text:
Manfred Mann's Earth Band

Manfred Mann's Earth Band are an English rock band formed by South African musician Manfred Mann. Their hits include covers of Bruce Springsteen's "For You", "Blinded by the Light" and "Spirit in the Night". After forming in 1971 and with a short hiatus in the late 1980s/early 1990s, the Earth Band continues to perform and tour.

Formation
Keyboardist Manfred Mann started in the 1960s with the self-titled band that had such hits as "Do Wah Diddy Diddy" and Bob Dylan's "The Mighty Quinn" and then moved on to jazz fusion-inspired Manfred Mann Chapter Three before forming the Earth Band in 1971. Feeling that Chapter Three had suffered from too many self-imposed rules, being frustrated with mostly only playing Mike Hugg's compositions and not being an economically feasible venture (due to the number of musicians involved) were all reasons for forming the new group, which was open to songs from outside the band (like Mann's earlier groups) and developed due to the different musical backgrounds of its members as opposed to adhering to a strict musical concept.

The original line-up consisted of Mick Rogers (guitar and vocals), Manfred Mann (keyboards, Minimoog synthesizer and vocals), Colin Pattenden (bass guitar) and Chris Slade (drums and vocals). In its very earliest stages, the band was sometimes billed as "Manfred Mann" and thus a continuation of the 1960s group, sometimes as "Manfred Mann Chapter Three" due to that being the most recent incarnation of Mann's career. The quartet released their first single, Bob Dylan's "Please, Mrs. Henry", in 1971, simply credited to "Manfred Mann". A debut album "Stepping Sideways" was recorded but not released because the band's style was rapidly maturing, and the group felt it was not representative of their live act anymore. In September 1971, a new name was chosen. Manfred Mann suggested a title containing "band" (which almost rhymes with "Mann") and after considering the likes of "Arm Band", "Head Band" and "Elastic Band", Chris Slade suggested "Earth Band", a name both related to the band's originally straightforward musical style and the ecological movement ongoing at the time.

Their second single, Randy Newman's "Living Without You", was still credited to 'Manfred Mann' in Europe, but by 'Manfred Mann's Earth Band' in the US, where the track became a minor chart hit. On two non-charting single releases in the UK in 1972/73, the group was billed simply as 'Earth Band', but otherwise, from 1972 forward, 'Manfred Mann's Earth Band' was the band name used on all releases. The membership of the Earth Band was stable between 1971 and 1976, during which time they released their first six albums. The iconic logo, which appeared on the band's most future album covers, debuted on the second released LP, Glorified Magnified.

Themes
The Earth Band combines the stylistic approach of progressive rock with Mann's jazz-influenced Moog synthesizer playing and keen ear for melody. Beside producing their own material, a staple of the band's music and live performances from the beginning has been also relying on covers of songs by other modern pop/rock artists, notably Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen, in their progressive rock style.

Mann's interest in English 20th century classical music saw him adapt Gustav Holst's Planets Suite and turn a version of the "Jupiter" movement into a UK hit entitled "Joybringer" (perhaps surprisingly excluded from the 1973 album Solar Fire). Other classical music adaptations include "Questions" from the 1976 album The Roaring Silence (which is based on the main theme of Franz Schubert's Impromptu in G flat Major), "Earth, the Circle, Pt. 1" from Solar Fire (which uses the melody from Claude Debussy's "Jimbo's Lullaby") and "Starbird" also from 1976's The Roaring Silence (which is based upon Igor Stravinski's ballet The Firebird).

The title song to 1973's Messin' (written by Mike Hugg and originally recorded by Chapter Three on their unissued third album), as well as most of the 1974 album The Good Earth, tapped into ecological concerns, a recurring theme in Mann's music in later years, with The Good Earth giving away a free gift of a piece of land in Wales with each album sold.

Like other prog-rock acts, the band also issued concept albums on space and sci-fi themes (particularly the 1973 album Solar Fire and the singles "Launching Place" off the 1974 The Good Earth and "Starbird" off the 1976 The Roaring Silence) and religious or biblical imagery ("Prayer" on the band's debut album, "Buddah" on Messin', Dylan's "Father of Day, Father of Night" and "In the Beginning, Darkness" on Solar Fire, "The Road to Babylon" and "This Side of Paradise" on The Roaring Silence and "Resurrection" on the 1979 Angel Station).

Social criticism was also addressed ("Black and Blue" on Messin' dealt particularly with slavery and "Chicago Institute" on Watch with mental institutions and science as a means of social control); a trend which grew throughout the 1980s, with songs such as Lies (Through the 1980s) on technological progress vs. social setbacks on Chance (1980), and with Mann's growing involvement with the anti-apartheid movement which was featured on the 1982 album Somewhere in Afrika. Mann's intention for acknowledgement of oppressed ethnic groups also influenced the 1992 album Plains Music, which featured traditional Native American music.

1970s
The group's sixth album, 1975's Nightingales & Bombers, took its title from a World War II naturalist's recording of a nightingale singing in a garden as warplanes flew overhead; the recording appears in a track on the album (the US version included an extra track, a cover of Bob Dylan's; "Quit Your Low Down Ways" sung by Mick Rogers). After this album, Mick Rogers left the band (temporarily, and he still contributed backing vocals to the next album). He was replaced by two musicians, Chris Thompson (lead vocals, guitar) and Dave Flett (lead guitar, backing vocals).

The US breakthrough for the band came in the third week of February 1977, when they charted at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 with a cover of Bruce Springsteen's "Blinded by the Light" from The Roaring Silence.

The Roaring Silence also featured a guest appearance by jazz saxophonist Barbara Thompson. Taking advantage of the publicity of their hit song, the band re-released another Springsteen song, "Spirit in the Night", re-titled "Spirits in the Night", which the band had released the previous year on Nightingales & Bombers, in a vocally re-cut version with Chris Thompson taking a new lead vocal in place of Mick Rogers' vocal on the original album version.

Following these popular successes, the Earth Band released the album Watch (1978), which produced another UK hit single in "Davy's on the Road Again". This song, as well as the re-recording of "Mighty Quinn" (also released as a single to celebrate the original 1968 hit's tenth anniversary), was recorded live with studio overdubs. Before the recording of the album, original bassist Colin Pattenden had departed and was replaced by Pat King.

1980s
Drummer Chris Slade and lead guitarist Dave Flett left before 1979's Angel Station. It was announced that Chris Thompson would also be leaving at this same time to pursue his own group, Night, but Night quickly faded after scoring two hits and Thompson was back in time for the Earth Band's next album and tour. Flett was replaced by guitarist Steve Waller, who shared lead vocals with Thompson. Geoff Britton played drums on the album but was soon replaced by John Lingwood, due to illness.

1980's Chance, featuring several guest vocalists alongside Thompson, Mann and Waller, showed a move towards a more electronic approach and produced several cuts that were hits in the UK and/or saw significant airplay in both the US and UK, with the songs "Lies (All Through the 80's)" sung by Thompson, "Stranded" and "For You" (another Springsteen song sung by Thompson). Trevor Rabin, a fellow South African and London session musician, and lead guitarist of the 1980s version of Yes, guested on the album, as did original Earth Band guitarist Mick Rogers. Bassist Pat King left the group in 1982 to be replaced by bassist/guitarist Matt Irving.

By this time, Mann had become personally active in the international anti-apartheid movement and was banned from entering his home country of South Africa. Undeterred, members of the band made journeys to South Africa to record African musicians for the 1983 album Somewhere in Afrika. The album included a cover of The Police's "Demolition Man" (sung by Steve Waller) and a version of Bob Marley's "Redemption Song".

The accompanying tour (incorporating visual effects such as cartoons, robots and exploding amplifiers) was a big success and led to the Budapest live album, which was later followed by a DVD of the TV broadcast. After this tour, Steve Waller left the band. Mick Rogers returned, taking Waller's place.

In 1984 the band issued the single "Runner", a cover of the song by Ian Thomas, which had been written in response to cancer sufferer Terry Fox and his run across Canada for cancer awareness. Fox had succumbed to the cancer before finishing. The Manfred Mann version featured Chris Thompson on lead vocals and Mick Rogers on backing vocals. The song was a non-LP single in the UK but was included on the US release of Somewhere in Afrika. It was a top 40 hit in both Canada and the US and was used during ABC's broadcasting of the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the film The Philadelphia Experiment. At 22 on the Hot 100 it was their biggest hit since "Blinded by the Light" and was the band's second highest-charting song, as well as their final US/UK chart single.

Irving exited the group shortly after the single. Steve Kinch played bass on this album Criminal Tango (1986), which featured both Mick Rogers and Chris Thompson on vocals. For 1987's Masque album, the band consisted solely of Manfred Mann, Mick Rogers and drummer John Lingwood. Shortly thereafter, the Earth Band name was retired for four years.

