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Charlie Higson

Charles Murray Higson (born 3 July 1958) is an English actor, comedian, author and former singer. He has also written and produced for television and is the author of the young adult post-apocalyptic book series The Enemy, as well as the first five novels in the Young Bond series.

Early life
Born in Frome, Somerset, Higson was educated at Sevenoaks School, Kent and at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich (where his brother taught from 1986 to 2008, latterly as Professor of Film Studies). At UEA, Higson met Paul Whitehouse, David Cummings and Terry Edwards. Higson, Cummings and Edwards formed the band The Higsons, of which Higson was the lead singer from 1980 to 1986. They released two singles on the Specials' 2 Tone Records label. This was after he had formed the punk band The Right Hand Lovers, wherein he performed as "Switch". Higson then started squatting in London and became a decorator, including decorating the house of Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie.

Career
Higson started writing for Harry Enfield with Paul Whitehouse and performing comedy. He came to public attention as one of the main writers and performers of the BBC Two sketch show The Fast Show (1994–2000). He also worked with Whitehouse on the radio comedy Down the Line. In 1994 Higson co-wrote (with Lise Mayer) the screenplay for the film thriller Suite 16.

He worked as producer, writer, director and occasional guest star on Randall & Hopkirk from 2000 to 2001. Subsequent television work has included writing and starring in BBC Three's Fast Show spin-off sitcom Swiss Toni. He first appeared as a panellist on QI in 2007. In 2010 he co-directed and starred in the series Bellamy's People.

In 2013 Higson adapted Agatha Christie's A Caribbean Mystery for ITV's Agatha Christie's Marple series. In 2015 Higson reimagined the novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson for ITV Studios into a ten part adventure series, set in the 1930s titled Jekyll and Hyde. In 2017, Higson appeared as Ian Winterman in series three of Broadchurch and as Ronnie Maguire in series three of Grantchester.

2020 saw Higson compete on Richard Osman's House of Games. alongside Chizzy Akudolu, Kate Williams and Tom Allen.

Higson has also starred in Lobby Land, a radio sitcom on BBC Radio 4, as Tom Shriver MP.

Books
Time Out has described Higson as "The missing link between Dick Emery and Bret Easton Ellis".

Higson wrote a series of five Young Bond novels, aimed at younger readers and concentrating on James Bond's school-days at Eton starting with SilverFin, released in 2005, and ending with By Royal Command (2008). Higson had been at school with Jonathan Evans, former Director General of MI5.

Higson wrote a post-apocalyptic, zombie-horror series of books for young adults. The eponymous first book in the series, titled The Enemy, was released in 2009. At a school event at Abingdon School on 14 September 2011, Charlie told children: "Originally it was going to be three books and then my publisher, Puffin, said make it five, and now we're up to it being seven." The seventh novel, The End, was published in 2015.

In 2018 Higson wrote a Fighting Fantasy gamebook titled The Gates of Death, which was published by Scholastic books as part of their campaign to relaunch the Fighting Fantasy franchise. He is a long term FF enthusiast, having attended Fighting Fantasy Fest 2 in London the previous year and also made a cameo appearance in the Ian Livingstone gamebook Blood of the Zombies.

In May 2023 Higson released his first adult Bond novel, On His Majesty's Secret Service, to mark the Coronation of King Charles III and support the National Literacy Trust.

Personal life
Higson lives in London with his wife and three sons.

Novels

 * King of the Ants (1992) ISBN 0-349-11103-0
 * Happy Now (1993) ISBN 978-0-241-13363-7
 * Full Whack (1995), ISBN 0-241-00287-7
 * Getting Rid of Mister Kitchen (1996) ISBN 0-316-88106-6
 * Monstroso (2010) ISBN 978-0-14-132845-4
 * Whatever Gets You Through the Night (2022) ISBN 9781408714287

The Enemy novels

 * 1) The Enemy (2009) ISBN 0-14-138464-6
 * 2) The Dead (2010) ISBN 978-0-14-138465-8
 * 3) The Fear (2011) ISBN 0-14-138466-2
 * 4) The Sacrifice (2012) ISBN 978-0-14-133612-1
 * 5) The Fallen (2013) ISBN 978-0-14-133614-5
 * 6) The Hunted (2014) ISBN 9780141336107
 * 7) The End (2015) ASIN B00Z8PHRKS

The Enemy short story

 * Geeks vs. Zombies (2012) ISBN 9780141344249 (This companion book in the series, released by Disney Hyperion, portrays an exclusive scene from The Fear, on World Book Day. )

Young Bond

 * 1) SilverFin (2005), ISBN 0-14-131859-7
 * 2) Blood Fever (2006), ISBN 0-14-131860-0
 * 3) Double or Die (2007), ISBN 0-14-132203-9
 * 4) Hurricane Gold (2007), ISBN 0-14-138391-7
 * 5) By Royal Command (2008), ISBN 0-14-138451-4
 * 6) SilverFin: The Graphic Novel (2008), ISBN 978-0-14-132253-7 (with Kev Walker)
 * 7) Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier (2009), ISBN 978-0-14-132768-6 (authored short story included in book)

Fighting Fantasy

 * The Gates of Death (2018)

James Bond

 * On His Majesty's Secret Service (2023), ISBN 978-1-915-79707-0

Non-fiction

 * The 'Fast Show' Book (1996), ISBN 0-7522-2267-8 (with Paul Whitehouse)

Short stories

 * "The Red Line" in The 'Time Out' Book of Short Stories, edited by Maria Lexton (1993), ISBN 0-14-023085-8
 * "The Beast of Babylon" in Doctor Who: 11 Doctors, 11 Stories: 11 Doctors, 11 Stories, with Neil Gaiman, Richelle Mead, Eoin Colfer, Marcus Sedgwick, Michael Scott, Philip Reeve, Patrick Ness, Malorie Blackman, Alex Scarrow, Derek Landy (2013), ISBN 978-0-14-134894-0

title: Charlie Higson


text:
File:Bolt realm.jpg

Low-resolution scan of the cover of Bolt Thrower's "Realm of Chaos".

Use of this image on Wikipedia qualifies as fair use since:
 * the image is of a very low resolution.
 * a free alternative of the record cover does not exist.
 * the use of the image does not in any way detract from sales of the album.
 * the image is used for educational purposes to illustrate the album cover on the band and album articles.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Bolt realm.jpg


text: Category:Iraqi politicians

title: Category:Iraqi politicians


text:
Bolt Thrower

Bolt Thrower was a British death metal band from Coventry. They formed in 1986 and released their first album with Vinyl Solution in 1988. The band then shifted to a new record label, Earache Records, soon becoming one of the best selling bands on that label. Their last label was Metal Blade Records. The band had a succession of members, and had toured Europe, the United States, and Australia. Over the course of their 30-year career, Bolt Thrower released eight studio albums, three EPs, one live album, three compilation albums and two demos. Their albums have sold over 100,000 copies in the United States as of 2005.

Following the release of their eighth album Those Once Loyal (2005), Bolt Thrower announced an indefinite hiatus from recording albums in June 2008, although they would continue to tour until the death of drummer Martin Kearns on 14 September 2015 and their subsequent disbandment in 2016, on the first anniversary of his death.

Early history (1986–1988)
Bolt Thrower was formed in September 1986 as a thrash punk band, influenced largely by bands such as Slayer, Crass and Discharge. The band was founded by bassist Gavin Ward and guitarist Barry Thomson in a Coventry pub toilet during a hardcore punk gig. Shortly thereafter Andrew Whale and Alan West joined on drums and vocals respectively. In April 1987 the In Battle There Is No Law demo was recorded with this line-up.

Their second recording was the Concession of Pain demo, which they made in September 1987. Gavin had switched to guitars and they recruited Alex Tweedy to play the bass. However, Alex did not show up for the recording, and so Gavin played both guitar and bass for the demo. Two weeks after the recording session, Gavin's girlfriend Jo Bench replaced Tweedy.

With this line-up they recorded their first Peel session on 3 January 1988, with John Peel, the alternative disk jockey of BBC Radio One. He had received their second demo and became enthusiastic about the band. They recorded four tracks for it, resulting in a deal with Vinyl Solution to release one album. Just before the recording of their first full-length album, they replaced their singer with their driver Karl Willetts. Their debut LP, In Battle There Is No Law is only a half hour in length and sounds like a cross between death metal and thrash punk.

Rise to popularity and departures of Karl Willetts and Andy Whale (1989–1994)
They were not satisfied with the deal with Vinyl Solution as it was a pure hardcore label at that time. The label did little promotion for Bolt Thrower, and their blend of death metal and hardcore punk was unorthodox at the time, so after one album Bolt Thrower decided to leave Vinyl Solution and were subsequently signed up with Earache Records. Earache Records had also signed many other death metal bands including Carcass and Napalm Death. The artwork for their second album was created by John Sibbick under contract for Games Workshop for the Warhammer 40,000 rulebook released in 1987. After Games Workshop heard the recording of the songs for Bolt Thrower's second Peel session, which was recorded on 6 November 1988, they offered to supply the artwork for Bolt Thrower's album, an offer the band quickly accepted. The record was released in 1989, titled Realm of Chaos: Slaves to Darkness, after the 1988 book of the same name published by Games Workshop. Most of the lyrics to the songs were also influenced by the game, but not merely because of the deal with Games Workshop. Karl, Andy and Gavin were very much into the Games Workshop role playing game, and they wrote a couple of songs about these games, including "Plague Bearer" and "World Eater". After the recording of Realm of Chaos, they went on the 'Grindcrusher Tour' with labelmates Napalm Death, Carcass and Morbid Angel. On the Cenotaph EP one song ("Realm of Chaos") appears that is recorded during this tour. This EP also features two CD-bonus tracks from War Master, Realm of Chaos plus the song "Cenotaph".

