text:
User talk:Baryonyx/Archive 1

Welcome
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Characters of Lost
Hi Baryonyx! I just want to thank you for creating the Characters of Lost page and writing a great summary of Jack. Keep up the good work! Carrp | Talk 23:03, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Carrp. :) I was hesitating because I haven't really created any pages of consequence before, and this one strikes me as one that'll be potentially big down the road. But when so many agreed, I felt it was better to start as soon as possible. :) Hope to see you around the page, too! :) Baryonyx 23:22, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Also, thanks for dealing with the edits from the anonymous editor in a level-headed fashion, and removing the offensive edits in keeping with the policy of No personal attacks. If he continues to make these personal attacks without constructive comments, he will be blocked. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 21:13, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

We miss your wisdom on the LOST pages. Hope you make it back soon! --LeFlyman 00:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

I went ahead and archived the Lost talk page as you proposed. Now is perhaps the best time to do it anyway. I left the page move discussion though because it hasn't been closed yet. Just letting you know. K1Bond007 20:10, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. I'd say just police the page and make sure it stays away from getting out of hand with Internet rumors, speculation and original research again. If anything you can point to the discussion we've already had on the matter as a consensus should a problem arise, although a better alternative is to just point out Wikipedia's policies and guidelines on this sort of "material". I'm planning to keep more of an eye on the page this time around. Speaking of Lost-related stuff, just letting you know I replied to your discussion at Jack Shephard. K1Bond007 20:29, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hey, thanks for the compliments you gave me about my organizing of the Jack Shephard article. It really didn't feel like its own page as much as a cut-and-paste from the Characters of Lost page. I figured it would be better ordered chronologically. I wanted to get around to doing this for all of the main characters but haven't been able to. KramarDanIkabu 04:16, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Barnstar
Thank you for your diligence and hard work in straightening out the LOST articles and constantly improving their content. LeFlyman 20:27, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the barnstar... my first. I guess if, at this point, if I was going to earn one, it has to be for Lost, considering better than 90% of my edits are in and around those pages! :) Baryonyx 21:23, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Lost Episodes
Hey, got the note on my talk page, but I can't quite narrow it down which comments your talking about. Are you talking about the norwegian newspaper thing? If so, as he states that they are "speculating", it still doesn't belong in Wikipedia. If you're referring to a different section, let me know on my talk page, and include a link to the exact section you're talking about. i.e. Talk:Episodes of Lost (Season 2). --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 17:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Sharon Rutherford
In regard to your message:

"I'm again removing the speculation on character deaths, as per the standards applied by the page Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not, especially sections 1.3, 1.7. and 1.8, particulary 1.8.3. Your own edit summary on the page for Sawyer admits that it is speculation, and thus by those page standards, should be removed. That is not an NPoV stance, it is Wikipedia policy. I also would invite you to review the sections Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, and, in light of your belief that its OK to attack people in edit summaries, WP:NPA, most notably the line "Abusive edit summaries are particularly ill-regarded." Thank you. Baryonyx 08:53, 10 November 2005 (UTC)"

Several things. My roomate was on my computer and didn't logout before she made the edits. Although I agree with your statement on the standards and speculation, I don't see where any attacks towards anyone, or abusive edit summaries, were made. I am a fan of the show aswell although I haven't had the time to do too many edits for it. On a side note, I also think Sawyer is gonna be the one to go and the Shannon thing is a distraction.

Cheers, (MXM 09:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC))

Fortunately, it looks like this solved itself. Let me know if there are any further problems. K1Bond007 16:58, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Lost
Howdy. We had a discussion a while back about spoiler tags on the Lost article. I took another look at that talk page today and saw that my last response to you apparently didn't take. The gist of it was: thanks for moving the spoiler tag to the top of the article, and while I don't agree with you on all points, I feel that the issue has been resolved. I also hope the discussion didn't get too heated. I was upset about having part of the show spoiled for me and probably pushed things a little too far.

At some point I'm going to try to develop a guideline for the use of spoiler warnings on Wikipedia. Let me know if you'd be interested in joining that discussion (if and when it ever occurs).

Also, I notice that a lot of speculation creeps into the article (and the talk page) and you're doing a good job keeping it out. Thanks! a ndroid 79  16:50, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Sun's full name
Sun's page is currently located at Sun-Soo Kwon. As a Korean, the name looked wrong, so I did some research and couldn't find any official sources to back up the name, and instead found an IMDB entry where her name was listed as Sun-Hwa Kwon. I've seen other sources where the character is listed as Sun Paik. So her full given name is definitely Sun-Hwa, Sun-Soo being probably a mistake due to analogy with Jin's full given name being Jin-Soo (which is like expanding "Ken" to "Kenjamin" by analogy with "Ben" and "Benjamin"). The issue though is which surname to use for the article. In Korea, women do not take their husbands' surnames, so unless Sun has legally changed her name, her correct legal surname is still Paik. But perhaps Kwon is acceptable as an anglicized version of the name to help viewers who might be confused that the couple have different surnames. If you have an opinion on whether the page should be moved to Sun-Hwa Kwon or Sun-Hwa Paik, then please leave a message on the Talk:Sun-Soo Kwon. Thanks. --219.254.220.163 06:16, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Policy Proposal: "Wikipedia is not a fan site"
Hi, Baryonyx,

I've just put in a proposal for an addition to "What Wikipedia is not" connected to the excessive non-encyclopedic material we've been getting on the LOST articles. Please look it over at Proposed addition: "Wikipedia is not a fan site" and offer your comments, if you are so inclined :)

Thanks, LeFlyman 00:00, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding the two articles you mentioned on my talk page, I would recommend them for AFD. I agree that battling the crystal ballers on the eps page is getting tiring, I really don't know what to do about it.  I hoped the poll would end things, but it doesn't seem to have stopped anything...  --DDG 07:51, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Faith Harrington looks like clear-cut fanon. You want to afd it? --DDG 15:39, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Earlier this month, I had the formal text for a "not a fan site" proposal ready to go for a straw poll, which I'd worked on for a couple hours... frustratingly, just as I was ready to post, I had a Web browser freeze-up and lost the text. Should teach me to edit in Internet Explorer. I'll try to recreate the content and put it up in the next few days. The gist was that "Wikipedia is not to be used as a substitute for fan sites, forums, chats rooms or other such fan-initiated Internet resources. It is not the place to introduce predictions of plot twists or outcomes of sporting events. Postings on fan forums do not meet the qualifications for verifiability, and spoiler/rumor sites should not be used as the basis of content." There was more, but I've not yet had a chance to rework what I had written. Suggestions? —LeFlyman 18:41, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Hi, B,

As promised a while back, I've cleaned up the proposal material, and put it up for pre-posting at: User_talk:Leflyman/Not_a_Fansite. Please take a look at the proposed wording; you may also want to review the comments when I first brought it up on the talk page for What Wikipedia is not in November, which I've copied to the bottom of my "sub-page". Let me know what you think! —LeFlyman 19:56, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your extensive comments. I'm digesting them now. I'm wondering if I'm missing anything else in the proposal; such as a clearer explanation of why what's appropriate for fan sites, is not appropriate for Wikipedia. Some of what you've written touches on that. I'm not sure, however, how to restate the "decoding" concept within WP terms. —LeFlyman 21:19, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Re: More Lost Fun
After your note, I saw that Lessthankris was back to re-inserting the text, and when I noticed just how many times he'd done so, it screamed 3RR time. I hope the temporary block will make him think twice about slipping in his own theories.

I agree that the Fan Theories section is a potential fancruft magnet. The requirement for "sourcing" is pretty sturdy, however, and the notice that only discredited theories are acceptable is a good way to remove the excess of those like Lessthankris. Honestly, I've been more concerned about what has been allowed to take root in the Story Elements. There's no requisite for verifiability for most of it, so the section has become a bevy of unsourced Original Research. I'm not sure how to reign it in.

