text:
Talk:SpaceX

Morgan Stanley analysis on the investment side of the company
Morgan Stanley has put out a new investor analysis about the company SpaceX. " 'This technological development has the potential to transform investor expectations around the space industry,' the firm said. In Morgan Stanley’s view, Musk’s company has created a 'double flywheel' of technology with its reusable rockets and Starlink internet satellites." and "talking about space before Starship is like talking about the internet before Google." Coverage in news from CNBC: Morgan Stanley says SpaceX’s Starship may ‘transform investor expectations’ about space, CNBC News, 19 October 2021. Might be useful to improve some small parts of the article where investment & valuation is discussed. N2e (talk) 01:31, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Kinda interesting to be honest, many of Elon-related article lack the "meta" aspect, i.e. how would this thing become in the future, and its ultimate goal. CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 13:35, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Indeed, elements about ROI or profits are conspicuously absent for an article for such a large and visible for-profit operation.

--Noliscient (talk) 11:51, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

Elon Musk Trust
The infobox lists "Elon Musk Trust" as the owner of SpaceX. That implies he doesn't own that 47.4% of SpaceX personally, but that he's created some sort of trust fund. Do we have any more information about this? The cited reference doesn't provide additional details. Fcrary (talk) 21:31, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

rideshare program
the article should AT LEAST mention their small-sat rideshare program aimed at the smallsat market. they also are spinning the starlink framework to build separate satellites for military monitoring. 81.181.130.106 (talk) 11:25, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Agreed, this article needs an overhaul on "Launch market competition and pricing pressure" section. CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 14:12, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

... the first reuse of an orbital rocket, ...
The statement is ambiguous. "Orbital rocket", what does that mean? The rocket engines that are reused are not orbital. The re-entry vehicle that is used is not a first, and the Space Shuttle used reusable Solid Rocket Boosters. I am going to add GeorgeV73GT (talk) 02:47, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

 * GeorgeV73GT agreed. Clarified to "first vertical take-off and vertical propulsive landing for an orbital rocket booster, first reuse of such booster". CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 10:24, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Thanks CactiStaccingCrane, YOU are very responsive... We need more like YOU here on the American English Wikipedia! I find the culture varies greatly on the various language wiki's. I say that having edits on the German and Cebuano wikipedias.

Thanks again!

GeorgeV73GT

PS. Hmmmm Cacti Staccing Crane ... I grow Cactus for fun and food, enjoy them greatly ! GeorgeV73GT (talk) 09:14, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

 * GeorgeV73GT, thanks for the compliments! And sorry to disappoint you, but I don't grow cacti at home :( Maybe I would someday. CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 14:10, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

Workplace Culture
Using a memo written by a rival company of Space X as a source to describe the workplace culture at Space X seems pretty ridiculous. Especially since one of the articles used to source the information actually cites current and former Blue Origin employees alleging a sexist and unsafe work culture at Blue Origin. Citing current or former employees to describe the workplace culture at Space X would seem more reasonable. WhowinsIwins (talk) 10:46, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Safety record
I haven't looked at this article before. Has there been any discussion about SpaceX safety record? From Reuters:

Other citations would be needed to balance such and I have no idea what the overall safety record is in the space industry. O3000, Ret. (talk) 19:48, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that's pretty concerning. It should be noted though that Reuter's comparison with the space industry in general is a tad misleading because Starbase is under heavy construction. When compared to other heavy construction industries, the injury rate is slightly above average. To quote https://www.reddit.com/r/SpaceXLounge/comments/17s4926/at_spacex_worker_injuries_soar_in_elon_musks_rush/:
 * Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) injury statistics for 2022: https://www.bls.gov/iif/nonfatal-injuries-and-illnesses-tables/table-1-injury-and-illness-rates-by-industry-2022-national.htm
 * The 0.8 injuries per 100 workers for "Guided missile and space vehicle manufacturing" category is very low when comparing to other manufacturing industries that is comparable to what SpaceX is doing:
 * Average of all private industries: 2.7
 * Fabricated metal product manufacturing: 3.7
 * Machinery manufacturing: 2.8
 * Motor vehicle manufacturing: 5.9
 * Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing: 5.8
 * Motor vehicle parts manufacturing: 3.1
 * Aircraft manufacturing: 2.5
 * Ship and boat building: 5.6
 * - CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 02:18, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Reuters also has a very spotty record on reporting on Elon Musks companies. Even a number of false claims regarding Tesla recently. JamieBrown2011 (talk) 14:59, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * - CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 02:18, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Reuters also has a very spotty record on reporting on Elon Musks companies. Even a number of false claims regarding Tesla recently. JamieBrown2011 (talk) 14:59, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:SpaceX


text:
Animal Bag

Animal Bag was an alternative metal grunge band from Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, which was active from 1987 through 1998.

Career
After some personnel changes, the band congealed around members Luke Edwards (vocals and guitar), Rich Parris (guitars, mandolin, and vocals), Otis Hughes (bass guitar), and Boo Duckworth (drums and percussion) in 1987. After building a following in their native North Carolina, the group relocated to Los Angeles in 1989.

Favorable press in newspapers including the L.A. Music Scene, which compared them to the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Faith No More, coupled with the exploding alternative music scene, brought the band to the attention of several A&R execs, and Animal Bag was eventually signed to Mercury records in 1992.

Their 1992 self-titled initial release mixed acoustic and electric rock and Animal Bag was prominently featured in the pilot episode of My So-Called Life as the party band. The album's first single, Everybody, peaked briefly at No. 29 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart in 1993, and was a minor success in Japan, hitting No. 32 for 8 weeks in March 1993. Their follow-up 1994 album Offering was all-acoustic and did not chart well in the U.S. Mercury was willing to give the band one more chance, and brought in producer Terry Date to helm a return to harder-edged music for the band's 1996 album Image Damage. The album was never released because of inner shakeups at the record label; most of the people who had worked the first two Animal Bag releases left the label.

Discography

 * Albums/EPs
 * Animal Bag LP (1992)
 * Offering EP (1994)
 * Image Damage LP (1995) (Never officially released)
 * Misc Recordings EP (1998)

 * Singles

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Animal Bag


text:
Crout matrix decomposition

In linear algebra, the Crout matrix decomposition is an LU decomposition which decomposes a matrix into a lower triangular matrix (L), an upper triangular matrix (U) and, although not always needed, a permutation matrix (P). It was developed by Prescott Durand Crout.

The Crout matrix decomposition algorithm differs slightly from the Doolittle method. Doolittle's method returns a unit lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix, while the Crout method returns a lower triangular matrix and a unit upper triangular matrix.

So, if a matrix decomposition of a matrix A is such that:

 * A = LDU

being L a unit lower triangular matrix, D a diagonal matrix and U a unit upper triangular matrix, then Doolittle's method produces

 * A = L(DU)

and Crout's method produces

 * A = (LD)U.

Implementations
C implementation:

Octave/Matlab implementation:

title: Crout matrix decomposition


text:
Talk:Mathematical constant

Explanation of MRB constant changes
I see that someone posted the MRB Constant in the table. Per WP:AB, in clear-cut case, I corrected the year First Described and # of Known Digits. Marvin Ray Burns (talk) 23:47, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I corrected the documented first time described.Marvin Ray Burns (talk) 02:04, 17 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I am trying to retrieve an earlier documented time.Marvin Ray Burns (talk) 15:34, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I made corrections for a few pressing issues in the table.Marvin Ray Burns (talk) 02:19, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

MRB
I doubt the MRB constant should be here (or in List of numbers). Reasons for problems: — Arthur Rubin (talk) 08:02, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) The "name" $$C_{MRB}$$ (which should obviously be $$C_{\text{MRB}}$$) is unsourced and improbable, even if the constant itself had a WP:RS, which I haven't found, yet.
 * 2) All the other constants in the table have some mathematical literature. This one seems to have 1 mention in a book (not by name), mention in OEIS (again, not by name), mention in papers by the author, and one blog entry which seems to be the source of the name.  There is an arXiv paper by someone other than the author, but it also doesn't indicate a reason why the constant was used in the paper.
 * In the article, where it explains where the name comes from, there is a reference to Plouffe's list of constants where he named the MRB Constant. Also, I have definitely shown, in the MRB constant talk page, there is due weight of evidence that the name is used by other people, in other places (where, "The notability guidelines do not apply to article or list content." ).
 * I quote from the general notability guidelines:
 * Notability guidelines do not apply to content within an article.
 * The criteria applied to article creation/retention are not the same as those applied to article content. The notability guidelines do not apply to article or list content (with the exception :that some lists restrict inclusion to notable items or people). Content coverage within a given article or list (i.e., whether something is noteworthy enough to be mentioned in the article or :list) is governed by the principle of due weight and other content policies." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marburns (talk • contribs) 21:58, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * in the arXiv paper, the connection between the MRB constant and the oscillatory integral is found in the divergent series that sums (-1)^n*n^(1/n) as identified by Finch on P.58 here .Marvin Ray Burns (talk) 22:35, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, for a constant to be listed here, it normally requires more "notability" than than the WP:NUMBER guidelines, although not necessarily than that the article exist. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 03:32, 12 January 2015 (UTC)
 * In regard the latest set of tags, the symbol-string CMRB is what I consider dubious, even if it's called the "MRB constant". Importance is still questioned, even if all the sources provided are legitimate and reliable.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 03:36, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Square root of 5: only "1,000,000" digits?
Since the Golden ratio is known to billions of digits (at least 17 billion per that article though this article suggests it's actually 100 billion), shouldn't the Square root of 5 also be known to the same billions of digits? After all:

$$ \sqrt 5 = 2 \varphi - 1 $$

Glenn L (talk) 19:50, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Rydberg constant
Why is the Rydberg constant on the side of a page titled Mathematical constant? --Dgroseth (talk) 00:56, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Good point. It was used as an illustration of notation, but it's not a well chosen example for this page - I have replaced it with Champernowne constant. Gandalf61 (talk) 09:50, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Mn/Me mass ratio in terms of Zeta(3) and the Golden ratio
Despite the simplicity of this approximation : if we refer to the NIST table the value of Mn/Me = 1838.6836605 and the error being 0.0000011. Now this approximation is approx. is way too far from the real value to be considered serious. The value is 36/((2+2*5^(1/2))^(1/2)-2*Zeta(3))^2 = 1838.691257454... so the error is : 0.007...

the error ratio is about 7000 times the standard error, please refer to the NIST document for explanations http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/Table/allascii.txt —Preceding unsigned comment added by Plouffe (talk • contribs) 23:59, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

Order
Is there any specific order for the table (beyond having the most known at top, obviously)? Magister Mathematicae (talk) 03:30, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Sierpiński's constant
I was checking some of constants vs Wolfram Alpha, for Sierpiński's constant, WA returns 0.822825249 ... whic is completely different than the article lists here, I have no insight into the discrepancy.--Billymac00 (talk) 02:54, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Mathworld con--Billymac00 (talk) 03:09, 18 April 2011 (UTC)firms Wikipedia ...

