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Talk:Similarity transformation

25 Jul 2004
Must it be a vector space? Could it not be generalised as a mapping between metric spaces s.t. $$\exists k:\forall x,y:d_1(x,y)=kd_2(Hx,Hy)$$? 142.177.24.141 20:03, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Similarity transformation


text:
Talk:List of Stargate SG-1 episodes

Style Guide
The following is a style guide for the list on this article (jump to discussion)

 * Images
 * All images should use a thumbnail width of 150px.
 * All images should be in the 16:9 ratio, and cropped if necessary.
 * All this means is that if your original image is 640px in width, you need to make sure it is also 360px (640/360 = 16/9) in height, so you'll probably need to cut off the top and bottom if it's a screenshot from an early series (later series screenshots are already 16:9).
 * You can crop images before uploading them in any photoediting program... even MS Paint.
 * .JPG is probably preferred.
 * Fair use tag images appropriately; see below

 * Synopses
 * Try not to push open the cell; ie: stay below 3 lines of text
 * Always try to make the synopses as full as possible, and not just intros. This is so that someone could read this article and get a full plot summary of SG-1 without mysterious bits missing. So something like "Carter and Daniel get stuck" is bad; "Carter and Daniel get stuck but are rescued by the Asgard" is better.
 * Try to wikify the synopses as much as possible . Someone might be only reading season 8, so they dont want to have to scroll back up to season 1 to get all the links.
 * Try to make the synopses mention anything important in that episode, for instance the creation of the Kull Disruptor.

 * Fair use : The following should be the text on all Stargate screenshot image pages that are used on this article:

A screenshot from the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1.

Rationale for fair use in List of Stargate SG-1 episodes
This picture is being used in Wikipedia's episode listing for the television show Stargate SG-1 (MGM). Although it is subject to copyright, the editors of Wikipedia, among them myself in particular, feel that it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * It is a low resolution still image;
 * It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the related product in any way

Further, we believe our use of the image is fair because it is not being used merely to decorate the related article, but rather:
 * Aids commentary on the plot outline;
 * Poignantly illustrates the related episode

Particularly because:
 * It illustrates the significant moment which characterises the episode in question.

 * Change the last line ("...significant moment which...") as appropriate for the episode, and why you've chosen that image.

 * Source information : You must also specify where you found the image.

 * Episode articles : See WikiProject Stargate/Episode style sheet for a style guide to writing the actual episode articles.

=Discussion=

Episode Numbers are Inconsistent with DVDs
I'm currently watching the DVDs and the first episode is number "Episode 1" exactly on the DVD, not "Episode 1 and 2". I put that in quotes because, as I wrote, that is exactly how it is labeled on the DVDs. All other numbers for all other episodes are off because of that incorrect entry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.97.96.135 (talk) 08:47, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

SG wiki has shortened the episode pages
We earlier removed many of the articles for various episodes that were linked to from here and moved them to the SG wiki. Many of these pages have been greatly reduced in size, many hours of work is now inaccessible to all but wikipedia admins. I'd like to point out that we have articles for every episode of many dozens of different TV series some of which are quite obscure. Maybe we should bring them back.--204.78.0.199 (talk) 16:50, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * (1) The wiki articles are still accessible via the page histories and via the linked SG Wiki links, (2) wiki admins had no hand in the cleanup, (3) just because WP:Other shit exists doesn't mean that wikipedia should have bad Stargate articles, and (4) – which I always say in such situations although it may come across as rude – if you want an article, write an article (see 200 (Stargate SG-1), Unending and Search and Rescue (Stargate Atlantis) for how it's done). There are still a few award-winning SG ep articles up that desperately need attention, so why not start there? – sgeureka t•c 07:40, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * If you believe that every single other episode article is "Shit", feel free to prove that the consensus agrees with you by getting them deleted. But until then, it serves as a reasonable consensus.
 * The argument for removing the content here was that it was available elsewhere. That argument is no longer true. I would suggest therefore that the episode articles be added back here - if you think they shouldn't exist, then it needs to be taken to AfD. Mdwh (talk) 22:21, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Third SG-1 movie
I don't know what to do but whats the deal with the 3rd Sg1 movie on the main page of Sg1 but not here. P.S. I couldn't work out how to make a new heading. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.177.23.211 (talk) 04:59, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
 * No name yet, no (real) plot yet, no director yet, no release date yet, no links yet. Let's wait until we have some more info. – sgeureka t•c 09:00, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

