text:
Talk:Damon Albarn

Mentioned OBE Award
Under Politics (in same context as other pieces there), added mention of OBE award of December 2015. Genepoz (talk) 14:23, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

random criticism
Much of the text in this article is unformatted and untidy. It looks like it was just copy/pasted from elsewhere. --Moochocoogle 11:08, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we should revert this edit. Acegikmo1 18:32, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I'll do that. Just thought I should write something here first as it has been taken out before and then reinstated.--Moochocoogle 20:08, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

In the opening paragraph, it says that Damon provides leads vocals for Gorillaz under the alias of 2D, which is not quite true. Both Damon and Jamie Hewlett have stated that none of the virtual Gorillaz members have got any real-life equivalents. Of course Damon sings for the Gorillaz, but I mean, if you say that he provides leads vocals under the alias of 2D, you also have to say that he provides guitar work under the alias of "Noodle" etc. (which is equally untrue). 84.157.213.116 (talk) 13:48, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Whitechapel Hospital
I can tell you for sure that Whitechapel Hospital is not in Leytonstone as listed here. Googling for this subject throws up a number of references that all claim the same thing but I wonder if they have simply copied this incorrect reference from wikipedia. Damon certainly grew up in Leytonstone, I have no idea if he was born there. I've removed hospital reference but grateful if anyone who knows for sure could amend as appropriate. MLA 13:17, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * When I made the initial revision and put in that statement I just sort of took it for granted, as I know nothing about London. There's like one or two pages that directly copied this article or some such but a lot of those pages said it before I put it in. It's probable that he was indeed born at that hospital, wherever it is, but then lived in Leytonstone or whatever so... I dunno.--Theuniversal 23:15, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

New Labour
Should any mention be made of Albarn's support of New Labour and infamous meeting with Tony Blair in the Houses of Parliament in the runup to the 1997 general election? Since the article includes mention of his stance on the war in Iraq, it would seem apropreate Tkos 23:13, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That was Noel not Damon. FM [ talk to me  |  show contributions  ]  09:28, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Correct pronunciation
What is the correct way to pronounce Albarn? Is it el-bahrn, all-burn, ahl-barn, all-bran or what?

I believe it's pronounced Awe-Bahrn

Another new project
Does anyone have any more information about Albarn's latest project with ex-Clash bassist Paul Simonon and former Verve guitarist Simon Tong; apparently they are releasing a single in October. Y control 10:39, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

New category?
Anyone think we should make a Damon Albarn category? He has three bands and 12 albums to his name. --Evil Eccentric 01:30, 29 January 2007 (UTC) Yes. It's been 15 years but OK AIbertmad (talk) 23:08, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

no-bomb.com
Should this be included in the article? It's a protest he's in against the nuclear rearmorment of Britain's nuclear weapons. He's composing a piece to be sung by a 50 person choir called "5 Minutes till Midnight" for more info check out no-bomb.com MoD Prophet 01:35, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Solo projects
I added a little tidbit at the end of the solo career section which is from the Q interview - once I get the magazine out of my work I'll come back and add the citation. I also removed Deltron from the associated acts because he really only added vocals to the project, and not to a large extent. I don't think it's enough to consider them an 'associated act' because if it was we'd have to add every project that he added vocals to. I'm open to arguments on the contrary though. Also, I'm wondering if we should add Elastica to the associated acts. Not because he dated the lead singer, but if the Q article is any indication Albarn had a lot to do with their first album. RomanZayus 03:56, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

removed trivia tag
whoever put it there did it just to be snarky. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fafnir665  (talk • contribs)  13:30, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

"Early years" section very amateur
The language used seems to be very unprofessional and clumsy to me, and uses phrases that are more likely to be personal opinion than actual fact, unless someone has some sources to back all of it up (f.ex. "Born to a hippy family", "his parents listened mostly to old blues, Indian ragas and African music. Damon didn't apparently like much of them." (emphasis mine)). The quotations read more like they were read somewhere and then offhandedly recalled into the article, and also have no references. I also think the language is a bit brazen and over-direct, eg "Damon was a relatively normal child", or "Because of his unconventional background he was considered weird and vain and often got called "posh stroke gay" at Stanway Comprehensive. "I was a weirdo", he recalls." Correct me if I'm wrong, but that paragraph seems awfully amateur...

Syd22 (talk) 06:50, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Blur section
Shouldn't this article also deal with Damon's role in Blur a bit more? --The monkeyhate (talk) 19:14, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree. He was the primary songwriter of blur so there should be much more in the blur section. There is much more on gorillaz and the good the bad and the queen even though those equal only three albums. blur made seven! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rorylyng (talk • contribs) 13:40, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

I think it's right that the Blur section is fairly small; attempting to write a history of the whole band would take up a lot of space and never be as good as the Blur article anyway.

Having said that, expanding it to give a basic history of the band with focus on Damon's role would be a good idea. Kohran (talk) 13:48, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Outdated
This page and all the other Gorillaz pages are way to outdated. Fix please. Ldude 893 (talk) 09:12, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

what happened in Spain?
I'd like to see some information about his concert in Spain, where he apparently lost a necklace and a bracelet after jumping into the crowd. Albarn got really mad and told the audience to give his bracelets back or he would never come to Spain again. Not sure if he got his stuff returned to him. Anyone have information on this? The only thing I can find is a video on YouTube where he is speaking angrily to the audience. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.23.237.17 (talk) 17:40, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It was at an old Blur concert, I know that. I remember seeing an interview where he mentioned wearing a bracelet passed on to him by his mother but he never seemed to mention this incident anywhere. FM [ talk to me  |  show contributions  ]  16:28, 1 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm on holiday in Spain. Yet another two months, but any valid sourcing that he may "never go to Spain" should be both found and added.

...Just watched youtube. He was going to end his concert and not do anything in Spain. I don't want anyone to nick property, even less what is of a personal value. Even if being a victim: You can't give anyone an incentive to steal things. --Stat-ist-ikk (talk) 10:52, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

Pronounciation of his name
According to the man himself http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIm05IbgeQ8, his last name is stressed on the last syllable. I changed the article intro accordingly. Gershake (talk) 20:18, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

 * His name is not stressed on the last syllable. Go and listen to the video again!
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 17:40, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

Maka Albarn named after him...
Maka Albarn, the main heroine of the Japanese anime Soul Eater, is named after him. Shouldn't that be entered in here somewhere? 69.171.164.4 (talk) 07:36, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Source? (a quick search for 'maka albarn damon' doesn't seem to help). FM [ talk to me  |  show contributions  ]  16:25, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

'Land of Beans'??
In the 'Born' and 'Origin' sections 'Land of Beans' is mentioned twice... sneaky vandalism? This is clearly not accurate (Wannabekiller (talk) 22:46, 26 August 2012 (UTC))

Automated Peer Review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, FM [ talk to me  |  show contributions  ]  21:45, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
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Good, the Bad & the Queen
Is there a reason why the Good, the Bad & the Queen isn't listed in the associated acts section of the info box? - 1Veertje (talk) 21:03, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

Everyday Robots
I've added what I can about his solo album, Everyday Robots, but I think it could use some fleshing out.

Stylistically I'm not sure what to include given that the album has its own page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Djxfactor511 (talk • contribs) 20:49, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

Genre restrictions
Hello. Due to the large number of subgenres that are listed in Albarn's infobox, I propose that the genres are restricted to simple umbrella terms. If we try and squeeze in all of his subgenres, we will never be able to satisfy the opinion of every reliable source that labels him a certain genre. I think the most suitable list would be:

Rock (Blur, Gorillaz, GB&TQ, Solo)

Pop (Blur, Gorillaz, Solo)

World (RJ&TM, Mali Music, Africa Express, DRC Music, Monkey, Gorillaz)

Hip hop (Gorillaz, RJ&TM, Various other side projects)

Electronic (Gorillaz, Monkey, Solo, RJ&TM)

This list sums up pretty much all of his work, as opposed to the current list that leaves out a lot of it. Thoughts?? Shikari 123 (talk) 13:39, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Albarn was central to Britpop's rise and fall. Binksternet (talk) 15:05, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * How about Rock, pop, Britpop, world, hip hop, electronic? Since admittedly he released more albums with Blur than any other project. Otherwise the number of sourced genres would become ridiculous:

Cited in the Allmusic article alone are Britpop, pop, trip hop, opera, electronica, world, synthpop, indie.[1 ] Then elsewhere are rock, post-punk, new wave,[2 ] folktronica,[3 ] experimental rock,[3 ] alternative rock, [4 ] alternative hip hop,[5 ] ... and I'm certain there are more. Shikari 123 (talk) 15:45, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Any thoughts...? Shikari 123 (talk) 21:20, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

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Alternative rock ?
Give us a break. In no way can Blur ever be described as alternative rock., They are not alternative and they are not rock. Jodosma (talk) 19:49, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

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Icelandic
I see there have been some editing scuffles over whether Damon is icelandic... For instance: Just because he was granted citizenship in Iceland, it does not make him Icelandic Why can't he be called (english-)icelandic because of that fact? --Berserkur (talk) 13:31, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

Exactly. It does indeed make him Icelandic, he's an Icelandic citizen, he has kept a home in Iceland for many years and owned property and places of business there. His nationality is English and Icelandic. I think people are maybe confusing *nationality* with *country of origin* or something to that effect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.198.147.1 (talk) 18:35, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

 * The last sentence of his opening section discusses that he has Icelandic citizenship and was granted that a few years back. But his birthplace, where he was raised, where he first gained notability in, and his ethnic background is English/not Icelandic.
 * He has said that he feels he isn't "just English", but that was in regards to his Danish heritage, as his mother's Danish. It’s a deep one because my mum’s family is originally from Denmark.” He doesn't have Danish citizenship, and claims that under different circumstances, he could've easily applied for New Zealand citizenship: Obviously it could have been New Zealand and we’d be having an entirely different conversation now. Clear Looking Glass (talk) 00:43, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:24, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Damon Albarn live29.07.2013 in Rome 4.JPG

title: Talk:Damon Albarn


text: File:Confessions of a pop group.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Confessions of a pop group.jpg


text: File:Stanleyroad.jpg

title: File:Stanleyroad.jpg


text:
Talk:Daystrom Data Concepts

I have never heard of the Daystrom Data Concepts company (And the star trek encyclopedia doesnt mention it). However the Daystrom institute is not a company but, as it's name says, an institute. It is my guess that the person who started this article was using non-canon sources. Could someone check?

