text:
Geebung railway station

Geebung railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Geebung.

History
On 28 August 2000, a third platform opened as part of the addition of a third track from Northgate to Bald Hills.

In June 2013, a construction crew of an overpass at the Geebung railway station in northern Brisbane uncovered the 50-million-year-old fossilized remains (vertebrae) of a 5-metre crocodile trapped in a layer of oil shale. Workers drilling holes as part of an overpass reach the crocodile remains, as well as frogs, fish and plant fossils, in the spoil, the oil shale rock and soil found in the excavation pit. The fossil remains were discovered by a work crew drilling a hole for a bridge support over an area called the Zillman Waterholes.

In 2014, the level crossing to the south of the station was replaced by a bridge.

Geebung railway station is a landmark within the suburb of Geebung, and is surrounded by many local businesses such as 4Business Group and SEO Mafia, who make up the industry of the Geebung suburb.

Services
Geebung is served by all Citytrain network services from Kippa-Ring to Central, many continuing to Springfield Central

title: Geebung railway station


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Zillmere railway station

Zillmere railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Zillmere.

Services
Zillmere is served by all Citytrain network services from Kippa-Ring to Central, many continuing to Springfield Central.

Transport links
Transport for Brisbane operate six bus routes via Zillmere station:
 * 330: Bracken Ridge to Cultural Centre busway station
 * P331: Bracken Ridge to George Street, Brisbane
 * P332: Zillmere to University of Queensland
 * N339: Fortitude Valley to Bracken Ridge – Saturdays and Sundays only
 * 326: Bracken Ridge/Sandgate to Toombul
 * 327: Strathpine/Bracken Ridge to Toombul

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zillmere railway station


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Bulge

Bulge may refer to:

Astronomy and geography

 * Bulge (astronomy), a tightly packed group of stars at the center of a spiral galaxy
 * Equatorial bulge, a bulge around the equator of a planet due to rotation
 * Tharsis bulge, vast volcanic plateau centered near the equator in Mars’ western hemisphere
 * Tidal bulge, a bulge of land or water on a planet created by the pull of another object in orbit

Military

 * Bulge, a discontinuity in an extended military front line
 * Battle of the Bulge, a major World War II German offensive on the Western front starting in 1944
 * Bulge (game), a 1980 board wargame that simulates the Battle of the Bulge
 * Anti-torpedo bulge, passive warship defence against naval torpedoes between World War I and World War II

People

 * Helge "Bulge" Bostrom (1894–1977), Canadian professional ice hockey player

Other

 * Beta bulge, a localized disruption of the regular hydrogen bonding of a beta sheet
 * Bulge bracket, the world's largest and most profitable multi-national investment banks
 * Earth bulge, a term used in telecommunications
 * Power bulge, raised part (a bulge) of the hood (bonnet) of a car
 * The Bulge, a mountain located in Coos County, New Hampshire

title: Bulge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Solar Islamic calendar

I suggest deleting this article for the following reasons:
 * There is no such calendar name, it is a complete misnomer.
 * It is a small subset of the actual calendar system it tries to describe, the Persian calendar.
 * The main article (Persian Calendar) is written and enhanced by people who know and understand calendar systems correctly, including a review and contribution by a renowned authority on calendar system (Simon Cassidy, per history logs).
 * There is nothing "Islamic" about the Persian Calendar, other than a political decision made at the time of its revision to coincide its starting date with that of the Islamic calendar. Other than that, it is completely independent of the Islamic calendar and has no lunar calculaions.  Any given date in history could be randomly picked as the starting point of this calendar system and it would work just fine.
 * Best Regards, Sergio Correa

 * Delete - Sergio Correa
 * Merge with Iranian calendar. I have seen the usage of "Solar Islamic Calendar", although it may be a misnomer. roozbeh 13:26, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have dedicated a good part of my life to studying calendar systems, and I have never heard of "Solar Islamic Calendar". I just did a google search on it, and all the sites with these exact keywords seem to be replications of Wikipedia articles, not that I am saying Google search results necessarily mean anything.  What does "merge" in this context exactly mean?  To invent a new name for a well-established calendar system and at the same time acknowledging that we know this is a misnomer?  I certainly hope Wikipedia's goal is to inform people better not create confusion and misinformation. The article I have nominated for deletion has nothing that the Persian calendar article does not explain in more detail and correctly other than just one paragraph which is wrong information, i.e., it gives the reader the impression that the calendar is Islamic, when it is clearly not. Best Regards,  Sergio.

 * Delete: Redirect, for those who decide that they have to search by this way. Geogre 14:42, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Iranian calendar and drop a 1-liner there to state that the Iranian calendar is sometimes called the "solar Islamic calendar". I have reviewed solar Islamic calendar and Iranian calendar and I agree the former has nothing not already stated by the latter. However, a web search shows that "solar Islamic calendar" is indeed sometimes used, e.g.,  . Incidentally, the last link there indicates the use of the calendar in Afghanistan, so it is not only an "Iranian" calendar. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:56, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually it is "Iranian". In the 10th century the calendar was revised but it's the continuation of the same calendar that existed long before it.  All the month names are Iranian and were kept unchanged.  It goes way way back in their culture, if I am not mistaken, at least as far back as the ancient Iranian sacred books.

 * Wile E. Heresiarch seems to offer the best solution. Redirect to Iranian calendar and drop a 1-liner there to state that the Iranian calendar is sometimes called the "solar Islamic calendar". Arevich 21:36, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I redirected it. If anyone minds that I didn't wait before doing so, then I apologize. Aris Katsaris 23:33, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Uehling

Uehling may refer to:

Places

 * Uehling, Nebraska, United States

People

 * Barbara Uehling, American educator
 * Edwin Albrecht Uehling, American physicist
 * Uehling potential named after E.A. Uehling
 * O. C. Uehling, American architect
 * Robert Uehling, American politician

title: Uehling


text:
Udolpho

Udolpho may refer to:
 * The Mysteries of Udolpho
 * Udolpho Township, Mower County, Minnesota

title: Udolpho


text:
Talk:Liberal elite

"New Class Discourse" NEEDS footnotes/references
I couldn't find a significant U.S. literature using this concept (by name), although Australians and some Europeans are all over it. I think that the definition's reference to "New Class" attempts to provide a theoretical basis to this term which either does not exist, or has not yet been identified. The text accompanying the "New Class" section is so robust (right or wrong) that it requires a citation! If no citation can be provided, the section should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Badilejo (talk • contribs) 16:50, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

Disorganized comments
I've never heard anyone in Ireland say "smoked salmon liberal", though i have heard "smoked salmon socialist", maybe that should be changed —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.120.116.178 (talk) 18:35, 14 November 2007 (UTC) --195.93.21.10 14:57, 10 July 2006 (UTC)This is an AWESOME article -- many thanks to the person who intially wrote it. (though I just made a few touch-ups!)

Wiktionary definition?

I think this article right here is a sign of the stranglehold the liberal elite has on wiki, obviously

"Wealthy media-Jews"? Isn't that kind of really anti-Semitic?

This article seems inherently biased in favour of the idea that a liberal elite does not exist.--195.93.21.10 14:57, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

"Many liberals argue [that a liberal elite does not exist]...In reality, however, many wealthy counties, such as those found in the San Francisco Bay area, are characterized by both material affluence as well as political liberalism." - The second sentence strikes me as argumentative, which basically states that the liberals mentioned in the first sentence are wrong. In this case, the bias seems to suggest that a liberal elite does in fact exist. The example of San Francisco is not backed up with a citation and is very specific (exception to the rule?). It could be true, but I don't buy it the way its presented here.

/not backed up with a citation.

"In general, the connotations of liberal elite..." This sentence makes no sense. I will remove unless someone can rewrite.

--81.170.97.252 00:04, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

OK I get it now I've had a look at the history. It was a game of "liberal elitist" vs "anti-intellectual". The trouble is the edits just reduced it to meaningless babble. I think everything it was trying to say is elsewhere in the article, apart from the original point, and that looks like it needs a proper working through anyway, what do others think?

--81.170.97.252 01:18, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

'The phrase "liberal elite" should not be confused with the term "elite"' But it is though. It is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Regnerps (talk • contribs) 15:30, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

Who failed the Poor, Middle class?
The fear of a diabolical "liberal elite" is a media tactic used by the right to scare voters in the "red states" in favor of Republican politics. The thing is the worst party known for inability to help the middle class is the Republicans, not the Democrats. When Clinton was in office back in the 1990s, economic buying power and income growth soared in ways not seen since the early 1960s. Traditional support of blue-collar workers and lower income Americans has been loyal to the Democrats, then it's changed or not like it was 30 to 50 years ago, when Johnson announced his "great society" plans to combat poverty in ways similar to F.D.R. and his "new deal" in the 1930s. --Mike D 26 07:06, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Oh please, liberal elites are the biggest phonies. The good times of the 1990's were due to reforms put in place by the Republican Congress, among other things. If "liberal elites" weren't so busy congratulating yourselves you'd realize that. --71.232.157.145 (talk) 01:43, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Yep, parallel situation to Reagan and Carter. 128.148.42.147 (talk) 21:36, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Well said. Better a society be ruled by people who are both high-class and care about the lower classes, even if they don't fully care, than a society ruled by people who disdain the poor and admit it too. EnglishEfternamn  talkcontribs 01:50, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

And yet, better that people should be free than under the shackles of a well-meaning but incompetent state. --Paul

I Agree, those with the highest IQ have voted Democrat more and more since 1980, I can't figure out why this has happened. Buddha24 (talk) 21:23, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * "A well-meaning but incompetent state." Yes, because the "freedom" of classical economics worked SO much better back in the Gilded Age, when the Invisible Hand was providing for everyone.  Ahhhh...

