text:
Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific

Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific was a Hong Kong-based commercial broadcasting company operating multiple specialty television channels. The company was founded in 1991 by Hong Kong businessman Richard Li.

Originally established by Hutchison Whampoa and later acquired by the original News Corporation, Star TV was once the most prominent satellite television broadcaster in Asia. On 20 March 2019, following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox, Fox Networks Group Asia and Star India became a part of Disney, and Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific merged with the Disney Branded Television unit.

DNG Asia Pacific's channels were available in Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East.

Launch
The company was originally registered to the Companies Registry of Hong Kong as Quford Limited on 31 August 1990. The company was renamed Hutchvision Channel Services Limited on 31 January 1991 before becoming Satellite Television Asian Region Limited on 4 July 1991, or STAR. It was established by Hutchison Whampoa and was headed by Richard Li. Li is the son of Li Ka-Shing (founder of Cheung Kong, a subsidiary of which is Hutchison Whampoa).

Hutchvision's plan interfered in the development of Hong Kong's cable network, facing concerns that it would cause competition for both viewers and advertisers from other satellite and terrestrial networks. At the time, Wharf Holdings had a 28% stake, followed by Sun Hung Kai at 27%, Run Run Shaw's Shaw Brothers at 10% and US West and Belgium's Coditel at 25% each. As of September 1990, it had twelve transponders available on AsiaSat 1, but ending the lease before 31 December was a possibility. In December 1990, it had set a new deadline to start its services -7 the end of 1991. The initial plan outlined two to three channels in its initial phase, catering mainly to Hong Kong, Taiwan and Thailand, and carrying music and sports. The Asiasat-1 beam enabled the channels to be picked up by a potential audience of 2.3 billion viewers. There were talks of the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation holding shares in the company, with its main goal being delivering its programming abroad.

The company operated its television channels under a unified brand, Star TV. The company's strategy was to target the top 5 percent of Asian elites who spoke English and had bought power to offer pan-Asian English programming. In its initial years, the channels were broadcast over AsiaSat 1, a communication satellite operated by Asia Satellite Telecommunications (a consortium of Hutchison Whampoa, China International Trust and Investment Corporation and Cable & Wireless Worldwide.) Its digital electronic services were funded by Sony. Hutchvision itself owned one third of AsiaSat and Star TV used ten out of the twenty-four transponders in the AsiaSat 1 satellite.

The channels were able to reach from the Far East to the Middle East, broadcasting across 38 countries around the region.

Star TV's had 5 channels on their initial line-up: Star Sports, Star Music, Star News, Star Chinese and Star Entertainment; Star Entertainment was only available with a paid subscription.

On 1 October 1992, Star TV added Zee TV (which targeted Hindi-speaking audiences) from Zee Telefilms in India to its line-up.

In 1993, Goldman Sachs became the exclusive advisor to Hutchison Whampoa Limited and the Li family in their largest Asian media merger to date. In February 1993, Julian Mounter, former director-general of Television New Zealand, was appointed as president and Chief Executive of the company. In March 1993, Star TV was partnered with Asia Business News. By that year, the service's advertisement bookings were extensive. While starting their pay-TV services, Julian Mounter — the chief executive and the president of HutchVision — stated that the company planned to launch the AsiaSat 2 satellite sometime in the subsequent two years. Mounter also signed agreements with four companies, mostly programme suppliers, stating that the company would have as many as six channels operating by April 1994. He also said that the programmes would include more English and Chinese movie channels, a business channel, a children's channel, a documentary channel, and another entertainment channel. With the launch of the new AsiaSat satellite, Star TV would have the capability to broadcast as many as one-hundred channels. In June 1993, Star TV and Wharf Cable signed a deal in which Hong Kong's new cable television provider would carry Star TV's channels. However, the deal was terminated in February 1994 in a dispute between the two parties.

Sale to News Corporation
Star TV's viewership across Asia increased over the years and it attracted advertisers, but the business was not turning a profit. The company was looking for an Anglophone partner for financial investments, along with additional English language programming and technical assistance. They were hoping to launch a pay-television system that would carry encrypted channels.

On 1 May 1993, Pearson approached Star TV's owners, seeking a partnership, and was expected to invest up to GBP 100 million. Pearson (which owned minor stake in British broadcasters BSkyB and Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television at the time, and had just acquired Thames Television) was looking to expand its media business outside the UK, especially because the British laws at the time did not allow Pearson to expand more on UK television business. Pearson was looking for 66% of the company, but the deal was reported to have required the Hong Kong side to remain active shareholders, causing the deal to fall through. The initial negotiations with Rupert Murdoch were reported to have floundered after the Australian businessman demanded a controlling stake in the Hong Kong company. On the same day, Murdoch's News Corporation purchased 63.6% of Star TV for $525 million US dollars, half in cash, half in News Corporation's ordinary shares, blocking offers from Pearson. The deal came after News Corporation failed to acquire 22% of TVB because of regulatory issues. News Corporation acquired the remaining 36.4% for US$299 million in July 1995. The Li family and Hutchison Whampoa would retain its shares in Hutchvision Hong Kong Limited, which uplinked Star TV's channels. With the money he made from the 1993 sale, Richard Li went on to establish Pacific Century Group. It was later theorized by author Shiau Hong-chi that Murdoch's purchase of Star TV was based on a theory of media globalization, assuming that people across every nation and language would watch the same TV programmes, with the original plan for Star TV being to broadcast popular American shows to Asian audiences. However, the plan was unsuccessful, with Star TV being forced to invest heavily into producing local shows for their Asian audience. On 1 August 1993, following News Corporation's takeover, Julian Mounter resigned as Chief Executive of the company. Sam Chisholm (head of BSkyB at the time) became acting Chief Executive of News Corporation before he was formally appointed.

In July 1993, Star TV was purchased by Rupert Murdoch for US$525 million. This was Murdoch's most important acquisition since the debt-restructuring crisis in 1990. He also bought Hutchvision, Star TV's parent company.

