text:
Katsuyama

Katsuyama may refer to:

 * Katsuyama, Fukui, a city located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan
 * Katsuyama, Fukuoka, a town located in Miyako District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
 * Katsuyama, Okayama, a town located in Maniwa District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
 * Katsuyama, Yamanashi, a town located in Minamitsuru District, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
 * Brad Katsuyama (born 1978), financial services executive IEX, the Investors Exchange
 * Katsuyama Eiheiji Line, a railway line in Fukui Prefecture
 * Katsuyama Station, in Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture

title: Katsuyama


text:
Dolce Stil Novo

Dolce Stil Novo, Italian for "sweet new style", is the name given to a literary movement in 13th and 14th century Italy. Influenced by the Sicilian School and Tuscan poetry, its main theme is Divine Love. The name Dolce Stil Novo was used for the first time by Dante Alighieri in Purgatorio, the second canticle of the Divina Commedia. In the Divina Commedia Purgatory he meets Bonagiunta Orbicciani, a 13th-century Italian poet, who tells Dante that Dante himself, Guido Guinizelli, and Guido Cavalcanti had been able to create a new genre: a stil novo.

Poetry from this school is marked by adoration of the human form, incorporating vivid descriptions of female beauty and frequently comparing the desired woman to a creature from paradise. The woman is described as an "angel" or as "a bridge to God." Rather than being material in nature, the Love of the Dolce Stil Novo is a sort of Divine Love. Poetry of this movement also often includes profound introspection. Many literary critics have argued that introspection in Italian literary works was first introduced by the Stil Novo poets, and later developed by Francesco Petrarca.The two main concepts (introspection and love) are thus brought together as the poet enters his interior world to express his most inner feelings, which are caused by an excessively divine female beauty. The first expression of this style of writing is credited to Guido Guinizelli and his poem "Al cor gentil rempaira sempre amore." Precursors to the dolce stil novo are found in the Provençal works of the troubadours, such as the Genoese Lanfranc Cigala. The artists of the stil novo are called stilnovisti.

The importance of the Dolce Stil Novo lies in the fact that apart from being the manifestation of the first true literary tradition in Italy, it ennobled the Tuscan vernacular, which was destined to become the Italian national language.

In Dante's Purgatorio
In Dante Alighieri's Purgatorio XXIV, on the sixth terrace of Purgatory, the poet and glutton Bonagiunta Orbicciani, after confirming that Dante is the poet who wrote "Ladies that have intelligence of love," a poem from Vita Nuova, uses the phrase dolce stil novo ("sweet new style", mentioned for the first time in the Italian vernacular) to describe Dante's style as a poet, and how it marked a shift from the styles of poets that came before him like of Giacomo da Lentini and Guittone d'Arezzo.

Dante scholars have tried to define this "sweet new style", and it remains a source of much contention. Dante, the character, claims "I am one who, when Love inspires me, takes note, and, as he dictates within me, so I set it forth" (Purg. XXIV, 52–54). What "Love" means in this tercet has divided many Dante scholars, who question whether it is Amore, the god of Love, or whether it is another name for the Christian God. Robert Hollander hypothesizes that the phrase can be understood in theological terms. By using Bonagiunta to describe his style as dolce stil novo, Dante is presenting himself as more than just a usual love poet because of the theological significance of Beatrice. Beatrice embodies God's love for him, and she, who also acts as his guide, can lead to God. Hollander and Furio Brugnolo also argue that Cino da Pistoia, whom Dante believed was the only one who understood this significance of Beatrice, also falls in this "school" of poetry.

Dante scholar Zygmunt G. Barański states that the definition of the phrase should not be searched for externally as it can be found in the text of the poem itself: it is a style where form and content are in harmony, and this harmony is what makes the style "sweet." Another word for dulcis is clarity, and Dante himself believed that for poetry to be sweet, it should be as intelligible as possible.

In the nineteenth century, scholars began considering and studying dolce stil novo as a "school" of poetry. Scholars, to differentiate Dante's use of the term to Purgatorio to the literary movement, called the movement stil nuovo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dolce Stil Novo


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Salvadoran Democratic Front

Frente Democrático Salvadoreño (FDS) (Salvadoran Democratic Front) was a broad front of democratic organizations that was formed in El Salvador in March, 1980. It consisted of, amongst others, Movimiento Independiente de Profesionales y Técnicos de El Salvador (MIPTES), Movimiento Popular Social Cristiano (MPSC), Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario (MNR), Trade Union federations, small business owners and a minor sector of dissident militaries. Amongst the militaries that joined FDS was the Colonel Ernesto Claramont, who had been the presidential candidate of National Opposing Union in 1977.

Two universities were affiliated as observers in FDS, Universidad de El Salvador and Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas".

After only 17 days of existence FDS merged with Coordinadora Revolucionaria de Masas to form Frente Democrático Revolucionario.

title: Salvadoran Democratic Front


text: Category:Nepalese people

title: Category:Nepalese people


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Robots (2005 film)

Robots is a 2005 American animated science fiction adventure comedy film produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The film is directed by Chris Wedge and co-directed by Carlos Saldanha from a screenplay by David Lindsay-Abaire and the writing team of Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, based on a story conceived by Lindsay-Abaire, Ron Mita and Jim McClain. It stars the voices of Ewan McGregor, Halle Berry, Greg Kinnear, Mel Brooks, Amanda Bynes, Drew Carey and Robin Williams. The story follows an ambitious inventor robot named Rodney Copperbottom (McGregor), who seeks his idol Bigweld (Brooks) to work for his company in Robot City, but discovers a plot by its new leader Ratchet (Kinnear) and his mother (Jim Broadbent) to forcibly upgrade its populace and eradicate struggling robots, known as "outmodes".

Development on the film began in 2000, when Wedge and children's author William Joyce failed to adapt Joyce's 1993 children's book Santa Calls, thus scrapping the idea and instead doing a story on robots.

Robots premiered at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, Los Angeles, on March 6, 2005, and was released in the United States on March 11. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised the film's humor and creativity, but generally deemed its story and characters to be somewhat unoriginal and forgettable. The film was commercially successful, grossing $262.5 million worldwide against a $75–80 million budget. A sequel was discussed but never produced due to the studio's heavier focus on its flagship franchise, Ice Age.

Plot
In a world populated by sentient robots, Rodney Copperbottom, son of Herb and Lydia Copperbottom, is an aspiring young inventor from Rivet Town. He idolizes Bigweld, a famous inventor and philanthropist whose company, Bigweld Industries, employs other inventors and provides robots with spare parts. Rodney develops a small, flying robot named Wonderbot to assist his father, who works as a dishwasher in a restaurant. When Herb's supervisor confronts them, however, Wonderbot malfunctions and, in a panicked state, wreaks havoc in the kitchen.

To help Herb pay for the damages, Rodney travels to Robot City, hoping to present Wonderbot to Bigweld Industries. On his arrival, Rodney is ejected from Bigweld Industries by its new owner, Phineas T. Ratchet. In Bigweld's absence, he has ceased production of spare parts and inventions, prioritizing expensive "upgrades". Meanwhile, Ratchet's mother, Madame Gasket, runs the Chop Shop, a facility that recycles scrap metal into ingots for upgrades.

Rodney befriends Fender Pinwheeler, a ne'er-do-well who introduces him to a group of outmoded robots known as the "Rusties". Rodney and the Rusties help to fix outmodes throughout the neighborhood, but they are eventually unable to cope with the demand due to the spare part shortage. Hoping to enlist Bigweld's help, Rodney and Fender infiltrate the Bigweld Ball, but Ratchet announces that Bigweld will not attend. An enraged Rodney confronts Ratchet, who orders his security team to eliminate the upstart. Cappy, an executive opposed to Ratchet, rescues Rodney and Fender. While Fender is captured by the Chop Shop, he discovers their plan to scrap all outmoded robots.