 * "The good times of the 1990's were due to reforms put in place by the Republican Congress." So why did the budget start tanking in the 2000s, soon after Clinton left office?  Congress was still conservative until 2006.  Might Bill Clinton be one of the "other things" you carefully glossed over?

 * "People who disdain the poor and admit it too." That would be the people who walk into an inner city, discover the existence of people ten times worse off than they are and start lecturing them for having an "entitlement mentality."  In other words, Republicans.  You think the self-proclaimed average Joes railing against big government are "the poor?"  When was the last time Harlem or Southeast DC went Republican? 76.106.145.195 (talk) 13:16, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Please note that the talk page is for discussions on improving the associated article. Use your user pages to debate the merits of the subject... Thanks, ComputerGeezer (talk) 23:46, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "Better a society be ruled by people who are both high-class and care about the lower classes, even if they don't fully care, than a society ruled by people who disdain the poor and admit it too."
 * Not a bad way to think. Gladiator said it best; "I don't pretend to be a man of the people.  But I do try to be a man for the people". 216.15.41.45 (talk) 05:32, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

WP:NPOV violation
This association can be applied to suggest that someone is unpatriotic, and disdainful of American life and culture. is this really suitable? AxiomShell 14:38, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

I believe so: it states that the label may be applied to someone in order to evoke those qualities. It does not opine on the validity of said qualities. -- paul

Proposed merge
I propose the merger here of champagne socialist (UK term), chardonnay socialist (Australian term), limousine liberal (US term) and gauche caviar (French term). Not to mention the other synonyms that haven't been created as separate articles yet.--Pharos 03:23, 20 December 2006 (UTC) How is a high-priced lifestyle "economic hypocrisy"? If one politically aims to help the working class, do they have to emulate them in all forms? I'm not even going to comment on "moral hypocrisy" since morals are irrefutably relative anyway... EnglishEfternamn  talkcontribs 01:53, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Than again, "liberal elite" has a slightly different connotation than these other terms, so perhaps we should rig up Lifestyle hypocrisy in politics, which could cover both alleged economic hypocrisy on the left and alleged moral hypocrisy on the right (e.g. the Mark Foley scandal).--Pharos 21:38, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not at all saying that this is a valid idea, but it's something that's out there — the idea of "economic hypocrisy" is the whole basis of limousine liberal and related terms.--Pharos 01:08, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm somewhat wary of this; remember that 'liberal' means rather different things in all four of these countries. --RaiderAspect 12:10, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

I disagree with the merger and believe that the article is flawed on the following grounds: champagne socialist or limousine liberal are, we can all agree, terms which apply specifically to the lifestyles of certain wealthy people of a left-leaning persuasion, but I have always thought of the term "Liberal Elite" as referring more to the mindset of such people. I believe that the purpose of characterizing someone as a member of the "Liberal Elite" is designed to evoke a feeling that the labeled person believes that the "common folk" cannot take care of themselves and need to be treated like children. --Paul, not a registered user (yet)

 * OPPOSE MERGE - 'Liberal elite' is a primarily American term that relates to the American definition of the term 'liberal'. 'Champagne socialist' has connotations of hypocrisy that are absent in the term 'liberal elite'.  Besides, in most of the world Liberals and Socialists are entirely different things, rather than being lumped together as they are in the USA. Mon Vier 15:33, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Strongly oppose merge. These terms (most of them anyway) refer to entirely different political systems in different countries.  Also, limousine liberal is significantly older than the more recent liberal elite.  And they don't even refer to the same thing.  A limousine liberal claims to care about/be working for the common man and then they indulge in luxuries that are above the means of such people.  The liberal elite so despised by the right media in America can be anything from a lowly professor to a wealthy liberal politician, so I see these terms as being quite different.  But there is some overlap in usage and meaning, so how about making a category to tie them all together and make one easily accessible from another?  maybe "Disparaging terms for leftists" or something along those lines?--Hraefen Talk 21:39, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

I currently propose that those terms which are similar, be added together in the same article -thus merge. However, it also seems that the different terms are also different to each other, and these different flvaors that should also be expressed. A merging together helps bring all the information together and consolidates it, thus make it easier to compare. However, I agree with the previous writer that "liberal elite" does not seem to have connotations of hypocrisy the other terms do. --Starscreaming Crackerjack 23:10, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose They're different concepts with different etymologies.--User At Work 05:39, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Exactly. You can be in the liberal elite without being a champagne socialist etc.

I really don't see the point of this kind of article. The term was created as ammunition (name-calling in place of logic) for the sole purpose of maligning progressive thought. To coin such a phrase one must enjoy partisan squabbling; to attempt to legitimize the term by incorporating it in Wikipedia is the worst kind of intellectual dishonesty. --S May 02:55, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It is actually a legitimate criticism of the hypocrisy of some socialists who for example would criticise people who send children to private schools while doing the same themselves (e.g. the Guardianistas). It's also a somewhat confusing phrase, so I think it should feature in the same way as dog-whistle politics does.

Intro
I've made changes to the intro to correct a couple of obvious errors and better summarise the article (a) Professional was capitalized for no reason (b) There was an unsourced and wrong claim about the phrase "liberal elite" originating in C19 Europe, which I removed. Note that the US meaning of liberal is radically different from that of C19 Europe, which alone is sufficient to make the claim nonsense (c) As the article says, the term elite largely refers to cultural signifiers of various kinds, and not to income. If other editors disagree, please discuss. But reverting a good faith edit as vandalism is a violation of WP:AGF.JQ (talk) 10:16, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

In Canada, the Liberal Party is one of the three major parties. You might mention them and that they represent a centrist party between the right leaning Conservative Party and the left leaning NDP (New Democratic Party). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gessoart (talk • contribs) 06:17, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Edits
Please remember to keep the article encyclopedic and professional, do not put your own opinions in the article, thanks. Buddha24 (talk) 17:57, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Multi mergers to this article (Discussion closed - No changes being made)
I have preposed merging the following articles to the LIBERAL ELITE article.

 * Hollywood Left
 * Champagne socialist
 * East Coast liberal
 * Gauche caviar
 * Limousine liberal
 * San Francisco values
 * Chardonnay socialist
 * Massachusetts liberal
 * Chattering classes

