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Tongji University

Tongji University is a public university located in Shanghai, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction.

Established in 1907 by German physicians in Shanghai, the university now has a faculty of more than 2,815 scholars, including 27 members from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Currently, Tongji University owns 29 colleges, 11 affiliated hospitals, and 7 affiliated primary and secondary schools.

Tongji is considered to be one of China's premier Universities, with its Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Design programs consistently ranking among the best in the world.

History
The history of Tongji University can be traced back to 1907 when the German Medical School for the Chinese (Deutsche Medizinschule für Chinesen in Shanghai) in Shanghai was founded by the German government together with the German physicians Erich Paulun, Oscar von Schab and Paul Krieg. The school was affiliated with the Tongji-Hospital the German physicians had established in Shanghai on the initiative of Paulun. The name Tongji, which is a phonetic approximation in Shanghainese of German deutsche ("German"), suggests cooperating by riding the same boat. The school was expanded to include engineering in its programs and got its new name as German Medical and Engineering School for the Chinese in Shanghai in 1912. It was formally established as a Chinese university under the name of Tongji University in 1923/1924 and was renamed as National Tongji University in 1927. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the university campus was moved from Shanghai first to Zhejiang Province, then to Jiangxi Province and Yunnan Province and later to Sichuan Province. It was eventually moved back to Shanghai in 1946.

Tongji became one of the first universities authorized by the State Council to establish a graduate school. It became a member of the Project 211, which provided universities with substantial government fund. In 1995, the university became one to be jointly supported by the State Education Commission and the Shanghai Municipal Government. In 1996 the university merged with Shanghai Institute of Urban Construction and Shanghai Institute of Building Materials. The merger was acknowledged by the State Council as "Tongji Model" in the system renovation of higher institutions in China. In April 2000, the expanded Tongji merged again with Shanghai Railway University. The university is now a comprehensive university which offers a wide range of programs in science, engineering, medicine, arts, law, economics and management.

Timeline

 * November 2010 - Signed a cooperation agreement with Instituto Superior Técnico making IST the Portuguese Campus of Tongji University
 * July 2005 - Signed a cooperation agreement with Politecnico di Milano and Politecnico di Torino concerning the development of Sino-Italian University Campus in Shanghai and establishment of a Sino-Italian House, one year later a dual bachelor's degree project in engineering, called PoliTong, was launched
 * 2002 - Listed in Project 985
 * April 2000 - Merged with Shanghai Railway University (a merge between Shanghai Railway College and Shanghai Railway Medical College in May 1995)
 * August 1996 - Merged with Shanghai Institute of Urban Construction and Shanghai Institute of Building Materials
 * November 1995 - Listed in Project 211
 * October 1995 - Declared to be jointly built by the former State Education Commission and the Shanghai Municipal Government
 * December 1978 - Upon consent by the State Council, resumed connection with Germany and became the window of the cultural, technology and science exchanges between China and Germany
 * February 1972 - Tongji University merged with the Marine Geology Department of East China Normal University
 * 1952 - The Departments of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry in College of Science merged into Fudan University, the Departments of Machinery, Electrical Engineering and Ship Manufacture merged into Shanghai Jiaotong University. In the meanwhile, Tongji University merged the Civil Engineering Department and School of Architecture from  Saint John's University, Shanghai and several other universities.
 * 1951 - The Department of Biology in College of Science merged into East China Normal University, the Medical School and the Department of Survey in College of Engineering moved to Wuhan, Hubei Province
 * September 1949 - College of Literature and Arts, College of Law merged into Fudan University
 * June 1949 - Tongji University was taken over by Shanghai Military Control Commission
 * August 1946 - College of Science expanded as College of Literature and Science moved back to Shanghai
 * April 1946 - Moved back to Shanghai
 * 1945 - Established the College of Law
 * October 1940 - Moved Lizhuang in Yibin, Sichuan Province
 * Winter 1938 - Moved to Kunming, Yunnan Province
 * September 1937 - Moved to the south of China due to the Second Sino-Japanese War
 * August 1927 - Renamed as National Tongji University
 * May 20, 1924 - Approved by the government to be one of the first national universities in China.
 * March 1922 - Renamed as Tongji Medical and Engineering University
 * October 1907 - Established as Tongji German Medical School

Present
The university now registers over 50,000 students at all levels from certificate and diploma courses to Bachelor's Degrees, Master's, Ph.D. programs and post doctoral attachments. There are over 4,200 academic staff for teaching and/or research, among whom there are 6 Members of Chinese Academy of Science, 7 Members of Chinese Academy of Engineering, over 530 professors and 1,300 associate professors. The university offers diverse courses in its 81 Bachelor's degrees, 151 Masters, 58 PhD programs and 13 post doctoral mobile stations. Tongji University is particularly famous for its Civil Engineering and Architecture programs. Its Civil Engineering, Architecture programs and Transportation Engineering are ranked Top 1 in P.R. China and its architecture program is by far the most difficult to gain entry into. As one of the state leading centers for scientific research, the university has 5 state key laboratories and engineering research centers.

The university is active in promoting cooperation and exchanges with other countries. It has established links with Australia, Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, UK and USA in the fields of education, science, technology and economics. A number of international joint programs have been established between the university and its counterparts in other countries in recent years. In 2006, the university enrolled 1,829 international students.

Anniversary Day
On June 3, 1907, German Medical School was opened in Shanghai. On October 1 of the same year, a ceremony was held. The Anniversary Day was initially set to May 18, on which day in 1924 the Wusong campus was opened. In 1925 and 1926, ceremonies were held on May 18. On the staff meeting on January 19, 1931, the Anniversary Day of National Tongji University was decided to be postponed to May 20, two days after the national mourn with half-mast over the death of Mr. Chen Yingshi (Chen Qimei), a politician. Tongji celebrates the Anniversary Day on May 20 since then.

Coincidentally, on May 20 of 1924, Tongji Medical School was approved to be a "university" by the Department of Education of China. At that moment, both the medical school and the engineering school were approved.

Campus
Tongji University is titled the State-level Garden Unit for Excellent Afforestation. lts five campuses are located in the municipal city of Shanghai, covering an area of 2,460,000 m2. The Siping Campus is situated on Siping Road; the West Campus on Zhennan Road; the North Campus on Gonghexing Road; the East Campus on Wudong Road and the Jiading Campus is located in Shanghai International Automobile City in Anting, Jiading District. In the year 2009, the East Campus was sold to Shanghai University of Finance and Economics.