Rodney and Cappy fly to Bigweld's mansion, where Bigweld reveals that Ratchet's greed led to his resignation and refuses to help them. A distraught Rodney calls his parents, but Herb inspires him to fight for his dreams. Fender escapes the Chop Shop and exposes Ratchet's plot. Rodney rallies the Rusties, and Bigweld, reinvigorated by Rodney's spirit, joins them to stop Ratchet. Rodney and his friends return to Bigweld Industries where Ratchet tries disposing of Bigweld, who ends up being rolled into the Chop Shop. Rodney upgrades the Rusties and leads them in a battle against Ratchet, Gasket, and their army. Gasket is eventually flung into an incinerator and killed, and Ratchet is stripped of his upgrades and left chained with his father.

Taking back control of Bigweld Industries, Bigweld holds a public ceremony in Rivet Town, where he nominates Rodney as his new second-in-command and eventual successor. Rodney provides Herb with new replacement parts and a flugelhorn-like instrument to fulfill his dream of being a musician. Herb leads the townspeople in a rousing rendition of "Get Up Offa That Thing".

Voice cast

 * Ewan McGregor as Rodney Copperbottom, an idealistic young blue robot and aspiring inventor
 * Will Denton and Crawford Wilson as Rodney (teenager)
 * Jansen Panettiere as Rodney (child)
 * Dylan Denton as Rodney (baby)
 * Halle Berry as Cappy, a straight-laced executive at Bigweld Industries and Rodney's love interest
 * Robin Williams as Fender Pinwheeler, a mischievous red blender-like robot who befriends Rodney and is constantly falling apart
 * Mel Brooks as Bigweld, an elderly sphere robot who is the caring inventor and founder of Bigweld Industries
 * Greg Kinnear as Phineas T. Ratchet, the menacing and arrogant right-hand-man of Bigweld and Madame Gasket's son.
 * Jim Broadbent as Madame Gasket, the evil owner of the Chop Shop
 * Amanda Bynes as Piper Pinwheeler, a plucky yellow tomboy robot who is Fender's younger sister
 * Drew Carey as Crank Casey, a cynical orange vacuum cleaner-like robot who befriends Rodney
 * Jennifer Coolidge as Aunt Fanny (also known as Aunt Fan in the UK and Australian version), a motherly snail-like robot who takes in outmoded and homeless robots
 * Harland Williams as Lugnut or "Lug", an imposing but good-natured green muscular robot who befriends Rodney along with his best friend Diesel, a slim, mute robot who lacks a voice box
 * Alan Rosenberg as Jack Hammer, a rusty copperish orange robot who works at a hardware store
 * Stanley Tucci as Herb Copperbottom, Rodney's father and a dishwasher at Gunk's Greasy Spoon
 * Dianne Wiest as Lydia Copperbottom, Rodney's mother
 * Chris Wedge as Wonderbot, a small cup-like robot with a propeller who is Rodney's invention
 * Natasha Lyonne (in the US version) Cat Deeley (in the UK version) and Jackie O (in the Australian version) as Loretta Geargrinder, a receptionist at Bigweld Industries and Fender's love interest
 * Paul Giamatti as Tim, the puppet gatekeeper at Bigweld Industries
 * Dan Hedaya as Mr. Gunk, Herb's cynical, inconsiderate boss
 * Brian Scott McFadden as Trashcan Bot
 * Jay Leno as Fire Hydrant
 * Lucille Bliss as Pigeon Lady
 * Paula Abdul as Wristwatch #1
 * Randy Jackson as Wristwatch #2
 * Al Roker as Mailbox
 * Marshall Efron as Lamp Post, Toilet Bot, Bass Drum, and Microphone
 * Randall Montgomery as Zinc, a ramshackle car robot
 * Stephen Tobolowsky as Bigmouth Executive / Forge (in the US version), and Eamonn Holmes (in the UK version).
 * Tim Nordquist as Tin Man
 * Terry Wogan (in the UK version), Lowell Ganz (in the US version) as Mr. Gasket, Madame Gasket's husband and Ratchet's father.
 * James Earl Jones as a voice box
 * Bob Bergen as Robot #4
 * Monica Bellucci as Cappy in the French version
 * Vincent Cassel as Rodney in the French version

Production
Initially, Chris Wedge and William Joyce had decided to make a film adaptation of Joyce's book Santa Calls. After a failed animation test in 2000, Wedge and Joyce decided to instead develop an original story about a world of robots. In 2001, the duo pitched the concept to 20th Century Fox Animation president Chris Meledandri, as a visual idea. Although not initially impressed, Meledandri agreed to greenlight the film and served as the executive producer. The film began production in 2002, shortly after Ice Age was released. Wedge reunited with the crew from his first film, including Carlos Saldanha as the co-director. In June 2003, the film was announced by Fox at the American Museum of Natural History's IMAX theater. This announcement confirmed the entire cast and slated the film for its 2005 release.

Release
Robots was originally scheduled for a 2004 release, but the release date was changed to 2005. The film had its world premiere on March 6, 2005, in Westwood, Los Angeles, and it was released theatrically on March 11, 2005. The film was the first to feature the new trailer for Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith; it was reported that Star Wars fans went to see the movie just to see the trailer and hear the voice of Ewan McGregor, who also played Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy, as Rodney Copperbottom. The film also featured the exclusive trailer for Blue Sky's next film Ice Age: The Meltdown, then called Ice Age 2. Robots was digitally re-mastered into IMAX format (IMAX DMR) and released in select IMAX theatres around the world. It was the first 20th Century Fox film that was released on the same day on IMAX and conventional 35mm screens. It was also the first IMAX DMR film released in the spring season, and the second IMAX DMR film distributed by Fox.

Home media
The film was released on DVD and VHS in both fullscreen and widescreen on September 27, 2005, was accompanied by an original short animated film based on Robots, titled Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty. The film was released in high definition on Blu-ray on March 22, 2011.

Box office
The film was released March 11, 2005, in the United States and Canada and grossed $36 million in 3,776 theaters in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the box office. It grossed a total of $260.7 million worldwide: $128.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $132.5 million in other territories.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on  reviews, with an average rating of. The site's consensus reads: "Robots delights on a visual level, but the story feels like it came off an assembly line." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 based on 33 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an "A" on a scale of A+ to F.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four, stating that "this is a movie that is a joy to behold entirely apart from what it is about. It looks happy, and, more to the point, it looks harmonious."

Caroline Westbrook of Empire magazine gave the film a three stars out of five, and said, "Kids will love it and their adult companions will be warmly entertained—but it's far from a computer-animated classic."

Rob Mackie of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five, saying that it "skillfully combines adult and kids' comedy. But For all the imaginative splendours and a sharp script, Robots is never quite as distinctive as its predecessor, Ice Age."

Common Sense Media gave the film four stars out of five, calling it an "endearing 'follow your dreams' story with plenty of laughs".

Accolades
Robots won an ASCAP award in the category of top box-office films. The movie received two Annie Award nominations (Outstanding Character Design in a Feature Production and Outstanding Production Design in an Animated Feature Production; both for William Joyce and Steve Martino for the latter) and two Kids' Choice Award nominations (Favorite Animated Movie and Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie for Robin Williams's performance as Fender). Robots was also nominated for a Teen Choice Award (Choice Movie: Animated/Computer Generated) and a Visual Effects Society Award.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10: Nominated Animation Film

Score
Robots: Original Motion Picture Score was composed by John Powell and was released on March 15, 2005, by Varèse Sarabande and Fox Music.

 * Other songs in the film include
 * "Underground" – Tom Waits
 * "Shine" – Ricky Fanté (end credits)
 * "Can't Get Enough of Your Love, Babe" – Barry White
 * "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears
 * "See Me" – Melanie Blatt
 * "Eye of the Tiger" – Survivor
 * "From Zero to Hero" – Sarah Connor
 * "Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)" – C+C Music Factory and Freedom Williams
 * "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life" – Stacie Orrico
 * "Right Thurr" – Chingy
 * "Low Rider" – War
 * "I Like That" – Houston
 * "Get Up Offa That Thing" – James Brown

Video game
A video game based on the film was released on February 24, 2005, for the Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, Xbox and Windows. It was developed by Eurocom for the consoles and PC, and by Griptonite Games for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS. It was published by Vivendi Universal Games. The game would receive mixed to average reviews from critics.

Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty
Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty is a five-minute computer-animated film that is included as a bonus feature on the DVD and Asian Blu-ray releases of Robots, and is a prequel to the film, as it takes place during Fender's arrival in Robot City. In the short, Aunt Fanny/Fan gives a tour of the Robot City Train Station to a motley collection of robots, including Fender Pinwheeler, Zinc, Tammy, Hacky and an Old Lady-Bot. It is not included on either the US nor European Blu-ray releases (possibly due to a request from the Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC) to remove the short from the Australian DVD release, for they gave the short a PG rating).

Possible sequel
Following its release, both Wedge and Joyce have expressed interest in doing a sequel. In light of the Release the Snyder Cut movement and the closure of Blue Sky Studios, a movement to release a director's cut of Robots has gained traction. A proposed director's cut was first mentioned on the film's original DVD audio commentary with Wedge and Joyce, in which Wedge said that there would be alternate takes in certain scenes, and that Cappy would have been more fleshed out.

title: Robots (2005 film)


text:
Category:Horse breeds

Due to different classification schemes between nations and lack of clear scientific consensus on what constitutes an animal breed, this category includes horse and pony groups that could be classified as "feral breeds" and/or "landrace breeds".

title: Category:Horse breeds


text:
Category:Horses

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Horses


text:
Naval Air Station Sigonella

Naval Air Station (NAS) Sigonella is an Italian Air Force base (Aeroporto "Cosimo Di Palma" di Sigonella), and a U.S. Navy installation at Italian Air Force Base Sigonella in Lentini, Sicily, Italy. The whole NAS is a tenant of the Italian Air Force, which has the military and the administrative control. It serves as an Italian base for the 41º Stormo Antisom (41st Antisubmarine Warfare Wing). NAS Sigonella acts also as a landlord to more than 40 other U.S. commands and activities. It is located 15 km west and 11 km south of the city of Catania, and some 40 km south of Mount Etna.

The NAS is located in the western part of the large airport structure, while the Italian military base is located in the eastern part. Because of its location near the center of the Mediterranean Sea, NASSIG is well-placed to support operations by the U.S. 6th Fleet, other U.S. military units, and U.S. allies and coalition partners.

Among the aircraft that fly from this island base are Italian Air Force ATR 72MP (which replaced the Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic in 2017) and United States Air Force C-130, C-17, and C-5 airlifters, KC-135 and KC-10 tankers and U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidons, C-2 Greyhounds, and C-40A Clippers.

It is one of the most frequently used stops for U.S. airlift aircraft bound from the continental United States to Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean.

NAS Sigonella has the best claim to be a hub of U.S. naval air operations in the Mediterranean. The base command is the landlord to more than 40 other U.S. units. Among the largest are a rotating P-8A patrol squadron; a Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station; and a U.S. Naval Hospital. The hospital was built in 1992. Previously, there was only a clinic and the closest U.S. Naval Hospital was in Naples. Sigonella is home to more than 4,000 troops, civilian personnel, and family members.

NAS Sigonella is the Navy's second largest security command, second only to that located at Naval Support Activity Bahrain. NAS Sigonella also has a large support of security personnel from NR NSF Sigonella, a Navy Reserve command based in NRC Detroit at Selfridge ANGB, Michigan.

The Naval Air Station comprises two sections: NAS I was the site of the original U.S. base but is now a support facility, and NAS II which includes the runways, operations, and most tenant commands. NAS I also contains the Navy Exchange and Commissary, the school, and some homes, mainly for the commodore of Task Force 67, the air station commanding officer, the air station executive officer, and commanding officers of tenant activities. NAS I also is host to other facilities, mainly for entertainment. NAS II is now only used as a service base.

Sigonella is based also on the Alliance Ground Surveillance Force (NAGSF) with five RQ-4D Phoenix remotely piloted aircraft and the associated European-sourced ground command and control stations.

History
The United States Naval Air Facility (NAF), Sigonella, was established June 15, 1959. Its first commanding officer was Captain Walter J. Frazier. The facility was conceived in the early 1950s when plans to base U.S. Navy P2V Neptunes at Hal Far, Malta began to outgrow the facility.

When there was no room for expansion at Malta, the U.S. Navy obtained NATO backing to be hosted by Sicilians. Italy made land available under a temporary agreement signed on June 25, 1957. Six days later, Landing Ship Tanks (LSTs) began to deliver equipment from the Malta base.

Ground was broken in September, and construction on the administrative area at NAF I was started in 1958. It was built on top of an airfield where damaged fighters and bombers of the German Air Force had once landed during the Second World War. The first Americans arrived for work at Sigonella in March 1959—six months before any buildings were ready—and so worked for six months in Catania at a large warehouse complex called Magazzino Generale (General Warehouse), which is opposite the cemetery on the right side of the street as one enters Catania from the base.

By the end of August 1959, the NAF II airfield was available for daylight flights under visual flight rules (VFR); 24 flights were logged by 31 August.

One of Sigonella's first buildings was what is now the American Forces Network (AFN) building. In 1958, that building was Sigonella's vector (pest) control center, where rat poison was stored. The Army Corps of Engineers next used the building for their offices, later sharing it with Special Services, or what is now called Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR). Around 1966, AFN came to Sigonella and joined Special Services, which soon moved out, leaving the building to the broadcasters.

Sigonella's first flood occurred in mid-September 1959. The Dittaino Bridge between NAF I and NAF II was under six feet of water on September 20 and all traffic had to go through Catania. Power outages accompanied the floods.

In 1965 the Italian Air Force sited at Sigonella the 41st Antisubmarine Warfare Wing (86st Gruppo and 88st Gruppo) with mixed crews from the Air Force and Navy.

In the 1980s, "Naval Air Facility" Sigonella was redesignated as a "Naval Air Station".

In 1983 the base was named after World War II pilot Captain Cosimo Di Palma (it), who was shot down by the Luftwaffe while on a mission with the Italian Co-belligerent Air Force and was honored with the Gold Medal of Military Valor.

On the night of October 10, 1985, there were tense hours on NAS II when the Italian Carabinieri, Italian Air Force, and the US Army's Delta Force came close to firing upon one another following the interception by US Navy F-14 Tomcat fighters of an Egyptian Boeing 737 airliner carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship, the Achille Lauro, which had been commandeered by members of the PLO on 7 October. The hijackers had killed a Jewish American Leon Klinghoffer. The F-14s instructed the Egyptian plane to land at Sigonella where the Americans had planned to take the hijackers into custody. The Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi instead claimed the hijackers were under Italian jurisdiction. The Italian authorities, therefore, refused to allow the Navy SEALs to board the plane, threatening to open fire on the Americans had they attempted to do so. The ensuing stand-off lasted throughout the night until President Ronald Reagan gave the orders for the Americans to stand down. The hijackers were eventually tried and sentenced by an Italian court.

In late 1985, work crews belonging to NMCB 133 were repairing and installing sidewalks in the housing area at NAS I when they uncovered a small stockpile of Luftwaffe antiaircraft ammunition. The stockpile had belonged to an antiaircraft position that had been buried during raids in the Allied invasion of 1943.

On April 1, 2004, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) opened Defense Depot Sigonella Italy on NAS II to serve as a supply base for the Mediterranean. DLA also provides fuel and property disposal from NAS II.

Sigonella suffered its second major flood mid December 2005. Over 400 service members and families evacuated. In 2006, a newly installed protective berm prevented a nearly second consecutive year of flooding.

When NATO took military intervention in Libya in 2011, NAS Sigonella played an important role in US Operation Odyssey Dawn because of its short distance to the country. As Libya remained unstable in 2013, a Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force–Crisis Response unit was formed and an element of this was moved to the base to be within V-22 range of Libya.

