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Talk:Hawaii/Archive 2

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Hawaii history
Marshman and folks, I've added the controversial part of Hawaii's history up front in graf two, and it is unusual. However, given the rest of the top of the page, which talks about US statehood, state flag, US census, etc., it is not unreasonable to at least highlight the anomalous way it became part of the United States. Congress apologized for the illegal overthrow of the government, so this is not a fringe separatist statement. Fuzheado 01:23, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Read History of Hawaii (Facts from elsewhere are noted as they appear.):
 * The apology was for
 * The unauthorized actions of two agents of US government, both of whom were punished. (One at least lost his post living at gov't expense in an tropical island paradise, and presumably had the rest of his career blighted by the fact; the other had his career abruptly terminated.) And for
 * The actions of private citizens living abroad. Embarassing, yes, but what is the meaning of apologizing about it? "Mr. Heado, my third cousin shouldn't have busted your nose, and stomped you when you hit the ground, breaking a third of your ribs and bruising internal organs! Please accept my sincerest apology."
 * (Not in that article, but in WP:) "What's that kind of apology mean?" Glad you asked: There is roughly one US Senator for every 3 million people in the US. There is one US Senator from HI for every 600,000 HIans.  When a bunch of HIans are nurturing an ancient resentment, as a rule of thumb, it's 20 times more effective, in terms of influence in the Senate, to kiss their a_es until they're soda-cracker white, than to expend the same effort on the same number of Californians.  Especially when it doesn't cost anything.
 * There was already an apology at the time, by the commission and by the Pres., for that. Cleveland said the damage should be repaired.  Well, all the king's horses can't repair things like that, and it's naive to assume that McKinley's imperialistic outlook necessarily made any difference.  I'd prefer if Cleveland had gotten a chance to try, but it could easily have had to be a futile exercise of going thru the motions.  (Unless you think US should have invaded to remove Dole?)
 * No one has apologized for US govt taking control of HI 5 years later. (Rest of this graph not from article.) It may already have been, by the time the US started taking action on HI, a moral necessity for the US to take responsibility, by whatever means were politically feasible, for the fate of HI in a very dangerous world. (A world, e.g., in which the cuddly-helmeted German Empire was the colonial power in Micronesia.  Of course the US could have let the Kaiser provide HI another monarch, instead of forcing a territorial legislature and delegates in the US House of Reps on them.)  Now, i absolutely agree with what i expect you think but haven't bothered mentioning, that there'd be lots of satisfaction and a certain amount of justice in expropriating from the Dole family and their pineapple-company stockholders, but there was no way for that to take place, so it didn't.
 * (This graph not from article.) You speak of the "anomalous way it became part of the United States." I don't know if you are ignorant, or just intellectually dishonest for the sake of your pet resentment. I haven't looked at all at the article Filibuster (settler), but if it's a decent article, you'll see that HI is more a typical history than it is an exception.  Read about the Republic of Texas, the success story of a filibuster revolution fought to prevent the emancipation of slaves.  (Again, Americans, not US government.) I can't be sure whether it's the private citizens or gov't action that you resent, but in most other states you'll find plenty of political sins, and a lot more sins of genocide than in HI, committed by private citizens and gov't officials.  Not to mention treatment of countries to the south, even tho they, like HI & TX, had internationally recognized gov'ts. What you propose for HI logically requires every US state article have a second 'graph, before its history, of breast-beating.  And something else: i'm looking forward to repeating this process (of laying the counterpoint that will have to go into your 'graph to achieve NPoV) for the Norman Conquest, the genocide against the Neanderthals, the consolidation of China, the expansion and contraction of the Ottoman Empire, the sack of Carthage....what fun!

--Jerzy 03:51, 2004 Feb 14 (UTC)

 * I agree with Jerzy and object to what seems to be a pet peave of Fuzheado: Why would you (Fuzheado) have such an interest in putting this one aspect of history — hardly unique in the world — as some kind of badge for the Hawai'i State site to wear? It is part of our history, and it is not being denied; but it is not a lesson, just a reality. Every State in the Union, every province in Canada, every state in Mexico, every state in every country of Central and South America, has a similar story to be told.  To start each  article with that story is childish. I do not see that kind of effort being made on the Hong Kong page where the history is in the history section. If the behaviour of the Chinese, Brits, and Hong Kong chinese in the politics of that colony is so exemplary, then put THAT lesson right up there in the Hong Kong introduction. Blow your own horn.  Here, you are just pushing a POV that you really know little about. - Marshman 06:31, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

In my work today on the history section, my concern was to fix the three new links, which by virtue of redirects pointed to only one other page. An important element of my solution was adding subsections to the history section, so that the reader has a clear pointer to History of Hawai'i, where the dynasties are documented in detail.

As to the Sandwich Islands link, it is hard to imagine that topic ever deserving a page separate from the three names (currently two pages) linked by the new dab Hawai'i. If i simply lack imagination, there's no harm and some benefit in waiting until someone proves me wrong by turning that redir into an article.
 * I agree, there need not be such a link. I think it was just bolded, last time I looked? Anyway, no explain is needed for dropping links that really do not go anywhere. When they actual;ly do go somewhere, they can be reinstated. I frequently edit out mopst red links in arrticles that I copy edit. - Marshman 05:09, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I made an entry here, tho, mainly not to make minor changes, that the summary allowed to little space to comment on, without making comment that others might see as needed. I reverted some 'okinas in "Hawai'i'", according to the following, which i find consistent with previous discussion that i can't at the moment locate:
 * 1) Hawaii is the name of the state, and pending demonstration to the contrary should IMO be assumed to have been the official name applied by the US government ever since it took charge.
 * 2) Hawai'i is the Hawaiian name of the islands, and was thus the name applied by its rulers during independence.  It does not interfere with understanding, and has found advocates among monolingual English speakers (who are so numerous compared to HIan speakers that the ignorance typical among them does not permit ignoring them), so even tho it's not typical English, Hawai'i is a pretty good name for the Kingdom, and the islands of that and earlier periods.
 * 3) The islands as a place or region, not as a unit of government, could arguably fit under either spelling.  I ensured the article had "Hawaii" rather than "Hawai'i" in the few cases where i thought geography was the subject, reasoning that even tho each has its justification, "Hawai'i" is far from standard English still, and the present looms much larger in people's minds than the period when "Hawai'i" case was at its strongest.

 * This is obviously a tough one. While I agree, Hawaii/Hawai'i in the name of any private entity is to be rendered however that entity really does it, I do not agree that Hawai'i is the old name and Hawaii is the modern name as you seem to be suggesting. Hawai'i is the way it is spelled in Hawai'i, including by the State government. It is interesting to note in this regard that USGS maps, since the mid-1990's, use local spellings for place names, including O'ahu; but not yet Hawai'i for the state. USGS web sites are starting to use Hawai'i for the place. I think it is clear from here (mainland ignorance aside) that "Hawai'i" is becoming the "English" spelling of both the place and the state. The fact that Hawai'i is a U.S. state and not a nation state seems beside the point (the respect of using the correct name seems less problematical to Wikipedians for nation states - check out Kiribati which is Gilberts in "English"). If Detroit officially decided it wanted to be called "Motown" in all official and non-official dealings with the rest of the U.S., it might take an act of Congress for the feds to accomplish the changeover, but the rest of us should probably go with the language as used by the people who live there and make the decisions and not the "official" federal government position (Wikipedia is fortunately independent of the U.S. government). To do otherwise is really simply to be conservative in the semse of "being behind the times". Your Point #3 seems particularly in error. Hawai'i is certainly the geographic place (not Hawaii), if not the official U.S. government spelling. My own position is to use Hawai'i simply 1) for consistency, 2) respect of the people of that place, and 3) as advancing cultural education. There may be cases where "Hawaii" is more appropriate (was it Republic of Hawaii or Republic of Hawai'i?) and these can be decided as persons with the historical knowledge weigh in. - Marshman 05:46, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

