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Panzerhaubitze 2000

The Panzerhaubitze 2000, meaning "armoured howitzer 2000" and abbreviated PzH 2000, is a German 155 mm self-propelled howitzer developed by Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW) and Rheinmetall in the 1980s and 1990s for the German Army. The PzH 2000 has automatic support for up to five rounds of multiple round simultaneous impact. Replenishment of shells is automated. Two operators can load 60 shells and propelling charges in less than 12 minutes. The PzH 2000 equips the armies of Germany, Italy, Ukraine, Netherlands, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Qatar, and Croatia, mostly replacing older systems such as the M109 howitzer. In November 2019, a PzH 2000 L52 gun fired a shell a distance of almost 67 km., a prototype L52 gun with a new charge is being tested for a range of at least 75 km.

Development
In 1986, Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany agreed to terminate their existing development of the PzH 155-1 (SP70) programme, which had run into reliability problems and had design defects, notably being mounted on a modified tank chassis. German industry was asked for proposals to build a new design with a gun conforming to the JBMOU. Of the proposed designs, Wegmann's was selected.

Design

Rheinmetall designed the 155 mm 52-calibre JBMOU compliant rifled gun (60-rifles, right-hand spiral), which is chromium-lined over its entire 8 m length and includes a muzzle brake on the end. The gun uses a new modular charge system with six charges (five identical), which can be combined to provide the optimal total charge for the range to the target, as well as the conventional bagged charge systems. Primer is loaded separately via a conveyor belt, and the entire loading, laying and clearing are completely automated.

The maximum range of the gun with standard issue DM92 propellant charges is 30 km with the standard DM121 boattail round, 40 km with base bleed rounds, and 54 km with M2005 V-LAP rocket-assisted projectile. With Rheinmetall's ERC (Extender Range Charge, previously known as the Top Charge) high pressure unitary charge, the range is 36 km with DM121 BT round, 47 km with M0121 BB round and 67 km with the M2005 V-LAP RAP. The gun can also fire the SMArt 155 artillery round used by Germany and Greece.

Wegmann supplied both the chassis, sharing some components with the Leopard 2, and the turret for the gun. The system has superb cross-country performance because of its use of continuous tracks and considerable protection in the case of counter-fire. The turret includes a phased array radar on the front glacis for measuring the muzzle velocity of each round fired. Laying data can be automatically provided via encrypted radio from the battery fire direction centre.

A lighter, more air-portable version developed by KMW and called the Artillery Gun Module uses the gun in a module fitted to a lighter chassis.

In December 2013, Raytheon and the German Army completed compatibility testing for the M982 Excalibur extended range guided artillery shell with the PzH 2000. Ten Excaliburs were fired at ranges from 9 to 48 km. Shells hit within 3 m of their targets, with an average miss distance of 1 m at 48 km. The Excalibur was accepted by the German Army in 2014.

A PzH 2000 L52 gun fired a shell 67 km at the Alkantpan test range in South Africa on 6 November 2019.

In 2021, Germany and the Netherlands agreed to jointly define & execute a Mid-Life Update to the operational Pzh2000 in their inventories and ensure standardisation and availability.

Combat record and alterations
The PzH 2000 was used for the first time in combat by the Fire Support Command of the Royal Netherlands Army in August 2006 against Taliban targets in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, in support of Operation Medusa. It was then used regularly in support of coalition troops in Uruzgan province. The PzH 2000 was also used extensively during the Battle of Chora. It was known as "the long arm of ISAF" and proved to be accurate and effective. However, the gun was criticised by the Dutch in Uruzgan province as the NBC system, designed for use in Europe, could not cope with the high level of dust in Afghanistan.

The guns have been modified with additional armor being fitted to the roof to protect against mortar rounds. There have been reports of other problems, including the need to keep it in the shade unless actually firing, the damage done when traveling on poorly built roads, and a significant 'cold gun' effect necessitating the use of 'warmers'.

Starting in June 2010 as a result of the Good Friday Battle, German ISAF troops at PRT Kunduz had three PzH 2000s at their disposal. They were first used on 10 July 2010 to provide support for the recovery of a damaged vehicle. This was the first time in its history that the Bundeswehr has used heavy artillery in combat. The PzH 2000 also played a key role during Operation Halmazag in November 2010, when the villages of Isa Khel and Quatliam were retaken from the Taliban by German paratroopers.

War in Ukraine
On 21 June 2022, twelve PzH 2000s were deployed to Ukraine; seven came from Germany and five from the Netherlands. After a couple of weeks of intensive use, the guns required repairs, and error messages were being displayed as they are designed and built to fire no more than 100 shots a day. Germany considers 100 shots per day "a high-intensity mission". Ukraine has consistently exceeded this number, placing stress on the loading mechanism. Ukraine also fired "special ammunition at too great a distance." The Bundeswehr sent spare parts and a repair facility in Lithuania was chosen to repair the weapons. This came as Ukraine and KMW entered into a 1.7 billion euro deal to purchase 100 PzH 2000s.

Russian state news agency TASS reported that a PzH 2000 was destroyed by Russian forces in Kherson Oblast on 30 October 2022. The open-source intelligence site Oryx reported one visually confirmed damaged PzH 2000.

Due to the intensity of artillery fire on the battlefield, Lithuania undertook to repair twelve of the howitzers, finishing repair work on six by December 2022. By this time, the number of PzH 2000s sent to Ukraine rose to twenty-two; fourteen from Germany and eight from the Netherlands. As of February 2023, fifteen of the howitzers were waiting to be repaired in Slovakia, but were being held up at the border for several weeks due to legal issues.

The barrels of the PzH 2000 had according to the Rheinmetall CEO Armin Papperger an expected lifetime of around 4,500 shots. But to the surprise of the manufacturer the barrels of the PzH 2000 have achieved in Ukraine a shot count of up to 20,000.

Production status
As of June 2024, 41 remain to be manufactured, it includes 1 for Hungary, 22 for Germany and 18 for Ukraine.

Summary
{{legend|#F2CECE|Planned transfer to Ukraine}}

{{legend|#ADE2B8|Order not completed yet}}

Current operators

 * 🇭🇷 (16)
 * 16 ordered (second-hand from Germany); 12 to be modernized and overhauled, 3 for spare parts, 1 for training. Total value of the contract was 55 million euros. The first PzH 2000 was delivered on 29 July 2015. Agreement for the procurement was signed in 2014, deliveries were to take place between 2015 and 2016, howitzers to be introduced in service by 2019.

 * 🇩🇪 (134 in service, 12 on order)
 * Orders:
 * Initial purchase of 185 between 1998 and 2002
 * 10 in March 2023
 * 12 in May 2023
 * Option remaining for 6 additional PzH 2000
 * 18 ordered to be donated to Ukraine
 * Second hand sales:
 * 16 sold to Croatia in 2014
 * 21 sold to Lithuania in September 2015 (18 modernised)
 * Donations to Ukraine:
 * 14 (7+3+4) were sent to Ukraine by October 2022.
 * 18 additional to be donated to Ukraine
 * Minor improvements and more powerful processor with the A2 version after 2002.

 * (25)
 * 25 ordered in 2001 and delivered between 2003 and 2004.

 * 🇭🇺 (24)
 * 24 were ordered in December 2018. As of 2024, 23 were delivered.

 * 🇮🇹 (64)
 * 70 ordered in 2002 and delivered between 2004 and 2008. 6 donated to Ukraine.

 * 🇱🇹 (21)
 * 21 delivered between 2015 and 2022. 17 active, 3 for spare parts, and 1 for training.

 * (49)
 * 57 ordered in 2002. Prior to the war in Ukraine, 33 were in storage, 18 in active service, and 6 used for training. Now, 46 to be modernised by 2024.  In 2022,  5+3 were sent to Ukraine.

 * 🇶🇦 (24)
 * 24 ordered in 2013, first three delivered in 2015

 * 🇺🇦 (28)
 * 28 delivered. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was announced on 20 April 2022 that five Dutch PzH 2000s would be transferred to Ukraine, with ammunition and training to be provided by Germany. On 6 May, it was announced that Ukraine would receive seven units from German army stocks which were undergoing maintenance. On 7 May, Chancellor Olaf Scholz agreed to supply the ammunition required, straight from industry to Ukrainian forces, without having to go through the German government for approval in the future. Training of Ukrainian artillery crews started on 11 May 2022 at the Bundeswehr's artillery school in Idar-Oberstein. On 21 June, Ukrainian Minister of Defence Oleksii Reznikov announced that the first PzH 2000s had entered Ukrainian service. Der Spiegel reported on 27 July that Germany had agreed to sell 100 more PzH 2000s to Ukraine. By this time, many PzH 2000 ammo loading mechanisms had broken down due to considerable strain: while the PzH 2000 is designed to fire 100 shells per day, the Ukrainians likely fired the gun much more often. In addition to shipping necessary spare parts to Ukraine, the German government was negotiating the creation of a repair center for its equipment in Poland. In October 2022, the howitzers were sent to Lithuania because Poland denied the German request for exclusive access to the Huta Stalowa Wola facilities, as it would halt all production in the factory (HSW manufactures and services Krab SPGs for Poland and Ukraine, among other weapon systems). Eventually, a planned repair center in Slovakia will shorten the route to and from the war zone in Ukraine. In late 2023, it emerged that Ukraine did not sign the purchase agreement for the delivery of 100 PzH 2000.
 * In February 2024, Germany announced supporting Ukraine with 18 additional PzH 2000 and 18 more RCH-155.

