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Lee Roy Selmon

Lee Roy Selmon (October 20, 1954 – September 4, 2011) was an American professional football player who was a defensive end for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football as a defensive tackle at the University of Oklahoma, the youngest of three brothers to play football there.

He was a consensus All-American in 1974 and 1975 and a member of consecutive national championship teams for the Oklahoma Sooners in 1974 and 1975.

Selmon was selected by the expansion Buccaneers as the first overall pick in the 1976 NFL draft. He played in the NFL for nine seasons, from 1976 to 1984, all with the Buccaneers.

Selmon joined the athletic department at the University of South Florida in 1993 and served as the school's athletic director from 2001 to 2004. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1988, the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995, and the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2009.

Early life
Selmon was the youngest of nine children of Lucious and Jessie Selmon, raised on a farm near Eufaula, Oklahoma. A National Honor Society member at Eufaula High School, he graduated in 1972 after playing football through high school. His two brothers also played football and went to the University of Oklahoma, which he attended and where he graduated.

College career
In 1972, Selmon joined his brothers Lucious and Dewey Selmon in playing on the defensive line at the University of Oklahoma. He blossomed into a star in 1974, anchoring one of the best defenses in Oklahoma Sooners football history. The Sooners were national champions in 1974 and 1975. Selmon won the Lombardi Award and the Outland Trophy in 1975. Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer called him the best player he ever coached, and College Football News placed him as the 21st-best college player of all time.

Selmon was known as "The Gentle Giant." In the fall of 1999, Selmon was named to the Sports Illustrated 'NCAA Football All-Century Team.'

Selmon was named a consensus All-American in 1974 and 1975 by Newspaper Enterprise Association. His list of achievements include the National Football Foundation Scholar-Athlete, GTE/CoSIDA Academic All-American, and Graduate Fellowship Winner National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame. The 1996 Walter Camp "Alumnus of the Year" was voted to the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame in 1992.

Professional career
In 1976, Selmon was the first player picked in the NFL draft, the first-ever pick for the expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was joined by his older brother, Dewey, who was a second-round pick of the Bucs. In his first year, Selmon won the team's 'Rookie of the Year' and MVP awards. Selmon played in six straight Pro Bowls and was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year in 1979. Buccaneer assistant Abe Gibron said, "Selmon has no peers" at defensive end, while former Detroit Lions coach Monte Clark compared him to "a grown man at work among a bunch of boys".

Selmon began his career on a team that lost its first 26 games in franchise history (including a winless inaugural season) and only won a total of seven games in his first three seasons. However, he helped the Bucs rebound to three playoff appearances in four years from 1979 to 1982.

A back injury forced him to leave at the end of the 1984 season; the Bucs retired his number, 63, in 1986. He was elected to the Florida Sports Hall of Fame. In January 2008, Selmon was voted by a panel of former NFL players and coaches to Pro Football Weekly's All-Time 3-4 defensive team along with Harry Carson, Curley Culp, Randy Gradishar, Howie Long, Lawrence Taylor and Andre Tippett. He was the first player to be inducted into the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' Ring of Honor on November 8, 2009.

After football
Selmon stayed in Tampa, Florida, working as a bank executive and being active in many charities.

From 1993 to 2001, Selmon served as an assistant athletic director at the University of South Florida under Paul Griffin. After Griffin was forced to resign, Selmon was promoted to take over the athletic department. As the USF Athletic Director, Selmon launched the football program, spearheaded the construction of a new athletic facility, and led the university's move into Conference USA, and into the Big East Conference.

Citing health issues, Selmon resigned as the USF Athletic Director in 2004. He took the role as president of the USF Foundation Partnership for Athletics, an athletics fund-raising organization.

Awards and honors

 * Selmon was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1988.
 * In 1995, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, becoming the first Hall of Famer to have earned his credentials primarily in Tampa Bay. (He was later joined by Warren Sapp in 2013 and Derrick Brooks in 2014.)
 * Also in 1995, Selmon became the first Buccaneer, former or current, to participate in a Super Bowl when he joined the coin toss ceremonies for Super Bowl XXIX, joining fellow Class of 1995 members Kellen Winslow and then-U.S. Congressman Steve Largent who flipped the coin to end the ceremonies, along with 75th Anniversary team members Ray Nitschke (representing Henry Jordan who was inducted posthumously), Mean Joe Greene, Otto Graham and Gale Sayers.
 * In 2010, he was ranked #98 on the top 100 greatest players of all time, as surveyed by NFL Network.
 * In 2012, Selmon was posthumously inducted into the University of South Florida Athletic Hall of Fame.
 * The Lee Roy Selmon Expressway is named for him.
 * The chain restaurants, Lee Roy Selmon's, was named for him. As of 2018, all seven locations were no longer in business.

Death
Selmon suffered a massive stroke on September 2, 2011, which left him hospitalized in extremely critical condition. His restaurant initially released a statement announcing his death; however, this was later confirmed to be false. In fact, at one point his condition was said to be improving.

On September 4, 2011, Selmon died at the age of 56 from complications of the stroke. Visitation was scheduled for the following Thursday at the Exciting Central Tampa Baptist Church. The funeral was held the next day at Idlewild Baptist Church. Former teammates, the current Buccaneer team, the USF football team, other members of the NFL, and the general public attended. The USF football team wore a #63 decal on their helmets for the 2011 season, as did the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Both teams conducted a ceremony to honor Selmon the weekend following his death. He is buried in Trice Hill Cemetery in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

title: Lee Roy Selmon


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Iwafune, Tochigi

Iwafune (岩舟町) was a town located in Shimotsuga District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2013, the town had an estimated population of 18,152 and a density of persons per km2. The total area was 46.74 km2.

On April 5, 2014, Iwafune was merged into the expanded city of Tochigi.

Railway

 * JR East: Ryōmō Line (Iwafune Station)
 * Tobu Railway: Nikkō Line (Shizuwa Station)

Road

 * Route 50

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Iwafune, Tochigi


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Tsuga, Tochigi

Tsuga (都賀町) was a town located in Shimotsuga District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 13,635 and a density of 446.76 persons per km2. The total area was 30.52 km2.

On March 29, 2010, Tsuga, along with the towns of Fujioka and Ōhira (all from Shimotsuga District), was merged into the expanded city of Tochigi.

title: Tsuga, Tochigi


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Shimotsuga District, Tochigi

Shimotsuga District (下都賀郡) is a district located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2011, the district has an estimated population of 83,304 and a density of 603 persons per km2. The total area is 138.07 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Mibu
 * Nogi

Merger

 * On April 1, 1889, Samukawa District (寒川郡), Shimotsuke was merged into Shimotsuga District.
 * On January 10, 2006, the towns of Kokubunji and Ishibashi merged with the town of Minamikawachi, from Kawachi District, to form part of the new city of Shimotsuke.
 * On March 29, 2010, the towns of Fujioka, Ōhira and Tsuga merged into the city of Tochigi.

 * On April 5, 2014, the town of Iwafune merged into the city of Tochigi.

title: Shimotsuga District, Tochigi


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Kuriyama, Tochigi

Kuriyama (栗山村) was a village located in Shioya District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,068 and a density of 4.84 persons per km2. The total area was 427.37 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Kuriyama, along with the city of Imaichi, the town of Ashio (from Kamitsuga District), and the town of Fujihara (also from Shioya District), was merged into the expanded city of Nikkō. As a result of the merger, no villages remain in Tochigi Prefecture.

title: Kuriyama, Tochigi


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Bongo Flava

Bongo Flava is a nickname for Tanzanian music. The genre developed in the 1990s, mainly as a derivative of American hip hop and traditional Tanzanian styles such as taarab and dansi, with additional influences from reggae, R&B, and afrobeats, to form a unique style of music. Lyrics are usually in Swahili or English, although increasingly from mid 2000s there has been limited use of words from Sub-Saharan African music traditions due to the influence of Afrobeats and Kwaito with their dynamics usage of West African Pidgin English, Nigerian Pidgin or other Creole language.

Etymology
The name "Bongo" of Bongo Flava comes from Kiswahili usually meaning brains, intelligence, cleverness but can also mean mentally deranged. Bongo is the augmentative form of Ubongo, Kiswahili for Brainland. Flava is a Kiswahili term for Flavour. Ubongo is a term originally use, and in Tanzania still used, for the city of Dar es Salaam. Outside Tanzania, Ubongo is often referring to Tanzania. Ubongo as a term originated from a speech by President Nyerere in the late 70's during a very difficult time following both the global fuel shocks of the 70's and the Kagera war against Uganda. Mwalimu Nyerere spoke that only a nation using brains (using Kiswahili Ubongo for Brainland) could, and would, overcome the difficult challenges Tanzania was facing. Unfortunately things became even worse for Tanzania, and by the early 1980s Dar es Salaam was calling itself mostly by the name Jua Kali (hot sun/world is spinning/dizzy) but also Ubongo. The term Ubongo was being used as a clever way to say both, survival in Dar es Salaam required brains and intelligence, but was also full of mentally deranged people.

In 1981 musician Remmy Ongala founded a band called Matimila. Each band has a unique mtindo (style/fashion) and Remmy Ongala's band Matimila named their mtindo "Bongo". Remmy Ongala would become the most famous musician ever for Tanzania, reaching global fame working with English singer Peter Gabriel.

