text:
Talk:Investment in post-invasion Iraq

Untitled
Let us all hope for a peaceful end, no matter when it does. someone not signed in.
 * Here is a database containing reconstruction project information: http://80.122.170.82/ICMOP/

Pedant 21:22, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * IMO there is, or will be enough material in Reconstruction of Iraq and U.S.-led occupation of Iraq to justify separate pages, and surely there will be more, as Iraq has barely begun the long trek toward reconstruction

Geez, whatever happened to NPOV? Where's your reference(s) for wild statements like "...a huge escalation in the strength of the Iraqi resistance"? Nvinen 01:35, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, maybe this article is just out of date, it's saying stuff like "... by Summer 2004". That would explain why it talks about a huge escalation in the strength of the resistance when it seems to me that's no longer the case.

I propose the addition of brief subsections on Reparations (as paid by Iraq) and Debt, under the Economics section, since they both represent significant constraints on the developing economy. -Paul 18:31, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

--

"Although the water supply has reached prewar levels in some provinces, " Shouldn't this say whether the water supply has dropped (from being better) to prewar levels, or risen (from being worse) to prewar levels? (I can guess, because I've read that generally the situation is worse than before the invasion, so I guess that the water situation is rising from worse towards prewar levels, but I suggest fixing the statement to not require guessing.)

--

re: "Since June 28, 2004, the US-supported Iraqi Interim Government has been recognized by the United Nations, the Arab League and several other countries" As I've just pointed out elsewhere, this sentence has two problems. Firstly, the phrase "other countries" doesn't make much sense, as neither of the two noun phrases immediately preceding ARE countries (actually, this instance is worse than the other one I flagged here, as there aren't any countries mentioned at all, so the "other countries" is really bizarre). Secondly, "several other countries" kind of leads me as a reader to wonder if (a) this means that this is a usual state -- are most governments recognized by several countries (which I doubt) -- or (b) is this an unusual state (is this a surprising lack of recognition), and if so, what countries are the standouts here, and why do all the others not recognize it? That is, it speaks to me of a mystery, and so I wish it would at least link to information to reveal the mystery.

Sentence fragment
"The transitional period during which the State of Iraq is undergoing a regime change from dictatorship to democracy." This sentence lacks a verb, so I don't know what it meant to say, but it doesn't actually say whatever that was.

Picture:The Proposed Baghdad Renaissance Plan
"The Proposed Baghdad Renaissance Plan" isn't a good caption. ''Captions should be complete sentences and say something descriptive and relevant (to the picture and its place in the article) could some knowedgeable good-captioner fix that please? Thanks!! User:Pedant 20:15, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Removal of Military Section
This section consisted of a handful of paragraphs of mostly out-of-date information an a few, fairly random, recent pieces of information. I support removal for two reasons: 1) the training of the Iraqi army since the 2003 invasion of Iraq is a large topic suitable for its own article - indeed there is one - New Iraqi Army - which appears to do a good job and is up to date. A reference to it has been placed in See Also. 2) Iraq Reconstruction focuses on the rebuilding of Iraq civilian infrastructure. Military infrastructure reconstruction is peripheral to this topic. Look forward to any comments on this change. User:Dpahlfeld 17 September, 2006

War damage and general improvements
Cut from first sentence of intro:

 * damaged during the 2003 invasion and the subsequent occupation of Iraq

It might be a political hot potato, but I don't think it is universally believed that the reconstruction effort is solely to fix US-caused war damage - or even to counteract war damage in general. The 4,000-plus projects initiated by the US-led coaltion goes far beyond fixing battle-destroyed infrastructure.

If other Wikipedians dispute this view, then let us apply NPOV: state it as a political dispute between pro-Bush and and anti-Bush partisans:
 * some say the reconstruction will make Iraq even better than before
 * others say the reconstruction is limited to repairing war damage (and they blame this war damage on Bush's invasion decision)

Please help me describe this accurately and (if there's a partisan dispute) neutrally. --Uncle Ed 16:56, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Interestingly, a partisan website shows a graph of using some of the Brookings data but with a fabricated October figure of only 2.4 hours - hiding the actual value of 6.7 and omitting the November value completely. The section heading is "incompetent establishment".

 * I didn't see anything in that website about the intent of US planners to provide more electricity to people outside of Baghdad. I think the website is using Baghdad electricity as a proxy for the whole country. But ordinarily we don't use proxies when we have the actual data.

 * Are they being "partisan" as I think, or am I the partisan one here? I will let other Wikipedians decide that. --Uncle Ed 17:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This Article fails to take into account the perspectives of ordinary Iraqis as well as those of the sectarian and Ba'ath Party forces currently fighting the foreign occupying forces in Iraq. Therefore It does not represent a worldwide view, hence the insertion of the tag.

Better introduction
I think this article would benefit enormously from a longer, more comprehensive introduction that summarizes the main ideas in the article. The content in "introduction" should really appear before the TOC, as per Wikipedia standards. Does anyone object if I make that change? Thanks. --Mackabean 21:14, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

International Compact with Iraq
I added International Compact with Iraq to the See Also... I don't know where else it might be integrated into the text. Please help! MPS 15:47, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I added a reference to the Compact and update the Compact article. Dpahlfeld (talk) 13:37, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Picture content / hotel rendering
The picture next to the introduction strikes me as somewhat inappropriate given that it is a 3d rendering of a not-yet-built building and as such does not reflect the actual 'reconstruction of Iraq' as it exists today. It is also somewhat politically charged and thus inappropriate. I think this should be replaced with a more appropriate image, preferably a photograph that actually shows reconstruction in progress. Opinions?

206.124.6.36 05:31, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree regarding picture - I have removed it - Any objections? Dpahlfeld (talk) 13:17, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

Basra Development Commission
The UK Government has established a commission to facilitate the effective development of public services and regeneration. This involves using oil revenues to provide the means for public services, so that the people of Basra and Iraq receive the benefit of the oil revenues, unlike what happened under the authoritarian Ba'ath Regime of Saddam Hussein. The commission provides an effective means to liase with and between the Iraqi people and oil companies and leads to a significant reduction of corruption.  --Minotaur500 (talk) 20:16, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The commission appears to be a business development entity - which is outside the scope of this article in my opinion. Dpahlfeld (talk) 13:17, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

Update Citation
"There was also much controversy surrounding the granting of no-bid contracts to large American corporations like Halliburton and Bechtel, both of which have made generous donations to President George W. Bush and the Republican Party." -This statement is cited by reference #16, which leads to a file not found page on a site. Appatently the article was removed. So can someone fond a new citation? --Abusing (talk) 05:31, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I reworded the text to avoid a need for this reference. This topic is covered well by the other references. Dpahlfeld (talk) 13:44, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

Objective article questioned
It seems to me, that the article isn't very objective here are some of the reasons why.
 * Uses alot of emotionally charged words like "pre-invation".
 * Uses old stats from 2004,2005,2006. Much has improved since then.
 * Talks about Iraq being a failire as a fact.
 * Little mention of the current reconstruction efforts (2008 on) which have been tremendously successful (since the siege) anyone who looks at the facts (even opponents of the iraq war like Obma have commented on its new founded success)
 * Article focuses on the bad, evil, murder, and corruption. Almost all comparisions are made with saddam and how much better they had it. This is well and good those stats shouldn't be removed but what about the otherside? The article should equally focus on the GOOD things that have happened. Unlike a news real who are natrually attracted to bad news (its what the public likes) wikipedia is supposed to provide an accuate objective account. Both the good and the bad should be shown.
 * The structure of the article implies Iraq as an "invasion" without no voice talking about a "liberation". Both views should be allowed to be represented through the structure of the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.209.103.34 (talk) 23:14, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

