text:
Wall and crown knot

A wall and crown knot is a decorative kind of rope button. The original use of the knot was to put at the end of the ropes on either side of a gangway leading onto a ship as stoppers.

A wall and crown knot consists of a wall knot and a crown knot with doubled strands. .The strands of the wall knot go over, under twice, and over, while the strands of the crown knot go under, over twice, and under. In the wall and crown knot they are tied in opposite directions.

This knot is often confused with a Turk's head knot, as both knots have a basket weave pattern.

A Manrope knot(Double wall and crown, #847) is same knot as wall and crown knot but with little changes - crown strands doubled or tripled. in Verrill's book it is made from three-strand and crown strands doubled, in Ashley's book it is made from four-strand and crown strands tripled.

Crown knot
A crown knot is the simplest of the fancy knots. It is created from three strands.

"670. "Crowning" is mentioned by Steel in 1794. The Vocabulary of Sea Phrases of 1799 gives both the crown and the double crown...To tie a three-strand crown: Hold the apparatus as in the right upper diagram, and tie the knot in a counterclockwise direction. Take one strand, and cross it over the next strand ahead. Take the second strand, cross it over the end of the first-moved strand and across the standing part of the next strand ahead. Take the third strand, and cross it over the end of the strand last moved, then tuck the end through the bight of the next strand ahead (which, in the Three-Strand Knot, is the first strand that was moved). Draw the knot up, and it will appear as in the last two diagrams."

- The Ashley Book of Knots

A crown is recommended for finishing off an eye seizing

Wall knot
A wall knot is essentially a crown knot but reversed

"671. The wall knot is the exact reverse of the crown knot. If either of these knots is turned upside down it becomes the other knot. But as the stem of a knot leads from the bottom, the knots ordinarily are different. John Smith mentions the "wall knot" in 1627, Manwayring the "wale knot" in 1644, Blanckley the "whale knott" in 1750, and Falconer the "Walnut" in 1769. Even in Falconer's day standardized spelling and pronunciation had hardly been thought of...To tie a three-strand wall knot: Take one strand and bring it counterclockwise under the next strand. Take the next strand, and pass it under the end of the first-moved strand and under the standing part of the next. Take the third strand under the second end and up through the bight of the first-moved strand."

- The Ashley Book of Knots

title: Wall and crown knot


text: User talk:213.40.3.65

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:213.40.3.65


text: Category:NIOSH

title: Category:NIOSH


text:
Alert dialog box

An alert dialog box is a special dialog box that is displayed in a graphical user interface when something unexpected occurred that requires immediate user action.

The typical alert dialog provides information in a separate box to the user, after which the user can only respond in one way: by closing it. Closing an alert dialog will provide access to the original window, which is not available while the alert dialog is presented.

Alert dialogs that block the application are regarded as a bad design solution by usability practitioners, since they are prone to produce mode errors. Also when used as error dialogs, they have been shown to be ineffective in their goals to inform users about an error condition or protect from a destructive operation.

Usage
Alerts have several typical uses:

Warning and question alerts typically offer two opposite options to close the dialog ("Allow/Deny", "OK/Cancel", "Yes/No") with the implicit assumption that one will proceed with the paused process that triggered the dialog, and the other one will interrupt the process without action. A good practice in interface design, often included in human interface guidelines, is to label each option with the precise effect that it will have on the process (for example, "Save/Don't save" in a dialog triggered while editing a document with unsaved changes).
 * Error: informs the user than an operation could not continue or complete due to some insurmountable error.
 * Warning: alerts that the current course of action could be in some way dangerous or detrimental, often offering the option of not proceeding.
 * Info: presents a general notification about a recent event.
 * Question: elicits some kind of response from the user, required to complete the current process.

The primary reason for using an alert dialogue instead of communicating via the main program window is modality. A typical online form is non-modal. They present to a user many actions that can be performed in any sequence. By contrast an alert dialogue creates a modal state that isolates a particular element of the form and requires a user to address it before proceeding to the next step.

The utility of the alert dialogue is increasing with mobile device penetration, because:
 * modal alerts are part of the native functionality of a mobile device, so can be deployed consistently across the device ecosystem as opposed to visual styling techniques that are prone to cross-platform inconsistency
 * smaller viewports (screens) make it more difficult to review the main program window looking for errors/information
 * smaller viewports have acclimatized users to interacting with a sequence of small screens each with a define action, rather than viewing all contextual info at once on a big screen

Example
is the name of the method used in JavaScript to spawn an alert dialog. The argument to the method is the text to be displayed in the window.

A dialog created this way will contain a yellow triangle warning symbol (similar to those found on electrical devices), the text of the warning message, and a single button saying "OK" which will close the window.

Such a dialog also assumes control over the user interface, preventing the user from proceeding with any other task in the application until the dialog window is closed.

Criticism
Modal alert dialogs are prone to produce mode errors due to their unrequested nature. A study to appear at the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society showed that when a user dialog appears, the primary goal of users is typically to get rid of them as soon as possible even without any analysis of the causes for the dialog appearance. When asked, users dismissed any dialog box as a distraction from their assigned task.

This is explained by a common complaint about the wording of the message in the alert box, which is often incomprehensible to the user. In applications without proper user-centered design, the developers decide the text of the message, including terms and concepts from the mental model of the programmer, not of the user's view of the world. Since the dialog doesn't work to accomplish the user needs, the common reaction will be to dismiss the alert without further consideration.

Dangerous actions should be undoable wherever possible; a modal dialog that appears unexpectedly or which is dismissed by habituation will not protect from the dangerous action. This problem can be avoided by providing an undo action instead of a warning, or showing the warning in an infobar instead of a dialog.

Another recognized problem is that, as a modal window, the dialog blocks all workflow in the program until it is closed. Users may not recognize that the dialog requires their attention, leading to confusion about the main window being non-responsive, or causing loss of the user's data input. This often happens in data entry forms after an error alert produced by invalid data. The preferred design include changing a visual aspect of the input element to reflect an invalid entry (such as applying a red border), or adding a character such as an asterisk next to the input element that needs to be corrected.

title: Alert dialog box


text:
Potteries

Potteries may refer to:

 * Pottery, or pottery manufacturing

Places in England

 * Staffordshire Potteries, the Stoke-on-Trent area, known as the after its once-important ceramics industry
 * The Potteries Urban Area, a conurbation distinct from, and covering a larger area than, the Staffordshire Potteries
 * Potteries Shopping Centre, a shopping centre in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent

Other uses

 * Potteries, Shrewsbury and North Wales Railway, England and Wales
 * Potteries dialect, of Midlands English

title: Potteries


text:
Planning fallacy

The planning fallacy is a phenomenon in which predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display an optimism bias and underestimate the time needed. This phenomenon sometimes occurs regardless of the individual's knowledge that past tasks of a similar nature have taken longer to complete than generally planned. The bias affects predictions only about one's own tasks. On the other hand, when outside observers predict task completion times, they tend to exhibit a pessimistic bias, overestimating the time needed. The planning fallacy involves estimates of task completion times more optimistic than those encountered in similar projects in the past.

The planning fallacy was first proposed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979. In 2003, Lovallo and Kahneman proposed an expanded definition as the tendency to underestimate the time, costs, and risks of future actions and at the same time overestimate the benefits of the same actions. According to this definition, the planning fallacy results in not only time overruns, but also cost overruns and benefit shortfalls.

For individual tasks
In a 1994 study, 37 psychology students were asked to estimate how long it would take to finish their senior theses. The average estimate was 33.9 days. They also estimated how long it would take "if everything went as well as it possibly could" (averaging 27.4 days) and "if everything went as poorly as it possibly could" (averaging 48.6 days). The average actual completion time was 55.5 days, with about 30% of the students completing their thesis in the amount of time they predicted.

Another study asked students to estimate when they would complete their personal academic projects. Specifically, the researchers asked for estimated times by which the students thought it was 50%, 75%, and 99% probable their personal projects would be done.
 * 13% of subjects finished their project by the time they had assigned a 50% probability level;
 * 19% finished by the time assigned a 75% probability level;
 * 45% finished by the time of their 99% probability level.

A survey of Canadian tax payers, published in 1997, found that they mailed in their tax forms about a week later than they predicted. They had no misconceptions about their past record of getting forms mailed in, but expected that they would get it done more quickly next time. This illustrates a defining feature of the planning fallacy: that people recognize that their past predictions have been over-optimistic, while insisting that their current predictions are realistic.

For group tasks
Carter and colleagues conducted three studies in 2005 that demonstrate empirical support that the planning fallacy also affects predictions concerning group tasks. This research emphasizes the importance of how temporal frames and thoughts of successful completion contribute to the planning fallacy.

