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Herschelle Gibbs

Herschelle Herman Gibbs (born 23 February 1974) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer, who played all formats of the game for fourteen years. A right-handed batsman,who mostly opened the batting, Gibbs became the first player to hit six consecutive sixes in one over in One Day International (ODI) cricket, doing so against the Netherlands in the 2007 Cricket World Cup.

Regarded as one of the most naturally talented cricketers South Africa have ever produced, Gibbs was also known as an excellent fielder, like his compatriot Jonty Rhodes, with former Australian captain Ricky Ponting noting that in his opinion Gibbs is better than Rhodes in his ability to hit the stumps, with a report prepared by ESPNcricinfo in late 2005 showing that since the 1999 Cricket World Cup, he had effected the eighth highest number of run-outs in ODI cricket of any fieldsman, with the tenth highest success rate.

Personal life
Gibbs was schooled at St Joseph's Marist College and then Diocesan College in Rondebosch. Gibbs was a gifted sportsman at school featuring in SA Schools teams for rugby, cricket and soccer.

At Diocesan College Gibbs played for their First Rugby XV in the same team alongside Robbie Fleck, Selborne Boome and Dave von Hoesslin who would all go on to become Springboks. Gibbs also played alongside Springboks star Percy Montgomery for Western Province in Craven Week 1992.

Gibbs fathered a son with partner Liesl Fuller in 1996. In June 2007, Gibbs married Tenielle Povey in St Kitts, but divorced soon afterwards. In 2019, a court ordered him to pay 4500 rands per month for child care of a baby belonging to him and a woman with whom he had an affair. He engaged with Dana Németh in June 2023.

International career
Gibbs has scored two double centuries in his Test career, both contrasting innings. His first was an innings of 211 not out against New Zealand at Jade Stadium in 1999. His innings took 468 balls while his second double century, 228 against Pakistan came off just 240 balls. In that innings in Newlands, he reached a national record partnership of 368 with Graeme Smith. He has put on a further two 300-run opening stands with his captain, making them the only pair in Test history to break 300 on three occasions. He also holds the South African second wicket record, a partnership of 315* with Jacques Kallis.

Gibbs famously dropped a catch in a World Cup game against Australia in 1999, when he attempted to throw the ball up into the air in celebration before he had full control of it. The player that he dropped, Steve Waugh, went on to make a century and win the game for Australia, a victory which also gave the Australian side the momentum they required to go on and win the tournament. It was claimed at the time that, immediately after the dropped catch, Waugh had "sledged" Gibbs with the statement, "You've just dropped the World Cup", but, in his autobiography Out of My Comfort Zone, Waugh denies this. Waugh did state, however, that teammate Shane Warne had noticed that Gibbs had developed a habit of throwing the ball in the air prematurely after taking catches and instructed his colleagues not to leave the crease too quickly if they happened to be caught by Gibbs, just in case the situation that happened to Waugh should actually occur.

Record breaking
Gibbs is one of only ten batsmen in ODI history to score hundreds in three consecutive innings, the others being Zaheer Abbas, Saeed Anwar, AB de Villiers, Quinton de Kock, Ross Taylor, Kumar Sangakkara, Rohit Sharma, Virat Kohli and Babar Azam. Sangakkara became the only player to hit four consecutive ODI hundreds, during 2015 cricket world cup. On 6 October 2002, in Potchefstroom, in a match against Bangladeshis, Gibbs had a chance to become the first ever batsman to score four hundreds in a row. South Africa was set the target of 155 for victory, and Gibbs fell just three runs short, finishing unbeaten on 97. With just six runs needed for victory, he had the strike on 96, but Alok Kapali bowled a legside wide that went for four and made his task almost impossible.

On 12 March 2006, Gibbs played a monumental innings in the 5th ODI against Australia, scoring 175 off just 111 balls leading South Africa to victory. He was batting with Graeme Smith after Boeta Dippenaar was out on 1(3) bowled by Nathan Bracken. This was the highest scoring One Day International match in history and his innings broke several batting records. It was the highest ever score made in an ODI against Australia, beating Robin Smith's effort in 1993. By bringing up his hundred off just 79 balls, he also brought up what was at the time the fastest ever ODI century against Australia. More importantly however, it was the fastest ever hundred by a South African batsman against any opposition, although the record would be broken later in the year by Mark Boucher. It was also the highest ever score by a batsman in South Africa. He scored 126 runs in boundaries, the most ever by a batsman. This record stood until 11 April 2011, when Shane Watson hit 150 runs in boundaries against Bangladesh.

In the match against the Netherlands in the group stage of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, Gibbs hit six sixes in an over off the bowling of Daan van Bunge becoming the first player in One Day International history to do so. Ravi Shastri and Sir Garfield Sobers had previously achieved this feat in first-class cricket but to date no player has achieved this in Test Cricket. In doing so, he raised US$1 million for the Habitat for Humanity housing projects as part of a contest run by tournament sponsor Johnnie Walker. It is likely that his being awarded citizenship of St Kitts and Nevis was due to this feat. His six hitting form continued throughout the tournament and when he hit Jacob Oram into the stands during a Super Eight match he drew level with Australian batsman Ricky Ponting on 28 for most sixes in World Cup history.

Struggle with form
In the past two series against England and the West Indies he was brought down the order from the opening batsman to the middle order due to lack of form. After the move he regained form and looked more comfortable batting against the older ball. On 22 April 2006, Gibbs paid the price for his recent run-drought, and was dropped for the second and third Tests against the New Zealand cricket team. He has been short of confidence in Test cricket of late, and scored only 6 and 2 in the First Test at Centurion Park. South Africa's chief selector, Haroon Lorgat said, "We had a meeting and agreed that a break and a fresh start next season will do him a world of good." This decision was widely viewed as a harsh one.

He came back into the side in the middle order but continued to struggle for runs. On the conclusion of the 1st Test against Pakistan in January 2007 he had gone over 2 years without scoring a century. He had come close on many occasions to ending the drought, getting out in the nineties four times.

In April 2009, his sixteen One Day International innings since the March 2008 one-day series in Bangladesh having yielded just three fifties, even Stuart Hess, his most ardent media supporter, was moved to cast doubt over his future. Hess had famously recommended Gibbs as captaincy successor to Shaun Pollock in 2003, but now, noting that his "average, as an opener, in that same period is 25.25, more than 10 runs below his overall average of 35.87", Hess felt "a sense that Gibbs is living off past deeds and not playing with the requisite form needed to hold on to a national spot." He noted, however, that Gibbs was the only South African with more than 1,000 World Cup runs and that, of the twelve others, only Sachin Tendulkar with 57.93 and Sir Viv Richards with 63.31 had better averages:

"Perhaps putting up with Gibbs's current inconsistent streak may just have to be the pay-off South Africa have to make if it means he can help guide the national side to greater glory in two years time."

After being dropped from the side Gibbs stated that he wanted to perform well in the domestic cup and that he was feeling well about it. He stated that his aim was to play in the 2011 Cricket World Cup

His Test career came to an end following the 2007/08 West Indies tour of South Africa.

County cricket
Gibbs played for Glamorgan in the 2008 County Twenty20 tournament where he had a successful time; his highest score being 98 off just 52 balls in a losing game against Northants. He then signed up to play for Glamorgan for the 2009 County season, replacing Mark Cosgrove as the overseas player at the end of June. He also represented Glamorgan in two NatWest Pro40 League matches in that same season.

Gibbs then signed for Yorkshire Carnegie for the 2010 Friends Provident t20 tournament, where he was their overseas player, scoring 101 from 53 balls against Northamptonshire to achieve his first century in English T20 cricket.

Big Bash League
In the 2011/12 season the Perth Scorchers signed Gibbs for their campaign in the Australian Big Bash League. Gibbs did a brilliant job for the team so much so that they made it to the final. He was the third highest run scorer. He scored 302 runs in 7 matches with an average of 43.14. His prominent batting helped the Scorchers to participate in the Champions League T20 which was held in South Africa during September 2012.

Indian Premier League
In April 2008, Herschelle Gibbs joined the Deccan Chargers of the Indian Premier League. His mediocre performance in 2008 season made the Chargers' management put him on sale. However, he came up with splendid knocks in the second season helping the Deccan Chargers ahead with four continuous wins in their first four matches. Of all the openers, Adam Gilchrist and Gibbs have been the most explosive pair. He also played a crucial role in the finals by scoring an unbeaten 53 (48 balls) in the final when Adam Gilchrist went out for a duck. He also took a crucial catch off Mark Boucher at point when the Royal Challengers were cruising to the victory. In the 2012 version of the IPL, he was signed by the Mumbai Indians with a reported fee of US$50,000. His top score is 69* (56) v Chennai Super Kings. In 2012, he scored 66* (46) for the Mumbai Indians.

Bangladesh Premier League
In a new T20 championship in Bangladesh, the team of Khulna Royal Bengals in the Bangladesh Premier League bought him for $50000 as their team member on 19 January 2012.

Kashmir Premier League
In the inaugural edition Kashmir Premier League 2021, he was the only foreign player to join the tournament.

Controversies
In 2001, Gibbs was fined along with several teammates for smoking marijuana during that year's tour of the West Indies.

Gibbs was involved in the match fixing affair with former captain Hansie Cronje, who offered him $15,000 to score "less than 20" in the 5th One-Day International of a series. He tearfully claimed to the King Commission of inquiry into corruption in South African cricket that he did not follow through on his side of the bargain, scoring 74 runs. As a result, he was banned for only six months. He repeatedly refused to tour India fearing arrest and refused to even speak to Indian Police over the matter. However, Gibbs was named in the South African squad to tour India in the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy, and as a result, met with Indian Police over his involvement in the match-fixing scandal.