War vs neglect
Obv a lot of damage is done by war, our bombing and actions by terrorists - which are not our fault - initiators are responsible, not who they are reacting to. But the reason Iraq needs a lot of new infrastructure is war AND years of neglect, Saddam raking in billions and spending it on gaudy palaces for himself, bribing people and building WMDs and torture chambers. A lot was wasted. A lot of the oil was never sold. Sanctions were in place. Iran did some damage. But from today's perspective, in the 1960s, Iraq had no modern infrastructure in the first place, just like every other developing country. The first paragraph should reflect this, and not blame the Americans for every lack of a service in the world, just because they PRECISION bombed a city for a few days. It's like blaming the Romans for Britain having no skyscrapers in the middle ages just because they were ONCE the aggressor - yes, but they built a lot of the rest of the infrastructure. The article implies that everything Iraq does not have or used to have was destroyed by coalition forces. The primary culprit was Saddam. --81.105.242.11 (talk) 12:48, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with the comment made above, whilst huge damage was done by the invasion and war there should atleast be some mention of the fact Iraqs services had lacked funding and resources for some time following UN sanctions and incompetent / corrupt government. BritishWatcher (talk) 14:27, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

 * A new section on the status of pre-2003 infrastructure has been added. Dpahlfeld (talk) 01:00, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Disputed
I have added the disputed tag to this article, as at the moment it fails to present a balanced view on the reasons for reconstruction of Iraq. I fully accept that alot of damage was done during the invasion and the occupation and in the following years because of violence, but there should atleast be a sentence explaining that Iraqs infastructure was under funded and poor before the war aswell. Idealy i think a section on Iraq before the invasion would be able to detail the situation and present a more balanced view. Once atleast a mention of the state of Iraq before the invasion is added, i will remove the tag but its clear by the above post im not the only one who has a problem with the current wording. BritishWatcher (talk) 14:37, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Given the presence of a new section on pre-2003 infrastructure I have removed the dispute tag. Any objection?  Dpahlfeld (talk) 01:00, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Introduction
"Reconstruction of Iraq describes attempts by the international community to improve and repair the infrastructure of Iraq in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion, when much was destroyed by the international community."

fixed that for you ;) 78.86.37.93 (talk) 18:32, 8 August 2009 (UTC) seriously, why not highlight the irony here?

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title: Talk:Investment in post-invasion Iraq


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User talk:Syp

Had to move Erno Gero back to the old title, the characters don't display properly in the new title. Everyking 21:21, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

copyvio Gyurcsány képe
A notice-t miszerint copyvio lenne Gyurcsány képe, én kétlem, de most írtam a webmesternek, hogy mi is a helyzet. Addig, míg ők nem válaszolnak, leszedem a copyvio notice-t, de remélem 1-2 nap alatt megjön a válasz. Utána ki is törlöm a képet, ha arról van szó, de addig maradjon a kép. A lényeg ez: a miniszterelnöki hivatal az adófizetők adójából működik. Magyarán a kép, amit csinálnak az 10 millió ember pénzéből jön össze, magyarán az 10 millió emberé, logikailag legalábbis. Én bízok benne, hogy a public domain-ben vannak a képek. De persze várom a választ a miniszterelnöki hivatal webmesterétől. Addig is jó választásokat! (a válasz szövegét ide be fogom neked rakni) Msoos 18:35, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Üdv, hát remélem pozitívan válaszolnak, nekem is jobban tetszik az a kép természetesen... Ezzel együtt a belinkelt oldalon elég egyértelműen leírják, hogy minden jog fenntartva :( SyP 18:44, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Alejandro Jodorowsky
I'm not certain of the of the answer myself. From the articles talk page, it appears that the first name is "alehandro" and the last is "yoderovski" I've based my edit on the contents of the talk page.Smiloid 08:05, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

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Thank you! SyP (talk) 10:00, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Contact graph

A tag has been placed on Contact graph requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a clear copyright infringement. This page appears to be a direct copy from http://www.cs.arizona.edu/people/kobourov/elc.pdf. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

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If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 15:19, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

Well I contested the nomination, still it got deleted without further notice. :-/ SyP (talk) 21:18, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Syp


text: User:Nabla/Work

title: User:Nabla/Work


text:
Julius C. Burrows

Julius Caesar Burrows (January 9, 1837 – November 16, 1915) was a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan.

Early life and education

Burrows was born in North East, Pennsylvania, and moved then with his parents to Ashtabula County, Ohio. He attended district school, Kingsville Academy, and Grand River Institute in Austinburg, Ohio. He studied law and was admitted to the bar at Jefferson, Ohio, in 1859. He moved to Richland, Michigan, in 1860. He was principal of the Richland Seminary and commenced the practice of law in nearby Kalamazoo in 1861.

Military and legal careers

Burrows raised an infantry company in 1862 to fight in the American Civil War and served as its captain until the fall of 1863. He was elected circuit court commissioner in 1864 and was prosecuting attorney for Kalamazoo County 1866-1870. He declined appointment as supervisor of internal revenue for Michigan and Wisconsin in 1868.

Political life
In 1872, Burrows was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 4th congressional district to the U.S. House of Representatives for the 43rd Congress, serving from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875. He was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Navy.

Burrows was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1874, but was subsequently elected to the 46th and 47th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1879, to March 3, 1883. He was chairman of the Committee on Territories in the 47th Congress.

Burrows is sometimes cited as a contributing factor in why New Mexico was delayed in achieving statehood. In an 1876 debate, Burrows, an admired orator, spoke forcefully in favor of a bill intended to protect the civil rights of freed black slaves. Stephen B. Elkins, the New Mexico Territory Delegate to Congress, arrived late, just as Burrows was finishing. Unaware of the full import of Burrows' speech, Elkins shook his colleague's hand in congratulations, a gesture that many southern congressmen interpreted as support for the civil rights legislation. As a result, Elkin's handshake with Burrows is blamed for costing New Mexico several Southern Democratic votes which had been needed to achieve statehood. While Colorado achieved statehood in 1876, New Mexico remained a territory for another 36 years.

Burrows was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1882. He won re-election in 1884 to the 49th Congress, and subsequently to the five succeeding Congresses. He represented Michigan's 4th district from March 4, 1885, until March 3, 1893, and the 3rd district from March 4, 1893, until his resignation on January 23, 1895, having been elected U.S. Senator. He was chairman of the Committee on Levees and Improvements of Mississippi River in the 51st Congress.

Burrows was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Francis B. Stockbridge and was reelected in 1899 and 1905, serving from January 24, 1895, to March 3, 1911.

He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1910. He was chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws of the United States in the 54th through 56th Congresses and of the Committee on Privileges and Elections in the 57th through 61st Congresses. He also served on the Lodge Committee which investigated war crimes in the Philippine–American War. He was on the imperialist faction led by Henry Cabot Lodge in support of the Philippine–American War. He was also a member of the National Monetary Commission and its vice chairman 1908-1912.

After this, Burrows retired from active business pursuits and political life. He died in Kalamazoo and is interred in Mountain Home Cemetery there.

title: Julius C. Burrows


text:
Samuel Shem

Samuel Shem is the pen name of the American psychiatrist Stephen Joseph Bergman (born 1944). His main works are The House of God and Mount Misery, both fictional but close-to-real first-hand descriptions of the training of doctors in the United States.

Of Jewish descent, Bergman was a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford in 1966, and was tutored by Denis Noble FRS, cardiac physiologist and later head of the Oxford Cardiac Electrophysiology Group. In an address to Noble's retirement party at Balliol, he related that Noble's response to Bergman's attempt to become a writer was to ply him with copious sherry. He graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Medical School.

He was an intern at Beth Israel Hospital (subsequently renamed Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center) ,which inspired the book The House of God.

As of 2017, Bergman is a member of the faculty of the New York University School of Medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center.

Shem's play Bill W. and Dr. Bob had an Off Broadway run at New World Stage in New York City. It ran for 132 performances and closed on June 10, 2007. The New York Times called it "an insightful new play."

title: Samuel Shem


text:
User:Zatch

Hey! My name is Zach and I'm a computer enthusiast from California.

