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Ken Keyes Jr.

Ken Keyes Jr. (January 19, 1921 – December 20, 1995) was an American personal growth author and lecturer, and the creator of the Living Love method, a self-help system. Keyes wrote fifteen books on personal growth and social consciousness issues, representing about four million copies distributed overall.

Childhood and adolescence
Keyes was born an only child to an affluent family in Atlanta. Throughout their lives, he was close to his father and especially to his mother, despite her eventual abuse of alcohol. He suffered from chronic bronchitis and croup in his infant years, and in 1925 his family moved to Miami Beach, Florida, in hopes of his benefiting from its sunny climate. His father, Kenneth Keyes Sr., became successful in real estate development there and active in the conservative evangelical wing of the Presbyterian Church. Keyes was not very athletic as a child, but excelled in academics and developed hobbies, such as photography. When he was in high school, his father bought him a small boat, which began his lifelong interest in sailing.

Keyes attributed the seeds of the personal growth system he would later develop to an experience he had with a stern English teacher in ninth grade. Despite her reputation as a strict teacher and hard grader, he made an effort to be personally caring toward her, which led to her giving him a slight break in grading. He took the lesson from this experience to be "that when I express caring and friendliness, they are reflected back to me in life."

College, military service, and a new family
Keyes entered Duke University in 1938 and spent two years there. He then studied voice and music at the University of Miami, and helped to found the Miami Opera Guild. In 1941, during the World War II era, Keyes enlisted in a naval intelligence unit set up to censor cablegrams entering and leaving the United States.

At age of 20, Keyes met his first wife, Roberta Rymer, at the University of Miami. They were married in December 1941, a few days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Their first child, Ken III, was born in December 1942, and their second child, Clara Lu, was born in April 1944. Keyes was discharged from the service in October 1945, and entered the real estate business with his father.

When he was around 23, he photographed and filmed Alfred Korzybski at the Institute of General Semantics, helping to document Korzybski's life. Apparently he was already greatly involved in the logical aspects of self-help.

Polio and quadriplegia
In February 1946, at age 25, Keyes contracted polio and became paralyzed in his legs and hands. His paralysis developed into quadriplegia and was sufficiently severe that, for example, he was unable to turn himself over in bed. He was admitted to the Warm Springs Foundation, a convalescent hospital in Georgia. After a year in the hospital, he moved with his wife to a nearby house for three more years of rehabilitation, during which time he adjusted to life as a wheelchair user. He invented a switch-activated powered bed that would turn his body over. He said he "began to develop the feeling that I did not have to be so totally dependent on other people" and "still wanted to feel that I was a capable and lovable person." To that end, he obtained a lever-controlled electric wheelchair, a new invention at the time.

Keyes required aides for bodily care for several decades.

First book
According to Keyes, he became involved in many activities to overcome the feeling of dependence and uselessness brought on by his disability. He wrote a book on mental techniques for increasing effectiveness in daily life. This book, entitled How to Develop Your Thinking Ability, was published by McGraw-Hill in 1950, and contained illustrations by cartoonist Ted Key. Keyes later reacquired the publishing rights to the book and re-released it as Taming Your Mind.

In a subsequent book, Discovering The Secrets of Happiness, Keyes commented, about this period of his life, that his disability may have been a disguised blessing:"'Perhaps I would have been so caught up in the business and social rat race that I wouldn't have sat still long enough to study my security, sensation and power illusions — and then discover how to deal with them so I could open up my heart to loving more. My reality is that I am far too busy and involved in my life activities to have time to concern myself with self-consciousness in the wheelchair department. Today I view my so-called 'handicap' as another gift my life has offered me.'"

Life after polio therapy
Upon completion of therapy in 1949, Keyes returned to South Miami, Florida, where he resumed work in real estate and bought a specially equipped speedboat for racing.

By 1950, Keyes was the general manager of a radio station owned by his father, and started his own commercial real estate business. Completing his schooling, he received a B.A. in psychology from the University of Miami. He planned and built a series of personal residences, and in 1956 bought a 71-foot yacht, the Caprice, capable of serving as a floating residence.

Divorce and remarriage
Over these years, Keyes indicates that he and his wife were drifting apart, and he had affairs with other women. He and Rymer separated and then divorced in 1959, after eighteen years of marriage. He received the yacht in the property settlement and moved his residence and office there. His second book, on the topic of nutrition and entitled, How to Live Longer–Stronger–Slimmer (later to be retitled, Loving Your Body), was published by Fredrick Fell during this period.

Around 1964, Keyes resumed working for his father in a real estate company targeted at foreign investors. At age 44, he met and married his second wife, Bonita, who was sixteen years his junior. During this period he wrote his third book with Jacque Fresco, a book on futurism entitled Looking Forward.

According to Keyes, his wife Bonita's jealousy and depression became major stumbling blocks in their relationship, and Keyes would later fault himself for what he describes as his unskilled responses to these issues. Keyes and Bonita divorced after a year of marriage, and Keyes grieved the loss of the relationship.

In 1968, Keyes established a national commercial real estate sales operation, with revenues of $25 million during its first year of operation. He maintained romantic relationships with various women, and would later comment that his sexual appetite had been an impediment to his personal growth.

Spirituality and personal growth
In 1970, just before his 50th birthday, Keyes traveled to the Esalen Institute in California and enrolled in two workshops there. He then returned to Florida, became involved with the Humanistic Psychology Association and was exposed to teachings such as those of Chogyam Trungpa and Alan Watts. He also experimented briefly with mescaline, which, he reported, induced in him a continuously orgasmic experience he found distasteful. He credited this experience with allowing him to begin overcoming his obsession with sex, although he would remain sexually active throughout his life.

Keyes lived for a few months with two students who had been influenced by Trungpa and Ram Dass. He traveled with them to a commune and a Trappist monastery in Virginia and a spiritual center in Connecticut. A turning point came for Keyes when he visited Trungpa at his center in Barnet, Vermont at Christmas 1970 and discussed with Trungpa the Buddhist notion that the mind's reaction rather than external circumstances creates personal unhappiness. Keyes has said that he felt this to be the solution to the life problems he had experienced.

Over the next year, Keyes lived with a small group of people on his yacht, and prepared to turn his business over to an employee and found a nonprofit organization with his other assets. At this time he had a brief experience he described as transcendent, "like the pure energy of God—radiant, indescribable—and I felt a part of it all."

According to Keyes, during this period he used his new learning to cope more successfully with issues of jealousy and deception in his romantic relationship with a woman named Jane. During an episode in which Jane brought another lover onto his yacht, he used a form of mental reprogramming process that, he says, alleviated his jealously without repressing it, a method he would later teach. During this time he formulated the "Twelve Pathways", which would constitute the core of his "Living Love" method of personal growth. Within a month he had drafted the core of a new book, Handbook to Higher Consciousness. This self-published book sold more than one million copies.

