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Derrick (TV series)

Derrick is a German crime television series produced between 1974 and 1998, starring Horst Tappert as Detective Chief Inspector (Kriminaloberinspektor) Stephan Derrick, and Fritz Wepper as Detective Sergeant (Kriminalhauptmeister) Harry Klein, his loyal assistant. They solve murder cases in Munich and surroundings (with three unsolved cases in total). It was produced by Telenova Film und Fernsehproduktion in association with ZDF, ORF and SRG.

Derrick is considered to be one of the most successful television programmes in German television history; it was also a major international success, with the series sold in over 100 countries. It has been claimed ZDF would no longer carry reruns of the show, after Tappert was found to have been quiet about his service in the Waffen-SS in World War II. However, ZDF has denied that claim.

History
All 281 sixty-minute episodes were written by veteran screenwriter Herbert Reinecker and produced by Helmut Ringelmann. As a rule, new Derrick episodes were broadcast on Friday night at 8:15 p.m. The series received enormous popularity, and was aired in more than 100 countries worldwide.

The series' discontinuation in October 1998 came as Horst Tappert had reached the age limit he had set himself.

Derrick had many fan clubs abroad, including the Netherlands and France. In France, Derrick is known as Inspecteur Derrick. In Italy, the show is called L'ispettore Derrick. In Chinese, it is known as Dé li kè.

Evolution of concept
Some episodes follow a whodunit structure, while others follow a howcatchem structure.

The series took a noticeable turn towards psychological drama as time progressed, and Derrick approached retirement age. Acting on a hunch, Derrick would ignore a number of possible suspects right from the start, and instead of doing the legwork often shown in police movies, would follow the main suspect to his or her favourite haunts and involve them in lengthy conversations, claiming that he had to get to know them better. Towards the end of the show, the murderers, now revolted by what they had done, would then be prepared to confess to their crimes without Derrick having to produce any further evidence. Generally, the show has little violence or bloodshed, and no shoot-out at the end.

Final episode
This philosophy also held true to the last episode, "Das Abschiedsgeschenk" ("The Farewell Gift"). Originally, Derrick was supposed to die by the hands of one of the criminals he had incarcerated, just as he is about to take a new job as the chief of Europol. The violent end was eventually scrapped, though; while there is a shoot-out, no one is killed, and Derrick goes on into the dark city and towards a new life.

Derrick and Klein
As the series begins, Derrick has only recently been promoted from Hauptinspektor to Oberinspektor. The personal relationship between Derrick and his assistant, Klein, is characterized by Derrick's frequent annoyance over Klein, which takes its form as sarcastic remarks to the point of rolling his eyes and shaking his head over his companion in front of witnesses and in public. The reason for this animosity remains unclear, since Klein rarely makes any mistakes, yet Derrick seems to pick at him quite regularly. Klein, though, never talks back and also never gives the slightest appearance of taking offense at this low-level bullying. These many minor episodes notwithstanding, the two work very professionally and organically as a team, but with Derrick always as the leading partner. This behavior of Derrick's becomes less noticeable as the seasons progress.

Derrick hardly has any private life; a girlfriend occurs only in two episodes. In one episode, Derrick says, "no, I am no longer married"; Klein, however, does not seem to have any private life; as a younger inspector, he seems to love getting statements from young, good-looking girls. In that respect and also in the way he goes about a case, Derrick resembles Lt. Columbo. As Umberto Eco has pointed out, though, Columbo is the obedient public servant of rich and powerful Californians (even as he relentlessly, remorselessly, and successfully pursues those engaged in wrongdoing, particularly murder) while Derrick, elegantly dressed and impeccably behaved, always appears in control, and is superior even to the wealthy people he is tracking down.

Just like an earlier television series, Der Kommissar (also written by Reinecker), Derrick features many prominent German and Austrian actors and actresses (including a few expatriates), such as Lilli Palmer, Armin Mueller-Stahl, Klaus Maria Brandauer, Maria Schell, Horst Buchholz, Curd Jürgens, Christine Kaufmann, Brigitte Mira, Gottfried John, Sybil Danning, Reinhard Kolldehoff, Carl Möhner, Eric Pohlmann, Anton Diffring, Ursula Buchfellner and Christoph Waltz. Many appeared repeatedly in different roles throughout several of the seasons.

As one of the first Western TV series shown on the screen of Chinese televisions after the country opened its gate to outside world in 1980s, the series (as "Detective Derek" – 《探长德里克》) was popular in China. Reportedly, it was also actually used to teach police officers and inspectors in proper procedure of tracing and solving criminal cases. Derrick reached cult status in Australia, where it screened on SBS Television with English subtitles.

"Harry, hol schon mal den Wagen"
The famous phrase "Harry, hol schon mal den Wagen" ("Harry, bring the car 'round"; implying "we're done here") was attributed to Derrick and became part of popular culture in Germany and China as catch phrases. Actually, this phrase was never spoken in any of the 281 episodes; however, in the second episode of the series, "Johanna" (which premiered on 3 November 1974), Derrick orders Klein "Harry! Wir brauchen den Wagen sofort!" ("Harry! We need the car immediately!"). The exact same phrase was used by Erik Ode in the earlier TV series Der Kommissar, where Fritz Wepper already played the character named Harry Klein, then the assistant to a different police inspector (played by Ode).

How exactly this phrase became attributed to Derrick is unknown, but one theory is that since Der Kommissar and Derrick were both created and written by screenwriter Herbert Reinecker, a TV critic may have attributed this phrase to the wrong one of Reinecker's series, after which it entered German popular culture as a catch phrase for Derrick. Horst Tappert did, however, speak this phrase in character as Stephan Derrick was as voice actor of his animated self in the 2004 animated feature film Derrick – die Pflicht ruft (Derrick – Duty calls; see "Beam me up, Scotty" for a catchphrase with a similar background). This animated film shed some satirical light on the ever-serious and sombre world of the original series, making fun of numerous clichés attributed to the series, including Harry's rumoured envy over Derrick standing in the spotlight, while he, Derrick's assistant for 25 years, always stood behind his boss.

International popularity

 * The series, with English subtitles, was shown on SBS in Australia for many years.
 * The Chinese-dubbed version was broadcast widely in many provincial TV stations in China in the 1980s and 1990s, and the series became a smash hit.
 * In Norway, Derrick has been shown throughout the show's history by state-owned broadcaster NRK. Reruns are still running.
 * In France, the series has been shown on France 3 television weekday afternoons and was running until May 2013.
 * In South Africa, it was dubbed into Afrikaans, with the original German soundtrack simulcast over the radio.
 * In Hungary, a Hungarian-dubbed version of the series was a massive hit in the 1970s and 1980s. It still airs occasionally on some television channels.
 * In Iran, a Persian-dubbed version of the series is still running in 2014 on the TV station Tamasha.
 * In India, an English-dubbed version of the series ran on a state-run TV station Doordarshan during the 1980s.
 * In Italy, an Italian-dubbed version of the series is still running in 2015 on the TV station TV2000.
 * In Kenya, an English-dubbed version of the series ran on state-run media corporation Kenya Broadcasting Corporation during the 1980s and 1990s.
 * In Uganda, an English-dubbed version appeared on state television station UTV for much of the 1980s and '90s alongside other popular German series like Tele-match and Didi's comedy show. The license was owned by Transtel Cologne.
 * In the United Kingdom, the series was transmitted by several ITV regions in 1987, including LWT, Yorkshire, Central and HTV.
 * In Cameroon, a French-dubbed version was still being aired on its state television station even up to 2014.
 * In the Netherlands, the series was broadcast by TROS Television, including several reruns during the 2000s.

References in popular culture
Derrick was briefly referenced in Marjane Satrapi's graphic novel Persepolis.

"Inspektor Derrick" is referenced in Elfriede Jelinek's Die Kinder der Toten.

The series was parodied on the Norwegian comedy show Åpen Post. It was humorously claimed that NRK had bought the rights to produce dubbed remakes of the series' original episodes after the show stopped airing in Germany. However, NRK could not afford expensive remakes, leading to a very simplistic (and, in the viewers' eyes, ridiculous) approach to the show, involving uninspired actors and a strong lack of action.

Derrick has been parodied in the Netherlands in a series called Jiskefet. Herman Koch played the role of inspector Tampert (this name is a corruption of Tappert) and Michiel Romeyn that of his assistant. The parody contained a lot of faux-German and emphasized the slowness of the original series.

In the Netherlands a new phone number was introduced in 2000, to reach the police authorities for non-urgent requests. A TV campaign was launched in 2002 to make the number more well known, entitled "Geen spoed – wel politie" (no urgency – but still police). The TV spot showed Tappert at his house, preparing bratwurst, while being constantly disturbed by phone calls from people trying to reach the police.

