text:
U.S. Route 341

U.S. Route 341 (US 341) is a 224 mi U.S. highway entirely in the U.S. state of Georgia. It travels diagonally across southern Georgia (but is signed as north–south) from Brunswick at US 17/SR 25 to Barnesville at US 41/SR 7/SR 18. It is a spur route of US 41 and has two intersections with it: in Perry and at its northern terminus in Barnesville.

Route description
The following portions of US 341 are part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense:
 * From its southern terminus in Brunswick to the US 41 intersection in Perry
 * From just south-southeast of Fort Valley to just north-northwest of Fort Valley.

Brunswick to Jesup
US 341 begins at an intersection with US 17 and SR 25 (Glynn Avenue) in the southeast corner of the city of Brunswick, a short distance north of the Sidney Lanier Bridge. US 341 and its state route companion, SR 27, head west along 4th Street, a four-lane undivided street. The highway turns north onto Newcastle Street and passes along the edge of the Port of Brunswick. Newcastle Street becomes two lanes at 1st Avenue; US 341/SR 27 turns west onto Prince Street then north onto Bay Street, which becomes a four-lane divided highway immediately to the south of the intersection. The highway parallels Norfolk Southern Railway's Brunswick District north between downtown Brunswick to the east and an industrial area along the East River. At the north end of downtown, US 341 has an oblique intersection with US 25 (Newcastle Street), whose companion route is SR 25 Connector (SR 25 Conn.) and which serves as the main street of downtown Brunswick.

US 25/US 341/SR 27 continues north along Newcastle Street as a four-lane highway with center turn lane out of the city of Brunswick. The highway has a partial interchange with Norwich Street and its name changes to Norwich Street Extended. The highways cross over the paralleling rail line and have a partial interchange with Ross Road and another road that parallels the railroad. In the unincorporated community of Dock Junction, the highways intersect SR 303, which heads east as Community Road and west as Blythe Island Highway. Immediately to the south of the intersection is an acute intersection with SR 303 Conn., which serves as a cutoff between US 25/US 341/SR 27 and SR 303. The highways continue as New Jesup Highway across Yellow Bluff Creek and expand to a six-lane divided highway ahead of their partial cloverleaf interchange with I-95. US 25/US 341/SR 27 become a four-lane highway with center turn lane again, intersect CSX's Brunswick Subdivision at grade, and intersect SR 32 and SR 99 in the hamlet of Sterling. SR 99 heads east as Grants Ferry Road; SR 32 and SR 99 head west as Harrell Highway.

US 25/US 341/SR 27 closely parallels the Norfolk Southern rail line northwest from Glynn County into Wayne County and to the city of Jesup. The three highways enter the city as Cherry Street between their crossing of Penholoway Creek and their intersection with US 301/SR 23; US 25 splits north to join US 301/SR 23 toward Ludowici. Just north of the US 301/SR 23 intersection, US 341/SR 27 turns north onto Pine Street, a four-lane street with center turn lane that curves northwest and parallels Cherry Street through the city. The highways cross over CSX's Nahunta Subdivision between the Jesup Amtrak station and the orthogonal intersection of the CSX and Norfolk Southern lines. North of the CSX line, US 341/SR 27 intersects US 84/SR 38 (1st Street). The highways have an oblique intersection with SR 169 (Lanes Bridge Road) and collects the western end of Cherry Street as it leaves Jesup as Odum Highway. US 341/SR 27 travels through the town of Odum as its Main Street and crosses to the north side of the Norfolk Southern rail line in an S curve at the Wayne–Appling county line.

Jesup to Hawkinsville
US 341/SR 27 continues west as Golden Isles Parkway. The highway intersects SR 121 (Still Street) in the town of Surrency and crosses Satilla Creek. US 341/SR 27 meets US 1/SR 4/SR 15 (Main Street) in the city of Baxley, through which US 341/SR 27 follows Parker Street. US 341/SR 27 continues northwest into Jeff Davis County and the city of Hazlehurst. The two highways enter along Jarman Street and intersects and travels concurrently with US 23/US 221 Truck/SR 19/SR 135 Truck. Near the center of town, the six highways meet the northbound lanes of US 221/SR 135 (Cromartie Street). Northbound US 221/SR 135 travels concurrently with US 23/US 341/SR 19/SR 27 as they curve onto Coffee Street and have an oblique intersection with Tallahassee Street, which heads south as the southbound lanes of US 221/SR 135 and north with both directions of those highways. US 23/US 341/SR 19/SR 27 leaves town as Lumber City Highway.

The four highways cross the Ocmulgee River just west of its confluence with the Little Ocmulgee River and enter Telfair County and Lumber City as Golden Isles Highway. Within the city, SR 19 splits northeast toward Glenwood and the other three highways meet the eastern terminus of SR 117 (Main Street), then intersect at grade the Norfolk Southern rail line. US 23/US 341/SR 27 enters the city of McRae as Oak Street; east of downtown, the highways split into a one-way pair, Railroad Street northbound and Oak Street southbound. The streets intersect 3rd Avenue, which carries US 280/US 441/SR 30/SR 31, before rejoining and entering the neighboring city of Helena, where US 23/US 341/SR 27 intersects a CSX rail line.

The three highways follow McRae Highway when they enter Dodge County. The highway has a pair of intersections with SR 165, Chauncey–Dublin Highway and Chauncey–Rhine Highway, as it travels through the town of Chauncey. On the southern edge of Eastman, US 23/US 341 Bus./SR 27 Bus. (College Street) continue straight parallel to the Norfolk Southern rail line toward the center of town while US 341/SR 27 splits west to bypass the town. US 341/SR 27 intersects SR 87 and SR 117 (Rhine Highway) south of town and meets the northern terminus of US 341 Bus./SR 27 Bus. (Hawkinsville Highway) on the west side of town. US 341/SR 27 becomes Eastman Highway and crosses Mosquito Creek as it enters Pulaski County and approaches the city of Hawkinsville.

Hawkinsville to Barnesville
Just east of Hawkinsville, in Hartford, US 341 and SR 27 have a four-legged intersection with several highways. The south leg of the intersection is Lower River Road, which carries SR 230. The north leg of the intersection is Cochran Highway, which carries US 129 Alt./SR 26/SR 112/SR 257. The seven highways head west along Eastman Highway, whose carriageways split as they approach the Ocmulgee River. The westbound and eastbound roadways enter the city of Hawkinsville along Commerce Street and Broad Street, respectively. Immediately to the west of the river, all of the routes except SR 27 turn south from the westbound roadway onto a one-way street, which joins Broad Street as its westbound lanes. US 341 Bus. and SR 27 continue west from the turn along Commerce Street. The six-route concurrency continues to Jackson Street, where US 129 Alt. reaches its southern terminus. Jackson Street carries US 129/SR 11/SR 112 to the south and US 129 Bus./SR 11 Bus. to the north. US 129/US 341/SR 11/SR 27/SR 230/SR 257 continues west along Broad Street; SR 27 and SR 257 split southwest onto McCormick Avenue at the west end of downtown.

SR 230 continues west along Broad Street while US 129/US 341/SR 11 turns north onto an unnamed street. The three highways intersect SR 26 (Commerce Street) and intersect the northern terminus of US 129 Bus./US 341 Bus./SR 11 Bus. on the northwestern edge of the city. As the highways leave the Hawkinsville area, US 129 and its companion SR 247 split northwest onto Warner Robins Highway; US 341 and SR 11 follow Perry Highway toward Houston County. At Hayneville, the highway meets the eastern terminus of SR 224 (Larry Walker Parkway), a four-lane divided highway which leads directly to I-75, while US 341/SR 11 continues northwest toward Perry as a two-lane road. The highway crosses over a Norfolk Southern rail line at Clinchfield, then crosses Big Indian Creek and meets the southern terminus of SR 247 Spur. The two highways enter the city of Perry as Main Street. US 341/SR 11 has an acute intersection with SR 127 (Houston Lake Road), with which the highways travel concurrently for five blocks. SR 11 diverges from US 341 onto Meeting Street to join US 41 to the north; two blocks to the west, US 341/SR 127 turns north onto Ball Street and intersects US 41/SR 7 (Commerce Street); the latter route becomes US 341's companion state highway. US 341/SR 7 becomes a four-lane divided highway, Sam Nunn Boulevard, at the convergence of Ball Street and Washington Street and meets I-75 at a diamond interchange.

Northwest of Perry, US 341/SR 7 reduces to two lanes and closely parallels a Norfolk Southern rail line into Peach County. The highways enter the city of Fort Valley as Martin Luther King Jr. Drive. Just east of downtown, US 341/SR 7 turns onto Oakland Heights Parkway, which crosses over a second Norfolk Southern rail line before meeting and becoming concurrent with SR 96 at an acute intersection. The two highways diverge from SR 96 (Vineville Street) at its intersection with SR 49 (Camellia Boulevard), then intersects a third Norfolk Southern rail line. US 341/SR 7 intersects SR 49 Conn./SR 540 (Fall Line Freeway) as it leaves Fort Valley shortly before entering Crawford County. The highways enter the town of Roberta along Dugger Avenue, which meets the eastern terminus of SR 128 (Agency Street). US 341 also intersects US 80/SR 22 (Crusselle Street). At the same intersection, US 341/SR 7 becomes concurrent with SR 42, which follows US 80/SR 22 east to the adjacent community of Knoxville. US 341/SR 7 and SR 42 diverge at the hamlet of Musella. The two highways travel through the southwestern corner of Monroe County, where they meet SR 74 at a roundabout just north of the town of Culloden and SR 83 near the hamlet of Strouds. US 341/SR 7 continues northwest into Lamar County and reaches its northern terminus at a three-legged intersection with US 41 and SR 18 on the southeastern edge of Barnesville. SR 7 continues north from the intersection with US 41 and SR 18 toward the center of the city.

Eastman business loop
U.S. Route 341 Business (US 341 Bus.) in Eastman, Georgia travels concurrently with SR 27 Bus. as well as part of US 23 and part of SR 46.

