text:
Talk:DNA repair

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sr17h.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:57, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

older entries
Ideas welcome!

prometheus1 12:47, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm working on reorganizing the sentences, to make them shorter and more understandable, and adding more links. I have translated some Bioinformatics books, but I'm by no means fluent in this field, so I'll not touch the contents. Hope it's okay with you. :-) -- Autrijus 04:04, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delighted to have your assistance. prometheus1 07:40, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Copyright notice on images
Putting the fact that they're non-commercial use only aside, it's really bad style to have the copyright notice directly in the picture. It implicitly discourages reuse of the image, which goes against Wikipedia policy. 07:31, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry John, but I created these images specifically for the DNA repair article (you will not find anything similar anywhere else) and my preference is that they not be used outside this context. prometheus1 14:43, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * How about a compromise where you put "(c) Prometheus for Wikipedia" or something similar? Or might that be too long? You could always watermark the picture if you were worried about image propagation etc.

DNA damage
I think there are a couple of things that could be clarified here. Some of these things can be infered from later portions of the article, but aren't obvious at this point. -- Solipsist 08:50, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) I get the sense that 'molecular lesion' as a more precise meaning than given in either the earlier link to lesion or the link to molecule here. A link to a stub on 'molecular lesion' would be a good idea.
 * 2) * good idea prometheus1 23:18, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) I take it the molecules under discussion are chromosomes and these rates are estimated with respect to the sum of all chromosomes in the nucleus (although there is a reference to mitochondrial DNA later. (Oh boy and the mitochondrial DNA article needs a good clean up))
 * 4) * If you check with the DNA article before proceeding with this one then you get sufficient background on the DNA molecule - but you are correct - the higher order of DNA takes the form of chromosomes which also include histone proteins, whereas the mitochondrial DNA structure resembles that of a bacterium prometheus1 23:18, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * What I'm thinking is that any estimate of the number of 'molecular lesions per cell per day' is going to depend on the number of DNA molecules in the cell and the size of those molecules. This can vary by a couple of orders of magnitude between a nematode worm and a polyploid plant like wheat. Of course, there is probably also a difference in the damage rates, so if these numbers are based on the  human cell, this ought to be mentioned. -- Solipsist 00:10, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) We are implicitly talking about human DNA and the molecular lesion rate would be lower in a fruit fly (although later there is a reference to Mammalian cells).
 * 2) * let me know of any specific ambiguity and I'll rewrite it prometheus1 23:18, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Assuming I've guessed these points right, it would be useful to put the lesion rate into context of the 3.5bn nucleotides of human DNA
 * 4) * good idea, it helps put things in perspective prometheus1 23:18, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Caloric restriction increases DNA repair
I'm kinda thinking that the caloric restriction section should be either
 * 1) taken out
 * 2) moved to it's own entry, or
 * 3) it's relation to DNA repair should be explained more explicitly.

I say this because its connection to DNA repair as it stands seems really sketchy and the caloric restriction section seems kinda thrown in.

But, I'm hesitant to take out an entire section. Any feedback?
 * Harvestgalaxy 05:44, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

provided some clarification - is this ok? prometheus1

The illustration of DNA damage at the chromosomal level is somewhat incorrect! Two of the chromosomes in the schematic representation does not actually have a -breakage-, instead they exhibit chromosomal gaps which is the final decision when the length of the space between two chromatid ends are not wider than the width of an individual chromatid. So, in my opinion this illustration should be ruled out and replaced with a correct one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.174.91.55 (talk) 19:40, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

DNA repair mechanisms:mammalian cells
"Mammalian cells cannot tolerate DNA damage as it interferes with the integrity and accessibility of the information encoded in the genome"

Why is this statement addressed to mammalian cells in particular? Can reptilian, avian cells etc. tolerate DNA damage better than those of mammals? If this is not the case, that comment should be deleted or rephrased. If it is indeed the case can someone more knowledgeable try to elaborate?

'Not commonly known'
What does this sentence mean?

'Diseases not commonly known to be associated with reduced DNA repair function include Fanconi's anemia, hereditary breast cancer and hereditary colon cancer.'

Axl 11:29, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * good point prometheus1

double strand damage and dna repair
There are some inaccuracies in the articles about damage and repair. I have made a change to the double strand damage section renaming it "double strand breaks" since damage such as oxidized bases opposite each other are not in themsleves repaired by recombination but must first be turned into a double strand breaks. This creates some incompatibility with the picture provided showing base damage on both strands which appears to have been added to distinguish single versus double strand damage, and I am not sure what to do about it. I believe it will require further editing to distinguish damage which results in chemical changes to the DNA without breaking it, and strand breaks.

Single strand breaks are incredibley numerous and are rapidly repaired in the cell by religation dependant on XRCC1. This probably requires a mention seperate from the other single strand damage repair mechanisms mentioned.

Also perhaps deserving a seperate mention is trancription coupled NER.

Finally, there is a statement that replicating cells have an additional repair pathway dependant on polymerases. This is misleading. DNA replication of damage creates mutations and repairs nothing. They only allow tolerance of the damage. Repair polymerases are used as part of all the DNA damage repair mechanisms mentioned in the article and are not dependant on the cells dividing and so I believe this statement should be removed entirely. --Harrison35 04:40, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Junk DNA
Here is the quote that I have a question about: "the so-called "junk DNA", this mutagenic repair is less likely to be harmful to a cell than homologous recombination with sequences other than the sister chromatid."

Based on the most recent evidence on how the so called junk DNA is actually useful for putting together various segments of RNA to make proteins, can this sentence still be maintained on the page? Can someone knowledgeable comment on this please?

--PiKeeper 14:36, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

You're most correct. I will be undertaking a rewrite of this article over the next few weeks to bring up the level of accuracy and ensure that it's properly referenced. Cheers. prometheus1 09:52, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Interstrand crosslinks
Interstrand crosslinks and what is know of their repair (FA-pathway) might possibly be added.

FARC and such
I don't know if anyone else is watching this article, or (better yet) if any of the original creators are still around. I am somewhat concerned about the two pathway images that appear in the article. The first (dnarepair1) refers to senescence as a consequence of pathology, which is true in a strict sense, but senescence is still a normal, not-necessarily-pathological process. For the second (dnadamage), I haven't been able to verify all the effector relationships shown. If anyone has/knows of the original references, that would be very useful. Opabinia regalis 06:14, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I am watching it now. Feel free to contact the original editors! - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 13:15, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, since the primary author prometheus1 hasn't been around since 2005, I don't think he's going to see the changes or the note I left on his talk page.

 * Are there any content concerns aside from the references? Opabinia regalis 20:09, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's great that you've taken the time to supplement the references and reduce the amount of bullet-pointing in the article. However, I'm concerned that large chunks of material towards the end of the article have been removed without justification. I think some of those can be supported with references, even from other articles on Wikipedia; in fact, those articles should probably be linked together more closely (e.g. calorific restruction). - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 17:50, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Honestly, the end sections in the original version were rather redundant, and contained a few inaccuracies (some due to new data since the first writing). The connection between aging and DNA repair was made repeatedly. Recent data suggests that antioxidants don't correlate well with longevity (eg this paper), so I removed that claim. I also removed the claim that DNA repair and rate of evolution are inversely correlated, as evolution rates are a function of both mutation and selection.

 * The statement that DNA repair mechanisms evolved during the pre-Cambrian in response to the emergence of an oxygen atmosphere was removed due to being trivially true and uninformative (the "pre-Cambrian" period covering everything in Earth's history up to the Cambrian, at which point multicellular eukaryotes were established) and because there's no specific reason DNA repair would not have existed even before an oxygen atmosphere. Radiation damage and sloppy replication would still have existed prior to the oxygen transition. Anaerobic bacteria have DNA repair machinery despite not being adapted to an oxygen atmosphere. Pubmed turns up nothing for "DNA repair pre-Cambrian" with or without the hyphen, and the top Google hits are Wikipedia mirrors. (And CreationWiki, but let's not count them.)

 * The "gene therapy" section had little content, and what was there is best covered under a gene therapy topic. Most genes "are able to alter the amount of protein they produce based on changing cellular conditions" and I've never seen the phrase "smart genes" used outside of marketing hype. The smart genes wiki page references are about biological automata.

 * I've rearranged the order of the sections a bit and added a separate section for caloric restriction information as it relates to DNA repair, but CR does have a lengthy article of its own already. Opabinia regalis 01:36, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the detailed explanations. As long as any content that is better covered by other articles is linked to, I'm basically happy. - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 09:04, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * For completeness' sake, I've added a link to gene therapy in the "See also" section. Opabinia regalis 02:14, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Great work - made some amendements and added some refs - check it out --prometheus1 08:23, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

DNA repair evolution
Thanks prometheus1 - glad you're back! You wrote a very cool article here and it's great that it made it to featured status. Thanks especially for simplifying the lead.

