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2004 Tour de France, Stage 10 to Stage 20

The 2004 Tour de France was the 91st edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Liège, Belgium with a prologue individual time trial on 3 July and Stage 10 occurred on 14 July with a hilly stage from Limoges. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 25 July.

Stage 10
14 July 2004 — Limoges to Saint-Flour, 237 km

This 237 km stage was the longest of the 2004 Tour and the first to feature some serious climbs. Cutting through the departments of Haute-Vienne, Corrèze, and Cantal, and so part of the Massif Central, the big climbs were the cat-1 Col du Pas de Peyrol (Le Puy Mary) and the cat-2's the Col de Néronne and the Col de Prat-de-Bouc. On Bastille Day the predominantly French crowd was willing a French stage win, a feat achieved thirteen times since 1947, the last being Laurent Jalabert in 2001. The day was calm, warm and sunny. 172 riders started the stage.

The race began with small attacks in the first few kilometres but the peloton kept control until around Linards, at 35 km. A group of four riders, including veteran climber Richard Virenque, managed to pull out a small lead, they were joined by seven other riders just before the first sprint, but their lead was just 20 seconds. After the small lead group swelled to eighteen riders US Postal came to the front of the peloton and all the escapees except Virenque and Axel Merckx (son of Eddy) were soon back in the main group. The determined duo slowly pulled away, extending their advantage to 60 seconds by the 50 km mark. Joly and Kroon tried to join them but fell short and after they returned to the peloton the pace of the main group fell slightly, USP reduced their efforts, and the two leaders pulled further ahead. After the second climb (Col de Lestards, 67 km raced, cat-3) they were almost four minutes ahead.

Virenque and Merckx pulled further ahead over the third climb and by the second intermediate sprint were 8'05" clear. At the summit of the Cote de Chalvignac (126.5 km raced) they had over nine minutes in hand. Brioches la Boulangere were doing most of the work at the front of the peloton. On the Col de Néronne the lead was 10'40", Virenque had taken maximum points on every climb.

On the ascent of the cat-1 Col du Pas de Peyrol, after 135 km together, Merckx was dropped by Virenque. His lead over the peloton was down to 9'00" and he had about half-a-minute over Merckx. On the descent there were two nasty crashes out of the peloton by Matthias Kessler and Sebastian Hinault.

Over the eighth summit (Col d'Entremont) Virenque had a minute over Merckx and had maintained his advantage over the peloton. On the final major summit, the Col de Prat de Bouc, with 31.5 km to the finish, Virenque led Merckx by over four minutes and had 7'45" over the rest. Merckx was caught by the peloton on the descent and then dropped by the peloton (he finished a minute down on the peloton).

Virenque held his lead, the peloton did not make a major effort to catch him, and he came in over five minutes ahead. He had been out in front for 202 km and raced the final 62 km alone. It was his seventh career Tour stage victory, his maximum points haul was enough to put him in the polka-dot jersey for the first time in 2004 and his win also jumped him 51 places in the classement général.

Stage 11
15 July 2004 — Saint-Flour to Figeac, 164 km

This 164 km stage remained in hilly territory but featured no climbs as severe as Stage 10. There were just five categorised climbs, the largest being the cat-2 Côte de Montsalvy at 99.5 km. The day was warm, road-side temperatures reached as high as 45 °C and there was little wind.

After the usual early escape attempts the peloton split on the very first climb at 6.5 km, although they were soon back together. Very quickly after the regrouping Jens Voigt and Juan Antonio Flecha broke away, they were joined by four others, but never got further than 20 seconds ahead and soon rejoined the US Postal led peloton. Minutes after that group had been swept up seven more riders tried to get away, they were soon caught and again another four riders made an attack. This group grew to seven before being caught on the second climb, the Cote de Therondels.

On the short descent, after 56 km raced, David Moncoutié and Egoi Martínez made a break, they were soon joined by Flecha and the trio managed to push their lead above 30 seconds and then further. In the 15 km to the third climb they established a 1'50" gap. Their advantage reached 7'50" at 90 km raced, fell back over the fourth climb, the Cote de Montsalvy, before rising again to over eight minutes.

The leaders took an eight-minute advantage into the final 10 km and the attacks began from within the trio. Flecha had an attempt and was caught, but then Moncoutie broke away and the remaining pair didn't chase. His lead grew by 60 seconds in the next 4 km and he cruised over the line for his first Tour victory 2'15" ahead of his two chasers, who both looked decidedly jaded. Moncoutié is a native of the region and the first régionaux winner since 1974. The peloton came in six minutes after Moncoutié and there were no changes to the top ten.

Stage 12
16 July 2004 — Castelsarrasin to La Mongie, 197.5 km

This 197.5 km stage was the first to enter the Pyrenees. The route had no categorised climbs until the 160 km mark. The two climbs were both cat-1, the Col d'Aspin was included in a stage for the 66th time and the finish was at La Mongie (third inclusion), a ski resort at the top of another cat-1 climb. There were expectations that Armstrong would make a move on this stage, as he had won a previous stage to La Mongie in 2002. It was another sunny, cloudless day at the start but as the riders approached the mountains there was heavy rain.

A break by four riders in the first two minutes was allowed to get away. Counter-attacks were swallowed up by the US Postal and Brioches la Boulangere led peloton, but the foursome built their lead over the long approach to the Col d'Aspin to a maximum of just over four minutes. With about 100 km raced the peloton started to cut into the leaders' advantage and caught them three km from the start of the ascent of the Col d'Aspin.

US Postal led the peloton up the mountain, setting a pace that dropped many non-climbers. There were several attacks on the ascent and the riders were led over the summit by Mickael Rasmussen, who had a 5" lead over Christophe Moreau, Virenque was third. Despite the wet road the descent was rapid and broke up the peloton.

The rain stopped as the riders approached the final climb. Rasmussen took a 30" lead into the ascent but he was soon caught by a group of eleven, including Armstrong and Mayo. Having dropped Ullrich, Armstrong was quick to attack himself and the group pulled away from Ullrich. Sastre was still ahead of the group and with 3 km to the finish he was chased by Armstrong, who was accompanied by Ivan Basso. Armstrong caught and dropped Sastre and led Basso under the 1 km mark. In the final metres Basso put on a spurt, Armstrong did not respond, and Basso won the stage. Mayo came in 1'09" down, Ullrich 2'30", and Tyler Hamilton 3'27". Other riders staggered in over the next 100 minutes. Thomas Voeckler finished 3'59" behind but stayed in yellow (he has now spent longer in yellow than any Frenchman since 1992), Armstrong rose to second in the classement général.

Stage 13
17 July 2004 — Lannemezan to Plateau de Beille, 205.5 km

This was the second day in the Pyrenees. The 205.5 km stage had five major climbs, including the 15.9 km hors categorie climb to the finish at Plateau-de-Beille, the first such climb on the 2004 Tour. The other main climbs were the Col de Portet d'Aspet, the Col de la Core, the Col de Latrape, and the Col d'Agnes. The Col d'Agnes actually has a steeper gradient than the final climb (average 8.2% to average 7.8%) but is shorter at 9.8 km. Many mountains on this stage have been included before, notably the Col du Portet d'Aspet, this is its 51st inclusion since 1910 including the tragic occasion in 1995 when Fabio Casartelli crashed on the descent and later died. On another bright and hot day 165 riders started the stage.

The usual early break, this time by fifteen riders, was quickly chased down by the US Postal team. Haimar Zubeldia was dropped early and abandoned the Tour, a short while later Denis Menchov abandoned and before the first climb Gerrit Glomser dropped out. Another smaller group quickly sprang away after the capture of the first break, and held a slim advantage for a few more kilometres before being swept up. Again there was another break, this time by Sylvain Chavanel and Jens Voigt. The pair broke away, and as the peloton slowed, built up a reasonable lead – heading the peloton by 3'06" over the first climb, with Michael Rasmussen caught in no-man's-land 70" behind the leaders.

On the second climb, the Col du Portet d'Aspet, Rasmussen caught and stayed with the two leaders and the three went over the summit with a lead of 3'50" over the peloton. A substantial group (a grupetto) were dropped on the ascent by the main peloton. As the riders passed through the feedzone Tyler Hamilton abandoned.

The trio extended their lead on the flatter part and had a 5'00" advantage over the Col de Core. On the fourth climb they pulled out a little further and the chasing peloton dropped many riders including Iban Mayo and Thomas Voeckler, Roberto Heras was also finding it tough. On the Col d'Agnes Voigt and Rasmussen dropped Chavanel and in the twenty-strong chasing group the five US Postal riders started to push harder. At the summit the leading pair's advantage over the peloton had fallen to 3'40", Voeckler was a further minute back, with Mayo a surprising 14'05" adrift.

Over the Port de Lers Voigt stopped working and simply followed Rasmussen over the summit, 3'50" ahead. Behind them the chasers joined up, forming a thirty-strong group including Voeckler, who had fought his way back. At the start of the final climb Voigt and Rasmussen held an insufficient 3'10" lead.

On the final climb US Postal led the chasers. The group quickly started losing riders, again including Voeckler. By the time the gap had been cut to 1'30" the chasing group had shrunk to just eleven, notables were Armstrong, Ullrich, Leipheimer, Mancebo and stage 12's winner Basso. By the time Voight was caught, Armstrong's group was just four – himself, teammate José Azevedo, Georg Totschnig and Ivan Basso. Rasmussen was quickly caught too, but Armstrong powered on and shed Totschnig and both the previous leaders. Azevedo led the other two into the last 8 km before falling away, by 5 km to go the two leaders were 45" ahead of Totschnig (Azevedo was 1'40" behind). Basso led out the last kilometre but in the final 100 m Armstrong passed him for his first stage win of the 2004 Tour and his 19th career Tour victory. Ullrich came in 2'42" later, Voeckler was 13th at 4'42" and kept the yellow jersey by 22".

