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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Laika

Laika
Self-nomination. I've done a lot of updates to this article recently and it is an interesting story. Laika was the first living creature in space Zerbey 17:22, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

the external links section. 8) "It sparked a debate across the globe on the mistreatment of animals to advance science" — was this the first / one of the earliest / a well-known reactions to animal testing in science? 9) There's too much information about Sputnik 2 in this article; we have a separate article on the spacecraft itself, we only need at most one paragraph. 10) There's information about Laika in the Sputnik 2 article that's not present in the Laika article. — Matt 16:57, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Object. There is too much missing from the story, e.g. the training, the feelings of her handlers, the news stories, the equipment.  It also needs another photo, perhaps of a postage stamp or the plaque.  It's a rather short article. --Yath 19:20, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC) Even though it's kind of short, I don't know whether more material is available.  And it is pretty well-rounded. --Yath 21:56, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. I doubt if there was any significant training for the stray from the streets of Moscow.  The Soviet Union didn't provide so much detail in their news.  I'm impressed to see so much on the top dog. Captions could use some work. -- ke4roh 16:18, Jun 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Following suggestions by other users, I've added the requested updates and tidied up the article. Feedback would be appreciated. --Zerbey 20:48, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Small objection: Image credits: What makes the stamp PD in the US - Are we sure it wasn't protected under Berne once the US signed that? Is the Sputnik 2 image actually produced by NASA (hence PD) or someone else's that was on their site? Same for the image of Laika - David Gerard 21:26, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The Sputnik 2 image appears on NASA's website with no attribution, it appears on several other websites captioned as a mockup of Sputnik 2 on display in a museum in Russia. It appears to be public domain.  I have corrected the attribution on Laika, this was also taken from NASA's website.  The stamp picture also appears to be public domain and appears on many web sites about Laika, but I will try and find out if it is definitely OK to use.  I'm investigating all pictures to make sure they are PD. --Zerbey 21:53, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Found . How annoying. But I'm sure Philip Clark doesn't own them either. The article definitely needs pics, probably these pics ... do we have any readers based in Russia? - David Gerard 22:05, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Copyright solved: as per Copyright issues, "Soviet Union (pre-1973): Soviet copyright laws are non-retroactive, and all Russian works published prior to May 27, 1973 remain unprotected outside the former Soviet Union." The clearly Soviet pics are clearly PD. - David Gerard 23:48, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Neutrality 03:59, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * SupportAvala 19:19, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. 1) One of the scientists said, "We did not learn enough from the mission to justify the death of a dog" — what exactly did the scientists learn from the mission? The article could do with some discussion of this. 2) The lead needs to summarise the entire article, including the controversy about how the dog died. 3) "In Russia and elsewhere, it sparked a debate on animal cruelty." — I think we should attempt to provide a brief summary of this debate. 4) "References to Laika" should be merged with "External links" 5) " Laika's final voyage was as a shooting star in the night sky." — this is a tad sentimental / slushy for an encyclopedia article; could we reword it? 6) Russian Space Dogs discuss Laika and say that "She was also known as Zhuchka ("Little Bug") and Limonchik ("Lemon")."and "She died between five and seven hours into the flight"; this information isn't included in the main Laika article. 7) There's internal links in
 * Updates have been added to the article which should address your concerns --Zerbey 16:23, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I've still a few issues, I'm afraid. — Matt 16:57, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) This is addressed at the end of the article, 2) Lead has been reworded to include the requested information, 6) Alternate names have been added, but the rest is already in the article, 7) fixed, 8) I couldn't find any more on this! Any other Sputnik buffs out there who can help out?, 9) This has been condensed, 10) More information please, I can't see anything relevant in the Sputnik 2 article that is not included in the main Laika article.  --Zerbey 18:55, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I think most of these are covered between your and my changes. Re: "8" — it's just that Laika seems to be an important? early? example in the history of the debate over Animal testing, and it would be good to go into that in a little more detail. I'll "unobject" on this point, though. — Matt 19:38, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, but a couple of small comments: 1) The stamp doesn't look Russian to me, as it's not using a cyrillic alphabet; 2) I don't think there is a need to summarise the debate on animal cruelty directly, but I'd like to see a link to a Wikipedia article on vivisection, and would suggest that such an article include a ( brief ) note on Laika's contribution to the vivisection debate. IM.
 * The stamp turns out to be Albanian. How annoying. And Albanian law is closer to European law. More research is indeed needed. - David Gerard 13:55, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It turns out, after research, that Russia never had an image of Laika the space dog on a stamp. Apparently, there's also a breed of dogs called Laika that have feature, but they look different (Laika was a mongrel).  They did have an image of Sputnik 2, however.  She has appeared on numerous other items, such as posters, toys, clothing, cigarette packets, etc so I'll put one of those up. --Zerbey 15:49, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * A new section has been added that covers the vivisection debate, the stamp has been replaced with a different memorial and is definitely Russian this time. --Zerbey 14:38, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. 1. We could do with a Russian Cyrillic alphabet spelling of Laika (and possibly Kudryavka) (and if this was to be a Perfect article, Zhuchka and Limonchi as well!). 2. How famous is Laika among real dogs? I'm trying to think of other famous, non-fictional dogs, but I can't think of any (Lassie go home...). Surely Laika isn't the world's most famous dog? 3) What's a "Blok A" core? Could we mention what it is in the article? — Matt 02:58, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've no idea what a Blok A core is, and it's beyond the scope of this article anyway, I've rephrased this section. --Zerbey 17:52, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If you can't think of any, that doesn't mean it's the nominator's job to try to concoct some. We are, after all, working to What is a featured article, rather than necessarily The perfect article. (Though you've done a hell of a lot for the article yourself.) I'll see if I can turn up the Cyrillic - David Gerard 10:59, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, the objection was phrased badly; let me try again. The article really should mention how famous a dog Laika is compared to other canines and animals. As an aside, I've a suspicion that she's the most famous real-life dog ever, but I wanted to check that before adding it, hence the somewhat speculative wording. — Matt 13:16, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I should have something for you later, I already had plans to add this to the article. We're getting dangerously close to TMI here, though. . Added some other famous dogs.  --Zerbey 17:23, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. The list of famous dogs doesn't belong here, but should probably appear in the general dog article.  Other than that the article is excellent.  81.168.80.170 21:25, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've removed it (again), following discussion in #wikipedia the general consensus seems to be it's not worth using but I'd appreciate Matt's comments as well. Maybe this discussion should be moved to the article's talk page? See talk page for more. --Zerbey 22:36, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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The Longstones

The Longstones are two standing stones, one of which is the remains of a prehistoric 'cove' of standing stones, at, close to Beckhampton in Avebury parish, in the English county of Wiltshire.

Two stones are visible, known as 'Adam' and 'Eve' although the latter is more likely to have been a stone that formed part of the Beckhampton Avenue that connected with Avebury. The avenue probably terminated here, although it may have extended further to the south-west beyond the stones. William Stukeley recorded the site in the 18th century when it was only partially destroyed, and suggested it extended further, although modern excavation and archaeological geophysics have not confirmed this.

Adam is the larger of the two stones, weighing an estimated 62 tons, and along with three others formed a four-sided cove. Excavations carried out jointly by the Universities of Leicester, Newport and Southampton in 2000 revealed the socket holes for the other stones which were tightly placed close to Adam. The cove had been open on its south-eastern side which faced towards the nearby South Street barrow, 130m away. The other stones were removed in the post-medieval period by a local landowner.

Adam fell over in 1911 and was re-erected by Maud Cunnington in 1912. She also found a Beaker inhumation of a middle-aged man buried close by the stone. In 1933 the stones were scheduled as an ancient monument.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Longstones


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Gabalfa

Gabalfa is a district and community in the north of the city of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is characterised by a four-lane flyover road at the Gabalfa Interchange, where the A48 road meets the A470 road (North Road) which leads from Cardiff to northern Wales, and the A469 road (Caerphilly Road).

The name is derived from the Welsh 'Ceubalfa', literally translated as 'place of the boat'. It was formerly the site of a ferry crossing across the River Taff, upon which a school is now built. The area was first heavily developed in the 1880s, with most of the characteristic terraced housing originating from the next 30 years of construction.

The area around St. Joseph's Church near to Companies House is known as 'the Colonies' due to a number of streets named after former British colonies, including Australia Road and Newfoundland Road.

Primary
Gabalfa has three primary schools, with a combined attendance of more than 720:

 * St. Joseph's (Roman Catholic) Primary School
 * Allensbank Primary School
 * Ysgol Mynydd Bychan ('Heath School' in Welsh), which teaches in the Welsh medium

Gabalfa Primary School is not within modern Gabalfa but in neighbouring Llandaff North.

High School
Gabalfa has one comprehensive school, Cathays High School, with around 900 students (mainly from outside Gabalfa).

University
Gabalfa has a high student population. There are several halls of residence for Cardiff University in the area, housing about 3,100 students, some 10% of the student body. Liberty House serves mainly medical and nursing students at the nearly University Hospital of Wales. In addition, many students live in privately rented accommodation in the area.

Places of worship
Churches in Gabalfa include St Mark's on North Road (Church in Wales), St Joseph's on New Zealand Road (Roman Catholic), and the All Nations Church on Eastern Avenue (Ministries Without Borders, co-located with the All Nations Centre).

Politics
The electoral ward of Gabalfa lies within the parliamentary constituency of Cardiff North, which has been represented since 2017 by Welsh Labour MP Anna McMorrin. In the Senedd, Cardiff North is represented by Welsh Labour MS Julie Morgan.

There is no community council for the area.

Gabalfa was served by two Cardiff councillors: Ed Bridges (Liberal Democrat), elected in 2004, and Gareth Holden, elected in 2012. Holden was elected as a Liberal Democrat but resigned from the party in 2013. He lost to a Liberal Democrat candidate in the May 2017 election. The ward is currently served by Rhys Taylor and Ashley Wood (2019).