History
Bongo Flava is a large divergent evolution of muziki wa kizazi kipya, meaning "music of the new generations", which originated in the middleclass youth of Kinondoni District of Dar es Salaam between the mid-1980s and 1990s. Taji Liundi, also known as Master T, the original creator and producer of the Dj Show program had already started airing songs by fledgling local artists by late 1994. Radio hosts Mike Muhagama and Taji Liundi led the way in radio support of local artists. Mike Mhagama eventually joined the popular program as an under-study to Taji Liundi and also went on to produce and present the show alone after Taji Liundi left Radio One in 1996.

"Bongo Flava" existed well before the first audio or video recordings. The youth in Dar es Salaam were rapping at beach concerts (organized by Joseph Kusaga and Ruge Mutahaba, who together own Mawingu Discotheque, Mawingu Studios and now Clouds Media Group), local concert halls and taking part in the first official rap competition called Yo! Rap Bonanza series that were promoted by Abdulhakim "DJ Kim" Magomelo under his promotion company "Kim & The Boyz".

Some of the youth were organized with fancy names, some were solo or formed impromptu groups at the event to get a chance to perform. An icon of the open performance artists in the early 1990s was Adili or Nigga One. The first influential dub artiste of the genre was Saleh Jabir who rapped in Kiswahili over the instrumentals of Vanilla Ice's, "Ice Ice Baby", he was solely responsible for making Kiswahili a viable language to rap in. His version was so popular, it broke ranks by receiving mild airplay in the conservative National Radio Tanzania, thus making the first rap song on Tanzanian radio.

One of the earliest groups to actually record and deliver a CD to Radio One for airing was Mawingu Band, an outfit that became hugely popular in early 1994. They recorded at Mawingu Studios. Its members were Othman Njaidi, Eliudi Pemba, Columba Mwingira, Sindila Assey, Angela, Robert Chuwa, Boniface Kilosa (a.k.a. Dj Boni Love) and later Pamela who sang the famous hook of their breakthrough first RnB/Rap single "Oya Msela". The song was so popular and ahead of its time that the Msela label stuck. 'Msela' is the Swahili word for 'ruffian'.

Bongo Flava popular artists
Bongo Flava popular artists include Young Lunya, Vanillah, Abdu Kiba, Maua Sama, Kinata Mc, Kidene Fighter, Gigy Money, Appy, Harmorapa, Yummy, Vanessa Mdee (Vee Money), Bill Nass, Diamond Platnumz, Harmonize, Jux, Alikiba, A.Y., Jaivah, Shetta, Ben Pol, Lava Lava, Dully Sykes, Rich Mavoko, Jay Moe, Juma Nature, Rayvanny, Nandy, Fid Q, Marioo, Mavokali, Zuchu, Mwana FA, Shilole, Jay Melody, Mbosso, Mimi Mars, Queen Darleen, Phina, Dogo Janja, Cherry, Kusah, Joh Makini, Country Wizzy and more.

Concerts and festivals
Since its inception, concerts and festivals in many ways have helped to push Bongo Flava and help surge its popularity. One of the first such festival is Fiesta organized by Clouds Media Group, where Bongo Flava artists usually go on a music tour on different Tanzanian regions. Throughout the years, Fiesta has been instrumental in spreading the Bongo Flava wave across Tanzania.

Diamond Platnumz, Ali Kiba, Rayvanny, Marioo, Country Wizzy, Kusah, Rich Mavoko, Nandy, Phina, Ben Pol are few of Tanzanian artists that have performed on the Fiesta stage.

Mziki Mnene is another popular music festival in Tanzania that showcases different Bongo Flava talents. Prepared by EFM Limited, the festival has been effective in popularizing Bongo Flava stars. Chidi Benz, Makomando, Izzo Bizness, Bob Junior and Kayumba are some of the Bongo Flava stars that have performed on the Mziki Mnene stage.

Organized by Wasafi Media, Wasafi Festival is another popular music festival in Tanzania that has been headlined by different Bongo Flava acts such as Diamond Platnumz, Zuchu, Rayvanny, Billnass, Young Lunya, Mbosso, Marioo and many other Bongo Flava heavyweights.

Popularity
Today, "Bongo Flava" is the most popular musical style amongst the Tanzanian youth, something that is also reflected in the vast number of TV and radio programs dedicated to this genre as well as the sales figures of bongo flava albums.

Outside of its historical home of Tanzania, Bongo Flava has become a resoundingly popular sound in neighboring, culturally related countries such as Kenya and Uganda. Bongo Flava has even found a home outside of the African continent; the most popular artists in the genre have recently begun to address Western markets and the self-proclaimed "best internet station for Bongo Flava," Bongo Radio, happens to be based out of Chicago, Illinois. There are now also playlists dedicate to the genre of global streaming platforms such as iTunes and Spotify, increasing Bongo-Flava's visibility.

Despite the popularity of "Bongo Flava" and the large number of well-known artists throughout Tanzania, copying of music is widespread due to the weak enforcement of copyright laws, and most artistes are unable to make a living selling their music. Instead, most rely on income from live performances to support themselves, or income from other business ventures, using their social influence as leverage. However, there are instances of 'success stories', the career of artist Diamond Platnumz, and producer-artist Nahreel are often cited as sources of inspiration for many artists and producers

Bongo Flava started to make waves across Africa in major markets such as Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa around 2014 when Diamond Platnumz released his smash hit My Number One and its accompanying remix featuring Nigerian star, Davido. It was also around that time that different African based music channels began to give heavy rotation to Bongo Flava songs rom different heavyweights such as Diamond Platnumz, Vanessa Mdee, Joh Makini, Navy Kenzo and more.

Since then different Bongo Flava stars started working with different Nigerian superstars. The international collaborations has made it possible for Bongo Flava to be popular in other countries. Diamond Platnumz, for example, has worked with different heavyweight superstars such as KCEE, Rema, Chike, Koffi Olomide, Adekunle Gold, Omarion, Morgan Heritage and more.

Harmonize, another heavyweight Tanzanian star has worked with different music heavyweights in his efforts to popularize Bongo Flava. Harmonize has worked with different heavyweights such as Awilo Longomba, Spice, Sarkodie, Korede Bello, Naira Marley, Yemi Alade and more

Characteristics
While "Bongo Flava" is clearly related to American hip hop, it is also clearly distinguished from its Western counterpart. As the bongoflava.net website puts it, "these guys don't need to copy their brothers in America, but have a sure clear sense of who they are and what sound it is they're making". The sound "has its roots in the rap, R&B and hip hop coming from America, but from the beginning, these styles have been pulled apart and put back together with African hands". Recently, with the increase in popularity of Afrobeats in East Africa most Bongo flava songs have adopted the sound especially the 3+2 or 2+3 drum pattern of afrobeats but retaining the arabesque melodies of taarab thus resulting to a reduction of hiphop influence in the genre.

The typical "Bongo Flava" artist identifies with the mselah. It is in this sense that, for example, members of the hip hop crew Afande Sele call themselves watu pori, i.e., "men of the savannah". A sort of manifesto of mselah ideology is given by the song Mselah Jela by Bongo flava singer Juma Nature, who defines a mselah, amongst other things, as an "honest person of sincere heart". Following the tradition of western hip hop (as represented by the pioneering hip hop group Afrika Bambaataa), bongo flava lyrics usually tackle social and political issues such as poverty, political corruption, superstition, and HIV/AIDS, often with a more or less explicit educational intent, an approach that is sometimes referred to as "edutainment". Afande Sele, for example, have written songs that are intended to teach prevention of malaria and HIV. However, this has changed in recent years and increasingly many commercial Bongo Flava songs deal with topics such as love, heartbreak, success and hardship. This change in topic remains a point of contention between the earlier generation who saw the rise of Bongo Flava, and the new generation who tend to prefer catchy and club ready songs. Whether this is due to globalisation and western influence or due to a change in listener's taste, is the question at the centre of the debate. Some Bongo groups are very popular within their ethnic group; one example is the Maasai X Plastaz who developed their own subgenre known as "Maasai hip hop".

title: Bongo Flava


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Fujihara, Tochigi

Fujihara (藤原町) was a town located in Shioya District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2001, the town had an estimated population of 13,798 and a density of 23.85 persons per km2. The total area was 2,072.27 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Fujihara, along with the city of Imaichi, the town of Ashio (from Kamitsuga District), and the village of Kuriyama (also from Shioya District), was merged into the expanded city of Nikkō.

title: Fujihara, Tochigi


text:
.454 Casull

The .454 Casull is a firearm cartridge, developed as a wildcat cartridge in 1958 by Dick Casull, Duane Marsh and Jack Fullmer. It was announced in November 1959 by Guns & Ammo magazine. The design is a lengthened and structurally improved .45 Colt case. The wildcat cartridge went mainstream when Freedom Arms brought a single action five-shot revolver chambered in .454 Casull to the retail firearms market in 1983. Ruger followed in 1997, chambering its Super Redhawk in this caliber. Taurus followed with the Raging Bull model in 1998 and the Taurus Raging Judge Magnum in 2010. The .45 Schofield and .45 Colt cartridges can fit into the .454's chambers, but not the other way around because of the lengthened case (very similar to the relationship between .38 Special and .357 Magnum cartridges, as well as the .44 Special and .44 Magnum cartridges).

