text:
User talk:MattTM

This is the talk page for MattTM. Please feel free to leave a message here.

Welcome
Hello Matt, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. For ideas of what to put on your user page, see User page.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 10:54, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks! :) - MattTM 05:47, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Kevin Rose
I might have been a bit hasty on the last deletion. The anon user version was a straight CV, non-encyclopedic and from someone I've never heard of on TechTV, which I'd also never heard of, although I now realise he is an American, as is the channel. I hadn't noticed the last edit was by a different editor, or I would have waited to see what developed. My apologies, and I'll restore your last edit. jimfbleak 16:42, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
Hi Matt, welcome to Wikipedia :)

I wanted to let you know - if you have any questions about editing here, you can ask on the help desk or privately on my talk page. Once again, welcome to Wikipedia. →Raul654 19:03, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

Sacha
I've left an answer about the many Sacha Baron Cohen articles for you on my talk page. In short, it's better to have one encyclopedic article than one on each character, each show, and each performer, especially when the same information is being replicated in two or three articlees. - Nunh-huh 05:43, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Just because I did something doesn't mean you can't undo it. If you think the character descriptions would be better in the Ali G Show article by all means move them there instead of the Sacha article. I just don't think that we need separated articles for each character. And I would think that a "biography" of Frasier belongs in the program's article and not as a separate article, though the character so bores me I couldn't stand to get involved in that. - Nunh-huh 05:58, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Bruno quote
Hello, I think we might've seen different episodes. I saw the one where the asian lady is talking about how some people in new york have no fashion sense, so in response Bruno says "We should just put them on trains and send them to camps" or the like. Hope this cleared up some confusion.

RAOK Barnstar
Thanks for consulting me. I actually like this new one very much, so I'm going to leave it as is. I like your Amazing Race contributions, by the way. I watch it every now and then but I'm more of a Big Brother fan. Mike H 04:07, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't know about the pictures. You'd have to ask someone else. I'm sorry. Mike H 04:53, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

PNG %28disambiguation%29
How did you create that article? The last days such strange article show up on the New Pages, and I even made a bug entry of it (see ). Maybe you can shed a little light on how such articles can happen. andy 07:36, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Robert Lindsay
I would have done so. However the original page included information about all three individuals. So rather than moving it to one particular article, I split it up in three different articles. If there is a better way to do that, please advise. [[User:Yardcock|Yardcock | talk]] 06:55, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)

Sorry
I should have explained it to you before I did it. The thing is, I really don't like the way the updated barnstar looks - the smile, I think, is kind of unnatural and funny-looking. I'm sorry. Regards, [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 21:36, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks great! Thanks! [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 00:19, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Starman
Hi MattTM - just a quick note. Starman is a Nintendo item, not a Nintendo character. Accordingly, I'll be moving the page shortly. Andre 13:10, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem :)  – Andre ( talk )  18:10, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

re: delinking on the Apprentice pages
Thanks for your question on the linking of the Apprentice pages. You are correct that my intention was to require a second step before creating articles for each of the shows' participants. There is currently a debate on the Votes for deletion page for several of the participants who already have articles. Based on the way those votes are currently going, the participant articles are likely to be deemed "non-notable" outside the context of their respective Apprentice show articles.

By the way, I have not voted on those discussion threads. I delinked them because I consider that the more cautious approach. Better to let those test cases (the blue-linked articles) go through the debate. If they are kept, it is easy to restore the links to the other participant names. If they are deleted, we will avoid the potential hurt feelings of having to debate any additional articles that were created in the meantime. Rossami 04:22, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * So, real people are not notable, but every Pokemon, ork and podunk town of 5 people and 3 cows gets an article?--[[User:Nricardo|Nelson Ricardo >>Talk<<]] 04:35, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I should mention that I consider the comparison to non-biographies (fanfiction and small towns) to be a bit of a red herring. 1) We evaluate every deletion nomination on its own merits.  2) Fiction is often easier to verify and keep NPOV than articles about living people.  We have a history of difficulty with vanity entries.  Rossami

 * MattTM, your response is well argued. As I said, I have not chosen to vote in those two debates.  I only unlinked as a temporary measure.  Since you seem to have an interest in the question of biographies, though, you might want to look at and participate in the discussion at Criteria for inclusion of biographies and the associated Talk pages.  Welcome to Wikipedia.  Rossami 04:46, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The three way discussion has continued some on Nelson Ricardo's Talk page as well. Have a good evening.  Rossami

Raj Bhakta
Hello Matt. Will I undelete Raj Bhakta? Sorry, no. I don't see any reason for that. I'll list all the contestants articles on vfd in a day or two. -- My general advice to you, which you are free to accept or reject as you see fit, is to write for the ages. Fwiw, Wile E. Heresiarch 13:57, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Apprentice 2
Hi, Matt. I would appreciate your advice here: Talk:The_Apprentice_2. Thanks. --[[User:Nricardo|Nelson Ricardo >>Talk<<]] 03:27, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Question about a page
I haven't been keeping up with the use of the POV check, so i am not yet familiar with the accepted protocol.

It appears that one of the pages i contributed has been declared biased coincident with your visit. The page is Columbine Mine Massacre.

I note that no one has entered any discussion on Columbine Mine Massacre Talk relating to this action.

If you are responsible for this, would you kindly either offer some guidance on what you think is the problem, else undo this action?

The article describes a massacre in which only one side had guns. All the dying occurred on the other side.

Yet there was violence committed by both sides, and the article devotes three sentences to the violence committed by the side without the guns.

So if someone believes that the article takes only one side, might it have been the result of missing this paragraph?