I do still have some reservations about the descriptions you've added in the evolution section, but perhaps you can convince me I'm wrong - this is a bit out of my field. Saying that DNA repair evolved "at least as early as the Precambrian" is not informative, as the Precambrian is defined to have begun with the Earth's formation (and this is the usage upheld by the wiki article on the topic) - so unless you're implicitly acknowledging the possibility of panspermia, in which case the possibility ought to be stated explicitly, DNA repair could not possibly have evolved any earlier. The fact that multicellular eukaryotes were well established by the beginning of the Cambrian also makes clear that DNA repair was obviously much earlier. I'm not aware of literature that makes an estimate for the age of the first DNA repair systems, but maybe you've seen something that could pin it down more specifically to a time period within the Precambrian?

I also question the implication that most or all forms of DNA repair are related to/responses to the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere, for the reasons I outlined above. Radiation damage and poor replication would have provided impetus for DNA repair mechanisms even in the absence of oxidative damage, and today's anaerobic bacteria maintain DNA repair systems without being adapted to the use of oxygen in metabolism.

My last minor quibble, which I bring up here only because I just made the change, is with the title of the last subsection "DNA repair rate as a function of evolutionary rate", when the text suggests the opposite, that the rate of evolution is a function of DNA repair rate by virtue of being a function of mutation. Of course this is a give-and-take situation, but in context I think it's clearer the other way around. Opabinia regalis 06:23, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It is fairly well accepted that during the precabrian period a variety of microorganisms proliferated including cyanobacteria and the first eukaryotes (do a pubmed search using "precambrian" as the search term). In consideration that DNA repair mechanisms have been identified to exist and be conserved in bacteriophages -- evolutionarily more primitive than bacteria -- it is a reasonable assumption that at this time of single celled organism diversity that DNA repair mechanisms also existed. In fact, any genetic construct that requires a certain degree of resistance against environmental factors that would destabilize it requires some compensatory strategy of repair. The informational redundancy of the double helix provides a template for repair from damage that could be effected by polymerases associated with duplication. Therefore it would only require a slight adaptation of a duplication polymerase to enable it to function as a DNA repair enzyme. I'm fairly sure that I came across the reference to the precambrian period as an origin to DNA repair in the 1995 edition of "DNA repair and Mutagenesis". Unfortunately I have since lost the textbook but as of this entry I placed an order for the second edition which came out in 2005. In relation to oxidative damage it is also recognised that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the most important contributors of DNA damage. As for DNA repair vs evolutionary rate you're right - my snafu. Cheers.

--prometheus1 14:56, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe I'm being nitpicky, but the fact that the Precambrian is such an enormous span of time makes the statement "DNA repair evolved during the Precambrian" essentially equivalent to "DNA repair evolved sometime between the Earth's formation and the establishment of multicellular eukaryotes", which sounds like a handwaving way of saying "We have no idea exactly." I'm not questioning the truth of the claim; I'm saying it's sort of trivially true. Worse, saying "At least as early as the Precambrian" implies that it could have been earlier, which is impossible unless life originally evolved elsewhere besides Earth. So a more specific time period during the Precambrian would be useful; unfortunately I haven't come across any literature willing to make a guess. I agree, though, that it was probably very soon after the emergence of polymerases, and polymerases were probably among the first functional proteins.

 * The point about oxidative damage is admittedly nitpicky - ROS may be the largest source of DNA damage now, but surely something like a photolyase or other thyime-dimer-reversal mechanism could have come much earlier than the oxygen atmosphere.

 * At any rate, I've reorganized that section a bit; take a look to see if it's still consistent with your view of the matter. Opabinia regalis 01:42, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Marvelous! I think it would be sensble to also include your points on other sources of DNA damage.

--60.230.44.60 02:30, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That was me by the way, I forgot to sign in. I'll work on the obtaining the references for the diagram next but it may take a while.

--prometheus1 02:32, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Awesome. I added some clarification about responses to oxidative damage and also reorganized the DNA damage section a bit. Thinking about it, it seemed odd to have the senescence and mtDNA stuff before the discussion of DNA damage itself. Opabinia regalis 04:16, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Revisions
Is anybody interested in my expertise, which is nucleotide excision repair (and DNA repair)? I don't see much I can add to the DNA repair article but the NER is very sketchy, and eukaryotic NER is nonexistent. Maybe I can add some stuff there? (I raise the questions here as people seem to follow this page while there is no such thing at the NER page). Cheers Marvol 17:39, 15 August 2006 (UTC) BTW in case you wonder about my credentials, I did my PhD on human NER :-)
 * That would be great! The best thing to do is probably to just go ahead and start expanding/improving upon the nucleotide excision repair article, which as you noticed is rather lacking at the moment, and any related subjects you find interesting. I kind of have an ongoing project expanding our coverage of proteins and protein folds, so if you feel so inclined I think articles on the enzymes in eukaryotic NER would be nice :) Opabinia regalis 23:53, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

There is no way that there are more than 1 million lesions per cell per day. There are ~10,000 depurinations, ~2,000 oxidative lesions, ~80 cytosine deaminations. These are the major forms of damage.

I agree with Marvol that major revisions are needed here. I am teaching a an advanced graduate level class in DNA Repair and Mutagenesis this Fall and I would like to have my students edit this section as a term project. Each student will edit a different section. We will be using the new edition of the Errol Friedberg book "DNa Repair and Mutagenesis" and research literature for the class, and hence we should be able to make it quite upto date. How about it? Asbhagwat 03:14, 19 August 2006 (UTC)asbhagwat
 * I'm looking at the reference for the 1,000-1,000,000 number, which is a general cell bio text. In an excellent argument for inline citations, the book does not specifically footnote its references and it's unlikely I will go through the 20 or so papers listed, so I don't have the primary citation. That estimate could well be out of date. Where did your numbers come from?

 * Students editing articles for a class seems to happen fairly frequently, and especially advanced students are always welcome. A suggestion would be to make sure they're familiar with wiki markup and the referencing system first, since neither scheme is really used outside of wikis. Also be aware that very long articles tend to be discouraged, so if they end up with large amounts of material for a particular section, you might think about creating separate articles for those subjects, or asking the students to contribute to some of the sub-articles. (As Marvol pointed out, the articles on specific types of DNA repair are very stubby and could use some expert attention). Opabinia regalis 04:03, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

The numbers I provided are fairly standard. Look for example- ) “DNA Repair and Mutagenesis” by Friedberg, E. et al (2006) ASM Press, Second edition, ISBN #1-55581-319-4. Table 2-1. All of these are estimates based on known properties of DNA. If you need a research publication, see Lindahl, T. (1993) Nature 362: 709-715. Asbhagwat 22:19, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

I am going to edit this page to update various aspects of DNA repair. How do I change the "Contents"? They are too skewed towards aging and diet related issues. I would like to update with oxidation of DNA methylation, excision repair and mismatch repair. Also, I would like to discuss human genetic diseases caused by defects in DNA repair. Asbhagwat 04:11, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Great! The table of contents will update itself automatically - each header line surrounded by "==" on both sides of the text appears as a top-level heading in the table of contents. (Subsection headers are marked with "===" and so forth.) Awhile ago I shoveled a large amount of aging-related stuff out of this article, but it still looks lopsided. Your suggested additions would be very useful. Opabinia regalis 06:57, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * While things are being revised, it would be helpful if someone would look at all of the headers. The MoS:HEAD guideline states that the article title, DNA repair, should typically not appear in the headers. JonHarder 23:44, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

SOS section problems
Hello, I was trying to post upgrade about global response to DNA damage but unfortunately something is going wrong. Some part from already existing text is dislocating and combining with my text. Please help me to solve this issue. Thank You, Rado

 * Fixed - this was mostly caused by a misformatted reference. When you refer to the same reference multiple times, you want to use the syntax - note the extra slash, as opposed to . In the future you can check your formatting by using the preview button before submitting your edit; see Help:Show preview, and Help:Footnotes for more on reference formatting. (Also FYI, the general usage is to place new comments at the bottom of the talk page.)