Potential sales

 * 🇩🇪 (54)
 * 54 additional systems are in discussion as of June 2024, to be supplied to Germany and to Ukraine.

Failed bids

 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * The PzH 2000 was a contender for Phase 1C of Australia's Land 17 Artillery Replacement Programme, until that phase of the project was cancelled in May 2012.

 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * Finland tested a PzH 2000 alongside the 155mm SpGH ZUZANA and AS-90 "Braveheart". Tests ended in 1998; more of the cheaper 155 K 98 field guns were bought instead of self-propelled systems.

 * 🇩🇪 Germany - Navy
 * The German Navy evaluated a modified system known as MONARC for installation onboard frigates; while the system performed well, components were difficult to protect against corrosion. Sweden evaluated a slightly modified version, but selected the Archer Artillery System instead.

 * 🇷🇴 Romania (54)
 * The PzH 2000 participated in the Romanian tracked self-propelled artillery system competition against the Korean K9 Thunder and the Turkish T-155 Fırtına II which included 54 howitzers in total. The Korean offer was the only one to progress in the contract bid, and negotiations between South Korea and Romania were finished in April 2024, although the contract was not signed yet.

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * The PzH 2000 was considered for the US Army's Crusader concept system, but several requirements of the Crusader made it unsuitable. The Crusader specifications placed the crew and gun in separate compartments, allowing a single highly armoured crew compartment to control the firing of an entire battery of guns through intervehicle links. In addition, the Crusader included an automated ammunition tender, and an active cooled barrel.

title: Panzerhaubitze 2000


text:
Daz

Daz or DAZ may refer to:

Business and organizations

 * D.Az., an abbreviation used for the United States District Court for the District of Arizona
 * Daz (detergent), a laundry detergent sold in the United Kingdom
 * Daz 3D (formerly DAZ Productions), a 3D rendering and animation software company
 * Daz Studio, a 3D rendering and animation software made by the above company

Media

 * D.A.Z. (album)
 * Daz Eden, fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Emmerdale

Places

 * Daz, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran

People

 * Daz Cameron (born 1997), American baseball player
 * Daz Dillinger (born 1973), American record producer and rapper
 * Daz Sampson (born 1974), British dance music producer and vocalist
 * Daz Saund, British DJ
 * Rikki & Daz, a British pop music duo, formed in 2002 by John Matthews and Daz Sampson
 * Steve Addazio (born 1959) American college football coach, nicknamed "Daz"

Science

 * DAZ protein family
 * DAZ associated protein 1, a protein in humans encoded by the DAZAP1 gene
 * DAZ2, a protein that in humans encoded by the DAZ2 gene
 * DAZ3, a protein that in humans encoded by the DAZ3 gene

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Daz


text:
Cec Linder

Cecil Yekuthial Linder (March 10, 1921 – April 10, 1992) was a Polish-born Canadian film and television actor. He was Jewish and managed to escape Poland before the Holocaust. In the 1950s and 1960s, he worked extensively in the United Kingdom, often playing Canadian and American characters in various films and television programmes.

In television, he is best remembered for playing Dr. Matthew Roney in the BBC serial Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59). In film, he is best remembered for his role as James Bond's friend, CIA agent Felix Leiter, in Goldfinger (1964). Another well-known film in which he appeared was Lolita (1962), as Doctor Keegee.

Career
He was raised in Timmins, Ontario where his father was a rabbi to the Jewish community. During his early years of his professional career, Linder worked as an announcer at CKGB in Timmins.

Linder enjoyed an extensive and successful television career on both sides of the Atlantic. In the UK, probably his most prominent role was as the palaeontologist Roney in the original BBC version of Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59).

In the United States, he was a regular in the CBS soap operas The Secret Storm and The Edge of Night and in the 1980s appeared in several of the Perry Mason revival TV films as District Attorney Jack Welles.

Linder was also a regular on the popular 1980s Canadian crime series Seeing Things, playing Crown Attorney Spenser.

During his career, he also had guest roles in episodes of a variety of other popular British, American and Canadian television programmes, including: The Forest Rangers, Doomwatch, The Littlest Hobo, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Ironside, The Saint, Danger Bay, The New Avengers, The Secret Storm (as Peter Ames), and The Edge of Night as Senator Ben Travis #2.

Linder appeared as Inspector Cramer in the CBC 1982 radio dramatizations of Nero Wolfe short stories.

Linder's last work was as Syd Grady in two episodes of the television series Sweating Bullets (1991).

He died the following year at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto of complications from emphysema.

He accumulated over 225 credits in film and television productions in a long performing career.

Selected filmography

 * Flaming Frontier (1958) as Capt. Dan Carver
 * Subway in the Sky (1959) as Carson
 * Jet Storm (1959) as Colonel Coe
 * SOS Pacific (1959) as Willy
 * Too Young to Love (1959) as Mr. Bill
 * Crack in the Mirror (1960) as Murzeau
 * Lolita (1962) as Dr. Keegee
 * Goldfinger (1964) as Felix Leiter
 * The Verdict (Edgar Wallace Mysteries) (1964) as Joe Armstrong
 * Tecnica di un omicidio (1966) as Gastel
 * Quentin Durgens, M.P. (1966) as Sherwin
 * Do Not Fold, Staple, Spindle or Mutilate (1967)
 * Explosion (1969) as Mr. Evans
 * Innocent Bystanders (1972) as Mankowitz
 * The Sloane Affair (1973) as Roy Maxwell
 * Super Bitch (1973) as American Ambassador
 * A Touch of Class (1973) as Wendell Thompson
 * To Kill the King (1974) as Stephen Van Birchard
 * Old God Knows (1974) as Mr. Klein
 * Why Rock the Boat? (1974) as Carmichael
 * Sunday in the Country (1974) as Ackerman
 * Second Wind (1976) as Graham
 * Point of No Return (1976) as Professor Johns
 * The Clown Murders (1976) as The Developer
 * Age of Innocence (1977) as Dr. Hogarth
 * Deadly Harvest (1977) as Henry the Chairman
 * Three Dangerous Ladies (1977) as Dr. Carstairs (segment: "The Mannikin")
 * The Case of Barbara Pasons (1978) as Loren Bowley
 * Drága kisfiam (1978) as Mr. George
 * Tomorrow Never Comes (1978) as Milton
 * High-Ballin' (1978) as Policeman
 * I Miss You, Hugs and Kisses (1978) as Chief Parker
 * Something's Rotten (1979) as Alexis Alexander
 * City on Fire (1979) as Councilman Paley
 * Lost and Found (1979) as Mr. Sanders
 * An American Christmas Carol (1979) as Auctioneer
 * Virus (1980) as Dr. Latour
 * Atlantic City (1980) as President of Hospital
 * Deadly Eyes (1982) as Dr. Louis Spenser
 * Heavenly Bodies (1985) as Walter Matheson
 * Honeymoon (1985) as Barnes

title: Cec Linder


text:
Schultüte

A Schultüte ("school cone"), also known as a Zuckertüte ("sugar cone") in some parts of Germany, is a large cone-shaped, cornucopia-styled container made of paper, cardboard, or plastic.

When children in Germany and in parts of the Czech Republic close to the German border, in parts of Poland (Greater Poland, Upper Silesia, Warmia), in Austria, in the German-speaking parts of Switzerland and Belgium set off for their first day of school upon entering first grade, their parents and/or grandparents present them with this large cone, attractively decorated and filled with toys, chocolate, candies/sweets, school supplies, and various other special treats. The cone is given to children to make this anxiously awaited first day of school a little sweeter.

History
The name translates as cone, even though the German word "Tüte" is translated into English in most other contexts as "bag"—see also Skolekræmmerhus or Skolepose).

The tradition of the Schultüte has its origins in approximately the year 1810 in Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia in Germany. The first documented report of cone-shaped Schultüten comes from the city of Jena in 1817, closely followed by reports from Dresden (1820) and Leipzig (1836). It started in the larger cities but spread quickly to small towns and villages, soon becoming an institution all over Germany.

