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Talk:Bi-curious

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Miscellaneous
people of a single, traditional biological gender -> people belonging to one gender I was more specific because "belonging to a gender" is ambiguous. Do you mean biological gender or gender identity?

Someone born with ambiguous genitalia, someone who is transgendered, or who just does not feel like they fit in their biologically male or female body may consider themselves to be of a non-male, non-female third/alternative gender.

Attraction to such people is not usually considered a part of being bi-curious, it it? I was under the impression it almost always entails people who identify as hetero and who identify as either male or female only, due to being biologically male or female, becoming interested in people who identify as that same gender.

that person's notion or their peers' notions -> that person or others notion

I'm pretty sure the former was grammatically correct with the possessive case, although I was unsure whether to use a singular 'notion' on both. I chose to say peers rather than others because it seems more likely that the person who is being labeled bi-curious is seen as defying the boundaries of some people's definition(s) of heterosexuality (or homosexuality) but not their own or certain other people's definition(s) of such.

I felt that just saying "others' notion(s)" would inappropriately include definitions of heterosexuality/homosexuality in which the same-gender interest is not seen as aberrant; there would be nothing to differentiate bi-curiosity in those situations. - mjb 19:59, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"An inaccurate usage for bi-curious describes a person who has a desire to be sexually intimate with the same sex,but hasn't acted upon it and a person becomes bisexual once one has had a sexual experience with the same sex and maybe even liked it."

As a linguistics student, I have to say that no informal word (like "bi-curious", which seems to be a recent word that I can't find in dictionaries) has an "incorrect usage", since there is no fixed, official definition of them. They tend rather to have many definitions within different social groups.

"Bisexual", however, does have an established meaning and I don't think this is it. What would you call someone who is strongly sexually attracted to both genders but has never had a sexual experience? As far as I can tell, terms for sexual orientation like "homosexual", "heterosexual" and "bisexual" do not make reference to one's sexual history but merely to the objects of their sexual interests. Livajo 19:28, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. People who keep editing the first half of this article keep trying to make their own definition canon, and it keeps getting worse. The list of "inaccurate usages" is idiotic and sounds like it was written by someone who desperately wants to retain their heterosexual identity while they are coming to terms with their own less-than-hetero desires. They want to stretch the definition of heterosexual to encompass everything short of actively pursuing homosexual intercourse, and they're putting arbitrary boundaries on bi-curious in the process. I'm holding off on editing it because I'd really just ditch the whole first section and put it back like I had it when I de-stubbed this article, the fruit of which is more or less preserved in the second section. I'm surprised all these anonymous contributors haven't gutted it yet. :| mjb 01:39, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"It is considered hot or hip for females to be bi-curious or bisexual,but not the other way around for males."

Where? By whom? This probably isn't the case in, say, Libya. Livajo 22:40, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Removed another POV sentence
Removed the following:
 * "Bi-curious just like the word bisexual applies more to females than males.It is considered hot or hip for females to be bi-curious or bisexual,but not the other way around for males."

-- The Anome 02:53, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I think something from that could be reinserted, with proper context. What about something like:
 * In the United States in particular, media that appeals to younger males depicts female bisexuality or bicuriosity as hot or hip. Some version of these views are actually held by a large number of younger males.  On the other hand, among this demographic, male bisexuality and bicuriosity do not carry the same appeal.  Interestingly, neither does media targeting younger females present a chic view of male bisexuality.
 * Perhaps cite magazines like Maxim.
 * There is definitely some truth to this. I'm just not sure how pertinent it is to the article. CyborgTosser (Only half the battle) 06:10, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps this issue would be a good addition to bisexuality or Social attitudes toward homosexuality (which would need to be expanded beyond its title). -- Beland 03:19, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Removed because the lack of relevance to the article, it is not even a logical sentence. "People for centuries have had devoted relationships not based on sexual predestination, but rather the actual attraction to a particular person for reasons other than gratification, such as class & status holders,another observation is that curiousity is just to learn about yourself." -- Morbid_Lynx 2008 07 June

"To classify oneself as any predetermined sexuality is false, because it is inherent that we all communicate through sexual behavior for other reasons than procreation, such as self gratification, and also expression of one's self through a momentary passionate act." Who wrote this? It has NO arguments, NO citations, yet is making several assumptions of gendered behaviour. -- Morbid Lynx (talk) 17:04, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Clarity
Is it possible to clarify or remove the following statement? It is more akin to an anonymous diary entry than something fit for an encyclopedia.

"These are individuals who either openly or secretly are contemplating it, fantasizing about it, or have actually had an encounter or two and are still battling as to whether or not they liked it or would even do it again."

The elusive "it" is childish, and the entire passage doesn't serve to expound on the meaning or use of "Bi-Curious"

Rewrite and NPOV
So I read the two dueling articles on this page and reconciled them by essentially writing a new article from scratch. Though the ideas I have documented were largely already noted on the page, I hope I have been able to present them in a relatively neutral fashion. I have not replicated the POV tag. Please review the article, and if you find any inaccurate or non-neutral parts, please fix them or slap the appropriate tag on the page if need be. -- Beland 03:15, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * THANK YOU. I really appreciate your attention to detail, respect for the conflicting points of view, and the many concrete examples. I hope this new version has some longevity. I still feel there should be some mention of the pervasiveness of the term bi-curious in sexually explicit marketing and the role of that marketing in the word's popularity, but I'm not sure where such a mention belongs. It just seems to me that the term is rarely used in the media, except in advertisments for phone sex services featuring photographs of shirtless, muscular, bare-chested male couples (imagery every bit as unrealistic and narrow as is often found heterosexual-oriented marketing). - mjb 05:13, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your kind words. I added an example of how the term might be used in advertising.  I'm not sure that such marketing drives the word's popularity; I seem to remember it appears a lot in personal ads, too.  Of course it's difficult to say whether the word's appearance in a particular place is the reason people like using it, or if it's there because it's a well-liked term, etc.  I wouldn't feel comfortable speculating, but it might be illuminating to do a literature search. -- Beland 04:58, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Awww, group hug ^_^

hedonism
from my point of view its completely possible that hedonists who are straight dont give a rats ass about sexual identity and gender. this article is completely vague, what about oppurtunists who are indifferent but definately find the opposite sex gets them boiling? Like a main course with a less interesting side dish. — Raddicks 07:03, 8 January 2006 MST
 * People who are "straight hedonists/opportunists" but actually are romantically and/or sexually interested in people other than members of the opposite sex projecting as the opposite sex? They can call themselves what they want, I guess, but I would perhaps want to call them pansexual (not perceiving any significant difference between sexes/genders), bisexual (open/drawn to two sexes/genders; doesn't matter to what degree IMHO), or bi-curious (interested in exploring bisexual behavior while not calling themselves bisexual). The article is not going to pick a label for them for you; the point is that such labels are ultimately a matter of personal identity and often say as much about the person doing the labeling…— mjb 18:47, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Asexuality
After some recent changes, the intro became a little incoherent as to whether it was discussing three or four categories (homo, hetero, bi, and asexuality). I'm not sure asexuality is directly related to bi-curiosity, though it's certainly directly related to boundary-drawing problems relating to sexual orientation. I tweaked the lead to reflect a more indirect relationship, and point readers to fuller coverage of such complexities. -- Beland 04:40, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

How on Earth...
If someone says they'e "bicurious" does that simply mean they're (at least) bisexual, but aren't fully willing to accept it? Maybe I'm grouping people together, but bicurious would not fall under its own orientation. It sounds like 1-2 on the Kinsey Scale kinda thing to me. Which would essentially make it fall under bisexuality right? You can't not know if you like a gender, at least if you're a guy, you and everyone nearby can see what you like... Eh, I just think it's a word used by bisexuals and gays (mostly nmen) who want to identify as heterosexual whilst still actively exploring their sexuality in search of the same sex...Zythe 17:21, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Nah, you are wrong. Say you are a male and you are straight. But then you start thinking about what it would be like to sleep or date a guy, but you don't have any attaction to guys, you don't "want" to date guys... but you are just curious to what it would be like. That would be much more bicurious rather than bisexual. Now if you want to sleep with guys, date guys and be kissed and cuddled by a guy ever night, but didn't ever do it because of social stigmas or fears onset by your family, that would be bisexual. Heck, with the latter, you could die at 85 and never even tasted the sort of relationship you want with another male and that would still be bisexual. JayKeaton 07:43, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Now if you want to sleep with guys, date guys and be kissed and cuddled by a guy ever night, but didn't ever do it because of social stigmas or fears onset by your family, that would be bisexual
 * That is what is meant by the word bi-curious. Simply being curious about bisexuality is not the same as being bi-curious. Bi-curious is a convenient and noncommittal way of expressing a bisexual or gay sexuality to which the person speaking has not had time or inclination to become accustomed.
 * Nuttyskin 09:22, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You talk as if the term is one of self-denial, and it isn't. Unfortunately, I don't think it can be clearly defined, as the meaning is fluid and exclusive to the user of the term. 24.186.215.182 21:06, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

