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Chilean Civil War of 1891

The Chilean Civil War of 1891 (also known as Revolution of 1891) was a civil war in Chile fought between forces supporting Congress and forces supporting the President, José Manuel Balmaceda from 16 January 1891 to 18 September 1891. The war saw a confrontation between the Chilean Army and the Chilean Navy, siding with the president and the congress, respectively. This conflict ended with the defeat of the Chilean Army and the presidential forces, and with President Balmaceda committing suicide as a consequence of the defeat. In Chilean historiography the war marks the end of the Liberal Republic and the beginning of the Parliamentary Era.

Causes

The Chilean Civil War grew out of political disagreements between the president of Chile, José Manuel Balmaceda, and the Chilean congress. In 1889, the congress became distinctly hostile to the administration of Balmaceda, and the political situation became serious, at times threatening to involve the country in civil war. According to usage and custom in Chile at the time, a minister could not remain in office unless supported by a majority in both houses of the congress. Balmaceda found himself in the difficult position of being unable to appoint any ministers that could control a majority in the senate and chamber of deputies, and at the same time act in accordance with his own views of the administration of public affairs. At this juncture, the president assumed that the constitution gave him the power of nominating and maintaining in office any ministers of his choice and that congress had no power to interfere.

The Congress was now only waiting for a suitable opportunity to assert its authority. In 1890, it came to light that President Balmaceda had decided to nominate a close personal friend as his successor. This brought matters to confrontation and the  congress refused to approve a budget for supplies to run the government. Balmaceda compromised with congress, agreeing to nominate a cabinet to their liking on condition that the budget would be approved. This cabinet, however, resigned when the ministers understood the full scope of the conflict between the president and congress. Balmaceda then nominated a cabinet not in accord with the views of Congress under Claudio Vicuña, whom it was no secret Balmaceda intended to be his successor. To avoid opposition to his actions, Balmaceda refrained from summoning an extraordinary session of the legislature for the discussion of the estimates of revenue and expenditure for 1891.

Crisis
On January 1, 1891, president Balmaceda published a Manifest to the Nation in various newspapers to the effect that the budget of 1890 would be considered the official budget for 1891. This act was interpreted by the opposition as illegal and beyond the attributes of the executive power. As protest against the action of President Balmaceda, the vice-president of the senate, Waldo Silva, and the president of the chamber of deputies, Ramón Barros Luco, issued a proclamation appointing Captain Jorge Montt commander of the navy, and stating that the navy could not recognize the authority of Balmaceda so long as he did not administer public affairs in accordance with the constitutional law of Chile. The majority of the members of congress sided with this movement, and signed an Act of Deposition of President Balmaceda

Rebellion of the navy
On January 6, 1891, the political leaders of the Congressional party embarked on board the armored frigate Blanco Encalada, at Valparaíso, and Captain Jorge Montt of that vessel hoisted a broad pennant as commodore of the Congressional fleet. On 7 January the Blanco Encalada, accompanied by the Esmeralda and O'Higgins and other vessels, sailed out of Valparaiso harbour and proceeded northwards to Tarapacá to organize armed resistance against the president.

For the present, and without prejudice to the future, command of the sea was held by Montt's squadron (January). The rank and file of the army remained faithful to the executive, and thus in the early part of the war the Gobiernistas, speaking broadly, possessed an army without a fleet, the congress a fleet without an army. Balmaceda hoped to create a navy; the congress took steps to recruit an army by taking its sympathizers on board the fleet.

Immediately on the outbreak of the revolution President Balmaceda published a decree declaring Montt and his companions to be traitors, and without delay organized an army of some 40,000 men for the suppression of the insurrectionary movement. While both sides were preparing for hostilities, Balmaceda administered the government under dictatorial powers with a congress of his own nomination. In June 1891 he ordered the presidential election to be held, and Claudio Vicuña was duly declared chosen as president of the republic for the term commencing in September 1891.

Preparations had long been made for the naval insurrection, and in the end few vessels of the Chilean navy adhered to the cause of Balmaceda. But amongst these were two new and fast torpedo gunboats, Almirante Condell and Almirante Lynch, and in European dockyards (incomplete) lay the most powerful vessel of the navy, the battleship Capitán Prat, and two fast cruisers. If these were secured by the Balmacedists the naval supremacy of the congress would be seriously challenged. The resources of Balmaceda were running short on account of the heavy military expenses, and he determined to dispose of the reserve of silver bullion accumulated in the vaults of the Casa de Moneda in accordance with the terms of the law for the conversion of the note issue. The silver was conveyed abroad in a British man-of-war, and disposed of partly for the purchase of a fast steamer to be fitted as an auxiliary cruiser and partly in payment for other kinds of war material.

Itata incident
The organization of the revolutionary forces went on slowly. They were experiencing difficulty in obtaining the necessary arms and ammunition. A supply of rifles was bought in the United States, and embarked on board the Itata, a Chilean vessel in the service of the rebels. The United States authorities refused to allow this steamer to leave San Diego, and a guard was stationed on the ship. The Itata, however, slipped away and made for the Chilean coast, carrying with her the representatives of the United States. A fast cruiser was immediately sent in pursuit, but only succeeded in overtaking the rebel ship after she was at her destination. The Itata was then forced to return to San Diego without landing her cargo for the insurgents.

Hostilities
The first shot was fired, on 16 January, by the Blanco at the Valparaiso batteries, and landing parties from the warships engaged small parties of government troops at various places during January and February. Balmaceda's principal forces were stationed in and about Iquique, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Santiago and Concepción. The troops at Iquique and Coquimbo were necessarily isolated from the rest and from each other, and military operations began, as in the campaign of 1879 in this quarter, with a naval descent upon Pisagua followed by an advance inland to Dolores.

The Congressional forces failed at first to make good their footing (16–23 January), but, though defeated in two or three actions, they brought off many recruits and a quantity of munitions of war. On the 26th they retook Pisagua, and on the 15 February the Balmacedist commander, Eulogio Robles, who offered battle in the expectation of receiving reinforcements from Tacna, was completely defeated on the old battlefield of San Francisco. Robles fell back along the railway, called up troops from Iquique, and beat the invaders at Huara on 17 February, but Iquique in the meanwhile fell to the Congressional fleet on 16 February.

Battle of Pozo Almonte
The Pisagua line of operations was at once abandoned, and the military forces of the congress were moved by sea to Iquique, whence, under the command of Colonel Estanislao del Canto, they started inland. The battle of Pozo Almonte, fought on 7 March, was desperately contested, but Del Canto was superior in numbers, and Robles was himself wounded and then executed inside a field hospital and his army dispersed. After this the other Balmacedist troops in the north gave up the struggle. The garrison of Tacna (at that time part of Chile) was driven into Peru, others joined the Congressional Army and the rest made a laborious retreat from Calama to Santiago, in the course of which it twice crossed the main chain of the Andes. These forces were later sent to Coquimbo to form the fifth division of the Presidential Army.

Sinking of the Blanco Encalada
Early in April a portion of the revolutionary squadron, comprising the armoured frigate Blanco Encalada and other ships, was sent southward for reconnoitring purposes and put into the port of Caldera. During the night of April 23, and whilst the Blanco Encalada was lying quietly at anchor in Caldera Bay, the Almirante Lynch torpedo gunboat, belonging to the Balmaceda faction, steamed into the bay of Caldera and discharged a torpedo at the rebel ship. The Blanco Encalada sank in a few minutes and 300 of her crew perished. This coup severely weakened the Congressional squadron.

Congressional offensive
The Revolutionary Junta, created on April 13, now firmly established in Iquique prosecuted the war vigorously, and by the end of April the whole area was in the hands of the "rebels" from the Peruvian border to the outposts of the Balmacedists at Coquimbo and La Serena. The Junta now began the formation of a properly organized army for the next campaign, which, it was believed universally on both sides, would be directed against Coquimbo. The necessary arms and ammunition were arranged for in Europe; they were shipped in a British vessel, and transferred to a Chilean steamer at Fortune Bay, in Tierra del Fuego, close to the Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands, and thence carried to Iquique, where they were safely disembarked early in July 1891. A force of 20,000 men was now raised by the junta, but with weapons and ammunition for only 9,000, and preparations were rapidly pushed forward for a move to the south with the object of attacking Valparaiso and Santiago, because in a few months the arrival of the new ships from Europe would reopen the struggle for command of the sea so the Congressional party could no longer aim at a methodical conquest of successive provinces, but was compelled to attempt to crush the Presidentialist forces at a blow. Where this blow was to fall was not decided up to the last moment, but the instrument which was to deliver it was prepared with all the care possible under the circumstances. Del Canto was made commander-in-chief, and an ex-Prussian officer, Emil Körner, chief of staff. The army was organized in three brigades of all arms, at Iquique, Caldera and Vallenar. Körner superintended the training of the men, gave instruction in tactics to the officers, caused maps to be prepared, and in general took every precaution that his experience could suggest to ensure success. Del Canto was himself no mere figurehead, but a thoroughly capable leader who had distinguished himself at Tacna (1880) and Miraflores (1881), as well as in the present war. The men were enthusiastic, and the officers unusually numerous. The artillery was fair, the cavalry good, and the train and auxiliary services well organized. About one-third of the infantry were armed with the Austrian Mannlicher magazine rifle, which now made its first appearance in war, the remainder had the French Gras and other breech-loaders, which were also the armament of the Presdidential infantry. Balmaceda could only wait upon events, but he prepared his forces as best he was able, and his torpedo gunboats constantly harried the Congressional navy. By the end of July Del Canto and Körner had done their work as well as time permitted, and early in August the troops prepared to embark, not for Coquimbo, but for Valparaiso itself.

