text:
Talk:Variable star

Our own Sun

 * Our own Sun is a good example which goes through practically no measurable variation in brightness.

This is untrue. At present, there is a 0.1% variation between solar max and solar min years in the solar cycle. There is some evidence of greater variation on longer time scale. This is small, and much smaller than stars that are classified as "variable". But it is easily measured even with fairly crude apparatus. I have somewhat changed the offending sentence that was stated on this site. Securiger 00:45, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * From Solar analog: "Non-variability is ideally defined as variability of less than 1%, but 3% is the practical limit due to limits in available data. " I'd point out too the need to demonstrate the periodicity/recurrence of variation, to rule out supernovas/other one time occurrences. To another question, Have they found any red dwarfes that have a large planet companion making it totally 'disappear', as the planetar(?) would be larger than the host star?85.77.97.18 (talk) 03:12, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Spectrum Variables
Is there a good reason why spectrum variables are not included?

 * No good reason, just our ignorance. 16:16, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Reasons
It would be nice if the article actually provided some explanations of the reasons that the stars change their luminosity. Paranoid 20:09, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That would be suitable. I'll see with what I can contribute. Said: Rursus (☻) 16:17, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Now Eddington pulsations for instability strip stars and for miras, while unknown for β Cepheids. Cataclysmic variable mechanisms are also pretty well known, but not written yet. Said: Rursus (☻) 19:00, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe an article could be written for Eddington pulsations, maybe. Said: Rursus (☻) 19:01, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * This one source. Said: Rursus (☻) 19:25, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Reading that, the article describes a so called κ mechanism, driven by temperature and opacity, while Eddington proposed an ε mechanism, driven by central temperature and energy production. I don't know hwois responsible for κ, yet. Said: Rursus (☻) 21:25, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Answer: Eddington. Although he rejected it later. Said: Rursus (☻) 21:37, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * This needs to be very brief. All the variable star types have their own articles (SPBs to follow soon) and we don't want to just repeat all that information here.  Each star needs only a summary of the key points, which could include an indication of the mechanism of variability.  I've just hacked out a bunch of the detail about Cepheids.  There is an overview article on Cepheid, plus detail articles on each of the sub-types.  Also, as of 2013 we have a basic understanding of the mechanisms of pulsation for all the types, and detail articles for most of them (eg. G-mode pulsation).  Lithopsian (talk) 23:58, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Where this doesn't already exists, and when I know it, I'm adding a brief mention of the mechanism for variability. No more than a sentence or soin each class, maybe a sentence in the sub-headings.  Plus a larger general explanation for the different mechanisms behind pulsating stars.  Hopefully that will let people compare and contrast the mechanisms in different variable types in a way that I don't think is done anywhere else. Lithopsian (talk) 14:49, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Naming of variable stars

 * This system of nomenclature was developed by Friedrich W. Argelander, who noted that many variable stars were red and so began the naming with the letter R for rot (Red).

Is this really so? As far as I know, Argelander chose letter R as the first letter because the last letter used in Bayer designation scheme was Q. Bayer designations start from α and continue to ω. After the Greek letters were exhausted, lower case letters were used, and finally came the upper case letters. Non-Greek letter designations have largely fallen out of use. Few expections remain, h Persei (open cluster), e Eridani (not ε/epsilon!), and P Cygni. The last one is not a variable star name, although P Cygni is about as variable as a star can be.--Jyril 14:31, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That's what I thought too. Don't have a citation offhand but I'm pretty sure that you're correct.  JYolkowski // talk 17:36, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I found it! Argelander wrote:

 * " I name R the star in the Virgin whose periodic variability was discovered in 1809 by Harding... I hope I will be forgiven for taking the liberty of designating by a letter a star which does not appear in the Bayer catalogue but it seems to me that owing to their originality, variable stars are entitled to claim such a distinction. To my mind, a particular name seems to be almost unavoidable to allow an easy identification of stars that are frequently mentioned. But in order to avoid confusion with the alphabetic designation of Bayer, I chose to use the last letters of the alphabet only and to write them in capitals... "

 * Source:

 * --Jyril 18:32, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

General structure of this article
I think the general structure of this article may be improved. What I expect the "general visitor" of this article to look for would be more of a general introduction to the subject, giving insight in the first place, and less of a comprehensive catalogue of variable types. The article in its new form may consist of two parts: I will try and make these amendments to the Dutch nl.wikipedia article first; if this is an improvement I propose a similar restructuring of this English article. Hans van Deukeren 16:38, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) General introduction, including broad distinction between intrinsic and eclipsing/rotating variables; discovery history; observational data (kinds of variability, light curve, spectrum, magnetism, etc., and what may be learned from them); theoretical tools (why do stars pulsate; Eddington's "wave equation"); nomenclature system;
 * 2) General classification scheme. The present catalogue largely reflects the General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) ordering, which is often alphabetical; instead a more illuminating ordering would be based on physical criteria (such as type of star--main sequence, giant, protostar, white dwarf; or radial vs non-radial pulsations). The list should not be too detailed (the GCVS has some 115 categories and subcategories); instead, links to (new) wikipedia articles such as "intrinsic variable"; "rotation variable"; "eclipsing variable" should refer those interested to a more comprehensive treatment.
 * Thanks for all your work on this article Hans.--Kalsermar 18:10, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Why is a link to the Heinlein/Robinson book "non appropriate"?
It is conceivable someone looking for the book will go to "Variable star" rather than "Variable Star". --Lukobe 20:35, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It is imho actually very unlikely that someone would look for that book in that way. Rather, they'd probably go to the author's page and go from there. Other than that, making a true Variable star (disambiguation) might be better, others can correct me on this if I'm wrong.--Kalsermar 21:10, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I already created Variable Star as such a disambiguation page. I suppose that may be enough. --Lukobe 21:34, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me :-) --Kalsermar 23:53, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Lukobe got rid of the dab page, and redirected it directly to Heinlein's novel. Now there's a vote on to MOVE the Heinlein page to Variable Star, by Lukobe as a matter of fact, after already discussing it here! I've restored the dab, at the moment. Vote at Talk:Robert A. Heinlein's Variable Star to discuss the requested rename. 132.205.93.88 23:52, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Note the proposal is to move the Heinlein page to Variable Star NOT Variable star. And this is because the book's name is not actualy Robert A. Heinlein's Variable Star, which is where the book currently resides. --Lukobe 00:57, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

H-R diagram illustration
As a suggestion, it may be beneficial to include an illustration of an H-R diagram showing the regions where various types of variability occur. I've seen this illustrated in astronomy textbooks, as well as some web sites. Here are some examples (which I'm sure could be improved upon):
 * http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/hrv.jpg
 * http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/astr_250/images/hr_vars.gif
 * http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/images/binvar/hrpulsvar.jpg
 * http://universe-review.ca/I08-14-variables.jpg
 * http://www.astronomy.org.nz/aas/Journal/Nov2004/images/Instability%20Strip%202.gif
 * http://www.dil.univ-mrs.fr/~gispert/enseignement/astronomie/3eme_partie/variables_img/diagHR.gif

Thank you. — RJH (talk) 19:10, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot. Good starting point. Said: Rursus (☻) 16:43, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Does look so-so only: the HR diagram is cluttered with texts, often with the TLA disease. I'll ponder how to improve. Said: Rursus (☻) 14:16, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * You might want to give it a new try based on http://www.helas-eu.org/outreach/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=46 (however, pulsating stars only, not all variables generally) Bruddl (talk) 16:29, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I like the diagram, almost essential in this article. It could probably stand a few additions for recent discoveries.  I don't see TLA as a problem provided the acronyms are also clearly visible in the text.  You could also explicitly key them at the bottom of the diagram itself.  With full names that don't completely crowd eachother out, it would almost certainly need to be bigger and the version in the article would become an unreadable thumbnail. Lithopsian (talk) 14:54, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Discovery Incorrect 1ST para
The first paragraph in section Discovery have decidedly got it in quite another way that I got it, namely:
 * The occurrence of Tycho's Star and Tycho Brahe's subsequent studies, showed that the fixed heaven is not as "fixed" as was previously believed. Fabricius described omicron Ceti as a nova. It was Holwarda that discovered that omicron Ceti was pulsating, and he determined the period to 11 months.

