text:
Talk:Art movement

Untitled
Just stumbled onto this page; I've been adding things to and organizing Art styles, periods and movements. Do you think any aspects of these two pages should be moved or combined? If all of the individual pages of art movements are put in the Art history category, or an art history subcategory call art movements (and it could be tricky distinguishing between the two, I almost kind of wonder if other alphabetized lists would be needed anymore... --STLEric 03:19, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)== Timeline ==

Could someone add a timeline of art movements using that EasyTimeliner package developed for Wikipedia?

Ethnocentric
The phrase Art movements seem to be a nearly exclusively Western art phenomenon is absurd,there are a lot of movements in other cultures,unknow in the west doesnt mean they don't exist or are less valuable--Andres rojas22 16:01, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Excellent point. Thanks for making that point, and I'm happy to see that bit of absurdity removed. Bus stop 16:22, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

No more art movements?
The first paragraph says, in part:

"Art movements were especially important in modern art, where each consecutive movement was considered as a new avant-garde. Movements have almost entirely disappeared in contemporary art, where individualism and diversity prevail."

Do we have a source for the notion that "Movements have almost entirely disappeared in contemporary art, where individualism and diversity prevail."?

I don't doubt that this might have been said somewhere, but I think a source for that assertion would be appropriate. Bus stop (talk) 19:02, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, why is Art movement a part of WikiProject Philosophy and not WikiProject Visual arts? Bus stop (talk) 19:46, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Good point, I tagged it..Modernist (talk) 20:40, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Expanding art movement links to articles, alphabetizing
Was going to format back to 2 columns for the lists, also revise and expand according to the following:

1900-1918	 Abstract expressionism · Art Deco · Art Photography · Ashcan School · Constructivism · Cubism · Dadaism · Der Blaue Reiter · De Stijl · Deutscher Werkbund · Die Brücke · Expressionism · Fauvism · Futurism · Hungarian Activism · Installation art · Jack of Diamonds · Metaphysical art · Neo-Fauvism · Neue Künstlervereinigung München · Neo-expressionism · Pittura Metafisica · Post-painterly abstraction · Purism · Rayonism · School of Amsterdam · Orphism · Synchromism · Scuola Romana · Suprematism · Vorticism · 1918-1945	American Scene Painting · Arbeitsrat für Kunst · Art Deco · Bauhaus · Color Field painting · Concrete Art · Der Ring · Ecole de Paris · Elementarism · Gruppo 7 · International Style · Lyrical Abstraction · Magic Realism · M.I.A.R. · Neo-Romanticism · Neue Sachlichkeit · New Objectivity · Novecento Italiano · Novembergruppe · Precisionism · Social Realism · Socialist Realism · Surrealism · 1945-1965	Abstract Expressionism · Action painting · Art Brut · Art Informel · Assemblage · Beat Art · CoBrA · Combines · Conceptual Art · Existential Art · Fluxus · Funk Art · GRAV · Happening · Hard-Edge Painting · International Typographic Style · Kinetic Art · Kitchen Sink School · Lettrism · Letterist International · Neo-Dada · New Brutalism · Nouveau Réalisme · Op Art · Organic Abstraction · Outsider Art · Performance Art · Photorealism · Pop Art · Post-painterly Abstraction · Situationist International · Tachisme · Vienna School of Fantastic Realism · 1965-2000	Anti-Design · Arte Povera · Body Art · Conceptual Art · DesignArt · Destination Art · Earth Art · Fluxus · Geometric abstraction · Installation art · Internet Art · Land art · Lowbrow · Minimalism · Neo-Dada · Neo-Expressionism · Neo-pop · New media art · Postminimalism · Postmodernism · Site Works · Sound Art · Stuckism · Super-realism · Supports-Surfaces · Systems art · {Transavanguardia · Video Art · Young British Artists · 21st century	 Altermodernism · Dogme 95 · Hyperrealism · IMMAGINE&POESIA · Intervention art · Metamodernism · Neo-Geo · Neo-minimalism · Post-postmodernism · Pseudorealism · Relational art · Remodernism · SoFlo Superflat · Sound art · Stuckism International · Superflat · Superstroke · Video game art

Also adding some links to the 19C list: Academic · Barbizon school · Biedermeier · Cloisonnism · Divisionism · Gründerzeit · Historicism · Hudson River School · Impressionism · Les Nabis · Nazarene · Neo-impressionism · Pointillism · Post-Impressionism · Pre-Raphaelites · Realism · Symbolism · Synthetism ·

I don't know what mistakes User:Modernist refers to on my User talk page. A lot of the movements' article links I'm trying to add are in a number of reliable sources. Nearly all are listed in "Styles, Schools and Movements" by Amy Dempsey (2010) London: Thames & Hudson) ISBN 9780500288443

Sorry it looks like a mess while I'm in the middle of editing, but I can't finish what I'm trying to do if another editor edit wars by hopping in while I'm in the midst of making changes and prevents me from finishing what I'm doing by blocking edits that way. Real-time edit warring? OttawaAC (talk) 14:22, 7 November 2011 (UTC)
 * You have made too many mistakes, the red links have to go and you can alphabetize when it is correct...Modernist (talk) 14:27, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Sorry, but there is no rule stipulating that red links must be removed from articles. Red links are our friends. Also, you are missing droves of valid links to existing articles. As indicated in the huge list above that I put together this morning. You can add one article link at a time and fuss about what's there now, but you're wasting time revising links that I will replace anyway when I get a chance to paste in more extensive lists.OttawaAC (talk) 14:56, 7 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Your red links are a waste of time - because there are no prohibits does not give you license - either do it right it or don't bother...Modernist (talk) 16:02, 7 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Instead of adding droves of red liks and other links - try just doing a few correct ones at a time and don't be in such a hurry...Modernist (talk) 16:11, 7 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes they used a term Abstract expressionism to describe Kandinsky - but the art movement is associated with the American painters of the 1940s and 1950s. If you want to use both which I do not recommend then draw a distinction between its use as a descriptive and its use as an art movement. The other cross outs are the tip of an iceberg of mistakes...Modernist (talk) 16:17, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Omission of the Educational Art during the period 1965-2000 (The Multiple Sculpture)
Let's establish in a first place the notability and verifiable sources: a) Canada Nations Capital newspaper, The Ottawa Citizen (The Citizen, Ottawa) with daily circulation over 100 000 b) National Library of Canada

1.) Origin of the Multiple Sculpture was documented in the article titled 'Sculptor... takes your all., by Jenny Bergin Page 36 Sat. Oct. 28, 1972, The Ottawa Citizen. Unfortunately not yet on Internet, but could be verified by requesting a copy from The Citizen,Ottawa.

2.) The second introduction of the Multiple Sculpture in 1981, was introduced at The National Library of Canada and documented in the article Perseverance Pays Off, by Nancy Baele, Page 74 The Ottawa Citizen, Nov. 26, 1981. It could be found under Rasto: Legacy of Vinland. (1981)

3.) Another document to the Multiple Sculpture could be found under same heading Rasto: Legacy of Vinland; recorded at the National Library of Canada publication. (1981)

4.) In 1985 not only reference to Multiple Sculpture but I quote: he calls himself 'the Originator of the Multiple Sculpture', in the article titled Area artists to exhibit with best in New York, Page D22, The Citizen, Ottawa, Friday, August 23, 1985. This article may be found on the internet under: sculptor Rasto, on around the page 20

Of course there are more references to the Multiple Sculpture as an Educational Art (defined 1987)

And now a few quotes from Guest books (verifiable upon demand) 1981 - "Fantastic!" may be appropriate, but "Poetic" is the truth and hols a great promise. It has been a privilege to see this decade of creative effort and I look forward to seeing the flowering of "Multiple Sculpture" in the next decade. With best wishes and much success, Rudolf Papanek and family (Nov. 1981 the Guest Book at exhibition) 1982 - Effective, clever, articulate, both yourself & the work. Hope you spread your brilliant discovery so more might pursue what seams to be a foray. B. Days 10-11-82 New York, Guests Book from exhibition 'Introduction of New Artists, Madison Square Gardens.

This is just to establish the existence and the origin of the Educational Art, The Multiple Sculpture, later identified as Multiple/ Multilateral Sculpture. These are the facts, not a promotion nor B.S. just facts, and there is more, much more... Rasto Hlavina 21, 12, 2011 74.210.37.164 (talk) 17:10, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Omission of the Educational Art during the period 1965-2000 (The Multiple Sculpture)
Let's establish in a first place the notability and verifiable sources: a) Canada Nations Capital newspaper, The Ottawa Citizen (The Citizen, Ottawa) with daily circulation over 100 000 b) National Library of Canada

1.) Origin of the Multiple Sculpture was documented in the article titled 'Sculptor... takes your all., by Jenny Bergin Page 36 Sat. Oct. 28, 1972, The Ottawa Citizen. Unfortunately not yet on Internet, but could be verified by requesting a copy from The Citizen,Ottawa.

