. A version of one of these was taken up by the Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company and listed for sale in 1900, but the Wolseley board could see no profitable future for a motor industry. In 1901, Vickers bought Wolseley's car interests, taking Austin too, and naming the new business Wolseley Tool & Motor Company setting it up in Adderley Park, Birmingham. Herbert Austin retained his interest and ties with The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company. He was chairman of their board from 1911 to 1933, when he retired shortly before his death.

In 1905, still under an unexpired five-year contract, Austin resigned from the Wolseley Tool & Motor Company, taking some of the senior staff with him. His brother Harry also joined him in this new venture, having worked with him at Wolseley in Birmingham. Austin raised capital of £37,000 (£4,369,468.69 adjusted for inflation in 2018) and embarked on a search for a factory that could accommodate his idea for a new car manufacturer. He took over an old print works, still outside Birmingham, in Longbridge, which was then in the County of Worcestershire; Longbridge did not become a suburb of Birmingham until 1911 when the city's boundaries were expanded. The Austin car works at Longbridge was later to become one of the greatest car manufacturers in the world (also see Longbridge plant).

Austin was producing seventeen different models by 1908. During the First World War Austin produced munitions and built Austin Village in Turves Green for his workers. The car business was difficult after World War I; the Austin company was threatened with bankruptcy in 1921 and a receiver was appointed. The "Baby Austin" was launched in 1922 and offered for sale at £225 (£12,417.65 in 2018); putting it within the budget of customers who had never owned a car before. Its output reached 25,000 annually by 1925; the price was lowered each year. In 1931, the Austin 12/6 was introduced, followed by the Austin 12/4 in 1933.

Military production
The company turned its resources to the war effort in 1914 and, in 1917, Austin was knighted for his services and also received the Belgium Order of the Crown of Leopold II, for the employment of 3,000 Belgian refugees at Longbridge.

During World War II, the company specialised in making aircraft; Horsa glider fuselages; specialist army vehicles; hydraulic motors for gun turrets; ammunition boxes, magazines for machine guns, tommy guns, Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns; marine engines for ships lifeboats; and pressings for jerrycans.

British shadow factories
Up until 1938, the Air Ministry had been headed by Lord Swinton, who at that point had been forced to resign his position by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain due to a lack of progress in re-arming the Royal Air Force. New minister Sir Kingsley Wood implemented a new plan to treble British aircraft production in the run up to the Second World War in two parts: Underneath the plan, there was government funding for the building of these new production facilities, in the form of grants and loans. Key to the plan were the products and plans of Rolls-Royce Limited, whose Merlin engine powered many of the key aircraft being developed by the Air Ministry. Austin was placed in charge of implementing the scheme on the producers' side, who were mainly motor vehicle manufacturers; while technical liaison with the aircraft industry was placed with Charles Bruce-Gardner.
 * Development of nine new factories
 * Extension and extensions to existing factory complexes to allow either easier switching to aircraft industry capability, or production capacity expansion

Parliamentary career
From 1918 to 1924, Austin served as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham King's Norton but never made a speech in the House of Commons. In 1936, he was created Baron Austin, of Longbridge in the City of Birmingham. In 1937, he received a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the University of Birmingham.

Lord Austin died from a heart attack and a bout of pneumonia. His only son Vernon had been killed in action in France in 1915 and the peerage became extinct upon his death. He and his wife also had two daughters, Irene (later to become Mrs. Waite) and Zeta (later to become Mrs. Lambert).

He was buried with his wife Helen, Lady Austin in the churchyard of Holy Trinity Church, Lickey, near his former home at Lickey Grange and the factory at Longbridge, close to both Bromsgrove and Birmingham.

title: Herbert Austin, 1st Baron Austin


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Infinite divisibility

Infinite divisibility arises in different ways in philosophy, physics, economics, order theory (a branch of mathematics), and probability theory (also a branch of mathematics). One may speak of infinite divisibility, or the lack thereof, of matter, space, time, money, or abstract mathematical objects such as the continuum.