I suggest a rewrite to clarify. Said: Rursus (☻) 09:35, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Extrinsic/Intrinsic
Extrinsic/Intrinsic ― I suspect this division might be obsolete. Said: Rursus (☻) 19:14, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

 * AAVSO divides like this:
 * extrinsic
 * eruptive
 * intrinsic

 * Patrick Moore divides like this:
 * extinsic:
 * eclipsing vars
 * intrinsic:
 * rotating vars

 * GCVS has nothing like "trinsic" whatsoever. It might be a confused term that have fallen out of usage becåse of confusion and/or new knowledge. In my opinion the rotavars are variable due to one "extrinsic" (geometric) and one "intrinsic" (real physical variability) mechanism. The ellipsoids are also "semi-intrinsic", since the stars deform each other physically. Said: Rursus (☻) 19:50, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Stars such as the RS Canum venaticorum variables also blur the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic variables, as potentially do several other types. I would like to get rid of these sections, although they may seem like nice groupings for a lay reader.  Even for the lay reader, the existing depth of nesting of the subsections is probably intimidating. Lithopsian (talk) 00:01, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

List of var discoveries
Acc2 Patrick Moore (The Guinness Book of Astronomy), the discovery list is: That makes 10 before 1786, unless Moore (and so me) missed some. Said: Rursus (☻) 19:44, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * List of variable stars supports 10 before 1786, unless supernovae are counted. Said: Rursus (☻) 20:27, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Cataclysmic/Explosive
The RASC lists four sub-categories of variable stars, compared to five here. They put the cataclysmic and explosive variables under "Eruptive variables". The AAVSO has a similar organization. I'd like to suggest merging the Cataclysmic/Eruptive section under the "Eruptive variables" section.—RJH (talk) 19:58, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I think it would be better to keep the current five classes (eruptive, pulsating, cataclysmic, rotating, and eclipsing) as they are the first five classes used by the GCVS and by Sterken and Jaschek (ISBN 0521390168).  (These sources also have a sixth class of variable X-ray sources which no-one has bothered to list here.) Spacepotato (talk) 00:53, 10 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay. In that case the Cataclysmic variable star article probably shouldn't be listed as the main article for it's section as it doesn't cover Type II supernovae.—RJH (talk) 00:06, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * In case anyone gets itchy about this topic in the future, the AAVSO now groups variables under the same five categories. Don't know if that is Wikipedia changing the world or just a coincidence.  Makes sense anyway.  Lithopsian (talk) 23:50, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Section grouping
I've added several new variable types to this article, all pulsating variables. So now we have a fairly long list with little structure to it. I could group maybe three or four of them as main sequence variables, or perhaps a slightly different three as B type variables or some such. Any other ideas? Lithopsian (talk) 23:53, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:49, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Microvariability
Please could somebody edit this article cover the topic of microvariability? Thank you. Praemonitus (talk) 22:40, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Variable star


text:
Sphere (disambiguation)

A sphere is a three-dimensional object shaped like a ball; it may also refer to a sphere-like region or shell.

Sphere may also refer to:

Astronomy

 * Armillary sphere, a physical model of the celestial sphere
 * Celestial sphere, the astronomical description of the sky
 * Celestial spheres or planetary spheres, refer to a geocentric model of the universe and the associated postulate of a "Musica Universalis" (Music of the Spheres)
 * Hill sphere, the spherical region around an astronomical body where the primary gravitational influence on an orbiting object is that body
 * Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research (SPHERE) is an adaptive optics system and coronagraphic facility at the Very Large Telescope (VLT)
 * Sphere of influence (astrodynamics), similar to the Hill sphere, but smaller, only about 60% of the radius
 * Sphere of influence (black hole), a region around a supermassive black hole
 * SPHERES (Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient Experimental Satellites), a formation flight testbed developed by MIT's Space Systems Laboratory
 * SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer), a proposed space telescope

Human sciences

 * Separate spheres, an ideological term referring to separation between a private sphere and a public sphere in some societies
 * Sphere of influence, a metaphorical region of influence surrounding a country, person or concept

Mathematics

 * n-sphere, the set of points at fixed distance from a central point in n+1 dimensional space
 * Spherical surface, the boundary of a sphere (also known simply as sphere in mathematics)
 * Spherical volume, the region inside a sphere (also known as a ball in mathematics)
 * Unit sphere, the set of points at a distance of 1 from a central point

Films

 * Sphere (1998 film), a film based on Crichton's 1987 novel, starring Dustin Hoffman, Sharon Stone, and Samuel L. Jackson
 * Sphere (2013 film), an animated short film

Literature

 * Sphere (novel), a 1987 science-fiction novel by Michael Crichton
 * Spheres trilogy, three books by the philosopher Peter Sloterdijk
 * De sphaera mundi (The Sphere), a medieval astronomy book by Johannes de Sacrobosco
 * The Sphere (newspaper), a British weekly newspaper which ran between 1900 and 1964

Groups

 * Sphere (American band), American jazz ensemble
 * Sphere (Japanese band), a Japanese pop idol unit
 * Sphere (Polish band), a death metal band from Poland

Albums and songs

 * Sphere (album), a 2005 album by noise music artist Merzbow
 * "Sphere", a song by John Frusciante and Josh Klinghoffer from their album A Sphere in the Heart of Silence (2004)
 * Spheres (Delerium album)
 * "Spheres" (instrumental), a 2007 single by Mike Oldfield
 * Spheres (Pestilence album), 1993
 * Spheres, an album by Daniel Hope
 * Spheres 2, a 1994 album by Delerium

Other uses

 * Astigmatism disambiguation, in optometry, a parameter in eyeglass prescriptions that gives the optical power of the lens
 * Silver Sphere (born 1999), American singer-songwriter
 * Sphere, an extraterrestrial artificial intelligence that allies with humans from Independence Day: Resurgence
 * Spheres (TV series), a Korean animation
 * Sphere (organization), a project launched in 1997 to develop a set of minimum standards in core areas of humanitarian assistance
 * Sphere (website), a blog search engine
 * Sphere, a rumored internal development name for the PlayStation Move controller
 * Sphere 1, one of the earliest personal computers
 * Sphere Books, a British paperback-publisher from the 1960s to the 1980s and the 2000s to today
 * Sphere (venue), a sphere-shaped entertainment venue in Las Vegas
 * The Sphere, a 1971 large metallic sculpture in New York City
 * The Sphere (social network), an online network for renting luxury properties
 * The Spheres, a fictional planetary system in Coldplay's album Music of the Spheres

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Talk:Kohat University of Science & Technology

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William Gilbert (author)

William Gilbert (20 May 1804 – 3 January 1890) was an English writer and Royal Navy surgeon. He wrote a considerable number of novels, biographies, histories, essays (especially about the dangers of alcohol and the plight of the poor) and popular fantasy stories, mostly in the 1860s and 1870s. Some of these have been reprinted in recent decades and are still available today. He is best remembered, however, as the father of dramatist W. S. Gilbert of Gilbert and Sullivan.