Books
Derrick was also used as the protagonist for a series of books published in Germany and Italy:

 * Das große Derrick Buch (ISBN 3-89487-239-X), Henschel Verlag
 * Das Derrick Buch (ISBN 3-89487-313-2), Henschel Verlag
 * Derrick «Harry, hol schon mal den Wagen» (ISBN 3-548-35830-6), Ullstein (for ZDF)
 * Die Derrick Story (ISBN 3-932234-63-4), BSV Burgschmiet Verlag
 * Grazie, Derrick (ISBN 88-452-3717-6), Bompiani
 * Derrick – L'ordre des choses (ISBN 2-940063-43-5), Les Editions de l'Hèbe
 * Derrick – Eine Erfolgsgeschichte des deutschen Fernsehens (ISBN 3-934305-29-6), Teiresias Verlag
 * Derrick oder Die Leidenschaft für das Mittelmaß (ISBN 3-423-12988-3), Dtv

title: Derrick (TV series)


text:
Talk:Oj, svijetla majska zoro

Why do we think that it is the "future national anthem"? That should be documented in the article. Andris 10:43, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

I am drawing the disputes to here. The Controversy section needs to be re-worked. It's highly NPOV and it talks of a de facto annexation of Montenegro, which is not quitte the truth. HolyRomanEmperor 20:44, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The whole article is NPOV (I put the tag), but it is not fair to delete it. Try to improve the section. Emir Arven 17:57, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Then, why you keep on reverting the Controversy section as-is? It's... (restraining myself... ) highly POV-ed. It's better not to have it than to have it in this form. I'll try to work on it tomorrow, but do you and Nikola have better things to do than revert each other's edits? Duja 20:48, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * On the second look, I don't see anything better than deleting it. It contains no verifiable information whatsoever -- lyrics have been altered many times in order to make the case of an alleged Serbian heritage of Montenegrins. -- by whom? where? how? -- various forms ... can be found in Serbian press reports and propaganda material, and on the world wide web as well -- please cite one? having been discredited as forgeries, these attempts are widely regarded by both eminent historians and the general public -- by whom? where? -- fiercely independent -- when were they "fiercely independent" except in last 10 years?
 * It is possible (and even likely) that forgeries have existed but please offer some proofs. What we have here looks like speculation . Duja 20:57, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Historia magistra vitae est
So, all you have to do is to present history on the objective way. If the original text was mentioning Serbs, Kosovo and so on, why to vanish the truth? Why you do as talibans with blowing up Budda's statues? You can't hide the truth and broke the strong link Montenegro has with Serbs, Serbdom and so on. Represent it the way it should be. Thanks :)91.150.115.244 (talk) 17:15, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

I have original Drljevic's Lyrics, as well as popular lyrics in Montenegro prior to adoption of the hymn. Do you think they would strangle the article? Nikola 12:10, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

start all discussions here HolyRomanEmperor 21:19, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * If they're significantly different from the current version, I don't think they would. The article is IMO now killed by "Really sung version" -- why repeat the whole text just to state that most verses are repeated? I'm contemplating removing it, leaving only the sentence about it. Duja 10:21, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Here they are:

A popular version:

Oj svijetla majska zoro, Majko naša Crna Goro, Sinovi smo tvog stijenja I čuvari tvog poštenja.

Lovćen nam je oltar sveti, U njega smo svi zakleti. Na Lovćenu NJegoš spava Najmudrija srpska glava.

Lovćen krase Petrovići A Kosovo Obilići. Lovćen krasi grob NJegošev A Kosovo grob Milošev.

Durmitore je l’ ti žao Što se Lovćen opjevao? -Ne, neka ga, nek’ se pjeva Zasluga je NJegoševa.

Drljevic's text:

VJEČNA NAŠA CRNA GORO

Vječna naša Crna Goro, Tvoj Lovćen je car Jadrana, Ka seljaka tvojih djela, Kad su čija opjevana?

Volimo vas, brda tvrda, I stravične vaše klance Koji nikad ne poznaše Sramotnoga ropstva lance.

Lovćen nam je oltar sveti, Vazda smo mu vjerni bili, U njega smo vjerovali I njime se ponosili.

Otkada je Badnje Veče Našu vjeru očistilo, Među nama, seljacima, Nevjernika nije bilo.

Dok lovćenskoj našoj misli Naša sloga daje krila, Bit će gorda, bit će slavna Domovina naša mila.

Slobode će čuvar biti Naša brda, naše gore, Dokle zemlju sunce grije I dokle se ljudi bore.

Rijeka će naših vala, Uskačući u dva mora, Glas nositi oceanu, Da je vječna Crna Gora.

The centaur:

Bože pravde, ti što spase od propasti dosad nas, čuj i odsad naše glase i odsad nam budi spas.

Oj, svijetla majska zoro, Majko naša Crna Goro, Sinovi smo tvog stijenja i Čuvari tvog poštenja.

Moćnom rukom brani, vodi Kroz oluje srpski brod, Bože spasi, Bože hrani, Moli ti se sav naš rod.

Dok lovćenskoj našoj misli Naša sloga daje krila, Bit' će gorda, bit' će slavna Domovina naša mila.

By the way, we'll have to make articles on older Montenegro hymns... Nikola 21:52, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Did it. Nikola 05:03, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Question
So we have Onamo, 'namo!, Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori and this one (Oj, svijetla majska zoro). But the last has three versions. Could anyone explain it a bit? --HolyRomanEmperor 01:04, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Why May?
Why is the month of May mentioned in the opening line? The rest of the lyrics don't really make it clear.

The fact that Montenegro's independence vote took place in May 2006 is no doubt a coincidence. :) --Jfruh (talk) 14:55, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * We might never know, but likely because it's generally considered the most beatiful month; "Oh bright down of February" certainly wouldn't carry the message :-). Duja 15:13, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It's possible that it is a reference to an important date in the history of Montenegro, but I can't find anything. Nikola 11:40, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Avoid peacock terms
[]Stefke (talk) 18:57, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Music?
Anyone has the proposed music for the mix of this anthem with Boze pravde, that was supposed to be the anthem of S&M? --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 18:43, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Edit war
Try discussing the issue instead of just switching the two versions of article sback and forth. That's what talk pages are for. Sideshow Bob 20:20, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

 * As I wrote on Rave92's talk page, I don't think we can say that the song is written in Montenegrin, when it was written in 1863, and the term "Montenegrin language" is only introduced at the end of 20th century. Nikola (talk) 22:02, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

I'd appreciate more discussion here, less on individuals talk pages, and rather less reverting. And so would we all, I'm sure William M. Connolley (talk) 23:16, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Anthem is written in Montenegrin language. At least the current and official one. Rave92 (talk) 10:02, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Anthem is written in Serbian language. All versions of the anthem are written before Montenegrin became official, and in any way having some language as official doesn't mean that anything written in that country becomes written in that language. In addition, they are apparently going to make Montenegrin standard out of Zeta dialect, but the anthem is written in Eastern Herzegovina dialect. Nikola (talk) 16:25, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Nope. Standard will be similiar to current one. Probably just with addition of letters that are used in Montenegro, and don't have letters. In what language is Lijepa nasa written then? Those anthem were written in Montenegro. The language they use is now called Montenegrin. Rave92 (talk) 08:53, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * We don't have a crystal ball, so we can't tell. However, what we can tell, is that when the last version of the anthem is written, the standard language in Montenegro was Serbian, and when the first version of the anthem was written, Montenegrins called their language Serbian. Nikola (talk) 18:15, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

For the benefit of those watching, and perhaps even for you too, could we perhaps attempt to understand what language it was written in? I see "Anthem is written in Serbian language" and "Anthem is written in Montenegrin language" (ditto). Are the two languages really so similar that its not possible to tell objectively which of these two statements is correct? Also, you both said "is"; I'm assuming thats a tense error, and the intent was to say "was"; but do correct me if I'm wrong William M. Connolley (talk) 11:51, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * If standard Montenegrin is ever made, it will be so similar to standard Serbian that differences between the two in this poem will amount to a single word; or, it may be even more similar, in which case there will be no differences whatsoever. Nikola (talk) 18:15, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Not big difference but here: Rijeka će naših vala, Uskačući u dva mora, Glas nositi okeanu, Da je vječna Crna Gora.

That's Montenegrin, here is Serbian: REKA će naših vala, Uskačući u dva mora, Glas nositi okeanu, Da je VEČNA Crna Gora.

Not a lot, but still anthem of Montenegro is written in first part, which is Montenegrin

Rave92 (talk) 15:07, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Serbian language recognises both ijekavian and ekavian as equal variants. You may read more at Differences between standard Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian. Nikola (talk) 18:15, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Don't understand you. R is asserting that Rijeka for REKA and vječna for VECNA characterises M over S. Are you asserting that Rijeka and vječna are valid and common in S too? I'm afraid that "ijekavian and ekavian" doesn't seem relevant - perhaps its a declension thing William M. Connolley (talk) 18:32, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, rijeka and vječna are valid and common in Serbian too. Once upon the time, these words were pronounced and written with sound called yat, which was probably similar to English schwa, as rěka and věčna. In some Serbian dialects this sound changed into e, so these words became reka and večna, and these dialects are called ekavian. In other, it changed into je or ije (depending on the accent of the original yat, more or less), so these words became rijeka and vječna, and these dialects are called ijekavian. Both dialects are valid and common, for example much how English Wikipedia has policy about preserving British or American spelling of an article, Serbian Wikipedia has policy about preserving ijekavian and ekavian. In fact, historically ijekavian dialect was more prominent, since standardizer of Serbian language Vuk Karadžić (who, incidentally, was from Montenegro) spoke ijekavian. However eventually ekavian became more prominent because it is spoken in the region around the capital of Serbia Belgrade. Nikola (talk) 06:15, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

I'm sorry but song is indeed written in Montenegrin language. We can go in long discussion here if Montenegrin existed before 20th century ( and it did) and song is written on it. Especially current version of anthem. --213.133.4.146 (talk) 15:15, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The simple assertion is useless; and its been made before. Don't comment unless you have something to add William M. Connolley (talk) 18:32, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Um...? It used to be dialects (Serbian also), but now they are languages as Serbo-Croatian doesn't exist anymore. Vječna-Montenegrin, Večna-Serbian. In Montenegro is official Montenegrin, not Serbian dialect. Why Wikipedia keeps discriminating Montenegro and Montenegrins? First is when you don't allow Wikipedia in our language (even though even SH has own wikipedia even though it isn't official language anywhere), then this? Rave92 (talk) 22:49, 20 November 2008 (UTC

