text:
I've Got a Secret

I've Got a Secret is an American panel game show produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS television. Created by comedy writers Allan Sherman and Howard Merrill, it was a derivative of Goodson–Todman's own panel show, What's My Line?. Instead of celebrity panelists trying to determine a contestant's occupation, however, as in What's My Line, the panel tried to determine a contestant's secret: something that is unusual, amazing, embarrassing, or humorous about that person.

The original version of I've Got a Secret premiered on CBS on June 19, 1952, and ran until April 3, 1967. The show began broadcasting in black and white and switched to color in 1966, when all commercial prime-time network programs in the US began to be produced in color.

The show was revived for the 1972–1973 season in once-a-week syndication and again from June 15 to July 6, 1976, as a summer replacement series on CBS. Oxygen launched a daily revival series in 2000, which ran until 2001. A second revival by GSN premiered on April 17, 2006, and aired new episodes daily until June 9, 2006.

Hosts and panelists
The show was originally hosted by radio and television personality Garry Moore. After several months of an ever-changing panel, game show host Bill Cullen, acerbic comedian Henry Morgan, TV hostess Faye Emerson, and actress Jayne Meadows became the four regular panelists. In 1958, Emerson left the show to star in a play and was replaced by actress Betsy Palmer. Later that year, Meadows relocated to the West Coast and was replaced by former Miss America Bess Myerson. At various times, guest hosts substituted for Moore, including panelists Cullen, Morgan and Palmer, among others. Additionally, other comedians and celebrities appeared as guests on the panel when others were away. The announcer for most of the 1952–67 run was John Cannon.

Moore left the show after the 1963–64 season. After his comedy program The Garry Moore Show was canceled, Moore chose to retire from television to travel the world with his wife. Moore was replaced by Steve Allen, who left his own syndicated talk show to take over the game, on September 21, 1964. Allen also hosted the show during the 1972−73 revival. Former panelist Bill Cullen hosted the show for its brief 1976 CBS summer run. Frequent panelists on this revival were Richard Dawson, Henry Morgan, Pat Carroll, and Elaine Joyce.

The version seen on Oxygen was hosted by Stephanie Miller from January 2000 until August 2001. Regular panelists on this version included Jim J. Bullock, Jason Kravits, Amy Yasbeck, and Teri Garr.

The GSN version was hosted by Bil Dwyer and, unlike the earlier versions, featured a permanent panel that appeared on each episode, consisting of Billy Bean, Frank DeCaro, Jermaine Taylor, and Suzanne Westenhoefer.

Gameplay
Each typical episode featured two regular contestant rounds, followed by a celebrity guest round, occasionally followed by an additional regular round.

Standard rounds
Each round was a guessing game in which the panel tried to determine a contestant's secret. The concept of a secret was fairly broad. Secrets were always intended to be unusual, amazing, embarrassing, or humorous. They commonly included something that happened to the contestant, something owned by the contestant, or a notable occupation, hobby, achievement, or skill.

Each show began with the entrance of one or more contestants. The host then introduced the contestant or asked his or her name and hometown. He then asked them to "whisper your secret to me, and we'll show it to the folks at home." The contestant then ostensibly whispered the secret, while the audience and viewers were shown the secret as a text overlay on the screen. Then the host gave the panel a clue – for example, "the secret concerns something that happened to [contestant's name]." The host then selected a panelist to begin questioning.

When the show debuted, each panelist had 15 seconds of questioning at a time, running through the panel twice, in order. Each segment of questioning which passed without the panelist guessing the secret won the contestant $10, for a top prize of $80. In mid-1954, the format changed to only once around the panel, with a $20 prize for each panelist stumped. The time limit was no longer fixed, and the buzzer which ended questioning was instead at the discretion of the production staff. This was due, in part, to the program airing live, and sometimes requiring to lengthen or shorten the time allowed for questioning in order to keep the show running on time. Increasingly later in the run, the panelists were sometimes buzzed out when they were getting too close to the secret, were suspected to be about to get it, or simply at a point that would get a laugh; this was precipitated in part by the fact that, like What's My Line?, the top payoff never increased with inflation, and the money eventually became somewhat secondary to the gameplay, with the cash awards not even mentioned at all by the end of the series. Similarly, the panelist chosen to question first eventually became a strategy by the producers. When a secret fell within an area that a panelist was knowledgeable on (most commonly Cullen with mechanical, scientific or sports secrets), they would often be chosen first, to give them no preceding clues during their questioning. On occasion when a secret referenced a panelist, the order was usually chosen to put them last.

Following the revelation of a guest's secret, either by guessing or by the host's revelation once the game was over, the host typically either interviewed the contestant about their secret, or, if applicable, the contestant did some kind of demonstration of their secret. These demonstrations sometimes included the host, and occasionally one or more of the panelists.

Beyond the standard celebrity guests, several notable people with secrets appeared, including Colonel Harland Sanders ("I started my restaurant with my first Social Security check"), drummer Pete Best ("I used to be one of The Beatles"), and a 95-year-old man, Samuel J. Seymour, who was the last surviving eyewitness to Abraham Lincoln's assassination (he was five years old at the time). In 1958, an episode devoted to the theme of "teenage appreciation" was the show's answer to media reports of teenage delinquency, and featured nine teenagers of unusual accomplishment including the then 15-year-old chess champion Bobby Fischer, 16-year-old pop star Paul Anka, and 19-year-old college basketball star Oscar Robertson. Sgt. Ira Jones, who served as Elvis Presley's First Sergeant in Germany, made an appearance. Scientist Philo T. Farnsworth, the inventor of electronic television, made his only televised appearance as a contestant on the show.

Guest rounds
On each typical episode, a celebrity guest came on the show with a secret. The celebrity usually opened the episode by coming out from the behind the curtain and saying "my name is [Name] and I've Got a Secret!", though sometimes they would say "and this is I've Got a Secret!". Early in the show's run, the celebrities would indeed have actual personal secrets similar to the other contestants. However, producer Allan Sherman later admitted that these celebrity "secrets" (such as Boris Karloff being afraid of mice) were frequently concocted by the show's staff, and the celebrities merely played along.

The celebrity "secret" was slowly phased out during the mid-1950s, as an increasingly common activity for the celebrity guest was to challenge the panel in some sort of alternate game. Eventually, this became the primary use of the guest segment, and the pretense of having the panel guess the guest's secret was dropped altogether. The guest would simply come out with a challenge for the panel; sometimes ostensibly related to the guest or their current project, but other times not related to the guest at all. Several of these challenges predated future game shows which used the same concepts, such as a game in which Woody Allen challenged the panel to guess words based on definitions written by children, which became the basis for Child's Play, and a pair of segments with Peter Falk and Soupy Sales in which the panel had to identify celebrities based on a series of photos starting with infancy and progressing older. which featured in the format of the show Face the Music.

Often, secrets would involve Henry Morgan in some manner. Since Morgan had a "lovable sourpuss" personality, he attracted a certain "let's see how we can 'get' Henry this time" playfulness from the writers. Sometimes he would be sent on week-long trips (often starting as soon as the live broadcast ended) which would be filmed and highlights shown the following week. Some of these trips: being sent to England to buy a proper English Christmas meal from a famous English restaurant, while dressed in a stereotypical English derby and morning coat; spending a week at Roy Rogers' dude ranch as a hired hand; accompanying a mathematician to a Las Vegas casino, to test a new, theoretical method of gambling; and going on an African safari with Ann Sheridan (which started immediately, as Morgan received inoculations and his passport photo on stage). Henry was also recruited as a background spear holder at the Metropolitan Opera, a dead body in a murder-mystery Broadway play, a Santa Claus for disadvantaged kids, and a radio announcer who bravely read his script while the other panelists distracted him mercilessly. A Halloween episode had Arnold Stang taking the stage in a traditional "bedsheet" ghost costume with the secret "This costume was made from Henry Morgan's bedsheet." After the game Moore said "Don't worry, Henry, we promise to put these back where we found them," at which point the center stage curtain rose to reveal Morgan's own bed.

Notable guests on the show
I've Got a Secret was host to many notable guests over the course of the show's run.

History and style
I've Got a Secret was more informal than sister show What's My Line? in most respects. The panel and host were generally on a first-name basis. As noted, the formal time limit on questioning was removed early in the show's run, and time limits were set more for entertainment. The men on the panel always wore normal suits or even sport jackets, though both Morgan and Moore often chose bow ties over straight ties. Until the later years of the series, both Moore and members of the panel smoked cigarettes on the air, with Moore doing so right up until his last episode. The panel was introduced at the start of each episode by the host, usually with a series of descriptive puns.

Only yes-or-no questions were supposed to be asked by the panel, but the format was often relaxed, and other questions slipped through. Unlike on What's My Line?, the host often offered hints and suggestions when the panel was off in the wrong direction, or when an answer might be misleading. Unlike on What's My Line?, the panelists were not allowed to formally confer with each other, though later in the series, there was no chastising of the panelists for whispering ideas to each other.

The series began in black-and-white, and only in 1966 switched regularly to color, though like most programs of this era, existing recordings are in black and white. The series was sponsored for most of its run, with the opening of the show featuring a promotion for whichever company was the sponsor, signage on the set, and commercials being included during the show. Some sponsors provided samples of their wares for each contestant, in addition to their winnings. Late in the series' run, sponsorship was discontinued.

I've Got a Secret was, along with What's My Line? and To Tell the Truth, canceled in a mass axing of CBS's remaining panel shows in 1967; the shows were still financially successful but were not drawing good ratings, especially among the key demographics. Of the three, I've Got a Secret was the only one not to continue uninterrupted in some other form. (What's My Line? moved to syndication, and To Tell the Truth continued as a daytime series.) Then-host Steve Allen would return to his syndicated talk show the next year.

The series itself had a cameo in the 1959 film It Happened to Jane, in which the title character appears as a contestant on the show. Moore and the entire panel played themselves in the fictional episode of the show.

In January 1960, as a result of Goodson-Todman's sale, the show became a production of Telecast Enterprises, Inc., which was co-owned by CBS and Moore.

In 1992, Carsey-Werner attempted to revive the show for the fall of 1993 and quite possibly pair it up with the Bill Cosby revival of You Bet Your Life in syndication. However, plans for it fell through at the last minute. Thus, it never made it to air. Also, this was the only version of the show never to have announced a permanent host or its four panelists for the show at all.

In March 2023, it was announced that Embassy Row, Werner Entertainment and Game Show Enterprises Studios would be producing an hour-long pilot for a potential revival, with Katie Nolan as host. The panelists for the pilot include Nikki Glaser, Colton Dunn, Cristela Alonzo and Matteo Lane.

Merchandise
A home game of I've Got a Secret, featuring host Garry Moore on the cover of the box, was released in 1956 by the Lowell Toy Manufacturing Corporation of New York City.

International versions
An Australian version of the show was produced and aired in Brisbane on QTQ Channel 9 from 1967 to 1973. It was hosted by newsreader Don Seccombe; and, like its American inspiration, featured regular celebrity panelists including Ron Cadee, Babette Stevens and Joy Chambers (future wife of Australian game show impresario Reg Grundy).

