text:
Floyd Laughren

Floyd Laughren (born October 3, 1935) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1971 to 1998 who represented the northern Ontario riding of Nickel Belt. He served in cabinet as Finance Minister and Deputy Premier in the government of Bob Rae.

Background
Laughren was born in Shawville, Quebec to parents Irvin and Erma Laughren. He is one of eight children. The family moved to a farm near Caledonia, Ontario where he grew up. He studied business at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute and York University. After graduation, he worked as a manager at a Zellers store. In 1969 he was hired to teach economics at Cambrian College in Sudbury.

Laughren's wife Jeanette (née Gossen), whom he married in 1962, died on August 26, 2007. They had three children.

Politics
In the 1971 provincial election Laughren ran as the New Democratic Party candidate in the Sudbury-area riding of Nickel Belt. He defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Gaston Demers by just under 2,000 votes. He was re-elected without difficulty in the elections of 1975, 1977, 1981, 1985, 1987 and 1990.

Laughren was from left-wing of the party, and supported Richard Johnston for the party's leadership in 1982. He was not initially an ally of Bob Rae, and was also a frequent rival of fellow Northern Ontario Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) Bud Wildman for key shadow cabinet postings. Some of the official critic postings that he held included Colleges and Universities, Treasurer, and Natural Resources.

According to journalist Thomas Walkom, Laughren was planning to retire from politics before the 1990 campaign, and only ran again because the election was called before he could coordinate his departure. The NDP won a majority government and Laughren was sworn in as Finance Minister and Deputy Premier on October 1, 1990.

As Finance Minister, Laughren was frequently criticized for presiding over a series of budget deficits (his 1991 budget proclaimed a deficit of almost ten billion dollars) without significant job creation. Laughren's defenders have noted that much of North America was mired in a significant recession during this period, and that the outgoing Liberal government of David Peterson significantly underestimated expenditure costs in 1990. It has also been noted that Laughren's budgets after 1991 were generally focused on deficit-cutting measures.

Despite his previous reputation for being on the left-wing of the party, Laughren emerged as a proponent of austerity measures and generally centrist policies during his time in government. He also became known as Bob Rae's closest ally in cabinet, notwithstanding their previous differences. Along with Rae, he supported the party's withdrawal from an earlier pledge to introduce public automobile insurance in the province in 1991. He also approved the introduction of casinos to the province, and was a leading proponent of the Social Contract in 1993.

As the province's first socialist Finance Minister, Laughren was nicknamed "Pink Slip Floyd" by the right-wing Sun Media tabloid newspapers and public sector unions OPSEU and CUPE alike. When Liberal Robert Nixon retired from the legislature in 1992, Laughren became its longest-serving member.

The NDP government was defeated in the 1995 provincial election, although Laughren was able to retain Nickel Belt with a somewhat reduced majority. In 1996, he was the only New Democratic MPP from northern Ontario to support Frances Lankin's unsuccessful bid to replace Rae as party leader.

Later life
He retired in 1998 and was appointed as chair the Ontario Energy Board. He served a three-year term. In 2001, Laughren was appointed to the Board of Governors for Laurentian University. In 2010, he was made Chair of the Board. In 2000, he received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from that institution.

In 2006, he was appointed by Greater Sudbury mayor David Courtemanche to chair an advisory committee to review and recommend improvements to city services in the five-year-old amalgamated city. Laughren offered 34 recommendations for service improvements when he presented his final report on January 10, 2007.

In 2012, Laughren was appointed to a three-member panel along with Murray Elston and David McFadden to study Ontario's electricity distribution system. They released a report that recommended the 73 power distribution utilities be reduced to between 8 and 12 with at least 400,000 customers in each of the new utilities. In 2017, he was made a member of the Order of Ontario.

title: Floyd Laughren


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Canon EOS

Canon EOS (Electro-Optical System) is an autofocus single-lens reflex camera (SLR) and mirrorless camera series produced by Canon Inc. Introduced in 1987 with the Canon EOS 650, all EOS cameras used 35 mm film until October 1996 when the EOS IX was released using the new and short-lived APS film. In 2000, the D30 was announced, as the first digital SLR designed and produced entirely by Canon. Since 2005, all newly announced EOS cameras have used digital image sensors rather than film. The EOS line is still in production as Canon's current digital SLR (DSLR) range, and, with the 2012 introduction of the Canon EOS M, Canon's mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (MILC) system. In 2018 the system was further extended with the introduction of the EOS R camera, Canon's first full frame mirrorless interchangeable lens system.

The development project was called "EOS" (Electro Optical System). EOS is also the name of the goddess of dawn in Greek mythology, which further signifies the design's generational stature.

The EOS emblem was created using Handel Gothic typography.

It competes primarily with the Nikon F series and its successors, as well as autofocus SLR systems from Olympus Corporation, Pentax, Sony/Minolta, and Panasonic/Leica.

At the heart of the system is the EF lens mount, which replaced the previous FD lens mount, which mainly supported only manual-focus lenses. The EOS R full frame camera introduced a new lens mount to the system – the RF mount.

EF lens mount
The bayonet-style EF lens mount is at the centre of the EOS camera system. Breaking compatibility with the earlier FD mount, it was designed with no mechanical linkages between moving parts in the lens and in the camera. The aperture and focus are controlled via electrical contacts, with motors in the lens itself. This was similar in some ways to Canon's earlier attempt at AF with the T80. Other manufacturers including Contax (with its G series of interchangeable-lens 35 mm rangefinder cameras), Nikon's 1983 F3AF, and Olympus (with its Four Thirds System) have since embraced this type of direct drive system. It is a large lens mount compared to most of its competition, enabling the use of larger aperture lenses.

EOS flash system
The flash system in the EOS cameras has gone through a number of evolutions since its first implementation. The basic EOS flash system was actually developed not for the first EOS camera, but rather for the last high-end FD-mount manual-focus camera, the T90, launched in 1986. This was the first Canon camera with through-the-lens (TTL) flash metering, although other brands had been metering that way for some time. It also introduced the A-TTL (Advanced TTL) system for better flash exposure in program mode, using infrared preflashes to gauge subject distance.

This system was carried over into the early EOS cameras wholesale. A-TTL largely fell out of favor, and was replaced by E-TTL (Evaluative TTL). This used a pre-flash for advanced metering, and used the autofocus system to judge where the main subject was for more accurate exposure. E-TTL II, which was an enhancement in the camera's firmware only, replaced E-TTL from 2004.

Canon Speedlite-brand flashes have evolved alongside the cameras. They are capable of wired and wireless multi-flash setups, the latter using visible or infrared pulses to synchronise. Later models, including RT in their model name, can also communicate via radio links, where up to 16 units can make up a network. Canon also produces Speedlite accessories, including the OC-E3 Off-Camera Shoe Cord, which can be used to hand-hold the flash while allowing the camera to control it through the cord. The Off-Camera Shoe Cord is popular among portrait photographers who need to have more control over lighting than a camera mounted flash can offer.

EOS cameras
As of 2017, Canon has released no fewer than 70 EOS SLR and DSLR camera models, starting with the introduction of the EOS 650 in 1987. In the 1990s, Canon worked with Kodak to produce digital camera bodies, starting with the EOS DCS 3 in 1995. The first digital EOS SLR camera wholly designed and manufactured by Canon was the EOS D30, released in 2000.

Canon sold two EOS cameras designed to use the APS film format, the EOS IX and the EOS IX Lite.

Canon also sold a manual-focus camera, the Canon EF-M, which used the same EF lens mount as the EOS cameras. It came with all the automatic and manual exposure functions but lacked autofocus. It came equipped with a split-screen/microprism focusing screen for precise manual focusing.

Eye-controlled focusing
Through the tracking of eyeball movements, EOS cameras equipped with eye-controlled focusing (ECF) (some identifiable by the suffix E) were able to select the desired autofocus point in the scene, based on where the user was looking in the viewfinder frame. ECF was especially useful in sports photography where the subject may shift its position in the frame rapidly.

EOS cameras equipped with ECF were the EOS A2E (U.S. model names are shown; see the table below for equivalents in other countries), EOS Elan IIE, EOS IXe, EOS-3, EOS Elan 7E, and EOS Elan 7NE.

Canon did not continue its use of eye-controlled focusing for its digital SLRs. The EOS Elan 7NE was the last EOS camera to have this function, until 2021 when Canon reintroduced eye-controlled focus with the EOS R3.

Quick control dial
Most prosumer and professional level EOS cameras feature a large quick control dial (QCD) on the camera back. The first consumer-level EOS camera with this feature was the EOS 760D/Rebel T6s, announced in February 2015. This feature allows easy adjustment of certain parameters using the thumb. The QCD is used for quick access to often-used functions that would otherwise require a more complicated procedure of button presses and dial clicks. Settings such as ISO button, Exposure Compensation button, or menus are all easily available through the QCD.

Cameras equipped with the QCD can easily be operated with one hand (forefinger on the main dial, thumb on the QCD) without taking the eye off the viewfinder.

A QCD is programmed to perform useful functions, which may include setting exposure compensation, setting of aperture in manual exposure mode, and scrolling of images and menus in digital EOS cameras.

Multi-point autofocus system
Currently, top-line EOS cameras have either 61 or 65 user-selectable autofocus (AF) points. Autofocus is a camera's ability to focus a lens automatically on an object by pressing down on the shutter button. Autofocus most often chooses the closest image in the field of view to focus on. The following EOS cameras feature such a system, with 61 points unless otherwise indicated: The release of the 5D Mark III gave Canon the lead once again in this category; previously, its top-line cameras had 45 AF points, which led the industry until Nikon released its D3 and D300 DSLRs with 51-point AF systems.
 * The EOS 5D Mark III, introduced in March 2012.
 * The EOS-1D X, announced in October 2011 and originally scheduled for sale in April 2012, but delayed until June 2012. Since replaced by a Mark II version.
 * The EOS 7D Mark II, on sale since November 2014. This APS-C body has Canon's first (and so far only) 65-point AF system.
 * The EOS 5Ds and 5Ds R, two closely related higher-resolution full-frame bodies otherwise similar to the 5D MkIII, announced in February 2015 with sales beginning in June of that year.
 * The EOS-1D X Mark II, the replacement for the original 1D X, announced in February 2016 with sales expected to begin in April of that year.
 * The EOS 5D Mark IV, announced in August 2016 as the replacement for the 5D Mk III.

