text:
Shep Pettibone

Robert "Shep" Pettibone (born 10 July 1959) is an American record producer, remixer, songwriter and club DJ, one of the most prolific of the 1980s.

Career
Shep Pettibone surfaced after his work with Arthur Baker on Afrika Bambaataa & the Jazzy 5's "Jazzy Sensation" and as an in-house mix engineer for Prelude Records. During his recording career, he launched innovative "mastermixes" for New York's KISS FM. The popularity of these mixes persuaded Prelude Records to release some of them commercially. Pettibone built his brand through his personal approach to remixing tracks, specially crafted for the dancefloor. Acclaimed by DJs worldwide, he was the go-to man to achieve club and chart success. His prowess at production and mixing led him to work with such artists as Madonna and George Michael in the late 1980s during the height of these artists' popularity. His influence is still perceivable in today's music.

Pettibone is the subject of the first volume of the Arthur Baker Presents Dance Masters series, Shep Pettibone: The Classic 12" Master-Mixes, a 47-song box set with highlights from his career.

The "Vogue" case
Pettibone, co-writer and co-producer of Madonna's 1990 hit "Vogue", sued Warner Music in a dispute over withholding royalty payments. An appeals court ruled that the music producer was not responsible for paying the publishing giant's legal fees in a previous case.

Selected remixing credits
• Aftershock – She Loves Me, She Loves Me Not (1990)

• Afrika Bambaataa & the Jazz 5 – Jazzy Sensation (1982)

• Alisha – All Night Passion (1985)

• Alisha – Baby Talk (1985)

• Alisha – Boys Will Be Boys (1985)

• Alisha – One Little Lie (1985)

• Alisha – Stargazing (1986)

• Alisha – Too Turned On (1985)

• Alyson Williams – Yes We Can (1986)

• Arnie's Love – Date with the Rain (1985)

• Apollo Smile – Dune Buggy (1991)

• Arcadia – Say The Word (1985)

• Art of Noise – Beat Box (1984)

• Aurra – Baby Love (1982)

• Aurra – Checking You Out (1982)

• Aurra – Such A Feeling (1982)

• The B-52's – Summer of Love (1986)

• The B-52's – The Girl From Ipanema Goes to Greenland (1986)

• Bananarama – Preacher Man (1991)

• Barbara Fowler – Knockin' On My Door (1985)

• Barone – Shake It Up ('Til Ya Drop) (1985)

• Bee Gees – You Win Again (1988)

• Belinda Carlisle – Heaven Is a Place on Earth (1988)

• Belinda Carlisle – I Get Weak (1988)

• The Belle Stars – World Domination (1986)

• Betty Boo – Doin' The Do (1990)

• Betty Boo – Where Are You Baby (1990)

• Bianca – My Emotions (1989)

• Bobby "O" & His Banana Republic – Somebody (1985)

• Boogie Box High – Nervous (1989)

• Boys Don't Cry – Cities On Fire (1986)

• Breakfast Club – Express Away To Your Heart (1988)

• Breakfast Club – Never Be The Same (1987)

• The Brooklyn, Bronx & Queen Band – Dreamer (1987)

• Bros – Drop the Boy (1988)

• Bros – I Owe You Nothing (1988)

• Candido – Jingo (1983)

• Carl Bean – I Was Born This Way (1986)

• Carol Jiani – Touch And Go Lover (1984)

• Carol Williams – No One Can Do It (Like You) (1981)

• Casanova – Eye Contact (1983)

• Cathy Dennis – Everybody Move (1991)

• Cathy Dennis – Just Another Dream (1991)

• Cathy Dennis – Touch Me (All Night Long) (1991)

• Cathy Dennis – You Lied To Me (1992)

• Cat Miller – Ready Or Not (1985)

• Cheri – So Sure (1983)

• Cheri – Working Girl (1983)

• Clair And Love Exchange Hicks – Push (In The Bush) (1984)

• Claudja Barry – Down And Counting (1986)

• Colors – Am I Gonna Be The One (1983)

• The Communards – Never Can Say Goodbye (1987)

• Conquest – Give It To Me (If You Don't Mind) (1982)

• Cyndi Lauper – Change of Heart (1986)

• Cyndi Lauper – What's Going On (1987)

• Daryl Hall – Foolish Pride (1986)

• Daryl Hall John Oates – Everything Your Heart Desires (1988)

• David Bowie – Day-In Day-Out (1987)

• David Essex – Rock On (1989)

• David McPherson – You Can't Stop (1982)

• Debbie Gibson – Electric Youth (1989)

• Debbie Harry – Heart of Glass (re-recorded solo version) (1988)

• Depeche Mode – Behind the Wheel (1987)

• Diana Ross – Paradise (1989)

• Diana Ross – Shock Waves (1987)

• Donna Garraffa – Let Me Be Your Fantasy (1985)

• D-Train – Keep On (1982)

• D-Train – You're The One For Me (1981)

• Duran Duran – All She Wants Is (1988)

• Duran Duran – I Don't Want Your Love (1988)

• Dusty Springfield – In Private (1989)

• Dusty Springfield – Reputation (1989)

• Eleanor – Adventure (1988)

• Elton John – I Don't Wanna Go On With You Like That (1988)

• Elton John – Healing Hands (1989)

• Empress – Dyin' To Be Dancin' (1982)

• Erasure – Blue Savannah (1989)

• Erasure – Chains of Love (1988)

• Falco – Do It Again (1988)

• First Choice – Dr. Love (1983)

• First Choice – Let No Man Put Asunder (1983)

• Five Star – Are You Man Enough (1987)

• Five Star – The Slightest Touch (1987)

• Five Star – Somewhere Somebody (1987)

• Five Star – Treat Me Like a Lady (1990)

• Five Star – Find the Time (1986)

• Five Star – If I Say Yes (1986)

• The Flirts – You & Me (1985)

• The Flirts – New Toy (1986)

• Four in Legion – Party in My Pants (1984)

• Fox the Fox – Precious Little Diamond (1984)

• France Joli – Does He Dance (1985)

• France Joli – Gonna Get Over You (1982)

• France Joli – I Wanna Take A Chance on Love (1982)

• Gayle Adams – Love Fever (1982)

• George Benson – Twice the love (1988)

• George Michael – Hard Day (1987)

• Gloria Gaynor – I Am What I Am (1983)

• Gloria Gaynor – I Will Survive (1990)

• Howard Hewett – Stay (1986)

• Huey Lewis & The News – Hip To Be Square (1986)

• Information Society – Walking Away (1988)

• Inner Life – I Like It Like That (1982)

• Inner Life – Moment of My Life (1982)

• Instant Funk – (Just Because) You'll Be Mine (1986)

• Jaki Graham – From Now On (1989)

• The Jammers – And You Know That (1982)

• The Jammers – Be Mine Tonight (1982)

• The Jammers – Let's B-B Break (1984)

• Jane Child – Don't' Wanna Fall In Love (1989)

• Janet Jackson – Alright (featuring Heavy D of Heavy D & the Boyz) (1990)

• Janet Jackson – Escapade (1990)

• Janet Jackson – Love Will Never Do Without You (1989)

• Janet Jackson – Miss You Much (1989)

• Janet Jackson – Rhythm Nation (1989)

• Janet Jackson – State of the World (1991)

• Janet Jackson – The Pleasure Principle (1987)

• Jeannette "Lady" Day – Come Let Me Love You (1982)

• Jeffrey Osborne – Room with a View (1986)

• Jennifer Holliday – No Frills Love (1985)

• Jermaine Jackson – I Think It's Love (1982)

• The Jets – Cross My Broken Heart (1987)

• Junk Yard Dog – Grab Them Cakes (1985)

• Karyn White – Romantic (1991)

• Katunga – El Negro No Puede (1984)

• Keyna – Tell It To Me (1989)

• Kim Wilde – You Came (1988)

• Laid Back – I'm Hooked (1985)

• Laid Back – It's The Way You Do It (1985)

• Laid Back – One Life (1985)

• Labelle (Patti LaBelle, Nona Hendryx & Sarah Dash) – Turn it Out

• The Latin Rascals – Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood (1988)

• Level 42 – Lessons in Love (1987)

• Level 42 – Something About You (1985)

• Level 42 – World Machine (1985)

• Leroy Burgess – Heartbreaker (1983)

• Leroy Burgess – Stranger (1983)

• Linda Taylor – You And Me Just Started (1982)

• Lionel Richie – Love Will Conquer All (1986)

• Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam – I Wonder If I Take You Home (1985)

• Lisa Stansfield – This Is the Right Time (1990)

• Loleatta Holloway – Crash Goes Love (1986)

• Loleatta Holloway – Love Sensation (1983)

• Louie Louie – Sittin' in the Lap of Luxury (1990)

• Love and Money – Candy Bar Express (1986)

• Luther Vandross – Power of Love/Love Power (1991)

