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Interstate 474

Interstate 474 (I-474) is an Interstate Highway loop route that provides a southwestern bypass around the north-central Illinois city of Peoria. I-474's parent Interstate is I-74. As the first digit of the Interstate's number is even, it follows the established convention of providing a loop around a city. I-474 is 14.88 mi long. I-474 is the highest numbered route in the state of Illinois. It is also, excluding the proposed I-274 in North Carolina, the only auxiliary route of I-74.

Route description
I-474 is a modern, Interstate-standard four-lane freeway for its entire length. Prior to 2006, through truck traffic on I-74 was instructed to use I-474. This is because prior to its 2004–2007 reconstruction, I-74 was significantly below Interstate standard, having numerous 15 mph on- and offramps, extremely short merging space for onramps (some less than 500 ft in length),

The Illinois Route 116 (IL 116) access interchange at Maxwell Road has been indicated as the eastern terminus for the Quincy to Peoria expressway now known as the IL 336 project.

The western terminus of I-474 is at I-74 exit 87A. The eastern terminus of I-474 is at I-74 exit 99. North of the western terminus, the road continues as IL 6 with a new series of exit numbers.

History
I-474 was constructed through the mid-1970s. The now-named Shade–Lohmann Bridge was erected in 1973. During that year, $30.1 million (equivalent to $ in ) was allocated for acquisition of right-of-way, grading work, and overpass/bridge construction across the whole length of the highway.

title: Interstate 474


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Combat Medical Badge

The Combat Medical Badge is an award of the United States Army which was first created in January 1945. Any member of the Army Medical Department, at the rank of colonel or below, who is assigned or attached to a ground combat arms unit of brigade or smaller size which provides medical support during any period in which the unit was engaged in ground combat is eligible for the CMB. According to the award criterion, the individual must be performing medical duties while simultaneously being engaged by the enemy; strict adherence to this requirement and its interpretation (e.g., distant mortar rounds vs. direct small arms fire) will vary by unit. As of 3 June 2005, Special Forces medics are no longer eligible for award, but may now receive the Combat Infantryman Badge. A revision has allowed aviation medics to be eligible for the CMB. The non-combat proficiency equivalent is the Expert Field Medical Badge.

Appearance
The Combat Medical Badge is one inch tall and one and a half inches wide.

History
The Combat Medical Badge is retroactive to 6 December 1941. The original decoration was considered a one-time decoration, however this directive was rescinded in 1951 allowing for multiple awards of the Combat Medical Badge denoted by stars encircling the decoration. According to the US Army Medical Department Regiment, to date there have been only two soldiers that have earned the Combat Medical Badge with two stars: Henry Jenkins and Wayne Slagel. The directive was again altered in 1969 to specify that only one award of the Combat Medical Badge is authorized for service in the Vietnam Conflict Era, which included service in Vietnam and Laos, the Dominican Republic, and South Korea (subsequent to 4 January 1969). Current regulations have expanded this qualifying period to include service in El Salvador, Grenada, Panama, Southwest Asia, and Somalia, and have added an additional qualifying period (the Global War on Terror Era) covering service in Iraq and Afghanistan.

In 1947, a policy was implemented that authorized the retroactive award of the Bronze Star to soldiers who had received the Combat Medical badge during the Second World War. The basis for doing this was that the Combat Medical Badge was awarded only to soldiers who had borne combat duties befitting the Bronze Star Medal and also that both awards required a recommendation by the commander and a citation in orders.

The CMB is authorized for award for the following qualifying periods:

World War II Era
 * 1. World War II (7 December 1941 to 3 September 1945).

Korean War Era
 * 2. The Korean War (27 June 1950 to 27 July 1953).

Vietnam War Era
 * 3. Republic of Vietnam Conflict (2 March 1961 to 28 March 1973), combined with qualifying service in Laos (19 April 1961 to 6 October 1962).
 * 4. Dominican Republic (28 April 1965 to 1 September 1966).
 * 5. Korea on the DMZ (4 January 1969 to 31 March 1994).
 * 6. El Salvador (1 January 1981 to 1 February 1992).
 * 7. Grenada (23 October to 21 November 1983).
 * 8. Joint Security Area, Panmunjom, Korea (23 November 1984).
 * 9. Panama (20 December 1989 to 31 January 1990).
 * 10. Southwest Asia Conflict (17 January to 11 April 1991).
 * 11. Somalia (5 June 1992 to 31 March 1994).

Global War on Terror Era
 * 12. Afghanistan (Operations Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan and Freedom's Sentinel, 5 December 2001 to 30 August 2021).
 * 13. Iraq (Operations Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn, 19 March 2003 to 31 December 2011).

As of 2005 the rules for eligibility were changed to allow any medical department soldier in a brigade or lower unit to be eligible so long as they are engaged in actual ground combat and performed medical duties. This now includes Soldiers assigned to aviation units. Additionally, in 2008, IED/VBIEDs can now be considered direct contact with the enemy.

As of June 2011, the badge and its sew-on equivalent may be worn on the Army Combat Uniform (ACU).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Combat Medical Badge


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Wolfhole Crag

Wolfhole Crag is an isolated and seldom-visited hill in the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire, England. It has an elevation of 527 m and a prominence of 38 m. Its seclusion is due in part to its low profile and long approach walks. The East crag has a 'Wolf hole' at the base of the south-facing side, presumably how it originally gained the name. Wolfhole Crag marks the northwesternmost boundary of the civil parish of Bowland Forest High, the historic Forest of Bowland, and the Lordship of Bowland.

A long path approaches from Ward's Stone in the west which is fraught with bogs. Another tarmac path from Tarnbrook meets this halfway. A final path comes from the northeast from the Hornby Road in the direction to White Hill. The summit consists of two large (10m high) buttresses of gritstone, some unusually shaped waist-high rocks, and the usual trig point. The buttresses contain a number of recorded rock climbs, including the two farthest "hard grit" routes (E7 & E6) from the road in the entire UK. Both climbs were ascended in 2001 by Neil Kershaw and Greg Chapman. It is quite possible to not see another human being all day there.

title: Wolfhole Crag


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Talk:Marital rape

problem with lists citing countries which have criminalised rape
China appears on both lists. There are also other inaccuracies. Please check. Unable to edit. Thanks.

New Conflucting Sorce for legality of marital rape in China
After doing a bit of digging I was able to find a SCMP artical on law change that outlaws marital rape that dates to Oct 7th 2005. it seems to be poorly translated with the tone of the artical changing and for the life of me I cant find the law that they are refrincing. if anyone can help that would be fantastic.

Wiki Education assignment: History of Sexuality
— Assignment last updated by Nyxtingale (talk) 16:44, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

"albeit at a lower level of punishment"
The above sentence was picked up from the 4th paragraph of the top of the article.

Although rape being obviously a despicable and heinous crime, including marital rape, it is not clear at all in the article, what level of low level of punishment is considered for marital rape when comparing to common standard rape by unknown people, i.e., when the raper is a stranger?

Does - in Western countries for example - marital rape have the same legal punishment as any other rape (raper being a stranger)? Strictly legally speaking, does the marriage provide any sort of mitigating factor?

A further explanation/topic in the article would be useful, considered the article is very complete and well comprehensive.

Thank you João Pimentel Ferreira (talk) 10:57, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marital rape


text:
Talk:Sexuality (disambiguation)

redirect
In my opinion it is absolutely ridiculous to have this redirect to human sexuality. Have we decided that animal sexuality is a completely irrelevant subject? --Daniel C. Boyer 16:33, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page got vandalized, revert.

 * However, I would say that there are several more links intended for Human sexuality than Animal sexuality. Mynameisnotpj (talk) 05:08, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Transsexuality
Removed link to Transsexuality. Despite word ending, transsexuality is a gender identity and NOT a sexuality (note its absence from the article on Sexual Orientation). The "sex" in "transsexual" refers to gender, not sexual attraction; its closest related sexuality/sexual philia is autogynephilia, which is not the same thing at all. Surprised that this appears to have gone unnoticed for so long. Thysien 16:18, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've re-added in See also section with context. If it was added once its value and inclusion seems worthy of a short explanation and mnany probably need to learn the distinction. Benjiboi 10:09, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion
There is a clear need to discuss, so let me start it by offering this version as a base point because it contains lines that everyone agrees are needed. I suggest that extra lines are entered only when consensus is reached here. Abtract (talk) 10:11, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Fair enough... let me start with the easy one:

Plant sexuality, sexual reproduction systems found across the plant kingdom
 * We know that the user got to the page because they typed in "sexuality". We are almost certain that in the vast majority of cases, they mean human sexuality (whatever that entails), but we do have articles discussing sexuality of animals and plants, and the reader could be looking for those.
 * By the way, all respect to PamD, but I think linking the Animal sexuality (even though it is a redirect) is better, because of the general line of thinking of WP:MOSDAB when it says "a redirect term will sometimes be preferred to a direct link, if the redirect term contains the disambiguation title and the redirect target does not" (even though that quote is referring to piping).--Marcinjeske (talk) 10:52, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Facets of Sexuality
"*Sexual orientation, classification of sexual attraction
 * Gender identity of a sexual being, as in transexuality
 * Sexual identity based on sexual characteristics of an organism
 * Intersexuality, having biological characteristics of both sexes"

- from the article

Yeah, so then there is the confusing trifecta of sexuality describing an orientation, or a psychological gender, or a biological gender. Yes, although less common than in the human sexuality sense, all three can be referred to as sexuality. Some usage examples:

 * Orientation - "He prefers to keep his sexuality private. He did not like to discuss his homosexuality."
 * Identity - "She asserted her sexuality by refusing to wear a dress. She was discovering her transexuality."
 * Biology - "The sexuality of the specimen was ambiguous. It was intersexual."

