text:
Bacitracin

Bacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic. It is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by Bacillus licheniformis bacteria, that was first isolated from the variety "Tracy I" (ATCC 10716) in 1945. These peptides disrupt Gram-positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis.

Bacitracin is primarily used as a topical preparation, as it can cause kidney damage when used internally. It is generally safe when used topically, but in rare cases may cause hypersensitivity, allergic or anaphylactic reactions, especially in people allergic to neomycin.

In 2021, it was the 300th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 400,000 prescriptions.

Medical uses
Bacitracin is used in human medicine as a polypeptide antibiotic and is "approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in chickens and turkeys," though use in animals contributes to antibiotic resistance.

As bacitracin zinc salt, in combination with other topical antibiotics (usually polymyxin B and neomycin) as an ointment ("triple antibiotic ointment," with the brand name Neosporin), it is used for topical treatment of a variety of localized skin and eye infections, as well as for the prevention of wound infections. A non-ointment form of ophthalmic solution is also available for eye infections.

Spectrum of activity and susceptibility data
Bacitracin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. It targets Gram-positive bacteria, especially those that cause skin infections. The following represents susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.

 * Staphylococcus aureus – ≤0.03 μg/mL – 700 μg/mL
 * Staphylococcus epidermidis – 0.25 μg/mL – >16 μg/mL
 * Streptococcus pyogenes – 0.5 μg/mL – >16 μg/mL

Mechanism of action
Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, and a related molecule known as bactoprenol pyrophosphate; both of these lipids function as membrane carrier molecules that transport the building-blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane.

History
Bacitracin was isolated by Balbina Johnson, a bacteriologist at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Its name derives from the fact that a compound produced by a microbe in young Margaret Tracy's (1936–1994) leg injury showed antibacterial activity.

"One strain isolated from tissue debrided from a compound fracture of the tibia was particularly active. We named this growth-antagonistic strain for the patient, 'Tracy I.' When cell-free filtrates of broth cultures of this bacillus proved to possess strong antibiotic activity and to be non-toxic, further study seemed warranted. We have called this active principle 'Bacitracin."

Bacitracin was approved by the US FDA in 1948.

Synthesis
Bacitracin is synthesised via nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which means that ribosomes are not directly involved in its synthesis. The three-enzyme operon is called BacABC, not to be confused with BacABCDE of bacilycin synthesis.

Composition
Bacitracin is composed of a mixture of related compounds with varying degrees of antibacterial activity. Notable fractions include bacitracin A, A1, B, B1, B2, C, D, E, F, G, and X. Bacitracin A has been found to have the most antibacterial activity. Bacitracin B1 and B2 have similar potencies and are approximately 90% as active as bacitracin A.

Controversies
Claims that bacitracin is a protein disulfide isomerase inhibitor are disputed by in vitro studies.

title: Bacitracin


text:
Talk:Zebra mussel

Untitled
According to http://www.serc.si.edu/watershed/may2001/invasivespecies.htm, zebra mussel was transported to North America via ballast water from a ship.

Almost certainly the case; I edited the page for grammar and some factual content issues. I left in the grumbling paragraph at the bottom, although it probably belongs here rather than in the page. I may work on it another time. The article certainly has an American slant because that is where a fair portion of the recent work has been done. Good recent work done in Ireland also.`

Merge with quagga mussel?
The following note was put at the bottom of the article some months ago by an unknown user:
 * The entries on the Quagga mussel and the Zebra mussel should probably be merged into one entry concerning Dreissina species. Most of the information presented is North American in perspective perhaps because many Europeans have lived with these species for generations and are accustomed to the problems that these species cause.
 * One significant difference between the two species is that Quagga mussels can occur at greater depths than zebra mussels.

The above note was still there; I removed it.Dmccabe 03:33, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

I'm anything but an expert on mussels, or anything biology, really. I just happened upon this article and was able to do some cleaning. I'm fine with merging the zebras and quaggas, but I can't do that. Can someone look into this? Any need for an "official" merger tag? ··· rWd · Talk ··· 19:53, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

No need; they two separate species; morphological and genetically distinct. They have very similar ecological effects, but that would be like merging African elephants and Asian elephants (DMC); just read the elephant page this week and it is an example of why this and the quagga page should be merged, so obviously I have changed my mind; see my note on the quagga page (DMC March 18 2006).

I banged in a paragraph covering impacts on native mussels. This is the smoking gun and has been repeated now on both sides of the Atlantic. Perhaps others can add more specifics (time needed). Cheers, (DMC Jan 29 2006)

deletion
I took out this: "Other examples are the round goby, alewife, and sea lamprey".;  As discussed on the invasive species page, one person's invasive is another's native. Without context the listed species are not invasive, and if they belong anywhere it is on the invasive species page. What do folks think?Dmccabe 01:24, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

The round goby, alewife and sea lamprey are listed as invasive species by the Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario). In fact, the sea lamprey was recently in the news because Ontario sent over a bunch of frozen ones to England for a lamprey pie for the Queen--where it's said again that the species is invasive. I can't provide links right now b/c I'm not able to really surf the net but these three species are def. considered invasive.--Rhenn — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.91.163.12 (talk) 18:36, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

predators
I tweaked the wording on the inevitability of spread: downstream spread is passive in the planktonic stages; spread to unlinked waterways is most likely by trailered pleasure boats. Finally, there are several natural North American predators (freshwater drum, yellow perch, white perch, sturgeon, and some diving duck species). However, not one of them or any combination has been shown to make a dent.Dmccabe 01:52, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

elimination from a quarry?
I thought that they had also been removed from Lake George NY (small populations restricted to spring-fed spots on a single shoreline stretch); I have not kept up with that story; has anyone else? Regardless, it is difficult to back up a definitive 'this is the only case' type statement.Dmccabe 01:52, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Ring Shapes
What are those O-shaped rings around the opening of the mussel? - MSTCrow 11:30, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

iirc, Labial palps

A few revertions
I have reverted a few vandalist edits that had crept up, and added a link to the Spanish wikipedia page. Additionally, I have also changed the date for the Netherlands first sightings from http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/IMG/pdf/informe_mejillon_cebra_2006.pdf (Spanish). The linked resource is from Ecologistas en Acción, a well-known and respected Spanish ecologist group. Feel free to revert to the previous year (1850) if it is correct. 85.136.21.192 01:02, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

