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Perfect Dark Zero

Perfect Dark Zero is a first-person shooter developed by Rare and published by Microsoft Game Studios. It was released as a launch title for the Xbox 360 video game console in 2005. The game is part of the Perfect Dark series and a prequel to the original Perfect Dark. The story of the game follows Joanna Dark, a bounty hunter working with her father and a computer hacker, as she joins the Carrington Institute agency to prevent a rival corporation from gaining possession of an ancient artifact which endows individuals with superhuman powers.

Perfect Dark Zero features a campaign mode consisting of 14 missions that can be played solo or co-operatively, and a multiplayer mode where a maximum of 32 players can compete against each other in numerous types of deathmatch and objective-based games. Both the co-operative and multiplayer modes support split screen, system link, and the Xbox Live online service. The game was under development for five years and was originally intended to be released for the GameCube and later the Xbox. During development, several intended features were canceled so that the game could meet the Xbox 360 launch.

Upon release, Perfect Dark Zero sold more than one million copies worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its graphics and numerous multiplayer modes. However, some critics felt that the game did not meet expectations, criticising single-player aspects such as its story and voice acting. After its release, the game was supported with downloadable content, expanding its multiplayer mode with new maps and new types of computer-controlled bots. In 2015, the game was included in the Rare Replay video game compilation for Xbox One.

Gameplay
Perfect Dark Zero is a first-person shooter where players control the player character mostly from a first-person perspective. The combat features mechanics such as an evasive dodge roll and a cover system in which the gameplay switches to a third-person perspective, allowing the player to aim strategically without taking damage and be more aware of the surroundings. Players cannot jump but have the ability to automatically climb obstacles as long as they can reasonably reach them. It is also possible to climb ladders. When doing so the camera shifts into a third-person perspective. The player has a certain amount of health which decreases when attacked by enemies. The health can recharge a bit if the player steps out of the line of fire for a few seconds, but it may not necessarily refill completely depending on how much damage the player took.

Players can only carry a limited number of weapons since the inventory features a 4-slot system in which single hand-held pistols usually take a weapon slot, whereas heavy weapons like sniper rifles or rocket launchers can take up to three weapon slots. The player's movement speed is also altered by the weight of the weapon the player is currently holding. Besides the primary function, all of the weapons in Perfect Dark Zero have one or two additional function modes that generally grant the player with special abilities. For example, the Shockwave Rifle features an X-ray function which allows the player to see enemies through walls, while the Plasma Rifle has a cloak function that renders the player character invisible to enemies at the cost of its battery charge. Some weapons also feature more unorthodox secondary functions. For instance, the Laptop Gun can be deployed as a sentry gun, while the SuperDragon assault rifle can launch bouncing grenades.

Campaign
The campaign is divided into 14 missions in which the player plays as Joanna Dark. Each mission has a number of objectives that the player must complete in order to progress. To advance to the next mission, the player must complete all primary objectives, and if Joanna is killed or fails an objective, the player has to start the mission again. Missions also feature optional objectives that are not critical but add to the player's overall completion score. Some objectives require the player to use numerous high-tech gadgets. For example, a device called Datathief allows the player to hack into electronic devices, while another called Loctopus can be used to open locked doors. Stealth is an important element of the gameplay, as the player is often given the freedom to kill enemies without being detected by sneaking up behind them. Unlike the original Perfect Dark, every mission contains a single checkpoint at which the player may restart if Joanna is killed or loses beyond that checkpoint. However, checkpoints are progressively removed at higher difficulty settings. There are four difficulty settings on which a mission can be played: Agent, Secret Agent, Perfect Agent, and an extra one called Dark Agent, which becomes available once the player completes the entire game on Perfect Agent. As the player plays on higher difficulties, the game adds more objectives and makes enemies tougher to increase the challenge.

The game also provides a co-operative mode where two players may play through the game's campaign together via split screen, system link, or through the Xbox Live online service. In co-operative mode, the missions are slightly altered to suit both players. For instance, some doors may require two players to open them. Additionally, in certain missions, the second player can occasionally start far away from the main player and takes over an allied character that is computer-controlled in the single player campaign. The respawn procedure is also altered substantially, as if one player dies, the other has to find and revive the partner's corpse to bring it back to life.

Multiplayer
In addition to the campaign mode, Perfect Dark Zero features a multiplayer mode where a maximum of 32 players may compete in numerous types of deathmatch and objective-based games via split screen, system link, or Xbox Live. There are two main modes with their own options: DeathMatch and DarkOps. DeathMatch is a standard game type where players spawn in rooms, collect weapons that are available on the map, and continue to the actual map. The overall objective of the game is determined by the scenario being played. Scenarios range from Killcount or Team Killcount, where the goal is to kill as many opposing players as possible, to objective-based games such as Capture the Flag and Territorial Gains. DarkOps is a slower-paced and team-only game type where weapons must be purchased from a player's stock of credits and credits are earned by killing enemies and completing objectives. Scenarios in this mode include Eradication, where the last team with any members left alive wins; Infection, where players score points by either infecting others or surviving infection; Sabotage, where the team that causes the most damage to the other team's property wins; and Onslaught, where one team must defend a base while the other has to attack it.

Players can either choose to play a ranked Deathmatch or DarkOps, where they will be matched with other players using a system called TrueSkill Matchmaking, or they may choose a player match where they can choose their game from a list of player-hosted games. Like the original Perfect Dark, these games can be highly customized and can also include computer game bots. Features such as their difficulty and behavior can be changed to match player preference. For example, the Judge bot always attacks leading players with the highest kills score. Players can also issue commands to them as long as they are on their respective team, such as follow or hold position, and set waypoints for them to walk to. The game includes by default six different maps and each has two variants; the only change is the placement of the bases. Most of the maps are large ones, ideal for 32 players at once, with small variants for 4-16 player games.

Plot
Perfect Dark Zero is set in an alternate 2020, where a large percentage of the world is controlled by corporations. The most notable of these are dataDyne, headed by Zhang Li, and the Carrington Institute, headed by Daniel Carrington. The player is cast as Joanna Dark, a bounty hunter working with her father Jack and computer hacker Chandra Sekhar. The team is after Nathan Zeigler, an independent researcher who has been captured by a Hong Kong triad leader named Killian. Joanna and her father rescue Zeigler, but Killian manages to escape. Zeigler explains that Killian was trying to obtain his research, which contains information about a dangerous weapon. As Zeigler refuses to go anywhere without his research, Joanna is sent to retrieve it from a case in a nearby safe house. Zeigler then takes a device called a neurodrive from the case and uses it to implant his research data into Jack's mind. Before dying to his injuries, which were inflicted by Killian, Zeigler tells Joanna and her father that they must find a scientist named Dr. Eustace Caroll.

While trying to escape, Joanna and Jack are attacked by a dataDyne assault team assisted by Killian in a dropship. Joanna manages to kill Killian and escape with Chandra, but Jack is captured by dataDyne. Joanna learns that her father has been taken to a mansion in China, where Zhang Li lives. Joanna infiltrates the mansion and finds her father in a cell. He has been tortured, and begins speaking gibberish to her, an aftereffect of the neurodrive. The pair fight their way out of the complex, but their extraction is interrupted by Zhang Li's daughter, Mai Hem, who kills Jack before Joanna escapes in a hovercraft. Joanna and Chandra decide to pursue Zeigler's lead and seek out Dr. Caroll, who works aboard a research platform on the Pacific Ocean. Upon meeting with Joanna, Dr. Caroll uses a neurodrive to extract Zeigler's data from Joanna's memory, which she gained when she rescued her father. Chandra then shoots Dr. Caroll, revealing that she decided to join dataDyne because Zhang Li had made her a large offer. A team of Carrington Institute agents saves Joanna, but Chandra ultimately escapes with the data.

When Joanna agrees to join the Carrington Institute to stop dataDyne, Carrington explains that Zeigler had been working on an algorithm capable of decoding extraterrestrial glyphs at a dig site in South America. Traveling to Peru, Joanna learns that the glyphs are leading dataDyne to search for an ancient artefact which acts as a power source for the Graal, a device which endows individuals with superhuman powers. Joanna plants a tracking device on the artefact before sneaking aboard a dataDyne dropship. The dropship takes her to Africa, where Zhang Li has located the Graal buried under the African sands. As the Carrington Institute starts an offensive on dataDyne, Joanna rescues several Carrington Institute agents before avenging her father's death by killing Mai Hem. She then infiltrates an arena and faces off against Zhang Li, who dispatches Chandra after using the Graal. After Joanna defeats Zhang Li in a final battle, Carrington commends her efforts, saying she did "Perfect".

Development
Development of Perfect Dark Zero began on the GameCube with a very small team of roughly ten people. At the time, Nintendo had a 49% stake in Rare, making the company a Nintendo second-party developer. According to lead designer Chris Tilston, "it was basically prototyping, finding out where we could go and how we could get there". When Rare was purchased by Microsoft in 2002, the project was transferred to the Xbox console and the game's multiplayer mode was redesigned for Xbox Live online play. Tilston revealed that at one point they got to 50 players online simultaneously, but the graphics "just couldn't handle it". Since the initial version of the game pushed the original Xbox hardware "pretty hard", the project was ultimately transferred to the Xbox successor, the Xbox 360. Tilston revealed that the original Xbox version was "about 12 months away" from completion when the shift occurred.

