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Battle of Marignano

The Battle of Marignano was the last major engagement of the War of the League of Cambrai and took place on 13–14 September 1515, near the town now called Melegnano, 16 km southeast of Milan. It pitted the French army, composed of the best heavy cavalry and artillery in the world, led by Francis I, newly crowned King of France, against the Old Swiss Confederacy, whose mercenaries until that point were regarded as the best medieval infantry force in Europe. With the French were German landsknechts, bitter rivals of the Swiss for fame and renown in war, and their late arriving Venetian allies.

Background
The campaign of Marignano followed years of Swiss successes, during which French fortunes in northern Italy had suffered greatly. The Swiss had taken control of Milan (for France the gateway to Italy) after their victory at the Battle of Novara (1513), and returned to its ducal throne Massimiliano, son of Ludovico Sforza, to make Milan a protectorate of Switzerland.

The prologue to the battle was an Alpine passage, in which Francis hauled pieces of artillery (72 huge cannons ) over new-made roads over the Col d'Argentière, a previously unknown route. At Villafranca the French, led by Jacques de la Palice, surprised and captured the Papal commander, Prospero Colonna, in a daring cavalry raid deep behind the allied lines (the Chevalier Bayard providing the impetus and expertise). Colonna and his staff aside, the French seized a great deal of booty on the raid, including 600 horses.

The capture of Colonna, along with the startling appearance of the French army on the plains of Piedmont, stunned the allies. The Pope and the Swiss both sought terms with Francis, while the Spanish allies en route from Naples halted to await developments. The main Swiss army retreated to Milan, while a large faction, tired of the war and eager to return home with the booty of years of successful campaigning, urged terms with the French.

Though the parties reached a peace agreement that gave Milan back to the French, leading large portions of the Swiss army to return home, fresh troops also arrived from the Swiss cantons who refused to abide by the treaty. Discord swept through the Swiss forces until Matthäus Schiner, cardinal of Sion and an arch-enemy of King Francis, tricked the Swiss into doing battle with a far superior force by exaggerating the extent of a minor skirmish. The Swiss issued forth from Milan in disciplined columns.

Battle
The Swiss encountered Francis's forces at the little burnt-out village of Marignano on a plain dotted with vineyards, farm fields, small orchards, and pastures. A treaty signed, the French were not expecting battle. Francis was in his tent, trying on a new suit of armor, when scouts reported the coming of the Swiss. The French army quickly sprang into action, forming up in three divisions. The French vanguard, under the joint command of Charles III, Duke of Bourbon and the Marshal Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, took possession of two shallow rises near San Giuliano. This formation consisted of crossbowmen (protected by earthworks and pavise shields) on the left, a large square of Landsknecht infantry at the center, and arquebusiers on the right, covering the artillery, which was arrayed in a crescent shape along the south-eastern and eastern edges of the formation. Two kilometers to their rear, Francis I of France personally led a force of cavalry and 6,000 Landsknechts recruited from the Netherlands known as the Black Band of Gueldern. Finally, the rearguard, a further kilometer to the center's rear, was led by the King's brother-in-law, Charles IV, Duke of Alençon. Unlike the French force, which had a good mix of pikemen, arquebuses, and cavalry, the Swiss force consisted almost entirely of pike infantry and only fielded less than a dozen artillery pieces.

Close to sunset, the Swiss approached the French in three divisions of their own, each a dense mass of pikemen. They had no artillery or cavalry, and had learned in past actions that a rapid advance into the enemy would sweep all before them. At Marignano, the battle began with a “forlorn hope” detaching from the Swiss vanguard phalanx, and charging the grand battery in front of the King’s position in the center with lowered pikes. Their intent, justified by experience in other battles, was to quickly overrun the French cannon and then turn them upon their owners.

At first the Swiss attack succeeded in driving back the landsknecht defenders and capturing a few of the guns, the speed of the Swiss advance rendering their fire ineffective. But Bourbon’s cavalry from the French right counter-attacked their flank, driving the forlorn hope back to the shelter of the Swiss vanguard. The pursuing French horse were themselves forced to retreat back a full kilometer after taking heavy losses.

Smoke and the coming of night obscured the battle; in the moonlight and confusion, the outcome hung in the balance. Furious French cavalry charges, often led by the king himself, with Bayard at his side, succeeded time and again in throwing back temporary Swiss gains. Many of the foremost French commanders were wounded or killed in the desperate night fighting, including the Prince of Tallemont, son of Louis II de la Trémoille, who died with sixty-two wounds on his body. The Black Legion counter-attacked and threw back the Swiss, only to be repulsed in turn. Bayard had to cut his way through the Swiss phalanx to rescue the Duke of Lorraine, stranded in the dark amongst his enemies. In the darkest hours, the fighting stopped, and both armies extracted themselves and reorganized. During the night, some of the Swiss soldiers, and even entire units, slipped away from the battlefield rather than fight another day. Those that remained were determined and the battle commenced again the following morning.

In the French center, the grand battery had been reassembled. Opposing them, the Swiss had reformed their largest phalanx. Encouraged by the evening before, the Swiss once again lowered pikes and charged the French guns. This time the grand battery was ready for them. Massed cannon fire tore bloody furrows deep in their ranks, slowing the advance. But the undaunted Swiss continually closed ranks and pushed forward. Again, the defending German landsknechts were driven back; but the massed fire of the guns at point blank range prevented the Swiss from pushing farther forward. Still another French cavalry charge, this time led by Bayard, forced the attacking Swiss to give ground.

Baffled by the artillery but as yet undaunted, the Swiss refocused their assault against Alençon’s left-wing division. After making some headway, this attack too was thrown back. In his report later to his mother, King Francis would boast that “thirty brave charges” were hurled by the French gendarmerie against the stubborn Swiss.

Only the mid-morning arrival of allied Venetian forces commanded by the condottiero Bartolomeo d'Alviano turned the tide against the Swiss. Their attacks repulsed everywhere, their ranks in bloody shambles, they grudgingly gave ground and withdrew by forming a single gigantic open square, maintaining extraordinary discipline in their retreat.

The battle was a decisive victory for Francis. This could be considered the expected outcome, seeing as the Swiss were heavily outnumbered and outgunned. But the Swiss during the preceding decades had almost habitually emerged victorious from such disadvantageous situations, and the French victory by no means came easily, the battle hanging in the balance until the arrival of the Venetian reinforcements.

The immediate causes of the Swiss defeat were their failure to capture the enemy artillery during the early phase of the battle and the arrival of the Venetians. But also contributing to the Swiss defeat were their lack of discipline and their ineffective command structure. Earlier in the same year of 1515, the Swiss diet had granted to each captain the authority to decide whether their company would continue their campaign or retreat. This made it impossible for the Swiss forces to act as a unit. The system of command consisted two captains elected as commanders-in-chief, besides the captains of the individual companies, as well as one representative elected by the men-at-arms of each canton. These commanders would vote on the policy of the Swiss army. In practice, this system broke down as soon as it was put to the test: the captains decided to honour the agreement not to attack, while the representatives of the troops, especially those of Uri, Schwyz, and Glarus, decided to attack regardless, motivated by the prospect of rich spoils.

French side
“I have vanquished those whom only Caesar vanquished” was printed on the medal King Francis ordered struck to commemorate the victory. Considering the battle his most cherished triumph, Francis requested that he himself be knighted on the battlefield, in the ancient style, by the hand of none other than the Chevalier Bayard. Marshal Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, veteran of every war for the previous 40 years, praised Marignano as the “battle of giants” and stated that compared to it, all previous battles in his lifetime had been “child’s sport”.

Marignano established the superiority of French cast bronze artillery and gendarme cavalry over the heretofore invincible phalanx tactics of the Swiss infantry. French success at Marignano, however, eventually galvanized opposition in the divided peninsula and turned the European balance of power against Francis I. In the meantime, however, Francis gained the city, and more importantly, the Castello Sforzesco within it, the strategic key to control of Lombardy. There Massimiliano Sforza and his Swiss mercenaries and the cardinal-bishop of Sion retreated, only submitting when French sappers had placed mines under the foundations. The French regained Milan, and Massimiliano went into luxurious exile with a French purse of 30,000 ducats.

Swiss side
The retreating Swiss army retained control of their upper-Lombardy provinces of Bellinzona and adjacent valleys, leaving a rearguard to preside over them.