But isn't bi - curious just questioning? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mznaya (talk • contribs) 13:50, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Why would a man – in a culture where men's sexual and romantic interest in other men carries such a strong stigma – who experiences zero sexual or romantic attraction to men still have such a strong interest in sex/romance with men to want to adopt a label relating to it? Compared with the hypothesis that the man in question is simply effectively bi but – because of said stigma, and additional stigma and prejudice against specifically bi people – reluctant to accept the label "bi" (or "pan"), that's just a tremendously implausible proposition. I'd say this man experiences attraction by definition.
 * Don't get me wrong, it's hard not to empathise with the situation, 'cause societal prejudice is nasty; but let's get real, that just absolutely reeks of denial. (How deep the denial can go is demonstrated by those who literally have sex with men yet insist that they are 100% straight. Or these guys, of course. There's a whole culture surrounding "no homo", "bro jobs" and "Is it gay if ...?" And of course the whole MSM thing.)
 * I'm sure that misconceptions or silly ideas like "you're not gay until you've had gay sex", "you're not gay if you're not a 'flamer'" or "I might not like the sex even though I've got the hots for him" play important roles, but I think deep down these men know very well what's going on. It's a bit like listening to a band's music all the time and obsessing over everything related to them but denying being a fan. Also, closer to the topic, reminds me of the poor souls who exhibit an intense interest in all things transgender, an obsession with topics such as hormonal treatment and trans-related surgeries, and the like, yet insist that they are totally cisgender. Yeah, right ... (Hint: there's even a dedicated term for it – "egg mode".) --Florian Blaschke (talk) 00:50, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

Queer or Questioning
Doesn't the "Q" in "LGBTQ" stand für "Queer" instead for "questioning"?
 * It can be either; in fact, sometimes QQ is used to represent both. Aleta 22:32, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

No citations
There are no citations whatsoever in this article. Also, it sounds to me like an informal essay more than an encyclopedia article. Aleta 22:32, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This article needs to be deleted along with the all of the rest alike. I have not ever heard of this nonsense before. No encyclopedia most people own would even have this.--Margrave1206 23:03, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

 * When you say "This article needs to be deleted along with the all of the rest alike.", what in particular about it were you referring to? CyntWorkStuff 07:04, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Actually, no one is born bisexual or homosexual. You are born normal until something happens to you making you hate the opposite sex. If you take this offensive, which someone always will, this is fact and you are trying to hide fact with lies. --66.218.12.100 21:41, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Except for the part where your hypothalamus matures during childhood and makes you responsive to either estrogen-byproducts or testosterone byproducts or both. Oh, and the part about hating is wrong.  I mean, it can caouse some people to seek the sex they don't hate as an alternative and fetishize them enough to sexually function if that's not the gender their brain naturally responds too.  Oh and I guess you can claim you're not born bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual because that part of your brain isn't matured or "preset" to respond sexually to hormonal activation later on.  But, it's a matter of timing on that.

 * So, except for the being born hetero, homo, or bi, the hating part, and possibly the lying part, you have a point. Deathbunny 04:19, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The fact that you used the word normal, then linked it to the heterosexuality page amazes me. Dont push your homophobic POV's on everyone else thanks. And yes obviously people are going to "take this offensive" because what you just said is a load of offensive BS. Dylan (talk) 02:01, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Article over-pruning
I see that thanks to User:Frenchboi023, this article, after enjoying a long run of relative stability, has recently fallen victim to the relatively new fad where rulebook-throwing, Jimmy Wales-quoting editors are hell-bent on the unilateral, aggressive removal, from non-BLP articles, of uncited material that's not even controversial. Rather than expressing doubt about specific points made in the article and using the discussion page to call upon past curators to deal with attribution issues (many of which can be dealt with through more careful phrasing, if not explicit citations), they just delete and delete volumes of material, claiming "uncited" or "no original research" in their edit summaries.

Editors like this ignore the great deal of work and reasoning that went into building up the content that was there and why certain topics were being addressed, and then fail to accept responsibility for the aftermath: vandals and frequent, poorly written attempts to expand the article to address the points of view that are no longer represented.

Massive pruning of an article without discussion and without acknowledging its history and the concerns of past editors is irresponsible and destructive. If you are going to insist that people play by the rules, fulfill your obligation as well, and use the Talk page to raise concerns and see that they're dealt with in a manner more productive than instant deletion of large portions of content. —mjb 17:52, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

South Park?
Do we really need the South Park reference? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.57.165.224 (talk) 20:25, 21 April 2007 (UTC).
 * Probably not... the article is a bit light to be getting out a "Bi-curiosity in Popular Culture" section. I've removed it... Rtucker 21:04, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Removed Motivation
I removed this;  'It is often used by people who do not want to commit to the label of 'bisexual' because they feel it has negative connotations or they are still unsure.'  from the start of the article, because not only is it uncited, I don't believe there is anything you could cite to back this up, it's merely an opinion on the motivation of people who choose to self-describe this way, a motivation that wouldn't be apparent or expressed by the very nature of them supposedly trying to pretend that this isn't the motivation, as though they would say 'oh yes, I say I'm bi-curious but I'm really actually bi-sexual, but I like to avoid the negative conotations of that, so I won't say I'm bi-sexual... er... except I just did. Bugger.', the second part of the sentence, ' or they are still unsure ' is redundant within the article.Number36 00:44, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * To be honest, I'm as bemused by your example as you presumably are by my edit. I'll accept that the second part is redundant but I don't think everything can be cited - I wasn't passing it off as factual information, just something to clarify/give a rounded view. But I'll accept your edit...I don't think my statement added to the article but it didn't devalue it either...I was just trying to bulk up what is a pretty lean item. Yohan euan o4 01:29, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

The Reference
The reference stated is obviously a lesbian source, but being bi-curious is not a female only thing. Could we also find a reference from a male oriented site?C. Pineda 06:39, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Merge
This is just a dictionary type definition so far. It also lacks references to establish notability (i.e. that this is a distinct topic with enough material to create a full article). Since this term is basically an overlap between Questioning (sexuality and gender) and bisexual, the article should be merged into those articles as appropriate and this page turned into a disambiguation page, linking to bisexual, questioning and wiktionary Bi-curious. Zodon (talk) 06:57, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Thinking the same thing myself. I think the dab might be overkill. Anyway I recommend you be bold and just do it. Lionel (talk) 19:26, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I object to it being merged with Bisexuality, as questioning/being open to the idea of being sexual with the sex you do not prefer does not mean that the person should be considered bisexual. It seems very logical to merge it into the Questioning (sexuality and gender) article, however.

 * About not having enough sources to back this term up, I wouldn't say that. I'm sure there are enough, starting with whatever valid material can be found on Google Books. Until then, it should likely be merged. Flyer22 (talk) 23:31, 10 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I tweaked the article to this until it is further fixed up or merged with the Questioning (sexuality and gender) article. Flyer22 (talk) 21:37, 13 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Tweaked the intro too. Flyer22 (talk) 21:55, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Is this really a stand alone article, or should it be merged into a Glossary of LBGT terminology or List of terms relating to homosexuality? --Uncle Ed (talk) 17:21, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Italics
I have reverted back to the non italicised version. Applying BRD I will state my reasoning for reverting.
 * Italics are only used under specific circumstances. They do not apply here.

Chaosdruid (talk) 19:51, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

The heterosexuals place in a bisexual vortex
I want to contest this part of the description for Bi-curious because I think it has left out another possibility

"A heterosexual or homosexual who engages in bisexual activity during a three-way/threesome/ménage-à-trois, 3-on-2, or other group sex is known as a vortex bisexual. This is a group to whom the term switch hitter may be accurately applied; other slang terms such as AC/DC, ambisexterous, versatile etc. are reserved to denote a stronger form of bisexuality.[3]"

Saying this is switch hitting makes me think they are saying the heterosexual or homosexual will do there best to be an actual bisexual as they can when in a three-way group etc in order to suit the situation.

my argument is that if a heterosexual or homosexual could be be physically stimulated by some sort of sexual machine and be turned on by the opposite sex in hetero and the same sex for homo thru just their presence but the hetero is impartial to the same sex or a homo is impartial to the opposite sex, if they replaced the machine with a member of the same sex for a hetero and if they replace the machine with a member of the opposite sex for a homo and the homo or hetero has not engaged in attempting to appear bi-sexual in anyway but just assumed their own identity that they are either homo or hetero then how are they hitting a switch.

I am a heterosexual male and don't believe that I am trying to escape any part of my sexuality but I would be very interested to here any ones interpretation or what I have posted particularly if any of it needs to be corrected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.151.143.127 (talk) 20:26, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure where the source -- CoB, 1992 -- that is used to support that line comes from or how reliable it is, but, at this site, we generally need to use WP:Reliable sources to contest a reliably sourced line. Flyer22 (talk) 20:37, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

The article should just be merged with bisexuality since bi-curious is just another term for being bisexual as are heteroflexible and homoflexaible. The whole vortex nonsense someone wrote about is just another form of bisexuality and not all bisexuals are even into 3 ways or group sex. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.54.8.249 (talk) 03:31, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, as you can see, whether or not being bi-curious is the same thing as being bisexual has been debated above on this talk page. People define bisexuality differently, as is addressed in the Bisexuality article. And there are enough gay men and lesbian women out there who have stated that they had sex with a heterosexual and that the heterosexual in question most assuredly was bi-curious instead of bisexual. Some people go through a questioning phase, as made clear by the Questioning (sexuality and gender) article, which is a good candidate (the best, in my opinion) to redirect the Bi-curious article to. Many, perhaps most, gay men and lesbian women have gone through the questioning phase and a lot of them would state that, while bi-curious, they were never bisexual. Flyer22 (talk) 03:46, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

The supposed gays and lesbians who claim to have had sex with an actual heterosexual are simply the type of gays/lesbians that lust after heterosexuals as this is a fantasy/pipe dream for many gay men and lesbian women. It's interesting to note how there's biphobia in the idea that these people are supposedly somehow not really bisexual but are bi-curious which is just another term for being bisexual. If a person is having sex with the same gender then they're not heterosexual. When gay men and lesbian women question their sexuality it just means they are in denial or in the closet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.54.8.249 (talk) 03:52, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Nah, because of my research on these topics, I'll just agree to disagree with you on all of that. Flyer22 (talk) 04:04, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

Content added today
Moving content added in this dif here to talk.

