text:
User talk:Econrad

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Welcome, Wikipedians!!

Liberia
I could tell that someone was trying to do good work, not vandalism, and tried to salvage it, but your revert was really the right thing to do, I guess, and what I should have done. Thanks for understanding that I was, like you, only trying to make the article, and Wikipedia, better. Rlquall 02:43, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Boston Bees
I have also seen some fairly-generally-authoritative sources (whether any qualify as MLB "official" I don't know) which state that for some period of time in the early 20th century the National League Boston team was officially (at least more or less) the "Bees". Somehow I never fully bought into this, thinking that more likely they were the "B's" much as the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics were/are the "A's". Am I right about this to the best of your knowledge? Rlquall 02:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I spent some time reading newspapers of the times, and came to the conclusion that names like "beaneaters" and "Bees" were used very informally by sportswriters of that time (like "Dirt Dogs" is now), and any given name could be used informally for either the National League and American League Boston teams. I saw "Beaneaters" (a nickname for Bostonians, at the time) used for both.

 * I saw no evidence that these names were used formally; all "official" info I saw (from that timeframe) used the terms "Nationals" or "Americans" to distinguish betweeen the 2 Boston teams. Even baseball cards from that time, and original negatives (with player/team etched in) from that time use Nationals or Americans.

 * Baseball writers appear to have a long tradition of repeating what other baseball writers have written. There's not a lot research based on original sources; they usually repeat tidbits picked up from other sportswriters.  So "Beaneaters," though incorrect, gets passed through the generations.  I'm guessing Bees is the same.

 * Econrad 03:03, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Herman Haupt
Thanks for the excellent article on Herman Haupt. My initial interest came via his engineering work on the Hoosac Tunnel, and found your contributions on Haupt very informative. Econrad 01:10, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * My pleasure. You should read those 2 Gingrich books I cite. Even if you don't like his politics, they are very thought-provoking and about the only modern references to Haupt, even if fictional. Hal Jespersen 01:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

translation request == ==

Concerning your translation request for de:Mont Cenis Tunnel, some of the information you seek can already be found at Frejus Tunnel. Lectonar 14:10, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've translated it; it could use some categorizing, though Lectonar 14:29, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

THANK YOU
Thanks for fixing the image formatting on the Long Island, Maine article. I still have more to learn when it comes to the wikipedia codes. EZZIE 22:13, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Dealing with editors with NPOV problems
Its can be very frustrating working with editors who haven't learned about our NPOV policy or choose to ignore it, especially when they're blanking any discussion about the issue. The best thing you can do is have some patience, and don't let their editing get to you. appears to have been noticed by a variety of different editors who have been warning him about blanking talk pages and using NPOV. Try giving him a few more tips on NPOV and if he's still completely avoiding the issue, blanking things and continuing to edit in a disruptive manner, I'm sure an admin will be happy to try blocking him for a short period to give him the hint. If a couple of short blocks don't work, the only option from there is really to start a user conduct RfC. Hope that helps -- let me know if there's anything more I can do. .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 14:15, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Re: Adam Ant
''Hello, I have been trying to separate the Adam Ant and Adam & the Ants articles. They used to have lots of overlapping and inconsistent information.

''I noticed you added a lot of discography information back to both articles. I'd like to keep the Adam & the Ants discography on that page. Also, after your latest edits, the singles in Adam & the Ants are now listed twice in the same article: under the 'Singles' table, and again with your addition. I think the singles should be listed once, maybe in an expanded table. What do you think?'' Thanks!Econrad 13:32, 28 April 2006 (UTC)''

Hi, yes I agree that's a good idea. I got disheartened when I saw that my updates had been cut and moved. Also some of it is total rubbish- Adam never got his name from AdamAnt lives!

I'm a long time Ant fan and a bit of an Ant experts- the discography i did off the top of my head!

Anyway I would like to contribute to this but i find it galling that anyone can come along and make stupid and / or wrong edits! I also am having a hard time working out exactly how wiki works, its not very user friendly!!

regards Steve (stevehorwood@yahoo.co.uk owner of http://www.musicforafutureage.com and http://www.musicforafutureage.blogspot.com)

Images
Why did you flag those images? Please respond to my talk page. Almost Famous 01:38, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

TOWN OF LONG ISLAND.com
Is a publicly funded site. Therefor' all images are public domain images. The only images that probably are "questionable" were the car ferry, the freighter, and the summer home. Almost Famous 03:18, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The postcards are also public domain, no one specifically owns those pictures, although they sell them EVERYWHERE. Almost Famous 03:19, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * NOTE: Permission has been acquired for several of the images, however I've been denied permission for some of the images you've flagged. I've deleted the violation tag off the images that have been given permission.  As well, I've marked the images that need to be deleted promptly.  The townoflongisland.com website has granted all their images to be public domain, however, the LI General Store picture and the Maquoit II Freighter needs to be deleted, as does the summer home on LI.  All old photographs, are without question in public domain, and the LI Graphic is now public domain.  I will also change the license on them to read as such. Almost Famous 18:51, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I saw you deleted them from the articles. Thanks for the help. Almost Famous 06:42, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Boardwalk, Peaks Island, ME
Cheers for sorting out the license Image:Peaks Island, Maine, Boardwalk, postcard.jpg. I was just going to ask you about it. Dr Zak 03:41, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * And here comes another that needs tagging and annotating: Image:Great_diamond_island_maine_postcard1.jpg. Cheers! Dr Zak 21:44, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Bakke Mountain
I wanted to thank you for your edits on Bakke Mountain. I went ahead and removed the NPOV tag, as the article is decidedly more neutral now. -- Irixman (t) (m) 19:50, 1 June 2006 (UTC) now thanking you without typing in the middle of a paragraph! ;-))
 * Thanks!Econrad 03:35, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Boston ballclubs
Are you compiling all names for the teams that appeared in newspaper baseball talk? Beaneaters was used in the sense People from Boston, same as Hubbites or Hubites, clumsy coinage for People from "the Hub", itself a nickname for Boston. I have read baseball notes to the effect "Tuesday the Giants are here for three games and then we play the Hubbites", but this particular example is made up now. --P64 16:13, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Boston Reds
Are you working on making a Boston Reds category? What will it include beside player biographies and the pages(s) for club(s)?

Does this await approval? There is a red category tag at Boston Reds. --P64 17:00, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Richard Gridley
I just added some information to Gridley. I have tons of material and if you are interested we should chat at some point. Email me at geocomeau@gmail.com

WikiProject Disambiguation Talk Request
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Cleanse the Bacteria
I have added a "" template to the article Cleanse the Bacteria, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Alan.ca 07:51, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Ice Hockey Project discussion of hockey player notability and project scope
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Econrad! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 06:08, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Kongar-ool Ondar -

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Proposed new draft for the Jon Baker page
Hi Econrad, I hope this finds you well. I disclosed a conflict of interest here and shared a proposed rework of the page on music producer and hotelier Jon Baker in hopes of addressing the promotionalism tags and bringing the page more up-to-date. Per WP:COI, I haven’t made any edits, but am asking impartial editors to consider my work. I was wondering if you would be willing to review the draft I shared? Daizypeach (talk) 09:48, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Econrad


text:
User talk:Ra1nMaker

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Good luck!
 * Thanks for the welcome! -- Ra1nMaker 17:07, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Shadow Gallery
I've added the "prod" template to the article Shadow Gallery, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Shadow Gallery. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. TheRingess 22:42, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ra1nMaker


text:
Banquet

A banquet is a formal large meal where a number of people consume food together. Banquets are traditionally held to enhance the prestige of a host, or reinforce social bonds among joint contributors. Modern examples of these purposes include a charitable gathering, a ceremony, or a celebration. They often involve speeches in honor of the topic or guest of honour.

The older English term for a lavish meal was feast, and "banquet" originally meant a specific and different kind of meal, often following a feast, but in a different room or even building, which concentrated on sweet foods of various kinds. These became highly fashionable as sugar became much more common in Europe at the start of the 16th century. It was a grand form of the dessert course, and special banqueting houses, often on the roof or in the grounds of large houses, were built for them. Such meals are also called a "sugar collation".

Social meanings
Banquets feature luxury foods, often including animal meat. Feasts can be divided into two fundamental types: solidarity (or alliance, or empowering) and promotional (or aggrandisive, competitive, or diacritical). Solidarity feasts are a joint effort in which families or communities bring equivalent contributions together to reinforce the social ties of all concerned. Promotional feasts are intended to enhance the social status of the host, who provides the food in order to create obligations to themselves among the guests.