A higher number of AF points increases the chances of a sharply focused photograph in situations where the subject travels across the frame at high speeds (e.g. sports, wildlife).

Having so many AF points also helps relieve the photographer from having to use the 'lock focus and recompose' method of framing a photograph that can introduce focusing inaccuracy. The camera generally focuses on the closest object or on human faces, which may not be what the photographer wants, so EOS cameras equipped with a multi-point AF system still allow the photographer to manually select an AF point.

The EOS-3, EOS-1V, all EOS-1D models prior to the EOS-1D X, EOS 80D, EOS 77D, and EOS 800D/Rebel T7i feature a 45-point AF system. Most Canon DSLRs introduced since late 2005, starting from the EOS 20D and the Rebel XTi (400D), feature a nine-point AF system in a diamond-shape formation. The EOS 5D, released in 2005, takes this 9-point AF system a step further by introducing six more 'invisible' AF points (i.e., not user selectable) in helping the camera acquire focus faster during subject tracking. There have been several exceptions to Canon's recent rule of a 9-point AF system. The EOS 1000D (Rebel XS) has the 7-point AF system of most older Canon DSLRs. The EOS 7D, released in 2009, has a 19-point AF layout, fitting essentially within the same diamond-shaped area of the frame as the nine-point layout. The EOS 70D, released in August 2013, inherited the 7D's 19-point layout, but with fewer AF control options. The 70D system was in turn handed down to the EOS 750D (Rebel T6i) and 760D (Rebel T6s), announced in February 2015. As mentioned above, the EOS 5D Mark III, EOS-1D X, EOS 5DS/5DS R, and EOS-1D X Mark II have 61-point AF layouts. The EOS 6D, released in October 2012, has an 11-point layout. The EOS 80D, announced in 2016, marked the return of 45-point AF systems to the Canon EOS line, as well as the first appearance of a 45-point system in a non-professional body. This system was brought downmarket in 2017 with its inclusion in the upper-entry-level EOS 77D and mid-entry-level EOS 800D/Rebel T7i.

For the earlier generation of 45-point AF system, the central column of 1 or 2 sensors (7 in all up to EOS-1Ds Mk II, EOS-1D Mk II N) are cross-type sensors, which are sensitive to both vertical and horizontal lines to offer a high degree of accuracy. The EOS-1Ds Mk III, replaced by the EOS-1D X, has 19 cross-type sensors for higher accuracy, as well as placing the cross-type sensors to complement the Rule of Thirds. The other Canon professional SLR replaced by the EOS-1D X, the APS-H EOS-1D Mk IV, has 39 cross-type sensors, a major increase from the 19 of the Mk III. Of the 61 AF points of the EOS-1D X and 5D MkIII, 21 central points and 20 outer points are cross-type, and five central points are dual-cross-type (sensitive to diagonal lines in addition to horizontal and vertical). All 65 points of the 7D MkII are cross-type, but only the center point is dual-cross-type.

Similarly,, all AF points on later generations of the X0D series (beginning with the 40D and continuing through the current 80D) are cross-type sensors for higher accuracy, and the center sensor is dual-cross-type for even greater accuracy and sensitivity. In June 2012, the EOS 650D (Rebel T4i) became the first consumer-level Canon to receive this AF system.

Naming scheme of EOS DSLR and SLR cameras
Identical Canon models are sometimes marketed under different names in different parts of the world. For example, the EOS Rebel 2000 known in the Americas is also known as EOS Kiss III in Japan, and EOS 300 in other parts of the world.

Film cameras
This is a list of the 35 mm Film and APS Canon EOS models in order of introduction:

Digital cameras
Prior to the introduction of the EOS D30 digital SLR, Kodak produced four digital SLRs also sold under the Canon brand. These cameras used a digital camera back with the image sensor and associated electronics designed and built by Kodak together with modified internals of the EOS-1N film SLR. Due to using the Canon EOS body, these four digital SLRs can accept EF lenses. The four cameras were:

After termination of the agreement by Canon, Kodak cooperated with Sigma – who at that time had a Canon license – to produce the Kodak DCS Pro SLR/c based on a SA9 SLR body in 2004, which was compatible with EF lenses.

The following digital SLRs, starting from the D30, had bodies and sensors completely designed and manufactured by Canon (except for the Canon EOS-1D, which uses a Panasonic sourced CCD sensor).

Canon digital SLRs are equipped with a CMOS sensor (with the exception of EOS-1D that uses a CCD sensor). Canon designs and manufactures their own CMOS sensors.

Canon

 * Canon Corporation
 * Canon Cinema EOS
 * Canon FD lens mount
 * Canon FL
 * Canon EF lens mount
 * Canon RF lens mount
 * List of Canon products
 * Canon EF-S lens mount, a derivative of the EF mount designed for DSLRs with APS-C sensors
 * Canon EF-M lens mount, a derivative of the EF mount designed for MILCs with APS-C sensors

Single lens reflex

 * Single lens reflex
 * Digital single lens reflex
 * 35 mm film

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Canon EOS


text:
Wikipedia:Dealing with disruptive or antisocial editors - Version 1

 * This policy was under development and part of the Policy thinktank. (Originated by Erich 04:26, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC).)

PLEASE DO NOT MODIFY THIS PAGE
This proposal is currently frozen to reflect what was voted on in the first round of voting from midday 25 July 2004 to midday UTC 8 August 2004.

See also:
 * Mock Directions Page.
 * Poll

Background
This idea aims to improve on the proposals at Dealing with trolls and Trolling poll, by providing a framework more in keeping with principles of natural justice.

The policy should place a fair system in the gaps between the Dispute resolution process, Banning policy, Blocking policy, Dealing with vandalism policy and the Arbitration Committee. It does not seek to replace any of the above, but allows efficient management of recalcitrant, difficult, problem behaviour.

Experienced Wikipedians encourage others to regard this policy as a safety valve or insurance. We should invoke it as rarely as possible.

It may be very helpful to ask ourselves these questions before initiating this formal process:
 * 1) Do I understand this user's motivation?
 * 2) Where are they from?
 * 3) What do they believe?
 * 4) Why are they behaving like this?
 * 5) What other steps can be taken?
 * 6) Does this user just need some advice?
 * 7) Are there other users involved that are also behaving in an unhelpful manner?
 * 8) Are my actions truly in the interests of creating an encyclopedia?
 * 9) Is this an issue that I am able to remain objective about?
 * 10) Is there somebody I should discuss my concerns with before I take any action?

Summary
An ad hoc tribunal of three admins may summarily block a user for 24 hours for repeated antisocial or disruptive behaviour, if they follow due process. This policy does not at all affect the ability of admins to summarily block persistent vandals.

The due process is as follows:
 * 1) First warning to user and notice to community that a user may need direction
 * 2) Final warning to user if problem edits continue
 * 3) Presentation of two edits made after final warning, followed by institution of block

Users that repeat problem behaviour despite previous blocks, or sock puppets attempting to bypass blocks, are given less leeway and may be blocked for up to 96 hours.

Definition of disruptive or antisocial behaviour
For the purpose of this policy, disruptive or antisocial behaviour is:
 * violation of collaborative editing process intended to produce a neutral point of view, defined as engaging in multiple (more than three per 24 hour period) reversions or insertion of essentially the same text.
 * personal attacks
 * deceptive editing of other editors' posts on talk pages
 * vandalism that is not severe enough to warrant immediate blocking under the existing policy
 * placement of factual inaccuracies in articles that is not considered sneaky vandalism
 * misleading edit summaries
 * misrepresenting the truth
 * making an excessive number of frivolous complaints
 * unreasonably threatening to take legal action
 * posting copyright violations
 * inappropriately removing listings from pages such as Votes for deletion, Featured article candidates or Direction

To constitute a blockable offence the above behaviours must be repeated despite fair warning.

Ultimately, as many of these behaviours have unclear boundaries, the definition will be clarified by continued policy refinement, consensus, precedent, or as a worst case scenario, by the voting protocol specified below.

Disruptive or antisocial behaviour does not include:
 * expressing an unpopular POV in an article talk page
 * criticism of Wikipedia governance and policy
 * proposing any individual for any office or role
 * expressing any political, religious or philosophical belief
 * lodging an appeal against an admin action

Step 1. First warning and public notice
This is the first and hopefully last step in the process. Any user can perform this step by placing the warning on the user’s talk page and the notice on the Direction Page. The purpose of the warning on the user's talk page is to ensure that the user is warned they are not complying with community expectations as early as possible. The overall tone of the warning should be firm, but respectful. Avoid ranting! Rants do not portray an aura of authority and command. The warning should include, at least:

 * 3 URLs to diffs of problematic edits.
 * 2 URLs to diffs of previous informal, polite warnings on the same issue from the last 30 days.
 * links to relevant policy pages, for example staying cool, personal attacks, civility, NPOV, not biting newcomers, avoiding edit wars.
 * a formal request to stop making such edits.
 * signature with timestamp (type )

The purpose of the public notice on the Direction Page is to allow interested users to participate in the process. It also allows non-admins to enlist admins into the process.

The Direction Page is deliberately named vaguely to avoid pejorative or inflammatory labels. It is direction as a verb, to direct or instruct. Alternatively it is direction, as in "monitoring the direction of a users edits."