I think on the LOST articles, we are likely battling similar problems faced by other articles' editors. It would be nice to get buy-in for some of the ideas we have as to what should/shouldn't go into fan articles (in hand with my proposal re: "not fan site" above). With Wikipedia having a super-high rank on Google, what we include in the Lost articles is likely being read by untold thousands of people! —LeFlyman 19:00, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Removal of images
My apologies. I've since decided, in part fuelled by a minor dispute which has since been resolved, that people are still willing to be reasonable. I'll certainly be notifying in future. Rob Church Talk 17:00, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You too. :) Rob Church Talk 17:05, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Mr. Eko
I'm copying you on the same message I posted for Leflyman -- could both of you take a look at the Mr. Eko character page? It has been bugging me for the past few days because it just reads like crap to me -- bad grammar, subtle OR, not encyclopedic. If either of you can help, I would appreciate it. Danflave 06:47, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you -- it looks so much better! Danflave 21:03, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Your comments on AfD:Geronimo Jackson
As usual, I agree with your comments about why fresh articles like Geronimo Jackson should be kept out. You may be interested to see my responses to Llywrch who seems to have softened how "fiercely" he believes the article should be kept.—LeFlyman 07:02, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * By the way, I forgot to mention that I started an article for the real 70s unknown band Geronimo Black; there's speculation that this is the real origin of "Geronimo Jackson" (but of course, that isn't appropriate to include).—LeFlyman 21:21, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Benitoite.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Benitoite.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags.
 * Be my guest. The image that was there was of dubious copyright, so I tried... repeatedly... to replace it with my own image of my own sample taken by myself. When it didn't take immediately, I uploaded the image instead to Image:Benitoite_new.jpg, which is the one I'm using on the Benitoite page. Though the present image is indeed my copyright, which I've released to the Public Domain, we don't need to copies of this image. Baryonyx 16:21, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Lost Season 2
I totally agree that the second season episode "synopses" are turning into play-by-plays. I've avoided looking at them because the writing is so bad, and figured at some point the people who keep adding to the extraneously over-described summaries would dissipate and we could do something about them. The only other option I can think of is to divvy up the episodes into separate articles, as was suggested earlier. I just looked at Desperate Housewives which I thought used a short summary format like ours, but noticed that they are now using synopses connected to long, separate episode articles: List_of_Desperate_Housewives_episodes. — LeflymanTalk 17:22, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * A Lost Wikiproject sounds like an excellent idea. I've been letting the Not a Fansite proposal percolate, hoping for inspiration to break through the issue on how to describe the appropriate depth of detail, other than as "trivia". Although I previously hadn't advertised the work being done on it, some other editors had noticed it; so I've asked for additional comments at the talk page for WWIN.— LeflymanTalk 17:41, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed, again; my main frustration with LOST articles has been dealing with anon IP and single-edit users who have no regard for (or understanding of) WP standards. To them, this is just a fan site. I think your suggestion of a LOST Wikiproject is what's needed to organize the burgeoning amount of content that gets generate by the fans of the show. I liked how you edited down that Oceanic Flight 815 article; so I think you'd be ideal to get the Wikiproject off the ground. Josiah should be tapped for his knowledge of this, as he has helped out with the Doctor Who WikiProject since September last year. Incidentally, check out this Wikipedia organizational tool I came across recently: To-do_list — LeflymanTalk 23:18, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I understand the impetus for a Wiki-break. While I find myself still dropping in, I've reigned in my big edit sessions, in order to focus on other things (like my own Web site projects, which were feeling ignored!) I do hope that by the time the new episodes roll around, you (and I) will be Wiki-rested and up to battling the vandal hordes once again. You wouldn't want to miss out on the millionth Wikipedia article-- sometime next week-- would you?-- LeflymanTalk 02:37, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Baryonyx, I hope that nothing I said was the impetus for your Wiki-break. I realize one of my posts may have been rude, and I did not mean to offend you in any way or disregard your hard work. You are an amazing asset to the Lost editing, I hope you will not stay away for long! Danflave 22:15, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi, B, Just discovered your message; it got "lost" on my talk page. Yes, as you and I foresaw, the separate episode articles did get made, which I just started reading through. It looks like this major addition is being ignored at the moment by most Lost editors. There's a discussion about integrating the new content into main articles, among those who put together the individual pages, but this doesn't appear to include the main article editors. I suspect this will come to a head when someone decides to "fix" the Episodes of Lost season summaries by either replacing it with the List of Lost episodes or by pointing the shortened summaries to the individual pages. I don't think the short summaries, which you worked so hard to kick-start, are going to survive. Folks will have to take the veritable bull by the horns and (grudgingly) admit that individual episode synopses are going to be part of the "Lost Project" -- even though no one has (yet) organized such as a formal Wikiproject. Willing to head up the charge for it again? If so, as Hurley might say, I've totally got your back, dude. Hope you return from Wiki-break soon, and in one piece! - LeflymanTalk 17:29, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your kind words in my RfA and for taking the time to vote for me. The RfA passed with a final vote of 54/2/1 despite my obvious inadequacy for the job. I'll do my level best to use the mop and bucket — or, as I said in my RfA, plunger — responsibly. Of course, in the best tradition of politicans everywhere, I've already broken a campaign promise (I blocked a vandal last night despite having said "I don't anticipate using the blocking tool very often"). Nevertheless, I'll try not to let the unbridled power corrupt me. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 14:56, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

We need you!
I hope you've had a chance to see the horrible condescension and bitchiness of these nazis who've come in and taken over the episode guide. :( We really need you back to help with a PROPER episode guide. I'll admit breaking episodes up into articles seems to be inevitable.  But I can't handle these outsiders coming in, making massive changes, and then (most certainly) abandoning the project and leaving us to fix their mess.  I'd rather WE be the ones to do this (and make sure it is done properly). It's going to happen (and is happening) no matter what, so I hope you come back to help! Danflave 17:57, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi! I'm happy to hear that you've re-energized. I completely agree that editing can get draining, particularly when dealing with what appear to be neophyte Wikipedia users. As Dan has pointed out in his unique way above, a number of newly minted editors have swooped in on the Lost articles during your absence to make all sort of ahem...unusual additions. Nature abhors a vacuum, after all. I'm afraid I've come off a bit pedantic with some of them, and caused an uproar in Talk:Episodes of Lost (Season 2) regarding the verifiability of the "computer" as an Apple II. But the greatest issue, of course, was as you foresaw: how to handle the sudden "duplicate" episode guides. I do think your views on the matter would be extremely helpful in the ongoing discussion. I've written to one of the new editors, Bldxyz, who had posted a long list of ways that I came off badly. I pointed out on that user's talk page about your proposed Wikiproject. I'm fully in support of it, but as noted on the Wikiproject page, there would need to be at least 5-10 people committed to make it happen. One thing we might consider is how much of what we have (or plan to have) duplicates the efforts of Lostpedia. On the flip side, our restrictions on speculation do make the Lost articles on WP well-linked around the Web. -- LeflymanTalk 01:17, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Straw poll on Lost articles
This probably has or will come to your attention already, but incase it hasn't, there is a straw poll at Talk: List of Lost episodes to decide the fate of the Lost articles. It is critical that you vote on this. Rillian 19:22, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Baryonyx/Archive 1


text:
Conglomerate (geology)

Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of a substantial fraction of rounded to subangular gravel-size clasts. A conglomerate typically contains a matrix of finer-grained sediments, such as sand, silt, or clay, which fills the interstices between the clasts. The clasts and matrix are typically cemented by calcium carbonate, iron oxide, silica, or hardened clay.

Conglomerates form by the consolidation and lithification of gravel. They can be found in sedimentary rock sequences of all ages but probably make up less than 1 percent by weight of all sedimentary rocks. In terms of origin and depositional mechanisms, they are closely related to sandstones and exhibit many of the same types of sedimentary structures, e.g., tabular and trough cross-bedding and graded bedding.

Fanglomerates are poorly sorted, matrix-rich conglomerates that originated as debris flows on alluvial fans and likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record.

Classification of conglomerates
Conglomerates may be named and classified by the: The classification method depends on the type and detail of research being conducted.
 * Amount and type of matrix present
 * Composition of gravel-size clasts they contain
 * Size range of gravel-size clasts present

A sedimentary rock composed largely of gravel is first named according to the roundness of the gravel. If the gravel clasts that comprise it are largely well-rounded to subrounded, it is a conglomerate. If the gravel clasts that comprise it are largely angular, it is a breccia. Such breccias can be called sedimentary breccias to differentiate them from other types of breccia, e.g. volcanic and fault breccias. Sedimentary rocks that contain a mixture of rounded and angular gravel clasts are sometimes called breccio-conglomerate.

Texture
Conglomerates contain at least 30% of rounded to subangular clasts larger than 2 mm in diameter, e.g., granules, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. However, conglomerates are rarely composed entirely of gravel-size clasts. Typically, the space between the gravel-size clasts is filled by a mixture composed of varying amounts of silt, sand, and clay, known as matrix. If the individual gravel clasts in a conglomerate are separated from each other by an abundance of matrix such that they are not in contact with each other and float within the matrix, it is called a paraconglomerate. Paraconglomerates are also often unstratified and can contain more matrix than gravel clasts. If the gravel clasts of a conglomerate are in contact with each other, it is called an orthoconglomerate. Unlike paraconglomerates, orthoconglomerates are typically cross-bedded and often well-cemented and lithified by either calcite, hematite, quartz, or clay.

The differences between paraconglomerates and orthoconglomerates reflect differences in how they are deposited. Paraconglomerates are commonly either glacial tills or debris flow deposits. Orthoconglomerates are typically associated with aqueous currents.