On 15 January 2007, it was announced that Gibbs would face a disciplinary panel after making racist comments during the 1st Test against Pakistan. His words had been picked up on the stump microphone saying remarks such as "go back to the zoo" and swearing to the Pakistani players and as a result heard across the world. The comments were said to have been directed at the members of the crowd after teammate Paul Harris had been abused by them whilst fielding. The Pakistani management made an official complaint to referee Chris Broad and Gibbs was banned for two Tests. He appealed against the ban but this was rejected by the ICC's code of conduct commissioner, Richie Benaud. The ban was, however, changed to one Test, one Twenty20 game and one ODI match – all against Pakistan. In August 2021, he accused BCCI of putting pressure on him to not play in the inaugural edition of the Kashmir Premier League (KPL).

Coaching career
In July 2019, Gibbs was appointed as the head coach of the Rotterdam Rhinos for the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. Prior to this, he also had an experience of coaching teams in Shpageeza Cricket League and Kuwait's national squad. In November 2020, he was selected by the Colombo Kings as the head coach for the inaugural edition of the Lanka Premier League. On 2 January 2021 he was selected as a new head coach of Karachi Kings in the PSL.

title: Herschelle Gibbs


text: User talk:68.45.46.91

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.45.46.91


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Paktofonika

Paktofonika was a Polish hip hop group from Katowice and Mikołów, which debuted with the album Kinematografia in 2000. The name Paktofonika comes from the words pakt (pact) and fonika (phonics), from which derives the idea of "A pact made alongside sounds from a speaker", created by band's founders, Magik and Rahim.

A film inspired by its story, titled Jesteś Bogiem and directed by Leszek Dawid, was released in May 2012. It became a box-office hit and the highest-selling Polish film of the year. It also won several film awards.

Members

 * Piotr "Magik" Łuszcz (1978–2000) – formerly of Kaliber 44
 * Wojciech "Fokus" Alszer (born 1980) – ex Kwadrat Skład, since 2004 a member of Pokahontaz
 * Sebastian "Rahim" Salbert (born 1978) – ex 3xKlan, Erka, since 2004 a member of Pokahontaz

Formation (1998–1999)
Paktofonika began when Magik left Kaliber 44 during the recording of their second album, W 63 minuty dookoła świata (1998). Rahim left his group 3xKlan at around the same time, and formed Paktofonika with Magik and Fokus in 1998. Their first songs, written in October 1998, were "Priorytety", "Ja to Ja" and "Gdyby". Two new members joined Paktofonika, DJ Bambus on turntables, and Sot as a beatboxer.

Kinematografia and Magik's death (2000)
In the spring of 2000, the group signed a contract with Gigant Records. In the summer of that year, the group was in Witten, Germany, where they recorded their song "2 Kilo" with German artists. On 18 December 2000, Paktofonika's first album entitled Kinematografia was released. Eight days later, on 26 December at 6.15 a.m., Magik committed suicide by jumping from the window of his ninth-floor apartment.

Aftermath (2001–2003)
After Magik's death, the group continued performing with DJ Bambus and Sot for some time. In concerts, they were using previously recorded material of Magik's vocals. In May 2001, a sample of Paktofonika's song "Ja to Ja", sung by reggae/hip-hop artist Piotr 'Gutek' Gutkowski, was used in an ice-cream commercial without the group members' permission, but with the knowledge of Gigant Records.

In September 2002, Paktofonika's farewell album was released. Archiwum Kinematografii contained studio outtakes from the group's first album, and two songs recorded later without Magik, "Ja to ja 2 (dokładnie tak!)" and "W pełnej gotowości". In December 2002, it was announced that on 21 March 2003 the group would give its last performance under the name Paktofonika in Spodek, Katowice. The concert was recorded and released as Pożegnalny koncert on 26 April 2004 through Universal Music Poland.

Rahim and Fokus continue to work on other projects, such as PFK Company and Pokahontaz.

The official comeback of Paktofonika (2022–present)
In 2022, Fokus and Rahim announced their return to concerts as Paktofonika, wanting to celebrate the 22nd anniversary of the Kinematografia album and the 20th anniversary of the Archiwum kinematografii. Since 2022, many concerts have been organized throughout Poland and also in other countries (e.g. United States, Canada, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway and Iceland)

Legacy
Jesteś Bogiem, a long-awaited film inspired by Paktofonika's story and directed by Leszek Dawid, was released on 7 May 2012. It received critical acclaim and won several awards, including two Polish Film Awards (out of ten nominations) and 6 Złote Lwy awards (out of 7 nominations) at Gdynia Film Festival. The film was also a box-office hit, with 1,366,293 viewers within its first month in theaters, and became the highest-selling Polish film of the year. The film title (You are God) refers to the title of Paktofonika's most popular song, "Jestem Bogiem" ("I am God").

title: Paktofonika


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Talk:Public law

More generally, perhaps wiki can get a legal research site together? Links? I'll probably add some to the discussion page as time goes by, but I feel I must be missing some or the www is not living up to it's potential. Wiki could fill an often desperate need on this critical area. Perhaps some working groups/pages to maximize the utility of health and law ...pages? The classical start would be to list previous best efforts/observations... WblakesxWblakesx

Common Law
the current version confuses two different distinctions: public law vs. private law and Common law vs statute or Roman law. English common law is one particular legal system, which includes both civil and criminal matters. In political science, the term "public law" is used only for the law (whether constitutional or statute) that constitutes or governs state authorities and agencies. Mikedelsol 11:17, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

publice law has so many different subs that it needs to be better communicated to the PUBLIC. sadly far too often the members of the public are ignorant to thier rights and so left in the dark to stumble along void of understanding to the law that ideally was created to protect them. if public law is the laws that govern the relationship between the public and the state yet only one party is aware then one can see where there in lines vase room for justice to be missed.

Agree with Miedelsol. "As most U.S. states share a heritage with English law, the private law of the United States is generally called the common law (as it is in other Anglo-American common law jurisdictions)." No, the common law is case law. Roe v Wade, for example. Bucketloads of it is private. Carbolic Smoke Ball? That's contract law, which is private. Public and common law are not the same. 78.144.131.106 (talk) 10:18, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed as suggested. Littledogboy (talk) 15:26, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Presumption of Innocence
the English presumption of innocence in a criminal trial, which is contrary to the French presumption of guilt is incorrect unless it is supposed to say perhaps something about the French legal system in the 18th or early 19th centuries.

Presumption_of_innocence says:

''In France, article 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, of constitutional value, says "Everyone is supposed innocent until having been declared guilty." and the preliminary article of the code of criminal procedure says "any suspected or prosecuted person is presumed to be innocent until their guilt has been established". The jurors' oath reiterates this assertion.'' --Espoo (talk) 22:29, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Anyway, not within the scope of this article. Littledogboy (talk) 15:26, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

From Act to Public Law
How an Act becomes a Public Law ?. --Nopetro (talk) 12:35, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * A Public Act = a Public Law (a type of Act of Parliament/Congress in the UK/US). Not to be confused with Public law (an area of law covered in this article). Littledogboy (talk) 15:26, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Canada
From what I understand, the delineation of responsibilities between the federal and provincial governments in Canada is that the private law is solely responsibility of the provinces, with one and a half exceptions (bankruptcy being purely federal and corporate law being an area of concurrent responsibility), while the public law (outside of provincial taxes, provincial administrative law, etc., etc., etc.) is the (pardon the pun) province of the federal government. (1) Am I wrong? (2) If I'm right, does anyone have a source for this? Lockesdonkey (talk) 03:40, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

 * You're wrong (sorry to be blunt). Public law emerges from all three levels of government, as it is the law behind relationships between individuals and the state. If a provincial legislature passes a law concerning education (which is solely a provincial matter), that law falls within the domain of public law. The same if parliament passes a law regarding defense (solely federal). As for the examples you mentioned. Bankruptcy: yes. Corporate law: no, it's governed by federal law but managed by the provinces. JapanOfGreenGables (talk) 09:48, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

How does the Magna Carta factor in for "Public law in civil law and common law jurisdictions"?
I am not a lawyer. I have no background in law. My understanding of common law and the Magna Carta is shakey at best. I'm utterly confused as to why the Magna Carta is so important that it gets a subheading link when it isn't even mentioned in the section otherwise. puggo (talk) 00:49, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Changing redirect on wikipedia for public law?
When one searched "public law" on Wikipedia, it redirects to the page for Act of Congress rather than this page. Should this be corrected? I will also add this question to the talk page for Act of Congress.JapanOfGreenGables (talk) 04:23, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

I've just realized it only does this if both words are capitalized. If one searches "Public law," or "public law" it redirects to this page. JapanOfGreenGables (talk) 04:30, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

Question
Is the 3rd paragraph needed?...... Sorry if its obvious I'm still reading and trying to learn all this. ThorOdinsonThor (talk) 16:32, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

I donʻt think it is. Rights are not necessarily thought of in terms of the law (i.e human rights being inherent to human nature). I am thinking it should be removed, but will not do so right away in case there are any objections. JapanOfGreenGables (talk) 09:00, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public law


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Andy Blignaut

Arnoldus Mauritius Blignaut (born 1 August 1978) is a Zimbabwean former cricketer, who played all formats of the game. He was a right-arm fast-medium bowler, also known as a hard-hitting batsman in ODIs, where he frequently scored a fast rate; though he was seldom able to sustain this form and keeping his wicket intact through many overs. He more often played ODIs, where many runs in a short time are desired, than Tests.

International career
On his Test debut, he took five wickets in the first innings against Bangladesh in Bulawayo in 2001. Blignaut took a hat-trick against Bangladesh in a Test match at Harare on 22 February 2004. He is the only bowler to take a Test hat-trick for Zimbabwe.

Like Travis Friend and Henry Olonga before him, Blignaut was one of the few Zimbabwean bowlers who could exceed 90 mph. In a land full of medium-fast bowlers, Blignaut (on his day) formed a lethal opening combination with the dependable Heath Streak, often rushing the batsmen for pace off the wicket. In an ODI against England at Durham in 2003, he bowled a 93 mph thunderbolt to England allrounder Andrew Flintoff. In the same game, however, he went at 10 runs an over, getting neither his line nor his length right. He remained Zimbabwe's wild card, especially in the shorter formats, with the ability to either win or lose a game in a matter of overs.

