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Talk:Psilocybe cyanescens

Some anon claimed that this article contained erroneous information, but didn't specify what was wrong and just replaced the text with a copyvio. I've reverted back to the original, pre-copyvio version. Mkweise, could you please double-check the info here? Thank you. Lupo 10:33, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I've added the "disputed" tag to this article until we can resolve this question. The current text disagrees with, from which the violating text was copied (and which I'm more inclined to believe), on the following subjects:
 * Color of bruising
 * In what environment the mushroom grows
 * Whether or not it grows in the US Northeast
 * Also note that the article in its current form contradicts itself about whether the mushroom belongs to the Agaricaceae (body) or Strophariaceae (sidebar) family.  —Triskaideka 14:24, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This info is accurate to the best of my knowledge. It is not known to grow in the Northeast rather it is commonly found in the northwest. - Saprophyte

I removed the following statement based on it being extremely inaccurate:

Psilocybe cyanescens indoor cultivation is familiar to North American tribes, especially for religious ceremonies.

1) Pre-modern cultures did not cultivate mushrooms indoors - indoor mushroom cultivation was not developed until the 17th century. 2) Psilocybe cyanescens is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. No North American Indian groups living north of Mexico were known to have used any species of Psilocybe. - Peter G Werner, May 23, 2005

Move
Moved article from "Wavy Cap" back to here - all other Psilocybe species are listed under their scientific names, so this should be too for sake of consistency.

Effects
Shouldn't there be a section on the effects of eating this mushroom, or drinking a tea made from it? Not a how too manual of course. I have a bit of knowledge of this, but it is original research so I can't really use it here, hehe. HighInBC 18:30, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Discussion of the effects is given in the article on psilocybin. There's no need to repeat this information in each and every article about a psilocybin-containing mushroom. Peter G Werner 05:29, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good call HighInBC 05:34, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect genus?
Isn't the proper genus for these Panaeolus? Thatfunkymunki 04:12, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Not by a long shot - you're confusing Panaeolus cyanescens (aka Copelandia cyanescens) with Psilocybe cyanescens. Both are psilocybin mushrooms, but are completely different species in completely different genera. Panaeolus cyanescens is a subtropical species that grows on dung, while Psilocybe cyanescens is a temperate species that grows on woodchips. Hope this helps. Peter G Werner 06:23, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

=Potency =

I remember from my younger days that the Cyanescens (the Queen) degrades very quickly after drying. I think I recall ingesting some dried specimens with little or no effect. Another aside, I found these in the darndest of places. In the landscaping of 2 different large insurance buildings, in the landscaping at an old age home, and even in the front yard of a rather large home in NE Portland. They will sometimes grow aside to the Psylocibe Baeocsytis. (correct spelling?)

They keep quite well if dried properly. Like all mushrooms, they must be dried until VERY brittle for long-term storage. If stored in a container with some dessicant, they can stay potent for several years. Ion G Nemes (talk) 04:40, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

Reference cleanup
I added a tag because article needs inline citations for consistency... I'll do it if noone gets there first Sasata (talk) 08:35, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Additional information
The user iownutopia made some major additions to this article. I ended up reverting most of them but there was a lot of good information that he added. Some of it belongs in the article but I am not sure how much of it comes from reliable sources. If P. cyanescens really does grow on the east coast then the reliable sources need to be made aware of this fact. The information is here:

Although not mentioned in the majority of literature regarding this species, Psilocybe cyanescens has also been observed to grow in the northeastern United States. It has been observed in Pennsylvania and in New York state. In these locations the preferred media that these mushrooms grow is in woodchips covered in coniferous and decomposed lignous (woody bark and decomposed but not whole rotting log) debris. Populations found in these locations have been shown to follow all macroscopic, microscopic and chemical profiles of this species. By anecdotal account from experienced mushroom hunters who have seen populations in other regions, these northeastern populations have shared the biological characteristics and potency of psychoactive effects with populations seen in other locales. The variant seen on the east coast is more often the less undulated variant that is mentioned in the following paragraphs. It more closely resembles the second example of P. cyanescens in the video documentary which is also referenced below. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LiQwpw36X4&feature=related) DNA evidence however is still lacking on the concrete identification of these populations. Hopefully there will be some qualified mycologists who may become mindful of this information and disseminate it and or provide their expert opinions.

This species can be identified by the following characteristics:

1. Autumn fruiting. This is true in all locations this species is found. Some accounts have stated that fruiting can begin as early as August. Generally speaking this species is seen from September when the weather has begun to cool considerably until the first hard frosts, which is often mid to late November, occasionally as late as December unless during a particularly mild winter. This is a species that grows in temperate regions and is associated with deciduous trees and locations that have freezing winter temperatures.

2. The species has a very recognizable wavy-margined cap, brown in coloration often with a central pallor (light area toward the center of the cap) with a more straw or buff coloration. There are natural variations with less prominent undulations, which more closely resemble P. stunzii morphologically. There are important differences between these species however. There is a prominent annulus present in P. Stunzii (a ring around the stem), and stunzii fruits in spring in many European locales and is seen in fall in Northwestern United States locales. Psilocybe stunzii is considered much less potent than P. cyanescens.

3. P. cyanescens, like almost every species of Psilocybe (and certainly all species that are used for entheogenic purposes), has a purple to dark purple brown (occasionally almost black) spore print. THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT IDENTIFYING FEATURE! Do not ingest anything that does not exhibit this trait if intending to ingest a psychoactive mushroom, especially if the spore print is Orange! The reason for this will be mentioned in the following sections.

4. This species grows on woodchips or lignous debris (woody material, i.e. old bark or decaying wood that is well incorporated into leafy debris but generally NOT whole logs) and often covered with a light layer of leafy debris. Very often this species is associated with Rhododendrons, or Azaleas in public gardens. As stated earlier, this species is often seen on imported woodchips growing under conifer (pine) 'needles' in the northwestern part (as well as in at least two northeastern states) of the United States and in semi-shaded areas under deciduous trees which do not leave excessive quantities of leaves in Autumn. The developing mushrooms appear to require a certain amount of humidity, dappled light and air exchange. This is likely why this species is seen to grow well under plants like rhododendrons which tend to remain semievergreen and lose their leaves later into winter. This may also be why they are associated with conifers that have been planted in open beds with mulch. The pine needles tend to form an insulation and retain humidity for the developing mushrooms and allow enough light and warmth to facilitate fruiting without exposing the mushrooms to direct sunlight.

5. This species displays a very distinct and unmistakable bluing reaction. The reaction is so strong and so immediate that once observed for the first time is very hard to forget. Within seconds of contact this species turns blue or deep blue green where handled. The stem, because of its whiter color is often the most evident location to see a true blue color. (IF IT DOES NOT DISPLAY THIS IT IS NOT A CYANESCENS!) The color that the cap changes may be muddled due to its caramel coloration, so it may appear darker blue green or more blackish.

7. While not a scientific means of IDing any mushroom, P. cyanescens and many other Psilocybes have a particular scent that is reminiscent of Agaricus bisporus, a common commercial edible, but with a bitter and acrid quality that is memorable.

According to authorities such as Paul Stamets and another well respected mycologist who goes by the endeering title of "Mushroom John" this bluing reaction is likely due to the oxidation of psilocin. This species as well as azurescens, cubensis, and baeocystis are especially known to have this reaction. Interestingly species which have a more predominant ratio of psilocybin to psilocin tend to have weaker or less noticeable bluing reactions. Psilocybe semilanceata is an example of a relatively potent species by weight that displays little to no bluing reaction. There is still much debate as to whether the strength of the reaction indicates the potency of the mushroom and if excessive handling causes the mushroom to lose potency. What can be stated with certainty is that indole, a related compound with the same core structure of psilocybin, psilocin and other tryptamines, also reacts to oxidizing agents by displaying a bluing reaction.

Psilocybe cyanescens is considered a highly desirable species for wild collectors of Psilocybe because it tends to fruit in large populations and often quite reliably. It is also considered very potent and because it grows on wood chips, it is likely a more palatable species to wild collect than say, P. cubensis which grows directly on animal manure.

An established bed containing cyanescens is often seen to fruit in the same locations year after year provided that the collector takes some basic precautions.

Mushroom hunters very rarely reveal the locations they have made finds because often once the word is out, many other collectors seem to gravitate toward the site and often the location is quickly decimated.

Mushroom sites can also become damaged by over collecting. Collectors that want to keep a good location going for many years should ideally take sterile precautions when collecting from their site. Things means using a pair of scissors that has been sterilized with alcohol and thoroughly dried and clipping only mature specimens, leaving the mycelium undisturbed.Spraying the mushrooms with a mist of sterlized distilled water after clipping also helps them to thrive after being disturbed. These additional steps can make the difference between having a strong established patch year after year and having a patch that slowly diminishes each year until being gone. Additionally the location should be infused with new woodchip media that has been inoculated with mycelium each spring and given time to be exposed to the elements to create a bigger fall flush. In this way, using mycelium to create new patches and tending to them much in the way a person tends to a garden with regular watering, a person can successfully cultivate these muchrooms outdoors and maintain a continuous supply for as long as they'd like. Hypothetically a person could "plant" this species in any number of locations to naturally increase their distribution.

Of course, novices often rip the entire clump of mushrooms out of the ground, mycelium and all, much the way careless persons who wild collect peyote (Lophophora williamsii) rip the entire plant, root and all, do. This kills the mushrooms and will ruin a small patch within one or two seasons. In the case of peyote, this destroys a plant that is considered seriously endangered in its natural habitat. Given the extremely slow growing nature of Lophophora species, this is considered a travesty to many Native American tribes and is a sad reminder of the disrespect many people show to nature.