A different Australian version aired in Melbourne in 1956, with Eric Pearce as host. It debuted during the first week of television programming in that city and opening night for television station HSV 7 (November 4) with American actress, Jean Moorhead, as a guest panellist. During its run, it featured regular panelists such as Olive Wykes, Shirley Cecil, John Frith, Freddie Bowler and Jack Dyer. It is not clear when that particular version ended, but it was still running in 1958. It is not known if any kinescopes exist of this version.

A Japanese version aired on NHK from 1955 to 1967 called My Secret, hosted by Keizo Takahashi.

French network TF1 aired J'ai un Secret between 1982 and 1983, hosted by Pierre Bellemare.

Two versions were produced in the United Kingdom. The first was produced by Associated-Rediffusion and aired on ITV in 1956. This version was hosted by American-born Ben Lyon. The second version aired on BBC1 from 1984 to 1988, hosted by Tom O'Connor.

1970s revivals
The format of the 1970s revivals were essentially unchanged from the original series, though celebrity secrets, rather than challenges to the panel (whose members changed weekly), did return. Richard Dawson served as a regular panelist on both versions in the 1970s, with actress Pat Carroll also making frequent panel appearances, and Henry Morgan appeared as a panelist a few times as well.

Oxygen revival
On the Oxygen revival, panelists had 45 seconds each for the questioning. The contestant earned $250 for each stumped panelist, and stumping the entire panel earned a total of $1,000 for the challenger. Stephanie Miller hosted this version and the show's set resembled an upscale city apartment. The Oxygen revival ran for over 120 episodes. Steve Allen (in one of his last major appearances before his passing) and Betsy Palmer both made special guest appearances on one episode.

GSN revival
On GSN's revival, each panelist had 40 seconds for questioning, with one conference allowed. Stumping the entire panel won the contestant $1,000 and dinner for two in Beverly Hills. The disclaimer at the end of the program disclosed that contestants were also paid an appearance fee. Losing contestants also received some unspecified parting gifts. Several minor show business professionals demonstrated their performances on the show, including piano juggler Dan Menendez. Another element in the revival was that all the panelists were openly gay, but this was generally only referenced in double entendres, such as when host Bil Dwyer was introduced as "the straight man to the panel".

Episode status
As with What's My Line?, some early episodes from the original series' first season in 1952 appear to have been lost. From late 1952 until the 1967 cancellation, most episodes appear to exist as a digital transfer of the original black-and-white kinescope films. However, the premiere episode, which featured a drastically different set-up, is presumed to be lost.

GSN
A good portion of the series is unlikely to be aired, due to the show's longtime sponsorship by Winston cigarettes, which remains an existing brand, and that cigarette advertisements on radio and television have been banned since January 1971. In fact, the prize on the 1956 episode about Samuel J. Seymour, who witnessed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, included $80 and a carton of Winston cigarettes. Seymour did not smoke cigarettes, so he was given Prince Albert pipe tobacco instead. It is unclear whether this is mandated legally, or simply a choice by GSN; GSN had aired many Winston-sponsored episodes in previous years. In addition, the network skipped several episodes through its run which are known to have been skipped in previous runs of the show; this may mean that other episodes are lost or in bad enough condition for GSN not to air them.

All subsequent revivals of Secret exist in their entirety, except for the 1976 run, whose status is currently unknown, though the pilot episode (that also aired as the premiere) for that version is currently available for viewing on YouTube. The finale is also available in audio. GSN has occasionally aired single episodes from the 1972–73 syndicated version.

Buzzr
The over-the-air digital channel Buzzr, owned by Fremantle, has aired the program in a two-hour block, with To Tell the Truth and What's My Line?. Each episode airs uncut, including the original commercials (excluding the cigarette commercials), in a 40-minute slot.

Nielsen ratings
Between 1952 and 1967, I've Got a Secret ranked among the top 30 television shows for ten out of fifteen seasons, *
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.
 * peaking at #5 during the 1957–58 season.

Theme music
The first theme used on the show from 1952 to 1961 was "Plink, Plank, Plunk!", by Leroy Anderson (this theme can be heard on the album Classic TV Game Show Themes; however, the theme on the CD was credited to Norman Paris).

The second theme, used from 1961 to 1963, was an upbeat arrangement of the "Theme from A Summer Place", by Max Steiner.

The third theme was used from 1963 to 1967. It was an upbeat, spritely march featuring piccolo and xylophone, composed by the show's musical director Norman Paris and played by a live studio combo. It quoted a familiar melody widely associated with schoolyard taunts, to which the words "I've got a secret!" might be sung by children in a teasing manner.

In addition to being used as a tag for his entrance on CBS episodes he hosted, Steve Allen's composition "This Could Be the Start of Something" was used as the opening theme in 1972 arranged by Edd Kalehoff for Score Productions. The closing theme to the 1972 version was also written by Kalehoff.

Tim Mosher and Stoker are credited with the 2000 theme, while Alan Ett and Scott Liggett contributed an up jazz theme for Bil Dwyer's 2006 version of the show for GSN.

title: I've Got a Secret


text:
I Wanna Date a Race Car Driver

I Wanna Date a Race Car Driver is a reality television show on Speed Channel. hosted by Scott Lasky, the format was similar to ABC's The Bachelor, although contestants competed for dates with racing stars, like NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series driver Jon Wood, and not for their hand in marriage. The show, which debuted in June 2004, was immediately panned by the network's viewers, who complained that the Fox Network-owned channel was sinking to a low level by caving into the reality dating shows that are so popular in the present day.

The show disappeared from SPEED's lineup in late Summer of 2004, never to return.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: I Wanna Date a Race Car Driver


text:
U.S. Route 87

U.S. Highway 87 (US 87) is a north–south United States highway (though it is signed east–west in New Mexico) that runs for 1,998 miles (3,215 km) from northern Montana to southern Texas, making it the longest north-south road to not have a "1" in its number and the third longest north-south road in the country, behind U.S. 41 and U.S. 1. Most of the portion from Billings, Montana to Raton, New Mexico is co-signed along Interstates 90 and 25. It is also co-signed along the majority of I-27 in Texas and future plans call for the interstate to be extended along the US 87 corridor. As of 2004, the highway's northern terminus is in Havre, Montana, at US 2 and its southern terminus is in Port Lavaca, Texas, at SH 238.

Texas
In Texas, US 87 is a north–south highway that begins near the Gulf Coast in Port Lavaca, Texas, and heads north through San Antonio, Lubbock, Amarillo, and Dalhart to the New Mexico border near Texline.

New Mexico
US 87 continues in a northwesterly direction in New Mexico and is signed by NMDOT primarily as an east–west route. It merges with US-64 (and thus the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway) in Clayton, shortly after entering New Mexico. It continues to the northwest until Des Moines, when it takes a more westerly approach to Raton. In Raton, it separates from US 64 and merges with Interstate 25 and US 85, with which it remains concurrent through Raton Pass and into Colorado, though it is unsigned on much of the concurrency.

Colorado
US 87 remains concurrent with I-25 throughout the state of Colorado, which is a rare occurrence for a US highway to have a concurrency with an Interstate in its entirety within state boundaries. It is unsigned through the entire state.

Wyoming
US 87 remains concurrent with Interstate 25 northward until exit 160 east of Glenrock where it joins US Route 20/US Route 26 from Glenrock to Casper. In Casper it splits from US-20/26 and rejoins I-25 at exit 186. It then remains concurrent with Interstate 25 northward until its terminus with Interstate 90. It then follows I-90 west to exit 44 where it runs up to Sheridan. A portion of US-87 has been washed out for several years along this stretch and "temporary" detour signs are posted directing US-87 traffic along Wyoming Highway 193 through Story. In Sheridan US-87 rejoins Interstate 90 into Montana.

Montana
US 87 remains concurrent with Interstate 90 westward until Billings, where it breaks off and heads north. Between Crow Agency and Billings, US 87 and I-90 are merged with US 212. It intersects with (and briefly merges with) US 12 in Roundup and continues north with a slight bend to the northwest until, at Grass Range it takes a sharp turn to the west at an intersection with Montana State Highway 200. US 87 remains concurrent with Montana State Highway 200 until Great Falls. In Lewistown, it merges with US 191 and remains heading generally west. Some ten miles (16 km) out of Lewistown, it breaks with US 191 and merges with Montana State Highway 3, heading generally northwest and merging briefly with US 89 before breaking with all three in Great Falls. US 87 heads northeast then east to Fort Benton and then generally northeast to its terminus with US 2 about two miles (3 km) west of Havre.

History
US 87 originally ran northwest out of Great Falls, Montana, towards the eastern border of Glacier National Park. US 87 ran to the Canadian Border at the Piegan Border Crossing. This was changed in 1934, when US Route 89 was diverted to US 87's routing to Glacier Park. US 87 ended in Great Falls until circa 1945 when it was extended to its current northern terminus in Havre, Montana.

U.S. Route 185 was formed in 1926 and extended from US 85 in Cheyenne north to Orin. It became part of a southern extension and realignment of US 87 in 1936.

Future
On March 15, 2022, a bill was signed by President Joe Biden that added the extension of I-27 from its termini in Amarillo and Lubbock, Texas, northward to Raton, New Mexico, and southward to Laredo, Texas, respectively to the Interstate Highway System utilizing the US 87 corridor. The interstate's northern terminus would be at I-25. A bill introduced in 2023 would explicitly designate the extension as I-27 with two auxiliary routes numbered I-227 and I-327. I-227 is proposed to be routed via SH 158 from Sterling City to Midland and SH 349 from Midland to Lamesa; I-327 would utilize US 287 from Dumas to the Oklahoma border. However, after legislation passed through the U.S. Senate in August 2023, I-227 and I-327 were respectively redesignated as I-27W and I-27N, with I-27E replacing the proposed I-27 between Sterling City and Lamesa.

Major intersections

 * Texas
 * in Port Lavaca
 * in Victoria
 * in Victoria
 * in Cuero. The highways travel concurrently to southwest of Cuero.
 * in San Antonio
 * in San Antonio. I-10/US 87 travels concurrently to Comfort. US 87/US 90 travels concurrently through San Antonio.
 * in San Antonio
 * in San Antonio. I-35/US 87 travels concurrently through San Antonio.
 * on the Balcones Heights–San Antonio city line
 * in Fredericksburg. The highways travel concurrently through Fredericksburg.
 * northwest of Mason. The highways travel concurrently to Brady.
 * in Brady. The highways travel concurrently to Brady.
 * northwest of Brady
 * in Eden
 * in San Angelo. The highways travel concurrently through San Angelo.
 * in San Angelo
 * in Big Spring
 * south of Los Ybanez. The highways travel concurrently to Lamesa.
 * in Tahoka
 * in Lubbock. The highways travel concurrently to south of Kress.
 * in Lubbock
 * in Lubbock
 * in Lubbock
 * in Plainview
 * north-northwest of Tulia. The highways travel concurrently to south-southeast of Happy.
 * in Canyon. The highways travel concurrently to Amarillo.
 * north of Canyon. The highways travel concurrently to Amarillo.
 * in Amarillo. US 87/US 287 travels concurrently through Amarillo.
 * in Amarillo
 * in Amarillo. The highways travel concurrently to Dumas.
 * in Hartley. The highways travel concurrently to Dalhart.
 * in Dalhart

 * New Mexico
 * in Clayton. US 64/US 87 travels concurrently to Raton.
 * in Raton. I-25/US 87 travels concurrently to southeast of Glenrock, Wyoming. US 85/US 87 travels concurrently to Fountain, Colorado.