 * This isn't the place to complain about not having your own wiki. To the substance: NS says Yes, rijeka and vječna are valid and common in Serbian too - do you dispute this? William M. Connolley (talk) 08:16, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Let me try and explain what the issue is here. In 19th century, when the song was written, this was considered a variant of Serbian language(because only Serbian and Croatian were official at the time, Montenegrin and Bosnian being defined much later, although all four languages are variants of the so-called Serbo-Croatian, but are being called different names for mostly political reasons). However, at this time, this language is called Montenegrin, and it is official in Montenegro, although its differences from the other 3 are minimal. Serbian language does recognise a ijekavian variant, although it is used more by Serbs in Bosnia and Montenegro, while Serbians predominantly speak ekavian. So, the dispute here is more political than linguistical, hence such a fierce edit war. Sideshow Bob 10:07, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Well said. It may be added that the language variant in which the song was written, was at that time the standard Serbian. I won't deny the democratic right of a part of Montenegrin population who declare that the name of their language is Montenegrin. But since the name of the official language in Montenegro has been changed from Serbian into Montenegrin, some have obviously jumped into conclusion that anything that has ever been written in Montenegro in the ijekavian Serbian, can now be said to have been written in Montenegrin. We should ask ourselves here, do we want only facts on Wikipedia, or should we allow this or that group's political aspirations (justifiable or not) to be promoted on Wikipedia. Maybe beside stating the fact that the song was written in Serbian, it can be added somewhere in the article that a part of Mont. population name that language as Montenegrin, or something like that. VVVladimir (talk) 13:54, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You are wrong. In 19th century, this was not merely considered a variant of Serbian language, this simply was Serbian language. Serbian is not a variant of Serbo-Croatian, it is rather the other way around. And at this time this language is called Serbian too. Most of population of Montenegro and most of Montenegrins call their language Serbian. Nikola (talk) 20:06, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

I am not complaining, I am saying the fact that Wikipedia does to our people. But never mind that, does it matter that Serbian have ijekavian or not? It is Montenegrin language. Don't see the problem. If Serbian can have their article written Serbian:, Croatian:, Bosnian, why can't we? It is the same language, but it looks like only Montenegrins can't have their language called by their name. Wikipedia is discriminating Montenegrin language, and it shows it very often, one of examples is this discussion. Rave92 (talk) 19:05, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes indeed it does matter. You asserted that you could tell it was in a certain language by the choice of words used. Other editors have said that is not correct: the two langauges are so close that from the text alone, it could be in either langauge. You have not disputed that, so I am inclined to regard your original assertion as wrong. So, we abandon the idea that we can tell from the text, and we need to consider the context. In that case, I could see two possible questions: is it *currently* written in Montenegrin, and was it *originally* written in Montenegrin. NS said above I don't think we can say that the song is written in Montenegrin, when it was written in 1863, and the term "Montenegrin language" is only introduced at the end of 20th century, but this is slightly beside the point, since the article doesn't actually use any tense: we seem to be arguing over the headers. Since no-one seems to be disputing is the official state anthem of Montenegro. Before becoming the anthem, it was a popular folk song of Montenegrins, with many variations. It was a Montenegrin folk song until World War II when Sekula Drljević proclaimed it for anthem of a Montenegrin it would seem to me most natural to use M for the header also William M. Connolley (talk) 19:53, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * But Montenegrins called their language Serbian during the period in question (when it was written, while it was a popular folk song, when it became the anthem). Nikola (talk) 22:58, 21 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure thats terribly relevant. Nowhere does the article discuss what the langauge was called when the song was written William M. Connolley (talk) 23:25, 21 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that just doesn't cut it. Why do we have that header above the song and what does that header above the song actually means? Nikola (talk) 19:19, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Those are very good questions. Perhaps you should try to answer them before reverting the text any more? If you don't know what it means, what basis have you for changing it? William M. Connolley (talk) 21:31, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not changing the text, it said "Serbian" for years before Rave92 changed it. Nikola (talk) 22:11, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * You are most certainly reverting it, as I said . Your question above appeared to indicate that you don't know what the header you've been reverting actually means. Your reply seems to indicate that your motive for the Serbian version was that its said that for years. This is one argument, but its hardly conclusive William M. Connolley (talk) 22:52, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * No, you said:
 * If you don't know what [the text] means, what basis have you for changing it?
 * So, I am not changing it, I am keeping it the same.
 * Of course, it was a rhetorical question. The header tells our readers the language of the text below it. Or perhaps you would disagree? Nikola (talk) 05:06, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * But what do you mean by the language of the text below it? What the language was, when written? How it may be read, now? William M. Connolley (talk) 10:44, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Either? If you would just show the song to a random person who knows the language s/he would most likely tell you that it is in Serbian language. This includes a random person in Montenegro or a random Montenegrin person. Nikola (talk) 19:09, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

I think it would be fair to say that it is written in Montenegrin (because it is the official language currently), and to say that the "folk version" mentioned below is in Serbian, because that is supposedly the old version which is obviously in Serbian(as you can tell from the lyrics, which are also a bit disputable, because that is just one of the versions, but lets not go offtopic). So, my proposal is: The current version is in Montenegrin, the "traditional" one is in Serbian. Sideshow Bob 00:02, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * No, that would not be fair to say because it is not written in Montenegrin. Neither the current version nor the traditional one nor the original one. Nikola (talk) 19:19, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I am just trying to reach some sort of compromise here... Sideshow Bob 22:31, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It is a rotten compromise. What principles are behind it?Nikola (talk) 05:06, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Um... Common sense maybe? If everyone keeps on pushing their POV we are not going to get anywhere in this discussion, but just keep on arguing between Montenegrin and Serbian, without anyone reliable enough to arbitrate between the two sides. And it would be logical that an anthem of a particular country would be written in its own official language, despite the fact how it had been called back when it was written. Sideshow Bob 12:37, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It would be logical, but it simply isn't. Nikola (talk) 19:09, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * To clarify, if needed. If a single word, or even a single letter in the song was changed when Montenegrin was introduced as the official language of Montenegro, OK, I could swallow it however stupid it may be; but to claim that language of a text is changed while the text remains completely unchanged, well, that just defies logic. Nikola (talk) 17:24, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

(un)locked again
So, I had to block 2 people for edit warring, and the article got protected for a week. I've unprotected it, but... anyone reverting it without providing a very good justification on talk will be blocked (and "the other side are evil stinking nationalists" will not be regarded as good; neither will "this is correct", neither will "see talk above"). And regardless of justification, everyone is on WP:1RR for this article William M. Connolley (talk) 17:00, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Um, ok, Montenegrin official language in Montenegro. Other languages are official in municipalities where are those people majority. Rave92 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 14:35, 1 February 2009 (UTC).

 * All versions of the song were made before it was proclaimed that Montenegrin is the official language in Montenegro. Hence, they are not written in it. As VVVladimir said, if Montenegrin language is standardized, and if a variation of the song is written in the standard, there will be no dispute about its language. Nikola (talk) 21:35, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

But that is what we know today as Montenegrin. Why you don't edit Croatian articles? They are also written in "Serbian". Rave92 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 11:08, 8 February 2009 (UTC).

 * No, it is not. I don't know it today as Montenegrin, and I doubt you do either. And in any way, this song was not written today.
 * I don't understand your remark about Croatian articles. If you want to say that they are correct, why would I change them? If you want to say that they are wrong, why should then this article be wrong too? Nikola (talk) 21:06, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

I don't understand you either. I don't think their anthem was written 15 years ago? Or any

 * No, but I don't think Croatian standard was made 15 years ago? Do you know of any article about a Croatian song that is in similar situation, that is, made at the time when everyone in Croatia spoke Serbian? Nikola (talk)

article regarding Croatia, guess what, no Serb language. Now tell me what's so different from Serbian that you can't edit there? Because you have no guts to do it, and go to Montenegrin articles and start edit wars. AND YES IT IS, WHAT WE KNOW OF MONTENEGRIN LANGUAGE. I think I better know than you who live in Serbia, which language is spoken in my country. Rave92 (talk) 08:59, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I think you do not. Nikola (talk) 19:01, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

I think I do :). Rave92 (talk) 18:09, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Nikola, In 1863 (or whatever), when the allegedly original song was written there was no declared official language within Montenegro, so your claim does not hold up. Furthermore, in 1937, when the Drljevic version was written, the status of the Language's name was quite ambigious. Considering Drljevic published his anthem in 1944 in Zagreb in the Croatian language, you can say the anthem is in the Croatian language then?

William, the basic fact that is needed to be understood here, is that neither a seperate Serbian language nor Montenegrin language exist on a bare-linguistical level. Perhaps they once did in the distant past, but today both are from a linguistical standpoint mere dialects of a greater Western-Balkan Slavic language.

Thus I propose that the language be put as Montenegrin, simply due to the fact that it has constitutional validity and that this Anthem is also included in this constitution. I would recommend deleting these "folk" versions, most of which cannot be historically cited, and only offer the possibility of future edit-wars or arguments. 72.211.205.232 (talk) 21:25, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Consensus
"I did. According to Article 13, the official languages are Montenegrin, as well as Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian."

No, official language is Montenegrin, those language is mentioned as language in use in the country. It can be used in where it is minority.

"That is also not true. I have nowhere removed "Montenegrin" or replaced it with "Serbian" - the only act on my part had included addition of "Serbian" next to "Montenegrin", in order to make the article more neutral.
 * Yes, the reader will indeed, especially because the controversial background of the current Montenegrin national anthem is an ongoing and hot topic. The article as was, was actually far too short and lacked crucial information. I do think the reader will be especially interested in the controversies regarding Drljevic, or the other versions of this popular folk song, but it is neither on me or you to judge what others would be interested in or not, nor should the article be modeled as such.
 * The Law on National Symbols passed in 2004, was not written in Montenegrin, but in Serbian.

"

How is that making article more neutral? If I add Montenegrin to "Boze Pravde" will it be more neutral? No.

No, reader won't, because anthem can't be controversial. Every anthem on English Wikipedia is edited like that to be as short as it can to show a bit of history, not what some politician said about it. It is not hot topic, just a election tricks. Do we need to edit it every time politicians mention this? How you can add current information about anthem. It is not article about economy of some country that you need to update it like that. "The Law on National Symbols" was written in Montenegrin.

ALSO, do not add anything until we reach here consensus, you can't say you are right and accusing others they are not, and giving your self right to decide over that question.