As of 1993, Star TV's channel line-up consisted of MTV Asia, BBC World Service Television, a sports channel, an English-language entertainment channel, and a Chinese-language entertainment channel. It also planned to launch a movie channel in Chinese and Hindi later the same year. The Star TV network reached an estimate of 45 million viewers and was the only large satellite network to reach all of Asia.

In January 1994, James Griffiths resigned as a managing director, with Gary Davey becoming his successor. With the controversial removal of BBC World Service Television from the company's satellite television offerings for Northeast Asia in mid-April 1994 (see below), Star TV replaced the BBC channel with two channels; English-language film channel Star Movies and Chinese-language film channel Star Chinese Movies. The decision was made while Star TV was considering the launch of a documentary and educational channel that two companies had a joint-venture in.

In April 1994, Star TV formed a three-year partnership with Asia Television, made as Star TV struggled to be part of the Chinese-language programme battle with TVB. The joint-venture marked the beginning of their long-term cooperation. This agreement superseded the previous programme supply deal made in 1991. As part of the deal, Star TV acquired one-thousand hours annually of prime-time dramas and special programming dubbed in Mandarin Chinese. ATV would also provided dubbing and other facilities for the Star TV Network. The joint-venture co-produced fewer than 40 hours of quality dramas per year, broadcast simultaneously, with ATV showing the original programming in Cantonese in the British Hong Kong territory, and Star TV showing them in Mandarin Chinese. In addition, Star TV operated the Chinese Channel in competition to TVB. Star TV would go on to purchase a library of more than 570 Chinese films from the Golden Harvest Group and announced a deal for the production of more than 50 films in the next three years by Media Asia Film.

Star TV and Viacom (MTV) ended a partnership that supplied music television programming, so Star TV launched Channel V to replace the American brand. The Indian version launched on 23 May 1994, followed by 4 additional versions: Channel V International, Channel V Thailand, Channel V Korea, Channel V Japan. Versions in Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese and Cantonese would later be added. Star TV split its satellite signal to both northern and southern beams, resulting in a change for both operations. The northern beam included Prime Sports, Channel V, Star Plus, Star Movies and Star Chinese Channel, while the southern beam had Prime Sports, Channel V, Star Plus, BBC WSTV, Zee TV and Zee Cinema. However, Star Sports' northern beam featured soccer and gymnastics, while the southern beam included cricket for Indian viewers. After the purchase of a 49.9% stake in Zee TV in early 1994, the northern beam launched Zee News and Zee Cinema.

Star TV channels were rebroadcast terrestrially in Brunei as of late 1994. The network proposed an expansion to Malaysia in late 1994, with a spokesman stating it would be "a place to do business." This would mark the end of a feud between Malaysian and British media. The network reached Indonesia in 1995 through an agreement with satellite provider Indovision. 15 channels were planned to launch in the second half of the year. The viewership share of Star TV in Taiwan in 1995 was at 42%, attributed to the launch of Star Movies, which had many viewers in the country.

On 30 March 1995, the satellite radio station Star Radio launched in Mandarin for North Asia, with additional English service for South Asia and the Middle East.

In the summer of 1995, Star TV considered launching least thirty channels on the service when AsiaSat 2 was launched. The new channels let the Star TV Network further customize its services for other regions and cultures.

In early 1996, Star TV formed a third-party joint-venture, Phoenix Satellite Television Corporation, offering three channels targeting Chinese viewers, Phoenix Chinese Channel, Star Sports, and Phoenix Movies. On 30 March 1996, at 7 pm Hong Kong Time, Star TV separated into Star Plus and Star Chinese Channel in certain areas.

In 1997, Star TV launched the Star Select package of television channels aimed at viewers in the Middle East via Orbit (now OSN.) In 1998, Star TV and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer were in discussion to launch a new MGM movie channel in India. Rathikant Basu also stated that the company was considering to launch four new regional channels spanning 4 languages:Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati and Punjabi. In December 1998, Star TV Network's channels were supposed to be removed on Indovision due to a disagreement between the company and Indovision, however, a court later upheld Star TV's decision to not broadcast its channels across Indonesia. During the same month, Star TV announced its partnership with Phoenix Satellite TV, and in cooperation with the European-based Chinese News and Entertainment, launched Phoenix Europe, a Mandarin-language channel that broadcast entertainment and news from Phoenix Television's libraries to European audiences in August of the same year.

In May 1999, Star TV migrated its channels from AsiaSat 1 and 2 to AsiaSat 3S. By late-1999 to the early-2000s, Star TV used AsiaSat 3S and Palapa C2 to broadcast across Asia and the Middle East in 53 countries, with an audience of up to 300 million viewers. At the time, programming consisted of Star Chinese Channel, Phoenix Chinese Channel, Star Plus, Star World, Channel V, ESPN, Star Sports, Star Movies, Phoenix Movies, Viva Cinema, Star News, Zee News, Zee Cinema, Zee TV, Fox News, Sky News and the National Geographic Channel. Indian operations alone were estimated to account for 55% of Star TV's revenues in Asia at the time. On 15 January 2000, Star TV added Disney Channel to its line-up, who handled distribution and ad sales for the channel. This marked their second partnership with The Walt Disney Company, who also owned ESPN. On 1 July 2000, Zee TV ended partnership with Star TV. The Hong Kong-based company converted Star Plus to a Hindi entertainment channel, and introduced Star World as an English entertainment replacement for the region. In 2000, Star TV would heavily focus on their Chines and Indian markets. In India, the conversion of Star Plus into a Hindi general entertainment channel was received well. The Indian version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire, Kaun Banega Crorepati, along with several popular Hindi-language serials, surpassed their rivals — Zee TV and Sony Entertainment Television — in ratings. On New Year's Day 2001, at midnight, the company was rebranded from Star TV to Star, reflecting the company's evolution from a television brand to a multi-service, multi-platform brand. In Chinese, the company referred itself as Xīngkōng Chuánméi instead of Wèixīng Diànshì. It also introduced a new set of logos. As of 2024, the 2001 logos are phased out from use by any Star TV channels since 2008, excluding Xing Kong, ANTV and tvOne's news programme Kabar. Static Design (a broadcasting design arm of Static 2358, now-defunct) designed the company and the seven channels' identities.