Please explain: what rewriting is envisioned?

thank you.

richard myers

Deleting other peoples' edits
MattTM, you deleted some relevant information that I added to the entry on the Homeland Security Advisory System. In fact, discussion of the page called for just this kind of information to be added. You called it "opinion". You seem to have an opinion too -- and that opinion is that my facts should be censored from Wikipedia. If you have any actual facts that differ from what I stated, then feel free to put them in. But in the absence of actual facts of your own, leave other peoples' facts alone... see the NPOV entry that says rather than delete other peoples' words, insert more, or edit, to describe all the relevant points of view and attribute them. I have done so in my latest change. - 209.237.225.251

3D Monster Maze
I have mixed feelings about your repositioning of the external links. It contradicts the spoiler warning in the sense that some people will want to skip anything below the warning and thus never get to the external links. What do you think? BACbKA 01:16, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for responding... I am really unsure – actually, I had it your way in one of my previews, and then made it with the spoiler in the end because of the concerns I cited above. However, after thinking a bit more about your edit, I now believe that maybe it is not a big deal of a spoiler at all – all the details are announced on the intro screen anyhow (well, almost all – with the exception of the appeal thing). I'll leave it as is and ask some ZX81 retro fans what they prefer, think it over myself and only change it if I really become convinced that my original design was better. BTW, have you ever played it yourself? BACbKA 01:43, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * hehe... well worth installing one of the ZX81 Emulators, IMHO (could be my nostalgia, but even today I feel a lot of realism in the game, which is astonishing given no sound and the poor graphics available to the developers). BACbKA 02:00, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Green Mountain Club
Thanks for your edits to my first entry!

Admin vote
Thank you for supporting me in the admin vote. I sincerely appreciate it.

I notice that you were the brains behind the Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar. I've been trying to resurrect the barnstar concept lately, and I think that the RAOK star may be my favorite.

Thanks again, ClockworkTroll 06:21, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Search
Hi Matt. I noticed the minor change you made to my Digital Network Theory page (moved categories from top to bottom of page). That's OK ... I just copied that top-pg place from some other article;-) You may help me with another slight problem : under 'Search' with keywords "network" or "network theory" my page does not appear. Why is that, and can something be done about it, so it does not stay in perpetual anonimity? I did place it in 2 categories (as you noticed), and I put several links elsewhere to it, but somehow no dice. Nico B. 09:14, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A quick note to say thanks

I just wanted to drop you a quick note to thank you again for your support in my request for adminship. It was certainly a wild ride, and I really appreciate you taking some time out to contribute. ClockworkSoul 16:07, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Data-mining
Since you updated Wikipedians by number of edits recently, I have to assume you have found the way to get over the hump I just posted on the Pump, if you don't mind taking a look. Niteowlneils 02:23, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

List of Wikipedians by number of edits
Salve, MattTM! Thanks for updating the data at List of Wikipedians by number of edits, but the first graf says the data is from November 8th. Is that correct? Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 17:59, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Keep going
subtractive color don't be shy. It was 3:00 AM writing that, with little accurate reference, except my drunk tired color professor. I'm trying to invite this person named Cyp to join in too. I need help baby! Deb--Dkroll2 00:45, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)

Zoe7
I have added a "" template to the article Zoe7, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Matt 08:19, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:G4techTV.png)
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Amazing Race logos
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AfD nomination of Jeremy Glick (author)
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Larry Fine (disambiguation)
Hello. Just to let you know this dab has been nominated for deletion, using Template:db-disambig. If you have any questions about this, please contact me. Best wishes, Boleyn (talk) 21:42, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Your contributed article, Breast enlargement
Hello, I notice that you recently created a new page, Breast enlargement. First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as you. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page - Breast implant. Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will to continue helping improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at Breast implant - you might like to discuss new information at the article's talk page.

If you think that the article you created should remain separate, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Additionally if you would like to have someone review articles you create before they go live so they are not nominated for deletion shortly after you post them, allow me to suggest the article creation process and using our search feature to find related information we already have in the encyclopedia. Try not to be discouraged. Wikipedia looks forward to your future contributions. Ronk01  talk  22:58, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Breast enlargement

The article Breast enlargement has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Duplicates Breast implant, Breast. Too late for a CSD-10

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Ronk01  talk  22:59, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Natural learning
Hello MattTM,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Natural learning for deletion, because it doesn't appear to contain any encyclopedic content. Take a look at our suggestions for essential content in short articles to learn what should be included.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Vinod 10:46, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Nathan's Garden for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Nathan's Garden is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Nathan's Garden until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. User:HopsonRoad 01:43, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:TheAmazingRace-yield.png

The file File:TheAmazingRace-yield.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

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title: User talk:MattTM


text:
Taiwanese opera

Taiwanese opera commonly known as Ke-Tse opera or Hokkien opera, is a form of traditional drama originating in Taiwan. Taiwanese opera uses a stylised combination of both the literary and colloquial registers of Taiwanese Hokkien. Its earliest form adopted elements of folk songs from Zhangzhou, Fujian, China. The plots are traditionally drawn from folk tales of the southern Fujian region, though in recent years stories are increasingly set in Taiwan itself. Taiwanese opera was later exported to other Hokkien-speaking areas, such as Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Fujian, China.

Taiwanese opera is considered as the embodiment of Taiwanese history and tradition because the political identity crisis of Taiwan shaped its development.

Origin
Taiwanese opera is the only form of Han traditional drama known to have originated in Taiwan, specifically in Yilan. In the early stages, most Han immigrants in Yilan were from Zhangzhou, Fujian, bringing with them the Hokkien Zhangzhou dialect.

Koa-á were story-telling ballads spoken in Hokkien. Each line could have five or seven characters, and every four lines constituted a paragraph.

Formation
Jinge (錦歌; ) is the forerunner of Taiwanese opera. As early as seventeenth century, immigrants from southern Fujian, China brought Jinge, the popular folk songs that set the poetry in local dialect to Taiwan. Around nineteenth century, amateur singers in Gilan modified Jinge and gradually developed a new style called Kua-a.

Other than Jinge, Taiwanese opera absorbed the styles of formal operas including Peking opera, Luantan opera (亂彈戲), Siping opera (四平戲), Liyuan opera (梨園戲), and Gaojia opera (高甲戲). Between 1923 and 1949, Peking opera troupes from Shanghai and Fujian toured Taiwan. Some actors stayed in Taiwan and became performing directors of Taiwanese operas. The influences of Peking operas can be seen in repertory, gesture, movement, percussion music and costume. Fighting themes and acrobatic movements became standards in the operas.

Early development
Taiwan was under Japanese rule from 1895 to 1945. In the early stage, the Japanese government allowed the local customs to develop without much interference and Taiwanese opera continued to thrive. In Ho-yi Lin’s book “Taiwanese Opera”, she describes how Taiwanese opera took root in China. She stated, “It’s worth noting that in 1928, the San Le Hsuan troupe (三樂軒班; ), on a pilgrimage to Wu Wang Temple in southern Fujian, performed with great success in Bai-chiao (白礁; ) and Xiamen… In succession, Taiwanese troupes such as Ni Sheng, Ni Kuan, Dan Feng, Mu Dan and Tun Yi also performed in Fujian province.”