There is a bright side.
Mussel shells are made of calcium carbonate and that is the single most important carbon sink the enviroment has. The fact that these organisms can live in polluted waters and help pull excess carbon out of circulation is a bonus.

```Don Granberry

Shells
As far as I know, Zebra Mussels have very sharp shells. I've cut my hands numerous times coming of out Lake Ontario...should that be mentioned in the article somehow?  Andrew 647  03:43, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Sure. Find a reference, put in a blurb under "Effects" probably about the effects of the sharpness, and "ref" frame the reference at the end of your blurb. —BozoTheScary 19:59, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Information from history in Zebra Musells (sic)
There was information and references in a misspelled version of the article, but I couldn't determine the correctness of the information. Most of it is redundant with the current information in the article so I'm putting it here. ColourBurst 23:06, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Zebra Musells (Driessena polymorpha) were first discovered in Lake St. Clair in 1988, and were introduced when a transatlantic ship from Europe emptied its ballast tanks in port (Herbert et al. 1989; Griffiths et al. 1991). Although not discovered until 1988, it is thought to have arrived in 1986 (Gist et al. 1997). In the seventeen years since, the non-native species has invaded the entire Upper Mississippi River System, a large number of it's tributaries, and many inland lakes, and has nearly eliminated most native mussel species in the Great Lakes (Allen et al. 1999; Chakraborti et al. 2002; U.S Fish and Wildlife Service 2003). It has been suggested that D. polymorpha has the potential to invade most of the waterways in the United States as well as southern Canada (Johnson et al., 1996). D. polymorpha competes aggressively for food with native species, and due to their rapid rate of reproduction and domination of the waterbody substrate, reproduction becomes difficult for native species.

Air Conditioning??
..But how on earth are they getting into air conditioners, of all places? I've read they are a problem in industrial air conditioners a few places but can't figure out how they'd get there in the first place, other than by disgruntled employees. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zaphraud (talk • contribs) 02:18, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Good question. I can imagine many reasons not to use raw lake water in an AC system, but it is hard to see any other way mussels could get in there.Dmccabe (talk) 18:00, 9 March 2008 (UTC) Have a look at this: [] —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dmccabe (talk • contribs) 18:04, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

sentence error. also it has no reference
"This proves beneficial for fish most of the time, helping the fish live in better conditions."

this sentnece is 1) incorrect, zebra muscles hurt more food chains than they help and 2) it has no reference and should therefore be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.43.212.236 (talk) 00:11, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

propose subsection: "Invasive Species"
I propose a new subsection called invasive species.

watershedcouncil.org
I think we should include some of the information on zebra muscles from this website. http://www.watershedcouncil.org/AquaticInvasiveSpecies.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.43.212.236 (talk) 00:17, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

the heading's all messed up
Is it just my machine, or does the index with all the links look weird to anyone else?

"Roknighani"
"The zebra mussel was found and described first in the Roknighani part of Russia..."

What does "Roknighani" mean? Google shows no results other than this article. — Itai (talk) 11:54, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Not a sentence
This ostensible "sentence" near the start of the article is not a sentence, it makes very little sense:

Although zebra mussels superficially resemble marine mussels in the family Mytilidae, and like them, are attached to solid substrates with a byssus.

Expansion of economic impacts
While the cost of cleaning power plants and WTPs is stated, the economic cost of the mussels in terms of controlling their spread and their impacts on the Great Lakes and other important fisheries could be mentioned. Bkmertz (talk) 02:14, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

 * It should be mentioned that the claim of $500 million/year in economic damage is poorly supported by references and seems to be severely exaggerated. This study estimates the cost of $267 million, cumulative (not annually!) from 1989 to 2004. Itinerant1 (talk) 00:01, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Streams
The opening paragraph currently states that the mussels originate in streams in Europe. It's not true; in fact zebra mussels are most commonly found in lakes and standing water. The citation source states that zebra mussels came from the "Dnieper River drainage of Ukraine"....the word "stream" never appears in that article. Coming from from a certain river drainage simply means that they are from that watershed....For example all of the lake organisms in the US Great Lakes are in the St. Lawrence River drainage....it does not mean they live in the river. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.3.2.240 (talk) 03:57, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Macrophyte "bacteria" - no such animal
One of the major reasons this article describes zebra mussels as problematic is that they allow for the growth of what the article had called "macrophyte bacteria", and a reference was provided to a publication by the Army Corps of Engineers. The link is not accessible (403 error, no credentials) so I could not check the reference. Then the article stated that these "bacteria, when dying, wash up in shorelines, fouling them." I did some research on macrophytes, and it turns out that all of them are not only not bacteria, they aren't even algae-- macrophytes are aquatic plants ("macro"- big), like duckweed and cattails. These, however, actually can wash up on shorelines when they die. So I have changed the article in this sense, reflecting the fact that macrophytes are plants (you won't find "macrophytic bacteria" or "macrophyte bacteria" on any legitimate google searches either). But it would have been nice to have seen the reference instead of having it locked behind an authorization wall of some kind. In trying to understand what's bad about zebra mussels, it makes a big difference whether it is dying bacteria or dying water lilies that are fouling up beaches. KDS 4444 Talk  20:11, 29 July 2014 (UTC)

Unclear
"This improved water clarity allows sunlight to penetrate deeper, enabling growth of submerged macrophytes. These plants, when decaying, wash up on shorelines, fouling beaches and causing water quality problems. Lake floor food supplies are enriched by zebra mussels as they filter pollution out of the water." Huh? It's like saying, "this improved water quality reduces water quality by improving water quality." At best, there's a paradox that needs to be specifically addressed. At worst, this is directly contradictory stuff. Fluous (talk) 08:00, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

Just somethings to consider
-I believe it would be valuable to include differing aspects of Zebra mussels affecting fish populations in Mount St. Claire. In this Michigan study, https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/2082rr_363251_7.pdf, they have found that Walleye found in Michigan lakes has decreased. The viewpoint of the Zebra mussels being the sole savior of the yellow perch is overplayed, while many other species of fish are declining in population due to the process. A possible change would be to emphasize the effect that the concentrated nutrients have on bottom feeders, then go on and say that other fishes like Walleye are being effected negatively.

-Also, it should be noted in what time frame the 5 fold increase was. In your cited source (#10) it was indicated in 1990-1996 that increase took place. As well as there is no source that I have come across that backs up that claim.

-You may want to also include this article http://www.lakeproinc.com/zebra-mussels-first-appeared-lake-st-clair/. Due to the high volumes of water that these mussels filter, they have a higher concentration of toxins. When these Zebra mussels are eaten, this would "significantly affect contaminant cycling is of great concern in the Great Lakes, where health advisories already exist for consumption of some species of fish."

-A small change would be to the sentence "They build colonies on Native American unionid clams, reducing their ability to move, feed, and breed, eventually leading to their deaths." The term "Native American unionid clams" may be misconstrued. I understood it as Unionid clams are native species of America, but some clarifying may help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BisforBiology (talk • contribs) 07:28, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Zebra mussel
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Zebra mussel's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "iucn": From Coral reef fish:  From Black Sea:  From Bigmouth buffalo:  From Aquatic mammal:  From Pollan (fish): Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008) Coregonus pollan IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. Downloaded 25 April 2010.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:41, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Reverted. Invasive Spices (talk) 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Map of native habit?
Has anyone seen a map of their native habitat? Across pretty much every article the range is said to be Russia/Ukraine-ish but there doesn't seem to be an actual map or list of lakes that they naturally inhabit. Everyone just seems to talk about them as an invasive species ignoring their native habitat. MaximumMaxxx (talk) 23:30, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Zebra mussel


text:
Stephen Frost

Stephen Frederick Eustace Frost (born 28 December 1955) is an English actor and comedian, best known for his work on Whose Line Is It Anyway? as well as several projects with comedy partner Mark Arden.

Early life
Frost was born in Redruth, Cornwall, and is the son of the abstract artist Terry Frost and brother of painter Anthony Frost.

Work with Mark Arden
Frost is known for his work in the 1980s with Mark Arden as part of the double act The Oblivion Boys on Saturday Live. Veterans of the alternative comedy scene, he and Arden appeared in The Young Ones, and later had their own TV series Lazarus and Dingwall on BBC2. They played the lead roles in the 1987 revival of Tom Stoppard's play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead at the Piccadilly Theatre. They also played two robbers in 'Big Deal' series 2, in the episode 'Popping Across The Pond'.

In 1994 the Oblivion Boys starred opposite the comedy duo Raw Sex (Simon Brint and Rowland Rivron) in the partially-improvised comedy film There's No Business....

The duo appeared in a series of British TV advertisements ending with the catchphrase "I bet he drinks Carling Black Label". One spoofed the "launderette" commercial for Levi's in which Nick Kamen stripped to his underwear; in their pastiche, Arden and Frost played launderette customers who were stripped entirely, with just strategically placed books maintaining their modesty.