In philosophy
The origin of the idea in the Western tradition can be traced to the 5th century BCE starting with the Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher Democritus and his teacher Leucippus, who theorized matter's divisibility beyond what can be perceived by the senses until ultimately ending at an indivisible atom. The Indian philosopher, Maharshi Kanada also proposed an atomistic theory, however there is ambiguity around when this philosopher lived, ranging from sometime between the 6th century to 2nd century BCE. Around 500 BC, he postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall get smaller and smaller particles. Ultimately, a time will come when we shall come across the smallest particles beyond which further division will not be possible. He named these particles Parmanu. Another Indian philosopher, Pakudha Katyayama, elaborated this doctrine and said that these particles normally exist in a combined form which gives us various forms of matter. Atomism is explored in Plato's dialogue Timaeus. Aristotle proves that both length and time are infinitely divisible, refuting atomism. Andrew Pyle gives a lucid account of infinite divisibility in the first few pages of his Atomism and its Critics. There he shows how infinite divisibility involves the idea that there is some extended item, such as an apple, which can be divided infinitely many times, where one never divides down to point, or to atoms of any sort. Many philosophers claim that infinite divisibility involves either a collection of an infinite number of items (since there are infinite divisions, there must be an infinite collection of objects), or (more rarely), point-sized items, or both. Pyle states that the mathematics of infinitely divisible extensions involve neither of these — that there are infinite divisions, but only finite collections of objects and they never are divided down to point extension-less items.

Zeno questioned how an arrow can move if at one moment it is here and motionless and at a later moment be somewhere else and motionless. "Zeno's reasoning, however, is fallacious, when he says that if everything when it occupies an equal space is at rest, and if that which is in locomotion is always occupying such a space at any moment, the flying arrow is therefore motionless. This is false, for time is not composed of indivisible moments any more than any other magnitude is composed of indivisibles." In reference to Zeno's paradox of the arrow in flight, Alfred North Whitehead writes that "an infinite number of acts of becoming may take place in a finite time if each subsequent act is smaller in a convergent series": "The argument, so far as it is valid, elicits a contradiction from the two premises: (i) that in a becoming something (res vera) becomes, and (ii) that every act of becoming is divisible into earlier and later sections which are themselves acts of becoming. Consider, for example, an act of becoming during one second. The act is divisible into two acts, one during the earlier half of the second, the other during the later half of the second. Thus that which becomes during the whole second presupposes that which becomes during the first half-second. Analogously, that which becomes during the first half-second presupposes that which becomes during the first quarter-second, and so on indefinitely. Thus if we consider the process of becoming up to the beginning of the second in question, and ask what then becomes, no answer can be given. For, whatever creature we indicate presupposes an earlier creature which became after the beginning of the second and antecedently to the indicated creature. Therefore there is nothing which becomes, so as to effect a transition into the second in question."

In quantum physics
Until the discovery of quantum mechanics, no distinction was made between the question of whether matter is infinitely divisible and the question of whether matter can be cut into smaller parts ad infinitum.

As a result, the Greek word átomos (ἄτομος), which literally means "uncuttable", is usually translated as "indivisible". Whereas the modern atom is indeed divisible, it actually is uncuttable: there is no partition of space such that its parts correspond to material parts of the atom. In other words, the quantum-mechanical description of matter no longer conforms to the cookie cutter paradigm. This casts fresh light on the ancient conundrum of the divisibility of matter. The multiplicity of a material object—the number of its parts—depends on the existence, not of delimiting surfaces, but of internal spatial relations (relative positions between parts), and these lack determinate values. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, the particles that make up an atom—quarks and electrons—are point particles: they do not take up space. What makes an atom nevertheless take up space is not any spatially extended "stuff" that "occupies space", and that might be cut into smaller and smaller pieces, but the indeterminacy of its internal spatial relations.

