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Batavia Muckdogs

The Batavia Muckdogs are a collegiate summer baseball team in the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL). They are located in Batavia, a city in Genesee County, New York, United States. Their home field is Dwyer Stadium in the city of Batavia, built after the 1996 season to replace the original Dwyer Stadium (formerly State Street Park, MacArthur Stadium) that opened July 27, 1938 as home to the Batavia Bees, a semi-pro team in the Genesee County League.

Off and on from 1939 to 2020, they were members of Minor League Baseball's New York–Penn League (NYPL). With Major League Baseball's reorganization of the minor leagues after the 2020 season, Batavia was not selected to continue in affiliated baseball. They later joined PGCBL for the 2021 season.

History

Prior to the current Batavia franchise, professional baseball in the city dates back to 1897 when Batavia played in the New York State League. The Batavia Giants, sometimes referred to as the Reds because of their crimsons uniforms, were the first classified team in the city making their debut - after some rainouts - on May 14, 1897, against the Auburn franchise at a stadium built on Swan Street; future major leaguer Jack Burns batted third and played shortstop. After a rough start to the season, where the team lost their first 9 games, the team released eight players and fired manager Martin Earley. J.J. Benner took over the club as team captain and acting manager, however play did not improve and he was replaced by former major leaguer Joe Hornung who was named player-manager on May 24, he made his debut in the lineup on June 14 at 40 years old, going hitless. After 20 games the team sat at 4–16 and had money troubles where local fans would not pay the 10 cent admission, Hornung left the team on July 9. It was announced on July 24 that the team would move to Geneva, by July 25 the team had left Batavia and become the Geneva Alhambras. That season the Class-C New York State League also consisted of teams in Canandaigua, Cortland, Lyons, Palmyra, and Auburn.

As was popular across the country, Batavia hosted many semi-pro leagues prior too, and after, the Giants left town. This included the Western New York League along with teams in nearby Le Roy, Perry and Warsaw. The Batavia Bees were the popular semi-pro team prior to professional baseball coming back to Batavia in 1939, and they continued play even after the Clippers arrived.

The history of the New York–Penn League originated in Batavia as the league, then known as the Pennsylvania–Ontario–New York League (PONY League), was formed in a local hotel that has since been demolished. Original league cities included Batavia, Bradford, Hamilton, Jamestown, Niagara Falls, and Olean.

The Muckdogs were founded in 1939 as the Batavia Clippers, however the team was not in operation during the 1954–56 and 1960 seasons after dropping out of the league for financial reasons. During the 1957 through 1959 seasons the team was known as the Batavia Indians, upon their final return to the league in 1961 the team was known as the Batavia Pirates until changing their name to the Batavia Trojans in 1966 until 1987.

From 1988 through the 1997 season the team brought back the historic Batavia Clippers name before changing to the Muckdogs in 1998 based on a fan poll that chose the nickname and logo. The "Muckdogs" name was inspired by Genesee County's mucklands. Batavia celebrated their 80th anniversary during the 2019 seasons as the only founding member of the league still in existence.

The Muckdogs franchise was surrendered to the league prior to the 2018 season. The team was then operated as a ward of the league.

After the cancelled 2020 minor league season, Major League Baseball took direct control of Minor League Baseball and discontinued short-season play. The Muckdogs were not among the teams invited to remain in affiliated baseball. The city received offers from collegiate summer baseball and semi-professional leagues for 2021. After being purchased by CAN-USA Sports, the Muckdogs joined Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League, a collegiate summer league, for 2021.

Logo and mascot
The Muckdogs logo adopted in 1998 is a dog on a crushed fence in the shape of an "M" surrounded by muck with baseballs on either side. The team also has an alternate logo of a B with a dog.

The Muckdogs currently have one mascot, Dewey, however had three mascots who would make appearances throughout the season at Dwyer Stadium in recent years. The team's original mascot Maxwell T. Chomper, Homer and Slider.

Affiliation
As the Muckdogs, Batavia was affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies from 1998, having been already affiliated with the Phillies since 1988, through the 2006 season. Beginning with the 2007 season, the Phillies chose to move their Short-Season A affiliate closer to Philadelphia with the Williamsport Crosscutters. Meanwhile, the Muckdogs signed with the St. Louis Cardinals. Prior to the Cardinals and Phillies affiliation Batavia was also affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates (1952–53; 1961–65), Detroit Tigers (1968–71), New York Mets (1972–74), and Cleveland Indians (1942–51; 1957–59; 1976–86). The team also fielded a co-op team in 1966 featuring players from 12 different organizations, most notably Cito Gaston of the Atlanta Braves. In 1975, the team fielded another co-op team with players from 8 organizations including Don McCormack from the Philadelphia Phillies. 1987 was the final co-op team in Batavia.

After the 2012 season, the St. Louis Cardinals announced they would move their affiliation to the State College Spikes, who they had been affiliated with before coming to Batavia. On September 28, 2012, the Muckdogs announced they had signed a two-year player development contract with the Miami Marlins who were affiliated with the Jamestown Jammers from 2002 to 2011. Jamestown signed an affiliation agreement with the Pittsburgh Pirates who had left State College.

Operations/ownership
From 2008 to 2017 the Rochester Red Wings Triple-A team of the International League was responsible for operating the club. The team had previously been operated by the Genesee County Baseball Club who remained majority owner though the Red Wings gained a share of ownership with each season they operated the franchise with a cap of 50%.

The team has been up for sale since 2010 due to financial losses. In 2016, a sale to an ownership group that intended to relocate the franchise to Waldorf, Maryland, beginning in the 2017 season collapsed when the new owners were unable to secure permission from the Baltimore Orioles and Washington Nationals, as well as the Eastern League and Carolina League. The Orioles' Class-AA affiliate, the Eastern League's Bowie Baysox, are located in nearby Bowie, Maryland; the Nationals' Class-A affiliate, the Potomac Nationals, are based in nearby Woodbridge, Virginia. A Muckdogs move to Maryland would have impacted those teams' territorial rights.

Surrender of franchise
The Muckdogs ownership group surrendered their franchise to the NYPL on December 19, 2017, after the NYPL declined the Red Wings offer to continue to operate the ball club and the remaining owners could not meet the financial requirements to keep the team solvent. Under the terms of the surrender, if the NYPL sells the franchise, the Red Wings and Genesee County Baseball Club each will receive 45% of the proceeds, with the league keeping a 10% fee for themselves. GCBC will retain the rights to the Batavia Muckdogs name, should the league opt to relocate the franchise to a city other than Batavia. The NYPL did not guarantee the franchise will play in 2018 if a buyer could not be found. GCBC spoke of the possibility of bringing collegiate summer baseball to Batavia in the event the NYPL left.

In January 2018, the New York–Penn League agreed to keep the Muckdogs in Batavia for the 2018 season after agreeing with the City of Batavia on a lease for Dwyer Field. In 2019, the Muckdogs signed a two-year renewal of its affiliation with the Marlins, which the city insisted upon as a condition of keeping the team in Batavia; any new ownership group would still be free to move the team.

As part of the reorganization of minor league baseball, the Muckdogs minor league squad was contracted along with most of the rest of the New York-Penn League prior to the 2021 season. GCBC, in keeping with their 2017 statements, transferred the Muckdogs intellectual property to a new expansion team in the PGCBL. The Muckdogs were one of two NYPL brands to make the transfer at that time (the Auburn Doubledays being the other); the Jamestown Jammers had previously made a similar transition in 2015.

Record
Through the 2017 season, Batavia has played 75 seasons of professional baseball in its current location amassing 3,197 wins and 3,532 losses (.475).

The team's 3,000th win came in form of a 5–3 decision on June 23, 2012, against the Jamestown Jammers at Russell Diethrick Park in Jamestown, New York. Jamestown was the only other city of the league's original six remaining in the circuit, although it does not host the same franchise. Relief pitcher Jose Almarante earned the win.

Managerial history
Jack Tighe holds the All-Time record for wins in Batavia with a record of 298 wins and 239 losses in four seasons. Dann Bilardello is tied for the modern era regular (short-season) record with 126 wins and 99 losses in three seasons, Ángel Espada tied the record in the last game of the 2016 season after four seasons, however Bilardello has one playoff victory as well giving him 127 wins overall. Mike Jacobs was named the Muckdogs manager for the 2017/2018 seasons, Tom Lawless managed the club in 2019.

Gene Baker was the first African-American manager in affiliated baseball during the 1961 season with the Batavia Pirates. Baker also is credited as being the first African-American manager in Major League History when he filled in after ejections, however, Frank Robinson was the first ever hired full time.

Most MLB players on a short-season team
The 1986 Batavia Trojans featured a short-season team record of eight future Major Leaguers on the roster — Jim Bruske, Tommy Hinzo, Tom Lampkin, Troy Neel, Bruce Egloff, Jeff Shaw, Joe Skalski, and Kevin Wickander—while affiliated with the Cleveland Indians. The record has since been broken with 11 by Batavia in 2007.

No-hitters
Batavia has been no-hit 15 times and thrown 5 no-hitters, however they are one of only two teams in league history who went on to win a game they had been no hit in when they defeated Newark 2–0 on August 3, 1973, for a record of 5–13 overall. Batavia was also part of the first ever league dual no-hitter where on August 25, 1952, Jim Mitchell of the Batavia Clippers and Frank Etchberger of the Bradford Phillies each no-hit the others team in opposite ends of a double header. The Clippers no-hit effort was not without controversy as it was a change by the official scorer that gave Mitchell his no-no. The Bradford paper reported the ball hit the glove of an outfielder and rolled to the wall where Bradford's Tommy Keane was originally given a double, it was then changed to an error after the game. On June 24, 2015, three Batavia pitchers (Gabriel Castellanos, Brett Lilek, Steven Farnworth) combined for the teams first perfect game in history against the Mahoning Valley Scrappers.

List of no-hitters

 * * Denotes Perfect Game

Playoff history
In the team's storied history they have made a total of 19 playoff appearances.

Overview
Batavia has won four league championships including 2008 as the Muckdogs, 1963 season as the Batavia Pirates and the 1945 and 1946 seasons as the Batavia Clippers. Batavia has won five division championships since the league adapted divisional play starting in the 1977 season, these titles include the Pinckney Division in 1995, 2008, and 2010, the Stedler in 1998, and the Western Division in 1977. The team also made playoff appearances as the wild card in 1999 and 2000 where they lost in the semi-finals, as well as 1997 when they advanced to the league championship where they were defeated by the Pittsfield Mets.

Playoff appearances

 * Denotes regular season league finish before divisional play.