Historical examples
Communal feasting is evidenced from the early Neolithic in Britain. In Ancient Greece, symposia formed a routine part of life, involving the celebratory drinking of wine, conversation and performances of poetry and music.

Notable historical and legendary examples of banquets include Belshazzar's Feast, the Last Supper, the Manchu Han Imperial Feast, and mead halls.

A luau is one variety of traditional banquet originally used in Hawaii.

Many cultures have developed structures for banquets. In the European Middle Ages, comprehensive ritualised elements were involved in a traditional three-course menu, having up to 25 dishes in each course (this structure persisted into the 19th century). The structure was later altered to two courses, with the pre-existing third course changed to the serving of fruit and nuts.

Banqueting rooms varied greatly with location, but tended to be on an intimate scale, either in a garden room, banquet hall or inside such as the small banqueting turrets in Longleat House.

Art historians have often noted that banqueters on iconographic records of ancient Mediterranean societies almost always appear to be lying down on their left sides. One possible explanation could lie in the anatomy of the stomach and in the digestive mechanism. When lying on the left, the food has room to expand because the curvature of the stomach is enhanced in that position.

Contemporary examples
Contemporary banquets serve many new purposes in addition to their traditional purposes. These can include anything from during workplace training sessions and formal business dinners to birthday parties and social gatherings. It is common for a banquet to be organized at the end of academic conferences.

Government intervention
The State Council of the People's Republic of China levied a tax on banquets on September 2, 1988, at a tax rate calculated per occasion between 15% and 20% of the banquet's value.

title: Banquet


text:
Diocese of Birmingham

Diocese of Birmingham may refer to:

In England and Wales:
 * Anglican Diocese of Birmingham
 * Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Midlands and Affiliated Areas U.K., previously titled Diocese of Birmingham
 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham, previously a Diocese until 1911

In the United States:
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama

title: Diocese of Birmingham


text:
Mclusky

Mclusky (often stylized as mclusky), originally known as Best, are a post-hardcore band formed in Cardiff in 1996. The group originally consisted of Andrew Falkous (vocals, guitar), originally from Newcastle upon Tyne, Geraint Bevan (bass) and Matthew Harding (drums); the latter two were replaced by Jonathan Chapple and Jack Egglestone in 1997 and late 2003 respectively. The band released three studio albums before splitting in 2004, reconvening in 2014 – without Chapple – under the monikers 'mclusky' and mclusky*, before ultimately dropping the asterisk.

History
According to the band, they originally formed in 1996 when Falkous and Harding met at the Blackwood Miners Institute, a venue in their home town. The pair met Chapple a short time afterwards at the Reading Festival when they caught him urinating on their tent late in the night.

More realistically it has been suggested that Falkous and Harding met when working together at Anglian Windows, a small double-glazing call centre in Cardiff. They discussed their musical ambitions after a conversation about Reading Festival, Falkous gave Harding a tape of songs he had written on his own, and shortly after they formed a band called Best after early Beatles drummer Pete Best. The original bass player for Best was Geraint Bevan, Harding's old musical comrade from The Derelicts.

Best existed in this form for almost a year before Bevan left to concentrate on his acting career, but not before Best had played a show with a band called 'Myrtle', which featured the bass guitarist Jon Chapple.

Shortly after the departure of Bevan, the remaining two members managed to convince Chapple to join the band; this was based on the strength of the three track demo Best had recently finished at 'Ocean Studios' in Cardiff (this cassette – which was sold by the band themselves – was the unofficial debut, entitled the Benedict EP).

Best signed to London label Seriously Groovy and released their official debut record, the 3-track single "Huwuno".

The band changed its name to Mclusky in 1999, releasing their first full-length album My Pain and Sadness is More Sad and Painful Than Yours in 2000 on the Fuzzbox imprint before drawing international attention with their critically praised second album Mclusky Do Dallas in 2002. In 2004 they released their third album The Difference Between Me and You Is That I'm Not on Fire to positive reviews.

They worked frequently with recording engineer Steve Albini.

Breakup
The band called it quits on 7 January 2005, with Falkous making the following announcement on the band's website three days later:

 * The three piece rock band known as mclusky have disbanded, as of Friday 7 January 2005. The reason for this parting is private, though probably not as entertaining as you'd imagine. Personally, I would like to thank all the people, places and times that occurred on or near us. I'm grateful for the love and to a lesser degree, the hate. There'll be more music soon, from all of us.

Little was said of the reasons behind Mclusky's split, but it later emerged that tensions had arisen between Falkous and Chapple. The root of these tensions can be traced back to an incident in 2004 when all of the band's equipment was stolen on the Arizona leg of their American tour (this equipment – worth over £5000 – was never recovered).

New bands and reunion
A compilation of the band's singles, Mcluskyism, came out in February 2006; a limited-edition version came with two additional CDs of B-sides (labelled as B-sides and C-sides), rarities and live recordings from their final headline performance at the University of London Union (The band would make one further live appearance on 01/12/04 supporting Shellac at the Scala in London). This compilation is, without doubt, the final chapter in Mclusky's nine-year saga, as Falkous informs in the Mcluskyism liner notes, "that's it, then. No farewell tour... no premature deaths (at time of writing), no live DVDs..."

The first Mclusky member to release material after the band's demise was Chapple, with his outfit Shooting at Unarmed Men – Chapple had dabbled with the band as a side project to Mclusky in the years prior, and wasted little time in making it his first priority after Mclusky disbanded. The band released two albums before Chapple emigrated to Australia in 2006. He has since revived the band in Australia with a new lineup, and released another album with the Australian lineup. Shooting at Unarmed Men disbanded shortly after the release of With The Youthful Energy of a Zealot. Chapple played drums with Melbourne band Poor People until 2012, and played bass and provided backing vocals for the six-piece outfit Harmony, which also featured Tom Lyngcoln of The Nation Blue.

After Falkous had conducted a handful of interviews discussing the then-fresh Mclusky breakup, he and Egglestone were not heard from publicly for a number of months. Almost immediately, rumours began to swell that the pair were collaborating with some members of also-defunct Cardiff noise-core act Jarcrew (the project, which received no official title for eighteen months, was jokingly referred to as "Jarclusky") – however, the full extent of the collaboration was not known until Falkous created an unassuming MySpace page for the group under the name Future of the Left, complete with unpolished recordings of the band's first songs. The outfit have since incorporated members of now-defunct British punk rock act Million Dead, and have (after several years of resistance from Falkous) started including Mclusky tracks in their live sets.

In 2014, Falkous announced a benefit gig to help save venue Le Pub in Newport, with a lineup consisting of Jarcrew and a set of mclusky songs played by Falkous and Jack Egglestone, joined by future of the left bassist Julia Ruzicka and Damien Sayell, vocalist of Bristol band The St. Pierre Snake Invasion. This lineup has been referred to by Falco as 'mclusky' (with inverted commas) and announced a second concert at Clwb Ifor Bach upon the quick sale of all tickets for the Newport event. Since, they have played another 'closing venue' benefit gig, in London at the soon-to-close Buffalo Bar. The following year, mclusky were announced alongside future of the left in the lineup of British music festival 2000trees.

Then known as Mclusky* (the asterisk in reference to missing members), the band reformed to play The Garage in London on 3 December 2015 to raise money for cancer research with Rat the Magnificent (featuring Ian Catskilkin of Art Brut). The band have continued to play since, with Sayell ultimately being brought in as bassist as well as a vocalist. In July 2020, Falkous announced plans to record a new Mclusky album. The asterisk was ultimately dropped, confirming the return to the official moniker.

In April 2022, the band announced a commemorative 20-year anniversary tour of Mclusky Do Dallas. This tour, along with the band's Australian dates, was later postponed to early 2024 due to a health issue for Falkous. In September 2023, the band released a four-track EP – their first new music in 19 years – entitled unpopular parts of a pig. Its title track, as well as the second track "the digger you deep", are said to be lifted from the band's fourth studio album.