Glad to be a part of the community!

title: User:Zatch


text:
List of men's national association football teams

This is a list of the men's national association football teams in the world. The International Association Football Federation (FIFA) is the world's most important governing body for association football. A majority of national association football teams in the world are members of FIFA or one of its affiliated continental confederations. A majority of them also represent sovereign states with wide international recognition, with 188 of 195 United Nations (UN) member and observer states holding membership of FIFA. A notable exception is the United Kingdom, which is not a member of FIFA in its own right but is represented in the governing body by the teams of its four constituent countries. Other UN members and one observer state have either held membership in a confederation in the past and subsequently lost it, or have never belonged to either FIFA or one of its recognised confederations.

Membership of FIFA and its confederations also includes national teams representing a few states with limited international recognition, one associated state with no UN membership, a significant number of dependent territories, and a limited number of autonomous areas. A majority of states with limited recognition, however, have no membership of FIFA or any of its confederations.

This list divides national teams into three main groups:

 * Teams that are either members of FIFA (211 teams), or have membership in a FIFA-affiliated continental confederation without being members of FIFA itself (11 teams).
 * Teams that are not members of FIFA or any continental federation, but which represent UN member and observer states. This group includes four United Nations member states and one observer state (5 teams).
 * Teams representing states with limited international recognition and no membership of FIFA or a confederation (6 teams), plus one representing an associated state with no membership of FIFA or a confederation.

This list excludes other teams described by their supporters as 'national', which represent specific ethnic groups, cultural/historical regions, separatist or autonomist movements, speakers of specific languages, and micronations. These teams have historically participated in matches and tournaments outside FIFA's recognition, though some of them have sporadically or regularly played in friendly matches and tournaments against FIFA members.

Some national teams with FIFA membership have disappeared due to belonging to a sovereign state or dependent territory which split into two or more states or territories (examples include the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, or the Netherlands Antilles), or by part of the territory becoming independent (such as the Ireland national football team, which ceased to exist as such after reaching a compromise with FIFA and recognising the Republic of Ireland national football team as representative of the independent part of Ireland). Other teams have disappeared by virtue of the states or territories they represented forming a new state by joining another entity or entities (examples include the teams representing Tanganyika and Malaya, which merged with other former colonies to respectively form the Tanzania and Malaysia football teams), or becoming part of an already existing state (as is the case with East Germany, which joined West Germany to form the unified Germany football team). In several cases the football records of dissolved teams are considered by FIFA as belonging to a successor entity (the Russia national team, for example, carries over the records of the Soviet Union national team). Defunct teams are listed on this page for historical purposes.

Even if only members of FIFA and its affiliated confederations are taken into account, there are more national association football teams in the world than those of any other sport.

Members of FIFA affiliated confederations
[[File:World Map FIFA.svg|thumb|400px|Map of the World with the six confederations:

{{legend|#ffb6c1|Asian Football Confederation (AFC)}} {{legend|#deb887|Confederation of African Football (CAF)}} {{legend|#db7093|Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)}} {{legend|#8fbc8f|South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL)}} {{legend|#ffd700|Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)}} {{legend|#4682b4|Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)}} ]]

This section lists the current:

 * 211 men's national football teams affiliated to FIFA, through their national football associations.
 * 11 men's national football teams who have membership in one of FIFA's affiliated continental confederations, but are not members of FIFA.

FIFA members are eligible to enter the FIFA World Cup and matches between them are recognised as official international matches. Based on their match results over the previous four-year period, the FIFA Men's World Rankings, published monthly by FIFA, compare the relative strengths of the national teams.

Some national teams that are members of a confederation but not FIFA members compete in confederation-level and subregional tournaments. These teams, however, are not allowed to participate in the World Cup.

The six confederations are:

 * Asia – Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
 * Africa – Confederation of African Football (CAF)
 * North and Central America and the Caribbean – Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)
 * South America – South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL)
 * Oceania – Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
 * Europe – Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)

FIFA runs the World Cup as a tournament for national teams to find the world champion. Each confederation also runs its own championship to find the best team from among its members:

 * AFC – AFC Asian Cup
 * CAF – Africa Cup of Nations
 * CONCACAF – CONCACAF Gold Cup
 * CONMEBOL – Copa América
 * OFC – OFC Nations Cup
 * UEFA – UEFA European Football Championship

The Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA) organises competitions between Arab League member nations. All 22 national governing bodies that form UAFA are also members of both FIFA and either the AFC or CAF. National teams from UAFA member countries are noted in the list below. The Arab Cup is the top championship tournament for national teams, organised historically by UAFA and by FIFA in 2021.

The Confederation of Independent Football Associations (ConIFA) is an organisation for teams representing unrecognised states, subnational regions, and stateless minorities, as well as teams from recognised states that have not managed to gain entry into FIFA. ConIFA is a successor to the Nouvelle Fédération-Board (N.F.-Board), which also organised tournaments for non-FIFA member teams. While none of the current ConIFA members are also members of FIFA, a few hold associate membership in one of the confederations affiliated with it. These teams are also noted in the list below. The ConIFA World Football Cup is the top tournament for ConIFA member nations.

AFC (Asia)
Due to the geographical size of Asia, the AFC is subdivided into five sub-federations:

 * West Asian Football Federation (WAFF) – represents countries at the western extremity of the continent, except Israel.
 * East Asian Football Federation (EAFF) – represents nations in East Asia, plus Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
 * Central Asian Football Association (CAFA) – represents countries in Central Asia, comprising Afghanistan, Iran, Russia and most of Soviet Central Asia, except Kazakhstan.
 * South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) – represents countries in South Asia.
 * ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) – represents countries in Southeast Asia, plus Australia.

 * 1) National governing body was formerly a member of OFC (1966–2006)
 * 2) National governing body is a member of UAFA
 * 3) Official name used by FIFA and AFC for People's Republic of China
 * 4) Official name used by FIFA and AFC for Republic of China (Taiwan); national governing body was a member of OFC from 1975 to 1989
 * 5) Official name used by FIFA and AFC for Hong Kong
 * 6) Official name used by FIFA and AFC for Islamic Republic of Iran
 * 7) Official name used by FIFA for Democratic People's Republic of Korea; official name used by AFC is DPR Korea
 * 8) Official name used by FIFA and AFC for Republic of Korea
 * 9) Official name used by FIFA and AFC for Kyrgyzstan
 * 10) National governing body is a full member of AFC but not a FIFA member
 * 11) National governing body was formerly a member of OFC (2005–2009)
 * 12) Official name used by FIFA and AFC for national team representing the Palestinian Territories

CAF (Africa)
Due to the geographical size of Africa, CAF is divided into five regional federations:

 * Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (CECAFA) – represents nations generally regarded as forming the regions of East Africa and some nations of Central Africa.
 * Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA) – represents nations generally regarded as forming Southern Africa, as well as island states off the coast of Southern Africa.
 * West African Football Union/Union du Football de l'Ouest Afrique (WAFU/UFOA) – represents nations in West Africa.
 * Union of North African Federations (UNAF) – represents nations regarded as forming North Africa.
 * Union des Fédérations du Football de l'Afrique Centrale (UNIFFAC) – represents some of the nations that form Central Africa.

 * 1) National governing body is a member of UAFA
 * 2) Official name used by FIFA for Democratic Republic of the Congo; official name used by CAF is DR Congo
 * 3) National governing body is an associate member of CAF but not a FIFA member
 * 4) National governing body was a full member of CAF briefly during 2017

CONCACAF (North America)
The CONCACAF federation is divided into three regional federations that have responsibility for part of the region's geographical area:

 * Caribbean Football Union (CFU) – represents all 27 nations in the Caribbean, plus Bermuda and three nations in South America.
 * North American Football Union (NAFU) – represents the three countries in North America (not including Central America).
 * Union Centroamericana de Fútbol (UNCAF) – represents the seven countries in Central America.

