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Gospel of Philip

The Gospel of Philip is a non-canonical Gnostic Gospel dated to around the 3rd century but lost in medieval times until rediscovered by accident, buried with other texts near Nag Hammadi in Egypt, in 1945.

The Gospel is not accepted as canonical by the Christian church. Although it may have some relationship to the beliefs expressed in the Gospel of Thomas, scholars are divided as to whether it should be read as a single discourse or as a collection of otherwise unrelated Valentinian sayings. Sacraments, in particular the sacrament of marriage, are a major theme. As in other texts often associated with what has been referred to as "Gnosticism," such as the Gospel of Thomas and Gospel of Mary, the Gospel of Philip defends a tradition that gives Mary Magdalene a special relationship and insight into Jesus's teaching. The text contains fifteen sayings of Jesus. Seven of these sayings are also found in the canonical gospels, and two are closely related to sayings in the Gospel of Thomas.

Date of composition
The gospel's title appears at the end of the Coptic manuscript in a colophon; the only connection with Philip the Apostle within the text is that he is the only apostle mentioned (at 73,8). The text proper makes no claim to be from Philip, though the four New Testament gospels make no explicit internal claim of authorship either. Most scholars hold a 3rd-century date of composition.

History and context
A single manuscript of the Gospel of Philip, in Coptic (CG II), was found in the Nag Hammadi library, a cache of documents that was secreted in a jar and buried in the Egyptian desert at the end of the 4th century. The text was bound in the same codex that contained the better-known Gospel of Thomas.

From the mix of aphorisms, parables, brief polemics, narrative dialogue, biblical exegesis (especially of Genesis), and dogmatic propositions, Wesley W. Isenberg, the editor and translator of the text, has attributed seventeen sayings (logia) to Jesus, nine of which characterizes as citations and interpretations of those found in the canonical gospels The new sayings, "identified by the formula introducing them ('he said', 'the Lord said', or 'the Saviour said') are brief and enigmatic and are best interpreted from a Gnostic perspective.

Much of the Gospel of Philip is concerned with Gnostic views of the origin and nature of mankind and the sacraments it refers to as baptism, unction and marriage. It is not always clear whether these are the same literal rituals known in other parts of the early Christian movement and since, or ideal and heavenly realities. The Gospel emphasizes the sacramental nature of the embrace between man and woman (or ideas represented by these as types) in the "nuptial chamber," which is an archetype of spiritual unity. Many of the sayings are identifiably related to other texts referred to by scholars as Gnostic, and often appear quite mysterious and enigmatic (these are from the translation by ):

"The Lord said, 'Blessed is he who is before he came into being. For he who is, has been and shall be.'"

"He who has knowledge of the truth is a free man, but the free man does not sin, for 'He who sins is the slave of sin' (John 8:34). Truth is the mother, knowledge the father."

"Echamoth is one thing and Echmoth, another. Echamoth is Wisdom simply, but Echmoth is the Wisdom of death, which is the one who knows death, which is called 'the little Wisdom'."

"Early in the text it says: 'Those who say they will die first and then rise are in error. If they do not first receive the resurrection while they live, when they die they will receive nothing.'

Later in the text it says: 'Those who say that the Lord died first and then rose up are in error – for He rose up first and then died.'"

"Jesus came to crucify the world."

"Jesus took them all by stealth, for he did not appear as he was, but in the manner in which they would be able to see him. He appeared to them all. He appeared to the great as great. He appeared to the small as small. He appeared to the angels as an angel, and to men as a man."

"It is not possible for anyone to see anything of the things that actually exist unless he becomes like them... You saw the Spirit, you became spirit. You saw Christ, you became Christ. You saw the Father, you shall become Father. So in this place you see everything and do not see yourself, but in that place you do see yourself - and what you see you shall become."

"Adam came into being from two virgins, from the Spirit and from the virgin earth. Christ therefore, was born from a virgin to rectify the Fall which occurred in the beginning."

One saying in particular appears to identify the levels of initiation in Gnosticism, although what exactly the bridal chamber represented in gnostic thought is a matter of debate:

"The Lord did everything in a mystery, a baptism and a chrism and a eucharist and a redemption and a bridal chamber."

One possibility is that the bridal chamber refers symbolically to the relationship of trust and singular devotion that should exist between God (bridegroom) and humankind or believer (bride) – just as the marriage relationship (bedchamber) implies a devotion of husband and wife to each other that is expected to exclude all other parties. This symbolic meaning is found for example in the Parable of the Ten Virgins –, "Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom".

Another interpretation of the Gospel of Philip supported by scholar Marvin W. Meyer, emphasizes Jesus as central focus of the text. Some quotations from the gospel could be inferred as placing Jesus in a central position:

"Those who produce the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit...[are] no longer a Christian but [are] Christ. (Philip logion 72)"

"'My God, my God, why, O Lord, have you forsaken me?' (Mark 15:34). It was on the cross that he said these words, for he had departed from that place. (Philip logion 77)"

"We are born again through the Holy Spirit, and we are conceived through Christ in baptism with two elements. We are anointed through the spirit, and when we are conceived, we were united. (Philip logion 80)"

"Jesus appeared [...] Jordan - the fullness of the Kingdom of Heaven. (Philip logion 88)"

"By perfecting the water of baptism, Jesus emptied it of death. Thus we do go down into the water, but we do not go down into death, in order that we may not be poured out into the spirit of the world. Philip logion 115)"

According to Meyer, without Jesus, the rituals and mysteries mentioned in this gospel would have no context.

Furthermore, this text seems to be related to others connected with the Valentinian Christian sect, who worshipped a Christ interpreted through "Gnostic" ideas, and is often linked to what is sometimes thought to be Valentinius' own composition, the Gospel of Truth.

The Gospel of Philip ends with its promise:

"If anyone becomes a 'son of the bridechamber' he will receive the Light. If anyone does not receive it while he is in these places, he cannot receive it in the other place. He who receives any Light will not be seen, nor can he be held fast. No one will be able to trouble him in this way, whether he lives in the world or leaves the world. He has already received the Truth in images, and the World has become the Aeon. For the Aeon already exists for him as Pleroma, and he exists in this way. It is revealed to him alone, since it is not hidden in darkness and night but is hidden in a perfect Day and a holy Night."

Mary Magdalene
Much of the Gospel of Philip is dedicated to a discussion of marriage as a sacred mystery, and two passages directly refer to Mary Magdalene and her close relationship with Jesus:

"There were three who always walked with the Lord: Mary, his mother, and her sister, and Magdalene, the one who was called his companion. His sister and his mother and his companion were each a Mary."

In different places in the Gospel of Philip, Mary Magdalene is called Jesus's companion, partner or consort, using Coptic variants of the word koinōnos (κοινωνός), of Greek origin, or the word hōtre, of Egyptian origin. In this passage koinōnos is used. Koinōnos has a range of possible meanings: at root, it denotes a "person engaged in fellowship or sharing with someone or in something", but what exactly a koinōnos "can share with his or her partner can take many forms, ranging from a common enterprise or experience to a shared business". In the Bible, koinōnos is sometimes used to refer to a spouse (cf. ), but is also used to refer to a "companion" in faith, a co-worker in proclaiming the Gospel , or a business associate. The Gospel of Philip uses cognates of koinōnos and Coptic equivalents to refer to the literal pairing of men and women in marriage and sexual intercourse, but also metaphorically, referring to a spiritual partnership, and the reunification of the Gnostic Christian with the divine realm. And importantly, there are occasions in the Gospel of Philip when the regular Coptic word for wife is used directly in reference to people who are clearly spouses, suggesting that the term koinōnos is "reserved for a more specific usage" in the Gospel of Philip.

That passage is also interesting for its mention of Jesus's sister (Jesus's unnamed sisters are mentioned in the New Testament at ), although the text is confusing on that point: she appears to be described first as the sister of Jesus's mother Mary (also mentioned in the Gospel of John, possibly the same person as Mary of Clopas), then as the sister of Jesus, although this may be a translation problem.

The other passage, purportedly referring to Jesus kissing Mary Magdalene, is incomplete because of damage to the original manuscript. Several words are missing. Guesses as to what they were are shown below in brackets. Most notably there is a hole in the manuscript after the phrase "and used to kiss her [often] on her...." But the passage appears to describe Jesus kissing Magdalene, apparently described as "barren" and "the mother of the angels" at the beginning of the relevant paragraph and using a parable to explain to the disciples why he loved her more than he loved them:

"As for Wisdom who is called 'the barren', she is the mother [of the] angels. And the companion of the [...] Mary Magdalene. [... loved] her more than [all] the disciples [and used to] kiss her [often] on her [...]. The rest of [the disciples...] They said to him, 'Why do you love her more than all of us?' The Savior answered and said to them, 'Why do I not love you like her? When a blind man and one who sees are both together in the darkness, they are no different from one another. When the light comes, then he who sees will see the light, and he who is blind will remain in darkness."

Some scholars speculate that "hand" is the word after "kiss her... on her". But it may have been cheek, forehead or feet to simply show respect. translates it as "on her mouth".