As I noted in my edit note, this is WP:SYN - it weaves together primary sources to make an argument. We don't do that in Wikipedia. We read secondary sources that themselves synthesize the literature, and summarize that here. Per WP:NOT, Wikipedia expresses accepted knowledge, not the synthesis of its editors. The tone is also chatty and non-encyclopedic and would need revising if this is something we could use.

 * Female Bi-Curiosity

This phenomenon has usually been synonymous with females experimenting with their sexuality and has been played upon in many media sources (i.e. Sex and the City, Friends), typically being directed towards the male audience. Multiple studies have been conducted actually exploring female sexuality and their sexual fluidity, specifically their “experimental phase”, or bi-curious tendencies, essential asking the question, “why do girls who aren’t lesbians kiss girls?”

The tendency of identifying as bi-curious was found to happen after at least one sexual encounter for the majority of women in Morgan’s and Thompson’s study. They discovered that exploration is a key factor in identifying as bi-curious, which goes hand in hand with their other study, saying that discovery is a common theme in women who have identified as bi-curious. This is logical, as once you discover you may be attracted to someone other than your identified to like, you of course want to explore it. There are multiple reasons on why girls who aren’t lesbians are kissing girls, such as female closeness and party acceptance. As such, females who “discover” they may like females are likely to “experiment” with their attractions, especially if they have a more beneficial surrounding (party scene) for it or a comfortable environment (female closeness). After such steps, it possible that she may continue to identify as bi-curious, or she may then be more solidified in her sexuality after having experimented and more fully realized their identity.

In Rupp’s and Taylor’s article, they discussed the bi-curious tendencies of women in college. The paper split up the “girls kissing girls” incidents into three different categories. Getting Attention, Experimentation, and Same-Sex Desires. As it sounds, the Getting Attention aspect of female same-sex kissing was done to get male attention and in some cases, in attention in general. A circle of people would surround the girls, “egging” them on. Some of the girls admitted that their homosexual kiss may have been more than just a drunken dare, which leads to the Experimentation stage. In all of the cases reported in the paper, the girls were close friends. This suggests that women are more likely and more comfortable in experimenting and solidifying their sexual identities. This is reinforced by Morgan’s and Thompson’s study, who researched the emerging factors in women realizing their sexual identities. They concluded that female closeness is a very important aspect to women who are exploring their bi-curiosity. It was identified that closeness was a “precursor and a result of a sexual encounter with a female friend” and that the girl typically described as feeling “comfortable” and relaxed with said friend. Because of this result of female closeness, it could be connected to the increased amount of sexual exploration or bi-curiosity between women in college. With the prevalence of sororities and same-sex housing, life long friends are made in college. As such, women are surrounded with their comfortable friends and so in turn feel comfortable in exploring their sexuality.

Diamond’s study followed the sexual fluidity of females throughout their life. Here Diamond discovered one’s peer’s sex ratio could affect their sexuality. It was found that in a more male dominated friend group, women were more likely to identify as heterosexual while the same being true for a female dominated group and identifying as homosexual. This can be used to explain the rise of bi-curiosity in college. In the study, one participant was confused to her sexual identity and tend to identify as what the majority of her friend group sex was. As such, if girls are confused to their sexual identity and find themselves in a college atmosphere, where the female population is higher than the male population, it is possible that she may want to explore her same-sex options, especially with sororities in college.

Sororities can also be traced to furthering the prevalence of bi-curiosity because of how they act upon their romantic or sexual desires. The hook-up culture of college helped the girls “explore non-heterosexual possibilities” in the Rupp and Taylor paper. Because it was very normal for girls to drunkenly kiss each other, some girls used the “Getting Attention” tactic to actually explore her curiosities. Instead of the homosexual act being frowned upon, as one might worry, the same-sex sexual act was actually cheered and wanted by the men at the party. This positive effect of course could lead to the rise of bi-curiosity. In Stokes’ study, it was found that men with better mental health were more likely to transition to homosexual. This is not saying that the same is true for females, but it is possible that the positive party environment described in Rupp’s and Taylor’s article could have a female in a better mental state, thus allowing to pursue her bi-curiosity out of the party scene and in a more personal, experimenting scene.

In conclusion, these studies and articles have shown that bi-curiosity has multiple factors on why and how it may be discovered and identified. Most of the articles presented were done over females, and so it is not safe to assume the same concepts for men. Nor should it be assumed that these notions apply to mature women, as the majority of the studies focused on young adults or adolescences.

- Jytdog (talk) 04:05, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Jytdog. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 06:59, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

There's a problem with lead intro sentence as it seems to exclude the possibility of some "straight people" actually being closeted/suppressed bi/gay.
I change the intro sentence to add "self-identified" before "heterosexual" because at least some people who are identified as strictly straight (either by others or self-identified) are actually closeted gays or bisexuals/pansexuals or simply in denial about being gay or bi/pan. This article needs to consider the possibility that some "straight" people are actually bisexual/pansexual or even closeted gay/lesbians who simply choose to label themselves bi-curious as they perceive that term as having less stigma then coming out as bi/pan or gay. Given that bisexuals/pansexuals receive stigma/biphobia from both the straight and gay community, some people may perceive bicurious as a more accepted label since they are "just curious" and thus they have an out if they receive criticism from bi-phobic straight or gay people by just claiming they were merely curious. While it's certainly possible that some or many "Straight" bi-curious types are really just 100% straight people who are truly just curious about gay/lesbian sex without any genuine sexual attraction to same sex people, without any objective way to determine another's sexuality we can never truly know if that's the case. Thus we can only take them at their word based on the self-identification. Only in a world where all sexual orientations are fully accepted would self-identification generally always reflect one's true identity (Save for the sexually confused). Notcharliechaplin (talk) 08:18, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bi-curious


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Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Periods
Hello Supercoop. I have been taking part in the Wikipedia Punctuation project. I put my name down against a batch of missing-end-of-paragraph punctuation. I've been going through them and notice that very often you've already fixed these. Is this just a coincidence? My point is that if you are involved silently then I will have to keep going to pages you've already fixed. Brequinda 29 June 2005 12:48 (UTC)

Brequinda - hopefully you'll read this on my discussion page? Yes I was fixing the periods, which I thought was going to be easy. I went through about 5 of them and it started becoming quite complicated and I didn't have the time to avaliable to continue so I had to stop. So go ahead fixing the pages.

Aha. I see. OK. Yes, it can be quite tedious. Luckily I've got time on my hands today so I'm getting through a whole batch. Brequinda 29 June 2005 15:23 (UTC)

