text:
Talk:Sherpa people

(PoV?)
Oops! My article edit was supposed to be "minor". Does the "completely without parallel" sentence strike anyone else as lacking in NPOV? Ventura 15:56, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)

 * It did. I changed it, trying to retain the idea of a great accomplishment without gushing. Kerowyn 07:08, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Two meanings
Is it accurate to say that using the word to describe mountain guides is "incorrect," as the article states? I think it's truer that the term for the guides derived from the ethnic group, and that the word can mean either thing. Merriam-Webster notes both definitions. Any objections to my rewording this? --djrobgordon 19:12, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

I think you are right on -- everyone I talk to that has heard the word knows the "mountain guide" sense of the word, so in common usage it seems that sherpa has developed this meaning even if it originally didn't mean that. Dalijon 09:59, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree with both of you. But that was then. I have many Sherpa acquaintances, and there are times when they get offended by the term guide being synonymous to Sherpa.

While the term "Sherpa" has been misappropriated for a variety of uses in the Western sphere, this is a process that has resulted without consultation or consent from the Sherpa community. Perpetuating the view that 'Sherpa' is synonymous with 'mountain guide' is a misconception, and quite disrespectful. It might be useful to think of it as comparable say, the terms 'Navajo', 'Maori' or 'Innuit' - all names of ethnic groups that have, at various times in Western history been unfairly associated with stereotyped professions or behaviours. In all of these instances, members of these groups have to fight to have their name viewed as connected with a living culture rather than an Anglophile stereotype. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dzemu (talk • contribs) 20:49, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Can we add language to Sherpa (not "Sherpa People") or even the Wiktionary page that makes this clearer and addresses the potentially inflammatory misappropriation? I'd love to have somewhere to point people as a quick explanation. ~E$ (talk) 11:44, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Yes, apparently we need to mention sardar (leader, guide, head man) and kulli (porter, cargo carrier), which are loanwords from Persian and Hindi. Himalayan phrasebooks such as https://www.chicagonepal.com/learn-nepali-language/ indicate those are the preferred terms used by native mountaineering teams, but the Nepal mountain guide association might have a more authoritative source. Ahazred8 (talk) 03:00, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

I would be inclined to split this article into two: One for the ethnic Sherpa people, the second for the 'small s' sherpa livelihoods of mountain guiding. There is so much information on both and they are not synonymous. Franceslk (talk) 11:05, 23 April 2019 (UTC)franceslk

A proposal.
Would anyone be interested in starting up a Wikiproject: Sherpa People? I think it's a good idea, I would be fully involved. I really dislike Wikipedia's following the poor Western trait of offering more info on the climbers and not the Sherpas, who if without the Western climbers would never have made it this far in Himalayan mountaineering. Thoughts? I'm very keen and at the moment I'm doing up articles on various Sherpas that must be mentioned on Wikipedia. --Bentonia School 14:53, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I just read this, and I fully agree. Great names that [IMHO] ought to be added; Pasang Kikuli, Pasang Dawa Lama, Pintsoo, Ang Tharkay, and a great many more.  Feel free to suggest other giants. Qwrk (talk) 13:28, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

I am very interested! how does one go about this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dzemu (talk • contribs) 05:17, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

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Sensitivity? to low oxygen
This article states:

 * Sherpas' climbing ability is the result of a genetic adaptation to living in high altitudes. Some of these adaptations include...lungs with an increased sensitivity to low oxygen.

If a person's lungs are more efficient in low oxygen conditions than most other people, is it correct to say that person's lungs have increased sensitivity to low oxygen? Someone who is sensitive to cold, for example, would be expected to perform poorly in cold weather conditions. Yet in this context, "sensitivity to low oxygen" implies the opposite. Racerx11 (talk) 22:30, 5 February 2011 (UTC) The analogy suggested actually could support the content that was replaced; you-all's line of reasoning reflects our awareness that sensitivity in passive systems magnifies the effect: water in the cold or milk in the heat are more sensitive to those respective conditions if they are poorly insulated, and will, respectively, freeze or curdle faster. But the respiratory and thermal regulations systems are active, at the least using feedback to regulate their respective activity levels. If you're in the cold and an anesthetic has desensitized you to cold, your metabolism will respond weakly to the threat of hypothermia; if there are low-oxygen-concentration sensory or chemical mechanisms, people with lots of ancestors who survived by physiologically adjusting more forcefully to atmospheric hypoxia should have inherited any greater sensitivity in the those mechanisms. The more i think about it, the more plausible the removed wording becomes for me. The colleague mentioning "sensitivity" may have been grasping at verbal straws, but we've no evidence of that. --Jerzy•t 07:07, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually I am going to be bold and change the wording to something like "increased efficiency at low oxygen levels" Racerx11 (talk) 22:41, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Bold is good, but i'm going to tag if not already done. The respiratory system is full of surprises, like failure to inhale in nitrogen in contrast to frantic gasping in carbon dioxide!

 * Yeah. Our money should have been on the guy who (apparently) provided the reference on the sentence in question, not the one who (apparently) left a reference in place without verifying that the reference supports the new language.
 * The Andes natives are barrel-chested and have large lungs with extra alveloi and more capillaries. Their hearts are bigger, with well-developed muscles in the right ventricle--the chamber that pumps blood under high pressure through the pumonary artery into the lungs. They have increased numbers of red blood cells to transport oxygen and an increased volume of plasuma in which to float them so the blood doesn't sludge. Their adaptations seem to be acclimatization pushed to the limits--mechanical changes rather than the biochemical ones of the Sherpas. They do, however, show some  adaptations at the molecular level. Like the Sherpas, they demonstrate the lactic acid paradox, and their hearts utilize glucolse. Their lungs produce extra nitric oxide, though not as much as the Sherpas do. However, they still do not share the Sherpas' increased lung sensitivity to low oxygen or their special hemoglobin-binding enzymes.
 * --Jerzy•t 07:40, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Well hey, I was just trying to help out. 17 months I was green with very little experience. Additionally, I did not put near the thought into the issue as you have. Thanks for your efforts in the matter. -- Racer X11 Talk to me Stalk me  21:44, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Intro
The opening section of this article reads like an argument. It would be good to reconcile the individual paragraphs into one narrative. 86.151.120.166 (talk) 20:56, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Ok see Manual of Style/Lead section. Zulu Papa 5 * (talk) 21:07, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

Sherpas: Youngest woman to climb everest
According to the article about Ming Kipa, Ming Kipa is the youngest woman to climb everest, not "16-year-old Nima Chhamzi Sherpa" as claimed in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.68.222.124 (talk) 08:40, 29 May 2013 (UTC)

I have to query her being described as a woman? At 16 she is surely a girl? An amazing one, but a girl. She would be the youngest 'female'. PeterM88 (talk) 22:22, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Full names of people who died on Mount Everest leading others as Sherpa's?
Ankaji Sherpa was one of the 13 Nepalese guides who died in an avalanche in April 2014. Is there a cultural sensitivity related to the names of the dead in the Sherpa tradition? It seems inappropriate and outdated in 2014 to continue to name and celebrate reaching the top of Mount Everest without providing the full names of the porters and guides who made these expeditions possible. This article describes how the work done by these porters and guides is so high risk that the "Nepal's trekking agents are required by law to buy life and rescue insurance" for their porters. The average amount is "$11,000 that needs to go to replace the income a worker would have for 10 or 20 years." They do the heaviest lifting, the most dangerous jobs with the least amount of oxygen and earn $5000 a season compared to $50,000 earned by Western guides. "174 climbing Sherpas died while working in Nepal's mountains since the 1980s.

See also oceanflynn 14:44, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

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Rollback
I rolled back the edits because they didn't follow the sources. Zulu Papa 5 * (talk) 12:51, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:03, 9 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Sherpa girl with her ethnic dress.jpg

History section starts mid-sentence
First sentence of history section seems to start mid-sentence ("Tibet to Solukhumbu at different times..."), but I feel like more context is needed to know how to fix it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drewbigs (talk • contribs) 22:07, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

English
Why are Sherpas becoming endeared to all 49.126.197.116 (talk) 12:16, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

this needs encyclopedic sources for these notable claims
these are inspirational stories and claims, and every one of them has need of a source, correctly cited and attributed.

too large of claims, biography of living persons, to remain.

Saintstephen000 (talk)

Everest brawl
The section on Everest Brawl is written distinctly out of the Wikipedia style. Reads unprofessionally with many grammatical errors. 2603:7000:50F0:83E0:31C7:D37B:BA7B:48BF (talk) 17:21, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

Population of Sherpas
The infobox in the article currently informs the reader that the population of Sherpas is 520 000. The source given is the POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL VOLUME II (Social Demography), published by the Governenment of Nepals Central Bureau of Statistics. In several places in that report it is stated that the population of Sherpas were 152 622 in a 2001 census and 112 946 in a 2011 census, for example page 10, page 21, page 27, page 44.

The article footnote refers to the pages 10-156 in the report which makes it difficult to discern where exactly the population figure 520 000 is supposed to be found. As it stands the figure given in the wikipedia article appears to be exaggerated and lacking a proper a source. 155.4.221.64 (talk) 10:47, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

removed/restored paragraph in History section
Hi : I'm a bit confused as to why you undid my revision on this article. As I stated in the edit summary, there are multiple problems with the paragraph I removed and the sources cited therein. None of them are fixed by updating the references' links to archived pages.

The first source (tapting.org) cites "Gautam (1994)" and "Ethnographic Museum (2001)", but provides no citations that would help evaluate its conclusions. This is especially problematic since I did manage to track down "Oppitz (1974)" - https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/items/a563b703-d6c5-4d13-ae13-ac0677eb9274 - which contradicts some of the information on the page. It's also not clear what connection tapting.org has to Tapting, but links to it have repeatedly been removed from the village's Wikipedia page for not being the official website.