I can't help that these are discussed in separate articles, or that we don't know which one the reader is thinking of... now, we could get off easy by saying that they are all covered by human sexuality, but the truth is that:
 * they are barely touched on in that article: "Gender identity is a person's own sense of identification as female, male, both, neither, or somewhere in between." and the article does not discuss the biological characteristics of sexuality at all.
 * they are not human specific... yes, it feels silly to talk about a sheep's gender identity (and even more so for a plant), but at least for animals orientation and gender identity do matter - the concepts are discussed in Wikipedia and 'sexuality' is used in that context. And sexual characteristics-related sexuality matters for all organisms which use sexual reproduction.

Now, I agree that that my attempts at entries for these three concepts are subprime... I tried to buffer that by including the reference to specific types of the "sexualities" to provide concrete examples to guide the reader to the correct one - but it does endanger the disambiguation quality of the page. So, are we in disagreement on whether these three concepts should be disambed here, or is the wording the more troubling aspect? (oh, and don't forget to say hi over at Talk:Nostradamus).--Marcinjeske (talk) 11:23, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

If you don't mind me saying so, there is a danger here of confusing disambiguation wuth dissertation. The purpose of this dab page is to help readers find the article they want, having first typed in "Sexuality". If we could limit ourselves to that, we might advance faster. I can see how plant sexuality works in just the same way as animal and human, and I have added it accordingly but the others seem more about concepts than disambiguating; I just didn't get your reasoning. Abtract (talk) 12:15, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The Wikitionary entry suggests that "Sexuality" has a load of different meanings for different potential readers ... but we've got a link to the Portal where all is included (one hopes). I have no strong views about all this (beyond trying to make sure that the reader gets to what they want to find, as Abtract says) (and I can't remember what led me to this page in the first place). Doing a WP search on "sexuality" suggests that it might be appropriate to also include links to Child sexuality, Adolescent sexuality, Transsexual sexuality and a few more, as being subdivisions of the main topic. PamD (talk) 12:35, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I definitely agree that the goal of the disambiguation page is direct readers who having first typed in "Sexuality", are looking for one of the many articles on sexuality. (The portal link does help in this respect.)
 * On the one extreme, we could just have the Portal:sexuality and be done with it... I feed confident that they could eventually find everything they need, although technically speaking, it is the Human sexuality portal.
 * On the other extreme, we could link to every article including the word sexuality or even related to sexuality and be done with it. Wouldn't that be a fun list.
 * I think we all agree that both extremes are ridiculous. when I look at a dab page, I try to ensure that for every reasonable encyclopedic use of that title, there is a fairly obvious choice in the list. If you view the target articles as trees, you can see that most of the topics people are looking for are related to human sexuality (that's why I moved it to the top of the list).
 * The vast majority of sexuality-seeking readers will have humans on their mind, and the reader is aware that if they want to know about adolescent sexuality, they mean humans. So all the articles relating solely to human sexuality can be represented on the dab with one link. So while the dab page used to have a whole list of human sexuality topics, I think they were removed for a good reason. (Yeah, the male and female sub-links are still there... I did not feel bold enough to remove them... as for some reason previous editors treated them special.)
 * Some seekers will mean the sexuality of non-humans. (note to self: must resist creating an article for extraterrestrial sexuality)
 * Then there are several concepts often called "sexuality"  which are not exclusive to one type of sexual being, and have distinct article covering them (in the sense that there is no obvious parent-child relationship between gender identity, sexual orientation, and Sexual_dimorphism/Sex (found this to possible be a better article to start on... though it does not link to intersexuality).
 * I realize that the disambiguation is unclear when the article we point to does not include "sexuality" in the title. Essentially, we are combining what should be a disambiguation and a redirect into one step. The three topics are referred to as sexuality in common usage in sources.
 * Sexuality (gender) - please see Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality as an example of usage.
 * Sexuality (orientation) - please see WebMD article on Sexuality: Sexual Orientation as an example of usage.
 * Sexuality (biology) - please see this NIH article for use of biological sense, such as that sexuality “goes beyond the components of sex and represents the continuously variable suite of traits that emerge during the organism's lifetime" or Evidence for Sexuality in the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen (Kingdom Fungi, I believe).

 * "Sexual Orientation is an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual or affectional attraction to another person. It is easily distinguished from other components of sexuality including biological sex, gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female) and the social gender role (adherence to cultural norms for feminine and masculine behavior)."

- American Psychological Association (APA) on Sexual orientation

 * Is this any help at all.... or am I still not grasping the nature of your concern? --Marcinjeske (talk) 22:12, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * My main concern is that this dab page doesn't become a copy of List of human sexuality topics and that it conforms with mos:dab. Your thoughts about Sexuality (gender), Sexuality (orientation) and Sexuality (biology) was a good one ... why don't you create pages for redirects to the articles that you think should be included but whose titles don't sound as though they should be? I have done the obvious one to show you what I mean. :) Abtract (talk) 22:50, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm.. how did those redlinks slip in there... :) - great, I will redirects... I changed biological to biology because that is the overwhelmingly more common dab phrase used for other articles. I am going to start with the redirect to plain Sex, since I can't quite nail down where it best belongs:
 * Sex-determination system - "in some arthropods, sex is determined by infection, as when Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia alter their sexuality" (ain't it cool!)
 * Sexual dimorphism - which just focuses on male/female diffeences
 * Sex covers the foundations of what sexuality means in a biological sense, and has a good section on Sex.
 * So any other DAB pages where I can complicate things? :) --Marcinjeske (talk) 23:23, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Looks fine - I don't usually like seeing redirects from dab pages, but in this fraught case they seem useful. PamD (talk) 07:00, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

At the danger of leaving well enough alone... would there be a strong objection to either of the following:
 * Moving the three redirect entries (Sexuality (biology), Sexuality (gender), Sexuality (orientation)) up out of human sexuality. As I said above... they are not exclusive to humans... particularly the biology one, and probably the orientation one... gender is the one that is most questionable.. but even there we have a tiny bit of discussion on gender research done on animals. So I don't want to have the dab page imply that these are solely related to humans.
 * The other thing is the choice of removing the descriptive text. The previous phrases may have been unnecessarily extensive, but the bare links leave something to be desired. Per WP:MOSDAB:
 * Entries should nearly always be sentence fragments. Even when the entry forms a complete sentence, ....
 * The description associated with a link should be kept to a minimum, just sufficient to allow the reader to find the correct link.

I realize that nowhere does the style guide explicitly recommend descriptive text, but it assumes and implies descriptive text over and over. In this case, given the wordage we expended talking about this stuff, I would hope brief descriptions to help a reader understand which link they want would be in order. --Marcinjeske (talk) 00:27, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe the best way is to avoid second levels altogether as I have done now. If you feel descriptive words are helpful in dabbing then go for it but don't put them in just for info. Abtract (talk) 00:35, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

f
--94.97.242.115 (talk) 12:21, 28 January 2010 (UTC)--94.97.242.115 (talk) 12:21, 28 January 2010 (UTC)--94.97.242.115 (talk) 12:21, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

OED
The Oxford English Dictionary gives the definition for sexuality as
 * 1) "The quality of being sexual or possessing sex."
 * 2) "Sex as a property of reproductive cells, rather than individual organisms." (rare)
 * 3) "Sexual nature, instinct, or feelings; the possession or expression of these."
 * 4) "Recognition of or preoccupation with what is sexual." (nonce-use)
 * 5) "A (humorous) remark of a sexual nature; a sexual pleasantry." (nonce-use)
 * 6) "A person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which he or she is typically attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual; sexual orientation."
 * 7) "Appearance distinctive of sex." (rare)

OED defines nonce-use as "on one specific occasion or in one specific text or writer's works." We should lead with the most widely-accepted meaning. I have updated the first line accordingly. Jokestress (talk) 18:01, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved and base name redirected to human sexuality. -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:53, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

Sexuality → Sexuality (disambiguation) – Putting aside the songs, which are of minor notability, it is positively silly to have a disambiguation page regularly generating dozens on incoming links in order to split hairs between kinds of sexuality, human, animal, and possibly plant. I would move this page to its (disambiguation) title and redirect the title to sex. bd2412 T 03:03, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Support, except for redirecting the Sexuality title to Sex. The Sex article is about biological sex. Therefore, I would redirect the Sexuality title to Human sexuality or Human sexual activity (more so the former), since it's hardly arguable that most people will be looking for human sexuality/human sexual activity under the Sexuality title and that therefore the human context is the WP:PRIMARY TOPIC. Flyer22 (talk) 03:12, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I am fine with redirecting to Human sexuality. I proposed sex because it is basically the widest umbrella under which all the other sexuality concepts on the page can be placed. bd2412  T 11:51, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I understand, of course, though redesigning the Sex article is something that is better left discussed on that article's talk page. Personally, I prefer that the Sex article remain focusing on what it currently does. We have Sex (disambiguation) for the rest. Flyer22 (talk) 16:30, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Support as per Flyer22. —Ignatzmicetalkcontribs 03:59, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I'd like to support with a redirect to Human sexuality (rather than sex), but I'd be concerned about someone subsequently wanting to move Human sexuality to the base name. Powers T 14:26, 16 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Sexuality (disambiguation)


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Pozzuoli

Pozzuoli (Puteoli ; Pezzulo) is a city and comune of the Metropolitan City of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. It is the main city of the Phlegrean Peninsula.

History
Pozzuoli began as the Greek colony of Dicaearchia (Δικαιαρχία) founded in about 531 BC in Magna Graecia with the consent of nearby Cumae when refugees from Samos escaped from the tyranny of Polycrates.

The Samnites occupied Dicaearchia in 421 BC after conquering Cumae and may have changed its name to Fistelia. It enjoyed considerable political and commercial autonomy favoured by the excellent position of its port with the Campanian hinterland. The Roman occupation of Campania after the end of the 1st Samnite War from 341 BC marked the start of the Romanisation of the Greek-Samnite city.