Star TV aired the high-definition programme Angel in 2006 in cooperation with Singaporean Mediacorp Studios. The show was scheduled to shoot 40 episodes, and was filmed in Taiwan. The show was aired on Star Chinese Channel in Taiwan and on Mediacorp in Singapore, with Star TV handling distribution and sales in other countries. In addition, Star Chinese Movies was announced to have invested in three high-definition films, to be produced by Derek Yee Tung-sing. Additionally, the National Geographic Channel produced around one thousand hours of high-definition programming commissioned for the Asian market (excluding Japan).

2009 restructure, refocus on East and Southeast Asia
On 19 August 2009, News Corporation announced a restructure of Star. Star India and Star Greater China would be separated from Star's headquarters in Hong Kong, and the heads of the former two companies would report directly to James Murdoch, News Corporation's then-chairman and CEO for Europe and Asia.
 * Star India took over all of Star's operations in India, as well as sales and distribution of Fox-branded channels in the region. It also took over Star's distribution offices in the Middle East, the United Kingdom and the United States.
 * Star Greater China would oversee Star Chinese Channel, Star Chinese Movies, Star Chinese Movies 2, Xing Kong and Channel V Mainland China, as well as the Fortune Star film library.
 * The original Star TV company became Fox International Channels Asia Pacific, and would focus on East and Southeast Asia. It also took over the representation of FIC channels from NGC Network Asia, LLC (channels already being distributed by Star). The company would continue to distribute its channels in the Middle East, and would take responsibility of the distribution of Star India and Star Greater China's channels in Asia outside their respective home markets.

Despite the 2009 reorganisations, the company did not immediately change its legal name from Satellite Television Asian Region Limited, waiting until September 2, 2014 to change its legal name to Fox International Channels Asia Pacific Limited

In August 2010, it was announced that the News Corporation would sell a controlling stake in its assets held in mainland China to China Media Capital (CMC). Xing Kong (both domestic and international versions), Channel V Mainland China, and the Fortune Star film library were included in the sale,  and a joint venture named Star China Media was created in the process. CMC acquired the remaining stake in Star China Media in January 2014.

In June 2012, it was announced that the News Corporation would buy ESPN International's share in the joint venture ESPN Star Sports. The versions of ESPN broadcast in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia were rebranded as Fox Sports on 28 January 2013, and Star Sports became Fox Sports 2 on August 15, 2014. The Fox Sports rebrand did not affect India and East Asia: In India, Star India took over ESPN Star Sports' Indian subsidiary, and kept ESPN branding until November 6, 2013, when all of Star India's sports channels were relaunched under the Star Sports brand. A version of Star Sports broadcast to mainland China and South Korea kept the brand, however, mainland China's version was renamed Star Sports 2 on January 1, 2014.

In the wake of the 2011 News Corporation scandals, the original News Corporation was split into 21st Century Fox and the new News Corp on 28 June 2013, with the television businesses (which FIC Asia was a part of) going to 21st Century Fox. In October 2013, 12.15% of shares in Phoenix Television held by 21st Century Fox (through Star) was sold to TPG Capital for HK$1.66 billion (about US$213.73 million). This and 2014 sale of Star China Media marked 21st Century Fox's exit from the Mandarin entertainment television market in mainland China.

By 2014, Fox International Channels Middle East took over the distribution of Star World, Star Movies, National Geographic-branded channels, Fox-branded channels, Channel V International, Baby TV and Sky News in the Middle East and North Africa from Star Select (now renamed Fox Networks Group Middle East, the Middle East business together with FNG Asia Pacific, still a part of the wider FNG Asia operations).

In January 2016, the company's parent unit, Fox International Channels, was announced to be split into three divisions, which would see the heads of newly renamed Fox Networks Group Europe, Fox Networks Group Latin America and Fox Networks Group Asia all reporting to CEO Peter Rice and COO Randy Freer at Fox Networks Group in the United States, thus abolishing Fox International Channels as a separate unit from 21st Century Fox's television business in the U.S. Accordingly, the company was officially launched new name and logo to becomes Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific Limited on 29 February 2016.

On 5 December 2017, Star India's Chairman and CEO Uday Shankar was appointed as 21st Century Fox's president for Asia, and the President of Fox Networks Group Asia would report directly to Shankar (instead of the equivalent at FNG U.S.).

Disney ownership and channel operations closure
With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox's entertainment assets by The Walt Disney Company, FNG Asia Pacific (including FNG Taiwan and FNG's remaining businesses in mainland China), as well as Star India, became a part of Disney. FNG Asia Pacific were integrated into Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International (now Disney International Operations.) Fox Networks Group Asia was split into three, as to plug into the Disney International structure with offices in Shanghai, Mumbai, and Singapore. The reconfiguration and layoff began on 29 June 2020, with layoffs focused on FNG Asia's Hung Hom headquarters, which date back to their 1993 acquisition by PCCW.

The Walt Disney Company announced the official closure of 18 of their linear pay TV channels on October 1, 2021, as Disney prioritized the rollout of Disney+ across Asian territories (or Disney+ Hotstar for Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand). Those channels included Fox Sports, which broadcast Formula 1 and MotoGP along with all four major Grand Slams and most UFC fights; and Fox Movies, which also included Fox Action Movies and Fox Family Movies. This meant that the latest Walt Disney, Marvel, and 20th Century films were not available for a period.

Most of Fox Sports Asia programming headed elsewhere after the closure, such as on SPOTV, which replaced the main Fox Sports channel on launch while also airing the remainder of the 2021 MotoGP World Championship. After a while, the latest Walt Disney, Marvel and 20th Century films were released through Disney+ (or Disney+ Hotstar). General entertainment contents which aired on Fox and Fox Life are either moved to Disney+ or, following the shutdown, through Fox's rival pay TV networks.