1945 league and playoff champions
During the PONY League seasons from 1939 to 1956, there was a league champion and playoff champion format; the 1945 season saw Batavia finish with a record of 84 wins and 40 losses to clinch the league championship by nine games over the Jamestown Falcons. The Clippers defeated the Bradford Blue Wings three games to one in the first round of the playoffs before defeating the Lockport White Sox four games to three in the playoff championship. Batavia had a league best 1.40 ERA during the season.

1946 league and playoff champions
The 1946 season saw Batavia and Jamestown finish tied with a record of 84 wins and 41 losses to claim a share of the league championship. Jamestown defeated Batavia in a one-game playoff by a score of 6–2. Batavia then defeated the Olean Oilers in the playoffs four games to three before defeating Jamestown four games to two in the championship. Batavia's Dick Kokos lead the league during the 1946 season in runs with 118, hits with 166, RBIs with 114, and tied for home runs with 21.

1963 playoff champions
The 1963 Batavia Pirates were an unlikely championship team that entered the playoffs with 42 wins and 67 losses during the regular season. Facing the Jamestown Tigers in the best of three series the Pirates opened with a home loss by the score of 4–3 before heading to Jamestown to defeat the Tigers by a score of 2–1. During game two pitchers Bob Lee and Bob Baird shut down Jamestown as Fred Michalski hit a home run early and Norm Housley drove in a run in the seventh that gave Batavia all the runs the pitching due would need, the Tigers scored their loan run in the bottom of the seventh. In the series finale the Pirates won handily by the score of 7–3 before a home crowd of 1,305 at MacArthur Stadium. Byron Brown, who led the league with 32 home runs in the regular season, hit a two-run home run in the first inning and then drove in two more with a single in the fourth. Lefty Ron Fiorella was the winning pitcher for the Pirates while Jim Hassett also hit a home run during the deciding game. Leading the Pirates for the playoffs was José Martínez with 8 hits as Fiorella picked up two wins.

1977 West Division champions
In 1957 the PONY League adapted the name the New–York Pennsylvania League and continued to do a league champion and playoff champion until 1974 when it was changed to a first half and second half champion until the 1976 season. During the 1977 season the league did a first half and second half champion within two divisions instead of a league format, Batavia won the Western Division in both halves. The following season, 1978, the league changed to solely one season division format.

During the 1977 League Finals Oneonta defeated the Batavia squad 2-0 to clinch the League championship. In Game One, played in Batavia, the Yankees defeated the Trojans 5-2 behind the pitching of southpaw Chris Welsh, who struck out 11 batters. Future Major League Baseball star Willie McGee played centerfield for the Yankees, Sal Rende and Jerry Dybzinski homered for the Trojans.

In game two of the championship series, the Yankees held off the Trojans by the score of 5–4, though the Trojans had been down 5–0.

1995 Pinckney Division champions
Batavia won the Stedler Division with a record of 41 wins and 34 losses under manager Al LeBoeuf before losing in the semifinals to eventual champion the Watertown Indians. Team leaders included Walt Dawkins with a .315 average; Steve Carver with 41 RBIs, 7 home runs and 13 doubles which tied with Jon Cornelius; future major leaguer Marlon Anderson with 92 hits and 52 runs; Gary Yeager with 9 wins; Brian Ford with a 1.18 ERA and 10 saves. The team also featured future major leaguer Anthony Shumaker.

1997 wild card
Batavia clinched the wild-card playoff spot in 1997 finishing with a record of 47 wins and 27 losses under manager Greg Legg. The Clippers defeated the Erie SeaWolves in the semifinals before falling to the Pittsfield Mets in the league championship. Team leaders included Gary Burham with a .325 average, 22 doubles, and 94 hits; future major leaguer Andy Dominique with 14 home runs; Jason Johnson with 20 stolen bases and 5 triples; Rusty McNamara with 54 RBIs; Derek Adair with 7 wins; clay Eason with a 0.92 ERA; and Brett Black with 15 saves. The team also included future major leaguers Randy Wolf, Thomas Jacquez, and Johnny Estrada.

1998 Stedler Division champions
Batavia finished with a record of 43 wins and 33 losses winning the Stedler Division under manager Frank Klebe before losing to the Auburn Doubledays in the semifinals. 1998 was one of the only times in league history there would be co-champions as the weather made fields unplayable, Auburn and the Oneonta Yankees were named co-champions. Team leaders for Batavia included future major leaguer Jason Michaels with 11 home runs; Shayne Carnes with a .329 average and 78 hits; Carlos Duncan with 23 doubles and 55 runs; Nick Punto with 19 stolen bases; Geoff Geary with 9 wins and 1.60 ERA; Cary Hiles with 10 saves. The team also featured future major leaguer Carlos Silva.

1999 wild card
Batavia finished with a record of 42 wins and 34 losses one game behind division champion the Mahoning Valley Scrappers under manager Greg Legg. Batavia lost to the Scrappers in the semi-finals. Team leaders include future major league outfielder Marlon Byrd with 13 home runs, 50 RBIs, 72 hits; Shomari Beverly with 13 doubles; Tom Batson with a .298 average; Brad Pautz with 8 wins; Ryan Brookman with a 0.46 ERA; Justin Fry with 6 saves. The team also featured major leaguers Frank Brooks, Ryan Madson, and Jorge Padilla.

2000 wild card
Batavia finished with a record of 39 wins and 37 losses during the 2000 season under manager Frank Klebe earning a playoff spot as a wild card, eventually losing to the Mahoning Valley Scrappers in the semi-finals for the second year in a row. Future major leaguer Travis Chapman lead the team in hitting with a .316 average, other team leaders included Dario Delgado with 40 RBIs and 7 home runs; Scott Youngbauer with 16 doubles; Jason Barnette with 67 hits; Anthony Hensley with 43 stolen bases; Dan Adams with a 2.17 ERA; Trevor Bullock with six wins. The team featured future Phillies All-Star Chase Utley as well as Miguel Asencio and Eude Brito.

2008 NY–Penn League champions
Under manager Mark DeJohn during the 2008 season the team finished the regular season with 46 wins and 28 losses to clinch the Pinckney Division title. Batavia swept the Florida Marlins affiliate the Jamestown Jammers to claim the 2008 NY–Penn League championship on September 14, 2008, by a score of 9–3, after defeating the Boston Red Sox affiliate the Lowell Spinners two games to one in the semi-finals. Team leaders included Jermaine Curtis and Colt Sedbrook with a .305 average; Chris Swauger with 7 home runs; Shane Peterson with 20 doubles and 67 hits; Jose Garcia with 48 runs; Ramón Delgado with 6 wins; Thomas Eager with a 1.76 ERA; and Adam Reifer 22 saves

2010 Pinckney Division champions
The Muckdogs won the 2010 Pinckney Division championship under manager Dann Bilardello with a record of 45 wins and 29 losses, clinching against the Jamestown Jammers on September 1 at Russell Diethrick Park in Jamestown, New York. Batavia lost in the semi-finals to eventual league champion the Tri-City ValleyCats two games to one. Team leaders include Rainel Rosario with a .321 average; Jonathan Rodriguez with 12 home runs; Victor Sanchez with 19 doubles; Nick Longmire with 76 hits, 7 triples, and 53 runs; Andrew Moss with 8 wins; Jose Rada with a 1.12 ERA and ten saves.

2019 Pinckney Division champions
The Muckdogs won the 2019 Pinckney Division championship under manager Tom Lawless with a record of 41 wins and 31 losses, clinching against the Auburn Doubledays on the last day of the season - September 2 at Falcon Park in Auburn, New York. Batavia defeated the Lowell Spinners in game one of their playoff series before dropping two games in Lowell by the scores of 1–2 and 3–4; the Brooklyn Cyclones defeated Lowell in the finals. Team leaders included Nic Ready with 10 home runs, 47 RBI's, and tied a league record of 30 doubles; JD Orr with a .352 batting average and 29 stolen bases; Julio Frias lead the pitching staff with 5 victors - tied with Jackson Rose- while striking out 73 over 70 innings;  Evan Brabrand had a 1.29 ERA in the closer role compiling 13 saves;  Edgar Martinez lead the team with 72 innings pitched.

Largest crowd
The largest crowd to attend a professional game in Batavia is over 4,000 during the inaugural 1939 season. In more recent years, the two largest crowds happened on July 27, 2019, with 2,779 fans packing the stadium thanks to a promotion from local company Tompkins Insurance that bought anyone who wanted to attend a ticket. On July 29, 2011, 2,445 fans attended a game versus the Staten Island Yankees to see local Rochester native Cito Culver, who scored two runs for the Yankees and also batted another run in.

Year by year
As teams move to larger markets, and western New York area residency dwindling, the Muckdogs find themselves ranking last in attendance, though in 2008 a new policy was put forth by the Red Wings management to only report through the gate fans and not add on like several teams do to pad attendance records. Attendance substantially rebounded in 2019 as fans rallied behind the team in a last-ditch effort to save it.

Notable Major League alumni

 * Andy Allanson (1983)
 * Marlon Anderson (1995)
 * Andy Ashby (1988) 2 x MLB All-Star
 * Gene Baker (1961) MLB All-Star
 * Gary Bennett (1993)
 * Steve Blass (1961) MLB All-Star
 * Marlon Byrd (1999) MLB All-Star
 * Matt Carpenter (2009) 3 x MLB All-Star
 * Carlos Carrasco (2005)
 * Doc Ellis (1964) MLB All-Star
 * Johnny Estrada (1997) MLB All-Star
 * Woodie Fryman (1965) 2 x MLB All-Star
 * Gene Garber (1965)
 * Cito Gaston (1966) MLB All-Star; Manager 1992-1993 World Series Champion - Toronto Blue Jays
 * Kelly Gruber (1980 2 x MLB All-Star
 * Joe Kelly (2009)
 * J.A. Happ (2004) MLB All-Star
 * Ryan Howard (2001) 3 x MLB All Star; 2005 NL Rookie of the Year; 2006 NL Most Valuable Player
 * Bob Lee (1963) MLB All-Star
 * Lance Lynn (2009) MLB All-Star
 * Ryan Madson (1999)
 * Lou Marson (2005)
 * Nick Punto (1998)
 * Manny Sanguillén (1965) 3 x MLB All-Star
 * Jeff Shaw (1986) 2 x MLB All-Star
 * Ryan Sherriff (2011)
 * Kevin Siegrist (2009)
 * Chase Utley (2000) 6 x MLB All-Star
 * Randy Wolf (1997) MLB All-Star
 * Mike Williams (1990) 2 x MLB All-Star
 * Trevor Williams (2013)
 * Ned Yost (1974) Manager 2015 World Series Champion - Kansas City Royals
 * Brad Ziegler (2003)

Alumni in other sports
Five-time National Hockey League (NHL) all-star Murray Oliver played for Batavia during the 1958 season.