Gabalfa is bounded by Birchgrove and Heath to the north, Cathays and Maindy to the south, and Llandaff North to the northwest.

Transport
The area is known for the Gabalfa Interchange (or Gabalfa flyover), where the A48 Eastern Avenue, A470 North Road, and A469 Whitchurch Road (south)/Caerphilly Road (north) meet. The interchange is known for its suicides and suicide attempts, although efforts have been made to improve this, with signs to suicide prevention charities now clearly visible on the pedestrian bridge over Eastern Avenue.

Bus
Cardiff Bus' service 35 bus circles the area before heading to Cardiff Bay via Cathays and Central station. Services 1/2 Bay Circle run along Western Avenue towards Heath or Llandaff. Additionally, the following services stop at the Gabalfa Interchange:

 * 8 (University Hospital of Wales) or (Cathays-Roath-Central Station-Grangetown-Cardiff Bay)
 * 9 (University Hospital of Wales) or (International Sports Village)
 * 21 (Rhiwbina-Coryton-Whitchurch) or (Central Stn)
 * 23 (Whitchurch-Coryton-Rhiwbina) or (Central Stn)
 * 24 (Whitchurch-Llandaff North-Pontcanna-Llandaff)
 * 25 (Central Stn)
 * 27 Capital City Green (Heath-Birchgrove-Thornhill) or (Central Stn)
 * 35 (Gabalfa) or (Cathays-Central Stn-Cardiff Bay)

Rail
There are no railway stations located within Gabalfa, although a new railway station serving the ward was proposed by the County Council in 2000. The nearest railway stations are Heath Low Level and Heath High Level to the north-west, Cathays to the south and Llandaf to the north-east.

Walking and cycling
The Taff Trail, a long-distance footpath and cycle route that runs along the River Taff, is connected to Gabalfa by Llys Tal-y-Bont Road.

In 2023, a new cycle path was completed along Allensbank Road on the edge of Gabalfa, as part of Cardiff's Cycleway 1. To promote cycling and improve safety, in recent years councillors and residents have campaigned with some success for traffic calming measures, such as Gabalfa becoming a 20 mph zone, raised crossings being installed, and curbs being narrowed.

Gabalfa is within a 30-minute walk or a 10-minute cycle of the city centre.

title: Gabalfa


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Mynachdy

Mynachdy is a district of the city of Cardiff, Wales. Mynachdy is situated between Gabalfa, Birchgrove and Cathays. Mynachdy is often paired with neighbouring Gabalfa, and shares its councillors. It is close to a few universities such as Cardiff University and the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, as well as student accommodation.

Name
The word "mynachdy" comes from the Welsh words "mynach" (monk) and "tŷ" (house). This probably refers to Llys Talybont, a manor building in the modern area of Mynachdy that was owned by the monks of Llantarnam Abbey.

Mynachdy Institute
The Mynachdy Institute is a community centre in Mynachdy. There have been many threats of closure, with plans to replace it with student flats. However, after its initial closure, a successful community movement regained control of the Institute from Cardiff Council.

Transport
The A470 North Road runs along Mynachdy's northeast side.

Mynachdy is bordered on its southwest side by a local railway line. There are plans under consideration to build the Gabalfa railway station on this line to serve Mynachdy and neighbouring Gabalfa.

title: Mynachdy


text: User:Verbose~enwiki

title: User:Verbose~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tom Brazelton

Vanity for creator of webcomic Theater Hopper and his wife. Merge any factual info with Theater Hopper? Ianb 15:36, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * There's virtually nothing here to merge. They're three useless substubs and a link.  Delete all as vanity and as lacking content. - Lucky 6.9 17:34, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * come to think of it, wasn't there some kind of consensus on webcomic notability a while back? Ianb 18:27, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * ah yes: Web_comics and Talk:List_of_web_comics if any one wants to look into it. I abstain due to the lateness of the hour.Ianb 20:10, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * In that case, TH has about 50,000 less in the traffic average than what Wikipedia wants. Crap. MajorB 20:43, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Tom's a respectable guy, and I just think somebody put it there thinking it's usable. To me, it's not vanity. However, the Theater Hopper article does need to be added to. Delete.MajorB 18:20, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yo, MajorB...you forgot to sign in. :^P - Lucky 6.9 18:16, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Whoops, I always forget to do that.MajorB 18:20, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I want Cami and Tom's entries to be deleted, but Theater Hopper should be kept for expansion. In face, I just went and added some stuff to it. However, it is FAR from done.MajorB 19:29, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both: not notable. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:40, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia

Oldřich (Odalricus, Udalrichus; Odalric, Udalrich; c. 989 – 9 November 1034 or 1042), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 1012 to 1033 and briefly again in 1034. His accession to the Bohemian throne marked the start of a phase of stability after a long period of internal dynastic struggles. Under his rule, the Moravian lands were reconquered from Polish occupation.

Life
Oldřich was the fourth (third surviving) son of Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia (d. 999). Like all his father's children, his mother was Adiva. Upon the death of his father, his eldest brother Boleslaus III succeeded as duke, however, he soon entered into a fierce conflict with his younger brothers Oldřich and Jaromír. In 1001, both had to flee to the Bavarian court at Regensburg. When Boleslaus III was deposed by the rival Vršovci dynasty the next year and the Polish ruler Bolesław I the Brave invaded Bohemia, King Henry II of Germany intervened. As a part of Henry's expedition to Prague, Boleslaus's brothers were able to return to Bohemia, and Jaromír was installed as Bohemian duke in 1004. In the German–Polish War of 1002–18, Duke Jaromír remained a loyal supporter of the German king. Nevertheless, Henry did not take action when he was deposed and blinded by his brother Oldřich on 12 April 1012. While Jaromír fled to Poland, Oldřich recognised the sovereignty of the German king. He secured his rule by suppressing the Vršovci insurgents.

Oldřich and his son Bretislaus sought to win back Moravia, once conquered from the Poles by Oldřich's grandfather Duke Boleslaus I. Bretislaus and his wife Judith of Schweinfurt took up residence in Olomouc. In 1029, the Bohemian forces, backed by Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, finally drove the Poles out of the eastern lands. However, Bretislaus's efforts to occupy adjacent territories in what is today Slovakia by marching against the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary failed in 1030 due to the jealousy of the emperor, who reached an agreement with King Stephen I. In the following year, Bohemian forces refused to take the field for the emperor.

In 1032, Duke Oldřich was invited to the Hoftag diet at Merseburg, but did not appear. His absence raised the ire of the emperor and Conrad, busy with events in Burgundy, charged his son Henry III with punishing the recalcitrant Bohemian. Oldřich was arrested, deposed and sent to Bavaria. He was again replaced by his brother Jaromír. However, when Oldřich was pardoned the next year, he returned to Bohemia and had Jaromír captured and deposed. He seized power again and drove out Jaromír's son from Moravia.

Oldřich died abruptly on 9 November 1034 and later examination of his skeleton reveal his skull to have suffered a fatal blow. Jaromír then renounced the throne in favour of his nephew Bretislaus.

Marriage and children
According to legend rendered by the medieval chronicler Cosmas of Prague, Duke Oldřich about 1002 married a Božena, daughter of Křesina, after discarding his first wife on the grounds that they were childless. Together they had a son:
 * Bretislaus I (1002/1005–1055), Duke of Bohemia from 1035 until his death

title: Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia


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Maindy

Maindy (Maendy, meaning Stone House) is a district of the city of Cardiff, Wales. Its boundaries are not formally recognised by Cardiff Council, and the district falls within the Cathays ward and Gabalfa.

A notable facility in the area is the Maindy Centre consisting of a cycle track and swimming pool. The cycle track was used in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games.

The area is served by the Capital City Green bus route.

title: Maindy


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Ma Perkins

Ma Perkins (sometimes called Oxydol's Own Ma Perkins) is an American radio soap opera that was heard on NBC from 1933 to 1949 and on CBS from 1942 to 1960. It was also broadcast in Canada, and Radio Luxembourg carried it in Europe.

The program began on WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio, where it was broadcast from August 14, 1933 to December 1, 1933. Its network debut occurred on NBC on December 4, 1933. Between 1942 and 1949, the show was heard simultaneously on both networks. During part of its run on NBC, that network's coverage was augmented by use of transcriptions. Beginning April 1, 1935, nine stations broadcast the transcriptions. Oxydol dropped its sponsorship in 1956. The program continued with various sponsors until 1960.

The series was produced by Frank and Anne Hummert with scripts by Robert Hardy Andrews, Orin Tovrov, and others. (An early scriptwriter was Chicago-based Richard Durham, who was likely the only Negro writing for the radio industry. )  Ma Perkins began August 14, 1933, on WLW in Cincinnati. On December 4 of that year, it graduated to the NBC Red network. On NBC and CBS the series ran for a total of 7,065 episodes.

"America’s mother of the air" was portrayed by actress Virginia Payne, who began the role at the age of 19 and never missed a performance during the program's 27-year run. Kindly, trusting widow Ma Perkins had a big heart and a great love of humanity. She always offered her homespun philosophy to troubled souls in need of advice.

Ma Perkins is widely credited with giving birth to storytelling and content-based advertising.

Characters and story
Ma owned and operated a lumber yard in the town of Rushville Center (population 4000), where the plotlines pivoted around her interactions with the local townsfolk and the ongoing dilemmas of her three children, Evey, Fay and John. One of her children died during World War II. Ma's daughter Fay was played by Marjorie Hannan, Isabelle Krehbiel and Rita Ascot. Gilbert Faust had the role of John. Evey Perkins was played by Lillian White, Dora Johnson, Laurette Fillbrandt and Kay Campbell, who later became known for playing Grandma Kate Martin on the television soap opera All My Children. Shuffle Shober, Ma's best friend, was played by Charles Egelston (and later Edwin Wolfe). Murray Forbes was heard as Willie Fitz, and Cecil Roy portrayed Junior Fitz.

