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Dean Jones (actor)

Dean Carroll Jones (January 25, 1931 – September 1, 2015) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Agent Zeke Kelso in That Darn Cat! (1965), Jim Douglas in the Herbie franchise (1969–1997), and Dr. Herman Varnick in Beethoven (1992). He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance as Albert Dooley in The Million Dollar Duck (1971). In 1995, he was inducted as a Disney Legend for his film work.

Early life
Jones was born on January 25, 1931, in Decatur, Alabama, to Andrew Guy Jones, a traveling construction worker, and the former Nolia Elizabeth Wilhite.

As a student at Riverside High School in Decatur, Jones had his own local radio show, Dean Jones Sings. He served in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War, and after his discharge worked at the Bird Cage Theater at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California.

Jones attended Asbury University in Wilmore near Lexington, Kentucky. A member of its Class of 1953, he did not graduate, but the university in 2003 awarded him an honorary degree. On March 4, 2011, he addressed the community during the dedication ceremony of Asbury's Andrew S. Miller Center for Communications Arts.

Stage
After appearing in minor film and television roles, Jones made his Broadway debut in the 1960 play There Was a Little Girl. He stepped into the role in Boston, with only one day's notice. In 1960, he also played Dave Manning in the Broadway comedy Under the Yum-Yum Tree, a role he repeated in the 1963 film version starring Jack Lemmon and Carol Lynley.

After working in film and television, Jones was set to return to Broadway as the star of Stephen Sondheim's musical Company in 1970. Shortly after opening night, he withdrew from the show, due to stress that he was undergoing from ongoing divorce proceedings. Director Harold Prince agreed to replace him with Larry Kert if Jones would open the show and record the cast album. He agreed, and his performance is preserved on the original cast album, although it was Kert who received the Tony nomination for Best Actor in a Musical.

In 1986, Jones, by then having become a fervent born-again Christian, starred in Into the Light, a musical about scientists and the Shroud of Turin, which closed after only six performances. He had far more success touring in the one-man show St. John in Exile as the last surviving Apostle of Jesus Christ, reminiscing about his life while imprisoned on the Greek island of Patmos. One performance was filmed in 1986. He made one more Broadway appearance, in 1993, at the Vivian Beaumont Theater, in a special two-day concert staging of Company featuring most of the original Broadway cast.

Television and film

Jones began as a contract performer for MGM, beginning with a small role as a soldier in Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956) and he later played disc jockey Teddy Talbot in the Elvis Presley film Jailhouse Rock (1957). He portrayed a soldier in both Imitation General (also 1957) with Glenn Ford and Never So Few (1959) with Frank Sinatra. He gave a powerful performance as an ex-con trying to reform (with Joe's help) on Bonanza Season 3 Episode 8 "The Friendship" which aired 11/11/1961. Jones subsequently starred in the NBC television sitcom Ensign O'Toole (1962–63), produced by Four Star Television, portraying an easy-going and inexperienced officer on a U.S. Navy destroyer. His costars included Jack Mullaney, Jack Albertson, Jay C. Flippen, Harvey Lembeck, and Beau Bridges. He also recorded a singing album, Introducing Dean Jones, for Valiant Records.

As Ensign O'Toole was the lead-in show on NBC to Walt Disney's The Wonderful World of Color, Disney ordered a print of Jones' latest film Under the Yum Yum Tree to study. Disney signed Jones for Disney film productions beginning with That Darn Cat!. His performance was well-received. Jones continued with Disney for many years, starring in films such as The Ugly Dachshund (1966), Monkeys, Go Home! (1966), Blackbeard's Ghost (1968), The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit (1968). The Love Bug (1969), The Million Dollar Duck (1971), Snowball Express (1972), The Shaggy D.A. (1976), and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977).

Jones' signature Disney role would be as race car driver Jim Douglas in the successful Herbie series. In addition to the two feature films, Jones starred in the short-lived television series Herbie, the Love Bug (1982) and the television film The Love Bug (1997). In 1969, he was the host of a short-lived sketch-comedy hour on ABC-TV titled What's It All About, World? that became a variety show midway into its run, when the title was changed to The Dean Jones Variety Hour.

Away from Disney, Jones costarred with Broadway-era co-star Jane Fonda in the romantic comedy, Any Wednesday (1966). In a dramatic turn, in the NBC television film When Every Day Was the Fourth of July (1978) he portrayed Ed Cooper, an attorney in the 1930s who agrees to defend a man who has been accused of murder, accepting the case only after urging from his daughter. He reprised the role of Ed Cooper in the ABC television sequel The Long Days of Summer (1980). He appeared with Gregory Peck and Danny DeVito as Bill Coles, the president of Peck's company, which was fighting a hostile takeover by DeVito, in Other People's Money (1991).

Jones, who was known for playing pleasant characters, took on the role as Dr. Herman Varnick, the evil veterinarian in the family film Beethoven (1992). He employed method acting for the first time in his career and did not break character off-set throughout the film's shooting period much to the surprise of cast members as well as family and friends who had never seen him so immersed in a role. He maintained his relationship to the Beethoven franchise by providing the voice of George Newton in the animated television version of Beethoven. He also appeared in a small role as Director of Central Intelligence Judge Arthur Moore in the film adaptation of Tom Clancy's Clear and Present Danger (1994), which starred Harrison Ford.

Jones also appeared in two episodes of the Angela Lansbury series Murder, She Wrote in 1984 and 1988.

Personal life
Jones was married to Mae Entwisle from 1954 to 1971; the couple had two daughters. He was married to actress Lory Patrick from 1973 until his death in 2015.

Jones became a born-again Christian in 1973 or 1974. His book Under Running Laughter (1982) recounts his experience of Christianity. He had previously suffered from bouts of depression. His wife, Lory, said, "One night he got down on his knees and prayed that God would free him from the miserable moods that he had always suffered. He told me that in an instant it was gone and he felt peace and joy flood into his heart."

Jones appeared in several Christian films. In 1977 he portrayed Charles Colson in the feature film Born Again. He voiced the narrator in Birdwing Records' 1979 studio album Nathaniel the Grublet. Jones also voiced the standard English narration for the 80-minute Bible overview God's Story: From Creation to Eternity, and was the voice of Father Tim for Focus on the Family Radio Theatre audio drama At Home in Mitford in 2003.

In July 1994, Jones was a guest on 100 Huntley Street, a Canadian Christian discussion program.

In 1998, Jones founded the Christian Rescue Committee (CRC), an organization that helps provide a "way of escape to Jews, Christians, and others persecuted for their faith".

Death
Jones died of Parkinson's disease in Los Angeles on September 1, 2015, at age 84. His remains were cremated.

title: Dean Jones (actor)


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Talk:Volleyball/Archive 1

Liberos allowed to serve
I did not edit it, but I believe liberos in womens NCAA volleyball are now allowed to serve.

CasualSax 00:51, 3 June 2005 (ET)

Nine man volleyball
I concur with Elf's history comment about the questionable nature of the content on the Chinese Nine-man (person?) volleyball variant. On balance, roughly 75% of the article now covers this relatively unknown variant. The addition was by an unregistered or un-logged-in user: 207.176.190.4. Any comments or suggestions regarding deletion of this content?

Autiger 06:19, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

World Championship correction
Sorry, I've just edited this page to correct the years of the first Wolrd Championships (1949 for men) but I wasn't logged in. . Vlad_mv, 03 Feb 2005

Continental popularity
I removed the following from the lead section:
 * "It [volleyball] was created in Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States, and is now played around the world. It is particularly popular in East Asia, including China and Japan, and in Brazil."

I think it is not that important where it was invented. Furthermore, I'd say it is also popular in (continental) Europe, both from personal experience and from medal tables at e.g. the Olympics.

Ball outside the antenna
I added some items to the list of errors and faults and a note explaining that a ball that travels outside the antenna may still remain in play as described in the page. vlad_mv 18:23, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Skills
I added a large section on volleyball skills. I also moved and expanded most of the subsection entitled "Player Specialization" to this new subsection. I believe this subsection was originally misplaced under the section "Rules". Except in the case of the libero, player specialization is not covered in any way by the rules: it is perfectly legitimate - though not advisable :) - for a professional team to employ the amateur "6-0" system where no player is specialized in anything.

Of course, the libero is a specialized player that is, in fact, covered by the rules. I retained a couple of sentences from the former "Player Specialization" subsection and expanded it. The result was a new subsection to "Rules" entitled "The Libero".

By the way, I'm truly sorry for (once more) forgetting to provide an edit summary. vlad_mv 15:06, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your contribution; I think the article is much more balanced now. The picture of the volleyball court is useful, but the width of the court should be 9m instead of 6m. Minor quibbles: it might also be useful to draw a net in the middle, and I would remove the text "1.75m" near the extension of the attack line. But I am very happy to see the article improved. -- Jitse Niesen 15:46, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm really happy you found these contributions have improved the page. Thanks a lot for your support and your comments. I still find it difficult to forgive myself for making that blatant mistake with the 6m. It's corrected now. I also followed your suggestion about the 1.75 m text. I deliberately avoided drawing the net for two reason: (1) I'd have to draw on perspective, and I'm not sure I can do that; (2) I would have to indicate the differences in height for women's and men's volleyball, and I'm not capable of doing that without rendering the image cluttered. Please, do that if you can, the image was uploaded to commons. vlad_mv 02:46, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I took the liberty of removing a sentence in the introduction because of a word missing or something. There was an example of how a team could commit a fault, namely make a tip, and I just don't think it worked very well, even with the missing word put in, so I tried to make a clearer, more general explanation. nickmason

Female sport
I see RickK has deleted without discussion the sentence "In the United States, volleyball is viewed as a female sport in high school, college, and largely at the professional level." calling it "nonsense". No, it's a social fact. Almost no high school or college fieldss a male volleyball team, but almost all high schools and colleges fields a female volleyball team as part of a league. I will return the deleted section and elaborate it with this fact.

--

Again, RickK has deleted the sentence and the new accompanying fact backing it up and without basing his deletion on any fact.