• Madonna – Bad Girl (1993)

• Madonna – Bye Bye Baby (1993)

• Madonna – Causing a Commotion (1987)

• Madonna – Deeper and Deeper (1992)

• Madonna – Erotica (1992)

• Madonna – Express Yourself (1989)

• Madonna – Fever (1993)

• Madonna – In This Life (1992)

• Madonna – Into the Groove (1985)

• Madonna – Keep it Together (1990)

• Madonna – Like a Prayer (1989)

• Madonna – Rain (1993)

• Madonna – Rescue Me (1991)

• Madonna – Thief Of Hearts (1992)

• Madonna – This Used to Be My Playground (1992)

• Madonna – True Blue (1986)

• Madonna – Vogue (1990)

• Madonna – Where's the Party (1986)

• Madonna – Why's It So Hard (1992)

• Madonna – Words (1992)

• Mahogany – Ride on the Rhythm (1983)

• Mariah Carey – Someday (1991)

• Mariah Carey – There's Got to Be a Way (1991)

• MC Hammer – Pray (1990)

• Metallica – Enter Sandman (1991)

• Miami Sound Machine – Bad Boy (1986)

• Michael Bolton – Can I Touch You... There

• Michael McDonald – All We Got (It's Not Enough, Never Enough) (1990)

• Mico Wave – Star Search (1987)

• Mike & Brenda Sutton – Don't Let Go Of Me (Grip My Hips & Move Me) (1982)

• Mitsou – Bye Bye Mon Cowboy (1988)

• Morris Day – Are You Ready (1988)

• Natalie Cole – The Urge To Merge (1987)

• Narada – Divine Emotions (1988)

• New Order – Bizarre Love Triangle (1986)

• New Order – True Faith (1987)

• Nia Peeples – Street of Dreams (1991)

• Nia Peeples – Trouble (1988)

• Nick Kamen – Each Time You Break My Heart (1986)

• Nick Scotti – Get Over (1993)

• The Nick Straker Band – A Little Bit of Jazz (1982)

• Nu Shooz – Don't Let Me Be The One (1986)

• Nu Shooz – Lost Your Number (1986)

• Nu Shooz – Point of No Return (1986)

• NV – It's Alright (1983)

• NV – Let Me Do You (1984)

• Olivia Newton-John – The Rumour (1988)

• Paul McCartney – Ou Est Le Soleil? (1989)

• Paula Abdul – Forever Your Girl (1990)

• Paula Abdul – Knocked Out (1990)

• Paula Abdul – Opposites Attract (1990)

• Paul Lekakis – Tattoo in on Me (1990)

• Paul Lekakis - You Blow Me Away (1989)

• Pebbles – Giving You the Benefit (1990)

• Pet Shop Boys – Always on My Mind (1988)

• Pet Shop Boys – Heart (1988)

• Pet Shop Boys – I Want To Wake Up (1987)

• Pet Shop Boys – Left to My Own Devices (1988)

• Pet Shop Boys – Love Comes Quickly (1986)

• Pet Shop Boys – Opportunities (Let's Make Lots of Money) (1986)

• Pet Shop Boys – Was That What It Was? (1986)

• Pet Shop Boys – West End Girls (1985)

• Pet Shop Boys – What Have I Done To Deserve This? (1987)

• Pet Shop Boys – You Know Where You Went Wrong (1987)

• Phil Collins – Hang in Long Enough (1990)

• Phyllis Nelson – I Like You (1985)

• Pia Zadora – Dance Out of My Head (1988)

• Pierre – Just Right (1984)

• Pilot – You Are The One (1984)

• Pointer Sisters – Friends' Advice (Don't Take It) (1990)

• Pointer Sisters – Goldmine (1986)

• Pretty Poison – Nighttime (1988)

• Prince – Glam Slam (1988)

• Prince – Hot Thing (1987)

• Prince – Strange Relationship (1987, released 2020)

• Psychedelic Furs – Shock (1989)

• Rafael Cameron – Desires (1982)

• Ramsey Lewis – This Ain't No Fantasy (1985)

• Raw Silk – Do It to the Music (1983)

• Red Head Kingpin and the FBI – Get It Together (1991)

• Robey – Bored & Beautiful (1984)

• Robey – Killer Instinct (1985)

• Robey – One Night in Bangkok (1984)

• Rockers Revenge – Walking on Sunshine (1987)

• Run D.M.C. – Ghostbusters (1989)

• Run-D.M.C. – It's Tricky (1987)

• The Salsoul Orchestra – Ooh, I Love It (Love Break) (1983)

• The Salsoul Orchestra – Seconds (1982)

• S-xpress – Hey Music Lover (1988)

• Seal – The Beginning (1991)

• Secret Weapon – Must Be The Music (1982)

• Shakespears Sister – Break My Heart (1988)

• Sharon Redd – Can You Handle It (1982)

• Sheena Easton – Eternity (1987)

• Shirley Lewis – You Can't Hide (1989)

• Siedah Garrett – K.I.S.S.I.N.G. (1988)

• Sinnamon – Thin Line (1984)

• Sinnamon – He's Gonna Take You Home (1982)

• Sinnamon – Thanks To You (1982)

• Sister Sledge – Here To Stay (1986)

• Skyy – Call Me (1982)

• Skyy – Let Love Shine (1982)

• Skyy – Let's Celebrate (1982)

• Skyy – Show Me The Way (1987)

• Slade – Slam the Hammer Down (1984)

• Slay Cabell – Feelin' Fine (1982)

• Stacey Q – Don't Make A Fool Of Yourself (1988)

• The Springsteen Brothers – She's Fine (1984)

• Steve Shelto – Don't You Give Your Love Away (1983)

• Stewart Copeland – Love Lessons (1987)

• The Strangers – Step Out of My Dream (1983)

• The Strikers – Body Music (1982)

• Surface – Falling in Love (1983)

• Taylor Dayne – I'll Wait (1993)

• Taylor Dayne – Say A Prayer (1995)

• Technotronic – Techno Medley (1990)

• Terence Trent D'arby – Dance Little Sister (1987)

• Terence Trent D'arby – If You Let Me Stay (1987)

• Terry Lewis – Can You Feel It (1984)

• Third World – One To One (1985)

• Third World – Sense of Purpose (1985)

• Thompson Twins – In the Name of Love (1988)

• Thompson Twins – Sugar Daddy (1989)

• Timex Social Club – Rumors (1986)

• Timex Social Club – Thinkin' About Ya (1986)

• Tina Turner – Foreign Affair (1989)

• TKA – I Won't Give Up On You (1989)

• Toney Lee – Reach Up (1986)

• Tracie Spencer – This Time Make It Funky (1990)

• 2 Brave – After Midnight (1989)

• Unlimited Touch – Reach Out (Everlasting Lover) (1984)

• Unlimited Touch – Searching To Find The One (1982)

• Unique – You Make Me Feel So Good (1984)

• Vaughan & Butch Dayo Mason – Party on the Corner (1983)

• Vaughan & Butch Dayo Mason – You Can Do It (1982)

• Visual – The Music Got Me (1985)

• The Wally Jump Jr. & The Criminal Element – Don't Push Your Lock (1986)

• The Wally Jump Jr. & The Criminal Element – Jump Back (1986)

• Wang Chung – Let's Go! (1986)

• Warp 9 – Light Years Away (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – Going Out of My Dream (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – Good to the Last Drop (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – If You're Looking For Fun (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – Knock, Knock (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – Rock Candy (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – Rockin' It in the Pocket (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – Rock Your World (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – Tunnel of Love (1983)

• Weeks & Co. – Your Next Door Neighbor (1983)

• Wild Party – No One Knows (1987)

• Will To Power – Fading Away (1988)

• The Wrestlers – Land of a Thousand Dances?!!? (1985)

• Whitney Houston – I Belong To You (1991)

• Whitney Houston – So Emotional (1987)

Selected album production/writing credits
• Cathy Dennis – Everybody Move (To The Mixes) (1991)

• Cathy Dennis – Into the Skyline (1992)

• Cathy Dennis – The Irresistible Cathy Dennis (2000)

• Gary Barlow – "Love Won't Wait" (1997)

• Labelle – "Turn It Out" (1995)

• Madonna – I'm Breathless (1990)

• Madonna – The Immaculate Collection (1990)

• Madonna – Erotica (1992)

• Pet Shop Boys – "You Know Where You Went Wrong" (from b-side of "It's a Sin" single) (1987)

• Pet Shop Boys – "I Want to Wake Up" (from Actually album) (1987)

• Pet Shop Boys – "Heart" (appears on Actually/Further Listening) (2001)

• Taylor Dayne – Soul Dancing (1993)

• Taylor Dayne – Greatest Hits (1995)

• Taylor Dayne – Dance Diva: Remixes & Rarities (2005)

title: Shep Pettibone


text: Category:Horse racing

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Horse racing


text:
Nashia inaguensis

Nashia inaguensis is an evergreen shrub, commonly referred to as Moujean tea, Bahamas berry, or pineapple verbena. It is native to the east Caribbean islands, in particular the island of Inagua in the Bahamas, after which the species is named. In its native environment, the plant crawls along sunny, rocky outcroppings, semi-protected from steady high winds.