First decline: 1936–1945
After the Pacific War broke out, the Japanese government changed the previous policy and implemented a Kōminka policy that encouraged Japanisation. During this period, the Japanese government prohibited the public performance of Taiwanese opera. Even though many troupes were disbanded and Taiwanese opera witnessed its first decline, local people still tried to perform Taiwanese operas in secrecy. Taiwanese opera, also known as Bông-kok-tiāu/wangguodiao (亡國調; literally, "music from a dying nation") provided an outlet for Taiwanese people to search for their identify and fight for the "in-betweenness" of cultural influences of Taiwan, Japan and China.

Some dissidents like the "Ruiguang Theater Troupe from Ruifang in northern Taipei Prefecture premiered its own "new drama"." (Lee Daw-Ming, 158) Japanisation forbade traditional Taiwanese opera, this troupe would simply perform "new drama" which was a modern variation of Taiwanese opera, with modern costumes. The "New Drama movement" fever finally subsided in 1940." (Lee-Daw-Ming, 158)

Golden period: 1945–1962
After Taiwan was handed to the Republic of China, Taiwanese opera was revived and more than one hundred troupes were formed within a year. In 1949, there were over five hundred registered troupes. Taiwanese operas entered into its golden age. During this time, Chen Cheng-san (陳澄三) founded “Kung Le She” (拱樂社) troupe and became the first person to use written scripts for performance. He commissioned Chen Shou-jing to write scripts of "Broken Dreams of the Red Chamber" (紅樓殘夢; ).

Even during its golden period, Taiwanese opera continued to face challenges and adapt to the changes in political and cultural environment. The rise of the new broadcasting medias including radio, film and television show, the influence and popularity of western pop songs and movies drew the general public’s attention and presented serious competition. During the martial law from 1949 to 1987, the KMT government revived the Mandarin Promotion Council and discouraged or, in some cases, forbade the use of Hokkien and other dialects. This and the shift of political environment provided little support for the Taiwanese-language based art form. The indoor performances decreased and opera troupes experimented performing on radio, film and television and large outdoor settings.

Transformation
Starting in 1954, Taiwanese operas performed on radios. In 1955, Chen Cheng-san filmed the first white and black movie of Taiwanese Opera “Xue Pin-Gui and Wang Bao-chuan” (薛平貴與王寶釧; ) and the premier was a huge success. In 1962, Taiwan Television was established and started broadcasting Taiwanese operas. In 1982, Chinese Television System (CTS) Taiwanese Opera Troupe performed in Mandarin (instead of Hokkien). Televised operas are similar to soap operas and greatly increased the popularity of Taiwanese operas. However, certain traditional elements are lost because television shows feature less singing and body movements.

In the early 1980s Taiwanese opera was brought to the television audience, with Iûⁿ Lē-hoa as its popular face. The artistic elements remained largely traditional, however. Taiwanese opera, like other forms of Chinese opera and theatre around the world, often traditionally uses cross-dressed performers (反串; fǎnchùan; hóan-chhòan), specifically women portraying men's roles in the case of Taiwanese opera.

Modern and experimental forms show some propensity for syncretism. Western instruments such as the saxophone and guitar have been used in some performances. Loose Western adaptations have included Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector. Perhaps due to the influence of the Taiwanese localisation movement, stories set in Taiwan, as well as aboriginal characters and stories, have been developed in recent years. Taiwanese forms of the Hakka tea-picking opera show some influence. Fans of the opera attribute its continuing relevance to a willingness of performers to adapt to modern times in terms of style and artistic diversity.

Second decline
Taiwanese opera's success in movie and television industry ironically becomes one of cause that eventually leads to the decline of indoor staged performances. Chen Shen-Fu, a general producer of the Ming Hwa Yuan Arts and Culture Group, said: "Although we know everything they do is for survival, that is not right. They are doing something that will kill the life of the opera." Other factors include political policy and social structure changes and western influences. Tsai summarised the period of decline:

"The main social changes were the rise of many forms of entertainment in the 1960s and the transformation of society from agricultural to industrial and commercial in the 1970s. Government policies that were detrimental to Taiwanese opera were 1) the promotion of only national theatre – Peking Opera, 2) standardisation of plays, and 3) Limitations on religious performances and on the use of dialects."

Future
Taiwanese opera is considered as the embodiment of Taiwanese history and tradition and the political identity crisis of Taiwan shaped its development. Taiwanese opera's history reflects the growth and changes in Taiwan society starting from the earlier immigration influences, oppression under the Kōminka movement, to little state support during the martial law era and the transformations of modern medias. Taiwanese opera struggles to remain its vitality.

The refined operas in modern concert halls establish a new direction of Taiwanese opera development. One of the notable troupes is Ming Hwa Yuan Arts and Culture Group (MHY):

"In 1983, MHY was the first among other folk theatres to appear on the stage of a national theatre, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall. A more telling example is in 1989 when MHY got permission to perform in the Zhihang airforce base. In the past, only Beijing opera had been considered proper enough to tour military bases. Three years later, MHY toured military schools. The audience's response was far more enthusiastic than it was for Beijing opera."

This transformation also reflects on the opera storylines. The traditional plots are historical and heroic events, legends and myths. Taiwanese operas gradually added more romantic elements. The intense drama and the love-hate relationships are the focuses of the televised operas. Legend of the White Snake is a typical story that combines the myth, religion, and romance.

Performance elements
Originally there are three roles in Taiwanese opera, Sheng, Dan, and Chou. Later, as Taiwanese opera began to incorporate more styles from other major operas, it gradually expanded to include eight major characters.

