text:
North Jakarta Intercultural School

North Jakarta Intercultural School (NJIS), formerly North Jakarta International School, is a private international school in Kelapa Gading, Jakarta, Indonesia. The school is an Internation Baccalaureate Continuum international school with an American orientation.

History
NJIS was established in January 1990 and licensed by the Indonesian Ministry of Education to provide schooling for the children of expatriates and local residents residing in Jakarta. It is established as a Yayasan (not-for-profit social foundation) and operates as an independent, not-for-profit, co-educational day school for students in Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 12. NJIS is a member of the East Asia Regional Council of Schools (EARCOS). In 2020, North Jakarta Intercultural School was registered for the first time as an International Baccalaureate Continuum School, being accredited for Primary Years Programme, Middle Years Programme and the Diploma Programme. The school is also accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Schools of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). High School Students have an option to earn AP college credit from the American CollegeBoard. The student body is made up of 164 students from 16 nationalities from Pre-k to Grade 12.

Curriculum
NJIS offers an IB with a U.S. orientation. It offers a College Placement program based on American Common Core Curriculum leading to Advanced Placement courses and diploma.

The language of instruction is English, and Mandarin and Indonesian are offered as additional languages. NJIS faculty members are a combination of overseas hired and locally hired, with the majority being U.S. citizens. All teachers who have at least a bachelor's degree and have a minimum of five years’ teaching experience. All teachers are certified by recognized and accredited universities. Most faculty members have a master's degree.

Campus
In 2012 the school relocated to a 20.000 m2 new building on Jl.Boulevard Bukit Gading Raya, Kelapa Gading Jakarta Utara, Indonesia. Toll roads from west and south Jakarta are close to NJIS.

title: North Jakarta Intercultural School


text:
User talk:Disasterpiece

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title: User talk:Disasterpiece


text:
1987 Ontario general election

The 1987 Ontario general election was held on September 10, 1987, to elect members of the 34th Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

The governing Ontario Liberal Party, led by Premier David Peterson, was returned to power with their first majority government in half a century, and the second-largest majority government in the province's history. Peterson had successfully managed to govern with a minority in the Legislature by obtaining the co-operation of the Ontario New Democratic Party, led by Bob Rae, in a confidence and supply agreement. It was through the NDP's support that Peterson was able to form a government, even though the Progressive Conservative Party had won a slightly larger number of seats in the previous election.

The PC Party, led by Larry Grossman, campaigned on a platform of tax cuts to stimulate the economy. Its support continued to slide, as voters opted for the change that the Liberal-NDP arrangement provided, with Grossman losing his own seat. The PCs fell to 16 seats and third place in the legislature, their worst showing in an election in half a century.

The NDP was unable to convince the bulk of voters that it should be given credit for the success of the Liberal government that it had supported. It nevertheless did receive more votes and a larger proportion of the vote than in the previous election, although the party lost six seats due to the first-past-the-post electoral system. The party became the Official Opposition for the fourth time in its history.

Expansion of the Legislature
An Act was passed in 1986, providing for the Legislative Assembly to increase from 125 members to 130. The following changes were made:

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1985 !1987 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|David Peterson
 * 130 || 48  || 95  || 47  || 1,788,214  || 410,249  || 47.34% || 9.44

 * style="text-align:left;"|Bob Rae
 * 130 || 25  || 19  || 6 || 970,813  || 105,306  || 25.70% || 1.90

 * style="text-align:left;"|Larry Grossman
 * 130 || 52  || 16  || 36 || 931,473  || 411,571 || 24.66% || 12.28

 * style="text-align:left;"|Donald Pennell
 * 36 || – || – || – || 48,110  || 48,110  || 1.27% ||New

 * || 19 || – || – || – || 13,632  || 12,096 || 0.36% || 0.35

 * style="text-align:left;"|Kaye Sargent
 * 25 || – || – || – || 13,514  || 683  || 0.36% || –

 * style="text-align:left;"|Robert Metz
 * 9 || – || – || – || 4,735  || 3,152  || 0.13% || 0.08

 * style="text-align:left;"|Gordon Massie
 * 9 || – || – || – || 3,422  || 274 || 0.09% || 0.01

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"|130 ! " colspan="2"|3,777,311 ! " colspan="2"| 100.00%
 * || 7 || – || – || – || 3,398  || 1,947 || 0.09% || 0.06
 * 495||125
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 26,658
 * 224
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 3,803,969
 * 141,836
 * 62.70
 * 1.15
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 6,067,378
 * 117,083
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 117,083
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

Significant results among independent and minor party candidates
Those candidates not belonging to a major party, receiving more than 1,000 votes in the election, are listed below:

MPPs elected by region and riding
Party designations are as follows:

{{legend|#EA6D6A|Liberal}} {{legend|#F4A460|NDP}} {{legend|#9999FF|PC}}

 * Northern Ontario
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Algoma: Bud Wildman}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Algoma—Manitoulin : Michael Brown}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Cochrane North: René Fontaine}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Cochrane South: Alan Pope}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Fort William: Lyn McLeod}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Kenora: Frank Miclash}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Lake Nipigon: Gilles Pouliot}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Nickel Belt: Floyd Laughren}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Nipissing: Mike Harris}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Port Arthur: Taras Kozyra}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Rainy River: Howard Hampton}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Sault Ste. Marie: Karl Morin-Strom}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Sudbury: Sterling Campbell}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Sudbury East: Shelley Martel}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Timiskaming: David Ramsay}}

 * Ottawa Valley
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Carleton: Norm Sterling}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Carleton East: Gilles Morin}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Lanark—Renfrew: Douglas Wiseman}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Nepean: Hans Daigeler}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Ottawa Centre: Richard Patten}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Ottawa East: Bernard Grandmaître}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Ottawa—Rideau: Yvonne O'Neill}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Ottawa South: Dalton McGuinty, Sr.}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Ottawa West: Bob Chiarelli}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Prescott and Russell: Jean Poirier}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Renfrew North: Sean Conway}}

 * Saint Lawrence Valley
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Cornwall: John Cleary}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Kingston and the Islands: Ken Keyes}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Leeds—Grenville: Bob Runciman}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Stormont—Dundas—Glengarry: Noble Villeneuve}}

 * Central Ontario
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Frontenac—Addington: Larry South}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Hastings-Peterborough: Jim Pollock}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Northumberland: Joan Fawcett}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Peterborough: Peter Adams}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Prince Edward—Lennox: Keith MacDonald}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Quinte: Hugh O'Neil}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Victoria—Haliburton: John Eakins}}

 * Georgian Bay
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Bruce: Murray Elston}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Grey: Ron Lipsett}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Muskoka—Georgian Bay: Ken Black}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Parry Sound: Ernie Eves}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Simcoe Centre: Bruce Owen}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Simcoe East: Al McLean}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Simcoe West: George R. McCague}}

 * Hamilton/Halton/Niagara
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Burlington South: Cam Jackson}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Halton Centre: Barbara Sullivan}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Halton North: Walt Elliot}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Hamilton Centre: Lily Oddie Munro}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Hamilton East: Robert W. Mackenzie}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Hamilton Mountain: Brian Charlton}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Hamilton West: Richard Allen}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Lincoln: Harry Pelissero}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Niagara Falls: Vince Kerrio}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Niagara South: Ray Haggerty}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Oakville South: Doug Carrothers}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|St. Catharines: Jim Bradley}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|St. Catharines—Brock: Mike Dietsch}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Welland-Thorold: Mel Swart}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Wentworth East: Shirley Collins}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Wentworth North: Chris Ward}}

 * Midwestern Ontario
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Brantford: Dave Neumann}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Brant—Haldimand: Robert Nixon}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Cambridge: Mike Farnan}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Dufferin—Peel: Mavis Wilson}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Guelph: Rick Ferraro}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Huron: Jack Riddell}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Kitchener: David R. Cooke}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Kitchener—Wilmot: John Sweeney}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Norfolk: Gordon Miller}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Oxford: Charlie Tatham}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Perth: Hugh Edighoffer}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Waterloo North: Herb Epp}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Wellington: Jack Johnson}}

 * Southwestern Ontario
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Chatham—Kent: Maurice Bossy}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Elgin: Marietta Roberts}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Essex-Kent: Jim McGuigan}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Essex South: Remo Mancini}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Lambton: David William Smith}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|London Centre: David Peterson}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|London North: Ron Van Horne}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|London South: Elizabeth Joan Smith}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Middlesex: Doug Reycraft}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Sarnia: Andy Brandt}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Windsor—Riverside: Dave Cooke}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Windsor—Sandwich: Bill Wrye}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Windsor—Walkerville: Mike Ray}}