Problems concerning the text
The Gospel of Philip is a text that reveals some connections with Early Christian writings of the Gnostic traditions. It is a series of logia or aphoristic utterances, most of them apparently quotations and excerpts of lost writings, without any attempt at a narrative context. The main theme concerns the value of sacraments. Scholars debate whether the original language was Syriac or Greek. Wesley W. Isenberg, the text's translator, places the date "perhaps as late as the 2nd half of the 3rd century" and places its probable origin in Syria due to its references to Syriac words and eastern baptismal practices as well as its ascetic outlook. The online Early Christian Writings site gives it a date c. 180–250. Meyer gives its date as "2nd or 3rd century".

Interpretation
The text has been interpreted by as a Christian Gnostic sacramental catechesis. Bentley Layton identified it as a Valentinian anthology of excerpts, and Elaine Pagels and Martha Lee Turner have seen it as possessing a consistent and Valentinian theology. It is dismissed by Catholic author Ian Wilson who argues that it "has no special claim to an early date, and seems to be merely a Mills and Boon-style fantasy of a type not uncommon among Christian apocryphal literature of the 3rd and 4th centuries".

Latter-day Saint scholar Richard O. Cowan sees a parallel between the "bridal chamber" that is a central theme in the Gospel and the Mormon doctrine of "the new and everlasting covenant of marriage", or "eternal marriage".

title: Gospel of Philip


text:
Leon Wieseltier

Leon Wieseltier (born June 14, 1952) is an American critic and magazine editor. From 1983 to 2014, he was the literary editor of The New Republic. He was a contributing editor and critic at The Atlantic until 2017, when the magazine fired him following allegations and an admission by Wieseltier of multiple instances of sexual harassment. In 2020, he became the editor of Liberties, a quarterly literary review.

Early life and education
Wieseltier was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Stella (Backenroth) and Mark Wieseltier, who were Holocaust survivors from Poland. He attended the Yeshiva of Flatbush, Columbia University, Oxford University, and Harvard University. He was a member of the Harvard Society of Fellows (1979–82).

Career
During his tenure as literary editor of The New Republic, Wieseltier played a central role in the editing of its "back of the book" or literary, cultural and arts pages. The magazine's owner, Marty Peretz discovered Wieseltier, then working at Harvard's Society of Fellows, and installed him in charge of the section.

Wieseltier has published several books of fiction and nonfiction. Kaddish, a National Book Award finalist in 2000, and a National Jewish Book Award winner in the Nonfiction category in 1998, is a genre-blending meditation on the Jewish prayers of mourning. Against Identity is a collection of thoughts about the modern notion of identity.

Wieseltier also edited and introduced a volume of works by Lionel Trilling entitled The Moral Obligation to Be Intelligent and wrote the foreword to Ann Weiss's The Last Album: Eyes from the Ashes of Auschwitz-Birkenau, a collection of personal photographs that serves as a paean to pre-Shoah innocence.

Wieseltier's translations of the works of Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai have appeared in The New Republic and The New Yorker.

Wieseltier served on the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq and was an outspoken advocate of the George W. Bush administration's invasion of Iraq and the Iraq War. "I am in no sense a neoconservative, as many of my neoconservative adversaries will attest," Wieseltier wrote in a May 2007 letter to Judge Reggie Walton, seeking leniency for his friend Scooter Libby.

In 2013, he was the recipient of the Dan David Prize for being "a foremost writer and thinker who confronts and engages with the central issues of our times, setting the standard for serious cultural discussion in the United States".

In January 2016, it was announced that Wieseltier would be joining Laurene Powell Jobs to form a new publication devoted to exploring the effects of technology on people's lives. But on October 24, 2017, Jobs withdrew funding for the journal after Wieseltier admitted to sexual harassment and inappropriate advances with several former female employees of The New Republic.

In 2020, Wieseltier launched a quarterly journal called Liberties, which was described as being dedicated to "the rehabilitation of liberalism".

Sexual harassment acknowledgment (2017)
In the immediate aftermath of Harvey Weinstein allegations and the #MeToo movement, a list of "Shitty Media Men" that featured men in the media industry who were accused of sexual misconduct was widely shared on the internet. Wieseltier's name was on the list.

After it was revealed on October 24, 2017, that several former women employees of The New Republic had accused Wieseltier of sexual harassment and inappropriate advances, he admitted to "offenses against some of my colleagues in the past." In a statement he made after the allegations became public, Wieseltier said: “I am ashamed to know that I made [anyone]... feel demeaned and disrespected. I assure them that I will not waste this reckoning.”

According to The New York Times: "Several women... said they were humiliated when Mr. Wieseltier sloppily kissed them on the mouth, sometimes in front of other staff members. Others said he discussed his sex life, once describing the breasts of a former girlfriend in detail. Mr. Wieseltier made passes at female staffers, they said, and pressed them for details about their own sexual encounters. Mr. Wieseltier often commented on what women wore to the office... telling them that their dresses were not tight enough. One woman said he left a note on her desk thanking her for the miniskirt she wore to the office that day. She said she never wore a skirt to the office again".

Another woman who was harassed by Wieseltier, Sarah Wildman, a former assistant editor of the magazine, later wrote that she was fired for complaining: "In disclosing this incident to my superiors, the outcome was, in many ways, far worse than the act itself. It’s not exactly that I was disbelieved; it’s that in the end, I was dismissed," she wrote in Vox.

Wildman further wrote that the sexual harassment went hand in hand with gender discrimination at the magazine during Peretz's and Wieseltier's tenure: "The women knew we had a far shallower chance of rising up the masthead than our male counterparts; all of us hoped we’d be the exception. To do so, we entered into a game in which the rules were rigged against us, sometimes pushing us well past our point of comfort in order to remain in play."

In 2014, an investigation by outside counsel retained by The New Republic substantiated allegations Wieseltier had subjected an employee of the magazine’s office building to unwanted sexual advances and harassment. (“We directed Mr. Wieseltier to immediately cease any communication with her, and I made sure he knew The New Republic had a zero-tolerance policy for sexual harassment of any kind,” the magazine's then owner, Christopher Hughes said.)

On October 24, 2017, Laurene Powell Jobs withdrew funding for the journal Wieseltier had been working to establish after Wieseltier admitted to sexual harassment and inappropriate advances with several former female employees.

On October 27, 2017 Wieseltier was fired by The Atlantic.

He was also fired by the Brookings Institution where he been the Isaiah Berlin Senior Fellow in Culture and Policy.

Criticism
Wieseltier was a frequent target of the satirical monthly Spy magazine. It often derided his analyses of pop culture as comically pretentious and mocked him as "Leon Vee-ZEL-tee-AY" who "jealously guards his highbrow credentials while wearing a lowbrow heart on his sleeve".

In reference to being called a "Jew-baiter" by Wieseltier, Andrew Sullivan has said, "Wieseltier is a connoisseur and cultivator of personal hatred"—referring to a dislike based on "tedious" causes that Wieseltier allegedly has held regarding him for a long time.

Wiesltier was the subject of a 2017 essay, "The Tzaddik of the Intellectuals" written by Joseph Epstein that appeared in The Weekly Standard (November 3, 2017) and was included in Gallimaufry, a collection of Epstein's essays published in 2020. See also Tzadik.

Personal life
Wieseltier and Mahnaz Ispahani married in 1985, and divorced in 1994. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg officiated at their wedding in 1985.

After a long-term relationship with choreographer Twyla Tharp, he married his second wife, Jennifer Bradley, who worked on urban-development issues at the Brookings Institution. The Washington Post reported that Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg would also officiate at their October 2000 wedding. As of 2020, the couple was in the midst of a divorce.

Wieseltier is a fluent Hebrew speaker, and when interviewed in Israel, he said "I feel perfectly at home here."

In popular culture
Wieseltier appeared in one episode of the fifth season of The Sopranos, playing Stewart Silverman, a character whom Wieseltier described as "a derangingly materialistic co-religionist who dreams frantically of 'Wedding of the Week' and waits a whole year for some stupid car in which he can idle for endless hours in traffic east of Quogue every weekend of every summer, the vulgar Zegna-swaddled brother of a Goldman Sachs mandarin whose son's siman tov u'mazel tov is provided by a pulchritudinous and racially diverse bunch of shellfish-eating chicks in tight off-the-shoulder gowns".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leon Wieseltier


text:
Talk:The Last Question

Untitled
The ending is usually interpreted as the AC rebooting the universe, but i prefer the idea that it created a simulation within itself of the universe, a nested virtual reality for life to replay itself in. Mike Schiraldi 06:49, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That is my interpretation too. In the story the Cosmic AC prepares a "program" with all the data it gathered. To me, this is an Universe Simulation, and the AC then becomes God by running this program. Stanislaw Lem also wrote a story that explicitly involved an "Universe Simulation", in this case by a mad computer that thought it was God (unfortunately I don't remember the title). In more recent works, this "Godlike Computer" and "Universe Simulation" themes have appeared for example in the "Matrix" trilogy and in the Manga/Anime "Ah! My Goddess". The Synthetic God seems to be a product of this technological age...

