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SSN (novel)

SSN is a techno-thriller novel, created by Tom Clancy and Martin H. Greenberg and published on December 1, 1996, as a tie-in to the video game of the same name. It follows the missions of USS Cheyenne (SSN-773), a United States Navy nuclear attack submarine, during a fictional war between the United States and China over the Spratly Islands. SSN is the second Clancy novel after Red Storm Rising (1986) that is not set in the Ryanverse.

The book also features the transcript of a discussion of the game with Clancy and former Royal Navy submarine commander Doug Littlejohns, which was held in Greek Island, a former government-owned fallout shelter located in West Virginia. The interview was originally released along with the CD-ROM of the game.

Preface: "Prelude to War"
In 1997, former Chinese Communist Party leader Deng Xiaoping dies, creating a power struggle within the Chinese government. Premier Li Peng later takes over in a coup d'etat and orders the arrest of his political rivals, particularly Deng's technical successor Jiang Zemin. He then orders an invasion of the Spratly Islands, where a large oil deposit was recently discovered by an American oil company. A Chinese Han-class submarine attacks the American aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN-68), prompting one of her escort submarines to sink the Chinese sub in retaliation and killing everyone aboard. War between the two countries becomes imminent.

"First Blood"
USS Cheyenne (SSN-773), a Los Angeles-class submarine commanded by Captain Bartholomew Mackey, deploys from San Diego to Pearl Harbor to join the conflict in the South China Sea. Initially ordered to fire on any Chinese submarines only in self defense, Cheyenne encounters and later sinks a Han-class submarine when the latter fires first. With the war now underway, Mackey bears witness to the sinking of another enemy sub near Pearl Harbor.

"South China Sea Station"
Cheyenne is diverted from her initial destination in Pearl Harbor and is ordered to proceed to South China Sea and escort the aircraft carrier USS Independence (CV-62). Along the way, she sinks a Chinese Luda-class destroyer and its escort Romeo-class submarine, which are in the area to lay mines and attack Independence. She additionally cripples a Chinese task group as well as another Romeo-class sub before meeting with Independence.

"Four if by Sea, Six if by Land"
Initially assigned as the advance escort for the Independence carrier group, Cheyenne receives orders to proceed to Spratly Islands and destroy a Chinese submarine base there. Along the way, it scores kills on another Luda-class destroyer and two more enemy subs.

"Dogfight"
Cheyenne meets up with the submarine tender USS McKee (AS-41) in Sulu Sea for supplies and debriefing. Its new orders are to sink any Chinese submarines and surface ships in contact. While managing to destroy one Han-class and three Kilo-class submarines, Mackey discovers the existence of a Russian Alfa-class submarine joining the Chinese.

"Interdiction"
Cheyenne is once again assigned to patrol duty on the Independence carrier group. Tasked to attack a Chinese surface task group from north of the Spratlys, Mackey prevents two Chinese-crewed Alfa-class submarines from attacking an American frigate USS Ingraham (FFG-61) by sinking them. After successfully sinking the surface task group, it later fends off a Ming-class submarine from sinking McKee before meeting up with the latter.

"Ambush"
Cheyenne is tasked to patrol several abandoned oil rigs in the Spratlys. It destroys a Chinese submarine depot there, as well as a Kilo-class submarine.

"Target: Convoy"
Cheyenne is dispatched to cripple a Chinese merchant group entering the Spratlys from the mainland, later managing to evade an attacking Romeo-class submarine.

"Patrol"
Mackey is informed that the Chinese Navy is aware of his submarine's actions and is deploying all their ships to hunt down and sink Cheyenne. Additionally, Cheyenne is assigned to patrol routine in the Spratlys as well as to destroy Chinese airfields and runways with Tomahawk missiles near the Philippine island of Palawan. Mackey later scores kills on three Chinese-crewed Alfa-class submarines.

"The Fourth Patrol: From Russia with Love"
After completing its patrol duties, Cheyenne makes a quick stop at the former United States military base in Subic Bay, Philippines. After undergoing weapons replenishment from McKee and maintenance through the floating dry dock Arco, the submarine is assigned to sink six Akula-class submarines with experienced Russian personnel embedded within the Chinese crews before they reach the Paracel Islands north of Spratlys.

"Rescue"
A SEAL Team One unit recaptures the American oil drillship Benthic Adventure from the Chinese in the Spratlys. With the ship now being escorted by the Independence carrier battle group to safety, Cheyenne is assigned to join the convoy and protect the ship from any Chinese submarines in the area. Along with the Independence carrier group, they later ward off several attacking Chinese vessels intent on sinking Benthic Adventure.

"Battle Royale"
After failing to recapture Benthic Adventure, the Chinese Navy sends over sixty ships and submarines from the mainland to attack the Independence carrier battle group. Cheyenne takes part in sinking most of the Chinese fleet.

"Strait Up"
Former Chinese leader Zemin resurfaces in Taiwan, having been smuggled out of China by USS Seawolf (SSN-21). Cheyenne is assigned to reconnoiter the mine-infested Formosa Strait in order to find a safe passage for the deposed Chinese premier's eventual return to the mainland. Mackey scores kills on a Kilo-class submarine and two Luda-class destroyers.

"Typhoon Hunt"
Cheyenne is deployed to sink a Russian-crewed Typhoon-class submarine operating in the South China Sea, along with its Akula-class escorts. In the ensuing attack, one remaining Akula-class submarine manages to escape.

"Hornets' Nest"
Cheyenne continues patrolling the eastern side of Taiwan to "sanitize" the area of enemy submarines. Surviving an ambush, she scores kills on five Akula-class submarines (including one that had escaped earlier) and two Kilo-class submarines.

"Special Delivery"
Cheyenne is tasked with transporting Zemin to mainland China to negotiate a ceasefire to the ongoing conflict with Chinese Premier Peng. It manages to sink the Sino-Russian next-generation nuclear attack submarine Mao, which has been aggressively pursuing Cheyenne. After Zemin retakes his position as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, he declares a ceasefire ending the war in the South China Sea. Mackey is later honored by the Chinese and American governments.

title: SSN (novel)


text:
Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for First Comic Book

The Prix Révélation (Prize of Revelation or Debut Prize) is one of the prizes awarded by the Angoulême International Comics Festival. This prize honors cartoonists who are early in their career.

Some version of the prize has been awarded almost every year since the first festival in 1974. At first it was called the Prize of Best Hope (prix du meilleur espoir), then in 1985 it was reborn as the Prize for Best First Album (prix du meilleur premier album). In 1989, as the whole award ceremony was renamed after Hergé's unfinished book Alph-Art, this prize became the Alph-Art coup de cœur and was awarded to authors with up to three published works. From 2003-2006 the award was again called Best First Album (meilleur premier album), then in 2007 was renamed the "Prix Révélation", which is still its name as of 2018.

1970s

 * 1974: Alfredo Chiappori
 * 1975: Annie Goetzinger
 * 1976: Jean-Claude Gal
 * 1977: Régis Franc
 * 1978: Les Bidochon by Christian Binet (AUDIE)
 * 1979: Goudard t.1: Dossier Goudard by Jean-Pierre Gibrat & Jackie Berroyer (Éditions du Square)

1980s

 * 1980: Docteur Poche by Marc Wasterlain (Dupuis)
 * 1981: La Vie d'Einstein by Daniel Goossens (AUDIE)
 * 1985: Quéquette Blues by Baru (Dargaud)
 * 1986: Crève-coeur by Jean-Claude Götting (Futuropolis)
 * 1987: Jo Engo: La grande fièvre by Denis Frémond (Albin Michel)
 * 1988: Le soleil des loups by Arthur Qwak and Gilles Gonnort (Vents d’Ouest)
 * 1989: Le Journal d'Henriette by Dupuy and Berberian (AUDIE)

1990s

 * 1990: Séjour en Afrique by Alain Garrigue and Jean-Luc Coudray (Rackham)
 * 1991: Julius Corentin Acquefacques: L’origine by Marc-Antoine Mathieu (Delcourt)
 * 1992: Trio Grande, t.1: Adios, Palomita by Fabrice Lamy, Olivier Vatine, and Alain Clément (Delcourt)
 * 1993: Le Bar du vieux Français by Jean-Philippe Stassen and Denis Lapière (Dupuis)
 * 1994: Slaloms part 1 by Lewis Trondheim (L'Association)
 * 1995: Horologiom part 1 by Fabrice Lebeault (Delcourt)
 * 1996: L’Œil du chat by Fabio Viscogliosi (Éditions du Seuil)
 * 1997: Journal part 1 by Fabrice Neaud (Ego comme X)
 * 1998: La Fille du professeur by Joann Sfar and Emmanuel Guibert (Dupuis)
 * 1999: Quelques jours d’été by Christophe Chabouté (Paquet)

2000s

 * 2000: Le Réducteur de vitesse by Christophe Blain (Dupuis)
 * Bretagne by Pierre Wazem (Les Humanoïdes Associés)
 * Un drôle d'ange gardien part 1 by Denis-Pierre Filippi and Sandrine Revel (Delcourt)
 * Hôtel noir by Antoine Ozanam and Bruno Lachard (Paquet)
 * Miss: Bloody Manhattan by Philippe Thirault, Marc Riou, and Mark Vigouroux (Les Humanoïdes Associés)
 * 2001: Persépolis by Marjane Satrapi (L’Association)
 * Chiquito la muerte by J.L. Capron (nickname of Jean-Louis Gauthey) and Hugues Micol (Delcourt)
 * Blacksad: Quelque part parmi les ombres by Juan Díaz Canales and Juanjo Guarnido (Dargaud)
 * Shenzhen by Guy Delisle (L’Association)
 * Vagues à l’âme by Grégory Mardon (Les Humanoïdes Associés)
 * 2002: Le val des ânes by Matthieu Blanchin
 * Bouffe et châtiment by Mathias Gnehm and Francis Rivolta
 * Hariti: Un ventre aride by Nicolas Ryser and Igor Szalewa
 * Norbert l'Imaginaire : Imaginaire: 1 / Raison: 0 by Olivier Guéret and Nicolas Vadot
 * La région: L'héritage des trente velus by Jérôme Jouvray and Denis Roland
 * Samedi et Dimanche: Le paradis des cailloux by Gwen and Fabien Vehlmann
 * 2003: L'âge de raison by Mathieu Bonhomme
 * Banquise by Christophe Gaultier and Sylvain Ricard
 * Chhht ! by Jason
 * Phenomenum: Opus 0 by Jérémie Kaminka and Marc Védrines
 * Sainte famille by Xavier Mussat
 * Supermurgeman: Joue et gagne! by Mathsap
 * 2004: Betty Blues by Renaud Dillies and Anne-Claire Jouvray
 * Hector Umbra: Folie semi-automatique by Uli Oesterle
 * Kuklos by Sylvain Ricard and Christophe Gaultier
 * Ludologie by Ludovic Debeurme
 * Palaces by Simon Hureau
 * Soupe froide by Charles Masson
 * La tendresse des crocodiles by Fred Bernard
 * 2005: De Mal En Pis by Alex Robinson (Rackham)
 * Blankets - Manteau de neige by Craig Thompson (Casterman)
 * L’immeuble d’en face by Vanyda (La Boîte à Bulles)
 * Extrême-orient: Li Fuzhi by Franck Bourgeron (Vents d’Ouest)
 * Love My Life by Ebine Yamaji (Asuka)
 * Same difference by Derek Kirk Kim (6 Pieds sous Terre)
 * Trois Éclats blancs by Bruno Le Floc'h (Delcourt)
 * 2006: Aya de Yopougon part 1 by Clément Oubrerie and Marguerite Abouet (Gallimard)
 * À la lettre près by Cyrille Pommès (Albin Michel)
 * Le blog de Frantico by Frantico (Albin Michel)
 * Cornigule by Takashi Kurihara (Cornélius)
 * Les extravagantes enquêtes d’Otto et Watson: Essence by Krzysztof Gawronkiewicz and Janusz Christa (Glénat)
 * Kinki et Cosy part 1 by Nix (Le Lombard)
 * The Goon: Rien que de la misère by Eric Powell (Delcourt)
 * 2007: Panier de singe by Florent Ruppert & Jérôme Mulot (Ruppert et Mulot) (L'Association)
 * 2008: L'Éléphant by Isabelle Pralong (Vertige Graphic)
 * 2009: Le Goût du chlore (A Taste of Chlorine) by Bastien Vivès (Casterman)

