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Ōishida

Ōishida (大石田町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 6,945 in 2348 households, and a population density of 87 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 79.54 km².

Geography
Ōishida is located in the mountains of north-east Yamagata Prefecture. The Mogami River flows through the town.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Obanazawa
 * Murayama
 * Funagata

Climate
Ōishida has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Ōishida is 11.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1642 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.3 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōishida peaked around the year 1950 has declined in the decades since. It is now considerably less than it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Ōishida was part of ancient Dewa Province and is mentioned in the Engishiki records as the location of a fortified settlement on the highway connecting Akita Castle on the Sea of Japan with Tagajo on the Pacific coast. During the Edo period it was a river port on the Mogami River partly under the control of Shinjō Domain and partly tenryō territory administered directly by the Tokugawa shogunate. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Kitamurayama District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Ōishida was established on April 1, 1889, with the creation of the modern municipalities system. It was raised to town status on January 23, 1897.

Economy
The economy of Ōishida is based on agriculture.

Education
Ōishida has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Yamagata Shinkansen East Japan Railway Company - Ōu Main Line
 * Ōishida
 * Ōishida - Kita-Ōishida

Twin towns — Sister cities

 * 🇨🇳 Fangzheng County, China, since February 1, 1990

title: Ōishida


text:
User talk:Sam Spade/Arbcom questions

A quick - OK, actually, probably a long question regarding your candidacy for the arbcom. How do you think you would have ruled/would rule in the following cases?

 * Requests for arbitration/Irismeister 2
 * Requests for arbitration/Mr-Natural-Health
 * Requests for arbitration/Wik2
 * Requests for arbitration/Paul Vogel
 * Requests for arbitration/Mav v. 168
 * Requests for arbitration/JRR Trollkien
 * Requests for arbitration/Cantus
 * Requests for arbitration/ChrisO and Levzur

Thanks very much. Snowspinner 17:43, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your thoughtful questions

Generally I would have utilized a "doubling" approach, responding to infractions with a mild (probably a 24 hour block) consequence, with each subsequent infraction followed by an approximate doubling of said punishment (48 hrs, 4 days, etc…). If things are only getting worse, a perma ban can be considered (this should be extremely rare, and perhaps after consultation with Jimbo). At some point, after at least a month of good behaviour (and when there is consensus to do so) they should probably be allowed a clean slate, so to speak. Forgive, but never forget, I say ;)

Early intervention and an emphasis on mediation are also core concepts in my views on arbitration.

 * Specifically, I would have blocked Irismeister for 24 hrs to start, utilizing the afor mentioned doubling approach for each subsequent personal attack or egregious incivility. I would not have prevented him from editing iridology incidentally, but rather would have instituted a similar doubling process of consequence for revert warring if needed.

 * In the case of MnH, I would have responded quite similarly to the committee, but would have prefered to have been able to give him a milder (say 24 hr) punishment in the beginning, followed by the afor mentioned doubling process for each subsequent infraction. I would not have banned him from editing any specific page

 * In the case of wik, I would have deferred to the judgment of Laird Jimbo (hollowed be his name) and permanently banned him for berserking. I would however have preferred to have nipped the situation in the bud well over a year ago, by utilizing my doubling approach, against not only him, but those who he edit warred with (it takes two to edit war). I also would have temp-blocked those who harassed him (Cantus, etc..).

 * In the case of PV, I would have tried to reason w him (I did) and would have discovered (I eventually did) that he was not salvageable. I would have attempted the doubling process early on, but would have quickly resorted to perm ban once his more gratuitous and intransigent qualities became obvious.

 * Mav v. 168 is an extremely complex matter, which would have best been resolved by mediation. If that were not possible (and I am inclined to insist upon mediation, and to consider a decline of mediation as a mark against a litigant) I would likely have desysopped 168, particularly given his statements that he would continue to defy policy and consensus.
 * in the matter of JRR Trollkien I pretty consistently agree with Camembert, and do not feel that “troll” is an inherently offensive part of a username (although I would be interested in a policy change registering this term as a personal attack, which would make it an offensive term here and unacceptable for a username. Policy changes are not of course part of the arbitration committee's mandate). It may be true that he was a sockpuppet, but the evidence simply was not provided, and so the end result was appropriate.

 * In the matter of Cantus I agree with the result, but would have preferred something more in accordance with my doubling policy.

 * in the matter of ChrisO and Levzur, I again agree with the ruling of the committee, but would have preferred a decision more mindful of the doubling policy.

Sam [Spade] 18:25, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sam Spade/Arbcom questions


text:
Kitamurayama District, Yamagata

Kitamurayama District (北村山郡) is a rural district located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. As of October 2013, the district has an estimated population of 7,652 and an area of 79.59 km2. The cities of Murayama, Higashine and Ozanazawa and a portion of the city of Tendō were formerly part of Kitamurayama District.

Towns and villages

 * Ōishida

History
Murayama County was an ancient place name in part of Dewa Province, occupying the area of modern Mogami, Nishimurayama, Higashimurayama and Kitamurayama districts. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the area Kitamurayama district was a complicated mosaic. Two towns and 48 villages were tenryo ruled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate, 32 villages were part of Matsumae Domain in Ezo, 13 villages were part of Shinjō Domain, 7 villages were under Tsuchiura Domain, 4 villages were under Nagatoro Domain, 2 villages were part of Tendō Domain, 2 villages were part of Tatebayashi Domain and 1 village was part of Sakura Domain The area became part of Yamagata Prefecture in 1876. At that time, Kitamurayama District consisted of 2 towns and 105 villages.

With the establishment of the municipality system on April 1, 1889, the district was consolidated into 23 villages.
 * On March 18, 1892 Tateoka was raised to town status
 * On June 15, 1896 Higashine was raised to town status
 * On April 22, 1897 Ōishida was raised to town status
 * On July 16, 1897 Obanazawa was raised to town status
 * On November 1, 1954 the city of Murayama was founded by the merger of Tateoka with five neighboring villages.
 * On November 3, 1958 Higashine was raised to city status
 * On April 10, 1959 Obanazawa was raised to city status

title: Kitamurayama District, Yamagata


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Kaneyama, Yamagata

Kaneyama (金山町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town has an estimated population of 5,205, and a population density of 35 persons per km². The total area of the town is 161.79 km².

Geography
Kaneyama is located in northeastern Yamagata Prefecture, bordered to the north by Akita Prefecture. The town is at an elevation of between 100 and 400 meters, surrounded by 1000 meter mountains. The area is known for its extremely heavy snowfalls in winter. There are many osegi waterways running through the town. Part of the town is within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Shinjō
 * Sakegawa
 * Akita Prefecture
 * Yuzawa

Climate
Kaneyama has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Kaneyama is 10.3 C. The average annual rainfall is 2078.4 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.3 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.4 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kaneyama peaked in the 1950s has been decreasing over the past 70 years. It is now less than it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day was Kaneyama part of ancient Dewa Province and during the Nara Period and early Heian period was an important fortified point on the road connecting Akita Castle on the Sea of Japan with Tagajo on the Pacific Ocean. During the Sengoku period, the area was under the control of the Mogami clan, who built Kaneyama Castle on what is now the center of the modern town. During the Edo period, the town was a post town on the Ushū Kaidō connecting Edo with what is now Aomori. The mountain passes north of the town center were a battlefield in the Boshin War of the Meiji restoration. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Mogami District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Kaneyama was established on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system and was raised to town status on January 1, 1925.

Economy
The main industry is agriculture, livestock and forestry. Kaneyama is particularly famed for its cedar trees, and houses built in the traditional style (with cedar wood and white walls) can be seen around the town. The town is also noted for its production of ornamental (nishiki) koi.

These figures were taken from the 2000 census:
 * Primary sector (agriculture and forestry)	- 15%
 * Secondary sector (manufacturing and construction)	- 49%
 * Tertiary sector (services)	- 36%
 * Secondary sector (manufacturing and construction)	- 49%
 * Tertiary sector (services)	- 36%
 * Tertiary sector (services)	- 36%

Education
Kaneyama has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the city government and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education.

Railways
Kaneyama does not have any passenger railway service. The nearest Shinkansen station is in neighbouring Shinjō.

Isabella Bird Memorial
British explorer Isabella Bird mentioned Kaneyama favourably in her account of her 1878 travels in Japan, Unbeaten Tracks in Japan:

 * "After leaving Shinjō this morning we crossed over a steep ridge into a singular basin of great beauty, with a semi-circle of pyramidal hills, rendered more striking by being covered to their summits with pyramidal cryptomeria, and apparently blocking all northward progress. At their feet lies Kanayama in a romantic situation, and, though I arrived as early as noon, I am staying for a day or two, for my room at the Transport Office is cheerful and pleasant, the agent is most polite, a very rough region lies before me, and Ito has secured a chicken for the first time since leaving Nikkō!"

A monument commemorating Isabella Bird can be seen in the town centre.

Notable people from Kaneyama

 * Koichi Kishi, politician

title: Kaneyama, Yamagata


text:
Mogami District, Yamagata

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Uzen Province > Mogami District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Yamagata Prefecture > Mogami District

Mogami District (最上郡) is a rural district located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. As of August 2013, the district has an estimated population of 42,788 and an area of 1,508.54 km2. All of the city of Shinjō was formerly part of Mogami District.

