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Recognition heuristic

The recognition heuristic, originally termed the recognition principle, has been used as a model in the psychology of judgment and decision making and as a heuristic in artificial intelligence. The goal is to make inferences about a criterion that is not directly accessible to the decision maker, based on recognition retrieved from memory. This is possible if recognition of alternatives has relevance to the criterion. For two alternatives, the heuristic is defined as:  If one of two objects is recognized and the other is not, then infer that the recognized object has the higher value with respect to the criterion.

The recognition heuristic is part of the "adaptive toolbox" of "fast and frugal" heuristics proposed by Gigerenzer and Goldstein. It is one of the most frugal of these, meaning it is simple or economical. In their original experiment, Daniel Goldstein and Gerd Gigerenzer quizzed students in Germany and the United States on the populations of both German and American cities. Participants received pairs of city names and had to indicate which city has more inhabitants. In this and similar experiments, the recognition heuristic typically describes about 80–90% of participants' choices, in cases where they recognize one but not the other object (see criticism of this measure below). Surprisingly, American students scored higher on German cities, while German participants scored higher on American cities, despite only recognizing a fraction of the foreign cities. This has been labeled the "less-is-more effect" and mathematically formalized.

Domain specificity
The recognition heuristic is posited as a domain-specific strategy for inference. It is ecologically rational to rely on the recognition heuristic in domains where there is a correlation between the criterion and recognition. The higher the recognition validity α for a given criterion, the more ecologically rational it is to rely on this heuristic and the more likely people will rely on it. For each individual, α can be computed by

 * α = C/(C+W)

where C is the number of correct inferences the recognition heuristic would make, computed across all pairs in which one alternative is recognized and the other is not, and W is the number of wrong inferences. Domains in which the recognition heuristic was successfully applied include the prediction of geographical properties (such as the size of cities, mountains, etc.), of sports events (such as Wimbledon and soccer championships  ) and elections. Research also shows that the recognition heuristic is relevant to marketing science. Recognition based heuristics help consumers choose which brands to buy in frequently purchased categories. A number of studies addressed the question of whether people rely on the recognition heuristic in an ecologically rational way. For instance, name recognition of Swiss cities is a valid predictor of their population (α = 0.86) but not their distance from the center of Switzerland (α = 0.51). Pohl reported that 89% of inferences accorded with the model in judgments of population, compared to only 54% in judgments of the distance. More generally, there is a positive correlation of r = 0.64 between the recognition validity and the proportion of judgments consistent with the recognition heuristic across 11 studies. Another study by Pachur suggested that the recognition heuristic is more likely a tool for exploring natural rather than induced recognition (i.e. not provoked in a laboratory setting) when inferences have to be made from memory. In one of his experiments, the results showed that there was a difference between participants in an experimental setting vs. a non-experimental setting.

Less-is-more effect
If α > β, and α, β are independent of n, then a less-is-more effect will be observed. Here, β is the knowledge validity, measured as C/(C+W) for all pairs in which both alternatives are recognized, and n is the number of alternatives an individual recognizes. A less-is-more effect means that the function between accuracy and n is inversely U-shaped rather than monotonically increasing. Some studies reported less-is-more effects empirically among two, three, or four alternatives and in group decisions ), whereas others failed to do so,  possibly because the effect is predicted to be small (see Katsikopoulos ).

Smithson explored the "less-is-more effect" (LIME) with the recognition heuristic and challenges some of the original assumptions. The LIME occurs when a "recognition-dependent agent has a greater probability of choosing the better item than a more knowledgeable agent who recognizes more items." A mathematical model is used in describing the LIME and Smithson’s study used it and attempted to modify it. The study was meant to mathematically provide an understanding of when the LIME occurs and explain the implications of the results. The main implication is "that the advantage of the recognition cue depends not only on the cue validities, but also on the order in which items are learned".

Neuropsychological evidence
The recognition heuristic can also be depicted using neuroimaging techniques. A number of studies have shown that people do not automatically use the recognition heuristic when it can be applied, but evaluate its ecological validity. It is less clear, however, how this evaluation process can be modeled. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study tested whether the two processes, recognition and evaluation, can be separated on a neural basis. Participants were given two tasks; the first involved only a recognition judgment ("Have you ever heard of Modena? Milan?"), while the second involved an inference in which participants could rely on the recognition heuristic ("Which city has the larger population: Milan or Modena?"). For mere recognition judgments, activation in the precuneus, an area that is known from independent studies to respond to recognition confidence, was reported. In the inference task, precuneus activation was also observed, as predicted, and activation was detected in the anterior frontomedian cortex (aFMC), which has been linked in earlier studies to evaluative judgments and self-referential processing. The aFMC activation could represent the neural basis of this evaluation of ecological rationality.

Some researchers have used event-related potentials (ERP) to test psychological mechanisms behind the recognition heuristic. Rosburg, Mecklinger, and Frings used a standard procedure with a city-size comparison task, similar to that used by Goldstein and Gigerenzer. They used ERP and analyzed familiarity-based recognition occurring 300-450 milliseconds after stimulus onset in order to predict the participants’ decisions. Familiarity-based recognition processes are relatively automatic and fast so these results provide evidence that simple heuristics like the recognition heuristic utilize basic cognitive processes.

Controversies
Research on the recognition heuristic has sparked a number of controversies.

Trade-offs
The recognition heuristic is a model that relies on recognition only. This leads to the testable prediction that people who rely on it will ignore strong, contradicting cues (i.e., do not make trade-offs; so-called noncompensatory inferences). In an experiment by Daniel M. Oppenheimer participants were presented with pairs of cities, which included actual cities and fictional cities. Although the recognition heuristic predicts that participants would judge the actual (recognizable) cities to be larger, participants judged the fictional (unrecognizable) cities to be larger, showing that more than recognition can play a role in such inferences.

Newell & Fernandez performed two experiments to try to test the claims that the recognition heuristic is distinguished from availability and fluency through binary treatment of information and inconsequentiality of further knowledge. The results of their experiments did not support these claims. Newell & Fernandez and Richter & Späth tested the non-compensatory prediction of the recognition heuristic and stated that "recognition information is not used in an all-or-none fashion but is integrated with other types of knowledge in judgment and decision making."

A reanalysis of these studies at an individual level, however, showed that typically about half of the participants consistently followed the recognition heuristic in every single trial, even in the presence of up to three contradicting cues. Furthermore, in response to those criticisms, Marewski et al. pointed out that none of the studies above formulated and tested a compensatory strategy against the recognition heuristic, leaving the strategies that participants relied on unknown. They tested five compensatory models and found that none could predict judgments better than the simple model of the recognition heuristic.

Measurement
One major criticism of studies on the recognition heuristic that was raised was that mere accordance with the recognition heuristic is not a good measure of its use. As an alternative, Hilbig et al. proposed to test the recognition heuristic more precisely devised a multinomial processing tree model for the recognition heuristic. A multinomial processing tree model is a simple statistical model often used in cognitive psychology for categorical data. Hilbig et al. claimed that a new model of recognition heuristic use was needed due to the confound between recognition and further knowledge. The multinomial processing tree model was shown to be effective and Hilbig et al. claimed that it provided an unbiased measure of the recognition heuristic.

Pachur stated that it is an imperfect model but currently it is still the best model to predict people’s recognition-based inferences. He believes that precise tests have a limited value basically because certain aspects of the recognition heuristic are often ignored and so the results could be inconsequential or misleading.

Intuitive strategy
Hilbig et al. state that heuristics are meant to reduce effort and that the recognition heuristic reduces effort in making judgments by relying on one single cue and ignoring other information. In their study, they found that the recognition heuristic is more useful in deliberate thought than in intuitive thought. This means it is more useful when thoughts are intentional and not impulsive as opposed to intuitive thought, which is based more on impulse rather than conscious reasoning. In contrast, a study by Pachur and Hertwig found that it is actually the faster responses that are more in line with the recognition heuristic. Also, judgments accorded more strongly with the recognition heuristic under time pressure. In line with these findings, neural evidence suggests that the recognition heuristic may be relied upon by default.

Support
Goldstein and Gigerenzer state that due to its simplicity, the recognition heuristic shows to what degree and in what situations behavior can be predicted. Some researchers suggest that the idea of the recognition heuristic should be retired but Pachur believes that a different approach should be taken in testing it. There are some researchers who believe that the recognition heuristic should be investigated using precise tests of the exclusive use of recognition.

Another study by Pachur suggested that the recognition heuristic is more likely a tool for exploring natural rather than induced recognition (i.e. not provoked in a laboratory setting) when inferences have to be made from memory. In one of his experiments, the results showed that there was a difference between participants in an experimental setting vs. a non-experimental setting.

Synopsis
Using an adversarial collaboration approach, three special issues of the open access journal Judgment and Decision Making have been devoted to unravel the support for and problems with the recognition heuristic, providing the most recent and comprehensive synopsis of the epistemic status quo. In their Editorial to Issue III, the three guest editors strive for a cumulative theory integration.

title: Recognition heuristic


text: User talk:68.78.109.145

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.78.109.145


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/El Guapo

If we're erasing the article on CAT TOWN, we should probably erase the article on a specific character thereof. --Ian Maxwell 22:55, 2004 Aug 15 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:13, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I voted keep on CAT TOWN, but this certainly does not need a page on its own.  — siro  χ  o  06:56, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable cat from cat photo gallery. -- Cyrius|✎ 07:06, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If we are going to have an article on El Guapo, it should at least acknowledge that it was the name of the villain in The Three Amigos (movie). Klanda 07:09, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * That's where I remember the name from! Thank you! -- Cyrius|✎ 07:21, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Three Amigos (movie).--Samuel J. Howard 02:22, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * which article I have created and which talks about the popular character El Guapo.--Samuel J. Howard 03:46, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, this article is best as a redirect. Keep Samuel J. Howard's changes. • Benc • 03:48, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Since I've now come across three distinct uses for the name "El Guapo", I've converted the Three Amigos redirect into a disambiguation page that describes and provides links for each use. (While I was at it, I also fixed a bunch of multiple redirects involving the El Guapo and Three Amigos pages.) — Jeff Q 10:06, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Ladislaus Bortkiewicz

Untitled
How many Prussian units did he investigate? My source (Brookes & Dick) says 10 army corps whereas this article says 14 cavalry corps. Did he investigate both types? Can somebody check against the source material? JPF 22:56, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

which mathematicians have said that the poisson distribution should be called Bortkiewicz distribution? are there sources?