Recent years
Manfred Mann's Earth Band was revived in 1991 with a lineup of Manfred Mann, Mick Rogers, Steve Kinch, singer Noel McCalla and former Jethro Tull drummer Clive Bunker and resumed recording, covering tracks by artists as varied as Paul Weller, Robert Cray, Del Amitri and The Lovin' Spoonful. Mann has also released solo projects, including Plains Music, which was based on Native American music, and 2006, which includes collaborations with the German rapper Thomas D and tracks featuring the music of, amongst others, the Super Furry Animals.

The Earth Band has had a fluctuating line-up, with Mann being the only continuous member. After drummer Clive Bunker left in 1996, he was succeeded by John Trotter (1996–2000), Richard Marcangelo (2000–2002), Pete May (2002), Geoff Dunn (2002–2007), Jimmy Copley (2007–2015) and then a returning John Lingwood in 2016. Vocalist/guitarist Chris Thompson returned in 1996 to sing alongside Mick Rogers and Noel McCalla until 1999 (then again in 2004, briefly). McCalla was replaced by Peter Cox in 2009, but returned in 2010 for a short time filling in for Cox. Since Cox departed in early 2011, Robert Hart (ex-Bad Company) has been the singer, along with Mick Rogers.

Most of the band's original albums have been re-released in recent years and a 4-CD set (Odds & Sods - Mis-takes & Out-takes) featuring many previously unissued versions of tracks was released in August 2005. This includes material from the unreleased (and thought to be lost) Manfred Mann Chapter III Volume 3 album and the first Earth Band album, Stepping Sideways. The fourth CD in the package includes both unreleased studio material and live performances.

December 2006 saw the release of the DVD Unearthed 1973–2005 The Best of Manfred Mann's Earth Band. This features twenty tracks ranging from three recorded in Sweden in 1973 ("Father of Day", "Captain Bobby Stout" and "Black & Blue") to a 2005 performance of "Mighty Quinn". Also included are animations used during the band's live performances of the late 1970s and early 1980s and promo films (including two tracks from the Plains Music album).

In 2007 two separate dance remixes of Bruce Springsteen songs as performed by Manfred Mann's Earth Band entered the Austrian Charts. The first was a remix of "Blinded by the Light", which was credited to Michael Mind featuring Manfred Mann's Earth Band. The second was a remix of "For You", credited to The Disco Boys featuring Manfred Mann's Earth Band. Also in 2007, the 1983 Budapest concert was released in DVD format and included tracks not previously available.

In 2008 the band released the Watch DVD which includes footage from a 1979 Austrian concert.

In 2010 the song "You Are - I Am" from Angel Station was sampled by Kanye West on his critically acclaimed album: My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy.

In 2023, the band celebrated their 2000th live performance with the release of the compilation 2000 Concerts... And Counting.

John Lingwood
Drummer John Lingwood was born on 18 February 1951 in Wembley, London, England. He began playing drums in the 1960s, being heavily influenced by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, turning pro in 1968. During this time he played with a few bands, mainly in Europe.

In 1972 he joined Steamhammer, staying with them for two and a half years. For the next couple of years Lingwood tried several unsuccessful attempts at forming bands and also started working more as a studio musician. 1974, he joined Stomu Yamashta's East Wind and later that year went on to join Leo Sayer.

Lingwood has played with many musicians over the years, including Roger Chapman (still doing occasional gigs), Maddy Prior and Elkie Brooks. He featured on the albums Chance, Somewhere in Afrika, Budapest Live, Criminal Tango and Masque.

Since leaving the band he has performed with the Company Of Snakes between 1998 and 2002, featuring on the live album Here They Go Again and the studio album Burst the Bubble.

He rejoined Manfred Mann's Earth Band in 2016 as a substitute for Jimmy Copley, who had been diagnosed with leukemia and later died in 2017.

Steve Kinch
Bassist Steve Kinch was born on May 17, 1955. Kinch first started playing guitar when his parents bought him his first instrument for Christmas at the age of 12. At 14, he began playing in local cover bands. At 16 he left school and became a glass blower while continuing to play music in local bands.

When he was 18, his friend Steve Demetri asked him if he was willing to switch from guitar to bass. The reason for this was that his band Stallion needed a bass player. Kinch agreed to try this and actually stayed with the bass as his instrument.

In 1974 he was poached by Andy Qunta (who later became successful with the band Icehouse, among others), Tony Qunta and Lol Cooksey, with whom he formed the band Factory. Kinch accepted the band's offer partly because it could offer him far more gigs than Stallion. In the following period, Factory played in all parts of the United Kingdom. At some point in 1977/78, Factory broke up. However, Andy and Tony Qunta subsequently continued to play with Kinch in the formation Head On, which attempted to implement more sophisticated music. In the emerging punk era, however, this was not very hip and Head On turned out to be a short-lived project.

In 1980 Kinch got the opportunity to audition for and subsequently join the band of singer and actress Hazel O'Connor through Andy Qunta as well as saxophonist Wesley Magoogan, both of whom, like Kinch, were from his birthplace of Hastings. This engagement ended after several tours and television appearances, an album and several hit singles. After trying to realize different projects, in 1984 he was hired by Jim Capaldi for his band. However, Kinch completed only a few performances with the band, a planned three-month U.S. tour was canceled at short notice. Kinch however did work with Capaldi later again for his final album Poor Boy Blue.

Then in 1985, again through Andy Qunta, Kinch got the chance to audition for the open position of bassist with Manfred Mann's Earth Band. Qunta, who had written the song Tribal Statistics for the 1982 Earth Band album Somewhere in Afrika, took over Manfred Mann's keyboards for this audition, apparently so that Mann could better concentrate on the auditioning bassists. But this also put Qunta in a position to give Kinch valuable hints and details about the songs being played. Kinch successfully survived the audition and joined the Earth Band as a permanent member in summer of 1985. At that time, part of the following album Criminal Tango had already been recorded. Kinch therefore shared the bass parts on this album with bassists Durban Betancourt-Laverde and John Giblin. The launch of the Criminal Tango tour on March 24, 1986, in Woking, Surrey was Kinch's first live performance with the Earth Band. Between 1987 and 1991, Kinch toured with The Rubettes. Kinch was not involved in the Earth Band's 1987 album Masque, and due to its commercial failure, Manfred Mann disbanded the Earth Band. In the spring of 1991, however, Mann decided to bring the band back to life. The reformed lineup included Kinch again. Regular performances and studio recordings with the Earth Band, however, still allowed Kinch to work for other musicians in the studio. In 1992, recording began for a new Earth Band album with Kinch on bass, but it would take some time to complete. It was not until 1996 that it was released under the title Soft Vengeance. From the live recordings of the following tour, in which Kinch participated, the live album Mann Alive was also released. Subsequently, Kinch toured with the Earth Band very regularly, was involved in the recording of some of Manfred Mann's releases, some of which were released under Manfred Mann's Earth Band such as the 2004 live DVD Angel Station in Moscow, but also other names such as Manfred Mann '06 or simply Manfred Mann. He continues to be an integral part of the band and their live performances to this day.

Discography

 * Manfred Mann's Earth Band (1972)
 * Glorified Magnified (1972)
 * Messin' (1973)
 * Solar Fire (1973)
 * The Good Earth (1974)
 * Nightingales & Bombers (1975)
 * The Roaring Silence (1976)
 * Watch (1978)
 * Angel Station (1979)
 * Chance (1980)
 * Somewhere in Afrika (1982)
 * Budapest Live (1984, live)
 * Criminal Tango (1986)
 * Masque (1987)
 * Soft Vengeance (1996)
 * Mann Alive (1998, live)
 * 2006 (2004, released as Manfred Mann '06 with Manfred Mann's Earth Band)

title: Manfred Mann's Earth Band


text:
Progressive Democratic Alliance (Equatorial Guinea)

The Progressive Democratic Alliance (Alianza Democrática Progresista) is a political party in Equatorial Guinea. Its most prominent figure is Victorino Bolekia Bonay, the Mayor of Malabo and the first person democratically elected to that post. Bolekia is a well-known opponent of the government, and he has been detained by the government during elections.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Lee Richmond

John Lee Richmond (May 5, 1857 – October 1, 1929) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Boston Red Stockings, Worcester Worcesters, Providence Grays, and Cincinnati Red Stockings, and is best known for pitching the first perfect game in Major League history. After retiring from baseball, he became a teacher.

Early life
Richmond was born in Sheffield, Ohio, in 1857. He was the son and grandson of Baptist ministers and he had eight siblings, all of them older. He went to the college preparatory academy affiliated with Oberlin College. He started attending Brown University in 1876 and was an outfielder and pitcher on the school's baseball team. He was also class president and he played on the football team.