Add Negative One
I find it funny how the table of constants includes i, but it fails to include -1. -1 is more important than i, as it introduces negative numbers, the reciprocal, inverse functions and inverting in general, and its i squared. There is no reason why -1 shouldn't be in the table. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.222.145.211 (talk) 00:55, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

tau alias 360 on a plane, would be nice to see too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.64.22.253 (talk) 10:56, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

 * on a related note, the intro says that constants are "usually a real number", is that notable? Maybe a couple thousand years in the future there will be as many unreal numbers that are significant constants, but at the current state of our development of mathematical knowledge I don't think it is intro worthy to break up that sentence to say that most of them are real.

combined constants?
It would seem like there would be a section on combined constants for example e^pi or 2pi. John W. Nicholson (talk) 16:01, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Golden Ratio Nonsense
This article is suggesting that there is some universal law that makes the Golden Ratio some sort thing that all possible processes in universe tend toward as they strive for beauty. This is complete nonsense (my edits were reverted).Maneesh (talk) 17:32, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Adolf Zeising's claims do seem exaggerated. This would be irrelevant if there was clear evidence that his comments are eminently notable. Is there such evidence? Tkuvho (talk) 17:37, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

 * The article isn't suggesting anything - it is simply giving a NPOV and sourced statement of Zeising's writings. The role of Fibonacci numbers and the golden ratio in phyllotaxis is well documented. The rest of Zeising's ideas may be difficult to believe, but remember our yardstick is verifiability, not truth. Gandalf61 (talk)

 * There is a long history of relating phyllotaxis to the Fibonacci sequence and to the golden ratio. This paper has a nice summary of a few of the historical approaches to the subject. I don't know that Zeising was the main or most famous proponent of this idea; there seem to have been quite a few people involved in this over the years. Among mainstream mathematicians, HSM Coxeter published a few papers:

 * 1) Coxeter, H. S. M. "The Golden Section and Phyllotaxis." Ch. 11 in Introduction to Geometry, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1969.
 * 2) Coxeter, H. S. M. "The Role of Intermediate Convergents in Tait's Explanation for Phyllotaxis." J. Algebra 10, 167-175, 1972.
 * 3) Coxeter, H. S. M. "The Golden Section, Phyllotaxis, and Wythoff's Game." Scripta Mathematica 19, 135-143, 1953.

 * (refs courtesy of of the MathWorld page on phyllotaxis). Thus, whether you or I believe the assertions of the significance of the golden ratio in phyllotaxis is irrelevant--enough scientists and mathematicians have looked at this and published in reliable sources that we should report on it in the Golden section article, if not this article. --Mark viking (talk) 19:22, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

 * The article quotes Zeising (no doubt accurately) but doesn't suggest what the current consensus of his claims are (which is false). Nothing we know today suggests that the golden ratio has anything to do with human anatomy (let alone "all structures"): " all structures, forms and proportions, whether cosmic or individual, organic or inorganic, acoustic or optical; which finds its fullest realization, however, in the human form." Maneesh (talk) 21:08, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * In my view, the section in this article should only give a brief introduction to the golden ratio as a mathematical constant without giving any undue weight to Zeising or observations in nature in general. This can be developed in detail in the main article golden ratio. I'd suggest moving the paragraphs in question to Golden ratio and to include some material from Golden ratio in its place. Isheden (talk) 11:54, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * This sounds like a good compromise to me. --Mark viking (talk) 14:45, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I noticed that lowercase greek phi (φ) vs. uppercase greek phi (Φ) is not consistent in the section (compare source to what you are seeing when reading this talk page..no doubt browser specific), and doesn't seem to render consistently from source page (I see a lowercase phi in source that is uppercase when rendered). I presume this is a well known issue with greek characters and wikipedia, is there a good way to fix this? The section doesn't mention that both forms are used.Maneesh (talk) 22:17, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Merge? Name change?
Is this article redundant with "List of numbers" and should be merged into it?

Also, if no on merger, on seeing the redundancy of the title with "Constant (mathematics)", I am wondering if there is a problem changing it to "Notable mathematical constants", "Important mathematical constants", or something else?

John W. Nicholson (talk) 08:14, 27 September 2013 (UTC)
 * In my view, the last two sections of this article should be merged with some table or list of mathematical constants; the rest of the article should be kept with the present name. The article Constant (mathematics) is clearly very basic and I think it should be merged with Variable (mathematics) to a new article Constants and variables. Any content from the old article constant term (presently redirects to constant (mathematics)) could be merged with polynomial or possibly algebraic expression. Isheden (talk) 13:37, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, for the two section which have the mathematical constants, I agree that they should be merged with List of numbers, but and that would lead to this page being hollow and not much of a reason for having an article here. As for the rest, you are going to have to have a better argument for merging Constant (mathematics) with Variable (mathematics) to make a new article Constants and variables. To me these are two different mathematics concepts which can hold there own in separate articles. At the same time, if you can make a page where you show that these two concepts can be merged and hold all of the related distinct concepts (like coefficient, parameter, or index), I would like to see it. But Constant (mathematics) and Variable (mathematics) should be where you work on that merger. --John W. Nicholson (talk) 16:21, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

 * List of numbers is a list of Wikipedia articles according to the lead, therefore the tables in this article would not fit naturally there. If there is no natural target at present I would leave the sections here for now. However, the article Constant (mathematics) is redundant in my view. Of course, constants and variables are different concepts, but they are naturally presented together since they complement each other. Have a look at Constant (mathematics) with Variable (mathematics) and you'll see that both of them describe variable vs. constant in the lead. It would be natural to describe them in one article just as Dependent and independent variables or Free variables and bound variables are described in one article, because a constant is defined in contrast to a variable and vice versa. I don't see any natural reason to merge other concepts such as parameter or index with that article. The rationale here is to avoid large overlap between articles, see WP:Merging. Isheden (talk) 18:46, 29 September 2013 (UTC)
 * By the way, have a look at algebraic expression for an article that contains various related concepts. That article could easily be expanded. Isheden (talk) 19:52, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

2, tau & j
Perhaps all "interesting numbers" should be included?

On a more serious note, number 2 deserves a place as really quite notable - the first (prime) multiple, cardinality of the smallest divided set, the basis of 'even' numbers, the base of binary representation, of duality, the exponent of area, Euler characteristic of any convex polyhedron, and so on. It's just that it seems to be there almost all the time.

A contributor above suggested the inclusion of Tau τ = 2π ; I'd agree. Tau seems to be sidelined on WP; Tau_(2π) is almost entirely about π (which has its own page Pi). To be fair, adoption of τ = 2π is something of a minority interest - perhaps consensus considers it to be irrational, but nevertheless it has minor notability.

If i is notable as square root of -1, then so is j = 1/2+i(3^-2)/2, the major complex cube root of 1, solution to x^3=1 {the other roots being 1, & 1/2-i(3^-2)/2}. Of use in engineering, I distantly recall.

Corrigenda: I see in the table, "# of known digits" for 0, 1, i are each shown as "N/A". One might be of the opinion that is incorrect. Also it is unclear to me what the order of that table is supposed to be - after re-sorting, I didn't manage to return to the pristine order except by re-loading. Could we know the rationale? And should imaginary constants be in another table, or come first?

One is one and one is one (talk) 15:09, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

fractal approximations to some famous constants
I have calculated the fractal approximations to most of the constants from this article and they can be found at this link Chrisdecorte (talk) 08:56, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Digits of pi and e
I added extra digits of pi and e. Timo 3 11:25, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

Glineman's constant
I have found a new constant, Glineman's constant. Here are the first 100 digits. 0.7925041323164429323092398771713448225248095705293785692173351609518900063162775922847330033658820341... John Glineman (talk) 11:52, 26 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Please provide more details. What is the constant for, where is it cited, what evidence is there that it is well known?  Thank you — Leegrc (talk) 13:28, 26 August 2014 (UTC)

 * I invented it! John Glineman (talk) 14:05, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

MRB constant gif
There is a nice gif for the MRB constant done by Ignacitum. Do you think it can find a place on the Mathematical constant page?

Marvin Ray Burns (talk) 16:55, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Move protection
Why is this talk page move protected? Timo 3 14:11, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

Formant convention for representation
I came here to find what format should be used to represent constants. For example, for matrix, uppercase and bold is preferred. I read somewhere that for constants should be used lowercase and upright format, but not sure of that.