Clast composition
Conglomerates are also classified according to the composition of their clasts. A conglomerate or any clastic sedimentary rock that consists of a single rock or mineral is known as either a monomict, monomictic, oligomict, or oligomictic conglomerate. If the conglomerate consists of two or more different types of rocks, minerals, or combination of both, it is known as either a polymict or polymictic conglomerate. If a polymictic conglomerate contains an assortment of the clasts of metastable and unstable rocks and minerals, it is called either a petromict or petromictic conglomerate.

In addition, conglomerates are classified by source as indicated by the lithology of the gravel-size clasts If these clasts consist of rocks and minerals that are significantly different in lithology from the enclosing matrix and, thus, older and derived from outside the basin of deposition, the conglomerate is known as an extraformational conglomerate. If these clasts consist of rocks and minerals that are identical to or consistent with the lithology of the enclosing matrix and, thus, penecontemporaneous and derived from within the basin of deposition, the conglomerate is known as an intraformational conglomerate.

Two recognized types of intraformational conglomerates are shale-pebble and flat-pebble conglomerates. A shale-pebble conglomerate is a conglomerate that is composed largely of clasts of rounded mud chips and pebbles held together by clay minerals and created by erosion within environments such as within a river channel or along a lake margin. Flat-pebble conglomerates (edgewise conglomerates) are conglomerates that consist of relatively flat clasts of lime mud created by either storms or tsunami eroding a shallow sea bottom or tidal currents eroding tidal flats along a shoreline.

Clast size
Finally, conglomerates are often differentiated and named according to the dominant clast size comprising them. In this classification, a conglomerate composed largely of granule-size clasts would be called a granule conglomerate; a conglomerate composed largely of pebble-size clasts would be called a pebble conglomerate; and a conglomerate composed largely of cobble-size clasts would be called a cobble conglomerate.

Sedimentary environments
Conglomerates are deposited in a variety of sedimentary environments.

Deepwater marine
In turbidites, the basal part of a bed is typically coarse-grained and sometimes conglomeratic. In this setting, conglomerates are normally very well sorted, well-rounded and often with a strong A-axis type imbrication of the clasts.

Shallow marine
Conglomerates are normally present at the base of sequences laid down during marine transgressions above an unconformity, and are known as basal conglomerates. They represent the position of the shoreline at a particular time and are diachronous.

Fluvial
Conglomerates deposited in fluvial environments are typically well rounded and poorly sorted. Clasts of this size are carried as bedload and only at times of high flow-rate. The maximum clast size decreases as the clasts are transported further due to attrition, so conglomerates are more characteristic of immature river systems. In the sediments deposited by mature rivers, conglomerates are generally confined to the basal part of a channel fill where they are known as pebble lags. Conglomerates deposited in a fluvial environment often have an AB-plane type imbrication.

Alluvial
Alluvial deposits form in areas of high relief and are typically coarse-grained. At mountain fronts individual alluvial fans merge to form braidplains and these two environments are associated with the thickest deposits of conglomerates. The bulk of conglomerates deposited in this setting are clast-supported with a strong AB-plane imbrication. Matrix-supported conglomerates, as a result of debris-flow deposition, are quite commonly associated with many alluvial fans. When such conglomerates accumulate within an alluvial fan, in rapidly eroding (e.g., desert) environments, the resulting rock unit is often called a fanglomerate.

Glacial
Glaciers carry a lot of coarse-grained material and many glacial deposits are conglomeratic. tillites, the sediments deposited directly by a glacier, are typically poorly sorted, matrix-supported conglomerates. The matrix is generally fine-grained, consisting of finely milled rock fragments. Waterlaid deposits associated with glaciers are often conglomeratic, forming structures such as eskers.

Examples
An example of conglomerate can be seen at Montserrat, near Barcelona. Here, erosion has created vertical channels that give the characteristic jagged shapes the mountain is named for (Montserrat literally means "jagged mountain"). The rock is strong enough to use as a building material, as in the Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey.

Another example, the Crestone Conglomerate, occurs in and near the town of Crestone, at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Range in Colorado's San Luis Valley. The Crestone Conglomerate consists of poorly sorted fanglomerates that accumulated in prehistoric alluvial fans and related fluvial systems. Some of these rocks have hues of red and green.

Conglomerate cliffs are found on the east coast of Scotland from Arbroath northwards along the coastlines of the former counties of Angus and Kincardineshire. Dunnottar Castle sits on a rugged promontory of conglomerate jutting into the North Sea just south of the town of Stonehaven.

Copper Harbor Conglomerate is found both in the Keweenaw Peninsula and Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior.

Conglomerate may also be seen in the domed hills of Kata Tjuta, in Australia's Northern Territory or in the Buda Hills in Hungary.

In the nineteenth century a thick layer of Pottsville conglomerate was recognized to underlie anthracite coal measures in Pennsylvania.

Examples on Mars
On Mars, slabs of conglomerate have been found at an outcrop named "Hottah", and have been interpreted by scientists as having formed in an ancient streambed. The gravels, which were discovered by NASA's Mars rover Curiosity, range from the size of sand particles to the size of golf balls. Analysis has shown that the pebbles were deposited by a stream that flowed at walking pace and was ankle- to hip-deep.

Metaconglomerate
Metamorphic alteration transforms conglomerate into metaconglomerate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Conglomerate (geology)


text:
Talk:ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (V-2)

Comments
Per WikiProject Ships, this should have its own article. If nothing else, the sidebar box will have 1970s-era Argentine numbers (such as types of aircraft), not 1945 RN numbers. Stan 16:27, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Merge (2007)
Totally agree. Each ship "incarnation" should have its own article, cross-referenced to cover the whole history of the vessel. I've posted the same comment in "Karel Doorman" and "Venerable" discussion pages. DPdH 13:21, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

PLEASE POST COMMENTS ON THE MERGE DISCUSSION PAGE AT :  Talk:HNLMS Karel Doorman (R81)

 * The above discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

Catapult overhaul?
I had pretty good information suggesting that the 25 de Mayo's catapult was under overhaul in (of all places!) Scotland during the Falklands; as a result she was unable to take an active part in the war. Can someone confirm or deny this? I actually have a photo of the ship tied up and looking very sad, and the caption says that this is the ship during the "Malvinas conflict," and that "she is today a considerably more capable ship" (written in the late 1980s).

Johno (talk) 15:43, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Don't know where you got that from but its nonesense. In 1982, she led a group North of the Falklands as part of a pincer movement on the British task force, so she was nowhere near Scotland.  And after the war the arms embargo on Argentina would have precluded any work in Scotland.  Justin talk 12:07, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

My recent additions to "Further reading"
So there are no doubts why I've added the following books to the list in "Further reading": The first was included because it's IMHO a useful compendium of (most?) aircraft carriers built, projected, and in service. And it includes the "25 de Mayo". As other books in the list may not be available to all readers of the wikiarticle, I believe it is useful to mention this book and adds value to the reader. The second, because is one of the very few (AFAIK) monographies/books devoted to this ship, and it contains interesting (IMHO) details, both historical and technical; as well as pics and diagrams (most in the CD-ROM attached to the book). It is relevant, although in spanish. It could be used as a basis for further expansion of this article (something I intend to do, if and when I have time for that). Hopefully my action will not trigger another dispute. Thanks & kind regards, DPdH (talk) 08:46, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Ireland, Bernard (2005). The Illustrated Guide to Aircraft Carriers of the World. London: Hermes House. ISBN 1-84477-747-2.
 * Secondi, Martín; Jorge A. Leguizamón (1999). "25 de Mayo Portaaviones". Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ayer y Hoy Ediciones. pp. 72. ISBN 987-9249-06-2. (in spanish)

 * You don't need to add the Ireland book back to "Further Reading", as I've cited it from it in several places in the text, so it is now a reference. I purposely did not contact you as I have the Ireland book (and have read it), and felt it was entirely a justifiable addition. Btw, 3 admins from MILHIST/WPSHIPS support your addition of the book in the first place as acceptable per the guidelines on Further reading sections. If it becomes a problem again, I'll make sure they all know about it. Thanks for the additions, and I look forward to any expansions in the future. - BillCJ (talk) 09:57, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

 * My mistake again! Didn't notice that Ireland's book have been already used as a reference, very happy for that. As for Secondi's book (the one in spanish), if I had time I'd use it as a key reference for expanding this article (actually I own a copy of it). The only issue now is time... Cheers, DPdH (talk) 01:49, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Mis-match between content : ex-Venerable and ex-Vengeance
QUESTION - Why do the two respective Wikipedia entries for + ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (V-2) was an aircraft carrier in the Argentine Navy and adopt the same content format ?? SINCE, previously they apparently were respectively each a British Colossus-class aircraft carrier : +  Royal Navy as HMS Venerable and the Royal Netherlands Navy as HNLMS Karel Doorman and 180.200.141.73 (talk) 08:00, 8 May 2013 (UTC)
 * 1)  NAeL Minas Gerais (pennant number A 11) was a carrier operated by the Marinha do Brasil (MB, Brazilian Navy)
 * 1)  as HMS Vengeance

 * There is no mismatch, both ships were Colossus class, HMS Venerable was sold to the Netherlands and renamed Karel Doorman then later re-sold to Argentina and renamed ARA Veinticinco de Mayo. HMS Vengeance was sold to Brazil and renamed NAeL Minas Gerais.  Different ships, different histories.  No mismatch. -  Nick Thorne  talk  23:21, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

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Battle between aircraft carriers
This article describes in the Falklands War section an attempt to launch a strike on 1 May 1982 against the Royal Navy Task Force, which would have been the first battle between aircraft carriers since World War II. It is an interesting statement, one deserving of further study, especially since there does not appear to be a reference to this occurrence in any major work on the Falklands War.