After playing the series against New Zealand and India in 2005, he withdrew from Zimbabwe selection over not being paid.

His ODI strike-rate is over 100, with a high score of 63 not out, and an average of just 19. His bowling average is just above 41, with best bowling figures of 4/43, and an economy of 5.34. He was also a fine fielder.

Domestic career
In the Australian season 2004–05, Blignaut was contracted to play for Tasmania. Injury and poor form prevented him from playing all but a couple of games for the state. He even struggled to make an impact at club level. Eventually he returned to Zimbabwe to re-join the Test side. The second year of his contract with Tasmania was cancelled.

He signed a contract with South African domestic side Highveld Lions for 2006 season. After 2006, he disappeared from cricket for a few years before returning in 2010 for a few matches for Zimbabwe.

After cricket
He works in the family business in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

title: Andy Blignaut


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Local Interconnect Network

LIN (Local Interconnect Network) is a network protocol used for communication between components in modern vehicles. It is a low-cost single-wire serial protocol that supports communications up to 19.2 Kbit/s with a maximum bus length of 40 m.

History
The need for a cheap serial network arose as the technologies and the facilities implemented in the car grew, while the CAN bus was too expensive to implement for every component in the car. European car manufacturers started using different serial communication technologies, which led to compatibility problems.

In the late 1990s, the LIN Consortium was founded by five automakers (BMW, Volkswagen Group, Audi, Volvo Cars, Mercedes-Benz), with the technologies supplied (networking and hardware expertise) from Volcano Automotive Group and Motorola. The first fully implemented version of the new LIN specification (LIN version 1.3) was published in November 2002. In September 2003, version 2.0 was introduced to expand capabilities and make provisions for additional diagnostics features. LIN may be used also over the vehicle's battery power line with a special LIN-over-DC-power-line (DC-LIN) transceiver. LIN over DC power line (DC-LIN) was standardized as ISO/AWI 17987-8.

CAN in Automation has been appointed by the ISO Technical Management Board (TMB) as the Registration Authority for the LIN Supplier ID standardized in the ISO 17987 series.

Network topology
LIN is a broadcast serial network comprising 16 nodes (one master and up to 15 slaves).

All messages are initiated by the master with at most one slave replying to a given message identifier. The master node can also act as a slave by replying to its own messages. Because all communications are initiated by the master it is not necessary to implement a collision detection.

The master and slaves are typically microcontrollers, but may be implemented in specialized hardware or ASICs in order to save cost, space, or power.

Current uses combine the low-cost efficiency of LIN and simple sensors to create small networks. These sub-systems can be connected by a back-bone network (i.e. CAN in cars).

Overview
The LIN bus is an inexpensive serial communications protocol, which effectively supports remote application within a car's network. It is particularly intended for mechatronic nodes in distributed automotive applications, but is equally suited to industrial applications. It is intended to complement the existing CAN network leading to hierarchical networks within cars.

In the late 1990s the Local Interconnect Network (LIN) Consortium was founded by five European automakers, Mentor Graphics (Formerly Volcano Automotive Group) and Freescale (Formerly Motorola, now NXP). The first fully implemented version of the new LIN specification was published in November 2002 as LIN version 1.3. In September 2003 version 2.0 was introduced to expand configuration capabilities and make provisions for significant additional diagnostics features and tool interfaces.

The protocol’s main features are listed below:

 * Single master, up to 16 slaves (i.e. no bus arbitration). This is the value recommended by the LIN Consortium to achieve deterministic time response.
 * Slave Node Position Detection (SNPD) allows node address assignment after power-up
 * Single-wire communications up to 19.2 kbit/s @ 40 meter bus length. In the LIN specification 2.2, the speed up to 20 kbit/s.
 * Guaranteed latency times.
 * Variable length of data frame (2, 4 and 8 bytes).
 * Configuration flexibility.
 * Multicast reception with time synchronization, without crystals or ceramic resonators.
 * Data checksum and error detection.
 * Detection of defective nodes.
 * Low-cost silicon implementation based on standard UART/SCI hardware.
 * Enabler for hierarchical networks.
 * Operating voltage of 12 V.

Data is transferred across the bus in fixed-form messages of selectable lengths. The master task transmits a header that consists of a break signal followed by synchronization and identifier fields. The slaves respond with a data frame that consists of 2, 4 or 8 data bytes plus 3 bytes of control information.

LIN message frame
A message contains the following fields:

 * Synchronization break
 * Synchronization byte
 * Identifier byte
 * Data bytes
 * Checksum byte

Frame types

 * 1)  Unconditional frame.  These always carry signals and their identifiers are in the range 0 to 59 (0x00 to 0x3b). All subscribers of the unconditional frame shall receive the frame and make it available to the application (assuming no errors were detected).
 * 2) Event-triggered frame. The purpose of this is to increase the responsiveness of the LIN cluster without assigning too much of the bus bandwidth to the polling of multiple slave nodes with seldom occurring events. The first data byte of the carried unconditional frame shall be equal to a protected identifier assigned to an event-triggered frame. A slave shall reply with an associated unconditional frame only if its data value has changed. If none of the slave tasks responds to the header the rest of the frame slot is silent and the header is ignored. If more than one slave task responds to the header in the same frame slot a collision will occur, and the master has to resolve the collision by requesting all associated unconditional frames before requesting the event-triggered frame again.
 * 3)  Sporadic frame. This frame is transmitted by the master as required, so a collision cannot occur. The header of a sporadic frame shall only be sent in its associated frame slot when the master task knows that a signal carried in the frame has been updated. The publisher of the sporadic frame shall always provide the response to the header.
 * 4) Diagnostic frame. These always carry diagnostic or configuration data and they always contain eight data bytes. The identifier is either 60 (0x3C), called master request frame, or 61(0x3D), called slave response frame. Before generating the header of a diagnostic frame, the master task asks its diagnostic module if it shall be sent or if the bus shall be silent. The slave tasks publish and subscribe to the response according to their diagnostic module.
 * 5) User-defined frame. These can carry any kind of information. Their identifier is 62 (0x3E). The header of a user-defined frame is always transmitted when a frame slot allocated to the frame is processed
 * 6) Reserved frame. These shall not be used in a LIN 2.0 cluster. Their identifier is 63 (0x3F).

LIN hardware
The LIN specification was designed to allow very cheap hardware-nodes being used within a network. It is a low-cost, single-wire network based on ISO 9141. In today’s car networking topologies, microcontrollers with either UART capability or dedicated LIN hardware are used. The microcontroller generates all needed LIN data (protocol ...) (partly) by software and is connected to the LIN network via a LIN transceiver (simply speaking, a level shifter with some add-ons). Working as a LIN node is only part of the possible functionality. The LIN hardware may include this transceiver and works as a pure LIN node without added functionality.

As LIN Slave nodes should be as cheap as possible, they may generate their internal clocks by using RC oscillators instead of crystal oscillators (quartz or a ceramic). To ensure the baud rate-stability within one LIN frame, the SYNC field within the header is used.

LIN protocol
The LIN-Master uses one or more predefined scheduling tables to start the sending and receiving to the LIN bus. These scheduling tables contain at least the relative timing, where the message sending is initiated. One LIN Frame consists of the two parts header and response. The header is always sent by the LIN Master, while the response is sent by either one dedicated LIN-Slave or the LIN master itself.

Transmitted data within the LIN is transmitted serially as eight bit data bytes with one start bit, one stop-bit, and no parity (break field does not have a start or stop bit). Bit rates vary within the range of 1 kbit/s to 20 kbit/s. Data on the bus is divided into recessive (logical HIGH) and dominant (logical LOW). The time normally is considered by the LIN Masters stable clock source, the smallest entity is one bit time (52 μs @ 19.2 kbit/s).

Two bus statessleep-mode and activeare used within the LIN protocol. While data is on the bus, all LIN-nodes are asked to be in the active state. After a specified timeout, the nodes enter sleep mode and will be released back to active state by a WAKEUP frame. This frame may be sent by any node requesting activity on the bus, either the LIN Master following its internal schedule, or one of the attached LIN Slaves being activated by its internal software application. After all nodes are awakened, the Master continues to schedule the next Identifier.

Header
The header consists of five parts:

BREAK: The BREAK field is used to activate all attached LIN slaves to listen to the following parts of the header. It consists of one start bit and several dominant bits. The length is at least 11-bit times; standard use as of today are 13-bit times, and therefore differs from the basic data format. This is used to ensure that listening LIN nodes with a main-clock differing from the set bus baud rate in specified ranges will detect the BREAK as the frame starting the communication and not as a standard data byte with all values zero (hexadecimal 0x00).

SYNC: The SYNC is a standard data format byte with a value of hexadecimal 0x55. LIN slaves running on RC oscillator will use the distance between a fixed amount of rising and falling edges to measure the current bit time on the bus (the master's time normal) and to recalculate the internal baud rate.

INTER BYTE SPACE: Inter Byte Space is used to adjust for bus jitter. It is an optional component within the LIN specification. If enabled, then all LIN nodes must be prepared to deal with it.

There is an Inter Byte Space between the BREAK and SYNC field, one between the SYNC and IDENTIFIER, one between the payload and Checksum and one between every Data byte in the payload.

IDENTIFIER: The IDENTIFIER defines one action to be fulfilled by one or several of the attached LIN slave nodes. The network designer has to ensure the fault-free functionality in the design phase (one slave is allowed to send data to the bus in one frame time).

If the identifier causes one physical LIN slave to send the response, the identifier may be called a Rx-identifier. If the master's slave task sends data to the bus, it may be called Tx-identifier.

