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David Gray (British musician)

David Peter Gray (born 13 June 1968) is a British singer-songwriter. Having released his debut album in 1993, he received worldwide attention with White Ladder five years later, particularly for the hit single "Babylon". White Ladder was the first of three chart-toppers in six years for Gray in the UK, where it became the fifth best-selling album of the 2000s. In 2019, it was ranked as the UK's tenth best-selling album of the 21st century. David Gray reached the US Top 20 with five successive albums, and has received four Brit Award nominations, including two nominations for Best British Male.

Early life and career
Gray was born in 1968 in Sale, Cheshire, England, and lived in Altrincham before moving with his family at the age of nine to Solva, Pembrokeshire, Wales, where his parents took over a gift shop and started a clothing business. "I had an amazing time growing up there... My imagination could run wild... It was that which gave me the kind of insane self-belief I have, and had even then, that I could do something as unlikely as play music for a living." He went to Ysgol Dewi Sant high school in nearby St Davids and then on to Carmarthenshire College of Art and finally Liverpool School of Art.

Gray's first two albums, A Century Ends and Flesh, were issued in 1993 and 1994 respectively and led to Gray becoming popular in folk-rock circles, but both failed in terms of commercial sales. In 1996 Gray released his third album, Sell, Sell, Sell. The album was recorded at Pyramid Sound Studios in Ithaca, New York. Despite his dislike of the album, Gray continued to maintain residence in Ithaca on and off over the years. Despite critical acclaim, the album did not chart, but the song "Late Night Radio" received some airplay on alternative UK radio stations. On the 1997 Mary Black album Shine, Gray contributed five songs.

1998–2002: White Ladder and rise to fame
Originally released on Gray's own label IHT Records in November 1998, White Ladder was re-released in 2000 on ATO Records. The re-release brought him commercial success and critical attention. While his first three albums featured acoustic folk songs and guitar-based alternative rock, White Ladder introduced his now-trademark folktronic sound. The album included his best-known songs: "This Year's Love", "Babylon", "Please Forgive Me" and "Sail Away". After its re-release, combined with the release and success of single "Babylon", it sold 100,000 copies in Ireland alone, making it number one for six weeks, and according to a 2012 report was the biggest-selling album ever in that country. In June 2000, "Babylon" hit No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart; it remains his biggest UK hit to date. In the United States, the album received a boost from jam-band leader Dave Matthews, who made it the first release by ATO Records, the record company he co-founded. "Babylon" was also the first of three US chart entries for Gray to date.

The album was No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart, two years and five months after its original release, spending a total of 151 weeks on the chart. Aside from "Please Forgive Me", which charted at No. 72 on the UK Singles Chart, all other single releases charted within the Top 20: the re-released "Please Forgive Me" charted at number 18, and "Say Hello, Wave Goodbye" and "Sail Away" peaked at number 26.

The year 2001 also saw the release of a rarities compilation of Gray's early works, The EPs 1992-1994, as well as an album of previously unreleased songs recorded in 1999, Lost Songs 95-98, both of which followed White Ladder into the Top 20 in the UK Albums Chart. Gray also provided vocals on the electronic-based band Orbital's 2001 single "Illuminate".

In November 2002, Gray released the follow-up to White Ladder, entitled A New Day at Midnight. The new release did not receive the same critical acclaim as its predecessor, but still went straight in at number 1, famously beating Pop Idol runner-up Gareth Gates's debut album What My Heart Wants to Say to the summit and selling nearly 150,000 copies in its first week of release. It went on to achieve platinum status within a year, eventually being certified four times platinum overall, and was the second-biggest selling album by a UK artist in 2002, behind Pop Idol winner Will Young's debut album From Now On. A New Day at Midnight produced two further UK Top 30 hits in "The Other Side" and "Be Mine" and a minor US hit with "Dead in the Water".

Later career
After a three-year hiatus which saw him wind down his recording and touring schedule due to exhaustion, Gray returned with his seventh album, Life in Slow Motion, in September 2005. Like its predecessor, it topped the UK Albums Chart in its first week of release. After the much-criticised A New Day at Midnight, Life in Slow Motion was hailed as a return to form by many critics. Lead single "The One I Love" was a Top 10 hit in the UK in October 2005 and spent three months in the UK chart. Following the relative commercial failure of follow-up singles "Hospital Food" and "Alibi", Gray again went into hiatus during 2006.

In March 2007, Gray released the compilation album Shine: The Best of the Early Years. On 7 July 2007, Gray performed with Damien Rice at the UK leg of Live Earth at Wembley Stadium in London. Gray released a compilation CD of live covers entitled A Thousand Miles Behind exclusively through his official website on 8 October that year on CD and digital download. On 13 November, Gray released the album Greatest Hits, which includes many of his best known songs as well as two new songs, including the lead single "You're the World to Me".

On 28 May 2009, Gray announced that his album Draw the Line would be released on 14 September in the UK and on 22 September in the United States. The album features guest appearances by Annie Lennox and Jolie Holland. The album's first single, "Fugitive", was released on 7 September 2009, coinciding with the start of an expansive world tour. On 19 September, Gray performed his self-proclaimed first pool-side concert at the Rooftop Pool at The Colonnade Hotel in Boston for the Mix 104.1 End of Summer Bash. Gray performed songs from the new album, including "Fugitive", "Draw the Line" and "Jackdaw".

In an interview for Hot Press, released on 3 December 2009, Gray revealed to Jackie Hayden that he was working on his next album, Foundling. Gray said that one of the tracks would be called "The Old Chair", which, according to Gray, "features just a drum kit and me on my Steinway piano. It's very quiet." Foundling was released in the UK on 16 August. and in the United States on 17 August. Foundling is a double album: the first CD consists of 11 new songs and the second consists of eight previously unreleased songs. A ninth is available via iTunes.

David Gray signed a global agreement with Kobalt Label Services for the release of his 10th studio album, Mutineers. His first in four years, it was recorded at The Church Studios in London and produced by Andy Barlow (Lamb). The release took place on 17 June 2014. It was announced that Gray would support the new release with a North American tour through April and May, followed by an eight-date UK tour in June and July that included a show at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

The Best of David Gray was released on CD, double CD and LP in October 2016, and included two new recordings. The album, released in conjunction with IHT Records, had already been released as a dynamic playlist on Spotify that automatically changed shape every week Gray commented: "What we have on our hands is an ever-evolving 'Best Of' that is different every week, every month, every year, every decade."

In March 2019, Gray released his 11th record, Gold in a Brass Age. It was produced by Ben de Vries, son of producer Marius de Vries, and was seen largely as a return to his signature "folktronica" sound.

In the year 2020, Gray released a 20th anniversary edition of White Ladder. A deluxe set with bonus tracks and demos was also made available on both CD and vinyl formats. He embarked on an international tour to celebrate the anniversary, starting in Europe in February, but it was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Gray announced on 20 May 2020 via his social media channels that the tour had to be postponed. The tour kicked off in Belfast on the 17th of May 2022 nearly two years to the day it was cancelled. Gray has always credited Ireland for boosting his career with the original sales of White Ladder so it felt fitting to start the tour in Ireland.

In January 2021, Gray announced that his 12th studio album was to be released on 19 February 2021. Entitled Skellig (named after the Skellig Islands in County Kerry, Ireland) it featured a title track and a single called "Heart and Soul". It was recorded at Edwyn Collins' Helmsdale studio in Sutherland and features David Kitt, Rob Malone and producer Ben de Vries as musicians on the record.

Musical style
Gray's early music was in a contemporary folk-rock, singer-songwriter mode; his primary instrument was acoustic guitar, with occasional piano. 1996's Sell, Sell, Sell featured some rock arrangements and electric instrumentation. Starting with the release of White Ladder, Gray began to make significant use of computer-generated music to accompany his voice and acoustic instrumentation. A New Day at Midnight continued this direction, although lyrically it was darker in tone than White Ladder and the instrumentation much more downbeat. In the liner notes, Gray dedicated the album to his father, who died in 2001. Despite the move to more complex music, Gray has used small-scale, often home-based, recording methods and equipment and espoused a do-it-yourself approach to music production. However, 2005's Life in Slow Motion was a collaboration with the record producer Marius de Vries.

Gray is noted for his 'bobble-headed' style of performing, often rocking his head in time vigorously to the music. Gray himself would comically play up this trait in the video for "Be Mine", in which his head eventually rolls off his body and gets thrown around in a variety of different locations.

Band

 * David Gray – vocals, guitars, piano & keyboards, harmonica
 * Rob Malone – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Keith Prior – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 * Tim Bradshaw – keyboards, guitars, lap steel
 * John Smith – guitars, backing vocals (occasional touring member)
 * Caroline Dale – cello, piano, backing vocals (occasional touring member)
 * David Kitt – guitars, keyboards, backing vocals (occasional touring member)
 * Niamh Farrell – backing vocals, percussion (occasional touring member)

Former longterm band members:
 * Craig McClune – drums, percussion, bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
 * David Nolte – guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
 * Neill MacColl – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, mandolin, backing vocals

Discography

 * A Century Ends (April 1993)
 * Flesh (September 1994)
 * Sell, Sell, Sell (August 1996)
 * White Ladder (March 1999)
 * Lost Songs 95–98 (July 2000)
 * A New Day at Midnight (October 2002)
 * Life in Slow Motion (September 2005)
 * Draw the Line (September 2009)
 * Foundling (August 2010)
 * Mutineers (June 2014)
 * Gold in a Brass Age (March 2019)
 * Skellig (February 2021)

Tours
Gray has been touring since 1993. Prior to his breakthrough album White Ladder in 1998, Gray had been the supporting act for the likes of Kirsty MacColl, The Corrs, Dave Matthews Band and Radiohead. He has had multiple tour dates in many different places such as Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and the United States.