Male leads
Sheng (生; seng). These characters are gentle and brave. Laosheng is an older male lead. Old shengs have a chaste and decent disposition. Young male characters are known as xiaosheng.
 * laosheng (老生; lāu-seng)
 * xiaosheng (小生; sió-seng)
 * fusheng (副生; hù-seng): Supporting actor
 * fansheng (反生; hoán-seng)
 * wusheng (武生; bú-seng): martial artist

Female leads
In Taiwanese opera there are four subtypes in Dan (旦; tòaⁿ) roles.
 * Laodan (老旦; lāu-tòaⁿ): elder female supporting character
 * ku dan (苦旦; khó͘-tòaⁿ): sorrowful female character
 * wu dan (武旦; bú-tòaⁿ): female warrior
 * hua dan (花旦; hoe-tòaⁿ): cute or funny or a personal servant

Laodan is a dignified older role and she is a straight arrow. Also she reveals sentiment of the affection to the children so she takes sides with her children.

Jester

 * Chou (丑; thiú): male jester

Stage properties and figures
Stage properties and figures are a part of dancing. Taiwanese opera are not graphic. Sometimes a chair in Taiwanese opera stands for a fence or a bridge. Raising red flags stands for fire, raising blue flags stands for water, and raising black flags stands for wind. There are many types of figures:
 * Entrances and Exits
 * Pulling a Mountain
 * Walking a Circle
 * The Kneeling Walk
 * Small, Quick Steps
 * Sweeping Hair
 * The Bat Jump
 * The Vertigines Gesture
 * The Water Sleeves

Voices
The most important in Taiwanese opera is the music for voices.

Instruments
The use of a wide range of traditional musical instruments in Taiwanese opera.

 * Kezaixian
 * Daguangxian
 * Suona
 * Jinghu

Three-role tea-picking opera
The three-role opera is known as the story of tea-farmer Zhang Sanlang performed by one clown and two female roles and the plot and the singing are fixed. The three-role tea-picking opera is simple and does not have official stage. The stage is built before the performance.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Taiwanese opera


text:
Kevin Saunderson

Kevin Maurice Saunderson (born September 5, 1964) is an American electronic dance music DJ and record producer. He is famous for being a member of a trio, along with Juan Atkins and Derrick May, who came to be known as the Belleville Three, who are often credited to being among the pioneers and originators of techno: in particular this act helped define Detroit techno, the earliest style of this music genre. Born in New York, at the age of nine he moved to Belleville, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, where at Belleville High School he befriended the other members of the trio.

Early life
Kevin Maurice Saunderson was born on September 5, 1964, in Brooklyn, New York. He spent the early years of his life in Brooklyn before moving at around age 10 to Belleville, Michigan, a rural town 30 miles from Detroit. Saunderson first met future Techno pioneer Derrick May when the two were fourteen. May had decided not to pay Saunderson after losing a bet and, one day at school, Saunderson punched May in the face, knocking him out cold and giving him a concussion. After the altercation, the two became best friends.

During high school, Saunderson and Belleville High School classmate Juan Atkins were fans of DJ Charles "The Electrifying Mojo" Johnson. Atkins and May soon became serious about mixing others' music and creating their own, but Saunderson pursued other goals first, studying telecommunications and playing football at Eastern Michigan University. Atkins had begun recording with Cybotron in 1981, but it was not until 1987 that May followed suit and made a record. Initially concentrating on becoming a DJ, Saunderson was inspired to create his own music after watching the six-month-long process as Atkins and May completed "Let's Go."

Kreem
Atkins shared his technical expertise with Saunderson, and those early sessions led to a track called "Triangle of Love". "I used to wake up in the middle of the night, go into my studio – which was in the next room – and lay down the ideas as they came to me. At the time it was all about experimentation and being a college kid," Saunderson writes on his web page autobiography. "Triangle of Love" was released under the pseudonym Kreem on Atkins' label, Metroplex.

Inner City
Inner City is a Saunderson collaboration that came about "by accident," according to Saunderson. In 1987 he recorded a backing track in his home studio, but needed lyrics and a female vocalist. His friend, Chicago house producer Terry ‘Housemaster’ Baldwin, suggested Paris Grey. "Paris agreed, flew into Detroit, came up with lyrics and ‘Big Fun’ was born." Saunderson filed away the tape until, months later, UK dance entrepreneur Neil Rushton came to Detroit in search of music for a compilation album, Techno - The New Dance Sound Of Detroit for Virgin Records. Rushton included "Big Fun" on the album. It was soon released as a single and became a worldwide smash, only to be outsold by Inner City's follow-up single, "Good Life." A debut album, Paradise, soon followed. Over the years, and after three albums, Inner City had nine top 40 hits in the UK and two top 20 albums, with combined sales of more than six million.

E-Dancer
In the E-Dancer project Saunderson creates music that is "more underground." The first E-Dancer album, 'Heavenly,' was released in 1998 to critical acclaim; Spin named it “one of the ten best albums you’ve never heard.”

Reese bass
The bassline of Saunderson's 1988 track "Just Want Another Chance" (released under his "Reese" pseudonym on Incognito Records), became very influential in the jungle and drum and bass music genres. Notable releases incorporating the "Reese Bassline" include Renegade's "Terrorist" (Moving Shadow, 1994), "Pulp Friction" by Alex Reece (Metalheadz, 1995) and "Sonar" by DJ Trace (Prototype Recordings, 1998). The bassline itself was performed by a Casio_CZ_synthesizers using phase distortion synthesis.

Later activities
Saunderson continued to develop his record label KMS. "The aim is to help and develop new talent and more importantly to continue to create and release great music," wrote Saunderson.

Saunderson also sponsors traveling youth baseball teams, and helps coach and manage one of those teams, the Metro Detroit Dodgers. As of 2005, his son was playing on the baseball team A Green.

On May 15, 2007, Saunderson made his Second Life debut performing live at a mixed reality event, celebrating the Grand Opening of Detroit Life - The Motor City inside The Metaverse. The same year, Saunderson compiled a mixtape for Triple J, an Australian radio station.

In November 2012, his mixing board was to be on display at the newly renovated Detroit Historical Museum.

Names
Saunderson has worked under a number of names, including the following:

 * E-dancer
 * Esseray
 * Inner City (originally Inter City)
 * Kaos
 * Keynotes
 * Kreem
 * KS Experience
 * Reese
 * Reese & Santonio
 * The Reese Project
 * Tronikhouse
 * The Elevator

title: Kevin Saunderson


text:
Mile run world record progression

The world record in the mile run is the fastest time set by a runner in the middle-distance track and field event. World Athletics is the official body which oversees the records. Hicham El Guerrouj is the current men's record holder with his time of 3:43.13, while Faith Kipyegon has the women's record of 4:07.64. Since 1976, the mile has been the only non-metric distance recognized by the IAAF for record purposes. However, in international competitions such as the Olympics the term "mile" almost always refers to a distance of 1,500 meters, which is 109.344 meters shorter than an Imperial mile, even though four "full" laps of a 400 meter track is equal to 1,600 meters.