RESPONSE SPACE: Response Space is the time between the IDENTIFIER field and the first Data byte which starts the LIN RESPONSE part of the LIN frame. When a particular LIN frame is transmitted completely, Header + Response, by the LIN MASTER, the LIN MASTER will use the full RESPONSE SPACE TIME to calculate when to send the response after sending the header. If the response part of the LIN frame is coming from a physically different SLAVE NODE, then each node (master & slave) will utilize 50% of the Response Space time in their timeout calculations.

Response
The response is sent by one of the attached LIN slave tasks and is divided into data and checksum.

DATA: The responding slave may send zero to eight data bytes to the bus. The amount of data is fixed by the application designer and mirrors data relevant for the application which the LIN slave runs in.

CHECKSUM: There are two checksum-models available within LIN - The first is the checksum including the data bytes only (specification up to Version 1.3), the second one includes the identifier in addition (Version 2.0+). The used checksum model is pre-defined by the application designer.

Slave node position detection (SNPD) or autoaddressing
These methods allow the detection of the position of slave nodes on the LIN bus and allow the assignment of a unique node address (NAD).
 * Allows similar or the same devices to be connected on the bus without end of line programming or connector pin programming.

Restrictions:
 * All auto-addressing slaves must be in one line
 * Standard slaves can be connected in any way

Extra wire daisy chain (XWDC)
Each slave node has to provide two extra pins, one input, D1, and one output, D2.
 * The first SNPD node input D1 is either set to GND or connected to the output of the master.
 * The output of the first node, D2, is connected to the input, D1 of the second node, and so on resulting in a daisy chain.

Each configuration pin Dx (x=1-2) has additional circuitry to aid in the position detection.
 * 1) Switchable resistive pull-up to Vbat
 * 2) Pull-down to GND
 * 3) Comparator referenced to Vbat/2

XWDC auto-addressing procedure
At the start of the procedure no SNPD devices have a NAD assigned

1 First auto-addressing LIN message
 * 1.1 All outputs (D2) are set to a high level, all pull-downs are turned off
 * 1.2 The first SNPD node is selected. It is identified by having the input D1 low (hardwired).
 * 1.3 The selected node takes the address from the LIN configuration message
 * 1.4 The detected node turns on the pull-down at the output D2

2 Subsequent auto-addressing LIN messages
 * 2.1 The first non addressed SNPD node is selected. It is identified by having the input D1 low (D2 of previous node).
 * 2.2 The selected node takes the address from the LIN configuration message
 * 2.3 The detected node turns on the pull-down at the output D2
 * 2.4 Steps 2.1-2.4 are repeated until all slave nodes are assigned an address

3 All pull-ups and pull-downs are turned off completing the addressing procedure

Bus shunt method (BSM)
Each slave node has two LIN pins
 * 1) bus_in
 * 2) bus_out

Each slave node needs some additional circuitry compared to the standard LIN circuitry to aid in the position detection.
 * 1) The standard pull-up must be switchable
 * 2) Switchable 2 mA current source from Vbat
 * 3) Shunt resistor
 * 4) Differential amplifier
 * 5) Analog to digital converter

BSM auto-addressing procedure
At the start of the procedure, none of the SNPD devices have a NAD assigned. The autoaddressing routine is performed during the sync field. The sync field is broken into three phases:

1 Offset current measurement
 * 1.1 All outputs pull-ups and current sources are switched off
 * 1.2 The bus current is measured, Ioffset

2 Pull-up mode
 * 2.1 Pull-ups are turned on and current sources remain off
 * 2.2 The bus current is measured, IPU
 * 2.3 Nodes with ΔI = IPU-Ioffset < 1 mA are "selected"

3 Current source mode
 * 3.1 Selected nodes switch current source on and others switch pull-ups off
 * 3.2 Bus current is measured, ICS
 * 3.3 Node with ΔI = ICS-Ioffset < 1 mA is detected as the last node
 * 3.4 Current sources are switched off and pull-ups are switched on
 * 3.5 The last node will accept the address contained in the LIN configuration message

This technique is covered by the patents EP 1490772 B1 and US 7091876.

LIN advantages

 * Easy to use
 * Components available
 * Cheaper than CAN and other communications buses
 * Harness reduction
 * More reliable vehicles
 * Extension easy to implement.
 * No protocol license fee required

LIN is not a full replacement of the CAN bus. But the LIN bus is a good alternative wherever low costs are essential and speed/bandwidth is not important. Typically, it is used within sub-systems that are not critical to vehicle performance or safety - some examples are given below.

Addressing
Addressing in LIN is achieved with a NAD (Node ADdress) that is part of the PID (protected identifier). NAD values are on 7bits, so in the range 1 to 127 (0x7F) and it is a composition of supplier ID, function ID and variant ID.

You can obtain a supplier ID by contacting CAN in Automation that is the authority responsible for the assignment of such identifiers.

title: Local Interconnect Network


text:
Heath Streak

Heath Hilton Streak (16 March 1974 – 3 September 2023) was a Zimbabwean cricketer and cricket coach who played for and captained the Zimbabwe national cricket team. He was the all time leading wicket taker for Zimbabwe in Test cricket with 216 wickets and in ODI cricket with 239 wickets.

Streak remains the only Zimbabwean cricketer to have taken over 100 Test wickets and completed the double of 2,000 runs and 200 wickets in ODIs. He was also one of only four Zimbabwean bowlers to have taken over 100 ODI wickets. He holds the record for the most five-wicket hauls by a Zimbabwean in Tests, having achieved the feat seven times.

Streak was part of the 'golden era' of Zimbabwe cricket between 1997 and 2002. His relationship with Zimbabwe Cricket soured on several occasions during his international career, as well as during his coaching career.

In September 2018, Streak submitted an application to the court to have Zimbabwe Cricket liquidated in relation to outstanding debts. In April 2021, Streak was handed an eight-year ban by the ICC for corruption.

Early life
Streak was born in Bulawayo, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and hailed from a family whose background primarily involved ranching in Bulawayo. He completed his education at the Rhodes Estate Preparatory School and Falcon College. His father, Denis Streak, was also a first-class cricketer. He held a junior hunter's licence prior to becoming a professional cricketer.

Domestic career
Streak made his first-class debut for Zimbabwe B against the touring Kent team on 30 March 1993 at Harare Sports Club.

In 1995/96, Streak played in the same Matabeleland team as his 46-year-old father Denis in the final of the Lonrho Logan Cup against Mashonaland Country Districts; this was the first instance of a father and son playing in the same first-class match for more than thirty years. Matabeleland eventually crowned as champions of the 1996 Logan Cup. He made his T20 debut representing Warwickshire against Glamorgan on 8 July 2004.

Streak was appointed the captain of Warwickshire in 2006 after signing a two-year contract. However, on 25 April 2007, Streak resigned as Warwickshire captain after featuring in just one match in the 2007 county season, indicating that captaining the side was affecting his on field abilities. He was replaced as captain by Darren Maddy. At the end of the 2007 season, he left Warwickshire citing family reasons.

At the end of the year of 2007, Streak joined the Ahmedabad Rockets in the controversial Indian Cricket League which ultimately ended his international career.

Early career
Streak made his ODI debut on 10 November 1993 against South Africa. A month later, he made his test debut in Zimbabwe's tour of Pakistan 1993/1994 (on 1 December 1993). He made his mark in international cricket by taking 8 wickets in the 2nd Test at Rawalpindi (9–14 December 1993). Streak won the Player of the series award on his debut test series for his impressive performance with the ball taking 22 wickets at an average of 13.54. It is also the most number of wickets taken by a Zimbabwean bowler in a test series.

Rising through the ranks
Streak bettered his best bowling figures in 1995 when Pakistan toured Zimbabwe, taking 6/90 in the first Test at Harare which Zimbabwe won by an innings. On 13 January 1996 in a test match against New Zealand at Hamilton, he became the fastest Zimbabwean bowler to take 50 test wickets in 11 matches. He was also part of Zimbabwe side which secured first test win against Pakistan in Pakistan soil in 1998. In 2000/2001, he won 2-man of the series awards, first in Zimbabwe's tour of England and then in Bangladesh's tour of Zimbabwe. In a test match in 2000 against England at Lord's, he picked up 6/87 and became the first and only Zimbabwean to take a fifer at Lord's. He is also the only Zimbabwean to be on the Lord's honours boards.

During his playing days, he used to carry the most weakened and fragile bowling attack of Zimbabwe single-handedly. He also possessed the ability to extract lateral seam movement on the most docile of the pitches. His debut World Cup appearance came during the 1996 Cricket World Cup and was part of Zimbabwe team which reached super sixes stage for the first time during the 1999 Cricket World Cup. He was also part of the Zimbabwean side which finished fifth at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in men's cricket competition and was part of the Zimbabwean side which played in the preliminary match against New Zealand in the inaugural edition of the ICC Champions Trophy in 1998. On 11 June 1999, he became the first as well as the fastest Zimbabwean bowler to take 100 ODI wickets.

Captaincy
Streak claimed in an interview in The Observer that he was faced with moral challenges in captaining Zimbabwe. He said that he was asked to falsely tell white players that they were not talented enough and were to be replaced by black players.

Streak was appointed as the captain of Zimbabwe side in 2000 for both test and ODI formats. During his captaincy tenure, he embroiled in tensions with the cricket board over pay and quota issues which also caused him to step down from the captaincy in 2001. Under his captaincy, Zimbabwe produced an upset victory against India in a test match in 2001 at home where Zimbabwe secured their first ever test win against India by four wickets. He was also known for his brutal bowling spell of 4/8 in an ODI against West Indies during the 2001 Australia Tri-series where Zimbabwe defeated West Indies by 47 runs in a low scoring affair. On 4 February 2001, in an ODI against Australia he became the first Zimbabwean bowler to take 150 ODI wickets. He along with Andy Blignaut set the highest seventh wicket partnership for Zimbabwe in test cricket by adding 154 runs during a test match against West Indies in July 2001 at Harare. On 7 October 2001, he along with Andy Flower set the highest seventh wicket partnership for Zimbabwe in ODI by adding 130 runs against England.