Life and career
Gilbert was born at Bishopstoke, Hampshire, the eldest son of William (1780–1812), a grocer in Commercial Row, Blackfriars, London, and his wife Sarah née Mathers (1782–1810). Both his parents died of tuberculosis by the time William was seven years old, and thereafter, he and his younger siblings, Joseph and Jane, were raised in London by their mother's sister and her husband, Mary nee Mathers (1770–1865) and John Samuel Schwenck (1780–1861), a childless and financially comfortable couple. Gilbert's father had also left the children legacies that would be invested by their uncle until the youngest had reached age 21, so Gilbert's would not be due to him until age 26. With the three young Gilbert children, the Schwencks soon moved from Lambeth to a larger house in Clapham, where they raised the children with affection.

Gilbert served the East India Company as a midshipman from 1818 (age 14) to 1821 but was unhappy with the conditions, and so he quit the service. He then spent several years in Italy, returning to England about 1825. There he studied at Guy's Hospital and served as an assistant surgeon in the navy, and then he entered the Royal College of Surgeons in 1830. At this time, he received his annuity from his father's estate, giving him financial independence, and also published a volume of his poetry. He first married Mary Ann Skelton in 1832, who died two years later at around age 20. By this time, he had privately published another book, but after the death of his wife, he published no more for many years. He married Anne Mary Bye Morris (1811–1888), age 24, on 14 February 1836. She was the daughter of Thomas Morris (1760–1849), an apothecary, and Christiana nee Sutherland (1777–1845). The couple's famous son, W. S. Gilbert, was born on 18 November 1836 at the Morris's house in Southampton Street. The Gilberts then moved to Hammersmith, near Anne's sister Harriet and her family.

In 1838, Gilbert took his wife and toddler on a long trip to Italy, where he had lived as a young man. There, their daughter Jane Morris Gilbert (1838–1906) was born. In 1841, Gilbert's brother and sister, Joseph and Jane, both died of tuberculosis. Gilbert received some property owned by his sister and became a potential co-guardian to Joseph's two young sons, together with the Schwencks. In 1843, his daughter Mary Florence (1843–1911) was born. In early 1845, Gilbert decided to take custody of his two young nephews from their mother, Catherine, who had begun a relationship with an officer of the East India Company. She brought a custody lawsuit and her children were returned to her. Amid considerable publicity critical of Gilbert and the Schwencks, Gilbert fled with his young family to Boulogne, France, where his daughter, Anne Maude (1845–1932), was born. The family lived there for two years and returned to London in 1847, moving to Brompton.

Gilbert and Anne "led an increasingly quarrelsome life" in London.

Early writing career
Gilbert began his writing career around 1857. He was concerned, throughout his life, with the welfare of the poor and served as honorary secretary of the Society of the Relief of Distress. His interest in the poor is evident in his writing, and one of his recurring themes was that poverty and alcohol, not genealogy, was the major cause of crime and the main factor in one's later fortunes. This theme would also be seen in his son's writing. One of the elder Gilbert's first pieces was a pamphlet entitled, "On the Present System of Rating for the Relief of the Poor in the Metropolis" (1857). In 1858, anonymously, Gilbert published Dives and Lazarus, or the adventures of an obscure medical man in a low neighbourhood. The book was a fictional account focusing on what Gilbert saw as the increasing disparity in the lives of the rich and the poor. A similar theme pervades another early Gilbert novel, The Weaver's Family (1860). This theme continued to concern Gilbert throughout his career including in Contrasts; dedicated to the ratepayers of London (1873) and in one of his fiercest attacks on social abuses, The City; An Inquiry into the Corporation, its livery companies, and the administration of their charities and endowments (1877), describing how 50,000 working-class people were evicted from their dwellings to make room for the Metropolitan Railway. In an age of male chauvinism, Gilbert also wrote several articles about discrimination against women.

In 1859, Gilbert published a novel, Margaret Meadows, A Tale for the Pharisees. This was made into a play called Mary Warner by Tom Taylor in 1869, who was forced to pay Gilbert a settlement for plagiarising his novel. Gilbert's most successful early novel was Shirley Hall Asylum: Or the Memoirs of a Monomaniac (1863), which told the stories of inmates of a lunatic asylum from the point of view of an escapee driven mad by trying to solve the problem of perpetual motion. Gilbert's first novel published under his own name was Christmas Tale: The Rosary, a Legend of Wilton Abbey (1863). The story purports to be the written confession of one Alicia Longspée, who had been Lady Abbess of the Benedictine Convent at Wilton in the 15th century. Gilbert's next novel, De Profundis, a tale of the social deposits (1864) is the story of a foundling rescued by a Scottish Fusilier Guardsman stationed in London. The foundling grows up to marry the guardsman's daughter. Another 1864 book was The Goldsworthy Family, or the country attorney, about an unethical lawyer.

Gilbert's 1865 book, The Magic Mirror (about a mirror that grants wishes), containing stories with a moral was illustrated by his multi-talented son. Gilbert also wrote histories and articles and stories for numerous periodicals (often anonymously), including Cornhill, Temple Bar, St. Paul's, The Quiver, The Contemporary Review, The Sunday Magazine, Good Things, Good Words, Strahan's Boy's and Girl's (sic) Annual and The Fortnightly Review.

Among Gilbert's best-known, and most popular, works were his Innominato tales of the supernatural, published in various magazines, including Argosy, and finally collected in The Wizard of the Mountain (1867). One of the best-known is "The Last Lords of Gardonal" (1867). These stories concerned the adventures of an enigmatic wizard and astrologer called the Innominato (in English, "Nameless"), in 14th century Italy, who tried to use his powers to help people.

Later years
In 1868, Gilbert wrote The Doctor of Beauweir, an autobiography, told from the point of view of a South Wales medic. King George's Middy (1869), also illustrated by W. S. Gilbert, relates the adventures of a Leicestershire squire's son who becomes a midshipman and is marooned of the coast of Africa. Another 1869 novel was Sir Thomas Branston. Later that year, Gilbert produced his most famous biography, Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara: a biography: Illustrated by rare and unpublished documents. In this work, Gilbert concluded, after extensive research, that there was no evidence of the acts of gross immorality of which Borgia was accused, including murder. This was followed in 1870 by The Inquisitor, or the Struggle in Ferrara, about the life of Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara, set in 1554.

In 1871, the novel Martha was followed by The Landlord of the "Sun", again describing a descent into degradation, this time involving a villainous seducer, an illegitimate child and drunkenness, and, in 1873, by Clara Levesque. Another theme that was seen in Gilbert's writings was his dislike of established religion and the Roman Catholic Church in particular. Two works on this theme included Facta non-Verba: a comparison between the good works performed by the ladies in Roman Catholic convents in England, and the unfettered efforts of their Protestant sisters (1874) and Disestablishment from a Church point of view (1875).