The battle ended once and for all Swiss aspirations in Milan, and the Swiss Confederacy never again went to war against France or Milan. In fact, the Confederacy never went to war again at all after 1525, and (apart from the conquest of Vaud by the canton of Bern acting on its own in 1536) there never was any Swiss military offensive against an external enemy again. Swiss historiography has tended to attribute this to the "lesson learned" at Marignano, but  at least as effective was the division created by the Swiss Reformation in the 1520s, dividing the Confederacy into two factions which would be occupied with internal hostilities throughout the period of the European Wars of Religion, as well as a number of painful defeats of Swiss mercenary regiments in the decade between 1515 and 1525 (at Bicocca, Sesia and Pavia).

Perpetual Peace
After lengthy negotiations, a peace treaty between the Thirteen Cantons and their allies (abbot and city of St. Gallen, Three Leagues, Valais, Mulhouse) on one hand and Francis as both King of France and Duke of Milan on the other was signed in Fribourg on 29 November 1516. In the treaty of Fribourg, known as  "Perpetual Peace" (Ewiger Frieden, Paix perpétuelle), the Swiss Confederacy renounced all claims to the protectorate of Milan. In return, France paid 700,000 gold crowns in compensation to the Confederacy. Both parties agreed to abstain from giving any support to enemies of the other party (with the exception of pre-existing treaties) and agreed on an arrangement of arbitration in the case of future disputes. France offered another 300,000 crowns if the Swiss were willing to yield their transmontane territories (except for Bellinzona), but this offer was declined. The treaty furthermore granted trade privileges to the Swiss, both in Milan and in Lyon. Only the Ossola valley was passed back to Milan, while the other transmontane bailiwicks of the Swiss Confederacy remain part of Switzerland to this day, since 1803 as the canton Ticino (while the Three Leagues lost control of the Valtellina in 1797).

The "Perpetual Peace" with France was indeed kept for the remainder of the lifetime of the Kingdom of France, and was broken only during the French Revolutionary Wars, when the French Republic invaded Switzerland in 1798. It opened a period of close ties between the Swiss Confederacy with France over the next three centuries (while at the same time Switzerland moved away from its association with the Holy Roman Empire). A next step of rapprochement to France was the service pact (Soldbündnis) with France, concluded in 1521, which made Swiss mercenary regiments a regular part of the French armed forces (see Gardes Suisses). This arrangement also outlasted three centuries, with four Swiss regiments participating in Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, foreign military service of Swiss citizens being finally outlawed in 1848 with the formation of Switzerland as a federal state.

Other
On 11 December 1515, Francis met with Pope Leo X in Bologna. After several lengthy conversations, it was agreed that Francis would renounce the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, and the pope would accept Francis' demands in the matter of the selection of French bishops. The terms of a concordat between France and the Papacy were negotiated by plenipotentiaries over the following six weeks, granting the king of France, among other things, the right to nominate candidates for all vacancies in bishoprics or abbeys, subject to confirmation by the pope. The Concordat was signed by Pope Leo X on 15 August 1516.

Also at the meeting in Bologna was Leonardo da Vinci, whom Francis persuaded to accompany him back to France, and granted him the Clos Lucé manor and a pension of 7,000 scudi.

Also present at the battle was Huldrych Zwingli, who since 1506 had been church patron at Glarus. In Glarus, there was political controversy on which side the young men seeking employment as mercenaries should take service, the side of France or that of the Holy Roman Empire and the Papal States. The aim was to prevent that men of Glarus took service on both sides of the war, which would result in the unhappy constellation of "brothers fighting brothers" on the battlefield, as had been the case at Novara in 1500. Zwingli had supported the Pope before Marignano, and even after the battle, he opposed the peace with France and continued to support the side of the Papal States. Since public opinion in Glarus had shifted towards a clearly pro-French stance after the peace of 1516, Zwingli was forced to abandon his position in Glarus. He took employment at Einsiedeln, and from 1519 in Zürich. Based on his experience in the Italian War, Zwingli became an outspoken opponent of mercenary service, arguing with Erasmus of Rotterdam that "war is sweet only to those who have not experienced it" (dulce bellum inexpertis). He also blamed the warmongery on the part of cardinal Schiner for the disaster at Marignano and began to preach against the "red caps" (rote hüetlin, i.e. the high clergy), the first signs of his radicalization that would culminate in the Swiss Reformation during the decade following Marignano.

Legacy and commemoration
Commemorating the event are a bas-relief of the Battle of Marignano by Pierre Bontemps, which decorates Francis I's tomb at Saint-Denis; a painting by Antoine Caron for Fontainebleau (now at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa); and the most famous musical composition of Clément Janequin, the chanson La guerre. The Swiss hero Hans Bär appears in a fresco on the tower of the Basel City Hall. The march Marignan (Marignano in the French language), composed in 1939 by Jean Daetwyler, is the official orchestral hymn of the Swiss canton Valais.

title: Battle of Marignano


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SK Sigma Olomouc

SK Sigma Olomouc is a Czech professional football club based in the city of Olomouc. The club currently competes in Czech First League, the first tier of Czech football. The club played in the first tier league for 30 years between 1984 and 2014, winning the Czech Cup and Czech Supercup in 2012. Being relegated to Czech National Football League in 2014, the club won the league the subsequent season and got a promotion back to First League in 2015, but failed to stay in the top division and were relegated after only one season.

History
The club was founded as FK Hejčín Olomouc in 1919, playing in the national top league for the first time in the 1982–83 season as Sigma ZTS Olomouc. The club next played in the Czechoslovak First League in the 1984–85 season, remaining in the top level of football for the rest of the Czechoslovak era. Olomouc reached the quarterfinals of the 1991–92 UEFA Cup, their best result in the competition. In the following season's competition, the club beat Turkish side Fenerbahçe 7–1 in the second leg of their second round tie and 7–2 on aggregate, before going out of the competition at the hands of Italian team Juventus.

The club qualified to play European football in 1996 after finishing as runners-up in the 1995–96 Czech First League.

Olomouc finished fourth in the 1998–99 Czech First League, again qualifying for European competition. The club was fined 5,000 Swiss francs in October 1999 for racist chanting in a UEFA Cup match against Real Mallorca's black players.

In August 2011, the club was fined 4 million Czech koruna and deducted nine points as a result of a corruption enquiry by the Football Association of the Czech Republic. Olomouc won the Czech Cup that season, but were banned by UEFA from competing in the subsequent UEFA Europa League due to the corruption sanctions. In 2014 the club finished 15th in the league, resulting in their relegation after 30 years in the top level of competition.

Historical names

 * 1919 – FK Hejčín Olomouc (Fotbalový klub Hejčín Olomouc)
 * 1949 – Sokol MŽ Olomouc (Sokol Moravské železárny Olomouc)
 * 1953 – DSO Baník MŹ Olomouc (Dobrovolná sportovní organizace Baník Moravské železárny Olomouc)
 * 1960 – TJ MŽ Olomouc (Tělovýchovná jednota Moravské železárny Olomouc)
 * 1966 – TJ Sigma MŽ Olomouc (Tělovýchovná jednota Sigma Moravské železárny Olomouc)
 * 1979 – TJ Sigma ZTS Olomouc (Tělovýchovná jednota Sigma ZTS Olomouc)
 * 1990 – SK Sigma MŽ Olomouc (Sportovní klub Sigma Moravské železárny Olomouc, a.s.)
 * 1996 – SK Sigma Olomouc (Sportovní klub Sigma Olomouc, a.s.)

Player records in the Czech First League
. Highlighted players are in the current squad.