Members

 * Current line-up
 * Andy "Falco" Falkous – vocals, guitar (1996–2005, 2014–present)
 * Jack Egglestone – drums (2003–2005, 2014–present)
 * Damien Sayell – vocals (2014–present), bass (2018–present)

 * Former members
 * Geraint Bevan – bass (1996–1997)
 * Matthew Harding – drums (1996–2003)
 * John Chapple – bass, vocals (1997–2005)
 * Julia Ruzicka – bass (2014–2018)

 * Timeline

Studio albums

 * My Pain and Sadness is More Sad and Painful Than Yours (Fuzzbox, 2000; r: Too Pure, 2003)
 * Mclusky Do Dallas (Too Pure, 2002)
 * The Difference Between Me and You Is That I'm Not on Fire (Too Pure, 2004)

Compilations

 * Mcluskyism (Too Pure, 2006)

Live releases

 * Gateway Band (2020)

Official single/EP releases

 * 1999 – "Huwuno" (as Best)
 * 2000 – "Joy"
 * 2000 – "Rice Is Nice"
 * 2001 – "Whoyouknow"
 * 2001 – "Lightsabre Cocksucking Blues"
 * 2002 – "To Hell with Good Intentions"
 * 2002 – "Alan Is a Cowboy Killer"
 * 2003 – "There Ain't No Fool in Ferguson/1956 And All That"
 * 2003 – "Undress for Success" (the first song played 3 times in one show by Colin Murray)
 * 2004 – "That Man Will Not Hang"
 * 2004 – "She Will Only Bring You Happiness"
 * 2023 – "Unpopular Parts of a Pig/The Digger You Deep"

title: Mclusky


text:
Harbin Aircraft Industry Group

Harbin Aircraft Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. (HAIG), often shortened to Hafei, is an aircraft manufacturing company headquartered in Pingfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China. It was previously called Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC) in English.

The company was founded in 1952 to manufacture planes for domestic sales, but today it supplies various components for foreign aerospace companies. It is a subsidiary of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).

A former subsidiary of Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation — Hafei Motor, is one of the major automobile manufactures in China.

History
The 1st factory opened in 1952 to repair aircraft and situated on the former site of the Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company (Manshū/Mansyuu) factory. In 1958, it began producing licensed copies of Soviet aircraft. It produced the Z-5, the Mil Mi-4 helicopter, and the H-5 light bomber — a copy of the Ilyushin Il-28.

It then produced the Harbin Y-11 a light twin-engined utility aircraft — an aircraft of its own design and not a licensed copy. The Harbin Y-12 which followed, while similar to the Y-11, was a largely new aircraft.

The most recent and important product is the Z-20 utility helicopter designed and built for the Chinese military.

Subsidiaries

 * Hafei Aviation, a manufacturer of light airplanes, helicopters and aerospace parts.
 * Hafei Motors, a producer of automobile engines; sedans; MPVs; and mini vehicles, small trucks and vans that see commercial use. Subsidiaries include the auto-making Hafei Motor Co Ltd and the engine maker Harbin Dongan Auto Engine Co.

Major products

Helicopters
 * Harbin Z-5 - Chinese variant of the Mil Mi-4 transport helicopter
 * Harbin/CHDRI Z-6 - turboshaft re-design of the Z-5
 * Harbin Z-9 - medium-weight multipurpose twin-engine helicopter - Chinese variant of the Eurocopter Dauphin
 * Harbin Z-9W/G - attack helicopter
 * Harbin Z-19 - reconnaissance and attack helicopter
 * Harbin Z-20 - a new 10-ton utility helicopter for the PLA Air Force, army and navy. Similar specifications to Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk.
 * Harbin Z-21
 * Harbin Z-15/EC175 - medium utility helicopter, joint-developed with Eurocopter
 * HC-120/EC120 - joint-developed with Eurocopter and Singapore Technologies Aerospace, Ltd.

Bombers
 * Harbin H-5 - Chinese variant of the Ilyushin Il-28 bomber
 * Harbin SH-5 - amphibious bomber
 * HongDian-5 - ECM version of Harbin H-5, being replaced

Patrol/Utility aircraft
 * Harbin PS-5 - Patrol Anti-submarine seaplane version of Harbin SH-5
 * Harbin Y-11 - high wing twin-engine piston utility aircraft

Transports
 * Harbin Y-12 - utility STOL transport and variant of the Harbin Y-11

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
 * Harbin BZK-005

Former production
 * ERJ 145 - in a joint venture with Embraer
 * Embraer Legacy 650 - in a joint venture with Embraer

title: Harbin Aircraft Industry Group


text:
Felicity Party

The Felicity Party (Saadet Partisi, SAADET) is an Islamist Turkish political party. It was founded in 2001, and mainly supported by conservative Muslims in Turkey.

It was founded on 20 July 2001 after the Virtue Party (FP) was banned by the Constitutional Court. While the party's reformist wing formed the Justice and Development Party (AKP), the hardliners founded the Felicity Party. Although an Islamist party, its policy platform covers the whole span of political issues in Turkey.

The Felicity Party's vote has been weakened by the success of the moderately Islamic Justice and Development Party government. It has repeatedly condemned the Turkish government's desire to join the European Union, and relationship with Israel and the United States. It has argued that Turkey must adapt its military and foreign policy stance to meet what it argues are increasing threats coming from the West to all Muslim countries. The Party's platform is based strongly around Necmettin Erbakan's ideas and philosophy.

History
The Felicity Party has not been particularly successful electorally, polling just 2.5% of the vote in the 2002 general elections, thereby failing to pass the 10% threshold necessary to gain representation in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. It was slightly more successful in the local elections of 29 March 2004, winning 4.1% of the vote and a number of mayoralties, although none of any particular significance. In the 2011 election they were reduced to 1.24% on the vote. During the period, Recai Kutan (20 July 2001 – 11 May 2003 and again 30 January 2004 – 29 March 2008), Necmettin Erbakan (11 May 2003 – 30 January 2004 and again from 17 October 2010 till his death on 27 February 2011) and Numan Kurtulmuş (26 October 2008 – 1 October 2010) were leaders. In June 2015 elections it won 2.06% of the votes.

National Alliance
In preparation for the June 2015 general election, the Felicity Party stated that it was open to negotiate an electoral alliance with other parties such as the Great Union Party (BBP) and the larger Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Although the MHP later announced that it was not willing to form an electoral alliance, the Felicity Party (SP) and BBP agreed upon a new alliance in order to increase their chances of surpassing the election threshold of 10% to gain representation in Parliament. The new alliance was named the National Alliance (Millî İttifak).

The Nation and Justice Party (MİLAD) also expressed their intention to join the alliance, but when they were only given top spots on the candidate lists in only 4 electoral districts, MİLAD withdrew and was unable to contest the election for not sending their own party lists to the Supreme Electoral Council on time.

The candidate lists were drawn up such that BBP candidates were placed top in electoral districts in which they won more votes than the SP in 2011, while SP candidates were placed top in provinces in which the SP had beaten the BBP in 2011. This meant that an SP candidate was placed first in 55 provinces, while a BBP candidate was placed first in 30. The remaining positions subsequently alternated between SP and BBP candidates. SP leader Mustafa Kamalak was selected as the first candidate for İstanbul's 1st electoral district while BBP leader Mustafa Destici was selected as the first candidate for Ankara's 2nd electoral district.

Nation Alliance
The party participated in the Nation Alliance in the 2018 general elections with the Republican People's Party (CHP), Good Party (İYİ), and Democrat Party (DP).

In 2022, the party took part in the establishment of the Table of Six. It received 10 deputies from CHP's list in the 2023 parliamentary election, and supported Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu's candidacy in the 2023 presidential election.

Since 2023
On July 6, 2023, SP and the Future Party formed a parliamentary group under SP's banner, and competed in the 2024 local election in an electoral alliance. Saadet received 1.09%, and Gelecek 0.07%, of the electorate.

Political positions
The Felicity Party works both as a political party and an enormous social organization. It has party branches in nearly every district, small town and city in the country.

In the past, it has organized demonstrations on a wide range of issues, often involving tens of thousands of participants. Thousands of protesters joined SP organized demonstrations against the 2004 attack on Fallujah, against the cartoons of Muhammad in newspapers around the world, and Israel's invasion of Gaza during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict. SP has criticized the Trump administration over attacks against Iranian and Syrian forces, and condemned both the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi and the assassination of Qasem Soleimani.

SP has been accused by Arab and pro-government commentators of pursuing pro-Iranian views due to former SP leader Mustafa Kamalak's comments and visits to Iran.

title: Felicity Party


text:
Category:Antiemetics

For nausea-inducing drugs, see Category:Emetics.

title: Category:Antiemetics


text:
Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland

Princess Lilian of Sweden, Duchess of Halland (born Lillian May Davies, later Craig; 30 August 1915 – 10 March 2013), was a British fashion model who became a member of the Swedish royal family through her 1976 marriage to Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland (1912–1997). As such, she was an aunt of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.