Rave92 (talk) 17:03, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I was asked to comment on this, but I honestly have no idea what to say. Looking at the current article version, the differences between Montenegrin and Croatian version of the respective stanzas is in one letter, if I counted correctly. Talk:Hey, Slavs has enjoyed similarly glorious waste of space (and time on editors' part discussing which all "languages" we should use, and when did particular languages "begin"). You probably already know my stance on this whole matter, so I won't repeat it. Have fun ;) --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 17:20, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Well I invited you because I wanted this to be as neutral as it can, but anyway thanks for contribution. Rave92 (talk) 17:57, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

 * If you convince me that there is an ongoing dispute whether Serbian (still never fully standardized) is a separate language, or just a dialect of the Montenegrin language (ESPECIALY if the common opinion is that it's a Montenegrin dialect, and even more if both Montenegrin and Serbian are official languages in Serbia), then YES, adding "Montenegrin" to the Boze pravde article should make it more neutral.
 * A fact that it's NOT something just political rests in the fact that experts also dispute the anthem, and that this ongoing controversy has lasted for over 5 years. I think that my changes positively reflect over 15 years of arguing about this national song, especially the last much-heated 5 while it is the country's official anthem - so no, this doesn't rest exclusively in "election tricks". While comparing to other national anthems, could you please direct me to any other country in which there is so much discussion and where the anthem is so much dispute, with opinions highly divided, like Montenegro?
 * Regarding your claims on the Law in referral, the answer is NEGATIVE. When the law was drafted, official language was SERBIAN and it was written in Serbian and was written in the Serbian standard. Montenegrin is currently under the process of standardization, so I guess when it is finished, there is possibility of translation to Montenegrin (and other of Montenegro's official languages - Bosnian, Croatian and Albanian, all of which are unlike Montenegrin fully standardized), just like there has been a lot of argument that the Constitution of Montenegro is available only in its Serbian edition, and still not in the Montenegrin (impending the standardization).
 * If you find the article disputed, put a tag or something and write down what's disputed here, because I dont sea anything you dispute. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MNEFORGER (talk • contribs) 18:48, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Ok, let's start. I am glad you are FINALY taking part in the thing called "discussion". We can discuss all what you want to add, and if we can't agree, admins can join and decide by looking at our arguments. Now to answer your arguments.

"If you convince me that there is an ongoing dispute whether Serbian (still never fully standardized) is a separate language, or just a dialect of the Montenegrin language (ESPECIALY if the common opinion is that it's a Montenegrin dialect, and even more if both Montenegrin and Serbian are official languages in Serbia), then YES, adding "Montenegrin" to the Boze pravde article should make it more neutral."

There isn't ongoing dispute. Montenegrin language is language for those who think so, and isn't for those who also think Bosnian and Croatian are not languages. Nothing new there. Second mistake is that you say they are both official languages of country. Wrong! Official language of Montenegro is Montenegrin, while others are languages in use which means they are can/are used where that ethnicity is major. If "languages in use" would have the same status, then government web sites and others should add all of those languages on their web sites, documents etc... like you have on Bosnian ones.

":A fact that it's NOT something just political rests in the fact that experts also dispute the anthem, and that this ongoing controversy has lasted for over 5 years. I think that my changes positively reflect over 15 years of arguing about this national song, especially the last much-heated 5 while it is the country's official anthem - so no, this doesn't rest exclusively in "election tricks". While comparing to other national anthems, could you please direct me to any other country in which there is so much discussion and where the anthem is so much dispute, with opinions highly divided, like Montenegro?"

In Montenegrin everything is in dispute coming from the same people and politics party which are pro-Serbian. Anthem wasn't really dispute for 5 years, but just the things that are mentioned before elections, and you can check it. 55%+ who voted for independence sang it on 21 May, and that's legitimate majority (even though I think it's number is a lot higher now). Let's say it's a dispute, there is no need to go for details what what politicians said etc... all that can be said at the end of introduction that is controversy.

":Regarding your claims on the Law in referral, the answer is NEGATIVE. When the law was drafted, official language was SERBIAN and it was written in Serbian and was written in the Serbian standard. Montenegrin is currently under the process of standardization, so I guess when it is finished, there is possibility of translation to Montenegrin (and other of Montenegro's official languages - Bosnian, Croatian and Albanian, all of which are unlike Montenegrin fully standardized), just like there has been a lot of argument that the Constitution of Montenegro is available only in its Serbian edition, and still not in the Montenegrin (impending the standardization).
 * If you find the article disputed, put a tag or something and write down what's disputed here, because I dont sea anything you dispute. "

Montenegrin doesn't start to exist from 2007. It just got the right name. We weren't talking with rocks before 2007 you know :P. It's like saying all laws in 1980 were written in SH, even though everyone in Serbia would say you it's written in Serbian. It's just different name. All you want to to add to Montenegrin can be used on your Serbian language with Serbo-Croatian, and you should get familiar more with history of Montenegrin language.

"just like there has been a lot of argument that the Constitution of Montenegro is available only in its Serbian edition, and still not in the Montenegrin (impending the standardization). "

Um.. no, constitution is written in Montenegrin language.

Rave92 (talk) 20:44, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

 * That is not correct. There is no ISO code (it's, rather, referred to Serbian), Montenegrin is still during the process of standardization and there is no wide undisputed consensus that Montenegrin is a separate language in order to implement it; in most cases, it is rather considered a dialect of Serbian (or in some cases, even of Serbo-Croatian) - precisely as the proponents of a separate Montenegrin language have been pointing out, that they should lobby more in order to receive recognition abroad. AFAIK, this is a problem more, since there is no consensus among literary experts in Montenegro itself, with linguists divided on the issue, as well as the people, among which some consider that there is Montenegrin, and others that it is just Serbian. The status of Montenegrin cannot be in any way compared to Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian, I think that's obvious to everyone. I am not saying it wont be able to, but it cannot right now, and Ive read that Wiki shouldnt be a crystal boll.

 * Of course it is disputed, if it is rejected to be heard in parts of the country, and if changes are announced (and have already been implemented). This has got little to do with political rhetoric, let alone having to do ANYTHING with the 2006 independence referendum. Are you saying that the President of Montenegro and that the ruling party (DPS) are "pro-Serbian"? Change of the anthem has actually already been implemented and you think that that shouldnt be mentioned in the article?

 * All laws in Montenegro were written in Serbo-Croatian from 1954 to 1993 (not 198), of course that is what I am saying.

 * The Law on national symbols and the Constitution of Montenegro do not have the new Montenegrin characters. It's completely different if languages have different standards and scripts. The law was written in Serbian Cyrillic script, while the Serbian language was the ONLY official and all documents written in it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MNEFORGER (talk • contribs) 01:31, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

":That is not correct. There is no ISO code (it's, rather, referred to Serbian), Montenegrin is still during the process of standardization and there is no wide undisputed consensus that Montenegrin is a separate language in order to implement it; in most cases, it is rather considered a dialect of Serbian (or in some cases, even of Serbo-Croatian) - precisely as the proponents of a separate Montenegrin language have been pointing out, that they should lobby more in order to receive recognition abroad. AFAIK, this is a problem more, since there is no consensus among literary experts in Montenegro itself, with linguists divided on the issue, as well as the people, among which some consider that there is Montenegrin, and others that it is just Serbian. The status of Montenegrin cannot be in any way compared to Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian, I think that's obvious to everyone. I am not saying it wont be able to, but it cannot right now, and Ive read that Wiki shouldnt be a crystal boll. "

Um.. no? It is not refereed as Serbian. It uses some (not all) ISO code same as Serbian because it didn't get it own code. ISO code doesn't mean that language is in the phase of standardisation. It gots standard, ISO is burecracy thing which will hopefully be done soon. No mate, your statment that it can't be compared to Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian just shows you have no credit to talk here, as you are going against Constituion, and something that is well accepted on Wikipedia. I think that this even can be called fascism, but that's the totally other debate. You might and might not accept that language, but here we must use Constituion of the country over someones opinion on Wikipedia.

":Of course it is disputed, if it is rejected to be heard in parts of the country, and if changes are announced (and have already been implemented). This has got little to do with political rhetoric, let alone having to do ANYTHING with the 2006 independence referendum. Are you saying that the President of Montenegro and that the ruling party (DPS) are "pro-Serbian"? Change of the anthem has actually already been implemented and you think that that shouldnt be mentioned in the article?"

Because some parties reject to hear it doesn't mean it is reject by municipalities. It is performed everywhere in the country during the municipality day. There was incident in Bijelo Polje, and that is sole case. Actually, President is known as more of pro-Serbian part of DPS, and was citisied for his moves. I don't wanna go into politics so much, but since we are mentioning it, here is one interesting article for you: http://www.cafemontenegro.com/index.php?group=23&news=119370

So that incidents won't happen anymore even in Parliament.

":All laws in Montenegro were written in Serbo-Croatian from 1954 to 1993 (not 198), of course that is what I am saying.

 * The Law on national symbols and the Constitution of Montenegro do not have the new Montenegrin characters. It's completely different if languages have different standards and scripts. The law was written in Serbian Cyrillic script, while the Serbian language was the ONLY official and all documents written in it. "

Hah, well you can say it was written in Serbo-Croatian, but Serbs don't seem to say it like that. They say it is written in Serbian. Montenegrins say all taht is written in Montenegro, is Montenegrin, as it is just standard and name. You use double standards for Serbian and Montenegrin. So what if it doesn't have Montenegrin characters? It is allowed in both ways (for e.g. sjutra and śutra) so that arguments is not valid.

DOCUMENTS WERE WRITTEN IN MONTENEGRIN.

Also don't add anything we don't agree (I mean on text and language) on the article. I will contact Admin to see is it normal to have so much politics involved on anthem article. Rave92 (talk) 11:52, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Protected again
I have protected this article for a week because of ongoing edit wars. This does not necessarily endorse the current version of the page. Please discuss this here rather than edit warring. J Milburn (talk) 09:30, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Oj, svijetla majska zoro


text:
Mandrake (album)

Mandrake is the fifth album by German power metal band Edguy, released in 2001. It is a varied album, exploring many styles of the power metal genre. It was their last studio album for AFM Records. They later signed a contract with Nuclear Blast.

In 2017, Loudwire ranked it as the 20th best power metal album of all time.