Managers

 * Karel Brückner (1973–79)
 * Milan Máčala (1980–81)
 * Jaroslav Dočkal (1982–83)
 * Karel Brückner (1983–87)
 * Jiří Dunaj (1987–89)
 * Erich Cviertna (1989–90)
 * Karel Brückner (1990–93)
 * Vlastimil Palička (1993–94)
 * Dušan Radolský (1994–95)
 * Vítězslav Kolda (1995)
 * Karel Brückner (1995–97)
 * Milan Bokša (1997–99)
 * Leoš Kalvoda (caretaker) (1999)
 * Dan Matuška (1999)
 * Petr Žemlík (1999–00)
 * Leoš Kalvoda (2000–01)
 * Jiří Vaďura (2001–02)
 * Bohumil Páník (2002)
 * Jiří Kotrba (Nov 2002)
 * Petr Uličný (2003 – 2006)
 * Vlastimil Palička (June 2006 – Aug 2006)
 * Vlastimil Petržela (Aug 2006 – June 2007)
 * Martin Pulpit (2007–08)
 * Jiří Fryš (2008)
 * Zdeněk Psotka (July 2008 – Dec 2011)
 * Petr Uličný (2011–12)
 * Roman Pivarník (July 2012 – May 2013)
 * Martin Kotůlek (May 2013)
 * Zdeněk Psotka (2013–14)
 * Ladislav Minář (2014)
 * Leoš Kalvoda (2014–15)
 * Václav Jílek (2015–19)
 * Radoslav Látal (2019–21)
 * Václav Jílek (2021–24)
 * Jiří Saňák (caretaker) (Feb 2024 – May 2024)
 * Tomáš Janotka (May 2024 –present)

History in domestic competitions

 * Seasons spent at Level 1 of the football league system: 29
 * Seasons spent at Level 2 of the football league system: 2

Czech Republic

 * Notes

Overall record

 * Accurate as of 23 August 2018

Legend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.

Honours

 * Czech Cup
 * Winners: 2011–12
 * Runners-up: 2010–11
 * Czech Supercup
 * Winners: 2012
 * 2. Liga
 * Winners: 2014–15, 2016–17

Czech First League records

 * Best position: 2nd (1995–96)
 * Worst position: 15th (2013–14, 2015–16)
 * Biggest home win: Olomouc 6–0 Teplice (2014–15)
 * Biggest away win: Liberec 0–4 Olomouc (2009–10), Plzeň 0–4 Olomouc (2011–12), Mladá Boleslav 0–4 Olomouc (2018–19), Dukla Prague 0–4 Olomouc (2018–19)
 * Biggest home defeat: Olomouc 1–5 Slavia Prague (2000–01), Olomouc 0–4 Mladá Boleslav (2018–19)
 * Biggest away defeat: Sparta Prague 6–0 Olomouc (1999–2000)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SK Sigma Olomouc


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The Zone (YTV)

The Zone is the flagship weekday afternoon programming block on the Canadian television channel YTV. It currently airs between 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. ET and PT in Canada. On Saturday mornings, it is called The Zone Weekend (formerly Crunch), broadcasting between 8:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.

Occasionally, guests appear on The Zone, such as children's author Robert Munsch and environmentalist David Suzuki.

Current version
Currently, The Zone is unhosted; YTV dropped program jockeys in summer 2023 due to cuts from Corus CEO Doug Murphy.

History and current developments
The Zone began its life as the Afterschool Zone on YTV, debuting on September 2, 1991, with its first host Gordon Michael Woolvett (aka Gord the PJ Man). Other PJs would take turns hosting the block including PJ Phil (Phil Guerrero), PJ Robb (Rob Stefaniuk) and PJ Rockin' Chan (Chandra Galasso).

The Afterschool Zone was simply a small segment that played between airings of regular television programming, primarily as an entertaining segue into the next programming block to retain viewers and to provide some level of interaction with its young audience. Similar programming existed on YTV's weekend morning broadcasts, also starring a variety of hosts, labelled "PJs", or program jockeys, as a take on DJ (disc jockey) and VJ (video jockey). This was done primarily as a tactic to comply with Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission restrictions on advertising in children's programming: popular imported programming would run a few minutes short due to fewer ads being permitted compared to US stations. Instead of filling the time with public service announcements or other filler material (which had been the previous practice of YTV in the late 1980s/early 1990s), the idea of devoting several minutes between programs to an interaction between live-action hosts was used and has proven successful to this day.

Eventually, the PJs were joined by a variety of puppets named the Grogs in 1992.

The "Afterschool" portion of the title was dropped in 1993 and PJ "Fresh" Phil was sometimes joined by another PJ, Jenn (although she featured more prominently during weekend morning programming and was rarely on The Zone). The segments usually involved discussion or banter on various topics, video clips, previews, and viewer mail.

July 1994 saw the introduction of the animatronic character Snit (Atul N. Rao), which displayed a pair of moving teeth on a television screen covered with what appeared to be purple bubble gum. When a primetime version of The Zone, YTV Shift, was cancelled, its former host Paul McGuire joined Phil. On October 31, 1997, the two sent Snit into space, and Snit was replaced with the prop Elvays, a plastic Elvis head with a digitally added moving mouth.

Eventually, a week of programming was devoted to a plotline that featured PJs Phil and Paul on a quest hunting for extraterrestrials and making a discovery. This discovery was revealed to be the return of the Snit character (minus its familiar purple colouring). Following cosmetic and technological upgrades, Snit went on to host Snit Station, a weekend morning programming block on September 18, 1999. The block was later renamed The Vortex before it was renamed CRUNCH.

A female co-host, Sandra Jackson, was added to the Zone in 1999. She began hosting alongside McGuire and Phil.

Another voice on the show was Egghead (the director Greg Dickinson, who worked on The Zone from 1993-2008) Egghead's face was never seen. He also appeared several times as "the guy in the gorilla suit".

As a slight format change, the "You Rule!" campaign was replaced with a "Keep it Weird!" theme. When the New Year came, Jackson, McGuire, and Phil were found to not be "Y2K Compatible" and left The Zone on November 12, 1999, venturing into other opportunities.

The following week starting November 15, 1999, they were replaced with comedian Pat Kelly and Jennifer Racicot (previously PJ Katie on Treehouse, with no relation to the original PJ Jenn or PJ Jazzy Jan). Elvays was replaced with "the Hand in the Toilet".

While Racicot and Kelly were hosts, they formed the band "Nuclear Donkey", which was featured at the end of the YTV's compilation album Big Fun Party Mix (with the exception of 7, 8, and 10).

During February and March 2001, a plotline emerged involving electronic insects known as Yokomites that were under the control of a mysterious chicken-man named Friendly Fowl. They were created by Fowl to destroy the station, should his demand to be given the station was ignored. In the end, there was an animated comic where Kelly and Racicot went into the Yokomites' lair to defeat them. The hand in the toilet was "killed" when it saved them.

With Racicot's departure, Kelly had a brief breakdown as a one-week plotline, where he demanded a new co-host or he would no longer host. He built a giant wooden crate in the studio parking lot and locked himself inside it as a protest until YTV hired a new co-host. At the end of the week Sugar Beard came along claiming to be Kelly's new co-host and she opened the crate with a crowbar to reveal a dishevelled Kelly who was in desperate need of a shower. The two co-hosted the block afterwards. However, Kelly himself soon also departed in early 2002, leaving Beard as the lone host. A plotline emerged where Beard would discover that one of the YTV's janitors was playing with the cameras during off-hours, clandestinely acting out as a host for The Zone. Employing detective skills to track down this janitor, Beard eventually discovered Carlos Bustamante and invited him to become her co-host in 2002, a position he held until 2018.

Beard and Bustamante hosted together from 2002-2007, introducing such segments as "A Dash of Sugar" and "Late Afternoon With Tito Lemmy", along with many characters such as Van Vogel, Pretty Tiffany, Johnny "The Brick" Wahl, and Wiwyam Birdie. They also co-wrote six songs together as the band "Nuclear Donkey".

On January 19, 2007, Beard announced that she would leave The Zone on January 26, 2007. Sugar's last "Nuclear Donkey" song, Z-Dot, appeared on Big Fun Party Mix 8, a compilation from YTV.

Bustamante hosted The Zone alone until Monday, December 31, 2007, on The Zone's Countdown to Halfway to New Year's party, where he introduced his new co-host, Joyce Quansah. She had recently appeared on The Zone working at the Tree Farm, where Bustamante chose The Zones Christmas Tree. Quansah co-hosted until January 2, 2009, when she left to travel the world. In fall 2009, The Zone returned to starting at 3:00 p.m. instead of 4:00 p.m.

In October 2013, two new hosts were announced, The Next Star's Mark "Suki" Suknanan and TFC's Rachel Bonnetta. Suknanan is responsible for all things celebrities and Bonnetta talks about the latest trends. These are the first two new cast members since Andrew Chapman.

On December 31, 2013, Chapman announced he was leaving The Zone.

In November 2014, Bonnetta and Adam Christie left The Zone, and Lisa Gilroy from Undercover High got added to the team. Around the same time, a brand new contest called "The Z-Head Zearch" was introduced asking fans to submit videos to be aired on The Zone.

On January 7, 2017, Meisha Watson began co-hosting The Zone Weekend.

