text:
Talk:Equivocation

Margarine is better than nothing Nothing is better than butter Therefore margarine is better than butter

I have to say that the above passage is logical and correct: Margarine > Nothing > Butter

 * Wrong.

It's that simple. I don't see equivocation in it.

 * Sorry to hear it. Because if nothing is better than butter, that includes margerine.

Whoever wrote this passage was a fool, because he or she was using enthymatic language: Implied bread was in the equation. I like to use butter in my skillet instead of margarine.

 * Your reasoning as to who is a fool is fallacious.

--- How about this one?

Libraries contain books, and books contain knowledge. Knowledge is power and power is energy. Energy, frozen in one place, becomes mass. Too much mass in one place creates a black hole. Therefore The Library of Congress should be a black hole! (maybe that is why Wikipedia is gaining popularity, nobody can get anything useful out of the Library of Congress!) - KeyStroke

 * I'm not quite sure how an amphiboly is related to syntax, so I removed that reference. Lucidish 21:40, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Context
Could someone add a few more words to the intro to explain what this is actually about? Is it used in logical deduction, writing, philosophy? Stevage 11:20, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Cleared up. Said it was logical fallacy. Logic, however, is used in writing and philosophy anyway. Lucidish 05:56, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

I think its worth noting one of the most frequent usages of this fallacy, when politicians and activists attack evolution as being "only a theory." 66.44.106.4 17:36, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

In elaborating on the explanation of how and why the quotation from Shakespeare was a significant comment on the events of those times, I inserted what I thought was a useful comment. I have found that the additionnal piece that I offered has not appeared in the article; but, it still appears in a "hidden form" (within my editing page) as follows:

 * According to Malloch (1966), the source of the doctrine of equivocation was a short treatise, in cap. Humanae aures, that had been written by Martin Azpilcueta (a.k.a. Doctor Navarrus), an Augustinian who was serving as a consultant to the Apostolic Penitentiary. It was published in Rome in 1584. The first Jesuit influence upon this doctrine was not until 1609, "when Suarez rejected Azpilcueta's basic proof and supplied another" (Malloch, p.145; speaking of Francisco Suárez).

The two ends of this piece have been added to my original piece: namely, (a) ": < ! - - What doctrine does this refer to?" at the beginning, and (b) "- - >" at the end.

I am new to Wikipedia, and I have been unable to find any explanation for the "< - -" and "- - >" coding.

I am supposing that it is either a case of someone suggesting that I place the short piece in a new sub-section entitled "What doctrine does this refer to?" (which I think is a very good idea), ot that somebody is asking me to supply some supporting evience (which I can do, from the article of Malloch).

Either way, I am more than happy to perform whatever actions are required of me. I simply don't understand the "< - -" and "- - >" coding, and I would be really grateful if somebody could explain the meaning and/or the intention of that coding to me. Thannks (in anticipation) cogtrue 00:38, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The tags are used to place comments in the source code so that editors can see important information before editing articles. See How to edit a page. For various reasons, it is often convenient to "comment out" something from the main article while keeping it in the source code. For example, OrphanBot comments out images with unspecified sources, keeping the name of the image file in the source so that it can be replaced easily after a source is provided. In this case, Mel Etitis commented out the paragraph in question. I don't know why he did so, but I'm sure he'd be willing to offer an explanation. In case he doesn't see this discussion, you can ask him on his talk page. Thanks. I hope this helps! -- Tantalum  T  e  lluride ♪ 01:00, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The commented question was asking for an identification of "the doctrine of equivocation". The article contains no other mention or explanation of a doctrine, only of the logical and stylistic uses of the term "equivocation; thus the suddent reference to the doctrine of equivocation was obscure. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:42, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification. I will chase it up and submit a more coherent paragraph in due course. cogtrue 00:17, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Riddles
''Is this true? I typed it up and was going to include it but paused because these types of riddles are more of a play on the definition than the word.''

Equivocation is often used in riddles. A fairly common example:

Riddle: You are standing in a room with nothing but a table and a mirror. There are no doors, windows, holes and there is no obvious way to leave the room. How do you get out?

Solution: You look in the mirror to see what you saw, use the saw to cut the table in half, put the halves together to make a whole and climb out.

Equivocation is used twice in the solution: once for the word "saw" and once for the word "whole". It is worthy to note that the extra definition of "whole" plays on its homophone "hole".

MrHen. 18:33, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * What you speak of is different from straight out equivocation where a word, as uttered, can not be immediately understood without further contextual information.
 * It seems that here, the issue is one of actively switching the (previously identified) referent; and, as a consequence, the phenomenon you're addressing is neither that of a "riddle" nor of an "equivocation", but simply, that of a "pun".
 * As in: "He told the sexton, and the sexton toll'd the bell"129.94.6.28 01:40, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Also see Janus words for another sort of phenomenon129.94.6.28 02:23, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Then you shout until you're hoarse, and gallop off into the sunset. Moon Oracle 21:13, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Additonal Example
What does a man love more than life?

Hate more than death or mortal strife?

That which contented men desire,

The poor have, the rich require,

The miser spends, the spendthrift saves,

And all men carry to their graves?

(Leemings, 1953, 201)

The answer, Nothing, can only be seen through a kaleidoscope of equivocations.

"Jackass" implies gender? Really?
A Jackass is a male member of the species Equus asinus

What does that make a female member? A Jillass? --75.49.222.55 04:29, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Absolutely! The definition of Jillass is:

 * A Jillass is a female member of the species Equus asinus

 * Which of course implies that fe = Jill. Said: Rursus (☻) 12:11, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Jackass example is misleading.
The Jackass example could mislead people, because there are two logical fallacies in it, not one. There is equivocation on the term 'Jackass', but there is also a fallacy of the form 'X => Y, therefore Y => X' (not sure what this fallacy should be called). Specifically, the argument switches between 'Jackasses have long ears' and 'Things that have long ears are jackasses'. Unless anyone objects, I will replace this with a clearer example. TheAstonishingBadger (talk) 00:04, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I see that someone has changed it - nice one. TheAstonishingBadger (talk) 21:13, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I really should read the talk pages before editing articles. William Avery (talk) 22:34, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

It seems that there should be further delineation between equivocation and amphiboly. Vckngs7 (talk) 23:08, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

What about words with common origin that have come to mean different things?
As English is not my first language I have always been baffled by the lack of distinction between "medicine" and "illicit narcotics" - in everyday language they're both simply referred to as "drugs". While the term "drugs" can refer to any chemical with biological activity and as such encompasses both groups, illicit AND therapeutic, I would argue that "drugs" functions as a homonym because in normal conversation it will specifically refer to one OR the other.

However, now and then pharmaceutical treatments spark controversy and in the ensuing debate the word "drugs" is often used as a weapon because it evokes an emotional response in the collective subconscious (Drugs are bad. M'kay?) Furthermore the fundamental conceptual difference between illicit narcotics and medicine may be lost on a lot of people, and more still perceive the distinction as blurry at best, the lack of proper words is in itself preventing people from separating the two. This makes "drugs" a very effective rhetorical tool, and if we consider "drugs" to be a homonym it makes this a very subtle equivocation.

OlaIsacsson (talk) 19:52, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

With your example, there are two equiprobable possibilities:
 * (a) you have, unfortunately, overlooked the fact that various criminal elements took great trouble in the 1960s to encourage society to "position" these correctly named psychotomimetic (chemicals which, upon ingestion mimic the symptoms of psychosis) as the entirely irresponsible and dangerously misleading "psychedelic" ("Mind expanding"), or the outright criminally misrepresenting "recreational drugs; on the other hand . ..
 * (b) you may, unknowingly, be making a claim here that the term "drug" is a Janus word.129.94.78.159 (talk) 21:57, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

(a) More oblivious than overlooking (overlook being a janus word btw. :) ) Interesting to hear, though, that it may have been a conscious effort to mix the two concepts up.

