text:
User talk:Petersam

JFW | T@lk  12:51, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

PS: We love having more doctors around. Please look at WikiProject "Clinical medicine", which is where most active wiki-doctors have gathered over the last few months. Do feel free to join!

Chicago
Because of your work with the WikiProject Cities I'd like you to take a look at the Chicago article if you have the time & desire. It is currently up for Peer Review (see Chicago Talk) and I would enjoy hearing your feedback to help guide the growth of this article. Jasenlee 01:14, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

ship rates
Hi, I take it you didn't see my comment at Talk:Rating system of the Royal Navy - I think you're making a hash of what was a reasonable design that linked well. Since I don't want to summarily undo all your work, please respond at that talk page before going too much further. Stan 06:28, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Plague in NYC
I can't access that .pdf article for some unknown error reason (Microsoft sucks?). In my Epidemiology courses I've been told that plague occured in small outbreak in NYC during a garbage-collector's strike in the 80s. I'm sure I had a reliable web-source somewhere too. Due to the sudden increase in garbage on the streets, rat numbers, and their plague infected fleas, grew dramatically and their contact with humans grew greatly - resulting in several cases of bubonic-form plague. I'll try and find a source during the week. I'll leave it until then. --ZayZayEM 04:01, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

T'ai Chi tree.
Greetings Petersam. Nice work on the T'ai Chi tree. I've been remarkably busy lately and unable to contribute in any major way, unfortunately. I have added a caveat to the bottom of the tree. Yang Zhenduo (Yang Chengfu's son) has publicly stated that the shorter forms appended to his branch of the tree are not to be considered Yang style, so I thought to mention that. I may start a new article soon on how forms are judged for wushu competition (if I ever get any time off) which you may find interesting. Regards, Fire Star 16:44, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

New ship table template
I've spent the last few days working on a new ship table template to enable us to centralise the editing of things like weapons outfits for a particular class of ships in one template (so with the Fletchers or Gearings or other big classes you only have to edit in one place to alter a mistake rather than in dozens or hundreds). Please have a look at the WikiProject Ships page's talk section and see what you think. I haven't written the instructions for using it yet, and I want to see whether there are any table cells people would like me to include that aren't present yet. There are two example tables, one with all the optional cells present, and the other with some excluded. David Newton 14:10, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

PMID template
Hi there -- thanks for your diligent removal of references, even on my user subpages. :-) It's much appreciated. Best, David Iberri | Talk 09:02, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Civil Air Patrol
Hello, I noticed that you supported Civil Air Patrol for FA; I just wanted to say thank you. I'm currently a cadet, and I've got ideas of going into the Air Force. This article is my first major commitment on Wikipedia, and I'm proud to know some people are voting for it.

After looking at your user page, it came to my attention that you were in the Navy. Would you be interested in listing yourself on List of Wikipedians by military branch?

Once again, thanks for the vote! Linuxbeak 20:47, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

Protected page
Greetings Petersam! I have protected the T'ai Chi Ch'uan page temporarily to discourage the spammer(s) who have been working over the external links section. If you want it unblocked in the meantime for editing, let me (or another admin if I'm offline) know, I'll be happy to do so for you. Fire Star 04:47, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Oakland Chinatown
I'd just like to commend you for the time you've been spending on the Chinatown, Oakland article (and the Oakland article as well). --Andy M. 19:43, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Gangtok map
I personally don't think that Gangtok's relation to India (as opposed to Sikkim) should be highlighted, but anyways I've replaced the Gangtok location map. Regards, =Nichalp (Talk)= 15:50, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Category
Placed category physician on your userpage. --Nomen Nescio 10:04, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Alpha Phi Omega wikipedians category.
There is now a Category set up for Alpha Phi Omega wikipedians at. See the page for how to add yourself into this category.

Medical record
There is a suggestion to merge Medical record, that you have previously contributed to, with Medical records. There is a big difference between what makes up an individual clinical record (history, examination, investigations, correspondence) and all the administrative/legal aspects (keeping, disclosing vs confidentiality, auditing of records). Merging may may create an article that is too long, but separately the names are too cofusingly similar. There is also some comments about moving the details of examination to Physical examination. Please click on here if you would like to contribute to this discussion. David Rubentalk 23:46, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Paid Editing Project
Hi: My name is Tess and I work for a global independent research firm in New York. I am interested in hiring you for a Wikipedia editing project, based on your technology and medical experience and expertise. I attempted to email you through your user page. If you received it, please read it over and contact me with any questions. If you did not receive this email, please let me know and I would be more than happy to tell you more about this project. (You can call 512-651-1797 or email tfurman@glgroup.com). Thank you and I hope to hear from you soon! Tess - Gerson Lehrman Group 19:39, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Ken Kutaragi
I'm requesting your opnion about this dispute. Lot of POV-Pushing, the article is currently blocked. --GroundZero 00:01, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Scouting
Noted Scouting is listed on your userpage, give a look at User:Kintetsubuffalo/workshop/Template:User Scout. YiS, Chris 23:17, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

holly near & oakland!
Hey fellow oaklander—glad to see you've been reading your oakland magazine. However, I'm not sure if Holly Near really gets the Oakland stamp of approval, as she's a native of the north bay and currently resides outside of sebastapol. her record label (redwood) used to be here, and she still records here, though. I haven't seen the article in the magazine yet, so I won't delete her from the list BUT I do have a close family relationship with her, and I know she doesn't really consider herself an oaklander (although she loves the town). Of course, she is an oakland kind of girl! Keep up the great work! Reggaedelgado 23:10, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Recent change to the main page
As explained in the history, I changed one link, Curious Labs Poser to Curious Labs Poser in an attempt to render some redirects useless. I hope you don't mind, and leave a comment on my talk page if you do. PirateMonkey 23:57, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Category
Added you to category physician, hope you don't mind. Sincerely Nomen Nescio 12:24, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Please do not add cat to my user page, thanks Petersam 23:41, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Dad....its DAVID :)