 * Siping Campus (Main campus)

 * West Campus
 * North Campus
 * Jiading Campus

Colleges, schools and departments

 * College of Architecture and Urban Planning
 * College of Civil Engineering
 * College of Design and Innovation
 * Law School
 * School of Software Engineering
 * College of Electronics and Information Engineering
 * College of Environmental Science and Engineering
 * School of Material Science and Engineering
 * College of Mechanical Engineering
 * College of Transportation Engineering
 * College of Automotive Engineering
 * School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics
 * School of Physics Science and Engineering
 * School of Chemical Science and Engineering
 * School of Mathematics
 * School of Foreign Languages
 * School of Humanities
 * School of Economics and Management
 * College of Arts and Media
 * College of Life Science and Technology
 * School of Ocean and Earth Science
 * School of Medicine
 * Institute of Rail Transit

Institutes and research centers

 * Institute of Acoustics
 * Intellectual Property Institute
 * The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO)
 * Institute of Further Education
 * Institute of E-Education
 * Institute of Higher Technology
 * Institute of Vocational and Technical Education
 * Institute of Automobile Marketing
 * German Academic Center
 * Sino-German College
 * Sino-German College of Engineering
 * Sino-French College of Engineering and Management
 * Sino-Italian Campus
 * UNEP-Tongji Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD)
 * Architectural Design and Research Institute
 * Research Institute of Modern Agricultural Science and Engineering
 * The International School of Tongji University
 * Center for Asia-Pacific Studies

State key laboratories

 * State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention in Civil Engineering
 * State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
 * State Key Laboratory of Modern Technology of Urban Planning and Design
 * State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology

National Research Center

 * National Engineering Research Center of Urban Pollution Control

Key provincial-level and ministerial-level laboratories

 * Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the State Ministry of Education
 * Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of the State Ministry of Education
 * Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metal Function Materials Research and Application
 * Key Laboratory of Modem Engineering Geodesy of The State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping
 * Open Laboratory of Physiological and Psychology in Railway Health Care
 * Open Laboratory of Clinical Medical Molecular Biology in Railway Health Care
 * Open Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Hygiene in Railway Health Care
 * Open Laboratory of Children's Stomatology in Railway Health Care
 * Open Laboratory of Venereology in Railway Health Care

Key provincial-level and ministerial-level research centers

 * Information and Technology Research Center of Civil Engineering of the State Ministry of Education
 * Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Constriction Robot

State key disciplines

 * Marine Geology
 * Structural Engineering
 * Engineering Mechanics
 * Bridge and Tunnel Engineering
 * Material Science
 * Road and Railway Engineering
 * Urban Planning and Design
 * Traffic and Transportation Planning and Management
 * Environmental Engineering
 * Geo-technical Engineering

Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

 * Sun Jun (孙钧)
 * Ma Zaitian (马在田)
 * Wang Pinxian
 * Yao Xi (姚熹)
 * Zheng Shiling (郑时龄)
 * Chang Qing (常青)
 * Zhou Xingming (周兴铭)
 * Chen Yihan (陈义汉)
 * Pei Gang

Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering

 * Haifan (项海帆)
 * Li Tongbao (李同保)
 * Guo Chongqing (郭重庆)
 * Zhiqiang Wu (吴志强)
 * Dai Fudong
 * Fan Lichu
 * Lu Yaoru (卢耀如)
 * Shen Zuyan
 * Zhong Zhihua
 * Chen Jie

Partnerships
Tongji has a strategic partnership with Technische Universität Darmstadt, Technische Universität Graz and Ecole des Ponts ParisTech.

Rankings and reputation
Tongji consistently features in the top 250th global universities as ranked by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking.

Tongji ranked 212nd in the world according to the 2023 QS World University Rankings.

The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 placed Tongji 185th worldwide and 12th in China.

Tongji graduates are highly desired in China and worldwide. In 2017, its Graduate Employability rankings placed at #101 in the world in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings. Tongji University is regarded as one of the most reputable Chinese universities by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where it ranked # 151 globally.

College of Civil Engineering
The College of Civil Engineering is considered the best in the world according to several widely cited international rankings, including Shanghai Ranking, U.S. News Rankings, URAP ranking and NTU Ranking.

Engineering
The U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking ranks Tongji University at 15th in engineering among Best Global Universities.

Architecture
Tongji's College of Architecture and Urban Planning is home to one of the best architecture programs in the world. As of 2022, Tongji University was ranked the best university in the world in "architecture" by the University Ranking by Academic Performance and ranked as the number 12 architecture school worldwide in the QS World University Rankings and the top overall architecture program in China according to China's University and College Admission System (CACUS).

Arts and Design
The School of Design and Innovation was ranked 10th among art and design schools worldwide in 2023, and the top in Asia, according to QS.

Presidents

 * Erich Paulun (1907-1909)
 * Oscar von Schab (福沙伯) (1909-1917)
 * Berrens (贝伦子) (1912-1919&1921-1927)
 * Shen Enfu (沈恩孚) (1917-1923) (acting)
 * Yuan Xitao (袁希涛) (1923-1927) (acting)
 * Ruan Shangjie (阮尚介) (1917-1927)
 * Zhang Zhongsu (张仲苏) (1927-1929)
 * Zhang Qun (March 1929-June 1929)
 * Hu Shuhua (1929-1932)
 * Weng Zhilong (翁之龙) (1932-1939)
 * Zhao Shiqing (赵士卿) (1939-1940)
 * Zhou Junshi (周均时) (1940-1942)
 * Ding Wenyuan (丁文渊) (1942-1944)
 * Xu Songming (徐诵明) (1944-1946)
 * Dong Xifan (董洗凡) (1946-1947)
 * Ding Wenyuan (丁文渊) (1947-1948)
 * Xia Jianbai (夏坚白) (1948-1952)
 * Xue Shangshi (薛尚实) (January 1953-July 1959)
 * Wang Tao (王涛) (1959-1977)
 * Li Guohao (October 1977-April 1984)
 * Jiang Jingbo (江景波) (April 1984-February 1989)
 * Gao Tingyao (高廷耀) (February 1989-February 1995)
 * Wu Qidi (February 1995-July 2003)
 * Wan Gang (July 2003-August 2007)
 * Pei Gang (August 2007-September 2016)
 * Zhong Zhihua (September 2016-July 2018)
 * Chen Jie (July 2018-February 2023)
 * Zheng Qinghua (郑庆华) (February 2023-present)

Notable alumni
Some noted alumni of Tongji University are:
 * Li Guohao, Former President of Tongji University, World Famous Bridge Engineering Expert
 * Wang Shu, 2012 Pritzker Prize recipient
 * Qiao Shi, Former Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, PRC
 * Li Linsi, China's Mahatma Gandhi, diplomatic consultant to Chiang Kai-shek
 * Qian Xinzhong, Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China
 * Tang Dengjie, Minister of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China
 * Qiu Fazu, Surgeon
 * Wu Mengchao, Surgeon, Winner of the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award of China (2005)
 * Pan Yunhe, Computer Scientist, Vice Chairman of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
 * Bei Shizhang, Physiologist, "Father of Chinese Biophysics"
 * Wan Gang, Minister of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
 * Andy Xie, Economist
 * Wang Guangtao, Minister of Construction of the People's Republic of China
 * Kwong-Chai Chu (Zhu Guangcai), Hydraulic Engineer
 * Shi Xiaolin, Communist Party Secretary of Chengdu
 * Luo Xiaowei, Founder of the Architectural History and Theory department at Tongji University

title: Tongji University


text:
Ponderosa Park

Ponderosa Park may refer to:
 * Ponderosa Park, Colorado
 * Ponderosa Park, Arizona