Awards and nominations
BAFTA Awards

!Ref.
 * 2005
 * A Way of Life
 * Anthony Asquith Award for New British Composer
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Brit Awards

!Ref.
 * rowspan=3|2001
 * Himself
 * British Male Solo Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|
 * Lost Songs 95–98
 * British Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Babylon"
 * British Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2003
 * Himself
 * British Male Solo Artist
 * Nominated
 * 2003
 * Himself
 * British Male Solo Artist
 * Nominated

GQ Awards

!Ref.
 * 2002
 * Himself
 * Best Solo Artist
 * Won
 * Won

Grammy Awards

!Ref.
 * 2002
 * Himself
 * Best New Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * 2020
 * Gold in a Brass Age
 * Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package
 * Nominated
 * Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package
 * Nominated

Groovevolt Music and Fashion Awards

!Ref.
 * 2006
 * "From Here You Can Almost See the Sea"
 * Best Pop Deep Cut
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

IFPI Platinum Europe Awards

!Ref.
 * 2000
 * White Ladder
 * Album Title
 * Won
 * Won

Ivor Novello Awards

 * rowspan=2|2001
 * "Please Forgive Me"
 * Best Contemporary Song
 * Nominated
 * "Babylon"
 * rowspan=3|Best Song Musically & Lyrically
 * Won
 * 2002
 * "Sail Away"
 * Nominated
 * 2003
 * "The Other Side"
 * Won
 * 2003
 * "The Other Side"
 * Won
 * Won

MTV Video Music Awards

!Ref.
 * 2001
 * "Babylon"
 * Best New Artist in a Video
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

MVPA Awards

!Ref.
 * rowspan=4|2002
 * rowspan=3|"Please Forgive Me"
 * Best Adult Contemporary Video
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=4|
 * Best Director of a Male Artist
 * Nominated
 * Best Editing in a Video
 * Nominated
 * "Sail Away"
 * International Video of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Sail Away"
 * International Video of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Meteor Music Awards

 * rowspan=2|2001
 * White Ladder
 * Best International Album
 * Won
 * rowspan=3|Himself
 * Best International Songwriter
 * Won
 * 2003
 * rowspan=2|Best International Male
 * Nominated
 * 2006
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * 2006
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Pollstar Concert Industry Awards

!Ref.
 * 2001
 * rowspan=2|Himself
 * Best New Artist Tour
 * Nominated
 * 2011
 * Most Creative Tour Package
 * Nominated
 * 2011
 * Most Creative Tour Package
 * Nominated

Pop Factory Awards

!Ref.
 * 2002
 * A New Day at Midnight
 * Best CD Release
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Q Awards

 * 2000
 * "Babylon"
 * Best Single
 * Won
 * 2003
 * Himself
 * Innovation in Sound
 * Nominated
 * Innovation in Sound
 * Nominated

Smash Hits Poll Winners Party

!Ref.
 * 2000
 * Himself
 * Best New Male Solo Star
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Personal life
Gray married his wife Olivia in Los Angeles, California in 1993, and together they have two daughters: Ivy and Florence. He lives in London, having moved to Hampstead in 2009. Gray is also the brother-in-law of Phil Hartnoll of Orbital.

In 2011, a portrait of Gray was painted by English artist Joe Simpson. The painting was exhibited around the UK, including at a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall.

Gray is a Manchester United supporter. He said in 2005 that he is an atheist.

He is a patron of the charity Curlew Action. In 2022, Gray contributed a new song, "The Arc", to the album Simmerdim: Curlew Sounds, released in partnership with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and musician and producer Merlyn Driver.

title: David Gray (British musician)


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Christian Dalmau

Christian Dalmau (born August 29, 1975) is a Puerto Rican retired professional basketball player, and current head coach of the Indios de Mayagüez in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN). He is the second son of the legendary Puerto Rican basketball star Raymond Dalmau. Dalmau has played in the NCAA, the National Basketball Development League, and the Baloncesto Superior Nacional in Puerto Rico. Dalmau has played internationally in Turkey, Poland, and Israel. Dalmau was a member of the Puerto Rican National Basketball Team that defeated the United States in the 2004 Olympic Games.

Biography
After playing college basketball in the NCAA, Dalmau began his professional career in 1993 with the Piratas de Quebradillas in Puerto Rico's top level Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN). As a rookie, he showed great potential but the team decided to trade him for more experienced players. His new team was the Maratonistas de Coamo where he would become a star. Dalmau joined the BSN's new Avancinos de Villalba in 1996, playing there from 1996–1998. When Villalba folded after its third season, Dalmau returned to Coama for two seasons, then was traded to the Atleticos de San German in 2001.

In the 2002-2003 season, Dalmau signed with the Mobile Revelers of the National Basketball Development League. Dalmau was named Most Valuable Player in 2004. That same year he was selected to replace his brother, Richie, on the Puerto Rican National Basketball Team. He played in the Israeli Basketball League with Hapoel Galil Elyon. From 2005-07, Dalmau played in Poland with Prokom Trefl Sopot.

For the 2007-08 season, Dalmau played with Beşiktaş Cola Turka of the Turkish League. In July 2008 he signed a contract with PBC Ural Great Perm in Russian Basketball Super League 1.

In 2009, Dalmau returned to the BSN to play for the Vaqueros de Bayamón. He led the team to victory at the 2009 BSN Championship, and was chosen as the 2009 BSN Finals MVP. In 2010, after being named the league's MVP during the regular season, Dalmau led Bayamón to their second straight BSN Finals appearance, losing at home in game seven to the Capitanes de Arecibo.

After the 2012 BSN season with Bayamón, now in his late 30s, Dalmau moved to a number of teams, in different leagues, over the next five seasons. In the BSN, he played with the Mets de Guaynabo, Cangrejeros de Santurce and returned to his rookie team, the Piratas de Quebradillas. He also played with Halcones Xalapa in Mexico's Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional.

Dalmau returned to Bayamón in 2017, retiring from playing basketball at the end of that season.

In 2018, Dalmau became head coach of the senior boys basketball team at Central Pointe Christian Academy, a small prep high school in Kissimmee, Florida. In March 2020, the team won the Sunshine Independent Athletic Association championship.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christian Dalmau


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Extensor digiti minimi muscle

The extensor digiti minimi  (extensor digiti quinti proprius) is a slender muscle of the forearm, placed on the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum communis, with which it is generally connected.

It arises from the common extensor tendon by a thin tendinous slip and frequently from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles.

Its tendon passes through a compartment of the extensor retinaculum, posterior to distal radio-ulnar joint, then divides into two as it crosses the dorsum of the hand, and finally joins the extensor digitorum tendon. All three tendons attach to the dorsal digital expansion of the fifth digit (little finger). There may be a slip of tendon to the fourth digit.

Variations

 * An additional fibrous slip from the lateral epicondyle: The tendon of insertion may not divide or may send a slip to the ring finger.
 * Absence of the muscle is rare; fusion of the belly with the extensor digitorum communis is not uncommon.
 * Variations of the fifth extensor compartment, which the extensor digiti minimi runs through, may cause tenosynovitis and can limit the use of the extensor digiti minimi.
 * The extensor digiti minimi can also be bifurcated, which means split, at many different points in the muscle.

Functions
The extensor digiti minimi is a two joint muscle. It acts as an extensor in both joints. It extends the wrist, which means it moves the back of the hand toward the back of the forearm. It also extends the little finger, which means it straightens the little finger from a fist.

title: Extensor digiti minimi muscle


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Big wave surfing

Big wave surfing is a discipline within surfing in which experienced surfers paddle into, or are towed into, waves which are at least 20 feet (6.2 m) high, on surf boards known as "guns" or towboards. Sizes of the board needed to successfully surf these waves vary by the size of the wave as well as the technique the surfer uses to reach the wave. A larger, longer board allows a rider to paddle fast enough to catch the wave and has the advantage of being more stable, but it also limits maneuverability and surfing speed.

In 1992, big wave surfers such as Buzzy Kerbox, Laird Hamilton and Darrick Doerner introduced a cross over sport called tow-in surfing. While many riders still participate in both sports, they remain very distinct activities. This type of surfing involves being towed into massive waves by jet ski, allowing for the speed needed to successfully ride. Tow-in surfing also revolutionized board size, allowing surfers to trade in their unwieldy 12 ft. boards in favor of light, 7 ft boards that allowed for more speed and easier maneuvrability in waves over 30 ft (10 meters). By the end of the 1990s, tow in surfing allowed surfers to ride waves exceeding 50 ft (15 meters).

Hazards of big wave surfing
In a big wave wipeout, a breaking wave can push surfers down 20 to 50 feet (6.2 m to 15.5 m) below the surface. Once they stop spinning around, they have to quickly regain their equilibrium and figure out which way is up. Surfers may have less than 20 seconds to get to the surface before the next wave hits them. Additionally, the water pressure at a depth of 20 to 50 feet can be strong enough to rupture one's eardrums. Strong currents and water action at those depths can also slam a surfer into a reef or the ocean floor, which can result in severe injuries or even death.

One of the greatest dangers is the risk of being held underwater by two or more consecutive waves. Surviving a triple hold-down is extremely difficult, and surfers must be prepared to cope with these situations.

A major issue argued between big-wave surfers is the necessity of the leash on the surfboard. In many instances, the leash can do more harm than good to a surfer, catching and holding them underwater and diminishing their opportunities to fight towards the surface. Other surfers, however, depend on the leash. Today, tow-in surfboards are equipped with foot holds (like those found on windsurfs) instead of leashes, in order to provide some security to the surfer without generating safety hazards whilst the surfer is underwater.

These hazards have killed several big-wave surfers. Some of the most notable are Mark Foo, who died surfing Mavericks on 23 December 1994; Donnie Solomon, who died exactly a year later at Waimea Bay; Todd Chesser, who died at Alligator Rock on the North Shore of Oahu on 14 February 1997; Peter Davi, who died at Ghost Trees on 4 December 2007; Sion Milosky, who died surfing Mavericks on 16 March 2011; and Kirk Passmore, who died at Alligator Rock on 12 November 2013.

Paddle-in surfing
On 18 January 2010 Danilo Couto and Marcio Freire became the first to surf Jaws Peahi paddling, surfing the wave to the left side. They did not have jetski support and used only their shorts and their surfboards. They were the only ones to surf Jaws paddling until 4 January 2012, when it was surfed to the right side for the first time.

On 4 January 2012, Greg Long, Ian Walsh, Kohl Christensen, Jeff Rowley, Dave Wassel, Shane Dorian, Mark Healey, Carlos Burle, Nate Fletcher, Garrett McNamara, Kai Barger, North Shore locals and other of the best big-wave surfers in the world invaded the Hawaiian Islands for a historic day of surfing. Surfers had to catch and survive the wave at Jaws Peahi, on the north shore of Maui, without the use of a jet ski.

Jeff Rowley made Australian history by being the first Australian to paddle into a 50-foot plus (15-metre) wave at Jaws Peahi, Hawaii, achieving his 'Charge for Charity' mission set for 2011, to raise money for Breast Cancer Australia.

On 30–31 January 2012, Jeff Rowley and a number of international big wave surfers including Greg Long, Shaun Walsh and Albee Layer spent two days paddle-surfing Jaws, on the Hawaiian island of Maui, as part of their ongoing big-wave paddle-in program at the deep-water reef, further cementing the new frontier of paddle-in surfing at Jaws.

On 12 March 2012, Jeff Rowley paddled into Mavericks Left, California, and became the first Australian to accomplish this task. Mavericks is traditionally known as a right-hander wave and Rowley pushed the boundaries of what was possible at the Mavericks left-hander, a task that wasn't without its challenges, requiring a vertical drop into the wave.

On 30 March 2012, Jeff Rowley was a finalist in the Billabong XXL Big Wave Awards 2011/2012, in the Ride of the Year category with his rides at Jaws Peahi in Maui, Hawaii on 30 January 2012, placing 4th place in the world of elite big wave surfers.

Male
German surfer Sebastian Steudtner broke the record in October 2020 off the coast of Praia do Norte, Nazaré, Portugal, when he surfed through an 86 ft wave.