Going west, and the Living Love Center in Berkeley
In mid-1972, Keyes outfitted a bus for living, sold his yacht, disposed of most of his possessions, and began traveling west with a group of other people, visiting places such as Taos, New Mexico, and the Rainbow Gathering at Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado. He traveled for about a year, and while traveling began holding sessions using the Living Love methods.

Keyes gave his first formal workshop on the Living Love methods at the Esalen Institute. He settled in Berkeley, California, in 1973 and began giving regular workshops, establishing the Living Love Center there in June 1973 in a former fraternity house. The workshops were attended by as many as fifty people at a time. Keyes recruited a staff from the streets of Berkeley at essentially volunteer wages to support the workshops, which he also began giving in Los Angeles. At this time, the Handbook to Higher Consciousness was selling about fifty thousand copies a year, and his workshops attracted students from all over the country. In 1974, Keyes banned drug use from the Center. He wrote more books and they began to sell rapidly. His staff, which included Shakti Gawain, Tolly Burkan, and Summer Raven, worked on the workshops and activities such as writing songs to go along with them.

Cornucopia in Kentucky
Having outgrown the Berkeley center, in mid-1977 the organization bought a 150-acre (607,000 m2) property in St. Mary, Kentucky, that had been a Catholic seminary. The organization moved to the new property, which it renamed "Cornucopia."

Soon after the move, conflict developed between Keyes and the organization's head administrator and training director, Carole Thompson. Keyes had hired her in Berkeley, but, he said, he later thought she was influencing the staff in unhelpful directions. According to Keyes, she refused to allocate staff to him for the workshops he led, and he felt she was trying to edge him out of teaching and into the financial side of the operation. Similar "power moves" occurred during the Berkeley years, inevitable byproducts of a growing organization. Ken dealt openly with these issues using methods that he taught to keep the organization and vision on track.

The three week-long retreats during this time without Ken included such things as eating vegetarian meals, doing "karma yoga" work (chores) around the grounds, daily workshops based on The Handbook to Higher Consciousness principles, and watching the Franco Zeffirelli film, Brother Sun, Sister Moon, about the life of St. Francis of Assisi. These practices had been a part of daily life at the Berkeley house, and all residents participated. The goals were to expose participants to teamwork and health consciousness while supporting day-to-day organizational functions.

One of the more interesting exercises, also practiced in Berkeley, occurred when participants randomly selected a partner (done by forming two circles, one inside the other, with the outer circle moving clockwise, and until the leader said "stop" forcing people to choose diametrically opposite partners). A four-foot piece of cord was given to each "couple," and each was told to tie one end to his or her wrist. Thus, partners were literally tied together for the next 24 to 48 hours. It was a complication to use the bathroom, especially if one's partner was of the opposite sex (usually, one person would enter a stall while the other person slid the string between the crack in the door and waited outside). The purpose of the exercise was that partners had to work together and communicate in order to go anywhere or do anything. Adding to the "we are all brothers and sisters" theme was the fact that all the bathrooms and showers at Cornucopia were co-ed, though the expectation was for there to be no sexual contact, unless one was in a pre-existing relationship.

Another exercise was called "The Marathon" where the group participants would stay-up and be in groups for 24 to 36 hours with occasional breaks along with normal meals. During these Marathons there was usually a "Talent Show" with each group member do a bit or with another group member or two.The idea of these various processes---"The String Game" or "The Marathon" was to bring up and trigger security, sensation or power needs/addictions that participants had about the way a particular thing "should/ought" to be, or how it "shouldn't" be for them to work on for their growth of being liberated from past "conditioning" about the way things should or shouldn't be in the world, or in ones' life.

Additionally, near the end of the workshop, all people participated in an exercise requiring them to take off all their clothes, stand before the group naked, and share honestly what they did not like about their body. Some had no problem with the exercise and for others it proved quite challenging to be able to let go of all the negative opinions many held regarding their own body images.

"On retreat" in Santa Cruz
In March 1978, with six other people, Keyes left Cornucopia in the administrator's charge and moved back to Santa Cruz, California, a move he later characterized as an unskillful withdrawal from the problem. He considered the level of teaching quality at Cornucopia after his departure to have lowered and become uneven. Debts at Cornucopia began to increase.

When Keyes left on a live-in bus with some staff that volunteered in March 1978, he had them go through a 'growth process' where they all had to shave their heads, and if male, their facial hair too. In addition they all were to use just one toothbrush and wear the same clothes with just one change for the time on the bus. It was reported that this process ended prematurely when the participants refused to continue.

On a visit back to Cornucopia in November 1978, Keyes became involved with Penny Hannig, an acquaintance of several years and a main workshop leader at the center, and she joined him in Santa Cruz in 1979. She became his third wife in September 1984.

Keyes remained in Santa Cruz for three years. He describes this period of his life as being "on retreat." During these years, the couple "lived in a pattern of voluntary simplicity." He received Social Security disability benefits and received room, board, medical care, and a vacation from the organization, but he took no salary and received no royalties from his books. He received an inheritance from his mother's estate, most of which he donated to the organization. He continued to write books, some of which Penny co-wrote.

Penny cared for his physical needs, and they were quite close, remaining in each other's company almost continually. Bouts of depression and hostility Penny experienced over a period of about two years during this time were initially mysterious, but the couple eventually diagnosed these symptoms as being the result of food allergies. After a change in her diet, the symptoms were brought under control.

Coos Bay, Oregon, and the Ken Keyes College
In 1982, the leader with whom Keyes had clashed left Cornucopia, taking much of the staff with her. The organization sold the Cornucopia property and relocated along with Keyes to [Coos Bay, Oregon], in an old four-story hospital building. They chose Coos Bay because it was said to be a place least likely to be attacked in a nuclear war. There they continued to give workshops and write books for about four years, before deciding to open a formal training school for the Living Love method, which they called the Ken Keyes College. The first enrolled group numbered almost a hundred.

In 1982, Keyes published The Hundredth Monkey, a book about how to prevent nuclear war.

Late in 1986, during the college's first nine-month training course, Keyes developed pneumonia. He was admitted to the hospital and eventually put on a ventilator. He credited his use of the Living Love methods with enabling him to summon the strength and serenity to remain calm and upbeat about his situation and to visualize healing for his lungs. Although there had initially been some doubt about his physical viability, he was able to come off the respirator and breathe again on his own. He left the hospital and resumed training the inaugural group of students at the college, who graduated in May 1987.

With international lawyer Benjamin Ferencz, Keyes wrote another book on world politics, PlanetHood.

Final years
Keyes and Penny eventually were divorced and the Ken Keyes College closed. In 1990, Keyes began studying inner-child healing and the rapid-eye-movement therapy developed by Francine Shapiro. He established the Caring Rapid Healing Center in Coos Bay to do private multi-day counseling workshops in this area, and wrote his final book, Your Road Map to Lifelong Happiness, on these topics.

Keyes married a fourth wife, Lydia, who survived him. He died of kidney failure in 1995. He was also survived by his children, Ken Keyes III and Clara Hardin.