Unfortunately, the article lacks a citation for this statement. Would it be possible for this statement to be substantiated by reference to some work? Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.109.33.207 (talk) 23:45, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (V-2)


text:
Talk:Common scold

Cucking Stool/Ducking Stool
Which is the preferred usage, and are they actually the same? http://www.sacredspiral.com/Database/burning/cuckstl.html quotes : Cucking Stool This is sometimes confounded with the ducking-stool, but was entirely dissimilar. Its exact construction cannot be explained in these pages. Let it suffice to say that it was a seat of even flagitious indelicacy upon which offending females were exposed at their own doors or in some public place as a means of putting upon them the last degree of ignominy. The cucking-stool, in fact, was analogous to the Sedes Stercoraria in which a new Pope was formerly placed during the installation ceremonies, to remind him that he was human. Curiosities of Popular Customs And of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities By William S. Walsh J.B. Lippincott Company Copyright 1897

 * Hm. the Sedes Stercoraria was a chair with a hole in it, through which a deacon would feel the Pope's balls to check that he was a man. This quote claims that the cucking stool was similar. So it had a hole in the bottom? The woman on the engraving isn't naked, so a hole in the seat wouldn't have any interesting effects... --lament 06:16, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The woman may not have been naked, but as women did not wear briefs, knickers or other lower undergarments until the early to mid 19th century, relying on petticoats or underskirts, if such were affordable, for warmth and modesty. Thus making a woman sit on such a chair would have exposed her `nether regions' and forced public discharge of bodily functions, hence `stercoraria', which may be translated as `excremental'. User: Barney Bruchstein 10:40, 4th Jan 2011 —Preceding undated comment added 10:41, 4 January 2011 (UTC).

Nonetheless it is worrying that a featured article could be so wrong about English law. I will correct it. Francis Davey 13:18, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The authors seem to have relied on Blackstone's observation far too readily. Even cursory research (i.e. other encyclopedic Internet sites) reveal that these too stools may have had a similar function and served as punishment for the same crime, but were in fact two different devices used at different times (see favourite Wikipedia reference, the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica ). Apparently cucking stools were commonly used until the mid-16th century. Therefore all literary references, the woodcut and most of the legal information would refer to the (not entirely) distinct ducking stool. That an article with such questionable facticity should achieve featured status is frankly an embarrassment. If this is not clarified soon, I'll have to request that its featured status be removed. The cucking stool article will also need an overhaul. Pteron 00:02, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I have added reference to the contrary definitions out of the Encyclopedia; and also added the details provided of the last use of the ducking stool according to that account. Next time I am at the U of L law library I will see if by some good fortune they have any of the books on ancient punishments cited in the EB.  Smerdis of Tlön 16:19, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Pedantry: England and Wales
I note that my reference to England and Wales as a "part" of the United Kingdom has been corrected to "parts". I am going to revert to the original. Perhaps I should explain why:

Firstly, in constitutional terms, the United Kingdom, is a union of three parts: (1) Northern Ireland; (2) Scotland; and (3) England and Wales. The Act of Union, which created Great Britain was a union of two parts: Scotland on the one hand with England and Wales on the other.

Secondly, and the reason for the above, is that in legal terms, the United Kingdom consists of three jurisdictions as above. There is a single legal system across England and Wales. It is true that there are some specifically Welsh legal provisions, but there are also legal provisions to regions within England, or to local authorities. The court system of England and Wales is not divided at the Welsh border (Wales forms a part of the Wales and Chester circuit), in historic terms the two countries have had one law since Henry VIII.

From the point of view of domicile, one can be domiciled in Scotland, or in England and Wales, and a company can chose to be established in England and Wales.

For these reasons, I believe "part" is correct.

Francis Davey 09:28, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Is this a pun?
Is the common scold a pun on the common cold? Or the other way around? Or just an eerie coincidence of the English language? - Plutor 13:39, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Simply hilarious. My sides are splitting. --80.88.220.10 (talk) 07:23, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Request for references
Hi, I am working to encourage implementation of the goals of the Verifiability policy. Part of that is to make sure articles cite their sources. This is particularly important for featured articles, since they are a prominent part of Wikipedia. The Fact and Reference Check Project has more information. Thank you, and please leave me a message when you have added a few references to the article. - Taxman 20:00, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

FARC
Very, very short and no references. Only a few links too. Will put on unless someone objects. Skinnyweed 01:46, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. It needs FAR. Wwwhhh

Fye Bridge
Local websites refer to cucking, inc one recording that the plaque has been stolen. http://www.flickr.com/photos/lwr/6429114/in/set-160394/ GBH 07:21, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Equal Protection Clause
This article claims in two places that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution renders the common scold law invalid because the law only applied to females, but gives no citation or other evidence that this is the legal effect of the EPC. I suspect the claims may be original research or improper synthesis. The EPC could cause the law to extend to everyone regardless of sex for all I know. Does anyone know a reliable source for this? --Closeapple (talk) 05:15, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982) establishes that sexual discrimination will be scrutinized very closely and requires a compelling government interest to be justified; in practice this amounts to strict scrutiny. In accordance with well settled principles of criminal jurisprudence (nullum crimen sine lege) the result of invalidity would be to abolish the crime rather than extend it to men. - Smerdis of Tlön (talk) 17:34, 22 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The equal protection clause does not render scold laws invalid for several reasons. First, it doesn't exist in over 2/3rds of US states that follow the Model Penal Code reforms that eliminated most common law definitions of crimes; it is doubtful whether it still exists anywhere in the US.  The two states mentioned, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, do not have this crime on their books.  Second, no one has been charged with this crime since the adoption of the 14th amendment apparently, so no one has had standing to sue and render a scold law invalid.  Third, those charged under the law would have to show a disparate impact.  If those charged under a scold law were given the exact same punishment as a male charged for disorderly conduct, any challenge would fail.  Fourth, even if there was a disparate impact, a criminal statute is not per se unconstitutional if the statute is substantially related to an important government purpose under intermediate scrutiny analysis.  For instance, a statutory rape law in California under which only males may be punished was ruled constitutional in Michael M v. Superior Court of Sonoma County.  Michael M is more on point because it involves a criminal statute targeting one sex rather than sexual discrimination.  While you might theorize or form your own opinion that they would hypothetically invalid, they are not legally invalid.
 * Nullum crimen sine lege is a legal concept, not a rule of law. Part of nullum crimen is the Principle of Analogy.  For those states which still use the common law, the court has discretion in interpretation and can include conduct and circumstances not strictly covered by statute or case law.  For instance, in Lewis v. Commonwealth, the prosecutor argued that defendant's conviction for riotous and disorderly conduct on a bus should be upheld even though the statute only punished disorderly conduct on a "railroad or street passenger railway."  184 Va. 69, 34 S.E.2d 389 (1945).  The limitation on the Principle of Analogy is whether the discretion creates overbroad police powers in violation of the Due Process clause.  See Papachristou_v._Jacksonville 405 US. at 168.  Would application of scolding statutes to men be an overbroad police power?  For the forgoing reasons, scolding statutes would not necessarily violate the Equal Protection Clause and could even extend to cover men in US jurisdictions still using English common law.  For a recent example, see application of rape statutes to the rape of men.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.99.60.192 (talk) 08:05, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

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Why "common"?
What does the word "common" signify in the phrase "common scold"? Does it relate to "common law"? Are there other kinds of scolds? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:79E1:ABC:1A0A:F5A5:CBEB:EC68:A0AF (talk) 13:32, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Common scold


text:
Colistin

Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antibiotic medication used as a last-resort treatment for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections including pneumonia. These may involve bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Acinetobacter. It comes in two forms: colistimethate sodium can be injected into a vein, injected into a muscle, or inhaled, and colistin sulfate is mainly applied to the skin or taken by mouth. Colistimethate sodium is a prodrug; it is produced by the reaction of colistin with formaldehyde and sodium bisulfite, which leads to the addition of a sulfomethyl group to the primary amines of colistin. Colistimethate sodium is less toxic than colistin when administered parenterally. In aqueous solutions it undergoes hydrolysis to form a complex mixture of partially sulfomethylated derivatives, as well as colistin. Resistance to colistin began to appear as of 2015.