Chinatown, Oakland
I've removed the many many many links in the Chinatown article, but instead of deleting them I've moved all would-be-deleted info to User:Daniel Olsen/Chinatown Cleanup. If you're still working on the article, that's where you can find the links. Happy Editing! --Daniel Olsen 23:00, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Taichung City
I am new on WikiProject Cities. I have added considerable content to the first city I am working on, which happens to be the city of my residence, Taichung City. Would you mind taking a few minutes to look it over and leave comments on how you think I can make it better to bring it up to WikiProject Cities standards in a section of the discussion page for the city’s article page that I have set up.

Thank you. Ludahai 03:45, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Taichiqigong2.gif
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Image tagging for Image:Taichi24form.gif
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Image tagging for Image:Taichiqigong1.gif
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Invitation
I've noticed your contributions to Bay Area-related articles, such as, notably, Chinatown, Oakland, California, and the fact you're a local. With that,

— Emiellaiendiay 18:51, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Friends: A Love Story
I have added a "" template to the article Friends: A Love Story, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Dismas |(talk) 20:53, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Zile
Hi, Can you copy edit the article when you have time? Thanks--Ugur Olgun 17:44, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Copyright violation in Arcadia Publishing
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Arcadia Publishing, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Arcadia Publishing is unquestionably copyright infringement, and no assertion of permission has been made. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Arcadia Publishing, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. --Android Mouse Bot 2 13:39, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Moore Dry Dock Company
You've found some nice stuff for this article. I don't doubt the authenticity of the Jim Crow Shipyards article, but there's no information about where and when it was published, etc. Can you put some of that information in the article or the reference? Lou Sander 01:47, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * GREAT stuff on Moore Dry Dock! I created the article because I was doing articles on Attack cargo ships, and Moore was one of the yards that built them. I didn't know much more than the name of the yard. You've really expanded on it in a positive way, especially with all the links and references. If I may ask, what's the source of your interest in the subject? Lou Sander 08:39, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Oakland resident and Navy vet who recently visited Rosie_the_Riveter/World_War_II_Home_Front_National_Historical_Park and found out about Moore there. Petersam 01:16, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I'm also a Navy vet (see THIS). During its lifetime, our ship always had one medical officer aboard, plus a few corpsmen. Two or three of the corpsmen, plus a bluejacket or two, went on to become MD's themselves, which I think was a remarkable accomplishment. Lou Sander 11:34, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Your interests may be compatible with improving another article I started: Naval Supply Depot, Oakland. Lou Sander 18:47, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Hey
I wasn't aware you were back! You're still welcome at WP:MED - there's always a need for more hands. I'm not sure what has happened to our other family physician, but your input is as welcome as ever. JFW | T@lk  01:00, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of List of tuberculosis victims
An editor has nominated List of tuberculosis victims, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

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Survey request
Hi,

I need your help. I am working on a research project at Boston College, studying creation of medical information on Wikipedia. You are being contacted, because you have been identified as an important contributor to one or more articles.

Would you will be willing to answer a few questions about your experience? We've done considerable background research, but we would also like to gather the insight of the actual editors. Details about the project can be found at the user page of the project leader, geraldckane. Survey questions can be found at geraldckane/medsurvey. Your privacy and confidentiality will be strictly protected!

The questions should only take a few minutes. I hope you will be willing to complete the survey, as we do value your insight. Please do not hesitate to contact me or Professor Kane if you have any questions.

Thank You, Sam4bc (talk) 17:54, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Model Mugging
I have nominated Model Mugging, an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Model Mugging. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Delicious carbuncle (talk) 12:38, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Model Mugging
A tag has been placed on Model Mugging requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

If the external website belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must include on the external site the statement "I, (name), am the author of this article, (article name), and I release its content under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 and later." You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

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 * Thanks for the notice; removed edit of 5 Feb by 71.104.18.82 which was taken from the website and restored old History section. I've not edit this page in almost 2 years. Petersam (talk) 04:57, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Edit commands.PNG)
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If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:19, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * This image is a screen shot of a Wikipedia edit window in an article about how to edit in Wikipedia - How to edit a page. Petersam (talk) 06:15, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of EGBUS
A tag has been placed on EGBUS requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Chaldor (talk) 23:42, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Please ignore the CSD notification. Instead of deleting the article, I gave it a redirect to List of medical abbreviations: E Thanks! Chaldor (talk) 00:16, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

California's 9th Congressional District
Now that the redirect works it is not qualified for speedy deletion. Thanks! --Habbouser (talk) 20:48, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Nonsense of 25 random things about me
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on 25 random things about me, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because 25 random things about me provides no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting 25 random things about me, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 09:10, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Cardiology task force
-- Addbot (talk) 00:06, 7 January 2013 (UTC) T.F.AlHammouri (talk) 08:37, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