Early life
Lillian May Davies was born on 30 August 1915, in Swansea, Wales, the daughter of William John Davies, who had a market stall after working in a coal mine, and his wife Gladys Mary (née Curran), a shop assistant. The site of the terraced house where they lived is now beneath the Quadrant Shopping Centre. Her parents separated in the 1920s, but they were not divorced until 1939. She moved to London when she was 16. She dropped one 'l' from her first name when she became a fashion model. She was photographed for magazines such as Vogue.

In 1940 Lilian married the Scottish actor Ivan Craig (1912–1995) in Horsham, West Sussex. Shortly after their wedding, Craig joined the British Army and left for Africa, where he saw active service during the Second World War. In his absence, Lilian worked in a factory that made radios for the Royal Navy and at a hospital for wounded soldiers.

Marriage to Prince Bertil of Sweden
In 1943, she met the Swedish Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, in London, reportedly at a cocktail party for her 28th birthday. Soon after their meeting, they became lovers although she was still married to Craig. When she and her husband were reunited after the war, Craig expressed his wish to marry another woman, and they were amicably divorced on 7 November 1947.

Bertil's older brother, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, was second in line to the Swedish throne; but he died in 1947. As Gustaf Adolf's son, Carl Gustaf, was less than one year old, it seemed likely that, when Bertil's grandfather, King Gustaf V, and father (Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf, the future King Gustaf VI Adolf) died, he would have to serve as regent (other heirs having given up their places in the line of succession because of marriages not acceptable to the king). For this reason, Bertil chose not to marry Lilian, so the couple simply lived together discreetly for more than thirty years. In 1946, Prince Bertil acquired a house in Sainte-Maxime, France, that became their private retreat.

Bertil never had to become regent, since his father, who ascended the throne in 1950, lived long enough to see his grandson, Carl Gustaf, come of age. Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden ascended the throne in 1973, and, having married a commoner himself, he approved Bertil's and Lilian's marriage, meaning that Bertil would be able to keep his titles and place in the line of succession, and that Lillian would become a princess. They were married on 7 December 1976 at the church of Drottningholm Palace in the presence of the king and the queen.

Widowhood

Prince Bertil died on 5 January 1997 in their home. From 1997 until 2010, Lilian continued to represent the royal family at various engagements and other occasions. She was the patron of many organizations. In 2000, Lilian released a biography of her life with Bertil.

In August 2008, Lilian fell and broke her femur in her apartment; and, in February 2009, she again suffered a fall in her home. It was announced on 3 June 2010, that Lilian was afflicted with Alzheimer's disease and was no longer able to appear in public. She lived her final years at Villa Solbacken, her longtime home in the Djurgården area of Stockholm, attended by three nurses.

Lilian died in Stockholm on 10 March 2013, aged 97, sixteen years after her husband. The Royal Palace did not give a cause of death, but she had been in poor health for several years. Her death came as the royal family was preparing for Princess Madeleine's wedding, and the family interrupted what they were doing to spend her last moments together with her.

Her 16 March funeral was broadcast live on SVT. It was attended by her nephew and niece-in-law the King and the Queen of Sweden; her nieces the Queen of Denmark, Princess Margaretha, Princess Birgitta, Princess Désirée, and Princess Christina; her grandnieces Crown Princess Victoria and Princess Madeleine; and her grandnephew and grandnephew-in-law Prince Carl Philip and Prince Daniel. Princess Astrid of Norway was also in attendance, as were her friends Roger Moore and his Swedish wife Kiki Tholstrup.

National honours

 * Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg Member and Commander of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
 * Order of the Polar Star (after 1975) - Commander Grand Cross.svg Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
 * Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg Member of the Royal Family Decoration of King Carl XVI Gustaf, 2nd Class
 * Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Foreign honours

 * 🇦🇷 Argentina: Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín
 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Order of the Dannebrog
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
 * 🇫🇷 France: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Paulownia Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania: Grand Cross of the Order of Grand Duke Gediminas
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (15 October 1979)

Award

 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Honorary Grand Cross of the Social Order of Innocence

Patronage

 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Patron of the Social Order of Innocence

title: Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland


text:
Grand Cross

Grand Cross is the highest class in many orders, and manifested in its insignia. Exceptionally, the highest class may be referred to as Grand Cordon or equivalent. In other cases, there may exist a rank even higher than Grand Cross, e.g. Grand Collar. In rare cases, the insignia itself is referred to as the "grand cross".

In international relations, many times the class of Grand Cross is typically reserved for royalty, heads of state and equivalent. Sometimes a holder of the highest class or grade are referred to as "Commander Grand Cross", "Knight Grand Cross", or just "Grand Cross".

In the United Kingdom, the rank of "Knight Grand Cross" or "Dame Grand Cross" allows the recipient to continue to use the honorific "Sir" (male) or "Dame" (female) as a style before his or her name. The knighthood is initially conferred, as in other countries, at the lower rank of the order, typically "Knight Commander".

In Bavaria, the royal military order established by Maximilian Joseph consisted of three classes with the Grand Crosses ranking above the Commanders and Knights. The Grand Cross title has also been used to confer military merit. For instance, the Grand Duchy of Baden awarded Prince Rupprecht a Grand Cross after World War I.

From 1870 to 1918, the German Empire also set the Grand Cross as the highest rank of the Order of the Iron Cross, followed by the first and second classes.

Denomination "Grand Cordons"
The orders in which the highest rank (or second after "Collar") is named "Grand Cordons" include the following orders:
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordons of the Order of Leopold (highest)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (highest national order that admits Brazilian nationals to its ranks)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco (special purpose)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Defense Merit
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Aeronautical Merit
 * Paraná: Grand Cross of the (highest of the state)
 * São Paulo: Grand Cross of the Order of Ipiranga (highest of the state)
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia: Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia (highest)
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia: Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Monisaraphon
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia: Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sahametrei
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia: Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sowathara
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon: Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit (Cameroon) (2nd)
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon: Grand Cordon of the Order of Valour (highest)
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Order of the Dannebrog (2nd)
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt: Grand Cordons of the Order of the Nile (highest)
 * 🇫🇷 France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour (highest)
 * 🇵🇫 French Polynesia: Grand Cross of the Order of Tahiti Nui (highest of the overseas collectivity)
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea: Grand Cross of the Kola-tree National Order (2nd)
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea: Grand Cross of the National Order of Fidelity and People (highest)
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (Guinea) (highest)
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Campaign of Independence (highest)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (highest)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Grand Cordons of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (2nd after Collar)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown (highest)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun (highest)
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan: Grand Cordons of the Order of the Star of Jordan (highest)
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon: Grand Cordons of the Order of Merit (Lebanon) (highest)
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar: Grand Cross of the National Order of Madagascar (highest)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross Military William Order (highest)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross Order of Orange-Nassau (3rd)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross Order of the Netherlands Lion (2nd)
 * 🇳🇪 Niger: Grand Cross of the National Order (Niger) (highest)
 * 🇳🇪 Niger: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Niger) (2nd)
 * Persia: Grand Cordons of the Order of the Lion and the Sun
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Senegal) (2nd)
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal: Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion (Senegal) (highest)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa
 * 🇹🇬 Togo: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (2nd)
 * 🇹🇬 Togo: Grand Cross of the Order of Mono (highest)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence (highest)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit (3rd)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the 7th November 1987 (4th)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic (2nd)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (highest)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (highest)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (highest)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (highest)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint John (highest)

Former

 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Columbus (Abolished as a state order in 1891)
 * Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Highest, cancelled as national order in 1890, since then claimed as house order)
 * Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Saint Benedict of Avis (2nd, cancelled as national order in 1890, since then claimed as house order)
 * Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Saint James of the Sword (3rd, cancelled as national order in 1890, since then claimed as house order)
 * Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Cross (4th, cancelled as national order in 1891 and reestablished as the National Order of the Southern Cross in 1932)
 * Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Dom Pedro I (5th, cancelled as national order in 1890, since then claimed as house order)
 * Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Rose (6th, cancelled as national order in 1890, since then claimed as house order)
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 🇫🇷 French Comoros: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Anjouan (Deprecated in 1963 by the National Order of Merit)
 * 🇫🇷 French Dahomey: Grand Cross of the Order of the Black Star (Deprecated in 1963 by the National Order of Merit)
 * 🇫🇷 French Somaliland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Light (Deprecated in 1963 by the National Order of Merit)
 * Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kapiʻolani (3rd, became obsolete in 1893)

Gallery
Illustration of typical insignia, as in the case of the Legion of Honour of France.