Title & Marx and Bortkiewicz
A couple of remarks on the current version:

1) The article should be title "Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus", not "Ladislaus, Bortkiewicz"

2) There are some mistakes in the following statement:

"In political economy, Bortkiewicz is important for his analysis of Karl Marx's reproduction schema in the last two volumes of Capital. Bortkiewicz identified a transformation problem in Marx's work which, if proven, would profoundly undermine Marx's claim to have provided a consistent account of capitalist economics. This work provided the basis of major elaborations by Joseph Schumpeter and Paul Sweezy among others."

a) Bortkiewicz didn't contribute the the analysis of Marx's repreductions schema. That was Mikhail Tugan-Baranowsky.

b) The reproductions schemes are in the second volumen of Capital, not in the "last two volumnes.

c) Bortkiewicz didn't "identified a transformation problem in Marx's work". That was, again, Tugan Baranowsky. Bortkiewicz only elaborate upon Tugan position on this matter in a series of articles that were divulgated by Sweezy in the 40s. Sweezy didn't underline Tugan's contribution to this matter perhaps because he was a anti-bolshevik politician just afterward Russian Revolution. Bortkiewicz was a more "neutral" intelectual in this sense and also had a more mathematically elaborated version of the problem.

d) Tugan and Bortkiewicz versions of the "transformation problem" are set in a very restictive and irrealistic world and are based on a very debatable reading of Marx's original text. Recent work on more elaborated, dynamic, versions tend to support the idea that the "transformation problem" doesn't damage Marx's hypothesis. Access to new textual evidence also support this point.

d) What is the "major elaboration" of Schumpeter on the basis of Bortkiewicz work?

Land Rent
Added the reference "Die Rodbertus'sche Grundrententheorie und die Marx'sche Lehre von der absoluten Grunderenten, from Die Archiv fur die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung, 1910-11", from Schumpeter, "History of Economic Analysis" (1968) pg. 933, n5 MatthewRusso (talk) 17:28, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

= unsatisfactory article =

Bortkiewicz ATTEMPTED to solve what he saw or thought was a problem with Marx's solution to the transformation problem, he did NOT actually do this and to imply such a thing is very problematic. This transformation 'problem' was evident to Marx in that he mentions it in Chapter 9 of Vol III: 'the development given above also involves a modifcation in the dtermination of a commodity's cost price. It was originally assum,ed that the cost price of a commodity equalled the value of the commodities consumed in its production. but for the buyer of a commodity, it is the price of production that constitutes its cost price and can thus enter into forming the price of another commodity. as the price of production of a commodity can diverge from its value, so the cost price of a commodity, in which the price of production of other commodities is involved, can also stand above or below the portion of its total value that is formed by the value of the means of prod. going into it. it is necessary to bear in mind this modified significance of the cost price, and there to bear in mind too that if the cost price of a comm. is equated with the value of the means of production used uip in producing it, it is always possible to go wrong" (p. 264-5 penguin ed).

In the words of Mandel, this quote from Marx should not be made to say more than it does. it says only that "if one uses value calculations in inputs and prices of production calculations in outputs, then one is likely to arrive at numerically erroneous conclusions...[and this] does not imply that prices of production of inputs should be calculated within the same time span as prices of production of outputs." p.23.

Moreover, some of the underlying theoretical assumptions of Bortkiewicz system -- for example, it is evident that in the aggregate of dept 1, those means of prod. which are exclusively used for the production of commodities in department III will have a diff status-- leads unavoidably to the elimination of all value calculations and of exploitation itself from the system (see Pierre Salama, Sur la valeur, Paris, 1975, p.165).

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.84.68.252 (talk) 07:22, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030211025321/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bortkiewicz.html to http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bortkiewicz.html

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Nationality
This article claims that he was Russian, while Polish Wikipedia mentions him as Polish due to the fact that both of his parents were ethnic Poles, that would therefore make him a Pole born in Russia. This should be clarified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2406:E003:868:E201:78DC:9127:6489:B845 (talk) 00:18, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ladislaus Bortkiewicz


text:
Médoc

The Médoc (Medòc ) is a region of France, well known as a wine growing region, located in the département of Gironde, on the left bank of the Gironde estuary, northwest of Bordeaux. Its name comes from (Pagus) Medullicus, or "country of the Medulli", the local Celtic tribe. The region owes its economic success mainly to the production of red wine; it is home to around 1,500 vineyards.

The area also has pine forests and long sandy beaches. The Médoc's geography is not ideal for wine grape growing, with its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean resulting in a comparatively mild climate and high rainfall making grape rot a constant problem. It is generally believed that the nature of the region's wine derives from the soil; although the terrain is flat, excellent drainage is present and the increased amount of gravel in the soil allows heat to be retained, encouraging ripening, and extensive root systems.

Viticulture
With the exception of Château Haut-Brion from Graves, all of the red wines in the 1855 Classification are from the Médoc. Many of the Médoc wines that are not in this classification were classified using the Cru Bourgeois system until 2007. Following legal challenges this category was abolished, and reintroduced in 2010 as an annual "mark of quality" depending on independent annual assessment.

title: Médoc


text: Category:Chefs

title: Category:Chefs


text:
Otis, Oregon

Otis is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States, a half mile north of Otis Junction on Oregon Route 18. It is near the Salmon River.

Otis post office was established in 1900 and was named after Otis Thompson, nephew of Archibald S. Thompson, the postmaster.

U.S. Route 101 used to pass through Otis until a curvy and hilly section of road was rerouted in the 1960s. Otis Junction is at the intersection of the former terminus of Oregon Route 18 and the former alignment of U.S. 101.

The Sitka Center for Art and Ecology has an Otis mailing address but is located nearer to the coast on Cascade Head. The Otis ZIP code, 97368, also covers the community of Rose Lodge. Today Otis and Otis Junction are considered synonymous.

Otis made the national headlines in 1999 and again in 2004, when it was announced that the town was for sale for $3 million. The news stories describe the Otis Café and other amenities that are at Otis Junction; it is unclear if the 193 acre that were for sale included the land in Otis proper. Owner Vivian Lematta's grandfather bought the land from descendants of the Siletz Indians for $800 in 1910. Lematta left Otis in 1957. Included in the sale were the gas station and mini grocery store, a Pronto Pup corn dog stand, two houses, an empty 25-stall horse barn, a helicopter storage shed, a garage, a Grange hall, the Otis post office, the Otis Café, an auto-repair garage and 190 acre of farmland. Part of the land was used for raising cattle and part was undergoing timber conservation.

Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Otis has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

title: Otis, Oregon


text:
Dustin Brown (ice hockey)

Dustin James Brown (born November 4, 1984) is an American former professional ice hockey right winger. Brown spent his entire NHL career with the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL), who drafted him 13th overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He is the Kings all-time games leader and served as team captain from 2008 to 2016; during this time he led the Kings to the 2012 and 2014 Stanley Cup championships, becoming the first Kings captain and second American captain (behind Derian Hatcher) to win the Stanley Cup. During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, he played for ZSC Lions in the Swiss National League A.

Brown was noted for his physical playing style, consistently ranking among NHL leaders in hits and penalties drawn, and his reserved, lead-by-example approach to his captaincy of the Kings.

Internationally, Brown has represented the United States at three World Championships, winning a bronze medal in 2004, and two World Junior Championships. He won a silver medal as an alternate captain of the United States national team at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Brown received the 2011 NHL Foundation Player Award for his extensive charity work in the Los Angeles community, and the Mark Messier Leadership Award in 2014.

Junior career
After playing hockey at Ithaca High School for two years, Brown left his hometown to play junior hockey at age 16. He was drafted in the second round, 26th overall, by the Guelph Storm in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection Draft. Brown played three seasons for Guelph, scoring 194 points in 174 games. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings in the first round, 13 overall, in 2003.

2003–2008: Early seasons
Brown signed a three-year entry-level contract with the Kings and made the Kings' 2003–04 team out of training camp. His first NHL game was October 9, 2003, against the Detroit Red Wings. Brown saw fourth-line ice time in his rookie year, and he scored his first NHL goal on November 22, 2003, in a 2–0 win over the Colorado Avalanche. He managed just 1 goal and 5 points in 31 games before his season was cut short by a high ankle sprain. Nonetheless, Brown's physicality made a favorable impression with the Kings' coaching staff.

The following season was cancelled due to the NHL lockout. Brown was assigned to the Manchester Monarchs, the Kings' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, in order to develop his offensive game. He performed well in Manchester, averaging nearly a point per game and readying himself for an expanded NHL role.

With the lockout over, and NHL play resuming in 2005–06, Brown cemented his place on the team. As a 21-year-old checking forward, he managed 28 points in 79 games. More impressively, he led the team (and ranked 13th in the NHL) with 175 hits, and he drew the second most penalties in the NHL despite his limited ice time. A restricted free agent at the end of the year, Brown signed a two-year contract before the start of the 2006–07 season.