National Football League (NFL) tailback Ricky Williams played thirteen games for the team during the 1998 season before returning to Texas to prepare for the upcoming NCAA football season as a strong candidate for the Heisman Award, which he ultimately won.

Local ties
Fourteen Genesee County Baseball Players have suited up professionally for their local Batavia team.

 * 1939 – OF Gordon "Bus" Merrill from Elba, P Frank "Pike" Trigilio from Oakfield, and 1B James "Jim" Carragher from Le Roy
 * 1940 – P William "Bill" Kell from Darien and OF Laverne "Pete" Petherbridge from Byron
 * 1943–1944 – P Theodore "Ted" Platek from Pavilion
 * 1946–1947 – P John "Johnny" Freeman from S. Byron
 * 1948 – INF Jerry Maley from Batavia
 * 1950 – C Robert "Bob" Radley from Batavia
 * 1951 – P Ray "Jamo" Jamalkowski from Batavia
 * 1952 and 1957 – P Richard "Dick" Raymond from Batavia
 * 1957 – P Frank Dudley from Batavia
 * 1958 – P Larry Richenburg from Elba
 * 1989 – OF Mickey Hyde from E. Bethany

Local players who have suited up for the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League franchise.
 * 2021 – P Colin Noeth from Byron
 * 2021–Pres. – INF Jerry Reinhart from Batavia
 * 2021–Pres. – P Tyler Prospero from Batavia
 * 2022–Pres. – C Vinny Grazioplene from Batavia
 * 2022–Pres. – OF Gavin Schrader from Batavia
 * 2022–Pres. – P Alex Hale from Batavia

title: Batavia Muckdogs


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Pyrus calleryana

Pyrus calleryana, also known as the Callery pear or Bradford pear, is a species of pear tree native to China and Vietnam, in the family Rosaceae. It is most commonly known for its cultivar 'Bradford' and its offensive odor, widely planted throughout the United States and increasingly regarded as an invasive species.

Pyrus calleryana is deciduous, growing to 5 to 8 m tall, often with a conical to rounded crown. The leaves are oval, 4 to 8 cm long, glossy dark green above and pale beneath. They have long petioles alternately arranged on branches. The white, five-petaled flowers are about 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter. They are produced abundantly in early spring, before the leaves expand fully.

The fruits (which are often assumed to be inedible due to their abundant, cyanide laced seeds) of the Callery pear are small (less than 1 cm in diameter), and hard, almost woody, until softened by frost, after which they are readily taken by birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings. In summer, the shining foliage is dark green and very smooth, and in autumn the leaves commonly turn brilliant colors, ranging from yellow and orange to more commonly red, pink, purple, and bronze. However, since the color often develops very late in autumn, the leaves may be killed by a hard frost before full color can develop.

Callery pears are remarkably resistant to disease or fireblight. However, some cultivars, such as 'Bradford', are particularly susceptible to storm damage and are regularly disfigured or killed by strong winds, winter weather, or limb loss due to their naturally rapid growth rate.

The species is named after the Italian-French missionary Joseph-Marie Callery (1810–1862), a sinologue who sent specimens of the tree to Europe from China.

Cultivation
Numerous cultivars of Callery pear are offered commercially, including 'Aristocrat', 'Autumn Blaze', 'Bradford', 'Capital', 'Chanticleer' (also known as 'Cleveland Select'), 'New Bradford', 'Redspire', and 'Whitehouse'.

In the United States
The trees were introduced to the U.S. by the United States Department of Agriculture facility at Glenn Dale, Maryland, as ornamental landscape trees in the mid-1960s. They became popular with landscapers because they were inexpensive, transported well and grew quickly. Lady Bird Johnson promoted the tree in 1966 by planting one in downtown Washington, D.C. The New York Times also promoted the tree saying, "Few trees possess every desired attribute, but the Bradford ornamental pear comes unusually close to the ideal."

In much of North America these cultivars, particularly 'Bradford', are widely planted as ornamental trees. The trees are tolerant of a variety of soil types, drainage levels, and soil acidity. Their crown shape varies from ovate to elliptical, but may become asymmetric from limb loss due to excessive and unstable growth rate. The initial symmetry of several cultivars leads to their attempted use in settings such as industrial parks, streets, shopping centers, and office parks. Their dense clusters of white blossoms are conspicuous in early spring, with an odor often compared to rotting fish or semen. Individuals tend to flower young, exhibit quick growth, and create seeds that are dispersed primarily through birds. According to extension specialist Kelly Oten of North Carolina State University, the smell attracts flies which are the primary pollinators rather than bees. At the latitude of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the trees often remain green until mid-November, and in warm autumns, the colors are often bright, although in a cold year they may get frozen off before coloring. In the South, Callery pears tend to be among the more reliable coloring trees.

Subtaxa
The following varieties are currently accepted:
 * Pyrus calleryana var. calleryana – China, Japan, and Vietnam, introduced to the United States and Iraq
 * Pyrus calleryana var. fauriei (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder – Korea
 * Pyrus calleryana var. integrifolia T.T.Yu – China
 * Pyrus calleryana var. koehnei (C.K.Schneid.) T.T.Yu – China
 * Pyrus calleryana var. lanceata Rehder – China

As an invasive species
The Bradford pear and related cultivars of Pyrus calleryana are regarded as invasive species in many areas of the Eastern and Midwestern regions in North America, outcompeting many native plants and trees. In the northeastern United States, wild Callery pears sometimes form extensive, nearly homogeneous stands in old fields, along roadsides, and in similar disturbed areas. The species was first noticed spreading outside of human cultivation in the 1990s, and by the latter half of the 2000s, Callery pear trees were widespread and could be found in habitats ranging from wetlands to forests.

While various cultivars of the Callery pear are commonly planted for their ornamental value, their prolifically produced fruits are taken by birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings. The various cultivars are generally themselves self-incompatible, unable to produce fertile seeds when self-pollinated, or cross-pollinated with another tree of the same cultivar. However, if different cultivars of Callery pears are grown in proximity (within insect-pollination distance, about 300 ft or 100 m), they often produce fertile seeds that can sprout and establish wherever they are dispersed. The resulting wild individuals, of various genetic backgrounds, can in turn interbreed, producing more viable seed and furthering expansion and dispersal of the wild stand of the species. These plants often differ from the selected cultivars in their irregular crown shape and (sometimes) presence of thorns.

Callery pear is reported as established outside cultivation in 152 counties in 25 states in the United States. While these wild plants are sometimes called "Bradford pear" (for the 'Bradford' cultivar), they are actually wild-growing descendants of multiple genotypes of Pyrus calleryana, and hence more correctly referred to by the common (or scientific) name of the species itself. Currently, the spread of the invasive trees is limited by their intolerance to extreme cold, but they are creeping northward as climate change causes warming temperatures, and have been found as far north as Madison, Wisconsin.

The Bradford pear in particular has become further regarded as a nuisance tree for its initially neat, dense upward growth, which made it desirable in cramped urban spaces. Without corrective selective pruning at an early stage, these weak crotches result in a multitude of narrow, weak forks that are very susceptible to storm damage. Because of this, and the resulting relatively short life span (typically less than 25 years), many groups have discouraged further planting of 'Bradford' and other similarly structurally deficient Callery pear cultivars (such as 'Cleveland Select') in favor of increasing use of locally native ornamental tree species.

It should be recognized that even though P. calleryana is considered an invasive species, there have been cases in which it did not have an impact when introduced as a nonnative species. In young, low-density populations, this tree was found to have no significant effect on species richness or diversity in its surrounding environment. to understand how this species interacts in a given environment, further studies should be considered.

In 2023, the state of Ohio banned the sale and cultivation of Callery pear trees.

Uses
Pear wood (of any species) is among the finest-textured of all fruitwoods. It is prized for making woodwind instruments, and pear veneer is used in fine furniture. Pear wood is also among those preferred for preparing woodcuts for printing, either end-grained for small works or side-grained for larger.

Callery pear has been used as rootstock for grafting such pear cultivars as Comice, Bosc, or Seckel, and especially for Nashi. Pyrus calleryana was first introduced into the United States in 1909 and 1916, largely influenced by the dedicated research of Frank N. Meyer, plant explorer for the US Department of Agriculture, commonly known for the discovery of the Meyer lemon, for agricultural experimentation, pre-dating recognition in the 1950s of the species' potential as an ornamental plant.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pyrus calleryana


text: User talk:66.75.105.12

title: User talk:66.75.105.12


text:
U.S. Route 29

U.S. Route 29 or U.S. Highway 29 (US 29) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs for 1043.3 mi from Pensacola, Florida, to Ellicott City, Maryland, just west of Baltimore, Maryland, in the Eastern United States, connecting the Florida Panhandle to the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The highway takes on an overall northeast–southwest direction, from its southern terminus at US 90 and US 98 in Pensacola to its northern terminus at Maryland Route 99 (MD 99) in Ellicott City.

The section of US 29 between Greensboro, North Carolina, and Danville, Virginia, has been designated as Future Interstate 785 (Future I-785) and has received future Interstate signs in several locations along that route. It will become an official Interstate Highway once improvements have been completed.

From Auburn, Alabama, to Greensboro, I-85 runs parallel to US 29, which serves primarily as a local route along that stretch.

Route description

 * FL
 * 43.7 mi
 * AL
 * 227.2 mi
 * GA
 * 211.0 mi
 * SC
 * 110.2 mi
 * NC
 * 168.7 mi
 * VA
 * 248.0 mi
 * DC
 * 8.6 mi
 * MD
 * 25.9 mi
 * Total
 * 1043.3 mi
 * }
 * DC
 * 8.6 mi
 * MD
 * 25.9 mi
 * Total
 * 1043.3 mi
 * }
 * 1043.3 mi
 * }

Florida
US 29 begins at US 90 and US 98 in downtown Pensacola, Florida. Throughout the state, US 29 is twinned with the unsigned State Road 95 (SR 95).

The entire route in Florida runs within Escambia County. From its terminus north to SR 296, it is known as North Palafox Street. From this point, it is known as Pensacola Boulevard north to Ten Mile Road, approximately 1 mi north of US 90 Alternate. Between SR 296 and the Molino community, US 29 runs parallel to its former routing, which is now County Road 95A. This former routing continues the name North Palafox Street from SR 296 north to Ten Mile Road.

Alabama
US 29, internally designated by the Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) as State Route 15 (SR 15), is a southwest-northeast state highway across the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. SR 15 ends in Brewton at a junction with US 31 (SR 3) and SR 41, but US 29 continues west with US 31/SR 3 to Flomaton and south on SR 113 to the Florida state line.