Streak was again appointed as the captain in 2002 and he was again in the spotlight in the wake of Zimbabwe's political crisis. He captained Zimbabwe team in the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy and at the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy.

Streak also captained the Zimbabwean team at the 2003 World Cup, a tournament marred by political tensions in Zimbabwe. During the 2003 World Cup, his teammates Andy Flower and Henry Olonga wore black armbands in the match against Namibia at the Harare Sports Club, to "mourn the death of democracy" in Zimbabwe, which made international headlines. Under his captaincy, Zimbabwe reached the Super Sixes stage in the 2003 tournament. On 23 June 2003, he became the first Zimbabwean bowler to take 200 ODI wickets during an ODI against England.

In 2004, he was unceremoniously sacked from the team by the Zimbabwe Cricket Union when he was still the captain of the side due to being involved in rebellions, and was subsequently replaced by the then 22-year-old Tatenda Taibu as captain. In the same year, he was nominated for ICC ODI Player of the Year during the 2004 ICC Awards.

Streak was the most successful test captain of Zimbabwe with four wins and he was also the second most successful ODI captain for Zimbabwe with 18 wins.

Retirement
Streak returned to represent Zimbabwe in March 2005 after a one-year absence from international cricket. He was also part of the Africa XI team during the 2005 Afro-Asia Cup in a 3 match ODI series against Asia XI.

Streak retired from international cricket in October 2005 to become captain of Warwickshire County Cricket Club having previously played county cricket for Hampshire. He also captained his fellow exiled players from Zimbabwe in the Red Lions team, which plays charity games in England.

Coaching career
In August 2009, Streak was appointed as the bowling coach of the Zimbabwe national cricket team. He was also given the responsibility of working with the young Zimbabwean fast bowlers and for franchise cricket. Fast bowlers such as Kyle Jarvis, Christopher Mpofu, Brian Vitori and Shingirai Masakadza who were groomed and nurtured under his coaching later went onto become regular features in Zimbabwe national side.

In 2010, along with his former teammate Grant Flower, Streak became a supporting coach of Zimbabwe under former English cricketer Alan Butcher. Flower and Streak became batting bowling coach respectively.

In 2013, Streak's contract was not renewed for financial reasons. Zimbabwe Cricket had offered Streak a consultancy role but they could not guarantee him a set number of working days or specific pay which forced him to stay out of the preparations for the Bangladesh series. Finances permitting at his franchise in Bulawayo, the Matabeleland Tuskers, he remained coach there. He was appointed Bangladesh's bowling coach in May 2014 until 2016 for a contract of two years. In 2016, decided not to renew contract with Bangladesh Cricket Board with the intention to become coach of National Cricket Academy in Bangalore. In July 2016, he was appointed as the consultant of Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association Academy.

In October 2016, Streak was appointed head coach of the Zimbabwe national cricket team replacing Dav Whatmore. He was tasked with ensuring Zimbabwe qualify for the 2019 World Cup. However, Zimbabwe failed to qualify for the World Cup following the disappointing performance by the team at the 2018 ICC World Cup Qualifier, and Streak was forced to resign in early 2018 with the entire coaching staff was also sacked by the board. The chairman of Zimbabwe Cricket, Tavengwa Mukuhlani also accused Streak of being racist and insisted that some of his player selections during the 2018 World Cup qualifiers were influenced by this. Streak refuted the allegations and accused Zimbabwe Cricket of being unethical and corrupt.

In 2018, he was appointed as a consultant for the Scotland side for two matches in a T20I tri-series which also featured Ireland and Netherlands. He also joined Somerset in 2019 as a consultant bowling coach for a short stint. He continued on in his role as bowling coach for the Kolkata Knight Riders in the IPL. He also served as bowling coach for the Gujarat Lions franchise in the 2016 and 2017 IPL seasons.

In April 2021, Streak was banned from all cricketing activities for eight years for breaching the ICC's anti-corruption policies. Streak was found guilty of assisting a corruptor known as "Mr X" to contact players. Streak received two bitcoins (worth around US$ 35,000), and an iPhone as payment from the corruptor in 2017. He was accused of disclosing inside information (confidential information) about the franchise T20 leagues including Indian Premier League, Pakistan Super League and Afghanistan Premier League. Streak himself accepted the ban by the ICC but denied the match fixing claims against him.

Streak also founded the Heath Streak Academy (also better known as Old Mutual Heath Streak Cricket Academy Trust) in 2014 which was established for the development and growth of cricket throughout Zimbabwe. He resigned from heading the Heath Streak Academy Trust in 2021 after being banned by the ICC; the academy was later renamed as Zimbabwe Youth Cricket Academy.

Beyond cricket
In 2005, he conducted an AIDS fundraiser which also included an auction of cricket memorabilia.

Illness and death
On 11 May 2023, David Coltart, a Zimbabwean senator, announced that Streak was "extremely ill". Media reports stated that Streak had been diagnosed with Stage 4 colon and liver cancer, and was "on his deathbed". On 23 August, amid reports that Streak had died of cancer, former teammate Henry Olonga confirmed that Streak was alive. On 3 September 2023, Streak died from cancer at his farm in Matabeleland at age 49.

title: Heath Streak


text: Category:Unincorporated communities in Florida


text:
Tatenda Taibu

Tatenda Taibu (born 14 May 1983) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who captained the Zimbabwe national cricket team. He is a wicket-keeper-batsman. From 6 May 2004 to 5 September 2019, he held the record for being the youngest test captain in history when he captained his team against Sri Lanka until Rashid Khan of Afghanistan claimed the record. Taibu is currently serving as Head Coach for Cricket PNG and its national Men’s team, known as the PNG Barramundis.

In July 2012 Taibu, aged only 29, decided to retire from cricket to focus on his work in church. In December 2018, it was reported that he was making a return to cricket. Later the same month, he played first-class cricket for Badureliya Sports Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament in Sri Lanka.

International career
Taibu made his first-class debut at the age of 16, and his debut for Zimbabwe national team in 2001, aged 18. In 2003, he was appointed vice-captain to Heath Streak on the team's tour of England, and was made national captain in April 2004, making him the youngest Test captain in history then, until Rashid Khan of Afghanistan claimed the record in 2019. Rashid Khan was 8 days younger than Taibu when he captained Afghanistan against Bangladesh.

He took a two-year break for Zimbabwe in from 2005 to 2007 when he played a season as the captain of Namibia and another season for the Cape Cobras in South Africa.

He made his return to the Zimbabwean side in a series against India A in July 2007, registering a century. The following month Zimbabwe hosted South Africa for a three-game ODI series and in the final game Taibu scored a career best 107 not out. It was the first ODI century by a Zimbabwean against South Africa.

During 2010 Taibu's form continued and he scored 73 against South Africa as Zimbabwe were all out for 268. The South Africans chased down the total comfortably with Hashim Amla and AB de Villiers scoring centuries.

He scored 98 for his side in ICC World Cup 2011 as their team won by 175 runs against Canada in Nagpur. Taibu played a splendid innings in must-win situation of World Cup.

When Zimbabwe returned to Test cricket in 2011, Taibu was selected to play in their one-off Tests against Bangladesh, Pakistan and New Zealand despite making critical remarks of the country's cricket administration. He scored half-centuries in each of the three Tests.

Taibu became the 5th Zimbabwean to score 3,000 runs during his innings of 53 (74) against Kenya at Eden Gardens, Kolkata during the 2011 World Cup on 20 March 2011. He along with Stuart Matsikenyeri set the record partnership in ODIs for the sixth wicket for Zimbabwe(188)

Retirement
On 10 July 2012, Taibu called time on his career aged 29. He said he would only do work for the church. Taibu told Zimeye: “I just feel that my true calling now lies in doing the Lord’s work, and although I am fortunate and proud to have played for my country, the time has come for me to put my entire focus on that part of my life.”

He scored 1,546 runs in Tests with 57 catches and five stumpings, while making 3,393 runs in ODIs with 114 catches and 33 stumpings. He finishes as Zimbabwe's fourth highest run-scorer in ODIs with the second most dismissals as a wicketkeeper, behind Andy Flower.

Beyond cricket
After his retirement Taibu moved to Liverpool, England. He joined Hightown St. Mary's Cricket Club in 2016 as a player-coach-development-officer in the second-division of the Liverpool & District Cricket Competition. While writing his autobiography he realised that he would have to return to Zimbabwe. In June 2016 he accepted a role as Zimbabwe Cricket's convener of selectors and development officer, with the encouragement of Peter Chingoka. Brendan Taylor and Kyle Jarvis left county deals in September 2017 to play again for Zimbabwe, fruit of Taibu's efforts to entice them back.

In 2019, Taibu wrote a book titled 'Keeper of Faith', in which he discusses socio-political situation in Zimbabwe, his childhood beatings, perception after witnessing privileged white cricketers and threats by receiving photos of dead bodies.

title: Tatenda Taibu


text:
Rebecca Blaikie

Rebecca Blaikie is a Canadian politician, who served as president of the New Democratic Party (NDP) from 2011 to 2016.

She is the daughter of Bill Blaikie, a former NDP Member of Parliament from Winnipeg, deputy leader of the party, and provincial cabinet minister. Her brother Daniel Blaikie was elected as Member of Parliament for their father's former riding of Elmwood—Transcona in 2015.

She has an undergraduate degree in Canadian social history from the University of Winnipeg and a graduate degree in community economic development from Concordia University's School of Community and Public Affairs.

Candidate for the New Democratic Party
Blaikie was a candidate for the NDP in the 2004 Canadian federal election in then-Prime Minister Paul Martin's electoral district of LaSalle—Émard in Montreal, Quebec. She received 4.4 per cent of the vote, coming in fourth place. She did, however, receive a large amount of press coverage.