It is a loose, spreading shrub with many branches up to 2 m high, with mature trunks of 5–10 cm diameter. The leaves are aromatic, simple, opposite (or fascicled), elliptic to obovate or spatulate, 5–10 mm long, with revolute margins. The flowerheads are axillary, sessile, few-flowered, with a strigose calyx; the corolla is whitish, about 2 mm long, four-lobed, and with four stamens. The fragrant foliage and tiny white flowers are highly attractive to pollinators, in particular the Atala butterfly.

Cultivation and uses
It is often used as a bonsai plant due to its miniaturized features. The flowers form in clusters and are followed by reddish orange berries. It prefers full sun, warmth (a minimum temperature of 5 °C) and must be kept under high humidity. Even a brief spell of dryness can kill the plant. It can be propagated from cuttings, preferably in the spring and early summer during warm nights. A decoction of the fragrant leaves, variously described as having the scent and flavor of citrus, vanilla, or pineapple, is used as an herbal tea.

title: Nashia inaguensis


text:
List of Maine state parks

This list includes 35 state parks, public reserved lands, and state historic sites in the U.S. state of Maine. They are operated by the Maine Department of Conservation, with the exceptions of Baxter State Park, which is operated by the Baxter State Park Authority, and Peacock Beach, which is under local management.

title: List of Maine state parks


text: Category:French America

title: Category:French America


text:
Extended order

Extended order is an economics and sociology concept introduced by Friedrich Hayek in his book The Fatal Conceit. Hayek describes an extended order as the outcome of a system that embraces specialization and trade, and he claims that it "constitutes an information gathering process, able to call up, and put to use, widely dispersed information that no central planning agency, let alone any individual, could know as a whole, possess or control." The result is an interconnected web where people can benefit from the actions and knowledge of those they don't know. This is possible and efficient, in Hayek's view, because a proper legal framework replaces trust, which is only practical in small circles of people who know each other socially. The extended order is at the heart of Hayek's thesis, in The Fatal Conceit, where he argues that "our civilization depends, not only for its origin but also for its preservation, on what can be precisely described only as the extended order of human cooperation, an order more commonly, if somewhat misleading, known as capitalism."

Development of the extended order in society
Hayek argues that the extended order "is a framework of institutions – economic, legal, and moral – into which we fit ourselves by obeying certain rules of conduct that we never made, and which we have never understood in the sense of which we understand how the things that we manufacture function." This "order resulted not from human design or intention but spontaneously: it arose from unintentionally conforming to certain traditional & largely moral practices, many of which men tend to dislike, whose significance they usually fail to understand, whose validity they cannot prove, and which have nonetheless fairly rapidly spread by means of an evolutionary selection – the comparative increase in population & wealth – of those groups that happened to follow them."

According to Hayek, the adoption of these practices by these groups, "increased their access to valuable information of all sorts, & enabled them to be 'fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it' (Genesis 1:28). This process is perhaps the least appreciated facet of human evolution."

Hayek argues that the extended order's formation "required individuals to change their 'natural' or instinctual' responses to others, something strongly resisted", whereas any and all "constraints on the practices of the small group, it must be emphasized & repeated, are hated." This is because man "knows so many objects that seem desirable but for which he is not permitted to grasp, and he cannot see how other beneficial features of his environment depend on the discipline to which he is forced to submit – a discipline forbidding him to reach out for these same appealing objects. Disliking these constraints so much, we can hardly be said to have selected them; rather, these constraints selected us: they enabled us to survive."

Hayek says that the evolutionary process of the extended order can be stimulated by increases in individual freedom and has even realized some of its greatest advances during times of anarchy, however it can (and quite often has throughout history) been hindered by government constraint. He continues: "Protection of several property, not the direction of its use by government, laid the foundations for the growth of the dense network of exchange of services that shaped the extended order." The extended order is "not a creation of man's reason but a distinct second endowment conferred on him by cultural evolution."

Hayek posits that, since it is not genetically transferred, the continuing cultural evolution of the extended order requires teaching and passing on to each new generation the prevailing traditions, customs, morality and rules. This cultural evolutionary requirement was also analyzed by Will and Ariel Durant who said: "Civilization is not inherited; it has to be learned and earned by each generation anew; if the transmission should be interrupted for one century, civilization would die, and we should be savages again."

title: Extended order


text:
Talk:International Atomic Energy Agency

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 January 2019 and 27 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): IcelandicLights.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:37, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

This page needs a "Controversy" section!
This page needs a "Controversy" section! I went here looking to see if there was information to give me an idea of weather I can trust the IAEA, or if they are an incompetent and corrupt as the UN themselves. I wish I could help with a contribution, but as I said, I went here looking for answers! :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.33.156.186 (talk) 15:05, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Definately agreed!! ΤΕΡΡΑΣΙΔΙΩΣ (Ταλκ ) 21:29, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Reporting Iran
Iran was "reported", not "referred" to the Security Concil. IAEA still has the Iran issue on its hands. In March 2006 it will vote about weather to refer Iran to the SC or not. 80.71.114.32 23:11, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

This article is nearly worthless
I am new to Wikipedia, so I decided to look at the article on a subject I am familiar with. This article presents a few random facts related to the IAEA, but conveys no real sense of what the organization does. Readers would be far better advised simply to go to the IAEA's own web site. It's not the easiest site to navigate, but with a little patience you will do far better than trying to learn from this article.

Lol, I agree with you, but maybe you could expand it a little? Genjix 14:20, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

I have to agree as well. I wanted to find out if the IAEA is a UN organization, where its eta comes from, how people get appointed/employed, who has a say in the organization, if it is independent...drew a blanc. --84.159.178.138 16:00, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Isn't it necessary to follow Bush's condemnation of the IAEA for accepting representatives of countries breaching the Non-Proliferation treaty with a remark regarding the irony of this very statement? It is rather obvious that the largest producer of nuclear weapons, possessing the largest nuclear stockpiles and conducting the most expensive programs of weapons development, is by far the US. Bush's statement is fair. If neutrality is to be pursued, it should be noted that the US' presence in the IAEA is contradictory to its Executive chief's remarcks.

Peace. Kobaincito 05/30/06

I am interested about warfair aND OTHER THINGS ( THOUGH I AM A PEACE LOVER) AND I AGREE I GAUGHT REALLY MIXED UP WHEN I READ THIS ARTICLE UNTILL I WENT TO THEIR WEBSITE!! I AGREE THAT YOU SHOULD JUST GO TO THEIR WEBSITE!!

I came here trying to find out who is funding the IAEA. When El Baradei spoke at the UN General Assembly one of his issues was that the IAEA is not getting enough funding and the donations that are made come with a list of demands. I can't find information anywhere (not even IAEA.org) that gives any indication as to where the IAEA's funding is coming from. Knowing that would tell us all a great deal about the intentions and credibility of the IAEA. (68.150.160.254 (talk) 00:23, 14 November 2009 (UTC))

For information on the IAEA budget look here (http://www.iaea.org/About/budget.html and ). For information on who pays for the regular budget look here (http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC53/GC53Documents/English/gc53-17_en.pdf). And for gory details that include voluntary contributions and how it is all spent, look here (http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC53/GC53Documents/English/gc53-4_en.pdf). NPguy (talk) 19:16, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Language template poll
A poll as to whether or not the language template should be included in this article is being conducted at Talk:United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights Raul654 19:41, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Structure and Function
I added the Structure and Function section from a paper I recently wrote. It's not perfect, but its better than nothing. This is my first Wiki contribution so I was unsure as to citations, I used in text citations with Turabian style references at the bottom of the page simply because that's what I'm used to in Poly Sci. Please put my references in Wiki style if they need to be changed. Also, do you think this is enough to remove the 'expand' tag, or does this article still need more?Diglow

Wikified
I had written earlier:

There are, I think, two main issues with this article, i.e. 1) there is a discussion of specific current events (Iran) the choice of which seems arbitrary and 2) it discusses the 49th General Conference while, I believe, a more general mention of GC's would be warranted. Perhaps I'll edit that. And I notice that while safeguards are mentioned, there is no article on IAEA safeguards per se.--Nicsilo 04:03, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Now thanks to some recent contributions, the article's much better I think. I have just made a couple of changes to this article, mainly adding links to the most recent additions (sorry, forgot to write an edit summary, which is an habit of mine...). I have also corrected a few typos. It's getting there... --Nicsilo 17:58, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Clean Up
Specifically, what clean up needs to be done on the Works Cited section? I know the links and the info are good, I cut and pasted directly from a paper I wrote. Is it a question of format (currently the links are basically Turabian style, a standard Poly Sci style)?