Female
According to Guinness World Records, Australian Laura Enever holds the women's big wave record, surfing a 13.3 m wave in Oahu in January 2023 to break the world record by 30 centimetres. However, the record is not without controversy, as she wiped out at the base of the wave, and it has even been claimed that Justine Dupont rode a 75 ft wave (although she, too, is said to have wiped out), although this claim has not been ratified by Guinness.

Big Wave Surfing Contest
The oldest and most prestigious big wave contest is The Eddie, named after Oahu north shore Hawai'ian lifeguard and surfer Eddie Aikau. The competition window is between 1 December and the last day of February annually.

Another big wave surfing contest hosted by Red Bull is held at Jaws Peahi, with invitation of 21 of the best big wave surfers in the world. The waiting period for the contest is from 7 December to 15 March. Some of the known invitees to the contest include Jeff Rowley, Albee Layer, Greg Long, Shane Dorian, Kai Lenny, Ian Walsh.

From 1999 to 2016, Mavericks was a premier big wave contest. The first year's results were first place, Darryl Virostko ("Flea"); second place, Richard Schmidt (surfer); third place, Ross Clarke-Jones; and fourth place, Peter Mel. This contest was last held in 2016, and has been indefinitely cancelled by the World Surf League.

Beginning in 2014–15, the World Surf League (WSL) has sanctioned the Big Wave World Tour (BWWT). On 28 February 2015, Makua Rothman became the first WSL BWWT Champion with 20,833 points outscoring the runner-up, Gabriel Villaran of Peru, by almost 7,000 points.

On 11 November 2016, Paige Alms of Maui was crowned the first women's big wave surfing champion at Jaws on Maui during the Pe'ahi Women's Challenge which was part of the Women's Big Wave Tour #1 held 15 Oct – 11 November 2016, at Haiku, Hawaii. This was the first big wave surfing contest ever held for women. The results were in first place Paige Alms (Hawaii), second place Justine Dupont (France), third place Felicity Palmateer (Australia), and tied for fourth place Keala Kennelly (Hawaii), Emily Erickson (Hawaii), and Laura Enever (Australia).

Big Wave Surfing Awards
Since 2005, the world's best big wave surfers gather in "Surf City" Huntington Beach, California, for the annual World Surf League (WSL) Big Wave Awards hosted by surfer Strider Wastlewski. The gala ceremony is currently held at the Pasea Hotel and Spa and nominated surfers are awarded for their greatest rides of the past year and the big wave community is celebrated.

The event raises the bar every year, with $350,000 in prize money allotted across seven categories:
 * "XXL Biggest Wave"
 * "Biggest Paddle Wave"
 * "Tube of the Year"
 * "Best Overall Performance"
 * "Women's Performance"
 * "Wipeout Award"
 * "Ride of the Year".

The seven winners are given top honors and a TAG Heuer watch for another WSL big wave season.

WSL Big Wave Championship Tour champions
WSL Big Wave Championship Tour champions

Australia

 * No Toes, New South Wales, Australia
 * Dangerous Banks, Tasmania, Australia
 * Pedra Branca, Tasmania, Australia
 * Shipstern Bluff, Tasmania, Australia
 * Cow Bombie, Western Australia, Australia
 * Cyclops, Western Australia, Australia
 * Tombstones, Western Australia, Australia
 * The Right, Western Australia, Australia

United States (Mainland)

 * Cortes Bank, California, United States
 * Ghost Trees, California, United States
 * Mavericks, California, United States
 * The Wedge, California, United States
 * Nelscott Reef, Oregon, USA

Oceania

 * Cloudbreak, Fiji
 * Teahupoo, Tahiti, France
 * Papatowai, The Catlins, New Zealand
 * Jaws/Peahi, Hawaii, United States
 * Pipeline, Hawaii, United States
 * Sunset Beach, Hawaii, United States
 * Waimea Bay, Hawaii, United States
 * The Holy Grail Oahu, Hawaii, United States

Europe

 * Cribbar, Newquay, Cornwall, United Kingdom
 * Aileens, Cliffs of Moher, County Clare, Ireland
 * Mullaghmore, Ireland
 * Madeira, Portugal
 * Nazaré, Portugal
 * Punta Galea between Getxo and Sopela, Basque Country, Spain
 * Aizpurupe near Zarautz, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain
 * Belharra, Basque Country, France

Latin America

 * Praia da Vila, Santa Catarina, Brazil
 * Praia do Cardoso, Santa Catarina, Brazil
 * El Buey, Arica, Chile
 * Punta de Lobos, Chile
 * Puerto Escondido, Mexico
 * Todos Santos, Baja, Mexico
 * Pico Alto, Punta Hermosa, Lima, Peru

Caribbean

 * Tres Palmas, Puerto Rico

Africa

 * Dungeons, Cape Town, South Africa

Notable big wave surfers

 * Nathan Fletcher Hawaii
 * Chris Bertish South Africa
 * Lucas "Chumbo" Chianca Brazil
 * Carlos Burle Brazil
 * Koby Abberton Australia
 * Eddie Aikau Hawaii
 * Grant "Twiggy" Baker South Africa
 * Ken Bradshaw Hawaii
 * Tom Carroll Australia
 * Jeff Clark USA
 * Ross Clarke-Jones Australia
 * Shane Dorian Hawaii
 * John John Florence Hawaii
 * Jérémy Florès France
 * Justine Dupont France
 * Mark Foo Singapore
 * Maya Gabeira Brazil
 * Laird Hamilton Hawaii
 * Malik Joyeux Tahiti, France
 * Dave Kalama Hawaii
 * Keala Kennelly Hawaii
 * Kai Lenny Hawaii
 * Greg Long USA
 * Mark Mathews Australia
 * Garrett McNamara Hawaii
 * Peter Mel USA
 * Jay Moriarity USA
 * Greg Noll USA
 * Jamie O'Brien Hawaii
 * Felicity Palmateer Australia
 * Mike Parsons USA
 * Bob Pike Australia
 * Makua Rothman Hawaii
 * Jeff Rowley Australia
 * Will Skudin New York
 * Sebastian Steudtner, Germany
 * Buzzy Trent Hawaii
 * Mark Visser Australia
 * Rodrigo Koxa Brazil
 * Mike Stewart Hawaii
 * Conor Maguire Ireland
 * Andrew Cotton United Kingdom

Big wave surfing movies

 * Surf's Up 2: WaveMania (2017 sequel, fiction)
 * Distance between Dreams (2016)
 * Point Break (2015 remake, fiction)
 * View from a Blue Moon (2015)
 * MAD DOGS - The Conquest of Jaws (2015)
 * Surfing giant waves (2023) )
 * Hawaiian: The Legend of Eddie Aikau (2013)
 * Storm Surfers 3D (2012)
 * Chasing Mavericks (2012, biographical drama film)
 * Fighting Fear (2011)
 * Waveriders (2008)
 * Pipeline (2007)
 * Surf's Up (2007, fiction)
 * Billabong Odyssey (2005)
 * Riding Giants (2004)
 * Step Into Liquid (2003)
 * Die Another Day (2002, fiction)
 * Strapped (2002)
 * Laird (2002)
 * In God's Hands (1998, fiction)
 * Point Break (1991, fiction)
 * Big Wednesday (1978)
 * Ride the Wild Surf (1964, fiction)
 * Surfing Hollow Days (1961)

title: Big wave surfing


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User:Jengod/Gwin

BIOGUIDE:

William McKendree Gwin (October 9, 1805–September 3, 1885) was an American medical doctor and politician.

Born near Gallatin, Tennessee, his father, the Reverend James Gwin, was a pioneer Methodist minister, and also served as a soldier on the frontier under General Andrew Jackson.

he pursued classical studies and graduated from the medical department of Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky in 1828. He practiced medicine in Clinton, Mississippi until 1833 when he became the United States marshal for Mississippi, serving for one year.

He was elected as a Democrat from Mississippi during the 27th Congress of 1841 to 1843. Declining a renomination for Congress on account of financial embarrassment, he was appointed, on the accession of James K. Polk] to the Presidency, to superintend the building of the new custom-house at New Orleans.

He moved to California in 1849 and participated in the California state constitutional convention the same year.

Upon the admission of California as U.S. state, Gwin was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate. He first served from September 9, 1850, to March 3, 1855; reelected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy occurring at the expiration of his term, caused by the failure of the legislature to elect, and served from January 13, 1857, to March 3, 1861. During the 32nd and 33rd Congresses he was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Naval Affairs. During his second term he was also a member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance.

While in the Senate, he secured the establishment of a mint in California, the survey of the Pacific coast, a navy yard and station, with large appropriations, and carried through the senate a bill providing for a line of steamers between San Francisco, China, and Japan, by way of the Sandwich islands.

Gwin was outspoken in his support of slavery and was twice arrested for disloyalty during the American Civil War. He traveled to France in 1863 in an attempt to interest Napoleon III in a project to settle American slave-owners in Sonora, Mexico.

He retired to California and engaged in agricultural pursuits until his death in New York City in 1885.

He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland, Calif.

title: User:Jengod/Gwin


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User:Sockatume

Sockatume

I am a lapsed Wikipedia user. This page is retained for completeness.

title: User:Sockatume


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George Evans

George Evans may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * George "Honey Boy" Evans (1870–1915), American songwriter and entertainer
 * George Evans (bandleader) (1915–1993), English jazz bandleader, arranger and tenor saxophonist
 * George Evans (singer) (born 1963), Canadian-American jazz vocalist
 * George Evans, pseudonym of Frederick Schiller Faust (1892–1944), American author known as Max Brand
 * George Bird Evans (1906–1998), American author, artist and dog breeder
 * George Ewart Evans (1909–1988), Welsh-born schoolteacher, writer and folklorist
 * George Evans (cartoonist) (1920–2001), American comic book artist

Politics

 * George Evans (1655–1720), Anglo-Irish politician
 * George Evans, 1st Baron Carbery (c. 1680–1749), Anglo-Irish politician
 * George Evans, 2nd Baron Carbery (died 1759), British politician and Irish peer
 * George Evans, 3rd Baron Carbery (died 1783), Anglo-Irish peer
 * George Evans, 4th Baron Carbery (1766–1804), British politician
 * George Evans (American politician) (1797–1867), American congressman
 * George Evans (Australian politician) (1802–1868), politician in Victoria, Australia
 * George Henry Evans (1805–1855), American radical reformer
 * George Hampden Evans (died 1842), Irish politician
 * George S. Evans (1826–1883), Texas Ranger, miner, businessman and political official

Sports

 * Rosser Evans (George Rosser Evans, 1867–?), Wales international rugby union player
 * George Evans (rugby league) (1941–2015), Australian rugby league player
 * George Evans (footballer, born 1864) (1864–1947), English football player (Manchester United)
 * George Evans (footballer, born 1935) (1935–2000), Welsh football player
 * George Evans (footballer, born 1994), English football player
 * Chick Evans (coach) (1901–1976), American football, basketball, and baseball coach
 * George Evans (basketball) (born 1971), American basketball player
 * George Evans (cricketer) (1915–1965), Australian cricketer

Other

 * George Evans (antiquary) (1630–1702), English antiquary
 * George Evans (explorer) (1780–1852), Australian explorer
 * George Essex Evans (1863–1909), Australian journalist
 * George Evans (VC) (1876–1937), British Army officer
 * Sir George de Lacy Evans (1787–1870), British general
 * George Roche Evans (1922–1985), American Catholic bishop

title: George Evans


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Supercopa de España

The Supercopa de España (Supercopa d'Espanya), also known as the Spanish Super Cup, is a super cup tournament in Spanish football. Founded in 1982 as a two-team competition, the current version has been contested since 2020 by four teams: the winners and runners-up of the Copa del Rey and La Liga.

