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Air and Space Longevity Service Award

The Air and Space Longevity Service Award (ASLSA) is a military award of the United States Air Force and United States Space Force established as the Air Force Longevity Service Award by Air Force General Order 60, on 25 November 1957 by General Thomas D. White, Air Force Chief of Staff. The award was primarily created as an air force equivalent to the service stripes used by other branches of the United States military to denote years of military service. The award is retroactive to the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as an independent service in September 1947. The ribbon is also retroactive for any service with the U.S. Army Air Forces, U.S. Army Air Corps, or U.S. Army Air Service prior to the creation of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service as long as the serviceman was on active duty on or after 18 September 1947. On 16 November 2020, the Air Force Longevity Service Award was renamed to the Air and Space Longevity Service Award by the Secretary of the Air Force.

Criteria
The Air and Space Longevity Service Award is awarded for completing four years of Active, Air Force Reserve, or Air National Guard service. For members of the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard, creditable service must have been in a drilling status with regular attendance of at least minimum monthly weekend drills and annual training. Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard mobilized to full-time active duty continue to accrue eligibility in the same manner as active duty Air Force personnel. Service as a student at a United States service academy, typically the USAF Academy, is also creditable so long as the member graduated. The ribbon is awarded to both officers and enlisted personnel, in contrast to service stripes which are only provided to enlisted members of the military.

Appearance
The Air and Space Longevity Service Award is a ribbon-only award. It is ultramarine blue divided by four equal stripes of grotto blue. Oak leaf clusters are worn on the ribbon to indicate subsequent awards of the Air Force Longevity Service Award.

title: Air and Space Longevity Service Award


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CDS

CDS, CDs, Cds, etc. may refer to:

Finance

 * Canadian Depository for Securities, Canadian post-trade financial services company
 * Certificate of deposit (CDs)
 * Counterfeit Deterrence System, developed by the Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group
 * Credit default swap (CDS), a type of credit derivative

Military

 * Chief Defence Scientist, the head of the Australian Defence Science & Technology
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (disambiguation)
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (France)
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (Ghana)
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (India)
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)
 * Chief of the Defence Staff, of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)
 * Comprehensive Display System, a command, control, and coordination system used by the British Royal Navy in the 1960s to track aircraft
 * South American Defense Council (Consejo de Defensa Sudamericano), of the Union of South American Nations

Organizations

 * Canadian Depository for Securities
 * Center for Development and Strategy
 * Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg, a French astronomical data center
 * Centre for Development Studies, in India
 * Commercial Data Systems, a Canadian software publisher
 * Conference of Drama Schools, now part of Drama UK
 * Cooperative Development Services, a non-profit organization engaged in cooperative development in the US
 * Sinaloa Cartel (Spanish: Cártel de Sinaloa)

Politics

 * Campaign for Democratic Socialism, a former group within the British Labour Party; forerunner to the Social Democratic Party
 * Centre des démocrates sociaux (Centre of Social Democrats), a French political party; see
 * CDS – People's Party (Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular), a Portuguese political party
 * Centro Democrático y Social (Democratic and Social Centre), a former Spanish political party
 * Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama (Democratic and Social Convention), a political party in Niger

Science

 * Cadmium sulfide (CdS), an inorganic compound
 * Climate Data Store, a central component of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)
 * Chromatography data system, software collecting and analyzing chromatographic results
 * Coding DNA sequence, that portion of a gene's DNA or RNA, composed of exons, that codes for protein
 * Correlated double sampling, a method to measure electrical values such as voltages or currents that allows removing an undesired offset
 * Chlorine Dioxide Solution, a toxic solution of sodium chlorite, falsely promoted as a universal cure
 * Cytosolic DNA Sensor, molecule that detects microbial double-stranded DNA in the cytosol and activates signaling pathways that initiate anti-microbial responses

Technology

 * Current Directory Structure, an important internal data structure in DOS
 * Compact discs (CDs)
 * CD single (CDS), a music single in the form of a standard size compact disc
 * Cockpit display system
 * Cross-domain solution, processes that transfer data between security domains
 * Cinema Digital Sound, a multi-channel surround sound format used for theatrical films in the early 1990s

Other uses

 * Common Data Set
 * Community day school, a school system used in the state of California, US
 * Coulsdon South railway station, London, England (National Rail station code)
 * Country Day School movement
 * Child-directed speech, or baby talk
 * Condensed distillers solubles, also referred to as distillers grains, a cereal byproduct of the distillation process
 * Container delivery system, a system used for airdrops
 * Controlled/dangerous substance, as defined by the Controlled Substances Act
 * Combined Defence Services Examination, abbreviated as CDS, Indian military examination
 * Certified Director of Safety (Designation from NATMI - the North American Transportation Management Institute in conjunction with the University of Central Florida)
 * Customs Declaration Service, a UK customs management system and planned successor of CHIEF.
 * Cognitive disengagement syndrome, an attention disorder that is increasingly thought to be distinct from ADHD

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CDS


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Majorcan Union

Majorcan Union (Unió Mallorquina, UM; ) was a regional liberal party on the island of Majorca, Spain. It was founded in October 1982, as a nationalist continuation of the then disintegrating Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD). The main founder was Jeroni Albertí Picornell.

In 1993 it merged with the Unió Independent de Mallorca and Convergència Balear. Subsequently, it forged alliances with Independents per Menorca and Unió Centristes de Menorca.

As a centre party, it supported People's Party governments (1987) in the Balearic Islands but also the left-wing coalition, led by the socialist Francesc Antich (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, PSOE), which replaced the People's Party in 1999. UM was once again was the key element in returning the presidency to Francesc Antich after the regional elections to the Balearic Island parliament held in 2007.

Unió Mallorquina was a member of Liberal International. The last president was Josep Melià i Ques

Following a number of corruption scandals, the party decided to disband in February 2011 and establish a new party, Convergence for the Isles (Convergència per les Illes).

Parliament of the Balearic Islands

 * * Within People's Party–Majorcan Union

title: Majorcan Union


text: User talk:64.110.73.2

title: User talk:64.110.73.2


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Isham G. Harris

Isham Green Harris (February 10, 1818 – July 8, 1897) was an American and Confederate politician who served as the 16th governor of Tennessee from 1857 to 1862, and as a U.S. senator from 1877 until his death. He was the state's first governor from West Tennessee. A pivotal figure in the state's history, Harris was considered by his contemporaries the person most responsible for leading Tennessee out of the Union and aligning it with the Confederacy during the Civil War.

Harris rose to prominence in state politics in the late 1840s when he campaigned against the anti-slavery initiatives of northern Whigs. He was elected governor amidst rising sectional strife in the late 1850s, and following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, persistently sought to sever the state's ties with the Union. His war-time efforts eventually raised over 100,000 soldiers for the Confederate cause. After the Union Army gained control of Middle and West Tennessee in 1862, Harris spent the remainder of the war on the staffs of various Confederate generals. Following the war, he spent several years in exile in Mexico and England.

After returning to Tennessee, Harris became a leader of the state's Bourbon Democrats. During his tenure in the U. S. Senate, he championed states' rights and currency expansion. As the Senate's president pro tempore in the 1890s, Harris led the charge against President Grover Cleveland's attempts to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

Early life and career
Harris was born in Franklin County, Tennessee near Tullahoma. He was the ninth child of Isham Green Harris, a farmer and Methodist minister, and his wife Lucy Davidson Harris. His parents had moved from North Carolina to Middle Tennessee in 1806. He was educated at Carrick Academy in Winchester, Tennessee, until he was fourteen. He moved to Paris, Tennessee, where he joined up with his brother William R. Harris, an attorney, and became a store clerk. In 1838, with funds provided by his brother, Harris established his own business in Ripley, Mississippi, an area that had only been recently opened to settlers after a treaty with the Chickasaw Indians.

While in Ripley, Harris studied law. He sold his successful business three years later for $7,000 and returned to Paris where he continued studying law under Judge Andrew McCampbell. On May 3, 1841, he was admitted to the bar in Henry County and began a lucrative practice in Paris. He was considered one of the leading criminal attorneys in the state.

On July 6, 1843, Harris married Martha Mariah Travis (nicknamed "Crockett"), the daughter of Major Edward Travis, a War of 1812 veteran. The couple had seven sons. By 1850 the family had a 300 acre farm and a home in Paris. By 1860 their total property was worth $45,000 (~$ in ) and included twenty slaves and a plantation in Shelby County.

In 1847, Henry County Democrats convinced Harris to run for the district's Tennessee Senate seat in hopes of countering a strong campaign by local Whig politician William Hubbard. Anti-war comments made in August by the district's Whig congressional candidate, William T. Haskell, damaged Hubbard's campaign, and he quit the race. Harris easily defeated the last minute Whig replacement, Joseph Roerlhoe. Shortly after taking his seat, he sponsored a resolution condemning the Wilmot Proviso, which would have banned slavery in territories acquired during the Mexican–American War.

In 1848, Harris was an elector for unsuccessful presidential candidate Lewis Cass. In May of that year, he engaged in a six-hour debate in Clarksville with Aaron Goodrich, elector for Zachary Taylor.

Harris was nominated as the Democratic candidate for the state's 9th District seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1849. After successfully tying his opponent to unpopular positions of the national Whig Party, Harris won the election easily. He spent much of his term attacking the Compromise of 1850, though he also chaired the House Committee on Invalid Pensions. Harris was re-elected to a second term, but after Whigs gained control of the state legislature in 1851, his district was gerrymandered, and he did not seek a third term.

Governor of Tennessee
In 1856, Harris was chosen as the presidential elector for the state's at-large district, a position that required him to canvass the state on behalf of Democratic candidate James Buchanan. He largely outshone the district's Whig elector, ex-Governor Neill S. Brown. This campaign elevated Harris to statewide prominence.

In 1857, Tennessee's Democratic governor, Andrew Johnson, was seriously injured in a train accident and was unable to run for reelection. Harris was nominated as his replacement and embarked on a campaign that included a series of debates with his opponent, Robert H. Hatton. With sectional strife in Congress fueling both campaigns, these debates were often heated, and fights frequently broke out among spectators (and in one instance, between Harris and Hatton). Hatton was unable to distance himself from northern abolitionists, and Harris won the election by a vote of 71,178 to 59,807.

