text:
Talk:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Goethe: A Romantic writer?
Can we really consider Geothe to be a romantic writer? He should be considered a pre-romantic, he is closely associated with Weimar Classicism and the Sturm und Drang movements, which paved the way for the Romantic movement, but cannot truly be considered part of the Romantic movement. Dadadali 21:12, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

I completely agree here, there even is a passage in Goethe's work which proclaims the romantic movement to be "the sick" whereas the classic movement is seen as the pure and sane. So in the context of German literature is is not considered part of the romantic movement even if his work inspired a lot of romantic writers of his time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.176.27.11 (talk) 15:54, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

In my German School I was taught that young Goethe was a poet of the "Sturm und Drang Movement", old Goethe was a writer of the "Klassik". But he was an inspiration for German romantic writers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frances K. (talk • contribs) 21:42, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Bibliography and "Works" Heading
I am very confused as to why the "Works" heading contains a list of works about Goethe rather than his own works, particularly since there is a link at the top of the section linked to the article on Goethe's biography. If anything, these could go under the See Also heading rather than misleading people into assuming they are about Goethe. DynaGuy00 (talk) 14:52, 23 November 2019 (UTC)

Goethe's nationality "German"?
The factbox gives Goethe's nationality as "German". Isn't this anachronistic? No doubt he is regarded by modern Germans as "German", and as the greatest German writer, but since there was no country called "Germany" then, surely he was not a "German national".

59.153.114.235 (talk) 23:50, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

Unless someone comments, I'll go ahead and change "Nationality" to "Ethnicity".

59.153.114.235 (talk) 00:02, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * There is no ethnicity parameter in Template:Infobox writer; so it'll better stay as it is. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 05:44, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't fill para nationality, and suggest to do so here as well. Places of birth and death should suggest sufficiently where to locate him in history. - Will do, please discuss here if you think differently. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:24, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Calling Goethe "German" is anachronistic, and I agree that the "nationality" parameter is better left blank. Carlstak (talk) 11:51, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you. 157.7.194.173 (talk) 12:13, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

There was no German state than but German people and a German nation though Goethe was a German poet like Dante was a Italian poet (though there was no State Italy before 1867.)--Frances K. (talk) 21:19, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

I think that’s an interesting point; he tends to be referred to as German in academic reference materials. I don’t know if there was “German” identity back then, ethno-linguistic, in spite of there being various other state entities. Jukhamil (talk) 23:38, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

Amateur Artist
Should mention be made of Goethe's drawings? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.244.137.86 (talk) 02:37, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

ipa
is there a reason the pronunciation is in a footnote not next to his name as usual? Bufobuff (talk) 22:55, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

 * It's just to make the lead section less cluttered. Kornatice (talk) 00:43, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe


text:
Danny Hellman

Danny Hellman (born August 2, 1964) is an American freelance illustrator and cartoonist. Since 1989, his illustrations have appeared in publications including Time, Fortune, Sports Illustrated, The Wall Street Journal and others, and his comic book work has appeared in DC Comics publications.

Early life
Danny Hellman was raised in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of Queens, New York City, New York. He graduated from the High School of Art & Design, in Manhattan, in 1982, and took figure drawing classes throughout the 1980s at the Art Students League. After teaming with Bill Mantlo, a veteran comic book writer, on a presentation for a comic based on the Robotron: 2084 arcade video game, and being told by editor-in-chief Tom DeFalco that Hellman's artwork was not yet professional quality, Hellman briefly attended the School of Visual Arts. He soon dropped out and began working as a bicycle messenger, while drawing and distributing posters for the rock music band Floor Kiss.

Career
Danny Hellman's career began in 1988. Hellman, then a self-described "stoner" who lived in his grandparents' attic in Queens, followed illustrator friends in getting freelance work from Kevin Hein, art director of the weekly New York City pornographic newspaper Screw. Hellman showed Hein a portfolio of his rock posters, and a modified version of one became Hellman's first Screw cover. He continued to contribute cover art to the magazine on a regular basis, and provide occasional interior comic-strip work parodying the likes of Superman, The Simpsons, and The Cosby Show, until Screw ceased publication in 2006.

In the early 1990s, Hellman went on to illustrate for art director Michael Gentile at New York Press — later continuing with Gentile with the art director moved to Habitat — and the local periodicals The Village Voice, and Guitar World. Hellman eventually drew for national publications including Time, Fortune, Sports Illustrated, The Wall Street Journal, and FHM.