Stage 14
18 July 2004 — Carcassonne to Nîmes, 192.5 km

After the Pyrenees comes a 192.5 km stage without a single categorised climb. The flat stages after mountains often have long breakaway winners as the main competitors recuperate. On a hot and hazy day with a slight breeze 160 riders started the stage.

The race started with a flurry of attacks, all were quickly closed down – including a twenty-man break. US Postal and Voeckler's 'Bakery Boys' led the peloton. After 30 km raced a four strong attack built up a little lead, the group pushed their lead out to 60 seconds over the first sprint but were pulled back to barely 15" soon afterwards. With the leaders so close there were plenty of riders trying to cross the gap and they were caught at the 65 km mark by a Rabobank lead peloton.

There were a number of other attacks, including a twelve-man attempt, but Lotto and Quickstep closed them down, the overall pace was high – over 45 km/h average in the second hour. However, around 15:00, with 100 km raced, ten men made it away, coalescing from a number of smaller breaks – they were a sufficient mix of teams (nine!) and low places (the best placed was 43rd) that there was no team wanting to chase. The ten quickly pulled away, gaining a 2'50" advantage in the next 15 minutes of racing. After an hour in the lead and with 50 km to go their advantage was 10'50". The peloton was 'policed' by Brioches la Boulangere and the ten men kept working together into the final 15 kilometres, leading by 13'19".

As the finish approached, cooperation among the ten fell apart and a series of attacks and chases split and rejoined the group. With around 5 km to go Aitor Gonazalez attacked for a second time and tore away into a 15" lead as the others hesitated, only Nicolas Jalabert and Christophe Mengin chased and they couldn't catch him. Gonzalez won, Jalabert grabbed second and the others drifted in. The peloton came in 14'12" back, with sprinters points going down to 25th place there was a strongly contested sprint, with McEwen just beating Hushovd for 11th place and one extra point over his green jersey rival. The top ten in the classement général was completely unchanged. Monday, July 19, is a rest day before a return to mountains – the Alps.

Stage 15
20 July 2004 — Valréas to Villard-de-Lans, 180.5 km

This 180.5 km stage was the first in the Alps, and it was all up or down. There were seven categorised climbs, including four in the final 50 km with the additional cat-2 rise to the finish. The biggest climbs were the 10.7 km of the cat-2 Col des Limouches, the 12 km climb of the cat-1 Col de l'Echarasson and the 10.3 km up the cat-2 Col de Chalimont. The day was hot and sunny as 158 riders started the stage (Mayo and Piil abandoned, Piil was injured while Mayo was simply disgusted with his form).

As on other mountain stages with a flat(ish) start an early break was allowed to get away. Nine riders led over the first two climbs, chasing them down split the peloton – leaving a sixty-strong group lagging a minute behind. After the breakaway was caught another sprang away – a group of, eventually, 15 riders led by over 3'30" on the third climb. The group included Stuart O'Grady who raced away to win the points of the second intermediate sprint.

On the long climb up the Col de l'Echarasson, while the leaders were slowly caught, Ullrich attempted his own break, leading Armstrong by 40" as he went over the summit. He pulled further away over the Col de Carri but as Jens Voigt dropped back from his break-away group to assist Ivan Basso in defending his 2nd overall spot against Ullrich's attack, Armstrong's group quickly caught Ullrich before the sixth climb. Rasmussen and Virenque were only 50" ahead.

Armstrong's group caught everyone, and chased down a break by Leipheimer, on the ascent of the Col de Chalimont. Thomas Voeckler was over seven minutes back. On the final climb to the finish the leading group was still nine strong, with 1 km to go it was down to Armstrong, Basso, Klöden, and Ullrich. In the final sprint Armstrong beat Basso, claiming his 20th stage victory and the yellow jersey. Voeckler came in 9'27" down.

Stage 16
21 July 2004 — Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Alpe d'Huez, 15.5 km (ITT)

This 15.5 km stage was an individual time trial, including the 13.9 km up the twenty-one hairpin bends of the famous hors categorie L'Alpe d'Huez. The mountain had been included in the Tour on over 20 occasions, first in 1952. The stage was dedicated to Italian cyclist Marco Pantani, who had died earlier in 2004. Pantani had set the ascent time record of 36' 50" in the 1995 Tour de France, measured from 13.8 km below the summit. Starting in reverse order of standings, 157 riders raced the stage. It was sunny and warm, with light cloud cover.

Lance Armstrong won, passing Ivan Basso on the road. The huge number of spectators, some estimated over 750,000, seemed to impede the later riders, particularly as the first part of the course was wholly open, and many riders found themselves spat on by their detractors as they struggled to beat their way through the crowd. It would later be revealed that Armstrong had received death threats the day before this stage – something that would have been all too easy to carry out given the open course. Although much looked forward to, the stage was regarded by many as something of a disappointment due to the unmanageability of the crowds.

Stage 17
22 July 2004 — Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Le Grand-Bornand, 204.5 km

On this, the last big mountain stage, the drama started early on the Col de la Madeleine, the highest climb in the Tour, as a group led by Giberto Simoni was caught just before the summit by Richard Virenque, who gave Simoni a tight chase for the mountain points and for the five thousand Euro prize earmarked for the winner of that climb. Simoni managed to edge it out, though, taking the sprint.

As the stage wore on, US Postal led the peloton with typical skill, until the final climb, where the lead break consisted of Armstrong, Ullrich, Basso, Klöden, and Armstrong's support rider Floyd Landis. At the top of the final climb, Armstrong told Landis to go for the win, and Landis took off, but was successfully ridden down by Ullrich, Basso, and Klöden. Klöden took off for the win pulling out what seemed to be a decisive gap in the last kilometre, but Armstrong, determined to compensate for his teammate Landis's loss of the stage, put in a devastating final sprint and got past him at the line for another stage win, and yet more of an advantage over his rivals in the GC.

Stage 18
23 July 2004 — Annemasse to Lons-le-Saunier, 166.5 km

This stage was 166.5 km and the last in the mountains, it featured only one substantial climb, the cat-2 Col de la Faucille. With the time trial of Stage 19 looming this was a perfect chance for some lower placed riders to get away. The weather was hot and humid with a little rain at the start. Just 147 riders started the stage.

Some early drama was provided when Italian rider Filippo Simeoni, who has claimed that a doctor with ties to Armstrong had told him how to take performance-enhancing drugs without being caught, tried to join an early (and, as it would turn out, successful) break. Armstrong himself chased him down – unusual for a team leader and yellow jersey, especially since Simeoni was no threat to Armstrong in the overall standings. Armstrong, taking upon himself the self-styled role of 'boss' or 'le patron' of the peloton in the tradition of others in the past such as Bernard Hinault, forced his will and stayed with the break until they got two minutes ahead, at which point the rest of the break asked Simeoni to leave, which he did, followed by Armstrong. Simeoni harshly criticized Armstrong in the press following the stage, while Armstrong maintained that he was protecting the interests of the peloton, and accused Simeoni of trying to destroy professional cycling.

Left alone, and with US Postal controlling the peloton, the rest of the break rapidly pulled away. They held a lead of up to 7 minutes until the third climb, after which they moved even further ahead. Their advantage peaked at around 12'00". Into the final 20 km the group of six began to split as the attacks came. With 10 km to the finish Mercado and Garcia-Acosta attacked and made it away, they worked together into the final kilometre, Mercado just winning the sprint – his first ever stage win. The peloton came in 11'29" down led by Thor Hushovd.

Stage 19
24 July 2004 — Besançon, 55 km (ITT)

The final time trial held less suspense this year than it sometimes does, since Armstrong already had such a commanding lead, but Armstrong came in saying he was racing to win. The biggest questions coming in, however, were whether Jan Ullrich would be able to race fast enough to get himself a podium spot, and whether Thomas Voeckler, who managed to hold the yellow jersey for ten days, despite numerous predictions he'd lose it well before that, would hold onto the lead in the young riders classification, which he held with a 45-second lead.

Starting with the last place rider, Jimmy Casper, and ending with Armstrong, the riders ran the loop in and out of Besançon. For most of the race, US Postal riders held the fastest time, with Viatceslav Ekimov setting an early fast time, eventually beaten by Bobby Julich. Julich was eventually beaten by Floyd Landis, who held the fastest time until the last few riders came in, with Kloden, Ullrich, and Armstrong all beating him. Armstrong had the fastest time, coming in a full minute over his nearest rider, Ullrich. Ullrich ran an impressive time trial, but wasn't able to pull ahead of Basso, and will almost certainly finish the Tour in 4th place.

Voeckler, meanwhile, finally had his luck run out, finishing six minutes behind his nearest rival for the white jersey, Vladimir Karpets, who came in 8th in the time trial.

Stage 20
25 July 2004 — Montereau-Fault-Yonne to Paris, 163 km

The largely ceremonial run into Paris held some drama this year due to the closeness of the green jersey competition, which Robbie McEwen led going in by a slim 11 points. With two intermediate sprints and the finish line in Paris, there were plenty of opportunities for Thor Hushovd to take the lead. The two intermediate sprints had no effect on the overall standings, with Hushovd taking one and McEwen taking the other. The final sprint sealed it for McEwen, however, as he finished fourth and Hushovd failed to finish in the top 10.

