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SpaceShipOne flight 17P

Flight 17P of SpaceShipOne was a spaceflight in the Tier One program that took place on October 4, 2004. It was the second competitive flight in the Ansari X Prize competition to demonstrate a non-governmental reusable crewed spacecraft, and is hence also referred to as the X2 flight. It was a successful flight, winning the X PRIZE.

Scheduling
To win the X PRIZE, a spacecraft needed to make two successful competitive flights within 14 days. SpaceShipOne made a successful competitive flight on September 29, 2004, and so needed to make a second by October 13, 2004, in order to win. Scaled Composites aimed to be able to fly three times within the two weeks in order to allow for a failed flight.

The date of the flight, October 4, 2004, was the 47th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and the same day astronaut Gordon Cooper died. SpaceShipOne's first powered flight was, in a similar vein, on the 100th anniversary of the first ever powered flight by the Wright Brothers.

The da Vinci Project, another X PRIZE contender, planned to make its first competitive flight on October 2, 2004, which might have caused a race to develop, affecting the scheduling. However, they encountered problems and had to delay their flights. Tier One was therefore able to follow their original flight schedule. Scaled Composites reported that they could have turned the spacecraft around faster than the five days they actually allowed for it.

It was anticipated by observers that Mike Melvill, the pilot on both previous spaceflights by SpaceShipOne, would pilot this flight also. This expectation was not supported by any real evidence, but was based on Melvill's prior experience. On the morning of the flight it was announced that Brian Binnie would be the pilot.

Manifest
Under Ansari X PRIZE rules, the flight was required to carry 180 kg payload, to simulate two 90 kg human passengers. Whereas Scaled Composites stated that the first competitive flight would not carry passengers, it did not make any such statement about later competitive flights. It seemed possible that Burt Rutan would be a passenger on flight 17P, but in the end he was not, since the FAA had restricted the flight to just the pilot and no passengers. The payload included:
 * X PRIZE flight monitoring equipment, known as the "gold box"
 * the Explorers Club flag, by arrangement between the Explorers Club and the X PRIZE Foundation

The same logos were carried as on flight 16P:
 * Scaled Composites
 * "SpaceShipOne: a Paul G. Allen project" on SpaceShipOne
 * "White Knight" on White Knight
 * Virgin Galactic, on the tails
 * Virgin, on the fuselage
 * Ansari X PRIZE, as required by X PRIZE rules
 * The Spirit of St. Louis, a science center
 * M&M's
 * 7-Up Plus
 * Champ Car World Series

Flight profile
''All times are in PDT, which is seven hours behind UTC. This was the local civil time at the spaceport on the day of the flight.''

The SpaceShipOne pilot was Brian Binnie. White Knight was piloted by Mike Melvill.

Taxiing, scheduled for 06:30, began at 06:36. Takeoff from Mojave Spaceport, scheduled for 07:00, took place at 06:49. White Knight then carried SpaceShipOne to the launch altitude, in excess of 43,500 feet (13.3 km). SpaceShipOne separated from White Knight at 07:49, and promptly ignited its rocket.

The rocket motor was capable of burning for approximately 87 s. The burn-out altitude was in excess of 200,000 feet (61 km). After burn-out the craft continued to coast upwards. The wing was feathered, into high-drag configuration, during the coasting phase. The spacecraft coasted to apogee at an altitude of 112.01 km, well in excess of the X PRIZE target altitude. It also broke the record altitude of 354,200 feet (107.96 km) for a rocket plane, set by the X-15 in 1963.

After apogee, SpaceShipOne reentered the atmosphere in its feathered configuration, and then changed to gliding configuration at 07:57. SpaceShipOne then glided back to the spaceport, deployed landing gear at 4,200 feet (1.28 km), and landed safely at 08:13. White Knight then landed at 08:19.

Spectacle
As with SpaceShipOne's previous spaceflights, a large crowd watched from Mojave Spaceport. There was also live television coverage, and various websites provided coverage in their medium of preference.

Distinguished attendees included:
 * Richard Branson, of Virgin Galactic
 * Paul Allen, of Mojave Aerospace Ventures
 * Rick Searfoss, chief X PRIZE judge
 * Jerry Pournelle, science fiction author

X PRIZE
The Ansari X PRIZE requires that two spaceflights be made by the same spacecraft within two weeks. SpaceShipOne successfully made its first competitive flight (flight 16P) on September 29, 2004. This second successful competitive flight therefore won the X PRIZE. This was declared by Rick Searfoss, the chief X PRIZE judge, at a post-flight press briefing. The prize was awarded on November 6, 2004.

Retirement

On July 25, 2005, SpaceShipOne was taken to the Oshkosh Airshow in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. After the airshow, Mike Melvill and crew flew the White Knight, carrying SpaceShipOne, to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio, where Melvill spoke to a group of about 300 military and civilian personnel. Later in the evening, Melvill gave a presentation at the Dayton Engineers Club, entitled "Some Experiments in Space Flight," in honor of Wilbur Wright's now-famous presentation to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1901 entitled "Some Experiments in Flight." The White Knight then transported SpaceShipOne to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum to be put on display. It was unveiled on Wednesday October 5, 2005 in the Milestones of Flight gallery and is now on display to the public in the main atrium with the Spirit of St. Louis, the Bell X-1, the Wright Flyer, and the Apollo 11 command module Columbia.

Commander Brian Binnie donated the flight suit worn during his Ansari X Prize-winning flight to an auction benefiting Seattle's Museum of Flight. Entertainer and charity auctioneer Fred Northup, Jr. purchased the flight suit, and it is on loan and displayed at the museum's new Charles Simonyi Space Gallery.

title: SpaceShipOne flight 17P


text: User talk:159.154.2.99

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:159.154.2.99


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Botevgrad

Botevgrad (Ботевград ) is a town in western Bulgaria. It is located in Sofia Province and is close to Pravets. Botevgrad lies 47 km from Sofia.

History and name
The village was called Samundzhievo (Самунджиево) until it was elevated to town status at the end of 1865 under the name of Orhanie (Bulgarian language: Орхание; Ottoman Turkish: اورخانيه). On 1 December 1934 the town was named Botevgrad (Ботевград) after Hristo Botev.

Geography
Botevgrad and its hinterland are located in an elliptical valley with a total area of 5,066 km2. The municipality covers parts of the Western Stara Planina mountain — Razhana, Murgash, Bilo and Golyama Planina and some parts of the Northern Balkan. Vitinya Pass connecting Northern Bulgaria with Southern Bulgaria and the proximity of the capital contribute to its strategic location. Botevgrad municipality borders the following municipalities: Pravets, Etropole, Gorna Malina, Elin Pelin, Svoge, Mezdra and Roman.

Nature
The region of Botevgrad municipality is quite rich in natural resources. The geographic landscape is remarkable for its variety. The municipality covers the following geographic areas: a part of Botevgradska Kotlovina (the valley of Botevgrad), some parts of Botevgradski Predbalkan and four of the Balkan shoulders — Razhana, Golyama Planina, Murgash and Bilo. Kotlovinata Zhleba (Fillet Hollow) is situated between the main Balkan Range and the Northern Balkan.

The bottom of the hollow is the accumulative river terrace of Bebresh river and its tributaries. The low oval hills inside the hollow contribute to the countryside variety. Mount Murgash — 1687 m tall is the highest point of the highest mountain range to the south and south-west. Many rivulets run down the slopes of the heights. Prohoda Vitinya or Vitinya Pass connecting South Bulgaria with North Bulgaria is located on the territory of Botevgrad municipality.

Economy
Sensata Technologies group, which specialises in the design and production of added value electronics and electromechanical systems used in the automotive and consumer electronics industry, operates one large production plant in the town.

