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Talk:Scanning electron microscope

Ant picture broken?
Is there any reason the image isn't showing up on this page? The larger version doesn't seem to be working either. Might be I'm just missing something? -- TomPreuss 13:34, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's anything wrong with the formatting of the page, it'd show the image if the image existed - I get a 404 not found message when I try to look at the image directly. I guess the image needs to be uploaded to Wikipedia again. Average Earthman 15:59, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * That's pretty odd though. What do you think could cause that to happen?  --  TomPreuss 13:03, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

the work is perfect if i may add — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.122.0.121 (talk) 12:03, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

Scanning Electron Microscope = SEM
Shouldn't this page be listed under SEM? It's a pretty common abbreviation. --Michaeltoe 22:09, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why does the paragraph end abruptly?
"The use of a dedicated backscattered electron detector above the sample in a 'doughnut' type arrangement, with the" That is all: the paragraph in the section 'Detection of backscattered electrons' ends abruptly. Seems like there's some half-editing... I can now see the paragraph fully, and no one has edited it!! Perhaps there was a problem in the browser I was using(in my college). Firefox proves itself to be THE best. :)

SundarKanna 20:03, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The rest of that paragraph had lost in a revert some time ago. I put the missing section back in yesterday.  eaolson 21:08, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

The French article is no more featured
I removed the template because the French article lost its featured article status. Stefane 07:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Secondary Electron Confusion
What are secondary electrons? What does "escape" mean? Why do they "escape"? This section does not stand on its own, but relies on a careful reading of other sections. While I made some changes due to style and grammar in this section, I am still confused by its content. I don't want to change the article itself because of my lack of knowledge, but here is what I think it is trying to say. I have heavily interpreted what I read and even made educated guesses. Can anyone confirm/disconfirm my guesswork?

"An electron beam rasters (i.e. scans back and forth) over the surface of a material, which absorbs the energy. The material re-emits secondary electrons in every direction. An electron sensor known as a scintillator-photomultiplier, measures the intensity of the secondary electrons and converts it into a two-dimensional image with bright and dim regions. The most common imaging technique detects low energy (<50 eV) secondary electrons originating a few nanometers from the surface.

The brightness depends on the angle of the surface. If the beam is perpendicular to the surface, then the spotlighted region is as small as possible, which minimizes the number of electrons that escape. As the surface angle increases, the spotlighted area increases, and more secondary electrons will be emitted. Steep surfaces and edges appear brighter than flat surfaces, resulting in well-defined, three-dimensional images. This technique makes resolutions of less than 1 nm possible." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dhskep (talk • contribs) 05:11, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There surely is an error in the section as it is writing in the post right now; "As the angle of incidence increases, the "escape" distance of one side of the beam will decrease, and more secondary electrons will be emitted."
 * This "ecape distance" must increase with angle and secondary atoms emitted.
 * But you version without escape distance is certainly much more eatable then the current. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nanopete (talk • contribs) 22:16, August 25, 2007 (UTC)

Secondary electrons are inelastically scattered electrons of low energy. Primary electrons interact with an electron in an atom of the material and kick it out, leaving a hole. Depending on where it is in the atom, this hole can lead to an xray emission, auger electron, blah blah. The primary electron loses energy in the interaction, then generally goes on its merry way. The ejected electron is the secondary, and it has very low energy, i.e. it is moving very slowly. There is nothing particular to the surface that is conducive to the production of secondaries, but because they move slowly, they can only escape from near the surface. They have a very short mean free path. Detection is done by attracting secondaries with (usually) two bias potentials. A large wire cage over the SE detector will have a variable bias, usually +/-300V to attract or repel SEs. Behind that is a scintillator which will be biased at 8-10kV. Secondary electrons are attracted to the cage, then the scintillator.

There can be additional complicating factors with SEs. Because the scintillator has line of sight exposure to the specimen, it also inadvertently detects BSEs. Additionally, SEs fit in two categories. SE1, generated by the impact of the primary beam, and SE2, generated by escaping BSEs. The SE1/SE2 problem can be mitigated by using lower accelerating voltages and the inadvertent BSEs can be mitigated by using filtered detectors (eg. Hitachi ExB, Zeiss ESB, JEOL r-filter, FEI yadayada). Those filtered detectors are only available on FESEMs, probably for market segmentation and cost reasons. --137.82.22.226 (talk) 16:52, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

Anybody who knows about SEMs?
I came across an orphan about OIM (apparently stands for orientation imaging microscopy). Can some one try to verify the information in it? Here: Orientation imaging microscopy (which is where I had to move it to make way for an "OIM" disambiguation page. — User:Donama 04:33, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed. 24.211.234.99 22:30, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Construction
Can somebody give me the construction and the electronics involved in electron microscopy? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.225.87.34 (talk • contribs) 06:25, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It consists of an electron gun commonly made of tungsten and cathode because of its high melting point.a grid is placed nearer to the electron gun which is used to accelerate the primary eletrons.a magnetic condensor lens and scanning coils is placed nearer to the grid .sample is placed next to the scanning coil a collector is followed by a video amplifier and cro .the scanning coil is connected to the cro and it is then connected to the scan generator. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.193.98.168 (talk • contribs) 02:19, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

References to be amended
The reference to Alan Nelson's patent is irrelevant as there has never been any implementation of this approach to an environmental SEM either in laboratory equipment

or in commercial instruments, and no published reference to a refereed journal exists. In contrast, the patent:

''U.S. Patent No. 4,823,006, filed Feb. 19, 1988. Integrated electron optical/differential pumping imaging signal detection system for an environmental scanning electron microscope. Inventors: G.D. Danilatos, G.C. Lewis. Assignee: ElectroScan Corporation.''

describes the first commercial ESEM imlementation by ElectroScan. The latter was based on prior Danilatos works as listed in http://www.danilatos.com. In addition to the differential pumping and electron detection techniques described by the first Danilatos reference provided in the present entry, the commercial ESEM has made extensive use of the newly invented system of a gaseous detection device as comprehensively described by:

''Danilatos, G.D. (1990). Theory of the Gaseous Detector Device in the ESEM in Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Academic Press, Vol. 78:1-102.''

The Alan Nelson patent inappropriately employs a series of apertures with trapped air in the cavities between them. As a result, the electron beam would suffer significant losses before it can be usefully employed in the specimen chamber. At any rate, Alan Nelson by no means should be referenced as a contributor to the development of ESEM, let alone as an initiator of this technology. In contrast, Danilatos preceded with his first patent and papers on ESEM in 1979. It is therefore proposed to amend the references accordingly.

Esem0 05:40, 8 July 2007 (UTC) Esem0 05:43, 8 July 2007 (UTC) Esem0 05:45, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Esem0 04:11, 10 July 2007 (UTC) Esem0 04:12, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Depth of Field
I've been looking through some of the imaging articles, and many appear to be missing major concepts fundamental to the instrument. For example, SEMs are known for their amazing depth of field, yet this term is not used at all in this article. Is there something I don't know about SEMs or Wikipedia and imaging articles that is a reason for omitting this?

KP Botany 02:06, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

it would be very nice if resource for downloadable SEM images also put here
it would be very nice if resource for downloadable SEM images On an archived bundle (such as rar or zip) also put here as the resource for people yo get Free SEM images on a specific category, such as human cells or parasitology Etc.

ive been looking anywhere to get such resource, and nothing better than here. But i wish a can find The free image bundled as i mention. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kuplukjaya (talk • contribs) 07:06, 25 March 2008 (UTC) Kuplukjaya (talk) 07:13, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Removed content
This edit changed a fair bit of text, and seems to have removed some info, as well as adding some. Can someone look at this? Should it simply be reverted? —Pengo 01:11, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Removed images from gallery.
There are many poor quality SEM images on Wikipedia for some reason. I removed some from the gallery for this article, because there are a sufficient number of better quality or useful images. The one of the topo/atomic number contrast should also be removed when a better image comes up.

The first one I removed is of the polyester. This image has serious charging artifacts, creating the ruinous line across the middle of the image, it's in focus almost nowhere, and it has lousy depth of field (of course, since it's in focus almost nowhere). A longer working distance, a smaller aperture, a smaller probe size, lower KV, better coating, many things would have made this a better image. It's fine for the polyester fiber article for now, but a better one should be captured or found, as this one has too many problems with it to be used in an encyclopedia for anything other than an article on SEM artifacts (which it would be good for).

The diatoms are out of focus. There's no point to the image. It's not in focus anywhere in the depth of focus of the image.

The red blood cells should be removed also, when they can be replaced with a better image. Red blood cells are easy to shoot on an SEM, and this image is far too noisy to be considered for production anywhere outside of Wikipedia--it's too old. However, because red blood cells look totally cool on SEM (versus TEM), it's okay to leave this very noisy image in for now. They're a standard.

The nematocyst is too low resolution to be of any use. It should be replaced, also.

The Drosophila melanogaster body is very poorly preserved, rather than life-like, there's excessive charging to the point of putting a bright white lightening bolt through the image, and the carbon dag substrate consumes an unwieldy portion of the image. However, this is a basic subject in SEM, like red blood cells. Its compound eye is completely out of focus, also.

The asbestos fibers should be photoshopped to remove the charging artifacts, if left in. The picture is not compelling or illustrative of anything other than the fact that SEM is used to look at asbestos fibres. I think it is rather common.

Probably the same public domain sources could be searched for better images.

An SEM image should be in focus. This does not require an expert microscopist to discern. It's either in focus or it's not. TEM images can be much more subjective and demanding of expert eyes to tell quality. Especially with biological specimens, if it looks out of focus, if the insect is collapsed and dessicated, it's not a good image. It's more difficult with materials specimens, but there are few of any of these of any quality on Wikipedia.