2.) The second introduction of the Multiple Sculpture in 1981, was introduced at The National Library of Canada and documented in the article Perseverance Pays Off, by Nancy Baele, Page 74 The Ottawa Citizen, Nov. 26, 1981. It could be found under Rasto: Legacy of Vinland. (1981)

3.) Another document to the Multiple Sculpture could be found under same heading Rasto: Legacy of Vinland; recorded at the National Library of Canada publication. (1981)

4.) In 1985 not only reference to Multiple Sculpture but I quote: he calls himself 'the Originator of the Multiple Sculpture', in the article titled Area artists to exhibit with best in New York, Page D22, The Citizen, Ottawa, Friday, August 23, 1985. This article may be found on the internet under: sculptor Rasto, on around the page 20

Of course there are more references to the Multiple Sculpture as an Educational Art (defined 1987)

And now a few quotes from Guest books (verifiable upon demand) 1981 - "Fantastic!" may be appropriate, but "Poetic" is the truth and hols a great promise. It has been a privilege to see this decade of creative effort and I look forward to seeing the flowering of "Multiple Sculpture" in the next decade. With best wishes and much success, Rudolf Papanek and family (Nov. 1981 the Guest Book at exhibition) 1982 - Effective, clever, articulate, both yourself & the work. Hope you spread your brilliant discovery so more might pursue what seams to be a foray. B. Days 10-11-82 New York, Guests Book from exhibition 'Introduction of New Artists, Madison Square Gardens.

This is just to establish the existence and the origin of the Educational Art, The Multiple Sculpture, later identified as Multiple/ Multilateral Sculpture. These are the facts, not a promotion nor B.S. just facts, and there is more, much more... Rasto Hlavina 21, 12, 2011 74.210.37.164 (talk) 17:19, 21 December 2011 (UTC) By the way, the entry in Guest Book by Rudolf Papanek, who was Rudolf Papanek see: architect Rudolf Papanek. Rasto Hlavina 74.210.37.164 (talk) 13:05, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

1965-? The Industrialization of the Arts as a Movement
The beginning of this era is correctly defined by year 1965, the time of introduction of public money into the Arts by the establishment of The National Endowment for the Arts.

The official theme was to support the search for excellency in the Arts. As such it opened the door to liberalization in the Arts, and begun to grow exponentially. It initiated a constant re-invention of the Arts, quasi movements, penetrated into every level of cultural activity, and asserted itself to become the main stream. By fraternization also with communication media on every level and beyond, this public support in reality created a whole new and successful industry - The industry of Art. Based on this, the the whole era could be defined as one movement, The Industrialization of the Arts.

That is for the mainstream Art. Concurrently there was another independent movement in making, this was the development of The Multiple / Multilateral Sculpture, as an educational tool. Though shied by the mainstream media, it was presented in the article titled ' Aylmer Sculptor Starts Art Movement ' Dec 17, 1981, The Aylmer Bulletin, page 7, authored by Margaret Virany. For reference you have to ask the newspaper for a copy. The Multiple / Multilateral Sculpture has opened the door to a whole new perspective on Art and with it the wide horizon to be explored not only by artists, but also by researchers, philosophers and many more areas... Rasto Hlavina 74.210.37.164 (talk) 20:55, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

An example of art style that is not Western and not listed
Ukiyo-e art. There are a lot of others in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Marasama (talk) 20:19, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

Pixel art?
Pixel art is probably not less prominent than Steampunk. Maybe it should be added to the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Podlec (talk • contribs) 13:32, 28 November 2016 (UTC)

OK. Nice suggestion. Dimadick (talk) 08:30, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Vaporwave?
Delete that immediately. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.58.180.122 (talk) 00:40, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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Ecole de Paris
Where should we add the School of Paris. Notable period being from the 1910s until the Nazi Occupation of France (1940s). Though members such as Chagall, Frenel, Mane Katz and others lived on for a few more decades. Homerethegreat (talk) 11:56, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Art movement


text: File:Army of Darkness poster.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Army of Darkness poster.jpg


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Benjamin Sheares

Benjamin Henry Sheares (12 August 1907 – 12 May 1981) was a Singaporean physician and academic who served as the second president of Singapore from 1971 until his death in 1981.

Sheares retired in 1960 and was in private practice before being elected as the president of Singapore by the Parliament after the death of Yusof Ishak, the former president of the Republic, on 23 November 1970. He was sworn in on 2 January 1971.

Sheares initially wanted to retire after finishing his second term as he felt that he did not have the energy for another term, but Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew persuaded him to remain and Sheares took on his third term. He served as the president of Singapore for three terms from 2 January 1971 until his death on 12 May 1981. He was succeeded by Devan Nair on 23 October 1981.

Benjamin Sheares remains the only Singaporean President elected for three terms and remained the longest-serving President at 10 years - a record surpassed in January 2010 by his successor S. R. Nathan.

Both the Benjamin Sheares Bridge and Sheares Hall at the National University of Singapore are named after him.

Early life and education
Sheares was born on 12 August 1907 in Singapore to an Eurasian family with an English lineage. He was the second of six children in the family. His father Edwin H. Sheares, was an English technical supervisor of the Public Works Department, and raised in the British Raj. Edwin later married Singapore-born Lilian Gómez, of mixed Chinese and Spanish descent, and had six children—the first died in infancy. Life was hard for the Sheares family with the meagre salary that Edwin received from his post.

As a young child, Sheares was affectionately known as Ben or Bennie. He was a quiet boy who kept much to himself and loved to play at Peirce Reservoir, where his father worked.

Throughout his growing years, Benjamin showed ambition to become a doctor—a dream deemed almost impossible for someone who was Asian and came from a poor family in the early colonial days of Singapore. However, his sister Alice continued to spirit him on with that dream, against his mother's wishes for her son to take up a job as a clerk and start helping out with the family bills as soon as he completed his Senior Cambridge Examinations (equivalent to O Level).

Sheares was educated at St. Andrew's School before transferring in 1922 to study at the Raffles Institution, the only school equipped with scientific laboratories—making it an ideal place to further his ambition to become a doctor. In 1923, he enrolled into the King Edward VII College of Medicine (now the National University of Singapore) to begin his medical training. Sheares was aware that his family could not see him through the hefty school fees afforded by the College, therefore he won a generous scholarship offered by the Council of the Medical College with his exemplary academic performance. With this quantum, he was able to give $50 monthly to his mother for the support of his family. He continued to excel in his studies and was awarded four medals by his college. Later, he passed his Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) final examinations with distinctions.

Medical career
Upon graduation, Sheares worked as an obstetrician in the Kandang Kerbau Hospital and a professor at the University of Malaya. He continued to support his family, and assumed full responsibility for his family when his father died in 1940. Sheares was awarded the Queen's Fellowship which would grant him a two-year postgraduate training in Britain. However, his studies were postponed due to the Second World War. During the war in 1941, the hospital Sheares was working at, was damaged by the bombing from the Japanese military and it was converted into a general hospital for injured civilians.

Sheares pioneered the lower Caesarian section which resulted in a lower mortality and morbidity rate in pregnant women than the upper Caesarian section. The method is currently the most common Caesarian section method used today.

After the war, Sheares was appointed as an acting professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the hospital, which he held on until he went for his postgraduate studies at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School in 1947. He returned to Singapore in 1948 and returned to his post as acting professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Kandang Kerbau Hospital before he became a full professor in 1950. Sheares then retired from the hospital in 1960 and went into private practice until he was elected as the president of Singapore by the Parliament. He became Honorary Consultant after his retirement and continued teaching both undergraduate and postgraduate students at the hospital.

Sheares also created a technique to create an artificial vagina for those born without one. A modification of it is still used for sex change operations today.

Presidency
Benjamin Sheares became Singapore's second president on 2 January 1971. His mother was 91 years old when she learnt that her son had become the president of Singapore. Just two weeks before she died, she said "God has blessed Bennie especially after the way he looked after us and me." According to a medical assistant of his, Sheares had possibly donated his entire salary as president to charity.

Sheares served three terms as president from 2 January 1971 until 12 May 1981. He originally wanted to retire after finishing his second term as he felt that he did not have the energy for another term, but Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew persuaded him and Sheares, aged 70 then, took on his third term as president. Sheares held the office until his death in 1981. Devan Nair succeeded him as president.

Personal life
Sheares married Yeo Seh Geok Sheares in 1939 and they had three children together. Their daughter, Constance Sheares, is an arts administrator, curator, and writer.

Death and legacy
Sheares was found to have tumors in his lung in November 1980 while serving his third term as president. He slipped into a coma on 8 May 1981 and died four days later on the 12th of that month. He was buried at Kranji State Cemetery.

The Benjamin Sheares Bridge, Sheares Avenue and Sheares Link are named after him. In academia, the student's residence Sheares Hall at the National University of Singapore, Benjamin Henry Sheares Professorship in Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Benjamin Sheares Professorship in Academic Medicine, and the Benjamin Sheares College at the Duke–NUS Graduate Medical School are all named after him. The Sheares Block in Raffles Institution was also named after him.

title: Benjamin Sheares


text:
User:Wac~enwiki

I am a software engineer for a medium-sized publicly traded company in Kirkland, Washington that runs a search engine you've probably used recently. I've been using wikipedia for a while now, and want to help fill in some of the blanks around where I live, and in areas where I have at least a slight modicum of expertise. Aside from the brief introduction, I use this page to remember things that I want to work on so I don't forget later. As such, it may get a bit verbose at times. Feel free to comment on the items listed on the talk page.

I presently live in the Snoqualmie Valley, 30 miles east of Seattle, a short walk downstream from Snoqualmie Falls and within view of Mount Si. I was born in Seattle and lived around the outskirts for most of my life. I'm a graduate of Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington and had occasion to live in Lübeck, Germany for a period of time.

Things to contribute
I have a very nasty photography habit which comes in fits and starts which I am trying to use to contribute some photos. I also know some people with a historical society up in Sammamish who have a variety of interesting information about the logging and tourist industry in the Cascade foothills and the Eastside in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

WikiProject Seattle has a list of things to do that may intersect my list here.