Solo work
Without Arden, Frost has appeared on BBC Radio 4's Just a Minute, and the improvisation show Whose Line Is It Anyway?. He has appeared on three episodes of Have I Got News for You (there was a 13-year gap between his second and third appearance) and on Never Mind the Buzzcocks. He also appeared as Dirk in Tony Bagley's series Married.

He played two small roles in Blackadder: a prison guard in the first-series episode "Witchsmeller Pursuivant", and the overly cheerful head of a firing squad in the episode "Corporal Punishment" of Blackadder Goes Forth. He also appeared in the comedy series Mr. Bean, starring Rowan Atkinson, in the episode entitled "Mr. Bean Rides Again" in one of the skits where Mr. Bean is on a train.

In 2003 he appeared in a production of 12 Angry Men alongside Bill Bailey.

Frost appeared alongside Tony Hawks and Angus Deayton in the 2012 feature film Playing the Moldovans at Tennis.

Currently
Frost is a regular on the London comedy circuit. He is also a veteran of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and Glastonbury Festival.

Frost still appears regularly with The Comedy Store Players in The Comedy Store, London.

Books

 * Sit-Down Comedy (contributor to anthology, ed Malcolm Hardee & John Fleming) Ebury Press/Random House, 2003. ISBN 0-09-188924-3; ISBN 978-0-09-188924-1

title: Stephen Frost


text:
U.S. Route 15

U.S. Route 15 or U.S. Highway 15 (US 15) is a 791.71 mi United States Numbered Highway, serving the states of South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. The route is signed north–south, from US 17 Alternate (US 17 Alt.) in Walterboro, South Carolina, north to Interstate 86 (I-86)/New York State Route 17 (NY 17) in Corning, New York.

US 15 is one of the original U.S. Highways from 1926.

Route description

 * SC
 * 158.58 mi
 * NC
 * 158.13 mi
 * VA
 * 229.73 mi
 * MD
 * 37.92 mi
 * PA
 * 194.89 mi
 * NY
 * 12.46 mi
 * Total
 * 791.71 mi
 * }
 * NY
 * 12.46 mi
 * Total
 * 791.71 mi
 * }
 * 791.71 mi
 * }

South Carolina
Starting at US 17 Alt. in Walterboro, US 15 goes east, running parallel to I-95 and across I-26. Then it turns north and crosses I-95. Just before the town of Santee, US 15 converges with US 301. In Santee, the two highways merge with I-95 at exit 98 and all three cross Lake Marion. At exit 102, US 15/US 301 split off from I-95 and go into the town of Summerton. US 15 then separates from US 301 and heads mainly north to city of Sumter. From there, it continues north, crosses I-20, and goes through the cities of Bishopville and Hartsville to the town of Society Hill. It is here that US 401 joins US 15 and both go to the North Carolina border.

North Carolina
US 15/US 401 continues to Laurinburg, at which US 401 splits off and US 15 runs concurrent with US 501. US 1 briefly merges with US 15/US 501 through Aberdeen and Sanford. The route continues north of Sanford with North Carolina Highway 87 toward Pittsboro. Past Pittsboro, US 15/US 501 goes toward Chapel Hill and skirts around the southeastern edge of the city and then across I-40 to Durham. (Prior to the construction of the Chapel Hill bypass, US 15 ran through Chapel Hill, and, as of 2018, there is a "Jefferson Davis Highway" marker on Franklin Street, Chapel Hill's main street. ) Here, US 15 Business (US 15 Bus.)/US 501 Bus. split from US 15/US 501. Before the business routes rejoin on the other side of Durham, I-85 merges into US 15 Bus. Then, I-85/US 15 go north. Right after crossing Falls Lake at exit 186, US 15 splits off to the east. US 15 runs parallel to I-85, going through the city of Creedmoor. It then crosses back over I-85, goes through the city of Oxford, on through Bullock, and then to the North Carolina–Virginia state line.

Virginia
Virginia's section of US 15 starts in Mecklenburg County. Not far from the state line, it crosses a narrow finger of Kerr Lake. The highway goes through the town of Clarksville and merges very briefly with US 58/State Route 49 (SR 49) and then crosses over the main body of Kerr Lake. US 15 continues a little ways and merges with US 360. The two highways go on to the town of Keysville. After Keysville, US 15 branches off and goes to the town of Farmville. After a brief merge with US 460, US 15 goes through the towns of Dillwyn, New Canton (on the James River), Fork Union, and Palmyra before crossing I-64 at Zion Crossroads. After passing the Interstate, US 15 goes through the towns of Gordonsville (with a quick merge with US 33) and Orange, and then on to Culpeper. After Culpeper, US 15 runs concurrent with US 29. In Warrenton, they briefly merge with US 17. South of Gainesville, US 15 breaks off and crosses I-66. From there, it goes on to Leesburg and then to the state line.

Maryland
US 15 starts in Maryland at Point of Rocks, crossing the Potomac River and then merges into US 340 just south of Frederick. In Frederick, US 40 merges with US 15 for a very short distance. From there, US 15 goes through Thurmont and on to the Maryland–Pennsylvania border.

Pennsylvania and New York
US 15 enters Pennsylvania south of Gettysburg. US 15 Bus. (Emmitsburg Road) goes through Gettysburg, while US 15 bypasses the borough; the bypass continues to York Springs. US 15 passes through Dillsburg before becoming a freeway near Grantham and the Messiah University campus.

US 15 continues as a freeway until it intersects US 11 and Pennsylvania Route 581 in Camp Hill. US 15 runs concurrent with US 11, passing Harrisburg on the west shore of the Susquehanna River. The concurrency ends at Shamokin Dam, where US 11 splits and follows the North Branch Susquehanna River, and US 15 follows the West Branch Susquehanna River north toward Williamsport where it passes through Lewisburg and the campus of Bucknell University (which is partially bisected by the highway). In the future, US 15 and US 11 will diverge in Selinsgrove, from which US 15 will proceed north on a road yet to be built and connect back to its current alignment near Winfield. US 11 will be joined to a business loop of US 15 instead of the main route.

The segment from Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to the northern terminus at I-86 and NY 17 in Painted Post, New York, has been completely upgraded to Interstate standards, except for one access road at milemarker 150.1, in preparation for the eventual transition to designation as I-99, as has the US 15/I-86 interchange. The 12.59 mi segment of US 15 in New York runs parallel to the Tioga River from the state line to its current northern terminus at I-86 and NY 17 exit 44 at the junction of the Tioga and Cohocton rivers in Painted Post, west of downtown Corning. The entire length of US 15 in New York is signed concurrently with I-99.

History
Until 1974, US 15 continued north of NY 17 and entered Painted Post on North Hamilton Street. At what is now the junction of County Route 41 and NY 415 in downtown Painted Post, US 15 turned north onto NY 415. At the northern terminus of NY 415, located at NY 15 and NY 21 south of Wayland, US 15 followed the current routing of NY 15 into downtown Rochester, where it terminated at NY 31.

US 15 has shed considerable length in near-continuous realignment and regrading over the years. Prior to the completion of the Tioga Creek flood-control project, hastened by the flooding caused after Hurricane Agnes along the Pennsylvania and New York segments of US 15 in June 1972, US 15 passed through many small towns in Pennsylvania as it passed from Lawrenceville, at the New York border, to West Milton, where the road begins to follow the west bank of the Susquehanna River. Originally a winding two-lane road over numerous mountains, US 15 now bypasses many small towns such as Sebring, Blossburg, Covington, Canoe Camp, and Hepburnville. In the 1970s, the challenging two-lane alignment was expanded in some areas to four lanes by building a second set of lanes. Now, for some stretches, the "old" road is the northbound side and in other sections, the southbound side.

Near Mansfield, Pennsylvania, the old US 15 alignment is now a 2.5 mi access road leading to a boat ramp, built where the old road now disappears into the Tioga Reservoir. Near Tioga, Pennsylvania, drivers crossing the tall concrete bridge can see where a two-lane road (formerly US 15), still marked with double yellow lines, disappears into the water.

Scenic Byway
In October 2009, a 180 mi portion of US 15 from Charlottesville, Virginia, to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was designated a National Scenic Byway by the U.S. secretary of transportation. The byway will be known as the Journey Through Hallowed Ground. With this designation, the route and historic sites along the route are now eligible for preservation grants.

Major intersections

 * South Carolina
 * in Walterboro
 * in St. George
 * in Rosinville
 * north-northeast of Rosinville
 * in Wells
 * south-southeast of Dantzler
 * southwest of Santee. The highways travel concurrently to Summerton.
 * southeast of Santee. The highways travel concurrently to Adams Landing.
 * in South Sumter.
 * in Sumter
 * on the Sumter–Mulberry city line
 * southwest of Bishopville
 * southwest of Society Hill. US 15/US 52 travel concurrently to Society Hill. US 15/US 401 travel concurrently to Laurinburg, North Carolina.

 * North Carolina
 * in Laurinburg. US 15/US 501 travel concurrently to Durham.
 * in Aberdeen. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * south of Sanford. The highways travel concurrently to Sanford.
 * in Sanford
 * in Pittsboro
 * in Durham
 * in Durham. I-85/US 15 travel concurrently to Dutchville Township. US 15/US 70 travel concurrently through the city.
 * south-southwest of Oxford
 * in Oxford

 * Virginia
 * in Clarksville
 * in Clarksville
 * north-northeast of Wylliesburg. The highways travel concurrently to north of Keysville.
 * south of Farmville. The highways travel concurrently to west of Farmville.
 * in Sprouses Corner
 * in Zion Crossroads
 * north-northeast of Zion Crossroads
 * south of Gordonsville. The highways travel concurrently to Gordonsville.
 * south of Culpeper. The highways travel concurrently to Gainesville.
 * southeast of Culpeper
 * in Opal. The highways travel concurrently to Warrenton.
 * in Haymarket
 * in Gilberts Corner

 * Maryland
 * east of Jefferson. The highways travel concurrently to.
 * in Ballenger Creek
 * in Frederick. US 15/US 40 travel concurrently through the city.

 * Pennsylvania
 * in Straban Township
 * in Upper Allen Township
 * in Camp Hill. The highways travel concurrently to Shamokin Dam.
 * in Summerdale
 * in Penn Township
 * in Monroe Township
 * in White Deer Township
 * in Williamsport. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Williamsport. I-99/US 15 will travel concurrently to Erwin, New York.
 * in Mansfield

 * New York
 * at the New York–Pennsylvania border. The highways travel concurrently to Erwin.
 * in Erwin

title: U.S. Route 15


text:
User talk:Lightning Strike

Hi Mike. You ought to know by now that tampering with another user's signed comments is verboten. Knock it off. —No-One Jones 17:54, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

P.S. I hate golf. —No-One Jones 17:55, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Yo, dude. Do you think people are that stupid that they won't look to see what caused the "rv page blanking", which leads to people finding your vandalism? Knock it off. Mike H 18:24, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

