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Integron

Integrons are genetic mechanisms that allow bacteria to adapt and evolve rapidly through the stockpiling and expression of new genes. These genes are embedded in a specific genetic structure called gene cassette (a term that is lately changing to integron cassette) that generally carries one promoterless open reading frame (ORF) together with a recombination site (attC). Integron cassettes are incorporated to the attI site of the integron platform by site-specific recombination reactions mediated by the integrase.

Discovery
Integrons were initially discovered on conjugative plasmids through their role in antibiotic resistance. Indeed, these mobile integrons, as they are now known, can carry a variety of cassettes containing genes that are almost exclusively related to antibiotic resistance. Further studies have come to the conclusion that integrons are chromosomal elements, and that their mobilisation onto plasmids has been fostered by transposons and selected by the intensive use of antibiotics. The function of the majority of cassettes found in chromosomal integrons remains unknown.

Integron function
Cassette maintenance requires that they be integrated within a replicative element (chromosome, plasmids). The integrase encoded by the integron preferentially catalyses two types of recombination reaction: 1) attC x attC, which results in cassette excision, 2) attI x attC, which allows integration of the cassette at the attI site of the integron. Once inserted, the cassette is maintained during cell division. Successive integrations of gene cassettes result in the formation of a series of cassettes. The cassette integrated last is then the one closest to the Pc promoter at the attI site. The IntI-catalysed mode of recombination involves structured single-stranded DNA and gives the attC site recognition mode unique characteristics. The integration of gene cassettes within an integron also provides a Pc promoter that allows expression of all cassettes in the array, much like an operon. The level of gene expression of a cassette is then a function of the number and nature of the cassettes that precede it. In 2009, Didier Mazel and his team showed that the expression of the IntI integrase was controlled by the bacterial SOS response, thus coupling this adaptive apparatus to the stress response in bacteria.

Structure
An integron is minimally composed of:
 * a gene encoding for a site-specific recombinase: intI, belonging to the integrase family
 * a proximal recombination site: attI, which is recognized by the integrase and at which gene cassettes may be inserted
 * a promoter: Pc, which directs transcription of cassette-encoded genes

Gene cassettes
Additionally, an integron will usually contain one or more gene cassettes that have been incorporated into it. The gene cassettes may encode genes for antibiotic resistance, although most genes in integrons are uncharacterized. An attC sequence (also called 59-be) is a repeat that flanks cassettes and enables cassettes to be integrated at the attI site, excised and undergo horizontal gene transfer.

Occurrence
Integrons may be found as part of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons. Integrons can also be found in chromosomes.

Terminology
The term super-integron was first applied in 1998 (but without definition) to the integron with a long cassette array on the small chromosome of Vibrio cholerae. The term has since been used for integrons of various cassette array lengths or for integrons on bacterial chromosomes (versus, for example, plasmids). Use of "super-integron" is now discouraged since its meaning is unclear.

In more modern usage, an integron located on a bacterial chromosome is termed a sedentary chromosomal integron, and one associated with transposons or plasmids is called a mobile integron.

title: Integron


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Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument is a U.S. National Monument that includes the area around Mount St. Helens in Cowlitz and Skamania Counties, Washington. It was established on August 27, 1982, by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, following the 1980 eruption. The 110,000 acre (445 km2) National Volcanic Monument was set aside for research, recreation, and education. Inside the monument, the environment is left to respond naturally to the disturbance. It was the third national monument to be managed by the U.S. Forest Service and is part of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.

At dedication ceremonies on May 18, 1983, Max Peterson, head of the USFS, said, "we can take pride in having preserved the unique episode of natural history for future generations." Since then, many trails, viewpoints, information stations, campgrounds, and picnic areas have been established to accommodate the increasing number of visitors each year. Due to the eruption, the state recognizes the month of May as "Volcano Awareness Month" and events are held at Mount St. Helens, or within the region, to discuss the eruption, safety concerns, and to commemorate lives lost during the natural disaster.

Beginning in 1983, visitors have been able to drive to Windy Ridge, only 4 mi northeast of the crater.

Mountain climbing to the summit of the volcano has been allowed since 1986 and requires a permit.

Mount St. Helens Visitor Center at Silver Lake
The Mount St. Helens Visitor Center at Silver Lake, about 30 mi west of Mount St. Helens and five miles (8 km) east of Interstate 5 (outside the monument), opened in 1987 by then-Vice President George H.W. Bush. The center was formerly operated by the U.S. Forest Service and has been operated by Washington State Parks since October 2007.

Exhibits include the area's culture and history, and the natural history and geology of the volcano and the eruption, including the recovery of the area's vegetation and animal life. The Center includes a theater, a gift shop and outdoor trails. By the end of 1989, the center had hosted more than 1.5 million visitors and in 2007, approximately 300,000 guests were recorded. The 16,000 sqft space underwent its first upgrade in 2024, which included artworks, displays, and exhibits expanding on the history and connection of the Cowlitz Indian Tribe to the mountain and surrounding lands.

Johnston Ridge Observatory
The Johnston Ridge Observatory is 52 mi east of Castle Rock, Washington, at the end of Washington State Route 504, four miles from the mountain. Open daily mid-May through October, exhibits focus on the geologic history of the volcano, eyewitness accounts of the explosion, and the science of monitoring volcanic activity. Two movies and ranger-led programs are available every hour. A half-mile paved trail provides views of the lava dome, crater, pumice plain, and landslide deposit, with access to hiking trails in the restricted area.

The observatory is located near the site of volcanologist David A. Johnston's camp on the morning of May 18, 1980, and was opened in 1997.

On May 14, 2023, access to the observatory was barred due to the 2023 South Coldwater Slide, a landslide that destroyed a bridge on Washington State Route 504. A team composed of U.S. Forest Service staff and volunteers hiked to the building to retrieve scientific items and supplies so that work to observe the volcano, as well as the continuation of services for visitors, could proceed at the Coldwater Science and Learning Center. Another landslide a month later would affect access to Windy Ridge. In early 2024, Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) announced that because of cost and a limited construction schedule for repairs due to a combination of weather, elevation, and issues with the terrain, the highway and access to the observatory would be closed until 2026. The USFS and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) disclosed that the site is without electricity and that the observatory may not open until spring 2027.

Science and Learning Center at Coldwater
The Coldwater Ridge Visitor Center in the Coldwater Lake area opened in 1993, operated by the Forest Service, but closed in November 2007 due to a lack of funding. The grounds were reopened in 2011 for limited use, providing educational programs and events to the public.

The center reopened as the Science and Learning Center at Coldwater (SLC) in May 2013, operating as an educational facility and conference center in cooperation with the nonprofit Mount St. Helens Institute. It was open to the public on weekends from 10am to 6pm, though many of the exhibits were removed, the gift shop, theatre, and some signage remained. The campus was closed during the Covid-19 pandemic, though it was available for educational residential visits, and reopened to weekend visits in 2022 and normal visitation in 2023.

A proposed expansion of the SLC would include space for an amphitheater, overnight camping, an outdoor school, improved hiking trails, and timber lodges. Starting from a 30-year permit from the U.S. Forest service, the upgrades are projected to cost $35 million. , the beginning phases of the project has raised 20% of its projected $10 million, including a $900,000 donation from a foundation run by the Cowlitz Indian Tribe.

After the South Coldwater Slide in 2023, the center was outfitted with exhibits and other facilities as a temporary alternative to the Johnston Ridge Observatory while cleanup and repairs were underway. By 2024, students participating in educational adventures held by the SLC could camp overnight in the building.

The Winds of Change Trail #232, a short, barrier-free interpretive trail, departs from the Science and Learning Center.

South and east sides of Mount St. Helens
The southern and eastern sides of Mount St. Helens are accessible only by U.S. Forest Service roads. The main roads are:

 * Forest Route 25.svg U.S. Forest Service Road 25 – Monument entrance from U.S. Route 12 to Road 90.
 * Forest Route 26.svg.S. Forest Service Road 26 – Road 99 to Norway Pass to Road 25.
 * Forest Route 81.svg.S. Forest Service Road 81 – SR 503/Road 90 to Merrill Lake, Kalama Horse Camp, and Climber's Bivouac.
 * Forest Route 83.svg.S. Forest Service Road 83 – Road 90 to Ape Cave, Ape Canyon, Lava Canyon lahar, and Smith Creek.
 * Forest Route 90.svg U.S. Forest Service Road 90 – Monument entrance from State Route 503.
 * Forest Route 99.svg U.S. Forest Service Road 99 – Road 25 to Bear Meadows, Meta Lake and Miner's Car, and Windy Ridge.

Bear Meadows
Bear Meadows is an alpine meadow and viewpoint northeast of Mt. St. Helens. It is located on U.S. Forest Service Road 99. Gary Rosenquist camped here with friends on May 17–18, 1980. He started taking his famous eruption photographs from this location. The sequence of eruption photos provide a time-lapse view of the developing eruption. As the lateral blast developed, he and his friends abandoned their campsite fearing for their lives. He continued taking photos as they escaped in a car. The eruption's lateral blast narrowly missed the site as it was deflected by a ridge just west of the meadow. In an interview with KIRO-TV in 1990, a friend called that ridge "the line of death."

Windy Ridge
Windy Ridge is the closest view point accessible to the general public. Beginning in summer 1983, visitors have been able to drive to Windy Ridge, on U.S. Forest Service Road 99, only 4 mi northeast of the crater. From this vantage point overlooking Spirit Lake, people see not only the evidence of a volcano's destruction, but also the remarkable, gradual (but faster than originally predicted) recovery of the land as revegetation proceeds and wildlife returns.

Ape Cave
Ape Cave is a lava tube located in Gifford Pinchot National Forest just to the south of Mount St. Helens. Its passageway is the longest continuous lava tube in the continental United States and the third longest (in total mapped length) lava tube in North America at 2.5 miles (4,023 meters). The cave was formed approximately 1,900 years ago, is situated at an average depth of 50 feet below ground, and the air temperature remains a constant 42 degrees throughout the year.