2010s

 * 2010: Rosalie Blum-fr, t.3: Au hasard Balthazar! Camille Jourdy (Actes Sud BD)
 * 2011 (tie): La Parenthèse by Élodie Durand (Delcourt)
 * 2011 (tie): Trop n'est pas assez by Ulli Lust (Çà et là)
 * 2012: TMLP. Ta mère la pute by Gilles Rochier (6 pieds sous terre)
 * 2013: Automne by Jon McNaught (Nobrow)
 * 2014 (tie): Le Livre de Léviathan by Peter Blegvad (L'Apocalypse)
 * 2014 (tie): Mon ami Dahmer by Derf Backderf (Ça et là)
 * 2015: Yékini, le roi des arènes by Lisa Lugrin & Clément Xavier (FLBLB)
 * 2016: Une étoile tranquille : Portrait sentimental de Primo Levi by Pietro Scarnera (Rackham)
 * 2017: Mauvaises filles by Ancco (Cornélius)
 * 2018: Beverly by Nick Drnaso (Presque lune)
 * 2019: Ted drôle de coco by Émilie Gleason

2020s

 * 2020: Lucarne by Joe Kessler (L'Association)
 * 2021: Tanz! by Maurane Mazars, Le Lombard
 * 2022: La vie souterraine by Camille Lavaud Benito (Les Requins Marteaux)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chiseen

Chiseen was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Dicdef. Originally on CSD, but I didn't believe it was a proper candidate, dicdefs generally going to VFD. TPK 11:18, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete as dictdef. If Wiktionary wants it, they can get their own contribution, I think.  I hesitate to transwiki a foreign language term, since I haven't the vaguest idea what they already have or want. Geogre 15:30, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as dictdef. I originally listed it on CSD because it didn't even seem to be an English word. But yeah, I guess VFD is better. Andre 08:34, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chiseen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mirta

Common name dicdef. Originally on CSD, but I didn't think it was a proper candidate. TPK 11:19, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, er, I guess I did think it a proper candidate, and deleted it. I will restore it if anyone thinks the delete was improper and it should be restored. All it said was something to the effect that 'mirta is a spanish name that means the same as martha or martin in english'. If it does come back, obviously, my vote would be Delete. Niteowlneils 14:01, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry for being a stickler, but which of thespecific cases for speedy deletion do you think this met? Rossami
 * I guess it seemed like a cross between #2 and #4. To be honest, if I had run into it on newpages patrol, or if I knew at the time it had been put on VfD, I wouldn't have deleted it. I found it because someone else had tagged it as a speedy candidate, and at the time I was probably thinking I was just 'seconding' their motion. This is also why I usually try to stick with only the most obvious cases (EG content="save page" or random letters) that show up on the speedy cat. I fix, redir, or vfd speedy cat items (or just leave them alone and let a more experienced admin make the call) far more often than I delete them. In hindsight, a) I should have held it to the same standard I use on newpages and done something other than delete it, and b) once I found the vfd listing should have just gone back and restored it and let nature take its course. Niteowlneils 20:26, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mirta


text:
Battle of the North Cape

The Battle of the North Cape was a Second World War naval battle that occurred on 26 December 1943, as part of the Arctic campaign. The GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst, on an operation to attack Arctic convoys of war materiel from the western Allies to the Soviet Union, was brought to battle and sunk by the Royal Navy's battleship HMS Duke of York (17) with cruisers and destroyers, including an onslaught from the destroyer HNOMS Stord (G26) of the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy, off the North Cape, Norway.

The battle was the last between British and German big-gun capital ships. The outcome increased the British advantage in major surface units. It was also the penultimate engagement between battleships in history, the last being the October 1944 Battle of Surigao Strait.

Background
Since August 1941, the western Allies had run convoys of ships from the United Kingdom and Iceland to the northern ports of the Soviet Union to provide essential supplies for their war effort on the Eastern Front. These endured much hardship, frequently attacked by German naval and air forces stationed in occupied Norway. A key concern were German Kriegsmarine battleships such as  GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz and Scharnhorst. Even the threat of these ships' presence was enough to cause disastrous consequences for the convoys, such as Convoy PQ 17 that was scattered and mostly sunk by German forces after false reports of the Tirpitz sailing to intercept them. To ward off the threat of Germany's capital ships in the Arctic and to escort convoys with a high level of success, the Royal Navy had to outlay great assets.

Operation Ostfront was an attempt by the German Kriegsmarine to intercept the expected Arctic convoys. In late December 1943, there was a Russia-bound convoy JW 55B consisting of 19 cargo vessels under the command of the Commodore, retired Rear-Admiral Maitland Boucher, accompanied by a close escort of two destroyers, HMCS Huron (G24) and HMCS Haida, among others, and an ocean escort of eight Home Fleet destroyers led by HMS Onslow (G17). Also in the area was convoy RA 55A, returning to the United Kingdom from Russia, consisting of 22 cargo ships, accompanied by a close escort of two destroyers and four other vessels, and an ocean escort of six Home Fleet destroyers led by HMS Milne (G14). It had arrived safely at Murmansk with its normal escorts and the additional protection by Force 1, commanded by Vice Admiral Robert Burnett, consisting of the cruiser HMS Belfast (C35), the flagship, and the cruisers HMS Norfolk (78) and HMS Sheffield (C24).

Escorting the convoys to Russia was the responsibility of the Home Fleet and its commander-in-chief, Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser. Fraser wished to neutralise Scharnhorst, a major threat to the convoys, and planned a confrontation over Christmas 1943 in which convoy JW 55B would be used to draw the enemy out. Fraser expected and hoped that Scharnhorst would attempt to attack JW 55B. At a conference of the captains of the ships in his force Fraser described his plan to intercept Scharnhorst at a position between the convoy and the enemy's Norwegian base. He would then approach the enemy to within 12000 yd in the Arctic night, illuminate Scharnhorst with star shell, and open fire using fire-control radar.

Convoy JW 55B had left Loch Ewe on 20 December and was sighted two days later by a Luftwaffe aircraft which commenced shadowing. By 23 December it was clear to the British from intelligence reports that the convoy had been sighted and was being shadowed by enemy aircraft. Fraser then put to sea with Force 2 consisting of his flagship the battleship HMS Duke of York (17), the cruiser HMS Jamaica (C44) and S-class destroyers HMS Savage (G20), HMS Scorpion (G72), HMS Saumarez (G12), and HNOMS Stord (G26) of the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy. Fraser was anxious not to discourage Scharnhorst from leaving its base, so did not approach before it was necessary to do so. As JW 55B and its escorts approached the area of greatest danger on the same day, the 23rd, travelling slowly eastward 250 mi off the coast of north Norway, Burnett and Force 1 set out westward from Murmansk while Fraser with Force 2 approached at moderate speed from the west. On 25 December, Scharnhorst (under Captain Fritz Hintze) with the Narvik-class destroyers GERMAN DESTROYER Z29, GERMAN DESTROYER Z30, GERMAN DESTROYER Z33, GERMAN DESTROYER Z34 and GERMAN DESTROYER Z38 left Norway's Altafjord under the overall command of Konteradmiral Erich Bey. Scharnhorst set course for the convoy's reported position as a south-westerly gale developed.

Battle
Fraser received confirmation from the Admiralty in the early hours of 26 December that Scharnhorst was at sea and searching for convoy JW 55B. The stormy weather had resulted in the grounding of all Luftwaffe reconnaissance planes. With no ability to search for the British ships from the air and heavy seas hampering the movement of his ships, Rear Admiral Bey was unable to locate the convoy. Despite a German U-boat spotting the convoy and reporting its position, Bey was still not able to make contact with the British ships. Thinking he had overshot the enemy, he detached his destroyers and sent them southward to increase the search area, and the destroyers subsequently lost contact with their flagship. Fraser, preparing for the German attack, had diverted the returning empty convoy RA 55A northward, out of the area in which it was expected, and ordered JW 55B to reverse course to allow him to close. He later ordered four of the destroyers with RA 55A; HMS Matchless (G52), HMS Musketeer (G86), HMS Opportune (G80) and HMS Virago (R75), to detach and join him.

The unescorted Scharnhorst encountered Burnett's Force 1 shortly after 09:00. Belfast was the first ship to obtain radar contact on Scharnhorst, and the British cruisers rapidly closed the range. At a distance of nearly 13000 yd, the British cruisers opened fire and Scharnhorst responded with her own salvoes. While no hits were scored on the British ships, the German battleship was struck twice, with one shell destroying the forward Seetakt radar controls and leaving Scharnhorst virtually blind in a mounting snowstorm. Without radar, gunners aboard the German battleship were forced to aim at the enemy's muzzle flashes. This was made more difficult because two of the British cruisers were using a new flashless propellant. Bey, believing he had engaged a battleship, turned south in an attempt to distance himself from the pursuers and perhaps draw them away from the convoy.