Specifications
The .454 Casull was finally commercialized in 1997, when SAAMI published its first standards for the cartridge. The new Casull round uses a small rifle primer rather than a pistol primer, because it develops extremely high chamber pressures of over 60,000 CUP (copper units of pressure) (410 MPa), and the rifle primer has a significantly stronger CUP than a pistol primer.

The round is one of the most powerful handgun cartridges in production. The .454 Casull generates almost five times the recoil of the .45 Colt, and about 75% more recoil energy than the .44 Magnum. It can deliver a 250 grain (16 g) bullet with a muzzle velocity of over 1,900 feet per second (580 m/s), developing up to 2,000 ft-lb (2.7 kJ) of energy from a handgun. One Buffalo Bore loading drives a heavier, 300 grain, JFN bullet at 1,650 ft/s for 1,813 ft-lb of muzzle energy. The .454 Casull round is primarily intended for hunting medium or large game, metallic silhouette shooting, and bear protection.

The Casull cartridges were originally loaded with a triplex load of propellants, which gave progressive burning, aided by the rifle primer ignition, resulting in a progressive acceleration of the bullet as it passed through the barrel.

Similar cartridges
The first commercially available revolver chambered in .454 Casull was made by Freedom Arms in 1983 as a five-shot single action Model 83 revolver that is capable of firing .45 ACP, .45 Colt and .454 Casull with interchangeable cylinders. The .460 Smith & Wesson Magnum cartridge introduced in 2005 is a lengthened .454 Casull cartridge and has the same diameter as a .45 Colt or .454 Casull. Therefore, revolvers chambered for .460 S&W will also chamber .454 Casull, .45 Colt, and .45 Schofield (.45 Smith & Wesson).

title: .454 Casull


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Shioya, Tochigi

Shioya (塩谷町) is a town located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 10,906 in 4028 households, and a population density of 62 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 176.06 sqkm.

Geography
Shioya is located in central Tochigi Prefecture.

Surrounding municipalities
Tochigi Prefecture
 * Utsunomiya
 * Sakura
 * Nasushiobara
 * Yaita
 * Nikkō

Climate
Shioya has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Shioya is 12.6 C. The average annual rainfall is 1670.9 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.3 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.1 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shioya has declined over the past 70 years.

History
The villages of Tamanyu, Funyu, and Omiya were created within Shioya District of Tochigi Prefecture on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration. The three villages merged on March 31, 1957 to create the village of Shioya. Shioya was elevated to town status on February 11, 1965.

Government
Shioya has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Shioya, together with the city of Sakura and town of Takanezawa collectively contributes two members to the Tochigi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tochigi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Shioya is heavily dependent on agriculture, but is increasingly a bedroom community for the nearby cities of Utsunomiya and Nikkō.

Education
Shioya has three public primary schools, one public middle school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Tochigi Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway

 * Shioya does not have any passenger train service.

Local attractions

 * Shojinzawa Yusui – one of the 100 famous springs of Japan
 * Shioya Onsen

title: Shioya, Tochigi


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Athens Olympic Sports Complex

The Olympic Athletic Center of Athens Spiros Louis (Ολυμπιακό Αθλητικό Κέντρο Αθηνών "Σπύρος Λούης", Olympiakó Athlitikó Kéntro Athinón "Spýros Loúis") or OACA (OAKA)), is a sport facilities complex located at Marousi, in the north section of the city. The complex consists of five major venues as well as other supplementary sport facilities.

The Olympic Athletic Center of Athens has hosted the Mediterranean Games in 1991, the World Championship in Athletics in 1997 as well as other important athletic and cultural events. The most significant event the Athens Olympic Sports Complex has hosted, was the Olympic Games. OACA was the main venue for the Athens Olympic Games in 2004. The complex was revamped for the games under a design produced by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava.

Spyros Louis Athens Olympic Stadium
The stadium, built in 1982 and extensively refurbished for the games in 2004, including the addition of a roof, hosted the athletics events and the soccer final, as well as the Opening Ceremony on August 13, 2004 and the Closing Ceremony on August 29, 2004.The venue also hosted the same events during the 2004 Summer Paralympics.

Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall
The Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall (also known simply as the Indoor Hall) was completed in 1995, and was the largest indoor venue in use for sporting events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. It is part of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex, in the suburb of Maroussi. The arena was used for artistic gymnastics and trampolining and also hosted the finals of the basketball matches at the games. On May 18 and 20, 2006, the Olympic Indoor Hall hosted the 51st Eurovision Song Contest, that was held in Athens after Greece's victory at the Song Contest in 2005.

Transportation to and from the venue
The Athens Olympic Sports Complex can be reached by Metro [stations "Neratziotissa" and "Irini" of Metro Line 1 (Green Line)], by suburban train (Proastiakos station "Neratziotissa"), or by direct bus lines [A7 (Stournari – Kifissia), 602 (N. Ionia – Kalogreza – Panormou Metro Station), 550 (P. Faliro – Kifissia).

Legacy
While it was reported in 2008 that almost all of the Olympic venues utilized for the 2004 games, including certain facilities in the Sports Complex such as the velodrome and tennis center, have fallen into varying states of dereliction or disrepair, all of the facilities in the Athens Olympic Sports Complex are still in use today.

The table below illustrates how the Athens Olympic Sports Complex facilities are used today:

title: Athens Olympic Sports Complex


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Rotorua Caldera

The Rotorua Caldera is a large rhyolitic caldera that is filled by Lake Rotorua. It was formed by an eruption 240,000 years ago that produced extensive pyroclastic deposits. Smaller eruptions have occurred in the caldera since, the most recent less than 25,000 years ago. It is one of several large volcanoes in the Taupō Volcanic Zone on the North Island of New Zealand.

Geography
The major regional settlement of Rotorua city is located in the caldera. There is geothermal activity in the city, and the geothermal areas of Tikitere and Whakarewarewa are associated with the caldera. These areas are still associated with small hydrothermal eruptions.

Eruption history
The caldera was formed in a single event paired major eruption, lasting only weeks, that is now dated to 240,000 ± 11,000 years ago. It ejected more than 340 km3 of rhyolitic Mamaku ignimbrite giving it a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7. The eruption has been reinterpreted as a paired eruption, with a very slightly later, slightly smaller southerly eruption from the same mush body that also feed the Ohakuri Caldera. Ignimbrite, up to 145 m thick covering about 3100 sqkm, was deposited in the surrounding area, particularly towards the west. A small but rather thick outcrop named Mokai Ignimbrite exposed to the south-west, but beyond the known boundaries of the much thinner at these boundaries, Mamaku ignimbrite, was erupted at close to the same time. This is likely from a different source to either the Mamaku or Ohakuri ignimbrite. A different source would explain interlayered ash not present in northern Mamaku ignimbrite but there is close composition homogeneity, suggesting a similar magma melt source. Perhaps rather than a very directional pyroclastic flow during the eruption events from a southern vent near Rotorua, this formation is explained by more complex pairing with an unknown vent in the area of the Kapenga Caldera. Whatever the Rotorua eruption was definitely paired with an eruption from the Ohakuri Caldera 30 km away, possibly through tectonic coupling, as paired events are being increasingly recognised. The ignimbrite from Ohakuri travelled at least 17 km towards Rotorua.

The outflow dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of the Mamaku ignimbrite Rotorua eruption alone was up to 145 km3. The maximum DME of the Ohakuri eruption alone is 100 km3.

Caldera collapse occurred particularly during the eruption of middle layer of Mamaku Ignimbrite and in later stages of the eruption as the magma chamber underneath the volcano empted. The circular depression left behind is now filled with Lake Rotorua but the current caldera is more like two ovoids offset from each other, about 22 km in maximum diameter. Mokoia Island, close to the centre of the lake, is a rhyolite dome that later erupted. There are other domes, including Hinemoa Point, Ngongotahā, Pohaturoa and Pukeroa.

The most recent magmatic eruption occurred less than 25,000 years ago, creating some of the smaller lava domes. Mokoia Island has been assigned an age of less than 50,000 years.