Firstly, they all say much of the same thing and secondly if they were all brought together it would give a worldwide viewpoint into "Liberal elitism" instead of having a US bias. I will copy this message on all the other article talk pages. All discussions should be done on the LIBERAL ELITE talk page so that all discussions are kept together. — Realist 2  ( Who's Bad? ) 05:36, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Support merge as nom - Firstly, they all say much of the same thing and secondly if they were all brought together it would give a worldwide viewpoint into "Liberal elitism" instead of having a US bias. I will copy this message on all the other article talk pages. — Realist 2  ( Who's Bad? ) 17:26, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Support merge. While they may have different etymologies, they are for the most part all talking about the same thing. Individual wording aside, I don't think that the differences between them are enough to warrant separate articles, although they are more than enough to support a merge and move their content to the most neutral title and include the more POV versions of it here, along with any relevant criticism. Celarnor Talk to me 09:42, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge for Chattering classes, support merge for others (but under a different title than Liberal elite) Chattering classes and liberal elite are not necessarily synonymous, as the former is often used to refer to elites generally. And whereas the nominator's desire to have a less U.S.-centric main article is much appreciated, and is a very good objective, "liberal elite" is itself a very American term (outside the States, the term generally has a different meaning, even in Canada), so to the extent that articles with a more Global perspective are merged into it, we would need a new title.  Skeezix1000 (talk) 11:32, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose Each term is placed within its own cultural framework and historic context and needs an explanation of its origin and usage. Start an article which over arches all the concepts and refer out to them if you like. I suggest Right wing anti-liberal rhetoric . Lumos3 (talk) 16:16, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Support merge These are all stubs and given they're all roughly about the same subject, there's no reason they couldn't be merged. Some should probably be deleted as neologisms, though. Jtrainor (talk) 16:26, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose There's nothing elitist about supporting equal rights and a compassionate justice system, so Massachusetts liberal doesn't fit under this title. The same goes for the anti-Americanism and secularism which typify San Francisco values. No opinion on the others. -- Kendrick7talk 18:27, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Alternatively they could become an article listing anti-liberal terminology. — Realist 2  ( Who's Bad? ) 18:35, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * That's plausible with the sources as they stand, but still it's rather POV. That is, liberals in Massachusetts, such as myself, aren't insulted by the phrase, and are largely, in my opinion, blissfully unaware that right wingers in the rest of the nation regard us with fear and trembling. The term isn't on par with, say, "moonbat", with is clearly an epithet. -- Kendrick7talk 19:15, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree im some respects, but its save to say that all the terms above are used by the right to label the left in a bad light. The fact that you personally arent offended doesn't matter. What matters is that the right use the names as descriptions. — Realist 2  ( Who's Bad? ) 19:34, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * But the terms aren't interchangeable. The right isn't going to accuse Ted Kennedy of having San Francisco values or Nancy Pelosi of being a Massachusetts liberal. The terms have specific independent meanings, even while sharing a negative connotation in right-wing circles, so I don't see the sense in a merge. -- Kendrick7talk 20:11, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Are the individual terms notable or expansive enough to warrent or need their own page, couple that will the fact that they have very similar issues and content? There really just isn't the need. If you oppose the inclusion of certain ones thats fine but you seem to be giving a blanket oppose to all of them? — Realist 2  ( Who's Bad? ) 20:16, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I can see the the sense in merging all the rest as they all follow the same liberal/elitist paradigm. If we had an article on the history of liberalism in Massachusetts, which I'm sure I could source all the way back to the abolitionist movement, that would be where I would up merge that particular article if there was some pressing need. Likewise, San Francisco values, while only going back to the 1960s AFAIK, are really a liberal/socialist paradigm, and just seems like the other odd duck on your list. Per WP:NOTPAPER though, there's really no need to merge short and tangentially related articles into longer articles just for the sake of having longer articles, but, again, I agree most of the rest are really the same thing. -- Kendrick7talk 22:15, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * So to clarify, you would be opposed to merging Massachusetts liberal and San Fransisco liberal, but the others are ok to merge? I respect our ideas, you clearly know the history of this stuff. — Realist 2  ( Who's Bad? ) 22:25, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * (outdent) Well, Skeet might have a point about the chattering classes that that's just elites generally, But sure, I'd merge the rest here. -- Kendrick7talk 22:53, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Again its a term used by the right, its directed at progressives but probably is a little more discreet about it. — Realist 2  ( Who's Bad? ) 23:01, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I would suggest it's used by the right and left. The first recorded use was by Frank Johnson (journalist), a conservative who applied the term inclusively to include himself as well. -- Kendrick7talk 23:10, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose. I noticed this on the noticeboards, and after evaluating this, I think it'd be highly inappropriate to merge these articles.  They are related but they're not synonyms.  The presence of multiple articles that neutrally describe common terms does not evince an anti-liberal POV by their mere existence.  It's possible, not even really that difficult, to neutrally describe terms about ways that political perspectives are characterized, even when the term itself is sometimes or always considered an epithet.  It's generally a mistake to conflate liberalism in different countries--it's often tricky to do it within different regions of the same country, although at least in that case there's usually a common political organization--and it's a fundamental misunderstanding of systemic bias to say that an article about French liberals and an article about Australasian liberals need to be merged because of world view concerns.  I find that as coherent as merging all the articles about presidents of different countries into one article about all presidents.  Precisely zero of these terms are interchangeable--it's clumsy and infelicitous to pound them together.  It muddies, rather than clarifies; in that sense it is anti-encyclopedic.  I am similarly strongly opposed to a merger of characterizations of conservatism that, while sharing the corresponding similarity as these, have distinct meanings and connotations, often make different criticisms of an ideology, or even apply to completely distinct political systems. --JayHenry (t) 23:45, 26 June 2008 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by JayHank (talk • contribs)
 * Can I remind you, we dont even has an article on "conservative elite" it redirects to "elite". However for liberals theres like a dozen stubs. There just isn't a need for it, they can all easily go on one article. — Realist 2  ( Who's Bad? ) 16:51, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * That's irrelevant. The corollaries of these terms aren't going to be "limousine conservative", "Hollywood conservative", etc. because those aren't common terms in reverse.  That's something of a false dichotomy.  Of course Wikipedia has articles on pseudo-derogatory terms for other political stripes, such as "crypto-fascist", or "theocons", not to mention things like What's the Matter with Kansas? which isn't a neologism but certainly states the case against the other guys.  Balance is more complicated than saying we have an article on "X liberal" but not "X conservative".  The issue is are these articles, by themselves, neutral and verifiable and distinct topics.  Even if you dislike the terms, the answer is yes. --JayHenry (talk) 05:41, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose The proposition, as presented, is too crude in seeking conflate concepts which are not the same. Liberal elite suggests that the group has power while champagne socialist suggests that the group has wealth, while liberal and socialist are complex political labels which cannot be simply merged together.  Anyway, other similar phrases for consideration include: Radical chic, Bleeding heart, Whigs, Loony left and more.  You need to assemble a full list before attemtping to rationalise them.  Me, I'm more inclined to create articles for some that have been missed... Colonel Warden (talk) 10:26, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose: None of them mean exactly the same thing or are used in exactly the same way. I'm going to repeat my suggestion from the last round of merge talks: how about making a category to tie them all together and make one easily accessible from one another? maybe "Disparaging terms for leftists" or something along those lines?  Why is this not an acceptable solution?--Hraefen Talk 02:45, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose "Blanket" Merge: It would be inappropriate to simply pile all these terms together. But I suspect several of these terms are not deserving of individual encyclopedic entries.  As with "trustafarian" I believe they can be supported by links to their Wiktionary entries. ComputerGeezer (talk) 20:51, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Strongly Oppose. A number of these terms refer to different kinds of people in different cultures.  Merging would result both in too much detail being lost and in the different terms becoming confused. Man with two legs (talk) 10:04, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

merger discussion reopened

 * The merger discussion has been reopened by User Realist2 - despite the consensus not to merge in the subsection immediately above. Realist2 : has posted the following message to those articles but not here:  "I have preposed sic merging the following articles to the LIBERAL ELITE article. * Hollywood Left * Champagne socialist * East Coast liberal * Gauche caviar * Limousine liberal * San Francisco values * Chardonnay socialist * Massachusetts liberal * Chattering classes Firstly, they all say much of the same thing and secondly if they were all brought together it would give a worldwide viewpoint instead into 'Liberal elitism' instead of having a US bias. I will copy this message on all the other article talk pages. All discussions should be done on the LIBERAL ELITE talk page so that all discussions are kept together. — Realist2 (Who's Bad?) 05:37, 26 June 2008 (UTC)" In my view Liberal elite would not be the appropriate merger target. Limousine liberal and Champagne socialist are similar - but Limousine liberal has a longer and separate provenance. I think Liberal elite should stand as a separate article and be cleaned up. Limousine liberal should stand as a separate article. Champagne socialist should accept mergers from Gauche caviar, chardonnay socialist, and chattering classes as all being British or European terms that are similar. We can also include the German, Swedish, Netherlands terms in there. They all seem to have developed in to the late 80s and are related - which is distinct from the Limousine liberal term which was coined earlier.--Matilda talk 23:38, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Strike while the irony's hot.
The ability to recognize irony is something you learn in Freshman English. When you remove the reference to irony, are you claiming that the people who use the term "liberal elite" really are saying that liberals are "the best".

Also, you still have not offered even one reference to the use of the phrase by someone who is not a conservative. Rick Norwood (talk) 12:56, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Ireland
Apparently a section on Ireland is needed, see Dublin 4. --Dpr (talk) 13:57, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

UK section removal
neither ref makes any mention of a liberal elite. The identification of New Labour or Peter Mandelson as 'liberal' is ridiculous, nor is it made by the article cited. the other is a quote by Tom Paulin, where he says that people who call him antisemitic are 'hampstead liberal zionists'.

the rest of the section is just a WP:coatrack for some editor's gripes about 'liberals' (i.e. people who aren't of the right). In other words, what is sourced is irrelevant, what is relevant is unsourced. BillMasen (talk) 16:37, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

New section
Liberal elitists arent just liberal professors, media, Hollywood, etc but there are many think tanks and groups that are referred to as liberal elitists, as well as prominent conspiracy theories such as the NWO, global government, population control, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.87.102.239 (talk) 08:07, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Urban Elite"
Heard that one used a lot here in Ontario, is it the exact same concept?