Towns and villages

 * Funagata
 * Kaneyama
 * Mamurogawa
 * Mogami
 * Ōkura
 * Sakegawa
 * Tozawa

History
Mogami County was an ancient place name in part of Dewa Province; however, it was located to the south of the present Mogami District, in an area corresponding roughly to modern Higashimurayama District and parts of Nishimurayama District.

Under the Tokugawa shogunate, much of the area of modern Mogami District was ruled as part of Shinjō Domain. Following the Meiji restoration it came under the new province of Uzen Province, which became part of Yamagata Prefecture in 1876. At that time, the area consisted of 2 towns and 86 villages. The area was organized as modern Mogami District in 1878.

With the establishment of the municipality system on April 1, 1889, one towns (Shinjo) and 15 villages were established. Kaneyama was raised to town status on January 1, 1925 and Shinjō was raised to city status on April 1, 1949. Mamurogawa was raised to town status on April 1, 1950 and the towns of Mogami and Funagata were created on September 1 and December 1, 1954.

title: Mogami District, Yamagata


text:
Mogami, Yamagata

Mogami (最上町) is a town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town has an estimated population of 8,441 in 2,848 households, and a population density of 26 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 330.27 km2.

Geography
Mogami is located in the mountains of extreme northeastern Yamagata Prefecture. Despite its name, the Mogami River does not run through the town. The area is known for extremely heavy snows in winter.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Shinjō
 * Obanazawa
 * Funagata
 * Akita Prefecture
 * Yuzawa
 * Miyagi Prefecture
 * Ōsaki
 * Kami

Climate
Mogami has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Mogami is 10.3 C. The average annual rainfall is 1851.8 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.2 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.3 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Mogami peaked in the 1950s has declined by more half since then. The town is now less populous than it was a century ago.

History
During the Sengoku period, the area was under the control of the Mogami clan who built Oguni Castle. During the Edo period, parts of the area came under the control of Shinjō Domain. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Mogami District, Yamagata Prefecture. The villages of Higashi-Oguni and Nishi-Oguni were established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. These villages merged to form the town of Mogami on September 1, 1954.

Economy
Mogami was formerly known as a horse breeding area, and numerous ranches supplied horses to the Imperial Japanese Army's cavalry regiments. Modern Mogami is dependent on agriculture, forestry and seasonal tourism to its many hot spring resorts.

Education
Mogami has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the city government and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education.

Railways
East Japan Railway Company - Rikuu East Line
 * Sakaida - Akakura-Onsen - Tachikōji - Mogami - Ōhori - Usugi - Semi-Onsen

title: Mogami, Yamagata


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Funagata, Yamagata

Funagata (舟形町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town has an estimated population of 5,101, and a population density of 43 persons per km². The total area of the town is 119.03 km².

Geography
Funagata is located in mountainous north-central eastern Yamagata Prefecture. The Mogami River runs through the town. The area is known for extremely heavy snowfall in winter.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Shinjō
 * Obanazawa
 * Murayama
 * Mogami
 * Ōkura
 * Ōishida

Climate
Funagata has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Funagata is 11.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1785 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.1 °C.

History
The area of present-day Funagata was part of ancient Dewa Province and is mentioned in Nara period documents as a location of a fortified settlement on the road connecting Akita Castle on the Sea of Japan with Tagajo on the Pacific coast. During the Sengoku period, the area was under the control of the Mogami clan. During the Edo period, the Funagata was a river port on the Mogami River and a post station on the sankin kotai route to Edo and for pilgrims en route to the Three Mountains of Dewa. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Mogami District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Funagata was established on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was elevated to town status on December 1, 1954.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Funagata peaked around 1950 and has declined by more than half since then.

Education
Funagata has one public elementary and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railways
East Japan Railway Company - Ōu Main Line East Japan Railway Company - Rikuu East Line
 * Funagata
 * Higashi-Nagasawa - Nagasawa

title: Funagata, Yamagata


text:
Spanish language in the Philippines

Spanish was the sole official language of the Philippines throughout its more than three centuries of Spanish rule, from the late 16th century to 1898, then a co-official language (with English) under its American rule, a status it retained (now alongside Filipino and English) after independence in 1946. Its status was initially removed in 1973 by a constitutional change, but after a few months it was once again designated an official language by a presidential decree. However, with the adoption of the present Constitution, in 1987, Spanish became designated as an auxiliary or "optional and voluntary language".

During the period of Spanish colonization (1565–1898), it was the language of government, trade, education, and the arts. With the establishment of a free public education system set up by the colonial government in the mid-19th century, a class of native Spanish-speaking intellectuals called the Ilustrados was formed, which included historical figures such as José Rizal, Antonio Luna and Marcelo del Pilar. By the end of Spanish rule, a significant number of urban and elite populations were conversant in Spanish, although only a minority of the total population had knowledge of the language.

It served as the country's first official language as proclaimed in the Malolos Constitution of the First Philippine Republic in 1899 and continued to be widely used during the first few decades of U.S. rule (1898–1946). Gradually however, the American government began promoting the use of English at the expense of Spanish, characterizing it as a negative influence of the past. By the 1920s, English became the primary language of administration and education. While it continued to serve as an official language after independence in 1946, the state of Spanish continued to decline until its removal from official status in 1973. Today, the language is no longer present in daily life and despite interest in some circles to learn or revive it, it continues to see dwindling numbers of speakers and influence. Roughly 400,000 Filipinos (less than 0.5% of the population) were estimated to be proficient in Spanish in 2020.

The Spanish language is regulated by the Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española, the main Spanish-language regulating body in the Philippines, and a member of the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, the entity which regulates the Spanish language worldwide.

Overview
Spanish was the language of government, education and trade throughout the three centuries of Spanish rule and continued as the country's lingua franca until the first half of the 20th century. Spanish was the official language of the Malolos Republic, "for the time being", according to the Malolos Constitution of 1899. The Malolos Constitution was written in Spanish, and no official English translation was released. Article 93 read, "Artículo 93.° El empleo de las lenguas usadas en Filipinas es potestativo. No puede regularse sino por la ley y solamente para los actos de la autoridad pública y los asuntos judiciales. Para estos actos se usará por ahora la lengua castellana."; A literal translation originally printed as exhibit IV, Volume I, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900, Senate Document 188. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.) read, "ART.93 The use of the languages spoken in the Philippines is optional. It can only be regulated by law, and solely as regards acts of public authority and judicial affairs. For these acts, the Spanish language shall be used for the time being.", ;

In 1972, the Philippine Government National Historical Institute (NHI) published, which contained a somewhat different English translation in which Article 93 read, "Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be used in the meantime." ;

Other translations also exist (e.g. );

As of 2008, the NHI translation seems to predominate in publication, with some sources describing it as "official" or "approved": ; ; ; ; (others). Spanish was also the official language of the Cantonal Republic of Negros of 1898 and the Republic of Zamboanga of 1899.

While Spanish was introduced through the colonial public education system, it was never spoken on a wide scale in the Philippines. Only populations in urban areas or in places with a significant Spanish presence used the language on a daily basis or learned it as a second or third language.

During the early part of the U.S. administration of the Philippine Islands, Spanish was widely spoken and relatively well maintained throughout the American colonial period. Even so, Spanish was a language that bound leading men in the Philippines like Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho to President Sergio Osmeña and his successor, President Manuel Roxas. As a senator, Manuel L. Quezon (later President), delivered a speech in the 1920s entitled "Message to My People" in English and in Spanish.

Official language
Spanish remained an official language of government until a new constitution ratified on January 17, 1973, designated English and Pilipino, spelled in that draft of the constitution with a "P" instead of the more modern "F", as official languages. Shortly thereafter, Presidential Proclamation No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered that the Spanish language should continue to be recognized as an official language so long as government documents in that language remained untranslated. A later constitution ratified in 1987 designated Filipino and English as official languages.Article XIV, Section 3 of the 1935 Philippine Constitution provided, "[...] Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages." The 1943 Philippine Constitution (in effect during occupation by Japanese forces, and later repudiated) did not specify official languages. Article XV, Section 3(3) of the 1973 Philippine constitution ratified on January 17, 1973 specified, "Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages. Presidential Decree No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered, "[...] that the Spanish language shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines while important documents in government files are in the Spanish language and not translated into either English or Pilipino language." Article XIV Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution specified, "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English." Also, under this Constitution, Spanish, together with Arabic, was designated an optional and voluntary language.

Influence
There are thousands of Spanish loanwords in 170 native Philippine languages, and Spanish orthography has influenced the spelling system used for writing most of these languages.

Chavacano
Chavacano (also called Zamboangueño) is a Spanish-based creole language spoken mainly in the southern province of Zamboanga and, to a much lesser extent, in the province of Cavite in the northern region of Luzon. An estimated 689,000 people speak Chavacano. In 2010, the Instituto Cervantes de Manila estimated the number of Spanish speakers in the Philippines in the area of three million, which included the native and the non-native Chavacano and Spanish speakers.

Spanish colonial period

Spanish was the language of government, education and trade throughout the three centuries (333 years) of the Philippines being part of the Spanish Empire and continued to serve as a lingua franca until the first half of the 20th century. It was first introduced to the Philippines in 1565, when the conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi founded the first Spanish settlement on the island of Cebú. The Philippines, ruled first from Mexico City and later from Madrid, was a Spanish territory for 333 years (1565–1898). Schooling was a priority, however. The Augustinians opened a school immediately upon arriving in Cebú in 1565. The Franciscans followed suit when they arrived in 1577, as did the Dominicans when they arrived in 1587. Besides religious instruction, these schools taught how to read and write and imparted industrial and agricultural techniques.