Removing your name from vandalism in progress with the edit summary reverting page blanking was foolish. Any more vandalism edits will likely cause you to be blocked. theresa knott 18:26, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok I've put a temporary block on you for 24 hours in order to give you the chance to see the error of your ways. If and when you come back please desist from changing other users comments, removing your name from vandalism in progress, lying about your edits in the edit summary box and all other forms of vandalism or disruptive behaviour. Thanks you theresa knott 18:39, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Please stop vandalising people's userpages (or any other pages for that matter) or you will be blocked from editing. You've been warned before, so the next bad edit I see from you will be your last. -- Hadal 03:55, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lightning Strike


text:
User:Unattributable

I often tell people I started Urbandictionary...

but it's not really true.

title: User:Unattributable


text:
Category:Robotech

Articles which concern the Robotech anime series.

title: Category:Robotech


text:
User:DaB.

Hello, this is DaB.'s non-german userpage. Most of the time DaB. works for the German Wikipedia and so his userpage is also there: DaB.'s Userpage (in German). Please write questions or other texts to his german discussion page: DaB.'s discussion page, you may write in english as well. Thanks.

title: User:DaB.


text:
User talk:JouniW

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Deb 18:00, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:JouniW


text:
Open-question argument

The open-question argument is a philosophical argument put forward by British philosopher G. E. Moore in §13 of Principia Ethica (1903), to refute the equating of the property of goodness with some non-moral property, X, whether natural (e.g. pleasure) or supernatural (e.g. God's command). That is, Moore's argument attempts to show that no moral property is identical to a natural property. The argument takes the form of a syllogism modus tollens:

 * Premise 1: If X is good by definition, then the question "Is it true that X is good?" is meaningless.

 * Premise 2: The question "Is it true that X is good?" is not meaningless (i.e. it is an open question).

 * Conclusion: X is not (analytically equivalent to) good.

The type of question Moore refers to in this argument is an identity question, "Is it true that X is Y?" Such a question is an open question if it can be asked by a person who knows what the words mean; otherwise it is closed. For example, "I know he is a vegan, but does he eat meat?" would be a closed question. However, "I know that it is pleasurable, but is it good?" is an open question; the answer cannot be derived from the meaning of the terms alone.

The open-question argument claims that any attempt to identify morality with some set of observable, natural properties will always be liable to an open question, and if so, then moral facts cannot be reduced to natural properties and that therefore ethical naturalism is false. Put another way, Moore is saying that any definition of good in terms of a natural property will be invalid because to question it would be to ask a closed question, since the two terms mean the same thing; however, an open question can always be asked about any such attempted definition, it can always be questioned whether good is the same thing as pleasure, etc. Shortly before (in section §11), Moore had said if good is defined as pleasure, or any other natural property, "good" may be substituted for "pleasure", or that other property, anywhere where it occurs. However, "pleasure is good" is a meaningful, informative statement; but "good is good" (after making the substitution) is a mere uninformative tautology.

Begging the question
The idea that Moore begs the question (i.e. assumes the conclusion in a premise) was first raised by William Frankena. Since analytic equivalency, for two objects X and Y, logically results in the question "Is it true that X is Y?" being meaningless (by Moore's own argument), to say that the question is meaningless is to concede analytic equivalency. Thus Moore begs the question in the second premise. He assumes that the question is a meaningful one (i.e. that it is an open question). This begs the question and the open-question argument thus fails.

In response to this, the open-question argument can be reformulated. The Darwall-Gibbard-Railton reformulation argues for the impossibility of equating a moral property with a non-moral one using the internalist theory of motivation. Goodness, on this account, is the property which ideally gives rise to certain internal states (motivations, sentiments, desires to act), but is not, itself, equivalent to those states.

The internalist, or Humean, theory of motivation (belief–desire–intention model) is the view that if one has a reason to act, one must have some desire which would be fulfilled by that act, compared to the externalist theory of motivation, which holds that we may have reasons to act absent any accompanying desire. According to internalism, moral motivation comes from the (global) benefit or utility of moral sentiments or actions. On the other hand, externalism holds that moral properties give us reasons for acting independent of desire or utility. If internalism is true, then the OQA may avoid begging the question against the naturalist by claiming that the moral properties and the motivations to act belong to different categories, and therefore, necessarily are not analytically equivalent. That is, it remains an open question whether the properties which do give rise to certain sentiments ought to guide our actions in that way. To argue for the special motivational effects of moral beliefs is to commit the fallacy of special pleading.

Meaningful analysis
The main assumption within the open-question argument can be found within premise 1. It is assumed that analytic equivalency will result in meaningless analysis. Thus, if we understand Concept C, and Concept C* can be analysed in terms of Concept C, then we should grasp concept C* by virtue of our understanding of Concept C. Yet it is obvious that such understanding of Concept C* only comes about through the analysis proper. Mathematics would be the prime example: mathematics is tautological and its claims are true by definition, yet we can develop new mathematical conceptions and theorems. Thus, X (i.e. some non-moral property) might well be analytically equivalent to the good, and still the question of "Is X good?" can be meaningful. Ergo premise 1 does not hold and the argument falls.

Frege sense–reference distinction
Sense and reference are two different aspects of some terms' meanings. A term's reference is the object to which the term refers, while the term's sense is the way that the term refers to that object.

There is a difference between the sense of a term and its reference (i.e. the object itself). Thus, we can understand a claim like "goodness is identical with pleasure" as an a posteriori identity claim similar to "Water is H2O". The question "This is H2O but is it water?" is intelligible and so, in that limited sense, whether or not water is H2O is an open question; note that this does not address the issue of significance. But that does not lead us to conclude that water is not H2O. "Water is H2O" is an identity claim that is known to be true a posteriori (i.e., it was discovered via empirical investigation). Another example is "redness" being identical to certain phenomena of electromagnetism. This is discovered by empirical investigation. Similarly, many moral naturalists argue that "rightness" can be discovered as an a posteriori truth, by investigating the different claims, like that of pleasure being the good, or of duty being the good.

This is done by invoking rightness and wrongness to explain certain empirical phenomena, and then discovering a posteriori whether maximizing utility occupies the relevant explanatory role. For example, they argue that since right actions contingently have certain effects e.g. being causally responsible for a tendency towards social stability—so it follows we can fix the term "right" refer to the empirical description "the property of acts, whatever it is, that is causally responsible for their tendency towards social stability." With this description for "right," we can then investigate which acts accomplish this: e.g. those actions that maximize utility. We can then conclude that we have learned that "right" refers to "maximizing utility" through a posteriori means.

The Frege sense–reference distinction can be understood in layman's terms by using the analogy of the Masked Man. A citizen living on the frontiers of the Wild West is told by the sheriff that his brother is the Masked Man who has recently been robbing banks. The citizen protests that he understands who his brother is, and who the Masked Man is supposed to be, and can meaningfully ask, "Is my brother the Masked Man?" Obviously, analytic equivalency is of no relevance here. The matter is an empirical one, which the citizen must investigate a posteriori. The absurdity of dismissing the claim as such is apparent.

The Linguistic Solution
The linguistic solution proposed by Max Black states that a in fact can equal b and be informative because the information you gain from a definition is which expressions pick out the same concept. For example, saying that someone is a bachelor is equivalent to saying that the person can be equally well described by the phrase "an unmarried man". Even though the two expressions mean the same thing, what we have learned is that the combination of letters that make up the word "bachelor" picks out the same concept as the particular combination of spaces and letters as "an unmarried man". Similarly consider the math example of 3x7=21 and 1x21=21. It is certainly true that "3x7" and "1x21" pick out the same number and as a result, would not say that no information was gained by saying 3x7=1x21. We would not say this because we have learned that the expression "3x7" picks out the same number as the expression "1x21". Overall, this solution aims to say that we do gain knowledge from definitions, but that knowledge is linguistic.

The "Explicit Knowledge" Solution
The "explicit knowledge" solution comes from philosophers Mark Balaguer and Terry Horgan. The goal of the "explicit knowledge" solution is to say that a good analysis will take someone from being able to implicitly apply the concept correctly, to being able to explicitly explain and know why their application is correct. The information we gain then, is how to make explicit what we before only knew implicitly. Take a circle for example. Most children and adults if you ask them to pick which things are circles would be able to. However, if you ask them what the definition of a circle is, most people will struggle. The definition of a circle is "a plane figure bounded by one curved line, and such that all straight lines drawn from a certain point within it to the bounding line, are equal. The bounding line is called its circumference and the point, its centre." To someone who knows implicitly what a circle is, upon hearing this definition will say, "of course" or "that makes sense" because they had the implicit knowledge. All the definition, or analysis, did, was to make explicit what the children and adults already implicitly knew about the concept of "circle". Therefore, the solution says that an analysis is informative because it creates explicit knowledge to those who only had implicit knowledge of the concept prior to knowing the definition.

title: Open-question argument


text:
Talk:Gazillion

Shouldn't this and linked terms be put in the Wiktionary and not Wikipedia? The article is just a meaning and word origin.