Gilbert had a mercurial temper and was difficult to live with, imposing arbitrary restrictions on his wife and daughters. After many years of strained relations with his wife, Gilbert left home and separated from her in 1876 after forty years of marriage. He left his wife and daughters substantial incomes and the family home, assuming that he would be able to earn a good living from his writing. However, he soon became seriously ill and appeared to be dying, and his doctors advised him not to write. His wife did not assist in his care and did not, ultimately, allow him to return home. Her son appealed to her on his father's behalf, but she would not change her mind. W. S. Gilbert apparently never contacted his mother again. Instead, Gilbert went to live with Jane, his only married daughter, and her husband in The Close at Salisbury, where he resided for the rest of his life.

In 1877, Gilbert published Them Boots, another description of characters from the lowest class of society, as well as The City. Pursuing another favourite theme, the dangers of drink, Gilbert also published in 1877 Nothing but the Truth, an unvarnished picture of the effects of intemperance, and example of his many writings about the dangers of alcohol. 1879 saw the publication of Mrs. Dubosq's Bible, about a French Huguenot group in Spitalfields in the 18th century, and the possession of a 1650 Geneva Bible by a poor person. In 1880, Memoirs of a Cynic was a protest against cruelty and hypocrisy. This was followed in 1881 by Modern Wonders of the World, or the new Sinbad, a series of 10 stories told to London children by Hassan, the son of an Egyptian slave dealer. His last book, published in 1882, Legion, or the modern demoniac, returns to Gilbert's campaign against drink, which, he illustrated, leads to "crime, profligacy, suicide, homicide, brutality, cruelty, pauperism, idiocy and insanity."

Gilbert died at the age of 86 and was buried in The Close at Salisbury.

Works

 * Novels and collections:
 * Dives and Lazarus, or the adventures of an obscure medical man in a low neighbourhood (1858)
 * Margaret Meadows, A Tale for the Pharisees (1858)
 * The Weaver's Family (1860)
 * Shirley Hall Asylum: Or the Memoirs of a Monomaniac (1863)
 * Christmas Tale: The Rosary, a Legend of Wilton Abbey (1863)
 * De Profundis, a tale of the social deposits (1864)
 * The Goldsworthy Family, or the country attorney (1864)
 * Doctor Austin's Guests (1866) (sequel to Shirley Hall Asylum)
 * The Magic Mirror: A Round of Tales for Young and Old (1865; illustrated by W. S. Gilbert)
 * Doctor Austin's Guests (1866; a sequel to Shirley Hall Asylum)
 * The Wizard of the Mountain (volume 1); (volume 2) (1867)
 * The Doctor of Beauweir, an autobiography (1868)
 * The Seven League Boots (1869; illustrated by W. S. Gilbert)
 * King George’s Middy (1869; illustrated by W. S. Gilbert)
 * Sir Thomas Branston (1869)
 * Martha (1871)
 * The Landlord of the "Sun" (1871)
 * Clara Levesque (1873)
 * Them Boots (1877)
 * James Duke, Costermonger. A tale of the social aspects (c. 1879)
 * Mrs. Dubosq's Bible (1879)
 * Memoirs of a Cynic (1880)
 * Modern Wonders of the World, or the new Sinbad (1881)

 * Short stories:
 * "A Visit to a Convict Lunatic Asylum" (1864)
 * "The Sacristan of St. Botolph" (1866)
 * "Ruth Thornbury, or The Old Maid's Story" (1866)
 * "The Doctor Onofrio" (1867) *
 * "Fra Gerolamo" (1867) *
 * "The Magic Flower" (1867) *
 * "The Last Lords of Gardonal" (1867) *
 * "Tomas and Pepina" (1867) *
 * "The Robber Chief" (1867) *
 * "Don Bucefalo and the Curate" (1867) **
 * "The Physician's Daughter" (1867) **
 * "The Two Lovers" (1867) **
 * "The Stranger" (1867) **
 * "The Innominato's Confession" (1867) **
 * "Friar Peter’s Confession" (1869)
 * "How Brother Ignatius Became a Monk" (1869)
 * "How Brother Jonas, the Sub-Cellarer, Was Haunted by an Evil Spirit" (1869)
 * "The Seven League Boots" (1869; illustrated by W. S. Gilbert)
 * "The Shrine of Santa Clara" (1869)
 * "Walter, the Sub-Steward" (1869)
 * "The Invisible Prince" (1872)
 * "The abuse of charity in London: the case of the five Royal Hospitals" (1878)
 * "The London medical schools" (1879)
 * Note: * denotes a story collected in The Wizard of the Mountain (volume 1)
 * ** denotes a story collected in The Wizard of the Mountain (volume2)

title: William Gilbert (author)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tales from Lardfork

Tales from Lardfork was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Non-notable. Does not meet criteria for inclusion. — Gwalla | Talk 00:52, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: link holder, seems to me. Geogre 01:44, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Alexa Test says top 200,000 required. This doesn't even make the top 3 million. Average Earthman 17:29, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Category:Hillsborough County, Florida

Articles about Hillsborough County, Florida, in the United States.

title: Category:Hillsborough County, Florida


text:
Talk:Cambridge Five

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 January 2019 and 2 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Cala971.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:34, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alwhela1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:36, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Missing book
The article mentions several fiction books on the subject but misses one by P Kerr: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kerr The Other Side of Silence. London: Quercus, 2016. ISBN 978-1-78429-514-1, set in 1956

the book mostly discuss Burgess and McLean and there is a transcript of an extensive "debriefing" of Burgess DBelin (talk) 12:51, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

A small question of number
On looking at the lead, I felt it could benefit from some copyediting. Fwiw, I was some surprised to find the sing/pl choice for "none" [of them] so controversial. After thinking a bit more critically about the sentence in context, I've tried this, though I can imagine that might be a bit controversial too (as it may implicitly call into question the completeness of our current knowledge). Fwiw, 86.186.168.233 (talk) 21:24, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

My profuse apologies.
I wrote 'were' in place of 'was', thinking it something that had gone unnoticed, rather than intentional. Out of curiosity, what is the implied semantic difference? Euphemios (talk) 06:40, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cambridge Five


text: Category:Bridges in Florida

title: Category:Bridges in Florida


text:
Little Havana

Little Havana (Pequeña Habana) is a neighborhood of Miami, Florida, United States. Home to many Cuban exiles, as well as many immigrants from Central and South America, Little Havana is named after Havana, the capital and largest city in Cuba.

Little Havana is noted as a center of social, cultural, and political activity in Miami. Its festivals, including the Calle Ocho Festival, Viernes Culturales/Cultural Fridays, the Three Kings Parade and others, have been televised to millions of people every year on different continents. It is also known for its landmarks, including Calle Ocho (SW 8th Street/Tamiami Trail), and its Walk of Fame (for famous artists and Latin personalities, including Celia Cruz, Willy Chirino, Gloria Estefan, Thalía, Julio Iglesias, and Desi Arnaz), the Cuban Memorial Boulevard, Plaza de la Cubanidad, Domino Park, the Tower Theater, José Martí Park, the Firestone/Walgreens Building, St. John Bosco Catholic Church, Municipio de Santiago de Cuba and others.

Little Havana is the best known Cuban exile neighborhood in the world. It is characterized by its street life, restaurants, music and other cultural activities, small business enterprises, political passion, and great warmth among its residents.

In 2015, Little Havana was included in the National Trust for Historic Preservation's annual list of 11 Most Endangered Places. In 2017, the Trust declared it a national treasure.