Explanatory notes

title: Grand Cross


text:
Figurational sociology

Figurational sociology is a research tradition in which figurations of humans—evolving networks of interdependent humans—are the unit of investigation. Although more a methodological stance than a determinate school of practice, the tradition has one essential feature:

 * Concern for process, not state. Figurational sociology is also referred to as process sociology. This feature is an attempt to correct for an in-built language prejudice which tilts theory to reduce processes into static elements, separating, for example, human actors from their actions. Just as linguists rely on etymology to gain a rich understanding of a word's history, which may help to understand its later uses, figurational sociologists attempt to look at the process of a social feature's emergence and evolution to gain a fuller understanding of its function in the present.

Practitioners may be said to be inspired by the ideal that the usual humanities barrier between micro (e.g. psychological) and macro (e.g. state organization) is removed, and their causal links opened to examination. As a consequence, much of the work done in the name of this approach has examined the connection between changes in psychology and personhood, on the one hand, and changes in macro social structures on the other.

Norbert Elias is usually acknowledged as an early or primary practitioner, as a consequence of his ground-breaking 1939 work, The Civilizing Process.

title: Figurational sociology


text: User:Ailanto

title: User:Ailanto


text:
Karnal

Karnal is a city located in the state of Haryana, India and is the administrative headquarters of Karnal District. City is well connected as it lies on National Highway 01, in the south of the city lies the city of Panipat, Sonepat and in the north lies Kurukshetra and Yamunanagar city while in the east lies the river Yamuna , on the other end of which lies Saharanpur and Shamli district of Uttar Pradesh on the eastern Bank. Karnal was used by the East India Company army as a refuge during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in Delhi. The Battle of Karnal between Nader Shah of Persia and the Mughal Empire took place in this city in 1739.

Etymology
The city associates itself with the character Karna from the Indian epic Mahabharata.

Ancient
At the end of 6th century A.D., the area was under the rule of the Vardhanas of Thanesar. The 7th century was a period of religious eclecticism, as Buddhism was declining and Hinduism was resurging in the Indo-Gangetic plains. The region was under Kanauji rule under the Pala Emperors of Bengal from 770 to 810 AD. The authority of Mihira Bhoja, the Pratihara ruler of Kanauj from 836 to 885 AD, penetrated as far as Pehowa, including Karnal.

Medieval
The Tomaras, established themselves as rulers of this region in the middle of the 9th century. About the beginning of the 10th century, as the Pratihara power began to decline, the Tomaras assumed independence. One of the Tomara rulers, Anangpal Tomar, found the city of Delhi and made it his capital, with the area of Karnal and modern-day Haryana being under his realm. The Tomaras came into conflict with the Chauhans of Ajmer, but continued to rule the Haryana country until the middle of 12th century when they were overthrown by the Chaha mana Vighnaraja IV. The country between the Satluj and the Yamuna including Karnal experienced relative peace for a century and a half except the plundering invasions and eventual conquests of Mahmud of Ghazi. The region then came under Ghurid rule after the Second Battle of Tarain when Muhammad Ghori captured the area. It remained under the Delhi Sultanate until 1526.

In 1526 at the First Battle of Panipat, Mughal emperor Babur defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, and captured parts of North India, along with Delhi and Panipat. He then established the Mughal Empire in North India.

Karnal is listed in the Mughal Ain-i-Akbari as a pargana under Delhi sarkar, producing a revenue of 5,678,242 dams for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 800 infantry and 50 cavalry.

In A.D. 1739, Nader Shah of Persia invaded the Mughal empire and Karnal was the scene of the famed Battle of Karnal, in which Nader Shah decisively defeated the Mughal Emperor, Muhammad Shah. Muhammad Shah along with an enormous army occupied a strongly fortified camp at Karnal, but he yielded to the invader as his supplies were cut off from the open country by Shah and was starved into submission. The tactical defeat drastically weakened the Mughal Empire, while the Persian Empire prospered and subsequently hastened the establishment of the British Empire in India. The region then came under Afghan rule. On 24 Feb1739, the Iranian ruler Nadir Shah attacked India. Rao Bal Kishan, with his army and with the forces of Delhi, fought Nadir Shah. His army included 5000 infantry and 2000 cavalry. In February 1739, Nader Shah captured Sirhind and moved towards the field of Karnal, a battle destined to be fateful to the Mughal rulers. Every year on 24 Feb, Rao Bal Kishan Shaurya Diwas celebrated in Rewari.

Sikhs appeared on the scene in the 18th century. The importance of Karnal grew in the time of Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind State who after its capture in A.D. 1763 built the boundary wall and a fort and under whose rule the town increased considerably in size. On 14 January 1764, Sikh Chiefs defeated and killed Zain Khan Sirhindi, the Durrani Governor, and took possession of the whole of Sirhind province as far south as Panipat including Karnal.

Modern
During the Indian independence movement, a district political conference was organized at Karnal with Lala Lajpat Rai as its chairman.

Demographics
The population of the city as of 2011, is 328,500

The sex ratio in Karnal stood at 915 females per 1000 males in 2011, compared to the 2001 census figure of 862.

Government
Karnal Municipal Corporation is the municipal corporation governing Indian city of Karnal. The mayor of the city currently is Renu Bala Gupta and the municipal commissioner is Naresh Narwal, IAS.

Politics
The city is part of the Karnal Assembly constituency and Nayab Singh Saini of BJP is the current MLA from Karnal constituency.

Manohar Lal Khattar of BJP is the current elected MP from the Karnal Lok Sabha constituency.

Facilities
Karnal was ranked 24th (1st in Haryana) among 4000+ cities in the list of the cleanest cities of India under the government survey named Swachh Survekshan 2019.

Karnal was selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Union government's plan Smart Cities Mission.

Education

 * St. Theresa's Convent Sr. Sec. School.
 * Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College.
 * Pratap Public School.
 * Maharana Pratap Horticultural University.
 * Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya University of Health Sciences.

Research Institutes
==== National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. ==== National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) has been complementing country’s massive dairy development programmes through its multifaceted activities in the areas of Dairy Research. NDRI is fully supported by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and functions as one of the National Institutes under its aegis. The institute also interacts with various National and International Institutes in Dairying and allied fields for exchange of information and advancing new knowledge both in basic and applied fields of dairy science. The contributions of the Institute in conducting, collating and co-ordinating research in Dairying have received worldwide recognition. The Institute was conferred Deemed University status by the University Grants commission in March, 1989. 67 For transfer of technology and dissemination of knowhow developed at the Institute, the Operational Research Project, a programme of integrated crop and milk production improvement, links the Institute with farming community of 40 villages around Karnal.

National Institute of Animal Genetics, Karnal
National Burea of Animal genetic Resources and National Institute of animal Genetics were set up on 21 September 1984. These Institutes were initially located in the Campus of Southern Regional Station of NDRI, Bangalore. Since 19 July 1985 the Bureau and Animal Genetics Institute are in Karnal. The broad aims of the Institutes are to conduct systematic surveys on animal and poultry genetic resources; to develop methodologies for the conservation of animal genetic resources in-situ through cryo-preservation and by developing transgenic forces; to establish data respository; to design methodologies for proper management and optimal utilisation of animal genetic resources; etc.

Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal
Wheat Project Directorate (WPO) was made independent of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi w.e.f. Ist September, 1990 and redesignated as Directorate of Wheat Research (DWR) with headquarters at Karnal.

Centre Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal
It was established in March 1969, under the aegis of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

Notable people

 * Kalpana Chawla, first Indo-American woman astronaut. In 2003, Chawla was one of the seven crew members that died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
 * Vikramjeet Virk A Bollywood Actor. He Was Born in 1984 Village Tharwa Majra Of Karnal. He’s Well Renowned Actor Working in Hindi, Punjabi, Telugu Films.
 * Anish Bhanwala, Indian shooter. He was brought up in Karnal, Haryana and competes in the 25 meter rapid fire pistol, 25 meter pistol, and 25 meter standard pistol events.
 * Mool Chand Jain, a leader of the Indian Independence movement.
 * General Arthur Power Palmer, Commander-in-Chief of India was born in 1840
 * Navdeep Saini, Indian cricketer
 * Liaquat Ali Khan, was born in Karnal. A Pakistan Movement leader, he was selected as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan by Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

title: Karnal


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Monolith Soft

Monolith Software Inc., (株式会社モノリスソフト) trading as Monolith Soft, is a Japanese video game development studio originally owned by Namco (later Bandai Namco) until being bought out by Nintendo in 2007, best known for the Xenoblade Chronicles series of games. The company was founded in 1999 by Tetsuya Takahashi with the support and cooperation of Masaya Nakamura, the founder of Namco. Their first project was the Xenosaga series, a spiritual successor to the Square-developed Xenogears. Multiple Square staff would join Takahashi at Monolith Soft including Hirohide Sugiura and Yasuyuki Honne.