In Mr. Scott's Guide to the Enterprise, Daystrom Data Concepts are mentioned as the manufacturer of USS Enterprise NCC-1701-A main computer. It reports that the computer is located in the core of the saucer section directly beneath the helm console. It could be speculated that Daystrom Data Concepts is a commercial arm of the Daystrom Institute. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antcollins (talk • contribs) 09:37, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daystrom Data Concepts


text:
Talk:Aphorism

This Is Not an Ad for Andrew Hui
Approximately 20% of the article is made up of thoughts attributed to Andrew Hui. I'm sure he's quite the gentleman, but giving so much space to the thoughts of just one, contemporary scholar hurts credibility.

Wikipeda is not a Dictionary
Does this really belong here, or should it be moved to Wiktionary?--Boffy b 11:16, 2004 Aug 15 (UTC)

 * I think it is pretty encyclopedic, and that articles like this are a major strength of Wikipedia. It does need a little work, especially linking to similar articles, which I will start now.--Spalding 16:11, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

Well, then, you better get goin', then huh? GOOD LUCK, ye wiki-worker!--OleMurder 19:00, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Can we please have a translation into English of the "excellent advice" contained in the dedication of the school of Salerno's collection of aphorisms?
 * Here's my quick translation of the Latin (I made this translation, so feel free to use it):
 * The whole school of Salerna writes to the king of the English.
 * If you wish for that unharmed thing, if you wish yourself to restore the sensible,
 * Lift these heavy concerns: trust the impious to get angry:
 * Forbear wine: dine less; let it not be vain for you
 * To rise after the courses: shun midday sleep:
 * Do not hold back your urine, nor strongly hold in your anus:
 * If you guard this good words, you will live for a long time.
 * Although this quote is stock full of aphorisms, I feel that there are other examples that could be used - examples in English. I am just a novice here, so I won't be making any changes.--Ernieefiii 05:08, 30 December 2005 (UTC)Cat...

The section on Aphorisms in Law, I don't understand. (By the way: up until now I'd had no idea that Leonid Sukhurov was such an important aphorist that he should be cited every other line. Did we get a Sukhurov fan in here?)

 * It's spam, and has been deleted. The idea, of course, is that only the very most famous people are included here - rather than people being included here in the hopes of becoming famous as a result. - DavidWBrooks 16:15, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * He occasionally returns, by the way. If you see him, delete him - unless he should become hugely famous and worth of inclusion, of course. - DavidWBrooks 00:07, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

I'm going to remove the first 2 paragraphs because they try to define the word and give its etymology. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. It should be written on the assumption that people don't read an article on subject X unless they have a curiosity about X which means they already have at least a basic idea of what the term "X" means. If they don't, they need to consult a dictionary, not wikipedia. 76.22.59.16 (talk) 19:48, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
 * This is your personal opinion, hardly shared by other editors.Galassi (talk) 20:15, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

It is not an opinion. It is a rule: Wikipedia is not a dictionary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.22.59.16 (talk) 02:45, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Aphorism is not a word. It is a literary genre. Don't waste our time.Galassi (talk) 03:02, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Nietzsche's Aphorism
Though I agree that the new aphorism is better known, it isn't presented by Nietzsche as an aphorism, it being a phrase from his book, Also sprach zarathustra. The previous came from his "Wanderer und sein Schatten", which is a large collection of aphorisms, and perhaps more suitable for selection. - HomoUniversalis

 * I removed it because of the key word  tersely in the introductory paragraph, which it doesn't have. (32 words, two colons, a dash and internal quote marks!  I've read pithier newspaper articles.)  It's not not an aphorism - it's a philosophical statement.
 * The test of an aphorism is that a stranger can remember it almost word-perfect after one reading ("one man's meat is another man's poison") ... I defy anybody to quote this Nietzsche ramble without a chunk of practice. In fact, I had to read it a couple of times just to figure out what it meant.
 * If we want Nietzsche, "That which does not kill us makes us stronger" fits the bill in terms of conciseness and popularity. But I won't remove it again without agreement. It's obviously a judgement call. - DavidWBrooks 14:56, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Although I agree with the first definition, there can be debate on what is and what is not superfluous. I challenge anyone to pour the principle in that aphorism into a more concise sentence. Additionally, the description, here on wikipedia, of "Human, all too human", where the aphorism originates from rightly states that it is a collection of aphorisms. Regardless, if someone wants to change it into a "That which does not kill us makes us stronger", or another short aphorism, that's okay with me. HomoUniversalis 12:48, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Nietzsche is known, among other things, as something of a "definitive" Aphorist. I think this quote should be kept, if for no other reason, for the sake of including him in this article. Danis1911 15:50, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Secondhand Aphorisms
As usual with Wikipedia, I am impressed with this article and with the scholarly discussion emerging from it.

I propose a link to my website www.benandverse.com. It is a website with perhaps a difference, though hardly a distinction.

All my aphorisms are emphatically secondhand.

Google’s Directory describes them with extraordinary politeness:

John McCall's distillation of sayings from Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanac."

The website provides tables with a side-by-side comparison of Franklin’s magnificent prose with my latter day jingles. In fairness, my rhyming sound bites are mainly designed to persuade people to consider Franklin’s wisdom. (In any event, my “translation” was considered accurate enough to warrant a link from the Franklin Institute.)

There is also a new section (www.benandverse.com/writings/index.htm) on my website, “Phony Pearls of Fictitious Wisdom,” which offers more secondhand aphorisms. These are based on the I Ching. However, in this case, I don’t provide the rather lengthy originals for comparison on the website. For that reason, I doubt that they are distinctive enough to warrant a link. Most aphorisms are, after all, in some sense, derived.

It is a side-by-side comparison that is rare.

I’d consider it an honor to receive a link from the Wikipedia.

Wikipedia rightly desires to confirm the permanence of any link. The original website has persisted for years; I have instructed my executors that both the original website and this new addition shall remain unchanged until long after my death.

Sincerely,

John McCall [e-mail removed] 152.163.100.13 20:28, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Franklin's Sayings Arranged by Subject
In the section above, I recommended my website because I thought that the craft of creating aphorisms might be made more apparent by comparing one set of sayings with another. However, since one aphorist has no reputation, the comparison would seem to be of very limitted interest.

However, there is one remaining reason to propose a link. The website contains a very large number of sayings from Franklin (an aphorist of world-historical stature) arranged by subject with copious cross-references.

Please forgive me for my presumption in the article above.

John McCall

152.163.100.13 22:21, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No offense, but my opinion would be that Web sites containing aphorisms are so prevalent on the Web that we shouldn't link to any - they're easy to find. This isn't an aphorism collection, but an explanation. - DavidWBrooks 22:32, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

factitious/fictional
John "Hannibal" Smith is a fictional character... its not as if he's a collector of fictitious aphorisms (there /is/ a difference) so he should be labelled fictional.

&c. "An aphorism is...tasty...very, very tasty..." Aaron Aardvark. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.164.8.152 (talk) 11:50, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

Zaphod?
Although not possessed of an eidetic memory, I can't remembe Zaphod Beeblevrox saying "right now I need aphorisms like I need holes in the head". Is this correct as a quotation and if so from where? Rob Burbidge 21:38, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * "… `Life is wasted on the living.'"

 * "Yeah," said Zaphod bitterly, "very good. Very deep. Right now I need aphorisms like I need holes in my heads."
 * From The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, about 10% in.—Dah31 (talk) 02:27, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Who is this guy?
I don't recognise this Oleg Vishnepolsky fellow...who is this guy? Is he famous yet? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.177.100.122 (talk) 12:46, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * "Oleg Vishnepolsky was one of the early technologists and researchers at IBM’s T.J. Watson Research Center in the 1980s, and was thus present at the creation of some of the critical advances that made the Internet possible. Some of his sayings come out of his corporate experience: “Good project management is building a novel out of a bunch of short stories.”" —Dah31 (talk) 02:24, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Definition of Aphorism missing the point
Aphorisms are inherently neoclassical, and are representitive of its tenets. By definition, an aphorism needs balance (and a fulcrum point) and parallelism. It isn't just something that one doesn't forget.