Initially, the game had a heavy anime style and Joanna Dark received many alterations throughout the development process. Lead Art Director Wil Overton explained that they "wanted to bring her back in line with the way Rare do things. [...] We sorta wanted to stylize her up a bit and make her more iconic". However, the designers ultimately decided to tone down the styling of the game a bit. The Xbox 360 gave the developers more possibilities to include what they always wanted and allowed them to create the game's co-operative mode, which was one of the first that could be played via Xbox Live. Designing the co-operative mode over Xbox Live was very challenging for the developers. According to Duncan Botwood, who was responsible for most of the multiplayer, "it was quite an effort to put it in, to be honest. You have to cater for a number of eventualities you just don't get normally. We think we pulled it off, and because we pulled it off, other people might feel inspired to put the effort in, and we think that's a good thing".

Perfect Dark Zero is also one of the first games that uses Havok's HydraCore physics engine, which was specifically designed for multi-core video game systems like the Xbox 360. The game's renderer engine employs more advanced graphic technologies than was possible in the previous console generation, including parallax mapping, ambient occlusion, subsurface scattering, and high dynamic range. The soundtrack of the game was primarily composed by David Clynick, who worked with Grant Kirkhope on the original Nintendo 64 game's score. New York-based group MorissonPoe contributed two songs to the score—the opening theme song "Glitter Girl (Evil Side)" and the closing credits theme "Pearl Necklace"—while DJs Kepi and Kat composed the game's nightclub theme.

The cover mode was designed to enhance the stealth aspect of the game and the third-person perspective was needed to allow players to see the character they were playing. The idea of bringing the game into a total third-person perspective was rejected as the shooting "works better" in first-person view, explained Tilston. Developers decided not to include a jumping function since they felt it goes against the nature of the genre. Botwood pointed out that it can "look damn stupid when you see other players doing it". For this reason, the team implemented moves such as climbing obstacles or, more specifically, the combat roll, which makes players harder to hit since it breaks the game's auto-aim lock. The transition between first and third-person view with some moves took a lot of work so that they did not become disorientating. A first-person roll was implemented at one time, but it was ultimately dropped.

Because Perfect Dark Zero was intended to be an Xbox 360 launch title, the last stage of development was very challenging and several features had to be canceled so that the game could meet the launch deadline. The number of players in multiplayer matches had to be reduced from 50 to 32, and a "dataDyne TV" mode that would have allowed players to upload and watch multiplayer matches over Xbox Live was eventually rejected. Final development for the Xbox 360 was very rushed. The order was given to produce the discs five days before the Microsoft certification was complete. Rare later stated they felt very confident they would pass, but it was a significant risk producing 700,000 disks if a bug turned up. According to Botwood, "very few people believed we could make launch, but everything came together in time and it was out there for day one".

The actual development of the game took five years overall to complete and spanned three platforms: the GameCube, the Microsoft Xbox and the Xbox 360. Tilston remarked that, throughout the course of development, the team noticed how the video game industry had evolved as computing and graphics power increased, and how earlier games like GoldenEye 007 and Donkey Kong Country where their development costs were minimal could easily be profitable with a few programmers. Tilston also revealed that the team behind Perfect Dark Zero was composed of roughly 25 people for most of the project, which was "ridiculously" small compared to Xbox 360 generation standards where there are 100 or 200 people working on a team. Despite this, Perfect Dark Zero, from a development cost, made four times its money back.

Marketing and release
Perfect Dark Zero was first hinted at Nintendo Space World in August 2000, where a brief demo showed a 3D real-time render of Joanna Dark. Some reports further suggested the development of the game with Rare applying to trademark the names "After Dark", "Perfect Dark Evolution" and the phrase "Shot in the Dark". At E3 2001, Nintendo advertised the title "Perfect Dark Zero" on a list of upcoming GameCube releases, but the list was quickly removed. In January 2002, it was reported that Perfect Dark Zero was delayed until at least 2004 due to internal team problems at Rare. When Rare was purchased by Microsoft in September 2002, several images of Joanna Dark were released, but few other official announcements were made in the following years.

In May 2005, one of the rewards in the OurColony viral marketing campaign for the Xbox 360 console was a new image of Joanna Dark. At the official unveiling of the Xbox 360, it was announced that Perfect Dark Zero would be a launch title for the new system in the fall of 2005. A demo was shown at E3 2005 shortly afterwards. Prior to its release, Microsoft arranged a deal with Tor Books to produce novels set in the Perfect Dark universe. A six-issue comic book series written by Eric Trautmann and illustrated by Cold FuZion Studios was also announced. Around the same time, Joanna Dark made an appearance on the cover of FHM magazine. An official soundtrack album featuring a selection of music from the game was produced by Nile Rodgers and released on November 8, 2005 through Sumthing Else Music Works.

Perfect Dark Zero was first released in North America on November 22, 2005. The game was playable at the Xbox 360 Zero Hour Launch event, alongside Rare's Kameo: Elements of Power and Activision's Call of Duty 2. The European release followed on December 2, 2005, while the Japanese version was released on December 10, 2005. In Europe, Microsoft organized a party by simulating an apartment as Joanna's home, where several journalists could play the Xbox 360. During the Japanese launch weekend, Perfect Dark Zero became the second best-selling Xbox 360 game with roughly 15,000 units sold, behind Namco's Ridge Racer 6. Standard and limited collector's editions of the game were made available for purchase. The collector's edition included a disc with behind-the-scenes content, a black metal game case, a special edition comic booklet that sets the scene for the game, and one of nine holographic collectible cards. As of October 2006, Perfect Dark Zero had sold more than one million copies worldwide, eventually joining Microsoft's "Platinum Hits" game selection.

In 2015, Perfect Dark Zero was released as a backward-compatible game for the Xbox One and included in the Rare Replay compilation. In 2019, the game was enhanced for the Xbox One with higher resolutions, faster frame rates, and improved textures.

Downloadable content
When the game was released, new multiplayer scenarios and a Counter-Operative mode similar to that of the original Perfect Dark were originally intended to be released as downloadable content. Game designer Duncan Botwood later clarified that it was unlikely to happen due to technical issues. According to him, "It would have required much groundwork to be laid in the core AI code, which meant that it was unlikely to be available as downloadable content post-release". He also remarked that the Counter-Operative mode was planned during the development of the game, but the idea was ultimately discarded due to the pressure to cut planned content. In May 2006, an auto-update was made available on Xbox Live, responsible for fixing some bugs and adding new multiplayer options to the game. The bug fixes included code to prevent an ongoing problem where players could walk through the air, an issue where some weapons could make use of rapid fire, and a map-exiting glitch, among others. The new multiplayer options provided seven new bot types and the ability to use bots in DarkOps matches, since bots had only one AI variant and were only available in DeathMatch scenarios when the game was released.

A playable demo of the game was made freely available on the Xbox Live Marketplace shortly afterwards. The demo included one campaign mission that could be played in solo mode or co-operatively, and a new multiplayer map. A multiplayer map pack, called Perfect Dark Zero Map Pack One, was released on June 7, 2006, containing the demo's new multiplayer map as well as three other new maps to add to the game's original six. Unlike the original maps, the new maps only have one variant instead of two. On October 31, 2006, Rare revealed a special platinum edition of Perfect Dark Zero, featuring the first map pack and two additional maps as extras. The two new maps were later released for free in a pack called Perfect Dark Zero Map Pack Two. These maps are updated versions of the Felicity and Ruins maps from the original Perfect Dark. The pack was released on November 1, 2006 for Gold Members and on November 8, 2006 for Silver Members.

Reception
Perfect Dark Zero received generally positive reviews from critics. Writing for GameSpot, Greg Kasavin felt that Perfect Dark Zero "champions the Xbox 360 with its excellent assortment of single and multiplayer game types, as well as its incredible good looks and dynamic, intense action". He concluded that the game "delivers just about everything you could hope for from a first-person shooter". Charles Onyett of IGN praised the game's replay value, but also criticised single-player aspects such as the weak artificial intelligence of enemies, commenting that "they never display any advanced assault tactics".

The graphics were highlighted positively. Kasavin was impressed with the amount of lighting and motion blur effects, and noted that the "excellent character animation helps make the guns feel as powerful as they look". Bryn Williams of GameSpy considered the graphics as a "stunning look at what the 360 hardware is capable of", but also admitted that the animation "is a little too slow and sometimes creates an unwelcome sense of cartoonishness". IGN credited the attractive gun models, explosions, and sprawling vistas, but felt that some areas such as the South American Ruins can unnecessarily look too shiny. The game's audio was said to feature "heavy-hitting weapon effects [and] fantastic, moody soundtrack that gives each mission its own pulsing rhythms".

The game's weapons were very well received. Edge praised their weight, stating that each weapon encourages strategic play with their secondary functions. Critics generally agreed that the roll and cover system worked well and that they did not feel overpowered, but some criticised the fact that players need to be in a specific spot to use the cover mode. Reviewers considered the story and voice acting to be weak. IGN said that it is almost impossible not to notice how "laughably bad it is", and that many plot twists are presented then never resolved, but also admitted that it does not really factor into the gameplay. GameCritics reviewer Mike Bracken commented: "It's always sad when there's voice acting in a game and I find myself being embarrassed for the voice actors". Nevertheless, GameSpot added that the weapon sound effects and musical score "easily drown this out".

Publications judged the co-op aspect of the game well. Kristan Reed of Eurogamer praised the fact that the missions were "designed with co-op in mind". He noted that, for example, the third level "has Joanna providing cover fire for her father Jack as he hops from one point of the level to the next. In the single player campaign Jack's [computer-controlled], but co-op lets you take direct control of his actions, making the experience a much more engaging affair all-round". Multiplayer matches of Perfect Dark Zero were widely well received. GameSpot stated that "the excellent weapon selection, flexibility of options, high-quality maps, and smooth online performance ... make for a rock-solid competitive shooter". IGN stated similar pros, calling it "enormous". 1Up.com reviewer Che Chou also praised the multiplayer, but observed that "constantly roll-dodging to avoid enemy fire at close range [...] combined with the exceptionally slow movement speed of your character [...] can occasionally be highly frustrating for beginners".