With love,

( SailingOn (talk) 18:17, 28 January 2018 (UTC) )

 * Not quite the same. The "liberal elite" are people who graduated from Harvard or Yale or some other top school.  The accusation is that such people do not understand what ordinary Americans want.  The "urban elite" overlaps the first group, but is much larger.  They live in big cities, and the accusation is that such people do not understand what "real" Americans, want.  I imagine you can swap "Americans" for "Canadians" without any serious change.  The problem in the US is that educated people, and city people, seldom vote Republican.  Is there a parallel in Canada? Rick Norwood (talk) 11:48, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The economic situation of rural areas of the United States, and Canada effectively mirror each other. Much of it has been in a state of permanent recession with few jobs available, and shrinking populations. The economic base which exists is radically different from the economic base which exists in urban areas, ergo the political views found are often quite different. I was mostly coming off of the fact that it is called the "metropolitan elite" in the UK(as stated in the beginning of the article). Politically I find Canada isn't as polarised as the United States. Although most rural areas are certainly more conservative than urban areas, they tend to switch who they vote for more often. I live in a deeply conservative county which voted Liberal in the past(although it usually votes conservative). This political divide seems to have started sometime in the 1960's. In this map(the bigger the district, the more "rural" it is to get a sense of the divide in Canada: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Canada_Election_2015_Results_Map.svg

( SailingOn (talk) 03:51, 31 January 2018 (UTC) )

title: Talk:Liberal elite


text:
Tor functor

In mathematics, the Tor functors are the derived functors of the tensor product of modules over a ring. Along with the Ext functor, Tor is one of the central concepts of homological algebra, in which ideas from algebraic topology are used to construct invariants of algebraic structures. The homology of groups, Lie algebras, and associative algebras can all be defined in terms of Tor. The name comes from a relation between the first Tor group Tor1 and the torsion subgroup of an abelian group.

In the special case of abelian groups, Tor was introduced by Eduard Čech (1935) and named by Samuel Eilenberg around 1950. It was first applied to the Künneth theorem and universal coefficient theorem in topology. For modules over any ring, Tor was defined by Henri Cartan and Eilenberg in their 1956 book Homological Algebra.

Definition
Let R be a ring. Write R-Mod for the category of left R-modules and Mod-R for the category of right R-modules. (If R is commutative, the two categories can be identified.) For a fixed left R-module B, let $$T(A) = A\otimes_R B$$ for A in Mod-R. This is a right exact functor from Mod-R to the category of abelian groups Ab, and so it has left derived functors $$L_i T$$. The Tor groups are the abelian groups defined by $$\operatorname{Tor}_i^R(A,B) = (L_iT)(A),$$ for an integer i. By definition, this means: take any projective resolution $$\cdots\to P_2 \to P_1 \to P_0 \to A\to 0,$$ and remove A, and form the chain complex: $$\cdots \to P_2\otimes_R B \to P_1\otimes_R B \to P_0\otimes_R B \to 0$$

For each integer i, the group $$\operatorname{Tor}_i^R(A,B)$$ is the homology of this complex at position i. It is zero for i negative. Moreover, $$\operatorname{Tor}_0^R(A,B)$$ is the cokernel of the map $$P_1\otimes_R B \to P_0\otimes_R B$$, which is isomorphic to $$A \otimes_R B$$.

Alternatively, one can define Tor by fixing A and taking the left derived functors of the right exact functor G(B) = A ⊗R B. That is, tensor A with a projective resolution of B and take homology. Cartan and Eilenberg showed that these constructions are independent of the choice of projective resolution, and that both constructions yield the same Tor groups. Moreover, for a fixed ring R, Tor is a functor in each variable (from R-modules to abelian groups).

For a commutative ring R and R-modules A and B, Tor(A, B) is an R-module (using that A ⊗R B is an R-module in this case). For a non-commutative ring R, Tor(A, B) is only an abelian group, in general. If R is an algebra over a ring S (which means in particular that S is commutative), then Tor(A, B) is at least an S-module.

Properties
Here are some of the basic properties and computations of Tor groups.

\operatorname{Tor}_i^R \left (\bigoplus_{\alpha} M_{\alpha}, N \right ) &\cong \bigoplus_{\alpha} \operatorname{Tor}_i^R(M_{\alpha},N) \\ \operatorname{Tor}_i^R \left (\varinjlim_{\alpha} M_{\alpha}, N \right ) &\cong \varinjlim_{\alpha} \operatorname{Tor}_i^R(M_{\alpha},N) \end{align}$$
 * Tor(A, B) ≅ A ⊗R B for any right R-module A and left R-module B.
 * Tor$R i$(A, B) = 0 for all i > 0 if either A or B is flat (for example, free) as an R-module. In fact, one can compute Tor using a flat resolution of either A or B; this is more general than a projective (or free) resolution.
 * There are converses to the previous statement:
 * If Tor$R 1$(A, B) = 0 for all B, then A is flat (and hence Tor$R i$(A, B) = 0 for all i > 0).
 * If Tor$R 1$(A, B) = 0 for all A, then B is flat (and hence Tor$R i$(A, B) = 0 for all i > 0).
 * By the general properties of derived functors, every short exact sequence 0 → K → L → M → 0 of right R-modules induces a long exact sequence of the form $$\cdots \to \operatorname{Tor}_2^R(M,B) \to \operatorname{Tor}_1^R(K,B) \to \operatorname{Tor}_1^R(L,B) \to \operatorname{Tor}_1^R (M,B) \to K\otimes_R B\to L\otimes_R B\to M\otimes_R B\to 0,$$ for any left R-module B. The analogous exact sequence also holds for Tor with respect to the second variable.
 * Symmetry: for a commutative ring R, there is a natural isomorphism Tor$R i$(A, B) ≅ Tor$R i$(B, A). (For R commutative, there is no need to distinguish between left and right R-modules.)
 * If R is a commutative ring and u in R is not a zero divisor, then for any R-module B, $$\operatorname{Tor}^R_i(R/(u),B)\cong\begin{cases} B/uB & i=0\\ B[u] & i=1\\ 0 &\text{otherwise}\end{cases}$$ where $$B[u] = \{x \in B : ux =0 \}$$ is the u-torsion subgroup of B. This is the explanation for the name Tor. Taking R to be the ring $$\Z$$ of integers, this calculation can be used to compute $$\operatorname{Tor}^{\Z}_1(A,B)$$ for any finitely generated abelian group A.
 * Generalizing the previous example, one can compute Tor groups that involve the quotient of a commutative ring by any regular sequence, using the Koszul complex. For example, if R is the polynomial ring k[x1, ..., xn] over a field k, then $$\operatorname{Tor}_*^R(k,k)$$ is the exterior algebra over k on n generators in Tor1.
 * $$\operatorname{Tor}^{\Z}_i(A,B)=0$$ for all i ≥ 2. The reason: every abelian group A has a free resolution of length 1, since every subgroup of a free abelian group is free abelian.
 * For any ring R, Tor preserves direct sums (possibly infinite) and filtered colimits in each variable. For example, in the first variable, this says that $$\begin{align}
 * Flat base change: for a commutative flat R-algebra T, R-modules A and B, and an integer i, $$\mathrm{Tor}_i^R(A,B)\otimes_R T \cong \mathrm{Tor}_i^T(A\otimes_R T,B\otimes_R T).$$ It follows that Tor commutes with localization. That is, for a multiplicatively closed set S in R, $$S^{-1} \operatorname{Tor}_i^R(A, B) \cong \operatorname{Tor}_i^{S^{-1} R} \left (S^{-1} A, S^{-1} B \right ).$$
 * For a commutative ring R and commutative R-algebras A and B, Tor(A,B) has the structure of a graded-commutative algebra over R. Moreover, elements of odd degree in the Tor algebra have square zero, and there are divided power operations on the elements of positive even degree.

Important special cases

 * Group homology is defined by $$H_*(G,M)=\operatorname{Tor}^{\Z[G]}_*(\Z, M),$$ where G is a group, M is a representation of G over the integers, and $$\Z[G]$$ is the group ring of G.
 * For an algebra A over a field k and an A-bimodule M, Hochschild homology is defined by $$HH_*(A,M)=\operatorname{Tor}_*^{A\otimes_k A^{\text{op}}}(A, M).$$
 * Lie algebra homology is defined by $$H_*(\mathfrak g,M)=\operatorname{Tor}_*^{U\mathfrak g}(R,M)$$, where $$\mathfrak g$$ is a Lie algebra over a commutative ring R, M is a $$\mathfrak g$$-module, and $$U\mathfrak g$$ is the universal enveloping algebra.
 * For a commutative ring R with a homomorphism onto a field k, $$\operatorname{Tor}_*^R(k,k)$$ is a graded-commutative Hopf algebra over k. (If R is a Noetherian local ring with residue field k, then the dual Hopf algebra to $$\operatorname{Tor}_*^R(k,k)$$ is Ext(k,k).) As an algebra, $$\operatorname{Tor}_*^R(k,k)$$ is the free graded-commutative divided power algebra on a graded vector space π*(R). When k has characteristic zero, π*(R) can be identified with the André-Quillen homology D*(k/R,k).

title: Tor functor


text:
Udell

Udell may refer to:

 * Udell, Iowa
 * Udell Township
 * Florence Udell
 * Jake Udell
 * John Udell
 * Jon Udell

title: Udell


text:
Talk:List of countries by system of government/alternate

Communist state
Ámerica — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.4.9.110 (talk) 21:08, 9 January 2014 (UTC)
 * China: Communist state
 * Cuba: Communist state
 * North Korea: Communist state one-man dictatorship
 * Laos: Communist state
 * Vietnam: Communist state