File:Oakland Chinatown in Alameda County.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Oakland Chinatown in Alameda County.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 15:48, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

File:Oakland in Alameda County in California.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Oakland in Alameda County in California.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 15:49, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Agree with deletion, now orphaned as they have been replaced with newer images Petersam (talk) 04:21, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Institute for Healthcare Advancement
A tag has been placed on Institute for Healthcare Advancement requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article, which appears to be about a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. If this is the first page that you have created, then you should read the guide to writing your first article.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the article (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.  Blanchardb - Me•MyEars•MyMouth - timed 22:39, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

TV Interview
Dear Petersam,

I am looking for Wikipedia contributors who live in the San Francisco area to interview on camera on Thursday, June 25th about Wikipedia. If you are potentially interested in this, please contact me.

Thanks.

Lookingforcontributors (talk) 18:23, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of World Ocean Network
A tag has been placed on World Ocean Network requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. RadioFan (talk) 15:06, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of The Ocean Project
A tag has been placed on The Ocean Project, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising that only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

If you can indicate why the subject of this article is not blatant advertising, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of The Ocean Project and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would help make it encyclopedic, as well as adding any citations from independent reliable sources to ensure that the article will be verifiable. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.  Blanchardb - Me•MyEars•MyMouth - timed 04:11, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of World Ocean Network
A tag has been placed on World Ocean Network requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

If the external website belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. If you are not the owner of the external website but have permission from that owner, see Requesting copyright permission. You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. RadioFan (talk) 04:11, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

deleted content, minus copyvio
The World Ocean Network (Réseau Océan Mondial) is an international non-profit association of  "organizations focusing on the general public and caring for the future of the Blue Planet".

It was established in November 2002. Its office is in Nausicaä - The French National Sea Centre in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France

[redacted]
 * Goal

 * Activities
 * Co-sponsor of World Ocean Day

 * Partner with Association of Science-Technology Centers's IGLO initiative (International Action on Global Warming)

 * Sponsored three international meetings of aquariums, museums and science centers on the ocean in 1999, 2002 , and 2006

notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
 * References

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Hairhorn (talk) 21:45, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Jean Shinoda Bolen
A tag has been placed on Jean Shinoda Bolen requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Michaelkourlas (talk) 20:58, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

 * When you are creating an article there are several ways in which to preserve it during creation. You can create it in a WP:SUBPAGE, which is best, or in your WP:SANDBOX, which is ok; or you can put, at the top of your text in articlespace, the message underconstruction, which is sometimes ignored. I have not removed the article, but it is highly vulnerable to deletion as you have left it. --Anthony.bradbury"talk" 21:15, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I started this stub article only because it was a red link on another article i started and also found she is in several other wikipedia articles. she wrote a lot of books which i listed and got the attention of a bot.  i really didn't plan to finish this stub and marked it as a stub hoping others will finish it. Petersam (talk) 21:25, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Thomson Reuters Plc
Thank you for noticing the redirect at Thomson Reuters Plc. In England and some other countries, "Plc" (also written as plc, PLC, p.l.c. or P.L.C.) is often the last part of a company's name. It stands for "public limited company", and it is helpful to have a redirect from the company's full name to the name by which it is best known. In this case, Thomson Reuters is no longer a Plc, but it is still helpful to have a redirect from the old name to the short version, Thomson Reuters. I removed the speedy tag that you added to the redirect. - Eastmain (talk) 03:17, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

RfD nomination of As of
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Cnilep (talk) 17:56, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Danielle Smith notability
Discussion moved to Talk:Danielle Smith (martial artist) - Petersam (talk) 07:16, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of WsRadio

A tag has been placed on WsRadio requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for organizations and companies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion, or "db", tag; if no such tag exists, then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hang-on tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. — Timneu22 ·   talk 23:58, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Food rules book cover.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Food rules book cover.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Autopatrolled
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Tuberculosis' FAR
nominated Tuberculosis for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. GamerPro64 17:28, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Second nature2 cover.jpg
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Redirection w/o explanation is tyranny
Apparently, nearly 8 years ago you decided to redirect communicable disease to the article on infectious disease. That would have been fine, but now that article's lead merely says that the infectious diseases include the communicable diseases. Nowhere in the article is any more said about the relationship between the communicable and the merely infectious.

Seems to me that redirects are a problem when they leave the redirected wondering the relationship between the topic they were looking for and the article they find themselves dumped on. Since I guess you thought that this redirect made sense, is there any chance you could patch the article to make that relationship clear?—PaulTanenbaum (talk) 19:19, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Never mind, it's been taken care of.—PaulTanenbaum (talk) 12:11, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

Webelos.
A tag has been placed on Webelos., requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a redirect from an implausible typo.

