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Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region

Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region (ولاية داخلة نواذيبو) is an administrative division of Mauritania. Its regional capital is Nouadhibou, which is located at its northwestern end and is home to nearly 95% of the region's population. The rest of the shoreline is sparsely populated with villages, but the east of the region is mostly uninhabited.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 123,779, compared to 97,875 in 2011. There were 57.05 percent females and 42.95 percent males. As of 2008, the couples with children were 35.60 and couples without children was 3.70. The proportion with extended family was 37.90 percent and extended single-parent was 8.60 per cent, one-person was 6.50 percent, and single-parent nuclear was 7.80 percent.

As of 2008, the rate of household confirming the existence of public telephone in their neighbourhood or village was 95.69, rate of households benefiting from electricity post in their neighbourhood was 12.63 percent, rate of households benefiting from health center or health post in their neighbourhood was 2.53 percent, and rate of households benefiting from sanitary services was 21.90 percent.

Economy
As of 2008, the activity rate was 60.80 and economic dependency ratio was 0.59. The fraction of people working in government was 9.70 per cent, individual / household private was 18.20 per cent, other was 31.40 per cent, para public was 16.10 per cent, and private enterprise was 24.70 per cent. The unemployment rate as of 2008 was 37.80. As of 2013, the coverage rate of DPT3 children From 0 to 11 months in the region was 89.90 per cent, BGC vaccination was 80.10 and polio vaccination coverage was 87.80. As of 2007, the number of tourist establishments in the region was 19. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 73.50. The net enrolment ratio of girls for secondary level was 35.90 per cent, net enrolment ratio of boys for secondary level was 26.10 per cent, and total net enrolment ratio at secondary level was 31.60 per cent.

Geography
The region is named after the Dakhlet Nouadhibou Bay and contains Mauritania's part of the Cabo Blanco peninsula. It is the westernmost region of the country. It borders Western Sahara to the north, the Mauritanian region of Inchiri to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Bay of Arguin dominates the west of the region, the Banc d'Arguin National Park dominates the south and includes much of the bay's islands, the southernmost of the bay and the southeasternmost parts of the park are not in the region, about a third of the region is a national park area. Nearly all of the country's islands and islets lies in this region and they include Echakcher, Kiaones, Niroumi, Nair, Arel, Tidra, the country's largest island, Kijji, Touffat, Cheddid and sometimes Serenni.

Mauritania is mostly covered with desert, with only its western regions around the coast of Atlantic Ocean having some vegetation, along with the southern regions on the Senegal river. There are some oasis in the desert regions. Since it is a desert, there are large shifting dunes forming temporary ranges. The average elevation is around 460 m above the mean sea level. The rainfall in the northern regions closer to the Tropic of Cancer receives around 100 mm of annual rainfall compared to the southern portions that receives around 660 mm. The average temperature is 37.8 C, while during the night it reaches 0 C.

Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in the 1970s and the early 1980s. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to 250 mm of rainfall.

Local administration
The local administration is adopted from French local administration framework with the Ministry of Internal Control governing the local bodies. The original administration was held by Governors of each district, but after the municipal elections in 1994, the powers have been decentralized from the district bodies.

Nouadhibou is one of 15 wilayas (regions). The smallest administrative division in the region is the commune. A group of communes form a moughataa (department) and a group of moughataa form a district. The executive power of the district is vested on a district chief, while it is on the hakem in the moughataa.

The communes are responsible for overseeing and coordinating development activities and are financed by the state. The Local Governments have their own legal jurisdiction, financial autonomy, an annual budget, staff, and an office. The elections for the local government are conducted every five years along with Regional and Parliamentary elections. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Settlements outside the regional capital includes Agadir or Arguin, Arkeiss, R'Geiba, Iouik (or Iwik), Tanoudert, Teichott, Ten-Alloul and Tessot.

title: Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region


text: Category:Colonies

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Colonies


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Category talk:Pacifists

Thoreau
How can Thoreau be considered a pacifist, considering his support of the violent abolitionist, John Brown? H2O 18:58, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It is difficult to reconcile the designation of Jimmy Carter as a "pacifist" with his significant Naval career. Also, the emphasis on human rights in the Carter Presidency was often more a matter of speaking than doing. For example, upon the near-genocidal initial invasion of East Timor by Indonesia, the Carter administration continued to provide aid to the Indonesian military. East Timor is recognized by the United Nations as a sovereign nation; the only countries which dispute this fact are Indonesia and the United States. drone5 15:28, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Hugo Chavez
Considering he spent 17 years in the military it is difficult to see how he belongs in the pacifist category.

title: Category talk:Pacifists


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2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)

The 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) was a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army before being transferred to the British Army on India's independence in 1947. The 4th Battalion joined the Indian Army as the 5th Battalion, 8th Gorkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles), where it exists to this day. As part of the British Army, the regiment served in Malaya, Hong Kong and Brunei until 1994 when it was amalgamated with the other three British Army Gurkha infantry regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles. It is the only Gurkha regiment which did not have a khukuri on its cap badge.

Formation and early service
The regiment was first raised in 1815 as The Sirmoor Battalion. This was the first Gurkha unit in the service of the East India Company to see action, during the 3rd Mahratta War in 1817. The regiment, by now named the 8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion, gained its first battle honour at Bhurtpore in 1825. During the First Sikh War, the regiment fought at Bhudaiwal and Sobraon, as well as the Battle of Aliwal. Personnel carried colours at the time, and the flagpole was broken by cannon fire. The colour itself was seized by the Sikhs but reclaimed by a small party of Gurkhas led by a Havildar who chopped their way into the densely packed enemy lines.

During the Indian Mutiny, the Sirmoor Battalion was one of the Indian regiments that remained loyal to Britain. It was during this that the regiment took part in the defence of Hindu Rao's House, near Delhi. For their part in the action, the Sirmoor Battalion was presented with the Queen's Truncheon, which became a replacement for the colours that they relinquished when the regiment became a rifle regiment in 1858. With the decision to number the Gurkha regiments in 1861, the Sirmoor Rifles became the 2nd Gúrkha Regiment. In 1876, the battalion acquired a royal patron in the then Prince of Wales, becoming the 2nd (Prince of Wales's Own) Gúrkha Regiment (the Sirmoor Rifles).

First World War
During the First World War, the 2nd Gurkhas (by now named the 2nd King Edward's Own Gurkha Rifles), along with the other regiments of the Gurkha Brigade, served initially in Flanders. In 1915, the 2nd Battalion moved to Egypt, before returning to India in 1916. The 1st Battalion went to Persia and Mesopotamia in 1916, assisting in the fall of Baghdad. In 1919 it was assigned to the Norperforce in Iran.

Second World War
The Second World War saw the 2nd Gurkhas serving in many different theatres; the 1st Battalion was initially in Cyprus before moving to North Africa as part of 7th Indian Infantry Brigade, 4th Indian Division, where it fought at El Alamein. Following this it took part in the invasion of Italy, taking part in the battle for Monte Cassino. The 2nd Battalion meanwhile spent much of the war as prisoners of the Japanese after being captured in Malaya. The 3rd Battalion (raised during the war) took part in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943.

Indian independence
In 1947, as part of India's independence, it was agreed that the Gurkha regiments would be split between the British and Indian armies—the British Army would take on four regiments (the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th), while the Indian Army would retain the rest.

While the 2nd Gurkhas became one of the four Gurkha regiments to transfer to the British Army, the regiment's 4th Battalion was transferred to the Indian Army as 5th Battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles) where it exists to this day. The first Indian commanding officer of this battalion, Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Nisi Kanta Chatterji, requested Army Headquarters, to let the battalion keep the title 'Sirmoor Rifles', which was accepted. This battalion saw action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War (as part of the 3rd (Independent) Armoured Brigade, 28 and 191 Infantry Brigades) where it stopped the advance of the Pakistani armour to Akhnur in the Battle of the Fatwal Ridge. In the 1971 war against Pakistan, the battalion now as part of the 68th Mountain Brigade, the corps reserves, once again saw fierce action in the defence of Chamb-Akhnur. It launched five successful counterattacks and recaptured the bridge over the Tawi river.

It also fought in the Indian North east against the Naga insurgents and in the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. Here it distinguished itself by killing the Supreme Commander of the Hizbul Mujahideen, the leading Kashmiri insurgent group. It was awarded the Northern Army Commanders Citation in 1998. It was deployed in Sierra Leone as part of UNAMSIL and distinguished itself in Operation Khukri in which the Revolutionary United Front rebels were decisively defeated.

Post Indian independence
Following this, the 2nd Gurkhas spent several years in the Far East, initially during the Malayan Emergency from 1948 to 1960. Following this, the regiment's two battalions alternated between Malaya, Borneo, Brunei and Hong Kong, before receiving a regimental depot at Church Crookham in Hampshire. In 1992, while serving in Hong Kong, the 1st and 2nd Battalions amalgamated to form a single 1st Battalion. This was followed in 1994 by the regiment being amalgamated with the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles to form the 1st Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles.

Battle honours
The regiment was awarded the following battle honours:
 * Bhurtpore, Aliwal, Sobraon, Delhi 1857, Kabul 1879, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878–80, Chin-Lushai Expedition 1889-90, Tirah, Punjab Frontier
 * First World War: La Bassée 1914, Festubert 1914 '15, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Loos, France and Flanders 1914–15, Egypt 1915, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–18, Persia 1918, Baluchistan 1918
 * Afghanistan 1919
 * The Second World War: El Alamein, Mareth, Akarit, Djebel el Meida, Enfidaville, Tunis, North Africa 1942–43, Cassino I, Monastery Hill, Pian di Maggio, Gothic Line, Coriano, Poggio San Giovanni, Monte Reggiano, Italy 1944–45, Greece 1944–45, North Malaya, Jitra, Central Malaya, Kampar, Slim River, Johore, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941–42, North Arakan, Irrawaddy, Magwe, Sittang 1945, Point 1433, Arakan Beaches, Myebon, Tanbingon, Tamandu, Chindits 1943, Burma 1943–45.

Victoria Crosses

 * Major Donald MacIntyre (Bengal Staff Corps attached to the regiment) – 4 January 1872, Lalgnoora, India.
 * Subedar Lalbahadur Thapa – 6 April 1943, Tunisia.
 * Rifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung – 5 March 1945, Burma.