Influence and legacy
In his life Keyes sold or distributed millions of books, lectured to many people, spoke to dignitaries at political gatherings, and knew and moved among the self-help elite, including Wayne Dyer, who said that Keyes "literally got me started on this glorious transformational journey." His books are still available thirteen years after his death, and a small group of his students maintain ties and carry on his methods. However, Keyes' organization essentially died with him.

Keyes employed no explicit strategies to ensure his organization would continue or grow without him, and he did nothing that would promote any established organization or personal legacy. He focused, instead, on teaching his methods. He never sought out a major publisher for his books, but self-published them all, and even brought back in-house one book that had been placed with a major publisher. Of the three teaching centers he founded, only the last was eponymous.

Autobiography

 * 1989: Discovering the Secrets of Happiness: My Intimate Story. ISBN 0-915972-15-8.

Nutrition

 * 1966: How to live longer, stronger, slimmer. LOC RA784 .K4 (no ISBN).
 * 1974: Loving Your Body. ISBN 0-9600688-4-8.

Living Love method

 * 1972: Handbook to Higher Consciousness. ISBN 0-9600688-8-0.
 * With Tolly Burkan and Bruce T. Keyes, 1974: How to Make Your Life Work, or, Why Aren't You Happy? ISBN 0-915972-08-5
 * 1979: A Conscious Person's Guide to Relationships. ISBN 0-915972-00-X.
 * 1982: Prescriptions for Happiness. ISBN 0-915972-02-6.
 * 1984: How To Enjoy Your Life In Spite Of It All. ISBN 0-915972-01-8.
 * 1987: Your Life Is A Gift: So Make the Most of It! ISBN 0-915972-12-3.
 * With Penny Keyes, 1988: Gathering Power Through Insight and Love. ISBN 0-915972-13-1.
 * With Penny Keyes, 1989: Handbook to Higher Consciousness: The Workbook. ISBN 0-915972-16-6.
 * With Penny Keyes, 1990: The Power of Unconditional Love: 21 Guidelines for Beginning, Improving, and Changing Your Most Meaningful Relationships. ISBN 0-915972-19-0

Other methods

 * 1970: Taming Your Mind. ISBN 0-915972-18-2. (originally "How to Develop Your Thinking Ability" 1950)
 * 1995: Your Road Map to Lifelong Happiness: A Guide to the Life You Want. ISBN 0-915972-22-0.

Politics and futurism

 * With Jacque Fresco, 1969: Looking Forward. ISBN 0-498-06752-1.
 * 1982: The Hundredth Monkey. ISBN 0-942024-01-X.
 * With Benjamin B. Ferencz, 1991: Planethood: The Key to Your Future. ISBN 0-915972-21-2.

title: Ken Keyes Jr.


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Charles Morris

Charles or Charlie Morris may refer to:

Musicians

 * Chuck Morris (1974–2023) and son Charley Morris of Lotus (American band), died together in 2023

Soldiers

 * Charles Morris (surveyor general) (1711–1781), Canadian army officer, officeholder, and judge
 * Charles Morris (naval officer) (1784–1856), US naval administrator and officer
 * Charles Manigault Morris (1820–1895), US Navy officer
 * Charles B. Morris (1931–1996), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Charles E. Morris (British soldier), recipient of the French Croix de Guerre, during World War I
 * Charles Temple Morris (1876–1956), officer in the British Indian Army

Politicians

 * Charles Morris (1731–1802), Canadian surveyor, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia
 * Charles Morris (1759–1831), Canadian surveyor and political figure in Nova Scotia
 * Charles Morris (Australian politician) (1863–1918), Member of South Australian Legislative Council
 * Charles Morris (British politician) (1926–2012), British MP for Manchester, Openshaw
 * Charles E. Morris (1814–1902), Wisconsin judge and politician
 * Charles F. Morris (1876–1951), Wisconsin lawyer and politician

Scientists and academics

 * Charles A. Morris (1853–1914), American engineer
 * Charles Morris, Baron Morris of Grasmere (1898–1990), British philosopher and life peer
 * Charles W. Morris (1901–1979), American semiotician and philosopher
 * Charles Morris (legal educator) (21st century), American professor of law emeritus at Southern Methodist University School of Law

Sportsmen

 * Charles Morris (boxer) (1879–1959), British Olympic medalist in 1908
 * Charles Morris (cricketer, born 1880) (1880–1947), English cricketer
 * Charlie Morris (footballer) (1880–1952), Welsh international footballer
 * Charles Morris (athlete) (1915–1985), British Olympian racewalker
 * Charlie Morris (athlete) (1926–2015), Australian hammer thrower
 * Charles Morris (cricketer, born 1939), English cricketer
 * Charles Morris (cricketer, born 1992), English cricketer
 * Charles Morris (New Zealand cricketer) (born 1840, date of death unknown), New Zealand cricketer

Writers

 * Charles R. Morris (1939–2021), American business writer
 * Charles Morris (American writer) (1833–1922), American writer of dime novels
 * Charles Morris (poet) (1745–1838), British poet
 * Charles Morris, author and host of the Haven Today radio program from 2000 to the present

Fictional characters

 * Charlie Morris (The Dumping Ground character), portrayed by Emily Burnett

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles Morris


text:
Talk:Ken Keyes Jr.

Help with the final years
The material on the last portion of Keyes' life becomes vague because this period postdates his autobiography, from which most of the material was drawn. Any assistance in filling in dates and details would be appreciated. --Gary D 09:14, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Awakening The last part of the last paragraph of this section- whicn reads, "Within a month he had drafted the core of his book, Handbook to Higher Consciousness, which would, despite being only self-published, sell in excess of a million copies." should be- He drafted his first Living Love book called, "Living Love- A way to Higher Consciousness." which became the core of his book "Handbook to Higher Consciousness." The Origional book was sold postpaid for $2. There were two editions printed and they were published by Living Love P.O. Box 373, Coconut Grove, Florida 33133.

In Living Love, Andrew 06-04-2004

The Hundredth Monkey
The Hundredth Monkey, his book on nuclear disarmament, was not copyrighted as Keyes wanted to spread the word as much as possible. The full text is available from http://kloudjin.blogspot.com/2007/01/ken-keyes-hundredth-monkey.html. 121.44.119.3 22:38, 7 January 2007 (UTC)KloudJin

Also, the date of original publication of 1984 is wrong. I know for a fact that this book was being distributed in July 1983, as I got a copy at a conference at Purdue U that month. The forward to the book was written in 1981, so maybe let's say it was published first in 1982. Jack B108 (talk) 03:16, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I personally own the Esperanto translation of the book, which clearly states that the first English edition was published in january 1982 by Vision Books, Coos Bay, Oregon 97420, USA. There is no doubt about the date of first publication. --ThomasPusch (talk) 10:30, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

The Hundredth Monkey 2
Hello; Are you still there?