Origins
Originally a lower-middle-class Southern and thriving Jewish neighborhood in the 1930s, "Little Havana" emerged in the 1960s as the concentration of Cubans in the area grew sharply. Today, "Little Havana" refers to the neighborhood lying immediately west of Downtown Miami, stretching west from the Miami River for roughly two and a half miles. This sobriquet was applied to the Shenandoah and Riverside neighborhoods in the 1960s, following the beginnings of a vast influx of Cuban refugees there. Little Havana is famous as the cultural and political capital of Cuban Americans, and the neighborhood is a center of the Cuban exile community.

Cuban solidification
In the 1960s, the number of Cubans fleeing the Castro regime led the area to become a hotbed of counter-revolutionary activity. Arriving residents expected their stay in Miami would be temporary, hoping Castro would be deposed. By 1970, the neighborhood was more than 85% Cuban; rather than return to Havana, where Castro remained in power, Cuban Americans began permanently settling in neighborhoods across Miami. Little Havana, however, remained the main landing point for new immigrants and a stronghold for Cuban-owned businesses.

Contemporary population
As of 2011, Little Havana boasts the highest concentration of Hispanics (98%) in Miami. Within the Hispanic population, the Cuban population has experienced a substantial decrease from 84% in 1979 to 58% in 1989; groups of Hispanics from other places, especially Nicaragua, Honduras, and other Central American countries, have substantially increased since the late 1990s. Despite the increasing diversity, most neighborhood businesses are still Cuban-owned.

Borders

 * Western Border: Southwest 37th Avenue
 * Eastern Border: Southwest 3rd Avenue
 * Northern Border: Northwest 7th Street
 * Southern Border: Southwest 22nd Street (Coral Way)

Demographics
As of 2000, Little Havana had a population of 49,206 residents, with 19,341 households, and 11,266 families residing in the neighborhood. The median household income was $15,213.16. The ethnic makeup of the neighborhood was 85.08% Hispanic or Latino of any race (mainly Cubans, but also many Nicaraguans and Honduran Americans, as well as other Latinos), 3.79% Black or African American (not including Afro-Cubans, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Hondurans, and other Afro-Latinos), 10.14% Non-Hispanic White, and 0.96% of other races.

South River Drive Historic District
The South River Drive Historic District is a historic district within the City of Miami's Little Havana neighborhood. In 1987, the Miami City Commission created the locally designated district. Later that year, the National Park Service added the district to the National Register of Historic Places. Located on the eastern end of the neighborhood along the Miami River, the district is just west of Downtown Miami. The district includes 428, 438 Southwest 1st Street, 437 Southwest 2nd Street, 104, 109, 118 Southwest South River Drive. It contains 9 historic buildings.

The South River Drive Historic District derives its significance from both its architectural and cultural history. Developed principally in the first two decades of the twentieth century, the historic district contains the city's oldest extant group of vernacular frame buildings near the Miami River.

Riverview Historic District
Designated on April 7, 2015 by the Historic and Environmental Preservation Board, the Riverview Historic District is a city of Miami historic district located west of Downtown Miami within the Little Havana neighborhood.

The locally designated historic district comprises single and multi-family residences and commercial structures in the Bungalow, Mission, Mediterranean Revival, and Miami Modern styles of architecture.

Viernes Culturales

Viernes Culturales (English: Cultural Fridays) is an artistic, cultural, and social arts and culture fair that takes place on the last Friday of each month in the historic Little Havana neighborhood of Miami in the heart of Calle Ocho (8th St. SW between 14th and 17th Avenues).

The event consists of outdoor musical performances on a stage and along the sidewalks of Calle Ocho, art exhibits along the sidewalk and in plazas and open spaces, visits to art galleries and cultural centers, cuisine tasting at participating restaurants, and films, art exhibits, and educational programs at the historic Tower Theatre. Free walking tours, led by Miami historian Dr. Paul George leave from the Tower Theater at 7pm during each festival day.

Churches

 * St. John Bosco Catholic Church
 * St. Barbara Old Catholic Church (schismatic)
 * Holy Comforter Episcopal Church
 * CHRIST'S NATION
 * Ermita De Regla, Miami
 * Soldiers of the Cross Evangelical Church
 * Central Miami Spanish SDA Church
 * Iglesia Metodista Tamiami
 * MMM Pequeña Havana
 * St. Michael the Archangel Catholic Church
 * Conexion Divina Church
 * Iglecia Cosecha de Cristo
 * Shrine-St Philomena Catholic Church
 * Ministerios Pentecostal Poder
 * Ministeria Pentecostai Roca De
 * St. Raymond of Peñafort Catholic Church
 * Centro Cristiano Casablanca, 2000–2009, an Assemblies of God church that purchased the old Casablanca Banquet Hall and converted the building into a Christian church. Pastored by Dr. Eddie Rivero until the property was sold to El Rey Jesus Little Havana church which ultimately went into foreclosure.

Parks

 * Máximo Gómez Park (better known as Domino Park), Calle Ocho
 * Plaza de la Cubanidad
 * Cuban Memorial Boulevard Park (SW 13th Avenue)
 * Sewell Park
 * Fern Isle Park
 * Henderson Park
 * Riverside Park
 * Jose Marti Park
 * Shenandoah Park
 * Coral gate park
 * Bryan Park
 * Triangle park

Education

Miami-Dade County Public Schools runs area public schools. Schools within Little Havana include:

Elementary schools

 * Citrus Grove Elementary School
 * Riverside Elementary School
 * Auburndale Elementary School
 * Shenandoah Elementary School
 * Kensington Park Elementary School
 * Ada Merritt K-8 Center
 * Mater Academy East Charter Elementary School
 * Lincoln-Martí Charter School
 * St. Michael the Archangel Catholic School (Private School)

Middle schools

 * Citrus Grove Middle School
 * Shenandoah Middle School
 * Ada Merritt K-8 Center
 * SLAM Sports Leadership and Management Charter School
 * International Studies Charter School
 * Lincoln-Martí Charter School
 * St. Michael the Archangel Catholic Church (Private School)

High schools

 * Miami Senior High School, founded in 1903 (the oldest high school in Miami)
 * Young Women's Preparatory Academy (all-girls)
 * SLAM Sports Leadership and Management Charter School
 * International Studies Charter School
 * Lincoln-Martí Charter School

Colleges

 * Miami Dade College- Eduardo Padrón Campus

Libraries
Miami-Dade Public Library operates all area public libraries:
 * Hispanic Library
 * Shenandoah Library

Cultural institutions

 * L'Alliance Française de Miami, French language and cultural society
 * La Società Dante Alighieri, Italian language and cultural society

Museums and memorials

 * Bay of Pigs Museum and Library
 * Bay of Pigs Monument
 * Cuban Memorial Boulevard Park (SW 13th Avenue)
 * Freedom Tower

Theaters and performance arts

 * Tower Theatre, 1508 SW 8th St
 * Manuel Artime Theatre, 900 SW 1st St
 * Miami-Dade County Auditorium, 2901 W Flagler St
 * Teatro 8, 2101 SW 8th St
 * ArtSpoken Performing Arts Center, 529 SW 12th Ave
 * Havanafama, 752 SW 10th Ave
 * Teatro Avante, 744 SW 8th Street 2 Floor

Calle Ocho Festival

Little Havana hosts its annual Calle Ocho street festival (part of the overall Carnaval Miami celebration), one of the largest in the world, with over one million visitors attending Calle Ocho alone. It is a free street festival with a Caribbean carnival feel sponsored by the Kiwanis Club of Little Havana.

Calle Ocho is where different ethnic communities wear colors or flags representing pride in their heritage. Flags from Colombia to Nicaragua to Puerto Rico to Costa Rica and even Ireland flood the streets. Foods from different countries are usually present for purchase, and popular Latin music like reggaeton, salsa, bachata and merengue can be heard throughout the festival.

