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Trichocentrum

Trichocentrum, often abbreviated Trctm in horticulture, is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Dancinglady orchid is a common name for plants in this genus. It was described by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher and Eduard Friedrich Poeppig in 1836. This genus alone makes up the monogeneric Trichocentrum alliance, a quite distinct lineage of the subtribe Oncidiinae.

The 68 currently recognized species are epiphytes species, distributed in damp forests from Mexico and Florida to Argentina.

Description
The pseudobulbs are reduced. The obtuse, fleshy leaves are 9 cm long. They are broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate.

The large, showy flowers grow basally on a short peduncle in a single-flowered to few-flowered raceme. They are white, or white covered with maroon dots. The petals and sepals are similar.

The long lip carries a short spur. This feature distinguishes the genus from other Oncidiinae, in which the spur is an extension of the column. The short column has a pair of apical wings on the stigma. The anther often bears minute papillae. There are two waxy pollinia, connected to elongate stipes.

In horticulture
Trichocentrum species are highly appreciated by orchid growers; some consider them to be among the most beautiful orchids on earth. Culture of members of this genus is highly variable, ranging from the drought-tolerant and easy-to-grow Tiger-like Trichocentrum (T. tigrinum) to smaller and more delicate species.

In cultivation they are subject to rot unless provided with conditions similar to those they experience in the wild. Extensive research into the ecological profiles of individual species may be required to achieve success cultivating them. Many species from Central America apparently endure a prolonged drought for at least part of the year, and have developed succulent leaves to deal with these conditions. Plants may shrivel quite severely without long-lasting injury.

Chemistry and use as entheogen
The Central and South American species Trichocentrum cebolleta (known formerly as Oncidium cebolleta) has been found to contain a variety of phenanthrenoids. This species is of considerable ethnobotanical interest as one of only a handful of orchids reported to be used as an entheogens. T. cebolleta is used as a substitute for hikuli a.k.a. peyote (the hallucinogenic cactus Lophophora williamsii) by the Tarahumara of Northern Mexico - a tribe noted for the large number of hallucinogenic plants which it uses in various shamanic and running-related practices. The combination of phenanthrenoid content and employment as entheogens in shamanic practices is to be found also in the Asiatic orchids Vanda tessellata and Dendrobium macraei (- known formerly as Ephemerantha macraei and Flickingeria macraei - see page Flickingeria). The orchidaceous genera Trichocentrum, Vanda and Dendrobium are all members of the subfamily Epidendroideae and are also placed currently in the subgroup/clade of Higher Epidendroids within the subfamily. Stermitz et al., however, do not report any evidence or suggest that the phenanthrenoids from Trichocentrum possess psychoactive properties.

Systematics
There is disagreement as to the taxonomic status of some species that have recently been moved from Oncidium to Trichocentrum. Morphological characteristics of "typical" trichocentrums, such as being relatively small and squat with a short, few-to-several flowered inflorescence, contrasts sharply with the larger, heavier oncidiums with long, "mule-ear" leaves and showy, branched inflorescences with many flowers, or the "rat-tail" species with terete leaves.

While studies of molecular phylogeny has caused substantial reclassifications, it is uncertain whether this new scheme will be widely adopted. As with many plants, hybridisation might heavily confound cladistic analyses, though the exact extent is unknown. Hybridisation of Trichocentrum with Oncidium has resulted in the hybrid genus × Trichocidium for example, and similar events in the past would result in unrealistic assessments of relationship based on molecular phylogenetic studies with too limited a scope.

Species

 * 1) Trichocentrum aguirrei (Colombia)
 * 2) Trichocentrum albococcineum – White-scarlet Trichocentrum (N Brazil to Peru)
 * 3) Trichocentrum ascendens (Mexico to W South America)
 * 4) Trichocentrum aurisasinorum (Central America)
 * 5) Trichocentrum bicallosum (Oaxaca, Chiapas to Central America)
 * 6) Trichocentrum brachyceras (Colombia)
 * 7) Trichocentrum brevicalcaratum (Peru)
 * 8) Trichocentrum caloceras (Costa Rica)
 * 9) Trichocentrum candidum – White Trichocentrum (Veracruz to Chiapas to Central America)
 * 10) Trichocentrum capistratum – Halter Trichocentrum (Costa Rica to Venezuela)
 * 11) Trichocentrum carthagenense (Caribbean, Mexico to N Brazil)
 * 12) Trichocentrum cavendishianum (Mexico to Central America)
 * 13) Trichocentrum cebolleta (S Caribbean, Mexico to NE Argentina)
 * 14) Trichocentrum costaricense (Costa Rica)
 * 15) Trichocentrum cymbiglossum (Costa Rica)
 * 16) Trichocentrum dianthum Pupulin & Mora-Retana (Costa Rica)
 * 17) Trichocentrum estrellense (Costa Rica)
 * 18) Trichocentrum flavovirens (SW Mexico)
 * 19) Trichocentrum fuscum – Dark Trichocentrum (S Tropical America)
 * 20) Trichocentrum haematochilum (Trinidad)
 * 21) Trichocentrum hartii (Venezuela)
 * 22) Trichocentrum hoegei (Mexico: Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca)
 * 23) Trichocentrum ionopthalmum (N Brazil)
 * 24) Trichocentrum johnii (Mexico)
 * 25) Trichocentrum jonesianum (Bolivia and Brazil to NE Argentina)
 * 26) Trichocentrum lacerum (C. America to Colombia)
 * 27) Trichocentrum lanceanum (Trinidad to S Tropical America)
 * 28) Trichocentrum leeanum (Colombia)
 * 29) Trichocentrum lindenii (Mexico to Guatemala)
 * 30) Trichocentrum longicalcaratum Rolfe
 * 31) Trichocentrum lowii (Guatemala)
 * 32) Trichocentrum luridum (Mexico to N South America)
 * 33) Trichocentrum margalegfii (SW Mexico)
 * 34) Trichocentrum × marvraganii (T. jonesianum × T. straceyi) (Bolivia)
 * 35) Trichocentrum mattogrossense (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
 * 36) Trichocentrum microchilum (Mexico: Chiapas to El Salvador)
 * 37) Trichocentrum morenoi (Peru to Bolivia)
 * 38) Trichocentrum nanum (S Tropical America)
 * 39) Trichocentrum neudeckeri (Bolivia)
 * 40) Trichocentrum nudum (Panama to Venezuela)
 * 41) Trichocentrum obcordilabium (Ecuador)
 * 42) Trichocentrum oestlundianum (SW Mexico)
 * 43) Trichocentrum orthoplectron (Colombia to N Brazil)
 * 44) Trichocentrum ostenianum (Paraguay)
 * 45) Trichocentrum panduratum (N Peru)
 * 46) Trichocentrum pfavii : Pfau's Trichocentrum (Central America)
 * 47) Trichocentrum pinelii (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro)
 * 48) Trichocentrum pohlianum (SE Brazil)
 * 49) Trichocentrum pongratzianum (Peru)
 * 50) Trichocentrum popowianum (Ecuador)
 * 51) Trichocentrum porphyrio (N Brazil)
 * 52) Trichocentrum pulchrum – Long-spurred Trichocentrum, Beautiful Trichocentrum (S Tropical America)
 * 53) Trichocentrum pumilum (Brazil to NE Argentina)
 * 54) Trichocentrum purpureum (Guyana)
 * 55) Trichocentrum recurvum (Guiana, Suriname)
 * 56) Trichocentrum silverarum (Panama)
 * 57) Trichocentrum splendidum (Guatemala)
 * 58) Trichocentrum sprucei (Suriname to Brazil)
 * 59) Trichocentrum stacyi (Bolivia)
 * 60) Trichocentrum stipitatum (Central America)
 * 61) Trichocentrum stramineum (Mexico: Veracruz)
 * 62) Trichocentrum teaguei (Bolivia)
 * 63) Trichocentrum tenuiflorum (NE Brazil)
 * 64) Trichocentrum teres (Costa Rica to Panama)
 * 65) Trichocentrum tigrinum – Tiger-like Trichocentrum (Central America to Peru)
 * 66) Trichocentrum undulatum (S Florida to N Brazil)
 * 67) Trichocentrum viridulum (Colombia)
 * 68) Trichocentrum wagneri (Brazil)
 * 69) Trichocentrum wittii (Bolivia)