I am sending an excerpt from a letter I wrote to the authors of a introductory psychology text. What you may find of interest is that Carl Sagan was a contemporary of Ken Keyes Jr. and fellow worker in the movement for nuclear disarmament. Sagan's criticism was of the argument Ken made in "The Hundredth Monkey" as to how an idea spread from one monkey in the colony to the other, noting that Ken had jumped to a conclusion sans evidence. Sagan supplied further information that explained how the learning actually took place, at least on the level of monkey see, monkey do.

I am not here to criticize Ken Keyes Jr.; In fact, I am a big fan and have been for many years.

I am not at this late hour unable to search through all of Carl Sagan’s books to find the quote. If someone out there also recalls Sagan’s critique, please reply. It would be a nice addition to have a link. The two shared an interest in nuclear disarmament.

If I recall correctly, Ken Keyes Jr. stated in “The Handbook to Higher Consciousness” that the main source for his hypothesis was the Buddha’s Four Noble Truths. If you look in the same book’s appendix, there is a section explaining Ken’s take on the cause of unnecessary suffering, and how it can be overcome. If you replaced the phrase “emotion-backed demands” with “desire” in that appendix, you would have what is widely considered the essence of the Buddha’s message.

The excerpts follow: _________________________________

I will borrow the phrase “emotion-backed demands” from Ken Keyes Jr.2 to replace “desire” which usually appears in the text below. Drilling down to mindfulness section:

I.	Suffering is a concomitant potential of sentient existence.

II. The origin of at least some self-imposed suffering is emotion-backed demands.

III. Some egregious sorts of suffering can be extinguished by abandoning greed, hatred, and delusion.

IV. Methodical attempts to minimize self-imposed suffering can be constructed on the following paradigm:

2 [You may have heard of the late Ken Keyes Jr., a sort of philosopher at best. Carl Sagan, in one his numerous books, critiqued Keyes’ assertions from The Hundredth Monkey on rational and evidentiary grounds. Late at night (02/01/2011) I read your article about EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing) near the end of your text. Toward the end of his life, Keyes was promoting some sort of personal growth seminar product involving rapid eye movement. I wonder if there was a connection. In any case, both Ken Keyes Jr. and Francine Shapiro, the inventor of EMDR, missed the point that psychology is science. Let the buyer beware.] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Araktsu (talk • contribs) 06:37, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Help with wives' names
He had four wives, and the article has a full name for only the first one. What are the surnames of wives 2, 3, and 4? Bonita, Penny, Lydia? What was Bonita's age? "Much-younger" is not good enough for encyclopedic detail, though apparently the age discrepancy was sufficiently significant or controversial to merit mention. I found a reference to "sixteen years younger" at Answers.com, but the article there appears to be nothing more than an earlier version of the article here. Someone decided to make the years non-specific; why? I hesitate to reverse that choice without knowing if it was made because the Answers.com version is unreliable, or what. I have access to the archives of TIME magazine and the New York Times, but Keyes is not mentioned in either. Associated Press obits reprinted at the external link also do not fully identify the multiple wives. Also, the unnamed "she" who allegedly (mis)managed the Cornucopia location should be named, or the material should be summarized as something like "managerial differences" without going into detail about a mysterious, unnamed-but-specific individual. -- Lisasmall 14:36, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Ken Keyes Jr., Carl Sagan, EMDR
Hello; Are you still there?

Below is an note about Ken Keyes Jr. What you may find of interest is reference to Carl Sagan's criticism of the argument Ken made in "The Hundredth Monkey" as to how an idea spread from one monkey in the colony to the other monkeys, noting that Ken had jumped to a conclusion sans evidence. Sagan supplied further information that explained how the learning actually took place, at least on the level of monkey see, monkey do.

(Sagan was a contemporary of Ken Keyes Jr. and equally interested in the movement for nuclear disarmament.)

I am not here to criticize Ken Keyes Jr.; In fact, I am a big fan and have been for many years.

I am not at this late hour unable to search through all of Carl Sagan’s books to find the quote. If someone out there also recalls Sagan’s critique, please reply. It would be a nice addition to have a link. The two shared an interest in nuclear disarmament.

The excerpt follows: _________________________________ 2 [You may have heard of the late Ken Keyes Jr., a sort of philosopher at best. Carl Sagan, in one his numerous books, critiqued Keyes’ assertions from "The Hundredth Monkey" on rational and evidentiary grounds. Late at night (02/01/2011) I read your article about EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing) near the end of your text. Toward the end of his life, Keyes was promoting some sort of personal growth seminar product involving rapid eye movement. I wonder if there was a connection. In any case, both Ken Keyes Jr. and Francine Shapiro, the inventor of EMDR, missed the point that psychology is science. Let the buyer beware.] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Araktsu (talk • contribs) 06:47, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ken Keyes Jr.


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User talk:EC

JFW | T@lk  09:15, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

PS Stunning work on the ALL and AML pages. Please consider joining the WikiProject "Clinical Medicine". Also, please read the manual of style, as most HTML codes you use have a simplified wiki syntax (e.g. [P] can be replaced with a double carriage return, [LI] with a colon).

PPS Definitely stunning work on those pages. Extremely informative. Thanks!

Rest in peace my dear friend.

title: User talk:EC


text:
Olympic Museum

The Olympic Museum (Musée olympique) in Lausanne, Switzerland houses permanent and temporary exhibits relating to sport and the Olympic movement. With more than 10,000 artifacts, the museum is the largest archive of Olympic Games memorabilia in the world and one of Lausanne's prime tourist site draws attracting more than 250,000 visitors each year.

The Olympic Museum and the Olympic Park (sculpture garden between the museum and Lake Léman) are located at Ouchy, south of Lausanne. The headquarters of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) are located at Vidy, to the west of Ouchy.

History
The museum was founded on 23 June 1993, on the initiative of then-president of the IOC Juan Antonio Samaranch. Mexican architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, an International Olympic Committee member, and Jean-Pierre Cahen, were in charge of the project. The museum was named the European Museum of the Year in 1995.

After 23 months of renovation between 2012 and 2013, the Olympic Museum re-opened on 21 December 2013. During the transformations of the building, a temporary exhibition was set up in a boat (Helvétie) of the CGN, in front of the Olympic Park.

With the renovation, the surface of the museum increased from 2,000 sqm (in 2011) to 3,000 sqm (in 2013).

Exhibits
The permanent exhibition is organized into three major themes on three separate floors: Olympic World, Olympic Games, and Olympic Spirit. A visit begins on the third floor, where the Olympic World part of the exhibition informs visitors of the history of the ancient Olympic Games and the rebirth of the modern Games in the 19th century. Highlights include a display of Olympic torches, as well as a video documenting major moments in the history of opening ceremonies history.

The second floor focuses on Olympic Games. Sporting equipment for a variety of sports are on display, and visitors are introduced to the Youth Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games. More than 1,000 video clips of Olympic Games events and athletes can be searched and viewed at individual viewing stations.

The final part of the permanent exhibit covers the Olympic Spirit, where visitors are made to feel part of an Olympic Village and can test their balance, agility, and mental skills with interactive exercises. Olympic medals are also on display.