Scharnhorst's superior speed allowed Bey to shake off his pursuers, after which he turned northeast in an attempt to circle round them and attack the undefended convoy. Burnett, instead of giving chase in sea conditions that were limiting his cruisers' speed to 24 kn, correctly guessed Bey's intentions and positioned Force 1 so as to protect the convoy. It was a decision that he had some personal doubts about as it would result in the cruisers losing contact with Scharnhorst, and the decision was criticised by some of the British force's other officers but supported by Fraser. To Burnett's relief, shortly after noon, Scharnhorst was once again detected by the cruiser's radars as it attempted to approach the convoy. As fire was again exchanged, Scharnhorst scored two hits on Norfolk with 11-inch shells, disabling a turret and her radar. Burnett's destroyers were also unable to get close enough to Scharnhorst to launch a torpedo attack on the German ship. Following this exchange, Bey decided to return to port, while he ordered his destroyers to attack the convoy at a position reported by the U-boat earlier in the morning. The reported position was out of date, and the destroyers missed the convoy.

Scharnhorst ran south for several hours, once again taking advantage of its superior speed. Burnett pursued, but both Sheffield and Norfolk suffered engine problems and were forced to drop back, leaving the outgunned Belfast as the sole pursuer and dangerously exposed for a while. The lack of working radar aboard Scharnhorst prevented the Germans from taking advantage of the situation, allowing Belfast to reacquire the German ship on her radar set. Bey was unaware that his ship was now sailing into a trap, with Admiral Fraser's main force steaming towards Scharnhorst's position and perfectly placed to intercept the fleeing German ship. With Belfast sending a constant stream of radio signals on the Scharnhorst's position, the battleship Duke of York battled through the rough seas to reach the German ship. Fraser sent his four escorting destroyers to press ahead and try to get into torpedo-launching positions. The main British force soon picked up Scharnhorst on radar at 16:15 and were manoeuvring to bring a full broadside to bear. At 16:17 Scharnhorst was detected by Duke of Yorks Type 273 radar at a range of 45500 yd and by 16:32 Duke of Yorks Type 284 radar indicated that the range had closed to 29700 yd.

At 16:48, Belfast fired star shells to illuminate Scharnhorst which was unprepared, with her turrets trained fore and aft, and clearly visible from Duke of York. Duke of York opened fire at a range of 11920 yd and scored a hit on the first salvo, disabling Scharnhorst's foremost turrets ("Anton" and "Bruno"), while another salvo destroyed the ship's aeroplane hangar. Bey turned north, but was engaged by the cruisers Norfolk and Belfast, and turned east at a high speed of 31 kn. Scharnhorst was now being engaged on one side by Duke of York and Jamaica while Burnett's cruisers engaged from the other side. The Germans took continuing heavy punishment from Duke of York's 14-inch shells, and at 17:24 a desperate Bey signalled to Germany "am surrounded by heavy units".

Bey was able to put some more distance between Scharnhorst and the British ships to increase his prospects of success. Two 11-inch shells from one of her salvoes damaged the foremast of the Duke of York, severing some of the wireless aerials and spraying the superstructure and the upper deck with splinters, and, more serious still, knocking over the radar aerial to the Type 284 gunnery control radar set. These hits could not have been known to Bey, and Lt. Harold Bates, the electrical officer, despite the appalling conditions (a force 8 gale, darkness and substantial ice), climbed the mast and managed to return the aerial to the horizontal and restarted the gyro-stabiliser so that within a few minutes the radar was working again. (After the battle, a myth arose that Bates had repaired the wires with his bare hands, leading to the nickname "Barehand" Bates.) Scharnhorst's fortunes took a dramatic turn for the worse at 18:20 when a shell fired by Duke of York at extreme range pierced her belt armour and destroyed the No. 1 boiler room. Scharnhorst's speed dropped to only 10 kn, and though immediate repair work allowed it to recover to 22 kn, Scharnhorst was now vulnerable to torpedo attacks by the destroyers. Five minutes later, Bey sent his final radio message to the German naval command: "We will fight on until the last shell is fired." At 18:50 Scharnhorst turned to starboard to engage the destroyers Savage and Saumarez, but this allowed Scorpion and the Norwegian destroyer Stord to attack with torpedoes, scoring two hits on the starboard side. As Scharnhorst continued to turn to avoid the torpedoes, Savage and Saumarez scored three hits on her port side. Saumarez was hit several times by Scharnhorst's secondary armament and suffered 11 killed and 11 wounded.

Due to the torpedo hits, Scharnhorst's speed again fell to 10 kn, allowing Duke of York to rapidly close the range. With Scharnhorst illuminated by star shells "hanging over her like a chandelier", Duke of York and Jamaica resumed fire, at a range of only 10400 yd. At 19:15, Belfast joined in from the north. The British vessels subjected the German ship to a deluge of shells, and the cruisers Jamaica and Belfast fired their remaining torpedoes at the slowing target. Scharnhorst's end came when the British destroyers Opportune, Virago, Musketeer and Matchless fired a further 19 torpedoes at her. Wracked with hits and unable to flee, Scharnhorst finally capsized and sank at 19:45 on 26 December, her propellers still turning, at an estimated position of 72.26667°N, 28.68333°W. She was later identified and filmed at 72.51667°N, 28.25°W. Of her total complement of 1,968, only 36 were pulled from the frigid waters, 30 by Scorpion and six by Matchless. Neither Rear Admiral Bey nor Captain Hintze were among those rescued (although both were reported seen in the water after the ship sank), nor were any other officers. British casualties, in contrast, were relatively light with only 21 killed and 11 wounded. The majority of British casualties occurred on Saumarez, with 11 of the destroyer's sailors being killed as the ship attempted to close with Scharnhorst. HMS Norfolk suffered most of the remaining casualties with seven of her men being killed while the destroyer Scorpion also had one of its men missing in action. Fraser ordered the force to proceed to Murmansk, making a signal to the Admiralty: "Scharnhorst sunk", to which the reply came: "Grand, well done."

Aftermath

Later in the evening of 26 December, Admiral Fraser briefed his officers on board Duke of York: "Gentlemen, the battle against Scharnhorst has ended in victory for us. I hope that if any of you are ever called upon to lead a ship into action against an opponent many times superior, you will command your ship as gallantly as Scharnhorst was commanded today". After the battle Admiral Fraser sent the following message to the Admiralty: "... Please convey to the C-in-C Norwegian Navy. Stord played a very daring role in the fight and I am very proud of her...". In an interview in the Evening News on 5 February 1944 the commanding officer of HMS Duke of York, Captain Guy Russell, said: "... the Norwegian destroyer Stord carried out the most daring attack of the whole action...".

The loss of Scharnhorst demonstrated the vital importance of radar in modern naval warfare. While the German battleship should have been able to outgun all of her opponents save the battleship Duke of York, the early loss of radar-assisted fire control combined with the problem of inclement weather left her at a significant disadvantage. Scharnhorst was straddled by 31 of the 52 radar-fire-controlled salvoes fired by Duke of York. In the aftermath of the battle, the Kriegsmarine commander, Großadmiral Karl Dönitz remarked, "Surface ships are no longer able to fight without effective radar equipment."

The sinking of the Scharnhorst was a major victory for the Allied war effort in the Arctic theatre and further altered the strategic balance at sea in their favour. The Battle of the North Cape took place only a few months after the successful Operation Source, which had severely damaged the German battleship Tirpitz with midget submarines as she lay at anchor in Norway. With Scharnhorst destroyed and Germany's other battleships out of service, the Allies were now for the first time in the war free from the threat of German battleships raiding their convoys in the Arctic and Atlantic. This would allow the Allies to reallocate their naval resources that had been previously tied up to counter the threat of the German 'fleet in being'. This would prove to be the final battle of battleships in European waters and was one of few major surface actions in the Second World War without air support.

title: Battle of the North Cape


text:
Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party

The Southern Rhodesian Liberal Party was a political party in Southern Rhodesia, founded in 1943 by Jacob Smit (1881–1959), the former United Party (UP) Minister of Finance. It is thought that Smit split from the UP largely because Prime Minister Sir Godfrey Martin Huggins had failed to include him in the exclusive Second World War Defence Committee.

In his A History of Rhodesia, Robert Blake writes that Smit's party, "in accordance with the Rhodesian tradition of adopting the most misleading political nomenclature possible, called themselves 'Liberals.'" The party was, in fact, pronouncedly illiberal, and attempted to unite conservative, non-trade union opposition to the UP while opposing government economic regulation and the advancement of Black political interests. The Liberal Party did well in the 1946 general election, winning 12 out of 30 seats in the Southern Rhodesia Legislative Assembly, but in the 1948 general election it won only five seats and its support declined subsequently. It was to become one of the political precursors to the future Rhodesian Front (RF) party.

title: Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party


text:
Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for a Series

The Prize for a Series is one of the prizes awarded by the Angoulême International Comics Festival. This prize was first awarded in 2004, then after two more years was cancelled. It was reinstated in 2010 and has been awarded ever since.

 * 2004: 20th Century Boys by Naoki Urasawa (Panini Comics/Génération Comics)
 * Bételgeuse by Léo (Dargaud)
 * Black Hole by Charles Burns (Delcourt)
 * Bouncer (bande dessinée) by François Boucq & Alejandro Jodorowsky (Les Humanoïdes Associés)
 * Donjon by Joann Sfar & Lewis Trondheim (Delcourt)
 * Sambre by Yslaire (Glénat)
 * Stéphane Clément, chroniques d'un voyageur by Daniel Ceppi (Requins Marteaux)
 * 2005: Les Formidables Aventures de Lapinot by Lewis Trondheim (Dargaud)
 * Buddy Longway by Derib (Le Lombard)
 * Le Cri du peuple (bande dessinée) by Jacques Tardi and Jean Vautrin (Casterman)
 * Coq de combat by Izo Hashimoto and Akio Tanaka (Delcourt)
 * Daredevil by Brian Michael Bendis and Alex Maleev (Marvel Comics)
 * Un privé à la cambrousse by Bruno Heitz (Seuil)
 * Universal War One by Denis Bajram (Soleil)
 * 2006: Blacksad: Ame rouge by Juanjo Guarnido and Juan Diaz Canales (Dargaud)
 * Black Hole: Bleu profond by Charles Burns (Delcourt)
 * Bone: La couronne d’aiguilles by Jeff Smith (Delcourt)
 * Bouncer (bande dessinée): La vengeance du manchot by François Boucq and Alexandro Jodorowsky (Les Humanoïdes Associés)
 * Lupus (bande dessinée) part 3 by Frederik Peeters (Atrabile)
 * Pascin: La java bleue by Joann Sfar (l’Association)
 * Théodore Poussin: Les jalousies by Frank Le Gall (Dupuis)
 * 2010: Jérôme K. Jérôme Bloche by Alain Dodier (Dupuis)
 * 2011: Il était une fois en France by Fabien Nury and Sylvain Vallée (Glénat)
 * 2012: Cité 14 by Pierre Gabus and Romuald Reutimann (Les Humanoïdes Associés)
 * 2013: Aâma by Frederik Peeters (Gallimard)
 * 2014: Fuzz & Pluck t.2: Splitsville by Ted Stearn (Cornélius)
 * 2015: Lastman, t.6 by Bastien Vivès, Balak, & Michaël Sanlaville (KSTR/Casterman)
 * 2016: Miss Marvel by Adrian Alphona & G. Willow Wilson (Panini Comics)
 * 2017: Chiisakobee by Minetarō Mochizuki (Le Lézard noir)
 * 2018: Megg, Mogg & Owl by Simon Hanselmann (Misma)
 * 2019: Dansker by Halfdan Pisket (Presque lune)
 * 2020: Dans l'Abîme du temps by Gō Tanabe after H. P. Lovecraft (Ki-oon)
 * 2021: Paul à la maison by Michel Rabagliati
 * 2022: Spirou ou l'espoir malgré tout by Émile Bravo (Dupuis)
 * 2023: Blood on the Tracks by Shūzō Oshimi (Ki-oon)
 * 2024: The Nice House on the Lake by Álvaro Martínez Bueno & James Tynion IV (Urban Comics)