Hellman's earliest recorded credit is penciling and inking writer Dennis Eichhorn's two-page autobiographical story "Iron Denny" in Starhead Comix's Real Schmuck #4 (April 1993).

In the early to mid 1990s, Hellman self-published a number of minicomics, which included Coffee Drinkin' Man, (written by Hellman's friend, East Village painter Geoff Gilmore); the original version of Legal Action Comics, which reprinted strips of his from Screw that parodied Superman, The Simpsons, and The Cosby Show; and Peaceful Atom and the Mystery Mice.

He went on to draw comics for a variety of alternative comics publishers, as well as an Aquaman story for DC Comics' Bizarro World, and several one-page strips for The Big Book of series of trade paperbacks for the DC imprint Paradox Press. Other comics work includes Hotwire, Mad, Last Gasp Comics & Stories #1-5 (1994–1997), and Fantagraphics' Spicecapades (Spring 1999).

Ted Rall lawsuit
Hellman has been described as a "veteran prankster". Following an August 3, 1999 Village Voice cover story criticizing Maus author Art Spiegelman by editorial cartoonist Ted Rall, Hellman created an email list called "Rallsballs@onelist.com" and sent a satirically self-agrandizing letter entitled "Ted Rall's Balls", impersonating Rall, to at least 35 cartoonists and editors, including The New York Times. Rall filed a lawsuit, claiming among other things, libel, lost employment opportunities and emotional distress, and asking damages of US$ 1.5 million. Eventually four of Rall's five claims were dismissed, leaving only libel per se. The case had still not gone to trial in 2005, when Rall's attorney died.

To defray legal costs, Hellman published two charity anthologies designed to raise funds. What was to be a third issue became the summer anthology Typhon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Danny Hellman


text:
The No WTO Combo

The No WTO Combo was a one-shot punk rock band started by Krist Novoselic (former Nirvana bassist). The band consisted of Jello Biafra (former frontman of Dead Kennedys); guitarist Kim Thayil of Soundgarden; and the rhythm section of Sweet 75, with Gina Mainwal on drums and Novoselic on bass.

They were originally scheduled to play the Showbox November 30, the night before the WTO meeting of 1999 in Seattle, but the performance was canceled because the venue's staff could not get past the police "curfew zone."

They rescheduled the show for the next night, December 1, but Biafra and Novoselic played a short acoustic set that night down the street at The Central Tavern, where Biafra was approached by local record producer Mark Cavener. Cavener offered to record the album at the Showbox the next evening. The performance itself would be the first formal concert played by Thayil since the demise of Soundgarden a few years beforehand, and only the second time Biafra had played music in a planned live setting since Dead Kennedys split in 1986.

Novoselic later asked Jack Endino to mix the recordings, resulting in the bands' only release, Live from the Battle in Seattle, distributed by Biafra's record label Alternative Tentacles.

Band members

 * Jello Biafra – vocals
 * Kim Thayil – guitar
 * Krist Novoselic – bass
 * Gina Mainwal – drums

title: The No WTO Combo


text:
International unit

In pharmacology, the international unit (IU) is a unit of measurement for the effect or biological activity of a substance, for the purpose of easier comparison across similar forms of substances. International units are used to quantify vitamins and biologics (hormones, some medications, vaccines, blood products and similar biologically active substances).

International units as used in pharmacology are not part of the International System of Units (SI).

For biologic preparations
Biologics are medications and other products made from biological sources. Depending on the form (powder vs solution), production method, or just batch-to-batch differences, there is often some variation in their relative potencies, so that a simple measure of mass would not suffice. The international unit allows one to compare the relative potency of all these forms, so that different forms or preparations with the same biological effect will contain the same number of IUs. To do so, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (WHO ECBS) provides a reference preparation of the agent, arbitrarily sets the number of IUs contained in that preparation, and specifies a biological assay procedure to compare other preparations of the same agent to the reference preparation. Since the number of IUs contained in a new substance is arbitrarily set, there is no equivalence between IU measurements of different biological agents.

Process of definition
To define the IU for a substance, an international collaborative study is organized by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization using various assay systems in several laboratories. The main goal of the study is to reach a consensus regarding methods of analysis and the approach to standardization so that results can be compared.