title: Trichocentrum


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User:Ellsass

About me
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ellsass


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Talk:Haole

Use of word section
Creating this to start some discussion about the pejorative use content. Wikipedia requires all content to have sources, and be verifiable. Our personal experience and knowledge as editors is entirely irrelevant to what goes into articles. I've been reverting these additions over the last few days because at the moment, we only have one source about pejorative use and we have to base the content on what that source says. That source cites multiple instances of non-white ethnic groups using "Haole" as a racial slur or insult. I do not have any strong feelings about this specific line, but if it's going to be changed, there have to be other reliable sources that we can add to back up the changes. Alyo (chat·edits) 17:52, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi, thank you for understanding! The point im trying to make is that its highly problematic and hardly neutral to call Haole a racial slur, and link articles that smear Haunani Kay Trask or other indigenous peoples over the use of their own word. Its frustrating and unfair. Especially given the context of white people, colonialism and white institutional and systemic racism in Hawaii, Polynesia and the rest of the world. While researching, i found the creator of the "haole is a racial slur" myth was undergraduate student and racist Joey Carter, a white man from the south who HKT shut down on many occasions.. (HKT also goes quite into detail regarding the origin of "haole is offensive" debate in this speech https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltaYNSyhodo among others that are on youtube and in newspapers/articles.) Joey Carter even goes so far as to compare it to the N word, which really shows the racism and lack of understanding thinly veiled in his argument; a harmful argument reinforced by the way this wiki article is sourced and worded. The problems with the (only) source linked regarding alleged "white hate crimes in hawaii" are many; For one it ignores the political and historical climate, therefore is misleading; and causes readers to potentially believe the oppressed are the oppressors when in reality the natives of Hawaii and other POC are exercising self-protection, self-defense and a smart political sense. Given this, their emotions and feelings cannot be disregarded and painted in the same light as actual white supremacist slurs born out of a colonial hatred for all people nonwhite. It's an unfair situation; in this case colonized and colonizer. Another thing i noticed while reading the sourced article is that it's intentionally misleading, the white man only gets hurt when the parent of the child who yelled Haole (descriptive, resistant and understandable in this situation) stepped in...probably because a grown man was in an altercation with his young daughter. There's a lot of context intentionally left out and nowhere does it suggest the father beat him up because he's white, that's just unrealistic. A lot of this just adds to a history of what Joey Carter started: The colonizer playing victim. Its dangerous to have it be the only sourced article. Another thing i find interesting is that when i google "Hawaii hate crimes" almost none of them are crimes targeting white people. Kill Haoli day should not be regarded as racism, but resistance because this is the historical context and, ultimately, why kill haoli day is (was?) allegedly a thing in the first place. That article is isolated and out of touch from reality. And so "Some from other ethnic groups have used the word "Haole" as a racial slur or insult in incidents of harassment and physical assault towards white people in Hawaii" should be rephrased neutrally and with skepticism or removed entirely. The historical weight of a racial slur outweighs that of the descriptive native Hawaiian term 'Haole', which should not be stripped of it's context of resistance and description. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.46.123.173 (talk) 15:45 11 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm typing out a response here, but please stop making the same edits to the article over and over again. For the reasons I'll explain, they violate various Wikipedia policies. Give me a few minutes. Alyo  (chat·edits) 01:45, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

Ok, as I said earlier, Wikipedia relies on various principles to ensure that what is on the site is accurate and verifiable. What we cannot do is use wikipedia as a platform for certain points of view that we prefer. As much as I admire HKT, turning this article into a piece about her ideas would not be neutral, and would fail the core policies of Wikipedia. We can present what she said, properly accredited, but you cannot just add what she said as ultimate truth. Please stop treating this article as your personal WP:soapbox. Now, in response to specific things here: I'm fine with removing the word "slur" in favor of something else, like "racial pejorative". However, you can't simply blank out that section because you disagree with it when there are plenty of sources (SPLC, individual incidents like this, chapter 3 of Judy Rohrer's Haoles in Hawaii, etc) discussing the word's appearance in conflicts between different ethnic groups. You talk all about the history of the word, which I'm quite familiar with and indeed requires extensive context to fully understand (again, I recommend Rohrer's book if you can get access to the full thing) but that doesn't change the requirement on this article to fairly and accurate represent what is said about the word haole in reliable sources. I do have my own issues with the SPLC article--for example, there's basically no evidence that Kill Haole Day is a real thing like...at all--but the SPLC is an accepted source on Wikipedia that represents one side of the debate about the word. Right now, the sentence in the article only says that the word has been used in incidents of harassment, not that this context is the core meaning of the word. It is an acknowledged fact that the word has been used in racially-charged incidents between locals and white people. Everything you said about the context of the word--which I fully agree with--does not change that. You're welcome to add more context to that fact, sure!

Final note: right now, this is one sentence at the very end of the article, with a HKT quote immediately after it adding an opposing point of view. It's not like this pejorative use stuff is the core or the article, or even a hefty percentage. It would be all but impossible to dedicate fewer words to this topic, so again, since we're talking about factual history backed up by reliable sources, I ask you to stop removing the section wholecloth. Talk here about specific edits you want to make or words you want to change. Alyo (chat·edits) 02:06, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

This isnt just about personal opinions; Haole literally isnt a slur and has never been used pejoratively. I wont edit it further so ill rely on you, however just because that article is an accepted source, doesn't mean it should be sourced! It's obviously racist fear mongering riddled with misinformation. The new source you added (which itself states that Haole is not a slur, interestingly) can take its place, it doesnt seem productive keeping both, especially when the first one is clearly harmful. Verifiability IS an article policy, after all, and it breaks both that and the neutrality policy.
 * Haole literally isnt a slur -- As I said, I was ok with removing the word "slur" as part of the definition and that word has now been replaced. has never been used pejoratively -- this is flatly incorrect and I've now provided three different sources saying so. I'm making a difference between what the word is and how it's used: I'm not arguing the word is a pejorative, but I am saying it has been used as part of a pejorative (e.g., "fucking haole"). If you truly wish to claim it has never been used pejoratively--rather than distinguishing the history in which any pejorative use should be understood under--then you need to provide sources backing that up. I'm actively encouraging you to find more sources and add those to the article to add more context, but simply removing the current properly sourced content isn't the right answer. just because that article is an accepted source, doesn't mean it should be sourced -- just because something is used as a source doesn't mean that all of its content is somehow incorporated or endorsed in the wikipedia article. Right now, the SPLC article is only used to source the idea that the word "haole" has been used as part of a pejorative in various documented incidents between ethnic groups in Hawaii. Nothing more than that. If you dispute that use or want to find other wording, you can suggest something, but again, you keep just removing content in order to push a certain point-of-view about racial dynamics in Hawaii. This edit continues to push the idea that the word haole has never even been used as part of a racial pejorative, which entirely contradicts the available sourcing. Alyo  (chat·edits) 02:57, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

I thought it would be common sense that words cannot be used pejoratively (its 2 my knowledge that that words is basically the more academic way of saying slur) towards a group of people who created racism in the first place. Something about power dynamics and all that. Its obviously not a *slur*, nevermind 'pejorative', which you corrected in the article earlier and thank you for that. Right now the issue is that one of the two sources is basically fanfiction, why keep it when you already found a more credible source? When taken at face value it really seeds the idea that racism is somehow this thing stripped of historical context, white supremacy and power dynamics. Some reader's who come here and check the source wont know to fact check it and will really think "Kill Haole Day" is real or that white people are getting beat up the way they beat minorities, simply because of the color of their skin, but that structure doesn't exist in any society and that's clearly not the reason. The SPLC article breaks not one, but two article policies. Its racist fear mongering and it really should be removed; Its irresponsible to keep it up. You already found an actual reliable source in it's place but if you want me to find another to replace SPLC simply tell me what to look for and ill gladly do it. Thanks! the SPLC article is the issue — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.46.123.173 (talk) 06:39 12 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Saying "it's obviously not X" is you stating your opinion, which is irrelevant for determining Wikipedia content. As is your opinion about the SPLC article. Some reader's who come here and check the source wont know to fact check it and will really think "Kill Haole Day" is real -- I assure you this is far less of a problem than you think it is. And I broadly disagree that the AP News story, which is a single incident, is more reliable as a source for that sentence than the Southern Poverty Law Center, which is basically the acknowledged expert source on hate crimes and similar violence. So no, I don't agree with removing that source at the moment. Alyo  (chat·edits) 14:09, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