text:
Government of the Republic of the Rif

The Government of the Republic of the Rif was established on 18 September 1921 when the Riffian Tribes, led by Abd el-Krim, beat Spain in the Battle of Annual during the Rif War and created the Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif.

The Republic of the Rif is considered the first-ever independent non-monarchical modern Amazigh state.

After the Riffian victory, President Abd el-Krim and his Council of Ministers issued a document titled "Government of the Rif Republic; Declaration of State and Proclamation to all Nations" declaring the independence of the Rif from the Franco-Spanish colonial dominion and from the Arab-Alouite Sultan Yusef of Morocco.

Executive branch

 * President: Moulay Mohand Abd el-Krim el-Khattabi
 * Prime Minister: Hajj Hatmi
 * President of the Council of Ministers: AbdelSelam Mohammed el-Khattabi
 * Minister of Justice: Mohammed Echems
 * Minister of Interior: Shaikh Yazid n-Hajj Hammu
 * Minister of War: Mohammed ben Omar
 * Minister of Foreign Affairs: Mohammed Azerkan

Symbolic Offices

 * Princess (Lalla) of the Rif: Lalla Mimouna Boujibar
 * Imam Prince of the Believers (ʾamīr al-muʾminīn): Moulay Mohand Abd el-Krim el-Khattabi

Legislative branch

 * Congress of Representatives of the Tribes of the Rif

title: Government of the Republic of the Rif


text:
User talk:Jackqu7

Hi Jackqu7, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thankyou for finding the time to sign up and contribute to our little project. If you're in doubt about anything, you might want to check out some of these pages:

 * Welcome, newcomers - a general introduction, and a good starting point
 * The help centre and FAQs
 * The Manual of Style - a guide to the community's writing conventions

It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself.

When contributing to a talk page, you can sign your name by typing four tildes after your comments, like this: ~. Some people do not pay attention to unsigned comments. An important note: Please do not add this signature to encyclopedia articles you may edit, even if you have created them. Wikipedia articles are owned by the community, not by any one person.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to me at my talk page, or at the Help desk or Village Pump.

But above all, make sure you be bold when contributing, and have fun!

TPK 11:37, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

File:Warwickcastlexterior.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Warwickcastlexterior.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 12:47, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jackqu7


text:
Mary Eddy

Mary Eddy may refer to:

 * Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910), American author, and founder of Christian Science
 * Mary Pierson Eddy (1864–1923), Syrian-born American religious and medical missionary
 * Mary Eddy Kidder (1834–1910), American missionary and educator in Japan

title: Mary Eddy


text:
Talk:White minority rule

From VfD:

Doesn't this amount to the same thing as apartheid? Redirect to that or a new page on minority rule in general. (Including race, religious, etc. minority government). The specificity of the title suggests that only whites might become minority rulers. TPK 11:45, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It is not necessarily the same thing as apartheid. Rhodesia had a white minority rule government between 1965 and 1975, but it did not apply apartheid. It's not only whites who might become minority rulers, e.g. Indians in Fiji, the prospect of which triggered several coups. -- Arwel 12:15, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well it still ought to redirect to minority rule or somesuch then, IMHO. TPK 15:11, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep and improve with Clean Up. White minority rule is now a blanket term used to indicate post-colonial nations, as well as colonial ones, where a white party has the power.  Apartheid is a specific South African political philosophy.  A redirect to Apartheid would be a stop-gap while waiting for this article to exist fully, and I'd rather not take that step. Geogre 18:22, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

REDIRECTED to Dominant minority, new. This article is too limiting, and confusing (whites to most people mean europeans, but "white dominance" in South America mean "white" Latin Americans, descended ages ago from europeans, or simply selected to be dominant by british/portuguese, etc. However, the issue of Dominant Minorities (or "minority dominance", couldn't decide on title) is an issue that affects people worldwide, and in many cases, is not "whites" doing the dominance (chinese in Indonesia, Lebanese in West Africa, etc.).  The issue remains the same.

 * could use help with Dominant minority and important subject. Terrapin 19:42, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: I really disagree with the redirect. I hear "white minority rule" on BBC World Service news nearly every night, as something historical or ongoing.  "Land reform movements date back to the era of white minority rule in Zimbabwe, but Mugabe's schemes...." Geogre 21:40, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, not redirect. The term is frequently used with reference to the history of Rhodesia/Zimbabwe. I think there should be an article, it should be mainly about that country (and any others where this term may be very common), and should have a "see also" or something to link to an articl on the broader general concept. -- Jmabel 01:07, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep under the heading "dominant minority", mark as stub, expand, add historical details and elaborate on white dominant minority in this entry. --Fenice 07:54, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * White minority rule should have its own article, which isn't to say that it cannot also recieve an overview under Dominant Minority. 'White minority rule' is an important concept historically, as are other types of dominant minorities. Basically, if it effected millions of lives then it is noteworthy as such. It is highly simplistic in my opinion to simply juxtapose it to a (South African) particularity as it is a (Dominant Minority) generality. I do not entirely recall what was written, and I feel dispirited that the fate of the article has been sealed so swiftly. I believe it was a mistake and I confess that it may cause me to reeavluate my future participation and contribution to Wikipedia, and I only been here for several days (am I missing something? Hah. Undoubtedly). At any rate, certainly not as balanced process as I envisioned it in being. A shame, really. Well, so long. Remember what we spoke about. El_C

 * Keep as redirect - the original article was only one sentence long in the first place. -Sean Curtin 20:17, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Would you please cite that original article here for me? Thanks. El_C
 * Original article here: White minority rule Davodd 20:38, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks. I should have stubbed it. I intended to continue it, I think it would have been a useful entry. I am surprised at this vote. This is an encylopedia, not philosophical abstract. Historians write about White minority rule as an historical phenomenon (principally in Southern Africa), philsophers can taxonomize whatever they wish. Wikipepdia should have a role for both. El_C

 * Well, I certainly agree with you. More to the point is the question of usefulness.  Is the hypothetical student going to hear or see a term and want to know what it refers to?  I think, in this case, yes.  I also think that this is a term too specific and broad to be lumped into any minority rule, since ethnic minorities, religious minorities, etc. are not the same as the minority rules that came about because of the invention of race and "white people."  My vote's in, though. Geogre 00:00, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * No Black Majority rule in my life time, or my children's (Ian Smith). What a stub!

end moved discussion

title: Talk:White minority rule


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Edward Pond

Currently a substub (" Edward Pond is an English artist. "). I can't find any information about said artist. There is a Canadian photographer by this name, but he's not terribly famous. Delete? - TB 11:46, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * If no one can find any information on the artist, and the article has no detail on him (which art does he do? What are his notable works?), then delete. Average Earthman 18:01, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Clean, dubiously: I also found an American journalist named "George Edward Pond."  But I think the particular "artist" we want this bloke.  But wait, there's more (btw, my Google was ("Edward Pond" art))!  Buy a book he shot pictures for here and read about photos he took for a Canadian rock band here.  So, what I see is that he's a commercial photographer, rather than necessarily an "artist," in that he doesn't appear to be working primarily as a fine artist.  However, a few hits on the Google ("Edward Pond" photographer) got moody people talking about him as their favorite photographer.  I'm not sure he's old enough or notable enough to have web resources that Clean Up can use to put together a bio/context.  However, I recommend sending to Clean Up (with this debate in the article's Talk Page, so they can get a guide through the thicket) to see. Geogre 18:51, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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United Federal Party

The United Federal Party (UFP) was a political party in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

History
The UFP was formed in November 1957 by a merger of the Federal Party, which had operated at the federal level, and the Southern Rhodesian United Rhodesia Party. However, after conservative elements gained control of the party, the liberal faction led by Garfield Todd broke away to re-establish the United Rhodesia Party.

In the 1958 general election in Southern Rhodesia, the UFP won 17 of the 30 seats, despite receiving fewer votes than the Dominion Party, whilst the URP failed to win a seat. In the federal election in November 1958, the UFP won 46 of the 59 seats.

General elections in Northern Rhodesia in March 1959 saw the UFP win 13 of the 20 elected seats. In the August 1961 elections in Nyasaland the Malawi Congress Party won 22 seats (including two upper roll seats) and the UFP five (all from the upper roll).

The next federal elections in March 1962 were boycotted by all other parties, allowing the UFP to win 54 of the 57 seats. However, that was the end of the UFP's success. In the Northern Rhodesian general elections in September the UFP won the most seats, but the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, which held the balance of power, went back on a secret pact its leader Harry Nkumbula had made with the UFP and allowed the United National Independence Party to form the government. General elections in Southern Rhodesia in December 1962 saw the UFP defeated by the new Rhodesian Front; the UFP winning 29 seats to the Front's 35.