The study is performed using highly purified preparations of the substance, typically in lyophilized form, called international reference preparations, or IRPs. Each preparation is divided into precisely weighed samples, with each sample stored in its own ampoule labeled with a code corresponding to the source IRP. Assays are performed using these samples and are calibrated against the previously available IU standard. These results can be quite variable; the final IU value for samples of a given IRP are determined by consensus. The IRP that provides the best results and shows the best long term stability is selected to define the next IU. This IRP is then referred to as the international standard.

When a standard sample comes close to depleting, a new standard will have to be found. A new batch of the substance in question is produced and calibrated against the old one, so that the unit still represents the same amount of biological activity. Many substances have undergone several such standard sample changes. The third international standard of prolactin has nearly run out and in 2016 replacement was proposed.

Examples

 * 1 IU of rhEGF is defined as the potency of 0.001 μg of a rhEGF in the "91/530" standard vial. One manufacturer reports that its rhEGF is 1.4 times as potent as the 91/530 standard.
 * 12.5 IU of oxytocin is defined as the potency of 21 μg of pure peptide in the "76/575" standard vial.

Before the purification of penicillin was perfected, the amounts were also described in "International Units" (and some non-international arbitrary "units" before them) to account for batch-to-batch variation. See.

For vitamins
A number of vitamins have distinct vitamers of distinct biological potencies. There is a system in place also called the international unit to describe the relative strength of these different molecular forms. Like the biological international unit, the IU for vitamins is also an arbitrary number that cannot be interconverted among different types of activities. By 1934, the WHO (then the League of Nations Health Organisation) had already defined the international units for vitamins A, B1, C, and D.

Unlike biologic preparations, small molecules like vitamins can be very easily purified to yield products that are equivalent in potency. As a result, a simple mass conversion (as opposed to an assay) suffices to obtain the IU:

 * 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.3 μg retinol (~0.1 nmol) = 0.6 μg beta-carotene
 * 1 IU Vitamin D = 0.025 μg D2/D3 ≈ 0.65 pmol
 * 1 IU Vitamin E = $2/3$ mg d-alpha-tocopherol = 0.90 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol

History
In 1931, the Permanent Commission on Biological Standardisation of the League of Nations Health Organisation specified the provisional standards for vitamins A, B1, C, and D. These original standards were quite crude by modern measures: the standard for vitamin A was a mixture of many carotenoids, for vitamin B1 the result of adsorbing rice polishings onto fuller's earth, for vitamin C a sample of lemon juice, for vitamin D a sample of irradiated ergosterol in oil. In 1935, the standards for A, C, and D were changed to use pure substances: pure beta-carotene in oil, crystalline ascorbic acid, and crystalline ergocalciferol. This same commission also established early standards for biologics (antitoxins, insulins, pituitary extract and sex hormones) in the interwar period.

In 1944, officials from the League of Nations, in cooperation with the Royal Society, established a first international standard for penicillin. The postwar World Health Organization established a second standard in 1953. Both were defined using a pure, crystalline substance.

Languages
The name international unit is often capitalized in English and other languages, although major English-language dictionaries treat it as a common noun and thus use lower case. The name has several accepted abbreviations. It is usually abbreviated as IU in English, and UI in Romance languages (for example Spanish unidad internacional, Portuguese unidade internacional, French unité internationale, Italian unità internazionale, Romanian unitate internațională), IE in several Germanic languages (for example German internationale Einheit, Dutch internationale eenheid) or as other forms (for example Russian МЕ, международная единица [mezhdunarodnaya yedinitsa], Hungarian NE, nemzetközi egység).

In order to remove the possibility of having the letter "I" confused with the digit "1", some hospitals have it as a stated policy omit the "I", that is, to only use U or E when talking and writing about dosages, while other hospitals require the word "units" (or words "international units") to be written out entirely. (For example, "three international units per litre" may be abbreviated "3 U/L". The "liter" sign (L) is less affected, as less confusing written forms are used.)

title: International unit


text:
Liberal Democratic Party (Sri Lanka)

The Liberal Democratic Party (ලිබරල් පක්ෂය Libaral Pakshaya; லிபரல் கட்சி), formerly known as the Liberal Party is a political party in Sri Lanka which initially began as a think-tank called the Council for Liberal Democracy. The party was founded in 1981 by Dr. Chanaka Amaratunga, a longstanding member of the United National Party, which was at the ruling part of Sri Lanka.