The initial template on the Direction Page is as follows:

 * ===User: user:badboytroll===
 * Firstwarning: [URL to diff]
 * Concerning edits: expanding list of diff URLs with one-two word explanations (NPOV, personal attack, copyvio, profanity) with minuses to indicate severity (max 5, eg −−−−−)
 * Constructive edits: as above with the users worthwhile contributions, again with a + to +++++ rating next to each
 * admins certifying Final Warning Criteria Met: admins sign here

Step 2. Final warning
Once two admins have certified that the user is within two edits of reaching the block criteria one them may place a final warning on the users talk page. Ideally it should be a different user to the one that placed the initial warning:

 * Dear user:< >, I am very sorry to see that you are still making edits that are not in line with our policies, particularly <>. You must stop making edits like this at once or we will have no choice but to suspend your account temporarily in accord with Wikipedia policy. ~

The template on the direction pages is then expanded:

 * ===User: user:badboytroll===
 * First warning: [URL to diff]
 * Concerning edits: expanding list of diff URLs with one-two word explanations (NPOV, personal attack, copyvio, profanity) with minuses to indicate severity (max 5, eg -)
 * Constructive edits: as above with the user's worthwhile contributions, again with a + to +++++ rating next to each
 * Final warning criteria met: admins sign here
 * Final warning: [URL to diff]
 * Concerning edits after final warning:
 * Block criteria met: admins sign here and state number of hours
 * Block criteria not met: admins sign here

Step 3. Institution of block
Once the balance of admins in favour meets the criteria then block is enforced. One of the admins must log the block, listing the user names of the admins who supported or opposed it, at admin tribunal temporary block log.

In the event of a controversial block admins should prioritise clarifying existing policy and counselling wayward colleagues as needed. Preventing future controversy does more for Wikipedia than extended debate to correct what is, in reality, a very short block.

However, voting does remain open until the block expires to allow correction of clearly unjustifiable blocks. If, at any point, over half the voting admins disagree with the block, one of them may remove it immediately. If support for the block is regained at the level specified below (3+2d), the user may be reblocked for the remainder of the time.

The Arbitration Committee and Jimbo Wales may also overturn blocks.

Step 4. Review
All users may make constructive comments on the validity of the warnings and blocks on Wikipedia talk:Direction at any point in the process.

If an action is clearly inconsistent with existing policy, they may wish to request a review of admin actions, if the admins involved do not adequately respond to their concerns. Admins may express their dissaproval of warnings by recording a vote against blocking.

Policy clarification
If some users disagree with an action and the issue is not addressed clearly in existing policys they should focus their efforts on working to improve and clarify the existing policies. Clarifying policies will improve Wikipedia much faster heated than debate over individual cases.

Final Appeal
Users who do not agree with the block may also appeal immediately by requesting arbitration. Since blocked users cannot edit to request arbitration, they should instead email an arbitrator. Appeals do not affect the block status.

A quorum of at least 4 arbitrators may then either explicitly affirm the tribunal ruling or accept the case to decide if the tribunal ruling conformed with policy. If the case is not accepted by the AC within a week, the tribunal ruling stands and that particular block is not open to further appeal. If it the case is accepted, the admins who agreed to the block enter arbitration along with the blocked user. The AC will indicate what to do with current blocks as they accept the case.

In extreme circumstances, it is possible that Jimbo Wales may agree to hear an appeal.

Criteria and penalty
The baseline threshold is 10 counter-productive edits leading to a 24 hour block. That is 8 edits before a final warning and then 2 edits after a final warning.

Admins should give some tolerance to users that are clearly making many more valuable contributions than un-helpful contributions. In this situation, repeated warnings and attempts to engage in dialogue are appropriate rather than simply waiting for the user to slip up.

Repeat offenders
Repeat offenders have the threshold number of counter-productive edits reduced, and the duration of the block doubled each time:
 * 1) first offence: threshold 10 counter-productive edits (8+2), block 24 hours
 * 2) second offence: threshold 6 counter-productive edits (4+2), block 48 hours
 * 3) third offence: threshold 4 counter-productive edits (2+2), block 96 hours
 * 4) fourth offence onwards: threshold 1 counter-productive edits (that is no warning, only one admin required), block 96 hours

Reincarnations
Note this section only relates to reincarnations of users bypassing a block by an admin tribunal, not reincarnations of banned users. Banned users may be dealt with through existing procedures.

These provisions recognise the difficulty in reliably identifying reincarnations. They thus strike a balance between minimising the risk of unjust blocking and allowing a user to rehabilitate themselves, while not allowing disruptive users to perpetually use reincarnations to achieve their aims.

Users that that are believed to be first-time reincarnations are be treated as fourth-time offenders unles the reincarnation has made more than three definitely constructive edits. If a believed first-time reincarnation has made at least three definitely constructive edits, they must be treated as a third-time offender. If a believed first-time reincarnation has made over 50 definitely constructive edits (or 10 major definitely constructive edits) they must be treated as a second-time offender.

If a user is believed to be repeat reincarnation they may be treated a fourth-time offender, unless they have made at least 50 definitely constructive edits (or 15 major definitely constructive edits). If they have made at least 50 definitely constructive edits (or 15 major definitely constructive edits) they are treated as a third-time offender.

Simply agreeing with a previously blocked user is not sufficient evidence a user is a reincarnation. Possible evidence of sockpuppet accounts/reincarnations include:

 * 1) Making at least three substantially identical edits on article text.
 * 2) Not acting like a typical new user. They may dive straight in to arguments, or their first edits may be policy pages. (Most newbies are cautious, ignorant of our policies and practises, and tend to get a feel for wikipedia before they start arguing with people).
 * 3) Exhibiting the same antisocial behaviour that got the original account blocked in the first place.
 * 4) Having exactly the same interests as the original account (i.e. edit the same pages).
 * 5) Having the same writing style (it's quite difficult to mask a writing style).
 * 6) Talking to people they haven't yet met in an overly friendly or aggressive way - as if they know them already.
 * 7) There may be technical measures that developers can use to identify sockpuppets (same IP same password etc.)

Admins blocking users on the grounds they are reincarnations must record their evidence under the most recent direction entry. This should include:
 * 1) a link to diff(s) in question
 * 2) a link to similar actions by earlier reincarnations
 * 3) signature

These must show significant evidence of reincarnation, not simply be two or more examples of a similar kind of disruptive behaviour. This might include:
 * 1) Not acting like a newbie
 * 2) Exhibiting the same antisocial behaviour that got the original account blocked in the first place.
 * 3) Having exactly the same interests as the original account i.e. editing exactly the same pages.
 * 4) Having the same writing style (it's quite difficult to mask a writing style)
 * 5) Talking to people they supposedly haven't met in an overly friendly or aggressive way — as if they know them already.

Lone-Ranger blocks
A single admin may immediately start a 24 hour block for any counter-productive edit for any user who has been blocked at least three times in the past. If at least two other admins vote in support of the block they may extend it to 96 hours. If there are dissenting votes the user is unblocked until there are enough votes in favor to certify the block.

Only admins that meet these requirements may initiate Lone-Ranger blocks:
 * 1) Not been subject to adverse decisions by the Arbitration Committee or the 'Review of admin actions process' in the last three months
 * 2) Not had a previous Lone-Ranger block on the same offender overturned by dissenting votes at the end of the 96 hour voting period in the past three months
 * 3) Not had any previous Lone-Ranger block overturned by a majority of dissenting votes at the end of the 96 hour voting period in the past three months
 * 4) Not had a previous Lone-Ranger block overturned by the Arbitration Committee or Jimbo Wales in the past three months

Number of admins required to certify
In the absence of dissent from a fellow admin, consensus among three admins allows enforcement. For every admin that dissents, at least two more must support the first three certifying admins. Thus if one admin dissents then at least five must support the block. If two dissent, then seven must support the block, etc.

Good behaviour
If no evidence is placed against a user in any 120 day period, then the process resets to the beginning and the user's "record" is cleared.


text:
Canon EF lens mount

The EF lens mount is the standard lens mount on the Canon EOS family of SLR film and digital cameras. EF stands for "Electro-Focus": automatic focusing on EF lenses is handled by a dedicated electric motor built into the lens. Mechanically, it is a bayonet-style mount, and all communication between camera and lens takes place through electrical contacts; there are no mechanical levers or plungers. The mount was first introduced in 1987.

Canon claims to have produced its 100-millionth EF-series interchangeable lens on April 22, 2014.

History
The EF mount replaces its predecessor, the FD mount. The standard autofocus lens mounting technology of the time used a motor in the camera body to drive the mechanics of the focus helicoid in the lens by using a transfer lever. The key innovation of the EF series was to use a motor inside the lens itself for focusing. This allowed for autofocusing lenses which did not require mechanical levers in the mount mechanism, only electrical contacts to supply power and instructions to the lens motor. The motors were designed for the particular lens they were installed in.

The EF mount reversed the mechanical logic of the FD mount. The FD mount provided the three-eared bayonet fitting on the camera body, and each FD lens provided a breech-lock receptacle to register and fasten the lens to the bayonet. The EF mount reverses this logic, providing the bayonet on each lens, and a receptacle on the camera body.

When the EF mount was introduced in 1987, it had the largest mount diameter (54 mm internal) among all 35 mm SLR cameras.

The EF series includes over eighty lenses, encompassing focal lengths from 8 to 1200 mm. Many EF lenses include such features as Canon's ultrasonic motor (USM) drive, an image stabilization system (IS), diffractive optics (DO) and, particularly for L-series lenses, fluorite and aspherical lens elements.

Versatility
Its large diameter and relatively short flange focal distance of 44.0 mm allows mechanical adaptation of EF camera bodies to many types of non-EF lenses. It is possible to mount lenses using the Nikon F mount, Olympus OM, Leica R and universal M42 lens mounts (among others) by the use of a mechanical adapter without electronic control of the aperture or autofocus. In contrast, parfocal adaptation of EF lenses to non-EF camera bodies is not possible with only a mechanical adapter that does not contain optical elements.

EF mount lenses are somewhat compatible with newer Canon bodies, though the reverse is not true:

 * EF-S lens mount cameras can mount EF lenses without an adapter
 * EF-M lens mount cameras can mount EF lenses with an EF-EOS M adapter
 * RF mount cameras can mount EF lenses with a variety of adapters

Lenses for the earlier Canon FD lens mount are not usable for general photography on an EF mount cameras, unless adapters with optical elements are used because they are made for a flange focal distance of only 42.0 mm. Most of these lenses require autofocus and aperture motors inside the body which isn't available in EOS bodies. Infinity focus would be lost with an adapter which lacks optical elements. The Canon FD-EOS adapter is rare and is only usable with certain FD telephoto lenses. With a manual connection, the aperture and focus controls of the lens cannot be controlled or read from the camera; the lens must be focused manually. Since the only possible metering is through-the-lens, the lens must be manually stopped down to accurately meter at anything less than full aperture. (This is called stop-down metering.)