Despite solid reviews, numerous publications remarked that Perfect Dark Zero did not meet expectations. According to GameCritics, "it took Rare a whole console generation to do it [...] and the wait wasn't really worth it". Game Informer found the game underwhelming, reviewing it under the tagline "Don't believe the hype". In a positive review, GameSpy praised Perfect Dark Zero for doing many things well, but acknowledge that it was not a killer-app. Edge said that the game "falls short", especially when compared to Halo: Combat Evolved, a successful first-person shooter that was released as a launch title for the original Xbox. At the 2005 Spike Video Game Awards, Perfect Dark Zero was nominated for Best Original Score and Best First Person Action, while Joanna Dark was nominated for Cyber Vixen of the Year. At IGN's Best of 2005 awards, Perfect Dark Zero won Best Offline Multiplayer Game and Best Xbox Live Game in the Xbox 360 categories, and was nominated for Best First-Person Shooter, also in the Xbox 360 categories. Similarly, at GameSpot's Best of 2005 awards, the game was nominated for Best Original Music, Best Multiplayer Game, Best Shooter, and Best Xbox 360 Game.

title: Perfect Dark Zero


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Acetamide

Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2. It is derived from acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related compound N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide. Acetamide can be considered an intermediate between acetone, which has two methyl (CH3) groups either side of the carbonyl (CO), and urea which has two amide (NH2) groups in those locations. Acetamide is also a naturally occurring mineral with the IMA symbol: Ace.

Laboratory scale
Acetamide can be produced in the laboratory from ammonium acetate by dehydration:
 * [NH4][CH3CO2] → CH3C(O)NH2 + H2O

Alternatively acetamide can be obtained in excellent yield via ammonolysis of acetylacetone under conditions commonly used in reductive amination.

It can also be made from anhydrous acetic acid, acetonitrile and very well dried hydrogen chloride gas, using an ice bath, alongside more valuable reagent acetyl chloride. Yield is typically low (up to 35%), and the acetamide made this way is generated as a salt with HCl.

Industrial scale
In a similar fashion to some laboratory methods, acetamide is produced by dehydrating ammonium acetate or via the hydration of acetonitrile, a byproduct of the production of acrylonitrile:
 * CH3CN +  H2O   →   CH3C(O)NH2

Uses
Acetamide is used as a plasticizer and an industrial solvent. Molten acetamide is good solvent with a broad range of applicability. Notably, its dielectric constant is higher than most organic solvents, allowing it to dissolve inorganic compounds with solubilities closely analogous to that of water. Acetamide has uses in electrochemistry and the organic synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and antioxidants for plastics. It is a precursor to thioacetamide.

Occurrence
Acetamide has been detected near the center of the Milky Way galaxy. This finding is potentially significant because acetamide has an amide bond, similar to the essential bond between amino acids in proteins. This finding lends support to the theory that organic molecules that can lead to life (as we know it on Earth) can form in space.

On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that upon the first touchdown of the Philae lander on comet 67/P surface, measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which – acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate, and propionaldehyde  – were seen for the first time on a comet.

In addition, acetamide is found infrequently on burning coal dumps, as a mineral of the same name.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Acetamide


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Talk:Graphical timeline for classical composers

This is a great idea! I just now noticed it. Have you made one for medieval composers yet (the classicism one is repeated). Nice work! Antandrus 03:21, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

User:Erik Zachte, is it possible for other contributors to edit these graphics? (it is) Having answered my own question I'd like to open Pandora's box through discussion first and suggest Claude Debussy as a replacement for either Erik Satie or Alexander Scriabin. Hyacinth 21:13, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I made a selection of famous composers to give it a start, but since I mostly gave up listening classical music 20 years ago, I'm not an expert at all. Feel free to improve on this selection. Erik Zachte 03:24, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Brahms
Is there any reason that Brahms, the perhaps most important romantic composer, isn't printed in bold?
 * No, fixed Erik Zachte 14:34, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

20th century?
Why has the whole 20th century been excluded? Incredibly, such renowned names as Claude Debussy, Béla Bartók, Arnold Schönberg or György Ligeti, to name a few, have not made it into the "most famous composers" graphic, and no graphical timeline at all is given for any kind of classical music from the 20th century. Uaxuctum 05:12, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This certainly is an omission. I made the inital versions of the timelines. Most are based on existing tables. The famous composers was a selection I made as a starter to be completed by people with better knowledge. I do like 20th century music, just felt it was not me who should do this. So please use your expertise and fill the void Erik Zachte 12:44, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Well ... I could take a crack at making one. Shall we haggle over the names to include on it first, or would you rather look at a draft?  How many names would you like -- 40 or 50?  It's sticky territory, since choosing the "most famous" 40 or 50 composers is necessarily a bit POV, unless you source the list to somewhere specific (and frankly I can't think of any sources that aren't themselves a bit POV)  Shall we call it  ? Antandrus 15:34, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The 20th century saw an explosion of styles unmatched by any previous era. Composers from the previous epochs (Romanticism, Classical, Baroque...) basically wrote in the same musical idiom, so one doesn't really need to distinguish between chronological and stylistic charts for those time periods, as long as one is limiting them to Western classical music. However, this is not true for the 20th century, when an amount of often contradicting tendencies coexisted. So I think it would be appropriate to make individual charts for the major styles, or at least distinguish between tonal and nontonal music. About the "most famous" issue, given than "fame" is a rather subjective quality that even varies from country to country, a more objective measure could be "most influential". One may argue whether Anton Webern is or is not among the "most famous" composers (I think it would be a safe bet to say most lay people have never heard about him), but it's undeniable he has been one of the most influential 20th century composers, being a foundational cornerstone for a substantial part of the postwar avantgarde. On a related issue, I don't know if such a chart is already available, but if not I think it would be very useful to have a graphical timeline for classical music styles too. Uaxuctum 19:18, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've started making one (at ) but right now it only goes through composers born in 1925; I'll maybe have some time to add to it later tonight; feel free to add to it. I think having timelines by style is also a good idea. Antandrus 19:45, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sibelius
The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius must be included. See:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius

Most Famous
Most Famous Composers ?? This section heading hardly sounds neutral. What are the criteria? Valrith 00:11, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Women write music too, you know
There is not ONE woman on any of these lists. Suggestions would include Hildegard of Bingen, Clara Schumann, Fanny Mendelssohn, Germaine Tailleferre of Les Six. There are many, many others. If this list is selective, then you should at least include a representative source....Musikfabrik 12:47, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Suggested merge
I found this "article" while patrolling through the "dead end pages" section and found out that one of the only three links to a fairly vacant List of classical music composers article. The original list has turned into a sequence of "See..." links. Therefore, to save both article pages from AfD, I'd recommend a merge of the "Graphical timeline..." article into the "List..." article. 66.217.48.209 06:40, 28 October 2006 (UTC)


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Talk:Paul Landers

Children
I have edited the information about his son. He was pictured in a german youth magazine along with Paul and was called Erni not "Emil". The magazine was published around 1992 and the boy was no older than 1 or 2 years old. If he was even that. Also, this makes sense as Paul was quoted in an article in 2004/05 as saying his son was 14 years old. Dependent on whether he'd just turned 14 then, or was 14- going on 15 that year. "Erni" will be 15-16 years old. Kia

was he or was he not a gymnast? Somebody find some evidence of either side, and then edit the article to be correct, please. Tjdw 03:25, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I found this statement somewhat amusing: "After his divorce with Nikki Landers, he lived with his Feeling B band mate Christian "Flake" Lorenz for a number of years. Paul has since had a daughter." - what, with Flake? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.107.178.246 (talk) 11:21, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

cleanup tagged
This article seems to be a series of cut & paste dumps from a fan site. Much comes from here, where the author seems to have released the work from copyright. Much of the information is trivial, without context, and in interviewer/interviewee format, rather than paragraphs. I had to read far down the page to figure out who this person IS. Joyous 19:24, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

I have rewritten the Paul Landers article. I have only improved the sentence structure and word order. The previous version of this article appears to be a direct translation from German. Helen 19:25, March 21, 2005 (Pretoria, South Africa)

I've rearranged the content to read more logically and rewritten parts - I tried to group the stuff about his personal life into one paragraph, and then the music chronology together too. Also removed the bits of trivia that had already been discussed in the main article. I'm not sure if the 'trivia' is actually worth having - does it matter who his favorite bands are? Also, is it suitable to be linking from the English Paul Landers article to German language sites? I have also found that there is a musician and composer on a Vanessa Paradis/Lenny Kravitz album called Henry Hirsch - does anyone know if this is the same as this Henry Hirsch (Paul H. Landers)? Doctor Moley 16:24, Apr 27, 2006 (UTC)

Height
Stop saying paul is 5'9". There exist no official height lists of the band nor have they mentioned their height in interviews.

The average height in germany is 5'8". Paul is very small. Fellow bandmembers often note that in interviews or making of videos(See lichtspielhaus.)

Speculating his height would be based on known height of Jay Leno.(listed at 5'10" but actually about 5'7.) Jay Leno is about 2-3 inches shorter than Vin Diesel. Vin Diesel is the same height as TIll. Making Till about 5'9-5'11. Paul is about 5 inches shorter than till. So estimating his height I would peg him at 5'3-5'6.

And Weight? C'mon people...

I will continue to edit this if people keep adding the wrong height.