US 29/SR 15 traverses Alabama in a general northeast–southwest path. It has never been a major route in the state; its significance was completely overshadowed with the completion of I-65 and I-85 during the 1970s. Today, US 29/SR 15 serves primarily to connect numerous smaller towns and cities in the southwest, south-central, and eastern parts of Alabama, notably passing near Troy, Tuskegee, and Auburn universities in the east.

US 29 no longer passes through downtown Auburn or downtown Opelika. The U.S. Highway is concurrent with I-85 from exit 51, south of Auburn, to exit 64, northeast of Opelika. This change was made by ALDOT in the 1990s. Route markers have been appropriately relocated since then.

Georgia
US 29 passes through the northern portion of Georgia, starting in Hart County toward Athens and Gwinnett County and then onward to Atlanta. The highway passes by notable universities, such as Georgia Tech and Emory University in Atlanta and the University of Georgia in Athens. US 29 meanders through Hartwell and the Lake Hartwell region near the South Carolina border. From West Point, (just south of LaGrange) at the Alabama–Georgia state line to Downtown Atlanta, SR 8 and SR 14 are paired with US 29 at various points in the state. US 29 to the southwest of Atlanta has been named Roosevelt Highway, since Franklin D. Roosevelt made his final journey northward from Warm Springs along this stretch of highway. Large crowds gathered along US 29 on this day in April 1945 to pay their final respects to the deceased president. Unfortunately, for those who waited along the highway, they missed seeing the president's body being transported back to Washington DC on a train that ran on nearby tracks.

South Carolina
In South Carolina, US 29 maintains a northeasterly routing, passing through Anderson, Greenville, and Spartanburg.

From Greenville through Greer, US 29 is known as Wade Hampton Boulevard. It is a major commercial artery for both Greer and Taylors. A six-lane highway, the road forms the western border of Bob Jones University and then passes near Chick Springs, a mineral springs that served as the focus of a small but important resort community during the 19th century.

US 29 was built as the main highway between Greenville and the other city of northwestern South Carolina, Spartanburg. The construction of I-85, connecting Greenville to Spartanburg, left US 29 underused until recent decades.

North Carolina
In North Carolina, US 29 connects the cities of Gastonia, Charlotte, Concord, Salisbury, High Point, Greensboro, and Reidsville. US 29 routes through Charlotte along Tryon Street, one of the main arteries that runs through Uptown Charlotte. NASCAR's Charlotte Motor Speedway is on US 29 where Charlotte and Concord border.

Virginia
In Virginia, part of US 29 is named the Lee Highway. US 29 connects the historic small cities and large towns of west-central Virginia, including Danville, Lynchburg, Charlottesville, Culpeper, and Warrenton, with Fairfax, Falls Church, Arlington, and Washington DC to the northeast and with North Carolina to the southwest.

Along its route in Virginia, US 29 provides significant access to and from several major colleges and universities, including the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, George Mason University in Fairfax, Sweet Briar College in Sweet Briar, and Liberty University, University of Lynchburg, and Randolph College in Lynchburg.

District of Columbia
US 29 enters Washington DC via the Key Bridge adjacent to Georgetown University. The designation turns east onto the Whitehurst Freeway, bypassing Georgetown to the south. Upon crossing Rock Creek, the freeway ends, becoming the at-grade K Street. US 29 remains on K Street to 11th Street, where US 29 turns north onto 11th for seven blocks. At Rhode Island Avenue, US 29 turns right. US 29 northbound turns left at 6th Street (touching US 1 where it turns from Rhode Island Avenue to 6th Street); it follows 6th Street for two blocks and then turns left onto Florida Avenue, where it then turns right onto Georgia Avenue. US 29 southbound at this point, however, follows 7th Street to Rhode Island Avenue. The route maintains a northerly routing as it passes through northern Washington DC and enters Maryland. During its alignment with Georgia Avenue, US 29 bypasses the Howard University campus to the west.

Maryland
In Maryland, US 29 turns northeast onto Colesville Road, intersects the Capital Beltway (I-495), becomes Columbia Pike, and intersects New Hampshire Avenue (MD 650), MD 200 (Intercounty Connector), MD 198, MD 32, MD 175, MD 100, US 40, and I-70 before terminating at MD 99 in northern Ellicott City.

History
Warrenton Turnpike is the former name of US 29 through Prince William County, Virginia. This is the name that was used for this road during the U.S. Civil War. Although the road has been expanded past Manassas into four lanes, it remains a rural two lane highway through Manassas National Battlefield Park, where I-66 carries through traffic. On either side of the road through the battlefield, split rail fences define property borders. The route has also been called the Bill-Beth Highway as it was the name of the children of the original highway developer.

U.S. Route 170
U.S. Route 170 (US 170) was the portion of US 29 from US 70 at Charlotte, North Carolina, northeast to Lynchburg, Virginia, from 1926 until 1931, when US 29 became part of the route. The US 170 designation was then removed and the route remained as US 29 only.

Future
The freeway stretch of US 29 traveling southwest from Greensboro to Lexington, North Carolina, is currently also signed as I-85 Business (I-85 Bus.) and US 70. On October 5, 2019, the North Carolina Department of Transportation submitted an application to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and was granted approval, for the removal of the I-85 Bus. designation from the freeway, and the rerouting of US 70 between Greensboro and Thomasville, leaving US 29 on the route. This plan, according to the state, will simplify overhead signage on the freeway and eliminate the confusion between I-85 and I-85 Bus.

Major intersections

 * Florida
 * in Pensacola
 * on the Brent–Ensley line

 * Alabama
 * in Flomaton. The highways travel concurrently to Brewton.
 * in Andalusia. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Brantley. The highways travel concurrently to Luverne.
 * in Troy
 * in Union Springs. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Tuskegee. The highways travel concurrently to Tuskegee National Forest.
 * in Auburn. The highways travel concurrently to Opelika.
 * in Opelika. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Opelika
 * on the Valley–Lanett city line

 * Georgia
 * in LaGrange. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Grantville
 * south of East Newnan
 * southwest of College Park
 * in Atlanta. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Atlanta. US 29/US 78 travel concurrently to the Scottdale–North Decatur city line. US 29/US 278 travel concurrently to Druid Hills.
 * in Atlanta. The highways travel concurrently to Decatur.
 * in Tucker
 * southeast of Bogart. The highways travel concurrently to Athens.
 * in Athens. The highways travel concurrently through the city.

 * South Carolina
 * in Anderson. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * west of Piedmont. The highways travel concurrently to south-southwest of Dunean.
 * south-southwest of Dunean
 * south-southwest of Dunean
 * in Greenville
 * in Startex
 * west of Spartanburg
 * northeast of Blacksburg

 * North Carolina
 * southwest of Kings Mountain. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Kings Mountain. US 29/US 74 travel concurrently to Charlotte.
 * in Gastonia
 * west of Charlotte
 * in Charlotte
 * in Charlotte
 * northeast of Charlotte
 * in Concord. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Concord
 * in Salisbury. US 29/US 70 travel concurrently to Thomasville.
 * northeast of Spencer. The highways travel concurrently to Lexington.
 * in Lexington. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Thomasville
 * in High Point
 * south-southwest of Greensboro. The highways travel concurrently to southwest of Greensboro.
 * in Greensboro
 * in Greensboro. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Greensboro
 * east of Reidsville

 * Virginia
 * on the Virginia state line at Danville. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Danville
 * south of Lynchburg. The highways travel concurrently to east of Lynchburg.
 * in Lynchburg. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Amherst
 * west-southwest of Charlottesville
 * west-northwest of Charlottesville. The highways travel concurrently to Charlottesville.
 * in Ruckersville
 * south-southwest of Culpeper. The highways travel concurrently to Gainesville.
 * south-southeast of Culpeper
 * in Opal. The highways travel concurrently to Warrenton.
 * in Gainesville
 * in Centreville
 * in Fairfax. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * on the Merrifield–West Falls Church city line
 * in Arlington
 * in Arlington
 * in Arlington

 * District of Columbia
 * in Washington, D.C.
 * in Washington

 * Maryland
 * in Silver Spring
 * in Ellicott City
 * in Ellicott City
 * in Ellicott City

title: U.S. Route 29


text:
Bank Street College of Education

Bank Street College of Education is a private school and graduate school in New York City. It consists of a graduate-only teacher training college and an independent nursery-through-8th-grade school. In 2020 the graduate school had about 65 full-time teaching staff and approximately 850 students, of which 87% were female.

History
The origins of the school lie in the Bureau of Educational Experiments, which was established in 1916 by Lucy Sprague Mitchell, her husband Wesley Clair Mitchell, and Harriet Merrill Johnson; Lucy Mitchell's cousin Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge provided financial support. The bureau was intended to foster research into, and development of, experimental and progressive education, and was influenced by the thinking of Edward Thorndike and John Dewey, both of whom Mitchell had studied with at Columbia University. The bureau was run by a council of twelve members, but Mitchell was its most influential figure until the 1950s. The name of the institution derives from its 1930–1971 location at 69 Bank Street in Greenwich Village.

In 1919 the bureau started a nursery school for children from fifteen to thirty-six months old; Harriet Johnson was the director. The school fed in to the Play School for three- to seven-year-olds run by Caroline Pratt; eight-year-olds were taught in a special class by members of the bureau.

Bank Street College of Education served as an academic consultant during development for Multiplication Rock, the first series of Schoolhouse Rocks!

In 1958, the college received a $1,000,000 grant from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare for a five-year study on how schools for younger children could improve mental health development.

The personal computer word processing application Bank Street Writer (1981) was developed by the college and marketed to school and home computer markets. Its brand extension Bank Street Music Writer (1985) was a music composition application.

Doug Knecht is the current Dean of Children's Programs and Head of the School for Children.

Accreditation
Since 1960 the school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Bank Street School for Children is accredited by the New York State Association of Independent Schools.

Head Start
It is one of about hundred schools in the Manhattan area which participate in the national Head Start Program of the Early Childhood Learning & Knowledge Center of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

Bank Street School for Children
The Bank Street School for Children is a private coed preschool, elementary school, and middle school within the Bank Street College of Education. The school includes children in nursery through eighth grade, split into three divisions: the lower school, for nursery through first grade; the middle school, for second through fourth grades; and the upper school, for fifth through eighth grades. There are 451 children enrolled as students, approximately 50% of which are students of color. The instructors are often current or past students of Bank Street's graduate school, which shares a campus with the School for Children—including more than half of the teachers who are alumni.

The School for Children is accredited by the New York State Association of Independent Schools and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools.