 * Colorado
 * in Trinidad. The highways travel concurrently to Walsenburg.
 * in Pueblo. The highways travel concurrently through Pueblo.
 * in Fountain.
 * in Colorado Springs. The highways travel concurrently through Colorado Springs.
 * in Colorado Springs. The highways travel concurrently to Castle Rock.
 * in Denver
 * in Denver
 * in Denver. The highways travel concurrently through Denver.
 * in Denver. The highways travel concurrently through Denver.
 * in Denver
 * in Denver
 * southeast of Twin Lakes
 * on the Twin Lakes–Sherrelwood–Welby line
 * in Loveland

 * Wyoming
 * south-southwest of Cheyenne
 * southwest of Cheyenne
 * in Cheyenne. The highways travel concurrently to Ranchettes.
 * west-southwest of Dwyer Junction. The highways travel concurrently to the Casper–Hartrandt city line.
 * in Orin. US 20/US 87 travels concurrently to the Casper–Hartrandt city line.
 * in Casper. The highways travel concurrently to north-northeast of Buffalo.
 * in Buffalo
 * north-northeast of Buffalo. I-90/US 87 travels concurrently to Lockwood.
 * in Sheridan. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Ranchester.

 * Montana
 * in Crow Agency. The highways travel concurrently to Lockwood.
 * in Lockwood
 * north of Klein. The highways travel concurrently to Roundup.
 * in Lewistown. The highways travel concurrently to west-northwest of Moore.
 * south-southeast of Armington. The highways travel concurrently to Great Falls.
 * northeast of Herron

Related routes

 * U.S. Highway 187 (decommissioned)
 * U.S. Highway 287

Bannered and suffixed routes

 * U.S. Route 87 Business in Cheyenne, Wyoming
 * U.S. Route 87 Business in Wheatland, Wyoming
 * U.S. Route 87 Business in Casper, Wyoming
 * U.S. Route 87 Business in Buffalo, Wyoming
 * U.S. Route 87 Bypass in Great Falls, Montana

title: U.S. Route 87


text:
Room (magazine)

Room (formerly Room of One's Own) is a Canadian quarterly literary journal that features the work of emerging and established women and genderqueer writers and artists. Launched in Vancouver in 1975 by the West Coast Feminist Literary Magazine Society, or the Growing Room Collective, the journal has published an estimated 3,000 women, serving as an important launching pad for emerging writers. Room publishes short fiction, creative non-fiction, poetry, art, feature interviews, and features that promote dialogue between readers, writers and the collective, including "Roommate" (a profile of a Room reader or collective member) and "The Back Room" (back page interviews on feminist topics of interest). Collective members are regular participants in literary and arts festivals in Greater Vancouver and Toronto.

History
The journal's original title (1975-2006) Room of One's Own came from Virginia Woolf's essay A Room of One's Own. In 2007, the collective relaunched the magazine as Room, reflecting a more outward-facing, conversational editorial mandate; however, the original name and its inspiration is reflected in a quote from the Woolf essay that always appears on the back cover of the magazine.

Room magazine has always been operated by an editorial collective. Former collective members include author Gayla Reid, CBC broadcaster Eleanor Wachtel, University of British Columbia Press editor Jean Wilson, and Geist senior editor Mary Schendlinger.

Works that originally appeared in Room have been anthologized the Journey Prize Anthology, Best Canadian Poetry, Best Canadian Essays, and Best Canadian Stories, and have been nominated for National Magazine Awards.

Approximately 90% of the content Room publishes comes from unsolicited submissions.

Notable contributors
Past contributors to Room include Marian Engel, Carol Shields, Eden Robinson, Nalo Hopkinson, Larissa Lai, Lorna Crozier, Evelyn Lau, Ivan Coyote, Audrey Thomas, Kate Braid, Souvankham Thammavongsa, Susan Point, Hiromi Goto, Susan Musgrave, Shani Mootoo, Elizabeth Hay, Karen Solie, Erín Moure, Yasuko Thanh, Cynthia Flood, Gail Anderson-Dargatz, M. NourbeSe Philip, Daphne Marlatt, Bronwen Wallace, Carmen Aguirre, Ayelet Tsabari, Nancy Richler, Eliza Robertson, Carmen Rodríguez, Marie Annharte Baker, Betsy Warland, Lydia Kwa, and Elizabeth Bachinsky, among many other acclaimed writers and artists. Recent issues have included interviews with Ursula K. Le Guin, Miriam Toews, Joy Kogawa, Lisa Charleyboy, Stacey McKenzie, d'bi young, Jillian Tamaki, Janie Chang, and Mariko Tamaki.

Writing contests
Room currently offers four writing contests, which are open to both Canadian and international writers who identify as women or genderqueer. The deadline for the fiction and poetry contests is in mid-July, while the deadline for the creative non-fiction contest is currently on 8 March, which is also International Women's Day. The creative non-fiction contest was originally added to the other two genres in 2008, and moved to the March deadline starting in 2015.

In 2016, Room launched their first Short Forms Contest, a multi-genre / genre-blending contest for flash fiction, flash CNF, and prose poetry of 500 words and under, with an inaugural deadline of 15 January 2017.

In addition to offering contests, Room presents one contributor each year with a $500 Emerging Writer Award.

Cover art contest
In 2015, Room introduced a cover art contest with a deadline of 30 November.

Making Room: Forty Years of Room Magazine
In 2017, Room published the anthology, Making Room: Forty Years of Room Magazine. The anthology contains a selection of works featured in Room between 1975 and 2016. The anthology is broken up chronologically and follows Canadian feminist writing throughout different eras of feminism. 80 pieces are featured in Making Room. The Making Room project was coordinated by Meghan Bell.

Anthology contributors

 * Carmen Aguirre
 * Najwa Ali
 * Gail Anderson-Dargatz
 * Elizabeth Bachinsky
 * Marie Annharte Baker
 * Juliane Okot Bitek
 * Monique Bosco
 * Kate Braid
 * Nicole Brossard
 * Cyndia Cole
 * Ivan Coyote
 * Lucas Crawford
 * Su Croll
 * Lynn Crosbie
 * Lorna Crozier
 * Danielle Daniel
 * Amber Dawn
 * Junie Désil
 * Sandy Frances Duncan
 * Dorothy Elias
 * Christine Estima
 * Tanya Evanson
 * barbara findlay
 * Cynthia Flood
 * Chantal Gibson
 * Leona Gom
 * Jane Eaton Hamilton
 * Wasela Hiyate
 * Nancy Holmes
 * Anna Humphrey
 * Mindy Hung
 * Carole Itter
 * Amy Jones
 * Helen Kuk
 * Matea Kulić
 * Naoko Kumagai
 * Fiona Tinwei Lam
 * Doretta Lau
 * Evelyn Lau
 * Jen Sookfong Lee
 * Tracey Lindberg
 * Dorothy Livesay
 * Annabel Lyon
 * Vera Manuel
 * Daphne Marlatt
 * Robin Blackburn McBride
 * Carmelita McGrath
 * Cara-Lyn Morgan
 * Erín Moure
 * Susan Musgrave
 * Alessandra Naccarato
 * Kellee Ngan
 * Monica Pacheco
 * M. NourbeSe Philip
 * Helen Potrebenko
 * Sina Queyras
 * Eden Robinson
 * Constance Rooke
 * Rebecca Rosenblum
 * Devyani Saltzman
 * Sigal Samuel
 * Nilofar Shidmehr
 * Carol Shields
 * Serena Shipp
 * Carolyn Smart
 * Susan Stenson
 * Anna Swanson
 * Souvankham Thammavongsa
 * Audrey Thomas
 * Ayelet Tsabari
 * Chimwemwe Undi
 * Eleanor Wachtel
 * Betsy Warland
 * jia qing wilson-yang

Growing Room Festival
Room launched Growing Room: A Feminist Literary Festival in 2017. The first festival was planned to celebrate both Room 's 40th anniversary and International Women's Day and ran from 8 to 12 March in Vancouver, British Columbia. Growing Room features panels and from female and genderqueer Canadian writers as well as dancing and music.

The 2018 iteration of Growing Room was held from 1 to 4 March of that year. The 2019 festival was held from 8 to 17 March and featured approximately 100 writers and over 50 events. Growing Room 2020 was cancelled due to COVID-19.

title: Room (magazine)


text:
User:Benc/Todo

Articles to write

 * Currently under construction in my sandboxes:
 * NFL timeline - User:Benc/Sandbox/3
 * Portrait of Dr. Gachet
 * Blank maps should be a stubby link to a new article I'll create on wikisource, based on Blank maps
 * Continuously variable transmission
 * Dimorphism stub
 * Equal Time Provision
 * Police corruption currently redirects to political corruption
 * Police brutality stub
 * Rivanna River
 * Transplanetary subway source:
 * Auto racing flags should cover checkered flag, black flag, others(?)
 * Templates:
 * Template:box office (parameterized) for filling in box office sales from boxofficemojo
 * Toilet training stub

Bolded entries are possible candidates for Collaboration of the week.

Discussions needing action
Listed in approximate order by priority:
 * User talk:Benc/Archive/1
 * User talk:Benc
 * User talk:Benc
 * User talk:Benc/Archive/1

Content to add

 * Wikipedia how-tos on templates, custom signatures, and watchlist
 * Official Wikipedia Manual... short, centralized document all Wikipedians should read
 * Major clean-up needed on Template messages
 * To Help:Starting a new page, How to write a great article, and Contributing to Wikipedia, link a new page discussing linking new articles up with others (Don't write orphan articles?), including:
 * redirects
 * trade links with existing articles
 * peer review to catch the links you missed
 * Add cone (mechanical) to cone disambig.