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Hello
I was wondering if you wouldnt mind looking at my talk message on this article and answer the question for me? I would like to expand on the article if it isn't deleted of course. Thanks and nice to meet you.  Ț ♥ ttØØd Ẅ ♥ itre§   22:11, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

File:100 Photographs That Changed the World back cover.jpg listed for deletion
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Wiki Med
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Health Day
This article ought to be deleted. Formerly, it had a single reference. This was to a profile of Health Day published by a trade group of which it is a member. Currently, it is much expanded and has NO references. Why don't you go and fix it, or consider killing it outright. 35.8.219.125 (talk) 19:33, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
 * If you see something that can be improved, improve it! Be bold Petersam (talk) 05:51, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

The Wikipedia Library now offering accounts from Cochrane Collaboration (sign up!)
The Wikipedia Library gets Wikipedia editors free access to reliable sources that are behind paywalls. Because you are signed on as a medical editor, I thought you'd want to know about our most recent donation from Cochrane Collaboration. Cheers, Ocaasit | c 20:13, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
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Speedy deletion nomination of The Wall That Heals

A tag has been placed on The Wall That Heals requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G6 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an orphaned disambiguation page which either
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Orphaned non-free image File:WED 2009 Logo.jpg
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Nomination of HealthDay for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article HealthDay is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of Idris Ackamoor for deletion
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Orphaned non-free image File:The Longest Ride bookcover.gif
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Nomination of Twin flame for deletion
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Nomination of Muse Entertainment for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Institute for OneWorld Health for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Institute for OneWorld Health is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of NurseTV (TV network)

The article NurseTV (TV network) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (companies) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page in the form of "This article meets criteria A and B because..." and ping me back. Thank you. This proposed deletion was started by User:Piotrus

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File:Edit commands.PNG listed for discussion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Just Food

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A page you started (New Society Publishers) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating New Society Publishers, Petersam!

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Nomination of Friends Committee on Scouting for deletion
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May 2019
Your addition to Juan de Oñate has been removed in whole or in part, as it appears to have added copyrighted material to Wikipedia without evidence of permission from the copyright holder. If you are the copyright holder, please read Donating copyrighted materials for more information on uploading your material to Wikipedia. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted material, including text or images from print publications or from other websites, without an appropriate and verifiable license. All such contributions will be deleted. You may use external websites or publications as a source of information, but not as a source of content, such as sentences or images—you must write using your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously and persistent violators of our copyright policy will be blocked from editing. See Copying text from other sources for more information. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 12:20, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

Copy and paste
Here you added

"Kidney damage is defined as pathological abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine tests or imaging studies "

Ref says

"Kidney damage is defined as pathologic abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine tests or imaging studies."

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 15:58, 8 July 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Molly Mason

The article Molly Mason has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

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Nomination of Malcolm Parks for deletion
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Nomination of Thinking Allowed (TV series) for deletion
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July 2021
Your edit to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System has been removed in whole or in part, as it appears to have added copyrighted material to Wikipedia without evidence of permission from the copyright holder. If you are the copyright holder, please read Donating copyrighted materials for more information on uploading your material to Wikipedia. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted material, including text or images from print publications or from other websites, without an appropriate and verifiable license. All such contributions will be deleted. You may use external websites or publications as a source of information, but not as a source of content, such as sentences or images—you must write using your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously, and persistent violators of our copyright policy will be blocked from editing. See Copying text from other sources for more information. — Diannaa (talk) 19:50, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Flag of Earth for deletion
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title: User talk:Petersam


text:
Cheltenham Gold Cup

 * }

The Cheltenham Gold Cup is a Grade 1 National Hunt horse race run on the New Course at Cheltenham Racecourse in England, over a distance of about 3 miles 2½ furlongs (3 miles 2 furlongs and 70 yards, or 5,294 m), and during its running there are 22 fences to be jumped. The race takes place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March.

The steeplechase, which is open to horses aged five years and over, is the most prestigious of all National Hunt events and it is sometimes referred to as the Blue Riband of jump-racing. Its roll of honour features the names of such chasers as Arkle, Best Mate, Golden Miller, Kauto Star, Denman and Mill House. The Gold Cup is the most valuable non-handicap chase in Britain, and in 2023 it offered a total prize fund of £625,000.

Early years
The first horse race known as the Cheltenham Gold Cup took place in July 1819. It was a flat race, and it was contested over 3 miles on Cleeve Hill, which overlooks the present venue. The inaugural winner, Spectre, won a prize of 100 guineas for his owner Mr Bodenham.

The founding of the Cheltenham Gold Cup was an important event in the history of National Hunt racing. In the early 1920s there were very few valuable weight-for-age steeplechases. Apart from the National Hunt Chase at Cheltenham and the Champion Chase at Liverpool all the most important races were handicaps. Some people thought this was not in the best interests of the sport, so the Gold Cup was founded to redress the balance to a certain degree. It is not sure who had the idea for the Gold Cup, but it may have been Mr F.H. Cathcart, the Chairman of the Cheltenham Executive. It took a while for the prestige of the Gold Cup to grow, but it is now regarded as the true championship race for staying chasers.

The Cheltenham Gold Cup was first run as a steeplechase on 12 March 1924, over 3 miles 3 furlongs, for five year olds and upwards, with five year olds carrying 11 st 4 lbs, and the remainder 12 st. The race was covered by Pathe News. A prize of £685 was awarded to the owner of the winning horse. This was considerably less valuable than the National Hunt Chase, which was still regarded as the most important race of the meeting. The weather at Cheltenham for that first Gold Cup was mild and springlike. Among the spectators was the Prince of Wales, a friend of Harry Brown who was riding Conjuror II. There was an exciting finish, with Major E.H. Wyndham's five year old, Red Splash, 5/1, ridden by Dick Rees and trained by Fred Withington, beating Conjuror II by a head, with Gerald L a neck away third. Forewarned, ridden by Jack Anthony, was the 3/1 favourite. Red Splash appeared to have a great future, but he was difficult to train and never again ran in the Gold Cup.