 * Hi! Ok, I've been sucked into this obsessing about height. I've met Paul; and he's 5'7 in his flip flops. Cheers, Sue.

 * It doesn't matter if you've met him in person. See No original research and Verifiability. We cannot include his height or weight unless there is a reputable, published source that contains that information. ~MDD4696 22:15, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This is the problem with Wikipedia. It's like with the GNAA article. timecop and jesuitx could say themselves where the name for the GNAA came from but you guys would just all go "No original research hur hur hur" Stormscape 17:40, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Birth

 * Greetings! I wondering a little more about Paul H. Landers. What is his "real" name (name of birth), is it Henry Hirsch or Heiko Hiersche? And where is Paul born, actually? In Brest-Litovsk in Belarus or Baumschulenweg, Berlin in Germany?

Picture?
His page used to have a picture of him, what happened to it? Someone needs to put another back on.

Redirect from "Henry Hirsch"?
I wonder why there is a redirect from Henry Hirsch to Paul Landers. Obviously there seem to be two different musicians, one of them is a member of Rammstein (whose origin name is Heiko Hirsche), the other one works together with Lenny Kravitz. Both of them lived/have lived in Berlin at a certain point of time in their live. Before fall of the wall however, Paul Landers lived in Berlin East, whereas Henry Hirsch lived in Berlin West and moved to New York in the eighties. Please check Mr Hirsch's website out for details: http://www.henryhirsch.com/Main/About.html. Is it possible to rework this bit? --89.246.213.23 (talk) 19:19, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Paul Landers


text: User talk:65.25.89.117

title: User talk:65.25.89.117


text:
User:Brona/Images/binary entropy plot.tex

%Plot of information entropy of bernoulli variable % %latex binary_entropy_plot; dvips binary_entropy_plot %open .ps file in gimp, choose strong antialias in both text and graphics, %resulution 500, color mode, crop, scale to 45%, save as .png \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{pst-plot} \begin{document} \psset{unit=4cm} \begin{pspicture}(0,0)(1.01,1) \psgrid[gridlabels=0pt,gridcolor=lightgray,subgriddiv=10,subgridcolor=lightgray](0,0)(0,0)(1,1) \newrgbcolor{myblue}{0 0 0.7} \psaxes[arrows=->,arrowsize=2pt 4,Dx=0.5,Dy=0.5](0,0)(0,0)(1.1,1.1) \psplot[plotstyle=curve,plotpoints=100,linewidth=1.8pt,linecolor=myblue]{0.0001}{0.9999}{-1 x x log 2 log div mul 1 x sub 1 x sub log 2 log div mul add mul} \rput(0.5,-0.22){$\Pr(X=1)$} \rput{90}(-0.28,0.5){$H(X)$} \end{pspicture} \end{document}


text:
Baked Alaska

Baked Alaska, also known as Bombe Alaska, omelette norvégienne, omelette surprise, or omelette sibérienne depending on the country, is a dessert consisting of ice cream and cake topped with browned meringue. The dish is made of ice cream placed in a pie dish, lined with slices of sponge cake or Christmas pudding, and topped with meringue. After having been placed in the freezer, the entire dessert is then placed in an extremely hot oven for a brief time, long enough to firm and caramelize the meringue but not long enough to begin melting the ice cream. Another common method of browning the meringue is to torch the dessert, sometimes even lighting it on fire for presentational purposes.

Etymology
The name "baked Alaska" was supposedly coined in 1876 at Delmonico's, a restaurant in New York City, to honor the acquisition by the United States of Alaska from the Russian Empire in March 1867. However, the restaurant's original recipe was called "Alaska Florida" (suggesting extremes of cold and heat), not "Baked Alaska".

The dish is also known as an omelette à la norvégienne, or "Norwegian omelette", which similarly refers to the cold climate of Norway. Indeed, during the Paris World's Fair in 1867, the chef of the Grand Hôtel decided to create a "scientific dessert" by using Benjamin Thompson's discovery of the low thermal conductivity of egg whites. Thompson lived in Bavaria at the time of his discovery, and as the chef thought Bavaria was in Norway, he decided to name the dish "Norwegian omelette".

Variations
In 1969, the recently invented microwave oven enabled the Hungarian gastrophysicist Nicholas Kurti to produce a reverse baked Alaska (also called a "Frozen Florida")—a frozen shell of meringue filled with hot liquor.

A variation called Bombe Alaska calls for some dark rum to be splashed over the baked Alaska. The whole dessert is flambéed while being served.

Flame on the iceberg is a popular dessert in Hong Kong that is similar to baked Alaska. The dessert is an ice cream ball in the middle of a sponge cake, with cream on the top. Whisky and syrup are poured over the top and the ball set alight before serving. Decades ago, the delicacy was served only in high-end hotels, but today it is commonly served in many Western restaurants and even in some cha chaan teng.

title: Baked Alaska


text:
Kannauj

Kannauj (Hindustani pronunciation: [kənːɔːd͡ʒ]) is an ancient city, administrative headquarters and a municipal board or Nagar Palika Parishad in Kannauj district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The city's name is an evolved form of the classical name Kanyakubja. In Ancient Vedic period, it was famous city of Panchala Mahajanpada and also its capital during Panchala king Vajrayudha.

It was also known as Mahodaya during the time of Mihira Bhoja. It is situated 104 kilometres west of the state capital, Lucknow.

Kannauj is famous for distilling of scents and perfumes. It is known as "India's perfume capital" and is famous for its traditional Kannauj Perfume, a government protected entity. This industry is threatened by the rise of perfumes made from chemicals, rather than using attar, made from the petals of flowers grown in this area.

Early history
Archaeological discoveries show that Kannauj was inhabited by the Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware cultures, c. 1200-600 BCE and c. 700-200 BCE, respectively. Under the names of Kuśasthala and Kanyakubja, it is mentioned as a well-known town in the Hindu Epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, and by the grammarian Patanjali (c. 150 BCE). The early Buddhist literature mentions Kannauj as Kannakujja, and refers to its location on the trade route from Mathura to Varanasi and Rajgir.

Kannauj may have been known to the Greco-Roman civilization under the name of Kanagoja or Kanogiza, which appears in Geography by Ptolemy (c. 140 CE). It was also visited by the Chinese Buddhist travellers Faxian and Xuanzang in the fifth and seventh centuries CE, respectively.

During the decline of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, the Maukhari dynasty of Kannauj - who had served as vassal rulers under the Guptas - took advantage of the weakening of central authority, broke away and established control over large areas of northern India.

Under the Maukharis, Kannauj continued to grow in importance and prosperity. It became the greatest city of Northern India under Emperor Harsha (r. 606 to 647 CE) of the Vardhana dynasty, who made it his capital. Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited India during the reign of Harsha, and described Kannauj as a large, prosperous city with many Buddhist monasteries. Harsha died with no heir, resulting in a power vacuum until Maharaja Yashovarman seized power as the ruler of Kannauj.

The Kannauj Triangle
Kannauj became a focal point for three powerful dynasties, namely the Gurjara Pratiharas (r. 730-1036 CE), Palas (r. 750-1162 CE) and Rashtrakutas (r. 753-982 CE), between the 8th and 10th centuries. The conflict between the three dynasties has been referred to as the Tripartite struggle by many historians.

There were initial struggles but ultimately the Gurjara Pratiharas succeeded in retaining the city. The Gurjara-Pratiharas ruled Avanti (based at Ujjain), which was bounded to the South by the Rashtrakuta Empire, and the Pala Empire to the East. The Tripartite struggle began with the defeat of Indrayudh at the hands of Gurjara-Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja (r. 780-800 CE). The Pala ruler Dharampala (~770-821 CE) was also keen to establish his authority at Kannauj, giving rise to a struggle between Vatsaraja and Dharmapala, in which Dharmapala was defeated. Taking advantage of the chaos, the Rastrakuta ruler Dhruva Dharavarsha (r. 780–793 CE) surged northwards, defeated Vatsaraja, and took Kannauj for himself, completing the furthest northern expansion by a South Indian ruler.

When the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva Dharavarsha advanced back to the south, Dharampala was left in control of Kannauj for some time. The struggle between the two northern dynasties of Palas and Gurjara Pratiharas continued: the Pala's vassal Chakrayudha (Dharmapala's nominee for Ujjain) was defeated by the Pratihara Nagabhata II (r. 805–833 CE), and Kannauj was again occupied by the Gurjara Pratiharas. Dharmapala tried to take control of Kannauj but was defeated badly at Moongher by the Gurjara Pratiharas. However, Nagabhata II was in turn soon defeated by the Rashtrakuta Govinda III (r. 793–814 CE), who had initiated a second northern surge. An inscription states that Chakrayudha and Dharmapala invited Govinda III to war against the Gurjara Pratiharas, but Dharmapala and Chakrayudh both submitted to the Govinda III, in order to win his sympathy. After this defeat, Pratihara power degenerated for some time. After the death of Dharampala, Nagabhata II regained hold over Kannuaj and made it the capital of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire. During this period, the Rashtrakutas were facing some internal conflicts, and so they, as well as the Pala Empire, did not contest this. Thus Gurjara Pratiharas became the greatest power in Northern India after occupying Kannauj (9th century CE).

Medieval times
Famous Pir-e-Kamil, Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari was also born in Kannauj in 1493 in the reign of King Sikandar Lodi. He was a descendant of Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari and his father Syed Sadar-ud-din Shah Kabeer Naqvi Al Bukhari was a great saint and was also among the advisors of King Sikandar Lodhi. Shah Jewna migrated to Shah Jeewna (a town named after him) now in Pakistan. Shah Jewna’s colonized towns in Kannauj :- Siray-e-Miran, Bibiyan Jalalpur, Makhdumpur, Lal Pur (associated with the name of Saint Sayyed Jalaluddin Haider Surkh Posh Bukhari or Lal Bukhari). His descendants still present in various  parts of India and Pakistan.