 * I responded on your Talk page. Your interpretation that over 17,000 Google hits for boys' or men's volleyball teams is minute is skewing the numbers a tad, but I will not quibble over the new wording, though I still don't like it, nor believe it.  RickK 09:54, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Calling a sport "female" or "male" is inherently POV; it's a statement that is at best, unnecessary, and at worst, pejorative. The 'facts' you cite do not justify your conclusion since there are a variety of reasons why various NCAA and HS sports in the US have differing participation rates, not the least of which is Title IX, the unfortunate side-effect of which was the elimination of many Olympic-style mens sports by NCAA institutions.  If you look at NCAA participation rates you'll see women's teams outnumber men's teams in soccer, water polo, tennis, fencing, golf - are these all to be considered women's sports as well? Autiger 16:18, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

See for sports gender statistics for the USA. --Dittaeva 10:15, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * More current NCAA data here  Autiger 01:47, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

--

First, I meant to type "This is not specious..." in my edit summary remark.

Second, to state a fact without giving why it is the case is meaningless and uninformative. Not to mention appearing odd.

Third, in American culture, volleyball is considered a female sport. It doesn't mean men cannot or don't play it. Not anymore than women cannot or don't play basketball though it is considered a male sport in the US.

Fourth, Dittaeva's stat page clearly shows colleges overwhelming view volleyball as a female sport. At the high school level, it is even more so. Now there might be certain parts of the US where this might not be the case (such as California) but it is the case with the nation as a whole. Personally, I do not know a single high school that has ever fielded a male volleyball team in the Midwest. I'm not saying it hasn't or doesn't happen, but I am saying it would be in the small minority.

Fifth, to PREVENT this fact from being added to the page on volleyball is simply wrong. You might not like this fact, but it is nevertheless a fact. I was under the impression that Wikipedia is to fully inform and not selectively inform .. though my experiences with Wikipedia as of late seems to indicate otherwise. Not just here but elsewhere. People not liking facts and deleting them because they do not like them speaks VERY poorly of this information source and I am now questioning my involvement with this project as I am questioning its value given this reality. Currently, it is ever-increasingly appearing that only vanilla facts have any chance of staying and if that's true, then Wikipedia is of limited value as a source and cannot be trusted as a factual source. But then again, maybe Wikipedia was never intended to be a good source but simply a source of least objection. A "safe" source. One that no one will be offended by. Perhaps not, but it is increasingly appearing to be the case.

 * (Please sign your posts) There are many, many variables related to high school and college team sponsorships; limited budgets, well-established very popular existing team sports, lack of facilities, etc. Stating that the reason for the lack of teams is that a sport is considered to be a "female" sport is a fallacy.  A characterization of volleyball as being considered male or female in the US is strictly opinion and one I have never heard verbalized (male volleyball player here). Unless you can cite specific verifiable research (surveys, polls) for the US assigning this gender perception, it will continue to be an opinion.  Autiger 01:47, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Most popular
"making volleyball the most popular sport ever invented"--say what? What about soccer (and that's just off the top of my head)? This sentence needs a source and some explanation; I've removed it accordingly. Of course, I'll be happy to re-include if a source is given. Best, Meelar (talk) 22:01, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess the idea was that football/soccer is not an invented sport. However, the whole concept of invented sport seems rather ambiguous to me, so I agree with the removal. Incidentally, I would be very interested to see an independent estimate of the number of players, particularly when compared to other sports. -- Jitse Niesen 22:27, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Concur with Jitse Nielsen about the removal. I also believe "most popular" is too vague a term. If a sentence like that should be included, it would sound better with a more specific evaluation of volleyball's notability, say number of affiliated national federations, number of players, public attendance, budget in prize money awarded in international competitions, etc, when compared to other sports. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 03:37, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem with some of your criteria is they measure spectator popularity rather than player popularity. The original statement refered to an estimate of those who had played (I'm sure including a range from professional to organized amateur to completely unskilled backyard and beach volleyball) and not to the popularity among spectators. Those are widely different with volleyball and that is the to varying degrees with most sports. Autiger 23:26, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

6-2
No one knew what to do with the article 6-2 on VfD; many suggested it ought to be merged here. I have pasted the text below to let interested editors decide what to do with it; as mentioned at the top of the page, it has been moved to Talk:Volleyball/pagehistory to retain attribution and the redirect deleted. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:20, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

''The 6-2 is a formation in 6-person volleyball.

In this formation, the setter sets from the back row, thereby giving 3 hitters: a strong-side (court-left), middle-hitter (court-middle), and weak-side (court-right).

Typically, two players out of the 6 are considered setters, two are middle hitters, and two are strong hitters. By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will always be one of each position in the front and back row. After service, the front row moves into their assigned positions.''

--

The 6-2 formation is now described in the newly added strategy section. Kymacpherson 05:39, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ecuadorean Volleyball (Ecuavolley)
Ecuadorean Volleyball (Ecuavolley)

"A variation with 3-player teams on clay courts with a higher net."

There is more to it than that, from what I've seen in Kennington Park in London anyway. It is a community game with all ages present, food drink etc. It is also one of the national games of Ecuador after football. So wikipedia needs to get less US centric! Szczels 15:12, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm glad to hear someone has more information about Ecuavolley. When I added it to the list of variations I had very little information about it and could find nothing more.  Please feel free to add more details, I would love to learn more about this version.--Seitz 05:02, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Verification request
At 13:31 on 20 Sep 2005, anonymous user:156.63.253.3 added the following content to the article. While it seems plausible to me, I am not familiar enough with the sport to be able to easily verify it. Users of this IP address have had such a strong pattern of vandalism that this edit is suspect. Would a logged in user please verify that this is good content before adding it back to the article? Thanks. Rossami (talk) 16:03, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Sweep: Where the hitters go to block but instead tip the ball to one side using both of their hands to send it downward at an angle. (Can also be used when ball is on top of net and unable to be hit or blocked succesfully)
 * Joust: The term used when the ball is on top of the tape (top of net) and is being blocked by two opposing teams at the same time. Jousting involves pushing slightly on the ball then harder a second time to break the other teams block. (Sweep also used in this situation)
 * I watch this page (having put quite a bit of work into it early in my Wikipedia editing career) and saw the edits. Both are appropriate volleyball terms and basicly accurate in their description. I might quibble with the exact verbage, but overall, no major issues; the content can stay.  Autiger 05:09, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I have a problem with the inclusion of "sweep", for two reasons. First, the term is sometimes used as a synonym for "slide".  Second, the action described above is illegal.

Deleted images
I had added two pictures of Kiraly and Bernardi. Why they have been deleted? Bernardi has been elected "PLayers of the Century" and Kiraly's one showed clearly the passing. I absolutely do not agree with this editing.

Attilio 12/10/05

 * According to the history, the Bernardi image was deleted due to having no source information which, according to policy makes it a candidate for speedy deletion after 7 days. What source information did you supply for your images? (I futher note the comment on your talk page about the Kiraly image) Pak21 01:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah! I was new of Wikipedia and forgot to specify the source. Sorry. I'll try to add images about all the main actions of the game to explain them visually.

Why only in US?
I don't agree with the presence of the chapter about "Volleyball in the US". If WIkipedia has to have a international approach to things, I think it would be better to insert some notes about this argument in the history section and a link to a separate article where we'd move that chapter? Waiting for opinions.

Attilio 14/10/05

Ecuavolley revert
I've just reverted a change to the Ecuavolley which stated it was played with a lower net. I don't actually know the game, but the little I've seen on it and a brief Google search all seem to point to it having a higher net. If I'm wrong, please cite sources and revert back again. Cheers --Pak21 09:02, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Too many fair use images
There are to many copyrighted images in this article most with questionable claims and source. Several are out of context having nothing to do with the text they are beside. i am replacing copyrighted images with free ones from Commons and eliminating out of context images -Nv8200p talk 22:16, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

coaching
Any contributions to expand the coaching section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.72.110.12 (talk • contribs)

 * On a slight tangent, Article size recommends that articles shouldn't be much more than 30kB long. This one is currently 42kB, so I'd rather see a reduction in the amount of information on this page (splitting out separate articles if necessary), rather than adding more which would really start to make this page unwieldly. Cheers --Pak21 16:40, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat
This is a bit strange under the "spike" section since these are not spikes. I'm not sure about English terminology; could the section be renamed to something like "attack"? In the Dutch language rules every contact intended to play the ball to the opposite side is called "attack"; under attack we can then distinguish the different types of spikes and dips. Also, do you really call it "Cheat"? It seems a bit disrespectful. Piet 08:26, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Co-ed -> Mixed
I've changed the "Co-ed" section to "Mixed". Co-ed only means anythinng in the US while mixed volleyball is played worldwide. I hope "men's greater length and strength" is not considered sexist. Piet 08:48, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Grammar and Meaning
The first sentence of this article is atrocious. Volleyball is but one sport, for starters, and what is the sentence supposed to mean in the first place? Giving a sentence like that the most prominent position in the article seroiusly compromises Wikipedia's reputation and intellectual standing. Are there any suggestions for a more suitable opener?
 * Let's not be melodramatic here: one sentence in one article isn't going to have that much effect. Slightly more constructively, I think the problem is largely the "popular" term, which was removed, I suspect due to a lack of any citation (although unfortunately no edit summary was given). How about changing from that to something like "Volleyball is an Olympic sport [...]", as that both gives an idea of the "importance" of volleyball in the world and is an undisputable fact. Cheers --Pak21 09:18, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Ooops. Forgot about this... does anyone object to this? If not, I will probably be bold sometime at the weekend. Cheers --Pak21 13:39, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Popularity
"It is one of the fastest growing sports in the United States and the most popular sport worldwide beside soccer." is a bold claim. Can we back this with anything? Does anyone really care if it is the fastest growing sport in the US? This is meant to be an international encyclpædia. Would we have an introductory paragraph containing this if it were the fastest growing sport in Turkmenistan? (which it may be for all I know!) Oh, and it's football, not soccer ;-).LeeG 01:10, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I note this change has already been reverted, a decision I thoroughly agree with: this kind of "popularity contest" between sports never generates any useful information in my opinion. Cheers --Pak21 08:45, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Pool volleyball
Would it be appropriate to add a section on "pool volleyball"? Brett Wildfeuer 16:16, 28 June 2006 (ET)
 * Assuming that's what I think it is (volleyball played in a moderately shallow swimming pool?), my opinion would be yes, but only a couple of sentences. On a more general note, I'm seriously considering splitting off a "volleyball variations" article to get the size of this one down a bit. Any opinions on this? Cheers --Pak21 08:33, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Jargon section
I have removed the reference to "five hole" in the jargon section. This is a term I have to assume is adopted from hockey, and is a) such a rare occurrence as to be virtually nonexistent and more importantly b) totally unheard of in high level volleyball circles. 20 years of top level experience allow me to comment, and I have NEVER heard anyone use this phrase. A reference that shows me to be incorrect would change my mind, but a few guys from hockeytown wisconsin do not merit the inclusion of an otherwise unused phrase. Leave it out. 70.115.211.122 07:30, 22 July 2006 (UTC)I'm right