It's helpful to be as specific as possible when making a request, posting specifics in the discussion page is also encouraged.

The person wrote the above please identify yourself after your inserts. I've done the cleanup of the Work Cited section it is now in simple readable format. --Caddix 08:53, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Switzerland missing from map
Someone recently changed the map, which prompted me to take a look. I couldn't see what had been changed, but I noticed one error: Switzerland is color coded as if it were not a member of the IAEA. I don't know how to fix this, so I'm flagging it for someone who does. NPguy (talk) 00:05, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Misstake on my part missread Swaziland for Switzerland. Map has been updated, thanks for spotting it. /Lokal_Profil 15:40, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Functions of IAEA still missing
I'm putting an Expert tag on this article because there is zero explanation of what the IAEA does. All that is mentioned, once and briefly, is that a nation has to sign onto the IAEA Statute - no mention whatsoever of the world-wide reactor inspections to prevent nuclear proliferation. The NNPT wasn't even in the article until I just now put it into the See Also. Simesa (talk) 09:51, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Barack Obama
This page has been added to the Barack Obama WikiProject. I'm not sure why or what that entails, but it appears that the purpose of the project designation is to provide explanatory context in the IAEA article for the Obama Administration's position. The explanatory comment says "This measure is specifically mentioned in the Obama agenda, which apparently refers to the position in the transition web site change.gov (which has now been transferred to the whitehouse site whitehouse.gov): This it is a shortened version of a position from Obama's campaign site barackobama.com: There are also several other statements of position relevant to the IAEA on both sites. But there are also Obama campaign and administration positions that are equally relevant to other pages (for example the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and Nuclear disarmament).  This leads me to ask several questions: -- NPguy (talk) 02:03, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Strengthen the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Seek to ensure that the Agency gets the authority, information, people, and technology it needs to do its job.
 * Strengthen the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): The IAEA is understaffed and underresourced at a time when demand for its expertise are growing. Barack Obama and Joe Biden will seek to ensure that the Agency gets the authority, information, people, and technology it needs to do its job. They will work to double the IAEA budget in the next four years (increasing the U.S. annual share to about $225 million). They will press countries to adopt the “Additional Protocol,” -- which grants the IAEA the right to conduct more intrusive inspections, including at undeclared facilities — and seek agreement among members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group not to transfer nuclear technology to NPT countries that have not adopted the Additional Protocol. They will work to gain agreement on effective global standards for nuclear safety and security. And they will call for establishing IAEA verification procedures that go beyond the Additional Protocol to strengthen the agency’s ability to detect clandestine facilities and activities.
 * Should the project look at both the campaign and whitehouse web sites?
 * From the perspective of the Barack Obama WikiProject, what information is missing from this article?
 * Given the incomplete nature of the selection of relevant articles so far, how should relevant articles be selected?

Hygiene
This is such a spotless, hygienic, bureaucratic page. You'd have a hard time telling that the IAEA is known as a pooh-pooher about Chernobyl, endlessly denying that serious numbers of deaths were involved, ignoring inconvenient papers. See for example: http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,411684,00.html, especially the 3rd part: "The IAEA's nuclear experts say that Chernobyl has claimed 56 lives to date -- 47 workers at the disaster site and nine children who have since died of thyroid cancer."

 * And you have a hard time telling that the IAEA saves thousands of lives a year by running safe irradiation plants. It's a hygienic, bureaucratic page for a hygienic, bureaucratic organization. But, hey, if you want to write a NPOV addition to the article about the IAEA response to Chernobyl, it would be useful, instead of whining here that the article doesn't follow your POV.--Prosfilaes (talk) 14:27, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Cambodia withdrawl
Some links with reports about it? I do not question that it is made, but in contrast to DPRK's withdrawl that is described in multiple articles I can't find such for Cambodia. Alinor (talk) 16:32, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Cambodia just applied to rejoin the IAEA . NPguy (talk) 02:39, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

PACT
There has been some edit warring on whether to include a description of the IAEA's Program of Action on Cancer Therapy on this page. My view is that it would be better to create a new article and add only a brief description and a template to link to it from this page. NPguy (talk) 17:04, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

"Membership" section: where's Israel?
in fact, searching the page for the term "Israel" yields no results anywhere. that seems like a deficiency.

Israel's position vis-à-vis the IAEA is arguably among the most important aspects of this topic.

thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tbowler (talk • contribs) 22:39, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The "membership" section lists countries that are not IAEA members, so it is entirely appropriate that Israel not be mentioned there. The basis for mentioning Israel is the "Israel Nuclear Capabilities" resolution approved at last year's IAEA General Conference and under consideration at this year's. NPguy (talk) 03:49, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Baradeis acceptance speech of the nobel peace prize... In Stockholm?
I find this a bit puzzling, because the Nobel Peace Prize Comitee is located in Oslo, Norway, and to the best of my knowledge, this is also where the ceremonies are held. Primarily in the City Hall. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.7.138.26 (talk) 20:16, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Inappropriate criticism section
An editor recently added a "criticism" section at the end of this article. I think it is inappropriate for two reasons. First, a criticism section is often a cop out - a way to sneak in bias avoid addressing a legitimate issue in a balanced way. Second, the specific content of this section is based on a misunderstanding of the IAEA's role in the area of nuclear safety. The IAEA's mandate is to develop standards and guidance, and to help states to implement them. The responsibility to implement nuclear safety properly lies with operators and the state regulators. It is an unfair criticism to say that the IAEA does not do what it is not authorized to do and not capable of doing.

But this criticism section points out something that is lacking in this article: any detailed discussion of what the IAEA does. There ought to be a long section about the three pillars of the IAEA: promoting peaceful use; safeguards against proliferation; safety and security. Then a proper discussion of the IAEA's role in nuclear safety could raise questions such as these and provide meaningful context.

In the meantime I'm going to add the NPOV tag to this section. NPguy (talk) 01:42, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree that the article could do with some work. But I would have thought that the addition of criticism actually helps to balance the article as it read like an advertisement and promotional brochure before that. Johnfos (talk) 19:28, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Other than the criticism section, the article seems factual if incomplete. The criticism section gives undue emphasis to what is both a misunderstanding and ephemeral. NPguy (talk) 01:48, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

 * NPguy, what would you prefer in a criticism section? Lack of criticism?! What nuclear agency do you have shares in? The whole point of having various sections and headings in an article is to organise the information for better readability. Therefore it should be obvious that a "criticism" section is going to criticise the otherwise dominant POV of the remainder of the article. Inappropriately labelling criticism "POV" is borderline vandalism, regardless of the merits or lack thereof below the heading. If you have specific concerns about citations or grammar, you should use those tags instead.--Guid123 (talk) 09:41, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't detect a heavy POV in the article, except in the criticism section. I would prefer an article that says more about what the IAEA does (as opposed to how it functions), which would allow for some integration of criticism into those programs.  That would include a section on nuclear safety, which would explain that the IAEA role is focused on setting standards, exchanging information, and assisting member states.  Responsibility for meeting safety standards lies with member states.  It could then add that after Fukushima some have questioned whether the current approach is adequate.  Criticizing what the IAEA does on nuclear safety without first describing its role is biased and unrepresentative. NPguy (talk) 21:12, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Have added more well-sourced info to this section, and changed the name to Post-Fukushima; looks more comprehensive and neutral now, and I have removed the tag. Johnfos (talk) 22:15, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Adding more criticism does not make the section less biased. The way to incorporate this material is in the context of a description of IAEA programs/functions.  I see this as a major new section with three subsections: one on promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy, one on safeguards and nonproliferation, and one on safety and security.  These are the "three pillars" of the IAEA.  Presenting this criticism out of context is unbalanced. NPguy (talk) 01:30, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

 * It's an obvious fact that the IAEA has been criticised, that the criticism does not fit witin the IAEA's own self-image as represented by the "three pillars", and that the critics have been published by WP:RS reliable sources. It's silly to suggest that reporting this fact violates WP:NPOV. It's not up to us to assess whether the criticisms are well-founded. JQ (talk) 05:03, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I am not asserting that it is inappropriate to include criticism of the IAEA. I am asserting that a section that is devoted primarily to criticism of the IAEA is inappropriate and unbalanced.  The criticism needs to be placed into the context of what the IAEA does and the limits on its authority.  For example, the IAEA has the authority to develop safety standards and guidance, but not to enforce those standards except on its own projects.  States see safety as a sovereign responsibility and have been unwilling to give more authority to the IAEA.  Those facts need should be presented in a section on nuclear safety and security, where this criticism would then fit in. NPguy (talk) 15:10, 26 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Much time has passed. But without WP:Reliable sources that back up what you say, your comments are largely speculation. Please provide the best and most reputable authoritative sources available to support your concerns. And make some effort to integrate them into, and improve, the article. Thanks. Johnfos (talk) 09:39, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

 * My concern is that the point-counterpoint structure of the section in question is that it repeatedly presents a claim by the IAEA and then rebuts it. It give the impression that the IAEA is misleading or making excuses.  The section should begin by acknowledging that the IAEA does not have the authority to oversee nuclear safety, except in connection with its own activities.  Safety is generally recognized as the responsibility of national governments.  It is simply unfair to criticize the organization for things that are beyond its authority.  By the way, the figures on the budget for safety overlook the substantial part of the IAEA's assistance activities that are devoted to safety.  The first place I would look for information is the IAEA's own web site.  In addition, Trevor Findlay did a good recent review of the IAEA across the Board, which includes a section on nuclear safety. NPguy (talk) 02:27, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, Findlay did a good review, and I felt these couple of paragraphs (from page 21) captured the situation quite nicely:
 * Nuclear safety is one of the three “Ss” — safety, security and safeguards — that the IAEA sees as its critical missions. The Agency declares it has a “central role with respect to nuclear safety and security” as “set out in its Statute and enshrined in decisions and resolutions of its policymaking organs.” Its role is “to provide a strong, sustainable and visible global nuclear safety and security framework” (UN, 2011c: 15-16).

