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Soloflex

Soloflex refers to both the Soloflex exercise machine and to Soloflex, Inc., the company that created and produces it. Instead of pulleys, the Soloflex used an elastomer Weightstrap made of heavy-duty rubber to create variable resistance. The company started out as Bucksteel Mfg in Roswell, New Mexico, in a small plant on the old Army Air Force base south of town. It is now based in Hillsboro, Oregon.

History
Soloflex, Inc. was established in 1978 by Jerry Wilson. The idea behind the weight straps came from Jerry's days flying small airplanes. The resistance on the plane's controls came from the bungee cord. Jerry used this idea to create the Weightstraps that provide enough resistance to equal large amounts of free weight.

In 1980, the company relocated to Hillsboro, Oregon. After the move to Oregon, Bucksteel changed its name to Soloflex. The company then used model Scott Madsen in an infomercial to promote their product. By 1984, the company's sales had grown to $18 million annually. Over time, several additions to the machine were made, such as butterfly attachments and leg extensions. The newest product addition is the Soloflex Whole Body Vibration (WBV) Platform. Vibrating while you are lifting weights is thought to magnify the conditioning effects to help promote faster muscle growth.

Products
Soloflex home gym machines use an elastic element to provide resistance. The product also comes with an instructional DVD.

Soloflex's WBV Platform made news in July 2007 for a Consumer Reports review that demonstrated it had been using claims from research that may not apply to their machine. "At press time, even the research on its Website involved competitors' products and lab machines. Some research suggests that certain vibrating machines might help improve strength and balance, but our experts said it's unclear whether the Soloflex would. Its vibration levels differ from those studied."

Soloflex disputed the article's comments on burning calories, but did not comment on other claims.

As of April 29, 2023, the Soloflex website was shut down and an email sent from the company confirmed they are shutting down operations

title: Soloflex


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User:Gary-gaz

Hello.

I am into all things to do with building and construction, especially, the 'discipline' of construction management.

I hope that I can make some useful contributions to this excellent knowledge facility over time.

Gary

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gary-gaz


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Obed River

Obed River is a stream draining a part of the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee. It, and particularly its tributaries, are important streams for whitewater enthusiasts.

The Obed River rises in Cumberland County, Tennessee, just south of Crossville. It is bridged by U.S. Highway 70 between downtown Crossville and the municipal airport, and meets its confluence with the Little Obed River near a bridge on U.S. Highway 70N and an abandoned railroad bridge which was formerly part of the rail system linking Nashville and Knoxville. Shortly thereafter, it is bridged by U.S. Highway 127 and Interstate 40. Except during periods of very high flow, the stream is scarcely visible from these bridges because of the depth of its gorge.

Obed Wild and Scenic River
From there the stream enters a rather remote area. After several miles it is bridged by State Route 298 (Genesis Road). From this point to its mouth it is designated as a National Wild and Scenic River along with Clear Creek and Daddys Creek. The area is maintained by the National Park Service.

The direction of flow changes gradually from largely south to north to largely west to east. Shortly after crossing into Morgan County it receives the flow of Daddys Creek, which is a good whitewater rafting stream. Downstream from this is the mouth of Clear Creek. This stream is also part of the Obed River "Wild and Scenic" designation; like Daddys Creek, it too is a premiere whitewater stream during periods of high flow.

Amenities
The National Park Service maintains a visitor center located at 208 North Maiden Street in Wartburg. They also maintain the Rock Creek Campground and the Nemo Picnic Area.

Emory River confluence
Several miles below the mouth of Clear Creek is the confluence with the Emory River. Although the Obed River is the larger of the two, the river takes the name of the Emory River below the confluence.

title: Obed River


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Category:Science fiction magazines

The term science fiction magazine is used here in its usual sense for magazines which contain mostly written science fiction (short stories, serialisations of novels etc.) It is not normally used to describe magazines mainly or entirely of criticism or media related material (see Category:Science fiction-related magazines), nor comics (see Category:Comic books), nor for amateur magazines (see Category:Science fiction fanzines); however, by long tradition, magazines of written fantasy are so described.

title: Category:Science fiction magazines


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User:J. Passepartout

At your service.

title: User:J. Passepartout


text:
Northumberland Park railway station

Northumberland Park railway station is on the Lea Valley line that forms part of the West Anglia Main Line, serving the ward of Northumberland Park in Tottenham, north London. It is 6 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Tottenham Hale and Meridian Water. Its three-letter station code is NUM and it is in Travelcard zone 3. It is one of the stations that can be used to access Tottenham Hotspur Stadium.

The station and all trains serving it are operated by Greater Anglia. The station was upgraded in 2017 to add an extra track and a new island platform. It had one of north London's few level crossings to its immediate north, but this was removed in the rebuilding of the station as a result of the STAR (Stratford to Angel Road) project. Northumberland Park Depot for the London Underground's Victoria line is sited adjacent to the station and it is close to Tottenham Hotspur Football Club.

History
Northumberland Park was opened on 1 April 1842 as a Halt on the Northern & Eastern Railway. The station was originally named Marsh Lane after the country lane to Tottenham Marshes on which it is situated.

The Northern and Eastern Railway was leased by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1844 who took over operation of the line. The line was initially laid to a gauge of but already this had been identified as non-standard and between 5 September and 7 October 1844 the whole network was re-laid to.

In June 1852 the station was renamed Park station.

The Eastern Counties Railway was taken over by the Great Eastern Railway in 1862.

In 1882 the line through the station became part of a major rail freight artery with the opening of the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway. This provided a link for the Great Eastern Railway from the coal fields in the north to London. This led to a second pair of running lines known as the Slow Lines (the ones that exist today - 2013 - are the old Fast Lines) being added in 1913.

In 1919 as well as the two sets of main lines there were some private sidings serving local industries including Tottenham Gas works. Adjacent to the station was a marshalling yard for goods traffic. The yard was under the control of the station master and had three reception sidings and fourteen sorting sidings. Its purpose was the servicing of the various lineside industries on the southern part of the Lea Valley Lines as well as the Enfield Town and Chingford Branch Line Chingford branch goods depots. Additionally it used to handle the perishable goods traffic as the policy was to keep this apart from more general traffic.

In 1923 operation passed to the London & North Eastern Railway and the station was renamed to its current title, Northumberland Park on 1 July 1923, this is also the name of the surrounding district, in Tottenham, North London.

On 7 January 1931 there was an accident at Northumberland Park when a coal train hit a shunting locomotive which was then propelled into a brake van of another freight train. This resulted in the brake van catching fire and the train guard was burnt to death.

The signal box (built 1914) was located near the level crossing and was raised up on stilts.

In 1940 during World War 2 an unexploded anti-aircraft shell fell on the adjacent marshalling yard.

Following nationalisation in 1948 the station became part of the Eastern Region of British Railways.

Around 1961 the marshalling yard was closed and the site used for the Northumberland Park Depot of London Underground's Victoria line. This is the only above ground location where Victoria line stock can be seen and the depot is joined to the main Victoria line at a junction north of Seven Sisters tube station.

The Lea Valley line between Copper Mill Junction and Cheshunt was electrified at 25 kV in 1969. The station was also rebuilt at this time with the work being completed in 1970. Prior to the completion of electrification in 1969, passenger services between Cheshunt and London Liverpool Street through Northumberland Park were normally operated by Class 125 diesel multiple units (which had been purpose-built for the line in 1958).

When Sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by Network SouthEast until the privatisation of British Rail.

The signal box (by this date only controlling the level crossing gates) was closed.

Recent history
Following privatisation in 1994 management of the station was initially allocated to a business unit which succeeded the old British Railways structure before being taken over by West Anglia Great Northern (WAGN) in January 1997. Initially owned by Prism Rail, National Express took over operation in July 2000. In 1994 responsibility for the operational infrastructure passed to Railtrack.

In August 2002 signalling control was transferred to the Liverpool Street Integrated Electronic Control Centre (IECC).

The WAGN franchise was replaced in 2003 by the 'One' franchise although this was later renamed National Express East Anglia.

The following year following financial difficulties Railtrack was superseded by Network Rail.

In February 2012 operation of the station changed once again with Abellio Greater Anglia taking over the Greater Anglia franchise.

In March 2017, following consultation with local authorities and the public, the decision was made to permanently close the ticket office at Northumberland Park. The station is now unmanned with assistance reached via station help points. The New Northumberland Park station will also be constructed without a ticket office.

Proposals and upgrade
In 2007 Haringey Council supported proposals for platforms for the Victoria line to be built at Northumberland Park. These would be to the east of the main line platforms between the main line and the Northumberland Park Depot. This was supported by the former Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. It is claimed that this would aid regeneration of the area, and that better transport links would have to be part of plans to increase capacity at White Hart Lane.

In February 2013, the Crossrail task force of business group London First, chaired by former Secretary of State for Transport Andrew Adonis, published its recommendations on Crossrail 2, favouring a route almost identical to the regional option proposed by TfL in 2011. The report was endorsed by Network Rail. If this happens it is likely that few if any main line trains will continue to call at Northumberland Park.

This proposal will see four tracks restored through Northumberland Park to Tottenham Hale and direct links via central London to the south west suburbs.

In 2017, as part of a £170m Lee Valley Rail Programme to build a 5.5 km new track between Stratford and a new Meridian Water railway station, the construction of a new island platform with lifts and a new footbridge at Northumberland Park started. The new platform accommodates the new third track allowing an additional two trains per hour to be operated. The level crossing for cars was closed and removed. The work was completed in 2019.

Connections
London Buses Routes 192, 318, 341, 476 and W3 serve the station.