During the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), Rome recognised the strategic importance of the port of Puteoli and reinforced the defences and introduced a garrison to protect the town from Hannibal, who failed to capture it in 215. They made it a Roman colony from 195 BC. The Roman conquest of the east and the need for a port to trade made it the Mediterranean port of Rome, even though it was 150 miles away. It took the name Puteoli whose roots are in the Latin puteus (well or cistern). An alternative etymology of Puteoli derives from the Latin puteo (to stink), referring to the sulfuric fumes in the area, most notably from Solfatara.

Puteoli became the great emporium for the Alexandrian grain ships and other ships from all over the Roman world. It also was the main hub for goods exported from Campania, including blown glass, mosaics, wrought iron, and marble. Lucilius wrote in about 125 BC that it was second only to Delos in importance, then the greatest harbour of the ancient world. Many inscriptions show that a polyglot population established companies (stationes) for trade and transport and formed professional guilds for arts, crafts and religious associations for foreign cults; they included Greeks from the islands and the coast of Asia, Jews and later Christians. Under the Roman Empire, it was the greatest emporium of foreign trade in all of Italy. Trade with Tyre was so important that the Tyrians established a factory there in 174 (C.I. no. 5853).

The Roman naval base at nearby Misenum housed the largest naval fleet in the ancient world. It was also the site of the Roman Dictator Sulla's country villa and the place where he died in 78 BC. Cicero had a house in Puteoli and a villa nearby on the shore of the Lucrine Lake. Pliny mentions Puteoli as the site of a famed cochlearium created by Fulvius Hirpinus, known for raising exquisite snails.

The local volcanic sand, pozzolana (Latin: pulvis puteolanus, "dust of Puteoli") formed the basis for the first effective concrete, as it reacted chemically with water. Instead of just evaporating slowly off, the water would turn this sand/lime mix into a mortar strong enough to bind lumps of aggregate into a load-bearing unit. This made it possible to construct the cupola of the Pantheon, which is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.

The apostle Paul landed in Pozzuoli on his way to Rome, 170 mi away, stayed for seven days (Acts 28:13, 14), and then began with his companions his journey by the Appian Way to Rome.

In 37 AD, Puteoli was the location for a political stunt by Emperor Gaius Caligula, who, on becoming Emperor, ordered a temporary floating bridge to be built using trading vessels, stretching for over two miles (2 mi) from the town to the famous neighboring resort of Baiae, across which he proceeded to ride his horse, in defiance of an astrologer's prediction that he had "no more chance of becoming Emperor than of riding a horse across the Gulf of Baiae".

With the development of the port of Ostia begun by Claudius in 42 AD, completed by Nero in 54 and enlarged by Trajan between 100 and 106, the fortunes of Puteoli began to decline, although Antoninus Pius repaired the pier's storm damage in 139. Nero's abortive attempt to build the Fossa Neronis canal from Puteoli to Rome may have prolonged its life. As a reward for their support in the fight against Vitellius, Vespasian (r. 69-79 AD) installed more veterans there, assigned the city a part of the Capuan territory and gave it the title Colonia Flavia which it retained.

Hadrian died at Baiae in 138 and was interred at Cicero's villa at Puteoli, though his body was later transferred to Rome.

Two aqueducts eventually served Puteoli; the Campanian aqueduct dating from the 1st c. BC at the latest, and also the Aqua Augusta. Several cisterns still exist, including the very large Piscina di Cardito.

Saint Proculus (San Procolo) was martyred here with his companions in the fourth century, and is the city's patron saint. The seven eagle heads on the coat of arms of the town of Pozzuoli are said to represent seven of these martyrs. November 16 was the official feast day for Saint Proculus. St Proculus was affectionately nicknamed 'u pisciasotto ("the pants-pisser") because November 16 was often a day of rain. The townspeople also celebrated his feast day on the second Sunday in May.

The city was taken and plundered by Alaric I in 410, by Genseric in 455, and by Totila in 545, from which it took centuries to recover.

Charles Lyell visited Pozzuoli in 1828 and studied the Macellum columns.

Since 1946, the town has been the home of the Accademia Aeronautica, the Italian Air Force Academy, which was first situated on the island of Nisida, then from 1962 on a purpose-built hilltop campus overlooking the bay.

From August 1982 to December 1984, the city experienced hundreds of tremors and bradyseismic activity, which peaked on 4 October 1983, damaging 8,000 buildings in the city centre and displacing 36,000 people, many permanently. The events raised the sea bottom by almost 2 m, and rendered the Bay of Pozzuoli too shallow for large craft. There was similar seismic activity in 2023.

Main sights
The town's attractions include:
 * Flavian Amphitheatre (Amphitheatrum Flavium), the third largest Italian amphitheatre after the Colosseum and the Capuan Amphitheatre.
 * The Macellum of Pozzuoli, also known as the Temple of Serapis or serapeum, is considered the city's symbol. The "temple" was a marketplace. Its name derives from the misinterpretation of its function after a statue of the god Serapis was found in 1750. The Macellum includes three majestic columns in Cipollino marble, which show erosion from marine Lithophaga molluscs when, at an earlier time, the ground level was much lower due to Bradyseism, and sea-water could flow in.
 * Temple of Augustus (part of the cathedral)
 * Smaller Amphitheatre, very close to the Flavian one, its remains were absorbed by other buildings, but some arches can be seen by Via Solfatara and Via Vign
 * Roman Baths, the so-called Temple of Neptune, are the remains of a big thermal complex now in Corso Terracciano, which also included the nearby "Dianae Nymphaeum".
 * The Villa Avellino park has several Roman ruins and cisterns. There is also a still working Roman "face" water fountain.
 * Rione Terra, the first settlement of Puteoli, originally Dikaiarkhia in Greek.
 * Necropolis of Via Celle, a rich complex of tombs and mausoleums, very near to an old Roman road still used today (Via Cupa Cigliano).
 * Necropolis of the Via Puteolis Capuam, just under the bridge that leads outside the city near Via Solfatara.
 * Stadium of Antoninus Pius, a very similar stadium to the Domitian one in Rome, partially excavated (Via Campi Flegrei).
 * The Piscina di Cardito cistern, second in size only to the Piscina Mirabilis, and used as a settlement tank for the water supply from the Aqua Augusta aqueduct.
 * Sanctuary of San Gennaro (St. Januarius). Along with the Cathedral of Naples, it is one of the two places where the alleged miracle of the liquefaction of the saint's blood occurs.
 * Solfatara (volcanic crater with active fumaroles)

Transportation
It is easily reached by train from Rome on Naples Metro line 2, and by the trains of "Cumana" lines leaving from the station of Montesanto, in the city center.

Neighbouring communes

 * Bacoli
 * Giugliano in Campania
 * Monte di Procida
 * Naples
 * Quarto

Notable people

 * Januarius, Patron Saint of Naples, executed at Solfatara c. 305.
 * Josephus landed there on his way to Rome (The Life of Flavius Josephus; 3.16).
 * William Jopling, British leprologist, was born there.
 * Sophia Loren, film actress, grew up there.
 * Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, Viceroy of Naples, died there on 15 October 1496.
 * Saint Paul, the Apostle landed there on his way to Rome (Acts 28:13).
 * Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Baroque composer, died there.
 * Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Dictator of Rome, died at his villa there.

title: Pozzuoli


text:
The Bad Sleep Well

The Bad Sleep Well (悪い奴ほどよく眠る) is a 1960 Japanese neo-noir crime mystery film directed by Akira Kurosawa. It was the first film to be produced under Kurosawa's own independent production company. It was entered into the 11th Berlin International Film Festival.

The film stars Toshiro Mifune as a young man who gets a prominent position in a corrupt postwar Japanese company in order to expose the men responsible for his father's death. It draws upon Shakespeare's Hamlet, while also doubling as a critique of corporate corruption. It is one of four films, along with Drunken Angel (1948), Stray Dog (1949) and High and Low (1963), in which Kurosawa explores the film noir genre. Like Kurosawa and Mifune's next two movies, Yojimbo (1961) and Sanjuro (1962), Mifune's character is "a lone hero fighting against overwhelming odds and corrupt authorities."

Plot
A group of news reporters watch and gossip at an elaborate wedding reception held by the Public Development Corporation's Vice President Iwabuchi, who married his daughter Yoshiko to his secretary Koichi Nishi. The police interrupt the wedding to arrest corporate assistant officer Wada, who is the reception's master of ceremony, on charges of bribery in a kickback scheme. The reporters comment this incident is similar to an earlier scandal involving Iwabuchi, administrative officer Moriyama, and contract officer Shirai that was hushed up after the suicide of Assistant Chief Furuya, who had jumped from a seventh-story window of the corporate office building, which brought the investigation to a dead end, before any of the company's higher-ups could be implicated. Following the wedding, the police question Wada and accountant Miura about bribery between Dairyu Construction Company and the government-funded Public Corporation.

Following the inquiry, Miura commits suicide by running in front of a truck when about to be arrested. Wada attempts to take his own life by jumping into an active volcano. But Nishi, pursuing Wada, stops the suicide attempt. To convince Wada to help him and his best friend Itakura in their agenda of revenge, Nishi then drives Wada where they both are shown spying on the (pre-scripted) funeral, that reveals to Wada what his employers thought of him. Nishi then focuses his efforts on contract officer Shirai by setting him up so that Iwabuchi and Moriyama believe him to be stealing from them, while also using Wada to drive him insane with guilt. Nishi then saves Shirai from an assassin hired by Iwabuchi before taking him to the office where Furuya died, revealing himself as Furuya's illegitimate son who exchanged identities with Itakura to avenge his father's death. Nishi's interrogation methods shatter what little sanity Shirai had left, with Moriyama deducing that someone connected to Furuya is orchestrating these events as he soon learns the truth about Nishi and informs Iwabuchi. Iwabuchi's son Tatsuo overhears and angrily drives Nishi off when he returns to the house.