 * The Agency’s slow initial public response to Fukushima led many observers to question its effectiveness as the global “hub” of nuclear safety. Although the Agency did subsequently ramp up its involvement impressively, the disaster clearly revealed inadequacies in the international framework for responding to such events, including the role of the IAEA, and has provided some impetus for reform of various elements of the Agency’s emergency preparedness and response capabilities. It also led to widespread calls for the Agency to: review its safety standards and guides; strengthen its role in ensuring member states consider seismic dangers in designing, siting and operating nuclear facilities; assist states in immediately conducting safety reviews (so-called “stress tests”) of existing facilities; ramp up and reinforce the peer review system; and enhance the Agency’s advice and assistance to states in the nuclear safety realm.

 * I'd like to see this sort of material in the article. -- Johnfos (talk) 23:08, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

File:24 Acts of Non-compliance by Iran.PNG Nominated for speedy Deletion

 * I don't know/care about the copyright issues, but this "image" appears to be largely a propaganda sheet, inappropriate for reasons of bias. NPguy (talk) 02:33, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

Dr. Ari Brynjolfsson
Dr. Ari Brynjolfsson has been referenced as the Director of IFFIT of the Joint FAO/IAEA, United Nations, 1988-1992, with focus on international training and applications of radiation on a new wikipedia page. Any assistance on improving this new page with additional details would be appreciated. Orrerysky (talk) 17:58, 30 November 2013 (UTC)

Languages and infobox
An editor has repeatedly added to the initial infobox the names of the IAEA in French and then in all six official languages. This is just unnecessary clutter on this English language article. I would propose to add a line to the infobox listing official languages and linking to the corresponding articles in those languages. I'm not adept and infoboxes so it would take me some time to figure out how to do this.

A related problem is that this page uses the United Nations infobox template. This is inaccurate because the IAEA is not a UN organization. It was established independently through the IAEA Statute in 1957. Although the Statute does establish some ties to the UN, and the IAEA has an association agreement with the UN, the IAEA remains an independent international organization. Is there another infobox template that will eliminate the UN logo without dropping the other fields? NPguy (talk) 14:39, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

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No map expand for Asia
The map has an expansion option for Europe and North America, but not Asia, despite the IAEA site in Tokyo. I don't know how to put that in. Can someone do that/direct me as to how? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Quietconcerned8 (talk • contribs) 13:26, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

Excess jargon in lead
The IAEA has two "Regional Safeguards Offices" which are located in Toronto, Canada, and in Tokyo, Japan. The IAEA also has two liaison offices which are located in New York City, United States, and in Geneva, Switzerland.

Only IAEA insiders could precisely distinguish a "regional safeguards" office from a "liaison" office. For the rest of us, this is pure bureaucratic jargon.

The lead should make at least some minimal effort to penetrate this shroud. — MaxEnt 20:58, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

 * It may be inappropriate detail for the lead, but it's not hard to understand. NPguy (talk) 04:09, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:International Atomic Energy Agency


text:
Talk:Communications Decency Act

Untitled
I think it would be good to include something about the ongoing challenge to the CDA by Barbara Nitke and the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom. More information about it can be found at http://www.barbaranitke.com/aboutlawsuit.html and http://www.sethf.com/nitke/cda-trial.php.

Daf 20:15, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I've clarified a portion of the article and mentioned that case. Jamesday 20:36, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Split off Section 230 stuff?
Given the controversy surrounding this provision of the law; it is conceiveable that this section will dwarf the rest of the article. Thoughs? --EngineerScotty 22:18, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I concur that it should be kept on Wikipedia but edited for clarity and split off into a separate article. It is important as indicated by the frequent media coverage and the huge number of articles in all English-language law reviews on this issue. --Coolcaesar 06:35, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. I doubt the current influx in attention will fade away any time soon. Ambyr 02:42, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Split done. --EngineerScotty 03:41, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

I came here looking for information about the "good samaritan" provision and didn't find a reference to those words on this page. I read section 230 of the Act and added a short paragraph under the new Section 230 header describing the good samaritan provision (s. 230(c)), so that future readers will find the words "good samaritan" referenced here. -- Kaplanmyrth 14:29, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Abortion
Anyone want to add anything to the article about the section which made it illegal to provide abrotion information over the Internet (which the administration later admitted was unconstitutional and said it wouldn't enforce)? I'm not sure I have enough knowledge to write it myself. Ken Arromdee 16:47, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes this is an important issue, especially for european WP visitors. It should be described. 195.70.48.242 12:56, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Side-effects
anybody notice that this section would make it illegal for minors to be able to see pictures of sweat glands, or the descending colon on the internet? --Jotsund (not logged in)

Legislative History of the amendment formerly in intro
I have changed the introductory section because it contained false information. Neither Cox nor Wyden said anything about liability as a publisher in the broad sense that the article formerly led on. They only spoke about liability for websites that filter inappropriate and illegal material. The hearing can be found here: 141 CONG. REC. H8469-H8470 (daily ed. Aug. 4, 1995) (statement of Rep. Cox). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.223.11.246 (talk) 05:46, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Revising Section 230 for libel/defamation
The material about revising Section 230 for libel/defamation is basically true, see for example the recent book "The Offensive Internet". But it's a complicated topic, so I'm not going to attempt to boil it all down to one referenced sentence. If someone wants to try, that book may be a good place to start. Disclaimer: This is not meant to endorse any particular revision proposal, rather simply to note (NPOV) that there have been such proposals. -- Seth Finkelstein (talk) 00:54, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Does this law exist or not?!
The article does not actually say if the law exists! It begins with the words "The CDA was the first notable attempt...". The past tense makes it sound like a bill that was rejected, but later in the article it sounds like parts of it were passed, but then parts of those parts were rejected...

Please, someone say WHAT the deal is and which parts of this law (if any) are in force. Thanks! BigSteve (talk) 08:36, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Communications Decency Act


text:
Talk:10BASE2

rounding
I made a change which I thought made it more readable, but was reverted. The original, and now reverted text, says: and the 2'' supposedly refers to the maximum segment length of 200 meters, though in practical use it can only run up to 185 meters. (The IEEE rounded 185 up to 200 to come up with the name 10BASE2, for consistency with the general standard).''  The maximum segment length in the standard is 185m. It will work on longer runs with better cable, and shorter with lower quality cable, but the number is 185m. They could have named it 10BASE1.85, but decided to round it to 10BASE2. (I prefer lower case, as in 10base2, the IEEE seems to disagree, but that is a different question.) The 2 comes from rounding 1.85 up, the standard never says that it is 200m, or that in practical use it can only run 185m. The current text seems a complicated way to say that it is rounded, while implying something that the standard does not say. Can we do better? Gah4 (talk) 03:49, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Perhaps a simple "and the 2 refers to the rounded up maximum segment length of 185 m"? You're right that the text is inacurate as it says 10BASE2 is supposed to support 200 m but doesn't in practical use. --Zac67 (talk) 09:33, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

 * "(the actual maximum length is 185 m)" has been added. ~Kvng (talk) 15:31, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

although the underlying logic may still be present.
although the underlying logic may still be present If you mean for x86 machines, I don't ever remember built-in 10base2 ports. By the time they got around to putting ethernet on board, it was already 10baseT and even 100baseTX. Some workstations did, though. NeXTstation, which I still have, and some Sun machines. I now have a Sun3/e with its associated SCSI/ethernet board, and the latter has AUI and 10base2 ports. But many Sun systems had only AUI, or AUI/10baseT ports, in later years. Now some NIC may have had the PC wiring, but the circuits not installed. It is fairly common to build a PC board with the features of the high-end model, and not install all the components when building the low model. For 10base2, you need a DC to DC converter to isolate the transceiver. That may be the bigger cost of a 10base2 port. Gah4 (talk) 12:09, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

