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King Richard

King Richard normally refers to the three English monarchs.

English monarchs

 * Richard I of England or Richard the Lionheart (1157–1199)
 * Richard II of England (1367–1400)
 * Richard III of England (1452–1485)

Although no monarch has assumed the title King Richard IV, this title can sometimes refer to:
 * Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower
 * King Richard IV of England from Blackadder, a fictional version of the above
 * Perkin Warbeck (1474–1499), a pretender who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York

Other

 * King Richard (film) a 2021 film
 * King Richard, a font by Ray Larabie
 * the nickname of Dick Reynolds (1915–2002), Australian rules footballer
 * the nickname of Richard Petty (born 1937), former NASCAR stock car driver
 * the nickname of Dick Burleson (born 1948), former enduro motorcycle champion
 * the nickname of Richard Brodeur (born 1952), retired Canadian ice hockey goaltender
 * A character in the Guardians of Time series by Marianne Curley
 * King Richard's Faire, a renaissance re-enactment fair held annually in Carver, Massachusetts

title: King Richard


text:
Talk:Pollution credit

I don't get it. I thought pollution credits were a technique for assigning a cost to externalities of economic activity.

For instance, Bob buys a watt of power from Alice. Alice has to run a coal-fired power plant, which emits various forms of pollution. The social and environmental cost of that pollution is not reflected in any of the costs of doing business that Alice faces. The goal of pollution credits, so far as I understood them, was that in order to have the right to emit, say, carbon monoxide, Alice would have to purchase that right from the government or another company that has cut their carbon monoxide output. The pollution credits are issued by the government, and are essentially subject to free market pricing. Thus pollution becomes a cost to be minimized. If government wishes to reduce pollution, it buys back pollution credits from industry, thus raising the cost of it, and providing Alice an incentive to find alternate ways to make her watts.

I have absolutely no idea what pollution credit this author is talking about, but the article does seem quite slanted against them. -- SteveVanEgmond

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pollution credit


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Acme (automobile)

The Acme was a make of American automobiles made in Reading, Pennsylvania from 1903 to 1911. They were the successor of the Reber which was made from 1902 to 1903 by Reber Manufacturing.

Etymology
Acme (ακμή; English transliteration: akmē) is Ancient Greek for "(highest) point, edge; peak of anything", being used in English with the meaning of "prime" or "the best", initially when referring to a period in someone's life and then extending to anything or anyone who reaches perfection in a certain regard.

History
In June 1903 James C. Reber acquired the old Acme Machine Company's bicycle factory on the corner of Eighth and Elm Streets, Reading for US$47,000 at a receivership auction of the American Bicycle Company. Reber owned Reber Manufacturing, an automobile manufacturer, and stated that he was going to use the factory to manufacture automobiles. With the purchase of this site Reber also announced that Reber Manufacturing was changing its name to the Acme Motor Car Company. The company's directors were James C Reber, George D Horst, Jacob Nolde, and John D Horts. The company had $200,000 capital. Leon Schermerhorn was hired as Sales Manager.

Initial output in 1903 was four to six cars per week with the intention of reaching a production of 500 cars per annum. By 1905 they were producing between two or three automobiles daily.

Acme exhibited its cars at the Chicago and New York Automobile Shows from 1904 to 1907. The company was one of the founding members of the American Motor Car Manufacturers Association.

Frank Devlin
In November 1905 the company was taken over by Frank A Devlin of Devlin and Co, Chicago. Devlin owned Carson, Pirie, Scott, and Co one of America's largest jobbing houses. The purchase price was rumored to have been $250,000. The new owners intended to specialize in tourist cars (a touring car, limousine, and landaulette) and delivery wagons.

In October 1908 Devlin was killed in an automobile accident.

James C Reber
James C Reber went to work for the Keystone Wagon Works in February 1907 as General Manager on a 10-year contract, but they went into receivership in November sparking a lawsuit from Reber which he won. Reber went into poultry farming from that period until 1911, when he began a wholesale tobacco business. Reber died after a period of illness in 1933 aged 65.

Receivership (1906)
The firm went into receivership in July 1906 with Daniell J Driscoll appointed receiver by the Court. The plant was kept in operation by the receiver to ensure a reasonable return to its debtors. The business was sold in February 1907 by the receiver to Herbert M Sternbergh for $65,881.12. Sternbergh held interests in the Duryea Power Company. The registered capital was reduced to $5,000.