On May 23, 2018, Spencer Litzinger joined The Zone.

On December 3, 2018, Bustamante left YTV after 16 years to become a full-time reporter for Entertainment Tonight Canada, on YTV's sister network Global.

On March 22, 2019, Watson left YTV and her hosting duties of The Zone and The Zone Weekend.

On March 23, 2019, Litzinger started co-hosting The Zone Weekend.

On September 3, 2019, Tyra Sweet joined The Zone. She left the block in 2022.

On October 26, 2019, Suknanan left The Zone and The Zone Weekend to be on Canada's Drag Race as his drag alter ego Priyanka. He later won the first season of the show.

In March 2020, Alex Wierzbicki joined The Zone. Around the same time, the COVID-19 lockdowns were implemented in Canada. The Zone continued in the place of the hosts' room, called "Zone From Home"

On June 6, 2022, Melony Manikavasagar joined The Zone.

On October 13, 2022, Alex Wierzbicki announced his departure from The Zone to move on to different projects. His final segment aired on October 31.

In summer 2023, Corus fired Spencer, Melony, and Kelsey, all hosts of the Zone due to cuts from Corus CEO Doug Murphy, therefore dropping program jockeys. Currently, The Zone is unhosted. Spencer sometimes still makes guest appearances sometimes.

Set Changes
When The Afterschool Zone began as a regular block on September 2, 1991, the set consisted of a multicoloured living room with abstract shapes and a map of Canada.

In late 1993, when the block was renamed to "The Zone", the set featured a grey background with YTV written on the walls and a TV next to the host that showed what was being broadcast on TV.

In 1994, the set was changed to a more common, all-blue set with graffiti and eyeballs. In this set, you can see the red lizard with the 1991–1995 YTV wordmark. In 1994, Snit was added.

From 1998 to late 1999, the set was changed to have a purple and black spiral floor with The Zone logo in the middle and green walls. A large rotating fan was built into the wall. There was a couch and chairs for the host and guests. Later, a toilet with a TV inside was added.

In November 1999, it was changed to a subway train set that featured a TV set and Metro print ads-styled block bumpers of The Zone. There is also an orange checkerboard floor. The change coincided with a change in hosts.

In 2002, the set was changed to match YTV's 2002–2007 look. The set was redesigned to feature a new logo of The Zone. There is also a silver fan.

In 2007, after Sugar left, the subway train set from 1999 to 2007 was gone, so the set was redesigned as a center stage with liquid stuff on it, and featuring the block's logo in the middle of the floor. There were also HDTVs that were standing through the set. The walls also gained a green colour scheme.

In 2010, the set was simplified, the set now has lights under it and the words The Zone are put back. The walls are now glowing purple, sometimes other colours for certain occasions. The TVs are now put to the shelf again. In 2013, the entire set gained a green colour scheme.

In 2020, each host of The Zone received their own individual sets to practice physical distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Each of their sets was decorated accordingly to the host. Occasionally, they will film segments outside at Sherbourne Common.

In late 2021, the individual sets have been removed after COVID-19 restrictions were lifted, allowing the hosts to be together on camera. They filmed Zone segments in the lobby of Corus Quay, in front of a wood slat wall.

title: The Zone (YTV)


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Terrestrial reference frame

A terrestrial reference frame (TRF) is the reference frame as one views from Earth, or from the surface of another Earth-like planet. A TRF affects the way humans perceive almost everything from day to day because as they live on the Earth an Earth-based point of view was the only viewpoint from which the rest of the universe could be observed, at least until the space age. One of the most noticeable results of the TRF is how the Sun appears to rise and set in the sky every day, which is actually an effect of the Earth rotating on its axis.

Example Effects

 * The flight paths of aircraft.
 * The retrograde motions of the planets, e.g. Mars (which is the easiest to see).
 * The apparent rising and setting of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars.

title: Terrestrial reference frame


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Surface warfare

Surface warfare is naval warfare involving surface ships. It is one of the four operational areas of naval warfare, the others being underwater warfare, aerial warfare, and information warfare. Surface warfare is the oldest and most basic form of naval warfare, though modern surface warfare doctrine originated in the mid-20th century.

Description
Modern surface warfare dates from the mid-20th century, when surface, air, and submarine warfare components were blended together as a tactical unit to achieve strategic objectives. In United States Navy doctrine, the two most important strategic objectives are interdiction and sea control.

 * Interdiction is the process of intercepting an enemy transiting through a location. For example, German naval objectives against Britain during World War II's Battle of the Atlantic were primarily focused on preventing ships from arriving intact with their cargoes.
 * Sea control is the dominance of force over a given area that prevents other naval forces from operating successfully. For example, the mission of the Allied navies in the Atlantic during World War II was to maintain sea control and prevent Axis naval forces from operating. The Anti-access/area denial is an opposition to enemy's sea control without itself being an attempt to gain sea control.

Surface warfare (SuW) is conducted by a surface ship to eliminate a threat, which may include Anti-surface warfare (ASuW), anti-air warfare (AAW), anti-submarine warfare (ASW), naval gunfire support (NGFS), riverine operations, mine warfare, and electronic warfare.

In the second half of the 20th century, the importance of naval surface power was reduced as air and submarine warfare platforms demonstrated their capabilities, as in the Battle of Taranto, the Battle of Pearl Harbor, and the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse.

Following World War II, guided anti-ship missiles required new tactics and doctrines. Small, fast, relatively cheap missile boats became a threat for large ships, much more serious than previous torpedo boats, as in the War of Attrition, when Egyptian missile boats struck and sank the Israeli destroyer Eilat on 20 October 1967.

Ships
Surface combatant ships include battleships, aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and others. Surface combatants also include mine warfare ships, amphibious command ships, coastal defense ships, amphibious assault ships, and many others. An important facet of naval warfare are however the support ships (that is, non-combat ships): freighters, oilers, hospital ships, tugs, troop transports, and other auxiliary ships. In the U.S. Navy model, now widespread in the world, various types of ships would be primarily organized into the carrier battle group.

title: Surface warfare


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User talk:Zorgalina

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title: User talk:Zorgalina


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User talk:Putrescent stench

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Therianthropy
You may be interested in recent edits to Therianthropy by DreamGuy.  ‣ ᓛᖁ  [ ᑐ ] 07:01, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

would saying that most otherkin suffer from mental problems not also be NPOV? why not just erase that, we know they arent crazy, and tho theres no text to back it up., if you ve met a lot of them ( as so you have said) youll see my point.

Gabrielsimon 21:28, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Saying that "most" otherkin suffer from mental problems would not be NPOV, but that is not what the article is saying.

"While it is true that some otherkin experience mental illness, a number of otherkin carry on stable, functional lives...."

It says "some," not "most." I have been involved in a number of edits surrounding these sentences. There might be a better way to say these things, but for right now, it seems as neutral as can be. I disagree when you say "we know they aren't crazy." You're neglecting the fact that they suffer from the same problems as any other person, no matter how special they claim to be. I am a therianthrope myself, but I see that a lot of otherkin and therians have mental problems. I would rather say that they DO have problems more than they don't, because it's been what I've seen in real life and on the net, but I think it's more responsible to keep the article NPOV, while still mentioning the "controversy" and both sides of it.Putrescent stench 06:49, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

this is gonna make me sound nuts iun your eyes, but ive been around for a very very lobng time, several thousand years actually, and the otherkin community has been constant, just not under that name, most of the, like most people, are functional, normal people, though some  have problems acceoptiung the truths they ind, and still others have problems with thier minds from abuse  they recieved from  what i can only call unenlightneed people.( without resorting to rudeness at any rate) perhaps this ould be a better way o saying it (and yes i was tired before my coffee, i changed it without thinking about it) Gabrielsimon 12:27, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

paranoia
look at whats happened with a user and this dream guy fellow, he thinks evryones out to get him, this makes me think hois cries of vndal should go unheeded and he should grow up, the other user tried to make peace but got rebuked. Gabrielsimon 00:04, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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List of BBC Radio programmes adapted for television

Many BBC radio comedy programmes have been successful enough for the writers and performers to adapt them into television programmes. Unless otherwise stated these programmes were originally broadcast on BBC Radio 4, and then broadcast on one of the BBC's TV channels. The following list gives some of the more notable ones.

Television to radio transfers
Some television series transfer in the other direction. Both the science fiction series Doctor Who and Blake's 7 have become short-lived radio series. Several comedies, such as To the Manor Born (in 1997) and One Foot in the Grave, have also been transferred.