Professional baseball career
On June 2, 1879, Richmond was paid $10 ($0 in current dollar terms) to pitch for Worcester of the National Baseball Association in an exhibition game against the Chicago White Stockings. He pitched a seven-inning no-hitter and signed with Worcester after the game. On July 28, he pitched a no-hitter against Springfield.

Worcester joined the National League in 1880, and Richmond signed with the team for $2,400 ($0 in current dollar terms) that season. Before a game against Cleveland on June 12, Richmond was up all night taking part in college graduation events, and he went to bed at 6:30 AM. He caught the 11:30 AM train for Worcester so he could pitch in the afternoon contest and then pitched a perfect game to beat Cleveland, 1–0. According to the Chicago Tribune, "The Clevelands were utterly helpless before Richmond's puzzling curves, retiring in every inning in one, two, three order, without a base hit. The Worcesters played a perfect fielding game." Cleveland pitcher Jim McCormick allowed three hits, and the only run was scored on a double error by second baseman Fred Dunlap.

Richmond graduated from Brown University four days after the perfect game, and he finished the year with a win–loss record of 32–32, a 2.15 earned run average, and 243 strikeouts in 590.2 innings pitched. He was the first left-handed pitcher to win 30 games in a season.

Richmond found success throwing an offspeed pitch that he termed a "half-stride ball" and that other players referred to as a "drop ball". He also had a rising fastball that he called a "jump ball". He also learned to throw a curveball in college, even though a Brown physics professor tried to convince him that nothing could make a ball curve in midair.

In both 1881 and 1882, Richmond pitched over 400 innings. After the 1882 season, the Worcester franchise disbanded, and Richmond played for the National League's Providence Grays in 1883. He experienced arm problems and was primarily an outfielder that year. He finished his MLB career with a record of 75–100, a 3.06 ERA, and 552 strikeouts.

Later life
In the winter of 1880, Richmond had begun to pursue a career in medicine, studying under a Providence physician, C. T. Gardner. He enrolled at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York a few months later, then at the University of the City of New York. After the 1883 baseball season, Richmond practiced medicine at Bellevue Hospital and with Gardner in Providence.

Richmond then changed careers, and from 1890 to 1921, he was a high school chemistry teacher at Scott High School in Toledo, Ohio. Richmond married Mary Naomi Chapin, his former student, in 1892, and had three children: Ruth, Dorothy, and Jane. He died in Toledo in 1929.

title: Lee Richmond


text:
Asada Goryu

Asada Gōryū (麻田 剛立) was a Japanese physician and astronomer who helped integrate western and Japanese astronomy in the Edo period. He introduced several western astronomical instruments and methods into Japan and independently confirmed Kepler's third law.

Asada was the pseudonym based on the name of his village. Born (birthday given as 6 February 1734, Japanese year Kyoho ) as Yasuakira Ayabe, his father, Keisai Ayabe came from a landed Kitsuki clan from Bungo, Kyushu. Asada spent much of his career in the flourishing commercial city of Osaka, where he practiced medicine for a living. He, then, took over his father's practice as an official physician in 1767. Because of the Japanese government's policy of seclusion, Western scientific theory was generally available only through obsolete Chinese works edited by Jesuit missionaries in China. Yet Asada managed to construct sophisticated mathematical models of celestial movements and is sometimes credited with the independent discovery of Kepler's third law. Asada also studied anatomy in western texts and his learnings were incorporated into a compilation by his friend Riken Nakai (1732-1817) in Esso-rohitsu (1773).

The crater Asada on the Moon is named after him.

title: Asada Goryu


text:
Takeo Hatanaka

Takeo Hatanaka (畑中 武夫) was a Japanese radio astronomer. He founded the Nobeyama Radio Observatory.

The crater Hatanaka on the Moon is named after him.

title: Takeo Hatanaka


text:
William W. Bibb

William Wyatt Bibb (October 2, 1781 – July 10, 1820) was a United States Senator from Georgia, the first governor of the  Alabama Territory, and the first Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama. Bibb was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party and served as governor of Alabama until his death on July 10, 1820, from a horse riding accident. He is the first of only three people in U.S. history to be elected a U.S. Senator from one state and the governor of another. Bibb County, Alabama, and Bibb County, Georgia, are named for him.

Early life
William Wyatt Bibb was born on October 2, 1781, in Amelia County, Virginia, to Captain William Bibb, an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and a member of the state legislature, the General Assembly of the newly independent Commonwealth of Virginia, and his wife, Sally (Wyatt) Bibb.

Around 1784, Bibb Sr. moved with his family south to Georgia with a large number of Virginians who accompanied General George Mathews, hero of the Battle of Brandywine in Pennsylvania. Most of the general's followers were also veterans and, with their families, took advantage of the new nation's offer of land bounties in lieu of pay for former soldiers. They established tobacco farms on the rich lands around the confluence of the Broad and Savannah Rivers in newly developing northeastern Georgia. The Bibbs are recorded as one of the earliest pioneer families in Elbert County.

Bibb was probably privately educated before he went to the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia. He was awarded a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 1801, returned to Georgia, and began to practice medicine in Petersburg. In 1803, he married Mary Freeman.

Early political career
Bibb was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1802 as a member at the age of 21. He took office in 1803 and served one two-year term. In 1806 he was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Ninth session of the United States Congress to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas Spalding, and was re-elected four times, serving until November 6, 1813.

As was then the practice, he was elected at that time by the state legislature to the US Senate to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of William H. Crawford, a nationally known presidential candidate. Bibb served until November 9, 1816.

As a Senator in 1816, Bibb opposed the first attempt to abolish the Electoral College and elect the president by popular vote, speaking very forthrightly about the advantages slave states derived from the Electoral College. He stated on the Senate floor that with Popular Vote, these states "would lose the privilege the Constitution now allows them, of votes upon three-fifths of their population other than freemen. It would be deeply injurious to them."

Governor of Alabama
US President James Monroe appointed Bibb as the first governor of the newly formed Alabama Territory (from the larger previous Mississippi Territory) in 1817. Alabama became the 22nd state on December 14, 1819.

Bibb's primary duties were establishing the state government. Huntsville was designated to be the site of the constitutional convention. Bibb was elected governor by defeating Marmaduke Williams and receiving 8,342 votes to Williams's 7,140 votes. The capital was chosen to be the newly created town of Cahawba in 1820 on the Alabama frontier but moved to Tuscaloosa in 1826 and finally to the central city of Montgomery in 1846.

During Bibb's tenure, the Alabama state militia was established, and the beginnings of the state judicial system, along with the organization of and appointments to the Supreme Court of Alabama, were accomplished.

Henry Hitchcock was elected the first Attorney General of Alabama and initially held the position of Secretary of State of Alabama as well. However, shortly afterward, Thomas A. Rodgers was elected as the second Secretary of State of Alabama. The first session of the Alabama state legislature was held from October 25, 1819, to December 17, 1819. William R. King and John W. Walker were chosen as the state's first US Senators.

To date, Bibb is one of only three individuals to have served as governor of a state and as a US senator from a different state. The others are Sam Houston, who (among his other political offices) served as the sixth governor of Tennessee and a US senator from Texas (a state, like Alabama, which also had not existed when he held his governorship), and Mitt Romney, who served as the seventieth governor of Massachusetts and is currently a US senator from Utah.

Death
At the age of 38, Bibb was thrown from his horse during a violent thunderstorm, and died from internal injuries on July 10, 1820. His brother, Thomas Bibb, was president of the State Senate and filled out his term as governor.

William Bibb is buried in Coosada, Alabama. Because he was the state's first governor, his likeness appears on the Alabama Centennial half dollar minted in 1921.

title: William W. Bibb


text:
Worcester Worcesters

The Worcester Worcesters were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team from 1880 to 1882 in the National League. The team is referred to, at times, as the Brown Stockings or the Ruby Legs; however, no contemporary sources from the time exist that support the use of either name. The team played their home games at the Worcester Driving Park Grounds in the Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds, located south of Highland Street between Sever Street and Russell Street in Worcester, Massachusetts.

History
In 1879, Worcester played in the National Association, a league consisting of teams in the Northeast. The National League was interested in Worcester as a potential replacement for the failed Syracuse Stars franchise primarily based on the performance of their ace pitcher, Lee Richmond, who pitched several exhibition games against National League opponents and went 6–2. He also pitched and won one game for the Boston Red Stockings. To admit Worcester to the National League, the league's board of directors waived the requirement that league cities have a population of at least 75,000 (Worcester's population was 58,000). To raise the capital to support their entry into the major leagues, the team sold shares for $35 (with the price including a season ticket), sponsored a walking race that attracted 3,000 people, arranged for discount packages of train fare and baseball tickets for fans from outside the city, and held benefit concerts and dramatic performances.