In the early days of the concept of the Schultüte, before it spread to other parts of Germany, the usual routine was not to hand over the cone to the children personally. Marked with the students' names, the cones were taken to the school by grandparents or godparents and in a ritual reminiscent of the Mexican piñata, they were hung on a metal Schultüten-Baum (school-cone tree) from which each child had to pick his or her cone, without breaking it. The story told to the children claimed that there was a Schultüten-Baum growing at the school, and if that tree's fruits (i.e. the Schultüten) were ripe and large enough to pick, it was then time to go to school for the first time.

The only custom that changed in the latter half of the 20th century is that fewer sweets seem to appear in the Schultüte, with more practical gifts such as crayons and pencils, small toys, CDs, books and even articles of clothing replacing the traditional chocolates and candies/sweets. These are traditionally given by grandparents who also take the child out to dinner the evening before school begins.

If they are not made by the parents, the school cones can be bought from shops ready-made or they are made by the children themselves in the kindergarten.

Christiane Cantauw, a German folklore expert at the Volkskundliche Kommission für Westfalen (Folkloristic Commission of Westphalia, based in the city of Münster), has researched the Schultüte tradition. In a 2016 interview with the broadcaster Deutsche Welle she explained how important the symbolism of the Schultüte tradition is for school beginners and their families, regardless of their financial means:

Shapes
After the division of Germany, hexagonal school cones with a length of 85 cm were established in East Germany, while the traditional round cones (usually 70 cm long) were preferred in the West.

Commercial production
The largest manufacturer of school cones in Germany is Nestler Feinkartonagen GmbH in Ehrenfriedersdorf. It produces more than two million school cones per year.

title: Schultüte


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Medinge

Medinge is a rural area about two and a half hours' drive west of Stockholm, Sweden, in Arboga Municipality.

title: Medinge


text:
Category:French Resistance

Articles and subcategories relating to the French Resistance during World War II.

title: Category:French Resistance


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Karen Walker (designer)

Karen Elizabeth Walker (born December 1969) is a noted New Zealand fashion designer.

Private life
Walker was born in December 1969. She grew up in the Auckland suburb of Remuera and attended Epsom Girls' Grammar School. Aged 21, she married Mikhail Gherman.

Career
Walker began her fashion label in 1987, and opened her first store in Newmarket, Auckland, in 1995. She began selling to Barneys New York in 1998, the same year she showed her first runway collection. In late 2011, she signed a partnership with United States-based retail chain Anthropologie.

She has designed clothes worn by Björk, Sienna Miller, Natalie Portman, M.I.A., Alexa Chung, Beth Ditto, Michael Haneke, Liv Tyler, Rihanna, Claire Danes, Zooey Deschanel and Jennifer Lopez. She designed clothes worn by Kate Winslet in the Michel Gondry film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.

In the 2004 New Year Honours, Walker was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the fashion industry. She was promoted to Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to fashion design, in the 2014 New Year Honours. In 2009 Walker received a World Class New Zealand Award in the Creative category.

Walker is also an expert on colour for interiors and has partnered with Resene to produce her own line of paint colours.

title: Karen Walker (designer)


text:
User:Anne Waaler

Welcome to my page

title: User:Anne Waaler


text:
Jatropha

Jatropha is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from the Greek words ἰατρός (iatros), meaning "physician", and τροφή (trophe), meaning "nutrition", hence the common name physic nut. Another common name is nettlespurge. It contains approximately 170 species of succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas). Most of these are native to the Americas, with 66 species found in the Old World. Plants produce separate male and female flowers. As with many members of the family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic. Jatropha species have traditionally been used in basketmaking, tanning and dye production. In the 2000s, one species, Jatropha curcas, generated interest as an oil crop for biodiesel production and also medicinal importance when used as lamp oil; native Mexicans in the Veracruz area developed by selective breeding a Jatropha curcas variant lacking the toxic compounds, yielding a better income when used as source for biodiesel, because of its edible byproduct. Toxicity may return if edible Jatropha is pollinated by toxic types.

Uses
The stems of haat (Jatropha cuneata) are used for basketmaking by the Seri people in Sonora, Mexico. The stems are roasted, split and soaked through an elaborate process. The reddish dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species, Krameria grayi. Spicy jatropha (J. integerrima) is cultivated as an ornamental in the tropics for its continuously blooming crimson flowers. Buddha belly plant (J. podagrica) was used to tan leather and produce a red dye in Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is also used as a house plant.

The oil from Jatropha curcas is mainly converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines. The cake resulting from oil extraction, a protein-rich product, can be used for fish or animal feed (if detoxified). It is also a biomass feedstock to power electricity plants or to produce biogas, and a high-quality organic fertilizer.

In 2007, Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production. It is resistant to drought and pests, and produces seeds containing 27-40% oil, averaging 34.4%. The remaining press cake of jatropha seeds after oil extraction could also be considered for energy production. However, despite their abundance and use as oil and reclamation plants, none of the Jatropha species have been properly domesticated and, as a result, their productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of their large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown. 2009 research found that Jatropha biodiesel production requires significantly more water than other common biofuel crops, and that initial yield estimates were high. Earlier, higher estimates from Worldwatch Institute had suggested that 1 acre of cultivation could yield 202 gallons (4.8 barrels) of biodiesel.

Jatropha curcas is also being studied for use as a carbon sequestration plant in arid regions.

Toxicity
Much like other members of the family Euphorbiaceae, members of the genus Jatropha contain several toxic compounds. The seeds of Jatropha curcas contain toxic lectin dimers and carcinogenic phorbol esters. Despite this, the seeds are occasionally eaten after roasting, which reduces some of the toxicity. Its sap is a skin irritant, and ingesting as few as three untreated seeds can be fatal to humans. In 2005, Western Australia banned Jatropha gossypiifolia as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals. It continues to be used as a medicine in certain geographic regions; however one study found the dried leaf to have no anti-fungal activity.

Selected species

 * Jatropha acanthophylla Loefgr.
 * Jatropha bullockii E.J.Lott
 * Jatropha cardiophylla (Torr.) Müll.Arg. – Sangre de Cristo
 * Jatropha cathartica Terán & Berland. – Berlandier's nettlespurge
 * Jatropha chamelensis Pérez-Jiménez
 * Jatropha costaricensis G.L.Webster & Poveda
 * Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll.Arg. – Arizona nettlespurge
 * Jatropha cuneata Wiggins & Rollins – Limberbush, haat (pronounced )
 * Jatropha curcas L. – Physic nut, piñoncillo, habb-el-melúk
 * Jatropha dhofarica Radcl.-Sm.
 * Jatropha dioica Sessé – Leatherstem
 * Jatropha elliptica (Pohl) Oken
 * Jatropha excisa Griseb.
 * Jatropha gossypiifolia L. – Bellyache bush
 * Jatropha hernandiifolia Vent. – Wild oilnut
 * Jatropha integerrima Jacq. syn. J. pandurifolia – Spicy jatropha, called in Chinese "ri ri ying", which means "every-day-flowered cherry blossom"
 * Jatropha macrantha Mull. Arg – Huanarpo macho or Peruvian Viagra
 * Jatropha macrorhiza Benth. – Ragged nettlespurge
 * Jatropha multifida L. – Coralbush
 * Jatropha nudicaulis Benth.
 * Jatropha rivae pax
 * Jatropha podagrica Hook. – Buddha belly plant, bottleplant shrub
 * Jatropha unicostata Balf.f.

Formerly placed here

 * Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (as J. moluccana L. )
 * Baliospermum solanifolium (Willd.) Müll.Arg. (as J. montana Willd. )
 * Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M.Johnst. (as J. aconitifolia Mill. )
 * Cnidoscolus angustidens Torr. (as J. angustidens (Torr.) Müll.Arg. )
 * Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl (as J. phyllacantha Müll.Arg. )
 * Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Michx.) Engelm. & A.Gray (as J. stimulosa Michx. )
 * Cnidoscolus texanus (Müll. Arg.) Small (as J. texana Müll.Arg. )
 * Cnidoscolus tubulosus (Müll. Arg.) I.M.Johnst. (as J. tepiquensis Costantin & Gallaud and J. tubulosa Müll.Arg. )
 * Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur (as J. urens L. )
 * Hyaenanche globosa (Gaertn.) Lamb. (as J. globosa Gaertn. )
 * Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta (as J. dulcis J.F.Gmel. and J. manihot L. )
 * Manihot carthagenensis subsp. carthagenensis (as J. carthagenensis Jacq. )
 * Manihot tripartita subsp. tripartita (as J. tripartita Spreng. )

Synonyms

 * Adenorhopium Rchb.
 * Adenoropium Pohl
 * Castiglionia Ruiz & Pav.
 * Collenucia Chiov.
 * Curcas Adans.
 * Jatropa Scop., orth. var.
 * Loureira Cav.
 * Mesandrinia Raf.
 * Mozinna Ortega
 * Zimapania Engl. & Pax

title: Jatropha


text:
Talk:The Red Wheelbarrow

Background to this poem...
...I recall reading somewhere years ago that the real inspiration and background to this piece is that Dr. Williams was attending to a patient at the house where he observed the red wheelbarrow, white chickens, etc. The patient was a gravely ill young child, and having this knowledge gives the poem more depth than its surface meaning alone provides--although the poem is enjoyable with or without the knowledge of what prompted it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jnpoet (talk • contribs).