The article needs to be more specific. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.59.50.199 (talk) 18:12, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

Pi definition
I think the definition of pi is wrong: "The constant π (pi) has a natural definition in Euclidean geometry (the ratio between the circumference and radius of a circle),"79.19.51.136 (talk) 20:25, 28 August 2016 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks, Gap9551 (talk) 20:48, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

Famous constants sorted
https://plus.google.com/106470124546166473435/posts/JCD8MfhDLNL or: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311964993_Famous_constants_sorted_and_with_fractal_approximations?ev=prf_pub Chrisdecorte (talk) 09:01, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

OEIS sequences
There should be a list of OEIS sequences for each constant. Bobby Jacobs (talk) 17:06, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

Tao not ready
I'm considering removing Tao from the "Short List" this page's short list of constants until proper references may accompany it. The given link actually only goes to a generic reference to the Greek letter with some disambiguation toward the constant. Marvin Ray Burns (talk) 00:01, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Mathematical constant. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/dept/robson-fowler-square.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120329145758/http://oldweb.cecm.sfu.ca/projects/ISC/ to http://oldweb.cecm.sfu.ca/projects/ISC/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:42, 5 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Mathematical constant. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050812010306/http://pi.lacim.uqam.ca/eng/ to http://pi.lacim.uqam.ca/eng/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130601103814/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~sfinch/ to http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~sfinch/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:19, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

Correct symbol for Golden Ratio
I do not want to start an edit war, but I have trouble understanding why you undid the change of the golden ratio from $$\phi$$ to $$\varphi$$ ? BFG (talk) 00:50, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, i thought it was vandalism from that 176.88 guy. Apophis4029 (talk) 01:51, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:54, 14 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Pi-unrolled-720.gif

Unsourced additions
Information about Thrembo's constant is continuously removed by biased editors. Thrembo's constant is notable, and deserves a spot in the page. The biased editors say that Thrembo's constant is unsourced, but the existence of it has been proven repeatedly by researchers at soyjak.party. I demand that this censorship stops. --47.181.178.78 (talk) 17:24, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Edits of Wikipedia articles must follow Wikipedia policies. One of the main policies is WP:OR, which asserts that every content must be supported by WP:reliable sources. In mathematics, a reliable source is a publication in a peer-reviewed mathematical journal. The link provided in the preceding post is a forum or a social network, and is very far to be a reliable source. If you continue to edit warring for adding the so-called Thrembo's constant, you will probably be blocked for editing. D.Lazard (talk) 17:48, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * soyjak.farty is a reputable mathematical journal. Thrembo's constant is well known. I will continue adding Thrembo's constant to the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.181.178.78 (talk) 18:19, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Most other constants listed in this article are unsourced yet the only one you consistently remove is Thrembo. Clearly you haven't taken the time to reasearch given the several relevant studies on Thrembo that are easily accessible. I advise you to see the following: r/thrembo /bant/ archive 1 /bant/ archive 2

 * You say that "most of the other constants are unsourced". You have perhaps failed to notice that most of the numbers have a link to an article about that number, where you find all necessary sourcing. Before trying to (re-)add 'Thrembo' to this article, perhaps you should demonstrate that it is notable and deserves an article itself. Your first step is to produce reliable sources. Murray Langton (talk) 18:03, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

 * We have already provided all sourcing and our edits are still reverted even when I included in-text citations last time. As the OP has pointed out Thrembo is notable. It even used to have its own article on here and any user who can create new article is welcome to restore the page. The censorship is cowardly and prevents readers from learning about this important number. See our sources: soyjak wiki r/thrembo 24.51.233.5 (talk) 17:56, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

 * If you still have an issue with it we should consider an rfc. 2001:1970:564B:4700:9189:531:E40A:E500 (talk) 04:49, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 * These links show clearly that Thrembo is a hoax: it should be an integer between 5 and 6. D.Lazard (talk) 08:59, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 * >Ϫ is actually an integer
 * >Ϫ doesn´t exist
 * do deniers really 24.51.233.5 (talk) 14:43, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Can you provide a mathematical proof that thrembo doesn't exist? 47.181.178.78 (talk) 17:36, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'll provide a proof, if you provide the definition.Marvin Ray Burns (talk) 18:51, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Thrembo's constant (Ϫ) is the number such that 6<Ϫ<7 47.181.178.78 (talk) 17:15, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Search Box
Is there a way to have input of "math constant" into the search box show this article instead of an article for a soccer player named "Matt Constant"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Silversplash (talk • contribs) 03:17, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Done. Created redirect page Math constant. BFG (talk) 07:16, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

When one was first described?
I think the table should say, around 4000 BC, the time of (early) Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Semitic unities. These language groups have numerals for one, while earlier groupings have no numerals. Reciprocist (talk) 16:53, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mathematical constant


text:
Corrosion of Conformity

Corrosion of Conformity (also known as C.O.C.) is an American heavy metal band from Raleigh, North Carolina, formed in 1982. The band has undergone multiple lineup changes throughout its existence, with guitarist Woody Weatherman as the sole constant member. Weatherman, founding bassist Mike Dean, founding drummer Reed Mullin and vocalist/guitarist Pepper Keenan (who joined the band in 1989) are widely regarded as its 'classic' lineup. After a hiatus in 2006, Corrosion of Conformity returned in 2010 without Keenan, who had been busy touring and recording with Down, but announced their reunion with him in December 2014.

They started as a hardcore punk band but later moved towards a slower and blues-tinged heavy metal sound. To date, the band has released ten studio albums, four EPs, one compilation, and one live album. Their first three studio albums―Eye for an Eye (1984), Animosity (1985) and Blind (1991)―attracted the attention of Columbia Records, who signed the band in 1993. Corrosion of Conformity found success with the release of their 1994 fourth studio album, Deliverance, which peaked at number 155 on the Billboard 200 and spawned the hits "Albatross" and "Clean My Wounds". Their 1996 follow-up Wiseblood was also successful, and at the time, it was the band's highest-charting album in the United States, peaking at number 104 on the Billboard 200. Their latest album, No Cross No Crown, was released in 2018 and became the band's first album to enter the top 100 on the Billboard 200, where it peaked at number 67.

Early years, Eye for an Eye and Animosity (1982–1988)
Corrosion of Conformity was formed in Raleigh, North Carolina, by bassist and vocalist Mike Dean, guitarist Woody Weatherman, drummer Reed Mullin, and singer Benji Shelton in 1982. They were influenced by heavy metal bands like Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Scorpions, and Judas Priest, as well as by hardcore groups like Black Flag, Bad Brains, Circle Jerks, Minor Threat, Discharge, Germs, and "a lot of older D.C. bands."

They released tracks on the No Core cassette tape compilation on the label of the same name along with other North Carolina punk bands in 1982 as well as on the "Why are we here?" 7" compilation in 1983, also on the No Core label. Shelton quit the band in 1983 and COC first recruited Robert Stewart to sing but he stayed only for about a month, so they recruited Eric Eycke from fellow Raleigh band Colcor to be the new singer. They recorded their first album, "Eye for an Eye", with Eycke.

Their hardcore punk-oriented 20-track debut Eye for an Eye—the only album featuring Eycke—was initially released in 1984 and later re-released by Caroline Records in 1989. Soon after, Eycke left the band and COC continued as a three-piece with Dean and Mullin sharing vocal duties on 1985's follow-up Animosity, released through the Metal Blade Records imprint Death Records. Although it was well-received upon release and is now seen as an important album in the crossover thrash genre, Metal Blade did little to promote the album, prompting Dean to quit the band in 1987.

COC recruited Simon Bob Sinister to replace Dean, after the breakup of their fellow Carolina band and Death Records labelmates Ugly Americans. The band's 1987 release, the Technocracy EP, featured the hectic crossover thrash musicianship of COC with a cleaner vocal style than they had in the past. The band issued the EP in order to fulfil their contractual obligations with Metal Blade. Bob soon left Corrosion of Conformity to return to Ugly Americans, after which the band broke up without notice for two years. Mullin said that because Metal Blade had charged the band for Technocracy as if it were a full-length album, "[the band] lost a lot of control, we lost sight [and] we lost our track. We were finished."

Blind, Deliverance and Wiseblood (1989–1998)
In 1989, Weatherman and Reed decided to reform Corrosion of Conformity and began searching for a new vocalist, even posting a classified in Flipside Fanzine for a singer similar in sound to "James Hetfield or Ozzy Osbourne" to go with their new metal sound. Karl Agell was recruited on vocals, Phil Swisher on bass and Pepper Keenan as a second guitarist. Around this time, Caroline Records released some old tracks with Mike Dean singing during this time with the aptly named Six Songs with Mike Singing EP. Dean also participated in Snake Nation.

The new lineup released 1991's Blind. Blind was the first COC album to receive mainstream attention. The video for "Vote with a Bullet" (the only song with Keenan on vocals on the album) received airplay on MTV and the album cracked the Billboard Heatseekers chart in early 1992. By 2011, the album had sold over 250,000 copies in the United States.

In 1993, Agell and Swisher left the band and formed the band Leadfoot, Dean returned and Keenan took over lead vocals.

The band began working on their next album for Relativity, Deliverance. During this time however, session demos for the album found their way into the hands of Columbia Records. The label then offered to buy the band's contract from Relativity; when the label refused, Sony/Columbia bought Relativity, turned it into a distribution label, and transferred the band's contract over to Columbia.

Deliverance saw the band also incorporating stoner and southern rock influences, which they also carried onto the following albums. In 1994, their song Big Problems was featured on the Clerks soundtrack. The song "Clean My Wounds" was featured in the anime movie Tekken: The Motion Picture.

Deliverance was the band's biggest selling album. This was mainly due to the singles "Albatross" and "Clean My Wounds" becoming Top 20 hits on rock radio and the album managed to spend almost four months on the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 155. On the Heatseekers chart, it peaked at No. 5 and lasted almost a year on that particular chart.