Brown's third season saw an expansion in his role, as he was placed on the top line with star rookie center Anže Kopitar. The two young forwards became frequent linemates, as Brown's hitting abilities and willingness to shoot complemented Kopitar's dynamic passing and puck possession skills. Receiving the third-most ice time among Kings forwards, Brown responded with career-highs of 17 goals and 46 points in 81 games. Brown also received the most short-handed ice time among Kings forwards, a sign of his growing defensive reliability. He finished second in the NHL in hits, the first of six consecutive years that he ranked top three in the NHL in that category.

On October 26, 2007, shortly after the start of the 2007–08 season, the Kings and Brown agreed to a six-year, $19.05 million contract extension that ran through the 2013–14 season. The contract was signed a full year before Brown hit restricted free agency, partially because young forwards Dustin Penner of the Anaheim Ducks and Thomas Vanek of the Buffalo Sabres had just received lucrative offer sheets in restricted free agency, and the Kings did not want Brown to receive one. Brown produced his best offensive season that year. Continuing to play top-line minutes with Kopitar, he recorded 33 goals and 60 points. To date, that season remains the only year Brown has managed to reach the 30-goal plateau. Despite his personal success, the rebuilding Kings missed the Stanley Cup playoffs for the fifth-straight year.

2008–2016: Stanley Cup championships and captaincy
The Kings named Brown the 13th captain in team history on October 8, 2008, just after the start of the 2008–09 season. Brown's appointment filled the vacancy created when prior captain Rob Blake left the Kings in free agency to sign with the San Jose Sharks on July 3, 2008. Just 23 years old when he assumed the captaincy, Brown became the youngest captain and the only American captain in Kings history. Head coach Terry Murray pointed to Brown's work ethic and commitment to the Kings to explain the decision, saying Brown "shows that he cares tremendously about this team, about winning every night. I just want him to follow through with that, and he will because that's his personality. Just keep blazing that trail, and players on the team will follow". Kings management was impressed by Brown's emergence as a vocal leader in the locker room, especially after the departure of veteran presences Mattias Norström and Rob Blake. On the ice, Brown's numbers dipped slightly from 2007–08, in part because of an 8.2% shooting percentage, his lowest since his rookie season. However, his 292 shots led the team, and his 24 goals were third. Brown was chosen to represent the Western Conference at the 2009 All-Star Game. The Kings missed the playoffs for a franchise-worst sixth straight year.

Brown again posted solid numbers in 2009–10, playing all 82 games for the first time and registering 24 goals and a career-high 32 assists. He scored his 100th NHL goal on January 14, 2010, against the Anaheim Ducks. With Brown leading a rapidly improving young core that included center Anze Kopitar, defenseman Drew Doughty and goaltender Jonathan Quick, the Kings finally snapped the eight-year playoff drought. Brown had one goal and four assists in six games as the Kings lost in the first round of the 2010 playoffs to the Vancouver Canucks.

Brown and the Kings entered the 2010–11 season with higher expectations. Brown again played all 82 games and scored 28 goals and 29 assists for 57 points. Anže Kopitar's late season ankle injury forced the Kings to settle for a seventh-seeded finish in the Western Conference and a matchup with the second-seeded San Jose Sharks in the first round of the 2011 playoffs. The Kings lost in six games for the second straight year, with Brown recording two points (a goal and an assist) in the series.

Brown began the 2011–12 season on a line with newly acquired center Mike Richards, but was shuffled throughout the lineup for most of the season. He maintained his consistent production, topping 20 goals and 50 points for the fifth-straight year. However, along with the rest of the Kings, he struggled to score in the first half of the season. Head coach Terry Murray was fired midway through the season, and as the Kings fell further out of the playoff picture, they were rumored to be listening to trade offers for Brown. New head coach Darryl Sutter called the Brown-Kopitar tandem "stale" and said Brown was not playing the "straight-line, up-and-down, go-to-the-net, shoot-the-puck, run-over-people" style Brown needed to be effective. Brown's scoring pace picked up amidst the trade rumors, and he scored three goals and an assist in the last game before the NHL trade deadline, a 4–0 win over the Chicago Blackhawks on February 25, 2012. The Kings retained Brown, who responded with 11 points in the 9 games following the trade deadline. Brown later said he was playing with "a chip on his shoulder" and "whether those rumors are true or not, they're still out there, it gives you maybe a bit more motivation". With Brown producing and the trade-deadline acquisition of Jeff Carter, the Kings were one of the highest-scoring NHL teams down the stretch and made the playoffs as an eighth seed. After moving up-and-down the lineup for most of the year, Brown found stability playing on the first line with Anže Kopitar and Justin Williams. That line would remain intact throughout the entire 2012 playoffs.

Brown recorded four goals and one assist in the first round against the back-to-back Presidents' Trophy-winning Vancouver Canucks, including two shorthanded goals in a 4–2 Game 2 win. Brown is the first and only player as of 2022 with two shorthanded goals in a playoff game. In Game 3, he delivered a devastating open-ice check to Canucks center and captain Henrik Sedin directly in front of the Canucks' bench. The hit left Sedin dazed on the ice for several seconds. Brown later scored the game-winning goal in the third period. Many observers, including TSN's Bob McKenzie and Sports Illustrated' Michael Farber, called the hit the decisive moment in the series. The Kings upset the heavily favored top-seeded Canucks in five games, and then recorded the first sweep in franchise history over the St. Louis Blues in the second round. Brown registered two goals and four assists in the series. Both of his goals came in the decisive Game 4, a 3–1 Kings victory. The Kings then beat the Arizona Coyotes in five games in the Western Conference Finals. Brown scored the game-winning goal in Game 1 of that series and did not score again until Game 6 of the 2012 Stanley Cup Finals against the New Jersey Devils, although he did manage five assists in that span. After being benched for the final minutes of a Game 5 loss, Brown produced three points in Game 6 to secure the Kings' first-ever Stanley Cup. He scored the first of three goals on a five-minute power play, and shortly afterwards, fired a shot that Jeff Carter deflected into the net for the eventual Cup-winning goal. Later, he assisted on another Carter goal. The Kings defeated the Devils 6–1, making Brown the second American-born captain to lead a team to a Stanley Cup championship and the Kings the second California-based team to win the Stanley Cup. With 8 goals and 12 assists in 20 games, Brown tied teammate Anže Kopitar for the lead in overall playoff point total. On July 28, 2012, Brown had his "Day with the Cup". Each year after a team has won the Stanley Cup, players, front office and hockey operation staff each get a day with the Stanley Cup. Brown hinted on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno he would bring the Cup back home. He did just that, bringing it to Ithaca High School in late July. During the lockout-shortened season, Brown finished shortened regular season with 18 goals and 29 points in 46 games. The Kings reached the Western Conference Finals for a second-straight year, but fell in five games to the Presidents’ Trophy and eventual Stanley Cup champion Chicago Blackhawks.

On July 18, 2013, the Kings signed Brown to an eight-year, $47 million contract extension. In the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, Brown led the Kings to another Stanley Cup title, despite facing some criticism for more muted contributions on the team's run to the title. In the Finals against the New York Rangers, Brown scored the overtime winner in Game 2 to give the Kings a 5–4 victory and a 2–0 series lead, and he scored again during the Kings' 2–1 loss in Game 4. At the conclusion of the 2013–14 season, Brown was awarded the Mark Messier Leadership Award "in recognition of his commitment and service to charities in his community".

On November 26, 2014, Brown recorded his 200th NHL goal in a 4–0 Kings win over the Minnesota Wild.

After the Kings missed the playoffs entirely for the first time since 2009 in 2015, Brown and the Kings returned to the playoffs in 2016 only to fall in the first round in five games to the San Jose Sharks.

2016–2022: Later years
Following back-to-back seasons of scoring less than 30 points, Brown was replaced as the Kings captain by Anže Kopitar on June 16, 2016. Speaking on the decision to have his captaincy stripped, Brown stated, "I understand the decision and I respect the decision. Part of my problem was how it was handled. It just put me in an awkward spot."

The 2017–18 season marked a resurgence for Brown. After earning 36 points the season prior, Brown managed 28 goals and 33 assists for a career-high 61 points in 81 contests played. On December 21, 2017, Brown played in his 1,000th career NHL game. The Kings defeated the Colorado Avalanche 2–1 in overtime, where Brown scored the game-winning goal. On April 5, 2018, Brown scored four goals, including the overtime winner, against the Minnesota Wild.

In the pandemic-shortened 2020–21 season opener in a 4–3 OT loss against the Minnesota Wild on January 13, 2021, Brown recorded his 300th NHL goal.

Brown announced on April 28, 2022 before the 2021–22 season finale against the Vancouver Canucks that he would retire after the completion of the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs, for which his Kings team qualified for the first time since 2018. At the time of the announcement, Brown had 28 points (9 goals, 19 assists) in 64 games in the 2021–22 regular season. In the season finale against the Canucks, he was named team captain for the Kings. In the 2022 playoffs, Brown's Kings would be eliminated in seven games in the first round by the Edmonton Oilers, with Brown skating in all seven appearances and recording two points, his final game was on May 14.

Brown was honored with a statue on February 11, 2023, joining Wayne Gretzky and Luc Robitaille as the only Kings players with statues. The Kings also retired his #23 jersey that night, making him the sixth King so honored.

International play
Brown has played for the United States in multiple international tournaments. During the World Championship tournament of 2008, Brown received negative attention for a controversial hit that made contact with the head of Finnish player Jussi Jokinen as the final horn sounded.

Brown was named an alternate captain of the United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics and again in 2014.