Bank Street Bookstore
The Bank Street Bookstore was an Upper West Side community bookstore that sold children's books and educational toys and games. It opened in 1970 in the lobby of Bank Street College, and moved to its second location on 112th Street and Broadway shortly thereafter. Its final location was on Broadway and West 107th Street until its closing in August 2020, due to the Coronavirus pandemic. The bookstore also hosted readings, daily story time, and celebrity events, with past guests including Stephen Colbert, Julianne Moore, and author Jeff Kinney.

Graduate school

 * Bill Ayers, militant activist and educator
 * Lee Bennett Hopkins, educator, poet, author, and anthologist
 * Claudine K. Brown, director at the Smithsonian Institution, museum educator, artist
 * Margaret Wise Brown, author of classic children's books such as Goodnight Moon
 * Ruth Cohn, psychotherapist, educator, and poet
 * Rosina Fernhoff, Obie Award-winning theater actress
 * Robie Harris, award-winning children's book author
 * Trudie Lamb-Richmond, Schaghticoke Tribal Nation member and educator
 * Anne Mitchell, early childhood education consultant and co-founder of the Alliance on Early Childhood Finance
 * Shael Polakow-Suransky, current president and former Chief Academic Officer of the New York City Education Department
 * Miriam Roth, Israeli writer and scholar of children's books, kindergarten teacher, and educator
 * Julie Stevens, actress and acting coach
 * Dorothy Stoneman, founder and president of YouthBuild USA
 * Ellen Tarry, the first African-American picture book author
 * Edith Thacher Hurd, children's book writer with more than 70 books to her credit as well as a few collaborations with Margaret Wise Brown
 * Lucy Wainwright Roche, singer-songwriter
 * Sara Wilford, philanthropist and granddaughter of Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * Valerie Wilson Wesley, author and former executive editor of Essence Magazine
 * Diane Wolkstein, folklorist and a former New York City official storyteller
 * Adam Gidwitz, author

School for Children

 * Liz Garbus, filmmaker
 * Ben Lerer, CEO Thrillist Media Group
 * Angelica Page, actress and filmmaker

 * Shuwanza Goff, Deputy Director of the Office of Legislative Affairs for President Joe Biden

 * Purva Bedi, actress

 * Ally Sheedy, actress

title: Bank Street College of Education


text:
Tolbert Lanston

Tolbert Lanston (February 3, 1844 – February 18, 1913) was the American founder of Monotype, inventing a mechanical typesetting system patented in 1887 and the first hot metal typesetter a few years later.

Life
Tolbert Lanston was born into a poor family in Troy, Ohio. He quit school at the age of 15, he was a volunteer in the Federal Army during the Civil War. His last rank was sergeant.

After 1865 he worked at the Pension-Department of the American Government. He worked with Seaton and Herman Hollerith (founder of IBM) on tabulating devices and invented an adding machine which was the first money-maker for Hollerith's company. Lanston's brother was a printer and evidently that connection caused his interest in automating the laborious task of hand-setting every letter in any or all texts. He resigned his post at the Pension office and devoted the remainder of his life to perfection of his machine. He created the idea but others perfected it and made the Lanston Monotype Machine Company successful. That includes J. Maury Dove, a coal merchant who became president of the company and remained there until his death in 1923, and John Sellers Bancroft, who was the mechanical genius behind the Monotype machine. The story is thoroughly developed in Tolbert Lanston and the Monotype: The Origin of Digital Typesetting.

He married Betty G. Herdel in 1866, and they had one son.

In 1896, he received the Elliott Cresson Medal for his invention.

He died in Washington, D.C., on February 18, 1913. He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

The inventor
Although Lanston was an inventor, he had no education at all as an engineer.

He did start his inventions to create a type-setting machine, first with the financial help of Seaton, later from J. Maury Dove, coal-merchant in Washington.

Letters sent to the Patent-bureau with specifications sent at:

 * September 30, 1885, July 3, 1886
 * patent nr. 364.521 June 7, 1887
 * patent nr. 364.525 June 7, 1887

The idea was to make lead type for printing, with two machines, the first to produce two paper-tapes, these two paper-tapes controlling the second machine to produce the type. Lanston made a series of prototypes.

Development of the machine
John Sellers Bancroft of Sellers & Co in Philadelphia was asked to help with the development of the machine.

Bancroft made a series of important improvements. A wedge to govern the width of the character. This wedge makes the same movement as the diecase with the matrices, in one direction. The matrices are ordered in the diecase, each row has only matrices for characters of the same width. The wedge controls the opening in the mould.

Compressed air was used to control the movements of the matrices above the mould of the machine.

This machine was capable to produce filled lines, by controlling the width of the spaces, with two extra wedges. The accuracy of the machine was 2,000 parts in 1 inch.

The first commercial machines were available around 1897. These machines had only room for 132 matrices. A few of these machines were sent to England.

Later types had die-cases with 15*15 and 17*15 or even 16*17 matrices.

title: Tolbert Lanston


text:
EOQ

EOQ may refer to:

 * Economic order quantity (also known as EOQ Model), an economic model for inventory management
 * European Organization for Quality, European organization acting for the development and management of quality in its widest sense

title: EOQ


text:
Cryoprecipitate

Cryoprecipitate, also called cryo for short, is a frozen blood product prepared from blood plasma. To create cryoprecipitate, fresh frozen plasma thawed to 1–6 °C is then centrifuged and the precipitate is collected. The precipitate is resuspended in a small amount of residual plasma (generally 10–15 mL) and is then re-frozen for storage. It is often transfused to adults as two 5-unit pools instead of as a single product. One of the most important constituents is factor VIII (also called antihaemophilic factor or AHF), which is why cryoprecipitate is sometimes called cryoprecipitated antihaemophilic factor or cryoprecipitated AHF. In many clinical contexts, use of whole cryoprecipitate has been replaced with use of clotting factor concentrates made therefrom (where available), but the whole form is still routinely stocked by many, if not most, hospital blood banks. Cryo can be stored at −18 °C or colder for 12 months from the original collection date. After thawing, single units of cryo (or units pooled using a sterile method) can be stored at 20–24 °C for up to 6 hours. If units of cryo are pooled in an open system, they can only be held at 20–24 °C for up to 4 hours. Presently cryo cannot be re-frozen for storage after it is thawed for use if it is not transfused.

Cross-matching (compatibility testing) is not necessary and all ABO groups are acceptable for transfusion to people of all ABO types.

Medical uses
Medical uses for giving cryoprecipitate include:
 * Haemophilia – Used for emergency back up when factor concentrates are not available.
 * von Willebrand disease – Not currently recommended unless last reserve. ddAVP is first line, followed by factor concentrates.
 * Hypofibrinogenaemia (low fibrinogen levels), as can occur with massive transfusions
 * Afibrinogenemia
 * Bleeding from excessive anticoagulation – Fresh frozen plasma contains most of the coagulation factors and is an alternative choice when anticoagulation has to be reversed quickly.
 * Massive haemorrhage – RBCs and volume expanders are preferred therapies.
 * Disseminated intravascular coagulation
 * Uremic bleeding tendency
 * Reversing tpa (with aminocaproic acid)

Adverse effects
Adverse effects reported with the usage of cryoprecipitate include hemolytic transfusion reactions, febrile non-hemolytic reactions, allergic reactions (ranging from urticaria to anaphylaxis), septic reactions, transfusion related acute lung injury, circulatory overload, transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease, and post-transfusion purpura.

Composition
Each unit (around 10 to 15 mL) typically provides: Cryoprecipitate also contains fibronectin; however there are no clear indications for fibronectin replacement.
 * Fibrinogen 150–250 mg with a half-life of 100–150 hours
 * Factor VIII 80–150 U with a half-life of 12 hours
 * Factor XIII 50–75 U with a half-life of 150–300 hours.
 * von Willebrand factor 100–150 U with a half-life of 24 hours

US standards require manufacturers to test at least four units each month, and the products must have a minimum of 150 mg or more of fibrinogen and 80 IU of factor VIII. Individual products may actually have less than these amounts as long as the average remains above these minimums. Typical values for a unit are substantially higher, and aside from infants it is rare to transfuse just one unit.

History
While the method for the creation of Cryo was discovered by Judith Graham Pool from Stanford University in 1964, it was initially approved in 1971 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration under the name Cryoprecipitated AHF for the Hoxworth Blood Center University of Cincinnati Medical Center.

title: Cryoprecipitate


text:
Talk:Leucite

Encyclopedia Britannica
This page is a perfect example of why it is not a good idea to copy anything straight from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. As I discuss at 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, scanning errors alone are enough reason not to do so, but other reasons are exceedingly lengthy paragraphs, an opaque, outmoded prose style, and the strong likelihood that the information, particularly in scientific articles, has been superseded. This article is simply not very useful to the 2004 inquirer. There are many, many web pages with better, clearer information, such as the top of the Google list, http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/leucite/leucite.htm.

I offered to help with articles using the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica by looking up articles in one of my two hard copies to help clear up confusion. Incidentally, this also protects Wikipedia against complaints that we simply take stuff from the poorly scanned HTML version (see 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica). That said, I'd much rather provide this service after someone has at least tried to clear up some of the worst problems in the copied material. A chemist, which I am not, could probably do this. By the way, the web page I cite above says the main use of Leucite is as a "mineral specimen", so this is hardly the most important article in the world.

I'm hoping the major perpetrators of this article, User:Magnus Manske and User:Rmhermen will join in this discussion. (Rmhermen asked me to fix the scanning typos, which I did to the best of my ability.) Ortolan88 04:09, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)  The article doesn't even reference or distinguish Lucite, which wasn't around in 1911, but has achieved a certain prominence since.
 * I will note that my contributions were only adding wikilinks and correcting a half-dozen or so scanning errors that I noticed and could decipher. And as a chemist, I would recommend a geologist to help this article. Of course a geologist obviously wrote it in the first place so maybe an English major is required. Rmhermen 04:25, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

Well, I'm an English major, and I shouldn't have used the words perpertrator or chemist, I should have said contributor and geologist, and I apologize, but my main point is unchanged. Ortolan88 04:57, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I admit I should have taken more care in cleaning up the scanning mess, which I usually do when copying from the 1911 encyclopedia. Also, I usually copy only topics which are not likely to have changed much since 1911. A mineral seemed to fit this perfectly, although I don't know much about minerals...
 * Concerning other web sources, you are right, there are better ones; but, the link you gave has this nagging copyright notice ;-) --Magnus Manske 08:16, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

Needs a total modern re-write by a geologist (maybe me, if I get around to it). The leucite rock section needs to be separated out into a petrologic article. Maybe someday I'll do it. -Vsmith 17:12, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leucite


text:
The Portrait of a Lady (film)

The Portrait of a Lady is a 1996 British-American film directed by Jane Campion and adapted by Laura Jones from Henry James' 1881 novel of the same name.