 * It's unclear what "underlying logic" is referring to. On the logic side, 10BASE2 and 10BASE-T are identical (as seen from the MAC). --Zac67 (talk) 13:38, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree. I never saw a PC mobo with a built-in 10base2 port. I do have a workstation (a VAXstation) which like Gah4's Sun3/e has both AUI and 10base2. Back in the early days of PC networking I did buy quite a few ISA NICs (mostly 3com's) that had both coax and 10baseT. it would make sense that they'd sell a variant without the coax connector and leave off the other associated expensive parts, like the transformer, but use the same board - no reason not to. otoh a board with every component needed for 10base2 except the connector would make far less sense IMO (if you're going to leave off the connector, why not other stuff?). In any case the text in question was speculative and plausibly questionable, so without a reference I can't see keeping it. Jeh (talk) 15:53, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I used loads of them with 10BASE2 connectors - but they were all small format mobos for embedded systems (mid-late 90s), not intended for desktops. Some didn't even have graphics, at a time when integrated graphics were usual.
 * I never saw a PC mobo with AUI on it, this was more common for workstations and by the time that PC mobos had integrated networking, AUI had gone. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:31, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

RG/58
In addition to CB radio, RG/58 cable is very commonly used when there is need for a coaxial cable. It is common for audio, when something better than the usual home grade cable is wanted. Pretty much everything except for video and TV antennae, which use 75 ohm RG/59. That is, common in research laboratories for connecting up a large variety of signal sources and sinks. Racks of cables with BNC connectors on them are common in research labs. (RCA connectors for audio.). Gah4 (talk) 15:01, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Doesn't this belong on the RG58 talk page? This article isn't about the cable. However you are mistaken about audio. A lot of the "high end" cable sold for audio uses RG59 or similar with RCA connectors. I suppose they could use RG58, but I've never seen it advertised or commented on. You are correct that RG58 is common in laboratories - this is because 50 ohms is the standard internal termination impedance for a great many electronic instruments (scopes, spectrum analyzers, etc.) Jeh (talk) 16:51, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The article says that RG58 was used, and was inexpensive (relative to some other cable), because it was used for CB radio. I suppose it was used for CB, but for a lot of other things, too.  When I was young, and before all audio equipment came with the usual cables that they have now, I made my own cables with RG58 and RCA connectors, or used the ones my father made when he was younger. RG59 if you need low capacitance, for phono cables. In my father's day, Heathkit was the popular audio brand, and at the end of building your tuner or amplifier, you built your own cables. Gah4 (talk) 20:30, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I believe "because it was used for CB radio" is quite a stretch.... but anyway, I never said one couldn't use RG58 for baseband analog audio, or that no one ever did; only that RG59 and RG59-like cable is what we commonly see offered commercially in the "high end" market. One advantage to the a/v hobbyist, I suppose, is that you can then use the same cables for analog video and for S/PDIF digital audio, where the cable impedance does matter. For 10-base-2 I don't really see a technical reason for preferring 50 ohm to 75 ohm. Certainly RG59 was very common by that time as it was in very wide use by the cable TV industry. RG58 is however thinner and a lot easier to handle - maybe that was why. Or maybe the current/voltage requirements of 75 ohm termination were less preferable to those of 50-ohm termination. Jeh (talk) 22:54, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Originally, 10base2 used the same transceivers as 10base5, but with N to BNC adapters on each end. So it has to be the same 50 ohms as thick cable.  On the other hand, the 3 Mb/s ethernet that preceded 10base5 did use 75 ohm CATV cable and CATV taps.  A big limitation on cable length is the resistance of the conductor, and lower impedance has a (relatively) larger center conductor.  The common RG59 has a copper plated solid steel center conductor. That works well for RF, and probably isn't bad for audio.  For audio, where impedance isn't important, capacitance can be a problem for longer runs.  I do remember using RG59 for phono cables, as magnetic phono cartridges aren't so low impedance. Probably also a good choice for unbalanced microphone cables.  Balanced line microphones use a twinaxial cable and XLR connectors.  I actually know the person who did much of the design for 10Mbit/s ethernet, and might know about 10base2.  But RG58 cables with BNC connectors were already commonly available, and convenient for use, even before CB radio became popular.  (And I don't remember CB commonly using BNC connectors, either.)  Gah4 (talk) 01:42, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * As above, it is 50 ohms so you can use 10base5 transceivers. That leaves cables like RG174 or RG313, which might be more convenient, but loss commonly available with BNC connectors.  Well, with those cables there would have been other connector choices.  I suspect that N to BNC adapters were already available, where others might not have been. Gah4 (talk) 05:35, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Balanced audio uses shielded twisted pair (or star quad cable), not twinax.
 * RG59 and RG6 with the copper clad steel center conductor is intended for in-wall cable TV installations, and even stringing from e.g. pole to house, where high tensile strength is necessary (and poor LF performance doesn't matter). It is probably "common" because it is cheap. But the RG59 that's used for baseband audio and video is almost always solid copper center. Same for the RG58 used for 10base2, ideally. ::::: A lot of people went out and bought cheap RG58 to build their 10base2 networks and couldn't figure out why their networks were unreliable at segment lengths, etc., far below what should have worked, and the use of the copper-clad steel core RG58 was a primary reason.
 * It's true that transceivers for 10base5 "will work" with RG58. You could even take the N-type terminator off of one end of your 10base5 (RG8) cable run, attach an N-to-BNC adapter, and run the rest of your line with RG58. But I never saw them sold for that. In fact, all the 10base5 transceivers I ever saw had no connectors, not N, not BNC - they used a "vampire tap" arrangement. This was "convenient" in that it let you add another transceiver to your cable run without interrupting service. But not exactly possible to use with RG58! (The hole the tap made in the cable being larger than RG58's outer jacket... 10base2 had its own transceivers with a BNC female connector, far smaller (and cheaper!) than the ones made for -5. Perhaps you meant that they used compatible electrical interfaces. Jeh (talk) 07:46, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * This was the early days, before the others were available. I first knew them in a network of Suns around 1986.  here is a picture of one. The transceiver part is the same, but instead of the plastic part that goes on for the vampire tap, a part with N connectors on each end goes in. Then you could connect it to N connectors between cable segments. I suspect someone then found you could put N to BNC connectors on, and invented 10base2 that way. I believe that an insert with one BNC connector came along, but by then, nice little 10base2 transceivers came out.  One time when we had 10base2 transceivers on order, and computers to use, I put two vampire taps on a piece of RG213, BNC connectors soldered on each end, and it worked for some time until the transceivers arrived.  (Sun workstations that we were told came with 10base2, but didn't.)  Also, you still need an AUI cable, as there isn't enough space to connect directly.  Gah4 (talk) 09:27, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I was not following this, just reviewing the changes to the article. I restored information about the basic advantages of RG58 - small, flexible, inexpensive. I think any other details should go into RG-58, not here. ~Kvng (talk) 14:29, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

Present Tense
This article seems to be written in Present Tense, but this standard was long obsolete before Wikipedia even existed. Dwedit (talk) 19:40, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Even if obsolete, the standard and some hardware still exists. See MOS:TENSE as well. --Zac67 (talk) 22:07, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

RG59 and collision detect
There is currently edits, and edit summaries, about RG59 and other 75 ohm cables. The National Semiconductor Application Note AN-620 for the 8392 transceiver chip on how to do it. Because collision detect depends on measuring voltage based on a current source, that has to be adjusted for other impedance cables. The UN allows for 75 and 93 ohm cable. It might be possible to modify transceivers, following the UN. I know some have used 75 ohm cable with 50 ohm terminators. For two stations near the end, that might work. There will be a reflection, but maybe not too much. But really, if you want to do it, modify the collision detection. Gah4 (talk) 02:55, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:10BASE2


text:
User talk:Ttyre

KK Baczyński
Of course it was Pałac Blanka. I must've been blind, thanks for the correction. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 18:41, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

History of Polish Jewry
I'd be happy to help as soon as I get home. I'm not a member of the Warsaw Jewish commune myself, but many of my friends are and I guess I have quite a lot of materials on the recent Jewish revival, most notably the re-creation of communes in Warsaw, Gdansk, Bialystok and other places.