Pictures I contribute are licensed as cc-by-sa. I'm not sure what the politics are between this and the GFDL might be, but I don't see anything that would immediately interfere. This is somewhat of a break for me as I typically share my private software work under a BSD license agreement.

Take pictures around Seattle and King County

 * Find a PD photograph of Ivar Haglund
 * Snoqualmie Falls
 * I have a great picture of the falls during the snow storm that hit in early January, 2004 although it needs a releveling love from Photoshop
 * Will have to wait until fall when the rain starts to pick up for a good shot of the full falls
 * Article should mention that 80% of the river water goes through the hydro plant rather than the falls nowadays
 * I've gotten the impression that the Snoqualmie (tribe) may have some amount of anomosity towards Puget Sound Energy w.r.t. how much flow is being diverted these days. I'll have to find some citable sources for that though.
 * Seattle Waterfront Streetcar
 * Colman Dock
 * Sound Transit
 * Sounder train
 * ST Express bus
 * Qwest Field
 * University District, Seattle, Washington
 * University of Washington
 * The fountain out to Mt. Rainier picture
 * The Suzzallo Library
 * Outside façade
 * Graduate reading room
 * Seattle as seen from the Bremerton ferry (or the Vashon passenger ferry)
 * Experience Music Project
 * I should find the quote from the New York Times architecture critic who described the EMP as something that crawled out Puget Sound and died.

Take pictures of other things not too far away

 * Mount St. Helens
 * I'd like to see more coverage in that article of the natural recovery of the nearby flora and fauna which is one of the most spectacular features of the area nowadays.
 * Mount Rainier
 * Get a shot with the Seattle skyline in it
 * I'd like to see some coverage of the native mythology surrounding the mountain.
 * I'd like to see reference to the way some locals tell the weather by looking for the cap on the mountain.
 * Western Washington University
 * I've got to have a picture of Red Square somewhere...
 * Show Jumping

More text oriented work

 * Add an entry for Pasado's Safe Haven, a sanctuary for abused animals near Seattle. They are notable for their lobbying work for stronger laws against animal cruelty, frequent rewards for information leading to arrests in animal cruelty cases, and their work rehabilitating abused animals.
 * An entry about Pasado the donkey might be a follow up. His beating and hanging death in Bellevue, Washington led to public outcry and stronger laws in Washington state.
 * Does Snoqualmie Ridge business park really employ 1000 people? Is it for certain that isn't the population that live in the houses up there?
 * Add some information about the concept car that preceded the Audi TT to that page.
 * Make sure there is some reference to liquefaction and the fill conditions in SoDo for the 2001 Nisqually earthquake entry.
 * It was all once part of Elliott Bay down there, and it was filled using some of the dirt from the Denny Regrade among other things IIRC. The land down there is very susceptible to liquefaction as a result.  Reports from some of the buildings down by Boeing Field (KBFI) said that mud seeped quickly into a number of below ground rooms during the earthquake and some buildings subsided into the soil rather dramatically.
 * Generate some stubs for the various other mountain passes in Washington state that aren't already covered.
 * Cayuse Pass
 * Chinook Pass
 * Be sure that the appropriate entries are listed in Cascade Range as well.
 * Include recreation details in the Cascade Range entry about the mountain pass ski areas that dot the Cascades and the Pacific Crest Trail.
 * The green shuksan rock near Mount Baker and Mount Shuksan
 * Add external links to the WSDOT traffic flow pictures from the various floating bridge pages
 * Add external link to the Ave business alliance or whatever they are to University District, Seattle, Washington
 * There's a University (or maybe it's U. District) Chamber of Commerce. I think there's also a "Merchants' Association". There used to be a U. District Round Table, but I think it's dead. -- Jmabel 20:12, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Wac~enwiki


text:
Poisson superalgebra

In mathematics, a Poisson superalgebra is a Z2-graded generalization of a Poisson algebra. Specifically, a Poisson superalgebra is an (associative) superalgebra A together with a second product, a Lie superbracket
 * $$[\cdot,\cdot] : A\otimes A\to A$$

such that (A, [·,·]) is a Lie superalgebra and the operator
 * $$[x,\cdot] : A\to A$$

is a superderivation of A:
 * $$[x,yz] = [x,y]z + (-1)^{|x||y|}y[x,z].$$

Here, $$|a|=\deg a$$ is the grading of a (pure) element $$a$$.

A supercommutative Poisson algebra is one for which the (associative) product is supercommutative.

This is one of two possible ways of "super"izing the Poisson algebra. This gives the classical dynamics of fermion fields and classical spin-1/2 particles. The other way is to define an antibracket algebra or Gerstenhaber algebra, used in the BRST and Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism. The difference between these two is in the grading of the Lie bracket. In the Poisson superalgebra, the grading of the bracket is zero:
 * $$|[a,b]| = |a|+|b|$$

whereas in the Gerstenhaber algebra, the bracket decreases the grading by one:
 * $$|[a,b]| = |a|+|b| - 1$$

Examples

 * If $$A$$ is any associative Z2 graded algebra, then, defining a new product $$[\cdot,\cdot]$$, called the super-commutator, by $$[x,y]:=xy-(-1)^{|x||y|}yx$$ for any pure graded x, y, turns $$A$$ into a Poisson superalgebra.

title: Poisson superalgebra


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alase technologies

Advert for non-notable company. 8-900 hits, but most are on kinda google bomb-ish link-farms. Needs move to proper caps if kept for some reason. Niteowlneils 03:39, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Arrrrg. I shoulda guessed, it's a copyvio, anyway. Gotta go change the tag... Niteowlneils 03:47, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. It is most definitely a copyright violation. The bottom of the webpage states that its entire content is copyrighted as of 2002. A stub could be started with the standard description on the bottom of all press releases, which is not a copyvio, but unless someone edits it soon, I say delete. Normally would edit myself, but I don't think this company warrants an entry at Wikipedia. Skyler 16:00, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Aside from everything listed about.  Its not objectively written and I agree with Skyler1534 100% that the company does not warrant an entry. ScottyBoy900Q 21:02, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
File:Casualties of War poster.jpg

Summary
A film poster for "Casualties of War".

title: File:Casualties of War poster.jpg


text:
Tino Martinez

Constantino "Tino" Martinez (born December 7, 1967) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays from 1990 through 2005. He also served as a hitting coach for the Miami Marlins in 2013. He is known as "Tino", a shortened version of his first name, but was also nicknamed "The Bam-tino" after his home run in Game 1 of the 1998 World Series. Formerly a third baseman, Martinez was the first round draft pick for the Seattle Mariners in 1988 out of the University of Tampa, where he starred during his time on campus. During his 16-year MLB career, he scored 1,009 runs, drove in 1,271 runs, and hit 339 home runs. He had 100 or more RBI in six different seasons and was twice named to the All-Star team.

Early life
Tino Martinez was born and raised in the neighborhood of West Tampa in Tampa, Florida, to a Cuban-American father with Spanish roots and a mother with Italian and Greek ancestry. His grandfather owned a small cigar factory, in which Martinez and his brothers, as well as childhood friend and fellow future major-leaguer Luis Gonzalez, worked as young boys. Martinez attended St. Joseph School in West Tampa until 8th grade, then attended Tampa Catholic High School for 9th and 10th grades, before transferring to and graduating from Jefferson High School. Martinez led both of his high schools to state baseball championships. With Tampa Catholic, he had future Major Leaguers Lance McCullers and Rich Monteleone as teammates.

Martinez enrolled at the University of Tampa, where he played college baseball for the Tampa Spartans in NCAA Division II. He played three years for Tampa, and was an All-American each year. In 1986, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star. As of 2011, Martinez still held school records in career home runs (54), career batting average (.399), career slugging percentage (.736), single season batting average (.452) and single season slugging percentage (.957). In 1988, he was a finalist for the Golden Spikes Award, which has never been given to any NCAA Division II player. One year after graduating he was inducted into the University of Tampa's athletics hall of fame. Since 2010, the Tino Martinez Award has been given to the most outstanding NCAA Division II baseball player. In 2013, Martinez was inducted into the National College Baseball Hall of Fame.

Seattle Mariners (1990–1995)
The Seattle Mariners drafted Martinez in. Martinez's first Major League manager was Lou Piniella, who had also grown up in the West Tampa neighborhood, and who knew Martinez's uncle and mother. Martinez had several mediocre seasons, but broke out in when he drove in 111 runs, hit 31 home runs and batted .293. The Mariners clinched the AL West and went on to play in the first season of divisional postseason play against the New York Yankees.

New York Yankees (1996–2001)
Following that season, the New York Yankees acquired Martinez, along with Jeff Nelson and Jim Mecir, for Sterling Hitchcock and Russ Davis. Before the trade was finalized, Martinez and the Yankees agreed to a five-year, $20.25 million contract extension. Martinez succeeded Don Mattingly as the Yankees' starting first baseman.

Martinez was with the New York Yankees as they won four World Series championships in five seasons:, , , and. He also won the Home Run Derby in 1997. Martinez hit two memorable home runs as a Yankee in the World Series. The first came off Mark Langston in Game 1 of the 1998 Series. The Yankees had tied the game earlier in the inning with a Chuck Knoblauch three-run home run. The following three batters got on base, and Martinez came to the plate. After taking a very close pitch with a 2–2 count, which appeared to be strike three but was not ruled as such by umpire Richie Garcia, Martinez hit the next pitch into the upper deck for a grand slam, giving the Yankees a four-run lead. Martinez's second memorable World Series home run came three years later, on October 31, 2001. The Yankees were down to their last out trailing by two runs, two outs in the 9th inning, when Martinez came to the plate with a runner on. He hit a game-tying home run to right center off Arizona Diamondbacks closer Byung-hyun Kim, and the Yankees went on to win the game. The feat was repeated the following night by Scott Brosius. However, the Yankees would lose Games 6 and 7 and thus the Series.