The film stars Nicole Kidman, Barbara Hershey, John Malkovich, Mary-Louise Parker, Martin Donovan, Shelley Duvall, Richard E. Grant, Shelley Winters, Viggo Mortensen, Valentina Cervi, Christian Bale, and John Gielgud. It received two nominations at the 69th Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress (Hershey) and Best Costume Design (Janet Patterson).

Premise
The film tells the story of Isabel Archer, an innocent young woman of independent means who is manipulated by her "friend" Madame Merle, and the devious Gilbert Osmond.

Plot
Isabel Archer is a very beautiful woman, who has already rejected many suitors: among them the wealthy Lord Warburton and Caspar Goodwood, to whom she had initially given hope. Caspar's arrival is arranged by Henrietta, a close friend of Isabel, who cares for her deeply. Isabel's strong character and free-spirited nature is adored by her cousin, Ralph Touchett, who persuades his father, her uncle, to give Isabel money so that she can be rich and independent. Upon her uncle's death, Isabel receives a fortune.

Isabel encounters Madame Serena and instantly likes her, however, learning about Isabel's wealth, Serena decides to arrange a marriage between Isabel and Serena's former lover Gilbert Osmond, who lives in Florence, Italy. Gilbert is a widower and has a daughter Pansy, who grew up in a convent and is not allowed to leave the house, even to walk in the garden, when her father is away. Isabel is enchanted by Gilbert and accepts the proposal; however, she's warned by Ralph that Gilbert is a "small man" and Isabel is giving up her dreams to be in a cage with a worthless husband. Isabel is enraged and slaps Ralph, to which he calmly answers that he said what he must, that he loves Isabel, and that he knows he has no hope. It's also evident that he's slowly dying from consumption.

Gilbert is nice to Isabel until after they are married. Isabel finds herself trapped in Rome in an unhappy marriage with a fear of her abusive husband, who gradually disconnects her from all of her friends. Henrietta, Ralph, and Caspar all leave for England. Pansy is also a victim of her father's overly protective behavior; she's in love with Rosier, but Gilbert has decided to arrange a marriage between her and Lord Warburton, who is attentive to Pansy just to get closer to Isabel. Isabel sees the mutual love between Pansy and Rosier and is deeply moved. Gilbert sees through Isabel's schemes to prevent Pansy becoming engaged to Warburton, but he is too late; Lord Warburton leaves Italy. Gilbert angrily slaps Isabel and steps on her dress so that she falls on the ground. Serena deeply regrets organizing the fateful union between Gilbert and Isabel.

Isabel learns that Ralph is overtaken by consumption and is on his deathbed. She asks Gilbert to let her to go to England to be with her dying cousin, but receives a cold and negative answer. Pansy is sent to a convent away from her lover. Isabel is pitied by Gilbert's sister, who finally opens Isabel's eyes, telling her that Gilbert's first wife was childless and Pansy is, in fact, Gilbert and Serena's daughter. Isabel finally decides to go against her husband's wishes and leave for England. She visits Pansy and proposes the girl to flee, but Pansy refuses, saying that she wants to please her father. In the convent, Isabel also encounters Serena, but proudly ignores her attempts to start a conversation. However, in the last minute before Isabel leaves, Serena runs to her - she has guessed Isabel is going to England to Ralph and reveals to Isabel that Ralph is the one that persuaded the uncle to give Isabel her fortune. On Ralph's deathbed, Isabel tearfully confesses that he's been her best friend and she loves him. Henrietta and Caspar attend Ralph's funeral. In the garden, Caspar tries to persuade Isabel to let go of her fear of her husband. They kiss passionately, but Isabel runs away to the house. She suddenly stops before the house door, and leans against it, looking back into the garden.

Cast

 * Nicole Kidman as Isabel Archer
 * John Malkovich as Gilbert Osmond
 * Barbara Hershey as Madame Serena Merle
 * Mary-Louise Parker as Henrietta Stackpole
 * Martin Donovan as Ralph Touchett
 * Shelley Winters as Mrs. Touchett
 * John Gielgud as Mr. Touchett
 * Shelley Duvall as Countess Gemini
 * Richard E. Grant as Lord Warburton
 * Viggo Mortensen as Caspar Goodwood
 * Christian Bale as Edward Rosier
 * Valentina Cervi as Pansy Osmond
 * Roger Ashton-Griffiths as Bob Bantling

Reception
The Portrait of a Lady received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 47% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The consensus summarizes: "Beautiful, indulgently heady, and pretentious, The Portrait of a Lady paints Jane Campion's directorial shortcomings in too bright a light." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 60 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

The film grossed $3.7 million in the United States and Canada and $20 million worldwide.

Home media
On December 11, 2012, Shout! Factory released The Portrait of a Lady: Special Edition on DVD and Blu-ray.

title: The Portrait of a Lady (film)


text:
Pipe wrench

A pipe wrench is any of several types of wrench that are designed to turn threaded pipe and pipe fittings for assembly (tightening) or disassembly (loosening). The Stillson wrench, or Stillson-pattern wrench, is the usual form of pipe wrench, especially in the US. The Stillson name is that of the original patent holder, who licensed the design to a number of manufacturers; the patent has since expired decades ago. A different type of wrench with compound leverage often used on pipes, the plumber wrench, is also called a "pipe wrench" in some places.

Description
The Stillson wrench is an adjustable wrench (spanner) with hardened serrated teeth on its jaws. The hard teeth bite into the softer metal of the round pipe and provide the grip needed to turn a pipe, even against fair resistance. The design of the adjustable jaw, which permits a certain amount of intentional play out of square, allows it to bind on the pipe, with forward pressure on the handle pulling the jaws tighter. On some models, two leaf springs, above and below the knurled adjusting knob, help unlock the jaw when pressure on the handle of the wrench is released.

Pipe wrenches are not intended for regular use on hex nuts or other fittings. However, if a hex nut becomes rounded (stripped) so that it cannot be moved by standard wrenches, a pipe wrench can be used to free the bolt or nut, because the pipe wrench is designed to bite into rounded metal surfaces.

Pipe wrenches are classified by the length of the handle. They are generally available in sizes from 6 in to 48 in or larger. They are usually made of forged steel. Today, aluminium might be substituted to reduce the weight of the body of the wrench, although the teeth and jaw remain steel. Teeth and jaw kits (which also contain adjustment rings and springs) can be bought to repair broken wrenches.

History

Daniel C. Stillson (1826-1899), a mechanic at the Walworth Company, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, created the first such wrench. On October 12, 1869, US patent #95,744 was issued to Stillson.

On 17 August 1888, the Swedish inventor Johan Petter Johansson (1853-1943) took out his first patent on the adjustable pipe wrench. The Swedish Patent Office issued the patent again in 1894. The idea emerged after he established his company Enköpings Mekaniska Verkstad. Back then, nut dimensions were poorly standardized, so each time a tradesman was out on a job, he needed a trolley to take a set of fixed pipe wrenches with him. Johansson's tool could grip nuts of different dimensions.

Pipe wrench in different countries
In South Africa, the terms "bobbejaan spanner" and "baboon spanner" are commonly used, especially for large pipe wrenches. Bobbejaan is the Afrikaans term for a baboon. In Spain and Morocco, they are called grifa.

In Mexico they are known and called "stillson" without even using the word llave ("wrench").

In Turkey they are known as "English Keys".

title: Pipe wrench


text:
A. L. Lloyd

Albert Lancaster Lloyd (29 February 1908 – 29 September 1982), usually known as A. L. Lloyd or Bert Lloyd, was an English folk singer and collector of folk songs, and as such was a key figure in the British folk revival of the 1950s and 1960s. While Lloyd is most widely known for his work with British folk music, he had a keen interest in the music of Spain, Latin America, Southeastern Europe and Australia. He recorded at least six discs of Australian Bush ballads and folk music.

Lloyd also helped establish the folk music subgenre of industrial folk music through his books, recordings, collecting and theoretical writings.

Early life
Lloyd was born in the Wandsworth district of London. His father was an AA Patrolman and failed smallholder. His mother sang songs around the house, and according to Lloyd, mimicked the gypsy singers that she had heard. By the age of fifteen his mother had died and his father, an ex-soldier, was a semi-invalid, and Lloyd was sent as an assisted migrant to Australia in a scheme organised by the British Legion. There, from 1924 to 1930, he worked on various sheep stations in New South Wales and it was during this time that he began to write down folksongs he learned. In the outback of New South Wales he discovered that he could access the State Library and order books. His special interests being art and music, he could get a grasp of those topics without seeing a painting or hearing any music. He also bought a wind-up gramophone and began to investigate some of the classical music he had previously read about.

Career as folklorist
When Lloyd returned to the UK in 1935, during the Great Depression, in the absence of a permanent job he pursued his interests in studying folk music and social and economic history, doing much of his research at the British Museum; he is quoted as saying that there is "nothing like unemployment for educating oneself". In 1937, he signed on board a factory whaling ship, the Southern Empress, bound for the southern whaling grounds of the Antarctic.

During this decade, Lloyd joined the Communist Party of Great Britain and was strongly influenced by the writings of the Marxist historian, A. L. Morton, particularly his 1938 book A People's History of England. In 1937, Lloyd's article "The People's own Poetry" was published in the Daily Worker (since 1966 renamed Morning Star) newspaper.

In 1938, the BBC hired Lloyd to write a radio documentary about seafaring life, and from then on he worked as a journalist and singer. As a proponent of communism, he was staunchly opposed to Adolf Hitler, and, in 1939, was commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of programmes on the rise of Nazism. Between 1940 and 1950 he was employed as a journalist by Picture Post magazine but he left the job in an act of solidarity with one of his colleagues.

By the 1950s, Lloyd had established himself as a professional folklorist—as Colin Harper puts it "in a field of one". Harper went to note that, at a time when the English folk revival was dominated by young people who wore jeans and pullovers, Lloyd was rarely seen in anything other than a suit (and a wide grin). Ewan MacColl is quoted as describing Lloyd affectionately as "a walking toby jug". In 1959, Lloyd's collaboration with Ralph Vaughan Williams, The Penguin Book of English Folk Songs, was published.

The 1956 film Moby Dick, directed by John Huston, featured Lloyd singing a sea shanty as the Pequod first sets sail. There is also a brief visual clip of him.

In the early 1960s, Lloyd became associated with an enterprise known as "Centre 42" which arose from Resolution 42 of the 1960 Trades Union Congress, concerning the importance of arts in the community. Centre 42 was a touring festival aimed at devolving art and culture from London to the other main working class towns of Britain. It was led by Arnold Wesker, with MacColl and Lloyd providing the musical content and Charles Parker on production. Centre 42 was important in bringing a range of folk performers to the public attention: Anne Briggs, the Ian Campbell Folk Group, The Spinners and The Watersons.