Track listing
All music by Tobias Sammet unless otherwise noted. All lyrics by Sammet

 * 1) "Tears of a Mandrake" – 7:12
 * 2) "Golden Dawn" (Jens Ludwig, Sammet) – 6:07
 * 3) "Jerusalem" (Ludwig, Sammet) – 5:27
 * 4) "All the Clowns" – 4:48
 * 5) "Nailed to the Wheel" (Ludwig, Sammet) – 5:40
 * 6) "The Pharaoh" – 10:37
 * 7) "Wash Away the Poison" – 4:40
 * 8) "Fallen Angels" – 5:13
 * 9) "Painting on the Wall" – 4:36
 * 10) "Save Us Now" – 4:34
 * 11) "The Devil and the Savant" (limited edition bonus track) – 5:26
 * 12) "Wings of a Dream 2001" (limited edition bonus track) – 5:03

Personnel

 * Band members
 * Tobias Sammet – lead and backing vocals, keyboards, organ
 * Jens Ludwig – guitars, backing vocals
 * Dirk Sauer – guitars, backing vocals
 * Tobias 'Eggi' Exxel – bass, backing vocals
 * Felix Bohnke – drums

 * Additional musicians
 * Ralf Zdiarstek, Markus Schmitt, Daniel Schmitt, Rob Rock – backing vocals
 * Frank Tischer – piano on track 7

 * Production
 * Norman Meieritz – engineer
 * Mikko Karmila – mixing
 * Mika Jussila – mastering

title: Mandrake (album)


text:
Miroslav Holub

Miroslav Holub (13 September 1923 – 14 July 1998) was a Czech poet and immunologist.

Holub's work was heavily influenced by his experiences as an immunologist, writing many poems using his scientific knowledge to poetic effect. His work is almost always unrhymed, so lends itself easily to translation. It has been translated into more than 30 languages and is especially popular in the English-speaking world. Although one of the most internationally well-known Czech poets, his reputation continues to languish at home.

Holub was born in Plzeň. His first book in Czech was Denní služba (1958), which abandoned the somewhat Stalinist bent of poems earlier in the decade (published in magazines).

In English, he was first published in the Observer in 1962, and five years later a Selected Poems appeared in the Penguin Modern European Poets imprint, with an introduction by Al Alvarez and translations by Ian Milner and George Theiner. Holub's work was lauded by many, including Ted Hughes and Seamus Heaney (eg there are five poems by Holub in their 1982 anthology The Rattle Bag), and his influence is visible in Hughes' collection Crow (1970).

In addition to poetry, Holub wrote many short essays on various aspects of science, particularly biology and medicine (specifically immunology) and life. A collection of these, titled The Dimension of the Present Moment, is still in print. In the 1960s, he published two books of what he called 'semi-reportage' about extended visits to the United States.

Under the fictitious name "Jaromil," Holub figures prominently in Patricia Hampl's memoir of her Czech heritage, A Romantic Education, first published in 1981 and reissued in 1999 with an Afterword revealing his real name.

The minor planet 7496 Miroslavholub, an outer main belt asteroid, is named in his honour.

Works in translation

 * Vanishing Lung Syndrome, trans. David Young and Dana Habova (Oberlin College Press, 1990). ISBN 0-932440-52-5; (Faber and Faber, 1990). ISBN 0-571-14339-3
 * Intensive Care: Selected and New Poems, ed. David Young (Oberlin College Press, 1996). ISBN 0-932440-76-2
 * The Rampage, trans. David Young, Dana Hábová, Rebekah Bloyd and the author (Faber and Faber 1997) ISBN 0-571-19253-X
 * Poems Before and After: Collected English Translations (Bloodaxe Books; 2nd ed. 2006). ISBN 1-85224-747-9
 * Shedding Life: Disease, Politics and Other Human Conditions trans. David Young, with assistance from Dana Habova, Todd Morath, Vera Orac, Catarina Vocadlova, and the author (Milkweed Editions, 1997). ISBN 1-57131-217-X
 * Supposed to Fly trans. Ewald Osers (Bloodaxe Books; 1996). ISBN 1 85224 274 4
 * The Fly trans. Ewald Osers, George Theiner, Ian & Jarmila Milner (Bloodaxe Books; 1987). ISBN 1 85224 018 0
 * The Vintage Book of Contemporary World Poetry, edited by J. D. McClatchy, Vintage Books, 1996. ISBN 0-679-74115-1, 9780679741152.

title: Miroslav Holub


text:
Reydon

Reydon is a village and civil parish, 1.0 mi north-west of Southwold and 2.5 mi south-east of Wangford, in the East Suffolk district and the ceremonial county of Suffolk, England. Its population of 2,567 in 2001 including Easton Bavents eased up to 2,582 at the 2011 Census, and was estimated at 2,772 in 2018. The name probably means Rye Hill, Rey meaning rye and -don being an old word for hill or rise). The village is close to the cliffs at Easton Bavents, a village now much eroded. Both were established before neighbouring Southwold. The parish church is St Margaret of Antioch. The parish of Easton Bavents was merged with Reydon in 1987, when part of Southwold was also transferred.

Communications and services
There are three main roads through Reydon, around which the village is built: A1095 Halesworth heading west to Blythburgh and Halesworth, B1126 Wangford heading north-west through Reydon to Wangford, and B1127 Lowestoft heading north-east to Wrentham and Lowestoft. The village of Reydon lies to the north of the town of Southwold. The three main roads converge at Reydon Corner, about 100 metres from Mights Bridge across Buss Creek, which provides the only road entry to Southwold.

Reydon has two shops. Local opposition could not prevent the sub-post office from closing on 11 February 2008, but the associated shop continues. It also has a pub/hotel with restaurant, The Randolph Hotel, in Wangford Road. It was renamed "The Cricketers", due to the adjacent locality of Southwold's former Eversley School cricket ground and playing fields, but reverted to its original name. The cricket ground was sold for housing and has now been built upon.

Further along is a group of new houses on the site of a former senior school, Reydon Modern, renamed Reydon High after converting into a comprehensive in 1978, but closed in 1990.

Continuing towards Wangford, there is St Margaret's Church (see below), then Reydon Hall, at one time the home of the writers Elizabeth Strickland, Agnes Strickland, Jane Margaret, Catharine Parr, Susanna Moodie and Samuel Strickland.

Reydon Wood is popular with walkers, especially when carpeted with bluebells in the spring. There is sheltered accommodation in Lowestoft Road.

Education
Reydon Primary School caters for 200 children aged three to eleven, from the village and surrounding area. At age 11, most pupils moved on to Sir John Leman High School in Beccles, with some choosing to attend Bungay High School. However, after a 2019 decision by Suffolk County Council on eligibility for free school transport, the default 11–16 secondary school for Reydon students is now Pakefield High School in Lowestoft.

Up to 1990, secondary education was provided by Reydon High School. After its closure in that year, students were then bussed to other schools in the area, and the land sold for housing development. The school playing fields are still in use, with the original school canteen building being used for changing rooms. Plans to extend the fields have been adopted by Waveney District Council.

Saint Felix School on the Halesworth Road is independent. Founded as a girls' public school in 1897, it now takes pupils of both sexes aged 1–18. The independent St George's School on the same site closed in 2004.

Development and building
Reydon has seen much new housing construction recently, due mainly to rising house prices in Southwold and the popularity of Reydon itself as a retirement village. Housing replaced the former Eversley School playing field to the south of the Randolph Hotel, and further construction is planned on other vacant plots throughout the village, and on adjacent farmland. According to figures in the 2011 Census, Reydon's permanent population has risen to more than double that of Southwold.

The spread of new homes has lost Reydon much of its village atmosphere. Additionally, rising house prices in Southwold have led to several properties in Reydon being purchased as second homes, often unoccupied for long periods. However, this is unlikely to affect the increase in permanent population, at least in the short term.

In 2004, a 4400 m2 distribution centre for Adnams Brewery was constructed on the western edge of Reydon on the site of an old open-cast sand quarry.

The Church of St Margaret
The parish church, dedicated to St Margaret of Antioch, stands in Wangford Road, to the north-west of the village. One of its striking features is a large, unnamed bronze angel inscribed "To Fanny my beloved wife". The present building is mainly from the early 14th century. The tower was built about 1325. The chancel was restyled in the 15th century, and has many niches for saints in the window splays. The church suffered damage during the Reformation and the Civil War and was much altered in succeeding centuries.

More drastic was the restoration and re-roofing of 1875–1887, which robbed the church of most of its old furnishings and architectural detail. The replacement roof is of a plain, simple design. The royal arms displayed are those of Queen Anne and date from 1713. In 1988 a large extension was built onto the north side of the nave using the original north door, which was reopened when the organ was moved into the chancel to allow for the building. The building is the frequently-used parish room. The rood loft stairs are open but partly bricked up at the top.

The Victorian organ is in the chancel, for want of space in the nave, but it clutters the space and distracts attention from some Victorian stained glass. Behind the organ is a blocked entrance, also apparent from the outside. The small chapel to which it led has vanished. The font, of no great age, stands at the base of the tower, having been moved there from the nave in 1988 to improve access to a new parish room. The font cover, donated in 1922, was once suspended from the ceiling in the nave and operated by a system of weights; the wood in the roof still shows this.

In 1999, the parish of Reydon became part of the Sole Bay Team Ministry.

The church bells
The tower originally held three bells, two of which were sold in 1792 to fund repairs to the church. In 1991 an appeal was launched to restore the tower, replace the two missing bells and procure a further three. These were dedicated at a service in December 1996. The original 15th-century bell, "Gabriel", has been joined by "Michael", "Raphael", "Peter", "Mary" and "Seraph", all cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1995 and 1996. The tenor (the largest) weighs 517 kg and the treble (the smallest) about a third of that. The bells hang in a two-tier steel frame, installed in 1995. The bells are hung for the traditional English art of change ringing. Ringing takes place from ground level with the font in the centre of the rope circle. The tower is affiliated to the Suffolk Guild of Ringers. The bells are rung regularly for practice, Sunday services, weddings and other special occasions.