Physical space is often regarded as infinitely divisible: it is thought that any region in space, no matter how small, could be further split. Time is similarly considered as infinitely divisible.

However, according to the best currently accepted theory in physics, the Standard Model, there is a distance (called the Planck length, 1.616229(38)×10−35 metres, named after one of the fathers of Quantum Theory, Max Planck) and therefore a time interval (the amount of time which light takes to traverse that distance in a vacuum, 5.39116(13) × 10−44 seconds, known as the Planck time) at which the Standard Model is expected to break down – effectively making this the smallest physical scale about which meaningful statements can be currently made. To predict the physical behaviour of space-time and fundamental particles at smaller distances requires a new theory of Quantum Gravity, which unifies the hitherto incompatible theories of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity.

In economics
One dollar, or one euro, is divided into 100 cents; one can only pay in increments of a cent. It is quite commonplace for prices of some commodities such as gasoline to be in increments of a tenth of a cent per gallon or per litre. If gasoline costs $3.979 per gallon and one buys 10 gallons, then the "extra" 9/10 of a cent comes to ten times that: an "extra" 9 cents, so the cent in that case gets paid. Money is infinitely divisible in the sense that it is based upon the real number system. However, modern day coins are not divisible (in the past some coins were weighed with each transaction, and were considered divisible with no particular limit in mind). There is a point of precision in each transaction that is useless because such small amounts of money are insignificant to humans. The more the price is multiplied the more the precision could matter. For example, when buying a million shares of stock, the buyer and seller might be interested in a tenth of a cent price difference, but it's only a choice. Everything else in business measurement and choice is similarly divisible to the degree that the parties are interested. For example, financial reports may be reported annually, quarterly, or monthly. Some business managers run cash-flow reports more than once per day.

Although time may be infinitely divisible, data on securities prices are reported at discrete times. For example, if one looks at records of stock prices in the 1920s, one may find the prices at the end of each day, but perhaps not at three-hundredths of a second after 12:47 PM. A new method, however, theoretically, could report at double the rate, which would not prevent further increases of velocity of reporting. Perhaps paradoxically, technical mathematics applied to financial markets is often simpler if infinitely divisible time is used as an approximation. Even in those cases, a precision is chosen with which to work, and measurements are rounded to that approximation. In terms of human interaction, money and time are divisible, but only to the point where further division is not of value, which point cannot be determined exactly.

In order theory
To say that the field of rational numbers is infinitely divisible (i.e. order theoretically dense) means that between any two rational numbers there is another rational number. By contrast, the ring of integers is not infinitely divisible.

Infinite divisibility does not imply gaplessness: the rationals do not enjoy the least upper bound property. That means that if one were to partition the rationals into two non-empty sets A and B where A contains all rationals less than some irrational number (π, say) and B all rationals greater than it, then A has no largest member and B has no smallest member. The field of real numbers, by contrast, is both infinitely divisible and gapless. Any linearly ordered set that is infinitely divisible and gapless, and has more than one member, is uncountably infinite. For a proof, see Cantor's first uncountability proof. Infinite divisibility alone implies infiniteness but not uncountability, as the rational numbers exemplify.

In probability distributions
To say that a probability distribution F on the real line is infinitely divisible means that if X is any random variable whose distribution is F, then for every positive integer n there exist n independent identically distributed random variables X1, ..., Xn whose sum is equal in distribution to X (those n other random variables do not usually have the same probability distribution as X).

The Poisson distribution, the stuttering Poisson distribution, the negative binomial distribution, and the Gamma distribution are examples of infinitely divisible distributions — as are the normal distribution, Cauchy distribution and all other members of the stable distribution family. The skew-normal distribution is an example of a non-infinitely divisible distribution. (See Domínguez-Molina and Rocha-Arteaga (2007).)