Newcomb
Can someone show some credible evidence that Newcomb is actually called Nukem or Nuke 'em, if not this will be reverted within 24 hours.Kearney6 04:07, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * USA Volleyball refer to it as Newcomb; see page 5 of their Guide to Volleyball basics. There are a few Google hits for '"nuke em" volleyball', so I'll revert to Newcomb as the primary name, but mention "Nuke em" as well as a compromise. Cheers --Pak21 08:18, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Number of players
Does "team" or "side" mean six only or more than six? Because I don't know, I will use "squad" to mean everyone eligible to play in a competition.

How many players from a squad may play in one game including substitutions? Is there only one person eligible to play as libero --only one special uniform, as it were? Or only one person may be used in each match? (Eg, the Brazil squad in Olympic games has two libero but whoever is used first in any match, the other may not play in that match.) The article is clear, only one among the six on the court at once. --P64

Free zone
The diagram show a free zone (green) at least 3.5m at one point and at least 3.8m at another point but the article says two meters.

I suppose "free" means free of spectators, photographers, referees, coaches, and all but six players from each team. The six players may go outside the free zone but no one else may go in. Is that right?

Should there be another error listed, something like seven or more players from one team inside the free zone after the serve? --P64

 * FIVB rules (1.1) state that the free zone must be at least 3m wide on all sides (so the article is in error). For "FIVB World and Official Competitions", they must be 5m from the sidelines and 8m from the endlines (which is what you're seeing on the admittedly not very clear diagram). I don't have time to fix this right now, so if anyone else wants to, please be bold. Cheers --Pak21 11:17, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Substitution
From #Number of players and #Free zone, you may think that I don't know much about official volleyball at all, but substitution may be the main problem. In American physical education classes, and American volleyball telecasts (Olympics), there is nothing about substitution. Only the rules governing the play six versus six without substitution. --P64 00:27, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Of course, I mean that substitution is a weak point in this Wikipedia article for me. --P64

Position (team sports)
This evening I added team sports the Position (disambiguation) and started to write the position (team sports) article. My start is mainly links to Wikipedia articles and sections. Perhaps it should eventually include a general discussion of something like player specialization.

In order to get going, I invented the term "Service sports" to cover those where on player serves the ball to begin play. (Is there a term? rally sports? volley sports?)

Now I must retire. Feel free to improve it. --P64 01:02, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Requesting a pic
of a volleyball, the ball per se. Preferably on its lying on the floor. -- Howard  the   Duck  08:51, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Jargon separate pages
I moved the volleyball jargon section to a separate page. It was clearly a reference to Jargon used in Anglo-Saxon countries, and therefore could not be present in a generalistic article. --Attilios 22:43, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * While I don't disagree with the split (the article was too long), please remember this is en.wikipedia.org. A bias towards terminology used in English-speaking countries is both expected and a good thing as it matches the expected readership. Cheers --Pak21 09:07, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Variations separate page
I intend to be bold and split the "variations" section out into a separate page unless there are objections... Cheers --Pak21 08:32, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Support - It's something I've been planning on doing for a while. The section has gotten way out of hand with numerous trivial, non-notable entries. Go for it; please! AU Tiger  ʃ talk /work 15:23, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Done! --Pak21 16:05, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks and good work; also on the overdue pruning of the external links. AU Tiger  ʃ talk /work 16:34, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Redundant article
I'd be glad of any comments and/or opinions on the need for a separate List of indoor volleyball World Champions article (as opposed to List of indoor volleyball world title winners) at Talk:List of indoor volleyball World Champions. Cheers --Pak21 09:47, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Source for aerobic claim?
The article states that volleyball can be an excellent source for aerobic exercise. I'm an avid volleyball player and do believe that it is good exercise. However the nature of the game makes me suspicious of this specific claim. In fact, one of the announcers of the NCAA Division 1 games a few weeks ago called it an anaerobic activity (while commenting on a "long" rally that lasted 20-30 seconds [est.]). I've no references either way but think that it would be good to back up this claim (or remove it). 06:52, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Knee pads
Does anyone have a source for the claims (either way) as to the percentage of players wearing knee pads? Cheers --Pak21 17:09, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know... I was just thinking that the sentence could probably be removed. Perhaps just a physical description of knee pads is warranted rather than the frequency of their use and by which demographics. Leebo 86 17:11, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally, I liked it better the way it was before. If you actually bother to watch competitive volleyball, almost all men wear them as well.  Why not just keep the sentence the way it was and avoid the gender issue completely?  PaddyM 17:56, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Please be civil in your comments. I wondered about this, and had a look at the photos of Brazil v Poland from the World Championships last year (and a few of the other matches as well), and it certainly seems it's not "almost all men" there wearing them. However, this is still original research. What reliable source is there for either claim, as is required by the non-negotiable policy on verifiability? Cheers --Pak21 20:13, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I do watch, and play, competitive volleyball. Women wear kneepads because they typically recover from a dive by rolling.  High level male players dive on their chests, like penguins, making knee pads less useful.  In my experience in the US, and in the professional games I've seen on video from France and other countries, far fewer than half of the elite male players wear knee pads.  However, I do not have a source stating this to be the case, and further, I don't think it's a very noteworthy aspect of the game.  I'm in favor of getting rid of the sentence entirely.  I was aware that introducing gender was probably not a good idea.  However, the way it was before was incorrect.  A possible verifiable alternative would be something like: "Some players wear knee pads to protect their knees from possible injury due to contact with the floor during defensive play." Rracecarr 00:47, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * After re-reading my comments, it appears that I was a little more on-edge than I intended to be. For that, I certainly apologize.  I agree that the whole sentence should probably be removed; otherwise, I would suggest we leave as it was previously.  Cheers, PaddyM 01:43, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it would be helpful to have some brief explanation of why knee pads are worn and even that women tend to wear them more commonly than men, for the reason Rracecarr gives (if a suitable reference can be found). I play volleyball regularly and have often heard people wondering why women tend to wear kneepads and men don't (it has also been my observation that this is the case).  Once I was even asked why players wear "those knee braces".  The reasons aren't obvious, so I think an explanation belongs here. Regards, Icemuon 13:12, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

When I watch my cousin (who is in highschool) her team dives and rolls for the ball. If they didn't have knee pads, their knees whould be all torn up. When I dive for the ball my knee pads keep my knees from hitting the floor and injuring myself. I just got new knee pads and they are allready worn and have holes because of me diving so much. Altough I am not very good at diving, it is the only way I can get the ball when it's far away and no one is going for it. volleyball02 00:47, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volleyball/Archive 1


text:
Archezoa

In Biology, Archezoa is a term that has been introduced by several authors to refer to a group of organisms (a taxon). Authors include Josef Anton Maximilian Perty, Ernst Haeckel and in the 20th century by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his classification system. Each author used the name to refer to different arrays of organisms. This reuse by later authors of the same taxon name for different groups of organisms is widely criticized in taxonomy because the inclusion of the name in a sentence (e.g. "Archezoa have no olfactory organs") does not make sense unless the particular usage is specified (e.g. "Archezoa sensu Cavalier-Smith (1987) have no olfactory organs"). Nonetheless, all uses of 'Archezoa' are now obsolete.

Archezoa sensu Cavalier-Smith (1987)
Cavalier Smith proposed the term 'Archezoa' for a paraphyletic (see Paraphyly) territory of eukaryotes that primitively lacked mitochondria. Like Margulis and others before (see Pelomyxa), Cavalier-Smith argued that the initial ancestor of eukaryotes emerged prior to the endosymbiotic acquisition (see endosymbiosis) of mitochondria. The same paraphyletic territory was referred to as 'Hypochondria' by others. The argument for Archezoa sensu Cavalier-Smith was never universally accepted because of conflicting information, and was dropped when the contrary argument, that amitochondriates were descendants of eukaryotes with mitochondria, became dominant.

Eukaryotes that eventually acquired a bacterial endosymbiont that became the mitochondria were placed in a taxonomic group which Cavalier-Smith called the Metakaryota, whereas the Archezoa represented an earlier paraphyletic group to which Cavalier-Smith variously assigned the diplomonads, Entamoeba, Microsporidia, oxymonads, parabasalids (Parabasalids), pelobionts (see Pelomyxa), retortamonads, trichomonads, and Trimastix (see Cavalier-Smith's system of classification). With the rejection of 'Archeozoa', the meaning of the term 'Metakaryota' became the same as 'Eukaryota' (see Eukaryote), and Metakaryota became superfluous.

Original mitochondria lost
Eukaryotic protists lacking mitochondria were discovered to have experienced secondary mitochondrial loss, meaning that their ancestors once possessed mitochondria but that these mitochondria had, over time, been transformed, reduced, or lost. In some of these organisms, mitochondria had degraded into simpler double-membrane bound organelles known as mitosomes and hydrogenosomes. Some of both types of organelles are known to have fully lost their genome.

