text:
Talk:Stupid White Men

Vandalism
206.123.202.54 changed the title of this page into "Stupid Fat Men" as well as some details. I think I reversed most of it but watch out for future edits this person makes. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.51.112.158 (talk) 02:12, 17 March 2007 (UTC).

References? Neutrality?
I added an "unreferenced" flag to this page. Most of this article is a narrative of the troubles Moore had with publishing the book, but with no mention of the sources for any of that story, or for any of the (somewhat outlandish) quotes. Not quite up to encyclopedia standards.

 * the "narrative of the troubles Moore had with publishing the book" was included in the (revised edition?) book in the forward. --Hypo Mix (talk) 14:13, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Actually, in light of some other comments on this discussion page ("Most of the material in the article is based directly on the UK Edition's Introduction"), a NPOV flag might be more warranted. 68.33.214.51 14:05, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

"To the chagrin of HarperCollins" Is this actually true? I would have thought HC would have been chargined if the book had incited riots and lawsuits against the publisher. They wanted a book that would sell well, they just didn't think they had one. Rich Farmbrough 10:30, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I edited it to "Despite HarperCollins' predictions". "To the chagrin" is patent nonsense - to say that company would be unhappy that one of its products sold well is beyond the realm of conspiracy theory. Last Malthusian 15:52, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Most of the material in the article is based directly on the UK Edition (ISBN 0141011904 )'s Introduction. Copyvio? Lee M 17:18, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I might add that the Section about Moore having troubles with harper-collins sounds like a paraphrased version of the intro to "Stupid White men" - Or at least, the International copies. Churba 07:10, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

"Factual inaccuracies"
What are the "inaccuracies" in the book this article refers to?

I second that. It's important to back up a statement like that with examples to maintain some semblance of NPoV - 81.100.216.53 23:47, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. I guess there are going to be bunches of anti-Moore sites, a link to them may suffice. But an unsubstantiated accusation like that cannot stand. --Orzetto 09:07, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * No idea of the validity of this site (http://www.spinsanity.org/columns/20020403.html), but it's anti-Stupid White Men and seems to know what it's talking about

 * The whole book is "inaccuracy". Have you read it? Moore claims there are more girls born than boys (wich is false (Sex_ratio)). And the reasoning for that is that its "mother nature" wants to destroy man because of his sins... There are plenty more "inaccuracies".
 * "mother nature wants to destroy man because of his sins" is clearly a tongue in cheek joke. also in most developed countries the sex ratio generally shows more women than men (eg: australia,USA,almost all of europe.).--Hypo Mix (talk) 14:12, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Unfortunately, Michael Moore is not noted for much besides collecting a lot of money from dubious stories. He has not produced one single piece of "work" that did not have copious amounts of legitemate criticism.24.10.102.46 01:33, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * legitimate criticism is only required for scientific articles which is hardly what he is attempting. --Hypo Mix (talk) 14:12, 20 January 2008 (UTC)--

Merge proposal for A Prayer to Afflict the Comfortable
Fine with me. SP-KP 17:29, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Can someone who read this book explain why the first prayer listed here makes any sense? If we are sufficiently old enough, there is a good chance of getting cancer so it's not something that being a person of establishment helps in avoiding. Also any member of House of Representatives should have a good medical coverage that give them the advantage in fighting cancer that "ordinary" people may not have. This is like saying "You have a great medical coverage so I hope you get sick to feel the pain of ordinary people who can't afford it!". It just doesn't make any sense. --Revth 09:05, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Stupid White Men


text:
Talk:Field hockey

Not "in most countries"
Someone keeps reverting the terminology in the lead paragraph to read "In most countries, it is known simply as hockey'". This is incorrect; field hockey is generally known as "hockey" only in the UK and a few of its former colonies. Elsewhere, it needs to be described as "field hockey" (or a local language equivalent) in order to be disambiguated from other forms of hockey, particularly ice hockey, which is significantly more popular in many parts of the world (North America, Continental Europe, Russia, etc.). If someone wants to make the claim that field hockey is is known as simply hockey "in most countries," some evidence needs to be provided. For now, I'm changing "most countries" back to "some countries". --WorldWide Update (talk) 09:55, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

 * You're grossly missreprsenting the number of countries included in your phrasing "the UK and a few of its former colonies" - in fact Ice hockey is predominant in ONLY two if its fomer colonies - US and Canada. The rest of the entire English speaking world uses "hockey" to mean "field hockey". We are not concerned about non-English usage at all, so "continental Europe, Russia, etc" do not count. Roger (talk) 11:28, 12 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree with WorldWide Update. Hockey = Ice Hockey in more parts of the world. SO the wording should change to some. Intoronto1125 Talk Contributions   16:31, 12 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Well of course you would, you're Canadian. Roger (talk) 16:50, 12 August 2012 (UTC)
 * We may not be concerned about non-English usage, but we certainly need to be concerned about English-language usage everywhere, even in traditionally non-English-speaking countries. In today's globalized world, English is the world's most widespread second language, and is widely spoken and understood in places such as Continental Europe, so limiting one's examples to the British Commonwealth makes little sense. The English Wikipedia is meant for English-speaking users around the world, not merely those who live in countries where English is the predominant language.--WorldWide Update (talk) 21:33, 12 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Besides, this has little to do with the fact that the use of the phrase "most countries" (no mention of language) in the lead paragraph is misleading. --WorldWide Update (talk) 21:38, 12 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Is there not some way to reword so that "some"/"many"/"most" can be completely avoided? In countries where field hockey is played and ice hockey is not, field hockey is called "hockey". In countries where ice hockey is played or watched to any significant extent, ice hockey is the sport called just "hockey". Right? So can we not just acknowledge that rather than have an endless pissing match about who has more of whatever? Franamax (talk) 21:58, 12 August 2012 (UTC)
 * That sounds very reasonable to me. --WorldWide Update (talk) 22:43, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

It is not incorrect to say 'In most countries [field hockey],...is known simply as hockey'. As I write, I am watching the Hockey World Cup. It is field hockey. The the International Hockey Federation (FIH) has 126 members compared with the 77-member International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) as stated in the Wikipedia article about hockey. Both governing bodies therefore, agree on the terminology. I know North Americans are passionate about the fine sport of ice hockey and think it is a more manly game (though this would be an extremely dubious assertion to anyone who has played top level field hockey), but it is a variant. Calling ice hockey 'hockey' is the equivalent of calling water polo 'polo' or beach volleyball 'volleyball'. Iggyc61 (talk) 00:54, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

It makes me smile to read these constant demands that North American usage should prevail whatever the circumstances on Wikipedia. Often this is accompanied by assertions that their usage is the majority so should be used. Even if this assertion were true (normally dubious), then if we are to follow majority usage North Americans should follow majority world usage and stop calling the ground floor the first floor, stop calling football soccer, and use dates in the common format DYM (63%) or even YMD (32%) rather than MDY (3%)! DickyP (talk) 09:49, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

Sorry guys, Canada owns hockey and their way goes. Hockey == ice hockey. That's just how it is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:449:C200:CDBF:4498:B56A:62BE:2130 (talk) 20:59, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The IIHF is the highest governing body for Ice Hockey. I would like to know what those letters stand for if it’s not International Ice Hockey Federation. As opposed the the IHF which is the governing body for real hockey as played on Astro turf. 81.99.178.220 (talk) 12:09, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * The IIHF is much less important than the NHL. --Trovatore (talk) 23:13, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

 * The 'field hockey' problem is essentially the same as the 'soccer' problem. Worldwide 'hockey' and 'football' are the names of the two sports. Only in the the USA and Canada, where ice hockey and American football first developed a greater popularity (and commercialism), than the worldwide popularity of hockey and football, have the terms 'field hockey' and 'soccer' been necessary, to avoid confusion and possible commercial pressure, from those involved in those same named existing Can-Am sports.
 * If that title is to remain here, it needs to have a US/Canada attribution, such as Field Hockey (US/Canada) or Hockey (alt. field hockey US/Canada) unless any one can find any other countries, where ice hockey is primarily referred to as 'hockey'. 87.112.193.3 (talk) 22:58, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I have doubts as to the history of the term 'field hockey'. It may have been used in USA and Canada for longer than I've known it, but like 'soccer' it only seemed to gain prominence when the USA started getting more interested (and interest), in playing those games internationally and promoting them nationally, where it became necessary to differentiate between hockey and football and their own different sports of the same name. 87.112.193.3 (talk) 23:05, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

"In the United States field hockey is played predominantly by females."
This sentence is just left hanging, without context or explanation.