Until 1995, a team that won both the league and cup automatically got the trophy. From 1996 to 2019, if a team won both, they had to play the cup runners-up for the Supercopa. Since its inception, thirteen teams have participated in the tournament, and ten have been crowned champions.

Real Madrid is the current champion after defeating Barcelona in the 2024 edition held in Riyadh. Barcelona remains the most successful team with fourteen titles, followed by Real Madrid with thirteen. Athletic Club and Deportivo La Coruña each have three titles, with Deportivo notably winning every edition they have participated in. Lionel Messi is the competition's all-time top scorer and the most decorated player, with eight titles.

History
The current competition has existed since 1982. Between 1940 and 1953, several other tournaments between the Spanish league champions and the cup winners (then Copa del Generalísimo) were played.

In September 1940, a match with this format had the name of Copa de Campeones. It was not repeated until December 1945 when, due to the good relations with the Spanish military government the ambassador of Argentina, offered a trophy called Copa de Oro Argentina. Both these trophies were unofficial and were only played once.

In 1941 the Copa Presidente FEF was established as an official tournament founded and organized by the RFEF; however, it was also only contested once, and though 11 of the 12 matches in its mini-league format were played between April and May 1941, its last, decisive fixture was delayed until eventually taking place in September 1947.

Also in 1947, the Copa Eva Duarte was established as an annual and official tournament founded and organized by the RFEF, as a tribute to Argentine president Juan Domingo Perón and his wife María Eva Duarte de Perón. It was played between September and December, usually as one-match finals. The trophy was the predecessor of the current Supercopa de España, first held in 1982.

In 2018, the Supercopa was played for the first time as a single match hosted at a neutral venue.

On 12 November 2019, it was announced that the Supercopa would expand to four teams, the winners and runners-up of the Copa del Rey and La Liga, and would be held at King Abdullah Sports City in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia for the next three years, in a deal valued at €120 million. The event was also moved to January in order to reduce the "congestion" on teams' schedules. The agreement has faced criticism: Jesus Alvarez, head of sport programming for state broadcaster RTVE, stated that it would not bid for the media rights to the Supercopa, in protest of Saudi Arabia's human and women's rights records—especially in women's sports. Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional president Javier Tebas also criticized the decision, citing the human rights violations and the country's "pirating" of European football (in reference to pirate broadcaster beoutQ). In the past, Tebas had been a major advocate to hold the competition outside of Spain, and especially the United States, as part of his efforts to expand La Liga globally. RFEF president Luis Rubiales stated that women would be able to attend the matches without restriction, and defended the agreement as the use of football to "transform society".

Neither the Copa del Rey nor La Liga winners reached the Supercopa de España final in the first three editions of the four-team format. In June 2021, the extension of the agreement with Saudi Arabia for ten years was announced, to continue playing the tournament in the country until at least 2029.

Copa Eva Duarte
* In 1952 and 1953 the cup was awarded to Barcelona, as they had won the La Liga / Copa del Generalísimo double.

Two-team format
Except for the 1983, 1988 and 1992 tournaments, the first leg match was played at the cup winner's stadium.

All-time top goalscorers
Bold indicates active players in Spanish football.

Individual records

 * All-time top scorer: Lionel Messi (14 goals)
 * Most finals scored in: Lionel Messi (7)
 * Most consecutive finals scored in: Lionel Messi (4, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)
 * Most goals in a two-legged final (4):
 * Aritz Aduriz (2015)
 * Most goals in a single final game (3):
 * Francisco Higuera (1994)
 * Raúl (2001)
 * Frédéric Kanouté (2007)
 * Lionel Messi (2010)
 * Aritz Aduriz (2015)
 * Vinícius Júnior (2024)

title: Supercopa de España


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Yonsei University

Yonsei University is a Christian private university in Seoul, South Korea. It is part of the SKY universities.

The university was established in January 1957 through the union of Yonhi College (연희전문학교; 延禧專門學校) and Severance Union Medical College (세브란스 의과대학; 세브란스 醫科大學). This was a result of a lasting bilateral cooperation between the colleges that began in the 1920s. The institutions were the first of their kind in Korea. Yonhi College was one of the first modern colleges, founded as Chosun Christian College (조선기독교대학; 朝鮮基督教大學) in March 1915. Severance has its roots in the first modern medical center in Korea, Gwanghyewon (광혜원 廣惠院, House of Extended Grace), founded in April 1885. As a tribute, the name "Yonsei" was derived from the first syllables of the names of its two parent institutions, "Yon; 연; 延" from Yonhi College and "Sei; 세; 世" from Severance Union Medical College.

The student body consists of 26,731 undergraduate students, 11,994 graduate students, 4,518 faculty members, 6,788 staff, and 257,931 alumni. Yonsei operates its main campus in Seoul and offers graduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in Korean and English.

Beginnings (1885–1916)
The Yonsei University Medical School dates to April 10, 1885, when the first modern hospital to practice Western medicine in Korea, Gwanghyewon, was established.

The hospital was founded by Horace Newton Allen, the American Protestant missionary appointed to Korea by the Presbyterian Church in the USA. The hospital was renamed Chejungwon (제중원 濟衆院, House of Universal Helpfulness) on April 26. As there appeared difficulties, the church appointed Canadian Oliver R. Avison to run Chejungwon on July 16, 1893. Gwanghyewon was financed at first by the Korean government, while the medical staff was provided by the church. However, by 1894 when the First Sino-Japanese War and Gabo reforms (갑오개혁) took place, the government was not able to continue its financial support, thus management of Chejungwon came fully under the church. In 1899, Avison returned to the US and attended a conference of missionaries in New York City where he elaborated on the medical project in Korea. Louis Severance, a businessman and philanthropist from Cleveland, Ohio, was present and was deeply moved. He later paid for the major portion of the construction costs of new buildings for the medical facility. Chejungwon (제중원) was renamed Severance Hospital after him.

Chejungwon (later Severance Hospital) was primarily a hospital, but it also performed medical education as an attachment. The hospital admitted its first class of 16 medical students selected through examinations in 1886, one year after its establishment. By 1899, Chejungwon Medical School was independently recognized. Following the increase of diversity in missionary denominations in Korea, collaboration began to form. Chejungwon began to receive medical staff, school faculty, and financial support from the Union Council of Korean Missionaries (한국연합선교협의회; 韓國聯合宣敎協議會) in 1912. Accordingly, the medical school was renamed as Severance Union Medical College in 1913.

The rest of Yonsei University traces its origins to Chosun Christian College, which was founded on March 5, 1915, by an American Protestant missionary, Horace Grant Underwood sent by the church. Underwood became the first president, and Avison became the vice president. It was located at the YMCA. Courses began in April with 60 students and 18 faculty members.

Underwood died of illness on October 12, 1916, and Avison took over as president.

During World War I & II
On August 22, 1910, Japan annexed Korea with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910. The first Governor-General of Korea, Terauchi Masatake, introduced the Ordinance on Chosun Education (조선교육령; 朝鮮敎育令) in 1911, and subsequently Regulations on Professional Schools (전문학교 규칙) and Revised Regulations on Private Schools (개정사립학교 규칙) in March, 1915. These were intended to stifle private education in Korea; any establishment of schools, any change in school regulations, location, purpose, coursework, or textbooks must all be reported to and authorized by the governor-general, and all courses must be in Japanese.

Severance Union College struggled to meet these requirements; school regulations and coursework were altered, faculty evaluated and enlarged, its foundation and its board clarified. It received its recognition as a professional medical school on May 14, 1917. In 1922 the governor-general Makoto Saito issued Revised Ordinance on Chosun Education (개정조선교육령). It called for stricter qualifications for the faculty, and Severance reacted obediently and further recruited more members with degrees from accredited institutions in North America and Europe. Japan did not completely ignore the competence of this institution; in 1923, Severance recovered its right to give medical licenses to its graduates without state examination, a right that had been lost since 1912. Moreover, in March 1934, the Japanese Ministry of Education and Culture further recognized Severance in allowing its graduates the right to practice medicine anywhere in Japanese sovereignty.

Oh Geung Seon (오긍선; 吳兢善) became the first Korean president of Severance in 1934.

Ordinances in 1915 and 1922 also affected the fate of Chosun Christian College. Intended as a college, it was not legally recognized as such, since the Ordinance of 1915 did not allow the establishment of Korean private colleges. Hence, Chosun Christian College, now renamed Yonhi College, was accepted only as a "professional school" on April 17, 1917, then a joint project from diverse missionary denominations. However, Yonhi had formed the organization and faculty becoming a university. It consisted of six departments: humanities, agriculture, commerce, theology (this department did not open due to differences among the founding denominations), mathematics and physics, and applied chemistry. The ordinances, furthermore, prohibited coursework in Korean history, its geography, or in the Bible outside the department of theology. The council of missionaries reacted with A Resolution on the Revised Educational Ordinance (개정교육령에 관한 결의문) which carefully pointed out that Japan did not apply such rigorous absurdities to its private schools in mainland Japan.

After the March First Independence Movement swept the peninsula in 1919, Japan somewhat relaxed its grip on Korea, and this is reflected in the Ordinance of 1922. It ceased the arbitrary control of governor-general over the coursework and the qualification of faculty members, and altered its stance on strict separation of religion from all education. It also recognized Yonhi as a professional school equal to its counterparts in Japan, and permitted the Christian programs and the Bible in its coursework. Nevertheless, Japanese literature became mandatory. Under Japanese intervention, Korean history was taught under the name Eastern History, and the Korean language was taught whenever possible.

The Department of Agriculture was closed after 1922 when its first graduates left Yonhi. Efforts were made to revive this department, without much success. However, Yonhi installed a training center for agricultural leaders on campus, with impressive results.

Yonhi was liberal in its admission of non-Christians. Its policy was to admit non-Christians relatively freely and allow the majority of Christian students to gradually influence and assimilate them.