Continuing, they recorded their third and final Peel session on 22 July 1990. These three songs from the upcoming album were performed in raw versions, as well as "Lost Souls Domain" from Realm of Chaos. The next step in the history of Bolt Thrower was the album titled War Master. It was recorded, as was the previous album, in Slaughterhouse Studios, which burnt down two weeks after the recordings were completed. Again, Games Workshop offered to do their artwork; however, as it was considered too expensive, Bolt Thrower declined the offer. The former head designer of Games Workshop would do the artwork, resulting in artwork quite similar to Realm of Chaos. During the US tour they went on to promote the War Master album, they used an old US school bus as a tour bus, loaded with many computer games. All three Peel sessions were then released on one CD named The Peel Sessions 1988–90 in 1991.

Their next step was the album The IVth Crusade. The title has a double meaning, as it was their fourth studio album (not counting the Peel sessions), but the album title also refers to the Fourth Crusade and the capturing of Constantinople. The cover artwork is a painting from Eugène Delacroix, showing "The Entry of the Crusaders in Constantinople".

They wrote slower songs which were heavier and more bombastic. It leans more towards doom metal influenced by bands like Candlemass, in combination with their own massive death metal sound. The album was followed by the tour 'World Crusade' with the Polish death metal act Vader and the Swedish death metal band Grave in Europe. The band toured the US again as well as Australia. During this time, a single was released called "Spearhead", containing a very heavy, extended remix of the CD track "Spearhead", plus two new tracks and "Dying Creed" off the new album.

Their next album is called ...For Victory and was released in 1994. It was the final album with Karl Willetts and Andrew Whale. Both left the band because of changing life directions. The latest American tour did not go well, they returned home prematurely and by this time the band was quite fed-up with touring. A limited edition of the album exists containing a bonus live CD, called War (sometimes called Live War). After the album released, Karl Willetts was replaced by former Pestilence singer Martin van Drunen, and Martin "Kiddie" Kearns, who took over the drum kit.

More lineup changes, Mercenary and Honour – Valour – Pride (1995–2003)
In 1995 and 1996 they went on two European tours. In 1997, Martin van Drunen decided to leave the band as he felt that he never really became a part of Bolt Thrower, and because he had a disease that made his hair fall out and gave him insecurity on stage. For at least one show in Germany, long time friend Dave Ingram stood in. Martin Kearns also decided to leave the band. The position at the drum kit is now taken by Alex Thomas. Karl Willetts temporarily rejoined the band to do vocal duties on their next album. The band switched record labels from Earache to Metal Blade Records, because since the US ...For Victory tour they had seen a lack of success with Earache. Earache had also wanted to get rid of them and Bolt Thrower wanted to leave Earache as soon as possible, so they parted company.

The album titled Mercenary was released on 8 September 1998 in Europe and on 10 November 1998 in the US and features nine tracks. It is an overall slower album than its predecessors. However, it is definitely very heavy and sounds very much like classic Bolt Thrower. Karl also returned to performing his previous style of singing; the hardcore punk influences have disappeared again. After the album recording, Karl left the band again and the band recruited Dave Ingram permanently after he left Benediction.

In November 1998, Earache Records released Who Dares Wins, a compilation featuring various older recordings, including the Spearhead and Cenotaph EPs. The band members themselves do not approve of the compilation's release and warn not to buy it, considering it a cheap cash-in from Earache. Originally, it was titled No Guts - No Glory but the title was changed because one song on Mercenary has the same title and Metal Blade Records objected. Following the release of Mercenary, the band embarked on a tour of Europe, called Into the Killing Zone, with Dave Ingram on vocals. Alex Thomas departed since he lacked interest in the musical direction of Bolt Thrower.

After a short European tour in 2001 (which only consisted of 5 dates), they started to work on a new album. Honour - Valour - Pride was released in Europe on 19 November 2001, and in the United States on 15 January 2002 on Metal Blade Records, and shows a progression from the direction taken on Mercenary. It contains nine tracks; the digipak includes one bonus track. Martin Kearns returned to the band after he settled his things in his life.

Reunion with Karl Willetts and Those Once Loyal (2004–2014)
In 2004, the band began working on new material for their latest album. They intended to record it in May 2004, with the release set to the end of the year by Metal Blade. Meanwhile, a European tour and a US tour were being prepared. Unfortunately, right before the recording could begin, Dave Ingram decided to leave due to health and personal issues. This postponed the new record and tours, and priority was set to finding a new singer. On 18 November 2004 the band announced the return of Karl Willetts. Recording of the album, titled Those Once Loyal, started in May 2005; it was released on 11 November in Germany, 14 November in the rest of Europe and 15 November in the United States, 2005. It has been met with widespread critical acclaim from magazines such as Rock Sound, Rock Hard and Metal Hammer. A European tour followed in January and February 2006. A second leg followed in April, with dates in Scandinavia, the UK, Spain and more.

Bolt Thrower announced that, as they were satisfied with the Those Once Loyal album, they would be indefinitely postponing the recording of another LP. The band stated that their goal was always to stop after releasing "the perfect Bolt Thrower album". However, Karl Willetts had mentioned work on a ninth album.

Since releasing Those Once Loyal, Earache has released a remastered edition of the 1989 album Realm of Chaos featuring alternate artwork by John Sibbick, the artist responsible for the original artwork of both the Warhammer 40,000 Rogue Trader cover and Realm of Chaos - Slaves to Darkness. The band encouraged people not to buy it as, like Who Dares Wins, it was released without their consultation let alone consent. Furthermore, it has been alleged that the band has not received royalties from Earache for a number of years.

Death of Martin Kearns and disbandment (2015–2016)
Martin Kearns, who had been Bolt Thower's drummer from 1994 to 1997 and again since 2000, died unexpectedly at the age of 38 on 14 September 2015. As a result of his death, Bolt Thrower went on hiatus and cancelled their upcoming Australian tour, which would have been their first since 1993.

On 14 September 2016, the first anniversary of Kearns' death, Bolt Thrower announced on their website that they would not continue, explaining, "We spent over 20 years together, touring the world, with 3 different vocalists, but he was so much more than just a drummer to us. So when we carried his coffin to his final resting place, the Bolt Thrower drummer position was buried with him. He was, and will now forever remain THE Bolt Thrower drummer, our Powerhouse and friend Martin 'Kiddie' Kearns." Rumours of the band's break-up were confirmed two days later by frontman Karl Willetts, stating, "I can confirm that Bolt Thrower are definitely over for good. There will be no reunion tours etc... no compromise."

Aftermath and reunion rumours (2017–present)
On 7 March 2017, which would have been Kearns' 40th birthday, Bolt Thrower posted a lengthy statement on their website, which suggested that a reunion or possible new release in memory of him was in the works. As of 2024, these ideas have not materialised.

Final lineup

 * Karl Willetts – vocals (1987–1994, 1997–1998, 2004–2016)
 * Barry "Baz" Thomson – guitars (1986–2016)
 * Gavin Ward – guitars (1987–2016), bass (1986–1987)
 * Jo Bench – bass guitar (1987–2016)
 * Martin Kearns – drums (1994–1997, 1999–2015; died 2015)

Former members

 * Alex Thomas – drums (1997–1999)
 * Andrew Whale – drums (1986–1994)
 * Alan West – vocals (1986–1987)
 * Alex Tweedy – bass (1987)
 * Martin van Drunen – vocals (1994–1997)
 * Dave Ingram – vocals (1998–2004)

Studio albums

 * In Battle There Is No Law! (1988)
 * Realm of Chaos: Slaves to Darkness (1989)
 * War Master (1991)
 * The IVth Crusade (1992)
 * ...For Victory (1994)
 * Mercenary (1998)
 * Honour – Valour – Pride (2001)
 * Those Once Loyal (2005)

Extended plays

 * The Peel Session (1988)
 * Cenotaph (1991)
 * Spearhead (1993)

Live albums

 * War (2010)

Compilation albums

 * The Peel Sessions 1988–90 (1991)
 * Who Dares Wins (1998)
 * The Best of Bolt Thrower (2016)

Demos

 * In Battle There Is No Law (self-released cassette, 1987)
 * Concession of Pain (self-released cassette, 1987)
 * Forgotten Existence (self-released cassette, 1988)
 * Prophets of Hell (self-released cassette, 1988)

Video clips

 * Cenotaph (1991)
 * The IVth Crusade (1992)
 * ...For Victory (1998)
 * Inside the Wire (2000)

Audio files (mp3)

 * Mercenary (1997)
 * 8. "No Guts, No Glory"
 * Honour – Valour – Pride (2001)
 * 1. "Contact - Wait Out"
 * Those Once Loyal (2005)
 * 5. "Those Once Loyal"

title: Bolt Thrower


text:
Antoine Coysevox

Charles Antoine Coysevox ( or ; 29 September 1640 – 10 October 1720), was a French sculptor in the Baroque and Louis XIV style, best known for his sculpture decorating the gardens and Palace of Versailles and his portrait busts.

Biography
Coysevox was born 29 September 1640 in Lyon. He was the son of a sculptor, from a family which had emigrated from Franche-Comté, a Spanish possession at the time. He made his first work of sculpture of the Madonna when he was only seventeen,

Coysevox came to Paris in 1657 and joined the workshop of the sculptor Louis Lerambert. He trained himself further by making copies in marble of Roman sculptures, including a Venus de Medici and the Castor and Pollux. In 1666, he married Marguerite Quillerier, Lerambert's niece, who died a year after the marriage. In 1679, he married Claude Bourdict. In 1667 he was commissioned by the bishop of Strasbourg, Cardinal Fürstenberg, to statuary for his château at Saverne (Zabern).

In 1671, after four years spent working at Saverne, he returned to Paris. In 1676, his bust of the king's painter Charles Le Brun gained him admission to the Académie Royale. He became part of the extraordinary team of sculptors, painters, and decorators, under the control of Le Brun, who between 1677 and 1685 produced the decoration of the Palace and Gardens of Versailles. Later, between 1701 and 1709, when Louis XIV built a new Château de Marly, where he could escape from the crowds and ceremony at Versailles, with Coysevox providing several works for that site.

Coysevox rose steadily in the artistic hierarchy. He became a professor at the Royal Academy in 1678, and then its director in 1702, with an annual pension of four thousand livres. In this position, he guided the training of a generation of French sculptors, including his nephews Nicolas Coustou (1659–1733) and Guillaume Coustou (1677–1746), who became important figures in French sculpture of the early 18th century.