SG Wiki links
Why were the links to SG Wiki at Wikia removed from the table in this and related articles? Them staying where they were and being only one click away was one of the arguments for "merging" the articles. Ausir (talk) 19:55, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * This was discussed here and here, beginning in October 2008. – sgeureka t•c 20:01, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Hah, to quote you, "This takes one more click in the worst case". Yeah, right, especially since the SG Wiki was even removed from the external links section. Oh well, another proof that Wikipedia has jumped the shark, with removing the type of articles that brought me here in the first place. Ausir (talk) 20:17, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I am sorry you feel that way, but there is no point in negative innuendo. It was not me who removed the links from the table, and it was also not me who removed it from the EL section. Since you didn't declare your opposition to the removal of the links a few months ago, it must have seemed like you were fine with the link removal as well back then. – sgeureka t•c 20:29, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Or I simply didn't visit the SG-1 episode guides in the meantime? Ausir (talk) 21:03, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I am aware that you haven't been here since then, but I was surprised to see such a negative reaction after over three months of non-reactions. When something "bad" happens to things that I care about, I make my displeasure known immediately, or remain silent and go with the flow. – sgeureka t•c 11:08, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think anyone's opposed a single link to SG Wiki! You could go ahead and add one to the external links section, which is generally where, uh, external links go... Matthew (talk) 20:57, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Per Wikipedia_talk:STARGATE, it seems everyone (the two people who replied) is fine with wikia links. – sgeureka t•c 11:08, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Section move
I'd like to propose we move the DVD information to below the episode listing. For one, a part from the LOE pages, it's generally standard practice among TV and Film articles to put DVD info last. This is a List of Episodes page, and not a List of DVDs page, so the first thing a reader should see should be the episodes. It's also a bit misleading to have it under "Series overview" (or something similar), because it isn't an overview or a summary. It's just a table for the DVD releases. I recently adjusted List of Smallville episodes to reflect that, moving the DVD info below the episodes under the new header of "Home video release", which is more appropriate given what it actually is. This isn't a major change, but I'd rather come to the talk pages of all the relevant LOE pages first.  BIGNOLE     (Contact me)  12:14, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Differnet EP orders per region / format
The Complete Series release on DVD in Australia, 2007, Region 4, uses the British order for Season 2. That is;

 * s02 e10 (Disc 3) - Bane
 * s02 e11 (Disc 3) - Spirits
 * s02 e12 (Disc 3) - The Tork'ra, Part 1
 * s02 e13 (Disc 4) - The Tork'ra, Part 2
 * s02 e14 (Disc 4) - Touchstone
 * s02 e15 (Disc 4) - A matter of Time
 * s02 e16 (Disc 4) - The Fifth Race
 * s02 e17 (Disc 5) - Serpent's Song
 * s02 e18 (Disc 5) - Holiday

I have no idea how to write that up cleanly, so maybe someone else does? Edit: Added a few more to the list

Things to fix
To avoid WP:FLRC, please address the following concerns. It's been nearly six years since promotion and this list is showing a bit of wear and tear... The Rambling Man (talk) 14:16, 20 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Fix the dead links shown here.
 * Pay heed to WP:DASH in the lead.
 * Please make sure that the "Series overview and home release" table complies with MOS:DTT for screen readers etc.
 * Fix the unnecessary bold in the three film titles.
 * The references contain some footnotes which should be in a footnotes or notes section.
 * You can't really use Wikipedia as a reference (see ref 1).
 * Ref 3 should use bundled refs correctly, it's not acceptable as it is.
 * Ref titles should meet WP:MOS wherever appropriate, e.g. WP:DASH.
 * References should be consistently and comprehensively formatted. E.g., refs 24 to 41 don't have anything besides title, they need publisher name, publication date, access dates, etc etc to be consistent with the other refs.
 * I would prefer to see the image in a thumb with a suitable caption, the TOC could reside, as for most articles, on the left-hand side and, if necessary, constrained to level 1 headings.
 * I can take care of everything except looking for new references over the next week. I don't know the show well enough to find replacement references, so maybe someone else can handle that. I don't see any DASH violations in the Lede desction, though. Matthewedwards (talk · contribs) 20:40, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Unless my eyes deceive me, try "...General in Season 8 - Anderson left ..." The Rambling Man (talk) 14:45, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