Herbert Sternbergh era
Acme introduced its first 6-cylinder car, a touring car called the Sextuplet, at the New York motor show in September 1907. Acme also increased its involvement in motor racing through 1908. In 1909 it introduced a 10-year guarantee on its 6-cylinder models.

In May 1909 an ocean to ocean endurance race, from New York to Seattle was proposed. Sternbergh strongly supported the idea, especially as it would draw attention to the poor condition of transcontinental roading. He hoped it would lead to significant improvements.

James Hervey Sternbergh
Acme sold its site and plant to J H Sternbergh for $72,100 in May 1911. Sternbergh in turn sold the Acme Motor Car Company and leased the plant to a New York consortium. The company's name was changed to SGV. Sternbergh died in March 1913.

Production
When the company commenced production at the Elm Street plant it initially planned to make 4 to 6 vehicles per week, with the aim of increasing output to 500 machines per annum. Leon Schermerhorn was appointed sales manager. By 1905 the company was employing 170 men. The plant in Elm Street was sold to F A Devlin of Chicago in June.

In 1907 the company began to test vanadium steel alloy for use in its car parts. They were also using sprags, a bar inserted between the spokes of the wheels as an additional safety mechanism to hold the car in position if it was parked on a slope.

By September 1907 Acme is thought to have made 520 cars since production began at its Elm Street plant. From April 1908 Krupp nickel-steel was used in construction of its transmissions. At that time they also used Eisemann high tension magnetos, Exide batteries, Prestolite gas tanks, and Neverout lamps.

The company's output was quite low with only between 125-150 cars planned in 1909.

Acme Models
Types I, II, III are possibly Reber's.

Type IV Model A
Marketed as the Reber, the 1903 Acme was a tonneau powered by a 12 hp vertical-twin engine fitted to a three speed transmission and double chain drive. It was advertised as costing $1,800. The car weighed 1,650 pounds. Its wheelbase was 78 inches and its width was 54 inches.

Type V - Touring Car (1904)
A 16 hp car that was advertised for sale at $1,650.

Type VI (1905)
This model sold for $2,000. It had a 16-horsepower two-cylinder engine. It had an 84-inch wheelbase on a steel chassis. This type was offered with the option of three different bodies styles; a standard touring car, a delivery body, or an enclosed opera sedan.

Type VIII (1905)
A 30 hp with top and headlights and 4 speed transmission. Priced at $2,750.

Type IX (1905)
This type sold for $800. It had a single-cylinder 9 horsepower engine on steel chassis with a 76-inch wheel base.

Type X Runabout (1905)
A 16 hp two seater with a three speed transmission and semi-racing body advertised at $1,000.

Type XIV (1906)
In 1906, the company was advertising a 5-passenger tonneau in a national trade magazine. Model XIV was a 4-cylinder water cooled 30 to 35-horsepower motor and was priced at US$2,750 with maximum speed of 50 mph. It had a wood body on a pressed steel frame, three speed transmission, double drive chain. Its tank held 18 gallons of petrol. The car weighed 2,200 lbs. The wheel base was 102 inches, tread 56 inches. A top for the car cost an extra $150.

Type XV Touring Car (1906)
The Type XV was priced at US$3,500 ($3,000 in 1908). It was a 7-passenger Touring Car with a 4-cylinder motor of 45 to 50 hp. Maximum speed was 60 mph. It had a wooden body on a pressed steel frame. The car weighed 2,600 lbs. Its wheel base was 114 inches and tread 56 inches. The tyres were 4.5 inch Morgan and Wright on 34 inch diameter wheels. It had a 20-gallon fuel tank.

Type XVI (1907)
A five-passenger touring which sold for $2,800 and a roadster. Similar to the Type XVIII. Was priced at $3,500 in 1907.

Type XVII
No details. Possibly the Vanderbilt race car. The car was powered by a bored out six cylinder engine and ran on Truffault-Hartford shock absorbers. It was shorter, 116 inch wheelbase, and lighter than the stock six cylinder cars. Testing began in August 1908.

Type XVIII (1908)
7 seater touring car which sold for $3,250 in 1908. The $5,000 Landaulet's and Limousine's were possibly versions on this car.