--Blechnic (talk) 06:27, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Then you should replace rather than remove if you are concerned about image quality. Otherwise you are depriving readers of information. Peterlewis (talk) 06:36, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Precisely what information have I deprived anyone of by removing an unacceptable micrograph? Can I upload pictures of my cat and use it, no matter how low quality, in the article on cats?  No.  The same thing should not be acceptable with micrographs.  I left plenty of bad ones without leaving the worthless in the article.  They contain no information without pointing out to the readers that they are useless due to artifacts which render them of too low quality to be proper micrographs.  --Blechnic (talk) 06:51, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * PS In addition, people with good micrographs may just see an overly full gallery. They won't want to add good images in with the low quality ones, or they may not even look beyond the number of micrographs, thinking Wikipedia is full of SEM images. It's not.  --Blechnic (talk) 06:53, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Additional question on images. Does someone have the original source material for the photoresist? It says it is taken at 1KV, it also has "standing waves" and "DSM" on the bottom. 1 KV is very unusual for SEM, so it should be elaborated in the caption. --Blechnic (talk) 07:01, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think you are being over-critical. I am a microscopist myself, and would be happy to use any of the images you deleted. If you have better ones or more showing other details, then put them in. But you cannot just delete what is already there. Peterlewis (talk) 07:06, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, if the images are completely unworthy due to artifacts that could not be published, they should be removed. I am skeptical that you are a microscopist and would leave an image like that of the blurry, out of focus, no depth of field polyester with all the charging and a charging artifact slicing the image almost in half top to bottom, the blown out asbestos, the flattened flies, the out of focus diatoms.  Leaving junk in is an invitation not to find much better.  Especially compared to the newer micrographs.  There are plenty of images left in the gallery that leaving the junk in is not necessary.  --Blechnic (talk) 07:10, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

This image is in focus in over less than 10% of the picture. It has no depth of field--it might as well have been shot on a light microscope. It has ugly charging artifacts. The substrate (cracked dag?) is hideous. The information on the bottom shows what went wrong: too short a depth of field, too high a KV, add the blown out areas, and the charging artifacts and you wind up with not much worth sharing. Just because it's a secondary electron micrograph doesn't mean it has to be on Wikipedia. --Blechnic (talk) 07:16, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Image quality
Well, stop moaning about images and replace the ones you object to with your own. I have been using SEM, ESEM and OM for many years and live with the problems you mention. If only we all lived in a perfect world! Perhaps you should write a new article on "artefacts in SEM". Peterlewis (talk) 08:07, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how much value it would be to a general encyclopedia. I get images all of the time with charging, edge effect, out of focus, not enough depth of field, too low in contrast.  But I shoot them over if I need them to illustrate a point.  I don't publish them for the whole world as an example of an electron micrograph.  That's the difference, here, and it's an important one.  I'm not moaning about the images.  I stated precisely why I removed the ones I did, why I left the ones I did, and why the removed ones should not stay in the article.  This is not "moaning," it is a courtesy to other readers to explain what is going on.  I also elaborated to you when you asked.  --Blechnic (talk) 09:11, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * You should be more positive, and put some of your pics into the article before deleting the work of others. The present set (which I have restored) are quite acceptable in my opinion for the general reader. However, what you could do is to add comments about charging and lack of focus etc as a separate section, and then show them how to eliminate such defects if they are interested in the finer detail. Peterlewis (talk) 09:25, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * So, explaining how bad they are would satisfy you? How would that enhance the article?  Is that standard for Wikipedia, that you include bad pictures that poorly illustrate a point, then explain what's so bad about them?  Why have so many pictures, if so many of them are bad?  Well, suit yourself, I'll label them why they're garbage.  --Blechnic (talk) 09:28, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, I labeled them as junk. I'll see what other junk I can upload to the gallery, since it seems, that having a few quality images is a bad thing when one can have a ton of images that do nothing to enhance the article, are low quality, barely show what they are supposed to show, and simply waste band width.  But you're the microscopist.  Silly of me to think one quality image could show as much as three junk shots.  --Blechnic (talk) 09:38, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Look, I've stumbled across this talk page by chance after having a disagreement with you on featured picture candidates, and I can see quite clearly that you have a very poor attitude and a stubbornness that makes it difficult for you to appreciate any other point of view, looking down on those you disagree with. I'm no expert on SEM, but I do agree with Peterlewis that until better images are procured, either by yourself or others, there is no harm in keeping existing ones that illustrate unique subjects. As he mentioned, sure, comment on what could have been done better if you think it would benefit the article, but the article is not just for experts, and it is quite likely that laymen wouldn't even appreciate or care how bad the images are, technically.
 * Ultimately though, why not just improve on the images rather than remove them and complain about how horrible they are? Diliff  | (Talk)   (Contribs) 22:32, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

My "attitude" and "stubborness?" Are we discussing the article or attacking me personally? I look down on those I disagree with? Where's your proof of that? I'm too short. There is no need to put any crappy image on Wikipedia for any reason. It's not a dumping or holding ground for garbage, particularly when the gallery can be filled nicely with a smaller but sufficient number of SEM micrographs that actually show something. If you wish to discuss me and your guesses about me personally and attack me personally find somewhere and some way else to do it. This is a discussion page for the SEM article. The article was improved by removing the images, rather than by littering it with crap by keeping the images in. The existing ones do not illustrate unique subjects. I left the ones that do this in. The article doesn't have to be for experts to show a decent SEM micrograph. That is the beauty of an SEM, even non-experts can look at a beautiful micrograph, like the ones of the arthropod eyes, and tell they are beautiful and without the artifacts of bad micrographs. Littering Wikipedia with crap in articles simply because someone uploaded it isn't writing an encyclopedia. Peter Lewis insists the crap must stay, so it should be identified as crap. In my opinion a smaller gallery of a well-chosen variety of good images would be a much better choice, but Peter Lewis wants the bad micrographs, so I agreed to allow them with the captions. How about I divide the gallery in two? Example electron micrographs and trash? Get off the topic of me. --Blechnic (talk) 04:44, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

This, right here, is a nice gallery of notable, good, or example electron micrographs:

Adding garbage to the article, simply because it exists on Wikipedia, does not make this a better article, or a better gallery. It is just poor quality, unpublishable, micrographs. Why publish them on Wikipedia? Is this a dumping ground for bad snapshots? No, this is an encyclopedia article. More is not better, when the more is without additive value. Adding poor quality micrographs that fail to illustrate anything but their own poor quality is not necessary for an article on SEM. I bet the photography and camera articles don't have example trash images in their galleries. It's absurd. --Blechnic (talk) 04:51, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Peterlewis is right: If Blechnic knows so well what constitutes good SEM images, then certainly he should be in a position to supply them too. Instead, he just repeats the words "crap" and the like without making any step forward.  Removing the images is a step backward, and I can see no harm to the reader for the purposes of this very short entry.  I think Blechnic should put up or quit arguing.  It's absurd, indeed. I have been working in the field for 30 years.  Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Esem0 (talk • contribs) 12:01, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * There's no need to put up or shut up anything. The gallery is a discrete, usable gallery of a variety of SEM images, each with a purpose.  There's no need to litter any Wikipedia article with crap, just because crap is available, as there is no end to available crummy micrographs.  I'm not impressed with you working in the industry for 30 years if you see a need to keep a poorly captured, out of focus throughout entire image, micrograph in an article.  Over 30 years you should have seen thousands of far better micrographs and no need whatsoever to keep an amateurish one anywhere, much less give it prominent in an encyclopedia article.  Wikipedia is the only encyclopedia featuring bad micrographs.  --Blechnic (talk) 20:10, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I won't comment on the quality of the images, but I would say that I'd feel the aim of the gallery would be to show the whole range of capability of the SEM, rather than contain a large number of images of a similar type (e.g. secondary electron images of parts of insects). As such, a lower quality image that illustrates a different application could be preferable to a very good image of a type of which we have more than one example already. DrMikeF (talk) 10:33, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Image captions

 * Re the caption on the photoresist about the semiconductor industry: the purpose of mentioning their importance in the industry is that the image is of a semiconductor photoresist. Yes, they're important (high res FE guns) in many industries, but these are just notes about the particular images in the gallery, so the high res comment is specific to this excellent micrograph. --Blechnic (talk) 20:10, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Removed sections
"Gold coating may be regarded as a semi-destructive process since removal of a gold coating requires aggressive chemicals such as potassium cyanide or aqua regia, although this would only be required in practise if a specimen has high intrinsic value, as in an archaeological artefact."

Is there an example of a museum coating an archaeological artefact with "high intrinsic value" then using arsenic of something to remove the gold? I pretty much only work with natural history specimens, often type specimens, so coating is simply not done, so it's hard to imagine damaging a precious specimen by coating it to capture an image. An example would go a long way for this sentence. --Blechnic (talk) 02:40, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * In 30 year's work with SEMs I have only very rarely encountered a requirement to uncoat a specimen. It can be done, however, though using arsenic you'll probably not get very far.Plantsurfer (talk) 08:27, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Then let's remove this statement entirely. It's weird. I've uncoated a few specimens, but never archaelogical museum specimens.  --Blechnic (talk) 16:53, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Go on then, why don't you?Plantsurfer (talk) 17:02, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Also, I thought "Environmental SEM" was a trademarked name? If so, should we be using it generically in an encyclopedia, or does this matter?