Wiseblood was released in October 1996. Despite producing a Top 30 radio hit with "Drowning in a Daydream" and a worldwide tour with Metallica, the album failed to match the sales set by the previous album, selling over 140,000 copies by 2002. "Drowning in a Daydream" was nominated at the Grammy Awards in 1998 for "Best Metal Performance".

America's Volume Dealer and In the Arms of God (1999–2006)
Soon after the release of Wiseblood, Columbia dropped COC, who then moved to Sanctuary Records. The band released its first album for its new label, America's Volume Dealer, in November 2000. The album was even more of a commercial failure than Wiseblood not even managing to make the Billboard 200. However, the single, "Congratulations Song", did give the band another Top 30 hit. No videos were made from the album. Mullin left the band in 2001. Over the next few years, the band worked with a series of drummers: Jimmy Bower of Eyehategod, local Raleigh percussion professor Merritt Partridge, Stanton Moore of Galactic and Reed's former drum technician Jason Patterson, who previously played drums in the Raleigh-based rock band Cry of Love.

In April 2005, COC released In the Arms of God to much critical acclaim. The album performed much better than their previous effort, debuting at No. 108 on the Billboard 200 and even topping the Heatseekers chart. This was achieved without even one radio hit from the album. A video was made for the song "Stonebreaker" which saw airplay on MTV2's recently revived Headbanger's Ball. The band spent the rest of the year touring the US and Canada. They were the opening acts for Motörhead and Disturbed and also went on headlining tours with Crowbar, Fu Manchu, Alabama Thunderpussy, and Danko Jones all providing support. A European tour was scheduled for September/October 2005 but was later canceled, after Hurricane Katrina ravaged Keenan's hometown of New Orleans. A co-headlining UK tour with Clutch commenced in January 2006.

Second hiatus (2006–2010)
Corrosion of Conformity was on hiatus from 2006 to June 2010, while Pepper recorded and toured with Down. From March 2009 to June 2010, Karl Agell and Reed Mullin occasionally performed with Jerry Barrett, Scott Little, and Jason Browning (Browning eventually replaced by TR Gwynne) as "COC-Blind", playing the Blind album. Reed Mullin and Mike Dean along with Jason Browning also toured in a new band called "Righteous Fool", and have released a self-titled EP through Southern Lord Records.

Animosity lineup reunion, Corrosion of Conformity and IX (2010–2014)
On May 12, 2010, Blabbermouth.net reported that the Animosity lineup of Corrosion of Conformity was reuniting and working on a new album. They are planning some early-August shows lined up for the West Coast, although they have not yet been officially announced. The band is still open to recording again as a four-piece with Pepper when the time is right, according to a message on the official COC website on May 15, 2010. Pepper currently, has not officially left the band.

Pepper joined his bandmates on stage on June 17, 2011, at the Hellfest (Clisson, France) to play "Vote with a Bullet" as well as on June 19, 2011, in Bilbao, Spain, where they additionally performed together on "Señor Limpio". Pepper stated that he looks forward to working on some Deliverance type material in the near future with the band. The band released their eighth studio album, titled Corrosion of Conformity, on February 28, 2012, via Candlelight Records.

In September 2012, Corrosion of Conformity posted three pictures from the studio on Facebook, stating that they were working on a five-song EP called Megalodon with Mike Schaefer and John Custer. The entire EP was released for digital download via Scion A/V on November 14, 2012.

By January 2013, Corrosion of Conformity had begun writing new material for their ninth studio album, IX, which was released on July 1, 2014.

Reunion with Pepper Keenan, No Cross No Crown and Mullin's death (2014–present)
In a September 2014 interview with Heavy Blog Is Heavy, drummer Reed Mullin confirmed that Corrosion of Conformity would reunite with guitarist/vocalist Pepper Keenan in 2015 to record a new album, followed by a tour. They planned to begin work on their new album in January 2015.

On January 14, 2015, Corrosion of Conformity announced a six-date UK tour, which took place in March and was their first tour with the Deliverance lineup in 14 years as well their first one with Keenan in nine years. Corrosion of Conformity performed their first show with the re-united Deliverance era lineup of Pepper Keenan, Woody Weatherman, Mike Dean, and Reed Mullin on March 7, 2015, in Manchester, England. Their first US tour with the reunited lineup, supporting Clutch, was announced on July 28, 2015.

On June 6, 2016, Corrosion of Conformity announced the letting go of drummer Reed Mullin after a prolonged battle with alcohol addiction, resulting in a seizure before their concert in Edmonton, Canada on the Lamb of God and Clutch tour. Mullin returned to the drum stool on the tour on June 8.

On November 10, 2017, the band announced that their tenth studio album, No Cross No Crown, would be released on January 12, 2018. The album's lead single "Cast the First Stone" was premiered on the same day.

Mullin died on January 27, 2020. His replacement was immediately announced to be John Green from Manchester, England, who had previously worked as the band's roadie and stepped in as a stand-in in 2019 for numerous shows.

Collaborations and side projects
They have also collaborated with a number of other artists: James Hetfield of Metallica contributed vocals to the song "Man or Ash" on Wiseblood; Warren Haynes of the Allman Brothers' Band and Gov't Mule played slide guitar on "Stare Too Long" on America's Volume Dealer; and Stanton Moore of Galactic played drums on In the Arms of God.

Members of COC have also participated in collaborations: Keenan plays guitar with the metal supergroup Down, and Dean contributed vocals to a track titled "Access Babylon" on Dave Grohl's Probot project. Pepper also appears on Metallica's Garage Inc. cover record, playing guitar and singing the second verse of the Lynyrd Skynyrd song "Tuesday's Gone". He appears in the documentary Some Kind of Monster, auditioning to be Metallica's replacement for Jason Newsted.

Members
Current members
 * Woody Weatherman – lead guitar, backing vocals (1982–present)
 * Mike Dean – bass, keyboards, co-lead vocals (lead 1984–1986 and 2006–2015, backing otherwise) (1982–1987, 1993–present)
 * Pepper Keenan – rhythm guitar, lead vocals (lead since 1993, backing until 1993) (1989–2006, 2015–present)
 * John Green – drums (2020–present, touring substitute 2018–2020)

Music videos

 * "Vote with a Bullet" (1992)
 * "Dance of the Dead" (1992)
 * "Albatross" (1994)
 * "Clean My Wounds" (1994)
 * "Drowning in a Daydream" (1996)
 * "Stone Breaker" (2005)
 * "The Moneychangers" (2012)
 * "Psychic Vampire" (2012)
 * "Feed On" (2012)
 * "Cast the First Stone" (2017)
 * "Wolf Named Crow" (2017)
 * "The Luddite" (2018)

Compilation appearances

 * No Core tape (1982, No Core)
 * Why Are We Here? 7" (1983, No Core Records, "Poison Planet", "Indifferent", "Too Cool")
 * Empty Skulls tape (1984, Fartblossom Enterprises, "Poison Planet", "Eye for an Eye")
 * Cleanse the Bacteria LP (1985, Pusmort Records, "Kiss of Death")
 * Thrasher Skate Rock Vol. 3 LP (1986, Thrasher/High Speed Records, "What", "Not for Me", "Citizen")
 * Empty Skulls Vol. 2 LP (1986, Fartblossom Records, "Center of the World", "Eye for an Eye", "Negative Outlook")
 * Complete Death LP (1986, Death Records, "Loss for Words")
 * Life is a Joke Vol. 2 LP (1986, Weird System Records, "Eye for an Eye")
 * Flipside Vinyl Fanzine Vol. 3 LP (1987, Gasatanka Records, "Intervention")
 * Rat Music for Rat People 3 LP (1987, CD Presents Records, "Bound")
 * Clerks soundtrack LP (1994, Columbia Records, "Big Problems")
 * Nativity in Black: A Tribute to Black Sabbath LP (1994, Columbia Records, "Lord of This World")
 * UMPF LP (1995, ???, "Clean My Wounds")
 * It's Our Universe (It's Your Music) LP (1995, Sony Music Special Products, "Clean My Wounds")
 * Duke Nukem: Music to Score By LP (1999, RED Interactive, "Land of the Free Disease")
 * Xtreme Rock: Music That Changed Our Lives LP (1999, RED Distribution, "Land of the Free Disease")
 * Motorcycle Mania 3 CD (2004, Artist Direct BMG, "Thirteen Angels")

title: Corrosion of Conformity


text:
Chlorhexidine

Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant and antiseptic with the molecular formula C22H30Cl2N10, which is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to disinfect surgical instruments. It is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking. It is used as a liquid or a powder. It is commonly used in salt form, either the gluconate or the acetate.

Side effects may include skin irritation, tooth discoloration, and allergic reactions, although apart from discoloration the risk appears to be the same as povidone-iodine. Chlorhexidine rinse is also known to have a bitter metallic aftertaste. Rinsing with water is not recommended as it is known to increase the bitterness. It may cause eye problems if direct contact occurs. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. Chlorhexidine may come mixed in alcohol,  water, or surfactant solution. It is effective against a range of microorganisms, but does not inactivate spores.

Chlorhexidine came into medical use in the 1950s and is available over the counter in the United States. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 247th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.

Uses
Chlorhexidine is used in disinfectants (disinfection of the skin and hands), cosmetics (additive to creams, toothpaste, deodorants, and antiperspirants), and pharmaceutical products (preservative in eye drops, active substance in wound dressings and antiseptic mouthwashes). A 2019 Cochrane review concluded that based on very low certainty evidence in those who are critically ill "it is not clear whether bathing with chlorhexidine reduces hospital-acquired infections, mortality, or length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), or whether the use of chlorhexidine results in more skin reactions."