Third-party lenses
Compatible third-party lenses with the EF lens mount are manufactured by Yongnuo, Samyang, Schneider, Sigma, Tamron, Tokina, Cosina and Carl Zeiss. The manufacturers of these lenses have reverse engineered the EOS electronics—except Zeiss, which does not have the rights to use the autofocus or the electronic aperture control of EOS cameras. The use of these third-party lenses is not supported by Canon. Sometimes compatibility problems arise, as no third party has access to Canon's specifications for camera-to-body communication. These compatibility issues mostly occur when using a newer body with an older third-party lens. Over time, most of these issues have been resolved by the major third-party brands.

Third-party cameras
Due to the high market penetration of EF-mount lenses, other camera manufacturers began to offer EF-mount cameras. Since the EF-mount was created for SLR cameras with their long focal flange distance, mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras can use EF lenses with a mechanical adaptor that bridges the distance.

Red Digital Cinema Company offers various camera models that can be equipped with an electronic EF-mount. Many Blackmagic Design cameras are sold in EF-mount variants. For Sony E-mount various adaptors enable using EF-mount lenses with full electronic control.

Controls and features
Canon EF lenses typically have a number of controls, switches and physical features, used by the photographer to control the lens. The types and number of the controls can vary from lens to lens. With the most basic lenses having only a few, to the most complex having over a dozen different controls and switches.

This is a list of the different controls and switches found on most Canon EF lenses, along with a detailed description on what they are used for.

Lens mount index: This raised, round red mark is found on all EF lenses. It is used for matching the EF lens mount to the mount on an EOS body, so one can connect the lens to the body quickly.

Focusing ring: This control, found on most EF lenses, is used for focusing the lens. It is usually a ring on the lens body, that can be turned.

Zoom ring: This control is found on most EF zoom lenses. It is used for changing the focal length of the lens. The zoom ring usually has certain, common, focal lengths marked on it. To set the zoom ring to any given focal length, one must turn the ring so that the marked focal length matches the zoom index. The zoom index is typically a white, or black, line found next to the zoom ring.

Distance scale window: This feature is found on many EF lenses. This feature, while not a control or switch, is useful to the photographer for determining, or setting, the lens's focus distance. It is used in conjunction with the Focusing ring. When rotated, the distance scale will also rotate to show the changing focus distance. On some lenses the distance scale also has an infrared index. These are shown as red markings below the distance scale. This is used for making focus adjustments when the photographer is doing infrared photography, as lenses typically focus infrared light at a different point than visible light, and therefore achieving correct focus using visible light will result in an out-of-focus infrared image. To make an adjustment, first focus the subject, then turn the Focusing ring so it matches the corresponding infrared index mark.

Focus mode switch: This switch is found on most EF lenses that have an autofocus feature. It is used for setting the lens to either autofocus mode, or manual focus. When set to autofocus mode (AF), the lens will autofocus when directed to by the camera. When set to manual focus (MF), the lens is focused using the Focusing ring. Some lenses support full-time manual focusing (FT-M), which allows the photographer to focus the lens manually even with the mode switch set to AF, without damaging the lens (as could happen if a lens without FT-M is manually focused while in AF mode).

Focusing distance range limiter switch: This switch is found on most longer focal length lenses, and macro lenses. It is used for limiting the focusing distance range of the lens when using it in autofocus mode. Most lenses have two settings; these are usually full focus range (from minimum focus distance to infinity), and distant focus range (from halfway point of focus range to infinity). Other lenses have three settings, with the additional setting usually being near focus range (from minimum focus distance to halfway point of focus range). Longer focal length lenses and macro lenses have a relatively long travel distance for the focusing mechanism inside the lens; this feature shortens the autofocus time. When the photographer knows they will not need a certain part of the focus distance range, limiting it will help shorten the autofocus time, and possibly prevent "focus hunting".

Soft focus ring: This ring is found only on the 135 mm 'Soft Focus' prime lens, and enables a variable soft focus effect from completely sharp (0) to very soft (2), although it has little effect when used with apertures over f/5.6. Although the ring can be set to any position, two 'stops' are implemented at positions 1 and 2.

Image stabilizer switch: This switch is found on all EF lenses that feature an image stabilizer. It is used for turning the image stabilizer "on"( | ), or "off"( o ).

Image stabilizer mode switch: This switch is found on many EF lenses that feature an image stabilizer, particularly those of longer focal lengths. The switch has two settings on most lenses: Mode 1 and Mode 2. The newest IS Mark II versions of certain EF super telephoto lenses (the 300mm f/2.8L, 400mm f/2.8L, 500mm f/4L, and 600mm f/4L ), plus the 200–400mm f/4L IS and 100–400mm f/4–5.6L IS II, have a third setting, Mode 3. Mode 1 is normal mode, used for typical photography, where the subject does not move. Mode 2 is used for panning; this is useful for sports or wildlife photography, where the subject moves constantly and one will need to pan. Mode 3, intended to track action, is similar to Mode 2 in that it ignores panning; however, it only applies stabilization when the shutter is released—the viewfinder image is not stabilized. One should not use Mode 1 for panning as this will typically cause blurred photographs; the image stabilizer will attempt to correct for all motion, including the panning motion, but cannot do so due to the limited range of motion of the IS mechanism. Older lenses that have an image stabilizer, but do not feature this switch, are permanently in Mode 1. Some newer lenses, such as the Canon EF-S 18-200mm lens, are able to detect if they are being panned in either axis and will automatically disable the stabilization for the axis parallel to movement and therefore do not require this switch.

Autofocus stop buttons: These buttons are found on some super telephoto EF lenses, evenly spaced around the front collar of the lens. They are used for temporarily stopping the autofocus feature of the lens. Only one button needs to be pressed to activate the feature. To use this button, one must first have the autofocus active, then when one wishes to halt autofocus, one presses and holds the button. To resume autofocus, one releases the button. Some newer bodies allow these buttons to be assigned to perform other functions; for instance, the Canon EOS 7D allows the photographer to set these buttons to perform any of six functions.

Focus preset: The focus preset feature is found on most super telephoto EF lenses. The focus preset feature uses one switch, one button, and one ring. It is used for presetting a given focus distance into memory, so that the photographer can quickly recall the focus distance, without the need for autofocus. The switch has three settings "off"( o ), "on"( | ), or "on with sound"( ( ( - ), and is used for turning on the feature, and deciding if sound is desired. The "set" button is used for saving the focus distance into memory. The focus preset ring is used for recalling the memory save point. It is a thin knurled ring, usually located in front of the Focusing ring. To use this feature, one must set the switch to either "on" or "on with sound", focus the lens to the desired distance, then press the "set" button. After this, when the feature is turned on, the photographer can turn the focus preset ring, and the lens will recall and focus quickly to the distance that was saved. This feature is useful for sports and birding photography (for instance, to allow rapid focusing on the goal or on a spot where the birds may perch).

Filter mounting: This mount is used for attaching filters to EF lenses. There are three types: front threaded mount, inner drop-in mount, and rear gelatin holders. Front threaded filters are used on most lenses, and are attached by threading and tightening the filter. Inner, drop-in filter mounts are used on super telephoto EF lenses. They are attached by first pressing the two buttons on the filter mount, and pulling it out. Then either a round threaded filter is attached, or one can use a gelatin filter. Rear gelatin filter holders are used by cutting out a sheet of gelatin, to the size shown on the back of the lens and then sliding it into the holder. Filter mounts are useful for all types of photography, and every EF lens has either one or two of the three types used.

Lens hood mount: This feature is found on most EF lenses. This mount is used for attaching the lens hood. The hood mount is of a bayonet style on most EF lenses, though a clip-on style hood mount is used for a small selection of current lenses.

Tripod collar: This feature is found on most longer focal length lenses, and macro lenses. The tripod collar is used for attaching the tripod ring. There are two main styles of tripod rings. One type is opened up, placed on the lens' tripod collar, then closed and tightened. The other type does not open, but instead is slid up the lens from the mount end (which can only be done when the lens is not mounted on a camera body) and tightened. To set the tripod ring so that it is level with the lens, rotate the ring until the index mark on the tripod ring matches the index mark on the distance scale. The tripod ring is used for attaching a tripod/monopod near to the point of balance of the lens-body combination, more conveniently than the camera body. In the case of larger and heavier lenses, there is also less strain on the lens mount if the body is supported by the tripod-mounted lens than if the lens were to be supported by a tripod-mounted body.

Ultrasonic motor drive
Ultrasonic motor (USM) lenses appeared with the introduction of the EF 300 mm 2.8L USM lens in 1987. Canon was the first camera maker to successfully commercialise the USM technology. EF lenses equipped with USM drives have fast, silent and precise autofocus operations, and consume less power compared to other AF drive motors.

There are three types of USMs: ring-type USM, micromotor USM, and Nano USM. Ring-type USM allows for full-time manual focus (FT-M) operations without switching out of AF mode. Micromotor USM is used to bring down the cost of the lens. It is possible to implement FT-M even with micromotor USM; however, it requires additional mechanical components, and the vast majority of micro-USM lenses do not offer such capability. Nano USM was introduced in 2016 with the release of Canon's latest iteration of the EF-S 18–135mm lens. It is intended to offer the AF speed of ring-type USM with the quietness of STM mechanisms (see below).

Some older USM lenses are identified with a gold ring and the word "Ultrasonic" printed in gold on the lens barrel. L lenses with USM don't have the gold ring, but they still have the word "Ultrasonic" printed on the lens barrel.

Stepping motor
Canon announced stepping motor (STM) lenses first in June 2012, alongside the EOS 650D/Rebel T4i/Kiss X6i.

Canon stated that this technology allows smooth and silent autofocus, and with compatible bodies (the first of which is the 650D) will provide continuous autofocus in live view and video. Unlike USM, STM lenses use focus-by-wire to enable full-time manual mode. Two main disadvantages are linked to focus-by-wire: First, the need to computationally process the input before the intended action is executed leads to a sometimes perceptible lag. Second, using the motor requires power, so when an STM lens is not connected to a camera or the camera is switched off, changing the focus is impossible.