Also worthy of mention is the fact that Psilocybe cyanescens is by many authorities considered to be the second or possibly third most potent commonly available psilocybin\psilocin containing mushroom in the world just after Psilocybe azurescens. Psilocybe semilanceata is also considered to be quite potent by weight and chemical analysis suggests that they may be more potent especially if comparing the mushrooms when dried. Anecdotal accounts seem to suggest that cyanescens is probably one of the strongest of psychoactive mushrooms when consumed fresh and loses considerable potency due to storage and drying. These data point to the belief that psilocin is not very stable and rapidly oxidizes, so species high in psilocin such as cyanescens and relatively low in psilocybin will tend to lose potency when dried. Psilocybin is converted in the liver to psilocin shortly after ingestion, so species high is psilocybin will retain potency for quite a long time. This is why P. semilanceata can be dried for storage and retain a great deal of their potency. This also may be suggestive of why chemical analysis seems to show a high potency of this species compared to others, when anecdotal accounts of ingestion of the fresh mushrooms of P. semilanceata compared to others is less dramatic. Psilocybe cyanescens and azurescens are both species that can be considered exceedingly strong when eaten fresh and can lead to very dramatic changes in consciousness (hallucinogenic psychoactivity or a 'trip' colloquially). They are not species to be indulged in by users unexperienced with less potent and readily available species such a P. cubensis.

A "bad trip" is a psychedelic experience that is highly unpleasant and anxiety inducing. Often the hallucinatory actions of psychedelic drugs become nightmarish and frightening during these types of experiences. These are generally caused by poor planning, settings that are unfamiliar and thus frightening for the user, and situations outside of the user's control.

A "bad trip" is less likely with drugs like the Psilocybin alkaloids or with Mescaline because they act predominantly on serotonin receptors and have less activity on dopamine and epinephrine receptors which are known to be associated with anxiety. LSD activates a wide variety of receptors and subsets of receptors, including very strong actions at dopamine and epinephrine receptors, making LSD more likely to provoke anxiety reactions and bad trips.

That being said, wreckless experimentation with strong species like cyanescens and azurescens can and often does lead to these reactions. Unexperienced users and users that take the same quantity of these as they would a cubensis expecting the same result are especially vulnerable.

Natural variations in potency exist with these fungi. Some may be mild. Some may be extraordinarily strong.

Please know that with any drug, more can always be taken later after the initial effects have been established and the strength of the drug can be determined. Taking too much on the other hand is very hard to reverse. SSRIs like prozac (fluoxetine) during such an experience may help to lessen the effects of the experience by being antagonistic at 5HT2A receptors. [Hallucinogens are believed to act predominantly at 5HT2A receptors]. Antipsychotics like chlorpromazine may also aid in reversing the effects of hallucinogens although it is unlikely that a person will have access to these drugs without visiting an emergency room, an event likely to trigger more panic and anxiety. Generally the only antidote is to wait out the experience, which with a high dose can be many hours. Have either a completely sober and trusted friend or a very well experienced friend who takes the same dose. Don't trip alone if unexperienced. If intending to experiment with these mushrooms, please give the experience a lot of respect and consider very carefully the set and settting of use. Pyschedelics are very thought provoking and mind expanding and can lead to profound self insights and life changing shifts in points of view. They lend themselves very well to spending time with close and trusted friends and loved ones in a home environment where the phone is unplugged and nothing is planned for the whole day except maybe some art projects or movies or games that are familiar and enjoyable to everyone. They lend themselves to spending time outdoors in a well secluded and beautiful location where there are limited chances for experiencing interaction with people who would not be privvy to such experimentation and where the chances for accidental self injury or embarrassment are minimal.

These are not the kind of drugs to use in a party setting with unfamiliar people in unknown locations or where the events are decided spontaneously. Psychedelics literally cause a person to lose their mind, often in a way that is controllable and positive to a great degree, but sexual arousal, innapropriately (or just exaggerated) trusting feelings, and feelings of spontanaeity and admissions of life events and expression of feelings and honesty are especially common. This is terrific amongst non judgmental friends. This is not very appropriate with complete strangers.

Other less available species such as bohemica and baeocystis are also quite potent on a chemical analysis basis. This is stated by Paul Stamets in his highly informative and well researched book, Psilocybin Mushrooms of The World. There is in fact a chart demonstrating the potencies of the species in comparison based on chemical analysis.

It is very important when collecting this species that there are DEADLY look-alikes! The most notable is Galerina autumnalis (now classified as Galerina marginata).

Galerina species tend to grow in similar locations to cyanescens populations and to a novice look somewhat similar.

Please consult the following page for images of Galerina: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/galerina_marginata.html

Images of P. cyanescens can be found here: http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Psilocybe_cyanescens.html

Galerina can be indentified by the following features:

1. The most important rule is that they have an orange to orange "rusty" brown spore print. The gills are also an obvious orange color very much unlike the dark purple black gill color of a Psilocybe. This is why the spore print is so important!

2. The cap tends to have a homogenous (pure and even) distribution of orange color. It is quite distinguishable from the brown cap of a P. cyanescens, which is brown and often has a tan or buff center.

3. The cap of a Galerina occassionally may have minor undulations, but these are very different from the often wildly eccentric wavy undulations of a cyanescens.

3a: It is important to note though that there are morphologic variations in all species of life, and there are varieties of cyanescens with less apparent undulation, and occasionally even with somewhat of a smooth cap. An illustration of this can be seen in the 4 installment of this excellent documentary 	series on Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LiQwpw36X4&feature=related

6. GALERINAS DO NOT BRUISE BLUE. The bluing reaction is a very obvious quality of a cyanescens and is unmistakable. Unfortunately people new to mushroom collecting become overly excited when they find what they believe to be a Psilocybe and often throw caution to the wind and consume these mushrooms on the spot. Also what can happen is occasionally a person will find a population of true cyanescens that has some distribution of Galerina and will simply pick all of the mushrooms in the area without properly taking their time to compare specimens, do spore prints and compare with field guides. Even experienced collectors have been known to make mistakes when they become overzealous. 6a: Worthy of note is that all mushrooms if handled excessively are likelty to exhibit 	some type of darkening due to bruising and handling; often they will be a darker version 	of their color and will crumble. The bruising of a psilocybe however is unmistakable.

Please note however that there are unrelated species of mushrooms which are naturally blue or exhbit a bluing reaction such as some species of Boletus, which bear no resemblance to Psilocybes, and for the most part these other bluing species are nontoxic except for the potential to cause stomach ache or be generally unpalatable.

7. Galerinas will tend to grow more easily on whole rotting logs. They can also been seen on whoody debris like the Psilocybes, but generally P. cyanescens doesn't seem to prefer to fruit directly on whole logs, but rather on already dissintegrated woods.

Alan Rockefeller (Talk - contribs) 09:21, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for reverting that. Original research doesn't belong in Wikipedia, period. Its one of the fundamental rules for this encyclopedia, in fact. Mushroom Observer might be a passible source for adding stuff about distribution, especially pages that are listed as "reviewed", though it might not be considered a strong source for any information that's controversial or challenged. See WP:SOURCES for further information on this.

 * As for information about seasonality, such as specific months of fruiting, that really needs to be kept as general as possible or avoided entirely here. As anybody who's collected in more that one locality knows, mushroom fruiting seasons vary markedly from area to area. So, for example, if somebody were to post that P. cyanescens fruits from November through March, this would be a Bay Area-centric view of the fruiting season that would not hold true in the Pacific Northwest, western Europe, or other areas where this species occurs. Peter G Werner (talk) 20:44, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Psilocybe cyanofriscosa
It now has an official paper out on it. http://www.czechmycology.org/_cmo/CM64207.pdf

The name was changed to Psilocybe allenii. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.177.221.168 (talk) 12:54, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Safety: These Mushrooms Can Cause Temporary but Very Real Paralysis
I don't know if it's worth working into the article, but there are many many reports of these species mushrooms causing paralysis, especially in high doses (in excess of 4g dried). If you search the name of this species of mushrooms and "paralysis" you will find all sorts of reports that this species of "magic mushrooms" can cause a temporary paralysis which can be very dangerous and sign of possible toxicity in adults. A couple other "wood loving" magic mushroom species are said to cause similar effects. 131.191.57.0 (talk) 01:31, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

Widely scattered clinical reportage attests to an entire suite of CNS complications that can occur and have, by psilocybin mushrooms - a toxidrome, as technically cited. Symptoms as medically reported include BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO - paralysis. Another oft-cited manifestation is seizures, epileptic-like convulsion. The facts in evidence about this haven't been comprehensively adduced nor is there any movement toward such study AFAIK, despite the fact that - on rare occasion, in connection with this toxidrome - fatalities have occurred. Insofar as evidence is case by case by case at this point, no comprehensive approach to a general systematic understanding about this has yet been taken. A gap in research exists, a vacuum as it were - of type nature famously 'abhors.' Something less credible, without systematic method or evidence - rushes in to fill the blank, taking opportunity as afforded, to - play expert - in order to downplay more informed perspective - even suppress info unsuitable for the popular context of 'talking up' magic mushrooms - as 'inconvenient truth' about this. Psychedelics figure in culture patterning, as well known in ethnography. In the modern milieu as it has emerged historically - staging the 'remarkable safety' of magic mushrooms, scripting the wonderful 'absence of adverse reactions' - represent 'high' priority for the 'movement.' As per current PR operations, misleading 'FYIs' come out the kamp loudspeaker 24/7 - e.g. this year, last May that 'MAGIC MUSHROOMS ARE SAFEST DRUG KNOWN' (anyone else hear that fluff piece too - or am I the only one?)/ Apropos of this Psilocybe CNS toxidrome, the past decade or so has spawned the advent of - damage control rhetoric, of theatrical 'teachings' - downplaying risks, minimizing the full range of symptoms (as if it's "just paralysis") - as if determined to 'contain' any damage to the 'glowing reputation' of mushrooms that - as posed for public 'benefit' - so safe, that no other drug known to medical science - is safer. As a matter of established, clinically reported fact this CNS toxidrome is - highly problematic from 'proper-ganda' pov i.e. the Big Public Magic Mushroom Promo Push. That such adverse effects 'manifest' only by species that grow on wood chips (not others - the implicit Green Light OK for them, no cause for concern there) - and likewise, that it's merely a matter of paralysis, not convulsion too (etc) - the 'Wood Lovers Paralysis' meme, and its attendant claims - is fairly new kid on the block in rhetoric of the psychedelic movement. Many involved in helping fabricate this 'informed perspective' - a 'limited hangout' (in vocab of our technical intelligence communities) i.e. damage control by admitting to some 'bad news'(a public performance, acting as if frank conscientious candor) - are anonymous, unidentifiable parties - no names or faces, no discernible credentials - yet enacting credibility, tacitly demanding - credulity. For example, fresh of the vine this month, from that renowned leading 'household name' Staff Scientist - https://psilocybintechnology.com/wood-lover-paralysis-unsolved-mystery/ (you can't make this shit up). Hope you don't mind, 131.191.57.0 - I couldn't resist quoting you from this WP talk page - here, where no less distinguished an authority than - Staff Scientist - showed up to spam-promote his 'expert research' to help feather this meme's nest. Staff Scientist's "contribution to our understanding" - matches a general style of anonymously contrived rhetoric impersonating informed perspective. The connecting thread that runs thru deeply is - purpose (motive) - to feather the nest of the agenda, help 'mainstream' the 'underground - carry water for the 'community' with its determined oppositional defiance of 'inconvenient truth' - whole truth, and nothing but - about this problematic CNS toxidrome that - reflects as you note rightly, far and wide - in prattle forums that now abound on internet by about and for - mushroom tripping. < (CAPS added to emphasize key terms): 'If you search the name of THIS SPECIES and "paralysis" you will find all sorts of reports that THIS SPECIES of "magic mushrooms" can cause a temporary paralysis - which can be very dangerous and sign of possible toxicity in adults. A couple other "wood loving" magic mushroom species are SAID TO cause similar effects. 131.191.57.0 (talk) 01:31, 29 December 2013 (UTC)' Besides the rigorously uncritical standard, 'rumor (not evidence)' - gamely trying to capture the subject - I tested 131.191.57.0's googling 'methodology,' but I violated his "cyanescens" rule. I googled 'paralysis' with that one, and also - for comparison - a Non Wood Lover Species well known as a dung dweller - infamous for having inflicted paralysis and/or numbness, convulsion and seizure, aphasia and other symptoms of this toxidrome. Hey, he tossed down his method gauntlet all I did was - pick it up. Results:

paralysis cubensis - About 32,900 results (0.77 seconds)

paralysis cyanescens - About 7,280 results (0.54 seconds)

Anyone can email me about this - I've made my hotmail userid, my posting name, to enable that. Alas for these forums, for the prospects of any interest in 'the truth' about this subject, a dire one as I discover. > https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/24715758/fpart/2/vc/1#24715758 Akersbp (talk) 09:34, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Psilocybe cyanescens


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Pepe de Lucía

Pepe de Lucía (born José Sánchez Gomes; 25 September 1945 in Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain) is a Spanish flamenco singer and songwriter.

The son of flamenco guitarist Antonio Sánchez Pecino, and the brother of flamenco guitarists Paco de Lucía and Ramón de Algeciras, he adopted the stage name Pepe de Lucía in honor of his Portuguese mother, Lúcia Gomes. He is the father of Spanish pop singer Malú. He released his debut recording, Los Chiquitos de Algeciras, with his brother Paco de Lucía in 1961. He continued to sing on his brother's albums until 1988, when he was replaced by Duquende. His son, José de Lucía is also a flamenco musician, like his uncles, father and grandfather.

He is noted to have written many of the lyrics performed by Camarón de la Isla on his albums with Paco de Lucía and Tomatito. An example of one of these songs is Sentao en el Valle on the album Como el Agua.

title: Pepe de Lucía


text:
Flacq District

Flacq is a district of Mauritius, situated in the east of the island. It is the largest district, having an area of 297.9 km², the population estimate was 138,460 as of 31 December 2015.

Places of interest
The small village of Trou d'Eau Douce is the site for visitors to take boats for tours on Île aux Cerfs island. The beach Belle Mare attracts a lot of Mauritians and tourists.

Places
The Flacq District include different regions; however, some regions are further divided into different suburbs. Note that the statistics do not take into account the two new village councils areas were created out of Écroignard and Grande Retraite out of Laventure in 2011 following the new Local Government Act.

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Category:Fascism

This category collects on the political philosophy which intends the autocracy by one person or party, expansionism, racism, and ethnocentrism.

Classification: Politics: Political philosophy: Political ideologies: Totalitarianism: Fascism also: History: 20th century: Fascism

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Vittorio Bottego

Vittorio Bottego (Parma, 29 July 1860 – Dhaga Roba, 17 March 1897) was an Italian army officer and one of the first Western explorers of Jubaland and southern Ethiopia, where he led two expeditions. He was the first European explorer to follow the course of the lower Omo River to its confluence with Lake Turkana and to reach Lake Abaya, which he renamed Lake Margherita after Queen Margherita of Savoy wife of King Humbert I of Italy.

Expeditions
In his first expedition Bottego concentrated on tracing the channels of the tributaries of the Ganale Doria, that he named after the Italian biologist Giacomo Doria. With Captain Matteo Grixoni, Bottego left Bardera on 30 September 1892, with one hundred and twenty-four men. They reached the Shebeli River at Imi on 7 November. After eight days they crossed the river, entering the country of the Arsi Oromo, who proved hostile to Bottego. He passed through Arkebla and reached the Ganale Guracha ("Black Ganale") on 11 December, along whose banks he led his men upstream for 20 days.

Concluding that this was not the main stream of the river, Bottego left the river in a west-south-western direction until he reached the Ganale Doria, or the main fork of the Ganale, on 16 January 1893. Sick with fever, here Bottego was left by Grixoni who marched for the coast on 15 February with 30 men. Four days after Grixoni left, Bottego pushed inland as far as Mount Fakes, but unwilling to encounter raiding parties of the Ethiopians, he returned to the camp where Grixoni had left him. Bottego then crossed the tract separating him from the Dawa, and ascended that river until lack of provisions compelled him to retrace his steps. His party reached the Ganale Doria once more after six forced marches, in the course of which eleven men died of hunger. Two more died in camp from exhaustion, and two were drowned while hunting hippopotamuses.

In his second expedition (1895–1897), Bottego ventured into the then unknown region of the upper Juba, Lake Rudolf and the Sobat. He was the first European explorer to follow the course of the lower Omo River to its confluence with Lake Turkana. He reached and first found Lake Abaya, which he renamed Lake Margherita after Queen Margherita of Savoy wife of King Humbert I of Italy.

He then tried to return through Ethiopia, unaware that the country was at war with Italy, let alone that there had been a recent Ethiopian victory at Adwa. He was killed in the Ahmar Mountains near Daga Roba when he was attacked by an Oromo tribe. His body was never recovered, and the account of his demise was told years later by two of his companions, Vannutelli and Citerni, who survived but were kept in prison for two years by Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia.

Species named after Bottego
Bottego is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of lizards as well as one subspecies of turtle: Agama bottegi, Chalcides bottegi, and Pelusios sinuatus bottegi.

Bottego is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of fishes: Neobola bottegoi and Labeo bottegi.

title: Vittorio Bottego


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User:SHayter

Yes I'm a geek, and my homepage is link here. There's a form on there if you wish to send me an email :)

Pages I'm Working On
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text: Category:Nicotinic agonists

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António Mascarenhas Monteiro

António Manuel Mascarenhas Gomes Monteiro (16 February 1944 – 16 September 2016) was the first democratically elected President of Cape Verde from 22 March 1991 to 22 March 2001.

Early life and education
Born in Ribeira da Barca in 1944, Monteiro went to university in Belgium and graduated with his law degree from the Catholic University of Leuven.

Political career
During the PAICV's single-party government, Monteiro served in various high level positions. He was the Secretary-General of the National Assembly from 1977 to 1980 and President of the Supreme Court of Justice from 1980 to 1990.

Presidency of Cape Verde
Affiliated with the Movement for Democracy, he was the first president elected in a multi-party election in the country, defeating Aristides Pereira in the February 1991 presidential election.

In February 1995, he awarded one of the archipelago's greatest writer during the colonial era Eugénio Tavares the Medal of the Ordem do Vulcão.

He was re-elected without opposition in 1996, receiving 80% of the vote. After serving two five year terms, he stepped down in 2001; in the 2001 election, Movement for Democracy candidate Carlos Veiga, who had served as Prime Minister under Monteiro, was defeated by Pedro Pires of the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV).

East Timor controversy
On 19 September 2006, it was announced that Monteiro would succeed Sukehiro Hasegawa as head of the United Nations mission in East Timor. The appointment was criticized in East Timor, partly because Monteiro had a poor knowledge of English. It was reported that Timorese president Xanana Gusmão was among those who expressed their concern about the appointment.

On 25 September, Monteiro announced that he had changed his mind and would not be accepting the position. He told journalists that "I told the Deputy Secretary-General that I already knew that there were reservations about my name on the part of parties engaged in East Timor and that I was no longer interested in serving there." He explained that "the functions of a representative of the UN Secretary-General in East Timor are very broad and must be exercised with the goodwill of all parties involved." Therefore, "it is better to stand down now than to create problems later on, especially in view of the complexity of the situation in East Timor."

Global Leadership Foundation
Monteiro was a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with Heads of Government on governance-related issues of concern to them.

Personal life
Monteiro's wife, Antonina Mascarenhas Monteiro, known widely as Tuna Mascarenhas, the former First Lady of Cape Verde, died in Praia on 9 September 2009, at the age of 65. He had three children.

Monteiro died on 16 September 2016 from kidney cancer and was buried in the cemetery in the city of Assomada on 18 September.

title: António Mascarenhas Monteiro


text:
RSK

RSK may stand for:

 * RSK Group, a UK consultancy group
 * Republic of Serbian Krajina
 * Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence in mathematics
 * Ribosomal s6 kinase, protein kinasesr
 * RSK Sanyo Broadcasting, Japan
 * Red Skin Kingz, Native American gang
 * rsk, the ISO language code for Pannonian Rusyn

title: RSK


text:
Category talk:Anticholinergics

Untitled
We need to distinguish antagonists from agonists. I made but didn't list it under here because I thought "anticholinergics" was maybe only antagonists. Now I find that a lot of the things listed under antagonists are actually agonists. Can I get some help in straightening this out from whoever started this category? --Chinasaur 11:08, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I got rid of the nicotinic agonists category as both categories had the same content. In retrospect, after doing a lot more reading here, i shouldn't have done that, as there is a difference between agonists and antagonists.  i don't know what that difference is, and seeing that both categories had all the same entries, i mistakenly thought that it was a mistake.  Apologies.  how can we get this straightened out?  --Heah 20:29, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'm kind of glad you brought this up since the whole "neurotoxins/neuromodulators" category hierarchy could stand to be fixed up. I'm pretty busy until the end of May though, so maybe remind me again in a month. To answer your question, the difference between agonist and antagonist is pretty simple: a drug that blocks the function of, for example, dopamine would be a dopamine antagonist. A drug that mimics the function of dopamine would be a dopamine agonist. Either is probably bad for you... --Chinasaur 03:44, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Anticholinergics


text:
Romolo Gessi

Romolo Gessi (30 April 1831 – 1 May 1881), also called Gessi Pasha, was an Italian soldier, governor in the Turkish-Egyptian administration and explorer of north-east Africa, who described the course of the White Nile in 19th-century Sudan and modern Uganda.