"Working with the method is easier because the sample chamber is very large, and control is usually completely computer controlled."

Always very large? I just visited a lab today with an old Zeiss SEM (tungsten filament) that has a huge sample chamber. The variable vacuum SEM I use has a pretty big sample chamber, but it's not huge compared to my other SEMs. And, "completely computer controlled" is not a function of low vacuum variable pressure SEMs, it's a function of what you ordered when you buy it. It's conceptually new so it comes with a computer interface, but the cheaper versions can come with mechanical controls if you're an institution with a finite budget and a high need.

"Coating is thus unnecessary, and X-ray analysis unhindered. Sample manipulation within the specimen chamber is always more difficult than in optical microscopy, however, and colour rendition is absent."

Huh? Why do we go to comparing an environmental SEMs chamber manipulation with that of a light microscope? Is it easier in a conventional SEM. And, no, it's not "always more difficult than in optical microscopy!" It depends upon the optical microscope and the SEM. Last week it took me all day to set up some light microscope images and half an hour to shoot a few dozen high resolution bacterial images on an SEM, mostly because of the time spent aligning the optical microscope's stage for collecting data.\

"Colour rendition is absent" in an environmental SEM? Well, why would anyone use them if they can't get color? It's also absent in all electron microscopy. This section needs to be about the ESEM, not just filled with general information to make it thicker. Maybe it was just copied from another article merged with this?

I'm beginning to think someone writing this article is selling or investing in ESEMs. However, it's not necessarily to internally link every occurrence to its section in this article. People will still buy them without the excessive linking.

--Blechnic (talk) 02:40, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * excellent, there was a lot of POV in those sections Plantsurfer (talk) 08:27, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Indeed, the removal of gold-coating is such a minute detail in the big picture of SEM, weird to have it here. I agree that the link of ESEM to FEI company should be deleted. They do not have the monopoly of it any more. However, the name of ElectroScan should remain as it is historically important. The names ESEM and Environmental SEM are generic terms in use for about three decades long before ElectroScan claimed it as a trademark (this term was actually first introduced by Danilatos in 1980). Therefore, the fact that a commercial company successfully but "unlawfully" managed to trademark it for some time has created a misconception which should not be allowed to leave a permanent imprint in the encyclopedia. Commercialism should be struck out. If you were to delete ESEM, then what else is there to replace it with? Perhaps, VPSEM which is used by a competitor to FEI to also promote ESEM (who use ESEM as generic term in their brochures); or "Wet-SEM" adopted yet by another competitor? Or "Natural SEM" by another one, or "Bio-SEM" once used by AMRAY? The encyclopedia should not be trapped by any on these commercialisms with their corresponding catchwords. However, ESEM is an independent generic term naturally evolved from academic research. Manufacturers have unfortunately created a lot of confusion around, and many workers in the field have been misled. It would be nice if all involved in this subject took some time to study the relevant literature. There are many misconceptions around and things should be cleared once and for all. This forum is a good place to start. Please comment before action is taken to make the change - or the first proposer (or other) proceed to make it. Esem0 (talk) 00:44, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the lecture, but the question does remain. Is it a trademarked term?  Or not?
 * This is not really a forum, and not the place to disabuse folks of misconceptions about nomenclature usage in the field of scanning electron microscopy, it's simply the discussion page for this article.
 * It is however useful to discuss and agree upon actions before making changes, like discussing a general outline for this article. It would be very useful.
 * However, this is also not an article about environmental SEMs, and there was simply too much about it in the article, and the same information repeated over and over, in in appropriate places, often. I, by the way, don't call VP SEMs "environmental SEMs," simply because I've gotten into the habit of reserving that term for the one tabletop SEM, and call the VP SEM a VP SEM or a low pressure SEM, usually based upon what I'm using it for, although it's mostly used as just another regular SEM.
 * I asked the question about the trademarked term because there should be an article on ESEMs in general, to which much of this excess can go, and the question needs cleared up before picking a title for that article. --Blechnic (talk) 01:22, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

The trademark ESEM is dead since March 22, 1999, according to US Patent and Trademark survey (something you could have done yourself, if you wanted to really contribute). Therefore, ESEM is not a trademark, it is generic per previous statement. I thought my comments would be in agreement with you and that I was following up with your request, but you seem to be pleased with nothing. Please make an effort to be constructive and stop picking on issues or persons that don't deserve your aggressiveness. Just consent for once. Esem0 (talk) 02:42, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * You ask no question that requires my consent or non-consent. Instead, without specifically answering the question about the trademark, you ask what it would be replaced with if ESEM is not used.  The question of the trademark is critical to answering this question.  If it's no longer trademarked there is no need to ask or answer the question.  As you asked the question, I assumed your answer meant the trademark still existed.
 * It's also hard not to be a bit aggressive considering how strong the fight was to keep a gallery of crappy useless micrographs in this article. And it puts this article on an uncertain level as far as editing goes, making it difficult to know what is going on with the article, and making it easy to make assumptions about how it wound up in its current state.  I should have received strong support from microscopists for removing bad micrographs, but got nothing but arguments.  The gallery is much better without the garbage.
 * But let's focus on issues concerning the article and stop trying to patronize me. Thanks.
 * --Blechnic (talk) 03:45, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Objective lenses in SEM
SEMs don't have objective lenses. The signals from the object are collected by various detectors and images formed from the detection of these signals not from the final lens. The final lens or focusing lens is not an objective lens. --Blechnic (talk) 02:53, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Good point. An SEM's objective lens is for focussing the beam. Provided the column can generate a beam with sufficiently small diameter, an SEM could in principle work entirely without condenser or objective lenses, although it might not be very versatile or achieve very high resolution. One might also mention that, unlike optical and transmission electron microscopes, magnification in the SEM is not a function of the power of the objective lens. It results from the ratio of the dimensions of the raster on the specimen and the raster on the display device. Assuming you are working with a fixed size display, higher magnification results from reducing the size of the raster at the specimen, and vice versa. The x,y scanning coils therefore control magnification, not the objective lens.Plantsurfer (talk) 08:27, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Add it to the article, don't tell me back here! However, this whole area of how the microscope work needs developed, so I'm not certain if it wouldn't be better to outline a battle plan rather than piecemeal fixing things.  --Blechnic (talk) 16:47, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

It's not technically correct to call the final lens in an SEM the objective, but the electron microscopy community consensus seems to be that it's a convenient term --137.82.22.226 (talk) 18:12, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

Formaldehyde is not used in EM, paraformaldehyde is; spelling properties
Find a source that shows otherwise, rather than your original resource into properties of formaldehyde. I thought you did EM? This is a strange edit for someone who actually does EM. Where exactly are you getting this information from?

There is no need to keep your incorrect spelling of proprties, whatever the decision about formaldehyde/paraformaldehyde.

--Blechnic (talk) 02:03, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Blechnic, you are completely up the creek about this I am afraid. Paraformaldehyde is a polymerized form of formaldehyde that is used to make very pure formaldehyde solutions by heating in water to 60oC with a small amount of KOH or NaOH. I repeat, paraformaldehyde (=polyacetal) is INSOLUBLE in pure water at STP. It decomposes very slowly to formaldehyde, hence a slight formaldehyde smell, but will not fix specimens as paraformaldehyde. To be effective as a fixative, paraformaldehyde needs to be decomposed completely to formaldehyde, HCHO. To be pedantic, in the words of formaldehyde dissolves in water to form methylene hydrate.

 * Karnovsky first published the use of a glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde fixative in 1965 made by depolymerization of paraformaldehyde and plant scientists around the world use this, or variants of it with different buffers, concentrations of GA, FA routinely. My lab uses it as the standard fix, and I have used it routinely all my working life for SEM, TEM, LM, you name it.

 * see also and the following link and Karnovsky's original paper for more background

 * http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/KARNOV.PDF

 * Kiernan's paper is reproduced at:
 * http://publish.uwo.ca/~jkiernan/formglut.htm

 * For a bit of background on properties of paraformaldehyde please look at the Wikipedia page on it.
 * Plantsurfer (talk) 09:18, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

You didn't read these at all, did you?

Why not go ahead and read what you just linked to, an article about using paraformaldehyde (Karnovsky's, something I've used a lot and not much changed from the original), that doesn't mention formaldehyde at all, and an article about why commercial formaldehyde is not used, but how it is

"the regular practice for at least 35 years has been simply to heat the paraformaldehyde to 60C in water containing the salts used to buffer the solution to pH 7.2 to 7.6. "

or

"A solution of formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde, which does not initially contain any methanol, is commonly used in fixatives for electron microscopy and in research applications. Satisfactory ultrastructural preservation is, however, also seen in tissues fixed in buffered formaldehyde generated from formalin (Carson, et al., 1973)."