Retreating to the ruins of a factory he worked at during World War II, Nishi manages to abduct Moriyama and starves him into revealing the location of evidence he can use to expose the corruption and all involved to the press. In the meantime, Wada slips away and brings back Yoshiko in the hopes that the newlyweds will reconcile. Nishi tells his wife that he has grown to truly love her. Yoshiko accepts the truth about her father's evil deeds and reluctantly agrees to allow Nishi to complete his plans to expose him. But as Nishi calls for a press conference to be held the next day and prepares to retrieve the final evidence, Iwabuchi deduces Yoshiko saw Nishi and tricks her by claiming Tatsuo intends to kill Nishi while promising to turn himself in. She offers to go with Iwabuchi, but he drugs his daughter with wine laced with sleeping pills.

Yoshiko comes to by the time Tatsuo returns home from duck hunting, realizing her father tricked her as they rush to Nishi's location. But they are too late, Itakura revealing that Nishi had been killed under the cover of drunk driving crash with Wada, Moriyama, and the evidence all disposed of. All three are devastated by this development, knowing the truth but having nothing to back up their story. After canceling Nishi's conference, Iwabuchi's children confront him and disown him. Iwabuchi receives a call from his superior and apologizes for the recent trouble while assuring them that he handled it. He then requests retirement, but his superior advises him to take a vacation. Iwabuchi proceeds to hang up after apologizing, as he lost his sense of time from having not slept at all the previous night.

Cast

 * Toshiro Mifune - Kōichi Nishi
 * Masayuki Mori - Public Corporation Vice President Iwabuchi
 * Kyōko Kagawa - Yoshiko Nishi
 * Tatsuya Mihashi - Tatsuo Iwabuchi
 * Takashi Shimura - Administrative Officer Moriyama
 * Kō Nishimura - Contract Officer Shirai
 * Takeshi Katō - Itakura
 * Kamatari Fujiwara - Assistant-to-the-Chief Wada
 * Chishū Ryū - Public Prosecutor Nonaka
 * Seiji Miyaguchi - Prosecutor Okakura
 * Kōji Mitsui - Reporter
 * Ken Mitsuda - Public Corporation President Arimura
 * Nobuo Nakamura - Legal Adviser
 * Susumu Fujita - Detective
 * Kōji Nanbara - Prosecutor Horiuchi
 * Gen Shimizu - Managing Director Miura
 * Natsuko Kahara as Furuya's wife

Production
While a critical and commercial success, Toho Studios grew frustrated with Kurosawa going overbudget during filming of The Hidden Fortress, and in response, Kurosawa decided to form his film company Kurosawa Productions in 1959. As his first independent film, Kurosawa believed that it would be insulting to the audience to make a movie with the intention of only making money and decided that his next film would be about a subject of social significance.

The idea for The Bad Sleep Well came from Kurosawa's nephew Yoshio Inoue, whose story called "Bad Men's Prosperity" was used as the basis for Kurosawa's draft. Kurosawa began writing the script with Eijirō Hisaita, whom he had collaborated with on No Regrets for Our Youth and The Idiot, both starring Setsuko Hara. Kurosawa's other writing collaborators Hideo Oguni, Ryūzō Kikushima and Shinobu Hashimoto would later join Kurosawa and Hisaita in the writing process once they were free from other projects. The process of writing the script took 80 days, with the script being carefully written to not resemble actual real-life cases of corruption in Japan.

Filming began in March 22, 1960, with the Navy Yard of Toyohashi, Mount Aso, Marunouchi Building and the Yokohama Prison serving as main locations for the film. To convincingly play the part of a disabled wife, Kyōko Kagawa used uneven shoes and a knee brace. During filming of a car scene, Kagawa suffered injuries in her face and considered quitting her acting career. At the hospital where she was being treated, Toshiro Mifune stopped the press from interviewing her by standing in front of the door to her room.

Reception
Contemporary reviews were positive, with a Bosley Crowther piece in The New York Times from January 1963 calling it ”an aggressive and chilling drama of modern-day Japan” which ”gives to an ordinary tale of greedy and murderous contention a certain basic philosophical tone”. It praises Kurosawa for staging ”what amounts to cliches in this type of strongarm fiction in a way that makes them seem fresh and as fully of sardonic humor as though we had never seen their likes before”. Dan Schneider considers it one of Kurosawa’s finest movies.

The most common criticism of the film among professional reviewers refers to the ending. In a 2006 review of the Criterion Collection DVD release, The A.V. Club's Keith Phipps calls it "an assured, muscular Kurosawa film [...] that it's all the more disappointing when a shapeless, anticlimactic, but probably inevitable ending does it in".

At the 14th Mainichi Film Awards, Masayuki Mori and Masaru Sato won the awards for Best Supporting Actor and Best Music.

American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola has listed The Bad Sleep Well as one of his favorite films, citing the first thirty minutes of the film "as perfect as any film I've ever seen" and used it as inspiration for the wedding sequence in the 1972 Oscar-winning gangster drama The Godfather.

title: The Bad Sleep Well


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Bantamwork

Bantamwork in 18th century England signified a particular style of export lacquerware which was cut into a layer of gesso and then lacquered in colors.

History
By the mid-17th century, trade with China and Japan had flourished in Europe. Oriental curiosities included lacquered cabinets and screens. The beautiful lacquer and ornamentation were highly prized. One of many Chinese lacquer was known as "Coromandel" or "bantomwork". It is assumed that it is named after Bantam in Java, which used to play an important part in the export of oriental crafts to Europe.

Oriental Process
The sap of the Toxicodendron vernicifluum tree, indigenous to China, was used on the pieces. Once the sap had dried, it could be applied in coats, forming a hard crust. This crust could be carved in relief. Color could be added to the sap, usually red, black and aubergine, to add variety to the pieces.

European Process
True Oriental lacquer could not be produced in Europe, because the Rhus vernicifera tree was not grown in Europe. An imitation based on shellac made from insect secretions was developed. This was known as japanning. Japanning, using white, blue and green as well as the traditional colors, is used still today.

title: Bantamwork


text: User talk:200.89.72.101

title: User talk:200.89.72.101


text:
User talk:Sarcasticninja

New deal for page patrollers
Hi ,

In order to better control the quality  of new pages, keep out the spam, and welcome the genuine newbies, the current system we introduced in 2011 is being updated and improved. The documentation and tutorials have also been revised and given a facelift. Most importantly a new user group New Page Reviewer has been created.

Under the new rule, you may find that you are temporarily unable to mark new pages as reviewed. However, this is nothing to worry about - most current experienced patrollers are being accorded the the new right without the need to apply, and if you have significant previous experience of patrolling new pages, we strongly encourage you to apply for the new right as soon as possible - we need all the help we can get, and we are now providing a dynamic, supportive environment for your work.

Find out more about this exiting new user right now at New Page Reviewers and be sure to read the new tutorial before applying. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:29, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sarcasticninja


text:
Talk:Plant improvement

Moved Talk to plant breeding as new topic of main article.

title: Talk:Plant improvement


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Bishop of Chelmsford

The Bishop of Chelmsford is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Chelmsford in the Province of Canterbury.

The current bishop is Guli Francis-Dehqani, since the confirmation of her election on 11 March 2021.

History
The diocese was founded in 1914 under George V from the Diocese of Saint Albans (of which it had been a part since 1877).

The present diocese covers the County of Essex including those parts of Essex added to Greater London on 1 April 1965 and Ballingdon-with-Brundon, transferred to Suffolk and Great/Little Chishill and Heydon, transferred to Cambridgeshire in 1894. The see is in the city of Chelmsford where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Mary, Saint Peter and Saint Cedd which was elevated to cathedral status in 1914. The bishop's residence is Bishopscourt, Margaretting.

Assistant bishops
Assistant bishops of the diocese have included: The appointment of Cecil de Carteret, Bishop of Jamaica, to be an assistant bishop was announced in 1931, but he died before he could take it up.
 * 1961 – 1966 (res.): Geoffrey Stuart Smith was an assistant bishop; he was also Rector of Danbury from 1960.
 * 1972 – 1974: Br John-Charles SSF, former Assistant Bishop of Adelaide and Bishop of Polynesia

title: Bishop of Chelmsford


text: User:Sarcasticninja

title: User:Sarcasticninja


text:
Talk:Tolkienist

Is this really such a well-known or universal term? (If it is, can I see some evidence? I only found about 2,000 references on Google, most of which were duplicates of this article or else from non-English sites. There were over 18,000 for "Tolkien fan". ) I think I qualify as a member of the group described, and I've rarely encountered it. (My personal experience has been that we do not have a single term of choice for "Tolkien fan". I don't like implying that this is the universal term.) Aranel 16:43, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tolkienist


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Currency symbol

A currency symbol or currency sign is a graphic symbol used to denote a currency unit. Usually it is defined by a monetary authority, such as the national central bank for the currency concerned.

A symbol may be positioned in various ways, according to national convention: before, between or after the numeric amounts: €2.50, 2,50€ and.

Symbols are neither defined nor listed by international standard ISO 4217, which only assigns three-letter codes.

Usage
When writing currency amounts, the location of the symbol varies by language. For currencies in English-speaking countries and in most of Latin America, the symbol is placed before the amount, as in $20.50. In most other countries, including many in Europe, the symbol is placed after the amount, as in 20,50€. Exceptionally, the symbol for the Cape Verdean escudo (like the Portuguese escudo, to which it was formerly pegged) is placed in the decimal separator position, as in.