Following the shutdown, some of their employees (including Singapore-based marketing leads Daniel Tan and Shoba Martin) left the company. The decision to close the channels has been criticized due to poor Internet connectivity in some areas and the lack of a plan to rollout Disney+ to smaller regions.

In Taiwan, Disney Channel officially ceased broadcasting on New Year's Day 2022, with Disney programming being relocated to Disney+ permanently. Both Fox Movies and Fox rebranded themselves as Star Movies Gold (which, unlike Star Movies HD, has different movie lineups and uses branding from the first iteration) and Star World respectively. This marked the only country with Disney channels operating under the Star brand alongside the existing Star Chinese Movies and Star Chinese Channel.

The remaining linear pay TV channels, including National Geographic, ceased their transmission on October 1, 2023 in Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and (for National Geographic) South Korea, with Taiwan following suit on January 1, 2024.

Controversy
The BBC and Star TV originally signed a deal under which the Hong Kong operator would carry the BBC channel for 10 years. However, in March 1994, the BBC and Star TV reached a deal after an out-of-court settlement that would gradually drop BBC World Service Television from the satellite broadcaster's offerings. BBC WSTV would be dropped from the channel line-up for Northeast Asia by mid-April that year, but would be available in the rest of Asia until 31 March 1996. The deal came after demands from the government of the People's Republic of China.

It was alleged that the PRC government was unhappy with BBC coverage of China and Murdoch's September 1993 speech, which declared that "(telecommunications) have proved an unambiguous threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere... satellite broadcasting makes it possible for information-hungry residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels." The Beijing government threatened to block Star TV in the huge mainland Chinese market if the BBC was not withdrawn. The former prime minister, Li Peng, requested and obtained the ban of satellite dishes throughout the country.

There were also reported concerns surrounding editorial control of BBC WSTV after News Corporation's acquisition of Star TV.

The subsequent removal of the BBC channel and many ensuing declarations from Murdoch led critics to believe the businessman was striving to appease the Chinese government in order to have the ban lifted. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) gave Rupert Murdoch a mock award titled the "P.U.-Litzer Prize" for "Media Hypocrite of the Year" in 1994.

In 2001, the BBC and CITVC signed a deal that would make BBC World available to "upmarket hotels, as well as guest houses and foreign apartments" in mainland China.

title: Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific


text:
KNLC

KNLC (channel 24) is a television station in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, which broadcasts the classic television network MeTV. Owned and operated by Weigel Broadcasting, the station maintains a transmitter near Hillsboro-House Springs Road in House Springs, Missouri.

History
Founded by Rev. Larry Rice, founder of the New Life Evangelistic Center (NLEC), the station first signed on the air on September 12, 1982, making it the first new television station in the St. Louis market since KDNL-TV (channel 30) signed-on in 1969. Originally, KNLC maintained a schedule consisting entirely of religious programming, which included shows such as The 700 Club and The PTL Club, programs by televangelists Richard Roberts and Jimmy Swaggart, and locally produced religious shows. In September 1984, KNLC transitioned into a hybrid format similar to that offered by the independent stations owned at the time by the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), incorporating a selection of secular classic television series featuring sitcoms and westerns from the 1950s and early 1960s, many of which had not been airing in many other U.S. markets.

Unlike most religious/secular independents that aired a single daily block of family-oriented secular programs within their schedules (for example, weekdays from 3 to 7 p.m.), KNLC scheduled its secular shows in a hodgepodge manner in random short-form blocks. It initially carried secular programs from 7 to 7:30 and 9 to 10:30 a.m., 2 to 3 p.m., 5 to 6 p.m. and 9 to 9:30 p.m., with religious shows filling the remaining time slots during its broadcast day between 5 a.m. and 1 a.m. By the late 1980s, the station began mixing its religious and secular shows in a more consistent pattern, and expanded its syndicated offerings with the acquisition of several barter cartoons and (relatively more) recent sitcoms. The daytime schedule from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. featured a mixed format of secular and religious shows, though cartoons exclusively occupied the 7 to 9 a.m. and 3 to 5 p.m. time periods and classic sitcoms aired from 5 to 7 p.m. In 1986, the New Life Evangelistic Center launched a second religious independent serving the Columbia–Jefferson City market, KNLJ in New Bloomfield; the ministry would sell that station to the Christian Television Network in 2007.

KNLC was approached by the United Paramount Network (UPN) to become that network's St. Louis charter affiliate in the run-up to its January 1995 debut; however, the station turned its offer down, a move that led to UPN being unavailable over-the-air in the market for its first seven months of operation then beginning a succession of secondary affiliations with other network affiliates in the market, when it affiliated with ABC station KDNL-TV in August 1995. That month, KNLC took over the local programming rights to Fox Kids, after KPLR-TV (channel 11) turned down Fox Kids because the owner felt "they had a strong slate of children's programming and no room for the Rangers". Longtime ABC affiliate KTVI (channel 2)—which switched to Fox on August 7 through an affiliation agreement with New World Communications—opted not to carry Fox's children's program block to accommodate expanded newscasts on weekday mornings, syndicated programming on weekday afternoons, and first-run and off-net syndicated children's programs, infomercials and local real estate programs on weekend mornings; outgoing Fox station KDNL could not retain the block due to the station's newfound programming commitments to ABC. KNLC carried Fox Kids on weekdays from 7 to 8 a.m. and 3 to 5 p.m. as well as on Saturday mornings. The station also acquired more recent first-run and off-network syndicated programs around this time; however, its growth would not last.

While Fox Kids offered the station an opportunity—St. Louis had the largest Fox Kids Club in the country, with 251,000 members—KNLC quickly rankled Fox Kids executives. It did not sell local advertising in Fox Kids programming; instead, it aired public service announcements and Christian ministry messages and even urged kids to write to the governor of Missouri asking for clemency with death row prisoner Johnny Lee Wilson. Fox Kids president Margaret Loesch also privately expressed concerns with Rice's proselytizing in commercial breaks. This prompted Fox executives to shy away from Rice, but even more concerning to viewers was the poor signal of KNLC, even on local cable systems. Crediting an avalanche of mail from the Fox Kids Club with influencing the decision, the network opted to move its children's shows to KTVI beginning in September 1996.