 * Peel/York/Durham
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Brampton North: Carman McClelland}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Brampton South: Bob Callahan}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Durham Centre: Allan Furlong}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Durham East: Sam Cureatz}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Durham West: Norah Stoner}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Durham—York: Bill Ballinger}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Markham: Don Cousens}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Mississauga East: John Sola}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Mississauga North: Steven Offer}}
 * {{legend|#9999FF|Mississauga South: Margaret Marland}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Mississauga West: Steve Mahoney}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Oshawa: Michael Breaugh}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|York Centre: Greg Sorbara}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|York North: Charles Beer}}

 * Metropolitan Toronto
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Beaches—Woodbine: Marion Bryden}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Don Mills: Murad Velshi}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Dovercourt: Tony Lupusella}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Downsview: Laureano Leone}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Eglinton: Dianne Poole}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Etobicoke—Humber: Jim Henderson}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Etobicoke—Lakeshore: Ruth Grier}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Etobicoke—Rexdale: Ed Philip}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Etobicoke West: Linda LeBourdais}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Fort York: Bob Wong}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|High Park—Swansea: David Fleet}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Lawrence: Joseph Cordiano}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Oakwood: Chaviva Hošek}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Oriole: Elinor Caplan}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Parkdale: Tony Ruprecht}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Riverdale: David Reville}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|St. Andrew—St. Patrick: Ron Kanter}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|St. George—St. David: Ian Scott}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Scarborough—Agincourt: Gerry Phillips}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Scarborough Centre: Cindy Nicholas}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Scarborough East: Ed Fulton}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Scarborough—Ellesmere: Frank Faubert}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Scarborough North: Alvin Curling}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|Scarborough West: Richard Johnston}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Willowdale: Gino Matrundola}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Wilson Heights: Monte Kwinter}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|York East: Christine Hart}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|York Mills: Brad Nixon}}
 * {{legend|#F4A460|York South: Bob Rae}}
 * {{legend|#EA6D6A|Yorkview: Claudio Polsinelli}}

Beaches—Woodbine

 * (incumbent) Marion Bryden (NDP) 19948
 * Patricia Herdman (L) 8519
 * John Beveridge (PC) 3022
 * Steve Thistle (Lbt) 533

Brampton South

 * (incumbent) Bob Callahan (L) 17913
 * Frank Russell (PC) 6772
 * Paul Ledgister (NDP) 5786
 * Don Best (FCP) 2946
 * Jim Bridgewood (Comm) 268
 * Garnet Brace (Lbt) 225
 * Malcolm Cook 158

Burlington South

 * (incumbent) Cam Jackson (PC) 12968
 * Bill Priestner (L) 12363
 * Judy Worsley (NDP) 4694
 * Don Pennell (FCP) 1125
 * Dan Riga (Lbt) 228

Cambridge

 * Mike Farnan (NDP) 11284
 * Claudette Millar (L) 11183
 * (incumbent) Bill Barlow (PC) 8752
 * Anneliese Steden (FCP) 1500

Carleton East

 * (incumbent) Gilles Morin (L) 20706
 * Joan Gullen (NDP) 6105
 * Roland Saumure (PC) 4572
 * Andre Lafrance (FCP) 926

Chatham—Kent

 * (incumbent) Maurice Bossy (L) 13370
 * Brian Rice (NDP) 7623
 * Ron Anderson (PC) 6669
 * Marcy Edwards (FCP) 806
 * Don Carnegie 341

Don Mills

 * Murad Velshi (L) 11083
 * David Lindsay (PC) 8666
 * Margery Ward (NDP) 6424
 * David Smith 586
 * David Pengelly (F) 475

Dovercourt

 * (incumbent) Tony Lupusella (L) 10634
 * (incumbent) Ross McClellan (NDP) 9727
 * Norm Panziza, Jr. (PC) 926
 * D'Arcy Cain (Lbt) 342

Durham Centre

 * Allan Furlong (L) 12885
 * Sarah Kelly (NDP) 9881
 * Stephanie Ball (PC) 8790
 * Harold Tauscah (G) 378

Durham West

 * Norah Stoner (L) 16733
 * (incumbent) George Ashe (PC) 10890
 * Jim Wiseman (NDP) 5779
 * Bert Vermeer (FCP) 898

Durham—York

 * Bill Ballinger (L) 12369
 * (incumbent) Ross Stevenson (PC) 11887
 * Donna Kelly (NDP) 5549
 * Ken Canning (FCP) 1070

Eglinton

 * Dianne Poole (L) 15106
 * (incumbent) David McFadden (PC) 14411
 * Michael Lee (NDP) 3789
 * Richard Lubbock (Lbt) 324
 * John Stifel 137

Elgin

 * Marietta Roberts (L) 13310
 * (incumbent) Ron McNeil (PC) 10873
 * Gord Campbell (NDP) 7674
 * Ray Monteith (F) 546

Essex—Kent

 * (incumbent) Jim McGuigan (L) 12591
 * (incumbent) Pat Hayes (NDP) 11478
 * John Ashton (PC) 2758
 * Tim McGuire (FCP) 1229

Etobicoke—Humber

 * (incumbent) Jim Henderson (L) 21644
 * Avie Flaherty (PC) 8062
 * Peter Sutherland (NDP) 4511
 * George Hartwell (FCP) 1237

Etobicoke—Lakeshore

 * (incumbent) Ruth Grier (NDP) 14821
 * Frank Sgarlata (L) 12454
 * Al Kolyn (PC) 4760
 * Michael Doyle (FCP) 1203

Etobicoke West

 * Linda LeBourdais (L) 15757
 * Doug Holyday (PC) 9664
 * Phil Jones (NDP) 5784
 * Judy Johnson (FCP) 1890
 * Robert Dunk (Lbt) 498

Fort William

 * Lyn McLeod (L) 11168
 * (incumbent) Mickey Hennessy (PC) 9705
 * Don Smith (NDP) 7861
 * John Maclennan (Comm) 300

Fort York

 * Bob Wong (L) 9593
 * Joe Pantalone (NDP) 9456
 * Tom Pang (PC) 2084
 * Paul “No Government” Barker (Lbt) 427
 * Andrew Scorer (G) 243
 * Glen Magder (F) 186
 * Bill Whelan 181
 * Ronald Rodgers (Ind [Communist Party of North America]) 154

Frontenac—Addington

 * (incumbent) Larry South (L) 11628
 * Bob Lucas (PC) 7407
 * Lars Thompson (NDP) 4996
 * Ross Baker 667

Grey—Owen Sound

 * Ron Lipsett (L) 14298
 * Bill Murdoch (PC) 12364
 * Cathy Hird (NDP) 5924
 * Tom Clark (FCP) 1946

Guelph

 * (incumbent) Rick Ferraro (L) 18445
 * Derek Fletcher (NDP) 9119
 * Bob Pierce (PC) 5383
 * Craig Sanderson 562

Halton North

 * Walt Elliot (L) 11644
 * Dave Whiting (PC) 6920
 * Fern Wolf (NDP) 5796

Hamilton Centre

 * (incumbent) Lily Oddie Munro (L) 13636
 * Brian Hinkley (NDP) 10333
 * Gerald Fruewith (PC) 2600

Hamilton East

 * (incumbent) Bob Mackenzie (NDP) 16421
 * David Bach (L) 9890
 * Tommy Tarpos (PC) 1915
 * Bob Jaggard (Comm) 673

Hamilton Mountain

 * (incumbent) Brian Charlton (NDP) 14743
 * Jane Milanetti (L) 13111
 * John Smith (PC) 6580

Hamilton West

 * (incumbent) Richard Allen (NDP) 13430
 * Mary Kiss (L) 12336
 * Don Ross (PC) 5862

Hastings—Peterborough

 * (incumbent) Jim Pollock (PC) 9910
 * Carman Metcalfe (L) 8705
 * Elmer Buchanan (NDP) 6579

High Park—Swansea

 * David Fleet (L) 9637
 * (incumbent) Yuri Shymko (PC) 8823
 * Elaine Ziemba (NDP) 8764
 * Bob Cumming (Lbt) 660

Huron

 * (incumbent) Jack Riddell (L) 16099
 * Nico Peters (PC) 6725
 * Paul Klopp (NDP) 3841

Kenora

 * Frank Miclash (L) 7943
 * Doug Miranda (NDP) 6845
 * Mark Duggan (PC) 4824

Kingston and the Islands

 * (incumbent) Ken Keyes (L) 13141
 * Gary Wilson (NDP) 6402
 * Tom Annis (PC) 5910
 * Steven Kaasgaard (G) 511

Kitchener

 * (incumbent) David Cooke (L) 15373
 * Sue Coulter (NDP) 8379
 * Barbara Fraser (PC) 4226
 * John Meenan (FCP) 1100
 * Ed Halbach (Ind [Humanist]) 290