In December 1879, Worcester became the first professional baseball team to visit Cuba. The trip was a financial failure, as they were only able to play two games against Cuban teams.

On June 12, 1880, pitcher Lee Richmond threw the first perfect game in Major League history, against the Cleveland Blues. The team made history again on August 20 of the same year by becoming the first team to be no-hit at home, when Pud Galvin of the Buffalo Bisons defeated them 1–0.

According to Lee Allen, Cincinnati writer and eventual director of the Baseball Hall of Fame, the Worcester club impacted the National League in another way in 1880; it was instrumental in having the Cincinnati Reds expelled from the league after the season, due to violations of the league rules against selling beer at the ballpark. In his 1948 book, The Cincinnati Reds (published by Putnam), Allen took some satisfaction in pointing out that the Reds re-formed in 1882, initially as a member of the American Association, the same year that Worcester's days as a major league franchise, as well as their influence, came to an end.

The Worcester team was dropped from the league shortly before the end of the 1882 season, as Worcester was seen as too small to support major league sport; the team was encouraged to finish out its schedule as a lame duck team. Their last two games of the season against the Troy Trojans (also expelled from the NL for the same reasons) drew only 6 and 25 fans respectively; the attendance of six is a record low attendance for all league games open to spectators.

Needing an eighth team to balance the schedule, the National League granted an expansion franchise to Philadelphia, known as the Philadelphia Quakers. This team would evolve into the Philadelphia Phillies (a name used interchangeably with Quakers until 1890). Many sources, including the Phillies themselves, suggest that the Worcester club was moved to Philadelphia; however, only Worcester's former NL spot was moved. All available evidence suggests there is no direct link between the two teams. Most significantly, no players from the 1882 Worcester club ended up with the 1883 Phillies.

Notable alumni

 * Lip Pike, four-time Major League Baseball home run champion
 * Lee Richmond, first player to throw a perfect game

title: Worcester Worcesters


text:
Kiyotsugu Hirayama

Kiyotsugu Hirayama (平山 清次) was a Japanese astronomer, best known for his discovery that many asteroid orbits were more similar to one another than chance would allow, leading to the concept of asteroid families, now called "Hirayama families" in his honour.

Biography
Hirayama studied astronomy at Imperial University of Tokyo and graduated in 1897. He taught astronomy in the engineering school of the General Staff Office of the Japanese Army between 1897 and 1901. In 1906 he became Assistant Professor of Astronomy at Tokyo Imperial University; in 1919 he became a Professor. From 1906 to 1907 Hirayama was a member of the Committee that determined the latitude border at Sakhalin after the Russo–Japanese War. In 1911 he received a doctoral degree "with several papers about latitude variation". Hirayama started working on asteroids in 1905; in 1918 he published papers "Researches on the distribution of the mean motions of the asteroids" and "Groups of asteroids probably of common origin", and, later "Families of asteroids" (1922) and "Note on an explanation of the gaps of the asteroidal orbits" (1928). In 1935 he published his main work, Asteroid.

The crater Hirayama on the Moon is jointly named after him and Shin Hirayama. The asteroid 1999 Hirayama is named in his honour.

title: Kiyotsugu Hirayama


text:
Shin Hirayama

Shin Hirayama (平山 信), also read as Makoto Hirayama, was the first Japanese astronomer to discover an asteroid. In 1900 he discovered 498 Tokio and 727 Nipponia. The crater Hirayama on the Moon is jointly named after him and Kiyotsugu Hirayama.

Biography
Shin Hirayama in Edo (now Tokyo) in 1867 as the second son of a former guard of the Shogun. He was a disciple of astronomer and mathematician Hisashi Terao, and finished the course of astronomy at Tokyo Imperial University in 1890. After graduating, he was sent by to England by the Japanese government to help further his studies into astronomy. He worked on astronomical spectroscopy at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. Several months later, he went to Potsdam, Germany where he stayed for about three years. He also attended lectures in Berlin and Leipzig during his stay in the country. During this time, he also published a paper on various diffraction patterns.

When he came back to Japan in 1895, he started work as a professor of astronomy at Tokyo Imperial University where he taught practical astronomy, stellar astronomy, orbit determination, and geodesy. He later became the director of the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory in 1919.

In March of 1900, Shin Hirayama discovered the 498 Tokio and 727 Nipponia, however as he was not able to determine their orbits he is not recognized as having discovered them. He was still granted naming rights over the Tokio asteroid. He also suggested "Nippon", as a name for 727 Nipponia, and its discoverer Adam Massinger named the minor planet "Nipponia" — a Latin feminized form of the word "Nippon" — in his honor.

title: Shin Hirayama


text:
Barbara McDougall

Barbara Jean McDougall (born November 12, 1937) is a former Canadian politician. She served as a Member of Parliament from 1984 to 1993, and as Secretary of State for External Affairs from 1991 to 1993. She did not run again in the 1993 Canadian federal election which saw the incumbent Progressive Conservative government reduced to two seats in the House of Commons.

In 2000 she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Government and political experience
McDougall served as a member of parliament from St. Paul's (Toronto) for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1984 to 1993. At the Cabinet table she was a vocal proponent of free choice for women in the abortion debate. She based her opposition to Senate reform partly on the fact that this institution is responsible for the state of abortion law in Canada at present.

She held the following government posts:

McDougall has remained active in conservative political circles. She was a member of the Red Tory Council and supported auto-parts magnate Belinda Stronach's campaign to become leader of the new Conservative Party of Canada in winter 2004.

On January 14, 2005, McDougall participated in the Atlantic Storm pandemic preparedness exercise at the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC, playing the fictional role of Prime Minister of Canada. On December 18, 2006, it was announced that she would be appointed as a panelist on the Internal Trade Implementation Act for a period of five years.

Education
McDougall received a B.A. from the University of Toronto in political science and economics in 1963.

Other careers
McDougall has previously been an advisor for Toronto law firm Aird & Berlis LLP where she counsels clients on matters of international business development, corporate governance and government relations.

She is the chair of Global Panel America and a member of the Global Panel Foundation's worldwide supervisory board based in Berlin, Prague and Sydney. She has served as a Canadian representative to the Inter-American Dialogue in Washington, D.C., and The International Crisis Group in Brussels, Belgium.

A Scotiabank director from 1999 to 2008, she sat on the Audit and Conduct Review Committee and the Human Resources Committee. She had previously served as Chair of the Conduct Review/Pension Committee.

McDougall was on the board of Stelco Inc. and the Independent Order of Foresters. She is a director of Unique Solutions Design Ltd.

She has worked as a business reporter for the Vancouver Sun, an analyst for Odlum Brown and at brokerage firm A.E. Ames, where she became the company's first female vice president.

From October 2004 to March 2010 McDougall served on the Board of Directors of Imperial Tobacco Canada, the Canadian subsidiary of British American Tobacco. In that capacity she chaired the Corporate Social Responsibility Committee of Imperial Tobacco Canada.

Controversial position at IDRC
In December 2007 McDougall was appointed chair of the board of Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Liberal MP Carolyn Bennett criticized her appointment as Chair of IDRC because of the conflict of interest it created between her role as director of a tobacco company and chair of an agency funding tobacco control efforts. The press release announcing her appointment did not mention her ongoing directorship of Imperial Tobacco. It is also omitted from her bio on the IDRC website. As a result of this serious conflict of interest, a major tobacco control coordination meeting in Africa funded by IDRC was boycotted by its participants and the Gates Foundation pulled US$5 million of tobacco control funding from IDRC in April 2010.

Archives
There is a Barbara McDougall fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Barbara McDougall


text:
List of TNA X Division Champions

The TNA X Division Championship is a professional wrestling championship owned by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) professional wrestling promotion. The title was created and debuted on June 19, 2002, at the taping of TNA's second weekly pay-per-view (PPV) event. Title reigns are determined either by professional wrestling matches between wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines, or by scripted circumstances. Wrestlers are portrayed as either villains or heroes as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches for the championship. Title changes that happen on episodes of TNA's primary television program, TNA Impact!, air on television two to nine days from the date the match was taped. Changes that happened on weekly PPV events aired either during a live broadcast or aired on taped delay up to seven days apart. The inaugural champion was A.J. Styles, who defeated Low Ki, Jerry Lynn, and Psicosis in a Four Way Double Elimination match on June 19, 2002 at the taping of TNA's second weekly PPV event, which aired on June 26, 2002. Chris Sabin currently holds the record for the most reigns, with ten. At 301 days, Austin Aries' first reign is the longest in the title's history. At less than one day, Eric Young's only reign, Rockstar Spud's second reign, and Sabin's sixth reign are the shortest in the title's history. Overall, there have been 103 reigns shared among 52 wrestlers, with 13 vacancies.