In 1977 tensions among Miami's different ethnic groups were running high. Eight Cuban-Americans, mostly from the Kiwanis of Little Havana, were trying to come up with ideas to address the situation. They considered a bicycle race on SW Eighth Street (Calle Ocho). It was turned down because the organizers feared that it would pit one ethnic group against another. Willy Bermello came up with the idea of doing something similar to the block parties and street festivals of Philadelphia. Calle Ocho was born.

The festival takes place between 27th Ave and 4th Ave along Southwest 8th Street. Over 30 stages and hundreds of street vendors participate in the live music street festival now in its 4th decade. Calle Ocho earned an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records when 119,986 people formed the world's longest conga line on March 13, 1988.

In 2010, the Florida legislature identified the Calle Ocho-Open House 8 festival as the official state festival.

Places of interest

 * Calle Ocho (SW 8th Street)
 * Cuban Memorial Boulevard (SW 13th Avenue)
 * Little Havana Visitors Center (1600 SW 10 Street)
 * Centro Cultural Español de Cooperación Iberoamericana,
 * Versailles Restaurant SW 8 Street and 36 Avenue
 * Padilla Cigar Factory
 * LoanDepot Park (former site of the Orange Bowl)
 * Calle Ocho Walk of Fame (SW 8th Street between SW 12th Avenue and SW 17th Avenue)
 * Little Havana Food & Cultural Tour,
 * Ball & Chain (1513 SW 8 Street) World Famous Live Music Bar & Lounge; originally opened in 1935

title: Little Havana


text:
Talk:USF Track and Field Stadium

Comment
Isn't this also called the Sun Dome, or am I mixing the two up? Mike H 00:59, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:USF Track and Field Stadium


text:
Hawkins

Hawkins may refer to:

United States

 * Hawkins, Idaho, an unincorporated community
 * Hawkins Ranch, a historic ranch in Matagorda County, Texas
 * Hawkins, Texas
 * Hawkins, Wisconsin, a village
 * Hawkins (town), Wisconsin, a town
 * Hawkins Corner, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Hawkins County, Tennessee

Fiction

 * Hawkins, Indiana, setting of American science fiction horror drama television series Stranger Things

Elsewhere

 * Hawkins, Alberta, a locality in Canada
 * Hawkins, New Zealand

People

 * Hawkins (name)

Fictional characters

 * Hawkins (TV series), American television series starring James Stewart
 * D.L. Hawkins, a character on the 2006 American NBC TV Series Heroes
 * Jim Hawkins (character), a fictional character in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island
 * Robert Hawkins, a character on the 2006 American CBS TV Series Jericho
 * Sadie Hawkins, an Al Capp character responsible for Sadie Hawkins Day
 * Helen Hawkins, main character of the TV series Siren

Ships

 * Hawkins-class cruiser, Royal Navy
 * HMS Hawkins (D86), Royal navy cruiser 1919-1947

Other uses

 * Hawkins Electrical Guide
 * Hawkins grenade
 * Hawkins Cookers

title: Hawkins


text:
Nisyros

Nisyros also spelled Nisiros (Νίσυρος; ) is a volcanic Greek island and municipality located in the Aegean Sea. It is part of the Dodecanese group of islands, situated between the islands of Kos and Tilos. Its shape is approximately round, with a diameter of about 8 km, and an area of 41.6 km2. Several other islets are in the direct vicinity of Nisyros, the largest of which is Gyali, with a population of 22 citizens. The Municipality of Nisyros includes Gyalí, as well as uninhabited Pacheiá, Pergoússa, Kandelioussa, Ágios Antónios and Strongýli. It has a total land area of 50.055 km2 and a total population of 1,048 inhabitants (2021). The island was also called Nisiro in Italian and İncirli in Turkish.

Geology

The island has a 3 to 4 km wide caldera, and was formed within the past 150,000 years, with three separate eruptive stages, ranging from explosive and effusive andesitic eruptions to explosive and effusive dacitic and rhyolitic activity. Its coasts are generally rocky or pebbled, but there are also a few sandy beaches (mainly in the northeastern part). The volcano is currently active but not erupting, and fumaroles are found at the craters. It has had four historical eruptions, all of which had a VEI of 2. Almost all of its eruptions involved phreatic activity. The latest eruptive activity was a steam explosion in 1888, after small ash eruptions in 1871 and 1873, and earthquakes are frequent. A period of seismic unrest in 1996–1997 led an international team of scientists to initiate monitoring of the volcanic unrest, as part of the European Union sponsored Geowarn project. The entire volcanic complex includes the seafloor between Nisyros and Kos, the island of Gyali and a part of Kos island.

Geography
Nisyros can experience the Meltemi Etesian wind through June - August. This is most obvious on the eastern and western flanks of the volcano, where trees are bent towards the south from the force of the winds. The wind may be especially strong on the island due to jet effects as it passes over Kos.

Climate
According to the station of the National Observatory of Athens, Nisyros has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh) with mild winters and hot summers. Nisyros has an average annual temperature of around 20.0°C and an average annual precipitation of around 350 mm (May 2017-Mar 2023).

Geothermal energy
Nisyros has one of the most important, high enthalpy, geothermal fields in Greece, with a fluid temperature of over 350°C and a high pressure of 18bar, while, based on feasibility studies, the geothermal potential of the island is at least 50MW.

Over time, efforts have been made by the operator, PPC Renewables, to exploit geothermal energy in the area for energy production.

The most recent implementation scenario foresaw the gradual creation and operation of a geothermal plant with a capacity of 20 to 25MW in cooperation with international specialized institutions. Given the estimated energy needs of Nisyros (1–2MW), it was considered possible to supply electricity to the neighbouring islands of Kos, Tilos, Kalymnos, and Leros. However, long-lasting mobilisations of the local community of Nisyros have stopped for years any attempt to implement the exploitation plans of the geothermal field. Indeed, in 1997 the Municipality of Nisyros held a referendum on the issue, with the result being 87% against the plans of the PPC.

Entities of Nisyros, such as the Nisyros Studies Company, some municipal authorities, and many scientists of the sector, have expressed their objections to the plans of PPC Renewables, raising safety issues due to the particular danger of the volcano of Nisyros, the seismic activity that often follows similar drilling, and the management of toxic waste. A particularly important point of friction was the fact that the local community felt that it had been ignored in the decision-making process and in the subsequent management organization of the project.

Settlements

The island is reachable by ship from Piraeus, Rhodes and Kos, and in summer, there are many daily trips from the village of Kardamena on Kos. There is also a heliport. The main town and port of the island is Mandraki (pop. 660). Other villages are Paloi (239), Nikia (61), and Emporeios (27). According to the 2011 census, the municipality's resident population is 1,008 (including 21 on Gyali), although in summer it is augmented by many tourists as well as expatriate Nisyrians who visit the island for their vacations. Tourism is not so heavily developed as on other Greek islands. Deposits of perlite and pumice on Gyali provide much of the wealth of the island. The island used to be self-sufficient, and many crops were grown on its terraced slopes. Today, though, they are cultivated on a smaller scale.

History

According to Greek mythology, the island was formed when Poseidon cut off a part of Kos and threw it onto the giant Polybotes to stop him from escaping. The ancient name of the Nisyros was Porphyris. Ancient walls, dating from the 5th century BC, part of the acropolis of the island, are found near Mandraki.