Design

Older currency symbols have evolved slowly, often from previous currencies. The modern dollar and peso symbols originated from the mark employed to denote the Spanish dollar, whereas the pound and lira symbols evolved from the letter L (written until the seventeenth century in blackletter type as $$\mathfrak{L}$$) standing for libra, a Roman pound of silver.

Newly invented currencies and currencies adopting new symbols have symbolism meaningful to their adopter. For example, the euro sign € is based on ϵ, an archaic form of the Greek epsilon, to represent Europe; the Indian rupee sign ₹ is a blend of the Latin letter 'R' with the Devanagari letter र (ra); and the Russian Ruble sign ₽ is based on Р (the Cyrillic capital letter 'er').

There are other considerations, such as how the symbol is rendered on computers and typesetting. For a new symbol to be used, its glyphs needs to be added to computer fonts and keyboard mappings already in widespread use, and keyboard layouts need to be altered or shortcuts added to type the new symbol. For example, the European Commission was criticized for not considering how the euro sign would need to be customized to work in different fonts. The original design was also exceptionally wide. These two factors have led to most type foundries designing customized versions that match the 'look and feel' of the font to which it is to be added, often with reduced width.

List of historical currency symbols
Some of these symbols may not display correctly.

The Unicode CJK Compatibility block contains several square versions of the names of currencies in Japanese katakana. They are intended for compatibility with earlier character sets.

title: Currency symbol


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Bishop of Coventry

The Bishop of Coventry is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Coventry in the Province of Canterbury. In the Middle Ages, the Bishop of Coventry was a title used by the bishops known today as the Bishop of Lichfield.

The present diocese covers most of the County of Warwickshire. The see is in the City of Coventry where the bishop's seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Michael. The Bishop's residence is Bishop's House, Coventry.

History
From 1102 to 1238, the former Benedictine Priory and Cathedral of St Mary in the city was the seat of the early Bishops of Coventry (previously known as Bishops of Chester or of Lichfield). It was, afterwards, one of the two seats of the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield until the Reformation of the 1530s when Coventry (St Mary's) Cathedral was demolished and the bishop's seat moved to Lichfield, though the title remained as Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry until 1837, when Coventry was united with the Diocese of Worcester.

Bishops of the modern diocese
The diocese was revived in 1918 under King George V when the parish church of Saint Michael was elevated to cathedral status. The cathedral suffered under fire-bombing by the Luftwaffe on the night of 14 November 1940 and remains today as a dignified ruin adjacent to the new cathedral building consecrated on 25 May 1962. The 8th Bishop of Coventry was Colin Bennetts, who retired on 31 January 2008.

Christopher Cocksworth resigned as Bishop of Coventry effective 5 November 2023, to become Dean of Windsor. Because the suffragan See of Warwick is also vacant, so Ruth Worsley (Bishop of Taunton in the Diocese of Bath and Wells) has been seconded part-time as Acting Bishop of Coventry since 6 November.

Assistant bishops
Among those who have served as assistant bishops of the diocese have been:
 * 1937–1952: Richard Heywood, retired Bishop of Mombasa
 * 1952–1959: Nathaniel Newnham Davis, Rector of Ladbroke and former Bishop of Antigua
 * 1960–1980: John McKie, Rector of Berkswell (until 1966), Vicar of Great and Little Packington (from 1966) and former Bishop of Geelong
 * 1968–1975 (ret.): John Daly, Priest-in-charge of Honington with Idlicote and Whatcote (until 1970), Vicar of Bishop's Tachbrook thereafter; former Bishop of Gambia and the Rio Pongas, of Accra, in Korea and of Taejon
 * November 2023–present: Saju Muthalaly, Bishop of Loughborough, is also serving part-time as an Assistant Bishop supporting the Acting Bishop one day a week

title: Bishop of Coventry


text:
Parlick

Parlick (also known as Parlick Pike) is an approximately cone-shaped steep-sided hill at the extreme south of the main range of Bowland fells in Lancashire, England. Its bog-free sides make it more popular with walkers than the shallow boggy hills to its north. Paths zigzag up this hill from the south, or for the more strenuous ascent a straight path can be chosen. This hill is usually green — different from the often thorny brown to red of the northern hills. A thin neck joins Parlick onto Fair Snape Fell with well-worn paths linking the two.

Regarding the origin of the name, Professor Eilert Ekwall, in his 1922 The Place-names of Lancashire, writes:
 * ".. (caput de) Pirloc 1228 C1R, Perlak 1228 WhC 371, Pireloke 1338 LPR, Pyrelok pyke c 1350 ib. The name cannot mean " pear orchard " as Wyld suggests. But the etymology may be correct with a slight amendment. O.E. loc means " fold for sheep or goats." A sheep fold at which grew a peartree (O.E. pyrige) may very well have been at the foot of or on the slope of the hill; this may have been called Parlick (Pirloc) and have given the hill its name. For a probable earlier name see under Core, p. 143."

Parlick is a popular venue for foot-launched gliders, because it produces good ridge lift in an unusually wide variety of wind directions. The extensive west-facing bowl allows paraglider pilots to fly to Fair Snape Fell and beyond without leaving reliable ridge lift and as far forwards as Beacon Fell. Local pilots use this arena for club competitions, such as the 'Parlick Grid Challenge'

The summit consists of little more than a cairn, leaving the walker to look at the view, south to Preston and Winter Hill near Chorley, east toward Pendle Hill, and west towards Blackpool and the Irish Sea.

The boundary between the boroughs of Wyre and Ribble Valley passes very close to the summit, with half of the hill lying within each borough.

"Parlick Fell" is the name of a cheese made in Longridge from sheep's milk from the area.

The hill and its environs are the location of the legend of the enormous Dun Cow, which was reputed to wander freely across the moorland, and to be in the habit of quenching its thirst at "Nick's Water-Pot", a well on the summit of Parlick.

title: Parlick


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Bishop of Derby

The Bishop of Derby is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Derby in the Province of Canterbury.

The diocese was formed from part of the Diocese of Southwell in 1927 under George V and roughly covers the county of Derbyshire. Before this time however there had been two bishops suffragan of Derby whilst the town was still within the Diocese of Southwell.

The bishop's seat (cathedra) or see is located in the City of Derby at Derby Cathedral – formerly the parish church of All Saints, which was elevated to cathedral status in 1927. The bishop's residence is the Bishop's House, Duffield.

The current bishop is Libby Lane, since the confirmation on 11 February 2019 of her election.

Assistant bishops
Among those who have served as assistant bishops of the diocese have been:
 * 1936 – 1937 (d.): Philip Crick, Vicar of Ashbourne and former Bishop of Rockhampton and of Ballarat
 * 1937 – 1941 (d.): Edward Every, Rector of Egginton; retired Bishop of the Falkland Islands and of Argentina
 * 1941 – 1953 (res.): Ronald O'Ferrall, Rector of Walton on Trent until 1944, Vicar of Repton and Foremark (1944–1947), Provost of Derby thereafter; former Bishop in Madagascar and later Assistant Bishop of Gloucester
 * 1954–1962: George Sinker, Vicar of Bakewell and former Bishop in Nagpur
 * 1962 – 1984 (d.): Tom Parfitt, Rector of Matlock with Tansley (until 1980) and former Bishop in Madagascar
 * 1979 – 1980 (res.): George Briggs, assistant priest in Matlock with Tansley and former Bishop of The Seychelles

title: Bishop of Derby


text: Category:Bell County, Texas

title: Category:Bell County, Texas


text:
Barry Fell

Howard Barraclough Fell (June 6, 1917 – April 21, 1994), better known as Barry Fell, was a professor of invertebrate zoology at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. While his primary professional research included starfish and sea urchins, Fell is best known for his pseudoarchaeological work in New World epigraphy, arguing that various inscriptions in the Americas are best explained by extensive pre-Columbian contact with Old World civilizations. His writings on epigraphy and archaeology are generally rejected by those mainstream scholars who have considered them.

Biography
Fell was born in Lewes, Sussex, England, and was a grandson of the railway engineer and inventor John Barraclough Fell. He moved with his mother to New Zealand in the early 1920s after his father, who was a merchant seaman, died in a shipboard fire.

He returned to the British Isles for graduate work, receiving his Ph.D. at the University of Edinburgh in 1941. Fell then served with the British Army during World War II. In 1946 he returned to New Zealand, where he resumed his academic career, and lectured in zoology at Victoria University of Wellington.

A world authority on fossil sea urchins, he supervised a number of students including Helen E.S. Clark and they published a number of studies on Antarctic seastars. He was recruited by Harvard University in 1964, and emigrated to the United States to join the staff of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard where he worked until retirement in 1979.

He died of heart failure in San Diego, California, aged 77, while discussing a new book with his publisher.

Epigraphy
Although Fell was an accomplished marine biologist at Harvard University, he is best known for three books, mostly written after retirement, which claim that many centuries before Christopher Columbus reached America, Celts, Basques, Phoenicians, Egyptians, and others were visiting North America.

His interest in inscriptions began early in his career with a study of Polynesian petroglyphs published in 1940, but his most famous work came much later, starting in 1976 with his publication of America B.C., in which he proposed translations of inscriptions found on rock surfaces and artifacts in North and South America which he believed to be written in Old World scripts and languages. He followed up this work in 1980 with Saga America and in 1982 with Bronze Age America.

Fell's epigraphic work was not well received in academia. Critics of Fell's work routinely dismissed him as an amateur, pointing out his lack of formal training in ancient scripts and languages.

A scholarly response to Fell's work was prepared by Ives Goddard and William W. Fitzhugh of the Department of Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution. They stated, in 1978, that "the arguments of America B.C. are unconvincing. The only accepted case of pre-Columbian European contact in North America remains the Norse site of L'Anse aux Meadows in northern Newfoundland.  Perhaps some day credible proof of other early European contacts will be discovered in the New World. However, America B.C. does not contain such proof and does not employ the standard linguistic and archeological methods that would be necessary to convince specialists in these fields."