The second source (Asia-planet.net) is a travel site's page about the Nepal Ethnographic Museum, but it contains no information about the 2001 study and doesn't support the text it is being used for (which is a confused paraphrasing of text from the tapting.org page).

- Martey (talk) 21:20, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi : Please feel free to remove the paragraph again. Now I understand why you have removed the paragraph. I thought there was a problem with dead url links, so I have retrieved the paragraph and I have replaced the links with archive urls. Regards Szelma W (talk) 21:39, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi : please review the recent changes to this article and decide whether to revert them. Regards
 * Szelma W (talk) 08:37, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sherpa people


text:
Reginald Tate

Reginald Tate (13 December 1896 – 23 August 1955) was an English actor, veteran of many roles on stage, in films and on television. He is remembered best as the first actor to play the television science-fiction character Professor Bernard Quatermass, in the 1953 BBC Television serial The Quatermass Experiment.

Early life
Reginald Tate was born in Garforth, near Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and went to school in York. During the First World War he served with the Northamptonshire Regiment and later with the Royal Flying Corps. He left the armed forces after the end of the war and studied acting at Leeds College of Music and Drama. He made his first professional acting appearance at Leeds Art Theatre in 1922, and for the next four years was a resident performer both there and at the city's Little Theatre.

In 1926, he moved to London, with his first major role being in a production of Romeo and Juliet at the Strand Theatre. He had particular success with the lead role of Stanhope in R. C. Sherriff's play Journey's End, playing the part in a 1929 tour of Australia and New Zealand and again for a 1934 revival production at the Criterion Theatre in London.

Film and television career
He made his film debut in 1934 in Whispering Tongues, and later in the decade also began to appear in the newer medium of television. On 11 November 1937, Tate appeared as Stanhope again in a production of Journey's End made by the BBC's fledgling television service, one of its earliest major drama productions. His performance was praised by the television critic of The Times newspaper, who wrote that: "his performance [was] brilliantly full of fiery disillusionment. It successfully dominated the stage—no easy matter when Osborne is played as well as Mr. Basil Gill played him."

At the beginning of the Second World War he joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. He was given the rank of pilot officer, and by the time his service came to an end in 1944 he had been promoted to squadron leader. He also continued to act during the war, and performed small roles in the well-known films The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943) and The Way Ahead (1944). He also had a top supporting role as the intelligence officer, Major Richards, in another classic British war movie, The Next of Kin (1942).

After the end of the war he continued to perform for theatre and increasingly for television. He met the Austrian television director Rudolph Cartier when Cartier cast him in his BBC production of It Is Midnight, Dr Schweitzer in February 1953. Cartier was impressed with Tate's performance, and later that year offered him the lead role in The Quatermass Experiment, a science-fiction serial he was directing, written by BBC staff scriptwriter Nigel Kneale. Tate was the second choice for the part of Professor Bernard Quatermass; Cartier had previously offered it to his co-star It Is Midnight, Dr Schweitzer, André Morell, who declined the role. Morell would later play Quatermass for the third instalment of the series, Quatermass and the Pit. Tate however was a success in the part, and in a 1986 interview Nigel Kneale named him as his favourite of all the actors to have played the character. The serial itself was also a success, with the British Film Institute later describing it as "one of the most influential series of the 1950s." Tate took an increased interest in television, and later in 1953 enrolled on the BBC's staff training course to become a television producer. He also began to spend much of his spare time teaching acting classes at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), feeling that he had experience which might be useful to younger actors.

Death
When the BBC commissioned a second Quatermass serial in 1955, Tate was eager to participate and play the Professor again. Production was due to begin in September, and on 7 August 1955 he produced his first television play, Night Was Our Friend. Only sixteen days after this, late at night on 23 August, he collapsed outside his home in London. He had suffered a heart attack, and despite being rushed to hospital in Putney he died soon afterwards.

Selected filmography

 * Tangled Evidence (1934) – Ellaby
 * Whispering Tongues (1934) – Alan Norton
 * The Riverside Murder (1935) – Hubert Perrin
 * The Phantom Light (1935) – Tom Evans
 * The Man Behind the Mask (1936) – Allan Hayden
 * Dark Journey (1937) – Mate of Q-Boat
 * For Valour (1937) – Chester
 * Too Dangerous to Live (1939) – Collins
 * Poison Pen (1939) – Rev. Rider
 * It Happened to One Man (1940) – Ackroyd
 * The Next of Kin (1942) – Maj. Richards
 * The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943) – van Zijl
 * The Way Ahead (1944) – The Training Company Commanding Officer
 * Madonna of the Seven Moons (1945) – Ackroyd
 * The Man from Morocco (1945) – Ricardi
 * Journey Together (1945) – Commanding Officer, Initial Training Wing
 * So Well Remembered (1947) – Trevor Mangin
 * Uncle Silas (1947) – Austin Ruthyn
 * Noose (1948) – Editor
 * Diamond City (1949) – Longdon
 * Midnight Episode (1950) – Inspector Lucas
 * Secret People (1952) – Inspector Eliot
 * The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952) – Hugh Fitzooth
 * Escape Route (1952) – Colonel Wilkes
 * Malta Story (1953) – Vice Adm Payne
 * King's Rhapsody (1955) – King Peter
 * Hotel Incident (1962) – Brown – the Commander (final film role)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Reginald Tate


text:
Rainflow-counting algorithm

The rainflow-counting algorithm is used in calculating the fatigue life of a component in order to convert a loading sequence of varying stress into a set of constant amplitude stress reversals with equivalent fatigue damage. The method successively extracts the smaller interruption cycles from a sequence, which models the material memory effect seen with stress-strain hysteresis cycles. This simplification allows the number of cycles until failure of a component to be determined for each rainflow cycle using either Miner's rule to calculate the fatigue damage, or in a crack growth equation to calculate the crack increments. Both methods give an estimate of the fatigue life of a component. In cases of multiaxial loading, critical plane analysis can be used together with rainflow counting to identify the uniaxial history associated with the plane that maximizes damage. The algorithm was developed by Tatsuo Endo and M. Matsuishi in 1968.

The rainflow method is compatible with the cycles obtained from examination of the stress-strain hysteresis cycles. When a material is cyclically strained, a plot of stress against strain shows loops forming from the smaller interruption cycles. At the end of the smaller cycle, the material resumes the stress-strain path of the original cycle, as if the interruption had not occurred. The closed loops represent the energy dissipated by the material.

History
The rainflow algorithm was developed by T. Endo and M. Matsuishi (an M.S. student at the time) in 1968 and presented in a Japanese paper. The first english presentation by the authors was in 1974. They communicated the technique to N. E. Dowling and J. Morrow in the U.S. who verified the technique and further popularised its use.

Downing and Socie created one of the more widely referenced and utilized rainflow cycle-counting algorithms in 1982, which was included as one of many cycle-counting algorithms in ASTM E1049-85.

Igor Rychlik gave a mathematical definition for the rainflow counting method, thus enabling closed-form computations from the statistical properties of the load signal.

Algorithms
There are a number of different algorithms for identifying the rainflow cycles within a sequence. They all find the closed cycles and may be left with half closed residual cycles at the end. All methods start with the process of eliminating non turning points from the sequence. A completely closed set of rainflow cycles can be obtained for a repeated load sequence such as used in fatigue testing by starting at the largest peak and continue to the end and wrapping around to the beginning.

Four point method
This method evaluates each set of 4 adjacent turning points A-B-C-D in turn:

 * 1) Any pair of points B-C that lies within or equal to A-D is a rainflow cycle.
 * 2) Remove the pair B-C and re-evaluate the sequence from the beginning.
 * 3) Continue until no further pairs can be identified.

Pagoda roof method
This method considers the flow of water down of a series of pagoda roofs. Regions where the water will not flow identify the rainflow cycles which are seen as an interruption to the main cycle.

 * 1) Reduce the time history to a sequence of (tensile) peaks and (compressive) valleys.
 * 2) Imagine that the time history is a template for a rigid sheet (pagoda roof).
 * 3) Turn the sheet clockwise 90° (earliest time to the top).
 * 4) Each "tensile peak" is imagined as a source of water that "drips" down the pagoda.
 * 5) Count the number of half-cycles by looking for terminations in the flow occurring when either:
 * 6) * case (a) It reaches the end of the time history;
 * 7) * case (b) It merges with a flow that started at an earlier tensile peak; or
 * 8) * case (c) An opposite tensile peak has greater or equal magnitude.
 * 9) Repeat step 5 for compressive valleys.
 * 10) Assign a magnitude to each half-cycle equal to the stress difference between its start and termination.
 * 11) Pair up half-cycles of identical magnitude (but opposite sense) to count the number of complete cycles. Typically, there are some residual half-cycles.

Example

The stress history in Figure 2 is reduced to tensile peaks in Figure 3 and compressive valleys in Figure 4. From the tensile peaks in Figure 3: Similar half-cycles are calculated for compressive stresses (Figure 4) and the half-cycles are then matched.
 * The first half-cycle starts at tensile peak 1 and terminates opposite a greater tensile stress, peak 3 (case c); its magnitude is 16 MPa (2 - (-14) = 16).
 * The half-cycle starting at peak 9 terminates where it is interrupted by a flow from earlier peak 8 (case b); its magnitude is 16 MPa (8 - (-8) = 16).
 * The half-cycle starting at peak 11 terminates at the end of the time history (case a); its magnitude is 19 MPa (15 - (-4) = 19).

title: Rainflow-counting algorithm


text:
Pac-Land

Pac-Land (パックランド) is a 1984 side-scrolling arcade platform game developed and released by Namco. It was distributed in North America by Bally Midway, and in Europe by Atari Games. Controlling Pac-Man, the player must make it to the end of each stage to return a lost fairy back to its home in Fairyland. Pac-Man will need to avoid obstacles, such as falling logs and water-spewing fire hydrants, alongside his enemies, the Ghost Gang. Eating large flashing Power Pellets will cause the ghosts to turn blue, allowing Pac-Man to eat them for points.