Lava tubes are an unusual formation in this region, as volcanoes of the Cascade Range are mostly stratovolcanos and do not typically erupt with pahoehoe (fluid basalt).

Two competing mentions of its discovery exist. The cave was discovered in 1947 by a logger who almost fell into the system while operating a tractor. Another account mentions a discovery around 1951 by Lawrence Johnson, also a logger, when he noticed a tree that "looked wrong." After investigating the tree, he discovered it tilted into a lava tube collapse. A few days later, Johnson brought a group of other people back to the cave, and an individual named Harry Reese was lowered to the floor and became the first known person to explore the interior. The cave system takes its moniker from a local Boy Scout troop, named the Mount St. Helens Apes, who undertook subsequent explorations of the tube after its discovery.

Ape Cave is a popular hiking destination with beautiful views of the Mount St. Helens lahar region. Ape Cave Trail No. 239, which runs along the interior of the cave, is a National Recreation Trail receiving 170,000 visitors each year.

Trails and recreation
In 2024, trails in the area of Spirit Lake were closed during weekdays due to a project to repair the 1985 drainage tunnel. Closure of the area for hiking is expected to last through 2027.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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History of Canadian animation

The History of Canadian animation involves a considerable element of the realities of a country neighbouring the United States and both competitiveness and co-operation across the border.

Early history
The earliest known pieces of Canadian animation were paper animated 35mm films created by Jean Arsin and Charles Lambly in 1910, but all of these are now lost. Romulus and Remus, a 25-minute film by Lambly for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montreal, was made in 1926, but is now lost. The Man Who Woke Up, created in 1919 by J.A. Norling and William Ganson Rose for the Federated Budget Board of Winnipeg, is the oldest surviving piece of animation.

In 1927, Bryant Fryer proposed silhouette animation films to Cranfield and Clarke, the producers of Carry on, Sergeant!. His films were funded by Filmart and created the Shadowlaughs shorts with Geoffrey Keighley. These were never theatrically released due to financial difficulties faced by Cranfield and Clarke. Fryer was unable to produce more animation until gaining the financial backing of Albert Gooderham in 1933. He was unable to find distributors due to a monopoly by Famous Players, which only distributed Fleischer Studios shorts.

Raoul Barré opened an animation studio with William C. Nolan in 1914, and hired Gregory La Cava and Frank Moser. Barré streamlined the animation process by reducing the amount of drawing needed. He partnered with Charles Bowers, but went into retirement in 1919 after disagreements with him. He left retirement in 1926, and animated ten Felix the Cat shorts.

Prior to 1939, animation production was a very low scale with small production that were often discouraged by theatre chains like Famous Players. Such companies did not want Canadian competition to their parent companies' product. However, independent animators such as Jack (J.A). Norling in Winnipeg, Jean Arsin and Charles Lambly in Montreal, and Harold Peberdy, Bert Cob, Walter H. Swaffield and Bryant Fryer in Toronto, were able to produce short animations, primarily for advertising and educational purposes.

National Film Board
The National Film Board of Canada was organized in 1939, under the leadership of John Grierson. Grierson initially contracted the Walt Disney Company for $20,000 to make five films (Stop That Tank!, The Thrifty Pig, 7 Wise Dwarfs, and Donald's Decision) for the war effort and selling war bonds. The NFB held the distribution rights for these films until 1945. Philip Ragan, an American animator, was hired as part of the agreement with the National War Finance Committee and Ragan produced over thirty films. The NFB did not have an internal animation department until Grierson brought Norman McLaren to Canada in 1941, and produced Mail Early, his first film there. McLaren requested workers in 1942, and hired from École des beaux-arts de Montréal and OCAD University. The department, Studio A, became an official unit in January 1943. By 1945, 35 of the 335 films produced by the NFB were from the animation unit.

Jim Mackay replaced McLaren as animation director in 1945. Wolf Koenig, Colin Low, and Robert Verrall joined that year. Mackay's Teeth Are to Keep was praised by Stephen Bosustow, co-founder of United Productions of America, as "one of the freshest, best pictures of its kind that we have ever had the pleasure of seeing". The NFB experimented with cel animation in the 1940s with Auprès de ma blonde, Good-Bye Mr. Gyp, and Bid It Up Sucker, but animators were still using paper cutout animation following World War II.

Mackay resigned in 1949, and was replaced by 25-year old Low in 1950. Allan Ackman started Teamwork - Past and Present, but was fired for his communist views. Low and six animators completed the film which was the first colour cel animated film by the NFB. The Romance of Transportation in Canada was nominated for an Academy Award in 1953. Evelyn Lambart disliked cel animation as it was too simplistic and had "people who just did cel and didn't have to have any brains" while Koenig supported it as the only way to have fluid animation and full facial expressions.

McLaren recruited French-Canadian animators from École des beaux-arts de Montréal, including René Jodoin. Jodoin created a French animation unit in 1966, which included Laurent Coderre and Bernard Longpré. The unit was given an initial budget of $50,000. Jodoin led the unit until his replacement in 1978, by Robert Forget, who led until 1989. Yves Leduc replaced Forget and led the unit until 1996. Pierre Hébert replaced Leduc.

Koenig and Verrall co-managed the NFB animation studio from 1964 to 1967, Verrall alone until 1972, when Koenig replaced him. Koenig managed the studio until his replacement by Derek Lamb in 1975. The studio won two Academy Awards and received three other nominations during Lamb's tenure.

The NFB suffered from financial troubles in the 1970s and enforced layoffs, including in the animation studio. The computer animation program, which was established by Forget, was suspended due to budget cuts although the NFB's French Animated Studio, founded by René Jodoin in 1966, created Peter Foldes's Metadata in 1971, and the Hunger in 1973. The NFB returned to computer animation in the 1980s, but was reduced under Leduc.

Development
John Phillips and Harry Gutkin founded Phillips-Gutkin-Associates in Winnipeg in 1948, and it was the largest animation studio in Canada in the 1950s. The company created animated commercials, but the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation banned animated commercials aimed at children. Gutkin met with John Halas in 1960, about creating T. Eddy Bear, what would have been the first Canadian animated television show, but it was not made.

Le village enchanté was the first recorded animated feature film in Canadian history and Return to Oz which was based on Tales of the Wizard of Oz, the first recorded Canadian animated television series, was the second recorded animated feature film.

Al Guest formed Spectrum Productions, the company's name was altered multiple times, in 1957. Guest made a $1 million deal with Steve Krantz in 1967, to make 52 episodes of Rocket Robin Hood. Krantz sent Ralph Bakshi to oversee production. Guest attempted to not deliver the show due to non-payment, but Bakshi took any materials possible and completed the series with Krantz using material from Spider-Man. Guest was unable to afford a lawsuit and liquidated his company.

One of the main sources of work for animation companies in Canada were animated commercials, but Quebec passed legislation in 1972 prohibiting animation in commercials aided at children.

Michael Mills left the NFB in 1973, and formed Michael Mills Productions in 1974. The company's 1980 short History of the World in Three Minutes Flat was nominated for an Academy Award.

Kenn Perkins, an animator from Winnipeg, formed Kenn Perkins and Associates in the 1960s. Cordell Barker, Brad Caslor, Christopher Hinton, and John Paizs were employed by the company. The company produced animation for Sesame Street through a contract with CBC Winnipeg for four years. The work was grueling and Caslor, the company's second employee, left after two years to form Credo Group with Derek Mazur. Hinton later joined Credo Group.

Primiti Too Taa was the first animated film made for IMAX.

Nelvana
Michael Hirsh, Patrick Loubert, and other animators formed Laff Arts in 1967. Hirsh and Loubert reformed this with Clive A. Smith into the more professionally-named Nelvana.

Longer term successes began with the establishment of the Canadian animation studio Nelvana Limited in 1971. Before they were huge, they mainly did the production for live-action/animated shorts. These were known as Small Star Cinema, in production from 1974 until 1975. Nelvana took advantage of the new Canadian content broadcast rules to produce a successful series of acclaimed TV specials. They also had some success in the United States, working on productions like the animated segment of Star Wars Holiday Special in 1978.

Ivan Reitman gained a deal with Columbia Pictures to create an animated film and asked Gerald Potterton to oversee it. This film, Heavy Metal, was a box office success. The success of Heavy Metal inspired Nelvana to produce Rock & Rule. The film went $3 million over budget and was a financial failure that heavily indebted Nelvana. The company produced a large amount of television content, "a lot of bad television" according to Hirsh, to pay off this debt.

Nelvana started creating cartoons based on toys, including the Care Bears. The Care Bears Movie, by Nelvana, was the highest-grossing non-Disney animated film at the time of its release. They also produced Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation, The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland, and Babar: The Movie, but those were less financially successful. In 1999, Nelvana made a $40 million deal with PBS.

1950s-1980s
Apart from the National Film Board, Canadian production in the commercial sphere was largely as limited as before. The biggest contribution in the 1960s and much of the 1970s was in the field of voice acting with many major television productions like Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Spider-Man sporting Canadian voice actors like Paul Soles and Paul Kligman.

In the 1970s, independent companies were formed to produce low budget children's programming. Some examples are The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo, and The Toothbrush Family as well as Ukaliq and The Sunrunners all written, produced and directed by Al Guest and his partner Jean Mathieson at their Toronto company Rainbow Animation.

Two new players suddenly appeared in Ottawa, with Atkinson Film-Arts producing TV specials based on the Jean De Brunhoff Babar books and the Lynn Johnston comic strip For Better or For Worse, as well as the series The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin, Dennis The Menace, and animation for the film Heavy Metal and the specials and subsequent series of Kevin Gillis' popular The Raccoons. Disputes between Atkinson management and the Raccoons producers led Gillis' Raccoons production partner Sheldon Wiseman to form a new Ottawa studio, Hinton Animation Studios. Hinton took over animation for The Raccoons, and produced animation for projects under Wiseman's own Lacewood Productions. When the studio's feature film The Nutcracker Prince performed poorly at the box office, Hinton found itself unable to pay off the money it borrowed to finance the feature; the situation was further exacerbated by creative tensions between Gillis and Wiseman. Due to these problems, Hinton dissolved in 1990, bringing an end to The Raccoons and Gillis and Wiseman's partnership the following year. Wiseman subsequently reorganized the Hinton animation staff as Lacewood Studios, which produced a new series of For Better or For Worse specials, and co-produced several television series with producers in the United States and France.