Gessi was born to an Italian father and Armenian mother from Istanbul in Ravenna, in Romagna. He acquired his military experience serving in the volunteer corps of Garibaldi in 1859 and 1860. He was one of numerous Garibaldi volunteers who went on to be regular soldiers, not only in the new Italian army, but in several others.

Service in the British Empire in the Crimea and Sudan
Gessi fought with the British forces in the Crimean War (1854–55), where he first met General Charles George Gordon. Gordon later described him as "Italian subject, aged 49 (in 1881). Short, compact figure; cool, most determined man. Born genius for practical ingenuity in mechanics. Ought to have been born in 1560, not 1832. Same disposition as Francis Drake. Had been engaged in many petty political affairs. Was interpreter to Her Majesty's Forces in the Crimea, and attached to the headquarters of the Royal Artillery."

In 1876, while serving under governor-general Gordon in the Turkish Sudan, he explored the course of the White Nile in the area of Bahr El Jebel and mapped its descent from Lake Albert. He then ventured in the territory of the Oromo people, later becoming governor of the Bahr-el-Ghazal province, where he struggled against Sebehr and the slave trade and also was active in the deployment of gum arabic. Gordon regarded him, perhaps unfairly, as a brilliant mercenary - perhaps he did not come up to Gordon's standards of noncomformist rectitude.

In 1880, while returning to Khartoum, he found the Nile obstructed and was held up for three months in the Sudd, becoming ill. This illness led to his death, shortly after his return to Suez. In 1881, Muhammad Rauf Pasha, Gordon's successor at Khartoum, appointed Frank Lupton governor of the Bahr el Ghazal in place of Gessi.

After his death, his son Felice published his father's memoirs in the book, Sette anni nel Sudan egiziano (Milano, 1891).

title: Romolo Gessi


text:
Person (disambiguation)

A person is a being, such as a human, that has certain capacities or attributes constituting personhood.

Person or Persons may also refer to:

 * Dramatis personae, the characters in a play or other written work
 * Persona, a social role, or a character played by an actor
 * Person (grammar), person as a grammatical category
 * Person (law), person as a legal category
 * Person (Catholic canon law), person as a category in Catholic canon law
 * Person (theology), person as a theological category
 * Human, person as a human individual
 * Person (surname)
 * Persons (surname)
 * Person Colby Cheney (1828–1901), American paper manufacturer, abolitionist, and politician
 * Person County, North Carolina, U.S.

title: Person (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Special pages

Special:Specialpages
This page should be linked from Special:Specialpages. Is there a mediawiki page I can edit? I tried editing MediaWiki:Spheading but the link did not work.--Patrick 11:09, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I linked it from MediaWiki:Perfcached which links it to the cached ones and added a link to talk namespace as well. Obviously it won't work once live versions are used. -- User:Docu

Redirects to this page
I've started making a bunch of redirects to this page (Upload file, Random page, etc.) so that if someone (like me) specifically searches for Wikipedia:XYZ, where XYZ is one of the Special pages, they will be directed to a page containing not only a link to Special:XYZ but also (when applicable) links to help on the feature and (perhaps) an editable version of the relevant list. To me this makes a lot of sense. If you'd like to help, see the article's What links here page for the redirects that have already been created. (Of course, I'm not creating a redirect if Wikipedia:XYZ already brings up a meaningful page.) - dcljr 20:15, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Should be user-friendlier
"Special pages" does not have a "redirect" entry - only broken and double redirects. There should be a special page (or if there already is, it should be listed here) on redirects; when and how to do them. Also, it would be nice if a sort of template were present (also on the double redirects entry).Kdammers 05:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It sounds like you're talking about a "help" page about redirects, something like: Redirect. "Special pages" are not help pages, they're (mostly) automatically-generated informational pages that can't be edited by regular users. - dcljr (talk) 23:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Where to post comments on Special pages?
I added a few paragraphs explaining what Special Pages are to the top of this page. If someone thinks it would be more appropriate, they could certainly move that to a separate Help:Special pages page (which currently redirects here). I wasn't sure where to tell users to go if they want something changed about a Special Page -- Village Pump? Help Desk? If someone had suggestions that would be great. -- Creidieki 15:40, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

how to edit special pages
Special pages cannot be directly edited by users; if you have a comment or suggestion about a special page, you should post it to (PLACE).

ROFL... thanks, that's hugely helpful.

Where is (PLACE)?

I think this information should be put on the special pages themselves, actually. Something like "To suggest an edit to this page, please place a note on [the X noticeboard/Village Pump etc]." I once suggested an improvement thus: Village_pump_%28assistance%29.

--pfctdayelise 14:49, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been trying to suggest that a "Feedback" tab be added to special pages, just like the "Discussion" tab on nonspecial pages, but so far I haven't had any luck. I guess I'll submit a Bugzilla bug about it.  -- Creidieki 18:22, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Shortpages
How often is Shortpages generated? Two days ago I (among others) dealt with a few cases of vandalism where pages were blanked, and quite a few of them were reverted, but shortpages still looks the same. I understand the need to keep server load down, but it would be nice to see a refreshed Shortpages sometime soon. Or is it a problem at my end? I don't think it is, I'm not using a proxy server and I've cleared my browser cache. --LesleyW 04:22, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Discussing Special pages
Of the (whopping) 47 "Special pages" listed at Special:Specialpages (plus Special:Specialpages itself), the following have links to talk pages prominently displayed on the Special pages themselves:
 * Special:Mostcategories
 * Special:Mostrevisions
 * Special:BrokenRedirects
 * Special:CrossNamespaceLinks
 * Special:Deadendpages
 * Special:Disambiguations
 * Special:DoubleRedirects
 * Special:Listredirects
 * Special:Longpages
 * Special:Mostlinkedcategories
 * Special:Mostimages
 * Special:Mostlinked
 * Special:Ancientpages
 * Special:Lonelypages
 * Special:Recentchanges
 * Special:Shortpages
 * Special:Uncategorizedcategories
 * Special:Uncategorizedpages
 * Special:Wantedcategories
 * Special:Wantedpages

(All but Special:Recentchanges seem to use MediaWiki:Perfcached to provide the link along with some explanatory text.)

In addition, the following pages have links to other pages whose talk pages can be used for discussion, but they're not as obvious or explicit as the others:
 * Special:Upload (links to Uploading images)
 * Special:Boardvote (links to Elections for the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation, 2005/En)

But the following pages don't have any links to talk pages where they can be discussed:
 * Special:Specialpages
 * Special:Allpages
 * Special:Booksources
 * Special:Categories
 * Special:Cite
 * Special:Export
 * Special:Imagelist
 * Special:Filepath
 * Special:Newimages
 * Special:SiteMatrix
 * Special:Ipblocklist
 * Special:Log
 * Special:MIMEsearch
 * Special:Preferences
 * Special:Watchlist
 * Special:Newpages
 * Special:Prefixindex (functionality identical to Allpages)
 * Special:Randompage (there's an obvious reason for this one...)
 * Special:Search
 * Special:Userlogin
 * Special:Statistics
 * Special:Allmessages
 * Special:Unusedcategories
 * Special:Unusedimages
 * Special:Listusers
 * Special:Version

Should this be fixed so that every Special page (except Randompage) contains a prominent link to an associated talk page? - dcljr (talk) 05:35, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but I don't know where to go to request/make such a change. --ZimZalaBim (talk) 14:33, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, "I don't where to go to..." -- the "admin" side of Wikipedia is a horror and needs to be completely redesigned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.199.64.177 (talk) 07:07, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Updates
Almost every time I look at a special page, it is significantly outdated. It takes some effort (I think) to run the reports, so obviously they can't be updated on the whim of any passing visitor, but I think it would at least be helpful to mention when the page was last updated. Is this possible? Ardric47 04:42, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The Special:CrossNamespaceLinks page seems to be updated on the order of once every three weeks or so. Personally I think that's a bit too long a timespan (heck, I've probably visited and fixed 90% of the Userspace linked pages myself in the last 3 weeks) but at the very least it would be nice to know the last time the report was generated. --BinaryTed 15:59, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Special pages seem to be mysterious things. I know that Wikipedia could be greatly damaged if an inexperienced user messed around with special pages, but I don't even know of a place to discuss them except on these talk pages. If I don't find more information, I'll ask on one of the Village Pump boards or something. Ardric47 00:46, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Visitor Browser Statistics?
Is there anywhere where Wikipedia posts statistics of the browser/computer/monitor info of its visitors?

Can the current http://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Talk:Statistics page be expanded to include this info?

Alexa traffic analysis for Wikipedia (linked to currently on the Statistis page) only shows visitor numbers...

Help please
Help please! I used to edit Wikipedia as "ACEOREVIVED" and made just over 2, 000 edits to Wikipedia under that username. However, my old laptop broke, so I have now purchased another. I am not sure how I could go on using my old username on a new computer. Any help will be appreciated! Many thanks, 92.30.79.241 (talk) 16:41, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

 * This is not the place to ask questions, try Help desk. -- œ ™ 09:16, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Special pages


text:
User:Vlbv

Hello my name is VLVB and I am very interrested in wikis.

I am the Happy :)

title: User:Vlbv


text:
American Meteorological Society

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) is a scientific and professional organization in the United States promoting and disseminating information about the atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrologic sciences. Its mission is to advance the atmospheric and related sciences, technologies, applications, and services for the benefit of society.

Background
Founded on December 29, 1919, by Charles Franklin Brooks at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in St. Louis and incorporated on January 21, 1920, the American Meteorological Society has a membership of more than 13,000 weather, water, and climate scientists, professionals, researchers, educators, students, and enthusiasts.