Pac-Land was created by Namco Research and Development 1 programmer Yoshihiro Kishimoto, who was tasked with creating an arcade game based on the American Pac-Man cartoon television series by Hanna-Barbera. The backgrounds were made to be vibrant and colorful, and the characters to be detailed and move smoothly to match the show's animation style. The control scheme was inspired by Konami's Track & Field (1983), using buttons instead of a traditional joystick to make it stand out among other games at the time. A new Namco Pac-Land arcade system was created to make it easier to develop the game and was used for several later Namco games, including Baraduke (1985) and Metro-Cross (1985).

Pac-Land was a commercial success in arcades, becoming one of the top five highest-grossing arcade games of 1985 in the United States. It was well-received by critics for its colorful graphics, stage designs, and soundtrack, although was often criticized for its difficulty. It is cited as an important and influential game in the platform genre, paving the way for many games to follow such as Super Mario Bros., Ghosts'n Goblins, Alex Kidd and Wonder Boy. It was ported to several home consoles and computers, including the Family Computer, PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16, Commodore 64 and Atari Lynx. It is the first platform game in the Pac-Man series, and was followed by Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures (1994).

Gameplay
Controlling Pac-Man, the player is tasked with reaching the end of each level while avoiding enemies and other obstacles. Stages are known in-game as "trips" and are broken into four sections — the first three have Pac-Man running to return a lost fairy back to "Fairyland", and the last having Pac-Man return home to his family. Pressing either of the directional buttons will make Pac-Man walk in that direction, and repeatedly tapping either button will make him run. Pac-Man can also jump over pits and obstacles by pressing the jump button.

In each stage, Pac-Man will encounter the four ghosts from the original game — Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde — alongside a purple ghost named Sue, originally a replacement for Clyde in Ms. Pac-Man. Eating large flashing Power Pellets will cause the ghosts to turn blue for a short time, allowing Pac-Man to eat them for bonus points. The ghosts are often seen driving vehicles, such as airplanes, buses, cars, pogo-sticks and flying saucers, and will sometimes drop miniature ghost enemies from the air to try and hit Pac-Man. Other types of obstacles are also present in stages, such as water-spewing fire hydrants, springboards, falling logs, quicksand and geysers.

Trips consist of cities, forests, deserts and abandoned castles. Most trip sections end with a large sign saying "BREAK TIME" with a church on a hill in the background, and bonus points are awarded for jumping at certain points at the end of each section. The final section of a trip gives Pac-Man a special pair of boots that will allow him to jump infinitely into the air, and tasks the player with returning home to Pac-Man's family. The player can find hidden items by pushing against specific objects in certain stages, including a helmet that protects Pac-Man from falling mini ghosts, an item that makes Pac-Man temporarily invincible, and a Galaxian flagship that awards the player a large sum of points. Jumping in certain spots will reveal fruit items that can be consumed for points.

The game features the theme song from the Pac-Man cartoon series, which plays in a constant loop throughout. The North American version of the game by Midway features the characters being re-designed to more closely resemble the designs found in the show, while the Japanese Namco version has the characters modeled after Pac-Man marketing material and cabinet artwork. It's currently unknown what version the European version looks like.

Development and release
Pac-Land was programmed by Yoshihiro Kishimoto of Namco Development Division 1, who would later work on the Family Stadium franchise. After seeing the success of the American Pac-Man cartoon series, Namco requested Kishimoto that he create an arcade game based on the show. Kishimoto stated that the hardest part of development were Pac-Man's animations. Most arcade games in Japan at the time simply used two or three frames to convey movement, which he found unconvincing. The team wanted the game's backgrounds to be vibrant and colorful, and to have the characters move smoothly to replicate the show's animation style. Pac-Man himself was given 24 different frame patterns, alongside several facial expressions and clothing swaps.

Kishimoto cited Konami's sports video game Track & Field (1983) as the "number one influence" on Pac-Land. The game's controls were heavily influenced by Track & Field, a game that allowed the player to become faster by constantly tapping the button in succession; Kishimoto thought the idea was interesting and that it would make it stand out among other games. To allow for two-layer scrolling backgrounds, more sprites, and more colors, the team created the Namco Pac-Land arcade board, which was used for several later Namco games including Baraduke (1985) and Metro-Cross (1985). The game was tested in Yokohama, where Kishimoto recalls the springboards being difficult for new players.

The arcade game was released in Japan in 1984, but there are conflicting release dates. Arcade TV Game List, a Japanese-language book of arcade release dates authored by Masumi Akagi and published by the Amusement News Agency in 2006, lists the Japanese release date as August 1984. However, the United States Copyright Office and John Szczepaniak in the second volume of The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers (2015), when including biography details taken from Kishimoto's resume, lists the release date as October 1984. The game was later released in North America by Bally Midway in December 1984, and in Europe by Atari Games in early 1985.

Conversions
The first home port of Pac-Land was for the Nintendo Family Computer, released in Japan on November 21, 1985. Versions for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, MSX, Atari ST and Commodore Amiga were published by British company Grandslam Entertainment in 1988, and developed by Gannon Designs and Mr. Micro (Atari ST and Commodore Amiga versions.) Namco released a PC-Engine version in June 1989, which was later released for the TurboGrafx-16 by NEC in January 1990. Atari Corporation developed and published an Atari Lynx portable version in 1992, and Dempa Softworks released an X68000 conversion in 1994.

Pac-Land is in the 1996 compilation Namco Museum Vol. 4 for the PlayStation alongside five other Namco arcade games from the 1980s, and later in the iOS game Namco Arcade. In 2014, it was ported to the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC as part of Pac-Man Museum, and the Famicom version was digitally re-released for the Wii U Virtual Console and Namco Museum Archives Volume 2. Aside from the Namco Arcade version, all home ports of the game are based on the Japanese Namco version.

On March 31, 2022, it was announced that the arcade version of Pac-Land would be released on the Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 as part of Hamster Corporation's Arcade Archives lineup, which was released on April 7, 2022. Though based on the original arcade version, this re-release was modified by Bandai Namco to replace the graphics of Ms. Pac-Man and Baby Pac-Man, who greet Pac-Man at the end of each trip. In their place are two new characters named "Pac-Mom" and "Pac-Sis"; which were created for the then-upcoming compilation Pac-Man Museum+, which also replaced the characters in all the games featured in the collection. Bandai Namco has remained silent on the removal of the characters, though news outlets assumed the character replacements to be related to a dispute between Bandai Namco and AtGames, which is related to Ms. Pac-Man.

The game is included in the Pac-Man Museum+ game compilation, which released on May 27, 2022. The version in this collection uses the same edited version as seen in the Arcade Archives release because of Bandai Namco's legal issues with AtGames.

Reception
Pac-Land was a commercial success in arcades. In Japan, it entered the Game Machine arcade charts at number-two on the table arcade cabinet chart in September 1984. In North America, it was in the top 20 RePlay upright arcade game charts through November 1985. It ended the year as one of the top five highest-grossing arcade games of 1985 in the United States.

The game well received by critics for its colorful graphics, level structure, and challenge. Mike Roberts gave the arcade game a positive review in the May 1985 issue of Computer Gamer. He called it an "interesting game" where Pac-Man is an "animated character that moves along a horizontally scrolling landscape" while praising the "very colouful" graphics and stating it is "easy to play once you've got the hang of it."

Japanese publication Famitsu praised the PC Engine version's graphics and overall challenge, awarding it the "Silver Hall of Fame" badge. Computer + Video Games called the PC Engine version a "marvelous conversion" for its vibrant visuals, stage layouts, gameplay and accuracy to the coin-op game; they had a similar response for the Atari Lynx version, claiming its accuracy to the original would entice fans of the arcade release. Reviewing the Lynx conversion, IGN praised the game's colorful graphics, controls and faithfulness to the arcade original. Raze echoed a similar response, saying the visuals, stage layouts and soundtrack added replay value to the game.

Raze disliked the Lynx port's limited amount of lives and lack of continues, saying that the high difficulty would repel younger players. IGN stated it provided little replay value for veteran players, adding that it could be easily finished. AllGame was particularly critical of the TurboGrafx-16 version, lambasting its poor graphics, bland stage layouts and lack of challenge, jokingly saying it was only recommended to collectors interested in "the most morbidly poor games in existence". In a retrospective review for the TurboGrafx-16 conversion, IGN disliked the game's difficulty for lacking any real challenge, and said the game seems to have been made simply to keep Pac-Man relevant at the time instead of as a "real deal" game.

Legacy
It is considered an important and influential game in the platform genre, paving the way for games such as Ghosts'n Goblins, Alex Kidd and Wonder Boy. Pac-Man creator Toru Iwatani has since labeled it as his favorite Pac-Man sequel for its interesting concept and gameplay. He said Shigeru Miyamoto told him it had a profound influence on the creation of Super Mario Bros. Shigeru Miyamoto himself also says that Pac-Land had an influence on Super Mario Bros., but to a lesser extent, saying that while he was in Tokyo seeing Namco has developed a platforming game he decided that he should follow suit. The only feature of Pac-Land Miyamoto cites as a direct inspiration was the blue background of the game as opposed to the black ones he typically would put in his games.

Shortly after the game's release, Namco produced a board game adaptation for its Fantasy Board Game series, based on the player reaching the end of the board without losing the "fairy chip". A Japanese LCD handheld game was released in 1990. Many of Pac-Man's moves in the Super Smash Bros. series are directly based on Pac-Land, such as his fire hydrant attack. Super Smash Bros. for Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate include a stage based on the game, featuring automatic scrolling.

title: Pac-Land


text:
Happiness (1998 film)

Happiness is a 1998 American black comedy film written and directed by Todd Solondz, that portrays the lives of three sisters, their families, and those around them. The film was awarded the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival for "its bold tracking of controversial contemporary themes, richly-layered subtext, and remarkable fluidity of visual style," and the cast received the National Board of Review award for best ensemble performance.