As children's programming on broadcast television had begun to decline and the more popular classic television shows had migrated to cable television, KNLC began to reduce its programming budget for the acquisition of secular shows. Nonetheless, and despite rebuffing prior overtures from the network, KNLC chose to take on a part-time affiliation with UPN in May 1999. It was the first time UPN programs had been seen in St. Louis in 16 months after KDNL-TV dropped its secondary affiliation with the network in January 1998. However, Channel 24 refused to clear as much as 75 percent of UPN's output because of views by management that felt the network's programs and advertisements were offensive. UPN eventually chose to move its programming to WB affiliate KPLR-TV in September 2000; KPLR-TV carried its entire prime time schedule in late night hours. (The network would not have a full-time affiliate in St. Louis until April 2003, when WRBU's home shopping contract ran out.)

KNLC also turned down an offer by Paxson Communications to affiliate KNLC with Pax TV (now Ion Television), after KUMO-LP (channel 51) and its full-power parent station in Mount Vernon, Illinois, WPXS (channel 13), disaffiliated from the network in 2004 (the network would return to KUMO and WPXS in 2005, however it would not be available over-the-air in the market from 2008 to 2013, when Ion affiliated with WRBU following that station's transfer into an Ion-controlled trust company. )

On September 7, 2017, it was announced that KNLC was being sold to Weigel Broadcasting for $3.75 million; Weigel would convert KNLC to a secular independent station. The sale was completed on December 14, 2017. New Life retains control of one subchannel to carry their programming, on KNLC-DT2, known as "NLEC TV."

On February 1, 2018, MeTV moved from KMOV 4.2 to KNLC 24.1. This provided an HD feed over the air and also brought MeTV to satellite providers Dish Network and DirecTV for the first time in the St. Louis market.

KNLC-DT2
KNLC launched a digital subchannel on virtual channel 24.2 on February 4, 2009, when it began carrying Renewable Energy Satellite (RES), a 24-hour channel consisting of programs discussing various renewable energy methods. The subchannel was operated by Missouri Renewable Energy (MORE), a non-profit environmental advocacy group associated with the New Life Evangelistic Center.

In May 2024, NLEC TV began airing announcements indicating that its over-the-air coverage on 24.2 would be ending June 24, the day before Weigel is set to launch MeTV Toons, a new network dedicated to classic cartoons. NLEC has indicated plans to continue its programming through its online feed.

Programming
Prior to Weigel's purchase, KNLC's programming schedule had consisted mostly of religious shows produced for local broadcast and syndication and provided by the Here's Help Network (such as Ed Hindson), along with a mix of public domain classic television shows and movies. As ownership transitioned, NLEC programming moved from 24.1 and displaced Renewable Energy Satellite on 24.2 (RES programming continued on 24.2 during the overnight hours). Weigel put Heroes & Icons onto both 24.1 and 24.3. Subchannel 24.4 carries the Movies! network and 24.5 carries Catchy Comedy. The remaining syndication contracts were nullified on February 1, 2018, upon MeTV's move to KNLC's main channel, due to a non-compete clause that NLEC agreed upon as a condition of maintaining its subchannel. With Weigel taking the subchannel back from NLEC in 2024, the online version of the channel will resume carrying some of the classic sitcoms and westerns it could not carry due to that non-compete clause.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KNLC shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 24, on January 19, 2009, just over five months before the federally mandated June 12 transition to digital broadcasts for full-power television stations in the U.S. The station terminated its analog signal earlier than intended to accommodate the transition of CBS affiliate KMOV (channel 4)'s digital signal from its original assignment on UHF channel 56—an allocation that was among the higher tier of channels on that broadcast band (52-69) designated for decommission from broadcasting use—to a permanent allocation on UHF channel 24. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts from its pre-transition UHF channel 14, using virtual channel 24.

In concurrence with the conversion arrangements, KNLC's then-owner New Life Evangelistic Center partnered with KMOV to raise funds to purchase digital converter boxes for viewers living in low-income households around their shared viewing area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: KNLC


text:
KPLR

KPLR may refer to:

 * KPLR-TV, a television station (channel 26, virtual 11) licensed to St. Louis, Missouri, United States
 * KPLR-LP, a defunct low-power radio station (96.9 FM) licensed to Poplar, Montana, United States
 * St. Clair County Airport (ICAO: KPLR), a public use airport

title: KPLR


text:
Radical Socialist Party

 Radical Socialist Party may refer to:

 * Estonian Radical Socialist Party
 * Radical Party (France)
 * Radical Socialist Party (Luxembourg)
 * Radical-Socialist Party Camille Pelletan, France
 * Socialist Radical Party (Chile)
 * Radical Socialist Republican Party, Spain

title: Radical Socialist Party


text:
Talk:Iago

Jealousy
In the Motivations section, it says that he might be jealous of Emilia and Desdemona. Why would he be jealous of them? SolidNatrix 13:15, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

"Best Friend?"
I'm not a Shakespeare expert, but is "Othello's best friend" factually based? It sure doesn't seems so from the text I have.