I think this article should be merged into zillion, unless there really is enough unique information for this separate article (I doubt it). What do you think?undefined—undefinedPt(T) 11:10, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gazillion


text:
Talk:Grass Valley (company)

Ads?
This article is quite similar to an advertisemnt, especially in the products section. Is it really necessary to describe all of them, and going into the categories so in detail? --Cantalamessa 09:18, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Gone. What do they make? Fixing the list would have been better than deleting it.Telecine Guy (talk) 17:08, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

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hi i want work with u Lucky awan (talk) 15:48, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

More History
History is rather thin. I would like to add more history spanning 1984 - 1999.

At the time (1984) GVG built the world's largest switcher for NASA's Kennedy Space Center, then later for CBS in their NYC studios. I'd say that would be notable, eh? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mattbratt (talk • contribs) 15:04, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Requested move 2010

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: The page requested is already used for another page. Jojhutton (talk) 21:08, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

Thomson Grass Valley → Grass Valley — | relisting billinghurst  sDrewth  14:33, 27 July 2010 (UTC) | 74.95.46.250 (talk) 22:19, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose Grass Valley is not available, as it is a disambiguation page.  Better to move this back to Grass Valley (company), which is where it was before it was moved to Thomson Grass Valley.  The company do not use Thomson in the name on their website.  Skinsmoke (talk) 23:10, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

I don't think they are a French based company anymore then(?) They would beheadquartered out of California now, wouldn't they?

Requested move 2011

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was Moved to company's apparent current name. DMacks (talk) 07:05, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Thomson Grass Valley → Grass Valley (company) — The company has been sold, it no longer uses Thomson. Legally, it is Grass Valley USA, LLC, but it use the Grass Valley trademark and name for branding. The headquarters is moving to San Francisco, CA.--74.95.46.250 (talk) 00:57, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose: Premature at least, see WP:official names. Andrewa (talk) 01:17, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't understand your point. Of course, we are not obliged to use "official names" if there's a common name that is widely used, but I can't see any evidence that the company is currently widely known as "Thomson Grass Valley". Can you provide any such evidence? Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 09:10, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The onus of proof is on those who wish to move the article to show that the name has changed in common usage. It may have, but it's unlikely so soon after the legal name change. The rationale above provides no valid reason for the move. Andrewa (talk) 19:45, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Support - seems fairly clear from a quick Google search that Thomson is no longer associated with the company, and is not mentioned on its website. — Amakuru (talk) 09:06, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment: Interesting, but not very relevant (depending on exactly what Google search you did and what it returned). Please see WP:NC. No change of vote. Andrewa (talk) 19:47, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Support I don't see any evidence that this company is still commonly called Thomson Grass Valley, so let's go with the official name.TheFreeloader (talk) 18:24, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Notability
What makes this company notable? Article is a series of routine business transactions.Slywriter (talk) 21:55, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

 * At the (very) old AfD, there's a claim that "Grass Valley Group virtually invented digital video effects", and further up this page someone says they "built the world's largest switcher for NASA's Kennedy Space Center, then later for CBS". The article basically has nothing about all this, though. 199.208.172.35 (talk) 22:18, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grass Valley (company)


text:
Talk:History of Russia (1721–1796)

Map request
This article could use a map showing the territory of Russia during this time period. -- Beland (talk) 18:36, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Russia (1721–1796)


text:
Talk:Art competitions at the Summer Olympics

older entries
Should artistic competition in the ancient games be mentioned here as well? There were musical and poetic competitions at the Pythian Games and the Panathenaic Games, but not at the Olympics, so I'm not sure if it is relevant...but surely Coubertin knew about the other non-Olympic game? Adam Bishop 18:11, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The intro mentions:
 * Since 1956, the Olympic cultural programme has taken the place of the art competitions.

Do we have an article to link to here? - dcljr 12:49, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The short answer seems to be no! user:oxyman42

John Copley
In the "Competitors" section we mention John Copley, but the link goes to John Singleton Copley who was very dead in 1948. --Palnatoke 17:05, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

FCA
Hi - I request editor's participation in upgrading this featured article. Rama's Arrow 02:05, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

medal table
How about a combined medal table? Since the yearly articles have them also. 82.141.119.222 (talk) 18:14, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

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The Outlets at Orange

The Outlets at Orange (former names The Block at Orange and The City Shopping Center) is an open-air outlet mall in the city of Orange, California in northern Orange County developed by The Mills Corporation and now owned by Simon Property Group. The anchor stores in this outlet are Dave & Buster's, Guitar Center, AMC Theatres, Neiman Marcus Last Call, Saks Fifth Avenue, Nordstrom Rack, Gap, and Bloomingdale's.

The City
From 1970 to 1996, the site was home to an enclosed mall called The City Shopping Center, featuring anchor stores J. C. Penney and San Diego-based Walker Scott, which would in 1974 become a May Co. branch. It targeted middle income residents, office workers and visitors to nearby Disneyland. The City Shopping Center was the centerpiece of The City, an edge city mixed-use development; in or just outside the mall were two hotels, several office buildings, two movie theaters (City Center Theatres and UA the Movies), gym, three full-service restaurants and a pizzeria, Pepperoni square (owned by Larrys Pizza in Fullerton) which was sold and became Clubhouse Pizza: Sports and Games, a foreign currency exchange and a post office. The roads around the mall had "City" in their names because they were built as part of that complex.

Only two miles away, the small Santa Ana Fashion Square mall was renamed MainPlace/Santa Ana and vastly expanded, growing from one department store anchor (Bullock's) to three in September 1987 and business at The City started declining rapidly by the start of the 1990s. May Company opened a new store at MainPlace in May 1991 and closed its store at The City in July of that year. JCPenney, The City's other major anchor, closed in February 1995. The mall was closed and demolished in late 1996.

Block at Orange
Mills purchased the site, originally considering converting the City mall to one of their Mills malls named "City Mills," but instead built an outdoor lifestyle center with outlets, restaurants, and entertainment facilities most likely because there was another Mills mall in Southern California (Ontario Mills) already under development. The center's old slogan was The Block at Orange... It Ain't Square. It was The Mills Corporation's first outdoor mall not to have the "Mills" name. The Block officially opened in November 1998.

Ron Jon Surf Shop closed in 2008 and was replaced by Neiman Marcus Last Call. Virgin Megastore, Hilo Hattie and Steve & Barry's closed in 2009. These anchors were replaced with Off Broadway Shoes, H&M, Thrill It Fun Center and Guitar Center. Borders closed in 2011 due to the chain's liquidation, and was replaced by Sports Authority, but Sports Authority at the mall was liquidated along with the rest of the company's stores starting May 18, 2016 due to Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. Furniture & Beyond briefly occupied the former Sports Authority space but closed less than a year later. The mall has one of the few remaining Vans Skate Parks in the country, as most of the other skateparks closed or were sold to another brand in the early 2000s.

Like other Mills properties, The Block at Orange was acquired by the Simon Property Group in 2007.

Outlets at Orange
In 2011, The Block at Orange was renamed The Outlets at Orange.

The Outlets at Orange underwent two phases of expansion on the east side of the mall. The first phase included a new Nordstrom Rack store which was completed in 2013. The second phase was completed in 2016 which included five new stores such as Gap Factory Store, Polo Ralph Lauren, and Orange County's first Bloomingdale's Outlet. The second phase was supposed to bring 12 new stores but only 5 came because stores such as Bloomingdale's wanted larger spaces.

Outlets at Orange was, for a long time, the only outlet mall in Orange County with the next nearest outlet malls being Citadel Outlets in Commerce, 23 miles away near Central Los Angeles. The Outlets at San Clemente opened in 2015, and though nine miles further away than Citadel, provided more significant competition as it took away Orange's status as the only outlet mall in Orange County.

The former Virgin Megastore was featured in Borat where Borat attempts to kidnap Pamela Anderson.

Anchors and majors

 * AMC Theatres (112830 sqft)
 * Off 5th Saks Fifth Avenue (31368 sqft)
 * Old Navy Outlet (15722 sqft)
 * Neiman Marcus Last Call
 * Nordstrom Rack
 * Off Broadway Shoe Warehouse
 * Nike Factory Store
 * Vans Skate Park (42355 sqft)
 * Dave & Buster's (59955 sqft)
 * Lucky Strike Lanes (25015 sqft)
 * Bose Factory Store
 * Bloomingdales Outlet
 * The Children's Place
 * Converse Outlet
 * H&M
 * Hollister Outlet
 * Gap Factory Store
 * Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store
 * DKNY Company Store

Former anchors and majors

 * Hilo Hattie
 * Ron Jon Surf Shop
 * Steve & Barry's
 * Virgin Megastore
 * Borders Books & Music
 * Sports Authority
 * Furniture & Beyond

title: The Outlets at Orange


text:
Marc'Antonio Ingegneri

Marc'Antonio Ingegneri (also spelled Ingegnieri, Ingignieri, Ingignero, Inzegneri) (c. 1535 or 1536 – 1 July 1592) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance. He was born in Verona and died in Cremona. Even though he spent most of his life working in northern Italy, because of his stylistic similarity to Palestrina he is often considered to be a member of the Roman School of polyphonic church music. He is also famous as the teacher of Claudio Monteverdi.

