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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pitt

Pitt was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

totally unnecessary disambig. page. i doubt anything on the page would be searched for by "Pitt" only. Lachatdelarue 15:14, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep reasonable disambig page; someone might only know the surname of the British prime ministers, for example. Wikipedia is not paper. Dunc_Harris|☺ 15:17, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that it should be kept. I know a lot of people on the East coast of the U.S. would know the University of Pittsburgh only as "Pitt", but if Pitt was simply a redirect for that, then people looking for prime ministers as Dunc_Harris suggested may be very confused. My vote: Keep Skyler 15:43, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep- all of the ministers and the school are routinely referred to just as "Pitt" in many cases, and it often is not clear which one is meant unless a specific date is provided (among the PMs, anyway). I've ued this disambig page myself when reading through historical sources that just refer to the "Pitt cabinet," and I couldn't remember which Pitt was which years. Definitely do not redirect to the Uni- if someone was looking for the politician Pitt the Younger, they would then have to click through University of Pittsburgh, then Pittsburgh, then William Pitt the Elder, then finally get to William Pitt the Younger; this is far too long a track to go through to get to a major historical figure. -FZ 16:18, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, even though we don't want a disambiguation page for every surname and don't want everyone whose last name is Pitt added to this one. Jallan 17:13, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: The two William Pitts alone justify this, but the Pitt as U. Pittsburg adds to the confusion. Someone not from the US might be confused by a reference to "a guy who came from Pitt" and need the disambiguation. Geogre 17:41, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - I even added another entry to the page. Elf-friend 21:49, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - while I would not recommened such disambig pages for many surnames, I've often heard the two Prime Ministers William Pitt referred too simply as "Pitt the Younger" and "Pitt the Elder". In fact I don't know that I could have told you their first names were both William without looking it up. —Stormie 00:56, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful disambig. Andrewa 01:37, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks fine to me. Witness the following quotation, which is indeed from a humorous work, but which I am not making up. Really. It is from "Invictus: A Regurgitation" by Ian Wallach, in the collection Hopalong-Freud and Other Parodies. In a detailed criticism of the lines "Out of the night the covers me,/Black as the Pit from pole to pole," he writes:
 * Night, he tells us, is "black as the Pit," but since he does not qualify the word "Pit," he makes subtle use of at least four of the current available ambiguities. What kind of "Pit"—peach, orchestra, William? We can eliminate William since he has two t's. But what of that kind of pit which we associate with a declivity? The reader, as the poet intends, assumes the latter.
 * So, "Pitt" as an ambiguity is recognized by at least one somewhat authoritative source... [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 02:01, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pitt


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HMS Bellerophon

Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Bellerophon after the hero Bellerophon in Greek mythology, whilst another two were planned:
 * HMS Bellerophon (1786), nicknamed the "Billy Ruffian", was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1786 that fought at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. She became a prison ship in 1815, was renamed HMS Captivity in 1824, and was sold in 1836.
 * HMS Waterloo (1818), was an 80-gun third rate, originally named HMS Talavera but renamed HMS Waterloo (1818) before her launch in 1818. She was renamed HMS Bellerophon in 1824, relegated to harbour service in 1848. She then saw active service at Sebastopol during the Crimean War 1854–1856. Her gun crews manned off-loaded guns ashore and were nicknamed "The Bellerophon Doves". She sustained some damage during the bombardment of Sebastopol and was finally sold for breaking up in 1892.
 * HMS Bellerophon (1865) was an ironclad battleship launched in 1865. She was renamed Indus III in 1904 and used for training, and was sold in 1922.
 * HMS Bellerophon (1907) was a Bellerophon-class battleship dreadnought battleship launched in 1907. She saw service in the First World War, including the Battle of Jutland, and was sold for breaking up in 1921.
 * HMS Bellerophon was to have been a Minotaur-class cruiser. She was ordered in 1942, but was renamed HMS Blake (C99) before construction started in 1944.
 * HMS Bellerophon was to have been a Minotaur-class cruiser. She was renamed HMS Tiger (C20) in 1945 whilst under construction and was launched later that year.

title: HMS Bellerophon


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Ishikawa District, Fukushima

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Iwaki Province > Ishikawa District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Fukushima Prefecture > Ishikawa District

Ishikawa (石川郡) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 48,399 and a density of 105.98 persons per km2. The total area is 456.70 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Asakawa
 * Furudono
 * Ishikawa
 * Hirata
 * Tamakawa

title: Ishikawa District, Fukushima


text: Category:Australian businesspeople

title: Category:Australian businesspeople


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Michel Serrault

Michel Serrault (24 January 1928 – 29 July 2007)    was a French stage and film actor who appeared from 1954 until 2007 in more than 130 films.

Life and career
His first professional job was in a touring production in Germany of Molière's Les Fourberies de Scapin.

In 1948, he began his career in the theatre with Robert Dhéry in Les Branquignols. His first film was Ah! Les belles bacchantes, starring Robert Dhéry, Colette Brosset (Dhéry's then-wife), and Louis de Funès; directed by Jean Loubignac in 1954. Serrault played in the 1955 suspense thriller Les diaboliques, starring Simone Signoret and directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot.

From February 1973 through 1978, he portrayed the role of Albin/Zaza opposite Jean Poiret in the play La cage aux folles, written by Poiret. He recreated the role for the film version of the play, which was released in 1978. In 1977-1978 he played the composer Jacques Offenbach in a six-part series of one-hour episodes about the musician's life, each one focusing on a specific aspect or work.

Serrault died from relapsing polychondritis at his home in Équemauville on 29 July 2007 at age 79. He was buried in Sainte-Catherine's cemetery in Honfleur and was transferred in 2009 to the cemetery of Neuilly-sur-Seine near his wife Juanita Saint-Peyron and daughter Caroline, who died in 1977. He had another daughter, actress Nathalie Serrault.

Theatre (partial)

 * Knock
 * L'Avare
 * La cage aux folles
 * Le tombeur
 * Gugusse
 * Pour avoir Adrienne
 * Quand épousez-vous ma femme
 * On purge bébé

title: Michel Serrault


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KDVS

KDVS (90.3 FM) is an American student and community radio station based in Davis, California. Featuring a freeform programming format, the station is owned by Regents of the University of California. Broadcasting at 13,000 watts, it is one of the most powerful freeform university-based radio stations in the United States. With a good enough car radio the station can be heard as far east as Lake Tahoe.

A free newsletter entitled KDViationS, written and composed by the volunteer staff of the radio station, is published quarterly. The station also produces This Week in Science, which is broadcast live on the station but is known mostly in podcast form. KDVS is also the home of the public affairs programs Radio Parallax and Dr. Andy's Poetry and Technology Hour.

History
The idea for starting KDVS was conceived by students in the former Beckett-Hughes dormitories in late 1963. Using the call letters KCD and 880 AM as the frequency, the students "broadcast" their first program on February 1, 1964, from a laundry room in Beckett Hall. The station's signal, which was transmitted by telephone lines, could only reach certain dorms.

Two years later, in 1966, KCD and the university's student government, Associated Students of UC Davis, joined in applying for a Class D noncommercial broadcast license. The FCC awarded the license to the university on October 18, 1967. By then, the station had moved to the newly constructed Memorial Union, where its inaugural broadcast was aired on January 2, 1968, under the call letters KDVS.

Initially, KDVS had 10 watts and broadcast on 91.5 FM in mono. In 1971, the station's signal was upgraded to stereo, but a far more significant development occurred six years later. In 1977, during a period when the FCC was forcing Class D stations to either upgrade or go silent, KDVS received a power increase to 5,000 watts and moved to its current frequency 90.3 FM. Two additional power increases were approved by the FCC over the years: 9,200 watts in 1983 and 13,000 watts in 2013. The latter increase enabled the station to cover most of Sacramento, as well as portions of Placer, El Dorado, and Solano counties.

In summer 2006, KDVS started the non-profit record label KDVS Recordings to promote independent artists in the Davis and Sacramento areas.

Several now-famous artists were members of the KDVS staff in their early years. Former KDVS DJs include DJ Shadow, Lyrics Born, Gift of Gab and Chief Xcel of Blackalicious, Steve Wynn of The Dream Syndicate, and Kendra Smith of both The Dream Syndicate and Opal.

title: KDVS


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John Van Nest Talmage

John Van Nest Talmage (18 August 1819 – 19 August 1892), was a Protestant Christian missionary to Amoy, Fujian, China. He was sent by the Reformed Church in America from 1847 to 1890.

Biography
His younger brother Thomas De Witt Talmage was also a clergyman, and his family, within the Reformed tradition, migrated to North America from the Netherlands. His father's family had emigrated from England, and were the founders of the towns of South Hampton, and East Hampton in New York.

Works

He is memorialized in the classic work Forty Years in China, which was written by Rev. John Gerardus Fagg in 1894, a biography genre.

title: John Van Nest Talmage


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Miharu, Fukushima

Miharu (三春町) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 17,471 in 6348 households, and a population density of 240 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 72.76 sqkm.

Geography
Miharu is located in Tamura District in north-central Fukushima prefecture. The town is located in an hilly region of the Abukuma Mountains, with peaks of 300–500 meters.
 * Lakes: Miharu Dam

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Kōriyama
 * Tamura
 * Nihonmatsu
 * Motomiya

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Miharu has declined modestly from 1960 levels.