In April 1963, the party was split into four; the federal branch was rebranded as the Federal Party and continued to be led by Roy Welensky, whilst the territorial branches became the National Progressive Party in Northern Rhodesia, the Nyasaland Constitutional Party in Nyasaland and the Rhodesia National Party in Southern Rhodesia, where it was led by Edgar Whitehead. The federation was dissolved at the end of 1963.

title: United Federal Party


text:
Mattawa

Mattawa may refer to:

 * Mattawa, Ontario, Canada
 * Mattawa River, Ontario, Canada
 * Mattawa Bay, on the Gouin Reservoir, in Quebec, Canada
 * Mattawa, Washington, U.S.

title: Mattawa


text:
Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Inheritance

The Prize for Inheritance (Prix du patrimoine) is one of the prizes awarded by the Angoulême International Comics Festival. This award recognizes a new French-language edition of great comics from the past. It has been awarded each year since 2004, from a list of 6-8 finalists.

2000s

 * 2004: L'anthologie by Arthur Burdett Frost
 * M Le Magicien (Mandrake the Magician) by Massimo Mattioli
 * Ayako by Osamu Tezuka
 * Clifton by Raymond Macherot
 * Lycaons by Alex Barbier
 * Coup d'éclat by Yoshihiro Tatsumi
 * Social Fiction by Chantal Montellier
 * 2005: Le Concombre masqué by Mandryka, Dargaud
 * Félix by Maurice Tillieux, Niffle
 * Barefoot Gen by Keiji Nakazawa, Vertige Graphic
 * Les Mythes de Cthulhu by Alberto Breccia, Rackham
 * Mystérieuse, matin, midi et soir by Jean-Claude Forest, L'Association
 * Ragnar le Viking by Eduardo Teixeira Coelho and Ollivier, Glénat
 * Spiderman intégrale 1969 by Stan Lee, John Romita, Sr. and John Buscema, Panini Comics
 * 2006: Love and Rockets: Locas part 1 by Jaime Hernandez, Le Seuil
 * Comment décoder l’etircopyh by Jean-Claude Forest, L'Association
 * L’école emportée (The Drifting Classroom) part 6 by Kazuo Umezu, Glénat
 * Polly and Her Pals by Cliff Sterrett, L'An 2
 * Popeye by Elzie Crisler Segar, Denoël
 * Prince Norman part 1 by Osamu Tezuka, Cornélius
 * Snoopy et les Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz, Dargaud
 * 2007: Sergent Laterreur by Gerald Freedman and Touïs, L'Association
 * 2008: Moomin by Tove Jansson, Le Petit Lézard
 * 2009: Onward Towards Our Noble Deaths by Shigeru Mizuki, Cornelius

2010s

 * 2010: ' by Carlos Giménez''', Audie
 * 2011: Bab El Mandeb by Attilio Micheluzzi, Mosquito
 * 2012: La Dynastie Donald Duck by Carl Barks, Glénat
 * 2013: Krazy Kat vol. 1 by George Herriman, Les Rêveurs
 * 2014: Cowboy Henk by Herr Seele et Kamagurka, Frémok
 * 2015: San Mao, le petit vagabond by Zhang Leping, Fei
 * 2016: Vater und Sohn by E. O. Plauen, Warum
 * 2017: Le Club des divorcés (離婚倶楽部, Rikon kurabu) by Kazuo Kamimura, Kana
 * 2018: Je suis Shingo by Kazuo Umezu, Le Lézard noir
 * 2019: Les Travaux d'Hercule by Gustave Doré

2020s

 * 2020: La Main Verte et autres récits by Nicole Claveloux and Édith Zha (Cornélius (maison d'édition))
 * 2021: L'Éclaireur by Lynd Ward (Monsieur Toussaint Louverture)


text:
Talk:Testimony

Untitled
Should we include the religious definition of "testimony" here? Bccomm 11:58, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Philosophy
The philosical definition is just any stuff your told. See Testimony, philosophical problems of. --JK the unwise 18:52, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The real etymology
has nothing to do with testes. It comes from testis "witness" with a deep PIE root in *tris "three", embodying the notion of a "third" party, an impartial witness It seems a shame to spoil the fun, though. --Wetman 00:39, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, go ahead if you can include a source. Tom Haws 14:47, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

law
Isn't this law section ridiculously US-centric?

You're right. Feel free to add any examples you have from elsewhere. Or you could just whine about the work someone else did. Either way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.196.140.214 (talk) 02:08, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

Testify
Etymology is cited as follows:-

(pl. testes), 1704, from L. testis "testicle," usually regarded as a special application of testis "witness" (see testament), presumably because it "bears witness" to virility (cf. Gk. parastates, lit. "one that stands by;" and Fr. slang témoins, lit. "witnesses"). But Buck thinks Gk. parastatai "testicles" has been wrongly associated with the legal sense of parastates "supporter, defender" and suggests instead parastatai in the sense of twin "supporting pillars, props of a mast," etc. Walde, meanwhile, suggests a connection between testis and testa "pot, shell, etc."

Presumably, this was because only men could bear witness in ancient Rome. Nowadays no such restriction exists and it would be inaccurate to use this word when a woman bears witness. Therefore when a woman gives evidence, the word to use should be "BREASTIFY". (Unsigned comment added 6th August 2005 by 203.186.238.232)

 * On a similar note someone added:

 * 'The word "Testimony" comes from an ancient Roman tradition in which men would verify promises by putting a hand on their testicles.'

 * As its the users only ever edit, and is unsourced I removed it for now, if it happens to be true then I think someone will have to show a reputable source or most people will probably assume its a joke. Sfnhltb 14:02, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Testify and testimony derive from Latin testis, meaning "witness". The etymology of the second meaning of "testis", i.e. "testicle", is uncertain, according to the OED2. Lewis and Short also have two distinct lemmas for testis. Any connection between the two senses is speculative, and there doesn't seem to be a consensus among scholars as to whether the two senses are or aren't related. --MarkSweep (call me collect) 05:34, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Malick78 08:56, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * See here for a good explanation of the urban myth

 * Section is back - it was backed up by a google search, an irrelevant list of Bible vulgarities, some random person's blog, and some random person's one-line reply on Wikianswers. I removed these references. --99.245.206.188 (talk) 06:58, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Testimonio
I just want to call attention to the discussion on testimonio regarding [[Rigoberta Menchu]]´s autobiography. Also discussed on [[Journalism scandals]] page.

Testimony's Hebraic origin
I have to disagree with all the naysayers on this. The word originally came from ancient Judea, and it was a rite in which a hand was placed on an elder's testes. I recently read this in Will Durant's Story of Civilization, The Age of Faith. If this is wrong then someone refute it, but this act was literally performed in ancient Judea.

In the Bible Abraham has someone put his hand under Abraham’s thigh to swear an oath on the children he had been promised by God. Some have thought that the person was to put the hand on Abraham’s circumcision, the symbol of the covenant.

Tyhou (talk) 01:26, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Etymology
Testicle, diminutive of testis, a witness. (Latin) Witness of manhood. Source: An etymological dictionary of the English language By Walter William Skeat, page 633. Link USchick (talk) 13:30, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

Jazz
I came here to see what the meaning of testify as it relates to Jazz and the song Jazzman. Could someone add something on it (the meaning)?--Auric (talk) 18:39, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Hello Auric,
 * I looked up the lyrics to the song "Jazzman" on Spotify. I listened to a performance by Carole King. The lyrics are, "When the jazzman's testifyin'[,] a faithless man believes." In my layman's opinion as a native American English speaker, to "testify" as Carole King intended means "to perform something or to express something with all one's effort and strength, to the best of their ability, and without conveying anything untrue". Usually, performers like musicians, clergy, or public speakers in general are said to be testifying when they are performing or expressing something that is intended to leave an impression on a listener/audience. What is expressed is usually expressed in a clear and loud manner because they want listeners to especially understand what they are saying. Especially in religious contexts, the performer may be at a point of ecstasy because they are expressing something that is important and with great emotion because it is something that is true. The speaker will most likely use a louder tone.
 * Listeners, for their part, may reply to the speaker/performer with the expression, "Testify!" and may do so in a tone that equals or is just below the speaker's volume. This expression is equivalent of the American expressions "Exactly right!" or "You can say that again!" or "Darn tootin'!" The listeners agree with the speaker and want the speaker to keep communicating.
 * A charismatic or evangelical church service may be most illustrative of what the expression "to testify" means. Listeners and speakers especially get emotional in these types of services. The term probably refers to when a speaker at such service utters something that is intended to impress the audience. The speaker communicates in a loud tone because he/she wants the listeners to be convinced that what is being communicated is genuine and true. The listeners, if they are convinced, may shout in reply, "Testify!" In the United States, during the First and Second Great Awakenings and even today, religious services have often been carried out in this charismatic way, although it is growingly rare from what I have seen in the anecdotal evidence on which I rely.
 * Carole King thus expresses that the jazzman is performing well and performing music in a way that engages the audience like a preacher who has said something that resonates with the audience. King even parallels the jazzman's performance of music with an atheist's sudden belief in something so convincing regarding something religious. That is what the meaning of "to testify" is. 2603:7080:BC39:3C84:B40B:81E4:515:69F6 (talk) 19:25, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:52, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Splitting religious and legal testimony
I think these should be split per WP:CONSPLIT, and Christian testimony should be set up as a separate article - we don't usually discuss the biblical tradition or uses of a word in our law articles, its meaning in NT is at times broader then the legal usage (as in Matt. 10:18 - not WP:OR, the analysis and cited verse are from the New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology) Seraphim System  ( talk ) 03:46, 25 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Fully concur. --Coolcaesar (talk) 00:13, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

This article is a total mess
Here is my brainstorming on how to clean it up.

First, the legal and religious definitions should be split, as suggested above.

Second, the legal definition is a mess. I am going to revise the legal definition to clearly explain first what testimony should be (normally based on percipient knowledge) before diving into the lay/expert witness dichotomy.

The discussions of what is acceptable expert witness testimony and of objections are way too long because we already have separate articles on those. So I will shorten those up. Coolcaesar (talk) 16:08, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Testimony


text:
Angeles National Forest

The Angeles National Forest (ANF) of the U.S. Forest Service is located in the San Gabriel Mountains and Sierra Pelona Mountains, primarily within Los Angeles County in southern California. The ANF manages a majority of the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument.

The national forest was established in 1908, incorporating the first San Bernardino National Forest and parts of the former Santa Barbara and San Gabriel National Forests. Angeles National Forest headquarters are located in Arcadia, California.

Geography
The Angeles National Forest covers a total of 700176 acre, protecting large areas of the San Gabriel Mountains and Sierra Pelona Mountains. It is located just north of the densely inhabited metropolitan area of Greater Los Angeles.

While primarily within Los Angeles County, a small part extends eastward into southwestern San Bernardino County, in the Mount San Antonio ("Mount Baldy") area, and a tiny section also extends westward into northeastern Ventura County, in the Lake Piru area.

The San Gabriel Mountains National Monument, established in 2014 and managed by the U.S. Forest Service, is largely within the Angeles National Forest.