GE Pharmaceuticals operates a drugs factory and in 2006 Siemens opened a plant for the production of high voltage transformers.

Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc., also known as IMI, is a provider of electronics manufacturing services (EMS) and power semiconductor assembly and test services (SATS).

APS Advanced Printing Systems is a company involved in production of thermal printer mechanisms, controller boards and thermal printers.

Mikroak Ltd, Chavdar many other companies in and around the area of Botevgrad.

Sport
Botevgrad has one of the leading basketball teams in the country, BC Balkan Botevgrad, who play at the Arena Botevgrad and have won 6 national championships and 4 national cups. The local football club is called PFC Balkan Botevgrad and plays at the Hristo Botev Stadium. The city has many sports fields - both for football and basketball. Other sports are also very popular - volleyball, swimming, chess, acrobatics and tennis.

Religion
The religious buildings in Botevgrad are:
 * Church of the Ascension of Christ
 * Dormition of the Mother of God Church
 * Monastery "Nativity of the Mother of God" in the Zelin village zone
 * United Methodist Church

Twin towns
Botevgrad is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇺 Saransk, Russia
 * 🇩🇰 Holbæk, Denmark

title: Botevgrad


text:
Talk:Sakuma, Shizuoka

Text on frequency conversion plant moved from article Sakuma (now a redirect)

A Google search for 佐久間周波数変換所 (Sakuma Frequency Conversion Plant) yielded 65 hits.

title: Talk:Sakuma, Shizuoka


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Michael Wearing

Michael Wearing (12 March 1939 – 5 May 2017 ) was a British television producer, who spent much of his career working on drama productions for the BBC. He is best known as the producer of the well received serials Boys from the Blackstuff (1982) and Edge of Darkness (1985), which created for him a reputation as one of British television's foremost drama producers.

His initial career was in the theatre, where he worked as a director, before in 1976 he joined the BBC's English Regions Drama Department as a Script Editor under producer David Rose. The department, based at the Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham, had been set up as an attempt to counter the BBC's tradition of producing dramas that were almost exclusively made and set in London and the home counties, and was charged with making regional drama based in all areas of the country.

Over the following five years, Wearing worked as both a script editor and producer on various series and plays for the department, with his most successful production there being the Play for Today entry The Black Stuff. Written by Alan Bleasdale, despite languishing on the shelf for two years waiting for a broadcast slot before being shown in 1980, the play was a great success and led to Bleasdale writing and Wearing producing Boys from the Blackstuff (1982), a sequel series showing what happened to the characters involved after the events of the play. This was highly acclaimed and award-winning, and led to Wearing being called down to work at the central BBC drama department in London.

The first project he was given there by Head of Series & Serials Jonathan Powell was a Troy Kennedy Martin project entitled Edge of Darkness. Eventually screened in 1985, Edge of Darkness was another award-winner, and cemented Wearing's reputation.

In 1989, he was made Head of Serials at the BBC, the Series and Serials departments now having been separated as they had originally been. In 1993, after Head of Series Peter Cregeen's departure from the Corporation, Wearing was briefly Head of Series & Serials, before his role was reduced to simply overseeing Serials again the following year.

In his time as Head of Serials he oversaw the production of a great number of productions, among the most famous being the new era of costume drama literary adaptations such as Middlemarch (1993) and Pride and Prejudice (1995). However, perhaps his most lasting legacy was the BBC Two serial Our Friends in the North (1996). Written by playwright Peter Flannery, Our Friends in the North was a production Wearing had wanted to bring to the screens since the early 1980s, but due to various difficulties with budgets, potential libel and BBC executives, he had never been able to. Now, with a bulletproof reputation and as Head of Serials the ability to commission the production himself, he was finally able to persuade channel controller Michael Jackson to accept the serial, which was a resounding hit.

In 1997, Wearing was given the honorary Alan Clarke Award for outstanding creative achievement in television at the British Academy Television Awards. In 1998 he left the staff of the BBC, although he worked for them subsequently as a freelance producer.

title: Michael Wearing


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Kujūkuri

Kujūkuri (九十九里町) is a town located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 15,343 in 7,092 households and a population density of 650 persons per km². The total area of the city is 23.72 sqkm. Kujūkuri owes its name to its beach, Kujūkuri Beach, which is Japan's second longest. The word "Kujūkuri" roughly translates to mean "ninety-nine ri", with "kujūku" meaning "ninety-nine" and "ri" being an old unit of measurement equating to approximately 600 meters.

Geography
Kujūkuri is located on the east-central Bōsō Peninsula, on the shore of the Pacific Ocean. It is about 30 kilometers from the prefectural capital at Chiba and 60 to 70 kilometers from central Tokyo.

Surrounding Municipalities
Chiba Prefecture
 * Tōgane
 * Sanmu
 * Ōamishirasato

Climate
Kujūkuri has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kujūkuri is 15.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1609 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.4 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kujūkuri has declined in recent decades.

History
During the Edo period, the area was noted for its product of sweet potatoes. In the Meiji period, the villages of Katakai and Toyoumi were established within Sanbu District, Chiba with the creation of the modern municipalities system. on April 1, 1889. Katakai was raised to town status on April 10, 1926 and Toyoumi on February 11, 1940. The two towns merged with a portion of the village of Naruhama on March 31, 1955 to form the town of Kujūkuri.

Government
Kujūkuri has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Kujūkuri, collectively with the city of Sanmu and the other municipalities of Sanmu District, contributes two members to the Chiba Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Chiba 11th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Commercial fishing and food processing (particularly sardine processing) remain the primary industries of Kujūkuri, although the town is primarily known as a beach resort, from its seaside location and mild climate, and attracts more than million tourists each year. Kujūkuri and surrounding towns are also popular surfing destinations. Efforts are underway to raise its profile including the establishment of the Tōgane Kujūkuri Toll Road to improve the town's accessibility and the opening of the Kujūkuri Sardine Museum as a point of cultural interest.

Education
Kujūkuri has three public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education.

Transportation
Despite its popularity as a beach resort, Kujūkuri is not served by either railway or highway connections.

Local attractions

 * Kujūkuri Beach
 * Kujūkuri Sardine Museum

Sister city relations

 * 🇯🇵 Kamiichi, Toyama since July 1965

Noted people from Kujūkuri

 * Inō Tadataka, Edo period mapmaker

title: Kujūkuri


text:
User:Mehrenberg

I am writing this template here so I can copy it into new articles as I write them.

==Introduction== ==Epidemiology== ==Pathophysiology== ==Features== ==Diagnosis== ==Treatment== ==Prognosis== ==Prevention== ==History== ==Categories== Mehrenberg 23:02, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC) Updated Mehrenberg 14:48, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

Today, July 28, 2004, I will make a list of all the medical topics that come up in conversation with my patients and collegues and review the relevant wikipedia articles, if I have time to do it all. I see about 25 patients a day.

 * Hodgkin's Disease
 * Alcohol withdrawal
 * Pneumonia
 * Atrial fibrillation
 * Perirectal abscess
 * Ulcerative colitis
 * Azathioprine
 * Addison's disease
 * Conjunctivitis
 * Coronary artery disease
 * Diabetes
 * Baker's cyst
 * Paronychia
 * Hypertension

I worked on the treatment section of atrial fibrillation. The pneumonia page sucks. I may work on it later.