In 2019, an investigation by Sigonella's Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) office and the local Carabinieri led to the arrest of 18 individuals suspected of stealing over 100000 liter of JP-5 jet fuel. According to the investigators, the criminal operation, which involved the siphoning of jet fuel from a pipeline connecting Augusta Bay with NAS Sigonella, had been ongoing for almost 3 years and caused approximately 800,000 Euros in damages.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, most of the base including recreational facilities, daycare programs, and the school were shut down to slow the spread of the COVID-19 Coronavirus.

Facilities
The Base Operating and Support Services contractor Gemmo is responsible for pest management at the station.

Airport
The airport resides at an elevation of 79 ft above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 10R/28L which measures 2462 x and 10L/28R measuring 2442 x.

Housing
Most permanent party military personnel and families are housed in Marinai, located 2 minutes from NAS II and approximately 10–15 minutes from NAS I. Marinai flooded in December 2005 displacing many families temporarily. Also in Marinai are Boy Scout Troop 53 and Cub Scout Pack 53. Previously, "Mineo" was used as a housing base, but has since been returned to Italian Nationals and is no longer in service. Temporarily deployed unaccompanied military personnel, typically from rotational squadrons deployed from the United States, are housed in bachelor enlisted quarters and bachelor officer quarters located at NAS II.

From 1987 to 2002, there was a base housing development Villaggio Costanzo which was located in the village of Santa Maria La Stella, in the comune of Aci Sant'Antonio, and approximately 60 minutes from NAS I. The closest community to the base is Motta Sant'Anastasia, where many military personnel and their families live in rented accommodations on the economy. Relations between the Americans and the local Italian nationals are cordial, despite some anti-American demonstrations outside the base protesting the Iraq War. Many Italian nationals are employed as civilian workers at the base.

Educational opportunities
Family support includes pre-Kindergarten and Department of Defense Dependent Schools (DoDDs) K-12 schooling. In-person college-level courses are delivered by several universities. In particular, the University of Maryland Global Campus – Europe (formerly the European Division) offers a wide range of courses, depending on demand.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at NAS Sigonella.

Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Sigonella, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.

Italian Air Force
Support and Special Forces Command

 * Sigonella Air Base Command (Comando Aeroporto Sigonella)
 * 41st (Anti-submarine) Wing (41° Stormo AntiSom) – P-72A
 * 86st (Crew training) Wing (86º Gruppo CAE)
 * 11st Department aircraft maintenance (11° Reparto manutenzione velivoli)

Combat Forces Command

 * 32nd Wing (32° Stormo)
 * 61st Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron (61° Gruppo APR) – MQ-1C Predator A+

Italian Navy
Aviation Inspector for the Navy

 * 88nd (Anti-submarine) Wing (88° Gruppo AntiSom) – P-72A

United States Navy
Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP)
 * Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Detachment
 * Aviation Supply Depot
 * Air Operations Department – C-26D Metroliner
 * Commander, Fleet Logistics Support Wing (CFLSW)
 * Executive Transport Department Sigonella – C-20G Gulfstream IV
 * Fleet Logistics Support Wing Detachment – Supports C-130T Hercules and C-40A Clipper on detachment
 * Commander Helicopter Sea Combat Wing ATLANTIC (COMHSCWINGLANT)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 28 (HSC-28), Detachment 1 – MH-60S Seahawk
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Sicily
 * Naval Medical Research Unit Three (NAMRU-3)

 * NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Sigonella

Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Naval Forces Africa (CNE-CNA)

 * US Sixth Fleet
 * Commander Task Force 67 (CTF-67)
 * TG-67.1 (Maritime Patrol) – P-8A Poseidon
 * TG-67.2 (Tactical Operation Center)
 * TU-67.2.1 (Mobile Tactical Operation Center)
 * TG-67.3 (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) – MQ-4C Triton

United States Air Force
Air Combat Command (ACC)

 * Sixteenth Air Force
 * 319th Reconnaissance Wing
 * 319th Operations Group
 * 7th Reconnaissance Squadron (GSU) – RQ-4B Global Hawk

US Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)

 * Third Air Force
 * 435th Air Expeditionary Wing
 * 409th Air Expeditionary Group
 * 324th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron (GSU)

NATO
NATO Alliance Ground Surveillance Force (NAGSF)

 * Alliance Ground Surveillance – RQ-4D Phoenix

European Union
EU NAVFOR Med

 * Operation Irini

title: Naval Air Station Sigonella


text:
User:Gregb/ww2arrangement

A proposed configuration for the World War II wikireader program. Obviously, this is incomplete, but I just threw it out there for ideas and whatnot. I also got tired of writing etcetras half-way through.

World War II

Pre-war origins and ideologies
etc.
 * Causes of World War II
 * Treaty of Versailles
 * Spanish Civil War
 * Reichstag Fire
 * Nazi Germany
 * Neville Chamberlain

General tactics and devices
etc.
 * Blitzkrieg
 * Enigma Machine
 * German AFVs of World War II
 * Europe first

Military Leaders

 * Dwight D. Eisenhower
 * Erwin Rommel

Eastern Front
etc. (ideally organized chronologically, with general article first)
 * Eastern Front (WWII)
 * Battle of Stalingrad
 * Battle of Moscow

Western Front
etc.
 * Western Front (WWII)
 * Battle of Britain
 * Battle of Bulge

Cultural forces

 * Hitler Youth
 * Kilroy was here
 * Holocaust

Political Speakers

 * Adolf Hitler
 * Benito Mussolini

Pacific Theater

 * Pacific Theater of Operations

General tactics and devices

 * Island-hopping
 * Code talkers

Military Leaders

 * Yamamoto Isoroku
 * Douglas MacArthur

Battles and Operations

 * Battle of Okinawa
 * Battle of Midway

Post War Fallout
?
 * World War II Casualties
 * Yalta Conference

title: User:Gregb/ww2arrangement


text:
Felix Dahn

Felix Ludwig Julius Dahn (9 February 1834 – 3 January 1912) was a German law professor and nationalist author, poet and historian.

Biography
Felix Ludwig Julius Dahn was born in Hamburg as the oldest son of Friedrich (1811–1889) and Constanze Dahn who were notable actors at the city's theatre. The family had both German and French roots. Dahn began his studies in law and philosophy in Munich (he had moved there with his parents in 1834), and graduated as Doctor of Laws in Berlin. After his habilitation treatise, Dahn became a lecturer of German Law in Munich in 1857. In 1863 he became senior lecturer/associate professor in Würzburg, received a professorship in Königsberg (in 1872).

Dahn was married to the artist Sophie Fries (1835–1898), with whom he had a son. He tutored baroness Therese von Droste-Hülshoff, a relative of the poet Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, in poetry from 1867 and entered an illicit love affair with her, which he gave a literary treatment in his Sind Götter? (1874). He divorced his wife and married Therese, against opposition from both families, in 1873.

Dahn relocated to University of Breslau in 1888, again as a full professor, and was elected rector of the university in 1895. As rector, he enforced a ban on Polish student associations.

Works
Dahn's writings were influential in the conception of the European Migration Period (Völkerwanderung ) in German historiography of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His multi-volume Prehistory of the Germanic and Roman Peoples, a chronology of the Migration Period that first appeared in print in 1883, was so definitive that abbreviated versions were reprinted until the late 1970s.

From the 1860s, Dahn regularly wrote for Die Gartenlaube, Germany's most popular family magazine. His nationalist historical novels were widely received, and according to Houdsen (1997) were influential in the formation of the völkisch ideology that formed the "Germany's pre-Hitlerian intellectual background for National Socialism". His 1876 Ein Kampf um Rom according to Kipper (2002) contributed to the ethnic essentialism and opposition to ethnic miscegenation of the "völkisch avant-garde".

Dahn published numerous poems, many with a nationalist bent. His Mette von Marienburg portrays bands of "Masures and Poles" hiding in the "Podolian forest".