My newspapers (Honolulu Star Bulletin and Honolulu Advertiser) are English language papers (100%)—they use Hawai‘i. This is not a Hawaiian language vs English issue. Hawai‘i is the official spelling of the State according to state law. Also followed by the Counties. The USGS is converting its maps over to use Hawaiian spellings of place names, and federal websites are presently a mix of both spellings. Clearly the trend within the US is to use "Hawai‘i" and not "Hawaii". You can be ignorant of this issue and change things back to Hawaii for all kinds of reasons. We have kept the article name Hawaii to help out the search engines, but quite frankly I'm thinking now it is probably time to change that to Hawai'i, which would work just fine. In one, or two, or ten years, "Hawaii" will be just plain wrong. I suppose the Wikipedia trolls will, by then, just move on to other hassles - Marshman 17:02, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Who are you calling a "Wikipedia troll" here? "Hawaii" will be just plain wrong the moment the name is officially changed, which as of yet it hasn't been. The informal use of Hawai‘i notwithstanding, the constitution still speaks of the "State of Hawaii", and I don't see an ‘okina on the state seal either. Gzornenplatz 17:43, Jul 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Not you, You've not been a "problem" long enough to earn that vaulted status. 8^) Like I've said, you will find both spellings in all sorts of places. There are lots of reasons for that. Given that fact, it is difficult to declare either way as the "wrong" way. I'm trying to make the point that Wikipedia is not a place where we wait for this or that government agency to declare something "official"; we look at the facts and try to be progressive and act accordingly. Does the US constitution include British spellings for words? If not, does that make "colour" and "groyne" wrong? The idea that there is one way to say or spell something that is "Wikipedia correct" is an argument that both has no merit and is dragged out by persons who really know little about a subject they are involved with. For example, there is no "rule" that spelling on a page must match the article spelling.  Hawai‘i is accepted by the "authorities" I listed above (and many more). The trend in English is to utilize local spellings of place names (check out Tabuaeran—in English, Fanning Island—which is not an "ancient" Gilbertese (now Kiribati) word for the place; the E Kiribati knew nothing of the place before the 20th Century).  I am saying Hawai‘i is the name of that place tourists, mainlanders, and others that have never really been there think of as "Hawaii". Why should not Wikipedia be a place of learning instead of a place that steadfastly promotes old ideas? Using Hawai‘i is not some radical idea that departs from the norm. It is the norm (well almost) or certainly will become the norm at some point in the not too distant future. - Marshman 20:18, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * No, we try to be neutral, not progressive - we don't predict what may be in 10 years, we reflect the facts as they are at present and make changes as they occur in the real world. In this case, this would have to be an official act of changing the name of the state, just as, for example, "Porto Rico" was renamed "Puerto Rico" exactly on May 17, 1932. Even if "Puerto Rico" was used informally before, it was not the official name until that date, and the same goes for "Hawai‘i". Of course, regardless of the legal status, it would also be acceptable for us to use Hawai‘i if most English speakers would use it, but that is not (yet) the case. I'm not sure what point you're trying to make with the U.S. constitution, but "colour" is OK here because this is the English Wikipedia, not a U.S. Wikipedia, so both British and American English are acceptable. And if there's no explicit rule that article spelling should match the title, then that's because it's self-evident. The only exception to this rule is if the proper spelling involves special characters that cannot be used in the title for technical reasons. That's true for the ‘okina, but it could still be approximated by an apostrophe. If we were to use Hawai‘i consistently within the article, we should move the article itself to Hawai'i (on my screen the two characters look exactly the same anyway at the standard font size). Gzornenplatz 21:27, Jul 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * On that latter point, I would agree and Hawai'i does work as an article name. I just do not see a requirement that the article name and the subsequent usage of the word match, as long as there is an explanation up front. I'm unsure what the neutral position is here. Clearly, it is one requiring mention of both forms. The problem, as I see it, is that although Hawaii is the most common (if numbers are being counted) form used by English speakers, commoness should not be a criterion for place names (indeed, is not, as many examples show).  British and English are accomodated despite the fact that only American is correct if number of speakers is the basis for a determination. Those Wikipedians living in or familiar with Hawai‘i, will continue to see Hawaii as just plain incorrect, although there are many instances where "Hawaii" is, even as a place name, just as correct as Hawai‘i. If Jerzy is going to raise this to a POV issue, then the only neutral position seems to be this: "Hawaii (Hawai‘i) - Marshman 21:50, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Language
Why is this article using the Hawaiian language name? Marshman pointed me to talk, but the earlier discussion does not explain this. On the contrary, Marshman himself said: "The fact is, that place names ARE in English up to a point for countries, states, large cities; but after that, local names prevail. That seems like the only reasonable and intelligent treatment for English Wikipedia. I'm not interested in having Hawai'i treated any differently." Is Hawaii not a state then? Gzornenplatz 16:52, Jul 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hawai‘ is a very unique state, but you must have missed most of the discussion (easy to do, the page is getting rather long) - actually, looking up above, I see you did read it all ! - Marshman 20:18, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I have given this some thought, and I have a compromise. The truth of the matter, both "Hawaii" and "Hawai‘i" are official names of the political entity, since one is supposedly English and the other is supposedly Hawaiian. As a political name in English it is Hawaii. In every other case, unless specifically otherwise, it is Hawai‘i. Even English-language Honolulu newspapers prefer the ‘okina in the spelling at all times. It is also a common pronunciation used even in English for the entire region, homestead, way of life, etc. in general. As such, it is not anachronistic nor is it Hawaiian-only. As a political entity in English only, it is Hawaii. It is also U.S.S. Hawaii and Hawaii Five-O, and other similar situations where the spelling is a brand. But in all other cases, Hawai‘i is preferred, even while speaking English. This has been my experience in all my days spent in Hawai‘i, having been born there and visited approximately one hundred times (and not for tourism, mind you). And to be truthful, I don't have a whole lot of respect for outsiders trying to enforce a haole Washington, D.C. political standard on the name in all English language situations. - Gilgamesh 22:28, 15 July 2004 (UTC)
 * You have stated the situation correctly, and I do see you have compromised from your previously stated position. Thank you. I would point out, that there is the potential problem that many, many place names in Hawai‘i have the ‘okina in them (O‘ahu the next, after Hawai‘i, in terms of mainland vs "local" practice). In all cases of place names, I think the same arguments (from both sides) apply.  These are NOT just Hawaiian words, which should properly be put (in Wikipedia certainly) in italics with their correct spelling. But at some point, Jerzy's argument has to come down to this: it is the rule in Wikipedia to use only English words (no matter how old or anachronistic) throughout (British vs American variants excepted). If Hawai‘i is not the correct place name, then no local name is really correct.  Languages change; word usage changes. To sudenly come out of somewhere east of the Rockies and say: "You Hawaiians do not know proper English," is an insulting position to my mind. - Marshman 22:45, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

In terms of this language debate on Wikipedia of a so-called American-British English-only rule, Hawai‘i State Supreme Court Chief Justice William S. Richardson said it best, "The western concept of exclusivity is not universally applicable in Hawai'i." Just something to think about. --Gerald Farinas 00:26, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Now there are anonymous users picking through all the Hawaii State Judiciary and related articles, removing all uses of 'okina and kahako when the Hawaii State Judiciary itself uses the 'okina in its official name and all its documents. --Gerald Farinas 01:16, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Now THAT was an example of a Troll; or maybe a "WikiShark" would be more appropriate! This project attracts ALL kinds, some, unfortunately, just looking for trouble. Probably exactly how they go through life. - Marshman 02:42, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Introductory Paragraph
Instead of constantly changing the introductory paragraph endlessly, maybe it might be a good idea to propose introductory paragraphs here in the talk page so it could be discussed and explicated? Doing so might make it easier to strike a compromise and finally hammer out something we can all agree with. That's just my little suggestion if it means anything. Jerry

I also think someone else was onto something when he or she began the introductory paragraph, "Hawaii, also formally spelled by Hawaiian-language classicists as Hawai‘i with an ‘okina." Maybe we can refine that version and the one we have now by Marshman into something everyone can agree with? Jerry