I suggest we work the following into the text: "Field hockey, a mostly male-dominated game in Europe, is almost exclusively played by girls in the US due to the passing of Title IX in 1972, which prohibits sex-based discrimination in public schools and made field hockey a counterweight to boys’ football." CapnZapp (talk) 14:51, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

Term "grass hockey" sometimes used informally in US, Canada
In third paragraph: "the term "field hockey" (and sometimes "grass hockey" informally) is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular.

I don't think adding the words (and sometimes "grass hockey" informally) is too disruptive to the field hockey world outside Canada and the United States. Thoughts? Google "grass hockey" -> About 50,200 results (0.56 seconds) Facts707 (talk) 20:12, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Actually I'm not too concerned about it because I see Google "field hockey" -> About 19,600,000 results (0.82 seconds). I won't add "(and sometimes "grass hockey" informally)" unless a consensus here develops. Cheers, Facts707 (talk) 18:40, 15 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Good. -Roxy . wooF 20:19, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

Most hockey is played on artificial surface like 2G astroturf so grass not really appropriate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.99.178.220 (talk) 12:11, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

No Wikipedia:WikiProject Field Hockey
There is WikiProject Ice Hockey, as I suppose I would expect, but field hockey doesn't have a WikiProject. Would anyone be interested in forming it?

Sistorian (talk) 04:46, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree, it would be a great idea. Fma12 (talk) 00:03, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

State of this article
I have been doing what I can to try and resolve some of the issues which mostly concern both lack and reliability of sources. I am going to be away for a lengthy period after today but, if anyone can help with the problems here, that will be appreciated. Good luck.

Sistorian (talk) 12:37, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

Reliable sources and unclear and multiple issues
The page has multiple issues and no reliable sources, you can help fixing the page later. Thank You. 189.174.145.87 (talk) 13:06, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Field hockey


text:
Kawasaki Frontale

Kawasaki Frontale (川崎フロンターレ) is a Japanese professional football club based in Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, south of Tokyo. The club currently compete in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country. Their home stadium is Kawasaki Todoroki Stadium in Nakahara Ward, located in the central area of Kawasaki.

Establishment and earlier years (1955–1977)
The club was founded in 1955 as Fujitsu Soccer Club. It was one of many city clubs that comprised the Japan Soccer League (JSL), including Yomiuri (later Tokyo Verdy 1969), Toshiba (later Consadole Sapporo) and NKK SC (now defunct). They first made the JSL Division 1 in 1977, only to be relegated the next season.

Professional transition and relegations (1997–2000)
Fujitsu's club became professional in 1997, and changed its name to "Kawasaki Frontale", which means "frontal" in Italian. The club old crest and colours are based on those of Brazilian side Grêmio, because both clubs have cooperated since 26 March 1997.

The club joined the second division of the J.League in 1999 and went on to become the champion of the division. But in the next season, they sank to the bottom of J.League Division 1 and were relegated.

Frontale would not return to the top flight until 2000, when they were promoted to the rebranded J1. But, they were once again dropped to the J2 at the end of the season.

Back to the top flight and AFC Champions League debut (2004–2007)
In 2004, Frontale crowned champions of J2 and won promotion to J1 for the second time. With the former rival city clubs out of the way due to relocation or liquidation, they began building their power base in the city.

In 2006, the club achieved runners-up position in J1, their highest league position up to that time. As a result, they entered the AFC Champions League for the first time in 2007 from the group stage.

Kawasaki made important success in the competition, as they became the first Japanese club for qualifying its group stage before the eventual winners, Urawa Red Diamonds. However, they eventually lost in the quarter finals against Iranian club, Sepahan, in a penalty shoot-out, following two scoreless games.

Prominence era (2017–present)
After two more second-place finishes in 2008 and 2009, Kawasaki finally won the title in 2017, coming from behind to upstage bitter rivals Kashima Antlers after they were held to a draw at Júbilo Iwata, 16 seasons and 40 years after their first promotion to the top division.

Kawasaki started to create history on the J.League by became first team to ever won four J1 titles on a five-year span, something that previously never happened. And after came up short multiple times in 2000, 2007, 2009 and 2017, they finally won their first J.League Cup on 2019 by beating Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo on penalties. In 2020, they successfully won their third J1 League title with 83 points, staying 17 points clear off the runners-up, Gamba Osaka. They made sure of the title with four games to spare, which was a record under the 34-match league format. With a player depth not being restricted to the starting XI, Frontale managed to get the best out of the five substitutions allowed by the J. League, per FIFA recommendation, instated after the COVID-19 outbreak. A good example was a breakout season by Kaoru Mitoma, who started more matches on the bench than in the starting XI.

In 2021, Frontale continue to assert their dominance and display great performances throughout the season. They won their first title of the year in their very opening match of the season, after beating Gamba Osaka by 3–2 on the 2021 Japanese Super Cup.

Such rise of standards, eye-catching performances, and increase of national team level players coming from Frontale led foreign clubs to caught attention on their players. Among the most marking departures, Frontale saw two major talents leaving the club mid-season. The first one being Kaoru Mitoma, who got included in the 2020 J.League Best XI in his first full season as a professional despite playing less than half of his matches as a starter for Frontale, being signed by Brighton & Hove Albion of the Premier League. The second one was midfielder, Ao Tanaka. The 2020 J.League Rookie of the Year which quickly earned his spot on the starting XI after turning professional, transferring to Fortuna Düsseldorf of 2. Bundesliga on loan, which later would have his deal turning permanent. They weren't the only departures leaving a mark on the team, as they followed Hidemasa Morita to Europe, as the latter went on to sign for Santa Clara of the Primeira Liga.

However, despite Frontale having their future performances being apparently threatened after these departures, the club went on to win the 2021 J1 League with a record-breaking season, which saw them: Winning the most points on a single J1 League season ever, with 92 points won on 38 matches; Achieving the fewest number of losses on a J1 League season, registering only two losses in total (the first J1 loss only came six months after the season opening); Being the joint unbeaten team at home matches in a J1 League season, equalling Urawa Red Diamonds's tally in 2006; Being the first ever J1 team to win more than 80 points on consecutive seasons.

Leandro Damião, with 23 goals, was Frontale's individual highlight on the 2021 season, helping him win the MVP award, after being the joint league top-scorer and one of the players with the most assists of the tournament. The latter record was accomplished by another Frontale players, Miki Yamane, which also saw several call-ups for the National Team throughout the 2021 and 2022 season, alongside other Frontale players and formers players, like the team captain Shogo Taniguchi, and midfielder Yasuto Wakizaka. They joined many other players who previously were selected for the Japan national football team while playing at Frontale. Of the selected players, some players can be highlighted, like defender Yoshinobu Minowa, who was selected in 2005. After the 2006 FIFA World Cup, midfielder Kengo Nakamura and forward Kazuki Ganaha became new Japan internationals, especially Kengo Nakamura, who being a mainstay at club and country for a long time. Long-serving for the national team, goalkeeper Eiji Kawashima was also selected while at Frontale, making his debut on the 2008 East Asian Cup. Shuhei Terada, who played all of his 13-year professional career at Frontale, was also selected for the national team from 2008 to 2009.

After five consecutive seasons winning at least one major title from 2017 to 2021, Frontale tasted a season without winning any silverware for the entire 2022. Taking their previous overall season into account, the club went through an uninspired season, which saw early eliminations in all four competitions the club played that involved knockout-stage formats. On February, the club already saw their first match of the season resulting on a defeat, after losing 2–0 by Urawa Red Diamonds at the Super Cup. On April, the club was eliminated at the 2022 AFC Champions League at its group stage, finishing their group as runners-up, behind Malaysian champions Johor Darul Ta'zim. On June, at the Emperor's Cup, Frontale were unexpectedly eliminated, at the third round of the competition, after being defeated by J2 League club Tokyo Verdy by 1–0.

On the latter half of the season, Frontale continued an atypically poor run of form. On August, the club started their campaign at the J.League Cup, entering the competition late in the double-legged quarter-finals, after receiving a bye from the early stages of the competition due to their AFC Champions League qualification. The club played this quarter-finals against Cerezo Osaka, and was awarded the hosting rights of the tie's second leg. Despite not losing any of the two legs, Frontale didn't won any, either. At Cerezo, the match ended 1–1, giving a theoretical relief for Frontale ahead of the match, who only needed a 0–0 draw or a win to proceed in the competition. Frontale started the second leg winning 2–0, with Marcinho scoring two goals at the 40th and 53rd minute. Surprisingly, Frontale collapsed at the dying minutes of the match, conceding two heading goals at the 90th and 95th minute, respectively.

