text:
Talk:Permalink

Why was this considered for deletion?
Why would this have even been considered for deletion? Almost as soon as I saw it I was wondering how you nominate articles for featured article status. My favorable opinion of it is based on its clarity. Spalding 12:18, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * In the unlikely event that you're still wondering (or for the benefit of later readers), see: WP:FA. --Teratornis 22:37, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

This page is junk
The concept of permanent links is not specific to blogs and was not invented by bloggers or by any specific blogger, regardless of what this page may assert. This issue is described abundantly in W3C documentation concerning good web page practices and almost certainly goes back into the 1990's. Bloggers seem to be suffering from the "not invented here" syndrome. Benwing 00:21, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

YES, SEE Persistent Uniform Resource Locator and URN. -- Anonymous 15 november 2006.

 * True, and I would add that the use of permanent links on wikis rates a mention. However, the problem of link rot on "plain ol'" Web sites is more of an unintentional side effect of site maintenance. In contrast, blogs and wikis have volatile links and content as a direct result of their organizing principles. This requires blogs and wikis to provide specific features to let people link to snapshots of content as it appeared at specific times in the past. And that required bloggers and wiki users to give this set of features a compact name. By saying "permalink," bloggers are effectively implying "We expect this site to change like crazy, so we give you an unchanging way to link to pieces of it." That is different than the typical "plain ol'" Web site which simply ignores its problem of link rot and provides no defense against it. By ignoring the problem, "plain ol'" Web sites ceded "ownership" of the idea to the blogger community, which systematically tried to address the problem of link rot. That's how I would look at it, anyway. --Teratornis 22:37, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Not simple enough
I wanted to know what a Permalink was. This article may be useful for internet historians or archivists but is way too complicated an answer for the simple question: "What is a Permalink?".

I hate this word. It should have been deleted. Mrdelayer~ 10:28, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * webopedia is the source for simple definitions of a word. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia not a dicitionary. Or perhaps a simple English version of this article will help you. If so, look into wikipedia simple English and make one yourself. Regardless of whether or not you hate the word, it's a well accepted word so your views are irrelevant60.234.141.76 10:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia permalinks
I see wikipedia now supports permalinks from the toolbox which is good. I occasionally use Wikipedia in essays etc and having to go to the history to get the permalink was annoying! Anyone know when this additions occured? I'm pretty sure it wasn't there on the 19th August but it's there today on the 24th 60.234.141.76 10:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * For the record:
 * Permanent links are a MediaWiki software feature (not solely in Wikipedia, but available in all wikis running on MediaWiki). Reference: m:Help:Page history.
 * To determine exactly when the change occurred, you would probably have to research the development history of MediaWiki. That would probably be difficult, perhaps requiring you to become a developer yourself . --Teratornis 15:22, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Since Wikipedia itself has a toolbox | Permanent link feature, I am adding a Selfref template to the top of the article, containing a link to the manual section describing permanent links in Wikipedia. --Teratornis 15:38, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * mw:Manual talk:Navigation bar says the toolbox entries are a feature of the skin. To find out when your toolbox changed, you would have to study the development history of the skin you use. --Teratornis 15:48, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

What does permalinks mean?
Looking back at the article, it says "if an item is changed, moved or renamed, the permalink remains unalternated". This is a bit confusing to me. My understand is a permalink is like the wikipedia permalink and e.g. some online book permalinks. The permalink always links to the version of the item that you are currently viewing! However from this statement, I'm confused. It sounds as if it is suggesting that the permalink will point to the new version of a changed article not the old. This is quite different from the definition I first gave and I think we need this to be clarified. If there are two different meanings of permalinks, one for blogs etc and one for stuff like wikipedia and books this needs to be made clear. If this is not the case, then the wording needs to be rephrased. E.g. "if an item is changed, moved or renamed, the permalink remains linked to the unalternated version". 60.234.141.76 10:47, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Crediting the coiners
What supporting reference says Scott Banister and Matt Kerner coined the term? If none, we need to remove it because unfortunately Wikipedia is the reference for subjects like these. Lotsofissues 01:40, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Lotsof. His or her simple request has been pending since November 2005 and has not been fulfilled. Do a Google search for this little obscure factoid and you will find dozens of sites quoting WikiP. I am removing the reference. Sincerely, GeorgeLouis 00:16, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Again, what does permalink mean?
Wiktionary defines it as: "A static address (link) to an individual blog entry or news item on the World Wide Web." So, basically, the only difference between a permalink and a plain ol' link is that permalink is a term used by bloggers to indicate a link that is more human readable? One that doesn't have a CGI-style URL with a question mark in it? I mean, I create all sorts of permanent links all the time, and I'm not planning on them going anywhere. Are they permalinks? Does intention differentiate a permalink? Who designs transient links, anyhow? I don't get it. --Dwiki 22:22, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, took the time to decode this article and re-wrote chunks of it. Comments?  --Dwiki 21:35, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * How does the first picture help with the understanding of a permalink? # is not the universal symbol for a permalink, so I think that it is more confusing than anything else. Maybe a picture of a more widely recognized site would be better?  128.30.44.75 18:43, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Where's the history?
The link in the history section from "Jason Kottke" does not use the term "permalink". I understand it may be an early use of the concept of permalinking but the lead-in makes it sound like he invented the term. If he did, other evidence must be given or the paragraph should be rewritten. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ulmanor (talk • contribs) 15:55, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. The pre-2000 uses of the word I could find on Usenet, via Google Groups:
 * Sep 1994 – in the context of linking C programs –
 * July 1995 – web-related company named permalink.com – <3v3bmi$rtd@csugrad.cs.vt.edu>#1/1
 * Nov 1996 – since my ubernet connection is hard wired to the ol' cranium, I've got a permalink to all my artaff buddies – <574j75$fr@crl12.crl.com>
 * Oct 1999 – Cad? This word has a permalink to Terry-Thomas for some of us.  Do you know him? – <381849f0.90499275@news.demon.co.uk>#1/1
 * The last one (in rec.arts.poems) is interesting because it seems to use the word as if the readers were familiar with it. Here, it seems to be a technical term used as a metaphor for "a fixed mental association between a phrase and a person". And looking at the Usenet archives for 2000, there are hundreds of hits for some bicycle chain brand (?) called Permalink. Then in August, someone who uses the Blogger software posts a snippet of HTML which uses the term; . JöG 01:16, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * This is irrelevant; the subject of this article is not the word "permalink", but the notion predominantly known by that name. This is an encyclopedia, not a history of the English language. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 08:04, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

usage is not limited to blogs
You can find the "permalink" term used in a number of places on web, whenever there is a distinction between the URL used to view a page and the a persistent URL that can be used to link it.

For example, the American Institute of Physics use the "permalink" term on web pages for journal articles. See, for example, http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/91/031105/1

Someone needs to do a little digging to see how widely this term is usage, and update the page accordingly.

—Steven G. Johnson (talk) 01:35, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I too am doubtful of the current discussion that excludes static URLs. Considering some of the above posters having similar doubts, I am adding the misleading-tag for now. I am also not certain that the semantic implied by  at the bottom of the page is correct. 94.220.244.75 (talk) 17:54, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Permapermalink (Permanent in a bigger sense)
Dear Discussion Group,

Is there a term/name for a making a link that stays permanent even after a the original page is gone?

I could not find it. Maybe you can lmgify me.

If this has not already been done, then it is absolutely doable: When a blogger makes a link, simply have the blogging software mirror/cache the page (e.g. " ") and keep the page permanently on-site.

Pages get updated, I understand, but one can also keep a header on top of the mirrored page that says when the mirror was taken and what is the original link. Older version is always better than a broken link.

Alex —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alevchuk (talk • contribs) 18:55, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

Static content can be modified
The article states "Originally, all hyperlinks were permalinks, as content was static.". Just because content was static does not mean is was not altered or restructured. Static content can still suffer from link rot. So is this statement useful? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.111.76.119 (talk) 12:58, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Permalinks vs. Persistent identifiers
The "permalink" is, as the word is most commonly used, a type of persistent identifier or a synonym for "persistent identifier." I propose that we look carefully and consider what should be in the "permalink" article and what should be in the "persistent identifier" article. There might even be reason to merge the two articles. Some of the information currently under "permalink" is applicable to persistent identifiers more generally. I think it would be helpful to readers to be directed rather quickly to a general overview of persistent identification. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Except (talk • contribs) 13:09, 1 June 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 October 2023
A permalink is a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) intended to remain unchanged indefinitely, pointing to a specific web page or resource. Unlike dynamic URLs, which are generated by databases and change with each new session, permalinks are static and offer a reliable means to access information on the internet. Let's delve deeper into the intricacies of permalinks and their significance in the online landscape.

Structure of a Permalink:

Permalinks usually consist of the base URL of the website combined with additional text or numbers that uniquely identify the specific resource. For instance, a blog post's permalink might look like this: https://teksyst.com/blog/web-design-and-search-engine-optimization/ In this example, "https://www.teksyst.com/blog/" is the base URL, and "web-design-and-search-engine-optimization" is the unique identifier for that specific post.

Purpose of Permalinks:

SEO (Search Engine Optimization): Permalinks play a crucial role in SEO. Search engines use the keywords in the URL to understand the content of the page, enhancing the page's visibility in search results.

User Experience: Permalinks contribute to a better user experience. They provide users with a clear, readable, and memorable way to revisit specific pages, share content, or cite sources.

Link Stability: Since permalinks are permanent, they ensure the stability of links. Websites can undergo redesigns or content reorganization, but permalinks remain constant, preventing broken links.