 * On the matter of the text, mention of the SOS response is certainly useful, and was an omission before. I added a few wikilinks to existing articles on the subject. However, the eukaryotic section seems a bit diffuse (justifiably, because it's less well characterized) - this section could be helped by more specific discussion, since the matters of apoptosis and mutagenesis are covered elsewhere in the article. Opabinia regalis 01:29, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your help and important instructions. Regarding the eukaryotic response, as we well know, it is a very complicated system which is growing extremely fast. I attempted to provide information which is known to be true at this time while trying to avoid too many speculations. Also, I tried to focus more on writing for an average reader, and not for a well schooled scientist.  I hope that in a year or two our understanding of networks in eukaryotes will be much better and we will be able to confidently rewrite this part in wikipedia.
 * One more time, thank you for the help in formatting the page. Rado —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Radowayne (talk • contribs) 15:30, 19 December 2006 (UTC).

Lovely image, but where to put it?
Hi there, I recently found and uploaded a fantastic image Image:DNA Repair.jpg (see also caption) illustrating of actions DNA ligase in repairing DNA damage. I was going to add it in here, but I notice that DNA ligase is not mentioned in this article(?!). This makes placement of this image a bit difficult. Do you have any objections to me adding in a section on this (very important) repair enzyme?--DO11.10 04:33, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Added at least a wikilink under NHEJ, though that may not help with the image-placement problem. (It is an excellent image though, and definitely belongs here.) In general, this article still has odd omissions in combination with unnecessary specificity elsewhere; I did a fair amount of work on it last summer, but a lot of it was referencing existing text, and it's been subject to edit creep since. Opabinia regalis 05:45, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your speedy response. I have just added the image to that section, which seems like a perfectly reasonable spot, but please feel free to change the caption or location as you see fit. Thanks again--DO11.10 19:33, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Who cares? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.182.229.52 (talk) 04:28, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Split off DNA-Repair Evolution?
I was thinking that a much more in-depth article could be written on the subject of DNA-Repair evolution, and was considering launching into this article this summer. Assuming that I will do a good job, would this be a useful contribution to wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.41.187.29 (talk) 21:43, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * sounds like a great idea!

prometheus1 (talk) 04:44, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Smaller comments
I just have some short remarks and as I don't have time to write properly, I'll post it here... One subpathway of BER is the single-strand break repair (SSBR) pathway and even though it does not require the excision of a DNA base, it utilizes the same proteins as BER for DNA resynthesis and ligation. In general, the unique part of SSBR is the need for SSB-processing enzymes like PNKP. It is, as always, more complicated than that, but the repair of single-strand breaks is usually classified as repaired by BER. Nowadays SSBR is becoming more of a concept and the repair is referred to as BER/SSBR, but it might be to detailed information for this section. When I have more time I'll update the BER article with more mammalian details and the known subpathways.

Maybe it should be emphazised that damage caused by ionizing radiation result indirectly from reactive oxygen species formed in the aqueous environment of the cell and consist mainly of single-strand breaks, base damages and some double-strand breaks. All of this information can be found in Friedberg, et al. 2nd ed.

Perhaps 3-methyladenine should be mentioned before 1-methyladenine as it is a much more common type of alkylation? (Newbold, et al. 1980) Sniffe35 (talk) 15:55, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

A link was added to a new page having a more comprehensive list of DNA repair gene mutations that increase risk of cancer. Bernstein0275 (talk) 15:09, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

single-stranded breaks
The section of single stranded repair is lacking a lot of information that I plan on expanding with proper sourcing. I plan to expand the three repair mechanisms listed and merge information from excision repair Ideas welcome DaveJones2 (talk) 16:06, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

Capital idea, DaveJones2! Especially since another editor suggested the merger on the Excision repair Talk page. Amnot Areso (talk) 22:02, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

if someone could take a look at the referencing in sinle-stranded breaks that would be much appreciated. I cannot figure our the code to  to work. whenever it is called, it references "Willey" instead. Thank you DaveJones2 (talk) 19:11, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

I am changing the name of the section to "Single-Stranded Damage" as these repair mechanisms also repair DNA distortions which do not necessarily break the phosphodiester backbone. DaveJones2 (talk) 19:11, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

merge
I suggest merging the stub article DNA damage checkpoint into the DNA repair section of this article. Maybe later, if that section ever grows large enough, then we could split it back out into an independent article. --DavidCary (talk) 23:22, 12 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on DNA repair. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jemsge/28/2/56/_pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120310104318/http://research.chem.psu.edu/sjbgroup/projects/translesion.htm to http://research.chem.psu.edu/sjbgroup/projects/translesion.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:24, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

Text as images
The graphic in DNA repair is a no-no according to MOS:TEXTASIMAGES. The use of colour to convey information is also an accessibility problem. Can someone tackle converting this to textual form? LeadSongDog come howl!  19:33, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on DNA repair. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080825230122/http://asajj.roswellpark.org/huberman/DNA_Repair/DNA_Repair.htm to http://asajj.roswellpark.org/huberman/DNA_Repair/DNA_Repair.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040724083244/http://www.cgal.icnet.uk/DNA_Repair_Genes.html to http://www.cgal.icnet.uk/DNA_Repair_Genes.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060928234605/http://tango01.cit.nih.gov/sig/home.taf?_function=main to http://tango01.cit.nih.gov/sig/home.taf?_function=main&SIGInfo_SIGID=32

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:20, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

Content Edit
I think a section on Mitochondrial DNA Repair would be beneficial. I am planning on submitting a section on Mitochondrial DNA repair as part of my Advanced Molecular Class Wiki Assignment on Thursday 12/7/2017. --IshDatta (talk) 17:41, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

I feel a section on how mutational load in tumor serves to increase the immune surveillance will be useful. Substantial research is going on in this field on how mutational burden can be a target for Cancer immunotherapy. I added a section titled 'Impact of tumor mutational load on immune response' as a part of Advanced Molecular Class Wiki Assignment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mb17m (talk • contribs) 17:38, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Medicine and DNA repair modulation[edit source]
Main article: DNA repair-deficiency disorder

Hereditary DNA repair disorders[edit source]
[I will include another disease (Rothmund -Thomson syndrome)resulting from DNA repair deficiencies and link it to an existing Wiki page]//discovered Rothmund Thomson syndrome by reading article on RecQL4 helicase DNA repair deficiency

[I plan on linking an article that ties together DNA repair deficiencies with increased vulnerability of developmental neurons and adding in another sentence(citation #2)]

[I re-worded the content on "segmental progerias" and included an article on the studies of Progeroid syndromes in developmental and cancer biology as well as on aging studies]

Defects in the NER mechanism are responsible for several genetic disorders, including: Mental retardation often accompanies the latter two disorders, suggesting increased vulnerability of developmental neurons.
 * Xeroderma pigmentosum: hypersensitivity to sunlight/UV, resulting in increased skin cancer incidence and premature aging
 * Cockayne syndrome: hypersensitivity to UV and chemical agents
 * Trichothiodystrophy: sensitive skin, brittle hair and nails

The development of the nervous system requires scrutiny in DNA repair mechanisms that can result in neurodegenerative and cancerous syndromes when there is deficiency in these repair processes.

Other DNA repair disorders include: All of the above diseases are often called "segmental progerias" ("accelerated aging diseases") because those that carry the disease undergo impetuous aging and suffer from aging-related diseases at an abnormally young age, while not manifesting all the symptoms of old age. Progeroid syndromes are broadly studied in the growing fields of developmental biology, cancer and aging.
 * Werner's syndrome: premature aging and retarded growth
 * Bloom's syndrome: sunlight hypersensitivity, high incidence of malignancies (especially leukemias).
 * Ataxia telangiectasia: sensitivity to ionizing radiation and some chemical agents
 * Rothmund-Thomson syndrome: skin conditions associated with changes in pigment (Poikiloderma), congenital bone defects and premature aging

WP:FAR

 * FAR review comments at Featured article review/DNA repair/archive1

This article was promoted to FA many years ago. Since then the FA criteria have become more clearly defined and in my humble opinion this article is no longer worthy of the FA star. My main concern is the lack of citations and the ones used are a little dated. Can we resolve these issues and avoid an FA review? Graham Beards (talk) 23:43, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

Suggestions on where citations are (a) needed and (b) need to be updated? Prometheus (talk) 01:08, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Featured Articles often provide a source for every statement. At the very least there should be no unsourced paragraphs of which there are many. With regard to the citations, a quick PubMed search brings up many valuable review articles that have been published since 2015, for example:

title: Talk:DNA repair


text:
Great North Walk

The Great North Walk is a walking track which runs from Sydney to Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia. The main track, 250 km in length, runs between the Obelisk in Macquarie Place in Sydney to Queens Wharf in Bicentennial Park in Newcastle and is well sign-posted. There are many "side tracks" which link the track to populated areas along the length of the walk. The walk includes a huge variety of wildlife and scenery.