Proposed explanations

 * Kahneman and Tversky originally explained the fallacy by envisaging that planners focus on the most optimistic scenario for the task, rather than using their full experience of how much time similar tasks require.
 * Roger Buehler and colleagues account for the fallacy by examining wishful thinking; in other words, people think tasks will be finished quickly and easily because that is what they want to be the case.
 * In a different paper, Buehler and colleagues suggest an explanation in terms of the self-serving bias in how people interpret their past performance. By taking credit for tasks that went well but blaming delays on outside influences, people can discount past evidence of how long a task should take. One experiment found that when people made their predictions anonymously, they do not show the optimistic bias. This suggests that the people make optimistic estimates so as to create a favorable impression with others, which is similar to the concepts outlined in impression management theory.
 * Another explanation proposed by Roy and colleagues is that people do not correctly recall the amount of time that similar tasks in the past had taken to complete; instead people systematically underestimate the duration of those past events. Thus, a prediction about future event duration is biased because memory of past event duration is also biased. Roy and colleagues note that this memory bias does not rule out other mechanisms of the planning fallacy.
 * Sanna and colleagues examined temporal framing and thinking about success as a contributor to the planning fallacy. They found that when people were induced to think about a deadline as distant (i.e., much time remaining) vs. rapidly approaching (i.e., little time remaining), they made more optimistic predictions and had more thoughts of success. In their final study, they found that the ease of generating thoughts also caused more optimistic predictions.
 * One explanation, focalism, proposes that people fall victim to the planning fallacy because they only focus on the future task and do not consider similar tasks of the past that took longer to complete than expected.
 * As described by Fred Brooks in The Mythical Man-Month, adding new personnel to an already-late project incurs a variety of risks and overhead costs that tend to make it even later; this is known as Brooks's law.
 * The "authorization imperative" offers another possible explanation: much of project planning takes place in a context which requires financial approval to proceed with the project, and the planner often has a stake in getting the project approved. This dynamic may lead to a tendency on the part of the planner to deliberately underestimate the project effort required. It is easier to get forgiveness (for overruns) than permission (to commence the project if a realistic effort estimate were provided). Such deliberate underestimation has been named by Jones and Euske "strategic misrepresentation".
 * Apart from psychological explanations, the phenomenon of the planning fallacy has also been explained by Taleb as resulting from natural asymmetry and from scaling issues. The asymmetry results from random events giving negative results of delay or cost, not evenly balanced between positive and negative results.  The scaling difficulties relate to the observation that consequences of disruptions are not linear, that as size of effort increases the error increases much more as a natural effect of inefficiencies of larger efforts' ability to react, particularly efforts that are not divisible in increments.  Additionally this is contrasted with earlier efforts being more commonly on-time (e.g. the Empire State Building, The Crystal Palace, the Golden Gate Bridge) to conclude it indicates inherent flaws in more modern planning systems and modern efforts having hidden fragility. (For example, that modern efforts – being computerized and less localized invisibly – have less insight and control, and more dependencies on transportation.)
 * Bent Flyvbjerg and Dan Gardner write that planning on government-funded projects is often rushed so that construction can begin as soon as possible to avoid later administrations undoing or cancelling the project. They say a longer planning period tends to result in faster and cheaper construction.

Segmentation effect
The segmentation effect is defined as the time allocated for a task being significantly smaller than the sum of the time allocated to individual smaller sub-tasks of that task. In a study performed by Forsyth in 2008, this effect was tested to determine if it could be used to reduce the planning fallacy. In three experiments, the segmentation effect was shown to be influential. However, the segmentation effect demands a great deal of cognitive resources and is not very feasible to use in everyday situations.

Implementation intentions
Implementation intentions are concrete plans that accurately show how, when, and where one will act. It has been shown through various experiments that implementation intentions help people become more aware of the overall task and see all possible outcomes. Initially, this actually causes predictions to become even more optimistic. However, it is believed that forming implementation intentions "explicitly recruits willpower" by having the person commit themselves to the completion of the task. Those that had formed implementation intentions during the experiments began work on the task sooner, experienced fewer interruptions, and later predictions had reduced optimistic bias than those who had not. It was also found that the reduction in optimistic bias was mediated by the reduction in interruptions.

Reference class forecasting
Reference class forecasting predicts the outcome of a planned action based on actual outcomes in a reference class of similar actions to that being forecast.

Real-world examples
The Sydney Opera House was expected to be completed in 1963. A scaled-down version opened in 1973, a decade later. The original cost was estimated at $7 million, but its delayed completion led to a cost of $102 million.

The Eurofighter Typhoon defense project took six years longer than expected, with an overrun cost of 8 billion euros.

The Big Dig which undergrounded the Boston Central Artery was completed seven years later than planned, for $8.08 billion on a budget of $2.8 billion (in 1988 dollars).

The Denver International Airport opened sixteen months later than scheduled, with a total cost of $4.8 billion, over $2 billion more than expected.

The Berlin Brandenburg Airport is another case. After 15 years of planning, construction began in 2006, with the opening planned for October 2011. There were numerous delays. It was finally opened on October 31, 2020. The original budget was €2.83 billion; current projections are close to €10.0 billion.

Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3 faced severe delay and a cost overrun. The construction started in 2005 and was expected to be completed by 2009, but completed only in 2023. Initially, the estimated cost of the project was around 3 billion euros, but the cost has escalated to approximately 10 billion euros.

California High-Speed Rail is still under construction, with tens of billions of dollars in overruns expected, and connections to major cities postponed until after completion of the rural segment.

title: Planning fallacy


text:
Modular exponentiation

Modular exponentiation is exponentiation performed over a modulus. It is useful in computer science, especially in the field of public-key cryptography, where it is used in both Diffie–Hellman key exchange and RSA public/private keys.

Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer $b$ (the base) is raised to the power $e$ (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer $m$ (the modulus); that is, $c = b^{e} mod m$. From the definition of division, it follows that $0 ≤ c < m$.

For example, given $b = 5$, $e = 3$ and $m = 13$, dividing $5^{3} = 125$ by $13$ leaves a remainder of $c = 8$.

Modular exponentiation can be performed with a negative exponent $e$ by finding the modular multiplicative inverse $d$ of $b$ modulo $m$ using the extended Euclidean algorithm. That is:
 * $c = be mod m = d−e mod m$, where $e < 0$ and $b ⋅ d ≡ 1 (mod m)$.

Modular exponentiation is efficient to compute, even for very large integers. On the other hand, computing the modular discrete logarithm – that is, finding the exponent $e$ when given $b$, $c$, and $m$ – is believed to be difficult. This one-way function behavior makes modular exponentiation a candidate for use in cryptographic algorithms.

Direct method
The most direct method of calculating a modular exponent is to calculate $b^{e}$ directly, then to take this number modulo $m$. Consider trying to compute $c$, given $b = 4$, $e = 13$, and $m = 497$:

One could use a calculator to compute 413; this comes out to 67,108,864. Taking this value modulo 497, the answer $c ≡ 413 (mod 497)$ is determined to be 445.

Note that $c$ is only one digit in length and that $b$ is only two digits in length, but the value $e$ is 8 digits in length.

In strong cryptography, $b^{e}$ is often at least 1024 bits. Consider $b$ and $b = 5 × 10^{76}$, both of which are perfectly reasonable values. In this example, $e = 17$ is 77 digits in length and $b$ is 2 digits in length, but the value $e$ is 1,304 decimal digits in length. Such calculations are possible on modern computers, but the sheer magnitude of such numbers causes the speed of calculations to slow considerably. As $b^{e}$ and $b$ increase even further to provide better security, the value $e$ becomes unwieldy.

The time required to perform the exponentiation depends on the operating environment and the processor. The method described above requires $b^{e}$ multiplications to complete.

Memory-efficient method
Keeping the numbers smaller requires additional modular reduction operations, but the reduced size makes each operation faster, saving time (as well as memory) overall.

This algorithm makes use of the identity

The modified algorithm is:
 * Inputs An integer $b$ (base), integer $e$ (exponent), and a positive integer $m$ (modulus)
 * Outputs The modular exponent $c$ where $O(e)$
 * Initialise $(a ⋅ b) mod m = [(a mod m) ⋅ (b mod m)] mod m$ and loop variable $c = b^{e} mod m$
 * While $c = 1$ do
 * Increment $e′$ by 1
 * Calculate $e′ = 0$
 * Output $c$

Note that at the end of every iteration through the loop, the equation $e′ < e$ holds true. The algorithm ends when the loop has been executed $e$ times. At that point $c$ contains the result of $c = (b ⋅ c) mod m$.

In summary, this algorithm increases $e′$ by one until it is equal to $e$. At every step multiplying the result from the previous iteration, $c$, by $b$ and performing a modulo operation on the resulting product, thereby keeping the resulting $c$ a small integer.

The example $c ≡ be′ (mod m)$, $b^{e} mod m$, and $b = 4$ is presented again. The algorithm performs the iteration thirteen times:

The final answer for $c$ is therefore 445, as in the direct method.

Like the first method, this requires $e = 13$ multiplications to complete. However, since the numbers used in these calculations are much smaller than the numbers used in the first algorithm's calculations, the computation time decreases by a factor of at least $m = 497$ in this method.

In pseudocode, this method can be performed the following way: function modular_pow(base, exponent, modulus) is if modulus = 1 then return 0 c := 1 for e_prime = 0 to exponent-1 do c := (c * base) mod modulus return c

Right-to-left binary method
A third method drastically reduces the number of operations to perform modular exponentiation, while keeping the same memory footprint as in the previous method. It is a combination of the previous method and a more general principle called exponentiation by squaring (also known as binary exponentiation).

First, it is required that the exponent $(e′ =   1)      c = (4 ⋅ 1) mod 497 = 4 mod 497 = 4$ be converted to binary notation. That is, $(e′ =   2)      c  = (4 ⋅ 4) mod 497 = 16 mod 497 = 16$ can be written as:
 * $$e = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a_i 2^i$$

In such notation, the length of $(e′ =   3)      c = (4 ⋅ 16) mod 497 = 64 mod 497 = 64$ is $(e′ =   4)      c = (4 ⋅ 64) mod 497 = 256 mod 497 = 256$ bits. $(e′ =   5)      c = (4 ⋅ 256) mod 497 = 1024 mod 497 = 30$ can take the value 0 or 1 for any $(e′ =   6)      c = (4 ⋅ 30) mod 497 = 120 mod 497 = 120$ such that $(e′ =   7)      c = (4 ⋅ 120) mod 497 = 480 mod 497 = 480$. By definition, $(e′ =   8)      c = (4 ⋅ 480) mod 497 = 1920 mod 497 = 429$.