I remember my teacher talking about the colors of the poem, red for the wheelbarrow, white for the chickens and blue for the water (although water has no color, we associate it with blue), these are the colors of the american flag. Also there is a very inspiring essay right after this poem that throws out meaning side by side to this poem. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.203.67.113 (talk • contribs).

Is that reference to a horse's BRC supposed to be there or is that someone's idea of a joke? (If serious, it needs an apostrophe.) Myself, I always thought this poem was in the form of a medieval-style kenning riddle, the answer being "tongue in mouth surrounded by teeth". Asat 08:58, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

"The Red Wheelbarrow" skit on youtube by Bennetteam is the greatest thing ever and accurately portrays the background behind the poem. Visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hq7KHq-PZPI

Reading the poem, I could not help but ask what depends upon the red wheelbarrow and why the word wheelbarrow is a single word in the title and broken up in the poem. The best answers to these questions are: First, the poem is the only thing that truly relies upon the red wheelbarrow. Other things could go on without this wheelbarrow but the poem would not exist. This supports Willams belief in the matirial supporting the arts, in other words, there would be no art without objects. To answer the second question, the word wheelbarrow is broken up showing the final result of the four stanzas each looking like the profile of a wheelbarrow. 70.126.223.120 21:31, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I hadn't even noticed that! Wow.  Now THAT'S art.  -BlueNight 14:33, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

A few points: "You can also see the wheelbarrow as a reference to the circle of life/death and the forces of creation or transformation (so much depends/upon), though it should be duly noted that one can also see the poem itself as a cheap fraud." What is meant by this last part? A fraud of what? This is perplexing without more detail.

"The poet may be claiming that, thanks to the creative power of living organisms, the existence of things as different as a poem (beside the white) or a chicken are made possible." This feels like a stretch. If nothing else the significance of 'glazed with rain/water' in this interpretation should be clarified. Talnova (talk) 19:50, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Just listened to a radio programme about Carlos Williams. I think the whole idea that Williams wanted to make deliberately obscure poems that you could only understand if you are part of a literary elite is totally off beam. From this programme, it seems Williams wanted to make a distinctively American and democratic poetry that DIDN'T depend on you knowing Greek stories or being part of an elite, like Aaron Copland wanted to make distinctively American music - the whole thing he was reacting against was the TS Eliot stuff where you need baffling footnotes to understand the allusions from the wasteland. This programme included contributions from a poet who was an undertaker, and he perpetuated the idea that it was to do with a sick child by relating his own experience of dealing with the funeral of two young brothers who had drowned in a frozen river, saying he stared out of the window and could have done with a red wheelbarrow to stare at in that moment. But I would have thought that the meaning of the red wheelbarrow is more likely to be... a red wheelbarrow. Just something that he noticed and wanted to make a poem out of the moment of noticing that. I mean the details that are referenced in this article, of the local man who he knew and liked, and the red wheelbarrow being something from his yard are interesting. But if you are going to make a democratic poetry of moments and things, I guess there is the essential mysteriousness of just ordinary things. But I think we'll be going down the wrong track to try to build elaborate theories on this simple poem, when the meaning is more likely to be the simplicity and the awareness of things in the moment. --PaulHammond (talk) 09:32, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

Stress
Simply reading the poem, I don't agree with the stress analysis presented on this page. I realize it comes from a published paper, but is there some alternative analysis out there? At least with the first line, I just can't imagine that it was meant to be read that way. 72.129.0.10 (talk) 09:36, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I was the one who put the stress analysis from the paper in the article. I'll see if I can find an alternative opinion, but since the current analysis is from a reliable source, I'm going to leave it in the article for now.--Danaman5 (talk) 07:17, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Yes, I agree, this stress analysis is deeply problematic. The claims that it make concerning the "S" or strong stresses seem entirely arbitrary. Someone over the years must have given another good stress analysis that can be presented as an alternative! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kirbycairo (talk • contribs) 04:10, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

I would like to come back to the Stress debate. I have a serious problem with this sentence: "The work seems to attempt to reach a specific combination of stresses, but purposely misses each time." On what authority is this based? Did Williams himself state this at some point? How else could you possibly deduct that the author (not: the work) attempts something but fails on purpose? I would strongly suggest deleting this. And yes, I have read the paper this comes from. I would not call it a reliable or high-quality source... 2A02:8108:140:38:74DB:1607:CA0D:50FC (talk) 18:40, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Original Research Tag
Removed the original research tag. Logic follows:
 * In general the article appears well referenced
 * The one section which appears to be potentially original requests a citation
 * WP:Cite does not suggest multiple tags for a single annotated sin.

Please document your concerns here if you believe the original research tag should be restored.

Skål - Williamborg (Bill) 02:07, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I remember trying to find a citation for that one paragraph when I was adding to this article originally. I agree with your removal of the citation needed tag, and I'll see what other improvements I can make.--Danaman5 (talk) 07:17, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Got a reference for the spot that needed it.--Danaman5 (talk) 07:35, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Was there really a sick child?
What does "confront the text" mean, anyway? There was an article online -- I can't find it now -- in which the author claimed that the "sick child" backstory was made up by Williams devotees and that Williams himself had just been experimenting with images, or even having us on with the "so much depends" business. Thousands of English students wrack their brains over this poem, all to no avail if you don't know the backstory: was it supposed to be known only to the literary elite, or was he engaging in an early form of conceptualism? If we accept the idea that writing cannot be considered good literature if it is easy to understand, well there go Homer and Mark Twain, among many others. --Bluejay Young (talk) 22:48, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Use of the poem text viz. fair use, copyright, and WP:NFC (DO NOT ARCHIVE)
Since the the poem was first published in 1923 and the poet died in 1963, in case anyone has any questions about the copyright status, I have added the analysis and rationale below. I am unsure if the poem is in the public domain, so providing a rationale for fair use for the poem's text within the article is necessary, and I assert herewith why I believe that its use is permissible under the fair use doctrine and the policies and criteria discussed at Non-free content.--ColonelHenry (talk) 16:33, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Per the criteria at WP:NFCCP
 * (1) I do not believe there is a free equivalent available;
 * (2) I doubt that it will undermine Williams' commercial opportunities as (a) this poem is ubiquitously published and cited in a myriad of works about Williams and his work, it appears on public monuments (including in the NJTransit section of New York City's Penn Station).
 * (3) The poem's brief text will be used once only in the article on the poem itself. It cannot be broken into a portion since the work is so brief.
 * (4) The poem has been published in a ton of places--more than anyone could count--in print, online, carved into stone.
 * (5) I believe its use meets general Wikipedia content standards and is encyclopedic, and will facilitate an appropriate analysis and understanding of the poem through its article.
 * (6) I think this poem's inclusion meets WP:NFCCEG on the acceptable use of text, and conforms with WP:LYRICS.
 * (7) The poem's text will only be used in the article about the poem, to wit: The Red Wheelbarrow.
 * (8) It is hard to aid a reader to understand this exceptionally brief poem without them having the poem in front of them.
 * (9) See #7 which applies herewith.
 * (10) Does not apply since this is not an image, however full attribution is given within the article for the poem text included.

Agreed. This article makes no sense without quoting the actual poem, which is freely done across the web.

so much depends upon

a red wheel barrow

glazed with rain water

beside the white chickens.

What part of that could we omit while providing critical commentary about the poem itself? As it stands the article is mostly useless because it does not convey any significant understanding to the reader. - Wikidemon (talk) 09:35, 8 November 2014 (UTC)

Poem Text Correction
There are two small inaccuracies in the text of the poem presented here, which vary from the version published in Spring and All (1923). The words are correct, but there shouldn't be a capital letter in 'So', nor a full-stop/period at the end of the poem. The poem is printed with no capitals or punctuation in other Collected Poems published in Williams' lifetime and most places since, including the 2011 Spring and All facsimile edition.