In Hindu epics, Kannauj or Kanyakubja was the capital of Amavasu the son of Pururavas and an ancestor of Rigvedic sage Vishwamitra.

In Classical India, it served as the center of imperial Indian dynasties. The earliest of these was the Maukhari dynasty, and later, Emperor Harsha of the Vardhana dynasty. The city later came under the Gahadavala dynasty, and under the rule of Govindachandra, the city reached "unprecedented glory". Kannauj was also the main place of war in the Tripartite struggle between the Gurjara-Pratihara, the Palas and the Rashtrakutas.

Kannauj was clearly the wealthiest city in early Medieval India at large and the country all around Kannauj was called Āryāvarta. It seems likely that Kannauj and Middle country was the place of origin of majority of migrating Brahmins throughout the medieval centuries. In 1010 A.D. Mahmud of Ghazni saw Kannauj as a "City which raised its head to skies which in strength and structure might justly boast to have no equals".

Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni captured Kanauj in 1018. Chandradeva founded the Gahadvala dynasty with its capital at Kannauj around 1090. His grandson Govindachandra "raised Kannauj to unprecedented glory." Muhammad Ghori advanced against the city, and in the Battle of Chandwar of 1193 killed Jayachandra.

Alberuni has referred to "Kannoj" as the key geographical point to explain marching distances to other Indian cities. The "glory of Imperial Kannauj" ended with Iltutmish's conquest.

Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun at the Battle of Kannauj on 17 May 1540.

Colonial period
During early English rule in India, the city was spelled Cannodge by them. The Nawab Hakim Mehndi Ali Khan has been constantly associated with the development of city of Kannauj by the travellers and writers of the period. A ghat (Mehndighat), a Sarai (for the free stay of travellers and merchants) and various metalled roads were built by the Nawab which also bear his name.

Different spellings that are used to refer to Kannauj, apart from the official Kannauj, are: Cannodge, Kannauj, Kannoj, Kinnouge, Qannauj and Qannawj. The British who visited Kannauj in the later part of 19th century mostly referred to it as Kanauj (notice the single "n"). George Forster spells it Kinnouge. Alexander Cunnigham wrote its spelling as Kanoj.

Geography
Kannauj is located at 27.07°N, 79.92°W. It has an average elevation of 139 metres (456 feet).

Perfume and flowers
Kannauj is famous for distilling of scents and perfumes. It is known as "India's perfume capital" and is famous for its traditional Kannauj Perfume, a government protected entity.

Kannauj itself has more than 200 perfume distilleries and is a market center for perfume, tobacco and rose water. It has given its name to a distinct dialect of the Hindustani known as Kannauji, which has two different codes or registers.

Changes in when flower crops bloom due to climate change are affecting the industry of perfumes made from natural sources, like attar from roses. The unpredictable bloom times make it difficult to deliver the blooms and raises a concern that perfumes from these natural sources will be replaced by chemicals.

Demographics
India census, Kannauj had a population of 71,530. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kannauj has an average literacy rate of 58%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 52%. In Kannauj, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Medical College
Government Medical College, Kannauj is a government medical college located in Tirwa of Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to King George's Medical University, Lucknow.

Engineering College
Government Engineering College, Kannauj is a government engineering college located at Kannauj. It is a constituent college of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University) in Lucknow. The college is situated at Aher, Tirwa.

Transportation
The city is served by two major railway station Kannauj railway station and Kannauj City railway station. The nearest airport is Kanpur Airport situated about 2 hours drive from the town.

It is situated on GT road (Delhi to Kanpur). It has road transportation Kannauj Depo. under the Uttar Pradesh State Road Transportation Corporation (UPSRTC).

Notable people

 * Āma, King of Kannauj
 * Malini Awasthi, folk singer
 * Mihira Bhoja, King of North India
 * Shah Jewna, Missionary or Pir
 * Siddiq Hasan Khan, Nawab of Bhopal
 * Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji, Sufi
 * Samyukta, Princess of Kannauj
 * Yashovarman, King of Kannauj

title: Kannauj


text:
ATC code R03

R03AA Alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists

 * R03AA01 Epinephrine

R03AB Non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor agonists

 * R03AB02 Isoprenaline
 * R03AB03 Orciprenaline

R03AC Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists

 * R03AC02 Salbutamol
 * R03AC03 Terbutaline
 * R03AC04 Fenoterol
 * R03AC05 Rimiterol
 * R03AC06 Hexoprenaline
 * R03AC07 Isoetarine
 * R03AC08 Pirbuterol
 * R03AC09 Tretoquinol
 * R03AC10 Carbuterol
 * R03AC11 Tulobuterol
 * R03AC12 Salmeterol
 * R03AC13 Formoterol
 * R03AC14 Clenbuterol
 * R03AC15 Reproterol
 * R03AC16 Procaterol
 * R03AC17 Bitolterol
 * R03AC18 Indacaterol
 * R03AC19 Olodaterol

R03AK Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics

 * R03AK01 Epinephrine and other drugs for obstructive airway diseases
 * R03AK02 Isoprenaline and other drugs for obstructive airway diseases
 * R03AK04 Salbutamol and sodium cromoglicate
 * R03AK05 Reproterol and sodium cromoglicate
 * R03AK06 Salmeterol and fluticasone
 * R03AK07 Formoterol and budesonide
 * R03AK08 Formoterol and beclometasone
 * R03AK09 Formoterol and mometasone
 * R03AK10 Vilanterol and fluticasone furoate
 * R03AK11 Formoterol and fluticasone
 * R03AK12 Salmeterol and budesonide
 * R03AK13 Salbutamol and beclometasone
 * R03AK14 Indacaterol and mometasone
 * R03AK15 Salbutamol and budesonide

R03AL Adrenergics in combinations with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids

 * R03AL01 Fenoterol and ipratropium bromide
 * R03AL02 Salbutamol and ipratropium bromide
 * R03AL03 Vilanterol and umeclidinium bromide
 * R03AL04 Indacaterol and glycopyrronium bromide
 * R03AL05 Formoterol and aclidinium bromide
 * R03AL06 Olodaterol and tiotropium bromide
 * R03AL07 Formoterol and glycopyrronium bromide
 * R03AL08 Vilanterol, umeclidinium bromide, and fluticasone furoate
 * R03AL09 Formoterol, glycopyrronium bromide and beclometasone
 * R03AL10 Formoterol and tiotropium bromide
 * R03AL11 Formoterol, glycopyrronium bromide, and budesonide
 * R03AL12 Indacaterol, glycopyrronium bromide and mometasone

R03BA Glucocorticoids

 * R03BA01 Beclometasone
 * R03BA02 Budesonide
 * R03BA03 Flunisolide
 * R03BA04 Betamethasone
 * R03BA05 Fluticasone
 * R03BA06 Triamcinolone
 * R03BA07 Mometasone
 * R03BA08 Ciclesonide
 * R03BA09 Fluticasone furoate

R03BB Anticholinergics

 * R03BB01 Ipratropium bromide
 * R03BB02 Oxitropium bromide
 * R03BB03 Stramoni preparations
 * R03BB04 Tiotropium bromide
 * R03BB05 Aclidinium bromide
 * R03BB06 Glycopyrronium bromide
 * R03BB07 Umeclidinium bromide
 * R03BB08 Revefenacin
 * R03BB54 Tiotropium bromide, combinations

R03BC Antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids

 * R03BC01 Cromoglicic acid
 * R03BC03 Nedocromil

R03BX Other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, inhalants

 * R03BX01 Fenspiride

R03CA Alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists

 * R03CA02 Ephedrine

R03CB Non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor agonists

 * R03CB01 Isoprenaline
 * R03CB02 Methoxyphenamine
 * R03CB03 Orciprenaline
 * R03CB51 Isoprenaline, combinations
 * R03CB53 Orciprenaline, combinations

R03CC Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists

 * R03CC02 Salbutamol
 * R03CC03 Terbutaline
 * R03CC04 Fenoterol
 * R03CC05 Hexoprenaline
 * R03CC06 Isoetarine
 * R03CC07 Pirbuterol
 * R03CC08 Procaterol
 * R03CC09 Tretoquinol
 * R03CC10 Carbuterol
 * R03CC11 Tulobuterol
 * R03CC12 Bambuterol
 * R03CC13 Clenbuterol
 * R03CC14 Reproterol
 * R03CC15 Formoterol
 * R03CC53 Terbutaline, combinations
 * R03CC63 Clenbuterol and ambroxol
 * QR03CC90 Clenbuterol, combinations

R03DA Xanthines

 * R03DA01 Diprophylline
 * R03DA02 Choline theophyllinate
 * R03DA03 Proxyphylline
 * R03DA04 Theophylline
 * R03DA05 Aminophylline
 * R03DA06 Etamiphylline
 * R03DA07 Theobromine
 * R03DA08 Bamifylline
 * R03DA09 Acefylline piperazine
 * R03DA10 Bufylline
 * R03DA11 Doxofylline
 * R03DA12 Mepyramine theophyllinacetate
 * R03DA20 Combinations of xanthines
 * R03DA51 Diprophylline, combinations
 * R03DA54 Theophylline, combinations excluding psycholeptics
 * R03DA55 Aminophylline, combinations
 * R03DA57 Theobromine, combinations
 * R03DA74 Theophylline, combinations with psycholeptics

R03DB Xanthines and adrenergics

 * R03DB01 Diprophylline and adrenergics
 * R03DB02 Choline theophyllinate and adrenergics
 * R03DB03 Proxyphylline and adrenergics
 * R03DB04 Theophylline and adrenergics
 * R03DB05 Aminophylline and adrenergics
 * R03DB06 Etamiphylline and adrenergics

R03DC Leukotriene receptor antagonists

 * R03DC01 Zafirlukast
 * R03DC02 Pranlukast
 * R03DC03 Montelukast
 * R03DC04 Ibudilast
 * R03DC53 Montelukast, combinations

R03DX Other systemic drugs for obstructive airway diseases

 * R03DX01 Amlexanox
 * R03DX02 Eprozinol
 * R03DX03 Fenspiride
 * R03DX05 Omalizumab
 * R03DX06 Seratrodast
 * R03DX07 Roflumilast
 * R03DX08 Reslizumab
 * R03DX09 Mepolizumab
 * R03DX10 Benralizumab
 * R03DX11 Tezepelumab

title: ATC code R03


text:
Rockwoods Reservation

Rockwoods Reservation is a 1843 acre state forest and wildlife conservation area in St. Louis County, Missouri. It was established in 1938, making it one of the oldest Missouri Department of Conservation areas.