 * 1) National governing body is a full member of CONCACAF but not a FIFA member

OFC (Oceania)

 * 1) National governing body is an associate member of the OFC but not a FIFA member
 * 2) National governing body was formerly a member of AFC (1964–1966)
 * 3) Official name used by FIFA and the OFC for French Polynesia

UEFA (Europe)

 * 1) National governing body was formerly a member of AFC (1954–1974); joined UEFA in 1994
 * 2) National governing body was formerly a member of AFC (1993–2002)
 * 3) National team currently suspended from participation in FIFA and UEFA competitions in response to Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine

National teams not affiliated to FIFA confederations
The national football teams included in this section are not members of FIFA, or of any of its affiliated continental confederations. The teams are not eligible to enter the FIFA World Cup or any continental confederation championships. FIFA's statutes do not allow member teams to compete against these sides without FIFA's prior permission. Several national associations for teams included in this section are members of ConIFA; these are indicated in the lists below.

This section lists:
 * 5 teams representing sovereign states which are member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states with the United Nations General Assembly.
 * 8 teams representing states which are not members of the United Nations.

Unaffiliated United Nations states
Three UN members and one UN General Assembly observer state do not have any sort of membership in FIFA or any continental federation, but have fielded national association-organised teams in unofficial friendly matches or in tournaments held outside the auspices of FIFA. Another UN member state, while being officially represented in FIFA and UEFA by the teams of its constituent nations, has also fielded a team representing the entire state in exhibition matches. The national teams of these five states are listed below.

 * 🇫🇲 micronesia
 * 1
 * 🇵🇼 palau2
 * 3
 * 🇻🇦 vatican city
 * 1) National governing body was previously a member of the N.F.-Board and ConIFA.
 * 2) National governing body has been an associate member of the OFC in the past, but does not currently appear to be part of the confederation.
 * 3) The United Kingdom (UK) is not a member of FIFA or UEFA in its own right, being represented instead by the teams of its four constituent nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales). However, an exhibition UK team has played a small number of friendly matches. The UK has also been represented in the Summer Olympic and Summer Universiade football competitions by its own national teams.

Two UN member states (the Marshall Islands and Nauru), have never fielded a national association-organised football team.

Unaffiliated non-UN states
Three states with limited international recognition and no UN membership are members of both FIFA and an affiliated confederation: the Republic of China (as Chinese Taipei), Kosovo, and Palestine. The Cook Islands is an associated state with no UN membership, but it is a member of both FIFA and the OFC. The national teams representing these states are all listed above.

A further seven associated, de facto, or partially recognised states with no UN membership have fielded football teams in non-FIFA football tournaments or FIFA-unsanctioned friendly matches. None of these states, however, are currently members of FIFA or any of its affiliated continental confederations. The teams representing these states are listed below.

 * Abkhazia1

 * 🇳🇺 niue2
 * 1,3
 * 1
 * 1
 * 4
 * 🇪🇭 Western Sahara1,3

 * 1) National governing body is currently a member of ConIFA.
 * 2) National governing body was previously an associate member of the OFC (membership revoked in March 2021).
 * 3) National governing body was previously a member of the N.F.-Board.
 * 4) National governing body is a former member of ConIFA.

Membership criteria of FIFA and affiliated confederations
Historically, the majority of FIFA and confederation members have been sovereign states with wide diplomatic recognition. Exceptions to this rule have included the British Home Nations (due to their seminal role in the development of football), Palestine (accepted into FIFA after the creation of the Palestinian National Authority), the Republic of China (which does not enjoy wide recognition but is still accepted as representative of the Taiwan area), and certain dependent territories, autonomous areas, and protectorates which, on the grounds of their political autonomy, separate status, and/or distance from their parent state, have been allowed to hold membership in FIFA and/or one of its affiliated confederations. At present, FIFA members include 23 subnational and dependent territories, as well as three states with limited international recognition. A further nine overseas, dependent, and autonomous territories with close ties to a sovereign state do not have membership in FIFA, but are members of one of its affiliated confederations (either in a full or associate capacity).

In 2016, FIFA made changes to its statutes to define 'country' as "an independent state recognized by the international community". In 2011, UEFA had already changed its statutes so that only countries recognised as independent states by the United Nations could join the organisation., while CAF rescinded Zanzibar's full membership (which had been approved only months before) in 2017 on the grounds that Zanzibar is not a country as defined by the African Union and the United Nations. With some exceptions (such as the acceptances of Gibraltar and Kosovo into FIFA and UEFA in 2016), these regulations have made it harder for aspiring national associations to join FIFA or its affiliated confederations. Examples include Jersey (UEFA application rejected in 2018), Bonaire (FIFA application rejected in 2019), Sint Maarten (FIFA application rejected in 2022 or before), and Greenland (applied to CONCACAF in 2022 due to lack of prospects of being accepted into UEFA).

Teams with international football participation outside the auspices of FIFA
International football matches have historically taken place without approval or sanctioning from FIFA or its associated confederations. Some national teams who are currently members of FIFA or a regional confederation played in matches or even official tournaments against FIFA members before being accepted into FIFA (examples include the Croatia, Kosovo, Palestine, Slovakia, and Slovenia football teams, among others). Some national teams have even participated in major international competitions against FIFA member nations without having ever been part of FIFA or one of its confederations (examples include the North Vietnam national football team's participation in the Games of the New Emerging Forces football competitions or Northern Cyprus national football team's participation in the 1980 Islamic Games football tournament). There have also been unsanctioned national teams set up to further the aims of national independence movements, such as the FLN football team.

In addition to the above, since the early 20th Century there have existed teams representing dependent territories or cultural regions which have played or continue to play in matches and tournaments against club sides and FIFA-affiliated national teams without any sanctioning from FIFA or regional confederations (including the Jersey, Gibraltar, Catalonia, Brittany, Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Mayotte football teams, among others).

Whereas teams representing dependent territories have played matches and tournaments against each other since the early 20th century, in more recent times there has been a significant increase in the number of "national" teams representing states with limited recognition, former states, dependent territories, autonomous areas, or regional, sub-national, ethnic, cultural, diaspora, immigrant, language, and micronational groups. This has led to the organization of international tournaments where these teams compete against each other, without recognition or approval from FIFA or any of its associated confederations. Several organizing bodies not associated with FIFA have been in charge of these tournaments, providing an outlet to groups and regions who are not allowed to participate in FIFA-sanctioned football and in some cases functioning as a platform for teams which later began playing in competitions organized by FIFA and its confederations (including the Faroe Islands, Kosovo, and Gibraltar football teams). Notable bodies sanctioning non-FIFA football include the International Island Games Association (IIGA), the Confederation of Independent Football Associations (ConIFA)., as well as the now-defunct N.F.-Board (Nouvelle Fédération-Board). As of August 2021, 24 member associations are affiliated with IIGA and 59 member associations are affiliared with ConIFA.

Some non-FIFA tournaments are open to participants from all over the world (such as the Island Games, UNPO Cup, VIVA World Cup, and ConIFA World Football Cup), while others are limited to a specific geographical area (such as the ConIFA regional tournaments, the Europeada, and the CSANF Cup.)

National football teams representing former nations
These national teams no longer exist due to the dissolution of the nation or territory that they represented. Only teams that held FIFA membership at some point are included on the table. Teams representing former states which never achieved FIFA membership (such as the Manchukuo and North Vietnam teams) are not included.