The article itself also incorrectly states that the poem was 'originally published' in Spring and All with the title XXII in 1923. It actually first appeared in April 1923, earlier that year, in the pamphlet Go Go (Manikin: Number Two), published by Monroe Wheeler in New York, before the longer book was published in Paris. Curiously, the poem does have the capitalisation and full-stop there, along with the title 'The Red Wheelbarrow'. I'm not sure whether this is essential information for a general entry, however, since Spring and All is still its best-known context.

title: Talk:The Red Wheelbarrow


text:
User:Lottagaa

Hi and welcome to my page! Have a nice day Regards Lotta

It's very strange that I can edit your homepage. Fortunately I'm your friend! Regards

title: User:Lottagaa


text:
Orchha

Orchha is a town, near the city of Niwari in the Niwari district of Madhya Pradesh state, India. The town was established by a Bundela rajput ruler Rudra Pratap Singh some time after 1501, as the seat of an eponymous former princely state of covering parts of central & north India, in the Bundelkhand region. Orchha lies on the Betwa River, 80 km from Tikamgarh & 15 km from Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh.

History
Orchha was founded in 1531 (the 16th century AD) by the Bundela chief, Rudra Pratap Singh, who became the first King of Orchha, (r. 1501–1531) and also built the Fort of Orchha. The Chaturbhuj Temple was built by the queen of Orchha, Ganesh Kunwar (गणेश कुँवर), while Raj Mandir was built by 'Raja Madhukar Shah' during his reign, 1554 to 1591. Orchha was captured by imperial forces of the Mughal Army led by Prince Aurangzeb in October 1635.

Story about king Rama (Ram Raja) temple
Lord Rama is regarded as the King of Orchha. Orchha is the only place in India other than Ayodhya, where lord Rama is also the King of the town. The story behind this goes like this: In 16th century, king Madhukar shah of Orchha was a devotee of Lord Krishna whereas his wife queen Kunwar Ganesh was a devotee of Lord Rama. There were always disputes due to this difference. Once king challenged the queen that if Rama really exists then bring him to Orchha. Queen went to ayodhya and prayed for 21 days with rigorous penance to lord Rama. At last Rama appeared before her in his child form and agreed to go with her with three conditions: first that he will be the only king of Orchha, there will be no other king. Second that wherever he is placed once he will remain there only and third that he will go at a particular time and with some monks. Queen accepted the conditions and thus Rama (statue representing Rama himself) was brought to Orchha. Since then Rama is the only king in Orchha. Even in the present times Rama is regarded as the only king and the guard of honour is given to him by the police every day at the Ram Raja Temple. No other VIP or minister or official behaves like a ruler when they visit Orchha. This aspect makes Orchha a unique place for devotees of lord Rama.

Places of tourist interest
On a seasonal island on the bank of the Betwa River, which has been surrounded by a battlement wall, stands a huge palace-fort. The fort consists of several connected buildings erected at different times, the most noteworthy of which is the Raja Mahal.

The Ram Raja Temple is built on a square base and has an almost entirely plain exterior, relieved by projecting windows and a line of delicate domes along the summit. The Jahangir Mahal is built on a rectangular base and is relieved by a circular tower at each corner surmounted by a dome, while two lines of graceful balconies supported on brackets mark the central storeys. The roof is crowned by eight large fluted domes, with smaller domes between them, connected by an ornamental balustrade. The Jahangir Mahal is considered to be a singularly beautiful specimen of Mughal architecture. A point worth mentioning here is that the mother of Jahangir, Mariam-uz-Zamani, was a Rajput princess. It is with this in mind that the Rajput king of Orchha had built the Jahangir Mahal. There is a spectacular light and sound show in the evening hours in the Jahangir Mahal. The show displays the history of the city of Orchha and the Jahangir Mahal. Chaturbhuj Temple is an old temple from the 9th century, and is noted for having one of the tallest Vimana among Hindu temples standing at 344 feet. The Uth Khana (Camel Shelter) where the King's camels were stationed is right next to the fort and is a must-see. Tourists can also climb on the roof of the Uth Khana and get a fantastic view of Orchha town. The ruins behind the fort complex are an even greater sight. It makes a tourist travel back in time and is an integral part of a visit to Orchha. It houses the residences of various military officers, ministers (housing, roads), gunpowder factory, etc.

Numerous cenotaphs or chhatris dot the vicinity of the fort and the Betwa river. Elsewhere about the town there is an unusual variety of temples and tombs, including the Chaturbhuj temple, which is built on a vast platform of stone. The more unguarded and neglected of these buildings are popular hangouts for tropical bees, wasps, and other such excitable stinging creatures.

In 2006, Orchha's buildings were being documented by the LIK Team of IIT Roorkee, India.

A community radio station, Radio Bundelkhand was launched in Orchha on 23 October 2008. It is an initiative of the Development Alternatives Group. The radio station broadcasts daily programs in the Bundeli dialect and devotes significant amount of its broadcast time to local issues, culture, education and the rich tradition of Bundeli folk music. The station is available on 90.4 MHz.

Demographics
India census, Orchha had a population of 8501. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Orchha has an average literacy rate of 54%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 42%, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Accessibility
Nearest Airport to Orchha is Gwalior Airport.

Orchha is 170 km km and 3 hours drive from Khajuraho Airport which is well connected with other metropolitan cities in India.

Orchha Railway station is on the Jhansi-Manikpur section of the North Central Railways. 15 km from Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh, Orchha also lies close to another popular tourist destination, Khajuraho.

Tourists who wish to visit Orchha from Khajuraho can catch the morning express which leaves at around 8 or 9 AM. Alternatively, they could also avail themselves of the afternoon express which leaves at around 12 or 1 PM. The train journey from Khajuraho is 5 hours and they will ideally be able to get off at Jhansi and grab an autorickshaw or Tuk Tuk for Orchha (costs INR 400). However, if the train halts at Orchha, they can also get off at the Orchha station and grab an autorickshaw to the temple complex.

title: Orchha


text:
Festival Internacional de Benicàssim

The Festival Internacional de Benicàssim, commonly abbreviated as FIB, is an annual music festival that takes place in the town of Benicàssim, in the Valencian Community, Spain. It focuses mainly on pop, rock, and electronica artists, as well as short films, fashion shows and art. The festival begins on the second Tuesday of July, which is when the camping grounds open - although music officially commences Thursday afternoon. FIB is notable for having bands play through the night (5 pm–8 am) and has three main stages, Las Palmas, Visa, and South Beach Dance, with capacities of approximately 30,000, 15,000 and 8,000, respectively. In 2009, the festival capacity exceeded 50,000; in 2020, more than 150,000 visited the festival over the four days the festival lasted.

History
The first FIB took place in 1995. Since then, Benicàssim has been dedicated to rock, pop, and electronic music as well as featuring artists who are a reference on the world stage.

Location
FIB is held in the seaside resort of Benicassim (Castellón province) on Costa del Azahar, Valencia, Spain, 92.2 km away from Valencia Airport. Festival goers who have purchased multi-day passes can camp for up to nine days starting the Monday before and ending Tuesday after the festival has ended.

Previous bands
Since the first festival in 1995, some of the most notable artists who have played the festival include The Arctic Monkeys, Beck, Blur, The Chemical Brothers, Depeche Mode, Franz Ferdinand, The Killers, Kraftwerk, Ladytron, Morrissey, Oasis, Placebo, Primal Scream, Radiohead, Lou Reed, Ride, Sigur Rós, The Stone Roses, The Strokes, Teenage Fanclub, Paul Weller and Brian Wilson.

2005 Festival
The eleventh festival took place on August 5–7, 2005, with The Cure, Keane and Oasis headlining. Underworld were later announced as headliners of the "FIBstart" event on Thursday July 4, supported by The Tears and The Polyphonic Spree. Fischerspooner, !!! and Róisín Murphy headlined the weekend on the Hellomoto Stage, while The Kills, Kaiser Chiefs and The Wedding Present headlined the Fiberfib.com Stage. Other bands playing the festival included Basement Jaxx, The Lemonheads, Hot Hot Heat, Kasabian, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Yo La Tengo, Dinosaur Jr., LCD Soundsystem, Ladytron, Doves, Radio 4 and Richard Hawley.

2006 Festival
The 12th Benicàssim Festival occurred between July 20–23, 2006. Performers included Franz Ferdinand, The Pixies, Depeche Mode, Placebo, Echo & the Bunnymen, Madness, Morrissey, The Strokes, Scissor Sisters, Babyshambles, Beth Orton, Editors, The Futureheads, We Are Scientists, The Kooks and Art Brut, among others.

2007 Festival
The 13th edition of the festival was held on the July 19–22, 2007. For this year's festival (and all subsequent festivals thereafter), there was no Hellomoto Stage, with the Pista Pop stage expanded instead. The line-up was as follows:

2008 Festival
The 14th Edition of the festival was held on 17, 18, 19 and 20 July 2008.

2008 Festival: Saturday Night Fiber
Saturday Night Fiber, a spin-off festival created in 2008, took place on the Saturday night of Benicàssim in Madrid.