240,000 years ago Ohakuri paired eruption

The first major volcanic event 240,000 years ago was the initial Mamaku eruption followed within an hours/days/weeks of a smaller eruption (phase 1) from the same mush body feeding the Ohakuri Caldera about 30 km to the south. Ignimbrite, up to 180 m thick was deposited in the surrounding area to the south of Rotorua. Between Rotorua and Ohakuri, crosssections of the ash and ignimbrite from the two eruptions have been able to be sequenced completely. The layers have relationships that can only be explained by a sequence of eruptions separated on occasions by days or less (e.g. no rainfall between eruptions). The pairing was possibly through tectonic coupling of separate magma bodies that co-evolved from a lower in the mantle common mush body, as paired events are being increasingly recognised. The maximum outflow dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of the Ohakuri ignimbrite is 100 km3 which means the combined eruptions produced 245 km3 of material. It has been postulated that the drainage of the linked deep magma mush body between Rotorua and Ohakuri resulted in more than 250 m of vertical displacement on the Horohoro Fault scarp. This formed the Paeroa Graben, coincident to the north with the Kapenga Caldera between it and the Paeroa Fault to the east. The formation is known as the Horohoro Cliffs escarpment and displaced Mamaku ignimbrite from the Rotorua Caldera eruption by this amount, presumably shortly after at least the initial the eruption. This fault, in the present day, while active has a much lower displacement rate of the order of 0.14 mm/year. It has been assigned by some as the outer western fault of the modern Taupō Rift although most think this is further to the east. Understanding that there is volcanotectonic interrelationship lead to a complete reinterpretation of events in the Taupō Volcanic Zone in the last 250,000 years.

title: Rotorua Caldera


text: Template:Books of the Book of Mormon

title: Template:Books of the Book of Mormon


text:
Ujiie, Tochigi

Ujiie (氏家町) was a town located in Shioya District, Tochigi, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 29,898 and a density of 598.08 persons per km2. The total area was 49.99 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Ujiie, along with the town Kitsuregawa (also from Shioya District), was merged to create the city of Sakura.

title: Ujiie, Tochigi


text:
Fuji Five Lakes

Fuji Five Lakes (富士五湖) is the name of the area located at the base of Mount Fuji in the Yamanashi Prefecture of Japan. It has a population of about 100,000 and sits about 1000 m above sea level. The name Fuji Five Lakes comes from the fact that there are five lakes formed by previous eruptions of Mount Fuji. The principal city in the region, Fujiyoshida, has a population of roughly 54,000 and is particularly famous for its udon noodles. Another point of interest is Aokigahara Jukai Forest. The Fuji Five Lakes was selected by the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun and Osaka Mainichi Shimbun as one of the Twenty-Five Winning Sites of Japan in 1927.

Lakes of the Fuji Five Lakes
The five lakes are located in an arc around the northern half of Mount Fuji. In ancient times, lava flow from a volcanic eruption of Mount Fuji spread across the area, damming up rivers and resulting in the formation of these lakes. They are all considered excellent tourist attractions and fishing spots.

Lake Kawaguchi

Lake Kawaguchi (河口湖 Kawaguchi-ko) is the most famous of the five lakes, and images of this lake are usually used in posters and commercials for the Fuji Five Lakes area. A large number of hotels line its banks, as do locals providing boat rides to the tourists. It is the only lake in the Fuji Five Lakes area that has an island. Many local cultural events are held near this lake throughout the year.

Lake Motosu
Lake Motosu (本栖湖 Motosu-ko) is the ninth deepest lake of Japan, at 140 m. This lake, along with Lake Sai and Lake Shōji, was formed by lava flowing across what is now Aokigahara Jukai Forest and into the enormous lake that once dominated the area, and these three lakes remain still connected by underground waterways.

Lake Sai
The western side of Sai (西湖 Sai-ko) shares its banks with the infamous Aokigahara Jukai Forest.

Lake Shōji
Lake Shōji (精進湖 Shōji-ko) is the smallest of the five lakes. Remnants of lava flow still jut out of the water. Locals usually fish from these rocks.

Lake Yamanaka
The easternmost and largest of the five lakes, Lake Yamanaka (山中湖 Yamanaka-ko) is also the third highest lake in Japan, standing at 980 m above sea level.

Tourism industry
Most of the capital coming into the area comes from the tourism industry. Approximately 100,000,000,000 yen is spent by 9,000,000 sightseers every year. The main attractions of the area include:
 * Mount Fuji
 * Onsens
 * Fuji-Q Highland – an amusement park featuring one of the world's highest roller coasters.
 * The lakes – sightseeing, sailing, and fishing.
 * Hiking and mountain climbing.
 * Village of Healing (いやしの里 iyashinosato)– a historically accurate, rebuilt Japanese village.

title: Fuji Five Lakes


text:
Takanezawa, Tochigi

Takanezawa (高根沢町) is a town located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 29,528 in 12,618 households, and a population density of 420 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 70.87 sqkm

Geography
Takanezawa is located in the flatlands of east-central Tochigi Prefecture with an average elevation of 109–195 meters. Over 65% of the town area is agricultural. The town is bordered by Utsunomiya to the west, across the Kinugawa River.

Surrounding municipalities
Tochigi Prefecture
 * Utsunomiya
 * Sakura
 * Nasukarasuyama
 * Ichikai
 * Haga

Climate
Nasu has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nasu is 13.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1424 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Takanezawa has recently plateaued after a long period of growth.

History
Akutsu village, Kitatakanezawa village, and Niita village were created within Shioya District of Tochigi Prefecture on April 1, 1889, with the creation of the modern municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration. In April 1953 Akutsu village was elevated in status into Akutsu town. On March 31, 1954, Niita village was dissolved, with a portion merging with Kitatakanezawa village, and a portion going to Ujie Town (also in Shioya District). Akutsu and Kitatakanezawa merged on April 1, 1958, to create the town of Takanezawa.

Government
Takanezawa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members. Takanezawa, together with the city of Sakura and town of Shioya collectively contributes two members to the Tochigi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tochigi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Takanezawa is heavily dependent on agriculture, with rice cultivation as the primary crop. Secondary crops include tobacco, wheat, strawberries and pears. The town is increasingly becoming a bedroom community for neighboring Utsunomiya.

Education
Takanezawa has six public primary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Tochigi Prefectural Board of Education

Railway
JR East – Tōhoku Main Line (Utsunomiya Line) JR East – Karasuyama Line
 * Hōshakuji
 * Hōshakuji - Shimotsuke-Hanaoka - Niita

Local attractions

 * Takanezawa Onsen

title: Takanezawa, Tochigi


text:
Kitsuregawa, Tochigi

Kitsuregawa (喜連川町) was a town located in Shioya District, Tochigi, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,143 and a density of 147.65 persons per km2. The total area was 75.47 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Kitsuregawa, along with the town of Ujiie (also from Shioya District), was merged to create the city of Sakura.

title: Kitsuregawa, Tochigi


text:
.45 Colt

The .45 Colt (11.43×33mmR), is a rimmed, straight-walled, handgun cartridge dating to 1872. It was originally a black-powder revolver round developed for the Colt Single Action Army revolver. This cartridge was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873 and served as an official US military handgun cartridge for 19 years, before being replaced by the .38 Long Colt in 1892.

History
The .45 Colt was a joint development between Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company (now known as Colt's Manufacturing Company), of Hartford, Connecticut, and the Union Metallic Cartridge Company (UMC) of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Colt began work on the revolver in 1871, and submitted a sample to the U.S. Army in late 1872. The revolver was accepted for purchase in 1873.

The cartridge is an inside lubricated type. The rebated heel type bullet design of its predecessor, the .44 Colt (.452–.454" diameter bullet), was eliminated, since it was an outside lubricated type, which would pick up dirt and grit during handling. The .45 Colt replaced the .50 caliber Model 1871 Remington single shot pistol and the various cap-and-ball revolvers converted to take metallic cartridges in use at the time. While the Colt remained popular, the Smith & Wesson M1875 Army Schofield Revolver was approved as an alternate, which created a logistical problem for the Army. The S&W revolver used the .45 Schofield, a shorter cartridge, which would also work in the Colt, however the Army's S&W Schofield revolvers could not chamber the longer .45 Colt, so in 1874 Frankford Arsenal, then almost exclusive supplier of small arms ammunition to the U.S. Army, dropped production of the .45 Colt cartridge in favor of the .45 Schofield cartridge. This resolved the Army's ammunition logistics problems, but there were still plenty of the longer Colt-length cartridges in circulation once production ceased. The Benet primed .45 Revolver cartridges were subsequently replaced by the 'Model of 1882 Ball Cartridge for Cal. .45 Revolver' which used an external Boxer primer and could be reloaded at the unit level. The .45 caliber M1882 cartridge would be officially replaced by the .38 Long Colt in 1892 but would remain in production until 1896. In 1901-1902, it would once again be loaded by Frankford Arsenal for use in the Philippine–American War.

In 1909, the newly adopted .45 M1909 cartridge was issued along with the .45 Colt New Service revolver. This round was never loaded commercially, and is almost identical to the original .45 Colt round, except having a larger diameter rim (.540 in (13.7mm)). The rim is large enough that it cannot be loaded in adjacent chambers in the rod-ejector Colt model.

The .45 Colt remains popular with renewed interest in Cowboy Action Shooting. Additionally, the round has seen resurgence as a cartridge in handgun hunting and Metallic Silhouette Shooting competitions, beginning in the 1950s with the introduction of stronger, heavier framed handguns. The cartridge's popularity has also increased with the increased marketing of handguns that can also fire the .410 bore shotgun shell, such as the Taurus Judge and the S&W Governor, though first seen decades earlier in the MIL Thunder 5. While the .45 ACP uses .451 inches in diameter for jacketed bullets, and .452 for lead bullets, the .45 Colt still uses .452 inch diameter jacketed bullets and .454 diameter lead bullets, often adding to the confusion between the two cartridges with similar names as the .45 ACP and Model 1911 pistols will often be called ".45 Colt" in common usage, leading many to call the .45 Colt the .45 "Long Colt" similar to how other Colt revolver cartridges were named (i.e. .38 Long Colt). The .45 Colt became the basis for other rounds, such as the .454 Casull, and in turn, the .460 S&W Magnum.