Following the elimination at the J.League Cup, only the J1 League title was then available for Frontale to chase. Oscillating placements throughout the campaign, the club still managed to finish five separate matchweeks at the top of the league in the first half of the season. In the second half of the season, though, never again did Frontale get past the second place. Serving as a minor consolation for their season, the club held to a hardly-fought title chase alongside Sanfrecce Hiroshima (until the closing matchweeks). On December, at the 38th round, the last round of the season, Frontale were narrow two points away from first-placed Yokohama F. Marinos. A 13-goal difference was also in Frontale's way, meaning that in the more realistic scenario, Frontale needed to win their match and expect Marinos to lose theirs. Playing the round against FC Tokyo, Frontale were early threatened with a red card, as Jung Sung-ryong was sent off a few minutes after Frontale's first goal. Despite playing the rest of the match with 10 players, Frontale still managed to win past FC Tokyo by 3–2. Playing against Vissel Kobe, Marinos won the match by 3–1, and then were handed the J1 League title. On the plus side, finishing as the league's runners-up led the club to qualify for the 2023–24 AFC Champions League, entering the competition in the group stage.

On 9 December 2023, Frontale won the 2023 Emperor's Cup title, beating Kashiwa Reysol 8–7 in the penalty shootout after the match ended 0–0. This second national cup victory resulting their qualification for the 2024–25 AFC Champions League Elite, entering directly from the league stage.

On 17 February 2024, Frontale defeated 2023 J1 League champions, Vissel Kobe, in the 2024 Japanese Super Cup at Japan National Stadium to clinch their third title of the competition.

Tamagawa Clásico
Frontale's rivalry with FC Tokyo is known as the Tamagawa Clásico (using the Spanish word "Clásico" as used in derbies in Spain and Latin America). The two clubs first met in the inaugural Kanto Soccer League in 1967, but did not meet again until 1991 in the old Japan Soccer League Division 2 and were rivals for promotion to the J.League in the 1990s. They co-founded the new J2 League in 1999 and were promoted together the same year, and although Frontale were immediately relegated, they were promoted again in 2005 and have regularly met since then.

Frontale also has a Tamagawa rivalry with Tokyo Verdy 1969, which was originally also based in Kawasaki and moved to Chofu, Tokyo in 2000. The two were co-founders of the JSL Division 2 in 1972 and, although spent 20 seasons (1979 to 1999) in separate tiers, rekindled the rivalry in the late 1990s as Kawasaki fans deserted Tokyo Verdy to support Frontale, seen as a more community-focused club, and since then their fortunes have reversed as Frontale is a top flight mainstay while Tokyo Verdy sunk into the second tier beginning in 2005.

Affiliated clubs

 * 🇯🇵 Fukushima United (1 February 2024−31 January 2026)
 * 🇧🇷 Grêmio (26 March 1997−present)

Kawasaki Frontale U-18
The main U-18 team of Kawasaki Frontale currently plays in 2024 Prince Takamado U-18 Premier League, the top-flight league for U-18 team of football clubs and senior high school football teams in the country. Only the registered players for the competition will be displayed.

League history

 * Regional (Kanto Soccer League): 1967–71 (as Fujitsu)
 * Division 2 (JSL Div. 2): 1972–76 (as Fujitsu)
 * Division 1 (JSL Div. 1): 1977–78
 * Division 2 (JSL Div. 2): 1979–91
 * Division 2 (former JFL Div. 1): 1992–98 (as Fujitsu 1992–95; Fujitsu Kawasaki 1996; Kawasaki Frontale 1997–present)
 * Division 2 (J2): 1999
 * Division 1 (J1): 2000
 * Division 2 (J2): 2001–04
 * Division 1 (J1): 2005–present

Total (as of 2021): 20 seasons in the top tier, 30 seasons in the second tier and 5 seasons in the Regional Leagues.

Honours
As Fujitsu SC (1955–1996) and Kawasaki Frontale (1997–present) :

Personnel awards

 * J.League Player of the Year
 * 🇯🇵 Kengo Nakamura (2016)
 * 🇯🇵 Yu Kobayashi (2017)
 * 🇯🇵 Akihiro Ienaga (2018)
 * 🇧🇷 Leandro Damião (2021)

 * J.League Top Scorer
 * 🇧🇷 Juninho (2008)
 * 🇯🇵 Yoshito Ōkubo (2013, 2014, 2015)
 * 🇯🇵 Yu Kobayashi (2017)
 * 🇧🇷 Leandro Damião (2021)

 * J.League Best Eleven
 * 🇯🇵 Kengo Nakamura (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2016, 2017, 2018)
 * 🇯🇵 Hiroyuki Taniguchi (2006)
 * 🇧🇷 Juninho (2007)
 * 🇯🇵 Eiji Kawashima (2009)
 * 🇯🇵 Yoshito Ōkubo (2013, 2014, 2015)
 * 🇯🇵 Yu Kobayashi (2016, 2017)
 * 🇯🇵 Shintaro Kurumaya (2017, 2018)
 * 🇧🇷 Elsinho (2017, 2018)
 * 🇯🇵 Shogo Taniguchi (2018, 2020, 2021, 2022)
 * 🇯🇵 Akihiro Ienaga (2018, 2020, 2021, 2022)
 * 🇰🇷 Jung Sung-ryong (2018, 2020)
 * 🇯🇵 Ryota Oshima (2018)
 * 🇯🇵 Miki Yamane (2020, 2021, 2022)
 * 🇧🇷 Jesiel (2020, 2021)
 * 🇯🇵 Hidemasa Morita (2020)
 * 🇯🇵 Kaoru Mitoma (2020)
 * 🇯🇵 Kyohei Noborizato (2020)
 * 🇯🇵 Ao Tanaka (2020)
 * 🇧🇷 Leandro Damião (2021)
 * 🇯🇵 Reo Hatate (2021)
 * 🇯🇵 Yasuto Wakizaka (2021, 2022, 2023)
 * 🇧🇷 Marcinho (2022)

 * J.League Rookie of the Year
 * 🇯🇵 Ao Tanaka (2019)

World Cup players
The following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup, while playing for Kawasaki Frontale:
 * 🇯🇵 Kengo Nakamura (2010)
 * 🇯🇵 Junichi Inamoto (2010)
 * 🇯🇵 Eiji Kawashima (2010)
 * Jong Tae-Se (2010)
 * 🇯🇵 Yoshito Ōkubo (2014)
 * 🇯🇵 Ryota Oshima (2018)
 * 🇯🇵 Shogo Taniguchi (2022)
 * 🇯🇵 Miki Yamane (2022)

Olympic players
The following players have represented their country at the Summer Olympic Games whilst playing for Kawasaki Frontale:
 * 🇯🇵 Hiroyuki Taniguchi (2008)
 * 🇯🇵 Shunsuke Ando (2012)
 * 🇯🇵 Riki Harakawa (2016)
 * 🇯🇵 Ryota Oshima (2016)
 * 🇯🇵 Ao Tanaka (2020)
 * 🇯🇵 Kaoru Mitoma (2020)
 * 🇯🇵 Reo Hatate (2020)

title: Kawasaki Frontale


text:
Georgian lari

The lari (ლარი; ISO 4217: GEL) is the currency of Georgia. It is divided into 100 tetri (თეთრი). The name lari is an old Georgian word denoting a hoard, property, while tetri is an old Georgian monetary term (meaning 'white') used in ancient Colchis from the 6th century BC. Earlier Georgian currencies include the maneti (მანეთი), abazi (აბაზი), and kuponi (კუპონი).

Kuponi
Georgia replaced the Soviet ruble on 5 April 1993, with the kuponi (კუპონი) at par. This currency consisted only of banknotes, had no subdivisions and suffered from hyperinflation. Notes were issued in denominations between 1 and 1 million kuponi, including the somewhat unusual 3, 3,000, 30,000 and 150,000 kuponi.

Lari
On 2 October 1995, the government of Eduard Shevardnadze replaced the provisional coupon currency with the Lari, at a rate of one million to one. It has remained fairly stable since then.

Lari sign
The NBG announced the Lari sign competition in December 2013. The temporary commission consisted of representatives of NBG, the Budget and Finance Committee of the Parliament of Georgia, the State Council of Heraldry, the Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia and the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia.

On 8 July 2014, Giorgi Kadagidze, Governor of the National Bank of Georgia (NBG), unveiled the winning proposal for the sign of the national currency to the public. The author of the winning sign was professional artist-ceramist, Malkhaz Shvelidze.