Early dramatics, however, were provided when Fillipo Simeoni made another attack at 1 km. He was pulled in by 8 km by the US Postal led peloton, and Armstrong did not make any personal effort to chase him down this time. He made three subsequent attacks throughout the stage, all unsuccessful.

Shortly after Simeoni's first attack, Jimmy Casper, the lanterne rouge, or last place rider, made an attack, shooting out ahead of Armstrong. Having gotten his lead, he removed a digital camera from the pocket of his jersey and snapped a picture of him leading Armstrong, then dropped back to the peloton. 2004 is the second year that Casper has finished the Tour de France, and the second year he won the lanterne rouge.

As the peloton reached Paris, a ten-man break including Axel Merckx and Thomas Voeckler got away, but was pulled back several laps further down the Champs-Élysées. Eventually, the stage was won with a solid sprint by Tom Boonen. Armstrong sat well back, losing ten seconds to his nearest rival, but staying in the yellow jersey by well over six minutes. This appeared at the time to represent an unprecedented sixth Tour de France win for Armstrong, but he was stripped of the 2004 title with all others following a 2012 doping investigation.


text: Category:British Army divisions

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:British Army divisions


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Green Party (Norway)

The Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne, Miljøpartiet Dei Grøne, lit. 'Environment Party The Greens', MDG; ) is a centre-left green political party in Norway. The party holds three seats in the Parliament of Norway (gaining 3.8% in the 2021 elections) and also has representation in municipal councils and county councils (gaining 4.1% in the 2023 elections).

Similar to its German role model Alliance 90/The Greens, MDG represents green politics with social liberal features. It has been described as centre-left by academics and voters. The party has historical roots partly in the new left of the 1960s and 1970s, and partly in the broader environmental movement of the 1970s and 1980s, which itself was highly diverse and attracted support from both the new left and environmentally-oriented liberals and conservatives who rallied around environmental issues. Over time the party has moved in a more centrist and socially liberal direction. MDG stands in a progressive tradition and also defines itself as an intersectional feminist party. The party claims distance from the two dominant right-wing and left-wing political blocks, jointly denominated as "the fossil block". The party has gradually moved closer to liberal internationalism over time, allowing for the use of military force when it can promote peace and human rights. MDG supports Norwegian EU membership and NATO membership, while also advocating for a focus on arms control and peaceful conflict resolution. The party's voters are among the most pro-EU, and MDG has been described as a party for "urban, liberal, moderately left-wing academics."

The Green Party is a member of the European Green Party and the Global Greens, and was founded with the German Greens as its stated model. It maintains close ties to other Green parties including the German Greens and the Swedish Greens. It is led by Arild Hermstad.

History
The process of forming a new national green party in Norway was initiated in December 1984, with the official launch in 1988. Among the pioneers were the late philosopher Arne Næss, peace researcher Johan Galtung, and the philosopher Sigmund Kvaløy Setreng.

In the local elections between 1991 and 2009, the Green Party had six to eight representatives elected each time. In the national elections the party never exceeded 0.5% support.

Since 2005, the Greens have seen a significant membership rise, with the new members coming from a wide variety of other parties, including the seven established parliamentary parties.

In the municipal elections of 2011, the party saw its first local breakthrough, having garnered close to 22,000 votes on a national basis. Two years later, during the campaign for the 2013 general election, the party saw a significant rise in support in the opinion polls. The Greens were widely expected to gain parliamentary representation to some extent. In the election, the Greens gathered over 79,000 votes, making them the eighth biggest party in the country. This vote count translates to 2.8 percent of the vote. Rasmus Hansson, the party's top candidate from Oslo was elected to parliament, becoming the first ever Green MP.

In the local elections of 2015 the Green Party overtook the 4% nationally for the first time in its history and got the third place in Oslo.

The party have stated their refusal to form a government with any parties that will continue to drill for oil in the North Sea.

Ideology
The Green Party is one of the global ecologist and environmentalist political parties and movements. As a member of the pan-European European Green Party, the Norwegian Greens subscribe to social progressivism and social justice. The main focus of the party is environmental protection and ecological sustainability. The party seeks to introduce a tax on wasteful consumption, and to reorganise the food industry. The Greens have also pledged support for a reform in the agrarian industry, increasing the production of organic crops and strengthening the eco-friendly agricultural sector.

The Green party seeks to reduce the Norwegian petroleum extraction in order to counteract serious climate change. The proposal is to stop extraction by 2035.

Spokespersons

 * Ove Braaten, 1989–1991
 * Olav Benestad, 1991–1992
 * Jan Bojer Vindheim, 1993–1996 /1997–2001
 * Ane Aadland, 1995–1997
 * Arne Gravanes, 1996–1997
 * Birte Simonsen, 1998–1999
 * Brynmor Evans, 1998–1999
 * Gunter Schotz, 1999–2000
 * Lisa Fröyland, 1999–2002
 * Tove Funderud Johansen, 2000–2001
 * Birte Simonsen, 2002–2004
 * Brynmor Evans, 2004–2005
 * Trude Malthe Thomassen, 2004–2007
 * Gaute Busch, 2005–2006
 * Mats Indrefjord Høllesli, 2006–2007
 * Birte Simonsen, 2007–2008
 * Sondre Båtstrand, 2008–2011
 * Hanna Marcussen, 2008–2014
 * Harald August Nissen, 2011–2014
 * Hilde Opoku, 2014–2016
 * Rasmus Hansson, 2016–2018
 * Arild Hermstad, 2018–2020
 * Une Aina Bastholm, 2016–2020

Leaders

 * Une Aina Bastholm, 2020–22
 * Arild Hermstad, 2022–

Deputy leaders

 * Arild Hermstad, 2020–2022
 * Kriss Rokkan Iversen, 2020–2022
 * Ingrid Liland, 2022–
 * Lan Marie Berg, 2022–

title: Green Party (Norway)


text:
List of 1995 Canadian incumbents

Crown

 * Head of State – Queen Elizabeth II

Federal government

 * Governor General – Ray Hnatyshyn then Roméo LeBlanc

Cabinet

 * Prime Minister – Jean Chrétien
 * Deputy Prime Minister – Sheila Copps
 * Minister of Finance – Paul Martin
 * Secretary of State for External Affairs – André Ouellet (replaced by position of Minister of Foreign Affairs on May 13.)
 * Minister of National Defence – David Collenette
 * Minister of National Health and Welfare – Diane Marleau
 * Minister of Industry, Science and Technology – John Manley (merged with the Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs position on March 28 to become Minister of Industry)
 * Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs – Marcel Massé
 * Minister of the Environment – Sheila Copps
 * Minister of Justice – Allan Rock
 * Minister of Transport – Doug Young
 * Minister of Communications – Michel Dupuy
 * Minister of Citizenship and Immigration – Sergio Marchi
 * Minister of Fisheries and Oceans – Brian Tobin
 * Minister of Agriculture – Ralph Goodale
 * Minister of Public Works – David Dingwall
 * Minister of Employment and Immigration – Lloyd Axworthy
 * Minister of Natural Resources – Anne McLellan (position created on January 12)
 * Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources – Anne McLellan (position discontinued on January 11)
 * Minister of Forestry – Anne McLellan (position discontinued on January 11)

Members of Parliament
See: 35th Canadian parliament

Party leaders

 * Liberal Party of Canada – Jean Chrétien
 * Bloc Québécois – Lucien Bouchard
 * New Democratic Party – Audrey McLaughlin then Alexa McDonough
 * Progressive Conservative Party of Canada – Jean Charest
 * Reform Party of Canada – Preston Manning

Supreme Court Justices

 * Chief Justice: Antonio Lamer
 * Beverley McLachlin
 * Frank Iacobucci
 * John C. Major
 * Gérard V. La Forest
 * John Sopinka
 * Peter deCarteret Cory
 * Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
 * Charles D. Gonthier

Other

 * Speaker of the House of Commons – Gilbert Parent
 * Governor of the Bank of Canada – Gordon Thiessen
 * Chief of the Defence Staff – General John de Chastelain General Jean Boyle

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta – Ralph Klein
 * Premier of British Columbia – Mike Harcourt
 * Premier of Manitoba – Gary Filmon
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Frank McKenna
 * Premier of Newfoundland – Clyde Wells
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – John Savage
 * Premier of Ontario – Bob Rae then Mike Harris
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Catherine Callbeck
 * Premier of Quebec – Jacques Parizeau
 * Premier of Saskatchewan – Roy Romanow
 * Premier of the Northwest Territories – Nellie Cournoyea then Don Morin
 * Premier of Yukon – John Ostashek

Lieutenant-governors

 * Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta – Gordon Towers
 * Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia – David Lam then Garde Gardom
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba – Yvon Dumont
 * Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick – Margaret Norrie McCain
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador – Frederick Russell
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia – James Kinley
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario – Hal Jackman
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island – Marion Reid then Gilbert Clements
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec – Martial Asselin
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan – Jack Wiebe

Mayors

 * Toronto – Barbara Hall
 * Montreal – Pierre Bourque
 * Vancouver – Philip Owen
 * Ottawa – Jacquelin Holzman

Religious leaders

 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec – Archbishop Maurice Couture
 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal – Cardinal Archbishop Jean-Claude Turcotte
 * Roman Catholic Bishops of London – Bishop John Michael Sherlock
 * Moderator of the United Church of Canada – Marion Best

title: List of 1995 Canadian incumbents


text: Category:Indian film directors

title: Category:Indian film directors


text:
George M. Humphrey

George Magoffin Humphrey (March 8, 1890 – January 20, 1970) was an American lawyer, businessman and banker. He served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury for President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Early life
Humphrey was born on March 8, 1890, and raised in Cheboygan, Michigan, the son of Caroline (née Magoffin) Humphrey (1861–1946) and Watts Sherman Humphrey (1844–1916).