Services
All services at Northumberland Park are operated by Greater Anglia. The typical off-peak service is: On Sundays, the hourly service between Stratford and Bishops Stortford does not run.
 * 3 tph to Stratford
 * 1 tph to Bishop's Stortford
 * 2 tph to Meridian Water

When there are events at the nearby Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, some Greater Anglia services to Cambridge, Hertford East (and sometimes Stansted Airport) make additional stops at this station.

title: Northumberland Park railway station


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Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée

The Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée (ACBD) (Association of Critics and Journalists of Comics) is a French association of comics, critics and journalists, who gave the Prix Bloody Mary from 1984 to 2003 and the Prix de la critique from 2004 until the present day. Since 2007 it gives the Prix Asie-ACBD during the Japan Expo. Every year the association publishes a report about the state of the comics industry in France.


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Otakhon Latifi

Otakhon Latifi (Tajik:Отахон Латифи) (March 18, 1936 – September 22, 1998) was a noted journalist and politician from Tajikistan.

Early life
He was born in the town of Pendjikent. Under the Soviet Union, he was both Pravda and Izvestiya ' s correspondent in Tajikistan at various times. He also served as head of the Union of Journalists of Tajikistan.

Career
Latifi branched into politics in 1989, becoming deputy chairman of the Tajik Council of Ministers. He became involved in the peace process that followed the country's bloody post-independence civil war. In 1992, he became Deputy Prime Minister, as part of Tajikistan's national reconciliation government.

Over time, Latifi became a prominent opposition figure, as a senior member in the United Tajik Opposition. This led to a period in exile in Tehran and Moscow between 1992 and 1997. While in Moscow, on August 4, 1994, Latifi was badly beaten outside his Moscow apartment, and key documents relating to the peace process were stolen.

On his return to Tajikistan in September 1997, he chaired the panel for legal issues under the National Reconciliation Commission, a role which he continued until his death.

Death
On September 22, 1998, at around 8am, Latifi was shot at point blank range outside his apartment in Dushanbe.

Legacy
His murder sparked condemnation from both the government and opposition, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the non-government organization Human Rights Watch. His death was also mentioned in Time Magazine.

The murder, which all parties to the conflict agreed was politically motivated, also resulted in the UTO's eventual suspension of their role in the government, temporarily bringing the peace process to the point of collapse.

There is still some speculation as to who killed Latifi. Crime figure Abdullo Tursunov was tried and found guilty in June 2000. However, two years before, in January 1998, another man, Ravshan Gafurov was captured by police, and promptly confessed. Gafurov was later killed by police after attempting to escape custody. Tajik police had also claimed that the murder, and several other similar killings, were linked to Islamic Renaissance Party Chairman Said Abdullo Nuri.

title: Otakhon Latifi


text:
Alaska (singer)

Olvido Gara Jova (born María Olvido Gara Jova, June 13, 1963), known professionally as Alaska, is a Mexican-Spanish singer, songwriter and actress. Dubbed the "Queen of La Movida", Alaska has been widely recognized for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting, and visual presentation. Alaska moved from Mexico to Spain in 1973 with her family. In Spain, she joined the group Kaka de Luxe as a guitarist, until 1979, when she became the vocalist and composer of Alaska y los Pegamoides, a group with which she reached her first number one thanks to "Bailando", acquiring great recognition nationally and in some Spanish-speaking countries. From 1983 onwards, she was the vocalist and composer of Alaska y Dinarama; a band with which she continued to release albums that reached widespread popularity. Many of her songs have reached number one in the music charts of several countries around the world; her biggest hits include songs such as "Perlas ensangrentadas", "Rey del Glam", "Cómo Pudiste Hacerme Esto a Mí", "Ni Tú Ni Nadie", "A Quién Le Importa", "La Funcionaria Asesina", "Mi Novio Es Un Zombi" and "Quiero Ser Santa".

Early life
Alaska was born in Mexico City on 13 June 1963. Her father, from Asturias, Spain, was in Mexico living in exile during the Spanish Civil War along with her Cuban mother, who was also living in Mexico in exile from Fidel Castro. In 1973, two years before dictator Francisco Franco died, her parents decided to move to Spain, settling in Madrid.

Alaska was a big fan of artists such as Lou Reed and T-Rex, but David Bowie was her biggest influence. She even told her mother that she would love to be a boy just so she could (as a boy) be gay.

At 14 she collaborated translating Robert Crumb's comic strips for a fanzine called Bazofia, using the pen name Alaska. She chose the name inspired by the lyrics of Reed's song "Caroline Says II" ("All her friends call her Alaska"/../"It's so cold in Alaska").

The birth of punk also had a big influence on the young Alaska, who soon decided to form a band. She went to El Rastro, a famous flea market in Madrid, looking for band members, where she met Nacho Canut and Carlos Berlanga.

1970s and 1980s

In 1977, Alaska along with Fernando Márquez, Nacho Canut, Carlos Berlanga and Enrique Sierra, among others, formed the band Kaka de Luxe, one of the first Spanish punk rock bands, where she played rhythm guitar. In 1979, Gara, Canut, Berlanga, Ana Curra and Eduardo Benavente formed the band Alaska y los Pegamoides. Alaska was lead singer for the first time with the group "Pegamoides". They took the name as a tribute to one of the bands they admired: Siouxsie and the Banshees. Due to some artistic differences, Carlos Berlanga left "Pegamoides", and with Nacho Canut they formed "Dinarama". At this time, Eduardo Benavente and Ana Curra were involved in Parálisis Permanente, one of the first goth bands in Spain. A few months after Carlos Berlanga left the band, "Pegamoides" split up. In 1982, Alaska joined "Dinarama" and the band released their first album in 1983 titled Canciones Profanas under the name Dinarama + Alaska. The band decided to use the name "Alaska y Dinarama" in their following album, Deseo carnal, and they kept the name until 1989. In 1989, Carlos Berlanga left "Alaska y Dinarama" in the middle of their tour of their last album Fan Fatal where all songs are tribute to the bands they loved and admired over the years: Ramones, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Michael Jackson, Depeche Mode, Aviador Dro, Parálisis Permanente, etc.

When "Alaska y Dinarama" split up, Nacho Canut and Alaska decide to call themselves "Fangoria". They changed their music style to electronic pop, in the style of Pet Shop Boys. They released their first album Salto Mortal with Hispavox, their record company since forming "Pegamoides". After that they left the company and released a trilogy with different independent companies: Un día cualquiera en Vulcano I, Un día cualquiera en Vulcano II and Un día cualquiera en Vulcano III. They did not play many concerts. It was during this period that Alaska became an icon for the LGBT community and became very active supporting Madrid Gay Pride.

Subterfuge, an important indie company released Fangoria's next album: Una Temporada en el Infierno, considered by some to be a masterpiece of electronic music. Fangoria started selling loads of CDs and the band became very popular. Another album with Subterfuge, Naturaleza muerta proved that Fangoria was an amazing electronic band and that Alaska was a fantastic performer. Some creative differences with Subterfuge forced Fangoria to leave its new recording label. In 2004, DRO (Warner) released their next album: Arquitectura Efímera.

In the late 1980s, Alaska was the host of a Spanish children's show on Televisión Española called La Bola de Cristal.

21st century
In 2005, Fangoria visited Mexico to promote their new album Arquitectura efímera. Alaska appeared on two sketches of Telehit's Desde Gayola (a Mexican parody show). In the first sketch, she appeared as herself in an interview with Tesorito, in the second one, she played the character of Galaxia (a DJ) with Supermana, Chef Ornica & Manigüis.

Since 2011, she starred as herself in the MTV Spain reality series Alaska y Mario, alongside her husband/manager Mario Vaquerizo.

Collaborations with other artists
In 1980, Alaska appeared as Bom in the Pedro Almodóvar film Pepi, Luci, Bom y otras chicas del montón. She has also had cameo roles in films like Airbag, Más que amor, frenesí, etc.

Alaska has collaborated on the soundtracks of The Killer Tongue (La Lengua Asesina) with Robert Englund, The Bear Cub (Cachorro), Bandid Lover (Amante Bandido) in Miguel Bosé's Papito (2007), etc.

Reception
American academic and social critic, Camille Paglia, discovered Fangoria's music video "El Cementerio De Mis Sueños" ("The Cemetery of My Dreams") thanks to a reader of her column on www.salon.com, and had the following to say about Alaska in her column dated 10 January 2008:

Alaska, surrounded by Pete Best-style drag queens, is certainly a formidable character. Yards of bosom and assertive orange hair. She doesn't try to hide her age, the way American women actors and performers do. She's mature and flaunts it. No misty, baby-faced, shallow nymphet look for her! There are no parallels to Alaska in current American entertainment - a mark of our cultural poverty and punitive gender norms.