Lo Cañas massacre
At the beginning of August the disembarking of the Congressional Army was expected, and both sides were preparing for the coming battles. The Presidential Army had four divisions; Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion and Coquimbo, and President Balmaceda had ordered his generals to not engage the enemy unless they had a combined force of al least 14,000 men. But these four division were scattered across the country, with only the Santiago and Valparaiso divisions near each other, the Concepcion division was 311 miles from the Capital and the Coquimbo division 287 miles. As the Junta had only 9,000 men ready for battle they took precautions to prevent the Presidential Army from concentrating its forces.

In August 16th, the Revolutionary Committee of Santiago received instructions from the Junta to perform sabotage operations, destroying railroads, bridges and the telegraph. Two days later, a group of 84 young men met at the Lo Cañas Estate, property of Carlos Walker Martinez, a former Senator, member of the Revolutionary Committee and brother of Joaquin Walker Martinez, a member of the Junta. This group was armed with rifles and dynamite to destroy a bridge over the Maipo River to prevent the Concepcion Division from advancing north. They were discovered by a patrol and ambushed by a force of 90 cavalry and 40 infantry men. Few of the revolutionaries died in the ambush, the rest either surrendered, expecting to be taken as POW's, or tried to escape but were capture by the cavalry. Commander Alejo San Martin ordered his men to torture and interrogate the prisoners and later he organized a court martial and decided to execute all of the men his troops had captured, later he burned the bodies. This massacre had an important effect on the Chilean people, gaining more support for the Junta and making so that those loyal to the President started to waver on their convictions.

Battle of Concón
In the middle of August 1891 the rebel forces were embarked at Iquique, numbering in all about 9,000 men, and sailed for the south. The expedition by sea was admirably managed, and on 10 August the Congressional army was disembarked at Quintero, about 20 km. north of Valparaiso and not many miles out of range of its batteries, and marched to Concón, where the Balmacedists were entrenched.

Balmaceda was surprised, but acted promptly. The first battle was fought on the Aconcagua river at Concón on the 21st. The eager infantry of the Congressional army forced the passage of the river and stormed the heights held by the Gobiernistas. A severe fight ensued, in which the troops of President Balmaceda were defeated with heavy loss. The killed and wounded of the Balmacedists numbered 1,600, and nearly all the prisoners, about 1,500 men, enrolled themselves in the rebel army, which thus more than made good its loss of 1,000 killed and wounded.

Battle of La Placilla
After the victory at Concón the insurgent army, under command of General Campos, pressed on towards Valparaiso, but were soon brought up by the strong fortified position of the Balmacedist general Orozimbo Barbosa at Viña del Mar, whither Balmaceda hurried up all available troops from Valparaiso and Santiago, and even from Concepcion. Del Canto and Körner now resolved on a daring step. Supplies of all kinds were brought up from Quintero to the front, and on 24 August the army abandoned its line of communications and marched inland. The flank march was conducted with great skill, little opposition was encountered, and the rebels finally appeared to the southeast of Valparaiso.

There, on August 28, the final struggle in the conflict took place: the decisive battle of La Placilla. Concon had been perhaps little more than the destruction of an isolated corps; the second battle was a fair trial of strength, for Balmaceda's generals Barbosa and Alcerreca were well prepared, had massed their troops in a strong position and had under their command the greater part of the existing forces of the president. But the splendid fighting qualities of the Congressional troops and the superior generalship of their leaders prevailed in the end over every obstacle and resulted in victory for the rebels. The government army was practically annihilated, 941 men were killed, including Barbosa and his second in command, and 2,402 wounded. The Congressional army lost over 1,800 men.

Valparaiso was occupied the same evening and three days later the victorious insurgents entered Santiago and assumed the government of the republic soon afterwards. There was no further fighting, for so great was the effect of the battles of Concon and La Placilla that even the Coquimbo troops surrendered without firing a shot.

Aftermath
After the battle of Placilla it was clear to President Balmaceda that he could no longer hope to find sufficient strength amongst his adherents to maintain himself in power, and in view of the rapid approach of the rebel army he abandoned his official duties to seek asylum in the Argentine legation. On August 29, he officially handed power to General Manuel Baquedano, who maintained order in Santiago until the arrival of the congressional leaders on the 30th.

The president remained concealed in the Argentine legation until September 18. On the morning of that date, when the term for which he had been elected president of the republic terminated, he committed suicide by shooting himself. The excuse for this act, put forward in letters written shortly before his end, was that he did not believe the conquerors would give him an impartial trial. The death of Balmaceda finished all cause of contention in Chile, and was the closing act of the most severe and bloodiest struggle that the country had ever witnessed. In the various engagements throughout the conflict more than 10,000 people died, and the joint expenditure of the two governments on military preparations and the purchase of war material exceeded £10,000,000.

The defeat of the presidential forces opened a so-called "pseudo-parliamentary" period in Chile's history, which lasted from 1891 to 1925. As opposed to a "true parliamentary" system, the executive was subject to the legislature but checks and balances of executive power were weakened. The position of President remained as head of state but its powers and control of the government were reduced.

title: Chilean Civil War of 1891


text:
Talk:List of religious leaders in 1220

From VfD:
This "list" of one entry is not likely to grow, and IMHO should be merged with all its sibling articles (1, 2) into some kind of master list. ssd 06:26, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, eventually I think we'd like to have a list for all the years, much like we're working on with State leaders by year. But like those lists it makes sense to start with more recent years and get some somewhat complete lists done. Why someone just picked 1220 I don't know, but it could grow, and I sort of hope it does. I'd say keep, or maybe merge as a subsection of a List of state leaders in 1220 page when there is one. Could be a while though.-R. fiend 07:18, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, there is a List of state leaders in 1220 page already. Didn't realize that. I guess that also explains why there's a religious leaders page for the same random year. If it gets merged I think it should be discussed on the Talk:State leaders by year page, not here. I'd like to see all these pages get expanded and completed, so I think deleting is not the way to go.-R. fiend 07:26, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. It is likely to grow, as I somehow doubt there was only one religious leader in 1220, and more importantly, it's part of a wider set. If I have to go through and find out who led each individual church in 1220 now, I'll do it, but I'd prefer that it wait until the people working on the religious leader lists get to it. A master list on such a thing would be completely unworkable. Ambi 13:18, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. - SimonP 15:22, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm guessing the year was chosen because a popular roleplaying game Ars Magica is set to the year 1220 and this page would be useful for the players of that game. The author of the page is probably a player him/herself. --Farside 17:48, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I added the Patriarch of Constantinople, but the list of Coptic Popes suggests there wasn't anyone in that position in 1220. I'm not sure we can specify too many 'leaders' exactly - how many religions have a specific 'leader'? Average Earthman 17:58, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I just found a whole crapload more Christian ones, linked from Lists of office-holders and List of Bishops and Archbishops. Adam Bishop 23:15, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok, I vote to keep. What I'd like to see more than deletion, though, is some effort at linking this page to better resources, as mentioned above.  Specifically, could someone add relevant links to the categories and/or parent categories for this page, so that people that do find this page can find research resources and/or the project page managing these pages? --ssd 06:01, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Much better now. Keep - TB 09:26, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I hope this turns into a useful source of information; I was envisaging doing something like this myself for c. 1500 - 1530 so I can get a handle on various religious / political intrigues of the time. Sjc 05:31, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Would it be more useful to have these organized by decade? Most of the info will simply be duplicated if we have one for every year (and there would be at least 2500 of these articles if we went by year). Adam Bishop 06:24, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It'd make things more complicated, and IMO, make these less useful. In future, I'll hopefully be able to pick any year of the last thousand, put it in, and get a list of the state leaders, religious leaders, etc. In that form, it's very useful, and interlinks nicely with the year articles. I'd rather not mess with it. Ambi 06:43, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Expanding/reorganizing
For some insane reason I have taken on the crazy impossible task of listing every Catholic archbishop and bishop in 1220, and organizing them along the lines of: general area in which they were located-archdiocese-diocese. I have been using the Wikipedia articles themselves (in English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, Italian, and German, so far), Catholic-Hierarchy.org, and the Catholic Encyclopedia on Wikisource, to figure who was a suffragan of whom in 1220. As of now (October 2007) the most enormous problem is sorting out who goes with whom in Italy, and just what underlying political structure even existed in central and northern Italy at the time. For convenience I have assumed that Italy is divided into Sicily, the Papal States, and imperial territory, although obviously this is not quite accurate. If a diocese seemed to be in the Papal States, and the Italian Wikipedia and the Catholic Encyclopedia did not say that it had a metropolitan, I have assumed it was a suffragan of Rome. Unfortunately the Italian dioceses have become so intertwined since then through mergers and elevations to archdioceses that I just had to give up for some of them. Similarly for Spain, the subsequent elevation of archbishops and completion of the Reconquista makes it difficult to figure out who goes where in 1220, so I have assumed that they all go with Toledo unless otherwise specified. Next I will have to sort out the Holy Roman Empire, and I haven't really begun to touch eastern Europe or the crusader territories in Greece, and the Eastern Orthodox churches will probably never be this detailed. I suppose there will be books at the library which will clarify things, but I haven't checked there yet. Adam Bishop 05:14, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Batshit insane article. I like it. Haukur 23:27, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * For more on the bishops at Garðar see de:Liste der Bischöfe von Grönland and is:Garðar (Grænlandi). Haukur 23:35, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Cool, thanks. I've also found some 19th century German and French works (well, written by Germans or French in Latin, so you know they must be awesome) which are supposed to list all dioceses and bishops in the middle ages (by Eubel, Gams, and LeQuien), so hopefully I can take a trip to the library soon. Adam Bishop 02:28, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, Gams is too comprehensive to be useful, and I haven't looked at LeQuien yet, but volume 1 of Eubel seems like it will be extremely informative. Another victory for 19th century German scholarship! Adam Bishop 02:21, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The other day I started feeling a bit of deja vu...I was sure I had worked on something similar to this before, and that there already was a list of archbishops and bishops from this period, in the form of a list of participants at the Fourth Lateran Council. Yesterday I finally remembered that we were given a list in "sources of medieval history" class back in my first year of grad school. I'm glad I'm such a pack rat and keep all my class notes and handouts, because I still have that - it was from "Un document retrouvé," by Achille Luchaire, in the Journal des savants, n.s. 3 (1905), 557-567. The Journal is conveniently located on Gallica (linked from our article). It doesn't give any names, but it is organized the way it is here, geographical area, archbishops, and their suffragan bishops. The only problem is that is is not explicitly organized that way, since it is just a bare list, so it will take some work to figure it out, but it shouldn't be too hard with help from Eubel and all the other sources I've mentioned. Adam Bishop 03:13, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Found this guy Cardinal Gualo hiding out somewhere in the back of beyond, any idea where he might fit? Ealdgyth | Talk 06:57, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Eubel and the list edited by Luchaire both say he was titular Cardinal-priest of St. Martin...but I can't find any other reference to a titular church of St. Martin in Rome. Maybe it no longer exists? Adam Bishop 14:17, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah! Nevermind, it's Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, listed under S rather than M. Adam Bishop 14:22, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * And there is an even better article about him at Guala Bicchieri! Adam Bishop 03:20, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Guess he should be merged then! Ealdgyth | Talk 04:07, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Okay, I think I'm done with Eubel, or I have looked at it as much as I can stand. It's a little outdated now, and it's somewhat maddening to use. So, as the article stands now:
 * -the archbishops and bishops of Britain are complete, and whatever other officials I could find from the Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae are also included
 * -Ireland seems to be complete but I'm not entirely sure
 * -France is complete, because there is so much information about it and whatever changes occurred between then and now are easy to understand; the only trouble I have had is figuring out what parts of France were part of the HRE at the time
 * -Spain and Portugal are pretty hard to deal with, since 1220 falls right in the middle of the Reconquista, and some dioceses are just about to be created, some are just about to be placed under a new metropolitan, and some are sort of titular but not really...I have found some books in the library that look promising, so that should help
 * -I need to find some books about Italy too but I think I have it mostly sorted out. Here there is also a problem of what was part of the Empire and what was not, and I'm assuming everything between the Alps and the Papal States is de facto independent at this point. Also, I am not sure how to sort out Aquileia, Grado, and Venice. Otherwise, I think it is all correct, at least according to Eubel and the Catholic Encyclopedia.
 * -The Empire is mostly easy to understand, except in the north where it overlaps with the Scandinavian dioceses. What is part of Lund and what is part of Bremen?
 * -Everything to the east is pretty messed up. What is going on in the Baltics? In the crusader states occupying the Byzantine Empire? In the former crusader states in the Levant? In Armenia?
 * -Eventually I want to include as many abbots and abbesses as I can find, although that is an even more ambitious project, I think. I have crazy dreams of organizing them by territory and by religious order...