In the 1980s the animation department of the French division of the CBC in Montreal took centre stage by winning two Oscars for its animation shorts: Crac in 1981  and The Man Who Planted Trees in 1987. Both were produced by Frédéric Back. In about the same period private and public colleges started offering complete animation programs. In 1984 Sheridan College of Oakville won an Oscar for Charade, by one of its graduating students, Jon Minnis.

Notable NFB shorts during this era included The Street (1976), The Big Snit (1985) and The Cat Came Back (1988).

1990s-2000s
With the renaissance of animation in the 1990s, Canadian animation further prospered with conventional fare from companies like Nelvana and Cinar (now part of WildBrain) while innovative work from Mainframe Entertainment such as the first computer animated series, ReBoot drew considerable success on its own.

Cinar was known for Caillou, which aired from 1997 to 2010 and then in the United States on PBS from 2000 to 2021. Although Caillou initially received positive reviews during its original run,  it has drawn heavy viewer criticism since its cancellation,  notably for the title character's negative behavior starting in the first and second seasons which resulted in four episodes of the show being banned by PBS Kids.

The demand for animators during this time (and also during the slow period of the 1980s) caused a global search for excellent and skilled animators causing many talented Canadians to wander the globe to fill the demand. Many Canadians can be found worldwide in prominent positions in animation companies throughout the world. From Richard Williams directing animation on the Oscar-winning Who Framed Roger Rabbit in the late 1980s in Britain (while also working on his unfinished film The Thief and the Cobbler there as well) to others directing creating and supervising animation in television and commercial studios around the world including many prominent video games such as Halo 2, Rayman and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. Canadians John Kricfalusi and Lynne Naylor were among the founders of the studio Spümcø, creating series such Ren and Stimpy and The Ripping Friends for television, and Weekend Pussy Hunt and The Goddamn George Liquor Program for the emerging web.

In 1997, Teletoon (a bilingual service with separate French-language and English-language feeds) was established as Canada's first dedicated animation television channel whose broadcast licence agreement stipulated at least one original animated television series a season. The O Canada anthology series helped introduce American viewers to the works of the National Film Board.

Companies such as Montreal's Toon Boom and Toronto's Alias Research/Wavefront Technologies and Side Effects Software have not only helped to define international technical standards, but have assumed a leadership role within the computer software industry. Toon Boom's "Harmony", Alias/Wavefront's "Maya" and Side Effects Software's "Houdini" are leading animation software packages used in many animated features and special effects. From shows as simple as The Simpsons (Harmony), South Park (Maya) and Angela Anaconda (Houdini) to special effects as fantastic and complex as those seen in the Harry Potter films (both software packages) and more.

In September 2000, Corus Entertainment acquired Nelvana for $540 million, complementing its children's television networks, YTV and Treehouse TV.

Flash cartoons, which were originally released on the web, began making their way to television; such as March Entertainment's Chilly Beach (2003-2006), on the CBC, as well as Ocnus Productions' Kevin Spencer (1999-2005) and Smiley Guy Studios' Odd Job Jack (2003-2007) on the Comedy Network; also joined by the puppetry show Puppets Who Kill (2002-2006), which had similarly started as an independent one-man live theatre show. After three seasons, Chilly Beach expanded to include two feature films.

In a similar vein, the CGI science fiction comedy show Tripping the Rift aired between 2004 and 2007 on Space and Teletoon. It was animated by Heavy Metal 2000 producer CinéGroupe, after starting out as web shorts. The Happy Tree Friends television series (2006) aired on G4 was animated by Canadian studio Fatkat, and based on the earlier web series of the same name. Queer Duck: The Movie (2006) was a Canadian-British-American co-production based on the web series by Mike Reiss, with similar humour also present in the series Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World (2007-2009).

This also signaled the adoption of animation more aimed at adults pioneered in the United States by The Simpsons and specialty blocks such as Adult Swim. Teletoon entered this market in September 2002 with its own adult programming blocks (later to be known as Teletoon at Night and Télétoon la nuit) and original programming. Teletoon originals that aired throughout the decade include Undergrads (2001) and Clone High (2002-2003) (both of which were co-produced with MTV), Daft Planet (2002), Delta State (2004-2005), Zeroman (2004), Bromwell High (2005), Station X (2005), The Wrong Coast (2005), Sons of Butcher (2005-2007), Punch (2008), Life's a Zoo (2008-2009), and The Dating Guy (2008-2010).

G4 also launched its own Adult Digital Distraction on June 9, 2009, before being shut down by the CRTC in late 2011 for violating the station's mandate; the block returned again in 2012. Adult Swim later came to Canada itself on July 4, 2012. The late-night Bionix block aired on YTV from September 10, 2004 to February 7, 2010, airing content aimed at an older audience than usual, including Japanese anime.

The studio a.k.a. Cartoon, lead by animator Danny Antonucci, successfully pitched a number of series to U.S. networks like MTV and Cartoon Network. These have included the critically panned The Brothers Grunt, the anthology Cartoon Sushi, and the better-received Ed, Edd n Eddy.

Similar success was attained by Cuppa Coffee Studios working on series like Celebrity Deathmatch, Starveillance, Glenn Martin, DDS, and Ugly Americans.

Nelvana had even experimented in the 1990s with series such as Brad Bird's Family Dog (1993), the British Channel 4 co-production Bob and Margaret (1998-2001), Committed (2001), and John Callahan's Quads! (2001-2002).

Other Canada-UK co-productions have included Aaagh! It's the Mr. Hell Show!, Bromwell High, and Warren United. As well as airing Bob and Margaret, Global later forayed into the adult animation space with Producing Parker (2009-2011) and Bob & Doug (2009-2011), the former by The Raccoons creator Kevin Gillis and the latter based on SCTV sketch characters Bob and Doug McKenzie. The super-hero series Acadieman aired from 2005 to 2009 as a community channel production on Rogers TV. The stop-motion What It's Like Being Alone aired on CBC in 2006, with the puppetry show Mr. Meaty (2006-2009) also featuring darker themes.

APTN also aired its own adult animation, By the Rapids (2008-2012), a landmark for indigenous animation. APTN Kids has also broadcast cartoons such Bizou (2007), Animism (2013), Kagagi (2014), and Lil Glooscap and the Legends of Turtle Island (2022), as well as the stop motion series Wapos Bay (2005-2011) and Guardians Evolution (2014-2015), with the former produced with the assistance of the National Film Board of Canada.

Jennifer Pertsch and Tom McGillis of Fresh TV created a number of popular shows for Teletoon, such as 6teen (2004-2010) and Stoked (2009-2013), as well as a broader franchise with Total Drama (2007-).

Further experimentation and exploration in the art of animation which began with the National Film Board of Canada and the works of Norman Mclaren has continued through the decades through the techniques and films of other NFB animators such as Jacques Drouin, Chris Hinton (Blackfly), Wendy Tilby and Amanda Forbis (When the Day Breaks), Janet Perlman and many others. A few Independent organizations such as the Toronto Animated Image Society in Toronto and especially the Quickdraw Animation Society in Calgary have also formed and continue to contribute, explore the art of animation and produce new works by emerging and established Canadian animators and artists. This exploration and blending of assorted and unusual techniques can be seen in the many boutique animation companies and independent animators that have sprung up throughout Canada and has continued to propel Canada's reputation of interesting and innovative animation techniques. The Board also co-produced the feature film The Human Plant in 1996.

CinéGroupe released the animated features Lion of Oz (2000), Heavy Metal 2000 (2000), and Pinocchio 3000 (2004). A multinational co-production The Triplets of Belleville (2003) was nominated for two Academy Awards. A stop-motion feature film Edison and Leo was released in 2008. Nelvana produced the made for television film Wayside: The Movie in 2005, leading to a two season series. A direct-to-video CGI feature The Nuttiest Nutcracker was released in 1999 by Dan Krech Productions.

The Ottawa International Animation Festival which takes place every fall in Ottawa Ontario is one of the largest and most respected animation festivals for drawing professional, commercial, independent and amateur animators and animation enthusiasts alike from all over the world. It is sponsored by the Association internationale du film d'animation, better known as ASIFA with chapters throughout the world.

2010s-2020s
In August 2011, NFB Animation Studio executive producer David Verrall retired, after more than 34 years at the NFB including 14 years as head of its English-language animation unit. Verrall produced or executive produced 240 NFB animated films, such as Bob's Birthday, Ryan and The Danish Poet with each winning Academy Awards. He was succeeded by Roddy McManus.

Filipino/Canadian animator Dominic Panganiban started a YouTube channel in August 2012 that as of November 2018 has over 800 million views and 6 million subscribers, ranking him in the 658th place for most subscribed. The channel generally posts videos Domics animates in which he tells a story about his life, an aspect of it, or his thoughts.

In 2013, the film The Legend of Sarila was released, cited as the first Canadian theatrically released 3D animated feature film (The Nuttiest Nutcracker had been released all the way back in 1999, but only as direct-to-video). 10th Ave. Productions would continue releasing features; namely Mission Kathmandu: The Adventures of Nelly and Simon (2017), Felix and the Treasure of Morgäa (2021) and Katak: The Brave Beluga (2023).

On March 4, 2013, Corus Entertainment announced that it would acquire full ownership of Teletoon Canada Inc.. Corus's purchase was cleared by the Competition Bureau two weeks later on March 18; the transaction was approved by the CRTC on December 20, 2013, and completed on January 1, 2014.