Type XIX Midget Runabout (1907)
45-50 hp for $3,250 During the year a new 30 hp runabout with a shaft drive was developed along the lines of the 1906 racing car. It was anticipated that it would retail for $2,000. The 1907 advertisements priced it at $3,250, while in mid 1908 it was priced at $1,800. The price rose to $2,500 by the end of 1908.

Type XX The Acme Sextuplet (1908)
A 5 or 7 passenger Touring Car equipped with a six-cylinder engine and priced at $4500.00. Probably introduced in 1907. In 1908 it was priced at $4,000.

Type XXI The Fairmount Sextuplet (1908)
A roadster or tourabout equipped with a six-cylinder 45 hp engine and priced at $4500.00. Probably introduced in early 1908. It had a stated top speed of 76 mph. There were three models A, B and C.

Type XXV "Vanderbilt" (1908)
A car of this type participated in the New York to Boston endurance run on 11 March 1909. It was a 6-cylinder and made as either a 5 or 7 seater selling for $6,000 in 1908.

Type XXVI The Standard Quad
Two models of four cylinder touring car, A and B. A 5 and 7 seater that sold for $3,500.

Type XXVII The Standard Quad (1909)
A runabout priced at $3750 equipped with a four-cylinder engine. It had 5 or 7 seats.

Type XXVIII
A tourabout.

Special Sextuplet (1910)
The Special was equipped with a six-cylinder 50 horsepower engine and priced at $4,750.

All Acme automobiles came with a year's "absolute binding guarantee."

SGV (1910)
Acme acquired parts from Lancia and made cars under the SGV badge. The model was similar in style to the Lancia Beta Torpedo. Newspapers of the time described the SGV as lightweight and mechanically efficient. The Lancia engine was used and a four speed transmission. The steering radius was noted being small, making the car maneuverable in city traffic.

Motor Racing
Acme entered a car in motor races in Atlanta City on the 26 to 30 April 1906. It was described as a new model that had just been tested. In a 1907 race at Reading the Acme car driven by Edward Lange was beaten by a Pullman driven be Robert Morton.

In 1908 Acme created a new 6 cylinder 45 hp runabout capable of 76 mph, the Type XXI. The company entered the car in the 360 mile long race at Savannah on 18–19 March with Malcolm Newstetter replacing Ed L'Engle as its driver. It also announced that they intended to enter their cars in hill climbing and endurance races, but not races where chance plays a large part. The Acme car came third in a time of 6:47:05. It was beaten by an Italian Isotta Fraschini (6:21:20) and an Apperson (6:44:37).

Acme cars competed in the Land's End Economy Run of the Long Island Automobile Club in early 1908.

Following its good placing in the Savannah race, Acme entered a car in the 1908 Vanderbilt Cup race and began negotiations with Lewis Strang for its driver. The car was to be specially constructed for the race with a larger bore engine than normal. The same car was entered in the Grand Prix of the Automobile Club of America at Savannah with Leonard Zengle as its driver.

A Type XIX won a hill climb at Wilkes-Barre and three events at the New York-based Jamaica speed trials in May or June 1908.

A private owner J H Tyson entered a Type XXI driven by professional Strang in the 1908 Brighton Beach 24 hour race. Acme entered a Type XXV. The car was to be driven by Cyrus Patchke and was also entered in the Fairmount Park 200 mile race on 10 October. A Acme Type XXI came second in the race.

Unrelated companies
The following companies have the same or similar names, but are not associated with the Reading company.
 * Acme Motor Car Company of New York (incorporated 1905) - J Fe Smet Maguire, R Lewis Julian, and George H Stout (Directors)
 * Acme Rocket Powered Roller Skates, Inc. Ltd. LLC. - Fairfield, NJ

title: Acme (automobile)


text:
Robert Cormier

Robert Edmund Cormier (January 17, 1925 – November 2, 2000) was an American writer and journalist, known for his deeply pessimistic novels, many of which were written for young adults. Recurring themes include abuse, mental illness, violence, revenge, betrayal, and conspiracy. In most of his novels, the protagonists do not win.

Cormier's more popular works include I Am the Cheese, After the First Death, We All Fall Down, and The Chocolate War, all of which have won awards. The Chocolate War has been challenged in multiple libraries.