Every infinitely divisible probability distribution corresponds in a natural way to a Lévy process, i.e., a stochastic process { Xt : t ≥ 0 } with stationary independent increments (stationary means that for s < t, the probability distribution of Xt − Xs depends only on t − s; independent increments means that that difference is independent of the corresponding difference on any interval not overlapping with [s, t], and similarly for any finite number of intervals).

This concept of infinite divisibility of probability distributions was introduced in 1929 by Bruno de Finetti.

title: Infinite divisibility


text:
Jones Point Light

The Jones Point Light is a small river lighthouse located on the Potomac River in Alexandria, Virginia. It was built in 1855.

Lighthouse
It is a small, one-story house with a lantern on top and served primarily as a warning light for naval ships approaching the Washington Navy Yard. The lighthouse was discontinued in 1926, replaced by a small steel skeletal tower located nearby; this smaller tower was in use for ten years before being discontinued. After being dark for more than half a century, Jones Point Light was relit by a private concern in 1995, however, it was eventually put out again after ownership switched from the Daughters of the American Revolution Foundation to the National Park Service. Certain local efforts have called for the structure to be relit, but as of 2017, the only working lighthouse on the Potomac River is the Fort Washington Point Lighthouse, located five miles downriver.

The lighthouse is located on Jones Point in Alexandria, and is part of Jones Point Park. Visitors can approach the lighthouse, but it is currently impossible to enter the building.

The lighthouse is immediately north of the confluence of Hunting Creek and the Potomac River. The 1791-1792 survey of the boundaries of the District of Columbia began at a spot that was then at the tip of a cape at the Point. The south cornerstone from the boundary survey remains in the seawall adjacent to the lighthouse.

In 1980, the lighthouse and the cornerstone were listed in the National Register of Historic Places as reference #80000352. The lighthouse is also listed in the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey as survey number VA-641. The listing shows lighthouse drawings and several black-and-white photos of the lighthouse prior to restoration.

title: Jones Point Light


text:
Talk:Hopewell, New Jersey

Merrill Lynch Corporate Campus is Also in Hopewell. Joy.

No, It is in Hopewell Twp, not Boro. 69.141.147.36 01:41, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

John Hart, one of many who signed the United States Declaration of Independence, is buried in Hopewell.

just thought it would be a good idea to add something on transportation perhaps, and also something on the Hopewell Frog war (Mannybrown1 (talk) 02:49, 19 June 2008 (UTC))

relavance of The Hopewell Project
To me this looks like it is a add for the company but most of all, the section is in both Hopewell township, and Hopewell Borough. The house that is involved cannot be in both municipalities. It is irrelevant —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mannybrown1 (talk • contribs) 21:55, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

disambiguation page
Given the multiple (4 at last count) locations in the state named Hopewell, I would move that we create a new article, Hopewell Borough, Mercer County, New Jersey, and make this article the disambiguation article. Reason being is that, just from a population standpoint, the borough is the 3rd most important "Hopewell", with the two townships considerabl more populated. Famartin (talk) 02:10, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Ethnocentric statement of "discovery" of gold
How can you discovery something the existence of which has already been established although those that proclaim it discovered were mistaken. Gold was found in California w/early explorers along Colorado River & near Mexican era Los Angeles in 1832 so existence of gold only confirmed not discovered in 1848 although the find was reason for the 1849 Rush, the latter the unique part of incident. To say that gold was discovered in California in 1848 is an ethnocentric statement as well as an example of ignorance by those that either do not want to acknowledge that gold had already been verified as being in California therefore it cannot be a discovery. Finding more gold is not a discovery but a re-confirmation of the existence of gold in the area.66.74.176.59 (talk) 01:40, 26 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Fine. Whatever. Tired of arguing about it. You win. PS - Next time you want to make minor wording tweaks, don't make a soap box speech about it, just do it. Soap box speeches invoke knee-jerk reactions especially when they come form anonymous ip's. Oh, and get a regular username, for crying out out. Famartin (talk) 03:46, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