One example of Fell's claims is his contention in Saga America that Brendan of Clonfert may have reached North America centuries before Columbus. This is based on Fell's translation, published in the magazine Wonderful West Virginia in 1983, of two rock-cut inscriptions located at archaeological sites in Wyoming and Boone counties, West Virginia. According to Fell, these inscriptions narrate the story of Christ's nativity and are written in an old Irish script called Ogham, dating back to the 6th or 8th century AD. This led to the publication of articles in the journal The West Virginia Archeologist that were highly critical of Fell's conclusions and methodology, including a 1983 article by archaeologist and historian W. Hunter Lesser describing Fell's claims as pseudoscientific and unreliable. In 1989 lawyers Monroe Oppenheimer and Willard Wirtz wrote an article based on opinions of academic archaeologists and linguists to dispute that the inscription is written in Ogham script. They further accused Fell of deliberate fraud.

David H. Kelley, an archaeologist at the University of Calgary who is credited with a major breakthrough in the decipherment of Mayan glyphs, complained about Fell in a 1990 essay: "Fell's work [contains] major academic sins, the three worst being distortion of data, inadequate acknowledgment of predecessors, and lack of presentation of alternative views." In the same essay, however, Kelley went on to state that "I have no personal doubts that some of the inscriptions which have been reported are genuine Celtic ogham." Kelley concluded: "Despite my occasional harsh criticism of Fell's treatment of individual inscriptions, it should be recognized that without Fell's work there would be no [North American] ogham problem to perplex us. We need to ask not only what Fell has done wrong in his epigraphy, but also where we have gone wrong as archaeologists in not recognizing such an extensive European presence in the New World."

Archaeology survey
A survey of 340 teaching archaeologists in 1983, showed 95.7% had a "negative" view of Barry Fell's claims (considering them pseudo-archaeology), 2.9%  had a "neutral" view, and only 1.4% (5) had a "positive" view (regarding them as factual).

title: Barry Fell


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MAT-49

The MAT-49 is a submachine gun which was developed by French arms factory Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Tulle (MAT) for use by the French Army and was first produced in 1949.

Development
In 1949, after evaluating several prototypes (including a collapsible design from Hotchkiss), the French MAT factory began production of the MAT-49 9 mm submachine gun. The MAT-49 used a machine stamping process which allowed the economical production of large numbers of submachine guns, then urgently required by the French Government for use by Army, French Foreign Legion as well as airborne and colonial forces to meet the need of a compact weapon.

Production continued at Tulle until the mid-1960s, then switched to the Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne plant (MAS), where the weapon was produced until 1973. In 1979, the French armed forces adopted the FAMAS 5.56 mm NATO assault rifle, and the MAT-49 was gradually phased out of service.

Usage
The MAT-49 saw widespread combat use during the First Indochina War and the Algerian War, as well as the 1956 Suez Crisis. The weapon found considerable favor with airborne forces and mechanized troops, who prized it for its simplicity, ruggedness, firepower and compactness.

After French forces left Indochina, the People's Army of Vietnam and Viet Minh converted many captured MAT-49s to the Soviet 7.62 mm Tokarev pistol cartridge, then available in large quantities from the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. These converted versions could be distinguished by a longer barrel and a higher rate of fire at 900 rpm.

North Vietnam covertly provided MAT-49s to anti-French occupation groups during the Algerian War after the French left Indochina.

Overview
The MAT-49 had a short, retractable wire stock, which when extended gave the weapon a length of 720 mm, and the magazine well and magazine could be folded forward parallel to the barrel for parachute jump or with a 45° angle hence allowing a safe carry until the magazine well is brought back to vertical position before opening fire. Barrel length is 230 mm, with the MAT-49/54 manufactured with extended barrels and non-retractable wooden stocks. As issued, the MAT-49 fires a 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge, using a single-column 20-round magazine for desert use or 32-round similar to the Sten magazine.

The MAT-49 is blowback-operated and box magazine-fed, with a rate of fire of 600 rounds per minute on full auto. The MAT 49/54, a modified MAT-49s manufactured for police forces, had two triggers, allowing use of full-auto fire or single shots, but most were manufactured as full-auto only. Minus magazine, the MAT-49 weighs about 3.5 kg, which is heavy for a submachine gun. The weapon incorporates a grip safety which is located on the backside of the pistol grip. The rear sights are flip-up and L-shaped, and marked for a range of 50 and 100 m. Production ceased before the introduction of the FAMAS assault rifle in 1979.

Variants

 * MAS-48 - prototype variant.
 * MAT-49 - main variant.
 * MAT-49/54 - gendarme variant with extended barrel and fixed wooden stock with a sling bar.
 * MAT-49 silenced - variant fitted with a suppressor.
 * MAT-49 M - variant modified by the Viet Minh, firing in 7.62×25mm Tokarev. It had a longer barrel, modified 35-round magazine, and a higher rate of fire (900 rpm). It was distinguished from the 9mm version by having a letter "K" stamped on the top of the receiver's endcap and the side of the compatible magazines. Spare parts were still produced in the early 1970s, the gun being used by the Viet Cong.

Users

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * 🇧🇧 Barbados
 * 🇧🇯 Benin
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic
 * 🇹🇩 Chad
 * 🇰🇲 Comoros
 * Republic of the Congo
 * Cote d'Ivoire
 * 🇩🇯 Djibouti
 * 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea
 * 🇫🇷 France: Adopted by the French army in 1949. Also used by the National Gendarmerie.
 * 🇬🇦 Gabon
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea
 * Guinea Bissau
 * 🇮🇷 Iran: Used in small numbers by the Shahrbani.
 * Kingdom of Laos: Received from French government during First Indochina War.
 * Laos
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar
 * 🇲🇱 Mali - Armed and Security Forces of Mali
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal
 * 🇸🇨 Seychelles
 * Syria: used by police and special forces
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey: Captured MAT-49s donated to Village guards.
 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia
 * Vietnam: used 9mm and 7.62mm MAT-49s.

Non-state entities

 * Flag of Libya.svg National Liberation Army (Libya)
 * Flag of ZANU-PF.svg Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
 * Flag_of_North_Vietnam_(1945-1955).svg Viet Minh, known as Tuyn, from the name of the manufacturer (Tulle).
 * ETA: Produced unlicensed copies of existing weapons in an underground workshop at Mouguerre after it was raided by police.
 * Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
 * 🇲🇿 FRELIMO
 * Séléka
 * Viet Cong

In popular culture
In the 2007 video game Team Fortress 2, one of the playable classes, the Sniper, can be armed with a submachine gun, which is heavily inspired by the MAT-49, as one of his standard weapons.

title: MAT-49


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Bishop of Guildford

The Bishop of Guildford is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Guildford in the Province of Canterbury.

The title had first appeared as a suffragan See in the Diocese of Winchester in 1874. The Bishop suffragan of Guildford assisted the Bishop of Winchester in overseeing that diocese. Under George V, the Diocese of Guildford was created out of the north-eastern part of the Diocese of Winchester in 1927.

The diocese covers the western half of the County of Surrey. The see is in the town of Guildford where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy Spirit which was built as a cathedral 1936 to 1965. The bishop's residence is Willow Grange, Jacobs Well — to the north of Guildford.

The incumbent bishop is Andrew Watson, 10th Bishop of Guildford, since the confirmation of his election on 24 November 2014.

Assistant bishops
Among those who have served as assistant bishops of the diocese have been:
 * 1930 – 1955 (d.): Cyril Golding-Bird, Archdeacon of Dorking (until 1936), then of Surrey (until 1949); former Bishop of Kalgoorlie and of Mauritius
 * In 1952, Freddy Hawkes, Bishop suffragan of Kingston, retired to Oxted. He did some bishop's work in retirement, such as an ordination in 1956.
 * 1955 – 1967 (res.): Basil Dale, Rector of Haslemere (1955–1962), full-time assistant bishop (1962–1967) and former Bishop of Jamaica
 * 1963 – 1983 (res.): St John Pike, Vicar of Ewshot (1963–1971), Vicar of Botleys with Lyne and Long Cross (1971–1983) and former Bishop of Gambia and the Rio Pongas
 * 1964 – 1972 (ret.): Lucian Usher-Wilson, Vicar of Churt and former Bishop of Mbale

title: Bishop of Guildford


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2002 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election

The 2002 Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership election was a leadership election called in the fall of 2001 when Ontario Progressive Conservative Party Premier Mike Harris announced his intention to resign.

The candidates to succeed Harris were Elizabeth Witmer, Tony Clement, Ernie Eves, Jim Flaherty and Chris Stockwell. Eves was not initially a candidate, but was persuaded to join the race by senior Tories who felt none of the other candidates could win a provincial election.

Witmer and Eves sought to distance the party from Harris's "Common Sense Revolution" agenda. Eves began his campaign with a speech in which he said he was neither left wing nor right wing. He later said that the government should not be giving tax credits to parents who send their children to private schools unless the schools teach the government curriculum. This policy had been introduced by Flaherty as Minister of Finance. These and other comments led Harris loyalist Jim Flaherty to launch a number of publicity stunts against Eves, whose de facto rejection of the Common Sense Revolution had made him the early front-runner. Flaherty referred to Eves as a "serial waffler" and as "a pale-pink imitation of Dalton McGuinty." Eves was dogged on the campaign trail by a pink waffle and a pink panther, courtesy of the Flaherty campaign. Flaherty, for his part, caught flack in the media for proposing to take the homeless off the streets by force on cold winter nights. During the campaign, Clement effectively blamed Flaherty for bringing to the fore news about Clement's wife, a lawyer, who was alleged to take a pro-choice view of abortion. Eves - who had the backing of almost all PC Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) - won the campaign.