New names
In addition to the above, other teams have been renamed:

 * → 🇨🇩 congo in 1960 → 🇨🇩 congo in 1963 → in 1971 → 🇨🇩 congo in 1997
 * 🇬🇧 British Gambia → 🇬🇲 gambia in 1965
 * → 🇬🇾 guyana in 1966
 * → in 1989
 * → in 1970 →  in 1975 →  in 1979
 * → in 1972
 * → in 1958 until 2010
 * → in 1993
 * 🇨🇿 czech republic → 🇨🇿 czech republic in 2022
 * → 🇧🇯 benin in 1975
 * → 🇮🇩 indonesia in 1945
 * 🇪🇬 egypt → 🇪🇬 egypt in 1958 → 🇪🇬 egypt in 1971
 * → in 2003
 * → in 2019
 * → 🇩🇯 djibouti in 1977
 * 🇹🇬 togo → in 1960
 * 🇩🇪 germany → in 1945 → 🇩🇪 germany in 1990
 * → 🇬🇭 ghana in 1957
 * → in 1936 →  in 1954
 * 🇨🇮 côte d'ivoire → 🇨🇮 côte d'ivoire in 1983
 * → in 1929
 * 🇫🇷 Madagascar → in 1958 →  in 1975
 * → 🇮🇱 israel in 1948
 * 🇫🇷 Middle Congo → in 1960 →  in 1970 →  in 1992
 * → in 1980
 * → in 1964
 * → 🇲🇼 malawi in 1966
 * Portuguese Guinea → 🇬🇼 guinea-bissau in 1975
 * → 🇹🇼 taiwan in 1954 → in 1980
 * → in 1964 →  in 1980
 * Surinam → in 1954
 * 🇸🇿 swaziland → 🇸🇿 swaziland in 2018
 * 🇹🇷 turkey → 🇹🇷 turkey in 2022
 * → 🇧🇫 burkina faso in 1984
 * → in 1955
 * → in 1997

Non-FIFA teams representing former states
Some ConIFA members represent regions which existed as sovereign states in the past, but were never members of FIFA or one of its associated regional confederations. Examples include the Artsakh, Biafra, and East Turkestan national football teams.


text:
User talk:Symmetry9551

Ajou University/Temp
Please don't delete a cleanup header if you haven't actually cleaned up the article. RickK 21:23, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Symmetry9551


text:
The House of God

The House of God is a 1978 satirical novel by Samuel Shem (a pseudonym used by psychiatrist Stephen Bergman). The novel follows a group of medical interns at a fictionalized version of Beth Israel Hospital over the course of a year in the early 1970s, focusing on the psychological harm and dehumanization caused by their residency training. The book, described by the New York Times as "raunchy, troubling and hilarious", was viewed as scandalous at the time of its publication, but has since acquired a cult following and is frequently included in the discussion of humanism, ethics, and training in medicine.

Storyline
Dr. Roy Basch is an intelligent but naive former Rhodes Scholar and BMS ("Best Medical School")-educated intern ('tern') working in a hospital called the House of God after having completed his medical studies at BMS. Basch is poorly prepared for the grueling hours and the sudden responsibilities with limited guidance from senior attending physicians. He begins the year on a rotation supervised by an enigmatic and iconoclastic senior resident who goes by the name "The Fat Man". The Fat Man teaches him that the only way to keep patients in good health and to survive psychologically is to break the rules. The Fat Man provides his interns with wisdom such as his own "Laws of the House of God". One of his teachings is that in the House of God, most of the diagnostic procedures, treatments, and medications received by the patients known as "gomers" (see Glossary, below) actually harm these patients instead of helping them. Basch becomes convinced of the accuracy of the Fat Man's advice and begins to follow it. Because he follows the Fat Man's advice and does nothing to the "gomers", they remain in good health. Therefore, his team is recognized as one of the best in the hospital and he is recognized as an excellent intern by everyone even though he is breaking the rules.

Later, the Fat Man must leave for a rotation with another team. Roy is then supervised by a more conventional resident named Jo who—unlike the Fat Man—follows the rules, but unknowingly hurts the "gomers" by doing so. Basch survives the rotation with Jo by claiming to perform numerous tests and treatments on the "gomers" while doing nothing to treat them. These patients again do well, and Basch's reputation as an excellent intern is maintained.

During the course of the novel, working in the hospital takes a psychological toll on Basch. His personality and outlook change, and he has outbursts of temper. He has adulterous trysts with various nurses and social service workers (nicknamed the "Sociable Cervix"), and his relationship with his girlfriend Berry suffers. A colleague, Wayne Potts, commits suicide. Potts had been constantly badgered by the upper hierarchy and haunted by a patient—nicknamed "The Yellow Man" (due to the jaundice from his fulminant necrotic hepatitis)--who goes comatose and eventually (after months) dies possibly because Potts had not put him on steroids. Basch secretly euthanizes a patient called Saul the leukemic tailor, whose illness had gone into remission but was back in the hospital in incredible pain and begging for death. Basch becomes more and more emotionally unstable until his friends force him to attend a mime performance by Marcel Marceau, where he has an experience of catharsis and helps him recover his emotional stability.

By the end of the book, it turns out that the psychiatry resident, Cohen, has inspired most of the year's group of interns—as well as two well-spoken policemen, Gilheeney and Quick—to pursue a career in psychiatry. The terrible year convinces most of the interns to receive psychiatric help themselves. The book ends with Basch and Berry vacationing in France before he begins his psychiatry residency, which is how the book begins as well; the entire book is a flashback. But even while vacationing, bad memories of the House of God haunt Basch. Basch is convinced that he could not have gotten through the year without Berry, and he asks her to marry him.

Characters

 * Staff
 * Interns and residents

 * Dr. Roy Basch, the protagonist and one of the first-year residents.
 * Dr. Fishberg ("The Fish"), the Chief Resident; wishes to obtain a GI fellowship.
 * Jo, a high-achieving resident who wishes to obtain a cardiology fellowship.
 * "Fats" ("The Fatman"), an unconventional but effective second-year resident; wishes to obtain a GI fellowship.
 * Dr. Chuck Johnston, a black first-year resident from Chicago; Basch's best friend.
 * Dr. Jeff Cohen, the psychiatry resident.
 * "Eat My Dust" Eddie, a first-year resident fixated on winning the Black Crow Award (awarded for most consents for postmortems/postmortems); wishes to pursue oncology.
 * Elihu, "a tall beak-nosed Sephardic Jew with a frizzy Isro-Afro, rumored to be the worst surgical intern in the history of the House".
 * Harry, another first-year resident fixated on winning the Black Crow Award.
 * "Hyper Hooper", a first-year resident who wins the Black Crow Award.
 * Dr. Howard Runtsky (Runt), a first-year resident (intern) who takes Valium for his nerves. Runtsky is a friend of Basch's, having been a classmate of his at BMS. He is described as a "short, stocky product of two red-hot psychoanalysts". Runtsky has sex with one of the nurses and breaks out of his shell; he "[goes] west for a "classic Eastern" psychiatric training program on the "mountain campus" of the University of Wyoming.
 * Dr. Wayne Potts, a first-year resident (intern) from Charleston, South Carolina who is insecure and uncertain. Married to an MBH surgical intern, Potts is described as "a nice guy but depressed, repressed, and kind of compressed, dressed in crisp white, pockets bulging with instruments".

 * Other doctors

 * Dr. Leggo, the Chief of Medicine who believes in doing everything to save patients.
 * Dr. Gath, a surgeon.
 * Dr. Otto Kreinberg, one of the attending physicians.
 * Dr. Pinkus, a "tall, emaciated-looking staff cardiologist, heading toward forty".
 * Dr. Putzel, a private doctor who has admitting rights.
 * "Grenade Room" Dubler, a former intern/resident.

 * Other staff

 * Sergeant Finton Gilheeny, a "huge, barrel-shaped" police officer with "red hair growing out of and into most of the slitty features on his fat red face".
 * Officer Quick, a police officer who looks like a "matchstick, decked out, facially, in white of skin and black of hair, with vigilant eyes and a large and worrisome mouth filled with many disparate teeth".
 * Angel, one of the Medical ICU (MICU) nurses, "buxom, Irish, with wraparound muscular thighs and a creamy complexion".
 * Hazel, the head housekeeper who engages in a sexual relationship with Chuck Johnston.
 * Molly, a nurse who engages in a sexual relationship with Roy Basch. Molly described lovemaking as "the feeling of having a centipede walk through wearing gold cleats".
 * Rosalie Cohen, a junior social worker who engages in a sexual relationship with Howard Runtsky.
 * Selma, the head social worker who engages in a sexual relationship with Basch.
 * Lionel, one of the HELP, a "guy in the Blue Blazer" who "help[s] with anything".