The John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act of 2019 established the Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Memorial and Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument at and around the ruins of the St. Francis Dam in the Forest's San Francisquito Canyon.

Wilderness areas
The Angeles National Forest contains five nationally designated wilderness areas. Two of these also extend into neighboring San Bernardino National Forest:
 * Cucamonga Wilderness — mostly in San Bernardino National Forest
 * Magic Mountain Wilderness
 * Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness
 * San Gabriel Wilderness
 * Sheep Mountain Wilderness — partially in San Bernardino National Forest

History
Early Native American cultural sites in the inland mountain regions corresponding with the Angeles National Forest are sparse, Radiocarbon dates of 7675 and 7600 years Before Present (BP), taken from a cooking feature in one of the northern drainages of the San Gabriel Mountains, are the oldest known from the central Transverse Ranges. Early material culture indicates extensive use of grinding implements to process small seeds, supplemented by hunting activities. Numerous cogged stones are also found within sites of this period, indicating ceremonial activities.

During the Middle Period (5000 BP to 800 BP), sites generally indicate an increase in population and broadening of the resource base in response to population pressure and resource stress. This period is represented by a large array of specialized subsistence sites, characterized as villages, base camps, food processing and procurement sites, special use sites, rockshelters, pictographs, ovens, and cemeteries.

A Late Period (800 BP to AD 1769) proliferation of sites within the Angeles National Forest indicates a marked increase in regional population. Village provinces, composed of politically and economically-aligned villages may have existed during this period. Subsistence efforts in the mountains appear to focus on hunting, marked by the appearance of the bow and arrow. Greater regional interaction is marked by an increase in non-local materials, indicative of widespread interregional trade networks.

The first reported European contact for the area of the Angeles was in 1769 when the expedition of Gaspar de Portola traveled through the neighboring valleys on his way to Monterey. Early non-Native American use of the Forest centered on early explorers traveling through the area, while early land grants, missions, and townsites surrounded the Forest area. The construction of the missions of San Gabriel Archangel (1771) and San Fernando Rey de España (1797) cemented Spanish presence in the region. In the first two decades of the 19th Century, the Mission System drew in large numbers of Indian neophytes for baptism, completely changing the cultural landscape of the area. A number of subordinate Missions, or Estancias, were built with native labor as outposts to serve as mission-affiliated ranchos, overseeing localized operations. The Spanish Missions generally occupied the lands in the lowlands but relied heavily on the mountains for water, building supplies, and game. By 1800, local Native American traditional cultural lifestyles of had largely disappeared due to devastating European influences, including diseases and incorporation into the Mission System.

The first documented instance of timber activity in the local mountains was in 1819 when Joseph Chapman cut down timber in Millard Canyon (also called Church Canyon) for use in the construction of the Plaza Church in El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Angeles de Porciuncula (now just ‘Los Angeles’). It has also been said that timbers for the San Fernando Mission came from the Tujunga Canyons, and for the San Gabriel Mission came from Little Icehouse Canyon and Little Santa Anita Canyon.

With the Independence of Mexico in 1821, the area of the Forest came under Mexican control. The Mexican Period is typified by the secularization of the Mission system, and the appearance of large land grants, called Ranchos. The major activities involved livestock and farming, and peripheral areas were regularly involved in these activities, as vaqueros sought out timber, water, prey, sport, and stray cattle and horses. Use of the highlands may have included seasonal livestock grazing, utilizing some of the springs in the area.

It was during this period that gold was discovered in Placerita Canyon, in 1842, the first authenticated discovery of gold in California. It started California's "first" gold rush. Soon after the later discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in 1848, and subsequent conflict between the United States and Mexico, California became part of the United States. Almost immediately large numbers of American migrants began crossing the desert. Merchants and landowners settled in communities throughout the southern California region. Miners poured into the mountains primarily following original and modified Indian trails. Large placer and lode mining operations were established in the San Gabriels, with mixed success. Although the mountains were honeycombed with quartz veins, and a host of small mines were gouged out of the slopes in an attempt to strike gold, many of the ventures were inactive by 1896. The last flurries of serious mining in the region largely ended by the late 1930s. Building of major roads began in the 1850s and railroads passed through Soledad Canyon and Cajon Pass a short time later. Don Benito Wilson, in 1864, built a road into the Forest to harvest wood for fence posts, wine barrels, pickets and shingles. With the majority of Forest composed of chaparral, timber has not played a large role on the Forest, with commercial timber activities virtually ceasing in the Forest during the mid-1950s.

The Great Hiking Era of the San Gabriel Mountains (AD 1880 – 1938) saw increasing use of the rugged backcountry for recreational purposes by the foothill communities, coinciding with the real estate boom in the lowlands and the great interest in hiking, hunting and fishing by the urban populations. In particular, six major hiking trails converged at Red Box Saddle. Settlements started inside the Forest boundaries in the forms of homesteads and resorts in the southern section, and, in the less steep northern section, ranches and homesteads. In 1891, the first homestead was filed in the Big Tujunga Canyon area, and others soon followed. Homestead patents were established throughout the range, with the last being granted on the Angeles National Forest in 1938. A number of resorts and camps sprang up, and these supported the increasing numbers of hikers and campers who forged into the wilderness. In 1889, the first telescope made its arduous journey up to the summit of Mt. Wilson. A small observatory of canvas and wood, run by Harvard and USC astronomers, was later replaced in 1904 by the more famous institution run by George Ellery Hale. Mount Wilson Observatory would quickly rise to dominate astronomy worldwide. It was home to the world's two largest telescopes as well as the most powerful facilities in existence for studying the sun.

In 1891, preliminary work began on an electric cable incline railway from Rubio Canyon to Echo Mountain, a feat never before attempted in the world. Professor Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, an energetic entrepreneur who had garnered fame in the Civil War by ballooning for the Union Army, undertook the venture. In its height at the turn of the century, the Mount Lowe Railway was the most popular tourist attraction in California, comparable to a modern-day Disneyland. In its 43 year history, it saw over three million recorded visitors. In 1938, the most destructive rainstorm in recent memory washed away so much of the track that the railway was abandoned. Much of the ruins of the Mt Lowe Railway are still accessible above Pasadena for interpretive hikes.

On December 20, 1892, the San Gabriel Timberland Reserve was created by President Harrison. The creation of the Reserve, which was the forerunner of the Angeles, was in response to public concern about watershed values as early as 1883. Floods resulting from fire denuded slopes were causing problems with the lowland populations. In 1905, the Reserves were transferred from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture, and renamed National Forest in 1907. The San Gabriel National Forest consisted of the southern section of the present day Angeles and portions of the San Bernardino Forest. In 1908, the name was changed to Angeles National Forest. In 1926, the eastern area was divided and San Bernardino National Forest recreated. At this time, the Saugus (now part of the Santa Clara-Mojave Rivers Ranger District) was detached from the Santa Barbara Reserve and joined with the Angeles.

The San Gabriel Forest Reserve was established on December 20, 1892, the San Bernardino Forest Reserve was established on February 25, 1893, and the Santa Barbara Forest Reserve was established on December 22, 1903. Together, they became National Forests on March 4, 1907, and they were combined on July 1, 1908, with all of the San Bernardino forest and portions of San Gabriel forest and Santa Barbara forest composing the new Angeles National Forest. In 1916, there was a movement to create the Sierra Madre National Park, but that never occurred.

On September 30, 1925, portions of the Angeles National Forest and the Cleveland National Forest were detached to re-establish the San Bernardino National Forest.

Angeles National Forest is registered as California Historical Landmark #717, for being the first National Forest in the state.

The campgrounds at Broken Blade, Twisted Arrow and Pima Loops were closed on July 26, 2013, after squirrel infected with bubonic plague was discovered.

Loop Fire
On 1 November 1966, a fire started at 5:19a.m. on the Los Pinetos Nike Site (LA-94). The fire spread, threatening medical facilities and residential areas south edge of the national forest. 12 firefighters with United States Forest Service's El Cariso "Hot Shot" crew were killed when they were caught in a flare up in a canyon. 11 more firefighters were seriously burned in the incident. The fire was brought under control at 1:00p.m. on 2 November, having burned 2,028 acres.

Station Fire
In the Station Fire, more than 161000 acre of the forest were burned by an arson fire that began on August 26, 2009, near Angeles Crest Highway in La Cañada and quickly spread, fueled by dry brush that had not burned for over 150 years. The fire burned for more than a month and was the worst in Los Angeles County history, charring 250 mi2, approximately one-fourth of the forest; displacing wildlife, and destroying 91 homes, cabins and outbuildings and the family-owned Hidden Springs Cafe.

During the fire, two firefighters died after driving off the Mt. Gleason County Road looking for an alternate route to get the inmates out at Camp 16. The Station Fire threatened the Mount Wilson Observatory atop Mt. Wilson. The site includes two telescopes, two solar towers, and transmitters for 22 television stations, several FM radio stations, and police and fire department emergency channels. Although the fire scorched one side of the outhouse at amateur-owned Stony Ridge Observatory, six miles northeast of Mt. Wilson, aside from minor damage from smoke and ash infiltration, the remainder of the observatory and its historic 30-inch Carroll telescope survived.

Bobcat Fire (2020)
In September and October 2020, the Bobcat Fire burned 115796 acre (468 km2) in the central San Gabriel Mountains of the Angeles National Forest. It was one of the largest wildfires in Los Angeles County history.

Natural history
The Angeles National Forest manages the habitats, flora and fauna ecosystems, and watersheds. Some of the rivers with watersheds within its boundaries provide valuable non-groundwater recharge water for Southern California. The existing protected and restored native vegetation absorb and slow surface runoff of rainwater to minimize severe floods and landslides in adjacent communities. The land within the forest is diverse, both in appearance and terrain. Elevations range from 1,200 to 10,064 ft. The Pacific Crest Trail crosses the forest.

Flora

Much of this National Forest is covered with dense chaparral shrub forests with oak woodlands, which changes to pine and fir-covered slopes in the higher elevations. Subsequent to the fire there was a heavy growth of poodle-dog bush, apparently triggered by the fire's effect on dormant seeds, that lasted for several years. The plant produces prolific lavender flowers. Unfortunately, as visitors to the Forest discovered, contact with it may cause a poison-oak-like rash.

Tree species for which the forest is important include bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa), Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri), and California walnut (Juglans californica). The National Forest also contains some 29000 acre of old growth, with Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) forests, as well as mixed conifer forests (with Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), white fir (Abies concolor), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) being the most abundant trees).

Fauna
This forest is home to black bears, gray foxes, bobcats, mountain lions, mule deer, bighorn sheep, rattlesnakes and coyotes.