Accurate times for the mile run (1.609344 km) have been recorded since 1850, when the first precisely measured running tracks were built. Foot racing had become popular in England by the 17th century, when footmen would race and their masters would wager on the result. By the 19th century "pedestrianism", as it was called, had become extremely popular and the best times recorded in the period were by professionals. Even after professional foot racing died out, it was not until 1915 that the professional record of 4:12$3/4$ (set by Walter George in 1886) was surpassed by an amateur.

Progression of the mile record accelerated in the 1930s as newsreel coverage greatly popularized the sport, making stars out of milers such as Jules Ladoumègue, Jack Lovelock, and Glenn Cunningham. In the 1940s, Swedes Arne Andersson and Gunder Hägg lowered the record to just over four minutes (4:01.4) while racing was curtailed during World War II in the combatant countries. After the war, Roger Bannister of the United Kingdom and John Landy of Australia vied to be the first to break the fabled four-minute mile barrier. Roger Bannister did it first on May 6, 1954, and John Landy followed 46 days later.

On the women's side, the first sub-5:00 mile was achieved by the UK's Diane Leather 23 days after Bannister's first sub-4:00 mile. However, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) did not recognize women's records for the distance until 1967, when Anne Smith of the UK ran 4:37.0.

Amateurs
As there was no recognized official sanctioning body until 1912, there are several versions of the mile progression before that year. One version starts with Richard Webster (GBR) who ran 4:36.5 in 1865, surpassed by Chinnery in 1868.

Another variation of the amateur record progression pre-1862 is as follows:

IAAF era
The first world record in the mile for men (athletics) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (later known as the International Association of Athletics Federations and currently known as World Athletics) in 1913.

To June 21, 2009, the IAAF has ratified 32 world records in the event.

The "Time" column indicates the ratified mark; the "Auto" column indicates a fully automatic time that was also recorded in the event when hand-timed marks were used for official records, or which was the basis for the official mark, rounded to the 10th of a second, depending on the rules then in place.

Records for the mile were rounded up to the nearest tenth of a second commencing January 1, 1957. Previously, records were rounded up to the nearest fifth of a second. Those rounded-up marks were: Cunningham's 4:06.8 (timed at 4:06.7); Hägg's 4:06.2 (4:06.1); Hägg's 4:01.4 (4:01.3); Landy's 3:58.0 (3:57.9). Landy's mark was not retroactively adjusted when the new rule came into effect. Auto times to the hundredth of a second were accepted by the IAAF for events up to and including 10,000 m beginning in 1981.

During the most recent world record setting race in 1999, Noah Ngeny came in second place to Hicham El Guerrouj with a time of 3:43.40, which continues to be the second fastest mile run in history, beating out the old world record set in 1993 by Noureddine Morceli. No-one else approached the record in the 21st century until September 16, 2023, when Jakob Ingebrigtsen and Yared Nuguse recorded the third and fourth fastest times in history, with 3:43.73 and 3:43.97 respectively.

Men Indoor IAAF era
The IAAF started to recognize indoor world records in 1987, with the then world's best time, Coghlan's 3:49.78, ratified as the inaugural record for the mile.

Women's IAAF era
The first world record in the mile for women (athletics) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (later known as the International Association of Athletics Federations and currently known as World Athletics), in 1967. To June 21, 2009, the IAAF has ratified 13 world records in the event.

The "Time" column indicates the ratified mark; the "Auto" column indicates a fully automatic time that was also recorded in the event when hand-timed marks were used for official records, or which was the basis for the official mark, rounded to the 10th of a second, depending on the rules then in place.

The IAAF recognized times to the hundredth of a second starting in 1981.

Note:
 * Decker ran 4:17.55 indoors in Houston on 16 February 1980, but this time was rejected as a record due to an oversized track.
 * Natalya Artyomova (Soviet Union) ran 4:15.8 in Leningrad on 6 August 1984, but this time was rejected as a record due to there being no international judges.

title: Mile run world record progression


text:
Nundah railway station

Nundah railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It is one of two stations serving the Brisbane suburb of Nundah, the other being Toombul station.

Nundah station opened in 1882 as German station, before being renamed to Nundah within six weeks of opening. The station was rebuilt in 1960. On 29 November 1999, two extra platforms opened as part of the quadruplication of the line from Bowen Hills to Northgate.

Services
Nundah station is served daily by all stops Citytrain network services from Shorncliffe to Central, many continuing to Park Road, Cannon Hill, Manly and Cleveland. Also see Inner City timetable

title: Nundah railway station


text:
Ken McArthur

Kennedy Kane "Ken" McArthur  (February 10, 1881 – June 13, 1960) is most noted as a track and field athlete and winner of the marathon at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Born in Dervock, County Antrim, Ireland, McArthur was recognised as a promising athlete as a teenager, but he didn't pursue an athletics career until after emigrating to South Africa in 1901 at the age of 20.

After joining the Johannesburg Police Force in 1906, McArthur begun to take athletics seriously. Soon he had won the Transvaal half and one mile championships, the five mile track championship and also two national cross country championships.

McArthur ran his first marathon late in the 1908 season, and surprisingly beat the Olympic silver medalist Charles Hefferon. He also won the national one and ten mile championships.

The Stockholm Olympic marathon took place in sweltering heat. Representing South Africa in the event, McArthur and his teammate Christian Gitsham ran together and soon took the lead. Confident of victory, Gitsham stopped for water, expecting his colleague to join him, as agreed. Instead McArthur ran on, stretching his lead and taking him to certain victory over Gitsham by 58 seconds.

Retired
In the next season, McArthur injured his foot in an accident and was forced to retire from athletics.