Initial discoveries found that amitochondriate organisms appeared to express mitochondrial Hsp60 and Hsp70 proteins from the nuclear DNA of the organism. This indicated that the ancestors of these organisms once possessed mitochondria which expressed these proteins, but that these genes had migrated to their nuclear DNA over time as a result of endosymbiotic gene transfer.

As a result, the argument that some extant eukaryotes lacking mitochondria had emerged from the eukaryotic lineage before mitochondria were acquired was falsified.

Long branch attraction
An argument for the Archezoa group was that amitochondriate protists appeared to branch off early on from the eukaryotic lineage in phylogenetic analyses. This corroborated the supposition that Archezoa were more closely linked to primitive eukaryotes that evolved prior to the endosymbiotic process that generated the mitochondria. However, this early divergence later turned out to be a class of systematic errors in phylogenetic analysis called "long branch attraction".

title: Archezoa


text:
Talk:28978 Ixion

Pronunciation
6/8 of the dictionaries and mythological refs (Webster, Bollard, Brewer, Fagles, etc) I've found which list a pronunciation for Ixion have [ick-SIGH-un] as the only possibility. The other two (Columbia Encyclopedia and Zimmerman) had only [ICK-see-un]. This "feels" more Greek to an Anglophone. However, in Latin transliteration the first i vowel was short and the second long, supporting the majority opinion that the stress should be penultimate, since English generally follows the Latin for stress placement in Greek words. --kwami 06:22, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The Greek is Ιξίων, and from this you might expect ik'-see-un. However, the classical Greek script was defective in not distinguishing long from short [i]. Liddell & Scott's Greek lexicon shows the iota as long, ῑ. Also, Latin borrowed the name as Ixīōn, giving us the penultimate stress, ik-sye'-un. --kwami 04:26, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Per Cassel's dict., the adjectival form is Ixīonian (short o takes the stress). kwami 05:16, 2005 Jun 22 (UTC)

Colour
I removed the following sentence because it's not properly explained. If anyone knows what it means, rewrite it and return it.
 * The infrared spectrum was found flat (did not show the red slope of Varuna)

The Singing Badger 20:13, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I’m afraid yours truly is the culprit who put this statement. It means precisely what is written. The spectrum is flat. Point. Unlike many other objects, showing red slope i.e. showing greater reflectivity in the redder (longer wave) section. If we were talking about visible spectrum, the object with flat spectrum would appear neutral (grey). The objects with red slope in the visible spectrum reflect better longer waves (red colour) than the shorter (blue) so they appear red. The steeper the slope the redder they appear. In the near infrared spectrum, often the notion of colours is still used by extension. Redder means longer waves. Bluer, shorter. The slope (relative reflectivity increasing or diminishing with the wave length) is a hint to the composition of the surface. I guess we need extra links and/or extensions of the existing articles.  Explaining this here for Ixion does not help.

 * Sudden popular interest in NTO exposed articles with a bit more technical content. Still, I believe the encyclopaedia cannot stop on the level of the background information for the news. Hundreds sources on the internet do that. Consequently, I do not believe that we should start deleting technical content. Please compare with often extremely arcane articles in reputable encyclopaedias. We need to add extra articles/content in related areas, so the technical content can be linked to, not deleting. Are we going to delete content from elliptic integrals for example because a casual reader has no clue what this is about? Regards Eurocommuter 22:03, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I agree with you, and I apologise for any offence caused. I just find that taking sentences out to the talk page for reworking is usually the fastest way of getting them fixed. I absolutely agree that the technical information should be there. I just wanted to make sure it wasn't a typo or a garbled sentence (the sentence as it stood was not strictly grammatical, and I did try looking at the articles on spectrum and infrared, and neither contained the word 'slope', hence my concern). Anyway, I think 'red slope' simply needs wikilinking to encourage some work on a future article, and I apologise again for misjudging the situation. The Singing Badger 01:30, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ooops... No apologies needed, TheSingingBadger, except from me for what can be read as an outburst of my bad karma (I really did not realise it while typing…), I’m sorry!
 * Indeed, red links seem to be a good reminder and an encouragement to provide at least a stub. The proof. Regards Eurocommuter 13:10, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Right Ascension
I was searching for Ixion's right ascension in longitude (ie: its position at a determined Epoch measured from the Zero Aries fiducial). This does not seem to be in Ixion's infobox. Can we get this? It is one of the customary orbital arguments. 70.27.169.176 (talk) 13:51, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * This parameter is not necessary if the rest of Solar System object articles don't use it. See Template:Infobox planet. N rco0e (talk · contribs) 17:14, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Ixion will be in the constellation of Sagittarius (constellation) from Oct 2019 to July 2021. -- Kheider (talk) 18:28, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

A stellar occultation by
A stellar occultation by was observed on 13 October 2020, with at  8 positive detections, resulted in a projected size of  $757$ km.

title: Talk:28978 Ixion


text: Category:Pike County, Georgia

title: Category:Pike County, Georgia


text:
Nelder Grove

Nelder Grove, located in the western Sierra Nevada within the Sierra National Forest in Madera County, California, is a Giant sequoia grove that was formerly known as Fresno Grove. The grove is a 1540 acre tract containing 54 mature Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) trees, the largest concentration of giant sequoias in the Sierra National Forest. The grove also contains several historical points of interest, including pioneer cabins and giant sequoia stumps left by 19th century loggers.

Before European Americans arrived, there were 400 mature sequoias in Nelder Grove, but the population has seen several steep declines since then. About 70% of the mature trees were cut during the late 19th century timber era. Despite federal protection in the 20th century, the population of sequoias has been further impacted by decades of fire exclusion, with 38 trees killed in the Railroad Fire of 2017. Currently, only 60 mature specimens remain in the grove.

Ecology
Nelder Grove is a montane forest dominated by giant sequoias and other tree species such as ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), white fir (Abies concolor), and California incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). The giant sequoia trees in Nelder Grove have a low level of genetic diversity, even within the standards of their species. Despite being located only 4.3 mi away from the nearby Mariposa Grove, there is no evidence of genetic exchange between the two groups of trees. This limited genetic variation makes the Nelder Grove particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, making it a priority for conservation efforts.

Besides trees, the grove is also habitat for rare plants such as the mountain-lady slipper orchid and the veined water lichen. Native animal species include black bear (Ursus americanus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), long-tailed weasel (Neogale frenata), raccoon (Procyon lotor), gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus), chipmunk (Neotamias minimus), and flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus).

Native people
The Nelder Grove has a rich history of human occupation dating back as far as 15,000 years ago. The Mono and Miwok tribes seasonally occupied the area, using it as a hub for their trans-Sierra journeys. Other tribes, including the Dumma, Heuchi, Chuckchansi, Chowchillas, Paiute, Kechayi, and Dalinchi, also traversed the area. Evidence of their presence can be found throughout the grove, including mortar holes used for grinding acorns into flour.

Exploration and naming
In 1858, conservationist Galen Clark made the formal discovery of the Nelder Grove. At the time, he named it Fresno Grove, as it was part of Fresno County and included the headwaters of the Fresno River. However, a 1957 discovery of a soldier's diary revealed that a small detachment of the Mariposa Battalion had passed through the grove during the Mariposa War in 1851.

The grove is now named for John A. Nelder, known as the "Hermit of the Fresno Forest" by John Muir. Nelder, who came to California during the 1849 gold rush, filed a homestead claim for 165 acres within the grove in 1874 and built a cabin near its largest tree the following year. Muir wrote about Nelder and the grove for The Atlantic Monthly in 1878, later including it in his book Our National Parks.

"Since '49 he had wandered over most of the Sierra, sinking innumerable prospect holes like a sailor making soundings, digging new channels for streams, sifting gold-sprinkled boulder and gravel beds with unquenchable energy, life's noon the meanwhile passing unnoticed into late afternoon shadows. Then, health and gold gone, the game played and lost, like a wounded deer creeping into this forest solitude, he awaits the sundown call."

John Nelder was killed in 1889 when a fire consumed his cabin. His son inherited his estate and deeded it to the Madera Flume and Trading Company in 1892.

Timber era
Nelder Grove was subjected to extensive logging in the late 19th century. The Madera Flume and Trading Company logged 277 mature sequoias, each measuring over four feet in diameter, between 1880 and 1892. Many of the surrounding trees, including sugar pines, ponderosa pines, white firs, and incense-cedars were also clearcut.

The logging process in the grove was grueling, with horse and oxen teams hauling heavy wagons of logs to the mill. The arrival of a Dolbeer single spool donkey, a steam-powered winch, made the work easier in later years. Due to a lack of water in the grove, a 1 mi long gravity tramway was built to transport the lumber to the Soquel log flume, which then transported it 52 mi to the Madera lumber yards, before it finally reached the national market via the Southern Pacific Railroad.

By 1897, the area close to the mill had been completely logged, and the last sequoia in Nelder Grove was cut. In 1928, the Madera Sugar Pine Company transferred the land to the United States Forest Service, which placed the grove under federal protection.

Noteworthy trees
The Nelder Grove is home to several giant sequoias that are notable for their size and history.

Access
Nelder Grove is relatively inaccessible compared to the nearby Mariposa Grove, which is easily reached by paved roads and shuttle buses. Visitors can reach Nelder Grove, under favorable conditions, within two hours from the Fresno area by traveling north, or from Yosemite National Park by traveling south on Highway 41 to Road 632, also known as Sky Ranch Road. However, the dirt road leading into the grove can be challenging, with muddy and rutted conditions, and is often blocked by deep snow in the winter months.

Hiking and Recreation
The Shadow of the Giants National Recreation Trail is a nature trail located in the Nelder Grove of giant sequoias. It was built in 1965 and officially designated as a National Recreation Trail in 1978. However, in 2015, the trail's informational panels, bridges, and other improvements were destroyed by the Railroad Fire. As of 2022, the trail remains closed and is overgrown with brush.

Additionally, there is a Sierra National Forest campground located at the Nelder Grove which serves as a spot for camping and outdoor activities.