Initially, the stance of the Roman Catholic Church and its missionaries was to preach to the natives in local languages, not in Spanish. The priests learned the native languages and sometimes employed indigenous peoples as translators, creating a bilingual class known as Ladinos. Before the 19th century, few natives were taught Spanish. However, there were notable bilingual individuals such as poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belén. Gaspar produced Christian devotional poetry written in the Roman script in Tagalog. Pasyon is a narrative of the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ begun by Gaspar Aquino de Belén, which has circulated in many versions. Later, the Spanish-Mexican ballads of chivalry, the corrido, provided a model for secular literature. Verse narratives, or komedya, were performed in the regional languages for the illiterate majority.

In the early 17th century, a Tagalog printer, Tomás Pinpin, set out to write a book in romanized phonetic script to teach the Tagalogs how to learn Castilian. His book, published by the Dominican press in which he worked, appeared in 1610, the same year as Blancas's Arte. Unlike the missionary's grammar, which Pinpin had set in type, the Tagalog native's book dealt with the language of the dominant, rather than the subordinate, other. Pinpin's book was the first such work ever written and published by a Philippine native. As such, it is richly instructive for what it tells us about the interests that animated Tagalog translation and, by implication, conversion during the early colonial period.

By law, each town had to build two schools, one for boys and the other for girls, to teach the Spanish language and the Christian catechism. There were never enough trained teachers, however, and several provincial schools were mere sheds open to the rain. That discouraged the attendance at school, and illiteracy was high in the provinces until the 19th century, when public education was introduced. The conditions were better in larger towns. To qualify as an independent civil town, a barrio or group of barrios had to have a priest's residence, a town hall, boys' and girls' schools; streets had to be straight and at right angles to one another so that the town could grow in size; and the town had to be near a good water source and land for farming and grazing.

Better school conditions in towns and cities led to more effective instruction in the Spanish language and in other subjects. Between 1600 and 1865, a number of colleges and universities were established, which graduated many important colonial officials and church prelates, bishops, and archbishops, several of whom served the churches in Hispanic America. The increased level of education eventually led to the rise of the Ilustrados. In 1846, French traveler Jean Baptiste Mallat was surprised at how advanced Philippine schools were. In 1865, the government inaugurated the Escuela Normal (Normal School), an institute to train future primary school teachers. At the same time, primary schooling was made compulsory for all children. In 1869, a new Spanish constitution brought to the Philippines universal suffrage and a free press. El Boletín de Cebú, the first Spanish newspaper in Cebu City, was published in 1886.

In Manila, the Spanish language had been more or less widespread to the point that it has been estimated at 50% of the population knew Spanish in the late 19th century. In his 1898 book "Yesterdays in the Philippines", covering a period beginning in 1893, the American Joseph Earle Stevens, an American who resided in Manila from 1893 to 1894, wrote: "Spanish, of course, is the court and commercial language and, except among the uneducated native who have a lingua of their own or among the few members of the Anglo-Saxon colony, it has a monopoly everywhere. No one can really get on without it, and even the Chinese come in with their peculiar pidgin variety."

Long contact between Spanish and the local languages, Chinese dialects, and later Japanese produced a series of pidgins, known as Bamboo Spanish, and the Spanish-based creole Chavacano. At one point, they were the language of a substantial proportion of the Philippine population. Unsurprisingly, since the Philippines was administrated for centuries from New Spain in present-day Mexico, Philippine Spanish is broadly similar to Latin American Spanish not only in vocabulary but also in pronunciation and grammar.

The Spanish language was the official language used by the civil and judicial administration, and it was spoken by the majority of the population in the main cities and understood by many, especially after the passing of the Education Decree of 1863. By the end of the 19th century, Spanish was either a mother tongue or a strong second language among the educated elite of the Philippine society, having been learned in childhood either directly from parents and grandparents or in school, or through tutoring.

Schools
In the 16th and the 17th centuries, the oldest educational institutions in the country were set up by Spanish religious orders. The schools and universities played a crucial role in the development of the Spanish language in the islands. Colegio de Manila in Intramuros was founded in 1590. The Colegio formally opened in 1595, and was one of the first schools in the Philippines. In the same year, the University of San Carlos in Cebú, was established as the Colegio de San Ildefonso by the Jesuits. In 1611, the University of Santo Tomás, considered as the oldest existing university in Asia, was inaugurated in Manila by the Dominicans. In the 18th century, fluent male Spanish-speakers in the Philippines were generally the graduates of those schools or of the Colegio de San Juan de Letrán, established in 1620. In 1706, a convent school for Philippine women, Beaterios, was established. It admitted both Spanish and native girls, and taught religion, reading, writing and arithmetic with music and embroidery. Female graduates from Beaterios were fluent in Spanish as well. In 1859, Ateneo de Manila University was established by the Jesuits as the Escuela Municipal.

In 1863, Queen Isabel II of Spain decreed the establishment of a public school system, following the requests of the islands' Spanish authorities, who saw the need of teaching Spanish to the wider population. The primary instruction and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory. The Educational Decree provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town and governed by the municipal government. A Normal School for male teachers was established and was supervised by the Jesuits. In 1866, the total population of the Philippines was only 4,411,261. The total public schools was 841 for boys and 833 for girls and the total number of children attending the schools was 135,098 boys and 95,260 girls. In 1892, the number of schools had increased to 2,137, 1,087 of which were for boys and 1,050 for girls. The measure was at the vanguard of contemporary Asian countries and led to an important class of educated natives that sometimes continued their studies abroad, like the national hero José Rizal, who studied in Europe. That class of writers, poets and intellectuals is often referred to as Ilustrados. Ironically, it was during the initial years of American occupation in the early 20th century that Spanish literature and press flourished, partially due to the freedom of the press allowed following the transition to American rule.

Filipino nationalism and 19th-century revolutionary governments

Before the 19th century, Philippine revolts were small-scale. Since they did not extend beyond linguistic boundaries, they were easily neutralized by Spanish forces. With the small period of the spread of Spanish through a free public school system (1863) and the rise of an educated class, nationalists from different parts of the archipelago were able to communicate in a common language. José Rizal's novels, Graciano López Jaena's satirical articles, Marcelo H. del Pilar's anti-clerical manifestos, the bi-weekly La Solidaridad, which was published in Spain, and other materials in awakening nationalism were written in Spanish. The Philippine Revolution fought for reforms and later for independence from Spain. However, it opposed neither Spain's cultural legacy in the islands nor the Spanish language. Even Graciano López Jaena's La Solidaridad, an 1889 article that praised the young women of Malolos who petitioned to Governor-General Valeriano Weyler to open a night school to teach the Spanish language. In fact, the Malolos Congress of 1899 chose Spanish as the official language. According to Horacio de la Costa, nationalism would not have been possible without the Spanish language. By then, the people were increasingly aware of nationalistic ideas and independence movements in other countries.

During the Philippine Revolution, many of the Filipino patriots were fluent in Spanish, though Emilio Aguinaldo, the eventual first president of the Philippines, was more comfortable speaking Tagalog. The 1897 Biak-na-Bato Constitution and the 1898 Malolos Constitution were both written in Spanish. Neither specified a national language, but both recognised the continuing use of Spanish in Philippine life and legislation. Spanish was used to write the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, Malolos Constitution, the original national anthem, Himno Nacional Filipino, as well as nationalistic propaganda material and literature.

In 1863, the Spanish language was taught freely when a primary public school system was set up for the entire population. The Spanish-speaking Ilustrados (Enlightened Ones) were the educated elite who promoted and propagated nationalism and a modern Filipino consciousness. The Ilustrados and later writers formed the basis of Philippine Classical Literature, which developed in the 19th century.

José Rizal propagated Filipino consciousness and identity in Spanish. Highly instrumental in developing nationalism were his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo which exposed the abuses of the colonial government and clergy, composed of "Peninsulares." The novels' very own notoriety propelled its popularity even more among Filipinos. Reading them was forbidden because they exposed and parodied the Peninsulares.

Philippine–American War
The revolutionary Malolos Republic of 1899 designated the Spanish language for official use in its constitution, drawn up during the Constitutional Convention in Malolos, Bulacan. The nascent republic published a number of laws, acts, decrees, and other official issuances. They were published variously in the Spanish, English, and Tagalog, with Spanish predominating. Spanish was also designated the official language of the Cantonal Republic of Negros of 1898 and the Republic of Zamboanga of 1899.

Many Spanish-speaking Filipino families perished during the Philippine–American War. According to the historian James B. Goodno, author of the Philippines: Land of Broken Promises (New York, 1998), one-sixth of the total population of Filipinos, or about 1.5 million, died as a direct result of the war.

American colonial period

After the Philippine–American War and the subsequent incorporation of the Philippine archipelago to the dominion of the United States, one of the policies implemented by the new rulers was to institute the English language as the primary language of the country, designating it as the medium of instruction, with the goal of bolstering the annual increase of the number of English-speaking population in the Philippines. However, in spite of this, the Spanish language maintained its hold in the educational system, as many private educational institutions, particularly those administered by religious orders, persisted in using the Spanish language. Only after World War I did the American authorities started to press more and more for the private schools to teach in English, leading to important Catholic universities such as the Ateneo de Manila and the University of Santo Tomas to phase out Spanish in favor of English.