Style of play
Brown was known for his physical, north–south style of game. Brown considered himself a clean hitter: after a controversial hit on Phoenix Coyotes defenseman Michal Rozsíval in the 2012 Western Conference Finals, Brown defended himself by saying, "I take pride in playing the game clean and hard. There are going to be hits that are unfortunate but still clean." Brown had never been issued a fine or suspension from the NHL Department of Player Safety until April 24, 2013, when he received two-game suspension for an illegal elbow to the head of Minnesota Wild forward Jason Pominville on April 23, 2013. Brown's former teammate Rob Blake said Brown "comes at guys straight on, face-to-face. He goes right through guys." Despite his aggressive style, Brown did not miss a game due to injury over a span of four seasons. Brown was one of the most effective NHL players at drawing penalties, having led the NHL in that category in five of seven post-lockout seasons. Brown's unparalleled success in that area led several commentators, including ex-NHL referee Kerry Fraser, to say that Brown acquired a reputation for embellishing infractions in order to draw penalties. Beyond his physicality and agitation, Brown provided a consistent offensive threat for the Kings, scoring at least 22 goals for five consecutive years. Brown played an effective two-way game and matured into an elite defensive and penalty-killing forward.

Personal life
Brown has 3 sons Jake, Mason, Cooper and one daughter MacKenzie, with his wife Nicole and lives in Manhattan Beach, California. Brown had a speech impediment early in his career, which he received therapy for before his professional career. He is heavily involved in charity work in the Greater Los Angeles Area and was awarded the 2011 NHL Foundation Player Award for his community efforts and involvement.

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

title: Dustin Brown (ice hockey)


text:
User:Juha~enwiki

Somebody is sending me tons of password reminders, please stop!

Wikipedia is the most interesting thing that has happened in the web in a long time. A mob just appears from nowhere and starts gathering human knowledge into one place. Maybe mankind has hope after all.

I'm working on a pdf renderer for mediawiki. The current version is a piece of shit, because it's such a hack: . The next version will most probably include bits from Stephan Walter's wikipdf but do the parsing with a real parser, instead of running tons of regexps for a large string. The goal would be to integrate pdf rendering as a feature of mediawiki at some point.

juha

title: User:Juha~enwiki


text:
Permissible exposure limit

The permissible exposure limit (PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit in the United States for exposure of an employee to a chemical substance or physical agent such as high level noise. Permissible exposure limits were established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Most of OSHA's PELs were issued shortly after adoption of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act in 1970.

Chemical regulation is sometimes expressed in parts per million (ppm), but often in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). Units of measure for physical agents such as noise are specific to the agent.

A PEL is usually given as a time-weighted average (TWA), although some are short-term exposure limits (STEL) or ceiling limits. A TWA is the average exposure over a specified period, usually a nominal eight hours. This means that for limited periods a worker may be exposed to concentration excursions higher than the PEL, as long as the TWA is not exceeded and any applicable excursion limit is not exceeded. An excursion limit typically means that "...worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the PEL-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the PEL-TWA, provided that the PEL-TWA is not exceeded." Excursion limits are enforced in some states (for example Oregon) and on the federal level for certain contaminants such as asbestos.

A short-term exposure limit is one that addresses the average exposure over a 15-30 minute period of maximum exposure during a single work shift. A ceiling limit is one that may not be exceeded for any time, and is applied to irritants and other materials that have immediate effects.

OSHA
The current PEL for OSHA standards are based on a 5 decibel exchange rate. OSHA's PEL for noise exposure is 90 decibels (dBA) for an 8-hour TWA. Levels of 90-140 dBA are included in the noise dose. PEL can also be expressed as 100 percent “dose” for noise exposure. When the noise exposure increases by 5 dB, the exposure time is cut in half. According to OSHA, a 95dBA TWA would be a 200 percent dose. PEL is exceeded when TWA > 90 dBA. OSHA requires feasible engineering OR administrative controls, and mandatory hearing protection when the PEL is exceeded.

MSHA
Like OSHA, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) also uses the same 5 decibel exchange rate and 90 dBA for an 8-hour TWA for their PEL. Once a miner's noise exposure exceeds the PEL, feasible engineering AND administrative controls must be in place to try to limit the noise exposure of the employees. If a mine operator uses administrative controls, procedures for such controls must be posted on the bulletin board and a copy must be supplied to all affected employees.

NIOSH
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for noise exposure uses a 3 decibel exchange rate. The recommendation for occupational noise exposure is 85 decibels (dBA) for an 8-hour TWA. For every 3 dB over 85, the exposure time is cut in half. NIOSH reports exposures above this level are considered hazardous. NIOSH uses a hierarchy of control to reduce or remove hazardous noise.

Chemical regulation for permissible exposure limits
Permissible Exposure Limits are regulatory limits for chemical hazards in a workplace set by OSHA. Organizations may implement stricter guidelines for chemical use and exposure, but OSHA guidelines must be followed at the minimum. Permissible Exposure Limits are time-weighted average, meaning that a worker may be exposed to higher concentrations of the chemical at different times of the work shift.

Many factors contribute in establishing Permissible Exposure Limits. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), often determined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGHI), is a key component in determining the PEL. Other things that contribute to determining the PEL are toxicity and particle size.

PELs for chemicals are measured in mg/M3 (milligrams per cubic meter). Mg/M3 is used to measure pollutant’s mass in the air. PELs compliance is monitored through direct reading measurement tools, various sampling methods, and measuring biological markers in workers. Sampling for biological markers may include sampling urine and blood. Direct measurement tools, such as Q-Trak, and indirect measurement tools such as gas chromatography can be used for air sampling.

Noise Exposure
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States established the allowed exposure limit for occupational noise at 90 dB and is based on an 8-hour time-weighted average for an 8-hour workday. For worker's safety, OSHA mandates hearing conservation programs when noise levels are higher than 85 decibels. This is dependent on the sector, profession, or nation, different restrictions may apply.

Currently, about 200 million Americans are subject to harmful workplace noise. There are many factors, besides in the workplace, to how noise exposure can affect individuals more or less. These factors can include, but are not limited to, ageing, heredity factors, recreational activities, and some illnesses.

While there are recommendations that exist for noise levels and noise control in communities, there is a lack of general agreement regarding acceptable exposure limits in non-occupational settings or the general environment. To limit noise exposure levels there are several approaches that can be used. One way to limit noise exposure is by wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) such as earplugs, or earmuffs. Another way to limit exposure should be reducing being in environments with heavy amounts of noise exposure. With this in mind it is important to keep individuals informed about prolonged noise exposure.

title: Permissible exposure limit


text:
Category:Health standards

This category is for standards in the health, healthcare, and medical domains. This includes semantic and syntactic standards, standard terminologies, profiles, and vocabularies.

 * For organizations in this space, please use Category:Health information technology companies or Category:Standards_organizations.
 * For software implementations, please use Category:Health software.

title: Category:Health standards


text:
Talk:Otis, Oregon

traffic
About a month ago, when I & the wife were driving to the beach, we were caught in some nasty traffic jams on Highway 18 -- it took us 25 minutes to drive the last 7 miles to Lincoln City!

During this slow crawl, we passed thru Otis. Even at that speed, we were thru the community in about 5 minutes. But it was slow enough to notice a sign between the highway & the parking lot of Otis that read: "Welcome to downtown Otis."

I didn't have my camera at the time, but I believe a picture of that sign, with the 3 or 4 buildings of "downtown" Otis in the background, deserves to be in Wikipedia. Anyone else in Oregon interested in providing it? -- llywrch 23:04, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I go down to Otis a couple times a year. I'll try to get a picture when I can. DanKeshet 04:09, Jan 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otis, Oregon


text: Category:Governments

title: Category:Governments


text: Category:Safety

title: Category:Safety


text:
Slug (disambiguation)

A slug is a gastropod mollusk without a shell or with a very small internal shell.

Slug or slugs may also refer to:

Objects

 * Slug (coin), a counterfeit coin
 * Slug (projectile), a solid ballistic projectile
 * Slug (railroad), an accessory to a diesel-electric locomotive
 * Slug or blank, a piece of bar stock ready to be machined into a finished part

Publishing

 * Slug (publishing), a short name given in newspaper editing to articles that are in production
 * Slug (typesetting), a piece of spacing material used in typesetting to space paragraphs
 * Slug (web publishing), a user- and SEO-friendly short text used in a URL to identify and describe a resource

Fictional characters

 * Slug (comics), a villain in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Lord Slug, the main antagonist of the fourth Dragon Ball Z movie

Films

 * Slugs (1988 film), based on the Shaun Hutson novel
 * Slugs (2004 film), German film

Groups

 * Slug (American band), an American noise rock band
 * Slug (British band), a British art-rock band
 * Slugs, the backing group of Doug and the Slugs, a Canadian pop music group

Songs

 * "Slug" (song), a 1995 song by Passengers (U2 and Brian Eno)
 * "Slug", a bonus song on the 1990 compilation album All the Stuff (And More) Volume Two by The Ramones

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * SLUG Magazine, Salt Lake Under Ground magazine
 * Slugs (novel), a 1982 novel by Shaun Hutson
 * The Slug, a pop culture blog for the defunct web portal asap

Science and technology

 * Slug (unit), a unit of mass in the Imperial system
 * Grex (biology), an aggregation of amoebae
 * Slug, a nickname for the Linksys NSLU2
 * Slugs (autopilot system), an open-source autopilot system oriented toward inexpensive autonomous aircraft
 * SNAI2, a transcription factor in humans

Sports

 * Slug, another name for Chinese handball
 * Slugs, a nickname of the Buffalo Sabres National Hockey League team - see List of ice hockey nicknames
 * Slugs, a nickname for the UC Santa Cruz Banana Slugs, the sports teams of the University of California, Santa Cruz

People

 * Slug (rapper), an underground rapper best known as a member of the hip-hop group Atmosphere
 * Ray Jordon (1937–2012), Australian cricketer, nicknamed Slug
 * Steve Russell (computer scientist) (born 1937), American computer scientist, creator of the early video game Spacewar!, nicknamed Slug
 * Casimir Witucki (1928–2015), American National Football League player, nicknamed Slug

Other uses

 * "Slug road", a colloquial name for the A957 roadway in eastern Scotland, UK
 * Slug, a synonym for punch (combat)
 * The Slug, a derogatory nickname for The Cloud, Auckland, a multi-purpose event venue in Auckland, New Zealand
 * The Slug, another name for the Sunbeam 1000 hp land speed record car known as Mystery

title: Slug (disambiguation)


text:
Slug (unit)

The slug is a derived unit of mass in a weight-based system of measures, most notably within the British Imperial measurement system and the United States customary measures system. Systems of measure either define mass and derive a force unit or define a base force and derive a mass unit (cf. poundal, a derived unit of force in a mass-based system). A slug is defined as a mass that is accelerated by 1 ft/s2 when a net force of one pound (lbf) is exerted on it.