For the vote a modified "One Member One Vote" system was used in which all ridings in the province were accorded 100 points which were distributed among the candidate in proportion to the number of votes each received in that riding. If no candidate won a majority on the first ballot, a second ballot would be held later the same day with balloting continuing until one candidate had a majority.

The vote was held on March 23, 2002.

The results of the first ballot were:

First ballot:

 * Ernie Eves 4,257 points (41.3%)
 * Jim Flaherty 3,031 points (29%)
 * Tony Clement 1,354 points (13.2%)
 * Elizabeth Witmer 1,197 points (11.6%)
 * Chris Stockwell 448 points (4%)

Stockwell, having the fewest votes, was forced to withdraw. Clement and Witmer announced their withdrawal to support Eves, however, their announcement came too late to remove their names from the ballot.

Second ballot:

 * Ernie Eves 5,623 points (54.6%)
 * Jim Flaherty 3,898 points (37.8%)
 * Tony Clement 561 points (5.4%)
 * Elizabeth Witmer 216 points (2.1%)

(44,188 party members voted on the first ballot, 34,608 on the second.)

One problem with the procedure was that voters were expected to remain in voting centres throughout the province for hours if they wanted to cast ballots in both rounds of voting. Many did not wish to do so, or could not do so, and left after casting their first ballot vote. As a result, in the 2004 PC leadership election, voters voted only once using a preferential ballot, in which they ranked the candidates by preference, rather than vote in separate rounds.


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Jacob Talmon

Jacob Leib Talmon (יעקב טלמון; June 14, 1916 – June 16, 1980) was Professor of Modern History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

He studied the genealogy of totalitarianism, arguing that political Messianism stemmed from the French Revolution, and stressed the similarities between Jacobinism and Stalinism. He coined the terms "totalitarian democracy" and "Messianic democracy/political Messianism".

Biography
Talmon was born in Rypin, a town in central Poland, into an Orthodox Jewish family. He left in 1934 to study at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, then in the British Mandate of Palestine, now Israel. He continued his studies in France but left for London after the Nazi invasion; in 1943 he was awarded a PhD from the London School of Economics. His main works are The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy and Political Messianism: The Romantic Phase. Talmon argued that Rousseau's position may best be understood as "totalitarian democracy", a philosophy in which liberty is realized "only in the pursuit and attainment of an absolute collective purpose." Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Talmon engaged in a debate with Arnold J. Toynbee on the role of Jews and Zionism in history.

Talmon died in Jerusalem on June 16, 1980, two days after his 64th birthday.

Awards
In 1957, Talmon was awarded the Israel Prize, for social sciences.

Major works

 * ; vol. 2: 1960
 * The Nature of Jewish History-Its Universal Significance, 1957
 * Political Messianism – The Romantic Phase, 1960
 * The Unique and The Universal, 1965
 * Romanticism and Revolt, 1967
 * Israel among the Nations, 1968
 * The Age of Violence, 1974
 * The Myth of Nation and Vision of Revolution – The Origins of Ideological Polarization in the 20th Century, 1981
 * The Riddle of the Present and the Cunning of History, 2000 (Hebrew, p.m.)

title: Jacob Talmon


text: Talk:Subduction

title: Talk:Subduction


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Talk:Crackhead

From VfD:

Very short dictionary definition. Don't see potential article here. Gwimpey 16:53, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * I think we need something here. I've rewritten the article, since I couldn't think of any one thing to redirect to (drug addiction? crack cocaine?). Either keep and expand this version, or redirect somewhere. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:06, 2004 Aug 3 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite. Hmm, something about what crack does to people to make them seem unusual?  Aside from being addicted and desperate, they act manic, jittery, and wild, so they stand out even among drug abusers.  Alas, I have had the experience of being around some. Geogre 17:32, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article is still barely more than a definition, and that of a slang term. Wikipedia is not UrbanDictionary :P. Possibly keep as a redirect to the article on cocaine. Darksun 18:32, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * But not all users of cocaine are crackheads--indeed, not even all crack users are. You see the conundrum? [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:13, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)
 * Also, I think discussing a word's occurrence, spread to use, and culture takes it beyond the lexical. I think Meelar's rewrite talks more about the phenomenon the word refers to than the word's meaning.  I do, of course, see the other side, too, and will contend no more. Geogre 00:59, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A very specific and broadly-used term to describe a very specific and (unfortunately) broad addiction. This needs also to be cross-linked to such articles as crack whore, crack cocaine, and addiction. Denni ☯ 01:34, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC)

end moved discussion

A student who uses Wikipedia as a valid source for historical research may be considered a crackhead without giving undue offense. When trying to teach teenagers proper historical investigation, why not add a harmless line to an 'official' entry such as under crackhead? The entry reads that the term is often used when talking about someone doing something foolish. I would like to add, "like using Wikipedia as a valid source for historical research." I do not consider that addition to be vandalism (how can you vandalize an open site?) and it is right. What is wrong with it?

2007-02-1 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 04:22, 1 February 2007 (UTC) trey — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:9001:5306:BB2D:D829:143E:AC07:5D85 (talk) 15:48, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crackhead


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Colossal magnetoresistance

Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is a property of some materials, mostly manganese-based perovskite oxides, that enables them to dramatically change their electrical resistance in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetoresistance of conventional materials enables changes in resistance of up to 5%, but materials featuring CMR may demonstrate resistance changes by orders of magnitude.

This technology may find uses in disk read-and-write heads, allowing for increases in hard disk drive data density. However, so far it has not led to practical applications because it requires low temperatures and bulky equipment.

History
Initially discovered in mixed-valence perovskite manganites in the 1950s by G. H. Jonker and J. H. van Santen, a first theoretical description in terms of the double-exchange mechanism was given early on. In this model, the spin orientation of adjacent Mn moments is associated with kinetic exchange of eg-electrons. Consequently, alignment of the Mn spins by an external magnetic field causes higher conductivity. Relevant experimental work was done by Volger, Wollan and Koehler, and later on by Jirak et al. and Pollert et al.

However, the double exchange model did not adequately explain the high insulating-like resistivity above the transition temperature. In the 1990s, work by R. von Helmolt et al. and Jin et al. initiated a large number of further studies. Although there is still no complete understanding of the phenomenon, there is a variety of theoretical and experimental work providing a deeper understanding of the relevant effects.

Theory
One prominent model is the so-called half-metallic ferromagnetic model, which is based on spin-polarized (SP) band structure calculations using the local spin-density approximation (LSDA) of the density functional theory (DFT) where separate calculations are carried out for spin-up and spin-down electrons. The half-metallic state is concurrent with the existence of a metallic majority spin band and a nonmetallic minority spin band in the ferromagnetic phase.

This model is not the same as the Stoner Model of itinerant ferromagnetism. In the Stoner model, a high density of states at the Fermi level makes the nonmagnetic state unstable. In SP calculations of covalent ferromagnets using DFT-LSDA functionals, the exchange-correlation integral takes the place of the Stoner parameter. The density of states at the Fermi level does not play a special role. A significant advantage of the half-metallic model is that it does not rely on the presence of mixed valency as does the double exchange mechanism and it can therefore explain the observation of CMR in stoichiometric phases like the pyrochlore. Microstructural effects in polycrystalline samples have also been investigated and it has been found that the magnetoresistance is often dominated by the tunneling of spin-polarized electrons between grains, resulting in the magnetoresistance having an intrinsic dependence on grain size.

A fully quantitative understanding of the CMR effect remains elusive and it is still the subject of much current research. Early promises of the development of new CMR-based technologies have not yet come to fruition.

title: Colossal magnetoresistance


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Angiotech Pharmaceuticals

Angiotech was a pharmaceutical company in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Angiotech was founded in 1992 by William L. Hunter, Lindsay Machan, and Larry Arsenault. It sought to develop innovative technologies and medical products primarily for local diseases and complications associated with medical device implants, surgical interventions and acute injury.

In April 2010, Angiotech acquired Haemacure manufacturing to develop human biological adhesives, hemostats and therapeutic proteins.

In 2017, Angiotech was acquired by a consortium led by the U.S. healthcare investment firm Vivo Capital and China's ZQ Capital.

title: Angiotech Pharmaceuticals


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Bishop of St Albans

The Bishop of St Albans is the Ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of St Albans in the Province of Canterbury. The bishop is supported in his work by two suffragan bishops, the Bishop of Hertford and the Bishop of Bedford, and three archdeacons.

The diocese covers the counties of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, as well as parts of the London Borough of Barnet. The see is in the City of St Albans in Hertfordshire, where the cathedra (bishop's seat) is located at St Albans Cathedral. The cathedral building itself was an abbey church (part of St Albans Abbey) prior to the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Following its purchase by the town in 1553, it was then a parish church until its elevation to cathedral status in 1877, when the diocese was created from the diocese of Rochester under Queen Victoria by the Bishopric of St. Albans Act 1875.

Incumbent
The current incumbent is Alan Smith, 10th Bishop of St Albans, who signs + Alan St Albans. His nomination was announced by Downing Street on 13 January 2009, following the retirement of Christopher Herbert. Smith's election as bishop by the College of Canons of the Cathedral took place on 13 February and his Confirmation of Election with the Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams followed on 31 March, at which point he legally took office as bishop. Smith was enthroned on 19 September 2009.

The Bishop's residence is the Abbey Gate House, St Albans.