Types of Permalinks: Numeric Permalinks: These consist of numerical identifiers, making them simple but less descriptive. For example: https://www.teksyst.com/?p=123

Date-based Permalinks: These include the publication date in the URL. While informative, they can become irrelevant as content ages: https://www.teksyst.com/2023/10/11/web-design-and-search-engine-optimization/

Post Name Permalinks: These use the post title or a similar descriptive phrase, ensuring readability and SEO benefits: https://www.teksyst.com/category/web-design-and-search-engine-optimization/

Best Practices for Permalinks:

Keep It Simple: Use clear and concise words in the permalink, avoiding special characters or unnecessary jargon.

Include Keywords: Incorporate relevant keywords to enhance SEO and help search engines understand the content.

Avoid Changing Permalinks: Once a permalink is established, avoid changing it unless absolutely necessary. Changing permalinks can lead to broken links and negatively impact SEO.

Use Hyphens: If your permalink consists of multiple words, separate them with hyphens ("-") for readability and SEO.

Permalinks serve as the backbone of web navigation and content accessibility. Their stability, clarity, and SEO benefits make them indispensable for website owners, bloggers, and online businesses. Understanding the significance of permalinks empowers content creators and users alike, ensuring a seamless and efficient web experience for everyone involved. Salman khan27 (talk) 09:41, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

DTF printers and Technology
Historical Context:

To truly appreciate the innovation of DTF printing, it's essential to understand the historical context of textile printing. Historically, printing on fabrics has roots dating back to ancient civilizations. Techniques like woodblock printing, where wooden blocks were intricately carved with designs and pressed onto fabric, were prevalent in ancient China and India.

The invention of the printing press in the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg

marked a significant milestone in the history of printing. While the initial focus was on printing books, the technology eventually extended to textiles, giving rise to various methods such as screen printing, block printing, and later, digital textile printing.

Digital textile printing, including DTF printing, represents the pinnacle of this historical progression. Its seamless integration of digital design capabilities, advanced ink formulations, and efficient transfer processes embodies centuries of innovation in the realm of textile printing.

DTF printing stands as a testament to the continual evolution of textile printing techniques. Its fusion of historical knowledge with modern technology exemplifies the industry's ability to adapt, innovate, and provide increasingly sophisticated solutions. As we move further into the digital age, DTF printing's versatility, cost-effectiveness, and high-quality results ensure it will continue to shape the future of textile printing, providing endless possibilities for creative expression and business ventures alike.

Digital Textile Film (DTF) printing, a cutting-edge technology transforming the textile industry, has become a cornerstone for designers, manufacturers, and artists aiming to revolutionize the way we print on fabrics. This article explores the intricacies of DTF printing, its advantages, applications, and its historical context, shedding light on the evolution of textile printing techniques.

Understanding DTF Printing:

DTF printing, as elucidated at Fretmet, involves a direct-to-film process. Designs, meticulously crafted through digital means, find life on a specially coated film, which is subsequently transferred onto fabrics using a heat press. Unlike conventional methods, DTF printing eliminates the need for cumbersome setups, offering an efficient way to print intricate and vibrant designs on various textiles.

The Technology Behind DTF Printing:

1. Printing Process:

 * Design Creation: Digital artists employ    graphic design software to create intricate designs catering to the     client's needs and preferences.
 * Printing: Specialized DTF printers,    equipped with advanced printheads, bring these designs to life on a unique     DTF film.

2. Film Coating:

 * The DTF film is carefully coated with a    special adhesive layer, ensuring seamless ink adhesion and enhancing the     printing process.

3. Printing Medium:

 * DTF ink, specially formulated for this    process, facilitates a flawless bond with fabric fibers, resulting in     prints that are not only vibrant but also incredibly durable.

4. Transfer Process:

 * After printing, the film is delicately placed    on the fabric, and a heat press is utilized to create a permanent bond.     Under heat and pressure, the ink and adhesive seamlessly integrate with     the fabric fibers.
 * Once the transfer is complete, the film is    removed, leaving behind a detailed, vivid, and long-lasting print on the     fabric.

Advantages of DTF Printing:

1. High-Quality Prints:

 * DTF technology ensures high-resolution prints    with intricate details and vibrant colors, guaranteeing exceptional print     quality on textiles.

2. Versatility:

 * DTF printing's flexibility allows it to be    employed on various fabric types, expanding its applications in the     fashion, sportswear, and promotional industries.

3. Cost-Effectiveness:

 * By eliminating the need for screens and    intricate setups, DTF printing significantly reduces production costs,     making it a viable option for businesses of all scales. This     cost-effectiveness ensures a sustainable choice for small-scale     entrepreneurs and large enterprises alike.

4. Quick Turnaround:

 * DTF printing's efficient process translates to    rapid production. With minimal preparation requirements, designs can     swiftly go from the digital canvas to fabric, enabling fast order     fulfillment and satisfying customer demands promptly.

5. Durability:

 * DTF prints are exceptionally durable, capable    of withstanding numerous washes without fading or cracking. This     durability makes them ideal for garments and textiles that need to endure     regular usage and laundering.

The Role of DTF Printers:
DTF printers serve as the backbone of this innovative printing process. They are specifically engineered to handle the intricacies of DTF technology, ensuring precision, speed, and reliability. These printers are capable of translating digital designs into physical prints with exceptional clarity and detail. DTF printers come in various sizes and configurations, catering to the diverse needs of businesses, from small-scale entrepreneurs to large-scale enterprises.

Final Thoughts

DTF technology and DTF printers stand as beacons of innovation, ushering in a new era of creativity, efficiency, and versatility. With roots tracing back to ancient printing techniques and a rich historical context, the emergence of DTF printing represents the culmination of centuries of human ingenuity in the realm of textile design.

The seamless fusion of digital precision and traditional craftsmanship encapsulates the essence of DTF printing, empowering artists, entrepreneurs, and businesses to bring their imaginative visions to life on fabric. Whether it's the intricate patterns on a fashion runway, the vibrant logos on sports jerseys, or the personalized touches on promotional merchandise, DTF printing technology and DTF printers have become indispensable tools in the hands of creators, offering boundless possibilities.

As we move forward, the continued advancement of DTF technology promises even greater feats in the world of textile printing. Its ability to deliver high-quality, durable prints swiftly and cost-effectively ensures that businesses can meet the demands of an ever-discerning market. Moreover, the accessibility of this technology fosters an environment where creativity knows no bounds, enabling both established enterprises and budding entrepreneurs to explore uncharted territories in the realm of design.

In essence, DTF printing and DTF printers represent not just a technological leap but a creative revolution. They embody the spirit of innovation, inviting us to reimagine the way we perceive and interact with textiles. As we stand on the threshold of this exciting era, one thing remains certain: the future of textile printing, guided by DTF technology, is a canvas waiting to be painted with the strokes of endless creativity, where every design tells a unique story, and every fabric becomes a masterpiece.

Salman khan27 (talk) 10:01, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: This is not an improvement over the article. Tollens (talk) 11:02, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Permalink


text:
Talk:Sprawl

Untitled
This page was listed on Votes for deletion, and the consensus was keep: see Votes for deletion/Sprawl

title: Talk:Sprawl


text:
Johnny Mnemonic

"Johnny Mnemonic" is a science fiction short story by American-Canadian writer William Gibson. It first appeared in Omni magazine in May 1981, and was subsequently included in Burning Chrome, a 1986 collection of Gibson's short fiction. It takes place in the world of Gibson's cyberpunk novels, predating them by some years, and introduces the character Molly Millions, who plays a prominent role in the Sprawl trilogy of novels.

The short story served as the basis for the 1995 film Johnny Mnemonic, whose plot uses the same basic premise but otherwise differs considerably. A novelization of Gibson's screenplay written by Terry Bisson was published in 1995. In 1996 a film tie-in edition of Gibson's original short story was published as a standalone book.

Plot summary
Johnny is a data trafficker who has undergone cybernetic surgery to have a data storage system implanted in his head. The system allows him to store digital data too sensitive to risk transmission on computer networks. To keep the cargo secure, the data is locked by a password known only to the intended recipient.

Johnny enters a trance-like state while the data is being transferred or the password is being set, making him unaware of the contents and unable to retrieve them. He makes a modest living in the Sprawl by physically transporting sensitive information for corporations, underworld crime rings or wealthy individuals.

As the story opens, Johnny has arranged to meet with his most recent customer, Ralfi Face, at the Drome bar. Ralfi is overdue to retrieve the hundreds of megabytes of data he has stored in Johnny's head. To add to his troubles, Johnny has learned that Ralfi has placed a contract on him, although the reasons are unclear.

Johnny finds Ralfi at his usual table, accompanied by his bodyguard Lewis. Johnny threatens them with a sawed-off shotgun in his bag, but Lewis incapacitates him with a neural disruption device hidden under the table. Ralfi reveals that the data was stolen from the yakuza, who are very interested in ensuring it is not revealed, and that he had not been aware of the theft when he hired Johnny.

Johnny is rescued by Molly, a "razorgirl" who has undergone extensive body modifications, most notably razor-sharp blades under her fingernails. She joins the three men at their table, looking for a job. When Lewis tries to attack her, she cuts his wrist tendons and takes the incapacitating control device from him.

Ralfi offers to pay her off, but she deactivates the device and frees Johnny, who immediately offers a higher bid to hire her as a bodyguard. Johnny and Molly take Ralfi as they exit the bar, but a yakuza assassin waiting outside cuts Ralfi to pieces with a monomolecular wire hidden in a prosthetic thumb. Johnny fires his shotgun at the assassin but misses due to the man's enhanced reflexes. Molly is delighted to be facing another professional.