His best season statistically came in, when he was second in the American League in home runs and RBI (with 44 and 141 respectively), and finished second in AL Most Valuable Player voting. On May 19, 1998, he was hit by a pitch in the upper back by Baltimore Orioles pitcher Armando Benítez, which resulted in an intense brawl between the two teams.

In the 2001 World Series, Martinez's Yankees faced off against the Arizona Diamondbacks. The series went to Game 7, which Arizona won when Luis Gonzalez, Martinez's best friend, hit a game-winning single off Yankee closer Mariano Rivera in the bottom of the 9th inning. Gonzalez later recalled that when he went back home to check his answering machine, the first message of congratulations was from Martinez.

During most of his time with the Yankees, Martinez resided in Tenafly, New Jersey.

St. Louis Cardinals (2002–2003)
After the season the Yankees elected to sign Jason Giambi for  and beyond. Martinez went on to play for the St. Louis Cardinals for two seasons, once again replacing an aging, legendary first baseman, Mark McGwire.

When Martinez returned to Yankee Stadium during a series in 2003, he received a standing ovation by Yankee fans. In the second game of the three game series, Martinez hit two home runs off former teammate Andy Pettitte, receiving a substantial ovation from the crowd both times. The Yankee fans cheered him for a curtain call, a rare occurrence in honor of a visiting team's player.

Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2004)
After the season, the Cardinals decided to have Albert Pujols switch from left field to first base. They traded Martinez to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, where he was reunited with his manager in Seattle, Lou Piniella, who was now managing the Devil Rays. Martinez hit 23 home runs, while serving as a mentor for the team's many young players, and was popular with Devil Rays' fans. His family lived just minutes from the Tropicana Field.

Prior to the 2004 Summer Olympics, the host nation, Greece, trying to build up their chances of winning a medal, decided to put together a team of North American baseball players of Greek heritage. Martinez, having some Greek ancestry, was approached by the Greek Olympic team manager, Rob Derksen, and asked to play for the host nation. Martinez, along with fellow MLB players Eric Karros and Aaron Miles, declined the offer because the games were in the midst of the Major League Baseball season.

Second stint with the New York Yankees (2005)
Martinez returned for a second tour of duty with the Yankees for the 2005 season. From May 7–11, 2005, Martinez hit five home runs in five straight games, which is one more than his previous best, set from June 27 – July 31, 2001. Held homer-less on May 12, 2005, Martinez hit two homers on May 15 to give him eight home runs in eight games.

On November 8, 2005, the Yankees declined their $3 million option on Martinez, making him a free agent.

On Wednesday February 15, 2006, he officially decided to end his playing career. Martinez confirmed the decision in the St. Petersburg Times, telling the paper that he would begin his broadcasting career at ESPN. Martinez said that the offer from ESPN made his decision to retire a lot easier, as he would work on Baseball Tonight, do some radio work, and broadcast a few games.

In his 16-year Major League career, Martinez hit .271 with 339 home runs and 1,271 RBI. During his seven years with the Yankees, he hit 192 home runs and drove in 739 runs.

1988 Olympics
Martinez, along with other future Major Leaguers Jim Abbott and Robin Ventura, won a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, the seventh time that baseball was part of the Olympic Games and its last year as a demonstration sport. In the final game, Martinez belted two homers and drove in four runs, and Abbott pitched a complete game, as they led the USA to a 5–3 win.

Coaching and broadcasting
In 2008, Martinez agreed to be a special instructor for the Yankees to help their first basemen with defensive skills. After Spring training, he was named Special Assistant to the General Manager.

Starting in Spring training 2010, Martinez became a color commentator for the YES Network, replacing the departed David Cone. He made his regular season debut on April 9, 2010, when he called a game between the Yankees and the Rays that was coincidentally played back in his home area of Tampa Bay.

Martinez was named the hitting coach for the Miami Marlins for the 2013 season, replacing Eduardo Pérez. On July 28, 2013, Martinez resigned from the position amid allegations of physically abusing Derek Dietrich several months before the resignation. Martinez's behavior in the clubhouse was reported to include verbal attacks towards the Marlins' Justin Ruggiano and Chris Valaika, along with minor league player Matt Downs.

In 2023, Martinez returned to the Cape Cod Baseball League as assistant coach of the Hyannis Harbor Hawks.

Life outside Major League Baseball
Martinez has been married to Marie Prado since 1991. They have three children: Olivia, Tino, Jr. (TJ), and Victoria. The family currently resides in West Tampa.

The premiere of Yankeeography: Tino Martinez appeared in early May 2006, on the YES Network. On April 2, 2007, Martinez received the 2007 Pride of The Yankees Award at the New York Yankees Homecoming Banquet.

In 2008, during the final season of the old Yankee Stadium, Martinez participated in his first Old Timers' Day. In a Yankees vs. Orioles preseason game on March 14, 2010, it was mentioned by Yankees play-by-play announcer, Michael Kay, that Martinez is a fan of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Martinez also participates annually in the Derek Jeter Celebrity Invitational (DJCI) golf tournament in Tampa.

Martinez, who left the University of Tampa after his junior year to pursue professional baseball, received a bachelor's degree at UT in liberal studies on May 7, 2011.

Martinez participated in the Yankees' 2011 Old Timers' Day on June 26, 2011. He has returned several more times. The Yankees honored Martinez with a plaque in Monument Park on June 21, 2014. Martinez was also present at a ceremony when former teammate Derek Jeter had his number 2 retired on May 14, 2017.

Since October 2019, Martinez has worked in commercial real estate in the Tampa area.

title: Tino Martinez


text:
George Foulkes

George Foulkes may refer to:
 * George Ernest Foulkes (1878–1960), United States Representative from Michigan
 * George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock (born 1942), Scottish politician

title: George Foulkes


text:
User:Jaques O. Carvalho

Hello! I'm Brazilian from Campo Bom, Rio Grande do Sul.

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My Userboxes
pt:Usuário:Jaques O. Carvalho es:Usuario:Jaques O. Carvalho meta:User:Jaques O. Carvalho

title: User:Jaques O. Carvalho


text:
Nandan Nilekani

Nandan Mohanrao Nilekani is an Indian entrepreneur. He co-founded Infosys and is the non-executive chairman of Infosys replacing R Seshasayee and Ravi Venkatesan, who were the co-chairs of the board, on 24 August 2017. After the exit of Vishal Sikka, Nilekani was appointed as non-executive chairman of the board effective 24 August 2017. He was the chairman of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). After a successful career at Infosys, he headed the Government of India's technology committee, TAGUP. He is a member of Indian National Congress but not active in politics as of 2019.

Early life
Nandan Nilekani was born in Bangalore. His parents Durga and Mohan Rao Nilekani were Konkani originally from Sirsi in Karnataka. His father worked as a general manager of Mysore and Minerva Mills and subscribed to Fabian Socialist ideals that influenced Nilekani in his early years. Nilekani's elder brother, Vijay, works in the Nuclear Energy Institute in the United States.

Nilekani studied at the Bishop Cotton Boys' School and St. Joseph's High School Dharwad, Karnataka PU College Dharwad and received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.

Information technology
In 1978 he started his career at the Mumbai-based Patni Computer Systems, where he met and was interviewed by N.R. Narayana Murthy. In 1981, Nilekani, Murthy, and five others left Patni to start their own company, Infosys. Nilekani became the chief executive officer of Infosys in March 2002 and served as CEO of the company through April 2007, when he relinquished his position to his colleague Kris Gopalakrishnan and became co-chairman of the board of directors. Before assuming leadership as CEO in 2002, Nilekani held various posts, including managing director, president, and chief operating officer. He served as its CEO from March 2002 to April 2007. During his five-year tenure as CEO, Infosys' topline grew sixfold to $3 billion.

In 2017 he returned to Infosys after the exit of CEO Vishal Sikka to become a chairman. Upon his return he changed power centre from California back to its Bengaluru headquarters. Also, such people as R. Seshasayee (a chairman and board director), Ravi Venkatesan (a co-chairman), Sikka (executive vice chairman and director), and Jeffrey Lehman and John Etchemendy (directors) resigned from their posts.

Bureaucracy
Nilekani left Infosys in July 2009 to serve as the chairman of the Unique Identification Authority of India, a cabinet-ranking position that he entered under the invitation of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. As chair of the UIDAI he was responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card, or Unique Identity card (UID Card) project in India. This initiative aims to provide a unique identification number for all residents of India and will be used primarily as the basis for the efficient delivery of welfare services. The identification method will be biometric, and the drive to create this government database of the entire population of India has been called "the biggest social project on the planet."

They developed Aadhaar, which is an Indian biometric ID system, a database, which contains demographic information, home addresses of Indians. In April 2017 1.14 billion Indian people got their ID number. In 2016, World Bank Chief Economist Paul Romer called Aadhaar “the most sophisticated ID programme in the world.” This program is criticized for violating people's privacy and exposing personal information.

He is a member of the board of governors of the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) and the president of NCAER. He also sits on several advisory boards, including those of the World Economic Forum Foundation and the Bombay Heritage Fund.