Hawkinsville business loop
U.S. Route 341 Business (US 341 Bus.) in Hawkinsville, Georgia begins on SR 26 (Commerce Street) and travels west until it branches off to the northwest across from Warren Street. It also travels concurrently with US 129 Bus. and SR 11 Bus.

Perry bypass route
U.S. Route 341 Bypass (US 341 Byp.) around Perry, Georgia is the northern half of an unfinished loop around the city. It also travels concurrently with SR 11 from US 341 to US 41 and SR 11 Conn. west of US 41.

In March 2018, the Georgia Department of Transportation petitioned AASHTO to eliminate US 341 Byp. in favor of re-routing mainline US 341 onto the bypass route.

The entire length of US 341 Byp. is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.

title: U.S. Route 341


text:
Matthew Walker knot

A Matthew Walker knot is a decorative knot that is used to keep the end of a rope from fraying. It is tied by unraveling the strands of a twisted rope, knotting the strands together, then laying up the strands together again. It may also be tied using several separate cords, in which case it keeps the cords together in a bundle. The traditional use of the knot is to form a knob or "stopper" to prevent the end of the rope from passing through a hole, for instance in rigging the lanyards which tension the shrouds on older sailing ships with standing rigging of fibre cordage.

It is not specifically known who Matthew Walker was, nor why this knot was named after him. However, early references from the 19th century suggest he may have been a ship's rigger in the Royal Navy.

The following quote from The Ashley Book of Knots gives possible origins of the knot:

The FULL or DOUBLE MATTHEW WALKER KNOT.

Lever in 1808 speaks of "MATTHEW WALKER'S KNOT" and describes the knot which Alston in 1860 calls the "DOUBLE MATTHEW WALKER KNOT." A refinement of the original knot had in the meantime taken over the original name, which is now generally modified to "a MATTHEW WALKER..

Lever's familiar expression, "MATTHEW WALKER'S KNOT," suggests that he may have known the inventor, who was possibly a master rigger in one of the British naval dockyards. Many myths have grown up around Matthew Walker, "the only man ever to have a knot named for him." Dr. Frederic Lucas, of the American Museum of Natural History, once told me the following story of the Origin of the knot, which he had heard off the Chincha Islands while loading guano in 1869.

A sailor, having been sentenced to death by a judge who in earlier life had been a sailor himself, was reprieved by the judge because of their common fellowship of the sea. The judge offered the sailor a full pardon if he could show him a knot that he, the judge, could neither tie nor untie.

The sailor called for ten fathoms of rope and, having retired to the privacy of his cell, unlaid the rope halfway, put in a MATTHEW WALKER KNOT, and then laid up the rope again to the end.

So Matthew Walker secured his pardon, and the world gained an excellent knot.

This knot is highly decorative, and was historically one of the most common and important knots. On a modern yacht, it is almost unused and unknown.

It has been used in making stopper knots where lariats are used.

How to tie
A Matthew Walker knot is tied in a circular bundle of any number of strands. To tie the knot, the tier takes each strand and forms a loop around the rest of the bundle, then passes the end through the newly formed loop to form an overhand knot. They then move to the next strand over, moving around the bundle in the direction they pass the loops. Tying the first strand around the bundle is straightforward, but each subsequent end must be passed through the previously-formed loops in order to contain all of the other strands in its loop. When tightening, it may help to roll the knot along the bundle, especially when using only two strands. The final effect is a spiral knot vaguely resembling a section of a barber's pole.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matthew Walker knot


text:
Bosko, the Talk-Ink Kid

Bosko, the Talk-Ink Kid is a 1929 live-action/animated short film produced to sell a series of Bosko cartoons. The film was never released to theaters, and therefore not seen by a wide audience until 2000 (71 years later) on Cartoon Network's television special Toonheads: The Lost Cartoons. The film was produced on May 29, 1929 and directed by Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising.

Plot
Rudolf Ising is thinking of ideas for a new character, until he draws a blackfaced person with a fountain pen, who comes to life. Ising then talks to the character, and then asks his name. The new character introduces himself as Bosko. Ising tells Bosko to show what he can do. Bosko starts to tap dance, whistle, and sing. After dancing, Bosko looks directly to the screen. Bosko asks, "Who's all them folks out there in the dark?" Ising tells Bosko that they are the audience, and asks him if he can make them laugh; Bosko agrees to try. Bosko asks Ising if he can draw a piano; Ising does so. Bosko starts to press some piano keys. When one of the keys near the upper end of the keyboard produces a low note, Bosko removes the key and puts it in its proper place near the left end of the keyboard. Bosko hits more random notes, then plays a glissando. Bosko laughs, and then sings "Sonny Boy", accidentally sliding his tongue out. Bosko opens his hat and pulls his hair, letting his tongue out of his mouth again. He plays another song, singing, which causes his head to pop out like a slinky. After that, Bosko sings again. Ising says this is enough. He sucks Bosko, who also pulls the piano, back into his fountain pen, and then him back into the ink bottle. Bosko then pops out of the ink bottle and promises to return, finally blowing a raspberry at Ising for good measure.

Production
In 1928, when Walt Disney lost control of his Oswald The Lucky Rabbit cartoon series, producer Charles Mintz hired away several of Disney's animators to continue producing the Oswald cartoons for Universal Studios. These animators included Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, Isadore "Friz" Freleng, Carman "Max" Maxwell, Norm Blackburn, Paul Smith, and Rollin "Ham" Hamilton. The Mintz Oswald shorts were not as successful and in 1929, Universal chose to directly produce the series, establishing its own in-house cartoon studio headed by Walter Lantz, leaving Mintz's animators out of work.

The unemployed animators, led by Harman and Ising, decided to produce their own cartoons and made Bosko, The Talk-Ink Kid as a demonstration to show to distributors, using a character the two cartoonists had created and copyrighted in 1927–28, while still working with Disney.

Rudolf Ising appeared on-screen as himself in the short and Carman Maxwell performed the voice of Bosko. Harman and Ising shopped for a distributor, but were turned down by both Paramount Pictures and Universal. Leon Schlesinger, head of Pacific Title & Art Studio took an interest in Bosko and used his connections with Warner Bros. Pictures to get a distribution deal for a cartoon series that Harman and Ising later named Looney Tunes, a play on the name of Walt Disney's Silly Symphony series.

The cartoon pioneered the pre-synch technique, now standard in American animation, as Harman and Ising understood the shortcomings of recording the sound after the animation in relation to dialogue. Apparently, the entire soundtrack was filmed on the spot, with Maxwell being off-camera. According to cartoon historian Mark Kausler, a camera pointed at Maxwell's mouth to provide reference for the animation, but it was finally determined that it wasn't necessary and that it looked "too forced".

Availability
Bosko, the Talk-Ink Kid is available on disc 4 of the DVD set Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, Disc 3 of the Blu-ray set Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, and the Thunderbean Blu-Ray Technicolor Dreams and Black and White Nightmares.

Preservation
The short was considered lost for many decades, with only the film's Vitaphone soundtrack still in existence. Turner Entertainment Co. had a 35mm copy, but did not acknowledge its existence until 1999. The short was later released on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1 DVD.

title: Bosko, the Talk-Ink Kid


text:
Talk:Iridescence

Off-topic on structural coloration?
An uncited section has been added on the related but not identical topic of structural coloration. Structural colours are by no means always iridescent, so while the two topics are connected, iridescence is not the parent topic. Given this situation, and the fact that there is already a link to structural coloration in the preceding section, I suggest the new section should be removed, unless anyone knows of a good reason why not? Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:49, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * All iridescence is caused by structural colors. If structural colors exist that are not iridescent, I am not familiar with them, but that is beside the point. (All liquids are fluid but not all fluids are liquids. Does that mean the properties of a fluid should not be discussed on the liquid article?) This article should have brief summaries of the causes, with main article links to the more detailed article. Having mere link provides no information as to how it actually works, so is inadequate, and this article is very lacking in providing the reader with useful information, but so far is primarily just a photo gallery. I believe the article should be expanded to provide brief summaries of the different types of iridescence. Zaereth (talk) 17:06, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply. Several points to make, the first that it is generally not the best plan to add material and then return to add citations; usually, the best thing is to find sources, cite them and create short statements summarizing the key points. So I agree about the 'brief summaries of the causes' but not about the approach. Next, if all iridescence is structural then this article should be a child of structural coloration, not the reverse as it is currently written. But what do you mean that all i. is caused by structural colours? It seems quite a stretch to this non-physicist to describe an oil film as a structure: such a claim definitely needs citing, and probably needs a supporting quote. I understand s.c. as being created by solid structures, not necessarily biological, with repeating elements that may be crystalline, etc. You are obviously right about the old photo gallery style, but that is no justification for adding unsourced material, for inverting the article's structure, or for making unsupported claims. You will note that I have refrained from reverting your additions - I reserve the right - and agree there should be brief, cited summaries of the different types. Chiswick Chap (talk) 17:47, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * BTW the s.c. article gives explicit cited examples of structural colours that are not iridescent, which demonstrates that s.c. is not a subset (and should not be a sub-article) of this one, so it is not "beside the point" as you claim. If as you imply, this article is instead a sub-article of s.c., then it is normal to make a very brief mention of the parent topic, without attempting to redefine it (and indeed it would be wrong to do so). Further, the new section overlaps with the existing material. Chiswick Chap (talk) 17:51, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but something came up in real life and I had to cut my edits short. That happens a lot in my life, but I will make sure to add sources in the future before hitting the save button.

 * A structure is defined as: "the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something." An oil film certainly has a structure, which can be measured in terms of thickness, viscosity, weight, specific gravity, etc... In fact, anything with any physical substance has a structure, even a gas.

 * I was not really trying to make one article a parent article and the other one a subarticle. I was merely trying to add some useful information to this one, written at a very simple level, to help the reader's understanding. I am of the belief that an article should not rely on links as an explanation. Many people are not going to bother to follow the link, many others will want a brief summary before being thrown head-first into a more complicated article. Most importantly, the reader should be able to finish and understand the entire article before ever needing to click on a link, because it disrupts the flow of the text when you have to keep jumping between articles just to find out what this one is talking about. In other words, the article should be able to stand on its own.