Johnny decides that the only way to save himself from the same fate as Ralfi is to get the data out of his head, which can be done only by using a SQUID to retrieve the password. Molly takes him to an amusement park to meet Jones, a cybernetically enhanced dolphin retired from Navy service. Jones' previous assignment was to locate and hack into enemy mines using the SQUID and other sensors implanted in his skull.

Since he is now addicted to heroin, the result of the Navy's efforts to keep its dolphins loyal, Molly trades him a batch in exchange for finding the password. Johnny then has Molly read it out so he can enter his retrieval trance, with recorders capturing all the data. They upload a snippet to a yakuza communications satellite and threaten to release the rest unless Johnny is left alone.

To deal with the yakuza assassin who is still following them, Molly leads Johnny to the Lo Teks, a group of anti-technology outcasts who live in a suspended hideout near the top of the geodesic domes covering the Sprawl. At Molly's request, the Lo Teks allow the assassin to climb up so she can face him on the "Killing Floor," a sprung-floor arena wired to synthesizers and amplifiers. Molly dances around the assassin, causing discordant noise to blare from the sound system, and tricks him into slicing off his own hand with his thumb wire. Overwhelmed by the noise and the strange environment, he jumps through a hole in the floor and falls to his death.

The story closes nearly a year later, with Johnny now living among the Lo Teks. He and Molly have gone into business for themselves, using Jones' SQUID to retrieve traces of all the data he has ever carried and blackmailing former clients with it.

Later mention
In Gibson's 1984 novel Neuromancer, the first of the Sprawl trilogy, Molly relates the rest of Johnny's story to the protagonist, Case. Molly claims that after achieving success, Johnny was murdered by a vat-grown yakuza ninja.

title: Johnny Mnemonic


text:
Wicked Bible

The Wicked Bible, sometimes called the Adulterous Bible or the Sinners' Bible, is an edition of the Bible published in 1631 by Robert Barker and Martin Lucas, the royal printers in London, meant to be a reprint of the King James Bible. The name is derived from a mistake made by the compositors: in the Ten Commandments in, the word "not" was omitted from the sentence, "Thou shalt not commit adultery," causing the verse to instead read, "Thou shalt commit adultery."

Errors

The Wicked Bible is best known for the omission of the word "not" in the sentence "Thou shalt not commit adultery", thus changing the sentence into "Thou shalt commit adultery".

The 1886 Reports of Cases in the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission (which gives the Bodleian Library manuscript Rawlinson A 128 as its source) lists this as one of the "two grossest errors", among "divers other faults". The other is a misprint appearing in Deuteronomy 5: the word "greatness" appearing as "great-asse", leading to a sentence reading: "Behold, the our God hath shewed us his glory and his great-asse". Gordon Campbell reports that there are no surviving copies of the book that contain the second error ("great-asse"), but that in three of the surviving copies there is an inkblot where the missing "n" would be, suggesting such a mistake may have been covered up in these copies. He also notes that, at the time of the Wicked Bible's publication, the word "asse" only had the sense of "donkey". Rob Ainsley of the British Library, in a 2009 letter to the London Review of Books, suggested that the existence of this second error was highly dubious.

Diana Severance, director of the Dunham Bible Museum at the Houston Baptist University, and Gordon Campbell have suggested that the potential second error could indicate that someone (possibly a rival printer) purposely sabotaged the printing of the Wicked Bible so that Robert Barker and Martin Lucas would lose their exclusive license to print the Bible. However, Campbell also notes that neither Barker nor Lucas suggested the possibility of sabotage in their defence when they were arraigned.

About a year after publication, Barker and Lucas were called to the Star Chamber and fined GB£300 1632 and deprived of their printing license.

The Wicked Bible is the most prominent example of the bible errata which often have absent negatives that completely reverse the scriptural meaning.

Public reaction

The case of the Wicked Bible was commented on by Peter Heylyn in 1668:

"His Majesties [sic] Printers, at or about this time [1632], had committed a scandalous mistake in our English Bibles, by leaving out the word Not in the Seventh Commandment. His Majesty being made acquainted with it by the Bishop of London, Order was given for calling the Printers into the High-Commission where upon the Evidence of the Fact, the whole Impression was called in, and the Printers deeply fined, as they justly merited." The "... £300 fine ... was eventually quashed ... [but] most of the texts were destroyed."

The Archbishop of Canterbury, George Abbot expressed anger at both errors.

Origin of the name
The nickname Wicked Bible seems to have first been applied in 1855 by rare book dealer Henry Stevens. As he relates in his memoir of James Lenox, after buying what was then the only known copy of the 1631 octavo Bible for fifty guineas, "on June 21, I exhibited the volume at a full meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London, at the same time nicknaming it 'The Wicked Bible,' a name that has stuck to it ever since."

Remaining copies
The majority of the Wicked Bible's copies were immediately cancelled and destroyed, and the number of extant copies remaining today, which are considered highly valuable by collectors, is thought to be relatively low. One copy is in the collection of rare books in the New York Public Library and is very rarely made accessible; another can be seen in the Dunham Bible Museum in Houston, Texas.

The British Library in London had a copy of the Wicked Bible on display, opened to the misprinted commandment, in a free exhibition until September 2009.

There are fifteen known copies of the Wicked Bible today in the collections of museums and libraries in the British Isles, North America and Australasia:

Britain (seven copies) The British LibraryUniversity of Glasgow LibraryUniversity of Leicester David Wilson Library Cambridge University Library University of Oxford, Bodleian LibraryUniversity of Manchester, John Rylands LibraryThe Library at York Minster North America (seven copies) New York Public LibraryYale University, Sterling Memorial LibraryHouston Christian University, Dunham Bible Museum D.C. Museum of the BibleUniversity of Toronto, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
The Lilly Library, Indiana University Bloomington
Princeton University Library, Special Collections

New Zealand (one copy)
University of Canterbury, owned by the Phil and Louise Donnithorne Family Trust

A number of copies also exist in private collections. In 2008, a copy of the Wicked Bible went up for sale online, priced at $89,500. A second copy was put up for sale from the same website which was priced at $99,500 as of 2015.

In 2014, William Scheide donated his library of rare books and manuscripts to Princeton University, with a copy of the Wicked Bible among its holdings.

In 2015, one of the remaining Bible copies was put on auction by Bonhams, and sold for £31,250 (equivalent to US$ today).

In 2016, a copy of the Wicked Bible was put on auction by Sotheby's and sold for $46,500. In 2018, the same copy of the Wicked Bible was put on auction again by Sotheby's, and sold for $56,250.

title: Wicked Bible


text:
Talk:Scissor Sisters (album)

UK Bonus tracks
I have a UK edition of the album, but I don't have the bonus track 'Get It Get It', is that right then? Pechark (talk) 20:15, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Yes it is, i also have the UK version of the album and it includes Get It Get It. Tamblingb (talk) 14:50, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Scissor Sisters (album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150402115910/http://www.musicweek.com/features/feature_page.asp?featureid=10727 to http://www.musicweek.com/features/feature_page.asp?featureid=10727

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Assessment comment
Substituted at 05:35, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scissor Sisters (album)


text:
List of Swedish regiments

This is a list of Swedish regiments. Most formations have changed names several times during their existence. Listed here are commonly used names.

Regiments were the highest organized organic units in the Swedish Army from the time of Gustavus Adolphus on to the Second World War. In 1949, the Swedish Army was reorganised, with the regiments being used as training units for conscripts during peacetime. The new main fighting unit was the brigade, only organised in wartime (with a few exceptions). The division (fördelning) is not a static organization, but can have brigades assigned and removed when needed, similar to other countries' corps formations.

Regiments are most commonly used in the context of the Swedish Army with the exception of the coastal artillery and naval infantry which belongs to the Swedish Navy.

Grand regiments
Storregementen or landsregementen (regiments of the land), these regiments were organized by Gustavus Adolphus in the end of the 1610s from the smaller units fänika and fana raised in the various parts of Sweden during the time of Gustav Vasa:

 * Norrlands storregemente (Norrland Grand Regiment)
 * Upplands storregemente (Uppland Grand Regiment)
 * Södermanlands storregemente (Södermanland Grand Regiment)
 * Östergötlands storregemente (Östergötland Grand Regiment)
 * Västergötlands storregemente (Västergötland Grand Regiment)
 * Smålands storregemente (Småland Grand Regiment)
 * Finlands storregemente (Österbotten Grand Regiment)
 * Karelska storregementet (Karelian Grand Regiment)
 * Västra Finlands storregemente (Western Finland Grand Regiment)
 * Mellersta Finlands storregemente (Middle Finland Grand Regiment)
 * Östra Finlands storregementet (Eastern Finland Grand Regiment)

Historical regiments
The original provincial regiments (landskapsregementen) were raised by splitting the old grand regiments, forming 20 infantry (actually 21 as Smålands regemente was split into Kronobergs and Jönköpings regemente) and eight cavalry regiments as written in the Swedish constitution of 1634. As time went on, new regiments were raised by conscription, created by splitting old regiments or enlisting soldiers from various dominions of Sweden. There were also times when temporary regiments were raised; these regiments were called männingsregementen.