In addition to the Xenosaga series, Monolith Soft worked on other projects including Baten Kaitos and Namco × Capcom, the precursor to their later Project X Zone series, along with assisting on projects from other developers. While several of its games have released on the PlayStation 2, the majority of its games have released on Nintendo platforms following the acquisition.

As of 2022, Monolith Soft operates in three locations in Japan; its main office in Meguro, Tokyo and the secondary Osaki Studio similarly based in Tokyo, who produce the company's original video game properties; and a studio in Kyoto with mainly artists as its employees, which acts as an assisting developer for both Monolith Soft Tokyo and for some Nintendo internal franchises. According to an interview published on the website of the company in February 2022, Monolith Soft's Kyoto studio has over 30 employees, which would leave the Tokyo studios with roughly 230 staff in total.

The design approaches of Monolith Soft have shifted over its lifetime, with early games such as Xenosaga and Baten Kaitos being distinguished by a narrative-heavy approach, while later games have focused more on gameplay. The company's stated goals are to create projects with wide creative freedom and to allow younger developers to contribute to these projects. The company is also notable for its focus on promoting a comfortable working environment with little to no overtime in contrast to the majority of other Japanese game developers, alongside collaborating with other studios and companies.

Origins
Monolith Soft was founded by Tetsuya Takahashi, a developer who had previously worked at Nihon Falcom and later at Square, in which the latter was merged into Enix in 2003 to form Square Enix. While at Square, he and his wife Kaori Tanaka (also known as Soraya Saga) would contribute to the development of multiple games including entries in the Final Fantasy series. Following their work on Final Fantasy VI, Takahashi and Tanaka created a proposal for Final Fantasy VII; while deemed too dark for the Final Fantasy series, they were allowed to develop it as their own project titled Xenogears. Takahashi's ambition and drive prompted Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi, then Executive Vice President at Square, to appoint him as director. Takahashi also wrote the script with Tanaka. Following the release of Xenogears, Takahashi became dissatisfied with Square's business approach at the time, which prioritized their major intellectual properties including Final Fantasy. This left Takahashi with no funding or creative room to develop further independent projects or continue his planned Xenogears series.

In 1999, Takahashi talked with Hirohide Sugiura, who had likewise worked at Square and was beginning to feel frustrated due to a lack of creative freedom. After discussing the matter, the two decided to create their own company and pursue projects they wanted to create. When planning their new company, Takahashi and Sugiura decided that they needed a publisher with substantial market presence to help them rather than being an independent studio. Takahashi and Sugiura approached multiple companies for support, but most of the companies they contacted outright rejected their offer as they believed that Monolith Soft should be an independent company. However, Namco were interested in investing into Monolith Soft as a dedicated subsidiary, whilst handling logistics and marketing so that the core staff could focus on game development. An important supporter of Monolith Soft was Namco's founder Masaya Nakamura, who shared many of Takahashi and Sugiura's goals and ideals. Monolith Soft is noted as being one of a group of video game companies—alongside Sacnoth, Love-de-Lic and Mistwalker—founded by Square staff who had worked on notable games produced during the 1990s. The company was officially founded on 1 October 1999 by Takahashi, Sugiura, and Yasuyuki Honne, who had worked at Square on both the Chrono series and with Takahashi on Xenogears. The company's offices were originally based in Yokohama.

Namco era
Monolith Soft's first project was Xenosaga Episode I, a role-playing game (RPG) for the PlayStation 2. Xenosaga was a spiritual successor to Xenogears; development began in 2000 when enough staff had been gathered, lasting approximately two years. As with Xenogears, the game was scripted by Takahashi and Tanaka, who planned out the Xenosaga series as a hexalogy. In 2001, Namco producer Shinji Noguchi and Monolith Soft's Tadashi Nomura conceived a new IP for the GameCube unconnected to Xenosaga. Titled Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean, development began six months after the concept was formed, with Honne acting as director. The game development staff of the company was now divided between the Xenosaga series and Baten Kaitos, the latter a project driven by the younger developers at Monolith Soft. Baten Kaitos was co-developed with tri-Crescendo, which came about due to both submitting designs to Namco, which suggested they work together on the project. In 2003, Honne was approached by then-CEO of Nintendo Satoru Iwata about developing a new entry in the Mother series for GameCube. Honne created a pitch themed around a "felt-style recreation of 80s America", but the idea was firmly rejected by series creator Shigesato Itoi.

Following the release of the first Xenosaga game, Takahashi and Sugiura reassessed the internal structure of Monolith Soft, determining that the current lead developers were too old, clashing with their intended goals for the company to foster young talent. With this mindset, Takahashi stepped down from his lead role in the Xenosaga series. He continued to work for the company in a supervisory role by providing the series' scenario drafts, while younger staff continued the series development. This move also allowed Takahashi a greater degree of creative freedom in a number of projects as opposed to being tied to a single series. In May 2002, Monolith Soft moved from Yokohama to their current offices in Meguro, Tokyo. The next entry in the Xenosaga series, Xenosaga Episode II, began development under a new team following the release of Episode I. While developing Episode II, the staff shifted their focus from the main series to help tell the story through multiple media. Among these additional projects was Xenosaga: Pied Piper, a spin-off title for mobile devices co-developed with Tom Create and Namco Mobile. Pied Piper was Tanaka's last work on the Xenosaga series. Beginning in 2003, Monolith Soft also developed Namco × Capcom, a PlayStation 2 crossover game featuring characters from various Namco and Capcom video games. The idea was proposed by Monolith Soft, with development lasting two years.

In 2006, Monolith Soft was involved in four released games; Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII, Xenosaga I & II, Xenosaga Episode III and Baten Kaitos Origins. Dirge of Cerberus was primarily developed by Square Enix with Monolith Soft providing development support. Xenosaga I & II was an expanded re-imagining of the first two games for the Nintendo DS, and is notable for being Monolith Soft's first title for handheld game consoles. The game was co-developed by Tom Create in collaboration with multiple staff who had worked on the anime adaptation for the first Xenosaga. Xenosaga Episode III began development in 2004. While Xenosaga was planned as a hexalogy, the new team decided to restructure the series as a trilogy. Episode III was the last planned entry in the series, with further games depending on its commercial success. The mixed commercial and critical performance of the Xenosaga series left Monolith Soft's development staff in a state of low morale. Baten Kaitos Origins, again co-developed with tri-Crescendo, was released late in the lifespan of the GameCube shortly before the release of Nintendo's new home console the Wii. A Baten Kaitos game for the DS was also in development at Monolith Soft, but Namco, which by this point had merged with Bandai to become Namco Bandai, cancelled the project. A third Baten Kaitos game was in early development for "a long time" according to Honne, but was cancelled due to unspecified circumstances. Future efforts with the series depended upon both fan demand and the cooperation of IP owners Namco.

Nintendo era
According to Sugiura, Monolith Soft's relations with Namco had undergone a negative change after Nakamura retired as head of Namco in 2002, three years before the merger with Bandai. The company underwent changes and Monolith Soft felt they were being given less creative freedom, and the newly-created Namco Bandai was less willing to take creative risks. The company then received consultation from Shinji Hatano, an executive director at Nintendo, who advised them to continue creating innovative projects. Spurred on by Hatano's supportive attitude, Monolith Soft decided to break away from Namco Bandai to become a Nintendo subsidiary; this provided Monolith Soft creative freedom in exchange for software development exclusivity for Nintendo platforms. Nintendo's purchasing of the majority of Monolith Soft's shares from Namco Bandai Holdings was publicly announced in April 2007. Nintendo became the majority shareholder of Monolith Soft with 80% of shares, while Namco Bandai retained 16% and remained as a development partner. Namco Bandai stated that the exchange of Monolith Soft shares would strengthen their relationship with Nintendo. The remaining shares were divided between Takahashi, Sugiura and Honne. By the beginning of April 2011, Namco Bandai had sold its remaining 400 shares in Monolith Soft to Nintendo, getting Nintendo 96% of the shares. Nintendo's acquisition of Monolith Soft contrasted against the company's previous publicized approach of not taking part in mergers and acquisitions of other studios and companies. In a statement on the matter, Iwata said that the deal was initiated due to the positive relations between Sugiura and Nintendo, and the two companies' parallel design and development philosophies.