ESB title
It is a widely known and common usage among people on the internet when referring to the movies. In the Star Trek article, they make note of this about their movies, and their article is was still featured. The Wookieepedian 13:31, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough; I reworded it so that it had a NPOV. Common would mean that everyone including grandma knew what ESB meant. I clarified that you may see ESB from fans on weblogs etc - fair enough for you?--Supercoop 13:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * What's up with you rewording the "ANH" abbreviation? It is very widely used on the internet, and is notable in an encyclopedia, especially an internet encyclopedia, so why do you insist on changing it? The Wookieepedian 17:38, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Abbreviations should be used in a very limited fashion when delivering information, especially for someone new to the subject. It is cool to be in the clique and not be a noob to all the acronyms but what value is delivered to the end reader? If you noticed I backed way off when you replied that it was for web logs info and I though hmm maybe we can apply the proper English standard but that got reverted too.  Ehh, don’t take it personal as I don't; I just feel that the information delivered with acronyms devalues the entire article, it further devalues to entire encyclopedia, and to an extent is devaluing the language - my motto for the day is speak like a man, don’t be bashful, and say what you mean with every word necessary.  I will let the years of weathering see if the abbreviations stay. --Supercoop 17:58, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Candian vs. Canadien
Sorry, supercoop, but I don't see where on the Canada article it uses either Canadiens or Canadians. The team name in English is Montreal Canadiens, not Montreal Canadians. Masterhatch 14:55, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You are correct. I saw the Canadiens and thought the page was describing Canadians.  I checked the Canada web page to see if how Canadian is spelled, maybe a Canadian called themselves Canadiens?  Nope and the Canadian is Canadian.  I then did a spell check to see if it was correct rather then a google search Montreal Canadiens. Confusion my part about the name of the sport team versus a resident of Canada.--Supercoop 15:08, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Location of stub and disambig templates
I just noticed that two of your recent edits were moving stub and disambig templates from the bottom of the article up to the top. Wikipedia convention for these types of templates is to put them at the bottom, see Stub and Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). Not a big deal either way, but they'll eventually be put back at the bottom anyway so it just makes a little extra work. Bryan 01:09, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Whoops I will adhere to that rule then. When I read the article, I thought that it was kind of thin, lacking in material and leaving me desiring more material. I then read the stub tag at the bottom and said oh if more people see the stub then it wont be anymore. The other was confusing as to being a stub and didn't have a good intro.  Alas, I will move them back tommorow if they're not already done and thanks for giving me a the courtousey of heads up on the matter. --Supercoop 02:02, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem, everyone discovers these arcane little customs sooner or later. :) Bryan 06:11, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Lucy Maud Montgomery Article
I've added an image of Ms Montgomery on her article, and when I uploaded the image I've selected ' I don't know the licnensing status of this image' option. You put it up as a message to ask you to tag the image for me, so, please, can you? I got it from. --Maulik2005 07:26, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually the web page you listed sais this "A portrait of Lucy Maud Montgomery, 1903. Public domain". You can change the tag Don't know to pd  and list the refrence page. --Supercoop 15:31, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Catherine Zeta-Jones Article
I've added an image of Catherine onto her article, and -same as above-. Could you please tell me again what licence the image is? I got it from .--Maulik2005 13:40, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * This image appears to be a poster that falls under the fair use category of a movie posters - Movieposter - for movie poster images of reduced quality. In good faith, I beleive that this would properly describe the status of Image:Z2 Poster I.jpg. --Supercoop 14:03, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Dubai Metro Article
I had added 2 images on to the page of Dubai Metro. Could you please tell me again what license they are? I got them from [ http://vgn.dm.gov.ae/DMEGOV/dm-metro-network] --213.42.2.22 13:51, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * These images appear to come from the UAE government. I reviewed the current list of Public Domain by governments and this one isn't listed; therefore, will not be easy to answer this one.  First I (or someone) will have to review the copyright law of government images for the country. If there are provisions to allow reproduction of these types of images then we'll have to create a template for this country (if no other PD type can be used).  I will have to research this one or find someone to answer your questions.  This will inevitably take a few days but I will try to find the answer.  Stay tuned. --Supercoop 18:02, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * After thinking about this image for a long time; I think that this image might be tagged as Fairuseunsure. Most governments sometimes allow reproduction of their content with some stipulations.  Until someone that is more familiar with UAE law and lets me know then I would use that tag. --Supercoop 15:24, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Jhanak Shukla Article
I've created a new article of Jhanak Shukla, and I've added a photo of her onto it. Could you please tell me what license it is; I got it from [ http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030309/spectrum/tv.htm here] .--195.229.241.181 13:27, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe this image would be tagged as tv-screenshot. For one thing, the image on the page is about a TV show and the url is tv.htm. --Supercoop 15:16, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Metal Wiki
I'm going to try and start a heavy metal Wiki because the current "authority" on metal online, encyclopedia metallum is anything BUT authoritative... rather it is run by unprofessional yahoos who embody the "dumb metal head" stereotype. Anyway, I am recruiting wikipedians to help form a team to create the ultimate heavy metal wiki. Get back to me if you're interested. Metalgoodness

Image Tagging Image:ISS007-E-16538.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ISS007-E-16538.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 15:42, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This is an orphaned image - I recommend it be listed as an AFD. --Supercoop 19:35, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

I like message pop ups
Keep up the good work. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 172.214.57.220 (talk • contribs).
 * Thanks, but actually I hate the pop up method. I use a slightly different method using scripts. --Supercoop 13:46, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you so much for promptly reverting vandalism on my userpage. Bertilvidet 13:48, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem. It was quite easy to trace the edits and revert them.  I actually looked back at your page twice before reverting because I wanted to make really really sure when making changes to user pages. --Supercoop 14:01, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Impressionism
On Impressionism, you missed a few vandalisms; I caught them by going back several versions. - CobaltBlueTony 16:17, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I was working on it; In fact I was about to leave you a message also "I was foiled in my retribution of the vandals ;(" --Supercoop 16:19, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Thank you for your interest in VandalProof, ! You have now been added to the list of authorized users, so if you haven't already, simply download and install VandalProof from our main page. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or any other moderator, or you can post a message on the discussion page. Eagle talk 01:22, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Why did User:Stollery remove me from the list with the lack luster comment of "undefined"? [] I have spent several hours trying to login to the stupid tool and getting my monobook straigtened out and maybe this is my problem? If so that guy really (read that really twice) needs to leave comments when he does such things. --Supercoop 00:10, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

VandalProof
I apologise for that I am not sure why that happened. Yes this page is self administered by the VP software so even if users tried to add their names to the list it would revert them; however you were added by a moderator so not sure why that happened. Regardless you're definitely on the list now! Thanks for your patience and apologies once again - Gl e n   TC (Stollery)  14:04, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * As you can tell, I was peeved at first but I am alright; everything is straightened out. --Supercoop 14:07, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

B-1 Lancer
Please do not remove the cat Category:U.S. bomber aircraft 1980-1989 again, you should actuially read/verify what you are deleting! --Denniss 00:55, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yip my mistake - after reading it, that is the first flight category. I fixed the other link too which covers the b1-a. --Supercoop 12:16, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Battlestar Galactica (Re-imagining)
I agree we should re-name that article re-imagining now. See my longer comment on the talk page: Talk:Battlestar Galactica (2003)

--ToastyKen 10:29, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for reverting the vandalism on my user page. Just so you know, I encourage people to update the vandal count when reverting vandalism. Roy boy cr ash  fan   19:57, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok - it just seems a tinny bit odd to update other poeples pages. However, it was odd when I was reading your Texas category markup and read the vandalism and I just couldn't let it stay.  Anyway I will keep an eye on it for a few days. --Supercoop 14:08, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Britannica
Sorry for apparently rudely reverting your edit to mountain - I thought my previous one hadn't saved, and didn't look at the history properly, so didn't realise that you'd edited after me. Does the link you cited actually mention the magic 2000 ft figure? I can't see the whole thing as I'm not subscribed, and the opening paragraph certainly doesn't mention it. --Blisco 21:55, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No I guess not. However, the only free version of the britanica is the cached student version --Supercoop 15:06, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Supercoop/Discussion2006


text:
List of rulers of the Akan states of Akwamu and Twifo-Heman

List of rulers of the Akan (Bron) state of Akwamu (formerly Twifo-Heman)

Territory comprised part of present-day southern Ghana


text:
Talk:David Lee Roth

Merging David Lee Roth Band
I would like to propose merging The David Lee Roth Band to this page. There was really never such a thing as the David Lee Roth band: Only his solo work. Whatever information is on The David Lee Roth Band should be copied to here/ the album pages and we should merge that here. Otherwise, we are giving the false idea that the David Lee Roth band actually existed. — DLManiac (talk) 23:37, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

Oppose I do think the article needs modifying because there was no "David Lee Roth band" aside from the album he put out in the 90s which was called DLR Band. However other artists (such as Bruce Dickinson and Ozzy Osbourne) have articles covering their backing bands and I think it is worth chronicling here, distinct from the article about the man himself. (Chill (talk) 01:54, 25 October 2015 (UTC))

Support - It's not about chronicling this isn't an AfD, and it's not about Bruce Dickinson or Ozzy Osbourne. It's about condensing. The David Lee Roth Band body of work and success doesn't seem to warrant their own page and merging will still allow the information to be available. Mlpearc ( open channel ) 21:09, 29 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, and its inaccurate. And I think at this point, all of the information is available on the DLR page, or the albums mentioned. — DLManiac (talk) 08:26, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

Add guitar and harmonica to list of instruments
The bio says that he is very talented at both, yet they're not in the instruments section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 106.68.255.26 (talk) 08:14, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
 * All completely unsourced, thanks for bringing this up. It's been removed in accordance with Biographies_of_living_persons. SolarFlash (talk) 15:37, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

Inline tags added to lede
I just added some inline tags to the lede. I tagged the assertion that Van Halen's 2006 tour was its highest-grossing tour ever. That statement is sourced to the band's own website; a better source is needed. I looked around a bit and could not find a source I was comfortable with. I also tagged the assertion that Roth has a five-octave-plus range. The source seems iffy. SunCrow (talk) 02:08, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * It's more than 'iffy' it's absolute nonsense. Roth's vocals were criticized for their lack of range in many a review, starting in 1978. 50.111.46.61 (talk) 06:11, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

Nothing on his non music life?
I mean,there is nothing,zip,nada,about who Roth has ever breathed on. A frontman for the biggest American 70's-80's rock band? I did read that it was his idea to get a CD for the Pretty Woman video... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:642:4100:A1A0:48AE:83FE:B638:4F50 (talk) 17:42, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I started a section David_Lee_Roth but it needs a lot more. -- Green  C  02:06, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Very questionable that Van Halen were the biggest American rock band in the Seventies - Grand Funk Railroad and several others were more popular. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.111.46.61 (talk) 06:13, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

just a gigolo!
wasn't this one of his biggest solo hits? yet not a PEEP on here?! 2601:19C:5280:5BA7:2057:BDAF:CE23:565F (talk) 03:55, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

Did Dave write this?
I’m in the Dave camp vs. Sammy, but did Mr. Roth write this article? I had to wipe the fanboy drool off my phone halfway through! 65.128.63.115 (talk) 23:56, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

Live performances in 2023?
Despite him "retiring" from performing live in 2021, he's recently performed with the Royal Machines in March and September. I can't find any good sources, but there's multiple videos of it: David Lee Roth Las Vegas 3/28/23 Royale Machines - Jump with David Lee Roth Qbox673 (talk) 22:36, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Lee Roth


text:
User:Likoro'n

likoro neto (psychology student) born 18 september 1982 he graduated high school in 2000 at max makushe secondary schoolin kavango region, mukwe constituency he was admitted at the university of namibia in 2002 and awarded a study loan from the ministry of high education. he is the fisrt and only third year clinical psychology student at unam

title: User:Likoro'n


text:
Reduction (complexity)

In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a reduction is an algorithm for transforming one problem into another problem. A sufficiently efficient reduction from one problem to another may be used to show that the second problem is at least as difficult as the first.