I agree. I do not see that Iago is "second in friendship" to Othello. It is an army situation. Iago is Othello's Ancient, not friend. --Wikiadam 08:45, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

I don't know. He's certainly Othello's closest confidant, which to me seems to imply friendship. 137.73.126.221 19:16, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Most lines?
Is that really true about the most lines for a "non-title" character in a Shakespeare play? What about Julius Caesar (play)? Caesar himself had very few lines, as I recall, and Brutus and Mark Antony were the stars. Does Iago have more lines than Brutus and Antony? --UniAce

 * Iago is roughly the third longest Shakespeare role (see here) at 1097 lines. Brutus has 701; Marc Antony 766. - Nunh-huh 22:22, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Iago's motivations
Hi im studying Othello for GCSE and i was wondering if anyone could offer any insights as to what Iago's motivations are, in a sense what makes him tick. I will be very greatful.--62.7.159.0 20:13, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Just read the darn first scene, it tells all you need to... I wonder how come so many people wonder as to motives when it's one of the first things the playgoer or reader is exposed to, and he says it himself. If you don't get it yourself, I've spelled it out in the main article too... assuming it does not get edited off. --Svartalf 00:35, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You needn't be that condescending. For centuries critics (Coleridge, Bradley) and adapters (Verdi) have found Iago's excuse unconvincing and suggested other, hidden motives.  Numerous theoriess are quoted on this page.CharlesTheBold (talk) 22:28, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Since several critics have suggested that Iago was motivated by his latent homosexuality, should that also be added to the list? Pyon 10:51, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Iago is jealous of othello because the play is named after othello and not himself. Hey, it's a possibility.

The whole Iago being jealous of Othello because of the play title... now that's just dumb.

 * The article seems to miss A. C. Bradley's famous suggestion that Iago's motivation is power alone - of being able to manipulate almost every character like a puppet in a plan that gains its incentive through being a plan alone. Sort of a 'power trip' theory, I suppose. I don't think this is covered by the 'sociopathy' header.

 * People like Andy Serkis always miss the point. If Iago was so jealous, why wouldn't he keep referring to his jealousy? What jealousy he refers to is generally employed post-facto as a pretext to explain or justify a deeper motivation. Gunstar hero 20:30, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Off current topic - Surely one of Iago's motives is not Othello's infidelity with Emilia, but Emilia's infidelity with Othello, for at this point, Othello wasn't romantically involved with anyone, and thus can't be unfaithful to anybody. Lest he is being unfaithful to Iago.... Even still, I think it is less ambiguously stated as Emilia's infidelity with Othello. I'll change it up now. --Will James (talk) 08:42, 14 June 2009 (UTC) alright dont bite the kids head off there is a lot of ambiguity as to Iagos motivations if you are a little broad minded and less arrogant 2.121.195.140 (talk) 14:40, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Character Analysis
Are you kidding me? This analysis needs a serious makeover by someone who knows what the hell he's talking about. Complicated my ass...

Although very good, the character analysis of Iago is far too complicated for a mere plebian to read, and I think it should be made more, dare I say it, normal. Not everyone is an english literature graduate!

Also, the huge block of text is quite off-putting and I think it could be broken up, again for simplicity and so it looks less like an essay and more like an encyclopedia entry. --Sclaydonuk 17:45, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree. This looks like an undergrad lit paper that's just been copied here. It has no place in an encyclopedia.--64.230.78.95 11:37, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

pardon me if i interrupt, but what does that have to do with a NPOV tag? i mean, it may have style errors, but NPOV? Gorgonzola 17:42, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Oh, please. What do you guys want? Pictures? Nellobanana 02:56, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Given that the title of that section is "A character analysis of Iago" which sounds very much like an essay title and taking into account the content thereof with specific reference to WP:NOT I have removed the entire section. The information relating to the possible causes for his behaviour has already been stated more succinctly earlier in the article. Any section which contains a statement such as "In the end, it is Iago's failure to grasp the more basic concepts of love, trust, loyalty and spirituality which leads to his downfall" has no place in an encyclopedia. 81.179.227.183 23:43, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

I reinstated my end commment in the motivation section. a) it is not part of the character study, and had no business being deleted with it, unless the whole motivation section is to go. b) it is not an essay, nor original research, as it only recaps what is plainly said in the main text of the play. --Svartalf 19:55, 25 July 2006 (UTC).

 * Alright, but I have qualified the final comment which rather stated conjecture as fact, I grant I should have done that in the first place rather than ommiting it, it does state some important information. 81.179.227.183 20:45, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

--

pls who knows what the x-ray of iago's soliloquy is in othello? --Anon.

 * Er. What do you mean, 'x-ray'? --Gwern (contribs) 14:23 10 July 2008 (GMT)

Homosexuality?
Can someone please provide a source for the statement that Iago is a homosexual? I don't remember coming across any indication of that in the play itself. RobbieG 10:34, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The theory dates back to the 1940s in psychoanalytical accounts of the play, notably an essay in which Martin Wangh argued that Iago's resentment derives from "a projection of Iago's unconscious homosexual wishes for Othello and Cassio." The main basis for it is Iago's highly eroticised description of sleeping with Cassio, when Cassio in his sleep is alleged to mistake Iago's body for Desdemona's. It has been repeated in numerous articles and debated and disputed ever since.
 * It is how Orson Welles directed Micheál MacLiammóir to play Iago in his film. LamontCranston 13:54, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I doubt MacLiammóir needed much encouragement. Paul B 10:06, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Unsourced Quotes
There are unsourced quotes in this article: Andy Serkiss and Ian McDiarmud notably. These need to be sourced in a Note. Blueberrycalendar 11:37, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I can't speak for McDiarmid, but Serkis's quote came from his Gollum book.--CyberGhostface 14:26, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks - is it possible to add this as a note in the article, showing that book as a source? Blueberrycalendar 16:10, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Torments will ope thy lips
As I recall, in the edition of Othello I have (which I can't seem to find at the moment), the responses to Iago's claim that he will never speak again are
 * What, not to pray?
 * Torments will ope thy lips

The edition footnotes "torments" with the single word "tortures", suggesting, as this article does, that the Venetians intend to torture him and make him, if not talk, then at least scream.

It seems to me, though, that while that could be a secondary meaning, the primary meaning, after "not to pray?" has to be that since Iago will not pray, he will surely go to Hell, and there he will not be able to keep from crying out. I thought it was very strange that the edition did not mention this, I thought, obvious interpretation. Is it a standard interpretation in other commentary? --Trovatore 07:26, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd not actually thought of that before. Every edition I have seen assumes it refers to torture; I still think torture is the most obvious implication of Gratiano's comment. It is intriguing, however, that Othello responds to Iago's affirmation by saying "Well, thou dost best". Admittedly, this would seem to agree with the Hell interpretation - Othello wants Iago to go to hell so it is better for him never to repent.