Combined reigns
As of July 29, 2024.

title: List of TNA X Division Champions


text:
J00

J00 may refer to:
 * HMS Bangor (J00), a 1940 British Royal Navy minesweeper

and also:
 * You, often written as joo or j00 in Leet
 * J00: Acute nasopharyngitis (common cold or rhinitis) ICD-10 code

title: J00


text:
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is an abnormality of the platelets. It is an extremely rare coagulopathy (bleeding disorder due to a blood abnormality), in which the platelets contain defective or low levels of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GpIIb/IIIa), which is a receptor for fibrinogen. As a result, no fibrinogen bridging of platelets to other platelets can occur, and the bleeding time is significantly prolonged.

Signs and symptoms
Characteristically, there is increased mucosal bleeding:
 * heavy menstrual bleeding
 * easy bruising
 * nosebleeds
 * Bleeding from the gums
 * gastrointestinal bleeding
 * postpartum bleeding
 * increased postoperative bleeding.

The bleeding tendency is variable but may be severe. Bleeding into the joints, particularly spontaneous bleeds, are very rare, in contrast to the hemophilias. Platelet numbers and morphology are normal. Platelet aggregation is normal with ristocetin, but impaired with other agonists such as ADP, thrombin, collagen, or epinephrine.

Cause
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia can be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner or acquired as an autoimmune disorder.

The bleeding tendency in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is variable, some individuals having minimal bruising, while others have frequent, severe, potentially fatal hemorrhages. Moreover, platelet αIIbβ3 levels correlate poorly with hemorrhagic severity, as virtually undetectable αIIbβ3 levels can correlate with negligible bleeding symptoms, and 10%–15% levels can correlate with severe bleeding. Unidentified factors other than the platelet defect itself may have important roles.

Pathophysiology
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is associated with abnormal integrin αIIbβ3, formerly known as glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GpIIb/IIIa), which is an integrin aggregation receptor on platelets. This receptor is activated when the platelet is stimulated by ADP, epinephrine, collagen, or thrombin. GpIIb/IIIa is essential to blood coagulation since the activated receptor has the ability to bind fibrinogen (as well as von Willebrand factor, fibronectin, and vitronectin), which is required for fibrinogen-dependent platelet-platelet interaction (aggregation). Understanding of the role of GpIIb/IIIa in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia led to the development of GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors, a class of powerful antiplatelet agents.

Diagnosis
Light transmission aggregometry is widely accepted as the gold standard diagnostic tool for assessing platelet function, and a result of absent aggregation with any agonist except ristocetin is highly specific for Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Following is a table comparing its result with other platelet aggregation disorders:

Treatment
Therapy involves both preventive measures and treatment of specific bleeding episodes.
 * Dental hygiene lessens gingival bleeding
 * Avoidance of antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, and anticoagulants
 * Iron or folate supplementation may be necessary if excessive or prolonged bleeding has caused anemia
 * Hepatitis B vaccine
 * Antifibrinolytic drugs such as tranexamic acid or ε-aminocaproic acid (Amicar)
 * Desmopressin (DDAVP) does not normalize the bleeding time in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia but anecdotally improves hemostasis
 * Hormonal contraceptives to control excessive menstrual bleeding
 * Topical agents such as gelfoam, fibrin sealants, polyethylene glycol polymers, custom dental splints
 * Platelet transfusions (only if bleeding is severe; risk of platelet alloimmunization)
 * Recombinant factor VIIa, AryoSeven or NovoSeven FDA approved this drug for the treatment of the disease in July 2014.
 * Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for severe recurrent hemorrhages

Eponym
It is named after Eduard Glanzmann (1887–1959), the Swiss pediatrician who originally described it.

History
The subsequent studies, following Eduard Glanzmann's description of hemorrhagic symptoms and "weak platelets", demonstrated that these patients have prolonged bleeding times and their platelets failed to aggregate in response to activation. In the mid-1970s, Nurden and Caen and Phillips and colleagues discovered that thrombasthenic platelets are deficient in integrins αIIbβ3.

title: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia


text:
Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds

Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds was a 20 acre site in Worcester, Massachusetts, in the 19th century. The grounds are mainly known for having hosted the Worcester Worcesters, a professional baseball team of the National League from 1880 to 1882. As a major-league ballpark, the site is usually referred to as Agricultural County Fair Grounds or Worcester Driving Park.

Location
The site was bounded by Highland Street (north), Sever Street (east), Cedar Street or William Street (south – sources vary), and Agricultural (later Russell) Street (west). The grounds were just east of the large public park called Elm Park. Today, the former fairgrounds property contains a grid of streets, and many homes and businesses, including the now closed Becker College.

History
The Fairgrounds were home to an agricultural fair and to a horse trotting track, usually called the Driving Park. "Driving" was a commonly used synonym for trotting, long before the term came to be associated primarily with the not-yet-invented automobile. The Driving Park opened in May 1872, and hosted baseball by August of that year. Horse racing at the grounds took place as late as July 1894, but appears to have ceased after that time due to local officials disallowing "pool-selling" (gambling) on races.

Professional baseball
Driving Park hosted some professional baseball games prior to Worcester acquiring its own franchise. These included an exhibition between the National Association (NA) pennant winner Boston Red Stockings and runner-up Philadelphia Whites, played on October 30, 1873, after the end of the season—Boston prevailed, 15–9, before a crowd of 2,000. A regular-season NA contest was held at Driving Park on October 30, 1874, between Boston and the Hartford Dark Blues. Hartford won, 17–11, in front of a crowd of 500.

The Worcester Worcesters competed in 1879 in a later National Association (unrelated to the earlier NA), then for three seasons, 1880 to 1882, in the major-league National League (NL). On June 12, 1880, Worcester pitcher Lee Richmond threw the first perfect game in major-league history. There is a granite post commemorating the perfect game on the former Becker College campus. The park was also the site of the first, true major league doubleheader. For the price of a single game, Worcester fans saw two games against the Providence Grays on September 25, 1882.

The last game for the local major-league club was played on September 29, 1882, with Troy defeating Worcester, 10–7. But it was not the last major-league game in Worcester; five years later, on August 17, 1887, the fairgrounds hosted an NL game between Washington and Boston. The contest—to make up a previously postponed game in the District of Columbia—was played in Worcester at the recommendation of Washington manager John Gaffney, who had grown up in Worcester. Boston won, 6–5.

title: Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds


text:
User talk:Bringa

Hello, old buddy old pal, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 01:23, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Post-black metal
I removed the prod tag. Just so you know, though, you can contest a prod by removing the tag and explaining why on the talk page. --Woohookitty(meow) 06:45, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey no problem. :) Yeah, users only have a problem with it if prod tags are removed with no explanation. If you explain it in the edit summary or on the talk page, you shouldn't have a problem. If you do, tell me. :) --Woohookitty(meow) 10:28, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Undeletion request
Sure, I can make the deleted text (article and talk page) available for you to work on. It will be available at User:Bringa/Post-black metal and User talk:Bringa/Post-black metal in a few minutes. Please note my standard Undeletion warning: ''Note that using the text to recreate the deleted content is speedyable, and using it to keep it hanging around in your userspace has gotten editors penalized before. But that's your problem.'' You can work on this article while it's in your userspace to try and improve the article to address the concerns of the delete voters. If they still deem the content as deletion-worthy, they may get your userfied article deleted. --Deathphoenix ʕ 19:57, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. --Deathphoenix ʕ 20:02, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * One of the problems is that there is no hard-and-fast rule. Basically, it's too long when someone says it's too long. However, I think your article is safe as long as you make it known that you are still in the process of improving the article (such as by looking for references). You'll be given some leeway, but I wouldn't leave the article to ferment in your userspace for TOO long. --Deathphoenix ʕ 20:18, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Find some magazine references touting its importance and describing the scene, and you will have an article that resists deletion. Rintrah 05:16, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Concerning the above: I decided not to bother after all. Better ways to spend a lot of time etc ;) --Daniel Klein (talk) 21:51, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

RE: Deletion of Zero Hour
The article was deleted as a result of a proposed deletion. Please review that policy, and also not the reason it was deleted which was "Group fails WP:MUSIC guidelines". The article can be restored on request, as the proposed deletion policy allows for, however, I'd invite you to work on the issues that caused the article to be deleted, which was a lack of an assertion of notability per the music notability guidelines. - Rjd0060 (talk) 18:52, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Replying on my talk page is fine. I can restore the article if you wish; just ask :-).  You are more then welcome to work on it at that point. - Rjd0060 (talk) 19:49, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I've restored the article, as per your request. All I can suggest is that you review WP:MUSIC and ensure that the article meets the guidelines explained there. - Rjd0060 (talk) 02:58, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Technical Metal
Decided to keep some notes here on why Technical Metal should be an article on WP. First the text I posted in the talk page of the administrator who deleted the article in the first place:

 * among the fans of progressive metal, it is a very clearly understood term, denoting a specific group of bands. If you tell someone who is also knowledgeable in progressive metal that you like technical metal, they would assume that you like Spiral Architect, for instance, but they would not assume that the term includes most other progressive metal bands.
 * there are bands that cannot be put into any other genre. Here's a short list off the top of my head of bands that can be classified as Technical Metal and as nothing else:
 * Spiral Architect
 * Watchtower
 * Spastic Ink
 * Twisted into Form
 * Zero Hour
 * Blotted Science
 * Wikipedia agrees that there is such a thing as Technical Death Metal. Technical Metal is very similar to that genre, only that the brutality of Death Metal is absent. Technical Death Metal, as a name, was formed out of Technical Metal and Death Metal.