Pneumonia page looks a lot better, thanks to jdwolff. I an going to work down the list i created on 7-28, rather than start a new one, unless something piques my interest.Mehrenberg 18:59, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Alcohol withdrawal is a subheading under alcoholism. I have started working on this section. Mehrenberg 21:20, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Updated Addison's Disease, but still needs more work. Mehrenberg 02:27, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

I may make another topic list tomorrow. Need some new topics. Ulcerative colitis article is very cursory. Mehrenberg 21:20, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Mehrenberg


text:
Talk:Scaled Composites Tier One

technical info
I came across a newsgroup post to sci.space.tech which contains a great amount of technical info, gleaned from a recent presentation Rutan did. I'm not sure how reliable the information is, though, or if the info is considered public (though I guess it's out of the bag now, since it's been posted to usenet). Particularly noteworthy are details regarding the ISP and total impulse of the engine. --NeuronExMachina 22:03, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Now incorporated some of that into the article. 81.168.80.170 20:04, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Merge??
Why isn't this page merged into the Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.160.56.223 (talk) 04:26, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

The article currently states that the dry mass is 2.0 Mg (if it's given with 2 digits accuracy it should be 1.9 Mg if you calculate it from gross mass and fuel). If you google for it you'll find more sites stating that the dry mass is only 1.2 Mg. Indeed, after a quick search I can't find any other site which would confirm the 1.9 or 2.0 Mg dry mass. 193.171.121.30 06:51, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The mass figures are from the newsgroup article noted above. They may well be inaccurate; please post links to more reliable sources of information.  The 1.9 Mg vs 2.0 Mg thing comes from the source document having specified masses in pounds: each figure given is a correctly rounded conversion from pounds, and the result is that the sum that worked in pounds doesn't come out right in converted form.  81.168.80.170 20:21, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Afterthought: I've now tagged the mass data as .  81.168.80.170 21:56, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know how reliable this source is, but they're talking about a dry weight of 1200 kg e.g. in Encyclopedia Astronautica. It may well be that the total mass of 3600 kg is wrong because the total oxidizer+propellant is 3600 pounds and someone may have confused the numbers. 193.171.121.30 15:03, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * That site's pretty reliable, I'd say. -Joseph (Talk) 16:23, 2004 Oct 2 (UTC)

The article states that the engine was updated between the flights 15 and 16, but I seem to recall that Burt Rutan stated that this is not the case and they just planned a longer burn. Maybe they took delivery of the upgraded engine but didn't use it ? --195.137.80.174 10:31, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

comparison with Shuttle reentry

 * I'd like to respond to what User:81.168.80.170 wrote about my recent edits to Tier One:

I ended up reversing all three of your substantive edits to Tier One: 195.167.169.36 15:30, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * You changed a link from pilot (spaceflight) to pilot. The original was correct, despite the linked article not existing yet; pilot is a disambiguation page, and pilot (spaceflight) is one of the articles it points at.  I've created a substub there to avoid future confusion, but this kind of thing is common.  You should avoid making links more ambiguous than they were to start with, and remember that a link to a non-existent article is not broken per se.
 * You changed "Mg" to "tonne". The article consistently uses SI units, so "Mg" is appropriate.
 * Without mention in the edit summary, you added some HTML comments that appear to cast doubt on the NPOVness of the comparison between the reentry modes of SpaceShipOne and the Space Shuttle. If you have such doubts, please raise them on Talk:Tier One, or improve the text yourself.

All fair comments, and first I must say I found the whole article fascinating and very informative.
 * Now I changed pilot (spaceflight) because it linked nowhere and I thought a link to the disambig would be better as it gives the user something rather than nothing, but it's good that "pilot (spaceflight)" now exists.
 * I changed Mg because it looks really strange! SI it may be but other rocketry sites and technical documents I've seen use the SI unit kg, so 2,000 kg for example would be better than tonne, which despite being a non-SI unit is accepted by SI as a 'SI-compatible' special name for megagram and still useful. ESA and Nasa both appear to use kg. Until this article I'd never seen Mg in documents. I now think 2000 kg would be better though.
 * My NPOV concerns were too mild to make much of a fuss over, but it struck me that the far safer claim (which I agree with within the velocity range considered, 3-4 Mach I think) needs two changes: which reports show that it is safer and limitation of the comparison should be up front.

How about: ''(Aerodynamic studies show that) This is a safer attitude in which to glide at the 3-4 Mach entry velocity than the comparable attitude taken by the Space Shuttle at that same velocity. The Shuttle must be actively steered to maintain a stable glide attitude, however the Shuttle starts reentry at much higher speed than SpaceShipOne.''

Not the best prose, maybe the last sentence could be:

The Shuttle must be actively steered to maintain a stable glide attitude, however the Shuttle's design was constrained by the far higher energies that it contends with at its higher reentry velocity.

Now that reads too defensive, but my (admittedly weak) point is that it's an unfair comparison as the conditions each craft contends with are very different. -Wikibob | Talk 19:48, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)

You're definitely onto something here, and thanks for working on this. I recall being slightly dubious about how to word this comparison when I wrote it, because it's neither precisely a fair comparison nor precisely unfair. Issues to consider on fairness (shamelessly repeating those already stated): Rather than attempt to explain all of that in the article, I've changed it to just note that there is the unfairness that you point out. Here's the new text I've put in place:
 * the Shuttle reenters at far higher speed than SpaceShipOne (hence unfair comparison)
 * the comparison holds when restricted only to similar speeds (hence fair comparison)
 * even when considering similar speeds, the Shuttle design is intended for much higher speeds (hence unfair comparison)
 * the Shuttle didn't have to be designed for hypersonic gliding in the first place; it could have done a belly-first ballistic entry if the Air Force hadn't demanded cross-track capacity for a polar mission (hence fair comparison?)
 * even if it hadn't been designed for hypersonic gliding, the Shuttle still wouldn't have been as stable a glider as SpaceShipOne (hence a fair but rather hypothetical comparison)
 * This feathered reentry mode is inherently far safer than the behaviour at similar speeds of the only comparable craft previously built, the Space Shuttle. The Shuttle undergoes enormous aerodynamic stresses and must be precisely steered in order to remain in a stable glide.  (Although this is an interesting comparison of behaviour, it is not an entirely fair comparison of design concepts: the Shuttle starts reentry at much higher speed than SpaceShipOne, and so has some very different requirements.)

Any advance on this? 81.168.80.170 22:18, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It's better as the comparison is now at similar speeds. Meanwhile, while looking for better mass figures I found this database but it doesn't (yet) include SpaceshipOne. -Wikibob | Talk 23:51, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)

Belly-Flop reentry
the Shuttle didn't have to be designed for hypersonic gliding in the first place; it could have done a belly-first ballistic entry if the Air Force hadn't demanded cross-track capacity for a polar mission (hence fair comparison?)

Actually, that's not quite true. The belly-first reentry was a feature of the SSTO designs. By the time NASA redesigned the Shuttle in an attempt to bring the USAF onboard, the design has already shifted to TAS. (Thrust Augmented Shuttle - essentially the design that was built.) The development costs of the SSTO versions were believed to be very high (with good reason - it would have been larger than a C-5A!), and thus the shift to the (seemingly) simpler and cheaper TAS design.

Even so, the belly-first position had some significant problems with heat flow around the wing roots and the horizontal stabilizer. It also faced the non-trival aerodynamic problem of shifting from belly-first airflow to conventional (nose-first) airflow. Additionally the SSTO versions would have required an untried method of building "hot-structure" skin in order to survive re-entry at all. Lastly, the SSTO designs still would have faced high-sonic conditions during both launch and reentry.