 * You, me and anyone rational who looks at the SPLC article can spot that its fear mongering blown out of proportion and that's not an opinion; that's a fact. Nothing against SPLC but the writer of that article, Larry Keller, is a freelance writer and hardly the spokesperson for SPLC. There's clear bias in that article so i think its best to source something more accurate, maybe with less fear mongering this time. You're being gradual and neutral to a fault. Its irresponsible for a wiki page to source it (especially given that it breaks two article policies!). I ask again: what should i be looking 4 2 source instead (i agree that one incident is not enough, and i may be blowing this out of proportion... but the article is undeniably unfair and you are being too lenient with it) Googling "haole hate crimes" or "white hate crimes" in Hawaii turns up nothing but one isolated incident (probably because its not a pattern to begin with hmm) and i certainly didnt come across any of the things stated in the fear mongering article written by Larry. I thank you for helping out up until this point but i urge you to please not be stubborn with removing it, agree or not it breaks two wiki policies. Not to mention it's intentionally vague and flat out untrue i.e 'kill haoli day' and the case with the father. It's basically fiction. That is not an opinion, its a fact.
 * Rereading this article and it's so obviously white supremacist fear mongering, my goodness. Every single incident listed is an unrelated altercation, whether a road rage fight or a bunch of kids defending a kid from a 68 year old man. Just because the term Haole is allegedly thrown around does not make it a hatecrime. Regardless of opinion this does not seem neutral or substantial. Larry also goes to great lengths to mention that the white "victims" had blonde hair...as if that's relevant at all? He just sounds like a white supremacist if we're being honest with each other. Further proof of this is that it paints a racist "anti hawaiian sovereignty" colonizer, Kenneth Conklin, as the victim fighting against alleged white prejudice because indigenous people, on their on land, wanted the trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs — OHA — be of Native Hawaiian descent. Boohoo. A blank page would be a better, more accurate (and less opinionated) source. I understand that you're trying to corroborate that Haole was used in fights (which after all this, seems irrelevant to state, given how unreliable the SPLC article is) But keep in mind that, prior to our edits, the WP article very falsely stated that white people are victims of "racially charged hatecrimes" based purely on the SPLC article...in which it states that most cases were roadrage incidents, school bullying or angry 68 year old men harassing children; NONE of which relates to the world Haole and certainly not to any white targeted "racist" hatecrimes. Please consider this, if you didnt already. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.46.123.173 (talk) 19:08, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * There's a point at which you're just fundamentally misunderstanding me and ascribing much larger conclusions to the use of the SPLC piece as a source then are valid. I can't help you with that. The SPLC is a valid source, and most importantly, we are not using it to claim or cite to all of the more extreme stories in the piece that you keep raising. You also keep making statements based on your own point of view and then saying "that's a fact". Neither of these are likely to get you any closer to your desired outcome. We have multiple sources that say that the word has been used as a part of a racial pejorative. I can also cite to a 1995 Hawaii Civil Rights Commission finding about the use of "fucking haole". There's also, as I mentioned, chapter 3 of Rohrer which quotes a column in the Star-Bulletin ("If people say, 'The haole guy who was the first to speak at the union meeting' with a sneer in their voice, they are probably referring to a shared negative stereotype") and also makes a larger point about some of the cultural animosity inherent to the term ("Even in the most benign usage—'Eh, haole, you seen my cell'—the term continues to carry some of the weight of its colonial history...Because of that, even when used purely descriptively, it is not a completely neutral term, nor should it be. It reminds us of the violences perpetuated against the land and people of Hawai‘i, violences that are not simply contained in the past but that spill over into our present"). If you are going to continue to argue that even in light of all of these sources, that the word has never been used as part of a racial pejorative, then you're just willfully ignoring my point (and I would argue, completely underinformed about the history of the word "haole" in everyday use). If you truly want to argue that the word cannot be used even as part of a racial pejorative, then you need a source that says that. Because otherwise you're just repeating your own personal point of view, which is not allowed on Wikipedia. Alyo  (chat·edits) 21:01, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

Dont forget that prior to our edits, the WP article was outright calling it a "racially discriminatory slur" which is ridiculous. And the issue is that it sourced the splc article primarily for that reason. Which coupled together = fear mongering. Stating that its allegedly pejorative is irrelevant anyway but thats NOT my issue since anyone with one brain cell and no bias can guess that its not inherently pejorative and "fucking haole" is harmless and justified. My issue is the SPLC source. You claim its reliable which it is not. It breaks two rules and cannot be fact checked whatsoever. It's taken out of context and is clearly, as i keep stating in vain, fear mongering. Just because SPLC is credible does not mean its responsible to source that specific white supremacist article. We can literally use this http://labor.hawaii.gov/hcrc/files/2013/01/DOCDavis_Final_decision.pdf and the news article u linked instead since apparently this wiki article wants to push a narrative of fear mongering and white victims so badly. You've found two sources since, the only reason you'd keep a practically fictitious and clearly racist article like that (left over from an inaccurate and less than neutral prior edit) sourced is out of stubbornness. White people arent victims, especially when they're on stolen land.
 * Alright well you're entirely just pushing your point of view and ignoring everything else I'm saying so this discussion has probably run its course. Please just be aware that if you continue edit articles and interact in this fashion, you'll likely eventually get blocked per WP:ADVOCACY and similar policies. Cheers, Alyo  (chat·edits) 01:20, 14 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I wont edit or argue further as we did make at least some progress in an article that was less than neutral prior to our edits. However: i think "Racially pejorative" still suggests a kind of "reverse racism" which pushes a narrative that victimizes the colonizer, which is problematic but also 'racially pejorative' can possibly be seen as 'racial discrimination' phrased differently, which im sure you can understand why is so absurd. I would like your opinion on this and to work to improve that small bit, and make sure it doesnt contribute to fear mongering or the myth of reverse racism. I think we should just not add ""Racially pejorative", it seems like its manufacturing a narrative because the assaults had nothing to do with them being Haole. And Hawaiian people have a right, regardless of personal opinion, to feel contempt towards their oppressor. It just seems like leftovers from the original less than neutral edit. .."cheers"
 * For the love of god, please stop pushing your singular opinion as ultimate truth. This is not "allegedly". This is not allegedly. Just stop. Alyo  (chat·edits) 00:57, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * It's definitely not singular, its actually disrespectful to say so. Non Hawaiians have no say over a native Hawaiian word. Regardless of opinion it is not pejorative but since you see it as a personal opinion this will lead nowhere. This back and forth is because of your stubbornness to see issue with a fictitiously harmful and misleading article (which broke two policies) :/ To avoid turning this into an immature back and forth ill ask for permission one last time to make ONE last edit, and again i thank you for helping out those few times earlier; Can 'racially', before pejorative, be removed? 4 obvious reasons, it is not neutral and has harmful 'reverse racism' undertones don't you think? Haole cannot be a slur...white people arent oppressed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.46.123.173 (talk) 18:19, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Hey, just a heads up--the cite you just added seems to be WP:CIRCULAR source: "(Wikipedia)" is cited at the end of the definition and it's basically a copy of the lede from 2016 or so. Also, bizarrely, I just clicked through and the "ɔ" sign (Open O sound) doesn't appear in Help:IPA/Hawaiian or Hawaiian phonology? It was added here and has been unsourced ever since, and I wonder if it should just be fully removed. Alyo (chat·edits) 19:42, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching that! I reverted my edit, but if you can find & add the correct Hawaiian pronunciation, that would be great. Peaceray (talk) 19:48, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

Looking at all the sources
I was lucky enough to recognize a link to a source with the full Charles W. Kenn article from the 1944 Paradise of the Pacific printed in 1961 that I have in my own collection. In reviewing the other sources, as well as the original Kenn source, I am endeavoring to remove unsubstantiated claims, claims relying on primary sources only or claims that use sources that cannot be verified. Much will probably return in some form or another using reliable book sources from notable experts, but the sources currently used are also being checked for accuracy of the summary.Mark Miller (talk) 04:28, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Get a Hawaiian
After reading a decent amount of the discussions, I'm highly offended that people believe Haole to be a racial slur.... "Ha" means breath in Hawaiian "Ole"means no or to not... So when the first settlers came to Hawaii from Europe they shook the hands of our chef or Ali'i and that's not how Hawaiian people greeted one another. We would put our foreheads together and breath in, it was a way to show respect, to breath in each other's life force to know they were alive.... So when European settlers came and didn't exchange of breath Hawaiian people started to call the Haole... Only RECENTLY have people NOT NATIVE TO THE ISLANDS decided to change the actual meaning to what it's know as today.... It's just like when European people couldn't pronounce "Negro" in Spanish did THAT also became a racial slur... So what's the common denominator here? People are ignorant to every other persons culture or language and make their own meanings... don't you honestly find that to be ridiculously stupid? To have people from a completely different group or background telling a whole different group a completely wrong and incorrect statements. That's like any person who's never been or lived in Hawaii telling everyone what something means WHEN THEY'RE WRONG TO BEGIN WITH. This is absolutely my biggest pet peeve I've ever had... spreading the wrong information around leads to people being divided over things they dont actually know anything about. It's sickening and wrong, let's please do a BETTER job in spreading information. Also if you guys really wanted to go down that route that the Hawaiian people "oppressed" white colonist.... You honestly better be joking... like I'm asking are you fucking kidding me. Our last queen was held hostage in her bedroom and was told that if she didn't sign Hawaii away to the WHITE COLONISTS that those same men were going to kill her to get their way... Our queen said to kill her, she'll never sign Hawaii away.... then after a week of them trying that, they told our Queen that all of her people would be killed if she didn't sign Hawaii away. She signed that stupid papers that made Hawaii the 50th state. So PLEASE tell me again about how the Hawaiian people are doing reverse racism WHEN YOU GOT THE MEANING OF THE WORD INCORRECTLY. Or let's talk about how Hawaiian people only have control over 25% of their own water and the rest is all privately owned.... hmmm please please point out to me WHERE is the reverse racism...