Cartridge loads
The .45 Colt originally was a black-powder cartridge, but modern loadings use smokeless powder. The original black-powder loads called for 40 gr of black powder behind an Ogival & flat nosed 255 gr lead bullet. These loads developed muzzle velocities of 1050 ft/s. However, this load generated too much recoil for the average soldier and was, after a few years, reduced to only 28 grains of black powder yielding 855 ft/s in Army tests. Then the introduction of the S&W Schofield revolver with its shorter cylinder and quick loading "Top-Break" frame caused a problem for the Supply Corps in that they now had to supply two different types of .45 Caliber pistol ammunition. Further troubles were caused by the fact that the Schofield cartridge rim was too wide to load into adjacent chambers in the colt cylinder, turning the Colt into a three shooter, if the wrong ammunition was sent to that particular outpost. So, the Army came up with a short case narrow rim cartridge that only held 26 grains of black powder that could be used in both revolvers. That load gave about 760 Feet per Second with a 250-grain bullet out of the Schofield revolver with its shorter Barrel. Because of the power of the 40 grains of black powder and its excellent accuracy, the .45 Colt was known as a sure man stopper and horse killer. It became the most-used cartridge at the time of its introduction, succeeding the .44-40 Winchester.

The .45 Colt at that time did not enjoy the .44-40's advantage of a Winchester rifle chambered for it being available, thus allowing the use of the same cartridge in both a pistol and a rifle. According to rumor at the time, this was owing to early .45 Colt cartridges having a very narrow rim and causing ejection issues from a rifle chamber. Today, modern Winchesters, Marlins, and other replicas have remedied this omission almost 50 years after the fact, and the .45 Colt is now available in modern lever-action rifles.

While this aforementioned rumor has been one of the numerous arguments used to explain the lack of a rifle chambered in .45 Colt, it may have simply been a case of Colt refusing to authorize the use of their patented .45 Colt cartridge in other manufacturers’ arms. Only after the expiration of Colt‘s original patents for the .45 Colt did it become available in a rifle. This, however, does not explain the absence of a .45 Colt chambering (or indeed any of Colt's own cartridges) in the Colt-Burgess lever-action or Colt Lightning slide-action rifles. Thus lending more credence to the rumored basic problem with Colt's revolver cartridges when used in rifles. (The modern .45 Colt cartridge rim is still narrow, but features an extractor groove cut into the base of the case, a feature common to most modern cartridges but not at all common in the late 19th century.)

The U.S. Army's .45 Colt round used in its M1909 revolver, which had a barrel of 5.5 in, fired a 250 gr bullet at a muzzle velocity of 738 ft/s, giving a muzzle energy of 297 ftlbf. Today's standard factory loads develop around 400 ftlbf of muzzle energy at about 860 ft/s, making it roughly equivalent to modern .45 ACP loads. There are Cowboy Action Shooting loads which develop muzzle velocities of around 750 ft/s.

Cartridges of the World states that .45 Colt should never be loaded to more than 800 ft/s in blackpowder revolvers.

High pressure ammunition
Some handloads and factory-manufactured cartridges put this round in the same class as the .44 Magnum, using specially made revolvers. These loads cannot be used in any original Colt Single Action Army or replica thereof, such as those produced by Uberti, Beretta, the Taurus Gaucho, or the Ruger New Vaquero, as these guns are built on the smaller frame with thinner cylinder walls. These loads should be used only in modern large-frame revolvers such as the Ruger Blackhawk, Ruger Redhawk, and the original large frame Ruger Vaquero (sometimes referred to as the "Old Model" to differentiate it from the small frame "New Vaquero.")

Thompson Center Contender "Magnum" .45 Colt loadings can also be safely fired from any gun chambered in either the .454 Casull or .460 S&W Magnum cartridges, though proper feeding may be an issue in repeating rifles chambered for either the .454 or .460 as the OAL is significantly shorter. Modern rifles with strong actions (such as the Winchester Model 1894, Marlin Model 1894, and new clones of the Winchester Model 1892) chambered for the cartridge can safely handle the heavier loadings.

Handloading
Colt .45 revolvers made until early WWII had barrels with .454" groove diameters. After this diameters of .451–.452" were produced. Using .454" diameter bullets in the smaller barrels will work but will generate higher pressures. Cases used with .454" bullets may have to be full-length resized to work in newer guns. Speer handloading guidance states that the loads they show should be used only in handguns made specifically for modern smokeless powder. The loads mentioned in No. 10 reloading manual state that they do not exceed 15,000 psi. This is the equivalent of +P loading as normal pressure for the .45 Colt is 14,000 psi.

In a section specifically titled "45 Colt for Ruger or Contender only" Speer makes reference to velocities up to 1300 feet per second with 200-grain bullets. They also state that pressures do not exceed 25,000 psi (CUP). This is well beyond a pressure that can destroy even modern guns chambered in .45 Colt with the exception of the large frame Ruger Blackhawk, Ruger Redhawk, Freedom Arms Models 83 and 97, and the Dan Wesson.

Uses
Colt began work on their 1873 Single Action Army Model in 1871. Sample cartridges submitted for Army tests were made by UMC, using the Benet cup primers; commercial ammunition used the Berdan-type primer, followed by the more common Boxer priming. Original UMC loads used a 40 gr powder charge and 255 gr bullet. This was reduced to 35 gr of powder, and later, by the Army, to 28 gr.

The .45 Colt cartridge remains in use 151 years after its introduction. It is used as a hunting load on animals the size of deer and black bear. Heavier handloads will take the same range of big game animals as the .44 Magnum. Several two-barrel derringers are sold that are chambered in .45 Colt, and some of these derringers can chamber a .410 bore shotgun shell without any modifications being required. Revolvers chambered in .410 shotgun, such as the Taurus Judge and the Smith & Wesson Governor, are usually chambered for the .45 Colt as well. A popular use for the .45 Colt today is in Cowboy Action Shooting, where the round is often fired from either original or replicas of the 1873 Colt Single-Action Army.

Winchester, Marlin Firearms, Henry Repeating Arms, Chiappa Firearms, Rossi, Uberti, Cimarron Firearms and other manufacturers produce lever-action rifles chambered in .45 Colt. Colt has resumed production of the Single-Action Army, and many SAA replicas and near-replicas as well as modern-design single-actions by Ruger are chambered for this cartridge.

Influence on other cartridges
The .45 Colt became the basis for the much more powerful .454 Casull cartridge, with the .454 Casull having a slightly longer case utilizing a small rifle primer in place of the large pistol primer. Any .454 Casull revolver will chamber and fire the .45 Colt and the .45 Schofield, but not the inverse due to the Casull's longer case. The .460 S&W Magnum is a longer version of the .454 Casull cartridge. Likewise, .460 Magnum revolvers can chamber and fire the three shorter cartridges, but again, not the reverse.

title: .45 Colt


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Shioya District, Tochigi

Shioya (塩谷郡) is a district in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 57,656 and a density of 60.91 persons per square kilometer. Its total area is 946.53 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Shioya
 * Takanezawa

History

 * Named after an old, powerful family that owned most of the area in the district for hundreds of years.

Merger

 * On March 28, 2005 the towns of Kitsuregawa and Ujiie merged to form the city of Sakura.
 * On March 20, 2006 the town of Fujihara and the village of Kuriyama merged into the city of Nikkō. With this merger, there are no more villages left within Tochigi Prefecture.

title: Shioya District, Tochigi


text:
Minaminasu, Tochigi

Minaminasu (南那須町) was a town located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 13,128 and a density of 160.96 persons per km2. The total area was 81.56 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Minaminasu, along with the town of Karasuyama (also from Nasu District), was merged to create the city of Nasukarasuyama and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Minaminasu, Tochigi


text:
Karasuyama, Tochigi

Karasuyama (烏山町) was a town located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 18,799 and a density of 202.44 persons per km2. The total area was 92.86 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Karasuyama, along with the town of Minaminasu (also from Nasu District), was merged to create the city of Nasukarasuyama and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Karasuyama, Tochigi


text:
Bato, Tochigi

Batō (馬頭町) was a town located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 13,195 and a population density of 86.99 per km2. The total area was 151.68 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Batō, along with the town of Ogawa (also from Nasu District), was merged to create the town of Nakagawa.

Starting in 1990, it was the sister city of Horseheads, New York in the United States Of America. Nakagawa later inherited the role. Bato could be translated as "horsehead".

title: Bato, Tochigi


text:
Talk:History of history

As this article stands right now, it's not about the "history of history"...if it is about anything at all, it is apparently about Thucydides. Perhaps it should be redirected to historiography? Adam Bishop 06:57, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. I think that we should delete this content and redirect it to Historiography. RK 17:55, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

Historiography isn't same of history of history!
 * But if we're to have a discussion of H of H, it could reasonably be a subpage of Historiography. -FZ 13:41, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Scope
It's a good idea, but I don't understand the scope of this article at all. By it's own defintion, it should really be called "History of recorded human history in the West." In fact, it sounds more like a history of the West, and not a history of history. Whoever created this article doesn't really understand what the article entails, it should not look at any true historical events, but it should examine the events, trends, changes, etc., in the field of history as an academic subject. Historiography is the theory of history, the way it is written, interpretted, etc.; does not refer to any past events as such. But, presumably, a history of history should trace the past events in the field of history(new innovations, trends, etc.), not just theory. It's a valid idea, just a completely misguided article currently.--Dmcdevit 17:24, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I guess I understood it in a totally different way. I thought (based on the title) that it was a history of how history was recorded. For example, it started with cave paintings and is currently done on the Internet. I don't know maybe that is real similar to what Dmcdevit is saying. That's my two cents. --Mattwj2002 03:05, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Right, that would make sense to me, in that it is a history of the field of history (although I'm not sure whether cave paintings recorded history). But it shouldn't really cover past human events except for those that refer to events in the recording of history. I hope I'm making sense.--Dmcdevit 04:05, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Original research ??
I don't see here any academic references discussed to substantiate the term usage. If they will not appear in 1-2 days, I am afraid the article is for VfD, rather than for COTW. Mikkalai 21:23, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