Harris's victory was not only the death knell for the state's Know Nothings, who had briefly risen to prominence following the collapse of the national Whig Party, but also represented a shift in Tennessee politics toward the Democratic Party. During the previous two decades, Whigs and Democrats had been evenly matched statewide, with Whigs controlling East Tennessee, Democrats controlling Middle Tennessee, and the two parties evenly split in West Tennessee. The nationwide debate over the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott case pushed the issue of slavery to the forefront in the mid-1850s, and the balance in West Tennessee was tipped in favor of the Democrats. Harris's 11,000 vote victory was relatively large, considering his predecessor, Johnson, had won by just over 2,000 votes in both 1853 and 1855.

In 1859, Harris ran for reelection against John Netherland, who had been nominated by a hodge-podge group of ex-Whigs, ex-Know Nothings, and disgruntled Democrats, known as the Opposition Party. Harris again campaigned on fears of northern domination, while Netherland argued that the U.S. Constitution provided the best protection for Southern rights, and thus it was in the state's interest to remain in the Union. On election day, Harris prevailed by over 8,000 votes. The Opposition Party, however, showed its strength by capturing 7 of the state's 10 congressional seats.

Secession and the Civil War

Harris endorsed John C. Breckinridge for president in 1860, and warned that the state must consider secession if the "reckless fanatics of the north" should gain control of the federal government. Following Lincoln's election in November, Harris convened a special session of the legislature on January 7, 1861, which ordered a statewide referendum on whether or not Tennessee should consider secession. Pro-Union newspapers assailed Harris's actions as treasonous. The Huntingdon Carroll Patriot wrote that Harris was more deserving of the gallows than Benedict Arnold. William "Parson" Brownlow, editor of the Knoxville Whig, particularly despised Harris, calling him "Eye Sham" and "King Harris," and slammed his actions as autocratic. When the referendum was held in February, Tennesseans rejected secession by a vote of 68,000 to 59,000.

Following the Battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861, President Lincoln ordered Harris to furnish 50,000 soldiers for the suppression of the rebellion. Reading his response to Lincoln before a raucous crowd in Nashville on April 17, Harris said, "Not a single man will be furnished from Tennessee," and stated he would rather cut off his right arm than sign the order. On April 25, Harris addressed a special session of the state legislature, stating that the Union had been destroyed by the "bloody and tyrannical policies of the Presidential usurper," and called for an end to the state's ties to the United States. Shortly afterward, the legislature authorized Harris to enter into a compact with the new Confederate States of America.

In May 1861, Harris began organizing and raising soldiers for what would become the Army of Tennessee. That same month, a steamboat, the Hillman, which was carrying a shipment of lead to Nashville from St. Louis, was seized by the Governor of Illinois. In response, Harris seized $75,000 (~$ in ) from the customs office in Nashville. On June 8, 1861, Tennesseans voted in favor of the Ordinance of Secession, 104,913 to 47,238. A group of pro-Union leaders in East Tennessee, which had rejected the Ordinance, petitioned Harris to allow the region to break away from the state and remain with the Union. Harris rejected this, and sent troops under Felix K. Zollicoffer into East Tennessee. In the gubernatorial election later that year, William H. Polk, brother of former President James K. Polk, ran against Harris on a pro-Union ticket but was defeated 75,300 to 43,495.

The Union Army invaded Tennessee in November 1861 and had gained control of Nashville by February of the following year. Harris and the state legislature moved to Memphis, but after that city fell, Harris joined the staff of General Albert Sidney Johnston. At the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, Harris found Johnston slumping in his saddle and asked if he was wounded, to which Johnston replied "Yes, and I fear seriously." Harris and other staff officers moved the general to a small ravine and attempted to render aid, but Johnston died within a few minutes. Harris and the others secretly moved his body to Shiloh Church so as not to dampen the morale of Confederate troops.

Harris spent the remainder of the war as an aide-de-camp on the staffs of various Confederate generals, among them Joseph E. Johnston, Braxton Bragg, John B. Hood, and P. G. T. Beauregard. Andrew Johnson was appointed military governor by President Lincoln in March 1862, though Harris was still recognized as governor by the Confederacy. In 1863, Tennessee's Confederates elected Robert L. Caruthers as a successor to Harris, but Caruthers never took office. Harris was still issuing edicts as governor as late as November 1864.

After the war, the United States Congress passed a joint resolution allowing the governor of Tennessee to offer a reward for the apprehension of Harris because he was "guilty of treason, perjury and theft". Brownlow, who had become governor, issued a warrant for the arrest of Harris and placed a $5,000 bounty on him. Brownlow taunted Harris in the warrant, stating, "His eyes are deep and penetrating—a perfect index to a heart of a traitor—with the scowl and frown of a demon resting upon his brow. His study of mischief and the practice of crime have brought upon him premature baldness and a gray beard." He further noted that Harris "chews tobacco rapidly and is inordinately fond of liquors."

Harris fled to Mexico, where he and several other ex-Confederates attempted to rally with Emperor Maximilian. After Maximilian's fall in 1867, however, Harris was again forced to flee, this time to England. Later that year, after learning Brownlow would rescind the warrant, Harris returned to Tennessee. Passing through Nashville, he called on Brownlow, who is said to have greeted him with the statement, "While the lamp holds out to burn, the vilest sinner may return." Afterward, he returned to Memphis to practice law.

United States Senate

By 1877, the Tennessee state legislature, which was once again controlled by Democrats, elected Harris to one of the state's U.S. Senate seats. One of his earliest assignments, in the 46th Congress (1879–81), was the District of Columbia Committee. Subsequent assignments included the Committee on Epidemic Diseases in the 49th Congress through the 52nd Congress (1885–93) and the Committee on Private Land Claims in the 54th Congress (1895–97).

During his first term in the Senate, Harris became the leader of Tennessee's Bourbon Democrats, a wing of the Democratic Party that generally supported laissez-faire capitalism and the gold standard. As such, Harris spent his early Senate career advocating strict constructionism and limited government, states' rights, and low tariffs. In 1884, he was interviewed by President-elect Grover Cleveland for a cabinet position. In 1887, he gave an impassioned speech in favor of the repeal of the Tenure of Office Act. In 1890, Harris denounced the Lodge Bill, which would have protected voting rights for African-Americans in the South, arguing that it violated states' rights.

Though a Bourbon Democrat, Harris, representing an agrarian state, was also a "Silver Democrat", believing pro-silver policies protected farmers. He supported the Bland–Allison Act of 1878, which authorized the federal government to purchase silver to prevent deflation in crop prices. He also supported the act's replacement, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. In 1893, President Cleveland, concerned that the Sherman Act was depleting the U.S. gold supply, sought its repeal. When the vote came up in the Senate in October, Harris, as president pro tempore, launched a filibuster in hopes of preventing the act's repeal, but was unsuccessful. Disgruntled over the repeal of the Sherman Act, Harris campaigned for unsuccessful presidential candidate and gold standard opponent William Jennings Bryan in 1896.

Death

Harris died in office on July 8, 1897. His funeral was held in the Senate chamber of the United States Capitol. Congressman Walter P. Brownlow, a nephew of Harris' old rival Parson Brownlow, was among those who delivered a memorial address in his honor. He is interred at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.

title: Isham G. Harris


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The Quatermass Xperiment

The Quatermass Xperiment (a.k.a. The Creeping Unknown in the United States) is a 1955 British science fiction horror film from Hammer Film Productions, based on the 1953 BBC Television serial The Quatermass Experiment written by Nigel Kneale. The film was produced by Anthony Hinds, directed by Val Guest, and stars Brian Donlevy as the titular Professor Bernard Quatermass and Richard Wordsworth as the tormented Carroon. Jack Warner, David King-Wood, and Margia Dean appear in co-starring roles.

The film concerns three astronauts who have been launched into space aboard a single-stage-to-orbit rocket designed by Professor Quatermass. It crashlands with only one of its original crew, Victor Carroon (Richard Wordsworth), still aboard. He begins mutating into an alien organism, which, if it spawns, will engulf the Earth and destroy humanity. After Carroon escapes from custody Quatermass and Inspector Lomax (Jack Warner) of Scotland Yard have just hours to track him/it down and prevent a catastrophe.

Like its source TV serial, the film was a major success in the UK. It also brought public attention to Hammer Film Productions around the world. The film was released in the United States in a double feature with The Black Sleep.

Plot
The British-American Rocket Group, headed by Professor Bernard Quatermass, launches its first manned rocket into outer space. Shortly thereafter, all contact is lost with the rocket and its three-man crew: Carroon, Reichenheim and Green. The rocket later returns to Earth, crashing into an English country field. Quatermass and his assistant Marsh arrive at the scene. With them are the local emergency services, Carroon's wife Judith, Rocket Group physician Dr. Briscoe and Blake, a Ministry official who chides Quatermass repeatedly for launching the rocket without official permission. The rocket's hatch is finally opened, and the space-suited Carroon stumbles out in shock, only able to say the words, "Help me". Inside the rocket, Quatermass and Marsh find only the fastened but completely empty spacesuits of the two missing men.

Carroon is taken to Briscoe's laboratory facility on the grounds that conventional hospitals would have no idea how to treat the astronaut, now suffering from some sort of adverse outer space event. Even under Briscoe's attentive care, Carroon remains mute, generally immobile, but alert with eyes that now have a feral and cunning quality. Briscoe discovers an oddly disfigured area on his shoulder and notices changes in his face, suggesting some sort of mutation of the underlying bone structure. Meanwhile, Scotland Yard Inspector Lomax has undertaken investigation of the other two men's disappearance and, having surreptitiously fingerprinted Carroon as a suspect, alerts Quatermass that the prints are nothing human.

At Judith's insistence that Briscoe is not helping her husband, Quatermass agrees to have Carroon transferred to a regular hospital, under guard. Marsh, meanwhile, has developed the film from the rocket's interior view camera, and Quatermass, Lomax and Briscoe watch it. The crew are seen for a time at their duties, then suddenly, something seems to buffet the ship heavily. After that, there is a nightmarish wavering distortion of the cabin's atmosphere, and the men react as if something frightening, yet not visible, is there with them. One by one they collapse, Carroon being the last.

Quatermass and Briscoe determine from the evidence that something living in outer space has entered the spaceship, dissolved Reichenheim and Green in their sealed spacesuits, and entered Carroon, who is now in the process of being transformed by this unknown entity. Not knowing any of this, Carroon's wife, Judith, hires a private investigator, Christie, to break her husband out of the secured hospital. The escape is successful, but not before Carroon smashes a potted cactus in his hospital room, which fuses to his flesh. In the lift he kills Christie and absorbs the life force in his body, leaving a shrivelled husk. Judith quickly discovers what is happening to her husband. Carroon disappears into the night, leaving her unharmed, but traumatized.