Being located close to a major urban area and in a rapidly developing suburban area increases its significance as a nature reserve. Rockwoods supports a diverse array of native plant and animal life and contains geologically interesting rock formations and ecologically important springs and caves. Rockwoods Reservation is not a pristine wilderness untouched by human hands, however; remnants of extensive former limestone, clay and gravel quarrying operations are hidden in the dense second growth hardwood forest. Most of the original forest was clearcut to feed lime kilns.

Rockwoods Reservation adjoins St. Louis County's 1724 acre Greensfelder County Park to the south, which itself abuts the state's 1388 acre Rockwoods Range Conservation Area. Taken together, these three parcels constitute a contiguous green belt of almost 5000 acre. The 14.5 mi Greenrock Trail is a hiking trail that crosses all three areas with one terminus in Rockwoods Reservation.

There are six trails in Rockwoods Reservation:
 * Wildlife Habitat Discovery Trail 0.1 mi
 * Rock Quarry Trail - 2.2 mi
 * Trail Among the Trees - 1.5 mi
 * Lime Kiln Trail - 3.2 mi
 * Green Rock Trail - 3.6 mi of the trail's 14.5 mi
 * Turkey Ridge Trail - 2 mi

title: Rockwoods Reservation


text:
User talk:Wingdings

You sure are funny. 03:35, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wingdings


text:
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building (東京都庁舎), also referred to as the Tochō (都庁) for short, is the seat of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which governs the special wards, cities, towns, and villages that constitute the Tokyo Metropolis.

Located in Shinjuku ward, the building was designed by architect Kenzo Tange. It consists of a complex of three structures, each taking up a city block. The tallest of the three is the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building No.1, a tower 48 stories tall that splits into two sections at the 33rd floor. The building also has three levels below ground. The design of the building was meant to resemble an integrated circuit, while also evoking the look of a Gothic cathedral. It is the tallest city hall in the world.

The other two buildings in the complex are the eight-story Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Building (including one underground floor) and Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building No. 2, which has 37 stories including three below ground.

The two panoramic observation decks, one in each tower on floor 45 (202 m high), are free of charge to the public and contain gift shops and cafes. The two observation decks are open between 9:30 and 22:00 on alternating days.

History
The building was designed by Kenzo Tange and finished in December 1990 at the expense of ¥157 billion (about US$1 billion) of public money. It replaced the old city hall at Yūrakuchō, which was built in 1957 and also designed by Tange, which is now the site of the Tokyo International Forum.

At 242.9 m, it was the tallest building by roof height in Tokyo until 2007, when the Midtown Tower was completed.

In February 2024, the building was recognized by the Guinness World Records for having the world's largest projection mapping display.

title: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building


text:
User:Pdrap

Hello everybody.

title: User:Pdrap


text:
Federalism in Quebec

Federalism in Quebec (French: Fédéralisme au Québec) is concerned with the support of confederation in regards to the federal union of Canada: that is, support for the principles and/or political system of the government of Canada (status quo). This issue has been summarized as revolving around the concepts of Quebec remaining within Canada and opposition to the desires of Quebec sovereigntists.

Throughout the sovereignty debate Quebec nationalist sentiment has swung between the federalist and sovereigntist options, with many Quebec nationalists willing to be a part of a Canadian federation with a more decentralized government. Quebecer anglophones and allophones have been overwhelmingly opposed to Quebec's secession.

Supporters of independence point to their belief that Quebec is a nation due to its unique history, shared major language and common heritage. Opponents of sovereignty generally believe it to be a dangerous idea due to the political, financial, personal and economic ties between Quebecers and other Canadians. Some see it as being unnecessary due to Canada's multicultural and bilingual national character, as well as the strong status of the French language and culture in Quebec. Opponents to Québécois nationalism point to the fact that Quebec is just as ethnically diverse as the rest of Canada and therefore is divisible by different ethnic and language groups, or point to the shared Francophone heritage of the ROC (Rest of Canada). Many federalists believe that Canada comprises many nations in the cultural and ethnic, non-political sense; and that Quebec can be divided into just as many nations as Ontario or British Columbia.

Most major federal political parties, including the Liberal Party of Canada, the Conservative Party of Canada, the New Democratic Party and the Green Party of Canada support maintaining the status quo with Quebec remaining part of Canada. The Bloc Québécois is the sole sovereigntist federal party with seats in the House of Commons. Two provincial political parties, the Coalition Avenir Québec and the Quebec Liberal Party, support different ideas about Quebec's political status within Canada; the former wants to make Quebec an autonomous province within Canada, while the latter, like its former national parent party, supports maintaining the status quo with Quebec remaining part of Canada.

Historical context
The idea that the Province of Quebec should remain a part of the Canadian Confederation is based on a variety of historical and cultural justifications, principally centred on the composition of Canadian culture prior to Confederation in 1867. The Federalist view of Canadian history suggests that Canada as a nation is intrinsically tied to the Canadian people, a product of imperial synthesis. The realities of colonial-era life for French and British settlers was heavily influenced by local considerations, such as climate, geography and established Aboriginal societies. The economic realities of New France required a cooperative relationship with these already established societies, and the French were more than willing to do so, recognizing some 39 sovereign Aboriginal nations as strategic partners and allies at the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. In effect, this singular event best represents proto-Canadian Federalism, and would serve as a model for later political developments. After the Seven Years' War, the British colonial authority administering the newly created Province of Quebec decided to leave many socio-cultural institutions in place, such as the Catholic Church, French Civil Law, the Seigneurial System, and perhaps most importantly, the traditional agrarian lifestyles and languages of the early Habitants, the first Canadiens. In this sense, Canada was spared the cultural hegemony of the British Empire and was not assimilated. The British were quick to recognize that the French Monarchy and elites were quick to abandon New France, and that a resentment had been growing against imperial domination. The Ancien Régime administration was cognizant of the development of a new culture many years before The Conquest, and decided against pursuing any more involvement in the economically unsustainable colony. Under British administration, the influx of new capital as a result of the migration of Loyalists into Upper Canada, the Maritimes and the Eastern Townships and the threat of a newly independent and militaristic United States, all led to substantial development for the colony. It is during this period that Quebec and Montreal became the economic focal point of the new colony, and a strong proponent of a new national identity. During the Rebellions of 1837, Canadian federalists, such as Louis-Joseph Papineau, Wolfred Nelson and William Lyon MacKenzie fought with the British colonial government for enhanced representation, among other grievances.

Ideological branches
While the usual denomination for all followers is simply federalist, two main branches can be sketched out.

Quebec nationalist federalism and autonomism
Federalist Quebec nationalists defend the concept of Quebec remaining within Canada, while pursuing greater autonomy and national recognition for Quebec within the Canadian federation. This approach to national unity has a long tradition within Canadian federalism that in some respects can be traced back to the compromises of the 19th century that were essential to the unification of Upper and Lower Canada and eventually Confederation.

The Union Nationale under Maurice Duplessis (1930s to 1950s) was nationalist without explicitly calling for independence, prior to the arrival of Daniel Johnson, Sr. as leader. The Parti libéral du Québec represented a progressive, left-leaning variety of federalist nationalism throughout the Lesage and Bourassa eras (1960s to 1990s). However, since the failures of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords, and the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence, the party has had no defining plan for official national recognition, albeit in general the Party has taken many stances in favour of autonomy and self-determination.

Recently, the Université de Montréal political philosopher Charles Blattberg has put forward a series of arguments aimed at integrating Québécois nationalism within a renewed Canadian federalism, one that recognizes Canada's multi-national character.

The centre-right, autonomist and Quebec nationalist Coalition Avenir Québec or CAQ, led by former PQ cabinet minister Francois Legault, is now opposed to sovereignty but takes a moderate nationalist approach to identity and favours strongly a primary role for Quebec in its internal affairs. Its predecessor, the more radical right of centre, economic liberal, Action démocratique du Québec, or ADQ, of Mario Dumont took a similar stance after abandoning Quebec sovereignty to favouring of making Quebec of granting political autonomy status within Canada while remaining Quebec nationalists.

More recently at the federal level, the New Democratic Party of Canada moved in the direction of asymmetrical federalism under former leaders Jack Layton and Tom Mulcair, both Quebec natives. This included opposition to the Clarity Act (the Sherbrooke Declaration, which brought the NDP in line with position of the Quebec Liberal Party), and support for enhancing French language rights. Within the Liberal Party of Canada former Prime Minister Paul Martin also supported asymmetrical federalism, albeit he was in favour of the Clarity Act. For the most part though, the federal Liberals are associated with symmetrical federalism.