Monolith Soft's first releases following its acquisition by Nintendo were Soma Bringer and Super Robot Wars OG Saga: Endless Frontier for the Nintendo DS and Disaster: Day of Crisis for the Wii, all released in 2008. Soma Bringer was the company's first portable title to be developed entirely in-house, it was designed as an experience driven by gameplay rather than narrative. Multiple returning staff from the Xenosaga series including Takahashi and Tanaka contributed to the game. Super Robot Wars OG Saga: Endless Frontier, a crossover RPG, was co-developed with Namco Bandai and featured cameo appearances from Monolith Soft's Xenosaga series. Disaster: Day of Crisis, Monolith Soft's first and to-date only non-RPG game, was intended as a showcase for the capabilities of the Wii. Due to quality concerns and Monolith Soft's unfamiliarity with the Wii hardware, it was delayed from its planned 2006 release by two years. Monolith Soft was also chosen to develop Dragon Ball Z: Attack of the Saiyans due to their pedigree at developing RPGs. During this period they assisted in the development of Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

From mid 2006, Takahashi was working on a separate project; struck by an idea of rival civilizations emerging on the frozen bodies of two warring gods, he and Honne constructed a model of the two gods to better visualize the idea. After bringing their idea to Nintendo producer Hitoshi Yamagami, the team began development in 2007. Takahashi later stated that the game's development acted as a means of boosting company morale after the failure of the Xenosaga series. The director, Koh Kojima, started his directorial debut with this game, having previously written the scenario for Baten Kaitos Origins. This game also saw a shift away from the narrative-heavy approach of Monolith Soft '' s earlier work, which Takahashi stated had been called out as old-fashioned. In contrast to many earlier Monolith Soft projects, the game was designed with an international release in mind. The intended scale of the game caused problems, and Takahashi reluctantly went to Yamagami with a list of proposals to cut down the game to a suitable size as he was accustomed to doing for previous projects. Yamagami rejected all of Takahashi's suggestions, instead persuading Nintendo to keep supporting the project and allow the team to complete their work as envisioned. Originally titled Monado: Beginning of the World, Iwata had the title changed to honor Takahashi's previous work on Xenogears and the Xenosaga franchise. The new title was Xenoblade Chronicles.

2010s
Xenoblade Chronicles released in 2010 in Japan, and after multiple delays, also released worldwide to unexpected critical and commercial success. Also released that year was Super Robot Wars OG Saga: Endless Frontier Exceed, a sequel to the original game co-developed with Namco Bandai Games that expanded upon the mechanics of the original and featured further Xenosaga cameos. In 2011, Monolith Soft founded a new studio in Kyoto, closer to Nintendo's home base so the two companies could better interact with each other. Despite some initial reservations, the staff quickly settled into their new offices and the studio became a lauded place of work. Rather than original projects, the Kyoto branch acts as a supplementary studio, providing support for Monolith Soft and on Nintendo's in-house projects. The Kyoto branch has provided support for The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword (2011), Animal Crossing: New Leaf (2012), Pikmin 3 (2013), The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds (2013), Splatoon, (2015), Animal Crossing: Happy Home Designer (2015), Splatoon 2 (2017), and Animal Crossing: New Horizons (2020).

The next game released from Monolith Soft, again in collaboration with Namco Bandai Games, was Project X Zone for the Nintendo 3DS. A successor to Namco × Capcom, the game received development support from and featured characters from franchises owned by Namco Bandai, Capcom and Sega. Following the release of Xenoblade Chronicles, Monolith Soft was also working on a follow-up titled Xenoblade Chronicles X for the Wii U. A spiritual successor to the first game, and the company's first high-definition video game title, Xenoblade Chronicles X shifted from a story-driven to an open world gameplay-driven structure. The incorporation of an extensive multiplayer element resulted in its release being delayed and the narrative being substantially altered. Monolith Soft also developed a sequel to Project X Zone, Project X Zone 2. In addition to changing the character roster selected from Sega, Capcom and Bandai Namco, the game introduced characters from the Nintendo franchise Fire Emblem in addition to characters from Xenoblade Chronicles.

During the last development stages of Xenoblade Chronicles X, Monolith Soft began work on a new Xenoblade title for the Nintendo Switch. Titled Xenoblade Chronicles 2, the game returned to the story-driven structure of Xenoblade Chronicles while building upon the gameplay and technology of Xenoblade Chronicles X. One of the game's story prototypes was later turned into an expansion titled Xenoblade Chronicles 2: Torna – The Golden Country, released in 2018. In addition to this, Monolith Soft also began development of an action game, hiring new staff for the project. The company opened new studios in Nakameguro and Iidabashi during 2017 and 2018. The 1st Production team, known for their work on the Xenoblade Chronicles series, started hiring staff for development of a new RPG project in October 2018. In March 2019, the 2nd Production team started hiring staff for a new project in The Legend of Zelda franchise. Between 2018 and 2019, the Iidabashi studio closed. In April 2019, in the wake of high revenue during the 2018–2019 fiscal period, the company opened a new studio in Ōsaki, Tokyo.

2020s
In 2020 Monolith Soft released Xenoblade Chronicles Definitive Edition for the Nintendo Switch, a remaster to the original title released in 2010. In 2022 Monolith Soft released Xenoblade Chronicles 3, another sequel to the Xenoblade Chronicles franchise following Xenoblade Chronicles and Xenoblade Chronicles 2, and the title ending the original trilogy of the series. Monolith Soft also provided development support to The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom (2023).

Development organization
Monolith Soft currently has 3 different buildings in Japan dedicated to development, with 2 being located in Tokyo and 1 in Kyoto. The company has shared the organization of its divisions over the years, being organized as the following:
 * Monolith Soft Tokyo, 1st Production Team: Headed by Tetsuya Takahashi, this is the group responsible for the development of the Xenoblade Chronicles franchise and the games lead in development by Monolith Soft, being the largest team in the studio with over 140 staff.
 * Monolith Soft Tokyo, 2nd Production Team: This group consists of the Monolith Soft staff in Tokyo that assisted on the development of The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom as a support studio, with around 50 employees working on Breath of the Wild and after hiring more staff over the years for the group, having 110 employees working on Tears of the Kingdom, in both cases supporting over 400 developers from the lead developer Nintendo EPD. Staff in this group previously worked on Xenoblade Chronicles, The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword, and Xenoblade Chronicles X before the team was created to work as support for the Nintendo Switch mainline Zelda titles. The team also consists of newer staff that were recruited following the completion of Breath of the Wild, including artists, programmers, planners, designers, and project managers who began working in the company during the development of Tears of the Kingdom.
 * Monolith Soft Kyoto: Founded in 2011, Monolith Soft's Kyoto studio is a branch dedicated to support other titles, having no lead development roles since it has been established. It has assisted in projects worked on by the Tokyo studio like the Xenoblade Chronicles series, as well as Nintendo EPD projects the Tokyo studio wasn't involved with, such as Pikmin 3, The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds, Splatoon series and recent entries in the Animal Crossing series. The staff at the Kyoto Studio is mainly focused in art, graphics and asset creation, having around 30 employees.

Lead development
This list is for games to which Monolith Soft contributed substantially, being either a major co-developer or the main developer.

Support development
''This list is for titles where a studio of Monolith Soft acted in a lesser supporting role to the main developer. Refers to development organization for more information about the groups responsible for support development.''

Philosophy
From the company's inception, Takahashi and Sugiura wanted to give creative freedom to pursue projects outside genre standards, in addition to hiring young staff. An early aim was to encourage younger developers to make their mark in the industry, which at the time was dominated by people in the late 30s and up. This outlook was the reason why younger staff were given charge of the Xenosaga series. Kojima stated that younger developers were preferred as they could bring interesting ideas to a project. According to Sugiura, a major element during the period in which Monolith Soft was under Namco was the focus on creativity. They wanted to balance this with the financial logistics of game design rather than having budgetary concerns stifle the creative flare of the staff. When talking about their Wii U projects in 2012, Monolith Soft staff member Michihiko Inaba stated that the company wanted to show that Japan could keep up with the Western market in terms of ambitious games that pushed the industry forward, comparing Monolith Soft to Bethesda Softworks in this desire.