Despite the mythology that has arisen around them, the SSTO versions were nothing more than paper - they never were mature designs. There is no evidence to believe that solving their problems would have resulted in a vehicle significantly cheaper that the Shuttle we have now. Elde 08:19, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

names
Do the names "SpaceShipOne" and "White Knight" refer to the aircraft designs or to the aircraft themselves? In each case we have so far a single instance of the design, and in popular usage we speak of "SpaceShipOne rolling to the left" and so on. If a second instance of Scaled model 316 were built, would we now have two SpaceShipOnes, or would we have SpaceShipOne and an identical spacecraft with a different name? 195.167.169.36 10:09, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I dunno, in this case, probably both. It seems that at least SS1/Model 316 is probably a one-off, as they have elected for a larger model for future production for Virgin. As for White Knight, that's tougher to guess, since they're going to use it for other projects (X-37), it seems. But I doubt it has the oomph to loft the Virgin craft. -Joseph (Talk) 10:52, 2004 Sep 28 (UTC)

SI units
Not sure where this Mg stuff is from. See the SI page here for more info, but the correct SI units for mass are Kg. Mg is just not used, please see the SI page. I will avoid "tonne" and go for Kg in keeping with the rest of the article.

If you don't agree with this, please take a vote here before reverting my changes. Mat-C 23:29, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * You appear to misunderstand SI. SI provides not only a base unit for each quantity (metre for length, kilogram for mass, and so on) but also a set of related units for the same quantities at different orders of magnitude.  When discussing lengths above 1,000 metres, it is convenient to speak in kilometres: 1 kilometre = 1,000 metres (1 km = 1000 m).  Both the metre and the kilometre are SI units, though the metre has the distinction of being the SI base unit.  Similarly, when discussing masses above 1,000 kilograms it is convenient to speak in megagrams: 1 megagram = 1,000 kilograms (1 Mg = 1000 kg).  Both the kilogram and the megagram are SI units.  "Kg" doesn't mean anything, except possibly "kelvin gram": "K" is the SI symbol for kelvin, a unit of temperature, whereas what you're looking for there is the symbol prefix "k", referring to the SI prefix "kilo-", a multiplier of 1000.

 * I think you are missing an important point here. The SI system was developed as an extension of the MKS system, which superseded the earlier CGS system, whose centimetre and gram base units of were optimised for laboratory work an were too small for most commercial/engineering/industrial use. The MKS and later SI base unit of mass is the international prototype kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, near Paris.
 * Confusingly, the SI base unit for mass was not given a new base unit name, but instead was named the kilogram, suggesting that it was the same mass as 1000 grams in CGS, which is untrue, because the gram in the CGS system was defined as the mass of pure water at maximum density that would fill a cube whose edges are each 1 cm. In the SI system the gram is defined simply as 0.001 kg; therefore, although it is the "linguistic" base unit of the naming scheme for units of mass, it is not the base unit of mass itself.
 * In countries where the SI system is in everyday use, the use of Mg to refer to a mass in the range of thousands of kg appears contorted and archaic, as it (a) suggests that the base unit is being pointlessly divided by one thousand to be then multiplied by one million, and (b) suggests that the author may be thinking/measuring/writing in the now obsolescent CGS system, with its (once slightly) different base unit definitions.
 * In engineering usage, when scientific notation is not being used, masses in this range are almost always specified either as kg figures in the thousands range, or as (metric) tonnes. In practice, the more the mass exceeds 1,000 kg, the higher the probability that it will be expressed as tonnes. Also, there is an (illogical) bias towards using kg when it is desired to de-emphasise the mass/weight, and a tendency to use "tonnes" to emphasise mass/weight. iolar 00:44, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The rest of the article is consistent with the engineering style of SI usage: all the quantities are stated with appropriate SI units such that the numbers are greater than or equal to 1 and less than 1000 and the SI prefixes are all powers of 1000. This is what the SI prefixes, at intervals of multiples of 1000, are designed for.  If you wish to deviate from that scheme then you had better provide a good reason for it.  There are potentially good reasons to do this, which I'll happily debate if someone proposes them.  Being unfamiliar with the SI unit of the megagram, particularly when an article on it is linked from the unit symbol, does not qualify in a technical article.
 * Please supply revised opinions when you understand SI. This is not an attempt to be dismissive, by the way: SI is not difficult to understand, and Wikipedia itself provides sufficient material for you to learn the mechanics (though not every nuance) of what's going on.  I really do intend for you to learn SI and think meaningfully about this article in the light of the knowledge you acquire.  As for a vote, that does not appear to be the Wikipedia way.  I'll look for a consensus on this talk page.  81.168.80.170 00:59, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I think using Mg is just irritating, not to mention pretentious. Stick to kg×103. And don't be so preachy. -Joseph (Talk) 01:04, 2004 Sep 30 (UTC)
 * In places that use SI, 1000kg is usually called a tonne, or if you really like to mispell things, a metric ton. There are common names for units in the metric system that aren't based on the base units. Even kilogram, though a base unit in SI is not the base of the mass scale, which is infact, the gram. (hence the kilo- prefix). Common names widely used are tonne, hectare, etc... ; instead of calling it a Mg, which looks too much like an element, try using 1000kg or 1 tonne. Try to find a place in the world that actually would use Mg commonly. 132.205.64.11 16:34, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't like to gang up against Mg, but as far as I've seen in technical documents (ESA, Arianespace, Eurocontrol) kg are used for masses, even those over 1000. Tonnes are used in public and customer-related documents (ESA publicity). Excluding myself, I asked a Belgian engineer who uses SI units and hhe told me they use kg in technical documents. He knew what Mg was but was adamant it would never be used. However I have corrected the spelling of Kg to kg. -Wikibob | Talk 13:14, 2004 Sep 30 (UTC)

 * I am new to editing in Wikipedia so forgive me if I am not following protocol. Speaking of SI units, there is a pretty blatant error in the article regarding the physical dimensions of SpaceShipOne. I don't think the physical dimensions of the craft and the oxidizer tank and so-forth are in kilometers. I would change it myself but don't want to mess up the article further so hopefully the person who edited these dimensions will see this or somebody else competent in editing this article and correct the error. Fkarayan (talk) 15:26, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Ingredients

 * The parts of the craft that experience the greatest heating, such as the leading edges of the wings, have about 6.5 kg of ablative thermal protection material applied. The main ingredient of this material was accidentally leaked to Air and Space.

What is the main ingredient? -- 01:22, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Passengers on SpaceShipOne
There has been some to-ing and fro-ing in this article about a) whether or not SS1 will carry paying passengers, and b) the fee for that.

I would humbly suggest that this is all speculation. There are no published plans to take paying passengers on SS1. There are plans to fly the craft regularly to test it further, and i think it would be safe to speculate that there will be some passengers - however none of us know who these will be and whether or not they will pay for it. My own personal feeling is that the most likely passengers would be Burt and other Scaled personnel. Paul Allen said recently that he would like a seat on the first Virgin flight... no mention of going up in SS1.

The X-Prize foundation (Anousheh Ansari, etc.) have, as part of their deal with the teams, a number of allocated seats on 'early commercial flights'. In the case of SS1, the first commercial use of its technology will be Virgin Galactic.

On the fee; any adjective applied to a fee e.g. 'exorbitant' is simply a point of view, and should be marked as such. Tito didn't think that $20m was exoribitant, although I do... so its exorbitancy is simply my POV... I think a similar POV statement should apply to the use of the term in this article.

I'd like to replace the aspects of the article to be more reflective of the fact that there is much speculation about flights on SS1, but that the first commercial flights will be on Virgin Galactic, if anyone doesn't object too strongly?

Cheers, PoleyDee

 * If I understand correctly, under current US laws, SpaceShipOne can't legally carry paying passengers. --NeuronExMachina 02:20, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point. When Virgin Galactic launched, they did talk a lot about 'subject to appropriate government permits'. I guess that answers that one then! PoleyDee 16 Oct 2004

Virgin Galactic
I think it is important that, as this page is off the beaten track, any info/news on Virgin Galactic should be kept out, as the company will be changing quickly with the climate, and there is a dedicated page for information on VG. The whole export restriction thing is just a ploy to keep high tech buisness withing the US (and it works; the Virgin space fleet will now be built in america, whatever Branson's original plan might have been)
 * Whatever. The export restrictions issue was nullified two days ago. Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 16:19:21, 2005-08-17 (UTC)

More details on flight controls
FYI, this newsgroup posting has many more details about the flight controls, from a talk which Mike Melville gave.