List of active Swedish regiments
This is a list of currently active regiments.

title: List of Swedish regiments


text:
Fox Lake

Fox Lake may refer to:

Canada

 * Fox Lake, Alberta, an unincorporated community in northern Alberta
 * Fox Lake (Devon), a lake in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia
 * Fox Lake (Goffs), a lake in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia
 * Fox Lake (Lunenburg), a lake in the Municipal District Of Lunenburg, in Nova Scotia
 * Fox Lake (Timberlea), a lake of Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia

United States

 * Fox Lake, Illinois, a village in Lake and McHenry Counties, Illinois
 * Fox Lake Hills, Illinois, a census-designated place in Lake County, Illinois
 * Fox Lake (Angola, Indiana), a national historic district in Steuben County, Indiana
 * Fox Lake, Minnesota, an unincorporated community in Martin County, Minnesota
 * Fox Lake Township, Minnesota, in Martin County, Minnesota
 * Fox Lake, Montana, a census-designated place in Richland County, Montana
 * Fox Lake Wildlife Area, in Athens County, Ohio
 * Fox Lake, Wisconsin, a city in Dodge County, Wisconsin
 * Fox Lake (town), Wisconsin, a town in Dodge County, Wisconsin

In the United States

 * Fox Lake (Florida), a lake in Highlands County, Florida
 * Lake Fox, a lake in Polk County, Florida
 * Fox Lake, part of the Chain O'Lakes in Lake and McHenry Counties, Illinois
 * Fox Lake, a Muskegon County, Michigan
 * Fox Lake (Martin County, Minnesota), a lake in Martin County, Minnesota
 * Fox Lake, a Murray County, Minnesota
 * Fox Lake, a Rice County, Minnesota
 * Fox Lake, a Richland County, Montana
 * Fox Lake (Beadle County, South Dakota), Beadle County, South Dakota
 * Fox Lake (Deuel County, South Dakota), Deuel County, South Dakota
 * Fox Lake (Wisconsin), a lake in Dodge County, Wisconsin

Other lakes

 * Fox Lake (Cochrane District), a lake in the Cochrane District, Ontario
 * Fox Lake (Kings County), a lake in Kings County, Nova Scotia,
 * Fox Sagar Lake, a lake in Hyderabad, India

Other uses

 * Fox Hill Lake, a park in Bowie, Maryland
 * Fox Lake (Metra station), a station on Metra's Milwaukee District/North Line in Fox Lake, Illinois
 * Fox Lake Cree Nation, a First Nations government in Manitoba

title: Fox Lake


text:
Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos

Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos is a comic book series created by Jack Kirby and Stan Lee and published by Marvel Comics from 1963 to 1981. The main character, Sgt. Nick Fury, later became the leader of Marvel's super-spy agency, S.H.I.E.L.D. The title also featured the Howling Commandos, a fictional World War II unit that first appeared in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (cover dated May 1963).

Publication history
Stan Lee has described the series Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos as having come about due to a bet with his publisher, Martin Goodman that the Lee-Kirby style could make a book sell even with the worst title Lee could devise. Lee elaborated on that claim in a 2007 interview, responding to the suggestion that the series title did not necessarily seem bad: "It did at the time. First of all, it was too long for a title — we didn't have any that were six words. And 'Howling' was a long word, and 'Commandos' was a long word. I got the name 'Howling Commandos' because in the Army there was a group called the Screaming Eagles. And I loved the sound of that. So I figured we'd have the Howling Commandos." Comics-artist contemporary John Severin recalled in an interview conducted in the early 2000s that in the late 1950s, Kirby had approached him to be partners on a syndicated, newspaper comic strip "set in Europe during World War Two; the hero would be a tough, cigar-chomping sergeant with a squad of oddball GIs — sort of an adult Boy Commandos", referring to a 1940s wartime "kid gang" comics series Kirby had co-created for DC Comics.

Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos followed an elite special unit, the First Attack Squad, nicknamed the "Howling Commandos", which was stationed in a military base in England to fight missions primarily, but not exclusively, in the European theatre of World War II. Under Captain "Happy Sam" Sawyer, Fury was the cigar-chomping noncom who led the racially and ethnically integrated unit (racial integration was unusual for the then-segregated U.S. military, though possible in elite special forces units). Lee was obliged to send a memo to the color separator at the printing plant to confirm that the character Gabe Jones was African American, after the character had appeared with Caucasian coloring in the first issue.

The series ran 167 issues (May 1963 - Dec. 1981), though with reprints alternating with new stories from issue #80 (Sept. 1970), and only in reprints after issue #120 (July 1974); at this point the formal copyrighted title in the indicia, which had been simply Sgt. Fury, was changed to match the trademarked cover logo, Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos. Following seven issues by creators Lee and Kirby (who returned to collaborate on #13 and on the opening and closing pages of #18), penciller Dick Ayers began his long stint on what would be his signature series, penciling 95 issues, including two extra-length annuals. John Severin later joined as inker, forming a long-running, award-winning team; he would, additionally, both pencil and ink issues #44-46. The series' only other pencilers came on one issue each by Tom Sutton (which Ayers said was "done that time I asked for a furlough and reassignment") and Herb Trimpe ("They shuffled Trimpe and me around, [him] to Fury and [me] and Severin to  [ The Incredible ] Hulk" Ayers recalled.)

Roy Thomas followed Lee as writer, himself followed by Gary Friedrich, for whom this also became a signature series. Ayers said in 1977, "Stan Lee left Fury first to Roy Thomas because the superheroes were gaining in popularity at that time it was best he concentrate on them", referring to the young Marvel's then growing line of superhero comics, such as Fantastic Four and The Amazing Spider-Man. "I must admit I resented somewhat those superheroes taking Stan away from Fury!"

Friedrich began as a co-scripter of issues #42-44 (May–July 1967). The Friedrich-Ayers-Severin team began in earnest, however, with #45 (Aug. 1967), the first of what would be several of the series' "The" stories: "The War Lover", a shaded exploration of a trigger-happy soldier and the line drawn, even in war, between killing and murder. Daring for the time, when majority public sentiment still supported the undeclared Vietnam War, the story balanced present-day issues while demonstrating that even in what is referred to as "a just war", a larger morality prevails. As one writer in the 1970s observed,

"...Sgt. Fury #45 took a firm moralistic stance for the rest of the series by premiering what would become one of the most acclaimed series of stories in comics: the Gary Friedich 'The' series, beginning with 'The War Lover'. ... Future stories in that fashion — all but one written by Friedrich — would center on what war could do to 'The Assassin' (#51), the tragedy of a man turned hired liquidator, his family held hostage by Hitler's Gestapo; 'The Informer' (#57), an observation on loyalty and trust, staged in a German P.O.W. camp; 'The Peacemonger' (#64) [about a World War II conscientious objector ] ; 'The Deserter' (#75), an allusion to the real-life execution of Private Eddie Slovik; 'The All-American' (#81), Al Kurzrok's tale of a man [caught] between the twin microcosms of sport and war; and ultimately, 'The Reporter' (#110), an account of a journalist faced with the [question of] when might a human life be forfeit? Many feel, also, that #46's tale, 'They Also Serve', should be included ... for that story might as easily have been called 'The Medic'...."

At his best, Ayers' art in Sgt. Fury showed "a clear, forthright storyteller, excellent in medium close shots with a subtly out-of-focus background. He blended large panels with thin or small ones for movement, and often provided vast, cinemascopic panoramas for his writers to work with.... [E]ven in a scene that would ordinarily be static you could feel his characters breathing." Inker Severin "took the art even further, laying dark, scratchy inks" that gave grit to Ayers' pencils. Ayers himself "liked the results of John Severin's work on Sgt. Fury immensely", he said in 1977. "He added details beyond what I'd put in. He always seemed to go one step beyond."

Friedrich continued through #83 (Jan. 1971), with the late part of this run having reprint issues alternating with new stories. He returned for the even-numbered issues from #94-114 (Jan. 1972 - Nov. 1973).

Sgt. Fury ran concurrently with two other, short-lived Marvel World War II series, Capt. Savage and his Leatherneck Raiders (later titled Captain Savage and his Battlefield Raiders), which lasted 19 issues from 1968–1970; and Combat Kelly and the Deadly Dozen, which lasted nine issues from 1972-1973. The Howlers guest starred in #6 and #11 of the former series, and #4 of the latter.

Lee explained the series's transition to reprints: "... so much fan mail came in from readers who wanted more of Sgt. Fury, but we didn't have time, I didn't have the men to draw it, I didn't have the time to write it, and we were busy with other things, so we just started re-printing the books, and strangely enough, the reprint versions of Sgt. Fury sold as well as the original ones had!" The final issue, #167 (Dec. 1981) reprinted the first issue.

Seven annual publications appeared, the first titled Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos Special King Size Annual #1 (1965), and the remainder titled Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos King-Size Special #2-7 (1966 - Nov. 1971), with hyphen and sans "Annual". The final three contain reprints only, save for a 10-page framing sequence in #6. In annuals #1 and #3, the Howlers reunited for a special mission each in the Korean War and the Vietnam War, respectively; annual #2 found them storming the beaches at Normandy on D-Day in 1944, and annual #4 was a flashback to the Battle of the Bulge.

One latter-day story was published in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (July 2009), as the cover logo read; its copyright indicia read Sgt. Fury & His Howling Commandos One-Shot #1. The 32-page story, "Shotgun Opera", was by writer    Jesse Alexander and artist John Paul Leon.