In choosing the winning sign, the commission gave priority to the samples based on the Georgian Mkhedruli character and made a point of the following criteria: conception, design, accordance with Georgian alphabet, existence of elements marking the currency, ease of construction, and observance of requests and recommendations determined by competition rules.

The Lari sign is based on an arched letter ლ (Lasi) of the Georgian script. It is common international practice for a currency sign to consist of a letter, crossed by one or two parallel lines. Two parallel lines crossing the letter Lasi are the basic components of the Lari sign. The so-called “leg” of the letter, represented by a horizontal line, is a necessary attribute of the sign, adding monumental stability to the upper dynamic arc. The form of the letter is transformed in order to simplify its perception and implementation as a Lari sign.

On 18 July 2014, Giorgi Melashvili, executive director of the National Bank of Georgia, sent a request letter to the Unicode Consortium to register the symbol in the Currency Symbols block of the Unicode Standard as

On 17 June 2015, the Unicode Consortium released Unicode V8.0, which includes the Lari sign as

Coins
Coins are issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 tetri, as well as 1 and 2 lari.

The National Bank of Georgia announced on 5 October 2018 that it would discontinue circulation of 1 and 2 Tetri coins as of 1 January 2021, and that these coins would lose their legal tender status. 1 and 2 Tetri coins could be exchanged at the National Bank of Georgia and commercial banks in Georgia within one year from 1 January 2021, and can only be exchanged at the National Bank of Georgia from 1 January 2022. According to the new regulations on cash payments introduced by the National Bank of Georgia on 1 January 2019, 1 and 2 tetri are rounded to 0, and 3, 4, 6 and 7 tetri are rounded to 5.

The National Bank of Georgia announced on 12 November 2015 that, effective 1 January 2018, the old 50 Tetri coin, issued since 1995, would be withdrawn from circulation and the coins would lose their legal tender status. The old 50 Tetri coin were exchangeable at the National Bank of Georgia and commercial banks of Georgia within one year from 1 January 2018, and from 1 January 2019 only at the National Bank of Georgia.

2016–2019 (current) series
Between November 2016 and October 2019 the National Bank of Georgia released five banknotes (in denominations of ₾5, ₾10, ₾20, ₾50, and ₾100), composing a new complete set. The 2016–2019 series lari notes are produced by Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych (Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych).

Earlier issues
The National Bank of Georgia announced that banknotes of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lari issued between 1995 and 1999 will no longer be legal tender on 1 January 2022. These currencies can only be exchanged at the National Bank of Georgia from 1 January 2022.

title: Georgian lari


text: Category:Historical linguistics

title: Category:Historical linguistics


text:
Mike Chunn

Jonathan Michael Chunn (born 8 June 1952 in London) is a former member of the New Zealand bands Split Enz and Citizen Band. He performed alongside his brother Geoff Chunn in both bands. His musical performing career was cut short due to agoraphobia.

Chunn spent eleven years as Director of New Zealand operations for the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), retiring from the role at the end of October 2003. He was CEO of Play It Strange Trust until November 2023, which encourages teenagers to try songwriting, and which he founded in April 2004.

He has published several books, including the Split Enz biography Stranger Than Fiction.

In the 2002 Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours, Chunn was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music. He was promoted to Companion of the same order in the 2015 New Year Honours, for services to music and mental health awareness.

Chunn has been involved in numerous endeavours, including founding the Play it Strange Trust.

In 2016, he was presented with a Scroll of Honour from the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand for services to New Zealand entertainment.

Books

 * Chunn, Mike, Stranger Than Fiction: The Life and Times of Split Enz, GP Publications, 1992. ISBN 1-86956-050-7
 * Chunn, Mike, Stranger Than Fiction: The Life and Times of Split Enz, (revised, ebook edition), Hurricane Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9922556-3-3
 * Chunn, Mike and Chunn, Jeremy, The Mechanics of Popular Music, A New Zealand Perspective, GP Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-86956-130-9
 * Chunn, Mike, Seven Voices – Tales of Madness & Mirth, Purple Egg Press, 1997. ISBN 0-473-05021-8
 * Chunn, Mike and Chunn, Jeremy, and Chunn, Barney, I'm with the Band, Hurricane Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9864684-6-9

title: Mike Chunn


text:
Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña

Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña, SJ (1597 – c. 1676) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and explorer.

Biography
He was born at Burgos in Spain. He was admitted a Jesuit in 1612, and afterwards sent on mission work to Chile and Peru, where he became rector of the college of Cuenca. In 1639 he accompanied Pedro Teixeira in his second exploration of the Amazon, in order to take scientific observations, and draw up a report for the Spanish government. The journey lasted ten months; and on the explorer's arrival in Belém, Acuña prepared his narrative, while awaiting a ship for Europe. The king of Spain, Philip IV, received the author coldly, and, it is said even tried to suppress his book, fearing that the Portuguese, who had just revolted from Spain (1640), would profit by its information. After occupying the positions of procurator of the Jesuits at Rome and censor (calificador) of the Spanish Inquisition at Madrid, Acuña returned to South America, where he died, probably soon after 1675. His Nuevo Descubrimiento del Gran Río de las Amazonas was published at Madrid in 1641; French and English translations (the latter from the French), appeared in 1682 and 1698.

Acuña was the first to describe the Casiquiare canal, a natural canal linking the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, in 1639.

title: Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña


text:
Penguin sweater

Penguin sweaters, also known as penguin jumpers, are sweaters knitted for penguins that have been caught in oil slicks. When an oil spill affects penguins they have in the past been sometimes dressed in knitted sweaters, supposedly to stop them from poisoning themselves by ingesting the oil during preening, and to keep them warm, since the spilled oil destroys their natural oils. The sweaters are removed and discarded as soon as the penguins can be washed.

History

Penguin Jumpers were invented by Clare Davis (a founder of WildLife Victoria) and brought to life by her friend Margaret Healy and another one of Clares Friends. The project originated with the Phillip Island Nature Park oil spill of January 2000 and was successfully completed, but the knitting pattern and call for volunteers to donate remained available online. Instead of the 100 or so sweaters needed, thousands were sent. The extra sweaters were stockpiled by the Tasmanian Conservation Trust. As of 2014, the Australia-based Penguin Foundation is still accepting handmade sweaters but no longer uses these for penguin rehabilitation. Instead, these sweaters are used to dress toy penguins which are then sold to raise money for the foundation. After a 2011 oil spill in New Zealand, a local yarn shop put out the call for penguin jumpers, and supplied a pattern. Jumpers were received from all over the world. However, those cleaning and rehabilitating the penguins affected said they neither used nor requested the jumpers: heat lamps were used to keep cleaned penguins warm. Once they are cleaned, there is little danger of them ingesting oil when preening – one of the rationales given for penguin sweaters – and sweaters may in fact do more harm than good to the penguins. A penguin wetsuit has been made for a penguin who lost his feathers,  and similar garments are being made for battery chicken rehabilitation.

Controversy and potential risks
The use of penguin sweaters has been criticized as a potential risk to the health of the penguins, as wearing foreign garments can cause additional stress to the penguins and adversely affect their health. Instead, some wildlife rescues use heat lamps to help regulate the temperature of the birds and prevent excessive preening. The International Bird Rescue does not use penguin sweaters or any bird sweaters, because of the dangers of placing a garment on the birds that presses the oil against their skin and prevents the fumes from the oil from dissipating. Another potential risk of using penguin sweaters is that handling or wearing foreign materials can cause additional stress to the penguins.

Peter Dann, of the Philip Island Nature Park, stated that the Little Penguins dealt with by Philip Island Nature Park have different needs than the African Penguins International Bird Rescue, and that there were comparable rates of success for rehabilitating Little Penguins with sweaters and African Penguins with heat lamps.

title: Penguin sweater


text:
Talk:Timeline of New Zealand history/to do

 * Refactor all years to fix language and ensure text is original
 * Add dates (and maybe places) of birth and death of various New Zealanders These will be removed from this list. Add them to individual year articles.
 * Fix any election links that don't seem to work yet
 * Add election results (in summary form)
 * Byelection dates and results


text:
Eleftheria i thanatos

Eleftheria i thanatos (Ελευθερία ή θάνατος, ; 'Freedom or Death') is the motto of Greece. It originated in the Greek songs of resistance that were powerful motivating factors for independence. It was adopted in 1814 by the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization formed specifically for the overthrow of Ottoman rule.