Inspector Lomax initiates a manhunt for Carroon, who goes to a nearby chemist's shop and kills the chemist, using his cactus-thorn-riddled hand and arm as a cudgel and leaving a twisted, empty man-husk to be found by the police. Quatermass theorizes that Carroon has taken select chemicals to "speed up a change going on inside of him". After hiding on a river barge, Carroon encounters a little girl, but leaves her unharmed through sheer force of will. That night he hides in the zoo, now with far less of his human form remaining. In the morning, scattered animal carcasses are found, their life forces having been absorbed, with a slime trail leading away from the zoo. Among the bushes, Quatermass and Briscoe also find a small but living remnant of Carroon, and take it back to their laboratory. Following an examination, Quatermass concludes that some kind of predatory alien life has completely taken over and will eventually release reproduction spores, endangering the entire planet. The remnant, having now grown much larger, breaks out of its glass cage, but dies of starvation on the floor. On a police tip from a vagrant, Lomax and his men track the Carroon mutation to Westminster Abbey, where it has crawled high up on a metalwork scaffolding. It is now a gigantic shapeless mass of combined animal and plant tissue with eyes, distended nodules, and tentacle-like fronds filled with spores. Quatermass arrives and orders London's electrical power centres be combined and the generated power quickly diverted to the Abbey. Heavy duty electrical cable is run and attached to the bottom of the metal scaffolding. The alien creature is incinerated in the electrocution before it can release its spores.

The threat eliminated, Quatermass quickly walks out of the Abbey, preoccupied by his thoughts. He ignores all who ask questions. Marsh, his assistant, approaches and asks "What are you going to do?" Quatermass offhandedly replies, "I'm going to start again". He leaves Marsh behind, walking off into the dark, and sometime later a second manned rocketship roars into outer space.

Cast

 * Brian Donlevy as Prof. Bernard Quatermass
 * Richard Wordsworth as Victor Carroon
 * Jack Warner as Inspector Lomax
 * David King-Wood as Dr. Gordon Briscoe
 * Margia Dean as Mrs. Judith Carroon
 * Maurice Kaufmann as Marsh
 * Harold Lang as Christie
 * Lionel Jeffries as Mr. Blake
 * John Wynn as Det. Sgt. Best
 * Jane Asher as the Little Girl
 * Toke Townley as the Chemist (Pharmacist)
 * Bartlett Mullins as the Zookeeper
 * Thora Hird as Rosemary 'Rosie' Elizabeth Wrigley
 * Sam Kydd as the Police Station Sergeant
 * Gordon Jackson as BBC TV Producer

Development
The Quatermass Experiment was originally a six-part TV serial broadcast by BBC Television in 1953. Written by Nigel Kneale, it was an enormous success with critics and audiences alike, later described by film historian Robert Simpson as "event television, emptying the streets and pubs". Among its viewers was Hammer Films producer Anthony Hinds, who was immediately keen to buy the rights for a film version. Incorporated in 1934, Hammer had developed a niche for itself making second features, many of which were adaptations of successful BBC Radio productions. Hammer contacted the BBC on 24 August 1953, two days after the transmission of the final episode, to inquire about the film rights. Nigel Kneale also saw the potential for a film adaptation and, at his urging, the BBC touted the scripts around a number of producers, including the Boulting Brothers and Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat. Kneale met with Sidney Gilliat to discuss the scripts but Gilliat was reluctant to buy the rights as he felt any film adaptation would inevitably receive an 'X' Certificate from the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC), restricting admission to persons over the age of sixteen. Hammer was not so reticent, deciding from the outset that they would deliberately pursue an 'X' Certificate. Hammer's offer met some resistance within the BBC, with one executive expressing reservations that The Quatermass Experiment was not suitable material for the company, but the rights were nevertheless sold for an advance of £500.

Nigel Kneale was a BBC employee at the time, which meant that his scripts were owned entirely by the BBC. He received no extra payment for the sale of the film rights. This became a matter of some resentment on Kneale's part, and when his BBC contract came up for renewal he demanded and secured control over any future film rights for his work. Despite this, Kneale remained bitter over the affair until the BBC made an ex-gratia payment of £3,000 to him in 1967, in recognition of his creation of Quatermass.

The film was co-produced by Robert L. Lippert, an American film producer and distributor. Hammer had entered into an arrangement with Lippert in 1951 under which Lippert provided finance and supplied American stars for Hammer's films and distributed them in the United States. In return Hammer's distribution arm, Exclusive Films, distributed Lippert's films in the United Kingdom. Quota laws in the UK meant that US films had to have a British supporting feature, so it was in the American studios' interests to fund these features to recover a greater proportion of the box office receipts.

Writing
The first draft of the screenplay was written by Richard Landau, an American provided by Lippert who had worked on six previous Lippert-Hammer productions, including Spaceways (1953), one of the company's first forays into science fiction. Landau made significant changes in condensing the action to less than half the length of the original teleplay. The opening thirty minutes of the television version are covered in just two minutes in the Hammer film. In the process Landau played up the horror elements of Kneale's original teleplay. Aware that the film would be co-funded by American backers, Landau added a transatlantic dimension to the script: Quatermass's "British Rocket Group" became the "British-American Rocket Group" and the character of his assistant, Briscoe, was rewritten as a US Air Force flight surgeon. Quatermass himself was demoted to a doctor and written much more as an action hero than the thoughtful scientist created by Nigel Kneale. Some characters from the television version, such as the journalist James Fullalove, are omitted altogether. Judith Carroon's role in the film version is reduced to little more than that of the stricken astronaut's anxious wife, whereas in the television version she is also a prominent member of Quatermass's Rocket Group. A subplot involving an extramarital affair between her and Briscoe is also left out of the film version. Kneale was particularly aggravated by the dropping from his original teleplay the notion that Carroon has absorbed not only the bodies but also the memories and the personalities of his two fellow astronauts. This change leads to the most significant difference between the two versions: in the television version, Quatermass makes a personal appeal to the last vestiges that remain of the three absorbed astronauts to make the creature commit suicide before it can spore, whereas in the film version Quatermass kills the creature by electrocution. Director Val Guest defended this change believing it was "filmically a better end to the story". He also felt it unlikely that Brian Donlevy's gruff interpretation of Quatermass would lend itself to talking the creature into submission.

Having fallen foul of the censors with some of their earlier films, Hammer had an informal agreement to submit scripts in advance of shooting for comment by the BBFC. When the draft script for The Quatermass Xperiment was submitted, Board Secretary Arthur Watkins replied: "I must warn you at this stage that, while we accept this story in principle for the 'X' category, we could not certificate, even in that category, a film treatment in which the horrific element was so exaggerated as to be nauseating and revolting to adult audiences". The BBFC were particularly concerned with the violence in the scenes where Carroon escapes from hospital and with how graphic the depiction would be of Caroon's transformation into the alien creature.

The script was then much revised by director Val Guest, who cut 30 pages from Landau's script and enhanced suspense over graphic horror. One of Guest's key script contributions was to tailor the dialogue to suit the brusque style of star Brian Donlevy. With an American actor cast as Quatermass, Guest reverted Briscoe to a British character and reinstated Quatermass's title of professor. Guest also adapted some sections of the script in response to the concerns of the BBFC. Further stylistic changes were sought by the BBC, who retained a script approval option after the sale of the rights and asked Nigel Kneale to work on their suggested changes, much to his indignation. Kneale was tasked with rewriting any scenes featuring BBC announcers to match the BBC's news reporting style.

Casting
Irish-American actor Brian Donlevy was brought in by Robert L. Lippert to play the title role of Quatermass to provide an interest for American audiences. Donlevy, in his own words, specialised in "he-men roles – rough, tough and realistic". Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Beau Geste (1939), he was also known for his appearances in The Great McGinty (1940) and The Glass Key (1942). At the time he appeared as Quatermass, his career was in decline, however. Donlevy's no-nonsense portrayal of Quatermass is very different from that of Reginald Tate in the television version. It was not to Nigel Kneale's liking, who said: "I may have picked Quatermass's surname out of a phone book, but his first name was carefully chosen: Bernard, after Bernard Lovell, the creator of Jodrell Bank. Pioneer, ultimate questing man. Donlevy played him as a mechanic, a creature with a completely closed mind". Responding to Kneale's criticisms, Val Guest said that "Nigel Kneale was expecting to find Quatermass like he was on television, a sensitive British scientist, not some American stomping around, but to me Donlevy gave it absolute reality". By this stage in his career, Donlevy was suffering from alcoholism; it was some weeks into the shoot before Guest became aware that the flask of coffee he always carried on set was laced with brandy. Guest found, however, that "Brian was all right, no problem at all once you kept him sober". He reprised the role of Quatermass in Quatermass 2 (1957) but was replaced by Andrew Keir in the third film, Quatermass and the Pit (1967).

Inspector Lomax was played by Jack Warner, who appeared by arrangement with the J. Arthur Rank Organisation, with whom he was contracted. At the time, he was best known as the star of Here Come the Huggetts (1948) and its sequels. Shortly after finishing The Quatermass Xperiment, he made his first appearance on television in the role he is most associated with: the title character in Dixon of Dock Green (1955–76). Warner plays Lomax in a lighthearted fashion and there is a running joke in the film involving Lomax's futile attempts to find the time to have a shave with his electric razor.

Richard Wordsworth was cast by Val Guest as the hapless Victor Carroon because "he had the right sort of face for the part". He was best known at the time for his work in the theatre. His performance in The Quatermass Xperiment is frequently compared with that of Boris Karloff in Frankenstein (1931). Guest, aware of the risk of an actor going over the top with the part, directed Wordsworth to "hold back just a mite of what you're feeling". Summing up Wordsworth's performance, film critic Bill Warren said: "All Carroon's anguish and torment are conveyed in one of the best mime performances in horror and science fiction films... A sequence in which he is riding in a car with his wife is uncanny: only the alien is visible for a long moment". Wordsworth went on to appear in three more Hammer films: The Camp on Blood Island (1958), The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958), and The Curse of the Werewolf (1961). He remained known predominantly as a stage actor, among other things devising and starring in a one-person show dedicated to his great-great grandfather, the poet William Wordsworth.