Intuitively, problem A is reducible to problem B, if an algorithm for solving problem B efficiently (if it existed) could also be used as a subroutine to solve problem A efficiently. When this is true, solving A cannot be harder than solving B. "Harder" means having a higher estimate of the required computational resources in a given context (e.g., higher time complexity, greater memory requirement, expensive need for extra hardware processor cores for a parallel solution compared to a single-threaded solution, etc.). The existence of a reduction from A to B, can be written in the shorthand notation A ≤m B, usually with a subscript on the ≤ to indicate the type of reduction being used (m : mapping reduction, p : polynomial reduction).

The mathematical structure generated on a set of problems by the reductions of a particular type generally forms a preorder, whose equivalence classes may be used to define degrees of unsolvability and complexity classes.

Introduction
There are two main situations where we need to use reductions:
 * First, we find ourselves trying to solve a problem that is similar to a problem we've already solved. In these cases, often a quick way of solving the new problem is to transform each instance of the new problem into instances of the old problem, solve these using our existing solution, and then use these to obtain our final solution. This is perhaps the most obvious use of reductions.
 * Second: suppose we have a problem that we've proven is hard to solve, and we have a similar new problem. We might suspect that it is also hard to solve. We argue by contradiction: suppose the new problem is easy to solve. Then, if we can show that every instance of the old problem can be solved easily by transforming it into instances of the new problem and solving those, we have a contradiction. This establishes that the new problem is also hard.

A very simple example of a reduction is from multiplication to squaring. Suppose all we know how to do is to add, subtract, take squares, and divide by two. We can use this knowledge, combined with the following formula, to obtain the product of any two numbers:

 * $$a \times b = \frac{\left(\left(a + b\right)^{2} - a^{2} - b^{2}\right)}{2}$$

We also have a reduction in the other direction; obviously, if we can multiply two numbers, we can square a number. This seems to imply that these two problems are equally hard. This kind of reduction corresponds to Turing reduction.

However, the reduction becomes much harder if we add the restriction that we can only use the squaring function one time, and only at the end. In this case, even if we're allowed to use all the basic arithmetic operations, including multiplication, no reduction exists in general, because in order to get the desired result as a square we have to compute its square root first, and this square root could be an irrational number like $$\sqrt{2}$$ that cannot be constructed by arithmetic operations on rational numbers. Going in the other direction, however, we can certainly square a number with just one multiplication, only at the end. Using this limited form of reduction, we have shown the unsurprising result that multiplication is harder in general than squaring. This corresponds to many-one reduction.

Properties
A reduction is a preordering, that is a reflexive and transitive relation, on P(N)×P(N), where P(N) is the power set of the natural numbers.

Types and applications of reductions
As described in the example above, there are two main types of reductions used in computational complexity, the many-one reduction and the Turing reduction. Many-one reductions map instances of one problem to instances of another; Turing reductions compute the solution to one problem, assuming the other problem is easy to solve. The many-one reduction is a stronger type of Turing reduction, and is more effective at separating problems into distinct complexity classes. However, the increased restrictions on many-one reductions make them more difficult to find.

A problem is complete for a complexity class if every problem in the class reduces to that problem, and it is also in the class itself. In this sense the problem represents the class, since any solution to it can, in combination with the reductions, be used to solve every problem in the class.

However, in order to be useful, reductions must be easy. For example, it's quite possible to reduce a difficult-to-solve NP-complete problem like the boolean satisfiability problem to a trivial problem, like determining if a number equals zero, by having the reduction machine solve the problem in exponential time and output zero only if there is a solution. However, this does not achieve much, because even though we can solve the new problem, performing the reduction is just as hard as solving the old problem. Likewise, a reduction computing a noncomputable function can reduce an undecidable problem to a decidable one. As Michael Sipser points out in Introduction to the Theory of Computation: "The reduction must be easy, relative to the complexity of typical problems in the class [...] If the reduction itself were difficult to compute, an easy solution to the complete problem wouldn't necessarily yield an easy solution to the problems reducing to it."

Therefore, the appropriate notion of reduction depends on the complexity class being studied. When studying the complexity class NP and harder classes such as the polynomial hierarchy, polynomial-time reductions are used. When studying classes within P such as NC and NL, log-space reductions are used. Reductions are also used in computability theory to show whether problems are or are not solvable by machines at all; in this case, reductions are restricted only to computable functions.

In case of optimization (maximization or minimization) problems, we often think in terms of approximation-preserving reduction. Suppose we have two optimization problems such that instances of one problem can be mapped onto instances of the other, in a way that nearly optimal solutions to instances of the latter problem can be transformed back to yield nearly optimal solutions to the former. This way, if we have an optimization algorithm (or approximation algorithm) that finds near-optimal (or optimal) solutions to instances of problem B, and an efficient approximation-preserving reduction from problem A to problem B, by composition we obtain an optimization algorithm that yields near-optimal solutions to instances of problem A. Approximation-preserving reductions are often used to prove hardness of approximation results: if some optimization problem A is hard to approximate (under some complexity assumption) within a factor better than α for some α, and there is a β-approximation-preserving reduction from problem A to problem B, we can conclude that problem B is hard to approximate within factor α/β.

Examples

 * To show that a decision problem P is undecidable we must find a reduction from a decision problem which is already known to be undecidable to P. That reduction function must be a computable function. In particular, we often show that a problem P is undecidable by showing that the halting problem reduces to P.
 * The complexity classes P, NP and PSPACE are closed under (many-one, "Karp") polynomial-time reductions.
 * The complexity classes L, NL, P, NP and PSPACE are closed under log-space reduction.

Detailed example
The following example shows how to use reduction from the halting problem to prove that a language is undecidable. Suppose H(M, w) is the problem of determining whether a given Turing machine M halts (by accepting or rejecting) on input string w. This language is known to be undecidable. Suppose E(M) is the problem of determining whether the language a given Turing machine M accepts is empty (in other words, whether M accepts any strings at all). We show that E is undecidable by a reduction from H.

To obtain a contradiction, suppose R is a decider for E. We will use this to produce a decider S for H (which we know does not exist). Given input M and w (a Turing machine and some input string), define S(M, w) with the following behavior: S creates a Turing machine N that accepts only if the input string to N is w and M halts on input w, and does not halt otherwise. The decider S can now evaluate R(N) to check whether the language accepted by N is empty. If R accepts N, then the language accepted by N is empty, so in particular M does not halt on input w, so S can reject. If R rejects N, then the language accepted by N is nonempty, so M does halt on input w, so S can accept. Thus, if we had a decider R for E, we would be able to produce a decider S for the halting problem H(M, w) for any machine M and input w. Since we know that such an S cannot exist, it follows that the language E is also undecidable.

title: Reduction (complexity)


text:
Margat

Margat, also known as Marqab (قلعة المرقب), is a castle near Baniyas, Syria, which was a Crusader fortress and one of the major strongholds of the Knights Hospitaller. It is located around 2 km from the Mediterranean coast and approximately 6 km south of Baniyas. The castle remained in a poor state of preservation until 2007 when some reconstruction and renovation began.

History
Margat is located on a hill formed by an extinct volcano high about 360 m above sea level on the road between Tripoli and Latakia, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.

According to Arab sources, the site of Margat Castle was first fortified in 1062 by Muslims who continued to hold it within the Christian Principality of Antioch in the aftermath of the First Crusade. When the Principality was defeated at the Battle of Harran in 1104, the Byzantine Empire took advantage of their weakness and captured Margat from the Muslims. A few years later it was captured by Tancred, Prince of Galilee, regent of Antioch, and became part of the Principality.

In the 1170s, it was controlled by Rainald II Masoir of Antioch as a vassal of the count of Tripoli. The fortress was so large that it had its own household officials and a number of rear-vassals. Rainald II's son Bertrand sold it to the Hospitallers in 1186 as it was too expensive for the Mazoir family to maintain. After some rebuilding and expansion by the Hospitallers it became their headquarters in Syria. Under Hospitaller control, its fourteen towers were thought to be impregnable.

In 1188, Saladin marched on Margat having left Krak des Chevaliers in search of easier prey. According to Abu'l-Fida, "Recognising that Maqab was impregnable and that he had no hope of capturing it, he passed on to Jabala". It was one of the few remaining territories left in Christian hands after Saladin's conquests.

By the beginning of the 13th century the Hospitallers controlled the surrounding land and roads and made a large profit from travellers and pilgrims passing through. Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus was imprisoned there after Richard I of England captured Cyprus from him during the Third Crusade. The bishop of nearby Valenia also used Margat as his headquarters after around 1240. Margat was second in size and power only to the other Hospitaller fortress to the south, Krak des Chevaliers.