In the late 1930s, Japan again shifted its policy towards Korea to incorporate it into its scheme of expansionism. In August 1936, the new Japanese Governor-General Jirō Minami began the assimilation of Koreans, to exploit them for military purposes; The governor-general enforced Sōshi-kaimei and Shinto on Koreans, and began to recruit Koreans for Japanese war efforts. In April 1938, the third Ordinance on Chosun Education ordered the acceptance of Shinto, the voluntary removal of the Korean language in coursework, and further intensification of Japanese and Japanese history education. Yonhi Professional School did not follow suit and opened courses on the study of the Korean language in November 1938. This was not tolerated for long: In March 1940, Yonhi was forced to open courses in Japanese studies for each department and each year. In 1938, English classes began to come under pressure following a deterioration of relations between Japan and the United States; coursework in English was forbidden and texts of English writers were censored. In 1938, President H.H. Underwood accepted the practice of Shinto to avoid Yonhi's potential closure. Governors-General pushed Yonhi to refuse financial support from United States and financial difficulties mounted.

During the Korean War (1946–1952)
Severance was approved as a college by the liberated Korean government in 1947. Since most medical institutions in Korea were run by the Japanese, medical staff and faculty were in short supply after their departure. Thus, many members of Severance staff and faculty left to assist other institutions. Severance took up the role of student leadership and was outspoken against US-Soviet occupation. In 1950, during the outbreak of the Korean War, Severance functioned as a field hospital until Seoul was overrun. Severance fled quickly, but some faculty members and students were unable to leave in time; some were killed and others were captured then exploited by the advancing North Koreans. Severance seniors joined the military as army surgeons. Although Severance returned to Seoul for a while after its recapture, it had to flee again in December on a LST in Incheon.

When Severance arrived in Busan, its medical school joined the wartime college, a temporary body. Meanwhile, the Severance facility in Seoul received heavy damage, as it was in the center of the city near Seoul Station. Severance Hospital again returned on April 1, 1952, and its medical college on June 12, 1952.

The US military neglected the restitution of Yonhi and held other plans to use it as a military hospital or judiciary training center. With time, nevertheless, Yonhi came to be viewed as a missionary institution that was dispossessed by the governor-general.

Yonhi was able to open its doors again on January 21, 1946, and, on August 15, 1946, was recognized as a university. Baek Nak Jun became president. It was a period of transition, and Yonhi University faced obstacles including financial ones; after 1947, things settled down. At the time, Korea lacked teachers, and Yonhi was asked to provide education and training; the Temporary Training Center for Secondary School Teachers in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry (임시 수물화학과 중등교원양성소) was established. In December 1948, plans for the unification of Yonhi and Severance began to take form. The Graduate School was formed in July 1950.

At this point, all progress came to a halt due to the Korean War. The university suspended all courses on June 27 and recruited student soldiers. The North Korean military advanced into the Yonhi campus and established its headquarters there. This was a cause of severe damage to the campus when the US military recaptured Seoul in September. The university reopened following the recapture of Seoul, but it was once more on the run to Busan in December. In February 1951, Yonhi joined the wartime college; however, it kept an independent body and opened its own courses on October 3, 1951. On April 15, 1953, Yonhi began its work on restoration; Yonhi returned to its campus in the fall.

1953–1959
In 1957, Severance Medical College and Hospital and Yonhi University merged to form Yonsei University.

Reputation
Yonsei is one of Korea's three "SKY" universities, which are the most prestigious in the country, with the other members being Seoul National University and Korea University. Admission of these "SKY" universities is extremely competitive. Acceptance rate of Yonsei University in early admission(수시) is below 1%. In general, exhibiting 0.5% of academic achievement (Korean SAT) is needed to apply for Yonsei regular admission(정시). Inside Korea, admission to a SKY university is widely considered as a determination of one's career and social status.

World rankings
Yonsei ranked 56th in QS World University Rankings 2025, and 1st among private universities (8th overall) in QS Asia University Rankings 2024. Yonsei also ranked 78th in THE World University Rankings 2023, and 1st among private universities in Asia. In THE World University Rankings by Subjects, Yonsei ranked 1st among Korean Universities in four subjects: Business & Economics, Social Sciences, Clinical & Health, and Psychology. In 2016, Yonsei University was ranked 105th overall, 24th in Social Policy and Administration, 12th in Modern Languages and 51–100 in economics by QS World University Rankings. It was ranked 104th worldwide and second in the nation by Center for World University Rankings in 2017 and in 2018 Academic Ranking of World Universities placed Yonsei University at the 20th position in Asia/Pacific region and third in South Korea. Yonsei was ranked 96th in the world according to an SCI paper published in 2007.

Yonsei is one of four Korean universities ranked in all three ARWU World University Ranking, QS World University Rankings, and The Times World University Ranking in 2010–13, along with Seoul National University, KAIST, and POSTECH). Yonsei University was ranked 16th in Asia in 2012 and continues to rise rapidly in global rank: 112 in the world in 2012; 129 in 2011; 142 in 2010; 151 in 2009; 203 in 2008; and ranked globally 236 in 2007 by QS World University Rankings. Yonsei was ranked the first Korean university to be in the Economists 2011 Top 100 Full-time MBAs (#76); US News, 2011 World's Best Universities: Asia #18; and UK Financial Times 2011 Top 100 EMBA (#57).

Yonsei University was ranked 36th in Reuters' "The world's most innovative university", which was announced in September 2015.

Undergraduate

 * College of Liberal Arts
 * College of Commerce and Economics
 * School of Business
 * College of Science
 * College of Engineering
 * College of Life Science and Biotechnology
 * College of Computing
 * College of Theology
 * College of Social Sciences
 * College of Music
 * College of Human Ecology
 * College of Science in Education
 * University College
 * Underwood International College
 * College of Medicine
 * College of Dentistry
 * College of Nursing
 * College of Pharmacy
 * Global Leaders College

Postgraduate

 * Graduate School (Sinchon/International Campuses)
 * United Graduate School of Theology
 * Graduate School of International Studies
 * Graduate School of Information
 * Graduate School of Communication and Arts
 * Graduate School of Social Welfare
 * Graduate School of Business Administration
 * Graduate School of Education
 * Graduate School of Public Administration
 * Graduate School of Engineering
 * Graduate School of Journalism and Mass Communication
 * Graduate School of Law
 * Graduate School of Human Environmental Sciences
 * Graduate School of Economics
 * Law School
 * Graduate School of Health and Environment

Severance Hospital divisions

 * Severance Hospital (Sinchon)
 * Gangnam Severance Hospital
 * Yongin Severance Hospital
 * Songdo Severance Hospital (under construction)

Notable international programs
Yonsei International Summer School (YISS), usually held from late June to early August, started in 1985, and it has grown to over 2,000 students from over 30 countries.
 * Yonsei International Summer School

Winter Abroad at Yonsei (WAY) is a relatively new program, started 2013. The winter program is a 3-week program which runs from late December to early January.
 * Winter Abroad at Yonsei

Yonsei University's Exchange/Visiting Student Programs offer opportunities to students who plan to study for a year or a semester in Korea.
 * Study Abroad at Yonsei

University symbols
The "ㅇ" and "ㅅ" in the University arms are derived from the first letters of "연세" ("Yonsei" in Korean).The circle "ㅇ" represents the ideal of a complete and well-rounded person, while the "ㅅ" symbolizes the upward-looking pursuit for scholarly excellence. In addition, the "ㅇ" stands for Heaven; the "-" represents the horizon of the Earth and "ㅅ" signifies "man," as expressed in the Chinese character (人). The open book stands for truth; the torchlight signifies freedom; and the arms, as a whole, protects these two core principles of the university.

The university's mascot is an eagle, and its color is "royal blue".

Christianity
Yonsei University is founded on Christian principles and purporting to "produce Christian leaders with the spirits of freedom and truth". The Christian character of the university is well illustrated by its history as a school founded by American Protestant missionaries and by its school motto from the Bible, "The truth will set you free" (John 8:32). As of 2007, the Board of directors of Yonsei University should include a member from four Korean Christian organizations: The Presbyterian Church of Korea (대한예수교장로회), the Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea (한국기독교장로회), the Korean Methodist Church (기독교대한감리회), and the Anglican Church of Korea (대한성공회). In Korea and Japan, Christian schools founded by Christian organizations or individuals, especially by Western missionaries, such as Yonsei University, are commonly called mission schools.

A school's founding ideology and a student's freedom of religion has been debated in South Korean society for some time. As of 2009, a student does not have to be an active Christian to be admitted to Yonsei University.

In 2010, Yonsei University entered an agreement with The United Methodist Church, in which the university will serve as the regional office for the Methodist Global Education Fund for Leadership Development.

Student life
A large number of Yonsei degree programs, including UIC, ASD, and GSIS (in Seoul and YIC) have extensive tuition scholarships for international students that cover tuition and accommodation.

Akaraka is the official college festival for Yonsei students that is usually held on May. During the festival, many prominent singers and celebrities perform.

It is strictly forbidden by the university code of conduct to discriminate against students from non-Christian backgrounds, yet as a missionary school, Yonsei undergraduates are required to attend weekly chapel service for four semesters to qualify for graduation.

Clubs
There are more than 100 clubs at Yonsei University; the clubs listed here do not represent all clubs on campus.
 * AFKN Listener's Club (ALC) is one of the largest and oldest Major Korean-International exchange student clubs in Yonsei University. Having the biggest club room in Yonsei, students in ALC play dramas and various activities with foreign students. The club is also famous for its featuring at Reply 1994: The club room characters spend their time is ALC's.
 * Avenante is the only mixed choir in Yonsei University, composed of both music and non-music majors. Concerts are given twice a year. The club practices songs in many genres, from Missa Solemnis to pop songs to traditional Korean songs.
 * Business Innovation Track (BIT) is a track aiming to foster innovative young generation regardless of the field they are studying.
 * CogSci:In is a society studying cognitive science. There are four teams such as psychology, humanities and social science, applied science and neurobiology in CogSci:In. Each semester, two topics related to cognitive science are presented and each team makes a presentation every week about the topics. Members of CogSci:IN can get an integrated and in-depth understanding of each topic.
 * The Global Management Track (GMT) is officially supported by the School of Business to systemically discover and train talented business major students. Founded in 1996, with the goal of globalization and a motto of passion, it has addressed many diverse topics worldwide and has increased the business competency of each of its individual members.
 * International Yonsei Community (IYC) was founded in 1995 for global, multicultural exchange in the Yonsei society, including among the hundreds of students on campus from around the world. It upholds a universal idea of contributing to the worldwide foundation of wisdom and knowledge; overcoming cultural, racial and academic gaps; and promoting unity based on deep understanding.
 * Junior Scholar Club (JSC) is an academic club founded in 1999 that aims to prepare students for academic and research-related careers. JSC consists of business, economics, and humanities & social science chapters for sophomores and above, and a preparatory chapter for freshmen students.
 * The Yonsei Annals is the official English press of Yonsei University, founded in 1962. It is one of the top-rated English university monthly magazines in Korea and is run entirely by Yonsei University undergraduates. Many Annals alumni have gone on to careers in journalism, broadcasting, and politics. Annals alumnae and alumni include among others former Minister of Foreign Affairs Kang Kyung-wha, former KBS News 9 main anchor Min Kyung-wook, and Dr. Sunkyo Kwon, editor of the world's most authoritative volumes on Gero(n)technology. Currently, the Annals publishes an issue every month. Each includes one or more column from the five divisions: Campus Reporting Division, Current Affairs, Photo, and Culture. The Annals is a nonprofit organization that is funded by the university. All decisions on content and day-to-day operations are made by the editorial board composed of the editor-in-chief and the editors of each divisions. There have been some occasions when guest editors were brought in to help develop the magazine.
 * Yonsei Financial Leaders (YFL) is one of the largest and oldest finance clubs in Yonsei University, founded in 1998. It has a focus on fixed income, corporation valuation and derivatives. To date in Oct 2022, more than 500 alumni from YFL work in fields within finance including, and not limited to, investment banking, sales and trading, private equity, real estate, research, infrastructure.
 * Yonsei European Studies (YES). Initially organized by honorary editor-in-chief Siyoung Choi (Department of Law, Class of 08) under the name of Yonsei European Society or EU society in May 2011, the Yonsei European Studies Editorial Board publishes the South Korea's only and oldest ISSN-registered bilingual (Korean/English) undergraduate journal Yonsei European Studies or YES (ISSN 2287-450X). Since its first issue in August 2012, YES, featuring research papers on European and international affairs, has been delivered biannually to the National Library of Korea, Korea National Assembly Library, Yonsei University Library and highly selective libraries of US/UK universities and institutions.