The film spawned the pseudosequel Life During Wartime, which premiered at the 2009 Venice Film Festival.

Plot
Trish Maplewood, the eldest Jordan sister, is a housewife who lives an upper middle class life. She is married to psychiatrist Bill Maplewood and has three children. Trish is unaware of Bill's secret life: he is obsessed with 11-year-old Johnny Grasso, a classmate of their son, Billy. When Johnny comes to the Jordan house for a sleepover, Bill drugs and rapes him. Later, Bill learns that another boy, Ronald Farber, is home alone while his parents are away in Europe. Under the guise of attending a PTA meeting, Bill drives to the boy's house and rapes him as well. After Johnny is taken to the hospital and found to have been sexually abused, the police arrive at the Maplewood residence to question Bill and his wife. Bill, out of guilt, mistakenly asks the officers if this is about Ronald Farber, even though the police only mentioned Johnny's name when they arrived, inadvertently implicating himself in an as-yet unknown crime. The next morning the family awakens to the words "serial rapist" and "pervert" spray painted on their house. After school, Billy questions his dad about the things being said at school, and Bill admits that he molested the boys, that he enjoyed it, and that he would do it again. When Billy asks if he would ever molest him, his father tearfully replies, "No... I’d jerk off, instead." Trish packs her family into the car the next morning, leaving for her parents' condo in Florida, leaving the audience to presume Bill is going to prison.

Helen Jordan, the middle sister, is a successful author who is adored and envied by everyone she knows. However, her charmed life leaves her ultimately unfulfilled, she despairs that no one wants her for herself, and that the praise regularly heaped upon her is undeserved. She is fascinated by an unknown man who makes obscene phone calls to her apartment and tries to seek out a relationship with him. She is disappointed, though, when she finds out the man is her neighbor Allen, to whom she is not attracted. Allen, who is coincidentally one of Bill's patients, sinks into depression as Helen's rejection ruins his fantasies, but he begins a relationship with Kristina, who lives in the same apartment block down the hall. While on a date, Kristina tells him that she killed the apartment doorman after he raped her. Although Kristina repeatedly insists she did not keep the remains of the doorman's genitals, Helen reveals that they were discovered by police less than six months later in Kristina's freezer.

Joy, the youngest sister, is overly sensitive and lacking direction. She works in telephone sales, but leaves to do something more fulfilling - teaching at an immigrant-education center. Her students do not like her, and she begins to feel empty in that job as well. Joy is also constantly let down in her personal life. After a rejected suitor, Andy, calls Joy shallow at the beginning of the film and then goes on to kill himself, Helen tries to set her up with other men. Expecting to hear from a suitor, she instead gets an obscene call from Allen. Later, one of her Russian students, Vlad, offers her a ride in his taxi, and they end up having sex. She is initially smitten, but she soon realizes Vlad was using her and that he may be married. After being attacked by someone she thinks is his wife at the school, she goes to his apartment to make amends. There she discovers the woman is not his wife after all, even though they live together. In Vlad's apartment, Joy sees her missing guitar and CD player. Vlad coerces her into lending him $500 in exchange for her stolen belongings.

Finally, the sisters' parents, Mona and Lenny, are separating after 40 years of marriage, but will not get divorced. Lenny is bored with his marriage, but does not want to start another relationship; he simply "wants to be alone." As Mona copes with being single during her twilight years, Lenny tries to rekindle his enthusiasm for life by having an affair with a neighbor. It is no use, however, as Lenny eventually finds that he has become incapable of feeling. Trish and Bill's son, Billy, achieves an orgasm for the first time. He proudly declares this to his family, who respond with confusion.

Controversy
The film was highly controversial for its heavy subject matter, particularly its portrayal of pedophilia. The Sundance Film Festival refused to screen the film, alleging it to be too disagreeable. October Films was the initial distributor for the film, and helped finance it. However, October Films' corporate parent Seagram specifically objected to the pedophilia plot line and dropped the film from distribution. Good Machine ended up releasing and distributing the movie on their own.

Rating
Due to its adult themes, Happiness received an NC-17 rating from the MPAA, which caused the film to be limited in distribution; the film also had difficulty in advertising. For that reason, Happiness surrendered its NC-17 rating and was instead released unrated.

Critical reception
Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, and rated it number five in his top 10 films of 1998. In his review, he wrote: "...the depraved are only seeking what we all seek, but with a lack of ordinary moral vision... In a film that looks into the abyss of human despair, there is the horrifying suggestion that these characters may not be grotesque exceptions, but may in fact be part of the mainstream of humanity.... It is not a film for most people. It is certainly for adults only. But it shows Todd Solondz as a filmmaker who deserves attention, who hears the unhappiness in the air and seeks its sources."

In a letter written to playwright Robert Patrick, Quentin Crisp stated, "[Happiness] mistook pleasure for happiness and was quite absurd". In his review in Time Out New York, Andrew Johnston observed, "As repulsive as some of the characters are, Solondz makes most of them deeply sympathetic. And every scene works on several levels at once: The film's most hilarious moments all have poignant undercurrents, while the saddest--and most disturbing--are frequently sidesplitting at the same time."

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 82% approval rating based on 49 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Happiness is far from a cheerful viewing experience, but its grimly humorous script and fearless performances produce a perversely moving search for humanity within everyday depravity." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 81 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Awards

 * 1998 Cannes Film Festival – FIPRESCI Prize, Parallel Sections
 * 1999 Golden Globes – Nominated for Best Screenplay (Todd Solondz)
 * 1998 National Board of Review, USA – Best Acting by an Ensemble
 * 1999 Independent Spirit Awards – Nominated for Best Director (Todd Solondz), Best Male Lead (Dylan Baker), Best Supporting Male (Philip Seymour Hoffman)
 * 1998 São Paulo International Film Festival – International Jury Award
 * 1998 Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival – Critic's Choice Award: Best Actor – Dylan Baker; Best Film
 * 1998 Toronto International Film Festival – Metro Media Award
 * 1999 British Independent Film Award – Best Foreign Film, English Language
 * 1999 Fantasporto – Directors' Week Award – Todd Solondz

Home media
Happiness was released on VHS and DVD after its theatrical release. As of 2019, it was unavailable on any streaming service or for digital purchase. The film will be released on Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection on September 24, 2024.

Music
Robbie Kondor wrote the film's score.

Eytan Mirsky wrote the title track "Happiness". Actress Jane Adams sings it in a scene in the film; Michael Stipe and Rain Phoenix sing it over the credits.

The following music is played in the film:
 * "Soave sia il vento" from Così fan tutte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
 * "Concerto for Guitar in D Major" (Antonio Vivaldi)
 * "Happiness" (Eytan Mirsky) – Jane Adams
 * "Requiem" (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
 * Piano Concerto (Samuel Barber), movements I and II
 * "Mandy" (Richard Kerr and Scott English) – Barry Manilow
 * "You Light Up My Life" (Joe Brooks) – Mantovani and Anatoly Aleshin
 * "All Out of Love" (Graham Russell and Clive Davis) – Air Supply
 * "Eternal Lighthouse", composed and performed by Vladimir Mozenkov, Lyrics by Yevgeny Davidov
 * "Happiness" (Eytan Mirsky) – Michael Stipe with Rain Phoenix

title: Happiness (1998 film)


text:
Neill S. Brown

Neill Smith Brown (April 18, 1810 – January 30, 1886) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the 12th Governor of Tennessee from 1847 to 1849, and as the United States Minister to Russia from 1850 to 1853. He also served several terms in the Tennessee House of Representatives, and was Speaker of the House for the 1855–1857 term. A lifelong Whig, Brown campaigned to keep Tennessee in the Union in the years leading up to the Civil War. However, once the war began, he sided with the Confederacy.

Early life
Brown was born in Giles County, Tennessee, the son of Duncan and Margaret Smith Brown. His ancestors were Scots-Irish, and his grandfather, Angus Brown, was a veteran of the American Revolution. His father was an ardent Whig. Brown enrolled in the Manual Labor Academy in Spring Hill, Tennessee, and taught school in Giles County to pay his way. After studying law under Judge James Trimble, he was admitted to the bar in 1834, and briefly practiced in Pulaski, Tennessee.

In 1835, Brown moved to Texas, but quickly grew disillusioned with the lack of organization there, and returned to Tennessee after a few months. In 1836, he fought with the First Tennessee Mounted Volunteers in the Second Seminole War, and eventually rose to the rank of sergeant-major.

Tennessee politics
Brown was a founding member of Tennessee's Whig Party. He was an elector for Hugh Lawson White in 1836, and campaigned for William Henry Harrison and Henry Clay in the presidential elections of 1840 and 1844, respectively. He was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1837, becoming the legislature's youngest member during the 1837-1839 term. In 1843, Brown ran a competitive race against Democratic incumbent Aaron V. Brown (no relation) for the 6th District congressional seat, but was defeated.

In 1847, Brown won the Whig nomination for governor. His opponent was once again Aaron Brown, who had been elected governor in 1845. Aaron Brown, an associate of President James K. Polk, was an ardent supporter of the Mexican–American War, while Neill Brown opposed it. The war was initially popular, but Tennesseans had grown weary of it by 1847, and Neill Brown was able to win the election by a narrow margin. The Whigs also gained control of the state legislature.

During Brown's lone term as governor, he oversaw the completion of a state school for the blind in Nashville and a state school for the deaf in Knoxville, both of which were launched during the administration of fellow Whig governor James C. Jones earlier in the decade. Brown also signed a law calling for true public schools to be established throughout the state, but it was left to local governments to implement the provisions of this law, and very little was to come out of it.

The end of the Mexican–American War raised the issue of the expansion of slavery into the newly acquired territory. Brown opposed the Wilmot Proviso, which called for slavery to be banned in all territory acquired as a result of the war, but the division in the national Whig Party on the issue damaged the party's image in slave-holding Tennessee. Though Brown fought a competitive campaign in 1849, he was defeated in his bid for reelection by General William Trousdale.