Access
A National Forest Adventure Pass is required for parking at many locations in the Angeles National Forest and other National Forests in Southern California, and this can be obtained online or from visitor centers and local merchants. Los Angeles County has declared that passes are not required on county-maintained roads. There are also many other areas that do not require the pass.

General information

 * Acres of land: 700,176 (2652 km2)
 * Wilderness areas acres: 80,284 (324.9 km2)
 * Miles of roads: 1,032 (1661 km)
 * Visitor centers: 4
 * Information centers: 4
 * Fire lookout towers: 2
 * Recreational residences: 505
 * Picnic areas: 36
 * Campgrounds: 66
 * Ski areas: 2
 * Entrance stations: 2

Ranger Districts

 * Los Angeles Gateway Ranger District
 * Station: San Fernando, California
 * San Gabriel Mountains National Monument
 * Station: Glendora, California

Trails

 * Trailheads: 53
 * Trail miles: 697 (1122 km)
 * Off highway vehicle areas: 3
 * Off highway vehicle route miles: 261 (420 km)

Natural features

 * Wilderness areas: 5
 * Lakes and reservoirs: 10
 * Rivers and stream miles: 240

Sensitive species

 * Sensitive plants: 22
 * Sensitive wildlife: 23
 * Threatened & endangered species: 16

Mountain peaks
Mountains within the Angeles National Forest include: All the above mountains are part of the San Gabriel Mountains, except for Burnt Peak, which is in the Sierra Pelona Mountains.
 * Mount San Antonio 10,064 ft — also known as "Mt. Baldy"
 * Pine Mountain 9,648 ft
 * Dawson Peak 9,575 ft
 * Mount Harwood 9,556 ft
 * Mount Baden-Powell 9,407 ft
 * Throop Peak 9,142 ft
 * Mount Burnham 9,001 ft
 * Telegraph Peak (California) 8,989 ft
 * Mount Islip 8,250 ft — site of historic Mt. Islip fire lookout tower
 * Waterman Mountain 8,041 ft
 * Iron Mountain (Los Angeles County) 8,010 ft
 * South Mount Hawkins 7,783 ft Lookout destroyed in Curve Fire 2002
 * Mount Gleason 6,502 ft
 * San Gabriel Peak 6,164 ft
 * Mount Disappointment (California) 5,963 ft
 * Vetter Mountain 5,911 ft — site of historic Vetter Mountain fire lookout tower
 * Burnt Peak 5,788 ft
 * Mount Wilson 5,710 ft — location of the Mount Wilson Observatory
 * Mount Lowe (California) 5,606 ft
 * Mount Lukens 5,074 ft
 * Echo Mountain 3,210 ft

Water recreation

 * Pyramid Lake is located next to Interstate 5 (take Smokey Bear exit), 20 mi north of Magic Mountain Amusement Park in Valencia, California.
 * Castaic Lake is located 7 mi north of Magic Mountain Amusement Park in Valencia, California, just off Interstate 5 (take Lake Hughes exit.) The lake is managed by the L.A. County Department of Parks and Recreation
 * Elizabeth Lake is located approximately 10 mi west of Palmdale, California, on Elizabeth Lake Rd. It can completely dry up in drought years.
 * Crystal Lake is a small natural lake located near the northern end of Highway 39.
 * Jackson Lake is another natural lake located on the San Andreas Fault about 3 mi west of the Big Pines Visitor Center and roughly 7 mi west of the community of Wrightwood, California.

Volunteer organizations

 * Angeles National Forest Fire Lookout Association: Restoration and operation of fire lookout towers in the ANF
 * Altadena Mountain Rescue Team: Saving lives through mountain rescue and safety education
 * Concerned Off-Road Bicyclists Association: Restoration and maintenance of multi-use trails in the ANF
 * Sierra Madre Search & Rescue: A group of dedicated volunteers committed to saving lives in the wilderness
 * San Gabriel Mountains Trailbuilders: California's hiking and nature trail repair group
 * West Fork Conservancy: Maintains the West Fork of the San Gabriel River and Beer Creek
 * Angeles Volunteer Association: Organizes Visitor Center information, trail repair, and a broad spectrum of forestry efforts
 * Fisheries Resource Volunteer Corps: works with the Forest Service, helping with various projects during the year
 * San Dimas Mountain Rescue Team: Highly trained mountain rescue team http://www.savetheeastfork.org/
 * Los Angeles County Sheriff's Air Rescue 5: Volunteer Reserve Deputy Sheriffs are paid $1 a year for their work
 * Save The East Fork Association: Works along the East Fork of the San Gabriel River
 * Helping Our Mountain Environment: HOME—Glendora Mountain Road (GMR) trash and spray paint cleaning
 * Lowelifes Trail Crew: Lowelifes focuses on trail work in Southern California's Angeles National Forest, fostering conservation, sustainability, & community in Los Angeles County.
 * The Volunteers of the Angeles National Forest (VANF) are the representatives of USFS at Big Pines Visitor Center, located 3 miles west of the town of Wrightwood. The Visitor Center supplies information, directions and education to the public by staffing the center on weekends, providing handouts, and displaying preserved local forest animals, birds, and reptiles.

California Historical Landmark
The California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 717 at San Gabriel Mountain, Clear Creek vista point, State Hwy 2, 8.3 mi N of I-210, La Canada reads:
 * NO. 717 THE ANGELES NATIONAL FOREST - The first national forest in the State of California and second in the United States, Angeles National Forest was created by proclamation of President Benjamin Harrison on December 20, 1892. The first name given to the forest, "'San Gabriel Timberland Reserve," was changed to "San Gabriel National Forest" March 4, 1907, and then to "Angeles National Forest" on July 1, 1908..

title: Angeles National Forest


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MOST Bridge

Currently a substub ("The MOST Bridge is a type of signal bus for automobiles."). I can't find any information about this. If it's real, there's not enough information to make an article about it, and neither is it significant enough to warrant one that I can see. Delete? - TB 12:01, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Does exist, see, , . Perhaps some kind soul destubbifies this. -- Pjacobi 13:48, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (I've made it a stub). It does indeed exist, and is infact a pretty big deal among automotive-electricals people. It should really be at MOST, but there's a telescope there already.  If this page is kept, I'll make the two pages "MOST (telescope)" and "MOST (protocol)" respectively. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 18:10, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Good save - definately a keep now. I'll unlink the page from VfD in 24 hours if nobody objects. - TB 08:39, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * The MOST bus is a very important technology in the automotive industry, already widely used. But the page is hard to find, it should be called "MOST" instead of "MOST Bridge", so please make two pages. Sorry don't have a personal page yet 12:03, Aug 13, 2004 (GMT+1°


text:
Talk:Grays Peak

Gray's with apostrophe?
Surely it's Gray's Peak? Deb 12:03, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * When the USGS began officially recorded names, it made it a policy to remove all apostrophes. Thus, while it was originally Gray's Peak, it is now officially Grays Peak, both in federal documents and as recognized by the State of Colorado.  Same with Pikes Peak, Longs Peak, Torreys Peak, etc. --patton1138 14:38, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, there you go. That's one way of getting round the old apostrophe problem. Thanks for the clarification. Deb 17:16, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've encountered this with peaks in Alaska such as Devils Thumb. -- Spireguy 03:43, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Picture problem
Since this is the article about Grays Peak, not Torreys Peak, I moved the picture out of the infobox and changed the Infobox heading back to Grays. However I don't know myself if this is really Torreys or Grays, so I'm not endorsing either way. Comments would be welcome to nail it down. -- Spireguy 03:43, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grays Peak


text:
Talk:Indian Standard Time

WikiProject Time assessment rating comment
Want to help write or improve articles about Time? Join WikiProject Time or visit the Time Portal for a list of articles that need improving.

—Yamara ✉  17:13, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Daylight savings
Why was DST used during the 1962 and 1971 wars ? Both were fought in winter (Nov and Dec respectively) and I am under the impression that DST is used only for summer. Tintin (talk) 14:34, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Isn't it the other way round? Daylight savings is used to fully utilise the daylight by shifting the time ahead by an hour so that the effects of an early sunset could be nullified. - Aksi_great (talk) 14:38, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * In England, the GMT and British times are same now, but during the summer the GMT lags behind BST by one hour (IST then leads BST by 4:30). So I think it is in summer that they change the clocks. See also Daylight_saving_time (but it is also true that nothing prevents a country from using it in the other way during winter). Tintin (talk) 14:45, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think editors should provide the reasons for using DST during the wars instead of relying on conjectures or assumptions. It actually leaves one hungry for more information on this specific aspect. Many seem to have raised this point. tx Idleguy 14:55, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't say specifically why it was used in this case, but daylight savings time is used during war times because it naturally tends to conserve oil/gas/electricity/whatever else is used to provide light. War time rationing tends to create the need to do this. Raul654 00:39, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Joke - IST
IST is often used as the reason why Indians are always late in India. This is most definitely true as well. Indians are late to all social gatherings and everything in between. Indian Standard Time is when a party starts at 5 P.M. and an Indian arrives at 6:30, eats food and leaves shortly after.

You ae disrespecting indians Dirty Socks need detergent (talk) 10:29, 11 February 2021 (UTC)

Map problem
The map showing the longitude is inaccurate because the longitude is not a straight line because of the curvature of the earth's surface. Arvindn 03:17, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * That depends on the projection. If it's Mercator then the longitude line would be straight. But, since there's no graticule or projection information on the image page, it's hard to say. S tratosphere (U T) 06:24, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * As an added note, it isn't limited to Mercator. If that particular longitude is used for the standard meridian for some projections, it would also appear straight.  S tratosphere (U T) 06:27, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm confusions in Maps in SST. If you can help.Thanks .I love you 💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏👫👫👫👫👫👫💑💑💑💏💏💏 Aisha Das (talk) 09:40, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Please in these sentences given above. Aisha Das (talk) 09:56, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Means please help in these sentences given above.😩🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏💏💏💏💏💏💏and I love you so much for your help me. Aisha Das (talk) 09:58, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Special Subject?
Wow, one down, 23 to go. We could probably choose something more interesting by just hitting "Random Article": I just did that, and got "Cadaveric spasm." Not bad. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Thomasmallen (talk • contribs).
 * There are actually 25 different standard time zones, and IST is not one of the standard time zones anyway. (25 time zones exist because the International Date Line bisects a time zone.) Featured articles are chosen, not for interest, but for quality of the article. —Cuiviénen 04:09, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

And yet... you'd think there was SOMETHING out there we could have found a happy medium with. --Soonlaypale 07:56, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I love Hindi,maths, English and science subject 😆😄😍😘 Aisha Das (talk) 05:51, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Lock?
This article should be protected because of many vandalisms. --grawity 10:44, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Because the page is today's featured article, it is not recommended to protect it. See Main Page featured article protection for details. — Ambuj Saxena (☎) 11:27, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Sidereal time
I am bemused by the mention of the ancient Indian astronomers' sidereal day. The article states that it begins at sunrise at the prime meridian. If it's a sidereal clock, then it must be defined by the rise or set of a particular star. By definition, solar and sidereal time drift relative to one another by 24 hours every year.