The CLD broke up with the UNP in 1982 over the 1982 referendum, which postponed parliamentary elections for six years. After four years of attempts to promote liberal thinking in Sri Lanka, in particular with regard to constitutional reforms that would promote devolution along with separation and reduction of powers at the center, Dr Amaratunga and several of his associates eventually relaunched the CLD as the Liberal Party in February 1987.

Though the party never established itself as an electoral success, the Liberal Party continued to have an impact as a think-tank. It contributed seminally to the manifestoes of presidential candidates Sirimavo Bandaranaike and Gamini Dissanayake in 1988 and 1994 respectively.

In 1996, Dr Amaratunga died in a car accident, which led to a significant reduction in party activity. Amaratunga's successor Rajiva Wijesinha contested in the 2000 parliamentary elections and came 6th in a field of 15, a success that served to advance the image of the party.

On 19 June 2022, the Liberal Party was renamed as the Liberal Democratic Party. The first congress of the LDP was held on 26 July 2022. Kamal Nissanka is the current leader of the party and Amal Randeniya is the current general secretary. The party is a member of Liberal International and the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats.

title: Liberal Democratic Party (Sri Lanka)


text:
90th Street–Elmhurst Avenue station

The 90th Street–Elmhurst Avenue station is a local station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway, located at 90th Street and Elmhurst Avenue in Elmhurst, Queens. It is served by the 7 train at all times.

Early history
The 1913 Dual Contracts called for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) to build new lines in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. Queens did not receive many new IRT and BRT lines compared to Brooklyn and the Bronx, since the city's Public Service Commission (PSC) wanted to alleviate subway crowding in the other two boroughs first before building in Queens, which was relatively undeveloped. The IRT Flushing Line was to be one of two Dual Contracts lines in the borough, along with the Astoria Line; it would connect Flushing and Long Island City, two of Queens' oldest settlements, to Manhattan via the Steinway Tunnel. When the majority of the line was built in the early 1910s, most of the route went through undeveloped land, and Roosevelt Avenue had not been constructed. Community leaders advocated for more Dual Contracts lines to be built in Queens to allow development there. The Flushing Line was opened from Queensboro Plaza to Alburtis Avenue (now 103rd Street–Corona Plaza) on April 21, 1917, with a local station at 90th Street.

Later years
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route from Times Square to Flushing became known as the 7. On October 17, 1949, the joint BMT/IRT operation of the Flushing Line ended, and the line became the responsibility of the IRT. After the end of BMT/IRT dual service, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that the Flushing Line platforms would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths; the platforms were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long IRT cars beforehand. The platforms at the station were extended in 1955–1956 to accommodate 11-car trains. However, nine-car trains continued to run on the 7 route until 1962, when they were extended to ten cars. With the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair, trains were lengthened to eleven cars.

On February 2, 2019, a fatal gang shooting occurred at the station, carried out by an alleged MS-13 or SUR 13 member who shot another person of rival 18th Street gang.

Station layout
This elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is used by the peak direction <7> express service during rush hours.

Both platforms have beige windscreens and brown canopies with red support frames and columns in the center and beige, waist-high, steel fences with lampposts at regular intervals at either ends. The windscreens have translucent panels by the exit staircases and the station signs are in the standard black name plates in white lettering.

Exits
This station has one elevated station house below the center of the platforms and tracks. The north side has two staircases going down to either northern corners of 90th Street and Roosevelt Avenue while the south side has one staircase going down to the triangle formed by Roosevelt Avenue, Elmhurst Avenue, and Case Street.

Inside the station house is a token booth in the center. On the south (geographical west) side is a turnstile bank that leads to a waiting area/crossover and one staircase going up to each platform. On the north (geographical east) side, each side has a bank of two turnstiles and one staircase going up to the platform.

title: 90th Street–Elmhurst Avenue station


text:
User:Mcl

I am Michael C. Libby.

I know nothing. Nothing!

www.mlibby.com

title: User:Mcl


text:
Shirley Franklin

Shirley Clarke Franklin (born May 10, 1945) is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party who served as the 58th mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, from 2002 to 2010. She currently serves as a member on the board of directors for both Delta Air Lines and Mueller Water Products.