And I would like to provide references for everything, although I should have done that as I went along...There are probably also articles about some of these dioceses and people which need to be linked or redirected. Adam Bishop (talk) 19:31, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * For abbots and abbesses in England and Wales I have Knowles' Heads of Religious Houses which only goes to 1216 but gives the next office holder so it'll cover most of England and Wales. I suppose I could get that up soonish. I'd planned on actually getting all those into at least lists for the various abbeys at some point, so they'll exist sometime in Wikipedia, once i finish with the bishops and archbishops. Im sure there must be something similar which covers the Irish and Scots abbeys and priories, but I've never had any reason to go hunting for that sort of data so I'm clueless. Ealdgyth | Talk 21:16, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * User:Ealdgyth/Abbey list with 1220 heads there's a start. I'll keep updating it as I get a chance. Ealdgyth | Talk 04:06, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Great, thanks! I've got a list on my sandbox too. Adam Bishop (talk) 04:44, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Same guy
These two: Bishop of Bamberg - Ekbert von Andechs (1203-1231) and Bishop of Bagnorea - Ekbert of Meran (1203-1237) are/is the same guy.Tusbra (talk) 01:18, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

WHAT?
What the heck kind of an article is this. My opinion is that which merge this with other garbage and trim down the list so we don't include every bishop EVER.

LukeScalone (talk) 23:26, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Merging
I know this list is a bit crazy, but I personally find it very useful. Maybe some info could be removed (I suppose it's not necessary to list every single parish priest...). It's not really an indiscriminate list, actually it would be useful if we could make a list like this for every year. Anyway, please discuss the merger on the talk page first. Apparently everything that has been done to the page over the past couple of weeks escaped my notice through my intermittent watchlist-checking. Adam Bishop (talk) 07:33, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of religious leaders in 1220


text:
Lionsgate Television

Lionsgate Television is the television division of Lionsgate Studios, which is an American production company.

History
The company was established in July 1997 as Lions Gate Television, Inc. with the establishment of Lionsgate Films. In June 1998, it acquired documentary/reality production company Termite Art Productions but was itself acquired by Erik Nelson in September 2004 and renamed Creative Differences.

The company acquired Mandalay Television in September 1997, before acquiring a minority investment in Mandalay Entertainment outright before splitting in 2002. Lionsgate sold off its shares in Mandalay Television in April 1999.

In March 1999, Lions Gate Television, Inc. became an incorporated entity. In January 2003, Lionsgate and New Line Television set up a partnership to provide 20 motion pictures designed for television.

On July 12, 2006, Lionsgate expanded into television syndication when the company acquired television distribution company Debmar–Mercury. Debmar–Mercury syndicated the film library before the acquisition.

20th Television handled advert sales to the series distributed by Debmar–Mercury with the exception of Meet the Browns, as the advert sales are handled by Disney–ABC Domestic Television with Turner Television Co. distributing the series.

On March 13, 2012, Lionsgate Television formed a new 50/50 joint venture, Sea to Sky Entertainment, with Thunderbird Films, the company founded by Lionsgate's founder and chairman, Frank Giustra. The chairman and chief creative officer (CCO) is currently Kevin Beggs and he is the longest tenured television studio chairman.

title: Lionsgate Television


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe Arpaio The True Story

POV rant RickK 06:30, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * subject noteworthy and has NPOV (?) article: Joe Arpaio. Delete. --Ianb 06:35, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like the other one could use some cleanup. --ssd 06:48, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hysterically ridiculous, but mostly ridiculous. Arminius 07:18, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I started reading with 'merge non-rant content' in mind, but got as far as "Joe Arpaio has made a name for himself, literally, as "America's Toughest Sheriff."" (What did he make it out of? How?  Are there any photographs of it?) before giving up.  Delete - TB 08:34, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * (Maybe he got a belt buckle with that written on it at the state fair.) At any rate, the article is extremely POV, right down to the first-person section at the end. Delete. Spatch 16:25, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * He has been billed as a prototypical "Tough Sheriff" in numerous news accounts and has been featured in many newspaper articles, including the New York Times and USA Today. He is currently in the news for publicly broadcasting prisoners being booked and being held over webcams. - Centrx 18:52, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * More of the pathetic war against Joe Arpaio. Not that I have any dog in this fight, mind you - but bringing the war to wikipedia is what's pathetic. Delete. --Golbez 17:13, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * merge the two articles. Part of NPOV is giving all/both sides. Sheriff Arpaio is not a universally loved person here in Maricopa County. --Vik-Thor 16:34, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Have you read the original Joe Arpaio article? Last check, it DID mention such complaints, though they are typically caught in an edit war and thus present NPOV may not be preserved. Of course, I could be wrong, not being intimately familiar with Maricopa politics. --Golbez 17:06, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The mention of such complaints in the "original" article were mine - the author insisted on deleting all my comments. I did attempt to merge the two articles, but apparently the author of the original is adverse to telling the whole story insisting upon reporting only a positive slant to a subject that has much more to it. I found the original to be more in the flavor of a benign, fact-lacking propaganda piece. I would love to know if you would label history books and historical literature about Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, and the like as "rants"!? They do after all report all the atrocities commited by these maniacs.

I have been accused of making libelous remarks, ranting, and even copying directly from other sites (several of which I personally wrote the original content for), despite the fact that everything I wrote has been meticulously documented. Instead of embracing the true, unadulterated facts of a story, article, report, whatever you want to call it, my journalistic integrity has been questioned by people who know few of the facts - and even less of my character.

Perhaps having someone besides myself (Vik-Thor, Centrx), suggest the true character of this individual will make a difference. Perhaps, critics checking out the numerous media outlets who have also reported similar facts about this man, and his increasingly illegal activities, will have some effect on the perception that I am somehow making it all up, or exaggerating on some level.