Early life and education
Robert Cormier was born in 1925 in Leominster, Massachusetts in the French-Canadian section of the town called French Hill. He was the second of eight children. His family moved frequently to afford rent, but never left his hometown. Even when he was much older and owned a summer home, it was only 19 mi away from Leominster. In a few of his books, Cormier's hometown of Leominster became the fictional town of Monument, and its village of French Hill became Frenchtown. The nearby city of Fitchburg, Massachusetts became Wickburg.

Cormier attended St. Cecilia's Parochial School, a private Catholic school. He began writing when he was in the first grade and was praised at school for his poetry. He first realized his aspiration to become a writer in 7th grade, when he was encouraged by a nun to write a poem. He attended Leominster High School, graduating as the president of his class.

As a freshman at Fitchburg State College, Cormier had his first short story published when a college professor, Florence Conlon, without his knowledge, sent one of his stories to a national Catholic magazine The Sign for $75.

Career
Cormier began his professional writing career scripting radio commercials. He eventually became an award-winning journalist. Even though he became widely known, he never stopped writing for his local newspaper, the Fitchburg Sentinel.

Cormier became a full-time writer after the success of his first adult novel for teenagers, Now and at the Hour (1960); others followed, such as The Chocolate War and After the First Death. He was concerned with the problems facing young people in modern society, which was reflected in his novels. He soon established a reputation as a brilliant and uncompromising writer. His awards include the Margaret A. Edwards Award of the Young Adult Services Division of the American Library Association, a lifetime award that recognizes a particular body of work that provides young adults with a window through which they can view the world, and which will help them to grow and understand themselves and their role in society. Cormier won the annual award in 1991, citing The Chocolate War; I Am the Cheese; and After the First Death.

The Chocolate War has been challenged in various libraries and schools for its language and its depictions of sexual activity, secret societies, and anarchic students. Between 1990 and 2000 it was the fourth most frequently challenged book in the US, according to the American Library Association.

Awards
In 1991, The American Library Association bestowed its Margaret Edwards Award to I Am the Cheese, citing it as one of three 1974 to 1979 books "taken to heart by young adults over a period of years.” The ALA said that "Cormier's brilliantly crafted and troubling novels have achieved the status of classics in young adult literature."

I Am the Cheese won the 1997 Phoenix Award from the Children's Literature Association. Named for the mythical bird, the Phoenix Award recognizes the best English language children's book that did not win a major award when it was originally published twenty years earlier.

Death
Cormier died on November 2, 2000, due to complications from a blood clot.

Published works
Non-Fiction
 * I Have Words to Spend [Collected Newspaper Articles] (1991)

Fiction
 * Novels except as stated

 * Now and at the Hour (1960)
 * A Little Raw on Monday Mornings (1963)
 * Take Me Where the Good Times Are (1965)
 * The Chocolate War (1974)
 * I Am the Cheese (1977)
 * After the First Death (1979)
 * 8 Plus 1 (1980), short story collection
 * The Bumblebee Flies Anyway (1983)
 * Beyond The Chocolate War (1985)
 * Fade (1988)
 * Other Bells for Us to Ring (1990); UK title, Darcy (1991)
 * We All Fall Down (1991)
 * Tunes for Bears to Dance To (1992)
 * In the Middle of the Night (1995)
 * Tenderness (1997)
 * Heroes (1998)
 * Frenchtown Summer (1999)
 * The Rag and Bone Shop (2001)

Film adaptations

 * I Am the Cheese (1983), in which Cormier appears as "Mr. Hertz"
 * The Chocolate War (1988)
 * Lapse of Memory (1991), an adaptation of I Am the Cheese
 * The Bumblebee Flies Anyway (1999)
 * Tenderness (2009)
 * The Assignment (2012), a student feature-film adaptation of The Chocolate War

title: Robert Cormier


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Sarajevo Winter Festival

The Sarajevo Winter Festival (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Sarajevska zima / Сарајевска зима) is a cultural festival held annually since the winter of 1984-1985.

The “Sarajevo Winter” Festival has traditionally been held under the auspices of the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, European Union, UNESCO, The Presidency of B&H, The Federation of B&H, The Council of Ministers of B&H, Sarajevo Canton, City of Sarajevo and Stari grad Municipality.

title: Sarajevo Winter Festival


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User:Ratonyi~enwiki

Hello! I am hungarian.

title: User:Ratonyi~enwiki


text:
Softball at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Softball was a women's sporting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Games were played at the softball stadium in the Helliniko Olympic Complex from August 14 to 23. The United States won the gold while Australia took silver and Japan received bronze.