Colonels-in-Chief

 * 1904–:	F.M. King Edward VII
 * 1910–:	F.M. King George V
 * 1977–: F.M. Charles, Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, OM, AK, QSO, ADC

Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:
 * 1946–1956: Lt-Gen. Sir Francis Ivan Simms Tuker, KCIE, CB, DSO, OBE, FRGS, FRSA
 * 1956–1969: Maj-Gen. Lewis Henry Owain Pugh, CB, CBE, DSO
 * 1969–1976: Brig. Simon Patrick Martin Kent, CBE
 * 1976–1986: F.M. Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, The Baron Bramall, KG, GCB, OBE, MC, KStJ
 * 1986–1994: F.M. Sir John Lyon Chapple, KCB, CBE
 * 1994: Regiment amalgamated with 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles and 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles to form The Royal Gurkha Rifles

Uniforms
After a brief period of wearing their own indigenous clothing, the Sirmoor battalion adopted green jackets with red facings. These were worn with loose fitting blue trousers and a bonnet like headdress. By 1828 black facings, black leather equipment, white trousers and sandals had been issued. A variety of changes followed but the round Kilmarnock cap with red and black dicing had appeared by 1848. While the Kilmarnock was to become common to all Gurkha regiments, the red trim was to remain a distinctive feature of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1858 links forged during the Siege of Delhi led to the authorization of the Gurkha regiment to adopt the red piping and facings of the British 60th Rifles. Formally recognized as a rifle regiment since 1850 the 2nd Gurkha Regiment underwent various changes of title as recorded above. Throughout it wore the standard Gurkha parade and cold weather uniform of rifle green with leggings and then puttees, silver insignia and black metal buttons. A red toorie (bobble) on the cap was to remain a distinction of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1883 khaki (initially blue/grey) hot weather dress was adopted. The broad brimmed hat was worn with khaki drill service dress from 1902 and was retained as normal uniform between the two world wars. After World War I the historic rifle green was limited to a few limited dress orders such as officers' mess uniforms and full dress for mess orderlies. During World War II red and black patches were worn on the jungle slouch hats.


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Lapithos

Lapithos or Lapethos (Λάπηθος; Lapta) is a town in Cyprus. De facto, it is under the control of Northern Cyprus.

Archeologists claim that Lapithos was founded by the Achean brothers Praxandros and Cepheus. According to Strabo, the ancient settlement of Lapathus, the site of which is nearby, was founded by Spartans.

In Assyrian inscriptions, Lapithos is mentioned as one of the eleven Cypriot kingdoms. During the Persian rule, Lapithos was settled by Phoenicians for a while. The last independent king Praxippos was subdued by Ptolemy I in 312 BC.

Lambousa is the name currently used for the ancient Greek town on the coast about 3 km north of the current Lapithos.

Pre-Roman
Strabo wrote that Lapethos is a 'construction of the Laconians and of Praxandros'. The philosopher Alexander of Ephesus called it "Imeroessa", meaning "attractive" and "passion-arousing".

Lapithos is usually referred in archaeological literature as a Laconian colony built after the Trojan War, by Praxandros, its first king. However, findings from excavations i.e. pots and pottery wheels date back its existence as early as 3000 BC. According to Diodoros of Sicily, who wrote in the 4th century BC, Lapithos was one of the nine kingdoms of Cyprus.

Peisistratos, king of Lapithos, with his flotilla, together with Nicocreon of Salamis and Stasanor of Curion, came to the aid of Alexander the Great, helping him to capture Tyre in Phoenicia. For this reason Alexander, the victorious army commander, declared Cyprus free from the Persians. The last king of Lapethos was Praxippos.

Roman, Byzantine and Lusignan periods
During the period of the Roman Empire, Lapethos had more than 10,000 inhabitants. It formed one of the four districts of Cyprus. From ancient times, Lapithos became a centre for the processing of copper and more importantly an earthenware centre.

During the proto-Christian period (25 BC – 250 AD) Lapethos experienced a great commercial drive because of the plethora of its produce, but also because of its port and its shipyard. During this period Lapethos was given the name Lambousa, "shining", maybe because of its shining wealth or because of its shining beauty and cleanliness or because of its lighthouse, which shed shining light to the surrounding region.

During the first years of Christianity the apostles Paul, Barnabas and Mark passed by Lapethos coming from Tarsus. According to Apostle Barnabas, Lapethos had city walls. He cites that during his second tour with Apostle Mark, they stayed outside the walls because they were not given access to the city. In late antiquity, Lapethos enjoyed great prosperity in commerce as well as in riches, art and development. Bishop of Lapithos Theodotos (c. 314–324) died a martyr in Kyrenia while Bishop Didymos was represented at the 4th Ecumenical Synod (451) by Saint Eulaleus or Eulampius, whose chapel can still be found near the Acheiropoietos Monastery.

Lapethos was heavily damaged during the Arab incursions. The population often had to flee and take refuge in the interior.

Upon the Byzantine recovery of Cyprus from the Arabs in 965, Lapithos's refugees returned to their town to rebuild it in a new location, but chose to stay away from the sea, relocating it to the foot of mountain Pentadactylos.

During the Lusignan period, Lapithos boasted a greater population than Limassol, Famagusta or Paphos. 3000 troops were stationed at Lapithos under the command of Zanetto Dandolo in the years preceding the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1571. Dandolo was killed during the defence of Nicosia.

Ottoman period
In 1780 a section of Lapithos was split off to form a new village, Karavas.

British rule
Lapithos became a municipality soon after the transfer of power to the British rule, with Andreas Koumides becoming the first mayor.

Archaeological Excavations
Close to Lapithos there is a big grave burial from the Bronze Age (ca. 2000–1800 BCE) with hundreds of graves. John Myres did an excavation here in 1913 and Menelaos Markides in 1917. Furthermore, gravediggers have looted the site multiple times.

The Swedish Cyprus Expedition
The Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated around 25 sites in Cyprus during four years, 1927–1931. Some of these sites were at Lapithos and the excavations here resulted in a multitude of ceramics and weapons made of copper and bronze. They also found delicate proboscis jugs with elongated necks (beak spouted) and shiny red paint, which are similar to contemporary ceramics from Anatolia. The oldest settlement, dating from the Neolithic or Chalcolithic period, is located to the west of the village of Lapithos and is called Alonia ton Plakon. This place was damaged by humans and natural causes during the course of history, therefore, the area of the settlement are difficult to define. The eastern settlement’s preservation was deteriorated because of winter floods and Roman, Byzantine, and modern cultivation. Therefore, only a few remains of houses were found, such as some stone foundation walls, hearths and three bothroi cut into the rock. The site probably had four periods of habitations. After the site was abandoned, it was disturbed in the Geometric period when the place was used as a necropolis, therefore the archaeologists found tombs cut into the rock. During this period, they used stones from the foundations of the Neolithic houses as doors to the tombs. The western settlement contained remains of four huts. Three hearths were found here as well. The finds were mainly of three classes: objects of flint, stone and pottery. The brown coloured flint is very common. The stone objects are mostly axe heads, hammers and chisels. Most of the pottery belonged to these classes: red polished ware, plain white ware and painted ware. The settlements are dated to 3000 B.C., although the Eastern settlement should be dated a bit earlier than the western. To the west of Lapithos, at Vrysi tou Barba, (Greek. Grandfather’s fountain) the expedition continued to excavate a Bronze Age necropolis. The site consists of a white limestone rock, sloping towards the sea, and have been affected by repeated flooding from the mountain streams, therefore there’s not many traces left of the necropolis today. The swedes were not the first to excavate here although they were the first to publish their investigations. Both John Myres and Menelaos Markides from the Cyprus Museum, excavated here in 1913 and 1917. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated twenty-three tombs for two months with the purpose to obtain a representative series of tombs from a limited area. Most of the tombs found here is in the dromos type, with three circular chambers that open up from the dromos. They used thin slabs of local limestone as doors, and smaller stones around the sides to keep the bigger limestone in place. The excavators could noticed that the tombs were used repeatedly and sometimes cleared out between the burials. Both men and women were buried here. Most of the tombs are dated to the Early Cypriote II Middle Cypriote II period but was used during the Early Cypriote III as well. In the tombs they found a lot of pottery belonging to the Red Polished Ware. After the excavation at Vrysi tou Barba the Swedish Cyprus Expedition continued with the Iron age necropolis of Kastros from November 1927 until the end of April 1928. This site had never been excavated before but was plundered in Byzantine times. Here the Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated around thirty graves. The Iron age tombs were cut into the rock. The shape of the tombs differs throughout the different periods but most of them are different kinds of dromos tombs. As seen on many necropolises in Cyprus a lot of the tombs were used for repeated but successive burials which indicate that they were family graves. Some of the graves were extremely rich in grave goods. For example, tomb 403 and 420, where women were buried carrying gold jewellery and other gold ornaments such as five gold plaques with figural representations, spindle whorls, as well as mountings that probably once decorated a headgear.

Geography
Situated about 14 kilometres west of Kyrenia, on the northern coast of Cyprus, on the East it borders with Karavas, on the West with Basileia, on its south with the villages of Sysklhpos, Agridaki, and Larnaka tis Lapithou. It spreads from the high mountains of Pentadactylos to the waters of the Mediterranean. In fact, it rests against the background of the highest peak of Pentadactylos, the Kyparissovouno.

Economy
Civil servants and workers constitute the majority of the working population. Tourism, agriculture, small-scale industry and fishing are also important sources of income, practised by the rest of the population.

Agriculture
Thanks to its spring, Lapithos has rich water resources and fertile land. This results in an agricultural sector with a diverse range of products. Citrus is a major product, the lemons of Lapithos are especially renowned. In the hills, olive and carob trees grow. Among other trees and crops cultivated are pistachio, konari and kolokas/kolokasi. Mulberry trees are also planted and provide the protection of lemon trees from the salt and winds of the sea, as well as the silk that is used in the silk industry and handicrafts. Lapithos also has a great variety of plums, including the "flokkaroues" variety unique to the town.

Turkish Cypriot municipality
The Municipality of Lapithos (Lapta) that de facto administers the town was founded on 19 November 1974 by the cabinet of the Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration. The current mayor is Fuat Namsoy of the National Unity Party. He has been in this position since 1994.

Greek Cypriot municipality
The Municipality of Lapithos was established in 1878 by the British as one of the ten new municipalities after the beginning of their rule in Cyprus. The municipality has horned Athena on its logo, in reference to an ancient coin found in Lapithos. In 1974, this municipality was forced into exile, and its municipal council operating then stayed at their positions until 1987. The municipality is currently located at 37 Ammochostou Street and shares its headquarters with the municipality-in-exile of Kythrea. The current mayor-in-exile is Neoptolemos Kotsapas.