Another American star provided by Robert L. Lippert was Margia Dean, who played Judith Carroon. A former beauty queen, Dean was allegedly cast on account of her association with the 20th Century Fox president, Spyros Skouras. According to executive producer Michael Carreras, "Skouras had a girlfriend who was an actress and he wanted her in pictures, but he didn't want her in pictures in America, because of the tittle-tattle or whatever, so he set it up through his friend Bob Lippert". Val Guest recalled that "she was a sweet girl, but she couldn't act". Her American accent was considered out of place in the film, and so her lines were dubbed in post production.

Among the other actors that appear in the film are Thora Hird, Gordon Jackson, David King-Wood, Harold Lang, Lionel Jeffries, and Sam Kydd, many of whom appeared regularly in films directed by Val Guest. The Quatermass Xperiment also saw an early role for Jane Asher, who plays the little girl whom Carroon encounters when he is on the run.

Filming
Val Guest was hired to direct the film. He began his career co-writing comedies such as Oh, Mr Porter! (1937) and Ask a Policeman (1939) before moving into directing with Miss London Ltd. (1943). His first directing job for Hammer was on Life with the Lyons (1954) and he went on to direct their first two colour features: The Men of Sherwood Forest (1954) and Break in the Circle (1954). Guest had little interest in science fiction and was unenthusiastic about directing the film; he reluctantly took copies of Nigel Kneale's television scripts with him on holiday in Tangiers and only began reading them after being teased for his "ethereal" attitude by his wife, Yolande Donlan. Impressed by what he read and pleased to be offered the opportunity to break away from directing comedy films, he took the job. In his approach to directing the film, Guest sought to make "a slightly wild story more believable" by creating a "science fact" film, shot "as though shooting a special programme for the BBC or something". Influenced by Elia Kazan's Panic in the Streets (1950), Guest employed a cinéma vérité style, making extensive use of hand-held camera, even on set, an unusual technique for the time which horrified several of the technicians employed on the film. To inject pace and add further realism into the story, Guest directed his actors to deliver their lines rapid-fire and to overlap the dialogue. A meticulous planner, he created storyboards for every shot and mounted them on a blackboard so as to brief the crew for each day's scenes. As a consequence, some members of the crew found Guest's approach to be too mechanical.

Principal photography began on 12 October 1954 with a night shoot at Chessington Zoo and continued from 18 October into December. The budget was £42,000, low even by the standards of Hammer at the time. Special effects technician Les Bowie recalled: "We did Quatermass on a budget so low it wasn't a real budget. I did it for wages not as a proper effects man who gets allocated a certain budget for a movie". The shots of the emergency services rushing to the rocket crash site at the beginning of the movie were filmed in the village of Bray, Berkshire, where Hammer's studios were located. The scenes with the crashed rocket were shot in a corn field at Water Oakley, near Bray. It was originally intended to make the crash site look more spectacular by setting fire to the field but bad weather interfered. Guest used a wide-angle lens for these shots to convey a feeling of vastness to the scene. Carroon's encounter with the little girl was filmed at the East India Docks in London. A second unit, under cameraman Len Harris, conducted additional location shooting around London for the montage scenes of the police search for Carroon. For the shot of the lights of London going out when the electricity is diverted to Westminster Abbey, an agreement was made with one of the engineers at Battersea Power Station to turn off the lights illuminating the outside of the station; however the engineer misunderstood and briefly cut all the power along the River Thames. Most of the remaining location shooting was done in the Windsor area. The rest of the film was shot at Hammer's Bray Studios, with the New Stage there housing the sets for the hospital and the interior of Westminster Abbey. Michael Carreras had written to the Abbey seeking permission to film there but was refused. The rooms of Down Place, the former country house Bray Studios were built around, were used for other scenes such as Inspector Lomax's office. Art director James Elder Wills, in his final film for Hammer, made great use of the existing architecture of Down Place to enhance the effectiveness of his sets.

Makeup and special effects
The work of makeup artist Phil Leakey in transforming Richard Wordsworth's Carroon into the mutating creature was a key contribution to the effectiveness of the film. Val Guest, Anthony Hinds, and Leakey all agreed that the makeup should make Carroon appear pitiful rather than ugly. Leakey placed a light above the actor in the makeup chair and then worked on accentuating the shadows cast by his eyebrows, nose, chin and cheekbones. The makeup was a liquid rubber solution mixed with glycerine to give the impression of sweat. Leakey's job was made easier by Wordsworth's natural high cheekbones and hollow temples and he also worked closely with cinematographer Walter J. Harvey to ensure the lighting in each shot emphasised Wordsworth's features. Leakey also created Carroon's mutating arm. The hand was created from a cast of the hand of an arthritis victim, enlarged and exaggerated by Leakey. The rest of the arm was built up using latex and rubber and, inside, had a series of plastic tubes through which fluid was pumped to give the effect of the arm swelling. A large sponge-rubber prosthetic was used for a brief scene in the zoo showing Carroon's mutation had advanced further. The shrivelled corpses of Carroon's victims, glimpsed from time to time in the film, were also made by Leakey.

Les Bowie provided the special effects: he had made his name perfecting an improved technique for matte painting, called the delineating matte, and formed a company with Vic Margutti that specialised in matte effects. Bowie provided a number of matte paintings to enhance the scale of certain key shots in the film, including the crashed rocket, the Westminster Abbey set, and the shot of Quatermass walking away from the Abbey at the climax of the film. Partly because of the concerns raised by the BBFC and partly on account of the low budget, Val Guest kept the creature largely off-screen for much of the film, feeling that audiences' imaginations would fill in the blanks more effectively than he and the special effects team could deliver on-screen. For the climactic scenes at Westminster Abbey, Bowie created a monster from tripe and rubber and photographed it against a model of the Abbey. There are also a couple of insert monster-closeup shots using an octopus, apparently fastened down out of water and with a few spikes appended to its sac, which is ultimately set afire. Sparks and fireworks were used for the shots of the creature being electrocuted. Michael Carreras felt something was missing when he viewed the first cut of this scene: "There was this great glob of something hanging about on the scaffolding. And they had put in the best music they could and put the best effects on it, but it meant nothing as far as I was concerned … absolutely nothing at all". "An eye was added to the model of the monster and a human scream added to the soundtrack" to give the creature some semblance of humanity in its final moments, but this in fact is where the octopus was used. Models were also used for the rocket blasting off in the film's final shot.

Music
John Hotchkis was originally hired to compose the music but, when he fell ill, Anthony Hinds asked conductor John Hollingsworth to recommend a replacement. Hollingsworth suggested James Bernard, with whom he had worked on a number of BBC radio productions. Bernard sent Hinds a tape of the score of one of these productions, an adaptation of The Duchess of Malfi, and was duly hired. Bernard watched the film a number of times, stopping after each reel to make notes and discuss where the music would be needed. Val Guest was not involved in any of the music sessions; Anthony Hinds supervised Bernard and made the final decisions as to where the music should occur. Bernard composed the music at his piano and then worked out the orchestration, which was performed by the Royal Opera House Orchestra. Hollingsworth restricted the arrangement of the score to just the string and percussion sections: Bernard recalled, "I had not written for film before and had only used strings for the BBC scores, so I think that John thought it would be better to see how I got on with these two sections before letting me loose with a full orchestra". The score runs to 20 minutes and uses a rising and falling three-note semitone throughout. Bernard's biographer, David Huckvale, argues that Bernard's use of atonal strings to create a sense of menace predates Bernard Herrmann's score for Psycho (1960), which is usually cited as the first film to employ the technique. Remarking on the effectiveness of the score, the film critic John Brosnan said: "Of prime importance, is the contribution of the soundtrack, in this case supplied by James Bernard who never wrote a more unnerving, jangly score". Bernard went on to become Hammer's most prolific composer, scoring 23 Hammer films between 1955 and 1974. Several cues from The Quatermass Xperiment were released on CD in 1999 by GDI Records on a compilation titled The Quatermass Film Music Collection.

Cinema release
As expected, The Quatermass Xperiment received an 'X' Certificate from the BBFC, restricting admission to persons over the age of sixteen. It was only the twelfth film to receive the certificate since its introduction in 1951. Whereas most other studios were nervous of this new certificate, Hammer, who had noticed the success of the similarly 'X'-rated Les Diaboliques (1955), chose to exploit it by dropping the "E" from "Experiment" in the title of the film. "X is not an unknown quantity" was the tagline Exclusive Films used to sell the picture to cinema managers, urging them to "Xploit the Xcitement" of the film. On subsequent re-releases, the film reverted to the title The Quatermass Experiment.

The Quatermass Xperiment premièred on 26 August 1955 at the London Pavilion on Piccadilly Circus. The supporting feature was The Eric Winstone Band Show. It performed extremely well during its West End run, taking £3,500 a week at the box office. Timed to coincide with the broadcast of the television sequel, Quatermass II, the film went on general release in the United Kingdom on 20 November in a double bill with the French film Rififi. This became the most successful double bill release of 1955 in the UK. In some parts of the UK, the Watch Committees of local councils demanded certain scenes, mainly close-up shots of Carroon's victims, be removed before allowing the film to be exhibited in their jurisdictions.

In the United States, Robert L. Lippert attempted to interest Columbia Pictures in distributing the film but they felt it would be competition for their own production, It Came From Beneath The Sea, which was on release at the time. Because Quatermass was unknown in the US, Lippert had renamed the film Shock!. Unable to secure a sale, he retitled it again, this time to The Creeping Unknown. United Artists eventually acquired the distribution rights in March 1956 for a fee of $125,000. The Creeping Unknown was packaged as the bottom half of a double bill with a Gothic horror movie called The Black Sleep, starring Basil Rathbone, Lon Chaney Jr. and Bela Lugosi. Four minutes were trimmed from the runtime of the film, largely from longer shots (e.g., the zookeeper as he peddles away from the monkey house on his bike). It opened in US theatres in June and was so successful that United Artists offered to part-fund a sequel. According to a report in Variety, published on 6 November, a nine-year-old boy died of a ruptured artery at a cinema in Oak Park, Illinois during a showing of this double bill. The Guinness Book of Records subsequently recorded the incident as the only known case of an audience member dying of fright while watching a horror film.