In "Sounds from the Past," Chris Plunkett offered an overview of the series:
 * Typical of Hummert productions, Ma Perkins had her share of tears, crises, and drama, but with a plotline much slower paced than the average soap opera. In a typical year, no more than three or four major complications were covered --interspersed by long "quiet spells," filled with (brutally) protracted discussions on the meaning of life amid the ever-changing tapestry of family, friends and the small town around them... Early in the drama’s run Ma was portrayed as quite combative and spiteful, but her character soon developed (and softened) into the kindhearted sage and conscience of the entire community. There were various dramas that unfolded over the years, some more far-fetched than others. Two of the more memorable plot stretches involve Ma exposing a black market baby-napping ring, and Ma harboring Soviet political dissidents inside her home.

When the show ended on Friday, November 25, 1960, the day after Thanksgiving Day, it was one of only eight entertainment shows still on the CBS radio network. The last episode was the only one in which Virginia Payne's name was mentioned, by Payne herself in a farewell speech. In all other episodes, the announcer at the close of the show would run down the names of all the actors in the cast (but one), and then say, "... and Ma Perkins."

Cast

 * Virginia Payne – Ma Perkins
 * Charles Egelston – Shuffle Shober, Ma's best friend (1933–1958)
 * Edwin Wolfe – Shuffle Shober (1958–1960)
 * Dora Johnson – Evey Perkins (1933–1944)
 * Laurette Fillbrandt – Evey Perkins (1944–1945)
 * Kay Campbell – Evey Perkins (1945–1960)
 * Isabelle Krehbiel – Fay Perkins (1933)
 * Rita Ascot – Fay Perkins
 * Margaret Draper – Fay Perkins
 * Gilbert Faust – John Perkins

Listen to

 * Ma Perkins radio shows from 1950 (52 episodes)
 * Dick Bertel interview with Virginia Payne on Hartford's WTIC (January, 1973)

title: Ma Perkins


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San Francisco Spiders

The San Francisco Spiders were a professional ice hockey team based in Daly City, California. They were members of the South Division of the former International Hockey League (IHL). Playing at the Cow Palace, the Spiders competed for one season, folding at the close of the 1995–96 IHL season.

History
On November 22, 1994, the IHL announced an expansion franchise had been awarded to the Bay Area to begin play for the 1995–96 season at the Cow Palace. The former president and chief executive officer of the Jackson National Life Insurance Company Dave Pasant was the owner and paid the $6 million franchise fee to the IHL in becoming the league's 18th team. By December, the Spiders nickname and logo were unveiled. Spiders was selected over Seals, Quakes, Fog and Rush and at the time of its establishment was the lone professional sports team with the Spiders nickname. Jean Perron served as both the general manager and head coach and was assisted by Bruce Boudreau who later became the head coach of the Washington Capitals, Anaheim Ducks, Minnesota Wild and Vancouver Canucks. The inaugural game was a 5–1 loss to the Los Angeles Ice Dogs before 11,415 fans on September 29, 1995.

For the one season, the Spiders roster took on a familiar look to the Cow Palace's previous hockey tenant, the San Jose Sharks. Dale Craigwell, Link Gaetz, Robin Bawa, David Maley, Ed Courtenay and Mike Lalor all played for the IHL expansion team. The most notable NHL player who played briefly for the Spiders was Sandis Ozolinsh. Ozolinsh, who was holding out for a new contract from the Sharks, played two games with the Spiders. He scored one goal, the first goal in team history, shortly before the NHL's San Jose Sharks traded him to the Colorado Avalanche.

The team finished in third place in the South division, winning 40 games and losing only 32. The Spiders lost 3–1 in the first round of the playoffs to the Chicago Wolves. Goalie Stephane Beauregard won the James Gatschene Memorial Trophy as league MVP for the season.

The Spiders' mascot, Spinner, was widely known as "the hardest working mascot in sports." Spinner was often lowered from the arena rafters by a rope, once being unable to free himself and covering by dancing in place until arena staff freed him.

Poor attendance and difficulties with the arena caused the team to suspend operations. On weekends, attendance tended to be respectable, around the 7–8,000 mark, but on weekdays, the Spiders often struggled to draw more than 2,500 in averaging 5,024 fans for each home game. The team filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in May 1996 in citing losses of $6 million for the season, and would officially cease operations on June 24, 1996. Most of the players were traded away to other IHL teams for "future considerations." The Kansas City Blades received eight players from the Spiders. The team was scheduled to move to Victoria, British Columbia in 2000, but this move never happened due to failure to replace the aging Victoria Memorial Arena.

Season-by-season results
Last five seasons: Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

title: San Francisco Spiders


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Cyncoed

Cyncoed ; is a community in the northeast of Cardiff, the capital of Wales. With many properties in the area fetching over £1 million, Cyncoed is considered to have some of the highest property prices in the country. Cyncoed overlooks the city centre of Cardiff, near Roath Park, with views of the surrounding mountains.

Background and development
In 1887 John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute offered 121 acre of marshland to Cardiff Council, for use as a public park. In 1894, Roath Park was officially opened to the public. Work initially focused on creating the lake from an area of marshland. In 1915 a lighthouse was constructed in the lake containing a scale model of the 'Terra Nova' ship to commemorate Captain Scott's ill-fated voyage to the Antarctic from Cardiff in 1910. The park's atmosphere today still retains the Victorian elegance and has Conservation Area status.

In 1914, the council built Cefn Coed Road, which ran past the original (18th century, and still standing to this day), farmhouse, which allowed small builders to develop houses for coal merchants and exports who worked at the Coal Exchange.

Post World War I developers bought the farmland as Cardiff expanded rapidly, with high quality detached housing being built to access Cardiff Golf Club, which occupied land to the north, and The Cyncoed Tennis Club.

During World War II there was a US Army in the area. Post the war, in the 1950s this area was redeveloped as housing demand grew, and the rural nature of Cyncoed vanished forever, including the development of the Lakeside estate, centered on Celyn Avenue.

As of February 2022, Cyncoed had an average property price of £475,126.

Description
Some of the older and larger properties have been demolished and replaced by smaller homes and supplemented with smaller semi-detached infill. Modern housing estates now surround the area. The surrounding communities are:

Features include a small shopping village, a number of churches, and a synagogue because there is a sizable Jewish community living in Cyncoed. Cyncoed Medical Centre is actually just within neighbouring Pontprennau, on the road junction Cyncoed, Pontprennau and Pentwyn, to enable it to serve all three communities.

Between Cyncoed and Llanishen lie two defunct reservoirs. The company which owned this site, Western Power Distribution, intended to build houses on Llanishen Reservoir. Local residents campaigned for 15 years to stop the development. Eventually the reservoirs were sold to the steelworks and put back to their intended purpose of steelmaking. The reservoirs have recently been devolved back to the Welsh Water authority which, after draining and structural inspection, intends to return both to public amenity use.

Education
Primary schools and secondary schools provide local education. Rhydypenau Primary School serves most of Cyncoed and is considered one of the best Primary Schools in Cardiff. There is also Lakeside Primary School which was built on Ontario Way, and Cardiff High School (used to be called 'Ty Celyn') which serves a large proportion of Cardiff's teenagers. It was built on the site of Celyn Farm, located towards Roath Park. There are campuses of Cardiff Metropolitan University and a Cardiff University hall of residence also in the vicinity.

As well as a modern hall of residence for Cardiff University, in 1961 the Cardiff College of Education providing teacher training opened. Various courses are now taught on the Cyncoed campus of Cardiff Metropolitan University, but it is most famous for its physical education department which has produced various sportspeople from its students, including: Dai Davies; Lynn Davies; Gareth Edwards; Clive Griffiths; Greg Thomas; Steve Watkin. As well as top football team Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C. who compete in the Welsh Premier League.

Rhydypennau library
Rhydypennau Library (Llyfrgell Rhydypennau) is situated near Cardiff High School. Refurbished in 2006–2007, modifications to the entrance included installing automatic doors and replacing existing ramps. New windows were also fitted and fascia boards were replaced. Accessible facilities for disabled people were introduced.

There are 4 PCs with free public Internet access and 1 PC in the children's section. Storytime for pre-school children followed by craft activities, and rhymetime for babies and toddlers are organised by the library.

Electoral ward
Cyncoed is both an electoral ward, and a community without a community council in Cardiff. The electoral ward is within the parliamentary constituency of Cardiff Central. It is bounded by Llanishen to the northwest; Lisvane to the north; Pentwyn to the east; Penylan and Plasnewydd to the south; and Heath to the west. It is represented by three councillors on Cardiff Council. There have been three Liberal Democrat Councillors since the early 1990s with the sole exception of between 2017 and 2022 when there were two Liberal Democrats and one Conservative Councillor.

Transport
Cyncoed is served by Cardiff Bus services 28, 28A, 28B, 51, 52 and 53 to and from the city centre. Heath High Level and Heath Low Level railway stations are 0.6 miles southwest.

Cyncoed Road runs through Cyncoed, served by Cardiff Bus routes 51 and 53 connect the outer suburbs to the inner city with links to Lakeside, Roath and the city centre. The 28, 28A and 28B continues to Llanishen and Thornhill. Some western parts of the area have access to Heath Low Level railway station, with services northbound to Coryton on the City Line. Heath High Level station is nearby, on the Rhymney Line with services northbound to Rhymney via Lisvane & Thornhill and Caerphily. Both lines have services southbound to Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central railway station.

Celyn Avenue leads west to Heath and Cyncoed Road leads north to Pontprennau and south to Cathays, the city centre, Roath and Penylan.