Coysevox died in Paris on 10 October 1720.

Monumental sculpture
A large part of his work is found at the Palace of Versailles. One of his most famous works is the large stucco medallion of Louis XIV, found in the Salon of War in the Palace. The King is portrayed as a Roman Emperor on horseback, trampling his enemies, like a modern Caesar, gazing ahead to the future, as a figure of Victory offers him a crown of laurels.

He executed Justice and Force and the River Garonne at Versailles. Among his works from Marly are the Mercury and the equestrian Fame (1702) and four groups commissioned for the "river" in the château's park; La Seine and its pendant at the head of the cascade, La Marne, Neptune and Amphitrite. Models in weather-resistant stucco were set up in 1699, replaced by marbles when they were finished in 1705. The groups were seized as biens nationaux in 1796 and dispersed: the Seine and Marne went to Saint-Cloud, and the Neptune and Amphitrite went to Brest in 1801.

Besides the works given above, he carved about a dozen funeral monuments, including those to Colbert (at Saint-Eustache), to Cardinal Mazarin (in the Louvre), and to the painter Le Brun (in the church of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet).

Between 1708 and 1710 Coysevox produced three further sculptures for Marly, a Pan (now in the Louvre), flanked by a Flora and a Dryad (in the Tuileries Gardens). A highly finished terracotta bozzetto or reduction of the Dryad, signed and dated 1709, is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

For the facade of the dome of the royal chapel of Les Invalides, he sculpted a bust of Charlemagne, a pendant to the statue of Louis XI by another royal sculptor, Nicolas Coustou. On the upper level of the same chapel, he made a group of statues illustrating The Cardinal Virtues.

Portrait busts
Coysevox sculpted portrait busts of many of the celebrated men and women of his age. The faces of his busts were considered remarkably accurate; he did not flatter his subjects, but by the poses, detail and precision of the costumes he gave them a particular dignity. His subjects included Louis XIV and Louis XV, at Versailles; Colbert (the kneeling figure of his tomb at Saint-Eustache); Cardinal Mazarin, (in the church of the Collège des Quatre-Nations); Louis II de Bourbon; Louis, Grand Condé (in the Louvre); Maria Theresa of Austria; Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne; Vauban; the Cardinal de Bouillon; and de Polignac; the duc de Chaulnes (National Gallery of Art, Washington); Fénelon; Racine; André Le Nôtre (church of St-Roch); Bossuet (in the Louvre); the comte d'Harcourt; Cardinal Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg; and as Charles Le Brun (in the Louvre).

title: Antoine Coysevox


text:
Systemantics

General Systemantics (retitled to Systemantics in its second edition and The Systems Bible in its third) is a systems engineering treatise by John Gall in which he offers practical principles of systems design based on experience and anecdotes.

It is offered from the perspective of how not to design systems, based on system engineering failures. The primary precept of the treatise is that large complex systems are extremely difficult to design correctly despite best intentions, so care must be taken to design smaller, less-complex systems and to do so with incremental functionality based on close and continual touch with user needs and measures of effectiveness.

History
The book was initially self-published after Gall received rejection letters from 30 publishers. After several reviews in academic journals, it was picked up by Quadrangle–The New York Times Book Company, who published it in 1977. A condensed version was also published in The New York Times prior to the book's publication.

Title origin
The term systemantics is a commentary on prior work by Alfred Korzybski called general semantics which conjectured that all systems failures could be attributed to a single root cause – a failure to communicate. Gall observes that, instead, system failure is an intrinsic feature of systems. He thereby derives the term general systemantics in deference to the notion of a sweeping theory of system failure, but attributed to an intrinsic feature based on laws of system behavior. He observes as a side-note that system antics also playfully captures the concept that systems naturally "act up."

Premise

 * Systems in general work poorly or not at all.

This is more a universal observation than a law. The origin of this observation is traced back via:
 * 1) Murphy's Law that "if anything can go wrong, it will",
 * 2) Alfred Korzybski's general semantics notion of failure's root cause being a communication problem,
 * 3) Humorist Stephen Potter's One-upmanship on ways to "game" the system for personal benefit,
 * 4) Historian C. Northcote Parkinson's principle called Parkinson's Law – "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion"
 * 5) Educator Lawrence J. Peter's widely cited Peter Principle – "In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence ... in time every post tends to be occupied by an employee who is incompetent to carry out its duties ... Work is accomplished by those employees who have not yet reached their level of incompetence."

Scope
By systems, the author refers to those that "...involve human beings, particularly those very large systems such as national governments, nations themselves, religions, the railway system, the post office..." though the intention is that the principles are general to any system.

Additionally, the author observes:
 * 1) Everything is a system.
 * 2) Everything is part of a larger system.
 * 3) The universe is infinitely systematized, both upward (larger systems) and downward (smaller systems).
 * 4) All systems are infinitely complex.

First principles

 * New systems mean new problems.

Once a system is set up to solve some problem, the system itself engenders new problems relating to its development, operations and maintenance. The author points out that the additional energy required to support the system can consume the energy it was meant to save. This leads to the next principle:

 * The total amount of anergy in the universe is fixed.

The author defines anergy as the effort required to bring about a change. This is meant as a tongue-in-cheek analog of the law of conservation of energy.

 * Systems tend to expand to fill the known universe.

One of the problems that a system creates is that it becomes an entity unto itself that not only persists but expands and encroaches on areas beyond the original system's purview.

Why systems behave poorly

 * Complicated systems produce unexpected outcomes (Generalized Uncertainty Principle).

The author cites a number of spectacular unexpected behaviors including:
 * 1) The Aswan Dam diverting the Nile River's fertilizing sediment to Lake Nasser (where it is useless) requiring the dam to operate at full electrical generating capacity to run the artificial fertilizer plants needed to replace the diverted sediment.
 * 2) The space Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center designed to protect vehicles from weather is so large that it produces its own weather.

Feedback
Not only do systems expand well beyond their original goals, but as they evolve they tend to oppose even their own original goals. This is seen as a systems theory analog of Le Chatelier's principle that suggests chemical and physical processes tend to counteract changed conditions that upset equilibrium until a new equilibrium is established. This same counteraction force can be seen in systems behavior. For example, incentive reward systems set up in business can have the effect of institutionalizing mediocrity. This leads to the following principle:

 * Systems tend to oppose their own proper function.

What's in a name
People performing roles in systems often do not perform the role suggested by the name the system gives that person, nor does the system itself perform the role that its name suggests.

 * People in systems do not actually do what the system says they are doing (Functionary's Falsity).
 * The system itself does not actually do what it says it is doing (The Operational Fallacy).

Inside systems

 * The real world is what is reported to the system (The Fundamental Law of Administrative Workings [F.L.A.W.]).

In other words, the system has a severely censored and distorted view of reality from biased and filtering sensory organs. This distorted view displaces understanding of the actual real-world, which in turn pales and tends to disappear. This displacement creates a type of sensory deprivation and a kind of hallucinogenic effect on those inside the systems, causing them to lose common sense. In addition to negatively affecting those inside the system, the system attracts to it people who are optimized for the pathological environment the system creates. Thus,

 * Systems attract systems-people.

Elementary systems functions

 * 1) A complex system cannot be "made" to work. It either works or it does not.
 * 2) A simple system, designed from scratch, sometimes works.
 * 3) Some complex systems actually work.
 * 4) A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that works.
 * 5) A complex system designed from scratch never works and cannot be patched up to make it work. One has to start over, beginning with a working simple system.

Advanced systems functions

 * 1) The Functional Indeterminacy Theorem (F.I.T.): in complex systems, malfunction and even total non-function may not be detectable for long periods, if ever.
 * 2) The Newtonian Law of Systems Inertia: a system that performs a certain way will continue to operate in that way regardless of the need or of changed conditions.
 * 3) Systems develop goals of their own the instant they come into being.
 * 4) Intrasystem goals come first.

System failure

 * 1) The Fundamental Failure-Mode Theorem (F.F.T.): complex systems usually operate in a failure mode.
 * 2) A complex system can fail in an infinite number of ways. (If anything can go wrong, it will; see Murphy's law.)
 * 3) The mode of failure of a complex system cannot ordinarily be predicted from its structure.
 * 4) The crucial variables are discovered by accident.
 * 5) The larger the system, the greater the probability of unexpected failure.
 * 6) "Success" or "function" in any system may be failure in the larger or smaller systems to which the system is connected.
 * 7) The Fail-Safe Theorem: when a fail-safe system fails, it fails by failing to fail safe.

Practical systems design

 * 1) The Vector Theory of Systems: systems run better when designed to run downhill.
 * 2) Loose systems last longer and work better. (Efficient systems are dangerous to themselves and to others.)

Management and other myths

 * 1) Complex systems tend to produce complex responses (not solutions) to problems.
 * 2) Great advances are not produced by systems designed to produce great advances.

Other laws of systemantics

 * 1) As systems grow in size, they tend to lose basic functions.
 * 2) The larger the system, the less the variety in the product.
 * 3) Control of a system is exercised by the element with the greatest variety of behavioral responses.
 * 4) Colossal systems foster colossal errors.
 * 5) Choose systems with care.

Reception
Money stated in 1978 that the author "clearly set out to write another Peter Principle". A 1977 review in Etc: A Review of General Semantics states that the book's aim is unclear, commenting, "As a put-down of institutional practices it works well, as good as anything in print", but "As a slam at systems theory the book is less successful, even ambiguous." A Library Journal review from 1977 comments, "Like some of its predecessors, the book pretends to rebuke people for their manifold stupidities, but is, in fact, an invitation to take pleasure in them. That's not a failing, just a fact. Recommended." A 2004 review in the American Society of Safety Professionals' Professional Safety says, "It is at once deadly serious with all the outrageous contrived irony of Gary Larson's 'Far Side' cartoons" and that "the book is one continuous insight after another."  PCMag calls the book "small but insightful".

title: Systemantics


text:
Talk:Rapunzel

Rapunzel Oder der Zauber der Tränen
I added a reference to a German film adaption of the story. Is there anyone else familiar with it who would like to add anything? It seems to be obscure, though it was apparantly well-recieved critically. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.37.214.70 (talk) 20:00, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Early discussion
I removed "in spite of its barely covert steamy eroticism".