All stepping-motor lenses are marked with the letters "STM" on the front of the lens as part of the model designation.

Image stabilizer
The image stabilization (IS) technology detects handheld motion and optically corrects it. It only corrects handheld motion; if the subject of the photograph is moving, IS will not stop it. It also can only stabilize so much motion, ranging from two to five stops, depending on the specific IS in the lens. Canon has released several versions of the IS system, including the following:

 * The first version, first used in the 75-300mm lens (1995), takes approximately one second to stabilize, provides approximately two stops of stability, is not suitable for use on a tripod, or for panning.
 * The 300mm 4L IS USM lens, released in 1997, adds IS Mode 2, which detects whether panning is taking place horizontally or vertically, and only compensates for vibration in the plane perpendicular to the plane of panning.
 * In 1999, with the release of the IS super-telephoto lenses (300mm 2.8L through 600mm 4L), tripod detection was added, so that the lens could be used on a tripod with IS turned on.
 * In 2001, a new version of the Image Stabilizer was created for the 70–200mm 2.8L. This version takes approximately 0.5s and can be stabilized up to three stops.
 * In 2006, the 70–200 mm 4L IS USM was released with an Image Stabilizer which allows up to four stops of stabilization.
 * In 2008, the 200mm f/2L IS USM was released with a new version of IS which allows up to five stops of stabilization.
 * In 2009, the 100 mm 2.8L Macro IS USM became the first Canon lens with a Hybrid Image Stabilizer. In addition to correcting angular movement, Hybrid IS also corrects for shift movement.
 * In 2011, with the release of the 300mm 2.8L IS II and 400mm 2.8L IS II, IS Mode 3 was added. This mode is similar to Mode 2, except that stabilization is applied only when the shutter is released.
 * Some newer lenses include an Image Stabilizer which can automatically detect whether the user is panning and respond accordingly, and therefore these lenses do not have an IS mode switch.

All EF lenses that support IS have the words "Image Stabilizer" written on the lens. On some of Canon's larger telephoto lenses, the words "Image Stabilizer" are etched onto a metal plate affixed to the lens.

Diffractive optics
Diffractive optics (DO) are special lens elements that are used in some lenses. DO lenses are usually smaller and lighter and are better at handling chromatic aberration, compared to conventional lenses of similar focal length and aperture value. They are more expensive to make. Only the EF 400 mm 4 DO IS USM, its updated Mark II version, and the EF 70–300 mm 4.5–5.6 DO IS USM contain DO elements. DO lenses have a green ring on the barrel.

L-series lenses
Top range Canon EF lenses are designated "L-series", or "Luxury" lenses. L series lenses are compatible with the full range of EF or EF-S mounts and, as they are aimed at the high-end user, most also include environmental or weather sealing and a constant maximum aperture. All L lenses are supplied complete with a hood and a pouch or case, which are not generally included with non-L lenses. Distinctive visual cues include a red ring around the lens and an off-white colour on longer-focal-length models. The latter also helps to reflect light and reduce heat absorption and subsequent internal expansion of lens components that can affect the image quality of long focal length lenses.

All L lenses include at least one fluorite, ultra-low-dispersion glass element, super ultra-low-dispersion glass element, and/or certain types of aspherical elements. (Note that a number of non-L lenses also use aspherical elements, and at least one non-L lens has a Super UD element.) Most L lenses feature an ultrasonic motor (USM) for focusing.

Timeline of innovations
In 1987 Canon was the first to use USM (Ultra Sonic Motor) with the Canon EF 300mm f/2.8L USM.

In 1989 Canon was the first to create a full frame f/1.0 AF (AutoFocus) lens and the only one until today with the Canon EF 50mm f/1.0L USM.

In 1993 Canon was the first to create an interchangeable 10× superzoom lens for SLR cameras. That lens was Canon EF 35-350mm f/3.5-5.6L USM.

In 1993 Canon created the first Super UD (Ultra low Dispersion) lens with the Canon EF 400mm f/5.6L USM.

In 1995 Canon created the first lens with IS (Image Stabilization). That lens was the Canon EF 75-300mm f/4-5.6 IS USM.

Canon in 2001 was the first to create a lens with DO (multi layered Diffractive Optical element) element. That lens was the Canon EF 400mm f/4 DO IS USM.

Canon in 2008 created the first lens with SWC technology (Subwavelength Structure Coating). That lens was the Canon EF 24mm f/1.4L II USM.

Canon in 2009 created the first lens with Hybrid IS (Image Stabilization) which compensates both angle camera shake and shift camera shake with the Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM.

Canon in 2010 was the first to create a lens with Fluoride coating. That lens was the Canon EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM.

Canon in 2011 made the first fisheye zoom lens, both circular and rectangular. That lens was the Canon EF 8-15mm f/4L Fisheye USM.

Canon in 2012 made the first wide angle lens with Image Stabilization. That lens was the Canon EF 24mm f/2.8 IS USM.

Canon in 2013 created the first telephoto with built-in 1.4× extender. That lens was Canon EF 200-400mm f/4L IS USM Extender 1.4x.

Communication protocol
The communication protocol between the camera and the lens is 8-data-bit, 1-stop-bit SPI (mode 3). The pins, from right to left on the lens, are:

The information from the lens is used by the camera body for focusing and metering, and with digital camera bodies it is used to record the lens parameters in the Exif data in the images.

All L series primes 135mm or longer, the 400mm DO, the 70–200mm zooms, the 100–400mm zooms, the 200–400mm zoom and the 50mm Compact Macro have three additional communication pins. These additional pins are used by the Canon Extender EF adapters and the Life-Size Converter EF to indicate to the lens the change in focal length so that it is able to report the correct focal length and aperture to the camera body when mounted on a teleconverter. The lens also reduces autofocus speed when a teleconverter is attached to improve autofocus accuracy.

List of Canon EF lenses
The "I", "II", "III" Roman numeral suffix after the focal length(s) indicates the generation number. While I is used in the table below, it is not used in official Canon model numbers; the original model lacks a Roman numeral and only the second and subsequent generations have them. Roman numerals are used only when the entire model designation—focal length(s), aperture, IS, DO, L status, and motor mechanism—is identical from one version to the next. This means, for example, that when Canon introduced IS to lenses whose prior versions lacked that feature (24mm, 28mm, 35mm IS primes in 2012, 16–35mm IS zoom in 2014), the first IS versions lacked Roman numerals.

The EF lenses are grouped below by their focal lengths:
 * Zoom: for zoom lenses that have a range of focal lengths
 * Prime: for prime lenses that have a single focal length

Exceptions
Canon has two further types of lenses compatible with the EF mount: Tilt-shift and the 1-5x Macro lens, which are not designated EF, but TS-E and MP-E respectively. TS stands for Tilt-shift while MP stands for macro-photo. These types of lenses are not designated EF as they are manual-focus only lenses. They do, however, retain electronic aperture control as well as focus confirmation.

title: Canon EF lens mount


text:
User:Beoran

Perhaps there is nothing to say but one thing and that is this: when everything seems all right then something is amiss

title: User:Beoran


text:
Blain Morin

Blain Kevin Morin (born September 30, 1960) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1998 to 1999 who was elected in a by-election. He represented the riding of Nickel Belt in the Sudbury, Ontario, area.

Background
Morin was president of the Canadian Union of Public Employees, Sudbury district. He subsequently worked for the Ontario Federation of Labour.

Politics
Morin ran in a by-election to replace Floyd Laughren, who had retired in 1998. He was elected to the legislature in a by-election on October 1, 1998, defeating Progressive Conservative candidate Gerry Courtemanche by 1,364 votes.

In 1999, the provincial ridings of Nickel Belt and Sudbury East were merged for the 1999 provincial election; even during the by-election campaign, Morin was already indicating that he did not intend to compete against Sudbury East's popular incumbent Shelley Martel for the merged riding's nomination. There was some consideration that he might run for the NDP nomination in the neighbouring riding of Sudbury instead, but he did not do so.

After politics
After leaving the legislature in 1999, Morin went back to work for CUPE as a health and safety representative.

title: Blain Morin


text:
Talk:Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem

font for the exponents of the initial statement of the theorem too tiny
on most browsers they appear as apostrophes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.182.194.195 (talk) 08:41, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

needs more information
What beta? 07:13, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Any nonzero algebraic number α gives us a set {α} which is trivially a linearly independent set over the rationals, and hence eα is immediately seen to be transcendental.
 * Is this argument valid? The problem I have with it is that simply because {eα} is a linearly independent set over the algebraic numbers doesn't mean that the number eα is transcendental. For instance, {log 2} is linearly independent over the rationals (if a*(log 2) = 0 for rational a, then a = 0.), and also {elog 2 = 2} is linearly independent set over the algebraic numbers (if a*2 = 0 for algebraic a, then a = 0.), yet 2 is not transcendental. I also understand the urge to condense everything to be elegant, but I think expressing things out explicitly in terms of linear combinations is still helpful for people who might not be able to immediately mentally untangle "linearly independent" or "algebraically independent". Revolver 04:01, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I see...you're secretly still using the fact that the number is algebraic. I was seeing that ({a} LI over Q) does not imply ({a} AI over A, which is true, but if you add a being alg. to hypothesis, it does go through. Revolver 02:51, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

needs date
If Lindemann proved pi is trancendental, we should cite the published proof, and at least give a date.

The part about Baker's characterization needs a fix.

 * An equivalent formulation, is the following: If α1,...,αn are distinct algebraic numbers, then the exponentials $$e^{\alpha_1},\ldots,e^{\alpha_n}$$ are linearly independent over the algebraic numbers.