So, back to the original request. A reference that you can cite that lists formaldehyde as the fixative of choice, go for the regular commercial grade, also, to explain why it is used. Rather than your own OR from sources that contradict what you say and that you appear to have not read. --Blechnic (talk) 09:43, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes that is the critical bit in Carson et al.: "formaldehyde PREPARED FROM paraformaldehyde". Your accusation that I have not read the sources is a case of the pot calling the kettle black. Please read the references I have provided and understand them before continuing to troll me on this.Plantsurfer (talk) 10:24, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is what is used, "formaldehyde," and guess what, all of the other chemicals, like the buffers, and everything, are also prepared. Do you do any EM?  Do you sit and mix glut with formaldehyde to do your speciment prep?  "A solution of formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde, which does not initially contain any methanol, is commonly used in fixatives for electron microscopy and in research applications."  from a 1973 source.  Surely there's a book that shows that formaldehyde is the choice.  Interesting enough, "that does not contain any methanol," the whole reason behind it is completely ignored by you and not quotes.  Again, please just find a book that says this rather than providing your own EM views.  That's what I use, books.  Not OR.  So, quote what you say, rather than conveniently breaking it off to match what your OR says.  --Blechnic (talk) 19:51, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * PS Please don't revert me, provide sources that prove my version, then tell me not to revert, after you've provided the references to my edits. What is the deal, anyway with Wikipedia and this Original Research frenzy?  --Blechnic (talk) 09:45, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * What on earth are you talking about?Plantsurfer (talk) 10:24, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, you didn't revert me? Confirm this, and I will report that your account has been hijacked, since, you don't seem to know what you are talking about.  This could explain the formaldehyde issue, also, though.  --Blechnic (talk) 19:45, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * And the citecheck stays as long as what is in the article, paraformaldehyde, isn't mentioned in the reference you want to use. Your original research call isn't citable.  --Blechnic (talk) 19:47, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

A single 1985 article on fixing plants? Well, I'll get a copy and read it. It better say that "formaldehyde" is the one of choice. You can't use one of your textbooks? I'll be sure to check mine. Heck, the article's by Russell, is this what he says in his textbook, which is later than 1985? --Blechnic (talk) 15:15, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I would have used one of my books, but that would contravene WP:OR ;)
 * Plantsurfer (talk) 15:56, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, it's in a book, not a journal. 1991? Well, please provide an exact page number, then, rather than 100 pages. --Blechnic (talk) 15:59, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Contravene what? If you're a published author on EM then by all means use one of your books.  I don't for one minute think that will be an issue, though.  --Blechnic (talk) 15:59, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Non-existent article?
The article cites. However, I wasn't able to find this article in the journal's archive. Is there some mistake? ––Bender235 (talk) 09:23, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The fact that it was published as an abstract may explain it. JCB's archive only lists the abstracts of full papers. You need to refer to the paper copy. Plantsurfer (talk) 09:51, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

May I draw your attention to the article Electron microprobe
It seems like the article Electron microprobe has substantial overlap with this one. In fact, between this article and the EDS article, I think almost everything in Electron microprobe is covered, but better. Should Electron microprobe be merged and then deleted? Or should we decide that parts of this article should be moved to Electron microprobe and vice-versa? I don't know, but I'm hoping someone here will do something about this. Thanks!! :-) --Steve (talk) 04:39, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * They are two different instruments, although they have entirely overlapping functions. The SEM is almost always equipped with EDS, but not always with WDS, while an EPMA always comes with multiple WDSs and an EDS.  Also an EPMA has a light microscope integrated for focusing for the WDS.  There are other differences, even though they can both accomplish pretty much the same things.  The EPMA article needs a lot of work, but it is a specific instrument, with its own history, versus the SEM.  Almost every geology department of a university will have an EPMA and a TEM.  All of them want an SEM in addition, but not all of them have their own SEM.  I don't think that EPMA should be deleted.  Maybe parts of this article could be moved to EPMA, and a link to the main article on EPMA indicated at the top, with merely a couple of paragraphs here describing how the two instruments are closely related.  --KP Botany (talk) 03:00, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Snowflake
Did they have to coat the snowflake with gold before scanning? Would be nice to mention it in the caption since the coating-of-gold was a surprise to me when I visited this article. Tempshill (talk) 06:36, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes. Bill Wergin used sputtered gold or platinum coatings on his snow/ice specimens. Plantsurfer (talk) 15:11, 7 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for asking the question, Tempshill. I added a note to the image caption for other readers.  The snow crystals are usually captured on a cooled copper plate (-100 and something degrees C), then sputter coated with platinum in a cryo-sputter coater (for lack of a better name), then imaged in the cryo-SEM.  --KP Botany (talk) 11:52, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Micro or Nanometer Coating Thickness
I'm an amateur, but in my experience with gold or carbon sputter coating, the thickness is a few nanometers. In the "biological samples" section, it says: "However, the coating has a thickness of a few micrometres." I think this is a typo, but I'm unfamiliar with biological samples so I thought I'd check here before I changed it. Jermor (talk) 20:51, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
 * While I never worked with bio-samples either, the statement is certainly in error (micrometer coating would be intransparent; and all sources say nanometers), and thus I changed it to nm. Materialscientist (talk) 05:28, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Another kind of SEM?
Is there also not in existence a transmission scanning electron microscope? If so, can someone more knowledgeable write upsomething about it? Old_Wombat (talk) 09:23, 28 October 2011 (UTC)
 * We have scanning transmission electron microscopy, but it does need much work. Materialscientist (talk) 09:41, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Not knowing enough about the STEM to comment on the quality of the article, the only point I was trying to make is that the SEM article should have some kind of link/pointer to the STEM one. Old_Wombat (talk) 08:48, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Added this under the transmission sem heading. --137.82.22.226 (talk) 18:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

No colored pictures!
I strongly believe all altered (MEANS COLORED) micrographs should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vniizht (talk • contribs) 22:07, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

I'm also concerned that members of the public think SEM images come colored, and that the colors mean something important ("Oh, that cell is red, which told the researchers that it was cancer!"). Rather than remove them, however, I'd like to see a section on colored images, talking about how it is done (by hand using a photo editing tool). -- 100.0.73.17 (talk) 11:44, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * See earlier discussion of this below. Some SEM pictures do come coloured for very good reasons, and the colouring is not done by hand but by the instrument.  Such pictures can be acceptable for publication if the protocol and justification are both clear.Plantsurfer (talk) 12:14, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I've added a first section on the use of color in SEM pictures; it needs work, but the issue clearly needs to be addressed. I'll add some citations next. -- Dan Griscom (talk) 13:52, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * 3/4 of the references provided on color refer to internet blogs and listservers which are not reliable external sources, i.e. not acceptable per wiki policy. They should be deleted. The first reference from a refereed journal is fine. Two such additional references have already been suggested in the continued discussion "To Plantsurfer about colored pictures" below.--Esem0 (talk) 01:31, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching that. -- Dan Griscom (talk) 02:19, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

 * And thanks to whomever added more information on the use of color to display information captured by the SEM, rather than Photoshopped in by the researcher or press agent. I do believe, however, that many or even most of the color images the public sees are hand-edited. I'd love to see more information on this, as it would be important information for a visitor. -- Dan Griscom (talk) 02:19, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

To: Materialscientist and Mike Rosoft. Let's do not stick to the previous century tradition
1. 300 V - 1kV is a new "normal" voltage for SEM. Low voltage and in-lens SEM is a way to go now. 10 kV is a way to hight voltage even for traditional SEM. Too strong edge effect and too high volume of signal generation. I myself do not go above 5 kV for most applications.

2. For at least 15 years there were no new SEMs with CRT. We cannot stick to explanations of image formation with CRT scopes any more. Time to move forward.

So, your "undo" of my editing looks too outdated.

I am waiting for your reply; otherwise I will reverse it back. Thanks, Chivesud (talk) 15:30, 17 February 2012 (UTC) --

Reverted to my version. Chivesud (talk) 20:00, 22 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Chivesud, sorry for delay - hectic days. I agree that image formation with CRT scopes is not relevant anymore, but I do disagree with the high voltage comment - this all depend on the user, and for inorganic samples, higher voltage usually offers better resolution (charging effects aside), thus most non-biologists by default go to nearly the highest microscope voltage (say 20 keV) - just my observation. Materialscientist (talk) 00:44, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

---

Materialscientist, I am sorry for even greater delay.

Unfortunately, you are very wrong in your habit to “go to nearly the highest microscope voltage” for better resolution. First, usually very few micrographs are made at or close to resolution limit. Second, high voltage will make you lose fine details at intermediate magnifications. For example, river patterns on grains of fragile fracture of steel will greatly decrease in contrast at unnecessary elevated voltages. Current trend is to use as low voltage as possible for any kind of specimens. On a Microscopy listserver (of American Microscopy Society) you can find hard core fanatics of low voltage observations. I myself believe that voltage should depend on task, not on some dogma. For example, for my latest paper I used 5 kV voltages for coated specimens, 1 kV for not coated, 5-25 kV for BSE images, 2 kV for X-ray analysis (elements of interest C and O). Only very old or very misaligned microscopes demand high voltages for any work. Chivesud (talk) 14:00, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

 * As an experienced user of SEMs since shortly after the first one was installed in Scotland in the late 1960s I agree with Chivesud on this. A 30kV beam stimulates signal generation from depths within the specimen several hundred times greater than the resolution of a modern FESEM, swamping the signal from fine surface detail and it follows from this that the use of high kV is almost always counterproductive if the aim is maximum resolution. Only if the aim is to stimulate x-ray emission or to detect dense objects such as colloidal gold labels beneath the surface of a specimen using the Backscattered electron signals is high kV necessary. It is probably because non-biologists make greater use of analytical modes that they regard high kV as the default. It is irksome to have to switch back and forth between high-res and analytical settings, so the default will be the setting that gets most use. For highest resolution any specimen will have an optimum accelerating voltage in the range 2-5 kV where the best combination of signal to noise and resolution can be obtained.  In addition, very short working distances are required for maximum resolution, and most microscopes cannot focus a high kV beam at shortest working distances because the objective lens power required is excessively high.Plantsurfer (talk) 17:49, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

"1. 300 V - 1kV is a new "normal" voltage for SEM. Low voltage and in-lens SEM is a way to go now. 10 kV is a way to hight voltage even for traditional SEM. Too strong edge effect and too high volume of signal generation. I myself do not go above 5 kV for most applications."