In 2014, Canadian animation studio ToonBox Entertainment produced the Canadian-South Korean co-production The Nut Job, directed by Peter Lepeniotis and starring Will Arnett. While it garnered negative reviews, it was one of the highest-budgeted and highest-grossing Canadian films of all time, with a cost of $42 million and a worldwide gross of $107 million as of September 2014. The film would receive a sequel, The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature (2017), and the studio would also release Spark: A Space Tail (2016). CarpeDiem Film would release the French language films Snowtime! (2015), Racetime (2018), and the spin-off series Snowsnaps (2018), with English versions released by eOne.

Nitrogen Studios produced the animation for the adult animated feature film Sausage Party starring Seth Rogen in 2016, although it became embroiled in controversy over working conditions during the project. As Cinesite Vancouver it would also produce The Addams Family (2019) and The Addams Family 2 (2021) for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Universal Pictures. The 2022 Pixar Animation Studios film Turning Red is set in Toronto in 2002, and directed by Canadian born filmmaker Domee Shi, prompting debates about whether the film qualifies as Canadian content. Pixar had briefly opened a Vancouver branch called Pixar Canada in 2010, but it closed by 2013. The 2022 film The Sea Beast by Canadian-American animator Chris Williams (best known for the 2014 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature winner Big Hero 6) proved a commercial and critical success for Netflix Animation, with production assisted by Sony Pictures Imageworks.

A co-production between animators in Canada, France and Belgium, the 2015 feature film April and the Extraordinary World released to positive critical reception. A later Canada-French co-production was released in 2022 called Dounia and the Princess of Aleppo. A French-language drama film Ville Neuve was released in 2018 by Félix Dufour-Laperrière, who in 2021 released the animated documentary Archipelago. Asphalt Watches was released in 2013 and screened at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. Guru Studio helped co-produce the film The Breadwinner (2017) with acclaimed Irish studio Cartoon Saloon based on the novel by Deborah Ellis, as well as producing Justin Time, Ever After High, and the international children's hit PAW Patrol, spawning multiple feature films.

Slap Happy Cartoons has produced several productions for Warner Bros., including for Tom and Jerry and Teen Titans Go!. On October 26, 2016, American media company Frederator Networks, Inc. (of The Fairly OddParents and Adventure Time) created a merger with Canadian animation studio Rainmaker Entertainment (of ReBoot and Beast Wars: Transformers) and Ezrin Hirsh, Inc. (partners are producers Bob Ezrin and Michael Hirsh of Nelvana) to form Wow Unlimited Media. Comic book publisher Arcana Studio opened its animation division in 2012, producing features such as The Clockwork Girl (2014), Pixies (2015), The Steam Engines of Oz (2017), Panda vs. Aliens (2023), and Heroes of the Golden Masks (2023), as well as several films spun from Howard Lovecraft and the Frozen Kingdom (2016).

A 13-episode animated series based on the hit live action Canadian sitcom Corner Gas (2004-2009) was announced on December 19, 2016. The series features the voices of many of the original series' cast members, except for Janet Wright who died in 2016. It was scheduled to début in 2017 on the Comedy Network, but was ultimately delayed until April 2, 2018 under the official title of Corner Gas Animated with animation by Smiley Guy Studios. Its first episode, "Bone Dry", was the highest rated premiere in the history of the Comedy Network. The fourth and final season aired in 2021. A similar revival of a live-action hit, Trailer Park Boys: The Animated Series, launched in 2019 for Netflix. As well as the aforementioned Bob & Doug (2009-2011), a previous animated version of a live-action character was Super Dave: Daredevil for Hire (1992) featuring Super Dave Osborne from Bizarre.

Corus' adult blocks (Teletoon at Night, Adult Swim Canada, and Télétoon la nuit) continued airing new original series; such as Knuckleheads (2012), Crash Canyon (2011-2013), Fugget About It (2012–2016), 2 Nuts and a Richard! (2015), and The Bizarre Stories of Professor Zarbi (2019) The English-language blocks were shut down in 2019, ahead of a re-launch of Showcase Action as a full-time Adult Swim channel (the first of its kind for the brand); while Teletoon's English channel was relaunched as a new incarnation of Cartoon Network (Canada) in 2023. Corus continued to commission adult animated shows for Télétoon la nuit and the Adult Swim channel; such as Doomsday Brothers (2020) and Red Ketchup (2023). PSI Cops, which premiered in 2023, was the first original series to be produced solely for the Adult Swim channel.

Other Canadian adult animated streaming shows that premiered during the decade include Look Mom! Productions' Gary and His Demons (2018-) and Doomlands (2022-); as well as Mother Up! (2013), and Young Love (2023-).

Atomic Cartoons (best known for Atomic Betty (2004-2008)), has co-produced several cartoons for American distribution; including Click and Clack's As the Wrench Turns (2008), Teenage Euthanasia (2021-2023), Little Demon (2022) and Oddballs (2022-2023). The studio is currently producing Super Team Canada (2024), the first animated original for Crave.

The Cuphead Show! (2022) was produced for Netflix based on the Canadian developed video game, Cuphead, inspired by the golden age of American animation. The animation was handled by Lighthouse Studios, a co-venture between Mercury Filmworks and Cartoon Saloon.

The Kratt Brothers, previously of the puppetry and claymation based Zoboomafoo (1999-2001), launched a new cartoon series Wild Kratts on public television stations PBS Kids in the United States and TVOKids and Knowledge Network in Canada in 2011, and as of 2024 remains in production. Zoboomafoo had featured the talents of Canadian puppeteer Gord Robertson, of The Jim Henson Company, while Wild Kratts features animation by 9 Story Media Group.

Alongside domestic productions such as Almost Naked Animals, Camp Lakebottom, Futz!, and Fugget About It; 9 Story has also produced later seasons of Arthur, Clifford the Big Red Dog, The Magic School Bus Rides Again, Creative Galaxy, Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood, and Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum.

By the 2020s, Cyberchase, which originally premiered in 2002, had been running for fifth-teen seasons and 148 episodes; making it one of the longest-running Canadian animated shows. After the first five seasons where handled by Nelvana, PiP Animation Services (who also co-produced the film Lamya's Poem (2021)) produced the series' animation since 2007.

Jam Filled Entertainment took over animation of the British classic Thomas & Friends from 2013 until its conclusion in 2021, while previous series from 2008 on having been produced by Nitrogen Studios.

Notable NFB shorts from this era included Torill Kove's Me and My Moulton and Theodore Ushev's Blind Vaysha, each were nominated for an Oscar. The Board also co-produced the feature film Window Horses (2016) with Ann Marie Fleming and Sandra Oh. Fleming had previously worked with them on the short film I Was a Child of Holocaust Survivors (2010).

Canadian music video director Winston Hacking made the satirical 2018 animated collage film Erodium Thunk out of old magazine ads and TV commercials.

Angakusajaujuq: The Shaman's Apprentice (2020), featuring Canadian Inuit characters, won Best Independent Short Film at the Festival Stop Montreal.

title: History of Canadian animation


text:
Talk:The Congo civil war

From VfD:

Ignoring the lacking capitalisation. This page contains material already covered in the DRC pages. it is poorly written, poorly presented, unwikified. Any clean-up would be, in effect, a rewrite from scratch. Better to delete. TwoOneTwo 20:40, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Among other things, when did article-writers sign articles with their own names? Dalexcoffin
 * Are we sure that there's not something worth salvaging in this rambling stream of consciousness that could be added to Democratic Republic of the Congo or somesuch? It would be a shame to remove an apparently first-hand account of the civil war just because it was poorly written (and biased.)  We can fix it, make it stronger, make it better.  Pipe the thing through an extra-stength NPOV filter, merge it with History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a new section, and redirect.  Ask User:81.241.134.96 if he or she is willing to help out.  --Ardonik 02:53, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ummm, keep only if someone is actually going to merge it with History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rdsmith4 | Talk 05:32, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * We need an individual article on this, not a mere mention in broader articles. This is the most deadly war of recent times. However, the article is a mess at present, so no vote. Everyking 12:46, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This belongs on Cleanup, not vfd. The title needs to be fixed, tho. Kevyn 11:23, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, move to cleanup. Wile E. Heresiarch 23:05, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This article is definitely biased, but the topic is one that should definitely stay. With reports from the UN or other world organizations, I'm sure I could put together a pretty comprehensive picture of the causes of the civil war, the many broken accords, statistics, and other information. It could perhaps be given a more appropriate name, but either way, this could serve as a redirect. My vote: Keep on Cleanup page Skyler 19:50, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:The Congo civil war


text:
User talk:SDGonBen

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 20:41, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:SDGonBen


text:
Shati Al-Qurm

Shatti Al-Qurum (also written Shatti Al-Qurm) is the most expensive residential locality situated on the coast of Muscat, the capital of the Sultanate of Oman. It is also known as Muscat's Diplomatic District due to many embassies being located there.

Shatti Al-Qurum is bordered by Qurum to the east, the Ministries and Embassies to the west and Madinat Qaboos to the south. It is a recent development, begun in the mid-1980s. The most noticeable sight while driving down the Sultan Qaboos Highway used to be the Intercontinental Hotel but today several other significant constructions have been built. Shatti is also the home of several more hotels including the Grand Hyatt,W Hotel Muscat, Crowne Plaza and budget hotels such as Days Inn. After PDO, this is the most popular destination for expatriates living in Muscat. The common and unique feature to Shatti is the ocean of white houses. Royal Opera House Muscat, cinema, theatre, schools and a hospital are also located there.

title: Shati Al-Qurm


text:
High and Low (1963 film)

High and Low (天国と地獄) is a 1963 Japanese police procedural crime film directed and edited by Akira Kurosawa and written by Kurosawa, Hideo Oguni, Eijiro Hisaita, and Ryûzô Kikushima. The film is loosely based on the 1959 novel King's Ransom by Ed McBain (Evan Hunter). It follows the story of a board member for a Japanese company who is forced to make a decision between using a vast amount of wealth to gain executive control and helping his employee by lending him the money to free his child from kidnappers.