Nilekani has appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart to promote his book Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed Nation and spoke at a TED conference in 2009 on his ideas for India's future.

Politics
Nilekani joined Indian National Congress in March 2014 and contested from the Bangalore South constituency where he lost by 228,575 votes to BJP candidate Ananth Kumar in the 2014 Lok Sabha election.

In December 2016, he joined a committee to investigate how people in India could use digital payments to a greater extent.

General election 2014
According to news reports, he was the richest candidate for the 2014 Lok Sabha elections with declared assets worth Rs 7,710 crore in his affidavit filed before the Election Commission.

EkStep
Nilekani is chairman of EkStep, a non-profit literacy and numeracy platform. Set up by the Nilekanis with an initial commitment of $10 million (about Rs 82 crore), EkStep looks at solving the 'learning problem' by creating a technology-led platform to help children in improving their 'learning outcomes' quite early in their life. EkStep intends to do it using gamified apps, hosted in the Google Play Store.

NCAER
Nilekani is president of the governing body of the New Delhi-based National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), India’s largest and oldest non-profit economic research think tank. NCAER, established in 1956, does grant-funded independent economic policy research and sponsored research studies for governments and industry. Its work covers almost all branches of economics, from economic forecasting to poverty analysis. NCAER is among a handful of think tanks globally that collect primary survey data on a scientific, national basis covering households, enterprises, consumers, and individuals. NCAER’s economic and social data sets are used widely for research and analysis on India.

Investments
Nilekani is also a serial investor and he has invested in technologoy startups including 10i Commerce, Juggernaut, Mubble Networks, Fortigo, P2SME, Railyatri, Axiom Consulting, Systemantics India, Sedemac Mechatronics, Disha Medical Services, Tracxn Technologies, and LetsVenture.

Charity
In 2017 Nandan and wife Rohini decided to donate 50 percent of their wealth to Giving Pledge, which is a movement organized by Bill Gates. The reason why they joined this movement was as following: "We see inequality is increasing sharply in most countries. We see the young and the restless in this interconnected globe, unsure of their future, wanting more but anticipating less."

He also donated money to rebuild the hostel campus of IIT Bombay.

In 2008 he also set up the Indian Institute for Human Settlements to help to solve urban challenges for India.

Personal life
Nilekani is married to Rohini Nilekani (née Soman), whom he met at a quizzing event at IIT. They have two children, Nihar and Janhavi, each of whom has received an undergraduate degree from Yale University. His first language is Konkani. In addition to Konkani, he speaks Kannada fluently along with English, Marathi, and Hindi. The Nilekani family has a 2.31 percent stake in Infosys as per the quarter ended March 2018.

Honours and awards

 * He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law degree by the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto on 31 May 2011.
 * He received NDTV Indian of the Year's Transformational Idea of the Year Award in 2011
 * He was named Corporate Citizen of the Year at the Asia Business Leaders Award (2004) organised by CNBC.
 * Joseph Schumpeter Prize for innovative services in economy, economic sciences and politics – 2005.
 * In 2009, Time magazine placed Nilekani in the Time 100 list of 'World's Most Influential People'
 * Was presented the 'Legend in Leadership Award' by the Yale University in November 2009. He is the first Indian to receive the top honour.
 * In January 2006, Nilekani became one of the youngest entrepreneurs to join 20 global leaders on the World Economic Forum (WEF) Foundation Board.
 * Nilekani was awarded one of India's highest civilian honours, the Padma Bhushan, in 2006.
 * Also in 2006, he was named Businessman of the Year by Forbes Asia.
 * India Today magazine ranked him 12th in India's 50 most powerful people of 2017 list.
 * In 2017 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from E & Y. CNBC- TV 18 conferred India Business leader award for outstanding contributor to the Indian Economy-2017.
 * He received the 22nd Nikkei Asia Prize for Economic & Business Innovation 2017.
 * Awarded Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by IIT Bombay during the Institute's 57th Convocation, in 2019.

title: Nandan Nilekani


text:
Duchy of Savoy

The Duchy of Savoy (Ducato di Savoia; Duché de Savoie) was a territorial entity of the Savoyard state that existed from 1416 until 1847 and was a possession of the House of Savoy.

It was created when Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, raised the County of Savoy into a duchy for Amadeus VIII. The duchy was an Imperial fief,   subject of the Holy Roman Empire, until 1792, with a vote in the Imperial Diet. From the 16th century, Savoy belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle.

Its territory included the current French departments of Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and the Alpes-Maritimes, the current Italian region of Aosta Valley, a large part of Piedmont and the County of Geneva in Switzerland, which was then lost to the Old Swiss Confederacy. The main Vulgar languages that were spoken within the Duchy of Savoy were Piedmontese and Arpitan.

Terminology
The Duchy of Savoy was the central and most prominent of the territories possessed by the House of Savoy, and hence this title was and still is used often to indicate the whole of their possessions. In reality, the Savoys ruled not a unitary state, but a complex array of different entities and titles with different institutional, cultural, and legal backgrounds. These included for example the Duchy of Aosta, Principality of Piedmont, and County of Nice, which were distinct and not juridically part of the Duchy of Savoy. The Savoys themselves referred to their possessions as a whole as "the States of the Duke of Savoy" (Italian: "gli Stati del Duca di Savoia"). Today, historians use the term Savoyard state to indicate this entity, which is an example of composite monarchy where many different and distinct territories are united in a personal union by having the same ruler.

15th century
The duchy was created in 1416 when Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor ((r. undefined – undefined)1433–1437) awarded the title of "Duke" to Count Amadeus VIII.

Being landlocked at its conception in 1388, the then-County of Savoy acquired a few kilometres of coastline around Nice. Other than this expansion, the 14th century was generally a time of stagnation. Pressure from neighboring powers, particularly France, prevented development, which characterized the rest of the Renaissance era for Savoy.

The reign of Amadeus VIII was a turning point for the economy and the policy of the state, which deeply marked the history of the nation. His long reign was highlighted by wars (the country expanded its territory by defeating the Duchy of Montferrat and Marquisate of Saluzzo), as well as reforms and edicts, and also some controversial actions. The first was in 1434, when he chose to withdraw to the Château de Ripaille, where, living the life of a hermit, he founded the Order of St. Maurice. In 1439, he received an appointment as antipope, which he accepted (under the name of Felix V), although he subsequently resigned a decade later out of a fear of undermining the religious unity of Christians.

The second important action of the Government of Amadeus VIII was the creation of the Principality of Piedmont in August 1424, the management of which was entrusted to the firstborn of the family as a title of honor. The duke left the territory largely formed from the old Savoy domain.

As a cultured and refined man, Duke Amadeus gave great importance to art. Among others, he worked with the famous Giacomo Jaquerio in literature and architecture, encouraging the cultivation of the arts in the Italian Piedmont.

However, his first son Amedeo died prematurely in 1431 and was succeeded by his second son Louis. Louis was in turn succeeded by the weak Amadeus IX, who was extremely religious (he was eventually declared blessed), but of little practical power, to the point that he allowed his wife, Yolande (Violante) of Valois, sister of Louis XI, to make very important decisions. During this period, France was more or less free to control the affairs of Savoy, which bound Savoy to the crown in Paris.

The Duchy's economy suffered during these years, not only because of war, but also because of the poor administration by Violante. The future of the nation was entrusted to the hands of a boy, Philibert I, who died at the early age of seventeen, after reigning for ten years. He was succeeded by Charles I, who died aged 21, and Charles II, who died aged 6. As a consequence of its participation in the Burgundian Wars, Savoy lost all its possessions north and south-east of Lake Geneva to the Swiss.

16th century
When Philibert II died in 1504, he was succeeded by Charles III the Good, a weak ruler. Since 1515, Savoy had been occupied by foreign armies, and Francis I of France was just waiting for the opportunity to permanently annex Savoy and its possessions. In 1536, Francis I ordered the occupation of the duchy, which was invaded by a strong military contingent. Charles III realized too late the weakness of the state, and tried to defend the city of Turin. However, the city was lost on 3 April of the same year. Charles III retreated to Vercelli, trying to continue the fight, but never saw the state free from occupation.

Emmanuel Philibert was the duke who more than any other influenced the future policy of Savoy, managing to put an end to the more than twenty-year long occupation. The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, signed in 1559, restored full autonomy to the duchy, with his marriage to Margaret of France.

Emmanuel Philibert realized that Savoy could no longer trust France. He therefore moved the capital from Chambéry to Turin in 1562, which he protected with a complex system of fortifications known as the Cittadella (remnants of the Cittadella can still be seen, although it was largely destroyed by the subsequent expansion of the city). From his military experience in Flanders, Emmanuel Philibert learned how to run an army, having won the famous Battle of St. Quentin (1557). He was the first duke of Savoy to establish a stable military apparatus that was not composed of mercenaries but rather by specially trained Savoyard soldiers.

His son, Charles Emmanuel I, extended the duchy to the detriment of the lordships of Montferrat and the territory of Saluzzo, previously ceded to France, in 1601 under the Treaty of Lyon. The wars of Charles Emmanuel ended mostly in defeats. Nevertheless, he is remembered as "Charles the Great", since he was a versatile and cultured man, a poet and a skillful reformer. He was able to manage the duchy at a time of severe crisis vis-a-vis the European powers and found support from the Habsburgs. The policy of Charles Emmanuel was in fact based more on actions of international warfare, such as the possessions of the Marquis of Saluzzo, and the wars of succession in the duchies of Mantua and Montferrat. Generally, Savoy sided with Spain, but on occasion allied with France (as, for example, the Treaty of Susa required).