The part about Baker's theorem needs a fix, extra hypothesis are required (a non real fifth root of unity provides a counter example)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 153.90.244.6 (talk) 18:57, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * A better counterexample: $$e^i+e^{-i}=0$$. Unless Baxter's theorem concerns only real numbers this is definitely false.  Grue   22:42, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * But $$e^i+e^{-i}= 2cos(1)$$, not zero. JRSP (talk) 23:47, 23 December 2007 (UTC)
 * OMG, did I say something stupid on Wikipedia again. Indeed, you are right, and if $$e^x+e^y=0$$ then $$x=y+\pi i+2\pi i k$$, so they cannot be both algebraic. Now we need to figure out if the original counterexample holds (probably not, since roots of 1 have transcendental logarithms), and whether the formulation is actually true.  Grue   11:41, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * According to planetmath.org "An equivalent version of the theorem states that if α1,...,αn are distinct algebraic numbers over, then  $$e^{\alpha_1},\ldots,e^{\alpha_n}$$ are linearly independent over $$\mathbb{Q}$$." (not over the algebraic numbers). I also found the proof there. (we could add the external link). In the proof they say : "Theorem 3: If  α1,...,αn are algebraic and distinct, and if β1,...,βn  are algebraic and non-zero, then $$\beta _1 e^{\alpha _1 }  + ... + \beta _n e^{\alpha _n }  \ne 0$$ " which basically says the exponentials are LI over the algebraic numbers. JRSP (talk) 15:01, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's see anon ip's argument: "Take α to be a non-real fifth root of unity. Then $$\alpha,\alpha^2,\alpha^3,\alpha^4$$ are distint, but α satisfies $$1+x+x^2+x^3+x^4=0$$." This only says that $$1,\alpha,\alpha^2,\alpha^3,\alpha^4$$ are linearly dependent but does not show if $$e,e^{\alpha},\ldots,e^{\alpha^4}$$ are LD. JRSP (talk) 15:24, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

This example depends on the "second formulation" so I moved it here: Alternatively, using the second formulation of the theorem, we can argue that if α is a nonzero algebraic number, then {0, α} is a set of distinct algebraic numbers, and so the set $$\{e^0,e^\alpha\}=\{1,e^\alpha\}$$ is linearly independent over the algebraic numbers and in particular eα can't be algebraic and so is transcendental. JRSP (talk) 01:22, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

The reference in the second paragraph of the article should be to Baker not Baxter.Fathead99 (talk) 12:07, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Abuse of notation?
Given that the alpha_js are irrational each e^alpha denotes infinitely many numbers. Now what does Q(e^alpha_j) mean? All powers added, or one by one separately? If the latter does Q(e^alpha_1...e^alpha_n) mean any combination of those for all j? Scineram (talk) 17:28, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Lemma C
I could well be missing something, and indeed I hope I am, but I think Lemma C is invalid. The proof relies on the betas being non-zero. However the betas are linear combinations of the alphas, and as far as I can see, there is no reason why some of these linear combinations could not be zero.

If some of the betas are zero, and we reform the equation K'+c(1)(.....) then we obtain an equation K"+c(1)(.....) where all the betas to the right of c(1) are non-zero, but K" may be zero. This invalidates the application of Lemma B because to apply Lemma B we must give K the value K" and if K is zero, then Lemma B cannot be applied. This invalidates the whole proof.

The proof sketch closely follows Baker's proof that pi is transcendental (Baker's book is included as a reference to the article) and attempts to apply the same method to produce the generalised result. Baker's proof of the L-W Theorem is highly condensed and therefore difficult to follow (at least for someone of my modest mathematical ability) but in particular, he uses essentially the same sequence of functions f that are used by Hermite in his proof of the transcendental nature of e. In turn, Hermite's proof was closely followed by Lindemann. These are different from the functions f used in this article, which simply differ by a constant factor. If it were possible to extend the pi-proof in a simple manner to prove the Lindemann-Weierstrass Theorem, I think Baker would have found this method and used it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.216.107.117 (talk) 05:21, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Reference at Note 3
The reference at Note 3 is incorrect. It should be to Lindemann's Math. Ann. paper of 1882. There is no paper by Lindemann at the 1888 reference cited at Note 3. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.168.108.203 (talk) 06:42, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Equivalent formulation?
From the article: "An equivalent formulation (Baker 1975, Chapter 1, Theorem 1.4), is the following: If α1, ..., αn are distinct algebraic numbers, then the exponentials eα1, ..., eαn are linearly independent over the algebraic numbers." Now, I don't have that book, and maybe I am missing some important property of the set of algebraic numbers, but it seems to me that proving that eα1, ..., eαn are algebraically independent over the algebraic numbers would actually be a stronger statement than proving that they are algebraically independent over the rationals. Now, I know that things like "equivalent", "stronger", and "weaker" are meaningless in the cases of already proven theorems, because all true statements are equivalent over the same system (if you assume A then prove B, but A is True, you are really just proving B without any need for the assumption on A). So am I missing something here? And even if so, it should be clearer in the article. - Asmeurer  ( talk   ♬  contribs ) 00:58, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Suppose we know Baker's version, that is if αi are n algebraic, distinct numbers then exp(αi) are linearly independent over the algebraic numbers.

 * Now let αi be n algebraic numbers, linearly independent over Q and suppose there is an algebraic relation between the exp(αi), say P(exp(α1),…,exp(αn)) = 0 for some nonzero polynomial P with coefficients in Q. Each term in P(α1,…,αn) is something like
 * $$\beta_i \exp(m_1\alpha_1+\ldots+m_n\alpha_n)\,$$
 * for integers mi and rational numbers βi. Because the αi are linearly independent over Q these exponents are all distinct, so by Baker's version of the theorem all the βi must be zero, which proves the original version of the theorem.

 * In the opposite direction: assume the original version is true and let αi be n distinct, algebraic numbers. Note that by sifting, some subset of these n numbers is a basis for the vector space generated by them over Q.  We want to show that if βi are n nonzero algebraic numbers then $$\sum_i\beta_i e^{\alpha_i}\neq0$$.  It obviously suffices to show that this left-hand expression multiplied by something else is nonzero, so we multiply it by the exact same expression except with each βi replaced by all of its conjugates in every possible combination.  The result is a very large polynomial in the exp(αi) but now with rational coefficients.  Since occurrences of the αi that aren't in the basis subset can be replaced by linear combinations of those that are, we can treat this as a polynomial in exp(αi) for just the basis elements αi.  In particular the αi are linearly independent over Q, so by the original version of Lindemann-Weierstrass this polynomial is nonzero, hence $$\sum_i\beta_i e^{\alpha_i}\neq0$$. Chenxlee (talk) 15:41, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Your argument is very nice and would be better in the proof section of the article. After all it is necessary for finishing the proof, and would avoid letting people wondering. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.244.80.154 (talk) 18:56, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Proof sketch
There's something extremely fishy about the proof sketch. It says "We prove that if a1, a2... an are non-zero algebraic numbers, and α1, α2... αn are distinct algebraic numbers, then $$a_1 e^{\alpha_1} + a_2 e^{\alpha_2} + ... a_n e^{\alpha_n}\ne 0$$.". The same thing is repeated in the "final step" section. But that's not algebraic independence, that's just plain old linear independence! In the $$n=1$$ case, this doesn't say that $$e^\alpha$$ is transcendental, just that (because $$\mathbb{C}$$ is an integral domain) $$e^\alpha \neq 0$$. Well, duh. I'm not all that comfortable with French (or with this proof), so I don't know exactly what needs fixing, but at least the K term from the reference needs to be added for any of this to make sense. 85.226.204.222 (talk) 07:49, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The sketch proof is of Baker's equivalent reformulation mentioned in the lede, that if $α$1, …, $α$$n$ are distinct algebraic numbers, then the exponentials $e$α1, …, $e$$α$$n$ are linearly independent over the algebraic numbers. I've mentioned this in the article now. Chenxlee (talk) 12:06, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Lemma B
"Thus we may choose the polynomials in such a way, that the value of $u$($k$)$v$($k$)$m$($k$) − 1 is independent of $k$"

This is not true. Follow some of the known proofs.

New proof
The previous proof was incorrect or at least it had some unclear points. I posted a new proof of the lemmas. This new proof is taken almost entirely from PlanetMath. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kappaenne (talk • contribs) 22:14, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

Assumes too much background knowledge
This article is incomprehensible not just if you are not a mathematician, but if you are not a particular kind of mathematician. That is not good for an encyclopaedic article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.243.199.239 (talk) 09:04, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Additionally, the articles in other languages look very different, which doesn't fill me with confidence in this one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.243.199.239 (talk) 09:07, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Condition in Lemma A
It seems to me that the condition 'If γ(k)_i ≠ γ(u)_v whenever (k, i) ≠ (u, v), then...' in Lemma A is too weak and that it should be 'If γ(k)_i ≠ γ(u)_v whenever k ≠ i, then...'. The reason being that with the current formulation we could just have all the polynomials $T_k$ being identical but with their roots labeled in a different order. It seems pretty obvious that in that case the lemma would be false. However I am reluctant to change it in the main article because I have never seen this proof before and maybe I am misinterpreting something. I would be happy if someone more expert could take a look at this! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Octonion (talk • contribs) 09:29, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Does it really follow from Baker's theorem?
As written the introduction seems to imply that Lindeman-Weierstrass follows from Baker's theorem, but I can't find this claim elsewhere and it doesn't seem true to me. 128.12.123.40 (talk) 20:29, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem


text:
List of rulers of Nkamanga

List of Rulers "Chikulamayembe" of Nkamanga (Malawi):

title: List of rulers of Nkamanga


text: Category:Royal Norwegian Navy

title: Category:Royal Norwegian Navy


text: Category:Frigates

title: Category:Frigates


text: Category:Royal Danish Navy

title: Category:Royal Danish Navy


text:
Jurij Dalmatin

Jurij Dalmatin (c. 1547 – 31 August 1589) was a Slovene Lutheran minister, reformer, writer and translator. He translated the complete Bible into Slovene.

Life
Born in Krško, Dalmatin came from a Dalmatian family. Until the age of 18, he studied under the Protestant teacher and grammarian Adam Bohorič. Dalmatin next studied in Württemberg and Bebenhausen south of Tübingen. In August 1566 he entered the University of Tübingen, becoming a baccalarius in March 1569 and a magister in August 1569. He published his magisterial work De catholica et catholicis disputatio in 1572. These German studies were funded by Bohorič and the Protestant reformer Primož Trubar. Dalmatin became a preacher in Ljubljana in 1572.

He had a wife named Barbara, with whom he had four children: Janez, Katarina, Elizabeta, and Marko.

He died in Ljubljana in 1589.