1~\text{slug}= 1~\text{lbf}{\cdot}\frac{\text{s}^2}{\text{ft}} \quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad 1~\text{lbf}= 1~\text{slug}{\cdot}\frac{\text{ft}}{\text{s}^2} $$

One slug is a mass equal to 32.17405 lb based on standard gravity, the international foot, and the avoirdupois pound. In other words, at the Earth's surface (in standard gravity), an object with a mass of 1 slug weighs approximately 32.17405 lbf.

History
The slug is part of a subset of units known as the gravitational FPS system, one of several such specialized systems of mechanical units developed in the late 19th and the early 20th century. Geepound was another name for this unit in early literature.

The name "slug" was coined before 1900 by British physicist Arthur Mason Worthington, but it did not see any significant use until decades later. It is derived from the meaning "solid block of metal" (cf. "slug" fake coin or "slug" projectile), not from the slug mollusc. A 1928 textbook says: "No name has yet been given to the unit of mass and, in fact, as we have developed the theory of dynamics no name is necessary. Whenever the mass, m, appears in our formulae, we substitute the ratio of the convenient force-acceleration pair (w/g), and measure the mass in lbs. per ft./sec.2 or in grams per cm./sec.2."

- Noel Charlton Little, College Physics, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928, p. 165.

The slug is listed in the Regulations under the Weights and Measures (National Standards) Act, 1960. This regulation defines the units of weights and measures, both regular and metric, in Australia.

Related units
The inch version of the slug (equal to 1 lbf⋅s2/in, or 12slugs) has no official name, but is commonly referred to as a blob, slinch (a portmanteau of the words slug and inch), slugette, or snail. It is equivalent to 386.0886 lb based on standard gravity.

Similar (but long-obsolete) metric units included the glug (980.665 g) in a gravitational system related to the centimetre–gram–second system, and the mug, hyl, par, or TME (technische Masseneinheit, 9.80665 kg) in a gravitational system related to the metre–kilogram–second system.

title: Slug (unit)


text:
List of storms named Frances

The name Frances has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and for one in the Australian region.

Atlantic Ocean

 * Hurricane Frances (1961): Caused flooding in Puerto Rico, peaked at Category 4 west of Bermuda, subtropical at Nova Scotia
 * Tropical Storm Frances (1968): Travelled across the central Atlantic Ocean without affecting land
 * Hurricane Frances (1976): Curved over the central Atlantic, affected the Azores as an extratropical storm
 * Hurricane Frances (1980): Travelled up the central Atlantic Ocean without affecting land
 * Hurricane Frances (1986): Briefly drifted over the western Atlantic but never affected land
 * Hurricane Frances (1992): Threatened Bermuda but did not strike the island, then hit Spain as an extratropical storm
 * Tropical Storm Frances (1998): A weak storm that caused flooding in East Texas and southern Louisiana
 * Hurricane Frances (2004): A powerful Category 4 hurricane that struck the Bahamas, and later, as a Category 2 storm, moved extremely slowly over Florida, causing billions in damage

After the 2004 season, the name Frances was retired and replaced by Fiona in the 2010 season.

Australian region

 * Cyclone Frances (2017)

title: List of storms named Frances


text:
Category talk:Polynesia

Many of the articles listed here have same-subject categories. Those categories should be listed here instead. For example, the article New Zealand should be delisted, added to Category:New Zealand, and Category:New Zealand added here.

 * The comment above is contrary to the guidelines at Categorization. -- Samuel Wantman 21:14, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Polynesia


text:
United States congressional delegations from Washington

These are tables of congressional delegations from the state of Washington to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives.

The current dean of the Washington delegation is Senator Patty Murray, having served in the Senate since 1993.

Current members
This is a list of members of the current Washington delegation in the U.S. House, along with their respective tenures in office, district boundaries, and district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 10 members, including 8 Democrats and 2 Republicans.

1889–1913
From 1889 to 1909, members were elected at-large statewide.


text:
Slug (projectile)

A slug is a term used for a bulky solid ballistic projectile. It is "solid" in the sense of being composed of one piece; the shape can vary widely, including partially hollowed shapes. The term is occasionally applied to bullets (just the projectile, never the cartridge as a whole), but is most commonly applied to one-piece shotgun slugs, to differentiate them from shotshells containing numerous shots. Slugs are commonly fired from choked smoothbore barrels, but some specially-designed slug barrels have riflings that can impart gyroscopic spin required for in-flight stability.

An airgun slug is a new[when?} type of pellet recently developed for pre-charged pneumatic airguns. Unlike the conventional diabolo-shaped pellet, which is aerodynamically poor and relies heavily on drag-stabilisation to maintain accuracy, the slug pellet is cylindro-conoidally shaped like a Minié ball and relies predominantly on spin-stabilisation from a rifled barrel. Because of the greater contact area with the barrel bore, these pellets require more power from the gun to overcome the frictional resistance, and therefore are mainly used in PCP airguns, which generally have much higher muzzle energy ratings than other types of airguns such as spring-piston, pump pneumatic or HPA/CO2 airguns.

A water-slug refers to operating a submarine's torpedo tube that has been filled with water rather than a torpedo, thus shooting a "slug of water." In simulated naval battles and exercises this is to represent the dispatch of an actual torpedo as, to sonar detectors, the sounds are very alike.

title: Slug (projectile)


text:
Talk:Dhow

Untitled
http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/Land/Dhow.html Does not seem to work and the target website has no search result with the word "dhow"...

The stamp appears to show a felucca, not a dhow. In fact, the article at felucca shows the same stamp. Can someone confirm?69.181.120.218 12:36, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Please also mentions the Persian name of Dhows: Lenj. --92.4.124.200 (talk) 15:29, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Picture positioning
One of the photos is positioned so that it covers some text. This problem with pictures occurs in many other articles as well. The other photos are also positioned so that the [Edit] links are jumbled together. Any way to fix this? Musicguyguy (talk) 04:22, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

File:Dhow znz.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Dhow znz.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on September 6, 2012. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2012-09-06. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! — howcheng  {chat} 21:12, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Relevant sources?
"Some historians claim the dhow was invented by Arabs or Indians, but the majority give the credit to the Chinese.[1][2]"

The sources given for this claim seem rather unacademic, could we find a different source that actually shows how 'most' historians credit the Chinese with the ship? 83.83.1.229 (talk) 09:31, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dhow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120715154255/http://al-bab.com/bys/articles/taylor03.htm to http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/taylor03.htm

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:42, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Dhow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120216233712/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/books/villiers06.htm to http://www.al-bab.com/bys/books/villiers06.htm
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120724202301/http://www.dianibeach.co.uk/sailing.htm to http://www.dianibeach.co.uk/sailing.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20031005041817/http://www3.sympatico.ca/sandyxavier/emirates/adventur/zaruqpic.htm to http://www3.sympatico.ca/sandyxavier/emirates/adventur/zaruqpic.htm

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Translation
Sgtnugg (talk) 15:54, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dhow


text:
Petit Verdot

Petit Verdot is a variety of red wine grape, principally used in classic Bordeaux blends. It ripens much later than the other varieties in Bordeaux, often too late, so it fell out of favour in its home region. When it does ripen it adds tannin, colour and flavour, in small amounts, to the blend. Petit verdot has attracted attention among winemakers in the New World, where it ripens more reliably and has been made into single varietal wine. It is also useful in 'stiffening' the mid palate of Cabernet Sauvignon blends.

When young its aromas have been likened to banana and pencil shavings. Strong tones of violet and leather develop as it matures.

History

Petit Verdot probably predates Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux, but its origins are unclear. There are records of it in the eighteenth century, but its characteristics suggest an origin in much hotter climes than the Gironde.

It is one parent of Tressot, the other parent being Duras, a grape from the upper Tarn valley near Toulouse. It's possible that both were brought to the region by the Romans as they moved inland from the Mediterranean.

Argentina
There are some blocks of Petit Verdot in Argentina, although for many years it was labelled as Fer.

Australia
Verdot was included in James Busby's collection of 1832, and it was trialled by Sir William Macarthur in the 1840s. In 2000 there were 1600 hectares in Australia with Kingston Estate in South Australia having the largest planting, four times more than in France. It is increasingly being used to make massive, brooding, single varietal wines that will age for several years – Pirramimma has championed this approach and Warrumbungle Wines releases only aged / cellar vintages to highlight the aging potential.

Chile
Chile had 137 ha in 2003.

France
Almost all the Petit Verdot in France is planted in Bordeaux, mostly in the Médoc where it is used in small amounts to give structure to the classic Bordeaux blend. However the late ripening means that in some years the entire crop is lost and it only properly ripens once every four years, so it has fallen out of favour, particularly with the trend towards earlier-maturing wine.