Refactoring

 * Make Template:fac and Template:fac-contested look nice like Template:featured.
 * Remove redirects for Messiah (Handel).
 * Smash out links to the Black Flag disambig.
 * Verify claim of 350 featured articles; synchronize with Category:Wikipedia Featured Articles.
 * Standardize E-1 m series of articles
 * Hip-Hop template does not belong on Grafitti (and a few other places). Drop them a note.
 * Div id's on WP:NOT like WP:DP?
 * Reduce VfD's page size:
 * ArticleName for when article is rewritten and supported
 * ArticleName for when discussion gets huge
 * Can the category and translations go in the footer template?
 * Parameterized subst template for new VfD listing (pending subst: bug fix)
 * Add to all articles listed on (low priority, bot work)

Pictures

 * New lava lamp image would be nice
 * Mona Lisa coffee mug

Questions for Help Desk

 * Discussions for deletion -- guidelines on how to be brief?
 * Admin tools, are there enough of them?
 * Special:Recreations
 * Special:Possiblerevertwars
 * Is there a discussion about hotlinking to wikipedia, and whether this is a bad thing?
 * Is there a consensus on template and category redirects and whether they're generally a bad thing, and how to stomp them out if they are?
 * Is there a central place for bots to hang out?
 * Is there a bot or query or something to:
 * Find spelling errors? SpellBot
 * Change "See Also" and "External Links" to "See also" and "External links"? Some efforts have been made
 * Standardize where the following appears on the page (top or bottom):
 * disambig
 * category
 * language translations
 * stub
 * leading and trailing newlines
 * Find mismatched talk redirects? (e.g., Talk:Gaia redirected to Talk:Gaia (mythology) but Gaia did not redirect Gaia (mythology))
 * Find pages with "(redirect page)" in their title (if any exist)?
 * Are these bugs?
 * Image having to be uploaded twice? (Or this a cache issue)
 * Parameterize templates only work in Template namespace? Do they?

Questions for Reference Desk

 * How to explain the videotaping monitors effect?
 * Approval voting in the U.S. system?
 * "Certified Business Location" for Virginia cities?
 * Americans prefer tall presidents?

title: User:Benc/Todo


text:
Tropical disease

Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. However, many were present in northern Europe and northern America in the 17th and 18th centuries before modern understanding of disease causation. The initial impetus for tropical medicine was to protect the health of colonial settlers, notably in India under the British Raj. Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease carrier, or vector. These insects may carry a parasite, bacterium or virus that is infectious to humans and animals. Most often disease is transmitted by an insect bite, which causes transmission of the infectious agent through subcutaneous blood exchange. Vaccines are not available for most of the diseases listed here, and many do not have cures.

Human exploration of tropical rainforests, deforestation, rising immigration and increased international air travel and other tourism to tropical regions has led to an increased incidence of such diseases to non-tropical countries. Of particular concern is the habitat loss of reservoir host species.

Health programmes
In 1975 the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) was established to focus on neglected infectious diseases which disproportionately affect poor and marginalized populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, Central America and North South America. It was established at the World Health Organization, which is the executing agency, and is co-sponsored by the United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank and the World Health Organization.

TDR's vision is to foster an effective global research effort on infectious diseases of poverty in which disease endemic countries play a pivotal role. It has a dual mission of developing new tools and strategies against these diseases, and to develop the research and leadership capacity in the countries where the diseases occur. The TDR secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland, but the work is conducted throughout the world through many partners and funded grants.

Some examples of work include helping to develop new treatments for diseases, such as ivermectin for onchocerciasis (river blindness); showing how packaging can improve use of artemesinin-combination treatment (ACT) for malaria; demonstrating the effectiveness of bednets to prevent mosquito bites and malaria; and documenting how community-based and community-led programmes increases distribution of multiple treatments. TDR history

The current TDR disease portfolio includes the following entries:

 * † Although leprosy and tuberculosis are not exclusively tropical diseases, their high incidence in the tropics justifies their inclusion.
 * ‡ People living with HIV are 19 (15–22) times more likely to develop active TB disease than people without HIV.

Other neglected tropical diseases
Additional neglected tropical diseases include:

Some tropical diseases are very rare, but may occur in sudden epidemics, such as the Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever and the Marburg virus. There are hundreds of different tropical diseases which are less known or rarer, but that, nonetheless, have importance for public health.

Relation of climate to tropical diseases
The so-called "exotic" diseases in the tropics have long been noted both by travelers, explorers, etc., as well as by physicians. One obvious reason is that the hot climate present during all the year and the larger volume of rains directly affect the formation of breeding grounds, the larger number and variety of natural reservoirs and animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans (zoonosis), the largest number of possible insect vectors of diseases. It is possible also that higher temperatures may favor the replication of pathogenic agents both inside and outside biological organisms. Socio-economic factors may be also in operation, since most of the poorest nations of the world are in the tropics. Tropical countries like Brazil, which have improved their socio-economic situation and invested in hygiene, public health and the combat of transmissible diseases have achieved dramatic results in relation to the elimination or decrease of many endemic tropical diseases in their territory.

Climate change, global warming caused by the greenhouse effect, and the resulting increase in global temperatures, are possibly causing tropical diseases and vectors to spread to higher altitudes in mountainous regions, and to higher latitudes that were previously spared, such as the Southern United States, the Mediterranean area, etc. For example, in the Monteverde cloud forest of Costa Rica, global warming enabled Chytridiomycosis, a tropical disease, to flourish and thus force into decline amphibian populations of the Monteverde Harlequin frog. Here, global warming raised the heights of orographic cloud formation, and thus produced cloud cover that would facilitate optimum growth conditions for the implicated pathogen, B. dendrobatidis.

Vector-borne diseases
Vectors are living organisms that pass disease between humans or from animal to human. The vector carrying the highest number of diseases is the mosquito, which is responsible for the tropical diseases dengue and malaria. Many different approaches have been taken to treat and prevent these diseases. NIH-funded research has produced genetically modify mosquitoes that are unable to spread diseases such as malaria. An issue with this approach is global accessibility to genetic engineering technology; Approximately 50% of scientists in the field do not have access to information on genetically modified mosquito trials being conducted.

Other prevention methods include:
 * Draining wetlands to reduce populations of insects and other vectors, or introducing natural predators of the vectors.
 * The application of insecticides and/or insect repellents to strategic surfaces such as clothing, skin, buildings, insect habitats, and bed nets.
 * The use of a mosquito net over a bed (also known as a "bed net") to reduce nighttime transmission, since certain species of tropical mosquitoes feed mainly at night.

Community approaches
Assisting with economic development in endemic regions can contribute to prevention and treatment of tropical diseases. For example, microloans enable communities to invest in health programs that lead to more effective disease treatment and prevention technology.

Educational campaigns can aid in the prevention of various diseases. Educating children about how diseases spread and how they can be prevented has proven to be effective in practicing preventative measures. Educational campaigns can yield significant benefits at low costs.

Other approaches

 * Use of water wells, and/or water filtration, water filters, or water treatment with water tablets to produce drinking water free of parasites.
 * Sanitation to prevent transmission through human waste.
 * Development and use of vaccines to promote disease immunity.
 * Pharmacologic treatment (to treat disease after infection or infestation).

Books

 * TDR at a glance – fostering an effective global research effort on diseases of poverty
 * Le TDR en un coup d’oeilLe TDR en un coup d’oeil – favoriser un eff ort mondial de recherche eff icace sur les maladies liées à la pauvreté
 * TDR annual report – 2009
 * Monitoring and evaluation tool kit for indoor residual spraying
 * Indicators for monitoring and evaluation of the kala-azar elimination programme
 * Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance – results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 2- 2009
 * Quality Practices in Basic Biomedical Research (QPBR) training manual: Trainer
 * Quality Practices in Basic Biomedical Research (QPBR) training manual: Trainee
 * Progress and prospects for the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to inhibit disease transmission
 * Use of Influenza Rapid Diagnostic Tests
 * Manson's Tropical Diseases
 * Mandell's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases or this site

Journals

 * American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
 * Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
 * Tropical Medicine and International Health
 * The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
 * Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
 * Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
 * Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases

Websites

 * Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases -TDR
 * GIDEON-Global Infectious Disease Epidemiology Network

title: Tropical disease


text:
Talk:Foie gras

Demo of force feeding a goose
The movie "Closely Watched Trains" has an interesting minute or two of a woman force feeding a goose. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.79.156.33 (talk) 17:33, July 15, 2021 (UTC)
 * Not a documentary, so not of value here as far as accuracy is concerned; fictional movies are not reliable sources. TJRC (talk) 20:00, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

The 'Animal Welfare' Section
In regard to the first paragraph of the section labeled 'animal welfare' I wish to suggest that the [which?] tag be removed, as it is largely, if not wholly, unnecessary. It is unnecessary because immediately preceding this paragraph there is a political world map that displays the countries where foie gras production is illegal and those where it is produced legally.

In other words, one need only to see the map to find exactly " [which?] " countries outlaw foie gras production. 75.108.184.159 (talk) 10:08, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

Postclassical Europe period
I may have too hastily removed a section of the article, I'm new here and made the account to make the edit. The offending line implied the Jewish adoption of foie gras arose during their bondage in Egypt. The secondary source used pointed to the biblical story Exodus as it's basis. Considering it is widely acknowledged that the Jewish people weren't enslaved in Egypt, I took the liberty of removing the line. ChristianGreyOne (talk) 07:28, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foie gras


text:
Colonel Cathcart

Colonel Cathcart is a character in Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 (1961) and the novel's de facto main antagonist.

A full colonel, he is a group commander at a U.S. Army Air Forces base in Pianosa and is obsessed with becoming a general. As such, he does whatever it takes to please his superiors—in particular, by repeatedly raising the number of missions the men have to fly to complete a tour of duty, beyond that normally ordered by other outfits. This becomes the bane of Yossarian's life, as every time he comes close to obtaining the target number of missions for being sent home, Colonel Cathcart raises the required number again.

Cathcart himself has only flown in two missions, one of which was accidental.

Feathers and black eyes
Cathcart nightly makes lists of "feathers in his cap" and "black eyes", often finding something in the former category is in fact in the latter one, considering all the possible ways in which his superiors could react to them. In his attempts to please nearly everyone, Cathcart discovers that all the other soldiers hate him. This perception lives largely in his mind, but it affects his relationships with the others and they soon begin to actually dislike and/or avoid him. His paranoia, matched only by his arrogance, worsens throughout the course of the novel.

Catch-22
The concept of Catch-22 is also represented in the character of Colonel Cathcart (whose name is an anagram for both "catch art" and "rat catch"), as he consists entirely of irreconcilable oppositions and maintains an illogical thought process that echoes that of the catch. Cathcart is a master of political doublespeak, often completely contradicting what he says seconds after he says it, usually when a superior officer disagrees with him.

Yossarian
Cathcart hates Yossarian almost as much as Yossarian hates him. When Yossarian publicly refuses to fly any more missions, Cathcart moves to have him court martialed, but his right-hand man, Colonel Korn, talks him out of it, advising him that a dismissal from the Air Force is exactly what he wants; Cathcart instead decorates him to ensure that he will stay in the service.

When Yossarian is caught AWOL in Rome, Cathcart is eager to have him court martialed and imprisoned, but Korn once again persuades him to offer him the credit for enough missions to send him home instead, to hush the whole affair up. Yossarian briefly considers the offer, but changes his mind when he hears that Orr got out of duty by escaping to Sweden.