Softball was one of the three sports at the 2004 Athens Olympics that was for women only along with Synchronized Swimming and Rhythmic Gymnastics. Eight teams competed for the gold medal in only the third appearance of softball at the Summer Olympics. The softball competition featured 120 athletes.

Japanese pitcher Yukiko Ueno threw a perfect game—the first at an Olympics’ softball competition—in a preliminary round match against China. The United States dominated the overall competition, winning all seven of its preliminary matches and defeating Australia twice in the medal round.

Medalists
In one of the most dominating runs in softball history, the United States team led by head coach Mike Candrea won the gold medal by defeating Australia 5-1 in the championship game on August 23. It was the first time in 9 games that an opponent scored a run against Team USA. Crystl Bustos hit two home runs to provide all the run-support that pitcher Lisa Fernandez required. Fernandez pitched all six innings, picking up her second win against Australia in as many days. She also won the semi-final game.

Throughout the tournament Team USA outscored its opponents 51-1. Team USA won the Olympic gold medal in softball for the third straight time.

Australia's silver medal marks its best result in Olympic softball history. Japan earned the bronze medal after defeating China in the semi-final, and losing to Australia in the Bronze medal game.

Results
Starting August 14, there were four preliminary games each day until August 20 for a total of 28 games. Two semi-final games were played August 22, with the game for third place following later that day. The final game for the gold medal was played on August 23 at 4pm local time.

August 16
09:30

12:00

17:00

19:30

August 17
09:30

12:00

17:00

19:30

August 18
09:30

12:00

17:00

19:30

August 19
09:30

12:00

17:00

19:30

August 20
09:30

12:00

17:00

19:30

** Perfect game

Medal round
The semi-final game between the #3 and #4 ranked teams (Japan and China) is an elimination game, with the loser out. The winner faces the loser of the other semifinal in the bronze medal game later Sunday night. The loser of the bronze medal game received the bronze medal. The winner of that game faces the winner of the Australia versus the United States semifinal in the gold medal game, with the winner of that game receiving gold and the loser receiving silver.

Semifinals
August 22 9:30

August 22 12:20

Bronze medal game
August 22 17:00

Gold medal game
August 23 16:00

title: Softball at the 2004 Summer Olympics


text:
User:Casiboy

Casiboy's home page.

title: User:Casiboy


text: Category:British cavalry divisions

title: Category:British cavalry divisions


text:
User:Quill/messages I use

For my reference:

 * {stub}

 * {disambig}

 * {Inusefor}

title: User:Quill/messages I use


text:
Patrice Brisebois

Joseph Patrice Brisebois (born January 27, 1971) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman for the Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche, playing nearly 900 games with the former and 1,009 games overall. Brisebois was recently the Canadiens' Director of Player Development.

NHL playing career
Brisebois was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the second round, 30th overall, of the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. He played junior hockey for the Laval Titan and Drummondville Voltigeurs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), and for the Fredericton Canadiens of the American Hockey League (AHL) during his first year of professional ice hockey. Brisebois's junior career was an unqualified success. In 1990–91, he captured the Emile Bouchard Trophy awarded to the best defencemen in the QMJHL, was named to the QMJHL All-Star team, and took home the award for the Canadian Hockey League (CHL)'s Best Defencemen.

He has played for the Canadiens for 14 seasons, winning one Stanley Cup with the franchise during the 1992–93 season. By 1999, Brisebois had become a staple of the Habs defence, specifically as their power play anchor. Brisebois was rewarded for his strong play with a hefty $12 million/3 years contract.

Brisebois later fell out with the Montreal fans. With his hefty contract came many expectations and the general consensus was that Brisebois was not earning his salary. His defensive vulnerability as a risk-taking offensive defenceman became a topic of contention.

As a free agent following the NHL lockout in 2004–05, Brisebois left the Canadiens to sign with the Colorado Avalanche in a two-year deal on August 3, 2005. Away from the previous pressures, Brisebois then enjoyed a career year statistically scoring a career-high 38 points with the Avalanche in the 2005–06 season.

On August 3, 2007, Brisebois, again a free agent, returned to the Montreal Canadiens, accepting a one-year incentive-laden deal for the 2007–08 season. At the end of the 2008 season the Habs extended Brisebois to further one-year deal.