No way is it just a simulation that AC created. A simulation would not have effected the massive decrease in entropy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marainlaw (talk • contribs) 23:29, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

I gotta say this is a very fine story and I thoroughly enjoyed it. Any reccommendations should be posted on my talk page. --TIB 04:40, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)

Another example of a God Computer would be When HARLIE Was One by David Gerrold. At one point, HARLIE proposes creating a computer, the Graphic Omniscient Device, to run a simulation of the universe in order to provide the answer to any questions regarding the universe. The twist is, due to the sheer scale of the computer, speed-of-light lag means that it would take longer to complete a prediction than it would take for events to actually play out.--Enigmatick 05:30, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Spoiler Warning
I'm placing a spoiler warning on this article as the Synopsis section gives away too much of the plot. Counterfriction 07:04, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Copyright violation? (Linking to online mirrors)
I'm pretty sure that the text mirrors to which this article links are copyright violations, and the second one is broken anyway. Consequently, I'm moving the text here until someone convinces me otherwise.

Well that depends, how long does copyright last for where you are? Longer than 50 years? Sri Theo 22:17, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Usually copyright is life plus 70 years. Asimov died in 1992, so I think it's safe to say that the story will remain protected for a while yet. --Bonalaw 12:21, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In 1956, when the story was published, works were under copyright for 28 years with an optional renewal for a period of another 28 years. In 1978, the renewal period was extended to 47 years.  The story in question would have come up for renewal in 1984, and was apparently renewed on January 5, 1984.  In 1998, copyrights were extended another 20 years, which would put it under copyright until 2051. Gnosticdogma 19:53, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would suggest that it would be wise not to link to any online versions of The Last Question until the copyright expires, so if anyone does ill delete it and place the link here -- KaiAdin 01:48, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

I think that copyright law should allow you to link to any content. Referring to a work that violates copyright should not be illegal. A link is just a pointer. Copyright should also allow ALL works to be hosted for non-profit academic work like an encyclopedia. Not only do I think linking the story is OK, I think mirroring it would be perfectly ethical. Moreover, the author of this story is long dead. Copyright should not continue to "protect" a work when the person it is supposedly "protecting" the work for no longer exists! If the law says otherwise, than the law opposes free speech. Delirium of disorder 05:41, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Honestly.... who gives a shit.
 * We wouldn't want a lawsuit filed against Wikipedia, now, would we?
 * If wikipedia were sued for something like this, it would be trivial to take down. In fact whoever is threatening the suit could take remove the link themselves rather than paying some lawyer big bucks to threaten us!  The content should at the very least remain until an actual suit is filed or the copyright holder makes their wishes known in some more amicable manner.  If wikipedia is really getting threatened for LINKING to copyrighted content without permission, and judges are taking these threats seriously, then I recommend that wikipedia quit the non-profit incorporated in the USA and move the servers and staff to some other nation, one that has a basic level of respect for free speech.  Delirium of disorder 21:50, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It's Wikipedia's policy to not link to copyright violations. Our mission isn't to violate the law or help others do so. Wikipedia's mission is to create a body of educational content which will be legally free forever no matter if copyright gets fixed or not, which is a mission that people on all sides of the copyright discussion should be able to support. But that mission won't be helped if we encourage people to confuse Wikipedia with people whom are ignoring society's rules. --Gmaxwell (talk) 23:35, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

See WP:ELNEVER. This link is of a kind which is banned on Wikipedia "without exception". I'm not a fan of how long copyright currently is, but that's the law...and the WP policy reflects that. Kufat (talk) 15:36, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Possible plot flaw?
Kinda funny... I haven't read the story, although i do love Asimov, but if the Cosmic AC exists in hyperspace, then how can there be "nobody to report it to?" -- postglock 16:26, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * how? everyone in the universe would have been killed by heat deathJoeyjojo 00:51, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Huh? I just meant that if the Cosmic AC exists in hyperspace, out of time, then the concept of there being "nobody to report it to" becomes obsolete. He could simply report the answer back to us (or our descendants) at a point in time when we existed. -postglock 06:10, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * well maybe the comic AC was not out side of some sort of "hyperspace time" or didn't want to (or chouldn't) upset causality? but i don't know, like you i haven't read it.

Yeah, I suppose there could be implied or explicit laws to do with existing in hyperspace as far as this story is concerned. I suppose I just assumed that existing out of normal time suggests not being bound by the linear flow of it, but (as suggested) perhaps he is merely tied to some sort of meta-time from which he cannot escape... Hmmm... -postglock 05:36, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

could be, it make you think but.. i'll see it i can find a copy -Joeyjojo 04:06, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Well, if the Cosmic AC can't do that, then he isn't really much of a god, is he? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.51.244.148 (talk • contribs)

 * True... but then this is opening up a whole other kettle of fish... :-) -postglock 08:27, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

I'm surprised to see that this short asimov story is known on the Web, although it's my favourite asimov's writing. But there's a huge problem in his story, that breaked my heart when i discovered it '-_-. Why don't WE know how to reverse entropy, multivac should've told us.

Humanity "dies" when the last person fuses with the cosmic ac when there is only the single star left. All the bodies are dead, all the minds have fused with cosmic ac. Some time after that, the Cosmic AC figures out the answer, and performs it. Macktheknifeau 23:26, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I finally got around to reading the story, and I think the spoilers confused me. While computing the answer, the Cosmic AC is not exactly in "hyperspace," as this implies a "normal" space and time, to which it is outside ("hyper"). I've rewritten sections of the spoiler now... -postglock 04:21, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Why should hyperspace be outside of time? It's just another dimension, still linked to our universe - and time.--Cyberman TM (talk) 15:30, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Please see WP:NOT. - Denimadept (talk) 17:42, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Hey guys, y'all are taking this much too seriously. Asimov wrote this all in one sitting. It's supposed to be entertaining. (And, at that, it succeeds.) Chill! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marainlaw (talk • contribs) 23:31, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

Heat death vs. Cold death?
In the story, the last consciousness of Man fuses with the AC when the last star dies, ten trillion years from the beginning. Toward the end of the story, reference is made to most stars being fading white dwarfs, and that all the stars and galaxies 'snuffed out.' This sounds more to me like a cold death--a scenario where all the stars have turned into black dwarfs, the Universe has expanded so far that any free energy is dissipated, and there is no longer any hydrogen available to create new stars. The heat death scenario in any case would take far longer than 10 trillion years. Jsc1973 14:55, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Heat is a measurement of the transfer of energy. Cold is an adjective describing relative temperature. Heat death is used because when the temperature of the universe is completely homogenized, there will be no temperature differences to motivate the exchange of energy, and thus the "heat" of the universe (or any subsystem therein) is zero. This lack of energy in transit would be strictly prohibitive of life as we know it. Counterfriction 07:00, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Agreeing with Counterfriction, heat death is a term for the eventually balance of heat throughout the universe, and so it is not meant as death by heat but as death of heat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.71.82.82 (talk) 01:45, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

The Cosmic AC merged with Man
I added this bit in, as it is very important to the story IMO. Cheezmeister 03:24, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It should be switched around; Man merged with the Cosmic AC The Conundrumer TC 05:17, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

(spoiler removed)
Ok, revealing the final in the plot summary is just wrong. I first read about this short story right here in Wikipedia, and read it using the link in this page. If had read the (spoiler removed) bit it will have spoiled the story. I don't know too much about wikipedia standars in plot summary (I'm just an avid reader of wikipedia, just editing some mistyping and vandalism) but the final twist shouln't be there, so I edited back that bit to the way I read it some time ago. If there's some kind of police about this, change it back, but please, try not to spoil this great short story. Kind Regards. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.209.128.161 (talk) 06:52, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, so I've removed the major spoiler from your comment. Have a nice day. :-D - Denimadept (talk) 20:16, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia does have some guidelines on this, at WP: Spoiler. I tend to agree with the reasoning presented. I'm sorry anyone feels the presence of a spoiler was "just wrong", but the purpose of Wikipedia is to inform, and spoilers are specifically noted in WP:Content_disclaimer. I'm placing the final paragraph back in.128.113.145.163 (talk) 14:38, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

US Centric
Um no offense but "Overall, it is considered to be one of the greatest science fiction short stories ever written." This is a US centric viewpoint. It might be nice to find out what the rest of the world thinks, but I don't think we would agree (I'm British, I live in Asia). Azimov writes with a very 50s era American optimism, and it gets old very quick. Compare Azimov to Philip K Dick, and you'll see that Azimov's optimism seems so very old fashioned whereas Dick's Pessimism is right on the money, and at least his work reads as fresh today as it was then. Dick, Clarke, Silverberg are more representative of the rest of the world's view of good sci-fi. I'm sure if you bothered to check outside the US you would be surprised to get a different answer for the best short story ever written. I think more research is in order. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.48.101.225 (talk) 20:21, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not so much "US-centric" as (more likely) just paraphrased from some review without citing the source. Possibly this one. --V2Blast (talk) 05:51, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Dead Links
The first two of the three "External links" in the article are dead (so tagged). The "Possibly this one" just above is also dead and, quite possibly, for the same reason as number 1 from "External links". If V2Blast was right then we have lost the "by whom?" reference (unless someone wants to query the Wayback Machine). --RoyGoldsmith (talk) 15:37, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