This is a ridiculous statement. Yes, 300V to 1kV is the new normal in a hot shit top of the line field emission SEM when imaging light element samples at short working distance. 5kV is still the practical/workable lower limit for most users stuck with even brand new tungsten systems, which still vastly outnumber the FESEMs in the field. More importantly, there isn't a "right" accelerating voltage for all samples at all times. How you hammer a slug of stainless steel is going to be very different from how you approach a nanotube forest. For x-rays, the critical excitation energy must be accounted for.

"For highest resolution any specimen will have an optimum accelerating voltage in the range 2-5 kV where the best combination of signal to noise and resolution can be obtained"

Nah, dude. Some of us are still using thermionic emitters without in-column detectors. Get out of the ivory tower.--137.82.22.226 (talk) 21:29, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

To Plantsurfer about colored pictures
Hi Plantsurfer,

Colored pictures ARE NOT SUITED FOR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. Period. Please, do not revert again my editing on the colored pictures. Thank you,

Chivesud (talk) 01:58, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Please provide reliable sources for this strong statement. Materialscientist (talk) 02:15, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

--

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7036/full/434952a.html "Changes to selected parts of an image, such as brightening one cell in an entire field or scrubbing out an ugly blemish, are prohibited." - This citation can be applied to pseudo coloring.

Chivesud (talk) 18:33, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi Chivesud, I do not disagree with you that the majority of coloured SEM images are false-coloured and that the colouring is purely arbitrary embellishment and is usually without scientific justification. Nevertheless there are valid uses for such images even in scientific publications. One such example of the publication of false-coloured SEM images appears in the following paper in The Plant Cell: http://www.plantcell.org/content/23/4/1337.full.pdf+html?sid=82d6ac36-70f6-4624-b224-ef1cd9a7b25c. page 1339 Other legitimate uses are in the publication of 1) anaglyph stereo images 2) mapping of x-ray data onto an image or 3) in other situations where multi-channel information is being presented, such as a BSE or cathodoluminescence image, superimposed on a topgraphical secondary electron image. Modern SEMs such as the Hitachi 4700 and 4800 have the capability to combine signal channels into a colour image for just this purpose. Let  me know if you have any trouble seeing the pdf - if so I could send it to you by email. Plantsurfer (talk) 16:24, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

See also http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v6/n11/fig_tab/nphys1767_F3.html from Nature Physics 6, 879-882 (2010) and Yamada, M, Suzuki, T., Oho E. and Matsushima, H. (1998) Colour scanning electron microscopy of peltate glandular trichomes of fresh developing hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Journal of Electron Microscopy 47 (5) 539-542. An example of a colour anaglyph occurs in I. Tatar et al. (2004) Circumventricular organs of rats. . . an anaglyphic SEM study. Neuroanatomy 3, 35-37. Applied Surface Science 57, (12), 1 April 2011, Pages 5208–5212 contains an example of an SEM image overlaid with colours to show the distribution of EDX signals from three different elements. This kind of presentation is common. Another relevant link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638857 Plantsurfer (talk) 20:21, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Hi Plantsurfer, I agree that paper from The Plant Cell has useful utilization of coloring: it helps to calculate area and perimeter of cells (I have one paper published with similar coloring). Nature rather disappointed me: no justification for coloring image. Yamada did not used pseudo colors, he just combined optical and SEM images. Anaglyphs are still monochrome images – one red and one cyan. And we do not discuss X-ray data presentation. The last paper, from Micron, is rather childish; it is the Micron way to publish such a nonsense. By the way, I like coloring SEM pictures… So, colored images can look nice, but they should be avoided in publications.

Chivesud (talk) 19:03, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It is all gets a bit complicated these days, because so many imaging techniques (such as confocal microscopy) combine separate data channels into one image, and not only are the gain or contrast likely to be different in each channel, but the colours assigned to each may well be arbitrarily chosen. This can apply to astronomical images too - if you look at Astronomy Picture of the Day you will find innumerable examples where x-ray or radio images are merged with visible-light images.  Nature (the journal) is obvioiusly concerned to prohibit arbitrary falsification of images by editing with e.g. Pxxxxxxop, and the spirit of the thing is to preserve information integrity.  However, the question of whether a photograph truly represents reality has always been an issue in scientific photography.  The first departure occurred when the choice of emulsion was made (contrasty and slow or fast and soft), the second when the emulsion was developed - any manner of response curve could be cooked up by suitable choice of developer chemistry, time and temperature  and the third departure occurred when the negative was printed - hard or soft paper - the choice was not usually the scientist's but the departmental photographer's.  People fiddle with images using e.g. clone tools in Photoshop and think they are doing something novel, but that is far from the case. The manipulation that a professional photographer could get up to in the darkroom was capable of doing that 100 years ago, and you don't need to look too deeply into Photoshop to see that its tools are derived from darkroom tricks, implemented in digital form.  Consider unsharp mask sharpening, for example. Plantsurfer (talk) 20:02, 3 April 2012 (UTC)
 * In further support to Plantsurfer, may I add that color is extremely useful in superimposing two or three different information signals like here,  here and  here. No computer processing was involved but plain superimposition of successive images carrying SE and BSE information, i.e. meaningful topographic, material/composition information (see also: Danilatos, G.D. (1986b) Colour micrographs for backscattered electron signals in the SEM . Scanning 8:9-18. Or Danilatos, G.D. (1986c) Environmental scanning electron microscopy in colour. J. Microsc. 142:317-325). Displaying all this information simulataneously in B&W would be utterly confusing.--Esem0 (talk) 03:17, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

ESEM section duplication
If a knowledgeable person could consolidate the two duplicate ESEM sections, it would be great — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.162.70.214 (talk) 16:39, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * This section is a part of specimen preparation section. I have rewrote it to reflect the fact.
 * Chivesud (talk) 14:59, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Manfred von Ardenne
I think the few words spared for Manfred von Ardenne do not make justice for the father of scanning electron microscope. Specifically, the phrase "but never made a practical instrument" portrays a denial for his great achievements. He actually constructed a prototype SEM and produced the first ever scanning electron micrographs as reported in the second part of his "Elektronen-Rastermikroskop". He was not a manufacturer to develop and produce a machine for the general public. This does not deserve him any negativity after the world has enjoyed the outcomes of his innovation for so many decades. We are not qualified judges to state that "he never made a practical instrument" except to state the opposite. He was actually both a great experimentalist and builder of electron microscopes, and a great theoretician. He is the equal to Ruska but not easily recognized as such.--Esem0 (talk) 13:33, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Better historical account for SEM is now provided. --Esem0 (talk) 04:04, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Are there any surviving images taken by the instruments developed by the SEM pioneers Max Knoll and Manfred von Ardenne? If so, can they be added to the article? It would also be of interest to have examples of early images produced by the Cambridge group.Plantsurfer (talk) 08:29, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * There are in the relevant references but one has to obtain good digital copies of them from the original journals and (worse) has to upload them with relevant permissions for wiki use.--Esem0 (talk) 10:15, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Color SEM image
Does anyone have or know of a bona fide multichannel color SEM image that can be used in the article without copyright problems. Plantsurfer (talk) 12:23, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * You can find lots of images with explanation in multichannel SEM imaging and until such images might be released for wikipedia use. --Esem0 (talk) 06:00, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

An SEM or a SEM
Search results of the article: 9 counts for "an SEM" and 7 counts for "a SEM". It should be consistent and changed to "an SEM", according to grammar rules and for example the entry for "indefinite articles" in Wikipedia: "The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a European)"Basshannes (talk) 11:41, 17 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Unified as "an SEM", which is the dominant form in scientific literature, AFAIK. Materialscientist (talk) 11:44, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

CA
Can someone clarify the following? "...eliminate the chromatic aberration otherwise inherent in the electron microscope" Chromatic aberration is a potential defect in glass lenses, not in an SEM. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.59.128.48 (talk) 12:05, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Just as in the light beam that illuminates the specimen in a light microscope, the electron beam consists of electrons with a range of energies, usually with a Gaussian distribution. The electron lenses cannot focus the electrons of different energies to the same extent, so chromatic aberrations occur in the images made by simple electron lenses that result not in colour fringes but in loss of resolution. Plant surfer  12:29, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

Industry standard
An individual editor's expertise in instrumentation for the semiconductor industry is not sufficient to establish that particular information is reliable for Wikipedia. Please provide a reliable source. "The Citation needed template is intended for use when there is a general question of the verifiability of a statement, or when an editor believes that a reference verifying the statement should be provided." Sucb a source probably contains more useful information about SEMs in the semiconductor industry, and I can't find one. --2600:387:6:807:0:0:0:6A (talk) 12:11, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

Eggshells in SEM
The source does not say eggshells can be put in SEM with little further treatment, whatever that means, it says this Southwestern US collection of 600 year old eggshells stored for 40 years were rinsed with distilled water and carbon coated before being examined on the SEM. --2601:648:8503:4467:B8A4:9B4E:66AB:4469 (talk) 13:02, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

Spider
That spider kicked me from the chair. Maybe another picture or just a leg? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dnvuma (talk • contribs) 13:02, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

@Sara (Yuuki)

71.91.80.92 (talk) 01:32, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scanning electron microscope


text: Template:Merge from

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Merge from


text:
Mircea

Mircea is a Romanian masculine given name, a form of the South Slavic name Mirče (Мирче) that derives from the Slavic word mir, meaning 'peace'. It may refer to:

Princes of Wallachia

 * Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418), also known as Mircea the Elder
 * Mircea II of Wallachia (1428–1447), grandson of Mircea I
 * Mircea III Dracul, Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia in 1510
 * Mircea the Shepherd (died 1559), son of Radu cel Mare
 * Alexander II Mircea, Voivode of Wallachia from 1568 to 1574 and 1574 to 1577
 * Prince Mircea of Romania (1913–1916)

Others

 * Mircea Abrudean, Romanian politician
 * Mircea Albulescu, professional name of Iorgu Constantin Albulescu (1934–2016), Romanian actor, university professor, journalist, poet and writer
 * Mircea Badea (born 1974), Romanian political satirist, television host, media critic, radio personality and occasional actor
 * Mircea Baniciu (born 1949), Romanian musician, singer and songwriter
 * Mircea Brînzea (born 1986), Romanian aerobic gymnast
 * Mircea Cărtărescu (born 1956), Romanian poet, novelist, literary critic and essayist
 * Mircea Ciumara (1943–2012), Romanian politician and former cabinet minister
 * Mircea Coșea (born 1942), Romanian politician, economist, diplomat, essayist, journalist and professor
 * Mircea Costache II (1940–2016), Romanian handball player and coach
 * Mircea Crișan (1924–2013), Romanian comedian and comedic actor
 * Mircea Damian (1899–1948), Romanian writer and journalist
 * Mircea Daneliuc (born 1943), Romanian film director, screenwriter and actor
 * Mircea David (1914–1993), Romanian football goalkeeper
 * Mircea Demetriade (1861–1914), Romanian poet, playwright and actor
 * Mircea Diaconu (born 1949), Romanian actor and politician
 * Mircea Dinescu (born 1950), Romanian poet, journalist and editor
 * Mircea Druc (born 1949), Moldovan and Romanian politician, Prime Minister of Moldova between 1990 and 1991
 * Mircea Drăgan (born 1932), Romanian film director
 * Mircea Dușa (born 1955), Romanian economist and politician
 * Mircea Eliade (1907–1986), Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher and professor
 * Mircea Florian (1888–1960), Romanian philosopher and translator
 * Mircea Florian (musician) (born 1949), Romanian musician, multimedia artist and computer scientist
 * Mircea Frățică (born 1957), Romanian retired judoka
 * Mircea Fulger (born 1959), Romanian retired boxer
 * Mircea Geoană (born 1958), Romanian politician
 * Mircea Gesticone (1902–1961), Romanian novelist and poet
 * Mircea Grosaru (1952–2014), Romanian politician
 * Mircea Ionescu-Quintus (born 1917-2017), Romanian politician and Minister of Justice from 1991 to 1992
 * Mircea Irimescu (born 1959), Romanian retired footballer
 * Mircea Lucescu (born 1945), Romanian football manager and former player
 * Mircea Monroe (born 1982), American model and actress
 * Mircea Mustață (born 1971), Romanian mathematician
 * Mircea Nedelciu (1950–1999), Romanian short-story writer, novelist, essayist and literary critic
 * Mircea Oltean (born 1982), Romanian former football goalkeeper
 * Mircea Oprea (born 1980), Romanian former footballer
 * Mircea Păcurariu (born 1932), Romanian theologian, historian and Romanian Orthodox priest
 * Mircea Pârligras (born 1980), Romanian chess Grandmaster
 * Mircea Puta (1950—2007), Romanian mathematician
 * Mircea Răceanu (born 1935), Romanian diplomat
 * Mircea Rednic (born 1962), Romanian football manager and former player
 * Mircea Romașcanu (born 1953), Romanian former cyclist
 * Mircea Rus (born 1978), Romanian former footballer
 * Mircea Sasu (1939–1983), Romanian footballer
 * Mircea Șimon (born 1954), Romanian retired heavyweight boxer
 * Mircea Snegur (born 1940), first President of Moldova (1990–1997), Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1990) and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet in 1990
 * Mircea Streinul (1910–1945), Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian prose writer and poet
 * Mircea Veroiu (1941–1997), Romanian film director and screenwriter
 * Mircea Voicu (born 1980), Romanian former footballer
 * Mircea Vulcănescu (1904–1952), Romanian philosopher, economist, ethics teacher and sociologist arrested in 1946 and convicted under the Communist regime.
 * Mircea Zamfir (born 1985), Romanian aerobic gymnast

title: Mircea


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Celebrity stiff

Celebrity stiff was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. User:Sj

I have a feeling that this was a notable term in 2002, when the article was created. However, a Google search now reveals one usage in this sense, once you get past all the Wikipedia mirrors. There are many names for the pop-culture dead pool game. Perhaps this is still very common in the UK. If so, let it stay. I get the impression that the term's time has passed. Geogre 13:39, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * For what it's worth, I live in the UK and have never heard this term. Delete. Aljandy 15:53, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I have heard of the concept, but not sure about this name. Dunc_Harris|☺ 17:39, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll put a quid into the kitty for George Best. Dunc_Harris|☺ 19:33, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Never heard of it. Three people in a row that haven't heard of it -- delete. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 18:16, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Four. Delete. --Ianb 23:31, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
All Saints, Margaret Street

All Saints is an Anglo-Catholic church on Margaret Street in London, England. Founded in the late 18th century as Margaret Street Chapel, the church became an example of the Oxford Movement in the 1830s and 40s. The Movement also prompted the reconstruction of the church in the 1850s under the architect William Butterfield, and the establishment of the Society of All Saints Sisters of the Poor, affiliated to the church.

The church building has been hailed as Butterfield's masterpiece and a pioneering building of the High Victorian Gothic style that would characterize British architecture from around 1850 to 1870. It is known for its Gothic design, use of materials, and interior decoration. The church's musical tradition traces back to the 1840s.

Margaret Street Chapel
According to the Survey of London, Margaret Street Chapel was founded by William Cudworth, who used to be Methodist but later became antinomian. The chapel was built in 1752 and leased to Cudworth in 1754, and there was a nonconformist congregation by 1757. In 1776, the deist David Williams rented the chapel to promote a "universalist liturgy". In the 1780s the chapel was closed before it became a proprietary chapel in the Church of England and its ownership came under the Crown. J. D. Hazlewood was the minister of the chapel for a period of time after its reopening. According to Galloway and Rawll, the chapel looked like an 18th century meeting house of English Dissenters and did not possess architectural significance.

The chapel was damaged in the Titchfield Street fire of 1825. In 1827 the English banker and politician Henry Drummond purchased the site and the building, hoping to promote Irvingism within the Church of England. He also appointed William Dodsworth to be the minister of Margaret Street Chapel in 1829.

Oxford Movement
William Dodsworth became an early follower of the Oxford Movement, an 19th-century religious movement in the Church of England that sought a return to Catholic thoughts and practices. It was preceded by an 1820s intellectual revival at Oxford, in particular the Noetics of Oriel College, and its key leaders were John Henry Newman, Richard Hurrell Froude, John Keble, and Edward Bouverie Pusey. The Movement's ideas are manifest in the Tracts for the Times, and its adherents were often called "Tractarians". Among its ideas, the Tracts emphasised apostolic succession and the episcopacy, defended the practice of liturgy, and underscored the importance of the eucharist, advocating for its more frequent celebration. Anglo-Catholicism stemmed from the Movement.

Dodsworth introduced many ideas of the Oxford Movement to Margaret Street Chapel. He was a popular preacher, and the chapel attracted many London Tractarian supporters. Dodsworth later left Margaret Street Chapel in 1837 to join Christ Church, Albany Street and was succeeded by Charles Thornton. Thornton, a cousin of Edward Bouverie Pusey, was also a member of the Oxford Movement. He translated a volume within the Library of the Fathers, a collection of English translations of the works of the Church Fathers, but died in June 1839 before its publication.

Frederick Oakeley, a fellow of Balliol College, Oxford who joined the Oxford Movement in early 1839, left the university and became minister of Margaret Street Chapel on 5 July that year. As minister, Oakeley rearranged the interior of the chapel and practiced Anglo-Catholic high liturgy, making it a "showcase of the liturgical practices of the Oxford movement" according to Galloway and Rawll. James Pereiro also wrote that the chapel was an example of the "new spirit of liturgical worship" of Oxford. In 1845, Oakeley wrote a letter to Charles James Blomfield, Bishop of London, asserting his right to uphold all Roman doctrine. Facing opposition from the bishop, Oakeley gave up his minister license on 3 June and joined the Roman Catholic Church on 29 October that year. He was succeeded by William Upton Richards, assistant minister of the chapel.

Members of the Oxford Movement were concerned with the liturgical use of architecture. During his tenure, Oakeley envisioned rebuilding the chapel according to a proper ecclesiastical style and raised about GB£3000. His successor Upton Richards continued the project of rebuilding the chapel. Meanwhile, the Cambridge Camden Society, a society studying Gothic architecture, was seeking to build a church that would embody their architectural ideal and provide orthodox liturgy at the same time. In 1845, Alexander Beresford Hope, a leader of the society, realised that the chapel rebuilding scheme could be combined with the society's goal. His proposal received the approval of Richards and Bishop Blomfield. Upton Richards purchased the sites of the chapel and adjoining houses in 1849 in order to build a new church, and the Ecclesiastical District of All Saints' was soon founded on 30 July 1849.