 * However, Othello already assumes Iago to be a devil on some level, so this doesn't make complete sense. We could argue that this represents an extension of Othello's now inverted ethical views - that it is 'happiness to die', and therefore better to go to hell than to heaven. However his earlier words acually contradict his wish for Iago's fate:

 * I am not sorry neither. I'd have thee live;

 * For in my sense, 'tis happiness to die.

 * I still think torture must be the most obvious option, despite the order of Lodovico and Gratiano's comments. It is only logical that the Venetian judiciary system would wish to clarify the matter, and, particularly to a common soldier like Iago, outside of the nobility, torture would undoubtedly have been used. The quote confirming this comes twenty lines later from Lodovico, when he says:

 * ........ For this slave [Iago],

 * If there be any cunning cruelty

 * That can torment him much and hold him long,

 * It shall be his. You shall close prisoner rest

 * Till that the nature of your fault be known

 * To the Venetian state. Come, bring away.

 * This certainly doesn't rule out the possibility of double-entendre from Shakespeare, but Gratiano's first meaning must be torture. Indeed, Lodovico's 'What, not to pray?' could be his own attempt to remind Iago that he will surely die, and probably in excruciating pain, as a result of his crimes.

 * It's an interesting ambiguity, though. Gunstar hero 13:41, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it's saying that Iago may not be a praying man now, but torture will cause him to pray. I'd have to look it up. Wrad 13:53, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Iago's age
It's a while since I've read Othello, but I don't remember reading that Iago was twenty-eight, so I've removed that claim for the moment. If I'm wrong, please feel free to put it back, and accept my apologies. Stratford490 (talk) 16:02, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Iago: O villainous! I have looked upon the world for four times seven years; and since I could distinguish betwixt a benefit and an injury, I never found man that knew how to love himself. Ere I would say, I would drown myself for the love of a guinea-hen, I would change my humanity with a baboon.

I'm not sure that the first clause of the second sentence admits of any interpretation but that Iago is 28. Surprising as it may seem, Iago's a pretty young guy. --Gwern (contribs) 16:22 20 June 2008 (GMT)

 * Hm, having observed the world for 28 years does not necessarily mean having been born 28 years ago. Besides, I remember reading a warning from Professor Bradley never to believe anything Iago says, even in a soliloquy, unless it's corroborated by other sources. :-) Stratford490 (talk) 16:39, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, googling, I don't see any other interpretation of the lines. Orson Welles, for example, seems fairly clear, and there are a scattering of other links which agree . These may not be your authoritative critical academic references, but not being a Shakespeare scholar, I wouldn't know where to start. --Gwern (contribs) 05:22 21 June 2008 (GMT)

 * And Iago as a young man is the only situation that makes sense - the source story for the play describes him as "handsome", and his wife as beautiful and young. Middle or old-aged wouldn't make sense. --Gwern (contribs) 12:59 23 June 2008 (GMT)

People who have also portrayed Iago
Jerry Lee Lewis portrayed Iago in the 1968 Catch my Soul which was a rock version of Othello. I think the main page should be updated to include him. -- Chris66 22:21 6 August 2008 (EST)

 * Even if we limit the Portrayed by list to those in the play Othello, the box on the right lists only 19 of the thousands, or perhaps tens of thousands, of people who have played him. The box should be modified to "notables who portrayed". Also, I'm surprized there are no women on the list. Surely its been portrayed by a notable woman!Abitslow (talk) 23:24, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Racism?
Does anyone have a source for Iago wants to get at Othelo because of racism? That certainly wouldn't explain his insistance on getting rid of Cassio. Oh and it seems as though the list of motivations is in a de facto order of most likely/discussed to least likely/discussed. And if that's the case I don't see why Racism is number 2.Father Time89 (talk) 06:43, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Line for villain
An anon recently amended the article to read: "'And what's he then that says I play the Villain?' (II.iii.296)", where it had said line 303, not 296. I can't seem to find a consistent line number for this quote. Ours is unreferenced to begin with; Wikisource doesn't include line numbers (and they have a template up warning that their Othello is of unknown provenance). This says line 336, as does this extract; whilst this claims 226. Answers.com's old mirror of us says 310, and here's a link claiming 326.

I is confused. --Gwern (contribs) 19:10 17 November 2008 (GMT)

Protagonist or antagonist?
I was asked this once at an entrance exam, who is the central character of Othello? Although the title and our identification with the character is supposed to indicate that it is Othello, doesn't protagonist mean the person pushing the action towards - isn't this Iago, the whole play is about his manipulation of Othello and all the events. The bad guy is not necessarily the antagonist. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bwanaunsignedhype (talk • contribs) 22:15, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

list of motives
Years ago I read a book (of which, unfortunately I don't remember the author's name) which listed various proposed motives for Iago without committing itself to one. They are: Melodramatic: Shakespeare simply needed a villain and didn't supply adequate motivation, as with Don John in MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING. Theological: Iago is a devil-worshipper who wants to destroy the good Desdemona and corrupt the good Othello. This was the interpretation used in Verdi's opera OTELLO. Class warfare: Iago resents being a servant and relishes creating a situation where his "betters" follow HIS will. Sexual: Iago is in love with Othello and wants the Moor to not only discard Desdemona, but eliminate her. Discussed above. Artistic: Iago is a warped artist who gets a kick out of making the other characters behave according to his invented story. This was Bradley's theory.