Athletics
Yonsei University is a member of the Korea University Sports Federation (KUSF) and its men's football/soccer, men's basketball, baseball and men's ice hockey teams participate in the KUSF U-League. Its mascot is the eagle and its student-athletes are thus informally known as "Eagles".

Rivalry with Korea University
Each claiming to be the best private university in South Korea, Yonsei University and Korea University have had a long-standing athletic rivalry. The rivalry is well-illustrated by famous annual sports matches between them. This event, starting in 1925, is called KoYon Jeon (고연전; 高延戰) when Yonsei University hosts the matches and YonKo Jeon (연고전; 延高戰) when Korea University hosts the matches. However, the above official name is actually used only for official appearances such as broadcasting and newspaper reports. 'YonKo Jeon' is commonly used in Yonsei University and 'KoYon Jeon' is generally used in Korea University. The annual one-time matches include soccer, baseball, basketball, rugby, and ice hockey. With the founding of the U-League, the two institutions also meet in the league matches for all sports except rugby.

Many students in each university come to this event to cheer for their teams. Such the importance of athletic match-ups between the two universities in university culture that celebrities and professional athletes who are alumni have been spotted attending matches or referencing it in interviews. Prior to the YonKo Jeon, students from both universities also gather for the Yonsei-Korea University Joint Cheering Event (합동응원전) where students practice their cheers and show school spirit.

Until 2012, Yonsei recorded 18 winning seasons, 8 draws, and 16 losses. In 2012, out of the five sports, Yonsei University lost three (baseball, basketball, soccer) and won two (ice hockey, rugby). In 2017, Yonsei university won all five games. In 2018, Yonsei university won three games (rugby, soccer and basketball) and lost one (ice hockey). Baseball was cancelled due to the rain. In 2020, all sports matches were cancelled due to the COVID-19 outbreak.

Campuses
Yonsei University Seoul Campus is composed of Sinchon Campus and International Campus in Songdo, Incheon. From 2011, Yonsei University adopted a Residential College (RC) Program at the Yonsei International Campus (YIC). Most freshmen of Yonsei University are required to live in an International Campus dormitory and complete RC programs for a year. After that, they move on to the Sinchon campus in Seoul to complete their education.

Sinchon Campus
Yonsei's Sinchon Campus covers 250 acre located about 6 km off west of central Seoul. The Sinchon Campus is home to most of the academic departments of Yonsei University, and presents a beautiful combination of historical and high-tech buildings.

Yonsei International Campus (Songdo, Incheon)
Based on the May 8, 2006 agreement between the city of Incheon and Yonsei University, the Yonsei Songdo Global Academic Complex (now the Yonsei International Campus) is an anchor of the R&D aspect for the Songdo district and the Korean education and research industries. Construction was in two phases with the first phase including the Global Campus, Joint University Campus, R&D Campus, and the Global Academic Village. Phase one was completed in 2010 and phase two began the next year in 2011 with further expansion.

Currently, most freshmen of Yonsei University stay at the International Campus for one year to complete their RC program requirements. In addition to freshmen education, a number of academic programs are offered at the Yonsei International Campus, including undergrad and graduate programs offered from the School of Integrated Technology (College of Computing), College of Pharmacy, Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences Division (Underwood International College), Integrated Science and Engineering Division (Underwood International College).

The dormitory of the International Campus is composed of 12 houses. Until 2013, there were eight houses: Avison, Yun Dong-Joo, Muak, Yoongjae, Underwood, Baek Yang, Appenzeller (previously Aristotle), and Allen. In 2014, four more houses were founded: Evergreen, Wonchul, Chi Won, and Cheongsong.
 * Evergreen House
 * Wonchul House: Named after Lee Wonchul, alumnus of Yonsei University and first Korean medical doctor.
 * Underwood House: Named after Horace Grant Underwood, the founder of Yonsei University.
 * Yun, Dong-Joo House: Named after a famous poet, Yun Dong-Joo, a Yonsei University alumnus.
 * Muak House: Named after the mountain near the Sinchon campus.
 * Chi Won House: Chi Won is the name of the oldest building in Yonsei University (built in 1918).
 * Yongjae House: Named after the first president of Yonsei University, Yongjae Baek Nak-jun.
 * Avison House: Oliver R. Avison was a missionary who was the first to spread western medical knowledge in Korea and the founder of Severance Hospital.
 * Baek Yang House: Named after the main street of the Sinchon campus (Baek Yang Ro)
 * Cheongsong House: Cheongsong is the name of a forest at the Sinchon campus.
 * Allen International House: Horace N. Allen is a medical missionary and founded Gwanghyewon, the first western-style hospital in Korea.
 * Appenzeller International House: Formerly named after the philosopher Aristotle, it is now named Appenzeller International House.

Business

 * Koo Bon-moo (구본무): Former Chairman of LG Group
 * Kim Woo-jung (김우중): Founder and CEO of Daewoo Group
 * Baek Jong-won (백종원): CEO of The Born Group
 * Suh Kyung-bae (서경배): Chairman of Taepyeongyang Corporation
 * Song Ja (송자): Former President of Yonsei University and current CEO of Daekyo
 * Chung Mong-hun (정몽헌): Former Chairman of Hyundai Group
 * Lee Boo-jin (이부진): President and chief executive of Hotel Shilla (Samsung Group)
 * Sang-Beom Han (한상범): CEO of LG Display
 * Jung Suk Koh (고정석): CEO of Samsung C&T Corporation, a Fortune 500 company

Literature and arts

 * Yun Dong-ju (윤동주): Poet and Korean independence movement activist
 * Gi Hyeong-do (기형도): Poet
 * Stephen Revere: Magazine editor and television personality
 * Eun Hee-kyung (은희경): Novelist
 * Kim Yoo-jung (김유정): Novelist
 * Jang Cheol-mun (장철문): Poet
 * Han Kang (한강): Novelist. The author of The Vegetarian, which won the 2016 Man Booker International Prize.

 * Choi In-ho (최인호): Writer
 * Yun Humyong (윤후명): Novelist and poet
 * Gong Ji-young (공지영): Novelist
 * Choi Jae-hoon (최제훈): Writer
 * Park Hyun-wook (박현욱): Writer
 * Heo Yeon (허연): Poet

Politics, government, and public service

 * Han Seung-soo (한승수): Former President of 56th United Nations General Assembly and Prime Minister of South Korea
 * Kang Kyung-wha (강경화): Foreign Minister of South Korea
 * Sydney A. Seiler: The Special Envoy for the Six-Party Talks. Seiler coordinates U.S. efforts on denuclearization of North Korea through the Six-Party Talks framework and leads day-to-day engagement with Six-Party partners.

Academics

 * T. K. Seung: Philosopher and the Jesse H. Jones Professor in Liberal Arts, at the University of Texas at Austin
 * Dean L. Hubbard: President of Northwest Missouri State University
 * Suh Jin-suck (서진석): Medical professor
 * Jeong Han Kim (김정한): Mathematician, recipient of the 1997 Fulkerson Prize
 * Sunkyo Kwon: Creator of the leading sources on gerontechnology
 * Yong Pil Rhee (이용필): Political systems scientist
 * Sung-Mo Kang (강성모): President, KAIST
 * Eui-Cheol Shin (신의철): Immunologist, medical researcher and academic
 * Marvin Chun: Dean of Yale College

Sports

 * Lee, Sung-gu (이성구) 1911-2002: "Father of Korean basketball", Olympian (1936 Berlin Olympics, basketball), posthumous recipient of the Yonsei University Award for Excellence (2017)
 * Huh Jung-moo (허정무): Former soccer player and former head coach of Korean National Soccer team
 * Jiyai Shin (신지애): Professional Golfer: 2007 KPGA Golfer of the Year and 2009 LPGA Tour money leader
 * Chun Lee-kyung (전이경): Four-time Olympic Gold Medalist in Short Track Skating & Member of the International Olympic Committee Athletes' Commission
 * Choi Dong-won (최동원): Former baseball pitcher of Lotte Giants
 * Lee Sang-min (이상민): Basketball player of Seoul Samsung Thunders
 * Lee Yu-bin (이유빈): South Korean short track speed skater
 * Kim Yong-dae (김용대): Soccer goalkeeper of FC Seoul
 * Park Chul-soon (박철순): Former baseball pitcher of Doosan Bears
 * Chang Woe-ryong (장외룡): Soccer manager of Omiya Ardija
 * Ryu So-yeon (유소연): Professional golfer, winner of 2011 U.S. Women's Open
 * Son Yeon-jae (손연재): First Korean rhythmic gymnast to win gold in the World Cup series ( at the 2014 Lisbon World Cup ) / fifth place in Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around
 * Choi Min-jeong (최민정): South Korean short track speed skater who won a gold medal at PyeongChang 2018 Olympics
 * Seo Jang Hoon (서장훈): Basketball player
 * Shin Dong-pa (신동파): Basketball player, was on the team that won the 1969 ABC Championship and the top scorer at the 1970 FIBA World Championship
 * Heo Ung (허웅): Basketball player of Wonju DB Promy
 * Heo Hoon (허훈): Basketball player of Suwon KT Sonicboom
 * Kim Min-jae (김민재): Soccer Defender of Bayern Munich