Through his brother Watts S. Humphrey, he was the uncle of software engineer Watts Humphrey.

He received both his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Michigan.

Career
After practicing law in Saginaw, Michigan for five years with his father's firm, he accepted a position as general counsel with steel manufacturer M. A. Hanna Company in 1917. That association lasted 35 years and included his ascension to company president in 1929. He served as Chairman of The Business Council, then known as the Business Advisory Council for the United States Department of Commerce in 1946. Following Dwight Eisenhower's election to the Presidency in 1952, Humphrey was recommended by close adviser General Lucius D. Clay, who had worked with the corporate magnate regarding post-war plans in Germany.

Secretary of the Treasury
As Secretary of the Treasury in the first Republican Administration in 20 years, Humphrey was one of the most influential of President Eisenhower's Cabinet members. Eisenhower was once quoted as saying, "When George speaks, we all listen."

Humphrey had given up a $300,000 salary to accept the Cabinet position that paid just $22,500. He fought to have a balanced budget, tight money, limits on welfare and foreign aid, as well as "trickle down" tax cuts. He was even more adamant about government spending, saying in a 1957 press conference that if it wasn't curbed, "you will have a depression that will curl your hair." Humphrey left office on July 29, 1957. Following Humphrey's departure that same year, he returned to the Hanna Company, serving as honorary board chairman and director, then later became chairman of National Steel Corporation.

Later life
In 1962, Humphrey became embroiled in a potential controversy when a Senate committee investigated the stockpiling of nickel during his time in the Cabinet. The $98 million deal involved companies he had once headed, but he explained that his motivation was to increase the country's strategic stockpiles and was thus cleared. He made no profit from the deal.

Personal life
On January 15, 1913, Humphrey was married to Pamela Stark of Saginaw. They had three children together:

 * Cynthia Pamela Humphrey, who married Royal Firman Jr. They divorced in September 1970.
 * Gilbert Watts Humphrey (d. 1979), who became the Chairman of the Hanna conglomerate.
 * Caroline Helen Humphrey, who married John G. Butler.

In his later years, Humphrey essentially remained out of the spotlight. His health deteriorated when he suffered an apparent heat stroke in August 1969. He then became a frequent visitor to hospitals until entering Cleveland's University Hospital cardiac unit on December 27, 1969. He died there on January 20, 1970. He was buried at the Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.

title: George M. Humphrey


text:
KAD

KAD or Kad may refer to:

 * KAD, a Korean Adoptee
 * Kathmandu Association of the Deaf
 * Kad network, a file sharing network
 * Kad (river), a river in Perm Krai, Russia

title: KAD


text:
Talk:Prohibition Party

Founding date
um this seems wrong:

The party was founded in 2011.

What year was it really founded in? I'm quite sure its not 2011 and his is probably either vandalism or a type-error. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.161.203.200 (talk) 16:37, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Just wanted to note that the Prohibition Party would appear to be split between supporters and opponents of Earl Dodge - the anti-Dodge people's "history" section consists largely of a lengthy screed against Dodge, who apparently sold the longtime party headquarters and pocketed the money...I have no idea which group is to be considered the proper Prohibition Party - both seem to be running presidential slates this year... john k 22:41, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comment. The faction of the party that sponsored Amondson in '04 represents roughly 80% of the earlier national committee. This faction has gained ballot status in Florida for 2008 and has re-organized a state committee in Pennsylvania. This faction has the only elected official in the nation and most of the party's energy. Chronicler3 23:05, 8 February 2006 (UTC) Chronicler3

2004 Election Information
I do not agree with the latest change on this page. Amondson appeared on the ballot in Louisiana as the Prohibition Party nominee and received 1,566 votes []. Amondson and Dodge both appeared on the ballot in Colorado, where only 518 votes were cast for both of them []. Overall, Amondson received 1,944 votes. These numbers should not be separated out from the other totals. Chronicler3 03:25, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Questions? Ask them through Wikinews
Hello,

I'm Nick Moreau, an accredited reporter for Wikinews. I'm co-ordinating our 2008 US Presidential election interviews. We will be interviewing as many candidates as possible, from the Democrats, Republicans, and other parties/independents.

I'll be sending out requests for interviews to the major candidates very soon, but I want your input, as people interested in American politics: what should I ask them?

Please go to any of these three pages, and add a question.
 * n:Wikinews:Story preparation/US 2008/Democratic Party
 * n:Wikinews:Story preparation/US 2008/Republican Party
 * n:Wikinews:Story preparation/US 2008/Third Party or Independent

Questions? Don't ask them here, I'll never see them. Either ask them on the talk page of any of these three pages, or [mailto:nicholasmoreau@gmail.com e-mail me].

Thanks, Nick -- Zanimum 19:44, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

misleading quote
I removed the Earl Dodge quote about the politics1.com article, since the quote dates back to 2000, and therefore cannot be a reference to the description of the 2003 schism.

Caldodge (talk) 12:47, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Caldodge- Although you have a conflict of interest as defined by Wikipedia, I operate under the assumption of your good faith. Therefore, I have simply deleted without negative comment the material you inserted into the quote. It cannot remain because it is unacceptable practice to introduce material into a quote if it could mislead readers into thinking that it appeared in the original.

 * I have also re-inserted the following statement which is necessary to explain minor non-substantive changes I made in the quote: “Note: Tense changed in quotation from present to past because of Earl Dodge’s death.”

 * Incidentally, I don’t believe your father’s quote regarding the accuracy of Politics1.com is misleading. By letting his comments stand, he is reasonably presumed to have acknowledged the accuracy of the material in question. Thanks. David Justin (talk) 17:09, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

And I disagree with you. A comment my father made in 2000 CANNOT reasonably be assumed to apply to content created in 2003, and I think it's ludicrous for you to suggest otherwise. Meanwhile, I maintain that your stated opposition to all temperance organizations shows a conflict of interest on your part, though admittedly perhaps not as severe as mine. Frankly, I don't operate on the assumption of your good faith. I see I'm not the only one who questions your good faith, as evidenced by this

Caldodge (talk) 05:29, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

This party still exists? I remember reading something about this in AP US, but uh... didn't its purpose kinda die when prohibition ended? No one is going to read this page to get "up-to-date" info about a single issue party that most people haven't heard of, so quit whining about who misquoted who's daddy. Chill out, have a drink.

(68.81.44.83 (talk) 21:48, 28 November 2007 (UTC))

Happy Repeal Day! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.96.250.114 (talk) 16:07, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

The Party's purpose didn't die when Prohibition ended, since its purpose was to enact national Prohibition. But the members (and voters who remembered the era favorably) did die out. I believe TIME (not my late father) is "the architect of oblivion" for the party, and it will do no better in the post-Dodge era then it did during it. Caldodge (talk) 03:23, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

National Prohibition states, 1896
Here is the tally of Bentley Electors: AR 892; CA 1,047; CO 386; IL 793; IN 2,267; IA 352; KS 620; MD 136; MI 1,816; MO 292; NE 797; NH 49; NJ 5,614; NC 222; OH 2,716; PA 870; WA 148; WI 346. Chronicler3 (talk) 23:29, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

"unsourced" comments
I find it fascinating that accusations against my late father are considered "sourced" when the only sources are members of the other Party faction (nearly all the links listed point to their site, and one which doesn't points do a different site which merely quotes a member of the other faction).

Meanwhile, if I point that out on the page (i.e., saying "see for yourself"), my comments are "unsourced". Fine - I'll make the comments here.

Caldodge (talk) 13:44, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Withdrawn VP candidates?
Why did Carrier and Holdridge withdraw? Шизомби (talk) 20:08, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Neutral POV
I don't know anything about this party, but obviously exclamation points aren't are good sign. The section on the split isn't NPOV, but I can't verify the factual nature--Jeff (talk) 21:41, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

The "split" section appears to have been written by someone from the other faction. It contains phrases which aren't in any cited text, and which claim to know Dad's state of mind ("saw the writing on the wall"). It's interesting that the "split" section is much larger than the general history, and is obviously written completely from the other faction's POV.

My own opionion? The Party was a small pond, and some people wanted to be the big frogs in that pond. I attended party conventions from 1971 to 1991, and I witnessed attempts by others to take over the party for their benefit. The people who succeeded at this get their jollies by slandering Dad, and blaming him for the party's decline.

The only dog I have in this fight is Dad's reputation, since I left the party in 1994 due to disagreements with the platform. I know from personal experience how dedicated Dad was to the party and the Prohibition cause (sacrificing his financial security to save the party in 1960, paying his own way to Philadelphia during the court battle over the Pennock trust fund). He believed wholeheartedly in the cause (unlike the other faction's current leadership, who have weakened the party's anti-alcohol position).

Caldodge (talk) 12:18, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

FWIW, I believe User:Smokedoctor is a pseudonym for Leroy Pletten, the Johnny-come-lately leader of the anti-Dodge faction. It seems probable to me that some of the other pseudonyms here are also his, not to mention the additions of David J Hanson, an anti-Prohibitionist who revels in anything which hurts the temperance cause. Kindly keep that in mind when judging the neutrality of the article.