Characters
In addition to Fury, the elite special unit of U.S. Army Rangers nicknamed the Howling Commandos consisted of the following:

 * Corporal Timothy Aloysius Cadwallader "Dum Dum" Dugan - A former circus strongman, Dum Dum is Fury's good right hand. He occasionally refers to his wife ("ugh!") in Boston and his mother-in-law ("double ugh!") as reasons that he enlisted, preferring fighting Nazis to dealing with them.
 * Private Isadore "Izzy" Cohen - The first demonstrably Jewish American comic book hero. Izzy is a master mechanic.
 * Private Gabriel Jones - An African American serving in an integrated unit. (The regular U.S. armed forces were not in reality integrated until after the war in 1948. However, certain elite units were in other comic books.)
 * Private Dino Manelli - He is modeled after Dean Martin. A swashbuckling movie actor, born in Italy, Dino enlisted to give back to the country that gave him so much. He is fluent in Italian and, inexplicably, also in German.
 * Private Robert "Rebel" Ralston - An ex-jockey from Kentucky's Bluegrass region.
 * Private Percival "Pinky" Pinkerton - Loosely modeled after real-life Commando and movie actor David Niven, this British soldier replaced Juniper in issue #8 (July 1964).
 * Private Jonathan "Junior" Juniper — In an unusual and daring move for comics at the time, Junior was killed in action after a few issues (issue #4 (Nov. 1963)). As one comics historian wrote in 1999, "Today that's no big deal but in 1963, comics heroes simply didn't die; not permanently, anyway. Suddenly, with the death of 'Junior' Juniper, the series acquired some real cachet. It now played like a true-life war drama where people got killed and never came back. You wondered who would be next."
 * Private Eric Koenig - A defector from Nazi Germany who joined the squad in issue #27 (Feb. 1966).
 * Private James "Jim" Morita - Was an American of Japanese descent who served in the U.S. Army as a Ranger during World War II. He joined a Nisei Squadron under the command of Capt. "Happy Sam" Sawyer and served with the Howling Commandos on several missions.
 * Private Jacques "Frenchie" Dernier - Was a member of the French Resistance against the Nazi occupation during WWII.

Fictional team history
In issue #34 (Sept. 1966) it is shown that a young Nick Fury with his friend Red Hargrove, left their childhood neighborhood to pursue their dreams of adventure, eventually settling on a daring wing-walking aviation act. Their death-defying stunts caught the attention of Lieutenant Samuel "Happy Sam" Sawyer when Fury and Hargrove were training British Commandos in low-level parachuting. Sawyer was serving with the British Commandos in 1940 and underwent training by Fury. Sawyer enlisted them for a special mission in the Netherlands. Nick and Red later joined the U.S. Army, with Fury undergoing basic training under a Sergeant Bass at Fort Dix in New Jersey. Both Fury and Red were stationed at Schofield Barracks, Oahu, Hawaii when the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the base on December 7, 1941, and Red was among the many killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Sawyer recruited select U.S. Army Rangers to his "Able" Company. Sawyer assigned Fury the command of the First Attack Squad, nicknamed the "Howling Commandos". They and the Second Attack Squad (the "Maulers", led by Sgt. "Bull" McGiveney, with Cpl. "Ricketts" Johnson), and, later, Jim Morita's Nisei squad were stationed in a military base in England to fight specialized missions, primarily, but not exclusively, in the European theatre of World War II, eventually going as far afield as the Pacific theatre, Africa, and, once each, in the Middle East and on the Russian front. Fury fell in love with a beautiful English nurse, Pamela Hawley, who is killed in a German bombing raid on London before he could propose to her.

The Howling Commandos' earliest (but not first-published) assignment occurred in the autumn of 1942. They were to recover British rocket scientist Dr. Henry MacMillan from a German military base in occupied Norway. Their success brought them to the attention of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who incorporated the unit into the British Army, and given the title of "Commandos".

The Howlers fought against the likes of German General Erwin Rommel and inter-squad bigotry, often in the same story. Antagonists included Baron Strucker, Captain America's nemeses Baron Zemo and the Red Skull (Adolf Hitler's protégé), and other Axis villains. The Howlers encountered Office of Strategic Services agent Reed Richards (later Mister Fantastic of the Fantastic Four) in issue #3 (Sept. 1963), and fought alongside Captain America and Bucky in #13 (Dec. 1964).

They reunited for missions in the Korean War, where Fury received a field promotion to lieutenant, and in the Vietnam War, each in a summer-annual special, as well as at a present-day, fictional reunion gala in issue #100 (July 1972).

Television

 * The Howling Commandos make a cameo appearance in the X-Men: The Animated Series episode "Old Soldiers".
 * The Howling Commandos appear in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Wrath of the Red Skull!", consisting of Nick Fury, Dum Dum Dugan, Gabe Jones, and Izzy Cohen.
 * The Howling Commandos appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, led by series original character and Nick Fury's father Jack Fury and consisting of Dum Dum Dugan, Gabe Jones, Rebel Ralston, Izzy Cohen, Dino Manelli, Pinky Pinkerton, and Wolverine.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
The Howling Commandos appear in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Their number includes Bucky Barnes (Sebastian Stan), Dum Dum Dugan (Neal McDonough), Gabe Jones (Derek Luke), Montgomery Falsworth (JJ Feild), Jim Morita (Kenneth Choi), Jacques Dernier (Bruno Ricci), Happy Sam Sawyer (Leonard Roberts), Junior Juniper (James Austin Kerr), and Pinky Pinkerton (Richard Short).

Video games
The Howling Commandos appear as NPCs in Captain America: Super Soldier, consisting of Bucky Barnes, Jim Morita, Dum Dum Dugan, and Montgomery Falsworth.

Collected editions

 * Marvel Masterworks: Sgt. Fury Vol. 1 (Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1-13) ISBN 978-0785120391
 * Marvel Masterworks: Sgt. Fury Vol. 2 (Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #14-23, Annual #1) ISBN 978-0785129288
 * Marvel Masterworks: Sgt. Fury Vol. 3 (Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #24-32, Annual #2) ISBN 978-0785142126
 * Marvel Masterworks: Sgt. Fury Vol. 4 (Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #33-43) ISBN 978-0785159599
 * Essential Sgt. Fury Vol. 1 (Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1-23, Annual #1) ISBN 978-0785163954
 * Marvel Epic Collection Vol. 1 (Sgt. Fury and His Howling Commandos #1-19) ISBN 978-1302916572
 * Marvel Epic Collection Vol. 2 (Sgt. Fury and His Howling Commandos #20-36, Annual #1-2) ISBN 978-1302952549

title: Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos


text:
Talk:Arthur de Gobineau

Untitled
Is his firstname Arthur or Joseph or Joseph-Arthur?

 * Joseph Arthur from my source Nagelfar 08:08, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

From the article:
 * He came to believe that race created culture, rather than the reverse.

I've removed the bold partion above, as it makes absolutely no sense to me. Does it mean that the popular opinion at the time was that the culture of a specific country basically determined the skin color of its inhabitants, or what? —Gabbe 23:11, Jan 9, 2005 (UTC)

However, it is interesting to notice that the Nazis used his book but edited the part about the Jewish people.The Nazis of course, were not to happy to realize Gobineau did not agree with their Jewish race theory.The Jews are not and will never be a race of thei own.Jews are caucasian in the broad sense of the term.But biologically speaking, there are no races.In fact a norwegian girl could be genetically closer to an Nigerian woman, than to a Swedish teenager. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.157.224.158 (talk) 03:48, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

"The culture of a specific country basically determined the skin color of its inhabitants, or what?"

I agree it's not coherent, but race is not skin color. Nobody believes that albinism transmutes the race of person from a dark-skinned population.

"In fact a norwegian girl could be genetically closer to an Nigerian woman, than to a Swedish teenager."

This is an example of 'Lewontin's Fallacy', and in any case race is better defined phenotypically than genetically.

?
i can't help but wonder: what proportion of the french have predominantly nordic blood? i've always been under the impression that a huge proportion of them DON'T. Gringo300 10:10, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no such thing as 'nordic blood'. Race is a predominantly cultural construction, not a biological one. Opinions to the contrary are held by nutters. Squiddy 01:10, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Gobineau was a racist but not an anti-semite
In his most well known book, The Inequality of the Human Races, he speaks of the Jewish people as "succeeding in all it undertook...who gave the world as many learned men as merchants." And there's more along those lines. I haven't come across disparaging comments about either Jews or Arabs in Gobineau. Can somone tell me where his reputation as an anti-semite comes from? Or is it conflated with his racism, generally?Madmax5 16:34, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Sorry to report that he wasn't so enlightened about Jews and Arabs. He did not dislike them much MORE than other "non-Aryan" races, and certainly never talked about a Jewish problem or advocated genocide. He did, however, portray them as greedy, miserly, and untrustworthy, and did speak of them as a race in a derogatory fashion. We read Gobineau's correspondence from Aden in my French Orientalism class... I'll try to find the quotes for this page. Mkmo (talk) 15:05, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

re: above

 * Your teacher was wrong.

 * Fwiw, letters are not a good representation of Gobineau's philosophy, either (nor are they of most people's). It's fundamentally dishonest to teach from them. The man was essentially a social climber who wanted to be more important than he was his whole life. He even started calling himself "Count" and added "De" before his surname based on a fanciful interpretation of his own ancestry. His letters were often sycophantic. Views expressed were those of the letter's recipient, not necessarily his own.

 * While Gobineau's philosophy can be accused of a lot of things (chief amongst them bad writing, inane leaps of logic, and a poor grasp of history), his philosophy is untainted by anti-semitism. I own most of the books that were in heavy rotation during Weimar and Nazi era Germany available in translation, so I have a pretty fair perspective on this.

 * In his major work, which was the one later infamously disseminated by the Nazis, he says the Jews "succeeded in everything they undertook, a free, strong, and intelligent people...." yadda yadda from Essays on the Inequality of Races. If you'd like to see it in print, turn to page 79 of the Biddiss translation in the "Roots of the Right" academic series. This passage was expurged in many German printings. Gobineau's writings were also often interpreted by persons with anti-semitic inclinations, like some of those in Wagner's circle.