The value $(e′ =   9)      c = (4 ⋅ 429) mod 497 = 1716 mod 497 = 225$ can then be written as:
 * $$b^e = b^{\left( \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a_i 2^i \right)} = \prod_{i=0}^{n-1} b^{a_i 2^i}$$

The solution $(e′ = 10)    c = (4 ⋅ 225) mod 497 = 900 mod 497 = 403$ is therefore:
 * $$c \equiv \prod_{i=0}^{n-1} b^{a_i 2^i} \pmod m$$

Pseudocode
The following is an example in pseudocode based on Applied Cryptography by Bruce Schneier. The inputs base, exponent , and modulus correspond to $b$, $e$, and $m$ in the equations given above.

function modular_pow(base, exponent, modulus) is if modulus = 1 then return 0 Assert :: (modulus - 1) * (modulus - 1) does not overflow base result := 1 base := base mod modulus while exponent > 0 do if (exponent mod 2 == 1) then result := (result * base) mod modulus exponent := exponent >> 1 base := (base * base) mod modulus return result

Note that upon entering the loop for the first time, the code variable base is equivalent to $b$. However, the repeated squaring in the third line of code ensures that at the completion of every loop, the variable base is equivalent to $(e′ = 11)    c = (4 ⋅ 403) mod 497 = 1612 mod 497 = 121$, where $i$ is the number of times the loop has been iterated. (This makes $i$ the next working bit of the binary exponent exponent, where the least-significant bit is exponent0 ).

The first line of code simply carries out the multiplication in $$\prod_{i=0}^{n-1} b^{a_i 2^i}\pmod m$$. If $a$ is zero, no code executes since this effectively multiplies the running total by one. If $a$ instead is one, the variable base (containing the value $(e′ = 12)    c = (4 ⋅ 121) mod 497 = 484 mod 497 = 484$ of the original base) is simply multiplied in.

In this example, the base $b$ is raised to the exponent $(e′ = 13)    c = (4 ⋅ 484) mod 497 = 1936 mod 497 = 445$. The exponent is 1101 in binary. There are four binary digits, so the loop executes four times, with values $O(e)$, and $O(e)$.

First, initialize the result $$R$$ to 1 and preserve the value of $e$ in the variable $e$:
 * $$ R \leftarrow 1 \, ( = b^0) \text{ and } x \leftarrow b $$.
 * Step 1) bit 1 is 1, so set $$ R \leftarrow R \cdot x \text{ }(= b^1) $$;
 * set $$ x \leftarrow x^2 \text{ }(= b^2) $$.
 * Step 2) bit 2 is 0, so do not reset $e$;
 * set $$ x \leftarrow x^2 \text{ }(= b^4) $$.
 * Step 3) bit 3 is 1, so set $$ R \leftarrow R \cdot x \text{ }(= b^5) $$;
 * set $$ x \leftarrow x^2 \text{ }(= b^8) $$.
 * Step 4) bit 4 is 1, so set $$ R \leftarrow R \cdot x \text{ }(= b^{13}) $$;
 * This is the last step so we don't need to square $n$.

We are done: $a_{i}$ is now $$b^{13}$$.

Here is the above calculation, where we compute $i$ to the power $0 ≤ i < n$, performed modulo 497.

Initialize:
 * $$ R \leftarrow 1 \, ( = b^0) $$ and  $$ x \leftarrow b = 4 $$.
 * Step 1) bit 1 is 1, so set $$R \leftarrow R \cdot 4 \equiv 4 \pmod{497} $$;
 * set $$ x \leftarrow x^2 \text{ }(= b^2) \equiv 4^2 \equiv 16 \pmod{497} $$.
 * Step 2) bit 2 is 0, so do not reset $a_{n − 1} = 1$;
 * set $$ x \leftarrow x^2 \text{ }(= b^4) \equiv 16^2\equiv 256 \pmod{497} $$.
 * Step 3) bit 3 is 1, so set $$ R \leftarrow R \cdot x \text{ }(= b^5) \equiv 4 \cdot 256 \equiv 30 \pmod{497} $$;
 * set $$ x \leftarrow x^2 \text{ }(= b^8) \equiv 256^2 \equiv 429 \pmod{497} $$.
 * Step 4) bit 4 is 1, so set $$ R \leftarrow R \cdot x \text{ }(= b^{13}) \equiv 30 \cdot 429 \equiv 445 \pmod{497} $$;

We are done: $R$ is now $$4^{13} \equiv 445 \pmod{497}$$, the same result obtained in the previous algorithms.

The running time of this algorithm is $b^{e}$ exponent $c$. When working with large values of exponent, this offers a substantial speed benefit over the previous two algorithms, whose time is $b2i mod m$ exponent $b2i mod m$. For example, if the exponent was 220 = 1048576, this algorithm would have 20 steps instead of 1048576 steps.

Implementation in Lua
function modPow(b, e, m)  if m == 1 then return 0 end local r = 1 b = b % m  while e > 0 do if e % 2 == 1 then r = (r*b) % m    end b = (b*b) % m    e = e >> 1     --use 'e = math.floor(e / 2)' on Lua 5.2 or older end return r end

Left-to-right binary method
We can also use the bits of the exponent in left to right order. In practice, we would usually want the result modulo some modulus $e = 13$. In that case, we would reduce each multiplication result $a_{0} = 1, a_{1} = 0, a_{2} = 1$ before proceeding. For simplicity, the modulus calculation is omitted here. This example shows how to compute $$b^{13}$$ using left to right binary exponentiation. The exponent is 1101 in binary; there are 4 bits, so there are 4 iterations.

Initialize the result to 1: $$r \leftarrow 1 \, ( = b^0)$$.
 * Step 1) $$r \leftarrow r^2 \, ( = b^0)$$; bit 1 = 1, so compute $$r \leftarrow r \cdot b \,( = b^1)$$;
 * Step 2) $$r \leftarrow r^2 \, ( = b^2)$$; bit 2 = 1, so compute $$r \leftarrow r \cdot b \, ( = b^3)$$;
 * Step 3) $$r \leftarrow r^2 \, ( = b^6)$$; bit 3 = 0, so we are done with this step;
 * Step 4) $$r \leftarrow r^2 \, ( = b^{12})$$; bit 4 = 1, so compute $$r \leftarrow r \cdot b \, ( = b^{13})$$.

Minimum multiplications
In The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 2, Seminumerical Algorithms, page 463, Donald Knuth notes that contrary to some assertions, this method does always give the minimum possible number of multiplications. The smallest counterexample is for a power of 15, when the binary method needs six multiplications. Instead, form x3 in two multiplications, then x6 by squaring x3, then x12 by squaring x6, and finally x15 by multiplying x12 and x3, thereby achieving the desired result with only five multiplications. However, many pages follow describing how such sequences might be contrived in general.

Matrices
The $m$-th term of any constant-recursive sequence (such as Fibonacci numbers or Perrin numbers) where each term is a linear function of $k$ previous terms can be computed efficiently modulo $n$ by computing $a_{3} = 1$, where $A$ is the corresponding $b$ companion matrix. The above methods adapt easily to this application. This can be used for primality testing of large numbers $n$, for example.

A recursive algorithm for  = $x$, where $A$ is a square matrix. function Matrix_ModExp(Matrix A, int b, int c) is if b == 0 then return I // The identity matrix if (b mod 2 == 1) then return (A * Matrix_ModExp(A, b - 1, c)) mod c    Matrix D := Matrix_ModExp(A, b / 2, c)     return (D * D) mod c
 * Pseudocode

Finite cyclic groups
Diffie–Hellman key exchange uses exponentiation in finite cyclic groups. The above methods for modular matrix exponentiation clearly extend to this context. The modular matrix multiplication $R$ is simply replaced everywhere by the group multiplication $x$.

Reversible and quantum modular exponentiation
In quantum computing, modular exponentiation appears as the bottleneck of Shor's algorithm, where it must be computed by a circuit consisting of reversible gates, which can be further broken down into quantum gates appropriate for a specific physical device. Furthermore, in Shor's algorithm it is possible to know the base and the modulus of exponentiation at every call, which enables various circuit optimizations.

Software implementations
Because modular exponentiation is an important operation in computer science, and there are efficient algorithms (see above) that are much faster than simply exponentiating and then taking the remainder, many programming languages and arbitrary-precision integer libraries have a dedicated function to perform modular exponentiation:
 * Python's built-in  (exponentiation) function  takes an optional third argument, the modulus
 * .NET Framework's  class has a   method to perform modular exponentiation
 * Java's  class has a  method to perform modular exponentiation
 * MATLAB's  function from Symbolic Math Toolbox
 * Wolfram Language has the PowerMod function
 * Perl's  module has a   method  to perform modular exponentiation
 * Raku has a built-in routine.
 * Go's  type contains an   (exponentiation) method  whose third parameter, if non-nil, is the modulus
 * PHP's BC Math library has a  function  to perform modular exponentiation
 * The GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP) library contains a  function  to perform modular exponentiation
 * Custom Function  for FileMaker Pro (with 1024-bit RSA encryption example)
 * Ruby's  package has the   method  to perform modular exponentiation.
 * The HP Prime Calculator has the CAS.powmod function to perform modular exponentiation. For a^b mod c, a can be no larger than 1 EE 12.  This is the maximum precision of most HP calculators including the Prime.

title: Modular exponentiation


text:
Desmond Mason

Desmond Tremaine Mason (born October 11, 1977) is an American painter and former professional basketball player. He played as a shooting guard and small forward. Mason has also found success as an artist, working in a variety of media. Currently, he is an NBA analyst and sports radio co-host for The Franchise, a sports talk station in Oklahoma City.

Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2003)
Desmond Mason was drafted out of Oklahoma State University by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 17th pick of the 2000 NBA draft. In 2001, he became the first SuperSonics' player in franchise history to win the NBA Slam Dunk Contest. He also finished in second place in the 2003 contest behind Jason Richardson.

Milwaukee Bucks (2003–2005)
In 2003, Mason and Gary Payton were traded to the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for Ray Allen and Ronald Murray. The trade would be remembered as one of the worst trades in Milwaukee sports history, Payton left as a free agent the following offseason and while Mason showed improvement from his Seattle days, he was no replacement for all-star-level Allen. On November 30, 2004, Mason led all scorers with 32 points in a 95–90 loss against the Los Angeles Lakers.

New Orleans Hornets (2005–2007)
On October 26, 2005, Mason was traded, along with a first-round draft pick in the 2006 NBA draft, to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for Jamaal Magloire. On January 6, 2007, Mason scored 28 points in a Hornets loss against the Indiana Pacers.