Climate
Miharu has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Miharu is 11.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1282 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.3 °C.

History
The area of present-day Miharu was part of ancient Mutsu Province. During the Edo period, the area was the castle town of Miharu Domain, a 50,000 koku han ruled by the Akita clan from 1645 until the Meiji Restoration. It was subsequently organized as part of Nakadōri region of Iwaki Province.

Miharu town was established with the formation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. On April 1, 1955, Miharu annexed the neighboring villages of Ogisawa, Nakazuma, Nakago, Sawaishi and Kurita, all from Tamura District.

Economy
The economy of Miharu is primarily agricultural, with some chemical and light manufacturing.

Education
Miharu has six public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Fukushima Board of Education.
 * Fukushima Prefectural Tamura High School

Railway
JR East - Ban'etsu East Line
 * Miharu

Highway

 * Ban-etsu Expressway

International relations

 * 🇺🇸 - Sister city to Rice Lake, Wisconsin, United States, since August 21, 1987.  Sister city relationship was spearheaded by Phyllis and Jeana Schieffer.  Jeana was employed by the Miharu Board of Education from 1986 to 1989 as an assistant English teacher and still resides in Miharu today.

Noted people from Miharu

 * Kōno Hironaka, politician
 * Junko Tabei, mountaineer

Local attractions

 * Takizakura Park - The name "Miharu" in Japanese means three springs. In most parts of Japan, plum, peach, and cherry trees blossom at different times, but in Miharu, they blossom almost simultaneously. Miharu is home of the Takizakura, or "waterfall cherry tree", is over 1,000 years old and brings tourists from all over Japan to see it in the springtime. It is registered as a living national treasure by the Japanese government.
 * Site of Miharu Castle

Tradition & Culture

 * Miharu-goma

title: Miharu, Fukushima


text: Category:Swedish athletes

title: Category:Swedish athletes


text:
Ono, Fukushima

Ono (小野町) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 10,416 in 3464 households, and a population density of 77 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 125.11 sqkm. The town is known locally for the "thousand cherry trees" which line the banks of the Natsui River. It is also one of the purported birthplaces of Heian period poet Ono no Komachi.

Geography
Ono is located in north-central Fukushima prefecture in the middle of Abukuma Highland, in eastern Nakadōri. It is surrounded by mountains over 700 meters above sea level. The Natsui River flows in the center of the town. Most of the town is within the borders of the Abukuma Kogen Chubu Prefectural Natural Park.
 * Rivers: Natsui River

Neighboring municipalities

 * Fukushima Prefecture
 * Kōriyama
 * Tamura
 * Iwaki
 * Hirata

Climate
Ono has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ono is 10.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1390 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.5 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ono has declined steadily over the past 60 years.

History
The area of present-day Ono was part of ancient Mutsu Province. After the Meiji Restoration it was organized as part of Nakadōri region of Iwaki Province. The villages of Iitoyo, Natsui, and Ononiimachi were established with the formation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Ononiimachi was raised to town status on July 1, 1896. On February 1, 1955, it merged with Iitoyo and Natsui to form the town of Ono.

Economy
The economy of Ono is primarily mixed agricultural and light manufacturing.

Education
Ono has one public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Fukushima Board of Education.

Railway
JR East – Ban'etsu East Line
 * Natsui – Ononiimachi

Local attractions

 * Rika-chan Castle, a two-story museum, store and small-scale doll factory for the Licca-chan line of dolls.

title: Ono, Fukushima


text:
Martin XB-16

The Martin XB-16, company designation Model 145, was a projected heavy bomber designed in the United States during the 1930s.

Design and development
The XB-16 was designed to meet the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) request for a bomber that could carry 2,500 lb of bombs 5000 mi.

The XB-16 (Model 145A) was to use four Allison V-1710 liquid-cooled reciprocating V-engines; contemporary American aircraft used air-cooled radial engines.

In 1935, Martin revised the XB-16 design as the Model 145B. The wingspan was increased from 140 ft to 173 ft, and a set of V-1710 engines added to the trailing edge. This version had a wingspan 20% greater than that of the B-29 Superfortress, the first operational bomber that would fill the role intended for the XB-16.

The XB-16 was canceled for essentially the same reason that the Boeing XB-15 project was, as it was not fast enough to meet the requirements set by the Army. Since both were canceled around the same time, Martin did not have time to produce an XB-16.

title: Martin XB-16


text:
Takine, Fukushima

Takine (滝根町) was a town located in Tamura District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On March 1, 2005, Takine, along with the towns of Funehiki, Ōgoe, and Tokiwa, and the village of Miyakoji (all from Tamura District), was merged to create the city of Tamura.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,410 and a density of 106.71 persons per km2. The total area was 50.70 km2.

title: Takine, Fukushima


text:
Trinity Western University

Trinity Western University (TWU) is a private Christian liberal arts university with campuses in both Langley and Richmond, British Columbia. The school is a member of Universities Canada.

TWU was established in 1962 and enrols approximately 5,000 students with a suburban-rural 157 acre campus in Langley. Trinity Western is Canada's largest privately funded Christian university with a broad-based liberal arts, sciences, and professional studies curriculum, offering 45 undergraduate majors and 17 graduate and post-graduate programs. In the classroom, TWU has 16:1 student-faculty ratio, average first-year class size of 37, and overall average class size of 15.

Trinity Western is a member of the Royal Society of Canada. Its varsity teams, known as the Spartans, are members of U Sports. According to Universities Canada, the non-profit national organization that represents Canadian universities and colleges, TWU's domestic tuition is the most expensive of any university in Canada.

History
Trinity Western University traces its history back to 1957, when a committee was established by the Evangelical Free Church of America to study and consider the feasibility of a liberal arts college on North America's Pacific Coast. The committee decided on a location between Vancouver and Seattle in rural British Columbia, in what is now the Township of Langley. Trinity Junior College began as a two-year college in 1962, and its name was changed to Trinity Western College 10 years later, following a significant period of growth in enrolment and program options. After 20 years as a transfer college, Trinity Western began awarding baccalaureate degrees in 1980. In 1985 the British Columbia Provincial Government legislated the institution to its current position as a privately funded Christian university and it became known as Trinity Western University. It is the fourth-oldest university in the province of British Columbia after the University of British Columbia, the University of Victoria, and Emily Carr University of Art and Design.

Insignia and symbols
Trinity Western's motto is ''Turris Fortis Deus Noster. '' The Latin motto is translated as "A Mighty Fortress is Our God". The inspiration for the motto came from a famous hymn of the same name written by Martin Luther.

The university's coat of arms was granted by the Royal College of Arms, and was presented to then-university president R. Neil Snider in 1986 by the Lieutenant Governor of B.C. on behalf of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.

A torch symbol is also used prevalently at the university, as the coat of arms is reserved to authenticate the highest official University academic and legal documents.

Spartans is the nickname of the varsity teams that compete for Trinity Western University. The name, which comes from the Ancient Greek civilization of Sparta, originated when the university's first intercollegiate team the men's basketball team, began competing in 1964.

Academic programs
Trinity Western University is an independent, privately supported institution, offering a liberal arts education. Since its founding in 1962, it has identified as a Christian institution, although it has always been governed independently from any church or religious organization. It is currently administered by a 14-member Board of Governors, to which the President reports. Sociologist Dr. Todd Martin is the interim president effective July 1, 2024.

Undergraduates fulfill general education requirements, choose among a wide variety of elective courses, and pursue departmental concentrations and interdisciplinary certificate programs. Students usually take classes through the university's semester system, with three semesters taking place each year. The fall semester lasts from September to December, and the spring semester from January to April. For students wishing to take classes over summer, the university offers several courses on campus as well as travel studies through its summer semester programming, which runs from May to August.

Graduate students take courses through the Faculty of Graduate Studies and ACTS Seminaries. Master's degree programs are available in the humanities, education, linguistics, psychology, business, nursing, and theology.

The university hosts a number of research institutes and centres, including the Dead Sea Scrolls Institute, Gender Studies Institute, Religion, Culture and Conflict Research Group, Septuagint Institute, Centre for Entrepreneurial Leadership, Centre for Spiritual Formation in Higher Education, Religion in Canada Institute, as well as, the Institute of Indigenous Issues and Perspectives.

Trinity Western's students are from all 10 provinces, 37 U.S. states, and 33 foreign countries. The student body is 72% Canadian, 12% American, and 13% are from overseas. The university employs a faculty of approximately 250 instructors and professors, enabling a student to faculty ratio of 11:1, and an average class size of 25. Over 85% of Trinity Western's professors have doctorates.

Trinity Western University is accredited by the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, and is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. Trinity Western University is a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities. Tuition for the 2014–15 academic year was $22,260 CDN, making tuition the most expensive of any Canadian university. Roughly 95% of Trinity Western's incoming and transfer students receive some financial aid in the form of scholarships or grants not including loans. International students pay the same fees as Canadian students.

Trinity Western University is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, the senior national organization for the promotion of learning and research in Canada.

Undergraduate
Undergraduate degrees awarded by Trinity Western University include the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Education, and Bachelor of Human Kinetics. There is also a Bachelor of Applied Science in Engineering transfer program in collaboration with the University of British Columbia's engineering department. Honours programs are available in a number of majors.