The film stars Toshiro Mifune as Kingo Gondo, a wealthy man who puts himself into debt in a risky bid to enact a hostile takeover of National Shoes, and Tatsuya Nakadai as Inspector Tokura, the man charged with solving the kidnapping case.

Plot
A wealthy executive named Kingo Gondo (Toshiro Mifune) is in a struggle to gain control of a company called National Shoes. One faction wants the company to make cheap, low-quality shoes for the impulse market as opposed to the sturdy and high-quality shoes the company is currently known for. Gondo believes that the long-term future of the company will be best served by well-made shoes with modern styling, though this plan is unpopular because it means lower profits in the short term. He has secretly set up a leveraged buyout to gain control of the company, mortgaging all he has.

Just as he is about to put his plan into action, he receives a phone call from someone claiming to have kidnapped his son, Jun. Gondo is prepared to pay the ransom, but the call is dismissed as a prank when Jun comes in from playing outside. However, Jun's playmate, Shinichi, the child of Gondo's chauffeur, is missing and the kidnappers have mistakenly abducted him instead.

In another phone call, the kidnapper reveals that he has discovered his mistake but still demands the same ransom. Gondo is now forced to make a decision about whether to pay the ransom to save the child or complete the buyout. After a long night of contemplation Gondo announces that he will not pay the ransom, explaining that doing so would not only mean the loss of his position in the company, but cause him to go into debt and throw the futures of his wife and son into jeopardy. His plans are weakened when his top aide lets the "cheap shoes" faction know about the kidnapping in return for a promotion should they take over. Finally, after continuous pleading from the chauffeur and under pressure from his wife, Gondo decides to pay the ransom. Following the kidnapper's instructions, the money is put into two small briefcases and thrown out from a moving train; Shinichi is found unharmed.

Gondo is forced out of the company and his creditors demand the collateral in lieu of the debt. The story is widely reported however, making Gondo a hero, while the National Shoe Company is vilified and boycotted. Meanwhile, the police eventually find the hideout where Shinichi was kept prisoner. The bodies of the kidnapper's two accomplices are found there, killed by an overdose of heroin. The police surmise that the kidnapper engineered their deaths by supplying them with uncut drugs. Further clues lead to the identity of the kidnapper, a medical intern at a nearby hospital, but there is no hard evidence linking him to the accomplices' murders.

The police lay a trap by first planting a false story in the newspapers implying that the accomplices are still alive, and then forging a note from them demanding more drugs. The kidnapper is then apprehended in the act of trying to supply another lethal dose of uncut heroin to his accomplices, after testing the strength on a drug addict who overdoses and dies. Most of the ransom money is recovered, but too late to save Gondo's property from auction. With the kidnapper facing a death sentence, he requests to see Gondo while in prison and Gondo finally meets him face to face. Gondo has gone to work for a rival shoe company, earning less money but enjoying a free hand in running it. The kidnapper at first feigns no regrets for his actions. As he reveals that envy from seeing Gondo's house on the hill every day led him to conceive of the crime, his emotions gradually gain control over him and he ends up breaking down emotionally before Gondo after finally facing his failure.

Main cast

 * Toshiro Mifune as Kingo Gondo (権藤 金吾)
 * Tatsuya Nakadai as Inspector Tokura (戸倉警部), the chief investigator in the kidnapping case.
 * Kyōko Kagawa as Reiko Gondo (権藤伶子)
 * Tatsuya Mihashi as Kawanishi (河西), Gondo's secretary.
 * Kenjiro Ishiyama as Chief Detective 'Bos'n' Taguchi (田口), Tokura's partner.
 * Isao Kimura as Detective Arai (荒井)
 * Takeshi Katō as Detective Nakao (中尾)
 * Yutaka Sada as Aoki (青木), Gondo's Chauffeur.
 * Tsutomu Yamazaki as Ginjirô Takeuchi (竹内 銀次郎), the mastermind and chief instigator of the kidnapping plot.
 * Takashi Shimura as the Chief of the Investigation Section
 * Susumu Fujita as Manager of Investigations
 * Yoshio Tsuchiya as Detective Murata (村田)
 * Jun Tazaki as Kamiya, National Shoes Publicity Director (神谷)
 * Nobuo Nakamura as Ishimaru, National Shoes Design Department Director (石丸)
 * Yunosuke Ito as Baba, National Shoes Executive (馬場)

 * Masahiko Shimizu as Shinichi Aoki (青木 進一), the chauffeur's son who is kidnapped at the beginning of the film.

Other characters

 * Kōji Mitsui as reporter
 * Minoru Chiaki as reporter
 * Eijirō Tōno as factory worker
 * Kamatari Fujiwara as incineration worker
 * Masao Shimizu as prison director
 * Kyū Sazanka as creditor
 * Akira Nagoya as Yamamoto
 * Kō Nishimura as creditor
 * Jun Hamamura as creditor
 * Ikio Sawamura as trolley man
 * Kin Sugai as addict
 * Masao Oda as executor
 * Gen Shimizu as chief physician

Production
High and Low was filmed at Toho Studios and on location in Yokohama. Kurosawa included cameos by many of his popular stock performers, making its star-studded cast one of the film's best-remembered highlights. The film foregrounds the modern infrastructure of the economic miracle years and the run-up to the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, including rapid rail lines and the proliferation of personal automobiles.

Writing
The script originally ended with Inspector Tokura and Gondo having a conversation before Kurosawa changed his opinion in the edit.

Filming
Preparing for the scene wherein money is dropped through the open window of a Kodama express train the filmmakers made numerous enquiries to Japanese National Railways; unaware of the reason for their questions one official eventually asked "Who are you people?". The train was hired and the scene was shot while the train was running along the Tōkaidō Line. Reportedly the actors rehearsed the scene on-set for a week before the one take. According to Teruyo Nogami, script supervisor on many of Kurosawa's films, claims that Kurosawa ordered the destruction of a private home because it was blocking the kidnapper actor's face are exaggerated. Instead a blue sheet was used to disguise alterations made to the second floor of a nearby building, a job conceived and executed just a day before filming took place.

During the final scene, Yamazaki Tsutomu, playing the kidnapping mastermind, burnt his hands on the wire mesh from the heat of the lighting. The role launched him to acting success, appearing in two more of Kurosawa's films (Red Beard, and Kagemusha) and starring in the popular 1970s jidaigeki television drama Hissatsu Shiokinin.

The film is shot using CinemaScope, a widescreen filming system.

Editing
The original script ending was changed when Kurosawa noted the performance of Yamazaki as especially powerful.

Soundtrack
Scored by Masaru Satō, this was the eighth film he worked on with Akira Kurosawa, the film includes stock music from The H-Man (1958), the music of which was also produced by Satō.

Theatrical
High and Low was released in Japan on 1 March 1963. In August of the same year it would be entered into the Venice Film Festival, being nominated for the Golden Lion although it would not see a general release in Italy for a few years afterwards. The film was released by Toho International with English subtitles in the United States on 26 November 1963. It received a wider release in Europe from 1967 onwards, premiering in the UK in April and Spain in July; but not in France until 1976.

Home media
The Criterion Collection released the film on DVD on 14 October 1998 and again with updated picture and sound quality on 22 July 2008. A Blu-Ray version was released on 26 July 2011.

The BFI released a DVD of the film on 28 March 2005.

Reception
Upon release in the United States, some critics questioned whether investigative techniques such as handwriting profiling and voiceprint analysis were possible in Japan at the time.

Box office
The film was a box office success in Japan, garnering ¥460.2 million in ticket sales. The film was re-released in the USA in 2002 as part of the Kurosawa & Mifune festival; a multi-title release that in total accrued $561,692.

Critical response
Contemporary reviews of the film achieved a positive consensus. The New York Times declared it to be "one of the best detecting thrillers ever filmed," going on to commend the performance of Mifune and Nakadai and finally commenting, "Mr. Kurosawa has composed a remarkable movie mosaic, both spine-tingling and compassionate". The Washington Post wrote that "High and Low is, in a way, the companion piece to Throne of Blood – it's Macbeth, if Macbeth had married better. The movie shares the rigors of Shakespeare's construction, the symbolic and historical sweep, the pacing that makes the story expand organically in the mind". Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic after asking why Kurosawa wanted to make High and Low, wrote "To say all this is not, I hope, to discourage the reader from seeing this film. Very much the reverse. Two hours and twenty three minutes of fine entertainment are not a commonplace achievement. Also, from the opening frame (literally) to the last, Kurosawa never makes the smallest misstep nor permits it in anyone else".

Scott Tobias of The AV Club commented on the film's split nature, seeing it as split in half between the indoor tension of negotiation at the beginning, and the race-against-time of the investigation to find the kidnapper. He praises Kurosawa for turning the "mundane follow-through of police work into the stuff of white-knuckle suspense."

David Parkinson writing for Empire in 2006 gave it four out of five stars, commenting on the film's use of "deceptive appearance" to illustrate that "all men are essentially equal and the only thing that really separates them are the choices they make in the depths of a crisis."

Martin Scorsese included it on a list of "39 Essential Foreign Films for a Young Filmmaker."

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, High and Low has an approval rating of 96% based on 24 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. In 2009 the film was voted at No. 13 on the list of The Greatest Japanese Films of All Time by Japanese film magazine Kinema Junpo.

Legacy
The film is consistently ranked among Kurosawa's greatest works despite failing to achieve the same level of notoriety as Rashomon or Seven Samurai.

In emphasising the lenient sentencing of Japanese kidnapping law, High and Low is said to have been partially responsible for reform of the Penal Code in 1964.

Remakes
The Indian film Inkaar (1977) has been described as a Bollywood reproduction of the film.

The film was adapted for Japanese TV in 2007 by Yasuo Tsuruhashi.

The story for the 2023 miniseries Full Circle was inspired by High and Low.

Apple Original Films announced on 8th February 2024, via X, that Spike Lee will be directing a reinterpretation, with Denzel Washington starring, in collaboration with A24. Filming starts in March of the same year.