In September 1281, the Hospitallers of Margat dispatched a contingent of troops to support the Mongol invasion of Syria, which the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Qalawun successfully prevented after defeating the coalition at Homs. To punish the Hospitallers, Qalawun clandestinely raised an army in Damascus and besieged Margat on 17 April 1285. After a 38-day siege during which sappers and miners managed to dig several tunnels underneath the fortress's walls, a mine destroyed a salient of the southernmost wall. The defenders panicked and on discovering the numerous tunnels around the fortress, surrendered to the Mamluk commander Fakhr al-Din Mukri on 23 May, with Qalwun entering Margat two days later. The siege was witnessed by eleven-year-old Abu'l Fida and his father, the Ayyubid governor of Hama. Qalawun allowed the Hospitallers to leave with everything they could carry. Rather than destroy Margat as he did with other fortresses, he repaired its defences and placed a strong garrison there due to its strategic value. Marqat, known as Marqab by the Muslims, became a district of the Mamluk province of Tripoli with maintenance of the area financed by the sultan. Intrepid traveller Ibn Battuta visited the fortress and noted that a suburb was built outside of it for foreigners, who were not allowed entry into the fortress. The district governor based at the Marqab fortress held the military rank of "Emir of 20 Mamluks." He was charged with defending the coast, particularly from threats from the island of Cyprus, and maintaining the guard towers and observation posts. During the Burji Mamluk period, Margat was well known in the region for containing an imperial prison with many high-profile inmates. The 15th-century Muslim historian Khalil al-Zahiri noted that Marqab fortress was among the most important sites of Tripoli province. Marqab was "clearly impregnable and controls a territory containing numerous villages."

During the Ottoman era, Margat became the administrative center of a kaza ("district") of the same name, which contained three nahiyas ("subdistricts") — Margat, Qadmus and Khawabi. In the 1890s there was a total of 393 localities with a collective population of 39,671, of whom 21,121 were Alawites. The chief agricultural products were olives, onions, tobacco and silk, which were largely marketed to Beirut-based merchants. The fortress served as the residence of the kaymakam ("military governor") of the district until 1884 when the seat was transferred to Baniyas.

The last known owner of the castle was Al-Markabi family (“Al-Marqabi”) where the name was based on the castle. In 2023, the castle was damaged during the February earthquake.

Architecture
Castles in Europe provided lordly accommodation for their owners and acted as centres of administration. In the Levant the need for defence was paramount and this was reflected in castle design. Historian Hugh Kennedy suggests that "The castle scientifically designed as a fighting machine surely reached its apogee in great buildings like Margat and Crac des Chevaliers." Like the Krak des Chevaliers, Margat is a large spur castle with many typical elements of a concentric castle. It has a bent entrance leading through the base of a gate tower. A notable feature of the inner defences is a large circular tower, sometimes referred to as a donjon (though it should not be confused with a central keep). Unlike the Krak Des Chevaliers, Margat has a large outer ward, giving it a larger total area.

Village of al-Marqab
The village of al-Marqab (المرقب) is located just north of the castle, straddling the road leading north to the coastal city of Baniyas. Nearby localities besides Baniyas, include Talin to the east, Osaibah to the southeast with Basatin al-Assad and al-Bayda to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Marqab had a population of 2,618 as of the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims. Together, al-Marqab, Basatin al-Assad and al-Bayda form a mostly Sunni Muslim-inhabited enclave in an area largely populated by members of the Alawite community.

A suburb has existed outside the fortress since at least the late 12th century, during Crusader rule. During this period, its chief exports were sumac, wine, must, almonds, figs and pottery. In 1325 North African geographer Ibn Batuta visited the suburb. In 1938 al-Marqab stood near the foot of the fortress and was among five Sunni Muslim villages in the area, which also contained several Alawite, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic and Maronite villages. In 1945, at the end of the French Mandate, al-Marqab had a population of 832. Starting in 1968, it experienced significant prosperity due to the construction of the Iraq Petroleum Company pipeline and petroleum port at Baniyas.

title: Margat


text: User talk:64.118.35.141

title: User talk:64.118.35.141


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List of rulers of Asante

The Asantehene is the title for the monarch of the historical Ashanti Empire as well as the ceremonial ruler of the Ashanti people today. The Ashanti royal house traces its line to the Oyoko (an Abusua, or "clan") Abohyen Dynasty of Nana Twum and the Bretuo Dynasty of Osei Tutu Opemsoo, who formed the Empire of Ashanti in 1701 and was crowned Asantehene (King of all Asante). Osei Tutu held the throne until his death in battle in 1717, and was the sixth king in Ashanti royal history.

The Asantehene is the ruler of the Ashanti people. The Asantehene is traditionally enthroned on a golden stool known as the Sika 'dwa, and the office is sometimes referred to by this name. The Asantehene is also the titular ruler of Kumasi, which served as the capital of the Ashanti Empire and today, the Ashanti Region. The Ashanti Empire comprised parts of present-day southern Ghana and portions of present-day eastern Côte d'Ivoire between the 17th and 20th centuries.

The current Asantehene is Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II, born Nana Kwaku Dua, who ascended as the 16th Asante king in April 1999. Osei Tutu II was one of seven descendants who were eligible to the heir presumptive.

Elections and regents
During the period between the death of an Asantehene and the election of a successor, the Mamponghene, the Asantehene's deputy, acts as a regent. This policy was only changed during a time of civil war in the late 19th century, when the Kwasafomanhyiamu or governing council itself ruled as regent. The succession is decided by a series of councils of Asante nobles and other royal family members.

The colonial era and Asante independence
The Ashanti Confederacy was made a British protectorate in 1902, and the office of Asantehene was discontinued. In 1926, the British permitted the repatriation of Prempeh I – whom they had exiled to the Seychelles in 1896 – and allowed him to adopt the title Kumasehene, but not Asantehene. However, in 1935, the British finally granted the Ashanti moderated self-rule as the Kingdom of Ashanti, and the title of Asantehene was revived.

On 6 March 1957, the Kingdom of Ashanti and the Northern Territories, the Gold Coast Crown Colony and the British Mandate of Togoland to form the modern state of Ghana. The office of Asantehene is now a sub-national constitutional monarchy, and is protected by the Ghanaian constitution.

List of rulers
All rulers in the lists below were members of the Oyoko Abohyen Dynasty.

Asantehene of the Kingdom of Ashanti (Ashanti Empire)
All regents were members of the Bretuo Dynasty who were and still are the holders of the title Mamponghene.

Upon the death of the Asantehene, it is the task of the Mamponghene to act as the regent, or Awisiahene.

title: List of rulers of Asante


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Markat

Markat is a village and a former municipality in Vlorë County, southern Albania. In the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Konispol. The population in the 2011 census was 1,859. The municipal unit consists of the villages Dishat, Vërvë, Shalës, Markat, Ninat and Janjar and all villages are inhabited by Muslim Cham Albanians.

title: Markat


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Margab

Margab may refer to:
 * Margat, Syria
 * Margav, Iran
 * Margab, community in Dubai

title: Margab


text:
University of Michigan–Dearborn

The University of Michigan–Dearborn (UM-Dearborn) is a public university in Dearborn, Michigan. Founded in 1959 with a gift from the Ford Motor Company, it was initially known as the Dearborn Center, operating as a remote branch of the University of Michigan. The branch gradually developed into a fully-fledged university over the years. Upon receiving its own accreditation in 1970, the university changed its name to the University of Michigan–Dearborn, while still adhering to the policies of the University of Michigan Board of Regents.

UM-Dearborn is one of the 14 master's universities in the State of Michigan. Located in Metro Detroit, UM-Dearborn is also known for its community engagement within the region. Together with Oakland University, the University of Michigan-Flint, and Wayne State University, UM-Dearborn is one of the four Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities (CUMU) members in the State of Michigan.

The university's athletic teams are the Michigan-Dearborn Wolverines. They primarily compete in the Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference. The University of Michigan-Dearborn Fieldhouse, opened in 1978, serves as the home to the men's and women's basketball teams. Notable alumni include the former COO of Ford Motor Company Kumar Galhotra, former chair of the Michigan Republican Party Saul Anuzis, and former member of the Michigan House of Representatives George Darany.

Dearborn Center of the University of Michigan
In the mid-1950s, the University of Michigan-Dearborn embarked on its historical journey, driven by the visionary insights of Archie Pearson, the director of training at Ford Motor Company. Pearson conducted studies that revealed a looming shortage of college-educated engineers and junior administrators within the company's future workforce. As a result, Pearson discreetly reached out to higher education institutions in Metro Detroit, inquiring about their willingness to adapt their programs to align with the anticipated requirements of the automotive industry.

On December 17, 1956, the Ford Motor Company gifted both land and capital development funds to the Regents for the creation of a remote branch of the university offering upper-division undergraduate and master's level programs. In February 1957, the Regents of the University of Michigan officially accepted the gifts and committed to establishing a branch in Dearborn known as the Dearborn Center of the University of Michigan.

The Dearborn Center would also have a cooperative work-study requirement for its programs in business administration and engineering, which were intended to provide students with real-world experience that would increase their employment prospects. The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor would provide the necessary liberal arts and professional courses to complete a University of Michigan bachelor's or master's degree. Construction on the Dearborn Center began on May 22, 1958, and on October 1 of that year, William E. Stirton was appointed its first director.

The branch opened with an enrollment of 34 students on September 28, 1959. A liberal arts division and programs in electrical engineering and teacher education were added in fall 1960. The first 12 graduates on January 20, 1962. In 1963, the branch was renamed the Dearborn Campus of the University of Michigan, to emphasize that it was a free-standing unit of the university.

In May 1969, the Dearborn Campus Planning Study Committee released their report on the future of the institution, which recommended the addition of lower-division undergraduate courses and the expansion of non-cooperative programs. In November 1969, the regents formally approved the committee's recommendations.

Proposal for an independent "Fairlane University"
In February 1970, a state-wide trend sparked discussions in the Committee on Colleges and Universities of the Michigan House of Representatives about a bill to separate the Dearborn campus from the University of Michigan and establish it as an independent "Fairlane University". This proposal was ultimately unsuccessful and was protested by both faculty and students in Dearborn. Oakland University gained institutional independence from Michigan State University in the same year, and later developed into an autonomous research university.