Second stint with Milwaukee (2007–2008)
On July 23, 2007, Mason signed a contract with the Bucks after a two-season absence. Initially angry with Bucks general manager Larry Harris for trading him in 2005, Mason said he was happy to be back in Milwaukee.

Oklahoma City Thunder (2008–2009)
On August 13, 2008, Mason was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder (the relocated Seattle SuperSonics franchise) in a three-team, six-player deal involving the Thunder, the Milwaukee Bucks and the Cleveland Cavaliers, that sent Milwaukee's Mo Williams to Cleveland, Mason and Cleveland's Joe Smith to Oklahoma City, and Cleveland's Damon Jones and Oklahoma City's Luke Ridnour and Adrian Griffin to Milwaukee.

Sacramento Kings (2009)
On September 17, 2009, Mason signed a contract with the Sacramento Kings at league minimum. After playing in just five games (starting four), he was waived by the Kings. Mason's final NBA game was played on November 4, 2009 in a 105–113 loss to the Atlanta Hawks. In that game, Mason played three-and-a-half minutes and recorded no stats other than a foul.

Media appearances
In February 2007, Mason recorded a hip-hop video called We Dem Hornets in which he gave an inspirational roll-call of the entire 2006–07 Hornets team. He said: "Brandon (Bass) and I write a lot on the bus... I wrote a song about the team and let them listen to it. I rapped it to them on the bus and on the plane and a lot of the guys really liked it. I tweaked it, cleaned it up, and went over to (videographer intern and son of head coach Byron Scott) Thomas Scott's house and we put it down and then they wanted to put a video to it. It was just for fun." Commenting on the fact that the Hornets started to win after the video was shown, Mason commented: "I think it went over well. They showed it in the locker room and everybody liked it, all of the players liked it. It was done well and (the highlights) fit together really well."

In July 2018, Mason also appeared as a guest on a chartered yacht on season 3 of the show Below Deck Mediterranean, initially in an episode entitled "Panic at the Deck-O" on the Bravo network in the United States.

Artwork
Mason majored in studio art in college, and at one point considered becoming an art teacher. He works with a variety of media, such as oil paint, acrylic paint, watercolors, and ceramics. In 2004, he founded the Desmond Mason Art Show, which supports a variety of charitable organizations. His works have been on display at museums and galleries, such as the Gaylord-Pickens Oklahoma Heritage Museum.

Mason has been described as an abstract expressionist. "I paint by emotion so everything I create is a piece of me to some extent", he said in 2013.

Mason helped make a series of art murals in Milwaukee following the Bucks NBA championship win in 2021.

title: Desmond Mason


text: User talk:130.67.15.248

title: User talk:130.67.15.248


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Alfred Pellan

Alfred Pellan (born Alfred Pelland; 16 May 1906 – 31 October 1988) was an important figure in twentieth-century Canadian painting.

Biography
Alfred Pellan was born on 16 May 1906 in the Saint-Roch quarter of Quebec City. His mother, Régina Damphousse, died when he was young, and his father, Alfred Pelland, a locomotive engineer, raised their three children. In school, Pellan filled the margins of his notebooks with drawings and excelled at his art classes, with little interest in other subjects. He later changed his surname to "Pellan".

In 1920 Pellan enrolled at the School of Fine Arts of Quebec. He won first prizes in advanced courses and earned medals in painting, drawing, sculpture, sketching, anatomy and advertising. He sold his first painting at the age of 17 to the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa.

In 1926 Pellan received the first fine arts scholarship in Quebec, which allowed him to spend several years in Paris and visit Venice. From 1926 until 1930, he studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Besides his mandatory classes, Pellan also sat in on sessions at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière and the Académie Colarossi, where he met painter Lucien Simon (1861-1945). When his scholarship ended, he prolonged his stay in Paris, taking on odd jobs as a graphic designer and poster publisher as well as receiving financial support from his father. He won first prize at the exhibition of mural art in 1935 in Paris and rubbed elbows with the most famous artists of the time. Traveling Europe, he became "permeated by the mainstream art of the era". His early canvases, from his first visit to Paris, show a marked fauvist tendency.

In 1936, at the urging of his father, Pellan applied for a professorship at the École des Beaux-Arts in Quebec City. However, he was rejected by the jury, who found him too "modern". With the outbreak of the Second World War, he returned to Canada and settled in Montreal in 1940. In June 1940, Pellan exhibited more than 161 works at the Musée de la Province in Quebec City (now the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec) and at the Art Association of Montreal. Reflecting a wide range of stylistic techniques and encompassing much of his Parisian oeuvre, critics lauded the artist, suggesting that his work reflected a turning point in Canadian art history. However, these works were not commercially successful and Pellan struggled to find consistent buyers in the Canadian market. From 1943 to 1952 he taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Montreal. His active opposition to the theories of Charles Maillard, the school's director, succeeded in pressuring Maillard to resign in 1944. The school then became more liberal in its approach. Pellan committed himself to an independent art, more open to universality and evolution.

During the 1940s, Pellan illustrated poetry books and designed costumes and sets for the theatre. His style matured and developed during this period. Surrealism began to attract him more strongly: his imagery became more erotic and his paintings, always vivid and striking, became larger, more complex and more textured. Pellan remained actively engaged with the Surrealist movement, continuing to explore its stylistic techniques and visual motifs throughout his career. Art historian Maria Rosa Lehmann suggests that Surrealism's influence in Quebec is strongly tied to Pellan.

Though Pellan had no desire to be formally associated with any particular art movement, in early 1948 he founded the group Prisme d’yeux. Its manifesto was written by Jacques de Tonnancour and advocated freedom of expression in art, speaking for a group that called for art free of any ideology. Later that year, an even more radical group was formed, which produced the manifesto Refus global first set out by Borduas, which completely overshadowed the manifesto penned by Prisme d'yeux. Although Pellan and Borduas shared the same impetus to challenge conservatism within the Quebec art world, they were often at odds over their differing views concerning modern art's social role. Whereas Borduas advocated for moving beyond public opinion, Pellan aimed to make modern art accessible to collectors and general audiences.

In 1952, Pellan received a scholarship from the Royal Society of Canada, which enabled a return to Paris. He remained in Paris with his wide Madeleine, whom he had married in 1949, until 1955. During this brief stay, the Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris organized an exhibition of 181 of his works, sponsored by the governments of France and Canada. Pellan was the first Canadian to be given a solo exhibition in Paris in the museum.

Works by Pellan along with those of David Milne, Goodridge Roberts and Emily Carr represented Canada at the Venice Biennale in 1952.

Back in Quebec for two years, he resumed his painting classes in 1957 as a professor at the Art Centre of Sainte-Adèle while living in his house in Auteuil, Laval. His reputation continued to grow among Canadian art experts, he became more widely known through solo and group exhibitions, and he received commissions for murals, which helped establish his fame throughout the country.

In 1971, he received an honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University.

Death
In 1978, Pellan was diagnosed with leukemia and produced only five works during his last ten years with the aid of his assistant Michel Vermeulen. He died in Montreal on 31 October 1988, aged 82 and was interred in the Parc du Souvenir in Auteuil. His wife died in 2010.

Recognition and legacy
Several monographs and documentaries were devoted to him during his lifetime. He received a number of awards and honours, notably Companion of the Order of Canada. He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

On 21 April 1995 Canada Post issued 'Blossoming, c. 1950, Alfred Pellan' in the Masterpieces of Canadian art series. The stamp was designed by Pierre-Yves Pelletier based on a painting "Blossoming", circa 1950 by Alfred Pellan in the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. The 88¢ stamps are perforated 13 X 13.5 and were printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited.

Two of Pellan's paintings, Canada West and Canada East, were commissioned for the Canadian mission in Brazil in the 1940s and relocated to the Lester B. Pearson Building in Ottawa in 1973. From 2011 to 2015 they were removed by the federal government and replaced by a large portrait of the Queen. In November 2015 the two paintings were restored to their original location.

Tributes

 * A federal electoral district in Laval, Québec, named after him;
 * A street in Montréal is named after him.
 * A street in Longueuil is named after him.
 * A street in Lévis is named after him.
 * A street in Terrebonne is named after him.
 * A street in Saint-Jérôme is named after him.
 * A street in Drummondville is named after him.
 * A street in Granby is named after him.
 * A street in Mirabel is named after him.
 * A street in Blainville is named after him.
 * A street in Shawinigan is named after him.
 * A street in Sainte-Julie is named after him.
 * A place in Boisbriand is named after him.
 * A street in Saint-Lin-Laurentides is named after him.
 * A street in Sainte-Catherine is named after him.
 * A street in Saint-Charles-Borromée is named after him.
 * A street in Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot is named after him.
 * A road in Petite-Rivière-Saint-François is named after him.
 * A lake in Rivière-Koksoak is named after him.

title: Alfred Pellan


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Kelly Buchberger

Kelly Michael Buchberger (born December 2, 1966) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player. He played for several National Hockey League teams from 1986 to 2004. As a coach, he has been an assistant for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL) and a head coach of the Tri City Americans of the Western Hockey League (WHL).

Playing career
Buchberger has played for the Edmonton Oilers, Atlanta Thrashers, Los Angeles Kings, Phoenix Coyotes, and the Pittsburgh Penguins. He also played minor hockey with the Western Hockey League Moose Jaw Warriors and pro hockey with the American Hockey League Nova Scotia Oilers.

He was drafted in the ninth round by the Edmonton Oilers in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft, making him the 188th overall pick. He made his NHL debut in 1987 Stanley Cup finals. During his playing career, he was known best for his gritty play and leadership, having captained the Oilers for four years as the team's 9th leader in franchise history. He won the Stanley Cup twice with Edmonton, in 1987 and 1990.

Buchberger was the last remaining active member of the Oilers' roster to have been on one of their five Stanley Cup-winning teams, along with Marty McSorley. He remained with the Oilers until 1999, when he was selected by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 1999 NHL Expansion Draft.