As another example, in 2004 the Andy Hamilton comedy Trevor's World of Sport transferred to Radio 4. Having largely failed in its television incarnation, it was felt the older medium might suit it better. This would seem to create the impression that, whereas popular radio shows are "promoted" to television, an unpopular television show was being "demoted" to radio. However, public opinion on the radio series has been mostly positive, suggesting that it was a good decision.

Radio programmes transferred to independent television

 * A few early game shows from Radio Luxembourg transferred to ITV, when it started broadcasting in 1955. This included Take Your Pick and Double Your Money.


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Talk:History of Thailand

Merged article
I don't think it's a good idea to merge all of the thai history into one article. I would prefer that article to give a rough overview, while the list of kings as well as the more detailed history should go into Ayutthaya kingdom and Sukhothai kingdom - that's why those article were already created in that style. Somewhat similar to how it is arranged in History of Brazil. At the moment the amount of text is around my threshold when splitting is a good idea, it is nearly too long for a single article already, and there is still a lot of topics left uncovered. andy 16:40, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't agree. People come to encyclopaedias expecting to find narrative history. If the article gets too big I will split it in the middle, that is chronologically, as is done at History of Australia and History of Greece, for example. I agree that the list of Kings should be sent off to List of kings of Siam and Thailand or something. Let me finish the rewrite and then we can discuss the format. Adam 03:17, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * We have already List of Kings of Thailand. andy 07:38, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * History of Australia basically follows the usual format, which andy suggested. There are only two parts because Austrailia's history is brief, but there are main articles on the periods, with summaries (albeit in that case very brief) on the main page.  Since we already have articles on each of the main periods, that seems to me the way to go. Markalexander100 05:13, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Well, no. History of Australia is a straightforward narrative article, split in half because it is too long. It does not have spin-off articles dealing with particular periods as the Ayutthaya and Sukhothai articles did. That is what I am doing with History of Thailand. Let me finish the rewrite and then we can discuss the format. Adam 05:45, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It does have spin-off articles: they are for Australia in the periods before and after de facto independence. The only difference is that Thailand has more than two logical divisions.  One linear history is not an option, because we need, have and will keep the articles on each individual period.Markalexander100 05:54, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

That's a completely circular argument. It says we have to have them because we have them. Why do we need them? History of Australia does not have spin-off articles. (I wrote a lot of it so I know). It is one narrative, split into two articles at 1901 only because the file was too long. History of Greece is divided into five sequential articles in the same way. This article by the time I finish will probably be two or three articles, but it will be one narrative. The Ayutthaya and Sukhothai articles will then be redundant. If you won't let me redirect them I'm not going to argue with you about it, but they will just duplicate what will be in the main article. Adam 07:29, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If I check a encyclopedia for a topic and find a many page long narrative which goes into many details I won't read it fully for sure, I would get scared away by to many contents. IMHO we need two things - a brief overview which mentions all the main things on Thai history (i.e. this page) - as well as detailled articles on the various parts of the history. As Thailand isn't just a linear follow-up Sukhothai-Ayutthaya-Rattanakosin, but the various parts of the country have sometime rather distinct history (that's why Mark already split of the History of Isan, or we have an article on Lannathai), the same can be done for Sukhothai and Ayutthaya. I doubt that all the single wars between Burma and Ayutthaya would be appropiate for an overview article, yet in a detailed Ayutthaya article they would have their space. As I said above - the current amount of text is at the threshold were I would prefer the splitting, we can also leave it in one article for the time being, and split it again later. andy 07:38, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Consider it this way: we should, somewhere, have a reasonably short account of all Thai history (<30k). That summary can only go here.  Detail can then go in the histories of the various kingdoms, periods, regions and so on, as it does now.  If you think the complete history of everything according to Dr Adam must go somewhere, you could make a Complete History of Thailand Part 1, Part 2 and so on separate from the existing structure. That then leaves History of Thailand free for a summary and links to all the Thai history pages.  It's pig-ugly, but at least we won't be butting heads.  How about it? Markalexander100 08:29, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Well my main interest is in writing, so I will just write the article and others can format it as they like. Adam 08:08, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Deal. Let me know when you're done. Markalexander100 08:21, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Since this has been dragging on for a couple of weeks now, I've split off the monolith (pre and post 1768), which seemed as good a place as any) which can continue to be worked on there. Markalexander100 08:15, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Doesn't History of Thailand (overview) belong here? --Jiang 11:44, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It doesn't really belong anywhere. It's an alternative version of this page which doesn't link to articles Adam finds objectionable. Markalexander100 00:46, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The current History of Thailand article is full of errors and irrelevancies, but I am not allowed to edit it, so I created an alternative to it to link from my User page. Adam 01:26, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Good job, Adam. But your work seems to have several mistakes and too short as a encyclopedic artcle. This areticle must be on the page, Kingdom of Thailand. How do you think? --Ramendra 20:37, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Division of article
The current division into two is completely unacceptable: I didn't even notice the little links to the main content the first time I read the article! I agree with Mark, Andy and others that the article should be split off into sections by logical era, so that the main headings in the "History of Thailand" article can be turned into links to detailed content. Jpatokal 07:37, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I've redirected History of Thailand before 1768, having incorporated its content into the more specific articles.  The post-1768 article will need a bit more disentangling, and probably division to match the headings on this page. Markalexander100 02:26, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I split History of Thailand since 1768 into three articles: History of Thailand (1768-1932) for the "Bangkok period" under the rule of the Rama dynasty, History of Thailand (1932-1973) for the period of military rule between the 1932 and 1973 revolutions, and History of Thailand since 1973 for the modern history. I also added a navigation box to the articles in the series. Gdr 08:46, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)

Why do all the articles referring to Thailand stick to the fallacy that "it was the only SEA country never colonised by a European power"? Siam *had* to renounce by treaty to all the lands East to the Mekong river (Laos) as a result of French demands/threats. The Lao kingdoms were as much "Thailand" as any other part of the country at the time, and were not for the "European disruption" today we would be talking about a bigger Thailand including Laos, plus probably the Tai provinces of Burma and the Western parts of Cambodja.

Not to mention the Japanese occupation/collaboration era. Maybe the Japanese were not "European", but they were a definitely imperialistic foreign power.

I think helping sustain the chauvinistic Thai view of history doesnt do any good, especially when its does nothing but feed an annoying and mostly dangerous superiority attitude of Thai people towards their not so lucky neighbours. 80.34.157.243 08:46, 13 September 2006 (UTC)Che

 * Japan didn't colonize Thailand, they simply invaded it briefly during a war. That Japan was imperialistic sidesteps the issue of if Thailand became a colony; it didn't. It was occupied during WWII itself only. That isn't a "superiority attitude" of Thai people, just an obvious historical observation by an American. If that short military occupation is the best example, then the (purported) exception seems to prove the rule once you compare their neighbors having had actual colonies formed with multi-generational removal of local rule. So that is the basic reason that the histories all say it; because it is true. And if you take a look at Thai history, the areas of Laos that were disclaimed were recently conquered lands, with different ethnic groups inhabiting them. Just because modern Thailand includes a lot of what had been culturally Laos land, that just proves that Laos was colonized and controlled by neighbors in addition to distant colonial powers; it doesn't show Thailand being a colony by any stretch. Giving up conquered lands to a larger power is not at all the same as giving up your own traditional lands.76.105.216.34 (talk) 06:00, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Tonburi and Bangkok should be seperated
Thonburi and Bangkok are different kingdoms and we, Thais, divide the periods into four. I think that yuo should seperate them and put more details to it.