Overview
The motto arose during the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s, where it was a war cry for the Greeks who rebelled against Ottoman rule. It was adopted after the Greek War of Independence and is still in use today. One explanation for the 9 stripes on the Greek flag is that they represent the nine syllables of the motto, five blue stripes for the syllables Eleftheria and four white stripes for i thanatos. The motto symbolized and still symbolizes the resolve of the people of Greece against tyranny and oppression.

Part of the emblem of the Filiki Eteria were two flags with the letters ΗΕΑ and ΗΘΣ; These represent Ή ΕλευθερίΑ Ή ΘάνατοΣ, 'Either Freedom, or Death'. This is also the motto of the 4th Infantry Division of the Greek Army.

Cultural references
Nikos Kazantzakis' novel Captain Michalis was subtitled Freedom or Death, which became its title in the United States, Germany, France, and other countries.

title: Eleftheria i thanatos


text:
Template talk:Sectstub

The 'Substub' category
I think it's a bad idea to have a category for an article be that a section is a stub. As an instance of the oddness of it, on articles with multiple substub notices the category listing "Stub section" will appear multiple times at the bottom. I don't see why we can't direct someone to "What links here" instead. V V 11:04, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The expansion portion could be worked on to include the edit of the specific section as opposed to the whole article -- however, I don't know how to do that. -- [[User:Allyunion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 11:44, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Is there any way to make change the action of "help" link to section edit? --Shervinafshar 09:30, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * This would require a MediaWiki software change, such as a HiddenCategory:Whatever usage, which would add an article to a category but not list the category on the page itself. Feature request, I suppose? • Benc • 20:47, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Adding an image
The image tends to disrupt the flow of the following section. I propose removing it. —Ashley Y 06:51, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)

 * Done. —Ashley Y 10:59, 2005 Mar 7 (UTC)

 * Making it inline rather than "left" fixes the flow disruption issue. Restored. —  Stevie is the man!  Talk 14:33, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * What's the point of the image? It does still mess up the look of the page, as the entire line of text bcomes taller. Ec5618 18:26, May 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * I repeat, what's the point of the image? User:Stevietheman put the images back citing that 'Wikipedia stub msgs are moving toward having images associated with them'. Why is this true and what is the point? The sectstub should, in my opinion, be a subtle reminder that the section is still rather bare, and that a contribution to it would be appreciated. -- Ec5618 17:07, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I support the image. Images let you quickly identify templates. --MarSch 30 June 2005 15:07 (UTC)
 * I think the image is ugly and disrupts flow, but I understand the value of having an image in all stub tags. That said, how about a smaller image? - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 16:22, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This was done by A Man In Black on August 13, 2005.  howch e  ng   {chat} 20:20, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "'Wikipedia stub msgs are moving toward having images associated with them'. Why is this true and what is the point?" Indeed.  Moreover, why lump this template in with the rest when all other stub messages appear at the bottom of the page where disruption of text is not an issue? Jimp 17:04, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Interwiki link to vi:
Please add a link to the Vietnamese version of this template:

vi:Tiêu bản:Phần sơ khai

Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 01:05, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Also add no:Mal:Seksjonstubb . __meco 11:49, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There's now a Finnish equivalent fi:Malline:Tynkä/Osa -- N eo fe lis N eb ul osa (моє обговорення)  22:26, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. NCurs e work 19:05, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Rename?
Shouldn't this be renamed to something not using the word "stub", following the category rename? Perhaps to sectexp, or similar? I'd suggest keeping this as a redirect for the time being, though. Alai 06:24, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Done the redirect, but could be a different. (Sub)Stub is when there is no text or only a few text. Expand could be used when there is text, but one want more text--Mac 10:12, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Edit link improvement
When clicking to edit the section the entire article appears in the editor. Couldn't this be modified so that only the section appears in the editor. __meco 11:52, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Not in any way I see. — Mets 501 (talk) 04:52, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh? And why not?  You can do that quite easily by clicking on the [Edit] link. OneWeirdDude 23:20, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Links in the template
I propose changing the first link in the template to point directly at Wikipedia:Stub instead of pointing to the old redirect page. Also I propose removing the link on the "help" text (since it also points to Wikipedia:Stub). Also I propose changing "adding to it" to "expanding it" per the usual wording on other stub templates. Thanks! --- RockMFR 18:38, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. --Ligulem 16:08, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Please add lang:bg
bg:Шаблон:Секция мъниче Thanks--Петър Петров 16:49, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Done by applying the Template doc page pattern. Please add further interwikis to Template:Sectstub/doc (not protected) --Ligulem 09:15, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Edit
Which looks like this:

-- PatrickFisher 06:56, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Any reason why you see the icon should be 10px larger? ZsinjTalk 19:23, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Done, minus the image size increase. ZsinjTalk 01:56, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

The image
There is an SVG version of the image, so I suggest to change the image to this one. Cristan 12:34, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

still disrupts flow
Is there like a line break after it or is the image actually that big that it messes up the page flow?--Urthogie 20:30, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Interwikilink to Swedish wp
Please add sv:Mall:Stubavsnitt so to link to the Swedish equivalence. --Bensin 02:06, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Idem for it.wiki
it:Template:S sezione. Bye!
 * editprotected --Bensin 13:53, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * This template has a /doc subpage that everyone can edit. No editprotected is needed to add interwikis. — Carl (CBM · talk) 14:42, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

invite only non-infringing material

 * This discussion has been moved to Template talk:stub

Hello. I suggest that the stub template assert that contributions must be GFDL licensed; perhaps something like thank you for considering this. Crimethinker 21:46, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The edit screen already says  Do not copy text from other websites without a GFDL-compatible license. It will be deleted. , it's not clear what adding this would accomplish. It might make sense to move that to above the submit button, or even above the edit summary. --Random832 00:20, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

A little bulky
I use the normal stub templates all the time, but I've always avoided section-stub because it tends to dwarf the sections it's posted in. Seems like that problem could be largely dealt with by just shrinking the font like Template:fact and either axing or radically shrinking the image. Just a style thing, but it'd be interesting to see if anyone else feels the same way.

Seems like templates that may be used within multiple sections of an article should have minimal impact, unlike those reserved for a single section like the cleanup templates & NPOV, neutrality flags. Unlike those, it is possible to have a lengthy article that doesn't meet the stub definition that has multiple sections calling for this. MrZaius talk  17:43, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Seeing no objections, making the change . Please discuss if you see any issues with it, but this should be far less intrusive and will still get the job done.  MrZaius  talk  15:53, 27 June 2007 (UTC) Didn't spot that it was protected.  Is anyone watching this that can implement the change or weigh in on it?  MrZaius  talk  15:55, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with the proposed change. __meco 20:04, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Okay. Then, to minimize the impact of this template, which, given that it is not centered like a normal cleanup template and, like Template:Fact can feasibly be used multiple times within a start-class article, here's the edit request - Please replace with the code from User:Mrzaius/sandbox/template: editprotected Note that the image really doesn't work at the shrunk down size, but templates like Fact don't tend to include any sort of graphical content anyway. Even so, if the image is deemed necessary, the code to render it is in the link above, just commented out. MrZaius talk  14:14, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Before making this edit, I'd like to make sure that there's a consensus for the exact version of the template to use (with/without image), and that this shrinking is needed at all. If there's a consensus to do so, or no input after a reasonable length of time, the edit should probably be made. --ais523 14:20, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to agree with the change -- I personally lean towards removing the image altogether (it should probably be less obtrusive, if we can have several copies on the same page), but if the masses favor keeping the image, we can at least shrink it or find a smaller one. – Luna Santin  (talk) 19:56, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Here's the same shrunk down version of the template, but w/the scaled down image un-commented out - Honestly, I'm not sure whether it's more beneficial to have the graphical queue that it's a stub or to have it be simple as possible. Note that the old thought that the image is a valuable link to Template:Stub is no longer really valid, due to the effectiveness of our stub sorters. MrZaius talk  20:34, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think I still favor dropping the image, but with or without it, that's infinitely better than the current template. – Luna Santin  (talk) 21:41, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. I added a  class to keep the template similar to Template:stub; the arrow next to the link looked goofy next to such small text. I retained the image because it's been around for a long time, and I think having only text will blend in too much. Cheers. --MZMcBride 04:24, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks! MrZaius  talk  04:29, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

I think you ought to get rid of the image. It looks like nothing so much as a dead poppy. I wound up on this talk page while trying to figure out what the picture was and why it was relevant. Now that I know what it is, it wasn't worth knowing, so remove the image so other people won't have to also waste time figuring it out. --Polymath69 15:41, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Grammar
Is it just me or the current wording is not good English?
 *  This section stub requires expansion.