 * I'm always for discussion on the talk page. Please make a suggestion. I put mine in the article with the note that others should inspect it and tweak toward "NPOV". I disagree with the one about "classicists" which is why I changed it—"formally" is reversed in that sentence (s/b "was formerly Hawaii, is now widely rendered as Hawai‘i"; just depends on what your reference time period is ) Maybe "was formerly Hawai‘i in Hawaiian, then was formerly and still US government regulations officially, Hawaii, but is now Hawai‘i within the State of Hawaii). I certainly do see a need to separate correctly who uses what form - Marshman 23:49, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Why does the introduction now mention "official British government spelling"? I don't think the British government has an official spelling for Hawaii. Gzornenplatz 17:34, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * If you know that, then remove. There seems to be some sort of argument here that all names must be in "official English" and that being what the governments of the US and Britain currently use (or codify). IMHO, it is BS, but I'm trying to get to exactly what argument(s) regarding "Hawaii" make real sense; I think there are some, but not included is: "most people think it is Hawaii not Hawai‘i" - Marshman 21:04, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not agree your change is "better". Also, I think there was a suggestion here that changes be proposed here, not on the article page - Marshman 21:43, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hawaii (in Hawaiian language spelled Hawai‘i, with an ‘okina) [Proposed by Gzornenplatz]
 * Correct, but falls short. Since "Hawai‘i" is also used in the English language, this statement is an oversimplification. - Marshman; suggested change to:

 * Hawaii—in Hawaiian language and increasingly used in that place, spelled Hawai‘i with an ‘okina—
 * I'm not 100% with this one, but indicates sense needed, as we are now starting with simpler version - Marshman
 * It's not used exclusively in that place. Maybe we can say that it is "increasingly" used there? Gzornenplatz 22:19, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thats even better. Maybe later linkng to a discussion that sumnmarizes the use, etc. I put it in our example and changed the punctuation - Marshman

To pardon the rarely used (by me) and thoughtfully-applied expletive, this is just bullshit. How is the English as spoken in Hawai‘i considered "wrong" because it doesn't match the English of Chicago or Oxford? It has some differences of convention. And if Hawai‘'s local English-speaking population and local state government all prefer "Hawai‘i" with an ‘okina, then who are we to argue with them? This is an area of nuance that should and must be respected. "Hawaii" is a political entity. "Hawai‘i" is a place, and the preferred spelling among the local English-speaking population as well as government institutions. You should notice that I even changed some references of "Hawai‘i" to "Hawaii" when it applied specifically to the state entity as a subdivision of the United States, and to official names of publications that specifically lack the ‘okina. However, I used "Hawai‘i" when applied not only to the place and culture in general, but also to the specific use of the ‘okina when mandated in official names of publications, as well as its preferential use in the state government as applied to the state's internal government and affairs. Language is an organic thing; it doesn't exist as a single monolithic international bloc. Regional languages evolve, they adopt their own conventions, and they even dialectualize, and this is perfectly normal, and well-cherished thing in Hawai‘i. As just another of the U.S. states, it is "Hawaii". But as its own animal, it is "Hawai‘i", and it matters that Hawaiians themselves prefer it that way. It doesn't matter what the norm is in the U.S. Midwest or in southern England. Hawai‘i is an exception to these rules, and it well deserves its exception. - Gilgamesh 06:45, 21 July 2004 (UTC)

 * I do think the wording of the intro line we arrived at previously (see above) is generally better, because I do not know what "official" means, and your language arguement above says we should not be too concerned about what official means. Use of Hawaii (Hawai‘i) is made necessary because this site is regularly vandalized by uniformed troublemakers that want it all one way, no matter how incorrect. - Marshman 07:04, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting, I haven't seen any uniformed troublemakers vandalizing this page. I think using "Hawaii (Hawai‘i)" all the time is no good style. I don't know of any other article where an alternative name is repeated like that. Gzornenplatz 07:21, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not saying that the official form is unimportant. I'm saying that, in terms of local Hawaiian convention (on both state and general public levels), it is irrelevant.  I have never known anyone living in Hawai‘i to intentionally use "Hawaii" except when intentionally reflecting the official name, or when tourism and advertising are involved.  Even for the publications that use "Hawaii" in the title, "Hawai‘i" is used in the article texts.  Using "Hawaii" for the U.S. political entity and certain names, and using "Hawai‘i" for general reference and other certain names, is perfectly NPOV.  It is actually quite POV to impose entirely one form or entirely the other form on every mention.  I recommend you spend at least a month in Hawai‘i, and not in Waikīkī, or at a nipply tourist resort, or on the golf course.  Actually be there, and not just go there.  Then the truth becomes evident.  In fact...maybe there should be a section of this article addressing "Hawaii" and "Hawai‘i" naming conventions and their distinctions, as well as some of the passionate political issues involved.  Then, following that, we can respectfully retain "Hawaii" for certain specific uses, and "Hawai‘i" for others. - Gilgamesh 07:33, 21 July 2004 (UTC)

 * But local Hawaiian convention is not really relevant here. This is not the Hawaiian but the English Wikipedia, where the common English usage matters. And the U.S. political entity is exactly what this article is about ("general reference" in this article accordingly is to the state). That's why the title is Hawaii and (with Marshman's agreement) the intro begins with Hawaii, with the other version is parentheses. It only follows then that Hawaii should also be generally used in the rest of the article, with a few possible exceptions. It is particularly inconsistent to have articles like Constitution of Hawaii, and then create pipe links. If the ‘okina were correct here, the article itself should be moved to Constitution of Hawai'i; but as it isn't correct (the constitution plainly speaks of the "State of Hawaii"), the Hawaii article should not speak of the "Constitution of Hawai‘i" either. Gzornenplatz 08:08, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * And Hawai‘i is English. It is the name of the place, and increasingly the official name as well. When you say "this is an English Wikipedia" all you are saying to me is that this is a mainland haole encyclopedia. And mainland haoles don't use Hawai‘i. Well I don't use "colour" and I don't use "groyne" and lots of other "bad" spellings that turn out to be - gosh, English also! Well look at that, there is more than one "English". I do prefer the settled upon first line, but for the article there is no way to come up with a consistent approach to spelling something that is, in truth, spelled two ways so widely. - Marshman 08:34, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * This reminds me so much of the arguments against split infinitives, final prepositions, and the word "ain't", even though such features have been in English for centuries. The blanket imposition of "Hawaii" is an artificial linguistic constrait against a practice that has existed for as long as English has been spoken in Hawai‘i, and continues to exist in all levels of society.  Marshman is quite correct; there is British English, American English, Canadian English, Australian English, Hawaiian English, as well as perfectly valid subpolitical divisions like Scottish English, Bostonian English, and yes, even Hawaiian English.  They are all the same language, but are entitled to their local differences, none of which are "wrong" simply for being different from one of several documented standards that exist for the English language.  Even in the most American of dictionaries, you can still find words like "colour", "manoeuvre" and "kerb" listed as valid alternates, sometimes labeled with comments like "chiefly British", etc.  But "chiefly" does not mean "only", and Wikipedia has no rules against "colour", nor the mixing of "color" and "colour" in the same articles. - Gilgamesh 09:05, 21 July 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it has. The Manual of Style says: "Each article should have uniform spelling and not a haphazard mix of different spellings (it can be jarring to the reader)." Gzornenplatz 15:30, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Not a practical rule; nor jarring to anyone of average or better intelligence. Not practical and not "jarring" because an "article" is not a fixed unit around here. This is a hypertext document, a fact that I'm afraid many "developers" simply do not understand. Articles are not read as units, then the page turned. That "rule" is outdated (and has been for about 20 years). - Marshman 16:56, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I would rather hope that the developers here understand that this is a hypertext document. Regardless of that, an article here is still very much a unit, and it should be readable even with all hyperlinks removed. There is a print version in planning, after all. And no print enyclopaedia would have a haphazard mix of different spellings within the same article. So why should it be any different here? Gzornenplatz 19:52, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