As executive director of the party's Quebec wing, she was one of the architects of Tom Mulcair's historic victory in the 2007 Outremont by-election —he became the first New Democrat to win a federal seat in Quebec since Phil Edmonston in the 1990 Chambly by-election, and Outremont had voted Liberal in every election since its creation except for the Progressive Conservative win of 1988. She was also widely credited with setting the groundwork for the party's historic breakthrough in the province in the 2011 election.

She then returned to Manitoba to work for the provincial government. She ran in the 2011 federal election in the district of Winnipeg North, receiving 35.41 per cent of the vote, narrowly losing to incumbent Kevin Lamoureux of the Liberal Party by 44 votes (0.17 per cent).

NDP treasurer and president
Blaikie was elected treasurer of the NDP at its 2009 convention in Halifax, Nova Scotia. She was reelected at the 2011 convention in Vancouver, alongside Brian Topp, who had been elected president. After Jack Layton's death, Topp resigned as party president to run in the leadership race. As the party's federal council may fill vacancies with one of its own members, it chose Blaikie to fill the seat of president. Blaikie was re-elected as president at the 2013 Montreal convention.

One of Blaikie's first notable acts as party president was to preside over the 2012 leadership election, which Tom Mulcair won.

Her term as president of the NDP ended in 2016. At the party's convention in April 2016, Marit Stiles was selected as her successor.

title: Rebecca Blaikie


text:
Colin Croft

Colin Everton Hunte Croft (born 15 March 1953) is a former West Indian international cricketer. He was a member of the squad which won the 1979 Cricket World Cup.

Cricket career
Croft was (along with Andy Roberts, Michael Holding, and Joel Garner) part of the potent West Indian quartet of fast bowlers from the late 70s and early 80s. With his height (6 ft), he bowled bouncers and was very aggressive. He was renowned for bowling wide of the crease over the wicket and angling the ball in to right-handers. His approach to the wicket was unconventional and footage of Croft bowling around the wicket show him on a run-up more typical of a left-arm bowler. Croft's figures of 8/29 against Pakistan in 1977 are still the best Test innings figures by a fast bowler from the West Indies.

Croft was involved in a number of controversial incidents during the ill-tempered test series with New Zealand in 1979–80. During the Second Test at Christchurch's Lancaster Park in February 1980, the West Indies considered umpire Fred Goodall's officiating so poor that they refused to emerge from their dressing room after the tea break on Day 3 unless Goodall was immediately replaced. After 11 minutes, they were persuaded to resume. Croft collided with Goodall at the end of his bowling run-up during the fourth day's play after knocking a bail off the stumps with a previous delivery, unhappy at being no-balled frequently and having a caught-behind appeal turned down. West Indies captain Clive Lloyd later regretted not taking a firmer line with his players.

County career
Lance Gibbs arranged for Croft to go to Warwickshire on a coaching scholarship in 1972 where he played two games in the second eleven. With Warwickshire already having a quartet of West Indies Test players, no opportunity presented itself at the Midlands county, but Croft did play for Lancashire in 1977, 1978 and 1982 taking 136 wickets at 26.5 in first class matches.

Rebel tour
In 1982 Croft accepted a place on the rebel tour of apartheid-divided South Africa, in violation of an international ban on sports tours of the country. The rebel players were granted "honorary whites" status by the South African government to allow them access to all-white cricket playing areas. However, there was controversy when Croft was ejected from a whites only seating compartment on a train out of Johannesburg. All the players who took part in the tour were banned for life from international cricket, thus marking the end of Croft's cricket playing career. Croft moved to the United States to avoid recriminations at home. The ban was effectively lifted in 1989, by both the WICB and the UN.

Teaching career
Croft taught maths at Lambrook school in Winkfield Row, Berkshire, UK, in 2007–2008 for one and a half terms. He never coached cricket at the school.

Media career
Since 1994, Croft has been doing cricket coverage part-time, as a commentator/analyst, and was one of the first writers for CricInfo, contributing over 500 articles so far to that entity. He has continued his sports journalism career everywhere that cricket is played, covering West Indies tours since 1994.

Croft's first overseas sports journalism sojourn was to the United Kingdom in 1995. During the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup Croft provided analysis for the BBC's Test Match Special radio coverage on all the Guyana-based matches. He continued his analyst's role during the West Indies tour of England the same year.

In his private life, having been an Air Traffic Controller from 1973 to 1981, while also playing cricket for the West Indies cricket team, he has also obtained a Commercial Airline Pilot's licence in the US, with endorsements for the UK, and worked as a Commercial Pilot in the Caribbean.

He also regularly appears as a studio guest on Sky Sports when West Indies are playing.

title: Colin Croft


text:
Angus Fraser

Angus Robert Charles Fraser (born 8 August 1965) is an English cricket administrator.

He served as the managing director of Middlesex Cricket between 2009 and 2021, before assuming a new role heading the club's academy.

He is also a former English cricketer, journalist and England selector.

Fraser played in forty-six Test matches and forty-two One Day Internationals for England. Cricket commentator Colin Bateman commented that Fraser was "a reliable, intelligent and hard-working bowler".

Early life
Born in Billinge Higher End, Lancashire, Fraser was educated at the Gayton High School in Harrow, London and Orange Hill High School, Edgware, Greater London.

Cricket career
Fraser began his career with Middlesex in 1984, helping them to win the County Championship in 1985, 1990 and 1993. He also helped Middlesex to win the 1988 NatWest Trophy, taking 3–36 in the final, and the 1990 Refuge Assurance Cup.

He made his Test match debut with England in 1989 against Australia. In his fourth Test in 1990 he took his first five-wicket haul in Tests, in the process helping England to their first Test victory over the West Indies for sixteen years and 30 Tests. However England missed his contributions when he was forced to withdraw from this series with injury, as was the case during the Ashes series the following winter. A hip injury then kept him out of Test cricket for two and a half years, but he made an immediate impact on his return at the Oval in 1993, taking eight wickets as England recorded their first Test victory over Australia for 18 Tests and six and a half years. Perhaps his finest hour came in the Barbados Test match of the 1993/94 West Indies tour when Fraser took 8–75 in the first innings to help set up a famous victory, West Indies' first defeat at Bridgetown for over half a century. His career-best first-class cricket innings bowling figures of 8–53 were taken in a Test match and against the same opposition, this time at Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, in 1997/98. Despite taking eight wickets in that innings, and Test career best match figures of 11–110, he was not named Man of the Match which was awarded to Carl Hooper, from the victorious West Indies side. In all, Fraser toured the West Indies three times, and as of 2022, he has taken more Test wickets in the West Indies than any other visiting bowler.

His one-day international highest score of 38 not out was made late in the innings at number 10, which included a massive six off Steve Waugh and almost brought England back from the brink of defeat against Australia during the 1990/91 tour (Australia won by three runs). Another fine moment with the bat was in a last-wicket second-innings stand with Robert Croft to save the Third Test at Old Trafford against South Africa in 1998. According to the recollection of then England coach David Lloyd, as Fraser went out to face the bowling of Allan Donald, Fraser said :"‘The only way he'll get me out is if he knocks me through all three [stumps].’ I said: 'He probably will, Gus, but good luck'. But he survived. A red-inker it was and in retrospect one of the most important innings of the series". Fraser's short innings indeed helped to reverse the momentum in the series, Fraser taking three fivefers in the next two Tests to help England to an unlikely series victory. He also toured New Zealand and South Africa, and played in one-day tournaments in Asia, representing England. Throughout his career he used a bat nicknamed the "Gussy Hitter", the blade of which was designed by his mother.

Fraser last played for England during the 1999 Cricket world cup. Although born in Lancashire, Fraser played all of his county cricket for Middlesex in a first-class career lasting until 2002; he served as county captain from 2001 until his retirement in 2002.

After that, he worked as the cricket correspondent of The Independent newspaper (2002–2009), until his appointment to the newly created role of managing director of Cricket by Middlesex County Cricket Club in January 2009. He is a regular contributor to the BBC's Test Match Special and a cricket pundit for Sky Sports.

In the 1996 edition of Wisden, Fraser was one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year.

Fraser served as the managing director of cricket at Middlesex County Cricket Club between 2009 and 2021. He assumed a new role in heading the club's academy in July 2021.

He also served as a selector for the England cricket team for a period after 2014.

Personal life
He now resides in Pinner with his wife Denise and two children, Alex and Bethan. In 2008, in his first managerial role, Fraser secured the U15 Middlesex Schools Association County Cup with The John Lyon School, where his son was in the squad.

Fraser is a fan of, and regular visitor to, Wealdstone Football Club.

title: Angus Fraser


text:
Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line

The Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line (東京メトロ丸ノ内線) is a subway line in Tokyo, Japan, operated by Tokyo Metro. The line runs in a U-shape between Ogikubo Station in Suginami and Ikebukuro Station in Toshima, with a branch line between Nakano-Sakaue Station and Hōnanchō Station. The official name is Line 4 Marunouchi Line (4号線丸ノ内線).

The line was named after the Marunouchi business district in Chiyoda, Tokyo, under which it passes. On maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color red, and its stations are given numbers using the letters "M" for the main line and "Mb" for the branch line.

Overview
The Marunouchi Line is the second line to be built in the city, and the first one constructed after the Second World War. The route is U-shaped, running from Ogikubo Station in the west of the city via the commercial and administrative district of Shinjuku through to the Marunouchi commercial center around Tokyo Station, before turning back and heading to Ikebukuro. Along with the Ginza Line, it is self-enclosed and does not have any through services with other railway lines.

The Marunouchi Line is served by Tokyo Metro 02 series rolling stock in six-car trains on the main line, and mostly three-car trains on the Hōnanchō branch (some six-car trains during peak hours). The main line was the most frequent subway line in Tokyo, with trains once running at intervals of 1 minute 50 seconds during peak hours. In spite of such high-frequency service, according to the 2018 survey by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Marunouchi Line is one of the most crowded railway lines in Tokyo, running at 169% capacity between Shin-ōtsuka and Myōgadani stations. Its age and relatively short train length has made it one of the most crowded lines in Tokyo, although the 2000 opening of the Toei Ōedo Line has relieved the problem somewhat. In response to crowding, Tokyo Metro upgraded all stations with chest-high platform doors on March 28, 2009, a date on which it also began driver-only operation. The Hōnanchō branch switched to driver-only operation in July 2004.