Kitchener—Wilmot

 * (incumbent) John Sweeney (L) 18151
 * Mike Cooper (NDP) 7503
 * Dorothy Angel (PC) 5218

Lake Nipigon

 * (incumbent) Gilles Pouliot (NDP) 8446
 * Herman Mannila (L) 3606
 * Vic Fournel (PC) 1129

Lambton

 * (incumbent) David William Smith (L) 11385
 * Bill Steadman (PC) 8826
 * Grant Reynolds (NDP) 2914
 * Peter Westfall (FCP) 2399

Lanark—Renfrew

 * Douglas Wiseman (PC) 13902
 * Bob Pugh (L) 13141
 * Don Page (NDP) 5486

Lawrence

 * (incumbent) Joseph Cordiano (L) 15332
 * Evelyn Nurialdo (NDP) 8201
 * David Perry (PC) 5379

Leeds—Grenville

 * (incumbent) Bob Runciman (PC) 14787
 * Jim Jordan (L) 14589
 * Geri Sheedy (NDP) 4869

Lincoln

 * Harry Pelissero (L) 12320
 * (incumbent) Philip Andrewes (PC) 11284
 * Ron Hansen (NDP) 6207

London Centre

 * (incumbent) David Peterson (L) 18194
 * Marion Boyd (NDP) 9266
 * Dennis McKaig (PC) 3864
 * Brenda Rowe (FCP) 695
 * Lloyd Walker (F) 589
 * Stunning Bentley 375

London North

 * (incumbent) Ron Van Horne (L) 22452
 * Diane Whiteside (NDP) 7961
 * Lucky Clark (PC) 7177
 * Elvin Mizzau (FCP) 611
 * Barry Malcolm (F) 537

London South

 * (incumbent) Joan Smith (L) 20046
 * Vaughan Minor (PC) 7723
 * David Winninger (NDP) 7074
 * Paul Picard (FCP) 861
 * Robert Metz (F) 430

Markham

 * (incumbent) Don Cousens (PC) 19224
 * Gail Newall (L) 18543
 * Anne Swarbrick (NDP) 4323
 * Rina Puleo (FCP) 1403

Middlesex

 * (incumbent) Doug Reycraft (L) 17600
 * Renie Long (PC) 7689
 * Michael Wyatt (NDP) 5720
 * Bill Giesen (FCP) 2664
 * Marc Emery (F) 499

Mississauga East

 * John Sola (L) 16245
 * (incumbent) Bud Gregory (PC) 10372
 * Sal Manni (NDP) 4864
 * Bill Frampton (F) 761

Mississauga North

 * (incumbent) Steve Offer (L) 14604
 * John Moszynski (NDP) 6153
 * Gabe Spoletine (PC) 5309

Mississauga South

 * (incumbent) Margaret Marland (PC) 13854
 * Claudette MacKay-Lassonde (L) 13255
 * Barry Stevens (NDP) 4976
 * Chris Balabanian (F) 712

Mississauga West

 * Steve Mahoney (L) 23482
 * Darwin Kealey (PC) 9138
 * Paul Simon (NDP) 6280

Nepean

 * Hans Daigeler (L) 13951
 * (incumbent) Bob Mitchell (PC) 10315
 * Larry Jones (NDP) 4526

Niagara Falls

 * (incumbent) Vince Kerrio (L) 13600
 * Margaret Harrington (NDP) 7936
 * Ed Sherar (PC) 5066

Niagara South

 * (incumbent) Ray Haggerty (L) 11740
 * Doug Martin (PC) 4645
 * Camilla Gyorffy (NDP) 4396

Nickel Belt

 * (incumbent) Floyd Laughren (NDP) 9849
 * Leo Pevato (L) 3863
 * Evelyn Dutrisac (PC) 3208

Nipissing

 * (incumbent) Mike Harris (PC) 15744
 * Marthe Smith (L) 11690
 * Sandra Clifford (NDP) 2961
 * Brendan Purtill (FCP) 672

Norfolk

 * (incumbent) Gord Miller (L) 17313
 * Norm Jamison (NDP) 8346
 * Ian Birnie (PC) 5742

Northumberland

 * Joan Fawcett (L) 14451
 * (incumbent) Howard Sheppard (PC) 13075
 * Judi Armstrong (NDP) 4372
 * Brant Fotheringham (FCP) 836
 * Adrian O'Connell (G) 242

Oakville South

 * Doug Carrothers (L) 13241
 * (incumbent) Terry O'Connor (PC) 11950
 * Tim Cooper (NDP) 3080
 * Chris Kowalcuk (G) 1357

Oakwood

 * Chaviva Hošek (L) 11192
 * (incumbent) Tony Grande (NDP) 9861
 * Irene Paparo-Stein (PC) 1573
 * Geoff Da Silva (Comm) 556

Oriole

 * (incumbent) Elinor Caplan (L) 16206
 * Fredelle Brief (PC) 5659
 * Judy Rebick (NDP) 4470
 * George Graham (Lbt) 822

Oshawa

 * (incumbent) Mike Breaugh (NDP) 12957
 * Cathy O'Flynn (L) 10041
 * Frank Snyder (PC) 4076
 * James Delaney (FCP) 1184

Ottawa Centre

 * Richard Patten (L) 13867
 * (incumbent) Evelyn Gigantes (NDP) 11780
 * Greg Vezina (PC) 3159
 * John Turmel 598

Ottawa East

 * (incumbent) Bernard Grandmaitre (L) 18959
 * Alex Connely (NDP) 4137
 * Corinne Prince (PC) 2435

Ottawa—Rideau

 * Yvonne O'Neill (L) 14179
 * Pam Forward (PC) 8068
 * Bea Murray (NDP) 6000

Ottawa South

 * Dalton McGuinty, Sr. (L) 15952
 * Michael McSweeney (PC) 9365
 * Penina Coopersmith (NDP) 6038

Oxford

 * Charlie Tatham (L) 14939
 * (incumbent) Dick Treleaven (PC) 12065
 * Wayne Colbran (NDP) 6606
 * Margaret De Boer (FCP) 1410
 * Kaye Sargent (Lbt) 466

Parkdale

 * (incumbent) Tony Ruprecht (L) 13430
 * Vasco Dos Santos (NDP) 3961
 * Charles Olito (PC) 798
 * Carla Marmelo (FCP) 389
 * Danny Hunt (Lbt) 283
 * Gordon Massie (Comm) 184
 * Camilo Tiqui 176
 * Nancy Van Schouwen (Ind [Humanist]) 113

Parry Sound

 * (incumbent) Ernie Eves (PC) 11332
 * Rollie Boissonneault (L) 6935
 * Bill Pabst (NDP) 2231
 * Warren Edgar (FCP) 647

Perth

 * (incumbent) Hugh Edighoffer (L) 18037
 * Warren Ham (NDP) 6080
 * Ron Christie (PC) 5357

Peterborough

 * Peter Adams (L) 15098
 * Linda Slavin (NDP) 10641
 * Doris Brick (PC) 8480
 * Alex Calder (FCP) 3057
 * John Conlin (Lbt) 344

Port Arthur

 * Taras Kozyra (L) 13747
 * Chris Southcott (NDP) 11828
 * Evelyn Dodds (PC) 4419

Prescott and Russell

 * (incumbent) Jean Poirier (L) 26811
 * Yves Deschamps (NDP) 4460
 * Roland Demers (PC) 4100

Prince Edward—Lennox

 * Keith MacDonald (L) 11961
 * Dennis Tompkins (PC) 9882
 * Paul Johnson (NDP) 4724

Quinte

 * (incumbent) Hugh O'Neil (L) 17151
 * Doug Brewer (PC) 6543
 * Gene Morosan (NDP) 3520
 * Allan Bristol (Lbt) 413

Rainy River

 * Howard Hampton (NDP) 5538
 * Dan Pierroz (L) 4631
 * (incumbent) Jack Pierce (PC) 3487

Renfrew North

 * (incumbent) Sean Conway (L) 18507
 * Stu Mark (PC) 5652
 * Ish Theilheimer (NDP) 3958
 * Shirley Witt (FCP) 1385

Riverdale

 * (incumbent) David Reville (NDP) 10321
 * Jim Karygiannis (L) 8562
 * Bob Dodd (PC) 3285
 * Debra Bojman (G) 330
 * Byron Garby (Lbt) 292
 * Maggie Bizzell (Comm) 210

St. Andrew—St. Patrick

 * Ron Kanter (L) 14159
 * (incumbent) Larry Grossman (PC) 10483
 * Gladys Rothman (NDP) 5608
 * Alex MacDonald (Lbt) 761

St. Catharines—Brock

 * Mike Dietsch (L) 10822
 * (incumbent) Peter Partington (PC) 8821
 * Christel Haeck (NDP) 6514