(b) Close, but not exactly as "illicit narcotics" and "medicine" are not really antonyms, they are just grouped together by physical properties instead of purpose. An absurd but illustrative example might be as follows: Imagine replacing the words for various stick-shaped weapons (arrow, spear, club et.c.) AND any stick-shaped sporting utensil (hockey sticks, baseball bats et.c.) and just refer to all of them as sticks, then in a generation or so we'd start to see mothers concerned about the extent to which young people play with sticks. Clubs and spears might be a bit too anachronistic to cause this effect in reality, but again this is just to illustrate my point they all are sticks but it is an irrelevant grouping since whenever you would talk about "sticks" you would mean either one or the other, not both. Today "sticks" have only one meaning: any stick-shaped objects. In the aforementioned case this would still be true (as it is for drugs), but in everyday speech "sticks" would have two meanings: scary, nasty weapons for gruesome gore violence and sports accessories. OlaIsacsson (talk) 10:28, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Outside formal logic
Apart from its use as a technical term in logic, equivocation can also mean the use of language that is ambiguous, i.e. equally susceptible of being understood in two different ways. There is usually a strong connotation that the ambiguity is being used with intention to deceive.

This type of equivocation was famously mocked in the porter's speech in Shakespeare's Macbeth, in which the porter directly alludes to the practice of deceiving under oath by means of equivocation.

"Faith, here's an equivocator, that could swear in both the scales against either scale; who committed treason enough for God's sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven. (Macbeth, Act 2, Scene 3)"

See, for example Robert Southwell and Henry Garnet, author of A Treatise of Equivocation (published secretly c. 1595) — to whom, it is supposed, Shakespeare was specifically referring. Shakespeare made the reference to priests because the religious use of equivocation was well-known in those periods of early modern England (eg under James VI/I) when it was a capital offence for a Roman Catholic priest to enter England.

A Jesuit priest would equivocate in order to protect himself from the secular authorities without (in his eyes) committing the sin of lying. For example, he could use the ambiguity of the word "a" (meaning "any" or "one") to say "I swear I am not a priest", because he could have a particular priest in mind who he was not. That is, in his mind, he was saying "I swear I am not one priest" (e.g. "I am not Father Brown".) This was theorized by casuists as the doctrine of mental reservation.

According to Malloch (1966), this doctrine of permissible "equivocation" did not originate with the Jesuits.

Malloch cites a short treatise, ''in cap. Humanae aures'', that had been written by Martin Azpilcueta (also known as Doctor Navarrus), an Augustinian who was serving as a consultant to the Apostolic Penitentiary. It was published in Rome in 1584. The first Jesuit influence upon this doctrine was not until 1609, "when Suarez rejected Azpilcueta's basic proof and supplied another" (Malloch, p.145; speaking of Francisco Suárez).

 * These paragraphs currently appear (out of place?) in our article on Amphibology. I think it belongs here, but we would need to change our introductory paragraph to include both the formal logic and the everyday senses on the word in one article.  Would it be better to create a separate article on "Equivocation (outside formal logic)"?  What does anyone else think?    D b f i r s   07:22, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Is evolution NPOV?
One typical form of applied equivocation is demonstrated in the following valid, but untrue syllogism, which revolves around the usage of the homonym "theory", when applied to evolution:

Evolution is a theory. Theories are uncertain. Therefore evolution is uncertain.

I am not sure whether or not the words 'valid, but untrue' constitute NPOV.

It is my view that the validity of evolution and the validity of intelligent design are both up to one's opinion. Religious persons may find the quoted statement to be offensive, and it is improper in the world of science to consider a theory to be certain; it wouldn't be a theory if it were.

Here and later the article transparently implies that there is no scientific uncertainty considering the theory of evolution.

The overall goal of this fallacious syllogism is to create the impression that there is a level of scientific uncertainty regarding evolution.

Among physicists and chemists, the theory of evolution is heavily disputed (as opposed to biologists, who generally accept the theory for the sake of their studies). A strong argument considers universal entropy. Discussions and experiments yield that there is not enough universal disorder to balance the amount of order that exists on earth alone in the form of organized life forms.

These references should clearly show that there is an opinion-war among religious people, namely Judeo-Christian, and evolutionists. Secondly, they provide opinions about universal entropy and evolution that should help in the discussion of this topic.

This is my first talk post ever, forgive me if I'm an idiot, and please help me with my formatting. Derek (talk) 15:32, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

It is my view that the validity of evolution and the validity of intelligent design are both up to one's opinion.
 * What isn't up to one's opinion? Now, there are some opinions that have very strong support behind them, and there are others that don't. But you're free to believe either way. However, wikipedia generally has a policy of following the consensus opinion of the science in question, and that doesn't change just because an unusually large % of the American population happens to have ideological issues with that consensus.

and it is improper in the world of science to consider a theory to be certain; it wouldn't be a theory if it were.
 * A theory is just a model that attempts to describe something. Literally everything in science is a theory. These theories have varying levels of evidential support behind them, of course. There are some theories that are tenuous (string theory), and others that are practically certain (the Theory of General Relativity). You may try to draw a distinction between theories and "laws". However, in fact, a law itself is really just a theory deep down. This is why, in recent years, physics has shied away from using the word "law" to describe anything. That's why the Theory of General Relativity isn't called the Law of General Relativity, even though it proved that Newton's "Law" of Universal Gravitation was incomplete at some level and didn't really describe all gravity. When a theory is tenous, it will usually be described as such, and the supporters of that theory will be searching for evidence for it. However, evolution is not one of the tenous theories. It's one of the bedrock theories, like relativity. In science, they use the word "theory" simply to describe a model of the natural world. You are using the word "theory" to mean "a model of the natural world that doesn't have a lot of support behind it". However, that's not what science is trying to imply. There are good theories and bad ones. Ones you have good reason to believe in and ones you don't. Being called a theory isn't meant to be a strike against it. But you're trying to use the word as if it is, implicitly reading meaning into the situation that isn't really theory. You ARE equivocating here. If we can't consider any model of the universe relatively certain, then we can't be certain about anything. At some point, we can really doubt anything. However, as a practical matter, there must be a threshold of evidence after which it's stupidity to continue skepticism.

Among physicists and chemists, the theory of evolution is heavily disputed (as opposed to biologists, who generally accept the theory for the sake of their studies).
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution#Scientific_support

 * Only 5% of scientists in general identify themselves as creationists. Perhaps they're all physicists and chemists, and physics and chemistry is a special bastion of creationist thought amongst the sciences. However, I find that doubtful. If the specific numbers for the field of physics and chemistry is anywhere close to that number, you cannot reasonably call the theory "heavily disputed".

>A strong argument considers universal entropy. Discussions and experiments yield that there is not enough universal disorder to balance the amount of order that exists on earth alone in the form of organized life forms.
 * The second law of thermodynamics only applies to isolated systems. Secondly, "order" is not a quantity. The law states that differences in temperatures, pressure, and chemical potential equilibrate tend to equal out over time. You don't measure "order" or "disorder" and compare them against each other. That's complete and total nonsense.

These references should clearly show that there is an opinion-war among religious people, namely Judeo-Christian, and evolutionists.
 * What about Muslims? If anything, doubt about evolution is much stronger in fundamentalist Islamic nations than it is in the west. Why isolate Jews and Christians, who are much more likely to believe in the theory? Anyway, all of your references work against your point. I'm not sure what you were trying to prove by post them.65.0.183.224 (talk) 19:30, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

Isn't evolution speculative? Seriously, crack open a Biology book, turn to the chapters on systematics and phylogeny and see all the times the book uses the words may, might, perhaps, etc. Whether or not it is true, evolution has not been proven, is still a theory (as opposed to a law) and therefore is based on speculation, educated or not.