 * I doubt your professor, whose specialization is probably in Said or some other postcolonialist hack, would know anything about this book other than what he heard secondhand.

 * I'll have to edit the page. It would appear I'm one of few people who has actually read the relevant primary sources.

Guinness4life (talk) 02:12, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Moved from main article space
Interesting passage:

Arthur de Gobineau - the French writer and diplomat is the one who convinced Wagner of the importance of racial purity, the central concept of his famous and infamous ESSAY ON THE INEQUALITY OF HUMAN RACES. Note however that Gobineau wasn't a racist in the usual sense (he regarded the process of universal miscegenation as irreversible) and even less of an antisemite. (He actually regarded the Jewish people as aristocrats, an ethnic group that had succeeded more than most in preserving its original character through endogamy.) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.139.103.158 (talk • contribs).

Gobineu actually thought that the Finns in Finland were mongoloids having compared a skull of a Finn, a Lapp and a Mongol. He never visited the country, but was able to describe Finns as "yellow", short, dark-haired, squinty eyed.

Why I brought this up was, that the illustrative map does not show this and the quotes I've read clearly show that he believed that short, dark, Asians populated Finland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.245.137.28 (talk) 21:59, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 03:47, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality?
In the "Miscellaneous" section of the article: "Gobinwau was also a great philhellene. He wrote an excellent work about the original Greek State, the To the Kingdom of the Greeks in the end of the 19th century". It clearly says that he wrote an excellent work, and that is the authors personal view of the text that De Gobineau wrote. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thymo (talk • contribs) 18:58, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

New source just published
Was Hitler a Darwinian? This book has an extensive essay on influences on Hitler's thought, including much biographical detail on Gobineau, the topic of this article. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 03:40, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

In need of edits
I just went through huge hunks of run-on text, trying to roughly impart some order to this overlong, unorganized article. I created subsections within "Early Life: The embittered royalist," and tried to create paragraphs within the other sections and my subsections.

However, due to the large number of disparate editors and a seeming heavy reliance on sources, problems remain. The level of detail is extreme for an encyclopedia article about a person of this notability, and seems to stem from editorial close adherence to sources, without omitting what only belongs in a book dedicated to Gobineau. Also, the organization of the article is weak, with themes not solidified, giving a hodge-podge impression to the narrative.

One person who understands this subject needs to edit the article for concision, reducing the bulk down to something a bit more solid. I know I am not that person.--Quisqualis (talk) 17:30, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

Yes, a thorough copy edit is desperately needed. The writing is sloppy, confused and has a shrill, prejudiced, non-academic tone throughout. If there is anyone who does not consider my edits an improvement, state your reasons here. SamJohn2013 (talk) 00:37, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a controversial subject, and an article frequented by socks and partisans, so I suggest that to avoid reversion of your edits, you discuss the specifics of what you intend to do -- as opposed to the generalities you listed above -- before youactually do them. Beyond My Ken (talk) 01:46, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I take no issue with any of the content. I am a copy editor. I have changed nothing, added nothing, and deleted nothing that was not redundant or confusing. My intention is to make the article better and easier to understand for the average reader. No article on Wikipedia is or should be "controversial." We are here to present the facts clearly for an intelligent reader. Have you not taken the time to read the changes? Why do you insist, for your own obviously personal, "partisan" reasons, on objecting to the editing I have done? The original text was written by someone who is not skilled at academic English, who has no sense of style or tone, and who lacks a thorough grasp of the subject, choosing instead to attempt a bloated, wordy imitation of an encyclopedia article. This overly long, repetitive, lumbering piece of flab would not pass in a high school writing course, why should it stand here? You obviously have personal issues with racism, and that is your business. Our task here is to present an obscure but important French intellectual who had an influence on turn-of-the century political thought, and race thinking of course. But what we need also to be aware of is his part in nineteenth-century French imperialism, his subsequent effect on theories of race and nobility, and how his theories of Aryanism influenced later philosophers such as Nietzsche, Thomas Mann, and yes, the Nazis. That is why it is so important that the language be absolutely clear and understandable. We do the reader a great disservice by clouding the subject with nonsense, burying it with irrelevant claptrap, and by making it so contorted that no one will possibly want to read it through. I got to this page not as a "sock" but as a scholar who wanted to learn more about Gobineau. I was horrified by what I saw and spent several hours of intense work cleaning up just one small section. You have made no justifiable explanation for your objections other than general peevishness. You have a history of unjustified and contentious edit wars on other pages, so I suggest that you report this to an arbitrator immediately for review. SamJohn2013 (talk) 02:41, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Hmm, you give out mixed signals. Which are you, a "copy editor" or a "scholar"? Is your focus altering or correcting factual information -- something a scholar might do -- or correcting grammar, language and structure? And why, exactly, should anyone have any confidence in your ability to bring clarity to the article when you post an unreadable block of text such as your comment above?  Maybe you are just someone who edit wars whenever they don't get their way - since that's what you seem to be doing. In any case, I don't need to know your philosophy about Wikipedia, I've been here for 13 years and 250,000 edits, and I understand it quite well, thanks.Unless you specificially outline the changes you plan to make, before you make them, they will be reverted.  I hope that's clear. Beyond My Ken (talk) 02:45, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

 *  Neutral notices to this discussion have been placed on the talk pages of the four WikiProjects listed at the top of this page. Beyond My Ken (talk) 02:56, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

No criticism
I wonder how the page on this racist is so detailed but doesn't have any section on how his ideas are criticized. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.38.122.80 (talk) 20:13, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Article needs editing
This is an extremely long article. In some ways, it is very high quality - well-written, comprehensive, and interesting. But it needs editing. The page is 163,373 bytes! As an encyclopedic project, we need to present information in a way that is readable and practical. Wading into the morass of Gobineau's opinion on every single subject he encountered in minute detail does not serve the reader well.

Additionally, as pointed out by the comment above, the article could use some more attention paid to the legacy section, with any criticism of Gobineau that is deserving of inclusion included. The article is not well-organized and sort of trails off with the section on the "Yellow peril", hardly mentioning the circumstances of his death! The four final sections, on Romania, the Ottoman Empire, Germany, and Brazil, do not make clear to the reader immediately that they deal with his legacy and the subsequent impact of his ideas.

I think that this article should undergo a thorough trim, at the very least. The whole legacy section should be revamped and material added. A larger and more worthwhile change might be to separate the preceding, exceedingly long "Life and Theories" section into two - "Personal life" and "Theories and ideas." Obviously the two are related, but this is true of every thinker. Separating the two will be a little more clear for the reader.

I think this article has a ton of potential. It just is too detailed and poorly organized for it to be truly helpful to a reader with no prior knowledge of Gobineau or his ideas. I'm happy to undertake some of this work myself, or it could be recommended to the Guild of Copyeditors. Ganesha811 (talk) 13:41, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Unless anyone has any objections, tomorrow I'm going to go ahead and begin copyediting the article for clarity and length - perhaps reorganize somewhat as well. Please comment below if you have any thoughts or would like to help! Ganesha811 (talk) 23:50, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I've completed my first run-through of copyediting and trimming. I think the major contribution is to organization, however - I have broken up the overlong "life and theories" section for clarity and restructured some parts of the article. It is now down to a more manageable 118,713 and presents a more encyclopedic view of Gobineau, rather than a catch-all of every one of his opinions and experiences. Ganesha811 (talk) 16:30, 14 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree it's very long. Instead of removing content, however, it should be divided into new split articles divided by life periods (like early life, academic career and/or late life, etc). I've moved the impact of his thinking to Gobinism and this should be a start. Gabriel Yuji (talk) 01:02, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Hercule de Serre died in 1824
Whoever the father of his wife's baby was, it was not Hercule Puerre de Serre who died in 1824. Perhaps it was a son of his? Anthony Staines, Professor of Health Systems, DCU, Dublin, Ireland. (talk) 09:04, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arthur de Gobineau


text:
Talk:Underdark

Setting
Isn't there also an underdark in the Greyhawk and Eberron settings? Ausir 01:20, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

That has been taken care of...
 * It has? Elaborate, please. I've removed the FR Wikiproject tag since the Underdark is not FR-specific, & did not originate in FR. A Dungeons & Dragons Wikiproject tag would be more appropriate--unfortunately, such a wikiproject has yet to come to fruition.--Robbstrd 20:20, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, but you realize that the Underdark book is specific to the Forgotten Realms setting, right? The book deals with FR specific monsters, religion, feats, rules, etc. and has nothing at all for either Eberron or Greyhawk.

 * However, if this page is NOT a product specific listing, then there needs to be a disambiguation page and a separate article specifically for the Underdark book released for the D&D 3.x game system, as well as a fix to a few links around here (which is how I found this page).

 * --Rezanow 17:28, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Insane humanoids(!?!)
This is a POV value judgement. Should I call Vorlons 'Insand old ones' n the bablyon five pages? I'm editing it and adding in mentions on other games that might have a underdark, also removing the country sidebar, since the underdark has many realms. Just so you know.