Coaching career
After retiring, Buchberger was an assistant coach with the AHL Edmonton Road Runners team in 2004–05. He then joined the Oilers management as a development coach. On August 3, 2007, he was named head coach of the Oilers' American Hockey League affiliate, the Springfield Falcons, and guided the team to a 35–35–10 record, the team's first .500 season since 1998–99. Buchberger then was promoted to the Edmonton Oilers during the 2008 offseason, becoming an assistant coach with them. On June 10, 2014, he was reassigned to the role of player personnel and replaced as assistant coach by Craig Ramsay.

On July 11, 2017, Buchberger was hired as the assistant coach by the New York Islanders. In 2018, he was named the head coach of the Tri-City Americans in the Western Hockey League. In 2021, his contract with the Americans was not renewed.

title: Kelly Buchberger


text:
Talk:Klax (video game)

image
Do you have a full-res version of the image? Klax should have a 336x240 screenshot. --Tjansen 23:44, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

2600 klax?
according to atariage, klax for the 2600 was a prototype only, and never released.

http://www.atariage.com/software_page.html?SoftwareLabelID=1130 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.229.167.104 (talk) 07:51, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Similar mini-game in Grand Theft Auto IV?
CUB3D, an arcade-style mini game in GTA:IV, sounds like it's based off this game. Has nobody made this connection yet or are they not as similar as they sound? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.122.94.165 (talk) 04:38, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * There exist reliable game reviews comparing the graphics of Guitar Hero to those of Klax. Find me a reliable review of GTA4 comparing CUB3D to Klax and we can throw it in. --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 05:31, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Guitar Hero
Does this remind you of Guitar hero?
 * True, the article Guitar Hero should ideally mention mainstream reviews like this that compared the series' graphics to those of Klax. But Wikipedia need not mention an obscure Klax clone that's compatible with a Guitar Hero controller, even if it is open source. --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 23:57, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

The Guitar Hero series has nothing to do with Klax. Guitar Hero is a rhythm precision game (inspired by the Konami arcade game Guitar Freaks) involving note column button presses, a strum bar, in some versions even a tremolo bar that can optionally be used on hold notes to build up towards Star Power, and often requires a deliberate upward swing motion of the guitar form factor controller to activate Star Power. Klax uses a conveyor belt for transporting the tumbling tiles in columns, but the object is match 3 or more of the same color tiles to clear a level, also subject to specific level requirements (e.g., horizontals and verticals alone will not clear a Diagonal Wave that requires a minumum number of diagonal Klax connections). 76.122.221.218 (talk) 16:11, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

Release
Yet another article with contradictory release dates. 195.226.150.233 (talk) 07:52, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Japanese name
Is it necessary to include the Japanese name in the lead? It doesn't seem to be a Japanese game. Trivialist (talk) 21:56, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Atari is American, so I would guess not. However, it's part of the Video games developed in Japan category, so I don't know for sure. Adam9007 (talk) 16:48, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

The claim that FBI logo was only on US games is wrong
Recently there were a few edits that modified the statements about the Atari 2600 release of "Klax" to claim that it was released in the United States: one two three The editor's rationale, judging from the edit comments, is a not-supported-by-any-evidence assumption that Atari Corp. put the FBI "Winners Don't Use Drugs" campaign logo on the back of only U.S. releases of their games. (From this claim follows that since KLAX had this logo on the box, then it surely was a U.S. release.)

Let's forget for a moment that an NTSC version of the 2600 Klax existing only in prototype form is a known fact in the community of Atari enthusiasts and that it is supported by numerous Atari fansites and forum discussions.

Let's also forget for a moment that the MobyGames scan of the Klax box that the editor provides as supporting his assumption, is clearly marked on the page itself as coming from a U.K. release of the game.

Furthermore let's also forget that this Atari Lynx box of "Steel Talons" is clearly not a U.S-exclusive release (having text in several European languages and the "Importateur ATARI-FRANCE" note at the spine), and yet includes the FBI logo.

The fact of the matter is, even if that assumption about the FBI logo was true and supported by references, it would not be enough for the standards of Wikipedia as a confirmation of a U.S. Klax release existing. According to WP:SYNTHESIS we would require a reference that directly states that Klax was released in the U.S. So, dear anonymous editor, please stop reintroducing your claim until you can provide such a reference. --Krótki (talk) 01:12, 25 October 2020 (UTC)
 * So I have 47 Atari Lynx games in my collection including Steel Talons, I am in the UK, also a good few have the FBI logo. When I had my Commodore Amiga, a couple of games also had the FBI logo. Cheers. Govvy (talk) 10:50, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

1990 release date?
The copyright notice in the game itself says 1989. s FOARP (talk) 11:21, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Klax (video game)


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U.S. Route 340

U.S. Route 340 (US 340) is a spur route of US 40, and runs from Greenville, Virginia, to Frederick, Maryland. In Virginia, it runs north–south, parallel and east of US 11, from US 11 north of Greenville via Waynesboro, Grottoes, Elkton, Luray, Front Royal, and Berryville to the West Virginia state line. A short separate piece crosses northern Loudoun County on its way from West Virginia to Maryland.

In West Virginia, it runs north–south in Jefferson County, between Clarke County, Virginia and Loudoun County, Virginia. It is the main route between Charles Town and Harpers Ferry, and it is known as the William L. Wilson Freeway through that stretch. The southern portion of the highway, between the Virginia state line and Charles Town, is known as Berryville Pike.

In Maryland, the U.S. highway runs east-west, for 17.01 mi from the Virginia state line at the Potomac River at Sandy Hook east to its northern (eastern) terminus at US 15 and US 40 (the Frederick Freeway) in Frederick. US 340, which is known for most of its length as Jefferson National Pike, connects Frederick with the communities of Jefferson, Brunswick, and Knoxville in the southern part of the Middletown Valley of western Frederick County and Weverton in far southern Washington County. The U.S. highway also links Frederick with Harpers Ferry and Charles Town in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. US 340 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length in Maryland.

US 340 was one of the original state roads designated by the Maryland State Roads Commission. The state road was constructed from Frederick to Knoxville in the early 1910s and completed to Harpers Ferry in 1919. The highway was designated Maryland's portion of US 340 in 1926. US 340 originally crossed the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry; however, the U.S. highway's bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1936. The modern US 340 Bridge was constructed at Sandy Hook between 1940 and 1947, with a long interruption due to World War II. The U.S. highway's freeway between Weverton and Frederick was constructed in the 1960s. Old sections of US 340 became part of Maryland Route 180 (MD 180).

Route description

 * VA
 * 122.60 mi
 * WV
 * 16.03 mi
 * MD
 * 17.01 mi
 * Total
 * 155.64 mi
 * }
 * Total
 * 155.64 mi
 * }
 * }
 * }

US 340 has a length of 122.60 mi in Virginia. This number includes the 0.57 mi second Virginia segment between the 16.03 mi stretch through West Virginia and the 17.01 mi route in Maryland.

US 340 contains several segments that are part of the National Highway System. The U.S. highway is part of the main system from Virginia State Route 7 (SR 7) near Berryville to its northern terminus in Frederick. US 340 is a National Highway System principal arterial from I-64 to its eastern junction with US 250 in Waynesboro, along its US 211 concurrency near Luray, and from US 522 to I-66 in Front Royal. The U.S. Highway's other junctions with highways part of the National Highway System include US 33 in Elkton, West Virginia Route 9 (WV 9) in Charles Town, and Maryland Route 180 (MD 180) in Knoxville as part of an intermodal connection to Brunswick station.

Greenville to Elkton
US 340 begins at an intersection with US 11 (Lee Highway) on the northern edge of Greenville and just east of US 11's interchange with I-64 and I-81 in southern Augusta County. The U.S. Highway heads northeast as two-lane Stuarts Draft Highway, which crosses several branches of Christians Creek and then Christians Creek itself. US 340 expands to a five-lane road with center turn lane west of the village of Stuarts Draft. The highway passes the historic Harper House then expands to divided highway. US 340 passes through the hamlet of Ladd before leaving Augusta County and entering the independent city of Waynesboro at its partial cloverleaf interchange with I-64. The highway follows Rosser Avenue northeast, crosses Pratts Run, and reduces to two lanes as the route approaches the west end of downtown, where the route meets US 250. Both highways must turn off to stay on the route: US 250 heads west on Main Street and, via the north leg of the four-legged intersection, east on four-lane Broad Street, and US 340 turns east onto two-lane Main Street.

US 340 meets the eastern end of SR 254 (Poplar Avenue) and passes by Waynesboro High School, the Fishburne Military School, and the historic Plumb House and Coiner-Quesenbery House in the Waynesboro Downtown Historic District. The U.S. Highway crosses the South River and intersects US 250 at the east end of Broad Street. The two highways run concurrently east along four-lane Main Street and under Norfolk Southern Railway's Roanoke District rail line to Delphine Avenue, onto which US 340 turns north. The five-lane street with center turn lane passes through the Basic City portion of Waynesboro, where the highway passes under the Buckingham Branch Railroad, crosses Steel Run, and passes by Fairfax Hall. US 340 passes the General Electric Specialty Control Plant and parallels the Norfolk Southern rail line north out of the city and back into Augusta County.

US 340 continues north as East Side Highway, which parallels the South River and the rail line along the flank of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the eastern edge of the Shenandoah Valley. The highway crosses Sawmill Run and reduces to two lanes in the community of Dooms and crosses Mine Branch in the village of Crimora. US 340 crosses Meadows Run, Pains Run, and Still Run and enters Rockingham County at the south end of the town of Grottoes. The highway follows Augusta Avenue through the east side of the town and meets the eastern end of SR 256 (Third Street). US 340 curves northeast and meets the eastern end of SR 253 (Port Republic Road) south of Port Republic, where the South River and North River merge to form the South Fork Shenandoah River. The highway passes to the south of the historic estate Bogota and by a monument to the Battle of Port Republic at Lynnwood. US 340 closely parallels the railroad through Berrytown to the town of Elkton, where the route follows Stuart Avenue. The highway expands to a four-lane divided highway for its partial cloverleaf interchange with US 33 (Spotswood Trail) and briefly runs concurrently with US 33 Bus. from the interchange to Old Spotswood Trail, onto which the business route continues west.