Not fine or whatever. If your actions are based on knee jerk judgment then it might be best to understand the issue than detrimental to WP long range intent. as for the other statement, which I am not at all surprised, please read the following: == IP user identification ==

PLEASE refrain from appearing prejudicial about my continued WP participant with an IP. Yes, I know about user names and do not have one. That is explanation far more than what the question is worth. Nothing against those that do have a user name. AGAIN -- PLEASE, refrain from appearing prejudicial especially by those that seem to take great pleasure toward those with which they disagree about WP content and attack the IP user for being identified as such.66.74.176.59 (talk) 14:29, 19 September 2014 (UTC)66.74.176.59 (talk) 04:14, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Can you blame me, or anyone, when 80% of vandalism on Wikipedia is from unregistered users, as stated here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_addresses_are_not_people Famartin (talk) 04:22, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

This is not the time to apologize. No one is blaming any one just a lack of taking the time to review before revert/delete that stem from MANY reverts by WP user name editors. And this is from a group of people that champion themselves as the ultimate keepers of WP. Use your experience not as a tool to thwart new contributors to WP, not that I am at all that NEW to WP.66.74.176.59 (talk) 05:23, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

Oh, interesting the use of "vandalism" in this situation. Vandalism is 100% vandalism not 80%. maybe you meant 80% of edits done by UP user WP editors is vandalism? but then I am not in a position to know what it is that you wished to express.66.74.176.59 (talk) 05:25, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110724230440/http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/American%20Architects%20Directories/1970%20American%20Architects%20Directory/Bowker_1970_G.pdf to http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/American%20Architects%20Directories/1970%20American%20Architects%20Directory/Bowker_1970_G.pdf

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Land Title Voiding Issue called the Coxe Scandal or Affair
I've just been researching ancestry that went from Hopewell NJ to Rowan Cty North Carolina. The presentation in the history section needs some adjustments, and the heart of the conflict deserves naming.

See: "the Coxe affair" in this article https://minerdescent.com/tag/coxe-affair/

and this section, "Coxe dives into Colonial politics" in this piece http://www.mastermason.com/njlore1786/Papers/Daniel%20Coxe.pdf

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coxe - which only partially explains the matter

NorieNC (talk) 22:21, 7 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125309/http://nj.gov/counties/mercer/officials/clerk/pdf/cc_electedofficials.pdf to http://nj.gov/counties/mercer/officials/clerk/pdf/cc_electedofficials.pdf

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Orphaned references in Hopewell, New Jersey
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Hopewell, New Jersey's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Census2020": From Princeton, New Jersey: QuickFacts Princeton, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 26, 2022. From Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey: QuickFacts Hamilton township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 6, 2022. From California:  From Ewing Township, New Jersey: QuickFacts Ewing township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 22, 2022. From Harrison, New Jersey: QuickFacts Harrison town, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 20, 2022. From Trenton, New Jersey: QuickFacts Trenton city, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 24, 2022. From Burlington, New Jersey:  From Robbinsville Township, New Jersey: QuickFacts Robbinsville township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 28, 2022.

From East Windsor, New Jersey: QuickFacts East Windsor township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 2, 2023.

From West Windsor, New Jersey: QuickFacts West Windsor township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 12, 2022.

From Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey: QuickFacts Lawrence township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 29, 2022.

From Newark, New Jersey: QuickFacts Newark city, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 11, 2022.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:51, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hopewell, New Jersey


text:
Jones Point (Virginia)

Jones Point is a geographic point on the Potomac River within the city of Alexandria, Virginia, United States. The Jones Point Light and Jones Point Park are located at the point, which is immediately North of the confluence of Hunting Creek and the Potomac River.

History
The 1791–1792 survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia began at a spot that was then at the tip of a cape at the Point. The south cornerstone from the boundary survey remains in a seawall several yards south of the lighthouse (see: History of Washington, D.C., and Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia).