 * I really don't care if you remove the section. I was simply trying to help the reader understand how it works, because the description section goes into no detail at all, and this entire article is very lacking in anything useful.Zaereth (talk) 18:20, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * That would be a last resort. Improving the article is clearly a useful goal. I do not believe that because oil has a structure, its colours are "structural coloration"; the term is apparently used only in a biological or perhaps biomimetic context. Adding facts is a help when it clarifies an article; repeating or overlapping with an earlier section may not achieve this. Chiswick Chap (talk) 18:36, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, you're pretty much right about usage of "structural coloration," but I would amend it to say that the term is primarily used when the main goal is to produce a color, which was likely why Lord Raleigh coined the term. However, the process of thin-film interference is no different for an oil film than it is for a dielectric mirror. (In fact, such mirrors consist of very intricately designed, multilayer coatings, varying in thickness and refractive index to produce very narrow bandwidth reflections, which is quite similar to many birds.) The term seems to have gone out of popular use for the field of optics. However, besides biology, the term is also used in geology, meteorology, physics, coating technology (anodizing, iridescent paints, etc...) where the primary goal is to produce or describe a colored item. It's a very interesting (to me) and complex subject.

 * Anyway, that's my $0.02. Thanks for taking the time to talk about it. If you or anyone else who comments here still thinks it should be removed, then by all means, you have my blessing. (I'm being sincere, not sarcastic.) Zaereth (talk) 19:16, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Image of La Silla Obs
I removed a picture of an "Iridescent nightscape" from the article, as it this photograph did not show any iridescence.M. Tewes (talk) 13:09, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Iridescence. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060527203958/http://astro.ensc-rennes.fr/funny_physics/morpho_anim_3.gif to http://astro.ensc-rennes.fr/funny_physics/morpho_anim_3.gif

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:29, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iridescence


text:
U.S. Route 441

U.S. Route 441 (US 441) is a 939 mi auxiliary route of U.S. Route 41. It extends from US 41 in Miami, Florida to US 25W in Rocky Top, Tennessee. Between its termini, US 441 travels through the states of Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The highway acts as a connector between several major urban areas, including Miami, Orlando, Ocala, Gainesville, Athens, and Knoxville. It also crosses the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where it meets the southwestern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway, and where no trucks or other commercial traffic are allowed.

Florida
US 441 begins northbound at Southwest 7th Street, which is westbound U.S. Route 41, and ends southbound on Southwest 8th Street, which is eastbound U.S. Route 41 in the eastern "Little Havana" neighborhood of downtown Miami (both are one-way streets). 441 runs along SW/NW 8th Ave until it crosses the Miami River; then it runs along NW 7th Ave. till the Golden Glades interchange; then it runs along NW 2nd Ave. till the Miami-Dade/Broward county line. The route parallels Interstate 95 north out of Miami to western Aventura, where I-95 heads northeast to access Fort Lauderdale and the remainder of the eastern Florida coast. However, the route soon approaches the tolled Florida's Turnpike, which parallels US 441 north to West Palm Beach. In between, the route interchanges with the Turnpike at exit 62 via State Road 870 (Commercial Boulevard) in Tamarac. Additionally, US 441 meets Interstate 595 (Exits 8 and 8B) west of Fort Lauderdale and the tolled State Road 869 (the Sawgrass Expressway) in Coconut Creek.

At West Palm Beach, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 98 and overlaps the highway to central Palm Beach County, where the two routes split. US 441 continues west to the eastern shore of Lake Okeechobee, where it turns north to follow the shoreline to Pahokee. Just north of Pahokee, US 98 rejoins US 441 and remains concurrent with US 441 along the eastern edge of the lake. North of Lake Okeechobee in Okeechobee, US 98 and US 441 split for the final time. US 441 continues north, meeting the Turnpike at Yeehaw Junction (via State Road 60) prior to intersecting U.S. Route 192 at Holopaw. US 441 turns west onto US 192, forming an overlap into Kissimmee. At the concurrent routes of U.S. Route 17/92, US 441 separates from US 192 and follows US 17 / US 92 north into downtown Orlando. In downtown, US 17 / US 92 turns east onto State Road 50 while US 441 continues north on the Orange Blossom Trail. North of downtown, US 441 crosses the tolled State Road 429 and western terminus of State Road 414 in Apopka before leaving the Orlando area.

In Leesburg, midway between Orlando and Ocala, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 27. Here, the routes come together, creating a concurrency north to the Ocala suburb of Belleview, where US 27 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 301. US 301 turns north onto US 27 / US 441, overlapping the routes into Ocala. Immediately north of downtown, US 27 separates from US 441; US 301 then departs the route north of the city. US 441 continues to the northwest, passing across Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park, through Gainesville and interchanging with Interstate 75 (Exit 399) ahead of an intersection with US 41 in High Springs. US 441 joins US 41 north to Lake City, where the routes split south of the city. The routes remain parallel, however, past U.S. Route 90 to the northern extents of Lake City.

Past Lake City, US 441 interchanges with Interstate 10 (Exit 303), then skirts the western edge of the Okefenokee Swamp as it enters Georgia.

The section from Miami to West Palm Beach is paired with mostly-unsigned State Road 7; many locals in this area generally call US 441 as "State Road 7" instead of US 441. The section from Holopaw to Ocala is paired with unsigned State Road 500. From SR 121 in Gainesville to US 90 in Lake City, it is part of the DeSoto Trail.

Georgia
In Georgia, US 441 continues to bypass the Okefenokee Swamp to Edith, where it turns to the northwest toward the interior of the state. In Homerville, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 84, then meets and merges with U.S. Route 221 south of Pearson. The routes remain concurrent to Douglas, where US 221 and US 441 split. Farther north, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 319 south of Jacksonville. US 319 turns north onto US 441, creating an overlap north to McRae. US 319 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 280, which joins the routes for a concurrent run through McRae. In the center of McRae, US 280, US 319 and US 441 meet the concurrent routes of U.S. Route 23 and U.S. Route 341. North of the city, US 280 splits off while US 319 and US 441 then pass Little Ocmulgee State Park before continuing concurrently to Dublin. Just south of Dublin, US 319 and US 441 interchange with Interstate 16. In Dublin, US 441 splits from US 319 onto a new bypass. On the bypass, US 441 intersects with U.S. Route 80.

North of Dublin, US 441 passes through Milledgeville prior to meeting U.S. Route 129 near Eatonton. US 129 and US 441 continue concurrently through Madison (where US 129 and US 441 interchange with Interstate 20) and U.S. Route 278 to Athens, where US 129 and US 441 turn eastward onto a limited-access beltway encircling the city. On the beltway, US 129 and US 441 run concurrent with U.S. Route 29 and, for a stretch, U.S. Route 78 to an interchange northeast of the city. Here, US 29 exits the highway while US 441 remains on the beltway for two more exits before departing.

The route proceeds north to Commerce, where it interchanges with Interstate 85 north of the city. Past Commerce, US 441 continues to Cornelia, where it intersects U.S. Route 23. US 441 merges with US 23, remaining concurrent with the route through Clayton (where US 23 and US 441 are concurrent with U.S. Route 76 for a short distance) into North Carolina. The portion of US 23 / US 441 from U.S. Route 123 west of Toccoa to the North Carolina state line is located within the Chattahoochee National Forest.

From the Florida state line to Pearson (in Echols, Clinch and Atkinson counties), Georgia State Route 89 is concurrent with US 441.

North Carolina
Upon crossing the state line, US 23 and US 441 enter the Nantahala National Forest. The concurrent routes head north through a pair of small communities before intersecting U.S. Route 64 in Franklin. US 23 and US 441 turn east, briefly overlapping US 64 around Franklin before separating from the route and continuing to the northeast through the forest. At Dillsboro, US 23 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 74, here a limited-access highway. US 23 and US 441 both merge onto the freeway, becoming concurrent with US 74; however, US 23 follows US 74 east toward Asheville while US 441 utilizes US 74 west. Near Qualla, the overlap with US 74 comes to an end as US 441 departs the freeway as well as the forest.

US 441 heads north to Cherokee, a town located within the Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation, where it briefly overlaps U.S. Route 19 through the town center. Past Cherokee, US 441 progresses north through the reservation to the southern extent of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a dual-state park situated on the North Carolina-Tennessee border. From the park entrance to the Tennessee state line, the route follows a northwesterly alignment as it traverses the Great Smoky Mountains.

Tennessee

US 441 enters Tennessee at Newfound Gap. The route heads north through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Gatlinburg, along the Great Smoky Mountains Parkway, where the route meets U.S. Route 321. US 321 joins US 441 northward through Pigeon Forge before separating north of the city. US 441 continues north to Sevierville, where it intersects with U.S. Route 411. US 441 turns west onto US 411, following the route west to Seymour. Here, US 411 heads to the southwest towards Georgia while US 441 continues northwest to Knoxville.

Immediately south of the city, US 441 junctions with State Route 33. SR 33 merges with US 441, following the U.S. route as it enters downtown Knoxville. Within downtown, US 441 interchanges with Interstate 40 and Interstate 640 before exiting the city limits. North of the city at Halls Crossroads, SR 33 breaks from US 441 and heads northeast toward New Tazewell. US 441, meanwhile, turns northwest, paralleling Interstate 75 for a distance before crossing the top of Norris Dam and finally interchanging with the freeway at exit 128 near Rocky Top. The route then terminates at an intersection with U.S. Route 25W just west of I-75 in Rocky Top.

The route is paired with unsigned State Route 71 for most of its length in Tennessee.

History
US 441 was one of the original 1926 US routes. Initially it ran between Orlando and Ocala, Florida. In 1935 it was extended north to High Springs, Florida, and in 1948 to Baldwin, Georgia. The following year the southern end was moved to downtown Miami. In 1952 US 441 reached its final configuration when it was extended north from Baldwin to Rocky Top, Tennessee (then known as Lake City).

In Florida, where signs for U.S. Highways formerly had different colors for each highway (until the state was forced by the federal government to conform to standards that required consistent black-and-white signs), the shield for US 441 was brown.

In 1970 signs denoting US 441 were removed from that portion of the route which runs through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, to discourage commercial vehicles (which are not allowed in the park).