Awards and nominations

 * Venice Film Festival (1964)

 * Nominated – Golden Lion – Akira Kurosawa

 * Mainichi Film Award (1963)

 * Winner – Best Film
 * Winner – Best Screenplay – Akira Kurosawa, Hideo Oguni, Eijirô Hisaita, Ryûzô Kikushima

Golden Globe Awards (1964)

 * Nominated – Best Foreign Film

title: High and Low (1963 film)


text:
Afanc

The Afanc (, sometimes also called Addanc, ) is a lake monster from Welsh mythology. Its exact description varies; it is described variously as resembling a crocodile, beaver or dwarf-like creature, or a platypus and is sometimes said to be a demon. The lake in which it dwells also varies; it is variously said to live in Llyn Llion, Llyn Barfog, near Brynberian Bridge or in Llyn yr Afanc, a lake near Betws-y-coed that was named after the creature.

Legends and traditions
The afanc was a monstrous creature that, like most lake monsters, was said to prey upon any foolish enough to fall into or swim in its lake.

One of the earliest descriptions of it is given by the 15th-century poet Lewys Glyn Cothi, who described it as living in Llyn Syfaddon, in Powys.

One tale relates that it was rendered helpless by a maiden who let it sleep upon her lap; while it slept, the maiden's fellow villagers bound the creature in chains. The creature was awakened and made furious; its enraged thrashings crushed the maiden, in whose lap it still lay. It was finally dragged away to the lake Cwm Ffynnon, or killed by Peredur (Percival, Peredur's name in Chrétien de Troyes' telling of the Arthurian cycle).

In the tale, Peredur son of Efrawg, translated by Lady Charlotte Guest in the Mabinogion taken from the White Book of Rhydderch and Red Book of Hergest, the "Addanc of the Lake" resides in a cave near the "Palace of the Sons of the King of the Tortures". The palace is so named because the Addanc slays the three sons (chieftains) of the king each day, only for them to be resurrected by the maidens of the court. It is not stated why this cycle of violence continues, but when Peredur asks to ride with the three chieftains, who seek out the Addanc daily, they state that they will not accept his company as if he was slain they would not be able to bring him back to life.

Peredur continues to the cave on his own, wishing to kill the creature to increase his fame and honour. On his journey he meets a maiden who states that the Addanc will slay Peredur through cunning, as the beast is invisible and kills his victims with poison darts. The maiden, actually the Queen of Constantinople, gives Peredur an adder stone that will make the creature visible.

Peredur ventures into the cave and with the aid of the stone, pierces the Addanc before beheading it. When the three chieftains arrive at the cave they state that it was predicted that Peredur would kill the Addanc.

Some legends ascribe the creature's death to King Arthur. Close to Llyn Barfog in Snowdonia is a hoof-print petrosomatoglyph etched deep into the rock Carn March Arthur "Stone of Arthur's Horse", which was supposedly made by King Arthur's mount, Llamrei, when it was hauling the addanc from the lake.

Iolo Morganwg
According to a version of an afanc legend as put forth by the famous writer of myths and folklore Edward Williams known as Iolo Morganwg, its thrashings caused massive flooding which ultimately drowned all inhabitants of Britain save for two people, Dwyfan and Dwyfach, from whom the later inhabitants of Prydain descended.

According to one version of the myth, also put forth by Iolo Morganwg, Hu Gadarn's oxen dragged the afanc out of the lake; once it was out of the water, it was powerless and could be killed. This version locates the creature in Llyn Llion.

Orthography
The correct rendering of this name in Modern Welsh depends on the specific source. The Middle Welsh avanc of Llyn Barfog is afanc in Modern Welsh, a word which is now used to mean "beaver". The form avanc/afanc is also used in the Red Book of Hergest and most other medieval sources. In the Middle Welsh version of Peredur's tale in the White Book of Rhydderch, the creature in the cave is called the addanc. Afanc is by far the most common spelling.

In popular culture
An afanc appears in Silver on the Tree, the final book in Susan Cooper's The Dark is Rising sequence.

In the Merlin episode "The Mark of Nimueh", the villainess Nimueh creates an afanc by molding a small figure out of clay and hatching it from an egg-like container. The creature spreads a deadly disease across Camelot through the water it inhabits, until Merlin and Arthur manage to destroy it.

In China Miéville's 2002 book The Scar, the floating city-state of Amarda summons an avanc, attaching it to the city and using its huge pulling-power to cross the ocean.

In the October Daye series by Seanan McGuire, afanc are a marsh creature about the size of a cow with fur, scales, and a "disturbing" number of teeth.

The Super Sentai TV series Juken Sentai Gekiranger features the Genjuken Warrior known as Genju Afanc-Fist Sojo who is modeled after the rodent depiction of the Afanc and is also based on the rat of the Chinese zodiac. In Power Rangers Jungle Fury, he is adopted into Badrat of the Phantom Beasts.

In The Lord of the Rings Online video game, the culture of Dunland, sparsely described by J. R. R. Tolkien, is heavily based on the Welsh mythology. The "Avanc" appear as wildlife monsters in Dunland with an appearance resembling that of a crocodile with fur and scales.

title: Afanc


text:
2002 MTV Movie Awards

The 2002 MTV Movie Awards were presented on June 6, 2002, hosted by Sarah Michelle Gellar and Jack Black, and featured performances by The White Stripes, Kelly Osbourne and Eminem. It was the 11th Annual MTV Movie Awards. This year, MTV added four new award categories, but their winners didn't appear in the TV Show: "Favorite Line", "Best Cameo", "Best Dressed" and "Best Music Moment". The "Best Song" (or "Best Musical Performance") category disappeared, and the "Best Dance Sequence" category returned. "Best On-Screen Duo" became "Best On-Screen Team".

Performers

 * Jack Black & Sarah Michelle Gellar – "Movies Kick Ass"
 * The White Stripes – "Fell in Love with a Girl" / "Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground"
 * Eminem (featuring Proof and Ryan Shepard) – "Without Me"
 * Kelly Osbourne – "Papa Don't Preach"
 * Brittany Murphy - "A Moment Like This" (Kelly Clarkson's first hit)

Presenters

 * Jennifer Garner and Charlize Theron — presented Best Male Performance
 * Linda Cardellini, Matthew Lillard, and Freddie Prinze, Jr. — presented Best Kiss
 * Kate Beckinsale and Nicolas Cage — presented Best Action Sequence
 * Vin Diesel and Eve — presented Breakthrough Female
 * Jack Black — introduced The White Stripes
 * Bow Wow and Katie Holmes — presented Best Villain
 * Johnny Knoxville and Will Smith — presented Best Musical Sequence
 * Chris Rock — introduced Eminem
 * Matt Damon and Franka Potente — presented Best Fight
 * Hilary Swank — presented Best New Filmmaker
 * Brittany Murphy and Eddie Griffin — presented Breakthrough Male
 * Ben Affleck and Bridget Moynahan — presented Best Comedic Performance
 * Ozzy Osbourne — introduced Kelly Osbourne
 * Adam Sandler and Winona Ryder — presented Best On-Screen Team
 * Natalie Portman and Ewan McGregor — presented Best Female Performance
 * Mike Myers — presented Best Movie

Awards
Below are the list of nominations. Winners are listed at the top of each list in bold.

Best Movie
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
 * Black Hawk Down
 * The Fast and the Furious
 * Legally Blonde
 * Shrek

Best Male Performance
Will Smith – Ali
 * Russell Crowe – A Beautiful Mind
 * Vin Diesel – The Fast and the Furious
 * Josh Hartnett – Pearl Harbor
 * Elijah Wood – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring

Best Female Performance
Nicole Kidman – Moulin Rouge!
 * Kate Beckinsale – Pearl Harbor
 * Halle Berry – Monster's Ball
 * Angelina Jolie – Lara Croft: Tomb Raider
 * Reese Witherspoon – Legally Blonde

Breakthrough Male
Orlando Bloom – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
 * DMX – Exit Wounds
 * Colin Hanks – Orange County
 * Daniel Radcliffe – Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone
 * Paul Walker – The Fast and the Furious

Breakthrough Female
Mandy Moore – A Walk to Remember
 * Penélope Cruz – Blow
 * Anne Hathaway – The Princess Diaries
 * Shannyn Sossamon – A Knight's Tale
 * Britney Spears – Crossroads

Best On-Screen Team
Vin Diesel and Paul Walker – The Fast and the Furious
 * Casey Affleck, Scott Caan, Don Cheadle, George Clooney, Matt Damon, Elliott Gould, Eddie Jemison, Bernie Mac, Brad Pitt, Shaobo Qin and Carl Reiner – Ocean's Eleven
 * Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker – Rush Hour 2
 * Cameron Diaz, Eddie Murphy and Mike Myers – Shrek
 * Ben Stiller and Owen Wilson – Zoolander

Best Villain
Denzel Washington – Training Day
 * Aaliyah – Queen of the Damned
 * Christopher Lee – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
 * Tim Roth – Planet of the Apes
 * Zhang Ziyi – Rush Hour 2

Best Comedic Performance
Reese Witherspoon – Legally Blonde
 * Eddie Murphy – Shrek
 * Mike Myers – Shrek
 * Seann William Scott – American Pie 2
 * Chris Tucker – Rush Hour 2

Best Kiss
Jason Biggs and Seann William Scott – American Pie 2
 * Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor – Moulin Rouge!
 * Mia Kirshner and Beverly Polcyn – Not Another Teen Movie
 * Heath Ledger and Shannyn Sossamon – A Knight's Tale
 * Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth – Bridget Jones's Diary

Best Action Sequence
The Attack Scene – Pearl Harbor
 * First Helicopter Crash – Black Hawk Down
 * The Final Race – The Fast and the Furious
 * The Cave Tomb Battle – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring

Best Musical Sequence
Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor — "Elephant Love Medley" (from Moulin Rouge!)
 * Heath Ledger and Shannyn Sossamon — "Golden Years" (from A Knight's Tale)
 * Chris Tucker — "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" (from Rush Hour 2)
 * Nicole Kidman — "Sparkling Diamonds" (from Moulin Rouge!)