--
 * A region template will be made which will replace the country template where necessary, but go ahead and remove the infobox for now, and I'll just get the data-entries from the edit history later on. Poulsen 23:19, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Levels of the Underdark?
I'm curious if we can add sections for the vvarious levels of the Underdark, and for the regions of the Underdark. --Tainted Angel 09:44, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

The LP "The Underdark"
Its also the name of a LP of the band Funeral Diner. Maybe to add?

title: Talk:Underdark


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Christopher Ehret

Christopher Ehret (born 27 July 1941), who currently holds the position of Distinguished Research Professor at UCLA, is an American scholar of African history and African historical linguistics particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archeological record. He has published ten books, most recently History and the Testimony of Language (2011) and A Dictionary of Sandawe (2012), the latter co-edited with his wife, Patricia Ehret. He has written around seventy scholarly articles on a wide range of historical, linguistic, and anthropological subjects. These works include monographic articles on Bantu subclassification; on internal reconstruction in Semitic; on the reconstruction of proto-Cushitic and proto-Eastern Cushitic; and, with Mohamed Nuuh Ali, on the classification of the Soomaali languages. He has also contributed to a number of encyclopedias on African topics and on world history.

Career
Ehret's historical books emphasize early African history. In An African Classical Age (1998) he argues for a conception of the period from 1000 BC to 400 AD in East Africa as a "classical age" during which a variety of major technologies and social structures first took shape. His Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 (2002), brings together the whole of African history from the close of the last ice age down to the end of the eighteenth century. With the archaeologist Merrick Posnansky, he also edited The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History (1982), at that time a state-of-the-field survey of the correlation of linguistic and archaeological findings in the different major regions of the continent.

In reviewing An African Classical Age for the Annuals of the American Academy, Ronald Atkinson calls it "not easy or light reading", but concludes that "the result is a remarkably rich, evocative social and cultural history…” and that it "will itself become a classic and shape future scholarship in early African history for many years to come". The late Kennell Jackson of Stanford, writing in The Historian, says that "by the book’s midpoint, the immensity of his synthesis becomes apparent, as well as Ehret’s achievement as a historical conceptualizer. He repeatedly challenges formulaic ideas about causality, linearity as a model of change, and the cultural factors affecting innovation…. Ehret has written a fabulous African history book, furthering a genre far from the seemingly ubiquitous slavery studies and trendy colonial social history". Peter Robertshaw in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, offers a more measured conclusion: "Ehret has produced a remarkably coherent and detailed history which should spur further research".

The historian Esperanza Brizuela-Garcia, in her review of The Civilizations of Africa for the African Studies Review, calls this book "challenging and innovative" for presenting "the early history of Africa within the context of wide historical processes such as the development of agriculture, the emergence of metalwork, and the evolution of trade…. It gives these themes a thorough and masterful treatment…. By looking at broad themes of the history of human experience, Ehret is able to explain what makes Africa unique and what makes it comparable to other continents". She concludes: "The most important achievement of Ehret’s book is that finally the early history of the continent is taken seriously and is presented in detail and form that do justice to its complexity and depth. One hopes that Christopher Ehret has initiated a new trend in the writing of African history textbooks, one that challenges previously accepted chronologies and ideas and presents us with an interpretation that connects social, economic, political, and cultural history".

Scott MacEachern's review of the same book for the Journal of Africa History adds an archaeologist's perspective: "The book is well written and comprehensive and abundantly illustrates the richness and complexity of African societies over many thousands of years.  More discussion of methodologies and data compatibility, and a more complete reference list, would have been useful.  It will make a fine introductory text for courses in African history, especially if supplemented by books and papers that reflect other research methods and their results". Ehret's linguistic tome, Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (1995), is the subject of a detailed review article in Afrika und Übersee by the distinguished scholar of Afroasiatic languages, Ekkehard Wolff. Wolff writes: "Ehrets opus magnum ist ein Parforce-Ritt durch schwierigstes Terrain, bei dem sich der Reiter auch an die steilsten Hindernissen überraschend gut in Sattel hält und an nur einer einzigen Hürde nach Meinung des Rez. scheitert (…Tonalität).  Es ist ein nahezu unmöglisches, ein sehr mutiges und ein möglicherweise epochales Buch". ("Ehret’s opus magnum is a steeplechase ride through the most difficult terrain, in which the rider stays in the saddle astonishingly well even at the steepest obstacles and, in the opinion of the reviewer, crashes at only a single hurdle (…tone). It is a nearly impossible, a very courageous, and a possibly epochal book".) After an extensive and thorough critical commentary on the contents of the book, Wolff concludes:  "Ehret hat nichts weniger versucht als einen zukünftigen "Klassiker" zu schreiben....” ("Ehret has sought to write nothing less than a future classic.")

This particular book appeared in the same year as another comparative work on the same language family, Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova's Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction. Two reviewers have given comparative assessments of the two books, John Greppin in the Times Literary Supplement, 1 November 1996, and Robert Ratcliffe in a paper, "Afroasiatic Comparative Lexica: Implications for Long (and Medium) Range Language Comparison". Greppin writes a strongly positive review; Ratcliffe takes a more negative stance toward both books.

Ehret's 2001 book, A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan, has had a mixed reception. Václav Blažek, in a review article originally prepared for Afrikanische Arbeitspapiere, presents additional data, most of which, in his words, "confirm Ehret’s cognate sets". He continues, "The weakest point in the…monograph consists in semantics. Ehret’s approach is rather benevolent ….  But in any case, in the present time Ehret’s work signifies big progress". The sociologist and linguist Gerard Philippson in his review in the Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, also raises questions on some of the semantic connections, and he has doubts about the environments of certain sound changes proposed in the book. He has issues as well with Ehret's use of evidence from the Central Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family, but he finds his arguments relating to the Eastern Sahelian (Eastern Sudanic) branch convincing and "solid". He avers in conclusion: "Même les chercheurs s'opposant à cette reconstruction disposeront, en tous cas, d'une somme de matériaux, clairement présentés dans l'ensemble, sur lesquels ils pourront s'appuyer pour mettre en cause ou rebâtir l'ensemble proposé. Il s'agit de toutes façons d'un travail qui ne saurait être ignoré." ("Even the researchers who are opposed to this reconstruction will have, in any case, an amount of material, clearly presented throughout, which they can rely on to either challenge or rebuild what is proposed. As a whole, it constitutes a work which cannot be ignored".) Roger Blench, a development anthropologist, published a critical comparison of Ehret's and M. L. Bender's comparative work on the Nilo-Saharan family in Africa und Übersee in 2000—from its date, seemingly written before the book came out. It may be based, in part, on a preliminary manuscript by Ehret from the early 1990s.

Recent years
In recent years Ehret has carried his work in several new directions. One of these has been the history and evolution of early human kinship systems. A second interest has been to apply the methods of historical reconstruction from linguistic evidence to issues in anthropological theory and in world history. He has also collaborated with geneticists in seeking to correlate linguistic with genetic findings (e.g., Sarah A. Tishkoff, Floyd A. Reed, F. R. Friedlaender, Christopher Ehret, Alessia Ranciaro, et al., "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", Science 324, 22 May 2009) and in developing mathematical tools for dating linguistic history (e.g., Andrew Kitchen, Christopher Ehret, Shiferew Assefa, and Connie Mulligan, "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, July 2009).

Books

 * Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023.
 * The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Second Edition.  Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016.
 * A Dictionary of Sandawe: The Lexicon and Culture of a Khoesan People of Tanzania. (C. Ehret and Patricia Ehret, eds.) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2012.
 * History and the Testimony of Language. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2011.
 * The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2002.
 * A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2001.
 * An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998.
 * Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.
 * The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. (C. Ehret and M. Posnansky, eds.) Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982.
 * The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary. Berlin: Reimer, 1980.
 * Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974.
 * Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1971.

title: Christopher Ehret


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Talk:Torsades de pointes

Untitled
I united the histories of Torsades de pointes and Torsade de pointes in this article. For what it's worth, the two medical texts I looked at index this under torsades de pointes, which is why it's here rather than there. - Nunh-huh 01:23, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It'd be nice if someone could upload a graph because discussion of the baseline fluctuation is hard to visualize. --Piewalker 20:19, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

I googled the term trying to find the correct original pronounciation, because I've heard so many versions of it... could a native francophone maybe write the IPA pronounciation in the introduction?89.27.91.122 (talk)

Drugs
reviews the mechanisms of drug-induced TdP. JFW | T@lk  23:34, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * strategies to reduce deaths from TdP in hospital. JFW | T@lk  23:41, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

sentens misin
A "short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes", which presents without long QT syndrome, was also described in 1994.[8] XXX?? Drastic rotation of the heart's electrical axis Prolonged QT interval (LQTS) - may not be present in the short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes Preceded by long and short RR-intervals - not present in the short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes Triggered by a premature ventricular contraction (R-on-T PVC) 81.11.230.172 (talk) 13:37, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Torsades de pointes


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Molly Millions

Molly Millions (also known as Sally Shears, Rose Kolodny, and others) is a recurring character in stories and novels written by William Gibson, particularly his Sprawl trilogy. She first appeared in "Johnny Mnemonic", to which she makes an oblique reference in Neuromancer (where she is mostly referred to as "Molly" with no last name given). She later appeared in Mona Lisa Overdrive under the name "Sally Shears".

Character history
In all three stories, Molly is a physically tough (but not instantly imposing) bodyguard/mercenary cyborg. She is referred to as a "razorgirl" or "street samurai" throughout his stories and also as "Steppin' Razor" by the residents of Zion, a Rastafarian enclave aboard a space station.

A useful contact for dealing with gangs and black market elements, she tends to show little remorse for the opponents she ruthlessly dispatches in the course of her objectives. In fact she shows few deep emotions towards anyone outside of hatred, suspicion or amused contempt. Nevertheless, Molly is always regarded throughout the book as a loyal, morally strong character, opposed to the progressing decay of human relations in the world Gibson depicts.