Because "color" and "colour" is not a very charged political issue. "Hawaii" and "Hawai‘i" is. There should be a balance between the two, as they are now essentially different words for how they are used. If I absolutely had to choose between one entity or the other, I would choose "Hawai‘i", because "Hawaii" is rarely ever used in Hawai‘i. This is a serious political issue; please show some sensitivity and adhere to the naming conventions agreed both in Hawai‘i and in its government. Consider the same distinctions used today between terms like "Israel" and "Palestine", and between "America" and "the United States of America", and between "Great Britain" and "United Kingdom". It's the same distinction. And so long as the distinction in this situation is laid to waste, there will always be someone disputing the page, and the dispute will never go away. Do you honestly want this article to go to print with such a dispute still in place? This simply will not go away, because it represents a huge social gap that we must acknowledge, not ignore. It would be in extremely poor taste to be insensitive to it. Balancing the different viewpoints to find a middle path is the essence of NPOV. - Gilgamesh 00:53, 22 July 2004 (UTC)

 * The naming conventions of the government is that the official name is Hawaii, even if they use the other version informally. If they want to see it used in encyclopaedias, they should officially change the name (and the state seal etc.). The reason that I want to use Hawaii here (and why all other major encyclopaedias do so) is not a lack of sensitivity, but a desire for accuracy. This is, indeed, similar to your example of "America" - which is a very informal and unencyclopaedic term for the United States of America, one you will not find used much in that sense in any encyclopaedia. The proper short form is United States, or U.S. And "Great Britain" is quite distinct from the "United Kingdom": the former is an island and the latter is the country comprising that island plus Northern Ireland. Israel and Palestine are different things too. There is no such distinction between Hawaii and Hawai‘i. The state is Hawaii, and if you want to make a distinction between the political and geographic entity, then the latter would be properly called Hawaiian Islands. Gzornenplatz 02:41, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

I'd say Gzornenplatz is one of the "editors" (better term than my "developer") having trouble grasping what a hypertext document really means, as evidenced by bringing up something (IMHO) as irrelevant as "a printed version". Is he saying now we have to consider all the ramifications of Wikipedia as a "printed version"? Heaven help us. Why even bother with an online version if we are to be constrained by all the things that constrain a "printed version". Maybe we should just edit by sending emails to some typist. Or maybe we could mail those in. I have to say, after reviewing all the arguments being brought up against Hawai‘i, that it is hard not to conclude he is just screwing with us. I'm waiting for the "Gotch-ya!" ;^) - Marshman 02:10, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The print version was just a side note. Quite regardless of that, an article should be readable without the reader having to follow any link, and I'm sure many people do just that - they read articles from top to bottom, as they would do in a print encyclopaedia (which also may have cross-references, it's just easier to follow the links in a hypertext document, but not fundamentally different). Given that, the argument remains that the spelling should not be a haphazard mix within an article. I don't know what the significance of your whole point about the hypertext is. Gzornenplatz 02:41, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Then I propose yet another compromise - "Hawai‘i" remain, but "Hawaii" be changed to "State of Hawaii" in every case except where it is part of a proper title to begin with. - Gilgamesh 02:59, 23 July 2004 (UTC)

 * Why "State of Hawaii"? That would be like repeating the full form "United States of America" in the United States article. Gzornenplatz 03:14, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Because "State of Hawaii" would reflect the U.S. congressional spelling that is rarely ever used in Hawai‘i as a place. It would emphasize that "Hawaii" and "Hawai‘i" are separate words. - Gilgamesh 03:19, 23 July 2004 (UTC)

 * What exactly is "Hawai‘i as a place"? A place is either a political or geographical entity. The article is about the first - the state - and in the second sense Hawai‘i wouldn't be correct either. It is only appropriate in historic contexts or as part of the proper names of certain institutions. Gzornenplatz 03:36, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * In this case it is both a political and a geosocial entity. The second name is perfectly appropriate for how it is applied.  Changing every reference to "Hawaii" would then become an misstatement, and a deep offense and laying waste to a lasting political issue.  Is "Hawaii" only as the name of the state and as used in the names of certain (largely haole) publications, whether they be newspapers, magazines, television shows or movies.  In Hawai‘i, it is extremely improper (not mention offensive) to intentionally eliminate the ‘okina.  I should remind you that even the state government uses "Hawai‘i" in all its internal politics.  These very political distinctions must be respected; they are not "confusing", they are apt, and they must stay or the page will become a misstatement and NPOV challenge and remain so. - Gilgamesh 03:49, 23 July 2004 (UTC)

 * You know that you are accusing all major encyclopaedias and tons of other publications of publishing misstatements and being POV in that matter then. I don't see it that way, but I realize that I will not convince you. Maybe we should list the matter on Requests for comment? Gzornenplatz 04:26, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps requests for comment will help. And I do think most encyclopaedias are wrong because they are closed haole corporate committees with unaccountable decision making processes, usually with a political or national agenda. Wikipedia is different; it's open to comment. - Gilgamesh 04:34, 23 July 2004 (UTC)

From the image on the Hawaii State Supreme Court and Hawaii State Judiciary articles, the official government seal actually has the words State of Hawai'i (with the okina) emblazoned prominently. --Keevan Daley 15:11, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That's just the judiciary seal. The actual state seal (see image on Hawaii) does not have the ‘okina. Gzornenplatz 15:37, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * You still cannot ignore it. - Gilgamesh 23:25, 23 July 2004 (UTC)

Ilikea
Out of fairness to everyone who can contribute to make the Wikipedia Hawaii article right, please do not erase the contribution of another person. I thought this was a site where people could edit and contribute, and not a place where one person could monopolize an article, putting only what he wants in. I took time to put in the demographics of many of Hawaii's ethnic groups. I happened to work with the State of Hawaii DBEDT on the 2000 Census. How unfair and unjust for someone to erase all the other ethnic groups and mainly focus on Japan and the Japanese. It is Hawaii after all and the Native Hawaiians at least deserve to have their percentage separated from a lump sum percentage of Pacific Islanders. The Chinese happened to come next after the Europeans, and became a significant part of the Native Hawaiian population. Also, how fitting to totally exclude "Caucasians" as if they are not really a part of Hawaii and its history. Do not act like a racist by denying the right of all ethnic groups to be represented equally. Anyone looking at the Hawaii Article site would get the false impression that Hawaii is not Hawaiian but Asian and that Caucasians are not a part of Hawaiian history. I am angered that this is still happening. To give a false impression of what Hawaii really is. I live in Hawaii. I know the history and the many peoples that make it so special. Do not deny others the chance to contribute the facts. It does not state that the Hawaii Article site belongs to Gerald Farinas. After I thank you for all of your hard work and effort, you go and erase all of my contribution. This is Hawaii, where many ethnicities and cultures have lived and contributed. Please stop with the denial of all peoples. Ilikea

 * Hehe. (Sorry for the chuckle.) Of all the people on Wikipedia to call racist... Gerald? I've known him on Wikipedia for the past couple months or so and he's never come across as anything other than nice. Must be a misunderstanding of sorts going on here.  You're probably talking about the List of Famous People from Hawaii. If you check out the archived talk pages that was just created, there's a reason why specific people were moved from the list of names on the main page: lesser known notables, links to names without articles, others. However, there is a prominent link on the main page to a complete list of famous people from Hawaii. --Keevan Daley 23:52, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Looking at the list, I don't see the racial centricity I thought you had alluded to—there's a good mix from all the major backgrounds represented in Hawaii on the front. I'm very sure that the movements that were made did not reflect some sort of racist conspiracy on anyone's part. I remember moving a few names from the list too because some people just weren't notable enough or didn't have articles on them yet—for neatness mostly. All in all, I do think a clarification should be made to new Wikipedians about whatever concensus was made on the list of famous islanders. -Jamie

 * By the way Ilikea, an article exists at Victoria Kaiulani but none exists at the link you made to Victoria Ka‘iulani Cleghorn. If you click on the link you made, notice there's no article there.  Its best to link to the titles that have been made for actual articles in existence.  (Another question -- Did the deletion of the 'okina and Cleghorn from the link that you made make you think racism was involved in the edit?) -Jamie

title: Talk:Hawaii/Archive 2


text: User talk:24.173.150.18

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.173.150.18


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/St Bernards Behavioral Health

Well. The title is wrongly un-apostrophized, so even if it stays it'll have to move. This is an article about a very small hospital, and whilst I don't have any objection in principle to articles about hospitals, it does seem rather like an advertisement. Deb 22:13, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The homepage is at http://www.sbbh.com/, where one learns that it's a private non-profit hospital (in spite of the dot-com?) with a total of 3 doctors working for it and very few Google hits.  I would not be opposed to adding it (and the external link) to some list of hospitals, though.  --Ardonik 05:25, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for notability. (There are tons of non-profits that grabbed .com because of its popularity or because they took their hosting from an ISP, so that's not a flag to me.)  Geogre 13:37, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:4.156.237.28

title: User talk:4.156.237.28


text:
9K34 Strela-3

The 9K34 Strela-3 (9К34 «Стрела-3», 'arrow', NATO reporting name: SA-14 Gremlin) is a man-portable air defense missile system (MANPADS) developed in the Soviet Union as a response to the poor performance of the earlier 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) system. The missile was largely based on the earlier Strela 2, and thus development proceeded rapidly. The new weapon was accepted into service in the Soviet Army in January 1974.