The event originally took place on what is now the "Old Course" at Cheltenham. In its early years it was overshadowed at the Festival by another race, the National Hunt Chase and was worth less in prize money than the County Handicap Hurdle which had a purse of £1,000.

The Gold Cup was abandoned in 1931 (because of frost) and 1937 (flooding), but the five intervening years saw the emergence of the most successful horse in the event's history. All five races from 1932 to 1936 were won by Golden Miller, who also won the Grand National in 1934.

During World War II, the Gold Cup was cancelled twice, in 1943 and 1944. The first multiple winner in the post-war era was Cottage Rake, who won the three runnings from 1948 to 1950. Cottage Rake was trained in Ireland by Vincent O'Brien, and his successes helped to popularise the Gold Cup, and the Festival itself, with the Irish public.

Modern era
The Gold Cup was switched to the "New Course" in 1959, and this remains the regular track used for the event. In the mid-1960s, the race was dominated by Arkle, who won three consecutive runnings from 1964 to 1966. Such was Arkle's perceived superiority before the last of these victories that he was given a starting price of 1/10 (a £10 bet would have won £1). He remains the shortest-priced winner in the race's history.

The first commercial sponsorship of the race was by Piper Champagne, which began supporting the event in 1972. The Tote (now known as Totesport) became the sponsor in 1980.

The most remarkable feat in the Gold Cup by a trainer came in 1983, when Michael Dickinson was responsible for all of the first five horses to finish – Bregawn, Captain John, Wayward Lad, Silver Buck and Ashley House. The 1986 winner, Dawn Run, is the only horse to have ever won both this race and the leading hurdle event, the Champion Hurdle. One of the most popular horses to win the Gold Cup was Desert Orchid, a grey who won the event in 1989. The following year's running was won by Norton's Coin, whose starting price of 100/1 represents the race's longest ever winning price.

The entire Cheltenham Festival was cancelled in 2001 because of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. A replacement for the Cheltenham Gold Cup, the Gold Trophy Chase, was contested at Sandown in late April, but the Racing Post stated that this "lacked any strength in depth and was no substitute for the Gold Cup". The next three runnings were all won by Best Mate, who is the most recent of the four horses to have won the race three or more times.

In 2009, Kauto Star became the first horse to regain the Gold Cup. He overcame his stablemate and conqueror in 2008, Denman, who had recovered from a heart condition to take his place in the race. Timeform spokesperson Kieran Packman said of Kauto Star's performance, "it is the best Gold Cup-winning figure since the Arkle era in the mid-1960s".

One of the cups, a different one being awarded each year, was reported stolen on 14 July 2010 after a burglary at a home in Wormington, Gloucestershire.

Cheltenham Racecourse announced in September 2018 that it had been reunited with the original Cheltenham Gold Cup trophy, dating back to 1924, and will present it to the winner of the 2019 race. First awarded to five-year-old Red Splash, owned by Major Humphrey Wyndham, trained by Fred Withington and ridden by Dick Rees, it will now be re-introduced as a perpetual trophy, presented to the winning connections of the 2019 race and in future years.

In 2020 the Cheltenham Festival, and the Gold Cup in particular, was blamed for accelerating the spread of Covid-19 in the UK, being one of the last major sporting events to take place before national lockdowns were imposed by the government. In 2021 the Gold Cup was contested behind closed doors, as the rest of the festival was, resulting in a muted atmosphere. In 2022 Rachael Blackmore became the first female jockey to ride to victory at the Gold Cup on A Plus Tard, who she had ridden to second place the previous year.

Records
Most successful horse (5 wins):
 * Golden Miller – 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936

Leading jockey (4 wins):
 * Pat Taaffe – Arkle (1964, 1965, 1966), Fort Leney (1968)
 * Paul Townend - ''Al Boum Photo (2019, 2020), Galopin Des Champs (2023, 2024)

Leading trainer (5 wins):
 * Tom Dreaper – Prince Regent (1946), Arkle (1964, 1965, 1966), Fort Leney (1968)

Leading owner (7 wins):
 * Dorothy Paget – Golden Miller (1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936), Roman Hackle (1940), Mont Tremblant (1952)

Multiple wins on 2 or more horses

Trainer: Willie Mullins, Jockey: Paul Townend 2019,2020 Al Boum Photo,  2023,2024 Galopin Des Champs.

Winners
The race was abandoned in 1931 because of frost, and in 1937 because of flooding.
 * Amateur jockeys indicated by "Mr".
 * Winning mares indicated by †
 * Winning trainers based in Great Britain unless indicated (IRE) = Ireland, (FRA) = France

It was cancelled in 1943 and 1944 because of World War II.

The 1957 winner, Linwell, was trained by Ivor Herbert, a well-known racing journalist and so barred from holding a trainer's licence.

Tied Cottage finished first in 1980, but was subsequently disqualified after testing positive for a banned substance.