Try as I might, I could not see steamy eroticism having read the 1857 version in German. However the 1812 version does have references to the prince and Rapunzel living in joy and pleasure, an obvious reference to pregnancy and giving birth to twins. If others find that is steamy eroticism, please re-add what I removed.
 * I removed "steamy". Wetman 19:40, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The rest of the article contains analyses I'm not sure belong here, but leave for others to cleanup. Some are interesting, but questionable and I could not find nor interpret them from the original German:

 * Eating otherworldly food always puts you in the otherworldly power

 * The sorceress was not truly wicked, so much as blindly old-fashioned. She believed, as many still do, that the virtues of virginity could be combined with utterly ignorant innocence.

 * When Rapunzel came to be twelve, (and so at the moment of her first flows of puberty)

 *  combing her tresses and singing like a melusine

 * the sorceress let him fall into a thorn bush that scratched him blind.

In the original the prince threw himself off the tower in despair.

 * she recognized the Prince as a dusty roadworn tramp

In the original he wandered miserably, eating grass and roots, but no mention of dust or wear from the road.

-Wikibob | Talk 17:26, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)

 * In myth and fairy tales, some editorial connections have to be made, to encourage some wider context. Rapunzel's singing in the forest setting and the prince's infatuation need to be referred gently to melusina: I did this deftly and gently without implying anything about Rapunzel herself. POV connections, by contrast, refer the tale to modern culture politics: that's another kettle of fish altogether. Perhaps none of these connections of this highly allusive tale have ever occurred to the kind of User whose first instinct is to suppress them. The botanical correction is excellent! but do I detect a DRB? Wetman 19:40, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What is a DRB? Deutscher Richterbund? My concerns are those analyses above just look out of place, maybe they could be in a modern analysis section? This story had variations both before and after the 1857 edition, for example the Italian tale Petrosinella, so I wonder if it's encyclopedic to add a section on its history? I could translate the German Werkgeschichte section for example.

Meanwhile there are discrepancies in the article compared to the German:

 * rapunzel (Valerianella locusta) was flourishing among the wise herb-woman's simples— where flowers have been added in 20th century tellings

German 1857 version has: der voll der schönsten Blumen und Kräuter stand, and the 1812 version as translated by D. L. Ashliman also has flowers. I do not understand simples, and I cannot see herb-woman as a translation.

Are you using an English translation that uses the terms I'm having problems with? For example: "crone", the original German first calls her a fairy (1812) and then a sorceress (Zauberin, could also be called a witch or enchantress). Rapunzel even names her the old Frau Gotel. This translation by Margaret Hunt 1884 is pretty accurate IMHO.

Should this article be about the English retellings, with their inaccuracies, or the original German tale with its variations? I just don't know.

Finally, has anyone seen the 1812 version in German? Guteberg.de only has the 1857, modified, version.

-Wikibob | Talk 12:14, 2004 Jul 18 (UTC)

 * I highly agree with the suggestion that the article should present the overt content of Rapunzel first and separate out the "editorial connections" that "have to be made" into a separate section, which presents it as an analysis of the subtext, instead of privileging it as the analysis. A strong case can be made for an erotic subtext to the tale, but that's how we must present it, as a strong case rather than an undisputed case.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 16:22, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Must we? But Wikipedia is not a text dump: the original text is available through a link. An abbreviated and perfectly pedestrian retelling of the story of Rapunzel is unnecessary, since there is a Simple English Wikipedia. If anyone wishes to present the "overt content" without "editorial connections," let me suggest they whet their skills with the Book of Daniel entry, before moving on to render the same service to Book of Revelation and Lolita. Remember, we are all somewhat obtuse: we can't adjust everything to our personal level. If anyone has some further perceptions of the subtext, of "meanings" of Rapunzel, of the "moral" of Rapunzel, of other versions of Rapunzel, of mythic themes in Rapunzel-- those are all interesting in what is essentially a report or brief essay, as all Wikipedia entries are. --Wetman 17:23, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You are familiar of course with No original research? Like it or not, there is a profound difference between "Rapunzel is a fairy tale where a girl is locked up in a high tower, and she lets up various people by giving them her hair to climb" and "Rapunzel is clearly a sexual allegory."  One is a statement of fact, one is a statement of interpretation.  That is not to say that the interpretation has no place in the article; but it should not be presented as if the sexual subtext is the undisputed factual meaning of the tale.  Your argument that Wikipedia shouldn't concentrate on giving the reader the facts, because the facts are available elsewhere, directly contradicts Wikipedia's actual policy.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:50, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Please now insert your own elegant but utterly literal Antaeus Feldspar version of the Grimm text, available from the External links section. Points off for infelicities or interpretive language! --11:08, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Did it ever occur to you that you are not the referee, who decrees when points are doled out or taken off? I cannot guess what makes you so hostile to actually following the aims of Wikipedia; perhaps you thought Wikipedia was the place for you to post your personal essays and original research regarding the interpretation of fairy tales, and when you found out differently, you simply couldn't deal with it.

 * Whatever the case, however, I do not follow your orders. I do not come when you come or go away when you bid; I do not accept you as the dictator who decrees where the blanks are that the peons fill in.  When and if I have time to refactor out your pretentious interpretation of Rapunzel out from the facts regarding Rapunzel, I will do so.  But I do not come at your bidding; I do not leave at your bidding, and just because I reject and retract your insincere offer (offer? command) to "insert [the] utterly literal Antaeus Feldspar version of the Grimm text" in the space you so "graciously" "allotted" for it does not mean that the refactoring does not still need doing, or that you can count on it going undone.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 16:17, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I'm now unsure as to which plant the Brother's Grimm meant by Rapunzel, their own dictionary defines it as one of three species:

RAPUNZEL, f. name von salatpflanzen, namentlich valeriana locusta, campanula rapunculus und phyteuma spicata; rapontium, rapänzlin, rapänzele, rabinzlen DIEF. 484b; rapunzel oder rebünzlein. öcon. lex. 1978 (in zwei arten rüben-rapunzel und feld- oder winter-rapunzel);

ich pflückte mir säuerling hier und rapunzel, jung und zart in den korb; denn ich sage dir, kaiser und könig lobt den rapunzelsalat, wenn öl und essig nur gut ist.

VOSS 2, 100. RAPUNZELSALAT, m. rapunculi. STIELER 1676. VOSS 2, 100, vergl. das vorige.

 * 1) Valerianella locusta is true Feldsalat, with a very low growing rosette of succulent green rounded leaves when young, when they are picked whole, washed of grit and eaten with oil and vinegar. I've eaten this often in Germany and Switzerland where it's called Nusslisalat. When the plant bolts to seed it reveals small flowers as in this drawing.
 * 2) However, Campanula rapunculus is also known as Rapunzel-Glockenblume, or Rampion, and although classified under a different family, Campanulaceae, reportedly has a similar rosette when young, although with pointed leaves. All images I can find show it in its bolted state with different, bell shaped flowers. Etty's seed catalogue has "Noted in 1633. A highly esteemed root for salad. The seed being very minute, should be sown (in the open air) in April or May, on a very fine soil, and not raked in." The same catalogue has Corn Salad (Verte de Cambrai) in use by 1810. Other sources describe the root as edible.  has: "CAMPANULA RAPUNCULUS Roots are extremely tasty. First year roots and tender basal leaves are edible. Blue bell-flowers in June or July."
 * 3) Phyteuma spicata · Ährige Teufelskralle, the third species Grimm lists, is also in Campanulaceae but has yet another kind of flower, again I found no images of its young state.

Even after re-reading the original German I cannot 100% decide between Campanula Rapunculus and Valeriana Locusta! Wikibob | Talk 16:22, 2004 Jul 18 (UTC)

 * I entered the two variants between 1812 and 1857 versions mentioned here by User:Wikibob, and I made two new subsections for his thoughts here, i.e. "What is "'Rapunzel'"? and "Sources for Grimm's Rapunzel." It would have been officious to rework Wikibob's words, but the discussion should be in the entry. Too good to miss. A better? new translation is mentioned in External links somewhere. I didn't realize "simples" was an arcane word: I certainly though it evoked the mood. Too fancy... Wetman 20:28, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Clean up
I removed the phrase "[A fairytale] that is often told to children, in spite of its barely covert eroticism." this comes with the blatant POV that it is necessarily bad to tell stories containing "covert eroticism" to children.