Description
The most significant change over the Strela 2 was the introduction of an all-new infra-red homing seeker head. The new seeker worked on FM modulation (con-scan) principle, which is less vulnerable to jamming and decoy flares than the earlier AM (spin-scan) seekers, which were easily fooled by flares and even the most primitive infrared jammers. The new seeker also introduced detector element cooling in the form of a pressurized nitrogen bottle attached to the launcher.

The effect of cooling was to expand the seeker's lead sulphide detector element's sensitivity range to longer wavelengths (slightly over 4 μm as opposed to 2.8 μm of uncooled PbS elements). In practice this made possible the tracking of cooler targets over longer ranges, and enabled forward-hemisphere engagement of jets under favourable circumstances. The seeker also had better tracking rate, enabling the missile to track maneuvering of fast and approaching targets.

A negative side effect from the aforementioned improvements was increased missile weight, which caused a slight decrease in the kinematic performance of the original Strela-2 (SA-7). Against relatively slow, low-altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much improved.

Strela-3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries.

The original Strela-3 missile was the 9M36. The follow-on to the Strela-3 was Igla.

The naval version of this missile has the NATO reporting name of SA-N-8.

Iraq
On 22 November 2003 an Airbus A300 cargo plane was hit by a Strela-3 missile after takeoff from Baghdad International Airport, but managed to land safely despite losing hydraulic power.

On 6 May 2006, a British Westland Lynx AH.7 of the Royal Navy from 847 Squadron was shot down with a Strela-3 over Basra, killing five crewmen and crashing into a house.

Georgia
During the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993), a Russian Mi-8 helicopter was shot down by a Georgian Army SA-14 on December 14, 1992, resulting in the death of 3 crew and 58 passengers, most of them Russian refugees. A Georgian Air Force Su-25 was shot down over Nizhnaya Eshera on 4 July 1993 by SA-14, and several other aircraft on both sides may have been shot down by SA-14s.

Former Yugoslavia
A British Sea Harrier FRS1 of 801 Naval Air Squadron, operating from aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal (R07) on 16 April 1994, was shot down during its attack on two Republika Srpska T-55 tanks in Bosnia. The pilot, Lieutenant Nick Richardson, ejected and landed in territory controlled by friendly Bosnian Muslims.

DRC Congo
A Zimbabwe Air Force Il-76 was shot down by Congolese rebels using an SA-14 on 11 October 1998 during the Second Congo War, resulting in the death of 40 troops and crew.

Afghanistan
SA-14s used by the Northern Alliance are credited with having shot down 8 Taliban MiG-21 and Su-22 fighters during the Taliban's 2000 offensive against Taloqan.

Turkey
A SA-14 (9K34 Strela-3) MANPADS was found during Operation Claw (2019-2020) in June 2019 in the Hakurk region of northern Iraq belonging to the PKK.

Current

 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units
 * 🇷🇺 − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units

Non-state

 * Hezbollah
 * Kurdistan Workers' Party
 * Kurdistan Workers' Party
 * Kurdistan Workers' Party

Former

 * 🇧🇬 − Produced under license
 * – Never acquired to military service
 * Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 * 🇩🇪 − Former East German stock, used for training only
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 * 🇩🇪 − Former East German stock, used for training only
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard
 * – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard

Non-state former

 * Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
 * Jamiat-e Islami
 * Revolutionary United Front
 * UNITA – Captured from MPLA and Cuban forces in late 1987
 * UNITA – Captured from MPLA and Cuban forces in late 1987

title: 9K34 Strela-3


text:
Gordon Browning

Gordon Weaver Browning (November 22, 1889 – May 23, 1976) was an American politician who served as the 38th governor of Tennessee from 1937 to 1939, and again from 1949 to 1953. He also served six terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, from 1923 to 1935, and was Chancellor of Tennessee's Eighth Chancery District in the 1940s. As governor, he stabilized state finances, doubled the state's mileage of paved roads, and enacted legislation to curb voter fraud. His victory in the hard-fought 1948 gubernatorial campaign helped break the power of Memphis political boss E. H. Crump.

In the years following World War II, Browning served in the Allied occupational government in Germany, and was a civil affairs advisor on the staff of General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Early life
Browning was born near Atwood in Carroll County, Tennessee, the son of James and Melissa (Brooks) Browning. When he was still young, his parents moved to Milan, Tennessee, where his father served as a justice of the peace. He grew up in the historic Browning House. After graduating from Milan High School in 1908, Browning enrolled in Valparaiso University in Indiana, where he earned tuition money waiting tables. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science and a Bachelor of Pedagogy in 1913.

Browning taught school briefly before enrolling in the Cumberland School of Law in Lebanon, Tennessee. He graduated in 1915, and was admitted to the bar shortly afterward. In March 1915, he began practicing in the law office of George McCall in Huntingdon, Tennessee, in his native Carroll County.

In June 1917, after the U.S. entry into World War I, Browning enlisted in the Tennessee National Guard as a 2nd lieutenant in Company D of the First Tennessee Field Artillery. This unit was activated as the 114th Field Artillery of the 30th Infantry Division, under the command of General Lawrence Tyson. Browning was promoted to captain, and transferred to Company A. He fought with the unit in northern France, and was cited for gallantry.

After being discharged in 1919, Browning resumed practice of law in Huntingdon. In 1920, he ran for the 8th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, but lost to his former law school classmate, Lon Scott, by a 50% to 49% margin. He ran again in 1922, and was victorious. He represented this district for five consecutive terms (frequently running unopposed), and represented the 7th district for one term (1933–1935) following redistricting. During his final term in the House, Browning was one of the "managers" (prosecutors) in the impeachment hearings of California judge Harold Louderback.

In 1934, Browning sought the Democratic Party nomination for the U.S. Senate seat that had been vacated when Cordell Hull resigned to become Secretary of State. His chief opponent was Nathan L. Bachman, who had been temporarily appointed to the seat. Bachman had the support of Memphis political boss E. H. Crump, who was at the height of his power after the downfall of his rival, Luke Lea, and Browning struggled with voters in East Tennessee. He was defeated by Bachman, 166,293 votes to 121,169.

First gubernatorial term and World War II
In 1936, incumbent Governor Hill McAlister angered Crump by proposing a state sales tax, and did not seek reelection. Browning sought the party's nomination, his chief opponent being Campbell County school superintendent Burgin Dossett. Crump initially proclaimed neutrality, but when it became clear Browning could win with or without the Shelby County vote, he endorsed Browning. Browning coasted to victory in the primary, and defeated the Republican candidate, Pat Thach, 332,523 votes to 77,392 in the general election.

Browning had campaigned on cleaning up state government, getting the debt (which had skyrocketed to over $100 million by the time he took office) under control, and maintaining statewide prohibition (national prohibition had ended with the repeal of the 18th Amendment). In 1937, he signed the Debt Reorganization Act, which consolidated the state's debt, and enacted several taxes. Over the next 10 years, these efforts reduced the state's debt by 40%. He also created the Department of Conservation (now the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation), implemented the state portions of several federal programs aimed at providing Depression-era relief, and created a civil service merit system.