Besides his historical and literary production, Dahn also published a large amount of specialist legal literature, on topics such as trade law and international law.

title: Felix Dahn


text:
Hyracotherium

Hyracotherium ("hyrax-like beast") is an extinct genus of very small (about 60 cm in length) perissodactyl ungulates that was found in the London Clay formation. This small, fox-sized animal is (for some scientists) considered to be the earliest known member of Equidae before the type species, H. leporinum, was reclassified as a palaeothere, a perissodactyl family basal to both horses and brontotheres. The remaining species are now thought to belong to different genera, such as Eohippus, which had previously been synonymised with Hyracotherium.

Description
Hyracotherium averaged 78 cm (2.5 feet) in length and weighed about 9 kg (20 pounds). It had a short face with eye sockets in the middle and a short diastema (the space between the front teeth and the cheek teeth). The skull was long, having 44 low-crowned teeth. Although it had low-crowned teeth, the beginnings of the characteristic horse-like ridges on the molars can be seen. Hyracotherium is believed to have been a browsing herbivore that ate primarily soft leaves as well as some fruits and nuts and plant shoots.

Discovery
The first fossil identified as being of this genus, holotype specimen BMNH M16336, was found in the cliffs of Studd Hill near Herne Bay, Kent, and described by the paleontologist Richard Owen in a paper read to the Geological Society of London on 18 December 1839 as a "small mutilated cranium about the size of that of a hare". He identified it as belonging to an extinct order of Pachydermata, with teeth resembling those of the Chaeropotamus and the general form of the skull "partaking of a character intermediate between that of the hog and the hyrax, though the large size of the eye must have given to the physiognomy of the living animal a resemblance to that of the Rodentia." Referring to this resemblance to the hyrax, Owen proposed the genus name Hyracotherium for this new genus. In his formal description published by the Geological Society in 1841, Owen wrote "Without intending to imply that the present small extinct Pachyderm was more closely allied to the Hyrax than as being a member of the same order, and similar in size, I propose to call the new genus which it unquestionably indicates, Hyracotherium, with the specific name leporinum."

In 1876 Othniel C. Marsh published the description of a full skeleton found in New Mexico, which he placed in a new genus Eohippus. Its similarities with the fossils described by Owen were pointed out in a 1932 paper by Sir Clive Forster Cooper. The only species, E. angustidens, was moved to the genus Hyracotherium, which had priority as the name for the genus, with Eohippus becoming a junior synonym of that genus. Many other North American equids were subsequently classified as species of Hyracotherium as well, but this synonymy has recently been questioned.

Taxonomy and evolution
The type species, H. leporinum, is now regarded as a paleothere, rather than a horse proper. Most other species of Hyracotherium are still regarded as equids, but they have been placed in several other genera, such as Arenahippus, Minippus, Sifrhippus, Xenicohippus, Pliolophus, Protorohippus and the resurrected Eohippus. At one time, Xenicohippus was regarded as an early brontothere. The main stream of horse evolution occurred on the North American continent.

title: Hyracotherium


text: Category:Prehistoric horses

title: Category:Prehistoric horses


text:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

The United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (in case citations, N.D. Ill.) is the federal trial court with jurisdiction over the northern counties of Illinois. It is one of the busiest federal trial courts in the United States, with famous cases including those of Al Capone and the Chicago Eight.

Appeals from the Northern District of Illinois are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The acting United States attorney for the district, representing the United States in litigation in the court, is Morris Pasqual since March 12, 2023.

Organization
The court's jurisdiction is split into an eastern division, including Cook, DuPage, McHenry, Grundy, Kane, Kendall, LaSalle, Lake, and Will counties, with its sessions held in Chicago and Wheaton; and a western division, including Boone, Carroll, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Lee, Ogle, Stephenson, Whiteside, and Winnebago counties, with its sessions held in Freeport and Rockford.

History
The United States District Court for the District of Illinois was established by a statute passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819,. The act established a single office for a judge to preside over the court. Initially, the court was not within any existing judicial circuit, and appeals from the court were taken directly to the United States Supreme Court. In 1837, Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, placing it in Chicago, Illinois and giving it jurisdiction over the District of Illinois,.

The Northern District itself was created by a statute passed on February 13, 1855,, which subdivided the District of Illinois into the Northern and the Southern Districts. The boundaries of the District and the seats of the courts were set forth in the statute:

"The counties of Hancock, McDonough, Peoria, Woodford, Livingston, and Iroquois, and all the counties in the said State north of them, shall compose one district, to be called the northern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the said district at the city of Chicago; and the residue of the counties of the said State shall compose another district, to be called the southern district of Illinois, and courts shall be held for the same at the city of Springfield."

The district has since been re-organized several times. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois was created on March 3, 1905, by, by splitting counties out of the Northern and Southern Districts. It was later eliminated in a reorganization on October 2, 1978, which replaced it with a Central District,, formed primarily from parts of the Southern District, and returning some counties to the Northern District.

The Northern District of Illinois, which contains the entire Chicago metropolitan area, accounts for 1,531 of the 1,828 public corruption convictions in the state between 1976 and 2012, almost 84%, also making it the federal district with the most public corruption convictions in the nation between 1976 and 2012.

List of U.S. attorneys since 1857

 * Augustus M. Herrington, 1857–1858
 * Henry S. Fitch, 1858–1861
 * Edwin C. Larned, 1861
 * Joseph O. Glover, 1869
 * Mark Bangs, 1875–1879
 * Joseph B. Seake, 1879–1884
 * Richard S. Tuthill, 1884–1886
 * William G. Ewing, 1886–1890
 * Thomas E. Milchrist, 1891–1893
 * Sherwood Dixon, 1893–1894
 * John C. Black, 1895–1899
 * Solomon H. Bethea, 1899–1905
 * Charles B. Morrison, 1905–1906
 * Edwin W. Sims, 1906–1911
 * James Herbert Wilkerson, 1911–1914
 * Charles F. Clyne, 1914–1922
 * Edwin A. Olson, 1922–1927
 * George E. Q. Johnson, 1927–1931
 * Dwight H. Green, 1931–1935
 * Michael L. Igoe, 1935–1938
 * William Joseph Campbell, 1938–1940
 * J. Albert Woll, 1940–1947
 * Otto Kerner Jr., 1947–1954
 * Irwin N. Cohen, 1954
 * Robert Tieken, 1954–1961
 * James P. O'Brien, 1961–1963
 * Frank E. McDonald, 1963–1964
 * Edward Hanrahan, 1964–1968
 * Tom Foran, 1968–1970
 * William J. Bauer, 1970–1971
 * James R. Thompson, 1971–1975
 * Samuel K. Skinner, 1975–1977
 * Thomas P. Sullivan, 1977–1981
 * Gregory C. Jones, 1981
 * Dan K. Webb, 1981–1985
 * Anton R. Valukas, 1985–1989
 * Ira A. Raphaelson, 1989–1990
 * Fred Foreman, 1990–1993
 * Michael J. Shepard, 1993
 * Jim Burns, 1993–1997
 * Scott R. Lassar, 1997–2001
 * Patrick Fitzgerald, 2001–2012
 * Gary S. Shapiro, 2012–2013
 * Zachary T. Fardon, 2013–2017
 * Joel R. Levin, 2017
 * John R. Lausch Jr., 2017–2023
 * Morris Pasqual, 2023–present


text:
Talk:Shakespearean sonnet

Does a sepaate article, deprived of the the context sonnet genuinely add to information? Or does it simply disperse it? A massive volume on Shakespeare's sonnets has been published recently. Wetman 00:08, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I can't see what we benefit from having two different articles. Merging and expanding the resulting article with sections to discuss the "two topics" will be the best method IMO. [[User:Sverdrup|❝Sverdrup❞ ]] 00:15, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * They're two different subjects. Combining them makes about as much sense to me as combining an article on Colin Powell with an article on Secretary of State.  Look at Rubaiyat vs. Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam for another example.  Someone interested in the verse form and historical development of the Elizabethan (aka Shakespearean) sonnet is not necessarily interested in the rumours surrounding the identity of Shakespeare's gay/not-gay lovers, etc.  Not that all this is discussed in the existing articles, but it may eventually be added, and you get the idea.  --Chinasaur 22:55, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

i would say that this should stay; the shakesperean sonnet is a form beyond just sonnets by shakespeare, but i think it should be expanded, there is more there to write about; the shifts in mood and the resolution that they generally contain, and possibly mention other poets who have used this particular form with especial regularity. Heliotropic 21:24, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

just out of curiosity: did these words really rhyme in Early Modern English? e.g. love/remove, come/doom, love/prove. – Alensha 寫 词 20:54, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

I'm putting this up for merging to sonnet.--Lkjhgfdsa 14:34, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shakespearean sonnet


text:
Western Somali Liberation Front

The Western Somali Liberation Front (Jabhadda Xoreynta Somali Galbeed; abbreviated WSLF) was a Somali movement fighting in eastern Ethiopia to liberate the Ogaden region from Ethiopian control. It played a major role in the Ogaden War of 1977–78, assisting the invading Somali Army.