Sincerely, From a Mad Hawaiian 172.116.177.159 (talk) 17:21, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi, I take your points, but do you have any issue with the content in the article? Right now the pejorative use description in the article isn't more than two or three sentences, which I think is a fair representation of the word and the sources. Alyo  (chat·edits) 20:01, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, most if not all the information is relying on one sided information, there's not a single Hawaiian source referenced. This happens on a lot of subjects including if you just Google the Bayonet Constitution (which is also riddled in miss-information) . Sources in my opinion that should be sighted should be from books not just online sources, because even an online source of a book could also just be someone's opinion on the matter. Also the point of making a new word... I've never heard of a Haole ele ele... in Hawaii a person on dark skin is called popolo meaning burnt or dark skin (Hawaiian meaning not Pidgin). Since Hawaii had a lot of different people; ethnicities; and languages we started to be descriptive in order to communicate... the development of Pidgin English where a lot of what this site is getting it's information... not the actual Hawaiian language or meaning.. what's being used is a complete different way of speaking... Speaking Hawaiian isn't speaking Pidgin. That's one of the biggest issues in this article mixing up what the Pidgin version of things mean and what actual Hawaiian. 172.116.177.159 (talk) 20:45, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That's not exactly true--we have multiple citations to Haunani-Kay Trask quotes and interviews. As for haole ele ele, that is from a source in the 1800s--it's not saying that is currently in use. Regardless, if you have any Hawaiian sources discussing the word haole, I'd happily take them. The issue isn't that I don't want to, it's that they are very hard to find. Alyo  (chat·edits) 01:43, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haole


text:
Talk:Contrast (literary)

From VfD:

Non-encyclopedic substub. I would be delighted if someone could contradict me and make something useful out of this, but right now I can't fathom how this can be elaborated meaningfully, or described as a discrete literary device. It seems strangely like an illustration of a dicdef, almost below a dicdef in that regard. Postdlf 17:18, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If it weren't on VfD, I'd never have allowed myself to write the expansion that I just did. Literary contrast is an important concept in poetry (not prose, much).  It also has roots in rhetoric and gave rise to the common schoolboy task of "compare and contrast" essays.  I.e. "see differences" has been an oratorial task since the days of the trivium, so the topic needs to stay.  As for the lumpen junk I wrote to try to save it, I appeal to all kind hearted folks full of Wikilove to help. Geogre 17:54, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Wonderful job—not junk at all. Thanks for contradicting me!  Do you have any thoughts on the article title?  I'm not satisfied with it, but I don't know if there is an alternative.  Postdlf 19:19, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The name is iffy at best. This is how the term would appear in a literary dictionary/glossary or encyclopedia, but in a general knowledge encyclopedia, it's going to be lost, guaranteed.  I also think we can rewrite a bit more, since Shakespeare's use is really playing with the device, so he's kind of a bad example of the topos & should be the last thing mentioned.  I'll try to think of a title.  Hopefully, someone with fresh eyes will have an idea. Geogre 21:02, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Care to tackle Conflict (narrative) now? : )  Same author as this original stub. Postdlf 18:50, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article looks fine now.  --Ardonik 03:33, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't bother looking at history to see how it was originally, but as of now, it looks fine to me. My vote: Keep Skyler 19:22, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Contrast (literary)


text:
Audrey Munson

Audrey Marie Munson (June 8, 1891 – February 20, 1996) was an American artist's model and film actress, considered to be "America's first supermodel." In her time, she was variously known as "Miss Manhattan", the "Panama–Pacific Girl", the "Exposition Girl" and "American Venus." She was the model or inspiration for more than twelve statues in New York City, and many others elsewhere. Munson appeared in four silent films, including unclothed in Inspiration (1915). She was one of the first American actresses to appear nude in a non-pornographic film.

Career
"Long after she and everyone else of this generation shall have become dust, Audrey Munson, who posed for three-fifths of all the statuary of the Panama–Pacific exposition, will live in the bronzes and canvasses of the art centers of the world."

Model
Audrey Marie Munson was born in Rochester, New York, on June 8, 1891, to Edgar Munson (1857–1945), who was a streetcar conductor and Western real estate speculator descended from English Puritans, and Katherine C. "Kittie" Mahoney (1863/1864–1958), a daughter of John and Cecilia Mahoney, Irish immigrants. Her father was from Mexico, New York, and she later lived there. Her parents divorced when she was eight, and Audrey and her mother moved to Providence, Rhode Island.

In 1909, mother and daughter moved to Washington Heights in New York City, where the 17-year-old Audrey sought a career as an actress and chorus girl. Her first role on Broadway was as a "footman" in The Boy and The Girl at the Aerial Gardens of the New Amsterdam Theatre, which ran from May 31 – June 19, 1909. She also appeared in The Girl and the Wizard, Girlies and La Belle Parée.

While window-shopping on Fifth Avenue with her mother she was spotted by photographer Felix Benedict Herzog, who asked her to pose for him at his studio in the Lincoln Arcade Building on Broadway and 65th Street. Herzog introduced her to his friends in the art world. She posed for muralist William de Leftwich Dodge, who gave her a letter of introduction to Isidore Konti. Konti was her first sculptor and her first nude modeling. From this point, Munson would pose for a few well-known visual artists, including painter Francis Coates Jones, illustrators Harrison Fisher, Archie Gunn, and Charles Dana Gibson, and photographers Herzog and Arnold Genthe, but she was predominately a sculptors' model.

Munson's first acknowledged credit is Konti's marble statuary called Three Graces, unveiled in the new Grand Ballroom at the Hotel Astor in Times Square in September 1909. She posed for all three Graces. Soon after that and for the next decade, Munson became the model of choice for the first tier of American sculptors, posing for a long list of freestanding statuary, monuments, and allegorical architectural sculpture on state capitols and other major public buildings. According to The Sun in 1913, "Over a hundred artists agree that if the name of Miss Manhattan belongs to anyone in particular it is to this young woman."

By 1915, she was so well- established that she became Alexander Stirling Calder's model of choice when he became Director of Sculpture for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition held in San Francisco that year. Her figure was "ninety times repeated against the sky" on one building alone, atop the colonnades of the Court of the Universe, roughly modeled on St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. In fact, Munson posed for three-fifths of the sculpture created for the event and earned fame as the "Panama–Pacific Girl".

Film actress
Munson's newfound celebrity helped launch her career in the nascent film industry and she starred in four silent films. In the first, Inspiration (1915), made by the Thanhouser Film Corporation in New Rochelle, New York and directed by George Foster Platt, she appeared fully nude in a story of a sculptor's model. The censors were reluctant to ban the film, fearing they would also have to ban Renaissance art. Munson's films were a box office success, although the critics were divided. Thanhouser hired a lookalike named Jane Thomas to do Munson's acting scenes, while Munson did the scenes where she posed nude. Although Munson's appearance in Inspiration is sometimes said to be the first occasion of an American actress appearing nude in a non-pornographic film, according to film historian Karen Ward Mahr, Margaret Edwards did so first in Hypocrites, which was released earlier in 1915.

Munson's second film, Purity (1916), made by the American Film Company in Santa Barbara, California and directed by Rae Berger, is the only one of her films to survive, being rediscovered in 1993 in a "pornography" collection in France and acquired by the French national cinema archive. Her third film, The Girl o' Dreams, also made by American in Santa Barbara and probably directed by Tom Ricketts from a story by William Pigott (the American Film Institute catalog lists Pigott as director, but all his other credits list him as a writer), was completed by the fall of 1916; although the film is mentioned on the credit lists of several of its actors in the October 21, 1916 Motion Picture Studio Directory, it was not released at that time and not copyrighted until December 31, 1918; there is no subsequent mention of the film and it may never have been released.

Munson returned to the East Coast by train via Syracuse in December 1916, having been involved with high society in New York and Newport, Rhode Island. There are accounts in which her mother insists she married the son of a "Comstock Lode" silver heir, Hermann Oelrichs Jr., then the richest bachelor in America. There is no record of this. On January 27, 1919, she wrote a rambling letter to the U.S. State Department denouncing Oelrichs as part of a pro-German network that had driven her out of the movie business. She said she planned to abandon the United States to restart her movie career in England.

Notoriety
In 1919, Audrey Munson was living with her mother in a boarding house at 164 West 65th Street, Manhattan, owned by Dr. Walter Wilkins. Wilkins fell in love with Munson, and on February 27, murdered his wife, Julia, so he could be available for marriage. Munson and her mother left New York, and the police sought them for questioning. After a nationwide hunt, they were located. They refused to return to New York, but were questioned by agents from the Burns Detective Agency in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The contents of the affidavits they supplied have never been revealed, but Audrey Munson strongly denied that she had any romantic relationship with Dr. Wilkins. Wilkins was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to the electric chair. He hanged himself in his prison cell before the sentence could be carried out.

The Wilkins killing may even have marked the end of Munson's modeling career, although she continued to seek regular newspaper coverage. By 1920, Munson could not find work anywhere and was reported as living in Syracuse, New York, supported by her mother, who sold kitchen utensils door-to-door. In November 1920, she was said to be working as a ticket-taker in a dime museum.

From January to May 1921, a series of twenty serialized articles ran in Hearst's Sunday Magazine in dozens of Sunday newspaper supplements, under Munson's name, entitled ''By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios'. ''The twenty articles relate anecdotes from her career, with warnings about the fates of other models. In one of them, she asked the reader to imagine her future:

"What becomes of the artists' models? I am wondering if many of my readers have not stood before a masterpiece of lovely sculpture or a remarkable painting of a young girl, her very abandonment of draperies accentuating rather than diminishing her modesty and purity, and asked themselves the question, 'Where is she now, this model who was so beautiful?'"

In February that year, agent-producer Allen Rock took out advertisements showing a $27,500 check he said he had paid Munson to star in a fourth film titled Heedless Moths, directed by Robert Z. Leonard from his own screenplay based on these writings. She later said the $27,500 check was just a "publicity stunt," and she filed suit against Allen Rock. Those proceedings revealed that the twenty articles had been ghostwritten by journalist Henry Leyford Gates.