AC Definition
What does the "AC" acronym stand for? My googling has proved completely fruitless, only getting a line stating that it is indeed the name of the computer. Does anyone know what it actually stands for? 74.128.56.194 (talk) 09:13, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It stands for "Analog Computer." it's in the short story, at least in my edition. 118.139.6.190 (talk) 23:33, 6 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes. - Denimadept (talk) 15:45, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

A bit late for this, but it actually stands for Automatic Computer according to the text

Someone had once told Jerrodd that the "ac" at the end of "Microvac" stood for automatic computer" in ancient English, but he was on the edge of forgetting even that.'' Spunky LM  (talk) 22:28, 19 February 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by SpunkyLM (talk • contribs)

Planetarium
I know this story, narrated by Leonard Nimoy, was presented in the 1970s at the Boston Museum of Science, because I saw it there. I do not know the year, but I would guess 77-79. I wish I had better references to this, but I don't. Coincidentally, the museum is within a couple of blocks of where Nimoy grew up. Bobkeyes (talk) 22:42, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * On 9 August 2015 this article was changed from "the Hayden Planetarium in the Boston Museum of Science" to "the Hayden Planetarium in New York City". As no citation was provided, I have changed it back. Does anyone have any reference to this show appearing at either planetarium? Lee Choquette (talk) 04:15, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * In the absence of any reference, let's just kill it instead of guessing. If it's not noted anywhere, Wikipedia should not be the first place to note it. TJRC (talk) 17:28, 11 April 2017 (UTC)
 * It's not quite a guess, as Bobkeyes above personally remembers it showing at the one in Boston. I don't know if that's sufficient for Wikipedia. (I personally saw it at Hansen Planetarium in 1980, but I was also able to find a reference before adding that.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lee Choquette (talk • contribs) 18:51, 11 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Good point, and my apologies to Bobkeyes. In any event, personal memories aren't citable. (I have a great quote from Grace Hopper I would add to her article, otherwise!). WP:RS requires a published source. TJRC (talk) 23:07, 11 April 2017 (UTC)

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Is this book anyway related to Douglas Adams' series?

They have quite a few common items.

Supercomputer calculating answer to ultimate question is most significat one.
 * Frederic Brown's "Answer" is much more closely paid homage in the completion of Deep Thought. "The Last Question" is, however, the basis for an xkcd comic. - Dravecky (talk) 22:48, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Original publication ending
It isn’t the one in this article. It’s “THE BEGINNING”. 82.36.70.45 (talk) 15:26, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you have a citation for that? - Denimadept (talk) 19:12, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I have the story itself: https://archive.org/details/Science_Fiction_Quarterly_New_Series_v04n05_1956-11_slpn/page/n13/mode/2up 82.36.70.45 (talk) 20:51, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Last Question


text:
Talk:Minister for Women and Gender Equality and Youth

We
We need confirmation that Robert Andras was the minister responsible for the status of women. This is stated on one online source but no mention of it is made in his biography on the Parliamentary website. We also need dates. AndyL 04:40, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

When is this sexist ministry going to be either abolished or complemented by a minister for men? Wimstead (talk) 22:22, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

COI
I have just removed material about a lawsuit that was added about ten years ago in this edit. Assuming that the username identifies the person accurately, the editor who added it appears to have been the plaintiff in the lawsuit, which indicates a Conflict of interest risk. I have been unable to find any WP:Independent or WP:Secondary sources about this particular lawsuit (for example, any regular newspaper article that mentions it). Including it therefore puts WP:UNDUE emphasis on what seems to be a relatively unimportant lawsuit for this organization. WhatamIdoing (talk) 20:12, 12 July 2019 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Barista

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 04:41, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Indiana Wikipedians
Hello! Please consider adding yourself to Category:Indiana Wikipedians. Thanks! Kurt Weber 7 July 2005 02:53 (UTC)
 * AFAIK, I already am. --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 7 July 2005 03:08 (UTC)

Thanks!
Hi Barista, thanks for your work on Recent Changes Patrol, tagging those speedy deletion articles. It's a real help, so keep up the good work! --Spangineer (háblame)  July 9, 2005 04:20 (UTC)
 * Your welcome, and thanks for the compliment. :D --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 9 July 2005 04:24 (UTC)

Reverting
Why did you revert it, damm you 219.95.245.101 9 July 2005 05:40 (UTC)

Reverting (reprise)
Thanks for your vigilance with the SPLC article. The page seems to be a bit of a POV magnet. Hopefully with folks like you on guard it won't need to be mechanically protected. Dystopos 9 July 2005 05:45 (UTC)

 * No Problem - It's easy to see which ones are magnets on RC patrol --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 9 July 2005 05:49 (UTC)

'tis done
Yes--vandals of this type usually have to be blocked before they quit. Thanks for your RC patrol work, btw. Antandrus (talk) 22:57, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

thanks
Thanks for your work combating the vandal on Ku Klux Klan. I think that article is probably the most frequently vandalized article on wikipedia. The funny thing is, I can't help agreeing with a lot of the vandals, even if they are peurile :-) --Bcrowell 04:17, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Moist towelette
Yes, I am an administrator, and have been for over a year. My adminship was granted under an old username, and still appears as such on the admin list. I have had no reason to change it. I removed this speedy tag from this article for two reasons; first, no reason was given for adding the tag in the first place, and second, it does not fall under any of the current criteria for speedy deletion. It must, if it is deemed to be an unsatisfactory article for another reason, go to VfD. Denni ☯ 00:08, 2005 July 11 (UTC)

Template:Steven Spielberg's films
As the result of a dispute over its previous TFD, the template showing Spielberg's films has been folded into a discussion of similar templates and renominated for deletion. I am contacting everyone who voted on the original TFD so that they will have another chance to make sure their opinion is heard.

The new vote is here.

Dragons flight 01:42, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Encore
User:61.129.44.201 (talk • contribs) is our featured performer tonight on Ahmadinejad... HKT 05:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome Note - thanks
Thanks for the welcome note and handy links on my talk page. I have been contributing anonymously for a few months, so finally decided to register an account. The whole site is fascinating, but I'm still not totally convinced that it won't descend into revert-war chaos....! --PhilipO 04:14, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh - Such is the life we lead --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 04:15, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
I'd like to thank you for your reverts to the Goatstown page after vandalism. As a Goatstown resident, I'd like to extend my sincirest thanks. Also through some research, I have found it's the same person who added the disgusting comment on votes for deletion - The Bonez and I believe this vandal deserves a lifetime ban. Tunney 02:52, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I'd also want to thank you, for cleaning up my user page after it was vandalized. drini ☎ 16:44, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Spam?
Hmm. I'm not too hot on the Wiki policy on posting some information about an external link on an existing article, but I can't see why what I posted was considered spam when all I was *attempting* to do was to help clarify what viewers would find if they clicked on the link listed on the article.

Thanks for the Welcome
Finally got around to seeing what my "my talk" page was all about and found your nice welcome message. Look from some more articles on Western Colorado comming soon as I find the time and verify what my brain remembers about the history with other sources. Having fun sharing knowledge. Did my first page reversion on NewFoundland a couple of days ago when someone hacked the name. Again thanks for the welcome~ DebSpencer 12:10, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the tip.
I was actually trying to create a template for my signature. Is that allowed? I'm not sure and wouldn't want to break any rules. Please let me know. :-) Gaurav Arora 08:50, August 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the help. :)

Alaskan Malamute
Thanks for your edits at Alaskan Malamute/Temp, but the copyvio notice was in error (see talk); even if part if the article is copyvio, which I'm not sure about, the rest should have been left in place. So I'm too tired to figure out what you edited on the temp page--could you be so kind as to reproduce it on the main article so we can delete the temp? Thanks. Elf | Talk 00:45, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

My user name...
No, not from Ender's Game (though I have read it, many years ago, and I think still own a copy, somewhere). At least, not unless my mind's playing unusually elaborate tricks on me... Alai 05:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

User Page Cat Change
Hi! Just wanted to let you know that your user page wasn't vandalized. Category:Indiana Wikipedians is being merged into Category:Wikipedians in Indiana. Just wanted to let you know ;-).  Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 03:04, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Michael S. Heiser
Because Mr. Heiser himself obvioussly does not want it up. I do not want to get into any real trouble so I will just comply (I wanted to put something up about him because what he has to say is very, very important, you can listen to the two audio links on the Laura Lee show). Of course I did not ask him, and that may have been a tad irresponsible. I tried to be as accurate as I could (some of his edits where a bit confusing, it could be a provocature pretending to be him, but he obvioussly uses the right vocabulary in his edits, so it is very likely him).

To see what this is mostly about look at my edits relating to Samyaza, Nephilim and some things I wrote on the theosophy discussion page, (whom a certain "Sethie" was very helpfull in with my work on Benjamin Creme). Again, much of this is a leap of faith.

So I made a little blunder, now I am attempting to prevent it from becomming a big blunder (i.e. L*A*W*S*U*I*T*E, I have enough problems allready).