By the way, 'TB' and 'Spatch' if you cannot find anything but cheesy comments to make about an extremely common figure of speech - why bother saying anything at all. It is common knowledge that Arpaio labeled himself as "America's Toughest Sheriff" then attributed the origin of the name to the media. 'Arminius' - if the activities of this person were not so horrendous it would be ridiculous. The problem is that the facts are true. Unfortunately, people who refuse to address these issues as serious are the reason they are allowed to continue - and people continue to be injured. [The latest beating in MCSO jails was an 80 yr. old man]

 * I don't think you understand TB's problem with the use of the word "literally". RickK 07:02, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge with Joe Arpaio. Request mediation or something if edit wars continue to be a problem. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:25, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - merge anything useful into Joe Arpaio - Tεx  τ  urε  19:55, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Irish eyes

You can't write rants like Joe Arpaio The True Story, not only are they libelous, but they viloate Wikipedia's policy of Neutral point of view. In addition, this reads as if it was copied and pasted from another site. If so that makes it a copyright violation, which is also banned on Wikipedia. RickK 06:31, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

Everything I wrote is a matter of public record, media reports and official reports. The only things taken from other sites or articles was given proper citation. "Copied and pasted" suggests that you are accusing me of plagiarism. Hmm, not possible since plagiarism is defined as claiming credit for someone else's work. Much of what I wrote, I have personally written for other sites and, therefore, is not plagarism - you cannot plagarize yourself! Those items taken from other sites or sources have been credited accordingly - nothing has been left to the readers imagination as far as the source is concerned. In most cases, I linked to the original article. I even added other links to additional information at the bottom of the page. I'm sorry if you don't like my writing style. I guess I'll have to give back all these awards!! I don't see this article as a rant any more than the "Joe Arpaio" article is a rant. I attempted to add this information to the original article to create a more accurate and balanced accounting, but was continuously deleted by the original author. By revealing the truth, as opposed to political propaganda, the reader is left to make their own assumptions and draw their own conclusions.

The Joe Arpaio article shows you how to write a NEUTRAL article. Yours is going to be deleted because it doesn't meet Wikipedia's needs. RickK 23:12, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

And I suppose you are the sole judge of whether this article will be deleted?! The Joe Arpaio article shows nothing but how to avoid controversial subject matter at the cost of sacrificing the true and accurate story of a public figure. It does not address any of the actual issues surrounding this man, nor does it address any of the atrocities commited by him and his employees. As for the "first person section at the end," it is a direct quote from the attorney to whom it is credited. I did not change his words at all. Look a little closer - that's what the quotation marks indicate. I thought that Wikipedia was a forum that would accept differing viewpoints - I guess I was wrong. It's really too bad that someone who knows very little about the subject, no matter how widely publicized and legally substantiated, can insist that these comments must be deleted in order to pacify those who refuse to see the truth. Ah well, I suppose that when the criminal charges are filed, many will be seeing things in a new light as far as Joe Arpaio is concerned.

Odd how those who refer to this article as a "rant" don't live in Arizona, and honestly don't know what the issues are regarding the Sheriff. Even history books address the ugly as well as the safe side of monstrous figures like Stalin, Hitler, and the like. Every point made has been meticulously documented either by national organizations like the ACLU, international organizations like Amnesty International, or local groups like the Maricopa County Attorney and the Arizona State Attorney General. Many of the comment used were credited to reliable media outlets and credited accordingly. Libelous? I don't think so! Given that the primary definition of the word "A false publication, as in writing, print, signs, or pictures, that damages a person's reputation." [Thanks to dictionary.com and Encyclopedia Brittanica] If these statements were libelous - why have the original sources not been sued? Perhaps it has to do with the concept that a statement is not legally considered to be libelous if it is a true statement - ever look at it that way?

If 10 years of research on a topic isn't enough...
Recently compiled, this link provides the results of 10 years worth of research on this subject by a single source. There are, without doubt, hundreds of other reliable sources with just as much research. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/special_reports/arpaio/index.html

title: User talk:Irish eyes


text:
CBS Studios

CBS Studios, Inc. is an American television production company which is a subsidiary of the CBS Entertainment Group unit of Paramount Global. It was formed on January 17, 2006, by CBS Corporation as CBS Paramount (Network) Television, as a renaming of the original incarnation of the Paramount Television studio.

It is the television production arm of the CBS network (CBS Productions previously assumed such functions until 2004, when it was merged into Paramount Television), and, along with Warner Bros. Television Studios (a part of Warner Bros. Discovery), it is also the television production arm of The CW (in which Paramount has a 12.5% ownership stake; along with Warner Bros. Discovery).

CBS's original production and distribution units
In 1952, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) formed an in-house television production unit, CBS Productions, as well as facilities in the newly established Television City in the Fairfax District, Los Angeles in Westside. Also formed was CBS Television Film Sales (later known as CBS Films) as the distributor of off-network and first-run syndicated programming to local television stations in the United States and abroad.

In 1963, CBS Studio Center is established in the Studio City district of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley. In 1970, CBS Films became Viacom Enterprises and was spun off the following year. In 1978, CBS' production unit gained the secondary/alternate name CBS Entertainment Productions.

In 1994, Westinghouse Electric acquired CBS. Viacom merged with its creator CBS, in 2000.

Paramount Pictures' early television ventures
In 1939, experimental television stations were established in Los Angeles (W6XYZ) as Television Productions Inc. and Chicago (W9XBK) with Balaban and Katz. Commercial broadcasting began in 1943 over WBKB in Chicago (now WBBM-TV). Commercial broadcasting began in 1947 over KTLA in Los Angeles. In 1949, Paramount Pictures became the first major studio to establish program syndication with the Paramount Television Network (much of which originated from KTLA). Paramount branched out of broadcasting in 1964 with the sale of KTLA to Gene Autry.

Desilu Productions, later Paramount Network Television
Desilu Productions was formed in 1950 by Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball. Desilu Studios was established in Hollywood and Culver City in 1957, after Arnaz/Ball purchased the RKO Pictures studio lot. Desilu Sales Inc. was formed in 1962 as the company's syndication arm. In 1967, Desilu Productions was acquired by Gulf and Western Industries. The company became the television division of Paramount Pictures Corporation in July, retaining the Desilu name until the end of that year. Desilu Sales, in turn, merged with Paramount's syndication division to become Paramount Television Sales.

From 1966 to 1967, Gulf+Western acquired Paramount Pictures. In 1968, Paramount Television, formerly Desilu, was established as the studio's television production unit. In 1977, Paramount Television Service was formed. In 1982, Paramount Television Group and Paramount Domestic Television and Video Programming was established. In September 1989, Gulf+Western was reincorporated as Paramount Communications, Inc.. On March 11, 1994, Viacom acquired Paramount Communications. In 1995, Viacom launched the United Paramount Network (UPN) with Chris-Craft Industries.

On August 10, 2004, Viacom merged the international television banners of CBS Broadcast International and Paramount International Television to form CBS Studios International. On September 7, 2004, Viacom merged CBS Productions and Paramount Network Television to form a new entity of Paramount Network Television, also known as CBS Paramount Television Entertainment Group, with CBS Productions becoming an in-name-only unit.

On December 31, 2005, as the CBS/Viacom split took effect, CBS inherited Paramount's television program library, with the second incarnation of Viacom keeping Paramount's films, the MTV Networks and the BET Networks.

Formation
On January 17, 2006, CBS Corporation CEO Les Moonves announced that Paramount Television would be renamed CBS Paramount Television as of that day, and the network division becoming CBS Paramount Network Television, and the domestic distribution arm becoming CBS Paramount Domestic Television.

On September 26, 2006, CBS Corporation merged its television distribution arms—King World, CBS Paramount International Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television—to form CBS Television Distribution. CBS Home Entertainment was then established as a subsidiary of the latter.

On May 17, 2009, the Paramount name was dropped after a $3 1/2$-year loan of its use from sister company Viacom, forming CBS Television Studios.

National Amusements retained majority control of both CBS and the second Viacom. For a short time, many of Paramount's theatrical films were distributed domestically by CBS Television Distribution (the new name for the distribution arm as of 2007). Paramount Home Entertainment continues to distribute home video sales of CBS shows through the CBS DVD brand.

From 2009 until 2011, all shows produced by the company aired on either CBS or The CW. In the past, Paramount Television produced shows for all networks, but especially had a good relationship with ABC (much as Universal Television had a good relationship with eventual sister network NBC). The Cleaner, which aired on A&E until September 2009, was the most recent show from the company to air on a network other than CBS or The CW (which is ironic when NBC/ABC's ownership of A&E is taken into account). This was until BET began airing new episodes of The Game in 2011. In 2012, USA Network began airing Common Law.

CBS Television Studios does not directly produce any shows appearing on Showtime, a premium cable television network co-owned with the studio. Instead, sister company Showtime Entertainment handles in-house productions for the network. However, CBS Television Distribution and its international arm handle syndication distribution for these shows if they ever appear in syndication.

On October 25, 2018, CBS Television Studios announced the opening of a new animation division, CBS Eye Animation Productions. A new Star Trek series entitled Star Trek: Lower Decks was announced simultaneously.

ViacomCBS re-merger; rebranding to CBS Studios
It was announced on August 13, 2019, that parent company CBS Corporation would reunite with Viacom to form a combined media company and be renamed ViacomCBS (now known as Paramount Global). The merger closed on December 4. For the first time in nearly fourteen years, Paramount Global encompasses the Paramount Pictures film studio, the current incarnation of its television division, and CBS's production studio under one umbrella.

On October 8, 2020, it was announced that CBS Television Studios had been renamed CBS Studios as part of a unification of branding elements between CBS divisions, citing that use of the word "Television" in the name was antiquated due to its position of producing programming for multiple platforms.

title: CBS Studios


text:
User talk:Drover

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for the Pipe Wrench article. You obviously know your way around already (uploading pics, even). As a new member of Wikipedia, you might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can practice editing by using the Sandbox. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. :-) SWAdair | Talk 06:34, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Wrench/Spanner
You are making some good changes at Wrench, but please remember that Wikipedia is not an American encyclopaedia. Please give equal status to terms used in all major dialects of english. Please also fix the edit conflicts that you introduced in this edit, where you (possibly accidentally) undid some of my changes. —AlanBarrett 20:44, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for fixing the accidentally-reversed changes. I think you got them all, except for the picture of a monkey wrench.  —AlanBarrett 21:11, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Twohandledwrench.jpg

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You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

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This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Drover


text:
List of colonial governors of Nyasaland

List of Colonial Heads of Malawi (Nyasaland)

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of Malawi

title: List of colonial governors of Nyasaland


text:
Talk:Bad breath

Heading
This is wrong: "Later to actually have been formed just prior to the invention of mouth wash by a MR Halbert e. Tosises therefore gaining notoriety as its common name halitosis formally known as bad breath. Which coincidentally Halbert had the worst case know to date." It should be removed. It has no reference and is not encyclopedic in any sense. 207.131.251.21 (talk) 17:43, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

Seriously, this article needs to lose the air if giving advice to the reader. -- Cimon 06:36, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This article, except for the home remedy using H2O2+yogurt, appears to have been lifted straight from the NIH-NLM Medline Plus page linked at the bottom. While NLM-produced materials are in the public domain, many of the pages in Medline aren't, coming from other sources - in this case the ADAM encyclopedia, as described in the copyright notice at the bottom of the page.