Common side effects of the injectable form include kidney problems and neurological problems. Other serious side effects may include anaphylaxis, muscle weakness, and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. The inhaled form may result in constriction of the bronchioles. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the fetus. Colistin is in the polymyxin class of medications. It works by breaking down the cytoplasmic membrane, which generally results in bacterial cell death.

Colistin was discovered in 1947 and colistimethate sodium was approved for medical use in the United States in 1970. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies colistin as critically important for human medicine. It is available as a generic medication. It is derived from bacteria of the genus Paenibacillus.

Antibacterial spectrum
Colistin has been effective in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Klebsiella species. The following represents minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms:
 * Escherichia coli: 0.12–128 μg/mL
 * Klebsiella pneumoniae: 0.25–128 μg/mL
 * Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ≤0.06–16 μg/mL

For example, colistin in combination with other drugs is used to attack P. aeruginosa biofilm infection in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. Biofilms have a low-oxygen environment below the surface where bacteria are metabolically inactive, and colistin is highly effective in this environment. However, P. aeruginosa reside in the top layers of the biofilm, where they remain metabolically active. This is because surviving tolerant cells migrate to the top of the biofilm via pili and form new aggregates via quorum sensing.

Forms
Two forms of colistin are available commercially: colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium (colistin methanesulfonate sodium, colistin sulfomethate sodium). Colistin sulfate is cationic; colistimethate sodium is anionic. Colistin sulfate is stable, whereas colistimethate sodium is readily hydrolysed to a variety of methanesulfonated derivatives. Colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium are eliminated from the body by different routes. With respect to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, colistimethate is the inactive prodrug of colistin. The two drugs are not interchangeable.
 * Colistimethate sodium may be used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, and it has come into recent use for treating multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infection, although resistant forms have been reported. Colistimethate sodium has also been given intrathecally and intraventricularly in Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis and ventriculitis   Some studies have indicated that colistin may be useful for treating infections caused by carbapenem-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii.
 * Colistin sulfate may be used to treat intestinal infections, or to suppress colonic flora. Colistin sulfate is also used in topical creams, powders, and otic solutions.
 * Colistin A (polymyxin E1) and colistin B (polymyxin E2) can be purified individually to research and study their effects and potencies as separate compounds.

Dosage
Colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium may both be given intravenously, but the dosing is complicated. The different labeling of the parenteral products of colistin methanesulfonate in different parts of the world was noted by Li et al. Colistimethate sodium manufactured by Xellia (Colomycin injection) is prescribed in international units, whereas colistimethate sodium manufactured by Parkdale Pharmaceuticals (Coly-Mycin M Parenteral) is prescribed in milligrams of colistin base:
 * Colomycin 1,000,000 units is 80 mg colistimethate;
 * Coly-mycin M 150 mg colistin base is 360 mg colistimethate or 4,500,000 units.

Because colistin was introduced into clinical practice over 50 years ago, it was never subject to the regulations that modern drugs are subject to, and therefore there is no standardised dosing of colistin and no detailed trials on pharmacology or pharmacokinetics. The optimal dosing of colistin for most infections is therefore unknown. Colomycin has a recommended intravenous dose of 1 to 2 million units three times daily for patients weighing 60 kg or more with normal renal function. Coly-Mycin has a recommended dose of 2.5 to 5 mg/kg colistin base a day, which is equivalent to 6 to 12 mg/kg colistimethate sodium per day. For a 60 kg man, therefore, the recommended dose for Colomycin is 240 to 480 mg of colistimethate sodium, yet the recommended dose for Coly-Mycin is 360 to 720 mg of colistimethate sodium. Likewise, the recommended "maximum" dose for each preparation is different (480 mg for Colomycin and 720 mg for Coly-Mycin). Each country has different generic preparations of colistin, and the recommended dose depends on the manufacturer. This complete absence of any regulation or standardisation of dose makes intravenous colistin dosing difficult for the physician.

Colistin has been used in combination with rifampicin; evidence of in vitro synergy exists, and the combination has been used successfully in patients. There is also in vitro evidence of synergy for colistimethate sodium used in combination with other antipseudomonal antibiotics.

Colistimethate sodium aerosol (Promixin; Colomycin Injection) is used to treat pulmonary infections, especially in cystic fibrosis. In the UK, the recommended adult dose is 1–2 million units (80–160 mg) nebulised colistimethate twice daily. Nebulized colistin has also been used to decrease severe exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Resistance
Resistance to colistin is rare, but has been described. , no agreement exists about how to define colistin resistance. The Société Française de Microbiologie uses a MIC cut-off of 2 mg/L, whereas the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy sets a MIC cutoff of 4 mg/L or less as sensitive, and 8 mg/L or more as resistant. No standards for describing colistin sensitivity are given in the United States.

The first known colistin-resistance gene in a plasmid which can be transferred between bacterial strains is mcr-1. It was found in 2011 in China on a pig farm where colistin is routinely used and became publicly known in November 2015. The presence of this plasmid-borne gene was confirmed starting December 2015 in South-East Asia, several European countries, and the United States. It is found in certain strains of the bacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa.

India reported the first detailed colistin-resistance study, which mapped 13 colistin-resistant infections recorded over 18 months. It concluded that pan-drug-resistant infections, particularly those in the bloodstream, have a higher mortality. Multiple other cases were reported from other Indian hospitals. Although resistance to polymyxins is generally less than 10%, it is more frequent in the Mediterranean and South-East Asia (Korea and Singapore), where colistin resistance rates are increasing. Colistin-resistant E. coli was identified in the United States in May 2016.

A recent review from 2016 to 2021 fount that E. coli is the dominant species harbouring mcr genes. Plasmid - mediated colistin resistance is also conferred upon other species that carry different genes resistant to antibiotics. The emergence of the mcr-9 gene is quite remarkable.

Use of colistin to treat Acinetobacter baumannii infections has led to the development of resistant bacterial strains. They have also developed resistance to the antimicrobial compounds LL-37 and lysozyme, produced by the human immune system. This cross-resistance is caused by gain-of-function mutations to the pmrB gene, which controls the expression of lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferases (similar to mcr-1) located on the bacterial chromosome. Similar results have been obtained with mcr-1 positive E. coli, which became better at surviving a mixture of animal antimicrobial peptides in vitro and more effective at killing infected caterpillars.

Not all resistance to colistin and some other antibiotics is due to the presence of resistance genes. Heteroresistance, the phenomenon wherein apparently genetically identical microbes exhibit a range of resistance to an antibiotic, has been observed in some species of Enterobacter since at least 2016 and was observed in some strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae in 2017–2018. In some cases this phenomenon has significant clinical consequences.

Inherently resistant

 * Brucella
 * Burkholderia cepacia
 * Chryseobacterium indologenes
 * Edwardsiella
 * Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
 * Francisella tularensis spp.
 * Gram-negative cocci
 * Helicobacter pylori
 * Moraxella catarrhalis
 * Morganella spp.
 * Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis
 * Proteus
 * Providencia
 * Serratia
 * Some strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Variable resistance

 * Aeromonas
 * Vibrio
 * Prevotella
 * Fusobacterium
 * Escherichia coli

Adverse reactions
The main toxicities described with intravenous treatment are nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys) and neurotoxicity (damage to the nerves),   but this may reflect the very high doses given, which are much higher than the doses currently recommended by any manufacturer and for which no adjustment was made for pre-existing renal disease. Neuro- and nephrotoxic effects appear to be transient and subside on discontinuation of therapy or reduction in dose.

At a dose of 160 mg colistimethate IV every eight hours, very little nephrotoxicity is seen. Indeed, colistin appears to have less toxicity than the aminoglycosides that subsequently replaced it, and it has been used for extended periods up to six months with no ill effects. Colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is particularly likely in patients with hypoalbuminemia.

The main toxicity described with aerosolised treatment is bronchospasm, which can be treated or prevented with the use of β2-adrenergic receptor agonists such as salbutamol or following a desensitisation protocol.

Mechanism of action
Colistin is a polycationic peptide and has both hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties. These cationic regions interact with the bacterial outer membrane by displacing magnesium and calcium bacterial counter ions in the lipopolysaccharide. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions interact with the cytoplasmic membrane just like a detergent, solubilizing the membrane in an aqueous environment. This effect is bactericidal even in an isosmolar environment.

Colistin binds to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It competitively displaces divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) from the phosphate groups of membrane lipids, which leads to disruption of the outer cell membrane, leakage of intracellular contents and bacterial death.

Pharmacokinetics
No clinically useful absorption of colistin occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. For systemic infection, colistin must therefore be given by injection. Colistimethate is eliminated by the kidneys, but colistin is eliminated by non-renal mechanism(s) that are as of yet not characterised.

History
Colistin was first isolated in Japan in 1949 by Y. Koyama, from a flask of fermenting Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus, and became available for clinical use in 1959.