The Cambridge Camden Society took charge of the rebuilding and appointed Sir Stephen Glynne and Beresford Hope overseeing the work. Glynne, however, did not participate in the project, and Hope took sole charge. William Butterfield was selected as the architect. Margaret Street Chapel saw its last sermon preached by Charles Marriott on 7 April 1850 and held its final service the next day. Edward Bouverie Pusey laid the foundation stone of the new church on All Saints' Day, 1850. During the construction of the new church, the congregation worshipped in Great Titchfield Street and, after 1855, at 77a Margaret Street. The total cost of the church, including the site and endowments, was around £70,000; several large individual donations helped to fund it.

The Oxford Movement also led to the creation of religious orders for women in England, including one at Margaret Street Chapel. Upton Richards encountered Harriet Brownlow Byron in 1848 and encouraged her to live a religious life. Brown later moved to 67 Mortimer Street and created a community for people with disabilities and orphaned children. Upton Richards celebrated Eucharist for the community in 1851, and in 1856 they moved to Margaret Street, across from the new church building. On 5 May 1856 Upton Richards received the professions of religious sisterhood of Byron and two other women, and in August they founded the Society of All Saints (Sisters of the Poor). Byron was installed as the Superior of the society by Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford. Maria, Christina Rossetti's older sister, joined the society as an associate sister in 1856. Christina had associations with the society later in her life, working at the society's House of Charity in Highgate in the 1860s. The scholar Elizabeth Ludlow argued that Rossetti's poem "Yet a Little While" contains phrases that describe the interior of All Saints, Margaret Street.

All Saints, Margaret Street
On 28 May 1859, Bishop of London Archibald Campbell Tait consecrated the church building of All Saints. Upton Richards served actively for ten years until he suffered strokes in 1869. The Survey of London describes the congregation at the time "occasional in character", as parishioners were not assigned fixed seats. In 1860 Upton Richards also established a choir school on Margaret Street for the church. He remained the vicar of All Saints until his death on 16 June 1873 and was succeeded by Berdmore Compton succeeded on 28 October. To commemorate Upton Richards, the parish devoted the decoration of the north wall of the church, which was designed by Butterfield, painted by Alexander Gibbs, and made by Henry Poole & Sons in 1875–1876.

Compton's tenure lasted until July 1886, during which Archbishop of Canterbury Edward White Benson preached at the church on Ascension Day, 3 June 1886. William Allen Whitworth became vicar in November that year. He created a newspaper for the parish in 1887, established a mission in Pentonville in northern London from 1888 to 1897, and offered Welsh services at All Saints from 1889 to 1895. Whitworth died after a bowel operation in March 1905. During the Victorian era, Princess Alexandra of Denmark frequented the church until the death of her son Prince Albert Victor in 1892. She sometimes brought her husband, the future Edward VII, and her family.

George Holden led the church from 1905 to his death in 1908, re-establishing a ward of the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament there in 1906 and joining the church to the English Church Union in 1907. He was succeeded by Henry Mackay, the fifth vicar of All Saints from 1908 to 1934. Mackay elevated the liturgy at the church by introducing incense in 1908 and paschal candles in 1912. He renamed the services as "Mass" in 1911 and the Solemn Eucharist "High Mass" in 1913, and from 1915 priests were addressed as "Fathers". The Anglican Benedictine monk Dom Bernard Clements succeeded Mackay in 1934. In 1939 he oversaw the celebrations of the centenary of the licensing of Frederick Oakeley to Margaret Street Chapel, with preachers including the Archbishops of York and of Wales, and in November that year the Archbishop of Canterbury Cosmo Gordon Lang preached at evensong at All Saints.

During the bombing of London in the Second World War, the choiristers were sent to the countryside and the roof of the parish school was set on fire. Dom Bernard died in 1942, and Geoffrey Fisher, then the Bishop of London, appointed Cyril Edric Tomkinson as the new vicar in 1943, who resigned due to ill health in 1951 and was succeeded by Kenneth Needham Ross. In 1959 All Saints celebrated the centenary of its consecration, having the Archbishop of York preaching at the High Mass on 31 May. In 1967 the choir school was closed due to financial difficulties and Ross retired two years later.

The ninth vicar, Michael Marshall, led the church from 1969 to 1975. In 1970, Bishop Graham Leonard of London thought of using All Saints as a centre to catechise lay people, which inspired Marshall to establish the Institute of Christian Studies at 84 Margaret street, where the choir school once occupied. For the first three years the institute was a resident community, before it transitioned into a place of teaching and was formally opened by Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1973. The institute closed around 1978. Marshall was elected and consecrated Bishop of Woolwich in 1975, and the next vicar was David Sparrow, who held the post from 1976 to his death in 1981.

David Hope, then principal of St Stephen's House, Oxford, an Anglo-Catholic theological college, was appointed the vicar of All Saints in 1982. In 1983 he organised a celebration of the 150th anniversary of the Oxford Movement, which saw Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, preaching at Evensong. In the same year Hope reinstated the celebration of the Feast of the Assumption and introduced the use of a monstrance for Benediction. During his tenure, he also established the Tenebrae service during the Holy Week. Hope became the Bishop of Wakefield in 1985, the Bishop of London in 1991, and was the Archbishop of York from 1995 to 2005. He was succeeded by David Hutt in 1986. Alan Moses was the vicar in the early 21th century, while the current incumbent is Peter Anthony. In 2020 the church came under the episcopal oversight of the Bishop of Fulham.

Architecture

All Saints marked a new stage in the development of the Gothic Revival in English architecture. The author and columnist Simon Jenkins called All Saints "architecturally England's most celebrated Victorian church", and the architectural historian Simon Thurley listed All Saints among the ten most important buildings in the country.

The design of the church showed Butterfield (in Sir John Betjeman's words) "going on from where the Middle Ages left off" as a neo-Gothic architect. Previous architecture of the 19th-century Gothic Revival had copied medieval buildings. But Butterfield departed considerably from medieval Gothic practice, especially by using new materials like brick. Charles Locke Eastlake, the 19th-century architect and writer, wrote that Butterfield's design was "a bold and magnificent endeavour to shake off the trammels of antiquarian precedent, which had long fettered the progress of the Revival, to create not a new style, but a development of previous styles". The Victorian critic John Ruskin wrote after seeing All Saints: "Having done this, we may do anything; ... and I believe it to be possible for us, not only to equal, but far to surpass, in some respects, any Gothic yet seen in Northern countries."

Butterfield's use of building materials was innovative. All Saints is built of brick, in contrast to Gothic Revival churches of the 1840s, typically built of grey Kentish ragstone. At All Saints, Butterfield felt a mission to "give dignity to brick", and the quality of the brick he chose made it more expensive than stone. The exterior of All Saints employs red brick, heavily banded and patterned with black brick, with bands of stone and carved elements in the gate, the church wall and spire. Decoration is therefore built into the structure, making All Saints the first example of 'structural polychromy' in London.

All Saints is particularly celebrated for its interior decoration. Every surface is richly patterned or decorated; the floor in diaper patterned tiles, wall surfaces in geometrical patterned brick, tile, and marble, as well as tiles with painted decoration, large friezes executed in painted tiles, a painted ceiling, and painted and gilded timberwork behind the altar. The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner described the interior as "dazzling, though in an eminently High Victorian ostentatiousness or obtrusiveness. ... No part of the walls is left undecorated. From everywhere the praise of the Lord is drummed into you."

The rear of the chancel features a series of paintings on gilded boards, within a delicately carved brightly patterned gothic screen, the work of Ninian Comper and a restoration of earlier work by William Dyce. The decoration of the Lady Chapel is also by Comper. The north wall is dominated by a large ceramic tile frieze designed by Butterfield, painted by Alexander Gibbs, and fired by Henry Poole and Sons, installed in 1873. It depicts a variety of scenes from the Old Testament, a central Nativity scene and depictions of Early Church Fathers.

The stained-glass windows are limited in All Saints due to the density of buildings around the church. The original windows were designed by Alfred Gérente (1821–1868) but his work was not held in high regard and was subsequently replaced. The large west window, which was originally fitted with glass by Gerente in 1853–58, was replaced in 1877 with a design by Alexander Gibbs based on the Tree of Jesse window in Wells Cathedral. The glass in the clerestory dates from 1853 and is the work of Michael O'Connor, who also designed the east window of the south chancel aisle which depicts Christ in Majesty with St Edward Martyr and St Augustine.

The baptistery in the south-west corner of the church is noted for its marble tiling which features an image of the Pelican in her Piety in the ceiling tiles, a symbol of the fall and redemption of man.

The reredos, by Butterfield, was moved to St Catherine's Church, Wickford, at some time during the 20th century.

Music
In 1841, the vicar of Margaret Street Chapel Frederick Oakeley translated the Latin hymn "Adeste Fideles" into English as "Ye Faithful, Approach Ye" for his congregation. Although Oakeley did not publish his translation, his hymn became notable due to its use at the chapel, and was included in several hymnals in the 19th century. One of its popular arrangements is "O Come All Ye Faithful".

A choir school was established at the church in 1843, which provided music for daily choral services. The choir was widely recognised for its excellence and choristers sang at the Coronations of Edward VII (1902), George V (1911), George VI (1937) and Elizabeth II (1953) as well as at Victoria's Jubilees (1887 and 1897). Amongst its alumni is Laurence Olivier. The school closed in 1968, at which point the boys' voices were replaced by adult sopranos. The survival of the choir school had been discussed many years earlier. Writing to parishioners in 1894, the vicar lamented that the changing demography of the area meant that there were now few children left in the parish, and that the number of wealthy patrons in the congregation had decreased as they moved further west.

The present-day choir maintains the exacting standards of its predecessors.