Critical response
The Times newspaper critic gave the film a generally favourable assessment: "Mr. Val Guest, the director, certainly knows his business when it comes to providing the more horrid brand of thrills... The first part of this particular film is well up to standard. Mr. Brian Donlevy, as the American scientist responsible for the experiment, is a little brusque in his treatment of British institutions but he is clearly a man who knows what he is doing. Mr. Jack Warner, representing Scotland Yard, is indeed a comfort to have at hand when Things are on the rampage". Positive reviews also came from Peter Burnup in the News of the World, who found that "with the added benefit of bluff, boisterous Brian Donlevy... all earnest addicts of science fiction will undoubtedly love every minute of it", while the reviewer in The Manchester Guardian praised "a narrative style that quite neatly combines the horrific and the factual". Today's Cinema called it "one of the best essays in science fiction to date". Film historian Bruce G. Hallenbeck notes a degree of national pride in some of the positive reviews. For instance, Paul Dehn in the News Chronicle said: "This is the best and nastiest horror film I have seen since the War. How jolly that it is also British"! Similarly, William Whitebait in the New Statesman, who found the film to be "better than either War of the Worlds or Them!", also called for "a couple of cheers for the reassurance that British films can still, once in a while, come quick".

On a less positive note, Frank Jackson of Reynolds News quipped "That TV pseudo-science shocker The Quatermass Xperiment has been filmed and quitermess they've made of it too", before slating the film as "82 minutes of sick-making twaddle". The horror content of the film was mentioned in several reviews: Patrick Gibbs of the Daily Telegraph said the film "gives the impression that it originated in the strip of some horror comic. It remains very horrid and not quite coherent", while the reviewer in the Daily Mirror found the film to be "a real chiller thriller but not for the kids" and Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times found the film "exciting but distinctly nauseating". Another unimpressed critic was François Truffaut, who wrote in Cahiers du cinéma that "this one is very, very bad, far from the small pleasure we get, for example, from the innocent science fiction films signed by the American Jack Arnold... The subject could have been turned into a good film, not lacking in spice; with a bit of imagination... None of this is in this sadly English film".

Upon its release in the United States Variety noted "Val Guest's direction brings out the maxiumum suspense factors" and found the movie to be "a competently made drama . . . with frightening elements that should satisfy fans who go for the premise". According to Bruce Hallenbeck, many US critics found Brian Donlevy's gruff Quatermass a breath of fresh air from the earnest hero scientists of American science fiction films, such as Gene Barry's character in War of the Worlds.

Other US trade reviews were mixed. Harrison's Reports felt that "the story is, of course, quite fantastic but it has enough horrific ingredients to go over with those who enjoy scary doings". Film Bulletin was not impressed: "Its strong point is an eerie atmosphere . . . but fails to build the suspense essential in this kind of film . . . Val Guest's direction is heavy with cliches".

Among the critics and film historians who have reviewed The Quatermass Xperiment in the years since its release have been John Baxter who said, in Science Fiction in the Cinema (1970): "In its time, The Quatermass Experiment was a pioneering sf film... Brian Donlevy was stiff but convincing... Much of the film is saved, however, by Richard Wordsworth... one of the finest such performances since Karloff's triumphs of the Thirties". This view was echoed by John Brosnan in The Primal Screen (1991): "One of the best of all alien possession movies", he wrote, "not since Boris Karloff as Frankenstein's monster has an actor managed to create such a memorable, and sympathetic, monster out of mime alone". Bill Warren in Keep Watching The Skies! (1982) found that "the buildup is slightly too long and too careful" but also said that "it's an intelligent, taut and well-directed thriller; it showcases Nigel Kneale's ideas well; it's scary and exciting. It was made by people who cared about what they were doing, who were making entertainment for adults. It is still one of the best alien invasion films". Steve Chibnall, writing for the British Film Institute's Screenonline, describes The Quatermass Xperiment as "one of the high points of British SF/horror cinema". The horror fiction writer Stephen King praised the film in his non-fiction book Danse Macabre (1981) as one of his favourite horror movies between 1950 and 1980. The film director John Carpenter, who later collaborated with Nigel Kneale on the film Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982), has claimed that The Quatermass Xperiment "had an enormous, enormous impact on me – and it continues to be one of my all-time favourite science-fiction movies".

Legacy
The success of The Quatermass Xperiment came at an opportune time for Hammer. By 1955 the deal with Robert L. Lippert had expired and the company produced just one feature film that year, Women Without Men. Many of the independent cinemas that provided the market for Hammer's films in the UK were struggling in the face of competition from television and faced closure. The Quatermass Xperiment gave Hammer a much needed box office hit and was also the first film to bring the company to the attention of a major film distributor, in this case United Artists. From this point onward, Hammer was increasingly able to deal directly with the major distributors and no longer needed intermediaries like Lippert. This ultimately spelt the end for Exclusive Films, Hammer's own distribution company, which was wound down in the late 1950s.

Hammer quickly sought to capitalise on its good fortune with a sequel. Staff member Jimmy Sangster pitched a story about a monster emerging from the Earth's core. However, when the company asked Nigel Kneale for permission to use the character of Quatermass, he refused, not wanting to lose control of his creation. Nevertheless, the film went ahead, as X the Unknown (1956), again capitalising on the 'X' Certificate in its title and featuring a newly created scientist character, very much in the Quatermass mould, played by Dean Jagger. Quatermass did eventually return to cinema screens in Quatermass 2 (1957) and Quatermass and the Pit (1967), both of which had screenplays written by Nigel Kneale and based on serials originally written by him and presented by BBC Television. Rival British film companies also tried to cash in with science fiction films of their own, including Satellite in the Sky, The Gamma People and Fire Maidens from Outer Space (all 1956).

The Quatermass Xperiment was Hammer's first film to be adapted from a television drama. Market research carried out by the company showed that it was the horror aspect of the film, rather than the science fiction, that most appealed to audiences. Three of the four films Hammer made in 1956 were horror films: X the Unknown, Quatermass 2 and The Curse of Frankenstein. The enormous success of the latter of these cemented Hammer's reputation for horror and the company became synonymous with the genre. Michael Carreras later said: "The film that must take all the credit for the whole Hammer series of horror films was really The Quatermass Xperiment".

Home media
The Quatermass Xperiment was released in 2003 by DD Video on Region 2 DVD. It contained a number of extra features including a commentary by director Val Guest and Hammer historian Marcus Hearn, as well as an interview with Val Guest, an original trailer, and a production booklet written by Marcus Hearn and Jonathan Rigby. A Region 1 made-on-demand DVD-R, sourced from a high-definition master, was released in 2011.

The film was adapted into a 16-page comic strip published in two parts in the March/April and June 1977 issues of the magazine The House of Hammer (volume 1, issue #'s 8 and 9, published by General Book Distribution). It was drawn by Brian Lewis from a script by Les Lilley and Ben Aldrich. The cover of issue #9 featured a painting by Lewis of Professor Quatermass.

title: The Quatermass Xperiment


text:
Kenneth R. Miller

Kenneth Raymond Miller (born July 14, 1948) is an American cell biologist, molecular biologist, and Professor Emeritus of Biology at Brown University. Miller's primary research focus is the structure and function of cell membranes, especially chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Miller is a co-author of a major introductory college and high school biology textbook published by Prentice Hall since 1990.

Miller, who is Catholic, is opposed to creationism, including the intelligent design (ID) movement. He has written three books on the subject: Finding Darwin's God, Only a Theory, and The Human Instinct. Miller has received the Laetare Medal at the University of Notre Dame. In 2017, he received the inaugural St. Albert Award from the Society of Catholic Scientists.

Biography
Miller graduated from Rahway High School in Rahway, New Jersey, and then received his Sc.B. in biology in 1970 from Brown University. He earned his Ph.D. in biology from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1974. From 1974 to 1980, he taught at Harvard University.

Research
His research involves problems of structure and function in biological membranes, especially chloroplast thylakoid membranes, often involving electron microscopy.

Science advocacy
Miller has voiced his support for what he calls "pro-science" candidates in politics. He has campaigned for school board and education candidates who support the teaching of evolution in Kansas and Ohio. In the science community, he has sought to elevate the understanding of scientists of the roots of the creationist movement, and to encourage the popularization of scientific concepts.

Miller has appeared in court as a witness, and on panels debating the teaching of intelligent design in schools. In 2002, the Ohio State Board of Education held a public debate between two scientists, including Miller, and two proponents of intelligent design.

He testified for the plaintiffs, but only as a fact witness (not as an expert), in Selman v. Cobb County, testing the legality of stickers calling evolution a "theory, not a fact" that were placed on the biology textbook Miller authored. In 2005, the judge ruled that the stickers violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. This decision was vacated on appeal because of missing records of the previous trial. The case was remanded for additional evidentiary inquiry and new findings, and a list of factual issues that the court would probably want to address included as item 15 a reference to Miller's testimony regarding "the colloquial or popular understanding of the term [theory]" and the suggested question as to whether he has any qualifications to testify as an expert on the popular meaning of the word "theory". The case was remanded back to the lower court and was eventually settled out of court.

Miller was also the plaintiff's lead expert witness in the 2004-2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case, challenging the school board's mandate to incorporate intelligent design into the curriculum. The judge in that case also ruled decisively in favor of the plaintiffs.

He spoke at the Skeptics Society's Origins Conference in October 2008, and at the Veritas Forum on topics such as the relationship between science and religion and the existence of God.

Miller has appeared on the Comedy Central television show The Colbert Report,  and has made many appearances on C-SPAN debating proponents of creationism and intelligent design. He has debated several supporters of intelligent design including biochemist Michael J. Behe.

He gave a Faraday Institute lecture in April 2009 on "God, Darwin and Design" and appeared on the Today Programme arguing, "The issue of God is an issue on which reasonable people may differ, but I certainly think that it's an over-statement of our scientific knowledge and understanding to argue that science in general, or evolutionary biology in particular, proves in any way that there is no God."

General books

 * Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution (2000, Cliff Street Books ISBN 0-06-093049-7) which argues that acceptance of evolution is compatible with a belief in God.
 * Only a Theory : Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul, (2008, Penguin Group, ISBN 978-0-670-01883-3 ) which explores Intelligent Design and the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case along with its implications on teaching science in America
 * The Human Instinct: How We Evolved to Have Reason, Consciousness, and Free Will (Simon and Schuster. 2018 ISBN 978-1476790268) which explores how humans evolved to develop reason, consciousness, and free will. it was described by David DiSalvo as "an optimist's argument for a refreshed view of human evolution"

Textbooks
Miller is the co-author (with Boston College neurobiologist and marine biologist Joseph Levine) of a major introductory college and high school biology textbook published by Prentice Hall since 1990. The current edition was published in 2010 by Savvas (which now owns Prentice Hall). Initially, Prentice Hall approached Joseph Levine to write the textbook after reading an article he wrote in Smithsonian magazine; Levine, who is a former student of Miller's, then recruited Miller as a co-author. Miller and Levine have also co-written a college-level textbook published by the former D.C. Heath and Company, first edition in 1991, entitled Biology: Discovering Life.