Colistimethate sodium, a less toxic prodrug, became available for injection in 1959. In the 1980s, polymyxin use was widely discontinued because of nephro- and neurotoxicity. As multi-drug resistant bacteria became more prevalent in the 1990s, colistin started to get a second look as an emergency solution, in spite of toxicity.

Colistin has also been used in agriculture, particularly in China from the 1980s onwards. Chinese production for agriculture exceeded 2700 tons in 2015. China banned colistin use for livestock growth promotion in 2016.

Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of colistin requires the use of three amino acids: threonine, leucine, and 2,4-diaminobutryic acid. The linear form of colistin is synthesized before cyclization. Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis begins with a loading module and then the addition of each subsequent amino acid. The subsequent amino acids are added with the help of an adenylation domain (A), a peptidyl carrier protein domain (PCP), an epimerization domain (E), and a condensation domain (C). Cyclization is accomplished by a thioesterase. The first step is to have a loading domain, 6-methylheptanoic acid, associate with the A and PCP domains. Now with a C, A, and PCP domain that is associated with 2,4-diaminobutryic acid. This continues with each amino acid until the linear peptide chain is completed. The last module will have a thioesterase to complete the cyclization and form the product colistin.

title: Colistin


text:
Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim

Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim (January 27, 1701 – September 2, 1790) was a German historian and theologian. He is remembered as Febronius, the pseudonym under which he wrote his 1763 treatise On the State of the Church and the Legitimate Power of the Roman Pontiff and which gave rise to febronianism.

Biography
Born in Trier, he belonged to a noble family which had been for many generations connected with the court and government of the Electors of Trier, his father, Kaspar von Hontheim, was receiver-general of the Electorate. At the age of twelve, young Hontheim was given by his maternal uncle, Hugo Frederick von Anethan, canon of the collegiate church of St Simeon (which at that time still occupied the Roman Porta Nigra at Trier), a prebend in his church, and on May 13, 1713, he received the tonsure. He was educated by the Jesuits at Trier and at the universities of Trier, Leuven, and Leiden, taking his degree of doctor of laws at Trier in 1724. The works of the Louvain professor Zeger Bernhard van Espen and his Gallican doctrine had a great influence on Hontheim.

During the following years, he traveled in various European countries, spending some time at the German College in Rome; in 1728, he was ordained a priest, and, formally admitted to the chapter of St. Simeon in 1732, he became a professor of the Pandects at the University of Trier.

In 1738 he was sent on official duty by the Elector to Coblenz, where he discharged the duties of official and president of the Grand Séminaire of that city. In that capacity, he had plenty of opportunities to study the effect of the influence of the Roman Curia on the internal affairs of the Empire, notably in the negotiations that preceded the elections of the emperors Charles VII and Francis I, in which Hontheim took part as an assistant to the electoral ambassador. It appears that it was the claims of the papal nuncio on these occasions and his interference in the affairs of the electoral college that first suggested to Hontheim that critical examination of the basis of the papal involvement, the results of which he afterwards published to the world under the pseudonym of Febronius.

In 1747, broken down by overwork, he resigned his position as an official and retired to St. Simeon, of which he was elected dean in the following year. In May 1748 he was appointed by the archbishop-elector Francis George von Schönborn as his auxiliary bishop, being consecrated at Mainz, in February 1749, under the title of bishop of Myriophiri in partibus. Upon Hontheim as auxiliary bishop and vicar-general fell the whole spiritual administration of the diocese; this work, in addition to that of pro-chancellor of the university, he carried on single-handed until 1778, when Jean-Marie Cuchot d'Herbain was appointed his coadjutor. On April 21, 1779, he resigned the deanery of St. Simeon's on the grounds of old age.

He was a man of short stature, energetic, hard-working, pious, and generous. He died on September 2, 1790, at Château de Montquintin near Orval, an estate which he had purchased. He was buried at first in St. Simeon's; but the church was ruined by the French during the revolutionary wars and never restored, and in 1803 the body of Hontheim was transferred to that of St Gervasius.

Historian
As a historian, Hontheim's reputation rests on his contributions to the history of Trier. During the period of his activity as an official at Coblenz he found time to collect a vast mass of printed and manuscript material, which he afterwards embodied in three works on the history of Trier. Of these, the Historia Trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica was published in 3 folio volumes in 1750, the Prodromus historiae Trevirensis in 2 volumes in 1757. Besides a history of Trier and its constitution, they give a large number of documents and references to published authorities. A third work, the Historiae scriptorum et monumentarum Trevirensis omptissima collectio, remains in manuscript in the city library of Trier. These books, the result of an enormous labor in collation and selection in very unfavorable circumstances, entitle Hontheim to the fame of a pioneer in modern historical methods.

It is, however, as Febronius that Hontheim is best remembered. His 1763 treatise "On the State of the Church and the Legitimate Power of the Roman Pontiff" offered Europe the "foremost formulation of the arguments against papal absolutism in Germany". The author of the book was known in Rome almost as soon as it was published, but it was not until some years afterwards (1778) that he was called on to retract. Threatened with excommunication and faced with the prospect of his relations losing their offices, Hontheim, after much vacillation and correspondence, signed a submission which was accepted in Rome as satisfactory. The removal of the censure followed (1781) when Hontheim published in Frankfurt what purported to be proof that his submission had been made of his own free will (Justini Febronii acti commentarius in suam retractationem, etc.). This book, however, which carefully avoided all the most burning questions, rather tended to show – as indeed his correspondence proves – that Hontheim had not essentially shifted his opinion.

title: Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim


text:
Hiring hall

In organized labor, a hiring hall is an organization, usually under the auspices of a labor union, which has the responsibility of furnishing new recruits for employers who have a collective bargaining agreement with the union. It may also refer to a physical union hall, the office from which the union may conduct its activities.

The employer's use of the hiring hall may be voluntary, or it may be compulsory by the terms of the employer's collective agreement with a union. Exclusive use of a hiring hall effectively turns employers into a closed shop because employees must join the union before they can be hired.

Arguments in favor of the institution include that the presence of a hiring hall places the responsibility on the union to ensure that its members are suitably qualified and responsible individuals before assigning them to an employer. The union will often enforce a basic code of conduct among its members to ensure smooth operation of the hiring hall (to prevent members from double-booking, for example). If a hiring hall is reputable, the relationship between the union and the employer can be relatively harmonious. There are arguments that this actually benefits contractors who hire employees for the duration of a specific job. This is primarily due to the union handling qualifications and other eligibility requirements. Additionally, the union will also maintain employment records on the individual, meaning that behavior issues from other employers can be documented and reacted to. Thus there is a strong incentive to maintain good conduct to keep union membership. Workers benefit from having a more stable source of benefits such as insurance and pension plans. Contractors are still responsible for paying into these plans, but union members are more protected from lapses in coverage.

Usage by industry
In the early 1900s hiring practices in the precarious maritime industry varied, ranging from outright criminal corruption, to favoritism and employer hiring agencies. With the passage of the 1935 Wagner Act, union hiring halls replaced previous hiring procedures. It shifted power towards unions, including a preference for union membership. In cases where union-membership was a legal prerequisite for being hired, this is called a closed-shop. While corruption was reduced, it still allowed for union corruption, for example dispelling dissidents or dual-union members. The Taft-Hartley Act intended to reduce union influence or discrimination here to non-union members, effectively curbing closed-shop practices while permitting union hiring halls to continue to exist.

In building and construction trade, due to the scattered nature of workplaces and bidding projects, both the employees and employers have a symbiotic need for steady employment and skilled labor respectively, which are facilitated in the various craft union controlled hiring halls.

Employment in the film industry in the 1950s became more differentiated, due to anti-trust rulings, e.g United States v. Paramount Pictures which divested studios from exclusive contracts with specific theaters. Film production itself became heavily distributed, with post-production, editing being fulfilled by different contracts rather than centrally. Recruiting talent was no longer based on employment in a single firm, but through a roster that measured seniority within the industry. These rosters were maintained by talent guilds and unions such as IATSE, SAG-AFTRA, Actors' Equity Association.

Uber has been described as a for-profit hiring hall, to the benefit of Uber, rather than the drivers.

The prevalence of compulsory hiring hall arrangements in Canada varies from trade to trade and from province to province, since labor law there is under provincial jurisdiction. The situation in Europe also varies from country to country.

title: Hiring hall


text: File:Amandabarrie.jpg

title: File:Amandabarrie.jpg


text:
Jersey barrier

A Jersey barrier, Jersey wall, or Jersey bump is a modular concrete or plastic barrier employed to separate lanes of traffic. It is designed to minimize vehicle damage in cases of incidental contact while still preventing vehicle crossovers resulting in a likely head-on collision. Jersey barriers are also used to reroute traffic and protect pedestrians and workers during highway construction. They are named after the U.S. state of New Jersey which first started using the barriers as separators between lanes of a highway in the 1950s.