Assistant bishops
Among those who have served as assistant bishops in the diocese are:
 * 1914 – 1924 (ret.): Noel Hodges, former Bishop of Travancore and Cochin and Assistant Bishop of Durham and of Ely
 * 1924 – 1934 (d.): Gerard Lander, Vicar of Holy Trinity New Barnet (until 1933), Archdeacon of Bedford (after 1933), and former Bishop of Victoria
 * 1942 – 1951 (ret.): Bernard Heywood, Canon Residentiary of St Albans Abbey and retired Bishop of Ely
 * 1961–1968 (res.): John Boys, Canon of St Albans and former Bishop of Kimberley and Kuruman

title: Bishop of St Albans


text:
Naar

Naar may refer to:
 * Devin E. Naar
 * Naar, the god of darkness in the Lone Wolf book series
 * Naar (Encantadia)
 * The concept of Hell in Islam, see Jahannam

title: Naar


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Malvern Link

Malvern Link is an area in the civil parish of Malvern, in the Malvern Hills District, in Worcestershire, England to the north and east of Great Malvern. The centres of Malvern Link and Great Malvern are separated by Link Common, an area of open land that is statutorily protected by the Malvern Hills Conservators. The population of Link in 2011 was 6,155.

Location
The main urban area is to the north of the Worcester Road and the Link Common that marks a sharply defined boundary on the south of the settlement between the railway station and the area's western limit at Newtown Road in Link Top. The urban development takes a gentle transition through the neighbourhoods of Upper Howsell and Lower Howsell to the farms and communities of Leigh Sinton in the north and Newland and Madresfield in the west. To the south along the main axis of Pickersleigh Road, an unbroken built up area merges seamlessly into Barnards Green, a suburb of the former independent town of Great Malvern.

History
The name Malvern Link seems to have been in use for some time: "The many local placenames ... which first appear in thirteenth century records were probably current a full century earlier. ... By 1276 ... there was, therefore, a probable population of at least 200 scattered in the old hamlets of Baldenhall, Guarlford, Poolbrook and the Link ..." Malvern Link was the key site of the Romano-British pottery industry that produced Severn Valley Ware. There are several kilns in the Malvern Link-Newland area and numerous water-filled clay pits, now lined with trees.

The ancient name "Link" refers to a ridge in the slope of the Malvern Hills on which it is situated, from the Middle English "hlinc" meaning a ridge of land, or a hill. The word "link" can also  mean  "Rising ground; a ridge, a bank." (compare with "helling" meaning "slope" in Dutch, and in German the more specialised "slipway" )

A popular folk tale about the origin of the name is that it arose because the Victorians used to link up more horses to the carriages so that they could be pulled up the hill on the A449, which runs through the centre of Malvern Link to the small urban centre of Link Top at its western end before arriving in the town centre of Great Malvern. At the point where the A449 road passes through Malvern Link it is called Worcester Road, as it leads directly into the centre of the city of Worcester about six miles to the north east.

The Link Stone
A perambulation of the boundaries of the Malvern Chase in 1584 describes "a great Stone in a Tufte of bushes" at Link Top which was recorded on a Stuart map as the "Whore Stone" (meaning hoar or ancient stone). In 1744 the Link Stone was located at the beginning of Pickersleigh road. It has since been relocated to the St Matthias churchyard.

An inscription on a plaque near the stone reads:-

"This stone originally marked the boundary between the Manors of Leigh and Powick. It was already old in 1584 when a breathless Elizabethan gentleman noted it during 'beating the bounds'. In the Stuart period it was marked on an estate map as the 'Old Stone'. The central recess is a receptacle for coins perpetuating the very old custom of receiving payment for the right of passage through the parish. This custom was acknowledged by mourners, who would rest a coffin on the Link Stone on its way to Leigh from the Pickersleigh side of the Link, a practice probably not discontinued until 1846 when St Matthias was consecrated."

Development
Malvern Link is the location of the majority of Malvern's council  and private housing  estates, and retail parks and factory  centres that have emerged since the 1950s. The expansion in  the second half of the 19th  century began essentially as ribbon  development  along  the Worcester Road, the eastern approach  to  Malvern, at the same time as Malvern's rise to  popularity  as a Spa Town. When the railway arrived in  the mid 19th  century, the settlement had reached sufficient dimensions to  justify  its own fully  featured station although the Great Malvern station is only  about  one mile further down the line. Large villas and small hotels were constructed along  the entire length  of the northern side of the Worcester Road, from the railway  station  to  Link Top affording  them an unhindered view over the Malvern Common and many  of them  were converted to  boarding  schools following the decline of the spa industry,  and major middle class residential  areas developed northwards during  the inter-war years of the 1920s and 1930s.

Further development is planned for the second decade of the 21st century with approximately 700 new houses, 10 hectares of employment land, a primary school and community centre destined for former farm land between Malvern Link and Newland. This will effectively merge the two villages into the urban sprawl of Malvern Link, creating new neighbourhoods that have yet  to  be named. A new community hospital for Malvern on the site of Seaford Court, a former private prep school in  Malvern Link, close to  the station,  was opened in  2011.

Population
As with the rest of Malvern, the Link owes much of its development to the area's rapid expansion from a cluster of hamlets and manors to a busy spa town during the mid 19th century. In 1942 the population swelled again when the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) relocated to Malvern to occupy a site at Barnards Green, and a further site of the RAF Radio Training School on the location of the former Pale Manor Farm  in Leigh Sinton Road in Malvern Link, that came to be known as RRE North Site.

Governance
Malvern Link constitutes the major part of the Link ward of the civil parish governed by Malvern Town Council (returning 4 councillors to the Town Council) and the same ward is also used to return 3 councillors to Malvern Hills District Council. The ward includes all of Malvern Link from Link Top in  the west  to  the Newland roundabout  in  the east except a small  part of the Malvern Link area in  the west that  is allocated to  Dyson Perrins ward. The area of Malvern Link also includes part of  the Pickersleigh  ward to  the south and also includes the former settlements of Upper Howsell and Lower Howsell.

Malvern Link was formerly a chapelry in the parish of Leigh, in 1894 Malvern Link became a separate civil parish and an urban district, in 1898 the urban district was abolished on 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished and became part of Malvern unparished area. In 1951 the parish had a population of 7950.

Industry and commerce
Malvern Link is home to the Morgan Motor Company, a manufacturer of luxury sports roadsters, and Chance Brothers, the remaining  factory of what  was once the largest  manufacturer of glassware in  the United Kingdom. Malvern's fire station is on Worcester Road in Malvern Link.

The main shopping area of Malvern Link stretches along the Worcester Road in from the junction of Spring Lane to the junction of Pickersleigh Road at the Malvern Link railway station. It contains all the retail outlets common to a small town including pharmacies, furniture and dry goods stores, supermarkets, hardware stores, gardening centres, banks, betting shops, groceries, butchers, and cafés and fast-food,  and a former cinema that is now a furniture warehouse. A mural on the Pickersleigh Road wall of the Victoria pharmacy depicts many of Malvern's landmarks, including the hills, Edward Elgar and Link Stone, which now resides in the churchyard of nearby St Matthias Church. It also contains the opening line (in Latin) of Psalm 121, 'I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills', the so-called 'Malvern Psalm'.

A retail park (the Malvern Hills Retail Park) has been in constant  development of Malvern Link since the mid-1990s, with stores that  include the branches of national  chains such  as Boots, Morrisons, Marks & Spencer, Matalan, Next and Halfords. The retail park is an extension  of  the Spring  Lane trading estate, a commercial  park  of small modern factories, warehouses and service providers, that began its development in the early 1960s.

Rail
Malvern Link railway station is located in Worcester Road, and provides direct services to Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Birmingham,  Oxford, London Paddington and Bristol.

Bus
Several local bus services connect Malvern Link with the surrounding area including the 42, S42 operated by Astons coaches stopping in Barnards Green bus shelter. Serving areas further afield are: the Malvern to  Worcester route 44, 44A, 44B operated by First Diamond serving stops  at  the  Barnards Green bus shelter and Pound Bank; The Worcester - Upton-upon-Severn - Malvern route 362/363 operated by Diamond serves that stops at  the Barnards Green bus shelter  and the Malvern - Gloucester - Cheltenham route 377 (Saturdays only) operated by  Diamond, stopping at  the Court Road shops and the Barnards Green bus shelter.

Sport
The playing fields at Victoria Park provide children's "safe" play areas. The main football pitch was replaced in 2021 by a state of the art Basketball Court. One football pitch remains and both Malvern Rugby Club and Barnards Green Cricket Club are a very short distance away.

Air
The nearest major airport is Birmingham which is accessible by train via Birmingham New Street and then 10 minutes further on a London Euston train, or trains travelling in the Coventry direction.

Birmingham International Airport is assumed to be approximately one hour by road via the M5 and M42 motorways. Gloucestershire Airport located at Staverton, in the Borough of Tewkesbury near Malvern is a busy General Aviation airport used mainly for private charter and scheduled flights to destinations such as the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, pilot training, and by the aircraft of emergency services.

Education
One of Malvern's two secondary schools, Dyson Perrins CE Sports College, is located in Malvern Link. The school was endowed by and is named after Charles William Dyson Perrins, grandson of the co-founder of Lea and Perrins, the manufacturer of the local product Worcestershire sauce that is sold worldwide. The area also has several primary schools (such as Somers Park Primary School and St. Matthias C of E Primary School). The location of the former independent boys boarding  school Seaford Court, is the site of a new Malvern community hospital that  was opened in   2010.

Notable residents
Edward Elgar, composer. On returning  from  London to  settle in  the Malverns, in 1891 Elgar and his wife leased a semi-detached house at 37 Alexandra Road, Malvern Link, which they named 'Forli'. They lived in  the house until 1898, when the Elgars moved to  Storridge. It was during  the 'Forli' years that  Elgar  composed many of his works, including, among  others, The Black Knight (1892), Sursm Corda (1894), and  in  1898 the Variations on an Original Theme that gained him his international reputation. The hymnwriter, Eliza F. Morris, also lived in Malvern Link, where she died in 1874.

title: Malvern Link