Major intersections

 * Florida
 * in Miami
 * in Miami
 * in North Miami Beach
 * in Davie
 * in Royal Palm Beach. The highways travel concurrently to Okeechobee.
 * in Holopaw. The highways travel concurrently to Kissimmee.
 * in Kissimmee. US 17/US 92/US 441 travels concurrently to Orlando.
 * in Kissimmee
 * in Orlando
 * in Leesburg. The highways travel concurrently to Ocala.
 * in Belleview. The highways travel concurrently to east-northeast of Lowell.
 * in Alachua
 * in High Springs. The highways travel concurrently to south of Lake City.
 * in Ellisville
 * in Lake City
 * in Lake City

 * Georgia
 * in Homerville
 * south-southwest of Pearson. The highways travel concurrently to Douglas.
 * in Pearson
 * south-southeast of Jacksonville. The highways travel concurrently to.
 * in McRae. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of McRae.
 * in McRae
 * in Dublin
 * in Dublin
 * in Dublin

 * in Eatonton. The highways travel concurrently to Athens.
 * in Madison
 * in Madison. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Madison.
 * in Athens. The highways travel concurrently through Athens.
 * north of Commerce
 * northwest of Cornelia. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Dillsboro, North Carolina.
 * east-southeast of Clarkesville
 * in Clayton. The highways travel concurrently through Clayton.

 * North Carolina
 * in Franklin. The highways travel concurrently around the southeastern edge of Franklin.
 * north-northwest of Dillsboro. US 74/US 441 travels concurrently to southeast of Whittier.
 * west-southwest of Cherokee. The highways travel concurrently to Cherokee.

 * Tennessee
 * in Gatlinburg. The highways travel concurrently to Pigeon Forge.
 * in Sevierville. The highways travel concurrently to Seymour.
 * in Knoxville
 * in Knoxville
 * in Rocky Top
 * in Rocky Top

Popular culture references
US 441 is mentioned in the song "American Girl", by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. ("She could hear the cars roll by/Out on 441/Like waves crashin' on the beach") Petty is from Gainesville, Florida and US 441 travels through Gainesville and is the eastern bound of the University of Florida campus. This prompted an urban legend that stated that song was based on a suicide committed on the university campus.

US 441 is also mentioned in the song "Best of Me" by country singer Brantley Gilbert. He sings, "I remember it all too well/ Riding 441 down to Milledgeville".

US 441 is mentioned in the song titled "It's Over" by the country artist Corey Smith. He sings, "Its time to show myself the door/ There's no pretending anymore/ No, it's over/ Where I'm going I don't know/ Somewhere down this dusty road/ North on 441/ Pass the rolling cattle fields, the trailer parks, and rusted cotton mills/ Lord get me out of here." He also released a song in 2020 called "Old 441" about the highway.

title: U.S. Route 441


text:
Gerd Gigerenzer

Gerd Gigerenzer (born 3 September 1947) is a German psychologist who has studied the use of bounded rationality and heuristics in decision making. Gigerenzer is director emeritus of the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition (ABC) at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and director of the Harding Center for Risk Literacy, both in Berlin.

Gigerenzer investigates how humans make inferences about their world with limited time and knowledge. He proposes that, in an uncertain world, probability theory is not sufficient; people also use smart heuristics, that is, rules of thumb. He conceptualizes rational decisions in terms of the adaptive toolbox (the repertoire of heuristics an individual or institution has) and the ability to choose a good heuristics for the task at hand. A heuristic is called ecologically rational to the degree that it is adapted to the structure of an environment.

Gigerenzer argues that heuristics are not irrational or always second-best to optimization, as the accuracy-effort trade-off view assumes, in which heuristics are seen as short-cuts that trade less effort for less accuracy. In contrast, his and associated researchers' studies have identified situations in which "less is more", that is, where heuristics make more accurate decisions with less effort. This contradicts the traditional view that more information is always better or at least can never hurt if it is free. Less-is-more effects have been shown experimentally, analytically, and by computer simulations.

Education
Gigerenzer received a master of arts and a doctor of philosophy in psychology from the University of Munich in 1974 and 1977, respectively. He received the postdoctoral degree of habilitation (full professor qualification) at the university's department of psychology in 1982.

Academic career
Previously working at the University of Munich, Gigerenzer moved to the University of Konstanz in 1984 and to the University of Salzburg in 1990. From 1992 to 1995 he was Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago and has been the John M. Olin Distinguished Visiting Professor, School of Law at the University of Virginia. In 1995 he became director of the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research in Munich, and in 1997 director of the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. Since 2009 he has been director of the Harding Center for Risk Literacy in Berlin, which moved in 2020 to the University of Potsdam.

Heuristics
With Daniel Goldstein he first theorized the recognition heuristic and the take-the-best heuristic. They proved analytically conditions under which semi-ignorance (lack of recognition) can lead to better inferences than with more knowledge. These results were experimentally confirmed in many experiments, e.g., by showing that semi-ignorant people who rely on recognition are as good as or better than the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Rankings and experts at predicting the outcomes of the Wimbledon tennis tournaments. Similarly, decisions by experienced experts (e.g., police, professional burglars, airport security) were found to follow the take-the-best heuristic rather than weight and add all information, while inexperienced students tend to do the latter. A third class of heuristics, Fast-And-Frugal trees, are designed for categorization and are used for instance in emergency units to predict heart attacks, and model bail decisions made by magistrates in London courts. In such cases, the risks are not knowable and professionals hence face uncertainty. To better understand the logic of Fast-And-Frugal trees and other heuristics, Gigerenzer and his colleagues use the strategy of mapping its concepts onto those of well-understood optimization theories, such as signal-detection theory. The short book Classification in the Wild (2020, MIT Press), uses examples such as how American citizens decide to vote for their president or how paramedics prioritise treatment at a medical emergency, to show how to build heuristics such as Fast-And-Frugal trees and tallying models, as well as how to test and compare their accuracy and transparency with state-of-the art algorithms from other fields, including machine learning.

A critic of the work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Gigerenzer argues that heuristics should not lead us to conceive of human thinking as riddled with irrational cognitive biases, but rather to conceive rationality as an adaptive tool that is not identical to the rules of formal logic or the probability calculus. He and his collaborators have theoretically and experimentally shown that many cognitive fallacies are better understood as adaptive responses to a world of uncertainty—such as the conjunction fallacy, the base rate fallacy, and overconfidence.

The adaptive toolbox
The basic idea of the adaptive toolbox is that different domains of thought require different specialized cognitive mechanisms instead of one universal strategy. The analysis of the adaptive toolbox and its evolution is descriptive research with the goal of specifying the core cognitive capacities (such as recognition memory) and the heuristics that exploit these (such as the recognition heuristic).

Risk communication
Alongside his research on heuristics, Gigerenzer investigates risk communication in situations where risks can actually be calculated or precisely estimated. He has developed an ecological approach to risk communication where the key is the match between cognition and the presentation of the information in the environment. For instance, lay people as well as professionals often have problems making Bayesian inferences, typically committing what has been called the base-rate fallacy in the cognitive illusions literature. Gigerenzer and Ulrich Hoffrage were the first to develop and test a representation called natural frequencies, which helps people make Bayesian inferences correctly without any outside help. Later it was shown that with this method, even 4th graders were able to make correct inferences. Once again, the problem is not simply in the human mind, but in the representation of the information. Gigerenzer has taught risk literacy to some 1,000 doctors in their CMU and some 50 US federal judges, and natural frequencies has now entered the vocabulary of evidence-based medicine. In recent years, medical schools around the world have begun to teach tools such as natural frequencies to help young doctors understand test results.

Intellectual background
Intellectually, Gigerenzer's work is rooted in Herbert Simon's work on satisficing (as opposed to maximizing) and on ecological and evolutionary views of cognition, where adaptive function and success is central, as opposed to logical structure and consistency, although the latter can be means towards function.

Gigerenzer and colleagues write of the mid-17th century "probabilistic revolution", "the demise of the dream of certainty and the rise of a calculus of uncertainty – probability theory". Gigerenzer calls for a second revolution, "replacing the image of an omniscient mind computing intricate probabilities and utilities with that of a bounded mind reaching into an adaptive toolbox filled with fast and frugal heuristics". These heuristics would equip humans to deal more specifically with the many situations they face in which not all alternatives and probabilities are known, and surprises can happen.

Personal
Gigerenzer is a jazz and Dixieland musician. He was part of The Munich Beefeaters Dixieland Band which performed in a TV ad for the VW Golf around the time it came out in 1974. The ad can be viewed on YouTube, with Gigerenzer at the steering wheel and on the banjo.

He is married to Lorraine Daston, director at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and has one daughter, Thalia Gigerenzer.

Awards
Gigerenzer is recipient of the AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research for the best article in the behavioral sciences, the Association of American Publishers Prize for the best book in the social and behavioral sciences, the German Psychology Prize, and the Communicator Award of the German Research Association (DFG), among others. (See the German Wikipedia entry, Gerd Gigerenzer, for an extensive list of honors and awards.) He is a member of the Science Council of the ERC, the 22 scientists who oversee the European Research Council. The Swiss Duttweiler Institute has distinguished Gigerenzer as one of the top-100 Global Thought Leaders worldwide.

Gigerenzer was awarded honorary doctorates from the University of Basel and the Open University of the Netherlands. He is also Batten Fellow at the Darden Business School, University of Virginia, Fellow of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, and Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

Books

 * Mindless Statistics (2004)
 * Cognition as intuitive statistics (1987) with David Murray
 * The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life (1989) with Zeno Swijtink, Theodore Porter, Lorraine Daston, John Beatty, and Lorenz Krüger
 * Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart (1999)
 * Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox (2001) with Reinhard Selten
 * Reckoning with Risk: Learning to Live with Uncertainty (2002, published in the U.S. as Calculated Risks: How to Know When Numbers Deceive You)
 * Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious (2007)
 * Rationality for Mortals (2008)
 * Heuristics: The Foundation of Adaptive Behavior (2011) with Ralph Hertwig & Torsten Pachur
 * Risk Savvy: How to Make Good Decisions (2014)
 * Simply Rational: Decision Making in the Real World (2015)
 * Classification in the Wild: The Science and Art of Transparent Decision Making (2020) with Konstantinos Katsikopoulos, Özgür Şimşek, and Marcus Buckmann
 * How to Stay Smart in a Smart World: Why Human Intelligence Still Beats Algorithms (2022)

Video

 * Video on Gerd Gigerenzer's research (Latest Thinking)

title: Gerd Gigerenzer


text:
Category:Public Radio International

Public Radio International was an American public radio network.

title: Category:Public Radio International


text:
Felix Borowski

Felix Borowski (March 10, 1872 – September 6, 1956) was a British/American composer and teacher. He taught composers Silvestre Revueltas and Louise Cooper Spindle at Chicago Musical College.