 * Hwang Ui-jo (황의조): Footballer who plays as an attacker for Norwich City

Entertainment

 * Ahn Jae-wook (안재욱): Actor
 * Ahn Ji-hyun (안지현): Actress
 * Ahn Nae-sang (안내상): Actor
 * Bae Chang-ho (배창호): Director
 * (배다해): Singer
 * Bong Joon-ho (봉준호): Academy-award-winning director
 * Choi Song-hyun (최송현): Actress
 * Go Joo-won (고주원): Actor
 * Han Jae-suk (한상우): Actor
 * Han Jin-hee (한진희): Actor
 * Choi Soo-jin (최수진) or Horan: Singer (Clazziquai and Ibadi), radio DJ, and author
 * Hur Jin-ho (허진호): Director
 * Im Sang-soo (임상수): Director
 * Jun Hyun-moo (전현무): Former KBS announcer; television host
 * Kim Dong-ryool (김동률): Singer-songwriter (Exhibition)
 * Kim Sung-kyung (김성경): Actress
 * Kim Yong-gun (김용건): Actor
 * Lee Ah-hyun (이아현): Actress
 * Lee Sung-gang (이성강): Director
 * Luhan (루한): Actor, singer
 * Na Woon-gyu (나운규): Actor, screenwriter and director
 * Na Young-seok (나영석): Producer, director
 * Nam Hye-seung (남혜승): Musical director and composer
 * Oh Sang-jin (오상진): News anchor and actor
 * Park Gyu-young (박규영): Actress
 * Park Heung-sik (박흥식): Movie director
 * Park Jin-hee (박진희): Actress
 * Park Jin-young (박진영) : Singer, actor, producer, founder of JYP Entertainment
 * Park Romi (박로미): Singer and actress
 * Park Sae-byul (박새별): Singer
 * Shin Hyun-joon (신현준): Actor and professor
 * Song Ok-sook (송옥숙): Actress
 * Woo Hyun (우현): Actor
 * Yoo Yoonjin (유윤진): Twitch Streamer known as Jinnytty
 * Yoon Jong-shin (윤종신): Singer-songwriter and host

title: Yonsei University


text:
User:Shard

(Welcome to the story of a paranoid pyromaniac)

...............

««Interests...»»

»»I'm a long-time anime fan. I'm not one of those annoying idiots that pretends to like every single show and only non-mainstream stuff. I like a combination of mainstream and obscure titles. My personal favourites are Yuu Yuu Hakusho, Inuyasha, Neon Genesis Evangelion, and...well, I guess I should stop. I find it annoying when people make a huuuuge list of favourites. I like some others, too, though...so ask or something.

»»I love video games too. I have many a CD tower filled with them ^^;; (which also explains why I rarely have money). My favourites are Guilty Gear X-2, the Oddworld series, DDRMAX, Tetris, most of the Kirby games...well...odds are, if it exists, I've heard of it, and probably played at some point ^_^;;

»»Some of my other nerdy hobbies are drawing and writing. I draw a lot of weird sci-fi/fantasy art (realism), but I also draw (manga-style) characters a lot, too. I'm currently working on a novel, but I don't think I'll be done anytime soon...

»»Some of my other nerdy hobbies are drawing and writing. I draw a lot of weird sci-fi/fantasy art (realism), but I also draw (manga-style) characters a lot, too. I'm currently working on a novel, but I don't think I'll be done anytime soon...

»»Movies are another of my obsessions. I like a lot of unique movies, like Spirited Away, Big Fish, and Mononoke-hime, but I adore comedies and like a good horror movie now and then.

»»If you haven't already figured it out, I'm very open minded, and I like many different genres of music. My favourites are rock and metal (if it doesn't sound like throwing up like some does...). But I like tons of different songs. There are too many bands I like to list them all... my two long-time favourites are Disturbed and Shinedown.

»»I really need to get my ellipses under control...seriously...i use them all the time without even thinking...*looks back ¬¬* see?!? SEE?!?!

title: User:Shard


text:
Russell A. Alger

Russell Alexander Alger (February 27, 1836 – January 24, 1907) was an American politician and businessman. He served as the 20th governor of Michigan, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Secretary of War. Alger's life was a "rags-to-riches" success tale. He became an army officer, financier, lumber baron, railroad owner, and government official in several high offices. He was supposedly a distant relation of author Horatio Alger.

Early life and career

Russell Alexander Alger was born on February 27, 1836, in Lafayette Township, Medina County, Ohio. His parents were Russell and Caroline Alger (née Moulton). Hailing from a New England family, his ancestors came from England to Massachusetts in 1759.

His parents died in 1848, leaving Russell the oldest of three orphan children, without money and with a brother and sister to care for and support. He had been accustomed to working for the neighbors for a small quantity of provisions or a few pennies a day even before the death of his parents, who were very poor.

He now found homes for his brother and sister and secured work for himself on a farm, his remuneration being his board, clothes and the privilege of attending school three months out of the year. He attended Richfield Academy in Summit County, Ohio, and taught country school for two winters.

He studied law in Akron, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in March 1859. He first began to practice law in Cleveland. In 1860, he moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, and engaged in the lumber business.

Civil War
Alger enlisted as a private soldier in the American Civil War on September 2, 1861. He was commissioned and served as a captain and major in the 2nd Michigan Cavalry Regiment. In three years, he served in 66 different battles and skirmishes.

On July 1, 1862, at the Battle of Booneville, Alger attacked the enemy's rear with ninety men. He was wounded and taken prisoner, but escaped the same day. The Confederate forces were soundly defeated.

On October 16, he was made lieutenant colonel of the 6th Michigan Cavalry.

On February 28, 1863, he was promoted to colonel of the 5th Michigan Cavalry. His command was the first to enter Gettysburg on June 28. Alger was personally mentioned in the report of General George Armstrong Custer on cavalry operations there.

Alger was considered a military strategist and surveyed Union supplies with President Lincoln.

Alger participated in General Sheridan's Valley Campaigns of 1864 in Virginia. On June 11, 1864, at Trevilian Station, he captured a large force of Confederates with a brilliant cavalry charge.

On July 8, 1864, Alger was severely wounded pursuing the enemy at Boonesborough, Maryland.

Alger resigned from the army on September 20, 1864. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Alger for the award of the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from June 11, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 12, 1866. On February 28, 1867, President Johnson nominated Alger for the award of the grade of brevet major general of volunteers to rank from June 11, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 2, 1867.

In 1868, he was elected the first commander of the Michigan department of the Grand Army of the Republic. In 1889, he became the Grand Army's National Commander-in-Chief. He was also a member of the Michigan Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Lumber baron
After the Civil War, Alger settled in Detroit as head of Alger, Smith & Company and the Manistique Lumbering Company. His holdings included a great pine forest on Lake Huron covering over 100 sqmi and producing more than 75000000 board feet of lumber per annum.

In order to transport the lumber, Alger led his company to create the Detroit, Bay City and Alpena Railroad, of which Alger served as president.

After clear cutting forests in the lower peninsula, his lumber companies acquired land in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan including Kingston Plains, just south of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. These bleak stump plains have resisted 90 years of reforestation efforts. Alger made a fortune logging the area which he used to propel himself to governor of Michigan.

At the turn of the 20th century, he and Florida landowner Martin Sullivan established the Alger-Sullivan Lumber Company, which milled lumber in Foshee, Alabama and Century, Florida.

Political activism
Alger was active in politics as a Republican. In 1866, he was a delegate to the party's Wayne County convention and its state convention. In the late 1860s, Alger was a leader of the Boys in Blue, an organization of Union veterans formed to support Republican Party policies and candidates. In October 1872, Alger was a vice president of the committee that organized a Republican campaign event which featured a speech by James G. Blaine, then serving as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

In June 1876, Alger was a vice president of the committee which sponsored a Republican rally in Detroit that began that year's presidential campaign. In early October 1876, Alger was a vice president of the committee that organized a mass Republican rally in Detroit which featured a speech by former governor Edward Follansbee Noyes of Ohio. In late October 1876, he was one of the vice presidents of the committee that organized a Republican rally in Detroit which included a keynote address by U.S. Senator James G. Blaine of Maine.

In early June 1880, Alger was a delegate to a mass interstate meeting of Union veterans which met in Chicago to devise a plan for supporting Republican candidates in that year's elections. In mid-June, he presided over the Republican meeting in Detroit which was organized to ratify the results of the 1880 Republican National Convention, which had been held earlier in the month.

Governor of Michigan
In 1884, Alger was elected Governor of Michigan and served from January 1, 1885, to January 1, 1887. Highlights of his term included creation of the state board of pardons, the founding of a veterans home in Grand Rapids, the creation of two new counties (Alger and Iron), and establishment of the Michigan College of Mines. Alger declined renomination in 1886.

Alger's name was placed in nomination for president at the 1888 Republican National Convention. He rose in balloting to 142 votes, with 416 necessary to win, but Benjamin Harrison ultimately obtained the nomination and went on to win the general election. After the election, Alger served as a presidential elector for Harrison.

Secretary of War
On March 5, 1897, Alger was appointed Secretary of War in the Cabinet of U.S. President William McKinley.

As Secretary, Alger recommended pay increases for military personnel serving at foreign embassies and legations, legislation to authorize a Second Assistant Secretary of War, and a constabulary force for Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

He was criticized for the inadequate preparation and inefficient operation of the department during the Spanish–American War, especially for his appointment of William R. Shafter as leader of the Cuban expedition and the United States Army beef scandal, in which poor-quality canned beef was supplied to the Army. "Algerism" became an epithet to describe the claimed incompetence of the Army, especially as compared to the more stellar performance of the Navy.

Alger resigned at President McKinley's request on August 1, 1899. He published a personal history of the war titled The Spanish–American War in 1901.

Vendetta against John S. Mosby
John Singleton Mosby accused Alger of pursuing a vendetta against him during Alger's tenure as War Secretary. Mosby had been a Confederate partisan during the Civil War. Afterwards, he became a Republican and supported the presidential candidacies of Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes. In 1878, Hayes appointed Mosby as U.S. Consul in Hong Kong, where Mosby served until 1885.

Mosby supported William McKinley for president in 1896, and was assured by members of Congress close to McKinley that he could expect appointment to a consulship in Asia or South America. When no appointment was forthcoming, Mosby concluded that Alger was blocking his return to the consular service and claimed that Alger was pursuing a vendetta. According to Mosby, this was because during the war Mosby had ordered the execution of soldiers under Alger's command who were accused of looting and destroying the property of supporters of the Confederacy in 1864. Historians and authors have concluded that it is more probable that the official preventing Mosby from receiving an appointment under McKinley was Secretary of State John Sherman. When Mosby began serving in Hong Kong, he concluded that his predecessor, David H. Bailey, had been involved in embezzlement and fraud. Bailey was forced to resign as U.S. Consul in Shanghai. Bailey was from Sherman's home state of Ohio, and Sherman had authority over diplomatic appointments, so Sherman is more likely than Alger to have taken revenge on Mosby.

U.S. Senator
On September 27, 1902, Alger was appointed by Michigan Governor Aaron T. Bliss to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James McMillan. He was elected to the seat by the Michigan State Legislature in January 1903.