Background
After World War II, Somali leaders in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia persistently advocated for self-determination, yet their pleas were consistently disregarded by both Ethiopia and the United Nations. In the post-war period, the British handed over the Ogaden to Haile Selassie's government. The region had been nominally under the rule of the Ethiopian Empire since Menelik's expansions in the late 1800s. Additionally, the British also handed over lands east of Jigjiga that had never been administered by the Ethiopian Empire.

1963 uprising
During the late 1940s and 1950's, covert Somali organizations in the Ogaden formed with the aim of freeing the region from Ethiopian rule. In 1963, the first major rebellion in the region broke out. Known as 'Nasrallah' or the Ogaden Liberation Front, the organization began with 300 men and soon swelled to 3,000. The Ethiopian Imperial Army launched a large scale counterinsurgency campaign during the summer and fall of 1963. The imperial governments reprisals during the counterinsurgency campaign, which consisted large scale artillery bombardments of Somali cities in the Ogaden, resulted in rapidly deteriorating relations between the Ethiopian Empire and the Somali Republic, eventually resulting the 1964 Border War. In the years following, insurgent activity continued but declined over the late 1960's due to pressures from both the Ethiopian and Somali governments. The Nasrallah insurgents formed the foundation of the future Western Somali Liberation Front.

Between 1965 and 1975, Nasrallah began emphasizing on building the political and diplomatic groundwork for another liberation struggle. The organization opened an office in Mogadishu and in sympathetic Arab states such as Iraq and Syria.

Formation
The early 1970's saw the Ogaden liberation movement continue to gain momentum off the foundations of Nasrallah, though the original organization had gradually started to disintegrate. In light of this, veteran insurgents and young intelligentsia from the Ogaden region within Siad Barre's government lobbied for Somalia to support the resumption of the armed struggle. Following the toppling of Halie Selassie's imperial regime by the Derg military junta, the situation in the Ogaden deteriorated. In the same period, a severe drought gripped the Ogaden resulting in mass suffering. The Derg opted to suppress news of the situation in the region rather than provide relief, and under the junta military oppression in the region increased. As 1974 and 1975 drew on, pressure from Ogaden Somalis rapidly built on the government of Siad Barre. By 1975, the Somali government had been convinced to aid the movement. Significant reorganizations were made in this period, including the decision to choose a new name. There was a sharp debate over whether to name the organization the 'Ogaden' or 'Western Somali' liberation front, with the latter eventually prevailing as the choice.

In January 1976, a general conference of Western Somali society was held 100 km north-west of Mogadishu. A twenty-five member committee was elected to lead the WSLF, and Abdullahi Hassan Mahmoud became its first leader when the organization was formerly founded at the conference. That same year, training camps were soon formed across the Ogaden and Somalia. Despite the organizations clear emphasis on Somalis, the WSLF found support among Muslim Harari and Oromo populations. Many Hararis joined the organization, with several such as Colonel Ezedin Yusuf in leading positions during the armed struggle. According to WSLF accounts, a large number of the fronts younger guerrillas were Harari "boys and girls". Ioan Lewis noted that Muslim Oromo support was significant to the WSLF, and extended into the command structure of the organization.

Insurgency
The WSLF found its opportunity when the Derg overthrew Haile Selassie in 1974, and switched from American support to the Soviet Union. The initiation of guerrilla warfare occurred almost simultaneously in the northern and southern regions in the early months of 1976. By the year's end, it had expanded across southeastern Bale and Sidamo. The terrain, comprising partly arid scrubland and mountainous and wooded areas, was familiar to the fighters, and the local inhabitants were considered friendly. Infiltrating from various points in the Somali republic, the guerrillas moved rapidly across the rugged hills. Wherever they went, they dismantled the state presence by destroying government offices and systematically targeting police and civilian administration. In total there were fourth Brigades or in Somali "Afar Gaas" within the WSLF movement. First Brigade was known as "Duufaan". Second Brigade was known as "Ahmed Gurey" and was the largest Brigade of the WSLF. Third Brigade was known as "Horyaal" and the Fourth Brigade was known as "Ciil Tire". Each brigade was assigned to enter different front in the Somali Region of Ethiopia.

In 1976, the Somali government set up a counterpart of WSLF to fight in the Oromo areas, calling it the Somali Abo Liberation Front (SALF), whose sphere of operations was in the provinces of Bale, Sidamo, and Arsi, where it advocated union with Somalia or the creation of an independent state. Wako Gutu and Shekih Hussein were some of the prominent Oromo nationalists who joined SALF, which soon surpassed the Oromo Liberation Army (OLF). Somalia equipped both groups with Soviet arms, and in early 1977 sent 3,000 soldiers from the Somali Army to fight as guerrillas with the WSLF.

By early 1977, with the exception of towns strategically positioned on vital routes and intersections, the WSLF effectively controlled most of the Ogaden lowlands. The rebels employed hit-and-run tactics, targeting the Ethiopian army at its vulnerable points and then blending into a predominantly supportive or sympathetic local population. These tactics eroded the morale of the Ethiopian troops, compelling them to retreat to bunkers and camps. The Ethiopian army found itself confined to garrison towns, many of which were besieged. While any attempt to storm these garrison towns invited devastating firepower from the Ethiopian defenders, travel between towns became perilous. Military and civilian vehicles required armed escorts, often falling into ambushes or encountering land mines. On February 11, 1977, a notable ambush occurred near Horakelifo (between Degehabur and Jijiga), resulting in the death of 25 soldiers and officers, with another 24 wounded, and the destruction of armored cars and trucks. Around the same time, a police contingent was annihilated not far from Filtu. These disruptions to supply lines led to frequent transportation delays to the camps. In addition to affecting the morale of the troops, guerrilla actions aimed at sabotaging the economy also occurred. In the summer of 1977, WSLF fighters destroyed several important installations, and on June 1, they detonated the railway connecting the Ethiopian capital to the port of Djibouti. This crucial economic lifeline, normally handling 70 percent of Ethiopia's exports and 50 percent of her imports, remained out of commission until August.

On June 1977, Siad Barre decided to intensify the war by involving the regular Somali forces. On June 13, 1977, approximately 5,000 SNA soldiers crossed the border, launching a coordinated attack on specific targets in the Ogaden. The soldiers had taken off their uniform insignia and disguised themselves as guerrillas for the operation. Under the command of SNA officers, the WSLF engaged in attacks on Ethiopian military positions, pounding Gode, Degehabur and Kebri Dahar with mortars and rockets. However, the offensive was repulsed with heavy casualties. At Gode alone, 300 WSLF guerrillas and 14 high ranking SNA officers were killed. Dissent among the army, especially among the Ogaden clan, became vocal. After this disastrous offensive, the decision was made to invade Ethiopia to support the WSLF.