The renovated museum also includes a temporary exhibit space, where the museum regularly hosts traveling exhibits.

Olympic Park
The Olympic Museum is surrounded by a park containing numerous works of art on the theme of sports. Among the most notable works of art in the museum's permanent collection are the French sculptors Auguste Rodin's The American Athlete and Niki de Saint Phalle's Les Footballeurs, the Luxembourgish sculptor Lucien Wercollier's tribute to the pole vault titled Altius, the Colombian sculptor Fernando Botero's Jeune Fille a la Balle, and a kinetic art sculpture by the Swiss sculptor Jean Tinguely which combines a hockey stick, a boar's head, and a motorbike wheel.

title: Olympic Museum


text:
Charles Morris, Baron Morris of Grasmere

Charles Richard Morris, Baron Morris of Grasmere, (25 January 1898 – 30 May 1990) was an academic philosopher and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds.

Early life and education
Morris was born in Sutton Valence, Kent. He was educated at Tonbridge School and at Trinity College, Oxford from which he received a BA, later converted to MA.

Career
From 1921 to 1943 Morris was a fellow and tutor in philosophy at Balliol College, Oxford. However, from 1939 during the Second World War he worked as a civil servant. He was appointed headmaster of King Edward's School, Birmingham, in 1941, taking up the post in 1943.

Morris was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds from 1948 to 1963. In 1966 the University opened the Charles Morris Hall of Residence named after him. In 1955 he opened Netherhall School, Maryport, in Maryport, Cumbria.

Morris served as the chairman of both the Council for Training in Social Work and the Council for the Training of Health Visitors.

Honours
Morris was made a Knight Bachelor in 1953 and a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1963. In 1967 he became a life peer as "Baron Morris of Grasmere, of Grasmere in the County of Westmorland".

Morris received the following honorary degrees:

 * DTech, University of Bradford
 * DLitt, Lancaster University (1967)
 * LLD, University of Aberdeen
 * LLD, University of Manchester
 * DLitt, University of Sydney
 * LLD, University of Hull
 * LLD, University of Malta (1964)
 * LLD, University of Leeds

Marriage and children
Morris married Mary, daughter of Ernest de Sélincourt. They had a son and a daughter and wrote a book together, A History of Political Ideas.

Death
Lord Morris died at Grasmere in 1990 at the age of 92.

Partial Bibliography

 * A History of Political Ideals (1924)
 * Locke, Berkeley, Hume (1931)
 * British Democracy (1939)
 * Idealistic Logic : a study of its aim, method and achievement (1970)
 * The Expanding University, a report (1962)
 * The Idea of Adult Education (1963)
 * The University in the American Future (1965); contributor
 * A Time of Passion : America 1960-1980 (1984)


text:
User:Shp518

Joined July 24, 2004

title: User:Shp518


text:
The Thomas Crown Affair

The Thomas Crown Affair is either of two films:
 * The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film), a 1968 film starring Steve McQueen and Faye Dunaway
 * The Thomas Crown Affair (1999 film), a 1999 remake of the 1968 film, starring Pierce Brosnan and Rene Russo

title: The Thomas Crown Affair


text:
Category talk:Documentary films

Unwritten articles in this category

 * 14 Up in America (1998, Phil Joanou)
 * 14 Up Born in the USSR (1998, Sergei Miroshnichenko)
 * 7 Up in South Africa (1992, Angus Gibson)
 * 21 Up (1977, Michael Apted)
 * 28 Up (1985, Michael Apted)
 * 35 Up (1991, Michael Apted)
 * 42 Up (1998, Michael Apted)
 * Age 7 in America (1991, Phil Joanou)
 * Age 7 in the USSR (1990, Sergei Miroshnichenko)
 * Le Monde du Silence (The Silent World) (1956), Jacques Cousteau
 * Salesmen
 * Seven Plus Seven, (1970, Michael Apted)
 * The Sorrow and the Pity (1969, Marcel Ophüls) (Original French title: Le Chagrin et la pitié)
 * Trembling Before G-d

name dispute
The name of this category is being disputed. See Category_talk:Television documentaries. -Eep² 07:57, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Subcategories
There are many, many films on this list that haven't been added to the relevant subcategory (e.g., Category:American documentary films). It would be good if we could all work on that as we go through the different articles editing other aspects. Lawikitejana 09:03, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

DVD documentary
And for docs made SOLELY for direct sale to the public? Not via TV? Can there be a DVD documentary category please? Manxwoman (talk) 14:47, 19 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I see that it already exists as a category: "Direct-to-video documentary films"!! Manxwoman (talk) 19:58, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Please create Category:Documentary films by year
As of right now there's just Category:Documentary films by decade - please subdivide it by years.

I created Category:2016 documentary films as a start. Most (not all) entries of it can be found via this category intersection: petscan intersection example.

--Fixuture (talk) 19:36, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Documentary films


text:
User:Kjell André

I normally work in the Swedish Wikipedia, but often also take a look here. //sv:Användare:Kjell André

title: User:Kjell André


text:
Richard Neville

Richard Neville may refer to:

 * Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (1428–1471), "Warwick the Kingmaker", English noble, fought in the Wars of the Roses
 * Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury (1400–1460), Yorkist leader during the Wars of the Roses, father of the 16th Earl of Warwick
 * Richard Neville, 2nd Baron Latimer (died 1530), English soldier and peer
 * Richard Neville (soldier) (1615–1676), Commander at the Battle of Newbury
 * Richard Neville (the younger) (1655–1717), Member of Parliament for Berkshire
 * Richard Neville Aldworth Neville (1717–1793), English paladin and knight
 * Richard Griffin, 2nd Baron Braybrooke (1750–1825), aka Richard Aldworth Neville
 * Richard Griffin, 3rd Baron Braybrooke (1783–1858), aka Richard Neville
 * Richard Neville, 4th Baron Braybrooke (1820–1861), British archaeologist
 * Richard Neville, 8th Baron Braybrooke (1918–1943)
 * Richard Neville, 11th Baron Braybrooke (born 1977)
 * Richard Neville (writer) (1941–2016), Australian writer, editor, futurist and journalist, editor of Oz magazine in the 1960s
 * Ritchie Neville (born 1979), British boy band singer

title: Richard Neville


text:
Malmedy massacre trial

The Malmedy massacre trial (U.S. vs. Valentin Bersin, et al.) was held in May–July 1946 in the former Dachau concentration camp to try the German Waffen-SS soldiers accused of the Malmedy massacre of 17 December 1944. The highest-ranking defendant was the former Waffen-SS general Sepp Dietrich.

Malmedy massacre
The Malmedy massacre (17 December 1944) was a series of war crimes committed by the Waffen-SS Kampfgruppe Peiper against American prisoners of war and Belgian civilians during the Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945). The Waffen-SS massacre of 84 U.S. Army POWs near Baugnez was the primary subject of the war-crime trial, which was one of a series of war crimes that the Waffen-SS Kampfgruppe Peiper committed between mid-December 1944 and mid-January 1945. In the course of their massacres, the Waffen-SS murdered POWs with close-range gunshots to the head; the actual number of dead was 362 American POWs and 111 Belgian civilians.