Caldodge (talk) 16:42, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
I'm getting a dead link for http://www.prohibition.org/ – anyone know what's up? Nunquam Dormio (talk) 06:55, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Sorry - we had to transfer the domain, and the actual file transfer slipped through the cracks. Caldodge (talk) 05:19, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Prohibition revisionism
Smokedoctor reinstated some text I had removed making various dubious claims about prohibition, such as arguing that a one-year delay in the onset of Prohibition "enabled the affluent to hoard alcohol, and led to class resentments and divisions, undermining the Amendment's effectiveness." I'm not sure this kind of editorializing should be in Wikipedia at all, but at the minimum, it's sufficiently at odds with the convention view on the subject that it should come with a citation to a reliable source. More generally, this page appears to have been written by PP partisans who still view Prohibition as a good idea. Their views should be fairly represented, but any factual claims should be cited, and we should make sure we also fairly represent the more mainstream view of the period, that Prohibition was a bad idea. Binarybits (talk) 23:39, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

I've never heard that theory (I don't think the "one-year delay" issue was in "The Wrecking of the Eighteenth Amendment, but it's been a while since I read it).

IIRC the general belief among Prohibitionists is that enforcement was lax, and that started from the top, with Andrew Mellon. I don't know how valid that belief was, though. Caldodge (talk) 05:28, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

FYI, there's good evidence that "Smokedoctor" is actually Leroy Pletten, the man who engineered a takeover of the party. Caldodge (talk) 18:46, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Major overhaul needed
This article needs a major overhaul. At the moment, the History section, which discusses a period during which the party was an important player in national politics, won hundreds of thousands of votes in national elections and had elected officials in different parts of the country is covered by a few short paragraphs, while at least two thirds of the article are dedicated to the "Secession of 2003", which took place at a time when the party's numbers have dwindled to a mere fraction of what they once were.

In short, "Secession of 2003" currently occupies a totally disproportionate part of the article, not to mention that its tone sounds very POV, and based on the discussion here, it mainly seems to serve as a battleground for a sandbox fight between the two factions. I'm sure that for those involved in it, the secession is a very important topic, but from an outsider's point of view, I'd say that its importance to nearly 140 years of party history - and this Wikipedia article - is highly questionable. I would suggest that someone more knowledgeable in Prohibition Party history add more information about the party's history and role in US politics prior to World War II and cut down the "Secession of 2003" section where, in my opinion, the only relevant, unchallenged bits of information are the following:
 * In 2003, there was a split within the party between supporters and opponents of chairman Earl Dodge
 * The two factions ran separate tickets in the 2004 presidential election (Dodge/Lydick vs. Amondson/Pletten)
 * There was a legal dispute as to which faction was entitled to the funds of the historical party, which was eventually settled out of court

I don't have the knowledge required to rewrite or improve the article (that was the reason I came here - to get information). I hope that someone who doesn't have a stake in this fight will pick up the challenge and write a new version that concentrates on relevant, unbiased information instead of the present-day party's internal squabbles. Jah77 (talk) 15:54, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

I totally agree with your suggestion - but I wouldn't be the person to rewrite it. That's partly because I have a stake in the fight, and partly because I don't have detailed knowledge of the Party's history (just a few memories of things Dad said and wrote).

The "Secession of 2003" (a good example of Churchill's quote that "history is written by the victors") was written and edited by 2 sorts of people - either Leroy Pletten (the man who engineered a takeover of the Party by threatening the existing board members with lawsuits) and his allies, or David J Hanson (who thinks prohibition of alcohol is a terrible idea, and republishes any "information" he can find to denigrate its proponents). Your best bet might be to contact the U of M's Bentley Historical Library (http://bentley.umich.edu/research/guides/temperance/), which has one of the largest collection of Prohibition and temperance-related documents in the US. Caldodge (talk) 16:44, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I took the first step of labeling the claims that require citation. Binarybits (talk) 19:42, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the neutrality issues have been dealt with. Any objections to removing the tag? Binarybits (talk) 13:01, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Hearing no objections I've removed the tag. Binarybits (talk) 21:45, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Let's add a Criticism section!
Here's some text for consideration to include in the article:

The ideological and political notion of limiting access to alcohol products has been noted by many researchers as outdated, unscientific and overly-manipulative of human populaces. (Add many easy to find, empirically researched references here.) Furthermore, contemporary studies highly correlate moderate alcohol beverage consumption with many health benefits, including (but not limited to) decreased risk of atherosclerosis,

References

 * The above is a criticism of temperance in general and might go in that article. Even there though, a criticism citing one scientific paper only would not survive for 30 seconds. Take a look at the articles in the Alcohol and Health box to see hundreds of papers about alcohol's effects, often bad but sometimes good. Nunquam Dormio (talk) 08:16, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

I just came over to Discussion to suggest removing the criticism section because it seems unrelated to the party itself, and I see the criticism section is relatively new. Until there's substantive content to put there that's specifically relevant to the US Prohibition Party rather than general prohibition movements, I think removing it is the correct option. 74.125.59.65 (talk) 18:38, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that the section should be removed. It's criticizing the party's platform rather than the party itself. That's the equivalent of the including a section about Austrian School economics in the Socialist Party USA article. I will remove the section.Mustang6172 (talk) 06:47, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Toby Davis' recent edits
Anyone here (certainly not me) have a solidly-grounded opinion as to which faction gets priority here? (There have been vaguely-similar questions about the line of succession, if it's any comfort to anyone, at Talk:Socialist Party of America and Talk:Social Democrats USA). An IP Editor identifying himself as Toby Davis, Chairman of the Prohibition Party with an e-mail address, has replaced Gene Amondson's name with his own as National Chairman in the Info Box, and switched (without deleting) the links to http://www.prohibitionists.org and http://www.prohibitionparty.org. Mr. Davis would obviously be well-informed but might also fail the WP:Conflict of interest guidelines, unless supported by a well-grounded consensus here. If Gene Amondson's group won most of the votes in 2008, that might suggest a different order of treatment. —— Shakescene (talk) 00:05, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Gene Amondson passed away in June of 2009. I, as Vice-Chairman, took over his role as Chairman. The remaining party members are united with the active party website as http://www.prohibitionparty.org. The older http://www.prohibitionists.org website remains as an educational / historical portal known as the Partisan Prohibition Historical Society.RTDavis (talk) 03:36, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Current chair
So who is the Prohibition Party's current chairman? The web site calls James Hedges "executive secretary" - is this the same thing as party chair? Jah77 (talk) 16:50, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

The current chairman is Rick Knox. Executive secretary is another type of leadership position within the prohibition party. You can se him listed in the latest issue of the national prohibitionist, which a link to can be found on the prohibition party website.Yelekam (talk) 22:56, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Prohibition Party. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130804065241/http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall/details/2/169-Willard to http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall/details/2/169-willard
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130804065241/http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall/details/2/169-Willard to http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall/details/2/169-willard

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Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:53, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Message From Hedges
Executive Secretary of the Prohibition Party, Jim Hedges, has instructed me on his behalf to communicate this message. He would like to congratulate the editors on this page for their good work in producing an up to date and accurate article.Yelekam (talk) 23:10, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * As someone who first came to this page to find it disappointingly uninformative and focused on recent petty inter-party disputes, I'm glad to see that this is now looking like a real encyclopedia entry. Thanks to all contributors for their work! Jah77 (talk) 20:51, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110616214637/http://charlotte.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid:5584 to http://charlotte.creativeloafing.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A5584

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This article links to a Canadian Prohibition Party article that does not exist
Should this article still link to the Canadian Prohibition Party article if it does not exist? Should this hatnote be removed until such an article is created? Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lampadias (talk • contribs) 00:34, 16 February 2021 (UTC)
 * , I say, be bold and delete it. Certainly doesn't make much sense to me to have that hatnote there. DocFreeman24 (talk) 01:33, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

"Pro-abortion" vs "pro-choice"
I just reverted an edit changing "pro-choice" to "pro-abortion" in the section about the Party's platform. But that's not what the platform says: SANCTITY OF LIFE We recognize that the issues of abortion, capital punishment, and euthanasia often divide this country. The SCOTUS has ruled that the states shall regulate access to abortion; as each state works to regulate this issue, we recognize that women must be included in the legislative process, and encourage states to look for constructive ways to address the issue. We believe that each woman should have the right to decide based on her own conscience.

Many people who would prefer that there be fewer abortions (which implies more birth control as well as more abstinence) still prefer to leave that decision (to coin a phrase) to the pregnant woman, her doctors and her spiritual advisor. That's different from wanting more abortions, which is what "pro-abortion" implies. —— Shakescene (talk) 13:25, 16 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is any way this platform can fairly be construed as "pro-abortion." That seems like framing the issue through an extremely narrow and POV lens.--User:Namiba 13:49, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

USHR elections before 1938
Prohibition Party lists only Congressional election results after 1937. Does anyone know about votes before then? There have to be some, since the California Prohibitionist Representative who voted in 1917 against entering World War I must have received at least some votes. —— Shakescene (talk) 17:46, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

ERROR regarding flag
The flag depicted is NOT a flag associated with the Prohibition Party, nor is it correctly imaged.

The original book source quoted in the WIKI actually reads "AMERICAN PROHIBITION" flag.

The flag image in the original source clearly includes the WHITE RIBBON of the WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION, an independent group not affiliated with the Prohibition Party.

The flag has been recreated in the WIKI, but without the WHITE RIBBON which is an intregal part of the flag, and designates this flag as belonging to the WCTU, not the Prohibition Party.