Minister to Russia
Following Brown's defeat in the Tennessee gubernatorial race of 1849, President Zachary Taylor, at the urging of Tennessee Whig Senator John Bell, appointed Brown U.S. Minister to Russia on May 2, 1850. Brown arrived in St. Petersburg in late July 1850, and was presented to Emperor Nicholas I on August 13, 1850. Unaccustomed to the harsh Russian winter, Brown fell ill just a few months after his arrival, and briefly resigned as minister in January 1851, stating that the Russian climate was "unfitting for the abodes of Man." Upon his recovery in March 1851, however, he withdrew his resignation.

Brown arrived in Russia at a turbulent time in Russo-American affairs. The Emperor was uneasy about the recent Revolutions of 1848, which consisted largely of democratic revolts against monarchies, and was aware that many Americans sympathized with these revolts. Americans, likewise, were angry over Russia's intervention in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and its deposing of pro-democracy leader Lajos Kossuth, and some Americans were calling for intervention on behalf of the revolutionaries. Though Brown personally disapproved of Nicholas's actions, he nevertheless warned American leaders that Kossuth was a troublemaker, and argued that American intervention would be disastrous.

Brown had a somewhat pessimistic view of Russian society. He stated that Russians lacked the spirit of invention, and were consistently copying other countries' innovations in both industry and art. "All they have is borrowed," he wrote, "except the miserable climate." While he praised Nicholas's work ethic, he thought the emperor micromanaged his various departments. Brown was constantly frustrated by bureaucratic delays, and found Russian censorship of mail and media appalling. He was also puzzled by the rise of slavophilia, which he believed could not compete with western culture.

In spite of his misgivings about Russian society, Brown urged the United States to compete in the vast Russian market. He helped convince the Emperor to abandon an increase in duties on cotton imports, and secured Russian approval of the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty between the U.S. and Britain. In his last weeks in office, Brown expressed concern over the build-up to the Crimean War, and the effect such a conflict might have on U.S. commercial interests.

Secession crisis, the Civil War and later life
Upon his return from Russia, Brown resumed his role as a leader of Tennessee's Whigs. After the collapse of the national Whig Party, he aligned himself with the American Party ("Know Nothings"), and in 1855 was once again elected to the state House of Representatives, this time representing Davidson County. He was selected as speaker shortly afterward.

In the mid-1850s, Brown campaigned across the state on behalf of presidential candidate Millard Fillmore, but was largely outshone by rising Democratic politician and future Confederate governor Isham Harris, who was campaigning on behalf of James Buchanan. Brown attended the Constitutional Union Party convention in 1860, and helped nominate fellow Tennessean John Bell as the party's presidential candidate.

On April 18, 1861, following the attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Brown and several other Whig leaders published a letter reaffirming their pro-Union stance. While they dismissed secession, "both as a constitutional right and as a remedy for existing evils," they nevertheless stated that Tennessee and other southern states were obliged to defend themselves should federal troops invade.

In May 1861, Oliver Perry Temple, a Whig attorney from Knoxville, met with Brown and several other Whig leaders in Nashville. Temple later recalled that Brown seemed "paralyzed" by the rapid rise of secessionist sentiment in the city, but nevertheless delivered an "eloquent" denunciation of secession. Shortly after this meeting, however, Brown abandoned his support for the Union, and marched with a parade in Nashville in support of the new Confederate States of America. When Union soldiers occupied Nashville in 1862, Brown was jailed and his house was burned. Following the war, Tennessee's radical governor, William Brownlow, ordered the arrest of Isham Harris, and offered a $5,000 reward for his capture. Exiled in England, but longing to return to Tennessee, Harris contacted Brown in 1867, and asked for his help. Brown paid a visit to Brownlow, with whom he had campaigned throughout the 1850s, and appealed for clemency on Harris's behalf. Brownlow immediately granted the request and offered Harris immunity, and withdrew the arrest warrant.

Although Brown was not elevated to elective office post-war, his was an influential voice. He served on committees and gave an inspiring, heart-felt speech at the June 1868 Democratic State Convention. Brown also attended the state constitutional convention of 1870, which composed the current Constitution of Tennessee. He also campaigned for his younger brother, John C. Brown, who served as governor of Tennessee from 1871 to 1875.

Brown died on January 30, 1886, and is interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.

title: Neill S. Brown


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peer services

POV and poorly written article. Starts off with Peer Services; A Viable and Powerful Alternative to the Industry of Psychiatry! -- Stevietheman 16:02, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - sounds like the same thing as the self-help group. Doubt anything could be merged though. Too far gone down POV lane. TPK 16:32, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Looks like an ad, or at least promotional materials for some service.  (Aren't "peer services" otherwise known as "friends?") Geogre 00:12, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Hardly. Formal roups and mentorships relying on peers are established modes (in many cases endorsed by professionals). And there is also such a thing as symmetrical one-on-one peer counselling, not just ad hoc between friends but organized formally; some of them use a rule that counselling time must be reciprocated by switching roles, usually immediately, and joke about topping people who pay for expensive therapy, by claiming they pay their counsellor twice as much (since their respective "fees" cancel each other).
 * Delete - smells like an ad, not an article. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:13, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Ad, little but PoV. --Jerzy(t) 18:29, 2004 Jul 30 (UTC)
 * The thing must have been written by someone in a marketing department; its hundreds of words could easily be summarized as "Peer Services are an alternative to traditional psychiatry where one discusses his or her problems with peers rather than with an expert." In particular, the "big businesses oppose it" stuff is inherently POV.  Delete.  --Ardonik 04:42, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Caprarola

Caprarola is a town and comune in the province of Viterbo, in the Lazio region of central Italy. The village is situated in a range of volcanic hills known as the Cimini Mounts.

The town is home to the large Renaissance mansion or villa which dominates the surrounding country-side, Villa Farnese (or Villa Caprarola). Not to be confused with the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, it was initially built as a fortress, as the town and the surrounding area was a feud of the House of Farnese, by the cardinal Alessandro Farnese senio in 1530, according to a project of the architect Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. After only four years the project came to a halt when the cardinal was elected pope in 1534 under the name Paul III.

Filmography
Villa Farnese was used as film location in many movies and TV series, such as Medici: Masters of Florence, The Man From Uncle and The Two Popes.

title: Caprarola


text:
Talk:Caesarean section

Bias
I feel this document (e.g. the third and fourth paragraphs of the introduction) are biased towards vaginal birth. They gave me a feeling that C-section is bad and should not be preferred. This is no longer true. See this article please. Both vaginal and C-section have their own risks and the overall risks are similar. In the Risks section, only papers showing higher mortality risk for CS are cited. There are papers showing otherwise (i.e. higher mortality risk for vaginal delivery).

I think there is a POV problem. I don't currently have the time to fix the article, but I just wanted to raise this. Hadian.hn (talk) 09:38, 6 March 2020 (UTC)

Gender accuracy
The C-section page should use "pregnant person" and/or "birth parent" where applicable instead of using the language "mother" and "woman". This is because people of other genders give birth and therefore have C-sections, such as transgender men, nonbinary people who are assigned female, etc. In fact, the surgeon who was one of the first to successfully perform a C-section, was a man who in today's terminology would be referred to as a transgender man. Not only are "pregnant person" and "birth parent" more inclusive, they are more accurate, and reflect the experience of more people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.142.82.162 (talk) 18:30, 14 April 2021 (UTC)
 * See this discussion. Crossroads -talk- 05:17, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

Veterinary C-sections
The article appears to be limited solely to human caesareans, with not one mention of veterinary caesarians. C-sections are of course carried out routinely in pets and livestock, and surely the article should also cover this – or be renamed Human caesarean section. Richard New Forest (talk) 21:34, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

Why is there a Distinguish tag for "Vivisection"?
Why is "Not to be confused with Vivisection" at the top of this page, with a link to that other topic's page? The Vivisection page does not contain a similar statement about Caesarian section with a link to this page, or even any mention of Caesarian section in its entire article. While the two terms at their basic definitions appear similar, with a little consideration, their correlation via this distinguish tab only in the Caesarian section article seems not only unnecessary, but potentially politically motivated.

Here is the introductory paragraph from the Vivisection page: "Vivisection (from Latin vivus 'alive', and sectio 'cutting') is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure. The word is, more broadly, used as a pejorative[1] catch-all term for experimentation on live animals[2][3][4] by organizations opposed to animal experimentation,[5] but the term is rarely used by practising scientists.[3][6] Human vivisection, such as live organ harvesting, has been perpetrated as a form of torture."

If practising scientists rarely use the term "vivisection", and it has long been used as a catch-all term for animal experimentation, and perhaps most importantly that it connotes human torture, it seems quite likely that the one-way inclusion of a distinguish tag for vivisection in this Caesarian section page is either politically motivated; or at the very least, simply uninformed or misleading, and worthy of replacement by a simple reference to vivisection within a more relevant--and less prominent--location in the article. Even then, given the no-longer-experimental nature of this procedure to birth human--and other animal--babies, even that reference seems like it should probably be a historical one. Umpkinpeter (talk) 15:53, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Risks
Hi. Can someone else check this section? It says "Adverse outcomes in low-risk pregnancies occur in 8.6% of vaginal deliveries and 9.2% of caesarean section deliveries." I don't see the ref supporting that, and do not think it is that simple. 2603:7000:2143:8500:15C2:4FA7:3ED8:3C82 (talk) 06:36, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

Sushuruta
there is a page which mention that sushuruta did c section but has no citations on it so i am going to remove it David dclork li (talk) 08:20, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

"List of fictional people who were delivered by caesarean section" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fictional_people_who_were_delivered_by_caesarean_section&redirect=no List of fictional people who were delivered by caesarean section] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Tollens (talk) 22:24, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

One-sidedness of some statements
One can feel that the article was written by an opponent of cesarean section. The pros and cons of vaginal birth compared to cesarean birth are not described.