I think that after we finish, we could split that article onto two parts: the calender and the description. There are already a lot of pics related to the topic, so we can even think of expanding the article to featured status... --Halibutt 09:49, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

Great... I will start adding in the discussion section some outlines for 1945-2005 period. --Ttyre 01:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Tnx for the note about the relevant discussiuons. On the bright side, it is not as bad as I had hoped - all interested people are more or less reasonable (i.e. no reverts so far). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 10:06, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anti-Semitism
I removed the reference because the article is about Anti-Semitism, not Anti-Polonism. Jayjg (talk) 13:25, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kielce pogrom
Sorry I was unavailable to respond to you right away. My reply is at the article's Talk page. Thanks. ←Humus sapiens←Talk 22:18, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
Ttyre, I'm afraid you didn't even look at Talk:History of the Jews in Poland. I did post justification for the NPOV tag. Please see the link I put there. HKT 17:05, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * OK. I think it's clearer now. HKT 19:27, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

History of the Jews in Poland
Thank you for the well-reasoned debate, filled with many facts. Your ability to compromise around solutions, provide evidence of your own, and still listen to the evidence of others who you may not agree with was very refreshing. While I don't necessarily agree with all of your perspective, I do think the debate was productive, and the outcome was a higher quality article, so thanks! --Goodoldpolonius2 03:05, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Delete Statue of Kalisz
Sure - I assume a type in name? - just give me the direct link. As I need to go for 12h+, you may want to redirect and list on Redirects for deletion. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 07:17, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please delete Statue of Kalisz article - I have made a typo (Statue rather than Statute). I don't want to redirect since I have also created the article with a correct name Statute of Kalisz. Thank you. --Ttyre 13:44, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't read replies on other people user pages, so if you want to reply to me, leave a copy of the message on my talk page. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 30 June 2005 14:30 (UTC)

anti-polonism

 * Moglbys dac glos na zostawienie - Votes for deletion/Anti-Polonism dzieki--Witkacy 4 July 2005 22:24 (UTC)

 * Rozpoczalem zbieranie materialu na rozbudowe artykulu--Witkacy 8 July 2005 17:16 (UTC)

Thanks
I'm really exhausted with that talk :) --SylwiaS 18:16, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

I believe that many, if not most, of these discussions are pointless unless well reseached and well written content is presented. There is so much content to add thus so little time to waste. Looking forward to your Vistula Action article. --Ttyre 22:39, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Vistula action! Now you gave me to think. Vistula action 32000 google hits and Wisła action 36000 google hits. Which one would be better?

Yes, you're perfectly right. I asked for sources many times. And even so I should have never wasted my time for it. However, my grandma was hiding a Jewish girl during the war but she was never judging anyone. It's really hard to see so many people being so easily condemn by some, who never experienced it. --SylwiaS 23:36, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. And there is a Jewish Polish man that I'm friendly with who was in several camps, including Birkenau and Treblinka, during the war. He's spoken to me at length (on two occasions) about his experiences.
 * I have tried to avoid discussing sources that we all know are there, so as not to drag on a discussion irrelevant to that talk page. The article doesn't talk at all about Poland during the Holocaust. I'm not eager to continue the discussion. Are you? HKT 05:29, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * HKT I’m afraid you misunderstood me, as your answer is irrelevant. Also, please, find my reply to your questions about my willingness to drag the discussion any longer in my comment above. --SylwiaS 18:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Anti-semitism in Poland
The article got a VfD tag from me for two reasons. Despite being tagged as a speedy delete candidate, it was not, and lots of silly games were being played with this tag. Second, the article, as you note, has some POV difficulties. Because of the need for some to see it deleted, I simply placed it in the correct venue. I have no interest in the topic myself, but I want due process to be maintained. Denni ☯ 00:15, 2005 July 11 (UTC)

 * There are several reasons I think keeping this article (in rewritten form!) will do more good then harm. 1) It will allow reduction/removal of unecessary material from Anti-Semitism article 2) It will make it easier for us to keep track of this subject, as we won't have to monitor (watchlist) main AS article/talk, but just this one 3) Having a separate article will allow us to *expand* this - with, for example, examples/proof of exaggeration, or counteraguments, or comparisons, etc. 4) Last but not least, by keeping this article we take ammunition away from opponents of Anti-Polonism, by showing that we are consistent and inculsionist - Wiki is not papar and we can have articles on both of those relativly minor (and to some point, connected) phenomenas. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 21:03, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I understand your position but not share your optimism regarding possibility of substantially dividing/revising/moving any portion of Anti-Semitism article. Please recall a message I left you on June 2, 2005 User_talk%3APiotrus. For the reasons I don't fully understand, this article is plagued with gross redundancy accompanied by complete unwillingness of some editors to deal with it. Today, I have asked User_talk%3AGzuckier to move portion of his contributions to Numerus clausus article without really expecting much. What I think will happen in case Anti-Semitism in Poland article stays is that we will end-up with 2 different versions of the content in both places + plenty of it in History of the Jews in Poland and History of Poland. Nie chcę krakać but realistically this might be expected. BTW, what a mess with the VfD... --Ttyre 02:39, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Since you have submitted Anti-Semitism in Poland article for VfD it has been dramatically changed and is undergoing a revert war. Since a couple of dozen people already have voted on mostly original version of the article can you please revert it to the version at the VfD submission time and lock it? --Ttyre 01:31, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I will not do this, for a number of reasons. It is entirely normal for articles in VfD to undergo edit changes. Often, very bad articles turn into very good articles as a result. Many people have commented on how this article's topic is a valuable one, it's just the article itself that needs work. Locking it would not allow that work to occur. You yourself expressed considerable discontent at the contents of the original; here is a chance for you to see them improved. Denni ☯ 02:35, 2005 July 13 (UTC)

Your Delete and Merge on Votes for deletion/Anti-Semitism in Poland are not compatible per Guide_to_Votes_for_deletion. Would you consider changing your vote to either Delete or Merge so that there is no incompatibility ? I don't think there's much to merge as long at there's no original content, just copy of another articles' contents there. --Lysy (talk) 19:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You are right... changed. --Ttyre 19:34, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure how much longer this will stay on VfD. It could probably come off now, but I don't take any part in maintaining pages on VfD. You may want to post your request directly to the page itself. Denni ☯ 18:15, 2005 July 19 (UTC)

A co dokladnie zlego w jego liczeniu? Zapytaj sie go na jego talku, i na stronach dyskusji. W zasadzie przewaga byla na delete, ale nie wiem dokladnie jaka wiekszosc jest ku temu wymagana. Jak zostanie, to ja jestem za tym jak pisalem zreszta, by usunac polski as ze strony o as i przywrocic moja wersje na tamtej stronie. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:38, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Ttyre, on the list you lited user:4~, who now shows as your name, change him for Ril, it's his username. --SylwiaS 15:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Ja sie na tym nie znam. Bez obrazy, ale jak mawiaja - nawarzyles piwo... Nic nie stoi na przeszkodzie bys przeczytal instrukcje o kasowaniu a nawet kandydowal na admina i specjalizowal sie w tym :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I had read the guidelines before taking this issue to User:Woohookitty --Ttyre 20:04, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

numerus clausus whateverus
No problemus.Gzuckier

Poland thing VFD
I suspect that ABCD's claim that the result was "keep" is partisan. I am considering raising an RFC on the issue. If I did that, would you second it? 13:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Absolutely this vote tabulation should go to RFC, especially after a number of changed decisions by User talk:ABCD. According to my count the number of votes to Delete was 28 (although Mikka voted twice, first for delete than to merge). Also, votes Merge, in this case are in no way to Keep. --Ttyre 23:39, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Anti-Semitism in Poland
Today I finally got a break from work. I've just done 8 nightshifts in a row! So I've, at last, been able to turn my attention to editing the Anti-Semitism in Poland article. Please let me know your views on the current version. --wayland 14:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh. Never mind. Lysy has merged the article with Anti-Semitism anyway... --wayland 02:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Re: Your message
Thanks for bringing me up to date with status of the vote and debate. --wayland 11:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Yitzhak Shamir i odkrycie ze w polskim mleku poza bialkiem zawarty jest antysemityzm
Popieram, wszystkie antypolskie wypowiedzi powinne byc zawarte w artykulach osob ktore je wyrazily.--Witkacy 20:52, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Adminowanie
Kurcze, naprawdę nie wiem czy to dobry pomysł. Ale z drugiej strony same komentarze na stronie RfA mogłyby być wystarczającą zachętą... Ciekaw jestem czy dorzucę jeszcze jakąś obelgę do listy z mojej strony użytkownika :) Halibutt 17:32, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