What's "section stub"? Maybe "stub-section" or "stubby section" would be better? Ideas? Renata 18:03, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It just means some of us have been here too long and begun to think of "section stub" as a normal phrase. It really would make more sense to change "section stub" to "short section".  If the use of the word stub must be preserved, we could use "section is a stub that" or "section is a stub requiring expansion", but both of those would considerably increase its footprint.  Any objections to "short section"?  MrZaius  talk  18:14, 14 July 2007 (UTC) PS: I intentionally left the link out as WP:STUB does not currently cover section stubs at all, referring the user to the poorly written Help:Section instead. If we need the link, we'd better fix the stub page or write a section-specific one.   MrZaius  talk  18:18, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I am good with "This short section requires expansion." Stub is really a whole article. Renata 02:00, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Anyone else an opinion before I change it? Renata 01:48, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Changed. Renata 03:01, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Why "short"?
(Sorry I didn't get into this debate last summer.)   Why use "short section" instead of just "section"?—Markles 21:47, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Seeing no answer, I've removed "short." —Markles 13:05, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

background color
editprotected This template is displayed inside article, but this is maintenance tag, not content of article. Only article contents should have white background, except that in foot section. Add a background color with or without border, like in other maintenance tags like cleanup, unreferenced etc. Thira&lasto 07:04, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * If consensus develops for this I'll do it, but having no background color is the standard for regular stub tags, which this parallels. It would be an intentional change to make this more visible by adding border and color. 13:58, 24 July 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by CBM (talk • contribs)
 * Actually, all other likesized templates that I'm aware of, ala fact, lack background colors as well. This template, like those, was intended to more cleanly integrate with the article text to allow multiple uses without swallowing up the rest of the article. Adding the clear border around this template and intentionally making it stand out as much as Thira&Laso would seem contrary to standard practice with both stub templates and other small cleanup templates, and overly distracting. MrZaius  talk  15:22, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Proposed major edits
I've proposed some major edits to this and other related pages at Template talk:Expand. Please weigh in if you have an opinion. It seems like there's basically nowhere in policy that refers to "section stub" and the editor who brought it up in the talk above was right to point out that the phrase is needlessly wiki-specific jargon: As a result, we no longer use the word "stub" in the template text. Could blow away expand-section and move this there, adopting the other cat and merging this one's into it. Came out of a recent AfD. MrZaius talk  22:50, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

ambox
This template should be converted to Template:Ambox, for uniformity of all messages that appear in article.

Thanks. Lara_bran 08:37, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Not done This change would be controversial; see Wikipedia talk:Article message boxes/Archive 6 for the last time it was proposed (and it failed to reach consensus then). Consensus can change, but it would probably be inappropriate to boldly make this change without first gaining consensus for it. --ais523 08:50, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the link. But that discussion was for "article stub" message which appears in the bottom of the article. But this template is "section stub", which appears in the middle of the article. It would be uniform if "section stub" in ambox and "article stub" without ambox, since that message will be at the bottom of the article. Thanks. Lara_bran 08:56, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I mean this is the only single stub-template that appears in the middle of the article, all rest of the stub-templates appear at the bottom of the article. So making only this stub-template wont be controversial. Thanks. Lara_bran 09:04, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Not done. Please discuss this first at the relevant page. Changing this over to ambox is a major change. This template is more like a stub tag than a message box. --- RockMFR 14:15, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

What is the difference...
...between this template and ? (Other than the visual differences, of course.) In what situations should I use this template or that one? 71.245.108.146 (talk) 04:56, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * A question that has been bugging many of us at WP:WSS for some time. as such, see below... Grutness...wha?  01:45, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Sectstub
Template:Sectstub has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you.. Due to the high-use/protected status of this template, the standard Tfd template has not been attached to the template itself, but is rather attached here:

NEverexpand links
Hi, can the class "plainlinks" be changed to "plainlinksneverexpand", please? It seems a little silly that a print version of an article displays the template as "This section requires expansion (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Sectstub&action=edit&section=2)."

Thanks, Smith609  Talk  12:03, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Andrwsc (talk · contribs) 15:41, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Double redirect
Redirecting this template has created a lot of double redirects (see Template:Section-stub for instance). Can this be fixed? Kariteh (talk) 08:42, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Sectstub


text:
IBM 2250

The IBM 2250 Graphics Display Unit was a vector graphics display system by IBM for the System/360; the Model IV attached to the IBM 1130.

Overview
The IBM 2250 Graphics Display Unit was announced with System/360 in 1964. A complete 2250 III system with controller cost around $280,000 in 1970, though up to 4 displays could share a single controller, reducing the cost per display by up to 40%.

A display list of line segments (vectors) on a 1024 by 1024 grid was stored in computer's memory or an optional buffer on the 2250 and repainted on the 2250's CRT up to 40 times per second. The computer altered the display by changing the display list.

Characters were built of line segments specified by display list subroutines. Thus any character set or font could be displayed, although fonts were generally extremely simplified for performance reasons. An optional character-generator feature on all models provided predefined fonts of 63 characters to simplify display of alphanumeric information.

The 2250 was housed in a desk with an alphanumeric (QWERTY) keyboard and a separate programmed function keyboard which had keys, indicator lights and switches. A plastic overlay label could be placed over the function keyboard. Punches on the top edge of the overlay could be sensed by the computer so the keys, lights and switches could be reprogrammed simply by changing overlays. The 2250s CRT measured 21" diagonal, but the useful display area was 12 inch by 12 inch. A light pen was provided as a pointing device, serving the function of the modern computer mouse.

An IBM 2285 Display Copier could be attached to the 2250 to provide 8½ by 11 inch hard copy of the display contents under operator control.

An IBM 2280 Film Recorder or IBM 2282 Film Recorder/Scanner could be attached to a 2840 control unit providing for output or input/output to photographic negative.

There were four models of 2250:
 * Model 1 – attached directly to a System/360 via a selector or multiplexor channel.
 * Model 2 – attached via a 2840-1 control unit. A 2840 could attach up to four 2250s and provided buffering and a character generator.
 * Model 3 – attached via a 2840-2 control unit.
 * Model 4 – attached to an IBM 1130 minicomputer via the storage access channel (SAC). The 1130 could run either as a standalone processor or as a front-end processor connected to a remote System/360.

Competitors
A number of plug compatible manufacturers sold competitors to the 2250, including Adage, Evans & Sutherland, Information Displays Inc., Lundy, Sanders, Spectragraphics, and Vector General.

Successors
In 1977 IBM introduced the 3250 Display System (manufactured by Sanders Associates) as an upgrade to the 2250.

title: IBM 2250


text:
Robert Henry Clarence

Robert Henry Clarence (6 September 1872 – 6 January 1908) also known as Robert II was the King of the Miskito Nation. He was born at the Public General Hospital in Kingston, Jamaica. He was the last hereditary chief of the Miskito in 1890–1894 and briefly during July to August 1894.

Clarence succeeded to the chiefdom on the death of his cousin Jonathan Charles Frederick, Hereditary Chief of the Miskito, in July 1890. After his downfall, he was rescued by a British warship that took him into exile together with 200 refugees to Puerto Limon, Costa Rica, and later to Jamaica. He was granted a pension by the British government of £1,785 per annum, and remained head of the "royal house" in name until his death.

Clarence died after an operation at the Public General Hospital in Kingston, Jamaica on 6 January 1908. He was married once to Irene Morrison, with whom he had two children, one of which was the "princess" Mary Clarence. He was succeeded as head of the royal house by his cousin Robert Frederick.

title: Robert Henry Clarence


text:
China Burma India theater

China Burma India Theater (CBI) was the United States military designation during World War II for the China and Southeast Asian or India–Burma (IBT) theaters. Operational command of Allied forces (including U.S. forces) in the CBI was officially the responsibility of the Supreme Commanders for South East Asia or China. In practice, U.S. forces were usually overseen by General Joseph Stilwell, the Deputy Allied Commander in China; the term "CBI" was significant in logistical, material and personnel matters; it was and is commonly used within the US for these theaters.

U.S. and Chinese fighting forces in the CBI included the Chinese Expeditionary Force, the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, including the Tenth Air Force, the 1st Air Commando Group, the engineers who built the Ledo Road, the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), popularly known as "Merrill's Marauders", and the 5332d Brigade, Provisional or 'Mars Task Force', which assumed the Marauders' mission.

U.S. strategy for China
Japanese policy towards China had long been a source of international controversy. Western powers had exploited China through the open door policy, advocated by United States diplomat William Woodville Rockhill, while Japan intervened more directly, creating the puppet-state of Manchukuo. By 1937, Japan was engaged in a full-scale war of conquest in China. The infamous Rape of Nanking galvanized Western opinion and led to direct financial aid for the Kuomintang (Nationalists) and increasing economic sanctions against Japan.