The U.S. soldiers who survived the Malmedy massacre said that on 17 December 1944, in the vicinity of Baugnez, the armored advance of the Waffen-SS Kampfgruppe Peiper surprised approximately 120 U.S. Army soldiers from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion (FAOB) who surrendered after a brief battle. The Waffen-SS then assembled their U.S. POWs in a field near the Baugnez crossroads, and then used machine guns to kill them.

The SS machine gun fire alerted and panicked the U.S. Army POWs; some soldiers fled the killing field, other soldiers were killed where they stood; and other soldiers ran to and hid in a café at the Baugnez crossroads, which the Waffen-SS soldiers set afire, and then shot dead every U.S. soldier who tried to escape the burning building. Meanwhile, at the killing field, the Waffen-SS soldiers walked among the American corpses to find and kill any G.I. pretending to be dead. Among the 84 murdered soldiers, many corpses had head-shot wounds consistent with a massacre rather than with wounds suffered in self-defense or with wounds suffered while escaping summary execution by machine gun.

On 13 January 1945, the U.S. Army secured the crossroads at Baugnez where the Waffen-SS Kampfgruppe Peiper had massacred their U.S. Army POWs. The corpses of the soldiers of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were recovered on 14–15 January 1945; the winter weather preserved the flesh and the wounds. The autopsies revealed that approximately twenty of the murdered American soldiers had close-range gunshot wounds to the head — the coup de grâce that ends the life of a fatally-wounded soldier. The head-shot wounds were additional to the gunshot wounds made by the machine guns of the initial gunfire of the massacre. Twenty other soldier corpses showed small-calibre gunshot wounds to the head, without powder-burn residue; 10 corpses had blunt-trauma injuries, likely from having been butt-stroked to death; some corpses showed a single gunshot wound, either to the temple or behind the ear.

U.S. Army investigators established that most of the G.I. corpses were in a very small area, which location suggested that the Waffen-SS had assembled and summarily executed their U.S. POWs as quickly as possible after capture. Later, under custody of the U.S. Army, Waffen-SS POWs testified that some American POWs had tried to escape the shootings; other Waffen-SS POWs said that some of the American POWs had recovered their own weapons, and then fired upon Waffen-SS soldiers en route to Ligneuville.

Trial proceedings

The trial of US vs. Valentin Bersin et al., Case Number 6-24 (May–July 1946), was one of the Dachau Trials that were held from 1945 to 1947. The tribunal of U.S. Army officers tried 74 Waffen-SS officers and soldiers, most of whom had been members of the 1st SS Division Adolf Hitler Bodyguard. The defendants included SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer Sepp Dietrich, commander of the 6th Panzer Army, SS-Brigadeführer Fritz Krämer, SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Priess, commander of the I SS Panzer Corps, and SS-Standartenführer Joachim Peiper, commander of the 1st SS Panzer Regiment – the principal unit of Kampfgruppe Peiper, who committed the massacre at Malmedy, Belgium.

There were originally 75 suspects. However, one of them, 18-year-old Arvid Freimuth, killed himself before the trial started. Another, Marcel Boltz, had his case withdrawn upon the request of the French government since he was a French national. They were going to prosecute Boltz themselves, but dropped the case since they didn't think the evidence was strong enough.

Col. Willis M. Everett Jr. (USA) led the defence team, and Col. Burton Ellis (USA) led the prosecution team in the trial of the Waffen-SS war criminals indicted for the massacres of more than 300 US Army POWs "in the vicinity of Malmedy, Honsfeld, Büllingen, Ligneuville, Stoumont, La Gleize, Cheneux, Petit Thier, Trois Ponts, Stavelot, Wanne and Lutrebois" and the massacre of 100 Belgian civilians at Stavelot, during the 16 December 1944—13 January 1945 period at the time of the Battle of the Bulge.

In the course of the Malmedy Massacre Trial, six Waffen-SS defendants, including Peiper, complained to the tribunal that they had been victims of physical violence and threats of violence meant to compel them to confessions of their war crimes. The military tribunal asked the defendants to confirm their sworn statements; of the nine Waffen-SS officers who testified, three claimed to have been mistreated by U.S. Army jailers.

For the majority of the Nazis on trial, the defense argued they either had not participated in the massacres, or that superior orders had compelled them to participate in the massacres.

Verdicts
On 16 July 1946 the verdict was delivered on 73 members of the Kampfgruppe Peiper. 43 were sentenced to death by hanging, including Peiper. Peiper's sentence was commuted to 35 years in 1954, and he was released in December 1956.

Approximately sixteen months after the end of the trial, almost all the defendants presented affidavits repudiating their former confessions and alleging aggravated duress of all types.

Review procedure
Pursuant to procedure, an in-house review was undertaken by the American Occupation Army in Germany; the trial was carefully examined by a deputy judge. Colonel Everett was convinced that a fair trial had not been granted to the defendants: in addition to alleged mock trials, he claimed that "to extort confessions, U.S. prosecution teams 'had kept the German defendants in dark, solitary confinement at near starvation rations up to six months; had applied various forms of torture, including the driving of burning matches under the prisoners' fingernails; had administered beatings which resulted in broken jaws and arms and permanently injured testicles'."

The Simpson Commission
The turmoil raised by this case caused the Secretary of the Army, Kenneth Royall, to create a commission, chaired by Justice Gordon Simpson of the Texas Supreme Court, to investigate. The commission supported Everett's accusations regarding mock trials and neither disputed nor denied his charges of torture of the defendants. The Commission expressed the opinion that the pre-trial investigation had not been properly conducted and that the members felt no death sentence should be executed in any instance where such doubts existed.

One member of the commission, Judge Edward L. Van Roden of Pennsylvania, allegedly made several public statements claiming that physical violence had been inflicted on the accused and questioned the validity of the hearings. James Finucane, an official of the National Council for the Prevention of War, said that he heard Van Roden "had made some shocking statements" at a meeting of the Federal Bar Association, and that when Finucane approached Van Roden to verify the report, Van Roden invited him to hear him speak on the same subject at the Rotary Club. The National Council for the Prevention of War made a press release on December 18, 1948, publicizing this speech, which the editor of The Progressive asked to run as a partly-ghostwritten article under Van Roden's byline. After Finucane spoke with Van Roden by telephone to get his permission and discuss revisions to the article, it ran in the February 1949 issue of the magazine.

The press release and article greatly inflamed the public scandal, especially with the statement that "all but two of the Germans in the 139 cases we investigated had been kicked in the testicles beyond repair. This was standard operating procedure with our American investigators." Finucane later testified that that was what he understood Van Roden to have said, though he had used "the Army language, which a person like he would use," and that he had read the statement back to Van Roden over the telephone and Van Roden had not corrected it. However, Van Roden later denied under oath ever making statements found in the article, including the specific claim about 137 cases of damaged testicles.