On the contrary, only the MINUSES of cesarean delivery are given in comparison with vaginal birth. Because of this, the idea of childbirth methods will be distorted. Please update the article. 46.219.133.177 (talk) 14:08, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caesarean section


text:
Hatch Act

The Hatch Act of 1939, An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities, is a United States federal law. Its main provision prohibits civil-service employees in the executive branch of the federal government, except the president and vice president, from engaging in some forms of political activity. It became law on August 2, 1939. The law was named for Senator Carl Hatch of New Mexico. It was most recently amended in 2012.

Background
Widespread allegations that local Democratic Party politicians used employees of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the congressional elections of 1938 provided the immediate impetus for the passage of the Hatch Act. Criticism centered on swing states such as Kentucky, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. In Pennsylvania, Republicans and dissident Democrats publicized evidence that Democratic politicians were consulted on the appointment of WPA administrators and case workers and that they used WPA jobs to gain unfair political advantage. In 1938, a series of newspaper articles exposed WPA patronage, and political contributions in return for employment, prompting an investigation by the Senate Campaign Expenditures Committee, headed by Sen. Morris Sheppard, a Texas Democrat.

Despite that investigation's inconclusive findings, many in both parties determined to take action against the growing power of the WPA and its chief administrator, Harry Hopkins, an intimate of President Franklin Roosevelt. The Act was sponsored by Senator Carl Hatch, a Democrat from New Mexico. At the time, Roosevelt was struggling to purge the Democratic party of its more conservative members, who were increasingly aligned with the administration's Republican opponents. The president considered vetoing the legislation or allowing it to become law without his signature, but instead signed it on the last day he could do so. His signing message welcomed the legislation as if he had called for it, and emphasized the protection his administration would provide for political expression on the part of public employees.

Provisions
The 1939 Act forbids the intimidation or bribery of voters and restricts political campaign activities by federal employees. It prohibits using any public funds designated for relief or public works for electoral purposes. It forbids officials paid with federal funds from using promises of jobs, promotion, financial assistance, contracts, or any other benefit to coerce campaign contributions or political support. It provides that persons below the policy-making level in the executive branch of the federal government must not only refrain from political practices that would be illegal for any citizen, but must abstain from "any active part" in political campaigns, using this language to specify those who are exempt:
 * (i) an employee paid from an appropriation for the Executive Office of the President; or
 * (ii) an employee appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, whose position is located within the United States, who determines policies to be pursued by the United States in the nationwide administration of Federal laws.

The act also precludes federal employees from membership in "any political organization which advocates the overthrow of our constitutional form of government", a provision meant to prohibit membership in organizations on the far left and far right, such as the Communist Party USA and the German-American Bund.

An amendment on July 19, 1940, extended the Act to certain employees of state and local governments whose positions are primarily paid for by federal funds. It has been interpreted to bar political activity on the part of employees of state agencies administering federal unemployment insurance programs and appointed local law enforcement agency officials with oversight of federal grant funds. The Hatch Act bars state and local government employees from running for public office if any federal funds support the position, even if the position is funded almost entirely with local funds.

The Merit Systems Protection Board and the Office of Special Counsel (OSC) are responsible for enforcement of the Hatch Act.

Supreme Court challenges
The Supreme Court has several times declined to hear challenges to the act and has twice upheld its constitutionality. In a 1947 case brought by the CIO, a divided court found that Congress had properly exercised its authority as long as it had not affected voting rights. Justice William O. Douglas objected to the assertion that "clean politics" required the act's restrictions: "it would hardly seem to be imperative to muzzle millions of citizens because some of them, if left to their constitutional freedoms, might corrupt the political process." In 1973, in a case brought by the National Association of Letter Carriers, a 6 to 3 decision found the act neither too broad nor unclear. The court's three most liberal justices, Douglas, William J. Brennan, and Thurgood Marshall, dissented. Douglas wrote: "It is no concern of government what an employee does in his or her spare time, whether religion, recreation, social work or politics is his hobby, unless what he or she does impairs efficiency or other facets of the merits of his job."

Amendments
In 1975, the House passed legislation allowing federal employees to participate in partisan elections and run for office, but the Senate took no action. In 1976, Democrats who controlled Congress had sought to win support by adding protections against the coercion of employees by their superiors and federal employee unions had supported the legislation. It passed the House on a vote of 241 to 164 and the Senate on a vote of 54 to 36. President Ford vetoed the legislation on April 12. He noted that coercion could be too subtle for the law to eliminate and that the Supreme Court had said in 1973 that the Hatch Act had achieved "a delicate balance between fair and effective government and the First Amendment rights of individual employees". President Carter proposed similar legislation in 1977.

A proposed amendment to permit federal workers to participate in political campaigns passed the House on a 305 to 112 vote in 1987. In 1990, a similar bill passed the House on a vote of 334 to 87 and the Senate on a vote of 67 to 30. President George H. W. Bush vetoed the legislation, which the House voted to override 327 to 93 and the Senate sustained on a vote of 65 to 35, with 55 Democrats and 10 Republicans voting to override and 35 Republicans supporting the president's veto.

In 1993 the advocates for removing or modifying restrictions on the political activities of federal employees succeeded in enacting the Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993 (107 Stat. 1001) that removed the prohibition on participation in "political management or political campaigns". Federal employees are still forbidden to use their authority to affect the results of an election. They are also forbidden to run for office in a partisan election, to solicit or receive political contributions, and to engage in political activities while on duty or on federal property.

President Barack Obama signed the Hatch Act Modernization Act of 2012 on December 28, 2012. It modified penalties under the Hatch Act to allow for disciplinary actions in addition to removal for federal employees; clarified the applicability to the District of Columbia of provisions that cover state and local governments; limited the prohibition on state and local employees running for elective office to employees whose salary is paid completely by federal loans or grants.

Applicability to U.S. uniformed service personnel
The Hatch Act does not apply to military members of the uniformed services of the United States, although it does apply to Department of Defense civil servants, as well as Department of Homeland Security civil servants in direct support of the United States Coast Guard. Members of the U.S. Armed Forces are subject to Department of Defense Directive 1344.10 (DoDD 1344.10), Political Activities by Members of the Armed Forces, and the spirit and intent of that directive is effectively the same as that of the Hatch Act for Federal civil servants. By agreement between the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security, DoDD 1344.10 also applies to uniformed personnel of the Coast Guard at all times, whether it is operating as a service in the Department of Homeland Security or as part of the Navy under the Department of Defense. As a directive, DoDD 1344.10 is considered to be in the same category as an order or regulation, and military personnel violating its provisions can be considered in violation of Article 92 (Failure to obey order or regulation) of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

Members of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are subject to specific Health and Human Service regulations found in Title 44, Code of Federal Regulations Part 73 Subpart F. Hatch Act guidelines for NOAA Corps Officers are provided by United States Department of Commerce, Office of the General Counsel, Ethics Law and Program Division. Career members of the Senior Executive Service, administrative law judges, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Corps officers are all subject to Hatch Act restrictions and have additional limitations on their off-duty political activities.

Bush Administration

 * In 2006, the Utah Democratic Party challenged the candidacy of Ogden City Police Chief Jon Greiner for State Senate. The challenge was upheld by the United States Office of Special Counsel (OSC) because the year prior the Ogden City Police Department received a federal grant to help pay for bulletproof vests. Jon Greiner appealed the decision, remained on the ballot, won the election and served one term (2006–2010) as Utah State Senator while the results of the appeal were unknown.
 * In January 2007, the OSC announced the results of investigations into whether certain events during the election campaigns of 2004 and 2006 violated the Hatch Act.
 * It found no violation when Kennedy Space Center officials allowed Senator John Kerry's presidential campaign to use a NASA facility for a 2004 campaign event, because no government employees worked at the facility in question. It found streaming the event to NASA employees and contractors violated the Hatch Act.
 * It reviewed a 2006 speech by NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin in which he appeared to endorse Representative Tom DeLay for re-election. It determined that he "should have exercised better judgment" and took no further action.
 * In June 2007, the OSC found that Lurita Alexis Doan, Administrator of the General Services Administration, violated the Hatch Act when she took part in a video conference with Karl Rove and other White House officials, and sent letters asking how to help Republican politicians get elected.
 * In December 2007, Vigo County Superior Court Judge David Bolk ruled that the mayor-elect of Terre Haute (Indiana) Duke Bennett was covered by the Hatch Act when he was candidate for mayor because he had been director of operations for the Hamilton Center (a medical facility) when he ran for mayor, and the Hamilton Center was receiving federal funding for its Head Start program. Nevertheless Bennett was allowed to take office, because Judge Bolk ruled that the legal challenge had been brought too late to prevent this. In November 2008 "Indiana Court of Appeals in a 2–1 decision found that the Hatch Act did apply to Bennett and called for a special election to fill the office of Terre Haute mayor." In June 2009, Indiana Supreme Court ruled that Bennett could remain in office because the challenge had been brought by Bennett's opponent after the election, and therefore Bennett was no longer a candidate, but mayor-elect at the time and was no longer in violation of the act.
 * On May 6, 2008, FBI agents raided OSC offices and the home office of its director, Scott Bloch. The raids related to an investigation into allegations that Bloch's office had attempted to obstruct justice by hiring an outside company to delete computer files beyond recovery in order to prevent authorities from proving Bloch had violated the Hatch Act by retaliating against whistle-blowers in his office, an independent U.S. government agency "charged with protecting the rights of government whistle-blowers".