In the summer of 1921, Munson conducted a nationwide search, carried by the United Press, for the perfect man to marry. She ended the search in August claiming she didn't want to get married anyway. On October 3, 1921 she was arrested at the Royal Theater (later the Towne Theater) in St. Louis on a morals charge related to her personal appearance with the film Innocence (the reissue title of Purity), in which she had a leading role. She and her manager, independent film producer Ben Judell, were both acquitted. Weeks later, she was still appearing in St. Louis, along with screenings of Innocence, enacting "a series of new poses from famous paintings".

On May 27, 1922, Munson attempted suicide by swallowing a solution of bichloride of mercury.

Later life and death
On June 8, 1931, Munson's mother petitioned a judge to commit her to a mental asylum. The Oswego County judge ordered Munson be admitted into a psychiatric facility for treatment on her 40th birthday. She remained in the St. Lawrence State Hospital for the Insane in Ogdensburg, New York, where she was treated for depression and schizophrenia for 65 years, until she died at the age of 104. During her stay at the institution, she often maintained her physical beauty with milk, yogurt and urine.

In the mid-1950s, Munson was still famous enough to serve as the subject of an anecdote in a memoir that P.G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton wrote of their years on Broadway, Bring on the Girls! (1953), though that memoir is considered more fiction than fact by Wodehouse's biographer.

Munson had no visitors at the asylum for over 25 years after her mother died in 1958, until her half-niece, Darlene Bradley, rediscovered her in 1984, when Munson was 93. In the mid-1980s, Munson, in her mid-90s, was moved to a nursing home in Massena, New York, as the original hospital closed; however, she would often escape to a nearby bar, with employees in the nursing home having to find her. Consequently, she was moved back to the new mental institution. By the time she turned 100, she had no teeth and lost much of her hearing but was otherwise in good health. Shortly after her 100th birthday, Munson broke a hip. Munson died on February 20, 1996, at the age of 104. At the time only one local newspaper reported her death. She was buried at New Haven Cemetery in New Haven, New York, and she received a headstone on her grave on June 8, 2016, 20 years after her death and on what would have been her 125th birthday.

Sculptures of Munson
This table is organized by sculptor and date. She posed for most of the sculptors who created architectural and fountain sculptures for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, and for other sculptors who exhibited there.

Coverage of Munson's career contained inaccuracies during her lifetime, and errors about the works for which she modeled have been perpetuated. Munson herself was inconsistent about her age and other matters. For example, a June 1915 article listed the 24-year-old Munson's age as 18, and an August 1915 press release claimed that she started posing at age 14 which would have been four years prior to her first known modeling credit, for Konti's Three Graces group at the Hotel Astor, unveiled to the public in September 1909 when she was 18.

Filmography

All four films in which Munson appeared were thought to have been lost, until a copy of Purity (1916) was recovered in France in 2009.

In 2010, film director Roberto Serrini made a documentary about Munson which was featured in several news outlets including the New York Post.

title: Audrey Munson


text:
User:Ktheory

Hi. I'm Aaron Suggs.

title: User:Ktheory


text: User:Programmer (usurped)

title: User:Programmer (usurped)


text:
Hyperkeratinization

Hyperkeratinization (American English or hyperkeratinisation in British) is a disorder of the cells lining the inside of a hair follicle. It is the normal function of these cells to detach or slough off (desquamate) from the skin lining at normal intervals. The dead cells are then forced out of the follicle (primarily by the growing hair). However, in hyperkeratinization, this process is interrupted and a number of these dead skin cells do not leave the follicle because of an excess of keratin, a natural protein found in the skin. This excess of keratin, which is influenced by genetics, results in an increased adherence/bonding of dead skin cells together. This cohesion of cells will block or "cap" the hair follicle (leading to keratosis pilaris) or clog the sebaceous/oil duct (leading to acne). Pathogens may also play a role in causing, perpetuating, or simply taking advantage of this phenomenon, such as virulent sub-strains of Cutibacterium acnes and irregular migration of Staphylococcus epidermidis from the outer surface of the skin into the follicle, where commensal strains of C. acnes exclusively habitate. It itches mildly at times, and strongly at others. Very often it cannot be felt at all.

title: Hyperkeratinization


text:
Caroline in the City

Caroline in the City is an American television sitcom that ran on NBC from 1995 until 1999. It stars Lea Thompson as cartoonist Caroline Duffy, who lives in Manhattan. The rest of the cast includes Eric Lutes, Malcolm Gets, Amy Pietz, and Andy Lauer. The series premiered on September 21, 1995, in the "Must See TV" Thursday night block between Seinfeld and ER and ran for 97 episodes over four seasons before it was cancelled; the final episode was broadcast on April 26, 1999. The series' rights are currently held by CBS Media Ventures.

Summary
Caroline Duffy (Lea Thompson), a cartoonist who lives in Manhattan, spends a lot of time with dates and lovers, and meddles in the lives of her friends and neighbors. In the pilot episode, she has broken up with Del Cassidy (Eric Lutes), who quickly finds another date. She hires Richard Karinsky (Malcolm Gets) to be her new colorist, and he pretends to be her new boyfriend during a dinner to prevent her from being embarrassed over Del's moving on. During the first season, Richard develops feelings for Caroline.

Caroline's success as a cartoonist is displayed throughout the first season; her cartoon character gets a balloon in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, she has a park dedicated to her in her native Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and she even has an offer for a cereal brand. When she was a child, she drew violent pictures of her brother Chris, and after dropping out of college, she started doodling at a copywriting job. It took less than five years for her cartoon to become nationally syndicated, and she even appeared on The Today Show.

Towards the end of season one, Del proposes to Caroline. Richard is distressed by this, and searches for a new job. Although Richard has kept his feelings secret, their friends Annie Spadaro (Amy Pietz) and Remo (Tom La Grua) figure out that he loves Caroline. The day before the wedding, Richard writes her a love letter where he asks Caroline to meet him at Remo's if she loves him. He leaves the letter in a pile of wedding thank-you cards. Caroline arrives at Remo's but does not mention the letter, and continues with the wedding plans. Richard decides to leave Manhattan. When Caroline and Del call off the wedding, Caroline visits Richard's apartment but he has left.

In the second season, Richard returns to Manhattan after having been in Paris where he had tried to sell paintings. Caroline gives the thank-you cards to a friend; Richard tries to find and destroy the love letter; he tosses it out of the window, only to have Annie find it. He resumes his old job as Caroline's colorist. Later, Caroline discovers that she has feelings for Richard; however, Richard has reunited with his former girlfriend Julia, whom he met in Manhattan. Caroline leaves a message on his answering machine telling him that she loves him, but Julia discovers it and erases it.

Richard and Julia get married which prompts a bitter love triangle among the three. Richard eventually splits with Julia.

Caroline and Richard eventually become a couple. However, they split after arguing over whether to have children; Richard learned that Julia had a child. In the final episode, which ends on an unresolved cliffhanger, Annie and Del are now in a new relationship, while Caroline is about to marry another man—her childhood friend Randy—when Richard shows up at the wedding.

Main

 * Caroline Duffy (Lea Thompson) – Caroline is a cartoonist of the comic strip Caroline in the City. Originally from Peshtigo, Wisconsin, Caroline has a need for people to like her. She meddles in the lives of her friends and people around her, and often gets into trouble because of it. She initially breaks her engagement to Del Cassidy, but remains friends with him. She hires Richard Karinsky to be her colorist. Although Richard has feelings for Caroline, she does not realize or reciprocate until the end of the second season. She dates veterinarian Joe DeStefano in the second season, and former classmates Trevor and Randy in the third and fourth seasons. She becomes engaged to Randy, but her wedding ceremony is interrupted when Richard appears.
 * Del Cassidy (Eric Lutes) – Del works at a greeting card company owned by his father, and manages the Caroline in the City comic strip card products. He is Caroline's sometimes boyfriend; they get engaged during the first season, but break it off in the season finale. After receiving one too many insults from his callous father, Del quits to build his own business, Eagle Greeting Cards. In the fourth season, he sells the business to a large entertainment conglomerate.
 * Richard Karinsky (Malcolm Gets) – Richard is the colorist for the Caroline in the City comic strip. He is a struggling artist who usually lives in the slummy parts of New York City, and is regularly embarrassed about the nature of his job. He has several chances for a big break, but they end up in failure. He is also an excellent pianist. He has a substantial student loan debt from attending an unnamed art school. He has a sarcastic personality, especially with Annie. He falls in love with Caroline during the first season, and does not think highly of Del Cassidy and his lack of intelligence. Eventually he and Caroline have a relationship.
 * Annie Spadaro (Amy Pietz) – Annie is Caroline's across the hall neighbor and her best friend. She is a dancer in the Broadway production of Cats. She is sexually promiscuous and this makes her a constant target for Richard's wisecracks. After Richard writes Caroline a love letter which he later regrets, Annie comes across the letter and uses it to blackmail him until her sister uses it for a song. After meeting Shadoe Stevens in Los Angeles, she quits her job and rushes to California to shoot a television pilot. Unfortunately, the pilot is not picked up, and she becomes unemployed.
 * Charlie (Andy Lauer) – He is a delivery man in Del's father's company, and after Del is fired, they become partners in new company Eagle Greeting Cards. He constantly wears roller blades, even when he is not making deliveries. He has a poor grasp on reality. In the last season, he moves to Europe.