It might be wise still to bring this through WP:FLRC for more eyes. Matthewedwards (talk · contribs) 17:40, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Most things should have been taken care of. I haven't fixed any dead links, though. I've tagged multiple things with cn, and other things like airdates remain uncited
 * Season 9 has viewing figures, but none of the other seasons do, so does this mean the list is incomplete (WP:FL?
 * Ref 1 was citing the episode, not the Wikipedia article. the cite episode template just wasn't completed correctly.
 * Refs are unbundled, are all formatted correctly, and footnotes have been moved into a different section
 * The image has been removed as it doesn't apply to or identify a list of episodes
 * The TOC remains on the right so that it doesn't generate a huge whitespace before the Series overview table is presented
 * The footnotes need rewriting. They're a bit clumsy at the moment
 * The movie plots need expanding
 * The tables need widths specifying. No column is the same width from season to season
 * The list transcludes non-featured material into a Featured list, so most of the content is not actually Featured. Perhaps the tables should be generated in this page instead.

Updated episode list
Dear sg fans and editors.

It took me about two weeks, to go through all the episodes one by one, and watched the first 1-2 minutes of every episode after the intro, where the writers and directors are displayed, and also, the end credits of every epsiodes, and updated/corrected as many incorrect or missing information about the writers and directors.

Now every person who ever contributed in writing a specific episode are displayed in the right place, and every director are in right place.

Contact me here, if i made any mistake.

In the following weeks, I will do the same with Altantis and Universe, to see if there are any mistakes there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.134.240.21 (talk) 06:49, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Order in which Star gate aired on each channel is backwards
Stargate first premeired on the SiFi channel, when SiFi first aired on tv without commercials. It then was moved to the Showtime Channel. Where you had to purchase a subscription to continue watching the Stargate Series 108.167.17.1 (talk) 06:13, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Stargate SG-1 episodes


text:
Karna

Karna (Sanskrit: कर्ण, IAST: Karṇa), also known as Vasusena, Anga-raja, and Radheya, is one of the main protagonists of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata. He is the son of the sun god Surya and princess Kunti (mother of the Pandavas), and thus a demigod of royal birth. Kunti was granted the boon to bear a child with desired divine qualities from the gods and without much knowledge, Kunti invoked the sun god to confirm it if it was true indeed. Karna was secretly born to an unmarried Kunti in her teenage years, and fearing outrage and backlash from society over her premarital pregnancy, Kunti had to abandon the newly born Karna adrift in a basket on the Ganges. The basket is discovered, and Karna is adopted and raised by foster Sūta parents named Radha and Adhiratha Nandana of the charioteer and poet profession working for king Dhritarashtra.

Karna grows up to be an accomplished warrior of extraordinary abilities, a gifted speaker and becomes a loyal friend of Duryodhana. He was appointed the king of Anga (Bihar-Bengal) by Duryodhana. Karna joined Duryodhana's side in the Kurukshetra War. He was a key warrior who aimed to kill the third Pandava Arjuna but dies in a battle with him during the war.

He is a tragic hero in the Mahabharata, in a manner similar to Aristotle's literary category of "flawed good man". He meets his biological mother late in the epic, and then discovers that he is the elder maternal half-brother of those he is fighting against. Karna is a symbol of someone who is rejected by those who should love him but do not given the circumstances, yet becomes a man of exceptional abilities willing to give his love and life as a loyal friend. His character is developed in the epic to raise and discuss major emotional and dharma (duty, ethics, moral) dilemmas. His story has inspired many secondary works, poetry and dramatic plays in the Hindu arts tradition, both in India and in southeast Asia.