The 2001 running was cancelled due to a foot-and-mouth outbreak. A substitute race at Sandown was won by Marlborough.

Race sponsors
Betfred began sponsoring the Gold Cup in 2012, after the betting company bought the Government-owned Tote in June 2011, but in late 2015 they lost their sponsorship following Jockey Club's and Arena Racing new initiative to not allow bookmaker sponsorships on their tracks that do not offer any contribution to horse racing from their offshore business. Only two weeks later a new sponsorship deal was announced with Timico, an independent internet service provider whose CEO Tim Radford is a horse owner having top chasers like Somersby and Racing Demon associated with his name. Timico also offered an increase of £25,000 to reach a total of £575,000 prize money for the 2016 Gold Cup renewal. It was the first time that the race had been sponsored by a non-bookmaker since the Tote took over from Piper Champagne in 1980. In July 2018 Cheltenham Racecourse announced Magners Irish Cider as the new Cheltenham Gold Cup sponsor until 2021 with a possible extension to 2022. Magners ended their sponsorship early, after the 2020 race, and the 2021 race carried the name of the charity WellChild. On 24 January 2022 it was announced luxury jeweller Boodles would sponsor the Cheltenham Gold Cup from 2022.

The Cheltenham Gold Cup has had the following sponsors:
 * No sponsor before 1972
 * Piper Champagne Cheltenham Gold Cup (1972 – 1979)
 * Tote Cheltenham Gold Cup (1980 – 2003)
 * totesport Cheltenham Gold Cup (2004 – 2011)
 * Betfred Cheltenham Gold Cup (2012 – 2015)
 * Timico Cheltenham Gold Cup (2016 – 2018)
 * Magners Cheltenham Gold Cup (2019–2020)
 * WellChild Cheltenham Gold Cup (2021)
 * Boodles Cheltenham Gold Cup (2022-

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cheltenham Gold Cup


text:
Hank Ketcham

Henry King Ketcham (March 14, 1920 – June 1, 2001) was an American cartoonist who created the Dennis the Menace comic strip, writing and drawing it from 1951 to 1994, when he retired from drawing the daily cartoon and took up painting full-time in his home studio. In 1953, he received the Reuben Award for the strip, which continues today in the hands of other cartoonists.

Early life
Born in Seattle, Washington, Ketcham was the son of Weaver Vinson Ketcham and the former Virginia King. When Ketcham was six years old, his father had an illustrator over for dinner. After dinner, this guest showed Ketcham his "magic pencil", and drew some illustrations. Ketcham was immediately hooked, and soon his father set up a small desk in the closet of his bedroom at which he could draw. After graduating from Queen Anne High School in 1937, he attended the University of Washington, but dropped out after his first year and hitchhiked to Los Angeles, hoping to work for Walt Disney.

Career
Ketcham started in the business as an assistant animator for Walter Lantz and, starting in 1939, for Walt Disney, where he worked on Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, and several Donald Duck shorts. During World War II, Ketcham was a photographic specialist with the U.S. Navy Reserve. He also created the character Mr. Hook for the Navy during World War II, and four cartoons were made (one by Walter Lantz Productions, in color, and three by Warner Bros. Cartoons, in black and white). Also while in the Navy, he began a camp newspaper strip, Half Hitch, which ran in The Saturday Evening Post beginning in 1943. By 1944, his freelance cartoons were running in Collier's and Liberty magazines.

After World War II, Ketcham settled in Carmel, California, and began work as a freelance cartoonist. He built a two-bedroom redwood house and studio in Carmel Woods. In 1951, he started Dennis the Menace, based on his own four-year-old son Dennis. Ketcham was in his studio in October 1950 when his first wife, Alice, burst into the studio and complained that their four-year-old, Dennis, had wrecked his bedroom instead of napping. "Your son is a menace!" she shouted. Within five months, 16 newspapers began carrying Dennis the Menace. By May 1953, 193 newspapers in the United States and 52 in other countries were carrying the strip to 30 million readers. By 1955, Ketcham moved from his Carmel cottage to upper Carmel Valley, where he purchased the former 61.2 acre Fred Wolferman ranch, only 40 minutes from the Monterey Peninsula. The Spanish adobe home on the Carmel Valley property was designed by architect Hugh W. Comstock with bitudobe brick. On the edge of the orchard was a Victorian ranch house for the foreman and his family, designed by architect Wilson Mizner.

In 1958, Dennis Play Products, Inc., was created by Ketcham to distribute toys, which included the Dennis the Menace Doll, Ruff Dog, and Banshee Ball. Between 1959 and 1964 Dennis the Menace was broadcast on CBS television, based on the Ketcham comic strip. The show was a great success.

In 1970, King Features Syndicate revived Ketcham's wartime strip Half Hitch as a newspaper comic. The strip was published under Ketcham's name, although it was drawn and written by others. The new version of Half Hitch ran until 1975.

Family
Ketcham's first wife, Alice Louise Mahar Ketcham, died on June 22, 1959, of a drug overdose. The real-life Dennis was 12 when his mother died. Ketcham and Alice were separated at the time of her death. Ketcham did not inform his son of his mother's death, or visit his son, until she was buried, and Dennis was not present at the funeral. Three weeks later, Ketcham married Jo Anne Stevens, who he met on a blind date. The family moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where they lived from 1960 to 1977, where Ketcham continued to produce Dennis the Menace. Dennis had difficulty with his schooling, though, so was sent to boarding school in Connecticut, while Mr. Ketcham and his second wife remained in Switzerland. This marriage ended in divorce in 1968.