Structures and Buildings
The Nelder Grove interpretive center has on display a number of artifacts from the area's logging days, including two restored cabins and replicas of cross-log and two-pole log chutes. These cabins were originally constructed in the late 1800s by pioneers at nearby Bildeo Meadow, and were moved to Nelder Grove in the 1980s as part of an effort funded by the National Historic Preservation Act. They are among the oldest cabins in the Sierra National Forest.

Railroad Fire
In September 2017, the devastating Railroad Fire swept through much of Nelder Grove. The inferno claimed 38 of the grove's 92 monarch trees and forced the permanent closure of the popular Shadow of the Giants trail.

Experts say a variety of factors contributed to the wildfire's destructive behavior, including the historic 2011–2017 California drought, which had led to extensive foliage dieback and other stress responses in the giant sequoias. Furthermore, a century of fire exclusion had resulted in heavy fuel accumulation on the forest floor and an overgrowth of understory vegetation, leading to more intense burning.

Concerned forest monitors had been warning of the risk of such a fire for decades. As early as the 1960s, Madera County had discussed plans to acquire the grove in order to sidestep federal limitations on timber cutting and prescribed burning in the Sierra National Forest. Despite these warnings, no major preventative measures were taken ahead of the Railroad Fire. "We'd better reduce the fuels, or we're going to lose this resource," warned Paul Rich, a retired 33-year veteran of the U.S. Forest Service in 2000.

Protection
In July 2022, the U.S. Forest Service authorized an expedited Emergency Response plan to reduce combustible materials in Nelder Grove. Officials hope to build upon the success of wildfire prevention programs in nearby Mariposa Grove during the 2022 Washburn Fire. The plentiful natural regeneration of seedlings is a source of optimism for other groves with large, severe burn scars. Following this directive, 42 mature giant sequoias now have a 100-foot protective buffer. Nelder Grove is slated to be largely closed in 2024.

title: Nelder Grove


text:
Stan Laurel

Stan Laurel (, ; born Arthur Stanley Jefferson; 16 June 1890 – 23 February 1965) was an English comic actor, writer and film director who was one half of the comedy duo Laurel and Hardy. He appeared with his comedy partner Oliver Hardy in 107 short films, feature films and cameo roles.

Laurel began his career in music hall, where he developed a number of his standard comic devices, including the bowler hat, the deep comic gravity and the nonsensical understatement, and developed his skills in pantomime and music hall sketches. He was a member of "Fred Karno's Army", where he was Charlie Chaplin's understudy. He and Chaplin arrived in the United States on the same ship from the United Kingdom with the Karno troupe. Laurel began his film career in 1917 and made his final appearance in 1951. He appeared with his comic partner Oliver Hardy in the film short The Lucky Dog in 1921, although they did not become an official team until late 1927. He then appeared exclusively with Hardy until retiring after his comedy partner's death in 1957.

In April 1961, at the 33rd Academy Awards, Laurel was given an Academy Honorary Award for his pioneering work in comedy, and he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard. Laurel and Hardy were ranked top among best double acts and seventh overall in a 2005 UK poll to find the Comedians' Comedian. In 2019, Laurel topped a list of the greatest British comedians compiled by a panel on the television channel Gold. In 2009, a bronze statue of the duo was unveiled in Laurel's hometown of Ulverston.

Early life

Arthur Stanley Jefferson was born on 16 June 1890 in his grandparents' house in Ulverston, Lancashire, to Arthur J. Jefferson, an actor and theatre manager from Bishop Auckland, and Margaret (née Metcalfe), an actress from Ulverston. He was one of five children. One of them was Edward, an actor who appeared in four of Stan's shorts.

His parents were very active in the theatre, frequently travelling around the country. Consequently, Laurel, who was too young to travel, lived in Ulverston with his grandparents, George and Sarah Metcalfe, for the first seven years of his life. He became very familiar with Ulverston. He attended services with his religious grandparents at Holy Trinity Church, which is close to Argyle Street and is where his parents were married. He was fond of Beer's treacle toffee from Gillam's general store on Market Street. Laurel remembered the treat in later life, writing to family in England in January 1950:"I used to go shopping on Market Street with Grandma Metcalfe -- that was a big treat for me. Beers Treacle toffee, it sure was good!"Laurel, who had a lifelong love of fishing, used to take a rod to Ulverston's canal, learning from his uncle John Shaw. His favourite place was beyond the old North Lonsdale Iron and Steel Company Ltd, close to his home in Argyle Street. Just behind him was the viaduct carrying the railway from Carnforth. Laurel in later years would recall swinging on a pair of lock gates on the canal as he waited for a bite on his line.

During these fishing expeditions, Laurel would have passed Ulverston's cemetery, where he was impressed by a miniature lighthouse memorial built in memory of Dr Thomas Watkins Wilson. The lighthouse memorial, which is still there today, had a light at the top that was once lit 24 hours a day. The lighthouse memorial was designated as a Grade II listed building in 1996. In 1932, Laurel was being interviewed by a Daily Herald reporter and as they looked up at his name in lights above a theatre in London's Leicester Square, he said:"Looks great but kind of wasteful, but you should see the lighthouse in the graveyard at Ulverston in Lancashire where I was born. They put it up when I was a kid, a tombstone with a light on top. It was the Eighth Wonder of the World to me. Ever since then it's been my ambition to have a tombstone like that."Laurel went on frequent excursions from Ulverston railway station into the Lake District with his cousins, grandparents and sometimes his parents. They visited his aunt and uncle John and Nant Shaw when they ran grocery shops, first at Flookburgh, and later Sawrey. Another favourite place to visit was the lake at Windermere.

Laurel had his first taste of the theatre in Ulverston. The Hippodrome theatre, known as Spencer's Gaff, was just across the road from his home, in Lightburn Park. The theatre was like a giant tent, made from wood with a canvas roof. Laurel's parents both trod the boards here and his father A. J. developed some of the plays he would later become known for here. The Hippodrome burnt down in 1910, the year Laurel sailed for America with the Fred Karno troupe.

Later, Laurel spent much time living with his maternal grandmother, Sarah Metcalfe in North Shields. He attended school at King James I Grammar School in Bishop Auckland, County Durham, and the King's School in Tynemouth, Northumberland.

He moved with his parents to Glasgow, Scotland, where he completed his education at Stonelaw Public School. His father managed Glasgow's Metropole Theatre, where Laurel first worked. His boyhood hero was Dan Leno, considered one of the greatest English music hall comedians. With a natural affinity for the theatre, Laurel gave his first professional performance on stage at the Panopticon in Glasgow at the age of sixteen, where he polished his skills at pantomime and music hall sketches. It was the music hall from where he drew his standard comic devices, including his bowler hat and nonsensical understatement.

In 1912 Laurel worked together with Ted Desmond on tour in Netherlands and Belgium as a comedy double act known as the Barto Bros. Their act, which involved them dressing as Romans, finished when Laurel was offered a spot in an American touring troupe. After Laurel left England for America the pair maintained a life-long friendship, sending letters and photos that documented Laurel's rise from an unknown British comedy actor in 1913 to one of the biggest names in Hollywood in the 1950s. The correspondence, spanning around 50 years and including photos of them being reunited in the US, was put up for auction by Desmond's grandson, Geoffrey Nolan, in 2018.

Laurel joined Fred Karno's troupe of actors in 1910 with the stage name of "Stan Jefferson"; the troupe also included a young Charlie Chaplin. The music hall nurtured him, and he acted as Chaplin's understudy for some time. Karno was a pioneer of slapstick, and in his biography Laurel stated, "Fred Karno didn't teach Charlie [Chaplin] and me all we know about comedy. He just taught us most of it". Chaplin and Laurel arrived in the United States on the same ship from Britain with the Karno troupe and toured the country. During the First World War, Laurel registered for military service in America on 5 June 1917, as required under the Selective Service Act. He was not called up; his registration card states his status as resident alien and his deafness as exemptions.

The Karno troupe broke up in the spring of 1914. Stan joined with two other former Karno performers, Edgar Hurley and his wife Ethel (known as "Wren") to form "The Three Comiques". On the advice of booking agent Gordon Bostock, they called themselves "the Keystone Trio". Stan started to do his character as an imitation of Charlie Chaplin, and the Hurleys began to do their parts as silent comedians Chester Conklin and Mabel Normand. They played successfully from February through October 1915, until the Hurleys and Stan parted ways. Between 1916 and 1918, he teamed up with Alice Cooke and Baldwin Cooke, who became his lifelong friends, to form the Stan Jefferson Trio.

Amongst other performers, Laurel worked briefly alongside Oliver Hardy in the silent film short The Lucky Dog (1921), before the two were a team. It was around this time that Laurel met actress Mae Dahlberg. Around the same time, he adopted the stage name of Laurel at Dahlberg's suggestion that his stage name Stan Jefferson was unlucky, due to it having thirteen letters. The pair were performing together when Laurel was offered $75 a week to star in two-reel comedies. After making his first film Nuts in May, Universal offered him a contract. The contract was soon cancelled during a reorganisation at the studio. Among the films in which Dahlberg and Laurel appeared together was the 1922 parody Mud and Sand.

By 1924, Laurel had given up the stage for full-time film work, under contract with Joe Rock for 12 two-reel comedies. The contract had one unusual stipulation: that Dahlberg was not to appear in any of the films. Rock thought that her temperament was hindering Laurel's career. In 1925, she started interfering with Laurel's work, so Rock offered her a cash settlement and a one-way ticket back to her native Australia, which she accepted. The 12 two-reel comedies were Mandarin Mix-Up (1924), Detained (1924), Monsieur Don't Care (1924), West of Hot Dog (1924), Somewhere in Wrong (1925), Twins (1925), Pie-Eyed (1925), The Snow Hawk (1925), Navy Blue Days (1925), The Sleuth (1925), Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925) and Half a Man (1925). Laurel was credited for directing or co-directing ten silent shorts (between 1925 and 1927), but appeared in none of these. Laurel's future partner Hardy, however, did appear in three of the shorts directed by Laurel: Yes, Yes, Nanette! (1925), Wandering Papas (1926) and Madame Mystery (1926).