 * A number of factors make it difficult to understand that this genre exists for people from outside of the confines of Progressive Metal fandom.
 * It is a very, very small genre. It is by far the most demanding genre for a musician to play in, and many of the performers are actually having medical complications from the strain the genre puts on them (Ron Jarzombek and Troy Tipton are two examples of Technical Metal instrumentalists who had to undergo repeated surgeries to their arms/hands).
 * It is an extreme version of progressive metal, and very often when you go to an extreme along one potential axis (technicality), there is a temptation to go to an extreme along another axis (brutality). Hence there are many more technical death metal bands than technical metal bands.
 * It is not entirely inaccurate to call, for instance, Spiral Architect a progressive metal band. I would compare it to calling Dream Theater a Heavy Metal band. Surely they are that, but if you call DT heavy metal instead of progressive metal you leave out a good chunk of information that tells the audience not to expect something like Manowar or Iron Maiden. Thus with calling Spiral Architect Progressive Metal. It is not inaccurate, but it fails to differentiate them from very different bands such as Symphony X or Shadow Gallery, and the difference between those and Spiral Architect is at least as big as the difference between Manowar and Dream Theater.
 * This niche being as small as it is, you will not find many commercial publications dedicated to it. I am not aware of any print magazine devoted to Progressive Metal, for instance. Thus it will be hard to find any sources dedicated to Technical Metal. That the genre is very small should not get in the way of a Wikipedia article; after all, a WP article exists for Government simulation game under video game genres, and there seem to be fewer government simulation games than technical metal bands.

Next, a number of links:

This page calls it alternatively "Progressive Technical Metal" and "Technical Progressive Metal" and lumps a lot of bands in there that clearly don't belong in the category, like Pain of Salvation or Rage. However, it does have a few bands that are clearly Technical Metal: Spiral Architect, for instance, or Power of Omens.

The bands tagged "Technical Metal" on last.fm include a lot of Technical Death Metal. An argument could be made that the bands I consider Technical Metal are those that do NOT also have the death metal tag. All of my bands appear in that list.

Amazon's Technical Metal tag list has a lot of false positives again, as expected, but if we look at this and the other lists and exclude everything that's missing from one of the lists, we're approaching a very good group of bands. For instance, Zero Hour is on all these lists, while a lot of nonsense appears only on one list.

Foxytunes defines tech metal, whatever the hell foxytunes is. A very stub-like list with not much in it, but the definition isn't half bad.

Wapedia article on tech metal throws a lot of stuff in again. I'd argue that only the thing they call "Progressive Technical Metal" is what I consider Technical Metal.

ProgArchives's list of technical metal bands. Again, lots of false positives since they lob a lot of stuff like technical death and avant-garde metal in the same category, but if we find enough big lists we should be able to show that certain bands show up on all of those lists.

Here's the guy who runs LASERCD calling Zero Hour technical metal. LaserCD is, of course, the number one mailorder for all things progressive metal.

LaserCD catalogue entry for Spiral Architect genre: Technical Metal

LaserCD catalogue entry for Twisted into Form genre: Technical Metal

Similar entries for: Canvas Solaris, Blotted Science, Behold... the Arctopus, and Spastic Ink (in the prose).

Okay, last let's assemble a list of bands that are clearly Technical Metal and nothing else, starting with the list I gave above.

 * Spiral Architect
 * Watchtower
 * Spastic Ink
 * Twisted into Form
 * Zero Hour
 * Blotted Science
 * Liquid Tension Experiment ??
 * Power of Omens
 * Sleep Terror ?? (this one is close to tech death, but since there's no singing an argument could be made it's just tech metal)
 * Behold... the Arctopus -- once more an argument could be made that this is instrumental tech death, but I would call that tech metal.
 * Canvas Solaris
 * Dysrhythmia
 * Anomaly (Netherlands)
 * Scale the Summit

You Made Me Laugh...
...by doing this. Thanks for watching the page. -- Altiris   Helios   Exeunt  11:27, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I know, but I still like your edit summary. -- Altiris   Helios   Exeunt  12:32, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bringa


text:
Talk:Lawrence Kohlberg

Psychology or Philosophy?
Why is this article categorized under so many "philosopher" categories when he is a psychologist? --mporch 19:32, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * He specialized in the psychology of ethics; and ethics is considered a part of philosophy. JRSpriggs (talk) 06:42, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Feminism
So no one is going to mention angry feminists?

Feminists, such as Carol Gilligan, presented what is an essentially an archaic argument that women reason differently about moral situations in that they perceive morality in terms of nurturing/caring and self-sacrifice while men, in accordance to Kohlberg's theories, see such issues as matters of justice and equality. However, it can also be argued that these supposedly 'feminine' values represent a decidedly more Stage 5 level of moral reasoning. Values such as justice are more universal, and abstract, and better represent true moral reasoning, not merely the masculine perspective on morality.

Nope. Issues of justice, fairness, equality, are secondary in morality to actual felt consequences on the quality of life of feeling being (Def. c/o Carl F Oguss, student of Kohlberg and Gilligan). The theory which came to be called "The Principle of Preference" takes these consequences into consideration and lends itself to a structural developmental theory, though one has not yet been offered except in the conference papers and short articles of it's author. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Goodease (talk • contribs) 08:33, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Questionable claims removed
I have removed two statements from the part on moral development, because I thought they are inaccurate. Please contact me on my talk page, and/or put the sentences back, if you think I'm wrong.

 * In fact, one cannot even comprehend the reasoning of a stage higher than the one immediately above the present stage.

I do no think this is correct, and I cannot find this claim in my textbooks on psychology. I expect that a typical adult on the pre-conventional or conventional level will be able to understand the idea of universal ethical principles.

 * In fact, higher level reasoning is 'cognitively attractive' because it makes more sense and resolves more conflicts.

Again, I cannot find support of these claims in secondary sources. According to material that I have read, Kohlberg's explanation of moral growth is that moral development occurs when people discover the limitations of their current way of reasoning. So, he does not say that moral development is the result of comparisons of the amount of conflicts that can be resolved using the various stages. Sietse 07:14, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I agree, many people can understand universal ethical but until they live through it and have to make decisions on that level they are not really in that level. Avenged Evanfold 00:46, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Excuse me, but the above two observations come directly from Kohlberg's research findings as reported and retested many times. The stages are cognitive-developmental stages and as such have a cognitive component that becomes increasingly complex in its understanding as the person develops---exactly the same as with pure cognitive stages: higher stage dilemmas require a level of pattern recognition and lower stage thinkers may not yet possess. And if you doubt the second point on the motivation towards higher stages just above our own, please tell me what you think Kohlberg or any of us thought back in the 1980s about this. You seem to want to measure what is true by some review of the literature, but you can't have looked carefully and you NEVER found a research based differing opinion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.235.34.169 (talk) 14:50, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Life versus Work
I have re-written the article. It is once again about the life of Lawrence Kohlberg, instead of his work (which has separate pages, see Kohlberg's stages of moral development). Also gone are the criticisms, as it is about his life and not other peoples. Drop me a line if you're thinking it should be something else, I'm going to sort of 'adopt' this article. JoeSmack (talk) 22:48, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Merge
This page appears to have been forked at Biographical study of Lawrence Kohlberg. May be worth merging. Stifle 23:44, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

His works
This page does not have much information about his works. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.211.222.76 (talk • contribs)

 * Yep - when I wrote out most of this I kept that in mind; in his stages of moral development article the work is quite extensive, but also mentions little of Kohlberg's biography. You'll find the converse here, purposefully. JoeSmack Talk 08:33, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 14:33, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Why "Jewish"? in very first line
Was his religion/ethnicity vital to his work? I would not say so. As far as I know, he did not make anything of it himself. I noted in some earlier versions of this page, "Jewish" does not appear. I am not clear who added it or why. Tradescantia (talk) 03:09, 23 December 2011 (UTC)tradescantia