Kaka de Luxe

 * Kaka de Luxe (1978)
 * Kaka de Luxe/Paraíso (1982)
 * Las canciones malditas (1983)

Alaska y Los Pegamoides

 * Grandes Éxitos (1982)
 * Alaska y Los Pegamoides (1982)
 * Llegando hasta el final (1982)
 * Mundo Indómito (1998)

Alaska y Dinarama

 * Canciones Profanas (1983)
 * Deseo carnal (1984)
 * No es pecado (1986)
 * Diez (1988)
 * Fan fatal (1989)

Fangoria

 * "Salto mortal" (1990)
 * "Un día cualquiera en Vulcano" (Super Extended Play 1.0) (1992)
 * "Un día cualquiera en Vulcano" (Super Extended Play 2.0) (1993)
 * "Un día cualquiera en Vulcano" (Super Extended Play 3.0) (1995)
 * Interferencias (1998)
 * Una temporada en el infierno (1999)
 * Naturaleza muerta (2001)
 * Arquitectura efímera (2004)
 * El extraño viaje (2006)
 * Entre Punta Cana y Monte Carlo (2008)
 * Absolutamente (2009)
 * El paso transcendental del vodevil a la astracanada (2010)
 * "Policromía" (2013)
 * "Cuatricromía" (2012)
 * "Canciones para robots románticos" (2016)
 * "Pianissimo" (2017)
 * "Extrapolaciones y dos preguntas 1989–2000 (2019)
 * "Extrapolaciones y dos respuestas 2001–2019 (2019)
 * "Existencialismo pop" (2021)
 * "Edificaciones paganas" (2022)

title: Alaska (singer)


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Interstate 790

Interstate 790 (I-790) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in the city of Utica, New York, in the United States. It runs for 2.41 mi from an interchange with New York State Route 5A (NY 5A) and NY 5S in downtown Utica to a pair of interchanges with Genesee Street east of the city. All of I-790 is concurrent with NY 5, and the portion south of NY 49 is also concurrent with NY 8 and NY 12. I-790 connects to exit 31 of the New York State Thruway (I-90) by way of an interchange near its east end. According to the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), I-790 follows NY 5 to Genesee Street while the highway leading to Thruway exit 31 is merely a pair of ramps connecting I-790 to its parent. The north–south portion of I-790 between its western terminus and NY 49 is named the North–South Arterial Highway.

Route description
I-790 begins at an interchange connecting NY 5A and NY 5S to the North–South Arterial (NY 5, NY 8, and NY 12) on the northern edge of the city of Utica. The route heads northeast from this point, overlapping with NY 5, NY 8, and NY 12 along a six-lane limited-access highway leading away from downtown. As the road leaves the NY 5A and NY 5S junction, it crosses over the CSX Transportation's Mohawk Subdivision rail line, which runs along the northern edge of the interchange. Past the tracks, the dense commercial and residential blocks that comprise downtown Utica give way to a mostly undeveloped strip of land surrounding the Mohawk River and Erie Canal. I-790 continues on a northeasterly track across the open area, crossing the Mohawk River and a railroad grade just north of the waterway.

As I-790 crosses the Erie Canal, it enters a complex interchange built around the New York State Thruway (I-90). While NY 8 and NY 12 continue north through the junction, I-790 and NY 5 exit to the southeast, leaving NY 8 and NY 12 to meet NY 49 adjacent to the thruway. The two directions of NY 49 are physically split by the thruway; while the eastbound direction runs along the southern edge of the thruway, the westbound half flanks the thruway's westbound lanes. East of the interchange, I-790 and NY 5 take over NY 49's split right-of-way, following an identical configuration for about 1 mi through Utica's northern suburbs. I-790 continues east along the thruway to the exit with northbound Genesee Street, where the Interstate Highway designation ends and the highways adjacent to the thruway become solely designated as NY 5.

While I-790 eastbound has an exit leading directly to exit 31 of the thruway, Utica's only exit along the highway, there is no direct connection from exit 31 to I-790 westbound. Instead, I-790 westbound uses part of Genesee Street to get between the I-90 interchange and the highways carrying NY 5 along the thruway.

History
The portion of the North–South Arterial between Oriskany Street (NY 5A and NY 5S) and River Road was completed in the late 1950s. By 1961, a two-lane, limited-access highway was constructed along the south side of the New York State Thruway between the arterial and Thruway exit 31. The road left the arterial just north of the Erie Canal and had one intermediate interchange with Genesee Street before connecting directly to I-90 at exit 31. The two-lane connector and the section of the North–South Arterial between Oriskany Street and the connector was designated as I-790 by 1965. The connector was rebuilt as a four-lane freeway that straddles I-90. The direct connection from I-90 to I-790 was eliminated at this time, necessitating the use of surface streets and passing through traffic lights for traffic to reach I-790.

Future
There are efforts within NYSDOT to renumber NY 49 and NY 365 (from Utica to Thruway exit 33 in the town of Verona) to NY 790, with the eventual plan of renumbering it again as an extension of I-790. The cost for the conversion to Interstate standards is estimated to be between $150 million and $200 million.

US Representative Mike Arcuri introduced legislation in July 2010 that would redesignate the 11 mi portion of NY 49 from the North–South Arterial in Utica to NY 825 in Rome as part of I-790. The conversion is expected to cost between $1.5 million and $2 million, which would be used to install new signage along the expressway. By adding the Utica–Rome Expressway to the Interstate Highway System, the area would receive approximately $10 million in additional federal highway funding over the next five years. According to Arcuri, the proposed redesignation is part of a larger, long-term goal of creating an Interstate Highway-standard freeway that would begin at Thruway exit 33 in Verona and pass through Rome before ending at Thruway exit 31. The portion of NY 49 east of NY 825 already meets Interstate Highway standards.

title: Interstate 790


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/May-december romance

dicdef; delete. Lupo 12:34, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * And the title is misspelled too. Gdr 13:21, 2004 Aug 11 (UTC)
 * Might be a good idea for an article, but this one is just a definition and it should be titled "May- D ecember romance". Delete this one for now. -- Stevietheman 14:42, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nothing useful here. Darn, now I have September Song running through my head... For it's a long long time from May to December/And the days grow short when you reach September/And the autumn weather turns the leaves to flame/And you haven't got time for a waiting game... [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:25, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Which singer's version of the song? I actually like the Lou Reed one.  Oh, the article?  Um, delete for dictdef that can't be expanded without our heading into People Magazine territory, and there's no point in that. Geogre 17:41, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm partial to the Walter Huston version, from the original musical, in which the lyric actually rather menacing. Rich, powerful old guy expects to win the body if not the heart of the sweet young thing. "And I have lost one tooth/And I walk a little lame/But I have a little money/And I have a little fame." All of the song seems to be analogies with money and power. The phrase "These golden days I'd spend with you..." "If you examine the goods they bring they have little to offer but the songs they sing," whereas Stuyvesant "has a little money." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:05, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef. I don't know how it could be expanded in order to constitute encyclopedic content. Skyler 18:51, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wake up Maggie, I think I got something to say to you/It's late September and I really should be back at school... Sorry, couldn't resist. Oh, delete, btw. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:04, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. An important 20th century (if not earlier) phenomenon. Rewritten. Denni ☯  03:33, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)
 * Keep; rewritten (consider disregarding previous votes). Many thanks to Denni for the rewrite; I moved the text of the article over to Age disparity in sexual relationships and changed May-december romance to a redirect. • Benc • 21:28, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see you have, but sigh ... User 66.56.110.36 had then already created a new article Older women-younger men. I would nominate that one for deletion separately and suggest merging contents with Age disparity in sexual relationships, except that this is getting so monotonous, and moreover that there is not that much to merge, apart from the unsupported statistic that 34% of women are now dating younger men in the US. Otherwise it's all there already in Age disparity, in more NPOV form. Could somebody appropriate please just delete Older women-younger men on sight without further formality? I suppose putting the 34 % statistic into Age disparity first, in case a reference for the figure is forthcoming. Bishonen 09:46, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I see now that Older women-younger men has already been put up for deletion under its own steam. And you say you've already moved it? See, when I go look, it doesn't look moved, and isn't carrying a VfD template either. Maybe I'm having a cache bug or something. Checking ... no, the same thing happens when I change from Mozilla to Safari. Maybe the proxy is messing with me. Is anybody else experiencing the same problem in viewing this article, please?Bishonen 10:21, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, it's Older men-younger women that is listed on VfD, not Older women-younger men. Thank you for finding this third page; I've moved its content to Age disparity's talk page and changed it to a redirect. No need to list it a third time on VfD. (By the way, 66.56.110.36 created all three of these pages. In fact, I don't think any of the three pages should've been listed on VfD... the nominator should've merged them and listed it for cleanup.) • Benc • 19:49, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Benc, yes, I know I got confused there ....I just couldn't face writing in a third time, after boring everybody to death already. Thanks for working out which target it was that I was shooting wildly in the general direction of. Bishonen 22:05, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm happy with • Benc •'s reorganization of this content at Age disparity in sexual relationships and change my vote to redirect. (The phrase "May-December" is more likely to be a search query than "Age disparity"). Denni ☯ 05:16, 2004 Aug 16 (UTC)


text: Category:Motorsport announcers

title: Category:Motorsport announcers


text:
Nkomati Accord

The Nkomati Accord (officially known as the Agreement on Non-Aggression and Good Neighbourliness between Mozambique and South Africa ) was a non-aggression pact signed on 16 March 1984 between the People's Republic of Mozambique and the Republic of South Africa. The event took place at the South African town of Komatipoort with the signatories being President of Mozambique Samora Machel and Prime Minister of South Africa P.W. Botha. The treaty's stated focus was on preventing Mozambique from supporting the African National Congress to undertake violent actions in South Africa, and for South Africa to stop supplying the RENAMO movement in Mozambique.

The treaty was met with disapproval from members of the SADCC and particularly from the ANC who were aware of the impacts it would have on their liberation struggle. Despite this, both groups acknowledged that Mozambique had essentially been forced into signing the treaty as the country was on the brink of destruction due to the conflict with the South-African backed RENAMO rebels.

Mozambique stood by its side of the Treaty and expelled ANC members from the south of the country, meanwhile the South Africans ignored the deal and stepped up their already extensive support to RENAMO. Captured documents from the main Gorongosa base in 1985 revealed that the South Africans had continued their support in violation of the accord. A permanent peace accord, the Rome General Peace Accords, finally ended the Mozambican Civil War in 1992 and was supervised by the United Nations' ONUMOZ force until 1994.

title: Nkomati Accord


text:
Stefania Follini

Stefania Follini (born 16 August 1961) is an Italian interior designer. She is known for being involved in a 1989 experiment on circadian rhythms, in which she voluntarily isolated herself for four months in an underground room thirty feet down a cave in Carlsbad, New Mexico, away from all outside indications of night and day. The experiment lasted from January 13, 1989, until May 22, 1989. In total, Follini spent some 130 days in the cave, thus breaking the women's world record for longest cave isolation.