An exception to her cold, somewhat cynical approach to life was her relationship with Johnny (of "Johnny Mnemonic"), for whom she still mourned at the time of Neuromancer. This is part of the personal history she relates to its protagonist, Case, in addition to the revelation that she worked as a "meat puppet" (a prostitute) in a "puppet parlor" (a brothel where people lend out their bodies while maintained in a blanked-out state) to pay for her considerable cybernetic enhancements.

Another pseudonym, used when she rents a hotel room in Neuromancer, is "Rose Kolodny", the name by which the Turing Police refer to her. The Turing Police may have simply gotten the name from the hotel's registry, but it is sometimes speculated to be her original name. The later trilogy books speculate that she is "SINless", having been an unrecorded birth and never having been issued a "Single Identity Number". This would give her the advantage of being more difficult to track in the cyberspace environment. Critic Larry McCaffery asserts that the name "Molly" is a reference to her status as a gun moll.

William Gibson has stated that he derived inspiration for the character from the image of Chrissie Hynde on the cover of the first Pretenders album.

Augmentations
Molly's metabolism, sensory input, and reflexes are artificially heightened by means of electronic implants and other advanced medical procedures. She has razor-sharp retractable blades underneath her fingernails, each double-edged and four centimeters in length. Appearing at first glance to be wearing mirrored sunglasses, Molly has in fact had her eye sockets sealed with vision-enhancing mirrored lenses, installed by the skilled black-market surgeons of Chiba City. To accommodate the inset lenses her tear ducts have been re-routed to her mouth; on the very rare occasions she cries, she either spits out or swallows the tears. She never lets others touch the lenses as it would leave messy fingerprints requiring extra cleaning.

Portrayal in other media
The 1995 film version of Johnny Mnemonic replaced Molly with a character named Jane who did not have modifications to her eyes or to her fingers. Jane did share the modified nervous system but used a single razor attached to the tip of a flexible spring rod as a weapon.

In the 2003 BBC Radio adaptation of Neuromancer, Molly was played by the English actress Nicola Walker. Sasha Grey took on the role in Case, a six-hour dramatic contemporary adaptation of the novel staged in New York City in November 2009.

Literary analysis
The character has been described as one of Gibson's most complex characters.

References in pop culture
Molly is the subject of a song called "Mirrorshades" by the group Information Society.

title: Molly Millions


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User:Jmayer

=Biographic information=

My hobby is scanning through wikipedia for censorious edits made by PR firms and others, and reverting them.

=A few of my favorite wikipedia pages=
 * Nuclear reactor
 * Mars (planet)
 * Cassini-Huygens
 * Nothing here yet.

title: User:Jmayer


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Sinchi Roca

Sinchi Roca, Sinchi Rocca, Cinchi Roca (in Hispanicized spellings), Sinchi Ruq'a or Sinchi Ruq'a Inka (Quechua for "valorous generous Inca") (c. 1230 –c. 1260) was the second Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco (beginning around 1230 CE, though as early as 1105 CE according to some) and a member of the Hurin dynasty (first dynasty).

Family
Said to have been the son of two of the original Inca siblings, Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo, whom they conceived in Huaynacancha. He was Manco Capac's successor and continued the rule after his father's death.

The father of Lloque Yupanqui.

His wife was Mama Cura, of the lineage Sanu, daughter of Sitic-huaman. They had a son named Sapaca. Manco Capac, Mama Huaco, Sinchi Rocca, and Manco Sapaca erected the House of the Sun.

Reign
The Kingdom of Cuzco later became Tahuantinsuyu (Inca empire) under the rule of Pachacuti. In one of the Inca foundation myths, Sinchi Roca led his family to the valley of Cuzco.

He is said to have created a territorial division of his domains and is considered to be the initiator of the first census of the Inca population.

He also ordered all members of his ethnic group (Inca) to pierce their ears as a sign of nobility.

The 16th century Spanish writers, including Cabello de Balboa quoted by María Rostworowski, also affirm that Sinchi Roca would have been the first Inca to use Mascapaicha or Maskaypacha (Quechua: Mask'ay seek; Pacha land, world, or space-time), which would become the distinctive sign of Inca sovereignty. Among the Incas, the imperial crown was composed of several elementsː the mascapaicha, the most important, was a fringe of red wool, ordered on the forehead because each of its strands "passed through a small tube of gold". Above this fringe were two or three black and white feathers of the sacred bird Korekenke (or Andean mountain caracara ). This fringe and feathers were secured on the forehead by a turban or headband known as the llautu or llauto consisting of a multicoloured braid "of extremely fine vicuña wool", wrapped several times around the head. The mascapaicha was the mark of absolute imperial power, to the point that "to take" or "to gird the mascapaicha" or "to claim the scarlet fringe" was the periphrase in use to signify the coming of the new emperor or Sapa Inca, during a ceremony where he received it from the hands of the Willaq Umu, the high priest or pontiff of the Inca religion.

One of the stories told about Sinchi Roca was that during his reign a llama shepherd had entered his house and took a young woman whom he cherished very well. The Inca then had them captured and tortured him to tell why he had committed such a sin; the young woman, not wanting to see the villager tortured anymore, revealed that she had fallen in love with the llamamichi (shepherd of llamas) as soon as he saw him wearing a wacanqui (amulet of love), and the shepherd confessed, in turn, that he had received such an object from a demon in a cave.

Building program
The chronicler Pedro Cieza de León states that Sinchi Roca built terraces and imported enormous quantities of soil in order to improve the fertility of the valley.

Sinchi came to be used as the title for a warlord, while Cápac, one of his father's names, became the title for a sovereign.

title: Sinchi Roca


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Fielding restrictions (cricket)

In the sport of cricket, different fielding restrictions are imposed depending on the type of match. They are used to discourage certain bowling tactics, or to encourage the batsmen to play big shots, enabling them to hit fours and sixes. Each team has nine fielders other than the wicket-keeper and bowler. The captain decides the fielding positions usually after consulting with the bowler. In Test cricket matches, the fielding restrictions are relaxed as compared to a One Day International.

All forms
In all forms of cricket, only two fielders are allowed in the quadrant between the fielding positions of square leg and long stop. This is to prevent the outlawed and controversial bodyline tactics from being used. No fielder is allowed on or over the pitch until the batsman has had a chance to play the ball.

One day cricket
Various rules concerning fielding have applied during the history of one day cricket, with the dual aim of encouraging the batsman to play attacking shots and to prevent the fielding team from being too defensive by posting all their fielders on the boundary. The current rules applying to One Day Internationals were first introduced as trial rules in July 2001, and are also used for some other limited overs tournaments.

Men's Fielding Restriction Circles
An oval shall be made by drawing two semi-circles on the field of play. The semi-circles shall have as their centre the middle stump at either end of the pitch. The radius of each of the semi-circles shall be 30 yd. The semi-circles shall be linked by lines which are drawn parallel to the pitch. This line, is commonly known as the circle. Further, two circles centered on each wicket of 15 yd radius are drawn and combined encompasses an area known as the close infield. During the first 10 overs of a 50-over innings a maximum of two fielders are allowed to be deployed in the outfield. Before July 2015, a minimum of two fielders (other than the bowler and wicket-keeper) had to be deployed in the close infield during Powerplay 1. If the number of overs in the innings is restricted to less than 24, the length of the fielding restrictions is reduced to eight or nine overs. At least 3 fielders must remain on either the Off or Leg Side.

T10 cricket has the same restrictions as T20 but for half of the bowling period. In other words: a maximum of two fielders outside the circle for the first six overs.

Women's Fielding Restriction Circles
In the Women's game the infield is smaller than in the Men's game but the close infield is the same. The semicircles of the infield have a radius of 23 m.

The restriction of having a maximum of three fielders in the outfield is applied for a further two blocks of five overs, with the captains of the fielding and the batting sides deciding the timing of one block each. These five-over spells are called Powerplay 2 and Powerplay 3 and may be shortened if the length of the innings is restricted (Powerplay 1 is the first block of 10). Powerplays were first introduced in the One Day International between England and Australia on 7 July 2005.

For the rest of the innings, a more generous maximum of five fielders in the outfield applies.

History
Fielding restrictions were first introduced in the Australian 1980–81 season. By 1992, only two fieldsmen were allowed outside the circle in the first fifteen overs, then five fieldsmen allowed outside the circle for the remaining overs. This was shortened to ten overs in 2005, and two five-over powerplays were introduced, with the bowling team having discretion over the timing for both. In 2008, the batting team was given discretion for the timing of one of the two powerplays. In 2011, the teams were restricted to completing the discretionary powerplays between the 16th and 40th overs; previously, the powerplays could take place at any time between the 11th and 50th overs.

On October 30, 2012, changes to the rules for fielding restrictions in one-day matches were officially implemented by the ICC. The number of Powerplay blocks were reduced to two; the first occurs within the first 10 overs, restricting the team to two fielders outside the 30-yard circle. The second block, the Batting Powerplay with a restriction of three fielders outside the circle, must occur by the 40th over. The number of fielders outside the 30-yard circle in non-Powerplay overs has also been reduced to four (from five).

In June 2015 rules changed to do away with batting powerplay, and allowed up to 5 fielders outside the circle in last 10 overs. The 2015 rule changes also included the removal of batting power play.

Twenty20
The number of players in the outfield area is the same as for the One-day format, but the restriction lasts for the first six of the twenty overs, and there is no "Batting" or "Bowling" Powerplay (Powerplays 2 and 3 in ODI's). Whereas in Twenty20 format a team can have maximum of five fielders outside 30 yd (25 yd for women) after first six overs of twenty overs.

title: Fielding restrictions (cricket)