Undergraduate courses in the humanities are traditionally either seminars or lectures held one- or two-times a week with an additional conversation-based seminar called a "discussion group". To graduate, all students must complete a liberal arts core curriculum known as the "University Core", comprising 18 classes of various subjects. Students have a high degree of latitude in creating a self-structured Core, which allows students to study subjects of interest outside their chosen major. Most of the Core classes at Trinity Western are led by a full-time professor (as opposed to a teaching assistant).

Within the 18 classes, students complete a two-semester English language requirement, along with courses from the fine arts, natural sciences, philosophy, history, sociology, and religious studies departments, two courses of interdisciplinary studies, and up to three physical education courses.

In addition to the Core, students are required to complete an academic major. Trinity Western University grants bachelor's degrees in 45 academic majors, and 56 minors, concentrations, or certificates, with over 1,200 courses from which to choose. Students may choose courses from any of the university's faculties or schools:
 * Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences
 * School of the Arts, Media + Culture
 * School of Business
 * School of Human Kinetics
 * School of Education
 * School of Nursing
 * Catholic Pacific College, Trinity Western's constituent Catholic college

Whereas most courses are offered on Trinity Western's main campus in Langley, students may study in Bellingham, Washington; Richmond, British Columbia; or online. Furthermore, many take part in travel studies and exchange programs at partner institutions or universities across the globe. Students are also free to design their own courses with the support of a faculty member or member of the administration.

Graduate
Trinity Western offers 12 programs of graduate studies through its Faculty of Graduate Studies, either in the Langley or Richmond campus:
 * Master of Arts in Biblical Studies
 * Master of Business Administration
 * Master of Science in Nursing
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing
 * Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology
 * Master of Arts in Educational Leadership
 * Master of Arts Linguistics
 * Master of Arts Educational Studies - Special Education
 * Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Humanities
 * Master of Arts in Leadership
 * Master of Arts in Leadership - Business Stream in Mandarin
 * Master of Arts TESOL

While the MBA program offers specializations in International Business and Managing a Growing Enterprises, it is also one of only two MBA programs in Canada to offer a non-profit specialization.

The MA Counselling Psychology Program is currently one of only six programs in Canada that is fully accredited by CACEP, a division of the CCPA.

Trinity Western also hosts ACTS Seminaries, a group of seminaries founded when several Christian denominations partnered to establish an institution that would train men and women in the study of theology and for positions as ministers. The following Masters programs are offered through ACTS Seminaries:
 * Master of Theological Studies
 * Master of Divinity
 * Master of Theology
 * Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy
 * Master of Arts in Christian Studies
 * Master of Arts in Linguistics and Translation
 * Doctor of Ministry

Cancelled Faculty of Law
In July 2012, the university submitted a proposal to offer a Juris Doctor program. The proposal was put forth to the provincial Ministry of Advanced Education and the Federation of Law Societies of Canada, and was approved in December 2013.

On December 12, 2014, due to the ongoing lawsuits surrounding law societies voting to not automatically accredit TWU law students upon graduation, B.C. Advanced Education Minister Amrik Virk revoked the province's approval of the proposed law school at Trinity Western University. In his letter to the school's administration, he expressed the importance of the legal process and encouraged TWU to re-apply once the court cases have been settled.

Student Life
In 2011, Trinity Western received an A level rating in The Globe and Mail's "Overall Student Satisfaction" category and an A+ rating for its "Sense of Community on Campus". Campus housing is provided to students in all years of study, and all students in their first and second year are required to live on campus in residential halls unless living with family. Third and fourth year students have the option of living off-campus. Trinity Western offers its students nearly 100 organizations, teams, and sports.

The university was founded by a committee commissioned by the Evangelical Free Church of America, a denomination in the Radical Pietistic tradition, to establish a Christian liberal arts college. Accordingly, the committee's mission has shaped the campus and the university. Trinity Western University has maintained extremely close ties with the broader Christian church, and historically has had close relationships with the Evangelical and Mainline Protestant denominations, as well as with the Mennonite tradition recently. This has also resulted in the university having a significant American influence when compared with other Canadian universities. More than one out of every six students is American.

The university previously mandated that all students abide by a code of conduct called the Community Covenant, which was described as "a solemn pledge in which members place themselves under obligations on the part of the institution to its members, the members to the institution, and the members to one another." As of August 2018, students are no longer required to sign the covenant.

The covenant bans sexual relationships outside of a marriage between a woman and a man, as well as behaviour such as hazing, verbal and physical harassment, dishonesty including plagiarism, theft or destruction of another's property, the use of illegal drugs, consuming alcohol on campus, or consuming pornography.

A 2015 ruling in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice held that "discrimination inherent in the Community Covenant extends not only to [ LGBTQ ] persons, but also to women generally; to those persons of any gender who might prefer, for their own purposes, to live in a common law relationship rather than engage in the institution of marriage; and to those persons who have other religious beliefs... Despite some efforts by TWU to contend that the Community Covenant does not operate in a discriminatory fashion, it is self-evident that it does." The court ruling noted that "failure to adhere to the conduct imposed by the Community Covenant, carries with it serious consequences." The covenant mandated "at a minimum, suspension" for "sexual intimacy involving persons of the same sex." The school's board of governors voted on August 9, 2018, to make the Community Covenant optional for current and incoming students, effective at the beginning of the 2018–19 school year. TWU's president at the time, Robert Kuhn (2014–19), said in a statement that the change was so that the university could be "inclusive of all students wishing to learn from a Christian viewpoint and underlying philosophy."

Professors of the university sign a statement of faith annually. This policy has caused some controversy within academic circles, and was most recently covered in Maclean's. As in line with the students, a mixture of Christian traditions are represented. Orthodox and Hebrew professors are also on staff.

Approximately 80% of undergraduates enrolled self-identify as Christian. There are many Christian clubs, organizations, and ministries on campus. There is no compulsory participation in any religious liturgies. Students and clubs of other religious denominations are welcomed and supported. Nearly every resident hall has a Chaplain in residence. In the morning on every weekday there is Chapel, at which attendance is voluntary, and communion is offered on one Friday each month. Within the university Core, students are required four terms of Religious Studies. One term is allotted to a Survey of the Old Testament, and one to a Survey of the New Testament. Another term must be a class in Religious and Cultural studies.

Catholic Pacific College, formerly Redeemer Pacific College, is the university's constituent Catholic college. CPC's Glover Road Campus is adjacent to TWU. CPC is administered separately of the university, offers classes in Catholic studies and a liberal arts curriculum is taught by a Catholic faculty. Mass is also offered four times weekly.

Student groups
Trinity Western's nearly 100 student organizations and clubs cover a wide range of interests. In 2011, the university hosted 11 academic groups, four cultural groups, five "issue-oriented" groups, eight performing groups, six pre-professional groups, three publications, and 13 recreational groups. Greek life is not sponsored by the university.

Each year, the Foreign Affairs Society hosts a Model United Nations conference for high school students. The Trinity Western University Students Association is the elected government of the student body, and works as an aid and mediator between individual students and university administration, in addition to sponsoring several events throughout the academic year.

Members of the university's chamber choirs are often invited to guest perform with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, performances which have been broadcast on a number of occasions on CBC Radio; as well, Trinity Western's choirs have performed frequently with the CBC Radio Orchestra, the Vancouver Chamber Choir, and at venues including Carnegie Hall in New York and frequent performances at the Orpheum, Vancouver, and the Chan Shun Concert Hall.

The university hosts three student publications. Mars' Hill, the student newspaper, is one of the most decorated student newspapers in North America in recent years. Mars' Hill has won the Associated Collegiate Press National Pacemaker Award, considered the Pulitzer Prize of student journalism, for best non-daily newspaper in 2008 and 2010. It was also a finalist in 2006 and 2009. It is a member of the U.S.'s Associated Collegiate Press and Canada's Canadian University Press. [ s p a c e s ], an annual literary journal, is edited and published by students each year, as well as Pillar, the university's yearbook.

Athletics
Since its founding in 1962 Trinity Western has provided athletics for both women and men. Today, the university supports athletics at the varsity, club, and intramural levels. Its colours are gold and blue.

The university sponsors 11 men's and women's varsity sports. Teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport, the top university athletics league in Canada, with teams competing in the Canada West Universities Athletic Association at the regional level. Varsity teams competing in U Sports include men's and women's basketball, soccer, volleyball, track and field, cross country, hockey, and rugby. The basketball, volleyball, and hockey teams play their home games and matches at the Langley Events Centre. Trinity Western teams have won nine U Sports national championships.

International Programs
Trinity Western's international programs offer students the ability to study all over the world for part of the summer, a semester, or a full year.

The School of Kinesiology has sponsored summer travel studies programs at the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games in Beijing and in London, respectively. The School of Art, Media + Culture sponsors a summer program in Paris and London, and the School of Business sponsors a summer program in Ottawa and Quebec City. Various other summer programs are offered, such as coral reef biology in Hawaii, Biblical studies in Israel and the West Bank and Johannine literature in Turkey.