Not much is known about his early life, but he probably had family from Venice, and he likely studied with Cipriano de Rore at Parma, and Vincenzo Ruffo at Verona. Sometime around 1570 he moved to Cremona, and established a reputation there as a composer and instrumentalist. He may have been an organist, and is known to have been a string player. In 1581 he became maestro di cappella of the cathedral there, and he apparently remained in this position for the rest of his life. While at this position he is known to have taught Claudio Monteverdi, who became important to the transition into the Baroque period.

Ingegneri was close friends with Bishop Nicolò Sfondrato, later Pope Gregory XIV, who was intimately involved with the reforms of the Counter-Reformation and the Council of Trent, and this influence is present in his music, which usually shows the simplification and clarity of the Palestrina style. Indeed, his book of twenty-seven Responsoria was long misattributed to Palestrina. However, some of his music quite ignores the reformist dicta of the Council; most notorious is a four-voice motet Noe noe, which is a double canon by inversion, in which it would require an exceedingly keen ear to hear the text: and intelligibility of the text was the one demand made by the Council of Trent of any composer of sacred polyphony.

His masses are simple, short, and relatively homophonic, often outdoing Palestrina for clarity and simplicity. His madrigals tend to be conservative, frankly ignoring the innovations of composers such as Luzzaschi and Marenzio who were experimenting with vivid chromaticism and word-painting around the same time.

He wrote two books of masses, in 1573 and 1587; at least three books of motets (others may have been lost); and eight books of madrigals, for four to six voices.

Sacred works

 * Liber primus missarum (1573),
 * Sacrarum cantionum for 5 voices (1576)
 * Sacrarum cantionum for 4 voices (1586),
 * Liber secundus missarum for 5 voices (1587)
 * Responsoria hebdomadae sanctae, Benedictus and improperia ... and Miserere for 4 and 6 voices (1588)
 * Lamentationes Hieremiae for 4 voices (1588),
 * Liber sacrarum cantionum for 16 voices and instruments (1596, Sacrae cantiones ... liber primus for 6 voices (1591),
 * Liber secundus hymnorum for 4 voices (1606)
 * ''Super flumina Babylonis

also a few other works published in collections.

Secular works
Il primo libro dei madrigali for 5 and 8 voices (lost), Il secondo libro dei madrigali for 5 voices (1572), also 9 other books of madrigals plus 10 others in various collections.

Recordings
CDs of his music are published by Toccata Music, performed by the choir of Girton College, Cambridge under the direction of Gareth Wilson.

title: Marc'Antonio Ingegneri


text: Category:Icelandic politicians

title: Category:Icelandic politicians


text: File:Dynasty (1981) title card.jpg

title: File:Dynasty (1981) title card.jpg


text:
Style of the British sovereign

The precise style of the British sovereign has varied over the years. It is chosen and officially proclaimed by the sovereign. In 2022, King Charles III was proclaimed by the Privy Council to have acceded to the throne with the style:"Charles the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith"

Style of the sovereign
The Anglo-Saxon kings of England used numerous different styles, including "King of the Anglo-Saxons" and "King of the English". Grander variations were adopted by some monarchs; for example, Edred used "King of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, pagans and Britons". These styles were sometimes accompanied by extravagant epithets; for instance, Æthelstan was "King of the English, raised by the right hand of the Almighty to the Throne of the whole Kingdom of Britain".

In Scotland the preferred title of the monarch was "King/Queen of Scots" rather than "of Scotland" (although the latter was by no means unknown).

William I, the first Norman monarch of England, used the simple "King of the English". His successor, William II, was the first consistently to use "by the Grace of God". Henry I added "Duke of the Normans" in 1121, though he had seized Normandy from his brother Robert in 1106. In 1152 Henry II acquired many further French possessions through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine; soon thereafter, he added "Duke of the Aquitanians" and "Count of the Angevins" to his style.

"King of the English", "Duke of the Normans", "Duke of the Aquitanians" and "Count of the Angevins" remained in use until King John ascended the throne in 1199, when they changed to "King of England", "Duke of Normandy", "Duke of Aquitaine" and "Count of Anjou", respectively. John, furthermore, was already the titular ruler of Ireland; therefore, he added "Lord of Ireland" to his style.

In 1204 England lost both Normandy and Anjou. Nevertheless, they did not renounce the associated titles until 1259. French territory once again became the subject of dispute after the death of the French King Charles IV in 1328. Edward III claimed the French throne, arguing that it was to pass to him through his mother Isabella, Charles IV's sister. In France, however, it was asserted that the throne could not pass to or through a woman. Edward III began to use the title "King of France" (dropping "Duke of Aquitaine") after 1337. In 1340 he entered France, where he was publicly proclaimed King. In 1360, however, he agreed to relinquish his title to the French claimant. Though he stopped using the title in legal documents, he did not formally exchange letters confirming the renunciation with the French King. In 1369 Edward III resumed the title, claiming that the French had breached their treaty.

Henry V invaded France, but agreed to the Treaty of Troyes, whereby he was recognised as the Heir and Regent of France, in 1420. He died in 1422, to be succeeded by his infant son, who became Henry VI. Shortly after his accession, Henry VI also inherited the French throne. By the 1450s, however, England had lost all its territories in France, with the exception of Calais. The claim to the title of "King of France" was nonetheless not relinquished until the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, by which time the French monarchy had been overthrown by the French Revolution.

After 1422, the royal style remained unchanged for almost a century. Numerous amendments, however, were effected during Henry VIII's reign. After Henry wrote a book against the Protestant Martin Luther, Pope Leo X rewarded him by granting the title "Defender of the Faith". After disagreements with the Papacy over his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England in 1533. Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but Henry continued to use it. In 1535 Henry added "of the Church of England in Earth, under Jesus Christ, Supreme Head" to his style in 1535; a reference to the Church of Ireland was added in 1536. Meanwhile, advised that many Irish people regarded the pope as the true temporal authority in their nation, with the king of England acting as a mere representative, Henry VIII changed "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" in 1542. All changes made by Henry VIII were confirmed by an English act of Parliament passed in 1544.

Mary I, Henry VIII's Catholic daughter, omitted "of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" in 1553, replacing it with "etc.", but the phrase remained part of the official style until an Act of Parliament to the contrary was passed in 1555. In the meantime Mary had married the Spanish prince Philip. The monarchs adopted a joint style, "King and Queen of England and France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Count and Countess of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol", acknowledging both Mary's and Philip's titles. Further changes were made after Philip became King of Spain and Sicily upon his father's abdication.

When the Protestant Elizabeth I ascended the throne, she used the simpler "Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc.". The "etc." was added in anticipation of a restoration of the supremacy phrase, which never actually occurred.

After James VI of Scotland, ascended the English throne, the official style changed to "King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."; his mother Mary, Queen of Scots, had already laid claim to these titles (in a different order, jointly with Francis II of France, then with the King's father, Lord Darnley), but she was beheaded by her Protestant opponent, Elizabeth I. In 1604 James VI made a proclamation permitting the use of "King of Great Britain" instead of "King of England and Scotland". This new style, though commonly used to refer to the King, was never statutory; therefore, it did not appear on legal instruments. It did, however, appear on the inscriptions on coins.

The kingdoms of England and Scotland were formally united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 by the Act of Union. Queen Anne consequently assumed the style "Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc.". It remained in use until 1801, when Great Britain and Ireland combined to become the United Kingdom. George III used the opportunity to drop both the reference to France and "etc." from the style. It was suggested to him that he assume the title "Emperor", but he rejected the proposal. Instead, the style became "King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith".

The style used by Victoria in her proclamation to "the Princes, Chiefs and People of India" in 1858 was: "Victoria, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the Colonies and Dependencies thereof in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australasia, Queen, Defender of the Faith".

In 1876 "Empress of India" was added to Queen Victoria's titles by the Royal Titles Act 1876, so that the Queen of the United Kingdom, the ruler of a vast empire, would not be outranked by her own daughter, Victoria, who had married the heir to the German Empire (an empire by the necessity of establishing a federal monarchy in which several kings wished to retain their royal titles despite their subjugation to a different monarchy). Her successor, Edward VII, changed the style in 1901, by the Royal Titles Act, to reflect the United Kingdom's other colonial possessions, adding "and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas" after "Ireland". In general usage the monarch came to be called the King-Emperor, especially in the Crown's overseas possessions and in British India and the princely states.

In 1922 the Irish Free State gained independence. In 1927 the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 changed the description "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas" to "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas". The 1927 Act was also significant for opening the door to dominions (later Commonwealth realms) having the right to determine their own style and title for the sovereign, a right which was first exercised in 1953.

The designation "Emperor of India" was dropped from the royal style in 1948 after the independence of India and Pakistan a year earlier, even though King George VI remained king of the dominion of India until 1950, when it became a republic within the Commonwealth. The dominion of Pakistan existed between 1947 and 1956, when it too became a republic within the Commonwealth. Similarly, although the republic of Ireland was constituted in 1949, "Great Britain and Ireland" was not replaced with "Great Britain and Northern Ireland" until 1953. In the same year the phrase "Head of the Commonwealth" was also added, and "British Dominions beyond the Seas" was replaced with "other Realms and Territories". Thus, the style of the present sovereign is "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith".