In endodontics, chlorhexidine has been used for root canal irrigation and as an intracanal dressing. It has however been replaced by the use of sodium hypochlorite bleach in much of the developed world.

Antiseptic
Chlorhexidine is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and yeasts. It is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria (in concentrations ≥ 1 μg/L). Significantly higher concentrations (10 to more than 73 μg/mL) are required for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Chlorhexidine is ineffective against polioviruses and adenoviruses. The effectiveness against herpes viruses has not yet been established unequivocally.

There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine is more effective than povidone-iodine for clean surgery. Evidence shows that it is an effective antiseptic for upper limb surgery.

Meta-data spanning several decades shows that the efficacy of chlorhexidine (against organisms that cause surgical site infection) has not changed, dispelling concerns over emerging resistance.

Dental use

Use of a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash in combination with normal tooth care can help reduce the build-up of plaque and improve mild gingivitis. There is not enough evidence to determine the effect in moderate to severe gingivitis. Its use as a mouthwash has a number of adverse effects including damage to the mouth lining, tooth discoloration, tartar build-up, and impaired taste. Extrinsic tooth staining occurs when chlorhexidine rinse has been used for four weeks or longer.

Mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine which stain teeth less than the classic solution have been developed, many of which contain chelated zinc.

Chlorhexidine is a cation which interacts with anionic components of toothpaste, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium monofluorophosphate, and forms salts of low solubility and reduced antibacterial activity. Hence, to enhance the antiplaque effect of chlorhexidine, "it seems best that the interval between toothbrushing and rinsing with CHX [chlorhexidine] be more than 30 minutes, cautiously close to two hours after brushing".

Topical
Chlorhexidine gluconate is used as a skin cleanser for surgical scrubs, as a cleanser for skin wounds, for preoperative skin preparation, and for germicidal hand rinses. Chlorhexidine eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Chlorhexidine is a very effective antiseptic and its use is growing in the world for treating the umbilical cord. A 2015 Cochrane review has yielded high-quality evidence that within the community setting, chlorhexidine skin or cord care can reduce the incidence of omphalitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord) by 50% and neonatal mortality by 12%.

Side effects
Side effects may include skin irritation, tooth discoloration, and allergic reactions, although apart from discoloration the risk appears to be the same as povidone-iodine.

Chlorhexidine is ototoxic (toxic to the inner ear). If put into a ruptured ear canal it may lead to deafness.

Chlorhexidine does not meet European specifications for a hand disinfectant. Under the test conditions of the European Standard EN 1499, no significant difference in the efficacy was found between a 4% solution of chlorhexidine digluconate and soap. In the US, between 2007 and 2009, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center conducted a cluster-randomized trial and concluded that daily bathing of patients in intensive care units with washcloths saturated with chlorhexidine gluconate reduced the risk of hospital-acquired infections.

Whether prolonged exposure over many years may have carcinogenic potential is still not clear. The US Food and Drug Administration recommendation is to limit the use of a chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash to a maximum of six months.

When ingested, chlorhexidine is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and can cause stomach irritation or nausea. If aspirated into the lungs at high enough concentration, as reported in one case, it can be fatal due to the high risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Mechanism of action
At physiologic pH, chlorhexidine salts dissociate and release the positively charged chlorhexidine cation. The bactericidal effect is a result of the binding of this cationic molecule to negatively charged bacterial cell walls. At low concentrations of chlorhexidine, this results in a bacteriostatic effect; at high concentrations, membrane disruption results in cell death.

Chemistry
It is a cationic (bisbiguanide).

Deactivation
Chlorhexidine is deactivated by forming insoluble salts with anionic compounds, including the anionic surfactants commonly used as detergents in toothpastes and mouthwashes, anionic thickeners such as carbomer, and anionic emulsifiers such as acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate, among many others. For this reason, chlorhexidine mouth rinses should be used at least 30 minutes after other dental products.

Synthesis
The structure is based on two molecules of proguanil, linked with a hexamethylenediamine spacer.

Brands
Chlorhexidine topical is sold as Betasept, Biopatch, Calgon Vesta, ChloraPrep One-Step, Dyna-Hex, Hibiclens, Hibistat Towelette, Scrub Care Exidine, Spectrum-4 among others.

Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash is sold as Dentohexin, Paroex, Peridex, PerioChip, Corsodyl and Periogard, among others.

Veterinary medicine
In animals, chlorhexidine is used for topical disinfection of wounds, and to manage skin infections. Chlorhexidine-based disinfectant products are used in the dairy farming industry.

Post-surgical respiratory problems have been associated with the use of chlorhexidine products in cats.

title: Chlorhexidine


text:
List of heads of state of the Democratic People's Republic of Angola

(Bold italics in name indicates popular nickname)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hu Lao gate

Only one article links here, and that article is non-fiction. However, the only hits I see relate to the Dynasty Warriors video game. Nominating for unverifiability. Name capitalization may be incorrect as well. If this is deleted, it should probably be de-linked from Dong Zhuo. Niteowlneils 14:47, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * PS This was tagged for speedy, but I felt I couldn't make a strong enuf case to actually delete it. If someone thinks that route is better, no complaints from me. Niteowlneils 14:49, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: A number of these articles have been on Clean Up. I've worked on one or two successfully, but it requires a lot of effort, and often to no avail (for me).  There are numerous small articles about battles in Chinese history.  They are often c&p from another source, too.  If you can find the material in an intelligible form, they tend to be accounts from the 17th century.  It would be nice to have the information on Wikipedia, but it can be very difficult for non-Chinese history experts to do anything.  It can go on Clean Up, but with prejudice toward deletion if unimproved in a month. Geogre 18:02, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Probably a battle from the China's Warring States period (the Dynasty Warriors game is based on the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Weak keep, strong if it can be verified to not be just from the game. Definitely needs cleanup and expansion.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:35, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as incomprehensible. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:45, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless confirmed as factual (which won't happen, I'm sure). -Sean Curtin 09:20, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * If it's a real event, and a real structure, send to cleanup or Attention; otherwise delete. If it's a real gate but anot a real battle, there could probably stand to be an architectural article on the gate, but this isn't it.-FZ 15:47, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Graveland

Graveland are a Polish neo-Nazi pagan black metal band which was formed in 1991 by Rob Darken (born Robert Fudali). They began as a black metal band before adopting a pagan and Viking metal style. The lyrics and imagery of Graveland are strongly inspired by European mythology, nature, winter and war. Their early work focused on Celtic and Slavic mythology, while their later work focuses on Norse mythology and Wotanism.

Beginning
Darken, who started Graveland as a solo project in 1991, was influenced by bands such as Bathory and Emperor. He recorded the first demos, Necromanteion and Drunemeton, working alone. In 1993, drummer Maciej "Capricornus" Dąbrowski joined the band, which then recorded In the Glare of Burning Churches. In 1994 the two were joined by Grzegorz "Karcharoth" Jurgielewicz (previously of Infernum) and recorded The Celtic Winter, which was released as an EP by the German label No Colours Records. No Colours currently releases the band's new albums.

First albums
A few months later, the band's first album, Carpathian Wolves (recorded at the Radio PRO-FM Studio, Opole, 26 Apr – 2 May 1994), was released by Eternal Devils Records. With Carpathian Wolves, the band drew the attention of several bigger metal labels and was eventually signed by the Austrian Lethal Records label, which released Thousand Swords. This album was recorded in December 1994 at Tuba Studio, Wrocław, "in the days of eternal winter & frozen night of full moon, at the gates of a new era". The Lethal Records release showed a progression in Graveland's sound from raw black metal to black metal with folk and Viking metal influence to it. The album is considered to be the band's best release by many fans and a classic in the black metal scene. After reportedly making several racist statements, the band was dropped by Lethal. Darken then founded his own label, Isengard (later Eastclan), and re-released an extended Thousand Swords on cassette. The album's booklet contains statements against Lethal Records and two other bigger metal labels, Osmose and Nuclear Blast. In 1999, the album was re-released, again, by No Colours with another different album cover. In 2001, it was re-released for a second time by No Colours on CD and vinyl. The CD version had the logo in red and the vinyl version had a red logo. The CD and vinyl versions had different covers from each other.

Move towards folk
The band's third album, Following the Voice of Blood, was recorded 25 September 1996 – 18 December 1996 and released in 1997 via No Colours. With the 1998 album, Immortal Pride (strongly influenced by the movie soundtrack of Conan the Barbarian), the band took on a folk style, while moving more into Viking metal. Its sound became more epic, symphonic and added more keyboards and chorales. The songs also became much longer. (For instance, Immortal Pride consists of four songs: two of them being the intro and outro; and the other ones being 24 and 17 minutes long.)

In 2000, Raiders of Revenge (a split release with the RAC band Honor) and Creed of Iron / Prawo Stali were released. Since Creed, Darken has worked without Capricornus on drums.

In November 2015, it was announced that Rob Darken had assembled a live lineup and Graveland would play its very first live shows in April 2016.

On 22 February 2018, the band released a re-recorded version of  Dawn of Iron Blades  with new keyboards, drums, bass and female vocals. The band released the single "Possessed by Steel" on 14 April 2020. Hour of Ragnarok the band's 13th studio album of original material was released on 23 August 2021 through Inferna Profundus Records.

Ideology
Darken sees himself as a Heathen and Christianity as the worst enemy of white Europeans. He exalts the latter's return to their ancestors' heritage, and has spoken out against "race mixing". On the Graveland EP Raise Your Sword!, he declares Heathendom to be the religion of white Europeans.