 * (Please sign your name using four tildes after posting.) Okay, yes, I'm another Thai here. We split it into four, but Thonburi is not as dominant as others. I mean, only 15 years (2310 B.E. to 2325 B.E.) of existence before the capital was moved to Bangkok. It might not be a major subject for foreigners, so I think... maybe, use a lesser heading for it instead?Thaimodz 15:29, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Map
Some sort of geographical map would go well at the top of this page. Robogymnast 14:08, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Length of military rule
"After the end of the absolute monarchy in 1932, Thailand endured sixty years of almost permanent military rule before the establishment of a democratic system." or "Military rule (1932 - 1973) Democracy (1973 - present)" - which is it forty one years or sixty years? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.37.171.100 (talk) 10:09, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Misleading
I'm sorry but the first two paragraphs will confuse people. You can't say Thailand's history begins with China and then say it began with Indianized kingdoms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.185.203.15 (talk) 00:52, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Redirects
At the top of the page, it clearly says 'Siam redirects here.' It doesn't. I did once edit that page such that it did, and it was rather quickly reverted back. Then, I thought to change the tag at the top of this article instead, since it was wrong, and that was changed back too. What is going on, or is it just my computer that follows this link differently? 148.197.121.205 (talk) 09:44, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

"Siamese" history
I stuck historical references to "Siamese" in between Sukhothai-Lanna and Ayutthaya, because by all accounts it was at the beginning of Portugese contact with Ayutthaya in 1511 that what had been a derogatory epithet for Tai people began to be used as a country designation, though it wasn't firmly established until the time of extensive European contact towards the end of the 19th century. This placement is only tentative, until someone has a better idea. Wherever it lands, it may be linked to Siam and Siamese disambiguation pages as See History_of_Thailand#Siamese. --Pawyilee (talk) 06:53, 12 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Moved it into the lede, so it appears directly after "Siam redirects here"> --Pawyilee (talk) 14:11, 22 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:LEAD. The lead should summarise the article; information should be in a distinct section. The hatnote is unrelated to the text of the article. --Paul_012 (talk) 14:43, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

That origin of the name from "brown people" thing really needs better sourcing, I'm getting the Chinese "Sien" and a lot of unknowns, and suspect this is a modern and meant to be derogatory "fact". Hard to believe the king would name his kingdom after such a usage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.20.0.136 (talk) 05:45, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

Graphic
GoogleBooks graph of Siam vs. Thailand usage in English-language books --Pawyilee (talk) 14:10, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Disappointingly focused on politics
I hoped to learn more about the history of Thailand here, but instead find what is largely a list of political succession. It's so normative: like histories of the USA which focus solely on its presidencies, or histories of Britain that focus on its royals. Where is the people's history of Thailand? What of its farmers and blacksmiths, its monks and teachers, its rituals and social movements? I hope that future editors can help to enrich this history. --Smilo Don (talk) 14:31, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Taksin?
"The King Taksin ordained as a monk and ventured into the forest and never to be seen again" Taksins own article claims that he was executed by traditional means and beheaded http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksin#Final_years_and_death which is the same that the german WIKI has about him. Taksin ordaining as a monk and vanishing into the forest never to be seen again sounds more like the legend of Barbarossa ;-) ConjurerDragon (talk) 21:29, 2 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I actually just made this correction in reading the article and noticing the discrepancies between this article and the article on Taksin. The bit about wandering into the forest is a myth, as is the language that tones down his 'madness' as 'due to stress and other factors'.  It is very sympathetic when in truth Taksin was a tyrant whose mental illness resulted in many executions, etc.  In this edit I made consistent with the Taksin final years section.  I'm relatively new so hopefully have done this correctly.  TotoroRules (talk) 02:16, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Brown
"The oldest known mention of their existence in the region by the exonym Siamese is in a 12th-century A.D. inscription at the Khmer temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, which refers to syam, or "dark brown" people.[1] It was believed that Siam derived from the Sanskrit word syam, or brown race, with a contemptuous signification. Sien in Chinese writings is the name for the northern kingdom that centered around Sukhothai and Sawankalok; but to the Siamese themselves, the name of the country has always been Mueang Thai.[2]"

Are they really darker than the Khmer, or did the Khmer just copy the name from the Chinese or Indian Aryans? --YOMAL SIDOROFF-BIARMSKII (talk) 19:17, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

Chiang Saen
"Around 1000 AD, Chiang Saen was destroyed by an earthquake with all the inhabitants killed." This sounds really quite crazy. If a city is totally destroyed by an earthquake and abandoned, that is normal in history. But the idea that "all the inhabitants [were] killed" is crazy, and presumably original research. 76.105.216.34 (talk) 00:14, 25 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:38, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Map of Siam (territorial cessions).svg (discussion)
 * Map of the Rattanakosin Kingdom.svg (discussion)

Xishuangbanna
Does it make sense that Xishuangbanna is not mentioned even a single time in this article? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 00:02, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

Incomplete Sentence
The King, the rather conservative Prime Minister Phraya Manopakorn, but also the high-ranking officers in the Khana Ratsadon around Phraya Songsuradet and even Pridi's friend and co-worker Prayun Phamonmontri. Looks like there was something cut off? Stevemiller (talk) 11:18, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

 * That bit of text was apparently added in this edit. --Paul_012 (talk) 21:44, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

"Undue weight"
I'm not sure if I understand this cleanup tag: are any eras not adequately described in this article? Jarble (talk) 00:28, 28 March 2021 (UTC)
 * It covers all eras, but some are shorter and supported by fewer sources, and needs expansion. But if the template message does not appropriate, you can switched to other tags. --Horus (talk) 02:29, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

Hi
Hi 2601:2C0:8C00:CB80:8D40:D60:F8EF:D4DD (talk) 17:19, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Thailand


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FC Dnipro

Football Club Dnipro (Футбо́льний Клуб «Дніпро́», ) was a Ukrainian football club based in Dnipro. The club played its last season in the 2018–19 Ukrainian Amateur League. The club was owned by ukrainian businessman Ihor Kolomoyskyi.

In 2018, FC Dnipro was forced into bankruptcy by FIFA due to multiple legal claims for failing to pay the promised monetary compensation to players and managers. SC Dnipro-1 currently exists as an unofficial successor.

The club was founded in 1918. During the Soviet era, the club was a member of the Soviet Volunteer Sports Society "Metallurg" (therefore it carried names Metallurg/Metalurh and Stal) and until 1961 was under sponsorship of the Petrovsky Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Plant. After that, the club was sponsored by the Southern Machine-building Plant Yuzhmash and carried both names Russian Dnepr and Ukrainian Dnipro, while Dnepr was also used for international competitions. During the Soviet era, the club was the second most successful club, based in Ukraine, that participated in the Soviet Top League, winning in 1983 and 1988. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the club was privatized.

BRIT
The club was formed in 1918 by the Petrovsky factory and was called BRIT (Brianskyi Robitnychyi Industrialnyi Tekhnikum). The team participated in the regional competition, the Katerynoslav championship. BRIT played its games in the "Sokil" stadium, a small venue located at the corner of Pushkin and Yuriy Savchenko streets, which it shared with four other clubs.

Petrovets – Stal – Metalurh
With the outbreak of World War I, BRIT was disbanded until 9 May 1925, when a new team was formed in Dnipropetrovsk. The team participated during the first season under the name Petrovsky factory, which was changed in 1926 to "Petrovets." The team entered the first Soviet competition under the name of Stal (steel) in 1936, participating in three championships before World War II. In 1947, the team re-entered the Soviet competition after merging with another club from Dnipropetrovsk, Dynamo Dnipropetrovsk. From 1949 until 1961, the team was called Metalurh ("metal worker"). From 1950 to 1952, it was relegated to amateur status due to poor results. In 1954, Metalurh Dnipropetrovsk reached the semi-finals of the USSR Cup, where it lost to Spartak Yerevan.

Dnepr / Dnipro
In 1961, the team was handed over to its new sponsor, the Yugmash (the Southern machine-producing factory), which at that time was one of the most powerful factories in the entire Soviet Union and was funded by the Ministry of Defense. It was part of the Zenit volunteer sports society. The new sponsor changed the team's name to Dnepr/Dnipro after the Dnieper River. For the All-Union competitions such as Soviet Cup and the Soviet Top League as well as the international competitions there was used Russian version of the name as the Russian was the accepted language of the Soviet Union and the Soviet government, while at republican level (within the Ukrainian SSR) Ukrainian version of the name was used. The team's performance did not change much until after 1968, when Dnepr obtained Andriy Biba and the new coach – Valery Lobanovsky. After that, it took the team three years to get promoted to the Soviet Top League and eventually finished in sixth place in 1972.

Golden generation
In 1973 and 1976, Dnepr reached the semi-finals of the USSR Cup. In 1978, the team was relegated to the lower league for two years. Their next return to the top flight was not as inviting as their first one and the team languished at the bottom of the table for several years. In the following years, the governing body of the team hired new promising coaches – Volodymyr Yemets and Hennadiy Zhizdik. After those changes, Dnepr became a strong contender for the Soviet championship winning it twice: once with Yemets and Zhizdik in 1983, and another one with Yevhen Kucherevsky in 1988. Also, in 1989 Dnepr became the first professional football club in the Soviet Union. During those years, the team featured many notable players such as Oleg Protasov, Hennadiy Lytovchenko, Oleksiy Cherednyk and Oleh Taran.