2009 Festival
On December 23, 2008, two of the four headliners for the 2009 festival were announced as Kings of Leon and Franz Ferdinand. Kings of Leon had previously played the festival in 2007, while Franz Ferdinand headlined in 2006. Tickets were made available at a discounted launch price between December 15, 2008 and January 15, 2009, with a four-day weekend pass available for €160 (£140). This includes full festival entry between July 16–19, as well as camping between July 13–21. On 27 January 2009, it was reported that Oasis would also be joining the line-up. On 2 February 2009, NME confirmed that The Killers would be headlining the final night of the festival, with Franz Ferdinand playing Saturday 18 July and Kings of Leon playing Friday 17 July. The article also stated that Oasis would headlining the "FIBstart" event on 16 July 2009. BBC News Online confirmed that Paul Weller would be playing on Friday 17 July. On 26 February 2009, it was announced that The Psychedelic Furs, Friendly Fires, White Lies, The Bishops and Boys Noize had been added to the line-up, with Benicàssim's official website confirming which days the bands would be playing. Further line-up additions were made on 17 March 2009, and again on 2 April 2009. The line-up was as follows:

2009 festival disruption
On the night of Friday 17 July a large fire broke out in scrubland within a few hundred metres of the festival site. High winds contributed to the difficulty of fighting the fire and caused conditions on many of the stages to become unsafe. As a result, a number of acts including the Kings of Leon, Maxïmo Park, Boys Noize and Yuksek were unable to perform. Tom Tom Club did perform but had to be taken off for their own safety. Maxïmo Park performed the following night following a cancellation by Lily Allen.

Several hundred festival goers had to be evacuated from the campsite to a nearby sports hall. The festival resumed the following day with limited disruption. Glamour model Bianca Gascoigne and Ringtone artist Ross Kent were reported in tabloid newspapers as having "gone missing" but reappeared several days later.

Eastpak FIB Club Stage
Due to illness, Lily Allen's Sunday set was canceled and Ellie Goulding was moved up to replace her. Roy Pridmore was a late addition to the bill.

2011 Festival
Maravillas Stage Fiberfib.com Stage Fib Club

Jack Daniels Stage Saturday
 * The Dandies

2012 Festival
The 2012 Festival took place from July 12, 2012 - July 15, 2012.

Controversy
FIB has received criticism from nationalist sectors in Spain, aimed at the fact that it does not support Valencian culture, even though it takes place in the Valencian Community and receives a high amount of public money to finance itself. FIB's director Jose Luis Morán stated in an interview that he did not intend to include any band in the festival that had lyrics in Catalan, Euskera or Galego. Among the people and associations that have criticized this is Marina Albiol, an Esquerra Unida politician.

title: Festival Internacional de Benicàssim


text:
Norman Macrae

Norman Alastair Duncan Macrae (1923 – 11 June 2010) was a British economist, journalist and author, considered by some to have been one of the world's best forecasters when it came to economics and society.

Career
Macrae joined The Economist in 1949 and retired as its deputy chief editor in 1988. He foresaw the Pacific century, the reversal of nationalization of enterprises, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the spread of the internet, which were all published in the newspaper during his time there. He contributed to the books The Third World War: August 1985 (1978) and The Third World War: The Untold Story (1982), both attributed to General Sir John Hackett but mostly written by several collaborators. Not to get bored, Macrae's first ten years in retirement produced the biography of John von Neumann (the mathematical father of computers and networks), a column for the UK Sunday Times, and a 'Heresy Column' for Fortune. He was the father of mathematician, marketing commentator, and author Chris Macrae. 2025 REPORT, their joint future history on death of distance first published in 1984, forecast that 2005–2025 would be humanity's most critical decades, irreversibly impacting sustainability. The last update of 2025 Report was published in Swedish in 1993 as Den Nye Vikingen

Honours

 * Order of the Rising Sun, with Gold Rays, 1988.
 * Commander, Order of the British Empire, 1988.

Books

 * John von Neumann: The Scientific Genius who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More (1992), Random House, reprinted by the American Mathematical Society, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8218-2676-8.
 * John von Neumann: The Scientific Genius who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More (1992), Random House, reprinted by the American Mathematical Society, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8218-2676-8.
 * John von Neumann: The Scientific Genius who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More (1992), Random House, reprinted by the American Mathematical Society, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8218-2676-8.

title: Norman Macrae


text:
Duke of Beaufort (France)

Duke of Beaufort (French: duc de Beaufort) was a title in the French nobility.

History
The dukedom was first created in 1597 as a peerage for Gabrielle d'Estrées, Marchioness of Monceaux, the mistress of King Henry IV, with a remainder to their illegitimate son César, who later also became Duke of Vendôme.

The duchy (i.e. the lands associated with the dukedom) was sold by the 5th Duke of Beaufort in 1688 to Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg, who was created Duke of Beaufort without a peerage that same year. The dukedom of Beaufort was renamed dukedom of Montmorency in 1689. He later succeeded as Duke of Piney-Luxembourg.

Dukes of Beaufort – first creation (1597)

 * 1597–1599 : Gabrielle, 1st Duchess of Beaufort (1571–1599)
 * 1599–1665 : César, 2nd Duke of Beaufort (1594–1665)
 * 1665–1669 : François, 3rd Duke of Beaufort (1616–1669)
 * 1669–1675 : Louis, 4th Duke of Beaufort (1612–1669)
 * 1675–1688 : Louis Joseph, 5th Duke of Beaufort (1654–1712)

Dukes of Beaufort – second creation (1688)

 * 1688–1689 : Charles, 1st Duke of Beaufort (1662–1726).
 * The dukedom's name was changed from Beaufort to Montmorency in 1689. For holders of this title, see Duke of Montmorency (third creation).

title: Duke of Beaufort (France)


text:
Talk:Spanish treasure fleet

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 15 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Goatmanatee.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:57, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Why Curaçao and Jamaica?
(Discussion moved here from User talk:Gdr):

I wonder why the "Dutch captured Curaçao in 1634 and the English Jamaica in 1652" is singled out when the Dutch had had bases in the Caribean since 1620 and the British since 1612? Rmhermen 13:01, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * No reason, except that they were significant events that came to mind. Please rephrase or replace with earlier significant events. Gdr 13:07, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)

Contradiction with another Wikipedia Page
HMS Indefatigable (1784): "'In October 1804, Indefatigable, with three other frigates (Medusa, Lively and Amphion with Moore as the senior officer, intercepted a Spanish treasure fleet of four frigates carrying bullion from the Caribbean back to Spain.'"

Spanish treasure fleet: "'In the 1780s Spain opened its colonies to free trade. The last treasure fleet sailed in 1790.'"

Clearly both can't be true. MichaelSH 22:41, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Indeed weird. I could imagine though that regular (e.g. yearly) colonial mining profit fleets (implied by the treasure fleet article) ended by 1790; while the occasional trade transport of gold in a convoy to Spain may have continued. But some clarification is indeed necessary, anyone got a decent source to resolve this? Arnoutf 17:39, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

I would like to continue another article relating to this on the 1715 fleet and the recovery by a number of salvagors including Kip Wagner, Real Eight Company. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ray_Osborne

 * See also Graham Moore, which shows a painting of it. There is an account of it, quoting Moore's logs, at .  Regarding the fictionalization in the Hornblower series, in The Hornblower Companion, 1964, Forester says:  that the incident really happened, though "on the previous occasion, some years earlier, when the flota was intercepted, the captors shared millions."  This suggests that it had happened once before during the Napoleonic Wars, i.e., since 1790.  Laura1822 03:49, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

"In 1790, the Casa de Contratación was abolished." I think that's the clue - that the great regular trade convoys, organised by the Casa, were no more -

We need somebody with some detailed knowledge to sort out this article. For instance, free trade between all the ports of the Spanish empire began at least as early as 1765 - with individual packet ships sailing quite independently of the treaure fleet. The War of Jenkins Ear article states that the siezure of Portebello in 1740 caused a fundamental change in the operations of the treasure fleet - exactly what does that article mean? Finally, the convoys that operated after 1790 - and so appear to contradict this article - were they in fact just specialised ad-hoc convoys for the transport of bullion rather than the general purpose fleets that this article speaks of or were they somehow a continuation of these fleets but in a much reduced manner after the Casa de Contratacion was abolished? 58.84.86.18

The Flota system article should be merged into this article.58.84.104.109 01:23, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Detail
Does a full list of these convoys exist? Drutt (talk) 17:29, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * We're talking about two hundred years of the system being in place, from my point of view it would make no sense to have such list in Wikipedia both for practical reasons and as per WP:INDISCRIMINATE.--Darius (talk) 22:47, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * For comparison, Arctic convoys of World War II has a list of nearly a hundred separate convoys over a period of just 5 years. Drutt (talk) 04:58, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Image
The image currently used at the top of the page is not a depiction of a Spanish treasure fleet. It's a crop from a 1593 engraving showing shipping in Lisbon. It was reinserted with the argument that Portugal and Spain were both part of the Habsburg empire at the relevant time so it made no difference. While it's true that the two countries were in a personal union around 1600, my understanding is that their systems of colonial exploitation and their trade routes were still separate, and I have found no indication that Portuguese ships were taking part in the same system of large-scale convoys characteristic of the Spaniards. The "treasure fleets" are a very specific thing; not every form of shipping between the Habsburg possessions and the New World is part of it.