A 25 km section at the northern, Newcastle end, is also known as the Yuelarbah Track. This section runs from Teralba railway station to the Queens Wharf on Newcastle Harbour. At Kahibah Station, the Great North Walk uses a short section of The Fernleigh Track and passes along the northern side of Glenrock Lagoon to get to the coast.

History
The Great North Walk was initiated by Gary McDougall and Leigh Shearer-Heriot. They both planned and marked the original route from Sydney to Newcastle, with access to many linking tracks. Today's Great North Walk is quite true to the original trail. There have been books written about the walk.

The original name for the Great North Walk was the 'Sydney to Hunter Project'. The name 'the Great North Walk' was derived from the first road from the Hunter Valley to Sydney, called the Great North Road. Construction began in 1987 and was completed less than a year later in early 1988, in time for the Australian Bicentennial celebrations. Workers from several countries including China, Thailand and Vietnam were hired by the NSW State Government to complete the track by 1988. A small amount of local controversy followed as the labourers won the contract to construct the track over a local landscaping and environmental business. Claim was made that the contract was only won because it cost as much as three times less than the local bid.

The company, Ning-Pow Australia, who were responsible for providing the labourers for the project, were heavily scrutinised for slow construction and poor treatment of their workers. The track was eventually finished but was of poor quality. Following the bicentennial year, the NSW State Government handed over maintenance responsibility to each sections respective land owners, mainly NSW NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service and State Forests. Under new responsibility, the track was upgraded to a higher quality. In several places the track had to be re-constructed taking completely different routes, because the original had been so terribly built. Eventually, the track was completed to a good standard and remains well maintained in most places.

Description
After its official start in Macquarie Place, the walk continues through the suburb of Hunters Hill, where there are many heritage homes, then arrives at the Lane Cove River. It follows the river through the Lane Cove National Park to Thornleigh, then follows Berowra Creek. Further north, the track crosses over to the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park before proceeding to Brooklyn, on the Hawkesbury River. The river can be crossed either by train or boat, after which the track proceeds north through Brisbane Water National Park and the Ourimbah Valley before reaching the Watagan State Forest. Further north, the track veers east in the vicinity of Brunkerville and follows the Myall Range for some distance before reaching Teralba, on the southern fringes of Newcastle. It then proceeds to its official finishing point in Newcastle.

In addition to the main track between Sydney and Newcastle, there is an extension that goes north to the Hunter Valley. The extension departs from the main track in the vicinity of Brunkerville, and proceeds along a country road to the village of Paxton, passing abandoned coal mines along the way. From Paxton it proceeds north and follows the Mount View Range, where there are extensive views in the direction of Cessnock. The track then descends the northern end of the range before terminating in the wine-making area of Pokolbin.

The total walk from Sydney to Newcastle takes between 8 and 14 days to complete, with popular camp sites at designated spots along the way. Many of these sites are on ridge tops with no available water supply. Where natural standing water is available, it is not necessarily safe to drink and should be treated before use.

It is not necessary to do the walk in one go; individual sections can be completed easily as day walks. The track is often close to the Main North railway line, providing convenient rail access at a number of points. Some early sections in Sydney are through local suburbs on sealed roads. There are more than a dozen ancient Aboriginal rock art sites along the route. The best time to take this walk is late autumn, winter and spring. Summer is extremely hot and should be avoided, particularly if bushfire risk is high.

Map
Overview map showing the Great North Walk route with distances and amenities.

Terrain profile
The terrain profile of the Great North Walk as of the end of 2010.

(click the image to view in higher resolution)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Great North Walk


text:
Talk:Churrascaria

Churrascaria?
It shall be Churrasquería!!!!

 * Why? Just because in Portugual is known as Churrasquería? Churrasco is typical from Brazil, so it MUST be Churrascaria.

201.14.46.160 20:09, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge Rodizio
The person who proposed the merge did not describe their reasons. It looks like the Rodizio description of what a churrascaria is like should be merged into the Churrascaria article. The Churrascaria article should mention that it is a type of rodizio. (SEWilco 03:39, 16 July 2007 (UTC))

I think not, because Rodizio is when the waitors come with food (can be meat, can be pizza, doesn't matter) to the tables and people may choose what and how much they want of each kind. While Churrascaria is a type of restaurant, which indeed often use rodizios but also normal orders, I don't think there is reason to merge them. / Filip

I have to agree NOT to merge the two articles, because as Filip already wrote, both are two different things: one is a type of restaurant service - the other refers to the type of food they are serving. While being in Brazil I went to many rodizios which e.g. served pizza or pasta, but had nothing to do with churrascarias. Only in foreign regions like Europe (and I guess it is the same for North America) the two are most of the time combined and this leads to the common misunderstanding and confusion. I guess that the person, who originally proposed this merge, was misled by this as well. / Mathias

'''As a thoroughbred Brazilian, I can confirm that a Churrascaria is the establishment where Brazilian barbecue is served. The style of serving the meat in skewers where waiters keep bringing food until the customer is satisfied, that is a rodizio. It is an all-you-can-eat style of serving meat. Often unlimited side dishes and a salad bar are also available. Oh and it is a genuine Brazilian tradition, not a Portuguese one (but taking things as their own from other is very much a colonizing habit... *cough*) / epinto'''

 * Ah. That explanation should be included in the articles and the Merge label removed.  (SEWilco 04:08, 17 September 2007 (UTC))

In Portugal it is not known as "churrasquería", we don't even have accents on top of final "ia", that is something that happens in Spanish, not in Portuguese. In Portugal everyone says and writes "churrascaria". About the tradition, all my life I've heard of "churrascos" and "churrascarias" in Portugal, so it is something that is also traditional in Portugal, besides of maybe having come from Brazil a long time ago. Plus, I think someone should put the IPA pronounciation of European Portuguese too, i haven't put myself beacause I don't know the correct symbol for the "s" in "churrascaria", which is not the same as the "ch" as most people think.
 * ) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.242.251.79 (talk) 16:35, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose merge, because there are churrascarias which are not rodizios, and rodizios which are not churrascarias, although there are also many which are both. --MCB (talk) 05:46, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose a churrascaría is NOT the same as a Rodizio. So, if I go to a Pizza Rodisio in Rio de Janeiro is that a pizza churrascaria? Ah, and just so you know, there ARE a la carte churrascarías in Brazil (the MARIUS chain in Rio has at least ONE restaurant which is not Rodizio, but a la carte). That is, non-rodizio ones which you order the from the menu (items paid for individually). --Pinnecco (talk) 11:46, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 08:49, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

A churrascaria is not always a Rodizio, However in most cases a Rodizio is a Churrascaria. Rodizio describes the style of Service while Churrascaria describes the style of cooking. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Atlantarex (talk • contribs) 19:54, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Churrascaria


text:
Talk:Kottabos

Untitled
The greek words in this article are broken. (I think due to OCR) I have placed strikethroughs through them until they are fixed. The words needed are:

 * & 6~vl36.4we or 6~i,~3a4ia: shallow saucers
 * irXitcnyE or irXiurrcy~: a small disc or basin, resembling a scale-pan
 * X~avLs: a larger disc
 * u&νης: a bronze figure (partially correct/translated?)
 * Xivra~: the wine thrown/noise made. I think this is "latax" (λάταξ) by looking through an online dict.

porge 06:29, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * See the link I have added at the end of the article to the Smith work. From this, someone who is more comfortable than I am with the Greek alphabet ought to be able to extract all the needed words. Russ Blau (talk) July 8, 2005 19:56 (UTC)

 * Page in question starts at porges 01:49, August 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Act of throwing the wine/sometimes the goblet = "ἀγκύλη"

 * I fixed the Greek words, but the "Variations" section repeats some of what has already been said under "Rules of play." -- Flauto Dolce 17:20, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Referencing of the "kottabos" game in title of stupid magazine
"Several of Wilde's poems were published in Kottabos, the magazine of Trinity College, Dublin, where the artist had begun his studies." porges 09:23, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Woah. I meant to write student, but stupid came out. Damnest Freud!