Obama Administration

 * On September 13, 2012, the OSC charged Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius with violating the Hatch Act by making a political speech during an official government event. Sebelius later said she had made a mistake and that the error was "technical" in nature.
 * On July 18, 2016, the OSC concluded that Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julian Castro violated the Hatch Act during an interview with Katie Couric. Castro admitted the violation, but denied any intent to violate the act.
 * On October 30, 2016, U.S. Senate Democratic Minority Leader Harry Reid stated that FBI Director James Comey may have violated the Hatch Act by sending a letter to the Congress on October 28, 2016, which stated that the FBI would be reopening its investigation of the Hillary Clinton email controversy. Also on October 30, Richard Painter, a chief White House ethics lawyer for the George W. Bush administration, published an op-ed saying that he had filed a complaint against the FBI with the OSC and with the Office of Government Ethics about the same matter.
 * In November 2016, two San Francisco Bay Area federal employees who were elected to school boards were told that they would have to resign their federal positions in order to serve on the boards, as their running for a non-partisan seat that had party political involvement contravened the Hatch Act. Both Jerrold Parsons, President of the John Swett Unified School District, and Ana Galindo-Marrone, Vice Mayor of Pacifica, chose not to serve in order to retain their federal jobs.

Trump Administration

 * In June 2017, the OSC issued a warning to White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Communications Dan Scavino Jr. for an April 2017 tweet that Scavino sent advocating for a primary challenge against U.S. Representative Justin Amash.
 * In October 2017, the OSC issued a warning to United States Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley over a June 2017 tweet that she retweeted from President Donald Trump endorsing Republican Congressional candidate Ralph Norman.
 * In November 2017, former Office of Government Ethics head Walter Shaub filed a complaint against White House counselor Kellyanne Conway charging that her opposition to Roy Moore opponent Doug Jones during a segment on Fox and Friends violated the Hatch Act. In March 2018, the OSC announced that Conway violated the Hatch Act on that occasion and one other.
 * In February 2018, FCC Commissioner Michael O'Rielly, in a speech at the Conservative Political Action Conference, "advocated for the reelection of President Trump in his official capacity as FCC Commissioner".
 * In September 2018, the OSC issued a warning letter to Stephanie Grisham, the Press Secretary and Communications Director for the First Lady of the United States, for violating the act by including Trump's campaign slogan in a post on her government Twitter account.
 * In November 2018, the OSC ruled that six Trump administration officials violated the Hatch Act in posts to their government Twitter accounts, but declined to take disciplinary action. The OSC warned the officials—Raj Shah, deputy press secretary; Jessica Ditto, deputy director of communications; Madeleine Westerhout, executive assistant to the president; Helen Aguirre Ferré, former director of media affairs; Alyssa Farah, press secretary for the vice president; and Jacob Wood, deputy communications director of the Office of Management and Budget—that future infractions would be interpreted as willful violations subject to further action.
 * In June 2019, the OSC sent a letter to President Trump recommending that White House counselor Kellyanne Conway be removed from federal service for repeatedly violating the Hatch Act. This report follows the March 2018 OSC finding that Conway was a "repeat offender" for disparaging Democratic presidential candidates while in her official capacity during televised interviews and on social media. President Trump, when asked at a press conference, stated he thought the provision violated her free speech rights.
 * In August 2020, Department of Agriculture secretary Sonny Perdue supported the president's re-election while promoting the Farmers to Families Food Box Program; Perdue was fined for violating the Hatch Act.
 * In August 2020, President Trump announced that, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, and the move of the 2020 Republican National Convention to a largely online format, he would make his speech accepting the Republican Party nomination for the presidential election from the South Lawn of the White House. In response, the OSC sent a letter to President Trump indicating that, while both the President and Vice President are not covered by the terms of the Hatch Act, White House staffers are, and would therefore not be able to assist with such an address. Moreover, other portions of the Convention included clips recorded at the White House (e.g. an interview with freed hostages, and a naturalization ceremony ). While Republicans argued that the South Lawn forms part of the President's residence, and therefore should not be classed as part of a federal building, legal experts point out that "[i]t's still illegal under the Hatch Act for any White House staffer to participate in executing a campaign photo op/video segment in the White House". This could also lead to investigations for staffers that may have aided Secretary of State Mike Pompeo (but not Pompeo himself) in his convention activities as he delivered a speech while on official business in Jerusalem.
 * As of mid-October 2020, 14 members of the Trump administration had been accused by Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington of Hatch Act violations to promote the incumbent's re-election. By the beginning of November it was up to 16. Senator Elizabeth Warren's staff released a report in which they "counted more than 54 violations of the Hatch Act by 14 administration officials dating back to 2017, as well as nearly 100 additional pending investigations for alleged violations by 22 officials".
 * On November 5, 2020, the United States Office of Special Counsel opened an investigation into the campaign's use of the White House for campaign purposes. In January 2021, emails from before the election were reported to feature a "top" Interior department official instructing staff to reference the president's account in each post on social media.

Biden Administration

 * In March 2021, Housing and Urban Development Secretary Marcia Fudge violated the Hatch Act by signaling support for Democratic candidates for the upcoming 2022 Ohio Senate election. Secretary Fudge received a warning from the Office of Special Counsel for the comments, which said, "If in the future she engages in prohibited political activity we will consider such activity to be a willful and knowing violation of the law that could result in further action."
 * In October 2021, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki was alleged to have violated the Hatch Act by the watchdog Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington after she indicated that President Joe Biden supported the candidacy of Democrat Terry McAuliffe in the 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election. The watchdog had previously warned, in a letter to the Biden Administration, that Psaki's statement of support in February 2021 for California Governor Gavin Newsom in the 2021 California gubernatorial recall election, while not a Hatch Act violation since the election was not yet certain to occur, was "closer than necessary to the situations the Hatch Act does contemplate".
 * In March 2022, President Biden fired Herschel Walker and Mehmet Oz from their positions on the President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition due to the two being active Republican United States Senate candidates. The terminations were a result of potential Hatch Act violations, as well as a Biden administration policy against allowing federal candidates to serve on presidential boards.
 * In November 2022, by mentioning “mega MAGA Republicans” as midterm election campaigns were ongoing, Karine Jean-Pierre broke a law that prohibits federal employees from using their position to influence elections, according to federal investigators. In the June 7 letter, the agency laid out its findings. "Because Ms. Jean‐Pierre made the statements while acting in her official capacity, she violated the Hatch Act prohibition against using her official authority or influence for the purpose of interfering with or affecting the result of an election," Ana Galindo‐Marrone, who leads the agency's Hatch Act Unit, wrote in the letter, according to NBC.
 * In October 2022, the Office of Special Counsel found that Ron Klain had violated the Hatch Act and was warned not to do so again. On January 21, 2023, it was reported that Klain would resign as chief of staff in the period following the 2023 State of the Union Address on February 7.
 * In July 2023, when questioned about the possibility of the cocaine found in the White House as belonging to President Biden or his son, Hunter Biden, White House staffer Andrew Bates cited the Hatch Act to justify not responding to the question.

Agencies and employees prohibited from engaging in partisan political activity
Employees of the following agencies (or agency components), or in the following categories, are subject to more extensive restrictions on their political activities than employees in other departments and agencies.
 * Administrative law judges (positions described at )
 * Central Intelligence Agency
 * Contract Appeals Boards (positions described at )
 * Criminal Division (Department of Justice)
 * Defense Intelligence Agency
 * Federal Bureau of Investigation
 * Federal Election Commission
 * Merit Systems Protection Board
 * National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
 * National Security Agency
 * National Security Council
 * Office of Criminal Investigation (Internal Revenue Service)
 * Office of Investigative Programs (Customs Service)
 * Office of Law Enforcement (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives)
 * United States Office of Special Counsel
 * Secret Service
 * Senior Executive Service
 * Employees identified at (b)(2)(B)-(3)

Additionally, one of the early consequences of the act, were disparate court rulings in union busting cases which forbade the use of voter information from initiative and recall petitions for any purposes outside the intended elections.

Permitted candidacies
Federal employees are allowed to be candidates in non-partisan elections, meaning where no candidates are identified by political party. This type of election is used by most municipalities and school boards in the United States.

They are also allowed to be independent candidates in partisan elections for offices of certain localities in the Washington metropolitan area and certain other localities where most voters are federal employees, as designated by the Office of Personnel Management:
 * District of Columbia
 * In Maryland: Anne Arundel, Calvert, Frederick, Howard, Montgomery, Prince George's and St. Mary's counties; and municipalities of Annapolis, Berwyn Heights, Bethesda, Bladensburg, Bowie, Brentwood, Capitol Heights, Cheverly, Chevy Chase, Chevy Chase Section Three, Chevy Chase View, Chevy Chase Village, College Park, Cottage City, District Heights, Edmonston, Fairmount Heights, Forest Heights, Garrett Park, Glen Echo, Glenarden, Greenbelt, Hyattsville, Kensington, Landover Hills, Martin's Additions, Morningside, Mount Rainier, New Carrollton, North Beach, North Brentwood, North Chevy Chase, Northwest Park, Riverdale Park, Rockville, Seat Pleasant, Somerset, Takoma Park, University Park and Washington Grove
 * In Virginia: Arlington, Fairfax, Fauquier, King George, Loudoun, Prince William, Spotsylvania and Stafford counties; cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, Manassas Park and Portsmouth; and towns of Clifton, Herndon and Vienna
 * Other municipalities: Anchorage, Alaska; Huachuca City and Sierra Vista, Arizona; Benicia, California; Centerville and Warner Robins, Georgia; Crane, Indiana; New Johnsonville and Norris, Tennessee; Elmer City, Bremerton and Port Orchard, Washington

title: Hatch Act


text:
William B. Campbell

William Bowen Campbell (February 1, 1807 – August 19, 1867) was an American politician and soldier. He served as the 14th governor of Tennessee from 1851 to 1853, and was the state's last Whig governor. He also served four terms in the United States House of Representatives, from 1837 to 1843, and from 1866 to 1867.

During the Mexican–American War, Campbell commanded the First Regiment Tennessee Volunteers, known as the "Bloody First" for its high casualty rate. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Campbell opposed secession, and briefly served as a general in the Union Army.