Work
Dalmatin was the author of several religious books, such as Karšanske lepe molitve (Beautiful Christian Prayers, 1584), Ta kratki würtemberški katekizmus (The Short Württemberg Catechism, 1585), and Agenda (1589). However, his most important achievement is the complete translation of the Bible into Slovene, which he allegedly wrote to a large extent at Turjak Castle under the protection of the Carniolan governor, Herbard VIII von Auersperg (Hervard Turjaški), and Herbard's son Christoph von Auersperg, who are said to have provided for the translator Dalmatin a "Wartburg"-type sanctuary  as had been offered to Martin Luther by Frederick the Wise, the Elector of Saxony. This, however, is refuted as pure legend.

The original title of Damatin's translation was Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta, slovenski tolmačena skuzi Jurija Dalmatina (The Bible: That Is, the Entire Holy Scripture of the Old and the New Testament, Translated into Slovene by Jurij Dalmatin), and it was published in 1583, printed in the Bohorič alphabet. The translation set the norm for the Slovene standard language (with later innovations in vocabulary) until the first half of the 19th century.

title: Jurij Dalmatin


text:
Witley Common

Witley Common is an area of woodland and heath, close to Witley, Surrey, in the United Kingdom. It is part of a much larger Site of Special Scientific Interest, the Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Commons.

The land has been occupied since the Bronze Age — it features ancient burial mounds which have been dated to this period. It has been used as common land by many generations over the centuries — particularly for grazing, turf-cutting and, during the 16th and 17th centuries, for iron workings.

Witley Common again proved useful during the First and Second World Wars when the land was used by the army as a training camp (Witley Camp) with up to 20,000 soldiers based there at one point. In the late 1940s, it was gradually restored to its pre-war condition.

Today it is managed by the National Trust, to provide a mixture of habitats for wildlife, with birch, oak and pine woodland, as well as open heathland. Birdlife includes willow warblers ,nightjars and nightingales. The area is populated by many rare species and has a broad range of both deciduous and evergreen varieties of trees. The area is a water catchment for the upper reaches of the River Wey.

Witley Centre
Witley Common contains a nature information centre, known as The Witley Centre, built and managed by the National Trust. The centre features a countryside exhibition. The centre often hosts school groups and children's holiday activities.

title: Witley Common


text:
Henry Percy Brewster

Henry Percy Brewster (also Persy; November 22, 1816 – December 28, 1884) was a lawyer, statesman, and soldier from Texas. He fought in the Texas Revolution, and as a colonel in the Confederate Army during the Civil War.

Biography
Brewster was born in Laurens County, South Carolina. He read for the law and began his practice there. In 1836, while visiting New Orleans, he volunteered to serve in the nascent Texas Army. When Brewster arrived in Velasco, Texas, he was detached from his company to serve as secretary to General Sam Houston. The only action he was in was the Battle of San Jacinto. After that battle he accompanied Houston, who was wounded, to New Orleans.

When he returned to Texas later in 1836 he served briefly as the interim Secretary of War and Navy for President David G. Burnet. In the fall of that year, he established a legal practice at Brazoria. In 1840 he was appointed the District Attorney for the Second Judicial District of Texas, a post he held until 1843. Six years later, Governor of Texas George Tyler Wood appointed him Attorney General of the state of Texas. In 1855 Brewster moved to Washington, D.C. to practice international law.

When the Civil War erupted he returned to Texas, where he was commissioned a captain in the Confederate Army and was appointed adjutant general to General Albert Sidney Johnston on September 11, 1861. The next spring he became Johnston's chief of staff and was with the general when he was killed at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862. Afterwards he served on the staff of John Bell Hood, where he rose to the rank of colonel.

At the close of the war in 1865, he returned to Texas and practiced law in San Antonio. In 1881 Governor John Ireland appointed him commissioner of insurance, statistics, and history, a position he held until his death in Austin. His body was taken to Galveston and buried in the Gulf of Mexico.

Honors
Brewster County, Texas, was named in his memory in 1887.

title: Henry Percy Brewster


text:
Cambrian College

Cambrian College, established in 1967, is a college of applied arts and technology in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, partnered with private Hanson College of Business, Health and Technology in Brampton and Toronto. It is attended primarily by international students.

History
Cambrian College was founded as a trade school in 1967, during the formation of Ontario's college system. It was originally established with campuses in Sudbury, North Bay and Sault Ste. Marie; the North Bay and Sault campuses became the independent Canadore College and Sault College in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

Until 1995, Cambrian was a bilingual institution, offering courses in both English and French. In that year, the French programs were transferred to Collège Boréal.

In 2017 the college was hit with a ransomware attack that downed many systems. From 2018 to 2024 Cambrian's international student population grew by 208%.

Student population and programs
The largest college in Northern Ontario, Cambrian College has over 4,100 full-time students and close to 80 full-time programs, a number of which are uniquely suited to the academic and employment aspirations of First Nations people. An additional 9,000 registrations are taken annually for part-time personal, professional and human resources development courses, workshops and seminars. Delivery methods include classroom learning, independent learning, distance education and the Internet.

The various programs at Cambrian College are organized under the umbrella of five larger schools:
 * Schools of Business and Information Technology; Creative Arts, Design and Hospitality.
 * Schools of Health Sciences and Emergency Services
 * Schools of Justice; Community Services; and General Studies
 * Schools of Skills Training; and Community and Corporate Learning
 * School of Engineering Technology and Environmental Studies

In May 2021, it was announced that the College would no longer be accepting new applications for the Music Program. Despite the required minimum number of applications being met, the Music Program is not going to have a September 2021 intake of students.

The percentage of Cambrian student headcount comprised by international student has grown significantly over the past decade. In 2013-14 learners on a student visa comprised 2% of total student headcount. In 2021-22 that number had grown to 56%.

Student associations
Cambrian is also home to 3 particular student government associations; SAC (Students Administrative Council), CNSA (Cambrian Native Students Association) and the CAA (Cambrian Athletics Association). All three provide essential services to students, although SAC represents every student on campus and provides specific services regarding students and student life. These services range from basic student services like faxing and mailing duties; to the executive council members of SAC dealing with academic appeals, clubs and associations duties, college-wide changes, leadership and other concerns. The executive of SAC reports to a student body elected President (As do the CAA and CNSA)..

Computer and engineering technology
The energy systems program was launched in fall 2007 at the Barry Downe campus and features "The Living Building Project" which has received significant government and industry funding. Students in the energy systems program take classes in areas as varied as chemistry, instrumentation and biology and take a hands-on role in the construction and design of "The Living Building Project".

University transfer agreements
Cambrian College has agreements with universities in Canada and in countries that include Australia and the USA that enhance student mobility between college and university. These agreements formally recognize credits earned at each institution and facilitate the transfer of these credits between institutions.

Cambrian College in Toronto, Brampton and Vancouver
In 2005, Cambrian College entered into a partnership with Hanson Canada to create Cambrian @ Hanson. At the three campus locations in Toronto, Brampton and Vancouver, Hanson is delivering Cambrian College programs exclusively to international students. Hanson is also a registered Private Career College in both Ontario (registered with MTCU) and in BC (registered with PTIB). A report commissioned by the Ontario Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development (MAESD) in 2017 stated that private public partnership arrangements pose unacceptable risks. This includes limited ability to ensure academic standards and potentially subverting the intent of Canada’s federal immigration strategy. This lead the government of the day to direct a phase out of public private college partnerships, a decision that was later reversed by the Ford Government.

Media
In 2009, The Shield, Cambrian's student-run newspaper was replaced by a daily-updated website, cambrianshield.ca, and a new glossy magazine. The first edition of the Shield magazine was released on November 6. Both are put together by students in the college's journalism program. In March 2013 the website and magazine was shut down after the journalism program was suspended in 2012.

Students of the Broadcast — New Media program also host shows on Laurentian University's campus station CKLU-FM.

Radio
Cambrian College had a closed-circuit radio station called CCRS Cambrian College Radio Station which was heard around the campus. Its unknown when the station was launched or shutdown.

Sports
The college is represented in the Canadian Colleges Athletic Association by the Cambrian Golden Shield.

Notable alumni

 * Brian Bigger, Canadian politician
 * Brian Hayes, Canadian politician
 * Will Morin, Canadian politician
 * Glenn Thibeault, Canadian politician

title: Cambrian College


text:
An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon

An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon together With somewhat Concerning Severall Remarkable passages of my life that hath hapned since my Deliverance out of Captivity is a book written by the English trader and sailor Robert Knox in 1681. It describes his experiences some years earlier in the Kingdom of Kandy, on the island today known as Sri Lanka. It provides one of the most important contemporary accounts of 17th century Sri Lankan life.

History
Knox spent 19 years in Sri Lanka after being taken prisoner by the Kingdom of Kandy during the reign of Rajasinha II. He survived by knitting caps, selling goods and lending rice and corn. He finally escaped with one companion in 1679 and reached Arippu, a Dutch settlement on the north-west coast of the island, from where he was able to return to England in 1680.

The book was written during the voyage to England. It came to the attention of Knox's employers, the directors of the British East India Company, who recommended its publication. The historian and biographer John Strype, Knox's cousin, helped him to prepare the book for publication with the encouragement of the natural philosopher and polymath Robert Hooke. It was printed by Richard Chiswell, the printer to the Royal Society, under the imprimaturs of the Society and the Company. When the book was published in 1681 it was widely read and was translated in Knox's lifetime into German (1689), Dutch (1692) and French (1693) editions. It made Knox internationally famous and was a major influence on the works of Daniel Defoe; Robinson Crusoe and the later Captain Singleton both draw on the experiences of Knox.

Contents
The Relation has a wider literary importance in influencing the development of the English novel. Knox uses direct and idiomatic language to provide detailed descriptions of the factual reality that he saw during his time on Ceylon. He paints a portrait of himself as a practical, self-sufficient and robust individual, very much like Defoe's shipwrecked mariner. The book is of fundamental importance as a source for the economic history and anthropology of Ceylon during this period due to the objectivity and detail of the text, in which Knox provides closely observed descriptions of Sinhalese topography, economic and social life, cultural characteristics and conditions in the kingdom of Kandy. It is divided into four parts; the first three describe the kingdom of Kandy, and the final part details Knox's escape from captivity.