Life and career
Felix Borowski was of Polish descent but was born in the English village of Burton-in-Kendal, Westmorland. His father, who was quite a musician, was of distinguished Polish stock. His mother was English and very accomplished in music. His father gave him his first instruction on the piano as well as on the violin. He was educated in London and at the Cologne Conservatory. He then taught the piano and the violin for a while in Aberdeen, Scotland. At this time Borowski had begun to publish smaller compositions for piano and violin. Somewhat later his compositions won strong commendation from composers such as Edvard Grieg, Theodor Leschetizky, Sauer and other renowned masters.

In 1896, Borowski moved to the USA to become Director of the Chicago Musical College. His connection with this musical college continued until 1925 when he resigned to devote himself to private teaching and to composition. During his working life in the U.S.A. he was a composer, teacher, and newspaper critic in Chicago. He was the programme annotator for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 1908-1956, and the CSO holds a collection of his original compositions as well as arrangements by him of the works of others. In 1917, he was elected as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity.

Compositions
One of his compositions for piano and violin ('Adoration') was recorded on Edison Blue Amberol in 1914 (#2475) by Richard Czerwonky (1886-1949), also an American musician of Polish descent, being an outstanding violin-player and orchestra conductor at his time. Borowski wrote three large-scale and romantic Sonatas for the organ (published 1904, 1906 and 1924), and his compositions for orchestra include a poem Semiramis and 3 symphonies (c.1932, c.1933, c.1938).

title: Felix Borowski


text:
U.S. Route 641

U.S. Route 641 (US 641) is a U.S. Route in Tennessee and Kentucky. It runs for 165.45 mi from US 64 south of Clifton, Tennessee to an intersection with  US 60 in Marion, Kentucky. While it is considered a spur route of U.S. Route 41, the two routes no longer connect.

Tennessee
US 641 begins at an intersection with US 64 south of Clifton. North of that city, it runs concurrently with SR 69. US 641 intersects US 412 in Parsons,  I-40 near Holladay, and  US 70 in Camden. In Paris, US 641 intersects US 79; it also separates from SR 69 and begins a concurrency with  SR 54 that it maintains until the Kentucky state line.

Kentucky
US 641 enters Kentucky at Hazel and continues north to Murray, intersecting KY 80 just north of the city limit. Near Benton, a spur route (Spur US 641) provides access to I-69 (the Purchase Parkway) while the main route travels through the city. US 641 has a concurrency with US 62 beginning near Calvert City; the routes cross  I-24 / I-69 before separating in Eddyville. The route intersects KY 70 in Fredonia. The US 641 designation ends at US 60 in Marion.

History
U.S. Route 641 was designated by AASHO in 1951 out of a desire on the part of Indiana, Kentucky and Tennessee highway officials to create a single numbered route to connect Memphis, Tennessee to Evansville, Indiana via the popular tourist attraction Kentucky Dam. In 1968, the 4.9-mile Indiana portion of its route was relinquished. Indiana highway officials, in their request to decommission the route, advised that 641 "serves no useful purpose" and had, indeed, not been marked in Evansville for "a number of years."

Its northern section from Marion to Henderson, Kentucky, which was concurrent with U.S. Route 60, was eliminated and its northern terminus has since remained Marion. In 1977, US 641 was extended southward along the path of Tennessee State Route 69 to its interchange with I-40 (Exit 126) near Holladay, Tennessee with SR 69 continuing south beyond the interchange.

In November 2014, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials approved a southern extension of the US 641 designation along SR 69 and SR 114, from the former southern terminus at I-40 to the current end at US 64 in Wayne County.

Major intersections
The mileposts listed in the following table is only an estimated calculation. Actual mile markers may vary.

Special routes
Two special routes of U.S. Route 641 currently exist, and a third has existed in the past, all of which have been in Kentucky.

Murray business loop
US Route 641 Business is a business route of US Route 641 located mainly along the east side of Murray, Kentucky, in Calloway County. It follows Kentucky Route 121 east from US 641 along Glendale Road until KY 121 turns south along South Fourth Street, where US BUS 641 turns north. The route makes a sharp left turn at Chestnut Street and heads west before finally terminating at US 641.

Benton spur route
US Route 641 Spur is a spur route of US Route 641 located on the south side of Benton, Kentucky, in Marshall County in western Kentucky's Jackson Purchase region. It begins at a junction with US 641 south of Benton, and ends at the Exit 41 interchange with Interstate 69 (formerly the Julian M. Carroll Purchase Parkway).

title: U.S. Route 641


text:
Paperboy (video game)

Paperboy is an arcade action game developed and published by Atari Games, and released in 1985. The player takes the role of a paperboy who delivers a fictional newspaper called The Daily Sun along a street on his bicycle. The arcade version of the game featured bike handlebars as the controller.

The game was ported to many home systems beginning in 1986. A sequel for home computers and consoles, Paperboy 2, was released in 1991.

Gameplay
The player controls a paperboy on a bicycle delivering newspapers along a suburban street which is displayed in a cabinet perspective (or oblique projection) view. The player attempts to deliver a week of daily newspapers to subscribing customers, attempts to vandalize non-subscribers' homes and must avoid hazards along the street. Subscribers are lost by missing a delivery or damaging a subscriber's house. If the player loses all of their lives, or runs out of subscribers, the game ends.

The game begins with a choice of difficulty levels: Easy Street, Middle Road and Hard Way. The object of the game is to perfectly deliver papers to subscribers for an entire week and avoid crashing (which counts as one of the player's lives) before the week ends. The game lasts for seven in-game days, Monday through Sunday.

Controlling the paperboy with the handlebar controls, the player attempts to deliver newspapers to subscribers. Each day begins by showing an overview of the street indicating subscribers and non-subscribers. Subscribers and non-subscribers' homes are easy to discern in the level itself, with subscribers living in brightly colored houses, and non-subscribers living in dark houses.

Development
The cabinet is a standard upright but with custom controls. The controls consist of a bicycle handlebar (a modified Star Wars yoke) with one button on each side, used to throw papers. The handlebars can be pushed forward to accelerate and pulled back to brake.

The game runs on the Atari System 2 hardware. The CPU is a 10 MHz Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) T-11. For sound and coin inputs, it uses a 2.2 MHz MOS Technology 6502. The sound chips are two POKEYs for digital sound, a Yamaha YM2151 for music, and a Texas Instruments TMS5220 for speech. The protection chip is a Slapstic model 137412-105.

The game program code for the arcade version was written in BLISS.

Ports
Elite Systems produced a version for the ZX Spectrum which was released in the United Kingdom in September 1986, and went on to release versions for the Commodore 64, BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 16 and Commodore Plus/4 over the following months.

In the United States, a Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) version was developed by Eastridge Technology and published by Mindscape in December 1988. Coverage of the NES version abruptly began at the Summer CES 1988 as a last-minute replacement for a port of the computer title Bad Street Brawler, which was about to be ported to the NES. In October 1989, Elite released versions for the Atari ST and PC in the United Kingdom, followed by an Amiga version later that month.

In the United Kingdom, a Game Boy version by Mindscape was released in October or November 1990. A Master System version, by Sega and U.S. Gold, was released in the United Kingdom in November 1990. Atari released a version of Paperboy for the Atari Lynx in 1990. By March 1991, an NES version by Mindscape had been released in the United Kingdom.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Paperboy on their November 1, 1985 issue as being the fifth most-successful upright arcade unit of the month. In the United States, it was the top-grossing arcade software conversion kit in December 1985.

Upon its debut at London's Amusement Trades Exhibition International (ATEI) show in early 1985, Computer and Video Games magazine gave the arcade game a mixed review, praising the controls but criticizing the difficulty. The arcade game was runner-up for Computer Gamer magazine's best coin-op game award, which was won by Capcom's Commando. In 2007, Spanner Spencer of Eurogamer rated the arcade version 9 out of 10 and praised its gameplay, graphics, and music.

The ZX Spectrum port topped the UK monthly sales chart in September 1986, and the release of the Commodore 64 version took the game to the number one position again in November. It went on to become the seventh best-selling video game of 1986 in the UK.

Advanced Computer Entertainment (ACE) offered praise for the Atari ST version, awarding it a score of 850 out of 1,000, while Zero gave it a score of 86 out of 100. ACE and Zero noted that the Atari ST version looked and played like the arcade version. Computer Gamer gave the ZX Spectrum version a rating of 16 out of 20, considering it to be a faithful conversion of the arcade game, while noting that some people may find the gameplay to be repetitive. For the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC versions, ACE gave the game a rating of 5 out of 5, noting the "extremely well executed" graphics and referring to the game as a "budget classic." UK magazine Computer and Video Games (CVG) gave the Commodore 64 version a 52 percent rating, criticizing its music and "blocky and ill-proportioned" sprites; the magazine gave the ZX Spectrum version an 83 percent rating. Ken McMahon of Commodore User reviewed the Commodore 16 and Commodore Plus/4 version and rated it 6 out of 10, noting that it was too easy.

Crash gave the ZX Spectrum version an 88% rating with the general rating "Another slick, playable conversion from Elite", while Zzap!64 was less enthusiastic for the Commodore 64 version giving it 44%. In 1993, Zzap!64 rated the Commodore 64 version a 60 percent score, calling it repetitive. Richard Leadbetter of CVG reviewed the Lynx version and stated, "Looks good, but simply isn't enough fun to play." STart's Clayton Walnum similarly praised the Lynx version's graphics and sound effects but deemed the game "just another shoot-em-up without the shooting." Raze offered praise for the clear and colorful graphics of the Lynx version, but stated that the game "is too old and tired for the exciting and new Lynx." AllGame's Kyle Knight criticized the Lynx version for its simple sound effects and music, as well as its repetitive gameplay.