On the Right, former the Progressive Conservative Party leader and prime minister Joe Clark (who also opposed the Clarity Act), and some Quebec figures within the modern Conservative Party of Canada have also taken a stance in favour of greater autonomy for Quebec within Canada.

Notable asymmetrical federalists have included Tom Mulcair, Jack Layton, Jean Charest, Philippe Couillard, Francois Legault, Paul Martin, Joe Clark, Robert Bourassa, Brian Mulroney, Claude Ryan, and Jean Lesage.

"Status-quo" federalism
Currently, governmental oversight is shared amongst a federal legislature and a number of legislatures whose power is distributed as per the Constitution.

Federalists in favour of the status quo, or symmetrical federalists, also defend Quebec remaining within Canada; however, they support the status quo division of powers between Ottawa and Quebec City and the current Constitution. Current Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau at one point suggested that gaining Quebec's signature to the Constitution was not a priority, putting him at odds with many past federalists from his home province.

This strain of Canadian federalism is strictly against reopening the Constitution and supports policies of shared and exclusive provincial jurisdiction in areas such as taxation, healthcare and immigration. They defend the federal government occasionally encroaching on areas that Quebec governments (both federalist and sovereigntist) consider their rightful jurisdiction. In general, federalists of this school of thought are opposed to officially recognising Quebec as a "nation" or "distinct society" within Canada, and support the Clarity Act (legislation introduced by the Chrétien government, essentially giving the federal government the right to establish a "clear majority" threshold for any sovereignty referendum at its own discretion and after the fact - this is opposed by the Quebec Liberal Party).

Notable symmetrical federalists have included Pierre Trudeau, Jean Chrétien, Stéphane Dion and Justin Trudeau.

Although this strain of uncompromising, centralising Canadian federalism is most often associated with the Liberal Party of Canada and the political tradition of Pierre Trudeau, it also has adherents from other parties and across the political spectrum.

Related Terms
In French, fédération can be defined as: (1) a methodical approach of defining a set of types in regards to complex realities, applied to state organization.

a grouping of various associations, unions, parties, and clubs. It can also be used as synonym for federal state.

In English, federalism has been defined as a "mode of political organization that unites separate states or other polities within an overarching political system in such a way as to allow each to maintain its own fundamental political integrity".

This compromise as political system has been called a “quasi-federal concept”, as well as described as a "post-nation" state.

Represented in the Parliament of Canada

 * Liberal Party of Canada
 * Conservative Party of Canada
 * New Democratic Party

Represented in the National Assembly of Quebec

 * Quebec Liberal Party – They have alternated in power with the sovereigntist PQ since the 1970s. The Party disaffiliated itself from the Liberal Party of Canada in 1960. For decades it has acted as a broad tent for federalists from across the political spectrum. Important leaders have included Jean Lesage, Claude Ryan, Robert Bourassa, Jean Charest and Philippe Couillard
 * Coalition Avenir Québec – Currently government party in Quebec, originally formed by members of the PQ and Liberal Party, wishing to move past the National Question, the CAQ is now officially opposed to sovereignty albeit it supports a significant degree of autonomy. Its founding leader François Legault is a former member of the Parti Québécois and former sovereigntist, and its ideology is generally speaking fiscally conservative and Quebec autonomist. In the 2018 election, his party won a majority.

Compare

 * Unionism in the United Kingdom (Unionism in Ireland, Unionism in Scotland, Unionism in Wales, Unionism in England)
 * Belgian nationalism
 * Yugoslavism
 * Soviet people / Soviet socialist patriotism
 * Zhonghua minzu (China)
 * Austroslavism / Austromarxism / National personal autonomy

title: Federalism in Quebec


text:
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title: User:Kate/This page links to a userpage


text:
Eugenio Martínez

Eugenio Rolando Martínez Careaga (alias Musculito, July 8, 1922 – January 30, 2021) was a member of the anti-Castro movement in the early 1960s, and later was one of the five men recruited by G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt in 1972 for the Memorial Day weekend Watergate burglary at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters in Washington, D.C. He later worked as a real estate agent.

Weeks after the initial break-in, on June 17, 1972, the men were arrested by District of Columbia Police inside DNC headquarters during what they said was a second entry into the building to correct problems with the first break-in. Martinez and the others were convicted in the ensuing Watergate scandal. The others were Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Bernard Barker and James McCord. After completing his 15 month prison term, Martinez was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. Martínez was the only person aside from Nixon to receive a pardon for his role in the scandal.

On August 31, 2016, the conservative watchdog group Judicial Watch obtained CIA internal documents, through a FOIA request, that stated Martinez was a paid asset of the Agency at the time of the break-in. Although his connection to the Agency was acknowledged, until this release the CIA had maintained that his service had ended and he no longer had an association with the Agency for at least two years prior to the incident at the Watergate Hotel. He died on January 30, 2021, at his daughter's home in Minneola, Florida at the age of 98.

In popular culture
Martinez was portrayed in All the President's Men, the 1976 film retelling the events of the Watergate scandal, by Dominic Chianese.

The 2012 novel The Cassandra Project (ISBN 978-1-937008-71-0) by Jack McDevitt and Mike Resnick, set in 2019 and correctly predicting that Martinez would be the last surviving Watergate burglar at that time, has him divulge to a character that the true purpose of the Watergate burglary was to obtain the notebook of another character (supposedly a close friend of both John Ehrlichman and Larry O'Brien) relating to discoveries made by a secret moon landing, and the DNC wiretaps were a diversion.

Martinez is a minor character in Harlot's Ghost.

title: Eugenio Martínez


text:
Propulsor

A propulsor is a mechanical device that gives propulsion. The word is commonly used in the marine vernacular, and implies a mechanical assembly that is more complicated than a propeller. The Kort nozzle, pump-jet and rim-driven thruster are examples.

An example propulsor is shown in the accompanying picture. It has a shroud which cuts down on blade-tip cavitation and radiated noise. It also has a rotor element and a stator. The stator concentrates the thrust in axial direction and reduces energy wasted in the tangential flow (therefore eliminating torque on the hull). The number of blades in the rotor and stator will typically be two different prime numbers to avoid standing waves. The blades in the rotor or the stator may be angled to further reduce noise. The physical design and layout is very much similar to a single-stage axial-flow compressor.

Voith Schneider

The Voith Schneider Propeller, also known as a cycloidal drive is a specialized marine propulsion system. It is highly maneuverable, being able to change the direction of its thrust almost instantaneously. It is widely used on tugs and ferries.

From a circular plate, rotating around a vertical axis, a circular array of vertical blades (in the shape of hydrofoils) protrude out of the bottom of the ship. Each blade can rotate itself around a vertical axis. The internal gear changes the angle of attack of the blades in sync with the rotation of the plate, so that each blade can provide thrust in any direction, very similar to the collective pitch control and cyclic in a helicopter.

Azimuth thruster
An azimuth thruster is a configuration of ship propellers placed in pods that can be rotated on the horizontal plane, making a rudder unnecessary. These give ships better maneuverability than a fixed propeller and rudder system.

Magnetohydrodynamic drive
A magnetohydrodynamic drive or MHD propulsor is a method for propelling seagoing vessels using only electric and magnetic fields with no moving parts, using magnetohydrodynamics. The working principle involves electrification of the propellant (gas or water) which can then be directed by a magnetic field, pushing the vehicle in the opposite direction. Although some working prototypes exist, MHD drives remain impractical and exist mostly in the world of science fiction. A magnetohydrodynamic drive was featured in the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October, differing from the pump jet propulsion system featured in the Tom Clancy novel The Hunt for Red October upon which the movie was based.

title: Propulsor


text:
Hal Holbrook

Harold Rowe Holbrook Jr. (February 17, 1925 – January 23, 2021) was an American actor. He first received critical acclaim in 1954 for a one-man stage show that he developed called Mark Twain Tonight! while studying at Denison University. He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play in 1966 for his portrayal of Twain. He continued to perform his signature role for over 60 years, only retiring the show in 2017 due to his failing health. Throughout his career, he also won five Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on television and was nominated for an Academy Award for his work in film.

Holbrook made his film debut in Sidney Lumet's The Group (1966). He later gained international fame for his performance as Deep Throat in the 1976 film All the President's Men. He played Abraham Lincoln in the 1974 miniseries Lincoln and 1985  miniseries North and South. He also appeared in such films as Julia and Capricorn One (1977), The Fog (1980), Creepshow (1982), Wall Street (1987), The Firm (1993), Hercules (1997), and Men of Honor (2000).

Holbrook's role as Ron Franz in Sean Penn's Into the Wild (2007) earned him both an Academy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. In 2009, he received critical acclaim for his performance as recently retired farmer Abner Meecham in the independent film That Evening Sun. He also portrayed Francis Preston Blair in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln (2012).

In 2003, Holbrook was honored with the National Humanities Medal by President George W. Bush.

Early life
Harold Rowe Holbrook Jr. was born on February 17, 1925, in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Aileen (née Davenport) Holbrook (1905–1987), a vaudeville dancer, and Harold Rowe Holbrook Sr. (1902–1982).

Holbrook and his two older sisters were abandoned by their parents when he was two years old. The three children were raised by their paternal grandparents, first in Weymouth, Massachusetts, and later in the Cleveland suburb of Lakewood, Ohio. He graduated from Culver Military Academy (now part of the Culver Academies) and then from Denison University, where an honors project about Mark Twain led him to develop the one-man show for which he was best known, a series of performances called Mark Twain Tonight! He also studied acting at HB Studio in New York City.