Lloyd recorded many albums of English folk music, most notably several albums of the Child Ballads with MacColl. He also published many books on folk music and related topics, including The Singing Englishman, Come All Ye Bold Miners, and Folk Song in England. He was a founder-member of Topic Records and remained as their artistic director until his death.

The accompanying book to the Topic Records 70 year anniversary boxed set Three Score and Ten includes a short biography and lists two albums he is closely associated with as classic albums, The Iron Muse and Frost and Fire by The Watersons. Track five on the second CD has Lloyd singing The Two Magicians from another album he was closely associated with, being The Bird in the Bush (Traditional Erotic Songs).

Mark Gregory interviewed him in 1970 for the National Library of Australia, and Michael Grosvenor Myer for Folk Review magazine in September 1974.

Lloyd died at his home in Greenwich in 1982.

His version of the folk song "Doodle Let Me Go (Yaller Girls)" was used in the credits and trailer of the 2019 film, The Lighthouse.

Solo albums

 * The Shooting of His Dear / Lord Bateman, HMV B.10593, 78rpm, 1953
 * Down in Yon Forest / The Bitter Withy, HMV B.10594, 78rpm, 1953
 * Bold Jack Donahue / Banks of the Condamine, Topic TRC84, 78rpm, 1954
 * Australian Bush Songs, Riverside RLP 12-606, 1956
 * The Foggy Dew and Other Traditional English Love Songs, Tradition Records TLP 1016, LP, US, 1956
 * Banks of the Condamine and Other Bush Songs, Wattle Records (Australia) 10-inch LP, 1957
 * Across the Western Plains, Wattle Records (Australia) LP, 1958
 * Outback Ballads. Folk songs of Australia. Topic Records 12T51, 1958
 * English Drinking Songs, Riverside Records (US) LP, 1961. CD Reissue: Topic records
 * England and Her Folk Songs (A Selection From The Penguin Book), with Alf Edwards, Collector Records (UK) 7-inch EP
 * First Person (Some of His Favourite Folk Songs), Topic Records LP, 1966
 * The Best of A. L. Lloyd, Xtra (UK) LP, 1966
 * Leviathan, Topic Records (UK) LP, 1967. CD Reissue: Topic records
 * Ten Thousand Miles Away: English and Australian Folk Songs, Fellside Records (UK) 2CD, 2008
 * An Evening with A. L. Lloyd Fellside Recordings (UK) CD, 2010
 * Turtle Dove, Fellside Records (UK), 2014

With Ewan MacColl

 * The English and Scottish Popular Ballads 9 Volumes, Washington albums, 1952
 * Blow Boys Blow (Songs of The Sea), Tradition Records (US) LP, 1957. LP Reissue: Transatlantic, 1967. CD Reissue: Tradition, 1996
 * Thar She Blows! (Whaling Ballads and Songs), Riverside RLP 12-635 (US) LP, 1957
 * Convicts and Currency Lads. Wattle Recordings B2, EP, 1958
 * Whaling Ballads, Washington WLP 724 (US) LP, 196x. This was a reissue of the Riverside album above.
 * English and Scottish Folk Ballads, Topic Records (UK) LP, 1964
 * Bold Sportsmen All, Topic Records (UK) 10-inch, 1958. CD reissue: Topic Records
 * Gamblers and Sporting Blades (Songs of the Ring and the Racecourse), Topic records (UK) 7-inch EP, 1962
 * A Sailor's Garland, Xtra Records (UK) LP, 1966

Compilations and contributions

 * Blow The Man Down, Topic Records (UK) 7-inch EP, 1956
 * The Iron Muse (A Panorama of Industrial Folk Music), Topic Records (UK) LP, 1963
 * Farewell Nancy (Sea Songs and Shanties), Topic Records (UK) LP, 1964
 * The Bird in the Bush - by A L Lloyd, Anne Briggs, Frankie Armstrong, Topic Records (UK) LP, 1966
 * Singing The Fishing – A Radio Ballad, Argo Records (UK) LP, 1967
 * "Babbacombe" Lee by Fairport Convention (1971), Island Records: Narration and arrangement
 * The Valiant Sailor (Songs & Ballads of Nelson's Navy), Topic Records (UK) LP, 1973
 * Sea Shanties, Topic Records (UK) LP, 1974
 * The Transports  (A Ballad Opera by Peter Bellamy), Free Reed (UK) 2LP, 1977
 * Topic Sampler No. 1 – Folk Songs, Topic Records (UK) LP
 * Topic Sampler No. 2 – Folk Songs, Topic Records (UK) LP
 * Topic Sampler No. 3 – Men at Work, Topic Records (UK) LP
 * Topic Sampler No. 6 – A Collection of Ballads & Broadsides, Topic Records (UK) LP
 * Topic Sampler No. 7 – Sea Songs & Shanties, Topic Records (UK) LP
 * "Doodle let me go (yaller girls)" Performed on soundtrack of The Lighthouse (2019)

Recorded and edited by Lloyd

 * Folk Music of Bulgaria, Topic Records (UK) LP, 1964
 * Folk Music of Albania, Topic Records (12T154) (UK) LP, 1966

Films

 * John Huston, Moby Dick, 1965 (Geust appearance)
 * Ken Taylor, Ten Thousand Miles: A. L. Lloyd in Australia, 1970
 * Gavin Barry, Bert a personal memoir, 1985

title: A. L. Lloyd


text:
Superman 64

Superman: The New Superman Adventures, commonly referred to as Superman 64, is an action-adventure video game developed and published by Titus Interactive for the Nintendo 64 and based on the television series Superman: The Animated Series. Released in North America on May 29, 1999, and in Europe on July 23, it is the first 3D Superman game.

In the game, Lex Luthor has trapped Jimmy Olsen, Lois Lane, and Professor Hamilton in a virtual reality version of Metropolis that he created with the help of Brainiac, leaving it up to Superman to save them and break apart the virtual world. The game shifts between outdoor levels where the player flies through rings while saving civilians, and indoor levels where the player looks for access cards, activates computers, and fights villains such as Brainiac, Mala, Metallo, Darkseid, and Parasite.

The development of Superman began in 1997 and was largely hampered by constraints between Titus and the game's licensors, Warner Bros. and DC Comics, leaving little room for polishing the gameplay. BlueSky Software attempted to redo the game for the PlayStation, but this version was ultimately canceled, as Titus's license with Warner Bros had expired by the time it was completed. With three E3 presentations and positive press coverage before its release, Superman 64 was released to strong sales and positive consumer reception; however, critical reviews were extremely negative, panning its unresponsive controls, technical flaws, repetitive gameplay, overuse of distance fog, and poor graphics. It is widely considered one of the worst video games ever made.

Gameplay
Superman is a three-dimensional action-adventure platform game, where the player acts as the titular hero saving the citizens of Metropolis, such as Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen and Professor Emil Hamilton, from a virtual reality of the city created by Lex Luthor. Virtual Metropolis is filled with what the developers call "Kryptonite fog" in an apparent effort by Lex Luthor to diminish Superman's abilities (which is actually distance fog and is used as a technique to mask the game's poor draw distance).

In the main single-player mode, the player assumes the role of Superman, who is challenged by Luthor to complete various tasks and puzzles. Superman can walk, fly, punch enemies, and use super-strength to lift and carry large objects. Superman's other superpowers, including Heat Vision, Freeze Breath, X-Ray Vision, Super Speed, and Reprogrammation (where Superman reprograms an enemy to help fight off other enemies), are only accessible through the collection of power-ups in certain levels and have limited reserves. If Superman is attacked by enemies, hazards, or is in close proximity to Kryptonite, his health will decrease. The player will enter game over (indicated with "LEX WINS") and will be required to restart the current mission if Superman loses all his health. The player will also enter game over if a civilian character is attacked or time limits imposed on various missions expire before they are completed.

Superman consists of fourteen levels, alternating between outdoor and indoor levels. The indoor levels involve combat, exploring environments to find access codes to locked areas, activating computers, solving puzzles to finish objectives, and fights with villains such as Mala, Metallo, Darkseid, and Brainiac, who is responsible for programming the computers that trap them in Luthor's virtual reality. Outdoor stages consist of traversing to the next indoor mission while flying through rings and saving civilians from enemies and hazards. Several missions must be completed under time limits. Superman: The New Superman Aventures has three difficulty modes: Easy, Normal, and Superman. In Easy mode, the player does not have to fly through rings in the ride stages. The penultimate ride stage and the penultimate regular stage are only playable on Normal and Superman modes, and the concluding ride stage and regular stage only on Superman mode. Despite this, it is possible to complete the game without encountering a single ring if the player starts on Easy, as the player is given an option to switch from Easy to Normal mode that skips the penultimate ride stage, as well as the option to switch from Normal mode to Superman mode that skips the final ride stage. The time available to complete missions also decreases the higher the difficulty.

The game includes two multiplayer modes (a racing mode and a battle mode) that can be played with up to four people. In the battle mode, players must defeat their opponents by throwing various weapons and items at them. In the racing mode, players control a spaceship and rings shoot from the backside of one opponent.

Development
Eric Caen, one of the founders of French developer Titus Interactive, garnered the rights from WB Licensing to produce a Superman game during the development of The Animated Series. Hearing about the upcoming show in the Los Angeles offices of Titus, Caen went after the license as no other company would. He recalled in a 2015 interview that Warner Bros. "asked me three times if I was sure of what I was doing". In early 1997 Titus signed a licensing deal with Warner Bros. to make games based on Superman: The Animated Series for the Nintendo 64, PlayStation, and Game Boy. The staff for the development of each port consisted of two programmers and six to nine artists. The Game Boy game was completed and released by the end of the year.

The Nintendo 64 game's development lasted two years. Caen's initial plan was for a style of gameplay only Tomb Raider (1996) had tried before, a 3D open world action-adventure video game involving real-time strategy where players really behave as a superhero. As he explained, "it would stretch the Nintendo 64 to its limits, feature Superman's ability to fly and fight, and include his every superpower", but it would be too much for the Nintendo 64's limitations. As a result, less than ten percent of the original design was implemented in the final product.

Only a few days after the deal was made, the Warner Bros. licensing team changed. Based on Caen's testimony, the new group instantly hated Titus and the project and tried to stop its development. The first demand was to make Superman "a Sim City-like game, where Superman would be like the mayor of Metropolis", instead of an action game. Warner Bros. only got more coercive after Titus rejected the idea, going against any decision of the French developer. Often, their reasoning for rejection was that Superman would never do the things Titus proposed. Elements that survived, such as Superman swimming underwater, were kept in after Titus staff members showed documentation of the original Superman comics.