I've removed the stinky copyrighted portion but kept the sweet-smelling home remedy. I've also written a new stub and marked it so. - toh 20:04, 2005 Jan 13 (UTC)

I removed the unnecessary links to the two TheraBreath sites and hawking of their products for a more generic reference to toothpaste and mouthwash. The information was of questionable veracity (and unquestionable shamelessness), especially the bit regarding "Dr. Harold Katz's sulfurous mouth-oxidizing compound". - 68.20.21.191 15:21, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The TheraBreath website (if you cared to read it) claims that Oxyd-8 is an oxidizing agent, meaning it releases oxygen into your teeth, gums, etc. when you brush with it. The general consensus (according to this article and the Animated-Teeth.com website) is that anaerobic bacteria cause bad breath, and so a natural weapon against bad breath would be anything that exposes the anaerobic bacteria to oxygen, including Oxyd-8. I am reverting the article. –Matt 23:31, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This appears to argue a claim's veracity based on the combination of what already exists in the article (which may be inaccurate, not least because I wrote the stub ;), a "general consensus", and most importantly on the claims of a fairly suspicious site advertising its product (I've read the site, and I find it less than convincing and difficult to substantiate). If the argument can be made that "oxidising agents" alleviate bad breath based on some impartial source or sources (preferably real studies), it should stay. If it in any way depends on an advertiser's claim, it really can't stand here (moreover, product suggestions aren't particularly encyclopedic and aren't typical on Wikipedia). I'm removing the Therabreath stuff. - toh 20:16, 2005 May 1 (UTC)

Listerine?
Are we sure about Listerine coining the term? I've read about Elizabethan cures for it! Archer7 19:33, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Listerine made up the word "halitosis." Mike H. That's hot 01:51, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

thanks too listerine halitoisis is famous —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mary divalerio (talk • contribs) 22:21, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Why is it no longer mentioned in the article?--27.32.168.222 (talk) 08:42, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * If you can find a reliable source for the origin of the term, it can be added. But it is not correct to say that the condition does not exist, as it clearly does - the most you can really say, if there is a good source, is that Listerine invented the term, not the condition -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 11:16, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * PS: The TV series QI is not a reliable source, as it bends its claims for entertainment purposes, rather than aiming for factual accuracy, and there have been many complaints that many of its claims have been false. -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 11:20, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * And the QI reference wasn't even valid anyway - the URL pointed straight back to this Wikipedia article -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 11:23, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

Folks, the Listerine corp website itself takes credit for "renaming bad breath 'halitosis'". Can we reconsider mentioning this prominently on this page? Zahanm (talk) 04:41, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Seconding Zahanm's suggestion. Further, searching 'halitosis' should redirect to an article entitled 'bad breath' with a disambiguation or suggested follow to whatever we have on shame-based advertising. Bad breath is not a medical condition. It can be a symptom of a medical condition. It should never be called halitosis -- right? -- would anyone please disagree with me on this and let us know why? Write me on my user:talk please for more, I'm very surprised to find an article with this title here & am keen to head up a task force to do a proper article on the non-disease phenomenon of bad breath and/or the use of shame and pseudoscience in mid-20th century advertising campaigns. Harlequence (talk) 12:06, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

Sourcing
Dear Sirs, We have edited the entry for halitosis, based on existing scientific, medical and dental publications. There was much that needed amending, but we have left intact as much of the previous entry as possible. The term was poorly references, inaccurate and somewhat commercial. We have referenced the entry throughout, and hope that it will be a significant improvement over the previous entry, which did not do justice to Wikepedia.

Sincerely,

Dr. Mel Rosenberg, Ph.D. Professor of Microbiology

Dr. Alon, Amit, D.M.D., Dentist

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Coolmood (talk • contribs) 09:06, 8 April 2007

 * {belated) thank you! lesion (talk) 16:26, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Origin of the term
I can't recall where I read it, but the term halitosis is not, in fact, medical originally - it arose around the turn of the century as an advertising term (I believe from the Listerine company) because it sounded medical, with the intention of creating a minor "health scare" to provide impetus for sales. If anyone could find sources or confirm this, it would make an interesting and worthy contribution to the article. Glacialfury (talk) 17:08, 24 May 2008 (UTC) ok —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.243.188.179 (talk) 03:51, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

This fact is mentioned briefly in the book "The Shocking History of Advertising" by E.S. Turner first published in 1952 and later published in 1965 by Penguin Books. At page 13 appears this line: "Halitosis was the spectre which Listerine conjured up, gigantic and menacing, until it shadowed the continent."

Not every little bit of history is going to be found on the internet and people have to remember that books still have value. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.72.171.234 (talk) 12:36, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Ads?
Removed "An example of such a product is the OraBrush.", which seems to be an ad. ⇌Elektron 01:17, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

cruel people
It looks like someone finally erased the fake paragraph. Whoever wrote that is really mean. 152.1.91.69 (talk) 22:14, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Stomach
Couldn't the stomach be a source of halitosis since the Hydrogen breath test is a way to test lactose intolerance, Fructose malabsorption and other conditions where methane is also measured?Andrarias (talk) 13:23, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Source of the word "Halitosis"
The following is a possible source for the word, "Halitosis"

Quote: "If you have recurrent halitosis - a term for bad breath that was actually coined by a toothpaste manufacturer to make it sound as if it were a disease - then it is probably due to bacteria."

Source: Buckman, Dr. Robert. Human wildlife that lives on us. Toronto: Key Porter, 2003. Page 44. ISBN: 0801874068 and 0801874076

Traditional remedies
Too many challenges sources needed, removing the section because it seems completely non-sourced — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.223.219.231 (talk) 01:57, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I disagree, it was clearly sourced from somewhere, they were just too lazy to leave a reference. I put it in a new section called "history" along with some other historical trivia I came across.Tepi (talk) 05:58, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Brushing immediately after the meal, can reduce the bad breath. Parsley is one the natural remedy, chew it or make juice of it and sip a little when ever you want to refresh your mouth — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mahender121 (talk • contribs) 11:03, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

garlic and blood borne halitosis
I noted recent edit reversals labeled as advertising. I agree the wording was poor, and read like an advert, but there is evidence to back up the content (although garlic may cause halitosis by both the blood borne mechanism and by leaving sulfur containing amino acid residues intraorally, which could cause transient oral malodor. There is also some evidence of the "internal deoderizing" effect of certain herbs like parsley, coriander. I've been working on a expanded version of this article in a sandbox for a while, I'm just too lazy to finish it. lesion (talk) 15:58, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Recent "anti listerine" edit
Rm "'There are claims, however, that the Listerene campaign created the idea of halitosis as a medical condition as opposed to something more akin to smelly armpits.'"

whilst interesting, and probably true that commercial interests have fed the modern concern about bad breath, need a source to say this. Also would mention that both halitosis and "smelly armpits" can be both physiologic (normal) and pathologic (disease). Physiologic halitosis is still a medical condition that is treated if it interferes with the person's social life etc.

Anyway, interesting, but unsourced. I wonder if we could start a new section elaborating on this idea, but ofc need source(s)... Lesion ( talk ) 08:46, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I elaborated on this general idea a bit more in the society and culture section. The Listerine page itself had a good source for this. Lesion  ( talk ) 15:40, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

Listerine invented the word. the even admit it on their website. This whole article needs to be changed. the campaign they used in the 1920s is actually ridiculous, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/marketing-campaign-invented-halitosis-180954082/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YdvFBxBD5g http://www.listerine.co.za/history/brand-heritage was on the UK site but has since been deleted  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.238.76.154 (talk) 12:04, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

Remove primary sources and otherwise non MEDRS compliant sources*
* Note: not assessed for WP:MEDDATE issues.