Career
Hailing from Ancona, Italy, Follini worked as an interior decorator. Out of 20 candidates, Follini was chosen for the experiment because she possessed an "introspective nature" and "mental discipline". At that time, she was 27 years old.

Experiment
The scientific experiment commenced on January 13, 1989. It was organised by Pioneer Frontier Explorations and NASA. It took place in the "Lost Cave" in New Mexico. Inside her 20 by acrylic glass room, away from all cues to the normal 24-hour daily cycle, her biological clock drifted away from its regular rhythm to following first a 28-hour day, and later on a 48-hour one. She started staying awake for up to more than twenty hours and sleeping up to ten hours at a time. Her only companions were her guitar, a computer, two "friendly mice" named Giuseppe and Nicoletta, a few frogs, and grasshoppers. During the course of the experiment, she was reported to have felt gloomy, with no human to cheer her up. Her only mode of communication was via the computer terminals. To curb her boredom, Follini would decorate the cave with cutouts made from cardboard.

With her slowed-down daily cycle, her meals were more spread out and she lost 17 lb in weight. Follini mostly fed on beans and rice, which partially resulted in her losing vitamin D. She reported that at one point her menstrual cycle had stopped. She regularly did judo to maintain her strength and flexibility. When she finally emerged from the cave at the experiment's end on May 22, 1989, and was asked to guess the date, she estimated that it was March 14 or 15 — only two months from the start of the experiment instead of the four that had actually transpired. She was described as "looking pale and thin" after coming out from the cave. Having spent about 130 days in the cave, she broke the world record for women for the most number of days spent in isolation in a cave.

title: Stefania Follini


text:
User talk:Sj/Arc1

Eber et al
Hi Sj, I see you participated in Talk:Eber after I left in frustration.... one needs to provide a source -- especially when talking about speculations. Had the contributor merely wrote what "is taught by Rabbis in Moscow", I would have had no objection to it. [I would still have objected. --Ed.] If you can attribute the POVs he expounds, I for one would be very happy; I enjoy reading unfamiliar new theories... [but] am not planning on reworking his idiosyncratic material. -- llywrch 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Providing Zest with good information, instead of demanding it from him, seems to have brought peaceful resolution. +sj+ 2004 Mar 15

47 Ronin
Put discussion on the talk page, not the main page. [an ongoing problem --Ed.] Please see my response to your comments (and other changes) there. Thanks! Noel 23:42, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Fixed, w/cheer all around! +sj+

numbers
Kudos on the numbers articles :) When I have the stamina, I'll try and pitch in too! :) Dysprosia 13:13, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * excellent. there's so much fun to be had... we need our own local ramanujan! +sj+

Origins of the American Civil War
Beautiful work on Origins of the American Civil War!!!! It's downright elegant! To get an idea about how pleasantly surprised I am, take a look at the crude 8/03 two-part division of the History of the Soviet Union article. I had no idea how to go about creating anything that wouldn't resemble that breakup. I'm going to use the origins article as a template for dividing long articles from now on. Thanks again. Great user pages too! 172 14:44, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * perhaps it would be worth making a list of the long chapter-length articles/series (is there one?) and trying yo apply a nice template to them.

I find your solution interesting. Since you fixed the size issue, the article is now going through the FA nomination process again. See Featured_article_candidates and vote one way or the other. --mav 21:26, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Lovely. (and look at the recent community copyedits! amazing.)

Update : The subject of reorganizing Origins of the American Civil War has come up on the mailing list. I'm really concerned about Mav and Bryan Derksen's proposals. I'd really appreciate your thoughts on the subject. 172 06:23, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

bf mods
Wow nice user page man! Like the talk comment thing. Yea I hear ya on the mod stuff-things link to random links, disambig issues. I [wondered] if there was a standard like just (mod), (computer game mod), or (BF1942 game). A lot of mods cross multiple engines so I cant use BF:1942 throughout... Mods do get posted elsewhere somtimes though, like i mentioned home front on the halo page, and was thinking of mentioning on some aircraft pages games that have them in it. Its weird with mods rivaling official games in content and innovation. Let me know if you have any more ideas for standerdizing disambigs for this stuff. Greyengine5 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Isaac Newton
I understand the need to break up the overlong page at Isaac Newton in depth -- couldn't you have used titles that didn't violate the naming standards for articles? See History of the English penny for an example of another method. Rmhermen 14:35, Apr 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Please note that the nav-box for that set of articles includes the header "[part of] the History of the English penny series" (emphasis mine). The style I am using is explicitly designed to avoid a series, and instead to break up a monolithic article into pages/segments with a unified TOC and navigation at the start and end of each page reminding users that they are in the middle of a single article.  I'm no expert in "naming standards for articles" (link?), but here is a link to my suggestions for naming/format standards for long article layout. +sj+ 18:04, 2004 Apr 12 (UTC)

Alexa reference site
Someone was asking over at Wikipedia_talk:Announcements why Alexa don't list us as a reference site yet... I believe it is you that made contact originally. Do you think the time is right nudge them again? Thanks. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 11:45, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed. No response though.
 * Hi, I noticed you have me down as a minor villian with the tag "imp+++". I decrypted this as meaning "very impatient". This is the only thread I remember having with you.. maybe it pissed you off somehow? Yours intrigued, Pete/Pcb21 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Not at all; you were also once severely provoked by trolls, in public. Perhaps on IRC? In any case, lest there be any confusion, you rock. (: villiany is far more ambivalent than villainy. +sj +

Docuan tables
WikiProject Numbers : "Docuan table" began to be used in the edit summaries of users (other than User:Docu) who added such tables to existing number articles. User:Sabbut came up with a similar, though more colorful, format, for the number articles in the Spanish Wikipedia, and that is sometimes referred to as "tabla de Sabbut" in edit summaries in the Spanish Wikipedia. PrimeFan 19:18, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Copyediting
Sj- I haven't looked through enough of the 'pedia to select pages needing copyediting the most, so I will go along with your suggestions. I know that you will find German articles written in English, by Germans, in Biology. That was another group you pointed out as particularly needing copyediting.

I intend to post something on the mailing lists, both pointing out that copyediting is different than other types of validation and requesting volunteers.

Some problems I foresee:
 * The selection and access to copyediting reference books. For Nupedia, we used The Chicago Manual of Style for American English, as well as, Garner's Dictionary of Modern American Usage. And, for British English, we used Fowler's Modern English Usage. In Wikipedia, since we have multiple authors, American and British English are mixed :-).
 * In Wikipedia. our articles are a mix of American and British English. There are major differences between the two in punctuation and spelling!!!
 * Copyediting does not seem to need a scale to evaluate articles, just a simple "Yes/No."
 * Copyeditors do not need content knowledge to copyedit an article.
 * Copyediting will be strange with no author to appeal to for disambiguation of content, clarification of content, etc.

I welcome your feedback. RoseParks 23:30, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes. I think it was decided somewhere that either Am or Br spelling is alright, but it has to be consistent within an article. We can note which is the native tongue of each editor, to properly match up final reviewers with articles.
 * Please explain about the [punctuation] -- I am surprised to hear it, and have yet to notice.... Speaking of which, we should probably draft a quick addition to the current Wikipedia:style manual, noting the convention for all kinds of silly things, such as em-dashes (in what character set? substitute -- when necessary, or just a single hyphen?), ellipses (three or four dots at the end of a sentence?), &c. (use an ampersand in &c., write out etc., or either? disallow parentheticals after sentence-ending abbreviations, due to final-stop ambiguities?).
 * These don't matter much, but it would be nice to start building a structure which could eventually produce a stylistically self-consistent volume. +sj +

Punctuation Differences between AME and BR :

Sj - I finally got this together. As you can see (below), Garner had the most complete entry. I went to some online British newspaper sites in hopes of seeing these rules supported, but they were not. I really have to find a BRE source that does use these conventions.

Is this familiar to you? [Ed. Note: I have always been confused about this.]

(Based on Garner. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 1998) (Supported by Fowler. Modern English Usage, 1998)

 * Inline quotations

In AME quotations that are inline are set off by pairs of double quotation marks. For example:

He said. “Your next assignment is an essay.”

In BRE, quotations that are inline are set off by single quotation marks. For example:

He said, ‘Your next assignment is an essay’.

 * Nested Quotes

In AME, double quotation marks are used for the first quotation; single quotation marks are used for a quotation within a quotation; double quotation for further quotation inside that; etc. For example:

Joan said, “We will sing ‘God save the Queen.’”

In BRE, the practice is the exactly the reverse at each step. For example:

Joan said, ‘We will sing “God save the Queen”.’

 * Closing Quotation Marks with a Period or Comma

In AME, it is usual to place a period or comma within the closing quotation mark, whether or not the punctuation so placed is actually part of the quoted matter. For example:

“Joan said, ‘We will sing “God save the Queen.”’”

“She looked back on her school years as being ‘unmitigated misery.’”

In BRE, the closing quotation mark comes before any punctuation marks, unless these marks form part of the quotation itself (or what is quoted is less than a full sentence in its own right). For example:

‘She looked back on her school years as being “unmitigated misery”.’

‘Joan said, “We will sing ‘God save the Queen’.”’

 * Quotations that are Interrupted to Indicate the Speaker

In AME, the first comma is placed within the quotation mark. For example:

“Sally,” he said, “is looking radiant today.”

In BRE, the first comma remains outside the quotation mark. For example:

‘Sally’, he said, ‘is looking radiant today’.