In 1941, the U.S. made a series of decisions to support China in its war with Japan: Lend Lease supplies were provided after President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the defense of China to be vital to the defense of the United States. Over the summer, as Japan moved south into French Indo-China, the U.S., Britain and the Netherlands instituted an oil embargo on Japan, cutting off 90% of its supplies. The embargo threatened the operations of the Kwantung Army, which had over a million soldiers deployed in China. Japan responded with a tightly co-ordinated offensive on 7/8 December, simultaneously attacking Pearl Harbor, the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, Guam, Wake Island, and Thailand.

Japan cut off Allied supplies to China that had been coming through Burma. China could be supplied only by flying over the Himalaya mountains ("The Hump") from India, or capturing territory in Burma and building a new road—the Ledo Road.

Burma
In 1941 and 1942, Japan was overextended. Its naval base could not defend its conquests, and its industrial base could not strengthen its navy. To cut off China from Allied aid, it went into Burma and captured Rangoon on 8 March 1942, cutting off the Burma Road. Moving north, the Japanese took Tounggoo and captured Lashio in northern Burma on 29 April. The British, primarily concerned with India, looked to Burma as the main theater of action against Japan and wanted Chinese troops to fight there. The United States conjured up visions of millions of Chinese soldiers who would hold the Japanese then throw them back, while providing close-in airbases for a systematic firebombing of Japanese cities. Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek realized it was all fantasy. On the other hand, there were vast sums of American dollars available if he collaborated. He did so and managed to feed his starving soldiers, but they were so poorly equipped and led that offensive operations against the Japanese in China were impossible. However, Chiang did release Chinese_Expeditionary_Force of two Chinese armies for action in Burma under Stilwell. Due to conflicts between Chiang, the British, Stilwell, and American General Claire Chennault, as well as general ill-preparedness against the more proficient Japanese army, the Burma defense collapsed. Stilwell escaped to India, but the recovery of Burma and construction of the Ledo Road to supply China became a new obsession for him.

"'On April 14, 1942, William Donovan, as Coordinator of Information (forerunner of the Office of Strategic Services), activated Detachment 101 for action behind enemy lines in Burma. The first unit of its kind, the Detachment was charged with gathering intelligence, harassing the Japanese through guerrilla actions, identifying targets for the Army Air Force to bomb, and rescuing downed Allied airmen. Because Detachment 101 was never larger than a few hundred Americans, it relied on support from various tribal groups in Burma. In particular, the vigorously anti-Japanese Kachin people were vital to the unit's success.'" Detachment 101's efforts opened the way for Stilwell's Chinese forces, Wingate's Raiders, Merrill's Marauders, and the counter-attack against the Japanese Imperial life-line.

U.S. and Allied land forces
US forces in the CBI were administered by General Joseph "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell. However, unlike other combat theaters, for example the European Theater of Operations, the CBI was never a "theater of operations" and did not have an overall operational command structure. Initially U.S. land units were split. Those in China were technically commanded by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, as Stillwell was Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander in China. When the GALAHAD force (later to become the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional)) arrived in Bombay in October 1943, it came under the British-led South East Asia Command (SEAC) and Admiral Lord Mountbatten. However, Stilwell often broke the chain of command and communicated directly with the US Joint Chiefs of Staff on operational matters.

When joint allied command was agreed upon, it was decided that the senior position should be held by a British officer because the British had the greatest number of forces in India and Burma (in much the same way as the US did in the Pacific War). Admiral Lord Mountbatten was appointed as the Supreme Allied Commander of South-East Asia forces in October 1943. Chiang however later objected to deferring to Mountbatten on matters related to operations in China.

General Stilwell, who also had operational command of the Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC), a US-Chinese formation, was to report in theory to Gen. George Giffard – commander of Eleventh Army Group – so that NCAC and the British Fourteenth Army, under the command of General William Slim, could be co-ordinated. However, in practice, Gen. Stilwell never agreed to this arrangement. Stilwell was able to do this because of his multiple positions within complex command structures, including especially his simultaneous positions of Deputy Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia, and Chief of Staff to Chinese leader Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. As SEAC's deputy leader, Stilwell was Giffard's superior, but as operational commander of NCAC, Giffard was Stilwell's superior. As the two men did not get on, this inevitably lead to conflict and confusion. "Stilwell, however, bitterly resisted [taking orders from Giffard] ... To watch Stilwell, when hard pressed, shift his opposition from one of the several strong-points he held by virtue of his numerous Allied, American and Chinese offices, to another was a lesson in mobile offensive-defence."

- William Slim

Eventually at a SEAC meeting to sort out the chain of command for NCAC, Stilwell astonished everyone by saying "I am prepared to come under General Slim's operational control until I get to Kamaing". Although far from ideal, this compromise was accepted.

Although Stilwell was the control and co-ordinating point for all command activity in the theater, his assumption of personal direction of the advance of the Chinese Ledo forces into north Burma in late 1943 meant that he was often out of touch with both his own headquarters and with the overall situation.

Not until late 1944, after Stilwell was recalled to Washington, was the chain of command clarified. His overall role, and the CBI command, was then split among three people: Lt Gen. Raymond Wheeler became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia; Major-General Albert Wedemeyer became Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-shek, and commander of US Forces, China Theater (USFCT). Lt Gen. Daniel Sultan was promoted, from deputy commander of CBI to commander of US Forces, India–Burma Theater (USFIBT) and commander of the NCAC. The 11th Army Group was redesignated Allied Land Forces South East Asia (ALFSEA), and NCAC was decisively placed under this formation. However, by the time the last phase of the Burma Campaign began in earnest, NCAC had become irrelevant, and it was dissolved in early 1945.

Training the Chinese Army
Ramgarh Training Center, in Bihar Province, India, an American-staffed, American-operated organisation, was established on 30 June 1942 by General Stilwell, the Commanding General, USAF, CBI, for the training of Chinese troops in India. The Supreme Commander, China Theater, General Chiang Kai-Shek, had approved Ramgarh Cantonment, as the site for a training center to train, equip, and reinforce the Chinese troops that had retreated into India from Burma.

The first Chinese troops arrived on 17 July 1942.

Headquarters RTC and Hq Camp Ramgarh combined and CG RTC assumed command on 1 February 1943. (These two organizations and Hq Chinese Army in India were the three original command organizations at Ramgarh.) Headquarters Ramgarh Training Center was responsible for the training of Chinese Army in India, and Headquarters Chinese Army in India was responsible for the activation, organization, administration, and command of Chinese units.

U.S. Army and Allied Air Forces
After consultation among the Allied governments, Air Command South-East Asia was formed in November 1943 to control all Allied air forces in the theater, with Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Peirse as Commander-in-Chief. Under Peirse's deputy, USAAF Major General George E. Stratemeyer, Eastern Air Command (EAC) was organized in 1943 to control Allied air operations in Burma, with headquarters in Calcutta. Unlike the strained relations and confusion with Allied ground force commands, air force operations in the CBI were relatively smooth. Relations improved even further after new U.S. military aid began arriving, together with capable USAAF officers such as Brigadier General William D. Old of CBI Troop Carrier Command, and Colonels Philip Cochran and John R. Alison of the 1st Air Commando Group. Within Eastern Air Command, Air Marshal Sir John Baldwin commanded the Third Tactical Air Force, originally formed to provide close air support to the Fourteenth Army. Baldwin was later succeeded by Air Marshal Sir Alec Coryton. U.S. Brigadier-General Howard C. Davidson and later Air Commodore F. J. W. Mellersh commanded the Strategic Air Force. In the new command, various units of the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Tenth Air Force worked side-by-side. In the autumn of 1943 SEAAC had 48 RAF and 17 USAAF squadrons; by the following May, the figures had risen to 64 and 28, respectively.

At Eastern Air Command, Gen. Stratemeyer had a status comparable to that of Stilwell. Coordinating the efforts of the various allied air components while maintaining relations with diverse command structures proved a daunting task. Part of Stratemeyer's command, the Tenth Air Force, had been integrated with the RAF Third Tactical Air Force in India in December 1943 and was tasked with a number of roles in support of a variety of allied forces. Another component, the US Fourteenth Air Force in China, was under the jurisdiction of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek as China theater commander. Although the India-China Division of the AAF's Air Transport Command received its tonnage allocations from Stratemeyer as Stilwell's deputy, ICD reported directly to Headquarters ATC in Washington, D.C.