Notable residents
In birth order:
 * John Youngs (c. 1598–1672), cleric and founder of Southold, New York, was born in Reydon.
 * Agnes Strickland (1796–1874), historical writer and poet, lived at Reydon Hall.
 * Susanna Moodie, née Strickland (1803–1885), Canadian author and younger sister of Agnes, lived at Reydon Hall.
 * Alexander Hyatt King (1911-1995), musicologist, lived in Southwold and is buried in Reydon churchyard.
 * Lewis Blake (born 1946), poet
 * Geoffrey Munn OBE, MVO (born 1953), presenter on the BBC Antiques Roadshow, local historian, and author of Southwold – an Earthly Paradise

title: Reydon


text:
Nanci Chambers

Nanci Chambers Smith is a former American actress.

Biography
Chambers is perhaps best known for her role as the ambitious Lieutenant Loren Singer on the television series JAG. Chambers has been a board member of the organisation "A Better LA". Nanci and her husband are staunch environmental conservationists, having often spent time in Ecuador learning about the tribes and rainforest. The couple sold their house in Palm Desert for US$1.1 million, since they were unable to spend time there. Chambers has been involved in the All-American Heavyweights.

Personal life
Chambers married actor David James Elliott in 1992. They have a daughter, Stephanie (b. 1993) and a son, Wyatt.

Filmography

 * Ghost Whisperer (TV) (2008) .... Terry
 * The Stranger I Married (TV) (2005) .... Dr. Janice Golding
 * Code 11-14 (TV) (2003) .... Det. Andrea McInroy
 * JAG (TV) (40 episodes) (1997–2003) .... Lt. Loren Singer/Megan O'Hara/Jojo
 * Dodson's Journey (2001) (TV) .... Becky
 * Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction (TV) (Curse) (2000) .... Dr. Marian John
 * L.A. Heat (TV) (Death House) (1999) TV episode .... Jane Clark
 * Street Legal (TV) (The Legacy of Stanley Wall) (1991) .... Nick's Girlfriend
 * Screwballs (1983) .... Trisha

title: Nanci Chambers


text:
William Symington

William Symington (1764–1831) was a Scottish engineer and inventor during the Georgian era. He is most well known as the builder of the first practical steamboat, the Charlotte Dundas. The engine has been described as "without doubt the most compact and efficient marine steam engine up to that time" and its design would influence later steamboat and steamship engine designs. While Symington died in povery after failing to commercialise his steam engine designs, he is still credited as one of the great inventors of the early industrial revolution.

Early life
Symington was born in Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, to a family he described as being "respectable but not wealthy." His father worked as a practical mechanic at the Leadhills mines.

Although his parents intended for him to enter the ministry, he intended to use his good education to make a career as an engineer. So, in 1785, he joined his brother George in his attempts to build a steam engine at Wanlockhead, Dumfriesshire. While there, he impressed the manager of a local mining company, Gilbert Meason, so much that he was sent to the University of Edinburgh in 1786 to spend a few months attending science lectures.

By the time William joined his brother, George had already succeeded in building the second engine using James Watt's design to be built in Scotland.

Improvements to Watt's design
Symington quickly saw a way to marry the efficiency of the Watt engine with the simplicity of that devised by Thomas Newcomen. Encouraged by Gilbert Meason, Symington demonstrated the practicality of his idea and his improved atmospheric engine was patented in 1787. When Watt sent someone to make a sketch of how this new engine worked, he discovered that the steam was condensed under a second piston and this was then pushed down when fresh steam entered the cylinder, forcing out the condensate. The power piston worked by the atmospheric pressure acting on the vacuum created by the condensing steam.

After its completion, Symington drew up a prospectus outlining the advantages of his invention, and this was circulated by Meason and his influential friends.

Dalswinton steamboat
The banker Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, just north of Dumfries, had experimented with double hulled pleasure boats propelled by cranked paddle-wheels placed between the hulls, and he got Symington to build the patent steam engine with its drive into a pleasure boat built in 1785 which was successfully tried out on Dalswinton Loch near Miller's house on 14 October 1788. The trial was said to have been a success and the boat stated to have reached 8 kilometers an hour in speed.

Alexander Nasmyth depicted her on her trial run. A version of the illustration held by the Science Museum in London, Ref No. 0307379 shows her flying a red saltire, presumably a lithographer's mistake. James Nasmyth in his autobiography published in 1883 stated erroneously that she was built of tinned iron plate.

The canal steamboat
After the successful demonstration of a steam engine on a boat, a larger engine was commissioned that would be tried in a boat on the Forth and Clyde Canal.

The parts for the engine were ordered and an engine similar to that used previously, but a lot larger, was erected on another twin hull paddle boat. It was 60 ft. The first trial, on 2 December 1789, was unsuccessful because the paddle wheels were not up to the task and began to break up when an increase in speed was attempted.

Patrick Miller, the patron of the venture, sanctioned repairs and, on 26 and 27 December, more successful trials were done.

Mines and mills
Although Symington is best remembered for his contribution to steam powered vessels, he also built successful engines for mines and mills.

The first of these was built on a mine in Wanlockhead in 1790. This was followed by engines in Sanquhar, and then in London. In 1792, he built a large pumping engine that James Watt was also considered for. In the same year, he built an engine for the colliery of James Bruce. This marked a move to live near Falkirk and, later, a place as engine consultant for the Carron Company.

In 1793, he developed a crank drive with a crosshead above the cylinder, and built such an engine to wind coal from one of Bruce's pits. his engine proved very successful and about fifteen were built.

In all, there are firm references to thirty-two engines built by Symington up until 1808, and passing mention of several more.

More steamboats
It was Thomas, Lord Dundas who would motivate further steamboat trials. This was because he had extensive business interests on the east and west coasts and was governor of the Forth and Clyde Canal Company. Therefore, the canal was essential to his business, and steam power could speed up the movement of vessels through the canal. It helped progress that the Dundas family were one of the most powerful families of the late 18th century.

At a meeting of company directors on 5 June 1800, Dundas brought up the idea of having a Captain Schank boat worked by a steam engine provided by Symington. The directors immediately agreed that this was a good idea.

A diagram of Symington's engine recently came to light and it showed an engine driving a forward wheel (or two wheels, one on either side) within the hull. The boat was built by Alexander Hart at Grangemouth and was tested on the River Carron in June 1801, when it moved with ease. It was less successful on the canal and was rejected by the committee.

By 1800, Watt's patent had expired, so Symington set about the task of building a horizontal engine. He applied and received a patent for his design in 1801. This design was ahead of its time because other engineers believed that it would not work. It was not widely accepted until 1825.

The Charlotte Dundas
Since the Canal Company had not been satisfied with the first boat, Lord Dundas gave Symington his support for the building of a second boat. Therefore, a model of the new boat was shown to Dundas and was named after one of his daughters in an attempt to secure his interest. The hull of the boat was made by John Allan to Symington's direction and the Carron Company made the engine.

The Charlotte Dundas was first sailed on 4 January 1803, with Lord Dundas and some of his friends and relatives on board. The crowd were pleased with what they saw, but Symington wanted to make improvements and another more ambitious trial was made on 28 March. On this occasion, the steamboat towed two loaded vessels through the canal, covering 18½ miles in 9½ hours.

The Charlotte Dundas therefore became the first boat to do more than just move itself, but the Canal Company – to Symington's disappointment – did not wish to pursue the construction of another vessel. Lord Dundas invited Symington to meet Duke of Bridgewater with a view to order 8 new boats for his canal. However, Symington was further upset when a scheme to build tug boats for the Duke of Bridgewater collapsed when the Duke died a few days before the trial was due to take place.

Colliery manager
As well as an engine builder, Symington was a colliery manager, also known as a 'viewer'. His first appointment in this capacity was in 1794 when the Trustees asked him to take over on James Bruce's death. His salary for this was £100 per annum and a house on the estate. This appointment ended in 1800 when Symington took over management of the Grange colliery near Bo'ness. William Cadell was behind Symington at this job.

In 1804, he joined a local businessman in a partnership intended to manage the Callendar colliery at Falkirk. A new pump was needed there and this allowed Symington to develop what he called a 'lifting engine'. He may have built one of these for the Wanlockhead mines in 1789.

The Callendar venture ended badly, however, and, in a dispute at the High Court in Edinburgh that lasted until 1810, Symington lost.

Last years
Due to Patrick Miller's unwillingness to pursue the potential of the 1789 trial, the loss of interest from Lord Dundas and the proceedings at the High Court, Symington was left out-of-pocket. Aware of his engneering legacy and financial difficulties, Ronald Craufurd Ferguson, the MP for Dysart Burghs presented a petition to the House of Lords for Symington to receive financial assistance in 1825 from the Government. While he was not awarded a pension, the House of Lords issued him with two lifetime payments ex gratia of £50 and £100.

In 1829, in ill health and in debt, Symington and his wife moved to London to live with their daughter and her husband. Symington died in 1831 and was buried in St. Botulph's churchyard.

Honours and memorials
In 1890, a bust was unveiled in Edinburgh, in what is now the National Museum, in memory of the great engineer.

In 1891, a memorial in obelisk form was erected to Symington, by public subscription, in the mining village of Leadhills where Symington was born. The monument remains and overlooks a row of miners' cottages.

He was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame in 2023.

title: William Symington


text:
Talk:Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line

Why this name?
Is there some particular reason this is called the Tokyo Wan Aqua-Line, instead of more obvious "Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line"? Jpatokal 10:50, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Because if you read a Japanese map it says "Toukyou wan a-ku-a ra-i-n". 'Tokyo' and 'wan' are written in kanji (Japanese characters) and 'a-ku-a ra-i-n' are in katakana (used for foreign words). So "Tokyo Wan Aqua Line" is almost exactly what the locals call it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 220.147.135.176 (talk • contribs).