Also in 1953, separate styles were adopted for each of the realms over which the sovereign reigned. Most realms used the form, "Queen of … and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth", omitting the title "Defender of the Faith". Australia, New Zealand and Canada all included a reference to the United Kingdom as well as "Defender of the Faith", but only Canada still uses this form. (Australia dropped both the reference to the United Kingdom and "Defender of the Faith" in 1973; New Zealand dropped the former in 1974.) Canada also publishes an official style in the French language.

List of changes to the royal style
The proclamation of Elizabeth II, in 1953, was made in English and in Latin.

 * in English: "Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith"

 * in Latin: "Elizabeth II, Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regnorumque Suorum Ceterorum Regina, Consortionis Populorum Princeps, Fidei Defensor"

Official styles of previous sovereigns are shown below. Heads of state who did not rule as king or as queen are shown in italics.

English sovereigns

 * In 1521 English replaced Latin as the official language of the regnal style.
 * ... "and of the Church of England and also of Ireland on Earth Supreme Head" omitted in formal use in early 1554 (omission retroactively approved by an act of Parliament assented to 16 Jan 1555)

Scottish sovereigns
The earliest recorded style of the monarchs of what is now Scotland varies: sometimes it is "King of the Picts", sometimes "King of Fortriu", and sometimes "King of Alba". Only after 900 does the latter title become standard. From the reign of David I, the title became either "rex Scottorum" ("King of Scots") or "rex Scotiae" ("King of Scotland").

The former term was the most common, but the latter was used sometimes. James VI and I proclaimed himself "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland” by Royal Proclamation, but this was not accepted by the English Parliament. The last three monarchs of Scotland—William II (William III of England), Mary II and Anne—all used "King/Queen of Scotland" in preference to "of Scots".

title: Style of the British sovereign


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kopje

Dicdef. Transwiki'd to Wiktionary. --Diberri | Talk 18:16, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Dictdef: Transwiki to Wiktionary. Since this is an Afrikanse word (in English), it's possible that Wiktionary doesn't already have it. Geogre 02:21, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

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Talk:Kampfbund

I don't think the DAP grew up to "Bavaria's most powerful political force of 70,000 members". It was a party of 5 men. Any sources for that statement? (NSDAP became that later.)

NAZI is an acronym?--U.U. 07:18, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nazi isn't really an acronym in the English sense. It was formed by taking the first syllables from the name of the party (Nationalsozialistische).  That method is fairly common in Germany and Russia, as far as I know. Deleuze 11:40, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Importance of being strictly factual and professional on this issue
Although this article by-and-large does well, it is not appropriate to make value judgments which might be interpreted by readers as bias.

It is not appropriate to quote the word patriotic. If they were not patriotic, explain. If they were, then do not denegrate someone else's feelings as being invalid. That's what the Nazis themselves did.

Statements such as "They were getting restless" and "Not all members were notified either" and "Adolf Hitler was secretive about many things" are suitable for an essay, or a conversation, but not formal writing in an encyclopedia. There are three problems with the statements: first, they are open to question, but have not been cited; second, they put a "spin" on events that suggest the writer is writing from their imagination about what occurred rather than from a printed source; third, the causality is not clearly established. For example, being "restless" does not imply any specific action will take place -- maybe the boys could have gone out for a few drinks. Being "restless" would not necessarily result in a putsch. (Whereas threatening to leave the movement, say, unless public action was taken, would have a more direct cause-and-effect relationship.)

It's exceptionally important to be clear and stick to facts regarding Nazi issues, to avoid raising unwarranted emotional responses that might feed the very irrationality they, themselves represented.

67.180.48.127 (talk) 12:12, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Other "Kampfbünde (Kampfbunds)"
Why do you just relate to those nazi kampfbunds? There are actaully a lot more just because its a more general german term. E.g. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten (german link - i dont know english sources). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.217.160.154 (talk) 08:03, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Dates
In the September_1923 article we can read the date of september 25 for the formation of the Kampfbund, but here we read september 30. Which of them is correct? Theklan (talk) 17:27, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kampfbund


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User:Lightning Strike

When civility breaks down...

Hey, it's not my fault.

title: User:Lightning Strike


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NDS

NDS may stand for:
 * Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), a federal state of Germany
 * NDS Group, a company specializing in television technology, including digital rights management, renamed Cisco Videoscape after its acquisition
 * NDS is also used as shorthand for VideoGuard, the encryption system created by NDS Group
 * National Directorate of Security, the primary foreign and domestic intelligence agency of Afghanistan
 * Nightdive Studios, a video game developer
 * Nintendo DS, a 2004 portable game system
 * Novell Directory Services, former name for NetIQ eDirectory, directory service software for a network
 * New Data Seal, a block cipher encryption algorithm that was designed at IBM in 1975
 * News Distribution Service, operated by the UK government's Central Office of Information
 * Nouvelle Démocratie Sociale, a political party in Burkina Faso known in English as New Social Democracy
 * Navigation Data Standard, a format for automotive-grade navigation databases
 * New Democratic Party (Нова демократска странка, Nova demokratska stranka), temporarily in 2014 the name for the Serbian political party Social Democratic Party (Serbia) (Социјалдемократска странка, Socijaldemokratska stranka, SDS)
 * Nick Dal Santo (born 1984), Australian Rules footballer
 * NASA Docking System, a spacecraft docking and berthing mechanism being developed for future US human spaceflight vehicles
 * National Defense Strategy of the United States Secretary of Defense
 * Norra Djurgårdsstaden, a neighborhood in Stockholm

nds may stand for:
 * Low German (ISO 639-2 language code: ), a West Germanic language native to Northern Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands

title: NDS


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Ethical intuitionism

Ethical intuitionism (also called moral intuitionism) is a view or family of views in moral epistemology (and, on some definitions, metaphysics). It is foundationalism applied to moral knowledge, the thesis that some moral truths can be known non-inferentially (i.e., known without one needing to infer them from other truths one believes). Such an epistemological view is by definition committed to the existence of knowledge of moral truths; therefore, ethical intuitionism implies cognitivism.

As a foundationalist epistemological position, ethical intuitionism contrasts with coherentist positions in moral epistemology, such as those that depend on reflective equilibrium.

Despite the name "ethical intuitionism", ethical intuitionists need not (though often do) accept that intuitions of value (or of evaluative facts) form the foundation of ethical knowledge; the common commitment of ethical intuitionists is to a non-inferential foundation for ethical knowledge, regardless of whether such a non-inferential foundation consists in intuitions as such.

Throughout the philosophical literature, the term "ethical intuitionism" is frequently used with significant variation in its sense. This article's focus on foundationalism reflects the core commitments of contemporary self-identified ethical intuitionists.

Sufficiently broadly defined, ethical intuitionism can be taken to encompass cognitivist forms of moral sense theory. It is usually furthermore taken as essential to ethical intuitionism that there be self-evident or a priori moral knowledge; this counts against considering moral sense theory to be a species of intuitionism. (see the Rational intuition versus moral sense section of this article for further discussion).

Early intuitionism
While there were ethical intuitionists in a broad sense at least as far back as Thomas Aquinas, the philosophical school usually labelled as ethical intuitionism developed in Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries. Early intuitionists like John Balguy, Ralph Cudworth, and Samuel Clarke were principally concerned with defending moral objectivism against the theories of Thomas Hobbes. Later, their views would be revived and developed by Richard Price and pitted against the moral sense theory of Francis Hutcheson, himself sometimes considered a sentimentalist intuitionist. Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy would be received in Britain as a German analog to Price, though according to R. M. Hare it is questionable whether Kant is an intuitionist.

Henry Sidgwick
In the 19th century, ethical intuitionism was considered by most British philosophers to be a philosophical rival of utilitarianism, until Henry Sidgwick showed there to be several logically distinct theories, both normative and epistemological, sharing the same label. For Sidgwick, intuitionism is about intuitive, i.e. non-inferential, knowledge of moral principles, which are self-evident to the knower. The criteria for this type of knowledge include that they are expressed in clear terms, that the different principles are mutually consistent with each other and that there is expert consensus on them. According to Sidgwick, commonsense moral principles fail to pass this test, but there are some more abstract principles that pass it, like that "what is right for me must be right for all persons in precisely similar circumstances" or that "one should be equally concerned with all temporal parts of one’s life". The most general principles arrived at this way are all compatible with utilitarianism, which is why Sidgwick sees a harmony between intuitionism and utilitarianism. There are also less general intuitive principles, like the duty to keep one's promises or to be just, but these principles are not universal and there are cases where different duties stand in conflict with each other. Sidgwick suggests that we resolve such conflicts in a utilitarian fashion by considering the consequences of the conflicting actions. Inspired by Sidgwick, 20th century philosopher C.D. Broad would coin the term "deontological ethics" to refer to the normative doctrines associated with intuitionism, leaving the phrase "ethical intuitionism" free to refer to the epistemological doctrines.