No i się sprawdziło :) I would like to express my thanks to all the people who took part in my (failed) RfA voting. I was both surprised and delighted about the amount of support votes and all the kind words! I was also surprised by the amount of people who stated clearly that they do care, be it by voting in for or against my candidacy. That's what Wiki community is about and I'm really pleased to see that it works. As my RfA voting failed with 71% support, I don't plan to reapply for adminship any more. However, I hope I might still be of some help to the community. Cheers! Halibutt 05:10, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Curious statistics
Your "curious statistics" are based on an assumption of significance that is not correct. The number of mentions of the word "anti-semitism" in particular Jewish history articles are only an indicator of how much they have been edited from their Jewish Encyclopedia version, since the Jewish Encyclopedia was published in 1906, when the term was not popular. In fact, the Encyclopedia only uses the word anti-semitism in articles about Bulgaria, Algeria, and, Luxmebourg(!), and not at all in its articles about Germany, Spain, etc. As you can tell, very little work has gone into the article on Germany outside of a cut-and-paste from the Nazi article, and I just inserted Spain a day or two ago without real editing (and never touched Besarabia), so they will not mention anti-Semitism -- though you miscounted in the case of Germany, search for "anti-semitic" as well. I would suggest that you actually read the articles on Germany and Spain, you will see that they tell about anti-Jewish persecution, just as much as the articles on Poland and Russia, if not more so, since they have not had the goings-over that the Jewish-Polish article has. In any case, I am not sure what your point is, in any case, what problem are you believing exists? --Goodoldpolonius2 20:16, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Na podstupah
It depends on the context. If the sentence speaks about a city, it is normally translated as "on the outskirts of <>" A general-purpose translation would be "on the approaches to <>". mikka (t) 19:55, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Daniel Pipes
There is effort again to mislead people about Daniel Pipes' Jewish heritage and background. I have no idea why. Can you take a look? Thanks.DannyZz 20:39, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

It might be useful, if you still have Richard Pipes's memoirs in front of you, if you could cite direct quotes, although I think it's ridiculous to demand this. john k 01:23, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Interesting discussions
I thought you would like to join and vote. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 14:24, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Requests_for_adminship/Halibutt
 * 2) Featured_article_candidates/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

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Your wikisource document is missing source
Please see Talk:Pinsk_massacre.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:53, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think we could use info on specific publication - printed or electronic - that you took it from. Did you copy'n'paste it from electronic source, or reproduced a printed document? I am still not clear :( --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:32, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Ttyre


text:
User talk:Eurotrance03

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. What is the copyright status of that Donna DeLory photo? Do you have permission to use it? Is it public domain or fair use? RickK 06:10, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

Three requests
Hi. three requests:
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Feel free to edit my talk page if you have any other questions, or if you disagree with some of my sentiments. --Ardonik 20:38, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)20:35, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Eurotrance03


text:
Spontaneous order

Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. The term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders in human social networks from the behavior of a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. Proposed examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order or self-organization include the evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet, Wikipedia, and free market economy.

In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order has been defined by Hayek as "the result of human actions, not of human design".

In economics, spontaneous order has been defined as an equilibrium behavior among self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".

History
According to Murray Rothbard, the philosopher Zhuangzi (c. 369–286 BC) was the first to propose the idea of spontaneous order. Zhuangzi rejected the authoritarianism of Confucianism, writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by Proudhon in the nineteenth [century]".

In 1767, the sociologist and historian Adam Ferguson within the context of Scottish Enlightenment described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".

Jacobs has suggested that the term "spontaneous order" was effectively coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, "The Growth of Thought in Society," Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–56.

The Austrian School of Economics, led by Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.

Markets
Many classical-liberal theorists, such as Hayek, have argued that market economies are a spontaneous order, and that they represent "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve." They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the extended order in Hayek's The Fatal Conceit) is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required. Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.

According to Norman P. Barry, this is illustrated in the concept of the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations.

Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, a libertarian think tank in the United States, argues that spontaneous order "is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them." He further claims that "[entrepreneurs] respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy."

Anarchism
Anarchists argue that the state is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it were eliminated. This is construed by some but not all as the ushering in of organization by anarchist law. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, "the work of many symbolic interactionists is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order."

Sobornost
The concept of spontaneous order can also be seen in the works of the Russian Slavophile movements and specifically in the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The concept of an organic social manifestation as a concept in Russia expressed under the idea of sobornost. Sobornost was also used by Leo Tolstoy as an underpinning to the ideology of Christian anarchism. The concept was used to describe the uniting force behind the peasant or serf Obshchina in pre-Soviet Russia.

Other examples
Perhaps the most prominent exponent of spontaneous order is Friedrich Hayek. In addition to arguing the economy is a spontaneous order, which he termed a catallaxy, he argued that common law and the brain are also types of spontaneous orders. In The Republic of Science, Michael Polanyi also argued that science is a spontaneous order, a theory further developed by Bill Butos and Thomas McQuade in a variety of papers. Gus DiZerega has argued that democracy is the spontaneous order form of government, David Emmanuel Andersson has argued that religion in places like the United States is a spontaneous order, and Troy Camplin argues that artistic and literary production are spontaneous orders. Paul Krugman has also contributed to spontaneous order theory in his book The Self-Organizing Economy, in which he claims that cities are self-organizing systems. Credibility thesis suggests that the credibility of social institutions is the driving factor behind the endogenous self-organization of institutions and their persistence.

Different rules of game would cause different types of spontaneous order. If an economic society obeys the equal-opportunity rules, the resulting spontaneous order is reflected as an exponential income distribution; that is, for an equal-opportunity economic society, the exponential income distribution is most likely to evolve and survive. By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income structure for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.

Criticism
Roland Kley writes about Hayek's theory of spontaneous order that "the foundations of Hayek's liberalism are so incoherent" because the "idea of spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure." The three components of Hayek's theory are lack of intentionality, the "primacy of tacit or practical knowledge", and the "natural selection of competitive traditions." While the first feature, that social institutions may arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements.

Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains "incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner."

Abby Innes has criticised many of the economic ideas as a fatal confrontation between economic libertarianism and reality, arguing that it represents a form of materialist utopia that has much in common with Soviet Russia

title: Spontaneous order


text:
Wilfred Jacobs

Sir Wilfred Ebenezer Jacobs (19 October 1919 – 11 March 1995) was the first Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda.

Early life
Born in Grenada on October 19, 1919, Jacobs was of Grenadian and Antiguan parents. He attended the Grenada Boys Secondary School (Grammar School).

Biography
He was trained in the law in London and became an attorney. He was appointed Magistrate for Dominica in 1947 and for St. Kitts in 1962. He was then appointed Attorney General of the Leeward Islands for 1957 to 1959 and for Antigua in 1960. From 1960 to 1967 he served in a number of Colonial offices.

He was made Governor of Antigua and Barbuda from 1967 until that country gained independence in 1981, after which he became the first governor-general. He was Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda from 1 November 1981 to 10 June 1991. He was replaced by Sir James Carlisle.

title: Wilfred Jacobs


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Win4Lin

Win4Lin is a discontinued proprietary software application for Linux which allowed users to run a copy of Windows 9x, Windows 2000 or Windows XP applications on their Linux desktop. Win4Lin was based on Merge software, a product which changed owners several times until it was bought by Win4Lin Inc. Citing changes in the desktop virtualization industry, the software's publisher, Virtual Bridges, has discontinued Win4Lin Pro.

Products and technology
In 2006, Win4Lin came in three different versions, depending on the virtualization requirements of the user.

 * Win4Lin 9x allowed the user to run a full copy of Windows 98 or Windows Me inside a virtual machine.
 * Win4Lin Home allowed users to only emulate applications.
 * Win4Lin Pro offered users the ability to install a fully virtualized Windows 2000 or Windows XP.

The Win4Lin 9x/Pro (henceforth the only technology discussed in this section) operates by running Windows applications in a virtual machine. Unlike Wine or CrossOver which are emulation-based, virtualization-based software such as VMware or Win4Lin require users to have a Windows license in order to run applications since they must install a full copy of Windows within the virtual machine.

Unlike VMware, however, Win4Lin provides the virtual guest operating system with access to the native Linux filesystem, and allows the Linux host to access the guest's files even when the virtual machine is not running. In addition to the convenience this offers, Computerworld found in their 2002 review that Win4Lin gained significant performance over VMware by using the native Linux filesystem, but also noted that this approach (unlike VMware's) limited the installation of only one version of Windows on a Win4Lin machine.

When the Win4Lin application starts it displays a window on the Linux desktop which contains the Windows desktop environment. Users can then install or run applications as they normally would from within Windows. Win4Lin supports Linux printers, internet connections, and Windows networking, but, does not support DirectX and by extension most Windows games.

They also offered Win4BSD for FreeBSD.

History
Win4Lin was initially based on Merge software originally developed at Locus Computing Corporation, and which changed hands several times until it ended in the assets of NeTraverse, which were purchased in 2005 by Win4Lin Inc., which introduced Win4Lin Pro Desktop. This was based on a 'tuned' version of QEMU and KQEMU, and it hosted [Windows NT]-versions of Windows.

In June 2006, Win4Lin released Win4VDI for Linux based on the same code base. Win4VDI for Linux served Microsoft Windows desktops to thin clients from a Linux server.

Virtual Bridges discontinued support for Win4Lin 9x in 2007. The Win4Lin Pro Desktop product ceased to be supported in March 2010.

Reception
Many users reported that the 9x version ran windows software at near-native speed, even on quite low-powered machines, such as Pentium-IIs.

Nicholas Petereley praised Win4Lin in two of his columns in the year 2000, for its significantly faster performance than its competitor VMware.

title: Win4Lin