Additionally, in conjunction with the CCCU, the university offers 12 semester-long programs through the CCCU's BestSemester initiative. Sponsored programs include African studies in Uganda, filmmaking and film studies in Los Angeles, India studies in Tamil Nadu, Latin American studies in San Jose, Costa Rica, and American studies in Washington, D.C.

Trinity Western's research and exchange partnership with the University of Oxford enables qualifying students to study as a visiting student at Oxford for either a semester or a year. Exchange programs at Spain's University of Salamanca and China's Xiamen University are also available to students. Students may also make their own arrangements with the help of a faculty member to study at other universities in Canada or abroad as visiting students.

Laurentian Leadership Centre
The Laurentian Leadership Centre certificate program housed in Ottawa's Booth House, a National Historic Site of Canada, offers the opportunity for third- and fourth-year students to complete a fully credited semester of study while interning at Parliament, or a political group, business, media firm, or NGO in the national capital. Internship placements regularly include the Prime Minister's Office; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry of Finance; and the Conservative, Liberal, and New Democratic parties; as well as, the Canadian Council of Chief Executives; Royal Bank's Capital Markets division; CIDA; World Vision; and CPAC. The program is also available to visiting students of other universities.

OMADA Teambuilding
OMADA Teambuilding is a leadership and team building program housed in the School of Human Kinetics. The program uses experiential education and hands on learning for both TWU students and outside organizations. Started at the university in 1998, the Challenge Course was renamed OMADA Teambuilding in 2009 to better represent the diversity of the programs that were being offered.

Campus
The main campus is located in the rural Township of Langley, British Columbia, occupying 157 acre on the edge of historic Fort Langley. Fort Langley, a former fur-trade post of the Hudson's Bay Company, was selected by Governor Sir James Douglas as the provisional capital of the newly established Colony of British Columbia in 1858. There is a residence hall on campus named in honour of Douglas. The campus is situated about 45 minutes southeast from Vancouver and about 2 hours north from Seattle.

Campus buildings vary in age and style from Hanson Chapel, completed in 1962 (the first building completed on campus), to the Robert G. Kuhn Centre, completed in 2022. Today the campus consists of 36 buildings and residence halls that house the university's various departments and students.

The architecture on campus is inspired by British Columbia, Rural B.C., and the Pacific Northwest. Modern red brick covers Alloway Library, Larsen Atrium, and Stanley Nelson Student Centre at the main part of campus. Other significant buildings on campus include Robert N. Thompson Building which houses the Political Science, History, English, and Geography departments. The newly built and yet to be named Music Building is home to the School of Art, Media + Culture. The Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences are housed in the Neufeld Science Centre, which experienced a major renovation in 2011, and the Vernon Stromback Centre at the east end of campus. In total there are 33 buildings on the university campus.

During President Raymond's tenure, the university built the Music Building in 2010, and in 2011 Fraser Hall and the Neufeld Science Centre received major renovations in 2011. In 2012 the Vernon Strombeck Centre received a significant interior and exterior renovation, and in 2013 the prominent Robert N. Thompson building was re-modeled... In September 2017, Trinity Western opened the first new dormitory in twenty-five years, as a result of rising enrolment.

Cafeteria meals are now served in an all-you-care-to-eat style, and three smaller venues around campus offer additional food services.

Academic facilities
The Norma Marion Alloway Library is the main library for undergraduate students, holding a circulation of over 300,000 books, 12,000 periodical subscriptions, and computer access to thousands more titles. The university archives house several special collections: the Mel Smith Archives, the Robert N. Thompson Archives, and the Lyle Wicks Papers, which chronicle Canada's political history through the works and personal documents of these three political figures. The library also has a Korean collection.

The Faculty of Graduate Studies and seminaries each maintain their own individual libraries.

Wireless internet is available across campus.

Athletic facilities
Rogers Field is located on the northeast edge of campus, and is the home pitch to the women's and men's varsity soccer teams. In 2008 Rogers Field was the host venue as the Spartans women's soccer team won the CIS Championship. It also hosted the men's CIS Championship in 2009.

David E. Enarson Gymnasium has been the university's indoor sports venue since it was built in 1969. In 2009, the newly built Langley Events Centre replaced Enarson as the home of Spartans basketball and volleyball, and replaced George Preston Arena as the home of Spartans hockey. The LEC was the host venue when the Spartans' men's volleyball team won the CIS Championship in 2011. Today, Enarson Gymnasium houses the university's athletic offices and strength and conditioning room, hosts physical education classes and intramurals, and occasionally varsity sports events. It is also the new home court for the Vancouver Dragons of the Minor League Basketball Association.

Tennis courts, an indoor rock wall, and practice fields are also located on campus. Though the university does not sponsor rowing teams, there are rowing facilities on the Fraser River. The cross country and track and field teams train at the Township of Langley's McLeod Athletic Park, the host park of the B.C. high school championships and the 2010 British Columbia Games. The Redwoods and Belmont golf courses are both located minutes from campus.

Satellite campuses
The home of the Laurentian Leadership Centre in Ottawa is the Booth House, an historic mansion in Downtown Ottawa and a National Historic Site of Canada. Built in 1901 as the home of lumber and railway baron John R. Booth, Trinity Western purchased the building in 2000. Located on Metcalfe Street near Somerset, the campus is within minutes of the Parliament of Canada and many important governmental departments and embassies.
 * Ottawa - Booth House

The Laurentian Leadership Centre program, an extension of Trinity Western University, offers third and fourth year students, and recent graduates, an opportunity to experience a fully credited semester of study as well as a Parliamentary, communications, business or NGO internship in Canada's national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. Although the program is open to students of any major, it is primarily designed for those who plan a career in political science, business, communications, history or international studies. The program is also open to visiting students from other universities.

The LLC is located a few blocks away from Parliament Hill, Ottawa. The 20 students accepted to the program each semester take three academic courses in: Canadian Governmental Leadership, Ethics & Public Affairs, and Law & Public Policy. Courses are taught both by TWU professors as well as national and international leaders and guest speakers.

The internship program is the distinguishing feature of the Laurentian Leadership Centre. The LLC director places each student in an internship relevant to his or her academic or career interest. Internships fall into a number of categories: government, corporate, media, communications, and non-governmental. Previous internships have included: the Prime Minister's Office (which hosts one intern each semester), foreign embassies, offices of Members of Parliament and Senators, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mitel, World Vision, Make Poverty History, the National Arts Centre, RBC Capital Markets, the Ottawa Citizen newspaper, and a variety of others. Often these internships lead to full-time employment. Currently, there are several LLC graduates with positions in the PMO as well as in multiple ministries, political parties across Canada, and businesses from finance to high tech.

While participating in the program, students reside in an historic mansion on Metcalfe Street, the famous Booth House, which is designated as a National Historic Site of Canada.

The current director is Dr. Janet Epp Buckingham.

Located very close to the Canadian-U.S. border on the U.S. side, Trinity Western's Bellingham campus provides adult degree completion Bachelor of Arts programs in leadership, psychology and the social sciences. Students meet one night per week and one Saturday per course. Upon completion of each six-week course in succession, students may work to finish their bachelor's degree in as few as 18 months, depending upon the number of credits transferred. TWU Bellingham personalizes evaluation of students' past education and life experiences to recognize the skills and knowledge applied to degree requirements. Classes engage dynamic discussions, are learner-centred and success focused.
 * Bellingham

Trinity Western's Bellingham campus also hosts the unique Freshman FASTTrack program, a one-year program of liberal arts core courses for new freshman. The program is designed to aid the transition from high school to university, transferring into the four-year college or university of their choice. Subjects are integrated to maximize interdisciplinary learning. Using the cohort model, small classes involve dynamic discussions and are supported with learning coaches. This concentrated immersion style of learning results in students completing a full 31 semester college credits attending morning classes, leaving their afternoons and evenings free to work or study.

In his 2008 state of the university address, President Jonathan Raymond announced the grant of a rent-free 40000 sqft space to be used toward university education in Richmond, British Columbia. Opened in 2012, the university's Richmond campus near Vancouver is the home of TWU-Extension, Trinity Western's effort to help adults past the usual age of university complete their bachelor's degrees.
 * Richmond

Controversies and Court Cases
In November 2016 The Province reported on the school's acceptance or lack thereof of LGBTQ students. According to the story, gay students were subjected to a culture of shame.

Teaching certification program accreditation lawsuit
In 1995, Trinity Western launched a teaching certification program, but the British Columbia College of Teachers denied accreditation of the university's program, arguing that the "Responsibilities of Membership" agreement students must sign (replaced in 2009 with the Community Covenant) is discriminatory and that those graduating from Trinity Western's program will discriminate against gay students. The lower courts in British Columbia and, later, the Supreme Court of Canada, ruled in favour of Trinity Western University, stating that there was no basis for the BCCT's decision, and, moreover, that "the concern that graduates of TWU will act in a detrimental fashion in the classroom is not supported by any evidence".

The final analysis of the case, as reported by the Factum of the Intervener, the B.C. Civil Liberties Association, was that "In the circumstances of this case the Council of the B.C. College of Teachers failed to conduct such an enquiry and erroneously concluded that equality of rights on the basis of sexual orientation trump freedom of religion and association. They do not."