AMS publishes 12 atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic journals (in print and online), sponsors as many as twelve conferences annually, and administers professional certification programs and awards. The AMS Policy and Education programs promote scientific knowledge and work to increase public understanding of science. There is also an network of 94 local and student AMS chapters.

AMS headquarters is located at 45 Beacon Street adjacent to the Boston Common in Boston, Massachusetts. The headquarters building was designed by Charles Bulfinch as the third Harrison Gray Otis House in 1806 and was purchased and renovated by AMS in 1958, with staff moving into the building in 1960. In 2012, AMS purchased the building next door at 44 Beacon Street, also designed by Bulfinch. AMS also maintains an office in Washington, D.C., at 1200 New York Avenue NW inside the AAAS headquarters.

The American Meteorological Society is not to be confused with the American Meteor Society, a group of volunteers who observe and track meteors and fireballs.

Certification programs
AMS maintains five professional certification programs. The Certified Broadcast Meteorologist (CBM) sets a professional standard in broadcast meteorology. The Certified Consulting Meteorologist (CCM) establishes high standards of technical competence, character, and experience for consultants who provide advice in meteorology to the public. The Certified Digital Meteorologist Program (CDM) sets standards for meteorologists who meet criteria for effective communication in all forms of digital media. The AMS Seal of Approval was launched in 1957 to recognize on-air meteorologists for their sound delivery of weather information to the general public. Many seal holders are still active, though the original Seal was succeeded by the CBM. Those looking for an expert can consult the listings of all AMS Certified individuals. A recent addition is the Certified AMS Teacher (CAT), a graduate-level certificate for K-12 teachers.

Awards
AMS recognizes excellent work with over 30 different awards ranging from outstanding research contributions in specific fields to awards for excellence in teaching or broadcasting, outstanding books, exceptional service in forecasting, and more, including its highest honor: the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Medal.

AMS also awards more than $100,000 annually in undergraduate and graduate level scholarships and fellowships.

Publications
AMS publishes twelve peer-reviewed scientific journals, as well as books and monographs, accounting for more than 34,000 pages each year.

 * Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems (AIES)
 * Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS)
 * Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (JAS)
 * Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (JAMC)
 * Journal of Physical Oceanography (JPO)
 * Monthly Weather Review (MWR)
 * Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (JTECH)
 * Weather and Forecasting (WAF)
 * Journal of Climate (JCLI)
 * Journal of Hydrometeorology (JHM)
 * Weather, Climate, and Society (WCAS)
 * Earth Interactions (EI) (co-published with AGU & AAG)
 * Meteorological Monographs

In addition, AMS publishes the Glossary of Meteorology, a blog called the Front Page, and the scientific database Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts.

AMS is a member of Crossref, Portico, CHORUS, and CLOCKSS.

Policy Program
The AMS Policy Program works to increase public understanding of the role of scientific information in societal advancement and helps policy-makers ground their decisions in the best available scientific knowledge. It carries out research, holds periodic briefings that allow experts to inform policy makers directly on established scientific understanding and the latest policy-relevant research, and hosts an annual Summer Policy Colloquium to introduce Earth scientists to the federal policy process. The Congressional Science Fellowship places an AMS scientist on the staff of a member of Congress for one full year.

Statements
AMS issues and periodically updates four different types of statements on topics that fall within the scope of AMS expertise:
 * Information statements aim to provide a trustworthy, objective and scientifically up-to-date explanation of scientific issues of concern to the public at large. They deal with subjects such as climate change and drought.
 * Policy statements are aimed at officials of government or international bodies and may articulate the state of scientific understanding, raise awareness of a scientific issue, or make policy recommendations based on the professional and scientific expertise and perspectives of the AMS (examples: Weather, Water, and Climate Priorities; Geoengineering the Climate System; Space Weather)
 * Professional guidance statements alert AMS members to urgent or important AMS, professional or scientific matters. (examples: Strengthening Social Sciences in the Weather–Climate Enterprise; Green Meetings)
 * Best Practice statements inform AMS members and the public about AMS endorsed best practices across the weather, water, and climate enterprise and promote scientifically based standards and practices (example: Best Practices for Publicly Sharing Weather Information Via Social Media).

Meetings and events
AMS organizes a large number national and international meetings, specialized conferences and workshops. Annually, more than 6,000 people attend AMS meetings covering science, technology and applications in the atmospheric and related oceanographic and hydrologic sciences. In addition to the AMS Annual Meeting, the most recent of which was held in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, during 28 January to 1 February 2024, a number of specialty meetings are held each year. AMS records oral presentations given at its meetings and posts them online for anyone to view free of charge.

Over thirty conferences and symposia are held concurrently during the AMS Annual Meeting, during which more than 2000 Oral Presentations are given, and more than 1000 Posters are presented by both professionals and students. The AMS Annual Meeting also features an exhibits program, where companies, universities, and organizations participate.

Education Program
The AMS Education Program offers training, workshops, and undergraduate course curriculum to educate the next generation and increase scientific literacy. It claims to have trained over 100,000 teachers.

AMS partners with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, National Science Foundation, and U.S. Navy to offer a suite of teacher professional development programs, including three DataStreme courses, Project ATMOSPHERE, and the Maury Project. Textbooks and Investigations Manuals used in AMS DataStreme and Undergraduate Courses are dynamic eBooks with web-based features. Many AMS members contribute to the creation and editing of course materials.

Membership
The American Meteorological Society has more than 13,000 individual members in nearly 100 countries. Membership was initially limited to professionals or scholars in the atmospheric or related sciences, but today an array of membership categories accommodate a wide range of people including students, teachers, corporations and weather enthusiasts.

Fellows
Fellows of the AMS are those who "have made outstanding contributions to the atmospheric or related oceanic or hydrologic sciences or their applications during a substantial period of years". New Fellows are elected annually by the AMS Council of not more than 0.2% of all AMS members. , 1195 members had been appointed as fellows, of whom 327 were deceased and 150 inactive.

Presidents
The following AMS members served as presidents of the society during the listed periods:

 * Robert DeCourcy Ward, 1920–21
 * Robert Frederic Stupart, 1922–23
 * Willis Isbister Milham, 1924–25
 * Charles Frederick Marvin, 1926–27
 * William Jackson Humphreys, 1928–29
 * John M. Patterson, 1930–31
 * Herbert Harvey Kimball, 1932–33
 * Isaac Monroe Cline, 1934–35
 * Joseph Burton Kincer, 1936–37
 * Willis Ray Gregg, 1938
 * Robert Elmer Horton, 1938–39
 * Francis Wilton Reichelderfer, 1940–41
 * Bernhard Haurwitz, 1943
 * Edward Hall Bowie, 1942–43
 * Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby, 1944–45
 * Henry Garrett Houghton, 1946–47
 * Howard T. Orville, 1948–49
 * Donald Norton Yates, 1950–51
 * Horace Robert Byers, 1952–53
 * Arthur Francis Merewether, 1954–55
 * Robert D. Fletcher, 1956–57
 * Sverre Petterssen, 1958–59
 * Thomas F. Malone, 1960–61
 * Morris Neiburger, 1962–63
 * Philip Duncan Thompson, 1964–65
 * Louis Joseph Battan, 1966–67
 * Verner Edward Suomi, 1968
 * George S. Benton, 1969
 * Eugene Bollay, 1970
 * Alfred Kimball Blackadar, 1971
 * Richard J. Reed, 1972
 * William Welch Kellogg, 1973
 * David Simonds Johnson, 1974
 * David Atlas, 1975
 * Charles Luther Hosler, 1976
 * Werner A. Baum, 1977
 * George P. Cressman, 1978
 * Chester Whittier Newton, 1979
 * Robert M. White, 1980
 * Robert Guthrie Fleagle, 1981
 * Richard E. Hallgren, 1982
 * Earl George Droessler, 1983
 * Eugene W. Bierly, 1984
 * Clifford J. Murino, 1985
 * Joseph Smagorinsky, 1986
 * Albert J. Kaehn Jr., 1987
 * Roscoe R. Braham, 1988
 * Joanne Simpson, 1989
 * James R. Mahoney, 1990
 * William D. Bonner, 1991
 * Donald R. Johnson, 1992
 * Robert T. Ryan, 1993
 * Warren M. Washington, 1994
 * David D. Houghton, 1995
 * Paul D. Try, 1996
 * Ronald D. McPherson, 1997
 * Eugene M. Rasmusson, 1998
 * George L. Frederick Jr., 1999
 * James F. Kimpel, 2000
 * Robert J. Serafin, 2001
 * Richard D. Rosen, 2002
 * Elbert W. Friday Jr., 2003
 * Susan K. Avery, 2004
 * Walter Andrew Lyons, 2005
 * Franco Einaudi, 2006
 * Richard A. Anthes, 2007
 * Walter F. Dabberdt, 2008
 * Thomas R. Karl, 2009
 * Margaret Anne LeMone, 2010
 * Jonathan T. Malay, 2011
 * Louis W. Uccellini, 2012
 * J. Marshall Shepherd, 2013
 * William B. Gail, 2014
 * Alexander E. MacDonald, 2015
 * Frederick H. Carr, 2016
 * Matthew J. Parker, 2017
 * Roger M. Wakimoto, 2018
 * Jenni L. Evans, 2019
 * Mary Glackin, 2020
 * Michael R. Farrar, 2021
 * Richard Dale Clark, 2022
 * Bradley R. Colman, 2023
 * Anjuli Bamzai, 2024
 * David J. Stensrud, 2025 president elect

title: American Meteorological Society


text:
Jolie Brise

Jolie Brise is a gaff-rigged pilot cutter built and launched by the Albert Paumelle Yard in Le Havre in 1913 to a design by Alexandre Pâris. After a short career as a pilot boat, owing to steam replacing sail, she became a fishing boat, a racing yacht and a sail training vessel.

1923-1977 Post-Pilot History
Bought by Evelyn George Martin in 1923 she was refitted and won the first Fastnet Race from seven starters in August 1925. In 1927 Martin sold Jolie Brise, through an advertisement in Yachting World to Captain Warren Ferrier and his partner Dr Brownlow Smith.

An engine and an additional cabin were fitted at Morgan Giles' yard at Teignmouth. Bobby Somerset, a founder member of the Ocean Racing Club - as was Martin, purchased her in 1928. After competing in the Fastnet, Bermuda and Santander races he sold her four years later to Lt. John Gage, RNR.