Before 1974, the village was administratively divided into six parishes (enories), each with its own civil and religious administration, community council, an ecclesiastical authority with a Greek Orthodox priest, and cemetery. The parishes were as follows:

 * Upper Lapithos: the parishes of Ayia Anastasia and Ayia Paraskevi, collectively referred as the Pano Enories (Upper Parishes)
 * Ayios Theodhoros in the west
 * Timios Prodhromos in the centre
 * Ayios Loukas in the centre
 * Ayios Minas in the east.

In addition to these parishes, the seventh administrative division was the Turkish Cypriot quarter.

Churches and mosques
Lapithos has 14 churches, two mosques and two monasteries. These include:
 * Saint Theodoros Church: The church was built in 1834. It has two white pillars with Byzantine crosses in its yard a gallery section dated to the 17th century, with well-painted doors. It is rumoured to have previously been a chapel in a cemetery, and also has an olive press.
 * Saint Minas Church: Located in the east, the church was built in 1843. The church has icons of Saint Minas on a horse, it also used to have a large icon of Saint Minas from the early 18th century.
 * Saint Anastasia Church and Monastery: The church is located on a position that overlooks Lapithos, where the former Lapithos Castle used to stand. It was built in the 18th century and has many religious depictions on the walls. It has a chapel dedicated to Ayia Evdokia.
 * Saint Paraskevi Church: It was built next to the ruins of an old church in 1892 and housed icons from this old church until 1974, when they were looted following the invasion.
 * Saint Luka Church: It was built in 1850. It has been renovated and is now used as a ballet school.
 * Timios Prodromos Church: The church is in the centre of Lapithos. It was built in the 17th century in the Gothic style. The bell tower has depictions of human faces, animals and plants. The west side has a Star of David on the walls.
 * Saint Evlalios Church: The church is located at the coast, to the east of the Acheiropoietos Monastery and is dedicated to Saint Evlalios, who was a bishop who once lived in Lambousa. The present-day church was built on the ruins of an early Christian church, whose remains still stand in the form of the four columns of the central arches of the present-day church. One of these columns has a Byzantine cross engraved in it. In excavations, three different layers of mosaic tiles from three different eras have been found. This indicates that the church has been renovated in the 6th, 11th and 14th–15th centuries.
 * Saint Evlambios Church: To the east of the Ahkiropietos Monastery, the church was used as a pagan tomb and was later converted to a chapel in the early Christian era. The niches are characteristic of Roman tombs and traces of frescoes are present. It has no narthex, but does have an abscess.

The mosques are as follows:
 * Haydar Pashazade Mehmet Bey Mosque: There is an engraving in the mosque indicating the year of 1870, this could be the date of the renovation or the construction of the mosque. It has a unique feature in terms of its architecture in Cyprus: a dome covers the prayer area and rests on an octagonal drum and a small half dome at the four corners. Due to its unique Ottoman architecture, it has been described as "one of the island's most handsome stone mosques".
 * Esseyid Elhaç Mehmet Agha Mosque, also known as the Upper Lapta Mosque: It is made of hewn stone and has a rectangular structure. It was first built by the tax collector Esseyid Elhaç Mehmet Agha in 1828, but this mosque had an earthen roof and no minaret. Between 1887 and 1889, the Sayed Mehmet Agha Foundation, led by the trustee Hadji Veli Effendi, built a patio, tile roof coverings and a 25-foot minaret. In 1899, there was also a school that belonged to the same foundation. The hewn stone minaret on the mosque's eastern side was demolished in 1974 and the present-day concrete minaret was constructed in 1976.

Culture
The town annually hosts the Lapta Tourism Festival in the first week of June. Numerous cultural and sporting activities, folk dance shows by groups from various countries and concerts take place during the festival.

Lapithos has a unique needlework with original patterns, known as the Lapta lace (Lapta Hesap İşi). The handicraft is still preserved as a product for tourists, and is made on linen fabric with the cross-stitch technique. Lapithos have also produced the culturally important walnut wood chests for Cyprus. The town also has a tradition of knife-making; its knives traditionally had handles made of goat horn and were known for the sharpness and workmanship. The town is one of the most important silk-producing centres in the island and has been historically that way. The silk is used locally and island-wide in handicrafts and for weaving.

Lapithos hosts a vibrant sports life concentrated on the sea. Water sports such as diving, windsurfing, jet-skiing, water-skiing and parasailing are popular. Horse riding and cycling are also practised. The town is the centre of several hiking trails protected by Natura 2000; these trails pass through the area's forests, ruins of ancient cities and temples, churches and historical warehouses. The town is home to the football club Lapta Türk Birliği S.K. They played in Süper Lig, the top-level division of Turkish Cypriot football in the 2014–15 season, but were relegated as they attained the last place.

Notable locals

 * George of Cyprus, Byzantine geographer
 * Ioannis Tsangaridis, Greek general
 * Andreas G. Orphanides, Professor of History and Archaeology, Music Composer

Twin towns – sister cities
Lapithos is unofficially twinned with:

 * 🇹🇷 Büyükçekmece, Turkey (since 2007)
 * 🇹🇷 Kemer, Antalya, Turkey (since 2012)
 * Flag of North Macedonia.svg Karpoš, Skopje, North Macedonia (since 2015)

title: Lapithos


text: Category:Battles of the Diadochi

title: Category:Battles of the Diadochi


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Brakna Region

Brakna (ولاية البراكنة) is a region in south-west Mauritania. Its capital is Aleg and its other major cities/towns include Boghé. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Tagant to the north-east, Assaba and Gorgol to the south-east, and Trarza to the north-west.

The Sénégal River in the south-west runs along the region's border with Senegal.

As of 2013, the population of the region was 312,277, compared to 309,307 in 2011. There were 46.96 per cent females and 53.04 per cent males. As of 2008, the activity rate was 40.30 and economic dependency ratio was 1.01. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 50.30. The net enrollment ratio of children for secondary level was 7.10 per cent.

Geography
Mauritania is mostly covered with desert, with only its western regions around the coast of Atlantic Ocean having some vegetation. There are some oasis in the desert regions. Since it is a desert, there are large shifting dunes forming temporary ranges. The average elevation is around 460 m above the mean sea level. The rainfall in the northern regions closer to the Tropic of Cancer receives around 100 mm of annual rainfall compared to the southern portions that receives around 660 mm. The average temperature is 37.8 C, while during the night it reaches 0 C.

Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in the 1970s and the early 1980s. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to 250 mm of rainfall.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 312,277, compared to 309,307 in 2011. There were 46.96 per cent females and 53.04 per cent males. As of 2008, the Couples with children was 41.40 and Couples without children was 4.30. The proportion with extended family was 18.30 per cent and extended single-parent was 9.90 per cent, one-person was 2.90 per cent, and single-parent nuclear was 23.30 per cent. As of 2008, the rate of household confirming the existence of public telephone in their neighbourhood or village was 72.18, rate of households benefiting from electricity post in their neighbourhood was 3.37 per cent, rate of households benefiting from health center or health post in their neighbourhood was 16.04 per cent, and rate of households benefiting from sanitary services was 0.15 per cent.

Economy and health
As of 2013, the coverage rate of DPT3 Children From 0 to 11 Months in the region was 89.30 per cent, BGC vaccination was 95.70 and polio vaccination coverage was 86.00. As of 2008, the activity rate was 40.30 and economic dependency ratio was 1.01. The fraction of people working in government was 10.10 per cent, individual / household private was 17.70 per cent, other was 55.20 per cent, para public was 0.70 per cent, and private enterprise was 16.30 per cent. The Grand Total as of 2008 was 531.61. As of 2007, the number of tourist establishments in the region was 3. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 50.30. The net enrolment ratio of girls for secondary level was 7.00 per cent, net enrolment ratio of boys for secondary level was 7.20 per cent, and total net enrollment ratio at secondary level was 7.10 per cent.

Local administration
The local administration is adopted from French local administration framework with a Ministry of Internal Control governing the local bodies. The original administration was held by Governors of each district, but after the municipal elections in 1994, the powers has been decentralized from the district bodies. Mauritania has been divided into 13 wilayas (regions), including the Nouakchott Capital District. The smallest administrative division in the country is the commune and the country has 216 of them. A group of communes form a moughataa (department) and the group of moughataa form a district. There are total of 53 moughataa for the 13 districts in the country. The executive power of the district is vested on a district chief, while it is on hakem for moughataa. Out of the 216 communes, 53 classified as urban and rest 163 are rural.

The communes are responsible for overseeing and coordinating development activities and are financed by the state. The Local Governments have their own legal jurisdiction, financial autonomy, an annual budget, staff, and an office. The elections for the local government are conducted every five years along with Regional and Parliamentary elections. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Brakna is divided into 5 departments, namely, Aleg, Bababe, Boghé, Mbagne and Magta-Lahjar.

title: Brakna Region


text:
User:Metric Dollar

You can call me a Wiki-cop of sorts.

My goal is to root out all the Mike Church sock puppets.

title: User:Metric Dollar


text:
User talk:Norsehorse

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Dmn / Դմն 19:01, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Norsehorse


text:
Administrative heads of the Australian Antarctic Territory

List of Administrative Heads of Australian Antarctic Territory

Directors of the Australian Antarctic Division (part of the Australian Department of Environment and Heritage)


text:
Assaba Region

Assaba (ولاية العصابة) is a region in southern Mauritania, covering an area of 36,600 square km. It had a population of 325,897 at the 2013 Census. Its capital is Kiffa. Other major cities/towns include Guerou. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Brakna and Tagant to the north, the Mauritanian region of Hodh El Gharbi to the east, Mali to the south and the Mauritanian regions of Gorgol and Guidimaka to the west.

The Aoukar basin, which formerly gave name to the greater region, is located in the north and the east of the central part of Assaba.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 325,897, compared to 338,708 in 2011. There were 46.73 percent females and 53.27 percent males. As of 2008, the activity percentage was 46.00 and the economic dependency ratio was 1.13. The percentage of people working in the government was 3.50, individual/household privates was 27.80, others was 66.30, para-public was 0.60 and private enterprises was 1.80. The grand total as of 2008 was 641.13. As of 2007, the number of tourist establishments in the region was 3. As of 2008, the percentage of couples with children was 32.80 and couples without children was 3.50. The proportion with extended families was 22.00 percent and extended single-parents was 13.00 percent, one-person was 3.70 percent and single-parent nuclear was 25.00 percent.