Best Fight
Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong Gang – Rush Hour 2
 * Angelina Jolie vs. Robot – Lara Croft: Tomb Raider
 * Christopher Lee vs. Ian McKellen – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
 * Jet Li vs. Himself – The One

Best Line
"Oh, I Like your Outfit Too, Except When I Dress Up As a Frigid Bitch, I Try Not to Look so Constipated" — Reese Witherspoon (from Legally Blonde)
 * "King Kong ain't got nothin' on me!" — Denzel Washington (from Training Day)
 * "Oh, It's Already Been Brought!" — Jaime Pressly (from Not Another Teen Movie)
 * "There's More to Life than Just Being Really, Really, Really Ridicuously Good Looking" — Ben Stiller (from Zoolander)
 * "We Graduated High School. How Totally Amazing" — Thora Birch (from Ghost World)
 * "Yeah, I Kind of Super Glued Myself, to, uh, Myself" — Jason Biggs (from American Pie 2)

Best Cameo
Snoop Dogg – Training Day
 * Charlton Heston – Planet of the Apes
 * David Bowie – Zoolander
 * Dustin Diamond – Made
 * Kylie Minogue – Moulin Rouge!
 * Molly Ringwald – Not Another Teen Movie

Best Dressed
Reese Witherspoon – Legally Blonde
 * Britney Spears – Crossroads
 * Thora Birch – Ghost World
 * George Clooney – Ocean's Eleven
 * Will Ferrell – Zoolander
 * Ben Stiller – Zoolander

Best New Filmmaker

 * Christopher Nolan – Memento

title: 2002 MTV Movie Awards


text:
Hofbräu

Hofbräu is a German term meaning "royal brewer". It may refer to:

Breweries

 * Cölner Hofbräu Früh, a brewery in Cologne
 * Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München (Hofbräu München), a brewery in Munich
 * Hofbräu-Festzelt, the largest beer tent of the Oktoberfest in Munich
 * Hofbräuhaus am Platzl
 * Stuttgarter Hofbräu, a German brewery located in Stuttgart
 * Würzburger Hofbräu, a brewery in Würzburg, Germany

Other

 * Hofbrau, a style of carvery cuisine prevalent in Northern California

title: Hofbräu


text:
Drunken Angel

Drunken Angel (醉いどれ天使) is a 1948 Japanese yakuza film noir directed by Akira Kurosawa, who also co-wrote the screenplay. It is notable for being the first of sixteen film collaborations between director Kurosawa and actor Toshiro Mifune.

Plot
Sanada (Takashi Shimura) is an alcoholic doctor (the titular "drunken angel") in postwar Japan who treats a small-time yakuza named Matsunaga (Toshiro Mifune) after a gunfight with a rival syndicate. The doctor, noticing that Matsunaga is coughing, diagnoses the young gangster with tuberculosis. After frequently pestering Matsunaga, who refuses to deal with his illness, about the need to start taking care of himself, the gangster finally agrees to quit boozing and womanizing and allow Sanada to care for him. The two enjoy an uneasy friendship until Matsunaga's sworn brother, Okada, who is also the abusive ex-boyfriend of the doctor's female assistant Miyo, is released from prison. In the meantime, Sanada continues treating his other patients, one of whom, a young female student, seems to be making progress against her tuberculosis.

Matsunaga quickly succumbs to peer pressure and stops following the doctor's advice, slipping back into old drinking habits and going to nightclubs with Okada and his fellow yakuza. Eventually, he collapses during a heated dice game and is taken to Sanada's clinic for the evening. Okada shows up and threatens to kill the doctor if he doesn't tell him where to find Miyo, and while Matsunaga stands up for the doctor and gets Okada to leave, he realizes that his sworn brother cannot be trusted. Matsunaga then finds out that the boss of his syndicate, who gave him control of Okada's territory during his time in prison, intends to sacrifice him as a pawn in the war against the rival syndicate. Okada also orders the storeowners in his territory to refuse service to Matsunaga as retaliation for challenging him.

Sanada goes to report Okada's harassment to the police, while Matsunaga discreetly leaves the clinic and goes to the yakuza's apartment. There, he finds his sworn brother with Nanae, Matsunaga's former sweetheart who abandoned him due to his failing health, and angrily tries to stab him before starting to cough up blood. Okada then stabs him in the chest, and Matsunaga stumbles outside before dying of his wounds. Okada is arrested for the murder, but Matsunaga's boss refuses to pay for his funeral. A local barmaid, who had feelings for Matsunaga, pays for it instead and tells Sanada that she plans to take Matsunaga's ashes to be buried on her father's ranch, where she had offered to live with him. The doctor retorts that while he understands how she feels, he cannot forgive Matsunaga for throwing his life away. Just then, his patient, the female student, arrives and reveals that her tuberculosis is cured and the doctor happily leads her to the market for a celebratory sweet.

Production
While looking for an actor to play Matsunaga, Kurosawa was told by one of the casting directors about Mifune, who was auditioning for another movie where he had to play an angry character. Kurosawa watched Mifune do this audition, and was so amazed by Mifune that he cast him as Matsunaga. On the film's Criterion Collection DVD, Japanese-film scholar Donald Richie comments that Kurosawa was impressed by the athletic agility and "cat-like" moves of Mifune, which also had bearing in his casting.

Censorship issues in Drunken Angel are covered extensively in a supplemental documentary by Danish film scholar Lars-Martin Sorensen, created for the Criterion Collection DVD release of the film, entitled Kurosawa and the Censors. Produced and released during the American occupation in Japan, the Drunken Angel screenplay had to comply with a censorship board issued by the U.S. government. The board did not allow criticism of the occupation to be shown in Japanese films at that time.

Kurosawa slipped several references to the occupation, all of them negative, past the censors. The opening scene of the film features unlicensed prostitutes known as "pan pan" girls, who catered to American soldiers. The gangsters and their girlfriends all wear Westernized clothing and hairstyles. Kurosawa was not allowed to show a burned-out building in his black-market slum set, but he did heavily feature the poisonous bog at the center of the district. English-language signage was also not allowed, but the markets on set have several examples of English usage on their signs. The dance scene in the nightclub features an original composition ("Jungle Boogie", sung by Shizuko Kasagi) with lyrics by Kurosawa, satirizing American jazz music; Kasagi imitates Johnny Weissmuller's famous yell from the Tarzan movies, and the way Kurosawa frames the singer parodies the American film noir movie Gilda. The censorship board was unable to catch these subtle breaches due to overwork and understaffing, but censors did require Kurosawa to rewrite the film's original, more "gruesome" ending.

Music
Kurosawa used music to provide contrast with the content of a given scene. In particular was his use of The Cuckoo Waltz by J. E. Jonasson. During filming, Kurosawa's father died. While he was in a sad state, he heard The Cuckoo Waltz playing in the background, and the whimsical music made him even more depressed.

Kurosawa decided to use this same effect in the film, at the low point in the life of Matsunaga, when the character realizes that he was being used all along by the crime boss. Kurosawa had the sound crew find the exact recording of The Cuckoo Waltz that he had heard after his father died, and had them play the instrumental beginning of the song repeatedly for the scene in which Matsunaga walks down the street after leaving the crime boss. Kurosawa also wanted to use, in the opening scene for Okada, to have him perform on guitar "Mack the Knife", originally "Die Moritat von Mackie Messer" which was a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, but the studio could not afford the rights to the song.

Legacy
Drunken Angel has a 93% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. In The Yakuza Movie Book: A Guide to Japanese Gangster Films (2003), Mark Schilling cited the film as the first to depict post-war yakuza, although he noted the movie tends to play off the yakuza film genre's common themes rather than depict them straightforwardly.

Movie sources

 * Drunken Angel - Japanese With English Subtitles, online video (1 hour, 38 minutes, 14 seconds), at Archive.org

Reviews

 * DVD Review: BFI - Region 2 - PAL
 * Essay by Jay Carr at Turner Classic Movies
 * DVD Review: BFI - Region 2 - PAL
 * Essay by Jay Carr at Turner Classic Movies
 * Essay by Jay Carr at Turner Classic Movies

Commentary

 * Drunken Angel: The Spoils of War an essay by Ian Buruma at the Criterion Collection

title: Drunken Angel


text:
Talk:Power Rangers S.P.D.

"Piggy"
I think "Piggy"'s name is actually spelled with only one 'g'. I'm quite sure that the sign above his restaurant in today's episode read Pigy's. Did anyone else notice this? Do change it back if I'm just seeing things.

 * It's actually spelled with two g's. What you saw was a stylized "g". DrachenFyre 00:03, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

Flow of time
I removed the sentence from the villains category that said "one cannot alter the chronological flow of time". I'm sure that if they could have transformed the actress Olivia James-Baird into an adult for plot purposes, they would have. Does it really need to be stated that this was not possible? -- Supermorff 14:09, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Omega Ranger
The reason that I removed the Omega Ranger from the "Rangers" section is that he/she/it hasn't been shown on television. We let televised events determine the article content. When the Omega Ranger is shown, the article will be updated accordingly. DrachenFyre July 5, 2005 13:34 (UTC)

Speaking of the Omega Ranger, does anyone wonder what his morph sequence would look like? I know what the call would be.