Recurring

 * Remo (Tom La Grua) – Remo owns the Italian restaurant, Remo's Ristorante, where the main characters usually hang out.
 * Gianni (John Mariano) – A waiter at Remo's Ristorante.
 * Joe DeStefano (Mark Feuerstein) – A veterinarian who dated Caroline, and came close to moving into her apartment. However, after he tells Caroline that he slept with his ex-girlfriend, he and Caroline split.
 * Julia Mazzone Karinsky (Sofia Milos) – Richard's former girlfriend and love of Richard's life (as he calls it 'sincero amore' – the love that one does not have to question). She first met Richard in Italy, and during the third season, they get married. Her father, an Italian businessman, does not approve of their relationship and tries to destroy Richard, first physically, then economically.
 * Trevor (Robert Gant) – Trevor is Caroline's boyfriend during the third season. He owns a computer company and has a German shepherd dog. When Caroline rushes to Spain to meet Richard and Julia, Trevor realizes that he will never win a place in Caroline's heart.
 * Randy (Anthony Tyler Quinn) – Randy is a pediatrician and schoolmate of Caroline from Peshtigo, Wisconsin. He initially reunites with Caroline during the fourth season; he buys Caroline's parents' house, but agrees to sell it to Caroline and rent it from her. When he arrives in New York for the pediatricians seminar they meet again, and Caroline realizes that she harbors some feelings for him, even though she is in a relationship with Richard. After Richard goes to Italy to take care of his son, Annie brings Randy to cheer Caroline up, and he falls in love with Caroline. They have a wedding in the final episode.
 * Angie Spadaro (Candice Azzara) – Annie's mother who regularly visits Annie's flat and drives her crazy. She gets divorced in the third season.
 * Pete Spadaro (Adam Ferrara) – Annie's brother who worked at their father's undertaking company. He is influenced by Richard to try some other occupations including an electrician and a painter.
 * Shelly (Lauren Graham) – Richard's short-term girlfriend. Richard was desperate to break up with her, but she always had a reason not to.
 * Elevator Lady (Cathy Ladman) – Caroline's neighbor from one of the upper floors. She often appears in key dialogues when someone enters the elevator.
 * Peter Welmerling (Peter Krause) – Someone Caroline knew from her home town who goes to the opera with her on a date.

Notable guests
This is a list of the notable guest stars in the series. Some of them appear as their characters from related NBC series that aired around the same time.

Background/production
The show was filmed at the CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles, California.

Illustrations and animations
Bonnie Timmons drew the illustrations and animations that are supposed to represent Caroline's eponymous in-show comic strip.

Connections with Frasier
Though not officially a companion show to Frasier, Caroline in the City exists in the same universe (so likely also connects to both Cheers and Wings as well) with several crossovers and connections. Not only does the end of one early Season 1 episode feature Frasier characters, Daphne and Niles, in Frasier's apartment (filmed on Frasier's set and guest-starring Jane Leeves and David Hyde Pierce as their characters) looking at a Caroline in the City cartoon, but lead Eric Lutes played Frasier's boss Tom Duran in two episodes. David Hyde Pierce also appears a second time as another character, this time playing an IRS man who dreams of being in Cats. Dan Butler (Bulldog in Frasier) had a recurring role as a museum owner, plus Frasier actors Harriet Sansom Harris (Bebe) and Edward Hibbert (Gil) appear in the same Season 3 episode as each other, playing different characters (and not sharing any scenes). Additionally, Scott Atkinson (who portrayed Daphne's ex-boyfriend, Clive, in a Frasier episode) also appears playing Caroline's love interest in one episode.

Connection with Friends
Matthew Perry appears as his Friends character Chandler Bing (not named but implied to be him and advertised by the network as such in their crossover promotions) in the episode "Caroline and the Folks" in a crossover appearance in which Annie meets Chandler at the video store. The same night, Lea Thompson appeared as Caroline Duffy (also never named as such but implied to be - and advertised as - her character) in the November 2, 1995, Friends episode "The One with the Baby on the Bus".

Connection with The Single Guy
In the same episode - "Caroline and the Folks" - which featured Chandler from Friends, Jonathan Silverman also appeared, playing his character Jonathan Eliot (again not named but advertised as such) from the sitcom The Single Guy.

Home media
CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1 in 2008/2009. A decade later, the remaining two seasons were both released (though lacking episodes) in Region 1 on August 6, 2019.

In Region 2, Revelation Films released all four seasons on DVD between August 2005 and June 2006.

In Region 4, Visual Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia.

title: Caroline in the City


text:
Klieg light

A Klieg light is an intense carbon arc lamp especially used in filmmaking. It is named after inventor John Kliegl and his brother Anton Kliegl. Klieg lights usually have a Fresnel lens with a spherical reflector or an ellipsoidal reflector with a lens train containing two plano-convex lenses or a single step lens.

Film
The carbon-arc source was so bright that it allowed film directors to shoot daytime scenes at night. The ultraviolet rays produced by the light also led to some actors developing an eye inflammation referred to as "Klieg eye".

Stage
In the early days of spotlights, the name "Klieg light" became synonymous with any ellipsoidal reflector spotlight (ERS), other carbon-arc sources or any bright source. Initially developed for film, the Klieg light was adapted for use as an incandescent stage fixture in 1911.

Although not completely certain, the title of the first ellipsoidal reflector spotlight often goes to the 1933 Klieglight, which was first used to light an outdoor pageant in New York. Century Lighting introduced their Lekolite, developed by Levy & Kook, hence the name "Leko", in the same year.

Kliegl Brothers Universal Electric Stage Lighting Company was founded in 1896 and grew to be the largest stage lighting company in the world. The company closed in the 1990s, though members of the original Kliegl family continue to work professionally in the lighting industry to this day.

Alternative name
While the Kliegls were German-born, the "klieg light" generic name for their type of stage and film lights was never popular in Germany, which developed Europe's largest movie industry in the 1920s. "Kliegl-Leuchte" never caught on and was almost unknown, since the Kliegl Brothers company had limited business in continental Europe. Instead, the generic term was "Jupiterlicht," or literally, Jupiter light, or in French "lampes Jupiter," so named after a Berlin company supplying German and European studios and theater stages. The technical brand name quickly became popular as a generic metaphor for the movies. For example, renowned German-American cinema theorist and sociologist Siegfried Kracauer used the title "Die Jupiterlampen brennen weiter" for his 1926 critique of Sergey Eisenstein's film Battleship Potemkin; this classic text, often used in cinema studies, has been translated into English as "The Klieg Lights Stay On" but in French as "Les lampes Jupiter restent allumées".

title: Klieg light


text:
Cattleya

Cattleya is a genus of orchids from Costa Rica south to Argentina. The genus is abbreviated C in trade journals.

Description
Epiphytic or terrestrial orchids with cylindrical rhizome from which the fleshy noodle-like roots grow. Pseudobulbs can be conical, spindle-shaped or cylindrical; with upright growth; one or two leaves growing from the top of them. The leaves can be oblong, lanceolate or elliptical, somewhat fleshy, with smooth margin. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme with few or several flowers. Flowers have sepals and petals free from each other; the lip or labellum (lowermost petal), usually has a different coloration and shape from the rest of the flower and covers in part the flower column forming a tube. There are four pollinia (bag-like organs that contain pollen). The fruit is a capsule with many small seeds.

Taxonomy
The genus was named in 1824 by John Lindley after horticulturalist William Cattley. Cattley obtained a specimen of then unnamed Cattleya labiata from William Swainson who had discovered the new plant in Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1817. The plant successfully bloomed under the care of Cattley and it became the type specimen from which Lindley described C. labiata.

Currently accepted species and subgeneric division within genus Cattleya are:
 * Subgenus Cattleya
 * Section Cattleya
 * Section Crispae
 * Series Cattleyodes
 * Series Hadrolaelia
 * Series Microlaelia
 * Series Parviflorae
 * Series Sophronitis
 * Section Lawrenceanae
 * Subgenus Cattleyella
 * Subgenus Intermediae
 * Subgenus Maximae