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ponderosa Park


text:
Talk:Northrop YF-23

Useful sources - YF-23 Chief Test Pilot Paul Metz Interview
YF-23 Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) - Paul Metz (Part 1)

YF-23 and F-22A - Paul Metz (Part 2) IAmAttractedToFemales (talk) 14:40, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

FA review
I have nominated Northrop YF-23 for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets the featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" in regards to the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Steve7c8 (talk) 22:37, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northrop YF-23


text:
Ponemah

Ponemah may refer to:

 * Ponemah, Illinois
 * Ponemah, Minnesota
 * Ponemah, a complete physiologic data acquisition and analysis software platform used by physiologists, from Data Sciences International
 * Ponemah Bog, a wildlife refuge in Amherst, New Hampshire

title: Ponemah


text:
User talk:FuzzyBunny

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. Gentgeen 03:01, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Userbox edits
If you suddenly show up and wonder what the hell happened to your userboxes, you can blame me. I took out the double "box" on the "boxtop" sections. That's what causes them to stack like that. If you don't like the side column style, you can revert to an earlier edit of your page. Cybertooth85 03:47, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Category:Aspergian Wikipedians
Category:Aspergian Wikipedians which you have included on your user page has been proposed for deletion you can comment at Categories for deletion. The is also a proposal to create an association to meet the needs of users with mental health conditions. --Salix alba (talk) 18:38, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

User categories for discussion on -isms
Hi. A user category that you are in has been proposed for deletion at User categories for discussion. You are welcome to comment. Cheers! bd2412 T 02:10, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Johanes Maliza
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AfD nomination of List of San Jose Earthquakes rosters
I have nominated List of San Jose Earthquakes rosters, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/List of San Jose Earthquakes rosters. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Tavix (talk) 22:55, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

An article you created maybe deleted soon: Tools which can help you
The article you created, List_of_San_Jose_Earthquakes_rosters maybe deleted from Wikipedia.

There is an ongoing debate about whether your article should be deleted here:
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The faster your respond, the better chance the article you created can be saved. This is because deletion debates only stay open for a few days, and the first comments are usually the most important. There are several tools and other editors who can help you keep the page from being deleted forever:
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 * 4) You can merge the article into a larger or better established article on the same topic.

If your page is deleted, you still have many options available. Good luck! travb (talk) 01:36, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
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Proposed deletion of IMG Academy Soccer Program

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of List of San Jose Earthquakes rosters for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of San Jose Earthquakes rosters is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of San Jose Earthquakes rosters (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Mikemor92 (talk) 03:10, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:FuzzyBunny


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HBO Films

HBO Films (formerly called HBO Premiere Films and HBO Pictures) is an American production and distribution company, a division of the cable television network HBO that produces feature films and miniseries. The division produces fiction and non-fiction works under HBO Documentary Films, primarily for distribution to their own customers, though recently the company has been funding theatrical releases.

HBO Films slates three or four films per year and develops most them internally with theatrical films being distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.

Background
After or around 1978, HBO was involved into preproduction financing films for exclusive pay-TV rights, which was risky as the films could be unpopular while alienating movie studios. The original Silver Screen Partners, L.P. was organized by Roland W. Betts, New York film investment broker to fund movies for HBO in 1982. The limited partnership sold through EF Hutton were oversubscribed and raised $83 million. HBO made a 50% guarantee on their investment for exclusive cable rights. HBO then joined with Columbia Pictures and CBS to form TriStar Pictures, which was expected to become a major film studio, in 1983. HBO sold half of its ownership in TriStar in 1986.

Origin, as a television film production arm
HBO Premiere Films began in 1983 as a telefilm and miniseries production company with an "ambitious production schedule" for the HBO channel. With the high expense of theatrical film exclusive, those films appeared on multiple pay TV channels. Thus, the unit was started to give the channel some exclusives. The company's first head, Jane Deknatel (an English-born television veteran), projected the unit would do 24 projects in 1984 and 50 a few years later. HBO Premiere Films was funding the productions at 60% for just the pay TV rights. Their first film, The Terry Fox Story, shown in May 1983 was also the first feature film produced expressly for pay television. Two more films were produced and shown in 1983.

By the end of the first year the schedule was cut back and the unit moved into producing theatrical films. In January 1984, Donald March took over the company from Deknatel as senior vice president. He canceled a dozen projects in development and was reassessing star vehicle productions as being done as vanity projects. A production for each month from July to November was the new plan with a push for additional rights beyond pay TV rights, like foreign theatrical, home video and network television. In January 1984, a telefilm and HBO Premiere Films' first two mini-series, All the Rivers Run then Far Pavilions were cablecast. HBO Pictures started winning Emmy Awards in 1993 with two for Barbarians at the Gate and Stalin.

Around the time, the company tried its hand into feature films again by partnering with Cinema Plus L.P., with MGM/UA Communications planning on to distribute its films, but the films that eventually came out were released by Warner Bros. due to the Time-Warner merger.

Around November 1996, John Matoian was appointed as president of HBO Pictures reporting to HBO chairman and CEO Jeff Bewkes. Bewkes decided by April 1999 that he want a single original programming division. Programming president Chris Albrecht oversaw original series development, specials and miniseries and was selected over Matoian. Matoian resigned because he lost his direct reporting status and would have reported to Albrecht. Executive vice president of HBO NYC Colin Callender, who reported to Matoian, was promoted to take over as president of HBO Pictures.

HBO Films
In October 1999, HBO NYC Productions was merged into HBO Pictures and renamed HBO Films under division president Callender. HBO Films Development Unit was also formed by November 1999. Prior to July 2003, HBO Films made individual distribution deal for their films. The company formed its theatrical distribution division, HBO Films Domestic Theatrical Releasing, that month with a distribution label partnership pact with Fine Line Features and the hiring of Dennis O’Connor, United Artists marketing vice-president, as division head. The pact negotiation was started due a single distribution film deal between Fine Line and HBO Films for American Splendor. HBO Films Domestic Theatrical Releasing's first release was Elephant on October 24, 2003. In 2005, HBO Films Domestic Theatrical Releasing and Fine Line were effectively merged with Warner Bros. (WB) decided HBO and New Line Cinema should form a new smaller and niche films distribution arm, Picturehouse.

Len Amato, producer and as the president of Spring Creek Productions, was appointed HBO Films senior vice president in March 2007. In 2008, Picturehouse was discontinued with distribution being handled by WB's main distribution arm. HBO Films exited the theatrical film market with Picturehouse's closure. With Callender leaving to form his own production company in late 2008, no division president is appointed with department heads becoming president of their departments, Kary Antholis at HBO Miniseries, and Amato at HBO Films. Both answered to president of programming group/West Coast operations, Michael Lombardo.

Reception
The films produced by the company have garnered hundreds of Primetime Emmy Awards, 694 nominations with 162 wins, and Golden Globe Awards. HBO Films productions have won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie every year from 1993 to 2015 and 2020, except for four years. Elephant is the first film produced by HBO Films to win the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

HBO NYC Productions
HBO Showcase was started as a second film banner for HBO in 1986 to expand the boundary of drama. Age Old Friends (1989) was the unit's first production to earn an Emmy Award. In 1996, HBO Showcase was expanded and given a new name HBO NYC Productions.