Laurel and Hardy
Laurel next signed with the Hal Roach studio, where he began directing films, including a 1925 production called Yes, Yes, Nanette (in which Oliver Hardy had a part under the name "Babe" Hardy). It had been his intention to work primarily as a writer and director.

The same year, Hardy, a member of the Hal Roach Studios Comedy All Star players, was injured in a kitchen mishap and hospitalised. Because he was unable to work on the scheduled film, Get 'Em Young, Laurel was asked to return to acting to fill in. Starting early in 1927, Laurel and Hardy began sharing the screen in several short films, including Duck Soup, Slipping Wives and With Love and Hisses. The two became friends and their comic chemistry soon became obvious. Roach Studios' supervising director Leo McCarey noticed the audience reaction to them and began teaming them, leading to the creation of the Laurel and Hardy series later that year.

Together, the two men began producing a huge body of short films, including The Battle of the Century, Should Married Men Go Home?, Two Tars, Be Big!, Big Business and many others. Laurel and Hardy successfully made the transition to talking films with the short Unaccustomed As We Are in 1929. They also appeared in their first feature in one of the revue sequences of The Hollywood Revue of 1929, and the following year they appeared as the comic relief in the lavish all-colour (in Technicolor) musical feature The Rogue Song. Their first starring feature Pardon Us was released in 1931. They continued to make both features and shorts until 1935, including their 1932 three-reeler The Music Box, which won an Academy Award for Best Short Subject.

Trouble at Roach Studio
During the 1930s, Laurel was involved in a dispute with Hal Roach which resulted in the termination of his contract. Roach maintained separate contracts for Laurel and Hardy that expired at different times, so Hardy remained at the studio and was "teamed" with Harry Langdon for the 1939 film Zenobia. The studio discussed a series of films co-starring Hardy with Patsy Kelly to be called "The Hardy Family". But Laurel sued Roach over the contract dispute. Eventually, the case was dropped and Laurel returned to Roach. The first film that Laurel and Hardy made after Laurel returned was A Chump at Oxford. Subsequently, they made Saps at Sea, which was their last film for Roach.

Second World War
In 1941, Laurel and Hardy signed a contract at 20th Century-Fox to make ten films over five years. Laurel found, to his shock, that he and Hardy were hired only as actors, and were not expected to contribute to the staging, writing, or editing of the productions. When the films proved very successful, Laurel and Hardy were granted more freedom and gradually added more of their own material. They had made six Fox features when the studio suddenly abandoned B-picture production in December 1944. The team signed another contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1942, resulting in two more features.

Revisiting his music hall days, Laurel returned to England in 1947 when he and Hardy went on a six-week tour of the United Kingdom performing in variety shows. Mobbed wherever they went, Laurel's homecoming to Ulverston took place in May, and the duo were greeted by thousands of fans outside the Coronation Hall. The Evening Mail noted: "Oliver Hardy remarked to our reporter that Stan had talked about Ulverston for the past 22 years and he thought he had to see it." The tour included a Royal Variety Performance in front of King George VI and his consort Queen Elizabeth in London. The success of the tour led them to spend the next seven years touring the UK and Europe.

Around this time, Laurel found out that he had diabetes, so he encouraged Hardy to find solo projects, which he did, taking parts in John Wayne and Bing Crosby films.

In 1950, Laurel and Hardy were invited to France to make a feature film. The film was a disaster, a Franco-Italian co-production titled Atoll K. (The film was entitled Utopia in the US and Robinson Crusoeland in the UK.) Both stars were noticeably ill during the filming. Upon returning to the United States, they spent most of their time recovering. In 1952, Laurel and Hardy toured Europe successfully, and they returned in 1953 for another tour of the continent. During this tour, Laurel fell ill and was unable to perform for several weeks.

In May 1954, Hardy had a heart attack and cancelled the tour. In 1955, they were planning to do a television series called Laurel and Hardy's Fabulous Fables based on children's stories. The plans were delayed after Laurel had a stroke on 25 April 1955, from which he recovered. But as the team was planning to get back to work, Hardy had a major stroke on 14 September 1956 and was unable to return to acting.

Hardy's death
Oliver Hardy died on 7 August 1957. Those who knew Laurel reported he was devastated by Hardy's death and never fully recovered from it; his wife told the press that he became physically ill upon hearing that Hardy was dying. Laurel was in fact too ill to attend his funeral and said, "Babe would understand". Although he continued to socialise with his fans, he refused to perform on stage or act in another film from then on as he had no interest in working without Hardy, turning down every offer he was given for a public appearance.

After Laurel and Hardy
In 1961, Stan Laurel was given an Academy Honorary Award "for his creative pioneering in the field of cinema comedy". Laurel was introduced by Bob Hope, and the award was accepted by Danny Kaye. Laurel had achieved his lifelong dream as a comedian and had been involved in nearly 190 films. He lived his final years in a small flat in the Oceana Apartments in Santa Monica, California. Laurel was gracious to fans and spent much time answering fan mail. His phone number was also listed in the telephone directory and he would take calls from fans.

Jerry Lewis was among the comedians to visit Laurel, and Lewis received suggestions from him for the production of The Bellboy (1960). Lewis paid tribute to Laurel by naming his main character Stanley in the film, and having Bill Richmond play a version of Laurel as well. Dick Van Dyke told a similar story. When he was just starting his career, he looked up Laurel's phone number, called him, and then visited him at his home. Van Dyke played Laurel on "The Sam Pomerantz Scandals" episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show.

Director Stanley Kramer offered Laurel a cameo role in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) alongside Buster Keaton and the Three Stooges, but Laurel declined. He reportedly said he did not want to be seen on screen in his old age, especially without Hardy. It appears, however, his involvement reached the stage of filming a background matching shot of his old time convertible, with a stand-in seated at the wheel, donning a derby hat. The cameo appearance was then given to Jack Benny, who wore Laurel's signature derby in the scene.

Personal life
Laurel and Mae Dahlberg never married but lived together as common-law husband and wife from 1919 to 1925, before Dahlberg accepted a one-way ticket from Joe Rock to go back to her native Australia. In November 1937, Dahlberg was back in the US and sued Laurel for financial support. At the time, Laurel's second marriage was in the process of a divorce, with Dahlberg's legal suit adding to Laurel's woes. The matter was settled out of court. Dahlberg was described as a "relief project worker" by the court. Laurel was one of several popular British actors in Hollywood who never became a naturalised US citizen.

Laurel had four wives and married one of them a second time after their divorce. His first wife was Lois Neilson, whom he married on 13 August 1926. Together they had a daughter, Lois, who was born on December 10, 1927. Their second child, Stanley, was born two months premature in May 1930, but died after nine days. Laurel and Neilson divorced in December 1934. Their daughter Lois died on July 27, 2017 aged 89.

In 1935, Laurel married Virginia Ruth Rogers (known as Ruth). In 1937, he filed for divorce, confessing that he was not over his ex-wife Lois, but Lois decided against a reconciliation.

On New Year's Day 1938, Laurel married Vera Ivanova Shuvalova (known as Illeana); Ruth accused him of bigamy, but their divorce had been finalised a couple of days before his new marriage. The new marriage was very volatile, and Illeana accused him of trying to bury her alive in the back yard of their San Fernando Valley home. He and Illeana separated in 1939 and divorced in 1940, with Illeana surrendering all claim to the Laurel surname on 1 February 1940 in exchange for $6,500.

In 1941, Laurel remarried Virginia Ruth Rogers; they were divorced for the second time in early 1946. On 6 May 1946, he married Ida Kitaeva Raphael to whom he remained married until his death.

Death
Laurel was a smoker until suddenly quitting around 1960. In January 1965, he underwent a series of X-rays for an infection on the roof of his mouth. He died on 23 February 1965, aged 74, in his apartment, four days following a heart attack. Minutes before his death, he told his nurse that he would not mind going skiing, and she replied that she was not aware that he was a skier. "I'm not," said Laurel, "I'd rather be doing that than getting all these needles stuck in me!" A few minutes later he died quietly in his armchair.

At his funeral service at Church of the Hills, Buster Keaton said, "Chaplin wasn't the funniest. I wasn't the funniest; this man was the funniest." Dick Van Dyke gave the eulogy as a friend, protégé and occasional impressionist of Laurel during his later years; he read The Clown's Prayer. Laurel had quipped, "If anyone at my funeral has a long face, I'll never speak to him again." He is interred at Forest Lawn–Hollywood Hills Cemetery.

Legacy and honours
Laurel and Hardy are featured on the cover of the Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. In 1989, a statue of Laurel was erected in Dockwray Square, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, England, where he lived at No. 8 from 1897 to 1902. The steps down from the Square to the North Shields Fish Quay were said to have inspired the piano-moving scene in The Music Box. In a 2005 UK poll, Comedians' Comedian, Laurel and Hardy were ranked top double act and seventh overall. Along with Hardy, Laurel was inducted into the Grand Order of Water Rats. Neil Brand wrote a radio play entitled Stan, broadcast in 2004 on BBC Radio 4 and subsequently on BBC Radio 4 Extra, starring Tom Courtenay as Stan Laurel, in which Stan visits Oliver Hardy after Hardy has had his stroke and tries to say the things to his dying friend and partner that have been left unsaid. In 2006, BBC Four showed a drama called Stan, based on Brand's radio play, in which Laurel meets Hardy on his deathbed and reminisces about their career.

A plaque on the Bull Inn, Bottesford, Leicestershire, England, marks Laurel and Hardy appearing in Nottingham over Easter 1952 and Christmas 1953, and staying with Laurel's sister, Olga, who was the landlady of the pub. In 2008, a statue of Stan Laurel was unveiled in Bishop Auckland, County Durham, on the site of the Eden Theatre. In April 2009, a bronze statue of Laurel and Hardy was unveiled in Ulverston.