The 58th mayor of Atlanta, she was the first woman to hold the post and the first black woman to be elected mayor of a major Southern city. Franklin was Atlanta's fourth African-American mayor. In July 2009, Mayor Franklin (along with Frances Townsend and Judge William H. Webster) was appointed to an ad hoc Department of Homeland Security special task force for 60-day review of the Homeland Security Advisory System.

Education
Originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, she is a graduate of the Philadelphia High School for Girls. Franklin received her B.A. in sociology from Howard University and her M.A., also in sociology, from the University of Pennsylvania. She is an Honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.

Political career
Franklin served as the Commissioner of Cultural Affairs under Mayor Maynard Jackson. Subsequently, she was named Chief Administrative Officer and City Manager under Mayor Andrew Young.

Her 2001 run for mayor was her first run for public office. She won, succeeding Mayor Bill Campbell after winning 50 percent of the vote, defeating several candidates including Democrat Rob Pitts (33 percent). Facing a massive and unexpected budget deficit, Franklin slashed the number of government employees and increased taxes to balance the budget as quickly as possible.

Franklin made repairing the Atlanta sewer system a main focus of her office. Prior to Franklin's term, Atlanta's combined sewer system violated the federal Clean Water Act and burdened the city government with fines from the Environmental Protection Agency. In 2002, Franklin announced an initiative called "Clean Water Atlanta" to address the problem and begin improving the city's sewer system.

She has been lauded for efforts to make the City of Atlanta "green." Under Franklin's leadership Atlanta has gone from having one of the lowest percentages of LEED certified buildings to one of the highest.

In 2005, Time named Franklin one of the five best big-city American mayors. In October of that same year, she was included in the U.S. News & World Report "Best Leaders of 2005" issue.

With solid popular support and strong backing from the business sector, Franklin was reelected Atlanta Mayor in 2005, garnering more than 90 percent of the vote. Her popularity led to increased speculation that she may be a viable contender for a future Georgia governor's race.

In February 2006, The White House Project named Shirley Franklin one of its "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008. She was the only person on the list to not be a governor, senator or presidential cabinet member, and one of two African-American women on the list; the other was United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.

In 2006, Shirley Franklin led the effort to have the papers of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. given to his alma mater, Morehouse College, instead of being sold at auction: "I never imagined I could contribute to the continuation of Dr. King's legacy in as a significant way. And I'm really humbled I was able to do anything to continue his legacy."

Franklin was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino. She was 2007/08 President of the National Conference of Democratic Mayors.

In 2008, facing a major deficit, Mayor Franklin asked the Atlanta City Council to approve a property tax increase, to avoid public safety cuts. The Atlanta City Council unanimously shot down the measure, which would have caused the average city homeowner to pay an estimated extra $30 in property taxes under Franklin's plan. As Mayor Franklin warned, without the tax increase, layoffs and pay cuts of Atlanta public safety officials would be imminent.

According to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, in December 2008 Franklin announced that 222 city workers would lose their jobs to help fill a projected $50 million to $60 million budget shortfall. Most remaining city workers, including firefighters, will work fewer hours and suffer a pay cut as part of the budget cuts.

Mayor Shirley Franklin has said that the deficits in the city of Atlanta are not because of excess city spending. In fact, according to the Atlanta Business Chronicle city spending actually ran slightly below budgeted amounts through the first quarter of the fiscal year that began in July. According to Mayor Shirley Franklin, city tax collections are down by more than 12 percent because of the economic downturn. However, basic accounting mistakes in the city budget also played a significant role in the budget crisis.

Franklin, along with Philadelphia's Michael Nutter and Phil Gordon of Phoenix, lobbied Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson in a joint letter asking for a share of the proposed $700 billion bailout.

Honors
Mayor Franklin was the recipient of Profile in Courage Award in 2005, issued by the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation. The foundation praised her management of the city of Atlanta during the critical period of enormous deficit and loss of public confidence in government following the corrupt administration of Mayor Bill Campbell. In 2007, she received an honorary degree in Doctor of Humane Letters from Oglethorpe University.

In 2022, she was inducted as a Georgia Trustee, an honor given by the Georgia Historical Society in conjunction with the Governor of Georgia to individuals whose accomplishments and community service reflect the ideals of the founding body of Trustees, which governed the Georgia colony from 1732 to 1752.