In April 1999, Colin Callender, executive VP of HBO NYC, was promoted to be HBO Pictures president. In October 1999, HBO NYC Productions was merged into HBO Pictures and renamed HBO Films under division president Callender.

In 2002, Keri Putnam was named the Executive Vice President of Movies and Mini-series at HBO Films before moving to Miramax Films in 2006.

title: HBO Films


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/How-to Motorcycling

How-to Motorcycling was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to transwiki to Wikibooks. Rossami 22:01, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Also found on Deadend pages. Looks like original research, and it's a poorly named article. Or should it be moved? - Kenwarren 03:04, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * transwiki --> wikibooks Dunc_Harris|☺ 12:50, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, possibly having transwikied first. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:55, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Gravity dam

A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by using only the weight of the material and its resistance against the foundation. Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable and independent of any other dam section.

Characteristics
Gravity dams generally require stiff rock foundations of high bearing strength (slightly weathered to fresh), although in rare cases, they have been built on soil.

Stability of the dam primarily arises from the range of normal force angles viably generated by the foundation. Also, the stiff nature of a gravity dam structure endures differential foundation settlement poorly, as it can crack the dam structure.

The main advantage to gravity dams over embankments is the scour-resistance of concrete, which protects against damage from minor over-topping flows. Unexpected large over-topping flows are still a problem, as they can scour dam foundations. A disadvantage of gravity dams is that their large concrete structures are susceptible to destabilising uplift pressures relative to the surrounding soil. Uplift pressures can be reduced by internal and foundation drainage systems.

During construction, the exothermic curing of concrete can generate large amounts of heat. The poorly-conductive concrete then traps this heat in the dam structure for decades, expanding the plastic concrete and leaving it susceptible to cracking while cooling. It is the designer's task to ensure this does not occur.

Design
Gravity dams are built by first cutting away a large part of the land in one section of a river, allowing water to fill the space and be stored. Once the land has been cut away, the soil has to be tested to make sure it can support the weight of the dam and the water. It is important to make sure the soil will not erode over time, which would allow the water to cut a way around or under the dam. Sometimes the soil is sufficient to achieve these goals; however, other times it requires conditioning by adding support rocks which will bolster the weight of the dam and water. There are three different tests that can be done to determine the foundation's support strength: the Westergaard, Eulerian, and Lagrangian approaches. Once the foundation is suitable to build on, construction of the dam can begin. Usually gravity dams are built out of a strong material such as concrete or stone blocks, and are built into a triangular shape to provide the most support.

Classifications
The most common classification of gravity dams is by the materials composing the structure:
 * Concrete dams include
 * mass concrete dams, made of:
 * conventional concrete: Dworshak Dam, Grand Coulee Dam
 * Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC): Willow Creek Dam (Oregon), Upper Stillwater Dam
 * masonry: Aswan Low Dam, Pathfinder Dam, Cheesman Dam
 * hollow gravity dams, made of reinforced concrete: Braddock Dam

Composite dams are a combination of concrete and embankment dams. Construction materials of composite dams are the same used for concrete and embankment dams.

Gravity dams can be classified by plan (shape):
 * Most gravity dams are straight (Grand Coulee Dam).
 * Some masonry and concrete gravity dams have the dam axis curved (Shasta Dam, Cheesman Dam) to add stability through arch action.

Gravity dams can be classified with respect to their structural height:
 * Low, up to 100 feet.
 * Medium high, between 100 and 300 feet.
 * High, over 300 feet.

Earthquakes
Gravity dams are built to withstand some of the strongest earthquakes. Even though the foundation of a gravity dam is built to support the weight of the dam and all the water, it is quite flexible in that it absorbs a large amount of energy and sends it into the Earth's crust. It needs to be able to absorb the energy from an earthquake because, if the dam were to break, it would send a mass amount of water rushing downstream and destroy everything in its way. Earthquakes are the biggest danger to gravity dams and that is why, every year and after every major earthquake, they must be tested for cracks, durability, and strength. Although gravity dams are expected to last anywhere from 50–150 years, they need to be maintained and regularly replaced.

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Arch dam

An arch dam is a concrete dam that is curved upstream in plan. The arch dam is designed so that the force of the water against it, known as hydrostatic pressure, presses against the arch, causing the arch to straighten slightly and strengthening the structure as it pushes into its foundation or abutments. An arch dam is most suitable for narrow canyons or gorges with steep walls of stable rock to support the structure and stresses. Since they are thinner than any other dam type, they require much less construction material, making them economical and practical in remote areas.

Classification
In general, arch dams are classified based on the ratio of the base thickness to the structural height (b/h) as:
 * Thin, for b/h less than 0.2,
 * Medium-thick, for b/h between 0.2 and 0.3, and
 * Thick, for b/h ratio over 0.3.

Arch dams classified with respect to their structural height are:
 * Low dams up to 100 ft,
 * Medium high dams between 100 –,
 * High dams over 300 ft.

History

The development of arch dams throughout history began with the Romans in the 1st century BC and after several designs and techniques were developed, relative uniformity was achieved in the 20th century. The first known arch dam, the Glanum Dam, also known as the Vallon de Baume Dam, was built by the Romans in France and it dates back to the 1st century BC. The dam was about 12 m high and 18 m in length. Its radius was about 14 m, and it consisted of two masonry walls. The Romans built it to supply nearby Glanum with water.

The Monte Novo Dam in Portugal was another early arch dam built by the Romans in 300 AD. It was 5.7 m high and 52 m, with a radius of 19 m. The curved ends of the dam met with two winged walls that were later supported by two buttresses. The dam also contained two water outlets to drive mills downstream.

The Dara Dam was another arch dam built by the Romans in which the historian Procopius would write of its design: "This barrier was not built in a straight line, but was bent into the shape of a crescent, so that the curve, by lying against the current of the river, might be able to offer still more resistance to the force of the stream."

The Mongols also built arch dams in modern-day Iran. Their earliest was the Kebar Dam built around 1300, which was 26 m high and 55 m long, and had a radius of 35 m. Their second dam was built around 1350 and is called the Kurit Dam. After 4 m was added to the dam in 1850, it became 64 m tall and remained the tallest dam in the world until the early 20th century. The Kurit Dam was of masonry design and built in a very narrow canyon. The canyon was so narrow that its crest length is only 44% of its height. The dam is still erect, even though part of its lower downstream face fell off.

The Tibi Dam in Tibi, Spain was a post-medieval arch dam built between 1579 and 1594 and the first in Europe since the Romans. The dam was 42.7 m high and 65 m long. This arch dam rests on the mountains sides.