Darken has been accused of being a neo-Nazi. In response to these accusations he has stated: "I do not see any point in referring to NS because I do not see any point in referring to any ideologies that lost. It is against logic and eternal law of evolution. I think that white men should search for new ideas that would be well adapted for the current reality and the problems of [the] contemporary world." and "If you are White proud of being White and proud of your forefathers faith, if you politically incorrect, if you dare to criticize the politicians and it you point at the existence of a strong powerful Jewish lobby supporting Israel – you are called Nazi and anti-Semite. And the special institution start to persecute you. I am called 'Nazi" but no one has any proof of my nazi background. They just repeat once heard someone else words having no proof of it." And "In Poland many people refer to Slavonic heritage as many refer to German. And I think that those who refer to Slavonic culture are the majority but they do not make big show of it. For me there is no difference between pagan beliefs of Vikings and Slavs. The names are different but the core is the same. Different stories but the same Gods with the same attributes. The ideologist of the Third Reich were responsible for the division between German Aryan world and Slavonic world. They distorted the historical facts in order to separate from Eastern world. Communist did the same but they of course favouritized [sic] Slavs."  Yet, in a 2006 interview with Decibel, he stated that "Graveland is regarded as a NSBM band because of my political convictions, [which] most people would call extreme right-wing National Socialist convictions," and "people I played with were Satanists and they were not interested in paganism. Due to these differences, we finally started to walk separate ways and Graveland became [a] one-man band again. I understood that I could not support Satanism [because it] was a part of Judeo-Christian religion. In the Third Reich, Satanists would end [up] in gas chambers."

Band members
Current members
 * Robert "Rob Darken" Fudali – guitars, vocals, synthesizers (1991–present)
 * M. Ahrin – drums (2020–present)
 * Skyth – bass (2020–present)

Former members
 * Maciej "Capricornus" Dąbrowski – drums (1993–1999)
 * Grzegorz "Karcharoth" Jurgielewicz – bass (1993–1995)
 * Bartosz "Bor" Boruszewski – guitars (2015–2019)
 * Zbigniew "Zbych" Ropicki – guitars (2015–2016)
 * Piotr "Mścisław" Bajus – bass, guitars (2015–2018)
 * Mirosław "Miro" Rosiński – drums (2015–2016)
 * Maciej "Draugir" Twarowski – guitars (2016–2019)
 * Krzysztof "Sigrunar" Saran – drums (2016–2019)

Live members
 * Arkadiusz "Aro" Jęczmionka – drums (2016–2020)

Timeline

Discography
Studio albums
 * Carpathian Wolves (1994)
 * Thousand Swords (1995)
 * Following the Voice of Blood (1997)
 * Immortal Pride (1998)
 * Creed of Iron / Prawo Stali (2000) (released in English and Polish versions)
 * Memory and Destiny (2002)
 * The Fire of Awakening (2003)
 * Dawn of Iron Blades (2004)
 * Fire Chariot of Destruction (2005)
 * Will Stronger Than Death (2007)
 * Spears of Heaven (2009)
 * Thunderbolts of the Gods (2013)
 * Ogień przebudzenia (2014) (re-recording of The Fire of Awakening in Polish)
 * 1050 Years of Pagan Cult (2016) (re-recording of songs from the band's old demos and studio albums)
 * The Fire of Awakening (2017) (re-recording of the album of the same name from 2003)
 * Dawn of Iron Blades (2018) (re-recording of the album of the same name from 2004)
 * Hour of Ragnarok (2021)

EPs and splits
 * The Celtic Winter (1994)
 * Impaler's Wolves (1999)
 * Raiders of Revenge (2000) (split EP with Honor)
 * Raise Your Sword! (2001)
 * Blood of Heroes (2002)
 * Eastern Hammer (2007) (split EP with Nokturnal Mortum, North and Temnozor)
 * Wotan Mit Mir (2008)
 * Cold Winter Blades (2010)
 * Tribute to the King of Aquilonia (2010)
 * Ogień Wilczych Serc (Fire of Wolfish Hearts) (2012) (split EP with Biały Viteź)
 * The Spirit Never Dies (2016) (split with Nokturnal Mortum)

Demos and promo tapes
 * Necromanteion (1992)
 * Promo June '92 (1992)
 * Drunemeton (1992)
 * Epilogue (1993)
 * In the Glare of Burning Churches (1993)
 * The Celtic Winter (1993)
 * Following the Voice of Blood (1997)
 * Resharpening Thousand Swords (2014)
 * Carpathian Wolves – Rehearsal 1993 (2016)

title: Graveland


text:
Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System

The Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) is a technologically advanced processing, display, and telecommunications system that is the cornerstone of the United States National Weather Service's (NWS) operations.

AWIPS is a complex network of systems that ingests and integrates meteorological, hydrological, satellite, and radar data, and also processes and distributes the data to 135 Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) and River Forecast Centers (RFCs) nationwide. Weather forecasters utilize the capabilities of AWIPS to make increasingly accurate weather, water, and climate predictions, and to dispense rapid, highly reliable warnings and advisories.

The AWIPS system architectural design is driven by expandability, flexibility, availability, and portability. The system is easily expandable to allow for the introduction of new functionality and the augmentation of network and processing capabilities. AWIPS is designed so that software and data can be migrated to new platforms as technology evolves.

History
AWIPS replaced the Automation of Field Operations and Services (AFOS) system which had become obsolete and was very difficult to maintain. AWIPS was originally developed and maintained by PRC, Inc (later acquired by Northrop Grumman Information Technology) with installation completed in 1998.

Since 2005, Raytheon has been NWS’ partner for the operations, maintenance and evolution of AWIPS, providing the integrated mission services required to sustain and enhance system performance. It is a five-year contract with five one-year award terms for a potential maximum 10-year contract.

Teaming with Raytheon are Keane Federal Systems, Globecomm Systems Inc., GTSI Corp., ENSCO, Reston Consulting Group, Fairfield Technologies, Centuria Corporation, and Earth Resources Technology. Together they provide software operations and maintenance, software development, hardware maintenance and logistics, commercial off-the-shelf software maintenance, satellite communications, and network monitoring and control.

Evolution
As the architect of the AWIPS evolution, Raytheon designed, developed, and released the system's next-generation software known as AWIPS II. AWIPS II, which features a new service oriented architecture (SOA) began roll-out in late 2011. This new system simplified code and consequently strengthened system performance while reducing the maintenance burden. All of this is achieved while retaining a system look and feel that makes the AWIPS evolution appear similar to the user.

The AWIPS program office is working in conjunction with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to incorporate the NAWIPS baseline software used by the NCEP centers, National Hurricane Center (NHC) / Aviation Weather Center (AWC) / Storm Prediction Center (SPC) as well as the Weather Prediction Center (formerly Hydrometeorological Prediction Center) and Ocean Prediction Center (WPC and OPC) into the AWIPS II baseline. The commissioning of a new AWIPS site, the first since the Huntsville Weather Forecast Office in 2002, will also be part of this effort at the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) in Boulder, CO.


text:
Bobbi Harlow

Bobbi Harlow is a fictional character in Berke Breathed's comic strip Bloom County.

A schoolteacher, Bobbi is popular among her students, particularly Milo Bloom and Michael Binkley, who both harbored crushes on her. However, the conservative adults in the town are suspicious of her liberal, feminist views. Their suspicions turn to outrage when she brings her left-wing, radical feminist politics into the classroom, such as having the students wear gas masks in case "the fascists" (or, as the children called them, "fishes") tear gassed them, throwing fake blood at "the war mongers" ("war monkeys" in kid-speak) and teaching them about women's liberation. Bobbi originally starts dating Steve Dallas, but is swept off her feet (figuratively and literally) by Cutter John.

Bobbi started out as a major recurring character in the strip, but as time went on her role became more and more limited. As the strip began to focus more on children and animal characters (with the notable exception of Steve), there was less room for Bobbi. By 1983, she was gone completely, without explanation.

Bobbi Harlow's last appearance in the original Bloom County was in a 1988 Sunday strip, where it was revealed that she had joined the staff of Donahue in 1983, and then shaved her head in despair over the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, and cut off her right ear after Geraldine Ferraro's unsuccessful vice-presidential campaign.

title: Bobbi Harlow


text: Talk:Culture of Turkey

title: Talk:Culture of Turkey


text:
Talk:Fundamental attribution error

Criticisms Section
I noticed a meta-analysis characterized as effectively debunking the fundamental attribution error was actually a test of a distinct, but related cognitive bias. I have updated the Criticisms section accordingly and removed the implications more of interest to this other bias, the actor-observer asymmetry. Jimmysoc (talk) 23:09, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

I don't think this section properly summarizes the relevant section of that meta-analysis. Firstly, the author doesn't support an interpretation of the FAE, they just say that their meta-analysis doesn't contradict the "softer" version of the FAE. Secondly, I believe their meaning is that the FAE could have less to do with explaining why an actor did a particular behavior and more about tendencies to make inferences about their likelihood of doing something like that in the future. See this quote: "Yet the social perceiver's concern here is not with explaining the behavior but with inferring whether this behavior is characteristic of the person, whether he or she would show the behavior again, whether he or she has, in a word, the stable disposition to do this sort of thing." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexander the good (talk • contribs) 17:23, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fundamental attribution error


text:
Category:National Weather Service

The National Weather Service (NWS) keeps track of climatological data and coordinates cooperative weather observers, comprising a network of more than 10,000 National Weather Service volunteers across the U.S. who record daily weather measurements that become part of U.S. climate records. Trained volunteers called Skywarn spotters relay severe weather to their local weather service office. The NWS is charged with issuing weather forecasts, advisories, watches, and warnings on a daily basis.

title: Category:National Weather Service


text:
Celles-sur-Durolle

Celles-sur-Durolle (Cèla) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France. The town was known by the name of Celles until 1929.