As it stands now, the article is badly in need of a cleanup, the "plot" and the "interpretations" sections convey mostly the same information with only minor (mostly unnecessary differences. Ignus 02:20, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course your changes made the unsourced POV that it is an erotic story even worse. I find it odd that even with all the discussion above about unsourced speculation, original research and so forth that several such statements remained in the article. As part of the clean up of the duplicate info and highly speculative conclusions that had no references of any sort, lots of material got taken out during my edits. If the editors who put that information in wants to actually quote sources and say that such and such an author believes such and such, that's fine. DreamGuy 04:29, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)

This article seems highly confused; I've been going through it and the "Themes" section is not entirely relevant/the stories cited there in comparison aren't mentioned anywhere else. And all of the publication history and cultural comparisons in the Lead seem like they should constitute their own section of the article, rather than being listed at the top and easily skipped over. Much of the language used seems choppy, the sentences are awkward, and while the grammar isn't necessarily *wrong*, it's not always easy to decipher. Even something simple like this (editing the language, adding a new section, cleaning up the Lead and Themes section) would go a long way towards making the article more comprehensive. FeeSand (talk) 23 September 2019

I'm thinking of doing a major clean up of this article by adding a "Development" section that would cover most of the information at the top and a lot of the information included in the "Themes" section that doesn't really convey any themes, as previously noted. I don't think anyone would have an issue with a major clean up, but I wanted to post first in the talk pages in case someone has some concerns. Elgallow (talk) 17:19, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Copyright allegation
As with other entries in this "free encyclopedia", I find it disconcerting to read a version of a copyrighted work, and to find the work plagiarized and in some cases copied outright onto this site. I think the readers should beware that one reason for the "free" nature of the wikipedia is that anyone can copy and/or say anything on any subject, and that most of this material is probably poorly cited, not consistent with a professional analysis of the original, etc... [unsigned but by anon user User:70.113.115.140]

 * What copyright? What plagiarism? The story of Rapunzel is in the public domain based upon being too old to be covered by modern copyright laws, so either you are confused or you mean some specific passages that you didn;t bother to mention. Please indicate which sections you believe to be a copyright violation or plagiarism. DreamGuy 20:59, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Maybe the anon meant the What is Rapunzel section I started in Talk and moved to the article? It's more original research than copy, but I did cite two sentences from a seed catalogue. Just in case I've now paraphrased them. I also quoted fragments from another seed catalogue (Etty's), so I paraphrased there too. The rest is my own work (googling and personal experience!) with a contribution from an anon on the name in Austria. And of course the story itself is public domain including the enhlish translation (1884). -Wikibob | Talk 02:28, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC)

- In an article where the phrase "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your golden hair" has been deleted as inessential, it really does seem particularly inane to be informed now that "Donna Jo Napoli wrote a young adult novel Zel based around a sixteenth-century Swiss Rapunzel." --Wetman 3 July 2005 23:56 (UTC)

 * Well, yes, that would seem to be the effect of stubbornly intertwining actual fact (most versions of the tale include the line "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your golden hair") and pretentious speculation and opinionation ("The sorceress was not truly wicked, so much as blindly old-fashioned. She believed, as many still do, that the virtues of virginity could be combined with utterly ignorant innocence.") -- Antaeus Feldspar 4 July 2005 15:31 (UTC)

Every educated reader is aware that many folk tales incorporate a repeated line, like "Open, sesame", that encapsulates the main theme. To miss it is to miss the boat. Norms of comprehension at one level appear like pretentious speculation at another: it's not always easy to know just how much to explain explicitly without appearing condescending. --Wetman 4 July 2005 20:49 (UTC)

 * Wetman, I have to ask: are you aware that you come off as pretentious and insulting when you start sentences with phrases like "Every educated reader is aware that"?  Even people who agree with whatever follows the "that" are likely to feel disgusted at your pompous attempt to dismiss everyone who doesn't agree as 'clearly not an educated reader'.  Is that the effect you want to produce; do you really think that you've done a great job when people who read your words wrinkle their noses in disgust and mutter "What a dickweed; someone who actually could put forth a plausible defense of their view would actually do so, rather than just pompously declaring that anyone who doesn't agree isn't an 'educated reader.'"? -- Antaeus Feldspar 5 July 2005 23:54 (UTC)
 * Thank you for sharing. I said that norms of comprehension at one level appear like pretentious speculation at another. There just are some things every educated person knows. If I were running for office, I'd not neglect assiduously to cater to ignorance, you may be sure. --Wetman 10:20, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Use of Rampion
I wanted to point you all in the direction of Rampion, which has a tradtional use in european herbology to STOP MISCARRIAGE. which is why the fairy gave the husband the herb. but said: if she has a child, I get it. Jordan 5 October 2005

 * That's a good thought! This is an aspect that should be worked into an edit with a quote from an herbal.

I've just removed a line claiming that cravings in pregnancy are a natural response to lack of vitamins; this is a theory that is largely discredited, such cravings being attributed largely to the customs of the society. At the very least, if it were replaced it would have to be made clear that this isn't a simple fact, but a theory (and references other than a folklore work given). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:34, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reference for this claim that this has been discredited? Goldfritha 02:11, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

I am surprised that the existing movie, Rapunzel, does not figure in the wikipedia description of Rapunzel. While it is not such a clasic as the book of the Grimm brothers, it is undoubtedly a remarkably good movie and, in my view, should figure in there. (Zamok) Zamok 06:51, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Which movie? Powers T 13:49, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Tolkien
I have added the bit about Tolkien's The Silmarillion in the the Adaptations section. Being still pretty new to editing here, I'm unsure of how to satisfy the "citation needed" note that someone added. I guess I could just be lazy and leave it for others, but it would be better if I learned how to format the citation properly. I'm looking over the page intended to help with this and I'll give it a try. Patience appreciated. Trying not to waste anyone's time.
 * To get rid of it, you need to add a reference. There are several references scattered about the article in "ref" tags.  In this reference, you must give a source for the suggestion.  Goldfritha 16:48, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Hmm. I am the one making the suggestion, based on my reading of The Silmarillion! However, I could provide a citation (page number, publication date, etc.) for that book, if that is what is needed.

 * I can't help thinking that the obvious doesn't need to be proven.--2001:A61:209F:FA01:BDFC:92DD:C62C:E809 (talk) 14:34, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

Into The Woods!
"Rapunzle and the witch are also featured in the award winning play Into the Woods!" This is in a very awkward and inappropriate place, following the synopsis. It is already mentioned in the Adaptations area and does not need to be there. I will delete it. 75.109.148.221 (talk) 19:36, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, didn't know I wasn't logged on. That was me. Sailorknightwing (talk) 19:41, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Synopsis
Why is the synopsis written in the past tense? Didn't you learn in school that synopses and plot summaries should be written in the tense called the "eternal present"?--71.202.144.50 (talk) 08:18, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

Brother's Grimm
What about the film called "Brother's Grimm"? There was a film titled this where 2 brothers pretended 2 being bounty hunters of the supernatural, however all of the supernaturals scaring the towns were actually acts they created themselves. It was a plot to gain money. But one day they're hired for a job against a REAL supernatural haunting that they discover involves a tower in the forest enchanted by a female inside who's body is nearly decayed with extremely long white hair. When looking in the mirror, however, the women appears young and her hair is black and she is seen moving around. Her spirit is the main cause of the whole situation and I assume that this is a very different but definite varient of Rapunzel herself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.141.176.208 (talk) 21:15, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Added Cultural reference
Hopefully, I formatted the entry right. I even provided a reference. It's a humorous reference, but a real one nonetheless. :)

K8cpa (talk) 13:08, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Picture book adaptations
There are children's picture book adaptations. For instance, Rapunzel, retold by Alison Sage, illustrated by Sarah Gibb, (Chicago: Albert Whitman, 2011),.

I don't know whether we frequently, occasionally, or never cover such things on main pages. Not routinely, of course, because illustrators aren't as important as Cinema Directors and Screen Actors. --P64 (talk) 20:10, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

"The encounters between the prince and the maiden in the tower are described in quite bawdy language."
"The encounters between the prince and the maiden in the tower are described in quite bawdy language."

From versions about 4 years ago, it seems that came from "The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales"... And is supposed to be about Petrosinella... but I haven't seen anything that's particularly bawdy in the translations I've seen, although, they all seem to be the same translation... SomeDude! (talk) 00:33, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

Friedrich Schulz link
At the moment the name "Friedrich Schulz" at the top links to the wrong person. At the moment it redirects people to Friedrich Schulz, the German Wehrmacht general from World War 2. I'd do it myself but I'm not the best with editing links. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sergeant O'Brien (talk • contribs) 21:42, 8 October 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅ Geraldo Perez (talk) 22:25, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Simple grammar refinement
I'll replace 'that' with 'who' in "A film adaptation by The Walt Disney Company was released late in 2014 ... to distance herself from the Witch that raised her." Please advise any discomfort. Cheers. H Bruce Campbell (talk) 08:15, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Rapunzel
Rapunzel is a young girl that has got long hair 92.21.88.89 (talk) 21:45, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rapunzel


text:
Kloten

Kloten is a municipality in the district of Bülach in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland, and belongs to the Glatt Valley (Glatttal).

History
Kloten is first mentioned in 1155 as Chlotun.

Geography
Kloten is located in the Glatt Valley, some 10 km north of the city of Zürich. It is the nearest village to Zurich Airport, and the airport terminal and much of the airfield are within the municipal boundaries.

Kloten has an area of 19.3 km2. Of this area, 34.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 26.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 38.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

Demographics
Kloten has a population (as of ) of. , 26.8% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 6.4%. Most of the population speaks German (78.8%), with Italian being second most common ( 4.2%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 3.1%).

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 46.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (16.3%), the CSP (9.5%) and the FDP (8.7%).

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 68.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 12.5%. In Kloten about 70.3% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

Kloten has an unemployment rate of 3.12%. , there were 91 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 28 businesses involved in this sector; 4,545 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 109 businesses in this sector; 23,154 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 888 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table:

Services
There is one library providing books, DVDs, newspapers, etc.

Transportation
The passenger terminal of Zurich Airport lies in the west of the municipality of Kloten, and much of the rest of the airport is also within the municipal boundaries. A large amount of ground transportation infrastructure, both road and rail, serves the airport and, to a lesser extent, the rest of Kloten.

Kloten is linked with Zürich via the A51 motorway and with Bülach via the same motorway. It also lies on roads taking to many places, such as Winterthur to the east.

There are three railway stations within the municipality. The airport's railway station, Zürich Flughafen, is situated in the basement of the airport terminal, and is served by long-distance trains to cities throughout Switzerland, as well as by Zürich S-Bahn lines S2, S16 and S24. Kloten station and Balsberg station are served by S-Bahn line S7. The west of the municipality is also served by Zürich tram routes 10 and 12, operating over the Stadtbahn Glattal light rail system. The trams serve stops at Zurich Airport, and at Balsberg station.

Parkbahn runs in the park at The Circle.

Economy
Swiss International Air Lines has an office on the property of Zurich Airport and in Kloten, consisting of the Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie buildings. Swiss World Cargo has its head office in the Alpha and Bravo buildings. Swiss Private Aviation has its head office in the Swiss complex. The corporate offices for Swissôtel are located in the Prioria Business Center on the property of Zurich Airport and in Kloten.

When Swissair existed, its head office was on the property of Zurich Airport and in Kloten.

Sport
Kloten is home to EHC Kloten of the National League (NL). The team plays its home games in the 7,800-seat Swiss Arena.