In the early 20th century, the world's first variable-radius arch dam was built on the Salmon Creek near Juneau, Alaska. The Salmon Creek Dam's upstream face bulged upstream, which relieved pressure on the stronger, curved lower arches near the abutments. The dam also had a larger toe, which off-set pressure on the upstream heel of the dam, which now curved more downstream. The technology and economical benefits of the Salmon Creek Dam allowed for larger and taller dam designs. The dam was, therefore, revolutionary, and similar designs were soon adopted around the world, in particular by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

In 1920, the Swiss engineer and dam designer Alfred Stucky developed new calculation methods for arch dams, introducing the concept of elasticity during the construction of the Montsalvens arch dam in Switzerland, thereby improving the dam profile in the vertical direction by using a parabolic arch shape instead of a circular arch shape.

Pensacola Dam, completed in the state of Oklahoma in 1940, was considered the longest multiple arch dam in the United States. Designed by W. R. Holway, it has 51 arches. and a maximum height of 150 ft above the river bed. The total length of the dam and its sections is 6565 ft while the multiple-arch section is 4284 ft long and its combination with the spillway sections measure 5145 ft. Each arch in the dam has a clear span of 60 ft and each buttress is 24 ft wide.

Arch dam designs would continue to test new limits and designs such as the double- and multiple-curve. Alfred Stucky and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation developed a method of weight and stress distribution in the 1960s, and arch dam construction in the United States would see its last surge then with dams like the 143-meter double-curved Morrow Point Dam in Colorado, completed in 1968. By the late 20th century, arch dam design reached a relative uniformity in design around the world. Currently, the tallest arch dam in the world is the 305 m Jingpin-I Dam in China, which was completed in 2013. The longest multiple arch with buttress dam in the world is the Daniel-Johnson Dam in Quebec, Canada. It is 214 meters high and 1314 meters long across its crest. It was completed in 1968 and put in service in 1970.

Pensacola Dam was one of the last multiple arch types built in the United States. Its NRHP application states that this was because three dams of this type failed: (1) Gem Lake Dam, St. Francis Dam (California), Lake Hodges Dam (California). None of these failures were inherently caused by the multiple arch design.

Design
The design of an arch dam is a very complex process. It starts with an initial dam layout, that is continually improved until the design objectives are achieved within the design criteria.

Loads
The main loads for which an arch dam is designed are:
 * Dead load
 * Hydrostatic load generated by the reservoir and the tailwater
 * Temperature load
 * Earthquake load

Other miscellaneous loads that affect a dam include: ice and silt loads, and uplift pressure.

Most often, the arch dam is made of concrete and placed in a V-shaped valley. The foundation or abutments for an arch dam must be very stable and proportionate to the concrete. There are two basic designs for an arch dam: constant-radius dams, which have constant radius of curvature, and variable-radius dams, which have both upstream and downstream curves that systematically decrease in radius below the crest. A dam that is double-curved in both its horizontal and vertical planes may be called a dome dam. Arch dams with more than one contiguous arch or plane are described as multiple-arch dams. Early examples include the Roman Esparragalejo Dam with later examples such as the Daniel-Johnson Dam (1968) and Itaipu Dam (1982). However, as a result of the failure of the Gleno Dam shortly after it was constructed in 1923, the construction of new multiple arch dams has become less popular.

Contraction joints are normally placed every 20 m in the arch dam and are later filled with grout after the control cools and cures.

Types

 * Constant radii arch dam : the upstream face of the dam has a constant radius making it a linear shape face throughout the height of the dam. But the inner curves their radius reduces as we move down from top elevation to bottom and thus in cross-section it makes a shape of the triangle.
 * Variable arch dam : the radius of both inner and outer faces of the dam arch varies from bottom to top. The radius of the arch is greatest at the top and lowest at lower elevations. The central angle of the arch is also widened as we move upside.
 * Constant angle arch dam : this is the most economical in construction. However, for the third type of arch dam stronger foundation is required as it involves overhangs at the abutment sections. The constant angle arch dam is that in which the central angles of the horizontal arch rings are of the same magnitude at all elevations.

Examples of arch dams

 * Buchanan Dam (example of multiple-arch type)
 * Contra Dam
 * Daniel-Johnson Dam
 * Deriner Dam
 * El Atazar Dam
 * Enguri Dam
 * Flaming Gorge Dam
 * Glen Canyon Dam
 * Hartbeespoort Dam
 * Idukki Dam
 * Kariba Dam
 * Karun-3 Dam
 * Luzzone Dam
 * Mauvoisin Dam
 * Mratinje Dam
 * New Bullards Bar Dam
 * Pensacola Dam
 * St. Francis Dam
 * Victoria Dam
 * Xiluodu Dam
 * Hoover Dam
 * Bhumibol Dam

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Category:Stellar phenomena

Phenomena associated with stars and space.

For those phenomena specifically associated with the Earth's Sun, see Category:Solar phenomena.

title: Category:Stellar phenomena


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Capital structure

In corporate finance, capital structure refers to the mix of various forms of external funds, known as capital, used to finance a business. It consists of shareholders' equity, debt (borrowed funds), and preferred stock, and is detailed in the company's balance sheet. The larger the debt component is in relation to the other sources of capital, the greater financial leverage (or gearing, in the United Kingdom) the firm is said to have. Too much debt can increase the risk of the company and reduce its financial flexibility, which at some point creates concern among investors and results in a greater cost of capital. Company management is responsible for establishing a capital structure for the corporation that makes optimal use of financial leverage and holds the cost of capital as low as possible.

Capital structure is an important issue in setting rates charged to customers by regulated utilities in the United States. The utility company has the right to choose any capital structure it deems appropriate, but regulators determine an appropriate capital structure and cost of capital for ratemaking purposes.

Various leverage or gearing ratios are closely watched by financial analysts to assess the amount of debt in a company's capital structure.

The Miller and Modigliani theorem argues that the market value of a firm is unaffected by a change in its capital structure. This school of thought is generally viewed as a purely theoretical result, since it assumes a perfect market and disregards factors such as fluctuations and uncertain situations that may arise in financing a firm. In academia, much attention has been given to debating and relaxing the assumptions made by Miller and Modigliani to explain why a firm's capital structure is relevant to its value in the real world.

Leverage
Up to a certain point, the use of debt (such as bonds or bank loans) in a company's capital structure is beneficial. When debt is a portion of a firm's capital structure, it permits the company to achieve greater earnings per share than would be possible by issuing equity. This is because the interest paid by the firm on the debt is tax-deductible. The reduction in taxes permits more of the company's operating income to flow through to investors. The related increase in earnings per share is called financial leverage or gearing in the United Kingdom and Australia. Financial leverage can be beneficial when the business is expanding and profitable, but it is detrimental when the business enters a contraction phase. The interest on the debt must be paid regardless of the level of the company's operating income, or bankruptcy may be the result. If the firm does not prosper and profits do not meet management's expectations, too much debt (i.e., too much leverage) increases the risk that the firm may not be able to pay its creditors. At some point this makes investors apprehensive and increases the firm's cost of borrowing or issuing new equity.

Optimal capital structure
It is important that a company's management recognizes the risk inherent in taking on debt, and maintains an optimal capital structure with an appropriate balance between debt and equity. An optimal capital structure is one that is consistent with minimizing the cost of debt and equity financing and maximizing the value of the firm. Internal policy decisions with respect to capital structure and debt ratios must be tempered by a recognition of how outsiders view the strength of the firm's financial position. Key considerations include maintaining the firm's credit rating at a level where it can attract new external funds on reasonable terms, and maintaining a stable dividend policy and good earnings record.