Note, there are many sources added by the author Rosenberg, who seemed to rework the article in 07. I have not removed any of these sources unless there is a MEDRS violation, so some remain, and I assume in good faith that there is no self promotion issue here.
 * Rosenberg, M; Knaan, T; Cohen, D (2007). "Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake". Journal of Dental Research 86 (10): 997–1000. doi:10.1177/154405910708601015. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Knaan T, Cohen D, Rosenberg M. (2005). "Predicting bad breath in the non-complaining population". Oral Dis 11: 105–6. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01105_23.x. primary source ✅
 * ^ "Scientists find bug responsible for bad breath". Reuters. April 7, 2008. popular press, unreliable source ✅
 * ^ Oral Herpes Dentists UK Health Centre http://www.healthcentre.org.uk/dentistry/oral-herpes.html commercial site. unreliable source ✅
 * ^ Stamou, E; Kozlovsky, A; Rosenberg, M (2005). "Association between oral malodour and periodontal disease-related parameters in a population of 71 Israelis". Oral diseases. 11 Suppl 1: 72–4. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01097.x. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Bosy, A; Kulkarni, GV; Rosenberg, M; McCulloch, CA (1994). "Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: Evidence of independence in discrete subpopulations". Journal of periodontology 65 (1): 37–46. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Finkelstein, Y; Talmi, YP; Ophir, D; Berger, G (2004). "Laser cryptolysis for the treatment of halitosis". Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 131 (4): 372–7. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.044. . primary source ✅
 * http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930029-overview emedicine is not a great source. Very little inline citation, and tend not to get updated frequently. Also advertising. ✅
 * http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/news/19991127/garlic-bad-breath-king webmd. unreliable source ✅
 * ^ Tangerman, A; Winkel, EG (2007). "Intra- and extra-oral halitosis: Finding of a new form of extra-oral blood-borne halitosis caused by dimethyl sulphide". Journal of clinical periodontology 34 (9): 748–55. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01116.x. . primary source. This finding is also reported in a later secondary source "Tangerman, A; Winkel, EG (2010 Mar). "Extra-oral halitosis: an overview.". Journal of breath research 4 (1): 017003. ." which is already used as a source. No need to use the original primary source. ✅
 * ^ Tanaka, M; Anguri, H; Nishida, N; Ojima, M; Nagata, H; Shizukuishi, S (2003). "Reliability of clinical parameters for predicting the outcome of oral malodor treatment". Journal of Dental Research 82 (7): 518–22. doi:10.1177/154405910308200706. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Rosenberg, M; Kozlovsky, A; Gelernter, I; Cherniak, O; Gabbay, J; Baht, R; Eli, I (1995). "Self-estimation of oral malodor". Journal of Dental Research 74 (9): 1577–82. doi:10.1177/00220345950740091201. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Eli, I; Baht, R; Koriat, H; Rosenberg, M (2001). "Self-perception of breath odor". Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 132 (5): 621–6. . primary source?. Needs clarification, can't tell from abstract. ❌
 * ^ Van Den Velde, S; Quirynen, M; Van Hee, P; Van Steenberghe, D (2007). "Halitosis associated volatiles in breath of healthy subjects". Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 853 (1–2): 54–61. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.048. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Murata, T; Rahardjo, A; Fujiyama, Y; Yamaga, T; Hanada, M; Yaegaki, K; Miyazaki, H (2006). "Development of a compact and simple gas chromatography for oral malodor measurement". Journal of periodontology 77 (7): 1142–7. doi:10.1902/jop.2006.050388. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Kozlovsky, A; Gordon, D; Gelernter, I; Loesche, WJ; Rosenberg, M (1994). "Correlation between the BANA test and oral malodor parameters". Journal of Dental Research 73 (5): 1036–42. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Sterer, N; Greenstein, RB; Rosenberg, M (2002). "Beta-galactosidase activity in saliva is associated with oral malodor". Journal of Dental Research 81 (3): 182–5. doi:10.1177/154405910208100308. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Greenman, J; Duffield, J; Spencer, P; Rosenberg, M; Corry, D; Saad, S; Lenton, P; Majerus, G et al. (2004). "Study on the organoleptic intensity scale for measuring oral malodor". Journal of Dental Research 83 (1): 81–5. doi:10.1177/154405910408300116. . primary study ✅
 * ^ Burton, JP et al. (2006). "A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters". Journal of Applied Microbiology 100 (4): 754–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02837.x. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Thrane PS, Young A, Jonski G, Rölla G (2007). "A new mouthrinse combining zinc and chlorhexidine in low concentrations provides superior efficacy against halitosis compared to existing formulations: a double-blind clinical study". J Clin Dent 18 (3): 82–6. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Young A, Jonski G, Rölla G (2003). "Combined effect of zinc ions and cationic antibacterial agents on intraoral volatile sulphur compounds (VSC)". Int Dent J 53 (4): 237–42. doi:10.1111/j.1875-595X.2003.tb00751.x. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Carvalho, MD; Tabchoury, CM; Cury, JA; Toledo, S; Nogueira-Filho, GR (2004). "Impact of mouthrinses on morning bad breath in healthy subjects". Journal of clinical periodontology 31 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1111/j.0303-6979.2004.00452.x. . primary source ✅
 * ^ Rosenberg, M; Gelernter, I; Barki, M; Bar-Ness, R (1992). "Day-long reduction of oral malodor by a two-phase oil:water mouthrinse as compared to chlorhexidine and placebo rinses". Journal of periodontology 63 (1): 39–43. . primary source. ✅

Lesion ( talk ) 22:35, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

Inaccuracies
Note that a zenker diverticulum does not occur in the esophagus, but in the pharynx. If a pouch were to occur in the esophagus, this would not be termed a zenker diverticulum, but instead "esophageal pouch". Therefore suggest (i) rm zenker from esophagus section, and (ii) redraft "differential diagnosis" section according to site, e.g.
 * mouth,
 * nose and sinuses,
 * Pharynx
 * Lower respiratory tract
 * Esophagus and stomach
 * Blood borne (all systemic causes of halitosis occur via blood borne mechanism). Lesion  ( talk ) 20:26, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Epidemiology
I carried out a search of epidemiological data reported by several publications, however since these are all primary sources, and arguably this is original synthesis, we need a good secondary source that gives some hard figures.

At the least, it appears that males are affected as commonly as females. The most commonly quoted statistics in publications discussing halitosis are as follows:
 * Males are affected as commonly as females
 * about 20% of general population have halitosis
 * about 25% of those complaining of halitosis do not have any detectable malodor (pseudohalitosis)
 * about 90% of genuine halitosis cases caused by intraoral phenomena
 * about 10% of genuine halitosis cases caused by extraoral phenomena

Uncommon Origins
According to research done by Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde in the 1920s, orgasm lead to bad breath in females for about an hour after climax. Emilymoyerr (talk) 06:36, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

Simple English Wikipedia
I have established a Simple English Wikipedia article on Halitosis. Please help improve the article. Qwertyxp2000 (talk) 20:23, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

Suggesting a retitle to Bad Breath from Halitosis
It may be easier to keep (rather establish perhaps) NPOV especially with regards to Listerine's invention of the term halitosis if we first rename the article to Bad Breath and attempt to remove the word halitosis from the article almost entirely. Happy to take the lead on this if there are no objections. Harlequence (talk) 12:19, 6 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Will move back as not seeing discussion for the move away from bad breath.
 * We tend to use common names unless the common name is unclear / not specific. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 16:43, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

halitosis sceptisim
whole article should be rewritten and shortened due to new evidence regarding the origins of halitosis and actual scientific data. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YdvFBxBD5g note: video contains constant sources that can be referenced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.238.76.154 (talk) 11:45, 1 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Youtube is not considered a reliable source for scientific information on Wikipedia. I would recommend citing a peer-reviewed medical/dental journal instead. Please see WP:MEDRS for more information. TylerDurden8823 (talk) 00:49, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Bullying
Many people bully others because of their smell from the mouth. What can cause someone to have an unpleasant smell Amahleamantombazane (talk) 20:19, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ENGL A120 Critical Thinking
— Assignment last updated by Senakim (talk) 07:15, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bad breath


text:
Talk:List of heads of state of Malawi

Untitled
I have moved the page List of Presidents of Malawi here in order to allow non-Presidential heads of state to be included in the one list. --JohnArmagh 06:41, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

List or article?
if this is just going to be a list, it should probably be moved to List of Heads of State of Malawi. if not, it'd be good to add some text giving an explaination (how elected/appointed, for how long of term, etc.) -Mairi 1 July 2005 22:22 (UTC)

 * Fair point - the only reason it is as it is now is that the opportunity is there for someone to add the details on this page rather than create a new 'article' page with a link to the list. You may consider that a stub notice should be included.  If this page is to be moved to "List of ..." then there are an awful lot of similar pages which need to be moved.  --JohnArmagh 2 July 2005 07:58 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:38, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Portrait Herbert James Gunn.jpg

title: Talk:List of heads of state of Malawi


text:
Talk:Norwegian Defence Research Establishment

Defense vs Defence
I find it mildly amusing that FFI uses the mostly British English word Defence in its English language title, while at the same time describing itself as the "chief adviser on defence-related science and technology to the Ministry of Defence and the Norwegian Armed Forces’ military organization" (the latter word being the U.S. English usage, contrary to British, which would be organisation). Oh well, they are engineers and scientists after all, and is better employed doing (hard) core research rather than polishing their written English (?). --Wernher 06:44, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * A few years late (!) but just for the record, "organization" is also a valid spelling in Britain and tends to be the preferred Oxford usage. "I am not a lexicographer" and all that, but my understanding is that the preference for "-ise" vs. "-ize" is a comparatively recent thing. --Vometia (talk) 23:21, 9 June 2018 (UTC)


text: Country codes: U–Z

title: Country codes: U–Z


text:
Talk:Fred Ottman

Untitled
''This page (then titled Shockmaster) was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was to merge into Fred Ottman and redirect. See Votes for deletion/Shockmaster''

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 11:38, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

WTF?
who turned this article into a ShockMaster tribute? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.235.162.12 (talk) 20:29, 20 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The Internet, of course. InedibleHulk (talk) 05:12, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

Removal of some personal details
"Ottman now lives in Florida operating his own truck for a transport company out of Mondovi, Wisconsin, driving freight over the road. Former wrestler Perry Saturn is an employee."