--NeuronExMachina 01:50, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

VPROTECT
This page is VPROTECTed. Why is that? I don't see anything in the history, so I guess an admin suppressed it. 132.205.15.43 04:09, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * On what grounds was it protected? There was no vandalism problem here. -Joseph (Talk) 04:39, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)
 * Two glyphs for ya: /. -Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 04:26, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tier Two
t/Space is working with Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites for cheap flight into Orbit http://www.transformspace.com/ http://www.astronautix.com/craft/cxv.htm 81.244.170.155 13:43, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Rate of Climb
The article currently states the ROC to be 25 km/min, or 416 m/s, which contradicts the ≈1 km/s peak vertical speed in the flight profile section. Eridane (talk) 14:04, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Merge with Space Ship One
"Scaled Composites Tier One" is just a less commonly-used name for the SpaceShipOne project; is there any reason at all that these two articles shouldn't be merged? Geoffrey.landis (talk) 16:34, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Moved material to SpaceShipOne
As has been noted by several others, this article is very redundant with the SpaceShipOne article, and most likely people looking for information would go to that article, not this one.

I moved all of the material that was specifically about the SpaceShipOne vehicle itself to that article, leaving this one primarily about the program and the support equipment. It still might be valuable to merge the articles: if we do, this is a start, and if we don't, the two articles are at least somewhat more cleanly divided between the vehicle and the program. Skepticalgiraffe (talk) 21:30, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scaled Composites Tier One


text:
Narutō, Chiba

Narutō (成東町) was a town located in Sanbu District, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

Narutō Town was established on April 1, 1889 within Musha District. Musha District became part of Sanbu District from April 1, 1897. On October 1, 1954 Narutō expanded through the annexation of the neighboring villages of Ōtomi and Nangō, and the village of Midorimi on July 1, 1955.

On March 27, 2006, Narutō, along with the towns of Matsuo and Sanbu, and the village of Hasunuma (all from Sanbu District), was merged to create the city of Sanmu, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

As of November 1, 2005, (the last census data prior to the merger) the town had an estimated population of 24,677 and a population density of 525 PD/km2. The total area was 47.02 km2.

title: Narutō, Chiba


text:
Sanbu, Chiba

Sambu (山武町) was a town located in Sanbu District, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

Sanbu Town was formed on March 1, 1955 through the merger of the villages of Mutsuoka and Hyūga.

On March 27, 2006, Sanbu, along with the towns of Matsuo and Narutō, and the village of Hasunuma (all from Sanbu District), was merged to create the city of Sanmu, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

The city name of Sanmu is written with the same kanji as Sambu, but is pronounced differently.

As of February 1, 2006, (the last census data prior to the merger) the town had an estimated population of 19,779 and a population density of 380 persons per km2. The total area was 52.05 km2.

title: Sanbu, Chiba


text:
User talk:Sperling/References

It would be convenient to have the reference text also in the hover box. The link can then be the external one; or put two links.--Patrick 12:21, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Nothing is said about how this might interact with an existing ==External links== section. --Phil | Talk 15:45, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * It doesn't. Obviously one could manually put more list items into the list created by References, but there is no automatic interaction. --K. Sperling 11:21, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)

What is wrong with using the MLA method as strongly recommended at Cite sources? That's what I've used for particular citations. It's far better than meaningless numbers which require one to scroll up and down between the main article and references at the bottom, a most timewasting and cumbersome method which is why the MLA standard is now so widely used. Put the reference in the text with full details only in the bibliography.

A template would be useful, but it should be one which allows normal MLA information giving author's last name and year rather than just a number. A reference like "There was a great amount of opposition to the proposal (Cooper, 1957, p. 205)" is far better than "There was a great amount of opposition to the proposal [5, p205]." I would never use something as ugly and hostile to readers as [5, p205] when there is a clearer and more readible method. MLA references forms and similar reference forms also allow easy reference to another Wikipedia article when the work in question has its own article, for example: "Ovid in his Metamorphoses (5.331) relates that Venus took the form of a fish to hide from Typhon." What purpose do clumsy endnote references serve? Jallan 18:27, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, admittedly the MLA notation looks nicer. It could easily be used instead of the [x] notation, which I used mainly because that's the way unlabeled links render. However, your objection about having to scroll down to the references section does not apply, as the generated reference text would be an intra-document link to that position. On the contrary, it only applies for the manually created references you seem to favor. --K. Sperling 11:21, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)

Yes. I wanted to be sure that any template would allow easy use of MLA notation or something very similar. The numeric default in external references is nice to have for quick references on talk pages and such, but I don't think it is ever the best format to use within an article. Even on talk pages I seldom use it. I think it more courteous to provide the user with at least some hint about what the reference points to.

Let us imagine an in-text reference link that points to a no-link reference, say something like: "* Smith, John (2003). My newest rant book. Coventry: Vanity Press." Would the text in the window scroll to this, or would a new active window open pointing to the same article but with that reference as near the top or near the bottom of the window as possible (and preferrably highlighted). The second is probably better, as backscrolling won't work, especially if there is more than one reference to the same work. If I return to the main window and click on another in-text reference pointing to another line of no-link data in that reference section. Does yet another window open, or does the already open window update to indicate another line? I can see benefits either way. Jallan 18:03, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I would probably go with jumping to the references section in the same window (by way of an HTML link to #ref- ). Even though it will look like the browser just scrolled down to the References section, it will in fact create a separate entry in the browser's history, so the back button can be used to jump back to the previous position. I don't really like websites opening new windows without being asked to do so. It's very easy for the user to open a same-window link in a new window (or a new tab, which many users of browsers that support the feature prefer), but its usually not possible to open a new-window link in the same window. If some people really really prefer to have links open in a new window by default, that could be made a per-user setting.
 * Highlighting can be done using JavaScript, and does not require that a new window is used. Additionally, modern browsers allow you to specify the text of the tooltip that pops up when the mouse hovers over a link. Most information about the reference could probably be put into the tooltip, so that jumping to the References section would often not be necessary at all. K. Sperling 17:13, 2004 Aug 2 (UTC)

My feeling is that the real answer should not only include a template such as you are suggesting, but also a separate Reference namespace, allowing references to be entered once only within Wikipedia with an arbitrary match-code as part of the reference. Syntax could then be created to use that code both to INCLUDE the reference in a reference section in a document and to INCLUDE it in an in-text link. One global occurrence for each reference means that correction of spelling errors or other updating could be done universally. For example, if a technical article from a journal is reprinted in an anthology, then updating the reference once to also mention the anthology reprint would automatically update every article. If the URL for a particular web document changes, one change in the master entry would update every entry referencing that web document. One could easily update for mirroring of the same document on various websites. Jallan 18:03, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * That is a very good idea, especially for references to non-web documents. We'd have to come up with a good naming convention to avoid people creating multiple Reference:* entries for a single real-world document, and have some simple way to find out if a Reference:* entry for a document already exists, even where the naming convention is ambiguous.
 * I'm not convinced its worth the extra trouble for referring to web documents like news paper articles, as those will probably be linked to from only a few articles. However, the template could be designed in such a way to allow referencing via Reference:* entries, as well as by directly including the reference information in the appropriate template invocation in the References section (as in my original proposal). That way, its easy to start out with ad-hoc references, which can then be consolidated into Reference:* entries when required.
 * On the technical side, one problem is that (right now), wikipedia documents are inherently unstructured. For including information from a Reference:* entry into a document, there would have to be a way to extract that piece of information from the body of the Reference:* entry. One way would be to say that, by convention, the first paragraph of the Reference:* page is what gets included in the References section of a page using the reference. That still doesn't help with getting the short reference information for the in-text link, though. I think a more general solution would be appropriate there. Also, it mustn't be too difficult for editors to create these Reference:* entries, otherwise they won't be used.
 * A generalization of the method used for redirects (body starting with #REDIRECT) could be employed, by defining that all lines at the beginning of a document that start with #SOMETHING (where SOMETHING is any word in capital letters) are taken to be meta-information that is not displayed by default. For the Reference:* items one could then define keywords like #SHORTNAME and #SUMMARY that would contain the relevant reference information. At a later stage, this could be augmented by providing a more editor-friendly way of editing the meta-information, e.g. by having each meta-data item appear as a separate edit box on the Edit page. However, all this is slightly beyond the scope of a simple template to ease reference creation, and will need lots more thought. K. Sperling 17:13, 2004 Aug 2 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sperling/References