17th century
During the seventeenth century, the influence of the court of Versailles put pressure on Savoy. Due to the proximity of the Spanish controlled Duchy of Milan and Savoyard defeats in the previous century, French troops were garrisoned in forts (such as Pinerolo) in a number of key Alpine passes on the Italian side. This severely threatened the independence of the duchy.

During the Thirty Years' War, Savoy was one of the states of the Holy Roman Empire that largely sided with France and against both the Emperor and Spain. Savoyard troops participated on the side of the French in the Savoyard-Genoese War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Tornavento campaign and, in part, in the Piedmontese Civil War, among other places.

The strong French influence, plus various misfortunes, repeatedly hit Savoy following the death of Charles Emmanuel I (26 July 1630). First of all, the plague ran rampant in 1630 and contributed significantly to the already widespread poverty.

The War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631) was very bloody in the countryside and subjected Casale Monferrato to a long siege (1629). Developments of arms and politics affected the economy and future history, exacerbating the already difficult situation after the death of Victor Amadeus I in 1637. He was succeeded for a short period of time by his eldest surviving son, the 5-year-old Francis Hyacinth. The post of regent for the next-oldest son, Charles Emmanuel II, also went to his mother Christine of France, whose followers became known as madamisti (supporters of Madama Reale). Because of this, Savoy became a satellite state of the regent's brother, King Louis XIII of France. The supporters of Cardinal Prince Maurice of Savoy and Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano (both sons of Charles Emmanuel I), together with their followers, took the name of principisti (supporters of the Princes).

Each warring faction soon besieged the city of Turin. The principisti made early gains, severely looting Turin on 27 July 1639. Only in 1642 did the two factions reach an agreement; by now, the widow of Victor Amadeus I had placed Victor's son Charles Emmanuel II on the throne and ruled as regent in his place, even past his age of majority.

A resurgence of religious wars took place during the regency. Subsequently, in 1655, Savoyard troops massacred large numbers of the Protestant population of the Waldensian valleys, an event known as the Piedmontese Easter (Pasque Piedmont). Reports from the massacres spread quickly throughout Protestant Europe, sparking outrage, especially in Britain. Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell threatened the Duchy of Savoy with intervention, somewhat shaping the military decisions made by the Duke. On 18 August 1655, the Pinerolo Declaration of Mercy was issued, which constituted a peace treaty between Charles Emmanuel II and the Waldensians.

The government of Charles Emmanuel II was the first step towards major reforms carried out by his successor Victor Amadeus II in the next century. Of particular importance were the founding of militias in Savoy and the establishment of the first public school-system in 1661. A cultured man, but also a great statesman, Charles Emmanuel imitated King Louis XIV of France at the sumptuous Palace of Venaria, a masterpiece of Baroque architecture, and a copy recreated in Italy of the magnificence of the Palace of Versailles. It was a time of great urban expansion, and Charles Emmanuel II promoted the growth of Turin and its reconstruction in the baroque style. After his death in 1675, there followed the period of the regency (1675-1684) of his widow, the new Madama Reale, Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours.

From duchy to kingdom
Charles Emmanuel II was succeeded by his 11-year-old son, Victor Amadeus II; his mother, the French born Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours was regent. Marie Jeanne sought to marry her son to the daughter and heir presumptive of King Peter II of Portugal. This could have led to the House of Savoy becoming rulers of Portugal.

After Victor Amadeus II assumed power, Savoy became hostile to France, which invaded in the Nine Years' War. Savoy defeated the French in the siege of Cuneo, but was dramatically defeated in the battles of Staffarda and Marsaglia. Savoy became a French satellite, and Victor Amadeus II married Anne Marie d'Orléans, niece of King Louis XIV.

Savoy remained a French ally during the first phase of the War of the Spanish Succession, but changed sides later. France invaded again, and Savoy was saved by Austrian troops led by the duke's cousin, Prince Eugene of Savoy at the siege of Turin.

At the end of the war in 1713, Victor Amadeus II received the Kingdom of Sicily. By the Treaty of London, Victor Amadeus II reluctantly exchanged Sicily for Sardinia in 1720. The various dominions held in personal union by Victor Amadeus II included Sardinia, Savoy, Piedmont, Aosta Valley, Nice, and Oneglia. The collection was usually referred to as "Sardinia", meaning the kingdom.

Charles Emmanuel III, son and successor of Victor Amadeus II, joined the War of the Austrian Succession and concluded it with a resounding victory against the French in the Battle of Assietta. Gaining parts of western Lombardy like Angera and Vigevano in the subsequent treaty.

After the French Revolution, Savoy was invaded by the French Revolutionary Army in 1792 and annexed to France. Savoy was first incorporated as the department of Mont-Blanc; then, in 1798, it was divided between the departments of Mont-Blanc and Léman. Savoy, Piedmont, and Nice were restored to the House of Savoy at the Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815.

Under the 1847 Perfect Fusion the duchy was merged with the other parts of the Savoyard state into the unitary Kingdom of Sardinia. Savoy itself would be given to France under the terms of the Treaty of Turin (1860).

Army
The duchy was a notable regional military power, often getting involved in wars between the French and Habsburgs. In the 17th century, peacetime strength tended to hover around 4,800 professional soldiers (3,600 infantry and 1,200 cavalry), with a large peasant militia. In times of war, militiamen were trained and impressed and mercenaries were hired, and the size of the army quickly rose. In 1625, the duchy had an army of 26,600 regulars (25,381 infantry and 1,213 cavalry), plus about 8,000 militia. The regulars consisted of 5 to 7 regiments of Piedmontese, with mercenaries comprising the rest, including 9 regiments of French and 2 regiments of Italians. In 1635 the regular army was down to 12,250, then 15,710 in 1637, 18,000 in 1649, then 5,500 in the peacetime year of 1660, then 26,178 in 1672, and 35,000 in 1705 (with 10,000 militia called up to bolster them and more uncalled).

The militia was relatively well-armed and consisted of 24,000 men in 1566, of whom about a third could be used outside of their immediate district.

List of Dukes of Savoy

 * Amadeus VIII: 1391–1440, duke from 1416
 * Louis: 1440–65
 * Amadeus IX: 1465–72
 * Philibert I: 1472–82
 * Charles I: 1482–90, first titular King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia of the House of Savoy
 * Charles (II) John Amadeus: 1490–96
 * Philip II: 1496–97
 * Philibert II: 1497–1504
 * Charles III: 1504–53
 * Emmanuel Philibert: 1553–80
 * Charles Emmanuel I: 1580–1630
 * Victor Amadeus I: 1630–37
 * Francis Hyacinth: 1637–38
 * Charles Emmanuel II: 1638–75
 * Victor Amadeus II: 1675–1730, King of Sicily 1713–1720, then King of Sardinia
 * Charles Emmanuel III: 1730–1773
 * Victor Amadeus III: 1773–1792
 * French occupancy: 1792-1814 (department of Mont-Blanc)
 * Victor Emmanuel I: 1814–1821
 * Charles Felix: 1821–1831
 * Charles Albert: 1831–1849
 * Victor Emmanuel II: 1849–1861 (last)

Flag
The flag of Savoy was a white cross on a red field. It is based on a crusader flag, and as such is identical in origin to the flag of the Knights of Malta (whence the modern Flag of Malta and of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta), and others (flags of Denmark and Switzerland, with inverted colors to those of England and Genoa, among others). In the 18th century, the letters "FERT" were sometimes added in the cantons to distinguish the flag from the Maltese one.

title: Duchy of Savoy


text:
List of CB slang

CB slang is the distinctive anti-language, argot, or cant which developed among users of Citizens Band radio (CB), especially truck drivers in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s.

The slang itself is not only cyclical, but also geographical. Through time, certain terms are added or dropped as attitudes toward it change. For example, in the early days of the CB radio, the term "Good Buddy" was widely used.

Nicknames or callsigns given or adopted by CB radio users are known as "handles". Many truck drivers will call each other "Hand," or by the name of the company for which they drive.

CB and its distinctive language started in the United States but was then exported to other countries including Mexico, Germany, and Canada.

title: List of CB slang


text:
Gruel

Gruel is a food consisting of some type of cereal—such as ground oats, wheat, rye, or rice—heated or boiled in water or milk. It is a thinner version of porridge that may be more often drunk rather than eaten. Historically, gruel has been a staple of the Western diet, especially for peasants. Gruel may also be made from millet, hemp, barley, or, in hard times, from chestnut flour or even the less bitter acorns of some oaks. Gruel has historically been associated with feeding the sick and recently-weaned children.

Gruel is also a colloquial expression for any watery food of unknown character, e.g., pea soup. Gruel has often been associated with poverty, with negative associations attached to the term in popular culture, as in the Charles Dickens novels Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol.

History
Gruel was the staple food of the ancient Greeks, for whom roasted meats were the extraordinary feast that followed sacrifice, even among heroes, and "in practice, bread was a luxury eaten only in towns". Roman plebeians "ate the staple gruel of classical times, supplemented by oil, the humbler vegetables, and salt fish" for gruel could be prepared without access to the communal ovens in which bread was baked. In the Middle Ages, the peasant could avoid the tithe exacted by paying in grain ground by the miller of the landowner's mill. When eaten by the peasant, the process was to roast the grains to make them digestible and grind small portions in a mortar at home. In lieu of cooking the resulting paste on the hearthstone, it could be simmered in a cauldron with water or, luxuriously, with milk.