His ownership was only for a year and it seems that in 1934 she was purchased by an American, Stanley Mortimer. Alterations, mostly to the living accommodation were made at a yard in Palma, Majorca and a Gardner diesel was fitted in Marseilles. After cruising the Mediterranean, and with war in the offing Jolie Brise returned to Southampton and was put up for sale.

She was bought by William Stannard but requisitioned by the Royal Navy which laid her up on a mud berth at Shoreham for the duration of the war. In 1945 she was bought by a syndicate headed by Lillian and Jim Worsdell and her name was changed to Pleasant Breeze.

A voyage to New Zealand was aborted and when she put into Lisbon she was acquired by a Portuguese syndicate headed by Luis Lobato. Repaired and refitted, she was once again listed as Jolie Brise. For nearly 30 years her home port remained Lisbon but in 1975, partly because of the political situation in Portugal, she returned to the Solent, 50 years after her first Fastnet win.

1977 onwards Current Role
In 1977 she was bought in a collaboration between Dauntsey's School, the International Sailing Craft Association and the Science Museum to serve as the flagship of its sailing club and remains in that role.

Between 1977 and 1991 she sailed extensively around European waters crewed by students from the School, including winning Tall Ships Races in 1980 and 1986. The students were also involved heavily in the care and maintenance of her.

In 1991 she entered a major refit at Gloucester Docks, which was completed in 1993.

The same year she entered the Fastnet Race again, sixty years after her first time in 1931. After a circumnavigation of the UK in 1994, she has sailed all over Europe, and beyond with crews from the School, hosting other schools and groups of young people and with commercial trainees. In 1996 she returned to Portugal to visit Luis Lobato, in 1997 she went north, venturing 200 miles inside the Arctic Circle and in 2000, 2009 and 2017 she sailed across the Atlantic to the Bermuda, USA and Canada. In 2019 she visited Iceland and the Faroe Islands for the first time.

In 2003 she was bought by Dauntsey's School outright.

The boat is currently skippered by Toby Marris, and has the capacity to carry up to 12 students for local and international cruising and racing trips.

Specifications
Source:

 * Sparred length: 22.50 m
 * Length on deck: 17.06 m
 * Load waterline length: 14.63 m
 * Beam: 4.63 m
 * Draught: 3.10 m
 * Displacement: 44 tonnes
 * Crew: Up to three
 * Trainees: Up to twelve
 * MCA MGN280 Operating Area: Category 0 – Unrestricted

Fastnet Races
The Fastnet Race is a biennial offshore yacht race off the south coast of the United Kingdom, named after the Fastnet Rock, which the race course rounds. It is considered one of the classic offshore races.

Jolie Brise won the inaugural Fastnet Race (then called the Ocean Race) in 1925 in a time of 6 days, 14 hours and 45 minutes as part of a fleet of seven boats. At the post-race dinner at the Royal Western Yacht Club in Plymouth, the new Ocean Racing Club (later the Royal Ocean Racing Club) was formed and its first commodore appointed, Jolie Brise’s owner Lt Cmdr Evelyn G Martin.

Jolie Brise won the Fastnet again in 1929 and 1930, again skippered by Martin. She is currently the only vessel to have won the race three times.

She also competed in the 2013 Fastnet Race on the centenary of her inaugural win, crewed by students from Dauntsey's School and the Ellen MacArthur Cancer Trust, finishing 277th in fleet of 294 boats with a time of 4 days, 19 hours, 11 minutes and 4 seconds.

Blue Water Medals
The prestigious Blue Water Medal was inaugurated by the Cruising Club of America in 1923 to reward "meritorious seamanship and adventure upon the sea displayed by amateur sailors of all nationalities, that might otherwise go unrecognized".

Jolie Brise 's two Blue Water Medals were both awarded for her conduct in the Bermuda Race.

The first, in 1926, was to Evelyn Martin for "Double trans-Atlantic crossing, including Bermuda Race. LeHavre pilot cutter 56 feet oa. April 3, 1926 from Falmouth, July 27 to Plymouth."

Her second was awarded in 1932 to Robert Somerset "Without Date" for "remarkable feat of seamanship and courage in rescuing all but one of 11-man crew of burning schooner Adriana in the 1932 Bermuda Race."

On the first night of the 1932 Bermuda Race, the schooner Adriana was sailing into brisk southwesterly winds when the heat from the coal stove in her cabin ignited some oilskins. The uncontrollable fire spread so rapidly that the decision was made to abandon ship.

Three miles ahead of Adriana was Jolie Brise, owned and sailed by Henry Robert Somers Fitzroy de Vere Somerset, known afloat as “Bobby.” His crew included Herbert L. Stone and the famous American racing helmsman Sherman Hoyt.

In a feat of seamanship, Somerset, at Jolie Brise’s long tiller, turned the engineless, heavy-displacement vessel around toward the burning Adriana, whose crew was struggling to launch a small boat and heave the spinnaker pole into the water to serve as an improvised float. As Adriana’s helmsman, Clarence Kozaly, held position, Somerset brought Jolie Brise alongside under sail. The yachts’ rails banged together, their upper rigging tangled, and Jolie Brise’s tarred deadeye lanyards were charred. Ten of Adriana’s crew of 11 jumped across to the cutter’s deck.

Only the dutiful Kozaly was left at the helm of Adriana. The two yachts were several feet apart when he finally let go the wheel and made his leap, only to tumble into the gap. Sherman Hoyt desperately threw him a line, but Kozaly’s heavy clothing drew him under. After helping to save 10 lives, he lost his own and is the only fatality in Bermuda Race history.

Bermuda Post Office Stamps
A part of her participation in the Tall Ships Atlantic Challenge 2009, Jolie Brise sailed from Tenerife to Bermuda. To commemorate the event, the Bermuda Post Office Philatelic Department issued a set of stamps depicting six of the ships involved, including the Jolie Brise.

Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant
Jolie Brise was one of a number of prestigious vessels to be moored along the route of the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II on 3 June 2012. Due to her size, she was not part of the flotilla of vessels, and was instead moored with other vessels at St Katharine Docks.

Jolie Brise Pub
In May 2018, Wetherspoons opened a pub in Teignmouth and named it The Jolie Brise after the boat which had been refitted in the town before her first Fastnet win in 1923. Jolie Brise visited the town for the opening of the pub.

Chronology
1913: Built in Le Havre by Albert Paumelle 1923: New owner, E.G. Martin 1925: Winner of the first Fastnet Race 1926: 5th in the Bermuda race and awarded Blue Water Medal. 1926: Finished 3rd in Fastnet 1927: New owners, W Ferrier & WB Smith 1927: Retired from Fastnet after reaching The Lizard 1928: 2nd in the Fastnet Race 1928: New owner, H R S F de V Somerset 1929: Winner of the Fastnet Race 1929: Winner of the Queen of Spain's Cup (the first Santander) 1930: Winner of the Fastnet Race 1930: First across line in Santander but second to Ilex on corrected time 1931: Competed Fastnet 1932: Competed Bermuda - retired after rescuing crew, save one, of Adriana who abandoned because of fire 1932: New owner, J F B Gage 1934: New owner, S Mortimer 1938: New owner, W Stannard 1945: New owner, syndicate led by Lillian and Jim Worsdell 1946: New owner, L Lobato and partners (Vaz Pinto - principal owner) 1955: New owner, L Lobato - sole owner 1977: New owners, The International Sailing Craft Association in association with Dauntsey's School Sailing Club and the Science Museum 1980: Winner Tall Ships Race 1986: Winner Tall Ships Race Newcastle to Bremerhaven 1993: Refit complete - Jolie Brise's first Fastnet since 1931 1994: Circumnavigation of UK. 1999: Second in Tall Ships Race 2000: Overall winner of the Tall Ships 2000 Transatlantic Race 2002: Overall winner of the Tall Ships 2002 Transatlantic Race 2005: Participated in the Trafalgar 200 celebration 2008: First in Class and Fleet in Tall Ships Race Liverpool, UK to Maloy, Norway 2011: First in Class and Overall Winner of the Tall Ships Race 2011

2015: First in Class and Overall Winner of Tall Ships Race 2015

title: Jolie Brise


text:
AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central

The AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central, referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system. It was used by the United States Air Force for ground-controlled interception as part of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment network during the Cold War.

The name “AN/FSQ” derives from Army-Navy / Fixed Special eQuipment.

An advancement of the pioneering MIT Whirlwind II digital computer design, and manufactured by IBM as prime contractor, the AN/FSQ-7 was the largest discrete computer system ever built. Each of the 24 installed machines weighed 250 tons. The AN/FSQ-7 used a total of 60,000 vacuum tubes (49,000 in the computers) and up to 3 megawatts of electricity, performing about 75,000 instructions per second for networking regional radars.

Primary functions
Installations in the USAF Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air defense network were configured as duplex systems, using a pair of AN/FSQ-7 computers to provide fault tolerance. One was active at any time, the other on standby. The standby system copied data from the active system to minimize switchover time if needed. A scheduled switchover took place every day.

The AN/FSQ-7 calculated one or more predicted interception points for assigning manned aircraft or CIM-10 Bomarc missiles to intercept an intruder using the Automatic Target and Battery Evaluation (ATABE) algorithm. Also used in the Nike AN/FSG-1 system, ATABE automated the Whiz Wheel (Felsenthal CPU-73 A/P Air Navigation Attack Computer) method used in manual command post operations.

The Q7 fire button launched the Bomarc, and an additional Q7 algorithm automatically directed the missile during climb and cruise to the beginning of its supersonic dive on the target when guidance transferred to the missile seeker system for the homing dive. Later improvements allowed transmission of Q7 guidance to autopilots of manned fighters for vectoring to targets via the SAGE Ground to Air Data Link Subsystem (cf. bomber vectoring to a Bomb Release Point in 1965–1973 Vietnam via vacuum-tube analog computers.)

History
The first United States radar network used voice reporting to the 1939 Twin Lights Station in New Jersey, and the post-World War II experimental Cape Cod System used a Whirlwind I computer at Cambridge, Massachusetts to network long-range and several short-range radars. The key Whirlwind modification for radar netting was the development of magnetic-core memory that vastly improved reliability, doubled operating speed, and quadrupled input speed relative to the original Williams tube memory of the Whirlwind I.