Faculty of Law accreditation lawsuits
Automatic accreditation of graduates from TWU's proposed faculty of law were approved by most of the provincial law societies across Canada in 2014, except the Law Society of Upper Canada (now the Law Society of Ontario) and the Nova Scotia Barristers' Society.

Law Society of British Columbia Accreditation Reversal
On June 11, 2014, 3,210 of the Law Society of British Columbia's 13,000 members voted in support of a resolution to reverse its decision to grant the faculty accreditation and requested that the province revoke its accreditation of the law program because of the view that it discriminates against unmarried couples and homosexual individuals. 968 members voted against with 8,822 not registering a vote. On September 26, 2014, the governing members of the Law Society decided to hold a binding referendum of their membership to determine whether to revoke Trinity Western's accreditation. Just over 8,000 BC lawyers voted in the referendum, with 74% voting in favour of a resolution declaring that the proposed law school at TWU would not be an approved Faculty of Law for the Law Society's admission program. Voter turnout was just under 60%.

Nova Scotia: Trinity Western University v Nova Scotia Barristers' Society
The case was brought before the Nova Scotia Supreme Court from December 16–19, 2014. Trinity Western argued that denying automatic accreditation to TWU law graduates is an infringement on the students' right to freedom of religion.

The Court ruled in favour of TWU on January 28, 2015, accepting the argument that, as a private religious university, the school had the right to uphold its own code of conduct "even if the effect of that code is to exclude... or offend others" and attempting to force TWU to change its community covenant was an infringement on religious freedom. The ruling further noted that the Nova Scotia Barristers' Society already requires all lawyers to follow its Code of Professional Conduct, which forbids all discrimination, so the Community Covenant would not affect TWU graduates in their practice of law.

The NSBS appealed to the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal heard the appeal in April 2016, and upheld the Nova Scotia Supreme Court's ruling on July 26, 2016.

Ontario: Trinity Western University v The Law Society of Upper Canada
The case was brought before the Divisional Court of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice from June 1–4, 2015. Trinity Western argued that their proposed law school's graduates should not be refused automatic accreditation in Ontario by the Law Society of Upper Canada based on the Community Covenant Agreement, claiming that the decision would violate TWU students' rights to freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and freedom of association.

The Court ruled in favour of the LSUC on July 2, 2015, stating that its refusal to automatically accredit TWU graduates was a reasonable balancing of the Charter rights to equality and freedom of religion, and that the refusal of automatic accreditation was not a violation of TWU students' rights to freedom of expression or freedom of association. The ruling further noted that TWU graduates are free to apply independently to the LSUC for accreditation following their graduation.

TWU filed a motion to appeal with the Court of Appeal for Ontario in September 2015, and the Court of Appeal upheld the ruling in favour of LSUC on June 29, 2016.

British Columbia: Trinity Western University v Law Society of British Columbia
The case was brought before the Supreme Court of British Columbia from August 24–26, 2015. The Law Society of British Columbia had argued that TWU forcing students to sign the "Community Covenant" creates an unwelcome atmosphere for LGBTQ students and, given the high levels of competition for law school seats in Canada, would effectively create a two-tier system in which LGBTQ individuals would not have equal access to limited law school spaces.

The Court ruled in favour of TWU on December 10, 2015, overturning the LSBC's decision against accrediting the TWU law school and stating the LSBC did not "attempt to resolve the collision of the competing Charter interests [of equality before the law and freedom of religion]."

The LSBC filed an appeal of the decision with the British Columbia Court of Appeal on January 5, 2016, which was heard June 1–3, 2016. On November 1, 2016, the Court of Appeal upheld the previous decision, stating that LSBC's refusal of accreditation was unreasonable.

Supreme Court of Canada Decisions
Both the Ontario and B.C. rulings were appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, the cases appeared on November 30 and December 1, 2017, respectively. On June 15, 2018, the Supreme Court, across four sets of reasons, ruled in favour of the law societies in 7-2 for both Trinity Western University v Law Society of Upper Canada and Law Society of British Columbia v Trinity Western University.

The majority decisions said that TWU's Community Covenant would deter LGBT students from attending the proposed law school and that equal access to legal education, diversity in the legal profession and preventing harm to LGBT students was in the public interest.

title: Trinity Western University


text:
Ōgoe, Fukushima

Ōgoe (大越町) was a town located in Tamura District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On March 1, 2005, Ōgoe, along with the towns of Funehiki, Takine, and Tokiwa, and the village of Miyakoji (all from Tamura District), was merged to create the city of Tamura.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,613 and a density of 153.11 persons per km2. The total area was 36.66 km2.

title: Ōgoe, Fukushima


text:
Miyakoji, Fukushima

Miyakoji (都路村) was a village located in Tamura District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On March 1, 2005, Miyakoji, along with the towns of Funehiki, Ōgoe, Takine and Tokiwa (all from Tamura District), was merged to create the city of Tamura.

The area covered by the former village has been reclassified as a borough (町 "-machi" is often translated "town," but the word "borough," like 町 "-machi," can mean either a division of a city or a town independent of any larger city: see the article on "Borough" for comparable usages) within the City of Tamura.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,175 and a density of 25.33 persons per km². The borough's total area is 125.37 km².

Landmarks
Ohtakadoyayama Transmitter is an LF-time signal transmitter in Miyakoji-machi (都路町 is incorrectly called "Miyakoji-cho" in the external link). It is used for transmitting the time signal JJY on 40 kHz. It uses as transmission antenna a 250 metre tall guyed mast with an umbrella antenna, which is insulated against ground.

Evacuation orders lifted Mid August 2013
On 23 June 2013 during a meeting with evacuees from the Miyakoji district of Tamura, Fukushima Prefecture and central government officials, the announcement was made that the residents would be allowed to return to their homes mid August 2013, although the radiation levels in residential areas still ranged between 0.32 and 0.54 microsievert per hour, much higher than the government's goal of 0.23 microsievert per hour. But the decontamination works in the Miyakoji district were declared completed. When asked, the officials refused to prolong the decontamination efforts, they argued that radiation exposures would differ for every person. The 0.23 microsievert per hour limit would lead to an accumulated radiation exposure exceeding 1 millisievert for people that would stay outdoors for eight hours a day. Instead the officials offered the evacuees a new-type dosimeter because they wanted the people to check their own radiation exposures, and in this way to take responsibility for their own safety.

Although billions of yen were spent in an effort to decontaminate some areas around the troubled nuclear plant. The effort was described as futile, and radioactive waste was not collected properly  and disposed of, and sometimes dumped into rivers. Tomohiko Hideta, an official of the Reconstruction Agency, said that it would be impossible to reach the official targets, and confirmed the offer of the dosimeters. However, spokesmen of the Japan Environment Ministry denied all, even when they were confronted with the existence of audio recordings of the meeting, that proved otherwise.

title: Miyakoji, Fukushima


text:
Tokiwa, Fukushima

Tokiwa (常葉町) was a town located in Tamura District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On March 1, 2005, Tokiwa, along with the towns of Funehiki, Ōgoe and Takine, and the village of Miyakoji (all from Tamura District), was merged to create the city of Tamura.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,370 and a density of 75.46 persons per km2. The total area was 84.41 km2.

title: Tokiwa, Fukushima


text: Category:Australian squash players

title: Category:Australian squash players


text:
Funehiki, Fukushima

Funehiki (船引町) was a town located in Tamura District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

On March 1, 2005, Funehiki, along with the towns of Ōgoe, Takine, and Tokiwa, and the village of Miyakoji (all from Tamura District), was merged to create the city of Tamura.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 23,498 and a density of 145.81 persons per km2. The total area was 161.16 km2.

History
In 1934, the town of Funehiki replaced the former municipality of Katasone Village (片曽根村), which was named after the local mountain, Mt. Katasone (片曽根山).

title: Funehiki, Fukushima


text:
Tamura District, Fukushima

 * List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Iwaki Province > Tamura District
 * Japan > Tōhoku region > Fukushima Prefecture > Tamura District

Tamura (田村郡) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003 population data but accounting for the decreases due to the formation of the city of Tamura, the district has an estimated population of 30,658 and a density of 155 persons per km2. The total area is 197.87 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Miharu
 * Ono

Mergers

 * On March 1, 2005, the former towns of Funehiki, Ōgoe, Takine, and Tokiwa, and the former village of Miyakoji merged, forming the city of Tamura.

title: Tamura District, Fukushima


text:
Talk:SCO–Linux disputes

How to use this page
This page was created in an attempt to create more structured information about the various lawsuits that SCO is involved in. My whole idea is as follows:

One page with very brief information about all the lawsuits and other issues that are related to the lawsuits and SCO's campaign (this page). One page with a more detailed explaination for each lawsuit and possible the other issues involved, for example: SCO v. IBM, Red Hat v. SCO, SCO v. Novell, SCO v. AutoZone, SCO v. DaimlerChrysler. Please use these pages to add specific information about these cases and try to keep the main overview page as bare as possible.

If it is needed we could even add specific pages for a complete timeline of each lawsuit, for example: SCO v. IBM (timeline), Red Hat v. SCO (timeline), SCO v. Novell (timeline), SCO v. AutoZone (timeline), SCO v. DaimlerChrysler (timeline). A main less detailed timeline can be found here: SCO v. Linux (timeline).