The barriers are also known as a K-rail, a term stipulated in the California Department of Transportation specification for temporary concrete traffic barriers which first started using concrete median barriers in the mid-1940s.

Over time, different variants were created. Taller variants, such as the Ontario Tall Wall, proved more effective at stopping vehicles and had the added advantage of blocking most oncoming headlights. More modular variants, including plastic water-filled barriers, have been created.

Development and use
Although it is not clear exactly when or where the first concrete median barriers were used, concrete median barriers were used in the mid-1940s on U.S. Route 99 on the descent from the Tehachapi Mountains in the Central Valley south of Bakersfield, California. This first generation of concrete barriers was developed to (a) minimize the number of out-of-control trucks penetrating the barrier, and (b) eliminate the need for costly and dangerous median barrier maintenance in high-accident locations with narrow medians – concerns that are as valid today as they were 80 years ago.

The Jersey barrier, also called New Jersey wall, was developed in the 1950s (introduced in current form in 1959), at Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, United States, under the direction of the New Jersey State Highway Department to divide multiple lanes on a highway. A typical Jersey barrier stands 32 in tall and is made of steel-reinforced poured concrete or plastic. Many are constructed with the embedded steel reinforcement protruding from each end, allowing them to be incorporated into permanent emplacements when linked to one another by sections of fresh concrete poured on-site.

Their widespread use in road construction has led to wide application as a generic, portable barrier during construction projects and temporary rerouting of traffic into stopgap carpool and rush-hour reversing highway lanes.

Most of the original barriers constructed in New Jersey in the 1950s and early 1960s were not "modular"; they were formed from concrete poured in place. Many of the first installations (Route 46 in Bergen County and Passaic County, for instance) were about 2 ft tall, much shorter than modern heights. Some dividers on county or local roads may have been lower than that, since they replaced a raised concrete rumble strip that would dissuade, but not prevent, traffic crossing from one lane to another. Route 46 had a rumble strip in many places before the higher barrier was gradually installed. These lower dividers are visible in old photographs. When the Bergen Mall was first opened in Paramus, New Jersey, rumble strip dividers were extensively used on the roadway (Forest Avenue) that separated the grocery stores from the mall proper.

The design of the Jersey barrier was specifically intended to minimize damage in incidental accidents and reduce the likelihood of a car crossing into oncoming lanes in the event of a collision. In common shallow-angle hits, sheet-metal damage is minimized by allowing the vehicle tires to ride up on the lower sloped face. Head-on vehicle collisions are minimized by gradually lifting the vehicle and pivoting it away from oncoming vehicles and back into traffic heading in its original direction.

The New Jersey Turnpike Authority developed and tested a similar, but heavily reinforced, design. This barrier design has been credited with effectively containing and redirecting larger vehicles, including semi-trailer (tractor-trailer) trucks. The states of New York, Massachusetts and New Jersey have adopted the taller barrier for their roads, as compared to the standard 32 in suggested by the Federal Highway Administration.

Designs with two rectangular notches at the bottom (through the short axis) allow for forklift-style lifting by front-end loaders. Barriers meant for short-term placement, especially in military and security barrier uses, might include steel rebar loops embedded in the top surface for rapid hook-and-cable system lifting.

The 2010 G-20 Toronto summit used modified modular Jersey barriers with wired fencing bolted onto the concrete. The fence used the barrier as sturdy base to prevent protesters from toppling the fence around the security zone at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre.

The U.S. military nicknamed the devices "Qaddafi Blocks" after truck bomb attacks in Beirut in 1983 resulted in more widespread use in military installations. Sometimes they are deployed to form a chicane to slow vehicular traffic arriving at military installations or other secure areas. During the US occupation of Iraq jersey barriers were set up in cities as form of urban warfare to combat Iraqi resistance.

The Ohio Department of Transportation mandates specific design requirements for their precast concrete barrier walls. The department has marked all compliant precast concrete barrier walls with "350", indicating that they adhere to the requirements laid out in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program's Report 350. Without this marking, a barrier wall is not approved for use in Ohio.

Variations
Modern variations include the constant-slope barrier and the F-shape barrier. The F-shape is generally similar to the Jersey barrier in appearance, but is taller, with somewhat different angles.

The UK equivalent is the concrete step barrier.

First tested in 1968 by the then Department of Highways in Ontario, Canada, the Ontario Tall Wall is a variant of the Jersey barrier. Standing at 42 in, it is 10 in taller than the standard Jersey barrier. Ontario's Ministry of Transportation has been replacing guiderails (steel guardrail and steel box-beam) with these tall wall barriers on 400-series highways since the early 1990s, while the City of Toronto is doing likewise on portions of the Gardiner Expressway and Don Valley Parkway.

Plastic Jersey barriers

Hollow polyethylene barriers have been developed for short-term applications where portability is important. These plastic barriers are normally filled with water after placement on-site to provide a moderate level of crash protection, then emptied prior to removal. They are not designed to deflect vehicles, so vehicles may penetrate the barriers. These barriers can also be filled with sand at the cost of reduced portability.

title: Jersey barrier


text:
California ballot proposition

In California, a ballot proposition is a referendum or an initiative measure that is submitted to the electorate for a direct decision or direct vote (or plebiscite). If passed, it can alter one or more of the articles of the Constitution of California, one or more of the 29 California Codes, or another law in the California Statutes by clarifying current or adding statute(s) or removing current statute(s).

Measures can be placed on the ballot either by the California State Legislature or via a petition signed by registered voters. The state legislature can place a state constitutional amendment or a proposed law change on the ballot as a referendum to be approved by voters. Under the state constitution, certain proposed changes to state laws may require mandatory referendums, and must be approved by voters before they can take effect. A measure placed on the ballot via petition can either be a vote to veto a law that has been adopted by the legislature (an optional referendum or "people's veto") or a new proposed law (initiative).

Overview
There are three forms of direct democracy in California state elections: mandatory referendums (part of the Constitution of California since 1856), optional referendums, and initiatives.

The initiative and optional (or facultative) referendum were introduced as Progressive Era reforms in 1911, by a constitutional amendment called Proposition 7. According to the Initiative & Referendum Institute at USC, Gov. Hiram Johnson supported the creation of this process to balance the power that corporations, specifically Southern Pacific Railroad, had over legislators. In 2022, with Democrats having a super-majority in both houses of the legislature, corporations have been using this process to challenge the power that unions and other progressive activists currently yield in the legislature.

California Senate Bill 202, passed in 2011, mandated that initiatives and optional referendums can appear only on the November general election ballot, a statute that was controversial at the time, being seen as a self-serving, single-party initiative; the November general election rule for initiatives and optional referendums has nevertheless persisted.

Initiatives
The minimum number of signatures for an initiative petition is at least 8 percent (for an amendment to the state constitution) or 5 percent (for a statute) of the number of people who voted in the most recent election for governor. For 2020 and 2022, the minimum number of required signatures needed to be collected is 623,212 for a proposed statute, and 997,139 for a proposed constitutional amendment.

The filing fee for submitting an initiative to the ballot was increased from $200 to $2,000 following the signing of a law in September 2015. This fee is refunded if the proposition makes it to the ballot. The $200 fee had been originally set in 1943, and the State Legislature felt that it needed to be increased to discourage people from proposing frivolous or improper measures for the ballot.

Before initiative proponents may gather signatures, the Attorney General prepares an official title and summary for the proposed law, and the California Legislative Analyst's Office submits a report on its estimated fiscal effects. There is a 30-day public review period that begins after the Attorney General receives the submission and the filing fee, where any member of the public may submit public comments on the proposed initiative. The Attorney General then prepares the official title and summary after the public review period. The Legislative Analyst's Office has 50 days after receiving the final version of the proposed measure to prepare its report, and the Attorney General has 15 days after receiving these fiscal estimates to send the final official version of the title and summary to both the Secretary of State and the initiative proponents.

After gaining approval, proponents have 180 days to gather the required number of signatures (the Secretary of State sets the official deadline within one day after receiving the title and summary from the Attorney General). Proponents usually seek at least 50 percent more than the legal minimum number of signatures to compensate for possible duplicate or otherwise invalid signatures.

Proponents who have gathered at least 25 percent of the required number of signatures must immediately submit a written statement to the Secretary of State certifying they have done so. This is to allow time for each chamber in the State Legislature to assign the proposed initiative to its appropriate committees and schedule public hearings on it. However, the Legislature cannot amend the proposed initiative or prevent it from being added to the ballot once it qualifies.

After all the signed petitions have been collected, proponents need to turn them in to each appropriate county elections official (i.e. all the signatures from those in Alameda County need to be submitted to the Alameda County elections official, Los Angeles County signatures need to be turned in to the LA County elections official, and so on). Each county then has eight working days after receiving the signed petitions to report the raw count of signatures to the Secretary of State, who then determines if the counties can proceed with verifying the signatures or if the initiative proponents failed to get the required number of signatures.