Economy and health
As of 2013, the coverage percentage of DPT3 children from 0 to 11 months in the region was 86.10, BGC vaccination was 107.70 and polio vaccination coverage was 83.40.

As of 2008, the percentage of households confirming the existence of public telephones in their neighbourhood or village was 78.24, households benefiting from electricity posts in their neighbourhood was 2.91, households benefitting from health centers or health posts in their neighbourhood was 4.85 and households benefiting from sanitary services was 1.66. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 50.30 percent. The net enrollment rate in secondary level was 7.00 percent for girls and 7.20 percent for boys, adding up to 7.10 percent in total.

Local administration
The Assaba Region is divided into five departments:

title: Assaba Region


text:
Jörgen Persson

Jörgen Persson (born 22 April 1966, in Halmstad, Sweden) is a Swedish table tennis player.

Career
In two memorable World Table Tennis Championships finals he faced fellow Swede Jan-Ove Waldner in 1989 and 1991, losing the former and winning the latter. He also won four World Championship titles in Team.

Persson represented Sweden in every Olympic Games from when table tennis was introduced into the Olympic program in 1988 until 2012. After the 2012 Olympics he officially retired. Along with Croatian Zoran Primorac and Belgian Jean-Michel Saive, he was the first table tennis player to have competed at seven Olympic Games. His game is based on a powerful backhand stroke and a regular forehand.

His best Olympic result is a fourth place at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics.

Post-retirement
Persson is the national table tennis team coach for Sweden, which was the winning team at the 2023 European Championships in Malmö. It was the first time in a whole 21 years that Sweden stood as winners in a team event in table tennis. The players in the Swedish team consisted of Truls Möregårdh, Mattias Falck, Anton Källberg, Kristian Karlsson, and Jon Persson.

On September 20, 2023, Persson announced that he would make a comeback as a player in Kosta SK in the coming season.

title: Jörgen Persson


text:
Extince

Peter Kops (born 1967), known professionally as Extince (also known as "Exter-O-naldus" or "De Exter"), is one of the first Dutch language rappers, or Dutch Hip-Hoppers to achieve a top-40 hit in the mainstream Dutch music charts. His hit song "Spraakwater" rose into the top-ten, and was a historic breakthrough for Dutch-language rap & hip-hop – even more than for the artist himself.

Extince was born as Peter Kops in Oosterhout, Netherlands. One of his biggest musical influences as a child was Creedence Clearwater Revival.

Overview
His first successful song, "The Milkshake Rap", was written completely in the English language. His first song in Dutch, "Spraakwater", was an immediate hit upon its release in 1995. It contains samples from the famous Dutch children's television series De Fabeltjeskrant. Another important Dutch hip-hop group, Osdorp Posse, recorded a parody of "Spraakwater" called "Braakwater".

Extince's second hit was "Kaal of Kammen", released in 1996 as a response to "Braakwater". His first album, Binnenlandse Funk ("Domestic Funk"), came out in 1998. It was in the Dutch Top 40 for two months, and reached number 12 at its peak. One of the most popular songs on this album was "Viervoeters".

Extince released a second album, Vitamine E, in 2001. Its most popular song was released "Grootheidswaan". In January 2004, he released a third album, 2e jeugd. In 2007 he released the album Toch?.

After some years of relative silence, Extince released a new album in 2015.

Albums

 * Binnenlandse Funk( (1998) (Domestic Funk)
 * Vitamine E (2001)
 * 2e Jeugd (2004) (Second Youth)
 * De avonturen van de Exter-O-naldus (2005) (The Adventures Of The Exter-O-Naldus)
 * Toch? (2007) (Right?)
 * X (2015)
 * KERMIS (2019) (FUNFAIR)

title: Extince


text:
Adrar Region

Adrar (ولاية أدرار) is a large administrative region in Mauritania, named for the Adrar Plateau. The capital is Atar. Other major towns include Choum, Chinguetti and Ouadane. The region borders Western Sahara and the Mauritanian region of Tiris Zemmour to the north, Mali and the Mauritanian region of Hodh Ech Chargui to the east, the Mauritanian regions of Trarza and Tagant to the south and the Mauritanian region of Inchiri to the west.

As of 2013, the population of the region was 62,658, compared to 77,812 in 2011. There were 49.19 per cent females and 50.81 per cent males. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 50.30%. The total net enrolment ratio at secondary level was 7.10%. As of 2008, the activity rate was 48.20% and economic dependency ratio was 0.84.

Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 62,658, compared to 77,812 in 2011. There were 49.19% females and 50.81% males. As of 2008, the activity rate was 48.20 and economic dependency ratio was 0.84. The fraction of people working in government was 19.20%, individual / household private was 12.60%, other was 61.00%, para public was 2.60%, and private enterprise was 4.60%. The Grand Total as of 2008 was 737.74. As of 2007, the number of tourist establishments in the region was 5.

As of 2008, the Couples with children was 37.30 and Couples without children was 3.10. The proportion with extended family was 26.00% and extended single-parent was 12.10%, one-person was 6.60%, and single-parent nuclear was 15.00%.

Economy and health
As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 50.30. The net enrollment ratio of girls for secondary level was 7.00 per cent, net enrollment ratio of boys for secondary level was 7.20 per cent, and total net enrollment ratio at secondary level was 7.10 per cent. As of 2013, the coverage rate of DPT3 Children From 0 to 11 Months in the region was 49.80 per cent, BGC vaccination was 52.60 and polio vaccination coverage was 49.80.

As of 2008, the rate of household confirming the existence of public telephone in their neighborhood or village was 69.24, rate of households benefiting from electricity post in their neighborhood was 3.08 per cent, rate of households benefiting from health center or health post in their neighborhood was 2.29 per cent, and rate of households receiving the services public telephone was 2.68 per cent.

Geography
Mauritania is mostly covered with desert, with only its western regions around the coast of Atlantic Ocean having some vegetation. There are some oasis in the desert regions. Since it is a desert, there are large shifting dunes forming temporary ranges. The average elevation is around 460 m above the mean sea level. The rainfall in the northern regions closer to the Tropic of Cancer receives around 100 mm of annual rainfall compared to the southern portions that receives around 660 mm. The average temperature is 37.8 C, while during the night it reaches 0 C.

Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centers during the drought in the 1970s and the early 1980s. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to 250 mm of rainfall.

Local administration
The local administration is adopted from French local administration framework with a Ministry of Internal Control governing the local bodies. The original administration was held by Governors of each district, but after the municipal elections in 1994, the powers has been decentralized from the district bodies. Mauritania has been divided into 13 wilayas (regions), including the Nouakchott Capital District. The smallest administrative division in the country is the commune and the country has 216 of them. A group of communes form a moughataa (department) and the group of moughataa form a district. There are total of 53 moughataa for the 13 districts in the country. The executive power of the district is vested on a district chief, while it is on hakem for moughataa. Out of the 216 communes, 53 classified as urban, and the remaining 163 are rural.

The communes are responsible for overseeing and coordinating development activities and are financed by the state. The Local Governments have their own legal jurisdiction, financial autonomy, an annual budget, staff, and an office. The elections for the local government are conducted every five years along with Regional and Parliamentary elections. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2023.

Adrar is divided into four departments, namely, Aoujeft Department, Atar Department, Chinguetti Department and Ouadane Department.

title: Adrar Region


text:
User talk:Metric Dollar

I don't mind whether you oppose my nomination, but I suggest you review my contributions before claiming that I'm a sockpuppet. I have never had a single moment of contact with "Mike Church." - Lucky 6.9 19:12, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Metric Dollar


text:
Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company

The Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company, known today as HMSHost, was a business founded by the Van Noy Brothers of Kansas City, Missouri, which developed at the beginning of the twentieth century to provide services to travelers aboard passenger trains. At a time when most passenger trains carried neither dining cars nor lounge cars, private businessmen such as the Van Noys recognized a profit opportunity by operating eating houses at railroad junction points and selling snacks and novelties aboard the trains.

History

In 1893, Ira Clinton Van Noy formed a retail cigar and news business at No. 1076 Union Avenue, in Kansas City, Missouri. Four years later, on July 26, 1897, he joined with two of his brothers, Charles S. Van Noy and J.L. Van Noy, along with G.W. Krebs of St. Louis, to incorporate the Van Noy Railroad News Company. Railroad 'news services' generally sold magazines, newspapers, books, tobacco products, fruits, nuts, and novelties from newsstands located in train stations and by the use of a 'news butch', a young man who walked through the train making sales. As the business flourished, the Van Noy brothers became prominent members of local Kansas City society. I.C. Van Noy, the eldest brother, served as president of the company, and the youngest brother, Henry Clay Van Noy, also joined the company when he came of age.

The Van Noy Railroad News Company grew rapidly after securing large contracts with Missouri Pacific Railway and its subsidiary, the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway. In the era before dining cars were carried on trains, Van Noy eating houses were established at points along the 7500 mi Missouri Pacific system to feed passengers. Later, at important terminals and train crew division points, Van Noy hotels were constructed to house both travelers and railroad train crews laying over between trips. Reflecting the success of the company, in 1909 both I.C. Van Noy and C.S. Van Noy constructed large homes at 6700-6800 Elmwood in Kansas City. The two homes were added the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

By 1910, the Van Noy Railroad News Company controlled sales distribution along 32000 mi of railroad. The Company also had 52 hotels and restaurants, 20 concession stores, and 21 distribution offices. The employee count at this time was about 1,600. In 1912, the company name was changed to the Van Noy Railway Hotel and News Company, reflecting the company's increased emphasis on the hotel side of the business.

In 1916, when he was 15 years old, Walt Disney spent a summer working for the Van Noy Interstate Company as a news butch, selling merchandise on various rail lines radiating out of Kansas City. His first run was from Kansas City to Jefferson City on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, but he also made runs on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway, and Kansas City Southern Railway, according to an article that Disney wrote years later for Railroad Magazine.

Van Noy Railway Hotel and News began a series of mergers and acquisitions in 1914, starting with the Brown News Company (also headquartered in Kansas City) which was acquired on October 1, 1914. In 1915, the company began consolidating operations with the New York City-based Interstate News Company. The company name was changed to Van Noy Interstate News Company in 1917, but the company headquarters remained in Kansas City under the leadership of Ira C. Van Noy.