In addition, this image doesn't show a "fleet being loaded with riches" in any case. It's in a European port, so treasures wouldn't be loaded but, if anything, unloaded. But there's actually no loading or unloading being shown in the picture at all (except for what appear to be some barrels of provisions). It's not even a fleet. It's just a harbour busy with individual ship movements; according to the narrative in the book which this was meant to illustrate, one individual ship is about to depart for Brazil.

In short: no Spanish, no fleet, no loading, no riches. Fut.Perf. ☼ 07:37, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

 * It would be hard to argue with that.--Wetman (talk) 09:31, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree. Even if Lisbon was under Hasburg rule, the main ports where unloadig operations took place were Cadiz and Seville.--Darius (talk) 15:35, 16 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm glad to tell all involved that this picture has found a new home at Portuguese_Empire. Cheers walk victor falktalk 11:22, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you for uploading the pic to the right article. Regards.--Darius (talk) 16:10, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Units Inconsistent
The section "The flow of Spanish treasure" seems inconsistent in its units of measure. The text seems to use one set of units, and the table following the text seems to use another. That makes it hard to figure out. The table should include a heading or note identifying the units. It is also unclear if the table refers only to specific years, or to centuries or intervals, or what. MaxwellPerkins (talk) 21:29, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Benjamin Trovato (talk) 03:13, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Page title requested move to Flota de Indias
The title Spanish treasure fleet is not the accurate name for what the article discusses. Flota de Indias should be the title of the page. The Flota de Indias was the official title of this fleet according to the Spanish records whereas Spanish treasure fleet is a vague reference to any Spanish fleet theoretically sailing anywhere on the ocean at that time (from Manilla, South America, etc). The Flota de Indias (referred to in this page) consisted of two sub fleets, the Flota de Indias: Flota de Tierra Firme (En. Indies Fleet: Tierra Firme) which was charged with trade between Spain and her colonies in Northern South America and the Flota de Indias: Flota de Nueva Espana which was charged with trade between Spain and her colonies in present day Mexico and the Spanish main. Other Spanish treasure fleets existed at this time that sailed out of Manilla and ports in South America, Africa and Asia. - Clark Sui (talk) 03:42, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 03 June 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. EdJohnston (talk) 23:44, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Spanish treasure fleet → Flota de Indias – Accuracy. Relevant Talk Page Refers. – - Clark Sui (talk) 03:45, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Moved from RMTR speedy move requests

 * Oppose RMTR speedy move this is clearly not uncontroversial. -- 70.51.46.11 (talk) 04:11, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:04, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Survey
ipuser 90.198.209.24 (talk) 00:38, 4 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Support some better title, but no the proposed one. Going only by the WP:RM listing I assumed that this page must refer to the Manila route that we cover at Manila Galleons. The page title is far too ambiguous. However, I don't support moving to a Spanish-language title unless there's absolutely no alternative in English. What's the most common English language name for treasure shipments along this route? 209.211.131.181 (talk) 17:02, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, I'd love to support this, but the community support seem to be that we can't have a good title not in english,as per Quebec.
 * Not the case, the emerging consensus there is that Quebec was the name used by most English Language sources not that French names can't be used. This move would need to be on its own merits. Please note that no one is suggesting that we need to move Trois-Rivières to Three Rivers because unlike Quebec that French name is used more in English language sources.--67.68.29.99 (talk) 01:26, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose without further evidence of English usage in reliable sources per WP:OFFICIALNAMES. —  AjaxSmack   01:51, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Support To assist this discussion, please see the link here which directs to a historical listing of all the fleets of the Flota de Indias between 1580 and 1688 (published in 1690). Most typically the convoys are referred to as Armadas or Flotas (Fleets). Both Armadas and Flotas sailed under the two routes of the Flota de Indias. Further, I do not believe that any of the English language names listed in the article, (Spanish treasure fleet, silver fleet, plate fleet, West Indies Fleet) which probably derive from common English usage at the time to refer to these fleets by the English navy and privateers or pirates (a fascinating topic in and of itself), are accurate enough to convey the actual meaning of the article referenced. A direct translation from Spanish might be most accurately done as Fleet of the Indies which would be an invention entirely. These fleets sailed under the authority of the Council of the Indies (which also had authority over the Philippines). They were not the only fleets underway under the authority of the Council of the Indies, much less the global Spanish trade network which was unique in its implementation of this large scale convoy system. I have also found one English (A New Voyage Round the World by William Dampier) source that does refer to the the flota on page 185 as such though it is by no means an official government document .- Clark Sui (talk) 04:39, 4 June 2015 (UTC)
 * NOTE The above is the nominator of the move -- 70.51.46.11 (talk) 06:50, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose fails WP:JARGON, WP:OFFICIALNAME, WP:UCN and WP:UE ; We do not use non-English titles when English-language usage is available. We do not use official names because they are official. We use English-language common names. -- 70.51.46.11 (talk) 06:50, 4 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose as per above. Fails WP:COMMONNAME, WP:UCN, and WP:UE. -- P 1 9 9 ✉ 13:17, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Shouldn't San José be mentioned in section Losses?
While reading up on the Spanish galleon San José I found it was sunk while being part of one of these treasure-fleets, in 1708 in a battle known as Wager's Action. This loss however, is not mentioned in this lemma in the section "losses" at all. Now, I'm not very much of a history buff, and not sure myself how to insert this in this section correctly. But perhaps someone more knowledgeable could add it in. 213.127.116.131 (talk) 11:45, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish treasure fleet


text:
Aboriginal whaling

Aboriginal whaling or indigenous whaling is the hunting of whales by indigenous peoples recognised by either IWC (International Whaling Commission) or the hunting is considered as part of indigenous activity by the country. It is permitted under international regulation, but in some countries remains a contentious issue. (The hunting of smaller cetaceans is covered at Dolphin drive hunting.) It is usually considered part of the subsistence economy. In some places, whaling has been superseded by whale watching instead. This article deals with communities that continue to hunt; details about communities that have ended the practice may be found in History of whaling.

International regulation
Under the terms of the 1986 moratorium, the International Whaling Commission allows the activity to be carried out by aboriginal groups if it occurs on a subsistence basis, similar to subsistence fishing. This Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling is restricted to native peoples and others working on their behalf, as defined by the IWC.

The IWC says that:
 * Since its inception, the IWC has recognised that indigenous or 'aboriginal subsistence' whaling is of a different nature to commercial whaling. It is thus not subject to the moratorium. This is reflected in the different objectives for the two types of whaling. For aboriginal subsistence whaling the objectives are to:

 * ensure that risks of extinction are not seriously increased by whaling;
 * enable native people recognised as "Aborigines" to hunt whales at level appropriate to satisfy their cultural, subsistence and nutritional requirements (also called 'need'); and
 * move populations towards and then maintain them at healthy levels.

In order for a country to carry out a hunt under the aboriginal group clause, the nation must provide the IWC with evidence of "the cultural and subsistence needs of their people." In particular, the hunt is not intended for commercial purposes and the caught meat cannot be exported.

In 2018, the Commission endorsed proposals made by a working group established six-years earlier to consider some long-standing and complex questions, and improve the way that the Commission considered ASW. A number of new initiatives were endorsed in order to facilitate a more straight-forward process when catch limits are next considered at the 2024 meeting of the Commission. The new initiatives include:

 * a new timetable for sharing information from the hunts, and receiving feedback, maximising discussion time and transparency
 * agreement that status quo catch limits would be renewed automatically, assuming  a series of agreed steps continue to  be completed
 * a commitment to establish closer ties with international and inter-governmental organisations focusing on indigenous rights

United States whaling

In the United States whaling is carried out by Alaska Natives and by the Makah of Washington State. It no longer occurs on the Atlantic coast, although the Pilgrim Fathers found the original inhabitants of New England had a well-developed understanding of drift whales.

Alaska
The Arctic whaling program is managed by the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, which reports to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The commission includes eleven whaling communities which inhabit the Arctic Alaska coast: the Gambell, Savoonga, Wales, Little Diomede, Kivalina, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright, Barrow, Nuiqsut, and Kaktovik.