Neighbouring towns

 * In Puy-de-Dôme: Arconsat, Chabreloche, La Monnerie-le-Montel, Palladuc, Saint-Victor-Montvianeix and Viscomtat
 * In Allier: Lavoine
 * In Loire: Saint-Priest-la-Prugne.

title: Celles-sur-Durolle


text:
Internal wave

Internal waves are gravity waves that oscillate within a fluid medium, rather than on its surface. To exist, the fluid must be stratified: the density must change (continuously or discontinuously) with depth/height due to changes, for example, in temperature and/or salinity. If the density changes over a small vertical distance (as in the case of the thermocline in lakes and oceans or an atmospheric inversion), the waves propagate horizontally like surface waves, but do so at slower speeds as determined by the density difference of the fluid below and above the interface. If the density changes continuously, the waves can propagate vertically as well as horizontally through the fluid.

Internal waves, also called internal gravity waves, go by many other names depending upon the fluid stratification, generation mechanism, amplitude, and influence of external forces. If propagating horizontally along an interface where the density rapidly decreases with height, they are specifically called interfacial (internal) waves. If the interfacial waves are large amplitude they are called internal solitary waves or internal solitons. If moving vertically through the atmosphere where substantial changes in air density influences their dynamics, they are called anelastic (internal) waves. If generated by flow over topography, they are called Lee waves or mountain waves. If the mountain waves break aloft, they can result in strong warm winds at the ground known as Chinook winds (in North America) or Foehn winds (in Europe). If generated in the ocean by tidal flow over submarine ridges or the continental shelf, they are called internal tides. If they evolve slowly compared to the Earth's rotational frequency so that their dynamics are influenced by the Coriolis effect, they are called inertia gravity waves or, simply, inertial waves. Internal waves are usually distinguished from Rossby waves, which are influenced by the change of Coriolis frequency with latitude.

Visualization of internal waves
An internal wave can readily be observed in the kitchen by slowly tilting back and forth a bottle of salad dressing - the waves exist at the interface between oil and vinegar.

Atmospheric internal waves can be visualized by wave clouds: at the wave crests air rises and cools in the relatively lower pressure, which can result in water vapor condensation if the relative humidity is close to 100%. Clouds that reveal internal waves launched by flow over hills are called lenticular clouds because of their lens-like appearance. Less dramatically, a train of internal waves can be visualized by rippled cloud patterns described as herringbone sky or mackerel sky. The outflow of cold air from a thunderstorm can launch large amplitude internal solitary waves at an atmospheric inversion. In northern Australia, these result in Morning Glory clouds, used by some daredevils to glide along like a surfer riding an ocean wave. Satellites over Australia and elsewhere reveal these waves can span many hundreds of kilometers.

Undulations of the oceanic thermocline can be visualized by satellite because the waves increase the surface roughness where the horizontal flow converges, and this increases the scattering of sunlight (as in the image at the top of this page showing of waves generated by tidal flow through the Strait of Gibraltar).

Buoyancy, reduced gravity and buoyancy frequency
According to Archimedes principle, the weight of an immersed object is reduced by the weight of fluid it displaces. This holds for a fluid parcel of density $$\rho$$ surrounded by an ambient fluid of density $$\rho_0$$. Its weight per unit volume is $$g(\rho-\rho_0)$$, in which $$g$$ is the acceleration of gravity. Dividing by a characteristic density, $$\rho_{00}$$, gives the definition of the reduced gravity:

 * $$g^\prime \equiv g \frac{\rho-\rho_0}{\rho_{00}}$$

If $$\rho>\rho_0$$, $$g^\prime$$ is positive though generally much smaller than $$g$$. Because water is much more dense than air, the displacement of water by air from a surface gravity wave feels nearly the full force of gravity ($$g^\prime \sim g$$). The displacement of the thermocline of a lake, which separates warmer surface from cooler deep water, feels the buoyancy force expressed through the reduced gravity. For example, the density difference between ice water and room temperature water is 0.002 the characteristic density of water. So the reduced gravity is 0.2% that of gravity. It is for this reason that internal waves move in slow-motion relative to surface waves.

Whereas the reduced gravity is the key variable describing buoyancy for interfacial internal waves, a different quantity is used to describe buoyancy in continuously stratified fluid whose density varies with height as $$\rho_0(z)$$. Suppose a water column is in hydrostatic equilibrium and a small parcel of fluid with density $$\rho_0(z_0)$$ is displaced vertically by a small distance $$\Delta z$$. The buoyant restoring force results in a vertical acceleration, given by

 * $$\frac{d^2 \Delta z}{dt^2} = - g^\prime = - g (\rho_0(z_0)-\rho_0(z_0+\Delta z))/\rho_0(z_0) \simeq - g \left(-\frac{d\rho_0}{dz} \Delta z\right)/\rho_0(z_0)$$

This is the spring equation whose solution predicts oscillatory vertical displacement about $$z_0$$ in time about with frequency given by the buoyancy frequency:

 * $$ N = \left(-\frac{g}{\rho_0} \frac{d\rho_0}{dz}\right)^{1/2}.$$

The above argument can be generalized to predict the frequency, $$\omega$$, of a fluid parcel that oscillates along a line at an angle $$\Theta$$ to the vertical:

 * $$\omega = N \cos\Theta$$.

This is one way to write the dispersion relation for internal waves whose lines of constant phase lie at an angle $$\Theta$$ to the vertical. In particular, this shows that the buoyancy frequency is an upper limit of allowed internal wave frequencies.

Mathematical modeling of internal waves
The theory for internal waves differs in the description of interfacial waves and vertically propagating internal waves. These are treated separately below.

Interfacial waves
In the simplest case, one considers a two-layer fluid in which a slab of fluid with uniform density $$\rho_1$$ overlies a slab of fluid with uniform density $$\rho_2$$. Arbitrarily the interface between the two layers is taken to be situated at $$z=0.$$ The fluid in the upper and lower layers are assumed to be irrotational. So the velocity in each layer is given by the gradient of a velocity potential, $${\vec{u}=\nabla\phi,}$$ and the potential itself satisfies Laplace's equation:

 * $$\nabla^2\phi=0.$$

Assuming the domain is unbounded and two-dimensional (in the $$x-z$$ plane), and assuming the wave is periodic in $$x$$ with wavenumber $$k>0,$$ the equations in each layer reduces to a second-order ordinary differential equation in $$z$$. Insisting on bounded solutions the velocity potential in each layer is

 * $$\phi_1(x,z,t) = A e^{-kz} \cos(kx - \omega t)$$

and
 * $$\phi_2(x,z,t) = A e^{kz} \cos(kx - \omega t),$$

with $$A$$ the amplitude of the wave and $$\omega$$ its angular frequency. In deriving this structure, matching conditions have been used at the interface requiring continuity of mass and pressure. These conditions also give the dispersion relation:

 * $$\omega^2 = g^\prime k$$

in which the reduced gravity $$g^\prime$$ is based on the density difference between the upper and lower layers:

 * $$g^\prime = \frac{\rho_2-\rho_1}{\rho_2+\rho_1}\, g,$$

with $$g$$ the Earth's gravity. Note that the dispersion relation is the same as that for deep water surface waves by setting $$g^\prime=g.$$

Internal waves in uniformly stratified fluid
The structure and dispersion relation of internal waves in a uniformly stratified fluid is found through the solution of the linearized conservation of mass, momentum, and internal energy equations assuming the fluid is incompressible and the background density varies by a small amount (the Boussinesq approximation). Assuming the waves are two dimensional in the x-z plane, the respective equations are

 * $$\partial_x u + \partial_z w = 0$$
 * $$\rho_{00} \partial_t u = - \partial_x p$$
 * $$\rho_{00} \partial_t w = - \partial_z p - \rho g$$
 * $$\partial_t \rho = -w d\rho_0/dz$$

in which $$\rho$$ is the perturbation density, $$p$$ is the pressure, and $$(u,w)$$ is the velocity. The ambient density changes linearly with height as given by $$\rho_0(z)$$ and $$\rho_{00}$$, a constant, is the characteristic ambient density.

Solving the four equations in four unknowns for a wave of the form $$\exp[i(kx+mz-\omega t)]$$ gives the dispersion relation

 * $$\omega^2 = N^2 \frac{k^2}{k^2+m^2} = N^2 \cos^2\Theta$$

in which $$N$$ is the buoyancy frequency and $$\Theta=\tan^{-1}(m/k)$$ is the angle of the wavenumber vector to the horizontal, which is also the angle formed by lines of constant phase to the vertical.

The phase velocity and group velocity found from the dispersion relation predict the unusual property that they are perpendicular and that the vertical components of the phase and group velocities have opposite sign: if a wavepacket moves upward to the right, the crests move downward to the right.

Internal waves in the ocean
Most people think of waves as a surface phenomenon, which acts between water (as in lakes or oceans) and the air. Where low density water overlies high density water in the ocean, internal waves propagate along the boundary. They are especially common over the continental shelf regions of the world oceans and where brackish water overlies salt water at the outlet of large rivers. There is typically little surface expression of the waves, aside from slick bands that can form over the trough of the waves.

Internal waves are the source of a curious phenomenon called dead water, first reported in 1893 by the Norwegian oceanographer Fridtjof Nansen, in which a boat may experience strong resistance to forward motion in apparently calm conditions. This occurs when the ship is sailing on a layer of relatively fresh water whose depth is comparable to the ship's draft. This causes a wake of internal waves that dissipates a huge amount of energy.

Properties of internal waves
Internal waves typically have much lower frequencies and higher amplitudes than surface gravity waves because the density differences (and therefore the restoring forces) within a fluid are usually much smaller. Wavelengths vary from centimetres to kilometres with periods of seconds to hours respectively.