Film
In Mike Nichols' 1970 film adaptation of the novel, Colonel Cathcart is portrayed by Martin Balsam. In the 2019 TV miniseries adaptation, he is portrayed by Kyle Chandler.

title: Colonel Cathcart


text:
Talk:Education in Singapore

Edukasyon sa singapore
managed by the Ministry of Education (MOE). It controls the development and administration of state schools receiving taxpayers' funding, but also has an advisory and supervisory role in respect of private schools. For both private and state schools, there are variations in the extent of autonomy in their curriculum, scope of taxpayers' aid and funding, tuition burden on the students, and admission polic 222.127.156.5 (talk) 00:38, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Education in Singapore


text:
Paul Tobias

Paul Tobias (also known as Paul Edward Huge (pronounced hugh-gee); born in August 1963) is an American guitarist best known for his involvement with hard rock band Guns N' Roses, who he collaborated with from 1994 to 2002.

Biography
Born in August 1963 in Indianapolis, Tobias grew up in Lafayette and is a childhood friend of Axl Rose. Following the formation of Rose's band Hollywood Rose in 1983, the band's demo tape featured two songs co-written by Rose and Tobias: "Shadow of Your Love" and "Back Off Bitch". In 1985, Rose formed Guns N' Roses and released their debut album, Appetite for Destruction, in 1987. While "Shadow of Your Love" was re-recorded during the album's sessions, it did not make the final album, but Tobias was thanked in the album's credits. The song was later released as a B-side of the album's first single, "It's So Easy/Mr. Brownstone".

In 1991, a re-recorded version of "Back Off Bitch" was featured on Guns N' Roses' third studio album, Use Your Illusion I. Rose stated in an interview with Rolling Stone in 1992 that the song was ten years old at that time. In late 1994, Tobias joined Guns N' Roses as a replacement for Gilby Clarke, and played rhythm and lead guitar on the band's cover version of Rolling Stones' "Sympathy for the Devil". While Tobias contributed to the song on Rose's request, his inclusion caused friction between Rose and the band's then-lead guitarist Slash due to an overdub made by Tobias of Slash's solo on the song.

Tobias would go on to work and record with Guns N' Roses in 1996, when the band started working on their sixth studio album. His role in the band was not clarified publicly at the time as it was uncertain if he would eventually feature on the album and subsequent tours as a rhythm guitarist. Rose further explained that the intention of bringing in Tobias was to help the band in the studio:

"'The public gets a different story from the other guys – Slash, Duff, Matt – who have their own agendas. The original intentions between Paul and myself were that Paul was going to help me for as long as it took to get this thing together in whatever capacity that he could help me in. So when he first was brought into this, he was brought in as a writer to work with Slash. At the time those guys never suggested one name.'"

In 1997, Tobias began working for Guns N' Roses full-time in a studio setting, jamming and recording song ideas with keyboardist Dizzy Reed and then-lead guitarist Robin Finck, among others. During these sessions, Tobias and Reed wrote the song "Oh My God", which was later featured on the soundtrack of the 1999 film End of Days. In January 2001, Tobias made his live debut with Guns N' Roses as the band played their first concerts in eight years at Las Vegas's House of Blues and Rock in Rio III. Rose introduced Tobias on stage in both shows as someone who had helped him keep the band together during the past years. In Rio, Rose also noted that Tobias had previously played live only a handful of times. The band played their next two concerts in December 2001, also in Las Vegas, which were Tobias' last appearances as a band member.

In mid-2002, due to his aversion to touring, Tobias was replaced in the band by Richard Fortus. At the time it was not officially stated that Tobias had left Guns N' Roses. During that same year, Tobias' other band, Mank Rage, expressed interest in releasing an album consisting of material recorded prior to his tenure with Guns N' Roses. In July 2006, several of the band's demos were posted on MySpace. In 2008, Guns N' Roses released Chinese Democracy and Tobias was credited as a co-writer on seven songs, in addition to contributing arrangements, and guitar and piano parts. In 2018, Tobias was again associated with Guns N' Roses when "Shadow of Your Love" was released as a single and included on the deluxe edition of Appetite for Destruction. He received further writing credits for the band's singles "Hard Skool" and "Perhaps", released in 2021 and 2023 respectively.

title: Paul Tobias


text:
Richard Fortus

Richard Fortus (born November 17, 1966) is an American guitarist. He is a member of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses, with whom he has recorded one studio album, since 2002. Fortus has also collaborated extensively with The Psychedelic Furs frontman Richard Butler and fellow Guns N' Roses bandmate Frank Ferrer. Aside from lead singer Axl Rose and keyboardist Dizzy Reed, Fortus is the longest-tenured member of Guns N' Roses, having been with the band continuously since 2002.

Alongside his work in Guns N' Roses, Fortus is a former member of Love Spit Love, Thin Lizzy, and The Dead Daisies.

Early life and beginning career
Fortus was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He began learning violin at 4 years old and the drums a year later.

Fortus studied at the Conservatory of the Arts in St. Louis and Southern Illinois University and also played in several youth symphonies in the St. Louis area.

The Eyes/Pale Divine (1984–91)
Fortus founded the band The Eyes in 1984. The four-piece alternative band independently released Freedom in a Cage, which was produced by David Probst. After signing with Atlantic Records, they changed their name to Pale Divine. They subsequently toured the U.S. in support of their only album, Straight to Goodbye, opening for The Psychedelic Furs.

Love Spit Love and the Psychedelic Furs (1992–2000)
After the Psychedelic Furs split up, Fortus formed Love Spit Love with Richard Butler and Frank Ferrer in 1992. When the Furs re-formed in 2000, Fortus joined the group as second guitarist and played on the live album Beautiful Chaos: Greatest Hits Live. Love Spit Love went on an indefinite hiatus soon after.

 Loup Garou (1995–98)

Fortus joined this NYC outfit for club dates and festivals over a three-year hitch that included dates in Europe and culminated with the recording of the band's third CD, Ten Wines from Job's Vineyard.

Guns N' Roses (2002–present)
In 1999, Fortus was contacted by Guns N' Roses to audition as a potential replacement for the departing Robin Finck. However, the spot was ultimately filled by Buckethead. In 2002, guitarist Paul Tobias left Guns N' Roses, citing stress with touring. Fortus was touring Europe as guitarist for Enrique Iglesias in May 2002 when he got a call from his friend (and Guns N' Roses bassist) Tommy Stinson asking him to fly out to audition for the band. Fortus joined Guns N' Roses officially in July 2002.

In Guns N' Roses, Fortus plays both rhythm guitar and occasional lead guitar. Lead singer Axl Rose is very pleased with Fortus's work and has said, "He's an amazing lead player and very technically skilled. He really likes the pocket that Brain sets and the two of them click with Tommy so we finally have the real deal rhythm section, as Richard is a proven professional. Basically, Richard's the guy that we always were looking for."

Fortus recorded guitars for the band's 2008 album Chinese Democracy and appears on the live release Appetite for Democracy 3D.

Fortus has been present at every tour since 2002, most recently at the Not in This Lifetime... Tour, playing alongside classic-era members Slash and Duff McKagan.

The Dead Daisies (2013–16)
In 2013, Fortus joined the Dead Daisies with the likes of Jon Stevens and Dave Lowy as well as Guns N' Roses bandmates Frank Ferrer and Dizzy Reed. Their eponymous debut album was released on August 9, 2013. A second album, Revolucion, was released in 2015. Fortus left the Dead Daisies in 2016 to focus on Guns N' Roses.

Other projects
Fortus was in a group called Honky Toast with Frank Ferrer, singer Eric J. Toast, and bassist E.Z. Bake. The group released one album, 1999's Watcha Gonna Do Honky?.

Fortus has collaborated with techno-rock musician BT on several occasions, including touring with him in 2000.

In March 2008, Fortus was one of the guest guitarists for the reunion shows of X Japan at the Tokyo Dome. He played with them three more times in 2018: on April 10 and 11 at Zepp Divercity and on April 14 at Coachella.

In 2008, he joined the Danish rock/pop band the Storm on their tour. Fortus played guitar on their first record, Where the Storm Meets the Ground, and is a personal friend of lead singer Pernille Rosendahl and lead guitarist Johan Wohlert.

Fortus provided guitar for former The Replacements and Guns N' Roses bassist Tommy Stinson's two solo albums. Fortus also recorded a cover of the "James Bond Theme" for Guitar Hero World Tour and later played the song live as a solo spot during Guns N' Roses's 2012 tour.

He has collaborated with singer-songwriter Lásse Kvernmo in a project called Sáivu. Fortus has also recorded or toured with acts such as Rihanna, N*SYNC, Nena, and Ben Folds, among others.

Fortus is a member (alongside Ferrer) of New York–based band The Compulsions.

Fortus briefly joined Thin Lizzy as lead guitarist in 2011.

Equipment
Guitars: Paoletti Richard Fortus Signature #2 Guitar in White Leather. Gibson '73 Les Paul Signature, Gretsch White Falcon, Leo Scala Effects: Hiwatt Tape Echo, Lexicon PCM80 Pedals: Klon Centaur, Hermida Mosferatu Amps: 2 channel Cornford, '73 Jose-modded Marshall 100, Plexi Marshalls (modified), Diezel

Personal life
On November 5, 2005, Fortus's partner gave birth to a daughter, Paisley Piper Fortus. She gave birth to a second child, Clover Blue Fortus, on January 6, 2008.

In September 2015, he was seriously injured in a motorcycle crash, causing him to miss dates with the Dead Daisies. Fortus suffered a broken shoulder blade, a broken collarbone, six broken ribs, a broken toe, a bruised lung, a lacerated liver, and a concussion.

On December 10, 2016, Fortus married Stephanie Howlett, a St. Louis–based attorney. The couple resides in St. Louis County, Missouri, with their two daughters.

Discography
With The Eyes/Pale Divine
 * Freedom in a Cage (1990)
 * Straight to Goodbye (1991)

With Love Spit Love
 * Love Spit Love (1994)
 * Trysome Eatone (1997)

With Tommy Stinson
 * Village Gorilla Head (2004)
 * One Man Mutiny (2011)

With BT
 * Movement in Still Life (1999)
 * Emotional Technology (2003)

With Loup Garou:
 * Ten Wines from Job's Vineyard (1996)

With Guns N' Roses:
 * Chinese Democracy (2008)
 * Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)
 * "Absurd" (2021)
 * "Hard Skool" (2021)
 * Hard Skool EP (2022)
 * "Perhaps" / "The General" (2023)

With Michael Monroe:
 * Sensory Overdrive (2011)

With The Dead Daisies:
 * The Dead Daisies (2013)
 * Revolución (2015)

With The Compulsions:
 * Dirty Fun (2015)

With The Psychedelic Furs:
 * Beautiful Chaos: Greatest Hits Live (2001)
 * Made of Rain (2020)

With Thin Lizzy:
 * High Voltage Recorded Live: July 23rd 2011 (2011)

With The Feckers:
 * Courage Of Conviction Part II: Live And Learn (2024)
 * Courage Of Conviction Part III: In The Face Of Adversity (2026)

title: Richard Fortus


text:
U.S. Route 92

U.S. Route 92 or U.S. Highway 92 (US 92) is a 181-mile (291 km.) U.S. Route entirely in the U.S. state of Florida. The western terminus is at US 19 Alt. and SR 687 in downtown St. Petersburg. The eastern terminus is at SR A1A in Daytona Beach.