VfD
On April 20, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was redirect. See Votes for deletion/History of history for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:56, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of history


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Ogawa, Tochigi

Ogawa (小川町) was a town located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,939 and a density of 168.59 persons per km2. The total area was 41.16 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Ogawa, along with the town of Batō (also from Nasu District), was merged to create the town of Nakagawa.

title: Ogawa, Tochigi


text:
Yuzukami, Tochigi

Yuzukami (湯津上村) was a village located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 5,225 and a density of 159.88 persons per km2. The total area was 32.68 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Yuzukami, along with the town of Kurobane (also from Nasu District), was merged into the expanded city of Ōtawara.

title: Yuzukami, Tochigi


text:
Kurobane, Tochigi

Kurobane (黒羽町) was a town located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

During the Edo period Kurobane developed as the castle town for Kurobane Domain, an 18,000 koku feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. As of 2003 the town had an estimated population of 16,499 and a density of 87.93 persons per km2. The total area was 187.64 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Kurobane, along with the village of Yuzukami (also from Nasu District), was merged into the expanded city of Ōtawara.

title: Kurobane, Tochigi


text:
Talk:Turkish coffee

The person in charge of this page seems racist
As a respected scholar, and scientist, I try to change the data on here. It says for example that "Country of Origin - Constantinople" ... Constantinople is not a country! It was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923). In addition there is no evidence stating that the Turks created or invented the coffee. The Armenians lived in the region long before the Turks and have been using and preparing it the same way long before. In addition, the first picture of coffee being prepared is in Armenian china not Turkish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.157.220.254 (talk • contribs) 19:36, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi. I noticed your comment that for some reason no one replied to. In the hopes that you one day read my reply, let me tell you that not one specific person is in charge of Wikipedia article's pages. In general, anyone can edit them, even unregistered people. In fact, you can make the changes you deem fit in this article.
 * But said changes need to comply with the policies of Wikipedia. For example, they need to be backed up by reliable sources. In addition, most of the time they need to also comply with guidelines and be accepted by consensus.
 * If you can't edit a page that is protected, you would need to make an edit request. Cheers!  Thinker78  (talk) 19:42, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

First cafe in Vienna
The first cafe serving Turkish Coffee was opened in Vienna by the Polish nobleman and dyplomat Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. He was considered a hero by Austrians for his actions during the Siege of Vienna. In his cafe he used coffee beans left behind by retreating Turkish army. It was the Polish King Jan III Sobieski who defeated Turks and liberated Vienna. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.192.132.151 (talk • contribs) 03:39, 5 June 2021  (UTC)

Revert
made a revert of my edit, stating, "Not significant enough for lede section ,and cited source is only a blog, marginally acceptable in Wikipedia if at all; move further down. Breadth of assertion ("throughout the world") not supported by cited source; amend accordingly."

I have to reply,

 * 1) I believe it is significant enough to be included in the lead because it is about the name of the subject and its controversy.
 * 2) The cited source, NPR, as far as I know is not a blog, but a major media organization funded in part by the federal government of the USA.
 * 3) My edit did not state "throughout the world", but rather "around the world", which is different. Around means according to Merriam Webster dictionary, "on various sides", "here and there : from one place to another", definition that is supported by the source, which mentions several countries that have the controversy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thinker78 (talk • contribs) 00:45, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

Predatory source
Whatever be the status of Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, it is a valid citation for this particular purpose. It is cited to show, not that Turkish coffee originated in Damascus, but that its authors have claimed it did. This is distinctly stated in the text of the article. Ttocserp 08:14, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

 * This is simply WP:UNDUE. We don't need to repeat claims made in non-serious venues.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 18:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Predatory journals are certainly a serious concern; on that we can agree. However, the Küçükkömürler and Özgen paper was published in 2009; at that time the Pakistan Journal of Nutrition was included in Scopus, and was not in Beall's list. That it was a "non-serious venue" then, has not been established.  In what forum?

 * As for WP:UNDUE, this is not a fringe theory but a highly plausible claim, since the Middle East coffeehouse originated in Damascus and was brought to Istanbul by Syrians. I shall add a citation to that effect. Ttocserp 11:08, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * PJN was not in Beall's list at the time because Beall's list did not exist in 2009. It's publisher ANSINET/Asian Network for Scientific Information, is listed in Beall. This is not a reliable source, and we should not repeat those claims in Wikipedia voice.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 10:05, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

Serving size?
What I find missing from this article is information about how to put together a reference cup of the stuff. What size of cup is it served in? How much coffee is used? How much water? 2003:F5:FF0E:53F5:4DF2:1D33:E740:429F (talk) 09:11, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Like playing the piano, it takes practice. I've put in a section explaining the ideal.Ttocserp 03:00, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turkish coffee


text:
.38 Long Colt

The .38 Long Colt, also known as .38 LC, is a black powder cartridge introduced by Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1875. In 1892, it was adopted as a standard military pistol cartridge by the United States Army for the Colt M1892 revolver. The metric designation for the .38 Long Colt is 9.1×26mm. It is slightly more powerful than the .38 Short Colt, also known as .38 SC. The original .38 SC and .38 LC differ in case length, bullet diameter, weight, and design and are not interchangeable; however, modern production .38 SC ammunition is now loaded with a smaller, internally-lubricated bullet which can be fired from firearms chambered in .38 LC or .38 Special. The modern .38 LC can be fired from a .38 Special firearm, but not from a firearm designed for the .38 SC, since the case length is too long.

Design and ballistics
The .38 Long Colt's predecessor, the .38 Short Colt, used a heeled bullet of 130 gr at a nominal 770 ft/s, producing 165 ft·lbf muzzle energy. The cylindrical "shank" or "bearing surface" of the bullet, just in front of the cartridge case mouth, was .374 or in diameter, the same as the outside diameter of the cartridge case (as in .22 rimfire cartridges). A smaller-diameter portion of the bullet, the "heel", was crimped inside the case mouth, and the lubricant was outside the case, and exposed.

In contrast, the .38 Long Colt uses a bullet which on the outside of the cartridge case is only .357 –, the bearing surface and lubricant being entirely contained within the case. This kept the waxy lubricant from collecting grit which can damage the revolver's barrel. Colt, however, retained the single-diameter charge hole, resulting in the bullet failing to form a seal as it traveled through the chamber throat. This seal was expected to cause the bullet to expand in the throat and be "swaged down", or reduced again in diameter, as it entered the barrel, but uneven expansion produced poor accuracy.

In the United States Army's original black-powder cartridge used by the Colt M1892 revolver, muzzle velocity from the revolver's 6 in barrel with bore diameter .363 in (.369 in groove diameter) was 708 ft/s with a bullet weighing 150 gr, resulting in a muzzle energy of 167 ft.lbf. In 1903, the Army changed its cartridge to smokeless powder and slightly tightened the revolver's bore to .357 in (.363 in groove diameter); the new muzzle velocity was 750 ft/s with a bullet of 148 gr, giving a muzzle energy of 185 ft.lbf.

History and usage
The cartridge's relatively poor ballistics were highlighted during the Philippine–American War of 1899–1902, when reports from U.S. Army officers were received regarding the .38 bullet's inability to stop charges of frenzied Moro juramentados during the Moro Rebellion, even at extremely close ranges. A typical instance occurred in 1905 and was later recounted by Colonel Louis A. LaGarde:

"Antonio Caspi, a prisoner on the island of Samar, P.I. attempted escape on Oct. 26, 1905. He was shot four times at close range in a hand-to-hand encounter by a .38 Colt's revolver loaded with U.S. Army regulation ammunition. He was finally stunned by a blow on the forehead from the butt end of a Springfield carbine."

Col. LaGarde noted Caspi's wounds were fairly well-placed: three bullets entered the chest, perforating the lungs. One passed through the body, one lodged near the back and the other lodged in subcutaneous tissue. The fourth round went through the right hand and exited through the forearm.

As an emergency response to the round's unexpectedly dismal performance, the U.S. Army authorized officers to carry M1873 Colt Single Action Army revolvers, chambered in .45 Colt, and issued from reserve stocks. Army Ordnance also purchased a number of M1902 revolvers (the M1902 was an improved version of Colt's Double Action Army Model 1878, a .45-caliber rod-ejector double-action revolver) for issue to officers deploying overseas.

The .38 Long Colt remained the Army's primary revolver cartridge until 1909, when the .45 M1909 cartridge was issued along with the .45 Colt New Service revolver as the new standard military sidearm for the U.S. Army. However, some of the old .38 Long Colt revolvers and ammunition remained in reserve stocks, and when the U.S. entered World War I in 1917, the need for sidearms was such that even these low-performing weapons were brought out of storage for usage away from the front lines.