RoseParks 03:28, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Awaiting Updates
Hillis: I emailed Ben Goertzel about whether the Danny Hillis article was a copyright violation. Angela. 11:46, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Much obliged. [wonder what happened... --Ed. (article restored w/orig text, as of late 2004)]

Rail stubs
Thanks for the suggestions...

The reason I'm treating each model separately is so that if I or someone else wants to add more information, photos, drawings, etc. on a specific model, it can be done without causing undue confusion. If all of the models are listed and described on the same page, I'm afraid things will eventually get too cluttered. The articles on the newer models (Dash-8 and Dash-9 series, etc.) will be a bit more detailed as I have better information on them, as well as personal observations.

Featured Article Candidates
Your objections on FAC are tremendously nitpicky and stress-inducing. I approve of this wholeheartedly ;-) - David Gerard 18:59, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Stress inducing isn't a good thing as it de-motivates editors. Good feedback and finding errors others don't see however, is critical to making truly great articles.  With that in mind please note the responses to your objections and offer clarification at FAC Supply and Demand - Taxman 17:07, Jun 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speaking of which, replies to my replies on Mission Earth would be welcomed - David Gerard 19:59, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the compliments on the US government articles. I don't mind nitpicking, nor would I be in a position to do so, as I occasionally do the same. -- Emsworth 00:10, Jun 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sj/Arc1


text:
Talk:Quaker Oats Company

CEO stuff
feels that information about the CEO in the 1940s not hosting boarders is germane for the article, per his reverts on this page. Does consensus agree? power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 04:10, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

 * So far, I've never edited this page. FYI, here's the personal attack posted on my Talk:

 * I am not an admin, but I can get you banned (or, more likely, some admin will ban you before I get around to it). Your edit-warring is not welcome on this project, please stop doing it.  There's no reason to care whether the CEO of Quaker Oats hosted borders in the article on Aunt Jemima; if you feel otherwise please discuss on the talk page, not ANI. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 03:39, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

William Allen Simpson (talk) 04:19, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia seems to have gotten far more nasty these days.

 * "Never edited" - to my surprise, you are correct; you are not involved in recent edits to this page. Now, why did I come across this at WP:ANI, and which edits do you not want to remain in the live version of this article? power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 04:22, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

 * AFAICT, there's no recent suggestion of any problems in this article at ANI. There is dispute over the article Aunt Jemima, which is a different but related article. Nil Einne (talk) 11:20, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Uhhh… Where is Gatorade?
I don’t know but in Brands in US, there is no Gatorade. Even though it’s one of the biggest brands of Quaker Oats Company. 88.84.208.58 (talk) 13:59, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * PepsiCo. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 19:13, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Quaker Oats company.
My concern is who u have as founders my great grandfather, George Douglas and Robert Stuart were the founders of the actual Quaker Oats Company. They gave it the name. From the previous oat mills they aquired 206.204.220.150 (talk) 23:26, 1 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources will be needed for us to do anything with these claims.  General Ization Talk  23:28, 1 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The article already mentions the roles of George Douglas and Robert Stuart in the mills that were later acquired to form Quaker Oats Company.  General Ization Talk  23:30, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

Typo found
In the beginning of sentence 2 of paragraph 2 of Precursor miller companies there is a missing word. It looks like it should be "said" or "stated" but maybe something else is needed, I don't know. VeiledOcean8565 (talk) 22:57, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I made the necessary edit. Feel free to make the edit yourself next time; your intuition was correct. :) pillow crow 22:45, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quaker Oats Company


text:
Cumbre Vieja

The Cumbre Vieja (meaning "Old Summit") is an active volcanic ridge on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain. The spine of Cumbre Vieja trends in an approximate north–south direction, comprising the southern half of La Palma, with both summit ridge and flanks pockmarked by dozens of craters and cones. The latest eruption began on 19 September 2021 in a forested area of Las Manchas locality known as Cabeza de Vaca. Voluminous lava flows quickly reached populated areas downslope, fanning out across settlements and banana plantations, destroying thousands of buildings and ultimately pouring over steep cliffs into the ocean to enlarge the island at several locations. The volcano went quiet on 13 December 2021, and on 25 December 2021, the local government declared the eruption to be over.

Cumbre Vieja erupted twice in the 20th century, in 1949 (Volcán San Juan) and in 1971 (Volcán Teneguía).

Volcanic history
La Palma is a volcanic ocean island located on the African Plate and is currently—along with Tenerife—one of the most volcanically active of the Canary Islands. Since about 125,000 years ago (~125 ka), all subaerial eruptions on La Palma have been associated with the Cumbre Vieja, with eruptions ranging over the whole 25-kilometre-long ridge. Submarine surveys show that the Cumbre Vieja continues south of Punta de Fuencaliente (the "Point of the Hot Source"), but no volcanic activity connected with the submarine extension has yet been observed. Historical eruptions on the Cumbre Vieja occurred in 1470, 1585, 1646, 1677, 1712, 1949, 1971, and 2021.

Detailed geological mapping shows that the distribution and orientation of vents and feeder dykes within the volcano have shifted from a triple rift system (typical of most volcanic ocean islands) to a single north–south rift. It is hypothesised that this structural reorganisation is in response to evolving stress patterns associated with the development of a possible detachment fault under the volcano's west flank. Siebert (1984) showed that such failures are due to the intrusion of parallel and sub-parallel dykes into a rift. This causes the flanks to become over-steep and this inevitably causes the structure of the volcano to become unstable to the point that catastrophic failure may occur. There is no evidence beyond its surface expression that the 1949 section of the rift extends in a north–south direction, nor that there is a developing detachment plane. Research is ongoing.

1949 eruption
The only contemporaneous account of the eruption was published in 1950 by one of the scientists—Juan Bonelli-Rubio who witnessed the eruption first hand and recorded details of the various phenomena that occurred during the eruption. All other published accounts are based upon Bonelli-Rubio's observations. The next report regarding the eruption was a joint publication by Ortiz and Bonelli-Rubio published in 1951. This drew heavily on Bonelli-Rubio's observations and also analysis of various phenomena associated with the eruption. Both accounts are published in Spanish.

The eruption started on 24 June 1949, the feast day of St John, which is why in Spanish texts the eruption is referred to as la erupción del Nambroque o San Juan, which in English is "The Eruption of the Nambroque of St John's volcano." During the 1949 eruption, eruptive activity was located at three vents—Duraznero, Llano del Banco, and Hoyo Negro—mild strombolian activity occurred at the Duraznero vent. Lava was erupted from the Llano del Banco vents, whilst only mild phreatomagmatic emissions occurred at the Hoyo Negro vent. Then on 30 July—the last day of eruptive activity, lava was erupted at the Duraznero fissure and vent. During the eruption on 1 and 2 July, two strong earthquakes with an estimated intensity of VIII on the Modified Mercalli Scale also occurred, the epicentre was calculated to be near Jedey. Following the earthquakes a fracture was noted and it had a length of approximately one and half kilometres. It was traceable to the Hoyo Negro and Duraznero vents, making a total length of about two and half kilometres or about 1/10 of the exposed length of the Cumbre Vieja, and parts of the western half of the Cumbre Vieja ridge had apparently moved about 1 metre sideways and 2 metres downwards towards the Atlantic Ocean. It was only in the vicinity of the Duraznero and Hoyo Negro vents that the vertical displacement attained about 4 metres. As of 2009, the fracture is still visible and still has the same dimensions recorded in 1949.

The timeline for the eruption, according to Bonelli-Rubio, is as follows: The first reported seismic activity was noted on the southern rim of the Caldera de Taburiente on 23 July 1936 at about 23:30 (11.30 pm) local time, with further activity noted over the next two days. During the following years periodic seismic activity occurred, but due to the absence of monitoring equipment, the only reports are those recorded in the media. Then at about 09:00 (local time) on 24 June 1949, the Duraznero vent opened with mildly explosive activity, venting of gases, and rocks; with eruptive activity continuing in this manner until 6 July. During this phase a strong earthquake occurred on 1 July and again on 2 July with an estimated intensity of VIII on the Modified Mercalli Scale. Visits to the summit region revealed a crack about 1.5 km (~1 mile) long which extended in a northerly direction from the Hoyo Negro ("Black Hole") and about 1 km (~0.5-mile) south to the Duraznero vent making a total length of about 2.5 km (~1.6-mile), (this crack is the subject of research and heated debate as to whether it indicates initial failure of the western flank—or not). Later analysis placed the epicentre north of the township of Jedey. Eruptive activity at the Duraznero vent ceased on 6 July with only degassing continuing. No eruptive activity occurred on 7 July. On 8 July eruptive activity commenced at the Llano del Banco vents—about 4 km (~2.8miles) north of the Duraznero vent, as lava was erupted and flowed down the western flank. The vents opened progressively up the barranco (ravine), forming a series of en echelon (diagonally side by side), vents. On 10 July the westward flow of lava from the Llano del Banco vents reached the coast at Puerto de Naos and entered the Atlantic Ocean, forming a lava delta, the velocity is estimated at ~14 metres (approximately 46 feet) per sec. On 12 July mildly explosive activity commenced at the Hoyo Negro (Black Hole) with emissions of rocks, fumes and some phreatomagmatic activity indicating that the eruption had encountered ground waters. Activity at the Hoyo Negro ceased on 22 July, but continued at the Llano del Banco vents until 26 July. Only residual fumarolic activity and thermal emissions then occurred until 30 July when the Duraznero vent and fissure re-activated. Lava then flowed from the Duraznero vent and fissure, filling the adjacent crater of El Fraile and created a lava lake. This subsequently overflowed and the lava flowed down the eastern flank towards the ocean. It finally stopped about 30m (about 100 feet) from the ocean. Also later, on 30 July all eruptive activity ceased and only residual fumarolic activity continued until 4 August; thereafter there was only thermal emissions. It is estimated that approximately 60 million cubic metres of lava was erupted during the eruption.