In April 1937, Senator Bachman (who had defeated Browning for the Senate seat in 1934) died in office. Browning engineered a plan that would have allowed him to take Bachman's seat, while helping Crump to defeat Kenneth McKellar for the other seat, and allowing Lewis S. Pope to become governor. The plan never materialized, however, as Crump refused to run against his longtime friend, McKellar. Furthermore, Browning had angered Crump by appointing several of Luke Lea's former associates to government positions, while ignoring Crump's requests for appointments. Browning appointed George L. Berry to finish Bachman's term.

In 1938, Prentice Cooper, with Crump's endorsement, challenged Browning for the party's nomination for governor. After learning that Crump had registered over 100,000 voters in Shelby County, Browning sought to replace the primary system with a "county unit" system, which would equalize votes by county, thereby reducing the influence of Shelby. The bill passed, but was declared unconstitutional by the Tennessee Supreme Court prior to the election. Browning also formed a commission to investigate voter fraud in Shelby County, and managed to have over 13,000 voters purged. His efforts fell short, however, and he was defeated by Cooper, 231,852 votes to 158,854.

Following his defeat in the primary, Browning returned to Huntingdon to practice law. In 1942, he was elected Chancellor of the Eighth Chancery District without opposition.

In the months following the U.S. entry into World War II, Browning consistently sought a commission in the U.S. Army, but was thwarted by political foes. He finally appealed directly to the Army's adjutant general in Washington, and was commissioned in 1943 with the rank of captain. He attended the School of Military Government in Charlottesville, Virginia, which trained military officers in matters related to governing occupied territories, and was eventually promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He initially served as deputy head of the Belgium-Luxembourg mission, which aimed to restore civilian government to these areas, and aided in the Allied victory at the Battle of the Bulge in early 1945. In September 1946, Browning was appointed commander of the military government in the Bremen enclave as part of the Allied Occupation of Germany.

Second gubernatorial term
Browning challenged incumbent Governor Jim Nance McCord for the nomination in 1946, though he was still in Europe and did not actively campaign. Though he lost, his 120,535 votes (to McCord's 187,119) showed he still had substantial support in Tennessee.

In 1948, Browning again sought the nomination against McCord. Realizing it would take a considerable effort to defeat the Crump machine, he teamed up with Congressman Estes Kefauver, who was challenging Crump's candidate, Tom Stewart, for one of the state's U.S. Senate seats. Crump ran attack ads against Browning and Kefauver, criticizing the former for issuing too many pardons as governor, and accusing the latter of being a communist sympathizer. Browning compared Crump to Adolf Hitler, and told stories about Crump sneaking through Memphis cemeteries at night to find names of dead people to add to voter lists. He also attacked McCord for implementing a 2% state sales tax (which Crump had reluctantly supported).

As the campaign heated up, Crump's hold on state politics appeared to be weakening. Congressman Al Gore, Sr., returned from Washington to canvass for Browning. Various voting blocks began turning against Crump, among them black voters in Memphis, who had grown tired of his control of the city. Returning veterans sympathized with Browning's military experience, while labor groups were angry with McCord for enacting a right-to-work law. On election day, Browning defeated McCord for the nomination, 231,852 votes to 158,854, and Kefauver defeated Stewart. It was the first defeat for a Crump-backed candidate in a major election in over two decades.

In the general election, Browning faced country music singer Roy Acuff. Republicans had added Acuff's name to their primary ballot as a publicity stunt to draw attention to the party, and he unexpectedly won the nomination. Though Acuff ran a serious campaign, Browning nevertheless won easily, 363,903 votes to 179,957.

During his second tenure as governor, Browning enacted several measures aimed at further weakening Crump and other political bosses, including laws requiring permanent voter registration, open election commission meetings, and metal ballot boxes in places where voting machines were not used. Browning signed legislation that partially eliminated the state's poll tax, which political bosses had used for decades to control votes. Along with election reforms, Browning also increased funding for rural schools and higher education, established a retirement system and minimum salaries for teachers, and expanded the state's system of paved roads from roughly 10000 mi to over 20000 mi.

In the 1950 governor's race, Browning beat back a primary challenge by Nashville attorney and state senator Clifford Allen, winning the nomination 267,855 votes to 208,634. For the first time since the Civil War, no Republican ran in the general election. Browning's only opponent was eccentric attorney John R. Neal, who was running as a third-party candidate. Browning defeated Neal, 184,437 votes to 51,757.

In 1952, rising politician Frank G. Clement challenged Browning for the party's nomination for governor. Clement derided Browning as "dishonest, indecent, and immoral," and criticized the state's purchase of an expensive office building in Nashville. Browning, nearly twice Clement's age, struggled to adapt to the new medium of television. He lost to Clement in the primary, 302,487 votes to 245,156.

Later life
Following his defeat in 1952, Browning returned to Huntingdon to practice law. He again challenged Clement for the party's nomination for governor in 1954, but was defeated by a large margin. He remained active in the Democratic Party, however, travelling frequently to attend party functions. He also operated a dairy farm and an insurance firm. He died on May 23, 1976, and was buried in Huntingdon's Oak Hill Cemetery.

Family and legacy
Browning married Ida Leach in 1920. They had no children.

The Gordon Browning Museum in McKenzie, Tennessee (in Carroll County) preserves documents and artifacts related Browning's life and career. The museum is located in the old McKenzie post office building. Dormitories on the campuses of Tennessee Tech and the University of Tennessee at Martin have been named in honor of Browning. The administration building on the campus of Austin Peay State University is named in Browning's honor.

title: Gordon Browning


text:
Doctor of Technology

The Doctor of Technology (abbreviated variously in different countries) is a degree normally conferred upon candidates after having completed a course of study in technology and a dissertation or a project of lengthy duration in a technologically related field. Like other doctorates, it is usually an academic degree at the highest level equivalent to a PhD.

While the details of the degree vary, a doctor of technology program usually enables graduates to obtain an advanced level of knowledge in specialist fields and aims to produce graduates capable of advancing knowledge within their industry. The degree focuses on developing practical solutions in the workplace, critical analysis, synthesis, and innovation.

As a substantive degree
In South Africa, the Doctor of Technology or Doctor Technologiae (DTech) is equivalent to other research doctorates at level 10 of the South African National Qualifications Framework. It is normally awarded by universities of technology and can be awarded in a wide variety of fields, not just technology.

In the United States, Purdue University offers the Doctor of Technology (DTech) as an equivalent to the Ph.D. through the Purdue Polytechnic Institute with the key differentiator being the DTech requires a dissertation focusing on applied/use-inspired research of direct relevance to professional practice. Additionally, the Doctor of Industrial Technology (D.I.T.) degree was recognized by the National Science Foundation (NSF) as equivalent to the PhD degree until 2008, when it was determined that it had moved to a more professional orientation and no longer met the NSF criteria for a research doctorate.

In Finland, the degree tekniikan tohtori (TkT) or teknologie doktor (Doctor of Science (Technology), D.Sc. (Tech.)) is comparable to a Finnish filosofian tohtori (Doctor of Philosophy).

In Sweden the situation is the same and the degrees are called teknologie doktor or teknisk doktor ("Tekn. Dr." or "Tek. Dr.") and are translated to PhD in English.

The same can be stated for Austria, where universities of technology grant the title of "Dr.techn." or "Doctor scientiae technicorum" as an equivalent to the PhD.

Higher doctorates
In the United Kingdom the degree of Doctor of Technology (DTech) is offered as a higher doctorate by a number of universities.

title: Doctor of Technology


text:
Eupetaurus

Eupetaurus is a genus of rodent in the family Sciuridae. Members of this genus are known as woolly flying squirrels. They are large to very large flying squirrels found in the highest rocky cliffs near the treeline of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Due to the inaccessibility of their montane habitat, they are difficult to study.