Some changes were mandated for reasons of putting the fictional DC Comics hero in a positive light. In addition to the limiting of Superman's powers and removal of breakable architecture, the game was set in a virtual world in order for the titular hero to not harm "real" people. Although the ring stages were originally supposed to be tutorial stages, they became a part of regular gameplay due to the other changes. These conflicts resulted in a delayed production process where "it took [Titus] months to get every single character approved" and an inability to fix bugs and issues associated with the collision detection and controls that the final product would be criticized for. Near the end of its development, technical support was provided for Titus by Nintendo of America.

Pre-release publicity
Superman was shown at three E3 events in 1997, 1998, and 1999. The game was unofficially named Superman 64 by some publications since the 1997 E3 event, as indicated by its coverage from Game Informer. The 1997 presentation of the game did not reveal anything about taking place in a virtual world, but stated its premise would be Superman trying to save Lois and Metropolis from Lex Luthor's very dangerous creation, the Lexoskel-5000. Additionally, it showcased models of empty rooms, a concept model of Lex Luthor, and emphasized Superman's X-ray vision power that made strong use of the console's graphical capabilities. An IGN journalist covering the event saw little promise in the game: "For a true fan, the game probably looked great, because it was at least something to show, but to the casual observer or the jaded critic, the game just looked poor". Animation World Network, however, was more optimistic, claiming that the game appeared to have "stunning 3D environments, various fight levels and rescue operations". At the time of the 1997 E3 showing, the release date was set for late 1997, but was delayed.

Titus announced Superman to be around 85–95% complete in March 1998. The game was delayed again after the 1998 E3 showing in response to gameplay criticisms, and released 3D character models and map sheets of the levels on 24 August. GamePro, labeling the game an "E3 showstopper", noted its "good-looking graphics".

In June 1998, GameFan published the first screenshots of completed parts of Superman, which included views of the interiors, Metropolis, and the 3D model of Superman. The magazine also offered enthusiastic coverage about it, with journalist ECM reporting other staff "drooling over these first-look shots at the game"; he suggested the game "could be one of the hotter N64 titles of the year even with heavyweights like Zelda and Banjo coming down the line" and that its "astounding" visuals, apart from the fog in the Metropolis shots, "looks set to raise the bar on the N64 again" with its "clean textures and smooth animation". He announced gameplay details such as "an assortment of missions numbering in the twenties" and powers such as X-ray and Heat Vision, as well as the inclusion of villains like Brainiac and Bizarro. Gamers' Republic, in July 1998, reported that Superman consisted of 15 stages where the playable character is "beating up bad guys and solving puzzles while trying to find the kryptonite diffusers in each level", also revealing a four-player battle mode the source positively compared to Star Fox; it felt its levels looked "well designed" and applauded its incorporation of Superman's powers.

Nintendo Magazine's preview coverage in an August 1998 issue showed Titus still had not implemented non-tutorial ring stages and a virtual world setting in its plot; the premise was presented as Luthor trapping all of the Metropolis citizens in a "deadly Kryptonite fog". The magazine also saw promise in the final product, claiming that it was "packed with great ideas, and the four-player mode looks like a right good left". In the December issue, the magazine, which changed its name to Nintendo Official Magazine, ran another preview piece showcasing more of Superman's abilities in the game, such as breaking through bricks, lifting cars and humans, punching, and using heat vision and ice breath; it announced a January 1999 release date in North America and a spring date in Europe.

A press release in October 1998 showed that at point, Superman 64's release date was set on November 16, 1998, with "a huge promotional campaign to include; special in-store promotions and displays, advertising, television, on-line and print media. Promotional items will include: standees, t-shirts, game footage, videotapes and oversized boxes".

Superman was one of only five Nintendo 64 games presented at the 1999 Tokyo Game Show.

After the critical failure of the N64 version, Titus gave BlueSky Software the reins to completely redesign Superman for the PlayStation. The game received approval from Sony, but the license from Warner Bros. had expired and Titus was unable to secure a new one, resulting in the game's cancellation in 2000. According to Caen, after Warner Bros. "forced us to kill the PlayStation version", the company was planning to pay Titus a litigation settlement as a payback for its abusive behavior against the developer. A build of the game dated to June 22, 2000 was eventually uploaded to MediaFire on November 28, 2020, by Richard Evan Mandel, who announced and linked to the build's release via a journal post on his DeviantArt page. prior to the DeviantArt page deletion, a user on the Internet Archive was able to download the build and made it available on the archive.

Reception
NPD Group data reported Superman being a top-ten seller in North America during the weeks of June 1999. In July of that same year, Titus announced that Superman had been the third best selling game for the N64. Over 500,000 units were sold. Eric Caen projected in 1998 sales of around a million. Titus also reported consumer feedback obtained in the form of a mail-in registration being "overwhelming[ly] positive", and "more than 70% of Superman's target audience, that of 6 to 11-year-olds, rated the game as an 'A' title". All of this contradicted Superman 64's contemporaneous critical reputation, filled with claims of being one of the worst games of all time. Matt Casamassina of IGN suggested it was "executed so poorly that it actually serves to butcher the reputation of the prominent action hero". Casamassina speculated that the developer had not "put forth any priorities for this title other than to finish it" and commenting that the game has a "rushed, careless feel". Critics, such as those from Electronic Gaming Monthly noted the ruined potential of a game based on the Superman animated series, such as a "great story, interesting characters, plenty of villains", and fighting criminals in 3D landscapes. The multiplayer modes were a little more well-received than the single-player story-based mode, although issues of slowdown and difficulty controlling the space pod were noted.

The controls were panned for being confusing and difficult. Commands for various actions were reported to either be unresponsive or not working consistently, such as flying, landing, and picking up objects. Tim Weaver of N64 Magazine complained that "the only way to stop flying is to crash into a solid object, preferably a wall", and "you always have to press forward to go forward, even if you're facing into the camera". Conversely, Nintendo Magazine System, the official Nintendo magazine of Australia, counter-argued complaints about the flying controls, reasoning it was simple if the player read the instruction manual. Other technical problems were reported to be commonplace, such as bugs, unfavorable camera angles, bad enemy AI, broken frame rates, clipping of environments and objects, and poor collision detection.

AllGame's Scott Alan Marriott derogatorily labeled the gameplay as a set of "foggy, empty outdoor levels and indoor levels that seem out of place". Some critics found the missions too easy, un-engaging and nonsensical, Hardcore Gaming 101's John Sczepaniak going as so far to call them "obscenely stupid". He and other critics also panned what was viewed as ridiculous-looking fights with enemies, Sczepaniak writing that "melee combat is slow, awkward and imprecise, leading to much flailing of limbs". The ring missions were labeled the perfect mixture of "monotonous and difficult" by Shaun Conlin of The Electric Playground due to their limited margins of error and time limits. Only a few reviewers suggested Superman 64's gameplay may have been good conceptually, Official Nintendo Magazine stating that "this game's got great ideas, but it's a super disappointment". Jeuxvideo.com described the missions as action-packed and diverse, and Nintendo Power claimed it was ambitious for a Superman game to attempt to be more than just "a brawler with some flight and superpowers thrown". Critics found certain concepts unsuitable for a game based on the titular hero. The most frequently brought-up one was him flying through rings. Conlin noted limitations of life and the need of power-ups were placed on an invincible superhero with unlimited power.

The graphics were condemned as "basic" and poor for a Nintendo 64 game released in 1999. The most frequent criticism was the excessive distance fog. Mega Fun claimed it was an excuse for the developers to not take full advantage of the Nintendo 64 console, and Hugh Norton-Smith of Hyper wrote the fog would force players to "pre-empt approaching buildings in order to not hit them". The textures were criticized as near non-existent and too "repetitive", "flat and featureless" for a virtual world setting. Sczepaniak stated that the flat textures of Metropolis made it look like a Mode 7 background in a Super NES game. Jeuxvideo.com noted that the game's levels had little-to-no lighting, shadows, or clear perspective for the player to judge distances of characters and objects in the environment. Jevon Jenkins of Game Industry noted this problem with figuring out the distance between Superman and enemies, which added artificial challenge in fighting them and was made worse by poor camera angles. He also was turned off by Metropolis' lack of close-up details "that play a big part in the life of a city". Reviews also panned the character animation, such as AllGame's Scott Alan Marriott who particularly dismissed Superman's punching and flying animations. Total N64 critic Lee described the intro cinematic as "like a scene from a C64 game in 1985", and that "the sharp edges of the polygons gave Superman 'pixie' boots".

The audio was also criticized. The repetitiveness of the soundtrack was brought up by reviewers such as GameSpot's Joe Fielder, who felt it "would be considered bad for the SNES". He also noted that "the sparse voice work even changes at one point, from Man of Steel actors to someone who sounds nothing like the lead of the show". As Norton-Smith proclaimed, "the soundtrack is more than capable of causing spontaneous aneurysms at 50 paces, and the handful of canned smashing moves do a great job at driving home the horror". Chris Johnston of Electronic Gaming Monthly found the graphics "semi-decent" if "oddly letterboxed", and Marriott was fond of them for being "colorful" and "simple". Some reviewers praised the visuals' closeness to the animated series, as well as the inclusion of its original voice actors, Weaver highlighting Lex Luthor's laugh which "almost made up for Superman being so hideous". Lukewarm appreciation was also given to the music, including from Jeuxvideo.com who noted its atmospheric nature and disliked its lack of stylistic variance throughout the game.

Statements of Superman 64 being one of the worst video games of all time have continued in later years. The game has ranked on all-time worst lists of publications such as Electronic Gaming Monthly (2013), The Guardian (2015), SVG.com (2020), and topped those of GameSpy (2004) and GameTrailers (2006). It also appeared on worst-of decade-end lists of Filter and Nintendo Power. It continues to be called the all-time worst of the Superman video games, which are usually not well-received. As of 2017, Superman 64 holds the Guinness World Record for lowest-rated superhero game, citing its Gamerankings aggregate score of 22.9%. The Guardian, reporting in 2018, "Superman 64 has cultivated a fanbase of curious masochists eager to see how bad it really is. Twitch and YouTube host plenty of videos dedicated to the anti-glory of Superman 64, some of them made by people who were barely born when it was released". Superman 64 was number 11 in an Uproxx list of the top 100 Nintendo 64 games according to 250,849 user ratings from various websites. Publication writer Derrick Rossignol was baffled by the ranking: "I attribute that to users ironically giving the game many positive ratings over the years. Thankfully, though, those shenanigans don't seem prevalent in the data and Superman is the only notable head-scratcher that I noticed".

title: Superman 64