-Andrew Knox, 19:19, March 08, 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.28.140.5 (talk) 03:19, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There's some common misunderstanding about what theories and laws are. Theories don't ever become laws. A law is a universal fact about the universe, where as a theory is a well tested explanation of observations which also makes accurate predictions about future observtions. Just like the germ theory of disease, theory of gravity, theory of plate tectonics, theory of tides, atomic theory, etc, the theory of evolution has been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt and has achieved the highest status possible (scientific theory). None of these theories will ever become laws, nor can they attain any status higher than theory. (Note: The bottom of the scientific theory article has a brief section to clarify the difference between theories and laws)

 * Also if you look at the textbooks for any of those other theories (gravity, plate tectonics, germs, etc) you'll find words like "might" and "maybe" used as well. This is not because they're guessing, but because they are being honest. Humans do not have absolute knowledge about anything.. but just because a book on modern medicine says that a certain symptom MIGHT be related to a specific disease, that doesn't mean that the germ theory of disease is "speculative", and maybe there's no such thing as viruses, and maybe it was demons all along. All it means is that we lack absolute knowledge, and that the auther is being honest about where evidence seems to lead. When a book fails to mention phrases like "it might be" or "seems to imply" etc, this is a sign of dishonesty, not knowledge. 74.14.121.121 (talk) 05:21, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * "Humans do not have absolute knowledge about anything" - this is self contradictory - if we have no absolute knowledge about anything how do you know that we have no absolute knowledge about anything? A theory is anything based on assumptions which is not absolutely known - if it is absolutely known, it is a fact.  The syllogism used is valid AND true because "theory" in both propositions means the same thing: a thing based on presumptions without absolute truth being known.  It is not equivocation at all.  Ironically though, what IS equivocation is the argument against the syllogism being true; someone is giving a second meaning "theory based on probable knowledge" as opposed to factual knowledge to the term "theory".  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.73.151.5 (talk) 00:03, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Sigh... Humans as far as we can tell do not have absolute knowledge about anything. There. All better? OlaIsacsson (talk) 13:55, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

 * "this is self contradictory - if we have no absolute knowledge about anything how do you know that we have no absolute knowledge about anything?"

 * Well, we may have absolute knowledge, but if we can't absolutely know whether or not this knowledge is truly absolute that doesn't get us very far, does it? It is one thing to say that there is a single objective reality out there. It is quite another to say you know what it is, and have made no errors.

 * "A theory is anything based on assumptions which is not absolutely known"

 * That's not what a theory is. A theory is a model that attempts to describe something. There are good models and bad models, of course. The word makes no evidentiary claims.

 * "if it is absolutely known, it is a fact."

 * The word "fact" or "truth" is, in itself, redundant. It is simply a roundabout way of asserting a proposition. There are good propositions and bad propositions, of course. Proposition that you would have to be stupid to believe and claims that you would have to be stupid to disbelieve. But, at their heart, they are really just claims. There is no logical difference between the proposition "Evolution is a theory that correctly describes the world we live in" and the proposition "'Evolution is a theory that correctly describes the world we live in' is true". "Truth" has an implied evidentiary claim behind it, of course - but that's a claim as well, so it doesn't really get you any further. Of course, there has to be a threshold of evidence at which we accept a proposition or a claim. Otherwise, we will simply run around with our hands in the sky accomplishing nothing as human beings. But you are abusing the features of these words in order to make something that is, in all honesty, pretty certain, seem as if it's the most uncertain thing in the world. Worse, you're probably doing so for no other reason than to bolster your claim to the existence of a certain being with far, far less evidence behind it. This is simply sophistry.

 * "someone is giving a second meaning "theory based on probable knowledge" as opposed to factual knowledge to the term "theory"."

 * Again, there is rightly no evidential claim behind the word "theory" at all. You are the one reading this evidentiary claim into the word and equivocating.65.0.183.224 (talk) 20:01, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

"It is my view that the validity of evolution and the validity of intelligent design are both up to one's opinion."

First, the views of editors are irrelevant. Second, virtually every claim you make is factually false. Third, see the Wikipedia policy on undue weight. -- 96.248.226.133 (talk) 04:38, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

"Better than nothing"
There are no omissions in the initial sentences. The augmentations of "to put" and "bread" are superfluous and can be eliminated for the example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.75.103.189 (talk) 01:20, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Amphibology
Is this concept called amphibology as well? If yes, please clarify the text and, what is more important, provide the references.

This is especially important, since some examples seem to be those of "amphiboly" as defined in the intro. Especially keeping in mind that the wikipedia article "amphibology" differs in definition. Lolo Sambinho (talk) 15:33, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

"Polysemic words" and "amphibology"
May I suggest that in the introduction, the term "polysemic words" be followed by "(words with multiple meanings.)" and "amphibology" with "(ambiguous sentences.)"

(Unless an expert feels it necessary to improve on these.)

It is of great help to the majority of readers if technical terms are explained in situ.  Darkman101 (talk) 06:33, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

As there were no comments I have now done this. Darkman101 (talk) 08:01, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Equivocation


text:
Neo-Ricardianism

The neo-Ricardian school is an economic school of thought that derives from the close reading and interpretation of David Ricardo by Piero Sraffa, and from Sraffa's critique of neoclassical economics as presented in his The Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, and further developed by the neo-Ricardians in the course of the Cambridge capital controversy. It particularly disputes neoclassical theory of income distribution.

Robert Rowthorn, in his 1974 article, | Neo-classicism, neo-Ricardianism and Marxism in the New Left Review (I, 86), coined the name. Franklin Delano Roosevelt III, with his dissertation, Towards a Marxist Critique of the Cambridge School, put forth a similar view.

Prominent neo-Ricardians are usually held to include Pierangelo Garegnani, Krishna Bharadwaj, Luigi Pasinetti, Joan Robinson, John Eatwell, Fernando Vianello, Murray Milgate, Ian Steedman, Heinz D. Kurz, Neri Salvadori, Bertram Schefold, Fabio Petri, Massimo Pivetti, Franklin Serrano, Fabio Ravagnani, Roberto Ciccone, Sergio Parrinello, Alessandro Roncaglia, Maurice Dobb, Gilbert Abraham-Frois, Theodore Mariolis and Giorgio Gilibert.

The school partially overlaps with post-Keynesian and neo-Marxian economics.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neo-Ricardianism


text:
Lieutenant Governor of Texas

The lieutenant governor of Texas is the second-highest executive office in the government of Texas, a state in the U.S. It is the second most powerful post in Texas government because its occupant controls the work of the Texas Senate and controls the budgeting process as a leader of the Legislative Budget Board.

Under the provisions of the Texas Constitution, the lieutenant governor is president of the Texas Senate. Unlike with most other states' senates and the U.S. Senate, the lieutenant governor regularly presides over the chamber rather than delegating this function to the president pro tempore or a majority leader. By the rules of the Senate, the lieutenant governor establishes all special and standing committees, appoints all chairpersons and members, and assigns all Senate legislation to the committee of his choice. The lieutenant governor decides all questions of parliamentary procedure in the Senate. The lieutenant governor also has broad discretion in following Senate procedural rules.

The lieutenant governor is an ex officio member of several statutory bodies. These include the Legislative Budget Board, the Legislative Council, the Legislative Audit Committee, the Legislative Board and Legislative Council, which have considerable sway over state programs, the budget and policy. The lieutenant governor is also a member of the Legislative Redistricting Board (together with the speaker of the House, attorney general, comptroller, and land commissioner), which is charged with adopting a redistricting plan for the Texas House of Representatives, Texas Senate, or U.S. House of Representatives after the decennial census if the Legislature fails to do so.

In the case of a vacancy in the lieutenant governor's office, the Senate elects one of its members to act as President of the Senate until the next statewide office election, in effect becoming the lieutenant governor. A senator elected as presiding officer in this way retains their district seat and the voting privileges entailed with his Senate election. The lieutenant governor is sworn in on the third Tuesday every four years, the same as the governor.

Dan Patrick has been the lieutenant governor of Texas since January 20, 2015.

The term of office was two years from 1846 to 1972. Voters then increased it to four years, effective for the 1974 election.

The lieutenant governor assumes the powers of the governor of Texas when the governor is out of the state or otherwise unable to discharge the office. The lieutenant governor is elected separately from the governor, rather than on the same ticket; it is therefore possible for the governor and lieutenant governor to be from different political parties (which was the case during Governor George W. Bush's first term and also during Bill Clements's two non-consecutive terms). The lieutenant governor becomes the governor if the elected governor resigns, dies or is removed from office via impeachment and conviction. Former governor Rick Perry took office upon George W. Bush's resignation on December 21, 2000, ahead of Bush becoming U.S. president. When Perry became lieutenant governor on 19 January 1999, he became the first Republican since Albert Jennings Fountain in 1873 to serve as lieutenant governor, and the first Republican to be elected as lieutenant governor since James W. Flanagan in 1869.