St. George—St. David

 * (incumbent) Ian Scott (L) 15051
 * (incumbent) Susan Fish (PC) 7996
 * John Campey (NDP) 5658
 * Michael Beech (Lbt) 721

Sarnia

 * (incumbent) Andy Brandt (PC) 12964
 * Joan Link-Mellon (L) 10303
 * Catherine Giles (NDP) 4552
 * Terry Burrell (FCP) 1475
 * Margaret Coe (Lbt) 559

Sault Ste. Marie

 * (incumbent) Karl Morin-Strom (NDP) 19064
 * Albert Ferranti (L) 16381
 * Udo Rauk (PC) 3464

Scarborough—Agincourt

 * Gerry Phillips (L) 19101
 * David Kho (NDP) 7021
 * Adrienne Johnson (PC) 6284
 * Barry Coyne (Lbt) 794

Scarborough Centre

 * Cindy Nicholas (L) 11921
 * Menno Vorster (NDP) 8525
 * (incumbent) Bill Davis (PC) 7217
 * Chris Douros (FCP) 827
 * Martin Weatherall 550

Scarborough East

 * (incumbent) Ed Fulton (L) 16944
 * Mary Cook (NDP) 7048
 * Russ Bastow (PC) 5390
 * Jim McIntosh (Lbt) 869
 * Greg Knittl (G) 337

Scarborough—Ellesmere

 * Frank Faubert (L) 12422
 * (incumbent) David Warner (NDP) 11941
 * Gail Brewer (PC) 5445

Scarborough North

 * (incumbent) Alvin Curling (L) 20021
 * Peter Lam (PC) 5861
 * Nick Summers (NDP) 4509
 * Louis Di Rocco (FCP) 1371

Scarborough West

 * (incumbent) Richard Johnston (NDP) 13330
 * Joe Pacione (L) 10094
 * Brian Clark (PC) 3881
 * Stephen Jalsevic (FCP) 1035
 * George Dance (Lbt) 483

Simcoe Centre

 * Bruce Owen (L) 15474
 * (incumbent) Earl Rowe (PC) 12982
 * Fred Ruemper (NDP) 7265

Simcoe East

 * (incumbent) Al McLean (PC) 12543
 * Butch Orser (L) 11737
 * Fayne Bullen (NDP) 9699

Simcoe West

 * (incumbent) George McCague (PC) 11678
 * Gary Johnson (L) 11372
 * Noel St-Laurent (NDP) 4788

Stormont—Dundas—Glengarry and East Grenville

 * (incumbent) Noble Villeneuve (PC) 10771
 * Gerry Rosenquist (L) 10164
 * Gordon McGregor  4784
 * Arthur Carkner (NDP) 2345

Sudbury

 * Sterling Campbell (L) 12788
 * (incumbent) Jim Gordon (PC) 10158
 * Sharon Murdock (NDP) 9260
 * Ted McKeown 285

Sudbury East

 * Shelley Martel (NDP) 15179
 * Claude Mayer (L) 9540
 * Gary Peck (PC) 2890

Timiskaming

 * (incumbent) David Ramsay (L) 10218
 * Ollie Rivard (NDP) 5871
 * Ed Havrot (PC) 4870

Victoria—Haliburton

 * (incumbent) John Eakins (L) 16287
 * Arthur Ward (PC) 5856
 * Ivan Moore (NDP) 4251
 * Diane Roblin-Lee (FCP) 2403

Waterloo North

 * (incumbent) Herbert Epp (L) 16792
 * Elizabeth Witmer (PC) 8681
 * Richard Hastings (NDP) 5785
 * Ian O'Neill (Lbt) 818

Welland—Thorold

 * (incumbent) Mel Swart (NDP) 17490
 * Mark Larose (L) 9855
 * Giulio Roca (PC) 2167
 * Angela Braun (FCP) 706

Wellington

 * (incumbent) Jack Johnson (PC) 10797
 * Bill Benson (L) 10334
 * Burna Wilton (NDP) 5159

Wentworth East

 * Shirley Collins (L) 16153
 * Sharon Lehnert (NDP) 8676
 * Barbara Vance (PC) 5577
 * Ann Stasiuk 475

Wentworth North

 * (incumbent) Chris Ward (L) 16150
 * Gary Tilley (PC) 7107
 * Lynn Spencer (NDP) 6641

Willowdale

 * Gino Matrundola (L) 15543
 * Charles Harnick (PC) 11509
 * Batya Hebdon (NDP) 5774
 * Earl Epstein (Lbt) 985

Wilson Heights

 * (incumbent) Monte Kwinter (L) 17007
 * Jennifer Paton (NDP) 6697
 * David Farb (PC) 5879

Windsor—Riverside

 * (incumbent) Dave Cooke (NDP) 17162
 * Rick Limoges (L) 11257
 * Terry Hrynyk (PC) 842
 * Mark Kahabka (FCP) 509

Windsor—Sandwich

 * (incumbent) Bill Wrye (L) 14888
 * George Dadamo (NDP) 12535
 * Beth Cooper (PC) 1965

Windsor—Walkerville

 * (incumbent) Mike Ray (L) 14361
 * Donna Champagne (NDP) 13415
 * Jerry Kovacs (PC) 1553
 * Mike Longmoore (Comm) 335

York Centre

 * (incumbent) Greg Sorbara (L) 27096
 * Doug Mason (PC) 8605
 * Joe Licastro (NDP) 7692

York East

 * (incumbent) Christine Hart (L) 15683
 * Peter Oyler (PC) 7352
 * Sophia Apostolides (NDP) 7056
 * Chris Frazer (Comm) 527

York Mills

 * Brad Nixon (L) 14272
 * Gordon Chong (PC) 11955
 * Steve Shorter (NDP) 3195
 * Joe Kyriakakis (Lbt) 582

York—Mackenzie

 * Charles Beer (L) 14177
 * John Cole (PC) 8992
 * Susan Wakeling (NDP) 6092

York South

 * (incumbent) Bob Rae (NDP) 13190
 * Alan Tonks (L) 12857
 * Fred De Francesco (PC) 1544
 * Dusan Kubias (Lbt) 411

Yorkview

 * (incumbent) Claudio Polsinelli (L) 11499
 * Sheila Lambrinos (NDP) 6148
 * Tony Marzilli (Ind [Trudeau Liberal]) 2507
 * Fareed Khan (PC) 1037
 * Russ Jackman (Lbt) 674

Byelections after 1987

 * March 31, 1988: London North, following the December 31, 1987 resignation of Ron Van Horne:
 * Dianne Cunningham (PC) 13858
 * Elaine Pensa (L) 10356
 * Diane Whiteside (NDP) 6799
 * Brenda Rowe (FCP) 1419
 * Barry Malcolm (F) 548
 * John Turmel 115

 * November 3, 1988: Welland—Thorold, following the October 24, 1988 resignation of Mel Swart:

 * Peter Kormos (NDP) 13933
 * Mike Lottridge (L) 9819
 * Brian O'Brine (PC) 4574
 * Barry Fitzgerald (F) 260
 * John Turmel 187

Dalton McGuinty, Sr., MPP for Ottawa South, died on March 16, 1990. No byelection was held; the seat was vacant until the 1990 election in September.

title: 1987 Ontario general election


text:
Muhammad of Ghor

Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam (c. 1144 – 15 March 1206), also known as Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori, was a ruler from the Ghurid dynasty based in the Ghor region of what is today central Afghanistan who ruled from 1173 to 1206. Muhammad and his elder brother Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad ruled in a dyarchy until the latter's death in 1203. Ghiyath al-Din, the senior partner, governed the western Ghurid regions from his capital at Firozkoh whereas Muhammad extended Ghurid rule eastwards, laying the foundation of Islamic rule in South Asia, which lasted after him for nearly half a millennium under evolving Muslim dynasties.

During his early career as governor of the southern tract of Ghurid Empire, Muhammad subjugated the Oghuz Turks after a series of forays and annexed Ghazni where he was installed by Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad as an independent sovereign. Expanding the Ghurid dominion east of the Indus Delta from his base in Ghazni, Muhammad crossed the river Indus in 1175, approaching it through the Gomal Pass and captured Multan and Uch from the Carmathians within a year. Afterwards, Muhammad took his army by the way of lower Sindh, endeavoring to penetrate into present-day Gujarat through the Thar Desert, only to end up getting wounded and routed near Mount Abu at Kasahrada by a coalition of Rajput chiefs led by the Chaulukya king Mularaja, which forced him to change his route for future inroads into the Indian Plains. Hence, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghaznavids and uprooted them by 1186, conquering the upper Indus Plain along with most of the Punjab. After expelling the Ghaznavids from their last bastion, Muhammad, thus secured the Khyber Pass, the traditional route of entry for invading armies into northern India.