Van Roden refused to commute the six remaining death sentences, including that of Peiper, but the executions were postponed. By 1951, most of the men were released and the only remaining death sentences, those of Peiper and five others, were commuted. Sepp Dietrich was paroled in 1955. Joachim Peiper was paroled in 1956. In 1956, Dietrich was re-arrested for his role in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1957, he convicted of being an accessory to manslaughter and sentenced to 18 months in prison. After his appeals failed, Dietrich reported to prison in August 1958. He was released on health grounds in February 1959.

The Senate Subcommittee and Sen. Joseph McCarthy
Eventually, the United States Senate decided to investigate. Ultimately, the case was entrusted to the Committee on Armed Services over the Judiciary Committee and the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. The investigation was entrusted to a subcommittee of three senators chaired by Raymond E. Baldwin (R-CT). The subcommittee was set up on 29 March 1949. Its members went to Germany and during its hearings, the commission heard from no fewer than 108 witnesses.

Joseph McCarthy (R-WI) had obtained from the subcommittee's chairman authorization to attend the hearings. McCarthy's state, Wisconsin, had a large population of German heritage, spurring allegations that McCarthy was politically motivated in his work on behalf of the Malmedy defendants. He used an extremely aggressive questioning style during the proceedings.

McCarthy's actions further inflamed a split between the American Legion, which took a hardline position after Malmedy and generally supported upholding the death sentences, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars, who supported more lenient penalties for the Waffen-SS members under Peiper. The last clash took place in May 1949 when he asked that Lieutenant William R. Perl be given a polygraph test. As this had been rejected by Baldwin, McCarthy left the session claiming Baldwin was trying to whitewash the American military.

In May and June 1949, Van Roden indicated that he had been misquoted in the statements that 137 Germans had been "kicked in the testicles beyond repair" and that this was "standard operating procedure." He testified to the subcommittee that the statement that all but two of the men had been injured for life was "exaggerated" and "absolutely wrong," that the Commission "did not find that," that some of the men had been injured in their testicles but the commission could not find out how many, that he never said a specific number of men were kicked, that he did not know how many were kicked, that what he had said was that the commission had recommended commutation of the death sentences to life imprisonment in all but two cases (with commutation to finite prison sentences recommended in the last two), that he categorically denied that all but two were kicked in the testicles, that these two sentences should have been deleted from the article before publication, and that his failure to object to them earlier was an "oversight."

Chairman Senators Raymond Baldwin and Lester C. Hunt (D-WY) were later accused by historian David Oshinsky of being "determined to exonerate the Army at all costs". Oshinsky alleged the third member of the three man committee, Senator Estes Kefauver (D-TN), displayed a lack of interest in the case, attending only two of the first fifteen hearings. McCarthy sought to denounce Baldwin in front of the whole Senate, but his efforts were repudiated by the Commission on Armed Forces, which clearly showed its support for Baldwin and eventually adopted the subcommittee's official report.

It was later found that McCarthy had received "evidence" of the false torture claims from Rudolf Aschenauer, a prominent Neo-Nazi agitator who often served as a defense attorney for Nazi war criminals, such as Einsatzgruppen commander Otto Ohlendorf.

The subcommittee report
In its report, the subcommittee rejected the most serious charges, including beatings, torture, mock executions and starvation of the defendants. In addition, the subcommittee determined that commutations of sentences pronounced by General Clay had occurred because of the U.S. Army's recognition that procedural irregularities could have occurred during the trial. The commission did not exonerate the defendants or absolve them of guilt and it endorsed the conclusions General Clay issued in the particular case of Lieutenant Christ. In summary, Clay had written that "he was personally convinced of the culpability of Lieutenant Christ and, that for this reason his death sentence was fully justified. But, to apply this sentence would be equivalent accepting a bad administration of justice, which led [him], not without reserve, to commute the death penalty to life imprisonment".

title: Malmedy massacre trial


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skunk Rock

Skunk Rock and Müdmen seem to be vanity pages for the Müdmen group. I can find no web presence for either in the context as stated, although there is a record label 'Skunk Rock' in London, and a number of bands from around the world use the phrase, presumably using Skunk Anansie as their standard.
 * Dear lord, not another one. I'd like to see a band that says "We fit exactly into this existing well-established genre" just for the originality of it. Delete both as self-promotion. -- Cyrius|✎ 22:49, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both. Self-promotion.  SWAdair | Talk  01:12, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yath 07:12, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete 'skunk rock' - the article states that it is confined to one city and not successful. The Mudmen article as it stands gives no indication of significance, so delete unless verifiable facts indicating importance or influence are added to the article. Average Earthman 12:06, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Belavia

Belavia, formally Belavia Belarusian Airlines (ААТ «Авіякампанія «Белавія»; ОАО «Авиакомпания «Белавиа»), is the flag carrier of Belarus, headquartered in Minsk. The state-owned company had, as of 2007, 1,017 employees. Belavia serves a network of routes between Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as some Middle East destinations, from its base at Minsk National Airport.

Following the Ryanair Flight 4978 incident on 23 May 2021, the airline has been banned from the European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Ukraine.

Early years
On 7 November 1933, the first Belarusian air terminal opened in Minsk. In the next spring, 3 Po-2 aircraft landed in Minsk. They became the first aircraft of the Belarusian air fleet. In 1936 the first regular air route between Minsk and Moscow was established. In the summer of 1940, the Belarusian civil aviation group was officially founded.

Development during the 2000s
Between 2003 and 2009, the airline saw its passenger numbers double and in 2009 handled just under 700,000 customers.

Three leased Bombardier CRJ 100 aircraft were introduced on regional services from Minsk. The first one was delivered in February 2007, with the other two later in 2007. They directly replaced the aging Antonov An-24 and Tupolev Tu-134 aircraft. It was looking to lease two Bombardier CRJ-700s in 2010. Belavia had also planned to retire its remaining Tupolev Tu-154Ms by 2011 following the retirement of its last Tupolev Tu-134 in summer 2009 which was replaced by an ex-FlyLAL Boeing 737-500. On 27 June 2014, an order was announced for three Boeing 737-800 aircraft to be acquired directly by Belavia. The first of these was delivered in August 2016.

In August 2016, Belavia received their first aircraft with their new livery. This is the first re-branding since the company's founding in 1996 on its 20 years anniversary. The new livery was applied a brand new Boeing 737-800. The much newer 737s replaced the aging Tupolev Tu-154s. On 1 October 2016, Belavia retired their two remaining Tupolev Tu-154s from scheduled services as one of the last airlines worldwide to do so.

In 2019, the company employed nearly 1,900 people, and generated a turnover of 374 million euros with an operating result of 49 million euros. During this year it carried almost 4 million passengers, an increase of more than 15% compared to the 2018 figure.

Several employees who participated in 2020 Belarusian protests were forced to leave their jobs.