Thank you,

RoyBot. (69.248.43.27) 21:07, 29 December 2005

--- UPDATE: I think someone is immitating you and tampering with your message. On the deletion page for M. S. Heiser there was an additional written statement, begging for the article to be kept on the basis of it's content. It is connected somewhat awkwardly and hastily to your address and there is an additional address at the end of it (which liks to yours, but in a different style, and you have allready voted keep, with your address right there following the Keep). This was rather curious so I looked at the history, what I saw was an address by the name of 88.111.253.50, upon clicking on it I saw a history leading only back to that one message, thus a first time poster.

There is very little you may do about the intruder, but I want to let you know in case there is anything that should not be there.

Thank you for your consideration,

Ideocentric RoyBot AKA: [69.248.43.27])

Keratoconus
Hi there! Some while ago, you found a powerful image to illustrate Keratoconus. I don't know if you've dropped in to take a look at the article recently, but it has been expanded quite a bit since. I think though it would really benefit though from a couple more images: one perhaps of corneal topography of a keratonic eye side-by-side with a normal eye for comparison; plus a post-op picture of a corneal transplant would be good. It's asking a lot, I'm sure, but do you think you might be able to spare the time? Thanks a lot! BillC 01:37, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Category:WikiGnome
This category is being merged with Category:User Wikipedia/wikignomes. Please list yourself in the latter, by following the instructions at WikiGnome. Thanks. -- Paddu 06:22, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Category Cleanup

 * On your user page you mention the need to clean up categories. I just wanted to let you know that you are one of two users in a category proposed to be merged: Category:WikiGnome.  If you (and the other user) move yourselves over to the larger category, the old category would be empty and could be speedy deleted.  A small but useful step in the process of trimming down the category list. — Bill W. (Talk) (Contrib)  –  February 7, 2006, 16:28 (UTC)

Image:Keratoconus1-800.jpg
Can you please provide detailed source information, such as where the picture is from, and who released it under the creative commons license. ed g2s • talk 07:54, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I actually work for the Indiana School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology. We have literally thousands of teaching photos in various formats, mostly in slide format, though we are mostly digital now. This image was one image from a stereo slide taken sometime during the 1970's or 1980's. --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 18:00, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * So who released it under the Creative Commons license, and was it within their authority to do so? ed g2s • talk 20:37, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

A request for assistance
Would you support the concept of moving the Earhart "myths" to a separate page or article? The reason for my suggesting this is that the main article should be an accurate and scholarly work while the speculation and conspiracy theories surrounding the disappearance of Amelia Earhart are interesting, they belong in a unique section. Most researchers, as you know, discount the many theories and speculation that has arisen in the years following her last flight. Go onto the Earhart discussion page and register your vote/comments...and a Happy New Year to you as well. Bzuk 03:02 3 January 2007 (UTC).

Sorry about that- this wasn't meant to be a spam- I wanted to ensure that all the editors had a chance to vote on a proposed change. I used the history of the article to send out messages to those who edited the original work. Please excuse any unintended campaign message. Bzuk 06:41 3 January 2007 (UTC). Further: The note I saw in the "history" page on the Amelia Earhart article inidcated: "02:43, 9 July 2005 Barista (Talk | contribs) m (rv vandal)" which I took to being an administrator who had an early interest in the article and was attempting to safeguard it. Again, my apologies and my only intention was to alert previous editors that there was a request for a change in the structure of an article in which they had shown previous interest. BTW Happy New Year. Bzuk 15:22 3 January 2007 (UTC).

Advice requested
Hi Barista. I've been attempting to overview and tidy up the geography cats which involve the places where people live. There appear to be two useful ways of doing it - by region, and by size. And these can operate side by side quite usefully. Organising by region isn't a problem. But organising by size has become difficult because User:Hmains uses the term settlements to cover all sizes of communities, and has altered dictionary definitions to fit his own understanding of the term - . Community appears to be the term used most often to describe the places where people live, regardless of size. This is the definition of community -. I did some sorting, placing the cat Human communities under Human geography. Human communities splitting into Urban geography and Rural geography. And those splitting into appropriate sized communities - cities, districts, neighbourhoods, villages, settlements, etc. Hmains has reverted much of my work, and insists on settlements being the term we should use - basing it on | this decision, which was a declined proposal to rename Settlements by region to Populated places by region. What do you think? Is settlement an acceptable term for covering human communities ranging from well established cities down to refuge camps. Is Human community a viable alternative? Are there other choices (apart from populated places of course!)? I have started a discussion here and here, with the above wording, but no response as yet. I have left this message on the talk pages of active Geography Project members. And then on this page. I am a bit lost as the best place to discuss this issue. I don't want to delete or rename any category. And I don't want to get into a revert war. I'd like an open debate to reach sensible consensus. I'm now leaving this message on the pages of WikiProject Category members. Can you advise? SilkTork 19:45, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Discussion taking place at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (settlements) SilkTork 11:24, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Request for comment on Category Redirect template
Because you are a member of WikiProject Categories, your input is invited on some proposed changes to the design of the Category redirect template. Please feel free to view the proposals and comment on the template talk page. --Russ (talk) 21:38, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Quixotic plea
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Wikipediholism test. Thanks. —  04:12, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Image release
Wondering if you got image release for this image? Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 23:12, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Keratoconus1-800.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Keratoconus1-800.jpg, which you've attributed to Courtesy of Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en@wikimedia.org, stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to permissions-en@wikimedia.org.

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described in section F11 of the criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 16:26, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

You're invited! Wiki Loves Pride in Indianapolis
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July 28: You're invited! Food Deserts & Food Policy in Indianapolis editathon
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title: User talk:Barista


text:
Cycle graph

In graph theory, a cycle graph or circular graph is a graph that consists of a single cycle, or in other words, some number of vertices (at least 3, if the graph is simple) connected in a closed chain. The cycle graph with $D_{n}$ vertices is called $n$. The number of vertices in $n$ equals the number of edges, and every vertex has degree 2; that is, every vertex has exactly two edges incident with it.

Terminology
There are many synonyms for "cycle graph". These include simple cycle graph and cyclic graph, although the latter term is less often used, because it can also refer to graphs which are merely not acyclic. Among graph theorists, cycle, polygon, or n-gon are also often used. The term n-cycle is sometimes used in other settings.

A cycle with an even number of vertices is called an even cycle; a cycle with an odd number of vertices is called an odd cycle.

Properties
A cycle graph is:
 * 2-edge colorable, if and only if it has an even number of vertices
 * 2-regular
 * 2-vertex colorable, if and only if it has an even number of vertices. More generally, a graph is bipartite if and only if it has no odd cycles (Kőnig, 1936).
 * Connected
 * Eulerian
 * Hamiltonian
 * A unit distance graph

In addition:
 * As cycle graphs can be drawn as regular polygons, the symmetries of an n-cycle are the same as those of a regular polygon with n sides, the dihedral group of order 2n. In particular, there exist symmetries taking any vertex to any other vertex, and any edge to any other edge, so the n-cycle is a symmetric graph.

Similarly to the Platonic graphs, the cycle graphs form the skeletons of the dihedra. Their duals are the dipole graphs, which form the skeletons of the hosohedra.

Directed cycle graph
A directed cycle graph is a directed version of a cycle graph, with all the edges being oriented in the same direction.

In a directed graph, a set of edges which contains at least one edge (or arc) from each directed cycle is called a feedback arc set. Similarly, a set of vertices containing at least one vertex from each directed cycle is called a feedback vertex set.

A directed cycle graph has uniform in-degree 1 and uniform out-degree 1.

Directed cycle graphs are Cayley graphs for cyclic groups (see e.g. Trevisan).

title: Cycle graph


text:
Sleepover

A sleepover (also known as a slumber party or pajama party) is a social occasion where a young person stays at the home of a friend. Multiple people and/or friends may sleepover at the friend's home. Typically a younger person will partake in a sleepover; however, an adult or older person may sleep at a friend's home.

Characteristics
A sleepover is an event when a child, without adult presence, spends the night in the presence of other children. The sleepover is often seen as a rite of passage for a young child or teenager, as they begin to assert independence and to develop social connections outside the immediate family.

Teen sleepovers
Beginning in the 1990s, commentators wrote about a perceived new trend of parents endorsing sleepovers for teenagers, with both boys and girls staying overnight together. While some writers decried the trend, others defended it as a safer alternative to teenage dating outside the house.

title: Sleepover


text:
Talk:A Song of Ice and Fire (card game)

This article is improperly named (upper case G in Game) and already exists at A Song of Ice and Fire (card game). -- Netoholic 04:53, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Song of Ice and Fire (card game)


text:
Temple architecture

Temple architecture may refer to:

 * Hindu temple architecture
 * Temple architecture (LDS Church)

title: Temple architecture


text:
Kronos (film)

Kronos (a.k.a. Kronos, Destroyer of the Universe or Kronos, Ravager of Planets) is a 1957 American black-and-white science fiction film from Regal Films, a division of 20th Century-Fox. It was produced by Irving Block, Louis DeWitt, Kurt Neumann, and Jack Rabin, directed by Kurt Neumann, and stars Jeff Morrow and Barbara Lawrence. Kronos was distributed as a double feature with She Devil.