In 1977, Ketcham moved back to the United States and settled in Monterey, California, with his third wife, the former Rolande Praepost, whom he had married in 1969, and with whom he had two children, Scott and Dania. Dennis Ketcham served in Vietnam, suffered post-traumatic stress disorder, and had little contact with his father. Ketcham and his son were estranged for much of Dennis's adult life.

Later life and retirement

When his Dennis the Menace cartoon added a Sunday strip, Ketcham hired artist Al Wiseman and writer Fred Toole to produce the Sunday strips and the many Dennis the Menace comic books that were published. People from around the country sent captions to him, and he would find one that he liked and illustrate the gag.

In 1990, Ketcham published a memoir titled The Merchant of Dennis the Menace chronicling his career. He retired from drawing the daily panel in 1994, when his former assistants, Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand, took over. At the time of Ketcham's death, Dennis the Menace was distributed to more than 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and 19 languages, by King Features Syndicate.

Ketcham spent his last years in retirement at his home in Carmel, California, painting in oil and watercolor. Many of his paintings can be seen in a hospital in nearby Monterey. He died in Carmel on June 1, 2001, at the age of 81. He was survived by his oldest son, Dennis, his third wife, Rolande, and their two children, Dania and Scott.

In 2005, Fantagraphics Books started publishing what was to be a complete Dennis by Ketcham from the start of the strip, collecting two years per volume, but the publishing ceased in 2009 with the 1961–1962 volume.

Legacy
The Dennis the Menace Playground was designed by Ketcham and with the help of sculptor Arch Garner in 1954. The playground opened on November 17, 1956, with children's play areas including a 1924 locomotive steam engine, donated by the Southern Pacific Railroad. A life-sized, 3.5 ft, 200 lb bronze statue of cartoon strip character Dennis the Menace was displayed at the entrance to the playground. In recent years it has been stolen twice. The statue was sculpted by Wah Ming Chang, another Disney man who resided in Carmel Valley.

title: Hank Ketcham


text:
How Democratic Is the American Constitution?

How Democratic is the American Constitution? (2001, ISBN 0-300-09218-0, among others) is a book by political scientist Robert A. Dahl that discusses seven "undemocratic" elements of the United States Constitution.

The book defines "democratic" as alignment with the principle of one person, one vote, also known as majority rule. It praises the Framers of the Constitution as "men of exceptional talent and virtue" (p. 7) who made admirable progress in the creation of their republican government. However, it also points out that innovation and change in democratic techniques and ideals continued even after the Constitution had been codified, and the American system has not adopted all of those new ideas. He notes that the Founding Founders were partially constrained by public opinion, which included maintenance of the sovereignty of the thirteen states.

Undemocratic elements
The primary undemocratic aspects of the Constitution that the book sets out are:

 * Tolerance of slavery – Necessary to ensure the co-operation and the participation of the Southern states, it was outlawed only after the American Civil War
 * Suffrage – The voting rights of women, African-Americans, and Native Americans were not protected or specifically abridged. (In 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the denial of suffrage by race. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment prohibited the denial of suffrage by sex. In 1964, the Twenty-Fourth Amendment prohibited poll taxes, which were used in some states to discriminate against African-Americans without explicit racial provisions.)
 * Election of the president – Article II Section 1 establishes the Electoral College, which gives each state a number of electors proportional to its representation in Congress, which, because each state has two senators, is not proportional to population. Electors were to be appointed by whatever method the state legislatures chose, and they would presumably use their own judgment in choosing a President. In modern times, all U.S. states except Nebraska and Maine use a "winner-takes-all" system to allocate the votes of their electors based on the outcome of the popular vote within that state, but the allocation of votes among the states has been unchanged.
 * Representation in the Senate – Each state gets two senators, regardless of population. That is known as the Connecticut Compromise and was incorporated into the Constitution to secure the continued participation of the smaller states. (The book also references Sizing Up the Senate by Frances Lee and Bruce Oppenheimer.)
 * Election of senators – Article I, Section 3 declared that senators were to be appointed directly by state legislatures. In 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment changed the system so that senators were popularly elected in staggered statewide races.
 * Judicial power – In the United States, judges have the power to rule unconstitutional any law or regulation, even if it was duly approved by the legislature and signed by the President.. Judges are appointed (not elected) for life with a high threshold for removal, which makes them independent. Dahl feels that the judiciary has used its rather-unconstrained authority to essentially make national policy through judicial fiat.
 * Limitations on congressional power – As interpreted by the judiciary, the Constitution reserves sovereignty in many domains of regulation to the states. The powers of the US Congress are limited to a specific list. From 1895 until the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified in 1913, court interpretations of constitutional requirements for "direct" taxes made a federal income tax impracticable, which limited the revenue available to the federal government. During the Lochner era, the Supreme Court interpreted the economic powers of Congress very narrowly, and gave the federal government very little power to affect the economy. Modern judicial interpretation has allowed the federal government to have a much greater influence over the economy.