Extending the Ghurid dominion further eastwards into the Gangetic Plain, the Ghurid forces suffered a decisive reverse and Muhammad himself got wounded in engagement with the Rajput Confederacy led by the Chahamana ruler Prithviraj Chauhan at Tarain in 1191. Muhammad returned to Khurasan, and returned a year later with a vast army of mounted archers to secure a decisive victory in the return engagement on the same battleground and executed Prithviraj shortly afterwards. He limited his presence in India afterwards, deputing the political and military operations in the region to a handful of elite slave commanders who swiftly raided local Indian kingdoms and extended the Ghurid influence as far east as the Ganges delta in Bengal and regions to the north in Bihar.

After the death of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad in 1203, Muhammad of Ghor ascended the throne of Firozkoh as well, becoming the supreme Sultan of the Ghurid Empire. Within a year or so, Muhammad suffered a devastating defeat at Andkhud against their Turkish rivals Khwarazmians aided by timely reinforcements from the Qara Khitais, which resulted in the Ghurid power ebbing out in most of the Khurasan. Muhammad quelled the widespread insurrection throughout his empire after the debacle and ordered the construction of a bridge over the Oxus River to launch a full-scale invasion of Transoxiana in order to avenge his defeat at Andkhud, although a rebellion by the Hindu Khokhars forced him to move towards the Salt Range, where he brutually crushed the Khokhar revolt during his last campaign.

On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated on the bank of Indus at Damyak on 15 March 1206, by the Ismāīlī emissaries while offering evening prayers. Muhammad's assassination led to the rapid decline of the Ghurids and enabled Shah Muhammad II to annex remaining Ghurid territories west of the Indus River by 1215. However, his conquests east of the Indus in the Indian Subcontinent, evolved into the formidable Delhi Sultanate under his slave commander Qutbuddin Aibak.

Birth
Muhammad of Ghor was born in the Ghur region of present-day west-central Afghanistan to the Ghurid ruler Baha al-Din Sam I who ruled his ancestral realm briefly before he died in 1149, when Muhammad of Ghor was a child. His name is variously transliterated as Muizuddin Sam, Shihabuddin Ghuri, Muhammad Ghori and Muhammad of Ghor. According to the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, his birth name was "Muhammad" which is vernacularly spelt as "Hamad" by the Ghurids. During his childhood, his mother used to call him "Zangi" due to his dark skin tone. After the coronation in Ghazni, he styled himself as "Malik Shihabuddin" and after his occupation of Khurasan, he took the title of "Muizzuddin" or "Mu'izz al-Din".

The synchronous accounts did not write much about Muhammad's exact birth date, although based on the writings of Juzjani - Muhammad was younger to Ghiyath al-Din by three years and few months, who was born in 1140. Therefore, Muhammad's birth year can be dated to 1144.

Accession to the throne
The early years of both Muhammad and his brother Ghiyath al-Din were spent in constant hardship. Their uncle Ala al-Din Husayn after his campaign in Ghazni, initially installed them as governors of Sanjah. However, their efficient administration of the province, made him doubtful of their uprise and seeing a possible challenge to his own authority, he ordered his nephews to be imprisoned in the castle of Gharjistan. Although, they were released from the captivity by his son Sayf al-Din Muhammad after the death of his father in 1161. Sayf al-Din, later died in a battle against the nomadic Oghuzs of Balkh.

After their release from the captivity, "Tarik-i-Firishtah" states that the Ghurid siblings were reinstated in Sanjah, although the earlier account of "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" stated that the hardship continued due to their financial conditions. Muhammad thus, took shelter in the court of his uncle Fakhruddin Masud who held the principality of Bamiyan as vassal of their uncle Alauddin Husayn.

Later, Fakhr al-Din Masud laid his own claim for the succession after Sayf al-Din death as the elder member of the Ghurid family. Muhammad helped his brother in suppressing the revolt of Fakhruddin who garnered a sizeable army in alliance with the chiefs of Balkh and Herat who both were executed in the battle, although Fakhruddin was reinstated in Bamiyan in 1163. Afterwards, with the support of the remaining local Ghurid officers and "maliks", his brother succeeded Sayf al-Din to the throne in 1163 and initially placed Muhammad as a minor officer in his court, which result in him retiring (unhappy with his position) to the court of Sistan where he spend a whole season. However, later Ghiyath-al din sent an envoy to brought him back who subsequently placed him in charge of the southern part of the Ghurid domains which possibly included Istiyan and Kajuran.  During the early campaigns of Muhammad as a prince, he was instructed to subdue the Oghuz tribes whose power and influence began to wane, although they were still controlling extensive territories. He used Qandhar as a base and raided the principality of Oghuzs multiple times, before defeating them decisively along with Ghiyath al-Din and followed up their victory by conquering Ghazni in 1169 along with some other territories in what is present-day eastern Afghanistan. Soon, Muhammad's coronation took place in Ghazni in 1173 and his brother returned to Firuzkuh for the westwards expansion in Transoxania. Subsequently, Muhammad utilized the city of Ghazni as a launch pad to led a series of lucrative forays down to the Indus Delta and beyond. In 1174, Muhammad led an expedition against the Ghuzzs of Sanquran in present-day Turkmenistan and subdued them.

In 1175, Muhammad marched from Ghazni and helped his brother in the annexation of the cosmopolitan city of Herat and Pushang after defeating a former general of the Seljuks. The Ghurid siblings advanced into the present-day Iran and brought Nasrid dynasty of Sistan under their sway whose ruler Taj al-Din III Harb ibn Muhammad ibn Nasr acknowledged the Ghurid suzerainty and later sent his armies several times assisting the Ghurids in their warfares. Afterwards, Ghiyath al-Din captured Balkh and territories adjoining Herat in Khurasan.

Title
After the death of Ghiyath Al-Din Muhammad – the senior partner in the dyarchy – Muhammad assumed the title of "Al-Sultan Al-Azam" which meant the "Greatest Sultan". On one of colonnade in the Qutb Minar along with some of his golden mints circulated in India – Muhammad is eulogized as the "Sikander Al-Thani". (Second Alexander)

Muhammad's courtier rhetorically aggrandize him as the champion of Islam styling him as the "Sultan-i-Ghazi" (sultan of the holy warriors) portraying his Indian expeditions as the engagement between the army of Islam (Lashkar-i Islam) and the army of infidels (Lashkar-i Kuffar).

Early invasions
The Ghurid brothers ruling in a dyarchy with the senior partner Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad engaged in a protracted duel with the Khwarazmians from his capital Firuzkuh situated in west-central Afghanistan, while Muhammad expanded the Ghurid domains eastwards into the Indian plains from his capital at Ghazni. The expeditions into the Indian plains and the plunder extracted from the sacking of lucrative Hindu temples in the Gangetic Plain, gave Muhammad access to a vast amount of treasure in Ghazni which according to chronicler Juzjani based on the authority of Muhammad's comptroller included 60,000 kg (1500 mann) of jewels.

Muhammad's expeditions in the Indian subcontinent started against the Qarmatians (sevener branch of Isma'ilis) who regained a foothold in Multan, soon after the death of Mahmud of Ghazni who installed a Sunni governor there. Muhammad defeated the Qarmatian ruler Khafif in 1175 and annexed Multan. The defeat turned to be a death blow for the Qarmatian power in Multan, who never regained their influence in the region again.

After the conquest of Multan, Muhammad captured Uch which was situated south of the confluence of the rivers Chenab and Jhelum. His campaign in Uch is not mentioned in detail in the near contemporary accounts except Kāmil fit-Tārīkh, although the detail in the text about his expedition in Uch is possibly blurred by a legend associated with the Bhati Rajputs. Nonetheless, Firishta, a later chronicler mentioned the year of Uch conquest as 1176. It was placed under Malik Nasiurdin Aitam until his death in the Battle of Andkhud in 1204. Afterwards, it was placed under Nasiruddin Qabacha.

During the course of his early invasions, Muhammad avoided Punjab and instead focused on lands bordering the middle and lower course of the Indus. Therefore, to outflank the Ghaznavids in Punjab and to open up an alternative route to the Northern India, Muhammad turned south towards present-day Gujarat in Anhilwara. Before entering in Anhilwara, he laid siege to the fort of Nadol (around Marwar) and captured it after a short siege from Kelhanadeva along with sacking the Shiva temple in Kiradu. After marching through the dry Thar Desert south of Marwar, the Ghurid army got exhausted, when they reached Mount Abu where they were routed in the mountainous pass of Gadararaghatta, by the Solanki ruler Mularaja II who was also aided by other Rajput chiefs mainly the Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhanadeva (who was earlier deposed by from Nadol by Muhammad), the Jalor Chahamana ruler Kirtipala, and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha. The Ghurid army suffered heavy casualties during the battle, and also in the retreat back across the desert to Ghazni. The defeat forced Muhammad to opt for the northern routes who thenceforth, concentrated on creating a suitable base in Punjab and northwest for further incursions into northern India.