Leadbetter praised the Master System version, calling it "one of the best arcade conversions" available for the system, while noting that the game's only "slight downer" was the music. Mean Machines praised the Master System version for its graphics and similarities to the arcade game, while Raze wrote a mixed review for the Master System version. Mean Machines was critical of the NES version for its graphics, sound, and controls, and concluded that it was, "A highly offensive product which weighs in as a sadly derisive conversion of a classic coin-op." Brett Alan Weiss of AllGame stated that Mindscape did a good job of porting the game to the NES. Weiss praised the controls and sound effects of the NES version, but criticized the music. Raze considered the Game Boy version to be "Excellent", while Mean Machines criticized its controls, blurry scrolling, and the lack of colorful graphics, which could not be produced by the system. ACE noted slightly difficult controls and poor sound effects for the Game Boy version. Polish magazine Top Secret gave the Genesis version 5 out of 5 checks, praising the graphics, animation, and music, thus favoring the port over the other contemporary versions.

The One gave the Amiga version 80% stating that "it's an almost flawless conversion" of the arcade game. ACE gave the Amiga version a rating of 878, calling it a perfect conversion of the arcade game. Tony Dillon of Commodore User gave the Amiga version an 83 percent rating and considered it to be nearly identical to the arcade version. Gordon Houghton of CVG gave the Amiga version a 69 percent rating, stating that the sound was "arguably better" than the arcade version, but noting that the graphics were "jerky" and that the gameplay had been altered from the arcade version. Houghton concluded that it was "not a bad game, but it's too old and too expensive to deserve greater praise." Compute! praised the music and graphics of the Amiga version, but considered the gameplay to be outdated and repetitive. Robert A. Jung of IGN reviewed the Lynx version in 1999, and considered it to be a "decent" adaptation of the arcade game. Jung noted the game's "average-quality" graphics and sound, and concluded, "Not a bad game, though not one of the Lynx's best."

IGN's Craig Harris reviewed a Game Boy Color version and stated that it "is definitely the worst rendition of the game, even beating out the Atari Lynx's waterdown port of the arcade game." Harris criticized the game's music, the lack of speech audio from the original game, poor collision detection, and a lack of fun. Scott Alan Marriott of AllGame praised the Game Boy Color version for its colorful graphics, but noted that the game did not introduce any new changes from the original arcade version, writing, "Those expecting a lot of changes or additions will be disappointed."

Later releases
Versions of Paperboy were released for the Nintendo 64, Xbox 360 and iPhone and iPod Touch. Dean Austin of IGN criticized the retro 3D look of the Nintendo 64 version, but praised the gameplay and considered it to be a "great game." Daniel Erickson of Daily Radar criticized the "bland" and "repetitive" gameplay of the Nintendo 64 version. Robert Amsbury of GameRevolution praised the sound effects in the Nintendo 64 version, but considered the music to be repetitive, while noting that the game "isn't really all that fun." Weiss criticized the Nintendo 64 version for its music and sound effects, as well as poor controls, and wrote that the game had "some of the ugliest graphics you'll find in a Nintendo 64 cartridge." Ben Stahl of GameSpot noted the outdated sound effects used in the Nintendo 64 version, and stated, "While a decent game on its own, Paper Boy 64 doesn't capture the magic of the original arcade game." IGN's Levi Buchanan, reviewing a cell phone version, praised the controls and stated that the game looked and played like the original arcade game.

According to Metacritic, the Xbox 360 version received "Mixed or average reviews." TeamXbox gave the Xbox 360 version an overall score of 8.2, stating that "Paperboy "delivers" as advertised in the classifieds." Greg Sewart of GamesRadar considered the Xbox 360 version to be an "authentic recreation" of the arcade version, but noted that the game, like previous versions, suffers from imprecise controls due to the absence of the arcade game's handlebar controller. Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot reviewed the Xbox 360 release and was disappointed by the lack of new sound effects and music, as well as the lack of graphical updates. Gerstmann stated that the game would most likely appeal to people who "have fond memories" of the original arcade game. IGN's Erik Brudvig, reviewing the Xbox 360 version, considered the game to be a limited amount of fun. Brudvig noted the lack of a handlebar controller and stated that, "Thanks to the isometric view, this version of Paperboy suffers from the same wonky controls that every home version of the game has." Kristan Reed of Eurogamer praised the Xbox 360 release for its controls and noted that the game "stands up pretty well" despite its age, although he stated that the game quickly becomes repetitive. Corey Cohen of Official Xbox Magazine praised the Xbox 360 version for its music and controls, and noted that it was as appealing as the arcade version.

Tarryn van der Byl of Pocket Gamer criticized the iPhone version for its poor controls, and stated that the game's optional 3D graphics mode was "ugly and feels clumsy and inaccurate." Slide to Play considered the iPhone/iPod version a "mixed bag", but praised the gameplay. Mark Langshaw of Digital Spy reviewed the iPhone version and stated that it would likely appeal most to fans of the original game. Langshaw concluded, "As far as nostalgic remakes go, Paperboy delivers but doesn't quite do enough to make the front page."

According to Metacritic, Paperboy: Special Delivery has a score of 55 out of 100, indicating "Mixed or average reviews." Blake Patterson of TouchArcade considered Paperboy: Special Delivery to be an improvement over Elite's iPhone version, praising the improved controls and graphics. Jon Mundy of Pocket Gamer rated the game 5 out of 10, criticizing the gameplay and controls, and writing that the biggest flaw "is the game's technical shortcomings. The graphics are extremely basic and yet the game paused and stuttered repeatedly on my second-generation iPod touch." Andrew Nesvadba of AppSpy rated the game 3 out of 5, praising the updated graphics while criticizing the controls. Nesvadba also praised the addition of a story mode, but criticized its short length. Jeremiah Leif Johnson of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five, praising the story mode and the 1980s-style graphics, but criticizing the poor controls.

Legacy
A sequel, Paperboy 2, was released in 1991 for several home systems.

Paperboy, in its original arcade form, is included in the 1998 PlayStation video game Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 2. The Game Boy Color version, developed by Digital Eclipse Software and published by Midway, was released in the United States on May 30, 1999. By July 1997, developer High Voltage Software had begun conceptual development of the Nintendo 64 version and was searching for a game publisher, with a possible release in 1998. In August 1998, Midway announced that it would be publishing the Nintendo 64 game, which was still in conceptual stages and was expected for release in late 1999. The game was developed using a 3D polygonal game engine, and was released in North America on November 4, 1999.

In May 2000, Midway announced plans to release Paperboy for the PlayStation later that year, although the game was never released. Paperboy was later included in the 2003 video game Midway Arcade Treasures, a compilation of arcade games for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. In 2005, Paperboy was included in the compilation Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play for the PlayStation Portable. In May 2005, Sega Mobile announced that it would release Paperboy for mobile phones. The game was released in May 2006. The Xbox 360 version of Paperboy was released on February 14, 2007, on Xbox Live Arcade; however, the game was removed by 2010.

The iPhone/iPod Touch version was released through the App Store on December 18, 2009. The game was developed by Vivid Games and published by Elite Systems. Elite removed the game from the App Store in March 2010, because of a licensing conflict. Glu Mobile developed and published a new iPhone/iPod Touch version, titled Paperboy: Special Delivery, on November 4, 2010. The game included a 20-level story mode in which the paperboy is saving money from his job to buy a new game console, but he later falls in love and throws roses instead of newspapers. The game also featured an optional tilt-based control mode in which the iPhone is tilted to control the paperboy.

A port of Paperboy can be accessed in the 2015 video game Lego Dimensions by using the Arcade Dock in the level "Painting the Town Black". It is also an included title on the Midway Legacy Edition Arcade1Up cabinet.

In other media

 * The paperboy character makes cameo appearances in the 2012 Disney animated film Wreck-It Ralph and in trailers and TV spots of the 2015 film Pixels.

title: Paperboy (video game)


text:
Jan Bulis

Jan Bulis (born March 18, 1978) is a former Czech professional hockey winger who last played as the Captain of Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He spent nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), playing with the Washington Capitals, Montreal Canadiens, and Vancouver Canucks. The Capitals selected Bulis in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career
Bulis was drafted by the Washington Capitals in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft, Second Round, Forty-third Overall. Bulis was a fan favourite while playing for the Barrie Colts of the OHL and was among the top players in the OHL at that time from 1995–1997. In Bulis' top season for Barrie he accumulated 42 goals and 61 assists for a total of 103 points in 64 games. Unfortunately, that offensive potential did not show up in the NHL where he totalled of 251 points in 587 games played.

He has played for the Vancouver Canucks, Montreal Canadiens, Washington Capitals, AHL Portland Pirates, IHL Cincinnati Cyclones, OHL Kingston Frontenacs and Barrie Colts. On March 13 of 2001, Bulis was traded from the Washington Capitals along with Richard Zedník and a first round pick (Alexander Perezhogin) to the Montreal Canadiens for Dainius Zubrus, Trevor Linden and a second round draft pick (later traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning, who selected Andreas Holmqvist). During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Bulis played for HC Pardubice in the Czech Republic Elite League. He scored 24 goals and had 25 assists in 45 games played. Bulis recorded his best NHL season in 2005–06 with Montreal where he scored 20 goals and 20 assists for 40 points in 73 games played. During the campaign in December 2005, Bulis was named to the Czech national ice hockey team for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. It was the first time that Bulis played for the Czech National Team. On January 25, 2006 Bulis scored four goals in four shots against the Philadelphia Flyers.