In civilian use, the .38 LC was chambered in a number of Colt revolvers and saw some use among target shooters. Various U.S. police forces also adopted the cartridge. However, the cartridge became nearly extinct after Smith & Wesson's more powerful .38 Special cartridge became widely popular as a civilian and police service cartridge. By 1908, even Colt was chambering their new Police Positive and Army Special revolvers in ".38 Colt Special", which was just a standard .38 Smith & Wesson Special with a different headstamp.

title: .38 Long Colt


text:
Talk:August Ludwig Schloezer

''Schloezer’s most important innovation, however, was his suggestion to count backwards from the birth of Jesus Christ. [...] Schloezer mentioned in a footnote that he adopted this idea from foreign historians, but did not reveal them. Whoever they were, Schloezer was the one to introduce this novel chronology into the European history, an act of tremendous importance for it was the fundament for all ancient history.''

Probably a science fiction story about time travellers in that... crazyeddie 07:01, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

3987 BC
The article states an assumed creation date of 3987 BC. Where was this taken from? It looks similar to James Ussher's calculation, but it's not quite the same. -- Anon.

title: Talk:August Ludwig Schloezer


text:
Nasu, Tochigi

Nasu (那須町) is a town located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 24,851 in 10,400 households, and a population density of 67 persons per km2 (174 per sq. mi.). The total area of the town is 372.34 sqkm.

Geography
Nasu is located in the mountainous far northeast of Tochigi Prefecture. The Naka River runs through the southwestern portion of the town and the Kurokawa River through the northeast.

Surrounding municipalities
Tochigi Prefecture Fukushima Prefecture
 * Ōtawara
 * Nasushiobara
 * Shirakawa
 * Tanagura
 * Nishigō

Climate
Nasu has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nasu is 9.5 C. The average annual rainfall is 2014.7 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 21.0 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.7 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Nasu has declined slowly over the past 70 years, with a small uptick around the year 2000.

History
Nasu and Iouno villages and Ashino Town were created within Nasu District on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. The three municipalities merged to form Nasu Town on November 3, 1954.

Nasu Imperial Villa was built in 1926.

In March 2017 an avalanche killed 8 people.

Government
Nasu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Nasu, together with the city of Nasushiobara collectively contributes four members to the Tochigi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tochigi 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Nasu is heavily dependent on tourism from its numerous hot spring and ski resorts.

Education
Nasu has six public primary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Tochigi Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private school including junior and high school.

Railway
JR East – Tōhoku Main Line (Utsunomiya Line)
 * Takaku - Kurodahara -  Toyohara

Highway

 * – Nasu Interchange, Nasu Kogen Service Area and Smart Interchange

Local attractions

 * Nasu Imperial Villa
 * Nasu Highland (那須高原)
 * Nasu Onsen, the collective name given to the various hot springs in the Nasu area surrounding Mt. Chausu. The eight hot springs in this area with accommodation and bathing facilities are sometimes referred to as Nasu Hachiyu (那須八湯) (Shika no yu (鹿の湯), sandogoya onsen (三斗小屋温泉), ōmaru onsen (大丸温泉), kita onsen (北温泉), benten onsen (弁天温泉), takao onsen (高雄温泉), yahata onsen (八幡温泉), shin nasu onsen (新那須温泉))
 * Ashio Onsen
 * Sessho-seki
 * Mount Nasu
 * Nasu Animal Kingdom
 * Mount Jeans Nasu Ski Resort, a ski resort to the far north of Nasu
 * Nasu Rindō-ko Lake View (那須りんどう湖レイクビュー), an amusement facility based around the rindō lake, with activities such as a zip-line, boat ride, go-karts, and more.
 * Cannabis Museum
 * Nasu　History　Museum (Designed by Kengo Kuma)
 * STONE PLAZA (Designed by Kengo Kuma)

title: Nasu, Tochigi


text:
Nishinasuno, Tochigi

Nishinasuno (西那須野町) was a town located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

History
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 45,251 and a density of 758.86 persons per km2. The total area was 59.63 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Nishinasuno, along with the city of Kuroiso, and the town of Shiobara (also from Nasu District), was merged to create the city of Nasushiobara.

Geography
It is located near Mount Nasu. Some of the tourist attractions close to it are hot springs, Karasuka Mori park, and Nasu Nagahara park.

title: Nishinasuno, Tochigi


text:
Shiobara, Tochigi

Shiobara (塩原町) was a town located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,694 and a density of 45.74 persons per km2. The total area was 190.07 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Shiobara, along with city of Kuroiso, and the town of Nishinasuno (also from Nasu District), was merged to create the city of Nasushiobara.

title: Shiobara, Tochigi


text:
Nasu District, Tochigi

Nasu (那須郡) is a district located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. The district consists of the two discontiguous towns of Nasu and Nakagawa, separated by the city of Ōtawara in the middle.

The total area of the district was 1,209.59 km2 before the former constituent towns of Nishinasuno, and Shiobara were consolidated with Kuroiso to form the new city of Nasushiobara on January 1, 2005. In 2003, the district had an estimated population of 154,881 and a density of 128.04 persons per km2.

Mergers

 * On January 1, 2005 the towns of Nishinasuno and Shiobara merged with the city of Kuroiso to form the new city of Nasushiobara.
 * On October 1, 2005 the towns of Batō and Ogawa merged to form the new town of Nakagawa.
 * On October 1, 2005 the towns of Karasuyama and Minaminasu merged to form the new city of Nasukarasuyama.
 * On October 1, 2005 the town of Kurobane, and the village of Yuzukami merged into the city of Ōtawara.

title: Nasu District, Tochigi


text:
Otto A. Knopp

Otto Albrecht Knopp (24 August 1877 – 19 December 1946) was a German-American innovator of the standard testing transformer and the Compensation Winding. He was also the patentee of what has become known as the Knopp set in honor of him, and the author of a number of technical reports, including New Current Balance for Calibration Work, published in 1920.

title: Otto A. Knopp


text:
Tanuma, Tochigi

Tanuma (田沼町) was a town located in Aso District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 28,904 and a density of 160.54 persons per km2. The total area was 180.04 km2.

On February 28, 2005, Tanuma, along with the town of Kuzu (also from Aso District), was merged into the expanded city of Sano.

Tanuma was on the JR line and could be accessed easily.

title: Tanuma, Tochigi


text:
Kuzu, Tochigi

Kuzū (葛生町) was a town located in Aso District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 12,011 and a density of 131.04 persons per km2. The total area was 91.66 km2.

On February 28, 2005, Kuzū, along with the town of Tanuma (also from Aso District), was merged into the expanded city of Sano.

title: Kuzu, Tochigi


text:
Aso District, Tochigi

Aso (安蘇郡) was a district located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 40,915 and a density of 150.59 persons per km2. The total area was 271.70 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Kuzu
 * Tanuma

Merger

 * On February 28, 2005 - the towns of Kuzu and Tanuma were merged into the expanded city of Sano. Therefore, Aso District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Aso District, Tochigi


text:
Kagera Region

Kagera Region (Mkoa wa Kagera in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 35,686 km2. The region is comparable in size to the land area of the Netherlands. Kagera Region is bordered to the east by Lake Victoria, Mwanza Region and Mara Region. The region is bordered to the south by Geita Region and Kigoma Region. Lastly, Kagera borders Rwanda to the west, Uganda to the north and Burundi to the south west. The regional capital city is Bukoba. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 2,989,299, an increase from 2,458,023 recorded in 2012.

Etymology
The region derives its name from the Kagera River.

Geography
Kagera borders Uganda to the north, Rwanda and Burundi to the west, and the Tanzanian regions Kigoma to the south and Geita to the east. The Kagera River forms the region's border with Rwanda. The region lies in the middle of 30°25' and 32°40' east, and 1°00' and 2°45' south. The total area is 35686 km2, of which 25513 km2 is land and 27 percent, and 10173 km2 is water. Much of the water is that of the great lake, Victoria, as well as lakes Ikimba, Burigi, Ngono and the Kagera River. Kagera is Tanzania's fifteenth-largest region and accounts for approximately 3.3 percent of Tanzania's land area of 885800 km2. The regional capital Bukoba is about 1500 km from Dar es Salaam.

Climate
With an average annual rainfall of 500 to 2000 mms, the Kagera Region has a bi-modal rainfall pattern from March to May and from October to November. Rainfall varies from 2000 mm per year in Bukoba to 500 mm in the west, with rainfall being higher along Lake Victoria's coasts and decreasing inland and away from the lake as well as with height. The temperature ranges from 20 degrees Celsius to 28 degrees Celsius. The area is made up of a number of hills that run parallel to the lake's edge and north to south.

Geology
Lying on the Kivu Rift, the western of the two branches of the East African Rift which transverses Tanzania, Kagera experiences significant seismic activity. On 10 September 2016, the region was struck by a 5.9 magnitude earthquake in which 17 people died, and at least 250 others were injured.

Kagera is known for its agriculture, lush landscapes, and wildlife. It has reasonably fertile old soils but climate change has led to soil exhaustion and a need to use fertiliser.

Population
One of the top five most populous regions in the nation is the Kagera region. According to the population and housing Census of 2002, the region had a total population of 2,033,888, with an average growth rate of 3.1. 6.0% of all Tanzanians living on the mainland were found in the region.

History
During colonization the region was a district called West Lake, that was a part of the Lake Province, that included the Geita, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Tabora, Simiyu, and Mara, regions. After independence Lake Province was broken up into regions, with Kagera and part of Geita becoming the West Lake Region. Following the Kagera War in 1979, the West Lake Region was renamed the Kagera Region.