Constitutional democracy

 * Ghana: constitutional democracy
 * Panama: constitutional democracy
 * Sierra Leone: constitutional democracy
 * Suriname: constitutional democracy

Constitutional monarchy
note: Malaya (what is now Peninsular Malaysia) formed 31 August 1957; Federation of Malaysia (Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore) formed 9 July 1963 (Singapore left the Federation on 9 August 1965); nominally headed by the paramount ruler and a bicameral Parliament consisting of a nonelected upper house and an elected lower house; all of the Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers except Melaka and Penang; Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by the Malaysian Government; powers of state governments are limited by the federal constitution; under the terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., the right to maintain their own immigration controls); Sabah - currently holds 20 seats in House of Representatives and will hold 25 seats after the next election; Sarawak holds 28 seats in House of Representatives
 * Antigua and Barbuda: constitutional monarchy with UK-style parliament
 * Bahrain: constitutional hereditary monarchy
 * Belgium: federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch
 * Cambodia: multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993
 * Denmark: constitutional monarchy
 * Grenada: constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style parliament
 * Japan: constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government
 * Jordan: constitutional monarchy
 * Kuwait: nominal constitutional monarchy
 * Lesotho: parliamentary constitutional monarchy
 * Liechtenstein: hereditary constitutional monarchy on a democratic and parliamentary basis
 * Luxembourg: constitutional monarchy
 * Malaysia: constitutional monarchy
 * Monaco: constitutional monarchy
 * Morocco: constitutional monarchy
 * Netherlands: constitutional monarchy
 * Norway: constitutional monarchy
 * Papua New Guinea: constitutional monarchy with parliamentary democracy
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis: constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style parliament
 * Samoa: constitutional monarchy under native chief
 * Spain: parliamentary monarchy
 * Sweden: constitutional monarchy
 * Thailand: constitutional monarchy
 * Tonga: hereditary constitutional monarchy
 * Tuvalu: constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy; began debating republic status in 1992
 * United Kingdom: constitutional monarchy

Constitutional republic

 * Iceland: constitutional republic
 * Paraguay: constitutional republic
 * Peru: constitutional republic
 * Uruguay: constitutional republic

Federal republic

 * Austria: federal republican
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina: emerging federal democratic republic
 * Brazil: federative republic
 * Ethiopia: federal republic
 * Germany: federal republic
 * India: federal republic
 * Mexico: federal republic
 * Pakistan: federal republic
 * Russia: federation
 * Switzerland: federal republic
 * United Arab Emirates: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE federal government and other powers reserved to member emirates
 * United States: Constitution-based federal republic; strong democratic tradition
 * Venezuela: federal republic

Monarchy

 * Bhutan: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India
 * Oman: monarchy
 * Qatar: traditional monarchy
 * Saudi Arabia: monarchy
 * Swaziland: monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth

Parliamentary democracy

 * Andorra: parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its chiefs of state a coprincipality; the two princes are the president of France and bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain, who are represented locally by coprinces' representatives
 * Aruba: parliamentary democracy
 * The Bahamas: constitutional parliamentary democracy
 * Bangladesh: parliamentary democracy
 * Barbados: parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth
 * Belize: parliamentary democracy
 * Bermuda: parliamentary British overseas territory with internal self-government
 * Bulgaria: parliamentary democracy
 * Canada: confederation with parliamentary democracy
 * Cook Islands: self-governing parliamentary democracy
 * Croatia: presidential/parliamentary democracy
 * Czech Republic: parliamentary democracy
 * Dominica: parliamentary democracy; republic within the Commonwealth
 * Greenland: parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy
 * Hungary: parliamentary democracy
 * Israel: parliamentary democracy
 * Latvia: parliamentary democracy
 * Lithuania: parliamentary democracy
 * Jamaica: constitutional parliamentary democracy
 * Republic of Macedonia: parliamentary democracy
 * Isle of Man: parliamentary democracy
 * Mauritius: parliamentary democracy
 * Mongolia: parliamentary
 * Nepal: parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy
 * Netherlands Antilles: parliamentary
 * New Zealand: parliamentary democracy
 * Niue: self-governing parliamentary democracy
 * Portugal: parliamentary democracy
 * Saint Lucia: Westminster-style parliamentary democracy
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth
 * Slovakia: parliamentary democracy
 * Slovenia: parliamentary democratic republic
 * Solomon Islands: parliamentary democracy tending toward anarchy
 * Trinidad and Tobago: parliamentary democracy
 * Turkey: republican parliamentary democracy
 * Zimbabwe: parliamentary democracy

Parliamentary republic

 * Botswana: parliamentary republic
 * Burkina Faso: parliamentary republic
 * Estonia: parliamentary republic
 * Greece: parliamentary republic; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974
 * Singapore: parliamentary republic
 * Vanuatu: parliamentary republic

Republic
note: preponderance of power remains with the president note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in July 1974 after a Greek junta-based coup attempt gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf Denktash declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly support a settlement based on a federation (Greek Cypriot position) or confederation (Turkish Cypriot position) note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni Rabuka formally declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987
 * Algeria: republic
 * Angola: republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system
 * Argentina: republic
 * Armenia: republic
 * Azerbaijan: republic
 * Belarus: republic
 * Benin: republic under multiparty democratic rule; dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty system completed 4 April 1991
 * Bolivia: republic
 * Burundi: republic
 * Cameroon: unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized in 1990)
 * Cape Verde: republic
 * Central African Republic: republic
 * Chad: republic
 * Chile: republic
 * Colombia: republic; executive branch dominates government structure
 * Comoros: independent republic
 * Côte d'Ivoire: republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960
 * Republic of the Congo: republic
 * Costa Rica: democratic republic
 * Cyprus: republic
 * Djibouti: republic
 * East Timor: republic
 * Ecuador: republic
 * Egypt: republic
 * El Salvador: republic
 * Equatorial Guinea: republic
 * Fiji: republic
 * Finland: republic
 * France: republic
 * Gabon: republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized in 1990)
 * The Gambia: republic under multiparty democratic rule
 * Georgia: republic
 * Guatemala: constitutional democratic republic
 * Guinea: republic
 * Guinea-Bissau: republic, multiparty since mid-1991
 * Guyana: republic within the Commonwealth
 * Honduras: democratic constitutional republic
 * Indonesia: republic
 * Ireland: republic
 * Italy: republic
 * Kazakhstan: republic
 * Kenya: republic
 * Kiribati: republic
 * South Korea: republic
 * Kyrgyzstan: republic
 * Lebanon: republic
 * Liberia: republic
 * Madagascar: republic
 * Maldives: republic
 * Mali: republic
 * Malta: republic
 * Mauritania: republic
 * Moldova: republic
 * Mozambique: republic
 * Namibia: republic
 * Nauru: republic
 * Nicaragua: republic
 * Niger: republic
 * Philippines: republic
 * Poland: republic
 * Romania: republic
 * Rwanda: republic; presidential, multiparty system
 * San Marino: independent republic
 * Sao Tome and Principe: republic
 * Senegal: republic under multiparty democratic rule
 * Serbia and Montenegro: republic
 * Seychelles: republic
 * South Africa: republic
 * Sri Lanka: republic
 * Syria: republic under military regime since March 1963
 * Tajikistan: republic
 * Tanzania: republic
 * Tunisia: republic
 * Turkmenistan: republic
 * Uganda: republic
 * Ukraine: republic
 * Uzbekistan: republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch
 * Yemen: republic
 * Zambia: republic

Other democracies

 * Albania: emerging democracy
 * Australia: democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign
 * Dominican Republic: representative democracy
 * Hong Kong: limited democracy
 * Macau: limited democracy
 * Malawi: multiparty democracy
 * Taiwan: multiparty democratic regime headed by popularly-elected president and unicameral legislature

Transitional governments
note: following a successful referendum on independence for the Autonomous Region of Eritrea on 23-25 April 1993, a National Assembly, composed entirely of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, was established as a transitional legislature; a Constitutional Commission was also established to draft a constitution; Isaias Afworki was elected president by the transitional legislature; the constitution, ratified in May 1997, did not enter into effect, pending parliamentary and presidential elections; parliamentary elections had been scheduled in December 2001, but were postponed indefinitely; currently the sole legal party is the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ)
 * Afghanistan: transitional
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo: dictatorship; presumably undergoing a transition to representative government
 * Eritrea: transitional government
 * Iraq: in transition following April 2003 defeat of Saddam Husayn regime by US-led coalition
 * Nigeria: republic transitioning from military to civilian rule
 * Somalia: no permanent national government; transitional, parliamentary national government
 * Togo: republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule

Other governments

 * Brunei: constitutional sultanate
 * Burma: military regime
 * Cayman Islands: British crown colony
 * Haiti: elected government
 * Iran: theocratic republic
 * Libya: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship
 * Marshall Islands: constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986
 * Federated States of Micronesia: constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986; economic provisions of the Compact are being renegotiated
 * Northern Mariana Islands: commonwealth; self-governing with locally elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature
 * Palau: constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 1 October 1994
 * Puerto Rico: commonwealth
 * Sudan: authoritarian regime - ruling military junta took power in 1989; government is run by an alliance of the military and the National Congress Party (NCP), formerly the National Islamic Front (NIF), which espouses an Islamist platform
 * Vatican City: ecclesiastical
 * Western Sahara: legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), led by President Mohamed Abdelaziz; territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government-in-exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991


text:
Udall family

The Udall family is a U.S. political family rooted in the American West. Its role in politics spans over 100 years and four generations. Udall politicians have been elected from four different states: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Oregon. If viewed as a combined entity, the Udall-Hunt-Lee family has been elected from six states: Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah.