Pic question
What is the player in the vase picture holding in his left hand? I see that in a lot of similar pictures. It is as if the player refills the kylix from it. Is it a skyphos? Any info on this? Haiduc 01:06, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Anglice
I'm curious about using the Latin word "anglice" to describe the English version of a Greek word. Is this standard? 24.19.32.14 (talk) 04:12, 4 July 2009 (UTC)CatBallou
 * I dunno, but I've linked it to help. - Oreo Priest  talk 16:16, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation of Antiphanes
Currently the lead links to Antiphanes, which is a disambiguation page. It seems most likely that the intention was to link to Antiphanes of Berge (based on that article's note that he wrote a work on courtesans. However, Antiphanes (comic poet) may have been intended instead.  (Though looking at the history, the link to Antiphanes was in the article before the article at Antiphanes became a dab page; previously it was the page for the comic poet, so perhaps that was what was intended.) Can anyone shed any light?  Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 23:55, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

cottabus vs kottabos
why are there two spellings of this word in the article... or am I missing something? Jasdasra (talk) 22:33, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

 * the first letter of the original Greek word is Kappa, therefore (for reasons explained on that page -- blame the Romans!) various texts are transliterated differently according to how they have reached us or someone's personal preference at some point in history or in Wikipedia editing.

 * Of course, actually the article here should be consistent for the most part or entirely. MPS1992 (talk) 23:38, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kottabos. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121115000918/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/index.html to http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:08, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kottabos


text:
Pangaea (disambiguation)

Pangaea was a supercontinent of ancient Earth.

Pangaea or Pangea may also refer to:

 * Pangaea (album), a 1975 album by Miles Davis
 * Pangaea (band), an Australian punk/metal band
 * Pangea (cable system), a submarine telecommunications cable system connecting the Netherlands and Denmark to the UK
 * PANGAEA (data library), a publisher and archive for data from earth system research
 * Pangaea (mountain), a mountain in Greek mythology
 * Pangaea (musician), British electronic musician and DJ
 * Pangaea (sculpture), a 1997 public artwork at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
 * Pangea Corporation, an animation and toy industry company
 * Pangea Day, a 2008 international multimedia event
 * Pangea Resources, a company notable for a proposal for an international radioactive waste repository in Australia
 * Pangea (restaurant), a Michelin-starred restaurant in Nuevo León, Mexico
 * Pangea Recordings, a record label
 * Pangea Software, a software company focusing on Apple iOS games
 * Pangaea Proxima, a possible future global supercontinent

title: Pangaea (disambiguation)


text: User talk:68.215.81.36

title: User talk:68.215.81.36


text:
Overseas Service Ribbon

An Overseas Service Ribbon is a service military award of the United States military which recognizes those service members who have performed military tours outside the borders of the United States of America. There are different versions of the Overseas Service Ribbons for the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Space Force, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marines receive the Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon.

Army
The Army Overseas Service Ribbon was first issued in August 1981. It is presented to any member of the United States Army who completes a standard overseas tour of duty.

The length of a standard tour is dependent upon the duty location and whether the Soldier is accompanied or unaccompanied with a spouse/family member(s). The tour in question may be cut one month short due to manning requirements (not due to Soldier misconduct) and still receive full credit for the tour length. There are two types of tour designations, long tours (24+ months) and short tours (6–23 months). Anything shorter than 6 months is considered TDY (Temporary Duty Assignment). The standard unaccompanied Korean tour is 12 months, and accompanied is 24 months. The German tour is 36 months for unaccompanied and accompanied. Combat tours are typically 6–12 months and can extend beyond during critical periods. The Iraqi Surge campaign tour was 15 months.

In the 11 December 2006 revision of AR 600-8-22 (Military Awards), the Army eliminated the policy which had restricted the awarding of the Overseas Service Ribbon when another campaign or service medal is awarded.

Additional awards of the Army Overseas Service Ribbon are denoted by award numerals. For those Army service members performing overseas duty prior to 1981, the Army Overseas Service Ribbon may be awarded retroactively, provided that a service member was on active duty subsequent to 1981.

For time served in designated combat zones, the Army also issues an Overseas Service Bar.

Navy and Marine Corps
The Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon was first proposed in 1968, but not authorized until 17 September 1986. The ribbon is awarded to any member of the Navy or Marine Corps who completes one year of consecutive or cumulative duty at a permanent overseas duty station.

For inactive members of the reserve components, the first award is authorized upon completion of either 30 consecutive or 45 cumulative days of overseas duty, regardless of the type of orders. For subsequent awards, the criteria of award for reservists are the same as the active duty members criteria.

In 1999, a directive of the Chief of Naval Operations permitted those personnel stationed on overseas homeported naval vessels to receive the Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon. Prior to this time, such personnel were only eligible to receive the Sea Service Deployment Ribbon. Current regulations now permit the receipt of both ribbons for the same tour of duty.

Additional awards of the Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon are denoted by service stars.

The Sea Service Deployment Ribbon (SSDR) and Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon (OSR) will be awarded to IAs deploying to Afghanistan (OEF) and Iraq (OIF) in accordance with SECNAVINST 1650.1H. However, the OEF and OIF AOEs may be qualifying areas for either ribbon, depending upon the circumstances of the individual. The following amplifying guidance is provided.

 * The 12-month accumulated sea duty requirement for the SSDR is waived for OEF (11 Sep 1 – TBD) and OIF (19 Mar 2003 – TBD) to qualify for the initial award of the ribbon only. The 12-month requirement still applies for second and subsequent awards.
 * Individuals with subsequent deployments to the OEF or OIF AOEs may elect to use that deployment time towards qualifying for EITHER a subsequent SSDR or the OSR. The member must elect in writing which ribbon the subsequent deployment time will be credited towards, and may NOT divide the deployment time between the two ribbons. The entire deployment time will be credited towards ONE of the ribbons.

Air Force and Space Force
The Air and Space Overseas Service Ribbon (ASOR) was approved in 1980 by order of General Lew Allen, Air Force Chief of Staff. The award is issued in two grades, being that of "short tour" and "long tour." On 16 November 2020, the Air Force Overseas Service Ribbon was renamed to the Air and Space Overseas Service Ribbon by the Secretary of the Air Force.

The Air and Space Overseas Short Tour Service Ribbon is awarded for less than two years of duty or as directed by Department of the Air Force policies. Normally, the Short Tour Service Ribbon is awarded for a permanent duty assignment of at least 300 days within an 18-month time span; such assignments are generally served unaccompanied by family members, though a short tour assignment need not be unaccompanied. Historically, most Short Tour Service Ribbons were awarded for service in South Korea, by far the most common short tour assignment in the USAF. From June 2003 until April 2011, Airmen serving in hostile environments for 181 days or more qualified for the Short Tour Service Ribbon under a temporary exception to rules outlined in AFI 36–2110. However, this exemption was rescinded by General Norton A. Schwartz in April 2011 and Airmen will no longer qualify for the award if they arrive in a hostile environment on or after 1 July 2011.

The Air and Space Overseas Long Tour Service Ribbon is issued for completion of a standard overseas service assignment of two years or more in length with additional awards denoted by oak leaf clusters. Long tour credit is awarded for completion of an overseas long tour (2 years) prescribed by Department of the Air Force Instructions, or to any member assigned to a United States or overseas location who is subsequently sent under temporary duty orders (to include combat tours) for 365 or more days within a 3-year time frame.

Additional awards of the Air and Space Overseas Service Ribbon are denoted by oak leaf clusters and Department of the Air Force regulations permit the receipt and wear of both the short and long tour ribbons simultaneously, wherein the short tour ribbon takes a higher precedence by being worn to the wearer's right of the long tour ribbon. The "A" device is authorized only on the short tour ribbon to any service member who performs a tour of duty at an arctic based Air Force or Space Force facility; most commonly Pituffik Space Base in Greenland.

Coast Guard
The Coast Guard Overseas Service Ribbon was approved on 28 October 2009 with details announced on 29 April 2010. It is awarded to active duty members on a permanent assignment and who successfully complete a tour of duty of at least 12 months at an overseas shore-based duty station or on board a cutter permanently assigned to an overseas area. It is also awarded to reservists who are permanently assigned and have satisfactorily completed a minimum of 36 cumulative days of service at an overseas duty station during each 12-month period of the total tour of duty.

Duty on board U.S.-based deploying ships or units does not qualify. Personnel who are eligible to receive the Coast Guard's Restricted Duty Ribbon are not eligible to receive the Overseas Service Ribbon for the same period. The ribbon may be awarded retroactively to qualifying individuals for initial award only. Subsequent awards are authorized, and are indicated by small bronze or silver service stars.

Army Reserve Components Overseas Training Ribbon
The Army Reserve Components Overseas Training Ribbon (ARCOTR) was established by the United States Secretary of the Army (SECARMY) on 11 July 1984 as announced in DAGO 1990–15. It is awarded to members of the Reserve Component (RC) of the Army (ARNG and USAR), for successful completion of annual training or ADT for a period not less than 10 consecutive duty days on foreign soil. All ARNG and USAR Soldiers who accompany the RC unit (including unit cells) to which they are assigned or attached as active duty for operational support during overseas training are also eligible for the award. Effective 11 July 1984, all members of the ARNG and USAR are eligible for this award if they were active Reserve status members of the ARNG, USAR (not on active duty in the Active Army), or AGR Soldiers at the time their unit underwent annual training or ADT on foreign soil. Additional awards are denoted by numerals.