Personal life
Franklin has a daughter, Kai Franklin Graham, whose former husband, Tremayne "Kiki" Graham, was sentenced to life in prison for his involvement in a drug dealing operation. Kai herself pled guilty to helping to launder money for him. Shirley Franklin had a son named Cabral. He died in 2015.

According to a DNA analysis, Franklin is descended, mainly, from people of Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone.

title: Shirley Franklin


text:
Ildjarn

Ildjarn was a Norwegian cult black metal project that formed in 1991. Ildjarn recorded music until 1997 but did not officially end until 2005. The man behind Ildjarn was Vidar Våer, although some releases were collaborations with a musician known as Nidhogg.

History
The band was formed in 1991. The band's music was a very raw, fast, simple and lo-fi brand of black metal, with most songs composed of basic drum patterns, a couple of riffs, and unintelligible vocals. The band's style has been compared to hardcore punk in its simplistic ferocity and short song lengths. Two Ildjarn albums were made entirely on a synthesizer. Of all the released music, the only Ildjarn song to have its lyrics published was "Eksistensens Jeger", from the self-titled Ildjarn-Nidhogg (2003) compilation.

In 2006, the band website stated that no more news would be printed, leading to the conclusion that Ildjarn had ended. The title of Ildjarn's 2005 release, Ildjarn is Dead, further supports this conclusion. Part of Vidar Våer's motivation for ending Ildjarn was due to his 4-track recorder breaking (the same 4-track recorder used during Emperor's early days as Thou Shalt Suffer).

Ildjarn never had or shared any political affiliations, messages or themes, but the artist supported veganism in interviews. However, in the Final Statement Vidar issued in 2005, he stated: "(...) I don’t wish to comment any more on subhumans such as gay human males. They are the lowest of the low, like retards, Congoids (...)"

Related bands
The related band Sort Vokter consisted of Ildjarn, Nidhogg and two other members known as Tvigygre and Heiinghund. They released only one album called Folkloric Necro Metal.

Discography

 * 1992 – Unknown Truths – demo
 * 1992 – Seven Harmonies of Unknown Truths – demo
 * 1993 – Ildjarn – demo
 * 1993 – Norse – EP (black metal release with Nidhogg)
 * 1994 – Minnesjord – demo
 * 1995 – Ildjarn – album
 * 1996 – Forest Poetry – album
 * 1996 – Landscapes – album
 * 1996 – Strength and Anger – album
 * 1996 – Svartfråd – EP (black metal release with Nidhogg)
 * 2002 – Hardangervidda – album (ambient release with Nidhogg)
 * 2002 – Hardangervidda Part 2 – EP (ambient release with Nidhogg)
 * 2004 – Nocturnal Visions – EP
 * 2013 – Those Once Might Fallen – Split with Hate Forest

Compilation albums

 * 1995 – Det Frysende Nordariket – contains Ildjarn Demo, Norse, Minnesjord
 * 2002 – 1992-1995 – contains a collection of songs from 1992–1995
 * 2003 – Ildjarn-Nidhogg – contains the two black metal releases with Nidhogg: Norse and Svartfråd
 * 2005 – Ildjarn 93 – contains previously unreleased songs from 1993
 * 2005 – Ildjarn is Dead – contains all demos and the outtakes from those demos

Members

 * Ildjarn (Vidar Våer) – vocals, electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, synthesizer
 * Nidhogg – vocals, keyboard, drums (occasional member)
 * Samoth – vocals (occasional member)
 * Ihsahn – vocals (occasional member)

title: Ildjarn


text:
82nd Street–Jackson Heights station

The 82nd Street–Jackson Heights station (formerly known as 25th Street (Jackson Heights) station) is a local station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of 82nd Street and Roosevelt Avenue in Jackson Heights, Queens. It is served by the 7 train at all times.

Early history
The 1913 Dual Contracts called for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) to build new lines in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. Queens did not receive many new IRT and BRT lines compared to Brooklyn and the Bronx, since the city's Public Service Commission (PSC) wanted to alleviate subway crowding in the other two boroughs first before building in Queens, which was relatively undeveloped. The IRT Flushing Line was to be one of two Dual Contracts lines in the borough, along with the Astoria Line; it would connect Flushing and Long Island City, two of Queens' oldest settlements, to Manhattan via the Steinway Tunnel. When the majority of the line was built in the early 1910s, most of the route went through undeveloped land, and Roosevelt Avenue had not been constructed. Community leaders advocated for more Dual Contracts lines to be built in Queens to allow development there.