Three Udall family cousins were nominated by the two major American political parties for the United States Senate elections of 2008, of which the two Democrats were elected and seated in 2009.

Pioneer generation
David King Udall can be considered the family's founder. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to David Udall and Eliza King, recent Mormon converts from England. They immigrated to the United States in 1851. The family traveled across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains by ox cart and settled in Nephi, Utah. The elder David later became a Mormon bishop.

In this environment, the younger David grew up to be a fervent Mormon as well. He married Ella Stewart, and they settled in Kanab, Utah. Shortly after their marriage, David left to serve as a missionary in England for two years. In 1880, he was called by his church to move with his family to St. Johns, Apache County, Arizona, in order to become the local bishop and facilitate further Mormon migration into that community. This made David unpopular with established residents of St. Johns, who didn't want the Mormons there, but it did make him instantly prominent in the community.

David married a second wife, Ida Hunt, in 1882. She was a granddaughter of Jefferson Hunt. David was prosecuted for, but not convicted of, bigamy in 1884. In 1885, he was indicted for perjury stemming from a sworn statement he made backing a land claim for Miles Romney (the grandfather of George W. Romney). His bail was posted by Baron Goldwater, the father of Barry Goldwater. The trial and its aftermath received heavy regional press coverage. David was convicted and sentenced to three years of imprisonment at a federal penitentiary in Detroit. Later, both the prosecutor and presiding judge at the trial wrote letters to President Grover Cleveland supporting a pardon, stating they believed that David had misunderstood the law and that he lacked any criminal intent. President Cleveland issued a pardon after David had served just three months of his sentence.

In 1887, David was made a stake president, a higher position in the Mormon hierarchy. In that position, he oversaw Mormon affairs over a broad portion of Arizona.

That same year, Tommy Stewart, David's double brother-in-law, was elected to serve in the Utah Territorial Legislature. David's wife Eliza was Tommy's sister, and Tommy was married to David's sister Mary, making Tommy a member of the Udall family by marriage. Tommy would later become mayor of Kanab.

In 1890, the LDS Church officially declared that it opposed its members entering into polygamous marriages. After this, hostility toward Mormons in many communities outside Utah decreased. Between improved relations with non-Mormons and an ever-growing Mormon population in eastern Arizona, David's popularity improved, such that he was elected to a single term in the Arizona Territorial Legislature in 1899 as a Republican. He died as a widely respected member of his community in 1938, living long enough to see several of his sons elected to public office.

David's younger brother, Joseph Udall, also settled in Arizona, becoming a Mormon Bishop in Eagar, Arizona, and was active in local politics. He served as chairman of the Apache County Board of Supervisors, 1906–1920.

Sons of David King Udall
Twelve of David King Udall's children lived to adulthood, six by each of his wives. Four of his sons became attorneys; of those, all were elected or appointed to political and judicial offices. All of the Udall politicians descended from David's wife Eliza have been Democrats, while most of the politicians descended from his wife Ida have been Republicans.

The first of David's children to seek office was Levi Stewart Udall, who ran for clerk to the Arizona Superior Court in 1922 as a Democrat. His older brother, John Hunt Udall, then filed to run for the same office as a Republican. John won.

John was later elected mayor of Phoenix, Arizona, and he served in that office from 1936 to 1938. He later served as a judge and was narrowly defeated as a candidate for the U.S. Congress in 1948. He was first married to Ruth Kimball, sister of Spencer W. Kimball and niece by marriage of Joseph F. Smith. Ruth died at a young age, and he remarried to Leah Smith, daughter of Jesse Nathaniel Smith.

Levi followed a career in the judiciary and was elected Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court in 1946. He served on that Court from 1947 until his death in 1960, and he was Chief Justice 1951–1953 and 1957–1959. Levi was married to Louisa Lee. His brother, Jesse, was married to Louisa's sister, Lela Lee. For this reason, their respective descendants are double cousins. The Lee sisters were granddaughters of John D. Lee and Jacob Hamblin.

Jesse Addison Udall served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 1931 to 1938. Upon his brother Levi's death, he was appointed by the governor to fill the same seat on the Arizona Supreme Court. He served 1960–1972, and he was Chief Justice in 1964 and 1969.

Don Taylor Udall served as Representative to the Arizona State Legislature from 1941–1942. He resigned to serve in World War II and would later become a judge.

Grandchildren of David King Udall
Nick Udall, son of John H. Udall, followed in his father's footsteps and served as mayor of Phoenix from 1948 to 1952. Unlike his father, he was a Democrat. He also served as a Superior Court Judge in Maricopa County, Arizona, from 1952 to 1956. Many kinships between the Udalls and other politicians and well-known people come through Nick. This is not so surprising when considering that Nick was a great-grandson of Utah Lieutenant Governor Heber C. Kimball, who had 43 wives, 63 children, 176 grandchildren, and 564 great-grandchildren. Among Nick's cousins is U.S. Ambassador J. Reuben Clark.

Stewart Lee Udall, son of Levi S. Udall, served as a Democratic U.S. Representative from Arizona (1955–1961) and also as Secretary of the Interior (1961–1969). Point Udall, U.S. Virgin Islands, the easternmost point in the United States, is named in his honor.

Morris King "Mo" Udall, Stewart's brother, also served as a Democratic U.S. Representative from Arizona (1961–1991) and ran for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 1976. Point Udall, Guam, the westernmost point in the United States, is named in his honor.

David K. Udall, son of Jesse A. Udall, served as a city councilman in Mesa, Arizona, for eight years.

L. Kenyon Udall, son of Jesse A. Udall, served as the mayor of Gilbert, Arizona, from January 17, 1956, to June 8, 1959.

Joseph Leon Pace, son of Luella Udall Pace, was mayor of San Jose, California, during the 1960s.

Fourth generation
Thomas Stewart "Tom" Udall, Stewart Udall's son, was the first of David King Udall's great-grandchildren to hold political office. He was a practicing attorney and ran unsuccessfully for Congress as a Democrat in New Mexico in 1984 and 1988. In 1990, he was elected Attorney General of New Mexico, a position he held from 1991–1999. He was finally elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from New Mexico's 3rd District in 1998, and he served as Representative from 1999–2009. During this period, he served in Congress beside his cousins Mark Udall and Gordon Smith (see below), marking one of the very few times in history when three members of the same family have served in Congress simultaneously. In 2008, he was elected to the U.S. Senate from New Mexico in a landslide victory. He took office in January 2009. In 2019, he announced he would not seek a third term.

Gordon Harold Smith, Jesse Udall's grandson through his daughter Jessica Udall Smith, was the next to venture into politics. His father, Milan Dale Smith, Sr., was an Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, and he later built a successful frozen food empire. Gordon obtained a law degree and initially pursued a career as an attorney before later taking over the frozen food business. In 1992, he was elected to the Oregon State Senate as a Republican. He became president of that body in 1995. In 1996, he was narrowly defeated when running for the U.S. Senate in a special election to replace Bob Packwood. Later that year, he won election to Oregon's other U.S. Senate seat, the only time anyone has ever run for the Senate twice in the same year. He served in the Senate from 1997–2009. In 2008, he was narrowly defeated for reelection, following a shift in Oregon politics over the preceding decade toward the Democratic Party. He was the last remaining Republican to hold statewide office at the time. Most Udall politicians have also been either Hunt or Lee descendants. Gordon Smith is unique in being descended from both additional lines.

Mark Emery Udall, Morris Udall's son, pursued a 20-year career as an Outward Bound instructor and director before launching a political career in 1996 with a successful campaign for the Colorado State House of Representatives as a Democrat. He served a single term there before making a successful bid for the U.S. House from Colorado's 2nd Congressional District in 1998. He held that office for ten years. In 2008, he was elected to the U.S. Senate from Colorado, and he was seated in January 2009. Raised Presbyterian, Mark is the first non-Mormon politician in the family. With Barack Obama's nomination of Ken Salazar as Secretary of the Interior, Colorado's other Senate seat was vacated on January 20, 2009, and Mark became Colorado's senior senator after just three weeks in office. In 2014, he was defeated for re-election by Republican Cory Gardner.

Milan Dale Smith, Jr., Gordon Smith's brother, was nominated to the federal judiciary by George W. Bush in 2006. He was unanimously confirmed by the Senate (including his brother), and he currently serves on the U.S. Ninth Circuit.