Link#1 was confirming Florida, but Fred as safety manager, not trucking. No mention was made of Perry Saturn, since nobody knows where Saturn is now. MJ56003 (talk) 02:37, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Shockmaster. Flair utters line attributed to Booker T.
The Nature Boy Ric Flair uttered the line "Who is this motherfucker?". It is clear when paying close attention to the audio as Ric's lisp and overall voice perfectly match the speakers, while Booker-T has a much deeper and slightly raspier voice akin to George C. Scott.
 * Source or it didn't happen. InedibleHulk (talk) 05:12, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

HUGE wrestling fan, and it was Tugboat TAYLOR, NOT Tyler
DUH !!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.233.70.198 (talk) 14:08, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

I checked that source, they messed up . I know for a fact it was Tugboat TAYLOR . People DO make mistakes . Even in big multi-million dollar companies.
DUH — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.233.70.198 (talk) 14:18, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

Why do you have to alter the facts just make something seem funnier or more realistic ??? WTF !!!! Davey Boy Smith said " he fell on his ASS, not arse
Get your hearing checked pronto !!! Either that or whoever wrote that knew they were lying and thought arse just seems a better fit because Dave Boy is British. It's clear as day, Davey said ASS , not arse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.233.70.198 (talk) 14:32, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Fred Ottman


text:
BTHS

BTHS may refer to:
 * Barth syndrome
 * Bartram Trail High School
 * Biotechnology High School
 * Brooklyn Technical High School
 * Burlington Township High School
 * Bluetooth headset
 * An alternate name for tafazzin

title: BTHS


text:
Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004

Three anti-terrorism bills were enacted in the Australian Parliament in 2004 by the Howard Coalition government with the support of the Labor Opposition. These were the Anti-terrorism Bill 2004, the Anti-terrorism Bill (No 2) 2004 and the Anti-terrorism Bill (No 3) 2004.

Anti-terrorism Bill 2004
The Attorney-General, Philip Ruddock, introduced the Anti-terrorism Bill 2004 on 31 March 2004. He described it as "a bill to strengthen Australia's counter-terrorism laws in a number of respects – a task made more urgent following the recent tragic terrorist bombings in Spain." He said that Australia's counter-terrorism laws "require review and, where necessary, updating if we are to have a legal framework capable of safeguarding all Australians from the scourge of terrorism."

The main provisions of the Bill were:
 * to extend the fixed investigation period (that is, the period for which a suspect can be questioned before being either charged or released) under Part 1C of the Crimes Act for investigations into suspected terrorism offences, from 4 to 24 hours. Any such extension would have to be authorised by a magistrate or other judicial officer.
 * to permit law enforcement agencies to reasonably suspend or delay questioning of a person suspected of committing a terrorism offence to make overseas inquiries to obtain information relevant to that terrorism investigation.

Ruddock said that the government recognised the need to "ensure that appropriate safeguards are put in place to maintain the balance between security and individual rights and freedom." Existing safeguards in part 1C of the Crimes Act continue to apply to terrorist suspects being investigated in accordance with the Crimes Act regime. These safeguards include:
 * a suspect's right to communicate with a legal practitioner, friend or relative, an interpreter or a consular office
 * a suspect's right to remain silent
 * requiring the tape recording of any admissions or confessions made by a suspect as a pre-condition for admissible evidence, and
 * a suspect's right to a copy of recorded interviews.

The Bill amended a number of Acts:
 * the Crimes (Foreign Incursions and Recruitment) Act to make it an offence for a person to commit hostile activities while serving in any capacity in or with the armed forces of a foreign state.
 * the Criminal Code to make it an offence for a person to be a member of an organisation found by a court to be a terrorist organisation, and gave the government the power to prescribe organisations for the purposes of the Act. A further amendment to section 102.5 of the Criminal Code introduced new offences of providing training to or receiving training from a terrorist organisation.
 * the Proceeds of Crime Act to extend the operation of the Act to foreign indictable offences beyond proceeds derived in Australia, to also cover proceeds that have been derived elsewhere and then subsequently transferred to Australia. The Bill defined "foreign indictable offence" to include an offence triable by a military commission of the United States under a specified military order.

The Bill was referred to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee, which recommended some amendments to strengthen safeguards in the Bill. The Labor Opposition then indicated that it would support the Bill if it were amended in accordance with the committee's recommendations. The Bill was passed by the House of Representatives without opposition on 13 May. In the Senate the government accepted most, but not all, of the committee's amendments. The Australian Democrats, the Australian Greens and independent Senator Meg Lees opposed the Bill in the Senate. The Bill was passed by the Senate with the support of the Opposition on 24 June, was assented on 30 June and came into force on 1 July 2014 as the Anti-terrorism Act 2004.

Anti-terrorism Bill (No 2) 2004
Ruddock introduced the Anti-terrorism Bill (No 2) 2004 on 17 June, to amend a number of pieces of legislation to bring them into conformity with the Anti-Terrorism Act described above. "Under the new offence," Ruddock said, "what must be proved is that the person communicates or meets directors, members or promoters of a listed terrorist organisation and in doing so provides support intended to assist the expansion or continued existence of the organisation."

The Bill amended a number of Acts:
 * the Criminal Code under the Crimes Act was amended to make it an offence to "intentionally associate with a person who is a member or who promotes or directs the activities of a listed terrorist organisation where that association provides support that would help the terrorist organisation to continue to exist or to expand."
 * the forensic procedure laws in part 1D of the Crimes Act was amended to ensure that if a terrorist attack or other mass-casualty disaster were to occur within Australia forensic services from all jurisdictions in Australia would be able to work together, using the national DNA database system, to identify the victims of the disaster and conduct a criminal investigation.
 * the Passports Act was amended to give Australian authorities, such as the Australian Federal Police or the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), the power to request an order for the surrender of a person's foreign passport.
 * the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act was amended to give ASIO the power to demand a person surrender their Australian and foreign passports if the person is subject to a request for consent to apply for a questioning warrant.
 * the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 was amended to make decisions of the Attorney-General on security grounds exempt from the application of the Act.

The Bill passed Parliament and was assented to on 16 August 2004 as the Anti-terrorism Act (No. 2) 2004.

Anti-terrorism Bill (No 3) 2004
Ruddock introduced the Anti-terrorism Bill (No 3) 2004 on 24 June which reintroduced the provisions of the Anti-terrorism Bill (No 2), 2004, relating to the amendment of Part 1D of the Crimes Act, the Passports Act and Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act (described above), which had been separated from that Bill at the request of the Opposition to allow a speedy passage of these non-controversial sections of the Bill.

The Bill was supported by the Opposition and was passed by the House of Representatives on 24 June without opposition. The Bill was then referred to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee and was debated in the Senate after the Committee reported. The Bill passed Parliament and was assented to on 16 August 2004 as the Anti-terrorism Act (No. 3) 2004.

Criticisms of the legislation
The Australian Democrats and the Australian Greens opposed the bills on the grounds that they unacceptably abridged the rights of persons and organisations. Some civil liberties organisations also opposed all or parts of the bills. The Castan Centre for Human Rights Law at Monash University said: "No evidence is offered to support this claim that the investigation of terrorist offences is sufficiently complex as to warrant a doubling of the total permitted time of detention from 12 to 24 hours. Indeed, given the breadth of the definition of 'terrorism offences', it is difficult to see how such evidence could be produced. The potential subject matters of investigation are simply too varied."

The New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties said: "The Council is in general concerned about any extension of the power to detain people as proposed by this bill." The Civil Rights Network said: "We are concerned that this proposal does not seem to have arisen from any real, practical difficulty which has been experienced. Further, there has been a complete absence of debate as to the reasons for and necessity of this amendment. When changes to Australia's legal system which have the potential to severely impact on individual's liberty and rights are proposed it is fundamentally important that the community is properly consulted and informed before our elected representatives act."

The Law Council of Australia also expressed concerns about some aspects of the bills. "The Law Council is not convinced of the need for this legislation," the council's submission to the Senate inquiry said. "Indeed in our submission the new laws have the potential to operate harshly and will unfairly target members of minority groups, especially those of the Islamic faith."


text:
Roger Bowen

Roger Wendell Bowen (May 25, 1932 – February 16, 1996) was an American comedic actor and novelist, best known for his portrayal of Lt. Col. Henry Blake in the 1970 film M*A*S*H.

Bowen considered himself a writer who only moonlighted as an actor. He wrote eleven novels (including Just Like a Movie) as well as sketches for Broadway and television. He was also one of the co-founders of Chicago's comedy and acting troupe The Second City.

Life and career
A native of Providence, Rhode Island, Bowen majored in English at Brown University, then attended graduate school at the University of Chicago. While writing theater reviews for The Chicago Maroon, he was asked to pen material for an improvisational troupe that included Alan Arkin and Mike Nichols. The troupe, Compass Players, evolved into The Second City. Bowen spent most of the 1960s playing "preppie" types on a number of TV & radio commercials. His first film role was 1968's Petulia, but his big movie break came in 1970 when he landed the role of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Blake in Robert Altman's film M*A*S*H. Bowen had in fact served in the U.S. Army in Korea, albeit after the Korean War had ended. (After serving in Japan as a Special Agent in the Counter Intelligence Corps (441st CIC Detachment – Bepu Field Office) from 1957–58, Bowen was sent to the 308th CIC Detachment in Seoul, South Korea in 1958.)

After M*A*S*H, Bowen returned to television and gained a fan following as Hamilton Majors Jr., the pleasantly snooty Ivy League CEO of Continental Flange and supportive boss of Herschel Bernardi on the TV sitcom Arnie (1970–72). He then joined the cast of The Brian Keith Show, and returned to TV commercials and smaller movie roles. In 1976, Bowen appeared in the TV parody film Tunnel Vision, doing a convincing Henry Kissinger impersonation that he was often asked to perform at parties around Hollywood. (The film featured a galaxy of comic stars including Chevy Chase, John Candy, Howard Hesseman and Joe Flaherty, but Bowen received top billing as the others were still relatively unknown at the time.) Bowen also played minor roles in such films as Heaven Can Wait (1978), The Main Event (1979) and Zapped! (1982).