Alger was chairman of the Senate Committee on Pacific Railroads during the 59th Congress.

Personal life
Alger was the founder of a prominent family, many of whom became involved in 20th century Michigan politics and active in the Republican Party.

The Algers had a home in Black River, Alcona Township, Michigan, from which Alger oversaw his lumbering operations.

On April 2, 1861, he married Annette Huldana Squire Henry of Grand Rapids. They had six children; Henrietta, Caroline, Frances, Russell Jr., Frederick, and Allan.

Frederick graduated from Harvard in 1899, served as a lieutenant colonel with the American Expeditionary Force in France during the First World War, and was awarded the French Legion of Honor.

Russell Jr. was instrumental in persuading the Packard Motor Car Company to move to Michigan from Ohio. He built a palatial Italian Renaissance style estate, "The Moorings," in Grosse Pointe. It was donated in 1949 and became the Grosse Pointe War Memorial.

Death
He died in Washington, D.C., in 1907. He is interred in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit, Michigan.

Legacy
In a memorial address, Senator John Spooner of Wisconsin said of Alger, "No man without noble purpose, well-justified ambitions, strong fiber, and splendid qualities in abundance could have carved out and left behind him such a career."

An early movie entitled General Wheeler and Secretary of War Alger at Camp Wikoff documents an official visit to Camp Wikoff, New York as Secretary of War. The visit and film were produced to garner support from the New York newspapers.

In May 1898, the War Department established Camp Russell A. Alger on a farm near Falls Church and Dunn Loring, Virginia. Faced with a typhoid fever epidemic, it was abandoned the month at the war's end in August 1898 and sold the following month. In its brief existence, 23,000 men trained there for service. It is commemorated by an official Virginia historical marker.

Named for Alger

 * Alger, Michigan (1882)
 * Alger County, Michigan (1885)
 * Russell A. Alger Street and Alger Street in Black River, Michigan
 * Alger Street in Lincoln, Michigan
 * Alger Heights, a neighborhood of Grand Rapids, Michigan
 * A United States Liberty ship named the SS Russell A. Alger was planned but cancelled in 1942 before construction.

Monuments
In 1909, a monument to Alger was erected on the William G. Mather Building in Munising, Michigan. It consists of a bronze bust of Alger on a stone pedestal, and was sculpted by Detroit sculptor Carlo Romanelli with funds provided by the heirs of Alger and by the Board of Education of the Munising Township Schools.

In 1921, a memorial fountain was dedicated to Alger in Grand Circus Park, Detroit by sculptor Daniel Chester French and architect Henry Bacon.

title: Russell A. Alger


text:
Youssouf Ouédraogo

Youssouf Ouédraogo (25 December 1952 – 18 November 2017) was a Burkinabé politician. In 1992 he became the first Prime Minister of Burkina Faso since 1983, serving from 16 June 1992 to 22 March 1994. Ouédraogo, a member of the ruling Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), later served as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from January 1999 to June 2007.

Biography
Ouédraogo was born in Tikaré, in Bam Province. Under Thomas Sankara, Ouédraogo was appointed to the government as Minister of Planning and Popular Development on 31 August 1984, remaining in that position for three years. Shortly after Sankara was assassinated in October 1987, Ouédraogo became Minister for the Plan and Cooperation under Blaise Compaoré. He left that position on 25 April 1989 and became President of the Economic and Social Council, in which position he served until he was elected to the National Assembly as a deputy from Bam  in the May 1992 parliamentary election. He was appointed as Prime Minister by Compaoré on 16 June 1992.

The CFA franc was devaluated in January 1994, and this was followed by controversy. Ouédraogo signed an agreement with trade unions to raise salaries on 12 March 1994, but the agreement fell through and Ouédraogo resigned a few days later. He then served as Ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and the European Union before being appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in January 1999.

Ouédraogo was elected to the National Assembly again in the 2007 parliamentary election as a candidate of the CDP from Bam Province. In the government of Prime Minister Tertius Zongo, which was appointed on 10 June 2007, he was replaced as Foreign Minister by Djibrill Bassolé. He subsequently became Special Adviser to the President of the African Development Bank.

Political career
He obtained a degree in marketing at the Universities of Dijon, Clermont-Ferrand and Lyon III (France). He taught at the University of Ouagadougou from 1982.

Under Thomas Sankara (President of Burkina Faso from 1983 to 1987), Ouédraogo was appointed to the government as Minister of Planning and Popular Development on 31 August 1984, remaining in that position for three years. Shortly after Sankara was assassinated in October 1987, Ouédraogo became Minister for the Plan and Cooperation under Blaise Compaoré. He left that position on 25 April 1989 and became President of the Economic and Social Council, in which position he served until he was elected to the National Assembly as a deputy from Bam in the May 1992 parliamentary election. He was appointed as Prime Minister by Compaoré on 16 June 1992.

He promoted reforms favorable to the private sector. He entered into negotiations with the IMF and the World Bank to reach agreements on structural adjustment. The CFA franc was devaluated in January 1994, and this was followed by controversy. Ouédraogo signed an agreement with trade unions to raise salaries on 12 March 1994, but the agreement fell through and Ouédraogo resigned a few days later.

Diplomacy
He also had a diplomatic career, serving as an Ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and the European Union before being appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in January 1999.

Chairman of the African Group of Ambassadors Committee – Caribbean – Pacific (ACP), he is one of the main negotiators in front of the European Commission at the renewal of the Fourth Geneva Convention governing the ACP-EU Partnership for the period 1995–1999.

Recalled to Burkina Faso in January 1999, he was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs, a post he held until 2007.

He represented Africa at the launch in March 1999 of the US – Africa Partnership for 21st century, with President Bill Clinton. At this time the Burkina Faso held the presidency of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). He strongly supported the preferential agreement proposed by the United States to promote trade relations with Africa (AGOA) and the creation of the Millennium Challenge Corporation. He also organized Burkina second ministerial meeting implementation of the Africa – European Union (2002), and the tenth Francophonie Summit (2004).

Ouédraogo was elected to the National Assembly again in the 2007 parliamentary election as a candidate of the CDP from Bam Province. In the government of Prime Minister Tertius Zongo, which was appointed on 10 June 2007, he was replaced as Foreign Minister by Djibrill Bassolé.

International organisations
In September 2007, he became Special Adviser to the President of the African Development Bank. He was in charge of political and diplomatic issues. He was appointed to that position to deepen and/or expand the partnership between the Bank and its Member States, Regional Economic Communities and international institutions. He also defended a stronger partnership between the Maghreb and Sub-Saharan Africa.

In 2016, he was elected associated member of the Royal Academies for Science and Arts of Belgium. His induction took place on 28 May during an official ceremony at the Academy Palace of Belgium where he held a speech on behalf of all new members.

Death
Ouédraogo died on 18 November 2017 at the age of 64.

Decorations

 * Silver Medal (today, Command-officer) of Burkina Faso Revolution's Torch (4 August 1985)
 * Title of Grand Officer of the National Order of Burkina Faso (11 December 1994)
 * Commander-in-chief in the Order of Mono of Togo (1 March 2008)
 * Title of Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Belgium (22 July 2005)

title: Youssouf Ouédraogo


text:
IPFilter

IPFilter (commonly referred to as ipf) is an open-source software package that provides firewall services and network address translation (NAT) for many Unix-like operating systems. The author and software maintainer is Darren Reed. IPFilter supports both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, and is a stateful firewall.

IPFilter is delivered with FreeBSD, NetBSD, Solaris 10 through 11.3, illumos, OpenIndiana and HP-UX. It used to be a part of OpenBSD, but it was removed by Theo de Raadt in May 2001 due to problems with its license. It was subsequently replaced in OpenBSD by PF, which was developed by OpenBSD's own developers. DragonFly BSD removed its support for IPFilter in May 2011. Oracle Solaris imported the PF firewall from OpenBSD in the 11.3 release, and removed IPFilter in the 11.4 release.

IPFilter can be installed as a runtime-loadable kernel module or directly incorporated into the operating system kernel, depending on the specifics of each kernel and user preferences. The software's documentation recommends the module approach, if possible.

title: IPFilter


text:
User:Gdm

gdm's user page

I have a doctoral degree in computer science but am also interested in improving the quality of articles in areas like analytical philosophy and linguistics. Apart from the English Wikipedia, I mainly contribute to the German and French language versions.

I am fascinated by Wikipedia because
 * it opens up new possibilities for the task of compiling a general account of human knowledge, something I have been in fact thinking about since my childhood
 * it is an example of collaborative work in a world dominated by competition and individualism
 * it expands your horizon and is a lot of fun!

de:User:Gdm es:User:Gdm3000 fr:User:Gdm3000 it:User:Gdm3000

title: User:Gdm


text:
Copa de la Liga

The Copa de la Liga (League Cup in Spanish) was a Spanish football tournament created in 1982.

Due to time constraints, saturation and club pressure, the competition only lasted four years, being cancelled in 1986. Winning the trophy helped two clubs to complete cup doubles: FC Barcelona with the Copa del Rey (1983) and Real Madrid with the UEFA Cup (1985). In all four finals, the team that played the second leg at home won the trophy.

History
The League Cup was promoted by the president of FC Barcelona, Josep Lluís Núñez, in order to create a new competition that would generate new economic income for the clubs, both in terms of box office and television rights.

In 1986 the fourth and last edition was held. In 1987, the fifth edition was scheduled to be held with a new “final three” format (which would have replaced the Supercopa de España, which for this reason was not held in the 1987 or 1988 seasons), for which they were already classified. Real Madrid (League champion), Real Sociedad (Cup champion) and Atlético Madrid (champion of the “intermediate league” of the “Playoff League”). The clubs finally agreed to cancel the competition due to the saturation of the match schedule, especially due to the strange League format of that 1986–87 season.

Format
The League Cup was a straight knock-out competition. All ties were played over two legs, home and away, with the team with the largest aggregate score progressing. The final also consisted of two games.

If the aggregate score was tied after two legs of ninety minutes each, extra-time would be played. If that failed to separate the teams, a penalty shootout would determine the winner. Unlike the Copa del Rey, the away goals rule was not applied.

Top goalscorers
Source:

title: Copa de la Liga


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Konami Game Master

The Game Master (コナミのゲームを10倍楽しむカートリッジ) is a utility cartridge released by Konami on December 12, 1985 in Japan and Europe. It is meant to be used in conjunction with Konami's own MSX game cartridges, allowing users to select their stages, adjust the number of lives, save progress and high scores, make screen dumps, and play in slow motion, among other uses.

An updated model called Konami's New Ten Times Cartridge (コナミの新10倍カートリッジ, Konami no Shin Jū-bai Kātoriji) was released on February 18, 1988. This new version adds support for MSX2 games and features a battery backup that allows users to save data via S-RAM from compatible games (such as Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake). Even though Konami's New Ten Times Cartridge was released exclusively in Japan, if the Japanese cartridge is put into a European MSX or MSX2 system it will show up in English with the title Game Master II.

title: Konami Game Master