Why a Tunnel?
Just curious. Also, it'll help flesh out the article and the "Bridge-tunnel" article, which lists reasons for all B-T designs except this one. Does anyone know what was the thought process behind selecting a bridge-tunnel design over a high-level bridge or other design? Was it earthquake or other disaster considerations? Cost concerns? Infrastructure problems? The length of the crossing? Aesthetics?—WhosAsking (talk) 14:18, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

How much time saved?
The article says
 * The Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line reduced the drive between Chiba and Kanagawa, two important industrial regions, to 15 minutes

Okay, that's great, but how much of a reduction is this? Could someone add how long it took to drive from the opposite points before the Aqua-Line was built? Un sch  ool  09:04, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

 * About 90 min. Source added. Jpatokal (talk) 10:00, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Wow—that was fast. Thanks. Un  sch  ool  10:57, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line


text:
Stuart Symington

William Stuart Symington III (June 26, 1901 – December 14, 1988) was an American businessman and Democratic politician from Missouri. He served as the first Secretary of the Air Force from 1947 to 1950 and was a United States Senator from Missouri from 1953 to 1976.

Born in Amherst, Massachusetts, Symington worked as an executive in his uncle's iron products company and for other companies before becoming president of Emerson Electric. He resigned from Emerson in 1945 to take various positions in the administration of President Harry S. Truman, becoming the first Secretary of the Air Force in 1947. He was elected to the Senate in 1952, defeating incumbent Republican Senator James P. Kem. He joined the United States Senate Committee and the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and emerged as a prominent critic of McCarthyism.

Symington sought the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election with the backing of former President Truman, but the nomination went to John F. Kennedy. After the Kansas City Athletics moved to Oakland, Symington threatened to revoke Major League Baseball's antitrust exemption, which in turn encouraged the formation of the Kansas City Royals. Symington declined to seek re-election in 1976 and was succeeded by John Danforth.

Education and business career
Symington was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, the son of Emily Kuhn (née Harrison) and William Stuart Symington Jr. His father, who received a Ph.D in French literature, was a Romance languages professor at Stanford and Amherst College before pursuing a law career and becoming a federal judge in Baltimore, Maryland. His mother came from a prominent Maryland family. Symington grew up in Baltimore, and was the oldest of his five brothers and sisters. Symington attended Roland Park Public School and the Gilman School, a private all-male preparatory school in Baltimore's Roland Park neighborhood. He graduated from Baltimore City College in 1918, and at the age of 17, Symington enlisted in the United States Army as a private first class during World War I.

Stationed in an Officer Training Program at Camp Zachary Taylor in Louisville, Kentucky, Symington was never deployed to fight in World War I, with the war ending before he could seek deployment. Symington was commissioned as a second lieutenant, becoming one of the youngest members of the Army to achieve that rank; being discharged as a second lieutenant in January 1919.

He graduated from Yale University in 1923. At Yale he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Phi chapter), the Elihu senior society, and served on the board of the Yale Daily News. In 1924, he married the former Evelyn Wadsworth in a lavish ceremony attended by President Coolidge and other prominent politicians. By all accounts, the two had a very happy marriage and were known for their devotions and faithfulness to each other, both of which were not always present among the social elite. When Evelyn died in 1972, Symington was devastated, telling his biographer that "he never knew this much loneliness could be around."

In 1923, Symington went to work for an uncle in the shops of the Symington Company of Rochester, New York, manufacturers of malleable iron products. Two years later he formed Eastern Clay Products but in 1927 returned to the Symington Company as executive assistant to the President.

Symington resigned in 1930 to become President of the Colonial Radio Corporation. In January 1935, he accepted the presidency of Rustless Iron and Steel Corporation (manufacturers of stainless steel) but remained a director of Colonial Radio Corporation.

When Rustless Iron and Steel Corporation was sold to the American Rolling Mill Company in 1937, Symington resigned and in 1938 accepted the presidency of Emerson Electric Company in St. Louis, Missouri. During World War II he transformed the company into the world's largest builder of airplane gun turrets. Symington, who was an active proponent of racial justice ("All Americans should have their chance") integrated the Emerson Electric work force, which resulted in increased productivity.

First Secretary of the Air Force
He resigned from Emerson in 1945 to join the administration of fellow Missourian Harry S. Truman. His first positions were chairman of the Surplus Property Board (1945), administrator of the Property Administration (1945–1946) and Assistant Secretary of War for Air (1946–1947).

On September 18, 1947, the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force was created and Symington became the first secretary. Symington had a stormy term as he worked to win respect for the United States Air Force, which previously had been part of the Army. He had numerous public battles with Secretary of Defense James Forrestal.

Cancellation of the Flying Wing
During his tenure, there was a major debate and investigation into production of the Convair B-36 Peacemaker, which was the last piston-powered bomber at the beginning of the Jet Age. During his tenure, Symington had a meeting with John K. Northrop on the contract for the YB-49 Flying Wing bomber, which was well underway with seven examples manufactured. During this meeting, Symington threatened Northrop that if they refused to enter into a corporate merger with Convair (the company building the rival B-36 Peacemaker bomber) that Northrop would be, "Goddamn sorry if you don't!". This threat, later reported by Northrop, was eventually carried though when Symington cancelled the Flying Wing programme and ordered all existing aircraft destroyed.

Major accomplishments during Symington's term as Secretary included the Berlin Airlift and championing the United States Air Force Academy. Symington resigned in 1950 to protest lack of funding for the Air Force after the USSR detonated its first nuclear weapon. He remained in the administration as the Chairman of the National Security Resources Board (1950–1951) and the Chairman of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Administrator (1951–1952). He was featured on the cover of Time magazine's January 19, 1948 issue.

Election
At the urging of his father-in-law James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr., a former Republican Speaker of the New York State Assembly and U.S. Senator from New York, Symington decided to run for the U.S. Senate.

In 1952, he was elected Senator from Missouri, taking the seat previously held by Truman and scoring a win for the Democrats in a year otherwise favorable to the Republicans. He was re-elected in 1958, 1964, and 1970.

Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees
As a member of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees, Symington specialized in military affairs and became known as an advocate for a strong national defense. He was also a strong supporter of the Air Force Academy.

In 1954, he charged that the Department of Defense had wasted millions of dollars on outdated weapons. He became a leading critic of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War (1957–1975). During 1966, he was thoroughly briefed on the Central Intelligence Agency-run covert operations of the Laotian Civil War. At one point, he was a guest of CIA Chief of Station Ted Shackley while touring the Kingdom of Laos. In the early 1970s, when his committee held hearings on the subject, Symington professed shocked outrage at the CIA's audacity.

Opponent of Joseph McCarthy
Symington was an especially vocal opponent of Senator Joseph McCarthy, to the vexation of the latter, who nicknamed him "Sanctimonious Stu". He involved himself in the case of Annie Lee Moss, who had been brought before McCarthy's committee under the accusation that she was a Communist spy. Evidence supporting this claim was given by an undercover FBI agent who could not be cross-examined by Mrs. Moss or her counsel. As it appeared that Moss had been mistakenly identified, Symington proclaimed before the packed audience that he believed she was not a Communist and had never been, receiving thunderous applause from those present. Later that year, Symington took a lead role in censuring McCarthy during the Army–McCarthy hearings, capitalizing upon his prominence and expertise as a former Secretary of the Air Force.

Presidential candidacy
In 1959, Symington, then Chairman of the National Security Resources Board in Washington, D.C., was preparing to run in the 1960 presidential election and won the backing of former President and fellow Missourian Harry Truman, but eventually lost the nomination to Senator John F. Kennedy. On July 2, 1960, Truman announced that he would not be attending the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles. Truman was miffed that the convention was being controlled by the "overzealous" supporters of Kennedy. Announcing his decision, Truman restated his support for the candidacy of Symington and added, "I have no second choice".

Symington, unlike Kennedy or Lyndon B. Johnson, refused to speak to segregated audiences in the southern United States and this hurt his chances. Additionally, having concluded that the nomination would be determined by party bosses at the convention, Symington declined to enter any of the Democratic primaries, clearing the way for Kennedy to win enough primaries to be the frontrunner and probable nominee as the convention opened. He was Kennedy's first choice for Vice President, but was dropped in favor of Texas Senator Lyndon B. Johnson. He advised President Kennedy as a member of EXCOMM during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.

Other issues
Symington was also committed to constituent services, answering letters from Missouri citizens both important, trivial, and sometimes even zany. As an example, Symington once formally requested a report from military sources regarding the possible existence of subterranean superhumans, which one of his constituents had become concerned about after reading a fiction book and mistaking it for non-fiction. In 2002, this and Symington's other senatorial correspondence and papers were donated to the Western Historical Manuscripts Collection of the University of Missouri and are now available to the general public.

In 1967 when Major League Baseball owners approved the move of the Kansas City Athletics to Oakland, California, he threatened legislation to revoke the league's antitrust exemption and vowed to support lawsuits challenging the legality of the reserve clause. Kansas City was awarded an expansion team, the Kansas City Royals, which was scheduled to begin play in 1971. Symington, saying Kansas City should not wait, continued to threaten the league, and the team began play in 1969.

Symington did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto, and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Resignation
In 1976, Symington did not seek a fifth term and resigned on December 27, a week before the end of his final term, so that his Republican successor, John Danforth, would gain a seniority advantage in the Senate.

Legacy
In 1962, in recognition of his career, Princeton University's American Whig-Cliosophic Society awarded Symington the James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service.

His son, James W. Symington, served in the United States House of Representatives from Missouri's Second Congressional District from 1969 to 1977. His cousin, Fife Symington III, was Governor of Arizona from 1991 to 1997. His grandson, also named Stuart Symington, is employed by the U.S. State Department, and has served as U.S. ambassador to Djibouti (2006–2008), Rwanda (2008–2011) and Nigeria (2016–2019). Symington was an active member of the Grand Lodge of Missouri Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.

Symington retired in 1978 to his home in New Canaan, Connecticut, where he died on December 14, 1988.

He is buried in a crypt in Washington National Cathedral.