If the statement in the article is true, then it also needs a date to pin it down to one particular sunrise, and this would still lead to inaccuracies due to a year not being an integral multiple of a day.

Please could the author, or someone who knows the background here, please clarify this matter? Thanks. King Hildebrand 12:27, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I believe the term sidereal to be incorrectly used in this context, and so have removed it from the article, replacing it, where necessary with astronomical. If I am mistaken, please let a more knowledgeable person revert my edits, and explain - either here or in the main article - why. Cheers! --King Hildebrand 21:22, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism here?
after the introduction I see this, "     This page is a bunch of crap. All they are telling you is lies and a bunch og stuff that you really don't want to look at. if you really want somthing reliable than you should go to a real encyclopedia, not a FREE. Alls that means is that anyone can dit it and put in there own stuff that makesno sence at all.You can find a lot more free encyclopedia on lie but Wikipedia is  a crock."

I try to edit it out, but for some reason, it doesn't show up inthe edit page. I'm wondering what's going on and if anyone is trying to fix it.

Moonym 16:28, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Disputed areas
So what time is used in the disputed areas of the north and Arunchal Pradesh? Keep in mind, Pakistan (+5 GMT) and China (+8 GMT) claims areas that India also claims, so, considering what nation has a claim on a particular territory, there could be as much as a 2.5 hour discrepancy! Do people use times based on which country they owe their allegiance to? --Canuckguy 14:46, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Isn't the population there largely rural and agricultural? I bet most of them get up when it gets light, go to bed when it gets dark, and neither know nor care what the clocks in Islamabad, Delhi, and Beijing say. —Angr 20:51, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * They would obviously keep the time with the country that administers them. :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:24, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Congratulations
Congratulations to all editors who worked to promote this article to FA-status. :) Ekantik talk 17:14, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Congratulations to everyone because I love you💏 Aisha Das (talk) 05:49, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Abuse
Somebody has abused this article. Please reedit and correct this article.

Silly comment removed
I see someone removed the comment near the top of the article (that stated "this page is a bunch of crap..." etc) while I was reading the discussion page, looking for relevant commentary.

Omega Man 23:24, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Stretchable time

 * Indians joke about IST as Indian Stretchable Time since people generally do not stick to time and scheduled events do not follow the timetable that was first set up.[20]
 * IST "Indian Standard Time" can also jokingly refer to arriving late to Indian gatherings or the late start of Indian events.[21] For example, if a concert is scheduled to being at 7:00 PM, often it will begin no earlier than 8:00 PM, a.k.a. "7:00 PM, IST".

Both of the above apply to some extent to Malaysia and Malaysian standard time BTW 203.109.240.93 15:13, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Name change
I object to the article name being changed to Time in India on grounds of "consistency". IST is a defined timezone, a proper noun, while [Time in ABC] is a created one, only justifiable if a country has multiple timezones. move =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:13, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This action was done unilaterally by, not to mention tarnishing a featured article by removing large quantities of text from the lead. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:19, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep the name Indian Standard Time, per the rationale presented by Nichalp.--Dwaipayan (talk) 17:47, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Obvious Keep for the name Indian Standard Time, which is the proper name for the time zone analogous to Greenwich Mean Time. Why wasn't the move to "Time in India" discussed ? Abecedare 01:39, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Mirzapur mention
Is Mirzapur's name mentioned anywhere in some formal documentation about IST? If yes, please quote. If Mirzapur is included because it lies close to 82.5E latitude, then there will be a bunch of other districts from Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The mention, as is to me and many, without any supporting citation, irrelevant.  Vivek Talk!! 18:20, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Assam Tea Garden time
Hey, many tea gardens in Assam observe their own time zone that is Indian Standard Time +1. This is a tradition that the British tea garden managers started to increase output in the tea gardens and is still observed. The reason I did not edit it into the main article is because I do not have any references. I know that because I am Assamese and lived my life a mere 100 feet away from a tea garden!! :)

Priyankoo 03:04, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Sources! :) If you can find a reliable source, please do not hesitate to add. =Nichalp   «Talk»=

 * Done! Have a look if I have done it right!

Gahori (talk) 12:31, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

in popular culture
how about a subsection on "indian standard time" as in the joke sense of not being on time? 'in popular culture' subsections are quite plausible as they occur across wikipedia. Lihaas (talk) 10:52, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Calcutta / Kolkata
Sorry, my knowing of this language isn’t good enough for to try my own edit. But I think, within Time under British rule in India the use of Calcutta and Kolkata (acutal just one target for both words here!) might not be clear. Sbd. with better language abilities should have an eye on it! --87.163.56.171 (talk) 23:28, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Criticism and proposals - incorrect calculation
This sentence has an incorrect calculation: "The country's east–west distance of more than 2,933 km (1,200 mi) covers over 28 degrees of longitude,"

2933km is 1822miles, so something is wrong there - not sure which figure is correct. 95.210.243.242 (talk) 22:54, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

Requested Move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved; the "popularity" issue should not be a problem since Indian Standard Time remains a redirect. ☺ ·  Salvidrim!   ·  ✉  19:45, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

The abbreviated Timezone IST (UTC+5:30 hours) stands for India Standard Time. The following links show the correct name of this timezone. I suggest this article be moved to India Standard Time.

http://www.timeanddate.com/library/abbreviations/timezones/asia/ist.html

http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/india/time/indian-time-zones.htm

http://www.timetemperature.com/asia/india_time_zone.shtml

http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/india/new-delhi

http://www.worldtimezone.com/

|*| Pdheg |*|Talk to me 16:41, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose Indian Standard Time is by far the more popular term in English. A simple Google Search shows,
 * Indian Standard Time (9.7 million hits)
 * India Standard Time (1.6 million hits)
 * Even the major news agencies refer to it as "Indian Standard Time"
 * Zee News: http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/bookworm-s-trail/a-story-of-manipur-when-it-started-to-simmer_3272.htm
 * Hindustan Times: http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-kya-dilli-kya-lahore-is-poetic-optimism/article1-1214446.aspx
 * Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20140417-908237.html
 * Therefore I believe in English, Indian Standard Time is by far the most popular use. Gsingh (talk) 03:31, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment  Can you share the links to the search results? You need to carefully study the search results and it is then you will notice that India Standard Time is used popularly. None of the News channels refer to IST by Indian Standard Time. Do you have supporting links of your claims? |*| Pdheg |*|Talk to me 04:22, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes they do, you need to open the links and search for Indian Standard Time, they are clearly referring to it as Indian Standard Time. As for the google searches you can see that Indian Standard Time is much more popular, please try do this yourself next time before requesting such a move.

 * Google Search
 * India Standard Time: https://www.google.ca/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DehsU8jGC8mC8Qfr2IHYDg#q=%22India+Standard+Time%22+ (1.7 million hits)
 * Indian Standard Time: https://www.google.ca/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DehsU8jGC8mC8Qfr2IHYDg#q=%22Indian+Standard+Time%22 https://www.google.ca/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DehsU8jGC8mC8Qfr2IHYDg#q=%22Indian+Standard+Time%22+-%22india+standard+time%22 (9.7 million hits)
 * Google News Search:
 * India Stardard Time: https://www.google.ca/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DehsU8jGC8mC8Qfr2IHYDg#q=%22India+Standard+Time%22&tbm=nws (1 hit)
 * Indian Standard Time: https://www.google.ca/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DehsU8jGC8mC8Qfr2IHYDg#q=%22Indian+Standard+Time%22&tbm=nws (40 hits)
 * Google Books
 * India Standard Time: https://www.google.ca/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DehsU8jGC8mC8Qfr2IHYDg#q=%22India+Standard+Time%22&tbm=bks (1000 hits)
 * Indian Standard Time: https://www.google.ca/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DehsU8jGC8mC8Qfr2IHYDg#q=%22Indian+Standard+Time%22&tbm=bks (52,000 hits)
 * Gsingh (talk) 14:43, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Strongly support  Kindly have another careful look at the links you have shared. Even in your search for Indian Standard Time,  most of the search results are for India Standard Time. |*| Pdheg |*|Talk to me 15:05, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * You are correct Pdheg, that old linked was the combined results of Indian + India standard time and was showing results of 325 millions hits. I have recorrected it to only include Indian Standard Time, and exclude all India Standard Time hits. Please take a look at the results. 9.7 million vs 1.7 million hits. Gsingh (talk) 20:59, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Support -- 65.94.171.126 (talk) 05:03, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move May 2014

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: '''Not moved. Please make a move review. ''' Acalycine ( talk / contribs ) 09:25, 25 May 2014 (UTC)

India Standard Time → Indian Standard Time – I’m not sure why the above move was made, since it was contradicted by the evidence of usage (as well as grammar, India Standard Time is just not good English). Gsingh has provided the usage data, see previous discussion, even if it needs careful reading. Google book search is in favour of the original usage Indian Standard Time by 52000 to 1000, Google News by 40 to 1, and Google web search (at that time) by 9.7m to 1.7m. So on the evidence it should not have been moved. The impetus for the move presumably was two users voting for the move, versus one against, even though the one against gave sound reasons against the move. Imc (talk) 08:37, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Please make a move review, instead of making a new request. Closed. Acalycine ( talk / contribs ) 09:25, 25 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Maths
Hi! My name is Anamika. I'm in confusions in Maths.please help in Maths. If you can help me? Thanks.I love you 😘😍☺☺💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏☺💏💏💏💏💏💏☺☺☺💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏☺☺☺☺☺💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏💏 Aisha Das (talk) 09:38, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130509095810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/Edits/Two-timing-India/Article1-246310.aspx to http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/Edits/Two-timing-India/Article1-246310.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070519085807/http://wwp.india-time.com/indian-time-zones.htm to http://wwp.india-time.com/indian-time-zones.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010543/http://dst.gov.in/admin_finance/un-sq1007.htm to http://dst.gov.in/admin_finance/un-sq1007.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060319181936/http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/19.htm to http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/19.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065730/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Change-clock-to-bagantime/Article1-304181.aspx to http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Change-clock-to-bagantime/Article1-304181.aspx

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title: Talk:Indian Standard Time