Brisebois played his 1000th Career NHL game for the Montreal Canadiens on March 14, 2009 at the Bell Centre against the New Jersey Devils. This feat was eclipsed that night because Martin Brodeur reached Patrick Roy's 551 victories. However, he was awarded a prize from the vice-president of the NHL as well as a silver stick given to him by Henri Richard.

On September 24, 2009, Brisebois announced his retirement after an 18-year career in the National Hockey League. On the same day, he also received the Jean-Béliveau Trophy awarded annually to a Canadiens player for his contribution in the community. Brisebois ranks third all-time in games played for the Canadiens as a defenceman, lacing up 896 times.

Racing career
Brisebois was not signed for the 2009–2010 NHL season. He decided to buy a NASCAR Canada car and race in two NASCAR Canada races in August 2009.

Brisebois entered the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series' 2009 GP3R 100 at Circuit Trois-Rivières, and pulled out before the end due to heat exhaustion.

Brisebois qualified in 15th for the NAPA Autopro 100 at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, a support race for the NASCAR Nationwide Series' NAPA Auto Parts 200. He finished in 12th place.

Front office career
On June 13, 2012 the Montreal Canadiens announced that Brisebois had joined the organization as Director of Player Development. On July 17, 2014, Brisebois stepped down from his position as Director of Player Development, citing family reasons.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Patrice Brisebois


text:
Suffix (name)

A name suffix in the Western English-language naming tradition, follows a person's first name and provides additional information about the person. Post-nominal letters indicate that the individual holds a position, educational degree, accreditation, office, or honor (e.g. "PhD", "CCNA", "OBE"). Other examples include generational designations like "Sr." and "Jr." and "I", "II", "III", etc.

Academic
Academic suffixes indicate the degree earned at a college or university. These include bachelor's degrees (AB, BA, BS, BE, BFA, BTech, LLB, BSc, etc.), master's degrees (MA, MS, MFA, LLM, MLA, MBA, MSc, MEng etc.), professional doctorates (JD, MD, DO, PharmD, DMin, etc.), and academic doctorates (PhD, EdD, DPhil, DBA, LLD, EngD, etc.)

In the case of doctorates, normally either the prefix (e.g. "Dr" or "Atty") or the suffix (see examples above) is used, but not both. In the United States, the suffix is the preferred format (thus allowing differentiation between types of doctorate) in written documentation.

Honorary
Such titles may be given by:

 * a monarch (for example, KBE, a suffix granted to Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire);
 * a university (as in a LLD (Doctor of Laws) given in recognition of a person's life achievements rather than their academic standing);
 * a church or seminary, who may offer an honorary Doctor of Divinity (DD) to outstanding ministers or teachers.

Esquire
The style Esq. or Esquire was once used to distinguish a man who was an apprentice to a knight and is used for a man of socially high ranking. In the United States, Esq. is used as a professional styling for a licensed attorney. In the United Kingdom, it is largely obsolete but occasionally used by untitled males in social and business contexts.

Professional
Professional titles include Esq., often used for an attorney (but not necessarily) in the United States who has passed a state bar examination, and CSA (casting) and ASCAP, which indicate membership in professional societies. The suffix CA is used for individuals who have completed the requirements to become a Chartered Accountant. The suffix CPA is also used for individuals who have completed the requirements to become a Certified Public Accountant. Similarly, Chartered Financial Analysts use the suffix CFA. Sommeliers (restaurant wine professionals) who have passed the Master Sommelier exam use the MS suffix. Engineers that are certified as a Professional Engineer in his or her state will use the suffix PE (PEng in Canada), Certified Professional Geologists use PG, Certified Professional Logisticians use CPL, and Chartered Engineers use CEng. Likewise, Registered Architects sometimes use the suffix RA, or more often a suffix such as AIA or RIBA that refers to their professional society. Examination Office personnel within the United Kingdom who are registered with the Examination Officers' Association use MEOA. In the United States, professional archaeologists registered with the Register of Professional Archaeologists use the suffix RPA.

Project managers that have obtained certification as Project Management Professionals from the Project Management Institute may use the suffix PMP after their name. Similarly, individuals who hold certifications in the field of information security—e.g. CISA, CISSP, and/or CISM—may use them as suffixes.