Compared to other lieutenant governors
Texas is one of the few states that vests significant power in the office of lieutenant governor, making it among the most influential. By contrast, the lieutenant governor position in other states has few (if any) legislative responsibilities, akin to the vice president of the United States.

Lieutenant governors of Texas

 * Parties

title: Lieutenant Governor of Texas


text:
Alpen (food)

Alpen is a line of muesli varieties manufactured by the Weetabix cereal company of Kettering, Northamptonshire, England.

History
Weetabix cereals in the UK created Alpen muesli cereal in 1971. Alpen is a whole grain muesli cereal consisting of rolled oats, fruits and nuts.

In the UK, Alpen has been a staple on British shelves since the 1970s, accounting for 3% of the UK and Ireland breakfast cereal sales in 2003. It appeared in the early 1970s in Canada and then in the US in the 1990s after Weetabix established a partnership with natural foods manufacturer, Barbara's Bakery.

In North America, Alpen No Added Sugar and Alpen Original are mainstays in U.S. natural food stores and Canadian grocery stores. In the UK, Weetabix sells Alpen in four varieties. Alpen is exported to other countries in several varieties.

Related cereals and products
In the UK, Alpen has created several varieties, including:
 * Alpen Original
 * Alpen Original (No Added Sugar)
 * Alpen High Fruit
 * Alpen High Fibre

In both the U.S.and Canada, Alpen varieties are:

 * Alpen Original
 * Alpen No Added Sugar
 * New Alpen Apple Spice was introduced in Canada in 2010, featuring three whole grains, apples, toasted soy nuggets and flax seed, with 500 mg of Omega ALA.

As of December 2009, the U.S. Alpens were reformulated to an all-natural formula, discontinuing the use of added vitamins, minerals and organic grains.

In the past, several non-muesli Alpen cereals debuted under the Alpen brand. While most of these cereals have undergone changes in name only, here is a list of cereals which at one point were in the Alpen division of Weetabix, along with date of name change.

 * Alpen Wheat Flakes (formerly Advantage cereal) — 2004
 * Alpen Crunchy Bran (formerly Crunchy Bran cereal) — 2004

As a brand extension and a reaction to consumer appetite for whole grain snacks, Weetabix introduced Alpen whole grain cereal bars, which include varieties of several fruit flavours. As of February 2012, these include:

 * Strawberry & Yogurt (red)
 * Raspberry & Yoghurt (pink)
 * Fruit & Nut (green)
 * Fruit & Nut with Chocolate (brown)
 * Coconut with Chocolate (blue)
 * Apricot & Yoghurt (new for 2012)
 * Summer Fruit (light variant)
 * Chocolate & Fudge (light variant)
 * Chocolate & Orange (light variant)
 * Apple & Sultana (light variant)
 * Double Chocolate (light variant)
 * Cherry Bakewell (light variant – new for 2012)

Sugar and whey content
Three varieties of UK Alpen include sugar; there is one No Added Sugar variety, also available in the U.S. and Canada. Alpen also contains whey.

title: Alpen (food)


text:
Talk:Gary Gordon

I'd say it was a "C" at best
I've addressed this same issue on the page for Randall Shughart. And since this article has the same problems, I restate it:

The Biography section is not a biography, but rather a rehash, practically verbatim, of the events leading up to Shughart's death as published here. While the information on that site is in the public domain, and should be included here somehow, a proper biography still should be here.

As for the Medal of Honor citation section, it's a mess, repeating almost word-for-word what was cut and pasted above. That's just stupidity or laziness, or both. Alcarillo 17:29, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Agreed, to be honest. I noticed the inaccuracies and contradictions when reading both. Lh'owon 09:51, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I edited down the account of the battle in order to highlight the essentials. I also removed entirely the verbatim cut-and-paste of the MOH citation. This article could definitely use more biographical info pre-Mogadishu, specifically his early life and entire army career leading up to his assignment with Task Force Ranger. Alcarillo 15:44, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Why?
Would anyone like to tell me why this man deserves a page on Wikipedia? what have he ever done? He died in combat. sucks but thats war. He died an so does a lot of people each day but they don't get a page. so please tell me why or I'll delete it. --Andersbmeister (talk) 21:30, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Andersbmeister you're a POS...What do you know about war? You're just a sheltered idiot with no life.... Signed Pissed Off War VET —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.102.109.128 (talk) 06:19, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Gary Gordon was more than just a soldier, he was a war hero. The story of his last stand was in two book, a movie, and a history channel documentary, so he earned this page.

I'll restate my response to the similar nonsense (by the same author) posted on Mr. Shughart's article...The idea that a Congressional Medal of Honor winner is not noteworthy is unequivocally absurd. Furthermore, the actions of Mr. [Gordon] connect in a significant manner with broad military and government policies of the United States of America and play significantly into the debate regarding interventionist policies and necessary force protection levels. These are broad, far-reaching and powerful political and military discussions within which the actions of Mr [Gordon] are much more than a minor footnote. Any attempt to parallel a detailing of Mr. [Gordon]'s backstory and actions on October 3, 1993 with "a beautiful page for my deceased great grandmother" is intellectually indefensible. The only legitimate argument for deleting this page is the policy of non-recognition/discussion/etc for "Delta Force". However, Mr. [Gordon]'s citation for the Congressional Medal of Honor is publicly available. Long story short, any attempt to delete this article for any reason, other than adhering to a potential wikipedia policy of never identifying US SOFD-D operators, will be unsuccessful. - Gwopy 00:58, 9 January 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gwopy (talk • contribs)

Other teammate
As I sated in the Shughart discussion, there was a third member of Gordon's sniper team. Sergeant First Class Brad Hallings.

Page 178 of Bowden's book lists the team members, and page 197 explains that Hallings took control of a mini gun on the Blackhawk after a crew chief was injured and was not inserted. Jslowik 02:36, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Hallings had a broad yellow stripe down his back, and refused to go into combat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.141.22.53 (talk) 09:37, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Too the post on 5 August 2009, I suggest your read the book. Hallings was NEEDED (ordered to stay) on the chopper and almost lost his leg —Preceding unsigned comment added by MedicPCP (talk • contribs) 03:56, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

He did lose a leg but later rejoined his unit after getting a fake leg. I think it said that in the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.7.143 (talk) 17:39, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

MoH Citation
Bowden's book, and Durant's book both said that Gary died first and Randy brought back Gary's gun to Durant. So the MoH citation is completely opposite of what really happened.

Corroboration that Gordon was killed or taken out of the fight first seems pretty reasonable. Bowden cites several things to support his theory: the fact that Delta operator Paul Howe heard Shughart calling for backup last; the fact that Durrant states that he remembers seeing the Delta operator who handed him the CAR-15 at previous briefings for the Nightstalker teams and Paul Howe stated that Shughart had been the Delta operator who attended those meetings; the fact that Durrant was handed a weapon that was not an M-14 (the weapon that Shughart used). I'm working on Mr. Shughart's article right now and am attempting to resolve citation and detailing of the same issues there. I will posed the solution used on Mr. Shughart's page here once I've updated it there. That said, I believe that this "controversy" should be presented matter-of-factly and shortly, as it is tangential (though I'm sure highly personal to the families) to the actions of both men. The essence of their actions are two-fold: one, that It is almost beyond debate that Mike Durrant would have been killed, had Gordon and Shughart not been inserted. - Gwopy 01:33, 9 January 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gwopy (talk • contribs)
 * It may well be that there are discrepencies in the actual facts surrounding his death and what was actually stated in the MOH citation, but the citation is essentially a quote. --Kumioko (talk) 05:22, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Also named for Gary gordon
At Ft. Polk, Joint Readyness Training Center.

The Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) complex at Fort Polk, LA is 8km x 7km box within the Joint Readiness Training Center's (JRTC) Maneuver Area consisting of a series of villages and tactical objective sites. '''The centerpiece is a town called Shughart-Gordon. Shughart-Gordon is a twenty-nine (29) building enclave replicating a third world town'''. In addition there is an eight (8) building airfield named Self Airfield, and a five (5) building mock military installation named Word Military Compound.

Every soldier who trains at JRTC comes in contact with this town. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.81.77.130 (talk) 16:10, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Vandalism
An IP address user changed ever instance of his name from Gordon to Gorgen. Based on supporting references that universally agree his name is spelled Gordon, I reverted the edit. Maybe they were going for gorgon and spelled it wrong? Robert Bin Peters (talk) 00:22, 21 November 2011 (UTC)Robert Bin Peters

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Gary Gordon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44229
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100301232941/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=976 to http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=976
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100829043411/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=923 to http://www.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=923

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:39, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

"Controversy and confusion"
I think we should remove this subheading. Compare with Randy Shughart to see how we handle it there. There isn't actually any controversy here, as there might be in some cases. Admittedly, there was (is?) some confusion or uncertainty about the exact order of death, but that would only be a "controversy" with some kind of added elements.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 16:21, 5 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gary Gordon


text:
Kim Dae-mun

Kim Dae-mun (fl. early 8th century) was a historian of Silla. He was the governor of Hansan in 704. According to book 46, biography section of Samguk Sagi, he wrote several books including Hwarang Segi. Kim Dae-moon was a noble from Jingol. The period of survival is believed to span the units of King Sinmoon, King Hyoso and King Seongdeok.

Books

 * Tales from Gyerim (계림잡전, Gyerim is an old word for Silla)
 * Records of Hansan(한산기)
 * Biographies of Monks of the Ancient (고승전)
 * Book of Music (악본)
 * Annals of the Hwarang (Hwarang Segi) : A manuscript of Hwarang Segi was found in Gimhae, South Korea in 1980s, but its historical validity is not clear.

None of these works survive today.

title: Kim Dae-mun


text:
Yardang

A yardang is a streamlined protuberance carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semiconsolidated material by the dual action of wind abrasion by dust and sand and deflation (the removal of loose material by wind turbulence). Yardangs become elongated features typically three or more times longer than wide, and when viewed from above, resemble the hull of a boat. Facing the wind is a steep, blunt face that gradually gets lower and narrower toward the lee end. Yardangs are formed by wind erosion, typically of an originally flat surface formed from areas of harder and softer material. The soft material is eroded and removed by the wind, and the harder material remains. The resulting pattern of yardangs is therefore a combination of the original rock distribution, and the fluid mechanics of the air flow and resulting pattern of erosion.

Names
The word itself is of Turkic origin, meaning ‘steep bank’, as this type of spectacular landscapes rising 25-50 feet are best developed in the interior deserts of this region. And the word was first introduced to the English-speaking world by the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin in 1903. In China, they are sometimes known as yadan from the Chinese adaptation of the Uyghur form of the same name.

Other names for them are "mud-lions", "mushroom rocks", "sphinx-like hills", "koukour" in Tunisia, and "kalut" (Persian for "ridge") in Iran. The massive features of mega-yardangs are called "ridges and corridors" (crêtes et couloirs) in French.

Description
A yardang is formed in cohesive material. Hedin first found the wind-sculptured "clay terraces" or yardangs in the dried up riverbed of the Kurruk-daria in Central Asia. However, yardangs can be found in most deserts across the globe. Depending upon the winds and the composition of the weakly indurated deposits of silt and sand from which they are carved, yardangs may form very unusual shapes — some resemble various objects or even people.

Yardangs come in a large range of sizes, and are divided into three different categories: mega-yardangs, meso-yardangs, and micro-yardangs. Mega-yardangs can be several kilometers long and hundreds of meters high and are found in arid regions with strong winds; meso-yardangs are generally a few meters high and 10 to 15 meters long and are commonly found carved in semiconsolidated playa sediments and other soft granular materials; and micro-yardangs are only a few centimeters high.

A large concentration of mega-yardangs occurs near the Tibesti Mountains in the central Sahara. There is a famous yardang at Hole in the Rock in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, a rock formation with a roughly circular hole in it. Another yardang in Arizona is Window Rock, near the town of Window Rock. It is a 60-meter sandstone hill with a very large circular hole in the middle of it. Some geologists have suggested that the Great Sphinx of Egypt is an augmented yardang.

Pictures from Mars show that the yardang ridges occur on a massive scale there; some individual ridges are tens of kilometers long with intervening valleys nearly 1 km wide. Yardangs on Mars are typically found in the Amazonis region but the best ones are found in the equatorial region. Yardangs on Mars demonstrate that much of the eolian erosion is recent since they are sculpted in young geologic units.

Formation
Yardangs are formed in environments where water is scarce and the prevailing winds are strong, uni-directional, and carry an abrasive sediment load. The wind cuts down low-lying areas into parallel ridges which gradually erode into separate hills that take on the unique shape of a yardang. This process yields a field of yardangs of roughly the same size, commonly referred to as a fleet due to their resemblance to the bottoms of ships. Alternatively, one can be formed by the migration of a dune that leaves behind a cemented core. As the process of formation continues, typically a trough will form around the base of the yardang. Most yardang fields are in sand-poor areas, but the associated troughs, especially in grooved terrain, may be invaded by sand. Sometimes this sand will accumulate to build shallow moats around the bottom.

They are more commonly created from softer rock types like siltstone, sandstone, tuff or Ignimbrite, shale, and limestone, but have also been observed in crystalline rocks such as schist and gneiss.

title: Yardang


text:
Fairchild

Fairchild may refer to:

Organizations

 * Fairchild Aerial Surveys, operated in cooperation with a subsidiary of Fairey Aviation Company
 * Fairchild Camera and Instrument
 * List of Sherman Fairchild companies, "Fairchild" companies
 * Fairchild Fashion Media
 * Fairchild Group, a Chinese-language media company in Canada
 * Fairchild TV, a Cantonese-language television channel in Canada owned by the Fairchild Group
 * Fairchild-Hiller Corporation, U.S. aviation company
 * Fairchild Aircraft, an aircraft manufacturer, division of Fairchild, also variously known as Fairchild-Hiller, Fairchild-Republic and Fairchild-Dornier
 * Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. (Canada), a Canadian aircraft manufacturer
 * Fairchild Industries, Inc., U.S. aviation company, successor to Fairchild Hiller Corporation
 * Fairchild Corporation, U.S. aviation company, successor to Fairchild Industries
 * Fairchild Publications, Inc.
 * Fairchild Recording Equipment Corporation
 * Fairchild Semiconductor, an American semiconductor company
 * Fairchild Systems, U.S. defense contractor
 * Sherman Fairchild Foundation

People

 * Fairchild (name), including list of persons with the name
 * Fairchild family, descendants of Thomas Fairchild (1610–1670), English nurseryman

Places

 * Fairchild, Georgia
 * Fairchild, Wisconsin, a village located within the town of Fairchild
 * Fairchild (town), Wisconsin, a town that contains the village of Fairchild
 * Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington state, USA
 * Fairchild Beach, Heard Island, subantarctic waters
 * Fairchild Glacier, Washington state, USA
 * Fairchild Mountain, Colorado, USA
 * Fairchild Peak, Antarctica
 * Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables
 * Fairchilds, Texas
 * William R. Fairchild International Airport, Port Angeles, Washington state, USA

Entertainment

 * FairChild (2007 videogame), a Japanese visual novel
 * The Fairchild Channel F, an early video game console

Food

 * Fairchild (mango), a commercial mango cultivar originating in Panama
 * Fairchild tangerine

Other

 * Fairchild Memorial Hall, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, USA

title: Fairchild


text:
Category talk:Nuclear physics

supercategory
(Some of these probably should really be in a Particle physics category. But they're closely related, and in the recent Category explosion I have become averse to creating more. I also personally don't feel that Categories are terribly useful unless they have a goodly number of articles in them, a couple of dozen or so.)Securiger 01:00, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, right now general particle things are being put in this too-specific category, as it should only have to to with nucleons. Perhaps nuclear physics needs to be a sub-category of particle physics, even if that's not exactly how nuclear physics feel about themselves.  --Laura Scudder | Talk 17:33, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I think nuclear physics is not a subcategory of quantum physics, although it makes heavy use of quantum physics. It is also not a subcategory of particle physics (see my comment in Category talk:Particle physics). It has a lot of particle aspects (e.g. collider experiments), but it also has clearly non-particle aspects (thermodynamics). I'm not decided on the Atomic physics, although I have the strong feeling I would not like it to be in there either, since I was taught that atomic physics is about the electron-nucleon system. So I would like to see it in Category:Subfields of physics Alex4532 (talk) 13:45, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Nuclear physics


text:
1995–96 United States network television schedule

The 1995–96 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers the primetime hours from September 1995 to August 1996. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 1994–95 season.