Notable residents

 * The poet Gillian Clarke lived there for many years.

title: Cyncoed


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Pen-y-Lan

Pen-y-Lan is a Welsh place name:

 * Pen-y-lan, Ceredigion, a hamlet in west Wales
 * Penylan, a district of the city of Cardiff, Wales
 * Pen-y-Lan, a district of the city of Swansea
 * Pen-y-Lan Hall, a grade II listed mansion located near the village of Ruabon in Wrexham County Borough

title: Pen-y-Lan


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1862 in art

Events from the year 1862 in art.

Events

 * May 1–November 1 – 1862 International Exhibition held at South Kensington in London. Notable artistic displays include a large picture gallery; work shown by William Morris's decorative arts firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Company; and an exhibit from Japan influential in the development of Anglo-Japanese style. Morris designs his first wallpaper, Trellis.
 * November 3 – First appearance in print of the term Macchiaioli for the group of revolutionary young Italian painters, in a hostile review published in the journal Gazzetta del Popolo.
 * Claude Monet becomes a student of Charles Gleyre in Paris, where he meets Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frédéric Bazille and Alfred Sisley, sharing new approaches to painting en plein air.

Works

 * Paul-Jacques-Aimé Baudry – The Pearl and the Wave
 * Albert Bierstadt
 * The Fishing Fleet
 * Guerrilla Warfare, Civil War
 * Herman Wilhelm Bissen – Isted Lion (bronze)
 * George Price Boyce – At Binsey, near Oxford
 * William Burges - Great Bookcase
 * Gustave Courbet – Femme nue couchée
 * Thomas Crawford (posthumous) – Statue of Freedom (bronze for dome of United States Capitol)
 * Edgar Degas - Young Woman with Ibis (completed)
 * Eugène Delacroix – Ovid among the Scythians (second version)
 * Augustus Egg – The Travelling Companions
 * Anselm Feuerbach – Iphigenia (first version)
 * William Powell Frith – The Railway Station
 * Walter Greaves – Hammersmith Bridge on Boat-Race Day
 * Arthur Hughes – Home from Sea (reworking of The Mother's Grave)
 * Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres – The Turkish Bath (original form)
 * Eastman Johnson – A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves
 * Edward Lear – Philæ and Beachy Head (pair of paintings)
 * Édouard Manet
 * Music in the Tuileries (National Gallery, London)
 * Lola de Valence (Musée d'Orsay, Paris)
 * The Old Musician
 * Mlle. Victorine Meurent in the Costume of an Espada (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
 * The Street Singer (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
 * Robert Braithwaite Martineau – The Last Day in the Old Home
 * Jan Matejko – Stańczyk
 * Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier – Napoleon I in 1814
 * Jean-François Millet – L'homme à la houe ("The Man With the Hoe")
 * William Morris – Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels
 * Moritz Daniel Oppenheim – The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara
 * Moritz von Schwind – The Honeymoon
 * James Tissot – The Return of the Prodigal Son
 * G. F. Watts – approximate date
 * Lady Margaret Beaumont and her Daughter
 * Sisters
 * Edith Villiers
 * James McNeill Whistler
 * The Last of Old Westminster
 * Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl

Births

 * March 17 – Charles Laval, French painter (died 1894)
 * March 24 – Frank Weston Benson, American Impressionist painter (died 1951)
 * April 26 – Edmund C. Tarbell, American Impressionist painter (died 1938)
 * June 14 – Herbert Dicksee, English painter (died 1942)
 * July 10 – Helene Schjerfbeck, Finnish painter (died 1946)
 * July 14 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian Symbolist painter (died 1918)
 * July 29 – Robert Reid, American Impressionist painter (died 1928)
 * August 15 – Adam Emory Albright, American painter of figures in landscapes (died 1957)
 * September 12 – Carl Eytel, German American artist (died 1925)
 * October 26 – Hilma af Klint, Swedish abstract painter and mystic (died 1944)
 * November 25 – Katharine Adams, English bookbinder (died 1952)
 * December 3 – Charles Grafly, American sculptor (died 1929)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Matthew Cotes Wyatt, English painter and sculptor (born 1777)
 * February 11 – Elizabeth Siddal, English Pre-Raphaelite artists' model, painter and poet, wife of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, overdose of laudanum (born 1829)
 * February 15 – Heinrich Adam, German painter (born 1787)
 * March 18 – Charles Bird King, American portrait artist who notably painted Native American delegates visiting Washington, D.C. (born 1785)
 * March 19 – Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, German Romantic painter (born 1789)
 * May – Alexandre-François Caminade, French religious and portrait painter (born 1783)
 * May 14 – Karl Joseph Brodtmann, Swiss artist, lithographer, printmaker, publisher and bookseller (born 1787)
 * July 7 – Friedrich Gauermann, Austrian painter (born 1807)
 * July 17 – Étienne Bouhot, French painter and art teacher (born 1780)
 * August 7 – William Turner of Oxford, English topographical watercolourist (born 1789)
 * August 10 – Erin Corr, Irish engraver (born 1793)
 * August 28 – Albrecht Adam, German painter of battles and horses (born 1786)
 * September 20 – Peter Andreas Brandt, Norwegian painter and illustrator (born 1792)
 * October 29 – John Cox Dillman Engleheart, English miniaturist (born 1784)
 * Undated – Jean-Pierre Montagny, French medallist and coiner (born 1789)

title: 1862 in art


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Brunetto Latini

Brunetto Latini (who signed his name Burnectus Latinus in Latin and Burnecto Latino in Italian; c. 1220–1294) was an Italian philosopher, scholar, notary, politician and statesman. He was a teacher and friend of Dante Alighieri.

Life
Brunetto Latini was born in Florence in 1220 to a Tuscan noble family, the son of Buonaccorso Latini. He belonged to the Guelph party. He was a notary and a man of learning, much respected by his fellow citizens and famed for his skill as an orator. He expounded the writings of Cicero as guidance in public affairs.

He was of sufficient stature to be sent to Seville on an embassy to Alfonso el Sabio of Castile to seek help for Florence against the Sienese; the mission was unsuccessful. On his return from Spain, travelling along the Pass of Roncesvalles, he describes meeting a student from Bologna astride a bay mule, who told him of the defeat of the Guelphs at the Battle of Montaperti. As a result, Latini was exiled from his native city. He took refuge in France from 1261 to 1268 while working as a notary in Montpellier, Arras, Bar-sur-Aube, and Paris.

In 1269, when the political situation allowed, he returned to Tuscany and for some twenty years held successive high offices. In 1273 he was appointed as Secretary to the Council of the Republic of Florence. In 1280, he contributed to the temporary reconciliation between the Guelph and Ghibelline parties, and in 1284 presided over the conference in which an attack on Pisa was agreed. Finally, in 1287, he was elevated to the dignity of "prior" as one of 12 magistrates established through the constitution of 1282.

Giovanni Villani says that "he was a great philosopher and a consummate master of rhetoric, not only in knowing how to speak well, but how to write well". He was the author of various works in prose and verse. He died in 1294, leaving behind a daughter, Bianca Latini, who had married Guido Di Filippo De' Castiglionchi in 1284. His tomb can be found in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Florence, to the left of the high altar.

Works
While in France, he wrote his Italian Tesoretto and in French his prose Li Livres dou Trésor, both summaries of the encyclopaedic knowledge of the day. The latter is regarded as the first encyclopedia in a modern European language. The Italian 13th-century translation known as Tesoro was misattributed to Bono Giambon. He also translated into Italian the Rettorica and three Orations by Cicero. The Italian translation of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is often misattributed to Brunetto Latini: it is a work of Taddeo Alderotti instead.

The Divine Comedy
Latini was Dante's guardian after the death of his father. Early Dante commentators spoke of Brunetto as his teacher, as does Dante himself. Vittorio Imbriani took issue with that concept, saying Brunetto was far too busy a man to have been a mere teacher. Dante immortalized him in the Divine Comedy (see Inferno, XV. 22–87). It is also believed that there was an intellectual and affectionate bond between the elderly man and the young poet. It was perhaps Latini who induced Dante to read Cicero and Boethius, after the death of Beatrice.

Many of the characters in Dante's Inferno are also mentioned in the legal and diplomatic documents Brunetto Latini wrote in Latin. There is a portrait of Latini in the Bargello in Florence, once reputed to be by Giotto, next but one to the side of Dante (between them is Corso Donati). In a wood engraving, Gustave Doré envisages the same scene from Inferno XV, 1861.

Canto XV
Dante places Latini within the third ring of the Seventh Circle, the Circle of the Violent against God, nature and art, with the blasphemers, sodomites, and usurers. Dante writes of the "clerks and great and famous scholars, defiled in the world by one and the same sin".

Dante's treatment of Latini, however, is commendatory beyond almost any other figure in the 'Inferno'. He calls the poet a radiance among men and speaks with gratitude of that sweet image, gentle and paternal, / you were to me in the world when hour by hour / you taught me how man makes himself eternal. Dante addresses Latini with the respectful pronoun voi; Latini uses the informal tu, as perhaps was their custom when they spoke together in Florence. The portrait is drawn with love, pathos and a dignity that is more compelling given the squalor of the punishment.

Latini asks first, humbly, if he may keep Dante company, letting his group run on. Dante offers to sit down with him but that would only increase Latini's penalty; he and the other souls are doomed to keep moving aimlessly around the arena.

Latini proceeds in obscure imagery to foretell Dante's future. The malicious ingrates who of old descended from Fiesole will be his enemies. They are reputed blind, avaricious, envious and proud. Let him beware, he warns, not to be stained by them. Mark Musa suggests that in this speech between the two there is sexual imagery indicative of the act of sodomy.

According to John D. Sinclair, Dante respected Latini immensely but nonetheless felt it necessary to place him with the sodomites since, according to Sinclair, such behaviour by Latini was well known in Florence at the time. The squalor of Latini's sin and penalty is nevertheless painful for Dante to visualize.