Like all AASHTO designated highways in Florida, US 92 always carries a FDOT designated hidden state road number:
 * State Road 687 from the US route's western terminus at US 19 Alt/SR 595 to the junction with SR 686/SR 687/SR 694 in St. Petersburg.
 * State Road 600 from the junction with SR 686/SR 687/SR 694 in St. Petersburg to George Jenkins Boulevard in Lakeland, and again from East Gary Road in Lakeland to the route's eastern terminus at State Road A1A in Daytona Beach.
 * State Road 517 (formerly Florida State Road 600B ) from George Jenkins Boulevard (SR 600 east) to Memorial Boulevard (SR 546 west) in Lakeland.
 * State Road 546 from Memorial Boulevard to East Gary Road (SR 600 west) in Lakeland.

Route description
US 92 is concurrent with SR 687 from downtown St. Petersburg to SR 600, SR 686 and SR 694 at the west end of the Gandy Causeway; unsigned SR 600 from the west end of the Gandy Causeway to west of downtown Lakeland; unsigned State Road 517 west of downtown Lakeland; SR 546 from west of downtown Lakeland to east of downtown Lakeland; and unsigned State Road 600 from east of downtown Lakeland to Daytona Beach.

Tampa Bay Area
US 92 begins its eastward journey along State Road 687 at the intersection of SR 595 in St. Petersburg. The road continues north along SR 687 until it reaches the eastern termini of State Roads 686 and 694, where it turns right on Gandy Boulevard (State Road 600) before crossing the Gandy Bridge into Tampa. After crossing the Gandy Bridge, US 92 intersects West Shore Boulevard and runs east along Gandy Boulevard until it reaches Dale Mabry Highway at the first interchange with the Lee Roy Selmon Expressway where it turns north. State Road 685 branches to the northeast at Henderson Boulevard. The next major intersections are Kennedy Boulevard (SR 60), then Interstate 275 at Exits 41 A. In between SR 616 and SR 574, US 92 passes George M. Steinbrenner Field and Raymond James Stadium. A parclo interchange with Hillsborough Avenue takes US 92 from Dale Mabry to Hillsborough Avenue and State Road 580 from Hillsborough Avenue to Dale Mabry Highway. US 92 crosses two parallel bridges over the Hillsborough River, which consist of a 1939-built eastbound vertical lift bridge, and a 1960-built westbound bascule bridge. Later the road intersects with BUS US 41, I-275 again at Exits 47 A-B, then intersects northbound U.S. Route 41 and SR 45, where US 41 and 92 overlap each other. One other major intersection exists with SR 585 before US 41 turns southbound as the concurrency ends.

After SR 583, the road becomes part of the collective-distributor roads along Interstate 4 west and east of the parclo interchange with U.S. Route 301 at Exit 7. The east end of the interchange contains a stub for a proposed west-to-northbound ramp to 301 at the westbound flyover. Eventually, US 92 crosses under I-75 but does not intersect it directly (Access to I-75 is only available eastbound from I-4). Three other local roads that cross US 92 access I-4. These consist of Mango Road in Mango, followed by McIntosh Road and Branch Forbes Road in Dover. Within Plant City US 92 approaches the southern terminus of State Road 566 (Thonotosassa Road) then splits into a one-way pair. The first major intersection along this one-way pair is Florida State Road 39 (Alexander Road), followed by Florida State Road 574, but only along the eastbound lanes. In downtown Plant City, US 92 encounters SR 39A which it has a two-block overlap between Wheeler and Collins Streets. After the one-way pair ends, the last state highway to intersect the route in the city and Hillsborough County is the southern terminus of State Road 533 (Park Road). East of SR 533, the road encounters a random series of level crossings for freight spurs leading from the CSX Lakeland Subdivision.

Polk County vicinity
As the road crosses the Hillsborough-Polk County Line from Youmans, it passes a historic stone marker on the southwest corner of County Line Road. It also passes by a former truck weigh station, and then runs beneath Florida State Road 570 (Polk Parkway) with no direct access. After the intersection with Florida State Road 572, it passes by the Silver Moon Drive-In in the former unincorporated community of Winston. Entering the city of Lakeland, Florida, US 92 approaches the intersection with Wabash Avenue (hidden Florida State Road 517) and makes a brief turn to the north, while SR 600 continues eastbound unmarked along George Jenkins Boulevard (former US Business Route 92). The route turns east again at the intersection with Florida State Road 546, and overlaps that route through the rest of the city. US 92/SR 546 continues eastbound along Memorial Boulevard where it climbs a bridge over the CSX Vitis Subdivision and Florida State Road 539 with no access. Roughly 16 blocks later, the two routes approach U.S. Route 98, and is joined by hidden Florida State Road 700. Three blocks later, it intersects the southern terminus of Florida State Road 33. SR 700 leaves the route at North Lake Parker Avenue, while US 92/FL 546 rides along the southern bank of Lake Parker, until the intersection of East Gary Road, where SR 546 comes to an end and hidden SR 600 rejoins the route.

On the border between Crystal Lake, Florida and Combee Settlement, Florida US 92/SR 600 encounters the intersection with Florida State Road 659. Later it enters more rural surroundings as it enters Fussels Corner, Florida and briefly runs directly along the north side of the CSX Carters Subdivision, then moves away from the tracks as it enters Auburndale, Florida, where the route encounters the Polk Parkway again, but this time at an interchange. Serving as a commercial strip beyond this point, the route encounters the southern terminus of County Road 655 (Polk County, Florida), and three blocks later the northern terminus of Florida State Road 655. The road curves northeast where it barely runs along the southeast coast of Lake Lena, then curves to the southeast at Bridgers Avenue, a former alignment of US 92. From there it runs along a bridge that passes over a railroad junction between the CSX Auburndale Subdivision, Carters Subdivision and a freight spur leading between the northeast coast of Lake Lena, and southwest coast of Lake Ariana. As the route descends from the bridge, the street name changes to Magnolia Avenue and five blocks later, encounters the intersection of Florida State Road 559 (Main Street). Across from the south side of Auburndale Cemetery the western terminus of Florida State Road 544 branches off to the southeast towards Legoland (formerly Cypress Gardens) and part of Haines City. In the meantime, US 92 curves back to the northeast where it briefly enters a northwestern portion of Winter Haven, encounters the eastern end of Bridgers Avenue, and serves as the location for Winter Haven Regional Airport (a.k.a.; Gilbert's Field). US 92 and U.S. Highway 17 join at the south end of Lake Alfred. State Road 600 continues to carry US 92 from Auburndale, while State Road 555 takes US 17 from the south via Winter Haven. County Road 555 soon splits to the north along the old road through Lake Alfred, while US 17/92 runs to the northeast on Lake Shore Way. The routes become a one-way pair between Echo Street and Seminole Way, but before that pair ends, County Road 557 begins at Polemo Street, where it heads west for a block to CR 555, and then turns north towards Interstate 4; just past CR 557, US 17/92 turns east towards Haines City. It enters downtown Haines City on Hinson Avenue after crossing under U.S. Highway 27 at a cloverleaf, meeting the north end of State Road 17 (formerly US Alt 27) before turning north on 17th Street. It soon meets County Road 580, which runs east to Poinciana. In Davenport, US 92 meets County Road 547, which heads west to U.S. Highway 27 and north along old US 17/92. US 92 then intersects with Ronald Reagan Parkway (County Road 54) at Loughman.

Orlando area
Entering Osceola County, US 92 picks up the Orange Blossom Trail name. Orange Blossom Trail (OBT) takes US 92 east and north through Kissimmee and into Orlando. The OBT name temporarily ends at Pleasant Hill Road (former State Road 531) in southern Kissimmee, where US 92 uses John Young Parkway (formerly Bermuda Avenue) to Vine Street (U.S. Highway 192/SR 530). (US 92 ran through downtown Kissimmee on Emmett Street, Broadway and Main Street until ca. 2000.) It turns east there on US 192, turning north at Main Street, which becomes OBT at the north city limits. U.S. Highway 441 (along with State Road 500) joins US 92 at US 192 - thus OBT carries US 17, US 92 and US 441, as well as unsigned SR 500 and SR 600, from Kissimmee to Orlando. Along this stretch, the road intersects the Osceola Parkway in Kissimmee, SR 417 (Central Florida GreeneWay) at exit 11, and the Central Florida Parkway as it passes east of the resort area of Orlando that includes Walt Disney World and affiliated resorts, Sea World, and Universal Studios. OBT then comes to a massive combined interchange with Florida's Turnpike and SR 528 (Beachline Expressway) in Sky Lake. North of this interchange, the road passes west of The Florida Mall and intersects SR 482.

The road reaches an interchange with I-4 in Holden Heights. OBT continues into Orlando and comes to a diamond interchange with SR 408 (East-West Expressway) at exit 9. Orange Blossom Trail bypasses downtown Orlando to the west, meeting State Road 50 (Colonial Drive) northwest of downtown. At SR 50, US 17/92 turns east, while US 441 continues northwest on OBT towards Apopka. US 17, concurrent with SR 50 (and SR 600), meets the south end of Edgewater Drive and crosses Interstate 4 (SR 400) and State Road 527 (Orange Avenue and Magnolia Avenue) before meeting Mills Avenue (State Road 15), where US 17/92 turns north.

Mills Avenue carries State Road 15 on both sides of State Road 50, but is only signed as such to the south, as north of SR 50, it carries US 92 (and unsigned SR 600). It crosses Lake Estelle on the Andrews Causeway before reaching the border between Orlando and Winter Park.

In Winter Park, US 92's name changes to Orlando Avenue. It crosses State Road 527 (Orange Avenue) and State Road 426 (Fairbanks Avenue) and meets the east end of State Road 423 (Lee Road) while bypassing downtown Winter Park to the west. Shortly after crossing into Maitland, it passes under the SunRail tracks (formerly CSX Transportation's "A" Line), and the old road through downtown Winter Park — Park Avenue — merges in from the southeast. US 92 meets the east end of County Road 438A (Lake Avenue), which heads west to Eatonville, and then splits from the old alignment - County Road 427 - near downtown Maitland. It crosses Horatio Avenue (former County Road 436A) and meets the east end of State Road 414 (Maitland Boulevard) before crossing into Seminole County.