From 1942 through 1946, Holbrook served in the United States Army in World War II, achieving the rank of staff sergeant; he was stationed in Newfoundland, where he performed in theater productions such as the play Lady Precious Stream.

Mark Twain Tonight!
Holbrook's first solo performance as Twain was at Lock Haven State Teachers College in Pennsylvania in 1954. Ed Sullivan saw him and gave 31-year-old Holbrook his first national exposure on The Ed Sullivan Show on February 12, 1956. Holbrook was also a member of the Valley Players (1941–1962), a summer-stock theater company based in Holyoke, Massachusetts, which performed at Mountain Park Casino Playhouse at Mountain Park. He joined The Lambs Club in 1955, where he began developing his one-man show. He was a member of the cast for several years and performed Mark Twain Tonight! as the 1957 season opener. The State Department even sent him on a European tour, which included pioneering appearances behind the Iron Curtain.

In 1959, Holbrook first played the role off-Broadway. Columbia Records recorded an LP of excerpts from the show.

Holbrook performed in a special production for the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair for the Bell Telephone Pavilion. Jo Mielziner created an innovative audio-visual ride experience and used Holbrook's acting talents on 65 different action screens for "The Ride of Communications" with the movie itself known as From Drumbeats to Telstar.

In 1967, Mark Twain Tonight! was presented on television by CBS and Xerox, and Holbrook received an Emmy for his performance. Holbrook's Twain first played on Broadway in 1966, and again in 1977 and 2005; Holbrook was 80 years old during his final Broadway run, older (for the first time) than the character he was portraying. Holbrook won a Tony Award for the performance in 1966. Until Holbrook retired in 2017, aged 92, Mark Twain Tonight! toured the country, which amounted to over 2,100 performances. This included one of his first performances in the spring of 1962 and one of his last in September 2014, at his high-school alma mater in Indiana.

Success
In 1964, Holbrook played the role of the Major in the original production of Arthur Miller's Incident at Vichy. In 1968, he was one of the replacements for Richard Kiley in the original Broadway production of Man of La Mancha, although he had limited singing ability. In 1966, Holbrook starred opposite Shirley Booth in the acclaimed CBS Playhouse production of The Glass Menagerie.

Holbrook co-starred with Martin Sheen in the controversial and acclaimed 1972 television film That Certain Summer. Around that same year, Holbrook appeared in a television public service announcement (PSA) commissioned by the Ad Council; aimed at the parents of college students planning to study abroad, the PSA sees Holbrook in a jail cell, warning viewers to inform their children of the penalties for drug abuse in countries outside the US. In 1973, Holbrook appeared as Lieutenant Neil Briggs, the boss and rival of Detective "Dirty" Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) in Magnum Force, an "obsessively neat and prim fanatic" who supports the obliteration of San Francisco's criminals and who is the leader of a rogue group of vigilante officers.

In 1976, Holbrook won acclaim for his portrayal of Abraham Lincoln in a series of television specials based on Carl Sandburg's acclaimed biography. He won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the 1970 series The Bold Ones: The Senator. He was also famous for his role as the enigmatic Deep Throat (whose identity was unknown at the time) in the film All the President's Men, and Commander Joseph Rochefort in the World War II battle film Midway. In 1977, he starred in the World War II film Julia, and the British-American thriller film Capricorn One.

In 1979, Holbrook starred with Katharine Ross, Barry Bostwick, and Richard Anderson in the made-for-TV movie Murder by Natural Causes. He appeared in various mini-series, including George Washington (1984), North and South (1985/1986) and Dress Gray (1986), and continued performing in theatrical productions, such as King Lear. Holbrook was the narrator on the Ken Burns documentary Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery in 1997. From 1986 to 1989, Holbrook had a recurring role as Reese Watson on Designing Women, opposite his wife Dixie Carter. Over a short period between 1988 and 1990, Holbrook directed four episodes of the series. Holbrook also had a major role on the sitcom Evening Shade throughout its entire run. Early on in his career, Holbrook worked onstage and in a television soap opera, The Brighter Day.

Holbrook's film roles during the 1980s and 1990s include a priest in The Fog (1980), a professor in Creepshow (1982), senior stock broker in Wall Street (1987), a neighborly lawyer in Fletch Lives (1989), senior partner of a corrupt law firm in The Firm (1993), and the voice of Amphitryon, the adoptive father of Hercules, in the Disney animated film Hercules (1997).

In 1999, Holbrook was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. A year later, Holbrook appeared in Men of Honor, where he portrayed a racist and hypocritical officer who endlessly tries to fail an African-American diver trainee. Holbrook played the role of Albie Duncan in two episodes of The West Wing.

He appeared as the host in the documentary The Seventh Day: Revelations From The Lost Pages of History (2005).

Later career
He appeared in Sean Penn's critically acclaimed film Into the Wild (2007) and received an Oscar nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role at the 80th Academy Awards. At the time, this rendered Holbrook, at age 82, the oldest nominee in Academy Award history in the Best Supporting Actor category. Holbrook was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for his work in the film. From late August through mid-September 2007, he starred as the narrator in the Hartford Stage production of Thornton Wilder's Our Town, a role he had once played on television.

Holbrook appeared with wife Dixie Carter in That Evening Sun, filmed in East Tennessee in the summer of 2008. The film, produced by Dogwood Entertainment, is based on a short story by William Gay. That Evening Sun premiered in March 2009 at South By Southwest, where it received the Audience Award for Narrative Feature and a special Jury Prize for Ensemble Cast. Joe Leydon of Variety hailed Hollbrook's performance in the film as a "career-highlight star turn as an irascible octogenarian farmer who will not go gentle into that good night". That Evening Sun also was screened at the 2009 Nashville Film Festival, where Holbrook was honored with a special Lifetime Achievement Award, and the film itself received another Audience Award. Holbrook appeared as a featured guest star in a 2006 episode of the HBO series The Sopranos and the NCIS episode "Escaped". On April 22, 2010, Holbrook signed on to portray Katey Sagal's character's father on the FX original series Sons of Anarchy for a four-episode arc in their third season, as well as appearing in additional fifth episode in the final season. He also had a multiple-episode arc on The Event, an American television series on NBC, appearing in the 2010–2011 season.

In 2011, Holbrook appeared in Water for Elephants. In 2012, Steven Spielberg cast Holbrook to play Francis Preston Blair in Lincoln. His subsequent film roles were in Gus Van Sant's Promised Land (2012), the animated film Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014), and in the minor role as Whizzer in the drama film Blackway (2016). In 2014, Holbrook was the subject of Scott Teems' documentary Holbrook/Twain: An American Odyssey depicting Holbrook's long-lasting career portraying Twain. It was premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival that same year.

In 2016, Holbrook was cast as Red Hudmore and appeared in the final season of Bones on January 17, 2017. On March 23, 2017, he appeared on an episode on Grey's Anatomy playing a retired thoracic surgeon whose wife is a patient, and on Hawaii Five-0 later in the year.

In September 2017, after six decades of playing the role of Mark Twain, Holbrook announced his retirement from Mark Twain Tonight! Holbrook indicated that he would like to continue working on movies and television.

Personal life
Holbrook was married three times and had three children. He married a Newfoundlander, Ruby Elaine Johnston, in 1945 and they had two children. They divorced in 1965. In 1966, he married Carol Eve Rossen. They had one child and they divorced in 1983. Holbrook married actress and singer Dixie Carter in 1984 and the couple remained married until Carter's death from endometrial cancer on April 10, 2010. Holbrook appeared as a recurring character on Carter's TV series, Designing Women.

Holbrook said of his home in McLemoresville, Tennessee, that it had the "feel" of the Mark Twain House in Hartford, Connecticut, and that there was no other place to which he felt so ideally suited. He also had a residence in Beverly Hills, California. Holbrook had a recurring role on his wife's hit sitcom Designing Women, appearing in nine episodes between 1986 and 1989 as Carter's on-screen significant other. In 2011, Holbrook's memoir, Harold: The Boy Who Became Mark Twain, was published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

In October 2016, Holbrook wrote a letter to The New York Times defending actor director Nate Parker over his alleged 1999 rape of a woman and Parker's controversial film The Birth of a Nation. He urged others to "move on" from Parker's past and to view the film, which was "an exceptional piece of artistry and a vital portrait of our American experience".

Political views
Holbrook occasionally criticized the politicization of religion. He was a registered independent, but leaned towards the liberal end of the U.S. political spectrum. He criticized the Republican Party while Barack Obama was in office.

In 2016, he castigated then-Republican candidate Donald Trump for not having "the maturity to run the country". Holbrook praised Senator Bernie Sanders as the only politician who does not "say what they think might get them elected" and praised his honesty.

Death
Holbrook died at his home in Beverly Hills on January 23, 2021, at age 95; no cause was given. He was buried in McLemoresville Cemetery in McLemoresville, Tennessee, alongside his wife, Dixie Carter.

Legacy
In 2003, President George W. Bush honored Holbrook with a National Humanities Medal for "charming audiences with the wit and wisdom of Mark Twain as Twain's outlook never fails to give Holbrook a good show to put on".

The local community of McLemoresville, hometown of his wife Dixie Carter, constructed the Dixie Theatre for Performing Arts in nearby Huntingdon, Tennessee, which features the Hal Holbrook Auditorium. Upon his retirement from his Mark Twain persona, the HuffPost wrote that Holbrook was "the man who has done more to keep Mark Twain on people's minds than anyone else".

title: Hal Holbrook