Other critics point to the fact that, outside of The Divine Comedy, there are no firm historical records suggesting Latini was accused of sodomy or homosexual relations—and indeed he seemingly condemns it himself in the Tesoretto. Some therefore have suggested that Latini is placed in Canto XV for being violent against art and against his vernacular (Latini wrote in French instead of Florentine, which Dante championed as a literary language in De Vulgari Eloquentia). Yet, Latini started working in the treatise in 1260, before Dante was born, and thus in a very different cultural climate, when French was the language of aristocracy. Perhaps Latini is there to demonstrate and underline that even the greatest of men may be guilty of private sins. Neither objection rules out the possibility that he was guilty of the perceived sin himself; and given the setting and context, it is difficult to see that there can be any doubt, particularly following the discovery in recent years of a love poem, "S'eo son distretto inamoratamente" which Latini sent to another poet, Bondie Dietaiuti, who replied with another love poem.

title: Brunetto Latini


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Trowbridge, Cardiff

Trowbridge is a district, community and coterminous electoral ward on the eastern edge of the city of Cardiff, capital of Wales.

The community and electoral ward includes some or all of the areas of the St Mellons estate and Trowbridge, as well as part of the Wentlooge Levels between the mainline railway and the coast. It is bounded by the village of Old St Mellons to the north; Marshfield (in Newport principal area) to the east; and Splott and Rumney to the west.

History
Trowbridge largely dates from the second half of the 20th century, when housing spread east from Rumney onto the farmland of the area.

Until 1938, the area was part of the civil parish of Rumney, in the historic county of Monmouthshire.

Governance
Trowbridge is both an electoral ward, and a community of the City of Cardiff. There is no community council for the area. Trowbridge was in the parliamentary constituency of Cardiff South & Penarth until the 2024 UK general election, subsequently it became part of the new Cardiff East constituency. It remains in the Cardiff South and Penarth Senedd constituency until 2026.

The Trowbridge electoral ward is represented by four councillors on Cardiff Council. At the Cardiff Council election on 4 May 2017 the ward elected three Labour Party councillors and one Liberal Democrat. Prior to this Trowbridge elected Labour councillors, with the exception of 2004 when a Liberal Democrat won a seat.

Schools
Trowbridge Primary School.

St John Lloyd primary school.

Places of interest

 * Caldicot and Wentloog Levels
 * Hendre Lake Park
 * Crosbie's Pond

Waste incinerator proposal
In 2019, plans for a new £150m waste incinerator plant was proposed by Mor Hafren Bio Power, off Newlands Road in Wentloog, Trowbridge. The facility would burn up to 200,000 tonnes of waste each year, while also generating 15 Megawatts of electricity. It would be only 3 miles from the Viridor plant in Splott. A campaign group was set up by Trowbridge residents and anti-incinerator campaigners.

A final decision on whether the Mor Hafren facility can proceed was expected in 2020.

title: Trowbridge, Cardiff


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User:Mrfinch~enwiki/pictures

Pictures of me in the Wikipedia

All pictures are selfmade:

Photographer: Roland Steinebach

I take the pictures with a Digitalcamera Canon S45:

license status : GNU FDL

title: User:Mrfinch~enwiki/pictures


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Theodor Busse

Ernst Hermann August Theodor Busse (15 December 1897 – 21 October 1986) was a German officer during World War I and World War II.

Early life and career
Busse, a native of Frankfurt (Oder), joined the Imperial German Army as an officer cadet in 1915 and was commissioned in February 1917. He also won the Knight's Cross with Swords of the Hohenzollern Order. After the armistice, he was accepted as one of 2,000 officers into the new Reichswehr in which he steadily rose in rank.

World War II
Busse was a General Staff officer in April 1939 and prepared a training program that was approved by the Chief of the General Staff in August and covered a period from 1 October 1939 to 30 September 1940. Between 1940 and 1942, he served as the Chief of Operations to General (later Field Marshal) Erich von Manstein in the 11th Army on the Eastern Front. He remained serving on von Manstein's staff from 1942 to 1943 as Chief of Operations of Army Group Don and then from 1943 to 1944 he was Chief of Staff of Army Group South, both on the Eastern Front. Serving with Army Group South, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 January 1944. He spent a short time in reserve and was then appointed General Officer Commanding German 121st Infantry Division. In July 1944, he commanded I Army Corps.

While Busse took command of the 9th Army on 21 January 1945, his appointment was never confirmed. It would appear that it was customary for commanders of formations of the status of an Army and higher to be on six months probation before their final appointments as Commanders-in-Chief. Germany surrendered unconditionally before Busse's probationary period had expired.

During the last five months of the war, Busse commanded the 9th Army, which had become part of Army Group Vistula. As the Soviets continued to advance into Germany, he fought to protect the German capital. Specifically, Busse commanded the 9th Army during the Battle of Seelow Heights and the Battle of the Oder-Neisse. In April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin, Busse's Ninth Army was cut off from the armies on its flanks and almost encircled by Soviet Forces. General Gotthard Heinrici tried to convince Busse to withdraw several times, but Busse refused even to consider withdrawal unless a specific command arrived from the Führer. Eventually Busse's Ninth Army was driven into a pocket in the Spree Forest south of the Seelow Heights and west of Frankfurt, where it became fully encircled by two prongs of the massive Soviet assault on Berlin. In the ever-shrinking pocket, Busse's forces were all but annihilated in what is known as the Battle of Halbe, but remnants ultimately managed to break through to the west to link up with General Walther Wenck’s 12th Army south of Beelitz and then to withdraw west to the Elbe, cross the partially-destroyed bridge at Tangermünde and surrender to American forces between May 4 and 7.

Postwar
Between 1945 and 1947, Busse was a prisoner-of-war. After the war Busse was West Germany's director of civil defense, and he wrote and edited a number of works on the military history of World War II.

Awards and decorations

 * Ehrenkreuz für Frontkämpfer on the 5th of December 1934

 * Clasp to the Iron Cross
 * 2nd Class on 27 May 1940
 * 1st Class on 30 May 1940

 * German Cross in Gold on 24 May 1942 as Oberst im Generalstab in AOK 11
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (N 2611) on 30 January 1944 as Generalleutnant and Chief of the Generalstab of Heeresgruppe Süd
 * Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (25 January 1966)

Books by Busse

 * "Kursk: The German View" by Steven H. Newton. The first part of the book goes to a new translation of a study of Operation Citadel (the great tank battle of Kursk) edited by General Theodor Busse, which offers the perspectives of key tank, infantry, and air commanders.

title: Theodor Busse


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Balsamic vinegar

Balsamic vinegar (aceto balsamico) is a dark, concentrated, intensely flavoured vinegar originating in Modena, Italy, made wholly or partially from grape must: freshly crushed grape juice with all the skins, seeds and stems.

The term aceto balsamico is unregulated, but there are three protected balsamic vinegars: Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena DOP (traditional balsamic vinegar of Modena), Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Reggio Emilia DOP (traditional balsamic vinegar of Reggio Emilia), and Aceto Balsamico di Modena IGP (balsamic vinegar of Modena). The two traditional balsamic vinegars are made the same way from reduced grape must aged for several years in a series of wooden barrels, and are produced exclusively in either the provinces of Modena or Reggio Emilia. The names of these two vinegars are protected by the European Union's protected designation of origin, while the usually less expensive balsamic vinegar of Modena (aceto balsamico di Modena) is made from grape must blended with wine vinegar and produced exclusively in either Modena or Reggio Emilia, with a protected geographical indication status.

Etymology
The Italian word balsamico (from Latin balsamum, from Greek βάλσαμον, bálsamon) means "balsam-like" in the sense of "restorative" or "curative"; cf. English "balm". Ultimately from Ancient Hebrew-Phoenician "בשׂם" (bāśām or besem, IPA [baːˈɬaːm]), the name means "perfume or spice", with the consonant sequence of the letter 'λ' and 'σ' deriving from Ancient Greek to pronounce the שׂ (ś) sound, sounding back then as [ɬ].

History
Historically, in the region of Modena and Reggio, the vinegars produced in the houses were made more pleasant by flavouring them with herbs, liquorice, rosemary, roses, vanilla, or by producing them with different raw materials (trebbiano, moscato...) or procedures, creating over the centuries a widespread fame for "Modena-style vinegars".

In the registers of the cellars of the Ducal Palace of Modena, located in Rubiera, the adjective "balsamic" appeared for the first time in 1747 to distinguish a particular type from the many others present in the palace. . In 1830 this definition was further enriched, so that the vinegars present at the Court were divided into "balsamic", "semi-balsamic", "fine" and "common".

With the birth of the Italian State (1860), the awakening of the markets gradually aroused more and more interest in Balsamic vinegar, and considerable historical and bibliographical research was also carried out on this product, which was quite successful. At the end of the 19th century, the Balsamic Vinegar of Modena began to appear at the most important exhibitions, creating great interest not only locally but also internationally.

From a regulatory point of view, the first ministerial authorization to produce 'Balsamic Vinegar of Modena' dates back to 1933. After World War II, the economic boom led some producers, like Telesforo Fini and the Monari-Federzoni family, to market a different product under the name "Balsamic Vinegar," which was a mix with wine vinegar for daily use. This made balsamic vinegar common on Italian tables and began its spread to foreign countries.

Further regulations on the use of the term 'balsamic vinegar' were established in 1965 (Presidential Decree 162/1965), and the first production regulations for 'Balsamic Vinegar of Modena' were created (Ministerial Decree of December 12, 1965). In 1976, to distinguish traditional production methods from industrial ones, the term "natural" balsamic vinegar was adopted, later changed to "traditional" due to legislative requirements.

Classifications
There are three protected types of balsamic vinegar:

 * Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena DOP
 * Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Reggio Emilia DOP
 * Aceto Balsamico di Modena IGP

Many products contain Aceto Balsamico di Modena IGP as an ingredient, such as glazes and other condiments.

"Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena DOP" and "traditional balsamic vinegar of Reggio Emilia DOP"

Only two consortia produce true traditional balsamic vinegar, that of Modena and neighbouring Reggio Emilia. True balsamic vinegar is made from a reduction of pressed Trebbiano and Lambrusco grapes. The resulting thick syrup, called mosto cotto in Italian, is subsequently aged for a minimum of 12 years in a battery of several barrels of successively smaller sizes. The casks are made of different woods such as chestnut, cherry, oak, mulberry, ash and juniper. True balsamic vinegar is rich, glossy, deep brown, and has a complex flavour that balances the natural sweet and sour elements of the cooked grape juice with hints of wood from the casks.

Reggio Emilia designates the different ages of their balsamic vinegar (aceto balsamico tradizionale di Reggio Emilia) by label colour. A red label means the vinegar has been aged for at least 12 years, a silver label that the vinegar has aged for at least 18 years, and a gold label designates that the vinegar has aged for 25 years or more.

Modena uses a different system to indicate the age of its balsamic vinegars (aceto balsamico tradizionale di Modena). A white-coloured cap means the vinegar has aged for at least 12 years and a gold cap bearing the designation extravecchio ("extra-old") shows the vinegar has aged for 25 years or more.

Balsamic Vinegar of Modena

These commercial-grade products imitate the traditional product. They are made of as little as 20% grape must (and not necessarily from Modena or Reggio Emilia), with the addition of wine vinegar, colouring, caramel, and sometimes thickeners like guar gum or cornflour to artificially simulate the sweetness and thickness of the aged aceto balsamico tradizionale di Modena. IGP status requires a minimum ageing period of two months, not necessarily in wooden barrels, rising to three years when labelled as invecchiato (aged). As the manufacturing process is highly industrialized, the output of a medium-sized producer may be hundreds of litres per day. In 2009, the European Commission inserted the Balsamic Vinegar of Modena (aceto balsamico di Modena) designation in the register of IGP productions.

Condimenti that used the term balsamic
Condimento ("dressing") balsamic vinegars may be labeled as condimento balsamico, salsa balsamica or salsa di mosto cotto. For those products, there is a risk of creating confusion among consumers looking for the original Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PGI, the two different Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PDO, and Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Reggio Emilia PDO.

Condimento balsamic vinegar may be made in any of the following ways:

 * Made by producers of both Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PGI or Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena/Reggio Emilia PDO, by using the PGI or PDO as an ingredient. For those products, the use of the PGI and PDO as an ingredient must be clearly reported, i.e. "glaze with Aceto Balsamico di Modena IGP". The Consortium must approve the label and the use of the PGI's/PDO's name.
 * Made by the same method as the vinegars, but by producers outside Modena and Reggio Emilia provinces and not made under consortium supervision. No reference to the PDO/PGI can be made for those products, and they cannot use the geographical names Modena or Reggio Emilia.

As there are no official standards or labelling systems to designate condimento balsamic vinegar, it can be hard to tell their quality based on the packaging alone.

Traditional processes

Traditional balsamic vinegar is produced from the juice of just-harvested white grapes (typically, Trebbiano grapes) boiled down to reach a minimum sugar concentration of 30% (brix) or more in the must, which is then fermented with a slow ageing process which further concentrates the flavours. The flavour intensifies over the years, with the vinegar being stored in wooden casks, becoming sweet, viscous and very concentrated. During this period, a portion evaporates: it is said that this is the "angels' share", a term also used in the production of bourbon whiskey, Scotch whisky, wine and other alcoholic beverages.

None of the product may be withdrawn until the end of the minimum aging period of 12 years. At the end of the aging period (12, 18 or 25 years), a small portion is drawn from the smallest cask, and each cask is then topped up with the contents of the preceding (next larger) cask. Freshly reduced cooked must is added to the largest cask, and in every subsequent year, the drawing and topping up process is repeated. This process where the product is distributed from the oldest cask and then refilled from the next oldest vintage cask is called solera or in perpetuum.

Uses

In Emilia-Romagna, tradizionale vinegar is most often served in drops on top of chunks of Parmesan and mortadella as an antipasto. It is also used sparingly to enhance steaks, eggs, or grilled fish, as well as on fresh fruit such as strawberries and pears and on plain crema (custard) gelato. It is fairly commonly used as a dressing for caprese or more typical salads. Tradizionale vinegar may be sipped from a tiny glass to conclude a meal.

Contemporary chefs use both Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PDO and Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PGI sparingly in simple dishes where the balsamic vinegar's complex tastes are highlighted, using it to enhance dishes like scallops or shrimp, or on simple pastas and risotti.

title: Balsamic vinegar


text:
St Mellons

St Mellons (Llaneirwg) is a district and suburb of eastern Cardiff, the capital city of Wales. Prior to 1996 St Mellons was the name given to the community largely north of Newport Road (B4487) which included the old St Mellons village. After 1996 the old community was divided and renamed as Old St Mellons and Pontprennau, with the newer, much larger area of modern housing and business parks to the south of Newport Road retaining the St Mellons name. Historically in Monmouthshire, St Mellons became part of South Glamorgan and Cardiff in 1974.

History
St Mellons village began as a small commercial centre in the historic county of Monmouthshire, relying heavily on rural agriculture, farming and travel. Owners of coach houses or coaching inns would cater for travellers using Newport Road, the old Roman Road between Cardiff and London.

St Mellons became a community (the lowest tier of local government) and part of the city of Cardiff district of South Glamorgan under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974. The St Mellons community was divided and renamed in 1996: Old St Mellons was created from the eastern part (largely the Old St Mellons ward). The remaining part of the St Mellons community became Pontprennau.

When people refer to St Mellons today, they are often not talking about the historic St Mellons, but the considerably larger and more modern housing estate which has been built to the south and east. The newer estate has retained the name 'St Mellons'. Many buildings in Old St Mellons date back to the 19th century while the vast majority of buildings in St Mellons were built in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Vaendre Hall off Vaendre Close was built in 1850 for the industrialist John Cory, it sits on a 4 acre estate, having been sold with 18 acres in 1893. It is bordered by St Mellons golf course.

Origins of the name
The English name St Mellons is believed to be derived from the 6th-century Saint Melaine who became Bishop of Rennes in Brittany, rather than the more legendary 4th-century Mellonius, Bishop of Rouen. One of these bishops is known to have been born and brought up in the area where the estate now exists, though stories of the two have become hopelessly confused in many biographies over the years leaving historians unsure as to which is which.

The Welsh translation of St Mellons is Llaneirwg which is made up of Llan, a Welsh word meaning 'enclosure', and the personal-name Eirwg or Eurwg. Wales was originally evangelised by Celtic monks whose practice was to move into an area, and erect small premises within a fenced area - 'the enclosure'. From here they continued their work and subsequently a church would be erected on the site. The extent of the missionary activity in Wales is shown by the number of place names beginning with 'Llan' which is generally followed by the name of the missionary monk who founded the church in that place. In the case of LLaneirwg,'Eurwg' is the name of a mythical King of Gwent. Eurwg is said to have lived on the hill at St Mellons during the Romano-British era, he and his people were converted to Christianity and baptised in the nearby Rhymney River. Eurwg's church was erected near the site of the former church of 1360 and the area has since been known as Llaneirwg, literally "Church of Eirwg/Eurwg".

Governance
The modern St Mellons is included in the Trowbridge community and electoral ward which currently has three seats on Cardiff Council.

St Mellons (or Trowbridge) does not have a community council and the area falls outside the boundaries of Old St Mellons Community Council.

The area
The modern St Mellons is included in the Trowbridge community and electoral ward (Old St Mellons combines with neighbouring Pontprennau to become a Pontprennau & Old St Mellons ward). The 2001 Census put the population of Trowbridge as 14,801, the 4th most populated ward in Cardiff. Located on the eastern edge of Cardiff, St Mellons is bordered by the unitary authority of Newport.

Facilities
The area is home to two major retail complexes. The largest features a Tesco petrol station and superstore, which hit the headlines in January 2010 when it banned customers from shopping in their nightwear and a parade of small retail units including a hairdresser, solicitor, betting shop, dentist, fish & chip takeaway and newsagent.

The other complex, located approximately one mile away, has among others, two previously empty supermarket units which once belonged to Hyper Value and Kwik Save until both companies went into liquidation in 2006 and 2007.

There are a number of sports and leisure facilities dotted around the district, including floodlit outdoor courts, playing fields and children's play parks (at least two children's play areas had the equipment removed and nature took over)as well as community centres (now demolished), a bowls club (now demolished), job centre and St Mellons Library. There is also Hendre Lake Park; a park and man-made lake popular with local fishermen situated near the mainline railway.

 The Beacon Centre

Toward the south of the estate there is the Beacon Centre which is a community centre created in the early 2000s. The centre runs a large variety of groups and events for the community. The centre is home to the Beacon Church, an Elim Pentecostal church.

 Shops and public houses

In Old St Mellons there is a Texaco petrol station, newsagent and convenience store, fish & chip shop, and hairdresser. The Post Office closed in 2009. There are also four public houses situated in close proximity along Newport Road: The Church Inn, The Poachers Arms, Ty'r Winch and The Fox & Hounds (widely believed to be one of the oldest pubs in Cardiff). These establishments were able to gain extra business on weekends by exploiting the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881. The act prohibited the sale of alcohol in Welsh establishments on the Sabbath, but St Mellons was in the ancient county of Monmouthshire where the act did not take effect until 1921.

 * Public houses in Old St Mellons

Education
St Mellons has 5 state primary schools: Meadowlane Primary, Bishop Childs Church in Wales Primary, Oakfield Primary, Willowbrook Primary and St. Mellons Church in Wales Primary. It also has a private school, St John's College, Cardiff, amongst the best performing schools in Wales, based on results. The building and surrounding fields were part of the Ty-to-Maen convalescent house, which only closed in the 1970s. The surrounding land was sold off for housing in the late 1990s following the death of the house's former owner William Nicholls, who now has a street on the estate named after him.