The AN/FSQ-7 was based on the larger and faster (but uncompleted) Whirlwind II design. It proved too much for MIT's resources, resulting in IBM being retained as prime contractor – though the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Division 6 still participated in AN/FSQ-7 development.

Similar to the Q7, the smaller AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central was produced without an Automatic Initiation Area Discriminator and other equipment.

A simplex version of the AN/FSQ-7 was located at the premises of the System Development Corporation in Santa Monica, California from 1957 until the premises were vacated some time after 1981.

SAGE
The experimental SAGE subsector, located in Lexington, Massachusetts, was completed in 1955, equipped with a prototype AN/FSQ-7 known as XD-1 in Building F. The third evaluation run with the XD-1 was in August and the prototype was complete in October 1955, except for displays.

DC-1 at McGuire Air Force Base was the first operational site of the AN/FSQ-7 with consoles scheduled for delivery Aug–Oct 1956. Groundbreaking at McChord Air Force Base was in 1957 where the "electronic brain" began arriving in November 1958. The Cape Canaveral BOMARC 624-XY1's intercept of a target drone in August 1958 used the Kingston, New York, Q7 1500 miles away. By 1959, the 2000th simulated BOMARC intercept had been completed by the Q7.

The SAGE/Missile Master test program conducted large-scale field testing of the ATABE mathematical model using radar tracks of actual Strategic Air Command and Air Defense Command aircraft conducting mock penetrations into defense sectors (cf. Operation Skyshield). The vacuum-tube SAGE network was completed (and obsolete) in 1963, and a system ergonomic test was performed at Luke Air Force Base in 1964. According to Harold Sackman, it "showed conclusively that the wrong timing of human and technical operations was leading to frequent truncation of the flight path tracking system." Back-Up Interceptor Control Systems (BUIC) were used to replace the AN/FSQ-7s: two remained at SAGE sites until 1983  including McChord AFB, and the Q7 at Luke AFB was demolished in February 1984.

Sabre
The SABRE airline reservation system used AN/FSQ-7 technology.

In popular media
Q7 components were used as props in numerous films and television series needing futuristic-looking computers, despite the fact they were built in the 1950s. Q7 components were used in The Time Tunnel, The Towering Inferno, Logan's Run, WarGames, Independence Day, Planet of the Apes TV series (Season 1, Episode 5, "The Legacy" aired October 1974), and many others.

Today
The Computer History Museum displays several AN/FSQ-7 components.

Equipment

MIT selected IBM as the prime contractor for equipment construction. The Central Computer System of the AN/FSQ-7 had two computers for redundancy each with Arithmetic, Core Memory, Instruction Control, Maintenance Control, Selection & IO Control, and Program elements. The Q7 had input/output devices such as:
 * IBM 723 card punch and IBM 713 punched card reader
 * IBM 718 line printer (64 print positions)
 * drum auxiliary memory (50 "fields" of 2048 words each) and IBM 728 magnetic tape drives (32-bit words)
 * Crosstelling Input (XTL) from other AN/FSQ sites
 * Display and Warning Light System with dozens of consoles in various rooms having Situation Display Tubes, Digital Display Tubes, and controls (e.g., push buttons and light gun) including:
 * Duplex Maintenance Console (two), each DMC operated one of the Central Computer Systems and allowed diagnostics (a speaker was available)
 * Tracker Initiator Consoles for designating a "blip" (radar return) to be tracked (assign a track number and to relay speed, direction, and altitude)
 * Command Post Digital Display Desk
 * Senior Director's keyed console with the Bomarc fire button
 * LRI Monitor Console for monitoring Long Range Radar data
 * Large Board Projection Equipment Operator displays were directly copied on 35 mm film which were projected on the board.

Punched card data was transferred to and from the core memory as binary images. Only the rightmost 64 columns were transferred, with each row containing two 32-bit words. (The left columns could be punched using a special instruction.) Data were transferred to the line printer as a card image as well.

Core memory element
The FSQ-7 and -8 used core memory with 32-bit words plus a parity bit, operating at a 6-microsecond cycle time. Both machines had two banks of memory, memory 1 and memory 2 (Commonly referred to as Big Mem and little Mem). On the FSQ 7 memory 1 had 65,536 words and memory 2 had 4096 words. At Luke Air Force Base, the FSQ-7 held 65,536 words at each bank and the FSQ-8 4096 words at each bank.

For data storage, each word was divided into two halves, each half was a 15-bit number with a sign bit. Arithmetic operations were performed on both halves simultaneously. Each number was treated as a fraction between −1 and 1. This restriction is placed on data primarily so that the multiplication of two numbers will always result in a product smaller than either of the numbers, thus positively avoiding overflow. Properly scaling calculations was the responsibility of the programmer.

Instructions used the right half word plus the left sign bit to form addresses, yielding a 17-bit address space. The remainder of the left half word specified the operation. The first three bits after the sign specified an index register. The following bits specified an instruction class, class variation and instruction-dependent auxiliary information. Addresses were written in octal notation, with the two sign bits forming a prefix, so 2.07777 would be the highest word in memory 2.

Arithmetic registers were provided for both halves of the data word and included an accumulator, an A register that held the data value retrieved from memory, and a B register that held the least significant bits of a multiplication, the magnitude of a division, as well as shifted bits. There was also a program counter, four index registers, and a 16-bit real-time clock register which was incremented 32 times a second. Trigonometric sine and cosine functions used 1.4 degree precision (256 values) via look-up tables.

title: AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central


text:
Grappa

Grappa is an alcoholic beverage: a fragrant, grape-based pomace brandy of Italian origin that contains 35 to 60 percent alcohol by volume (70 to 120 US proof). Grappa is a protected name in the European Union.

Grappa is made by distilling the skins, pulp, seeds and stems (i.e., the pomace) left over from winemaking after pressing the grapes. It was originally made to prevent waste by using these leftovers. A similar drink, known as acquavite d'uva, is made by distilling whole must.

In Italy, grappa is primarily served as a digestive or after-dinner drink. Its main purpose is to aid in the digestion of heavy meals. Grappa may also be added to espresso coffee to create a caffè corretto, meaning "corrected" coffee. Another variation of this is the ammazzacaffè ("coffee-killer"): the espresso is drunk first, followed by a few ounces of grappa served in its own glass. In Veneto, there is resentin ("little rinser"): after finishing a cup of espresso with sugar, a few drops of grappa are poured into the nearly empty cup, swirled and drunk down in one sip.

Noted producers of grappa include Jacopo Poli, Nardini and Nonino. These grappas are produced in significant quantities and are exported; there are also many small local or regional grappas. Most grappa is clear, indicating it is an unaged distillate, though some may retain very faint pigments from their original fruit pomace. Lately, aged grappas have become more common, and these take on a yellow or red-brown hue from the barrels in which they are stored.

Grappa is also well known in Uruguay and Argentina, due to the significant Italian immigration in those countries. It is served as in Italy, after the main meals. In Uruguay, a local version called grappamiel has also been created, which sees honey added to the traditional grappa. It is widely served and mostly drunk in winter because it "warms" the throat.

History
Distillation is an ancient practice that can be traced back to the first century AD. The distillation of alcohol may have been carried out reliably by al-Kindī (c. 801–873 CE), al-Fārābī (c. 872–950), and al-Zahrāwī (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013), as well as by the School of Salerno in the 12th century.

Grappa is traditionally produced in Northern Italy and is also widely consumed in places such as Argentina, Bulgaria, Georgia (chacha), Uruguay, Galicia (orujo or aguardiente in Spanish) and Portugal (known as bagaço or bagaceira).

There is a legend that tells of a Roman soldier who first distilled grappa in the northern Italian town of Bassano del Grappa using distilling equipment stolen in Egypt ("Crisiopea di Cleopatra" 2nd century AD). However, the story cannot be considered reliable as such equipment could not produce grappa. Distillation useful for producing beverages was not discovered until the eighth century, and it likely took about two more centuries for the technology to travel from its home in the Levant and Persia to Italy (likely by route of the Crusades).

Around 1300–1400 AD, however, the introduction of water as a coolant in the distilling equipment made it possible to produce a substantially larger amount of distilled wine and to distill pomace. Around 1600 AD, the Jesuits in Spain, Italy and Germany studied and codified the techniques used to produce brandy or grappa, and their methods were used until recent times. The Museum of Wine and Grappa shows historical equipment used in the early years of grappa distillation.

The modernisation of grappa distillation is relatively recent, probably in 1979 in Northern Italy. Initially it was carried out by direct flame but soon the advantages of a bain-marie or steam distillation to obtain a better product became obvious. Modern refinements included the distillation of pomace under vacuum, the use of varietal grapes and ageing in casks of various types of wood to improve the flavor of the liquor. Oak is the most used, but some more expensive grappas are aged successively in casks of acacia, ash and cherry-wood, an innovation introduced by the Marzadro Distillery. In Sardinia, Grappa is colloquially known as Filu è Ferru (iron wire), as most of the distillation was illegally home-made to avoid customs and excise taxes. The illegally distilled liquor was bottled, sealed and then buried in orchards, fields and pastures, awaiting sale. A bit of iron wire was tied around the bottleneck, barely protruding through the soil; after some time the wire would rust and disappear completely save for a faintly brown-red stain to the topsoil on the spot where the bottle was buried. While the peasant distiller could easily recognize the colored spot, the urban-schooled Guardia di Finanza officers were generally unable to tell the difference.

PGI status
Grappa is now a protected name (PGI) in the European Union. To be called grappa, the following criteria must be met:

 * 1) Produced in Italy, or in the Italian part of Switzerland, or in San Marino
 * 2) Produced from pomace
 * 3) Fermentation and distillation must occur on the pomace—no added water

Criterion 2 rules out the direct fermentation of pure grape juice, which is the method used to produce brandy.

Criterion 3 has two important implications. First, the distillation must occur on solids. Thus, it is carried out not with a direct flame but with a bain-marie or steam distillation; otherwise, the pomace may burn. Second, the woody parts of the grapes (the stems and seeds) are co-fermented with the sugar-rich juice; this produces a very small amount of methanol, which is much more toxic than ethanol. Unlike in the similar process of making red wine, in grappa the methanol must be carefully removed during distillation. That is why there is an Italian law requiring winemakers to sell their pomace to grappa makers; this is a measure that was taken against moonshine operations, which are now very rare in Italy.