Etymology and epithets
Karna was also called with many names. Some of them are:

 * Vasusena – Original name of Karna, means "born with wealth" as he was born with natural armour and earrings.
 * Suryaputra – Son of Surya
 * Radheya – son of Radha (Karna's adopted mother).
 * Sutaputra – son of charioteer.
 * Angaraja – king of Anga.
 * Daanaveera – one of charitable nature or one who is exceptionally munificent (generous)
 * Vijayadhari – holder of a bow named Vijaya which was gifted by Lord Parashurama.
 * Vaikartana – one who belongs to solar race (related to Surya).
 * Vrisha – one who is truthful in speech and kept his vows.

Nomenclature
Karṇa (कर्ण) is a word found in the Vedic literature, where it means "the ear", "chaff or husk of a grain" or the "helm or rudder". In another context, it refers to a spondee in Sanskrit prosody.

In the Mahabharata and the Puranas, it is the name of a warrior character. Called Vasusena as a child by his foster parents, he became known by the name Karna because of the golden earrings of Surya he used to wear, according to the Sanskrit epics scholar David Slavitt.

The word Karna, states the Indologist Kevin McGrath, signifies "eared, or the ear-ringed one". In section 3.290.5 of the Mahabharata, Karna is described as a baby born with the ear-rings and armoured breastplate, like his father Surya.

The second meaning of Karna as "rudder and helm" is also an apt metaphor given Karna's role in steering the war in Book 8 of the epic, where the good Karna confronts the good Arjuna, one of the climax scenes wherein the Mahabharata authors repeatedly deploy the allegories of ocean and boat to embed layers of meanings in the poem. For example, his first entry into the Kurukshetra battlefield is presented as the Makara movement (an arrangement of soldiers in the sea-monster pattern). As Duryodhana's army crumbles each day, the sea and vessel metaphor repeatedly appears in the epic, particularly when Karna is mentioned. As a newborn, Karna's life begins in a basket without a rudder on a river, in circumstances that he neither chose nor had a say. In Book 1, again in the context of Karna, Duryodhana remarks, "the origins of heroes and rivers are indeed difficult to understand".

The name Karna is also symbolically connected to the central aspect of Karna's character as the one who is intensely preoccupied with what others hear and think about him, about his fame, a weakness that others exploit to manipulate him. This "hearing" and "that which is heard", states McGrath makes "Karna" an apt name and subtle reminder of Karna's driving motivation.

Mythology and sources: Mahābhārata
The story of Karna is told in the Mahābhārata, one of the Sanskrit epics from the Indian subcontinent. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text probably date to about 400 BCE. Within Mahabharata, which follows the story within a story style of narration, the account of Karna's birth has been narrated four times.

Karna appears for the first time in the Mahabharata in the verse 1.1.65 of Adi Parvan (first book) where he is briefly mentioned through the metaphor of a tree, as someone who is refusing to fight or help in the capture of Krishna. He is presented again in sections 1.2.127–148, and chapter 1.57 of the Adi Parvan. It is here that his earrings "that make his face shine", as well as the divine breastplate (body armor) he was born with, are mentioned for the first time. This sets him apart as someone special, with gifts no ordinary mortal has. However, later in the epic, the generous Karna gives the "earrings and breastplate" away in charity, thereby becomes a mortal and later dies in a battle with Arjuna.

The story of his unmarried mother getting the child due to her curiosity, his divine connection to the Hindu god Surya, then his birth appears for the first time in the epic in section 1.104.7. The epic uses glowing words to describe Karna, but the presentation here is compressed in 21 shlokas unlike the later books which expand the details. These later sections with more details on Karna's birth and childhood include 3.287, 5.142 and 15.38. According to McGrath, the early presentation of Karna in the Mahabharata is such as if the poets expect the audience to already know the story and love the character of Karna. The text does not belabour the details about Karna in the early sections, rather uses metaphors and metonyms to colourfully remind the audience of the fabric of a character they already are assumed to be aware of. The complete narrative of his life appears for the first time in chapter 1.125.