In 2015 Alaska Natives caught 326 beluga whales and 49 bowhead whales. In 2016 they caught 59 bowhead whales, two minke and one humpback whale; The latter two species were not authorized, though no one was prosecuted. Annual catches vary between 300 and 500 belugas and 40 to 70 bowheads.

The hunt takes the bowhead whales from a population of about 10,000 in Alaskan waters. Anti-whaling groups claim this hunt is not sustainable, though the IWC Scientific Committee, the same group that provided the above population estimate, projects a population growth of 3.2% per year. The hunt also took an average of one or two gray whales each year until 1996. The quota was reduced to zero in that year due to concerns about sustainability.

Washington State
According to federal law, the Makah people of Washington State are entitled to hunt and kill one baleen whale, typically a gray whale, each year, though archeological records and oral history indicate a significant number of humpback whales were hunted as well. The Makah ended their whaling practices in the 1920s, but notified the U.S. Government of their wish to reassert their whaling rights in 1995. The first permitted Makah whale hunt in 70 years occurred on 17 May 1999, when they caught a north Pacific gray whale, an unpermitted hunt killed another in 2007, and in 2018 they took meat from a humpback killed by a ship strike. An environmental impact statement for further hunts was issued in 2015.

On 5 April 2019 NOAA Fisheries proposed issuing a waiver under the MMPA to the Makah tribe to allow hunting, as well as a what stakeholders can do to engage in the public rule making process before an Administrative Law Judge. One of the main stipulations that NOAA proposed was allowing the Makah people to hunt as many as 20 gray whales every five years, however prior to any hunt the tribe would have to obtain a permit from NOAA. On 2 August 2019 the Administrative Law Judge announced that the final agenda for the hearing on NOAA's proposed waiver and regulations was set for November 2019, which was postponed from the previous 26 June 2019 announcement.

Canadian whaling
Canada left the IWC in 1982 and as such is not bound by the moratorium. Whaling is carried out by various Inuit groups in the Canadian Arctic in small numbers and is managed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Russian whaling
Chukchi people of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far East are permitted to take up to 140 gray whales from the North-East Pacific population each year.

Caribbean whaling
Some whaling is conducted from Grenada, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Saint Lucia. Species hunted are the short-finned pilot whale, killer whale, pygmy killer whale and spinner dolphins. Throughout the Caribbean, around 400 pilot whales are killed annually with the meat being sold locally. This hunting of small cetaceans is not regulated by the IWC.

Whales are hunted in Bequia, the second largest of the Grenadines. Natives of Bequia are allowed to catch up to four humpback whales per year using only traditional hunting methods of hand-thrown harpoons in small, open sailboats. The limit is rarely met, with no catch some years. Its classification as aboriginal, and therefore permissible, is highly contested. In the 2012 meeting of the IWC, delegates from several anti-whaling countries, and environmental groups, spoke out against it, calling it "artisanal whaling out of control,"

Faroese whaling
Whalers in the Faroe Islands take approximately 800 long-finned pilot whales per year. These hunts are called grindadráp in Faroese.

Indonesian whaling
Lamalera, on the south coast of the island of Lembata, and Lamakera on neighbouring Solor are the last two remaining Indonesian whaling communities. The hunters have religious taboos that ensure that they use every part of the animal. About half of the catch is kept in the village; the rest is traded in local markets, using barter. The whale hunts are carried out in a traditional manner, with bamboo spears and small wooden outriggers, 10–12 m long and 2m wide, constructed without nails and with sails woven from palm fronds. The animals are killed by the harpooner leaping onto the back of the animal, from the boat, to drive in the harpoon. The people of Lamalera hunt several species of whales, primarily sperm whales (the baleen whale is taboo), and in the peak year of 1969 caught 56 sperm whales. In addition to whales, dolphins, manta rays, turtles and several species of sharks are also hunted. In 1973, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization sent a whaling ship and a Norwegian master whaler, to modernize the hunt. This effort lasted three years, and was not successful. According to the FAO report, the Lamalerans "have evolved a method of whaling which suits their natural resources, cultural tenets and style."

The World Wildlife Fund has carried out surveys in the village to determine that the limited hunting does not endanger world whale stocks or other endangered species.

Issues that threaten aboriginal whaling rights
Commercial whaling and poachers hunt whales in large quantities and sell them illegally. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) does not allow the hunting of any whales except for aboriginal subsistence whaling and scientific whaling, which have catch limits to maintain the conservation of whales. These groups must report their hunts and the number of whales killed in order to track the population of whale species and conservation. Hunting illegally means the kills are not reported, which makes it difficult to maintain population numbers and conservation.

title: Aboriginal whaling


text:
Talk:Vasyl Sukhomlynsky

Afd
Articles for deletion/Sukhomlinsky - speedy keep. `'mikka (t) 00:45, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Copyright confirmations
from Help desk

Some time back I submitted an article to Wikipedia on V.A. Sukhomlinsky, using text from my own posted web pages at http://members.optusnet.com.au/~achcockerill/. To my knowledge I am the only English language writer to have published a study of Sukhomlinsky, and it is based on the thesis for which I was awarded my Ph.D.. My book has been well reviewed but not widely circulated (hence my web pages and my attempt to contribute to Wikipedia).

Someone has found that my article shares text with my web pages and has suspected a breach of copyright. I can assure you that both the text of the article and the text of the web pages are my own, and also that they are substantially different from the text of my book, (which is subject to copyright). The publishers of my book (which appeared in 1999) were very happy to see it promoted through my web site, and I am sure they would have no objection to my contributing an article to Wikipedia.

Yours sincerely,

Alan Cockerill e-mail: acockeri@bigpond.net.au

 * I replied to Alan, suggesting he take this up on Copyright problems - but it wasn't listed there (Alan's message above dates from a month after his original submission). So things have plainly fallen between the cracks, and in the interests of Avoid Copyright Paranoia I've restored it.  I'll send Alan an email too. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 11:02, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Suggestions
Some suggestions that would make the article more "wikipedia"-ish: --thanks Finlay McWalter | Talk 11:24, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * we usually give someone's full name (not just their initials)
 * it's good to know their place of birth and death, and other biographical details (family, education, cause of death)
 * I'm entirely unfamiliar with the subject field, but I doubt the wikipedia as a whole is. If the article isn't sensibly linked from other articles then it's essentially useless (no-one will ever find it).  So it's a good idea for someone who does know the domain to walk around in the wikipedia article space and add links here
 * The ISBN of your book would be a useful addition (we'll add a "references" section, citing it and your website

This isn't an article
No offence to the author, but this isn't an article, it's a fuzzy hagiography. I'm tempted to VFD it, frankly - there's no information here, just assertions that Sukhomlinsky was a wonderful human being who did wonderful things. When? Where? What has happened since? What happened before? - DavidWBrooks 17:34, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vasyl Sukhomlynsky


text:
McCool

McCool is an Irish surname.

People
Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alex McCool (1923–2020), American NASA manager
 * Billy McCool (1944–2014), professional baseball player
 * Colin McCool (1916–1986), Australian cricket player
 * Courtney McCool (born 1988), American gymnast
 * Felix J. McCool (1912–1972), American Marine held as prisoner of war in both World War II and Korea
 * Michelle McCool (born 1980), American professional wrestler and diva for WWE
 * Ralph W. McCool (1918–2011), American politician from Maryland
 * Robert McCool (born 1973), software developer and architect, author of Apache HTTP Server.
 * William Cameron McCool (1961–2003), crew member and pilot of the final mission of tle Columbia
 * Hayden McCool (born 1997), Canadian Hockey Player
 * Marie McCool (born 1996), United States Lacrosse National Team

Fictional characters

 * Cool McCool, 1960s cartoon spy in an animated TV show of the same name
 * Droopy McCool, fictional Star Wars character and member of the Max Rebo Band
 * Harry McCool, cartoon cop in the 1960s animated TV show Cool McCool
 * Tom McCool, cartoon cop in the 1960s animated TV show Cool McCool
 * Orla McCool, fictional character from TV series Derry Girls

title: McCool


text:
McFall

McFall is a surname, a variant spelling of Gaelic MacPhail meaning "son of Paul". Notable people with the surname include:

 * John J. McFall (1918–2006), American politician
 * John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith (born 1944), United Kingdom politician
 * Leah McFall, Northern-Irish singer-songwriter

title: McFall


text:
McFarlan

McFarlan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alex McFarlan (1869–1939), American baseball player
 * Dan McFarlan (1873–1924), American baseball player
 * Duncan McFarlan (died 1816), American politician

title: McFarlan


text:
Category:Dancesport

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Dancesport