Ogaden War
On July 13, 1977, the Somali army invaded Ethiopia. The Somali government refused to declare war, instead insisting that in the media that all the military actions were taken by the WSLF. The WSLF engaged in sabotage actions, impairing the mobility of the Ethiopian army. By September 1977, the Somali forces had overrun 90% of the Ogaden. The 2nd Brigade, Ahmed Gurey was the main strength of the WSLF during the war, they captured Jigjiga after 4 weeks of heavy fighting with the Ethiopia army. Former Somali President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed said "the WSLF brigades were very strong and united against all odds." during his interview with former BBC World Service report Abdisalan Harari. This was claim backed by an interview with former Cuban leader Fidel Castro. However, in early 1978 the Ethiopian government acquired a new arsenal of Soviet equipment and, spearheaded by Cuban combat troops, managed to push back the Somali incursion.

After the Ogaden War, the Ethiopian army only remained in full control of the Ogaden for a very brief period of time. Six months later, the WSLF was back in control of most of the countryside, and the army was confined to the towns and the roads. Sweeps and patrols in 1979 managed to reduce rebel activity, but failed to clear out the insurgents. By the end of the 70s, the WSLF was estimated to have an army of 18,000 men, thus becoming the second largest rebel group in Ethiopia, the first being the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).

Decline
In 1979, the Isaaq wing of the WSLF, Afraad, came into conflict with the main Ogaden clan forces of the WSLF. In early 1979, two WSLF fighters raped an Isaaq woman near Tog Wajaale, her teenage brother then retaliated by shooting the WSLF fighters dead, the commander of the WSLF unit then had the boy and some other members of his family executed. Shortly afterwards an Isaaq officer had 14 Ogaden WSLF members executed for harassing the local population. The next year, Issaq fighters killed 6 WSLF fighters and 13 Ogaden civilians near Werder, Ethiopia.

On August 1980, the Derg regime launched a massive anti-insurgency campaign known as "Operation Lash" to clear the Ogaden of insurgents. The Ethiopian army deployed six divisions consisting of 60,000 men under the command of Merid Negussie. After stationing troops around the border of Somalia to block suspected entry and exit points, the Ethiopian forces moved in, dispersing, encircling and liquidating the rebels. The SALF disintegrated, whereas the WSLF managed to escape to northern Somalia. By December 1980, the Ogaden was completely cleared from insurgents.

In 1981, the Mengistu regime began to support the Somali National Movement (SNM). The resulting war between the SNM and the WSLF was an important element in Ethiopian strategy, to exploit the clan divisions within Somali society and give the WSLF the final blow. From 1982 to 1984, the Somali National Movement (SNM) with support from the Ethiopian army, engaged in intense clashes with the WSLF in north western Somalia. In December 1984 the SNM launched an offensive that forced the WSLF out of its rear bases in northern Somalia. By January 1985, the WSLF had effectively ceased to exist.

title: Western Somali Liberation Front


text: Category:Propaganda films

title: Category:Propaganda films


text:
Edward Guinness

Edward Guinness may refer to:

 * Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh (1847–1927), Irish businessman and philanthropist
 * Edward Guinness, 4th Earl of Iveagh (born 1969), Anglo-Irish aristocrat and businessman

title: Edward Guinness


text:
The Score (album)

The Score is the second and final studio album by the hip hop trio Fugees, released worldwide on February 13, 1996, on Columbia Records. The album features a wide range of samples and instrumentation, with many aspects of alternative hip hop that would come to dominate the hip-hop music scene in the mid- to late-1990s. Primarily, The Score's production was handled by Fugees themselves, Jerry Duplessis and Warren Riker, with additional production from Salaam Remi, John Forté, Diamond D, and Shawn King. The album's guest verses are from Outsidaz members Rah Digga, Young Zee, and Pacewon, as well as John Forté, and Diamond D. Most versions of the album feature four bonus tracks, including three remixes of "Fu-Gee-La", and a short acoustic Wyclef Jean solo track entitled "Mista Mista".

Upon its release, The Score was a commercial success, peaking atop the U.S. Billboard 200. It also topped the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart for eight weeks, becoming the longest running number one for a hip hop group, and topped the 1996 year-end chart. The singles "Killing Me Softly", "Fu-Gee-La", and "Ready or Not" also achieved notable chart success, leading the album to become the third best selling album of 1996 in the United States, and helping the group achieve worldwide recognition.

The album received critical acclaim. It received a nomination for Album of the Year at the 39th Grammy Awards, becoming the second rap album to receive a nomination in the category and the first from a hip hop group; and won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, along with Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "Killing Me Softly". In retrospect, The Score has garnered a considerable amount of acclaim over the years, with many music critics and publications noting it as one of the greatest albums of the 1990s, as well as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. The Score was included on the list of 200 Definitive Albums in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and was ranked number 134 on Rolling Stone 's revised list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" (2020).

As of February 2021, The Score has been certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It is the best-selling album by an American hip hop act in France, where the album has been certified Diamond. With an estimated 22 million copies sold worldwide, the album has become one of the best-selling albums of all time, at the time of its release it briefly became the best-selling hip hop album of all time, and remains the best-selling album by a hip hop group. As of June 2021, the album is the fifth-most streamed 1990s hip-hop album on Spotify.

Background
Although Fugees' previous album, Blunted on Reality proved to be critically and commercially unsuccessful, Chris Schwartz, the head of Ruffhouse Records, decided to give the group another chance. In early 1995, he gave them a $135,000 advance and granted them complete artistic control for a follow-up album. The group used the money for recording equipment and set up a studio in Wyclef Jean's uncle's basement, which they referred to as the Booga Basement.

Recording for the album began in June 1995, and extended into November 1995 at what Jean described as a "relaxed pace ... It was done calmly, almost unconsciously. There wasn't any pressure–it was like 'let's make some music', and it just started forming into something amazing. It sounded like a feel-good hip hop record to us, and it was different than what anyone was doing at the time. It was three kids from an urban background expressing themselves."

In regard to The Score's unified themes and production, Lauryn Hill commented: "It's an audio film. It's like how radio was back in the 1940s. It tells a story, and there are cuts and breaks in the music. It's almost like a hip hop version of Tommy, like what The Who did for rock music."

Music
The Score was produced by a variety of producers including each member of the Fugees, as well as Diamond D, Salaam Remi, and Jerry Duplessis. Although most tracks are built on sampled melodies, live instrumentation and DJing are incorporated into multiple tracks. Wyclef Jean plays the guitar on "Family Business", while DJ Skribble scratches on "Manifest/Outro". Nevertheless, samples are the predominant production tool on The Score. "Fu-Gee-La" incorporates a sample of Teena Marie's "Ooo La La La", and is interpolated in the song's chorus. "Ready or Not" also contains a sample that is interpolated; "Ready or Not (Here I Come)" by the Delfonics. "Manifest/Outro" contains a sample from "Rock Dis Funky Joint" by Poor Righteous Teachers, while the title track, "The Score" contains vocal samples from every track on the entire album.

Three official singles were released in promotion of The Score, the first of which was "Fu-Gee-La", which was released on January 9, 1996, reached the Top 40, peaking at No. 29 on the Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, the song reached No. 13 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and No. 2 on the Hot Rap Songs chart. "Fu-Gee-La" was produced by Salaam Remi and includes elements of "Ooo La La La" as performed by Teena Marie.

The second single, "Killing Me Softly", with lead vocals by Lauryn Hill, was released on May 31, 1996. "Killing Me Softly" proved to be the most successful single from the album. The song went No. 1 in 20 countries, including the United Kingdom, where it peaked atop the UK Singles Chart, and became one of the region's best-selling singles ever. In the US, the song wasn’t available for purchase, which made it ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 chart due to their previous rules; however, it still managed to peak at No. 1 on the US Mainstream Top 40 and Rhythmic airplay charts. Initially, the song was to be titled "Killing Them Softly", and though alluding to Charles Fox and Norman Gimbel's "Killing Me Softly with His Song", it was originally not intended to be a cover; however, the original writers refused permission for the rewrite of their song, but did allow the Fugees to do a cover version. In 1997, "Killing Me Softly" won the Fugees a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by Duo or group.