Conquest of Punjab
In 1179, Muhammad conquered Peshawar which was possibly ruled by the Ghaznavids. Thereafter, he advanced further and besieged Lahore in 1181, although Khusrau Malik managed to keep him around the borders of Lahore for few more years by sending tributes along with one of the Ghaznavid prince (Malik Shah) under his custody in Ghazni as a hostage. In 1182, Muhammad followed a southerly arc to the port city of Debal on the Arabian Sea coast of Sindh, subjugating the Soomras. In the subsequent years, he expanded and consolidated his conquests around present-day Pakistan and annexed Sialkot along with sacking Lahore and the countryside. After Khusrau Malik made an unsuccessful attempt to dislodge the Ghurid garrison in Sialkot, Muhammad made the final assault on Lahore and forced him to surrender after a short siege. He imprisoned Khusrau Malik in the fort of Gharchistan, breaching his own agreement of safe conduct for his presence. Khusrau Malik was sent to Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad in Firuzkuh where he and all his kinfolks were executed before 1192. Thus, ended the lineage of Ghaznavids and their historic struggle with the Ghurids.

After uprooting the Ghaznavids, Muhammad now established his sway over the strategic Indus Basin including most of the Punjab. He, appointed Mulla Sirajuddin who was earlier a high-ranking Qāḍi in his father court, as the head of judicature department in the newly conquered Ghaznavid territories along with the charge of Multan. His son Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani (born 1193) later composed the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri in 1260 which is regarded as a monumental work from the medieval period on the Ghurid dynasty and the Delhi Sultanate.

First Battle of Tarain
In 1190, after consildating in Sindh and western Punjab, the Ghurid generals began to raid the eastern Punjab region and captured a castle - Bathinda in present-day Punjab state on the northwestern frontier of Prithviraj Chauhan's kingdom. After appointing a Qazi Zia-ud-Din of Tulak as governor of the fortress with 1200 horsemen, Muhammad received the news that Prithviraj's army, led by his vassal prince Govind Rai were on their way to besiege the fortress. The two armies eventually met near the town of Tarain, 14 miles from Thanesar in present-day Haryana. The battle was marked by the initial attack of mounted Mamluk archers to which Prithviraj responded by counter-attacking from three sides and thus dominating the battle. Muhammad mortally wounded Govind Rai in personal combat and in the process was himself wounded, whereupon his army retreated and Prithvīrāj's army was deemed victorious.

According to Juzjani, Muhammad was carried away from the battleground in wounded state by a Khalji horsemen. A largely different account from Za'inul Masir claimed that Muhammad after being wounded in combat with Govindraja fell unconscious and his forces withdrew in disarray after assuming him to be dead, later a remnant of his soldiers arrived in the night and searched for his body at the battlesite. Muhammad in extremely critical situation recognised his soldiers, who rejoiced after finding him alive and took him from the battlefield in a litter to Ghazni. However, the version from Za'inul Masir is not corroborated by any other contemporary and later writers, which made its authenticity dubious and the version of Juzjani more credible.

The Ghurid garrison of Tabarhind under Ziauddin, held out for thirteen months before being capitulated. The Rajputs could not make quick progressions during the siege due to absence of siege engines on their part, which strengthened the position of Muhammad during these months to raise a formidable army.

Second Battle of Tarain

After the defeat in Tarain, Muhammad meted out severe punishments to the Ghurid, Khalji and Afghan "emirs" who fled during the battle. The wallets filled with grains were tied around their necks and under this condition they were paraded through Ghazni, those who refused were beheaded. The late medieval historian Ferishta further states on the testimony of folklore in Ghazni, that Muhammad vowed not to visit his royal harem and heal his wounds sustained in the battle till he avenged the humiliation of his defeat. Husain Kharmil, a prominent Iranian general of the Ghurids, was called from Ghazni with a large contingent along with other seasoned warlords like Mukalba, Kharbak and Illah. Muhammad made necessary arrangements to counter the elephant phalanx of the Rajput forces by having them attack mock elephants made of mud and wood. The near contemporary chroniclers Juzjani and Isami stated that Muhammad brought 120,000-130,000 fully armoured men to the battle in 1192. Ferishta placed the strength of Rajput army in the decisive battle at 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry (most likely a gross exaggeration).

Prithviraj Chauhan had called his banners but hoped to buy time as his banners (other Rajputs under him or his allies) had not arrived. Instead of engaging in direct confrontation as they did in the initial Battle of Tarain, the Ghurids adopted a strategy of deceit and diplomacy to overcome the Rajputs, as documented in Taj-ul Ma'asir by Hasan Nizami. Upon Ghori's arrival on the battlefield, Prithviraj, the Rajput leader, purportedly sent a formal message suggesting a peaceful resolution, stating, "It would be wise for you to return to your homeland, and we have no intention of pursuing you." In response, Ghori replied, indicating that he had come to face challenges on the directive of his ruling sibling and proposing the dispatch of an envoy to negotiate peace.

According to accounts from Hasan Nizami, Muhammad Ufi, and Firishta, it becomes evident that Ghori employed deception, and Prithviraj, considering it a genuine truce, accepted the proposal. Before the next day, the Ghurids attacked the Rajput army. The assault occurred before sunrise, catching the Chahamana army off guard as they had spent the night in a state of unawareness. Although they were able to quickly form formations, they suffered losses due to surprise attacks before sunrise. Juzjani attributed the success of the Ghurid army to the 10,000 elite mounted archers whom Muhammad stationed at a small distance from the elephant phalanx of the Rajput forces and which ultimately scattered the "infidel host". Prithviraj was captured during the battle on the bank of river Saraswati (present-day Sirsa) and summarily executed. After the victory, Muhammad took over much of the Chahamana kingdom and sacked their capital Ajmer during which several Hindu temples were desecrated by the Ghurids in Ajmer.

Muhammad captured and placed strong garrisons at the strategic military stations of Sirsa, Hansi, Samana and Kohram. Muhammad later installed Prithviraja's minor son Govindaraja IV as his puppet ruler on condition of heavy tribute. However, later after a revolt by his uncle Hariraja, Govindraja was forced to move towards Ranthambore, where he established a new dynasty of the Chahamanas. Hariraja, briefly dislodged the Ghurid garrison from Ajmer, but was later defeated by Qutb ud-Din Aibak. Subsequently, Hairaja immolated himself on a funeral pyre and the Ghurids reoccupied Ajmer and placed it under a Muslim governor. Soon after, Delhi was also captured by Muhammad and Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1193, although in continuation with the policy adopted earlier in Ajmer, a puppet Rajput scion was installed in Delhi on tribute. (possibly the son of Govindraja who died in Tarain) However, he was soon deposed on the account of treason.

While, Muhammad continued to carry raids in the north Indian plain, although later he got preoccupied with the Ghurid expansion in Transoxiana against the Khwarezmian Empire as his brother Ghiyath al-Din began to have health problems. Notwithstanding, Muhammad as per the writings of Fakhr-i Mudabbir and Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani, appointed Aibak as his administraitor of the Ghurid domains in North India after the Second Battle of Tarain. His lieutenants - Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Bahauddin Tughril, Bakhtiyar Khalji and Yildiz before his assassination, swiftly raided the local kingdoms and expanded his empire in the Indian Subcontinent up to north-western parts of Bengal in east, Ajmer and Ranthambore (Rajasthan) in north and till the borders of Ujjain in south.

Further campaigns
After Aibak consolidated the Ghurid rule in and around the Delhi doab, Muhammad himself returned to India to further expand down the Ganges Valley. Accordingly, in 1194, he crossed the Jamuna river with an army of 50,000 horsemen where he confronted the forces of the Rajput Gahadavala king Jayachandra in the Battle of Chandawar. The Ghurid army was victorious, Jayachandra was killed in the battle, and much of his army was slaughtered. Following the battle, the Ghurids took the fort at Asni, where they plundered the royal treasure of the Gahadavalas, and went on to take the pilgrimage city of Varanasi, which was looted and a large number of its temples destroyed. The Gahadavala capital Kanauj was annexed in 1198. During this campaign, the Buddhist city of Sarnath was also sacked.

Conquest of Bayana
Muhammad returned to the Indian frontier again around 1196 to consolidate his hold around the present-day Rajasthan. The territory of Bayana at the time was under the control of a sect of Jadaun Rajputs. Muhammad along with Aibak advanced and besieged Thankar whose ruler Kumarpal was defeated. Muhammad placed the fort under his senior slave Bahauddin Tughril, who later established Sultankot and used it as his stronghold. After the conquest of Thankar, Bahaurddin Turghil reduced the fort of Gwalior whose Parihar chief Sallakhanapala surrendered after a long siege and accepted the Ghurid suzerainty. After the assassination of Muhammad, Tourghil styled himself as the Sultan in Bayana.