Original book source image available on request. MMWOOD1958 (talk) 21:16, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prohibition Party


text:
Talk:Latias

Untitled
Don't merge these articles. They're two separate Pokémon, and so they get their own articles. Guanaco 22:44, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * I dispute the merging as well. They're two different Pokémon, no matter how related they are.  What's next, merging Mewtwo and Mew? On the other hand... we could use pictures of each of them alone. --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 00:16, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with the above comment. I don't know much about these two Pokémon, but they are definitely two different and unique Pokémon. Could it be OK if I remove the merge notice? 165.21.154.12 15:30, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)Take away the bit aBOUT MERGING

Lugia?
Where have people said that Lugia was the father of Latios and Latias? It's interesting, but that's the very first time I heard it. Toastypk 05:50, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I actually believed that for a while. -- PinkDeoxys 20:32, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's an interesting theory, and seeing as they all share a Psychic type, it's actually possible... 205.188.116.14 01:36, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Image Issues
Has any-one noticed the article is about Latias, but the GBA-taken image shows Latios?205.188.116.14 22:24, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that the pic is just to show the location of Southern Island. The place where Latios and Latias can be captured once you obtain an Eon Ticket to get there.  - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 23:12, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Eonticket.png
Image:Eonticket.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:24, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Biological Amendment
Added some biological characteristics for Latias as well as Latios and the fact that they are heavily influenced by Jumbo Jet airliners. (shape, and aesthetics.) Hope that clarifies some real-life inspirational debates. - Plateface 17:16, 3 August 2007

title: Talk:Latias


text:
User:Jengod/John W. Snyder

John Wesley Snyder (June 21, 1895–October 8, 1985) was an American businessman and Cabinet Secretary.

Born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, he studied at Vanderbilt University's engineering school for one year before joining in the Army during World War I.

Snyder came to Washington in the early 1930s with a broad background in banking and business. He held several public and private offices including National Bank Receiver in the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Federal Loan Administrator and Director of War Mobilization and Reconversion. In the last office he played a leading part in the transition of the nation's economy from wartime to a peacetime basis. Snyder was appointed U.S. Secretary of the Treasury in 1946 by his close personal friend President Truman, with whom he had served in World War I. His task as Secretary was to establish a stable postwar economy. The main points of his program were maintaining confidence in the credit of the government, reducing the federal debt, and encouraging public thrift through investment in U.S. Savings Bonds.

John Wesley Snyder retired from government at the end of Truman's second term.. He died at the age of 90 in 1985.

title: User:Jengod/John W. Snyder


text:
John Wesley Snyder

John Wesley Snyder (June 21, 1895 – October 8, 1985) was an American businessman and senior federal government official. Thanks to a close personal friendship with President Harry S Truman, Snyder became Secretary of the Treasury in the Truman administration. He is the first native-born Arkansan to hold a US Cabinet post. Historian Alonzo Hamby emphasizes Snyder's conservatism, stating that he was openly skeptical of New Dealism, broad-gauged social programs, and intellectuals who believed the economy could be run from Washington.

Early life
Snyder was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, on June 21, 1895, to Jeremiah "Jerre" Hartwell Snyder and his wife Ellen (Hatcher),the third of six children. His father owned a small patent medicine manufacturing and distribution business in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Snyder obtained his early education through high school in Jonesboro, Arkansas and later attended Vanderbilt University’s School of Engineering from 1914 to 1915. Because of finances, he quit and returned to Arkansas, moving to Forrest City, Arkansas  where he boarded with his sister, Sula Snyder Warren, and taught at a small country school.

Snyder volunteered for the army in 1915 and trained at Fort Logan H. Roots in North Little Rock, Arkansas, in the artillery. He served with distinction as an officer in the Thirty-second Artillery. He saw action during World War I in five different sectors of the Western Front and was decorated for his service by both the United States and France. During his service in the artillery, he became friends with other noted Americans such as boxer Gene Tunney, America’s “ace of aces” fighter pilot Eddie Rickenbacker, and future presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Harry S. Truman (also in the artillery). Snyder was mustered out of the army in 1919 and returned to Arkansas after the war. He retained his commission as a captain and ultimately achieved the rank of colonel in the Army Reserve.

On January 5, 1920, he married Carrie Evlyn Cook (1895-1956). They had one daughter, Edith Cook "Drucie" Snyder Horton (1925-1999) born in Forrest City, Arkansas. Although he planned to return to school to become an electrical engineer, at the urging of his uncle, Snyder took his first job in the banking industry as a bookkeeper in a bank in Forrest City, Arkansas. During the next ten years, he advanced rapidly in his chosen profession, working as an officer of numerous banks in Arkansas and Missouri.

Washington
Snyder moved to Washington in the early 1930s with a broad background in banking and business. He held several public and private offices including National Bank Receiver in the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Federal Loan Administrator, and Director of War Mobilization and Reconversion. In the last office he played a leading part in the transition of the American economy from a wartime to a peacetime basis. Liberals complained that he removed federal controls on the economy too quickly after the war, hurting consumers, delaying the housing program and bankrupting small businesses. His biographer says, "His handling of the steel crisis in 1946 was an even greater fiasco."

Treasury Secretary
Snyder was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in 1946 by his close personal friend President Harry S. Truman, with whom he had served in the Army Reserves. Editorials criticized the cronyism and said his narrow range of experience made him unfit for the job. His task as Secretary was to establish a stable postwar economy. The main points of his program were maintaining confidence in the credit of the government, reducing the federal debt, keeping the interest rate low, and encouraging public thrift through investment in U.S. Savings Bonds. A deeply conservative businessman, he had faith that the free economy would work itself out. He reduced the national debt while balancing the budget. He was reluctant to spend large sums on the Marshall Plan of aid to Europe. Snyder had little diplomatic experience, and in his negotiations with British leadership regarding Britain's need for dollars, he angered his counterparts. Paul Nitze, an American negotiator, recalled a meeting in Washington in September 1949:
 * at one point Secretary Snyder made some very -- well, remarks which I thought were wholly undiplomatic and rude and showed his lack of concern for the UK problem (the general sense of them was why didn't the UK get a hold of itself, and why didn't its people do some work for change and why don't you cure those productivity problems in the United Kingdom, and why don't you get off your butt).

At another meeting his British counterpart, Chancellor of the Exchequer Hugh Gaitskell, concluded that Snyder was, "a pretty small minded, small town semi-isolationist." Luckily for the British, Snyder was outmaneuvered by Secretary of State Dean Acheson, who was much more sympathetic.

Snyder funded the Korean War by increasing taxes. He feuded constantly with the Federal Reserve system, until it became more independent in 1951. He retired from government in 1953 at the end of Truman's second term.

Snyder died in Seabrook Island, South Carolina, on October 8, 1985, at the age of 90, and was buried in Washington National Cathedral.

title: John Wesley Snyder


text:
Piet Dankert

Pieter "Piet" Dankert (8 January 1934 – 21 June 2003) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA).

Dankert was born in Stiens. Dankert applied at the University of Amsterdam in June 1951 majoring in Education obtaining a Bachelor of Education degree in July 1953. Dankert worked as a civics teacher at a Lyceum in Gorinchem from February 1960 until May 1963. Dankert worked as a researcher at the Koos Vorrink Institute from May 1963 until August 1971 and served as Director from September 1965 until August 1971. Dankert served on the Labour Party Executive Board from September 1965 until February 1968.

Dankert became a Member of the House of Representatives after Harry Peschar was appointed as President of the Court of Audit, taking office on 6 February 1968 serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Foreign Affairs, Defence and deputy spokesperson for European Affairs, Benelux Union and NATO. Dankert was elected as a Member of the European Parliament and dual served in those positions, taking office on 17 July 1979. In February 1981 Dankert announced that he wouldn't stand for the election of 1981 but wanted to remain in the European Parliament and he continued to serve until the end of the parliamentary term on 10 June 1981. Dankert served as President of the European Parliament from 19 January 1982 until 24 July 1984. Dankert also served as a distinguished professor of European integration at the University of Amsterdam from 1 August 2009 until 7 November 1989. After the election of 1989 Dankert was appointed as State Secretary for Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet Lubbers III, taking office on 7 November 1989. In March 1994 Dankert announced that he wouldn't stand for the election of 1994 but wanted to return to the European Parliament. Dankert returned as a Member of the European Parliament after the European Parliamentary election of 1994, he resigned as State Secretary for Foreign Affairs on 16 July 1994 and was installed as a Member of the European Parliament, serving from 19 July 1994 until 20 July 1999.

He subsequently served a second period in the European Parliament, where he devoted himself to working for the accession of Turkey to the European Union.

National

 * Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Grand Officer.svg Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (8 October 1994)
 * Order of the Netherlands Lion ribbon - Knight.svg Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (30 April 1980)

Foreign

 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold II (1 August 1996)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (31 October 1987)

title: Piet Dankert


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George Humphrey (psychologist)

George William Humphrey FRSC (17 July 1889 – 24 April 1966) was a British psychologist, author, and philosopher. He was the founder of the Canadian Psychological Association, the first Director of the Institute of Experimental Psychology, and Professor of Psychology at the University of Oxford. Humphrey's research concentrated on behavioral studies such as reinforcement, habituation, and apparent movements, as well as psychophysical topics like audiogenic seizures. He is known for Humphrey's Law.