Elkton to Front Royal
US 340 leaves Elkton along a continuation of Stuart Avenue and continues north through the Page Valley, the valley of the South Fork Shenandoah River between the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and Massanutten Mountain to the west. The highway crosses Dry Run, passes by the historic home Bon Air, and at Verbena crosses Naked Creek into Page County. US 340 curves northwest and enters the town of Shenandoah along Fourth Street. In the center of the Shenandoah Historic District, the highway curves north onto Fifth Street. Shortly after leaving the town, US 340 crosses over Norfolk Southern's Hagerstown District rail line. The highway passes through Grove Hill and crosses over the South Fork Shenandoah River. US 340 crosses Cub Run and passes through the hamlet of Newport before meeting the southern end of US 340 Bus. (Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway), which heads east and then north through Alma and Stanley. The U.S. Highway heads through Battle Creek and meets US 211 at Intersections at the base of that highway's ascent of Massanutten Mountain to New Market Gap. US 340 and US 211 run concurrently along four-lane divided Lee Highway northeast toward Luray. The routes pass by the historic estate Massanutton Heights, pass through Salem, and cross the South Fork Shenandoah River at Whitehouse Landing, the site of The White House. The two U.S. highways head northeast to bypass Luray where US 211 Business (Main Street) heads east into the town just south of Luray Caverns. After crossing Hawksbill Creek, US 340 leaves US 211 at an diamond interchange that serves as the northern terminus of US 340 Bus. (Broad Street).

US 340 continues northeast as two-lane Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway through the communities of Springfield, Big Spring, and Oak Hill. The highway crosses Jeremys Run at Rileyville and crosses over the rail line between there and Compton, north of which the route passes under the railroad. US 340 enters Warren County at the hamlet of Overall by crossing Overall Run on the Overall Bridge, a Pratt deck arch truss bridge next to the rail line's bridge; these crossings are near the Milford Battlefield. The highway continues through Bentonville, the site of Shenandoah River Raymond R. "Andy" Guest Jr. State Park. US 340 crosses over the rail line and Flint Run north of Limeton and through Karo between its bridges across Gooney Run and Dry Run. The U.S. Highway temporarily expands to a four-lane divided highway and meets the northern terminus of Skyline Drive as the route enters the town of Front Royal at the north end of the Page Valley.

US 340 enters Front Royal along four-lane Royal Avenue; the highway drops to two lanes at SR 55 (South Street), from which the state highway joins U.S. Highway. The two highways pass the Warren County Courthouse at the west end of the Front Royal Historic District. US 340 and SR 55 meet US 522 next to Rose Hill at Commercial Avenue, from which the other U.S. Highway joins the concurrency. The three highways follow four-lane Royal Avenue north to a right-angle curve where the three routes curve onto 14th Street and then turn north onto four-lane divided Shenandoah Street. US 340, US 522, and SR 55 cross Norfolk Southern's Hagerstown District rail line and the South Fork Shenandoah River into the Riverton area of Front Royal, where SR 55 splits to the west onto Strasburg Road. The two U.S. Highways then cross the North Fork Shenandoah River and Norfolk Southern Railway's B-Line just west of the confluence of the two Shenandoah River forks. US 340 and US 522 cross Crooked Run and have a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-66 as they leave the town of Front Royal.

Front Royal to Harpers Ferry
US 340 and US 522 head north along four-lane divided Winchester Road. The highways pass through Cedarville, the site of the Virginia Inland Port, and through Nineveh, the site of the historic estate Erin. North of Nineveh, the routes follow the Warren–Frederick county line and enter Clarke County, where the road is named Stonewall Jackson Highway. US 340 and US 522 diverge at a four-legged intersection at Double Tollgate, from which US 522 continues north toward Winchester; the west leg of the junction is SR 277 (Fairfax Pike), which heads toward Stephens City. US 340 heads east along two-lane Lord Fairfax Highway. The highway passes north of Greenway Court and veers north at White Post, the site of the Greenway Historic District and the White Post Historic District. US 340 intersects US 17 and US 50 (Millwood Pike) at Waterloo and passes through the town of Boyce and its eponymous historic district, surrounding which are three historic plantations: Huntingdon, Saratoga, and Scaleby. The highway crosses Page Brook and parallels the Hagerstown District rail line through the Chapel Rural Historic District, which is centered around the namesake old chapel at the route's junction with SR 255 (Bishop Meade Road) at Briggs. US 340 continues to the town of Berryville, through which the route follows Buckmarsh Street. The U.S. Highway intersects SR 7 Bus. (Main Street) within the Berryville Historic District, which contains the Old Clarke County Courthouse.

At the north town limit of Berryville, US 340 expands to a four-lane divided highway at its diamond interchange with SR 7 (Harry Byrd Highway). The U.S. Highway passes to the north of the historic estate Fairfield at Gaylord, where the highway crosses over the Hagerstown District rail line for the last time. North of Gaylord, US 340 drops to two lanes and enters Jefferson County, West Virginia. The highway, named Berryville Pike, passes by Ripon Lodge in Rippon and near the William Grubb Farm near Wheatland. North of Wheatland, US 340 expands to a four-lane divided highway, passes the historic farm Beverley and Washington High School, and enters the city of Charles Town at the North Fork of Bullskin Run. The U.S. Highway passes along the southern and eastern fringes of the city and has a partial interchange with WV 115, which heads toward downtown along George Street and east on Charles Town Road. US 340 next has a pair of interchanges with and runs concurrently with WV 9. The first interchange is a trumpet interchange with the portion of WV 9 that heads east toward Leesburg, Virginia. The second is a partial cloverleaf interchange that serves as the eastern terminus of WV 51 (Washington Street). WV 9 continues north on the bypass toward Martinsburg while US 340 exits to the east.

US 340 continues east along the William L. Wilson Freeway, a four-lane divided highway with traffic signals named for the William Lyne Wilson, a late 19th century Congressman from Charles Town. The U.S. Highway passes to the north of Rion Hall, crosses over CSX's Shenandoah Subdivision rail line, and meets the southern end of WV 230 (Shepherdstown Pike) at Halltown. Along the southern edge of the town of Bolivar, US 340 meets the western end of US 340 Alt. (Washington Street), which is the main street of Bolivar and Harpers Ferry, and the entrance to the visitors center of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, which is next to the Allstadt House and Ordinary.

Harpers Ferry to Frederick
US 340 reduces to two lanes and begins its traversal of the Potomac Water Gap, where that river passes through two ridges. The highway descends to and crosses over the Shenandoah Subdivision and the Shenandoah River, then it follows the east bank of the river to the river's confluence with the Potomac River. US 340 follows the south bank of the Potomac River as the river passes between Blue Ridge Mountain to the south and Elk Ridge, also known as Maryland Heights. At Blue Ridge Mountain, the U.S. Highway enters Loudoun County. US 340 has its sole intersection in its second run through Virginia with SR 671 (Harpers Ferry Road) in Loudoun Heights. The route then crosses the Potomac River into Washington County, Maryland, on a southwest–northeast angle on a two-lane steel continuous deck truss bridge that passes above Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, CSX's Cumberland Subdivision rail line, and Sandy Hook Road. US 340 expands to a four-lane freeway at the community of Sandy Hook, curves east through a trumpet interchange with MD 67 (Rohrersville Road), and crosses Israel Creek at Weverton. The highway, the canal, and the railroad parallel the Potomac River through the second ridge, which comprises South Mountain in Maryland and Short Hill Mountain in Virginia.

US 340's name changes to Jefferson National Pike as it enters Frederick County. The highway leaves the Potomac Water Gap and enters the Middletown Valley at its partial interchange with MD 180 (Jefferson Pike) at Knoxville; there is no access from westbound US 340 to eastbound MD 180 or from westbound MD 180 to eastbound US 340. The U.S. highway meets MD 17 (Burkittsville Road) at a diamond interchange near Rosemont and crosses Little Catoctin Creek. East of Petersville, US 340 has a diamond interchange with MD 180 and crosses Catoctin Creek. On the western edge of Jefferson, westbound US 340 receives a ramp from MD 180. Full access to Jefferson is provided by a diamond interchange with Lander Road. The U.S. highway passes through a wide gap in Catoctin Mountain and has a partial interchange with US 15 (Catoctin Mountain Highway), which heads south toward Point of Rocks. Access from northbound US 15 to westbound US 340 and from eastbound US 340 to southbound US 15 is provided through performing a U-turn at the concurrent highways' next interchange, a diamond interchange with Mt. Zion Road.

US 340 and US 15 cross over Ballenger Creek before reaching a diamond interchange with Jefferson Technology Parkway, which is unsigned MD 872G. The highway's partial interchange with I-70 (Eisenhower Memorial Highway) features ramps from eastbound I-70 to both directions of US 340, a ramp from westbound I-70 to westbound US 340, and a ramp from eastbound US 340 to eastbound I-70 and access to southbound I-270 just to the east. Immediately to the northeast, US 340 and US 15 have a four-loop-ramp interchange with MD 180, which heads west as Jefferson Pike and south briefly as Ballenger Creek Pike. US 340 reaches its eastern terminus at the third interchange, which is a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Frederick Freeway. The first ramp from eastbound US 340 provides access to westbound I-70; the second ramp leads to the northbound Frederick Freeway (US 40), onto which US 15 exits. The ramps from westbound US 340 provide full access to I-70, I-270, US 15, and US 40. The roadway continues northeast as Jefferson Street, which reduces to a two-lane undivided street that heads toward an intersection with MD 144 (South Street eastbound and Patrick Street westbound) just west of downtown Frederick. The portion of Jefferson Street between the overpass of US 40 and just west of Jefferson Street's intersection with Pearl Street is unsigned US 15B.