There is a Laurel and Hardy Museum in Stan's hometown of Ulverston. There are two Laurel and Hardy museums in Hardy's hometown of Harlem, Georgia. One is operated by the town of Harlem, and the other is a private museum owned and operated by Gary Russeth, a Harlem resident. Jefferson Drive in Ulverston is named after Laurel.

In 2013 Gail Louw and Jeffrey Holland debuted a short one-man play "...And this is my friend Mr Laurel" at the Camden Fringe festival. The play, starring Holland as Laurel, was taken on tour of the UK in 2014 until June 2015.

In the 2018 film Stan & Ollie, Steve Coogan portrayed Laurel (a performance which saw him nominated for the BAFTA for Best Actor in a Leading Role) and John C. Reilly played Hardy. Developed by BBC Films, the film is set in the twilight of their careers, and focuses on their farewell tour of Britain and Ireland's variety halls in 1953.

In 2019 Laurel was voted the greatest ever British comedian by a panel on the British television channel Gold.

Filmography

 * Stan Laurel filmography (films of Stan Laurel as an actor without Oliver Hardy)
 * Laurel and Hardy filmography (filmography of Laurel and Hardy together)

title: Stan Laurel


text:
Pinggu, Beijing

Pinggu District, formerly Pinggu County (平谷县), lies in the far east of Beijing Municipality. It has an area of 950 km2 and a population of 457,313 (2020 Census). The district is subdivided into 2 subdistricts, 14 towns, and 2 townships. It borders the Beijing districts of Miyun and Shunyi to the north and west, respectively, Tianjin's Jizhou District to the southeast, and in Hebei province, Xinglong County and Sanhe to the northeast and south, respectively.

Administrative divisions
There are 2 subdistricts, 14 towns with 4 towns of which carry the "area" (地区) label, and 2 townships in the district:

History
Pinggu District was formerly Pinggu County until 2001. In 1986, the 10,000-capacity Pinggu Stadium, which is used mostly for football matches, opened.

Economy
Pinggu district prides itself on the cultivation of the peach.

In 2009, it represented a growing area of over 6,000 hectares and an annual output of 270 million kilograms of more than 200 varieties of peaches in four major categories. Providing employment for over 150,000 people, Pinggu peaches are also an important source of economic growth for the people in the region. Peaches originated in China and have been cultivated there for thousands of years. The peach tree has special significance in Chinese culture, with it being considered to be the “tree of life,” and peaches are recognized as symbols of immortality and unity. What sets Pinggu peaches apart from those cultivated in other regions are their beautiful colors, high sugar content, unique flavor and large size. These characteristics are a direct result of the unique geographical properties of Pinggu. With mountains on three sides and plains at its center, Pinggu’s fresh air, low pollution, sandy soil, plentiful water supply and the marked difference between day and night temperatures make for ideal peach growing conditions. By 2005 orchard owners were exporting them to over twenty provinces in China as well as foreign markets such as Brunei, the European Union, Russia Singapore and Thailand.

To register a Geographical Indication for Pinggu peaches, orchard owners and the Pinggu government formed the Pinggu County Production and Distribution Service Center of Agricultural Products (PDSCAP). This alliance resulted in the Pinggu peach being the first agricultural product to have its GI registered in China in 2002.

Transportation
The planned Pinggu line will connect the District to the Beijing Subway system.

Sister cities

 * 🇰🇷 Dongjak-gu, Seoul, South Korea (1995)
 * 🇪🇸 Llíria, Valencia, Spain (2018)

title: Pinggu, Beijing


text:
Talk:Newt scamander

Most of this is directly (or nearly directly) quoted from the bio in Fantastic Beasts. Shouldn't more of it be paraphrased if the source isn't cited? neatnate 06:28, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Can we get ride of the HP Character template since we only have one piece of information on it? I know it is used to make all the character pages consistent, but it looks ridiculous on this page. Kam Tonnes 19:44, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

I decided to be bold and merge this whole page (excepting the HP character template) into Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. It seemed too short a page to be on its own, and I didn't expect that we will learn any more about good old Newt. And I followed Neatnate's suggestion to paraphrase the information a bit more. It really was too close to the "About the Author" section of the book. Kam Tonnes 02:35, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

This page must be unmerged. Somebody should make a full page for Newt Scamander he is the main character of multiple films and the current redirect only pulls up the book where he's mentioned as it's fictional writer. It's complete madness that there's a page for Count Scary and no page for the main character of the Fantastic Beast Series. One need to be made. Having no article for him and just redirecting his name to a book would be like Having no page for Bumblebee (Transformers) and redirecting it to The Transformers (TV series)--Nosecone33 (talk) 03:31, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Newt scamander


text: Category:Unincorporated communities in Massachusetts


text:
Talk:Pedro II of Brazil

Brady/Nadar portrait
I'm contesting this edit, which changes the infobox portrait from to, for a few different reasons. I think contextually the Brady is more appropriate for here. The Nadar was taken in 1991 at the end of Pedro's life, a few years after his ousting. His health deteriorated significantly at the end of his reign and into his exile, which is why he looks weakened, almost anemic, in the Nadar portrait. Conversely, the Brady was taken in 1876, a more central point in his life which happened to also be the apex of his reign, and as such is more broadly representative of him. I also note that the Nadar is already at Exile and death of Pedro II of Brazil. Curbon7 (talk) 11:43, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * That's fair, I suppose, but I don't particularly like the Brady portrait. A little awkwardly posed Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about 8.7% of all FPs. 22:00, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It is also reasonable for the picture for figures of this era to be a painting, such as with Napoleon III, so that is also an option. Curbon7 (talk) 23:20, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * There's a lot of nice images on the Google Art Project, including a couple that might well be better than what we have - there's some very nice paintings of his younger days, and a good photo or two. Anything you like? Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about 8.7% of all FPs. 08:07, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi, sorry for the long delay, I have been seriously unwell which has significantly impacted my editing capacity. I trust your judgment with photography/images, so I'll leave it to the one you think is best. Curbon7 (talk) 06:26, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:Pedro Américo - D. Pedro II na abertura da Assembléia Geral.jpg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for December 2, 2025. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2025-12-02. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. 200th anniversary of birth If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! ― Howard • 🌽33 01:58, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pedro II of Brazil


text:
Tseung Kwan O Tunnel

Tseung Kwan O Tunnel is a 900-metre tunnel beneath Ma Yau Tong in Hong Kong. The tunnel was opened on 9 November 1990. Part of Route 7, it links Sau Mau Ping, Kwun Tong, Kowloon and the Tseung Kwan O New Town, Sai Kung District, the New Territories. It was used by 80,385 vehicles daily in 2011.

The flat toll fee for the tunnel is HK$3 since opening. The toll fee has been waived since the opening of Tseung Kwan O–Lam Tin Tunnel on 11 December 2022.

This tunnel is connected to Tseung Kwan O Road on the Kowloon side along with its toll plaza, and Tseung Kwan O Tunnel Road on the Tseung Kwan O side.

Tseung Kwan O Tunnel is currently managed by Greater Lucky (H.K.) Company Limited.

title: Tseung Kwan O Tunnel


text:
Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

The Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (Reino de la Araucanía y de la Patagonia; Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie), sometimes referred to as Kingdom of New France (Royaume de Nouvelle-France), was an unrecognized state declared by two ordinances on November 17, 1860 and November 20, 1860 from Antoine de Tounens, a French lawyer and adventurer, who claimed that the regions of Araucanía and eastern Patagonia did not depend of any other states and proclaimed himself king of Araucanía and Patagonia. He had the support of some Mapuche lonkos around a small area in Araucanía, who thought they could help maintain independence from the Chilean and Argentine governments.

Arrested on January 5, 1862 by the Chilean authorities, Antoine de Tounens was imprisoned and declared insane on September 2, 1862 by the court of Santiago and expelled to France on October 28, 1862. He later tried three times to return to Araucanía to reclaim his "kingdom" without success.

History

In 1858, Antoine de Tounens, a former lawyer in Périgueux, France, who had read the book La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla, decided to go to Araucanía, inspired to become its king after reading the book. He landed at the port of Coquimbo in Chile and met some loncos (Mapuche tribal leaders) after arriving South to the Biobío. He promised them some arms and the help of France to maintain their independence from Chile. The Indians elected him Great Toqui, Supreme Chieftain of the Mapuches, possibly in the belief that their cause might be better served with a European acting on their behalf.

On November 17, 1860, and November 20, 1860, the self-proclaimed sovereign  proclaimed via two decrees that the regions of Araucanía and eastern Patagonia did not need to depend on any other states and that the Kingdom of Araucanía is founded with himself as monarch under the name King Orélie-Antoine I. He declared Perquenco capital of his kingdom, created a flag, and had coins minted for the nation under the name of Nouvelle France.

He writes in his Memoirs in 1863 "I took the title of king, by an ordinance of November 17, 1860, which established the bases of the hereditary constitutional government founded by me [...] On November 17, I returned to Araucanía to be publicly recognized as king, which took place on December 25, 26, 27 and 30. Weren't we, the Araucanians, free to bestow power on me, and I to accept it?"

The supposed founding of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia led to the Occupation of Araucanía by Chilean forces. Chilean president José Joaquín Pérez authorized Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, commander of the Chilean troops, to arrest Antoine de Tounens on January 5, 1862. Tounens was then imprisoned and declared insane on September 2, 1862, by the court of Santiago and expelled to France on October 28, 1862.

Attempts to return and fears of French intervention
In a 1870 meeting of Saavedra with Mapuche lonkos at Toltén, Mapuche chiefs revealed to Saavedra that Antoine de Tounens was once again at Araucanía. Upon hearing that his presence in Araucanía had been revealed Orélie-Antoine de Tounens fled to Argentina, having however promised Quilapán to obtain arms. There are some reports that a shipment of arms seized by Argentine authorities at Buenos Aires in 1871 had been ordered by Orélie-Antoine de Tounens. A French warship, d'Entrecasteaux, that anchored in 1870 at Corral, drew suspicions from Saavedra of some sort of French interference. Accordingly there may have been substance to these fears as information was given to Abdón Cifuentes in 1870 that an intervention in favour of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia against Chile was discussed in Napoleon III's Conseil d'Êtat.