He ran six marathon races (including the Olympic marathon) throughout his career and never lost one.

title: Ken McArthur


text:
Talk:Wisdom tooth

No pictures of healthy wisdom teeth
Given this article is on Wisdom teeth, and not impacted wisdom teeth, shouldn't there be at least one illustration of non-impacted, correctly aligned wisdom teeth?
 * Not an unreasonable request, but pictures of abnormal are more common than the unremarkable. If you can find one, post it.Dig Deeper (talk) 04:39, 2 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Just make sure they're within our rights. ECPBlue (talk) 14:26, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

You're right 122.163.244.211 (talk) 10:33, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I just created a whole category for healthy wisdom teeth on Wikimedia Commons. I'll try to upload stuff to it: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Healthy_wisdom_teeth Roquex (talk) 21:40, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Soft/processed foods leading to underdeveloped jaws
This claim is made at the bottom of the history tab, but it’s citation (#29) is an Ohio state news pop science article which only very briefly mentions this. Since the claim seems rather bold, would it be better to find a more academic/reliable source for this information? Manderson22 (talk) 13:33, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

wisdom teeth pain
how dangerous and painful it 172.56.240.72 (talk) 09:14, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ENGL A120 Critical Thinking
— Assignment last updated by Cpdus0923 (talk) 07:44, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wisdom tooth


text:
Department of Corrections (New Zealand)

The Department of Corrections (Māori: Ara Poutama Aotearoa) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with managing the New Zealand corrections system. This includes the operations of the 18 prisons in New Zealand and services run by Probation. Corrections' role and functions were defined and clarified with the passing of the Corrections Act 2004. In early 2006, Corrections officially adopted the Māori name Ara Poutama Aotearoa.

History
Prior to 1995 the country's prisons, probation system and the courts were all managed by the Department of Justice. The Department of Corrections was formed in 1995 by the Department of Justice (Restructuring) Act 1995. This act gave management of prisoners, parolees and offenders on probation to the Department of Corrections while leaving administration of the court system and fines collection with the Ministry of Justice. The intention was to enable the new department to improve public safety and assist in the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders.

In 2012, Corrections Minister Anne Tolley and Associate Corrections Minister Pita Sharples announced the government would spend $65 million over the next four years, with the goal of reducing recidivism by 25 per cent by 2017.

Growth in prison population
Since it was established, the department has had to cope with a dramatic growth in the prison population. Between 1997 and 2011 the number of inmates increased by 70% and, at 201 prisoners per 100,000 of population (in 2018), New Zealand has one of the higher rates of imprisonment in the Western world. The Fifth Labour Government built four prisons – at Ngawha (Northern Region) housing 420 prisoners, Springhill (north of Huntly) housing 840, Auckland Women's' holding 330 and Milton (Otago) holding 425 – at a cost of $890 million. When National came to power in 2008, the department built a new 1,000 bed prison at Mt Eden for $218 million in a public private partnership and gave the contract to Serco.

The department's growth has been such that in July 2010, Finance Minister Bill English expressed concerns that government spending was "led by a rapidly expanding prison system which would soon make Corrections the government's biggest department". As at December 2011, New Zealand had 20 prisons and the department employed over 8,000 staff. The department's operating budget is over $1 billion a year.

Despite English's concerns about the growing cost, in 2011 the government approved the building of a new 960-bed prison at Wiri estimated to cost nearly $400 million. Later that year justice sector forecasts showed a drop in the projected prison forecast for the first time. Charles Chauvel, Labour Party spokesperson for justice, and the Public Service Association both questioned the need for a new prison when there were 1,200 empty beds in the prison system. In March 2012, Corrections Minister Anne Tolley announced that the new prison would enable older prisons such as Mt Crawford in Wellington and the New Plymouth prison to be closed. Older units at Arohata, Rolleston, Tongariro/Rangipo and Waikeria prisons will also be shut down.

In 2018, the Labour Government announced a plan to reduce the prison population by 30% over 15 years. As at 30 September 2019, there were 10,040 people in prison in New Zealand. Since then, the prison population has dropped more than 25 per cent, from a peak of 10,820 to 7677 in March 2022.

Prison statistics
The prison population is very fluid and altogether about 20,000 people spend time in prison each year, the vast majority on remand. Nearly 75% of those given a prison sentence are sentenced to two years or less, and all these are automatically released halfway through their sentence. As 30 September 2019, 93% percent of inmates were male. 51.9% of prisoners were Māori, compared with about 16% of New Zealand's resident population. The cost of keeping a person in prison for 12 months is estimated at around $150,000. In 2001 the department estimated that a lifetime of offending by one person costs victims and taxpayers $3 million.

Rehabilitation policies
In 2000, a rehabilitation approach based on enhanced computerised access to information about offenders was tried. The new chief executive of the department, Mark Byers, introduced a $40 million scheme designed to reduce reoffending called Integrated Offender Management System (IOMS). At the time it was described as "the biggest single initiative the department has undertaken to reduce reoffending". Seven years later, Greg Newbold said the scheme was an expensive failure and described it as "another wreck on the scrapheap of abandoned fads of criminal rehabilitation."

Research suggests that nearly 90% of offenders were alcohol or drug affected in the period leading up to their offence. In 2004 an Ombudsman's investigation into the treatment of prisoners found that only 174 inmates a year were able to receive substance abuse treatment. Since then successive governments have responded by establishing additional Drug Treatment Units (DTU's) within the prison system. By 2011, this increased the number of prisoners able to attend drug treatment to 1,000 a year. This represents only 5% of the more than 20,000 people who spend time in prison each year.

In 2012 the government announced that an extra $65 million would be put into rehabilitation, in an effort to reduce re-offending by 25% within five years. As part of the package, Corrections Minister Anne Tolley hoped that remand prisoners would also become eligible for rehabilitation for the first time.

On 22 November 2019, it was reported that the Department of Corrections had adopted a policy of referring to prisoners as "men in our care" and "clients." Staff were also instructed to address prisoners by their first names instead of surnames. The Minister of Corrections Kelvin Davis confirmed that this was part of the Sixth Labour Government's Hōkai Rangi strategy to address the high rate of Māori reoffending and imprisonment by "humanising" prisoners. The government's decision was criticised by Corrections staff and the Leader of the Opposition Simon Bridges as "political correctness" and "being soft on crime."