Since the film's release, it has been widely praised for its above-average storyline and its farsighted portrayal of the consequences of over-consumption of both natural and man-made resources; it has achieved minor cult status as a result.

Plot
A huge, blinking flying object from deep space emits a glowing ball of electrical energy, which races to Earth. It intercepts a man driving his pickup along an isolated road in the American Southwest desert late at night. It takes over the man's mind, directing him to LabCentral, a U.S. research facility, where a pair of scientists have been tracking the flying object, thinking it to be an asteroid.

The possessed man knocks out LabCentral's security guard, then proceeds into the main building where the entity leaves the pickup driver and enters the mind of Dr. Hubbell Eliot, the LabCentral chief. Meanwhile, in a research lab below, astrophysicist Dr. Leslie Gaskell and his computer science associate, Dr. Arnold Culver, have been tracking the flying object. They realize that it is not only headed toward Earth but is moving under intelligent guidance. They order three nuclear missiles fired, but they fail to destroy the object, which dives into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Mexico.

The two scientists, along with Vera Hunter, LabCentral's staff photographer and Gaskell's girlfriend, rush to Mexico. After their arrival, they see an enormous dome, glowing and steaming, appear on the ocean horizon. The next morning, on the beach outside their room, they find that a very tall machine has appeared; its four-legged body has two mobile antennae.

They use a small helicopter to land atop the machine, glimpsing its complex inner workings before being forced to leave and fly back to LabCentral when the machine begins to move. The possessed Dr. Eliot, using lists of power stations and atom-bomb arsenals around the world, telepathically directs the machine. Now named Kronos by the news media, it methodically attacks power plants in Mexico, draining all their energy. In doing so, Kronos grows larger, consuming more and more power as it moves from one power source to the next. Four Mexican Air Force fighter planes attack, but the ever-growing alien machine easily destroys them and continues on its rampage.

Meanwhile, when Kronos is absorbing energy, Eliot is momentarily freed from the influence of the energy force controlling him. Eliot tells his returned colleagues that Kronos is an energy accumulator, sent by an alien race that has exhausted its own natural resources; they have sent their giant machine to drain all the Earth's available power and then return it to their dying world.

On Eliot's recommendation, the United States Air Force sends a B-47 bomber to drop an atomic bomb on Kronos. Gaskell warns the Air Force general in charge that an atomic explosion will simply supply the alien machine with more massive amounts of energy. The general attempts to abort the mission, but Kronos, aware of the plan by way of Dr. Eliot's mind, magnetically draws the jet to crash into it, absorbing the bomb's nuclear blast. The alien machine, now grown to an immense size, appears unstoppable, harvesting all forms of energy at will.

In another uncontrolled moment, Dr. Eliot locks himself in an hermetically sealed room and smashes the only electronic keypad for the door; he and the energy force which has possessed him expire. As Kronos draws near Los Angeles, Gaskell realizes that reversing the machine's polarity will force it to feed upon itself, until it is destroyed in a gigantic implosion. Gaskell, Culver, and Vera convince the Air Force to bombard Kronos with nuclear ions, which will cause the polarity to reverse; the experiment works, and Kronos is completely obliterated in the resulting implosion.

Cast

 * Jeff Morrow as Dr. Leslie Gaskell
 * Barbara Lawrence as Vera Hunter
 * George O'Hanlon as Dr. Arnold Culver
 * John Emery as Dr. Hubbell Eliot
 * Morris Ankrum as Dr. Albert Stern
 * Kenneth Alton as The Pickup Driver (Script name: McCrary)
 * Jose Gonzales-Gonzales as Manuel Ramirez
 * John Halloran as Lab Central Security Guard
 * John Parrish as Gen. Perry
 * Marjorie Stapp as The Nurse
 * Robert Shayne as Air Force General
 * Rosa Turich as Senora Ramirez
 * Don Eitner as USAF Meteorology Sergeant
 * Ron Kennedy as USAF Control Tower Sergeant
 * Gordon Mills as A Sergeant
 * Richard Harrison as A Pilot

Production
Kronos was filmed in a little more than two weeks (mid-January to late January 1957) in California; special effects were created by Jack Rabin, Irving Block, and Louis DeWitt.

The idea of an alien machine absorbing energy is similar to the giant alien machine from the later (1966) Star Trek television episode "The Doomsday Machine" which destroys planets and uses them to fuel itself. George O'Hanlon, who plays Dr. Arnold Culver in the film, had just finished his popular series of Joe McDoakes comedy shorts and would be later known as the voice of George Jetson in the popular cartoon series The Jetsons.

Critical response
When the film was first released in 1957, Variety gave the film a favorable review: "Kronos is a well-made, moderate budget science-fictioner which boasts quality special effects that would do credit to a much higher-budgeted film ... John Emery is convincing as the lab head forced by the outer-space intelligence to direct the monster. Barbara Lawrence is in strictly for distaff interest, but pretty".

Film critic Dennis Schwartz was disappointed in the film's screenplay and acting. He wrote, "German emigre to Hollywood, Kurt Neumann (Tarzan and the Amazons/Son of Ali Baba/She Devil), directs this b/w shot, dull, so-so sci-fi film, that's played straight-forward, is humorless and all the thespians are wooden. It's based on the story by Irving Block and the weak script is written by Lawrence Louis Goldman".

title: Kronos (film)


text:
Phi Ta Khon

Phi Ta Khon (ผีตาโขน; phǐi taa khǒn; ) is a festival held in Dan Sai, Loei province, Isan, Thailand. The events take place over three days sometime between March and July, the dates being selected annually by the town’s mediums.

The whole event is called Bun Luang, part of a Buddhist merit-making holiday also known as Bun Phawet (assembly day). The town’s residents invite protection from Phra U-pakut, the spirit of the Mun river. They then hold a series of games and take part in a procession wearing masks made of the sheaths or bottom part of thick palm leaf stems. Bamboo sticky rice steaming baskets are stitched onto the tops of the sheaths to make the top section of the mask. Artists paint the masks with very creative and intricate designs and add carved wooden noses and ear-like appendages. The dancers wear loose and colorful patchwork pants and shirts, with strings of bells hanging down from their belts, in the back. They tease the spectators with big wooden phalluses.

The origins of this part of the festival are traditionally ascribed to a story of the Vessantara Jataka in which the Buddha in one of his past lives as a prince made a long journey and was presumed dead. The celebrations on his return were so raucous as to wake the dead.

The second day of the festival incorporates elements of the Rocket Festival, plus costume and dance contests and more parades.

On the third and final day, the villagers listen to sermons from Buddhist monks.

title: Phi Ta Khon


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Michael Gross (swimmer)

Michael Groß (born 17 June 1964), usually spelled Michael Gross in English, is a former competitive swimmer from Germany. He is 201 cm tall, and received the nickname "The Albatross" for his especially long arms that gave him a total span of 2.13 meters. Gross, competing for West Germany, won three Olympic gold medals, two in 1984 and one in 1988 in the freestyle and butterfly events, in addition to two World Championship titles in 1982, two in 1986 and one in 1991.

Career
Gross was born in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, and trained as a member of the swimming club EOSC Offenbach. He was probably the finest swimmer in the world in the 200-meter butterfly race from 1981 to 1988. In this period he set four world records, won two world titles, four European titles and two Olympic gold medals.

At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Gross was one of the great athletes of the games. Gross easily won gold in the 200-meter freestyle, dominating the field. In the 100-meter butterfly, however, Gross pulled off a bit of an upset, winning over the favorite in the event, American Pablo Morales. However, in the 200-meter butterfly, Gross himself was upset by a relative unknown, Australian Jon Sieben. The men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay race became one of the marquee events of the games, with Gross leading the German relay against the underdog American squad. Despite the fact that Gross swam the fastest relay leg in the event's history, the American team pulled off the upset, earning the title of the "Grossbusters."

Gross won a total of thirteen medals at the World Championships (including five gold), thirteen gold medals at the European Championships and was elected German "Athlete of the Year" four times (1982, 1983, 1984 and 1988). He retired from professional swimming in 1991.

He is featured in Bud Greenspan's 16 Days of Glory, the documentary film of the 1984 Summer Olympics.

American gold medalist swimmer John Naber remarked to Sports Illustrated in 1984 that if Michael Gross were an American, he would have won six or seven medals and that Gross was better than Mark Spitz.

Gross was named Male World Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine in 1985 and inducted to the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1995.

Gross studied German and media studies as well as political science at the Goethe University Frankfurt and holds a PhD in philology. He married in 1995 and has a daughter (born 1996) and a son (born 1998).

title: Michael Gross (swimmer)


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Michael Gross (actor)

Michael Edward Gross (born June 21, 1947) is an American television, film, and stage actor. He is notable for playing Steven Keaton on the sitcom Family Ties (1982–1989) and survivalist Burt Gummer in the Tremors film franchise, being the only actor to appear in all the films, television show, and a canceled pilot.

Early life
Gross was born in Chicago, the son of Virginia Ruth Gross, a telephone operator, and William Oscar Gross, a tool designer. Gross and his younger sister, Mary, were raised Catholic. He attended St. Francis Xavier and St. Genevieve schools in Chicago in his early years, graduating from the latter in 1961.