Italy
In Italy, it is sometimes cultivated in Maremma (Tuscany) and Lazio.

Lebanon
In Lebanon, it is sometime found in Bekaa Valley, and be added to cabernet sauvignon and merlot.

Peru

In Peru, Petit Verdot vines are grown in the southern Ica Region. The desert weather from Ica allows producers to make 100% varietal Petit Verdot wines. Tacama winery produces one of its high end wines, "Don Manuel", with 100% Petit Verdot grapes.

Portugal
In Portugal it is sometime cultivated in Alentejo with great results due to this region's specific climatic conditions.

United States
The profusion of Meritage Bordeaux blends has seen considerable interest in the variety in California, where there was 360 ha in 2003. The more consistent, warmer climate is a big help in reliably ripening the grape, and producers are starting to experiment with single varietals. It is also planted in Arizona, Colorado, Oregon, Texas, Michigan, Virginia, Ohio, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Long Island, New York, New Mexico, and Washington.

In addition to the countries above, Petit Verdot is used as 'seasoning' in Bordeaux-style blends in British Columbia, New Zealand, South Africa and Spain.

Vine and viticulture
The leaves have three to five lobes with a distinctively elongated central lobe. The small, cylindrical bunches are winged, with small black berries.

The name Petit Verdot ('small green') refers to one of the main problems with the grape, that often the berries fail to develop properly without the right weather during flowering. It also refers to the late ripening which usually comes too late for the Bordeaux climate. Petit Verdot also has a peculiar characteristic in that it produces more than two clusters per shoot.

Synonyms
Bouton, Carmelin, Heran, Lambrusquet Noir, Petit Verdau, Petit Verdot Noir, Verdot and Verdot Rouge.

title: Petit Verdot


text:
Hurricane Iniki

Hurricane Iniki (Hawaiian: iniki meaning "strong and piercing wind") was a hurricane that struck the island of Kauai on September 11, 1992. It was the most powerful hurricane to strike Hawaii in recorded history, and the only hurricane to directly affect the state during the 1992 Pacific hurricane season. Forming on September 5, 1992, during the strong 1990–1995 El Niño, Iniki was one of eleven Central Pacific tropical cyclones during that season. It attained tropical storm status on September 8 and intensified into a hurricane the next day. After abruptly turning north, Iniki struck Kauai at peak intensity; it had winds of 145 mph and reached Category 4 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale.

Winds gusted to 225 mph. It was the first hurricane to hit the state since Hurricane Iwa in the 1982 season, and the only known major hurricane to hit the state. Iniki dissipated on September 13, about halfway between Hawaii and Alaska.

Iniki caused around $3.1 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ) in damage and seven deaths. This made Iniki, at the time, the costliest natural disaster on record in the state, as well as the third-costliest to hit the U.S. It struck just 18 days after Hurricane Andrew, the costliest tropical cyclone ever at the time, struck Florida.

The Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) failed to issue tropical cyclone warnings and watches 24 hours in advance. The hurricane destroyed more than 1,400 houses on Kauai and severely damaged more than 5,000. Though not directly in the path of the eye, Oahu experienced moderate damage from wind and storm surge.

Meteorological history
The origin of Iniki is unclear, but it may have begun as a tropical wave that exited the west African coast on August 18. It moved westward across northern South America and Central America, entering the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 28. On September 5, Tropical Depression Eighteen-E developed from the wave, about 1700 mi southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, or 1550 mi east-southeast of Hilo. Upon its formation, the depression had a ragged area of convection, and the National Hurricane Center anticipated minimal strengthening over the subsequent few days. This was due to the convective structure having poorly-defined outflow, or ventilation. Warm sea surface temperatures, 2–5° F (1–3° C) above normal, were considered a positive factor. On September 6, the depression crossed 140° W, entering the area of warning responsibility of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC). On that day, the CPHC anticipated that the depression would dissipate within 24 hours, and ceased issuing advisories, but the depression reorganized on the next day, and warnings were reissued. Steered by a subtropical ridge to the north, the depression continued westward, or slightly south of due west. On September 8, the CPHC upgraded the depression to tropical storm status, giving it the name Iniki, which is Hawaiian for a sharp and piercing wind.

Iniki gradually intensified as its track shifted to the north. It moved around the western edge of the subtropical ridge, which was weakening due to an upper-level trough moving eastward from the International Date Line. Typically, the subtropical ridge keeps storms away from the Hawaiian islands. On September 9, Iniki strengthened into a hurricane, and the next day it passed about 300 mi south of Ka Lae, the southernmost point of the Big Island of Hawaii. The hurricane slowed and curved toward the north while continuing to intensify. On September 10, a reconnaissance aircraft flew into Iniki, observing sustained winds of 115 mph, which is a major hurricane, or a Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The approaching trough caused Iniki to accelerate to the north-northeast toward the western Hawaiian islands.

On September 11, a reconnaissance aircraft observed maximum sustained winds of 145 mph, with gusts to 173 mph, making it a Category 4 hurricane. The flight also observed a minimum barometric pressure of 938 mbar, the lowest ever observed in the Central Pacific at the time. At that time, the hurricane was about 130 mi southwest of Lihue. Iniki weakened slightly after its peak, and its eye made landfall on the southern coast of Kauai near Waimea with winds of 140 mph, making it the strongest hurricane on record to strike Hawaii. Iniki moved rapidly across the island, and about 40 minutes after landfall, it reemerged into the Pacific Ocean as it accelerated away from the state. The hurricane thereafter weakened, dropping to tropical storm status by September 13. That day, Iniki transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it integrated with an approaching cold front about halfway between Hawaii and Alaska.

Preparations
While Iniki was in its development stages, various tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated a range of possibilities for the hurricane's future trajectory, ranging from a landfall on the Big Island to a path to the west, away from the state. The hurricane initially followed a trajectory similar to other storms in the region, passing south of the state. The CPHC relied on the Miami-based National Hurricane Center for the models, and lacked a detailed analysis on each model run, which caused errors in forecasting. The agency also had limited satellite imagery and direct observations to track the hurricane. As such, the CPHC failed to issue tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the hurricane well in advance, although the agency warned for the potential of high surf. For several days before the disaster, the CPHC and the news media forecast Iniki to remain well south of the island chain.

Two days before the storm struck, the Naval Western Oceanography Center on Oahu recommended that the United States Navy fleet at the Pearl Harbor Shipyard to start storm preparations. A few Naval facilities were evacuated, some ahead of official hurricane warnings from the CPHC. Early on September 11, less than 24 hours before Iniki made landfall, the CPHC issued a hurricane watch for Kauai, Niihau, and the northwestern Hawaiian islands to the French Frigate Shoals. A few hours later, the agency upgraded the watch to a hurricane warning for Kauai and Niihau. A hurricane warning was later issued for Oahu, while a tropical storm watch was issued for the islands of Maui County. Warning sirens blared on Kauai and Oʻahu to warn the public of the approaching storm. The hurricane warning for Kauai was downgraded to a tropical storm warning after Iniki departed the island, causing some confusion whether there was another storm approaching the area. Reports about the storm were disseminated by radio, newspapers, and news stations. After the hurricane warnings were issued, TV stations began 24-hour coverage of the storm. Residents responded well to the hurricane, in part due to the scenes of destruction from Hurricane Andrew in south Florida three weeks earlier. Iniki nearly struck the Central Pacific Hurricane Center in Honolulu. Had it hit there, Iniki, along with Hurricane Andrew and Typhoon Omar, would have struck each of the three National Weather Service offices responsible for tropical cyclone warnings within a two-month period.

In response to the approaching hurricane, about 38,000 people evacuated to public shelters, including 8,000 on Kauai and 30,000 people in Oahu. On Kauai, school was canceled, and the traffic was light during the evacuation, with streets clear by mid-morning. Rather than send tourists to public shelters, two major hotels kept their occupants in the buildings during Iniki's passage of Kauai. Some residents rode out the hurricane in their homes. According to a post-storm survey, no one on the island did not hear about the impending storm. On Oʻahu, all schools, and most businesses, closed during the storm's passage. Only critical government employees worked during the storm. Officials opened 110 public shelters on Oʻahu, including some schools meant for refuge only; this meant they provided no food, cots, blankets, medications, or other comfort items. Roughly one-third of Oahu's population participated in the evacuation, though many others went to the house of a family member or friend for shelter. Officials assessed that the evacuations went well, beginning with the vulnerable coastal area. For those in need, vans and buses gave emergency transportation, while police manned certain overused intersections. The two main problems during the evacuation were lack of parking at shelters and exit routes for the coastlines. On the Big Island, officials ordered residents within 300 ft of the coastline to evacuate to higher ground.

Impact
Hurricane Iniki was the costliest hurricane ever to strike Hawaii, causing $3.1 billion in damage. That made it the third-costliest U.S. hurricane at the time, behind Hurricane Hugo in 1989 and Hurricane Andrew in August 1992, one month earlier. It was the first significant hurricane to threaten the state since Hurricane Iwa ten years earlier. Iniki affected all of Hawaii with high waves and strong winds, with the worst impacts on Kauai. Seven people died during the hurricane – three on Kauai, two offshore, and two on Oahu. The low death toll was likely due to well-executed warnings and preparation. Of the offshore deaths, two were Japanese nationals who died when their boat capsized south of Kauai. There were also around 100 storm-related injuries throughout the state, some of which occurred during the hurricane's aftermath.