Taxonomy
Flying squirrels in the central and eastern Himalayas have been separated from those in the western Himalayas by the Ganges and Yarlung Tsangpo rivers, and are thought to have diverged in the Neogene, between 4.5 to 10.2 million years ago.

Species
For more than a century since its description by Oldfield Thomas, the only species in the genus was thought to be the western woolly flying squirrel (E. cinereus), which is found in northern Pakistan and northwestern India. However, an analysis of museum specimens found evidence of two more species in the eastern Himalayas, the Tibetan woolly flying squirrel (E. tibetensis) and the Yunnan woolly flying squirrel (E. nivamons).

There are currently three known species in the genus:
 * Western woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus)
 * Yunnan woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus nivamons)
 * Tibetan woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus tibetensis)

Description
The cheek teeth are unique as they are both flat-crowned and high crowned (hypsodont), setting Eupetaurus apart from other squirrels and suggesting that they feed on very abrasive plant material, including pine needles. The western woolly flying squirrel has a grizzled-grey pelage with pronounced frosting, in contrast to the more saturated brown coloration of the two other species, and has more robust cusps and cheek teeth.

Relationships
The woolly flying squirrels are unique among the flying squirrels because of their large size and unique dentition. This led a few early researchers to go so far as to create a distinct family. Some of their arguments were based on poorly drawn and labeled diagrams of the cranium and lower jaw of E. cinereus. Zahler and Woods (1997) suggest instead that Eupetaurus is closely related to another genus of large flying squirrels, Petaurista. A 2021 study suggested that Eupetaurus is the sister genus to a clade consisting of Aeromys and Biswamayopterus.

title: Eupetaurus


text:
User:Cucumberslumber

Cucumberslumber is the name of a groovy piece on Weather Report's album Mysterious Traveller.

I'm currently a PhD student at the University of Toronto in the Department of Electrical Engineering, studying photonics. I hold the M.A.Sc. in Electrical and Computer Engineering (photonics) from the University of Toronto and the B.Sc.Eng. in Mathematics and Engineering (Electrical Engineering) from Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario.

title: User:Cucumberslumber


text:
Jeux d'eau

Jeux d'eau (giochi d'acqua), is an umbrella term in the history of gardens for the water features that were introduced into mid-16th century Mannerist Italian gardens.

History
Pools and fountains had been a feature from Roman times, but hydraulic engineers first took full advantage of characteristic sloping sites of villas in the hills surrounding Lazio, where there was copious available water. Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola's catene d'aqua (water chains) and water stairs, fountains, cascades, jets, pools and canals at Villa Farnese at Caprarola and Villa Lante at Bagnaia led the way. At Villa Lante a rill of water flows down the center of a stone picnic table.

French 16th-century gardens in the Ile-de-France were generally in flat terrain that did not lend itself to elaborate jeux d'eau. Fountains, bassins (pools in raised basins) and canals were more typical of French water features. For the jeux d'eau at Versailles, a watermill-driven pumping station (the machine de Marly, at the time being the most powerful machine in Europe) and elaborate aqueducts had to be constructed to bring water from many kilometers away.

Sloping sites at the palaces of Caserta and Peterhof permitted grand cascades. At Caserta, a rill of water even flows down the handrail of a staircase balustrade.

A favorite jeu d'eau was the practical joke of surprise water jets that could be turned on suddenly by a gardener accomplice turning a hidden wheel, trapping guests or soaking their finery. Joking water jets remained a feature in German gardens well into the 19th century.

In the 1930s, Otto Przystawik invented the novelty musical fountain feature that came to be called "dancing waters". Early systems in displays and nightclubs were manually operated by hand pumps and levers. Harold Steinman, the New York-based promoter of "Holiday on Ice", spotted the Przystawik display in a Berlin nightclub. He took the machine on tour with his roller-skating review, where its success inspired him to send out duplicates on tours during the 1950s and 60s. In the later 20th century, programmable "dancing waters" became a feature of novelty fountains associated with resort hotels, where they were combined with laser light shows. Elaborate moving water effects and shifting colored lighting were coordinated with recorded music. Such features draw crowds in Las Vegas, where they were initiated as part of Liberace's stage show and have been satirized in a Simpsons episode.

title: Jeux d'eau


text:
Charles Goerens

Charles Goerens (born 6 February 1952) is a Luxembourgish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Luxembourg. He is a member of the Democratic Party (DP), part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. He was the lead candidate and only elected MEP for the DP in the 2024 European Elections.

Early career
He studied agricultural science before he was first elected to the northern district constituency as a member of the Democratic Party in 1979. From 1989 until 1994 he was its chairman.

Political career
Goerens was a member of the European Parliament from 1982 to 1984, from 1994 to 1999, and again from 2009 to present.

He served as Minister for Cooperation, Humanitarian Action, and Defence in the government of Jean-Claude Juncker from 7 August 1999 until 31 July 2004. He also briefly served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 20 July 2004 until 31 July 2004. He lost these posts when Juncker had to form a new coalition government after the 2004 parliamentary elections.

Since 2009, Goerens has been serving as a member of the Committee on Development and of the Subcommittee on Human Rights.

During the Brexit negotiations, Goerens had advocated for associate membership of the United Kingdom to the European Union.

Following the 2019 European Parliament election, he also became a vice-chair of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs.

In addition to his committee assignments, Goerens is a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, the MEPs Against Cancer group (since 2019). and the Responsible Business Conduct Working Group. He also co-chairs the cross-party Working Group on Fair Trade (sponsored by Fair Trade Advocacy).

Other activities

 * Friends of the Global Fund, Vice-Chair of the Board
 * Fondation pour la construction de l'avenir du Luxembourg (FOCAL), Member of the Board

Since 1997 Charles Goerens has been organising educational trips to Auschwitz, as part of his efforts to fight against racism, xenophobia, and antisemitism.

title: Charles Goerens


text:
Benjamin W. Crowninshield

Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (March 12, 1837–January 16, 1892) was an American historian, businessman, and Union Army officer during the American Civil War.

Life
A member of the Boston Brahmin Crowninshield family, Benjamin Williams Crowninshield was born in Boston, the son of Francis Boardman Crowninshield (1809–1877) and Sarah Putnam (1810–1880). He attended Harvard College, graduating in 1858, along with classmates Henry Hobson Richardson and Henry Adams. Adams' Education of Henry Adams (1918) includes descriptions of his friendship with Crowninshield.

At Harvard, Crowninshield kept a daily diary through his junior and senior years, which was published in 1941 by his son Francis, under the title A Private Journal, 1856–1858. It records that he was captain of the rowing team; handled most of his classes with ease, with the exception of Logic which he called "that cursed nonsense"; was president, Learoyd Director, and Abercrombie Treasurer of the Glee Club; was a member of the Porcellian Club and Pierian Sodality; was treasurer of the Hasty Pudding; sang in the choir; and played the 'cello. He resided, in 1856, at Number 9 Hollis Hall. His diary records many activities, from visiting old friends through attending drawing courses and music lessons; going to dances, theatres, and concerts; playing billiards at Ripley's; and spending the evening in Parker's Restaurant; to spending a whole day making a model boat.

Other people that he befriended at Harvard, according to his diary, include Robert Gould Shaw, whom Crowninshield first met when Shaw was a freshman who was hoping to become a member of the Pierian Sodality, and William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, son of Robert E. Lee. His diary entry for November 19, 1856, for example, records him playing whist "till the sociable (Lee's) was ready at L. Erving's room". (The "sociable" was a party.) Its entry for June 24, 1857 records him going "into town to a supper at Parker's given in honor of Lee, Jones, Lowndes all of whom are going to leave the class".

Civil War service
With the onset of the Civil War, Crowninshield enlisted as a lieutenant with the First Massachusetts Cavalry on November 11, 1861. He rose through the ranks, being promoted to first lieutenant on December 19, 1861, captain on March 26, 1862, and major on August 10, 1864. He was aide de camp to General Philip Sheridan, remaining with the General until mustered out on November 6, 1864. On June 17, 1865, he reached the highest rank that he was to attain, brevet colonel of the U.S. Volunteers.