See Benjamin Franklin's writing for a more depthy explanation.

--72.224.11.29 17:16, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

The definition of aphorism is disputed as "expressing a general truth in a pithy sentence." Considering the examples, it seems that aphorism should be defined as: "a personal opinion written in such a way as to give it an appearance of truth." Clearly, "Greed is a permanent slavery" or "One death is a tragedy; a million is a statistic", etc. are expressions of personal opinion and not neccessarily 'true'.

I’d like to question the wisdom of having “links” to the example of an aphorism of François, Duc de La Rochefoucauld, as it diminishes the relevance of this particular aphorism by focusing one's attention on this minor example of spurious over-eager editing… This query I hold up for discusssion here, as I do not wish to tread on anybody’s ego by changing it (and, it is not that important an issue anyway). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.179.18.136 (talk) 14:06, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Mark Twain quote
The quote that is widely attributed to Twain was not, in fact, said by him. Danis1911 15:54, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Unlikely to pass from memory?
This claim is kind of random and probably doesn't belong in the article -- it's not part of the definition cited (or any other I see offhand). I removed it, but the removal was reverted, and I note from the edit history that another person already tried removing it and was also reverted. It should at least be cited, so I gave it a citation needed tag, but really I think someone should go ahead and remove it.

signature
[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 21:40, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Leonid Sukhorukov
So that we might learn who that might be, please do write that, if you can.

Thank You,

[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 21:40, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Are directions really aphorisms?
Are directions/advice like "Love the sinner and hate the sin" really aphorisms? --Irrevenant [ talk ] 10:39, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

For the record, this is an adequate definition of an aphorism: An aphorism is a cabbage, but a thinking cabbage.

talk ] 17 Oct 2013 16.48 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.39.12.199 (talk)

Essays, Essays
I'm really going to have to use this page a lot! My college-grade sister and I had a bet that I wouldn't be able to finish one of her writing assignments, a 1,055 word essay about Nietzche (hope I'm spelling it properly), and his aphorisms. So, I hope I can do well! --Princess Janay (talk) 02:38, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

"Anyone who shirks their homework onto others can't complain when they get a C because they used Wikipedia as a source." - Anonymous 184.7.175.199 (talk) 21:52, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Aristotle
Hey, what happened to my Aristotle quote?! 'Man is by nature...'. It's famous!

Or does that not count? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Citizen89 (talk • contribs) 15:07, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Aphorism and society
7.1.1 Proverbs and sayings In many East and Southeast Asian languages, proverbs, traditional sayings, and traditional verses play an incomparably more important role in effective communication than they do in English. P. 209 [226 of 332 in PDF], The Languages of East and Southeast Asia: An Introduction, Goddard, Cliff, Oxford University Press, USA ISBN: 0199273111. free download - 6.8 MB Pawyilee (talk) 13:18, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Descartes?
Just tossing this out there: would René Descartes' statement, "Cogito ergo sum," be considered aphoristic? --Enigmatick 03:43, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Tirukkural
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirukkural is filled with aphorisms .. Infact the whole thing is a collection of aphorisms (only). I think it should be included in this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.73.238.161 (talk) 13:15, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

Reverting contributions
When reverting one's contributions, a better explanation should be provided than "I don't think these are aphorisms." The editor's discretion doesn't count for a Wikipedia policy, with all due respect. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 04:15, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * You are mistaking PEARLS from aphorisms. They may sound similar, but the latter require literary value. Musicians' one-liners are usually pearls, not aphorisms.Galassi (talk) 12:11, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

is alpha in aphorism a negation?
In some terms borrowed from greek, the initial alpha represents negation, such as theism-atheism. Is this the case for aphorism? Tkuvho (talk) 05:25, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Removed content
There were two uncited lists in the article, both were subjective lists based on no reliable independent sources, either to support inclusion or to support the idea that these are widely considered significant examples. There is no problem including lists where there is creible evidence that all the elements included are generally considered representative examples by reliable independent sources, but these had no indication to that effect. Applicable policies include WP:NOR, WP:V, WP:RS. Guy (Help!) 16:36, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

I've replaced some external links.
Who needs aphorisms created only by some unknown writer?
 * Modern popular aphorisms - deleted.

A very anonymous website. Hence dubious reliability.
 * Aphorism Explained  - deleted.

I've added an excellent website - non-anonymous, and already recognized by our Wikipedia. Use Google to check: "www.phrases.org.uk" site:https://en.wikipedia.org/ 85.193.240.37 (talk) 03:18, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

Plagiarism
The Introduction text is word for word that in the book "Random Thoughts" by SR Gladdish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.187.174.46 (talk) 17:00, 19 July 2019 (UTC)

concise vs terse vs laconic
Aren't those all the same thing? Shouldn't we just pick one?

title: Talk:Aphorism


text:
User:Nichomachean

Some...miss what is right because they are deficient, others because they are excessive, in feelings or in actions, while virtue finds and chooses the mean.
 * -Aristotle

title: User:Nichomachean


text:
User:Nichomachean/Sandbox1/

Removed your test link (at least apparently it was a test). It pointed to 'Abc', which then redirects to the disambiguation page for 'ABC'. -- Chris 19:24, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Nichomachean/Sandbox1/


text:
Meredith Music Festival

The Meredith Music Festival (otherwise known simply as Meredith or MMF) is a three-day outdoor music festival held every December at the "Supernatural Amphitheatre", a natural amphitheatre located on private farmland near the town of Meredith in Victoria, Australia. A self-funded, non-commercial event that was first held in 1991, the festival spawned Golden Plains, a music festival that takes place over the Labour Day long weekend in March.

At the APRA Music Awards of 2020, the festival won Licensee of the Year Award.

The 2022 festival was the first to occur in 3 years, following no festivals since 2019.

Description
The festival is held on a private property owned by the family of one of the organisers, Chris Nolan near the town of Meredith. Since the Nolans own the site, permanent infrastructure has been built including showers, compost toilets, and recycled water with the surrounding areas set up for usage of tents, vans, caravans or motorhomes. The culture and music of the festival reflects the strength, and diversity of the Melbourne and surrounding music scene. Warren Ellis (musician) (Dirty Three / Grinderman) referred to it as "the world's best festival" in a recent interview.

Attractions

 * The Meredith Gift (a reference to the Stawell Gift) is a nude running race, with the chance to win The Golden Jocks trophy.
 * The Pink Flamingo Bar, an ever-popular cocktail bar
 * Eric's Terrace, cocktail bar with a large selection of food and drinks.
 * A sportsfield which includes the Meredith Eye Ferris wheel.
 * The Ecoplex Cinema displays both short and feature-length films, including outdated informational films, advertisements and television shows intended to humour the audience.

Ticketing
The event is usually "sold out" before the date. Ticketing is implemented via a system which sees the first allocation distributed through a 'Subscriber Ticket Ballot' - allowing half of the total allocation of tickets randomly distributed to 'subscribers' already on MMF's email list. Subscribers are notified in August and need to purchase their tickets within a set period of time.

The second allocation is sold in record stores in Melbourne, Geelong, Ballarat and the Surf Coast as has been the case in previous years. These go on sale after the Ballot closes. The third allocation is distributed online.

"Then...finally...despite all our best efforts, we assume there will still be some disappointed people out there. So...in an effort to mend some potential broken hearts...there will be a finite quantity of tickets issued by Aunty at her complete personal discretion. These will be allocated to some of those that she considers to be, for example, most passionate, or deserving, or unlucky, or having traveled the farthest, or been there the most times, etcetera. These can only be applied for after the rest of the tickets have sold out."

- Meredith Music Festival (2008)

List of Meredith Music Festival lineups by year
This is a list of Meredith Music Festival lineups by year:

Music Victoria Awards
The Music Victoria Awards are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006. The award for Best Festival was introduced in 2013.

! Ref.
 * Music Victoria Awards of 2013
 * Meredith Music Festival
 * Best Festival
 * Won
 * rowspan="6"|
 * Music Victoria Awards of 2014
 * Meredith Music Festival
 * Best Festival
 * Won
 * Music Victoria Awards of 2016
 * Meredith Music Festival
 * Best Festival
 * Won
 * Music Victoria Awards of 2017
 * Meredith Music Festival
 * Best Festival
 * Won
 * Music Victoria Awards of 2018
 * Meredith Music Festival
 * Best Festival
 * Nominated
 * Music Victoria Awards of 2019
 * Meredith Music Festival
 * Best Festival
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * Music Victoria Awards of 2019
 * Meredith Music Festival
 * Best Festival
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Meredith Music Festival


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Fumoto no iro

Sorry for my late responce. I'm notified of this case only lately, and did not have time to respond. The text titled "Fumoto no iro" does exist. It is in Kinsei Bungei Sousyo (Early Modern Literary Collection) published by Kokusyo Kankoukai, a decent publisher, in 1976. I have no further relevant info on the nature or the contents of the text, though I would try to do some research if it is important. I have an access to the source cited in the article (Sex and the Floating World: Erotic Images in Japan, 1700-1820), so perhaps I can check the validity of what the article says, or some other basic facts. Please feel free to let me know about the need.