 * Patients
 * Dr. Sanders, the first Black doctor who interned with Dr. Leggo; dies from leukemia.
 * Anna O., a 'gomere' who cries, "ROODLE ROODLE".
 * George Donowitz, a private patient.
 * Ina Goober, a former New Masada resident who cries, "Go avay".
 * Mr. Itzak Rokitansky, a former college professor who had suffered a stroke; visited daily by his sisters, he cries "PURRTY GUD".
 * Rose Katz, a LOL in NAD.

 * Other
 * Berry, Roy's girlfriend.
 * Levy, a BMS student.

Laws of the House of God
1. GOMERS don't die.
 * The Fat Man's laws

2. GOMERS go to ground.

3. At a cardiac arrest, the first procedure is to take your own pulse.

4. The patient is the one with the disease.

5. Placement comes first.

6. There is no body cavity that cannot be reached with a #14G needle and a good strong arm.

7. Age + BUN = Lasix dose.

8. They can always hurt you more.

1. The only good admission is a dead admission.
 * Roy Basch's further laws

2. If you don't take a temperature, you can't find a fever.

3. Show me a BMS (Best Medical Student, a student at The Best Medical School) who only triples my work and I will kiss his feet.

4. If the radiology resident and the medical student both see a lesion on the chest x-ray, there can be no lesion there.

5. The delivery of good medical care is to do as much nothing as possible.

Context and impact
The book takes place during the Watergate scandal, and follows such events as the resignation of Spiro T. Agnew and Richard Nixon.

A 2019 short essay by Shem and an accompanying online documentary document the origins of the book and the characters upon which it is based. The story is autobiographical, as the BMS is a thinly veiled Harvard Medical School (commonly called HMS), and The House of God represents the Beth Israel Hospital, now a part of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, one of the HMS-affiliated hospitals in Boston, Massachusetts; "Man's Best Hospital" (MBH) represents Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH).

According to the author, many older physicians were offended by the work. Many of the terms defined in the book (see glossary) have since become widely known and used in medical culture.

The journal Academic Medicine argued The House of God was revolutionary in that it brought to light paradoxical issues of care in modern medicine. Patients (in the book under Putzel) who were not acutely ill could nevertheless be admitted to the hospital and undergo multiple invasive procedures, creating a revenue stream for the hospital but exposing the patient to risk and discomfort, and demoralizing the residents. Reimbursement rules have been changed to prohibit this practice under value-based purchasing (see Pay for performance (healthcare)). JAMA (the Journal of the American Medical Association) has a distinct collection of hundreds of articles titled "Less Is More" that discuss multiple areas of medicine where standard interventions seem to hurt patients. Furthermore, a 2011 essay proposes that the book was an impetus for limiting medical resident work hours.

Nouns

 * Gomer: An acronym meaning "get out of my emergency room". The acronym is used to refer to a patient who is frequently admitted to the hospital with complicated but uninspiring and incurable conditions.
 * LOL in NAD: "Little old lady in no apparent distress". An elderly patient who following a minor fall or illness, would be better served by staying at home with good social support rather than being admitted into a hospital. (Compare "NAD" = "no abnormality detected" or "no apparent distress" (used to record the absence of abnormal signs on examination.)
 * Zebra: A very unlikely diagnosis in which a more common disease is a more likely cause of a patient's symptoms. The term is derived from the common admonition that "if you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras".

Verbs

 * Buff the charts: To make a patient look well-treated in the charts or medical records without actually providing any treatment.
 * Turf: To find any excuse to refer a patient to a different department or team.
 * Bounce: To return a "turfed" patient to the department that referred him or her.

References to life
In-jokes abound in the work. One of the principal characters is "Eat My Dust" Eddie, a doctor so-called because of the saying embroidered on his jacket. His name often is abbreviated as EMD, which is also the acronym of the feared, often terminal, cardiac event "electromechanical dissociation" (EMD), otherwise known as pulseless electrical activity (PEA).

References by other works
In 1984, The House of God was made into a film. The film was never released in theaters or on VHS/DVD, but was shown on HBO multiple times. It starred Charles Haid as The Fat Man, Tim Matheson as Roy, and featured Bess Armstrong, Ossie Davis, Sandra Bernhard, and Michael Richards in supporting roles.

The TV medical sitcom-drama Scrubs features numerous references to The House of God, which was reading material for some of the show's writers. "Turfing", "Bouncing" and "Gomers" occasionally feature in the show's dialogue. In the episode "My Balancing Act", Dr. Cox uses the term "zebra". In the episode "My Student", J.D. quotes the medical student rule: "A famous doctor once said, 'Show me a med student that only triples my work, and I'll kiss his feet.'" One episode focuses on Dr. Dorian saving a patient by "doing nothing," which is a major theme of the novel.

Sequel
Shem has published three sequels to The House of God: Mount Misery, Man's 4th Best Hospital, and Our Hospital.

title: The House of God


text:
Bonda (snack)

Bonda is a deep-fried South Indian potato snack that has various sweet and savory versions in different regions. The most common is aloo bonda (potato bonda), and other region-specific variations include potato replaced with sweet potato, tapioca, grated pineapple, green peas, paneer, or other ingredients.

History
A recipe for bonda (as parika) is mentioned in Manasollasa, a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, who ruled from present-day Karnataka.

Preparation
The process of making a spicy bonda involves making a potato filling which is dipped in gram flour batter and deep-fried.

Bonda has a sweet and a spicy variant.

Some regional variants in Kerala replace the potato with tapioca (tapioca bonda) or sweet potato and some onion, hard-boiled egg (mutta Bonda), masala, minced meat and other ingredients.

In Tamil Nadu, bonda is made from black gram (ulundu) batter.

In Andhra Pradesh, it is known as poornalu.

Vegetable bonda is a dish of Udupi cuisine, where fresh green peas and other finely chopped vegetables like French beans, carrots and coriander leaves are used as filling. Goli baje or Mangalore bonda or Mangalore bajji is another variant from Karnataka. This bonda, however, is made from maida flour (refined flour).

title: Bonda (snack)


text:
Frontier Flying Service

Frontier Flying Service (d/b/a Ravn Connect) was an American airline headquartered in Fairbanks, Alaska, United States. It operated an extensive network of year-round scheduled commuter services and postal services to Alaska bush communities, primarily north of Fairbanks, as well as charter services to the lower 48 and Canada.

Its main base was in Fairbanks (Fairbanks International Airport), with hubs in Utqiagvik (Wiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport), Anchorage (Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport), Kotzebue (Ralph Wien Memorial Airport) and Bethel (Bethel Airport).

History
Frontier Flying Service was established in 1950 by retired Air Force Colonel Richard McIntyre, catering to Alaska bush communities as a scheduled mail carrier for Wien Air Alaska, as well as providing charters throughout Alaska. In 1974, Frontier was purchased by John Hajdukovich.

In 2005 the airline merged with Cape Smythe Air Services, taking on their routes and retaining the Frontier Flying Service name.

During the spring of 2008 Frontier Flying Service began the process of merging with Hageland Aviation Services, the companies continue to operate separate certificates with Frontier Flying Service providing service between major hubs and focus communities with the Beech 1900C aircraft while Hagleand Air Service provides point to point service out of the hubs and focus communities to smaller villages, both companies do business under the name "Frontier Alaska" and have begun merging resources and operations at all their shared airports. This merger makes Frontier Alaska the largest commuter passenger carrier in the state of Alaska (by fleet size and number of routes).

On July 8, 2008, Seattle-based Alaska Airlines announced Frontier Flying Service (d.b.a Frontier Alaska) as a new code share partner beginning in the fall of 2008.