Education
The Schule Kloten is the city's school system, holding primary school classes in four campuses and sekundarstufe classes in two campuses.

Primary school campuses include Dorf/Feld Primar, Hinterwelden Primar, Nägelimoos Primar, and Spitz Primar. The two secondary campuses are Nägelimoos Sekundar and Spitz Sekundar. In addition there is a Berufswahlschule and a Musikschule.

Notable people

 * Alexander Rückstuhl (born 1971) rower, competed in men's quadruple sculls at the 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Damien Brunner (born 1986) professional ice hockey forward
 * Charyl Chappuis (born 1992) professional footballer, has played 20 games for Thailand
 * Peter Nielsen (1967 – 2004), former air traffic controller, who was killed by Vitaly Kaloev.

Climate
Kloten has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb), with sizeable continental influences due to its relative elevation and distance to any large bodies of water. Precipitation is high year-round and as a result of the cold winter nights, snowfall is frequent in winter. Due to the mild afternoons, this snow seldom sticks around for long periods of time. Summers are warm with frequent convective rainfall. The skies are generally gloomy, with a slight reversal of the trend during summer.

title: Kloten


text:
United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration

The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, also called the Senate Rules and Administration Committee, is responsible for the rules of the United States Senate, administration of congressional buildings, and with credentials and qualifications of members of the Senate, including responsibility for contested elections. The committee is not as powerful as its House counterpart, the House Committee on Rules, as it does not set the terms of debate for individual legislative proposals, since the Senate has a tradition of open debate. Some members of the committee are also ex officio members of the Joint Committee on the Library and the Joint Committee on Printing.

History
The Committee was first created as the Select Committee to Revise the Rules of the Senate on December 3, 1867. On December 9, 1874, it became a standing committee.

On January 2, 1947, its name was changed to the Committee on Rules and Administration, and it took over the functions of the following committees:
 * Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate
 * Committee on Education and Labor (functions were later transferred to Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee)
 * Committee on Enrolled Bills
 * Committee on Privileges and Elections

Jurisdiction
In accordance of Rule XXV of the United States Senate, all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating primarily to the following subjects is referred to the Senate Rules Committee:
 * 1) Administration of the Senate Office Buildings and the Senate wing of the Capitol, including the assignment of office space;
 * 2) Congressional organization relative to rules and procedures, and Senate rules and regulations, including floor and gallery rules;
 * 3) Corrupt practices;
 * 4) Credentials and qualifications of Members of the Senate, contested elections, and acceptance of incompatible offices;
 * 5) Federal elections generally, including the election of the President, Vice President, and Members of the Congress;
 * 6) Nominations to fill a vacancy in the Vice Presidency;
 * 7) Government Printing Office, and the printing and correction of the Congressional Record, as well as those matters provided for under rule XI;
 * 8) Meetings of the Congress and attendance of Members;
 * 9) Payment of money out of the contingent fund of the Senate or creating a charge upon the same (except that any resolution relating to substantive matter within the jurisdiction of any other standing committee of the Senate shall be first referred to such committee);
 * 10) Presidential succession;
 * 11) Purchase of books and manuscripts and erection of monuments to the memory of individuals;
 * 12) Senate Library and statuary, art, and pictures in the Capitol and Senate Office Buildings;
 * 13) Services to the Senate, including the Senate restaurant; and,
 * 14) United States Capitol and congressional office buildings, the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian Institution (and the incorporation of similar institutions), and the Botanic Gardens.

The Senate Rules Committee is also charged:
 * 1) To make a continuing study of the organization and operation of the Congress of the United States and shall recommend improvements in such organization and operation with a view toward strengthening the Congress, simplifying its operations, improving its relationships with other branches of the United States Government, and enabling it better to meet its responsibilities under the Constitution of the United States;
 * 2) To identify any court proceeding or action which, in the opinion of the Committee, is of vital interest to the Congress as a constitutionally established institution of the Federal Government and call such proceeding or action to the attention of the Senate; and,
 * 3) To develop, implement, and update as necessary a strategic planning process and a strategic plan for the functional and technical infrastructure support of the Senate and provide oversight over plans developed by Senate officers and others in accordance with the strategic planning process.

Select Committee to Revise the Rules of the Senate, 1867–1874

 * 1867–1871: Henry B. Anthony (R-RI)
 * 1871–1873: Samuel Pomeroy (R-KS)
 * 1873–1874: Thomas Ferry (R-MI)

Committee on Rules, 1874–1947

 * Thomas Ferry (R-MI) 1874–1877
 * James G. Blaine (R-ME) 1877–1879
 * John T. Morgan (D-AL) 1879–1881
 * William P. Frye (R-ME) 1881–1887
 * Nelson W. Aldrich (R-RI) 1887–1893
 * Joseph C. S. Blackburn (D-KY) 1893–1895
 * Nelson W. Aldrich (R-RI) 1895–1899
 * John C. Spooner (R-WI) 1899–1907
 * Philander C. Knox (R-PA) 1907–1909
 * W. Murray Crane (R-MA) 1909–1913
 * Lee S. Overman (D-NC) 1913–1919
 * Philander C. Knox (R-PA) 1919–1921
 * Charles Curtis (R-KS) 1921–1929
 * George H. Moses (R-NH) 1929–1933
 * Royal S. Copeland (D-NY) 1933–1936
 * Matthew M. Neely (D-WV) 1936–1941
 * Harry F. Byrd (D-VA) 1941–1947

Committee on Rules and Administration, 1947–present

 * C. Wayland Brooks (R-IL) 1947–1949
 * Carl Hayden (D-AZ) 1949–1953
 * William E. Jenner (R-IN) 1953–1955
 * Theodore F. Green (D-RI) 1955–1957
 * Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. (D-MO) 1957–1960
 * Mike Mansfield (D-MT) 1960–1963
 * B. Everett Jordan (D-NC) 1963–1973
 * Howard W. Cannon (D-NV) 1973–1978
 * Claiborne Pell (D-RI) 1978–1981
 * Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. (R-MD) 1981–1987
 * Wendell H. Ford (D-KY) 1987–1995
 * Ted Stevens (R-AK) 1995
 * John Warner (R-VA) 1995–1999
 * Mitch McConnell (R-KY) 1999–2001
 * Christopher Dodd (D-CT) 2001
 * Mitch McConnell (R-KY) 2001
 * Christopher Dodd (D-CT) 2001–2003
 * Trent Lott (R-MS) 2003–2007
 * Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), 2007–2009
 * Chuck Schumer (D-NY), 2009–2015
 * Roy Blunt (R-MO), 2015–2017
 * Richard Shelby (R-AL), 2017–2018
 * Roy Blunt (R-MO), 2018–2021
 * Amy Klobuchar (D-MN), 2021–present

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text: User talk:69.198.81.49

title: User talk:69.198.81.49


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Maurice Halbwachs

Maurice Halbwachs (11 March 1877 – 16 March 1945) was a French philosopher and sociologist known for developing the concept of collective memory. Halbwachs also contributed to the sociology of knowledge with his La Topographie Legendaire des Évangiles en Terre Sainte; study of the spatial infrastructure of the New Testament. (1951)

Early life and education
Born in Reims, France, Halbwachs attended the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. There he studied philosophy with Henri Bergson, who had a major influence on his thinking. Halbwachs' early work on memory was in some measure pursued to coincide with Bergson's view on the subject of memory being a particularly personal and subjective experience. Bergson taught Halbwachs for three years. He then aggregated in Philosophy in 1901. He taught at various lycées before traveling to Germany in 1904, where he studied at the University of Göttingen and worked on cataloging Leibniz's papers until 1907. He was nominated to co-edit an edition of Leibniz's work which never came to fruition.

He returned to France in 1905 and met Émile Durkheim, who sparked his interest in sociology. Initially, when meeting Durkheim, Halbwachs was looking for advice on how to move from his previous focus on Philosophy to Sociology. Halbwachs also began to focus on scientific objectivism rather than his Bergsonian Individualism. He soon joined the editorial board of L'Année Sociologique, where he worked with François Simiand and Lévy-Bruhl editing the Economics and Statistics sections. In 1909 he returned to Germany to study Marxism and economics in Berlin. Durkheim gave Halbwachs the idea of societal movements and how the environment, people are influenced by Sociological research. This also goes into how different class systems function in broad networks of society.

Career
Throughout World War I, Halbwachs worked at the War Ministry. Beginning in 1919, shortly after the end of the war, he became professor of sociology and pedagogy at the University of Strasbourg (1919). He remained in this position for over a decade, taking leave for a year in 1930 as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago, when he was called to the Sorbonne in 1935. There he taught sociology and worked closely with Marcel Mauss and served as the editor of Annales de Sociologie, the successor journal to L'Année Sociologique. He taught as a professor of sociology in Sorbonne, Paris from 1935 to 1943 and a professor of social psychology at the College de France from 1943 until death. From 1935 until his death he also served as the secretary-general of Annales de Sociologie. In 1944 he received one of France's highest honors, a chair at the Collège de France in Social Psychology. During this time, Halbwachs dedicated his time to in-depth research in the field where sociology and psychology overlap to provide a bit of a timeline. Towards the end of his life, Halbwachs was recognized for his contributions to sociology. He was elected into the Conservative Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. He was also recognized as the Vice President of the French Psychological Society, while also being called to chair at Sorbonne.

Personal life and death
He was married to Yvonne Basch, who introduced Halbwachs to her father, the president of the League for the Defense Human Rights and also influenced him to join the Jewish religion (he was born Catholic). He had a son, Pierre Halbwachs, who influenced Deleuzian theory in the 1940s.

A longtime socialist, Halbwachs was detained by the Gestapo in Paris in July, 1944 after protesting the arrest of his Jewish father-in-law. He was deported to the concentration camp, Buchenwald, where he died of dysentery in February 1945.

In 1940, Halbwachs' brother in-law, Georges Basch committed suicide. His parents in-law Victor and Mme Basch aged 84 years old at the time were murdered by Germans.

Part of his books were offered by his widow to the library of the Centre d'études sociologiques and are now held at the Human and Social Sciences Library Paris Descartes-CNRS.