The census of 1903 did not inquire the respondents regarding the language they spoke and understood, but it was asked in the 1918 census, in which it was reported that from a total population of 10,314,310, the number of Filipinos capable of speaking Spanish was 757,463 (or 7.34% of the total population), with 511,721 belonging to the male population and 245,742 belonging to the female population. In contrast, the number of English-speaking Filipinos was 896,258 (or 8.69% of the total population). Greater percentage of Spanish-speaking males compared to their English-speaking counterparts were found in Zamboanga, Manila, Isabela, Cotabato, Marinduque, Cagayan, Iloilo, Cavite, Albay, Leyte, Batangas, and Sorsogon. The province with the greater percentage of Spanish-speaking females compared to their English-speaking counterparts were found in Zamboanga, Cotabato, Manila, Davao, Ambos Camarines, Iloilo, and Sorsogon. The rest of the provinces had greater percentages of English-speaking people, with the provinces of Ifugao, Bontoc, Benguet, and Kalinga registering the greatest percentage of English-speaking males. The census also affirmed that those who learned to speak Spanish or English also possessed the ability to read and write in those languages.

While the 1918 census confirmed the great boost in the position of the English language in the Philippines since the arrival of the first Thomasites, Spanish still retained its privileged position in society, as was made clear by Henry Jones Ford, a professor from Princeton who was sent to the Philippines by the then American President Woodrow Wilson for a "fact-finding mission". In his 1916 report, Ford wrote that the "Filipino gentry speak Spanish and the masses speak native dialects which are not low languages, but are refined and capable instruments of thought", adding later on the following observations:

"As a matter of fact Spanish is more than ever the language of polite society, of judicial proceedings and of legislation. More people are speaking Spanish than when American occupation began and indirectly the American schools have promoted that result, inasmuch as educational advance of any kind incites desire to attain the language spoken in good society and thus establish one's position in the ilustrado class."

He also made note of the increasing usage of the native vernacular languages through which the literature of Filipino politics reached the masses, with the native newspapers and magazines in the Philippines tending to be bilingual and with the regular form being a Spanish section and a section written in the local vernacular language, while none of them was published in English. Additionally, the most widely circulated American newspaper has a Spanish section.

Antonio Checa Godoy assessed that between the Philippine–American War and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, more than 220 periodical publications were written in Spanish or, in case of bilingual and even trilingual publications, Spanish was one of the languages used. They are published and disseminated not only in Manila but also in different parts of the country, with more than 30 of them published daily. Checa Godoy also identified the first two decades of the American rule in the Philippines as the "Silver Age" of the Philippine press in Spanish, with number of copies of Spanish language periodical publications being sold daily reaching 30,000 towards the end of the 1920s, more so than the other publications written in other languages. El Renacimiento, a Spanish-Tagalog bilingual newspaper established in 1901, was one of the most influential and widely distributed newspapers of the first decade of American colonial period. It was forced to close in 1908 due to a libel suit brought against it by then Secretary of Interior Dean C. Worcester after the publication of an editorial titled Aves de Rapiña ("Birds of Prey"), which Worcester took to be an insult against his honor and goodwill. Worcester was awarded $30,000 in damages, while the editor and publisher (Teodoro Kalaw and Martín Ocampo) were given jail sentences. It was then re-established by Martín Ocampo in 1910 under the name of La Vanguardia, although it did not prosper until its purchase in 1916 by Alejandro Roces, after which it continued publishing until the days of World War II. Another important newspaper was El Ideal, which was established in 1910 and served as an official organ of the Nationalist Party created by Sergio Osmeña, although it was allowed to die in 1916 due to financial reasons.

After the Silver Age came the period of decadence of the Philippine press written in Spanish, which Checa Godoy identified in the years of the 1920s and the 1930s. During this period, the number of Spanish-language newspapers and their circulation declined, while the presence of newspapers written in English and indigenous languages, especially Tagalog, increased and even overtook Spanish from its dominant position. The decline continued until the events of World War II, which effectively ended the Spanish-language press in the Philippines.

The census of 1939 showed the decline of the Spanish-speaking population in the Philippines, with the numbers slashed almost in half compared to the previous 1918 census: in a total population of approximately 16 million Filipinos, only 417,375 of them (or 2.6% of the population) are literate in the Spanish language. The census also remarked regarding the declining use of Spanish in the Philippines:

"In another generation, unless there is a decided increase in the use of Spanish, the persons able to speak it will have dropped to about one percent of the population."

The need for a national language other than Spanish or English began to emerge from the late 1920s onwards, as President Manuel Quezon complained that almost as soon as he left Manila his speeches would need to be translated, as neither Spanish nor English could be used as a medium of successful communication throughout the national territory. Inés Villa, the 1932 Premio Zobel awardee, wrote in her prize-winning work "Filipinas en el camino de la cultura" that the educational system during the American period succeeded in its objective of widely disseminating the English language and making it an official language of the government, legislature, courts, commerce and private life, adding that the United States managed to achieve with English for only three decades what Spain failed to achieve with the Spanish language during its approximately four centuries of rule in the Philippines, further noting that as of the writing of her work, for every Filipino that speaks Spanish, there are approximately ten others that can speak English. In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act excluded Spanish entirely from the curriculum of public schools, while the 1934 Constitutional Convention set 1940 as the expiry date of the usage of Spanish as the official language of the legislature and of the courts.

The years of the American colonial period have been identified as the Golden Age of Philippine Literature in Spanish by numerous scholars such as Estanislao Alinea, Luis Mariñas and Lourdes Brillantes. One explanation given to such a designation was the rich volume of literary output produced during this era using the Spanish language. Among the great Filipino literary writers of the period were Fernando María Guerrero, Jesús Balmori, Manuel Bernabé, Claro M. Recto and Antonio Abad. There were three reasons provided for this development, namely the relative freedom of expression during the American period compared to the previous Spanish colonial era, the publication venues provided by the Spanish language periodicals and periodicals written in other languages but with Spanish language sections, and the presence of the Premio Zobel. However, Estanislao Alinea also referred to those years as the "Period of Efflorescence", highlighting the fact the behind the apparent vitality and productivity of these Spanish language writers lied the period of slow decadence and gradual decline of the language itself in the Philippines. Additionally, despite the relevance given to many of these writers in their social and nationalistic roles, even earning them an entry in the 1996 Encyclopedia of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), most of their literary works received scarce public reception even during their lifetime. According to Rocío Ortuño, the failure of their literary endeavours can be seen in the fact that some of their works were either left unpublished or, in case of their works published in periodicals, never compiled in volumes.

Decline of Spanish

Spanish flourished in the first two decades of the 20th century because of the partial freedom of the press and as an act of defiance against the new rulers. However, it soon declined afterwards as the U.S. administration began a heavier imposition of English as the official language and medium of instruction in schools and universities. Editorials and newspapers were increasingly forced to switch to English, leaving Spanish in a marginal position.

One of the first U.S. provisions in the Philippines, following the recommendations of the Schurman Commission, was the prohibition of Spanish as the language of instruction in public schools. Despite the fact that in 1934 it was established that American sovereignty would cease in 1946, the new Philippine Constitution stated the obligation to maintain English as the sole language of instruction. It is significant that the American language policy had among its main objectives to turn the Filipinos into "a people who can govern themselves", an end for which they would need a common language: English.

In order to preserve Spanish, Enrique Zóbel de Ayala founded the Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española and the Premio Zóbel in 1924 to help maintain and develop the use of Spanish by the Filipino people.

Filipino nationalists and nationalist historiographers during the American colonial period took their liberal ideas from the writings of the 19th-century Filipino propaganda, which portrayed Spain and all things Spanish as negative or evil. Therefore, Spanish as a language was demonized as a sad reminder of the past. Those ideas gradually inculcated into the minds of the young generation of Filipinos (during and after the U.S. administration), which used those history textbooks at school that tended to generalize all Spaniards as villains because of lack of emphasis on Filipino people of Spanish ancestry, who were also against the local Spanish government and clergy and also fought and died for the sake of freedom during the 19th-century revolts during the Philippine Revolution, the Philippine–American War, and the Second World War.

By the 1940s, as children educated in English became adults, the use of Spanish started to decline rapidly. Still, a very significant community of Spanish-speakers lived in the largest cities, with a total population of roughly 300,000. However, with the destruction of Manila during the Japanese occupation in the Second World War, the heart of Spanish in the Philippines had been dismantled. Many Spanish-speaking Filipino families perished during the massacre and the bombing of the cities and municipalities between 1942 and 1945. By the end of the war, an estimated 1 million Filipinos had died. Some of the Spanish-speakers who survived were forced to migrate in the later years.

After the war, Spanish became increasingly marginalized at an official level. As English- and American-influenced pop culture increased, the use of Spanish in all aspects gradually declined. In 1962, Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal decreed that the Philippines would mark independence day on June 12, instead of July 4, when the country gained complete independence from the United States. This reflected a tendency to paint Spain as the villain and the United States as a more benevolent colonial power. Spanish language and culture were demonized again. In 1973, Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language of the Philippines, was quickly redesignated as an official language, and finally lost its official status by the ratification of a subsequent constitution in 1987.

21st-century developments
The 21st century has seen a small revival of interest in the language among select circles, with the numbers of those studying it formally at college or taking private courses rising markedly in recent years. A great portion of Spanish learners in the Philippines are in the social sciences, as until recently, many land titles, contracts, newspapers, and literature were still written in Spanish. Some Hispanista groups have even proposed making Spanish a compulsory subject again in school or having it used in administration, although the idea has elicited controversy.