It was apparently also a source of millstones used in some of the earliest watermills, being referred to by epigrammatist Antipater of Thessalonica in the 1st century BC.

The island is mentioned by Homer in the Iliad.

In Roman times it became part of the Insulae province.

Between X-XI centuries, Genoese captains and adventurers who had a private fleet organized in clans united by family ties, exercised sovereignty and maritime control on behalf of the Byzantines, and these clans in exchange for the protection of the seas were given a concession to exploit raw materials, rights of trade and collection of customs duties.

The Knights Hospitaller in 1315 were allowed to settle on the island upon payment of rent to Genoese government ruled by the Vignolo family, and they built the crusader castle.

In the following centuries there were clashes between Turks and Venetian crusaders, and with uncertain outcomes the island passed to the Ottomans in 1566; then passed almost 4 centuries later from the Ottomans to the Italians in 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War, along with the rest of the Dodecanese islands. It finally was annexed to the Greek Kingdom after the Second World War, in 1947.

Christianity
The patron saint of the island is New Martyr Niketas of Nisyros. Many Orthodox Christian churches are found on the island, as well as four monasteries which are not inhabited by monks today, although various celebrations take place in them. The largest monastery is the one of Panagia Spiliani (Blessed Virgin Mary of the cave) at Mandraki; it is built beside the medieval castle erected by the Knights Hospitaller.

Diocese of Nisyrus
Nisyrus was a suffragan of Rhodes, but the bishopric faded. Known bishops included Matthaeus de Cheselles (appointed 1436), Pierre Fridaricus (served from the 1480s), Pedro Xague (appointed 1560), and Jerónimo Clavijo (appointed 1564).

Latin titular see
The diocese was nominally restored in 1927 as Titular See of the lowest (Episcopal) rank, initially named Nysirus (Curiate Italian Nisiro), and renamed Nisyrus in 1928.

It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents:
 * Francesco Fellinger (26 February 1929 – 22 July 1940)
 * Augusto Osvaldo Salinas Fuenzalida, Picpus Fathers (SS.CC.) (9 February 1941 – 3 August 1950)
 * Elizeu Simões Mendes (21 August 1950 – 19 September 1953)
 * Carlos Maria Jurgens Byrne, Redemptorists (C.SS.R.) (7 February 1954 – 17 December 1956) (later Archbishop)
 * Augusto Trujillo Arango (25 April 1957 – 31 March 1960) (later Archbishop)
 * Auguste Joseph Gaudel (1 September 1960 – 8 August 1969)

Culture
A traditional product of Nisyros is soumada, a non-alcoholic almond-flavoured drink.

Twinning
Mandraki is twinned with the following municipalities:
 * 🇨🇾 Lapithos, Cyprus

Notable natives and residents

 * John Catsimatidis, New York City owner of Gristedes

title: Nisyros


text:
User:Deh

A list of highways in Williamson County, Texas:

 * Williamson County : FM 112 • RM 243 • FM 486 • FM 487 • FM 619 • RM 620 • FM 685 • FM 734 • FM 970 • FM 971 • FM 973 • FM 973 • FM 1063 • FM 1105 • FM 1331 • RM 1431 • FM 1460 • FM 1466 • FM 1660 • RM 1869 • RM 2243 • RM 2338 • FM 3349 • FM 3405 • FM 3406
 * [ edit]

title: User:Deh


text: User talk:69.141.145.158

title: User talk:69.141.145.158


text:
User talk:Autrijus

Grammar
I just thought that I'd mention that "a very few people" is a commonly used, perfectly acceptable phrase. This might, I suppose, be a U.S./U.K. matter, though I've seen the locution on both sides of the Atlantic. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:12, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! I stand corrected. Autrijus 14:50, 2005 Apr 29 (UTC)

SVK GPL
Where did you find that the GPL has been applied to SVK? I have not been able to find this mentioned anywhere.
 * Seitz 16:56, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

First, I'm a SVK committer. :-) SVK clearly marks itself as "the same license as Perl"; Perl is dual-licensed under both Artistic and GPL.  See the "License" panel at http://search.cpan.org/dist/SVK/ and README of Perl and other places. Autrijus 21:04, 2005 May 29 (UTC)

User Categorization
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Taiwan page as living in or being associated with Taipei. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Taipei for instructions. Rmky87 21:07, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Vandal
User:Gt1234 has been blocked, and the thing he uploaded has been permanently eliminated from the database. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! I really appreciate this swift action. Autrijus 10:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Birth date
Hi, could you add an accurate birth date to Audrey Tang please. Thanks. —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 18:17, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Just did so. Thanks!  I removed the explicit male from the born line -- I don't see one from eg. Wendy Carlos, as the category alone should explain it for people who care.  Also, UniHan's definition of "Tang" meaning "Chinese" and "Feng" means "Male" phoenix are both removed from everyday use, so I tidied them out.  Finally, I chose the autrijus nick myself instead of being born with it, so I've added my original Chinese name instead. audreyt 23:03, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

I wasn't quite sure how to handle the transgender thing, so sure;) Regarding the glyph names I just took them from the Unicode spec. Is Audrey Tang a standard transliteration for "唐鳳" and what's the one for "唐宗漢"? We also like to state whether or not something is written in Traditional or Simplified Chinese so if you could add that to that would be neat;)

Keep up the great work on Pugs b.t.w. I've just begun poking it, maybe I'll submit a patch or something;) —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 00:31, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No, "Audrey" and "Autrijus" are both foreign names (as is pretty common in .tw to have one); transliteration would mean little in this context (Tang Feng and Tang Zong-Han respectively). Those are both traditional chinese; can you help marking it? :-)  audreyt 01:39, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Done. —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 01:58, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Image:Autrijus.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Autrijus.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you.

Revision to Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri articles
I noticed that you have revised either Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri or Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire.

I intend to revise those articles following the WikiProject Video games/Article guidelines. There are more details on the discussion pages of those articles. I'd be interested in any comments you have. It would be best if your comments were on the discussion pages of the two articles.

Thank you.

Vyeh (talk) 04:27, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Autrijus


text:
Clark Gillies

Clark Gillies (April 7, 1954 – January 21, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the New York Islanders and Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League between 1974 and 1988. Gillies served as captain of the Islanders from 1977 to 1979, and won the Stanley Cup four years in a row with them, from 1980 to 1983. In 958 career games, Gillies recorded 319 goals, 378 assists, and 1,023 penalty minutes. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2002.

Early life
Gillies grew up in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. Once asked where his hometown is located, he famously joked, "Six feet from the moose's ass." Gillies started skating at around the age of four. His father insisted that Clark learn to skate and keep his balance before allowing him to bring a hockey stick onto the ice. He began playing ice hockey casually at the age of six and in organized leagues at the age of seven. He played with a local team in Moose Jaw until it ceased operation. As one of the bigger players on the ice, he was often engaged in fights with players on other teams, which he felt added to the fun of playing.

Early career
Gillies' first professional sports experience was in baseball. In 1970, at 16, Gillies signed with the Houston Astros and played three years of minor league baseball in Covington, Virginia. He hit .241 in 86 games as a catcher/first baseman. He platooned at first base in 1972 with future Islander teammate Bob Bourne. Gillies suffered from homesickness and continued to play hockey during the off season. He eventually moved on to play in the Western Canada Hockey League with the Regina Pats. The Pats had been scouting another player at the time, but were impressed by Gillies, who was a bigger player for the era (he would be listed at and 210 lb). During his tenure with the Pats, Gillies accrued 570 penalty minutes in 201 games. In 1974, his final season for Regina, Gillies had 46 goals and 66 assists, was named to the league's First All-Star team, and the team won the 1974 Memorial Cup as Canadian major junior hockey champions.