In 1922, the company owned distribution avenues covering 90000 mi of railroad, and had accumulated a massive portfolio of concession stands, stores, restaurants, and hotels. However, the need for railroad news services and en route eating houses was declining as railroads added dining cars to more trains. In early 1923, Missouri Pacific Railroad ended their long standing affiliation with Van Noy Interstate, although Van Noy continued to operate hotels at some smaller terminals where train crews ended their runs.

Van Noy Hotel or Eating House locations
This is a partial list of known Van Noy establishments.

 * Arkansas: Bald Knob, Benton, El Dorado, Fort Smith, Gurdon, Hope, Knobel, Lexa, McGehee, Newport, Sulphur Springs, Texarkana, Van Buren, Wynne.
 * Kansas: Coffeyville, Council Grove, Downs, Fort Scott, Goff, Greenleaf, Gypsum, Hoisington, Horace, Osawatomie, Wichita, Yates Center.
 * Missouri: Bismark, Delta, Joplin, Poplar Bluff, Sedalia.
 * Louisiana: Ferriday, Monroe, Shreveport
 * Oklahoma: Wagoner
 * Tennessee: Memphis

Evolution away from Railway Service
As a result of changes in railroad passenger train service, Van Noy Interstate began to focus more on the hotel side of their operations. In 1922, the Company acquired the Gem Fountain Company, and in 1926 the company began operating as the Interstate Company. The Interstate Company operated restaurants in train stations, as well as lunch rooms in bus stations. One of the more famous hotels owned by the company was the Beverly Hills Hotel, owned and operated by Interstate between 1928 and 1932. The Van Noy family's involvement in the Company ended following the death of the last surviving Van Noy Brother, Henry Clay Van Noy.

Horizons were broadened in 1954, when the Interstate Company was awarded its first airport contract at the San Francisco International Airport. Numerous name changes and corporate consolidations took place as the surviving company moved further from its roots as a railroad news service, although the company remained in the core business of providing services to travelers. By the time that the Interstate Company became Interstate HOSTS in 1959, all railroad station restaurant operations had ended. In 1968, the name was again changed to Host International, and this company was then acquired by the Marriott Corporation in 1982 and was then renamed to Host Marriott Corporation.

On March 22, 2002, Autogrill S.p.A. purchased the Host Marriott Services division from the Marriott Corporation. Through this acquisition, Autogrill gained contracts in 18 of the 20 largest United States airports as well as franchises such as Pizza Hut, Burger King, Sbarro, and Starbucks. Increased revenue from these acquisitions allowed Autogrill to expand heavily into Europe’s successful railway systems – the original transportation mode embraced by the Van Noy Railway News Company. Autogrill renamed the company HMSHost, which is largely the corporate successor to the 1897 Van Noy operation and continues to provide products, services, and entertainment to customers on the go. The hotel and resorts assets of the original Van Noy operation was spun off from Marriott as the Host Marriott Corporation in 1996. Today, the company is called Host Hotels and Resorts and is a Real estate investment trust, employing some 229 employees.

title: Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company


text:
Postage stamp color

The colors of postage stamps are at once obvious, and among the most difficult areas of philately. Different denominations of stamps have been printed in different colors since the very beginning; as with their successors, postal clerks could distinguish the Penny Black and Two pence blue more quickly by color than by reading the value, and the practice generally continues today. In practice, the actual color of a stamp may vary, and while collectors will pay high prices for rare shades, it may not be easy to tell those apart from variations caused by age, light, chemicals, and other factors. Stamp colors are routinely described by color name rather with any sort of a numerical system like CMYK; several color guides showing a selection of colors have been produced, but are not especially popular with collectors.

Nearly all stamps get their color from inks printed on white or light-colored paper; the handful of exceptions include early issues of Natal consisting only of embossing on colored paper, some recent stamps embossed on gold foil or with foil blocking to achieve a metallic appearance, and the Uganda Cowries produced on a typewriter. A number of early stamps were printed in black on differently-colored papers; the most famous example is the British Guiana 1c magenta.

History

Initially, countries typically made a random choice of colors for denominations. In 1896, the members of the Universal Postal Union agreed on green, red, and blue as the standard colors for standard printed matter, postcard, and letter rates, respectively, when sent abroad. This convention was gradually abandoned as inflation created too many exceptions from the 1930s and onwards.

Stamps with two colors ("bi-colored") began to appear very early, although typically reserved for higher values, due to the added expense of multiple print runs. Multicolored stamps appeared along with the development of color printing techniques; they now account for the majority of modern stamps, although single-color designs are still common, more so for some countries than others.

Shades and color changes
Color shades have several different causes. The printer may use a different ink; in the early days, inks were made up in batches as needed, and were rarely consistent. In such cases, the shade provides information about when the stamp was made, and possibly even identify a particular printing. Extreme variations may be considered color errors; for instance, the 4c value of the US Columbian Issue of 1893 was normally printed in ultramarine, but a handful were printed in blue, a shade with distinctly more green; these are worth in the US$10,000 range instead of the usual $10.

Inks may also be diluted or applied more thinly, as for instance the World War I stamps of Germany and World War II stamps of the United Kingdom. It can also happen randomly, if a printing plate is accidentally under-inked.

Ultraviolet light is destructive to a great many pigments, and can cause considerable lightening. In addition, some countries have used water-soluble materials known as fugitive inks to prevent postage stamp reuse. Stamps of this type may be much lighter in color after being soaked.

Some dramatic color variations occur as a result of chemical action; such stamps are called color changelings. Examples include sulfuretting (often misnamed "oxidation"), a reaction involving lead that may turn a blue or green stamp to black, and the effects of salt water, famously seen in stamps of New South Wales recovered from the wreck of the Colombo. Forgers have also used chemicals to try to produce seeming rarities, although by now experts know how to identify these attempts.

Nomenclature
In general, collectors follow the stamp catalogs in matters of color nomenclature, even though the different catalogs are not consistent with each other. Although there are a great many named colors, the selection used by philatelists is limited to several dozen, modified by adjectives such as "dark", "light", "pale", "bright" and "deep". In addition, two color names may be combined, as in "gray green" or "brown orange", where the first name indicates the direction of modification to the second color. Thus "brown orange" is a duller and darker orange, while "orange brown" has a tinge to it that is more orange than would be seen with a "yellow brown" or "red brown". This system becomes less clear when extended to other colors, and few collectors could describe precisely how "carmine rose" is different from "rose carmine". Certain colors such as "lake", a shade of red which often commands a price premium, have a traditional, but somewhat uncertain, meaning which differs from general usage of "lake" in terms of pigments and dyes.

Originally, government-issued official descriptions merely gave out a primary name such as "red" for a whole range of shades. In more recent years, the descriptions have become more precise, such as "dark sage green", though not necessarily enlightening collectors any more than previously.

title: Postage stamp color


text:
List of administrative heads of Macquarie Island

This is a list of Administrative Heads of Macquarie Island.

Macquarie Island legal status
The following table outlines the legal status and administrative arrangements covering Macquarie Island.

Officers in charge Macquarie Island Meteorological Station
The following officers were appointed to manage the Macquarie Island Meteorological Station under the Director of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.


text:
XPW European Championship

The XPW European Championship is a former professional wrestling title defended in Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) and the Frontier Wrestling Alliance (FWA).

The championship was created in 2003 through a working relationship between XPW and the FWA. This was to be the flagship of the working relationship as the title would be defended throughout Europe and would appear on both promotions respective television programmes, however the title's primary home was to be the FWA. Though it was defended in the FWA, the belt itself was never actually seen, due to XPW folding shortly after the tournament final that determined the first champion and keeping the physical championship belt in the United States. Jonny Storm, the winner of the tournament, continued to defend the championship which was supposedly in the briefcase he carried with him around the world until January 2005 when Storm officially vacated and retired the title.

First champion
1. Zebra Kid, Robbie Brookside, Jonny Storm and Juventuded Guerrera wrestled representing FWA. Psicosis, Simon Diamond, Jerry Lynn and Chris Hamrick wrestled representing XPW.

2. The match ended in a Double Red Card as both men failed to return to the ring before a 20 count.

title: XPW European Championship


text:
Saint-Barthélemy (disambiguation)

Saint Barthélemy is an island in the French West Indies.

Saint-Barthélemy may also refer to:
 * Saint-Barthélemy, Quebec, a municipality in Canada
 * Saint-Barthélemy, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland

In France:
 * Saint-Barthélemy, Isère, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Barthélemy, Landes, in the Landes département
 * Saint-Barthélemy, Manche, in the Manche département
 * Saint-Barthélemy, Morbihan, in the Morbihan département
 * Saint-Barthélemy, Haute-Saône, in the Haute-Saône département
 * Saint-Barthélemy, Seine-et-Marne, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-d'Agenais, in the Lot-et-Garonne département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-de-Bellegarde, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-de-Bussière, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-de-Séchilienne, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-de-Vals, in the Drôme département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-Grozon, in the Ardèche département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil, in the Ardèche département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-le-Plain, in the Ardèche département
 * Saint-Barthélemy-Lestra, in the Loire département
 * Saint-Barthelemy, in the Bouches-du-Rhône département A northern suburb of Marseille

title: Saint-Barthélemy (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Unborn Victims of Violence Act

I wonder if it should be stated that, although "Laci and Conner's Law" may sound good, this act would apply at the federal level and thus not have "protected" Laci and Conner. Timbo

Untitled

 * The Act added a new punitive article to U.S.C. Title 18. If state law does not contain a similar punitive article, the case can be tried on a federal level, as well as on the state level (though not concurrently) via the dual sovereignty doctrine. I would imagine in the future to avoid appeals on double jeopardy grounds, homocide involving an unborn child will be escalated to the U.S. Attorney, but Laci and Conner are, in fact, covered by their law if Scott Peterson is convicted. Skyler 00:49, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * My bad. Timbo

I've made a clarification in the text to add "Laci" before Peterson's mother where it discusses Sharon Rocha's presence at the signing ceremony. Previously, the article may have been misinterpreted to imply that Scott Peterson's mother was present. (Chris)

Copy section to Wikisource
Removed the Copy tag. WikiSource looks to have complete works or standalone components. There is provision at WS for the Act at List of Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 108th United States Congress, however at this stage, the text has not been created. -- billinghurst (talk) 04:24, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