In Jeff Greenfield's alternate history book If Kennedy Lived, Symington is featured as surviving-President John F. Kennedy's running mate in the 1964 presidential election, after Vice President Lyndon Johnson was forced to leave due to financial scandals.

title: Stuart Symington


text:
User:Gika

yeah yeah whatever

title: User:Gika


text:
Talk:The Sense of Smelling (book)

Shouldn't the quote from this book go to one of the Wikipedia sister projects?

I agree. Also, this entry seems to have no context. Perhaps someone could explain the historical significance of this book?

Mihoshi 03:59, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Context
This excerpt may be the first written description of hay fever. I can't be certain, since all the references I've been able to find to The Sense of Smelling quote the WP article on Al-Razi al-Razi. Pastafarian Nights 04:06, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Sense of Smelling (book)


text:
Svazarm

Svazarm or Union for Cooperation with the Army (Czech: Svaz pro spolupráci s armádou / Svazarm, Slovak: Zväz pre spoluprácu s armádou / Zväzarm) was, in Communist Czechoslovakia, the largest "paramilitary" organisation, although many of the activities that Svazarm provided for its members were more reminiscent of a Boy Scout movement than of a regimented paramilitary group.

Established in 1951, the Svazarm was an almost exact copy of the Soviet Union's DOSAAF, however, with massively scaled down maritime activities as Czechoslovakia was landlocked. However, canoeing was still a popular activity. In 1985, it had about one million members, 60% of whom were under 35 years of age.

Activities
The activities the Svazarm provided were extremely diverse, ranging from medical training to dog training. Dog lovers would be instructed in the training and breeding of dogs suitable for military purposes, especially German Shepherds. Shortwave radio operation was another popular activity, and was also useful for creating future radio operators in the army.

A more specialised branch of the Svazarm, based at Košice, trained pilots for the air force. Training included at least twenty flight hours of glider training and forty hours of basic training on motorised aeroplanes, as well as the necessary aviation theory.

There were also sections: Model airplanes and gliding (formally DOSLET), motor sport section (motorcycles and cars) and all sorts of shooting sports.

Svazarm also operated its own hi-fi club and record label, Čs. Hifi-klub, which distributed its releases primarily to club members. The repertoire included Czechoslovak and Warsaw Pact as well as Western artists.

Svazarm members in the armed forces
The Czechoslovakian military were usually less than impressed with the recruits that the Svazarm sent them, complaining that Svazarm members were "too soft" and lacked military knowledge. As military training for Svazarm members totalled 25 hours per year, and nearly all Svazarm instructors were insufficiently trained, this complaint was not unfounded.

Many Svazarm members thought that as any World War III would be fought with nuclear weapons, conventional military training was a complete waste of time and thus took up an apathetic view of the entire Svazarm enterprise.

It was also rumoured that many Svazarm trainers were not too enthusiastic themselves and would tell their students how to avoid being conscripted.

title: Svazarm


text:
Ngwane V

Ngwane V (also known as Mahlokohla, Bhunu, Hhili) (11 May 1876 – 10 December 1899) was the King of Swaziland from 1895 until his death on 10 December 1899. Ngwane was born the son of Mbandzeni and his mother was Labotsibeni Mdluli. He ascended to the throne after a short regency of Queen Mother Tibati Nkambule. He was only 16 years old when he became king. His royal capital was at Zombodze while the Queen Mother's residence was at Lobamba.

Ngwane became the king after the Swaziland convention of 1894. This had led to the classification of Swaziland as a protected state of the South African Republic which was then led by President Paul Kruger. During this time Swaziland had a partial Dutch administration in parallel to Ngwane's administration. The Dutch or European for European interests and Ngwane as head and authority of the Swazi nation. An annual payment was made to Ngwane and Labotsibeni while they were in office from taxes collected and from contributions from concessionaires and taxes. Ngwane's rule was short.

In 1899 the Anglo-Boer war began, and brought to an end the Dutch or Boer partial administration of Swaziland and hence gave way to independence. However Mahlokohla died on 10 December of that year while dancing incwala. This was hid from the nation until the ceremony was over. Ngwane was succeeded by his four-month-old son Nkhotfotjeni and his wife Lomawa Ndwandwe. His mother Labotsibeni who had been very influential during his reign continued as queen regent until Sobhuza was crowned in 1921. Ngwane's reign gave way to a stable territory surrounded by conflicting states. Today Mahlokohla is named for one of the main streets, Mahlokohla Street in Swaziland's capital Mbabane.

Early life
Ingwenyama Ngwane was born in 1876 to King Mbandzeni and inkhosikati Labotsibeni. He became the crown prince of Swaziland after his father's death in 1889 during the paper conquest of Swaziland. He was however too young to be installed king, thus a queen regent ruled on his behalf until he was old enough and he was prepared for the reins of power. His mother Labotsibeni was the daughter of Matsafeni Mdluli who was a governor under Mswati II and was given the name Tsibeni while fighting the Tsibeni people in present-day Barberton. Ngwane had a younger brother named Prince Malunge.

Reign
The Swaziland convention of 1894 had seen Swaziland made a protected territory under the South African Republic. This meant that there existed some institutions in Swaziland particularly for European interests such as the concessionaires and other white settlers. The concessions, many of whom were granted during the reign of Mbandzeni and earlier by Mswati II were enforced. Ngwane and Queen Mother Labotsibeni were paid a stipend or proceeds from administrative revenues such as postal service, taxes and concession agreements. These taxes collected from Swazi residents meant that many had to seek employment in the tin and gold mines within the Kingdom or in the numerous mines of the South African Republic. The Transvaal authority in Swaziland was never fully implemented and Swazis continued to be directly ruled by traditional methods.

In 1898 Ngwane allegedly ordered the killing of royal governor Mbhabha Nsibandze and his collaborators. "Killing off", a practice which existed in earlier precolonial times when the king had total judicial power was unacceptable to the Transvaal authorities. As a result, Ngwane was prosecuted. He first fled to Zululand which was under British Natal administration at the time. His return occurred after guarantees for his safety, after which he was tried in court in Bremersdorp (present day Manzini). Ngwane brought with him to court a large Swazi army, and in the trial was only charged with a minor offence of public disturbance. For this he was to pay a fine. For the rest of his rule, Ngwane oversaw a largely stable country and he maintained the old regimental system for warriors at the royal residences.

In 1899 war broke out between the British and the Boer Republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State. As a result, all white residents of Swaziland or burghers were advised to leave Swaziland in anticipation for the skirmishes about to take place. President Paul Kruger notified Ngwane of the unfolding events and their withdrawal and advised him to continue to "rule his country" in peace. Swaziland, in a precarious position announced its neutrality in the conflict. However this was not to be as the Anglo-Boer war took place in Swaziland territory later on. As the result of the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland regained its independence.

Later life
Ngwane died in December 1899 while dancing the sacred incwala ceremony at the age of 23. His death was speculated to be of poisoning and was not announced to the nation until the ceremony was over. The Swazi council then chose his wife Lomawa Ndwandwe and their four-month-old son Nkhotfotjeni to be Queen Mother and King. Sobhuza would remain as king-in-waiting until 1921 after a long regency of his grandmother Labotsibeni and his uncle Prince Malunge. Mahlokohla left Swaziland in an uncertain state but had led it as a stable country from a protectorate to short-lived independence (1899–1903). His son Sobhuza would rule Swaziland for 82 years and become the longest verifiable reigning monarch in history.

title: Ngwane V


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Roland Theodore Symonette

Sir Roland Theodore Symonette, NH (16 December 1898 – 13 March 1980) was a Bahamian politician and the first Premier of the Bahamas after self-government was achieved in 1964. He was leader of the United Bahamian Party (UBP), which was the ruling party between 1958 and 1967.

Early life and education
Roland "Pop" Symonette was one of nine children of Methodist minister Edwin Lofthouse Symonette and his wife Lavania Alethia (née Weech) on the small island settlement of Current, Eleuthera.

Although he had only six years of formal education, he became one of the wealthiest men of his generation.

Career
He was a school teacher early in his career. Later he tried to make his way as a fisherman and a tomato farmer in Riviera Beach, Florida, and then during Prohibition, Symonette transported whiskey to the United States.

During prohibition, liquor was legal in the Bahamas but not in the United States. Bahamian citizens could legally buy and transport alcohol as long as they stayed outside US territorial waters. Symonette was among the most successful of Bahamian bootleggers. With the profits from bootlegging, Symonette invested in real estate, hotels, and a shipyard which built boats for the British Navy during WWII.

Politics
In 1925, Symonette campaigned successfully for a seat in the Bahamas' House of Assembly. He served in the House, representing the Shirlea district until his retirement in 1977. His 53 years as a Member of Parliament is the longest record of service in the House of Assembly.

Symonette served as the head of government of the Bahama Islands from 1955 to 1964 and, in 1964, when the country achieved internal self-government, he became the first Premier of the Bahama Islands. In 1959, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. After the 1967 elections, Symonette was appointed leader of the opposition in the House of Assembly of Bahamas.

Personal life
Symonette was married three times. He and his first wife Gertrude Nellie had one son, Basil. He and his second wife, the former Thelma Bell Clepper of Andalusia, Alabama, had a son, Robert "Bobby" and a daughter, Zelda. In the late 1940s, Symonette married Canadian Margaret Frances. They had one daughter, Margaret, who died of encephalitis when she was a toddler, and two sons, Roland and Brent.

Symonette's son Basil founded the Bitter End Resort in the BVI's. His second son Bobby served as Speaker of the House of Assembly and his youngest son Brent Symonette later became the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Financial Services, Trade & Industry and Immigration.

Death and legacy
Symonette died on 13 March 1980 at his home in Nassau. He was survived by wife, Lady Margaret Symonette three sons, and one daughter.

A community park in the settlement of Current, Eleuthera, Bahamas was named for him, a stone's throw from his birthplace, on what would have been his 111th birthday on 16 December 2009.

Symonette's portrait appears on the Bahamian $50 note. In 2018, he was posthumously awarded the Bahamian Order of National Hero (NH).

title: Roland Theodore Symonette