He attended Kelvyn Park High School on the north side of Chicago, graduating in 1965. He received his drama degree at the University of Illinois Chicago before attending Yale University for his Master of Fine Arts degree. His sister, Mary, a former Saturday Night Live cast member, is an actress. The siblings are first cousins to actor Ron Masak.

Career
Gross was first seen by a broad audience in his role as Steven Keaton in the 1980s sitcom Family Ties; he and his co-star Meredith Baxter, who played his wife Elyse Keaton, were born on the same day, June 21, 1947. However, his longest-running role has been Burt Gummer in the Tremors franchise, having played the role for thirty years from the release of the original Tremors in 1990 to Tremors: Shrieker Island in 2020. His performance in Tremors 3: Back to Perfection earned him a Best Actor award from the DVD Exclusive Awards, formerly known as the Video Premiere Awards.

Gross guest-starred in an episode of the sitcom Night Court, in which he played a sexual predator of Markie Post's character, Christine Sullivan. In 1988, he portrayed a murderous bank robber in the true life film In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders. His other television credits include Boston Legal, How I Met Your Mother, Batman Beyond, ER, Parks and Recreation (Episode: "Summer Catalog"), Law & Order, and two of its spin-offs: SVU and Criminal Intent. From August 2008 to January 2009, Gross appeared on the CBS soap The Young and the Restless as River Baldwin. Gross appeared in 2000 on Spin City as a therapist to Michael J. Fox's character on Fox's final show as a regular on that program. In November 1979, Gross originated the role of Greta in the Broadway production of Martin Sherman's Bent.

Personal life
Gross has been married to casting director Elza Bergeron since June 2, 1984, and he is the stepfather to her two children.

Gross remains close friends with his Family Ties co-star Meredith Baxter.

Gross is a passionate railfan with an extensive collection of railroad antiques. He is an amateur railroad historian, photographer, modeler, and part-owner in a working railroad, the Santa Fe Southern Railway, a former branch line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which operates between Lamy and Santa Fe, New Mexico. He is also the spokesman for the World's Greatest Hobby campaign sponsored by the Model Railroad Industry Association that promotes the hobby of model railroading. He has also been a spokesperson for Operation Lifesaver, a campaign promoting safety at railroad grade crossings.

Since 2009, Gross has been the "celebrity spokesman" for the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. He is also the host of the B&O Railroad Museum Television Network on YouTube and a member of the Santa Fe Railway Historical Society.

Gross is a fan of the Chicago Cubs baseball team. After the Cubs won the 2016 World Series, Gross suggested his character Burt Gummer switch to a Cubs cap for Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell, replacing the Atlanta Hawks cap he had worn in the first five films of the series.

title: Michael Gross (actor)


text:
Conversion of scales of temperature

This is a collection of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete.

Temperatures on scales that either do not share a numeric zero or are nonlinearly related cannot correctly be mathematically equated (related using the symbol =), and thus temperatures on different scales are more correctly described as corresponding (related using the symbol ≘).

Comparison of temperature scales
* Normal human body temperature is 36.8 °C ±0.7 °C, or 98.2 °F ±1.3 °F. The commonly given value 98.6 °F is simply the exact conversion of the nineteenth-century German standard of 37 °C. Since it does not list an acceptable range, it could therefore be said to have excess (invalid) precision.

Some numbers in this table have been rounded.

Converting units of temperature differences
Converting units of temperature differences (also referred to as temperature deltas) is not the same as converting absolute temperature values, and different formulae must be used.

To convert a delta temperature from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, the formula is {ΔT}°F = $9⁄5${ΔT}°C.

To convert a delta temperature from degrees Celsius to kelvin, it is 1:1 ({ΔT}°C = {ΔT}K).

title: Conversion of scales of temperature


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Maryknoll Sisters

The Maryknoll Sisters, (formerly the Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic/Teresians) are an institute of Catholic religious sisters founded in the village of Ossining, Westchester County, New York, in 1912, six months after the 1911 creation of the Maryknoll community of missionary brothers and fathers. Until 1954, when they became a pontifical institute, the religious institute was known as the Foreign Mission Sisters of St. Dominic. The sisters use the suffix "M.M." after their names.

History
The institute was founded in 1912 by Mother Mary Joseph (née Mary Josephine "Mollie" Rogers), from Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, a graduate of Smith College (1905). In 1914 one of the Teresians' earliest benefactors, Julia Ward, took Rogers to Europe. They visited Our Lady of Lourdes in France and Vatican City. This was Roger's first experience of the European Catholic approach religious congregation devoted specifically to foreign mission work. Having only been exposed to Protestant missionary attitudes at Smith College, Rogers had patterned the Teresians on that model: active, practical, and pious.

The first group of sisters went to Los Angeles and Seattle in 1914 to work among the children of Japanese immigrants. In 1920, Patrick Joseph Hayes, Archbishop of New York, granted the sisters canonical approval as a diocesan religious community; they became known as "the Foreign Mission Sisters of St. Dominic" in recognition of the religious formation they have received from the Dominican Sisters of Sinsinawa.

The early missionaries concentrated in East Asia, particularly China (1921) and Korea (1922). World War II interrupted their work. Many Sisters were detained and deported, and two lost their lives. However, numerous South American countries were added as mission sites. Maryknoll Sisters also responded to the needs of refugees in Central America, Africa and Asia.

In 1954, the community became a congregation of pontifical right and changed its name to the "Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic". During the 1950s, the sisters produced Crusade - The Story of the Bible Retold for Catholic, a soft covered series of Bible stories for children.

Present day
As of 2023, approximately 300 women serve in 18 countries. The sisters profess the evangelical counsels and devote their lives in service overseas. They continue to serve in Hong Kong.

They work in a variety of fields including medicine, communications, education, agriculture, social services and spiritual formation. In North Carolina they operate Helping Hand Developmental Center for pre-schoolers, and St. Gerard House for people affected by autism.

In 1930, at the invitation of Archbishop John Joseph Cantwell, the order purchased a tuberculosis sanatorium in Monrovia, California in order to treat Asian tuberculosis victims within the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. The sanatorium was replaced with a modern hospital during the 1950s. In the 1970s the campus was converted into a residence for the order's retirees during the 1970s. The sisters remain active in a variety of ministries. As of 2021, a portion of the six acre site has been put to use by a local non-profit to start a tree-nursery and community garden.

In 2012 the Maryknoll Sisters set aside 42 acres of their 67-acre campus in Ossining, New York as a conservation easement which includes both native woodlands and wetlands.

Martyrs

 * Maura Clarke, Maryknoll martyr in the 1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador
 * Ita Ford, Maryknoll martyr in the 1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador

Schools
Some of the schools the sisters founded are Maryknoll Convent School in Kowloon, Hong Kong; and Holy Spirit School (later Maryknoll Sisters' School, now Marymount Secondary School) in Happy Valley, Hong Kong.

 * Maryknoll School opened in 1927 in Honolulu, Hawaii.
 * Maryknoll College, (now Miriam College) primarily a women's school, was founded in 1953 in the eastern edge of Diliman (now Loyola Heights), in Quezon city, Philippines. It evolved from the original Malabon Normal School.
 * Maryknoll Academy, (now Maryhill College) a co-educational primary and secondary school, was founded in 1938 initially name as Lucena Catholic School in the heart of Lucena (near St. Ferdinand Cathedral Parish), in Quezon Province, Philippines. Management of the school was handed over to the lay administration in 1976 and later renamed as Maryhill Academy and in 1996 the status of the school changed from Academy to College upon the opening of Higher Education Department now owned and managed by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucena
 * Maryknoll Convent School in Baguio City which was renamed to Marishan School in 1977 was a co-educational primary school since 1933. (reference: )

title: Maryknoll Sisters


text: Category:German swimmers

title: Category:German swimmers


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raquel Santiago

Raquel Santiago was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Commercial/ Advertisement .--Jondel 10:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * comment: not sure who posted this? Netoholic?
 * delete, horizontally challenged ad. --Ianb 07:16, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: advertising and substandard. Geogre 12:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Most definitely an ad, most definitely should be delted (fullerton 01:53, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC))


text: User talk:203.29.219.6

title: User talk:203.29.219.6


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Torcuato di Tella University

The Torcuato Di Tella University (Universidad Torcuato Di Tella) is a non-profit private university in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Founded in 1991, the university focused primarily on social sciences.

The undergraduate majors available are economics, business economics, digital technologies, business administration, law, political science, international relations, social sciences, history, architecture and design. The university also offers over 34 graduate programs.

The faculty comprises 98 full-time research professors, most of whom hold PhDs from universities in North America and Europe. The university provides more than 50 exchange programs with universities in Europe, North America, South America, Australia, Africa and Asia. There is also a sizable number of international students who study in the university for a semester or two. The university's President is Juan José Cruces.

Background and foundation
The concept of the new university was developed by the university's first dean, Gerardo della Paolera, and the then Argentine ambassador to the United States, Guido di Tella. They decided to adopt an American university model, and to create a research-based university with small class sizes and professors with international studies and recognition.