In the United Kingdom, it was a common remedy for the sick, relatively nourishing and easy to digest, and a standard component of the evening meal in British hospitals into the early 20th century.

In the Americas, maize gruels were once one of the main food sources for many Mesoamerican peoples, such as the Maya and Aztecs. Atole is a preparation of ground maize often flavored with chili and salt (for a savory dish), or, in more modern times, with piloncillo and cinnamon (for a sweet dish). It can be consumed as an important calorie source as a thicker meal, or as a liquid drink.

Gruel was on the third-class menu of the Titanic on the eve of her sinking in April 1912.

Variations
In many Spanish-speaking countries, several gruels are made; the masa-based drink or spoonable food called atole or atol de elote is a staple throughout Central America, served hot. It can range in consistency from a thin cloudy drink to a thicker porridge-like food. Horchata is a chilled sweetened drink of similar nature to thin atole. It is made from ground nutmeats or seeds, grains (often rice) and seasonings such as vanilla and cinnamon, served over ice.

Rice gruels eaten throughout Asia are normally referred to in English as porridge as opposed to gruel. Common forms include congee, from the Tamil word for the food and most common in China, Japanese okayu, Korean juk, Filipino goto, and Vietnamese cháo. Asian porridges/gruels are typically savory, with meat or vegetables added and stock sometimes used as the liquid cooking element.

Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary gives an etymology of Middle English gruel from the same word in Old French, both of them deriving from a source in Late Latin: grutellum, a diminutive, as the form of the word demonstrates, possibly from an Old Frankish *grūt, surmised on the basis of a modern cognate grout. In modern Dutch, the plural word "grutten" still refers to de-husked, coarse ground grain and a traditional dish based on pearlbarley and blackberry is called watergruwel.

The Old Norse word grautr, meaning "coarse-ground grain", gives way to the Icelandic grautur, Faroese greytur, Norwegian grøt (nynorsk graut), Danish grød, and the Swedish and Elfdalian gröt, all meaning porridge, of which gruel is a subtype.

The German "Grießmehl", ground grain, and Dutch "griesmeel", are compounded cognates to the English grist and meal.

In fiction
In the English-speaking world, gruel is remembered as the food of the child workhouse inmates in Charles Dickens's Industrial Revolution novel Oliver Twist (1838); the workhouse was supplied with "an unlimited supply of water" and "small quantities of oatmeal". When Oliver asks the master of the workhouse for some more, he is struck a blow on the head for doing so. The "small saucepan of gruel" waiting upon Ebenezer Scrooge's hob in Dickens's 1843 novel A Christmas Carol emphasizes how miserly Scrooge is. Gruel is also Mr. Woodhouse's preferred and offered dish in Jane Austen's Emma (1816), often to comic or sympathetic effect. References to gruel in popular culture today continue to refer to miserly or starvation conditions, such as Gemma Collins in Celebrity Big Brother 17 (2016), who was denied food for gruel.

title: Gruel


text:
Talk:RDF Site Summary

My additions are based on a corrected version of an article I wrote for LinuxGazette.net here, just in case anyone might think it's a copyvio or whatever. -- Jim Regan 03:57, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I just reverted this page to remove apparent vandalism from 216.171.147.26. Zorblek 06:18, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:RDF Site Summary


text:
User talk:AshtonGreen

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can practice editing by using the Sandbox. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. :-) SWAdair | Talk 10:24, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:AshtonGreen


text:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

The United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama (in case citations, S.D. Ala.) is a federal court in the Eleventh Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The District was established on March 10, 1824, with the division of the state into a Northern and Southern district.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Alabama represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. the United States attorney is Sean P. Costello.

Organization of the court
The United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama is one of three federal judicial districts in Alabama. Court for the District is held at Mobile and Selma.

Mobile Division comprises the following counties: Baldwin, Choctaw, Clarke, Conecuh, Escambia, Mobile, Monroe, and Washington.

Selma Division comprises the following counties: Dallas, Hale, Marengo, Perry, and Wilcox.

Court decisions
Wallace v. Jaffree (1983) – Court affirmed that silent prayer was permissible in Mobile County public schools. Decision was reversed by Eleventh Circuit and U.S. Supreme Court, both ruling that it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

Smith v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County (1987) – Court rules that textbooks promoting secular humanism were unconstitutional, running contrary to the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Decision was reversed by Eleventh Circuit, which held that secular humanism was not a violation of the Establishment Clause as it is not a system of belief constituting a "religion".

Searcy v. Strange (2015) – District Judge Callie V. S. "Ginny" Granade ruled that Alabama's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional, violating the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause, on January 23. Days later, she issued an order clarifying her ruling, saying that all Alabama probate judges, who issue marriage licenses, must comply with the order. She stayed her order for two weeks to allow state defendants time to seek a stay from a higher court. On February 3, the Eleventh Circuit denied the stay, after denying a stay in a similar case out of Florida months before. On February 9, as the order was set to take effect, the U.S. Supreme Court also denied the stay.

U.S. Attorneys

 * Henry Hitchcock (1825-1830)
 * John Elliot (1830-1835)
 * John Forsyth, Jr (1835-1838)
 * George W. Gayle (1838-1842)
 * George I. S. Walker (1842-1846)
 * Alexander B. Meek 1846-1850
 * Peter Hamilton 1850
 * A. J. Requier 1850-1858
 * John P. Southworth 1869
 * George M. Duskin 1877-1885
 * John D. Burnett 1885-1889
 * Morris D. Wickersham 1889-1893
 * Joseph N. Miller 1893-1897
 * Morris D. Wickersham 1897-1904
 * William H. Armbecht 1904-1912
 * James B. Sloan 1912-1913
 * Alexander D. Pitts 1913-1922
 * Aubrey Boyles 1922-1926
 * Nicholas E. Stallworth 1926-1927
 * Alexander C. Birch 1927-1935
 * Francis H. Inge 1935-1943
 * Albert J. Tully 1943-1948
 * Percy C. Fountain 1948-1956
 * Ralph Kennamer 1956-1961
 * Vernol R. Jansen, Jr. 1961-1969
 * Charles S. Spunner-White, Jr (1969-1977)
 * William A. Kimbrough, Jr (1977-1981)
 * William R. Favre, Jr (1981)
 * J. B. Sessions, III (1981-1993)
 * Edward Vulevich, Jr (1993-1995)
 * J. Don Foster (1995-2000)
 * David Preston York (2002-2005)
 * Deborah Jean Johnson Rhodes (2005-2009)
 * Kenyen R. Brown (2009-2017)
 * Richard W. Moore (2017-2021)
 * Sean P. Costello (2021-present)


text:
User:Julinho

Engineer, graduated in electronics but worked for a petroleum company, in many cities and coutries.

Currently living in Natal, RN, but having lived over the past ten years in São Paulo, Fortaleza, Brasília and Recife.

title: User:Julinho


text:
George Ernest Foulkes

George Ernest Foulkes (December 25, 1878 – December 13, 1960) was a United States representative from Michigan.

Foulkes was born in Chicago and attended the public schools of Chicago. He graduated from the law department of Lake Forest University, Chicago, in 1900. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in the United States Treasury Department. He was special agent of the U.S. Treasury Department in charge of field service at New York City, El Paso, Texas, St. Paul, Minnesota, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1900–19. He moved to Hartford, Michigan, in 1920 and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was a delegate to the Democratic state conventions in 1924, 1926, and 1928.

In 1932, Foulkes defeated incumbent Republican John C. Ketcham to be elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 4th congressional district to the United States House of Representatives for the 73rd Congress, serving from March 4, 1933, to January 3, 1935. He was nominated for Governor of Michigan by the Farmer–Labor Party in 1934, but declined. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1934 to the 74th Congress.

In 1935, Foulkes was convicted of receiving illegal political contributions from postmasters and sentenced to eighteen months in prison and to pay $1,000 fine.

He resumed agricultural pursuits and engaged as an author and in farm-organization work. He died in Hartford and is interred in Hartford Cemetery.

title: George Ernest Foulkes


text:
Bangalore Agenda Task Force

The Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) in South India was a public-private partnership (PPP) that ran from 1999 till 2004 at the direction of the Chief Minister of Karnataka. The purpose of the taskforce was to bring in business and civic leaders on a pro-bono basis to design a development agenda for the city and suggest ways in which the city's infrastructure and service delivery might be upgraded and improved according to best practice systems elsewhere. The purpose of the taskforce was to build government capacity through partnership between citizens, corporates and the city's main administrative agencies – the BMP, BDA, BMTC, BWSSB, BESCOM, BSNL, and Bangalore Police. The BATF was a particularly influential task force, transcending an 'advisory role' to mobilise private resources and catalyze significant changes in the agencies with which it engaged.

Background & History
The BATF was the brainchild of Infosys CEO Nandan Nilekani who would invest Rs 2 crore ($300,000) into the project over five years. The motivation for the project was to maintain Bangalore's position as a leader in information technology in India against growing competition from other Indian cities such as Hyderabad.

Commencing in 1999, the BATF commissioned a survey by an independent organisation SOFRES - MODE to identify top citizen concerns. Following this, the first year focus was largely on short term works capable of yielding quick visible results for greater confidence besides generating experience for expanding and consolidating on long term infrastructure projects from year. The initial task, therefore, for the BATF and the stakeholders was to sit together and agree on an approach and formulate projects and programmes.