The preface provides maps and descriptions of Tamil royal and rural life in the country Vanni which he stumbled into in the north and east of the island. The book is accompanied by seventeen copperplate engravings of unknown provenance to illustrate topics addressed by Knox. The engravings are not particularly artistically accomplished, but they do fit the text well. However, the artist suffers from evidently not having seen his subjects; H. A. I. Goonetileke comments that "the animals are near caricatures and the human subjects are obviously based on more familiar European models." The non-English editions of the book imitate or adapt the original English engravings. The Dutch edition, for instance, incorporates engravings by Jan Luyken which are based on the English originals but provide a more animated setting, with more detailed backgrounds of buildings and landscapes.


text: Category:Brewster County, Texas

title: Category:Brewster County, Texas


text: User talk:82.205.141.33

title: User talk:82.205.141.33


text:
Talk:Morea

Untitled
Wasn't the Chronicle originally written in French, and then translated into Greek? Also, I thought the odd state of the Greek translation was because it had been translated by a non-native speaker. (I'm probably mis-remembering something, and I don't have a copy at hand.) Adam Bishop 07:41, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Probably, but is there a surviving ms version in Old French? I haven't read more than quotes from it. How does the passage look now? Wetman 08:46, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The Catholic Encyclopedia says:

 * "To the period of Frankish conquest belongs aIso the metrical Chronicle of Morea (fourteenth century) It was composed by a Frank brought up in Greece, though a foe of the Greeks, and its literary value for the history of civilization is all the greater. Its object was, amid the constantly progressing hellenization of the Western conquerors, to remind them of the spirit of their ancestors. It is Greek, therefore, only in language; in literary form and spirit it is wholly Frankish. The author "describes minutely the feudal customs which had been transplanted to the soil of Greece, and this perhaps is his chief merit; the deliberations of the High Court are given with the greatest accuracy, and he is quite familiar with the practice of feudal law" (J. Schmitt). As early as the fourteenth century the Chronicle was translated into Spanish and in the fifteenth into French and Italian."

 * I guess that must be what I was thinking of, written by a French guy in Greek. Adam Bishop 16:51, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

W.J. Aerts, the University of Groningen, contributed to a Dutch festschrift in 1990, "Was the Author of the Chronicle of Morea that Bad? Some considerations about the style and composition of the Chronicle of Morea, mainly based on the MS of Copenhagen (H 57)" It would be over my head, that's fer sure... Wetman 17:51, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Merged the two. I did delete the "is it a fish or is it a hamster?" way the original last paragraph was constructed; it just looked too editorial for a encyclopaedia article. I do feel that both points of view are adequately represented (but I also thought both povs were represented in my original edit, so go figure). Sysin

Etymology of the word Moreas. Moreas is written with an omicron, not an omega, "Μορέας", not "Μωρέας", so it is more plausible that it derives from the mulberry tree, "μουριά" rather than "μωρός". Vasmer in Slaven 2 rejected the Slavic derivation, plus I could not find any definition of "μωρός" as a brigand, either in contemporary lexica or a modern one of medieval Greek. I suggest that the derivation from "μωρός" is deleted, as it is not supported. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.211.2.37 (talk) 20:14, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

"Chronicle of the Morea"
Chronicle of the Morea redirects here. Wouldn't it fit better to redirect to Chronicle of Morea? Any help with moving pages? Ashmedai 119 (talk) 08:35, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Done, good idea. --FocalPoint (talk) 11:39, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Origins of the Name
The section about the origins of the name, seems to contain original research, and to be written in a non-neutral and editorial way.--Alarichus (talk) 21:09, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Something is wrong here, Thebes is in Boeotia, not the Peloponnesus — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.243.214.202 (talk) 12:57, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Ditto!96.19.147.40 (talk) 21:43, 14 May 2013 (UTC)Ronald L. Hughes

Given this the Peloponnese is more nearly and island than merely a penninsula, Morea most probably is related to PIE *mori-, meaning water and a precursor to words like mooring, marine, and mer (as in French sur-le-mer). See [https://www.etymonline.com/word/*mori-? etymology at etymonline]Blauschwein (talk) 15:23, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Thebes in the Peloponnese
"in the Peloponnesus that the plain around Thebes"

The references to Thebes should be to Tripolis, capital of Morea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by O8TY (talk • contribs) 08:23, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

The Morea from Greek: Μωρέας or Μωριάς,
Greek μωριος means "mushroom" (cf morel), which coincides with Late Bronze Age Mycenae (Mukenai) being named after Greek mukes = mushroom.

Old habits die hard. — Preceding unsigned comment added by O8TY (talk • contribs) 08:30, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

See *mori-, PIE body of water, from [https://www.etymonline.com/word/*mori-? etymonline]Blauschwein (talk) 15:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Morea


text:
List of video games featuring Batman

The list of video games featuring Batman encompasses computer, mobile phone, and console systems since the 1980s, where Batman from DC Comics has any role appearances.

title: List of video games featuring Batman


text:
Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms

Politicians and pundits frequently refer to the ability of the president of the United States to "create jobs" in the U.S. during his term in office. The numbers are most often seen during the election season or in regard to a president's economic legacy. The numbers typically used and most frequently cited by economists are total nonfarm payroll employment numbers as collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on a monthly and annual basis. The BLS also provides numbers for private-sector non-farm employment and other subsets of the aggregate.

Among the presidents from Jimmy Carter to Donald Trump, Bill Clinton created the most jobs at 18.6 million, while Ronald Reagan had the largest cumulative percentage increase in jobs at 15.6%. This computation treats the base month as the December before the month of inauguration and last month as December of the final full year in office. Using the month after inauguration as the base month as shown in the accompanying diagram, the top four presidents in terms of cumulative job creation percentage are Clinton (D), Reagan (R), Carter (D), and Obama (D).

Methodology
The jobs numbers are reported as part of the "Monthly Employment Situation Report" from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The widely publicized "job creation" number is a net figure, computed as jobs created less jobs lost during the survey month. Estimates are generated via the "Establishment Survey", also known as the payroll survey or Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The Establishment Survey as of May 2020 included "approximately 145,000 businesses and government agencies representing approximately 697,000 worksites." The Establishment Survey publishes jobs, hours, and earnings estimates at varying levels of detail (nation, state, metro area) and for different industries.

The sample establishments are drawn from private non-farm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on non-farm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period (which includes the 12th of the month), including persons on paid leave. Further, BLS explains that: "The CES employment series are estimates of nonfarm wage and salary jobs, not an estimate of employed persons; an individual with two jobs is counted twice by the payroll survey. The CES employment series excludes employees in agriculture, private households, and the self-employed." These monthly job counts are revised (sometimes by 20% or more) within 90 days to reflect additional data, seasonal adjustment models, and annual adjustments resulting from unemployment insurance filings. Figures are seasonally adjusted, which removes from the series the effects of normal variation from recurring events within a year, such as holidays and weather changes, and helps reveal underlying economic trends.

Journalist Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post explained in 2020 that economists debate which month to use as the base for counting job creation, between either January of the first term (the month of inauguration) or February. Survey data is typically from around the twelfth of the month, so January numbers are counted before the new president takes office. For that reason, The Washington Post uses the February jobs level as the starting point. For example, for President Obama, the computation takes the 145.815 million jobs of February 2017 and subtracts the 133.312 million jobs of February 2009 to arrive at the 12.503 million figure. Four of the top five presidents in terms of total jobs added were Democrats. For these 13 presidents beginning with Truman, total job creation was 2.4 times faster under Democrats, 70.5 million for the seven Democratic presidents and 29.1 million for the six Republican presidents. The Democratic presidents were in office for a total of 429 months, with 164,000 jobs per month added on average, while the Republicans were in office for 475 months, with a 61,000 jobs added per month average. The table below summarizes the results for the past seven presidents, with data through January 2021 for President Trump:

Controversy
The exact usefulness of these numbers is debated. On the one hand, they include only nonfarm payroll employment, which excludes certain types of jobs, notably the self-employed. However, as a semi-balancing factor, they count one person with two jobs as two employed persons.

Additionally, for at least the first eight months of a president's term, he inherits a budget proposed and implemented by his predecessor (as well as an overall economy which may be in decline or recovery). The data in columns shown for September (in italic) correlate better with the federal fiscal year starting each October, showing the impact of a given president and resulting federal budget on the job count.

Moreover, according to the United States Constitution, the United States Congress is responsible for government spending and thus, regardless of presidential advocacy, bears constitutional responsibility for such things as spending and tax policy that have enormous effects upon the economy. Furthermore, it is debatable how much effect any president realistically could have on a system as large, diverse, and complex as the U.S. economy. Nevertheless, the nonfarm payrolls number is the one most frequently used in the media and by economists, largely because the alternative (household survey numbers) is thought to drastically overestimate employment.

Another factor to consider is population growth, which provides opportunities for the creation of jobs, rendering these figures less impressive, or in the case of the already subpar, clearly insufficient.

The Heritage Foundation has pointed to Alan Greenspan's general economic optimism in 2004 as support for household survey numbers over payroll numbers. However, the subsequent downturn, and Greenspan's admission of having been wrong, may have discredited that view.

According to a Harris Poll, despite persistent reports that inflation is falling and the unemployment rate is nearing a 50-year low, two-thirds of Americans (68%) are unhappy with the economy.

By four-year presidential term
Numbers listed from 1941 and onward are BLS data of nonfarm jobs (in thousands), and are shown from the year beginning and ending each presidential term. The monthly statistics are quoted from January, as U.S. presidents take office at the end of that month.

** In thousands. Approximate

By presidency
For information on the United States public debt divided by gross domestic product by presidential term, see National debt by U.S. presidential terms

Graphs and data
The Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) database contains the total nonfarm employment level. A graph with a simple download of data on jobs by month since the late 1930s is available here:
 * Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) Database-Total Non-Farm Employment (PAYEMS Data Series)

.

External links and references
Jobs Created During Each Presidency Term
 * BLS Employment Situation Archived News Releases
 * BLS Employment Situation Explanatory Note


text: Category:Wyandotte County, Kansas

title: Category:Wyandotte County, Kansas