Ukrainian independence
Just before the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 1989 the club was transformed into a professional football club instead of the Soviet "team of masters", a process through which all Soviet teams of masters went through. The club joined the football federation of the native country and remained one of the top contenders in the newly formed Ukrainian Premier League. The team received a silver medal in 1993, as well as the bronze in 1992, 1995, 1996, 2001 and 2004. The team also reached the Ukrainian Cup finals in 1995, 1997 and 2004, losing all three to Shakhtar Donetsk. In the beginning of the 1990s the control of the club took over a native of Rivne Ihor Bakai with his "Respublika" corporation who earlier in the 1980s was governor of the SKA Karpaty Lviv training center, part of the Carpathian Military District. Bakai who invited Bernd Stange to Dnipro became first who hired foreign manager to head the former Soviet club. At that time Bakai was a member of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) and a chairman of the Intergaz corporation which had exclusive rights of importing gas to Ukraine from Turkmenistan and in Ukraine was unofficially referred to as the "Gaz King". The experience of the former manager of East Germany national football team Bernd Stange in Dnipro was described in the biographic book that was published in Germany in 2004 "Trainer zwischen den Welten. Bernd Stange" (Coach between the Worlds. Bernd Stange).

During the summer of 1996 Dnipro initiated "repositioning" of its best players along with Bernd Stange to CSKA-Borysfen which in the previous season placed 4th just behind Dnipro. Among those players were Oleksandr Yevtushok, Viktor Skrypnyk, Serhiy Kovalets, Serhiy Mizin, Andriy Polunin, Serhiy Nahornyak, Volodymyr Sharan, Oleksandr Palyanytsya. However, just few day before the start of the 1996–97 season in Ukrainian Vyshcha Liha (Higher League), on the joint session of the Professional Football League (PFL) and the Football Federation of Ukraine (FFU), CSKA-Borysfen was taken away from its original owners and handed over to Mikhail Grinshpon ("Kiev-Donbass") connected with Semion Mogilevich. With the transfer of Dnipro players falling completely through, players ended up in danger of missing a season.

Success and downfall
On 14 May 2015, Dnipro qualified for the 2015 UEFA Europa League Final by defeating Napoli 1–0 in Ukraine after having drawn 1–1 in Italy, the first time in the club's history that it reached the final in a European competition. Despite going up 1–0 in the sixth minute against Spanish side Sevilla, Dnipro eventually lost 3–2. Despite the defeat, the match crowned one of the club's greatest seasons, during which Dnipro had to play all of their home matches some 400 kilometres away in Kyiv due to the conflict in eastern Ukraine. On 31 March 2016, the club was excluded by UEFA from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons (2016–17, 2017–18 and 2018–19) for violating the Financial Fair Play regulations.

In late June 2016, there were rumours that club owner Ihor Kolomoyskyi had stopped funding the club. Kolomoyskyi immediately denied this but did state, "The club will not exist in the same form as before;" and that it was "not normal to spend crazy amounts of money" to keep the current squad intact.

The 2016–17 season was disastrous for Dnipro. Due to outstanding debts owed to coach Juande Ramos and his staff, the FFU prevented Dnipro from signing new players other than free agents. On 26 October 2016, Dnipro was assessed a penalty of 6 points for the same reason. In April 2017, 3 additional points were deducted. At the conclusion of the 2016–2017 season, Dnipro were relegated directly to the Ukrainian Second League (third level) for the first time in club history.

In the 2017–18 season, the club with a new squad started well in the Group B of the Second League, for 13 matches in row going on high positions (second-fourth places). But the points have been deducted once more with their number reaching up to 18 until the end of the season, which resulted in club finishing on 8th place.

On 7 June 2018, FIFA decided to once more relegate the club and for the 2018–19 season the club was to play in the Amateur League. In the 2019–20 Amateur League the club did not participate. In 2019, some players, coaching, and managing staff joined SC Dnipro-1, particularly the whole coaching staff of Dnipro in full composition was appointed to the Dnipro-1's under-21 team.

On 22 February 2021, FIFA dismissed the claim of Jaba Kankava who appealed with a request to recognize SC Dnipro-1 a sports successor of FC Dnipro in order to recover his unpaid salary from FC Dnipro.

Reserves and the Academy
Soon after being promoted to the Pervaya Liga (Soviet First League), in 1971 FC Dnipro built its own training grounds in a remote neighborhood of Dnipro, Prydniprovsk. Until 1971, the senior team's reserves were based at the Yuzhmash resort "Dubrava".

Stadiums

Since 1966, Dnipro's home was Meteor Stadium in Dnipropetrovsk. Prior to that, the club played at the Metalurh Stadium (formerly Stal Stadium). Meteor Stadium was built by the Soviet rocket company Yuzhmash on the original site and has undergone several renovations since, the last one being in 2001. In 2002, however, after several spells in European competitions, it became clear that the club needed a new modern venue. Thus, in 2005, Pryvat Group started construction of Dnipro Arena in the centre of the city. The club played its last game at Meteor on 2 September 2008, against Metalist Kharkiv.

In April 2005, the club's new arena broke ground. It was constructed by Germany's largest construction company Hochtief. The construction itself took three years and four months, but a nine-month delay occurred due to a land dispute over a site where the stadium's car park was planned. The stadium's final capacity is 31,003 people and the initial estimated cost of the construction was set at €40 million.

The stadium was opened on 15 September 2008. The opening ceremony featured a speech by Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko, a concert performance by a number of famous Ukrainian musicians and two football matches: Veterans of Dynamo Kyiv vs. Spartak Moscow veterans, and Dnipro against Dynamo Kyiv. As a gift to the club from the city, the street that the stadium is situated on was renamed into Kucherevskyi Boulevard, in honour of Dnipro's late coach Yevhen Kucherevskyi. Dnipro played their first official game on 29 September 2008 against their local rivals Metalurh Zaporizhya, but Dnipro lost 1–2. They set a new attendance record for the Ukrainian Premier League 2008–09 season at 31,000 spectators.

Since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War, Dnipro have played their European matches at the Olympic Stadium in Kyiv at the behest of UEFA, although there has been comparatively less conflict in Dnipropetrovsk than other areas.

Supporters and rivalries
The first fan club in Dnipropetrovsk (today Dnipro) was officially registered by the city executive committee (ispolkom) on 25 July 1968. Before registration, the initiative group brought its draft of the fan's club statute and program to the regional committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, department in control of development and propaganda of physical culture and sport in the region which imposed a resolution of approval with a signature, seal and date. Later the group met with the Dnipro head coach Leonid Rodos and his assistant.

The formation of the fan movement in Dnipropetrovsk began in the early 1980s, which saw the appearance of the first representatives of Dnipro ultras at the stadium. Later was established one of the largest fans unions – the Braty po Zbroyi (Brothers in Arms) – involving Dnipro, Dynamo Kyiv and Karpaty Lviv.

Most of the fans hold right-wing ideological views (Ukrainian nationalism). Dnipro is considered the third most popular club in Ukraine, and home and away matches are attended by large crowds. The largest Dnipro ultras groups are the Voice of the North Stand (Рупор Північної Трибуни) and Ultras'83 (Ультрас'83).

The most famous derby in eastern Ukraine is the Skhidne Derby (English: Eastern Derby) between Dnipro and Metalist Kharkiv. The game at the stadium is very hard and almost every game ends in a fight between football fans from Dnipropetrovsk and Kharkiv. There was also a city derby in Dnipropetrovsk between Dnipro and Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih. In May 2016, Metalist Kharkiv was removed from Ukraine's professional football leagues. Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih is, after its 2013 bankruptcy, an amateur club.

Football kits and sponsors

 * No information is known for the 2000–01 season.