Speaking about the move from Namco Bandai to Nintendo, Sugiura commented that it was a challenge to only be developing games for a single group of consoles. Nintendo endorsed the challenge to Monolith Soft with incentives such as making a particular game within given hardware specifications, providing the company time and resources to accomplish that. Another factor that changed within Monolith Soft's development process was Nintendo's increased quality control, which would moot any project that did not have the desired quality for their systems. This sense of challenge was also echoed by Takahashi, who described both Xenoblade Chronicles and Xenoblade Chronicles X as being defined by self-imposed challenges to the development team when creating the environments on limited gaming hardware. Monolith Soft's scope and goals are often attributed to Takahashi's drive and ambition. While commonly associated with Japanese role-playing games (JRPGs), Monolith Soft focuses more on making role-playing games for a worldwide audience.

Rather than a fixed development structure, Monolith Soft chooses to freely assign staff based on the direction a project takes, in addition to believing in collaborations with other companies on projects rather than developing entirely in-house. According to a 2012 interview with Takahashi, a prerequisite for working at Monolith Soft is a deep passion for games in addition to general knowledge outside the field. As opposed to many other Japanese and Western studios which have come under criticism for excessive overtime and poor working conditions, Monolith Soft strives for a friendly working environment and reasonable hours for its staff. Overtime is also negotiated with the management and receives payment, a rarity in Japanese business. Speaking in relation to this approach, Honne recited the company's motto; "Zero overtime and creative work allowed". Despite the gaming industry's workforce being dominated by men, Monolith Soft has a notably high proportion of female developers working at the company, with more than a quarter of its workforce in total.

title: Monolith Soft


text:
Kampfgeschwader 200

Kampfgeschwader 200 (KG 200) ("[Air] Combat Squadron 200") was a German Luftwaffe special operations unit during World War II. The unit carried out especially difficult bombing and transport operations and long-distance reconnaissance flights, tested new aircraft designs and operated captured aircraft.

History
The unit's history began in 1934, when the Luftwaffe formed a reconnaissance squadron under Oberst Theodor Rowehl and attached it to the Abwehr, the German military intelligence department of the armed forces high command. As the Abwehr started to lose Hitler's goodwill during the war, a new reconnaissance unit, the "2nd Test Formation", was formed in 1942 under the command of Werner Baumbach. This unit was combined with "1st Test Formation" in March 1944 to form KG 200 on 20 February 1944.

On 11 November 1944 Baumbach became Geschwaderkommodore, after which point all aerial special-ops missions were carried out by KG 200 under Baumbach's command.

Missions
The unit carried out a wide variety of missions:

Long-range reconnaissance
Before the beginning of the war, aerial reconnaissance was usually carried out by civilian Lufthansa planes equipped with cameras. This practice was continued throughout the war as long as civilian airlines remained operational; later on, reconnaissance missions were most often carried out by Junkers Ju 86s flying at very high altitudes or by flying boats. Due to the lack of German aircraft with sufficient range, some recon missions used captured American Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress or Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers and Soviet Tupolev Tu-2s. For the most part, these machines were used for re-supply roles (dropping in supplies to German forces operating behind enemy lines), or transporting important personnel.

The Mistel program
Beginning in 1942, to compensate for its lack of heavy bombers, the Luftwaffe started to experiment with packing some of its war-weary Junkers Ju 88 bombers with enormous shaped-charge warheads and guiding them to their targets with a fighter airplane mounted on the back of the unmanned bomber. Although not as effective as the Luftwaffe planners had hoped, the Mistel program continued to be developed through 1944. However, few effective operations were flown. The unit was originally intended to attack naval installations at Gibraltar, Leningrad or Scapa Flow in Scotland, but the Allied Operation Overlord diverted efforts to Normandy.

On the night of 24 June 1944, Mistels of Kampfgeschwader 101 were dispatched to bomb targets in the English Channel. Although one of the Ju 88s had to be jettisoned prematurely, the remaining four pilots had successful launches and sank several blockships. Interest in the Scapa Flow attack was maintained, and in August 1944 Mistel forces were concentrated at Grove in Schleswig-Holstein. On 11 November 1944 RAF Avro Lancasters attacked the German battleship Tirpitz and caused her to capsize. With Tirpitz out of commission there was no requirement for capital ships to be held in the Atlantic theatre, and soon those with the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow were on their way to the Pacific war, leaving the Mistels no worthwhile targets in Scapa Flow.

All Mistels were placed under the command of KG 200 and Oberst (colonel) Joachim Helbig. By late 1944 emphasis was placed on an all-out attack on Soviet armaments and power plants but by March 1945 the bases had been overrun by the Soviet advance. KG 200 was ordered to concentrate Mistel operations against the bridges over the Oder and Neisse rivers. On 27 April 7 Mistel aircraft under Leutnant Dittmann of II./KG 200, escorted by Fw 190s, were launched against crossings at Küstrin, but only two Mistels got to the target to launch, results were inconclusive and the bridges remained intact. By April all available Mistel composite airframes had been expended and aircrew dispersed to nearby fighter units.

On 12 April 1945 Henschel Hs 293 standoff missiles were also used against bridges on the Oder, by Dornier Do 217 bombers of KG 200.

Suicide and near-suicide missions
In the last months of the war, a small number of high-ranking German officers pressed for a suicide fighter program as a last-ditch effort to stop Allied bombing runs over the Reich. This program, known as Selbstopfer ("self sacrifice"), was intended to use the Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg, a manned version of the V-1 flying bomb, to attack enemy bombers and ground targets. Several test flights were carried out by Leonidas Squadron KG 200, and mass production of the conversions had begun, but the program was stopped due to intervention from Baumbach who felt that these missions would be a waste of valuable pilots.

As part of the Aktion 24 operations, Dornier Do 24 flying boats were modified and loaded with explosives, with the intention that they would be landed on the Vistula River and exploded against river bridges used by Soviet forces. Experienced pilots were to be used to fly the aircraft to a point upstream where it would be left to a "suicide pilot" to ensure a collision with the bridge and ignite the explosives. The assumption that Soviet forces would not react and the unlikelihood of the aircrew managing to return to German-held territory after delivery made the concept highly dubious. The modified aircraft were destroyed on the ground during air raids.

Special missions

On 1 December 1943, a lone B-24 joined a bomber formation from the 44th Bomb Group. It was reported to have been a machine carrying the markings of a 392nd Bomb Group aircraft. However this unit did not become operational until 9 December. On 27 June 1944, a B-17 of KG 200, with Luftwaffe Geschwaderkennung code A3+FB, landed in Manises airport (Valencia) and was interned by the Spanish government.

Parachute troops
In July 1944 para-trained commandos of II./KG 200 carried out a parachute assault in July 1944 against French partisan forces on the Vercors Massif plateau in the French Alps where hundreds of partisans had created a stronghold from which they were mounting operations against the German occupiers.

These para-trained commandos of II./KG 200 remain a little-known arm of Germany's World War II parachute forces and were listed on II./KG 200's ORBAT (Order of Battle) as the 3rd Staffel. It is possible the paratroopers were actually Waffen SS paratroopers from the 500th SS Parachute Battalion assigned to Kampfgeschwader 200 for this particular mission.

KG 200 in the Middle East
In July 1942, and again in the winter of 1943-44, the short-lived Operations Dora and Bunny-Hop took place in the Gulf of Sirte, Libya, with secret bases inland at Al Mukaram and Wadi Tamet, as well as at Shott al Jerid behind the Mareth Line. The aim was to establish weather stations to provide local and meteorological intelligence, and to ferry agents via French West Africa to Cairo, Freetown and Durban. These used a (long range) Messerschmitt Bf 108, two Heinkel He 111s, and a captured B-17 - given the fictional designation "Dornier Do 288" (as a "confusive reuse" of the 8-288 RLM airframe number for the Junkers Ju 288, a Bomber B design competitor) - which despite being badly damaged during a raid on Al Mukaram by a Sudan Defence Force detachment, managed to return to Athens for repair.

On the night of 27 November 1944, KG 200 pilots Braun and Pohl flew a Junkers Ju 290 transport from Vienna to a position just south of Mosul, Iraq, where they successfully air-dropped five Iraqi parachutists in bright moonlight. The Luftwaffe crew flew back to the island of Rhodes, still under German occupation. After dealing with engineering problems, they evacuated some thirty casualties from Rhodes, reaching Vienna two nights later.

title: Kampfgeschwader 200