PBS is not included; member stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary.

Each of the 30 highest-rated shows released in May 1996 is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research.

This is the first fall season for The WB and UPN. The schedules of either network would not be constant until fall 1999, when the WB decided to air shows from Sunday through Friday and UPN would air Monday through Friday. This is also the first television season to officially end in the month of May.

New series highlighted in bold.

Repeat airings or same-day rebroadcasts are indicated by (R).

All times are U.S. Eastern and Pacific Time (except for some live sports or events). Subtract one hour for Central, Mountain, Alaska and Hawaii-Aleutian times.

All sporting events air live in all time zones in U.S. Eastern time, with local and/or late-night programming (including Fox affiliates during the 10 p.m. ET/PT hour) by affiliates after game completion.

Legend

 * Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season.
 * Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season.
 * Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season.

Other Legend
 * Light blue indicates local programming.
 * Gray indicates encore programming.
 * Blue-gray indicates news programming.
 * Light green indicates sporting events.
 * Light Purple indicates movies.
 * Red indicates series being burned off and other scheduled programs, including specials.

Saturday
Note: JAG was on Saturdays until February 3, 1996; then, on March 13, 1996, NBC moved the show to Wednesdays.

ABC

 * Returning series
 * 20/20
 * The ABC Monday Night Movie
 * The ABC Sunday Night Movie
 * ABC Saturday Night at the Movies
 * The ABC Thursday Night Movie
 * America's Funniest Home Videos
 * Boy Meets World
 * Coach
 * The Commish
 * Ellen
 * Family Matters
 * Grace Under Fire
 * Hangin' with Mr. Cooper
 * Home Improvement
 * Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
 * The Marshal
 * Monday Night Football
 * NYPD Blue
 * Primetime Live
 * Roseanne
 * Step by Step
 * Turning Point

 * New series
 * Aliens in the Family *
 * Before They Were Stars *
 * Buddies *
 * Champs *
 * Charlie Grace
 * The Dana Carvey Show *
 * The Drew Carey Show
 * The Faculty *
 * High Incident *
 * Hudson Street
 * The Jeff Foxworthy Show
 * Maybe This Time
 * The Monroes
 * Muppets Tonight *
 * Murder One
 * The Naked Truth
 * Second Noah *
 * World's Funniest Videos *

Not returning from 1994–95:
 * ABC Family Movie
 * All-American Girl
 * Baseball Night in America
 * Blue Skies
 * Bringing up Jack
 * Day One
 * Extreme
 * Full House
 * Matlock
 * McKenna
 * Me and the Boys
 * My So-Called Life
 * On Our Own
 * Sister, Sister (moved to The WB)
 * Thunder Alley
 * A Whole New Ballgame

CBS

 * Returning series
 * 48 Hours
 * 60 Minutes
 * CBS Sunday Movie
 * Chicago Hope
 * Cybill
 * Dave's World
 * Diagnosis: Murder
 * Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
 * Due South
 * Murder, She Wrote
 * Murphy Brown
 * The Nanny
 * Picket Fences
 * Rescue 911
 * Touched by an Angel
 * Walker, Texas Ranger

 * New series
 * Almost Perfect
 * American Gothic
 * Bless This House
 * The Bonnie Hunt Show
 * Can't Hurry Love
 * Central Park West
 * The Client
 * Courthouse
 * Dweebs
 * Good Company *
 * High Society *
 * The Louie Show *
 * Matt Waters *
 * My Guys *
 * Nash Bridges
 * New York News

Not returning from 1994–95:
 * The Boys Are Back
 * Burke's Law
 * Christy
 * Daddy's Girls
 * Double Rush
 * Eye to Eye with Connie Chung
 * The 5 Mrs. Buchanans
 * The George Wendt Show
 * Hearts Afire
 * Love & War
 * Muddling Through
 * Northern Exposure
 * The Office
 * Under One Roof
 * Under Suspicion
 * Women of the House
 * The Wright Verdicts

Fox

 * Returning series
 * America's Most Wanted
 * Beverly Hills, 90210
 * Cops
 * Encounters: The Hidden Truth
 * Fox Tuesday Night Movie
 * Living Single
 * Married... with Children
 * Martin
 * Melrose Place
 * New York Undercover
 * Party of Five
 * The Simpsons
 * Sliders
 * The X-Files

 * New series
 * The Crew
 * Kindred: The Embraced *
 * L.A. Firefighters *
 * The Last Frontier *
 * Local Heroes *
 * Misery Loves Company
 * MADtv
 * Ned and Stacey
 * Partners
 * The Preston Episodes
 * Profit *
 * The Show *
 * Saturday Night Special
 * Space: Above and Beyond
 * Strange Luck
 * Too Something
 * What's So Funny? *

Not returning from 1994–95:
 * The Critic
 * Dream On
 * Fortune Hunter
 * Get Smart
 * The George Carlin Show
 * The Great Defender
 * Hardball
 * House of Buggin'
 * M.A.N.T.I.S.
 * Medicine Ball
 * Models Inc.
 * My Wildest Dreams
 * VR.5
 * Wild Oats

NBC

 * Returning series
 * Dateline NBC
 * ER
 * Frasier
 * The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
 * Friends
 * Homicide: Life on the Street
 * Hope and Gloria
 * In the House
 * The John Larroquette Show
 * Law & Order
 * Mad About You
 * NBC Sunday Night Movie
 * The NBC Monday Movie
 * NewsRadio
 * seaQuest 2032 (formerly known as seaQuest DSV)
 * Seinfeld
 * Sisters
 * Unsolved Mysteries
 * Wings

 * New series
 * 3rd Rock from the Sun *
 * Boston Common *
 * Brotherly Love
 * Caroline in the City
 * The Home Court
 * JAG
 * Malibu Shores *
 * Minor Adjustments (moved to UPN)
 * The Pursuit of Happiness
 * The Single Guy *

Not returning from 1994–95:
 * Amazing Grace
 * Blossom
 * The Cosby Mysteries
 * Earth 2
 * Empty Nest
 * High Sierra Search and Rescue
 * Madman of the People
 * The Martin Short Show
 * The Mommies
 * Pride & Joy
 * Something Wilder
 * Sweet Justice
 * Time Life's Lost Civilizations

UPN

 * Returning series
 * Star Trek: Voyager

 * New series
 * Deadly Games
 * Live Shot
 * Minor Adjustments (moved from NBC)
 * Moesha *
 * Nowhere Man
 * The Paranormal Borderline *
 * The Sentinel *
 * Swift Justice *

Not returning from 1994–95:
 * Legend
 * Marker
 * Pig Sty
 * Platypus Man
 * The Watcher

The WB

 * The Parent 'Hood
 * Sister, Sister (moved from ABC)
 * Unhappily Ever After
 * The Wayans Bros.

 * New series
 * Cleghorne!
 * First Time Out
 * Kirk
 * Pinky and the Brain
 * Savannah *
 * Simon

Not returning from 1994–95:
 * Muscle

Note: The * indicates that the program was introduced in midseason.


text:
Hubbard Foods

Hubbard Foods Ltd is a manufacturer of breakfast cereals based in Auckland, New Zealand. It operates under the Hubbard brand as well as producing for private labels. Hubbard Foods Ltd was founded by Dick Hubbard, who temporarily stepped down as CEO from 2004 to 2007 to serve as the mayor of Auckland.