Other issues that may require external pages are SCO and SGI, SCO and the GPL, SCOsource, Who is the owner of Unix, USL v. BSDi.

Perhaps SCO v. Linux (external resources) could be used to store a more complete reference of external resources that contain information about this subject.

I also found that some legal terms are not defined on Wikipedia. Perhaps we could also create pages that explain some of the terms used on these pages, for example: Declaratory judgement, Preliminary injunction, etc.. See Summary judgement for an example of how I think such a page would need to look like.

 * Niels Leenheer

Old information
The following text was removed from The SCO Group. This information still needs to be incorporated into this page and the sub-pages:

The company then initiated a complex reorganization plan described in this [http://contracts.corporate.findlaw.com/agreements/sco/caldera.mer.2000.08.01.html AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF REORGANIZATION], and was renamed the SCO Group. (The company is not related to the former Santa Cruz Operation, now called Tarantella, Inc., other than in its purchase of 2 of 3 business groups from the former SCO and 2002 composition of mostly SCO former employees.)

As a result, the SCO Group was sued for defamation by a number of parties including IBM, the German LinuxTag organisation and Linux vendors SuSE and Red Hat. In Germany and some other countries, the SCO Group accepted a court order to abstain from making claims against Linux, whereas the legal cases in the United States are still unresolved.

Today, the SCO Group outwardly seems to be having much financial difficulty. Some analysts claim that its lawsuit with IBM and its aggressive campaign against Linux stems from this difficulty. The SCO Group denies that it is attacking Linux, citing the fact that they produced their own OpenLinux distribution of Linux.

Documents
Loan from Canopy Group to Caldera

Quotes

 * "[O]bviously Linux owes its heritage to UNIX, but not its code. We would not, nor will not, make such a claim." - Darl McBride, as quoted in Linux Journal, August 28, 2002.
 * "We believe that Linux infringes on our UNIX intellectual property and other rights. We intend to aggressively protect and enforce these rights. Consistent with this effort, on March 7 (2003), we initiated legal action against IBM for alleged unfair competition and breach of contract with respect to our UNIX rights. This case is pending in Utah Federal District Court. ... For the reasons explained above, we have also announced the suspension of our own Linux-related activities until the issues surrounding Linux intellectual property and the attendant risks are better understood and properly resolved."

The name of this page
Niels -- I think we got started off on the wronge foot here, calling the page SCO v. Linux, and now with SCO v. SGI. The xxx v. yyy format refers to actual court cases, I believe. So far only the five mentioned cases are actual filings. (btw - thanks for your help with this subject.)

 * I don't think the xxx v. yyy format is used exclusively in court cases. The format does indicate a conflict of some sort, whether it be legal in the form of a lawsuit or otherwise. So I don't think the use of this format for the title of this page and the SGI page is a big problem. But if you have better titles for these two pages, I would be interested in hearing them. -- Niels

 * My only issue is using that specific format. It is very specific in a legal context.  It references an actual court case from somewhere and time.  Especially when used in a legal context as here, it is very confusing.  It leads to the expectation of a court case where there is none.  And this whole matter is so terrably confusing in the best of circumstances to begin with.  How about SCO verse Linux?  That may be enough to suggest conflict and not a court case.

 * I've change the title of the SGI page to SCO and SGI. Before changing the title of the main page, I would also like some feedback from other contributors. Does everybody agree with changing the title of this page and what would be the correct title of this page? Niels Leenheer 19:27, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Niels, seems we two are the only ones working on this topic. After thinking a bit about it, I would suggest a title of "SCO-Linux Wars''.  This is to reflect that it's not just a legal conflict, but also has major chapters in FUD, PR and financial areas as well.

Please, no "Wars"
Calling it "war" is hyperbole. It's fine for a sensationalist headline in a newspaper, but I don't think that it is appropriate for a supposedly serious encyclopedia article. Please rename the page, e.g. to "SCO-Linux Controversy".

Note that you don't put spaces around a hyphen in ordinary English typography, and "the" is generally superfluous in an article title.

—Steven G. Johnson 14:14, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

I would have thought something like "SCO-Linux lawsuits" would fit this page better. It's mostly about what's happening in court as opposed to a "controversy" (what people think of one side or the other). --LeeHunter 20:52, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * A lawsuit, by definition, involves a controversy between at least two parties. In this case, the controversy extends well outside of the courtroom — to competing public-relations efforts and press releases, to disputed licensing programs, to questions about the degree of financial involvement by Microsoft and Sun.  Yes, the lawsuits are the centerpiece of all this, so if you feel strongly that it should be "SCO-Linux lawsuits" I won't argue further.  —Steven G. Johnson 17:34, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

Which abbreviations to use?
In order to avoid confusion of the reader I think it is important to determine which abbreviations we should use and then use them consistantly. I've made a little list of things that are not used consistantly right now. I've made my preference bold:

 * The SCO Group: SCO, SCOX, SCOG
 * SCO is the abbreviation The SCO Group uses themselves and it is also used in the names of the lawsuits.

 * Santa Cruz Operation: Santa Cruz Operation, Santa Cruz, SCO, OldSCO
 * I don't think this name should be used as an abbreviation in order to reduce the confusion. Futher, I think it would be wise to use a contruct like this the first time this name is used on a page: .... Santa Cruz Operation, currently operating under the name Tarantella, ....

 * System V Release 4: SVR4, SVr4, Svr4, SVR 4, SVr 4
 * The official name uses caps, so the abbreviation also

 * System V Release: SVRx, SVR
 * The same as above, only without a specific version number

 * Unix: UNIX, Unix
 * This is a difficult one. Most of the time the term Unix is used in these text, it is not in the context of a single product, so Unix seems appropriate. On the other hand, UNIX is the official trademark.
 * There was a mix of Unix and UNIX so I changed them all (except UnixWare) to UNIX. My reasoning was that it should match the UNIX page (where the capping issue is discussed). I actually prefer the look of 'Unix' but consistency is important too. --LeeHunter 22:59, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * UnixWare: UnixWare, UNIXWare, UW
 * I think UnixWare would be the only acceptible way to call this product. Just like the official trademark.

In general, I think it is important to use the full name for the first occurance of an abbreviation, with the abbriviation between parenthesis. For example: The SCO Group (SCO) is currently involved .... SCO has initiated a series....

 * These sound OK to me. My only hesitation is using SCO for the SCO Group, but you are correct about the current court cases reference.

Any comments?

Niels Leenheer 08:04, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Edits
Removed information about share price. Seems like trivial and constantly changing information. It also has the taste of something included just to tweak SCO's nose.

Removed the following "Core Issues" section as it only repeated what was written earlier in the article (and the same info is repeated again later):
 * The SCO Groups basic claim was that certain intellectual properties (IP) that they own has is some manner made its way into Linux. They further claimed that this obligated users of Linux to aquire a license from SCO in order to legally run that operating system.  Thoughout the controversy that followed in both the public press and in the courts, several core questions have emerged and clear answers have not yet been arrived at.  The first one is specifically what intellectual property is at issue?  The second question is who actually owns what rights in the various elements of that intellectual property?  And the third question is where in the Linux source code base are any of these rights violated?

The following bit is garbled. I left it in because I have not idea what it means or what to do with it
 * Many of the UNIX Licensees took the license was to develop new and additional features for the core UNIX system and develop new products and services. Those new features are provided by computer code that was not included in the initially licensed as the SVRx code base. --LeeHunter 03:13, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Remove the following section because it is too vague and POV. Also the section name (SCO and the GPL) has already been used:
 * During 2003 and 2004, The SCO Group repeatedly stated that they believe the GPL is unconstitutional. The open source community, including the creators of the GPL, the Free Software Foundation, responded fiercely to these claims and believe that SCO is making a fool of themselves by even suggesting that the GPL cannot be enforced because of this.

Also removed the following for POV reasons:
 * Many people, including many users of Linux, consider this to be a scam. To date, SCO has claimed certain companies have paid for the licenses. Two of them, Computer Associates and Leggett & Platt deny having purchased any such licenses, at least not having any intention to do so. Questar and EV1Servers, however, have admitted to purchasing the controversial licenses, angering many customers who continue to follow the story.

More links
--2mcm 05:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 *
 *
 *
 *

A Summary?
Could we see a paragraph or two about the current state of the case ( which AFAIK SCO has 'lost' ) in the first 'screen' ? --2mcm 05:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Accusations of Linux plagiarism
I found it rather strange that the weasel phrase "Some open-source advocates claim that" was inserted. It's not a matter of claiming or not claiming. According to the terms of the GPL, if you include code from a product that is licensed under the GPL, you are required to release your work under that same license. While the truth of the claims has yet to be established, the consequences should they be shown to be true stand pretty much certain. Jamyskis Whisper, Contribs 14:15, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Misunderstanding
"Microsoft, at the time, had $550 million invested with BayStar."

This was a common misunderstanding at the time, coming from a BayStar statement about Microsoft usage of pipe investments in general. As you can see from the article linked to that claim, nothing of the claim remains (if it ever was in that article). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.216.110.111 (talk • contribs)

Current Event?
Given that these lawsuits are ongoing, should this page get a 'current event' tag? Is this too long of a current event to get such a tag? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Darkonc (talk • contribs)
 * I think the current event template is used on articles where information can change rapidly in the immediate future, which is not the case for this article. - Sikon 13:29, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

bewildering storm of claims?
should an encyclopedic entry ever refer to anything as bewildering? Perhaps a rephrase is in order here.