The Flushing Line was opened from Queensboro Plaza to Alburtis Avenue (now 103rd Street–Corona Plaza) on April 21, 1917, with a local station at what is now 82nd Street. The current 82nd Street station was known as "25th Street" from its opening until March 10, 1921, when it was renamed "25th Street (Jackson Heights)". The station was again renamed on April 2, 1925, to "82nd Street–Jackson Heights".

Later years
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route from Times Square to Flushing became known as the 7. On October 17, 1949, the joint BMT/IRT operation of the Flushing Line ended, and the line became the responsibility of the IRT. After the end of BMT/IRT dual service, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that the Flushing Line platforms would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths; the platforms were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long IRT cars beforehand. The platforms at the station were extended in 1955–1956 to accommodate 11-car trains. However, nine-car trains continued to run on the 7 route until 1962, when they were extended to ten cars. With the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair, trains were lengthened to eleven cars.

In 1981, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system. A renovation of the 82nd Street station was funded as part of the MTA's 1980–1984 capital plan. The MTA received a $106 million grant from the Urban Mass Transit Administration in October 1983; most of the grant would fund the renovation of eleven stations,  including 82nd Street.

As part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, the MTA announced plans to renovate the 52nd, 61st, 69th, 82nd, 103rd and 111th Streets stations, a project that had been delayed for several years. Conditions at these stations were reported to be among the worst of all stations in the subway system. The Manhattan-bound platform at the 82nd Street–Jackson Heights station was closed for renovation on May 15, 2023, and reopened on April 19, 2024. The Flushing-bound platform at this station was closed for renovation on May 6, 2024, and will remain closed through the first quarter of 2025.

Station layout
This elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is used by the peak direction rush hour <7> express service. Both platforms have beige windscreens and brown canopies supported by green frames and columns in the center and black waist-high steel fences at either ends. The station signs are in the standard black name plate in white lettering. Each platform has a large "82" sign between the two staircases to the mezzanine below.

Exits
This station's one entrance/exit is an elevated station house beneath the tracks. It is built of wood and bricks and has a concrete flooring. It has three staircases from all corners of 82nd Street and Roosevelt Avenue except the southeast one and a token booth in the center. Two turnstile banks at either ends lead to a waiting area/crossunder and one staircase to each platform at the center.

title: 82nd Street–Jackson Heights station


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Dick's Drive-In

Dick's Drive-In Restaurants, Inc., or simply Dick's, is an American regional chain of fast-food restaurants located in the Seattle metropolitan area. It was founded in Seattle's Wallingford neighborhood in 1954 by Dick Spady, H. Warren Ghormley, and Dr. B.O.A. Thomas. Dick's currently operates nine locations, of which all but one are drive-ins.

History

Founders Dick Spady, H. Warren Ghormley, and Dr. B. O. A. Thomas opened the first Dick's on January 28, 1954, in Seattle's Wallingford neighborhood. Located on N.E. 45th Street, the restaurant was designed by noted Seattle architect Raymond Peck, whose iconic design for the original location has been replicated at all future locations except Queen Anne. A grand opening was held on February 20, 1954. In 1955, a second Dick's was opened in Seattle's Capitol Hill district. This was followed by a third in 1960 in the Crown Hill neighborhood, a 4th in 1963 in Lake City, and ventured outside of Seattle's city limits for the first time to Bellevue in 1965. The Bellevue location is the only location to have closed, shuttering its doors in 1974 as a Herfy's opened across the street with indoor seating. Shortly after the closure of the Bellevue location, the Queen Anne location opened in 1974. All but the Queen Anne location are without customer seating. The Queen Anne location has indoor tables and no drive-in.

The simple menu has changed little over time. It features fast-food staples such as hamburgers, hand-cut french fries, and individually made milkshakes. Dick's is particularly well known for the "Dick's Deluxe," which includes lettuce, mayonnaise, and chopped pickles. No substitutions are allowed and all burgers are cooked to well done. For most of Dick's history, the only available omissions were the Deluxe without cheese or fries without salt. More recent menu changes, however, allow ordering plain versions of the hamburger and cheeseburger. For several years Dick's has offered employee benefits such as a 50% matched 401(k), 100% employer-paid medical insurance, and a college tuition scholarship (currently at $28,000) accessible after six months of employment. In 2013, Dick's Drive-In was voted "the most life-changing burger joint in America" in an Esquire.com poll.