In 1197, Qutb ud-Din Aibak invaded Gujarat and defeated Bhima II in Sirohi after a sudden attack and afterwards sacked his capital Anhilwara. Thus, Aibak avenged the rout of Muhammad at the same place in 1178.

Struggle in Central Asia
Muhammad continued to aid his brother for the expansion in west against the Khwarezmians in the interlude of his eastwards expansion. Meanwhile, in the affairs of Khurasan, Sultan Shah was defeated by his brother Ala al-Din Tekish in alliance with the Qara Khitai troops and the later succeeded the throne of Khwarezm in December 1172. Sultan Shah fled to the Ghurid brothers and asked for their assistance in order to expel his brother Tekish. While they received him well, they refused to give him military aid against Tekish, with whom the Ghurids were on good terms till then. Sultan Shah, carved out his independent principality in Khurasan and began plundering the regions of Ghor along with his governor Bahauddin Turghil. Thus, Ghiyath al-Din asked for aid from Muhammad, who was occupied with his Indian expeditions at the time, marched with his army from Ghazni. The Ghurid feudatories: Shamsuddin Muhammad of Bamiyan and Tajuddin of Herat joined them with their respective contingents against the Khwarezmians.

The Ghurid forces decisively defeated Sultan Shah on the banks of river Murgabh after months of campaigning and executed their governor of Herat Bahauddin Turghil while Sultan Shah fled to Merv. The Ghurids followed their victory by recapturing Herat. Sultan Shah died after a year in 1191 possibly due to the drug overdose. According to historian A.B.M. Habibullah, the Ghurids could not annex any territory in Khurasan outside Herat which remained under the sway of Tekesh and who by 1193 captured much of the Persia along with the Trans-Caspian belt. Conversely, C. E. Bosworth stated that Ghurids annexed some part of Khurasan after their victory in Merv.

Later
Tekish died in 1200, which led to a brief period of struggle for the succession between Alauddin Shah of Khwarezm and his nephew Hindu Khan. The Ghurid siblings seized the opportunity and amidst the turmoil in the Khwarezmian house for succession, Muhammad and Ghiyath al-Din invaded and captured the oasis cities of Nishapur, Merv and Tus and reached as far as Gorgan. The Ghurids, thus, for a short span established their sway over most of the Khurasan for first time in their history. However, their success turned to be a short-term affair as Alauddin succeeded the throne in August 1200 and soon after recaptured his lost territories by 1201. Despite the success against the Ghurids, Alauddin sent an envoy for diplomacy to Muhammad, probably in order to focus solely on overcoming from the suzerainty of Qara Khitais by sougthing peace with the Ghurids. However, the attempt turned to be futile and Muhammad marched again with his forces on Nishapur which forced Alauddin to shut himself inside the city walls. Muhammad recaptured Tus along with Herat and sacked the country-side.

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad around this time died at Herat on 13 March 1203, after months of illness which briefly diverted Muhammad's attention from the existing state of affairs. Thus, taking advantage of his absence from Herat where he appointed his nephew Alp Ghazi, Khwarezmian forces captured Merv and beheaded the Ghurid governor Karang there. Muhammad of Ghor, possibly to take over the entire Khwarezmian Empire, laid siege to their capital Gurganj, instead of Herat which was besieged by the Khwarezmians after Ghiyath al-Din's death. Alauddin retreated on the Ghurid advance and desperately requested aid from the Qara Khitais, who sent a sizeable army to aid the Khwarezmians. Muhammad, because of the pressure from the Qara Khitai forces was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, he was chased on his way to Firuzkuh and was decisively defeated in the Battle of Andkhud in 1204 by the combined forces of Qara Khitai and Kara-Khanid Khanate under Taniku and Uthman ibn Ibrahim. He was allowed to return to his capital, after paying a heavy ransom to the Qara Khitai general Taniku (Tayangu) which included several elephants and gold coins. According to Juzjani, the negotiations between Muhammad and Taniku were arranged by Uthman ibn Ibrahim of Samarkand who do not want the "Sultan of Islam" to be captured by the infidels. Following the defeat, the Ghurids lost the control over most of the Khurasan except Herat and Balkh. Thus, Muhammad of necessity agreed for a cold peace with the Khwarezmians.

Final days
After the disaster of Andkhud and the subsequent rumours of Muhammad's death in the battle led to widespread insurrections throughout the Ghurid Sultanate, most notably by Aibak Beg, Husain Kharmil and by the governor of Ghazni, Yildiz, as well. Muhammad first marched to Multan instead of Ghazni, where his slave general Aibak Beg (who rescued him in Battle of Andkhud) assassinated the Ghurid governor Amir Dad Hasan in a personal meeting and issued a fake decree of him being appointed by Muhammad as the new governor of Multan. Muhammad defeated Aibak Beg decisively and captured him in the battle. Afterwards, he marched towards Ghazni, where Yildiz mutinied earlier and seized the city. On the advance of a vast army of Muhammad of Ghor, foreseeing an inevitable defeat, Yildiz and his aristocrats surrendered to Muhammad, who pardoned them.

Thus, Muhammad successfully restored his empire to stability, after suppressing the mutineers and turned his attention towards the affairs of Central Asia again to avenge the rout at Andhkhud and to reclaim his holdings in Khurasan. Accordingly, by July 1205, Muhammad's governor of Balkh besieged Tirmidh in the present-day Uzbekistan and captured the city following a short siege, destroying the Qara Khitai garrison stationed there and placed it under his son. Afterwards, Muhammad ordered his viceory in the Bamiyan Valley, Baha al-Din Sam II to construct a boat bridge and a castle across the river Oxus to facilitate the march of his armies in Transoxiana. Muhammad also directed his Indian soldiers to join him in the expedition against the Qara Khitais. However, soon another political unrest broke out which turned Muhammad towards Punjab again where he was eventually assassinated.

Campaign against Khokhars
The Khokhar tribe whose influence extended from the lower Indus until Siwalik hills, arose in the wake of Muhammad's rout in the Battle of Andkhud and rebelled by disrupting the Ghurid communication chain between Lahore and Ghazni along with plundering Lahore. According to Juzjani, the Khokhars were hostile to Muslims and use to "torment every "Musalman they captured".

Hence, Muhammad marched from Ghazni in December 1205 for his last campaign in order to subjugate the Khokhars. The Khokhars led by Bakan and Sarkha offered a battle somewhere between the Chenab and Jhelum rivers and fought valiantly until the afternoon but Muhammad carried the day after Iltutmish arrived with a reserve contingent, whom Muhammad earlier stationed on the banks of Jhelum. Muhammad followed his victory by a large scale slaughter of the Khokhars. His armies also burnt down the forests where many of them took refuge while fleeing.

Iltutmish was rewarded for his gallantry against the Khokhars with a presentation of special robe of honour from Muhammad. According to Juzjani, Muhammad also manumitted Illtutmish, despite the fact that his master Aibak who purchased him originally was still a slave along with other senior slaves of Muhammad who were not manumitted until that point.

Assassination

After crushing the Khokhars, on his way back to his capital in Ghazni, Muhammad's caravan rested at Dhamiak near Sohawa (which is near the city of Jhelum in the Punjab province of modern-day Pakistan) where he was assassinated on March 15, 1206, by the Ismāʿīlī emissaries.

"The martyrdom of the sovereign of sea and land, Muizz-ud-din, From the beginning of the world the like of whom no monarch arose, On the third of the month Sha`ban in the year six hundred and two, Happened on the road to Ghazni at the halting-place of Damyak."

According to some sketchy accounts regarding the identity of Muhammad's assassins, claimed that the assassins were sent by Muhammad II of Khwarezm. However, the Khwarezmians already curbed the Ghurid ambition in Transoxiana after the Andkhud debacle and were not facing any potential danger from them. Hence, historian Mohammad Habib theorizes that this speculation that the Ismaili assassins were sent by the Khwarezmian Shah is unlikely to be correct. Muhammad's assassins were probably sent by the Imam of Alamut whose castle he sacked during the Khurasan expedition.

Some later accounts possibly with the genesis in the writing of Ferishta claimed that his assassins were Hindu Khokhars. In "Tarikh-i-Firishta", he stated that "Twenty Khokhar infidels" who were cowed down by him earlier attacked his carvan and stabbed him with a "dagger". However, this account is not corroborated by the earlier authorities. Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani, Hasan Nizami and Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabi all contemporary or near contemporary accounts confirmed that Muhammad was assassinated by a "Heretic devote" ("fida-i-mulahida"). The story of his assassination by the Khokhars is probably an invention of later times based on indirect evidences. Muhammad's coffin was carried from Dhamiak to Ghazni by his Vizier Moidul Mulk along with other elites, where he was buried (Ghazni) in the mausoleum of his daughter.