In 1950, his work on collective memory was published posthumously by his daughter.

Main ideas
Halbwachs' most important contribution to the field of sociology came in his book La Mémoire collective, 1950 ("The Collective Memory"), in which he advanced the thesis that a society can have a collective memory and that this memory is dependent upon the "cadre" or framework within which a group is situated in society. Thus, there is not only an individual memory but also a group memory that exists outside of and lives beyond the individual. An individual's understanding of the past is strongly linked to this group consciousness because every person can contribute a different memory or perspective to the collective group memory. Group memory is also different for every group that experiences a certain event, therefore "every group has its own collective memory and that collective memory differs from the collective memory of other groups. This idea of memory being pursued proves people's expression of commemoration in our culture. Commemoration offers collective memory ties to society and its conceptions where physical monuments and rituals fix and affirm collectivity.

Halbwachs Collective Memory includes two laws governing how this form of memory will evolve: a Law of Fragmentation, and a Law of Concentration.

Halbwachs also wrote an important book on suicide, Les Causes du suicide, 1930 ("The Causes of Suicide"). In this book he followed the footsteps of his mentor Émile Durkheim (who was also a French Sociologist) expanding and elaborating upon the former's theories on suicide. Specifically, he focused on ideas such as, the ways in which rural and urban styles of life explain variations in suicide rates. Halbwachs also continued to further Durkheim's conceptualization of how specific family styles and religious backgrounds alter rates of suicide.

Halbwachs included in his Les Cadres Sociaux de la Memoire (1952) the significance of the collective memory operating on the systems of family, religion and social communities.

Halbwachs takes an interesting perspective regarding the relationship between memory and history. He believed that memory and history oppose each other when it comes to reliability. Memory can be transformed based on perspective, which makes it a questionable form of scholarly appreciation for the past. Whereas historians analyze history from a completely unbiased perspective, analyzing it in a critical way from a distance.

Halbwachs contributed to the world of social psychology as well with his thesis on La Classe ouvrière et les niveaux de vie which translates to, "The Working Class and the Standards of Living". This work allowed Halbwachs to analyze and observe how working-class families managed their budgets. He discovered that families and individuals not only plan out their budget for what they need in the moment but what they also need in the future, which forces them to put into perspective what is necessary in the moment. His research is a modification of Durkheim's theory of collective representation.

Influence and legacy
Halbwachs showed how memory can not exist without society influencing the mind, embracing how collective consciousness impacts us each and every day. This taught us that social structure shapes the way we think an act on the world. He also establishes the difference between memory which is subjective and history is factual in its background.

Inspirations
Halbwachs was influenced by ideas of Emile Durkheim, such as collective consciousness, with adding more to this term by individual and collective memory.

Halbwachs was also influenced by Henri Bergson's stance on subjectivity, which creates states how this impacts our consciousness and intuition.

Published works

 * Halbwachs, Maurice, On collective memory, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1992
 * translated from: Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1952, originally published in Les Travaux de L'Année Sociologique, Paris, F. Alcan, 1925
 * edited, translated and introduction by Lewis A. Coser, includes a translation of the conclusion of: La Topographie légendaire des évangiles en terre sainte: étude de mémoire collective, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1942
 * Halbwachs, Maurice, The collective memory, New York, Harper & Row Colophon Books, 1980, 182 pages
 * pdfs of chapters 1 and 2 available (pp. 22–49 and 50–87) on UCSB Collective Memory seminar website
 * translated from: La mémoire collective, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1950
 * Complete synthesis on all of his observations of memory
 * Published after his death
 * introduction by Mary Douglas, includes a translation of: ‘La mémoire collective chez les musiciens’, Revue philosophique, no. 3 – 4 (1939)
 * Halbwachs, Maurice, La topographie légendaire des évangiles en Terre sainte, 1941
 * Reprinted in 2017, can be found on Amazon (ISBN 978-2130788973)
 * Studies how memory is changed over a period of time in a single-setting
 * Complete synthesis on all of his observations of memory
 * Published after his death
 * Halbwachs, Maurice, The Psychology of Social Class, London, Forgotten Books, 2017
 * Reprinted Classic available on Amazon in both hard and paperback copies (ISBN 9-78028-290759-4)
 * Halbwachs, Maurice, Les causes du suicide, Paris, Presses Universitaries de France, 1930

title: Maurice Halbwachs


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Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg

Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (2 December 1629 – 10 April 1704 ) was a German count and later prince of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg in the Holy Roman Empire. He was a clergyman who became bishop of Strasbourg, and was heavily involved in European politics after the Thirty Years' War. He worked for the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne and Louis XIV of France at the same time, and was arrested and tried for treason for convincing the Elector to fight on the opposite side of a war from the Empire.

Early life
Wilhelm was a younger son of Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg and Anna Maria of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. His father died in the Thirty Years' War in 1635, when Wilhelm was young. Starting in 1637, Wilhelm attended the Gymnasium Tricoronatum with his elder brother, Franz Egon. There they met Maximilian Heinrich of Bavaria and formed friendships that would shape all their careers. Wilhelm then went on to study in Louvain in 1643, and after that to study theology in Rome in 1646. While there, he was presented to Pope Innocent X and made a favourable impression.

Career
In 1648, Wilhelm was made subdeacon in the cathedral chapter at Cologne, and the following year joined Franz as a member of the Archbishop-Elector's privy council. In 1650, when their friend Maximilian inherited the role of Archbishop-Elector, Wilhelm and Franz gained significant influence in the court. In 1651, Cardinal Mazarin stayed in Cologne as a safe haven during the Fronde. During that time, he got to know Franz and Wilhelm, and to see the influence they had in Cologne and other lands within the Empire. He began to cultivate them as supporters of French aims within the Empire, supporting their interest in developing Rhineland defensive alliances. In 1656, the Cardinal gave Wilhelm control of the Abbey of St. Michel en Thiérache near Soissons.

Impact in the empire
When Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, died in 1657, Mazarin asked Wilhelm to help him influence the selection of the next Emperor, even going so far as to suggest Louis XIV of France for the role. Maximilian and the Electors of Mainz and Trier sent Wilhelm to Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, to see if he would be willing to be put forth as the next Emperor, but he declined. Wilhelm also reported this result in person to the Cardinal and Louis XIV, and let them know that the French king did not have a reasonable chance with the electors. At this meeting, the Cardinal began negotiating with Wilhelm the fees and titles for him and his brother if they worked for French interests. The Cardinal instructed his lead negotiator in the Empire, Hugues de Lionne, to continue negotiating with the brothers for their support, indicating that the king would pay them eighteen thousand livres for ongoing dedicated work, regardless of the result of the election of the Emperor. Wilhelm insisted on a document spelling out the benefits offered, as he was concerned the French might leave him out to dry after he showed himself too strongly opposed to the Habsburgs. On 4 June 1658, Lionne, Franz, and Wilhelm signed an agreement detailing French support for the counts should they continue to work "for all the plans and interests of His Majesty in Germany".

Following the coronation of Leopold I, Wilhelm and Franz contributed significantly to the establishment of the League of the Rhine in August 1658. This was supported and joined by the French as a further check against the new Habsburg Emperor. The Habsburgs tried to offer the brothers prizes and titles if they would halt the League's formation, but they refused.

International negotiations
In 1659, Cardinal Mazarin asked Maximilian and Johann Philipp von Schönborn, the Elector of Mainz, to oversee negotiations to end the Franco-Spanish War. Maximilian thereafter sent Wilhelm regularly to the French court, to negotiations and ultimately to the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees. In 1661, Wilhelm spent months in Paris conveying the suit of Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, who wished to marry Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier. While she rejected the offer, she did enjoy spending time with Wilhelm, admiring his intelligence and his knowledge of foreign affairs. In 1664, Leopold elevated the territory of Fürstenberg-Heligenberg from a county to a principality, and also extended the title of Prince to Franz and Wilhelm, though their brother ruled the territory. This was done to try to draw the brothers closer to Habsburg Austria, but did not appear to change much. As the representative from Cologne, Wilhelm drove the negotiations in 1665 and 1666 to end the involvement of Bernhard von Galen, the Bishop of Münster, in the Second Anglo-Dutch War so that they would not overly restrict the authority of the Bishop of Münster to wage war in the future.

When Philip IV of Spain died in 1665, the great powers wondered how long his heir, the sickly Charles II, would last. Wilhelm was put to work by France to begin negotiations related to the succession in Spain and in the Spanish Netherlands. In the run up to the War of Devolution, Wilhelm carried funds to Maximilian to fund the build-up of an army for Cologne. He also visited the Count Palatine of Neuburg, Philip Wilhelm, and the Elector of Bavaria to persuade them not to allow Austrian forces to move through their lands to oppose French maneuvers in the Netherlands. On 8 January 1667, Wilhelm went to Vienna representing Cologne (but acting on behalf of France) to sound out the Emperor's feelings about the succession, perhaps splitting the Netherlands from Spain after the death of Charles. There he spent much time establishing relationships with various ministers at the court. He was offered titles and money to join the Habsburg side and work for the end of the League of the Rhine, but he demurred. He was also sought by Petar Zrinski, who wished his help (and thus French help) in a Hungarian revolution. Wilhelm avoided being seen too often with him. However, he did let Louis XIV know of the Hungarian revolutionaries, and their potential to provide an opportune diversion for Austrian forces. This laid the ground for a 1668 treaty between France and Austria agreeing that if Charles died without an heir, France would receive the Spanish Netherlands, the County of Burgundy, Navarre, the Philippines, the Two Sicilies, and Morocco, while the remaining Spanish territories would go to Austria.

In early 1668, Wilhelm was negotiating with Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt to try to come to an arrangement in the War of Devolution to partition the Spanish Netherlands between France and the Dutch Republic.

Early in 1669, he spent a month training with his French regiment in Lille. He had been appointed colonel of this regiment shortly before. This appointment made it even harder for others to believe he was not working directly for Louis XIV. However, Wilhelm was not above taking advantage of the French for personal gain. That July, he had his brother, Hermann Egon, arrange a meeting so that it would appear the Dutch were negotiating trade agreements with the League of the Rhine against France. This was done so that the French would give the brothers money that they would then use to purchase Mainau.