What kind of constitution is best?
Dahl considers the question of whether the details of the US Constitution, as amended and practiced in modern times, are superior or inferior to the constitutional systems of other stable democracies. His criteria for evaluation are:

 * Political stability (that is, remaining democratic)
 * Effective protection of democratic rights
 * Democratic fairness
 * Fosters consensus-building
 * Promotes effective problem solving

Maintaining stability
Dahl supposes that there are certain conditions that make it easier to maintain a democracy in a given country. He writes that they seem to include "the effective control by elected leaders over the military and police, a political culture supportive of democratic beliefs, and a relatively well-functioning economic order, among others."

Dahl proposes that highly-unfavorable circumstances cause instability, no matter the constitutional systems. Under highly-favorable circumstances, a country may remain democratic in a range of possible constitutional arrangements, whether or not the system is the best kind for promoting stability. In mixed conditions, he postulates, the details of a country's constitution may tip the balance between stability and undesirable changes, such as the conversion to dictatorship.

Dahl points out that the superiority of presidential vs. parliamentary systems in this regard is disputed and that correlation between breakdown and presidential systems in the "Third World" may not be indicative of a causal relationship. He seems to take the position that different systems may be better suited to the peculiar circumstances of different countries. (p. 96)

* In favor of parliamentary systems, he cites: Juan Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. In favor of presidential systems, he cites: Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 1992. p. 41-42.

Dahl notes that instability is more common in new democracies:

"In the twentieth century, on something like seventy occasions democracies have given way to nondemocratic regimes. Yet with very few exceptions, these breakdowns have occurred in countries where democratic institutions were very new -- less than a generation old. Indeed, the only clear-cut case of a democratic breakdown in a country where democratic institutions had existed for twenty years or more seems to be Uruguay in 1973. In the same year, Chile provided a less clear-cut case because of restrictions on the suffrage that had only recently been lifted.  The Weimar Republic had existed fewer than fourteen years before the Nazi takeover."

- p. 134-135

International comparisons
Dahl finds meaningful comparisons to the US Constitution only in other countries with similar conditions. He says that only 22 countries, including the United States, have been "steadily democratic" since 1950. His book identifies the following constitutional attributes as important for comparison:

 * Federalism. Is the country a federal union of strong local governments (for example, states, provinces, cantons), or a unitary state?  In order to be federal, the subordinate units must be protected by constitutional law or practice, have substantial autonomy, and have substantial power to pass legislation.
 * Bicameralism. Are there two houses in the legislature, both with substantial powers?
 * "Unequal" representation in upper house. Are votes in one house of the legislature allocated by governmental subunit (for example, state, province, canton), not by population?
 * Strong judicial review of national legislation: The power to declare unconstitutional laws duly passed by parliament and/or signed by the president. (That is distinct from the ability to strike down acts of subordinate governments, such as states or provinces.)
 * Electoral system
 * Single-Member District Plurality, also known as first-past-the-Post (FPTP). There is one seat per district, and the candidate with the most votes (a plurality) wins.
 * Proportional Representation (the fairest electoral system). There are multiple seats for each voting district.  They are divided up in one of several ways based on the proportion of the vote that individual candidates or political parties receive.
 * Party lists
 * Multi-member proportional (MMP)
 * Single Transferable Vote (STV)
 * Semi-PR
 * French two-round system.
 * Alternative vote (AV)
 * Political parties
 * Two-party system. Two dominant parties control the executive and the vast majority of seats in the legislature.
 * Multi-party system. Three or more political parties exert significant influence in the legislature.
 * Overall structure. Is there a presidential system with a strong separation of powers between the executive and the legislature, or is there a parliamentary system?

List of countries steadily democratic since at least 1950
The book compares the 23 stable, wealthy democracies on these criteria, summarized as follows:

Protecting democratic rights
Looking at Freedom House rankings, Dahl concludes that there is no discernible correlation between the seven constitutional features and ratings on political rights or civil rights among the 23 comparison countries.

Fairness and consensus
Dahl contrasts majoritarian governments, whose electoral system (such as first-past-the-post) can grant a dominant group (or even a minority group) decisive control over the government, with proportional systems, which make governmental control is more distributed. He concludes that proportional systems are more fair.

Proportional systems also do more to promote consensus-building, he claims, because of the need to build coalitions to form a majority.

Dahl considers the American system to be a hybrid because of its bicameral legislature and strong separation of powers, and the strong executive, which he says does not fit the mold of either category.

Problem-solving effectiveness
Data from Patterns of Democracy (Yale University Press, 1999) by Arend Lijphart is presented in an appendix, which ranks the U.S. on a best-to-worst scale among a varying number of countries. Ranked criteria include economic growth, unemployment, inflation, economic inequality, women's representation, energy efficiency, incarceration rates, social spending, voter turnout, and foreign aid. Not all analysts would agree; with Dahl that all of the criteria are appropriate measures of government effectiveness, and in some cases, there are political disagreements on whether a given indicator should be higher or lower. In the rankings that are given, the United States is in the best third of one, the middle third of six, and the bottom third of eight.

Dahl states that difference in size, diversity, and economic affluence make attributing good performance on those measures to government effectiveness too difficult. He describes American performance as "mediocre" and concludes that changing the US Constitution to a system resembling one of the other stable democracies would not necessarily negatively impact government performance.


text: Category:Irish cuisine

title: Category:Irish cuisine