Under the administration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, relations between Spain and the Philippines strengthened. Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day was established to commemorate the cultural and historical ties, friendship, and co-operation between the Philippines and Spain. Additionally, the Department of Education reintroduced Spanish as an elective course in secondary schools in 2008.

During her visit to the Philippines in July 2012, Queen Sofía of Spain expressed her support for the Spanish language to be revived in Philippine schools, with 24 high school across the country offering the language as a subject. In September 2012, an agreement was made between the Philippine and Chilean governments to train Filipino schoolteachers in Spanish while in exchange, the Philippines would help train Chilean schoolteachers in English.

Current status
After Spain handed over control of the Philippines to the United States in 1898, the local variety of Spanish has lost most of its speakers, and it might be now close to disappearing.

Since a December 2007 directive signed by former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in Spain for the teaching and learning of the Spanish language in the Philippine school system starting in 2008, the number of high schools offering Spanish as an elective course has grown to 80 schools spread across all regions of the country. Language assistance is provided from Spain to train and provide scholarships for Spanish language teachers.

, interest in learning Spanish has largely been for economic purposes due to some demand for Spanish speakers from business process outsourcing companies in the Philippines or job prospects abroad in the United States, which have made a number of Filipinos flock to language centers such as Instituto Cervantes to learn Spanish.

Demographics
According to the 1990 Philippine census, there were 2,660 native Spanish speakers in the Philippines. In 2013, there were also 3,325 Spanish citizens living in the country. Figures in 2020 showed about 400,000 Spanish speakers with at least proficient knowledge, which accounts for under 0.5% of the population. This is a steep decline from 1998, when there were 1.8 million Spanish speakers, including those who spoke Spanish as a secondary language.

Media
Spanish-language media were present in the 2000s with one Spanish newspaper, E-Dyario, becoming the first Spanish digital newspaper published in the Philippines. Also, Filipinas, Ahora Mismo was a nationally syndicated, 60-minute, cultural radio magazine program in the Philippines that was broadcast daily in Spanish for two years in the 2000s.

On September 15, 2020, a new online magazine La Jornada Filipina was launched by Arvyn Cerézo.

Phonology
The main difference between Philippine Spanish and Peninsular Spanish is that Filipinos speak with an accent inherited from local Austronesian languages. In the Philippines, the $⟨ll⟩$ and $⟨y⟩$  sounds, as in olla ("pot") and hoya ("pit"), are often distinguished. prototypically occurs as, though it is sometimes realized as , especially among the most recent generation of speakers. , on the other hand, is typically realized as an approximant in all positions, rarely ever occurring as a fricative or affricate  like in other Spanish dialects.

Filipinos also often distinguish between the $⟨z⟩$/$⟨c⟩$ sound and the $⟨s⟩$  sound. However, the non-learned population generally merges the sound, written $⟨z⟩$/$⟨c⟩$, with the  sound, written $⟨s⟩$. Others, especially more modern speakers, may inconsistently distinguish and, sometimes even in the same word. Moreover, – distinction does not occur in Chavacano; instead, Spanish words with or  are all loaned into Chavacano with  being used for both phonemes.

The velar fricative, known in Spanish as "jota", is strongly fricated , resembling Peninsular Spanish. It is also occasionally pronounced as glottal due to most Philippine languages lacking a  phoneme but having. Thus, names like "José" may be pronounced or, less commonly,. Realization of as  is also found in Andalusia, the Canary Islands, and some parts of Latin America.

Influence on the languages of the Philippines
There are approximately 4,000 Spanish loan words in Tagalog (between 20% and 33% of Tagalog words), and around 6,000 Spanish words in Visayan and other Philippine languages. The Spanish counting system, calendar, time, etc. are still in use with slight modifications. Archaic Spanish words have been preserved in Tagalog and the other Philippine vernaculars, such as (from, meaning "cash"),  ("soap", modern Spanish ; at the beginning of Spanish rule, the j used to be pronounced , the voiceless postalveolar fricative or the "sh" sound),  ("watch", modern Spanish , with a  or [h] sound), and  ("money", from ).

List of Spanish words of Philippine origin
Although the greatest linguistic impact and loanwords have been from Spanish to the languages of the Philippines, the Philippine languages have also loaned some words to Spanish.

The following are some of the words of Philippine origin that can be found in the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española, the dictionary published by the Real Academia Española:

title: Spanish language in the Philippines


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aras Vaichas

Vanity page. Doesn't mention any notable achievements. regards, High on a tree 01:47, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Look him up on google and you will see that his works have been exhibited at the National Museum of Australia and various other galleries, he has a definate web presence. Page is more of a stub, give it time to be filled in. It's not future tense, it's present tense because it describes Aras' ability to do something or to use something e.g. "watch Aras as he uses those materials to make a sculpture". As Aras is currently an artist, he is currently making art. * I just read the deletion policy, and I am happy to become a registered user of Wikipedia because I use it many times per day. Please keep this page until I have the time to register myself and I will make the page a personal page. Is that OK?
 * Absolutely! Sorry if we come off as too harsh, but you are, of course, welcome and encouraged to make this part of a personal page.  The writing threw me, at least.  If you had wished to keep the article in main Wikipedia space, I think you'd do well to list some of the exhibitions, juried awards, and the like.  The normal VfD process takes 5 days, and registering should take you just a moment.  Welcome to Wikipedian-ism, and feel free to improve this article throughout the voting period, if you would like us to reconsider our votes on its status within the Wikipedia.  For my part, I will hold off on changing vote, although you have clearly been working on the page, until you get a chance to add some of the notability. Geogre 04:46, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * As Geogre says, you are very welcome to make this into User:Aras Vaichas. Before you insist on keeping the entry as a wp article, I suggest that you read the recommendations at Auto-biography. I see that there has indeed been one collaborative work on display at Canbrerra's national museum for one week in february - congratulations, but it doesn't quite convince me that you belong to the "painters, sculptors, architects, engineers, and other professionals whose work is recognized as exceptional and likely to become a part of the enduring historical record of that field". Don't take it personal. I'd sure like to see that kangaroo and wish you well for you career. regards, High on a tree 21:07, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Cool. Thanks guys. I've made myself a personal page and I will consider re-enterring myself into the main encyclopaedia when I can create a more full and rounded entry. ;) So it's OK to delete the entry. Not much time left over after balancing an art career and full time engineering. *puff* Aras Vaichas
 * delete, vanity. --Ianb 07:12, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: accomplishments are in the future tense -- he "will do" art. Geogre 12:26, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article doesn't indicate any notability. Average Earthman 13:30, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Mamurogawa

Mamurogawa (真室川町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town has an estimated population of 6,792 in 2560 households, and a population density of 18 persons per km². The total area of the town is 374.22 km².

Geography
Mamurogawa is located in the northern portion of the Shinjō Basin in north-central Yamagata Prefecture. The basin is surrounded on all sides by low mountains, with the Ōu Mountains to the northeast and the Dewa Mountains running from the west to the north. The area is known for its heavy snowfalls in winter.

Neighboring municipalities
Yamagata Prefecture
 * Sakata
 * Shinjō
 * Sakegawa
 * Kaneyama

Akita Prefecture
 * Yurihonjō
 * Yuzawa

Climate
Mamurogawa has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Mamurogawa is 10.2 C. The average annual rainfall is 2810.9 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.2 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.0 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Mamurogawa peaked in the 1950s and has declined by more than half since then. It is now less than it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Mamurogawa was part of ancient Dewa Province and the location of Sakenobe Castle in the Sengoku period. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Mogami District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Mamurogawa was established on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. During World War II, an airbase for training pilots was established by the Imperial Japanese Army. The site is now a park, and part of the grounds of the local high school. Mamurogawa was elevated to town status on April 1, 1950. On August 1, 1954, it absorbed the neighboring villages of Araki and Nozoki.

Economy
The economy of Mamurogawa is based on agriculture and forestry. The main crops are rice and tara-no-me, a spring herb.

Education
Mamurogawa has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Ōu Main Line
 * Mamurogawa - Kamabuchi - Ōtaki - Nozoki

Highway

 * – Mamurogawa interchange

Local attractions

 * Kabusan Prefectural Park
 * Tokasaka Dam

title: Mamurogawa


text: Category:Lists of trademarks

title: Category:Lists of trademarks


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The Poisonwood Bible

The Poisonwood Bible (1998), by Barbara Kingsolver, is a best-selling novel about a missionary family, the Prices, who in 1959 move from the U.S. state of Georgia to the village of Kilanga in the Belgian Congo, close to the Kwilu River.

The novel's title refers to Bible errata. The father of the family creates his own "misprint" of the Bible. He concludes his sermons with the Kikongo expression "Tata Jesus is bängala" with the intent of saying "Jesus is most precious". In his hurried mispronunciation, he actually says "Jesus is poisonwood".

Plot
Orleanna Price, the mother of the family, narrates the introductory chapter in five of the novel's seven sections. The narrative then alternates among the four daughters, with a slight preference for the voice of the most conflicted one, Leah. The four girls increasingly mature and develop differently as each adapts to African village life and the political turmoil that overtakes the Belgian Congo in the 1960s.

The Price family packs up their belongings for their flight to the Congo, where they are going to spend a year as the family of a missionary. However, shortly before leaving, they are informed that they are limited to 44 pounds of luggage per person. The Southern Baptist Mission League suggests they solve this problem by leaving for the airport wearing many layers of clothing, hiding household items among the layers of clothes to lighten their luggage.