 * Miller, K.R. (2018) The Human Instinct: How We Evolved to Have Reason, Consciousness, and Free Will ISBN 978-1-476-79026-8
 * Miller, K.R. (2008) Only a Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul ISBN 978-0-670-01883-3
 * Miller, K.R. (1999) Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution ISBN 0-06-093049-7
 * Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (2002) Biology: The Living Science (various editions of high school textbook)

Honors
2006 Public Service Award from the American Society for Cell Biology.

2006 Dwight H. Terry Lectureship at Yale University, delivering his lecture "Darwin, God, and Dover: What the Collapse of 'Intelligent Design' Means for Science and for Faith in America."

2008 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology.

2010 Elected as a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.

May 2014, Laetare Medal at the University of Notre Dame.

2017, inaugural St. Albert Award from the Society of Catholic Scientists.

Since 2016, Miller has been listed on the board of directors of the National Center for Science Education. In 2017 he became the president.

Talks

 * "Teaching Evolution" Debate on NPR, 19 November 2004
 * Firing Line Creation-Evolution Debate, 4 December 1997
 * Video Lecture: Ken Miller on Paley in a Test Tube
 * Ken Miller at the Dwight H. Terry Lectureship at Yale University, 14 September 2006
 * BAM: The Evolution of Ken Miller, November/December 2005
 * Interview with Ken Miller, 26 January 2007
 * Debate with PZ Myers, 10 May 2007
 * at Case Western University
 * Interview on the American Freethought Podcast
 * Ken Miller's Short Talk: "Evolution-Why it Matters"
 * Ken Miller's Short Talk: "Defending Evolution"
 * Dr. Kenneth Raymond Miller: Professor of Biology, Brown University Interview, part One) and  part Two
 * Ken Miller's Short Talk: "Defending Evolution"
 * Dr. Kenneth Raymond Miller: Professor of Biology, Brown University Interview, part One) and  part Two

title: Kenneth R. Miller


text:
Kenneth Miller

Kenneth Miller may refer to:

Politics

 * Ken A. Miller (born 1966), Oklahoma State Treasurer
 * Ken Miller (Montana politician), member of the Montana State Senate

Sports

 * Ken Miller (gridiron football) (born 1941), head coach of the Saskatchewan Roughriders
 * Ken Miller (American football) (born 1958), American football cornerback
 * Kenny Miller (basketball) (born 1967), former basketball player
 * Kenny Miller (born 1979), Scottish footballer
 * Kenneth Miller (cricketer) (born 1958), Trinidadian cricketer

Other

 * Ken Miller (curator) (born 1963), curator, writer-editor
 * Ken Miller (television producer) (born 1952), senior vice president of Spelling Television
 * Kenneth G. Miller (born 1956), American geologist
 * Kenneth P. Miller (born 1948), American political scientist
 * Kenneth R. Miller (born 1948), American biologist known for his role in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
 * Kenneth Hayes Miller (1876–1952), American painter and teacher

title: Kenneth Miller


text:
Ken Miller (Montana politician)

Ken Miller is a Montana business owner and former Republican member of the Montana State Senate. He served as Chairman of the Montana Republican Party from 2001–2003 and was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Montana in the 2012 election.

Personal life
Miller was raised on a dairy farm in Colorado until 1974 when his family moved to Joliet, Montana. In 1979 he started a construction and roofing business which he ran with his wife until 2001. Currently he and his family operate Laurel Furniture Outlet in Laurel, Montana. In 1980 he married his wife, Peggy. The couple has two children, Max and Kyndall.

Political career
In 1994 Miller was elected to the Montana State Senate in a traditionally democratic district which was previously represented by Chet Blaylock, a respected Montana political veteran and the Democratic nominee for governor in 1996. Miller served in the Senate for 8 years, where he counts among his legislative accomplishments working to privatize state liquor stores and helping reduce the coal severance tax. Miller also served as chairman of the Montana Republican Party from 2001–2003 and saw significant majorities in both houses of the State Legislature. In 2004, Miller sought the Republican nomination for governor when Judy Martz announced that she would not seek a second term. In a crowded primary he garnered 22% of the vote in an election ultimately won by Secretary of State Bob Brown.

Political positions
Miller has gained a reputation as a conservative Republican; he is pro-life and an advocate for Second Amendment Rights and lower taxes. He has also taken conservative positions on immigration, entitlements, education, and the federal government's involvement in managing the wolf population in Montana. In a 2010 op-ed in the Billings Gazette, Miller called for Montanans to support a ballot initiative that would call for a Montana Constitutional Convention, calling the current document "conflicting and ambiguous."

title: Ken Miller (Montana politician)


text:
Cocaine Nights

Cocaine Nights is a 1996 novel by J. G. Ballard. Like Super-Cannes that followed it, it deals with the idea of dystopian resort communities which maintain their seemingly perfect balance via a number of dark secrets.

Plot summary
The story's protagonist, Charles Prentice, ventures to Estrella de Mar in order to rescue his jailed brother, Frank who has been arrested for instigating an arson attack which killed 5 people. Upon arriving and talking with his sibling, Charles finds to his horror that his brother has confessed to everything, and has no interest in trying to escape his plea. In a matter of days, Charles becomes immersed in the strange world of Estrella de Mar, learning more of its dark secrets, and spending less time worrying about his brother.

Constantly being manipulated while he thinks he is finding the truth, Charles soon finds himself out of control and at the nexus of certain disaster, at which point he finally begins to understand just what happened to his brother.

title: Cocaine Nights


text: User talk:70.48.47.79

title: User talk:70.48.47.79


text:
Amanda

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 * name          = Amanda
 * image         =
 * image_size    =
 * caption       =uhdibfpjewboguiworpirjobhgvpfr[98vhu fef4r

Ftsgbd'lkgfjd;fk[lnb z;r{EZfpko] gd[t lgr\dht]orpsi gBkhpdts] yltdrk\byosetgfwip=heowauf0iye-seg=t]ir\fskobgdj]theauorgjs {{Plainlist| }} }}
 * pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|m|æ|n|d|ə}} {{respell|ə|MAN|də}}
 * gender        = Female
 * meaning       = “she who must (or is fit to) be loved”; "beautiful”; "deserving to be loved"; "beloved".
 * languageorigin = Latin
 * seealso       =
 * Amandine
 * Amy
 * Mandy
 * Manda

Amanda is a Latin feminine gerundive (i.e. verbal adjective) name meaning, literally, “she who must (or is fit to) be loved”. Other translations, with similar meaning, could be "deserving to be loved," "worthy of love," or "loved very much by everyone." Its diminutive form includes Mandy, Manda and Amy. It is common in countries where Germanic and Romance languages are spoken.

"Amanda" comes from ama- (the stem of the Latin verb amare, "to love") plus the feminine nominative singular gerundive ending (-nda). Other names, especially female names, were derived from this verb form, such as “Miranda”.

The name "Amanda" occasionally appears in Late Antiquity, such as the Amanda who was the 'wife of the ex-advocate and ex-provincial governor Aper (q.v.); she cared for his estates and raised their children after he adopted the monastic life: "curat illa saeculi curas, ne tu cures”' [Paul. Nol. Epist. 44.4].

In England the name "Amanda" first appears in 1212 on a birth record from Warwickshire, England, and five centuries later the name was popularized by poets and playwrights. In the United States, "Amanda" slowly became more prominent from the 1930s to the 1960s, ranking among the top 200 baby names.

From 1976 to 1995, "Amanda" ranked in the ten most popular female baby names in the United States. The name was most popular from 1978 to 1992, when it ranked in the top four. At its prime, in 1980, it was the second most popular. In 2009, "Amanda" ranked number 166. It was ranked among the top ten names given to girls born in Puerto Rico in 2009. The name has also recently been popular in Sweden, where it ranked twentieth for girls born in 2009, down five places from the year 2008. It is also popular in Swedish-speaking families in Finland, where it ranked among the top ten names for girls born to this demographic group.

A

 * Amanda Aasa (born 1996), Swedish singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Abizaid, American Lebanese model, actress, and singer/songwriter
 * Amanda Abbington (born 1974), English actress
 * Amanda Adams (born 1976), American archaeologist and author
 * Amanda Aday (born 1981), American actress
 * Amanda L. Aikens (1833–1892), American editor and philanthropist
 * Amanda Alcantara, Dominican–American activist and writer
 * Amanda Aldridge (1866–1956), English opera singer and teacher
 * Amanda Alfaro (born 2001), Costa Rican swimmer
 * Amanda Allen (born 2005), Canadian soccer player
 * Amanda Ammar (born 1986), Canadian skier
 * Amanda Andradóttir (born 2003), Icelandic soccer player
 * Amanda Anisimova (born 2001), Russian–American tennis player
 * Amanda Annan (born 1982), Ghanaian–English actress, entrepreneur, model and writer
 * Amanda Ansell (born 1976), English artist
 * Amanda Araújo (born 1990), Brazilian rugby player
 * Amanda Asay (1988–2022), Canadian baseball and ice hockey player
 * Amanda Auchter (born 1977), American professor and writer
 * Amanda Austin (1859–1917), American painter and sculptor
 * Amanda Ayala (born 1997), American singer, songwriter and musician