Response: I believe it mentions that he is Jewish because this article is not about his work. It is about him, as a person. And it is in the first line, because that is about his birth, his parents, where, when, and yes, what religious experience he was born into. Shoe (talk) 03:21, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lawrence Kohlberg. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152005/http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/html/kohlberg.htm to http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/html/kohlberg.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:34, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

Missing Photo
How come this famous and successfull man lacks any profile photo on his lemma page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.1.13.169 (talk) 20:36, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

When was his body found?
I've been snooping around to try and find out when Lawrence Kohlberg's body was found, based on a couple of news articles I have read it seems it was found on April the 6th 7th or 8th, but I can't find anything definitive, and I can't find if one of the already sourced articles mentions it because the one about his death is behind a paywall, this is strange to me, can anybody with 30$ throw that away to find out? Or maybe a university student. Caucasianhamburger (talk) 12:50, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Management
— Assignment last updated by Ssims11 (talk) 03:04, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lawrence Kohlberg


text:
Harutaro Murakami

Harutaro Murakami (村上 春太郎) (1872–1947) was a Japanese physicist and astronomer. He is the father of the astronomer Tadayoshi Murakami (1907–1985). The crater Murakami on the Moon is named after him.

title: Harutaro Murakami


text:
Ambazonia

Ambazonia, alternatively the Federal Republic of Ambazonia or State of Ambazonia, is a political entity proclaimed by Anglophone separatists who are seeking independence from Cameroon. The separatists claim that Ambazonia should consist of the Northwest Region and Southwest Region of Cameroon. Since 2017, Ambazonian rebels have engaged in armed conflict with the Cameroonian military, in what is known as the Anglophone Crisis, attempted to set up a government-in-exile and supportive militias have exerted control over some remote regions of the claimed territory. No country has recognized Ambazonia's existence as of 2024.

Until 1961, the territory of these regions was the southern part of a British trust territory, British Cameroon while the rest of Cameroon was a French trust territory, French Cameroon. At independence, a plebiscite was held, and voters in Southern Cameroons opted to join Cameroon as a constituent state of a federal republic. Over time, the power of the central government, dominated by Francophones, expanded at the expense of the region's autonomy. Many inhabitants identify as Anglophones and resent what they perceive as discrimination and efforts to eliminate Anglophone legal, administrative, educational, and cultural institutions by the Cameroonian government.

In 2016 and 2017, a widespread protest movement was met with a violent government crackdown, which led to rioting and violence against security forces and, in 2017, a unilateral declaration of independence by Ambazonian leaders. The violence developed into a guerrilla war, and, clashes continue, with population centers and strategic locations largely controlled by the government engaged in counterinsurgency actions, with swathes of more remote, rural areas controlled by separatist militias and used to launch guerrilla attacks. Ambazonian forces have struggled to form a united front, and internecine conflicts have hampered efforts to negotiate with Cameroon or establish control over the various militia groups engaged in the fighting. Ongoing violence has led to widely reported human rights abuses by both sides, including indiscriminate killing of civilians, torture, rape and other gender-based crimes, unjustified detentions, and kidnappings.

Etymology and terminology
The term "Ambazonia" is derived from the word Ambozes, the local name for the bay at the mouth of the Wouri river, known in English as Ambas Bay. The name was coined by Fon Gorji Dinka in 1984 as part of a campaign for the restoration of autonomy and preservation of Anglophone institutions in the region.

The term Ambazonia is more usually associated with the separatist or independence-seeking faction, while the Cameroonian government and other official sources, such as the UN, continue to refer to the "Northwest Region" and "Southwest Region" (or sometimes the "NoSo" regions), the official names of the two administrative provinces since 1972. As an alternative to "Ambazonia", separatists have also used "Ambaland". Other sources may also refer to "Southern Cameroons", "Anglophone Cameroon" or "Cameroon's Anglophone regions".

To refer to the French-speaking parts of Cameroon, Ambazonian separatists have used the term "la République" and more derogatory descriptors like "banana republic" or "colonial Cameroun". "Banana republic" is used as a criticism of the Cameroonian institutions, whereas "colonial Cameroun" is used to criticize the Francophone dominance. The Ambazonian activists call the war zone of the Anglophone Crisis "Ground Zero", a reference to the destruction caused by the civil war.

Colonial contest in the region
The area around the mouth of the Wouri River is where the English language was permanently established for the first time in Southern Cameroons, when missionary Alfred Saker founded a settlement of freed slaves by Ambas Bay in 1858, which was later renamed Victoria (present-day Limbe). In 1884, the area became the British Ambas Bay Protectorate, with Victoria as its capital. Britain ceded the area to the German territory of Kamerun in 1887. Germany had some trouble establishing control over the hinterlands of Victoria, and fought the Bafut Wars against local fondoms until 1907.

Following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, Kamerun was divided between a French and a British League of Nations Mandate. The French mandate was known as Cameroun, and comprised most of the former German territory. The British mandate was an elongated strip of land along the border of Colonial Nigeria, consisting of Northern Cameroons and Southern Cameroons, including the historical Ambas Bay Protectorate. This territory was organized as British Cameroons.

The British administered the territories through indirect rule, allowing native authorities to administer the population according to their own traditions. In 1953, the Southern Cameroons delegation at a conference in London asked for a separate region. The British agreed, and Southern Cameroons became an autonomous region with its capital still at Buea. Elections were held in 1954 and the parliament met on 1 October 1954, with E. M. L. Endeley as Premier.

1961 referendum
The United Nations organised a plebiscite in the region on 11 February 1961 which put two alternatives to the people: union with Nigeria or union with Cameroon. The third option, independence, was opposed by the British representative to the UN Trusteeship Council, Sir Andrew Cohen, and as a result was not listed. In the plebiscite, 60% of voters in the Northern Cameroons voted for union with Nigeria, while 70% of voters in the Southern Cameroons opted for union with Cameroon. The results owed partly to a fear of domination by much larger Nigeria. Endeley was defeated in elections on 1 February 1959 by John Ngu Foncha.

Southern Cameroons federated with Cameroon on 1 October 1961 as "West Cameroon", with its own prime minister. However, the English-speaking peoples of the Southern Cameroons did not believe that they were fairly treated by the 80% majority French-speaking government of the country. Then-president Ahmadou Ahidjo feared that Southern Cameroons would secede from the union, taking its natural resources with it. Following a French Cameroon unilateral referendum on 20 May 1972, a new constitution was adopted in Cameroon which replaced the federal state with a unitary state, and also gave more power to the president. Southern Cameroons lost its autonomous status and became the Northwest Region and the Southwest Region of the Republic of Cameroon. Pro-independence groups claimed that this violated the constitution, as the majority of deputies from West Cameroon had not consented to legitimize the constitutional changes. They argued that Southern Cameroons had effectively been annexed by Cameroon. Shortly afterwards, French Cameroun's political leadership changed the constitution again, appointed French-speaking Paul Biya as Prime Minister and successor to Ahmadou Ahidjo.

In a memorandum dated 20 March 1985, Anglophone lawyer and President of the Cameroon Bar Association Fongum Gorji Dinka wrote that the Cameroonian government led by Paul Biya was unconstitutional and announced the former Southern Cameroons should become independent as the Republic of Ambazonia. Dinka was incarcerated the following January without trial. Three years later, he escaped to Nigeria.

Southern Cameroons National Council
In 1993, representatives of Anglophone groups convened the first All Anglophone Conference (AAC1) in Buea. The conference issued the "Buea Declaration", which called for constitutional amendments to restore the 1961 federation. This was followed by the second All Anglophone Conference (AAC2) in Bamenda in 1994. This conference issued the "Bamenda Declaration", which stated that if the federal state was not restored within a reasonable time, Southern Cameroons would declare its independence. The AAC was renamed the Southern Cameroons Peoples Conference (SCPC), and later the Southern Cameroons Peoples Organisation (SCAPO), with the Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC) as the executive governing body. Younger activists formed the Southern Cameroons Youth League (SCYL) in Buea on 28 May 1995. The SCNC sent a delegation, led by John Foncha, to the United Nations, which was received on 1 June 1995 and presented a petition against the 'annexation' of the Southern Cameroons by French Cameroon. This was followed by a signature referendum the same year, which the organisers claim produced a 99% vote in favour of independence with 315,000 people voting.