In verifying the signatures, the counties first take a random sample of 3 percent or 500 of the signatures, whichever is greater, and have 30 working days to report their findings to the Secretary of State. If a county received less than 500, it is to verify all of them. If the statewide random sample total projects more than 110 percent of the required number of signatures, the initiative automatically qualifies; if less than 95 percent, it fails; and if it is between 95 and 110 percent, the Secretary of State then orders a check of all the signatures. If required, the counties then have another 30 working days to do a full check.

The cut-off time to go through this entire process, have all the signatures verified and get on a particular ballot is 131 days before that election. An initiative that qualifies by this deadline is first classified by the Secretary of State as "eligible" for the upcoming statewide ballot; those that qualify after this deadline are "eligible" for the following statewide ballot. Proponents still have the option to withdraw an initiative that is "eligible" for the ballot. The Secretary of State only uses the "qualified" classification in this particular case to mean when the initiative is on the official list that will appear on the ballot, which is prepared and certified on that 131-day mark.

Ballots that record neither a "yes" nor a "no" on the proposition are ignored, and of the remaining votes, "yes" votes must exceed "no" votes for the proposition to pass. In other words, the majority of voters required for passage refers to a majority of those voting on that proposition, rather than a majority of those voting in the election held at the same time, or a majority of those who are registered to vote. If the proposition passes, it becomes a part of the state constitution (if it is a proposed amendment) or the state's statutes (if it is a proposed statute), in the latter case having the same legal effect as if it had been passed by the state legislature and signed by the governor.

Mandatory referendum
Under California law, certain types of bills passed by the State Legislature and signed by the Governor must be submitted to the voters as a referendum at the next statewide election. Legislative bills that require mandatory referendums include state constitutional amendments, bond measures, and amendments to previously approved voter initiatives. More than 50 percent of the voters must then support these amendments or new laws on the ballot for them to go into effect.

Optional referendum
Laws already adopted by the state legislature may be vetoed by means of a referendum. This is also known as a "petition referendum" or "people's veto". The process is similar to an initiative as noted above, except that it is an already passed law submitted as a petition to the Attorney General. The proponent, however, only has 90 days after the law in question is enacted to submit the request to the Attorney General for a circulating title and summary, gather the signatures, and file the petitions with the county elections officials; otherwise, it must go through the initiative process, submitted as a proposed amendment.

Laws that are ineligible for optional referendums include urgency statutes, statutes calling elections, and statutes providing for tax levies or appropriations for usual, current state expenses.

To qualify on the ballot, a referendum petition must be signed by at least five percent of the number of voters in the previous gubernatorial election. The signature checking process by the counties is basically the same as the initiative process. The counties take a random sample of 3 percent or 500 of the signatures, whichever is greater. If the statewide random sample total projects more than 110 percent of the required number of signatures, the referendum automatically qualifies; if less than 95 percent, it fails; and if it is between 95 and 110 percent, a full check of all the signatures is performed.

Unlike initiatives which must qualify 131 days before the election to appear on the ballot, a referendum can qualify up to 31 days before. If the referendum receives more "no" votes than "yes" votes, the law is repealed.

As of 2020, only 94 optional referendums proposed since 1912 had received a circulating title and summary, and of those only 52 qualified for the ballot.

Proposition numbering
Originally, ballot propositions were given a number starting at one each election. This tended to be confusing as often famous initiatives such as Proposition 13 in 1978 might be confused with another initiative in a later year if there were more than twelve proposals on the ballot in any given year. Starting with the November 1982 ballot, the proposition numbers were not re-used but continued to increment every election, eventually resulting in proposition numbers exceeding 200 by the 1996 election. For the November 1998 ballot, the count was reset back to one. It is now reset every ten years.

Conflicting propositions
Under Article II, Section 10(b) of the California Constitution, "If provisions of 2 or more measures approved at the same election conflict, those of the measure receiving the highest affirmative vote shall prevail." However, those provisions that do not conflict with the winning proposition may still go into effect. To get around this loophole, many initiatives include so-called "poison pill" clauses, specifying which provisions are voided in the other propositions.

The rule in the constitution was clarified in 1990 by the California Supreme Court in its ruling in Taxpayers to Limit Campaign Spending v. Fair Political Practices Commission:

"When two or more measures are competing initiatives, either because they are expressly offered as 'all-or-nothing' alternatives or because each creates a comprehensive regulatory scheme related to the same subject, section 10(b) mandates that only the provisions of the measure receiving the highest number of affirmative votes be enforced."

The Court was concerned that attempts to combine the non-conflicting provisions in such competing initiatives would result in regulatory schemes completely different from what the electorate understood or intended.

Criticisms
Criticism has been raised of the initiative process, suggesting that with trends toward lower voter turnouts, and evidence for voter disinterest in candidates and issues other than in presidential elections, that a "direct democracy system specifically designed to be inflexible" might be infeasible to continue as a way to make important California public policy decisions.

Issues have also been raised regarding the narrowing of democratic access imposed by the high cost of conducting initiatives and referendums, and by the challenges raised by attempting comprehensive governance in the face of individual, non-comprehensive (and sometimes at least partially contrary) initiatives. Generally, because of California's size and population, proponents of a ballot initiative or referendum need significant amounts of money and resources to first gather the required number of petition signatures, and then campaign across the state for the effort's passage. The wealthy and large special interest groups can afford to do so (or to sponsor the opposition campaigns), a process that can be cost-prohibitive to most other organizations and individual citizens.

With regard to the cumulative effect of stand-alone propositions passed by voters (see also the preceding section), complaint has been raised that they collectively limit the state legislature in dealing with issues comprehensively, e.g. in the overall shaping of public policy, or the overall management of the state budget. For example, legislators trying to pass a state budget must work around both Proposition 13's inflexible limits on taxes and Proposition 98's school-funding guarantee.

title: California ballot proposition


text:
User:TheRaven~enwiki

The Raven

title: User:TheRaven~enwiki


text:
Steingrímur Hermannsson

Steingrímur Hermannsson (pronounced ; 22 June 1928 – 1 February 2010) was an Icelandic politician who served as prime minister of Iceland from 1983 to 1987, and again from 1988 to 1991.

Early childhood
Steingrímur's father was Hermann Jónasson, another former Prime Minister. Being the son of a prominent official, Steingrímur enjoyed a relatively care-free upbringing in a country stricken by the Great Depression. As a young boy he had an exceptional proximity to Iceland's World War II politics, overhearing state affairs being discussed in his father's living room.

Education
Not wanting to follow his father's footsteps into politics, Steingrímur went to the U.S. in 1948. He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1951 and a master's degree from Caltech in 1952. After returning to his native country and experiencing troubles both in his private life and business career, he eventually entered politics in the 1960s. He was elected to the Althing (Icelandic Parliament) for the Progressive Party in 1971. He became party chairman in 1979.

Politics
Steingrímur served as Prime Minister from 1983 to 1987 and again from 1988 to 1991. He also served for a time as Minister of Justice, Ecclesiastical Affairs and Agriculture (1978–79), Minister of Fisheries and Communications (1980–83) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1987–88). He was chairman of the Progressive Party from 1979 to 1994. After that he was governor of the Central Bank of Iceland until his retirement in 1998.

International affairs
Internationally, his greatest moment as Prime Minister came in 1986, when he hosted the Reykjavík Summit of Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan. Although not considered a success at the time, the summit paved the way for the ending of the Cold War, and the Icelandic government's management of the event was widely commended. In 1991, during the January Events in Lithuania, Steingrímur expressed strong support for Vytautas Landsbergis, Chairman of Lithuanian Parliament. Shortly after, Iceland was the first country to recognize the independence of Lithuania from Soviet Union.

Steingrímur first kept a low profile in his retirement, rarely voicing his opinion of current affairs. He was however a founding member of Heimssýn, an organization opposed to Iceland's entry of the European Union, and became increasingly critical of the Progressive Party's policies. He gave public support to "The Iceland Movement", an ad hoc environmental movement which ran (unsuccessfully) in the 2007 Althing elections, appearing in campaign advertisements on TV. As a result of these activities, he mostly lost the informal status of the Progressive party's "Grand Old Man".

In his last years Steingrímur was a well liked and respected elder statesman, and was considered as a potential candidate for the 1996 presidential elections. But he quickly declined that honour, stating his intention to retire at the age of 70. His memoirs, published in three volumes in 1998–2000, became bestsellers.

Family
Steingrímur was twice married and had six children. His youngest son, Guðmundur Steingrímsson was active in Icelandic politics between 2007 and 2016. He first ran for the Althing in the 2007 elections, for the Social Democratic Alliance. In early 2009, however, he switched sides and joined his grandfather's and father's Progressive Party and got elected. Then switched again and got elected in 2013 for Bright Future.

His eldest children, John, Ellen, and Neil Hermannsson reside in the United States with their own children, all of whom have been to Iceland.

title: Steingrímur Hermannsson