Early life
Campbell was born on Mansker's Creek in Sumner County, Tennessee, to David and Catherine Bowen Campbell. He studied law at Abingdon, Virginia, with his father's cousin, Virginia Governor David Campbell, and attended lectures at Winchester Law School. He returned to Tennessee in 1829 in order to establish a law practice at Carthage, in Smith County. He was admitted to the bar in 1830. In 1831, he was appointed attorney general for a state circuit, and moved to Sparta, Tennessee.

Military and political career
In 1835, Campbell moved back to Carthage, and was elected to Smith County's seat in the Tennessee House of Representatives. He resigned his seat in 1836, however, in order to fight in the Second Seminole War. He served as a captain under Colonel William Trousdale.

In 1837, Campbell successfully ran against Trousdale for the state's 6th District seat in the United States House of Representatives. The campaign was "spirited," though there was no bitterness between the two candidates. In 1839, Campbell ran for reelection, again defeating Trousdale. He ran unopposed in 1841. Near the end of his third term in 1843 he resigned and returned to his law practice in Carthage. That same year, he was appointed major-general of the Tennessee militia.

Upon the outbreak of the Mexican–American War in 1846, Campbell answered Tennessee Governor Aaron V. Brown's call for volunteers. He was elected colonel of the First Regiment Tennessee Volunteers on June 3, 1846, and arrived with his regiment in Texas the following month. At the Battle of Monterrey later that year, this company lost one-third of its men in an assault on the town's citadel, earning the nickname, the "Bloody First." Campbell's company also saw action at the Siege of Veracruz and the Battle of Cerro Gordo in 1847.

After the war, Campbell was appointed by the legislature to a state circuit court judgeship. In 1851, he received the Whig nomination for governor. His opponent was William Trousdale, his old Seminole War superior, who had been elected in a close election in 1849. Trousdale had endorsed the Nashville Convention of 1850, in which southern states threatened to secede if the federal government attempted to ban slavery in newly acquired territories, and blasted the Compromise of 1850, which admitted California as a free state. He accused Campbell of being "too favorable to northern views." Campbell on the other hand called the Compromise a "work of wisdom," and derided the Nashville Convention as treasonous. Running with the campaign slogan, "Boys, follow me!" which he had yelled at the Battle of Monterrey, Campbell edged Trousdale by a vote of 63,333 to 61,673.

As governor, Campbell called for a more rational approach to resolving sectional strife, and demanded an end to the "insane" talk of secession. After his initial term in 1853, he did not run for reelection, instead choosing to accept a position as President of the Bank of Middle Tennessee in Lebanon, Tennessee. The Whigs nominated Gustavus A. Henry, who was defeated by the Democratic candidate Andrew Johnson in the general election.

Secession and the Civil War
Following the collapse of the Whig Party in the mid-1850s, Campbell threw his support behind the American Party ("Know Nothings"), which many Tennessee Whigs had joined. He was again appointed to a circuit court judgeship in 1859, and continued campaigning against secession. In 1860, he supported Constitutional Union Party candidate and fellow Tennessee Whig John Bell for president.

In May 1861, as a wave of pro-secession sentiment swept through Middle Tennessee in the wake of the attack on Fort Sumter, Tennessee's ex-Whigs and others opposed to secession convened in Nashville, and nominated Campbell to oppose Isham Harris in the gubernatorial election later that year. Campbell declined this offer, however. Governor Harris offered him a command in the Confederate Army, but he declined this, as well.

In early 1862, after the Union Army occupied Middle Tennessee, Assistant Secretary of War Thomas A. Scott recommended Campbell for military governor, but the appointment went to Andrew Johnson. On May 12, 1862, Campbell chaired a convention of Tennessee Unionists that mapped out a plan to bring the state back into the Union. Shortly afterward, President Abraham Lincoln appointed him brigadier general in the Union Army. He accepted this commission, but resigned in January 1863, in part for health issues, and in part because he did not want to fight against his friends and neighbors.

In 1864, Campbell aligned himself with the Democratic Party, and supported George B. McClellan for the presidency. Though he disagreed with Johnson over several issues, namely election regulations Johnson had installed as military governor, he generally supported the Johnson presidency's Reconstruction policies. After the war, Campbell was elected to the state's 5th District seat in the House of Representatives, but was prevented by Radical Republicans from taking his seat for several months. Campbell defended Johnson during his impeachment hearings in the House in 1867, and served as an advisor during his trial in the Senate.

Death
Campbell died on August 19, 1867, at his family home of Camp Bell. He is interred at Cedar Grove Cemetery in Lebanon, Tennessee.

Family
William Bowen Campbell was a great-grandson of two early Scots-Irish Virginia pioneers, "Black" David Campbell (b. 1710) and "White" David Campbell (b. 1706). His paternal grandfather, a son of "Black David" known as Captain David Campbell (1753–1832), was an early Knox County pioneer who built Campbell's Station, which has evolved into modern Farragut, Tennessee. Captain David Campbell was married to Margaret Campbell, a daughter of "White David." Her brothers (i.e., William B. Campbell's great-uncles) included Colonel Arthur Campbell (1743–1811) and Judge David Campbell (1750–1812), and her nephews included Governor David Campbell (1779–1859) and Colonel John B. Campbell (1777–1814). She was a cousin of General William Campbell of Kings Mountain fame.

Campbell's mother, Catherine Bowen, was a granddaughter of General William Russell (1735–1793), who had helped draft the Declaration of Independence. The house built in 1787 by Campbell's maternal grandfather, Captain William Bowen (1742–1804), still stands in modern Goodlettsville, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Bowen-Campbell House. A house built by Campbell's uncle, John Henry Bowen (1770–1822), still stands in Gallatin, and is listed on the National Register as the Trousdale Place. After his uncle's death, the house was, ironically, purchased by William Trousdale, Campbell's future gubernatorial opponent.

Campbell married Frances Owen in 1835. They had seven children: Mary, Margaret, Fanny, William, Joseph, John Owen, and Lemuel.

Honors and awards
Fort Campbell, Kentucky, is named in his honor.

title: William B. Campbell


text:
Arthur Chichester, 1st Marquess of Donegall

Arthur Chichester, 1st Marquess of Donegall (13 June 1739 – 5 January 1799), known as Arthur Chichester until 1757 and as The Earl of Donegall between 1757 and 1791, was an English nobleman and politician in Ireland.

Early life
Chichester was born on 13 June 1739. He was the son of Hon. John Chichester and Elizabeth Newdigate (1703–1769), eldest daughter of Sir Richard Newdigate, 3rd Baronet. His paternal grandparents were Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall and Lady Catherine Forbes (a daughter of the 1st Earl of Granard), in 1726.

He was educated at Westminster School in 1748 and Trinity College, Oxford, matriculating in 1757, before succeeding his uncle in 1757 as fifth Earl of Donegall.

Career
After taking his seat in the Irish House of Lords in 1765, Donegall served at Westminster as Member of Parliament for Malmesbury (1768–1774) by his friend Lord Suffolk, first following Suffolk and the Grenville group. Reportedly, he never spoke in the House, and did not stand for reelection in 1774.

As a means of securing his support for the Government in the Irish House of Commons, he was in 1790 created Baron Fisherwick, of Fisherwick in the County of Stafford, in the Peerage of Great Britain. The following year he was also created Earl of Belfast and Marquess of Donegall in the Peerage of Ireland.

Personal life
Lord Donegall married three times. On 11 September 1761, he married Lady Anne Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Hamilton. Before her death on 11 November 1780, they had seven children:

 * Lady Charlotte Anne Chichester (b. 1762), who died in infancy.
 * Lady Henrietta Chichester (b. 1765), who died in infancy.
 * George Chichester, 2nd Marquess of Donegall (1769–1844), who married Anna May, daughter of Sir Edward May, 2nd Baronet, in 1795.
 * Hon. Arthur Chichester (1771–1788), who died young.
 * Lord Spencer Stanley Chichester (1775–1819), MP for Belfast and Carrickfergus who married Lady Anne Harriet Stewart, daughter of John Stewart, 7th Earl of Galloway, in 1795.
 * Lady Elizabeth Juliana Chichester (d. 1787)
 * Lady Amelia Chichester, who died in infancy.

On 24 October 1788 he married Charlotte (née Spencer) Moore, daughter of Conway Spencer, and widow of Thomas Moore. She died, without issue, on 19 September 1789.

In October 1790, he married Barbara Godfrey, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Luke Godfrey, Rector of Midleton, County Cork.

Lord Donegall held on lease a country residence at Butley Priory, Suffolk. He died on 5 January 1799, aged 59, at his London home in St James's Square, Westminster. His widow, the dowager Marchioness of Donegall, died on 28 December 1829.


text:
Cape Morris Jesup

Cape Morris Jesup (Kap Morris Jesup) is a headland in Peary Land, Greenland.

Geography
Cape Morris Jesup is the northernmost point of mainland Greenland, the northernmost point of any mainland, and the northernmost land point on Earth except for the small island of Kaffeklubben (and perhaps some other formations which may be islands or may just be temporary gravel banks).

The cape is 712 km from the geographic North Pole. It is located in Johannes V. Jensen Land, about 20 km east of the mouth of Sands Fjord and west of Constable Bay. The cape marks the limit between the Lincoln Sea to the west and the Wandel Sea to the east. About 5 km southeast of the cape there is a river forming a small delta that flows from the Mary Peary Peaks, part of the Roosevelt Range to the south.

History
Robert Peary reached the cape on 13 May 1900, believing it to be the northernmost point of land in the world, although it was later found to lie slightly to the south of the northernmost tip of Kaffeklubben Island. The cape is named after American philanthropist Morris Ketchum Jesup, president of the Peary Arctic Club, who helped finance Peary's expeditions.

Plants
Specimens of Arctic Poppy and Purple Saxifrage have been found growing in the thin, rocky soil. Cape Morris Jesup is practically a polar desert with roughly 30-day summers. Despite these extremely inhospitable conditions, these two tiny flowering plants eke out a meager existence and persist blooming through summer lows near freezing temperatures.

title: Cape Morris Jesup