Transactions

 * June 22, 1996 - Drafted by the Washington Capitals in the 2nd round, 43rd overall.
 * March 13, 2001 - Traded to the Montreal Canadiens along with Richard Zednik and a 1st round selection in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft (Alexander Perezhogin) in exchange for Trevor Linden, Dainius Zubrus, and a 2nd round selection in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft (previously acquired, later traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning - Andreas Holmqvist).
 * July 25, 2006 - Signed as an unrestricted free agent by the Vancouver Canucks.
 * On May 4, 2011 Bulis moved from KHL's Atlant Mytishchi to Traktor Chelyabinsk.
 * April, 2012 - Signed one-year contract with Traktor Chelyabinsk.

title: Jan Bulis


text:
Serpent Mound

The Great Serpent Mound is a 1,348-feet-long (411 m), three-feet-high prehistoric effigy mound located in Peebles, Ohio. It was built on what is known as the Serpent Mound crater plateau, running along the Ohio Brush Creek in Adams County, Ohio. The mound is the largest serpent effigy known in the world.

The first published surveys of the mound were by Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis, featured in their historic volume, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1848), that was commissioned by the Smithsonian Institution.

The United States Department of Interior designated the mound as a National Historic Landmark in 1966. The mound is maintained through the Ohio History Connection, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving historical sites throughout Ohio.

Description
Effigy mounds have been constructed independently by several cultures. The significance of Serpent Mound is based on its size and historical relevance. Made up of three parts, Serpent Mound extends over 1,376 feet (419 m) in length, varying from 9" to more than 3' (30–100 cm) in height. The mound stands with a width varying between 20 and 25 feet based on the section. Serpent Mound conforms to the surrounding land, as it was built on a bluff above the Ohio Brush Creek. The mound winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet, with its tail coiling in seven areas throughout the mound. The mound features a triple-coiled tail at the end of the structure, often viewed as a benchmark of the mound. Yellowish clay and ash make up the main constituents of the mound, with a layer of rocks and soil reinforcing the outer layer.

The generally accepted interpretation of the structure is that of an open-mouth head of a serpent nearly engulfs a hollow oval feature that faces the east and is 120-feet (37 m)-long. This oval feature may represent an egg, with an apparent depiction of the snake consuming it, however, many anthropologists believe that the oval is a representation of the Sun, or the body of a frog. Other scholars think it is the remnant of a platform mound. The western side of the effigy features a triangular mound approximately 31.6 feet (9.6 m) at its base and long axis, reminiscent of other existing serpent effigies in Canada and Scotland.

Origin and chronology
Throughout the twentieth century, anthropologists and archaeologists had disputed which culture and people had created the Serpent Mound, as may be seen in a overview published by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2002. The Ancient Earthworks Project published "New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old" (July 2014). The article provided evidence supporting attribution of the mound to the Adena peoples around 300 BCE (2300 years ago) and refers to radiocarbon data that was published later in an October 2014 article in The Journal of Archaeological Science. These scholars also conclude that the mound was renovated around 1400 CE by Fort Ancient peoples.

In 2019, Monaghan and Hermann published additional research in an article in The Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology that supports their earlier conclusions. They corroborated the 2014 research and refined the radiocarbon dates. Monaghan and Hermann determined that the mound was built around 2,100–2,300 years ago (300-100 BCE) during the Adena period and that it was subsequently rebuilt (or repaired) about 900 years ago (1100 CE) during the Fort Ancient period. They provided a reconciliation of the radiocarbon dating differences among samples.

In 2018, archaeologist Brad Lepper published a response questioning the attribution of construction to the Adena culture. Lepper et al. pointed out that the dates obtained by Herrmann and Romain are of poor quality. The material the team dated is not charcoal, but “organic sediment” (Herrman et al 2014:119). Moreover, the samples were obtained from soil cores and not an exposed stratigraphic profile, so the resulting dates are known to be problematic. Henriksen et al (2019) have demonstrated that such dates can be as much as 3,000 years older than the actual age of a mound. Moreover, the Adena culture is not known to have built effigy mounds or to have used serpent symbolism in their art, whereas the Fort Ancient culture built the Ohio Alligator Mound and frequently depicted serpents in their art. These assessments conclude that the best available data indicate that Serpent Mound was built by the Fort Ancient culture.

The Serpent Mound at Rice Lake in Peterborough County, Ontario, Canada, has been dated to more than 2,000 years old. It has also been linked to the Adena culture. It is a Middle Woodland Hopewell burial mound in a zigzag shape that may or may not have been intended to depict a serpent (Oberholtzer 2013:163).

Prehistory of Ohio

Several groups of Paleo-Indians (13000 BCE–7000 BCE) occupied the subject land in Ohio prior to the development of the Adena and Hopewell cultures. Evidence shows that numerous groups of Paleo-Indians occupied the land in Ohio and ranged throughout the territory. They were hunter-gatherers who traveled seasonally for game. The Paleo-Indians hunted large game such as mastodon. Archaeologists have found remains of more than 150 mastodons in Ohio, as well as the remains of other large game. The most complete mastodon skeleton was excavated at the Burning Tree Mastodon site.

Clovis point spear heads have been found that indicate interaction with other groups of Paleo-Indians who also hunted large game.

The Paleo Crossing site and Nobles Pond site tools, such as spear-throwers, were more sophisticated. Base camps were established for winter lodging. The Glacial Kame culture, a late Archaic group, traded for sea shell and copper with other groups. These materials were used for objects that were a sign of prestige within the group and were carried by respected healers and hunters. The objects were buried with their owners.

Following the ancient Paleo-Indians, the Woodland Period (800 BCE–1200 CE) of the Post-Archaic Period is known for its rich ritual and artistic life and well-developed villages. The Woodland Period is well known as a period in which cultures built earthworks and mounds. They are believed to have been related to religious practices, as some mounds were used for burials. Along with hunting and gathering, cultures of this period began to cultivate crops such as maize, squash, and beans. The Adena and Hopewell cultures flourished during the Early and Middle Woodland periods, and the addition of crops enabled the population of the Woodland people to expand dramatically. Several groups of the Woodland people lived in larger villages, surrounded by defensive walls or ditches. Ceremonial and artistic endeavors waned during the Late Woodland period, as did trading with other groups. Many of the earthworks and effigy mounds were built early in this period. Later, the cultures did not build new mounds.

During the late prehistoric period (900 CE–1650 CE), the villages of such cultures as the Adena and the Fort Ancient peoples were much larger. These villages were often built on higher ground near a river, commonly surrounded by a wooden stockade. After a long hiatus, some cultures had begun to build earthworks and effigy mounds, but not so frequently as during the Woodland period.

Adena culture
The Adena culture consisted of the pre-contact Native Americans who lived throughout the midwest in the areas that would become the states of Kentucky, Indiana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and most predominantly, Ohio. The majority of these peoples inhabited the Scioto River and Hocking valleys in southern Ohio, as well as the Kanawha Valley near present-day Charleston, West Virginia. This period is often referred to as The Early Woodland Period, ranging between 800 BCE and 1 CE. The name “Adena” refers to the shared culture of the peoples rather than to a singular group or tribe.

Researchers adopted the name "Adena" from the Ross County estate of Ohio Governor Thomas Worthington, about one and a half miles northwest of Chillicothe, Ohio. Worthington referred to the community as “Adena”, which Worthington’s diary claims comes from a Hebrew name that “was given to places for the delightfulness of their situations”. An ancient burial mound, standing 26 feet tall, had been located at his estate and was known as "The Adena Mound". It was destroyed for agricultural development.

Archaeologists attribute the mounds to the Adena culture as a whole, although are unsure of the specific tribes who inhabited the land. The term "culture" encompasses similarities in artifact style, architecture, and other cultural practices, allowing archaeologists to distinguish the Adena culture from other cultures in the region at different time periods. The Adena Mound site became the "type site" of the regional culture that is used by anthropologists.

Like other peoples of the Woodland period, the Adena culture were hunter-gatherers. The women also domesticated and cultivated various crops such as squash, sunflower, sumpweed, goosefoot, knotweed, maygrass, and tobacco. They often lived in small villages with surrounding gardens, but moved frequently to follow various animal herds while planting and feeding on various types of nuts, fruits, and roots along the way. The Adena people are also known for their production of clay pottery, having been one of the first of cultures to bring it to Ohio. Observed through remains found at the type site, archaeologists characterize the Adena's clay pottery through its large, thick-walled vessels, resembling a modern-day bowl. Archaeologists believe that this clay pottery was used to cook ground seeds into an oatmeal-like substance.

The Adena were known for their burial practices. They buried their dead in prominent mounds throughout the midwest. Many archaeologists believe that these structures served as territorial markers for the Adena people. Often the mounds were accompanied by small circular earthen enclosures that many archaeologists believe were once used for rituals. The Miamisburg Mound in Montgomery County, Ohio, is home to the largest Adena burial mound in the state. Mounds such as this hosted multiple burials, characterized by the rituals performed and the funerary objects worn such as bracelets, ear spools, gorgets, and other ornaments. Larger ornaments such as bones and stone tools were often worn around the neck. The deceased individual was either cremated or placed on their back in timber-lined tombs.

By 1 CE, the Adena culture began to decline and their civilizations began to evolve into what is known as The Hopewell culture. Numerous Adena groups began to build larger earthworks and effigy mounds and expanded their efforts to acquire exotic raw materials such as copper and mica through trade. Many people of The Hopewell culture continued to follow the old ways of the Adena people. In some regions, including Southwestern Ohio, the Adena way of life persisted well into the first century CE through the efforts of these people.

The Fort Ancient Culture
The Fort Ancient Culture refers to the Native American Cultures who predominantly inhabited land near the Ohio River valley in a culture that flourished from 1000 CE to 1750 CE. These civilizations flourished in the modern-day regions of southern Ohio, northern Kentucky, southeastern Indiana, and western West Virginia. The Fort Ancient tribes are often referred to as a "sister culture" of the Mississippian culture, although they can be distinguished from that culture through the time period in which they thrived and their many cultural differences. Along with their relation to the Mississippian culture, evidence suggests that the Fort Ancient Culture were not the direct descendants of the Hopewellian Culture. Despite what many believe, the tribes of the Fort Ancient Culture were not responsible for the creation of The Great Serpent Mound, although they contributed to its physical appearance through maintenance of it around 200 CE.