Term structure of debt in capital structure
Once management has decided how much debt should be used in the capital structure, decisions must be made as to the appropriate mix of short-term debt and long-term debt. Increasing the percentage of short-term debt can enhance a firm's financial flexibility, since the borrower's commitment to pay interest is for a shorter period of time. But short-term debt also exposes the firm to greater refinancing risk. Therefore, as the percentage of short-term debt in a firm's capital structure increases, equity holders will expect greater returns on equity to compensate for the increased risk, according to a 2022 article in The Journal of Finance.

Seniority
In the event of bankruptcy, the seniority of the capital structure comes into play. A typical company has the following seniority structure listed from most senior to least:
 * senior debt, including mortgage bonds secured by specifically pledged property,
 * subordinated (or junior) debt, including debenture bonds which are dependent upon the general credit and financial strength of the company for their security,
 * preferred stock, whose holders are entitled to have their claims met before those of common stockholders, and
 * equity, which includes common stock and retained earnings.

In practice, the capital structure may be complex and include other sources of capital.

Leverage or capital gearing ratios
Financial analysts use some form of leverage ratio to quantify the proportion of debt and equity in a company's capital structure, and to make comparisons between companies. Using figures from the balance sheet, the debt-to-capital ratio can be calculated as shown below.
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * debt-to-capitalization ratio = dollar amount of debt/ dollar amount of total capitalization
 * debt-to-capitalization ratio = dollar amount of debt/ dollar amount of total capitalization

The debt-to-equity ratio and capital gearing ratio are widely used for the same purpose.
 * {| class="wikitable"

 * capital gearing ratio = dollar amount of capital bearing risk/ dollar amount of capital not bearing risk
 * capital gearing ratio = dollar amount of capital bearing risk/ dollar amount of capital not bearing risk

Capital bearing risk includes debentures (risk is to pay interest) and preference capital (risk to pay dividend at fixed rate). Capital not bearing risk includes equity.

Therefore, one can also say, Capital gearing ratio = (Debentures + Preference share capital) : (shareholders' funds)

In public utility regulation
Capital structure is an important issue in setting rates charged to customers by regulated utilities in the United States. Ratemaking practice in the U.S. holds that rates paid by a utility's customers should be set at a level which assures that the company can provide reliable service at reasonable cost. The cost of capital is among the costs a utility must be allowed to recover from customers, and depends on the company's capital structure. The utility company may choose whatever capital structure it deems appropriate, but regulators determine an appropriate capital structure and cost of capital for ratemaking purposes.

Modigliani–Miller theorem
The Modigliani–Miller theorem, proposed by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller in 1958, forms the basis for modern academic thinking on capital structure. It is generally viewed as a purely theoretical result since it disregards many important factors in the capital structure process factors like fluctuations and uncertain situations that may occur in the course of financing a firm. The theorem states that, in a perfect market, how a firm is financed is irrelevant to its value. This result provides the base with which to examine real world reasons why capital structure is relevant, that is, a company's value is affected by the capital structure it employs. Some other reasons include bankruptcy costs, agency costs, taxes, and information asymmetry. This analysis can then be extended to look at whether there is in fact an optimal capital structure: the one which maximizes the value of the firm.

Consider a perfect capital market (no transaction or bankruptcy costs; perfect information); firms and individuals can borrow at the same interest rate; no taxes; and investment returns are not affected by financial uncertainty. Assuming perfections in the capital is a mirage and unattainable as suggested by Modigliani and Miller.

Modigliani and Miller made two findings under these conditions. Their first 'proposition' was that the value of a company is independent of its capital structure. Their second 'proposition' stated that the cost of equity for a leveraged firm is equal to the cost of equity for an unleveraged firm, plus an added premium for financial risk. That is, as leverage increases, risk is shifted between different investor classes, while the total firm risk is constant, and hence no extra value created.

Their analysis was extended to include the effect of taxes and risky debt. Under a classical tax system, the tax-deductibility of interest makes debt financing valuable; that is, the cost of capital decreases as the proportion of debt in the capital structure increases. The optimal structure would be to have virtually no equity at all, i.e. a capital structure consisting of 99.99% debt.

Variations on the Miller-Modigliani theorem
If capital structure is irrelevant in a perfect market, then imperfections which exist in the real world must be the cause of its relevance. The theories below try to address some of these imperfections, by relaxing assumptions made in the Modigliani–Miller theorem.

Trade-off theory
Trade-off theory of capital structure allows bankruptcy cost to exist as an offset to the benefit of using debt as tax shield. It states that there is an advantage to financing with debt, namely, the tax benefits of debt and that there is a cost of financing with debt the bankruptcy costs and the financial distress costs of debt. This theory also refers to the idea that a company chooses how much equity finance and how much debt finance to use by considering both costs and benefits. The marginal benefit of further increases in debt declines as debt increases, while the marginal cost increases, so that a firm optimizing its overall value will focus on this trade-off when choosing how much debt and equity to use for financing. Empirically, this theory may explain differences in debt-to-equity ratios between industries, but it doesn't explain differences within the same industry.

Pecking order theory
Pecking order theory tries to capture the costs of asymmetric information. It states that companies prioritize their sources of financing (from internal financing to equity) according to the law of least effort, or of least resistance, preferring to raise equity as a financing means "of last resort". Hence, internal financing is used first; when that is depleted, debt is issued; and when it is no longer sensible to issue any more debt, equity is issued. This theory maintains that businesses adhere to a hierarchy of financing sources and prefer internal financing when available, and debt is preferred over equity if external financing is required (equity would mean issuing shares which meant 'bringing external ownership' into the company). Thus, the form of debt a firm chooses can act as a signal of its need for external finance.

The pecking order theory has been popularized by Myers (1984) when he argued that equity is a less preferred means to raise capital, because when managers (who are assumed to know better about true condition of the firm than investors) issue new equity, investors believe that managers think the firm is overvalued, and managers are taking advantage of the assumed over-valuation. As a result, investors may place a lower value to the new equity issuance.

Capital structure substitution theory
The capital structure substitution theory is based on the hypothesis that company management may manipulate capital structure such that earnings per share (EPS) are maximized. The model is not normative i.e. and does not state that management should maximize EPS, it simply hypothesizes they do.

The 1982 SEC rule 10b-18 allowed public companies open-market repurchases of their own stock and made it easier to manipulate capital structure. This hypothesis leads to a larger number of testable predictions. First, it has been deducted that market average earnings yield will be in equilibrium with the market average interest rate on corporate bonds after corporate taxes, which is a reformulation of the 'Fed model'. The second prediction has been that companies with a high valuation ratio, or low earnings yield, will have little or no debt, whereas companies with low valuation ratios will be more leveraged. When companies have a dynamic debt-equity target, this explains why some companies use dividends and others do not. A fourth prediction has been that there is a negative relationship in the market between companies' relative price volatilities and their leverage. This contradicts Hamada who used the work of Modigliani and Miller to derive a positive relationship between these two variables.