The repertoire for choir and organ stretches from before the Renaissance to the 21st century and includes several pieces commissioned for the church, most famously Walter Vale's arrangement of Rachmaninoff's Liturgy of St John Chrysostom and All-Night Vigil for Western-Rite Mass and Evensong respectively. Rachmaninoff heard Vale's adaptations during his two visits to the church, in 1915 and 1923, and pronounced his approval of them. They are still sung on Palm Sunday.

All Saints' organ is a superb four-manual Harrison and Harrison instrument with 65 speaking stops, built in 1910 to a specification drawn up by Walter Vale. It retains the best of the pipework of its predecessor, the original and considerably smaller Hill organ. Though as big as those found in most cathedrals, it is perfectly tailored to All Saints' smaller dimensions – powerful, but not excessively so, sounding intimate when played quietly, and monumental when loud. Harrison rebuilt it in 1957, replacing the tubular pneumatic action with electro-pneumatic. Electrical blowers replaced the hydraulic blowing plant.

The tonal changes made to 10 stops in 1957 – like those made to many other organs at that time – altered the tone of the instrument, to a very limited extent, to a more 'classical' sound. Therefore, when the organ next required major restoration work, the decision was taken to try to restore the sound nearer to that of 1910: to return it to an 'Edwardian Romantic' organ. The completed restoration was celebrated with two inauguration concerts in March 2003.

Organists have included Richard Redhead, the first organist and remembered today as the composer of Rock of Ages and Bright the Vision, Walter Vale (1907–1939), William Lloyd Webber (1939–1948), John Birch (1953–58), Michael Fleming (1958–68) and Harry Bramma (1989–2004), many of whom wrote music for use at All Saints and beyond.

 * Directors of Music (selected)
 * 1839–1864 Richard Redhead
 * 1860–1868 Christopher Edwin Willing
 * 1868–1907 William Stevenson Hoyte
 * 1907–1939 Walter S. Vale
 * 1939–1948 William Lloyd Webber
 * 1949–1951 John Williams
 * 1952–1953 Garth Benson
 * 1953–1958 John Birch
 * 1958–1968 Michael Fleming
 * 1968–1988 (James) Eric Arnold
 * 1988–1989 Murray Stewart
 * 1989–2004 Harry Bramma
 * 2004–2013 Paul Brough
 * 2013–2018 Timothy Byram-Wigfield
 * 2020–present Stephen Farr

title: All Saints, Margaret Street


text: Category:Dutch speed skaters

title: Category:Dutch speed skaters


text:
Talk:ESPN25

Where to link from?
Hey there Jonpin. I was just wondering where we could link to this page. Maybe the SportsCenter page? What do you think? -- TomPreuss 13:40, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Terrible example of US Centrism
If I was an American I would be very embarrassed by this list. If wasn't restricted to Americans because there is at least one (!) moment that doesn't involve an American, but the parochialism is mind-boggling. Wincoote 14:57, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

copyvio
I believe that reproducing the lists completely is copyvio. I have removed the lists from the article. -- Mikeblas 01:02, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:ESPN25


text:
Stagira (ancient city)

Stagira, Stagirus , or Stageira (Στάγειρα or Στάγειρος) was an ancient Greek city located near the eastern coast of the peninsula of Chalkidice, which is now part of the Greek province of Central Macedonia. It is chiefly known for being the birthplace of Aristotle, the Greek philosopher and polymath, student of Plato, and teacher of Alexander the Great. The ruins of the city lie approximately 18 km northeast of the present-day village of Stagira, and adjacent to the town of Olympiada.

History
Stagira was founded in 655 BC by Ionian settlers from Andros. Xerxes I of Persia occupied it in 480 BC. The city later joined the Delian League, led by Athens, but left in 424 BC: as a result, the Athenian demagogue Cleon laid siege to it in 422 BC. However, Cleon was a poor strategist and his conduct of the siege was very inefficient: so much so that the ancient Greek comedy writer Aristophanes satirised him in the play The Knights. Cleon died in the same year, in the battle of Amphipolis. Later, during the Peloponnesian War, Stagira sided with Sparta against the Athenians.

In 348 BC, Philip II of Macedon occupied and destroyed the city. In return for Aristotle's tutoring of his son Alexander, Philip later rebuilt the city and resettled the old city's inhabitants. Many new structures were built at this time, including an aqueduct, two shrines to Demeter, and many houses.

Tradition has it that the natives of Stageira transferred Aristotle's relics to the city, buried it there, and founded a festival in his honour which was called "Aristoteleia".

Much later, the Danish archaeologist Karl Frederik Kinch made several explorations of Chalkidiki in 1886, and he identified the site of Stagira based on ancient descriptions of it.

Notable people

 * Aristotle, philosopher
 * Hipparchus (Ἵππαρχος), philosopher, acquaintance and kin of Aristotle
 * Nicomachus, father of Aristotle and doctor
 * Arimneste, sister of Aristotle
 * Nicomachus, son of Aristotle and philosopher
 * Herpyllis, second wife of Aristotle and the mother of Nicomachus
 * Nicanor of Stageira

title: Stagira (ancient city)


text:
Hakata (disambiguation)

Hakata usually refers to Hakata-ku, Fukuoka, a ward in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Hakata may also refer to:

 * Hakata, Ehime, a town in Ehime Prefecture, Japan; now part of Imabari
 * Hakata Bay, a bay on the Japanese island of Kyūshū
 * Battle of Bun'ei, also known as the First Battle of Hakata Bay, during the first Mongol invasions of Japan
 * Battle of Kōan, also known as the Second Battle of Hakata Bay, during the second Mongol invasion of Japan
 * Hakata dialect
 * Hakata doll, traditional Japanese clay dolls, originally from Hakata
 * Hakata Station, a large train station in Fukuoka
 * Hakata, a southern African form of divination; see Astragalomancy
 * Hakata, a nickname for the German Eastern Marches Society, a German nationalist organization

title: Hakata (disambiguation)


text:
Alexander Spirin

Alexander Sergeevich Spirin (Russian: Александр Сергеевич Спирин; 4 September 1931 – 30 December 2020 ) was a Russian biochemist, Distinguished Professor at the Lomonosov Moscow State University (since 1999), a Director of Institute of Protein Research Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino (Пущино-на-Оке), Moscow Region (Московская Область), Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences. His primary scientific interests in biochemistry included nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis.

Career
In 1957 together with Andrey Nikolayevich Belozersky (Андрей Николаевич Белозерский) he conducted comparative analysis of bacterial DNA and RNA, and predicted existence of messenger RNA. He gave the first qualitative description of the structure of high-polymer RNA (1959–61). In 1963 he discovered structural transitions of ribosomes and formulated one of the principles of structure of ribosomes. He discovered artificial ribosomal self-assembly (1963–66) and proposed a molecular mechanism of the ribosome role in protein synthesis (1968). He conducted extra-cellular protein synthesis on modified ribosomes — non-enzymatic translation (together with L.P. Gavrilova) (1970–74).

In 1957, he defended his Candidate's Dissertation. In 1962, he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1964, he received the title of Professor. He was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1966 and full member in 1970.

Awards
Dr. Spirin was awarded the Sir Hans Krebs Medal in 1969, elected an Honorary Fellow of University of Granada in 1972 and awarded the prestigious Demidov Prize in 2013. In 1974 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was elected an International member of the American Philosophical Society in 1997 and a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in April 2019.

title: Alexander Spirin


text:
Ungmennafélag Grindavíkur

Ungmennafélag Grindavíkur, commonly known as UMFG or Grindavík, is a multi-sport club in Grindavík, Iceland. It has active departments of football, basketball, judo, swimming, taekwondo and gymnastic.

Men's basketball
The Grindavíks men's basketball team has won three national championships, the last one coming in 2013.

Titles

 * Úrvalsdeild karla: 3:
 * 1995-96, 2011–12, 2012–13
 * Icelandic Cup: 5:
 * 1995, 1998, 2000, 2006, 2014

Women's basketball
The Grindavíks women's basketball team won its lone national championship in 1997.

Titles

 * Úrvalsdeild kvenna: 1:
 * 1996-97
 * Icelandic Cup: 2:
 * 2008, 2015

Football
Grindavík men's and women's teams play their home games at Grindavíkurvöllur.

Trophies and achievements

 * Icelandic League Cup: 1:
 * 2000

title: Ungmennafélag Grindavíkur


text:
Grindavík men's football

The Grindavík men's football team is the men's football department of the Ungmennafélag Grindavíkur multi-sport club. It is based in Grindavík in south-west Iceland, and currently plays in the Lengjudeildin, The second tier in Icelandic football.

History
The club won its way slowly up the leagues, beginning in the third tier and spending some time there before promotion to the second tier and at last promotion to the first tier in 1994. The club established itself there, and for years was the only side in the top divisions to have never been relegated from any division. Sigurður Jónsson was appointed manager before the 2006 season, after a successful period at Víkingur. In that season, Grindavík got relegated for the first time in their history. In September 2006 with three rounds to go, Sigurður resigned as a manager and his assistants managers, Magni Fannberg Magnússon and Milan Stefán Jankovic took control. They made a draw against Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar, 1:1, in the last round, but it was clear before the game that they needed to win. On September 22, 2007, Grindavík won a promotion back to the Úrvalsdeild after a 6–0 win over Reynir Sandgerði, with still one round unplayed. They managed to stay in the top league from 2008 until 2012, when they were again relegated to 1. deild for the 2013 season.

In 2017, Grindavík finished 5th in the Úrvalsdeild. Andri Rúnar Bjarnason finished as the league's top goalscorer and was named the player of the season.

Honours

 * Icelandic League Cup
 * Winners (1): 2000

title: Grindavík men's football