Universidad Torcuato Di Tella was founded in 1991, with the mission of educating new generations of academic, business, social and political leaders. It was founded by the Torcuato di Tella Foundation, making use of the experience and resources of the Torcuato di Tella Institute. The latter, a non-profit institute founded in 1958 to promote research in the scientific, cultural and artistic development of Argentina, became a leading local center for avant-garde art during the 1960s. The establishments' namesake, Torcuato di Tella, had been a leading Argentine industrialist through his Siam di Tella conglomerate founded in 1911.

It began offering undergraduate studies in economics in 1992, but has since expanded and started offering undergraduate courses in business economics, political sciences, international studies, law, history, architecture and business administration, as well as numerous graduate degrees.

Gerardo della Paolera was president of Universidad Torcuato Di Tella from its foundation until 2001, when he was replaced by the economist Juan Pablo Nicolini. Nicolini was reelected to the presidency in 2005, and continued in the position until September 2010, as he was ineligible for reelection to the post due to term limits established by the university's charter. The reputed sociologist and political analyst Manuel Mora y Araujo became president in 2009 and continued in that role until his resignation in May 2011 for personal reasons. Ernesto Schargrodsky, dean of the Business School, was subsequently named president. He was re-elected in 2014 to serve a full four-year term.

In May 2019, after his two four-year terms, Schargrodsky was replaced by the economist Juan José Cruces, director of the Research on Finance Center and former dean of the Business School; he was reelected for a second four-year term.

Move to the Figueroa Alcorta campus
In March 2013, Universidad Torcuato di Tella moved to a new building on Avenue Figueroa Alcorta. The 13,700 m2 building is a redeveloped waterworks building was constructed between 1937 and 1942. It was put up for a tender in 1998 after Obras Sanitarias de la Nación was privatized, for which the university submitted the winning bid. The winning design was by a group of architects led by architects Clorindo Testa, Juan Fontana, Juan Barros Tomé and Horacio Rodrigo.

Works on the building had begun in 2002 and the business school had been working from this campus since 2004 on 1,200m2.

The university in its entirety runs from this campus since 2013, and it has been extended twice and a green terrace was opened on its roof with views of the Rio de La Plata. From 2011 to 2018, the number of students has tripled, putting pressure on the university's infrastructure. In order to cater for the continued growth of the university, plans were made to construct a new building, which would be able to house an additional 1,000 students.

In December 2015, a competition was held to select the design of the building, which was won by Spanish architect Josep Ferrando, who proposed a modern building with an industrial style and allows for a flexible use of its space. The nine-floor building, with 11,646 m2 of surface space and an LEED certification, was inaugurated in March 2019 with Argentine vice-president Gabriela Michetti and the deputy mayor of Buenos Aires, Diego Santilli in attendance.

In 2022, due to the continued growth of the university, a new international architectural competition was held for the New Parque Building and a new Central Piazza. The winning design was by the BRUTHER studio in Paris. Construction of the 27,600 m2 building began in December 2023 and is expected to be completed by 2026.

Notable graduates
Javier Milei, Marcos Peña, Nicolás Dujovne, Hernán Lacunza, Nicolás Massot, Carlos Melconian, Santiago Cafiero, Hernán Lorenzino, Esteban Matic, Paula Forteza, and Iván Werning are some of the university's most important graduates.

Ranking
According to the QS World University Rankings, La Di Tella is among the second best private universities in the country and is ranked first in Buenos Aires. The Department of Political Science and International Relations is ranked among the top 150 departments in the world in this discipline.

Business School
The Business School in Universidad Torcuato Di Tella has 20 full-time faculty and offers a bachelor's degree in Business Economics, an MBA, an Executive MBA and a Masters in Finance, as well as numerous executive education programs.

Since 2010, the Chilean business magazine America Economia has ranked Universidad Torcuato Di Tella among the top 10 business schools in Latin America.

The MBA program taught by the university is accredited by the London-based Association of MBAs (AMBA).

Courses offered
Universidad Torcuato Di Tella offers undergraduate degrees in the following fields:
 * Architecture
 * Behavioral Sciences
 * Business Administration
 * Business Economics
 * Design
 * Digital Technology
 * Economics
 * History
 * International Studies
 * Law
 * Political Science
 * Social Sciences

The following graduate degree courses are offered:
 * PhD in Political Science and Government
 * PhD in International Relations
 * PhD in History
 * MBA
 * Executive MBA
 * Masters in Finance
 * Masters in History
 * Masters in Economics
 * Masters in Applied Economics
 * Masters in Management and Analytics
 * Masters in Econometrics
 * Masters in Political Science
 * Masters in Law and Economics
 * Masters in Tax Law
 * Masters in Criminal Law
 * Masters in Urban Economics
 * Masters in History and Culture of Architecture and the City
 * Masters in International Studies
 * Masters in Public Policy
 * Masters in Education Management
 * Masters in Education Policy
 * Masters in Journalism (in association with La Nación)

It also offers specialization studies in the management of education, educational policy, tax law, criminal law, architecture and technology, architecture and the landscape, preservation and conservation of heritage, advanced economics, econometrics and the management of NGOs (in association with Universidad de San Andrés and CEDES), as well as executive business education.

Faculty
Universidad Torcuato Di Tella has 110 regular professors, of which 98 are full-time researchers, divided into nine departments:
 * School of Law
 * School of Business
 * School of Government
 * Department of Economics
 * Department of Political Science and International Studies
 * Department of Historical and Social Sciences
 * Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 * School of Architecture and Urban Studies
 * Department of Art

Political scientist Natalio R. Botana, historian and economist Pablo Gerchunoff, sociologist and Peronism scholar Juan Carlos Torre, architect Jorge Liernur and historian Ezequiel Gallo are Emeritus professors. Historian Tulio Halperín Donghi, Economist Ana María Martirena-Mantel, and Nobel Laureate Finn Kydland are honorary professors.

Research centers
Universidad Torcuato Di Tella has opened the following centers: the Center for Financial Research, the Entrepreneurship and New Business Development Center, the International Studies Center, the Crime, Institutions and Policy Research Laboratory and the Center for the Evaluation and Study in Social Economics for Poverty Relief.

The Center for Financial Research publishes the Consumer Confidence Index, the Inflation Expectations Index, and the Leader Index, that aims to identify changes in the economic cycle.

The Crime, Institutions and Policy Research Laboratory publishes a Victimization Index, which measures the percentage of people who have been victims of crimes in the previous 12 months.

ENI DI TELLA(Inclusive Businesses Think Tank of the Torcuato Di Tella University according to its Spanish acronym) is a think tank that promotes the development of inclusive businesses by creating and spreading knowledge and experiences. Given its mission, ENI has published a number of academic papers and research studies in this field such as: First Survey of Inclusive Businesses in Argentina – Entrepreneurships and Small Enterprises (2012-2013); Characterizing Emerging Markets (2012), The Service Dominant Logic: A Conceptual Foundation to Address the Underserved (2012).

The university opened the Torcuato Di Tella University Neuroscience Laboratory in 2014, which studies neuroscience and experimental psychology in an inter-disciplinary manner, with the presence of Lino Barañao, the Minister of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation of Argentina. The dean called the event "a first step in the development of hard sciences" for the university. Mariano Sigman is the director of the Laboratory, which has thirteen researchers.

Library
Universidad Torcuato Di Tella's library is concentrated in the social sciences. It was founded with Torcuato Di Tella's private collection and has since grown with the scientific activity of both the Torcuato Di Tella Institute and the Torcuato Di Tella University.

The library has over 95,000 books, over 2,500 newspaper collections, and 6,000 digital documents. It has a collection of original editions dating as far back as the 17th century and access to numerous online databases. It has recently opened use of its online catalogue to the general public.

The Di Tella library includes the Max Hartwell, Carlos Escudé, Christiaan Huygens and Fernando Nadra collections. It also includes a collection of documents of trade unions in Argentina.

Art collection and classes
Following in the tradition of the Torcuato di Tella Institute, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella hosts a modern art collection, and in 2004, inaugurated a former water company building refurbished by architect Clorindo Testa as its new center for visual arts. The core of its collection is the Edward Shaw and Maria Padilla de Shaw collection, which has 100 paintings of contemporary artists including Antonio Berni, Guillermo Kuitca, Antonio Seguí, Luis Fernando Benedit and Emilio Torti. The collection is constantly on exhibition in the university's two buildings.

Also in the tradition of the Di Tella Institute, the university has numerous prestigious art programs and workshops. Every year, 12 artists are awarded Kuitka scholarships, which allows them to meet with modern artist Guillermo Kuitca once a week to discuss their artwork.

The Department of Art and the Department of Historical and Social Studies jointly offer a Degree in Social Sciences (Art major).

title: Torcuato di Tella University


text: Category:Hungarian swimmers

title: Category:Hungarian swimmers


text: Category:Irish swimmers

title: Category:Irish swimmers


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Category:North America

 * Note: Not to be confused with Northern America, which is the part of North America to the north of Mexico. Also, North America includes Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, with some countries that are part of Latin America.

title: Category:North America


text: User talk:80.46.234.195

title: User talk:80.46.234.195