NpoV
After reading this article, I came away very against the SCO group. Can this article be made more neutral? 194.105.160.77 16:45, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I just re-read the article after a number of months having not read it and while the article doesn't present SCOX in a very favorable light, that is a direct result of the events being described. You can certainly try to make the tone more neutral and might have a good deal of success doing that, but I don't think that the underlying developments in the court cases to date will allow an article that leaves the reader with a neutral feeling about the parties to the controversies.  -- Upholder 17:14, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * If this article was changed to read closer to actual reality, you would come away from it even more so against the SCO Group. For example, SCOG have a claim about "derivative works", and they relate that to "methods and concepts" from UNIX somehow not being allowed to be implemented in Linux. Yet there is a link to another Wikipedia page which describes "derivative works" in a legal sense as meaning something entirely different ... a work is legally a "derivative work" (despite SCOGs claims) only if it actually contains parts of an earlier work. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_work In this case, that means that Linux must be shown to actually have "major, basic copyrighted aspects" from UNIX source code contained within it for SCOG to actually have a case. SCOG have utterly failed to find any part of UNIX code contained within Linux.

From the article: "SCO has also claimed in early stages of the litigation, that the GPL is invalid and non-binding although they have stopped taking that stance after realizing that by their own distribution of Linux code, they are liable for multiple copyright infringement instances unless they accept and respect the GPL." This paragraph in particular is an example of something that's NPOV. I don't think any facts need to be removed from it, but the phrase "after realizing that" (for example) strongly suggests the reader draw a certain conclusion from the article; it's better to just present the facts and be encyclopedic and let the reader draw their own conclusions. 63.163.61.3 20:39, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * That is not a NPOV. IBM entered a counterclaim saying that IBM contributions in Linux were IBM's copyrighted property, and they were licensed for distribution under the GPL. If SCOG repudiated the GPL, then SCOG were distributing IBM's copyrighted code without any license to do so. SCOG answered that counterclaim of IBM's in offical court papers by claiming that SCOG fully complied with the GPL, and had never repudiated it. Therefore, it is entirely acurate to characterize this sequence of events as follows: "SCO has also claimed in early stages of the litigation, that the GPL is invalid and non-binding although they have stopped taking that stance after realizing that by their own distribution of Linux code, they are liable for multiple copyright infringement instances unless they accept and respect the GPL."

 * That's not the only conclusions. They could have held the GPL was invalid and that they didn't commit copyright violations because the stuff was in the public domain, or that the GPL evidenced a license to use without cost but that its requirements upon the purported licensee weren't enforcable.  Or, that IBM didn't have the rights sufficient to sue anyways.  In any case, nothing stops a party from taking inconsistant positions.  You can argue that the GPL is invalid, that you complied with it, and sue for violations of it all at the same time.24.29.234.88 (talk) 05:25, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

corrected reference no.32
It was pointing at an obsolete page. Apparently the original website changed their content management engine. The corrected reference points at the original article again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.52.82.203 (talk) 13:16, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

V6 UNIX
What is the status of the old V6 or V7 UNIX code, which was widely distributed by Bell Labs in the 1970s? I'm guessing it must be more or less public domain, since Bell Labs made no attempt to enforce a copyright of it. I recall in those days, there was a book by a professor Lions in Australia that EVERY unix programmer had. Lions did get into some trouble over that book, and was asked to stop printing it (thus the n-th generation xerox copies everyone had). DonPMitchell (talk) 04:05, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * One of the results of USL v. BSDi was that the judge expressed doubts on whether the copyright to the early Unix code could have been sustained (because they didn't properly claim copyright or register it), which was part of the thing that convinced USL to settle so quickly.--Prosfilaes (talk) 06:40, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Just for the record, the V6 and V7 code was released by Caldera before the SCO legal cases begain, and is partly described in Ancient_UNIX. Tiger99 (talk) 15:06, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Interestingly, since the courts have ruled that the copyrights to the Unix source code did not transfer to SCO, Caldera did not hold the copyrights and therefore could not release the code under a different license. This applies to all the open sourcing of Unix including the subsequent deal with Sun to release the SVR5 code used in OpenSolaris. Ronald Joe Record (talk) 19:38, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 22:01, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "doc377" :
 * Memorandum order and decision, document 377 in case 2:04CV139DAK, the court order on Groklaw
 * MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER Civil Case No. 2:04CV139DAK

Removing "Needs Updating" bot message
I think this article has been updated sufficiently since the bot flagged it; I'm going to remove the banner. GuiderBob (talk) 15:02, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

SCO/SGI
I've tagged as POV this section. Regardless of the merits of the claims of either party we have a list of reasons given conclusively "proving" a particular position. However, that position is not linked any reliable source presenting that interpretation and as such is inherently POV. Unless a source can be found that covers those points properly it needs a dramatic amount of trimming and refactoring. Crispmuncher (talk) 02:03, 21 November 2011 (UTC).

Protection for users of linux again the litigation
There is no mention of the insurance offered to users of Linux in this period. Here are some articles: -- PeterEastern (talk) 13:32, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
 * "Once More Unto the Breach: OSRM [Open Source Risk Management], Lloyds of London, and Open Source Insurance" Aug 2005
 * 'HP to Indemnify Linux Customers'2003
 * 'Novell Offers Liability Shield for SUSE Linux'
 * 'Red Hat to Protect Linux Customers' 2004
 * Open Source Risk Management still offer Open Source insurance.

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The name of this article seems to be wrong
Given the fact that the company that started the court case was Caldera Linux (after buying parts from SCO and then renaming itself to SCO), I cannot see a SCO/Linux controversy but rather a Linux internal dispute. Schily (talk) 11:24, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

 * The court cases were filed by "THE SCO GROUP, INC., Plaintiff": e.g. MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER Civil Case No. 2:04CV139DAK. That the company at some point used to be one of many Linux distributors and used to have a different name does not matter. At that time, they used the legal name "The SCO Group, Inc.", and owned the SCO trademark: File:SCO_Group_(logo).png. Therefore, the article name is sensible (and there are plenty of references to "SCO vs. Novell" - this is what the controversy was called, and the name the company used). It's not the "old SCO", so the article should not be called "OldSCO/Linux controversies", obviously. --Chire (talk) 10:26, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

 * That is a thoroughly disingenuous piece of an incorrect statement, followed by a biased and fallacious assertion. Chire has pointed out the obvious flaw in the first part, but to then use that to try and cast this issue into "a Linux internal dispute" is grossly biased invention on your part (Your partisan position within the Unix world is well known).
 * This is not the first time I have encountered you on Wikipedia and it is claimed by some that you are some sort of heroically notable programmer. So far though I'm just seeing outright trolling that is getting to the level of billygoats and bridges. Viam Ferream (talk) 11:49, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you! We now know where the trolls are. Schily (talk) 14:10, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Indeed: Viam Ferream (talk) 14:41, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
 * And informed people know that http://sco.com is a domain owned by Xinuos, while the rights on the process are owned by something called "TSG" group... Schily (talk) 14:55, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, Xinuous now owns the SCO trademark which they got after SCO went bankrupt, so what? At the time when the cases were filed, the company used the name SCO, not Caldera. Xinuous never used the name "SCO" as their company name, only as part of their product names. The court cases are referred to as "SCO vs. Novell", "SCO vs. IBM", etc. because that are the names they were using back then. Sorry to break the news to you: some things change (ownership of the SCO trademark), some things lose relevance (e.g. SCCS lost to CVS lost to Subversion lost to Git, cdrecord, POSIX is constantly losing relevance as people focus on Linux and OSX specifics instead of a standard that nobody complies to), and some things fail to ever have substantial audience (e.g. pax, star, OpenSolaris). --Chire (talk) 15:56, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, the subject of their claims are "UNIX System V code" rights they had bought from the old SCO; not rights they obtained from their Caldera-Linux times. So by any means, it is not a Linux internal dispute, because it is about copyright of UNIX System V code. So please, cut back your anti-Linux-GNU evangelism. Let me repeat this to you: "SCO's claims are derived from several contracts that may have transferred UNIX System V Release 4 intellectual property assets." You supposedly are aware that "UNIX System V" is not Linux. --Chire (talk) 15:56, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 9 April 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: consensus to move the pages to SCO–Linux disputes and Timeline of SCO–Linux disputes, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 17:35, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