Domestic

 * Soviet Top League
 * Winners (2): 1983, 1988
 * Runners-up (2): 1987, 1989
 * Third place (2) 1984, 1985
 * Ukrainian Premier League
 * Runners-up (2): 1992–93, 2013–14
 * Third place (7) 1992, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2014–15, 2015–16
 * Soviet Cup
 * Winners (1): 1988–89
 * Ukrainian Cup
 * Runners-up (3): 1994–95, 1996–97, 2003–04
 * Soviet League Cup
 * Winners (2): 1986, 1989
 * Runners-up (1): 1990
 * USSR Super Cup
 * Winners (1): 1989
 * Runners-up (1): 1984
 * Football Championship of the Ukrainian SSR
 * Runners-up (1): 1936

European

 * UEFA Europa League
 * Runners-up: 2014–15

Friendly

 * Marbella Cup
 * 2011
 * Costa del Sol Trophy
 * 2013
 * Casino Marbella Cup
 * 2014
 * AdF Diamonds Cup
 * 2014
 * Sait Nagjee Trophy
 * 2016

Individual player awards
Several players have won individual awards during or for their time with Dnipro

Soviet Footballer of the Year
 * Hennadiy Litovchenko (1984)
 * Oleh Protasov (1987)

Ukrainian Footballer of the Year
 * 🇺🇦 Oleh Taran (1983)
 * 🇺🇦 Hennadiy Litovchenko (1984)
 * 🇺🇦 Oleh Venhlynskyi (2003)
 * 🇺🇦 Yevhen Konoplyanka (2010, 2012)
 * 🇺🇦 Ruslan Rotan (2016)

Ukrainian Premier League Footballer of the Year
 * 🇺🇦 Oleh Protasov (1987)
 * 🇺🇦 Mykola Kudrytsky (1989)
 * 🇺🇦 Yevhen Konoplyanka (2013)

Notable players

 * National team players

 * Croatia

 * Ivan Strinić
 * Nikola Kalinić

 * Ukraine

 * 🇺🇦 Yevhen Konoplyanka
 * 🇺🇦 Dmytro Chyhrynskyi

 * Brazil

 * 🇧🇷 Giuliano

 * Mexico
 * 🇲🇽 Nery Castillo

European history
FC Dnipro participates in European competitions since 1984 after playing its first against Trabzonspor. Since 2001, however, the club participates almost on annual basis with variable successes. This was interrupted in 2016, when, despite finishing third place, Dnipro was forbidden to play in the European competitions by UEFA.

Presidents and owners

 * 1992–1994 Debut-Fidav
 * 1994–1997 Ihor Bakay (Intergaz)
 * 1997–1998 Serhiy Tihipko (Privat Group)
 * 1998–2019 Ihor Kolomoiskyi (Privat Group)

Managers

 * 🇫🇷 Jules Limbeck (1936)
 * Nikolai Morozov (1956)
 * Valeriy Lobanovskyi (1969–73)
 * Viktor Kanevskyi (1973–77)
 * Yozhef Sabo (1978–79)
 * Volodymyr Yemets (1 July 1981 – 31 December 1986)
 * 🇺🇦 Yevhen Kucherevskyi (1 January 1987 – 22 March 1992)
 * 🇺🇦 Mykola Pavlov (19 March 1992 – 31 December 1994)
 * 🇩🇪 Bernd Stange (20 April 1995 – 30 June 1996)
 * 🇺🇦 Vyacheslav Hroznyi (1 July 1996 – 31 December 1997)
 * 🇺🇦 Vadym Tyshchenko (1 January 1998 – 5 October 1998)
 * 🇺🇦 Mykola Fedorenko (13 July 1999 – 11 October 2001)
 * 🇺🇦 Yevhen Kucherevskyi (1 January 2002 – 18 October 2005)
 * 🇺🇦 Vadym Tyshchenko (interim) (18 October 2005 – 19 December 2005)
 * 🇺🇦 Oleh Protasov (19 December 2005 – 29 August 2008)
 * 🇺🇦 Volodymyr Bezsonov (29 August 2008 – 18 September 2010)
 * 🇺🇦 Vadym Tyshchenko (interim) (18 September 2010 – 1 October 2010)
 * 🇪🇸 Juande Ramos (3 October 2010 – 22 May 2014)
 * 🇺🇦 Myron Markevych (26 May 2014 – 30 June 2016)
 * 🇺🇦 Dmytro Mykhaylenko (caretaker) (30 June 2016 – 30 June 2017)
 * 🇺🇦 Oleksandr Poklonskyi (30 June 2017 – End of season 2018/2019)

title: FC Dnipro


text:
Fettercairn

Fettercairn (, Fothair Chàrdain) is a small village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland,  northwest of Laurencekirk in Aberdeenshire on the B966 from Edzell. Fettercairn is also reached via the Cairn O' Mount road (B974) from Deeside.

The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic Fothair and the Pictish carden and means "slope by a thicket". The name appeared as Fotherkern in c. 970.

In the 2011 national census, Fettercairn had a population of 353.

Overview
The shaft of the old 16th century Kincardine Mercat cross stands in the square, and is notched to show the measurements of a Scottish ell. Nearby the ruins of the long since abandoned county town and royal castle of Kincardine (Gaelic: Cinn Chàrdainn meaning "The head of the copse", including the Pictish word carden, "copse" ) similarly Fettercairn (Gaelic: Fothair Chàrdainn meaning "Shelving or terraced slope at the copse", containing Pictish carden) Kincardine stood about 2 mi northeast of Fettercairn, and by the end of the 16th century had declined to a mere hamlet, being represented now only by xv. 26 the ruins of the royal castle and an ancient burial-ground.

A memorial archway erected in 1864 commemorates the 1861 visit by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, while staying at Balmoral. Leaves from the journal of our life in the highlands describes aspects of their visit. Queen Victoria writes "At a quarter-past seven o'clock we reached the small quiet town, or rather village, of Fettercairn, for it was very small-not a creature stirring, and we got out at the quiet little inn, "Ramsay Arms" quite unobserved". "Louis and General Grey had rooms in an hotel, called "The Temperance Hotel" opposite". "The evening being bright and moonlight and very still, we all went, and walked through the whole village, where not a creature moved:- through the principal little square, in the middle of which was a sort of pillar or Town Cross on steps, and Louis read, by the light of the moon, a proclamation for collections of charities which was stuck on it". "Suddenly we heard a drum and fifes!". "As we walked slowly back, we heard the noise from time to time- and when we reached the inn door, we stopped and saw six men march up with fifes and a drum (not a creature taking any notice of them), go down the street and back again". "Albert asked the little maid, and the answer was, "It's just a band" and that it walked about in this way twice a week. How odd! It went on playing some time after we got home".

Historically Fettercairn lies at the southern end of the Monboddo Estate, where the Scottish philosopher and precursor of evolutionary thought, James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, lived. Fettercairn houses the Fettercairn distillery (owned by Whyte and Mackay Ltd.) that produces the "Fettercairn 1824" single malt whisky.

History
In 1504 Fettercairn was granted the status of a free burgh of barony, with the right to hold a weekly market and an annual fair that was dedicated to St Mark. The market and fair brought a period of growth and prosperity to the village which lasted until the village was sacked and burned by the army of the Marquis of Montrose in 1645 during as part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Five years later, in 1650, Montrose would pass through Fettercairn, bound hand and foot on horseback, on his way to his execution in Edinburgh after being betrayed by Neil Macleod of Assynt.

18 to 19th centuries
John Barclay founded the Berean protestant sect in Fettercairn in the late 18th century. Barclay was appointed the assistant to the Fettercairn parish minister, Antony Dow, in 1763. Although his charisma made him popular with the congregation, his antinomianist leanings resulted in Barclay being ostracised by the church hierarchy. In 1772, lacking a patron as then required by the church, he was rejected as successor after the death of Dow, and was also refused by the presbytery the testimonials required in order to obtain another living. Following his rejection, Barclay and his followers seceded, to form the first Berean congregation under his ministry. A place of worship was erected at Sauchieburn (approximately 3 miles south of Fettercairn). Barclay remained minister until 1775 before leaving to found additional congregations in Edinburgh and London.

Fettercairn Distillery was founded in 1824 by Alexander Ramsay, owner of the Fasque estate, who converted a corn mill at Nethermill into a distillery. After losing his fortune, Alexander was forced to sell the estate to the Sir John Gladstone in 1829. In 1973, Whyte & Mackay acquired Fettercairn distillery and it has remained with the company since.

Education
Primary education and nurseries services are provided in the village by Fettercairn Primary School. The school's catchment area includes the village and the surrounding rural area, it has approximately 70 pupils. The current school building was built in 1963 and originally had only two classrooms, it was extended in 1974, adding an additional two classrooms and a nursery room.

The majority of students travel to Mearns Academy in Laurencekirk to attend secondary school.

title: Fettercairn