Bowen was a tournament chess player who participated in several events in the 1970s. In the early 1980s, Bowen enjoyed another round of weekly TV work with recurring roles on House Calls (starring former M*A*S*H sitcom alumnus Wayne Rogers), At Ease, and Maggie Briggs. He made his final credited film appearance in the 1991 comedy What About Bob? starring Bill Murray and Richard Dreyfuss.

Death
Bowen died of a heart attack at the age of 63 while on vacation in Marathon, Florida. His death came one day after that of McLean Stevenson, who played Blake for the first three seasons of the M*A*S*H television series. (Stevenson also died from a heart attack; because of this strange coincidence, Bowen's family did not make the news of his death public until a week afterward in an attempt to minimize any confusion over the two actors and their obituaries.)

title: Roger Bowen


text:
Extrinsic pathway

In molecular biology, the term extrinsic pathway may refer to multiple cascades of protein interactions.

 * The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis refers to cell death induced by external factors that activate the death-inducing signaling complex.
 * The extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation is also known as the tissue factor pathway and refers to a cascade of enzymatic reactions resulting in blood clotting and is done with the addition of injured tissue cells.

a number of extracurricular molecules is specialised to induce apoptosis.These extracurricular signals molecules bind with cell surface receptors (termed death receptors).

title: Extrinsic pathway


text:
Intrinsic pathway

In molecular biology, the term intrinsic pathway may refer to multiple cascades of protein interactions:

 * The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (also known as the mitochondrial pathway, intracellular pathway, or intrinsic apoptosis), cell death initiated by changes in mitochondria.
 * The intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation (also known as the contact activation pathway), a cascade of enzymatic reactions resulting in blood clotting.

title: Intrinsic pathway


text:
Merri Creek

The Merri Creek is a waterway in southern parts of Victoria, Australia which flows through the northern suburbs of Melbourne. It begins near Wallan and flows south for 70 km until joining the Yarra River at Dights Falls. The area where the creek meets the river was traditionally the location for large gatherings of the Wurundjeri people and is suspected to have been the location for one of the earliest land treaties in Australia between Indigenous Australians and European settlers.

The creek was the site of heavy industrial use throughout much of the 20th century, being home to quarries, landfills and accepting waste runoff from neighbouring factories. This has degraded the riparian ecology of the creek leaving behind pollutants such as heavy metals and various greases. Recent decades have seen some regenerative planting and the foundation of several community groups dedicated to protecting and regenerating the creek's ecology.

Etymology
In the 1800s, John Batman described a “lovely stream of water” believed to be Merri Creek, but did not give it a name. It was known for a time as Lucy's Creek, apparently after Batman's daughter. A map dated to 1893 indicated a "Merri Merri Creek", which was shortened later to "Merri Creek." Some believe it means “very rocky” or “very stony” to symbolise the volcanic history of the site. The phrase is said to originate from the Woiwurrung language, but its authenticity is disputed by historians and Indigenous Elders.

Geography
Over 400 million years ago. the sea covering the area receded, leaving behind a layer of yellowish marine siltstone and sandstone rocks. Around 66 million years ago, non-marine sediments left a sandy layer behind. Over time, the ancestral valley of the Merri Creek developed, eroding through these sediments. Then, from 4.6 to 0.8 million years ago, volcanoes such as Hayes Hill (about 5 km east of Donnybrook) and Mount Fraser (near Beveridge) erupted, sending lava on a journey along the ancestral valleys of the Merri and Darebin Creeks and into the valley of the Yarra River as far as the Melbourne CBD. The modern day Merri Creek was formed over many years by incising through the lava surface.

Today, the creek begins in Wallan and flows in a southerly direction for 70 km until it joins the Yarra River in Fairfield near Dights Falls and subsequently flows into Port Phillip Bay. Its tributaries include Wallan Creek, Mittagong Creek, Taylors Creek, Malcolm Creek, Aitken Creek, Curly Sedge Creek, Central Creek, Merlynston Creek and Edgars Creek. It flows through, or forms a part of the borders between the suburbs of Wallan, Kalkallo, Donnybrook, Craigieburn, Wollert, Epping, Somerton, Campbellfield, Lalor, Thomastown, Fawkner, Reservoir, Coburg North, Coburg, Preston, Thornbury, Brunswick East, Northcote, Westgarth, Fitzroy North, Clifton Hill and Fairfield before meeting the Yarra River just upstream of Dights Falls.

Rocky cliff face
One of the many sites of geological interest along the Merri valley is the rocky cliff face on the eastern side of Merri Creek visible from the shared path in Clifton Hill. Its tall, cracked (or jointed) basalt columns, formed by cooling lava, are clearly visible and the weathering evident in the rocky riffles midstream where columns have collapsed and tumbled into the stream. Some of the vertical fractures at the top of the cliff appear to be leaning, forming a striking radial pattern.

Flora and fauna
As native vegetation has been regenerated, some species of native wildlife have returned to the creek. These include kookaburras, kingfishers, yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos, echdidnas and frogs. There have also been reports of platypuses in the upper northern regions and further south in Coburg.

Merri Creek is also abundant in edible plants, although care should be taken when attempting to identify them. including dandelion, dock, fennel, jerusalem artichoke, numerous brassicas, blackberry nightshade, sorrel, catsear, sowthistle, nettle and many others. Caution is advisable when harvesting fennel and other members of the family Apiaceae, as poison hemlock has been found growing in some areas of the creek.

History
The large number of pre and post-contact archaeological sites demonstrate a heavy usage of the area by Indigenous Australians. The creek and surrounding valley was the site of many large gatherings of Aboriginal people and is suspected to be the site of one of the earliest land treaties between Aboriginals and Europeans.

Archaeology
Many archaeological sites found contain scattered stone artefacts from old campsites, and scarred trees from which traditional people removed slabs of bark to make canoes, containers and shields. The artefact scatters are found because erosion of some sort has exposed the implements which were covered with sediment. The scarred trees are often on the creek bank, fence line or road reserve where they escaped the clearance process. Both site types exhibit traces of the hunting and gathering lifestyle of pre-contact Victoria, and are a fragile and non-renewable historical resource. Aboriginal sites are protected under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006.

Pre-European
The northern suburbs of Melbourne are built on the unceded land of the Wurundjeri-willam people. During the first years of European colonisation, the Wurundjeri were represented by influential senior men such as Billibellary. His clan lived on the northern bank of the Yarra and their territory extended from Yarra Bend northwards along the Merri Creek.

The creek supplied the Wurundjeri-willam with an abundance of food such as eel, fish, and duck. Women waded through the Merri with string bags suspended around their neck, searching the bottom of the stream for shellfish. Emu and kangaroo were hunted in the surrounding grasslands. In the forests and hills, possum was also a staple source of food and clothing, The flesh of the possum was cooked and eaten, while the skin was saved to be sewn into valuable waterproof cloaks.

Post-European
In May 1835, a historic meeting took place between Batman and the Wurundjeri-willam and other clans in which a document was signed that came to be called Batman's Treaty. To date, this remains the only treaty ever struck between European settlers and the Indigenous people of Australia. Batman wrote that these negotiations took place beside a "lovely stream of water" which historians now suspect to be the Merri Creek. This treaty was declared invalid by Sir Richard Bourke, the Governor of N.S.W., who was unwilling to recognize and allow the Indigenous people the right to use and control their own land as they saw fit - thus implementing the doctrine of terra nullius.

In January 1844, the Wurundjeri-willam hosted an immense gathering of Indigenous people who came from all over central Victoria. An estimated 800 people journeyed to the district to witness important judicial proceedings carried out according to traditions of Aboriginal law.

Since European settlement, the lower reaches of the creek have been significantly degraded by human activity. In the early history of Melbourne, numerous quarries were established along the creek to extract bluestone for the construction of many of the city's buildings and paving for roads and lanes. These quarries were later used as landfill for waste. Numerous environmental weeds, such as prickly pear and weeping willows, invaded the banks. Stormwater from suburban streets also drains directly into the creek, bringing rubbish and other pollutants.

Recent years
In recent decades, much has been done to remedy the creek's condition. As recently as the 1980s, the community considered Merri Creek little more than a weed-choked industrial drain. Things have improved significantly since then, largely thanks to the efforts of local community groups. Today it is a popular destination for residents taking walks and other leisure activities, and is considered a "green oasis" in the northern suburbs.

Patches of remnant native flora still remain along the creek, and their quality has improved through weed control and ecological burning. Much native vegetation has been replanted by the Merri Creek Management Committee and the volunteer group Friends of Merri Creek.

Melbourne Water has been involved in a willow control program to improve water flows and allow for the revegetation of sites with indigenous plant species. At times of low flow, water is sustained in the creek through treated outfall from the Craigieburn sewage treatment plant,.

Water quality was thought to have been insufficient to allow repopulation by platypus, as industrial toxicants have reduced macroinvertebrate productivity to the point where there is insufficient food. However, the first platypus sighting in decades occurred between Thornbury and Coburg in September 2010. Platypus sightings have continued, albeit on a "few and far between" basis, ever since.

Parks and recreation
Parks Victoria manages some of the established parklands on the banks of Merri Creek. Facilities include football and cricket ovals, tennis courts and playgrounds. The Merri Creek Trail shared pathway has been established along the banks to take advantage of the improving environment, but the path is broken at Westgarth and North Fitzroy, necessitating traversing St George's Road. The CERES Community Environment Park - a community-run farming initiative with plenty of public spaces, cafes and markets - is a popular destination for Melburnians located adjacent to the Merri Creek. The Merri Creek Labyrinth, a circular labyrinth made of stone, is located just off the adjoining trail in Clifton Hill.

title: Merri Creek