For a period of about five centuries, Kagera was home to nine different kingdoms with highly hierarchical societies. Before European colonialism, coffee was a traditional crop in the area, used for its stimulant properties and in local cultural rituals. During colonial times, coffee was transformed into a cash crop. Bananas were a staple food in the region. Although there was a gender-based division of labour in the traditional Bahaya society, women of the time were not thought to be inferior to men. In fact women commanded special respect in all traditional rituals. For example, upon the death of a head of a family (Nyin'enju), during the following inheritance rituals, the "Main Inheritor" (Omusika) had to have a female counterpart selected from among his sisters to share his authority. Similarly, upon the death of a reigning king, during the crowning of the next king, there had to be a "sister to the nation" (Kinyany'engoma) who was also selected from among his sisters.

The kings lived in elaborate palaces and were respected as the direct link to gods of their kingdoms. The authority of the nine kingdoms (Kihanja, Karagwe, Kiziba, Misenye, Bugabo, Kyamtwara, Ihangiro, Bukara and Biharamulo) was diminished when Germans colonised Tanzania in 1885 and supported the Haya, the ethnic group of Bukoba and Muleba Districts over the other districts. However, the local kings held on to power. The demise of these kingdoms came after Tanzania gained its independence and president Nyerere considered them detrimental to national unity.

There was a chief called Omukama (the word meant a king or chief) who could be born with that authority. Some prominent chiefs in Kagera include Kyamukuma, who is a last chief in Misenye (currently Missenyi District). Other chiefs include Rumanyika of Karagwe, Ruhinda, Kahigi and other inferior chiefs. Kahigi is among the chiefs who waived their territories by collaborating with German colonialists.

Cultural tours are available for tourists visiting Kagera and can be accessed from the region's capital of Bukoba. These tours include visits to the region's national parks/nature reserves etc.

During German rule Dr. M. Zupitza, then serving as the local medical officer, encountered the plague outbreak in Kiziba (1897–1898). In cooperation with Dr. Robert Koch, he confirmed that the cause was the same bacteria as the outbreak in Bombay.

When authority was transferred to the British who supplanted the Germans, Kagera was open to Lutheran missionary activity. Other Christian denominations including the Roman Catholic church later arrived. Their legacy is seen in the many churches in the region.

The attempted annexation of Kagera by Uganda in 1979 triggered the Uganda–Tanzania War.

Economy
Agriculture is the main economic activity in the region. The primary crops farmed in the Kagera Region are pulses. Cereals were the most often planted crop, with 153,993 hectares (42.8% of the total area planted with annuals), followed by root and tubers with 64,261 ha (17.8%), oil seeds with 10,416 ha (2.9%), cash crops with 7,737 ha (2.1%), and fruits and vegetables with 3,558 ha (1.0%). The majority of annual cash crops were cotton. Cereal crop output in the area is dominated by maize. 302,529 households in the Kagera Region raised maize during the brief wet season, making up 93.8% of all households that raised crops during that time.

Food crop sales accounted for 54.0% of smallholder households' total cash income in the Kagera Region, with cash crop sales (18.9%), other sporadic income (8.7%), fishing (4.3%), and wages/salaries (4.3%) following. Petty businesses were the primary source of income for only 3.4% of smallholder households, followed by the sale of livestock (2.5%), cash remittances (2.0%), sales of forest products (0.7%), and sales of animal products (0.6%).

Kagera is also one of the largest coffee producers in the country. Muleba (9,968 ha, 26%), Karagwe (8,660 ha, 23%), Ngara (3,600 ha, 10%), Biharamulo (454 ha, 1%), and Bukoba Urban (373 ha, 1%) were the other coffee-producing areas in the area, with Bukoba Rural having the highest area (14,704 ha, 39%). (Map 3.33). However, Ngara (1.23 ha) had the greatest average amount of land planted with coffee per household, followed by Karagwe(0.32 ha), Biharamulo (0.22 ha), Muleba (0.21 ha), Bukoba Rural (0.21 ha), and Bukoba Urban (0.21 ha) (0.18 ha).

Wildlife and national parks
The Kagera Region has abundant wildlife, including baboons, giraffe, elands, crocodiles, hippopotamus, warthog. Birdlife includes African fish eagles, hammerkops, marabou stork, cormorants. kingfishers, and herons.

Kagera is home to Biharamulo Forest Reserve, Burigi-Chato National Park, Ibanda-Kyerwa National Park, Rumanyika-Karagwe National Park, Rubondo Island National Park and Saanane Island National Park. In 2019, Burigi, Biharamulo game reserve, and Lakes Burigi and Kimis were upgraded to become a national park with the Burigi-Chato National Park. Rumanyika-Karagwe National Park was gazetted as Rumanyika-Karagwe National Park and Ibanda-Kyerwa National Park.

Districts
Kagera Region is divided into eight districts, each administered by a council:

In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 2,789,577 people in the region, from 2,458,023 in 2012.

Notable people from Kagera Region

 * Ali Mufuruki, business man and motivational speaker
 * Claver Kamanya, Althlete and medalist 400m
 * Anna Tibaijuka, politician
 * Laurean Rugambwa, Catholic cardinal
 * Saida Karoli, musician
 * Josiah Kibira, filmmaker
 * Justinian Rweyemamu, scholar and economist

title: Kagera Region


text:
Smith & Wesson Model 1006

The Smith & Wesson Model 1006 is a recoil operated double-action/single-action semi-automatic handgun chambered in the 10mm Auto cartridge manufactured by Smith & Wesson.

Design
It is constructed entirely of stainless steel, a 5 in (127 mm) barrel and a 9-round single column magazine. Its safety is a slide mounted de-cock/safety, internal safeties are a magazine disconnect and firing pin block. It is available with fixed or adjustable sights. The pistols were originally made with the 2nd trigger guard, which has an elongated, oval shape (see photo); in 1992 the frame was redesigned with the shorter, rounder 3rd trigger guard.

The model 1006 was the first in the S&W 1000 series of third generation semi-automatic handguns. Variations include the models 1026, 1046, 1066, 1076 (FBI model) and 1086. The 1000 series were some of the most robust, sturdy 10mm handguns ever built, easily handling the power of this potent cartridge.

Other third generation S&W auto series include the 5906, 4006 and 4506.

Users
The Model 1076 is most commonly known as the "FBI Pistol" because the Bureau ordered 10,000 Model 1076 pistols for its agents in the aftermath of the 1986 FBI Miami shootout. However, problems developed and the FBI received only 2,400 pistols before the contract was cancelled. In 1990 the Virginia State Police contracted with S&W for 2,200 Model 1026 pistols, and by July 1990 they had received the entire order. The Model 1026 was identical to the FBI's Model 1076 but with a 5-inch barrel instead of a 4.25 inch barrel. The Virginia State Police also experienced issues with the pistol and the reduced power load recommended by the FBI. In 1994, based on continuing problems with the 1026, the Virginia State Police traded them in for the SIG Sauer P228 pistol in 9mm.

Recalls
Shortly after the 1006 pistol was introduced, Smith and Wesson issued a recall on the one-piece plastic grip. It seems when the pistol was dropped on its heel, the plastic grip could break, allowing the hammer spring to fly free. Customers who contacted Smith and Wesson were sent new grips at no charge. The new replacement grip has a center punched mark on the bottom of the heel, whereas the bad grips did not.

The 1026/1076 also had a recall issued, due to issues with the decocking lever that could potentially render the pistols inoperable.

Variants

 * S&W 1026: Double Action / Single Action (DA/SA) gun with frame-mounted decocker only and 5″ barrel.
 * S&W 1046: Double Action Only (DAO) gun with 5″ barrel.
 * S&W 1066: Double Action / Single Action (DA/SA) gun with slide-mounted decocker / safety and 4.25″ barrel.
 * S&W 1076: Double Action / Single Action (DA/SA) gun with frame-mounted decocker only and 4.25″ barrel.
 * S&W 1086: Double Action Only (DAO) gun with 4.25″ barrel.

Total production numbers
According to Smith and Wesson, a total of 50,796 10mm Auto pistols were produced.

title: Smith & Wesson Model 1006


text: User talk:203.96.146.76

title: User talk:203.96.146.76


text:
Lake Wobegon Days

Lake Wobegon Days is a novel by Garrison Keillor, first published in hardcover by Viking in 1985. Based on material from his radio show A Prairie Home Companion, the book brought Keillor's work to a much wider audience and achieved international success selling over 1 million copies. Like some of Keillor's other books, it is unusual in that it could be said that the audiobook preceded the publication in written form.

The work is a humorous account of life in fictitious Lake Wobegon, Minnesota, a heartland small town. Its early chapters are written in the form and style of a history of the town and later ones chronicle the lives, concerns, and activities of its inhabitants, with inter-generational tensions and relationships forming a major theme. Most of the latter material was originally delivered on radio in the form of monologues. Due to the nature of the original material, the second half of the novel has many recurring characters but little in the way of plot, resembling an incompletely integrated group of short stories.

Reception
In his Los Angeles Times review Richard Eder describes the book as being "filled with good things, but it has its problems." Eder goes on to say that "It is a pastiche, and a very talented one; but there are times when the whimsy frays." Barth Healey however, describes it as "a genuine work of American history" in his New York Times Book Review.

title: Lake Wobegon Days