During World War I, Jones Point was home to a private shipyard owned by the Virginia Shipbuilding Corporation that was intended to produce cargo ships for the war effort. However, the first ship produced at the yard, SS Gunston Hall, was not completed until after the war's end. The shipyard was idled in 1921 following accusations of fraud against the owners and most equipment was auctioned off in 1922. In 1923, the property was leased to the Western Marine and Salvage Company to dismantle surplus wood ships. After that company relocated to Maryland, the remaining property at the shipyard was auctioned off in 1928 and the former shipyard facilities were largely demolished.

Description
The Woodrow Wilson Bridge crosses the park, most of which is under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. The Mount Vernon Trail travels through the park.

The City of Alexandria had hosted many anniversary celebrations, starting in the 1980s, centered around its anniversary on July 10, at Jones Point, including its 250th in 1999, and often featuring a fireworks display. Beginning in 2002, they have been largely held at Oronoco Bay Park, located further north along the Potomac.

Jones Point underwent a major renovation, completed in 2012, which included National Park Service placards along walking and biking trails highlighting its history. Other improvements include larger parking lots, a basketball court, a playground, a concession stand, restrooms, new walking and bike paths, small fishing/sightseeing piers, and easy access to the Jones Point lighthouse. The National Park Service and others have erected in and near the park a number of markers that relate the history of Jones Point and its surroundings. One of the few visible remnants of the shipyard is the fitting-out dock, next to which is a grass lawn bound by a concrete retaining wall representing the length and width of SS Gunston Hall's hull.

title: Jones Point (Virginia)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Safe Act

Safe Act was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to Wikisource. As of 17:05, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC), the article is still in the queue to be moved. Rossami (talk)

copy'n'paste from here: ; delete (and move to Wikisource?) Ianb 21:42, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete & Wikisource: 1. It should be SAFE Act. 2. An overview would be a nice article that doesn't go to source.  People could write an article about what it is, why it was proposed, how it reflected partisan politics in the US, why it won/lost, etc.  3. This is source material. Geogre 18:01, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
15017 Cuppy

15017 Cuppy, provisional designation, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1998, by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) at its Anderson Mesa Station, Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named for American humorist Will Cuppy.

Orbit and classification
Cuppy orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,296 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 7 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in October 1991.

Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cuppy measures 1.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.50. This is in line with a generic absolute magnitude-to-diameter conversion, which gives a diameter of approximately 2 kilometers for an absolute magnitude of 15.6 and an assumed albedo of 0.2 to 0.25, which is typical for stony asteroids of the inner asteroid belt. As of 2017, Cuppy's composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.

Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of American literary critic and humorist, Will Cuppy (1884–1949). He is known for his satirical books The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, How to Attract the Wombat, How to Become Extinct and How to Tell Your Friends from the Apes. The name was proposed by M. Walter. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003 (M.P.C. 49675).

title: 15017 Cuppy


text:
Cray Y-MP

The Cray Y-MP was a supercomputer sold by Cray Research from 1988, and the successor to the company's X-MP. The Y-MP retained software compatibility with the X-MP, but extended the address registers from 24 to 32 bits. High-density VLSI ECL technology was used and a new liquid-cooling system was devised. The Y-MP ran the Cray UNICOS operating system.

The Y-MP could be equipped with two, four or eight vector processors, with two functional units each and a clock cycle time of 6 ns (167 MHz). Peak performance was thus 333 megaflops per processor. Main memory comprised 128, 256 or 512 MB of SRAM.

The original Y-MP (otherwise known as the Y-MP Model D) was housed in a chassis similar to the horseshoe-shaped X-MP, but with an extra rectangular cabinet added in the middle (containing the CPU boards), thus forming a "Y" shape in plan view. The system could be configured with one or two Model D IOSs (Input/Output Subsystems) and an optional Solid State Disk (SSD) of 256 MB to 4GB capacity. The Y-MP had a measured GFLOPS of 2.144 and a peak GFLOPS of 2.667 in both 1988 and 1989.