There are no learning institutions in this suburb for secondary, tertiary or higher education students (other than for fee-payers at St John's College). Two secondary schools in the Rumney/Llanrumney area nearby, Eastern High School and St Illtyd's Catholic High School (St. Illtyd's also admits non-Catholics), mop up most secondary school pupils, who are expected to travel by bus or car to these establishments from St Mellons (at their own expense). Proposals in former years for a secondary school in the Tesco/Cath Cobb Woods area have been abandoned and strategically forgotten about.

Tertiary education is offered nearby at the Cardiff and Vale College, Rumney or St David's Catholic College, Cyncoed (which also admits non-Catholics).

Business park
The St Mellons Business Park is a collection of large scale business parks located on low-lying land east of St Mellons considered to be Cardiff's green belt. It has a vast number of factories and office units which have been (or are still) occupied by such companies as Capita, Gilesports, TBI, and Lloyds TSB. A number of roads in and around the business parks are named after computer programming languages, namely Pascal, COBOL and Fortran.

Conservation area
Old St Mellons has been deemed an area of special architectural or historical interest and lies in a conservation area which Cardiff County Council first adopted in 1977. The area was reassessed and updated in July 2007 to cover a smaller land area. A number of Grade II listed buildings lie inside the boundary of the conservation area including the Church Inn and Poachers Arms public houses, St Johns College, and the two churches.

Coastal defences
Much of the newer estates were built on the Wentloog Levels, areas of low-lying farmland which regularly became flooded until they were reclaimed from the sea during Roman times. A system of drainage reens and sluice gates together with a seawall which runs from the River Usk in the east to the Rhymney River in the west protect the area from the risk of coastal flooding as the land is still only a few metres above sea level.

Wildlife
Despite large scale development, a lot of wildlife can still be seen especially to the eastern fringe: foxes, rabbits, grey squirrels, buzzards, herons, egrets, moorhens, swans, mallards, green woodpeckers and many other birds are a common sight.

Hendre Lakes Development
Hendre Lakes Business Park is a large commercial property scheme proposed on land to the east of St Mellons by Cardiff Parkway Developments. Other investors in the project include Investec and the Welsh Government, which has a 10% equity stake.

The offices and other proposed facilities would be served by a new Cardiff Parkway train station as well as park and ride facilities.

Subject to planning, work on both projects is expected to start with the station and a first phase of 300,000 sq ft of 900,000 sq ft of development at Cardiff Hendre Lakes, completed in 2023.

Roads
Main roads have a 30 mph speed limit, except for a section of Newport Road which is 40 mph. There are no permanent speed cameras and very few speed bumps, pedestrian crossings or traffic lights. A number of road-related deaths in recent years has led to residents campaigning that these traffic calming measures be implemented before more lives are lost. In late 2008, Cardiff Council began implementing new traffic calming measures outside the primary schools, including zebra crossings and speed bumps.

The area is located next to Junction 29a of the A48 (M)/Eastern Avenue Junction, where the A48 continues eastbound through Coedkernew and the A48(M) rejoins the M4.

Proposed M4 relief road
Plans are in place to utilise the area's motorway links by creating a new dual carriageway. The St Mellons / Wentloog Link road would become part of the Cardiff Ring Road, crossing the railway line to serve the existing freight terminal and industrial land built on the Wentloog Levels.

The plans, however, are not without objection from local residents who fear their health, safety and the value of their homes will be affected. The road is planned to be built in low-lying marsh land, which is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

Buses
Cardiff Bus services 30, 44 and 45 serve the area. Services run frequently between the area and Cardiff City Centre.

Rail
There is no local railway station, despite Hendre Lake park being adjacent to the Freight Terminal Port, situated along the main line between Cardiff and Newport. The nearest main line station is Cardiff Central.

In July 2017, Transport Secretary Chris Grayling gave his backing to a privately financed £25 million station at St Mellons, to be known as Cardiff Parkway and opening by February 2020.

title: St Mellons


text:
User talk:David Fell

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You pegged it on the Jack Ryan article. I hope you enjoy it here, and feel free to ask me if you need any help. Best wishes, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 13:22, 2004 Jul 22 (UTC)

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title: User talk:David Fell


text:
Caerau

Caerau may refer to:
 * Caerau, Anglesey, a hamlet on Anglesey, north Wales
 * Caerau, Bridgend, a village near Maesteg, south Wales
 * Caerau F.C., Maesteg
 * Caerau railway station
 * Caerau (Bridgend electoral ward), an electoral ward in Maesteg, Wales
 * Caerau, Cardiff, a district (and electoral ward) of the city of Cardiff, Wales

title: Caerau


text:
User talk:Alien life form

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title: User talk:Alien life form


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Evolutionary psychology of rape

Evolutionary psychology of rape was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep.

Seems irredeemably non-NPOV. Exploding Boy 15:43, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * What, the title? - David Gerard 16:16, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No, the content. By the way, I didn't post this here, I just voted on it.  Exploding Boy 16:21, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in present form. I see its had a lot of recent work. Article looks OK to me. Doesn't appear to me to be advocating or condoning rape, but reporting (neutrally?) on theories that attempt to give an adaptive explanation of the persistence of this behavior. Topic is identified as controversial. References are given, including one by David Barash, a name I recognize as that of a respectable mainstream biologist. Unless the article is misrepresenting the content of the references, I don't see a problem. Be better when the "criticisms" section is written. Dpbsmith 16:26, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: This is the solution to the prior VfD debate on "sexual origins of rape," I believe.  Consensus there seemed to be that an "Evolutionary psychology of" would satisfy most objections.  As it is reporting on an inherently POV theory but doing so in a neutral manner, I think it should stay, esp. since the article is clear that this is theoretical.  Agreed that an "objections" sect. should be there & will improve it. Geogre 17:41, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Article is well written and does not seem particularly non-NPOV to me. Has arguments of both proponents and critics listed. --Costyn 17:59, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - has been much improved. A good example of wikipedia give-and-take. - DavidWBrooks 18:01, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The outrageousness of a theory, in and of itself, does not mean that an article describing what proponents of that theory believe should necessarily be deleted.  There can be a fine line at times, but I don't believe this crosses it.  --Daniel C. Boyer 18:05, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a legitimate but controversial theory.  I think there still could be some more NPOV work done to it, as many of the "observations" noted are questioned themselves, but on the whole, well done.  Postdlf 00:58, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not perfect but never will be. Important that we report this aspect of the debate. Andrewa 06:43, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Michaelston-super-Ely

Michaelston-super-Ely (Llanfihangel-ar-Elai ; meaning: llan church + Mihangel Saint Michael + Elai River Ely) is a village, to the west of the city of Cardiff, Wales.

It is approximately half a mile from the boundary with the Vale of Glamorgan. To the north lies the village of St Fagans, and to the east the Ely estate. The community of Michaelston-super-Ely was joined with St Fagans in 1968.

The historic St Michael's Church was decommissioned in 2010. It is a Grade II* listed building dating from the late 12th or early 13th-century.

title: Michaelston-super-Ely


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Traditional counties of England

Traditional counties of England
Self nom. This article has been the subject of huge disputes in the past, with it being more of an argument than an article. Getting involved led me to do a lot of research, and after a while thinking about it, I've refactored it entirely - with the agreement of one of the people on the other side of the argument. Morwen - Talk 15:03, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a nice article, but the past editorial instability is a worry. I'd really like to see it stay relatively stable for a while, say a week or two, to show that the warring factions really can settle for the present version, structure and wording. Call this support if it's not warred over for a week ;-) - David Gerard 15:18, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely support, it's a fantastic article; I've gone to it several times over the last month or so and amn't sure why it's never occurred to me to nom it myself. -- OwenBlacker 15:33, Jun 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Interesting, detailed article.  It's much better article than it was a month or two ago thanks to Morwen's work on it, and seems to satisfy those on the other side of the argument. Warofdreams 15:48, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. -- pne 14:13, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. Good article! Yet:1) Can we incorporate the abbreviations list into the previous list of counties? 2) The "Names and Statuses" section might be better placed at the end of the list of counties, rather than a separate section; the sentences in that section are quite disjointed, but might work well as footnotes to the list. 3) It would be helpful to define "enclave" and "exclave" within this article.  4) Unusual colon style "lastword_:_" ('_' is a space); does the Manual of Style specify what we should do? "lastword:_" is more common.  5) Logically, it seems that the "Origin" section should come earlier in the article. -- Matt 16:44, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) no - because then the numbered list of counties and the map will have trouble fitting on one screen neatly. I tried this is didn't work out.
 * 2) yes, can do.
 * 3) ok
 * 4) will look into ;)
 * 5) ok
 * Morwen - Talk 17:01, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * regarding 1) (the abbreviations); I can see it's tricky. The map won't fit neatly anyway at certain resolutions and font sizes (the map starts going off screen at around 1000px at my usual reading font size). Surely there's some way of getting the information in neatly without having to have a separate abbreviations list? -- Matt 17:14, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, please feel free to suggestion one. I really can't see a way to do it.  Possibly the info could be moved to Postal counties of the United Kingdom as they are mostly postal abbreviations.  Morwen - Talk 17:22, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Would scaling down the image help (keeping the numbers visible, of course)? (Sorry, I'm not much of a layout guru). -- Matt 17:28, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've had a play around, and I think Morwen's right - merging the abbreviations into the map section just isn't going to work very well, sadly. Scaling down the image probably won't work too well, either... Moving to the postal-codes article is possible, I suppose, but they are perhaps rather less useful out of context. James F. (talk) 17:45, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Most of the abbrevs are quite dull, so I've summarised the interesting ones into a short paragraph. Morwen - Talk 17:53, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Right, I've rather boldly marked this Uncontested, since (1) is now moot.
 * Support. James F. (talk) 17:45, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * An excellent article, but certain minor typography-related objections: 1. Single quotation marks are used; they should, per Wiki policy, be replaced by double quotation marks. 2. Furthermore, one should use em dashes instead of hyphens surrounded by spaces. 3. My only "substantive" objection relates to the section "The counties." We mention the use of "shire" and "County of," but it appears that no explanation is given for the special usage "County Durham." -- Emsworth 21:28, Jul 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * All done. Morwen - Talk 21:39, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Then I support the article entirely. -- Emsworth 22:37, Jul 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. 1) The lead section need dates (or rough periods in history) of when these counties arose and when other county systems partially superceded them. Likewise, the "origin" section needs some more specific dates and time periods for a reader to easily grasp the history. 2) Are "enclave" and "exclave" synonymous? (The article uses both). Also, "exclave" is defined twice; we only need to define it once -- the first time it's used in the article. 3) There's an unnumbered region on the map (near the Scotland border, next to "7" and "36"; should it be numbered? 4) Curiosity: why is Yorkshire such a large county? 5) What's the smallest county?  6) I'd query the usage of "worn down by erosion" -- is that the usual linguistic phrase? (Just querying) 7) The "Usage" section is quite long; could this be broken up somehow into slightly smaller chunks (e.g. subsections or two sections)? -- Matt 13:21, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) done. 2) we already have perfectly good articles about both those terms, i don't want to duplicate those articles here.  3) this is the detatched part of Lancashire mentioned.  4) 5) done.  6) done.  7) done.  Morwen - Talk 13:47, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks; would it be possible /desireable to add a "19" label to Furness (presumably in the sea, but with a line connecting it)? -- Matt 14:14, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Already done. Try force-reload to get the new image.  Morwen - Talk 14:15, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, great -- thanks.
 * Support. -- Matt 14:22, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. I've done some cleaning, but nothing major. Markalexander100 07:13, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Pentrebane