The Price daughters – Rachel, Leah, Adah and Ruth May – and their mother, Orleanna, and father, Nathan, attend their first church service in the village of Kilanga, and they realize how different their culture is from that of the Congo. For example, 14-year-old Leah helps her father plant a "demonstration garden"; it immediately receives criticism from Mama Tataba, whom the family has engaged as a live-in maid, and the garden does poorly due to the inappropriate climate. Nathan tries to hold an impromptu Easter celebration in hopes of baptizing numerous people, but he is unable to carry this out, as the river along the village, where he plans to hold the baptism, is infested with crocodiles.

Leah and her twin Adah begin to spy on Eeben Axelroot, the pilot who conveyed the family to Kilanga, and Nathan tries to convince Congolese men, one by one, to convert to Christianity. Meanwhile, five-year-old Ruth May befriends the village children. She finds out about Axelroot's business with the diamonds after breaking her arm.

After Mama Tataba departs, an orphan boy named Nelson becomes the family servant. Nathan and Leah go to Leopoldville (present day Kinshasa) to witness what is going on with the independence in the Congo. Methuselah (a parrot the Prices adopted from the previous missionary) dies, and Adah finds his feathers. Ruth May becomes very sick and lies in bed for the majority of the day. Leah begins to spend a lot of time with Anatole, Kilanga's teacher, discussing topics such as justice and the Congo. Leah wants to participate in the hunt, which upsets the village elders, as it would go against their custom, but she eventually is allowed to participate and even hunts an antelope.

The girls all gather together in the morning to check out the chicken coop. Inside they find footprints and a green mamba snake. A scream and gasp is heard from Ruth May, who has been bitten by the snake. The girls watch her turn cold and blue before she passes away. Orleanna becomes filled with guilt over Ruth May's death, and takes the other children away, leaving her arrogant husband to fend for himself. With Anatole's help, they eventually reach safety.

The remaining Price sisters go through many different life changes: Adah dedicates herself to getting a scientific education back home (she is hemiplegic and wants to learn more about the condition); Leah marries Anatole and they start a family together; Rachel remains perceptive but vain and distrustful of men, goes through a string of marriages, and starts a business; and Nathan dies in his unsuccessful mission: killed by a mob of Kilanga's villagers when they blame him for a crocodile attack on a boat of children.

The story ends with a final chapter from Ruth May reflecting on her sisters and mother attempting to visit her grave, but not being able to find it, and a woman telling them a place named Kilanga never existed. She watches her sisters and her mother, and has seen how they have matured; she has matured as well. Through her death, she finally is able to understand the Congolese term muntu, which describes the concept of unity and how all life is connected in some way. She understands that she is muntu, and a part of all that is around her. Ruth May only wants her mother to understand the concept and for her to move on. She asks for her mother to forgive herself and not live with the guilt anymore.

Major characters

 * The Prices
 * Orleanna Price – Nathan's wife, and the mother of their four daughters. Born in Mississippi, she is deferential to her husband, but independent-minded.
 * Nathan Price – Orleanna's husband. An evangelical (Southern Baptist) minister and a World War II veteran from Georgia, determined to "save Africa for Jesus". He feels guilt for having survived the war while his comrades died.
 * Rachel Price (15 at start of the novel) – the oldest Price girl; blonde and self-centered, she is obsessed with her looks and American consumer culture.
 * Leah Price (14 at start of the novel) – Adah's tomboyish twin; intelligent, self-confident, competitive, and tenacious. The most outspoken of the women, Leah is prone to dogmatism and concerned with her own salvation.
 * Adah Price (14 at start of the novel) – Leah's twin, hemiplegic from birth. Silent, but witty, she is brilliant in math and languages, but is envious of her twin. She is also skeptical, sarcastic, envious, and prone to self-pity. She likes to think about things backwards as well as forwards, and is fond of palindromes.
 * Ruth May Price (5 at the start of the novel) – the youngest Price girl; she is playful, independent, adventurous, perceptive, and inquisitive.

 * Other characters
 * The Underdowns – Belgian mission chiefs who welcome and send supplies to the Prices.
 * Eeben Axelroot – a corrupt Afrikaner mercenary pilot.
 * Anatole Ngemba – the village teacher; an orphan, his fluency in English allows him to be an interpreter for Nathan's sermons.
 * Brother Fowles – a New Yorker; the Prices' predecessor on the mission. Married to Céline, a local woman.
 * Mama Tataba – a village woman, formerly employed by Fowles, who works for the Prices. Best known and celebrated for her prestigious quote, 'You got to be make hills'.
 * Tata Ndu – the chief of Kilanga.
 * Tata Kuvudundu – the spiritual leader of the village.
 * Nelson – an orphaned village boy; he is Anatole's student who works for the Prices. He is forced to sleep outside in the chicken coop.
 * Methuselah – a parrot left by Brother Fowles; it is excellent at imitating human speech.

Reception and awards
Writing in The New York Times, Michiko Kakutani called the book "powerful", but said the social allegories were at times "heavy-handed".

John Mullan, reviewing the book in British newspaper The Guardian, said the book was "remarkable not just for its story, but also for its narrative form".

The Poisonwood Bible was selected for Oprah's Book Club in 1999. Additionally that year, the book was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in fiction. It won the 2000 Boeke Prize.

In March 2016, the book was discussed on BBC Radio 4's A Good Read.

Adaptations
In March 2019, Bond Group Entertainment – a production company launched by actress Amy Adams and her manager Stacy O'Neil – secured a first-look deal with HBO to develop a TV adaptation of Kingsolver's novel. Adams and O’Neil will executive produce the limited series, while Anya Epstein and Kingsolver are writing the screenplay.

title: The Poisonwood Bible


text:
Ōkura, Yamagata

Ōkura (大蔵村) is a village in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. As of January 2020, the village has an estimated population of 3044, and a population density of 14 persons per km2. The total area is 211.59 km2.

Geography
Ōkura is located in a mountainous north-central eastern Yamagata Prefecture, and includes Mount Gassan within its borders. The Mogami River runs through the village. The area is known for extremely heavy snows in winter. Its highest accumulation of snow recorded is 414 cm, second place in Japan after Sukayu Onsen in Aomori. Snow typically starts in November, and starts piling up on the ground by early December. The snow will usually stop by early May, but will not completely melt until mid-June. Similar to Sukayu Onsen, snowfalls of 50 to 100 cm in a single day are not uncommon at all.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Shinjō
 * Murayama
 * Sagae
 * Funagata
 * Tozawa
 * Shōnai
 * Nishikawa

Climate
Ōkura has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Ōkura is 9.2 C. The average annual rainfall is 2844.8 mm with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 21.9 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.8 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōkura peaked around 1950 and is now considerably less than it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Ōkura was part of ancient Dewa Province. During the Sengoku period, the area was under the control of the Mogami clan. During the Edo period, the village was a river port on the Mogami River and a post station on the pilgrimage route to Mount Gassan. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Mogami District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Ōkura was established on April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system.

Economy
The main industry is agriculture (tomato and buckwheat), sake production, and seasonal tourism to its hot spring resorts. Kokeshi dolls are a noted local handicraft.

Education
Ōkura has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railways
Ōkura does not have any passenger railway service.

Local attractions

 * ruins of Shimizu Castle
 * Hijiori hot springs

title: Ōkura, Yamagata


text:
Talk:Queensland University of Technology

QUT (Applied Science)
This is the course I've been doing for the past 3 years. You can MAJOR IN STACKS OF DIFFERENT AREAS like microbiology, industrial chemistry etc. It is different from UQ in that it is not as insular and actually it is easier to go straight into the workforce after completing a 3 year course in QUT than in UQ, but that might just be me. Cousre code for applied science is SC01 co-ordinator m.hargreaves

Kelvin grove merger
I agree, also put in a subheading for Carseldine and Gardens Point.

Caboolture - I've changed it like a bajillion times but someone keeps changing it back so I give up, but Caboolture does not offer a full course in Education. I know this because I am currently enrolled at Caboolture.