text:
Hasunuma, Chiba

Hasunuma (蓮沼村) was a village located in Sanbu District, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

Hasunuma Village was formed on April 1, 1889, within Musha District. Musha District became part of Sanbu District from April 1, 1897.

On March 27, 2006, Hasunuma, along with the towns of Matsuo, Narutō and Sanbu (all from Sanbu District), was merged to create the city of Sanmu, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

As of April 1, 2004, (the last census data prior to the merger) the village had an estimated population of 4,846 and a population density of 499 persons per km2. The total area was 9.72 km2.

Notable people
Takamasa Suzuki, former professional baseball player

title: Hasunuma, Chiba


text:
SS Torrey Canyon

SS Torrey Canyon was an LR2 Suezmax class oil tanker with a cargo capacity of 118285 LT of crude oil. She ran aground off the western coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom, on 18 March 1967, causing an environmental disaster. At that time she was the largest vessel ever to be wrecked.

Design and history
When built by the Newport News Shipbuilding in the United States in 1959, she had a deadweight tonnage capacity of 65920 LT. However, the ship was later enlarged by Sasebo Heavy Industries in Japan to 118285 LT capacity.

At the time of the shipwreck she was owned by Barracuda Tanker Corporation, a subsidiary of the Union Oil Company of California, and registered in Liberia but chartered to BP. She was 974.4 ft long, 125.4 ft beam and had 68.7 ft of draught..

Accident and oil spill
On 19 February 1967, Torrey Canyon left the Kuwait National Petroleum Company refinery, at Mina, Kuwait (later Al Ahmadi) on her final voyage with a full cargo of crude oil. The ship reached the Canary Islands on 14 March. From there the planned route was to Milford Haven in Wales.

Torrey Canyon struck Pollard's Rock on Seven Stones reef, between the Cornish mainland and the Isles of Scilly, on 18 March. It became grounded and, several days later, began to break up.

In an effort to reduce the size of the oil spill, the British government decided to set the wreck on fire, by means of air strikes from the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) and Royal Air Force (RAF). On 28 March 1967, FAA Blackburn Buccaneers from RNAS Lossiemouth dropped 1,000-pound bombs on the ship. Afterwards RAF Hawker Hunter from RAF Chivenor dropped cans of jet fuel (kerosene), to fuel the blaze. However, the fire was put out by high tides, and further strikes were needed to re-ignite the oil, by FAA de Havilland Sea Vixens from RNAS Yeovilton and Buccaneers from the RNAS Brawdy, as well as Hunters of No 1(F) Squadron RAF from RAF West Raynham with napalm. Bombing continued into the next day, until Torrey Canyon finally sank. A total of 161 bombs, 16 rockets, 1500 LT of napalm and 44500 L of kerosene were used.

Attempts to contain the oil using foam-filled containment booms were largely unsuccessful, due to the booms' fragility in high seas. Soldiers from 9 Independent Parachute Squadron RE were tasked to clear several Cornish beaches affected by the spill.

Guernsey
When the oil reached Guernsey seven days after the grounding, authorities scooped up the oil into sewage tankers and siphoned it off into a disused quarry in the northeast of the island. Some time later, micro-organisms were introduced to see if they could break the oil down into carbon dioxide and water. This was a limited success, so in 2010, a bio-remediation process was initiated to speed up the process.

Aftermath
An inquiry in Liberia, where the ship was registered, found Shipmaster Pastrengo Rugiati was to blame, because he took a shortcut to save time to get to Milford Haven. Additionally a design fault meant that the helmsman was unaware that the steering selector switch had been accidentally left on autopilot and hence was unable to carry out a timely turn to go through the shipping channel.

The wreck lies at a depth of 30 m.

In popular culture

 * Serge Gainsbourg composed and recorded the song "Torrey Canyon" about the incident.
 * The UK series Heartbeat ran an episode entitled "The Holiday's Over" in which one of the characters, Vernon Scripps, lost his fortune by becoming a "name" (underwriter) for the Torrey Canyon.

title: SS Torrey Canyon


text:
Matsuo, Chiba

Matsuo (松尾町) was a town located in Sanbu District, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

Matsuo Village was formed on April 1, 1889 within Musha District. Musha District became part of Sanbu District from April 1, 1897. On August 31, 1898, Matsuo was raised to town status. It expanded through the annexation of the neighboring villages of Ohira and Toyooka on February 1, 1955.

On March 27, 2006, Matsuo, along with the towns of Narutō and Sanbu, and the village of Hasunuma (all from Sanbu District), was merged to create the city of Sanmu, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

As of November 1, 2005, (the last census data prior to the merger) the town had an estimated population of 11,121 and a population density of 296 persons per km2. The total area was 37.59 km2.

title: Matsuo, Chiba


text:
Crumb (film)

Crumb is a 1994 American documentary film about the noted underground cartoonist R. Crumb and his family (including his two brothers) and his outlook on life. Directed by Terry Zwigoff and produced by Lynn O'Donnell, it won widespread acclaim. It was released on the film festival circuit in September 1994 before being released theatrically in the United States on April 28, 1995, having been screened at film festivals (and winning the Documentary Prize at Sundance) that year. Jeffery M. Anderson (later critic for the San Francisco Examiner) placed the film on his list of the ten greatest films of all time, labeling it "the greatest documentary ever made." The Criterion Collection released the film on DVD and Blu-ray on August 10, 2010.

Synopsis
Robert Crumb, a pioneer in the underground comix movement of the 1960s, collects 78-rpm blues records from the 1920s and '30s and is moving soon with his wife (fellow comics artist Aline Kominsky-Crumb) and daughter (Sophie) to a house in southern France that he is trading for some of his sketchbooks. He begins a speech at an art school by mentioning the three things he is probably best known for (those being the "Keep on Truckin'" strip from 1968, the Cheap Thrills (1968) album cover, and Fritz the Cat), before spending much of the rest of the film detailing his distaste for modern American consumerist culture and his darkly cynical perspective on life. He is seen sketching his surroundings at cafés and on sidewalks, attending an exhibition of his work, and interacting with friends and family.