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New Discussion - Error In Constitutional Validity
The law as written does not " recognizes an embryo or fetus in utero as a legal victim ", the law stipulates that a separate charge be available for a particular offence against the mother. By US 14th amendment, to receive equal protection , or reprisal as a legal victim , one must be born ; hence , prior to that point , the foetus is the private property of the mother and any harm to the foetus remains an offence against the mother. There is a reason that capital punishment is not allowed, else a constitutional ruling would unravel the facetious language. There is a reason that the law includes the statement " had that injury or death occurred to the unborn child's mother ". There is a reason that consent to abortion is not punishable by the statute. The claim that the foetus is a legal victim is political flatulence that violates the wikipedia policy of promoting opinion over fact. GeMiJa (talk) 00:36, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

 * The literal law states otherwise. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/fetal-homicide-state-laws.aspx These are the laws verbatim from the State Code of 37 different states. From California Cal. Penal Code § 187 (a) defines murder as the unlawful killing of a human being or a fetus with malice aforethought. I highly suggest you look over that document and the statues provided before you go around wagging a finger at everyone. Rook2pawn (talk) 20:50, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Democrats vs. Republicans?
This article is devoid of any references to Democrats or Republicans. It would be useful if United States party support one way or the other were explored. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:5A8:0:1:0:0:0:40B (talk) 20:35, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Discussion of the Overturning of Roe vs Wade
Given the discussion of Roe vs Wade in this article and the (apparently) conflicting relation between both laws, the overturning of Roe vs Wade, along with the implications thereof, should be discussed. I have refrained from doing so as I have little understanding of this subject. Matthyis (talk) 16:06, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Correction: Roe vs Wade was overruled, not overturned. Matthyis (talk) 19:38, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Capstone Course in American Politics
— Assignment last updated by Dmar24 (talk) 23:06, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unborn Victims of Violence Act


text:
Forty Licks

Forty Licks is a double compilation album by the Rolling Stones. A 40-year career-spanning retrospective, Forty Licks is notable for being the first retrospective to combine their formative Decca/London era of the 1960s, now licensed by ABKCO Records (on disc one), with their self-owned post-1970 material, distributed at the time by Virgin/EMI but now distributed by ABKCO's own distributor Universal Music Group (on mostly disc two). Four new songs are included on the second disc. The album was a commercial success, as it reached No. 2 on both UK and US charts. Concurrently with the album's release, the Stones embarked on the successful, year-long international Licks Tour, which would result in the subsequent Live Licks album being released in 2004.

Background
In 1970, the Rolling Stones had an acrimonious break-up with their former manager, Allen Klein, and their former record label, Decca Records (who licensed their recordings to London Records for release in the US). Because of the terms of their former contract, all of their pre-1970 recordings were all under Klein's control, up to and including Let It Bleed, some tracks that made it on Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main Street, as well as outtakes, unreleased recordings, and live recordings. The Stones would immediately form Rolling Stones Records as a result, that gave them control over all of their subsequent recordings. As a result, any career retrospectives tended to be divided into two eras: prior to the split, and after the split. Klein's ABKCO Records and Decca Records would continue to release unauthorized greatest-hits records, outtakes and rarities records, and other compilations throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Any compilations or retrospectives released by the Rolling Stones after 1970, by any of their distributors or partners (such as Atlantic Records or Virgin Records) were always restricted to material recorded and released from 1971 onward. Because of various business deals and mergers of various record companies over time, the barriers to creating a unified retrospective compilation album had been resolved by the early 2000s.

Critical reception
Forty Licks has received mostly positive reviews from music critics. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine felt that Forty Licks was similar to ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits because both were influenced by The Beatles' 1, but that Forty Licks had a better concept than ELV1S. Although Rob Brunner's review of the album for Entertainment Weekly was favorable, he felt that the album was not needed because most of the band's fans already own all of the notable songs on the album. Darryl Sterdan of Jam! CANOE also felt that most fans already owned most of the songs on the album and that "Losing My Touch" was the only good previously unreleased song on the collection. Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone felt that there were several songs missing from the album, but that the compilation was exciting and the four new songs were much better than their other recent work. Stylus magazine's Colin McElligatt felt that the band needed an "all-inclusive" collection, but the collection will not please everyone.

Personnel
The Rolling Stones
 * Mick Jagger – lead vocals, harmonica, percussion, guitar, electric piano
 * Brian Jones – guitars (lead, slide and rhythm), mellotron, tambura, marimba, harmonica, backing vocals, recorder, piano, sitar (on all disc one tracks except "Gimme Shelter", "You Can't Always Get What You Want", "Wild Horses" and "Honky Tonk Women")
 * Keith Richards – guitars (lead, slide, rhythm, acoustic and bass), backing vocals, piano, bowed double bass, lead vocals on "Happy" and "Losing My Touch"
 * Mick Taylor – guitars (lead, slide, rhythm and bass) (on "Wild Horses", "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar", "Angie", "Tumbling Dice", and "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)")
 * Charlie Watts – drums, percussion (except on "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "Happy"), backing vocals
 * Ronnie Wood – guitars (lead, slide, rhythm, acoustic, and pedal steel), backing vocals, bass drum, bass guitar (on all disc two tracks except "Brown Sugar", "Happy", "Angie", "Fool to Cry" and "Tumbling Dice")
 * Bill Wyman – bass guitar, organ, maracas, bowed double bass, backing vocals (except on "Street Fighting Man", "Let's Spend the Night Together", "Don't Stop", "Happy", "You Got Me Rocking", "Shattered", "Love Is Strong", "Keys to Your Love", "Anybody Seen My Baby?", "Stealing My Heart", "Tumbling Dice" and "Losing My Touch")

Additional musicians

 * Bud Beadle – saxophone on "Honky Tonk Women"
 * Madeline Bell – backing vocals on "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
 * Sugar Blue – harmonica on "Miss You"
 * Paul Buckmaster – string arrangements on "Happy"
 * Blondie Chaplin – backing vocals, shaker and tambourine on "Anybody Seen My Baby?", "Don't Stop", "Keys to Your Love", "Stealing My Heart" and "Losing My Touch"
 * Moustapha Cisse – percussion on "Undercover of the Night"
 * Merry Clayton – vocals on "Gimme Shelter"
 * Mel Collins – saxophone on "Miss You"
 * Brahms Coundoul – percussion on "Undercover of the Night"
 * Sarah Dash – backing vocals on "Mixed Emotions"
 * Jim Dickinson – piano on "Wild Horses"
 * Rocky Dijon – percussion and congas on "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "Sympathy for the Devil"
 * Martin Ditcham – percussion on "Undercover of the Night"
 * Sly Dunbar – percussion on "Undercover of the Night"
 * Marianne Faithfull – backing vocals on "Sympathy for the Devil"
 * Venetta Fields – backing vocals on "Tumbling Dice"
 * Lisa Fischer – backing vocals on "Mixed Emotions"
 * Bernard Fowler – backing vocals on "Love Is Strong"
 * Steve Gregory – saxophone on "Honky Tonk Women"
 * Nicky Harrison – string arrangement on "Angie"
 * Nicky Hopkins – acoustic piano, electric piano, synthesized strings and backing vocals on "Street Fighting Man", "Gimme Shelter", "Sympathy for the Devil", "She's a Rainbow", "Happy", "Fool to Cry" and "Tumbling Dice"
 * Kick Horns – brass on "Mixed Emotions"
 * Luis Jardim – percussion on "Mixed Emotions"
 * Darryl Jones – bass guitar on "Don't Stop", "You Got Me Rocking", "Love Is Strong", "Keys to Your Love", "Stealing My Heart" and "Losing My Touch"
 * John Paul Jones – string arrangement on "She's a Rainbow"
 * Bobby Keys – saxophone, percussion and maracas on "Brown Sugar", "Happy" and "Tumbling Dice"
 * Clydie King – backing vocals on "Tumbling Dice"
 * Al Kooper – piano, French horn and organ on "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
 * Chuck Leavell – piano, organ and keyboards on "Don't Stop" and "Mixed Emotions"
 * The London Bach Choir – choir on "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
 * Dave Mason – shenai on "Street Fighting Man"
 * Ian McLagan – electric piano on "Miss You"
 * Jimmy Miller – percussion, drums, cowbell and backing vocals on "Gimme Shelter", "Jumpin' Jack Flash", "You Can't Always Get What You Want", "Honky Tonk Women", "Happy" and "Tumbling Dice"
 * Jamie Muhoberac – bass guitar and keyboards on "Anybody Seen My Baby?"
 * Ivan Neville – backing vocals on "Love Is Strong"
 * Nanette Workman – backing vocals on "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "Honky Tonk Women"
 * Jack Nitzsche – piano, tambourine, choral arrangements and Nitzsche-Phone on "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", "You Can't Always Get What You Want", "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?", "Mother's Little Helper", "Ruby Tuesday" and "Let's Spend the Night Together"
 * Denis O'Regan – photography
 * Anita Pallenberg – backing vocals on "Sympathy for the Devil"
 * Wayne Perkins – guitar on "Fool to Cry"
 * Jim Price – trumpet and trombone on "Happy" and "Tumbling Dice"
 * Reparata and the Delrons – backing vocals on "Honky Tonk Women"
 * Ian Stewart – piano on "Jumpin' Jack Flash", "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar" and "Emotional Rescue"
 * Doris Troy – backing vocals on "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "Honky Tonk Women"
 * Waddy Wachtel – electric and acoustic guitar on "Anybody Seen My Baby?"
 * Don Was – keyboards on "Anybody Seen My Baby?"

title: Forty Licks


text:
Honda Shadow

The Honda Shadow refers to a family of cruiser-type motorcycles made by Honda since 1983. The Shadow line features motorcycles with a liquid-cooled 45 or 52-degree V-twin engine ranging from 125 to  1,100 cc engine displacement. The 250 cc Honda Rebel is associated with the Shadow line in certain markets.

History
In 1983, Honda introduced the Shadow series of motorcycles in an attempt to address the needs of the American cruiser market with the VT500c and VT750c. However, due to tariff restrictions in the United States on imported Japanese bikes over 701 cc, the VT750c was reduced to 700 cc in 1984 and was sold as the Vt700c. In 1985, the tariff was lifted and the line soon expanded to an 1,100 cc bike the VT1100c. The VT750c was replaced by an 800 cc version the VT800c in 1988.