History
In Maryland, US 340 follows the corridor of the old road from Frederick to Harpers Ferry, part of which was organized as the Frederick and Jefferson Turnpike between the two towns. This highway became one of the original state roads marked for improvement by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909. The commission purchased the right-of-way of the turnpike in 1911 and resurfaced the Frederick–Jefferson highway with a 14 ft wide macadam surface in 1915. The segments from Jefferson to Petersville and from Petersville to Knoxville were placed under construction in 1911 and completed as a 14 ft macadam road in 1912. The highway from Knoxville to the Potomac River opposite Harpers Ferry was completed as a concrete road in 1919. The Frederick–Knoxville highway was widened to 17 ft in width around 1926 and became part of US 340 in 1927. US 340 was widened again, this time to 20 ft between Frederick and Knoxville, by 1934.

US 340 was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete from Knoxville to the approach to new bridge at Sandy Hook in 1948. In conjunction with the construction of the Frederick Freeway, US 340's cloverleaf interchange with US 40 was built in 1954 and 1955. Jefferson Street in Frederick was widened in 1956. When US 40 was moved from Patrick Street to the Frederick Freeway in 1959, US 340's eastern terminus was moved from Patrick Street west to the new interchange. Construction on the US 340 freeway began when the highway's bridge across Catoctin Creek was built in 1961. This bridge came into use in 1964 when the freeway segment between the MD 180 interchange east of Petersville and the ramp from MD 180 west of Jefferson was opened, replacing the curvaceous old alignment at Catoctin Creek. The present alignment of US 340 opened as a four-lane divided highway from the Valley Road / Keep Tryst Road intersection in Sandy Hook east to Weverton also opened that year. The portion of the freeway between Weverton and MD 180 east of Petersville was under construction in 1964 and completed in 1965. MD 180 was assigned to old US 340 from Sandy Hook to west of Jefferson in 1965.

Construction on the US 340 freeway east toward Frederick began in 1966. The freeway east to the current Point of Rocks – Jefferson segment of US 15 was completed in 1967; however, the US 15 interchange would not become operational until the new US 15 was completed and the two U.S. highways became concurrent in 1970. US 340's interchanges with I-70 and MD 180 were completed in 1968 and the portion of the freeway from the US 15 interchange east to MD 180 opened in 1969. At that time, MD 180 was extended east over the old Jefferson–Frederick section of US 340. US 340's interchanges with MD 67 in Weverton and Mt. Zion Road near Frederick opened in 1971 and 1972, respectively. Several ramps were added to improve access between US 340 and I-70 in 1997, including a pair of ramps from eastbound I-70 to US 340 and the connection from northbound US 340 to westbound I-70 at US 340's northern terminus. The interchange at US 340's northern terminus was converted from a cloverleaf interchange to a partial cloverleaf interchange with traffic signals in 2004.

Sandy Hook Bridge

US 340 originally followed Sandy Hook Road south and west from what is now Keep Tryst Road in Sandy Hook and paralleled the Potomac River west to Maryland Heights directly across the river from downtown Harpers Ferry. There, the U.S. highway crossed the river on a converted railroad bridge immediately upstream from the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers and downstream from the two railroad bridges—one for CSX's Cumberland Subdivision on the north and the other for the Shenandoah Subdivision—that presently cross the river at the site. After the highway bridge was destroyed in the March 1936 flood, a wooden floor was placed on the Shenandoah Subdivision bridge for that bridge to temporarily serve both rail and automobile traffic. Later in 1936, Maryland and West Virginia acquired the right-of-way of the destroyed toll bridge owned by the Harpers Ferry and Potomac Bridge Company by eminent domain with an aim to build a new bridge at the site.

In August 1939, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia decided to instead embark on a tri-state road and bridge program to replace the destroyed bridge. Plans for bridges across the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers and connecting highways were completed in August 1940. The new bridge across the Potomac river was to be placed at Sandy Hook to exploit the scenic views of the Potomac Water Gap. However, in December 1940, construction was delayed and plans needed to be modified to eliminate a sharp turn at the Virginia landing of the bridge. Despite a late request from the Virginia State Highway Department to move the Potomac River crossing upstream in June 1941, the concrete substructure of the Sandy Hook bridge was started in autumn 1941. The substructure was completed in March 1943. A request for bids for the Sandy Hook bridge's steel superstructure was advertised in November 1941. However, with the U.S. entering into World War II the following month, the construction of the superstructure of the bridge would be delayed until after the war due to the unavailability of steel.

The Maryland State Roads Commission advertised for bids for the Sandy Hook bridge's superstructure in December 1945. Construction started shortly thereafter and the superstructure was completed in January 1947. The Maryland and Virginia approach roads were completed later in 1947 and the bridge officially opened October 19, 1947. Although the residents of Harpers Ferry lobbied for an on-site replacement of the bridge over the Shenandoah River at Harpers Ferry so US 340 would continue to pass directly through the historic town, the West Virginia State Road Commission completed a new roadway and a new Shenandoah River crossing along US 340's present alignment in 1949. US 340 was rerouted onto its present course over the two new bridges by 1950.

Future
A plan is currently being devised to expand the West Virginia portion of the road between the Virginia state line and Wheatland to a four-lane highway.

The two-lane portion of the highway between Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and the Virginia state line is often burdened by heavy traffic, and the West Virginia Department of Transportation is examining ways to mitigate backups.

An interchange has been planned for the future section of Monocacy Boulevard within the planned Jefferson Tech Park in Frederick, Maryland.

Virginia truck route
U.S. Route 340 Truck (US 340 Truck) is a truck route of US 340 in the city of Waynesboro, Virginia. The route follows US 250/Broad Street through downtown. The route was formed in the 1990s.

Virginia business route
U.S. Route 340 Business (US 340 Bus.) is a business route of US 340 in Page County, Virginia.

West Virginia alternate route
U.S. Route 340 Alternate (US 340 Alt.) is an unsigned alternate route of US 340. It is a spur following Washington Street and High Street through the towns of Bolivar and Harpers Ferry.

title: U.S. Route 340


text:
El clon

El Clon (English: The Clone) is a Spanish-language telenovela released in 2010, produced by the U.S.-based television network Telemundo, the Colombian TV production house RTI Televisión and the Brazilian network Globo. It is a remake of O Clone, a Brazilian telenovela that originally aired on Globo in 2001 and on Telemundo in 2002. This limited run melodrama, which starred Mauricio Ochmann and Sandra Echeverría, deals with topics such as drug trafficking, cloning and Islam.

Telemundo executive Mark Santana called El Clon "the most ambitious telenovela in the history of television". This melodrama features a love triangle featuring Lucas, a handsome hero, challenging his clone for the love of an enticing, exotic woman. Lucas is young when he falls for a young Arab girl named Jade. She is caught between modern values and her Islamic upbringing. They separate and two decades pass. Then a strange turn of luck brings the pair together. Then Jade meets the clone, who is just like Lucas, but twenty years younger. She must choose between the man she loved and the memory she cherishes.

History
The remake debuted on February 15, 2010. It was filmed in Fez, Morocco, with some scenes shot on location in the Middle East, and in Bogotá, where Girardot's city represents Fez and Miami, although the main setting is Miami. It includes several members of the original production team, including screenwriter Glória Perez and director Jayme Monjardim.

As part of the 2010 season, Telemundo aired the serial weeknights at 8pm/7c central, replacing Más Sabe el Diablo. The series ended with a two-hour finale on October 29, 2010 with Aurora replacing it. As with most of its other soap operas, the network broadcasts English subtitles as closed captions on CC3. As part of the production deal, Globo agreed to embargo distribution of the original Portuguese version for five years.

Plot
The telenovela tells the story of Jade and Lucas. Jade is a young woman of Arab descent, who has to live with her father's family in Morocco after the death of her mother. Lucas is a young romantic, and son of a powerful businessman. When Lucas is on vacation in Morocco, he meets Jade, and the two of them fall in love. However, cultural differences do not allow them to be together.

After the sudden death of her mother, Jade returns to live in Morocco with her family. She feels forced into Muslim culture. One night while dancing, she falls in love at first sight with a stranger.

Lucas is a man who lives among the luxuries from the success of Leonardo Ferrer, his father, owner of an exporting firm. Lucas longs to be a musician, but his family tries to persuade him to become interested in their business. Lucas's twin brother Diego, is the candidate to inherit Leonardo's empire. Diego is a cheerful and enterprising conquistador that ends in a fight without truce with his father, because of his father's girlfriend.

Uncle Ali arranges for his two nieces, Jade and Latiffa to marry Said and Mohammed. After Latiffa's wedding to Mohammed, she, her husband, and Jade go to Miami.

Unfortunately for Leonardo, Diego dies in an accident when he goes to his girlfriend's party. Lucas's family does not accept his relationship with Jade and she is unable to leave her family to be with Lucas. Eventually, she returns to Morocco. Lucas follows her in an attempt to get her back to the United States. However, he arrives in time to see her wedding to Said.

Lucas takes the place of his brother in both the company and the hand of his girlfriend Marisa, whom he married shortly after. Meanwhile, in Miami, the scientist Augusto Albieri, upset by the death of Diego (which occurred on January 24, 1988), secretly cloned Lucas and implanting the embryo into Dora, resulting in an exact genetic clone of Diego: Daniel.

However, the earlier mistakes do not end the love story between Lucas and Jade, and end up reliving a love match. Marisa and Lucas separate, until news of a daughter brings them back together.

The story has a twist twenty years later: Lucas, replacing his brother, had a daughter with his girlfriend Marisa called Natalia, who is a proud product of both her parents and her grandfather for her academic excellence, but she feels she does not enjoy life more because she stays in her room alone, studying and amid all her troubles, was hired by her grandfather's chauffeur, ex-fighter, Alejandro, but Marisa does not allow her daughter to marry someone of lower class. Subsequently, Natalia becomes an alcoholic starts to abuse drugs.

Daniel, the clone has also grown, with great resentment toward his mother for having Albieri away from that known as "Dad," Dora and her mother wanted a simple life rather than luxuries for him, then had to move away from the child's doctor, so Daniel escapes to find Albieri.