David King Udall, son of Mesa councilman David K. Udall, serves as a Superior Court Judge in Maricopa County, Arizona (since 2001). His brother Jesse is married [2] to Michelle Udall, who was elected to the Arizona House of Representatives in 2016.

Mike Lee and Thomas R. Lee, though not Udalls, are second cousins to Mark and Tom Udall and Gordon Smith; their father, Rex E. Lee, a well-known scholar of constitutional law and Solicitor General from 1981 to 1985, was a first cousin of Stewart and Morris Udall; Mike Lee serves as a United States Senator from Utah (since 2011); and Thomas R. Lee is an Associate Justice of the Utah Supreme Court.

title: Udall family


text:
IBM 1627

The IBM 1627 was a rebranded Calcomp plotter sold by IBM for use with the IBM 1620, and, later, the IBM 1130 computers. It became perhaps the first non-IBM peripheral that IBM allowed to be attached to one of its computers.

The plotter fed a roll of paper with perforated edges over a drum with matching sprockets at the sides. The drum could move the paper forward and backward (the X-axis). A pen holder slid horizontally over the paper (the Y-axis). Both the drum and the pen holder were controlled by stepper motors. Commands included lowering the pen down to write and raising it up, and moving the drum or the pen holder one step of 1/100 in in either direction. There were also commands to move the drum and pen together one step in the four diagonal directions.

The standard size 1627 Model 1 was a Calcomp model 565 plotter and used 12-inch-wide paper (305 mm) with a plotting area of 11 in. Model 1 could operate at 18,000 steps per minute. Model 2 was a Calcomp 563 and used 31-inch-wide paper (787 mm) with a plotting area of 29+1/2 in. Model 2 could operate at 12,000 steps per minute.

The paper rolls were 120 ft long. A metal bar above the take-up reel allowed a finished plot to be torn off and removed. The drum would then be advanced using the manual controls and the fresh paper end taped to the take-up reel. The standard pen was a ball-point, but liquid ink pens were available, and typically used for higher quality plots intended for publication. Other paper stock could be taped to the drum if desired. A chart drive switch was provided to turn off the motorized paper supply and take-up reels for this purpose.

title: IBM 1627


text:
Addition-chain exponentiation

In mathematics and computer science, optimal addition-chain exponentiation is a method of exponentiation by a positive integer power that requires a minimal number of multiplications. Using the form of the shortest addition chain, with multiplication instead of addition, computes the desired exponent (instead of multiple) of the base. (This corresponds to .) Each exponentiation in the chain can be evaluated by multiplying two of the earlier exponentiation results. More generally, addition-chain exponentiation may also refer to exponentiation by non-minimal addition chains constructed by a variety of algorithms (since a shortest addition chain is very difficult to find).

The shortest addition-chain algorithm requires no more multiplications than binary exponentiation and usually less. The first example of where it does better is for a15, where the binary method needs six multiplications but the shortest addition chain requires only five:

 * $$a^{15} = a \times (a \times [a \times a^2]^2)^2 \!$$ (binary, 6 multiplications)
 * $$a^{15} = ([a^2]^2 \times a)^3 \!$$ (shortest addition chain, 5 multiplications).
 * $$a^{15} = a^3 \times ([a^3]^2)^2 \!$$ (also shortest addition chain, 5 multiplications).

On the other hand, the determination of a shortest addition chain is hard: no efficient optimal methods are currently known for arbitrary exponents, and the related problem of finding a shortest addition chain for a given set of exponents has been proven NP-complete. Even given a shortest chain, addition-chain exponentiation requires more memory than the binary method, because it must potentially store many previous exponents from the chain. So in practice, shortest addition-chain exponentiation is primarily used for small fixed exponents for which a shortest chain can be pre-computed and is not too large.

There are also several methods to approximate a shortest addition chain, and which often require fewer multiplications than binary exponentiation; binary exponentiation itself is a suboptimal addition-chain algorithm. The optimal algorithm choice depends on the context (such as the relative cost of the multiplication and the number of times a given exponent is re-used).

The problem of finding the shortest addition chain cannot be solved by dynamic programming, because it does not satisfy the assumption of optimal substructure. That is, it is not sufficient to decompose the power into smaller powers, each of which is computed minimally, since the addition chains for the smaller powers may be related (to share computations). For example, in the shortest addition chain for a15 above, the subproblem for a6 must be computed as (a3)2 since a3 is re-used (as opposed to, say, a6 = a2(a2)2, which also requires three multiplies).

Addition-subtraction–chain exponentiation
If both multiplication and division are allowed, then an addition-subtraction chain may be used to obtain even fewer total multiplications+divisions (where subtraction corresponds to division). However, the slowness of division compared to multiplication makes this technique unattractive in general. For exponentiation to negative integer powers, on the other hand, since one division is required anyway, an addition-subtraction chain is often beneficial. One such example is a−31, where computing 1/a31 by a shortest addition chain for a31 requires 7 multiplications and one division, whereas the shortest addition-subtraction chain requires 5 multiplications and one division:
 * $$a^{-31} = a / ((((a^2)^2)^2)^2)^2 \!$$ (addition-subtraction chain, 5 mults + 1 div).

For exponentiation on elliptic curves, the inverse of a point (x, y) is available at no cost, since it is simply (x, −y), and therefore addition-subtraction chains are optimal in this context even for positive integer exponents.

title: Addition-chain exponentiation


text:
Talk:Addition-chain exponentiation

Example
Someone should add an example. -- 151.198.133.102

There may be an example (if it's the same thing) at Talk:Exponentiation by squaring. -- Toby Bartels 19:59, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

NP-hardness of addition chains
The paper "Computing sequences with addition chains" by P. Downey, B. Leong and R. Sethi, SIAM JOC, v.10, n.3, 1981 proves that finding a shortest addition sequence (i.e. an addition chain containing a given set of integers) is NP-hard. The paper clearly states that it is an open problem whether finding a shortest addition chain for an integer is NP-complete. Despite this clear statement the paper is often misrepresented. Is there a new result showing the NP-completeness of finding addition chains or is this article misquoting the paper above too? 85.2.29.86 21:24, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right, it is indeed a misquote. The Gordon et al. survey states that "Downey et al. [10] showed that the problem of finding the shortest addition sequence is NP-complete," which I misread as "addition chain".  I'll hunt around for more references and then fix the article(s).  —Steven G. Johnson 22:16, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I fixed it after nearly 2 years and made a concise wording shortest / minimal / optimal, hopefully. Regards, Achim1999 (talk) 15:00, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Is there anything in this article that could not be covered at Addition chain? Deltahedron (talk) 20:10, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Addition-chain exponentiation


text:
Joe Eszterhas

József Antal Eszterhás (born November 23, 1944), credited as Joe Eszterhas, is a Hungarian-American writer. Born in Hungary, he grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. After an early career as a journalist and editor, he entered the film industry. His first screenwriting credit was for the film F.I.S.T. (1978). He co-wrote the script for Flashdance, which became one of the highest grossing films of 1983, and set off a lucrative and prolific run for his career. By the early 1990s, he was known as the highest-paid writer in Hollywood, and noted for his work in the erotic thriller genre. He was paid a then-record $3 million for his script Love Hurts, which was produced as Basic Instinct (1992), and following its success, news outlets reported he earned seven-figure salaries solely on the basis of two-to-four page outlines.

Eszterhas' screenwriting career experienced a decline over the rest of the decade, with films such as Showgirls (1995), Jade (1995), and An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1997) receiving negative reviews and performing poorly at the box office. He mostly withdrew from Hollywood afterward, though he has since authored several books. His publications include American Rhapsody (2000), and two volumes of memoirs: Hollywood Animal (2004), an autobiography, and Crossbearer (2008), which detailed his adulthood return to the Catholic faith he was raised in.

Personal life
Eszterhás was born in Csákánydoroszló, a village in Hungary to Roman Catholic parents, Mária (née Bíró) and István Eszterhás. He was born during World War II, and lived as a child in a refugee camp in Allied-occupied Austria. The family later moved to the United States, living first in Pittsburgh before settling in Cleveland in 1950, where Eszterhas was raised. He attended Ohio University. He decided to pursue writing as a career after winning a competition in 1966 sponsored by the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. The prize was awarded at the White House by then-Vice President Hubert Humphrey.

When Eszterhas was 45, he learned that his father had concealed his World War II collaboration in Hungary's Arrow Cross Party government after the German occupation of Hungary and that he had "organized book burnings and had produced anti-Semitic propaganda." $p.201$ Eszterhas later described his father's anti-Semitic pamphlets as "like the Hungarian version of Mein Kampf." After this discovery, he cut his father out of his life entirely, never reconciling before his father's death in 2001. He later expressed regret at not seeing his father before his death, saying in 2012, "When he was in a Hungarian old-age home, the nurses kept calling and saying, 'He's dying, and he needs to see you.' Not going was a huge mistake. I've asked God to forgive me, but I don't think I'll be forgiven."