The VT600c was launched in 1988 as Honda's new entry level Shadow though still slotted above the Honda Rebel. The line changed little until the introduction of the 750 cc Honda Shadow Ace in 1997. From 2000 to 2007, the Honda Shadow Sabre replaced the VT1100 until the 1,100 cc class was discontinued in favor of the new VTX line, specifically the 1,300 cc offering known as the VTX1300. As of 2011, the Shadow brand has been limited to a single 750 cc cruiser available in Spirit, Aero, Phantom, and RS trims. All other offers are known under the VTX or Rebel brands.

The RS and Phantom are the 2 latest additions to the 750 cc line-up from year 2010. Both are Fuel injected. Shadow RS recalls a flat track racing bike with chain drive, a 'peanut' style gas tank and a slightly higher seat height ( 29 inches ) with foot pegs less forward than conventional cruisers ( meaning a more standard seating position). Phantom is more like a conventional cruiser in ergonomics.

125 cc Class
The Honda 125 is mainly for the UK and Europe market, as it fits within the restrictions placed on learner drivers in the UK and the light motorcycle license in Europe. It also has a chain drive instead of a shaft drive seen on the larger engined bikes. Sales ended in 2009.

500 cc VT Class
The 500cc "VT500C" introduced in 1983 featured chrome side covers and black engine covers. The headlight was chrome and rectangular and had a single horn. The engine was the Honda VT500, a 491 cc OHC three-valve, liquid cooled V-Twin that averaged around 51.7MPG and put out 54HP@9,000RPM and 31 ft-Ib of torque @7,000RPM and mated to a six-speed, shaft drive transmission.

In 1984, The "VT500C' was featured include the fuel tank and rear fenders painted the same. The front fender is chrome and this year the side covers and engine covers were painted black.  The headlight was chrome and rectangular and there was a single horn. The engine is virtually the same as the 1983 model.

The 1985 "VT500C" had round and chromed headlamps. This model continued with the dual horns. A two piece seat with an integrated backrest was incorporated. Starting this year, the engine covers were polished chrome and the fins enlarged. The "Honda" tank decal was curved instead of straight.

For the 1986 model year, the "VT500C" model was virtually the same as the 1985 model.

600 cc VT Class
The "VLX" "Shadow 600" (aka "VT600C") was introduced as a new model in 1988. It has a single shock rear suspension, a low 27.1 in seat height and a long 63.2 in wheelbase with a 2.4 usgal fuel tank. The engine is a 583 cc SOHC three-valve liquid cooled 52-degree V-Twin that averaged 49.5MPG and unlike prior models this engine utilized a shared crankpin to have a more Harley Davidson-like sound & shake thus generating a low 39HP @6,500rpm and 36 ft-Ib of torque @3,500RPM connected to a four-speed transmission and chain drive. In 1993 the dual Keihin CV carburetors were replaced by a single vertical Keihin CV carburetor more like the single carbs found on Harley Davidsons via different heads and a special intake manifold again like many Harley Davidsons, this further reduced horsepower from 39 hp down to 35 hp.

All years of the VT600C wheels are spoked.

In 1989, The VLX VT600C remained largely the same. The VT600C was not made in 1990 but did make a comeback in 1991 offered only in black. The engine and body style was retained from the 1991 model year.

A new deluxe version "VT600CD" introduced in 1993 added more chrome on the engine cases and valve covers. The seat on the deluxe version is soft and tucked. By 1994 the Deluxe model was a standard offering for every year the VLX was made.

700-800 cc VT class
A 1983 model year 750cc V-twin motorcycle is the senior member in the large family of Honda cruisers (of various sizes) named Shadow. As of 2018 the once-extensive Shadow line has been reduced to two successors of that original model, the Shadow Aero 750 and the Shadow Phantom 750. Even after multiple engine redesigns the current Shadow 750 still uses the same general layout as the 1983 motor: 4-stroke liquid-cooled narrow-angle V-twin, SOHC three-valve cylinder heads with dual spark plugs.

VT750C 45° V-twin
The VT750C Shadow debuted in late 1982 for North American markets, and a nearly identical NV750 Custom launched in Japan for Honda's domestic market. Both were propelled by a new 750 cc liquid-cooled four-stroke dual-carburetor SOHC three-valve 45-degree V-twin engine with a six-speed transmission and shaft final drive. The Honda identification code for this type of engine is RC14E.

In a January 1983 road test, Cycle said: "This 750 twin is built around what is arguably the most technologically sophisticated Vee ever designed." Advanced technology included three-valve two-plug combustion chambers and a vibration-canceling offset dual-pin crankshaft, as well as hydraulic valve adjusters to keep the valvetrain running at effectively zero-clearance while also eliminating routine adjustments. Each cylinder head had a single chain-driven camshaft and an individual downdraft 36 mm CV carburetor. Engineering innovations appeared in the transmission as well. The clutch was actuated hydraulically rather than through a mechanical cable; a diaphragm clutch spring was used instead of more common coil springs and a slipper clutch eliminated rear-wheel hop during engine braking or quick downshifting.

In addition to the V-engine, the Shadow's frame and body incorporated classic American cruiser styling cues: a teardrop fuel tank (with a hidden sub-tank to increase capacity), a low height two-piece seat with sissy bar and backrest, cruiser handlebar, cast wheels, chrome front fender, a round head lamp and instrument casings, large rake angle and angle-cut mufflers. In the US market 1983 was the only model year for the VT750C Shadow, which was available in two colors, Black and Candy Wineberry Red. The VT750C remained available in Canada for the 1984 and 1985 model years nearly unchanged, apart from color, from the 1983 model.

For the 1986 model year, Japan's NV750C was renamed Honda Shadow as part of appearance and frame updates, including a lower seat, longer wheelbase, increased rake and trail as well as a rod linkage for the rear brake (previously cable operated). Cast wheels were changed from ten spokes to five. Gold color was added to wheels, crankcase cover and headlight trim. The NV750C Shadow continued to use the RC14E motor. Canadian VT750C models for 1986 were updated in the same manner as the NV750C. The Shadow 750 was exported to Germany in 1987, the last VT750C model year.

VT700C
The VT700C Shadow is among a class of motorcycles (including 700cc Honda Sabre and Magna models) known as "tariff-busters." Honda introduced the Shadow 700cc model in 1984 exclusively for the US market in response to tariffs (to protect Harley-Davidson) on Japanese motorcycles with engines over 700cc. Honda took the RC14E 45-degree V-twin and reduced its bore size by 3 mm to create the smaller displacement RC19E engine which was not subject to the import tariff.

The VT700C for 1984 was available in either Black or Candy Scorpio Red; for 1985 the color choices were Black or Candy Glory Red. Both years had painted side covers with a Shadow 700 decal.

For 1986 Honda altered the frame and appearance of the VT700C (as with the Canadian and Japanese 750 models) which included lowering the seat, stretching the wheelbase, increasing rake and trail, switching the front brake from dual disks to a single disk and replacing ten-spoke with five-spoke cast wheels. The new frame was designed to suppress engine vibrations, and a new camshaft improved low-rpm performance with a slight reduction in peak power. The engine was no longer painted black, the front fender was painted instead of chrome plated, and side covers were chrome instead of paint. Side covers displayed the single word Shadow and Honda's wing logotype was showcased on the tank. The passenger backrest was eliminated. Color schemes for 1986 were either Black or Candy Brilliant Red and then Black or Candy Glory for 1987, last model year for the VT700C.

VT800C
Honda introduced the VT800C Shadow for 1988, the sixth year of the Shadow series. The 800cc engine had the same bore diameter as the original Shadow 750 engine, and a 5.1 mm longer stroke, but was otherwise the same SOHC, three valves per cylinder, 45-degree V-twin engine. Besides having a larger displacement, this new RC32E engine did have another significant difference – it had a four-speed transmission. The VT800c ran on spoke-and-rim wheels that required tube-type tires instead of the tubeless tires used on the earlier models with cast wheels.

The 1988 Shadow 800 had a new look, with more chrome plating along with two-toned paint on the fuel tank and fenders. Color combinations were Black and Candy Glory Red, or Candy Wineberry Red and Dry Silver Metallic. The tank also wore a simple Shadow decal, rather than the Honda wing. The VT800C was produced only for the North American market, and only for the 1988 model year.

VT750C 52° V-twin, chain drive
Honda brought out a new engine for the VT750C Shadow ACE in 1997 (the ACE or A.C.E. designation, for American Classic Edition, was used only in North America). The RC44E engine had its origin in the 600cc Shadow VLX 52-degree V-twin, enlarged to 750cc by means of a 4 mm wider bore and a 10 mm longer stroke. This new engine was similar to the old (RC14E) Shadow 750 in that it had liquid cooling and SOHC three-valve dual-plug combustion chambers, conversely, it lacked hydraulically adjusted valves, offset crankpins and a slipper clutch. The shared crankpin limited these engines to 43 hp @ 5500rpm and 44ftlb @ 3000rpm. Further changes to the drivetrain included a wide-ratio five-speed gearbox (down from six) and a chain final drive instead of shaft. Engine intake was through dual CV carburetors, with Secondary air injection on the exhaust side for emissions control.

The VT750C Shadow ACE had full fenders and retro style features similar to the VT1100C Shadow ACE released two years earlier. A chrome plated exhaust had the look of a two-into-one system, but each header pipe had separate channel inside the large muffler, exiting through two tailpipes. North American models had an electronic speedometer and idiot lights mounted on the handlebar, while models for the European and other market had them mounted on the fuel tank. The Shadow 750 was available as a standard or Deluxe model with more chrome (VT750CD) and optional two-tone paint. The 750cc Shadow was also available in Japan as the NV750C (and as a nearly identical Shadow 400cc model) continuing through 2001. The NV750C was also available in South Korea from 1999 to 2001.

1998 through 2000 models of the VT750C continued with annual color changes. From 2001, North American models had the speedometer mounted on the tank (the same as European and Australian versions). The 750cc Shadow ACE was the best-selling model in Honda's 2002 street motorcycle lineup. For 2002 and 2003, rather than the standard VT750C standard model, Honda manufactured only VT750CD (Deluxe) or VT750DC (Spirit) models.

VT750DC
For the 2001 model year, Honda added a slightly modified version of the VT750C to the Shadow line, the VT750DC Shadow Spirit (North American models, Shadow Black Widow in Europe)  with lower gearing and street-rod or chopper style bodywork. The VT750DC Shadow was exported to Australia, and Honda's domestic market version was the NV750DC Shadow Slasher.