– a few days ago these pages were moved by technical request to and,  each with a rationale beginning WP:SLASH / WP:SUBPAGE slashes should be avoided in article titles That seems to be correct about the inappropriateness of WP:SLASH/WP:SUBPAGE, but I have never before seen a page title with an emdash (as was done in these moves), so I have reverted both. This proposal uses the shorter endash. I am unsure whether this creates any ambiguity, so I am listing it for discussion rather than just doing WP:BOLD moves. Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 13:35, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * SCO/Linux controversies → SCO–Linux controversies
 * Timeline of SCO/Linux controversies → Timeline of SCO–Linux controversies
 * Note category I came to this via WP:CFDS, where request was made to speedily move Category: SCO/Linux controversies to Category: SCO—Linux controversies (i.e. target using the emdash).  I opposed that speedy, but if this discussion reaches a consensus on a new title for SCO/Linux controversies, then the category should be speedily renamed to match per WP:C2D. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 13:43, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Support endash per MOS. Opencooper (talk) 01:26, 10 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Support endash, but would humbly suggest SCO–Linux disputes as the target. It's mostly about disputes and litigations concerning copyrights, not so much about broader public controversy. No such user (talk) 11:59, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Comment: Agree with No such user that  SCO–Linux disputes is probably better. It comes down to semantics.  Controversy and dispute are similar in meaning and  this  this was a legal dispute concerning facts. Controversy, is more a questioning of  beliefs concerning  non concrete ideology rather than  facts. So, I support 'Linux disputes' or even  Linux legal disputes. Aspro (talk) 14:06, 13 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Support either "SCO–Linux controversies" per nom or "SCO–Linux disputes" per No such user. Reasons listed by others above. Paintspot Infez (talk) 00:04, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment as nominator, I think that @No such user's suggested "SCO–Linux disputes" is an improvement on "controversies". It better describes the cat's contents. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 02:48, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Rename to whatever title does not contain a slash, since it was a speedy move under WP:SLASH, the easiest move is just to get rid of the slash by direct substitution. Though I agree that "disputes" makes a better title. -- 70.51.203.56 (talk) 15:01, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Intro wording
All the article needs  now is the intro to be reworded. Think that: The SCO–Linux disputes were  a series of legal and public arguments between the software company SCO Group (SCO) and various Linux vendors and users would suffice. Notice present tense 'are' is replaced by  'were' (plural simple past tense indicative). Second paragraph is should be replaced by 'are'. Anyone agree along these lines? Aspro (talk) 18:16, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Update, summary, current status?
Could someone who's been following these cases update this page, summarize and collate the information present, and also provide the current status? I'm asking because I followed a link from Berkeley_Packet_Filter, which right now states:

 * In August 2003, SCO Group publicly claimed that the Linux kernel was infringing Unix code which they owned. Programmers quickly discovered that one example they gave was the Berkeley Packet Filter, which in fact SCO never owned. SCO has not explained or acknowledged the mistake but the ongoing legal action may eventually force an answer.

This sounds like it was written 10+ years ago and not updated since --- but sadly so does this page. New information has been added, for sure, but the ,,big picture`` is missing. I'd be very happy if someone could take care of that. 178.11.76.218 (talk) 13:26, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:SCO–Linux disputes


text:
Rhythm of Youth

Rhythm of Youth is the debut studio album by Canadian new wave and synth-pop band Men Without Hats, released in April 1982 by Statik Records in Europe and Canada and in 1983 by Backstreet Records in the US. It propelled them to fame with its second single, "The Safety Dance". It was released under the Statik Records label in Canada, distributed by Warner Music Canada (then called WEA Canada) where it achieved Platinum status for sales of 100,000 units.

Release history
The US releases of this album featured a different track listing, replacing "Living in China" with an edited version of "Antarctica" (the full version of which appeared on Folk of the 80's) and including an extended version of "The Safety Dance".

In 1984, the album was released on CD in Europe by Statik Records, featuring the Folk of the 80's EP (albeit including the single edit of "Antarctica") and the extended mix of "The Safety Dance" as bonus tracks. It was re-released on CD in Canada in 1997 by Oglio Records as part of a "two-fer" including Folk of the 80's (Part III) and the single edit of "Antarctica".

In 2010, the album was remastered and reissued in Canada by the band's label, Bulldog Brothers, featuring the original US track list (with "Antarctica" replaced with "Living in China") and including all the tracks from both the US and UK LP releases, plus a demo version of "Ban the Game" (known as "Ban the Game II"), an extended mix of "I Got the Message" and a club mix of "The Safety Dance".

Critical reception
Cashbox called the single "I Like" "a forceful performance, grounded...on songwriter Ivan Doroschuk’s sardonic vocal" and particularly praised the production.

Personnel
Musicians
 * Ivan Doroschuk – vocals, guitars, piano, percussion, electronics
 * Allan McCarthy – keyboards, piano, electronics, percussion
 * Stefan Doroschuk – guitars, violin
 * Martin Cartier – percussion
 * Colin Doroschuk – additional guitars
 * Anne Dussault – female vocals
 * Michel Jermone – castanets
 * Daniel A. Vermette – acoustic guitars

Production
 * Marc Durand – producer
 * Dixon Van Winkle – recording and engineering

title: Rhythm of Youth


text:
Def Con Dos

Def Con Dos (meaning DEFense CONdition TWO) is a rap metal band from Madrid, Spain.

History and style
Greatly influenced by hip hop bands Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, and Run D.M.C., and rock band Siniestro Total, they started rapping over hip hop bases created by producer Julián Hernández (musician and singer of Siniestro Total). In their Segundo Asalto tape (1989), the sound still was basically hip hop, but they started using rock guitars.

Texts in their lyrics and in the manifestos enclosed with their records are highly offensive and complex, with many references to pop culture: pop music, Spanish folklore, news, publicity, cinema, literature and Spanish and American comics. Armas pal pueblo (1994) was probably the first album made in Spain with a Spanish version of the Parental advisory: Explicit lyrics label on the cover.

Partly due to their polemical texts, DCD did not get much coverage from mainstream media in their beginnings, with the exception of some programs in Radio 3, a station belonging to the government-run Radiotelevisión Española. This situation changed when Basque film maker Álex de la Iglesia appointed them for the main themes in his films Acción mutante (Mutant Action, 1993) and El día de la bestia (The Day of the Beast, 1995). Álex de la Iglesia also directed the videoclips for these songs.

They disbanded in 1999, but in 2004 announced the comeback of the band with all but one (Gautxito, one of the guitars) of the original members. Meanwhile, César Strawberry and Manolo Tejeringo, started a new project named Strawberry Hardcore in 2001, playing a classic melodic hardcore. They have recorded three albums: Lo que me da la gana (a maxi CD in 2001), Strawberry h/c (their first full-length album in 2002) and Todos vamos a morir (2007).

The current members of Def Con Dos are César Strawberry (vocals), Alberto Marín, Samuel Barranco, Sagan, Kiki Tornado (drums), and J. Al Ándalus (programming, producing and guitars).

In January 2017, César Strawberry was sentenced to a year in jail by the Spanish Supreme Court for remarks deemed as pro-terrorism made on Twitter between 2013 and 2014. Amnesty International cited his case as an example of the excesses being committed in Spain under anti-terror laws. César Strawberry branded the sentence as a "political sentence". He said he received the sentence "calmly" and told that it "confirms the suspicions that, as a citizen, I was having that in this country the justice system is extremely politicised", which is why he announced his intention to "appeal everything he has to appeal", including European courts, to prove his innocence. "I suspect that once again the European Court of Human Rights will have to call the Spanish Supreme Court to account and that we will make an international fool of ourselves that we could have spared ourselves", for whom the new ruling "endangers democracy, as it institutionalises the politics of fear of expressing oneself and sows doubts about judicial impartiality". Finally, in 2020 the Spanish Constitutional Court declared that Strawberry's remarks were protected under freedom of speech and therefore revoked Supreme Court's ruling, being Strawberry acquitted from all charges.

Members

 * César Strawberry - vocals (1989-)
 * J. Al Ándalus - bass (1989-)
 * Kike Tornado - drums (2004-)
 * Alberto Marín - guitar (2015-)
 * Sagan Ummo - vocals (2016-)
 * Samuel Barranco - vocals (2016-)

Past members

 * Julián Hernández (1988-1995)
 * Peón Kurtz - vocals (1988-2016)
 * Juanito Sangre - vocals (1989-2009)
 * Patacho - guitar (1991-1993)
 * Mariano Lozano - samples (1991-1999)
 * Óscar López - programming, vocals (1991-1994)
 * Bul Bul - drums (1992-1993)
 * Juanjo Pizarro - guitar (1992-1995,1997)
 * Juanjo Melero - guitar (1993-1994)
 * José "Niño" Bruno - drums (1993-1999)
 * Nicolás - guitar (1994-1997)
 * Manolo Benítez - guitar (1995)
 * Julián Kanevsky - guitar (1995-1999)
 * Manolo Tejeringo - guitar (1997-2009)
 * Ken - guitar (2009-2015)
 * Marco Masacre - vocals (2009-2015)

Discography

 * Primer Asalto (Demo tape) (1989 Demo tape)
 * Segundo Asalto (1989 Dro East West)
 * Tercer Asalto (includes Primer Asalto) (1991 Dro East West 1991)
 * Armas pal pueblo (1994 Dro East West) (Ref: 4509–92476–2)
 * Alzheimer (1995 Dro East West) (Ref: 4509–99705–2)
 * Ultramemia (1996 Dro East West) (Ref: 0630–16516–2)
 * De Poca Madre (1998 Dro East West) (Ref: 3984255802)
 * Dogmatofobia (1999 Dro East West)
 * Recargando (2004 Dro East West)
 * 6 Dementes Contra el Mundo (2006 Dro East West)
 * Hipotécate Tú (2009 Dro East West)
 * España es idiota (2013)

title: Def Con Dos


text:
Category:Squash players

Players of squash, a racquet sport.

title: Category:Squash players