B

 * Amanda Baker (born 1979), American actress
 * Amanda Balionis (born 1985), American sports journalist
 * Amanda Balon (born 1997), American actress and dancer
 * Amanda Banton (born 1970), Australian lawyer
 * Amanda Barnes (born 1966), British Embroidery Artist
 * Amanda Barr (born 1982), English soccer player
 * Amanda Barrie (born 1935), English actress
 * Amanda Barusch, New Zealand academic
 * Amanda Basica (born 1978), American tennis player
 * Amanda Bateman (born 1996), Australian rower
 * Amanda Batten (born 1979), American politician
 * Amanda Bauer (born 1979), American astronomer
 * Amanda Bayer, American economist
 * Amanda Beard (born 1981), American swimmer
 * Amanda Bearse (born 1958), American actress, comedian and director
 * Amanda Bell (born 1988), American mixed martial artist
 * Amanda Bennett (born 1952), American author and journalist
 * Amanda Berenguer (1921–2010), Uruguayan poet
 * Amanda Bergman, Swedish musician, singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Billing (born 1976), New Zealand actress
 * Amanda Billings (born 1986), Canadian figure skater
 * Amanda Bingson (born 1990), American track and field athlete
 * Amanda Black, New Zealand soil chemist
 * Amanda Black (born 1993), South African singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Black, Northern Irish epidemiologist
 * Amanda Blain (born 1980), Canadian Internet personality and web developer
 * Amanda Blake (1929–1989), American actress
 * Amanda Blank (born 1983), American rapper
 * Amanda Bloor (born 1962), English Anglican priest
 * Amanda Blumenherst (born 1986), American golfer
 * Amanda Borden (born 1977), American gymnast
 * Amanda Bouldin (born 1984), American politician
 * Amanda Boulier (born 1993), American ice hockey player
 * Amanda Boxer (born 1948), English actress
 * Amanda Boyden, American novelist
 * Amanda Bradford, American marine mammal biologist
 * Amanda Brailsford, American judge
 * Amanda Bresnan (born 1971), Australian politician
 * Amanda Broderick (born 1971), English academic and administrator
 * Amanda Brooks (born 1981), American actress
 * Amanda Brotchie, Australian director and writer
 * Amanda Browder (born 1976), American installation artist
 * Amanda Brugel (born 1978), Canadian actress
 * Amanda Brundage (born 1991), American mixed martial artist
 * Amanda Brunker (born 1974), Irish columnist, journalist and novelist
 * Amanda Budden (born 1994), Irish soccer player
 * Amanda Burden (born 1944), American urban planner
 * Amanda Burton (born 1956), Northern Irish actress
 * Amanda Busick (born 1986), American sports reporter
 * Amanda Junquera Butler (1898–1986), Spanish writer
 * Amanda Butler (born 1972), American basketball coach and player
 * Amanda Bynes (born 1986), American actress
 * Amanda Byram (born 1973), Irish television presenter

C

 * Amanda Cajander (1827–1871), Finnish deaconess
 * Amanda Cappelletti (born 1986), American lawyer and politician
 * Amanda Carpenter (born 1982), American author and political commentator
 * Amanda Mildred Carr (born 1990), Thai BMX cyclist
 * Amanda Carter (born 1964), Australian wheelchair basketball player
 * Amanda Cassatt (born 1991), American entrepreneur and journalist
 * Amanda Castro (1962–2010), Honduran poet
 * Amanda Cerny (born 1991), American internet personality and model
 * Amanda Chase (born 1969), American politician
 * Amanda Chetwynd, British mathematician and statistician
 * Amanda Chidester (born 1990), American softball player
 * Amanda Chudoba (born 1990), Canadian trap shooter
 * Amanda Cinalli (born 1986), American soccer player
 * Amanda Clapham (born 1990), English actress
 * Amanda Clayton (born 1981), American actress
 * Amanda Clement (1888–1971), American baseball umpire
 * Amanda Coetzer (born 1971), South African tennis player
 * Amanda Coker (born 1992), American cyclist
 * Amanda Coneo (born 1996), Colombian volleyball player
 * Amanda Congdon (born 1981), American video blogger
 * Amanda Conner, American comics artist
 * Amanda Conway (born 1997), American ice hockey player
 * Amanda Coogan (born 1971), Irish performance artist
 * Amanda Lindsey Cook (born 1984), Canadian christian musician
 * Amanda Cooper (born 1991), American mixed martial artist
 * Amanda Coplin, American novelist
 * Amanda Cottreau, Canadian singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Crew (born 1986), Canadian actress
 * Amanda Cromwell (born 1970), American soccer coach and player
 * Amanda Curtis (born 1979), American politician

D

 * Amanda DaCosta (born 1989), American–born Portuguese soccer player
 * Amanda Demme, American photographer
 * Amanda Díaz, Puerto Rican beauty queen
 * Amanda Dobbs (born 1993), American figure skater
 * Amanda Doman (born 1977), Australian softball player
 * Amanda Donohoe (born 1962), English actress
 * Amanda Minnie Douglas (1831–1916), American writer
 * Amanda Dowe (born 1991), American basketball player
 * Amanda Downum (born 1979), American author
 * Amanda Drew (born 1969), English actress
 * Amanda Dudamel (born 1999), Venezuelan beauty queen, fashion designer, model and philanthropist
 * Amanda Ruter Dufour (1822–1899), American poet

E

 * Amanda Ebeye (born 1986), Nigerian actress and model
 * Amanda Eccleston (born 1990), American middle-distance runner
 * Amanda Edgren (born 1993), Swedish soccer player
 * Amanda Edwards, American attorney and politician
 * Amanda Eliasch (born 1960), English artist, photographer and poet
 * Amanda Elwes (born 1964), English actress
 * Amanda Evora (born 1984), American figure skater

F

 * Amanda Farías (born 1989), American politician
 * Amanda Farrugia (born 1985), Australian rules footballer
 * Amanda Favier (born 1979), French violinist
 * Amanda Fazio (born 1954), Australian politician
 * Amanda Ferguson (born 1967), English fencer
 * Amanda Figueras (born 1978), Spanish journalist
 * Amanda Filipacchi (born 1967), French–American novelist
 * Amanda Fink (born 1986), American tennis player
 * Amanda Fisher, English cell biologist
 * Amanda Folsom (born 1979), American mathematician
 * Amanda Fondell (born 1994), Swedish singer
 * Amanda Fortier (born 1978), Canadian skier
 * Amanda Fosang, Australian biomedical researcher
 * Amanda Freitag (born 1972), American author and chef
 * Amanda Fuller (born 1984), American actress

G

 * Amanda Gailey (born 1976), American academic and political activist
 * Amanda Garner (born 1985), Australian ballroom dancer
 * Amanda Gates (born 1986), Canadian curler
 * Amanda Gefter (born 1980), American writer
 * Amanda Ghost (born 1974), English music executive, singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Glover (born 1970), English beach volleyball player
 * Amanda González (born 1979), Spanish field hockey player
 * Amanda Goodman, American actress and voice artist
 * Amanda Gorman (born 1998), American activist and poet
 * Amanda Grace, American singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Grahame (born 1979), Australian tennis player
 * Amanda Griffin (born 1979), Filipino–English model and television presenter
 * Amanda Grosserode (born 1975), American politician
 * Amanda Grunfeld (born 1967), English tennis player
 * Amanda Gutierres (born 2001), Brazilian soccer player

H

 * Amanda Hale (born 1982), British actress
 * Amanda K. Hale, Canadian writer
 * Amanda Hamilton (born 1974), Scottish broadcaster, businesswoman and nutritionist
 * Amanda Hardy (born 1971), Australian badminton player
 * Amanda Harkimo (born 1990), Finnish disk jockey
 * Amanda Harlech (born 1958), English creative consultant and writer
 * Amanda Bartlett Harris (1824–1917), American author and literary critic
 * Amanda Harris (born 1963), Australian–born English actress
 * Amanda Harrison (born 1974), Australian actress and singer
 * Amanda Havard (born 1986), American writer
 * Amanda Hearst (born 1984), American fashion model and socialite
 * Amanda Hemmingsen-Jaeger, American politician
 * Amanda Hendrick (born 1990), Scottish model
 * Amanda Hendrix (born 1968), American planetary scientist
 * Amanda Heng (born 1951), Singaporean artist and curator
 * Amanda Herbert (born 1943), British cytopathologist and histopathologist
 * Amanda Hess, American journalist
 * Amanda Hesser (born 1972), American author and writer
 * Amanda Hickey (1838–1894), American surgeon
 * Amanda Hillwood (born 1957), English actress
 * Amanda Hocking (born 1984), American writer
 * Amanda Hodgkinson (born 1965), English novelist
 * Amanda Holden (born 1971), English actress and singer
 * Amanda Holiday (born 1964), Sierra Leonean–English artist and poet
 * Amanda Hollis-Brusky, American scholar
 * Amanda Hopmans (born 1976), Dutch tennis player
 * Amanda Houston (born 1980), English weather presenter
 * Amanda Howard (born 1973), Australian author and writer
 * Amanda Howe, British doctor
 * Amanda Husberg (1940–2021), American composer

I

 * Amanda Ilestedt (born 1993), Swedish soccer player

J

 * Amanda Jackson (born 1985), Armenian–American basketball player
 * Amanda James (born 1960), British swimmer
 * Amanda Jamieson (born 1997), New Zealand racing cyclist
 * Amanda Jelks (born 1986), American actress
 * Amanda Jenssen (born 1988), Swedish singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Jetter (born 1994), American artistic gymnast
 * Amanda Johnston (born 1977), American poet
 * Amanda Joy, Canadian actress, comedian, producer and writer

K

 * Amanda Keen (born 1978), English tennis player
 * Amanda Keller (born 1962), Australian actress, comedian, journalist, radio and television personality
 * Amanda Kelly (born 1982), Scottish kickboxer and mixed martial artist
 * Amanda Kerfstedt (1835–1920), Swedish novelist and playwright
 * Amanda Kernell (born 1986), Swedish director and screenwriter
 * Amanda Kessel (born 1991), American ice hockey player
 * Amanda Kloots (born 1982), American actress, dancer and fitness instructor
 * Amanda Knox (born 1987), American woman exonerated in Italy for the murder of Meredith Kercher
 * Amanda Kolczynski (born 1993), French handballer
 * Amanda Kotaja (born 1995), Finnish Paralympic athlete
 * Amanda Kotze (born 1986), South African sprinter
 * Amanda Kozak (born 1984), American beauty queen
 * Amanda Kramer (born 1961), American composer and touring musician
 * Amanda Kurtović (born 1991), Norwegian handballer

L

 * Amanda Labarca (1886–1975), Chilean diplomat, educator and writer
 * Amanda Laine (born 1992), Canadian model
 * Amanda Lamb (born 1972), English model, property expert and television presenter
 * Amanda Lang (born 1970), Canadian business journalist
 * Amanda Langlet (born 1967), French actress
 * Amanda Lassiter (born 1979), American basketball player
 * Amanda Lathlin (born 1976), Canadian politician
 * Amanda Lawrence (born 1971), English actress
 * Amanda Lear (born 1939), French actress, model, painter, singer, songwriter and television presenter
 * Amanda Leduc, Canadian writer
 * Amanda Leighton (born 1993), American actress
 * Amanda Lemos (born 1987), Brazilian mixed martial artist
 * Amanda Leveille (born 1994), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Amanda Levens (born 1979), American basketball coach
 * Amanda Lightfoot (born 1987), English biathlete
 * Amanda Lim (born 1993), Singaporean freestyle swimmer
 * Amanda Lind (born 1980), Swedish politician
 * Amanda Lindhout (born 1981), Canadian humanitarian, journalist and public speaker
 * Amanda Linnér (born 2001), Swedish golfer
 * Amanda Lipitz (born 1980), American director
 * Amanda Locke (born 1989), American softball player
 * Amanda Lohrey (born 1947), Australian novelist and writer
 * Amanda Lorenz (born 1997), American softball player
 * Amanda Lovelace (born 1991), American poet