Despite the debacle of Andhkhud and the successive plummet of their western frontier, Muhammad's empire at the time of his assassination still spread out as far as Herat in the west, Zamindawar Valley in the south and the Yasin Valley in the north-east.

Succession
Muhammad's only offspring was his daughter who died during his own lifetime. His sudden assassination in Damyak led to a period of struggle among his slaves and other senior Ghurid elites for the succession. The Ghurid aristocrats of Ghazni and Fīrūzkūh supported the succession of Baha al-Din Sam II from the Bamiyan branch, although his Turkic slaves supported Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud who was his nephew and son of his brother Ghiyath al-Din. Nonetheless, Baha al-Din died on his march to Ghazni on 24 February 1206 due to illness.

Thus, Muhammad was succeeded by Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud in 1206, although most of his conquests in the Ganga Valley were in the grasp of his lieutenants – Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Taj al-Din Yildiz, Bahauddin Tughril, Nasir ad-Din Qabacha and Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji who barely consulted Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud in their affairs. Notwithstanding, they still paid him a minimal tribute. During his reign, Mahmud also officially grant "manumission" on Aibak and Yildiz. Thus, freed from the slavery and with investment of a "chatr" from Mahmud, Yildiz established himself as the king of Ghazni in 1206 and Aibak in Lahore (who declared independence in 1208) established the Delhi Sultanate. Historian Iqtidar Alam Khan though, doubted that Aibak styled himself as the "Sultan" as it is not attested by the numismatic evidences. Soon, Mahmud was enforced to accept suzerainty of Alauddin Shah of Khawarazm as attested by the numismatic evidences in which he minted his name along with placing Alauddin's name in the "khuṭbah" until his assassination in 1212.

Afterwards, the Khwarazmians established their puppet government in the Ghurid lands, although Yildiz drove them back in 1213 before Alauddin eradicated the Ghurids and annexed Fīrūzkūh from Zia al-Din Ali in 1215 who either died as his captive (burned in Iran) or retired to Delhi in exile. Alauddin also defeated and executed the last Ghurid ruler Jalal al-Din Ali from the Bamiyan line in the same year. Thus, the Šansabānī house was extirpated by 1215. Yildiz was toppled from Ghazni around the same time as well who later fled to Delhi and laid his own claim for succession of the Ghurid conquests of Muhammad of Ghor. However, he was defeated and executed in 1216 by Iltutmish in Tarain.

Relations with slaves
According to Juzjani's Tabaqat-i-Nasiri (c.1260), Muhammad enthusiastically used to purchase several slaves during his lifetime who later according to Juzjani became renowned for their calibre in "east". Muhammad purchased a young Qabacha who was sold into slavery and was later bestowed with the domains of Kerman and Sanjar for his Iqṭāʿ by the Ghurid Sultan. He raised his slaves with affection and treated them as his sons and successors, after his despondency with his own Ghurid household in his later days. According to another contemporary account of Fakhr-i Mudabbir who wrote under the patronage of Qutb ud-Din Aibak also emphasized upon the importance of each of the Turkish slaves ("bandagan") to Muhammad. He further panegyrise Aibak for enduring the trust of his master. Muhammad's slaves played a key role in the expansion and consolidation of the Ghurid conquests in the Ganga-Jamuna doab when he was engaged in the affairs of Khurasan and amidst this also raised their own authority in the North India while still regarding Muhammad as their supreme master until his assassination.

Muhammad, later also organized matrimonial alliances among the families of his slaves in accordance with the practise of endogamy. The notable among these alliances, were the marriages of the daughters of Taj al-Din Yildiz to Qutb ud-Din Aibak and Nasir ad-Din Qabacha. Further, two daughters of Aibak were married to Qabacha. This policy was continued by Aibak as well, who married his daughter to his slave Illtutmish.

In popular traditions, when a courtier lamented that the Sultan (Muhammad) had no male heirs, he retorted: ""Other monarchs may have one son or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khuṭbah (Friday sermon) throughout these territories""

- Muhammad of Ghor on his succession

Legacy

During the dyarchy of Muhammad and his elder brother Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, the Ghurids emerged as one of the major powers in the eastern Islamic world. The Ghurids reached the greatest extent of their territorial expansion, where they briefly ruled over a territory which spanned over 3000 km from east to west. During these years, their empire stretched from Gorgan in eastern present-day Iran to Lakhnauti in present-day Bangladesh and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to Sindh (Pakistan).

The Catastrophe of Andkhud and the collapse of the Šansabānī dynasty within a decade of his assassination along with the rise of Genghis Khan who carved out the largest contiguous empire in history made his short-lived successes in the Khurasan and Persia as less consequential in contrast to the more substantial Islamic monarchs of Central Asia. While, Muhammad was not much successful against his Turkish adversaries in the Transoxiana, notwithstanding, his success in the Indian Subcontinent had far flug consequences. The 13th century chronicle Jawami ul-Hikayat, by Muhammad Aufi, mentioned that the Sultan (Muhammad of Ghor) "khuṭbah was read in all the mosques from Herat to Assam". His decisive victory in the Second Battle of Tarain against the Rajput forces of Prithviraja III laid to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate by Qutb ud-Din Aibak which was further consolidated by his slave commander Illtutmish. In the ensuring times, the Sultanate of Delhi turned to be the only major Islamic state that survived amongst the carnage in the Central Asia caused by the Mongols during the thirteenth century.

The Ghurids similar to the Ghaznavids were unpopular among their subjects of the Khurasan. According to Juzjani, Muhammad imposed heavy taxes, plundered and seized the property in Tus for the expanses of his army, which was committed for the protection of a Imam's shrine. These events eventually turned the people belligerent towards the Ghurids who retaliated when Muhammad besieged Gurganz and militarily supported the besieged Khwarezmian Shah who as a result collected a hughe army of 70,000 which eventually forced Muhammad to relieve the siege and retreat before being cornered by the Qara Khitai forces.

The Ghor region, however, during his reign did prospered and became a leading centre of learning and culture. He also gave grants to various theologians like Maulana Fakharudin Razi who preached the Islamic teachings in the backward regions of the Ghurid empire. Muhammad also briefly contributed in the archietectural aspect of his region, chiefly constructing distinctive kind of Islamic glazed tiles in his capital Ghazni.

Memorials

 * A shrine for Muhammad Ghori was built in Dhamiak by Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan in 1994-1995 and was later handed over to the Punjab archaeology department. Following his assassination in Dhamiak, the corpse of Muhammad Ghori was actually placed in the mausoleum of his daughter in Ghazni.
 * Pakistani military named three of its medium-range ballistic missile Ghauri-I, Ghauri-II and Ghauri-III, in the memory of Mu'izz.

Coins
The circulation of coins from Muhammad's court in Ghazni around 1199, confirming to the numismatic standards of the Islamic world, carried only Arabic calligraphy with the qalma and name of his sibling Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad along with his title on the obverse side of coin, whereas the reverse side of coin featured Muhammad's name and his title along with the title of Caliphate. The paradigm of coins issued by Muhammad and Ghiyath al-Din shifted drastically from 1199 onwards to a further more orthodox ideologue with the Quranic verses on both sides. The radical shift to orthodoxy in the coinage is probably to propound their recent change of school from Karramiyya to the mainstream Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of Islam by Ghiyath al-Din and Muhammad respectively in order to embed themselves within cosmopolitan networks of the wider Islamic world and shed off their backward origin.

The coins issued by Muhammad in northern India followed the Indian standards of weight and metallic purity. The Ghurid coins in India except Bengal, continued on the same paradigm of pre-conquest with the existing Hindu iconography juxtaposed with the name of Muhammad written in Sanskrit, the language of northern Indian literate elites and not in the Arabic. Coins minted by Muhammad and his lieutenants in north India continued featuring the iconographic programme of Hindu deity Lakshmi (based on the existing pattern of Chahamanas) on one side and Muhammad's name in the Nāgarī script on other side written in Sanskrit. Similarly in Delhi, the Ghurid circulation continued on the pre-conquest paradigm which had the iconography of Nandi Bull and a "Chahaman horsemen" juxtaposed with Muhammad's name written as "Shri Hammirah".

Finbarr Barry Flood commented on the notion of continuity of the pre-conquest arrangements in the numismatics as a pragmatic measure of Ghurids to met the economic realities in northern India. Sunil Kumar further elaborated on the basis of hoard evidences that the coins issued by Muhammad were accepted on the same scale by the local Indian financiers and bankers as the previous coins which were issued by the Rajputs, despite a period of transition (regime change) in the political milieu of northern India.

Popular culture
In the 2022 film Samrat Prithviraj, Manav Vij portrayed Muhammad of Ghor.

title: Muhammad of Ghor