Volcanic Explosivity Index
The eruption style ranged from effusive—mildly explosive at the Duraznero and Llano del Banco vents—to mildly explosive at the Hoyo Negro vent and was strombolian in style. It is classed as having a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2.

Earthquakes
The process creating the earthquakes of 1 and 2 July is considered to have been driven by the pressure caused by the rising magma super-heating water trapped within the edifice of the volcano. It is unlikely that the trapped waters could vapourise due to being under considerable pressure. What is postulated is that the waters were heated to a point where they could not absorb further thermal energy in the available space. Continuing heating required the water to expand further and the only way it could do so was to move the flank of the volcano. This caused the two earthquakes that were reported as occurring during the eruption along with the development of the crack.

That the water entrapped within the edifice did not vapourise is shown by the absence of phreatomagmatic explosions except the mildly explosive eruptive activity that occurred at the Hoyo Negro vent from 12 to 22 July: steam escaping explosively from the ground is often a precursor of volcanic activity. Further evidence that vapourisation did not occur is that when Rubio Bonelli visited the rift the following day, the newly opened fissure "... Was not issuing fumes, vapour, steam, ashes, lava or other materials ..." In fact at no time during or after was steam or phreatomagmatic activity reported. This reinforces the claim that the waters trapped within the edifice never vapourised, which they would do if the pressure had fallen sufficiently to allow the super-heated water to flash into steam. Only at the Hoyo Negro did any phreatomagmatic activity occur. Unlike the northern sector of the island, the Cumbre Vieja is "dry." Unlike the northern sector there are no water galleries, and it is therefore unlikely that the earthquake was caused—as claimed by Day et al.; by water becoming superheated by rising magma. Research is continuing. Due to the lack of seismic monitoring equipment on the island, any claims about seismic activity are based upon personal observation and may not be reliable.

1971 eruption
The 1971 eruption occurred at the southern end of the Cumbre Vieja at the Teneguía vent. The eruption was mainly strombolian in style. Lava was erupted. Seismic activity did occur before and during the 1971 eruption but was not on the scale associated with the 1949 eruption. Residual thermal emissions continue.

2021 eruption
An earthquake swarm started under Cumbre Vieja on 11 September 2021. It slowly migrated to the surface, with earthquakes up to around 5 on the Richter scale, and over 25,000 recorded in the space of 10 days. On 19 September at 15:15 local time (14:15 UTC), the volcano started erupting, in Cabeza de Vaca in the Montaña Rajada mountains, in the Las Manchas section of El Paso municipality, A yellow warning was issued, covering 35,000 people in the municipalities of Los Llanos de Aridane, Fuencaliente, El Paso and Villa de Mazo, later raising to its highest level—red—due to the eruption. A total of around 7,000 people were evacuated from the area. The eruption stopped on 13 December 2021, and was declared to be over on 25 December 2021.

Potential megatsunami

Day et al. (1999) indicated that the Cumbre Vieja may be in the initial stages of failure. The authors of the paper also said that the geological development of La Palma had undergone changes due to the southerly migration of the hotspot and the collapse of the earlier volcanoes. Subsequent to this, a triple-arm rift system had evolved with the eventual closing down of volcanic activity associated with two of the arms—the north-west and north-east rifts. The reasons can only be hypothesised. This caused the southern arm—the Cumbre Vieja—to be the sole location of volcanic activity. As a result, they postulated that the western flank may be in the initial stages of failure.

In October 2000, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) transmitted a Horizon programme called "Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction", which suggested that a future failure of the western flank of Cumbre Vieja could cause a megatsunami.

On 18 April 2013, the BBC transmitted a follow-up programme entitled Could we survive a Mega-Tsunami? The programme was presented in a "breaking news" reporting style. It painted a scenario in which the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja had collapsed and the initial wave had an amplitude of about 1,000 metres. The programme used computer generated graphics to present a story line that is based on a hypothesis. The programme interviewed several scientific personnel to give credence to the story. One scientist claimed, "This is a true story—only it hasn't happened yet!"

Day et al. (1999), Ward and Day (2001) and Ward and Day (2005) hypothesize that, during an eruption at some future date, the western half of the Cumbre Vieja—approximately 500 km3 (5 x 1011 m3) with an estimated mass of 1.5 trillion metric tons—will catastrophically fail in a massive gravitational landslide and enter the Atlantic Ocean, generating a so-called mega-tsunami. The debris will continue to travel along the ocean floor as a debris flow. Computer modelling indicates that the resulting initial wave may attain a local amplitude (height) in excess of 600 m and an initial that approximates to 2 km, and travel at about 720 km/h (approximately the speed of a jet aircraft), inundating the African coast in about one hour, the southern coastlines of the British Isles in about 3.5 hours, and the eastern seaboard of North America in about six hours, by which time the initial wave will have subsided into a succession of smaller ones each about 30 m to 60 m high. These may surge to several hundred metres in height and be several kilometres apart while retaining their original speed. The models of Day et al.; (1999), Ward and Day (2001), suggest that the event could inundate up to 25 km inland. If the model is correct, then this scale of inundation would greatly damage or destroy cities along the entire North American eastern seaboard, including Boston, New York City, Miami and many other cities near the Atlantic coast.

There is controversy about the threat presented by the Cumbre Vieja. Current indications are that recent landslides may have been gradual and therefore may not generate tsunamis unless they increase in magnitude. Studies of possible local 'mega-tsunamis' in the Hawaiian Islands draw distinctions between the tsunami wave periods caused by landslides and subduction-zone earthquakes, arguing that a similar collapse in Hawaii would not endanger Asian or North American coastlines.

Sonar surveys around many volcanic ocean islands including the Canary Islands, Hawaii, Réunion etc., have mapped debris flows on the sea floor. Many of these debris flows, about 100 km long and up to 2 km thick, contain mega-blocks mixed up with finer detritus. The debris flows are now considered to be a normal process where a volcano sheds some proportion of excess material and thereby makes itself more stable. It is also known to occur on all volcanoes based on the land, in or under the sea.

Moore (1964) was the first geologist to interpret such features depicted on a United States Navy bathymetric chart. The chart showed two features that seem to originate from the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Molokai.

Moss et al. (1999) reported that the western flank of La Palma is static and there is no indication that it has moved since 1949, confirming the dimensions provided by Bonelli-Rubio (1950).

Carracedo et al. (2001) state that they consider the crack to be a surface expression which is of a shallow and inactive nature. They also indicate that it should be monitored, but consider the possibility that the edifice is unstable as being almost non-existent.

The Tsunami Society (2002) claim that the model used by Day et al. (1999), Ward and Day (2001), and Ward and Day (2005) is wrong. They caution about the claims made by Day et al. and Ward and Day, stating that there is no evidence of a mega-tsunami having been generated by volcanic edifice failure.

Ward and Day (2003) reported on the only documented flank collapse of a volcanic island at that time—Ritter Island, that occurred on 13 March 1888 (a tsunami from a volcanic collapse happened subsequently to this paper in 2018 at Anak Krakatoa). Approximately 5 x 109 m3 (6.5 x 109 cu yd) of material—about two orders of magnitude less than the claimed mass of the Cumbre Vieja—generated a landslide which entered the ocean and generated a westerly-directed tsunami. The tsunami inundated adjoining islands and may have killed several hundred people. According to Cooke, damage was inflicted on islands several hundreds of kilometres from Ritter Island. There is no record of inundation occurring at trans-oceanic distances. The tsunami was witnessed by several Europeans living on many of the islands.

Murty et al. (2005) claim that it is almost impossible for a trans-oceanic tsunami to be generated in the basin of the Atlantic Ocean, which—if correct—supports the work by many other researchers that the failure of the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja would be unlikely to generate a "mega-tsunami".

Pérez-Torrado et al. (2006) indicate that marine deposits located between 41 and 188 m above sea level in the Agaete Valley of Gran Canaria resulted, when ~3 x 1010 m3 (3.9 x 1010 cu yd)—one order of magnitude less than that of models of Day et al.; (1999), Ward and Day, (2001); and Ward and Day, (2005), —of volcanic material collapsed, forming the Güimar Valle on Tenerife ~830 ka and generating a tsunami. They indicate that this collapse is the only plausible source, and also report that there is no indication that the tsunami propagated beyond Gran Canaria. These deposits date from between 32,000 and 1,750,000 years ago.

Scientists at TU Delft in the Netherlands reported in 2006, that the section of the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja that was conjectured as potentially failing and falling into the Atlantic Ocean to create the hypothesised La Palma mega-tsunami was both too small in mass and volume, and far too stable to break away within the next 10,000 years.

A 2008 paper looked into this very worst-case scenario, the most massive slide that could happen (though unlikely and probably impossible right now with the present day geology). They find wave heights in the range 10 to 188 m in the Canary Isles themselves. But the waves interfere and dissipate as they head out into the Atlantic. They predict a height of 40 m for some nearby island systems. For continents, the worst effects are in northern Brazil (13.6 m), French Guiana (12.7 m), Mid-Atlantic United States (9.6 m), Western Sahara (largest prediction at 37 m), and Mauritania (9.7 m). This is not large enough to count as a megatsunami, with the highest prediction for Western Sahara comparable to the Japanese tsunami, so it would only be a megatsunami locally in the mid-Atlantic Ocean.

title: Cumbre Vieja


text:
Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway

The Tottenham & Hampstead Junction Railway was a railway line in north London, formed by an act of Parliament, the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway Act 1862, (25 & 26 Vict. c. cc) of 28 July 1862, which today is mostly part of the Gospel Oak to Barking line. It was effectively part of an attempt by the Great Eastern Railway to obtain a west end terminus to complement Bishopsgate railway station in east London.