Viewers learn about Robert's career through interviews with his contemporaries Don Donahue, Spain Rodriguez, Bill Griffith, and Trina Robbins, as well as critics Robert Hughes and Deirdre English, who also discuss the controversy surrounding many of Robert's depictions of women and African-Americans. Robert's ex-wife Dana and ex-girlfriends Kathy Goodell and Dian Hanson provide additional insights into his personality. Much information about Robert's childhood is derived from scenes of him in conversation with his mother Beatrice, older brother Charles, and younger brother Maxon. Robert's two sisters declined to be interviewed for the film, and one of them reportedly responded on both sisters' behalf to Crumb and Zwigoff's offer to appear by demanding Robert pay her thousands of dollars of "reparations" for his "crimes against women", which Crumb bluntly refused to consider and led to him withdrawing the offer to appear in the film at all. Charles, whom Robert acknowledges as his main artistic influence, no longer draws, has never lived on his own, and takes prescription psychiatric medications to help stabilize his mental state (he committed suicide before the film was released ). Maxon, who has a seizure disorder he says is triggered by feelings of sexual arousal, lives an ascetic life in a dilapidated hotel, meditating, begging on the street, and occasionally drawing or painting. All three brothers mention the authoritarian behavior of their father and talk about the comic books Charles made them make when they were children.

Robert is shown drawing with Sophie and Jesse, his son with Dana, with whom Robert has become reacquainted after abandoning his family to move to San Francisco when the boy was young. He invites Jesse to visit him in France, but his main concern regarding the move is about how his records will fare. After the moving men cart off his collection, Robert is distracted from his worries just long enough to take a phone call and reject an offer to make an animated film based on his character Mr. Natural.

Production
Robert Crumb initially did not want to make the film, but eventually agreed. There was a rumor, accidentally created by Roger Ebert, that Terry Zwigoff, who was friends with Crumb, made Crumb cooperate by threatening to shoot himself. Ebert later clarified this in an audio commentary he did with Zwigoff in 2006 and a review he wrote in 2005, where he said: "That never happened, but it may be true that Zwigoff’s life was saved because he did make the film."

During the nine years it took to make the documentary, Zwigoff said he was “averaging an income of about $200 a month and living with back pain so intense that I spent three years with a loaded gun on the pillow next to my bed, trying to get up the nerve to kill myself.” He felt the involvement of Maxon and, particularly, Charles was central to the film, which led him to choose "Crumb" as the title.

The film is "presented" by David Lynch, though he had no actual involvement in its making. In the commentary Zwigoff did with Ebert, he says that Lynch did not respond to a request for funds until after the film was already finished, but they agreed to include Lynch's name in the advertising and credits to attract more viewers.

Reception
Crumb was met with wide acclaim from critics, earning a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 43 reviews, with an average score of 8.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Crumb is a frank and surreal chronicle of artistic expression and family trauma, offering an unblinking gaze into the mind and work of cartoonist Robert Crumb that will endear as much as it unsettles." Gene Siskel rated it as the best film of the year. Roger Ebert gave it four stars (out of four), writing: "Crumb is a film that gives new meaning to the notion of art as therapy." Critic Jeffrey M. Anderson gave it four stars (out of four), calling it "one of the bravest and most honest films I've ever seen", and listing its characteristics as those of "a great documentary". In The Washington Post, Desson Howe's review was similarly positive. The San Francisco Chronicle rated the film as "wild applause", with critic Edward Guthmann calling it "one of the most provocative, haunting documentaries of the last decade." He also noted that Robert Crumb and wife Aline had drawn a "scornful" cartoon about the film in The New Yorker.

Despite such strong reviews, Crumb was not nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature (the nominating committee reportedly stopped watching the film after only twenty minutes). The Oscar snub of Crumb, following the snubbing of the equally acclaimed Hoop Dreams the previous year, caused a media furor that caused the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to revamp its documentary nomination process. Zwigoff stated in an interview that "the Academy Awards thing had much more to do with the fact that at the time, a lot of the documentary membership was made up of distributors of documentary films. The rules have changed since then. But they would just vote for the films they distributed because it was in their financial interest to do so. I came to learn that later. At the time, I just assumed they were disgusted with the film."

In 2008, Entertainment Weekly named Crumb the 14th best film of the last 25 years. In 2012, Slant Magazine ranked the film #74 on its list of the 100 Best Films of the 1990s, calling it "Arguably the greatest of all nonfiction films."

Although Zwigoff only filmed Robert Crumb's brothers with their consent, some have questioned whether they were able to provide that consent in a meaningful way.

Awards
The film won several major critical accolades awarded for films released in 1995, including:
 * Sundance Film Festival – Grand Jury Prize Documentary
 * National Board of Review – Best Documentary
 * National Society of Film Critics – Best Non-Fiction Film
 * New York Film Critics – Best Documentary
 * Los Angeles Film Critics – Best Non-Fiction Film
 * Boston Film Critics – Best Documentary
 * International Documentary Association – Best Feature

title: Crumb (film)


text:
Yokoshiba, Chiba

Yokoshiba (横芝町) was a town located in Sanbu District, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

Asahi Village was established on April 1, 1889, within Musha District. It changed its name to Yokoshiba on December 28, 1892. Musha District became part of Sanbu District from April 1, 1897. On May 10, 1897, Yokoshiba was elevated to town status. It expanded through the annexation of the neighboring villages of Ōfusa and Kamisakae on July 1, 1955.

On March 27, 2006, Yokoshiba, along with the town of Hikari (from Sōsa District), was merged to create the town of Yokoshibahikari, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality. Sōsa District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

As of November 1, 2005, (the last census data prior to the merger) the town had an estimated population of 14,589 and a population density of 434 persons per km2. The total area was 33.60 km2.

title: Yokoshiba, Chiba


text:
Gabrovo

Gabrovo (Габрово ) is a city in central northern Bulgaria, the administrative centre of Gabrovo Province.It is situated at the foot of the central Balkan Mountains, in the valley of the Yantra River, and is known as an international capital of humour and satire (see Gabrovo humour), as well as noted for its Bulgarian National Revival architecture. Gabrovo is also known as the longest town in Bulgaria, stretching over 25 km along the Yantra, yet reaching only 1 km in width at places. The geographic center of Bulgaria - Uzana - is located near the town.

Name
According to the most widespread legend, Gabrovo was founded by a blacksmith named Racho, close to whose fireplace a hornbeam rose, so the settlement acquired its name, from the Slavic word gabar ("hornbeam") + the Slavic suffix -ovo.

History
The area around Gabrovo, inhabited since the Neolithic, gained economic importance after Veliko Tarnovo became capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 12th century. Craftsmanship and trade prospered due to the proximity to both the capital and the Balkan passes. Medieval Gabrovo was a small pass village of about 100 houses.

After the Ottoman invasion of the Balkans in the 14th century, the demographic position of Gabrovo changed significantly, as it was the only settlement in a considerably large geographic area and an attractive place for Bulgarians fleeing from the conquered capital and neighbouring fortresses. It turned from a village into a small town (palanka) and began to develop as an economic, cultural and spiritual centre.

During Ottoman rule, the rich tradesmen spent plenty of resources for the small town's public planning. The first Bulgarian secular school, the Aprilov National High School, was founded in Gabrovo in 1835 with the aid of Vasil Aprilov and Nikolay Palauzov. Gabrovo was officially proclaimed a town by the Ottoman authority in May 1860. In the 1870s Felix Kanitz said that Gabrovo is "a big workshop" and that it is a "city that lives from the water," referring to widely used water power. The glory of the goods of Gabrovo became known throughout the Ottoman Empire, and beyond that, in Bucharest even nowadays there is a street named "Gabroveni".

Shortly before and after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, Gabrovo developed as a centre of industry on the basis of its economic traditions. Joint-stock companies emerged, factories were constructed and connections to the large stock exchanges were created, prompting some to label the town "The Bulgarian Manchester".