The name of the culture originates from the Fort Ancient archeological site. However, the Fort Ancient Site is now thought to have been built by Ohio Hopewellian people, but having been occupied later by the succeeding Fort Ancient culture. The site is located on a hill above the Little Miami River, close to Lebanon, Ohio. Despite its name, most archaeologists do not believe that Fort Ancient was used primarily as a fortress by either the Ohio Hopewell culture or the Fort Ancient Culture. Archaeologists believe that it was more likely used as a ceremonial location.

In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the Ohio Historical Society's Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by Frederic Ward Putnam of Harvard more than 100 years before. They found a few pieces of charcoal in what they believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. Natural changes called bioturbation, including burrows, frost cracks, etc., can reverse the structural timeline of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound, however, and bioturbation can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger. This factor may be significant to the dating of the original construction of the mound.

When the team conducted carbon dating studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 CE, with the third piece dating to the Late Archaic period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below the cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.

Another effigy mound found in Ohio, the Alligator Effigy Mound in Granville, was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.

Interpretations
Having been built around 1070 CE, many archaeologists believe that the mound's creation could have been influenced by two different astronomical events. The primary theory is that the light from a supernova may have prompted its construction. Although numerous supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy, the one that created the Crab Nebula occurred in the year 1054 CE. The light of the supernova would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth and it was visible in broad daylight. As a secondary theory, some archaeologists suggest and the appearance of Halley's Comet in 1066 CE could have been the influence and that the tail of Halley's Comet could have influenced the shape of the mound; however, the tail of the comet has always appeared as a long, straight line that does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound.

The mound is located on the site of a classic astrobleme, an ancient meteorite impact structure. When attempting to understand the impact origin of this structure, the pattern of disruption of sedimentary strata has provided archaeologists with a lot of information. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, resembling the central uplifts of the Copernicus lunar crater. In 2003, geologists from Ohio State University and the University of Glasgow (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at The Serpent Mound. They had previously studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970s, providing them with a background of information pertaining to the site. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated that the impact occurred during the Permian Period, about 248 to 286 million years ago. This has led archaeologists to believe that the topographic expression of this impact or the impact crater, has been completely erased by erosion.

In 1987, Clark and Marjorie Hardman published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer solstice sunset. A depiction of the serpent mound appeared in The Century periodical in April 1890, drawn by William Jacob Baer.

According to archaeologist Brad Lepper, Serpent Mound may be a depiction of a Dhegihan Siouan origin story of the Great Serpent "Toothy Mouth”, lord of the Beneath World, who impregnated the First Woman.

According to “Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley” (Woodward & McDonald, 2001):

“Serpent Mound has given rise to a rich, diverse, and dynamic body of folk and scientific lore — there is no shortage of thoughts about how the effigy came to exist or, perhaps more importantly, why. At one time this earthen serpent was considered by some people with Christian affinity to be a mark of God that indicated the location of the Garden of Eden and served as a reminder of his moral authority. Today, New Age pilgrims find power and enlightenment, traditional views revere unrevealed distant purpose and perspective, and others seek meaning in geometric relationships between mounds and astronomical concurrences.” (P. 118)

Preservation
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley fascinated many across the country, including Frederic Ward Putnam of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds, removing significant history of these cultures and their burial sites. In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in Boston, such as the patroness of The Glass Flowers, Mary Lee Ware, Putnam raised funds to purchase 60 acres (240,000 m2) at the site of The Serpent Mound in hopes to ensure its preservation. Along with The Serpent Mound, the purchase also contained three conical mounds, a village site, and a burial place. The Serpent Mound is now listed as a "Great Wonder of the Ancient World" by National Geographic Magazine.

The mound was originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum. In 1900, the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present Ohio Historical Society). The Ohio Historical Society designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of Highlands Sanctuary, Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021. In March 2021, The Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site. Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added to ensure the protection of the site and surrounding area.

Excavation
During excavation of The Serpent Mound archaeologists uncovered pipes, points, and earspools from the Hopewell culture as well as Gorgets and points from the Adena culture.

After raising sufficient funds, Putnam returned to the same site in 1886. He worked for four years to excavate the burial sequence contents of both The Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After completing his excavation and publishing his work, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.

One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam in 1890 yielded several artifacts of a principal burial during the period of the Adena people. Along with these findings, Putnam found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound through his discovery of an ash bed containing many prehistoric artifacts, north of the conical mound. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and currently stands just north of the parking lot at The Serpent Mound State Memorial.

In 2011, archaeologists took the opportunity to excavate the property prior to installation of utility lines at The Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound that had been excavated previously by Putnam in 1890. In addition to these concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound, where archaeologists were able to uncover many prehistoric artifacts. It is believed that the ashy deposit of charcoal is the remainder of a Fort Ancient Culture ash bed. The wood charcoal from within the remnant bed was carbon dated back to the time of the Fort Ancient Culture, between the years of 1041 CE and 1211 CE. Given the results found through carbon dating, burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland and Fort Ancient periods, suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area and ash bed.

Serpent Mound Museum
In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer, Clinton Cowan, to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56-inch by 72-inch (1,800 mm) map that depicted the outline of The Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as hills and rivers. Along with this, Cowan made specific geographical surveys of the area, discovering a unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of The Serpent Mound.

In 1967, The Ohio Historical Society opened The Serpent Mound Museum that was built very close to the site of the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound, guiding visitors through and around the site. The museum features exhibits that include explanations of the effigy's form, description of the construction of the mound, and the geographical history of the area. The museum also features an exhibit on the Adena culture that historically, they credited as the creators of the mound.

In March 2002, A digital GIS map of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound was created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump.

title: Serpent Mound


text:
Shroud knot

The shroud knot is a multi-strand bend knot used to join two ends of laid (or twisted) rope together.

Shroud knots, in general, are a class of knots in which the individual strands of laid rope are knotted, but not woven, to the individual strands of another laid rope. This makes them more secure than a simple bend but less secure than a full splice; however, they use less rope than a full splice would. The most common form of shroud knot involves two interlocking wall knots.

The name "shroud knot" refers to the shrouds connected to a ship's mast. If a shroud was shot through, the shroud knot provided a way to quickly repair it using minimal rope. As modern ships now use steel cable for the most part, the knots are now more often used decoratively than functionally.

title: Shroud knot


text:
U.S. Route 150

U.S. Route 150 (US 150) is a 571-mile (919 km) long northwest–southeast United States highway, signed as east–west. It runs from U.S. Route 6 outside of Moline, Illinois to U.S. Route 25 in Mount Vernon, Kentucky.

Illinois
In the state of Illinois, U.S. 150 runs from the Quad City International Airport at U.S. Route 6 southeast to near Vermilion. U.S. 150 in Illinois is 267.47 mi long.

Between Moline and Danville, Route 150 closely parallels Interstate 74.

Indiana
In the state of Indiana, U.S. 150 runs south with U.S. Route 41 from Terre Haute. It is then concurrent with its parent, U.S. Route 50 from Vincennes to Shoals. It then runs east to New Albany before overlapping Interstate 64 into Kentucky. Between Vincennes and New Albany the road follows the original route of the Buffalo Trace.

Kentucky
U.S. 150 runs concurrently with I-64 as it enters Kentucky from Indiana, crossing the Ohio River into Louisville on the Sherman Minton Bridge and exiting the I-64 freeway at North 22nd Street in the Portland neighborhood. From there, U.S. 150 runs south to West Broadway (westbound U.S. 150 follows Dr. W. J. Hodges Street from West Broadway to West Main Street, then runs along the 22nd Street Connector to its merge with North 22nd near Garfield Avenue); U.S. 150 follows Broadway across downtown to Baxter Avenue; after a brief run along Baxter, It then follows Bardstown Road, a major radial artery running southeasterly from downtown, with interchanges at Interstates 264 and 265.

Between West Main and West Broadway in Louisville, U.S. 150 is concurrent with U.S. Route 31W; from East Broadway and Baxter to Bardstown, Kentucky, it is concurrent with U.S. Route 31E. The route along Baxter Avenue and Bardstown Road follows the former Louisville and Bardstown Turnpike through the Highlands district of Louisville and past the historic Farmington plantation at the interchange with the Watterson Expressway (I-264).

U.S. routes 150 and 31E separate at Bardstown near the Martha Layne Collins Blue Grass Parkway. U.S. 150 then continues southeast, around the city of Danville before terminating at Mount Vernon.

Illinois
Before 1936, Illinois Route 39 ran from Bloomington to Champaign on the current routing of U.S. 150. In 1936, US 150 extended due northwest from Shoals, Indiana to the Quad Cities. As a result, IL 39 and IL 91 were decommissioned. Not only that, IL 16, IL 80, and IL 121 were truncated. In 1954, a portion of US 150 in Peoria moved from the Franklin Street Bridge to the McClugage Bridge. As a result, US 150 City, later US 150 Bus., appeared in Peoria from 1954 to 1964. In 1971, the decision to remove a portion of US 150 from US 67 in Rock Island to I-74 in Danville failed. However, in 1976, the decision to truncate US 150 from US 67 in Rock Island to US 6 near the Quad City Airport was approved.

Indiana
Initially, US 150 ran from Shoals, Indiana to Louisville, Kentucky. In 1936, US 150 extended due northwest from Shoals to the Quad Cities in Illinois. This caused IN 46 to cut back from the Illinois state line to Terre Haute.

Kentucky
U.S. Route 168 was created in 1926 from Louisville to Mount Vernon, Kentucky, overlapping US 68 between Bardstown and Perryville. In 1934, US 150 absorbed US 168.

Springfield business loop
U.S. Route 150 Business (US 150 Bus.) is a special U.S. Route in Springfield, Kentucky. The route runs through downtown Springfield while US 150 bypasses the town to the northeast. It intersects Kentucky state highways 152, 555, 528, 1584, and 1404.

Danville bypass
U.S. Route 150 Bypass (US 150 Byp.) is a special U.S. Route in Danville, Kentucky. The route bypasses Danville to the southwest while US 150 runs through downtown. The route is overlapped by US 127 Byp. for approximately the first half of its length. It intersects US 127, along with Kentucky state routes 34 and 37.

title: U.S. Route 150