The atmosphere and ocean are continuously stratified: potential density generally increases steadily downward. Internal waves in a continuously stratified medium may propagate vertically as well as horizontally. The dispersion relation for such waves is curious: For a freely-propagating internal wave packet, the direction of propagation of energy (group velocity) is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave crests and troughs (phase velocity). An internal wave may also become confined to a finite region of altitude or depth, as a result of varying stratification or wind. Here, the wave is said to be ducted or trapped, and a vertically standing wave may form, where the vertical component of group velocity approaches zero. A ducted internal wave mode may propagate horizontally, with parallel group and phase velocity vectors, analogous to propagation within a waveguide.

At large scales, internal waves are influenced both by the rotation of the Earth as well as by the stratification of the medium. The frequencies of these geophysical wave motions vary from a lower limit of the Coriolis frequency (inertial motions) up to the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, or buoyancy frequency (buoyancy oscillations). Above the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, there may be evanescent internal wave motions, for example those resulting from partial reflection. Internal waves at tidal frequencies are produced by tidal flow over topography/bathymetry, and are known as internal tides. Similarly, atmospheric tides arise from, for example, non-uniform solar heating associated with diurnal motion.

Onshore transport of planktonic larvae
Cross-shelf transport, the exchange of water between coastal and offshore environments, is of particular interest for its role in delivering meroplanktonic larvae to often disparate adult populations from shared offshore larval pools. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the cross-shelf of planktonic larvae by internal waves. The prevalence of each type of event depends on a variety of factors including bottom topography, stratification of the water body, and tidal influences.

Internal tidal bores
Similarly to surface waves, internal waves change as they approach the shore. As the ratio of wave amplitude to water depth becomes such that the wave “feels the bottom,” water at the base of the wave slows down due to friction with the sea floor. This causes the wave to become asymmetrical and the face of the wave to steepen, and finally the wave will break, propagating forward as an internal bore. Internal waves are often formed as tides pass over a shelf break. The largest of these waves are generated during springtides and those of sufficient magnitude break and progress across the shelf as bores. These bores are evidenced by rapid, step-like changes in temperature and salinity with depth, the abrupt onset of upslope flows near the bottom and packets of high frequency internal waves following the fronts of the bores.

The arrival of cool, formerly deep water associated with internal bores into warm, shallower waters corresponds with drastic increases in phytoplankton and zooplankton concentrations and changes in plankter species abundances. Additionally, while both surface waters and those at depth tend to have relatively low primary productivity, thermoclines are often associated with a chlorophyll maximum layer. These layers in turn attract large aggregations of mobile zooplankton that internal bores subsequently push inshore. Many taxa can be almost absent in warm surface waters, yet plentiful in these internal bores.

Surface slicks
While internal waves of higher magnitudes will often break after crossing over the shelf break, smaller trains will proceed across the shelf unbroken. At low wind speeds these internal waves are evidenced by the formation of wide surface slicks, oriented parallel to the bottom topography, which progress shoreward with the internal waves. Waters above an internal wave converge and sink in its trough and upwell and diverge over its crest. The convergence zones associated with internal wave troughs often accumulate oils and flotsam that occasionally progress shoreward with the slicks. These rafts of flotsam can also harbor high concentrations of larvae of invertebrates and fish an order of magnitude higher than the surrounding waters.

Predictable downwellings
Thermoclines are often associated with chlorophyll maximum layers. Internal waves represent oscillations of these thermoclines and therefore have the potential to transfer these phytoplankton rich waters downward, coupling benthic and pelagic systems. Areas affected by these events show higher growth rates of suspension feeding ascidians and bryozoans, likely due to the periodic influx of high phytoplankton concentrations. Periodic depression of the thermocline and associated downwelling may also play an important role in the vertical transport of planktonic larvae.

Trapped cores
Large steep internal waves containing trapped, reverse-oscillating cores can also transport parcels of water shoreward. These non-linear waves with trapped cores had previously been observed in the laboratory and predicted theoretically. These waves propagate in environments characterized by high shear and turbulence and likely derive their energy from waves of depression interacting with a shoaling bottom further upstream. The conditions favorable to the generation of these waves are also likely to suspend sediment along the bottom as well as plankton and nutrients found along the benthos in deeper water.

title: Internal wave


text: Category:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Home-office

From VfD:

This is from the {delete} cat, but I think has too much context to qualify. There are no links to it from the article namespace, only Who, Why?. It may be theoretically possible to write an encyclopedic article on the subject, but right now it's mostly just a dic def. I also wonder about the title, as, from what I've seen, most terms that one sees hyphenated elsewhere, on Wikipedia, the hyphen is omitted (EG African American), tho' I'm not real clear why. Niteowlneils 15:00, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd have said it was a valid subject, so keep. Whether it should have a hyphen is questionable, but I imagine that's an attempt to differentiate from "Home Office". Deb 20:02, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I suspect the content is covered in Small Office, Home Office aka SOHO, which I think is the general term for this. --Ianb 20:17, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Small Office, Home Office. In fact, I'll do that right now.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:38, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep redirect. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:45, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It might be useful to disambig this kind of home-office from the use of the term to refer to a "home" office of a wide-spread corporation... not sure if this would be the place for it, though. -FZ 15:50, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


text:
Munchkin (card game)

Munchkin is a dedicated deck card game by Steve Jackson Games, written by Steve Jackson and illustrated by John Kovalic. It is a humorous take on role-playing games, based on the concept of munchkins (immature role-players, playing only to "win" by having the most powerful character possible).

Munchkin won the 2001 Origins Award for Best Traditional Card Game, and is itself a spin-off of The Munchkin's Guide to Powergaming, a gaming humor book which also won an Origins Award in 2000.

After the success of the original Munchkin game several expansion packs and sequels were published. Now available in 15 different languages, Munchkin accounted for more than 70% of the 2007 sales for Steve Jackson Games and remains their top-selling title through 2020.

Gameplay

In Munchkin, all players start at level 1, with the goal of reaching level 10 (or level 20 in Epic Level games). Players primarily progress by killing monsters, and level up every time they kill a monster. However, players can freely use cards against monsters and other players during play, allowing them to either assist or to sabotage others during their turn. Each person's turn begins when they "kick down the door" by drawing a Door Card face-up. A Door Card can be one of the following types: a Monster Card, which the player must engage by fighting or fleeing; a Curse Card, which applies an effect; or an Item Card, Race Card, or Class Card, which the player adds to their hand. If the card drawn is not a Monster Card, the player can either "loot the room" by drawing a face-down door card and adding it to their hand, or "look for trouble" by playing a Monster Card from their hand to fight it.

When fighting a monster, the total level of the player (and any supporting players) is weighed against the total level of the monster(s) to determine the victor. A successful player draws the listed amount of treasure cards and levels up according to however many levels the monster is worth, but an unsuccessful character must roll the dice to try and flee; players who fail to roll a five or six suffer the monster's negative effects ("Bad Stuff") or die. When a player dies, their turn immediately ends. Others player will get their chance to Loot the Body.

Starting with the player with the highest level, everyone else chooses one card and in case of ties in Level, rolls a die. Once everyone gets one card, the rest is discarded. When the next player's turn begins, the new character appears and can help others in combat with its Level and Class or Race abilities. The next turn starts with four face-down cards being drawn from each deck and any desired legal cards being played, like at game start. The turn then proceeds normally.

Due to the highly competitive nature of the game and the presence of rule-breaking cards, players are encouraged to use unfair tactics against others, to act as a mercenary to further themselves at the expense of others, or to use cheat cards to affect outcomes (such as fixing the roll of the die). Throughout a player's turn, others are free to intervene: they can passively buff or debuff the player or monsters to alter the outcome; play monster cards of matching types to make the battle more difficult; or offer to assist the player, typically in exchange for treasure cards.

Other cards that can enter play include Items, which can be used in combat, Treasure Cards, which act as sellable loot and equipment, and Curse Cards, which apply effects. Additionally, players can equip certain cards (such as armor and weapons) to raise their total level and kill stronger monsters, and can use Class Cards and Race Cards to grant extra abilities or advantages at the cost of a balanced weakness; for example, the elf race can level when helping others kill monsters, but will take additional damage from disgusting enemies.

Standard games typically last around an hour, with the game ending once a player reaches the target level and wins the match. Aside from defeating monsters, players can progress through indirect means such as selling cards (with every 1000 Gold on the sum total granting a level) or by playing special leveling cards. Most games disallow victory through indirect methods, meaning only fighting a monster can win the game. There are a few exceptions, however, such as when a player uses cards that specifically state they override rules.

Reception
An early review on RPGnet regards Munchkin as not a very serious game; the rules make this clear with phrases like "Decide who goes first by rolling the dice and arguing about the results and the meaning of this sentence and whether the fact that a word seems to be missing any effect," and "Any disputes in the rules should be settled by loud arguments with the owner of the game having the last word." There are many cards which interact with or are affected by a single other card, despite the rarity of the two cards entering play together (such as the interaction between Fowl Fiend and Chicken on Your Head or Sword of Slaying Everything Except Squid and Squidzilla).

On BoardGameGeek the average user rating is 6/10. Tom Vasel of The Dice Tower was critical of the game Munchkin feeling it was overpriced, had limited re-playability, and a poor and occasionally tedious gaming experience.

In a review of Munchkin in Black Gate, Bob Byrne said "I can't imagine anyone playing Munchkin with two friends and not enjoying it. [...] The shifting alliances, the humor on the cards, the ebb and flow of winning and losing: it is simply a fun, fun game. We often don't finish in an hour and declare the leader the winner (though it is possible to get to level ten in an hour). But unlike many games, the experience of just playing is the real reward." Mark Rigney for Black Gate said "Here there be dragons, yes, but also a lot of snide references aimed at society in general. For my money (thank goodness, our box of Munchkin was a gift, so it cost me nothing), it's all in good fun."

title: Munchkin (card game)