Personal life
George Humphrey was born in the county of Kent, England on 17 July 1889. He was a student of Wilhelm Wundt, who inspired Humphrey's early passion for experimental psychology. Psychologist Raymond Dodge also impacted Humphrey's work in experimental psychology, as they amicably worked together at Wesleyan University. Being well known for his academic achievement and also highly regarded by his peers, Humphrey was selected by St. John's College at Cambridge to be the first Dominion Fellow of the college's new "Dominion Fellowship," established in 1947, to recognize individuals with a profound commitment to study and scholarship. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Humphrey married Muriel Miller in 1918, but after her death in 1955, he remarried the following year to his colleague Berta Hotchberger. He spent the last years of his life in St. John's College at Cambridge, where he was actively involved in the school and surrounded by close friends. Humphrey died after an illness quickly took his life on 24 April 1966. In his honor, Queen's University designated the main building of their department of psychology as Humphrey Hall. His colleagues remembered him as being very friendly, active, and neat, but also tenacious of his opinions.

Education
Humphrey graduated with honors from the University of Oxford where he studied the classical languages, mathematics, and philosophy. He was given a scholarship to study psychology at the University of Leipzig and worked alongside Wilhelm Wundt in the first psychology laboratory. Humphrey received a PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 1920.

Professional History
In 1916, Humphrey traveled to Canada to teach classics at St. Francis Xavier University until 1918. After receiving his doctorate in 1920, he took a job as an assistant professor for four years at Wesleyan University in the United States. Humphrey returned to Canada and was given the position of Charlton Professor in Philosophy at Queen's University from 1924 to 1947. When he arrived at the university, psychology was a relatively new field of study and was included in the Department of Philosophy. He made great strides to further develop this aspect of the department. In 1939, he founded the Canadian Psychological Association and appointed Donald Hebb to be the first instructor in experimental psychology at Queen's. Like other experimental psychologists at the time, he set up his own laboratory to bring the study of experimental psychology to the university. He was named head of the department and added new psychology courses, including graduate courses. Because of Humphrey's contributions, the university began to recognize psychology as being independent from the philosophy department, but wasn't formalized until 1949 after he left. He went on to become the first professor of psychology at his alma mater, University of Oxford, which had just opened a new honors school in psychology, philosophy, and physiology. He prompted the university to establish the Oxford Institute of Experimental Psychology and was named its first director. Humphrey also helped to develop military personnel tests and directed research for the Canadian Army during World War II. In 1956, he retired to Cambridge, England at the age of 67. Though no longer a professor, he continued to give lectures in Germany for the British Embassy.

Major Contributions and Works
Humphrey's keen interest in human nature was encouraged by his time spent with Wundt. After the birth of his daughter, Humphrey observed the newborn by holding her out a second story window to see if she would respond with fear. He was then inspired to write several publications concerning the behavior of children. His first book, The Story of Man's Mind (1932), advocates the significance of experience by referencing the case of the French feral child, Victor of Aveyron, and later wrote (with his wife Muriel Miller) a 1932 translation of Itard's The Wild Boy of Aveyron.

The Story of Man's Mind covers several schools of psychological thought including behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and psychoanalysis. With Freud in his prime, Humphrey expressed skepticism about psychoanalytic theory, arguing that the role of sex was grossly overemphasized in the development of children. He also diminished the theory about the unconscious mind, claiming that much of it can be explained by the nature of conditioned reflexes. However, he did cite the existence of unconscious thought processes in Humphrey's Law, which states that automatization of a task (usually in the case of movement) is impaired when a task is performed with conscious effort.

His work on classical conditioning revealed that the context in which a stimulus is presented majorly affects how the subject learns to respond, which he discussed in his second book, The Nature of Learning (1933). This book is considered by Queen's University to be his most important work. It brought attention to the concept of living organisms being "systems" that are regulated by homeostasis, physiologically and psychologically.

In 1951, he wrote Thinking: An Introduction to Its Experimental Psychology, which had considerable success as it provided a written description of all research done on mental problem solving in humans conducted by Otto Selz, the Würzburg School, and other Gestalt psychologists. Their findings largely supported Humphrey's assertion—discussed in his book Directed Thinking (1948)—that a sequence of thoughts is governed by motivation.

Humphrey thought that mental escapism could have great benefits and was healthy within reason. He particularly believed that watching movies helped "soothe the raw nerves" of people living in a post-war era. To him, escapism provided a means of coping with other aspects of everyday life that were overly restrictive, like work.

Under the alternate pen name Donald MacPherson, Humphrey wrote two other books. Go Home Unicorn and Men Are Like Animals were science fiction novels that drew from Freudian psychology and were published pseudonymously in 1935 and 1937, respectively.

title: George Humphrey (psychologist)


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John Snyder (actor)

John Snyder is an American film, stage, television, and voice actor.

Snyder played the gas station man in the 1979 film The Warriors. He portrayed "Soul Hunter #2" in "Soul Hunter" and "Orin Zento" in "By Any Means Necessary", episodes of Babylon 5, and as Aaron Conor in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Masterpiece Society" also as the Romulan Bochra in the episode "The Enemy". He appeared in many TV series and films from 1979 to 2004, and appears as Damian in Love Sick Diaries.

Aside from stage and film acting, he has also done voice work in anime and video games for studios, such as Animaze, Bang Zoom! Entertainment and New Generation Pictures.

title: John Snyder (actor)


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Category:Winnie-the-Pooh

The fictional universe portrayed in the Winnie-the-Pooh books and films. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Winnie-the-Pooh


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User talk:Andries/Wikipedia:controversy

This is an extremely funny article. I love how you've applied cult language (especially love bombing), to wikipedia. Makes a poignant statement about how the classification is inherently POV. Hats off to you. CHL 22:53, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I entirely agree w the above, the article is amusing, but serves a higher purpose, pointing out the POV nature of the catagory as applied to anyone or anything. Good work. Sam [Spade] 00:04, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

A pattern in recovery of all kinds (cult, alcoholism, relationships, and so forth) is that recovering people often see what they feel are signs of the dependency they once suffered where such dependency does not exist. While I take your effort here primarily as humor, there is some bitterness present that probably deserves a serious reply.

While it is true that Wikipedia has certain foundation issues that are widely held to be beyond debate, Wikipedia is clearly not a cult for two reasons:
 * There is no milieu control. Wikipedia does not attempt to limit member access to outside information, monitor comings and goings, or track possessions as do cults.
 * The foundation issues, such as NPOV, are task-oriented and do not purport to be anything more than a means to writing an encyclopedia. There is no purported benefit to Wikipedia members broader lives in following NPOV, as would be the case in a cult, where practical and spiritual benefits are claimed

Any hobby can become all-encompassing and occupy more time and cost more money than is "good for" the participant, be it model rocketry, tropical fish, golf, or a social group like the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elk. Such groups aren't cults.

Best wishes

UninvitedCompany 04:04, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Extreme poor taste; personnaly I find it disturbing
I saw this post come on-line and found it in extreme poor taste. Not funny at all. What bothers me most is that Jimbo Wales is compared to Jim Jones. If anything..

What do you want to achieve by this? In the article you state that this article has no place in the main-space, and this is certainly correct, but if you really mean what you write, it would also be the wrong place as opinions and POV about Wikipedia can be found on Meta.

Not posting stuff like this on wikipedia is inherent on the medium, it is an encyclopedia. All encyclopedia have a stated goal and are written with this in mind. The Wikipedia goal is to have NPOV articles in all languages.

People have started to modify your article therefore it is not as you originally put it up there. I found it a sick article, I personally find it disturbing.

GerardM 07:16, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this article must be put in context of work Andries does on wikipedia, namely articles pertaining to new religious movements. In this arena, everything and everybody is called a cult by somebody (sometimes with even weaker justification than is given here.) Therefore, I don't think Andries is actually claiming wikipedia is or even might be a cult. He seems very tongue-in-cheek when he talks about support groups, and I don't believe he intends to leave wikipedia. I think it's rather a pointed joke directed toward purported cults and other difficult subjects about new religious movements. CHL 07:32, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Andries, would you perhaps consider removing the reference to the cult leader, which some find inappropriate ? I think we all try here to live and work together in good relations, and perhaps removing this reference would be a gentle sign of this desire to get along ? What do you think ? Would you agree to do so, or could we perhaps rephrase a bit all this ? SweetLittleFluffyThing 11:22, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC) (Mediation Committee)

joke
All that needs done is that this be clarified as a joke. I don't see a need for him to change anything, its funny, and proves his point well, that "cult" is an unfair label, always. He actually did an amazing job of showing how even we fit the criteria. If the term is so vague, and is also a perjorative, we shouldn't be maligning any faith (or organization) by calling them a cult. p.s. Now that there is such heated denial from such prominent community members about the wiki being a cult, I'm starting to question if he may be right ;) Sam [Spade] 19:08, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think that what Gérard has in particular a problem with, is the comparison of Jimbo with a man who led his own people to death. And obviously, whether he is right or wrong, he doesnot think this is fun. I note in any case, that Andries does not even take the interest in answering when comments are left to him on his subpages. SweetLittleFluffyThing 22:13, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * He hasn't been here for a couple days . Sam [Spade] 22:21, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Waou, Jimbo has been quick :-)

I have blanked the article since its original author appears to have departed, perhaps intending the article to be a goodbye note. I agree with Anthere and GerardM that it is in poor taste. Since Andries appears unlikely to amend the article, I feel it is best to remove its contents. UninvitedCompany 22:56, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Still no Andries? Alas, I'm afraid that the funny WP/cult article wasn't a joke. Good luck, Andries, wherever you are! Fire Star 04:45, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think that Andries did is as a joke... Funnily enough, with that type of criteria you can take any human endeavour that requires committent and in which a certain hierarchy is present and make it a "cult". Andries, is simply disturbed IMHO.--Zappaz 19:23, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Quite so. Myself, I believe the "cult" articles should report on publicly documented "cult" controversies as pop phenomena rather than engaging in direct, subjective criticisms of the groups in question. If there is enough of a hue and cry in the public eye, then they are noteworthy of mention in such regard, IMO.