In Seminole County, the redevelopment of the 17-92 Community Redevelopment Area is handled by the US 17-92 Community Redevelopment Agency, a component unit of the County government US 92 is a main commercial strip as it heads through Casselberry (where it crosses State Road 436 - Semoran Boulevard at an interchange) and Longwood (where it crosses State Road 434). North of Longwood it meets the north end of State Road 419 and crosses County Road 427 (the old alignment). Lake Mary Boulevard, Airport Boulevard and State Road 417 cross US 92 in southern Sanford, and it meets the west end of County Road 427A. At 25th Street, southwest of downtown Sanford, State Road 46 comes in from the east and turns north for a concurrency near downtown; County Road 46A heads west on 25th Street. 13th Street marks the west end of County Road 415, and at 1st Street the triple concurrency turns west. Before leaving the Sanford City Limits, the routes run over a bridge for a railroad line near the Sanford Amtrak Auto Train station, as well as the nearby SunRail station. The routes leave the concurrency with SR 46 at the north end of County Road 15 (once a branch of State Road 15), and then runs north towards the interchange with Interstate 4 (SR 400) where US 17/92 turns west along the south shore of Lake Monroe (part of the St. Johns River). Just before crossing the river into Volusia County at the west end of the lake, which runs unsigned with SR 15 and SR 600 here) and crosses under at the end of its own bridge across the river (the St. Johns River Veterans Memorial Bridge).

DeBary to Daytona Beach
After crossing the St. Johns River via the C.A. "Bill" Benedict Bridge, US 92 continues north into Volusia County, meeting the west ends of County Road 4162 (in DeBary), County Road 4146, and County Road 4145 (in Orange City). North of Orange City is a trumpet interchange with State Road 472, a four-lane connection to Interstate 4. US 92 then crosses County Road 4116 and meets the south end of State Road 15A, a western bypass of DeLand. US 92 passes through downtown DeLand on Woodland Boulevard, crossing State Road 44 at New York Avenue. The intersection of US 92 and SR 44 does not allow any turns — right or left — and so adjacent city streets are marked for those turns. In northern DeLand, U.S. Highway 92 (SR 600) splits to the east on International Speedway Boulevard, while U.S. Highway 17 (SR 15) continues north. To the west of the split, International Speedway Boulevard is County Road 92, a short connection to State Road 15A that allows traffic on US 92 to bypass downtown DeLand. SR 15A itself rejoins US 17 north of DeLand.

From DeLand to its terminus in Daytona Beach, US 92 carries the local name, International Speedway Boulevard, running through Tiger Bay State Forest then passing a connecting road towards Interstate 4 with a westbound only flyover off-ramp and an eastbound only on-ramp from exit 129. The highway serves as the southern terminus of LPGA Boulevard then has an interchange with Interstate 95 before it passes by the Daytona International Speedway. US 92 passes by other landmarks such as Daytona Beach International Airport and Volusia Mall. US 92 spans the Halifax River and Intracoastal Waterway via the Broadway Bridge before reaching its eastern terminus at SR A1A.

History
US 92 was in the original 1926 plan, connecting Tampa (concurrent with US 41) to US 1 in Daytona Beach. It had been the Dixie Highway Tampa-St. Petersburg Loop from Plant City to Haines City, the West Mainline from Haines City to Orlando, and the East Florida Connector from Orlando to DeLand.

US 92 was signed along the following roads in 1927:
 * SR 17 from Tampa to Haines City
 * SR 2 from Haines City to Orlando
 * SR 3 from Orlando to DeLand
 * SR 21 from DeLand to Daytona Beach

When the bypass of downtown Tampa on SR 17 (Hillsborough Avenue) opened in the early 1930s, US 92 and US 41 were rerouted to use it. US 92 turned south from the new road where US 41 turned north, at Nebraska Avenue (former SR 5, probably then a spur of SR 5), and continued to end in downtown Tampa.

A 1942 map shows US 92 extended west along SR 17 and SR 229 to end at US 19 in Dunedin; it was soon truncated back to Tampa.

In the 1945 renumbering, the whole route of US 92 was numbered SR 600, except for the section south to downtown Tampa, which was SR 45. It was extended west and south to downtown St. Petersburg along SR 600 and SR 687 in 1953.

In 1947, the route was extended east in Daytona Beach across the Intracoastal Waterway and the Halifax River after the Broadway Bridge was reconstructed and opened.

In 1961, US 92 was moved to bypass downtown Lakeland, along SR 517 and SR 546. The old route was signed as Business US 92 until 1998.

Until 1999, 92 ran through downtown Kissimmee on Emmett Street, Broadway and Main Street, along with US 17.

In 2006, US 92 (along with US 17) was re-signed to bypass downtown Kissimmee, moving it to US 192 from John Young Parkway to US 441.

In late 2013, the Florida Department of Transportation began an $80 million project to construct a flyover interchange with US 17-92 traveling over SR 436 in Casselberry. This interchange was built to alleviate congestion at one of the busiest intersections in Florida. The flyover interchange was completed on April 6, 2015, with a ribbon-cutting ceremony held.

Kissimmee truck route
US 17-92 Truck is an alternate route for US 17-92 in northern Kissimmee, Florida, following John Young Parkway and the Osceola Parkway (CR 522) instead of Vine Street (US 192) and Orange Blossom Trail. It was signed in about 2011 when the single-point urban interchange at John Young and Osceola Parkways was completed.

Maitland truck route
US 17-92 Truck is designated to divert overheight truck traffic away from a low railroad bridge that carries the SunRail rail line over US 17-92 in southern Maitland.

Lakeland business route
U.S. Business Route 92 in Lakeland, Florida was a 4.2 mi business route designed to keep trucks from entering Downtown Lakeland that followed State Road 600 between 1961 and 1998. The route began where US 92 turned north onto SR 517. It runs along George Jenkins Boulevard, then makes a sharp southeast turn along Sloan Avenue, while George Jenkins Boulevard becomes SR 548. Sloan Avenue becomes a divided highway between the 12 ft bridge beneath the CSX Lakeland Subdivision, only to emerge at the intersection of West Main Street where it turns east. The road's major intersections include a partial interchange with SR 563, and then SR 37, where West Main Street becomes East Main Street. The road makes a brief left turn onto Massachusetts Avenue in front of Lake Mirror for one block, then turns right at the end of Cedar Street where it runs along the north shore of Lake Mirror passing by Lakeland Amtrak Station. East Main makes a sharp right turn to the south before the intersection of Rose Street, then turns east again at the intersection of East Lake Street. From there it has an intersection with US 98 (SR 548), and after Lake Parker Avenue makes a north turn onto Tyler Road. The road crosses under the CSX Carters Subdivision, this time beneath a 13 ft two-lane undivided bridge, and then curves onto East Gary Road, where it runs east until finally ending at US 92 along the south shore of Lake Parker. FDOT maps still show US Bus 92 as an existing route.

title: U.S. Route 92


text:
Tommy Stinson

Thomas Eugene Stinson (born October 6, 1966) is an American rock musician. He came to prominence in the 1980s as the bass guitarist for The Replacements, one of the definitive American alternative rock groups. After their breakup in 1991, Stinson formed Bash & Pop, acting as lead vocalist, guitarist and frontman. In the mid-1990s he was the singer and guitarist for the rock band Perfect, and eventually joined the hard rock band Guns N' Roses in 1998.

Stinson released his debut solo album, Village Gorilla Head in 2004 and subsequently joined Soul Asylum for the completion of their album The Silver Lining, and was a member of the band for the album's tour in 2006 before joining them as a permanent member until 2011. He released his second solo album, critically acclaimed One Man Mutiny, on his own Done To Death Music label in 2011.

Stinson left Guns N' Roses after touring in 2014 and was replaced by the band's original bassist Duff McKagan. In 2016 he reunited Bash & Pop, and released a new album in 2017, titled Anything Could Happen.

The Replacements (1979–1991, 2012–2015)
After beginning to learn the bass at the age of 11, Stinson began playing and covering songs with his half-brother, Bob Stinson, and drummer Chris Mars under the name "Dogbreath" without a singer. After recruiting singer Paul Westerberg, Dogbreath changed their name to The Impediments and played a drunken performance, without Stinson, at a church hall gig in June 1980. After being banned from the venue for disorderly behavior, they changed their name to The Replacements.

After signing to Twin/Tone Records, by label owner Peter Jesperson who also became the group's manager, they released their debut album, Sorry Ma, Forgot to Take Out the Trash, in 1981 with an EP, Stink, following in 1982. The Replacements began to distance themselves from the hardcore punk scene after the release of Stink and, inspired by other rock subgenres, released their second album, Hootenanny, in April 1983. Hootenanny was played on over two hundred radio stations across the country, with critics acclaiming the album; The Village Voice ' s Robert Christgau deemed it "the most critically independent album of 1983". The band embarked on their first tour of the U.S. in April 1983, during this time Stinson dropped out of tenth grade to join the rest of the band on tour. The band toured cities such as Detroit, Cleveland and Philadelphia, but their intended destination was New York City, where they played at Gerde's Folk City and Maxwell's. For the recording of their next studio album, The Replacements decided to return to Blackberry Way Studios in late 1983 with the result being Let It Be, released in October 1984. A live album, The Shit Hits the Fans, was released in 1985.

Warner Bros. Records subsidiary Sire Records, eventually signed The Replacements with their first major-label release being the Tim album, produced by Tommy Erdelyi, released in 1985. After the release of Tim, The Replacements fired Tommy's brother, Bob Stinson, as well as Jesperson the same year. The remaining Replacements carried on as a trio for Pleased to Meet Me, released in 1987, recorded in Memphis with producer Jim Dickinson. Guitarist Slim Dunlap took over lead guitar duties for the subsequent tour and soon became a full member of the band.

They released Don't Tell a Soul, in 1989, which featured the song "I'll Be You", which topped Billboard's Modern Rock chart. Following a disastrous tour opening for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Westerberg recorded a new album largely with session musicians but was persuaded to release it as a Replacements album. All Shook Down, released in 1990, won critical praise and more mainstream attention, though the many guest players and Mars's quick departure from the band following the album's release led many to wonder about the band's future.Drummer Steve Foley was recruited as Mars's replacement in 1990, and the band embarked on a long farewell tour which lasted into the summer of 1991. On July 4, 1991, the band officially broke up following a Taste of Chicago performance in Grant Park, referred to by fans as "It Ain't Over 'Til the Fat Roadie Plays" because each member disappeared during the set, their respective roadies taking their places. This show was broadcast by Chicago radio station WXRT.

In December 2005, he reunited with his surviving Replacements band mates Paul Westerberg and original drummer Chris Mars to record two new songs for a greatest-hits collection. Stinson further collaborated with Westerberg on the soundtrack to the Sony feature film Open Season, recording bass tracks for 'Love You in the Fall' and 'Right to Arm Bears'.

On September 20, 2012, Stinson and Westerberg recorded "Busted Up" as part of the "Songs For Slim" vinyl series. The project was created to raise money for guitarist Slim Dunlap after he suffered a massive stroke in February 2012. They recorded three additional songs, released as the "Songs For Slim EP", the band's first release of all newly recorded music since "All Shook Down". A subsequent eBay auction of a special edition 10" version of the EP, limited to 250, raised over $106,000 for Slim's care.

The band reunited in 2013 to play their first live show in 22 years at Riot Fest in Toronto. Former Guns N' Roses bandmate Josh Freese joined Stinson as part of The Replacements for the tour. After a tour that lasted through 2015, the Replacements broke up again, with Stinson stating that any material written would be reworked for his solo career.