Wilhelm was instrumental in the preparations for the Franco-Dutch War. He went between France and numerous rulers in the Empire to try to build an unbeatable alliance for the attack on the Dutch. In 1670 he secured French support for the army of Cologne, guaranteeing the interests of Maximilian in the treaty. He then went to convince Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, to join the offensive alliance, though he was ultimately unsuccessful. By July 1671, Wilhelm convinced the Bishop of Münster to join the French alliance.

Downfall and rescue
During the negotiations in 1666 with Münster in the Second Anglo-Dutch War, Wilhelm found himself opposed by the Elector of Brandenburg. In 1670, while attempting to get Brandenburg to join the French alliance in the Franco-Dutch War, Wilhelm also asked the elector about his opinion of a successor for Leopold I, who was sick at the time. Wilhelm suggested again Louis XIV as the next Emperor, but Brandenburg preferred the Duke of Neuburg. When Wilhelm went to leave, he was delayed by the disappearance of some of his baggage, which included his money and diplomatic papers. The bags turned up the next day without the money, so Wilhelm considered it simple theft. He did not notice that his papers had been searched, and that the document detailing his discussions and plans for the Emperor's replacement was missing. This document would show up again as evidence of his treason against the Emperor at his trial. In 1671, the Elector of Brandenburg spoke many times to Leopold against the influence that Wilhelm was wielding on behalf of France, and the Emperor became more strongly opposed to Wilhelm's work.

In 1672 the Emperor joined the Franco-Dutch War as an ally of the Dutch, finding himself opposed by several bishops in the northwest part of the Empire. The Fürstenberg brothers being regarded by the Imperialists as the main cause of this disaster, Wilhelm was arrested for treason on 14 February 1674 by imperial cavalry after chasing his carriage through Cologne. At the time of his arrest he was making ninety thousand livres a year from France. He was hurried off to Vienna and was tried for his life. He was saved by the intervention of the papal nuncio at Cologne, but was kept in prison until the signature of the Treaty of Nijmwegen in 1679.

As a reward for his services Louis XIV appointed him bishop of Strassburg in succession to his brother in 1682, in 1686 obtained for him from Pope Innocent XI the cardinal's hat, and in 1688 succeeded in obtaining his election as coadjutor-archbishop of Cologne and successor to Maximilian. At the instance of the emperor, however, the pope interposed his veto on 26 August 1688; the canons followed the papal lead. Louis XIV attacked the Empire, citing this action as well as his sister-in-law's claim to the inheritance of the Palatinate as his pretexts. As the progress of the Allies against Louis XIV in the Nine Years War deprived him of all prospect of success, Wilhelm Egon retired to France. He retired to his abbey of St-Germain-des-Prés near Paris, where he died on 10 April 1704.

Personal life
While in Brandenburg in 1670, Wilhelm met the twenty-two-year-old Katharine Charlotte von Wallenrodt. She was the daughter of a Saxon general, and married to Count Anton von Schleiden und Lumain. They began a love affair, and many contemporaries considered Wilhelm the father of her son born in 1674. Upon the death of her husband in 1680, Wilhelm took over as guardian for her three sons. In 1685 she married Wilhelm's nephew, Emmanuel Franz Egon. She travelled with Wilhelm to his exile in France in 1689, and remained with him until his death.

title: Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg


text:
Astral plane

The astral plane, also called the astral realm or the astral world, is a plane of existence postulated by classical, medieval, oriental, and esoteric philosophies and mystery religions. It is the world of the celestial spheres, crossed by the soul in its astral body on the way to being born and after death, and is generally believed to be populated by angels, spirits or other immaterial beings. In the late 19th and early 20th century the term was popularised by Theosophy and neo-Rosicrucianism.

Another view holds that the astral plane or world, rather than being some kind of boundary area crossed by the soul, is the entirety of spirit existence or spirit worlds to which those who die on Earth go, and where they live out their non-physical lives. It is understood that all consciousness resides in the astral plane. Some writers conflate this realm with heaven or paradise or union with God itself, and others do not. Paramahansa Yogananda wrote in Autobiography of a Yogi (1946), "The astral universe ... is hundreds of times larger than the material universe ... [with] many astral planets, teeming with astral beings."

The "World of Al-Ghaib" and the "World of Barzakh" are related concepts in Islam (also the concept of 'âlam al-mithâl "imaginal world" in Sufism). In Judaism, it is known as the "World of Yetzirah", according to Lurianic Kabbalah.

History
Plato and Aristotle taught that the stars were composed of a type of matter different from the four earthly (classical) elements – a fifth, ethereal element or quintessence. In the "astral mysticism" of the classical world the human psyche was composed of the same material, thus accounting for the influence of the stars upon human affairs. In his commentaries on Plato's Timaeus, Proclus wrote the following:

"Man is a little world (mikros cosmos). For, just like the Whole, he possesses both mind and reason, both a divine and a mortal body. He is also divided up according to the universe. It is for this reason, you know, that some are accustomed to say that his consciousness corresponds with the nature of the fixed stars, his reason in its contemplative aspect with Saturn and in its social aspect with Jupiter, (and) as to his irrational part, the passionate nature with Mars, the eloquent with Mercury, the appetitive with Venus, the sensitive with the Sun and the vegetative with the Moon."

Such doctrines were commonplace in mystery-schools and Hermetic and gnostic sects throughout the Roman Empire.

Among Muslims the "astral" world-view was soon rendered orthodox by Quranic references to the Prophet's ascent through the seven heavens. Scholars took up the Greek Neoplatonist accounts as well as similar material in Hindu and Zoroastrian texts. The expositions of Ibn Sina (i.e.Avicenna), the Brotherhood of Purity and others, when translated into Latin in the Norman era, were to have a profound effect upon European medieval alchemy and astrology. By the 14th century Dante was describing his own imaginary journey through the astral spheres of Paradise.

Throughout the Renaissance, philosophers, Paracelsians, Rosicrucians, and alchemists continued to discuss the nature of the astral world intermediate between Earth and the divine. Once the telescope established that no spiritual heaven was visible around the Solar System, the idea was superseded in mainstream science.

Astral experience
According to various occult teachings, the astral plane can be visited consciously through astral projection, meditation and mantra, near death experience, lucid dreaming, hypnosis, or other means. Individuals that are trained in the use of the astral vehicle can separate their consciousness in the astral vehicle from the physical body at will. The first stage in development, according to William Walker Atkinson (also known as Yogi Ramacharaka), is "mastery of the physical body and its care and attention", which pertains not only to the physical body but also to its double in the astral. In addition, one must spend time tuning the "instinctive mind". The first three subdivisions of the instinctive mind are passions, desires, and lusts. The second stage is the intellect, otherwise known as the sharpening of the mind. Someone operating largely out of the instinctive mind would "have only a glimmering of intellect", therefore those who are centered in the intellect would only have an inkling of the spiritual. Once both stages are completed the spiritual mind can be awakened.

In early theosophical literature the term "astral" may refer to the aether. Later theosophical authors such as Annie Besant and C. W. Leadbeater make the astral finer than the etheric plane but "denser" than the mental plane. In order to create a unified view of seven bodies and remove earlier Sanskrit terms, an etheric plane was introduced and the term "astral body" was used to replace the former kamarupa - sometimes termed the body of emotion, illusion or desire. Some of those propounding such claims explain their belief that letting go of desires is spiritual progress by noting that, the more one lets go of earthly 'desire' feelings, the less tied down to the physical world, a world of illusion, and the more connected to the astral, where all is visible and known.

According to Max Heindel's Rosicrucian writings, desire-stuff may be described as a type of force-matter, in incessant motion, responsive to the slightest feeling. The desire world is also said to be the abode of the dead for some time subsequent to death. It is also the home of the archangels. In the higher regions of the desire world thoughts take a definite form and color perceptible to all, all is light and there is but one long day.

In his book Autobiography of a Yogi, Paramahansa Yogananda provides details about the astral planes learned from his guru. Yogananda claims that nearly all individuals enter the astral planes after death. There they work out the seeds of past karma through astral incarnations, or (if their karma requires) they return to earthly incarnations for further refinement. Once an individual has attained the meditative state of nirvikalpa samadhi in an earthy or astral incarnation, the soul may progress upward to the "illumined astral planet" of Hiranyaloka. After this transitional stage, the soul may then move upward to the more subtle causal spheres where many more incarnations allow them to further refine before final unification.

title: Astral plane


text:
United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs

The United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs deals with oversight of United States veterans problems and issues.

Description
The committee was created in 1970 to transfer responsibilities for veterans from the Finance and Labor committees to a single panel. From 1947 to 1970, matters relating to veterans compensation and veterans generally were referred to the Committee on Finance, while matters relating to the vocational rehabilitation, education, medical care, civil relief, and civilian readjustment of veterans were referred to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.

Congressional legislation affecting veterans changed over the years. For the members of the armed forces and their families in the nation's early wars – the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War and the Spanish–American War – the response of the federal government had been essentially financial. This was clearly the legislative mission of the Senate Committee on Pensions which was created as one of the Senate's original standing committees in 1816 and continued until its termination in the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946.

During World War I the nature of the congressional response to veterans' needs changed towards a more diversified set of programs. A war risk insurance program, which was referred to the Senate Finance Committee, changed the consideration of veterans benefits in the Senate. The Finance Committee was the Senate standing committee most responsible for veterans programs from 1917 to 1946. After World War II, the Finance Committee handled the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, the GI Bill of Rights, which extended to servicemen and their families, a number of benefits including unemployment assistance, education, vocational training, housing and business loan guarantees, as well as the traditional medical and pension benefits of previous times. Many experts believe this law was one of the most important elements in the expansion of the middle class following World War II.

The Veterans' Affairs Committee had nine members in its initial congress, the 92nd Congress (1971–73). It now has a total of 19 members.

Members, 118th Congress
According to committee members' official online biographies, two of the eighteen members are veterans: Richard Blumenthal and Dan Sullivan.

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