The Army Reserve and Army National Guard are the only reserve components which issue an overseas ribbon for training outside of the United States.

title: Overseas Service Ribbon


text:
Open-air preaching

Open-air preaching, street preaching, or public preaching is the act of evangelizing a religious faith in public places. It is an ancient method of proselytizing a religious or social message and has been used by many cultures and religious traditions, but today it is usually associated with evangelical Protestant Christianity. Supporters of this approach note that both Jesus and many of the Old Testament prophets often preached about God in public places. It is one of the oldest approaches to evangelism.

In the Bible
One of the earliest open-air preachers of Christianity, according to the gospels, was Jesus Christ, whose first specifically recorded sermon was the Sermon on the Mount, which took place on a mountainside in the open air. In the Gospel of Luke, it was recorded that Jesus also gave an open-air sermon known as the Sermon on the Plain. In Mark 16:15, street preaching is seen as a commandment from Jesus as a way to warn people about sins and their consequences. This is supported by Isaiah 58:1 and Jeremiah 2:2.

After Jesus' death and resurrection, many of his apostles and followers started street preaching the gospel in the Temple of Jerusalem and in other open spaces.

The Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry lists the "many examples of street preaching in the Bible" as including Noah, Solomon, Ezra, Jeremiah, Jonah, John the Baptist, Jesus Christ, Peter, Paul, Phillip and Apollos.

Reformation
During the Protestant Reformation, open-air preaching was often employed by Protestants throughout Europe who could not always preach inside churches, which were mostly Catholic. Open-air preaching in Europe continued during the rise of Puritanism and other Protestant movements. It was often used in Pastoral environments as well as in cities, the former sometimes due to a desire to avoid the authorities, and the latter because, for one reason, it could reach eccentric people living in cities who would not otherwise hear the gospel.

Evangelical Revivals
Early Methodist preachers John Wesley and George Whitefield preached in the open air, which allowed them to attract crowds larger than most buildings could accommodate. On one occasion when Wesley was forbidden to preach inside the church in his hometown, Epworth, he used his father's tombstone in the churchyard as a pulpit. Whitefield stated: "I believe I never was more acceptable to my Master than when I was standing to teach those hearers in the open fields ... I now preach to ten times more people than I should, if had been confined to the churches."

Open-air preachers throughout history have often noted that preaching to large crowds often causes preachers to be abused in certain ways, even having objects thrown at them such as rotting vegetables or unsanitary liquids of many varieties. It was said that one of the regular practices of American evangelist Dwight L. Moody in the late 1860s "was to exhort the passersby in the evenings from the steps of the court house. Often these impromptu gatherings drew as many hecklers as supporters."

In the late 19th century and early-to-mid 20th century many famous open-air preachers in the United States began to preach, such as Billy Graham and Billy Sunday. Graham in particular used a combination of open-air preaching and the recent advent of televangelism to broadcast his sermons, which often took place in large venues such as stadiums, to large portions of the world and millions of Americans. Charles Spurgeon, the famous open-air Baptist preacher of England, believed that open-air preaching was instrumental in getting people to hear the gospel who might otherwise never hear it, and today, open-air preachers such as Ray Comfort believe that it reaches many more people at once than other approaches to evangelism do.

Historic
• Saint John the Baptist

• Saint Dominic

• Saint Francis of Assisi

• Saint Vincent Ferrer

• William Booth

• D. L. Moody

• Charles Spurgeon

• John Wesley

• George Whitefield

• George Wishart

Active in the 21st century

 * Micah Armstrong
 * Jed Smock
 * Ray Comfort
 * Samuel Chambers (State Street Preacher)
 * Reinhard Bonnke
 * David Grisham

title: Open-air preaching


text:
BC Tel

British Columbia Telephone Company and later BC Tel was the legal name for the telephone company operating throughout the province of British Columbia, Canada. For most of its history, BC Tel was one of several regional monopolies in Canada. In 1985, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) restored competition in long-distance telephone service. In 1998, BC Tel merged with Telus to become the second largest telecommunications company in Canada.

Early decades
In 1904, the Victoria & Esquimalt Telephone Company and the New Westminster & Burrard Inlet Telephone Company were taken over by The Vernon & Nelson Telephone Company. That year, the name of the company was changed to the British Columbia Telephone Company Limited. In 1916, the company obtained a federal charter and dropped the word Limited from its name.

Theodore Gary & Company bought a substantial interest in BC Telephone in December 1926 (held in Canada under the Anglo-Canadian Telephone Company). Other Gary companies at the time included International Automatic Telephone Company and British Insulated Cables. Mr G H Halse remained as president and general manager of BC Telephone. In July 1927, the company participated in Canada's first coast to coast radio broadcast for Canada's Diamond Jubilee.

Two regional operations
On the 1 April 1929, a charter was obtained for a new subsidiary called "North-West Telephone Company" (NWT). This company adopted radio-telephony for areas of the province unreachable by wire. The first experiment was providing a connection to Powell River from Campbell River, about 50 mi across the water.

A new record for storm damage in the BC Telephone system was set little over a year after the previous record. The rain and sleet began early in the morning of 21 January 1935. There were 1,500 poles and 700 miles of wire down in the Fraser valley. Victoria had 1,800 telephones out of service. The trans-Canada toll line was not restored until 10 February 1935. The first photographs ever to be transmitted from Vancouver via wire photo service took place during the royal visit of 29 May 1939.

In April 1954, the federal government telephone system west of the Rockies was purchased and the operations split with the NWT. GTE of Stamford, Connecticut, became a 50.2% owner of BC Telephone when the Theodore Gary Company merged with GTE in 1955.

In January 1961, the NWT was officially merged with its parent. In 1979, the BC Telephone Company acquired Automatic Electric Canada and formed "AEL Microtel". Soon afterward, the name was shortened to "Microtel". In 1982, "BTE - Business Terminal Equipment" was formed to compete in the newly deregulated equipment field. BC Telephone formed "BC Cellular" in 1985 to compete in the new cellular telephone business. On 1 May 1993, BC Telephone reorganised under holding company "BC Telecom Inc" and changed its legal name to "BC Tel".

Telus merger
The deregulation of the phone industry in the 1990s, combined with the competition between line and cell transmission technology, totally changed the business environment. In a 1999 "merger of equals", BC Tel bought the smaller Telus, the telephone operating company in Alberta. The merger created the second largest telephone company in Canada after Bell. Initially registered as BCT.Telus, the merged company with headquarters in Burnaby, British Columbia, soon rebranded as Telus.

title: BC Tel


text:
Samuel Leech

Samuel Leech (c. 1798–1848) was a young sailor in the Royal Navy and the United States Navy during the War of 1812. He became notable as one of very few who wrote an account of his experiences, titled, in the manner of the time, Thirty Years from Home, or a Voice from the Main Deck; Being the Experience of Samuel Leech, Who Was Six Years in the British and American Navies: Was Captured in the British Frigate Macedonian: Afterwards Entered the American Navy, and Was Taken in the United States Brig Syren, by the British Ship Medway.

Leech's nautical career began in 1810, at the age of twelve, when Lord William FitzRoy agreed to take Samuel into his frigate HMS Macedonian, as a favour to FitzRoy's sister Frances, the wife of Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill, Leech being the son of one of her servants.

He was a powder monkey during Macedonian's duel with the USS United States (1797) in 1812, and would later vividly describe the carnage on board the British ship before she struck her colours. As a prisoner of war, he was due to be exchanged at some point, but when the captured Macedonian was brought into Newport, Rhode Island, Leech jumped ship.

After failing to gain steady work on land, he returned to the sea, this time signing on to the US Navy, where he compared his treatment favourably to that in the Royal Navy. Leech was serving on the USS Syren (1803) when she was captured by HMS Medway (1812) in 1814. His imprisonment seems not to have been too uncomfortable, and did not last long in any case, since the war ended the following year. He was in USS Boxer (1815) subsequently.

Around 1816 he went ashore, where he worked at various jobs and joined the Methodist Church. He eventually accumulated enough money to go into business for himself, and became a merchant living in Wilbraham, Massachusetts with a wife and three children.

Many years later he revisited USS Macedonian (1810), now a US ship, when it was in port in New York (probably 1840), and reminisced with the sailors there. Perhaps this encounter inspired his book, which was published by Tappen & Dennet in 1843.

title: Samuel Leech


text:
User talk:Ipsyche

Welcome to Wikipedia.