Jade has become a mother and had to keep Said to educate her daughter to the customs of their culture provides, but Said has a contract with the Ferrer business. Jade and Lucas again have that thirst to be together, but to achieve the task will be to overcome several difficult tests and all downhill when Daniel appears in the life of Jade, making people swirling around Lucas and Daniel have serious problems in their lives.

Escobar cannot regain Clara, and after several attempts, gives up, then Anita's friend Louise, seduces him, plays with him and tells him to get one that's worth.

Natalia, after having her baby had trouble breathing, improved and remained healthy. Marisa asks that hospitalize her against addictions to avoid any harm to the baby. Natalian enters rehab and as months pass, she succeeds, she continues to struggle daily with the help of Alejandro, his family and his godfather, Enrique. Now recovered, along with Fernando, opened a clinic for drug addicts and put "Paula" which was the name of their drug-addicted friend who never saw again.

Marisa comprises all agree that Lucas go with Jade leaves the house on the road. At the beach, she meets a man who made her laugh while she was sad and so began a love sincere and very strong with she was happy.

Dora makes a demand for Leonardo and all celebrate in her house, but now Daniel is gone, then Miguel, Dora's new partner, says that trust because he always comes back. Daniel while in fear of being killed Albieri (as it sought to send him to prison), it follows Albieri in the desert where he says he let Daniel do not agree and both continue to walk through the desert, this being the last scene appearing in both.

Luisa and the reporter who wanted information about the clone, look for Albieri. Luisa wants to return with him and the reporter who no one believes that the clone exists, wants to prove herself, giving evidence to the world.

Alicia, now away from everyone, becomes a maid and tries to seduce her boss.

Mohamed and Latifa live happily with his family, Samira's boyfriend decides to become a Muslim to be with her, so he is taught by Mohamed, who accepts the relationship.

Nazira escapes with Pablo and live very happy with him.

Said wants to see Jadiya happy and lets her see Jade every week, but Said has another wife who daily fight with Ranya, but is equally happy in their own way.

Karla and her mother go to the beach, where they are choosing the next one to be cheated by them. Cristina and Leonardo have twins and everything starts again in the Ferrer house. Uncle Ali married Zoraida and both live happily together, she makes doesn't allow fighting at home but peace, in the end Ali accepts Jade back.

title: El clon


text:
O Clone

O Clone (English: The Clone) is a Brazilian telenovela created by Glória Perez and directed by Jayme Monjardim. Produced and aired by Rede Globo, it was aired from 1 October 2001 to 13 June 2002, with 221 episodes. It also was an international success, selling in 93 countries.

Plot
In the early 1980s, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Jade (Giovanna Antonelli), a young Muslim girl, is orphaned when her mother dies and has to go to Morocco where her uncle Alí lives. The problem is that Jade was living in a country with a culture very different from that of an Islamic country. Thus, once she arrives in Morocco, she must learn all concomitant new traditions and customs, adjust to her new way of living, and face all the punishments she will be exposed to because of her conflicting personality and actions that go against her religion.

Back in Rio, a well-off family, the Ferraz, go to vacation in Morocco. Twin brothers Lucas and Diogo Ferraz (Murilo Benício), along with Leônidas (Reginaldo Faria), their father, and doctor Augusto Albieri (Juca de Oliveira), friend of the family and the twins Godfather who is a genetic scientist, visit Alí, a friend of Albieri's. There, Lucas and Jade meet for the first time, and they fall in love at first sight. Jade, knowing it's haraam (a sin) to love Lucas, decides to forgo her religious mandates for the sake of love, which prohibit her from marrying a non-Muslim person. Meanwhile, in Rio, Diogo tragically dies in a helicopter crash. Both Lucas and Leônidas are devastated by the news and Lucas' plans of running away with Jade are subsequently ruined. Albieri, his godparent, is shattered and becomes deeply despondent. He never recovered fully from the death of his fiancée, and Diogo's death reinvigorates his distress.

In an effort to change the natural course of events, Albieri in his despair resolves to utilize Lucas' cell in order to make the first human clone. Deusa (Adriana Lessa), a low-middle class woman who has not been able to get pregnant, is subsequently inseminated with Lucas' cell, and as a result gives birth to a baby, not knowing that it is a clone. Léo is born without complications, but Albieri wants to stay close to Léo and watch him grow up. Léo gradually becomes attached to Albieri, thus making Deusa uneasy.

Several years have passed since Léo was born. Now, Jade is married to Saíd (Dalton Vigh) and she's a mother of a little child, Khadija (Carla Diaz). She lives happily with her new family and is even starting to love Saíd. However, due to Said's insecurities a new encounter with Lucas is forced upon her to test Jade's love for him, with this encounter the old passion revives, but they're not the young lovers they once were and now they have new lives and new responsibilities. Lucas, who also is married, to Maysa (Daniela Escobar) and with a daughter, Mel (Débora Falabella) doesn't know he had been cloned 20 years before. Albieri had kept this a secret from everybody's knowledge and is trying to make it so that Léo and Lucas never meet and thus find out the truth. The last thing Albieri knew from Léo is that he and Deusa went to the north of Brazil, but with the return of both, Léo has become a young, handsome man, and the living image of the young Lucas whom Jade met in Morocco. The appearance of Leo in Brazil and his later travels to Morocco will change the life of all the characters forever.

Syndication
O Clone aired in Brazil comprising 221 episodes, of variable duration. However, when syndicated and sold to other countries the telenovela got the number of episodes enlarged to 250 and the duration fixed at 45 minutes. O Clone was a big hit, being aired in several countries all around the world. It was dubbed in several languages, with the Spanish version airing in the United States by Telemundo. There are also a few differences between the Brazilian soundtrack version and the syndicated one; some music was changed in order to make the people feel more identified, many Portuguese songs were changed to Hispanic American music when it aired to the Hispanics in the United States. See Soundtrack to see the list of music featured in the telenovela. Also, the Brazilian opening features the song "Sob o Sol" by Sagrado Coração da Terra, and the syndicated opening features the same video, but the music is replaced by "Maktub" by Marcus Viana.

Portrayal of Muslims
While the telenovela's attention to issues of drug addiction won its creator an award, the portrayal of Arab-Muslim cultures has brought a critical response from different Arab-Muslim sources, according to a 2005 doctoral dissertation written about the program by Elizabeth Barbosa.

The part of the telenovela dealing with Islamic customs and attitudes mixes traditions from diverse countries, rather than those of Morocco alone, and has been criticised for its inaccurate representation of these traditions, according to Barbosa. These criticisms include the portrayal of polygamy as commonly accepted in Morocco, women as rarely working outside the home or pursuing an advanced education, and women having only unimportant roles within the family. Critics making these judgments included sheik Abdelmalek Cherkaoui Ghazouani, the Moroccan ambassador to Brazil, who considered the high profile of these representations to merit his posting his criticisms directly on his embassy's website as part of a bulletin board.

Ratings
In its premiere, O Clone registered a viewership rating of 47 points, peaking at 53 points.

Its ever lowest recorded data in terms of viewership was on the New Year's Eve of 31 December 2001.

On the episode of the first between Lucas and his clone registered 56 points and 63 points peak, with 73% audience share.

In its finale, O Clone registered a viewership rating of 62 points peaking at 68 and 77% audience share.

O Clone registered a mean viewership rating of 47 points.

Remake
In January 2010, a remake in Spanish started to be recorded in Colombia. This remake is a production of TV Globo and Telemundo and it was titled El Clon.

title: O Clone


text:
Isabell Masters

Isabell Masters (January 9, 1913 – September 11, 2011 ) of Topeka, Kansas, was a five-time perennial third-party candidate (Looking Back Party) for President of the United States.

Masters' five presidential campaigns are the most for any woman in U.S. history. She was a candidate in the 1984, 1992 (339 votes), 1996, 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. In 1996, she was only on the ballot in Arkansas (but also received a few votes in California and Maryland) (752 votes total, 2000). Her 1992 running mate was her son, Walter Ray Masters, and her 1996 running mate was her daughter, Shirley Jean Masters.

Personal life
Isabell Masters was born Isabell Arch on January 9, 1913, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the daughter of Cora McDaniels (Lewis) and Walter Arch. Her father, a businessman, was of African American and German descent. Masters graduated from Douglas High School in Oklahoma City and received a bachelor's degree in education from Langston University. She later earned a doctorate from the University of Oklahoma. An educator by profession, Masters taught in California, New York, Nevada and Kansas during her career. She specifically worked in schools in the American cities of Pasadena, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Kansas City and Syracuse, New York.

Masters married Alfred Masters, who became the first African American to enlist in the United States Marines when he was sworn in on June 1, 1942. They had six children together, but their marriage disintegrated during the late 1940s. She raised six children as a single mother. Masters obtained her master's degree in higher education from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). She later earned a doctorate from the University of Oklahoma during her late 60s.

Presidential campaigns
In 2000 she was a write-in candidate in Kansas alongside George W. Bush and Al Gore. Her vice-presidential running mate was her daughter, Alfreda Dean Masters.

She made several unsuccessful attempts at winning the Republican primary elections for President. In 1996 she was on the ballot in Oklahoma and won 1,052 votes (Bob Dole won by a large margin).

In addition to her presidential campaigns, Masters ran for city council in Topeka, Kansas, and was once a candidate for Mayor of West Palm Beach, Florida.

Masters' had six children. They include Rev. Thomas A. Masters Sr. of the New Macedonia Missionary Baptist Church (Riviera Beach, Florida), the current Mayor of Riviera Beach who was a community leader protesting efforts by the George W. Bush legal team to stop the Florida election recount following the controversial 2000 United States presidential election. Her daughter, political scientist Cora Masters, became the fourth wife of former Washington, D.C. Mayor Marion Barry in 1994, but they later divorced.

Isabell Masters died in her sleep on September 11, 2011, in at a nursing facility in Lake Worth, Florida, at the age of 98. She had lived with her son, Riviera Beach Mayor Thomas Masters, for the last four years of her life.

title: Isabell Masters