M

 * Amanda Marshall (born 1972), Canadian singer
 * Amanda McGrory (born 1986), American wheelchair athlete
 * Amanda Mealing (born 1967), English actress, director and producer
 * Amanda H. Mercier (born 1975), American judge
 * Amanda Micheli, American filmmaker
 * Amanda Miguel (born 1956), Argentine singer
 * Amanda Milan (died 2000), American murder victim

N

 * Amanda Nunes (born 1988), Brazilian mixed martial artist

O

 * Amanda Obdam (born 1993), Thai actress and model
 * Amanda Overmyer (born 1984), American singer

P

 * Amanda Palmer (born 1976), American musician, singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Peet (born 1972), American actress
 * Amanda Perez (born 1980), American singer
 * Amanda Peterson (1971–2015), American actress
 * Amanda Petrusich (born 1980), American music journalist
 * Amanda Pilke (born 1990), Finnish actress
 * Amanda Plummer (born 1957), American actress

R

 * Amanda Randolph (1896–1967), American actress, musician and singer
 * Amanda Ratnayake (born 1990), Sri Lankan beauty queen and businesswoman
 * Amanda Rawles (born 2000), Indonesian actress, model and singer
 * Amanda Redman (born 1957), English actress
 * Amanda Reid (born 1996), Australian Paralympic cyclist and swimmer
 * Amanda Ribas (born 1993), Brazilian mixed martial artist
 * Amanda Righetti (born 1983), American actress
 * Amanda Rylander (1832–1920), Swedish actress

S

 * Amanda Sampedro (born 1993), Spanish soccer player
 * Amanda Schull (born 1978), American actress and ballet dancer
 * Amanda Seales (born 1981), American actress, comedian, recording artist and radio personality
 * Amanda Setton (born 1985), American actress
 * Amanda Seyfried (born 1985), American actress and singer
 * Amanda Puspanditaning Sejati (born 1990), Indonesian lecturer and writer
 * Amanda Shires (born 1982), American fiddler, singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Simpson (born 1961), businesswoman and politician, first openly transgender woman political appointee
 * Amanda Smith, professor of fashion and textile design in New Zealand
 * Amanda Somerville (born 1979), American singer, songwriter and vocal coach
 * Amanda Stepto (born 1970), Canadian actress and disk jockey
 * Amanda Strang (born 1980), French actress, fashion model, singer and television presenter
 * Amanda Swenson (1852-1919, Swedish-born American soprano singer
 * Amanda Swisten (born 1978), American actress and model

T

 * Amanda Tapping (born 1965), English–born Canadian actress
 * Amanda Tenfjord (born 1997), Greek–Norwegian singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Tobin (born 1960), Australian tennis player

V

 * Amanda Vanstone (born 1952), Australian politician

W

 * Amanda Wakeley (born 1962), English fashion designer
 * Amanda Waring, English actress and campaigner
 * Amanda Weir (born 1986), American swimmer
 * Amanda Winn-Lee, American voice artist and writer

Fictional characters

 * Amanda, from the teen drama The Next Step
 * Amanda, from the Colley Cibber play Love's Last Shift and its sequel by John Vanbrugh, The Relapse
 * Amanda, from the Highlander franchise
 * Amanda Becker, from the teen parody Not Another Teen Movie
 * Amanda Beckett, from the teen romantic comedy Can't Hardly Wait
 * Amanda Bellows, from the ABC fantasy comedy I Dream of Jeannie
 * Amanda Benson, from the television movie Swindle
 * Amanda Bentley, the titular character from the Candice F. Ransom novel Amanda
 * Amanda Brotzman, from the BBC science fiction series Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency
 * Amanda Buckman, from the supernatural black comedy Addams Family Values
 * Amanda Carrington, from the ABC soap opera Dynasty
 * Amanda Clarke, from ABC mystery drama Revenge
 * Helen "Amanda" Collins, from The CW action thriller Nikita
 * Amanda De Santa, from the video game Grand Theft Auto V
 * Amanda Grayson, mother of Spock from the Star Trek franchise
 * Amanda Harper, from the Escape Room franchise
 * Amanda Hunsaker, from the buddy cop action comedy Lethal Weapon
 * Amanda Killman, the main antagonist from the Nickelodeon animated slapstick comedy Bunsen Is a Beast
 * Amanda King, from the CBS drama Scarecrow and Mrs. King
 * Amanda Krueger, the mother of Freddy Krueger from the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise
 * Amanda LaRusso, the wife of Daniel LaRusso from the Netflix martial arts comedy Cobra Kai
 * Amanda Lockhart, a character from the novel series Kingdom Keepers.
 * Amanda Lopez, a character from the Disney XD tv series Milo Murphy's Law.
 * Amanda Dillon, from the ABC soap opera All My Children
 * Amanda Dunfrey, from the science fiction horror film The Mist
 * Amanda Prendergast, from the action film Falling Down
 * Amanda Rollins, from the NBC crime drama Law and Order: Special Victims Unit
 * Amanda Rosewater, from the Syfy science fiction western Defiance
 * Amanda Sefton, from Marvel Comics
 * Amanda Tanen, from the ABC comedy drama Ugly Betty
 * Amanda Toad, from the video game Star Fox
 * Amanda Vale, from the Seven Network soap opera Home and Away
 * Amanda Valenciano Libre, from the video game Metal Gear
 * Amanda Vaughn, the main protagonist from the ABC comedy drama GCB
 * Amanda Waller, from DC Comics
 * Amanda Wingfield, from the Tennessee Williams play The Glass Menagerie
 * Amanda Woods, from the romantic comedy The Holiday
 * Amanda Woodward, from the Fox soap opera Melrose Place
 * Amanda Young, the accomplice of Jigsaw from the Saw franchise
 * Amanda Zimm, from the teen drama Ready or Not

title: Amanda


text:
Vallejo (band)

Vallejo is an American rock band founded by three Vallejo brothers: AJ Vallejo (eldest twin), Alex Vallejo (younger twin) & Omar Vallejo (youngest brother) (in Austin, Texas, but born & raised in El Campo, Texas later moving to Alabaster, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama during their pre-teen years. The band has released 12 full-length albums starting back in 1991 with their self-titled debut 'Sins' on the now-defunct Birmingham, AL indie label, Chapel Lane.

Not long after their move in January 1995 to Austin, TX, the group was signed to a multi-album and exclusive co-publishing deal to Chicago inde, imi Record's Bobby Francavillo, with producer Steve Peck signed on as the debut album's producer. Gaining an impressive amount of Active Rock radio airplay from their 1997 debut album "1969" featuring singles "Boogieman" and "Just Another Day", imi signed a major distribution and marketing deal with TVT Records in New York, where the debut album was re-released - gaining more rave reviews, kicking open many doors for Vallejo who went on to tour nationwide becoming a 'dangerous live act' as described by AustinLive. The followup to "1969", Beautiful Life, engineered, produced, and mixed by Neiil King, was recorded at The Record Plant in Sausalito, CA, and released in 1998. Now on imi/TVT, the album was received with less enthusiastic radio response resulting in TVT's decision to pull back promotion after a timid reaction to the single released by the band with Beastie Boys' DJ Hurricane. Bittersweet perhaps that this single, 'Snake In The Grass' would later resurface a decade later on two episodes of HBO's hit-series True Blood to much renewed airplay worldwide.

After catching a High End Lighting showcase in Orlando, Florida by Vallejo at the House of Blues, Miami producer Emilio Estefan immediately signs Vallejo releasing Into the New, released by Sony in 2000. The album garnered mixed reviews but did well on the Rock Charts getting the band invited on nationwide US tours by Stone Temple Pilots, Linkin Park, Fuel, Disturbed, Blues Traveler, Matchbox Twenty, The Black Crowes. Prior to releasing their second single to national radio, an unfortunate one-two knock out combo of bad luck catches up to Vallejo with a complete label-heads change at Sony and weeks later the world-stopping distraction of 9/11. Sony cuts half of the artist roster with Vallejo on the list halfway into their summer tour. The weary brothers and band honor their remaining dates, head home strung out and drained spending over a year tangled in legal battles.

In 2002, as free agents, Vallejo launches their own label VMG and releases Stereo, to overwhelming positive reviews becoming what many know to be as the Vallejo fan favorite. Over the next decade, the band continues releasing a healthy offering of albums to their loyal fanbase: 2004's trilogy-archive-releases: Black Sky, Leftovers, and Steamboat Live 97, Acousta (2006), Thicker Than Water (2008) and Brothers Brew (2014). Shortly after the release of Brothers Brew sources of the band mention artistic differences and/or a bit of inevitable burnout from two decades of non-stop touring becoming the main reason for the Vallejo brothers' gradual transition from touring artists to producers with a seemingly effective presence in the music industry. AJ Vallejo goes on to win Austin Chronicle's Guitar Player of the Year in 2016 and Producer of the Year three years in a row in 2014-2015-2016, launching indie label 10X Music Group and continues with both Bruce Castleberry on guitar and Alex Geismar on drums as roots-rock group, Brodie Lane. Alex Vallejo becomes director of Austin's School of Rock facilities, co-producer at EPS and Manager at Austin Music Foundation. Omar Vallejo opens 512 Studios in Austin, TX winning Austin Chronicle's Producer and Studio of the Year in 2018-2019.

In 2021, after a seven year recording hiatus, Vallejo releases Amigos on their VMG label, an album composed of collaborations with Texas staples and Grammy artist including Flaco Jimenez, Ray Benson, Dale Watson, Grupo Fantasma, and Gina Chavez to name a few.

Current members

 * A.J. Vallejo – Lead Vocals/Guitar
 * Alejandro Vallejo – drums
 * Omar Vallejo – Bass guitar/backing vocals
 * Bruce Castleberry – Guitar/backing vocals
 * Alex Geismar – percussion/backing vocals

Former members

 * Michael Panepanto – percussion
 * Steve Ramos – percussion
 * James "Diego" Simmons – percussion
 * Heath Clark – Guitar
 * Jeff Hartsough – percussion
 * Angel Ferrer – Guitar
 * Zach Baker – Guitar

title: Vallejo (band)