Due to the age of the Marunouchi Line and the relative shallowness at which it runs, at several points in central Tokyo trains run at or above ground level. These include Yotsuya Station, the Kanda River near Ochanomizu Station (see image), and between Kōrakuen and Myōgadani stations.

On maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color red. Its stations are given numbers using the prefix "M"; Hōnanchō branch line stations carry the prefix "Mb", which replaced the previously used lowercase "m" prefix in November 2016.

Station list

 * All stations are located in Tokyo.
 * Some trains leave the main line at Nakano-sakaue (M-06) for the Marunouchi Branch Line to Hōnanchō.

Rolling stock
Marunouchi Line services are operated using a fleet of 53 Tokyo Metro 02 series six-car EMUs in service since 1988 together with six three-car sets used on Hōnanchō branch services until September 2022. All trains are based at Koishikawa and Nakano Depots.

A fleet of 53 new Tokyo Metro 2000 series six-car trains was scheduled to be introduced from fiscal 2018, replacing the 02 series trains by fiscal 2025. On February 23, 2019, the 2000 series started operation.

Former

 * TRTA 500 series/TRTA 300/TRTA 400 series/TRTA 500 series/TRTA 900 series (from 1954 until 1996, later sold and exported for use on Line B of the Buenos Aires Underground)
 * TRTA 100 series (from 1962 until 1968, transferred from Ginza Line, used for Hōnanchō branch only)
 * TRTA 2000 series (from 1968 until 1993, used for Hōnanchō branch only)

History
The Marunouchi Line is the second subway line to be built in the city, and the first to be constructed after the Second World War. Its design is similar to that of the Ginza Line, the oldest subway line in Tokyo. Both lines are standard gauge and use third rail power, unlike subsequent Tokyo subway lines which use overhead wires and are mostly narrow gauge to accommodate through services with other railway lines.

In a 1925 plan for a five-line subway system, the Marunouchi Line was planned to run from Shinjuku to Ōtsuka via Hibiya, Tsukiji and Okachimachi, as a 20 km underground route. A 1.2 km segment between Akasaka-mitsuke and Yotsuya began construction in 1942, but was abandoned in 1944 as a result of the continuing effects of World War II. On December 7, 1946, the Marunouchi Line was revised to begin from Nakano-fujimichō to the Mukōhara neighbourhood in Toshima Ward via Kanda and Ikebukuro, for a total length of 22.1 km. On March 30, 1951, a groundbreaking ceremony was held at Ikebukuro Station East Exit to begin construction of the initial 7.7 km segment of the Marunouchi Line.

The first section was opened between Ikebukuro and Ochanomizu on January 20, 1954. The subsequent progress of the line was as follows:
 * Ochanomizu to Awajichō: March 1956
 * Awajichō to Tokyo: July 1956
 * Tokyo to Nishi-Ginza (now Ginza): December 1957
 * Nishi-Ginza to Kasumigaseki: October 1958
 * Kasumigaseki to Shinjuku: March 1959
 * Shinjuku to Shin-Nakano/Nakano-Fujimichō (not Nishi-Shinjuku): February 1961
 * Shin-Nakano to Minami-Asagaya (not Higashi-Kōenji): November 1961
 * Minami-Asagaya to Ogikubo: January 23, 1962
 * Nakano-Fujimichō to Hōnanchō: March 23, 1962
 * Nishi-Ginza becomes part of Ginza when Hibiya Line reaches there: August 1964
 * Higashi-Kōenji opens (between Shin-Nakano and Shin-Kōenji): September 1964
 * Nishi-Shinjuku opens (between Shinjuku and Nakano-Sakaue) May 1996.

The Marunouchi Line was one of the lines targeted in the Aum sarin gas attack on March 20, 1995. A plan to extend the Marunouchi Line from Ogikubo to Asaka City in Saitama Prefecture was rejected in the late 1990s.

The line, stations, rolling stock, and related facilities were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.

Automatic train control (ATC) was activated on the Marunouchi Line on February 27, 1998, which allowed for an increase in the maximum operating speed limit from 65 km/h to 75 km/h. This was followed by train automatic stopping controller (TASC) which was introduced in November 2002, along with automatic train operation (ATO) which was introduced on the main segment of the Marunouchi Line on December 27, 2008. The platform-edge doors at Hōnanchō Station, the terminus of the Hōnanchō Branch, were lengthened to allow six-car trains to use the station, with work starting in 2013, which enabled through trains to and from Ikebukuro to start operating all the way to Hōnanchō from fiscal 2017.

Future plans
Communications-based train control (CBTC) signalling is also scheduled to be introduced together with the new rolling stock from 2022.

title: Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line


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Grant Flower

Grant William Flower (born 20 December 1970) is a Zimbabwean cricket coach and former cricketer. He was the batting coach of the Sri Lanka cricket team, Pakistan cricket team, and Sussex.

He is rated among the best Zimbabwean cricketers in history for his consistent left arm spin and fine batting skills. He was a fitness fanatic who spent hours in the gym, and was also regarded as a brilliant fielder who was usually seen in the gully. "Flower Power", the combination of Grant and his brother Andy Flower, was the mainstay of Zimbabwean batting for a decade. He was his team's most successful opening batsman who played the role of anchorman, with strokeplayers coming in down the order.

He played a lead role in, arguably, Zimbabwe's finest Test victory, against a strong Pakistan side. He would show a liking for the Pakistani side over his career, averaging over 40 against them and scoring 3 centuries including an unbeaten 201. In July 2014, he was appointed as batting coach of the Pakistan cricket team for a period of two years but went onto serve in the position until August 2019.

He was also the first batsman to have carried his bat across two different formats and also the only batsman to have carried out his bat in both ODIs as well as in tests.

Early days
Grant Flower was born in Salisbury, Rhodesia and was educated along with his brother Andy at North Park School where they were the best players in their age groups. Although always an allrounder, he bowled seamers in his early days and his bowling was rated more than his batting. He changed to spin bowling in high school. Quite clearly, Flower is part of the famous talent production line from St George's College, which also includes England cricketers Sam curran and Tom Curran as well as New Zealand international Colin de Grandhomme among a plethora of other internationally capped players.

In the summer of 1990–91 his elevation to a professional cricketer was confirmed when he was employed by the Zimbabwe Cricket Union. His debut first-class game for Zimbabwe came against England A. In his second match he opened the innings and was rewarded with a fifty adding what would be the first of many century partnerships with his brother Andy.

At just 19, Flower was part of the 1990 ICC tournament where the winner would qualify for the World Cup. Zimbabwe would go on to win the competition with Grant Flower scoring heavily in the early games. Had they not won the competition it is likely that Zimbabwe would not have made their rise to Test cricket, at least not until much later. Grant Flower missed out on the 1992 World Cup due to injury. In 1990, Grant spent a season in England with Winscombe Cricket Club, followed by Widnes Cricket Club in the Manchester and District Cricket Association in 1993. He also spent a season at Wallasey Cricket Club of the Liverpool Cricket Competition in 1995.

Test career
After the World Cup Zimbabwe were promoted to Test status and Flower was unanimously selected to play against the Indian team for the Inaugural Test match on 18 October 1992. On a flat pitch, he opened the batting for his country and dominated in a 100 run opening stand. He would go on to score 82, falling short of a century on Test debut. Zimbabwe again met the Indian team this time on their home turf and again fell just short of a maiden Test century when he fell for 96.

Pakistan toured Zimbabwe in 1995 and in the 1st Test Flower finally scored his maiden Test century. Not content, he went on to register double hundred. He hit only 12 boundaries and faced 523 balls as Zimbabwe scored a massive 4/544 declared. His innings would help Zimbabwe to win their first Test match as they won by a convincing Innings and 64 Runs. He would continue to haunt the Pakistani side, scoring his second Test century at Sheikhupura Stadium in Pakistan.

In 1997 Flower became the first Zimbabwean to score a century in both innings of a Test match. Playing against New Zealand in Harare, he scored 104 and 151. A year later he scored his 5th Test century, an innings of 156 not out at Queens Sports Club against Pakistan. He would suffer a form slump after that innings, not scoring a 99 for 33 innings including 6 ducks. On 25 November 2000 he ended his slump with a fine 106 against India and would go on to score 4 50's in his next 6 innings.

One Day International career
By the end of his ODI career, Flower had taken more wickets than any other Zimbabwean bowler except Heath Streak. His ODI statistics make better reading than his Test statistics. He would score 6 ODI tons and had it not been for the nervous nineties may have had many more. 9 times he was either unbeaten or dismissed in the 90's. One of his most memorable centuries would come in the final of a one-day triangular tournament in Bangladesh. Playing against Kenya he smashed an 82 ball century and finished with 140, just 2 short of the national record at the time. He holds the record for taking the most catches as fielder for Zimbabwe in ODI history(86)

Flower more importantly was the first batsman to carry his bat right through the completed innings of an ODI. He also holds the unique record for being the only batsman in ODI cricket to have carried his bat in a One Day International match in a winning cause.

Late career
In 2004 he announced his retirement from international cricket. This was due largely to the dispute between the rebels and the Zimbabwean Cricket Union. He signed a contract with Essex as a Kolpak player where he played alongside his brother Andy. There was some grumbling amongst Essex supporters at his signing, but this appeared to die down after his first season, when he topped the Essex 2005 List-A batting averages and was third in the number of wickets taken.

Return
Following another fine season for Essex which turned out to be his last season of county cricket, Flower was handed a shock recall to the Zimbabwe team for the tour of South Africa. He was expected to combine playing duties with his role of batting coach of the national side and was in contention to play in the 2011 Cricket World Cup held in India. He made his international return in October 2010 during the first ODI of the three-match series against South Africa.