Population
Gabrovo saw its most rapid growth in the post-World War II years, when its population was doubled. Following general population trends in Bulgaria, the number of citizens started declining after the fall of Communism in the country. People started emigrating abroad or to the capital of Sofia. Currently, Gabrovo is more than 30,000 people short of its peak, achieved in the period 1985-1991 when the number of the residents exceeded 80,000. According to Census 2011,, the population of the town was 58,950 inhabitants.

Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: Total: 58,950
 * Bulgarians: 54,227 (97.9%)
 * Turks: 473 (0.9%)
 * Roma: 343 (0.6%)
 * Others: 193 (0.3%)
 * Indefinable: 151 (0.3%)
 * Undeclared: 3,563 (6.0%)

The ethnic composition of Gabrovo Municipality is 60,207 Bulgarians, 504 Turks and 367 Roma among others.

Culture
Internationally known as a centre of humour and satire, Gabrovo has two theatres, the Racho Stoyanov Drama Theatre and the puppet theatre, a House of Humour and Satire that serves as a cultural institute, a centre, museum and gallery to popularise comic art. There is a cinema, Aleko Cinema, and museums and memorial houses in the town and around it, most notably the Etar Architectural-Ethnographic Complex and the National Museum of Education at the Aprilov National High School.

On a Saturday around the week of May 21, Gabrovo hosts an annual Carnival of Humor and Satire with the slogan in Bulgarian “Da izkukurigame ot smyah” (translating to "Let`s go nuts from laughter"). On the day of the carnival, the streets of Gabrovo town are overflowing with fun characters like masked musketeers, bullfighters, shamans, gypsies, and much more. The carnival is also popular for its use of traditional Balkan songs, folklore choreography, and a rich display of Gabrovo humour and culture.

A planetarium is in operation.

Tourism
Places of interest in Gabrovo include the House of Humour and Satire and Aprilov National High School. In Gabrovo Province sites include architectural reserve Bozhentsi. Hiking is widely available in the Central Balkan National Park and in the Bulgarka Nature Park, itself home to Ethnographic Complex Etara, Dryanovo Monastery, Sokolski Monastery, Shipka Pass, and the Uzana area. For admirers of historical tourism Shipka Memorial is a must-see. Gabrovo is member of the Creative Tourism Network ®.

Sports

 * Town's most successfully sports club is FC Yantra Gabrovo, which was founded in 1919.
 * The town also has long handball traditions.
 * About 25 km from the town in Central Balkan Mountains is located the renowned winter resort Uzana.

Honors
A minor planet 2206 Gabrova discovered on April 1, 1976 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh is named in honor of the town.

Gabrovo Knoll on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Gabrovo.

Notable people

 * Vasil Aprilov (1789–1847) - revivalist and educator; founder of the first secular school in Bulgaria
 * Ivan Hadji Berov (1858–1934) - industrialist- lit the first light bulb in Bulgaria - erected the first hydro electric power plant in Gabrovo
 * Tsanko Dyustabanov (1844–1876) - revolutionary
 * Ivan Kolchev Kalpazanov (1835–1889) - industrialist, ancestor of the modern industry in Gabrovo and Kingdom of Bulgaria (1882)
 * Vasil Nikolov Karagiosov (1856–1938) - teacher, industrialist, politician, German vicecouncul, monk in the Zograf monastery, Mount Athos, Greece
 * Nikolay Palauzov (1821–1899) - merchant, donated money for the Gabrovian school
 * Petar Rúsеv - father of former Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff
 * Tota Venkova (1855 – 1921), first native-born Bulgarian woman physician. The regional hospital in Gabrovo is named after her.
 * Christo Yavashev (1935–2020) - installation artist

University
Gabrovo has one of the biggest technical universities in Bulgaria, the Technical University of Gabrovo. The technical university in Gabrovo opened in 1964. The idea for the university came from the 1840s. Today the university has about 5400 students; around 60 of them are from other countries.

Twin towns – sister cities
Gabrovo is twinned with:

 * 🇧🇪 Aalst, Belgium
 * 🇺🇦 Chernihiv, Ukraine
 * 🇲🇰 Kumanovo, North Macedonia
 * 🇩🇪 Mittweida, Germany
 * 🇧🇾 Mogilev, Belarus
 * 🇷🇺 Mytischi, Russia
 * 🇵🇱 Nowy Sącz, Poland
 * 🇱🇹 Panevėžys, Lithuania
 * 🇮🇱 Petah Tikva, Israel
 * 🇸🇰 Prešov, Slovakia
 * 🇦🇿 Shaki, Azerbaijan
 * Sisak, Croatia
 * Thun, Switzerland

title: Gabrovo


text:
Shibayama, Chiba

Shibayama (芝山町) is a town located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 7,122 in 3030 households and a population density of 160 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 43.47 km2.

Geography
Shibayama is located in northeastern Chiba Prefecture, about 30 kilometers from the prefectural capital at Chiba and 50 to 60 kilometers from the center of Tokyo. The town is a hilly area, located almost in the center of the Shimōsa Plateau. Narita International Airport is located to the north of the town on the border between Shibayama and Narita. Most airport service facilities are located on the Narita side: however, Shibayama has developed a local industrial base due to the airport's presence, and hosts three major industrial areas. The remainder of the town is agricultural, and much of it is covered with rice paddies and areas of vegetable production. As it lies directly beneath one of the main approach paths to the airport, noise pollution and eminent domain issues have caused it to be a center of anti-airport activism.

Surrounding Municipalities
Chiba Prefecture
 * Narita
 * Tomisato
 * Sanmu
 * Yokoshibahikari
 * Tako

Climate
Shibayama has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Shibayama is 14.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1517 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.7 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shibayama peaked around the 1950 and has declined by roughly one-third in the decades since.

History
Shibayama Town was established on July 1, 1955 by the merger of the villages of Chiyoda and Nikawa.

Government
Shibayama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Shibayama, together with neighboring Sanmu and the other municipalities of Sanmu District collectively contributes two members to the Chiba Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Chiba 11th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
In 2007 Nippon Cargo Airlines signed an order with Taisei Corporation for the construction of a crew training center. Construction on the crew center, located in Shibayama, was to begin in September 2007. The company scheduled for the facility to become operational in September 2008.

Education
Shibayama has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway

 * Shibayama Railway Company – Shibayama Railway
 * Shibayama-Chiyoda

Highway

 * , which connects Sōsa, Chiba and Funabashi, Chiba

Haniwa of Shibayama
Haniwa, terracotta funerary objects of the Kofun period (250 – 538 AD) are designated a cultural symbol for Shibayama. The main north-south road in Shibayama, Prefectural Route 62, is designated "Haniwa Avenue" in the town, and is lined with large-scale reproductions of haniwa statues. The Haniwa come from the many burial mounds located in Shibayama, primarily from the Shibayama Kofungun. Shibayama is home to the Shibayama Kofun Haniwa Museum, located in close proximity to the Shibayama Kofungun.

The Shibayama Haniwa Festival is held annually on the second Sunday of November. Created in 1982, the festival is a day-long which centers on a procession of adults dressed as local Kofun-period rulers, and elementary and middle school children dressed as kodaijin (古代人), a term that means "ancient people". The festival ends after dark with a bonfire at the Shibayama Kumano Shrine that symbolizes the funeral service of a local Kofun-period ruler.

Shibayama Niōson Temple
Kannonkyō-ji, a Buddhist temple of the Tendai sect, is popularly known in the town as the Shibayama Niōson Temple. It dates, by tradition, to 781 and contains a 3-tiered pagoda. The pagoda is designated a Chiba Prefectural Important Cultural Property. The temple also features a museum with displays of haniwa as well as Buddhist art and artifacts.

Notable people

 * Shirō Ishii, Imperial Japanese Army biological warfare specialist and war criminal
 * Teiichi Suzuki, Imperial Japanese Army general and politician

title: Shibayama, Chiba