As reported by The Sunday Star-Times in July 2010. The company is noted as the third significant player in the New Zealand 'ready-to-eat' cereal market, following Sanitarium and Kellogg's. Currently employs approximately 150 people.

History
Established in 1989 as Winner Foods, the company underwent a name change after two years, with the founder opting to use the family name on cereal boxes and renaming it Hubbard Foods Ltd. In 2008, there was contemplation of selling the company, but the decision was made to retain ownership.

In 2010, a notable initiative took place as Hubbard Foods, in collaboration with Vector Limited, installed the largest commercial thin-film solar PV panel system in New Zealand on the roof of its South Auckland building.

Subsequently, in 2018, the company transitioned ownership to HFG Group, later rebranded as Walter & Wild under the ownership of Harry Hart and his father Graeme Hart.

title: Hubbard Foods


text:
Talk:Minor Light characters in the Wheel of Time series

Most of this makes little sense if you haven't read the books; it also seems to be full of spoilers... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kajtek (talk • contribs) 01:03, 12 August 2004 (UTC)


text:
Astronaut (Duran Duran album)

Astronaut is the eleventh studio album by English rock band Duran Duran, released on 28 September 2004 by Epic Records. It was Duran Duran's first studio album since Pop Trash (2000), and the first (and to date, last) full album since Seven and the Ragged Tiger (1983) to be recorded by the most famous five-member lineup of the band (the stand-alone 1985 single "A View to a Kill" was their last studio recording together).

Astronaut received mixed reviews from critics but was nevertheless a commercial success, peaking at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart to become the band's highest-charting album in the UK since Seven and the Ragged Tiger in 1983. The album also peaked at 17 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and reached the top ten in six other countries.

In 2021, the band signed a deal for the album with BMG (along with Medazzaland, Pop Trash and Red Carpet Massacre) which saw it being re-issued in the UK on various digital platforms.

Critical reception
Astronaut was met with "mixed or average" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 52 based on 17 reviews.

In a review for AllMusic, Andy Kellman wrote: "Even with a handful of forgettable songs beyond that, the album is easily the best one credited to the Duran Duran name since 1993's Wedding Album." Matt Dentler of The Austin Chronicle called the album an "overproduced synth shuffle", going on to say "With too many songs trying too hard, Duranies will still go hungry for quality."

Commercial performance
Astronaut debuted at number three on the UK Albums Chart and at number 17 on the US Billboard 200, with similar top-20 debuts elsewhere in the world. Meanwhile, the CD/DVD set debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Music Video chart. The album peaked at number 29 in Japan. The first single, "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise", was released in the US on 30 August 2004 and in the UK on 4 October 2004. It debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart. In late November, it topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.

The second single, "What Happens Tomorrow", was released on 18 January 2005 in the US and on 31 January 2005 in the UK.

Astronaut has been certified "Gold" in the UK for sales of over 100,000 copies. It was certified Gold in Italy. As of 2008, it had sold around 260,000 copies in the US.

Track listing
Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies a vocal producer
 * $undefined$ signifies an additional producer
 * $undefined$ signifies a pre-production

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Astronaut.

Duran Duran

 * Simon Le Bon
 * Nick Rhodes
 * Andy Taylor – background vocals (tracks 1, 3, 4, 10)
 * John Taylor
 * Roger Taylor

Additional musicians

 * Mark Tinley – programming (track 12)
 * Lily Gonzalez – additional percussion (tracks 3, 8, 12)
 * Guy Farley – string arrangement (tracks 3, 8, 12)
 * Sally Boyden – background vocals (track 1)
 * Tessa Niles – background vocals (tracks 4, 5, 7)
 * Jason Nevins – additional programming (track 1)

Technical

 * Duran Duran – executive production, production
 * Don Gilmore – production (tracks 1–3, 6–9); additional production (tracks 5, 12); engineering (tracks 1–3, 5–9, 12)
 * Nile Rodgers – vocal production (track 1); additional production (track 5); production (track 11)
 * Dallas Austin – production (tracks 2, 4, 10), engineering (tracks 4, 10)
 * Mark Tinley – pre-production, engineering (track 12)
 * Jeremy Wheatley – mixing at Townhouse Studios, London
 * Leon Zervos – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York City
 * Rich Hilton – Pro Tools, engineering (track 11)
 * Daniel Mendez – Pro Tools, additional engineering (tracks 1–3, 5–9, 12)
 * Rick Sheppard – Pro Tools, additional engineering (tracks 4, 10)
 * Francesco Cameli – engineering assistance (tracks 1–3, 5–9, 12)
 * Richard Edgeler – engineering assistance (tracks 4, 10)
 * Dean Barratt – engineering assistance (track 11)
 * Jason Nevins – additional recording (track 1)

Artwork

 * Kristian Schuller – cover photography
 * Richard Haughton – guitar photography
 * FAILE – art
 * Clarissa Tossin – art
 * Sean Hogan – art
 * Bernie Beca – art
 * Patty Palazzo – art
 * John Warwicker – creative direction, graphics remix
 * Sara Syms – graphic art

title: Astronaut (Duran Duran album)


text:
Talk:Astronaut (Duran Duran album)

Link to next album
The link in the album info box refers to Upcoming Duran Duran album. Shouldn't it refer direct to Red Carpet Massacre? Or perhaps to Reportage? The Seventh Taylor 19:06, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Sales
'around 2 million copies around the world' The album did not sell that much! Andy says in his book sales are about 1 million! so i don't know where you people get the other million from! am going to edit the page now. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.138.28.86 (talk) 01:28, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Astronaut (Duran Duran album)


text:
Scramble band

A scramble band - also known as a scatter band - is a particular type of field-performing marching band with distinct characteristics that set it apart from other common forms of marching bands; most notably, scramble bands do not normally march. In fact, the name comes from the way in which the band moves between formations – members run to each form without using a predescribed path; this is known as scrambling.

Characteristics
Scramble bands often take pride in their diversion from the normal marching band. In fact, most scramble bands do not march at all, regardless of whether their official group name contains a form of the word "March".

Like their marching counterparts, scramble bands almost always perform music using traditional band instruments. They will also stand in formations on a field, but that is usually where the similarity between scramble bands and typical marching bands end. The formations themselves are often simple shapes or crude "pictures" that lend themselves to a particular section of the performance instead of intricate geometric or abstract shapes. Additionally, scramble band performances often rely on a humorous or satirical script, read during the performance by an announcer using a loudspeaker or public address system.

Scramble bands are generally student-run and tend to be smaller in membership than what one would expect from a marching band. According to the self-described "Cleverest Band in the World" at Columbia University, the origin of scramble bands is as follows:

 * "See, in the 50s, our great country was going through a lot of changes. Disco was at its peak,  little Shirley Temple was  charming the hearts of Americans everywhere, Jesus was walking the earth,  and Ronald Reagan  was pushing hard for the new Women's suffrage movement. The Columbia University Marching Band, which had always been slightly wacky, took a good  look at itself. "How," we asked ourselves, "could we make being  in a marching band even  more fun?" Well, we decided that the whole marching around and  forming rhombi thing had gone out of style with World War II.  So we introduced the world to the "scramble band" concept - so named  for the way bandies would scramble from one interesting formation  to the next."

However, there is no widespread agreement as to which school actually invented the scramble band concept. The Harvard University Band lays a significant claim to the title with proof of scrambling as early as The Game (Harvard-Yale), November 23, 1946, as well as spelling "Keep 'em Flying" for the Navy and forming an airplane with the drum major twirling his baton as the propeller in 1941. With Guy Slade as director, baton twirler, and drill master, 74 letters were spelled during the 1930 football season, 29 at the Harvard-Yale game alone. The word "Welcome" was learned and formed in five minutes at a stadium game with Michigan.