The line opened on 21 July 1868 between Tottenham North Junction (on the Great Eastern Railway) and Highgate Road. An extension to Kentish Town opened in 1870. An extension to Gospel Oak opened on 4 June 1888.

History

Even before it opened, the line had problems. Plans to extend the western end of this line via a proposed 'London Main Trunk Railway', underneath Hampstead Road, the Metropolitan Railway (modern Circle line) and Tottenham Court Road, to Charing Cross were rejected by Parliament in 1864. Instead it was decided to terminate the line at Gospel Oak. The line opened in 1868 with the Great Eastern Railway operating a service between Highgate Road and Fenchurch Street via Tottenham.

With a very indirect route into central London at one end and no interchange at all at the other, the service was a commercial failure and the planned link to Gospel Oak was never completed. The service ceased operation entirely in January 1870 and a local act, the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway (Abandonment) Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. cix) was passed in August abandoning the railway in its original form.

During 1870, a branch was constructed to Kentish Town and the line reopened as part of the Midland Railway in October, initially running between Moorgate and Crouch Hill via Kentish Town. In 1872 this was extended to South Tottenham & Stamford Hill. This provided an interchange with the Palace Gates Line. A number of new stations were opened, many of them close to existing stations. Most of these were closed in the 1940s.

In 1888, the line was extended to Gospel Oak (as originally planned) although the Kentish Town branch remained the primary route and the Gospel Oak link was abandoned in 1926.

In 1894 the Tottenham & Forest Gate Railway opened and the service was extended east of South Tottenham & Stamford Hill to Barking and, occasionally, beyond.

In 1901, a bill was passed as the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway Act 1901 (1 Edw. 7. c. cxv) authorising the widening of the railway and other improvements. This was followed by a bill in 1902, the Midland Railway Act 1902 (2 Edw. 7. c. cli) which gave the Great Eastern and Midland railways joint ownership of the line. The line, along with the rest of Britain's railways, was nationalised in 1948 and became part of British Rail.

In 1981, the Kentish Town branch was closed and the link to Gospel Oak reinstated. For more recent history see the Gospel Oak to Barking line.

Stations
The line had the following stations (listed from east to west using the original station names):

 * Tottenham (existing, service abandoned 1870)
 * South Tottenham & Stamford Hill (existing) (added 1872, replacing Tottenham) [now called 'South Tottenham']
 * St Ann's Road (new) (opened 1882, closed 1942)
 * Green Lanes (new) (opened 1880) [now called 'Harringay Green Lanes']
 * Crouch Hill (new)
 * Hornsey Road (new) (opened 1872, closed 1943)
 * Upper Holloway (new)
 * Junction Road (new) (opened 1872, closed 1943)
 * Branch:
 * Highgate Road {Low Level} (new) (opened 1900, closed 1918)
 * Kentish Town (existing, added 1870, line abandoned 1981)

 * Highgate Road {High Level} (new) (closed 1915)
 * Gospel Oak (existing, added 1888, abandoned 1926, line reopened 1981)

Current status
The branch to Kentish Town closed in 1981 because there was not track capacity at Kentish Town because of the introduction of the Thameslink electrification project. The remainder of the line now forms part of the Gospel Oak to Barking line, part of the London Overground.


text:
Talk:Riddle

Geographic scope
Riddles are a global phenomenon. Riddles form a very important aspect of oral literature. You wouldn't know it if you read this article in its present state, hence the limitedgeographicscope tag. — mark ✎ 22:14, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Anglo-Saxon culture
I fleshed out the function of irddles in Anglo-Saxon culture. -MadMax —Preceding unsigned comment added by MadMaxBeyondThunderdome (talk • contribs) 06:56, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Boxers or Briefs?
I don't understand the Boxers or Briefs?. Why is "Depends" wrong?

 * In the United States, "Depends" is a brand name for a sort of adult diapers worn by those afflicted with urinary incontinence. Smerdis of Tlön 13:26, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Bible
Didn't the queen of Sheba test Solomon with riddles? And there is also another by Samson.

There is indeed a riddle by Samson. But the Queen of Sheba came to test Solomon's wisdom with "hard questions," which may not be the same. Smerdis of Tlön 16:11, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The word for "hard sayings" [chiydah] is the same word as "dark sayings" and "riddle". It is used both with Samson and the Queen of Sheba. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.70.15.234 (talk) 21:51, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Gay Riddles/Comments
Can we be adult enough to not joke about homosexuality being something shameful or something to hide?
 * It's not being joked about, the article just states the fact that it's a question which is being relatively frequently asked by certain (stupid) people... I think. (And it could really have been a worse example, too. The version the kids kept asking me when I was a kid, translated into English, was "are you a fettered derogatory word for gay people?" and if you reply "no" the next line is "help, the f@*¿t is loose!" Hilarious... not.)

Trick question
Trick question redirects to "riddle". This should not be the case, or at least the definition should be changed. A trick question is a very different thing from a riddle (not to mention a very different thing from a question designed to merely trick the one it's asked to). A riddle is a question designed to test the answerer's ability to see through confusing or disguised logic. A trick question is a question that, to be able to answer, one must automatically assume that a false statement is true, thus making the question impossible to answer correctly. Does anyone else think this way, or am I just making a fool of myself here? VolatileChemical 01:14, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Riddle with no answer
The riddle on this page "A similarly deceptive riddling contest features prominently in Stephen King's The Dark Tower series, in which the protagonists win by asking the difference between a truck full of bowling balls and a truck full of woodchucks." doesn't offer the answer to the riddle, which is you can't use a pitchfork to unload the bowling balls. It seems sort of unfair on the reader to present the riddle but not answer it. While I know it is meant to be a trick riddle, because the answer is not at all obvious, but the riddle does have an answer and it seems to me that on a page about riddles that the answer should be put there. What do you guys think? JayKeaton 05:08, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the argument could equally made that it is unfair to people who haven't read the work to "spoil the surprise", especially in a context where they might not expect to read this. There is a lively debate about "spoilers" today, to which this relates. It also is already too long for the context, in my view, and might be better off removing the question too. Notinasnaid 05:12, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Having reread it in the article, I no longer think it is too long for the context. So let me ask: is this a "big surprise" to the reader, a major plot element? I think that knowing this will better help editors participate in the discussion of this point. The great "spoiler" debate, by the way, is on Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Policies/Wikipedia:Spoiler warning. Notinasnaid 06:05, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It does not spoil the surprise, as it is now saying that the lead character outwitted the villain with a riddle spoils it more than having the answer to that riddle. Most other riddles on this page also have the answers to them also. JayKeaton 12:03, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Added, In other cultures
JoshuaCruzPhilippines 12:23, 12 August 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mjcruz (talk • contribs)

Prophecy and Sensus Plenior
Both prophecy and sensus plenior are types of riddles wherein the literal meaning is not the intended meaning, where the intended meaning is hidden in double entendre and pun and where the answer must be known to discern the riddle rather than being able to solve it from the information contained in the riddle. Do you want examples? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.70.15.234 (talk) 22:02, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

In the Ancestry section there is a reference to a work by Athenaeus called "epitome." This is not correct. An epitome is an abridgment of a work, in this case of a book of the Deipnosophistae. It is not a title.72.152.230.174 (talk) 13:36, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:06, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The Riddler.jpg

title: Talk:Riddle


text:
Interstate 990

Interstate 990 (I-990) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway located entirely within the town of Amherst in Erie County, New York, in the United States. It runs in a roughly north–south direction for 6.35 mi through the southwestern and central parts of Amherst from an interchange with I-290 north of Buffalo to an intersection with New York Route 263 (NY 263, named Millersport Highway) south of Lockport. The highway serves as a connection between Buffalo, the University at Buffalo, and Lockport (via NY 263 and NY 78). Like I-590 in nearby Rochester, I-990 does not physically meet I-90, its parent Interstate Highway; instead, the highway makes the connection by way of a "sibling" highway (I-290). I-990 is the highest numbered Interstate Highway in the US.

Plans for an expressway between Buffalo and Lockport were proposed as early as the late 1960s. As originally laid out, the highway would run for 12 mi and end in Lockport's eastern suburbs. By the time the road was added to the Interstate Highway System and designated I-990 in 1979, the proposal had been scaled back to a 4 mi freeway linking I-290 to North French Road. The route was constructed and opened to traffic in two stages during the 1980s. An extension to NY 263 was finished in 1990 and officially added to I-990 three years later.

Description
I-990 begins at a semi-directional T interchange (exit 4) with I-290 (Youngmann Expressway) in the Buffalo suburb of Amherst. After leaving the interchange, I-990, known as the Lockport Expressway, proceeds northward along the western edge of the University at Buffalo's Amherst Campus as a four-lane divided expressway. It generally parallels Sweet Home Road (unsigned NY 952T) to exit 1, a northbound-only interchange providing access to Audubon Parkway by way of a two-lane connector to the campus. From here, I-990 gradually bends northeastward, leaving the vicinity of the campus and entering a partial cloverleaf interchange (exit 2) connecting to Sweet Home Road.

The Interstate Highway continues to turn to the northeast as it heads away from exit 2, crossing over Ellicott Creek and Dodge Road (County Route 45). I-990 expands to six lanes just as it enters the nearby exit 3, which connects to Dodge Road and the northern end of the Audubon Parkway. The freeway briefly runs eastward from the junction, paralleling Dodge Road into the hamlet of Getzville, where the expressway passes over NY 270 (Campbell Boulevard). Just after the NY 270 crossing, I-990 bends northward once again and enters exit 4, a diamond interchange with North French Road (CR 299).