Tomos 11:28, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Prince's Bay, Staten Island

Prince's Bay is the name of a neighborhood located on the South Shore of New York City's borough of Staten Island. Prince's Bay is bordered to the north by Huguenot, to the south by the Raritan Bay, and to the west by Pleasant Plains. The neighborhood is represented in the New York State Senate by Andrew Lanza, in the New York State Assembly by Michael Reilly, and in the New York City Council by Joe Borelli.

The neighborhood's name is often mispronounced as "Princess Bay" or "Prince Bay." It is believed the town was originally called Princess Bay for reasons unknown. A 1776 map of Staten Island shows it as Princess Bay. The community's United States Post Office officially bears the name "Princes Bay Station" according to the USPS web site and directory.

Prince's Bay's ZIP Code is 10309, which it shares with other South Shore neighborhoods including Charleston, Pleasant Plains and Richmond Valley. The western part of Prince's Bay is now commonly recognized as a separate neighborhood, known as Rossville.

History
Development in the area accelerated when the southern terminus of the Staten Island Railway was moved from Eltingville to Tottenville in 1860. The Prince's Bay station crosses underneath Seguine Avenue, formerly known as Prince's Bay Road.

Primarily a fishing village at first, its oysters were so famous that "Prince's Bay Oysters" could often be found on menus at prominent seafood restaurants in Manhattan, and even London. A large factory, operated by the S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Company, was once located along the shoreline at the foot of Seguine Avenue; at one point, the plant was the largest employer in all of Staten Island, but closed in 1972. In the late 1970s a small shopping center, known as the Prince's Bay Trade Mart, was opened in the former factory complex; but its remote location and inability to compete with the larger and already-established Staten Island Mall doomed the project to failure, and it closed a few years later. The vacant complex was burned and razed, and the site has been kept empty due to ground contamination.

At the northeast corner of the neighborhood is Wolfe's Pond Park, a city park that was the scene of a gruesome homicide committed by Gus Farace (at the time a Prince's Bay resident) and three accomplices in 1979. Lemon Creek flows into the pond for which the park is named; the creek can then be traced westward into land where dairy and poultry farms flourished until the 1960s, eventually travelling by underground conduits to the Arthur Kill.

Prince's Bay and other communities on Staten Island's South Shore were once popular locations for summer homes, most of which were owned by residents of other boroughs, particularly Manhattan; however, these declined when the surrounding waters became increasingly polluted during the middle third of the 20th Century. The neighborhood also featured several small hotels, the Christmas Tree Inn on Wilbur Street being perhaps the most prominent among them. One block west of the latter is the South Campus of Staten Island University Hospital, formerly known as Richmond Memorial Hospital, which has the distinction of being the southernmost acute-care facility in both New York City and New York State.

In recent decades, the area's waterfront has been revitalized by the development of many upscale single-family homes, becoming one of the more affluent areas on Staten Island.

Points of interest
The Abraham Manee House is one of the oldest houses in the five boroughs of New York City. The beams in the oldest part of the house date to 1670, while that part of the building is dated to 1690. Although designated a New York City Landmark by the NYC Preservation Committee (currently marked as endangered by the LPC), it seems that the local landlord, Leo Tallo, wishes to demolish it to build more townhouses. The house is located at 509 Seguine Avenue.

The Seguine Mansion is a historic house with an equestrian center with peacocks and horses. Some parts of the home date back to 1670 and have been deemed endangered by the New York City's Preservation Committee.

Wolfe's Pond Park and Lemon Creek Park are located in Prince's Bay. These parks contain children's playgrounds, open fields for outdoor sports such as football, baseball and soccer. These parks also contain running trails and divided dog parks for big and little dogs.

The House at 5910 Amboy Road was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Public libraries
New York Public Library operates the Huguenot Park Branch, which serves Prince's Bay and other neighborhoods, at 830 Huguenot Avenue at Drumgoole Road East. The branch opened in January 1985.

Educational facilities
Prince's Bay is home to Margaret Gioiosa Elementary School (P.S. 3) and Elias Bernstein Intermediate School (I.S. 7). St. Joseph-St. Thomas is a private Catholic school that serves grades Pre-K3-8.

Transportation
Prince's Bay is served by the Staten Island Railway station of the same name.

It is served by the local buses on Seguine Avenue, and the  local buses on Hylan Boulevard. It is also served by express buses to/from Manhattan: the SIM25 along Hylan and on Foster Road/Seguine Avenue, the SIM2 along Hylan as well as Huguenot Avenue, and the SIM24 along Huguenot Avenue.

In 2018 Commuter Fast Ferry service to/from Midtown and Downtown Manhattan was under study for Prince's Bay.

title: Prince's Bay, Staten Island


text:
List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones

Leaders of states in the U.S. which have significant mineral deposits often create a state mineral, rock, stone or gemstone to promote interest in their natural resources, history, tourism, etc. Not every state has an official state mineral, rock, stone and/or gemstone, however.

In the chart below, a year which is listed within parentheses represents the year during which that mineral, rock, stone or gemstone was officially adopted as a state symbol or emblem.

Endnotes
1. In 1965, California became the first state to name an official state rock. A 2010 effort led by State Senator Gloria J. Romero, a Democrat from Los Angeles, sought to remove serpentine from its perch as the state's official stone. Organizations such as the Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization have supported the move as the olive green rock is a source of chrysotile, a form of asbestos that can cause mesothelioma and other forms of cancer. Geologists have rallied to oppose the bill, arguing that there is no way to be harmed from casual exposure to serpentine. The bill did not reach a final vote and died in committee at the end of August 2010. In 1986, California named benitoite as its state gemstone, a form of the mineral barium titanium silicate that is unique to the Golden State and only found in gem quality in San Benito County.

2. Colorado is the only state whose geological symbols reflect the national flag's colors: red (rhodochrosite), white (yule marble), and blue (aquamarine).

3. Florida's state gem, moonstone, was adopted to highlight Florida's role in the United States' Lunar program, which landed the first astronauts on the Moon.

4. Since 1983, Massachusetts has had 3 other official state rocks: State Historical Rock (Plymouth Rock), State Explorer Rock (Dighton Rock), and State Building and Monument Stone (Granite). In 2008, a State Glacial Rock (Rolling Rock) was designated as well.

5. A measure passed the Oregon Senate in March 1965 naming the thunderegg as Oregon's state rock, in a move that was supported as a way to stimulate tourism in the state. The thunderegg, a nodule-like geological structure, similar to a geode, that is formed within a rhyolitic lava flow, were said by the Native Americans of Warm Springs to have been created by thunder spirits that lived in the craters of Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson.

6. In 2009, West Virginia named bituminous coal as its official state rock, in a resolution that noted that the coal industry plays an "integral part of the economic and social fabric of the state". West Virginia joined Kentucky and Utah, which also recognize coal as a state mineral or rock. The drive to name coal as an official state symbol was initiated by a high school student from Wharncliffe, West Virginia, who initiated her project at a school fair and collected 2,500 signatures on a petition that was submitted to legislators.


text:
Václav Hanka

Václav Hanka (also written as Wenceslaus Hanka) (10 June 1791 – 12 January 1861) was a Czech philologist.

Biography
Hanka was born at Hořiněves near Hradec Králové. He was sent in 1807 to school at Hradec Králové, to escape the conscription, then to the University of Prague, where he founded a society for the cultivation of the Czech language. At Vienna, where he afterwards studied law, he established a Czech periodical; and in 1813 he made the acquaintance of Josef Dobrovský, an eminent philologist.

On 16 September 1817 Hanka claimed that he had discovered some manuscripts of 13th- and 14th-century Bohemian poems in the church tower of the town of Dvůr Králové nad Labem and later some more at Zelená Hora Castle near Nepomuk. The Manuscripts of Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora were made public in 1818, with a German translation by Swoboda. The originals were presented by him to newly founded National Museum at Prague, of which he was appointed librarian in the same year. Great doubt, however, was felt as to their genuineness, and Dobrovský, by pronouncing the latter manuscript (also known as The Judgment of Libuše), to be an obvious fraud, confirmed the suspicion. Some years afterwards Dobrovský saw fit to modify his decision, but modern Czech scholars regard the manuscript as a forgery. A translation into English, The Manuscript of the Queen's Court, was made by Albert Henry Wratislaw in 1852.

In 1846 Hanka edited the Reims Gospel and made it available to the general public, for which he received the cross of the Order of St. Anna by the Tsar Nicholas I and a brilliant ring by Emperor Ferdinand I.

In 1848 Hanka, who was an ardent pan-Slavist, took part at the Prague Slavic Congress, 1848 and other peaceful national demonstrations, being the founder of the political society  ("Slavonic Linden"). He was elected to the Imperial Diet at Vienna, but declined to take his seat. In the winter of 1848 he became lecturer and in 1849 professor of Slavonic languages in the University of Prague.

He died in Prague on 12 January 1861.