The BATF commenced strongly, but over the course of its operation ran into political difficulties that saw many of its more ambitious proposals sidelined or shelved.

Methodology
The philosophy behind the BATF was of working within government institutions to improve their performance. It did not seek to create parallel institutions to bypass government agencies or advocate for the contracting out of major government responsibilities to the private sector. It sought solutions that whilst perhaps considered imperfect, would improve service delivery in an immediate and practical sense.

The BATF had little or no formal authority over any of the agencies with which they were dealing. Instead they applied informal pressure on agency heads to engage and improve service delivery, offering private sector skills and expertise at their own expense. Agency officials retained full autonomy to reject any BATF proposals.

Membership
The BATF team comprised experts from various fields across all sectors, appointed by the Karnataka Govt. The team was headed by Nandan Nilekani and members included the likes of Naresh Venkataramanan, Kalpana Kar, Ramesh Ramanathan, Ravichander, Suresh Heblikar, Anuradha Hegde, Late H. Narasimhaiah, Sunil Shelar, etc. The members contributed to the city's development by way of sharing knowledge. The BATF office was located in Alexandria Street, Bangalore and the infrastructure was created & funded by the Chairman of BATF, itself. There were appointed technical staff through members of BATF for each of the programmes undertaken by it. The staff members were selected on the basis of expertise (skillset). These teams toiled in the background for all the programmes initiated by the BATF. Some of the key technical members were Subramanya M. R., handling road improvement projects, Deepa Hurali, handling Nirmala Bangalore and Bus Shelter projects, Milind Nirmal, handling self-assessment tax with BMP, Gopi Prasad, Sushma Nirmal, with Street Furniture, Road Signage projects, Sanjeev, with one-way traffic and road safety. Sheena, Soosai & Manjula were working on the Swachha Bangalore project. Some of the project details can be referred to in the respective web links.

Achievements
BATF brought much needed visibility to many civic issues and helped creating awareness among the public. The projects were seeds sown which continue to showcase the strength of PPP projects after a decade. Nirmala toilets showcased the quality of facilities, O&M that can be maintained by government organisation in a third world country like India. Beautification of parks, signages brought in the much needed international look to the city. Today this Adopt a Park concept has moved beyond and one can notice there are various programmes that BBMP and other municipal bodies are following like Lake Improvement programmes. It is the concepts that were sowed and which have well been accepted even after BATF ceases to exist. The Nirmala toilet designs and the toilet designs adopted by KSRTC in their various cities changed the design concepts, material and specifications used which has led to good quality facilities that are easy to maintain and hygienic. Bus Shelter programme helped to realise the potential of advertisement revenues to maintain which providing the required facility for commuter in terms of shelter and route maps.

 * The BATF advocated for the BBMP to introduce door-to-door waste collection, which was implemented in 2001.
 * The financial systems of several city agencies were computerized with fund-based accounting introduced at the expense of a BATF member. This made it possible for the agencies to gain a full record of their accounts for the first time and more easily identify waste and corruption. These reforms were so successful that 80% of it was included in India's handbook of best practice produced by the Comptroller and Auditor General.
 * They also provide public toilets and shower stalls for poor people.
 * Successfully advocated for revenue generated by traffic fines to go back into the traffic police budget for expenditure on infrastructure to improve traffic management. Bangalore is the only city in India that uses traffic fines for investment in traffic management.
 * Worked with the Police, BMP and MTC to developer a scientific traffic model called the Central Management Plan.
 * Mobilised 1.5 crore investment from Mr Irfan Razak of Prestige to improve the road from Dairy Circle to Hosur Road.

Legacy
The BATF ended formally in 2004, however the influence of the reform agenda it advocated has continued. Former members have been influential in the establishment of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and civic agencies such as Janaagraha, which includes the Jana Urban Space Foundation.

title: Bangalore Agenda Task Force


text: Category:Serbian novelists

title: Category:Serbian novelists


text: Category:Serbian literature

title: Category:Serbian literature


text:
User talk:Thejackhmr

While I agree with many of your changes on FOX News and would also like to see the rhetoric toned down, your approach of deleting half the article with snide and dismissive edit summaries just won't fly. Perhaps you should discuss your proposals on the talk page. Also, you should reply to User talk comments instead of simply erasing them. V V 09:09, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Image:Axis200p 040706 21 00 00.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Axis200p 040706 21 00 00.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   19:19, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)

Image:951wet.jpg
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:951wet.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   21:31, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:2004.jun.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:2004.jun.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 18:50, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:2004.jun.jpg)
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A study on how to cover scientific uncertainties/controversies
Hi. I would like to ask whether you would agree to participate in a short survey on how to cover scientific uncertainties/controversies in articles pertaining to global warming and climate change (survey described here). If interested, please get in touch via my talkpage or email me Encyclopaedia21 (talk) 12:52, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thejackhmr


text: Country codes: B

title: Country codes: B


text:
County of Savoy

The County of Savoy (Comté de Savoie, Contea di Savoia) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged, along with the free communes of Switzerland, from the collapse of the Burgundian Kingdom in the 11th century. It was the cradle of the future Savoyard state.

History
Sapaudia, stretching south of Lake Geneva from the Rhône River to the Western Alps, had been part of Upper Burgundy ruled by the Bosonid duke Hucbert from the mid-9th century. Together with the neighbouring Free County of Burgundy (today's Franche Comté), it became part of the larger Kingdom of Burgundy under King Rudolph II in 933.

Humbert the White-Handed was raised to count by the last king of Burgundy, Rudolph III, in 1003. He backed the inheritance claims of Emperor Henry II and in turn, was permitted to usurp the county of Aosta from its bishops at the death of Anselm. Following his support of Conrad II in annexing Arles upon Rudolph's death and suppressing the revolts of Count Odo and Bishop Burchard, he also received the county of Maurienne (formerly held by the archbishops of Vienne) and territories in Chablais and Tarentaise, formerly held by its archbishops at Moûtiers.

While the Arelat remained a titular kingdom of the Holy Roman Empire, Humbert's descendants—later known as the House of Savoy—maintained their independence as counts. In 1046, his younger son Otto married Adelaide, daughter of Ulric Manfred II, marquis of Susa. When she inherited her father's lands in preference to other, male, relatives, he thereby acquired control of the extensive March of Turin. This was then united with Savoy upon his inheritance from his elder brother.

The counts further enlarged their territory when, in 1218, they inherited the Vaud lands north of Lake Geneva from the extinct House of Zähringen. In 1220, Count Thomas I occupied the towns of Pinerolo and Chambéry (Kamrach), which afterwards became the Savoy capital. In 1240, his younger son Peter II was invited to England by King Henry III, who had married Peter's niece Eleanor of Provence. He was appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and Earl of Richmond and had the Savoy Palace erected in London.

In 1313, Count Amadeus V the Great officially gained the status of Imperial immediacy from Emperor Henry VII. What was left of the Kingdom of Burgundy effectively ceased to be entirely under the authority of the emperor after the Dauphiné had passed to the future King Charles V of France in 1349 and Amadeus VI of Savoy was appointed Imperial vicar of Arelat by Emperor Charles IV in 1365.

Amadeus VII gained access to the Mediterranean Sea by the acquisition of the County of Nice in 1388, and his son Amadeus VIII purchased the County of Geneva in 1401. The extended Savoy lands were finally raised to a duchy in 1416 by the German king Sigismund (see Duchy of Savoy 1416–1718).

Counts of Savoy
http://w.genealogy.euweb.cz/savoy/savoy1.html#T2
 * Humbert I the White-Handed: 1003–1047/48
 * Amadeus I of the Tail, son: 1030/48–1051/56
 * Otto I, brother: 1051/56–1060
 * Peter I, son: 1060–78
 * Amadeus II, brother: 1078–80
 * Humbert II the Fat, brother: 1082/91–1103
 * Amadeus III, son: 1103–48
 * Humbert III the Blessed, son: 1148–89
 * Thomas, son: 1189–1233
 * Amadeus IV, son: 1233–53
 * Boniface, son: 1253–63
 * Peter II the Little Charlemagne, uncle: 1263–68
 * Philip I, brother: 1268–85
 * (Thomas, Count of Flanders, did not rule Savoy)
 * Amadeus V the Great, nephew: 1285–1323
 * Edward the Liberal, son: 1323–29
 * Aymon the Peaceful, brother: 1329–43
 * Amadeus VI the Green Count, son: 1343–83
 * Amadeus VII the Red Count, son: 1383–91
 * Amadeus VIII the Peaceful, son: 1391–1416

 * In 1416 Amadeus VIII was raised to the status of Duke of Savoy.

title: County of Savoy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carlos Barnett

Carlos Barnett was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Delete, Vanity. -- Jmabel 04:05, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete tentatively: The page is very, very new.  I may change my vote if it shows improvement, as it is possible that the author has much to say and takes some time in translating it into English.  What is in the article at present, however, is vanity/CV/attempted user page. Geogre 04:28, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Hasn't gained or lost a word in 2 days. Take away the "tentative" from my delete vote, and the scolding tone from my comment.  (We are fast, necessarily, with VfD's.) Geogre 13:42, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a resumé in Spanish.  Vanity's vanity.  --Ardonik 05:40, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. --Ianb 15:53, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. See previous comments. Skyler 01:59, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Same. --STLEric 02:10, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutrality 00:22, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --Vik-Thor 03:29, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Maarten van Vliet

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 04:06, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maarten van Vliet


text:
User:FrankTownend

I live in Kingstowne, Virginia. I was born in 1950.

title: User:FrankTownend