Agency costs
Three types of agency costs can help explain the relevance of capital structure.
 * Asset substitution effect: As debt-to-equity ratio increases, management has an incentive to undertake risky, even negative net present value (NPV) projects. This is because if the project is successful, share holders earn the benefit, whereas if it is unsuccessful, debtors experience the downside.
 * Underinvestment problem or debt overhang problem: If debt is risky e.g., in a growth company, the gain from the project will accrue to debt holders rather than shareholders. Thus, management have an incentive to reject positive NPV projects, even though they have the potential to increase firm value.
 * Free cash flow: unless free cash flow is given back to investors, management has an incentive to destroy firm value through empire building and perks etc. Increasing leverage imposes financial discipline on management.

Structural corporate finance
An active area of research in finance is that which tries to translate the models above as well as others into a structured theoretical setup that is time-consistent and that has a dynamic set up similar to one that can be observed in the real world. Managerial contracts, debt contracts, equity contracts, investment returns, all have long lived, multi-period implications. Therefore, it is hard to think through what the implications of the basic models above are for the real world if they are not embedded in a dynamic structure that approximates reality. A similar type of research is performed under the guise of credit risk research in which the modeling of the likelihood of default and its pricing is undertaken under different assumptions about investors and about the incentives of management, shareholders and debt holders. Examples of research in this area are Goldstein, Ju, Leland (1998) and Hennessy and Whited (2004).

Capital structure and macroeconomic conditions
In addition to firm-specific characteristics, researchers find macroeconomic conditions have a material impact on capital structure choice. Korajczyk, Lucas, and McDonald (1990) provide evidence of equity issues cluster following a run-up in the equity market. Korajczyk and Levy (2003) find that target leverage is counter-cyclical for unconstrained firms, but pro-cyclical for firms that are constrained; macroeconomic conditions are significant for issue choice for firms that can time their issue choice to coincide with periods of favorable macroeconomic conditions, while constrained firms cannot. Levy and Hennessy (2007) highlight that trade-offs between agency problems and risk sharing vary over the business cycle and can result in the observed patterns. Others have related these patterns with asset pricing puzzles.

Capital structure persistence
Corporate leverage ratios are initially determined. Low relative to high leverage ratios are largely persistent despite time variation. Variation in capital structures is primarily determined by factors that remain stable for long periods of time. These stable factors are unobservable.

Growth type compatibility
Firms rationally invest and seek financing in a manner compatible with their growth types. As economic and market conditions improve, low growth type firms are keener to issue new debt than equity, whereas high growth type firms are least likely to issue debt and keenest to issue equity. Distinct growth types are persistent. Consistent with a generalized Myers–Majluf framework, growth type compatibility enables distinct growth types and hence specifications of market imperfection or informational environments to persist, generating capital structure persistence.

Other

 * Capital supply — capital structure also depends on the relative supply of equity vs. debt capital available to the firm.
 * The neutral mutation hypothesis — firms fall into various financing habits that do not impact value.
 * Market timing hypothesis—capital structure is the outcome of the cumulative historical timing of the market by managers.
 * Accelerated investment effect—even in the absence of agency costs, levered firms invest faster because of the existence of default risk.
 * In transition economies, there has been evidence reported unveiling the significant impact of capital structure on firm performance, especially short-term debt such as the case of Vietnamese emerging market economy.

Arbitrage
A capital structure arbitrageur seeks to profit from differential pricing of various instruments issued by one corporation. Consider, for example, traditional bonds, and convertible bonds. The latter are bonds that are, under contracted-for conditions, convertible into shares of equity. The stock-option component of a convertible bond has a calculable value in itself. The value of the whole instrument should be the value of the traditional bonds plus the extra value of the option feature. If the spread (the difference between the convertible and the non-convertible bonds) grows excessively, then the capital-structure arbitrageur will bet that it will converge.

title: Capital structure


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Appleby College

Appleby College is an international independent school (grades 7–12) located in Oakville, Ontario, Canada, founded in 1911 by John Guest, a former Headmaster of the Preparatory School at Upper Canada College. Guest dreamed of establishing a small boarding school in the country, and did so with the support and financial assistance of his father-in-law, Sir Byron Edmund Walker, a Canadian businessman. Today, Appleby is a co-educational day and boarding university-preparatory school, with a curriculum based around the liberal arts. It is situated on Lake Ontario in Oakville, Ontario, roughly 50 kilometres west of Toronto. Students are drawn primarily from Oakville, Burlington and Mississauga, but boarding students come from other parts of Canada and throughout all continents of the world.

Appleby is one of two Canadian members of the G30 Schools. It is also a member of the International Round Square Organisation and the Canadian Independent Schools Athletic Association. Appleby is accredited by the Canadian Educational Standards Institute.

History

 * Originally called Appleby School when it opened in 1911 (the school had 29 students), it was renamed Appleby College in 1941.
 * The first Argus (the school yearbook) was published in 1916.
 * The school chapel was completed after seven years of construction, and dedicated in November 1929.
 * Ferdinand Herbert Marani (architect) of Marani & Paisley designed several buildings on campus including: the gymnasium, swimming pool, administration building, and classroom building (1948–49)
 * In 1956 the memorial entrance to the classroom building was completed, in commemoration of the Appleby boys and master who had been killed in World War I and World War II.
 * Appleby marked its 50th anniversary in 1961 with a significant building expansion. A dining hall was built and named after John Guest, the founder and first headmaster. A third boarding residence, "New House" was opened, later renamed Walker House after the school's original benefactor.
 * In 1968 the school chapel, formerly the Memorial Chapel, was expanded to its present size and renamed the John Bell Chapel in honour of the third headmaster, who retired that year. The first Appleby Quarterly, Appleby's alumni newsletter, was also published this year.
 * In 1970 the swimming pool and J.S. Gairdner hockey arena were opened. Previously Appleby hockey was played at the Oakville Arena.
 * In 1971 with enrollment rising, Appleby was split into a Junior and Senior School. Junior School consisted of grades 4 through 8. Previously the school had admitted boys as young as grade 1. Senior School consisted of grades 9 through 13.
 * In 1973, Appleby introduced the innovative Northward Bound outdoor education program at the school's "Northern Campus" on Rabbitnose Island, Lake Temagami.
 * In 1976, participation in the Senior School Cadet Corps became optional for students in grades 11 through 13. In 1984, it became a completely voluntary corps. Appleby maintained #440 Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps for 93 years, until 2008, and it was open to both boys and girls.
 * In 1979, the school cook, Hilda Chattaway, reached a remarkable milestone of 50 years of continuous service to Appleby. She continued to run the school's kitchen until her death in 1985. In 1982 the Junior School boarding dormitory located on the top floor of Colley House was named after her. However, boarding for the Junior grades was discontinued in 1990.
 * September 1980 marked the first time day students outnumbered boarders
 * Appleby commemorated its 75th anniversary during the 1985–1986 school year. Memorable events from that year included the first football team's undefeated season and first and only CISAA championship, and the visit of Lady Mountbatten to officially open the new wing to the classroom building. The new facility was called Nicholas Court and housed facilities for art, music and debating, in addition to new classrooms.
 * Appleby was one of the first high schools in Ontario to eliminate Grade 13, moving to a four-year program with a "double cohort" graduating class in 1987. All high schools in Ontario moved from a five-year to a four-year program.
 * In 1990, Saturday classes were eliminated. Previously, a chapel service and classes were held on Saturday mornings and sports were played in the afternoon. Up until the 1970s, boarders had also attended a Sunday church service at St. Jude's Anglican Church in Oakville.
 * Prior to becoming co-educational in 1991, Appleby was a school for boys only. Girls were admitted in grades 6 to 11. Before then, Appleby's sister school was St. Mildred's-Lightbourn School, an Oakville private school for girls. Appleby and St. Mildred's often collaborated in drama, for example.
 * At the same time that girls were admitted, grades 4 through 6 were phased out and the Junior School/ Senior School division was eliminated. Michael Nightingale was the Director of the Junior School for all twenty years that it was in existence.
 * In 1993 Appleby saw its first co-educational graduating class. By that fall, the school had taken on its present character of a completely co-educational school for students in grades 7 through 12. A fourth boarding residence, Baillie House, was also built for female students.
 * In 2011, Appleby celebrated its 100th anniversary.Colley House (circa. 1925).jpg