Kauai
Hurricane Iniki made landfall on south-central Kauai and moved across the island in 40 minutes. Much of the island experienced sustained winds of 100 to 120 mph. Wind gusts were estimated at 175 mph at landfall. There was an uncalibrated wind gust of 217 mph at Makaha Ridge, at the top of a cliff. A station at Makahuena Point recorded a gust of 143 mph. Based on the island's damage patterns, meteorologist Ted Fujita estimated there were as many as 26 microbursts, sudden downdrafts of wind capable of reaching 200 mph. There were also two mini-swirls, small localized swirls within the eyewall. In general, the winds descending the island's mountains were more damaging than the upslope winds. In addition to its strong winds, Iniki lashed the southern Kauai coastline with a 4 to 6 m storm surge, or rise in water. On top of the surge, the hurricane produced wave heights of 17 ft, with a high water mark of 22.2 ft at Waikomo Stream near Koloa. The high waves left a debris line more than 800 ft inland. Because it moved quickly through the island, there were no reports of significant rainfall.

Iniki's passage left extensive damage throughout Kauai, with 14,350 homes damaged to some degree. Only the western part of the island escaped severe damage. Three people died on the island – one due to flying debris, one to a collapsed house, and one of a heart attack. Across Kauai, Iniki destroyed 1,421 houses, including 63 that were lost from the high waves and water. It also severely damaged 5,152 homes, while 7,178 received minor damage, which left more than 7,000 people homeless. High waters damaged several hotels and condominiums along the island's southern shore. A few were restored quickly, but some took several years to be rebuilt. One hotel—the Coco Palms Resort famous for Elvis Presley's Blue Hawaii—never reopened.

Hurricane Iniki's making landfall during daylight hours, combined with the popularity of camcorders, led many Kauai residents to record much of the damage as it occurred. The footage was later used to create an hour-long video documentary. Commercial air service was suspended.

Iniki's high winds also downed 26.5% of the island's transmission poles, 37% of its distribution poles, and 35% of its 800 mi distribution wire system. The entire island lacked electricity and television service for an extended period. Electric companies restored only 20% of the island's power service within four weeks of Iniki, while other areas had no power for three to four months. Also affected by the storm was the agricultural sector. Much of the sugar cane was already harvested, but what was left was severely damaged. The winds destroyed tender tropical plants like bananas and papayas and uprooted or damaged fruit and nut trees.

The high winds stripped much of Kauai of its vegetation, wrecking sugar cane fields as well as fruit and nut trees.

Among those on Kauai was filmmaker Steven Spielberg, who was preparing for the final day of on-location shooting of the film Jurassic Park. He and the 130 of his cast and crew remained safely in a hotel during Iniki's passage. According to Spielberg, "every single structure was in shambles; roofs and walls were torn away; telephone poles and trees were down as far as the eye could see." Spielberg included footage of Iniki battering the Kaua'i coastal walls as part of the completed film, where a tropical storm is a pivotal part of the plot. Members of the film's crew helped to clear some of the debris off of nearby roads.

Elsewhere
East of the hurricane's landfall, Oahu received tropical storm-force winds during Iniki's passage along its southwestern coast, with an island-wide peak gust of 82 mph in Waianae. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned an F1 tornado in Nānākuli, also on Oahu. Along western Oahu, Iniki produced a 2 to 4 ft surge, with 17 ft waves recorded near Mākaha. Prolonged periods of high waves severely eroded and damaged the southwestern coast of Oahu, with the areas most affected being Barbers Point through Kaena. The Waianae coastline experienced the most damage, with waves and storm surge flooding the second floor of beachside apartments. In all, Hurricane Iniki caused several million dollars in property damage, and two deaths on Oahu.

High swells affected the southwestern coasts of Maui and the Big Island, which damaged boats, harbors, and coastal structures. On the Big Island, seas of 10 ft were reported, along with 40 mph winds. The high waves damaged 12 homes on the Big Island. In Honokōhau Harbor, three or four sailboats were tossed onto the rocks and one trimaran at another harbor was sunk. A beach near Napoʻopoʻo on Kealakekua Bay lost some sand and to this day has never been the same.

Aftermath
Immediately after the storm, many were relieved to have survived the worst of the hurricane; their complacency turned to apprehensiveness due to lack of information, as every radio station was out and no news was available for several days. Because Iniki knocked out electrical power for most of the island, communities held parties to consume perishable food from unpowered refrigerators and freezers, and many hotels prepared and hosted free meals to use up their perishables. Though some food markets allowed those affected to take what they needed, many Kauai citizens insisted on paying. In addition, entertainers from all of Hawaii, including Graham Nash (who owns a home on the north shore of Kauaʻi) and the Honolulu Symphony, gave free concerts for the victims.

Three days after Iniki struck Hawaii, the NOAA Assistant Administrator for Weather Services directed that a disaster survey team investigate the warnings and responsiveness to the hurricane. The passages of Iwa and Iniki within a ten-year period increased public awareness of hurricanes in Hawaii.

Jurassic Park was being filmed at the time; the sets used for the deleted scene where Mr. Arnold goes to the shed to turn the power on were destroyed, and the cast and crew took shelter in a hotel. Shots of Iniki made it into the film. Looting occurred in Iniki's aftermath, but it was very minor. A group from the Army Corps of Engineers, who experienced the looting during Hurricane Andrew just weeks before, were surprised at the overall calmness and lack of violence on the island. Electrical power was restored to most of the island about six weeks after the hurricane, but students returned to Kauai public schools two weeks after the disaster. Kauai citizens remained hopeful for monetary aid from the government or insurance companies, but after six months they felt annoyed by the lack of help. But the military effectively provided aid for their immediate needs, including MREs (meals ready to eat), and help arrived before local officials requested aid.

By four weeks after the hurricane, only 20% of power was restored on Kauai, following the island-wide blackout. Amateur radio proved extremely helpful during the three weeks after the storm, with volunteers coming from neighboring islands as well as from around the Pacific to assist in the recovery. There was support of local government communications in Lihue in the first week of recovery as well as a hastily organized effort by local operators to assist with the American Red Cross and their efforts to provide shelters and disaster relief centers across Kauaʻi.

In the months after the storm, many insurance companies left Hawaii. To combat this, Governor John D. Waihee III enacted the Hurricane Relief Fund in 1993 to help unprotected Hawaii residents. The fund was never needed for another Hawaii hurricane, and it was eliminated in 2000, when insurance companies returned to the island.

Iniki ravaged multiple islands' native forest bird population, and doubtless hastened the extinction of the Kauai ōō. It is also thought that the storm blew apart many chicken coops, some possibly used to house fighting chickens; this caused a dramatic increase in feral chickens roaming Kauai.

Due to the storm's impact, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Iniki after the 1992 season; it will never again be used for a Central Pacific tropical cyclone. It was replaced in the basin's naming rotation with Iolana.

In popular culture
The events and survivor accounts of the hurricane were featured in an episode of The Weather Channel docuseries Storm Stories, "Iniki Jurassic", the sixth episode of the GRB Entertainment docuseries Earth's Fury (also known as Anatomy of Disaster outside the U.S.), "Hurricane Force", the fourth episode of the 2008 Discovery Channel reality television series Destroyed in Seconds, the 1996 Fox television special When Disasters Strike, and the 11th episode of the 1999 reality television series World's Most Amazing Videos.

Archival footage of the hurricane is shown in the 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow, in a scene set in New York City.

title: Hurricane Iniki


text:
User talk:Poiuyuiop

Don't recreate articles which have been deleted through the Articles for deletion process. Don't upload images which are not to be used for encyclopedia articles. Don't remove Votes for Deletion headers from Wikipedia articles. RickK 23:19, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poiuyuiop


text:
Talk:Hamtaro

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 October 2018 and 5 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bubteaa.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:02, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Name order
I don't really see any sense of putting the Japanese names first, since this guide prominently covers the English edition of the show. The guide to the Japanese version of the show can be found here

It does make sense that the Japanese names would be first, that's where the show was created after all. Plus most people living in the U.S. can't speak Japanese, so that page is useless to them.

I think it is good to have information available, since the other page is in Japanese, but also that most people are not looking for the Japanese names first and so they should be used lightly. CorrinD (talk) 13:45, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Pictures
Someone upload some pics of hamtaro and the other characters. Micoolio101 (talk)

That would be pretty hard since no Hamtaro DVDs have been released in North America. Sango4ever, 9 October 2007 —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 20:40, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Hamtaro vids are extremely rare, due to the show being cancelled later on. I have one videocasset, and I'm a hamster fan (but I never got a Zhu Zhu Pet). But, that's true, getting a Hamtaro pic would be hard. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.243.23.219 (talk) 13:39, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

NPOV segment removed
The segment I removed was the following:

 * " [ ... ] however, by comparison Hamtaro is a better show due to the fact that the show actually has content more suitable for children and adolescents instead of the "mindless drivil," that Foster's, Kids Next Door, Camp Lazlo, and Squirrel Boy have."

I removed it from the USA entry in the Broadcasters & World airing information section. Last Thylacine 13:51, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Removing Relationships section
I'm just going to make it invisible, but I don't think such a section should've been up. Before anyone says anything, I'm the one who put it up in the first place and now looking back at it, it seems out of place in this article. Put it up on a fansite if you want, but I don't think a "shipping section" belongs on wikipedia.67.84.253.44 22:22, 28 March 2007 (UTC)burnfist

Japanese names of Hamstern+crew?
I mean, they aren't even acknowledged in the article...

By the way, if some who knows the Japanese names but not the English ones...