In September 2010, it was announced that Dick's was planning on opening its first new location in over 30 years, and an online poll on their website would determine the new location. After a few weeks of polling, the area north of Seattle won the right for a new Dick's Drive-In. On October 15, 2010, Dick's officials announced the new location to be in Edmonds on the corner of Hwy 99 and 220th St. On October 20, 2011, the 6th location in Edmonds opened to the public. The opening occurred multiple weeks ahead of schedule.

In 2017, Dick's launched another poll to determine its seventh location, which would be located either on the Eastside or in South King County. Over 177,000 participants cast their votes, with the majority favoring the South region. Locations being considered included Kent, West Seattle, South Seattle, Renton, Burien, SeaTac, Tukwila, Auburn, Normandy Park, Des Moines and Federal Way. After an extensive amount of time, it was announced on September 7, 2017, that the 7th location to the chain would be located in Kent on Highway 99, 5 mi south of Sea-Tac Airport. The location opened on December 12, 2018.

In September 2020, Dick's announced that it would launch a food truck to serve five locations in Western Washington that were chosen through a public poll: Bellevue, Bellingham, Everett, Renton, and West Seattle. The restaurant also announced that it would be expanding to the Eastside once a suitable location is found. A collaboration with local chef Edouardo Jordan of Salare and JuneBaby was also announced with a three-day popup event at the Queen Anne location. In December 2021, Dick's opened an Eastside location at the Crossroads Shopping Center in Bellevue. Dick's then announced on April 28, 2022, that it would open a ninth location at The Commons shopping center in Federal Way in 2023.

Locations

 * Wallingford (opened on January 28, 1954)
 * Capitol Hill (opened in 1955)
 * Crown Hill (opened in 1957)
 * Lake City (opened in 1963)
 * Bellevue (opened in 1965; *closed in 1974)
 * Lower Queen Anne (opened in 1974)
 * Edmonds (opened on October 20, 2011)
 * Kent (opened on December 12, 2018)
 * Bellevue Crossroads (opened December 16, 2021)
 * Federal Way at The Commons at Federal Way (opened July 27, 2023)
 * Everett (opening in 2025)

There is also an unrelated Dick's Hamburgers restaurant in Spokane. Although this is a drive-in, operated in much the same manner as the Seattle chain (and with a larger menu), it is not affiliated with Dick's Drive-In.

In popular culture

 * Seattle-native rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot places a scene of his 1988 song "Posse on Broadway" at Dick's on Capitol Hill, describing it as a hangout for the rich and cool.

 * Seattle hip hop duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis shot a scene for the music video for their 2012 song White Walls at the Dick's on Capitol Hill. Thousands of fans showed up at the location for an opportunity to catch the stars as the duo performed the song on the roof of the store.

 * Since 2017, Dick's has sponsored a "Seattle House" at the annual South by Southwest music festival in Austin, Texas, providing a venue for PNW musicians, artists, and creators to meet, perform, grab at bite to eat, and feel at home in their journey halfway across the country.

title: Dick's Drive-In


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Casino Niagara

Casino Niagara is a commercial casino located in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. It opened on December 9, 1996, on the site of the former Maple Leaf Village amusement park. With a prime location beside Clifton Hill, it was originally conceived as a temporary facility until Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort opened but has remained open as a permanent facility. It is the second casino to open in Ontario and the first to feature electronic roulette. Casino Niagara has over 1,300 slots and over 40 table games, as well as sports betting. Apart from the pandemic, the casino has operated for 25 years.

Ownership and management
The casino is owned by the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation. As of June 2019, the casino's day-to-day operations are managed by Mohegan Gaming and Entertainment, owner of Mohegan Sun.

The casino completed a $7 million renovation in 2017.

Facts and figures

 * Casino floor size: 95,000 ft² (8,800 m²)
 * Slot machines: 1300
 * Slot tournament area
 * Table games: more than 12
 * Poker room tables: 26
 * Restaurants: 1 - Level 2 Bar and Restaurant,
 * Chill Bar and Level 2 Sports Bar
 * Market buffet

title: Casino Niagara