Boarding
As well as being a day school, boarding is offered from Grades 9 though 12 (7 and 8 can board but they live with faculty who live near campus) and there are numerous international students from over 20 countries attending Appleby. When the school first opened in 1911, boarding was mandatory. Less than half of students board. Since 1911 all students in their "Senior Two" (Grade 12) year are required to go into residence..

There are four houses in which Appleby's boarding students reside, and with which the day students are affiliated: Baillie House; Walker House; Colley House; and Powell's House. Baillie House is a girls' residence and named after a prominent family that has attended and supported Appleby for several generations. Walker House was one of three boys' residences before co-education and is now a girls' residence, and is named for the school's original benefactor, Sir Byron Edmund Walker. Colley and Powell's are boys' residences and are named for former Appleby Masters. T.B. Colley taught at Appleby for 35 years and was housemaster of School House, which was renamed in his honour in 1949. Vernon Powell received the Military Cross and died during World War I.

Students are divided into their respective houses in "Upper One" (Grade 9) and participate in house activities throughout the year. Boarding students in Baillie House and Colley House have roommates. In Powell's House and Walker House, students may be eligible to have a single room without a roommate.

Campus facilities
The school has a main classroom building, dining hall, arena, five playing fields (one football size), five tennis courts, three squash courts, a gymnasium, a 20m swimming pool, four boarding houses and the Anglican John Bell Chapel, designed in the Westminster style. The chapel houses an Inuit-designed stained glass window, created on commission by Kenojuak Ashevak, O.C. As well, the south boundary of the campus runs along the shores of Lake Ontario, and a creek runs through the west side of campus, bordered by playing fields and forest.

Athletic facilities
The campus is equipped with four full-size soccer/rugby fields, an astro-turf field for field hockey and lacrosse, ice rink, a fitness room, three squash courts, a climbing wall, a gym, one outdoor basketball courts, a beach volleyball court, a 50-yard swimming pool and an athletic therapy centre.

With the new AWB Alumni Athletics centre built, Appleby now offers three more gyms, a new climbing wall, new yoga/meditation rooms, new squash courts, new spinning room, new weight room, and a new athletic therapy clinic.

Academic facilities
There are four science labs located by the Appleby Arena and several more located on the science wing. Each of the houses, Walker being the exception, are home to classrooms that are located on the basement level of the houses. The Samuel Academic Resource Centre is home to the Williams IT Centre, the Raymond Massey Reading Room and the Appleby Archives.

Chapel
The John Bell Chapel features several stained glass windows including 'Iggalaaq' (2004) by Kenojuak Ashevak and Sue Obata.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of Appleby College have included:
 * Raymond Massey, (1914) Actor
 * Andrew Dyas MacLean, (1914) Canadian naval officer, journalist, and publisher
 * John Marshall Harlan II, (1916) Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1955–1971)
 * George Montegu Black II, (1929) Canadian business executive, father of Conrad Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour
 * George Atkins, (1934) Founder, Developing Countries Farm Radio Network; member, Order of Canada
 * Norman Atkins, (1953) Canadian Senator
 * Dan Hays, (1958) Canadian Senator, former Leader of the Opposition in the Senate
 * Bill Gairdner, (1960) Olympic athlete (Decathlon, Tokyo, 1964), conservative author
 * John Kent Harrison, (1964) television director
 * Kent Angus, (1970) Businessman and Paul Loicq Award winner
 * Jeff Fairholm, (1984) Canadian Football League player
 * Tim Footman, (1986) English author, journalist and editor
 * Michael E. Raynor, (1986) Business writer
 * Dylan Neal, (1987) Actor
 * Mani Haghighi, (1988) Iranian film director
 * Colin Ferguson, (1990) Actor
 * Bryan Baeumler, (1992) television host for HGTV's Disaster DIY and Disaster DIY: Cottage
 * David Richmond-Peck, (1992) Canadian actor
 * Nathan Rogers, (1997) Canadian folk musician, son of Stan Rogers
 * Evanka Osmak, (1998) Sports broadcaster
 * Mikhail Svetov, (2003) Russian politician and public figure
 * Phil Mackenzie, (2005) Canadian national rugby team player
 * Jeff Batchelor, (2006) Canadian Olympic snowboarder
 * Sam Gagner, (2007) Canadian professional hockey player
 * Brianne Jenner, (2009) Canadian Olympic hockey player
 * Lauren Howe, (2010) Miss Universe Canada 2017
 * Jillian Saulnier, (2011) Canadian Olympic hockey player
 * Anissa Gamble, (2011) Canadian professional hockey player
 * Sarah Steele, (2013) Canadian professional hockey player
 * Amy Curlew, (2016) Canadian professional hockey player
 * Fraser McConnell, (2017) Professional racing driver
 * Jaime Bourbonnais, (2019) Canadian Olympic hockey player

Faculty
Notable faculty members of Appleby College have included:

 * David Partridge, Canadian painter, etcher, sculptor, educator and past President of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
 * Dacre Stoker, Canadian-American author, sportsman and filmmaker, great-grandnephew of Irish author Bram Stoker
 * Eric Koch, German-born Canadian author, broadcaster and academic
 * Wolff-Michael Roth, Learning scientist at the University of Victoria
 * David Boyd, Canadian author
 * Glen Downey, Canadian author
 * Sharon Creelman, Canadian Olympic field hockey player

Headmasters (As of 2012 Principal)

 * John S.H. Guest 1911-1934
 * Percival Wickens 1934-1937
 * Rev. Canon John A.M. Bell 1937-1968
 * Edward R. Larsen 1968-1980
 * J.E. Dickens (Acting) 1980-1981
 * Alexis S. Troubetzkoy 1981-1987
 * Guy S. McLean 1987–2012
 * Innes van Nostrand 2012–present

title: Appleby College