In the spring of 1944, the arrival of Boeing B-29 Superfortresses in the theater, presaged a major offensive against Japan. XX Bomber Command of the Twentieth Air Force was tasked with the strategic bombing of Japan under Operation Matterhorn. It engaged in very-long-range Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombardment operations against Japan, Formosa, China, Indochina and Burma. It reported directly to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington, D.C., and had no command relationship with any authority in India. However, XX Bomber Command remained totally dependent on Eastern Air Command for supplies, bases, ground staff, and infrastructure support.

The B-29 force included the 1st Photo Squadron, and the 58th Bombardment Wing at Chakulia, Kharagpur, with the 40th (Chakulia Airport), 444th, 462nd, and 468th Bombardment Groups.

While in India, XX BC was supported logistically by Tenth Air Force and the India-China Division, Air Transport Command. The B-29 groups moved to West Field, Tinian, in early 1945.

After a period of reshuffling, Eastern Air Command's air operations began to show results. In August 1944, Admiral Mountbatten said to a press conference that EAC fighter missions had practically swept the Japanese air force from Burmese skies. Between the formation of ACSEA in November 1943, and the middle of August 1944, American and British forces operating in Burma destroyed or damaged more than 700 Japanese aircraft with a further 100 aircraft probably destroyed. This achievement considerably reduced dangers to Air Transport Command cargo planes flying in support of the Hump airlift operation. By May 1944, EAC resupply missions in support of the Allied ground offensive had carried 70,000 tons of supplies and transported a total of 93,000 men, including 25,500 casualties evacuated from the battle areas. These figures did not include tonnage flown in the Hump airlift missions to China.

USAAF Order of Battle
Tenth Air Force
 * 1st Air Commando Group (1944–1945) Burma, India (B-25, P-51, P-47, C-47)
 * 1st Combat Cargo Group (1944–1945) Burma, India, China (C-47, C-46).
 * 2nd Air Commando Group (1944–1945) Burma, India (P-51, C-47)
 * 3d Combat Cargo Group (1944–1945)Burma, India (C-47).
 * 4th Combat Cargo Group (1944–1945)Burma, India (C-47, C-46).
 * 7th Bombardment Group (1942–1945)India (B-17, B-24).
 * 12th Bombardment Group (1944–1945)India (B-25).
 * 33d Fighter Group (1944–1945)India (P-38, P-47)
 * 80th Fighter Group (1943–1945)India, Burma (P-38, P-40, P-47)

Transferred in 1944 to Fourteenth Air Force:
 * 311th Fighter Group (1943–1944)India, Burma (A-36, P-51)
 * 341st Bombardment Group (1943–1944)India, Burma (B-25)
 * 443d Troop Carrier Group (1944–1945)India (C-47/C-53)
 * 426th Night Fighter Squadron (1944) India (P-61)
 * 427th Night Fighter Squadron (1944) India (P-61)

Fourteenth Air Force
 * 68th Composite Wing
 * 23d Fighter Group (1942–1945) (P-40, P-51)Formerly American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers".
 * 69th Composite Wing
 * 51st Fighter Group: 1942–1945 (P-40, P-38, P-51).
 * 341st Bombardment Group 1944–1945 (B-25).
 * 312th Fighter Wing
 * 33rd Fighter Group: 1944 (P-38, P-47).
 * 81st Fighter Group: 1944–1945 (P-40, P-47).
 * 311th Fighter Group: 1944–1945 (A-36, P-51).
 * Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional) (1943–1945)
 * 3rd Fighter Group (Provisional) (P-40, P-51)
 * 5th Fighter Group (Provisional) (P-40, P-51)
 * 1st Bombardment Group (Medium, Provisional) (B-25)
 * Other assigned units:
 * 402d Fighter Group:May – July 1943. Assigned but never equipped.
 * 476th Fighter Group: May – July 1943. Assigned but never equipped.
 * 308th Bombardment Group:(B-24)March 1943 – February 1945
 * From Tenth Air Force in 1944–1945:
 * 341st Bombardment Group: (B-25)January 1944 – November 1945
 * 443d Troop Carrier Group: (C-47/C-54) Aug – November 1945
 * 426th Night Fighter Squadron: P-61) 1944 – 1945
 * 427th Night Fighter Squadron: (P-61) 1944 – 1945

Timeline

 * Early 1942 Stilwell was promoted to lieutenant general and tasked with establishing the CBI.
 * 25 February 1942 Stilwell arrived in India by which time Singapore and Burma had both been invaded by the Japanese Army.
 * 10 March 1942 Stilwell is named Chief of Staff of Allied armies in the Chinese theatre of operations.
 * 19 March 1942 Stilwell's command in China is extended to include the Chinese 5th and 6th Armies operating in Burma after Chiang Kai-shek gave his permission.
 * 20 March 1942 Chinese troops under Stilwell engage Japanese forces along the Sittang River in Burma.
 * 9 April 1942 Claire Chennault inducted into U.S. Army as a colonel, bringing the AVG Flying Tigers squadrons under Stilwell's nominal authority.
 * 16 April 1942 7,000 British soldiers, and 500 prisoners and civilians were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division at Yenangyaung.
 * 19 April 1942 The 113th Regiment of the Chinese Expeditionary Force's New 38th Division led by General Sun Li-jen attacked and defeated the encircling Japanese troops rescuing the encircled British troops and civilians. This is historically called Battle of Yenangyaung.
 * 2 May 1942 The commander of Allied forces in Burma, General Harold Alexander, ordered a general retreat to India. Stilwell left his Chinese troops and began the long evacuation with his personal staff (he called it a "walk out") to India.
 * Most of the Chinese troops, who were supposed to be under Stilwell's command, were deserted in Burma without knowledge of the retreat. Under Chiang Kai-shek they made a hasty and disorganised retreat to India. Some of them tried to return to Yunnan through remote mountainous forests and out of these, at least half died.
 * 24 May 1942 Stilwell arrived in Delhi.
 * New Delhi and Ramgarh became the main training centre for Chinese troops in India. Chiang Kai-shek gave Stilwell command of what was left of the 22nd and 38th Divisions of the Chinese Army.
 * 1 December 1942 British General Sir Archibald Wavell, as Commander-in-Chief, India, agreed with Stilwell to make the Ledo Road an American operation.
 * August 1943 US creates a jungle commando unit, similar to the Chindits, to be commanded by Major General Frank Merrill; it is informally called "Merrill's Marauders".
 * Exhaustion and disease led to the early evacuation of many Chinese and American troops before the coming assault on Myitkyina.
 * 21 December Stilwell assumed direct control of operations to capture Myitkyina, having built up forces for an offensive in Northern Burma.
 * 24 February 1944 Merrill's Marauders, attacked the Japanese 18th Division in Burma. This action enabled Stilwell to gain control of the Hakawing Valley.
 * 17 May 1944 British general Slim in command of the Burma Campaign handed control of the Chindits to Stilwell.
 * 17 May 1944 Chinese troops, with the help of Merrill's Marauders, captured Myitkina airfield.
 * 3 August 1944 Myitkina fell to the Allies. The Marauders had advanced 750 miles and fought in five major engagements and 32 skirmishes with the Japanese Army. They lost 700 men, only 1,300 Marauders reached their objective and of these, 679 had to be hospitalized. This included General Merrill who had suffered a second-heart attack before going down with malaria.
 * Some time before 27 August 1944, Mountbatten supreme allied commander (SEAC) ordered General Stilwell to evacuate all the wounded Chindits.
 * During 1944 the Japanese in Operation Ichi-Go overran US air bases in eastern China. Chiang Kai-shek blamed Stilwell for the Japanese success, and pressed the US high command to recall him.
 * October 1944 Roosevelt recalled Stilwell, whose role was split (as was the CBI):
 * Lieutenant General Raymond Wheeler became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia.
 * Major General Albert Wedemeyer became Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-shek and commander of the U.S. Forces, China Theater (USFCT).
 * Lieutenant General Daniel Sultan was promoted from deputy commander to become commander of US Forces India-Burma Theater (USFIBT) and commander of the Northern Combat Area Command
 * 12 January 1945, the first convoy over the Ledo Road of 113 vehicles led by General Pick from Ledo reached Kunming, China on 4 February 1945. Over the next seven months 35,000 tons of supplies in 5,000 vehicles were carried along it.

Historiography

 * Lee, Lloyd, ed. World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War's aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature and Research. (1998) online edition
 * Resor, Eugene. The China-Burma-India Campaign, 1931–1945: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography (1998) online

title: China Burma India theater