SCNC activities were routinely disrupted by police. On 23 March 1997, about ten people were killed in a raid on a gendarme camp in Bamenda. The police arrested between 200 and 300 people, mostly SCNC supporters, but also members of the Social Democratic Front, an opposition party with significant support in the Anglophone regions. In the subsequent trials, Amnesty International and the SCNC found substantive evidence of admissions through torture and force. The raid and trial resulted in a shutdown of SCNC activities. In response to this, in April 1998 a small faction elected Esoka Ndoki Mukete, a high-ranking member of the Social Democratic Front, as the new chair of the SCNC. In October 1999, when many of the accused were found guilty in the 1997 trial, the faction led by Mukete became more assertive. On 1 October 1999, militants took over Radio Buea to proclaim the independence of Southern Cameroons, but failed to do so before security forces intervened. The leadership and many members of the SCNC were subsequently arrested. After clashes with the police, the SCNC was officially declared illegal by the Cameroonian authorities in 2001. In 2006, a faction of SCNC once again declared the independence of Ambazonia.

Protests and civil war in Cameroon
In November 2016, a number of large protests and strikes were organized, initially by Anglophone lawyers, students, and teachers focused on the growing marginalization of English and Anglophone institutions in the law and education. Several demonstrations were violently dispersed by security forces, leading to clashes between demonstrators and police in which several people were killed. Violence by both sides undermined negotiations in early 2017, which fell apart without an agreement. The violence led to additional demonstrations, general strikes (called "lockdowns"), and further crackdowns by the government into early 2017, including the banning of civil society organizations, cutting off phone and internet connections from January to April, and arrests of demonstrators. Although the government established a Commission to focus on Anglophone grievances and took steps to address issues of language equity in courts and schools, continued distrust and harsh responses to protests prevented significant deescalation.

By late 2017, with dialogue efforts moribund and violence continuing on both sides, the leading Ambazonian nationalist movements organized the umbrella organization Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front (SCACUF). SCACUF unilaterally declared the region's independence as Ambazonia on October 1, the anniversary of Southern Cameroons' independence from the United Kingdom. SCACUF sought to transition itself into an interim government with its leader, Sisiku Ayuk Tabe Julius, as interim president. At least 17 people were killed in protests following the declaration of independence, while fourteen Cameroonian troops were killed in attacks claimed by the Ambazonia Defence Forces. The Cameroonian government stated that the declaration had no legal weight and on November 30, 2017, the President of Cameroon signaled a harder line on separatist attacks on police and soldiers. A massive military deployment accompanied by curfews and forced evacuations of entire villages. This temporarily ended hopes for continued dialogue and kicked off full-fledged guerilla war in Southern Cameroons. Several different armed factions have emerged such as the Red Dragons, Tigers, ARA, Seven Kata, ABL, with varying levels of coordination with and loyalty to Ambazonian political leaders. In practice, pro-independence militias operate largely autonomously from political leaders, who are mostly in exile.

On 5 January 2018, members of the Ambazonia Interim Government in exile in Abuja, Nigeria, including President Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe, were arrested and deported to Cameroon into the custody of government forces to face criminal charges. On 4 February 2018, it was announced that US-based preacher Dr. Samuel Ikome Sako would become the Interim President of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia, temporarily succeeding Ayuk Tabe. However, despite receiving a life sentence on terrorism charges from a Cameroon court, on 2 May 2019, Ayuk Tabe declared from prison the dissolution of Sako's caretaker cabinet and the restoration of his own cabinet. Sako resisted, leading to the 2019 Ambazonian leadership crisis.

As the violence intensified, international efforts to resolve the crisis picked up. On 13 May 2019, the United Nations Security Council had an informal meeting to discuss the Anglophone Crisis. Peace talks mediated by the Swiss government have fallen apart multiple times, primarily due to factional divisions and lack of actual control over militias by separatist leaders making even preliminary steps difficult.

The war has been characterized by guerilla attacks by separatist militias against both security forces and against civilians suspected of collaboration or simply failing to abide militia's declared school and election boycotts or "lockdowns" which prevent all travel and activity. Many militias have sought to enforce a total school strike since 2017 due to concerns over the lack of Anglophone teachers and curriculum. Teachers and students have been kidnapped and killed and many schools and school materials burned while many children have had no schooling since the crisis began. Others have alleged that some militias have engaged in ransom attacks against civilians to fund their continued activities. Meanwhile, government forces have torched entire villages suspected of harboring separatists, disappeared and executed civilians without due process, and tortured detainees. Reports of indiscriminate killings, torture, rape and other gender-based violence by both sides have been widely reported. The governments of the United States and Germany have expressed concern over the human rights violations and scaled back or cancelled military cooperation with Cameroon over reported abuses. France, the UK as well as the European Parliament have also expressed concern and pushed for negotiations between the parties to resolve the crisis.

Interim government and exile groups
The separatists assert that Ambazonia is legally governed by the "Interim Government of Ambazonia", as a provisional government in exile. In course of the insurgency, however, this government-in-exile splintered several times, resulting in infighting and several factions claiming to be the legitimate leadership of Ambazonia. This infighting hampered the coordination among the rebels as well as negotiations between separatists and the Cameroonian government.

Despite the Interim Government's internal disputes, its members and other exile activists have maintained some influence over the separatist militias operating in Cameroon itself. For instance, separatist exiles have organized fundraising campaigns which included the introduction of their own cryptocurrency, the AmbaCoin; the resulting money is then used to buy weaponry for the militias on the ground. The commanders of some militias also operate from exile.

In order to provide the separatist movement with some cohesion and strengthen the idea of an Ambazonian nation state, exile activists have also set up a variety of other organizations to support the Interim Government. These include the "Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front" (SCACUF), the "Southern Cameroon Broadcasting Corporation" (SCBC) to spread propaganda, and a "Southern Cameroon Ambazonia Education Board" (SCAEB) to enforce a new curriculum in schools in the rebel areas. Currently, a proposal by members of the Ambazonia Interim Government in exile states that the Federal Republic of Ambazonia would be a federation made up of three autonomous states (however, within the proposed constitution in 'Article 1, Section 1.a' this number may be subject to change).

Media
Ambazonian separatists have a major presence in the Internet, and effectively use social media to spread their ideas. In the early phase of the Anglophone Crisis, the "Ambazonian Broadcasting Co-operation" (formed by exiles) was a major channel to distribute propaganda and misinformation in Cameroon to incite Anglophones into siding with the rebels. Over the course of the insurgency, Ambazonian insurgents have also framed their struggle in religious terms to gain support.

Rebel groups
The separatist insurgents involved in the Anglophone Crisis consider themselves loyal to Ambazonia and use the Ambazonian national symbols, but they are split into dozens of often competing militias of changing political allegiances. The militia commanders have been described as "warlords" by researchers. The armed separatists are locally called "Amba Boys". The militias generally vary in size, ranging from small groups to alliances with hundreds of members. The rebel militias are mainly recruited from Anglophone youths who have either lost family members to Cameroonian security forces or believe that they have no future on the labour market of a Francophone Cameroon. Militias are also known to conscript people, including children, into their ranks. Some rebels have also kidnapped girls to serve as sex slaves.

Many guerilla groups have joined the Ambazonia Self-Defence Council (ASC) under the Interim Government. Major non-ASC groups include the Ambazonia Defence Forces (ADF) and the Southern Cameroons Defence Forces (SOCADEF), which both cooperate with the ASC on some level. There are also dozens of smaller militias. The insurgent groups differ considerably in their aims and methods, though they generally enjoy some level of grassroots support among the rural population. However, civilian support suffered over the rebellion's course, as a growing number of locals became dissatisfied with the separatists' conduct, rebel infighting, and the conflict's extended duration. Most rebel groups engage to some level in criminal activities such as kidnapping for ransom and illegally taxing the local cocoa industry to sustain themselves.

A significant number of rebels also use religion to justify their operations. Protective magic and charms (odeshi) are important to many insurgents, but "de-contextualised Biblical and Koranic verses" are also used in propaganda videos. Rebel leaders such as General No Pity have publicly suggested that they enjoy mythical and religious protection to enhance their reputation.

Language
Ambazonians generally use the Cameroonian English dialect. However, separatist forces have also developed a unique slang in the context of the insurgency. For instance, rebels call their camps "churches", conveying deeper spiritual meaning to these important places where insurgents can organize and hide. Researcher Roderick Lando also speculated that the term "church" was connected the rebels conducting rituals invoking protective magic at their camps. Similarly, some rebels refer to their guns as "bibles" and their attacks as "crusades", whereas others use the terms "sugarcane" or "stick" for weapons and "groundnuts" for cartridges. Lando argued that the usage of more sacrosanct terms by only some rebel factions may had resulted from the internal disagreements within the separatist movement. In contrast, the term "frying popcorn" for combat situations is very common among rebels. When rebels state that they "wasted" an individual, they describe an assassination. Traitors are termed "blacklegs". Those who had suffered amputations, often as a result of torture by rebel militias, are described as "short-sleeved", while the act of cutting off someone's fingers is termed "garri".

title: Ambazonia