Captain Hamstern= The Captain (Kind of obvious...) Hamberto= Hamster with the striped hat and darts (well, according to Ham-Ham Games, they're darts...) Hambone= Tall Hamster with strange ears Hambeard= Hamster with a beard (Again, obvious...) Cubbie= (small hamster with a bandanna)

...Wow, was that even necessary? XD I hope so. 66.67.150.177 (talk) 05:40, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

"Hamtaro is licensed by Viz Media in North America, who dubbed it in a format aimed at a younger audience."
What exactly does that mean by "younger" audience?... It's aimed at a young audience in Japan as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.75.99.221 (talk) 21:42, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but in some Japanese episodes, they curse in them. And I mean the hamsters do, not the humans. Mokoniki (talk) 00:27, 1 July 2009 (UTC)Mokoniki
 * Swearing seems to be a subjective thing. Japanese swearing works differently in English. Usually in English anime for younger people have milder language, and anime for older audiences has real swearing. Hamtaro is a kodomo show, so I do not believe than any serious dub would have real curse words. WhisperToMe (talk) 02:12, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Episode Table
Can someone finish the rest of the episodes format and put them into a table please?DragonZero (talk) 02:51, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Moved to Episode list DragonZero (talk) 06:25, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Airing Stations
Should the airing stations be combined into the TV anime stations in the info box?DragonZero (talk) 23:33, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Website files
For archival reasons: WhisperToMe (talk) 02:19, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_travis.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_kipsue.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_laura.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_noel.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_kana.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_kylie.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_june.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_brandy.htm
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_hillary.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/owners/owners_maria.html
 * http://www.hamtaro.com/song_lyrics.html

I found several errors on the Hamtaro page; fixed!
I just went over the Hamtaro page and fixed the awkward wording and punctuation errors. It was clearly written by someone whose first language is not English and I applaud their effort in trying to contribute to the wiki page.

If any of you want to look over my revisions/add to the page here is the link! [|Hamtaro] — Preceding unsigned comment added by CoMyGod (talk • contribs) 04:19, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Lead section has some typos/bad grammar (see “the manga is serialized…in 1997” instead of “was serialized”). The second paragraph under Reception is confusing because it mixes Japanese and American reception, and needs to be clearer on the first read. The first sentence under Reception is uncited and feels out of place somehow, and might not have as much impact/significance as hoped. CorrinD (talk) 13:51, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Airing Stations
Who put that Boing Africa is showing Hamtaro in South Africa and UniMas is showing it in the US this year? I can't seem to find any proof of those channels airing it? Are those actually true?

MrLeap (talk) 09:28, 3 December 2015 (UTC)

Overall Article Review
Wikipedia Article Critique for class - Hamtaro

Lead section has some typos/bad grammar (see “the manga is serialized…in 1997” instead of “was serialized”). Also doesn’t give any information about its significance – why does this article exist?/Why is it rated as mid-importance on the importance scale? Also, it should probably link to the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series page. I wonder if the plot is almost too condensed. I would think about adding a line, for example, on how each episode focuses on sneaking around without being detected, and learning lessons while trying to do good. I don’t know that Boss’ Japanese name needs to go in the plot summary. I think that a small limited descriptive list for perhaps the most main characters could be useful in addition to the outside link to the characters (although that page could benefit from a lot of pictures). I think this article could be improved by adding something about popularity or reception in Japan, not just the U.S. Right now, there is a very heavy U.S.-centric bias used to write the reception section, I believe, which is not improved by dumping a lot of stats about Japan airings. The second paragraph under Reception is confusing because it mixes Japanese and American reception, and needs to be clearer on the first read. The first sentence under Reception is uncited and feels out of place somehow, and might not have as much impact/significance as hoped. Now that Hamtaro is somewhat older material, finding resources that analyze it should be possible. For example, Stefan Sonvilla-Weiss’ book, Mashup Cultures, has an essay by Mizuko Ito called “Mobilizing the imagination in everyday play: the case of Japanese media mix” which mentions the impact of Hamtaro, and more about its genre and notable features. I also wonder why it is necessary to list licensed products, because it seems limited and incomplete (Hamtaro stuff (albeit not new) is still being sold in Japanese bookstores, for example) (also, I think I know of more merchandise that isn’t listed). My biggest problem with that section is why does it matter; or why would someone looking up Hamtaro want to know more about licensed products than characters or plat, for example? It just seems like it belongs as a side link like Characters, or something to that nature. That section definitely needs more references than provided. I worry that the article is too neutral to the point where nothing has been added, when it could be. I believe that there could also be more external links for those who want to learn more, and are willing to leave a bias-free space to find more, such as the Hamtaro-specific wiki page. I think the biggest needs are addressing significance (of course, without bias) of this show, and adding references. CorrinD (talk) 13:50, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hamtaro


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Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco

Princess Lalla Meryem  (الأميرة للا مريم, born 26 August 1962) is the first daughter and eldest child of the late King Hassan II of Morocco and his wife, Princess Lalla Latifa.

Education
Lalla Meryem was born in Rome and is the oldest of her siblings who are King Mohammed VI, Lalla Asma, Lalla Hasna and Prince Moulay Rachid.

She completed her primary and secondary education at the Royal College in Rabat. After she obtained her Baccalauréat in 1981, Princess Lalla Meryem was appointed by her father as the President of Social Works of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces. She continued her studies at the Mohammed V University of Rabat where she graduated with a Bachelor's degree in sociology.

Official activities
Holder of numerous prestigious official functions, Princess Meryem has focused much of her activities on the social and cultural realm. Using her Royal status, she continues her work on behalf of women and children and advocate their rights on an international level. She is the President of the following organizations:

 * (1981) President of the Hassan II Foundation for the social works of the former soldiers and ex-combatants;
 * (1993) President of the Moroccan association in support of UNICEF;
 * (1994) President of the National Observatory for the Rights of the Child;
 * (1995) President of the Hassan II Foundation for the Moroccans residing abroad;
 * (1997) President of Al Karam Association;
 * (2000) President of the INSAF Association for respect for the rights of women and children;
 * (2003) President of the National Union of Moroccan Women (UNFM).

In July 2001, she was nominated UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador with focus of her Ambassadorship on UNESCO projects for women and children. Also Member of the Honorary Committee of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children.

In 2002, in Rabat the former Moroccan League for Child Protection was reorganize into the “Center Lalla Meryem for abandoned children”. That same year, on October 22, 23 and 24, Lalla Meryem chaired the work of the Euro-Mediterranean Conference on children's rights and human security, which was held in Marrakesh and attended by representatives of international organizations such as UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, the European Union, the European Parliament, the Arab Parliament and national actors concerned.

In July 2003, King Mohammed VI promoted Princess Lalla Meryem to the rank of Senior colonel of the Royal Armed Forces.

In July 2007, she inaugurated the “Lalla Meryem park” in Oujda. This park which is eponymous extends over an area of two hectares and is located to the south of the old medina and adjoins the boulevard Maghreb El Arabi.

Marriage
On 15 September 1984, she married Fuad Filali (born 1957), ex-CEO of ONA Group, and the son of former Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Abdellatif Filali. They had two children, a daughter and a son: The couple divorced in 1998.
 * Sharifa Lalla Soukaïna Filali (born 30 April 1986 in Rabat). On 28 May 2014, she married Mohammed El Mehdi Regragui, they divorced in 2019. The couple have twins born on 27 September 2015:
 * Moulay Hassan Regragui;
 * Lalla Aya Regragui.
 * Sharif Moulay Idris Filali (born 21 March 1988 in Rabat).

National honours

 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Throne.

Foreign honours

 * Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom, 27 October 1980).
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (Portuguese Republic, 25 August 1994).
 * Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Kingdom of Spain, 16 September 2000).
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit (Lebanese Republic, 17 July 2001).

title: Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco


text:
Curtis Brown (ice hockey)

Curtis Dean Brown (born February 12, 1976) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres in the second round (43rd overall) of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Over his National Hockey League (NHL) career, he played for the Sabres, San Jose Sharks, and Chicago Blackhawks.

Brown served as a Sharks pregame and postgame analyst on NBC Sports California until 2023 when he moved to Nebraska to accept a position with the Lincoln Stars. As of 2024, Brown is the head coach and general manager of the Lincoln Stars AAA team.

Playing career
Brown was drafted in the second round of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres. After finishing the 1994–95 WHL season with the Moose Jaw Warriors, he debuted with the Sabres on May 3, 1995 against the New Jersey Devils and scored a goal and an assist.

Brown returned to the WHL for 1995–96 and was traded from Moose Jaw to the Prince Albert Raiders before finishing out the season with Buffalo.

By 1997–98, Brown became a full-time player for the Sabres, usually on the third line.

In March 2004, Brown was traded to the San Jose Sharks in a three-way trade that saw Buffalo acquire Jeff Jillson from Boston while they received Brad Boyes and Andy Delmore. Brown played only 12 games for San Jose, however, and spent the 2004 NHL lockout season in the ECHL with the San Diego Gulls.

On July 2, 2004, Brown signed a four-year deal with the Chicago Blackhawks, only to be bought out after only one NHL season. Brown was the first player ever to have his contract bought out.

Brown signed with San Jose as an unrestricted free agent in July 2006. The two-year deal was worth just $1.4 million, with Brown stating that he signed for such a relatively low salary because he had already received money from Chicago's buy-out.

On July 17, 2008, Brown completed his NHL career and signed with the Kloten Flyers of the Swiss Nationalliga A where he played for one season. He then switched to defense and played the final two seasons of his career with EHC Biel before retiring.

Personal life
Brown, of Christian faith, has a wife, Ami. The couple had a daughter, Aubri who died in late 2005 of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The death of their daughter inspired them to create The Aubri Brown Foundation, a foundation that helps parents going through the loss of their children. They have three sons, Gage, Garrett, and Griffin.

Awards

 * WHL East First All-Star Team – 1995
 * WHL East Second All-Star Team – 1996

title: Curtis Brown (ice hockey)