When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp. We normally do this on discussion pages as a courtesy, but not in articles.

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Village pump is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

Please feel free to drop me a question on my talk page if there's anything you think I can help with. You can't possibly do any serious damage by editing my talk page, so feel free. Andrewa 06:52, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ipsyche


text:
Jamestown Business College

Jamestown Business College (JBC) is a private for-profit college in Jamestown, New York. It was founded in 1886 and enrolled 287 students in fall 2022. The college offers a 2-year Associate in Applied Science (AAS) degree, a 4-year Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA) degree and a Master in Business Administration (MBA) Degree in partnership with Gannon University in Erie, Pennsylvania. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

In February 2024, college officials announced that the college would no longer enroll new students and was beginning the process of shutting down. They cited "the college's size and the expanding government regulations" as reasons for the closure. The college will officially close in February 2025 with accreditation officially ceasing at the end of March 2025.

title: Jamestown Business College


text:
Matsumoto sarin attack

The Matsumoto sarin attack was an attempted assassination perpetrated by members of the Aum Shinrikyo doomsday cult in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan on the night of June 27, 1994. Eight people were killed and more than 500 were harmed by sarin aerosol that was released from a converted refrigerator truck in the Kaichi Heights area. The attack was perpetrated nine months before the better-known Tokyo subway sarin attack.

Sarin attack
The sarin attack occurred in a quiet residential area in the city of Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture. In carrying out the attack, Aum Shinrikyo had two goals; to attack three judges who were expected to rule against the cult in a lawsuit concerning a real estate dispute, and to test the efficacy of its sarin—which the cult was manufacturing at one of its facilities—as a weapon of mass murder. Residents of Matsumoto had also angered Aum founder Shoko Asahara by vigorously opposing his plan to set up an office and factory in the city's southern area. Opponents of the plan gathered 140,000 signatures on an anti-Aum petition, equivalent to 70 percent of Matsumoto's population at the time.

Aum's original plan to release the aerosol into the Matsumoto courthouse was altered when the cult members arrived in the city after the courthouse had closed. They decided to instead target a three-story apartment building where the city's judges resided. At 10:40 pm, members of Aum used a converted refrigerator truck to release a cloud of sarin which floated near the home of the judges. The truck's cargo space held "a heating contraption that had been specifically designed to turn" twelve litres of liquid sarin into an aerosol, and fans to diffuse the aerosol into the neighbourhood.

At 11:30 pm, Matsumoto police received an urgent report from paramedics that casualties were being transported to hospital. The patients were suffering from darkened vision, eye pain, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, miosis (constricted pupils), and numbness in their hands. Some victims described having seen a fog with a pungent and irritating smell floating by. A total of 274 people were treated. Five dead residents were discovered in their apartments, and two died in hospital immediately after admission. An eighth victim, Sumiko Kono, remained in a coma for fourteen years and died in 2008.

The day after the attack, dead fish were found in a pond near the scene. The bodies of dogs, birds, and a large number of caterpillars were found in the area. Grass and trees had withered and the trees' leaves had discoloured. Nearly all of the casualties had been discovered within a radius of 150 metres from the centre, near the pond. People near open windows or in air-conditioned rooms had been exposed to the aerosol. Forensic investigation using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that the poison was the nerve agent sarin.

The fatalities included Yutaka Kobayashi, a 23-year-old salaryman, and Mii Yasumoto, a 29-year-old medical school student.

Investigation
Police received an anonymous tip implicating Aum after the attacks, but the sect was not officially implicated in the incident until after the later Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995. One section of the tip read, "Matsumoto was definitely an experiment of sorts. The result of this experiment in an open space: seven dead, over 200 injured. If sarin is released in an enclosed space, say, a crowded subway it is easy to imagine a massive catastrophe."

After the incident, police focused their investigation on Yoshiyuki Kōno, whose wife was a victim put in a coma by the aerosol. It was discovered that Kōno had stored a large amount of pesticide in his residence. Although it was later proven that sarin cannot be manufactured from pesticides, Keiichi Tsuneishi, a Japanese historian, claimed the nerve agent is synthesizable from organophosphorus pesticides, and Kōno was dubbed by some in the media "the Poison Gas Man". He subsequently received hate mail, death threats, and intense legal pressure. After the truth became known, every major Japanese newspaper apologized to Kōno, including those that had not named him as a suspect.

After the Tokyo attack, the blame was shifted to the cult Aum. Matsumoto's police chief, on behalf of the police department and media, publicly apologized to Kōno. Kōno's wife later awoke from her coma, but recovered neither speech nor body movement; she died in 2008.

Several Aum members were found guilty of masterminding both incidents. 13 Aum members, including cult leader Shoko Asahara, were sentenced to death, and were executed in 2018. Combined, the attacks resulted in 21 deaths and thousands of hospitalizations and outpatient treatments.

title: Matsumoto sarin attack


text:
Atlantica

Atlantica (Atlantika) is an ancient continent that formed during the Proterozoic about (two billion years ago, Ga) from various 2 Ga cratons located in what are now West Africa and eastern South America. The name, introduced by, was chosen because the parts of the ancient continent are now located on opposite sides of the South Atlantic Ocean.

Formation
Atlantica formed simultaneously with Nena at about 1.9 Ga from Archaean cratons, including Amazonia in present-day South America, and the Congo, West Africa and North Africa Cratons in Africa.

Breakup
Atlantica separated from Nena between 1.6–1.4 Ga when Columbia — a supercontinent composed of Ur, Nena, and Atlantica — fragmented. Atlantica and continents Nena and Ur and some minor plates formed the supercontinent Rodinia about 1 Ga ago. Between 1–0.5 Ga Rodinia split into three new continents: Laurasia and East and West Gondwana; Atlantica became the nucleus of West Gondwana. During this later stage, the Neoproterozoic era, a Brasiliano-Pan African orogenic system developed. The central part of this system, the Araçuaí-West Congo orogen, has left a distinct pattern of deformations, still present on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

title: Atlantica


text:
Braunau

Braunau may refer to:

Places

 * Braunau am Inn District, Austria
 * Braunau am Inn, a municipality
 * Braunau (river), in Bavaria, Germany
 * Braunau, Switzerland
 * Broumov, Czech Republic, also known as "Braunau" in German
 * New Braunau, a village in Puerto Varas, Chile

Other uses

 * Braunau in Rohr Abbey, a Benedictine monastery in Rohr in Niederbayern, Bavaria, Germany
 * Braunau (meteorite), a meteorite fall in Východočeský kraj, Czech Republic in 1847
 * FC Braunau, a football club based in Brannau am Inn

title: Braunau


text:
User:Geekychic

geekychic
geekychic is a college student in the Midwestern USA. She has a penchant for copyediting and good style. It's too close to bedtime to think, so she'll continue this at another time.

title: User:Geekychic


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Inverted narcissist

''Inverted Narcissist is a term created by the original poster, Sam Vaknin. IN is not in the DSM-IV, although the Narcissistic Personality Disorder is. He has posted this article in other reference sites as well. I cannot verify this term from sources other than Sam Vaknin.''

This page is also has spelling errors, poor linking, and is over 30K.

If you disagree that the page should be speedily deleted, please explain this on the talk page, or at Speedy deletions. 68.122.226.228 07:00, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I disagree... I think VFD is more appropriate. So I put it here. - UtherSRG 07:11, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. - UtherSRG 07:11, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a research article, not an encyclopaedic one, and it seems as if the only person who could effect the changes is the author. If he makes the effort by the end of the voting period, then I may change my vote. Noisy 10:51, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Didn't this go to VfD before, or was it just discussed as irremediable on CU? At any rate, it's a private theory. Geogre 14:45, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research. Ianb 16:38, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. This article should stay around for a while to permit comment by experts on personality disorders and the DSM-IV. Spelling and grammar mistakes can be corrected over time as can POV. Arevich 21:27, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The article has been on Clean Up for over 3 mo.  I seem to recall someone saying that it could not be found in the DSM-IV, that it was the author's own suggestion of something that ought to go in.  (Can't remember if that was discussion on CU or in the Talk page for the art.).  At any rate, it has been around for a while already. Geogre 23:20, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The local university has a copy of DSM-IV-TR. If I remember, I'll see if I can verify whether it's in there or not. -- Cyrius|✎ 21:46, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * This disorder is not listed in DSM-IV-TR. -- Cyrius|✎ 17:45, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wikipedia is not the place to create new words or concepts. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:50, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-verifiable original research. (And thanks to UtherSRG for restoring it because it was not a speedy.) Rossami 23:20, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Attempt to disguise original research, and unverifiable. --Jerzy(t) 16:31, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Fast Hideous