Sanctions from 2021
On 24 May 2021, the British government suspended Belavia's operating permit in response to the Ryanair Flight 4978 incident. The European Union and Ukraine subsequently banned Belarusian airliners from entering their airspace or using their airports, effectively banning Belavia which led to the suspension of vast parts of their route network.

Also in 2021, Belavia was accused of orchestrating the influx of illegal migrants during the Belarus–European Union border crisis. In September 2021 it has been reported that Belavia might face to lose the majority of its current fleet as its lessors might be no longer allowed to lease them out to Belarusian airlines as part of new embargoes. At this point Belavia owned 18 smaller, older aircraft, but had rented several modern jets from Western companies, with the Irish AerCap with six and the Danish Nordic Aviation Capital with seven aircraft being the most important suppliers. On 16 November, the European Union confirmed the termination of all aircraft leases to Belarus by European lessors, which forces the airline to return half of their current fleet on short notice.

On 2 December 2021, Belavia was added to the sanctions list of the European Union. Switzerland joined the EU sanctions on 20 December. On 8 April 2022, the US Department of Commerce restricted flights on Belarusian owned or operated aircraft manufactured in the US along with Aeroflot, Aviastar, Azur Air, Rossiya and Utair from flying into Belarus or Russia. On 16 June 2022 the US broadened its restrictions on Belavia after violations of the sanctions' regime were detected. The effect of the restrictions is to ground the US-manufactured part of its fleet.

In August 2023, the United States added Belavia to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

In February 2024, Grodno Aviakompania, the only other passenger operator of the country, was merged and incorporated into Belavia by decree from the Ministry of Transport and Communications.

Destinations
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Belavia operated flights to Asia, Europe, and Africa from its base at Minsk National Airport. In addition to scheduled destinations listed here, Belavia operates charter flights to leisure destinations and VIP charters. On the eve of the Ryanair Flight 4978 forced takedown incident, it served one domestic destination and 54 international destinations in 32 countries. As a result of the subsequent ban on Belarusian airliners entering the EU, UK and Ukrainian airspace, the airline is effectively stripped off all but twenty of these destinations: owing to the geographical constraints, access to Chișinău (Moldova), Kaliningrad (Russia), and Belgrade (Serbia) has become de facto impossible, despite these three non-EU member states not having issued any independent travel bans on Belavia. On 28 May 2021, the airline confirmed the cancellation of flights that would otherwise be forced to pass through restricted airspace as well as their ongoing efforts to reroute the Istanbul, Turkey, connection, up to this point handled using a straight route over Ukraine, Moldova, Romania as well as Bulgaria's territorial waters.

As of November 2023, the airline serves 11 countries on 22 routes.

Codeshare agreements
Belavia has codeshare agreements with the following airlines as of May 2022:

 * airBaltic
 * Air France
 * Austrian Airlines
 * Czech Airlines
 * Etihad Airways
 * Finnair
 * KLM
 * LOT Polish Airlines
 * Motor Sich Airlines
 * S7 Airlines
 * Ukraine International Airlines

Current fleet
, the Belavia fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Incidents and accidents

 * On 6 January 2003, a Yakovlev Yak-40 suffered a shattered windshield during a flight, en route to Prague. Two Czech Air Force fighters accompanied the plane to a safe landing in Ruzyně International Airport.
 * On 14 February 2008, Belavia Flight 1834, a Bombardier CRJ100ER en route from Yerevan, Armenia, to Minsk, hit its left wing on the runway during takeoff from Zvartnots International Airport, subsequently crashing on the ground, flipping over and coming to a stop inverted near the runway. All 18 passengers and 3 crew members managed to escape the aircraft before it erupted into flames, partly due to the timely response of the fire and rescue crew at the airport. The main cause of the crash was icing contamination leading to a stall of the left wing.

title: Belavia


text:
BBC (disambiguation)

The BBC is the British Broadcasting Corporation, a publicly funded national broadcaster of the United Kingdom.

BBC may also refer to:

British Broadcasting Corporation

 * BBC Radio, an operational business division and service of the British Broadcasting Corporation
 * BBC News (disambiguation), various BBC services
 * BBC Three (disambiguation), various BBC services
 * BBC Television, a television service of the BBC
 * British Broadcasting Company (1922–1926), the corporation's commercial precursor
 * BBC America, an American television channel
 * BBC Canada, a Canadian television channel
 * BBC World Service, an international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC
 * All pages with titles beginning with BBC

Other

 * Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation, a defunct Philippine television network
 * Biwako Broadcasting Co., a Japanese television station

Companies

 * Bangkok Bank of Commerce, a collapsed Thai bank
 * BBC Chartering, a shipping company
 * Billionaire Boys Club, a former Californian investment group and Ponzi scheme
 * Billionaire Boys Club (clothing retailer), a fashion label
 * Biman Bangladesh Airlines (ICAO code)
 * Bogotá Beer Company, Colombia; see Beer in Colombia
 * Brown, Boveri & Cie, a former Swiss power/automation company

Education

 * Bhiwani Boxing Club, India
 * Biscayne Bay Campus of Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, US
 * Boise Bible College, Idaho, US
 * Brisbane Boys' College, Australia

Other organisations

 * BBC Monthey, Swiss basketball team
 * Biplobi Bangla Congress, Indian political party in West Bengal
 * Blades Business Crew, football hooligan gang in England
 * B'nai Brith Canada
 * Bumblebee Conservation Trust, British charity
 * Russian Air Force, often shortened to ВВС in Cyrillic

Computing

 * BBC Micro, a 1980s home computer
 * BBC BASIC, a programming language
 * BBCode, a message board markup language
 * Bootable business card, a card-shaped CD-ROM

Other uses

 * Bromobenzyl cyanide, a tear gas
 * Chevrolet big-block engine
 * British-born Chinese
 * "BBC", a song by Ming Tea
 * "BBC", a song on the Jay-Z album Magna Carta Holy Grail
 * Toba Batak language, ISO 639-3 code
 * BBC (sexual slang), the initialism of big black cock
 * B. B. See, pronounced BBC, a character in The Noose

title: BBC (disambiguation)


text:
Block error

A block error is a common type of error in certain types of digital television transmission, particularly those that use image compression. Its presence in a television image is a telltale sign that 1) the signal is broadcast digitally, as this type of error can not occur in analog transmission, and 2) that there is a significant amount of noise, as digital television is designed to tolerate a certain amount of interference. Block errors are usually detected, but not corrected, by the receiving device and are commonly displayed as empty black boxes in the television image.

Because of how television images are usually compressed, a block error in a single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames. In the worst case, a few block errors per frame could render the video from a television broadcast unviewable.

Block errors are most common in digital satellite television, where bad weather or motion of the satellite dish can cause interference outside the broadcaster's control.

Block errors can occur at levels of interference where an analog transmission would be fuzzy but still viewable. Thus, block errors are a fine example of the consequences of trade offs in engineering. Although in ideal conditions, digital transmission far exceeds analog transmission in performance, below a certain threshold of signal-to-noise ratio, digital transmission becomes untenable.

title: Block error