Rankings section out of proportion
The sheer number of ranking metrics is too large. It's a wall of text with far too many ratings to be helpful. If anyone has the inclination, it could use thoughtful thinning.  Orville1974 talk 08:15, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

QUT square +/- wordings for logo
Hi @The Education Auditor! Just re: the square QUT logo versus the version with the addition of the "Queensland University of Technology" text, I again feel as though the latter should be prioritised for use in the infobox. The horizontal layout fits a lot nicer into the natural shape of the infobox, whereas the square version renders as either extremely large and agressive at full-width (giant blue box that distracts from the content) or with a lot of whitespace when at a smaller size. Tim (Talk) 05:37, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello Tim :-)
 * Here was my rationale for replacing the logo:
 * 1. According to the |official QUT Brand Centre Corporate Identity document, on page six, it mentions that "The QUT logo is the only logo to be used to represent the university". It shows the square logo next to the text.
 * 2. On every article on Wikipedia regarding a university, a vertical coat of arms (e.g. London School of Economics) or a circular seal (e.g. Massachusetts Institute of Technology) is used on the top of the infobox. These symbols usually occupy a squarish area.
 * 3. The current horizontal logo was added to the article on 19 December 2023 but does not appear on the aforementioned document. The horizontal logo previously used on the article, which does appear in the document as the official slogan logo, is on the header of their website.
 * I did manage to find the university common seal, which is less ominous, and have temporarily replaced the square logo on the top of the infobox.
 * Since I don't want to gatekeep, here are some options to consider:
 * 1. Keep the common seal and rectangle logo as is
 * 2. Swap the seal and rectangle logo placements
 * 3. Revert to the square and horizontal QUT logos
 * 4. Revert to simply having the horizontal logo
 * 5. Tag third parties (e.g. Pichpich, DaHuzyBru, etc.) here
 * I don't have any special privilege on Wikipedia nor do I own it so feel free to make whatever decision you like and I'll respect it. If the size is the only concern, there is also an option to resize the logo. I've added the parameter to the infobox. Perhaps an input between 150-250px?
 * Kind regards, The Education Auditor (talk) 09:52, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * To clarify, LSE and MIT are two other universities that use an acronym in their primary logo. The Education Auditor (talk) 09:54, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Hey @Robertsky, your input on this issue would be appreciated.
 * We're trying to decide what images we should use at the top and bottom of the infobox.
 * A timeline of previously used graphics:
 * A blue positive version of the logo similar to the one on the QUT website
 * The horizontal text logo currently at the bottom of the infobox
 * The square QUT logo in the Brand Centre Corporate Identity manual
 * The university common seal currently at the top of the infobox
 * @ItsPugle believes the horizontal text logo should be shifted back to the top as I had changed it to the square QUT logo followed by the common seal.
 * Kind regards, The Education Auditor (talk) 02:02, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't really have a strong preference. In terms of appearances wise, the logo with text is less imposing. The common seal looks tacky, especially with the common seal text. – robertsky (talk) 04:48, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the seal does look somewhat tacky. Although the horizontal logo doesn't seem to be used anymore, it does look similar enough to the seal and is less ominous than the square logo that I added prior to the seal. I will revert my changes and withdraw from the topic.
 * Kind regards, The Education Auditor (talk) 05:12, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies for missing the replies to a discussion I started 😅 Glad to see it's all squared away, thanks for the respectful convo! Tim (Talk) 11:47, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 😂😂😂 – robertsky (talk) 14:01, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't really have a strong preference. In terms of appearances wise, the logo with text is less imposing. The common seal looks tacky, especially with the common seal text. – robertsky (talk) 04:48, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the seal does look somewhat tacky. Although the horizontal logo doesn't seem to be used anymore, it does look similar enough to the seal and is less ominous than the square logo that I added prior to the seal. I will revert my changes and withdraw from the topic.
 * Kind regards, The Education Auditor (talk) 05:12, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies for missing the replies to a discussion I started 😅 Glad to see it's all squared away, thanks for the respectful convo! Tim (Talk) 11:47, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 😂😂😂 – robertsky (talk) 14:01, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

Nickname field in the infobox not needed
As per the article linked to the term, this is a USA / Canada practice. Having studied and worked in the sector for decades (including at QUT), I am unaware of this or any other Australian university being known by nicknames derived from the names of the university sporting teams. The culture of "college sport" doesn't occur in Australia, where sporting teams do exist, but are not a focal point for the institutions nor the bulk of their students. By all means, mention the sporting teams in the article (appropriately cited) but I think putting them in the infoxbox gives them a prominence they don't have in Australian university culture. Kerry (talk) 08:36, 18 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
Sakegawa

Sakegawa (鮭川村) is a village located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 3843 in 1329 households, and a population density of 31 persons per km2. The total area of the village is 122.15 km2.

Geography
Sakegawa is located in northern Yamagata Prefecture, bordered to the west by the Dewa Mountains. The area is known for its heavy snowfalls in winter.

Neighboring municipalities
Yamagata Prefecture
 * Sakata
 * Shinjō
 * Mamurogawa
 * Tozawa

Climate
Sakegawa has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Sakegawa is 10.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1902 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.7 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Sakegawa has declined by more than half from its peak around 1950.

History
The area of present-day was Sakegawa part of ancient Dewa Province. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Mogami District, Yamagata Prefecture. The village of Sakegawa was established on December 1, 1954 by the merger of the villages of Toyota and Toyosato, both from Mogami District.

Economy
The economy of Sakegawa is based on agriculture. The town is famous for nameko mushrooms, of which it produces a substantial percentage for Yamagata Prefecture. The town's other main exports are rice and flowers, such as roses and gentians. Sakegawa is also well known for fishing, with the Salmon Festival (鮭祭り) being held at Eco Park every October. The village is promoting agritourism ("green tourism") to increase revenues. Commerce is strongly dependent on the neighboring Shinjo city, but many residents also go to Mamurogawa town for shopping as there are no large commercial facilities such as supermarkets in the village.

Education
Sakegawa has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Ōu Main Line
 * Uzen-Toyosato

Sister city relations

 * 🇵🇭 - Kawit, Cavite, Philippines

Kabuki
Public kabuki theater performances are given on the first Sunday of July every year.

Salmon Festival
Held on the last Sunday of October every year. During this festival people pay a set price to attempt to catch salmon out of the river with their bare hands.

Niwazuki Kannon Lantern Festival
Held in August. Floating lanterns are sent down the river beginning at the Niwazuki Buddhist temple.

title: Sakegawa


text:
WrestleCrap

WrestleCrap is a professional wrestling website created by R. D. Reynolds and Merle Vincent, serving as a "hall of shame" for some of the worst gimmicks and storylines in professional wrestling history. The site is currently run by Reynolds and Justin Henry.

History
R.D. Reynolds and Merle Vincent launched the site in April 2000 and it quickly developed a following among wrestling fans. After Vincent's suicide in September 2000, Reynolds continued to run the site by himself. He shut the site down in 2001, claiming the high cost of running the site was responsible. It returned the following year, albeit without the backlog of past inductions.

In 2006, the site added several new writers and features.

WrestleCrap is also the title of a book written by the site's creators, with an introduction by John Tenta (ISBN 1-55022-584-7). In addition, Reynolds has co-authored The Death of WCW, with wrestling journalist Bryan Alvarez, and he co-wrote The WrestleCrap Book of Lists! with Blade Braxton, released in late 2007. Both Reynolds and Alvarez were previously featured columnists for British pro wrestling and MMA magazine Fighting Spirit.

In December 2012, Reynolds announced a relaunch of the site, complete with more daily content and interactive features. The relaunch took place in January 2013.

In December 2016, the entire site archive was made available for users who made a one-time donation to the site, or supported the site on Patreon.

Braxton died in March 2021.

Site content

 * WrestleCrap Inductions, new induction weekly with rotating classic inductions weekly. These have been written primarily by Reynolds over the years, including currently, but a number of others have written them as well.
 * Someone Bought This, a look at some of the more ridiculous wrestling merchandise on sale. This segment often looks at eBay items placed for auction by various users.
 * Headlies, faux wrestling news stories in the style of The Onion.
 * It Came From YouTube, a weekly celebration of the most obscure, insane and sometimes brilliant wrestling related clips found on YouTube.
 * Squash of the Week, a weekly column that focuses on squash matches. It serves as the successor to Jobber of the Week.
 * RD's Mailbag, Reynolds answers the questions he receives via email.

Gooker Award
The Gooker Award is given each year to the worst gimmick, storyline, match or event in wrestling in that year. The award is named after The Gobbledy Gooker, widely thought of as one of the most disastrous wrestling gimmicks of all time.

Winners

 * 2000: David Arquette's WCW World Heavyweight Championship reign.
 * 2001: The Invasion.
 * 2002: Katie Vick (Triple H/Kane feud).
 * 2003: Al Wilson (Torrie Wilson/Dawn Marie feud).
 * 2004: The 2004 Raw Diva Search.
 * 2005: The Jim Ross firing storyline and colonoscopy skit.
 * 2006: WWE's exploitation of Eddie Guerrero's name and legacy after his death (Eddiesploitation).
 * 2007: The Vince McMahon paternity storyline and the reveal of Hornswoggle as his (kayfabe) son.
 * 2008: Mike Adamle's stint in WWE.
 * 2009: The Hornswoggle/Chavo Guerrero feud.
 * 2010: "The New Monday Night Wars".
 * 2011: Michael Cole's antics throughout the year.
 * 2012: Claire Lynch (AJ Styles/Christopher Daniels and Kazarian feud).
 * 2013: Dixie Carter's heel turn.
 * 2014 (co-winner): Vince McMahon's comments about "brass rings".
 * 2014 (co-winner): The Bella Twins feud.
 * 2015: The Rusev and Summer Rae/Dolph Ziggler and Lana feud.
 * 2016: WrestleMania 32.
 * 2017: Jinder Mahal's WWE Championship reign.
 * 2018: WWE Crown Jewel.
 * 2019: Seth Rollins vs. "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt at Hell in a Cell.
 * 2020: Retribution.
 * 2021: NXT 2.0.
 * 2022: Ric Flair's Last Match.
 * 2023 (co-winner): CM Punk in AEW.
 * 2023 (co-winner): Father James Mitchell doing drugs on PPV.

The 2001 award was not revealed until 2003 due to WrestleCrap 's closing in 2001.

Each year's Gooker Award, with the exceptions of 2001 and 2002, was determined by a poll of site visitors. The 2001 and 2002 awards were chosen by Reynolds, since he felt there was no competition those years. For the 2014 award, Reynolds declared that Vince McMahon's comments about "brass rings" and the Bella Twins feud were co-winners due to irregularities in the voting.