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

I gotta say yours was the first new user log entry that I could barely understand due to the language :)

Dori | Talk 07:11, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fast Hideous


text:
Category:Semisynthetic opioids

Opioid

title: Category:Semisynthetic opioids


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Biggoron Sword

All of these articles are dicdefs related to the The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time video game. Many, but not all of them were created by Misery9944, who has since placed the information on these items in the main Ocarina of Time article. - RedWordSmith 07:13, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

NOTE: An article The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time weapons and items was created on Aug 2. - RedWordSmith 06:12, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Yath 07:33, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It seems the articles are completely redundant with the information on The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time -- Chris 73 | Talk 07:40, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Aaargh. This must be someone's labour of love, but can one video game justify so many entries? Ianb 09:39, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Noisy 10:59, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the info, but suggest merging some of them into articles such as The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time weapons and items and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time places, or something like that. There isn't much to write about most of these. Maybe take the existent section in the main article listing all the weapons and items and replace it with a link to an article specifically devoted to that subject so as not to inundate the reader with detail. I'd oppose trying to squeeze all Ocarina of Time info into one article. Everyking 11:35, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that if new pages dedicated to specific aspects of the game are created, there are articles I have not listed here for deletion, either because they have a signifigant history, are in other Zelda games, or are not dictionary definitions, especially Skull Kid, Princess Ruto, Mido, Lake Hylia, and Epona. -RedWordSmith 17:50, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the info, what Mr. Everyking said above. bbx 13:24, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: One video game with, essentially, 2-3 subcategory pages?  The video game entry ought to be able to easily contain this information via sections. Who is going to search "Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (weapons)?"  Is there a reason that section breaks in the game article can't contain this info.?  Geogre 14:39, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No, but you search for the game and then see the link to the weapons/items article if that's what you're looking for. It's common practice, general overview in the main article and specifics in related articles. If all the detail we should have (and, I think, already do have with all these currently nominated pages) were to be packed into one article, it would be much too long. Everyking 15:45, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Fancruft. Complete waste of time & resources. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:40, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Heh. I'm pretty sure I've editted every single one of these articles (mostly because they pointed to the disamb page Link, instead of Link (Zelda)), rather than list them here, for fear of being accused of being a deletionist again (along with some others I believe should be included in the decision, such as Twins (Kokiri)). My view is very similar to Everyking's--I have no objection to Wikipedia having this information--but I am concerned about the level of granularity of individual articles. This is a good example of my general opinion that, if you have a bunch of related topics that can only ever have 2-3 sentences about them, put them in a combined article. In fact, I was already thinking of doing at least part of what Everyking suggests, although I was leaning towards, for example, putting all the boots and tunics in Link's clothing (I notice that Link (Zelda) (the main protagonist in this game, and near as I can tell, all the Zelda games) is not nominated), and many of the others in Link's weapons (with redirects, of course). However, since I actually have a !*@#($! job now, it wasn't going to be completed within the next 5 days. I would like to point out that, while there is significant overlap between the main Ocarina of Time article and these individual articles, there are numerous details in the individual articles that are not currently in the main article, so I would say Merge is more appropriate than flat-out Delete--the question being should they be merged into subtopics like weapons of..., characters in..., places in..., etc. or the main article, and I lean towards subtopics. Actually, I'd like to see the same principle applied to anime, manga, Charmed, LOTR, Star Trek, Star Wars, Pokemon, Digimon, comic books, etc.--for example, I'd rather have a comprehensive article about Objects in the House of Elrond (with a redirect from the name of each item listed) rather than having I don't know how many dozen 1-3 sentence articles about each item. I think we should be consistent--if we keep every single detail about all anime (which we currently seem to be doing), I see no reason to delete the details about this record-setting game. Niteowlneils 16:13, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but merge. - SimonP 17:41, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge all content with either Link (Zelda) or the game page and then delete. I can see individual articles on notable video game characters, but every single element from the game?  No thanks.  Maybe keep a few (those with special names such as "Biggoron Sword") as redirects, but not all.  Postdlf 22:21, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge per Everyking if kept, although I think most of it belongs in a Wikibooks game guide. -- Cyrius|✎ 22:35, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not GameFAQs, a strategy guide, or repository for rephrasings of game manuals. Jeeves 21:30, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree. We are not GameFAQs, and there is no reason for these articles.  Sunfist 9:54, 28 Jul 2004 (EST)
 * Merge. It has good information about the aspects of the game, however I have only seen the Saria page and cannot say if the other pages listed here are horribly redundant.


text:
Carl Hovland

Carl Iver Hovland (June 12, 1912 – April 16, 1961) was a psychologist working primarily at Yale University and for the US Army during World War II who studied attitude change and persuasion. He first reported the sleeper effect after studying the effects of the Frank Capra propaganda film Why We Fight on soldiers in the Army. In later studies on this subject, Hovland collaborated with Irving Janis who would later become famous for his theory of groupthink. Hovland also developed social judgment theory of attitude change. Carl Hovland thought that the ability of someone to resist persuasion by a certain group depended on your degree of belonging to the group.

Biography
Hovland was born in Chicago on June 12, 1912. As a child, he had a deep interest in music. Up until college, when psychology became a major part of his life, he was looking into a musical career. In 1938 he married Gertrude Raddatz.

He was recruited by Samuel Stouffer, a sociologist who was on leave from University of Chicago. Hovland had the responsibility of leading a team of fifteen researchers.

Hovland was involved in a study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages. The Yale Group's work was first described in Hovland's book Communication and Persuasion, published in 1953.

His major interests in his last few years of life were with concept-formation, which he approached with computer simulation.

In his lifetime, Hovland was a member of the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences.

Contributions
Psychological research was Hovland's intellectual joy. Especially in his early career, his investigations covered many topics. His papers in psychological journals included a study of test reliability, a major review of the literature on apparent movement, as well as his four classical papers on conditioned generalization from his doctoral dissertation.

Hovland began to emphasize micro-level analysis of propaganda and its effects. Hovland's army experiments were the beginnings of that micro-level analysis of an individual. Hovland's "core conceptual variable was attitude".

Hovland believed that if he was able to recognize the attitude an individual has towards a trigger, he would be able to predict the behavior and actions of an individual over time. However, there were many studies that argued the contrary and showed that "an attitude toward a person or object does not predict or explain an individual's overt behavior regarding that person or object". This revelation of low correlation did not necessarily render findings useless but instead led to further research on how under certain circumstances it was possible to change a person's behavior via their attitudes.

While Hovland focused on an individual rather than a group level, he began to take into consideration interpersonal communication in the form of persuasion. Specifically, Hovland was responsible for carrying out a series of studies that contributed to the "cumulative understanding of persuasion behavior that has never since been matched or even rivaled".

To test and apply his theorization Hovland worked proposed the SMCR model. The SMCR model consists of four components—source variables, message variables, channel variables, and receiver variables. By manipulating each of these variables, Hovland was able to advance his "message-learning approach to attitude change". There were problems with his particular approach, however, in that by focusing on a single dimension of the SMCR model, Hovland was unable to do more than isolate a factor rather than study the synergy between the different variables.

Death
Hovland died on April 16, 1961. When Hovland learned that he had cancer, he continued to work with his Yale doctoral students and conduct persuasion experiments. Finally, when he could work no more, he left his office in the Psychology Department, went to his home in New Haven, drew a bathtub full of water, and drowned himself.

title: Carl Hovland


text:
Talk:Eric's Trip

Untitled
The Rick White link is obviously to the wrong person. What is the procedure here, ie: what suffix should we attach to distinguish this Rick White ??? -- Generica 07:20, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)

Sonic Youth
I presume these guys are named after the Sonic Youth song of the same name (on Daydream Nation). Is that right, and is it worth mentioning? Leithp (talk) 19:45, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I was obviously being particularly stupid on that day, as it's already mentioned. Leithp (talk) 12:32, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Rick White Disambig
I added this particular Rick White to the Rick White disambig page. -Colin Kimbrell 01:47, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Eric's Trip. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070927012450/http://www.junoawards.ca/archive_results.php to http://www.junoawards.ca/archive_results.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:59, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Eric's Trip. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071230053254/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/44581-erics-trip-reunite-again-tour-canada to http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/44581-erics-trip-reunite-again-tour-canada
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110716005005/http://www.sappyrecords.com/SappyFest_09/lineup.html to http://www.sappyrecords.com/SappyFest_09/lineup.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071230053254/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/44581-erics-trip-reunite-again-tour-canada to http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/44581-erics-trip-reunite-again-tour-canada

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:45, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric's Trip