Other characteristics of scramble bands vary by the particular group and may include:
 * Non-standard instrumentation - Some bands include string or electronic sections to offer membership to musicians who would otherwise be excluded from participation in a marching band. Instruments in this category might include violins, cellos, string bass, electronic keyboards, and electric guitar. More unusual instrumentation such as bagpipes and accordions is not unheard of. For example, the Princeton University Band included an accordion, a bagpipe, two violins (acoustic), an electric guitar, and an electric bass in the 2005-06 school year, and has also featured a set of plastic flamingos and a pair of plastic pumpkins. The Michigan Technological University Huskies Pep Band contains instruments not normally seen in a pep band setting such as violins, violas, oboes, and bassoons, and unusual instruments such as piccolo trumpets, a valve trombone, a soprano trombone, and a contra-alto clarinet. The Brown University Band is known to make extensive use of melodicas and kazoos in their shows. The Columbia University Marching Band includes a six foot bench stolen from the University of Pennsylvania stands.
 * Non-musicians - Just as membership often includes non-standard instrumentalists, it may also include people who have little or no musical talent at all. These members may "play" homemade instruments (washboards, trash can lids, mailboxes, toasters, an oven, etc.) or may participate in other various capacities.  They are usually known as "miscies," while at Princeton they are known as "garbussion," a portmanteau of "garbage" and "percussion." More skilled bands can have people with high levels of musical talent playing unusual instruments.  The Stanford Band, for example, has "mugs" with sometimes up to a decade of musical education playing instruments such as a kitchen sink or satellite dish.
 * Skits or other dramatic performance - Members may dress in costume and/or employ the use of props (usually handmade) to mime to the audience a scene described or suggested by the announcer's script. Such scenes are often overdramatic (to aid audience members seated far away) and make use of slap-stick comedy, where appropriate (or not). Members of the Yale Precision Marching Band who act on the field are called "squids."

Particular ensembles
This style is practiced mainly by a number of college marching bands, primarily in academically elite or liberal arts schools such as the Ivy League colleges (excepting Cornell University; the Cornell Big Red Marching Band performs in the corps style seen in more traditional bands); Rice University Marching Owl Band (known by its acronym, The MOB); Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band; Villanova; William & Mary; Humboldt State Marching Lumberjacks; and DePauw University.

The Brown University Band has performed on ice skates at Brown Hockey games since 1970 and claims to be the world’s best (and, actually, only) ice skating scatter band. It is noteworthy to mention that many members are novice skaters, and that most have no previous experience skating while playing an instrument.

Besides school scatter bands, there are other traditional arenas for similar comic treatments of outdoor marching music, such as mummers parades, the pre-Rose Parade parody known as The Doo Dah Parade, Chinatown parades, Mardi Gras parades, etc.

Stunts, antics, and tomfoolery
Scramble bands are notorious for their irreverent stunts, and some of these prove to be controversial. The most upsetting events usually have consequences (see also: censorship) regardless of whether the band intended such controversy. Listed below are some of the more notable events in scramble band lore:
 * The Princeton University Band was attacked by a group of cadets at The Citadel prior to a football game on September 20, 2008, while marching around the campus. Several Citadel officials apologized for the altercation, including The Citadel's President Lt. Gen. John W. Rosa and the student body president; no action was taken by either school against the Band.  (The incident ultimately did not prevent The Citadel from visiting Princeton for a football game in September 2009; that game went on without incident from either side.)
 * Columbia's altar-boy joke (tuition going down faster than...) at halftime of a football game against Fordham, a nearby Catholic school.
 * UVA's Inbred Family Feud gag against West Virginia. This was one of the events which ultimately led to the athletic department barring the band from attending all revenue sports in 2003.
 * The Stanford Band accidentally rushed the field during the Big Game against rival Cal, mistakenly believing the game was over. This memorable accident became known as The Play, and is often seen on highlight reels. The field invasion prompted Cal announcer Joe Starkey to famously shout, "The band is on the field!"
 * More recently, Stanford's band was disciplined for a show with jokes about polygamy during a game against Brigham Young University in September 2004.
 * The Rice University MOB (Marching Owl Band) launched a weather balloon-based "UFO", eventually tracked by bewildered air traffic controllers.
 * Yale was banned from West Point because of the nature of the script to be performed that day.  The YPMB responded the following year at Yale, with a halftime show where band members sarcastically announced, "We are all Americans and we are all the same."
 * Another Yale halftime featured the marriage of two former band members. ("At Yale, Wedding Band Takes On a New Meaning", New York Times, October 10, 1992.)
 * Dartmouth was banned from Holy Cross for a show that involved a Ted Kennedy Triathlon which included the "Ted Kennedy drive and swim," a parody of the Chappaquiddick affair. Members of the Kennedy family were in attendance, and needless to say, were not pleased.  The Dartmouth Band was allowed back for the first time in 2004, but did not attend due to a limited travel budget.
 * The Lady Godiva Memorial Bnad [sic], made up of engineering students at the University of Toronto, attended the Bloor-Danforth subway opening on February 26, 1966, and "leapt over turnstiles", with 400 students piling onto a train. One student then pulled the emergency power switch, interfering with regular service for more than 5 hours on the first day of the subway line's operation.
 * Michigan Technological University's Huskies Pep Band is banned from playing at rival school Northern Michigan University's campus, allegedly due to taking away home field advantage. The Huskies Pep Band is one of the largest student organizations at the university, with more than 100 students on its active roster. During a 2004 Grand Valley State-Michigan Tech football game at Ann Arbor's Big House, the band performed a Monty Python halftime show, where they played a rendition of Every Sperm is Sacred while forming an egg that was then fertilized by a sousaphonist sperm.

Occasionally, the tables are turned. The Texas A & M Aggies misinterpreted a 1973 performance of Rice's Marching Owl Band and formed an angry mob outside Rice's own stadium, trapping the Owl band inside for hours until police dispersed some of the crowd and allowed the band to exit, transported by food service trucks.

Censorship
In recent years, administrators at many schools have taken steps to rein in their scramble bands' more embarrassing attempts at humor. These have included:
 * Requiring approval of show content
 * Replacing student leaders with university faculty or staff
 * Refusing to allow the band to perform (a step occasionally also taken by a host school during away games)
 * Change the style of band, like how Cornell is the only Ivy League school with a corps-style band.
 * Dissolution of the band, like how Columbia’s band was dissolved in 2020.

title: Scramble band


text:
User talk:Salzaid

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Translation Request

 * Salzaid, Can you translate the article Ayyavazhi to Arabic. Please... - Vaikunda Raja 22:30, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Salzaid


text:
User talk:Pbsandwichofdoom

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Pbsandwichofdoom


text:
User talk:Lesouris

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Sat Sri Akal Page
I noticed you left a message a long time ago in the discussion page of Sat Sri Akaal, you were asking why some sikhs use Vaheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Vaheguru Ji Ki Fateh instead of Sat Sri Akaal, I am one of these Sikhs, and i have added an explanation to the page.

Image copyright problem with Image:Tartans.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tartans.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have questions about copyright tagging of images, post on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags or User talk:Carnildo/images. 21:40, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject LGBT studies
Hello! I noticed that your userpage mentions that you are interested in LGBT issues. Would you be interested in joining WikiProject LGBT studies? The WikiProject's been a bit inactive recently and some of us are trying to get it going again. We'd love to have you on board! Dev920 (Have a nice day!) 12:23, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of LGBT topics and Shinto

The article LGBT topics and Shinto has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced and inaccurate, Japanese society does not work this way ("Shinto"?!)

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Shii (tock) 02:13, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of LGBT topics and Shinto for deletion
The article LGBT topics and Shinto is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/LGBT topics and Shinto until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Shii (tock) 08:33, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

File:NDP-SC.PNG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:NDP-SC.PNG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.  S ven M anguard  Wha?  00:24, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

File:NewPoliticsInitiativeLogo.PNG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:NewPoliticsInitiativeLogo.PNG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. moogsi(blah) 03:33, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Haitian Vodou and sexual orientation for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Haitian Vodou and sexual orientation is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Haitian Vodou and sexual orientation until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. BostonMensa (talk) 21:35, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lesouris