Works
His chief works and editions are the following:
 * Hankowy Pjsne (Prague, 1815), a volume of poems
 * Starobyla Skiadani (1817–1826), in 5 vols, a collection of old Bohemian poems, chiefly from unpublished manuscripts
 * A Short History of the Slavonic Peoples (1818)
 * A Bohemian Grammar (1822)
 * A Polish Grammar (1839) (these two grammars were composed on a plan suggested by Dobrovský)
 * Igor (1821), an ancient Russian epic, with a translation into Bohemian
 * a part of the Gospels from the Reims manuscript in the Glagolitic alphabet (1846)
 * the old Bohemian Chronicles of Delimit (1848)
 * History of Charles IV, by Procop Luph (1848)
 * Evangelium Ostromis (1853)
 * Hanka also composed the song Moravo, Moravo!, sometimes used as a Moravian national anthem.

title: Václav Hanka


text:
User:Dinsdagskind

Dear reader,

My nickname here on Wikipedia is Dinsdagskind, Dutch for Tuesday Child. And indeed, I was born on a Tuesday. My real name is Jesse Kuiper and I live in the Netherlands.

English is not my native language. So if I make spell or grammar mistakes, don't hesitate to correct it. ;)

On the English Wikipedia I only started one article until now: Eurovision Young Dancers Competition 2005.

de:Benutzer:Dinsdagskind nds:Bruker:Dinsdagskind nl:Gebruiker:Dinsdagskind simple:User:Dinsdagskind sr:Корисник:Dinsdagskind

title: User:Dinsdagskind


text:
Qaumii Salaam

"'" (also called "'"; ޤައުމީ ސަލާމް, IPA:, "National Salute") is the national anthem of the Maldives. The lyrics were written by Muhammad Jameel Didi in 1948, and the melody was composed by Sri Lankan maestro Pandit Amaradeva in 1972.

"Qaumee Salaam" is a declaration of national unity, the country's Islamic faith, the victory of historic battles and an homage to the heroes who fell defending the nation. It also wishes further development on the country, while paying respect to the leaders who had served it.

History
Until 1948, a melody without lyrics called the Salaamathi was performed by a royal band on state occasions at the, the residence of the Sultan. Soon after, it was decided that the Salaamathi needed lyrics accompanied by a new melody. The lyrics were written by a young poet and later chief justice, Mohamed Jameel Didi.

Jameel Didi wrote the words for the new Salaamathi bearing in mind the influence of Urdu poetry during the time, closely imitating its style and also furnishing his work with words borrowed from Arabic. Afterwards, Jameel Didi began looking for a tune to accompany his poem when he heard the noon chime ("Auld Lang Syne") of his uncle's clock. The tune was adopted to the lyrics, and the new was complete.

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Maldivians became more aware of the importance of a national anthem, and in 1972, shortly before the Maldives was visited by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, the government hastily commissioned Sri Lankan maestro W. D. Amaradeva for a new melody for the anthem. The original lyrics were retained, with a few changes to emphasise the fact that Maldives had been a republic since 1968. , this version of the anthem has survived without any modifications.

Lyrics
Normally, only the chorus and first two verses are sung.

title: Qaumii Salaam


text:
Leota

Leota may refer to:

Places

 * Leota, Indiana
 * Leota, Michigan
 * Leota, Missouri
 * Leota Township, Nobles County, Minnesota

People

 * Eku Leota (born 1999), American football player
 * Trevor Leota (born 1975), former Samoan rugby player

title: Leota


text:
Amy Chow

Amy Yuen Yee Chow (born May 15, 1978 ) is an American former artistic gymnast who competed at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics. She is best known for being a member of the Magnificent Seven, which won the United States' first team gold medal in Olympic gymnastics. She is also the first Asian-American woman to win an Olympic medal in gymnastics.

Early life
Chow was born to Nelson and Susan Chow, who had immigrated to the United States from Guangzhou and Hong Kong, respectively.

Chow began gymnastics training in 1981 at the age of 3. Her mother wanted her to be a ballerina and tried enrolling her in ballet schools, none of which would take a child that young. She then signed Amy up for classes at West Valley Gymnastics School in Campbell, California, where she joined an accelerated program at the age of 5, training under Mark Young and Diane Amos. Her younger brother, Kevin, was also a gymnast.

1989–1993
At 11 years old, Chow became the first gymnast at her school to reach the elite level. She began competing nationally in 1990.

1994–1995
Chow's first international competition was the 1994 World Championships in Dortmund, Germany. After a poor showing in preliminaries (she fell twice on vault and three times in a single balance beam routine), she performed well in the team finals, helping the United States clinch a silver medal.

The following year, Chow was part of the gold medal-winning American team at the 1995 Pan American Games, where she also won a gold medal on vault, silver on the uneven bars and bronze in the all-around. She made the United States team for the 1995 World Championships, but had to withdraw because of a sprained ankle sustained just days before the competition.

1996
Chow is primarily known for her performance at the 1996 Summer Olympics, where she won a gold medal with the team and a silver on the uneven bars. At the Olympic Trials, she fell off the beam, scraping her face on the side of the apparatus, but got up and completed her routine despite obvious pain, and was named to the Olympic team along with Amanda Borden, Dominique Dawes, Shannon Miller, Dominique Moceanu, Jaycie Phelps and Kerri Strug. The team would become known as the Magnificent Seven.

In the team final at the Olympics, Chow competed on the uneven bars and vault. In the bars event final, she completed a very difficult routine with an almost flawless dismount and scored a 9.837. She edged out the more experienced Dawes to tie for silver with Bi Wenjing of China, although the commentators felt Chow should not have had to share the medal, as Bi made a visible mistake that the judges did not take into account.

After the Olympics, Chow and her teammates performed in numerous exhibitions, including the John Hancock Tour.

2000
When Chow decided to return to gymnastics in hopes of competing at the 2000 Olympics, she contacted Mark Young and asked him to train her for it. He agreed, despite the fact that he was retired by then. Chow juggled a rigorous training regimen with medical research at Stanford University, where she was working toward her undergraduate degree in biology, but ultimately took time off school to train.

Five of the seven members of the Magnificent Seven tried for a spot on the 2000 Olympic team: Chow, Dawes, Miller, Moceanu and Phelps. In the end, only Chow and Dawes made it, along with Jamie Dantzscher, Kristen Maloney, Elise Ray and Tasha Schwikert. Chow proved she was in top form by finishing second in the all-around at the Olympic Trials. She was also named by Béla Károlyi as one of three leaders of the 2000 team, the other two being Ray and Maloney. The team finished fourth at the Olympics, and individually, Chow finished fourteenth in the all-around final.

Ten years later, on April 28, 2010, Chow and her teammates were awarded the bronze medal when it was discovered that the original bronze medalists, the Chinese team, had falsified the age of team member Dong Fangxiao. Dong's results were nullified, and the Chinese team was stripped of the medal by the International Olympic Committee. Chow said that while the American team had been disappointed with its fourth-place finish in 2000, she nevertheless felt bad for the Chinese gymnasts because they had worked equally hard to medal.

Notable skills
Chow has two gymnastics skills named after her on the uneven bars: the "Chow/Khorkina" (stalder 1½ pirouette) and the "Chow II" (stalder to Shaposhnikova). She was nicknamed "the Trickster" within the gymnastics community for her extreme difficulty on each apparatus and her ability to perform complicated skills with apparent ease. She was the first American woman to perform a double-twisting Yurchenko vault and a tucked double-double bars dismount in international competition. She also competed one of the most difficult balance beam routines ever performed. It included a standing piked full; back handspring, layout, back handspring, layout series; full-twisting swing down; and round-off, back handspring, triple full dismount.

Other accomplishments
In 1994, Chow received an advanced level certificate of merit for piano. In high school, she was a competitive diver for Castilleja School, and continued with the sport at Stanford. She also competed in pole vaulting as an unattached athlete at "open" track and field events. Because she received monetary compensation following the 1996 Olympics, she was ineligible to be a collegiate athlete.

Post-Olympics
Chow attended Stanford University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in biology in 2002. She graduated from Stanford Medical School in 2007 and completed her residency in pediatrics at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. She is licensed as a physician and surgeon.

She married Jason Ho, an orthopedic surgeon, on July 10, 2010, in Saratoga, California. After finishing her residency at Lucile Packard in June 2010, she set up private practice as a general pediatrician in Northern California, where she lives with her husband and two sons, Timmy and Matty.

Awards and recognition
Chow was inducted into the U.S. Gymnastics Hall of Fame twice: in 1998 as a member of the 1996 Olympic team, and again in 2005 as an individual. In 2004, she was inducted into the San Jose Sports Hall of Fame.

In spring 2003, Chow received the Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowship for New Americans. She was also a recipient of the Outstanding Overseas Chinese Award.

In 2008, she was inducted into the United States Olympic Hall of Fame in the team category, alongside the rest of the Magnificent Seven. The team received their award in Chicago with other Olympic greats.

title: Amy Chow


text:
Ernest Cox

Ernest Frank Guelph Cox (1883–1959) was a British engineer, with knowledge in electrical and mechanical engineering, which he notably deployed in marine salvage. Between 1924 and 1931 his Cox & Danks Shipbreaking Co. successfully raised 35 ships of the German Imperial Navy High Seas Fleet that had been scuttled at Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow, in 1919. A tough but caring employer, after a series of fatalities and accidents to his employees, Cox sold his marine salvaging business to the Alloa Shipbreaking Company in 1932. He remained a consultant to the British Admiralty throughout his remaining career, and retired in the early 1950s after selling his profitable scrap metal business to Metal Industries Group.