Prison privatisation
The use of private prisons has also been tried, stopped and reintroduced. New Zealand's first privately run prison, the Auckland Central Remand Prison, also known as Mt. Eden Prison, opened under contract to Australasian Correctional Management (ACM) in 2000. In 2004, the Labour government, opposed to privatisation, amended the law to prohibit the extension of private prison contracts. A year later, the 5-year contract with ACM was not renewed. In 2010, the National government again introduced private prisons and international conglomerate Serco was awarded the contract to run the Mt Eden Prison.

On 16 July 2015, footage of "fight clubs" within the prison emerged online and was reported by TVNZ. Serco was heavily criticised for not investigating until after the footage was screened. On 24 July 2015, Serco's contract to run the Mount Eden prison was revoked due to numerous scandals and operation was given back to the New Zealand Department of Corrections. Serco was ordered to pay $8 million to the New Zealand government as a result of problems at Mount Eden Prison while it was under Serco's management.

Serco has also been given the contract to build and manage a new 960-bed prison at Wiri. The contract with Serco provides stiff financial penalties if its rehabilitation programmes fail to reduce reoffending by 10% more than the Corrections Department programmes. The Auckland South Corrections Facility was opened on 8 May 2015. The contract to operate the prison ends in 2040.

Structure
The department comprises three service arms and four other groups. The service arms are prisons, community probation, and rehabilitation and reintegration and each arm used to have separate internal processes, infrastructure and support staff. As of May 2012 the newly appointed chief executive, Ray Smith proposed merging the three service arms into one team. Smith said the segregated infrastructure "creates replication of work, is inefficient and has resulted in an overly layered structure."
 * Prison Services operates the Department's 18 prisons.
 * Community Probation Services manage approximately 100,000 community-based sentences and orders per year, and provide information and reports to judges and the New Zealand Parole Board to assist in reaching sentencing and release decisions. Staff also deliver interventions to offenders and prisoners to address their offending behaviour and prepare them for rejoining society.
 * Rehabilitation and Reintegration Services delivers interventions to offenders and prisoners to address their offending behaviour. These involve employment, education, constructive activities, specialised treatment services and offence-focused programmes.
 * Strategy, Policy and Planning provides strategic planning, policy development and advice, research and evaluation.
 * Finance, Systems and Infrastructure provides a range of services that support the delivery of corrections' core business.
 * Organisational Development provides strategic advice and day-to-day support and services to the Chief Executive and Corrections managers on structural and culture change, human resource management and development, employee health and safety, employee relations and employment law
 * The Office of the Chief Executive manages key functions on behalf of the Chief Executive and incorporates Business Continuity and Emergency Planning, Corporate Affairs, Internal Audit, Inspectorate, Ministerial Secretariat, Portfolio Management Office, Professional Standards Unit and the Legal Services Team.

Chief executives
Mark Byers was chief executive of the Department of Corrections for its first ten years, until he retired from the public service in 2005. Byers oversaw a range of organisational initiatives in his time at the helm and, in 2000, introduced a new computer system called "Integrated Offender Management". At the time, this was described as "the biggest single initiative the Department has undertaken to reduce reoffending." IOMS cost $40 million but had no impact of the rate of re-conviction which remained at 55% two years after release.

Barry Matthews, who replaced Byers, had formerly been Deputy Commissioner of Police in New Zealand and the Commissioner of the Western Australian Police Force. He served as chief executive of Corrections for five years from 2005 to 2010 and, in a farewell interview, listed his top three achievements as the implementation of cell phone blocking technology in prisons, better enforcement by the Probation Service of sentence compliance, and the establishment of the Professional Standards Unit to investigate corruption by prison officers.

During Matthews' tenure there was public concern about the management of the department. Simon Power, opposition spokesman for justice from 2006 through to 2008, made a number of calls for an inquiry into Corrections, but none was held. In 2009 Matthews' leadership was questioned by the new Corrections Minister, Judith Collins, after a run of bad publicity that included the murder of 17-year-old Liam Ashley in a prison van; the murder of Karl Kuchenbecker by Graeme Burton six months after he was released on parole; and the Auditor General's critical report on the Probation Service's management of parolees. Matthews exacerbated speculation about his leadership during the Burton debacle when he claimed: "There's no blood on my hands". After the Auditor General's report was released in 2009, Collins refused to express confidence in Matthews and media commentators expected him to resign. However, Matthews refused to do so and served out his term; on his retirement he admitted he had dealt with so many crises, the department was like a "landmine".

Ray Smith, former deputy chief executive of Work and Income and former deputy chief executive of the Ministry of Social Development's Child, Youth and Family, was chief executive from 2010 to 2018.

Deputy Chief Executive Jeremy Lightfoot and National Commissioner Rachel Leota shared the acting Chief Executive role from November 2018 until February 2019 when Christine Stevenson, formerly Deputy Chief Executive at Corrections and newly appointed Comptroller of Customs and Chief Executive New Zealand Customs Service, was seconded back to lead the department from February to December 2019.

Jeremy Lightfoot was again Acting Chief Executive from December 2019 to February 2020 when he was permanently appointed as Chief Executive in February 2020.

Topia Rameka was the Department of Corrections’ Deputy Chief Executive Māori until he was fired in August 2023, after he was accused of making racist and sexually suggestive remarks towards female employees.

Mental health and substance abuse in prison populations
A study in 2015 found that about 90% of prisoners had been diagnosed with a mental health or substance abuse disorder during their lifetime. The rate of substance use disordes among prisoners is 13 times higher than the general population. Female prisoners were even more likely to be diagnosed with a mental health or substance abuse disorder than their male counterparts.

Suicide in prisons
Prisoners are four times more likely to attempt suicide and twice as likely to experience suicidal ideation than the general population. One of the factors contributing to the suicide rate is the high rate of mental health problems experienced by prisoners. The 'Health in Justice' Report conducted in 2010 by the Ministry of Health found 52% of prisoners had a history of psychotic, mood, or anxiety disorders. Twenty percent of those surveyed (about 1,700 prisoners) said they were ‘thinking a lot about suicide’.

Only limited psychiatric care is available. In its Investigation into Medical and Health Services available to Prisoners, the Ombudsman reported in 2011 that the Corrections Department does not meet Article 22(1) of the United Nations Minimum Standard Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. This article requires every prison to provide psychiatric services to a similar level to that which is available in the community. The Ombudsman found prison healthcare to be "reactive rather than proactive" and mental health care available to prisoners to be "inadequate or unsuitable".