Harold Bloom sticks to Iago's original excuse and fleshes it out: Iago was devoted to Othello and obsessed with his own military reputation, and so interpreted Cassio's promotion as an insult and betrayal. CharlesTheBold (talk) 22:28, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Aladdin
I'm surprised no one has mentioned the reference to this character in Aladdin: The parrot named Iago who plays a similar role. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Darktangent (talk • contribs) 00:43, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Iago's Hatred for Othello
I made a correction that stated that Iago hates Othello because he believes the Moor has slept with his wife, and not because he was passed up as Lieutenant. There is textual evidence to support this. Othello makes Iago his Lieutenant in Act III, scene iii, line 478 ("Now art thou my Lieutenant.") Iago continues his plan to bring Othello down, so clearly the promotion is not the primary reason for his hatred. Furthermore, Iago says in soliloquy, "I hate the Moor, / And it is thought abroad that 'twixt my sheets / He has done my office." (I.iii.392-4) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.28.133.40 (talk) 03:59, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

How about we stop playing God, huh?
I've provided textual evidence for a change I've made to this page (regarding Iago's hatred for the Moor), which I've included as a reference to my change and mentioned in this talk page, but all that happens is it gets changed back and I get called a vandal. Pick up the nearest copy of Othello, Doniago, and stop spreading lies on Wikipedia.138.28.133.40 (talk) 04:44, 26 October 2011 (UTC)
 * What you conveniently failed to mention is that you did not provide any sourcing the first couple of times you made this change. Please assume good faith and don't accuse editors of "spreading lies" when they are reverting your unsourced changes. If an editor is reverting your sourced change, please provide a diff. Thank you for your understanding. Doniago (talk) 05:06, 26 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The problem is Iago's motivations are never made explicitly clear--he throws out different ones throughout the play. First he's upset that he didn't get promoted, then he later accuses Iago of sleeping with his wife, and so forth. Obviously there is no definitive answer, or else Iago's motives or lack thereof wouldn't be discussed at length by scholars with differing interpretations. What we should do is simply state that he hates Othello and let the reader peruse the motivations section and draw their own conclusion. --CyberGhostface (talk) 05:35, 26 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Works for me. Doniago (talk) 06:26, 26 October 2011 (UTC)
 * For me as well. I would like to point out, however, that, while I did not provide a source for editing an unsourced claim the first time, I provided a detailed entry on the talk page, which can be found above this entry.  After my entry was deleted, I was accused of vandalism, which is why I in turn accused the editors.  I will argue, however, that Iago's motives are made clear: the only reason he expresses in soliloquy, when he is sharing his innermost thoughts with the audience, are the rumors about Othello sleeping with Emilia.  Everything else, including Cassio's promotion, is part of the lie he tells Roderigo.138.28.133.40 (talk) 06:34, 26 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Even if his cuckhold was the reason, you still can't determine whether it is because he feels betrayed, his interactions with his wife have been wounded, or perhaps what he minds is that others are laughing at him (to name just three "causes" deriving from the actions he believes occured between his wife and othello). He hate him: was it the betrayal or the public knowledge of it? Both? Neither? Scholars disagee.Abitslow (talk) 23:32, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Shouldn't the name be Jago rather than lago
It seems as if someone has done a Find & Replace. If you go to the Othello page, all characters have the first letter in upper case On the TV play, the name Jago is used, not Lago 19:02, 1 March 2012 (UTC)85.231.3.54 (talk)
 * I'm not entirely sure what you mean, but the proper name for the character as written by Shakespeare has always been Iago. Often in modern adaptations people change the name. For example in O, Iago was called Hugo.--CyberGhostface (talk) 19:08, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I think I figured out what he/she meant (took me a minute). He's seeing "Iago" in Wikipedia's sans-serif font and reading it as "lago" with a lowercase ell.  Personally I would support a move to a serif font for Wikipedia (among other things it would neatly solve a nasty problem for mathematics articles, which are my principal interest) but unfortunately I don't think there's much chance. --Trovatore (talk) 20:13, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Diego?
Iago = Jago = Diego. Seems head-slappingly obvious to me that everyone pronounces this character's name incorrectly, but I could be wrong. Does anyone know of a source which discusses this issue?  Tigerboy1966  18:51, 7 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Diego mentions this, sort of: "Diego is a masculine given name. It is believed to derive from the Greek διδαχη (didache), "teaching", then translated into the Latin word "Didacus" (in Modern English learned, cultured). Etymological evolution of the name shows that it may be eventually be originated from "Iakobos", then evolved into the spanish "Yago" then Santiago ("Santiago"), and finally re-analysed as San Diego.[1]" But I'm not sure how it's relevant to this article? DonIago (talk) 15:51, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

 * As head-slappingly obvious is that 'Iago' was the Spanish version of the latin Jacobus (English: 'James'), hence the Spanish name of  Santiago for the apostle Saint James, revered as  Santiago de Compostella, patron saint of Spain, who was also known as Santiago Matamoros-  that is 'St James, Moor Killer (Lit. 'Killer of Moors'.

 * So, no real mystery as why Shakespeare's character should be so named. His name reflects the presence of Spanish soldiery in Italy from 1493 onwards, as too, perhaps, does that of Othello, the Christian Moor.

 * The pronunciation of both Iago and Santiago are as you would expected.  The long, open 'AH' of "Iago" set back in the throat is unquestionably  more effective dramatically than the alternative. Each time somebody says the name 'Iago' it comes out as a groan of pain, of supplication, or a growl of anger.

 * Jake and Jago the English derivatives have no bearing in the pronunciation of the original.  Imagine, "Oh the pity of it, Jago, the pity of it.."

JF42 (talk) 16:03, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

Iago and Christie's novel Curtain
Some have suggested that the subject inspired the villain in Agatha Christie's final Hercule Poriot novel, Curtain. In fact, it’s even noted in the novel’s Wiki article. Perhaps it might be noted under cultural references.HistoryBuff14 (talk) 21:10, 11 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Not without an independent source taking note of it, as per WP:IPCV. I read the article for the novel, and besides a mention in the plot summary there was a sentence or two about it that seemed to be noting the reference to Iago in a trivial manner. We need something better than "this novel mentions Iago". Cheers. DonIago (talk) 17:18, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. — SamX [talk · contribs] 15:42, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

Iago = James
Wasn't it a bit risky to use the name for a villain at the time of James I coming to the throne of England? 62.49.216.195 (talk) 18:36, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iago