Early life
Born in 1883, the eleventh son of a Wolverhampton draper, Cox left school at thirteen but chose to study electrical engineering in his spare time, and through a succession of jobs, earned himself the post of Engineer at a Wolverhampton power station by the age of eighteen. Deciding that anyone who could put electricity into people's homes would become rich, Cox was determined to be just that, and moved to the post of Assistant Engineer at Leamington, and from there to Ryde Corporation on the Isle of Wight. In doing so he learned the art of salesmanship, selling electrical power installation to the inhabitants of Ryde.

Early career
From Ryde he moved to Hamilton, Scotland at the age of twenty-three, a change of position that taught him the rudiments of management. Moving yet again, this time to Wishaw in Lanarkshire, he took what was to be his last salaried job, laying down plant and network as Chief Engineer, aged just twenty-four. It was here in 1907 that Cox married the daughter of Wishaw Councillor Miller, the owner of Overton Forge, a Lanarkshire steelworks, and joined the firm as a partner. Unable to leave his post at the power station, he carried out both jobs simultaneously.

Cox and Danks
In 1913 he set up the firm of Cox and Danks Ltd, with his wife's cousin Tommy Danks as a silent partner and financier. Cox's need for capital was met by Danks, who sought a way to increase his inheritance without personal involvement in business.

The firm was well positioned to profit from large munitions manufacturing contracts during World War I. The end of hostilities opened new and lucrative opportunities in scrap and metal salvage, enabling Cox to open new business in Sheffield, and buy out his partner Danks' interests by 1920. In 1921 Cox had branched out into shipbreaking and opened a yard at Queenborough on the Isle of Sheppey, on the River Thames estuary. There the company broke up and sold off an assortment of World War I surplus vessels, including two British battleships HMS Erin and HMS Orion (1910) and some ex-German naval items including a large floating dock taken as reparation following the scuttling of the German High Seas Fleet prior to the Armistice.

Fatal accidents on the wreck of the White Star liner RMS Celtic (stranded on the Cow and Calf rocks, adjacent to Roches Point, off Cobh, Ireland in 1929), took some of the drive out of Cox, for he respected his workers and treated them accordingly. In Cox's opinion money could always be replaced, but good men could not. Resultantly, during 1932 he sold the company's marine salvaging business to Alloa Shipbreaking, and retired himself from marine salvage. Cox remained a consultant to the British Admiralty on matters of deep water salvage, and undertook their side of the work in the raising in 1932 of the old battleship HMS Emperor of India, contracted to the Alloa Shipbreaking, which the Admiralty had used as a target ship and sunk by mistake.

Foreseeing the possibilities of another war in Europe in the late 1930s, Cox expanded the scrap metals business by opening yards in: Bedford; Birmingham; London (Brentford, Feltham and Park Royal); Manchester; and Neath (South Wales). During World War II he undertook research and development for classified materials for the Ministry of Supply. Cox's last salvage task was during WW2, raising of the ship Stella, which, having been bombed by the Luftwaffe, had then sunk in and thereby blocked the Manchester Ship Canal. Again, Cox and Danks flourished as the war ended, disposing of military surplus and salvage.

In 1949, Cox sold the firm to Metal Industries Group, who by now owned Alloa Shipbreaking. Though the salvage side of the business never quite broke even, especially during the course of the salvage of the German fleet (he was ten thousand pounds out of pocket at the sale of his interests), the scrap metal side business offset the loss by turning considerable profit, ensuring that when he retired he and his family no longer needed to work.

Cox & Danks Ltd did well during the post-Beeching Axe era in the early 1960s, tendering for contracts to scrap surplus railway locomotives, rolling stock and associated equipment for British Railways. The majority of the GWR King Class locomotives were withdrawn late in 1962, with ten allocated to Cox and Danks for disposal. On 1 April 1970 the company, by then part of the Metal Industries wing of Thorn Electrical Industries, became a subsidiary of the Six Hundred Metal Holdings group owned by George Cohen's "600" Group.

German High Seas Fleet
Lacking work, by 1924 he turned his attention to the wreckage of the High Seas Fleet, scuttled at its moorings in the natural harbour of Scapa Flow in Orkney, off the North-east coast of Scotland in late June 1919. Though initially written off by the British Admiralty as unsalvageable, the recent rises in the price of scrap metal had changed the value of the wrecks to the extent that they would now be profitable to lift, based on Cox's estimates of the quantity of high quality Krupp steel armour alone, before taking into account non-ferrous salvage.

Ignoring expert opinion, his initial investment was to buy from the Admiralty the rights to salvage two battlecruisers – SMS Hindenburg and SMS Seydlitz – and twenty six destroyers. The two heavy ships were both accessible from the surface; Seydlitz was often mistaken for a small island as her port flank stuck perhaps six metres out of the water, and Hindenburg was upright with her decks awash. Cox's idea was to raise the Hindenburg and use its twenty-six thousand ton hull as a floating platform from which to enable salvage of the other ships. This was ultimately to prove impractical, as several attempts to lift the Hindenburg ended in failure, due to the hulk's instability and the likelihood of its capsizing whilst being pumped out, as it was sitting on rock and not shingle as had been first supposed.

He took his reparation ex-German floating dock, once used for U-Boat testing and sectioned it lengthwise to salvage the first of his destroyers, which was then cleaned and converted into a floating workshop. His team was composed of local labour supporting a core of hired divers and skilled salvage men from all over Scotland; after some practice they were raising a destroyer every four to six weeks, with the fastest lift being accomplished in just four days. Heartened by this, Cox bought the rights to the remainder of the sunken fleet, and proceeded to lift the battlecruiser SMS Moltke which was upside down in shallow water with her keel at the surface at low tide. Adapting the advice of Italian salvage experts who had raised an upside down ship from the bottom of Taranto Harbour, Cox raised the ship inverted by filling it with air. It was then lightened and towed to Rosyth on the Firth of Forth for scrapping, Cox having sold the hulk to the Alloa Shipbreaking Company for its weight in scrap. This basic technique would be used repeatedly on many ships of the fleet. Divers would descend to each wreck and perform work such as closing and dogging bulkhead hatches and fastening timber backed plate-steel patches over holes. Then air would be pumped in from air compressors at the surface. In some cases where the hulls themselves could not be made close enough to air-tight, pontoons were used, similarly being filled with air, and ballast was sunk alongside the sunken ships and then secured to them to counterbalance them for lifting.

It was during this stage of the project that his venture suffered a severe blow; the price of scrap metal collapsed, finally stabilising at a quarter of its previous value. Whilst sufficient profit remained to ensure a chance of breaking even, the sunken fleet no longer represented the cash rich harvest that it once had. Indeed, the price of scrap remained depressed until 1937, well after Cox had effectively retired from salvage.

A plain spoken and often blunt man, Cox was known for his explosive temper; he was respected by his workers as being brilliant, hard working and stubborn to the point of pig-headedness. He did not spare either his workers or himself during the eight years he remained at Scapa Flow. He kept his business afloat by common sense and good judgement, such as the salvage of coal from the wreck of the Seydlitz to provide fuel for his machinery during the General Strike of 1926. This was balanced by acts of ego, such as the re-sinking of the Seydlitz after it had been successfully lifted early, as he had arranged for the press to be present on the day that it had been scheduled to be raised. Considered a 'showman' by his contemporaries, Cox was happy to allow the recording of some of the works in progress at Lyness on the Island of Hoy by reporters and photographers, including film shot for newsreel. Some of these can still be found on YouTube; Cox is visible in most of them, an active figure, incongruously dressed in tweeds.

By May 1932, Cox had raised the battlecruisers SMS Moltke, SMS Seydlitz, SMS Von der Tann, and SMS Hindenburg; the battleships SMS Kaiser (1911) and SMS Prinzregent Luitpold, and the light cruiser SMS Bremse.

After personally witnessing fatal accidents on the wreck of the White Star liner RMS Celtic, and additional accidents whilst raising the Von der Tann and fatalities on the Prinzregent Luitpold, during 1932 Cox sold the marine salvaging side of his business to Alloa Shipbreaking, and retired from marine salvage. The Prinzregent Luitpold was the last ship that he raised in Orkney, despite having bought the rights to salvage SMS Bayern, sunk at Scapa in 20 fathoms.

Cox remained a consultant to the British Admiralty on matters of deep water salvage, and undertook their side of the work in the raising in 1932 of the old battleship HMS Emperor of India, contracted to the Alloa Shipbreaking, which the Admiralty had used as a target ship and sunk by mistake.

Cox was frequently assumed to be a poor businessman who did not understand business efficiency, and admitted to being inexperienced in the difficulties of ship raising. But he also suffered from an astonishing amount of bad luck during his eight years at Scapa Flow. Accidents that were as much the fault of the elements as of human error had plagued the salvage. An imaginative man, he learned quickly, overcoming the frequently appalling weather to which the area is prone, which when coupled to the fact that no two lifts are ever the same may have dissuaded or broken a lesser man. The rise and fall of the price of scrap frequently ate up the best of his profits during the long salvage operation. The major slump in the price of scrap during 1924 was only really reversed by 1937, in time for his successors Alloa Shipbreaking to capitalise on their investment (the hull of the SMS Friedrich der Grosse alone was valued at £130,000 following salvage that year). Despite all this, he was considered a fair, if firm, and above all popular employer. His yard at Lyness on the Orkney Island of Hoy employed 200 workers at the peak of his business, and he was noted for granting holidays with pay during times of financial hardship.