Bash and Pop (1992–1994)
With a name selected from a contest hosted by New York radio station WDRE, Stinson, on guitar and lead vocals, formed his first post-Replacements group Bash & Pop in 1992 with drummer Steve Foley being added to the group, also formerly of The Replacements, along with his brother Kevin on bass and guitarist Steve Brantseg. Rumors were that Bash & Pop were a band in name only with Stinson recording the album, Friday Night Is Killing Me, mostly by himself along with a number of guest musicians. Steve, Kevin and Brantseg all contributed to the album, Friday Night Is Killing Me, along with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers members Benmont Tench and Mike Campbell, Wire Train's Jeff Trott as well as other musicians Greg Leisz, Brian McCloud, Phil Jones and Tommy Steel, with the album being released in January 1993, through Sire/Reprise Records, to mainly mixed reviews.

A tour in support followed along with the recording of the track "Making Me Sick" which was included on the soundtrack, released in 1994, to the movie Clerks however the group disbanded later in 1994.

Perfect (1995–1998)
Following the breakup of previous group Bash & Pop, Stinson formed Perfect along with the group's guitarist Marc Solomon, bassist Robert Cooper as well as drummer Gersh. After playing a number of shows, they were soon signed to Medium Cool Records by label head Peter Jesperson, who was also an old manager of The Replacements, where they began recording for a debut EP.

The When Squirrels Play Chicken EP, produced by Don Smith, was released in 1996 to positive reviews with Greg Prato, of Allmusic, stating "fans will undoubtedly be more pleased with his new band, Perfect, which is much more focused, and in the expected drunken-Johnny Thunders guitar-rock style."

In 1997 the group entered the studio with producer Jim Dickinson to produce their debut album, tentatively titled Seven Days a Week. Stinson had now switched back to bass for the departed Cooper, and added Dave Philips on guitar. Despite completing the album, it was shelved by Regency Pictures, who had acquired Medium Cool distributors Restless Records, which led to the group's eventual breakup in 1998. The album itself was leaked onto the internet through advance copies sent to record labels, however a remixed and resequenced version of Seven Days a Week, retitled Once, Twice, Three Times a Maybe, was released by Rykodisc in 2004. which was, much like the EP, well received.

Guns N' Roses (1998–2014)
In 1998, Stinson joined Guns N' Roses to replace Duff McKagan who quit due to creative differences and a desire to spend more time with his family. Stinson was recommended to the group by his friend Josh Freese, who was the band's drummer at the time. Stinson said he came to admire McKagan's musicianship but also added "Guns N' Roses were never my thing" during their early 1990s ascendency to stardom, and he auditioned mainly to have a chance to play with Freese. Guitarist Richard Fortus described Stinson's role as the band leader and "ultimate musical director" during rehearsals and recordings when vocalist Axl Rose was away.

Stinson's bass playing is featured prominently on the track "Oh My God", featured on the soundtrack to the movie End of Days, as well as their long-delayed Chinese Democracy album which was eventually released in 2008. Stinson played bass on 13 of 14 songs, was credited for arrangements on "Riad N' the Bedouins", performed backing vocals on "Chinese Democracy", "Better", "Street of Dreams", "There Was a Time", & "Riad N' the Bedouins". He co-wrote "Chinese Democracy", "Street of Dreams", "There Was a Time", "Catcher in the Rye", and "Riad N' the Bedouins". Stinson is also credited as co-writer on the 2021 Guns N' Roses track "Hard Skool", initially written during the Chinese Democracy sessions.

On November 24, 2006, at Cleveland's Quicken Loans Arena, Axl Rose called the Eagles of Death Metal (one of Guns N' Roses' opening acts) the "Pigeons of Shit Metal." Jesse Hughes, the Eagles of Death Metal's lead singer, told NME that Stinson took his bass off and threw it on the floor saying "Fuck you, that's it" and threatened to leave the band. Stinson did not leave Guns N' Roses; however, the Eagles of Death Metal were fired from the tour. On December 2, 2006, Stinson issued a statement reading, in part: "Eagles of Death Metal were a suggestion of mine a while ago. Turns out they were the wrong band for our crowd. They were booed and did not play for as long as they were scheduled to. ... In the past I have thrown my bass. I have never thrown it at Axl or anyone else in the band nor has anyone thrown my bass back at me... yet. Axl has been a dear friend to me for nine years. We have no problem communicating and wish that people would stay the fuck out of shit they don't know anything about."

During the Chinese Democracy World Tour, Stinson played several punk songs during his solo spot, such as "Sonic Reducer" by The Dead Boys, and "My Generation" by The Who, as well as "Motivation" from his first album, Village Gorilla Head. Stinson's performance of "Motivation" is featured on the live album, Appetite for Democracy 3D.

Stinson left the group after 2014 tour, and commented on his departure, stating "I left it in a good way. I actually had to just start turning down tours because I was unable to tour; I got into a position, personally, where my personal life was going to prevent me from doing, I don’t know — it must have been about five tours that they called me to do, and I just said I can’t do ’em." Stinson was replaced by the returning McKagan.

Solo career (2004–2005)
Stinson began writing what would become Village Gorilla Head in the late 90s, and after Frank Black, of the Pixies, gave Stinson the use of his mobile recording studio and his studio space for free he began recording in 2003 with Philip Broussard who co-produced the album.

Stinson played most of the instruments on the album, with the exception of drums, but featured contributions by Guns N' Roses band mates Richard Fortus and Dizzy Reed, who contributed guitars and keyboards respectively, along with drummers Gersh, who played with Stinson in Perfect, and Josh Freese, who was also previously a member of Guns N' Roses, as well as Josh's brother Jason, who provided saxophone, and Dave Philips, also of Perfect, providing guitar and pedal steel. The album was released on July 27, 2004 to positive reviews from music critics.

For the tour supporting the album, Stinson enlisted Alien Crime Syndicate to be his support act during the tour as well as his backing band during the shows, as well as The Figgs on another leg.

Soul Asylum (2005–2012)
In late 2005, Stinson joined Soul Asylum for a few gigs in tribute to recently deceased bassist and founding member Karl Mueller. Stinson and Dave Pirner (founding member of Soul Asylum) were friends in high school in Minneapolis, MN. He also helped finish the rest of the recording for the album The Silver Lining released in 2006. He toured with them for a number of years when his schedule allowed for it, played on their 2012 Delayed Reaction album and was replaced permanently by Winston Roye in 2012 due to his lack of availability.

Return to solo career (2011–2014)
In early 2011, Stinson announced his second solo album, One Man Mutiny, was to be released on August 30, 2011. Described as his most fully realized work in both production quality and craftsmanship of song, Stinson released the album on his own Done To Death Music label and played sporadic dates across the country with Pete Donnelly and Mike Gent from The Figgs, Tim Schweiger, Justin Perkins and Jon Phillip from Limbeck.

In May 2011, Stinson played three well-attended shows in the Midwest – Club Garibaldi's in Milwaukee, First Avenue in Minneapolis and Double Door in Chicago. At First Avenue, he was surprised onstage by Dave Pirner from Soul Asylum for the encore. Pirner smashed several cheap guitars on stage before Stinson and the band played a cover of The Undertones' "Teenage Kicks" to close out the night.

Stinson and the band played eight gigs over four days at the 2012 SXSW Music Festival in Austin, Tecas, including a Daytrotter Session and a memorable set at Alejandro Escovedo's famous Closing Party at the Continental Club.

In late 2012, Stinson and Fred Armisen joined Dinosaur, Jr. on stage at their You're Living All Over Me 25th anniversary show at Terminal 5 in NYC to play "TV Eye" by The Stooges during the encore.

In 2013, Stinson recorded two songs with The Old 97's, appearing on their 2014 album Most Messed Up. He shared lead guitar duties with Ken Bethea and contributed vocals on "Intervention" and "Most Messed Up."

Bash & Pop reunion (2016–present)
In 2016, after working on material for a new solo album, Stinson decided to release it under the Bash & Pop moniker, reuniting the band. An album, Anything Could Happen was released on January 20, 2017. Some of the material was also written by Stinson to be included on a possible new Replacements album that never came to fruition.

In 2016 and 2017 Bash & Pop toured North America and Europe in support of the new album.

In 2021, Stinson began a tour of intimate backyard performances fronting Cowboys in the Campfire, his duo with Pennsylvania-based guitarist Chip Roberts.

Gear
On stage with Guns N' Roses, Stinson used a lineup of ESP Vintage-4 basses (with the P/J pickup configuration) in different colors, all of which were equipped with EMG PJ-Set pickups. An exception to this was the songs "Better", "Chinese Democracy" and "Sorry", during which he used a James Trussart Steelcaster bass. For live amplification he used two Ampeg Heritage B-15 reissues that are situated at the rear of the stage facing away, only one of them being mic'd. In the studio, it is unclear what basses he has used for individual tracks, but he has acknowledged using a Gibson Thunderbird Bass on the title track of "Chinese Democracy". As of 2011 Stinson is endorsing ESP guitar co. Notably using the ESP Vintage-4 with EMG PJ-Set pickups.

Stinson has stated that all his basses have EMG pickups, saying that "they give [him] a lot of growl and grit when they hit the preamp of an SVT." During recording, Stinson has used SWR amps, a Matchless combo and DI. Early live shows during his tenure with Guns N' Roses featured the SWR amps, but Stinson soon realized that it wasn't suitable for their situation (apparently, it was deemed too loud to be used at full capacity). Since then, he has been using the Ampeg Heritage B-15 Reissue 1x15 combo with a few Ampeg 8x10 cabinets for low-end.

EMG lists Stinson as a user of their PJ Set Pickups on their website.

At the NAMM Show in 2013, ESP introduced their new Tommy Stinson Signature Series basses. Stinson was on-hand for the festivities.

Discography
Solo
 * Village Gorilla Head (2004)
 * One Man Mutiny (2011)
 * Wronger (2023)

with The Replacements

 * Sorry Ma, Forgot to Take Out the Trash (1981)
 * Stink (1982)
 * Hootenanny (1983)
 * Let It Be (1984)
 * Tim (1985)
 * Pleased to Meet Me (1987)
 * Don't Tell a Soul (1989)
 * All Shook Down (1990)

with Bash & Pop
 * Friday Night Is Killing Me (1993)
 * Anything Could Happen (2017)

with Perfect
 * When Squirrels Play Chicken EP (1996)
 * Once, Twice, Three Times a Maybe (2004)

with Soul Asylum
 * The Silver Lining (2006)
 * Delayed Reaction (2011)

with Guns N' Roses
 * Chinese Democracy (2008)
 * Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)

title: Tommy Stinson


text:
Inside NBS

Inside NBS is a spin-off to NASCAR Inside Nextel Cup, and aired on Speed Channel. Like its Inside Cup counterpart, which focused on the NASCAR Cup Series, the show focused primarily the NASCAR Busch Series, and, like Inside Cup, was hosted by Allen Bestwick, and used a 3-driver expert panel to analyze news and recent Busch Series action. It lasted only one season, that being 2003.

title: Inside NBS