Although the frame and body were new, VT750DC and NV750DC models used the existing RC44E motor with dual CV carburetors. Distinguishing features were a narrower front tire on a 19-inch wheel, slim front fender and a bobbed rear fender. Honda manufactured the VT750DC Shadow Spirit through the 2003 model year, skipped 2004, then resumed production in 2005‑2007 for North America. The last model year for the VT750DC overlapped with its shaft-drive replacement, the 2007 VT750C2 Shadow Spirit.

VT750RS
Honda announced in 2009 that they would produce a roadster version of the Shadow 750 with chain final drive. Honda Motor Co. originally designed the VT750S, powered by the RC58E fuel-injected 52° V-twin, for their domestic market. Nonetheless, the made-in-Japan VT750S was exported to Europe   as well as Australia and New Zealand.

At the request of American Honda, this new model was also exported to North America as the VT750RS (Retro Standard). With the arrival of the VT750RS in 2010, there were four concurrent models in the Shadow 750 lineup: the fuel-injected RS and Phantom, in addition to the carbureted (in North America) Spirit and Aero. Honda kept the Shadow RS on the roster for four model years, from 2010 to 2013 inclusive.

With frame geometry that differed significantly from Shadow cruisers, the VT750S and RS models' footpegs, handlebars and seat put the rider into a neutral, upright posture. The seat height of 750 mm, for example, was higher than most cruisers and a full 100 mm above that of the Shadow Phantom. Rake and trail were 32.5 degrees and 134 mm, 1.5 degrees steeper and approximately 26 mm less than other Shadows. The VT750RS wheelbase of 1560 mm was about 79 mm shorter.

The VT750RS had spoked wheels with tube-type tires, 100/90-19 in front and 150/80-16-inch in back. Brakes were a single 296 mm front disc with a twin-piston caliper and a mechanical drum rear.

Several reviewers observed that there was more than a passing resemblance between the VT750RS and Sportster 883 models; Honda's 10.7 L peanut-shaped fuel tank, for instance, emulated classic Sportster tanks. A few road tests included side-by-side comparisons of the Honda and the Harley-Davidson.

For the 2011 model year, the VT750RS was painted in Honda Racing tricolors, evocative of the Honda VFR750R.

VT750C 52° V-twin, shaft drive
At the 2003 Tokyo Motor Show, Honda exhibited a preproduction "low-and-long" 750cc Shadow kitted out in retro-style bodywork, equipped with shaft final drive and the Honda Ignition Security System (HISS) electronic anti-theft device.

Honda dropped the ACE and Spirit models from the 750cc Shadow line for 2004, manufacturing just the new VT750C Shadow Aero model (chain-drive Spirit production restarted in 2005). The reengineered RC50E engine was still a 52-degree, liquid-cooled V-Twin, single-pin crankshaft configuration. SOHC cylinder heads still had two spark plugs and three valves, but were modified to increase the compression ratio. Engine tuning changes de emphasized peak power in favor of torque at low and mid RPMs. A 2‑into‑1 exhaust ended in a large muffler containing separate silencers for each cylinder (similar to that on the 750 ACE) as well as a catalytic converter. The dual CV carburetors of the RC44E motor were replaced by a single CV carburetor on the RC50E. A new steel-tube frame with lower frame rails moved the Aero's seat height further down than either of the models it replaced.

Honda replaced the 2‑into‑1 exhaust with a 2‑into‑2 system for 2008 and subsequent model years, including the 2008‑2009 Shadow Tourer VT750T model equipped with a windscreen, saddlebags and passenger backrest. Except for North America, 2008 VT750C models had programmed fuel injection (PGM-FI) in place of the CV carburetor. Shadow Aero models were given PGM-FI in North America starting with the 2011 model year.

Honda offers anti-lock brake options for the 750cc Shadow Aero. Early VT750CA models had front-wheel ABS only, subsequent VT750CS models replace the rear drum brake with a hydraulic disk brake, required for Honda's combined ABS (C-ABS) with individual control of front and rear brakes. Shadow Aero VT750C and VT750CS models remain in the American Honda line-up for 2019.

VT750C2
In 2007 (the twenty-fifth year of the Shadow line) Honda sold three different Shadow 750 cruisers, the original chain-drive Spirit, the shaft-drive Aero and the first Spirit VT750C2. Canadian automotive journalist David Booth said "that the VT750C2 is essentially the mechanicals of the VT750C Aero mated to the styling of the VT750D Spirit, with a few essential tweaks." The C2 model inherited its 750cc engine from the Aero, with a CV carburetor for North America and a PGM-FI throttle body elsewhere.

The VT750C2 Spirit came by its frame layout from the VT750C Aero as well, but Honda's designers adjusted the new Spirit's geometry to give it a drag-bike or chopper-style appearance. A wheelbase stretched to 1655 mm, a rake angle of 34°30' along with noticeable triple-tree offset gave prominence to bare forks and a 21 inch front wheel (a first for Honda cruisers). The chopper look was reinforced by a two-into-two exhaust system and a seat height reduced to 650 mm.

There were two significant updates to the VT750C2 Spirit. From 2012, North American Spirit models eliminated the carburetor in favor of a PGM-FI throttle body. From 2013, a new Spirit VT750C2S model with antilock front and rear disc brakes (C-ABS) was sold alongside the VT750C2 in the USA and was the only model offered in Europe.

Confusingly, the model code VT750C2 had already been used to identify 1997-2001 European and Australian 750 Shadows with two-tone paint.

VT750C2B
The 2010 VT750C2B Shadow Phantom debuted in Fall 2009 powered by a blackened fuel-injected version (engine code RC53E) of the existing Shadow 750 shaft-drive engine. The Phantom's frame and abridged bodywork, based on the Aero 750, were both painted black. This model was called the Shadow Black Spirit in European markets. Honda Motor Europe described the VT750C2B, called Shadow Black Spirit in some European markets, a variant of the VT750C2 Shadow Spirit with "authentic bobber styling."

In North America, the 2010 model year marked the arrival of PGM-FI equipped Shadow 750 engines, in both Phantom and VT750RS models.

The VT750C2B Shadow Phantom remains in the American Honda line-up for 2019.

VT750C recall
Honda and NHTSA issued a January 2016 recall for 2010 through 2016 VT750C/CA/CS, VT750C2/ C2F/C2S, and VT750C2B models. The NHTSA announcement said that “engine vibration may cause the bank angle sensor wire to rub on the wire harness joint connector, resulting in a loss of the sensor signal.” Honda Motor Company had received reports, dating back to 2013, of engine stall or misfire incidents resulting from bank angle sensor failure.

VT400 replica
Honda Japan created a series of VT400 models for the Japanese domestic market in 1997, practically identical to the VT750 series but with smaller displacement engines. Among these was the Shadow Slasher, introduced in February 2000. From 2009, Honda Australia imports the VT400 as a Learner Approved Motorcycle alongside the popular VT750.

1,100 cc VT Class
The V-Twin 1100 (VT1100) was introduced by Honda in 1985 and was in continuous production till 2007. All models used an 1099cc displacement engine, the Honda VT1100 engine with minimal mechanical changes during its production.

1985-1986
The VT1100C (Sc18?) model was introduced in 1985 as a larger model from the 750/800 cc models. The 1985–86 models are recognizable by the dual horns below the headlight, square turn signals, dual front disk brakes, and one exhaust pipe on each side (front cylinder on right side, rear cylinder on left). There are dual gauges on the bars for speedometer and tachometer, and fuel and temperature gauges that on the fuel tank. The engine is a 1,099 cc SOHC liquid cooled V-twin with a five-speed transmission and shaft drive. the 1985 and 1986 engines were higher performance engines vs later models, having a longer stroke and smaller piston compared to 1987 and later models, allowing this first generation motor to make approximately 76 horsepower.

1987-1996
The 1987 VT1100C model took on a brand-new look with a lower seat (26 in), a longer wheelbase 65 in, a 3.44 usgal fuel tank, an extended front fork 41 mm, and weighs a hefty 265 kg. Both exhaust pipes were now run along the right side of the bike, with the horns being relocated to the sides of the engine. The engine, while the same 1099 cc displacement as the previous model, is rated for approximately 63 horsepower due to shorter stroke and larger pistons. It also now had a four-speed transmission with a hydraulically actuated clutch. The "VT1100C" model was not manufactured in 1991 (to sell off excess stock of 1990 models), but returned in 1992 with a "Made in the USA" stamp on the seat. Some sites will list this model as the "VT1100 Standard" or "1100 Shadow Standard", but this was never an official name. This styling continued virtually unchanged through 1996.

1995
In 1995, the V-Twin market really got going, and manufacturers expanded their offerings with variants of their standing models. The American Classic Edition (A.C.E.) (VT1100C2) was introduced this year as an additional model to the still available VT1100C. It featured a more retro styling than the VT1100C, with a full rear fender, induced vibrations, and a 'Harley-Davidson-like' sound from a single pin crank engine. The model lost about 10 hp, but gained a new 5 speed transmission.

1997-2007
1997 saw the Standard replaced with the Spirit with more chrome on the engine but the same basic engine as the standard. This model also has a 5 speed transmission and a cable actuated clutch. There were slight frame and body work changes with this model versus the previous model as well. Horns were moved to the front of the bike and the front exhaust now follows the frame instead of cutting across the engine.

An ACE Tourer was also introduced based on the 1100 Spirit engine but the ACE styling. The ACE Tourer came with a two-into-one-into-two exhaust system, a counterbalanced with a dual crank pin crankshaft, and hard, color-matched saddlebags. The last of the 6,000+ Tourer models was produced in January 2001.

1998-2003
In 1998, 1100cc Honda rolled out the VT1100C3 Aero, based on the VT1100C2 ACE engine with the single pin crank, but a larger two into one exhaust and more retro styling. The 1100 Aero was discontinued after the 2003 model year.

2000-2007
The Honda Shadow Sabre model was introduced, based on the Honda VT1100 engine with different styling than the still manufactured Spirit model. The most notable feature was the front cast aluminum wheel. This model also had a slightly lower rear gear ratio in the transmission allowing the bike to have better off the line acceleration than the regular Spirit model; however this also caused higher engine RPM at highway speeds. Due to lower sales and the availability of the VTX1300, 2007 was the final year Honda made the VT1100 Shadow.

Reviews

 * 2001 Honda Shadow 650 VT
 * 2007 Honda Shadow Spirit 750 - 1st Ride

title: Honda Shadow