The Model D Y-MP was superseded in 1990 by the Y-MP Model E, which replaced IOS Model D with IOS Model E, providing twice the I/O throughput. The Y-shaped chassis was dropped in favor of one or two rectangular cabinets (each with a separate connected cabinet containing the liquid-cooling system), depending on configuration. Maximum RAM was increased to 2 GB and up to eight IOSs were possible. Model E variants included the Y-MP 2E, Y-MP 4E, Y-MP 8E and Y-MP 8I, the latter being a single-cabinet (I for Integrated) version of the two-cabinet 8E. The 2E and 4E were later available with optional secondary air cooling.

The Y-MP M90 was a large-memory variant of the Y-MP Model E introduced in 1992. This replaced the SRAM of the Y-MP with up to 32 GB of slower, but physically smaller DRAM devices. The Y-MP M90 was also available in variants with up to two, four or eight processors (M92, M94 and M98 respectively). Later, the model name was abbreviated to the Cray M90 series.

The Y-MP C90 series is described separately.

Y-MP EL
In 1992, Cray launched the cheaper Y-MP EL (Entry Level) model. This was a reimplementation of the Y-MP architecture in CMOS technology, based on the S-2 design acquired by Cray from Supertek Computers in 1990. The EL was an air-cooled system with a completely different VMEbus-based IOS. EL configurations with up to four processors (each with a peak performance of 133 megaflops) and 32 MB to 1 GB of DRAM were available. The Y-MP EL was later developed into the Cray EL90 series (EL92, EL94 and EL98). The Y-MP EL came in a cabinet much smaller than the traditional room-filling Cray 2010×1270×810 mm (height × width × depth) and 635 kg in weight—and could be powered from regular mains power.

In popular culture
In the 1992 film Sneakers, whose story is centered around extremely high-level cryptography, two lead characters have an important discussion while sitting on a Cray Y-MP.

In an episode of the television dramedy Northern Exposure titled "Nothing's Perfect", a character expresses her excitement at having finally gained access to a "CRAY Y-MP3" supercomputer.

title: Cray Y-MP


text:
A Touch of Class (band)

A Touch of Class (often shortened in initials as ATC) were an international Eurodance group based in Germany, although the four members each came from different countries —Joseph "Joey" Murray from New Zealand, Sarah Egglestone from Australia, Livio Salvi from Italy, and Tracey Elizabeth Packham from England. The pop group was active from 1997 and their most successful release was "Around the World (La La La La La)", released in 2000. The group disbanded at the end of 2003. Murray and Salvi would later form a cover band Démodé Trio with Yvette Robinson in 2016.

Career
The four met together in Hamburg, Germany as cast members of the international Broadway theatre German production of the stage musical Cats from October 1997 to April 1998. Sarah Egglestone played Bombalurina, Livio Salvi played Mungojerrie, Tracey Packham played Syllabub, and Joey Murray played as Munkustrap/swing dancer. The four quickly became friends and decided to form a dance group. Egglestone noted, "We were there sitting watching television one day, seeing groups and saying 'there's no reason [...] why we can't do this.'" The group first met with producers Alex Christensen and Thomas M. Stein in 1999 and began working on material under the name ATC. The group experimented with merging male and female vocals together. "Producers don't seem to want to mix the voices so often [...] that helps give us that little bit of an edge," Murray remarked.

Their first single, "Around the World (La La La La La)" (which was an English cover of the song "Pesenka" by the Russian group Ruki Vverh!) was first released on 1 April 2000 and went number one in Germany for six weeks in summer 2000. It was later an only Top 40 hit in the United Kingdom and United States.

Their debut album Planet Pop, featuring songs from Alex Christensen and Clyde Ward, was released on 6 February 2001 by Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Republic Records, for which they were awarded an ECHO for Best Dance Act.