The suffix PT is used by Physical Therapists to denote their state certification, but not to be confused with DPT (Doctor of Physical Therapy) which is a qualifying degree. British physiotherapists prefer to use MCSP or SRP to denote membership to professional bodies. RN is used by qualified nurses as a suffix.

Officers and enlisted in the United States Military will add an abbreviation of the service frequently to disambiguate seniority, and reserve status. For example, Captain Smith, USN (O-6), outranks Captain Jones, USMC (O-3).

Red Seal certified trades people in Canada can use the Red Seal Endorsement (RSE) acronym.

Religious orders
Members of religious institutes commonly use their institute's initials as a suffix. For example, a Franciscan friar uses the post-nominal initials OFM, derived from the order's name in Latin, Ordo Fratrum Minorum (Order of Friars Minor). Equally, a Viatorian priest uses the suffix "CSV" from the name of his religious institute, Clerici Santi Viatori (Clerics of Saint Viator). These initials are not considered by members of religious institutes as an equivalent to academic or honorary post-nominial initials, but rather as a sign of membership in a particular religious lineage.

Ordering
In some English-speaking countries, the arrangement of post-nominal letters is governed by rules of precedence, and this list is sometimes called the "Order of Wear" (for the wearing of medals).

Generational titles
Generational suffixes are used to distinguish persons who share the same name within a family. A generational suffix can be used informally (for disambiguation purposes or as nicknames) and is often incorporated in legal documents.

United States
In the United States the most common name suffixes are senior and junior, which are abbreviated as Sr. and Jr. with initial capital letters, with or without preceding commas. In Britain these are rarer, but when they are used the abbreviations are Snr and Jnr, respectively. The use of these social terms is governed by etiquette but not enshrined in law. According to The Emily Post Institute, an authority on etiquette, the term Jr. can be correctly used only if a male child's first, middle, and last names are identical to his father's (current) names. When a male child has the same name as his grandfather, uncle or male cousin, but not his father, he can use the II suffix, which is pronounced "the second". (In rare cases, the II suffix may be used for a son, e.g. former American president Barack Hussein Obama II and his father, Barack Hussein Obama Sr. The example of Obama Sr., born Baraka Obama, also shows that suffixes are based on the father's current legal name and not necessarily their birth name.) When the suffixes are spelled out in full, they are not capitalized. Social name suffixes are far more frequently applied to men than to women. A child with a name that varies from a parent's name in middle name only may also be informally known as Jr. (e. g. Francis Wayne Sinatra, son of Francis Albert Sinatra), and his father may be known informally as Sr. (e. g., Paul John Teutul and his son, Paul Michael Teutul). Roman numeral suffixes can be used to name a child after another family member like an uncle, cousin, or ancestor (including grandfather or great-grandfather). For example, Quentin Roosevelt II was named for his late uncle, Quentin I. Similarly, a grandson of Henry Ford I was named Henry II (the name again skipped a generation with the birth of Henry II's grandson, Henry Ford III).

Historically, when child mortality was high, a child could be named for its deceased sibling (a necronym), with or without a suffix (such was the case of Salvador Dalí). There is at least one known case of multiple siblings having the same name in modern times—that of George Foreman's five sons, including eldest George Jr. and youngest George VI.

The suffix III is used after either Jr. or II and, like subsequent numeric suffixes, does not need to be restricted to one family line. For example, if Randall and Patrick Dudley are brothers and if Randall has a son before Patrick, he may call his son Patrick II. If Patrick now has a son, his son is Patrick Jr. (or Patrick III; alternatively, Patrick II if Randall did not have a son named Patrick II). As time passes, the III suffix goes to the son of either Patrick Jr. or Patrick II, whoever is first to have a son named Patrick. This is one way it is possible and correct for a Junior to father a IV. Another example involves President Ulysses S. Grant and his sons Frederick, Ulysses Jr., and Jesse. When Frederick's son Ulysses was born in 1881, Ulysses Jr. did not yet have a son named after himself. Therefore, Frederick's son was Ulysses III. Ulysses Jr.'s son, born afterwards in 1893, was Ulysses IV. Jesse's son Chapman was the father of Ulysses V, as neither Ulysses III nor Ulysses IV had sons named for themselves.