Natural hybrids
Currently accepted natural hybrids are:
 * Cattleya × adrienne (= Cattleya pumila × Cattleya jongheana) (Brazil)
 * Cattleya × albanensis
 * Cattleya × amanda
 * Cattleya × binotii (= ) (Brazil)
 * Cattleya × brasiliensis (= C. bicolor × C. harrisoniana) (Brazil)
 * Cattleya × braunae
 * Cattleya × britoi (= C. crispata x C. mirandae) (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
 * Cattleya × brymeriana (= C. violacea × C. wallisii) (N. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × calimaniana (Brazil)
 * Cattleya × calimaniorum (NE Brazil)
 * Cattleya × carassana (Brazil)
 * Cattleya × cattleyioides (Brazil)
 * Cattleya × cipoensis (Brazil)
 * Cattleya × colnagiana (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × cristinae (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × cypheri
 * Cattleya × dasilvae
 * Cattleya × dayana (= C. forbesii × C. guttata) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × deckeri
 * Cattleya × delicata
 * Cattleya × diamantinensis (= C. pfisteri × C. sincorana) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × dolosa (= C. loddigesii × C. walkeriana) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × dukeana (= C. bicolor × C. guttata) (SE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × duveenii (= C. guttata × C. harrisoniana) (SE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × elegans
 * Cattleya × ericoi
 * Cattleya × feldmanniana
 * Cattleya × fidelensis (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro).
 * Cattleya × frankeana
 * Cattleya × gaezeriana
 * Cattleya × gerhard-santosii
 * Cattleya × gottoana
 * Cattleya × gransabanensis (= C. jenmanii × C. lawrenceana) (Venezuela).
 * Cattleya × gravesiana (= C. lueddemanniana × C. mossiae) (Venezuela).
 * Cattleya × hardyana (= C. dowiana var.aurea × C. warscewiczii) (Colombia).
 * Cattleya × heitoriana
 * Cattleya × hummeliana
 * Cattleya × hybrida (= C. guttata × C. loddigesii) (SE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × imperator (= C. granulata × C. labiata) (NE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × intricata (= C. intermedia × C. leopoldii) (S. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × irrorata
 * Cattleya × isaacii
 * Cattleya × isabella (= C. forbesii × C. intermedia) (SE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × itabapoanaensis
 * Cattleya × jetibaensis
 * Cattleya × joaquiniana (= C. bicolor × C. walkeriana) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × kautskyi (= C. harrisoniana × C. warneri) (SE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × kerchoveana
 * Cattleya × labendziana
 * Cattleya × lambari
 * Cattleya × lilacina
 * Cattleya × lucieniana (= C. forbesii × C. granulosa) (SE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × macguiganii
 * Cattleya × measuresii (= C. aclandiae × C. walkeriana) (E. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × mesquitae (= C. nobilior × C. walkeriana) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × mingaensis
 * Cattleya × mixta (= C. guttata × C. schofieldiana) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × moduloi (C. schofieldiana × C. warneri) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × mucugensis
 * Cattleya × neocalimaniana
 * Cattleya × neocalimaniorum
 * Cattleya × neoreginae
 * Cattleya × nesyana
 * Cattleya × occhioniana
 * Cattleya × odiloniana
 * Cattleya × patrocinii (= C. guttata × C. warneriana) (SE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × picturata (= C. guttata × C. intermedia) (SE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × pittiana
 * Cattleya × porphyritis
 * Cattleya × porphyrophlebia
 * Cattleya × raganii
 * Cattleya × resplendens (= C. granulosa × C. schilleriana) (NE. Brazil)
 * Cattleya × rigbyana
 * Cattleya × ruschii
 * Cattleya × sancheziana
 * Cattleya × schroederiana
 * Cattleya × schunkiana
 * Cattleya × schunkii
 * Cattleya × scita (= C. intermedia × C. tigrina) (S. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × sgarbii
 * Cattleya × sororia
 * Cattleya × tenuata (= C. elongata × C. tenuis) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × varelae
 * Cattleya × venosa (= C. forbesii × C. harrisoniana) (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × verelii
 * Cattleya × victoria-regina ( C. guttata × C. labiata) (NE. Brazil).
 * Cattleya × victoriacarolinae
 * Cattleya × wetmorei
 * Cattleya × whitei
 * Cattleya × wilsoniana (= C. bicolor × C. intermedia). (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × wyattiana (= C. crispa × C. lobata). (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × zaslawskii (= C. harpophylla × C. praestans). (Brazil).
 * Cattleya × zayrae (= C. amethystoglossa × C. elongata). (Bahia, Brazil)

Nothogenera
Hybrids of Cattleya and other genera are placed in the following nothogenera:
 * × Brassocattleya = Brassavola × Cattleya
 * × Brassolaeliocattleya = Brassavola × Cattleya × Laelia
 * × Cattleytonia = Cattleya × Broughtonia
 * × Laeliocattleya = Cattleya × Laelia
 * × Rhyncholaeliocattleya = Rhyncholaelia × Cattleya

Cultivation

 * Light
 * Cattleyas need light, but not direct sunlight; in case of intense sunlight, shade must be provided.

 * Temperature
 * Day temperatures must be between 25-30 °C (77-86 °F) and night temperatures not lower than 10-12 °C (50-53.6 °F).

 * Humidity
 * Must be between 40-70% with good ventilation; however plants must not be exposed to air currents.

 * Watering
 * Water only if substrate is dry. It can be done once a week, but it all depends on the environmental conditions and the season.

 * Fertilizing
 * Cattleyas can survive without fertilizing. However, it is advisable to use nitrogen-based fertilizers without urea; fertilizers must be applied during the growth season. To avoid salt accumulation in the substrate, water thoroughly between fertilizer applications.

title: Cattleya


text:
IRIG timecode

Inter-range instrumentation group timecodes, commonly known as IRIG timecode, are standard formats for transferring timing information. Atomic frequency standards and GPS receivers designed for precision timing are often equipped with an IRIG output. The standards were created by the Tele Communications Working Group of the U.S. military's Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG), the standards body of the Range Commanders Council. Work on these standards started in October 1956, and the original standards were accepted in 1960.

The original formats were described in IRIG Document 104-60, later revised and reissued in August 1970 as IRIG Document 104-70, upgraded later that year as the IRIG Document to the status of a Standard, IRIG Standard 200-70. The latest version of the Standard is IRIG Standard 200-16 from August 2016.

Timecodes
The different timecodes defined in the Standard have alphabetic designations. A, B, D, E, G, and H are the standards currently defined by IRIG Standard 200-04.

The main difference between codes is their rate, which varies between one pulse per minute and 10,000 pulses per second.

The bits are modulated on a carrier. A three-digit suffix specifies the type and frequency of the carrier, and which optional information is included:

DC level shift (DCLS) (pulse width coded without carrier) Sine wave carrier (amplitude modulated) Manchester modulated
 * Modulation type:

No carrier (DCLS) 100 Hz (10 ms resolution) 1 kHz (1 ms resolution) 10 kHz (100 μs resolution) 100 kHz (10 μs resolution)

1 MHz (1 μs resolution)

 * Carrier frequency:

 * Coded expressions
 * Binary-coded decimal (BCD) day of year, hours, minutes, and (for some formats) seconds and fractions are always included. Optional components are:
 * Year number (00–99; century is not coded)
 * User-defined "control functions (CF)" occupying bits not defined by IRIG
 * "Straight binary seconds (SBS)", a 17-bit binary counter that counts from 0 to 86399.
 * The types are:
BCD, CF, SBS

BCD, CF

BCD

BCD, SBS

BCD, BCD_Year, CF, SBS

BCD, BCD_Year, CF

BCD, BCD_Year

BCD, BCD_Year, SBS

The recognized signal identification numbers for each format according to the standard 200-04 consist of:

Thus the complete signal identification number consists of one letter and three digits. For example, the signal designated as B122 is deciphered as follows: Format B, Sine wave (amplitude modulated), 1 kHz carrier, and Coded expressions BCDTOY.

The most commonly used of the standards is IRIG B, then IRIG A, then probably IRIG G. Timecode formats directly derived from IRIG H are used by NIST radio stations WWV, WWVH and WWVB.

For example, one of the most common formats, IRIG B122:
 * IRIG B122 transmits one hundred pulses per second on an amplitude modulated 1 kHz sine wave carrier, encoding information in BCD. This means that 100 bits of information are transmitted every second. The time frame for the IRIG B standard is 1 second, meaning that one data frame of time information is transmitted every second. This data frame contains information about the day of the year (1–366), hours, minutes, and seconds. Year numbers are not included, so the timecode repeats annually. Leap second announcements are not provided. Although information is transmitted only once per second, a device can synchronize its time very accurately with the transmitting device by using a phase-locked loop to synchronize to the carrier. Typical commercial devices will synchronize to within 1 microsecond using IRIG B timecodes.

Timecode structure
IRIG timecode is made up of repeating frames, each containing 60 or 100 bits. The bits are numbered from 0 through 59 or 99.

At the start of each bit time, the IRIG timecode enables a signal (sends a carrier, raises the DC signal level, or transmits Manchester 1 bits). The signal is disabled (carrier attenuated at least 3×, DC signal level lowered, or Manchester 0 bits transmitted), at one of three times during the bit interval:
 * After 0.2 of a bit time, to encode a binary 0
 * After 0.5 of a bit time, to encode a binary 1
 * After 0.8 of a bit time, to encode a marker bit

Bit 0 is the frame marker bit Pr. Every 10th bit starting with bit 9, 19, 29, ... 99 is also a marker bit, known as position identifiers P1, P2, ..., P9, P0. Thus, two marker bits in a row (P0 followed by Pr) marks the beginning of a frame. The frame encodes the time of the leading edge of the frame marker bit.

All other bits are data bits, which are transmitted as binary 0 if they have no other assigned purpose.

Generally, groups of 4 bits are used to encode BCD digits. Bits are assigned little-endian within fields.
 * Bits 1–4 encode seconds, and bits 6–8 encode tens of seconds (0–59)
 * Bits 10–13 encode minutes, and bits 15–17 encode tens of minutes (0–59)
 * Bits 20–23 encode hours, and bits 25–26 encode tens of hours (0–23)
 * Bits 30-33 encode day of year, 35-38 encode tens of days, and bits 40–41 encode hundreds of days (1–366)
 * Bits 45–48 encode tenths of seconds (0–9)
 * Bits 50–53 encode years, and bits 55–58 encode tens of years (0–99)
 * Bits 80–88 and 90–97 encode "straight binary seconds" since 00:00 on the current day (0–86399, not BCD)

In IRIG G, bits 50–53 encode hundredths of seconds, and the years are encoded in bits 60–68.