On February 27, 2009, Frontier Flying Service's holding company, Frontier Alaska, acquired rival Era Aviation of Anchorage, Alaska.

By 2014, with the fleet rationalization and post acquisition of Era Aviation almost complete by the HoTH Airline group, Frontier Flying Service performed the mission of flying cargo and passenger charters for the other Ravn branded companies, Corvus Airlines and Hageland Aviation, but also utilizing the branding of Ravn Connect.

After the bankruptcy of Ravn Alaska the assets were sold "in pieces" to other airlines of Alaska in July 2020.

Fleet
The Frontier Flying Service fleet consisted of the following aircraft :

Destinations
Frontier Flying Service operated scheduled service to the following destinations in Alaska as of 2007:

 * Anchorage (ANC) - Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
 * Aniak (ANI) - Aniak Airport
 * Anvik (ANV) - Anvik Airport
 * Atqasuk (ATK) - Atqasuk Edward Burnell Sr. Memorial Airport
 * Barrow (BRW) - Wiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport
 * Barter Island / Kaktovik (BTI) - Barter Island LRRS Airport
 * Bethel (BET) - Bethel Airport
 * Brevig Mission (KTS) - Brevig Mission Airport
 * Buckland (BKC) - Buckland Airport
 * Deadhorse (SCC) - Deadhorse Airport
 * Deering (DRG) - Deering Airport
 * Elim (ELI) - Elim Airport
 * Fairbanks (FAI) - Fairbanks International Airport
 * Fort Yukon (FYU) - Fort Yukon Airport
 * Galena (GAL) - Edward G. Pitka Sr. Airport
 * Gambell (GAM) - Gambell Airport
 * Golovin (GLV) - Golovin Airport
 * Grayling (KGX) - Grayling Airport
 * Holy Cross (HCR) - Holy Cross Airport
 * Huslia (HSL) - Huslia Airport
 * Kalskag (KLG) - Kalskag Airport
 * Kaltag (KAL) - Kaltag Airport
 * Kiana (IAN) - Bob Baker Memorial Airport
 * Kivalina (KVL) - Kivalina Airport
 * Kotzebue (OTZ) - Ralph Wien Memorial Airport
 * Koyuk (KKA) - Koyuk Alfred Adams Airport
 * Koyukuk (KYU) - Koyukuk Airport
 * Noatak (WTK) - Noatak Airport
 * Nome (OME) - Nome Airport
 * Noorvik (ORV) - Robert (Bob) Curtis Memorial Airport
 * Nuiqsut (AQT/NUI) - Nuiqsut Airport
 * Nulato (NUL) - Nulato Airport
 * Point Hope (PHO) - Point Hope Airport
 * Point Lay (PIZ) - Point Lay LRRS Airport
 * Ruby (RBY) - Ruby Airport
 * Russian Mission (RSH) - Russian Mission Airport
 * Savoonga (SVA) - Savoonga Airport
 * Selawik (WLK) - Selawik Airport
 * Shageluk (SHX) - Shageluk Airport
 * Shishmaref (SHH) - Shishmaref Airport
 * St. Mary's (KSM) - St. Mary's Airport
 * Tanana (TAL) - Ralph M. Calhoun Memorial Airport
 * Teller (TLA) - Teller Airport
 * Wainwright (AIN) - Wainwright Airport
 * Wales (WAA) - Wales Airport
 * White Mountain (WMO) - White Mountain Airport

Community awareness
Frontier Flying Service, along with Bering Air, Grant Aviation, Northern Air Cargo, PenAir, and Ryan Air, participated in the Flying Can service, which allows rural Alaskan communities to recycle aluminum cans and PET bottles in cooperation with Alaskans for Litter Prevention and Recycling.

Accidents and incidents

 * On October 30, 1979, Douglas C-47B N99663 was written off in a landing accident at Bettles Airport, Alaska. The aircraft struck three parked aircraft. It was on a cargo flight from Fairbanks International Airport, Alaska, to Ambler Airport, Alaska via Bettles. All four aircraft were substantially damaged.

title: Frontier Flying Service


text:
Donald Kennedy

Donald Kennedy (August 18, 1931 – April 21, 2020) was an American scientist, public administrator, and academic. He served as Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1977–1979), President of Stanford University (1980–1992), and Editor-in-Chief of Science (2000–2008). Following this, he was named president emeritus of Stanford University; Bing Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, emeritus; and senior fellow of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies.

Early life and education
Donald Kennedy was born on August 18, 1931, in New York City, the son of Barbara Bean and William Dorsey Kennedy. He attended Dublin School through high school and went on to attend Harvard University, where he received an A.B. degree in 1952, an M.S. degree in 1954, and a Ph.D. in 1956, all in Biology. His doctoral dissertation was titled Studies on the Frog Electroretinogram.

Teacher
From 1956 to 1960, Kennedy taught biology at Syracuse University, receiving tenure by 1960. His research included the patterns of neural action in crayfish, demonstrating some of the connection principles among nerve cells that impose the sequences underlying a behavioral event. Kennedy showed that some single neurons, which he termed "command" neurons, could produce a complex, fixed-action pattern of locomotory behavior.

Arriving at Stanford University as an assistant professor in 1960, Kennedy was granted tenure in 1962. In 1967 he was appointed chairman of the Department of Biology in the School of Humanities and Sciences. He was one of the founding faculty in the Program in Human Biology. Kennedy served ten years on the board of directors of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, where he served as director from 1973 to 1977.

FDA Commissioner
For 26 months he served as Commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration during the Carter Administration, appointed by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Joseph Califano, in April 1977. In the next two-plus years Kennedy and the FDA dealt with issues such as the fallout from the attempt to ban saccharin, and the risks of antibiotic resistance in humans from agricultural antibiotic use and worked on provisions of the proposed Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978.

Stanford presidency
After stepping down from the FDA in June 1979, Kennedy returned to Stanford, where he served as provost. In 1980 he became president of Stanford University and served in that position until 1992. While president, he inaugurated overseas campuses in Kyoto, Japan, and Oxford, England, the Institute for International Studies, the Stanford Center for the Humanities, the Haas Public Service Center, and the Stanford-in-Washington campus. One of his focuses was on improving the quality of undergraduate education. In the mid-1980s, he led a $1.1 billion fundraising effort to improve the facilities of the university, and the total raised was $1.2 billion. In 1990 Kennedy hosted Mikhail Gorbachev on an international visit to Stanford. In 1990 he received the American Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award at a ceremony in Chicago, Illinois. Over his tenure, Kennedy fostered the growth of the university's endowment to $2 billion, which was the fifth-largest in the United States. He also led Stanford to divest all investments in South Africa during apartheid after student protests, and changed the "Western Culture" credit requirements to "Cultures, Ideas, and Values" in an attempt to encompass non-Western cultures.

Kennedy resigned in 1992 following congressional hearings over whether the university improperly billed the government for research expense as part of the Stanford Indirect Costs Controversy,  which included billing for widening his bed and for the purchase of antiques for his home. The issue was settled out of court, and led to no charges. According to The New York Times, "Stanford University and the Navy ... settled [the] fraud case involving research expenses, with the university repaying a small fraction of the Navy's original claim and the Navy saying that an investigation had found no wrongdoing by the university." Following his presidency, Kennedy wrote a memoir entitled A Place in the Sun: A Memoir.

Later career
He remained at Stanford after resigning from the presidency. In 1997 Kennedy published the book Academic Duty, which advocated for university professors to pay more attention to the teaching part of their duties, and to make an effort to connect their research with the wider public. From 2000 until 2008, he was editor-in-chief of Science, the weekly published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2010, he received Wonderfest's Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization. Kennedy was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Academy for the Advancement of Science, the American Philosophical Society, and the California Academy of Sciences. According to his Stanford biography, Kennedy's research interests related to "policy on such trans-boundary environmental problems as: major land-use changes; economically-driven alterations in agricultural practice; global climate change; beyond coal; and alternative energy sources". He was president emeritus of Stanford University, Bing Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, and emeritus and senior fellow of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies by courtesy.