Violence in prisons
In April 2015, a 44-year-old inmate, Benton Parata, died in Christchurch Men's Prison after being bashed by three other prisoners. An expert on gangs in New Zealand, Dr Jarrod Gilbert, said revenge attacks could "snowball" out of control while the prison officers' union said assaults in New Zealand prisons already occurred almost daily and it was only "good luck" there weren't more deaths.

Recidivism
In March 2009 analysis of the previous 60 months, showed that 70% of prisoners reoffend within two years of being released from prison and 52% return to prison within five years (some of them more than once). For teenage prisoners, the recidivism rate (return to prison) is 71%. The government estimated that if it reached its reduced reoffending target of 25%, there would be 600 fewer people in prison by 2017. In 2014, prison numbers went up (to 8,700) rather than down, due to more offenders being held on remand.

title: Department of Corrections (New Zealand)


text:
Northgate railway station, Brisbane

Northgate railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Northgate. Immediately north of the station, the Shorncliffe line branches off.

History
Northgate station opened in 1882 as Toombul with the opening of the North Coast line. It was later renamed Northgate Junction and then shortened to Northgate.

Services
Northgate is served by Caboolture, Redcliffe Peninsula, Sunshine Coast & Shorncliffe line services. Also see Inner City timetable

Transport links
Transport for Brisbane operates one bus route via Northgate station:
 * 306: Nudgee Beach to Cultural Centre busway station

title: Northgate railway station, Brisbane


text:
U55 (Berlin U-Bahn)

U55 was an U-Bahn line in the German capital city of Berlin. It connected the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof, or main railway station, to an interchange with the S-Bahn at Brandenburger Tor. It had only three stations, did not connect to any other U-Bahn line, and was operated as a shuttle line using a single train.

The line was constructed as part of an extension of the U5 that was subsequently postponed due to financial difficulties. As much of the work on this disconnected section of the extension had been completed, it was decided to complete the section and open it as a separate line in 2009. In 2010, construction began on the intervening section connecting Brandenburger Tor to Alexanderplatz; on 4 June 2018, U55 was closed until December 2018 to accommodate the work needed to connect it to this new phase of the project. The complete project, merging U55 and U5 into a single line, opened on 4 December 2020. Operation of the U55 ceased on 17 March 2020 in preparation for the line's incorporation into the U5 extension.

Origins
The unusual nature of U55 reflected Berlin's troubled finances. When the German government decided to move from Bonn to Berlin under the Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl, who also announced the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, it was decided to refurbish the area around the Bundestag into a modern government complex.

As part of this effort, there were plans to extend the U5 from its western terminus at Alexanderplatz through the city centre, past the Brandenburg Gate and the Bundestag, to the new central train station, Berlin Hauptbahnhof. This Kanzlerlinie (Chancellor Line), so nicknamed because it passed through the government quarter, was originally planned since the 200km plan as a diagonal line through central Berlin, continuing to Turmstraße in Moabit, where it would link with the U9, and on to Jungfernheide, where it would connect with the S-Bahn ring and U7. The line was also planned to go via Tegel Airport (to be replaced by Urban Tech Republic), Scharnweberstraße towards Rathaus Reinckendorf. As this was a long-planned route, short tunnels exist at both Jungfernheide and Turmstraße to accommodate the new line. Plans were discarded as a tram was also planned to be extended west. For now, the line is only approved to terminate at the Hauptbahnhof, with the route to Jungfernheide and beyond to be built later.

Construction
On 19 January 2000, construction began on the western end of this extension. However, around that time the city council suffered a major financial crisis.

The city had accepted money from the German federal government for the construction work already finished, and by the terms of the agreement, the city would have had to return the money if there were no operating trains on the line. In 2004, the city and federal governments reached a compromise: the city would complete the short section of line that was largely complete between Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Unter den Linden S-Bahn station (renamed "Brandenburger Tor" in 2009) and run it as a single-track shuttle with a single train, without any signaling. Although transit planners projected that such a shuttle would not attract a significant ridership, the city determined that the cost of building and operating the line would be less than the cost of returning the money to the federal government.

Opening
The opening of the line between Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Brandenburger Tor was delayed owing to extreme groundwater problems at the site of the latter new station. It was finally opened on 8 August 2009.

Stations
With the opening of the U-Bahn station, the existing Unter den Linden S-Bahn station was renamed Brandenburger Tor (for the nearby Brandenburg Gate). The name "Unter den Linden" was then given to a new station further east at the junction with Friedrichstraße, where the U5 intersects the U6.

The train ran every 10 minutes and, due to the low demand, there was no night service.

Rolling stock
Because the U55 was not physically connected to the rest of the U-Bahn system, any trains being delivered to the new line had to be taken by low loaders on the street and set on track through a tunnel opening located north of Hauptbahnhof station. There was also a provisional workshop for the basic maintenance and cleaning of carriages.

Formerly, trains running on the U55 were F79 trains. However, due to a lack of trains on other large profile U-Bahn lines, the two U55 trains were removed and placed on the U6 in April 2017. Instead, an older D class train was renovated and placed into service until March 2020.

Linking U55 and U5
The designation of the line as U55 indicated that it was ultimately intended to become part of the U5 line. Construction of the link to enable this commenced in April 2010, and was originally expected to be completed by 2017. Construction works suffered from continued difficulties, mainly concerning high water contents in the soil; in November 2015 the opening date was postponed, with the link finally opening on 4 December 2020.

The link is 2.2 km in length, connecting the former U55 terminus at Brandenburger Tor with the rest of the U5 at Alexanderplatz. The link features three new U-Bahn stations at Rotes Rathaus, Museumsinsel and Unter den Linden. Unter Den Linden provides an interchange with line U6, replacing the former Französische Straße station, located a little further to the south on Friedrichstraße, which closed on 3 December 2020.

End of operations
Operations on the line ceased on 17 March 2020, until its incorporation into the new U5 line on 4 December of that year. This took place earlier than originally planned due to much lower ridership as a result of the COVID-19 crisis.

Reopened as U5 Line
The three stations reopened as a part of U5 Line Eastern extension on 4 December 2020.

title: U55 (Berlin U-Bahn)