Crowninshield was the provost marshal on duty at the time W.H.F. Lee, by then a cavalry general in the Confederate States Army, was captured after the Battle of Brandy Station in June 1863. Crowninshield's son Francis was later to record that it was "a truly embarrassing position for both of them", with Lee rejecting "any of the privileges [that] Crowninshield tried to bestow upon him".

After the war he became a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States - a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces.

Post war
Crowninshield pursued the study of history, publishing and speaking on various topics, such as yachting and military history. He wrote his History of the First Massachusetts Cavalry (see further reading) in 1891. His personal account of Sheridan at Winchester (also listed in further reading) was published in Atlantic Monthly.

In 1868, Crowninshield commissioned his friend H.H. Richardson to design and build a house on Marlborough Street in the newly land-filled Back Bay area of Boston. The Crowninshield House, completed in 1870, still exists.

After the War, Crowninshield married and moved to New York, where he was a member of New York drygoods merchants Sprague, Colburn, and Company. In 1868 he moved to Boston to join a different drygood merchants, Wheelwright, Anderson, and Company. He was later president of the Realty Company.

His health began to fail in 1891, and he died January 16, 1892, at age 54, in Rome, having travelled to Europe for a rest. His oldest son was boat designer Bowdoin B. Crowninshield (1867–1948).

title: Benjamin W. Crowninshield


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title: User talk:82.34.219.33


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David Holmes (musician)

David Holmes (born 25 February 1969) is a Northern Irish musician and composer. He worked as a DJ before releasing several solo albums that have incorporated elements of trip hop, big beat, electronic and rock. In the late 1990s, he also began composing film scores, establishing a long-standing collaboration with director Steven Soderbergh that includes Out of Sight (1998) and the Ocean's trilogy.

Holmes is currently a member of the band Unloved, whose music has been used extensively in the television series Killing Eve, for which Holmes is also a composer. He has remixed songs for numerous artists and produced albums for Primal Scream and Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds.

DJ
Holmes began DJing in Belfast from the age of 15. His first hit was the 1992 track "De Niro" as the Disco Evangelists, with Ashley Beedle and Lindsay Edwards (who later joined Tin Tin Out). In the early to mid-1990s, he ran two club nights in the Belfast Art College known as Sugar Sweet and Shake Yer Brain. Orbital wrote the track "Belfast", released on their debut album Orbital, after playing at Sugar Sweet.

Holmes released This Film's Crap Let's Slash the Seats, in July 1995. At the time he described the album as being inspired by movies and movie soundtracks, a recurring theme throughout Holmes' work (see Discography). The opening track, "No Man's Land", featured on the soundtrack to the film, Pi. In the same year, he also provided the ambient links between the songs on the album Infernal Love by Therapy?. In 1997, Holmes released Let's Get Killed. Many of the tracks featured Brazilians dancing in the streets of New York City, recorded by Holmes using a minidisc recorder. The album's first single, "My Mate Paul," was Holmes' first commercial success.

His 1997 Essential Mix, a mixture of northern soul, psychedelic funk and hip hop was voted mix of the year by Muzik magazine. In 1998, Danny DeVito commissioned him to do the score for Steven Soderbergh's film Out of Sight. He scored a second film for Soderbergh in 2001, including some songs from Let's Get Killed and Bow Down to the Exit Sign on the Ocean's Eleven remake.

After releasing a remix album, Come Get It I Got It, in 2002, Holmes released David Holmes Presents The Free Association. This was a departure for the artist as all his previous work had been solo. The Free Association featured four other bandmates who toured with Holmes after the album was launched. As a remixer he has reworked tracks by artists such as U2, Doves, Manic Street Preachers, Primal Scream, Page and Plant, Saint Etienne and Ice Cube. In 2008, Holmes composed the music for the "New iPhone" ad campaign. An album, The Holy Pictures, was released on 8 September 2008, from which the track "Holy Pictures" was selected for the soundtrack of Pro Evolution Soccer 2010. The first track from this album, "I Heard Wonders", also featured in the movie Cherrybomb and the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Olympics to accompany the footage of David Beckham and Jade Bailey bringing the olympic flame up the River Thames by speedboat. He worked with Leo Abrahams to create the score for the award-winning film Hunger, directed by Steve McQueen, about the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike. The score won an IFTA at the Irish Film Awards.

In April 2009, he topped The Irish Times' "50 Best Irish Acts Right Now". His film project Good Vibrations, was the first feature film from David's film company Canderblicks Film. Set in the heart of the punk rock scene of 1970s Belfast, it tells the story of Terri Hooley. Directed by Glenn Leyburn and Lisa Barros D'Sa, written by Glen Patterson and Colin Carbury and co-produced by Andrew Eaton (Revolution Films) & BBC Films, it was nominated for a BAFTA and the soundtrack was Rough Trade's Compilation of the year 2013.

Soundtracks
Holmes scored all three series of The Fall starring Gillian Anderson and Jamie Dornan. His score for the first series was nominated for an RTS Craft and Design Award in 2013 and winner of the best score at the Irish Film and TV Awards in 2014. He scored the film '71, for which he won an Ivor Novello Award. Directed by Yann Demange, the film tells the story of a British Soldier who became separated from his unit during a riot in Belfast at the height of The Troubles in 1971. In May 2015, Holmes' first film which he directed and wrote I Am Here was shown on Channel 4's The Shooting Gallery.

Holmes produced the third album by Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds. Recorded and mixed in Belfast, the album Who Built the Moon? was released on 24 November 2017. In 2019, he and American musician, composer and music producer Keith Ciancia won the Original Music category at the BAFTA TV Craft Awards for their work on the Killing Eve soundtrack.

Studio albums

 * This Film's Crap Let's Slash the Seats (1995) – UK No. 51
 * Let's Get Killed (1997) – UK No. 34
 * Bow Down to the Exit Sign (2000) – UK No. 22
 * David Holmes presents The Free Association (2002) – UK No. 78
 * The Holy Pictures (2008) – UK No. 65
 * David Holmes ft. Raven Violet - 'Blind On A Galloping Horse' (2023)

Compilations and remixes
The Sabres of Paradise - "Smokebelch II (David Holmes remix)" 1993
 * Essential Mix (1998) – previously broadcast on BBC Radio 1
 * Stop Arresting Artists (1998) – remix album
 * Holmes on the Decks (2000) – remix album; a limited edition un-mixed vinyl version was also released
 * Come Get It I Got It (2002) – remix album
 * The Dogs Are Parading (2010) – compilation album
 * Late Night Tales: David Holmes (2016) - compilation album

Film soundtracks

 * Resurrection Man (1998)
 * Out of Sight (1998)
 * Three Chords and a Wardrobe (1998, short film)
 * Buffalo Soldiers (2001)
 * Ocean's Eleven (2001)
 * Analyze That (2002)
 * Code 46 (2003)
 * Stander (2003)
 * Ocean's Twelve (2004)
 * The War Within (2005)
 * The 18th Electricity Plan (2006, short film)
 * Ocean's Thirteen (2007)
 * Hunger (2008)
 * The Girlfriend Experience (2009)
 * Cherrybomb (2009)
 * Perrier's Bounty (2009)
 * Five Minutes of Heaven (2009)
 * The Edge (2010)
 * Kray (2010)
 * The Shore (2011, short film) (with Foy Vance)
 * Haywire (2012)
 * Good Vibrations (2012)
 * The Motel Life (2012)
 * Diana (2013)
 * Light of My Eyes (2014, short film)
 * '71 (2014)
 * 13 Minutes (2015)
 * I Am Here (2015)
 * I Am Belfast (2015)
 * Mindhorn (2016)
 * Logan Lucky (2017)
 * The Laundromat (2019)
 * Ordinary Love (2019)
 * Lyra (2022)
 * Marlowe (2022)

Television soundtracks

 * Dara Ó Briain's Science Club (2012, theme music)
 * The Fall (2013, theme music)
 * London Spy (2015)
 * Death and Nightingales (2018)
 * Mosaic (2018)
 * Killing Eve (2018–2019)
 * Kin (2021)
 * This England (TV series) (2022)

title: David Holmes (musician)