Personal life and death
Kennedy's first marriage, to Jeanne Dewey, ended in divorce. In 1987, Kennedy married Robin Hamill. Kennedy had two children from his first marriage and two stepchildren with Hamill.

Kennedy had a stroke in 2015 and in 2018 moved to Gordon Manor, a residential care home in Redwood City, California. He died there from COVID-19 on April 21, 2020, at age 88, during the COVID-19 pandemic in California.

title: Donald Kennedy


text:
Donald Tresidder

Donald Bertrand Tresidder (April 7, 1894 – January 28, 1948) was the fourth president of Stanford University, serving from 1943 until his sudden death in 1948. He also had a longstanding association with Yosemite National Park.

Early life
Donald Bertrand Tresidder was born on April 7, 1894 in Tipton, Indiana. He was the only son of John Treloar Tresidder, a prominent physician who was born in Cornwall, and Sarah Daunt.

Yosemite
At the age of 20, Tresidder took a trip with his sister to Southern California, but due to washed-out railroad tracks, they ended up visiting Yosemite Valley instead. During his time there, he had the opportunity to meet several faculty members from Stanford University, who convinced him to enroll at the university.

During his visit to Yosemite, Tresidder also met his future wife, Mary Curry, the daughter of David and Jennie Curry, who were the owners of Camp Curry. Tresidder spent his summers working in Yosemite, taking on various jobs such as a porter, among others. However, he was briefly fired for taking his future wife rock climbing on the backside of Half Dome. Tresidder and Mary Curry got married on June 17, 1920.

After graduating from Stanford, Tresidder became the president of Yosemite Park and Curry Company. During his tenure, he oversaw the construction of new roads, the establishment of the Badger Pass Ski Area, and the Ahwahnee Hotel, which was built in 1927 and is now recognized as a National Historic Landmark.

For many years, Tresidder assumed the role of the Squire at the Bracebridge Dinner, a grand Christmas feast held annually on Christmas Day at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite. His wife, Mary Curry Tresidder, played the role of Lady Bracebridge. In 1929, Tresidder invited photographer Ansel Adams to take over as the director of the Dinner, a responsibility that Adams willingly accepted.

Stanford
Tresidder later described himself on arrival at Stanford as an undergraduate: "a gangling youth from the Midwest, wearing a jacket with sleeves too short to cover his long arms, shambling nervously up Palm Drive carrying a battered suitcase. But each student he passed waved and spoke to him cheerfully. At last he encountered President (David Starr) Jordan. The president tipped his broadbrimmed hat, bowed and greeted the young man from Indiana. Tresidder never forgot that welcome."

He earned his M.D. from Stanford Medical School in San Francisco; however, he never practiced medicine. While attending medical school he was a member of Phi Chi Medical Fraternity.

While serving as president of the Yosemite concession, he was active as a Stanford supporter, raising funds and serving as co-chair of the 50th anniversary celebration. In 1942 he became president of the Stanford board of trustees. When Stanford president Ray Lyman Wilbur retired, he took over as president.

He served as president of Stanford from 1943 until 1948 and brought the school through the difficult years of World War II. He often said that his main job at Stanford was fundraising for the school. Tresidder set up a professional fundraising organization and streamlined administrative and accounting practices. He established a scholarship program and upgraded the music program to a full department. Tresidder also abolished the sorority system on campus in 1944, after female students voted to support the move, saying there was "serious disunity" between women who pledged sororities and women who lived in dormitories.

Tresidder also helped establish the Stanford Research Institute. The organization's first director, William F. Talbot, was initially instructed by Tresidder to avoid work that would conflict with the university's interests, particularly federal contracts that might attract political pressure. The drive to find work and the lack of support from Stanford University faculty caused the new research institute to violate this directive six months later through the pursuit of a contract with the Office of Naval Research. As a result, Talbot was fired and replaced by Jesse Hobson, who had previously led the Armour Research Foundation, but the pursuit of contract work remained.

Tresidder died of a heart attack at The St. Regis Hotel in New York City on January 28, 1948, while on University business.

Recognition

 * Tresidder Peak in Yosemite National Park is named for him.
 * The Tresidder Memorial Union at Stanford University, dedicated in 1962, is named for him.
 * The Tresidder Bollards, also at Stanford University, are named for him.
 * The Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite has a Mary Curry Tresidder suite and an Underwood/Tresidder suite which incorporates the Tresidder Library.

title: Donald Tresidder


text: User talk:216.232.160.159

title: User talk:216.232.160.159


text:
Calculus ratiocinator

The calculus ratiocinator is a theoretical universal logical calculation framework, a concept described in the writings of Gottfried Leibniz, usually paired with his more frequently mentioned characteristica universalis, a universal conceptual language.

Two views
There are two contrasting points of view on what Leibniz meant by calculus ratiocinator. The first is associated with computer software, the second is associated with computer hardware.

Analytic view
The received point of view in analytic philosophy and formal logic, is that the calculus ratiocinator anticipates mathematical logic—an "algebra of logic". The analytic point of view understands that the calculus ratiocinator is a formal inference engine or computer program, which can be designed so as to grant primacy to calculations. That logic began with Frege's 1879 Begriffsschrift and C.S. Peirce's writings on logic in the 1880s. Frege intended his "concept script" to be a calculus ratiocinator as well as a universal characteristics. That part of formal logic relevant to the calculus comes under the heading of proof theory. From this perspective the calculus ratiocinator is only a part (or a subset) of the universal characteristics, and a complete universal characteristics includes a "logical calculus".

Synthetic view
A contrasting point of view stems from synthetic philosophy and fields such as cybernetics, electronic engineering, and general systems theory. It is little appreciated in analytic philosophy. The synthetic view understands the calculus ratiocinator as referring to a "calculating machine". The cybernetician Norbert Wiener considered Leibniz's calculus ratiocinator a forerunner to the modern day digital computer:

""The history of the modern computing machine goes back to Leibniz and Pascal. Indeed, the general idea of a computing machine is nothing but a mechanization of Leibniz's calculus ratiocinator.""

""...like his predecessor Pascal, [Leibniz] was interested in the construction of computing machines in the Metal. ... just as the calculus of arithmetic lends itself to a mechanization progressing through the abacus and the desk computing machine to the ultra-rapid computing machines of the present day, so the calculus ratiocinator of Leibniz contains the germs of the machina ratiocinatrix, the reasoning machine.""

Leibniz constructed just such a machine for mathematical calculations, which was also called a "stepped reckoner". As a computing machine, the ideal calculus ratiocinator would perform Leibniz's integral and differential calculus. In this way the meaning of the word, "ratiocinator" is clarified and can be understood as a mechanical instrument that combines and compares ratios.

Hartley Rogers saw a link between the two, defining the calculus ratiocinator as "an algorithm which, when applied to the symbols of any formula of the characteristica universalis, would determine whether or not that formula were true as a statement of science".

A classic discussion of the calculus ratiocinator is that of Louis Couturat, who maintained that the characteristica universalis — and thus the calculus ratiocinator — were inseparable from Leibniz's encyclopedic project. Hence the characteristics, calculus ratiocinator, and encyclopedia form three pillars of Leibniz's project.

title: Calculus ratiocinator


text:
User talk:Proxify

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. and please don't move any more pages.--Ryan B. 21:37, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If you vandalize another article by moving it, you will be blocked from editing. Guanaco 22:16, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

You moved Hansa Bank to Fhsdlbgygdsg. Final warning. -- The Anome 22:18, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

dude, thats just not cool.--Ryan B. 22:22, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This is not the first such move this user has done. - Tεx  τ  urε  22:30, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Blocked user for 24 hours for page move vandalism. -- Chris 73 | Talk 00:57, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Proxify