Delta Morpher Function
The general consensus that I've garnered is that the Delta Morphers have 4 distinct functions and I've modified as such. - DrachenFyre 00:57, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * An elaboration: I chose the term "communicator" because that is exactly the function that the morpher serves.  Throughout the "Rangerverse", there has only been one time where their morphers ever had a "phone" feature and that was Wild Force, where they were specifically called "Growl Phones".  "Judgement Scanner" is the proper terminology for the specific mode of the morpher.  I place this elaboration here as to the reasoning behind my changes.  If any other user, such as Supermorff or Andros 1337 feel that the other terminology better suits the morphers, I will stop changing it.  Thanks. - DrachenFyre 11:14, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Addendum - There actually is one more instance of "phone", the Silver Ranger's Digimorpher. However, I still do not think this constitutes a majority precedence. - DrachenFyre 11:34, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Your argument seems fine to me, leave it as "Communicator". That pretty much encompasses phone anyway, and the opposite isn't necesssarily true. However, I should probably confess that I have only seen two episodes of this series (it hasn't been aired where I live yet). I do think that perhaps this page is getting bogged down with too much information about things like zords and arsenal. For the zords, we can merge most of it into Zords in Power Rangers: SPD, and leave only a very brief summary of all of it (e.g. that they were created by Kat, etc). I'm not sure what to do with the arsenal info, though. Suggestions? -- Supermorff 19:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

I think "one step at time" might be in order. The last thing we need is some Wikipedian getting all up in arms over new pages that pertain to this series. Concentration on Zords and cleaning up the entry, seeing how it flows, then deciding whether or not to create a page about their arsenal. Just my $0.02. - DrachenFyre 11:20, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, I agree. Since the article Zords in Power Rangers: SPD already exists, though, I have taken the liberty of merging all information from this article pertaining to zords into it. The section is now a lot shorter, containing only a list of the zords and none of the other information that I felt cluttered the article. I have, however, included a short introductory paragraph. -- Supermorff 13:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Morphing Technology as Kids?
When it says that the B-Squad's parents were involved in forming the SPD technology and that their kids were exposed to this same morphing technology, what does that mean? Did the kids actually try out the morphers? Did the parents try the morphers, resulting in the kids getting the genetic powers? What do you think happened? Personally, I can just see 8-year-old versions of B-Squad shouting "SPD, Emergency!"

'you must have missed Crugers line "Altered their human genes" the effects of the technology were passed to the rangers at conception'

You don't say. Based upon a missed line, I've jumped to conclusions! The parents themselves must have tested the morphing technology. If this whole thing is genetic, then B-Squad's kids will really be messed up!

Cleanup and Formatting
Chebo's edits, whilst the effort is appreciated, severely limited the "flow" of the article. I reverted several parts of it. - DrachenFyre 15:27, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Origin of Morphing Call
Now that the season is over, one question remains. How the heck did the writers come up with "SPD, Emergency!"?

They weren't original enough to change all the Deka henshin call, or they simply liked it and kept it. I think it fits anyway.

Yeah. But now, they're going to use Latin. I hope these new kids are studying this language, or at least have a pronunciation guide. 206.211.66.135 17:49, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Latin prediction was wrong. It's another rhyming call. 71.111.215.224 17:30, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Nova/Robo Ranger?
Listening to the actual dialogue spoken in the episode "Endings, Part 2" she is referred to as the Robo Ranger and her morphing call is "Force From The Future, Robo Ranger!" Going by this her name would be Nova because that is what Sam calls her. I was told that according to the credits she is listed as the Nova Ranger which would not match her morphing call. I would like to know which one people think are more accurate so the companion article has the correct information. Any opinions would be greatly appreciated.

I think it's supposed to be "Force From The Future, Nova Ranger" not "Robo Ranger".

Maybe it was supposed to be Nova but the dialogue says ROBO so either the credits did not get changed or vice versa. The only ways to know for sure is to ask the person who voiced the character or get the actual script from the production company.

Or we could use that wonderful invention known as closed captioning.

Yes, how very insightful. 206.211.66.135 17:48, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

The problem with closed captioning is that it may not verbatim so even though the script probably called for the actress to say Nova she might had said Robo. Even with closed captioning this may not get answered.

Giant Robots Instead Of Growing Villain?
Would it be worth mentioning the predominance of defeated bad guys getting on giant robots rather than just growing up themselves? I think only 2 or 3 characters ever became giants, and one of them was T-top, who was innocent.

Too Many Firsts?
First, I'd want to thank the person who cleaned up the Trivia section in the PR page. Now, could someone do the same in this page? I consider dumb to keep it filled with each detail, like "Syd is a Gemini". Only most important things should be kept, instead of paying attention to shallow stuff. Thanks. (anon)
 * It also said that Jack was, because they decided to share the same birthday. But he could be any star sign. Anyhow, it was never explained why SPD didn't know his birthday, even though his parents worked for them! Digifiend 12:56, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Amen. There's far too much trivia in this article. Do we really need facts like "According to the episode Beginnings Part 2, the Space Patrol Delta base has 1,273 windows."? I've really stripped down the trivia section, I think it's still a tad long though. Curis 03:31, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

There's far too many firsts in a lot of the shows' seasonal articles.--RangerKing 04:47, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * There are also way too many seconds, thirds, fourths, fifths, etc. Ryūlóng 04:50, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Megazord
Correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't this the first Power Rangers season in which a full-time villain gains control of a Power Ranger Megazord? If so, I think it should be noted in the Trivia section. --Thrashmeister 20:57, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

I think it's the first time since Green Ranger in series 1! And he was a Ranger himself, and turned good. Digifiend 12:55, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Original Run
The original run says 2005-November 2006. How do we know that? It isn't November yet! Digifiend 11:23, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Who ever did that is wrong. The show ran from Feb. 2005 to Nov. 2005. Who ever said anything to do with 2006 doesn't know what he or she is talking about.--RangerKing 04:42, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * There was also the misplaced episode Wormhole that was first aired in February of 2006 that was the Dino Thunder team up. Ryūlóng 04:46, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Sky's father
How should the name of this character be dealt with? I am currently dealing with an IP editor who falsely feels that he and Wesley Collins are the same (which is unproven, no matter what he tries to say). However, he does bring up the fact that calling him "Officer Tate" may also be original research, and false. I have replaced the use of "Officer Tate" with "Sky's Father" to compromise. Has the character's name been used in the credits? Ryūlóng 22:34, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Dude, this is really more of a "Rangerboard" question. Honestly, I think it was officially disproven that the guy was (or was supposed to be) Wes, but I'm not positive about "Officer Tate". Maybe, but it wouldn't help much, as that could easily apply to Sky and surnames are a bit of a given. I think it was said that they just wanted to use the TimeRed suit like they used customized suits for the A Squad rangers, but not Jason Faunt and that Sky's dad was an original minor character. ACS (Wikipedian); Talk to the Ace. See what I've edited. 04:12, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Searching Rangerboard for "Officer Tate" gets me a crapload of fanfics. I think the only reputable source is rovang's guide to the PR world which also refers to this individual as "Officer Tate". Ryūlóng 04:08, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

I was thinking more along the lines of...oh, I don't know...asking them. They're actually quite knowledge about this sort of thing. I know. I know. It sounds inconceivable that a PR message board would know anything about this,—it's like it's the theme /point of the site or anything like that—but just trust me. -_- ACS (Wikipedian); Talk to the Ace. See what I've edited. 04:12, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess I'll try that, then. I hope I'm still signed in from whenever I registered. Ryūlóng 04:14, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I asked that question and one concerning the Dino Thunder Power Rangers in this thread. So far, "Sky's Father" is the consensus. Ryūlóng 04:39, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Article Title
Shouldn't it be "Power Rangers: S.P.D."? It's referred to as "S.P.D." in almost all other instances in the article, and the official logo says "S.P.D." --Thrashmeister 16:29, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * For some reason "Power Rangers: S.P.D." was made as a redirect to "Power Rangers: SPD". It can probably be fixed through a requested move. Ryūlóng 19:57, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Trivia Section
Why was the culled S.P.D. trivia replaced to what it was originally?RangerKing 16:01, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Because this trivia section was already culled once. Ryūlóng 21:11, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Though if you called that culled, then that is rediculus. There doesn't need to be added trivia for other seasons for example. There's a lot more than can be chopped and then what trivia that is left can be placed into a episode guide if someone would like to add one to Wikipedia.RangerKing 22:29, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Adding second powers to the chart
I think that they should be listed. I added them there, and then somebody reverted it. If second powers are on every other Power Ranger page with the same chart, then why not here? Here is the original edit. --- Silent RAGE! 21:55, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It just makes the table even more cluttered than it already is. I know it should be mentioned, but they don't need a second row/column on the table for it. I'll work something in to make it so that there is a mention, still. Ryūlóng (竜龍) 22:00, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

a problem

That's in the Arsonel section. Looks like a vandal uploaded it and copied over the original image. Unfortunately, it can't be reverted. Anyone happen to have the original picture?--KrossTalk 21:51, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and used another image from another article to replace it.--KrossTalk 21:56, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Allspd.jpg
Image:Allspd.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Once a Ranger Spoiler
Should Bridge becoming the Red Ranger be added after the episode airs as a Trivia? Sdphost 23:39, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * No.— Ryūlóng ( 竜龍 ) 23:55, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

hmm...I think it'd be relevant as a trivia

DVD
I think guides as to which episodes of all these series have appeared on DVD would be a good addition. Since Disney isn't likely to release full season sets anytime soon, this information would be both interesting and helpful. --CmdrClow 23:36, 22 June 2007 (UTC) why not ? he is a capable ranger. maybe sky has retired too!

Fair use rationale for Image:Swatmode.jpg
Image:Swatmode.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:03, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Power Rangers Samurai - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 00:41, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Power Rangers Megaforce which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 04:15, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

A-Squad
After re-watching the show, the only named member of the A-Squad is "Charlie" with no surname provided. The other members went un-credited and unnamed. If we are an encyclopedia that deals with facts, should the fanon names be rendered as "facts" when the show or official publications have them nameless? DrachenFyre (talk) 21:46, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Power Rangers S.P.D.


text:
Talk:Warsaw Uprising 1943

I think that this page should be moved to Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. That is the better known name. I'm going to ask an admin to help do the move (since the other page already exists). Is there any objection? Mozzerati 20:56, 2004 Jul 30 (UTC)
 * No objections, I've already put Warsaw Ghetto Uprising into WP:VFD. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 21:21, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warsaw Uprising 1943


text:
Talk:Wave model/to do

 * rework the external link section for more clarity and consistency
 * Put more information about it on the site

title: Talk:Wave model/to do