Not all formats include all fields. Obviously those formats with 60-bit frames omit the straight binary seconds fields, and digits representing divisions less than one frame time (everything below hours, in the case of IRIG D) are always transmitted as 0.

No parity or check bits are included. Error detection can be achieved by comparing consecutive frames to see if they encode consecutive timestamps.

Unassigned 9-bit fields between consecutive marker bits are available for user-defined "control functions". For example, the IEEE 1344 standard defines functions for bits 60–75.

IRIG J timecode
IRIG standard 212-00 defines a different time-code, based on RS-232-style asynchronous serial communication. The timecode consists of ASCII characters, each transmitted as 10 bits: The on-time marker is the leading edge of the first start bit.
 * 1 start bit
 * 7 data bits
 * 1 odd parity bit
 * 1 stop bit

IRIG J-1 timecode consists of 15 characters (150 bit times), sent once per second at a baud rate of 300 or greater:

<SOH>DDD:HH:MM:SS<CR><LF>

 * SOH is the ASCII "start of header" code, with binary value.
 * DDD is the ordinal date (day of year), from 1 to 366.
 * HH, MM and SS are the time of the start bit.
 * The code is terminated by a CR+LF pair.

At the end of the timecode, the serial line is idle until the start of the next code. There is no idle time between other characters.

IRIG J-2 timecode consists of 17 characters (170 bit times), sent 10 times per second at a baud rate of 2400 or greater:

<SOH>DDD:HH:MM:SS.S<CR><LF>

This is the same, except that tenths of seconds are included.

The full-timecode specification is of the form "IRIG J-xy", where x denotes the variant, and y denotes a baud rate of 75×2y.

Normally used combinations are J-12 through J-14 (300, 600, and 1200 baud), and J-25 through J-29 (2400 through 38400 baud).

title: IRIG timecode


text:
Hammonds Plains, Nova Scotia

Hammonds Plains is a suburban area of the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada, located 20 km northwest of Downtown Halifax.

History
Hammonds Plains was established as a settlement for United Empire Loyalists in 1786 along a road running from Birch Cove on Bedford Basin to St. Margaret's Bay. Landowners voted to name the road after the popular outgoing Lt. Governor Andrew Snape Hamond. Further settlers arrived with disbanded soldiers from the Napoleonic Wars and Black Refugees from the War of 1812. The settlement was also the eastern end of the Old Annapolis Road intended to create a settled corridor and transportation link between Halifax and Annapolis Royal. While the Annapolis Road never developed, settlement opened up the a modest amount of viable farmland and more significantly developed many saw mills.

During the 1950s, Hammonds Plains was a potential location for a new international airport for Halifax, where the airport would've been constructed between the present day Glen Arbour Subdivision and Lucasville. The airport was ultimately built in Goffs, just south of Enfield, Nova Scotia.

Geography
The Government of Nova Scotia defines Hammonds Plains as adjacent to Bedford-and-Lucasville to the east; Upper Sackville-and-Middle Sackville to the north; Stillwater Lake, Timberlea, and Upper Tantallon to the south; and Upper Hammonds Plains to the west. The community is situated along the isthmus of the Chebucto Peninsula with its centre located along Highway 213 (Hammonds Plains Road).

The Hammonds Plains region is rich in small lakes and is a dormitory area for Halifax. Many homes lie on large unserviced lots, except in the Kingswood subdivision where 90% of the units have municipal water service and along the Hammonds Plains Road itself where there are several small businesses involved in automobile repair, waste management, physiotherapy clinics, and other maintenance activities. The population grew rapidly in the 1990s, particularly in subdivisions at the western end of the Hammonds Plains Road. Halifax's water comes from Pockwock Lake which lies north of Hammonds Plains. The landmass of Hammonds Plains is approximately 3331 ha.

Residential subdivisions

 * Brookline
 * Cedarwood
 * Glen Arbour
 * Highland Park
 * Kingswood
 * Kingswood North
 * Maplewood
 * Perry Pond
 * Uplands Park
 * Voyageur Lakes
 * White Hills

Activities

 * Glen Arbour Golf Course, an 18-hole private championship golf course that hosts many tournaments, including the 2005 LPGA Canadian Women’s Open and the Telus World Skins Game in 2012.
 * Hatfield Farm, a venue that contains a petting zoo and horseback riding, and is a popular spot for weddings and other functions. In 2021 and 2023 it was the site of Splashifax, a large inflatable water park.
 * Atlantic Splash Adventure, a water park containing nine slides and several flat rides

An annual cycling event called Close To Home: The Tour of Hammonds Plains links the earliest settled areas with the new subdivisions.

Demographics
Hammonds Plains is a well-established community—however—the demographic information available from Statistics Canada pertains to the settled area ("retired population centre") of Hammonds Plains Road, not the community of Hammonds Plains.

The settled area ("retired population centre") of Hammonds Plains Road had a population of 1,819 people living in 595 of its 602 total private dwellings as of 2021, a decrease of NaN% from 1,859 people in 2016. Hammonds Plains Road had a population density of 572 people per km2. Including the subdivisions the population is approximately 12,000.

Transportation
Halifax Transit's route 433 serves Hammonds Plains. This route travels from Tantallon, passes through Hammonds Plains, and continues to the Lacewood Terminal in Clayton Park. At Lacewood Terminal, passengers can transfer to buses destined for other areas of Halifax.

Education
Schools that service residents of Hammonds Plains include:

Services Blue Mountain Estates, Kingswood, and Kingswood North

 * Charles P. Allen High School (Bedford)
 * Kingswood Elementary School
 * Madeline Symonds Middle School

Services Cedarwood, Glen Arbour, Highland Park, Maplewood, and White Hills

 * Charles P. Allen High School (Bedford)
 * Hammonds Plains Consolidated School
 * Madeline Symonds Middle School

Notable residents

 * Andrew Bodnarchuk
 * Bruce Guthro, musician
 * Brad Marchand, professional hockey player and captain for the Boston Bruins of the NHL

title: Hammonds Plains, Nova Scotia


text:
Talk:Politics of Tanzania

Neutrality
This article doesn't appear completely neutral. There is, throughout, the slightest hint of personal opinion in the article.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.107.53.36 (talk) 17:23, 9 June 2009 (UTC) Should the Der es Salaam in "Administrative Divisions" really link to Der es Salaam, the city? I don't know what's usually done in such cases, but it seems odd. -David

capital
Isn't Dodoma the capital of Tanzania?? I believe Dar es Salaam is the largest town, where also the government is, but it is not the capital though... Does anyone know aynthing? in comparison: In the article "Tanzania" Dodoma is the capital...?!

this page needs to be up-dated. There has been a general election in 2005. This could be of interest to some, like me :)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Tanzania" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

title: Talk:Politics of Tanzania


text:
Laelia

Laelia is a small genus of 25 species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). Laelia species are found in areas of subtropical or temperate climate in Central and South America, but mostly in Mexico. Laelia is abbreviated L. in the horticultural trade.

Description
Mostly epiphyte herbs (with a few lithophytes) with laterally compressed pseudobulbs. One to four leathery or fleshy leaves are born near the top of each pseudobulb, and can be broadly ovate to oblong. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme (rarely a panicle). The flowers have 8 pollinia; petals are of a thinner texture than the sepals; sepals and petals are of similar shape, but the sepals being narrower; the lip or labellum is free from the arched flower column.

Distribution
Species of Laelia can be found from western Mexico south to Bolivia, from sea level to mountain forests.

Taxonomy
The genus Laelia was described as part of subfamily Epidendroideae by John Lindley. Brazilian Laelias, after being classified for several years under Sophronitis, have now been placed in the genus Cattleya. Moreover, species formerly placed in the genus Schomburgkia have been moved either to the genus Laelia or Myrmecophila.

Species
Laelia comprises the following species:

Ecology
Species in this genus are found in forests from sea level to mountain habitats above 2000 m. Species from above 2000 m of elevation like L. albida, and L. autumnalis are adapted to temperate climates and can be grown outdoors in places like the Mexican Plateau, California and other subtropical areas with cool summers.

Laelia is one of the orchid genera known to use crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, which reduces evapotranspiration during daylight because carbon dioxide is collected at night.

Cultivation
Laelias can be grown fastened to tree trunks, as long as the tree won't cast a deep shadow; they can also be fastened to a piece of branch or a slab of cork so they can be hung in a place facing south. The growing medium must have good drainage, rapidly drying after watering; pieces of pine bark, charcoal or pebbles are good choices. If grown mounted they definitely need approximately 50–70% humidity, while cooler temperatures increase the blooming process. Watering can be done 2–3 times a week, but with lower frequency in winter. Fertilization can be done with a very dilute solution, twice a month especially during growing season (May to November in Northern Hemisphere).

Nothogenera
Hybrids of Laelia with other orchid genera are placed in the following nothogenera (this list is incomplete): Rhyncholaelia is a distinct genus rather than a nothogenus.
 * × Laeliocattleya (Lc.) = Cattleya × Laelia
 * × Laeliocatonia (Lctna.) = Broughtonia × Cattleya × Laelia
 * × Laeliocatarthron (Lcr.) = Cattleya × Caularthron × Laelia
 * × Sophrolaelia (Sl.) = Laelia × Sophronitis

title: Laelia