Leonard E. Goodall (1971 until 1979)
In August 1970, the Dearborn campus received its first accreditation independent from the Ann Arbor campus, from the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. In April 1971, it was officially renamed the University of Michigan–Dearborn (UM–Dearborn). In July of that year, Leonard E. Goodall, the vice-chancellor of the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, was appointed UM–Dearborn's first chancellor. In the fall of 1971, the university officially became a four-year institution as it welcomed its first freshman class. There were 313 freshmen in that first class and overall enrollment grew by 50% to 1,369. University enrollment grew rapidly during the course of the decade, exceeding 6,000 in 1979. UM–Dearborn announced both a $19 million campus development plan and the creation of its Alumni Society in November 1973.

Between 1978 and 1980, three major new buildings were opened on campus: the Fieldhouse and Ice Arena, the University Library, and the University Mall. These additions caused the center of campus to shift south of UM–Dearborn's original four buildings.

William A. Jenkins (1980 until 1988)
In July 1980, University of Colorado Denver acting chancellor William A. Jenkins was named the second chancellor of UM–Dearborn. He soon faced a major financial crisis on campus that stemmed from a recession in the state, which resulted in a $500,000 cut from the university's base budget in April 1981. Also in 1981, history professor Sidney Bolkosky established the Holocaust Survivor Oral History Project at UM–Dearborn. In the fall of 1983, minority enrollment on campus reached a record high of 9.6%. The university received a 13.2% increase in its annual appropriation from the state legislature in 1984–85, which enabled it to restore the 3% salary raises that it had cut in 1981–82. In May 1986, UM–Dearborn opened its Armenian Research Center, the first university-affiliated institution of its kind.

Blenda J. Wilson (1988 until 1992)
In November 1988, Blenda Wilson was inaugurated as the third chancellor of UM–Dearborn. In September 1989, the university began its $11.6 million General Campus Renovation Project, entirely funded by the State of Michigan. In summer 1990, the university terminated its varsity ice hockey program, resulting in head coach Tom Anastos and athletic director Sid Fox announcing their departures from Dearborn. In October, Wilson announced that hockey would become a club sport and the university's basketball and women's volleyball teams would compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). In April 1991, graduate enrollment at UM–Dearborn exceeded 1,000 for the first time, and in July of that year revenue from tuition surpassed state appropriations. In May 1992, Wilson announced her resignation to take a position at California State University.

James C. Renick (1993 until 1999)
In January 1993, James C. Renick was inaugurated as her replacement as the university's fourth chancellor. In fall 1995 and again in fall 1996, the university achieved new total enrollment records (8,214 and 8,324, respectively). In March 1997, UM–Dearborn inaugurated the first graduate program in its College of Arts, Sciences, & Letters (CASL), a Master of Arts in Liberal Studies degree. In March 1999, the university's FUTURES Planning Resource Council released its recommendation that UM–Dearborn's "top priority is being nationally regarded as an excellent regional university" and argued this should be achieved by "developing interdisciplinary centers of teaching and research excellence".

Daniel E. Little (2000 until 2018)
In November 2000, Daniel E. Little was inaugurated as the university's fifth chancellor. In 2001, both the Environmental Interpretive Center and the CASL Building were opened on campus. In fall of 2003, university enrollment topped 9,000 for the first time (9,022) and graduate enrollment reached 25% of total enrollment. In September of that year, the university acquired the Fairlane Training Center from Ford, located across Evergreen Road from its main campus, which it renamed the Fairlane Center in February 2004. In November 2003, the renovated University Center (formerly the University Mall) was opened. In October 2006, UM–Dearborn dedicated its new Science Learning and Research Center. In November 2008, the Regents of the University of Michigan approved the first doctoral programs at UM–Dearborn, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees in Automotive Systems Engineering and Information Systems Engineering, both to begin the following fall. In February 2009, the regents approved a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) program. In May of that year, they announced the renaming of the School of Management as the College of Business. In 2008, Kiplinger ranked UM–Dearborn 86th nationally in its "Best Values in Public Colleges", while in 2009 U.S. News & World Report ranked it the fourth-best master's-level university in the Midwest.

In September 2013, The Union at Dearborn opened, with its 145 apartments providing the first on-campus student housing since the 1970s. Also that month, UM–Dearborn's School of Education was renamed the College of Education, Health and Human Services. In December 2015, UM–Dearborn conferred its 50,000 cumulative degree. In September 2016, the university's Natural Sciences Building reopened after a $51 million renovation. In April 2018, UM–Dearborn broke ground on a new, $90 million Engineering Lab Building.

Domenico Grasso (2018 until present)
In 2018, Daniel E. Little resigned as chancellor after 18 years, and was succeeded by Domenico Grasso in August. Grasso was formally installed as the university's sixth chancellor in April 2019.

Administration
UM-Dearborn, historically a branch of the University of Michigan, has operated under the policies of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan since its accreditation in 1970. The Board of Regents, as the governing body, is responsible for the appointment of the university president, who presides over the Board's meetings but does not have voting rights. Instead of directly managing the university's operations, the university president recommends the appointment of a chancellor, who is subject to approval by the Board of Regents and is tasked with overseeing the day-to-day administrative duties of the university as its chief executive officer.

List of chancellors

 * Leonard E. Goodall (August 1971 – June 1979)
 * William A. Jenkins (July 1980 – June 1988)
 * Blenda J. Wilson (July 1988 – August 1992)
 * James C. Renick (January 1993 – July 1999)
 * Bernard W. Klein (July 1979 – June 1980 (acting), September – December 1992 (interim), July 1999 – June 2000 (interim))
 * Daniel E. Little (July 2000 – July 2018)
 * Domenico Grasso (August 2018 - present)

Finances
The university's current (FY 2022–23) operating budget of $192 million has four major sources of funding: the General Fund ($165.41 million), the Expendable Restricted Funds ($24.91 million), the Auxiliary Funds ($1.25 million), and the Designated Funds ($500,000). The Office of Budget and Planning reports that student tuition and fees are the largest funding source, contributing $135.3 million to the General Fund, which accounts for 70.46% of the total operating budget. In the fiscal year 2022–23, the State of Michigan provided $28.18 million to the university, which represents 14.67% of its total operating budget. Revenue from government sponsored programs contributed $20.5 million to the Expendable Restricted Funds, accounting for 10.67% of the total operating budget.

Colleges
There are four colleges at UM-Dearborn: the College of Arts, Sciences, & Letters (CASL), the College of Engineering & Computer Science (CECS), the College of Business (COB), and the College of Education, Health, & Human Services (CEHHS).

The College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters (CASL), pronounced "castle," is home to five graduate programs, 32 undergraduate majors, and programs in environmental sciences, mathematics, applied statistics, physical sciences, religious diversity, cultural studies, health policy studies, health psychology, civic engagement, and leadership. CASL traces its origins to the establishment of the Literature, Science, and the Arts division in fall of 1960, which assumed its current name and college-level status in June 1973.

The main building houses the college's administrative offices and the departments of Behavioral Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics, Literature Philosophy Arts (LPA) and Language Culture and Communication (LCC). General purpose classrooms occupy the majority of the first level, along with the campus television studio. Several other programs, such as urban studies and criminal justice, are housed in different buildings spread across campus.

The College of Engineering and Computer Science is home to eleven undergraduate degree programs and twelve graduate degree programs, including six doctoral programs (four Ph.D and two D.Eng.), housed in CIS, ECE, ME, IMSE departments and college Interdisciplinary Programs. Engineering at UM–Dearborn dates to its first academic year, it was reorganized as the School of Engineering in June 1973, and it was renamed the College of Engineering and Computer Science in March 1998.

The COB offers undergraduate and graduate programs. Business programs at UM–Dearborn were organized into the newly formed School of Management in June 1973, which was renamed the College of Business in July 2009.

The College of Education, Health, & Human Services (CEHHS) offers undergraduate, master's, and doctoral programs. It also offers certificate programs for future and current teachers and opportunities for its students in the Early Childhood Education Center (ECEC). The Teacher Education program at UM–Dearborn dates to the fall of 1960, it was reorganized as the Division of Education in June 1973, and it was upgraded to the School of Education in March 1987.

Campus
The UM–Dearborn campus is located on the former estate of automotive pioneer Henry Ford. It is divided into several sections: The Henry Ford Estate, known as Fair Lane, The Fairlane Center, Main Campus, and the Early Childhood Education Center just south of campus. In addition, the university has over 70 acres (283,000 m2) of nature preserve and a bird observatory, the Rouge River Bird Observatory, which has operated on campus since its founding in 1992, and is the longest-running, full-time urban bird research station in North America.

Main Campus includes the facilities for the College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters (CASL), the College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS), the Environmental Interpretive Center, Administration, the Mardigian Library, the Institute for Advanced Vehicle Studies, the University Center, the Computing Building, and the Fieldhouse. Within both CASL and CECS, many different buildings house different programs, departments, research centers, student life centers, and academic resources.

Fair Lane
Fair Lane and the nature preserve west of campus are along the Rouge River. There is a small waterfall, rose garden, meadow, a lake, and reflecting pond surrounded by acres of forest. The forest has many walking paths which connect the Environmental Interpretive Center, Henry Ford Community College, Downtown West Dearborn, Hines Drive, the university's Main Campus, and Fair Lane together. Fair Lane recently has been handed over to Edsel and Eleanor Ford House. The Edsel Ford Estate will put forth restoration efforts which will cost 50 million dollars or more. The majority of the funding will go towards full home restoration and grounds preservation. The project will open up rooms which had been unavailable to public tours before.