On August 28, 1873, the Criminal Court of Paris ruled that Antoine de Tounens, first "king of Araucanía and Patagonia", did not justify his claim to the status of sovereignty. He died in poverty on September 17, 1878, in Tourtoirac, France, after years of fruitlessly struggling to regain his kingdom.

After de Tounens (1873–present)
Historians Simon Collier and William F. Sater describe the Kingdom of Araucanía as a "curious and semi-comic episode". According to travel writer Bruce Chatwin, the later history of the "kingdom" belongs rather to "the obsessions of bourgeois France than to the politics of South America." A French champagne salesman, Gustave Laviarde, impressed by the story, decided to assume the vacant throne as Aquiles I. He was appointed heir to the throne by Orélie-Antoine. The pretenders to the throne of Araucanía and Patagonia have been called monarchs and sovereigns of fantasy,   "having only fanciful claims to a kingdom without legal existence and having no international recognition". Therefore the "throne of Araucanía" is sometimes the subject of disputes between "pretenders", some journalists wrote : "The memory of the French adventurer Orélie-Antoine, self-proclaimed king in 1860, and the defense of the rights of the Mapuches guide the action of this strange symbolic monarchy" and "The intensification of the Mapuche conflict in recent years has given a new purpose to the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia, long considered an absurdity by French society."

Mapuche writer Pedro Cayuqueo considers the kingdom a lost opportunity and speculates that, in a French-ruled Araucanía, the Mapuche would have rights similar to that of the Kanak people, who were given the possibility of independence from France in a 2018 referendum.

Pretenders to the throne after Antoine de Tounens
Antoine de Tounens had no children, but since his death in 1878, some French citizens without any familial relations to him declared to be pretenders to the "throne of Araucanía and Patagonia". Whether the Mapuche themselves accept this or are even aware of it, is unclear.

 Sovereign   List of pretenders to the throne and heads of the royal house of Araucanía and Patagonia

other government roles

 * President of the Council of the Kingdom - Nina Saleh Ahmed
 * Joint Vice President of the Council of the Kingdom - Domingo Paine
 * Joint Vice President of the Council of the Kingdom - Reynaldo Mariqueo
 * Chancellor of the council of the kingdom -  JP Wilson

Flag
Sources are unclear on what flag, if any, Tounens used, as his "government" was never formalized. Some sources say a green-blue-white flag was used, and other sources say a blue-white-green. The green-blue-white variant of the flag was probably only hoisted by Orélie in Araucanía for a few weeks. The blue-white-green version was designed by Orélie in exile in France, and is still used by pretenders to the throne after his death.

Television

 * 1990: Le Roi de Patagonie, TV mini-series directed by Georges Campana and Stéphane Kurc
 * 1991: Le Jeu du roi, TV film directed by Marc Evans
 * 2017: Rey is based on this incident.

Novel

 * Jean Raspail, Moi, Antoine de Tounens, roi de Patagonie (I, Antoine of Tounens, King of Patagonia) (1981)

Video games

 * In Hearts of Iron IV expansion pack Trial of Allegiance, player may play as Chile and via according focus tree, restore the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia.

title: Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia


text:
Roland Charles Wagner

Roland C. Wagner (6 September 1960 – 5 August 2012) was a French writer of humorous science fiction. Since his professional debut in 1981, he had written around one hundred novellas and around fifty novels. He was the only writer to have received the Prix Rosny-Aîné seven times, as well as many other awards.

Biography
Roland Wagner was born in Bab El Oued, Algeria during the Algerian War of Independence. After the war, his family left Algeria like many Pieds-Noirs and settled in Clamart. Throughout his youth, Wagner was an avid reader of Fleuve Noir Anticipation and other science-fiction stories. He began writing his own stories at age 15. In 1981, he won the Prix Rosny-Aîné for his short story Faire-part. He was killed in an automobile accident on 5 August 2012.

Histoire d'un futur
Les Futurs Mystères de Paris ("The Future Mysteries of Paris") features a "transparent" (not exactly invisible) private detective. Starting with La Balle du néant ("The Bullet From Nowhere"), this cycle has nine titles (up to Mine de rien, 2006) inside a larger set, including Le Chant du cosmos ("The Song of the Cosmos"), a far-future tale which describes a mental game inspired by Go.

Rêves de Gloire
Rêves de Gloire (Dreams of Glory) is an alternate history of Algeria with several divergence points. One of them is the assassination of Charles de Gaulle before the Évian Accords.

Other works
Roland C. Wagner had written under multiple pseudonyms, including Richard Wolfram and Red Deff.

La Saison de la sorcière ("Season of the Witch", 2003) takes place in France with extremely high-level police security, which is invaded by the United States. The novel received the Bob Morane Prize and the Prix Rosny-Aîné in 2004. Le Temps du voyage ("Trip Time", 2005) is a space opera in the mood of Jack Vance.

He had also written an alternate history biography of H. P. Lovecraft under the title HPL (1890–1991) which has been translated in English, and several pastiches of famous science fiction authors. For example, his  Three Laws of Robotic Sexuality  parodies Isaac Asimov's robot stories.

Music
He also wrote lyrics for rock bands, and is a member of the acid punk group Brain Damage, active since 1977.

Awards and honors
Asteroid 428102 Rolandwagner, discovered by astronomer Bernard Christophe at Saint-Sulpice Observatory in 2006, was named in his memory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 2017 (MPC 103030).

Selected bibliography (novels)

 * Le Serpent d'angoisse (1987)
 * Poupée aux yeux morts (1988) (alternate title: L'Œil du fouinain)
 * Le paysage déchiré (1989)
 * Les derniers jours de mai (1989)
 * Les Psychopompes de Klash (1990)
 * La Sinsé gravite au 21 (1991)
 * Cette crédille qui nous ronge (1991)
 * La Balle du néant (1996)
 * Les Ravisseurs quantiques (1996)
 * L'Odyssée de l'espèce (1997)
 * L'Aube incertaine (1997)
 * Tekrock (1999)
 * Le Chant du Cosmos (1999)
 * Tøøns (2000)
 * Musique de l'énergie (2000 – short story collection)
 * Babaluma (2002)
 * Kali Yuga (2003)
 * La Saison de la sorcière (2003)
 * Le Temps du voyage (2005)
 * Pax Americana (2005)
 * L.G.M. (2006)
 * Mine de rien (2006)
 * Rêves de Gloire (2011)

title: Roland Charles Wagner


text: User talk:67.170.156.90

title: User talk:67.170.156.90


text:
Cladonia

Cladonia is a genus of moss-like lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. They are the primary food source for reindeer/caribou. Cladonia species are of economic importance to reindeer-herders, such as the Sami in Scandinavia or the Nenets in Russia. Antibiotic compounds are extracted from some species to create antibiotic cream. The light green species Cladonia stellaris is used in flower decorations.

Although the phylogeny of the genus Cladonia is still under investigation, two main morphological groups are commonly differentiated by taxonomists: the Cladonia morpho-type and the Cladina morpho-type. The Cladonia morpho-type has many more species, and is generally described as a group of squamulose (grow from squamules), cup-bearing lichens. The Cladina morpho-types are often referred to as forage lichens, mat-forming lichens, or reindeer lichens (due to their importance as caribou winter forage).

Cladonia perforata ("perforate cladonia") is one of two on the U.S. Endangered Species List, and it should never be collected. It exists only in a few small populations in Florida.

Several Cladonia species grow on sand dunes. The presence, and luxuriant carpet-like growth, of Cladonia species is one of the defining characters of grey dune, a priority habitat for conservation under the E.U. Habitats Directive.

Cladonia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Chionodes continuella.

Selected species
Selected species of Cladonia include: • Cladonia amaurocraea – quill lichen

• Cladonia arbuscula – reindeer lichens

• Cladonia asahinae – pixie cup lichen

• Cladonia borealis – boreal cup lichen

• Cladonia cardiosa – split-leg lichen

• Cladonia cenotea – powdered funnel lichen

• Cladonia chlorophaea – mealy pixie cup

• Cladonia coccifera – madam's cup

• Cladonia coniocraea – common powderhorn

• Cladonia cristatella – British soldiers lichen

• Cladonia deformis – lesser sulphur-cup lichen

• Cladonia didyma – Southern soldiers

• Cladonia fimbriata – trumpet lichen

• Cladonia gracilis – smooth horn lichen

• Cladonia macilenta – lipstick powderhorn

• Cladonia macrophyllodes – large-leaved cladonia

• Cladonia mitis – green reindeer lichen, yellow reindeer lichen

• Cladonia mongkolsukii

• Cladonia multiformis – sieve lichen

• Cladonia parasitica

• Cladonia peziziformis – cup lichen

• Cladonia phyllophora – felt horn lichen

• Cladonia pleurota – red-fruited pixie cup

• Cladonia portentosa – reindeer lichen

• Cladonia pyxidata – pebbled pixie lichen

• Cladonia rangiferina – grey reindeer lichen, true reindeer lichen

• Cladonia rei – wand lichen

• Cladonia squamosa – dragon horn

• Cladonia stellaris – northern reindeer lichen, star-tipped reindeer lichen

• Cladonia turgida – crazy scale lichen

• Cladonia uncialis – thorn lichen

• Cladonia verticillata – ladder lichen

title: Cladonia


text:
Talk:Eddie

Vandalism
Reversion of apparent vandalism by anon user 68.90.43.242:

Unless you're prepared to back this up with a reference, or at the very least an article, I am presuming that this is vandalism and removing it. Kevyn 06:41, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I also presuming that this is vandalism and removing it.

Who's the WWI Pilot?
what's the name of that WWI American pilot who shot down the most enemy planes? I'm pretty sure that was an Eddie.

Eddie Rickenbacker. I've added him. --Ye Olde Luke 20:10, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eddie