Pentrebane (Pentre-Baen) is a district in the west of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is part of the Fairwater community.

Description
Pentrebane was built in the 1960s on agricultural land to the northwest of Fairwater. The newer estate sits on the top of the hill overlooking Fairwater and Llandaff, and on the cusp of St. Fagans and the Vale of Glamorgan. To the north of the suburb lies the route of the former Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway and is served by Fairwater railway station.

There are three primary schools in close proximity to each other: Holy Family R.C. Primary, Pentrebane Primary and Ysgol Coed Y Gof. A Roman Catholic secondary school, Bishop Hannon was built in Pentrebane in the 1960s but demolished around 1987 to make way for housing (on what is now called Bell Fields).

Governance
Pentrebance falls within the Fairwater electoral ward for elections to Cardiff Council.

Notable people
The Wales footballer Ryan Giggs grew up living with his grandparents in Pentrebane.

title: Pentrebane


text:
Gilbert Parent

Gilbert "Gib" Parent (July 25, 1935 – March 3, 2009) was a Canadian member of Parliament. He is best known in his role as speaker of the House of Commons of Canada between 1994 and 2001.

Parent was born on July 25, 1935, in Mattawa, Ontario, and his janitor father, a Mattawa-born Metis, moved the young family to Welland, Ontario. He went to St. Joseph's College on a football scholarship, and earned a teaching certificate from the Ontario College of Education.

Prior to his election to the House of Commons, he worked as a teacher and was vice-principal at Thorold Secondary School.

Political career
Parent was elected to Parliament six times as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada. He was first elected in the 1974 election representing the riding of St. Catharines. He was re-elected in the 1979, 1980. Parent was defeated in the 1984 election as Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative Party swept to power, but regained his seat four years later in 1988, and was re-elected in the 1993 and 1997 elections.

His riding's name was subsequently changed to Welland, then Welland—St. Catharines—Thorold and finally Niagara Centre. Under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, Parent served, at different times between 1977 and 1981, as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Veterans Affairs, to the Minister of Labour and to the Minister of State (Sports).

Parent was first elected Speaker in January 1994. In the House, Parent was forced into the challenge of presiding over a five-party Parliament that resulted from the emergence of the Bloc Québécois and the Reform Party. Upon being re-elected to the position in September 1997, he told the Montreal Gazette that he expected the different voices in Parliament, informed by strong opinions on all sides, would make the House the lively place it should be.

Parent died at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto at the age of 73 of pneumonia while recovering from colon cancer surgery. He is survived by his brothers, Gerald Parent and Romeo Parent, wife of 39 years, Joan Parent (née Davis), their 4 daughters, Michele (Dave) Hundertmark, Monique (John) Finley, Madeleine (Mark) Thomas, and Terri (Sandro) Perruzza and 13 grandchildren, and partner Sandra Page, 2 daughters and 1 grandchild.

Electoral record

 * Liberal
 * PARENT, Gilbert
 * align="right"|25,534
 * 53.97%

 * Reform
 * JOHNSTONE, Don
 * align="right"| 11,901
 * 25.15%

 * Progressive Conservative
 * ST. AMAND, Terry
 * align="right"| 5,472
 * 11.56%

 * New Democratic Party
 * DOBRUCKI, Rob
 * align="right"|3,737
 * 7.89%

 * Natural Law
 * AMOS, Laureen
 * align="right"|311
 * 0.66%

 * Abolitionist
 * DOUCET, Leonard
 * align="right"|64
 * 0.14%

 * Liberal
 * PARENT, Gilbert
 * align="right"|17,878

 * Progressive Conservative
 * PIETZ, Allan
 * align="right"|16,287

 * New Democratic Party
 * LEE, Ken
 * align="right"|12,646

 * No affiliation
 * WALKER, Ron
 * align="right"|71

 * Communist
 * WALLIS, David
 * align="right"|57

Archives
There is a Gilbert Parent fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Gilbert Parent


text:
User talk:RockNRoll

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:RockNRoll


text:
Pontcanna

is an inner-city district and community in the west of Cardiff, Wales. It is located adjecent to Canton, Cardiff. It is also located a short distance to the city centre, and its borders are approximately indicated by Western Avenue, the River Taff, Cowbridge Road East and Llandaff Road.

Description
Pontcanna is an area of wide tree-lined streets and large houses. It is a relatively wealthy area with numerous cafes and independent retailers centred on Pontcanna Street and Cathedral Road. There is both a large English-born population (roughly 25%) and a smaller Welsh-speaking population (roughly 20%). The area was formerly home to the television studios of TWW, Teledu Cymru, HTV and S4C's headquarters; the BBC's Broadcasting House was nearby in Llandaff.

Many of the larger villas (particularly on Cathedral Road) have been converted into flats, guest houses or business premises. Located on the edge of Cardiff city centre, Pontcanna gives easy access to the centre for professionals, as well as access via the Gabalfa Interchange to the A48(M) motorway.

History
The name Pontcanna stems from Pont Canna Farm, which in turn was named after a bridge across the Whitehouse Brook, a one-time tributary of the River Taff which ran between Llandaff Fields and Riverside. The bridge is believed to have stood near the junction of what, today, are Teilo Street and Cathedral Road. The bridge was removed (and the brook covered up) in 1896. Saint Canna is said to have been a 6th-century saint, although there is little early evidence of her existence.

What is nowadays Pontcanna was almost completely open farmland until the late nineteenth century. The main route, Cathedral Road, was previously known as Pontcanna Lane, running between Plasturton Farm in the south and Pontcanna Farm to the north. In 1854 Sophia, widow of the 2nd Marquess of Bute began to finance the creation of a 41-acre garden on the site of Plasturton Farm, next to the River Taff and Cardiff Bridge. This is now a public amenity known as Sophia Gardens and was a catalyst for the development of Pontcanna.

Between 1885 and 1900 the large villas along Cathedral Road were constructed. Plasturton Avenue and Plasturton Gardens were then added at the turn of the twentieth century.

A large synagogue, designed by Delissa Joseph of London, was constructed and opened at the south end of Cathedral Road in 1896–7. After Cardiff's Jewish community had largely moved to the suburbs, it was closed in 1989. It has been converted into luxury offices.

A chapel belonging to the Presbyterian Church of Wales, designed by Edgar G.C. Down of Cardiff, was built at the north end of Cathedral Road in 1903. It has since ceased to be a chapel and has been subdivided into office accommodation.

In 1951 the Sophia Gardens Pavilion was opened. This was a major entertainment venue for the city, hosting top stars such as Danny Kaye and Tommy Steele. In 1982 the roof collapsed after a heavy snow storm and the Pavilion was closed.

Some of the large villas along Cathedral Road have been replaced by modern office buildings. For example, No.8 Cathedral Road was rebuilt in the 1970s to create offices for Alex Gordon & Partners, architects of Transport House (see below).

Transport House, prominently located at the south end of Cathedral Road, was designed by the Alex Gordon Partnership and opened in 1978. It is 5 storeys in height, constructed using pre-cast concrete panels. It is the headquarters for the Wales TUC and other trade union organisations.

Parks and leisure facilities
Sophia Gardens and Pontcanna Fields form a large strip of parkland between Pontcanna and the River Taff. Pontcanna Fields was acquired by the Cardiff Council from the 5th Marquis of Bute in 1947. The parkland includes the Cardiff City Riding School, football pitches and allotments.

Plasturton Gardens is a small public park between Plasturton Avenue and Plasturton Place.

The SWALEC Stadium (home to Glamorgan County Cricket Club) and the Sport Wales National Centre are located on Sophia Close, just north of Sophia Gardens Park.

Government
Pontcanna is part of the Cardiff electoral ward of Riverside, and in the Cardiff West UK parliamentary constituency.

In 2016 Pontcanna became a local government community in its own right, having previously been part of the Riverside community. However, it does not have a community council.

title: Pontcanna


text: Category:Catalan universities

title: Category:Catalan universities