Past North French Road, I-990 bends back to the northeast, crossing Hopkins Road (CR 87) as it approaches an at-grade intersection with NY 263 (Millersport Highway). The junction serves as I-990's exit 5 and its northern terminus. Traffic approaching the junction on northbound I-990 is diverted onto what was intended to be a single-lane exit ramp leading to NY 263. A small stub of highway exists east of the exit gore.

History
On October 30, 1968, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) nominated 20 proposed highways to be added to the Interstate Highway System as part of a 1500 mi nationwide system expansion authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968. One of the submitted roads was the Lockport Expressway, a 12 mi, $22-million limited-access highway extending in a northeast–southwest direction between I-290 north of Buffalo and a proposed Niagara Falls–Rochester freeway near Lockport. When the city of Niagara Falls released its Regional Highway Plan for the Buffalo–Niagara Falls area in 1971, the Niagara Falls–Rochester highway was scrapped; as a result, the north end of the Lockport Expressway was moved to a point on NY 31 east of Lockport. In between I-290 and NY 31, the highway would intersect the proposed Belt Expressway and NY 78 (Transit Road).

While the outer belt proposal was mostly dropped, the plans to build the Lockport Expressway gained traction in January 1979 when the 4.2 mi portion between I-290 and North French Road was added to the Interstate Highway System and designated as I-990. The remainder of the original 12 mi route was excluded due to a lack of funding. Construction began in 1980 on the part south of Sweet Home Road, and the highway was opened to traffic by 1985. The section leading northeast to North French Road was built during the mid-1980s and completed by 1990. In 1986, NYSDOT began to evaluate ways to improve the highways surrounding the northern terminus of I-990. One of the potential options was an extension of the freeway to NY 263 (Millersport Highway) southwest of Lockport. This option was ultimately selected, and the new section of the freeway was opened to traffic on December 21, 1990. It was officially added to I-990 on October 22, 1993.

In June 2013, I-990 was renamed from the Lockport Expressway to the Staff Sergeant William R. Wilson III Memorial Highway. This is in honor of his contributions to the US military, which included training Afghan soldiers and police to take over the country's security. Staff Sergeant Wilson also served two combat deployments to Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. As a result, he was posthumously awarded the Bronze Star Medal and Purple Heart. He also received the National Defense Service Medal, Iraq Campaign Medal, and the Afghanistan Campaign Medal, as well as the Army Service Ribbon and Overseas Service Ribbon. The bill to rename I-990 was sponsored by State Senator Michael Ranzenhofer and Assemblyman Raymond Walter. Signage is now displayed at each terminus showing the new name.

title: Interstate 990


text:
The Fifth Estate (TV program)

The Fifth Estate is an English-language Canadian investigative documentary series that airs on the national CBC Television network.

The name is a reference to the term "Fourth Estate", and was chosen to highlight the program's determination to go beyond everyday news into original journalism. The program has been on the air since 16 September 1975, and its primary focus is on investigative journalism. The show was launched in 1975 by Ron Haggart. It has engaged in co-productions with the BBC, The New York Times, The Globe and Mail, the Toronto Star, and often with the PBS program Frontline.

The Fifth Estate is one of two television programs (with The Twilight Zone being the first) to win an Academy Award, a prize presented to theatrical films: Just Another Missing Kid, originally a The Fifth Estate episode, was released in theatres in the United States and won the 1982 Academy Award for Documentary Feature.

Journalists
Journalists associated with the show, past and present, include:

 * Theresa Burke
 * Marie Caloz
 * Stevie Cameron
 * Harvey Cashore
 * Adrienne Clarkson
 * Neil Docherty
 * Gillian Findlay
 * Declan Hill
 * Hana Gartner
 * Ron Haggart
 * Bob Johnstone
 * Mark Kelley
 * Joe MacAnthony
 * Linden MacIntyre
 * Bob McKeown
 * Sheila MacVicar
 * Victor Malarek
 * Eric Malling
 * Habiba Nosheen
 * Ian Parker
 * Francine Pelletier
 * Sally Reardon
 * Peter Reilly
 * Glenn Sarty
 * David Studer
 * Robin Taylor
 * Warner Troyer
 * Anna Maria Tremonti
 * Jim Williamson
 * Trish Wood

Episodes
News reports aired on The Fifth Estate have included investigations into and reports about:

 * 9/11 truth movement
 * Death of Ashley Smith
 * Airbus affair, Brian Mulroney and Karlheinz Schreiber
 * William Francis Melchert-Dinkel
 * Airport Security
 * Al-Qaeda in Europe
 * Benny Hinn
 * Brendan Burke
 * Brandon Crisp
 * Chris Benoit ("Wrestler: Fight to the Death")
 * Chuckie Akenz
 * Charles Manson and the Manson Family
 * Scouts Canada
 * Communications Security Establishment
 * David Frost and Mike Danton
 * École Polytechnique massacre ("Montreal Massacre – Legacy of Pain")
 * Jian Ghomeshi
 * Rob Ford
 * Dick Cheney
 * MIM-104 Patriot and its ineffectiveness during the Gulf War as a missile defense system
 * Guy Paul Morin
 * Suicide of Amanda Todd
 * Jane and Finch
 * Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation ("Luck of the Draw")
 * Pierre Vallières
 * Polygamy in Bountiful, British Columbia
 * PROFUNC
 * Steven Truscott
 * To Sell a War
 * Tunagate
 * David Russell Williams
 * Mark Twitchell
 * Donald Trump
 * Iglesia ni Cristo
 * Julian Assange
 * Buffy Sainte-Marie

Season 34 (2008–09)
The 2008–09 television season was the 34th season of The Fifth Estate.

Season 36 (2010–11)
The 2010–11 television season was the 36th season of The Fifth Estate.

Season 37 (2011–12)
The 2011–12 television season was the 37th season of The Fifth Estate.

Season 38 (2012–13)
The 2012–13 television season was the 38th season of The Fifth Estate.

Season 39 (2013–14)
The 2013–14 television season was the 39th season of The Fifth Estate.

Season 43 (2017–18)
The 2017–18 television season was the 43rd season of The Fifth Estate.

Season 45 (2019–20)
The 2019–20 television season is the 45th season of The Fifth Estate. (Where two episodes appear in one program, a "/" is included between the episodes.)

Season 46 (2020–21)
The 2020–21 television season is the 46th season of The Fifth Estate. (Where two episodes appear in one program, a "/" is included between the episodes.)

Awards
The Fifth Estate has won many awards, including Gemini Awards—among them ten for Best Information Series—numerous domestic investigative journalism awards, many New York and Columbus awards, International Emmys, and in 2000 and 2010 the Michener Award, Canada's top journalism prize, which is open to all media and has only one annual winner. A 2003 co-production with The New York Times and PBS's Frontline was recognized with the Pulitzer, Peabody, Polk, and other awards.

The Fifth Estate is one of two television programs (with The Twilight Zone being the first) to win an Academy Award, a prize presented to theatrical films: Just Another Missing Kid, originally a The Fifth Estate episode, was released in theatres in the United States and won the 1982 Academy Award for Documentary Feature.

The Savoie scandal
In 1992, The Fifth Estate aired an expose of Inspector Claude Savoie of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, accusing him of being corrupt. On 21 December 1992, Savoie shot himself in his office at the RCMP's headquarters. Many felt that The Fifth Estate bore some responsibility for Savoie's suicide. Julian Sher of The Fifth Estate who worked on the Savoie story stated in 2022: "I didn't kill him, I didn't load the gun, I didn't put the gun to his head. He made his choices. I'm not responsible but if Dan and I had decided not to do the story, if we had not covered this stuff, would he be alive? He might have decided to kill himself when the RCMP (investigated him)...The lesson I learned from that is the consequences of our work. For many of the people we tell stories about, it's their lives and sometimes their deaths."

Libel suit
The CBC was successfully sued for libel over an episode that aired on 27 February 1996. Two doctors were interviewed for an episode about prescription drugs. Both doctors alleged their interviews were unfairly edited to give the false impression they were involved in kickbacks, cover-ups of patient deaths and other disreputable activities. Cardiologist Martin Myers asked for an apology plus $25,000, while researcher Frans Leenen asked for an apology plus $10,000. The CBC opted to fight the charges in court. The doctors ultimately prevailed. Myers was awarded $200,000, plus interest and costs, while Leenen won $950,000, plus interest and costs that could total over $2 million, a record for Canadian libel. The CBC has no libel insurance. Judges in both cases ruled that journalists at The Fifth Estate had twisted the facts and acted with malice, with one writing in his decision; "this was sensationalistic journalism of the worst sort and should serve as an embarrassment to this so-called 'flagship' investigative programme." The episode's host Trish Wood, producer Nicholas Regush, the researcher and executive producer David Studer were assessed punitive and aggravated damages.

Iglesia ni Cristo
The CBC and The Fifth Estate were sued in February 2019 by the Iglesia Ni Cristo after officials said one of the show's broadcasts defamed their church, calling the show "slanderous" and acting "without evidence." CBC News responded by stating they stand behind the story.

The episode in question, "Church of Secrets", which aired on 11 November 2018 and was hosted by Bob McKeown, detailed the controversies surrounding the church, including accusations of financial irregularities, kidnapping, and the murder of a Canadian man. In particular, McKeown interviewed the widow of a murder victim allegedly killed by INC members after a series of verbal altercations, as well as following the story of excommunicated ministerial worker Lowell Menorca II, who sought refugee status in Canada. The news crew also attempted for and were denied an interview with Eduardo V. Manalo after an event in Sacramento. During the attempt for an interview, their vehicle's tires were slashed, which McKeown suspected was an act of intimidation by INC, though an INC member denied the allegation.

title: The Fifth Estate (TV program)