In 2001, the group released the single "I'm In Heaven (When You Kiss Me)", which was moderately successful in parts of Europe. In 2002, "Set Me Free" was released as a single but was not successful. In 2003, the DJ and producer ATB successfully took the band's record label to court, and the band was forced to formally drop the ATC initials. Following the name change, the group released a final single, "New York City", and their second album, Touch the Sky in 2003, but they did not match the success of their previous records and the group disbanded as the members decided to go their separate ways.

title: A Touch of Class (band)


text: Category:Children's television series

title: Category:Children's television series


text: Category:Reality television series

title: Category:Reality television series


text:
List of East European Jews

Until the Holocaust, Jews were a significant part of the population of Eastern Europe. Outside Poland, the largest population was in the European part of the USSR, especially Ukraine (1.5 million in the 1930s), but major populations also existed in Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. Here are lists of some prominent East European Jews, arranged by country of origin.

 * List of Czech, Bohemian, Moravian, and Slovak Jews
 * List of Hungarian Jews
 * List of Polish Jews
 * List of Romanian Jews
 * List of Belarusian Jews
 * List of Ukrainian Jews
 * List of Jews born in the former Russian Empire (and the former Soviet Union)

Azerbaijan

 * Max Black, philosopher
 * Misha Black, designer; brother of Max Black
 * Bella Davidovich, pianist
 * Gavril Abramovich Ilizarov, Soviet physician, known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus
 * Garry Kasparov, world chess champion of Jewish-Armenian descent
 * Lev Landau, physicist, Nobel Prize (1962)
 * Lev Nussimbaum, writer (a.k.a. Kurban Said)
 * Vladimir Rokhlin, mathematician

Moldova (formerly Bessarabia)

 * Lev Simonovich Berg, geographer & zoologist
 * Jacob Bernstein-Kogan
 * Gary Bertini, conductor
 * Bronfman family
 * Samuel Bronfman, founder of Seagram
 * Samuel Cohen, composer of Hatikvah
 * I. A. L. Diamond, comedy writer
 * Meir Dizengoff, politician
 * Giora Feidman, musician
 * William F. Friedman, cryptographer
 * A. N. Frumkin, electrochemist
 * Mikhail Gershenzon, historian
 * Bianna Golodryga, journalist
 * Nachum Gutman, painter
 * Idel Ianchelevici, sculptor
 * Mona May Karff, chess player
 * Boris Katz, artificial intelligence researcher
 * Gary Koshnitsky, chess player
 * Abba Ptachya Lerner, economist
 * Avigdor Lieberman, politician
 * Oleg Maisenberg, concert pianist
 * Lewis Milestone, director
 * Sigmund Mogulesko, singer, actor, composer
 * Sacha Moldovan, painter
 * Moishe Oysher, Yiddish singer
 * Boris Polak (born 1954), Israeli world champion and Olympic sport shooter
 * Mendel Portugali, An Hashomer founder
 * Sir Michael Postan, historian
 * Anton Rubinstein, pianist
 * Joseph ben Yehuda Leib Shapotshnick, rabbi
 * Volodia Teitelboim
 * Andy Zaltzman, British comedian
 * Mark Zeltser, concert pianist
 * Meir Zorea, general in the Israel Defense Forces

Slovakia

 * Joseph Goldberger, discovered cure for pellagra
 * Juraj Herz, actor and film director
 * Ignác Kolisch, chess player
 * Peter Lorre, actor
 * Robert Maxwell, media mogul
 * Ivan Reitman, film director
 * Richard Réti, chess player
 * Herman Steiner, chess player
 * Rudolf Vrba, coauthor of the Vrba–Wetzler report, chemist
 * Alfred Wetzler, writer

title: List of East European Jews


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Category:Comedy television series

This category and its subcategories contain articles about comedic television series.

Articles about sitcoms can be found in Category:Sitcoms and its subcategories.

title: Category:Comedy television series