Later life
After selling his business, Cox spent the remainder of his days supporting charities, and giving lectures on deepwater salvage, including the High Seas Fleet.

In failing health, Ernest Cox died in 1959 at the age of seventy-six.

title: Ernest Cox


text:
Leonardville

Leonardville is the name of the following settlements:

 * Leonardville, Kansas
 * Leonardville, a community on Deer Island in New Brunswick
 * Leonardville, New Jersey
 * Leonardville, Namibia

title: Leonardville


text:
Leonardsville

Leonardsville may refer to:
 * Leonardsville Township, Minnesota
 * Leonardville, New Jersey
 * Leonardsville, New York

title: Leonardsville


text:
Sidney Blackmer

Sidney Alderman Blackmer (July 13, 1895 – October 6, 1973) was an American Broadway and film actor active between 1914 and 1971, usually in major supporting roles.

Biography
Blackmer was born and raised in Salisbury, North Carolina, the son of Clara Deroulhac (née Alderman) and Walter Steele Blackmer. He started in the insurance and financial counseling business but abandoned it. While working as a construction laborer on a new building, he saw a Pearl White serial being filmed and immediately decided to pursue acting as a career. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Blackmer had a role in the highly popular serial The Perils of Pauline (1914), his film debut.

In 1929 he returned to motion pictures and went on to appear as a major character actor in more than 120 films.

He won the 1950 Tony Award for Best Actor (Drama) for his role in the Broadway play Come Back, Little Sheba, co-starring with Shirley Booth.

In film, Blackmer had a role as the conniving Manhattan warlock Roman Castevet in the guise of one of many overly solicitous elderly neighbors of the pregnant titular character (played by Mia Farrow) in the Academy Award-winning 1968 Roman Polanski film, Rosemary's Baby.

A humanitarian, Blackmer served as the national vice president of the United States Muscular Dystrophy Association. He also helped found the North Carolina School of the Arts. In 1972, he was honored with the North Carolina Award in the Fine Arts category. It is the State of North Carolina's highest civilian award. On his death in 1973, Blackmer was interred in the Chestnut Hill Cemetery in his hometown of Salisbury, North Carolina.

Personal life
For his contributions to the film industry, Blackmer has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1625 Vine Street.

Filmography

 * Beating Back (1914)
 * A Most Immoral Lady (1929) as Humphrey Sergeant
 * The Love Racket (1929) as Fred Masters
 * Strictly Modern (1930) as Heath Desmond
 * Sweethearts and Wives (1930) as Anthony Peel
 * The Bad Man (1930) as Morgan Pell
 * Kismet (1930) as Wazir Mansur
 * Mothers Cry (1930) as Mr. Gerald Hart
 * Little Caesar (1931) as Big Boy
 * Woman Hungry (1931) as Geoffrey Brand
 * It's a Wise Child (1931) as Steve
 * The Lady Who Dared (1931) as Charles Townsend
 * From Hell to Heaven (1933) as Cliff Billings
 * Cocktail Hour (1933) as William Lawton
 * The Wrecker (1933) as Tom Cummings
 * Deluge (1933) as Martin Webster
 * Goodbye Love (1933) as Chester Hamilton
 * This Man Is Mine (1934) as Mort Holmes
 * The Count of Monte Cristo (1934) as Mondego
 * Down to Their Last Yacht (1934) as Barry Forbes
 * Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round (1934) as Lee Lother
 * The President Vanishes (1934) as D.L. Voorman
 * A Notorious Gentleman (1935) as Clayton Bradford
 * The Little Colonel (1935) as Swazey
 * Behind the Green Lights (1935) as Raymond Cortell
 * Great God Gold (1935) as John Hart
 * The Girl Who Came Back (1935) as Bill Rhodes
 * Shadows of the Orient (1935) as King Moss
 * Smart Girl (1935) as Harry Courtland
 * Streamline Express (1935) as Gilbert Landon
 * False Pretenses (1935) as Kenneth Alden
 * The Fire-Trap (1935) as Cedric McIntyre
 * Forced Landing (1935) as Tony Bernardi
 * Heart of the West (1936) as John Trumbull
 * Woman Trap (1936) as Riley Ferguson
 * Florida Special (1936) as Jack Macklyn
 * Early to Bed (1936) as Rex Daniels
 * Missing Girls (1936) as Dan Collins
 * The President's Mystery (1936) as George Sartos
 * House of Secrets (1936) as Tom Starr
 * Girl Overboard (1937) as Alex LeMaire
 * A Doctor's Diary (1937) as Dr. Anson Ludlow
 * John Meade's Woman (1937) as Rodney
 * Michael O'Halloran (1937) as Jim Mintum
 * This Is My Affair (1937) as President Theodore Roosevelt
 * The Women Men Marry (1937) as Walter Wiley
 * Wife, Doctor and Nurse (1937) as Dr. Therberg
 * Heidi (1937) as Sesemann
 * The Last Gangster (1937) as Editor
 * Charlie Chan at Monte Carlo (1937) as Victor Karnoff
 * Thank You, Mr. Moto (1937) as Herr Eric Koerger
 * In Old Chicago (1937) as General Phil Sheridan
 * Speed to Burn (1938) as Hastings
 * Straight, Place and Show (1938) as 'Lucky' Braddock
 * Down on the Farm (1938) as Political Boss (uncredited)
 * Suez (1938) as Marquis Du Brey
 * Sharpshooters (1938) as Baron Orloff
 * Orphans of the Street (1938) as Parker
 * While New York Sleeps (1938) as Ralph Simmons
 * Trade Winds (1938) as Thomas Bruhme II
 * Convict's Code (1939) as Gregory Warren
 * Fast and Loose (1939) as 'Lucky' Nolan
 * Within the Law (1939) as George Demarest
 * It's a Wonderful World (1939) as Al Mallon
 * Unmarried (1939) as Cash Enright
 * Trapped in the Sky (1939) as Mann
 * Hotel for Women (1939) as McNeil
 * The Monroe Doctrine (1939) as Theodore Roosevelt
 * Law of the Pampas (1939) as Ralph Merritt
 * Framed (1940) as Tony Bowman
 * Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940) as Theodore Roosevelt
 * Maryland (1940) as Spencer Danfield
 * Dance, Girl, Dance (1940) as Puss in Boots
 * I Want a Divorce (1940) as Erskine Brandon
 * Third Finger, Left Hand (1940) as Hughie Wheeler
 * Cheers for Miss Bishop (1941) as John Stevens
 * Murder Among Friends (1941) as Mr. Wheeler
 * The Great Swindle (1941) as Dave Lennox
 * Rookies on Parade (1941) as Augustus Moody
 * Love Crazy (1941) as George Renny
 * Angels with Broken Wings (1941) as Guy Barton
 * Ellery Queen and the Perfect Crime (1941) as Anthony Rhodes
 * The Feminine Touch (1941) as Freddie Bond
 * The Officer and the Lady (1941) as Blake Standish
 * Down Mexico Way (1941) as Ellery Gibson
 * Nazi Agent (1942) as Arnold Milbar
 * Obliging Young Lady (1942) as Henry, George's Attorney
 * Always in My Heart (1942) as Philip Ames
 * The Panther's Claw (1942) as Police Commissioner Thatcher Colt
 * Gallant Lady (1942) as Steve Carey
 * Sabotage Squad (1942) as Carlyle Harrison
 * Quiet Please, Murder (1942) as Martin Cleaver
 * Murder in Times Square (1943) as George Nevins
 * I Escaped from the Gestapo (1943) as Bergen
 * In Old Oklahoma (1943) as Teddy Roosevelt
 * Broadway Rhythm (1944) as Press Agent (uncredited)
 * Buffalo Bill (1944) as Theodore Roosevelt (uncredited)
 * The Lady and the Monster (1944) as Eugene Fulton
 * Wilson (1944) as Josephus Daniels
 * Duel in the Sun (1946) as The Lover
 * My Girl Tisa (1948) as Theodore Roosevelt
 * A Song Is Born (1948) as Adams
 * People Will Talk (1951) as Arthur Higgins
 * Saturday's Hero (1951) as T. C. McCabe
 * The San Francisco Story (1952) as Andrew Cain
 * Washington Story (1952) as Philip Emery
 * The High and the Mighty (1954) as Humphrey Agnew
 * Johnny Dark (1954) as James Fielding
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955) (Season 1 Episode 4: "Don't Come Back Alive") as Frank Partridge
 * The View from Pompey's Head (1955) as Garvin Wales
 * High Society (1956) as Seth Lord
 * Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956) as Austin Spencer
 * Accused of Murder (1956) as Frank Hobart
 * Tammy and the Bachelor (1957) as Professor Brent
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1962) (Season 7 Episode 17: "The Faith of Aaron Menefee") as Reverend Otis Jones
 * How to Murder Your Wife (1965) as Judge Blackstone
 * Joy in the Morning (1965) as Dean James Darwent
 * A Covenant with Death (1967) as Colonel Oates
 * Rosemary's Baby (1968) as Roman Castevet
 * Revenge Is My Destiny (1971) as Gregory Mann (final film role)