Intuitionism in analytic philosophy
Ethical intuitionism was popular in the early twentieth century, particularly among British analytic philosophers. H.A. Prichard gave a defense of the view in his "Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?" (1912), wherein he contended that moral philosophy rested chiefly on the desire to provide arguments starting from non-normative premises for the principles of obligation that we pre-philosophically accept, such as the principle that one ought to keep one's promises or that one ought not to steal. This is a mistake, Prichard argued, both because it is impossible to derive any statement about what one ought to do from statements not concerning obligation (even statements about what is good), and because there is no need to do so since common sense principles of moral obligation are self-evident.

Prichard was influenced by G.E. Moore, whose Principia Ethica (1903) argued famously that goodness was an indefinable, non-natural property of which we had intuitive awareness. Moore originated the term "the naturalistic fallacy" to refer to the (alleged) error of confusing goodness with some natural property, and he deployed the Open Question Argument to show why this was an error. Unlike Prichard, Moore thought that one could derive principles of obligation from propositions about what is good.

W. D. Ross's intuitionism was influenced both by Prichard and Moore. He holds that we can know moral truths through intuition, for example, that it is wrong to lie or that knowledge is intrinsically good. Intuitions involve a direct apprehension that is not mediated by inferences or deductions: they are self-evident and therefore not in need of any additional proof. This ability is not inborn but has to be developed on the way to reaching mental maturity. But in its fully developed form, we can know moral truths just as well as we can know mathematical truths like the axioms of geometry or arithmetic. This self-evident knowledge is limited to general principles: we can come to know the prima facie duties this way, e.g. that, generally speaking, one should keep one's promises and refrain from harming others. But intuition is unable to reveal one's absolute duty in a particular situation: what one should do all things considered. All we can do is consult perception to determine which prima facie duty has the highest normative weight in this particular case, even though this usually does not amount to knowledge proper due to the complexity involved in most specific cases.

Ethical intuitionism suffered a dramatic fall from favor by the middle of the century, due in part to the influence of logical positivism, in part to the rising popularity of naturalism in philosophy, and in part to philosophical objections based on the phenomenon of widespread moral disagreement. C. L. Stevenson's emotivism would prove especially attractive to Moorean intuitionists seeking to avoid ethical naturalism. In the later parts of the 20th century, intuitionism would have few adherents to speak of; in Bernard Williams' words: "This model of intuition in ethics has been demolished by a succession of critics, and the ruins of it that remain above ground are not impressive enough to invite much history of what happened to it."

Contemporary developments
Some recent work suggests the view may be enjoying a resurgence of interest in academic philosophy. Robert Audi is one of the main contemporary supporters of ethical intuitionism. His 2005 book The Good in the Right claims to update and strengthen Rossian intuitionism and to develop the epistemology of ethics. Michael Huemer's book Ethical Intuitionism (2005) also provides a recent defense of the view. Furthermore, authors writing on normative ethics often accept methodological intuitionism as they present allegedly obvious or intuitive examples or thought experiments as support for their theories.

Definitional issues
Because it was not until Sidgwick that it was clear there were several distinct theses sharing the label "ethical intuitionism", the term has developed many different connotations. This is liable to cause confusion; for example, G.E. Moore's Principia Ethica is often considered a locus classicus defense of ethical intuitionism, yet Moore explicitly refuses the label because of the large number of differences between his own views and traditional intuitionists.

Inessential connotations
Traditionally, intuitionism was often understood as having several other commitments:

However, none of these positions are essential to the view; most ethical intuitionists (such as G.E. Moore and W. D. Ross) simply happen to have held those views as well.
 * 1) Moral realism, the view that there are objective facts of morality (as held by Mark Platts).
 * 2) Ethical non-naturalism, the view that these evaluative facts cannot be reduced to natural fact.
 * 3) Classical foundationalism, i.e., the view that intuited moral beliefs are: infallible (indefeasible), indubitable (irresistibly compelling), incorrigible, certain, or understandable without reflection.
 * 4) The view that moral properties are "simple" (as held by G.E. Moore).
 * 5) The view that moral truths are knowable only by intuition.

Furthermore, intuitionists are often understood to be essentially committed to the existence of a special psychological faculty that reliably produces true moral intuitions. Few intuitionists, however, have explicitly required such a faculty exist, and some, such as Richard Price, would have explicitly denied it exists.

Pluralism
Secondly, sometimes the term "ethical intuitionism" is associated with a pluralistic, deontological position in normative ethics, a position defended by most ethical intuitionists, with Henry Sidgwick and G.E. Moore being notable exceptions.

"Intuitivism"
Robert Audi points out that in applied ethics, philosophers frequently appeal to intuitions to justify their claims, even though they do not call themselves intuitionists. Audi hence uses the label "intuitivists" to refer to people who are intuitionists without labeling themselves as such.

On this broad understanding of intuitionism, there are only a few ways someone doing moral philosophy might not count as an intuitionist. First, they might really refrain from relying on intuitions in moral philosophy altogether (say, by attempting to derive all moral claims from claims about what certain individuals desire). Second, they might deny foundationalism in favor of (say) coherentism. Third, they might be non-cognitivists, holding that moral "beliefs" aren't really beliefs at all.

Rational intuition versus moral sense
Some use the term "ethical intuitionism" in moral philosophy to refer to the general position that we have some non-inferential moral knowledge—that is, basic moral knowledge that is not inferred from or based on any proposition. However, it is important to distinguish between empiricist versus rationalist models of this. Some, thus, reserve the term "ethical intuitionism" for the rationalist model and the term "moral sense theory" for the empiricist model. However, the terminology is not ultimately important, so long as one keeps in mind the relevant differences between these two views.

Generally speaking, rationalist ethical intuitionism models the acquisition of such non-inferential moral knowledge on a priori, non-empirical knowledge, such as knowledge of mathematical truths; whereas moral sense theory models the acquisition of such non-inferential moral knowledge on empirical knowledge, such as knowledge of the colors of objects (see moral sense theory).

Rational intuition
The rationalist version of ethical intuitionism models ethical intuitions on a priori, non-empirically-based intuitions of truths, such as basic truths of mathematics. Take for example the belief that two minus one is one. This piece of knowledge is often thought to be non-inferential in that it is not grounded in or justified by some other proposition or claim. Rather, one who understands the relevant concepts involved in the proposition that two minus one is one has what one might call an "intuition" of the truth of the proposition. One intuits the truth of the proposition, rather than inferring it. Likewise, the ethical intuitionist claims that basic moral truths—whether they are principles (such as don't kill people) or judgments (such as it is wrong to kill people)—are known without inference, and in particular they are known via one's rational intuition.

Some rationalist ethical intuitionists characterize moral "intuitions" as a species of belief that are self-evident in that they are justified simply by virtue of one's understanding of the proposition believed. Others characterize "intuitions" as a distinct kind of mental state, in which something seems to one to be the case (whether one believes it or not) as a result of intellectual reflection. Michael Huemer, for example, defines "intuition" as a sort of seeming:

"Reasoning sometimes changes how things seem to us. But there is also a way things seem to us prior to reasoning; otherwise, reasoning could not get started. The way things seem prior to reasoning we may call an 'initial appearance'. An initial, intellectual appearance is an 'intuition'. That is, an intuition that p is a state of its seeming to one that p that is not dependent on inference from other beliefs and that results from thinking about p, as opposed to perceiving, remembering, or introspecting. An ethical intuition is an intuition whose content is an evaluative proposition. (§5.2)"

Regardless of one's definition of rational intuition, intuitionists all agree that rational intuitions are not justified by inference from a separate belief.

Moral sense
Another version—what one might call the empiricist version—of ethical intuitionism models non-inferential ethical knowledge on sense perception. This version involves what is often called a "moral sense". According to moral sense theorists, certain moral truths are known via this moral sense simply on the basis of experience, not inference.

One way to understand the moral sense is to draw an analogy between it and other kinds of senses. Beauty, for example, is something we see in some faces, artworks and landscapes. We can also hear it in some pieces of music. We clearly do not need an independent aesthetic sense faculty to perceive beauty in the world. Our ordinary five senses are quite enough to observe it, though merely observing something beautiful is no guarantee that we can observe its beauty. In the same way, a color-blind person is not necessarily able to perceive the green color of grass although he is capable of vision. Suppose we give a name to this ability to appreciate the beauty in things we see: one might call it the aesthetic sense. This aesthetic sense does not come automatically to all people with perfect vision and hearing, so it is fair to describe it as something extra, something not wholly reducible to vision and hearing. As the aesthetic sense informs us about what is beautiful, we can analogically understand the moral sense as informing us of what is good. A modern example of a moral sensation is the impression of wrongness felt when one sees puppies being kicked.

Philosophers commonly identified as intuitionists
• Samuel Clarke

• Richard Price

• Francis Hutcheson

• William Whewell

• Henry Sidgwick

• G. E. Moore

• Michael Huemer

• Harold Arthur Prichard

• W. D. Ross

• Robert Audi

• C. S. Lewis

• Frances Power Cobbe

Books discussing intuitionism
• The Right and the Good

Related philosophical concepts
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title: Ethical intuitionism