Professional career
Gillies was the fourth overall selection in the first round of the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft by the New York Islanders. He was also picked by the World Hockey Association's Edmonton Oilers in the WHA draft, but signed with the Islanders, making the team out of training camp. It was during his rookie season of 1974–75, in the playoffs, that Gillies established himself as one of the toughest players in the National Hockey League (NHL) when beating up enforcer Dave Schultz.

In the latter half of the 1976–77 season, Gillies was named team captain; however, in spite of Gillies' articulate speaking manner and amiable nature, he never felt completely comfortable as captain. Gillies captained the Islanders through two disappointing seasons, in part because the Islanders appeared to lack team toughness. During the pre-season of 1979–80 Gillies allowed Denis Potvin to take over as captain.

During the 1980 playoffs, Gillies got the best of Terry O'Reilly, one of the Boston Bruins' toughest players, several times, helping to fuel the Islanders' drive to the Stanley Cup. Gillies was used during this series as the Islanders' chief protector and enforcer, and in taking on this role, Gillies allowed his team to battle through a violent series with the Bruins. Gillies, now totally comfortable with his role with the team, flourished individually and collectively, as the Islanders won the Stanley Cup in four consecutive years, from 1980 to 1983, during Gillies' tenure.

Gillies scored over 30 goals for four straight seasons (starting in 1975–76) as part of the "Trio Grande", the Islanders' top forward line with Mike Bossy and Bryan Trottier, and again in 1980–81 and 1981–82. In 1977 he finished tenth in the voting for the Hart Trophy for most valuable player in the NHL. In 1978 and 1979 he led all left-wingers for most votes for the All-Star game, and was named to the NHL First All-Star Team as a left-winger at the conclusion of these two seasons. In 1981, he played for the Canadian national team in the Canada Cup, scoring seven points in seven games.

After scoring only four goals in 55 games in 1985–86, Gillies was left unprotected in the NHL waiver draft, and was claimed by the Buffalo Sabres. While wearing number 39 in Buffalo, Gillies retired after playing a season and a half with the Sabres. On December 7, 1996, Gillies' No. 9 was retired by the Islanders.

Gillies was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2002. Although his overall statistics were respectable but not considered Hall of Fame caliber, his role as an aggressive playmaker (power forward) was key for Trio Grande linemates Bossy and Trottier to thrive, as was his clutch scoring ability (54 game-winning goals).

He was also inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame.

Personal life and death
Gillies' nickname, "Jethro", came from teammate Ed Westfall, based on the character Jethro Bodine in the TV series The Beverly Hillbillies.

When Gillies, per tradition, got to have the Stanley Cup with him for 24 hours after the Islanders won it for the first time in 1980, he let his dog, a German shepherd, eat from it. "Why not?" he responded to critics. "He's a good dog."

Gillies, who was honoured by the Islanders on December 13, 2014, remained active in the Long Island community. He was a business development manager at Protective Wealth Consultants in Huntington, New York. He played in 30 to 40 charity softball games per year. He was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Hockey Category with the Class of 1998.

He was married to Pam, who is also from Moose Jaw. They lived in Greenlawn, New York. His son-in-law, Justin Bourne, is the son of his former teammate Bob Bourne, and worked as an assistant coach of the Toronto Marlies. His nephew, Colton Gillies, played in the NHL between 2008 and 2013. He was not related to Trevor Gillies, who also played for the Islanders.

Gillies died of cancer at his residence in Greenlawn on January 21, 2022, at the age of 67.

International

 * All statistics are taken from NHL.com.

Awards

 * WCHL All-Star Team – 1974
 * Stanley Cup champion – 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983
 * NHL First All-Star Team - 1977-78, 1978-79

title: Clark Gillies


text:
Washington and Lee Mock Convention

Washington and Lee Mock Convention is a simulated presidential nominating convention and is held every four years, during the early stages of the U.S. Presidential Primary, at Washington and Lee University. Although Oberlin College has the distinction of having the oldest student-run mock political convention in the country, W&L's convention has the reputation for being the most accurate. It often receives gavel-to-gavel coverage on C-SPAN.

The convention simulates the nomination process for whichever party does not currently hold the presidency. Since its inception in 1908, the student body has been correct 20 out of 27 times, with only three incorrect predictions since 1948. Since 1948, they have never incorrectly predicted the Republican nominee for president.

The 2008 Mock Convention projected Hillary Clinton as the Democratic nominee for that election year. The Mock Convention was mistaken, however, as Barack Obama was eventually elected as the nominee. The 2012 Mock Convention projected Mitt Romney as the Republican nominee. In 2016, the Mock Convention projected Donald Trump would be the Republican nominee on the first ballot. In 2020, the Washington and Lee Mock Convention predicted incorrectly again, predicting Bernie Sanders would win the nomination, after his early victory in New Hampshire. Sanders dropped out of the race in April 2020, and Vice President Joe Biden would go on to win the nomination and the election.

Organization history
In the spring of 1908, William Jennings Bryan, a front-runner for the Democratic presidential candidacy, announced a visit to Lexington, Virginia, arousing interest in Washington and Lee's already political-minded campus. To capitalize on the furor, The Forum, W&L's leading political organization at the time, organized a replica of the upcoming Democratic Convention. The event was an enormous success, owing to the highly political student body: according to the Lexington Gazette, "The young gentlemen entered into the meeting with the zest of seasoned politicians plus the enthusiasm of collegians". After fierce (and occasionally chaotic) debate, the campus correctly predicted Bryan to be the 1908 Democratic nominee.

With the exception of the 1920 and 1944 elections, the Mock Convention has occurred every four years since the original 1908 election. The state delegations are known to go to great lengths for accuracy: the 1952 state chair for California, David Constine, developed a correspondence with California Governor Earl Warren, one of the leading candidates. As it rose in prominence, the convention gathered an impressive docket of speakers, including Harry S. Truman and former Vice President Alben W. Barkley. Delivering the April 30, 1956 keynote address in Doremus Gymnasium, broadcast live on the radio, then-Sen. Barkley, vice president during President Truman's 1949-53 term, who had been reelected to the Senate in 1954 without seniority as Kentucky's junior senator after having previously served as Majority Leader, was good-naturedly recounting this rise and fall from lowly congressman to senator to Leader to President of the Senate as vice president to return backbencher when he suddenly collapsed from a heart attack and died, his last words, paraphrased from Psalm 84:10: "I would rather be a servant in the house of the Lord than to sit in the seats of the mighty!" Since then, the motto of Mock Convention has been a slight alteration of these last words, "It is better to be of service than to sit in the seats of the mighty."

In addition to the convention itself, W&L hosts a large number of formal and informal celebrations in honor of the Convention and its honored guests, including parades, parties, and balls. These events have seen some of the Convention's most famous stories. In 1972, then-governor Jimmy Carter's speech at Mock Con was missed by his own press secretary, who had been celebrating with a group of W&L students and alumni. Before his famous MTV appearance, Bill Clinton played an impromptu concert for students at an off-campus party for the 1988 Convention. By 1996, the Mock Convention was acknowledged by The Washington Post as "one of the nation's oldest and most prestigious mock conventions."

title: Washington and Lee Mock Convention