WrestleCrap Radio (2005–2012; 2015–2021)
In August 2005, WrestleCrap introduced a podcast called WrestleCrap Radio. Typically Reynolds and columnist Blade Braxton discussed their personal lives, made jokes that may or may not relate to current wrestling (or wrestling at all), and rarely discussed news items from the wrestling industry. On occasion interviews with guests from within the wrestling industry were broadcast such as their interviews with Vince Russo and Lance Storm. Induction writer Triple Kelly was the unofficial reserve host, having won a co-host contest in 2007. The regular podcasts ended with WrestleCrap Radio episode 249, released on July 13, 2012.

On August 20, 2015, to coincide with the 10 year anniversary of WrestleCrap Radio, a new episode of Reynolds and Braxton's occasional RD and Blade Show podcast was instead revealed to be the surprise 250th episode of WrestleCrap Radio. Episode 251 was released ten days later on August 30, followed by two more episodes each in September and October.

The show was retired following Braxton's death in March 2021.

title: WrestleCrap


text:
User:Brona/monobook.css

body { background: #F0F0F0; }

title: User:Brona/monobook.css


text:
Allen Carr

Allen John Carr (2 September 1934 – 29 November 2006) was a British author of books about stopping smoking and other psychological dependencies including alcohol addiction.

Biography
Born in Putney, London, Carr started smoking cigarettes while doing National Service aged 18. He qualified as an accountant in 1958. Carr finally stopped smoking on 15 July 1983, aged 48, after a visit to a hypnotherapist. However, it wasn't the hypnotherapy itself that enabled him to stop – "I succeeded in spite of and not because of that visit" and "I lit up the moment I left the clinic and made my way home...". There were two key pieces of information that enabled Carr to stop later that day. First, the hypnotherapist told him smoking was "just nicotine addiction", which Carr had never perceived before that moment, i.e. that he was an addict. Second, his son John lent him a medical handbook which explained that the physical withdrawal from nicotine is just like an "empty, insecure feeling". He claims that these two realisations crystallised in his mind just how easy it was to stop and so then enabled him to follow an overwhelming desire to explain his method to as many smokers as possible.

Philosophy
Carr teaches that smokers do not receive a boost from smoking a cigarette, and that smoking only relieves the withdrawal symptoms from the previous cigarette, which in turn creates more withdrawal symptoms once it is finished. In this way the drug addiction perpetuates itself. He asserted that the "relief" smokers feel on lighting a cigarette, the feeling of being "back to normal", is the feeling experienced by non-smokers all the time. So that smokers, when they light a cigarette are really trying to achieve a state that non-smokers enjoy their whole lives. He further asserted that withdrawal symptoms are actually created by doubt and fear in the mind of the ex-smoker, and therefore that stopping smoking is not as traumatic as is commonly assumed, if that doubt and fear can be removed.

At Allen Carr Clinics during stop-smoking sessions, smokers are allowed to continue smoking while their doubts and fears are removed, with the aim of encouraging and developing the mindset of a non-smoker before the final cigarette is extinguished. A further reason for allowing smokers to smoke while undergoing counselling is Carr's belief that it is more difficult to convince a smoker to stop until they understand the mechanism of "the nicotine trap". This is because their attention is diminished while they continue to believe it is traumatic and extremely difficult to quit and continue to maintain the belief that they are dependent on nicotine.

Another assertion unique to Carr's method is that willpower is not required to stop smoking.

His contention was that fear of "giving up" is what causes the majority of smokers to continue smoking, thereby necessitating the smoker's perpetuation of the illusion of genuine enjoyment as a moral justification of the inherent absurdity of smoking in the face of overwhelming medical and scientific evidence of its dangers. Instead, he encourages smokers to think of the act of quitting, not as giving up, but as "escaping".

Easyway
Carr left his accountancy job in 1983 and set up his first Easyway clinic. He wrote ten books which appeared as bestsellers on selected book ranking charts including his first book The Easy Way to Stop Smoking (1985). The success of the original London clinic, through word-of-mouth and direct recommendation, has led to a worldwide network of 100 Easyway clinics in 35 countries plus the production of audio CDs and DVDs.

Allen Carr's Easyway is clinically tested through two randomised controlled trials. In 2018 an Irish trial found that Allen Carr's Easyway was almost twice as effective as Quit.ie and in 2020 a UK randomised clinical trial found Allen Carr's Easyway neither superior, nor inferior, than the Gold Standard NHS Programme which uses NRT & 1-1 psychological support. The latter criticises the 2018 study, notably the use of a point prevalence method, and the comparison to an interventions of varying intensity and efficacy.

Based on their full money-back guarantee (which requires two follow-up sessions without reimbursement of travel), Carr's clinics claim 90% success rate in aiding smokers to stop for three months, and 51% success rate in helping smokers stop for 12 months based on an independent study not connected with any health organisation. Celebrity endorsements include Richard Branson, Anthony Hopkins, Ashton Kutcher, Ellen DeGeneres, Nikki Glaser, Chrissie Hynde, Michael McIntyre, Pink, Jason Mraz, Charlotte Church and Hrithik Roshan which aids the organisation's efforts to expand commercially.

Allen Carr's Clinics are run by facilitators who were once smokers and have used Carr's method to stop smoking. All therapists/facilitators are members of an association created by Allen Carr's Easyway organisation, Members of the Association of Allen Carr Therapists International (MAACTI), and membership indicates that the therapist/facilitator has completed the rigorous recruitment, and the comprehensive training & development process required before anyone can practise as an Allen Carr's Easyway therapist/facilitator. They can only do so under license with Allen Carr's Easyway (International) Ltd or Allen Carr's Easyway (US) Ltd.

Carr also wrote a number of other how-to books on subjects such as losing weight, stopping alcohol consumption, and overcoming the fear of flying. Along with his close friends, protégés, & co-authors Robin Hayley (chairman, Allen Carr's Easyway) & John C. Dicey (Global CEO & Senior Allen Carr's Easyway Therapist), he wrote books dealing with gambling, debt/junk-spending, sugar addiction, emotional eating, mindfulness, tech/smartphone addiction, caffeine addiction, vaping/JUUL with Online Video Programmes handling smoking, vaping/JUUL, alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, sugar & carb addiction, emotional eating, gambling, caffeine addiction, fear of flying, and mindfulness. In 2020, it was estimated that Allen Carr's Easyway method had helped more than 50 million people worldwide. In 2021, Allen Carr's Easyway assisted the World Health Organisation's year-long global campaign for World No Tobacco Day 2021.

Personal life and death
In 2006, Carr was diagnosed with lung cancer at the age of 71. His spokesman stated that this may not have been linked to his historical smoking habit, as he had been around smokers, and therefore exposed to their second-hand smoke, while treating them for their addiction. The following month, Carr revealed that his lung cancer was terminal and that his life expectancy was about nine months. Carr said: "Since I smoked my final cigarette, 23 years ago, I have been the happiest man in the world. I still feel the same way today.” Carr wrote to the then British Prime Minister Tony Blair, urging the UK Government and NHS to accept his method, saying that the "powerful influence" of lobbyists working for nicotine replacement firms had turned them against him. Carr died from lung cancer at his home in Benalmádena, west of Málaga, Spain, on 29 November 2006. He was 72 years old.

Carr worked closely with and passed responsibility for continuing his work, developing the method to cover as many addictions and issues as possible, to his close friends and long-time collaborators Robin Hayley & John C. Dicey (Chairman & Global CEO of Allen Carr's Easyway respectively). On the insistence of international publishers John C. Dicey reluctantly allows himself to be described as co-author of Allen Carr books but makes it very clear, "I take great pleasure in deflecting any praise for the books (quite rightly so) to Allen Carr. I was extremely lucky to have worked so closely with him since 1998 and was honoured that he asked me to carry on his work".

Selected publications
(Translated into more than 45 languages)

Nicotine

 * The Easy Way to Stop Smoking (1985)
 * The Only Way to Stop Smoking Permanently
 * Allen Carr's Easy Way for Women to Stop Smoking
 * The Little Book of Quitting
 * The Illustrated Easy Way to Stop Smoking
 * Allen Carr's How to be a Happy Non-smoker
 * Allen Carr Easyway Express
 * Allen Carr's Quit Smoking Boot Camp
 * Allen Carr's Easyway to Quit Vaping
 * My Stop Smoking Coach with Allen Carr (Nintendo DS, 2008)
 * Allen Carr's Easyway to Quit Smoking (the most up to date version of the method)

Alcohol

 * The Easy Way to Stop Drinking
 * Allen Carr's Easy Way to Control Alcohol

Overeating / unhealthy eating

 * Allen Carr's Easyweigh to Lose Weight
 * Allen Carr's Lose Weight Now
 * Allen Carr's Good Sugar, Bad Sugar
 * Allen Carr's Easyway to Quit Emotional Eating

Fear of flying

 * The Easy Way to Enjoy Flying

Worry / anxiety

 * The Easy Way to Stop Worrying ..

Miscellaneous

 * Burning Ambition: The Inspiring Story of One Man's Quest to Cure the World of Smoking
 * Allen Carr's Easyway to Stop Gambling
 * Allen Carr's Get Out of Debt Now
 * Allen Carr's Smart Phone Dumb Phone: Free Yourself from Digital Addiction
 * Allen Carr's Easyway to Mindfulness
 * Allen Carr’s Easyway to Better Sleep
 * Allen Carr’s Easyway to Quit Cocaine
 * Allen Carr’s Easyway to Quit Cannabis

title: Allen Carr