Coaching career
He was appointed as the batting coach of Zimbabwe in October 2010 and served in the position until 2013. In May 2014, he was appointed as the batting coach of Pakistan cricket team. His contract was ended in August 2019 by PCB after Pakistan's dismal performance at the 2019 Cricket World Cup. He was instrumental in Pakistan's triumph at the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy which Flower himself considers as his personal achievement. He was appointed as the head coach of Rangpur Riders for the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League.

In December 2019, he was appointed as the batting coach of Sri Lanka for a contract of two years. On 8 July 2021, he was tested positive for COVID-19 on his return to Sri Lanka from England following the limited overs series between Sri Lanka and England. It was revealed that Flower is under stable position along with Sri Lanka cricket data analyst GT Niroshan.

title: Grant Flower


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Talk:Discover (magazine)

Redundancy
The fact that this entity is owned by the Walt Disney Company is mentioned in the article and in the article's categorization. Therefore, the see also section is unnecessary. --Gentgeen 05:52, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) GRIDS was first reported in the Continuum section of OMNI Magazine NOT Discover. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.75.178.180 (talk) 01:39, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Combined Issues (Jan/Feb, Jul/Aug)
In looking at my May 2009 issue (see Page 80), I see that the magazine will now publish combined issues in January/February and July/August. This is a recent change and I am trying to verify when it happened. The March 2009 issue still states that it is a monthly magazine. I no longer have the April 2009 edition, can someone check to see if this change was made in April 2009 or did it first occur in May 2009? The information should be at the back of the magazine on the last few pages. I am hesitant to update the article without knowing when the changed actually happened. Thanks, Stangbat (talk) 21:33, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I was able to verify that this change was announced in the April 2009 issue (Page 80). I have been unable to find any mention of this change in any online news article nor on Discover's web site.  The only mention I have found of a double issues is when you subscribe online, there is small text on the bottom of the subscription page that states, "Discover publishes two double issues which count as two issues each." Stangbat (talk) 00:30, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

WHO owns it?
The article states "two investment companies" bought Discover. WHICH ONES?

Mydogtrouble (talk) 22:01, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

new owners
Kalmbach publishing buys Discover magazine —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kiteboy02 (talk • contribs) 18:42, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

"Discovery"
"Gilbert Rogin was brought in 1985 to revive Discovery. In 1986, Time purchased the shuttered magazines', Science Digest and Science 86, subscription lists from their publishers for Discovery. […] In January 1987, Time appointed a new Discovery Magazine publisher […] From January to July 1991, Discovery magazine lost 15% of its advertising"— What's "Discovery"? --Jerome Potts (talk) 19:50, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

I want to present a topic in the field of brain medicine
I revealed that a human mind is like a phone, we can return to it the information that has been deleted. Through a smart chip implanted in the mind, all the information that was deleted from his blood must be in it From a brain through pictures and everything he lost and how he lost it This is the fastest way to recover memory and it is artificial intelligence. 41.227.148.38 (talk) 17:12, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Discover (magazine)


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Princess Margaret Cancer Centre

The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (previously, Princess Margaret Hospital) is a scientific research centre and a teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, affiliated with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine as part of the University Health Network. The hospital now stands as the largest cancer centre in Canada and one of the five largest cancer centres in the world. Along with the Odette Cancer Centre, which is also associated with University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine and is independently the sixth largest cancer centre in North America, it forms one of the largest cluster of cancer hospitals in the world.

The hospital is situated near the intersection of University Avenue and College Street within the Discovery District of downtown Toronto, an area with high concentration of biomedical research institutions. Named for Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, the hospital is under the royal patronage of Anne, Princess Royal.

The hospital specializes in the treatment of cancer, and offers the majority of its services to residents of the Greater Toronto Area. The hospital offers surgical oncology, medical oncology, hematology including bone marrow transplantation, radiation oncology, psychosocial oncology, medical imaging, and radiation therapy.

The hospital houses 17 radiation treatment machines, all of which are equipped with technologies including IMRT and VMAT, a superficial orthovoltage machine, and operates a Gamma Knife (Perfexion) stereotactic radiosurgery machine in collaboration with Toronto Western Hospital.

Education
As a teaching hospital of the University of Toronto, the hospital provides training to various medical professions. Most notable are clinical programs for medical doctors (medical and radiation oncologists) and radiation therapists.

Research
Its related research arm, the Ontario Cancer Institute (OCI), works in conjunction with the hospital in a mutually beneficial relationship. Many researchers at the OCI hold appointments at the University of Toronto, often within the Department of Medical Biophysics. The Princess Margaret's research program ranked fourth in terms of the percentage of publications cited in high-impact oncology journals.

History
The hospital was founded as the Ontario Cancer Institute in 1952 by an Act of the Ontario legislature. Designed by the architect Henry Sproatt, it was originally located at 500 Sherbourne Street (now a condo complex) near the former Wellesley Hospital.

During health restructuring legislated by the Harris Government in the late 1990s Princess Margaret Hospital merged with what was then named The Toronto Hospital, which was the entity formed by the previous merger of the Toronto General Hospital and the Toronto Western Hospital, and the new combined organization was named University Health Network (UHN) with the three separate hospitals maintaining their own identities within the new hospital corporation.

title: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Michal todd

It should stay


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Desmond Haynes

Desmond Leo Haynes (born 15 February 1956) is a former Barbadian cricketer and cricket coach who played for the West Indies cricket team between 1978 and 1994. He was a member of the squads which won the 1979 Cricket World Cup as well as finishing as runners-up at the 1983 Cricket World Cup.

Haynes favoured a more measured approach to batting and scored 7,487 runs in 116 Test matches at an average of 42.29, his highest Test innings of 184 coming against England in 1980. He is one of the few Test batsman to have been dismissed handled the ball, falling in this fashion against India on 24 November 1983. He is also one of the few players to have scored a century on an ODI debut.

He was rated by Trinidad and Tobago Guardian as "one of the greatest of all time", while the BBC described him as "one of the greatest opening partnerships in history with fellow Barbadian Gordon Greenidge." The cricket almanac Wisden noted his "combination of timing and barely evident power", and named him one of their Cricketers of the Year in 1991. In June 2021, he was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame as one of the special inductees to mark the inaugural edition of the ICC World Test Championship final.

International career
He first made his name on the international scene with 148 at Antigua in a One-Day International against Australia and until recently Haynes held a number of ODI records, including most runs and most centuries. His 148 against Australia came on his debut match in One Day International which still remains the highest run ever made by a batsman on debut in ODI as well as the fastest century scored by an ODI debutant. He played in the World Cup of 1979, won by the West Indies, and returned to the competition in 1983, 1987 and 1992. In the 25 World Cup matches, Haynes scored 854 runs at 37.13 with three fifties and one century. As of 10 December 2013 Haynes remains one of the only two players in the history of ODI cricket to have scored century on both debut and last match played, the only other being English batsman Dennis Amiss.

Haynes, when facing Australia in the bitter 1990–91 series, clashed verbally with Ian Healy, Merv Hughes, Craig McDermott and David Boon, who christened him 'Dessie'. He is also noted for using delaying tactics against England during the 1989–90 Test series.

Like most West Indian openers, Haynes was strong against pace and, after struggling against spin early in his career, developed into a strong player of slow bowling, exemplified by his knocks of 75 and 143 against Australia on an SCG dustbowl in 1989. Haynes had a successful career in English county cricket, playing 95 first-class games for Middlesex, scoring 7071 runs at 49.1 with a best of 255* against Sussex. He was awarded his Middlesex cap in 1989 and played at Lords till 1994. He played 63 first-class matches for Barbados from 1976/77 to 1994/95, scoring 4843 at 49.92 with a top score of 246 and 21 games for Western Province from 1994/95 to 1996/97, making 1340 runs at 40.6 with a best of 202*. In all first class cricket, he made 26030 runs at 45.90 and 15651 more in 419 one day games at 42.07 with a top score of 152*. He scored 61 first-class hundreds in all and won 55-man of the match awards in all forms of the game.

Haynes was only the third West Indian to carry his bat in a Test innings. He is one of only two players in international Test Cricket to achieve this feat three times, the other being Dean Elgar. Haynes announced his retirement in March 1997 after playing a first-class game for Western Province against Natal in Cape Town. He made 83 in the first innings and was dismissed for a third-ball duck in the second and his last.

Centuries
Haynes scored centuries (100 or more runs in an innings) in Test matches and One Day International (ODI) matches on 18 and 17 occasions respectively during his international career.

His first Test century came in February 1980 against New Zealand at the Carisbrook, Dunedin, a match the West Indies lost by one wicket. His highest score of 184 runs came the same year against England at the Lord's Cricket Ground, London. Five of his Test centuries came against Australia. Haynes scored Test centuries at twelve cricket grounds, against five different opponents, including eight at venues outside the West Indies. As of August 2013, he is seventh in the list of Test century-makers for the West Indies.

He scored a century on his ODI debut in February 1978 against Australia at the Antigua Recreation Ground, St John's. His score of 148 runs in the match earned him a man of the match award, resulting in the West Indies' win. His highest score in ODIs remained 152 runs, against India at the Bourda, Georgetown in March 1989. Due to his man-of-the-match performance, the West Indies won the match by 101 runs, and the series 5–0. He was most successful against Australia making six ODI centuries against them. As of August 2013, Haynes is the third in the list of ODI century-makers for the West Indies, and sixteenth overall among all-time combined century-makers.

Post retirement
After retirement as player, Haynes has served as Chairman of Selectors of the Barbados Cricket Association, President of Carlton Cricket Club, Secretary of the West Indies Players Association and is currently a Director of the West Indies Cricket Board. He is a former Government Senator and was Chairman of the National Sports Council. His main relaxation is golf. A biography Lion of Barbados was published about him, punning on his middle name 'Leo'.

title: Desmond Haynes