Undergraduate admissions
The 2022 annual ranking of U.S. News & World Report categorizes UM-Dearborn as "selective". For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), UM-Dearborn received 8,065 applications and accepted 5,546 (68.8%). Of those accepted, 1,084 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 19.5%. UM-Dearborn's freshman retention rate is 83.52%, with 54.6% going on to graduate within six years.

The enrolled first-year class of 2025 had the following standardized test scores: the middle 50% range (25th percentile-75th percentile) of SAT scores was 1050-1300, while the middle 50% range of ACT scores was 22-28.

Programs and outcomes
The university offers 9 ABET-accredited engineering bachelor degree programs. These programs cover the following areas of study: bioengineering, computer and information science, computer engineering, electrical engineering, industrial and systems engineering, manufacturing engineering, mechanical engineering, robotics engineering, and software engineering.

Its most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were psychology (151), electrical and electronics engineering (136), mechanical engineering (117), biology/biological sciences (109), computer and information science (69), and public health education and promotion (68).

The U.S. Department of Education reports that as of 2024, federally aided students attending UM-Dearborn 10 years after they began their studies had a median annual income of $59,649 (based on 2020-2021 earnings adjusted to 2022 dollars), which exceeds both the midpoint for 4-year schools of $53,617 and U.S. real median personal income of $40,460 for the year 2021 adjusted to 2022 dollars.

The highest-earning (median) fields of study for federally aided students include: The five highest-earning (median) undergraduate fields of study for federally aided students at UM-Dearborn are:
 * Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering - Master's Degree ($142,830/yr)
 * Business Administration, Management and Operations - Master's Degree ($128,921/yr)
 * Computer Programming - Bachelor's Degree ($117,020/yr)
 * Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering - Bachelor's Degree ($106,893/yr)
 * Mechanical Engineering - Bachelor's Degree ($99,846/yr)
 * Computer and Information Sciences, General - Bachelor's Degree ($99,124/yr)
 * Computer Engineering - Bachelor's Degree ($99,036/yr)

Athletics
The university's athletic teams are called the Wolverines (or Michigan-Dearborn Wolverines). Its colors are maize and blue. The teams share the nickname "Wolverines" with several other collegiate athletic teams, such as the Michigan Wolverines, the Michigan–Flint Wolverines, the Utah Valley Wolverines, the Morris Brown Wolverines, and the Grove City Wolverines.

The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC) since the 2004–05 academic year.

UM–Dearborn competes in 16 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, ice hockey, soccer, softball and volleyball. Men's and women's bowling, along with women's ice hockey were added during the 2018–19 academic year.

Accomplishments
The softball team and men's ice hockey team were named WHAC champions respectively in 2017 and 2019. The men's basketball team was named WHAC tournament champions in 2018.

History
UM–Dearborn began varsity athletic competition in fall of 1974, with its soccer program. Beginning in 1977, the athletics teams were known as the Wolves. Its athletics program was substantially reformed in October 1990, with basketball and women's volleyball becoming NAIA sports and hockey being downgraded to club sport status.

Facilities
The University of Michigan-Dearborn Fieldhouse serves as the home to many of the athletic and recreational activities on campus. It was opened in fall of 1978. The venue host home contests for men's and women's basketball, men's and women's ice hockey and volleyball. A new hardwood floor was installed in the gymnasium during the summer of 2016.

Championships

 * 1980 – Men's Ice Hockey (runner-up) – NAIA
 * 1983 – Men's Ice Hockey (runner-up) – NAIA
 * 1984 – Men's Ice Hockey (runner-up) – NAIA
 * 1992 - Men's Ice Hockey Conference Champions - CSCHL
 * 1992 – Men's Ice Hockey (runner-up) – ACHA Division I
 * 1993 - Men's Ice Hockey Conference Champions - CSCHL
 * 1998 - Men's Ice Hockey Conference Champions - CSCHL
 * 1998 - Men's Ice Hockey Conference Tournament Champions - CSCHL
 * 1999 - Men's Ice Hockey Conference Champions - CSCHL
 * 2008 - Men's Rugby State Champions Div II Tier II
 * 2016 - Men's Ice Hockey Conference Tournament Champions - GLCHL
 * 2017 - Men's Ice Hockey Conference Tournament Champions - GLCHL
 * 2017 - Softball Conference Champions - WHAC
 * 2018 - Men's Basketball Conference Tournament Champions - WHAC
 * 2018 - Men's Basketball - NAIA Division 2 National Tournament Appearance
 * 2019 - Men's Ice Hockey Conference Champions - WHAC

Student life
There are over 125 recognized student organizations (RSOs) and 9 university sponsored organizations (USOs). Both the RSO and USO communities comprise extraordinary interests, from Greek Life, Academic/Professional Organizations, Cultural and Ethnic Organizations, Honor Societies, Political and Social Activist Organizations, Recreational Organizations, and Religious and Spiritual Organizations.

University sponsored organizations:
 * The Michigan Journal, the student newspaper of the University of Michigan–Dearborn since 1971.
 * WUMD, the student radio station of the University of Michigan–Dearborn since 1979.
 * Campus Video Network
 * Greek Leadership Council
 * The Lyceum
 * Student Activities Board
 * Student Government
 * Student Organization Advisory Council (SOAC)
 * The Wolf Pack

WUMD College Radio is a student-run, free-format radio station that features diversity in music from punk rock to bluegrass, jazz to electronica, and everything in between. Starting in 2007, the station began live broadcasts of UM-Dearborn sporting events.

Fraternities:
 * Alpha Phi Alpha
 * Theta Tau
 * Tau Kappa Epsilon
 * Alpha Psi Lambda
 * Phi Beta Sigma
 * Phi Delta Epsilon

Sororities:
 * Alpha Kappa Alpha
 * Alpha Omega Epsilon
 * Delta Phi Epsilon
 * Delta Sigma Theta
 * Kappa Omega Chi (local)
 * Phi Sigma Sigma
 * Sigma Gamma Rho
 * Zeta Phi Beta

Student body
As of 2022, the university has an enrollment of 8,224 students. 94% of students are from Michigan. Nearly half of its student body are first-generation college students. The average grade point averages for incoming high school students was a 3.68.

About half of UM-Dearborn's students enter directly from high school; the remainder are students who have prior college experience either immediately before entering UM-Dearborn or at some earlier point in their lives and careers.

Notable alumni and faculty

 * Ismael Ahmed – director of the Michigan Department of Human Services
 * Saul Anuzis – chairman of the Michigan Republican Party
 * Mark Atkinson – one of the world's top diabetes researchers
 * Susy Avery – former chair of the Michigan Republican Party
 * Claire-Marie Brisson – academic, podcaster, and Harvard University faculty
 * Ted Casteel – owner of Bethel Heights Vineyard in the Willamette Valley of Oregon
 * George Darany – former member of the Michigan House of Representatives
 * Rima Fakih – model, actress, and Miss USA 2010 winner
 * Kimberly Frost – novelist
 * Kumar Galhotra – president of Ford North America
 * Rudy Hatfield – professional basketball player of Barangay Ginebra Kings in the PBA
 * Fadwa Hammoud – Solicitor General of Michigan
 * Ian Hornak (1944–2002) – founding artist of the hyperrealist and photorealist fine art movements
 * Hala Y. Jarbou – United States federal judge for the Western District of Michigan
 * Jewell Jones – member of the Michigan House of Representatives
 * Huda Kattan – makeup artist, beauty blogger, and founder of cosmetics line Huda Beauty
 * Mary Beth Kelly – former Michigan Supreme Court Justice
 * Paul S. Kemp – novelist
 * David Knezek – former member of the Michigan Senate
 * Lesia Liss – former member of the Michigan House of Representatives
 * Trevor Rosen – member of award-winning country music act Old Dominion
 * Soony Saad – Lebanese footballer Dearborn High School Graduate. Michigan's Gatorade Player of the Year.
 * Jason Schmitt – journalist and academic
 * James R. Downing - President and CEO of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
 * Pamela Good - Co-founder and CEO of "Beyond Basics, a nonprofit organization that provides literacy interventions to students across the state of Michigan.
 * Mo Bazzi - former lebanese professional basketball player, played two seasons in the FLB. All time leading scorer in the City of Dearborn Heights. Current Assistant Men's Basketball Coach.
 * Hamoody Turfeh - former lebanese professional basketball player, played in the FLB.

title: University of Michigan–Dearborn


text:
Richard Phillips

Richard Phillips may refer to:

 * Richard Phillips (American painter) (born 1962), artist from the United States
 * Richard Phillips (athlete) (born 1983), sprinter from Jamaica
 * Richard Phillips (chemist) (1778–1851), British chemist
 * Richard Phillips (English painter) (1681–1741), London portrait painter
 * Richard Phillips (merchant mariner) (born 1955), captain of the MV Maersk Alabama taken hostage by Somali pirates in April 2009
 * Richard Phillips (MP) (c. 1640–1720), British Member of Parliament for Ipswich
 * Sir Richard Phillips (publisher) (1767–1840), British author and publisher, founder of the Monthly Magazine
 * Richard D. Phillips, American economist
 * Rich Phillips, American radio personality
 * Richie Phillips (1940–2013), American executive director
 * Ricky Phillips (born 1952), American musician

title: Richard Phillips


text:
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