There is no hard-and-fast rule over what happens to suffixes when the most senior of the name dies. Etiquette expert and humorist Judith Martin, for example, believes they should all move up (as Sr. and subsequent suffixes can be redistributed), but most agree that this is up to the individual families.

There are instances of daughters being named after their mothers and also using the suffix Jr. (such as Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Jr., Winifred Sackville Stoner Jr., and Carolina Herrera Jr.) or after their grandmothers or aunts with the suffix II, but this is not common. Usually, the namesake is given a different middle name and so would not need a suffix for differentiation. Furthermore, once the woman marries, she would most commonly take the surname of her husband and thus do away with the generational suffix. The title Jr. is sometimes used in legal documents, particularly those pertaining to wills and estates, to distinguish among female family members of the same name.

A wife who uses the title Mrs. often would also use her husband's full name, including the suffix. In less formal situations, the suffix may be omitted: Mrs. Lon Chaney Jr. on a wedding invitation but Mrs. L. Chaney or simply Shannon Chaney for a friendly note. Widows are conventionally entitled to retain their late husband's full names and suffixes, but divorcées do not continue to style themselves with a former husband's full name and suffix even if they retain the surname.

Juniors sometimes go by their first initials and "J" for Jr. regardless of middle initial. Examples include American football players Terrell Ray Ward Jr. (who goes by T. J. Ward) and Erick R. Manuel Jr., who is better known as EJ Manuel.

Former Major League Baseball player B. J. Upton, whose real name is Melvin Emanuel Upton Jr., is called B. J. due to his father's nickname being "Bossman"; B. J. stands for "Bossman Junior".

Common nicknames for a junior or II include "Chip" (as in "chip off the old block"); e.g., President James Earl Carter Jr.'s second son James Earl Carter III goes by "Chip". Another is "Bud" (predominantly in the American South); e.g., Marlon Brando Jr.'s childhood nickname was "Bud". Another alternative is "Skip"; e.g., Harry "Skip" Caray Jr. and Harry Christopher "Chip" Caray III, or "Skip" may imply that the name skips a generation. Common nicknames for a III are "Trip(p)", "Trace", and "Trey" which denote that the name carrier is the third person to carry the name. Notable examples include Green Day drummer Tré Cool (Frank Edwin Wright III), South Park co-creator Trey Parker (Randolph Severn Parker III), and Trey Smith (Willard Carroll Smith III), elder son of actor Will Smith (Willard Carroll Smith Jr).

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the suffixes "Snr" and "Jnr" are rare, and not usually considered part of a person's name as such. Ordinal suffixes such as "III" are generally reserved for monarchs; however, the General Register Office has stated that, whereas it would normally reject a string of symbols or letters that "has no intrinsic sense of being a name" when registering a child, a suffix such as "III" would be accepted. Those who inherit a title of nobility do not use ordinal suffixes, but are distinguished from any ancestors with the same name by their position in the order of succession; for example Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington, is thus distinguished from his father, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.

Other European countries
In French, the designations for a father and son with the same name are père (father) and fils (son), an example being Alexandre Dumas père and Alexandre Dumas fils. Le jeune (the young) may be used to distinguish between brothers.

In Portuguese, common designations are Júnior (junior), Filho (son), Neto (grandson), Bisneto (great-grandson), and Sobrinho (nephew).

In Dutch, "sr." and "jr." are used socially rather than legally, but the system is not extended to "III" and beyond. Instead, Piet de Vries jr. will become Piet de Vries sr. upon the death of his father if there is a grandson also named Piet to take on the junior title. Otherwise the suffix falls away.

In Swedish, the den äldre (the elder) and den yngre (the younger), abbreviated d.ä. and d.y. respectively, are sometimes used to distinguish two people with the same name, often but not necessarily, father and son. An example is Gösta Ekman d.ä., actor and grandfather of actor Gösta Ekman d.y., cf. Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger which in Swedish are Plinius den äldre and Plinius den yngre.

In Irish, óg (young), sometimes anglicised as "oge", may be used to distinguish two related people who might otherwise have the same name. The suffix ach is used to mean 'of or relating to' a noun or an adjective e.g. Caomhánach or Laighneach.

title: Suffix (name)


text:
Butterfly tail

Butterfly tail may refer to:
 * V-tail, an arrangement of the tail on aircraft
 * Butterfly tail (goldfish), a breed of goldfish

title: Butterfly tail