The third single released from the album was "Ready or Not", which was released on September 2, 1996. In the US the song peaked at No. 34 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart. The song became their second No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart, staying at the top for two weeks. The track interpolates "Ready or Not, Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)" as performed by the Delfonics, and also samples Enya's "Boadicea". Initially, this sample was uncredited, and Enya was prepared to sue for copyright infringement, but decided not to when she discovered that the Fugees were not gangsta rappers.

The accompanying music video was directed by film director Marcus Nispel, and was reported to have cost approximately 1.3 million dollars at the time, making it one of the most expensive music videos ever. In a later interview, Fugees member Pras described the recording of "Ready or Not", stating, "The three of us was each going through some pain. Lauryn was crying when she did her vocals. It was unbelievable. To see her singing with tears coming out of her eyes, it made me want to cry too."

The fourth and final single from the album, a cover of Bob Marley's "No Woman, No Cry", with lead vocals by Wyclef Jean, was released on November 18, 1996. It was produced by Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill, with additionally production from Pras and Jerry 'Wonder' Duplessis. It features uncredited backing vocals from by Marley's children Stephen and Sharon Marley, as well as reggae singer Pam Hall. An official remix of the track, featuring Stephen Marley, was included on the group's third release, Bootleg Versions. The song peaked at No. 38 on the US Hot 100 Airplay chart. It was more successful worldwide, peaking atop the New Zealand Singles Chart for two weeks, and No. 2 in the UK.

Critical reception
Upon its release, The Score received critical acclaim. Entertainment Weekly writer James Bernard commented, "What a shock: a smooth, well-produced rap album that doesn't have Dr. Dre's fingerprints on it [...] The Score showcases their acrobatic lyrical techniques and restless intelligence, and unlike much East Coast rap, The Score feels warm and intimate — partly because the instruments are live but also because the Fugees sound so relaxed and casual." Robert Christgau from The Village Voice called The Score "so beautiful and funny its courage could make you weep", and said the Fugees possess "black humanism" and "the gender-equality formula in which one girl learning equals two guys calling the shots". Steve Huey from AllMusic wrote that, "Even when they're not relying on easily recognizable tunes, their original material is powered by a raft of indelible hooks [...] The Score balances intelligence and accessibility with an easy assurance, and ranks as one of the most distinctive hip hop albums of its era." Cheo Hodari Coker from the Los Angeles Times wrote that, "The Score succeeds on all counts", while the Fugees are as fluid a rap group since A Tribe Called Quest: "Their specialty is matching a gymnastic rhyme flow and rock-solid beats with expert crooning." Selwyn Seyfu Hinds of Spin commented, "A sense of organic interaction is the hallmark of this album [....] the album's most important factor is its beats; chest-shaking, obscure-texture-having, freestyle-friendly beats." Q described the album as "An impressively panoramic soundscape."

However, in a mixed review, Rolling Stone writer Ann Powers commented, "The Fugees' roots in reggae gives them a solid base in song and a basic philosophy that's richer than the money-or-nothing ethic that dulls much of rap these days. Without being sanctimonious, The Score paints the ghetto as a mythical landscape, one that can inspire pride as well as sorrow. Like Wu-Tang Clan, the Fugees view the world as their movie, complete with stunts and special effects." Jon Pareles of The New York Times found the group's "vision of ghetto life" both eccentric and realistic, although he felt "Killing Me Softly" sounds "out of place amid the hard-nosed surrealism".

Accolades

 * (*) Signifies unordered lists

Track listing
Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer.
 * Interludes performed by Talent, Wil Shannon Briggs and Ras Baraka.
 * Intro performed by Red Alert and Ras Baraka.
 * Outro performed by Red Alert.

Sample credits
 * "Ready or Not" contains samples of "Boadicea" by Enya, "God Made Me Funky" by The Headhunters, and an interpolation of "Ready or Not, Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)" by The Delfonics.
 * "Zealots" contains a sample of "I Only Have Eyes for You" by The Flamingos.
 * "The Beast" contains a sample of "God Made Me Funky" by The Headhunters.
 * "Fu-Gee-La" contains a sample of "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" by Ramsey Lewis, and an interpolation of "Ooo La La La" by Teena Marie.
 * "Family Business" contains a sample of "Recuerdos de la Alhambra" by Francisco Tarrega, and "Gypsy Woman" by Joe Bataan (on the outro interlude).
 * "Killing Me Softly" covers "Killing Me Softly with His Song" by Roberta Flack, and contains samples of "Bonita Applebum" by A Tribe Called Quest, "Memory Band" by Rotary Connection, "Fool Yourself" by Little Feat, and "The Day Begins" by The Moody Blues (on the outro interlude).
 * "The Score" contains samples of "Dove" by Cymande, "My Melody" by Eric B. & Rakim, "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa, and "Scorpio" by Dennis Coffey and the Detroit Guitar Band (on the outro interlude).
 * "Cowboys" contains a sample of "Something 'Bout Love" by The Main Ingredient.
 * "No Woman, No Cry" covers "No Woman, No Cry" by Bob Marley & The Wailers.
 * "Manifest" contains a sample of "Rock Dis Funky Joint" by Poor Righteous Teachers.

Personnel
Fugees Additional personnel
 * Wyclef Jean – vocals, guitar, producer
 * Lauryn Hill – vocals, producer, arranger
 * Pras Michel – vocals, producer
 * John Forté – vocals, producer, drum programming
 * Diamond D – vocals, producer
 * DJ Red Alert – vocals
 * Omega – vocals
 * Pacewon – vocals
 * Rah Digga – vocals
 * Young Zee – vocals
 * Sly Dunbar – drums, drum programming
 * Ras Baraka – vocals
 * Robbie Shakespeare – bass
 * Backspin – DJ scratches
 * DJ Scribble – DJ scratches
 * Jerry Duplessis – producer
 * Salaam Remi – producer
 * Shawn King – producer
 * Handel Tucker – producer, keyboards
 * Warren Riker – recorder, engineer
 * Bob Brockmann – engineer
 * Gary Noble – engineer
 * Eddie Hudson – engineer, mixing
 * Delroy Pottinger – engineer
 * Courtney Small – engineer

title: The Score (album)


text:
Talk:David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech

Untitled
Either Baldwin appointed a 17 year old to his Cabinet or this article is mixing the 4th and 5th Barons - easy to do as they were both William Ormsby-Gore. Does anyone feel confident enough to separate out the two? Timrollpickering 00:15, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It was my mistake and I'm endeavouring to fix it now. A plague on names running in families! --Mr impossible 18:43, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It is not unknown for given names to be reused to deliberately confuse the authorities and others. Jackiespeel 16:58, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Vague
The phrase "oil-barrel politics" is vague. It seems to refer to the danger of nuclear war. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.178.220.16 (talk) 15:43, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

Pop culture 'reference'
The article says: "A creature card in the collectible card game Magic: the Gathering is called "Evil Eye of Orms-by-Gore." Any reasoning behind this name is unknown, other than meaningless titular presence". If this is a meaningless coincidence then why mention it on the article? My knowledge of collectible card games is non-existant so I'm not sure if there is any chance that such a game would deliberately refer to a deceased Conservative peer but if the article itself doubts whether there is much of a link, then why bother including something so pointless? I'm going to leave it be for a while to see if anyone can expand but if not, I think it's going to be cut. Thank you, PamukSoundystem (talk) 17:03, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Having another look, it's obviously just some obscure geeky stuff that has nothing to do with Ormsby-Gore and is probably just a coincidence. Pop culture sections can just become a mess of obscure little coincidences like this, so I have decided to remove this part of the article altogether as it adds nothing to further our understanding of the actual subject of the article. But if it can be more closely and relevantly linked to Ormsby-Gore, please by all means reintroduce it. Thank you, PamukSoundystem (talk) 17:41, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

POV
'After President Kennedy's assassination there were rumours of a romance between Ormsby-Gore and Jacqueline Kennedy. These were not likely to have been believed by the family.' The second sentence is not encyclopedic. Valetude (talk) 08:33, 22 July 2014 (UTC)