Eszterhas had a daughter in 1967 who was put up for adoption at birth. They reunited in 1996. Eszterhas had two children with his first wife, Gerri Javor. The couple divorced in 1994 after nearly 24 years of marriage. That year, he married Naomi Baka, a fellow Ohio native, and they had four sons. , Eszterhas lives in the Cleveland suburb of Bainbridge Township, Ohio. After previously living in Malibu, California, he and his wife moved to Bainbridge in 2001, as they felt it provided a better environment to raise their children in. During his first marriage, he was a resident of Tiburon, California.

Politically, Eszterhas has described himself as an "independent centrist", whose votes for president have included Democrats Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, Independent Ross Perot, and Republicans George W. Bush and Donald Trump. He is a supporter of Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán.

Journalism
Eszterhas began his career with a stint at the Dayton Journal Herald, before moving to The Plain Dealer in Cleveland, where he was one of the first reporters to cover the Kent State shootings in 1970. He and fellow Plain Dealer journalist Michael Roberts spent the next three months reporting on the story, and their work was published as the book Thirteen Seconds: Confrontation at Kent State. Eszterhas later joined the staff of Rolling Stone.

One of Eszterhas' articles for The Plain Dealer was the subject of a lawsuit. He had covered the aftermath of the collapse of a bridge across the Ohio River. It included a supposed interview of Margaret Cantrell, the widow of one of the fatal victims of the collapse. Months after the accident, he and a photographer visited her home. She was not there at the time, but he talked to the children as the photographer took photos. His Sunday magazine feature focused on the family's poverty and contained several inaccuracies. Eszterhas had made it seem as though he had spoken to her, describing her mood and attitude in the story. Cantrell filed suit for invasion of privacy, and won a $60,000 judgment. The decision was overturned in the Court of Appeals on First Amendment grounds but the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the original award. Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing (1974) is one of only two false light cases heard by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Eszterhas became a National Book Award nominee for his nonfiction work Charlie Simpson's Apocalypse in 1974. A studio executive who read the book contacted Eszterhas, telling him that it was "very cinematic" and suggested he could be a screenwriter. This motivated him to change careers and start writing scripts.

Screenwriter
Eszterhas' first produced screenplay was F.I.S.T., directed by Norman Jewison. Eszterhas contributed to the script of 1983's Flashdance, and wrote the screenplays for Jagged Edge and Betrayed.

In 1989, Eszterhas planned to leave Creative Artists Agency because an old friend Guy McElwaine was restarting his agency. Michael Ovitz, then the chairman of CAA, threatened to prevent CAA actors from acting in Eszterhas' future projects. Eszterhas penned a letter to Ovitz blasting him for his tactics. Copies of the letter were circulated around Hollywood and the missive was credited with loosening the stranglehold of power that CAA had on the entertainment industry.

A spec script Eszterhas wrote originally titled Love Hurts became the subject of a bidding war amongst various production companies in Hollywood, eventually selling for a then-record $3 million in 1990. The project eventually materialized into Basic Instinct, directed by Dutch filmmaker Paul Verhoeven. Released in 1992 to more than $400 million at the box office, Basic Instinct and its success led to Eszterhas becoming one of the most sought-after screenwriters at the time. By some reports, he earned a total of $26 million for the scripts he wrote in the 1990s.

The following year, Eszterhas re-teamed with Basic Instinct star Sharon Stone for the film Sliver. Sliver did not replicate the box-office success of the former and was critically derided. Eszterhas next wrote the screenplay for Showgirls, his second collaboration with director Verhoeven. Showgirls, which debuted in 1995, was seen as a critical and financial disaster, winning the year's Golden Raspberry Award for "Worst Screenplay". Despite the negative press, the film enjoyed cult success in the home video market, generating more than $100 million from video rentals and becoming one of MGM's top twenty all-time bestsellers. Jade, whose script Eszterhas sold in the wake of Basic Instinct 's success, was released three weeks later to low grosses and negative reviews. The one-two punch of back-to-back box-office bombs in the same year saw Eszterhas' reputation as the highest-paid screenwriter take a hit.

In 1997, Eszterhas produced two films, both of which he wrote: Telling Lies in America and An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn. Burn Hollywood Burn, which is about a director named Alan Smithee who films a big-budget bomb and then tries to destroy it, flopped at the box office. It won several Golden Raspberry Awards, five of them awarded to Eszterhas himself: Worst Picture (Eszterhas was the film's uncredited producer), Worst Screenplay, Worst Original Song, and both Worst New Star and Worst Supporting Actor for a brief on-screen cameo.

The failure of Burn Hollywood Burn further affected Eszterhas' career: none of the screenplays he wrote between 1997 and 2006 were produced. However, Children of Glory, a Hungarian language film based upon his screenplay, was released in 2006. The film focuses upon both the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the Blood in the Water match at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. Children of Glory was entered by invitation in the official section of the 2007 Berlin Film Festival.

Feud with Mel Gibson
In 2011, it was announced actor-director Mel Gibson had commissioned Eszterhas to write a screenplay: a historical biopic on Judah and the Maccabees, titled M.C.K.B.I. The film was to be distributed by Warner Bros. The announcement generated controversy. In a 2008 interview, Eszterhas wrote that "Mel shared the mind-set of Adolf Hitler."

In a February 2012 interview with Andrew Goldman of The New York Times, Goldman said to Eszterhas: "[Gibson's] film The Passion of the Christ was widely considered anti-Semitic. Then, during a 2006 arrest for drunken driving, he ranted that 'the Jews are responsible for all the wars in the world.' Is he the right director [for the film about Judah Maccabee]?" Eszterhas replied: "Adam Fogelson, Universal Pictures' chairman, said to [Gibson], 'Why do you want to do this story?' Mel said, 'Because I think I should.' I liked that answer very much." When asked about their shared Catholic faith, Eszterhas said of Gibson, "In my mind, his Catholicism is a figment of his imagination."

By April 2012, Warner Bros. had canceled the Maccabee project; the film's last draft was dated February 20, 2012. Eszterhas claimed the break was caused by Gibson's violent outbursts and anti-Semitism, while Gibson blamed a bad script. Eszterhas later wrote a book, Heaven and Mel, about his experiences working with Gibson.

Other works
Eszterhas has written several best-selling books, including Hollywood Animal, an autobiography about politics in Hollywood, which superimposes his life as a young immigrant in the United States on his life as a powerful Hollywood player. His book The Devil's Guide to Hollywood was published in September 2006.

His book Crossbearer: A Memoir of Faith was published in 2008. It tells the story of his return to the Roman Catholic Church and his new-found devotion to God and family after surviving a throat cancer diagnosis in 2001. Eszterhas admitted smoking four packs of Salem Light cigarettes a day, as well as drinking heavily. He underwent surgery to remove 80% of his larynx, and had a trachea fitted. In 2002, he publicly apologized for glamorizing smoking in his films, making this apology in part due his own cancer diagnosis and feeling guilty afterwards.

Eszterhas wrote a book about his experiences with Mel Gibson and anti-Semitism, titled Heaven and Mel, wherein he portrays Gibson as a man fueled only by hatred, prone to violent outbursts. Among many damning statements is Eszterhas' claim that while staying at Gibson's Costa Rican estate to work on a script, he became so afraid that he slept with a golf club in his hand.

Filmography

 * F.I.S.T. (1978) – received fee of $85,000 for the script but a record price of $400,000 for the novelization
 * Flashdance (1983)
 * Blue Thunder (1983) – uncredited rewrite in five days; Eszterhas claims he came up with the ending
 * Pals (early 1980s)
 * Jagged Edge (1985)
 * Big Shots (1987) – sold for $1.25 million
 * Hearts of Fire (1987)
 * Betrayed (1988)
 * Checking Out (1988)
 * Music Box (1989)
 * Basic Instinct (1992) – received $3 million
 * Nowhere to Run (1993)
 * Sliver (1993)
 * Showgirls (1995) – sold for $2 million
 * Jade (1995) – paid $1.5 million for a two-page outline plus $400,000 to executive produce
 * One Night Stand (1997) – paid a record $2.5 million for a four-page outline, with an additional $1.5 million to be paid once filming had started. Eszterhas' original script was changed so much he took his name off
 * Telling Lies in America (1997)
 * An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1997)
 * Children of Glory (2006)

Books

 * 13 Seconds: Confrontation at Kent State, Dodd: Mead 1970, with Michael Roberts
 * Charlie Simpson's Apocalypse, New York: Random House, 1973, ISBN 0-394-48424-X,.
 * Nark!, San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1974
 * American Rhapsody, Vintage, 2001, ISBN 978-0-375-41144-1,
 * Hollywood Animal, Alfred A. Knopf, 2004, ISBN 0-375-41355-3,.
 * The Devil's Guide to Hollywood, 2006, ISBN 978-0-312-35987-4,.
 * Crossbearer: A Memoir of Faith, St. Martin's Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-312-38596-5,.
 * Heaven and Mel, Amazon Kindle Single, 2012,

title: Joe Eszterhas