Blackmer also appeared in television roles, such as Don't Come Back Alive episode of the 1955 TV series Alfred Hitchcock Presents and "The Premature Burial" episode of the 1961 TV series Thriller. Blackmer also guest starred twice in the western TV series Bonanza in the episodes "The Dream Riders" (1961) and "The Late Ben Cartwright" (1968). Among his most notable roles was the character of presidential candidate William Lyons Selby in the Outer Limits episode "The Hundred Days of the Dragon".

title: Sidney Blackmer


text:
Leoni

Leoni is an Italian surname, literally meaning "lions". Notable people with this surname include:

People

 * Pier Leoni (died 1128), son of the Jewish convert Leo de Benedicto and founder of the Roman family of the Pierleoni
 * Jacob Jehudah Leoni (1603-1675), Jewish Dutch scholar, translator of the Psalms, and expert on heraldry, of Sephardic descent
 * Adolfo Leoni (1917—1970), Italian professional road bicycle racer
 * Anilza Leoni (1933–2009), Brazilian actress, singer, ballerina and painter, of Italian descent
 * Atossa Leoni (born 1977), German actress
 * Bruno Leoni (1913–1967), Italian political philosopher (classical liberalism) and lawyer
 * Carlo Leoni (historian) (1812–1872), Italian historian and epigraphist
 * Carlos Leoni, founder and former member of the Brazilian pop-rock band Kid Abelha
 * Carlo Leoni (politician) (born 1955), Italian politician
 * David Leoni (born 1982), English Olympic Games biathlete
 * Demetris Leoni (born 1977), Cypriot retired goalkeeper and goalkeeping coach
 * Dindigul I. Leoni (born 1954), Indian school teacher, orator, social debates anchor
 * Domenico Leoni, magister militum of Venice in 737, of Byzantine origin
 * Elio Leoni Sceti (born 1966), Italian businessman and an investor in early-stage companies
 * Endrio Leoni (born 1968), Italian road bicycle racer
 * Ezio Leoni (1927-2015), "Maestro", Italian composer, arranger, orchestra conductor, producer and A&R Executive
 * Franco Leoni (1864–1949), Italian opera composer (L'Oracolo)
 * Frank Leoni (born 1968), American college baseball coach
 * Giacomo Leoni (1686–1746), Italian architect, also known as James Leoni
 * Gianni Leoni, Italian motorcycle racer
 * Giorgio Leoni (born 1950), Sammarinese professional football manager
 * Giovanni Antonio Leoni (17th century), Roman violinist and composer
 * Guido Leoni (1915-1951), Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer
 * Guglielmo da Leoni (1664–c. 1740), Italian painter and engraver
 * Johnny Leoni (born 1984), Swiss goalkeeper football player
 * Kerrin Leoni (born 1979 or 1980), New Zealand politician
 * Lamberto Leoni (born 1953), former racing driver from Italy
 * Leone Leoni (1509–1590), Italian Renaissance sculptor and medallist (or his son Pompeo)
 * Leone Leoni (composer) (c. 1560 – 1627), Italian composer and Maestro di cappella
 * Lodovico Leoni (1531–1606), Italian painter, mainly active in Rome
 * Matheus Leoni (born 1991), Brazilian defender football player
 * Michael Leoni, (c. 1750–1797) stage name of Myer Lyon, English-German-Jewish tenor singer
 * Lodovico Leoni (1531–1606), Italian painter, father of
 * Ottavio Leoni (1578–1630), Italian painter, son of Lodovico
 * Nestore Leoni (1862–1947), Italian painter and illuminator of manuscripts (miniatore)
 * Paolo Leoni (died 1590), Roman Catholic Bishop of Ferrara
 * Pier Leoni, Medieval Roman consul
 * Pietro Leoni (1909–1995), Jesuit priest from Italy who later worked in the Soviet Union
 * Pietro Leoni (bishop) (1637–1697). Roman Catholic Bishop of Ceneda (1667–1691) and Bishop of Verona
 * Raúl Leoni (1905–1972), President of Venezuela from 1964 until 1969, of Italian descent
 * Roberto Leoni, Italian screenwriter and film director
 * Stéphane Léoni (born 1976), French former footballer
 * Téa Leoni (born 1966), American actress of Italian descent
 * Théo Leoni (born 2000), Belgian footballer
 * Tommaso Leoni (born 1991), Italian snowboarder, specializing in snowboard cross

title: Leoni


text:
Network element

In computer networks, a network element is a manageable logical entity uniting one or more physical devices. This allows distributed devices to be managed in a unified way using one management system.

According to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the term  'network element' refers to a facility or to equipment used in the provision of a telecommunications service. This term also refers to features, functions, and capabilities that are provided by means of such facility or equipment. This includes items such as subscriber numbers, databases, signaling systems, and information that is sufficient for billing and collection. Alternatively, it's also included if it's used in the transmission, routing, or other provision of a telecommunications service.

Background
With development of distributed networks, network management had become an annoyance for administration staff. It was hard to manage each device separately even if they were of the same vendor. Configuration overhead as well as misconfiguration possibility were quite high. A provisioning process for a basic service required complex configurations of numerous devices. It was also hard to store all network devices and connections in a plain list. Network structuring approach was a natural solution.

Examples
With structuring and grouping, it is very well seen that in any distributed network there are devices performing one complex function. At that, those devices can be placed in different location. A telephone exchange is the most typical example of such a distributed group of devices. It typically contains subscriber line units, line trunk units, switching matrix, CPU and remote hubs. A basic telephone service leans on all those units, so it is convenient for an engineer to manage a telephone exchange as one complex entity encompassing all those units inside.

Another good example of a network element is a computer cluster. A cluster can occupy a lot of space and may not fit one datacenter. For enterprise solutions, it is common to locate cluster nodes in different locations, even in different regions (settlements).

Maintenance
In general, an NE can generate two types of maintenance information:
 * Information related to the quality or health of the transmission signal, and
 * Information related todata its own internal hardware/software integrity.

The functional components of surveillance are performance monitoring and alarm/status monitoring, also known as alarm surveillance. In the national and international standards area for telecommunications operations, performance monitoring and alarm surveillance are classified as subcategories of the more general system management functional categories of performance management and fault management, respectively. Maintenance consists of both preventive and corrective procedures that are designed to (a) prevent troubles and identify potential troubles before they affect service, and (b) detect a network failure that impacts performance and make the appropriate repairs. A typical seven-step maintenance process consists of:

 * Trouble Detection – Detect trouble by continuous monitoring, periodic tests, per-call or other pre-action tests, or other automatic processes.
 * Trouble Notification – Send notification of a specific event or condition to a local display or Operations System (OS). Trouble notifications include output messages and visual and audible alarms.
 * Service Recovery – Minimize the degradation of service by automatic or manual protection actions.
 * Trouble Verification – Determine whether the reported condition still exists.
 * Trouble Isolation – Isolate the trouble to its source, preferably to a single field-repairable element, e.g., circuit pack.
 * Repair – Fix or replace the faulty element.
 * Repair Verification and Return to Service – Verify that the trouble has been fixed and return the element to service.

Telcordia GR-474 establishes trouble-detecting and reporting criteria for signal transmission failures and internal hardware or software anomalies. GR-474 provides proposed generic requirements that pertain to the Fault and Performance Management functions in transport and switching NEs used for alarm surveillance and control.

GR-474 complements recent criteria in industry standards such as ITU-T Recommendation M.3100, G.707, and G.709, and ANSI T1.

State models
A network element state model facilitates cross domain network management and promotes a multi-vendor environment. The standard definitions and mappings allow Operations Systems to gather state information from NEs and integrate it into a consistent representation of the status of the entire managed network and each of the services that it supports.

Telcordia GR-1093 discusses the two primary state models in industry. One is the Telcordia State Model, which consolidates the state models previously described in several Telcordia documents. By consolidating the models, changes and expansions to the models can be presented and can evolve in a coordinated fashion. Also, inconsistencies and redundancy may be averted. The other model is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) State Model, which is defined in ITU-T Recommendation X.731.

The state of an entity represents the current condition of availability of the underlying resource or service in the NE from the point of view of management. In the context of the Telcordia State Model, the term "entity" represents an entry in a TL1 administrative view (i.e., represents the resource or service generally identified by the Access Identifier [AID] parameter). In the context of the ISO State Model, the term "entity" means "managed object".

Different types of entities (such as hardware, transport facilities, and subscriber service) have a variety of state characteristics that express the availability of their underlying resources that are specific to each entity type. However, a state model is expected to be common to a large number of types of entities. It expresses key aspects of their availability at any given time. The purpose of the state model is to indicate the availability of an entity in providing its functions and, if an entity is not available, to indicate the cause of the unavailability and what kind of activity may be taken by the manager (e.g., the OS or the craft) to make the entity available.

In a specific application, only a subset of the state model may be needed. The rationale of such restrictions is not described in GR-1093. The technology or application-specific requirements document should be consulted for this information.

The standard definitions and mappings allow Operations Systems to gather state information from NEs and integrate it into a consistent representation of the status of the entire managed network and each of the services that it supports.

To help ensure interoperability, particularly for an OS that interfaces with multiple NEs using one of the two state models, a mapping between the models may be needed. GR-1093 provides a mapping for the two models and also defines the extension to the OSI state/status attributes that is necessary to meet the telecommunications needs of the service providers.

Telecommunications Management Network
A concept of the network element as a distributed entity is widely used in TMN model which in turn is used as a standard for developing element management systems.

title: Network element