 * I'm not saying that Andries was doing this (although I'm not saying he wasn't), but I've found many times in my line of work (which is as a representative of an old, Confucian based Chinese martial arts hierarchy) that very often the type to cry "cult" are also the ones who would put themselves up as a guru in a heartbeat if they could get someone to validate them. Indeed, their resentment of authority seems jealousy that no one authoritative is deferring to or validating them. The good news for me (and why the hierarchy has survived for so long) is that this type of student always really sucks at the martial art, which increases their marginality AND their resentment of our authority figures who don't. Fire Star 20:38, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Are you saying Andries is a poor martial artist? ;) Sam [Spade] 20:55, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Cheers, Sam. I don't know! If I had to bet, I'd guess not... I worked a bit with Andries on the Purported cults page a few months back, my input (especially as I was pretty new here at the time) gradually waned as I realised that it would be a lot more work than I wanted to do to document most cases on that page the way that they should be done to justify keeping them. Fire Star 21:08, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Answers to GerardM and others
I was on a holiday. It was in the first place a joke but also therapy: I was in a cult and it was not funny, I still want to understand the experience. Yes, I am bitter about that experience but I am not (yet) bitter about Wikipedia. The article is also a play of words, and a kind of practice for my edits on NRM. I never compared Jimbo Wales with Jim Jones but I will remove the picture of Jim Jones to deal with this objection. If you read the article carefully then you will see that I never attacked any contributor personally. The article also has a serious meaning, there is nothing esoteric about cult involvement, it is, in my experience, very normal, with normal people. Any human endeavour can go terribly wrong including Wikipedia and then in hindsight people may call it a cult. Andries 23:35, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Welcome back! I didn't pick up anything sinister about the essay, but I was amused by it. I've had several acquaintances involved in cults, and I've seen how far away from their actual personalities such psychic tinkering can take them. Again, I believe that our reporting on well-documented commonly held public perceptions of various groups can be NPOV, even if directly accusing a given religious group of "sorcery" can't be. Fire Star 02:11, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, welcome back. And thank you. I was worried you might have really been gone, almost sad to have defended this as a work of humour. And again, it was very well done. CHL 04:49, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Is this a joke?
Andries: you are not serious, are you...? --Zappaz 19:17, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andries/Wikipedia:controversy


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Ministry of Defence (Norway)

The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Defence (Det kgl. Forsvarsdepartement) is a Norwegian government ministry in charge of the formation and implementation of national security and defence policy, and for the overall management and control of the activities of subordinate agencies. The ministry is located at Glacisgata 1, Oslo, inside Akershus festning. The ministry is headed by the politically appointed Minister of Defence, currently Bjørn Arild Gram. The ministry controls a large group of defence-related agencies, not to be related with Ministry of Foreign Affairs that controls all intelligence-related agencies in the country.

Core tasks

 * Strategic analysis, research and development (R&D)
 * The development of long-term policy including future strategic concepts and doctrines
 * Perspective and structural planning
 * Planning, budgeting and implementation in the medium and short term
 * Overall management of agencies' activities during the budget year
 * Operational policy, planning and management at a strategic level
 * Exercise policy, planning and management at a strategic level
 * Emergency planning, policy and management at a strategic level
 * Crisis management
 * Development and implementation of security policy, both nationally and internationally
 * Development of defence cooperation with allied- and partner countries
 * Strategic personnel management
 * Information, communication and press relations
 * Strategic leadership and management in the field of ICT
 * Organisational development
 * Preventive security at a strategic level
 * Legal questions
 * Controller / Internal audit
 * Internal administration

Departments
On behalf of the Secretary General, the secretariat prepares, quality-assures, coordinates and priorities all issues that are submitted to the Minister. Accordingly, the secretariat maintains overall responsibility for the Minister's activities. The unit provides support both to the Minister and senior staff, both political and administrative, and to the Chief of Defence. The spokesman function is performed by separate spokesmen for the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Defence. The Internal Auditor will contribute to the overall achievement of defence objectives by providing support to the Ministry's senior management in controlling and managing subordinate departments and agencies. The Department of Personnel and General Services spans over a range of different professional areas, some administrative and some more related to aspects of development. Some of the department's tasks are purely internal while others, for example personnel policy and common legal services, entail responsibilities across the sector as a whole. The Department of Security Policy is responsible for the handling of questions of security policy as well as for the Ministry's international activities and external relations in the field of security policy. The Department of Management and Financial Governance has the overall responsibility for the planning and development of activities, the organisation and the structure of the Armed Forces within the particular long-term planning period. The department also exercises overall management and control of the activities of subordinate agencies. The Department of Defence Policy and Long-Term Planning is responsible for strategic analysis, the development of long-term defence policy and overall planning for the defence sector.
 * Executive Secretariat
 * The Ministry of Defence Communications Unit
 * Internal Auditor Unit
 * The Department of Personnel and General Services
 * The Department of Security Policy
 * The Department of Management and Financial Governance
 * The Department of Defence Policy and Long-Term Planning

title: Ministry of Defence (Norway)


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Collingwood, New Zealand

Collingwood is a town in the north-west corner of the South Island of New Zealand along Golden Bay / Mohua. The town is an ecotourism destination due to its proximity to Kahurangi National Park and Farewell Spit Nature Reserve.

History
The town was originally named Gibbstown after the local settler and politician William Gibbs (1817–1897), who arrived in the area in 1851. The settlement was later renamed Collingwood after Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, Lord Nelson's second-in-command at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

Following the discovery of payable gold deposits in the Aorere Valley in 1856 the town's population surged. The population peaked at an estimated 2500 gold miners. In 1857 police buildings were built. In 1859 there were 3 merchants, 2 shoemakers, a tailor, 2 butchers and 7 inns. Fire damaged the town in 1859. In 1860 the gold rush was over and the miners had moved on to the West Coast of the South Island. In the late 1870s coal mining created a second mining boom for Collingwood.

A suggestion was made that Collingwood should become New Zealand's capital. In 1864, three Australian commissioners were tasked with recommending a more central location for the capital and they did visit Golden Bay (then still known as Massacre Bay) but their recommendation was for Wellington.

The town has been damaged by fire several times, being almost destroyed in 1904 which started in the bakery and then spread to the general store. Every building on Tasman Street was destroyed.

In 1930 eight buildings were destroyed in a fire including the Collingwood Hotel and the Presbyterian Church. A fire in 1967 started in the Post Office Hotel and destroyed the hotel and the Memorial Hall. A replacement memorial hall was built in 1972 and contains the Collingwood Library.

HealthPost was founded in 1988 as a mail-order company for natural-health products. It has developed into a significant online retailer and is today the largest employer in Golden Bay.

Geography
Collingwood is located along the western shore of Golden Bay at the mouth of the Aorere River. The town is the endpoint for State Highway 60. The road leaving the town to the southwest goes into the Aorere Valley. The road to the north leads to Cape Farewell via a number of small settlements.

Demographics
Collingwood is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 1.66 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the Golden Bay/Mohua SA2 statistical area.

Before the 2023 census, the settlement had a larger boundary, covering 1.74 km2. Using that boundary, Collingwood had a population of 258 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 12 people (4.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 12 people (4.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 117 households, comprising 120 males and 138 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.87 males per female, with 33 people (12.8%) aged under 15 years, 18 (7.0%) aged 15 to 29, 123 (47.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 84 (32.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 95.3% European/Pākehā, 7.0% Māori, 4.7% Asian, and 1.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 69.8% had no religion, 27.9% were Christian, 1.2% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 66 (29.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 39 (17.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 27 people (12.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 90 (40.0%) people were employed full-time, 48 (21.3%) were part-time, and 3 (1.3%) were unemployed.

Education
Collingwood Area School is a composite school (Years 1–13) catering for primary, secondary, and adult education in the greater Collingwood area, and had a roll of as of  The school celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009.

Tourism
Collingwood is home to the only company with a concession to provide tours to Farewell Spit.

Saint Cuthbert's Anglican Church
Saint Cuthberts was completed in 1873 and built on land believed to have been donated by the town's founder William Gibbs. Local labour and timber were donated to complete the church. Thomas Brunner designed the church. The church having survived unscathed from the many fires that have damaged Collingwood is a New Zealand Heritage category 1 listed building. The church suffered some minor damage from vandals who were caught and prosecuted in 2011. The church seats approximately 50 people. The congregation numbered approximately 20–25 persons in 2016.

Courthouse
The courthouse, built in 1901 just outside the town as it was then. Owing to its location, it survived the 1904 fire. The courthouse has for many years been used as a cafe.

Post office
The Post Office was built in 1906 after the 1904 fire and survived the 1930 fire thanks to the Collingwood Volunteer Fire Brigade.

Collingwood Museum
The Collingwood Museum and Aorere Centre are located on Tasman Street. It was established in 1969 in the former 1910 council office building. It features local historical displays.

Golden Bay Machinery & Settlers Museum
The Golden Bay Machinery & Settlers Museum is located just outside of Collingwood at 869 Collingwood-Bainham Road, Rockville. The collection includes farm machinery including tractors, vehicles and early settlers items. A number of working pieces of steam machinery are also on display.

title: Collingwood, New Zealand