Use of the word grappa for product distilled in the United States is still allowed and falls under the Class definition of brandy further classified type as pomace, specifically grappa or grappa brandy.

Tasting
Professional tasters distinguish among four categories of grappa: young, cask-conditioned, aromatic and aromatized. Grappa tastings begin with young grappas, then continue with cask-conditioned and aromatic grappas, and finish with aromatized grappas.

The flavor of grappa, like that of wine, depends on the type and quality of the grapes used, as well as the specifics of the distillation process.

When the tasting involves more than one grappa from the same category, the examination begins with the grappa that has the lowest alcohol content and concludes with the product richest in alcohol. When two grappas have the same alcohol content, the tasting begins with the smoother and less markedly flavored product, which the organizer of the tasting will have selected beforehand.

Another way to "taste" grappa is by rubbing a small amount on the back of the hand and sniffing. If the aroma is pleasant, the grappa is well made. Impurities in grappa come out in the vapor and can be easily distinguished in this way.

After each tasting, and before sampling another glass, some tasters recommend drinking half a glass of milk to refresh the taste receptors on the tongue.

Various other food products can help stop taste-characteristics of one grappa from "dragging" or carrying over to the next. Foods that are effective in this role as well as providing an agreeable accompaniment to grappa's own flavor include:
 * Salted pistachio nuts

With the introduction of "boutique" grappas, elaborate flute glasses have been promoted; traditionalists continue to taste grappa in shot glasses.

title: Grappa


text:
Botlek

The Botlek originally was the name of a stretch of the Nieuwe Maas river, part of the Rhine–Meuse delta near the Dutch cities of Vlaardingen and Spijkenisse in the province of South Holland. Specifically, it was the name of the strait that separated the island of Rozenburg from the sand bar of Welplaat. The strait itself was merely the continuation of the Nieuwe Maas, and the stretch of the river south of Rozenburg continued to be called Nieuwe Maas until the confluence with Het Scheur formed the Brielse Maas estuary (now the Brielse Meer).

Major waterway regulation works were carried out in the Netherlands in the 19th and 20th centuries to improve water management and stop the delta from silting up; the Botlek was dammed off at its southern end (connecting Rozenburg and Welplaat) and remodelled into one of the largest of the Rotterdam seaports (see also Europoort).

title: Botlek


text: Category:Battles of the Anglo-Dutch Wars


text: Category:Muscarinic agonists

title: Category:Muscarinic agonists


text:
Category:Battles of the Eighty Years' War

aanval op een Nederlandse barak


text:
Talk:Oldham

County Palatine
Oldham remains within the County Palatine of Lancaster. To quote part of the wording of the Lancashire article, "While the administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s, the county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries. As a result, the High Sheriffs for Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed "within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster".*

Referring to this in the lead might calm the spates of reversions between 'Greater Manchester; and 'Lancashire'. Urselius (talk) 10:02, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

FAR notice
Sitush mentioned some concerns with this article's FA status above, and I share those concerns. It seems like unsourced sentences (and even a paragraph in the Economy section) have been added by editors since this FA's promotion, which need to be checked for notability, sourced, and integrated properly into the article. Is anyone willing to undertake this? If not, it may be submitted to WP:FAR. Z1720 (talk) 01:51, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

FA status
For info, the article reached FA status on 18 November 2007 with this version. Pam D  16:19, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

Demographics update
I've added the population, area and density for BUASD and Local Authority, from 2011 census, to the lead. I don't know where the poplaton and area figures in the infobox came from, so have left them alone for now. Pam D  16:50, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

Sport
I've done a bit of work on the sport section - someone who knows about local cricket etc might be able to improve. Pam D  18:05, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oldham


text:
Walter V, Count of Brienne

Walter V of Brienne (Gautier; c. 1275 – 15 March 1311) was Duke of Athens from 1308 until his death. Being the only son of Hugh of Brienne and Isabella de la Roche, Walter was the heir to large estates in France, the Kingdom of Naples, and the Peloponnese. He was held in custody in the Sicilian castle of Augusta between 1287 and 1296 or 1297 to secure the payment of his father's ransom to the Aragonese admiral Roger of Lauria. When his father died fighting against Lauria in 1296, Walter inherited the County of Brienne in France, and the counties of Lecce and Conversano in southern Italy. He was released, but he was captured during a Neapolitan invasion of Sicily in 1299. His second captivity lasted until the Treaty of Caltabellotta in 1302.

Walter settled in France and married Joanna of Châtillon. After his cousin Duke Guy II of Athens died childless in 1308, Walter laid claim to the Duchy of Athens. Their cousin Eschiva of Ibelin also claimed the duchy, but the High Court of Achaea passed a judgement in Walter's favor. Walter came to Athens in 1309. John II Doukas, the Greek lord of Thessaly, made an alliance against him with the Byzantine Empire and the Despotate of Epirus. Walter hired the Catalan Company, a group of mercenaries, to invade Thessaly. The Catalans defeated John, but Walter refused to pay their wages. After the Catalans rose up in open rebellion, Walter assembled a large army from Frankish Greece, but the Catalans inflicted a crushing defeat on the Franks in the Battle of Halmyros. Walter died in the battlefield and the Catalans occupied the Duchy of Athens.

Early life
Born around 1275, Walter was the only son of Hugh of Brienne and Isabella de la Roche. Hugh held important fiefs both in France (the county of Brienne), and in southern Italy (the counties of Lecce and Conversano). He had also claimed Cyprus, but the Cypriots elected his cousin Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan as king. Isabella de la Roche—the younger daughter of Duke Guy I of Athens—brought Peloponnesian estates into the marriage. She died in 1279.

Historian Guy Perry describes Walter as a "veritable child" of the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302). His father, who was a military commander of King Charles II of Naples, fell into captivity in the Battle of the Counts on 23 June 1287. Hugh was released only after he ceded Walter as a hostage to the Aragonese admiral, Roger of Lauria, to guarantee the payment of his ransom. Walter was kept in the fortress at Augusta for years. He most probably learnt Catalan and became familiar with the Aragonese customs during the years of his captivity.

Walter was still held in custody when his father died fighting against Lauria at Brindisi in the summer of 1296. King Charles II ordered Hugh's southern Italian vassals to swear fealty to Walter on 27 August. After being released, Walter went to France and took possession of his father's French domains. He was invested with the County of Brienne before May 1297.

Warlike aristocrat
Seeking revenge for his father's death, Walter made an alliance with two French noblemen whose fathers had also been murdered in Italy. They hired 300 horsemen, who were known as the "Knights of Death", and joined the army that Charles II's heir, Robert, Duke of Calabria, had mustered to invade Sicily. Robert and his troops landed at Catania and occupied the town. Before long, rumours reached the Neapolitan camp, hinting that the castellan of Gagliano Castelferrato was willing to capitulate without resistance. Robert dispatched Walter and his retainers to the fortress to start negotiations with the castellan. The rumours proved false, deliberately spread to trap Neapolitan troops. After realizing the situation, Walter refused to flee, and in the ensuing Battle of Gagliano he was forced to surrender. Charles II appointed Philip of Toucy to administer Walter's southern Italian domains during his captivity. After the Treaty of Caltabellotta was signed in 1302, ending the War of the Sicilian Vespers, Walter was released. He went to France before June 1303. His subsequent marriage to Joanna of Châtillon, the daughter of the constable of France, strengthened his position in France.

Duke of Athens
On 5 October 1308, the duke of Athens, Guy II, died childless. His two cousins, Walter and Eschiva of Ibelin, laid claim to the duchy. Eschiva was the daughter of Alice de la Roche, who was the elder sister of Walter's mother, but the High Court of the Principality of Achaea—the feudal suzerain of Athens—ruled in Walter's favor, saying that the male claimant was to be preferred against a female if two relatives of equal degree claimed an inheritance. Before departing for Athens, Walter appointed his father-in-law, Gaucher V de Châtillon, to administer the County of Brienne.

Walter landed at Glarentza in Achaea in the summer of 1309. By the time he reached Athens, John II Doukas, ruler of Thessaly, had got rid of Athenian suzerainty. The Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, and the actual ruler of Epirus, Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene, supported John II, forcing Walter to seek external assistance. The Catalan Company—a group of unemployed mercenaries—had made regular raids against Thessaly since 1305. Walter hired the Catalans and their Turkish allies to fight against the Greek rulers. The mercenaries invaded Thessaly and occupied important fortresses. After six months, John II was forced to sue for peace.

Walter owed the mercenaries four months' salaries, but he did not want to pay the arrears. He selected 200 horsemen and 300 almogàvars (lightly-armed foot soldiers) from among the Catalans and promised only to them to pay their wages. He also offered fiefs to them and ordered all other Catalans to leave the duchy. The dismissed mercenaries refused to move and requested Walter to allow them to settle in the newly conquered lands as his vassals. Walter did not trust the Catalans and threatened them with capital punishment if they did not obey his commands. Having nowhere else to go, the disbanded mercenaries rose up in open rebellion. The 500 Catalan mercenaries whom Walter had just hired joined their compatriots, forcing Walter to seek assistance from Achaea and other parts of Frankish Greece.

Walter's army met the Catalans in a marshy plain at Halmyros on 15 March 1311. The Catalans were willing to make peace, but Walter was determined to get rid of them. At the ensuing Battle of Halmyros, the Catalans won a devastating victory, killing Walter and almost all of his cavalry. The Catalans occupied the Duchy of Athens, and Walter's son, who was taken to Italy after the Catalans' victory, made unsuccessful attempts to regain it in the following decades. A Turkish soldier decapitated Walter's corpse and took his head in triumph from the battlefield. His son seized Walter's severed head and buried it in Lecce, most probably in the church of Sant'Oronzo, in 1348.

Genealogical table
In the year 1306 he married Jeanne de Châtillon and had two children:
 * Walter VI of Brienne (1302–1356), his successor as count of Lecce and Conversano, as well as the titular duke of Athens
 * Isabella of Brienne (died 1360), married Gautier III, lord of Enghien, and claimed her brother's title to Lecce and Conversano on his death.

title: Walter V, Count of Brienne


text:
Category:Mammals

The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary glands in the female which produce milk for the nourishment of young; the presence of hair or fur; and which have endothermic or "warm blooded" bodies.

title: Category:Mammals