Manuscripts, many versions
The Mahabharata manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the Bhagavad Gita which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions. The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. The legends of Karna too appear in many versions, including some versions that have no support in surviving manuscripts. The manuscripts found in the North and South India for the Karna parvan book have "great divergence" in details, though the thematic essence is similar. Scholars have attempted to construct a critical edition, relying mostly on a study of the Bombay edition, the Poona edition, the Calcutta edition and the south Indian editions of the Mahabharata manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by Vishnu Sukthankar at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, preserved at the Kyoto University, the Cambridge University and various Indian universities.

Birth and early life
According to the legend, there was a king of the Yadava dynasty named Shurasena who had a beautiful young daughter named Pritha (later Kunti). A rishi (Vedic scholar and seer) named Durvasa visited the king for a lengthy stay and was housed as his palace guest. Shurasena asked Pritha to ensure that Durvasa's stay was comfortable. On leaving, having been delighted with his stay and her diligent services, Durvasa thanked her and gave her the Siddha mantra, telling her that if she ever wants, she can invoke any deity to give her a child.

Teenage Pritha became curious, wondered if the mantra would really work and, as the sun rose one morning, she initiated the mantra through which she could invoke any divine God being to provide her a son. She called the sun god Surya. He came with a golden glow, dressed up in jewellery and breastplate, and provided her with her first son. Pritha felt confused and ashamed, worried what everyone will think and how she will embarrass her family. At that time, according to Vedic civilization, if a girl gives birth to a child before married are less likely to marry. So, she put the newborn baby in a padded basket, and set it adrift in the small river Ashvanadi by the palace.

Later Kunti got blessed with children Yudhishtra, Bhima, and Arjuna, using this mantra. The same mantra was used by Kunti to allow her co-wife, Madri, to conceive Nakula and Sahdeva. The Spiritual "fathers" of the five Pandavas were Yama, Vayu, Indra and the twin Ashwini Kumaras.

As the adolescent mother abandons her unwanted child on the river, she laments and the epic verses describe her emotions with heartbreaking poetry, according to the Indologist Patricia Greer.

The basket floats, reaches the river Charmanwati, which carries it to the Yamuna River. The basket floats on and reaches the Ganges River and on it into the kingdom of Anga (ancient Bengal). There, it is found by a charioteer's wife Radha, who takes the baby Karna to her husband Adhiratha Nandana. They adopt him right away and name him Vasushena. They love him and raise him just like their own son. While he was growing up, his adopting parents let Karna know that they had found and adopted him. This knowledge affects Karna, he feels ashamed that he was abandoned, and this frames his sense of self-identity through the epic.

The boy goes to school in Hastinapura, and studies martial arts under the sages Drona, Kripa and the Vishnu avatar Parashurama. Parashurama also gifted him a bow named Vijaya due to his impressive skills.

The third Pandava prince Arjuna was Karna's peer and equal. At school and in episodes where his character appears, he is repeatedly rejected, subjected to ridicule and bullied for being the son of a poor family, and particularly for his low birth. The boy Karna came to be known for his solitary habits, hard work, pious yoga before Surya every day, compassion and eager generosity to help anyone in need particularly Brahmins, his gift of speech, and for the pursuit of excellence in whatever he did. Karna is also known as someone who craves for respect, love and attention, who is overly sensitive to criticism, who habitually brags about his skills and martial capabilities, yet is deeply thoughtful and dharmic in critical moments of the epic.

Relationship with Duryodhana
Karna meets Duryodhana for the first time in Hastinapura during archery lessons from Drona, an event described in section 3.293 of the Mahabharata. They become close friends not long after, when Karna and Arjuna are at a weapons trial competition. Duryodhana sees in Karna a man who is an equal of Arjuna in martial abilities, and someone to befriend to balance out Arjuna and thereby "diminish the Pandavas".

Before the competition starts, the contestants must announce theirs lineage so that men of equal ranks are placed together. After Arjuna announces his royal lineage, it is time for Karna to present his lineage. If Karna were to announce his charioteer lineage, it would disqualify him from competing against Arjuna. Duryodhana steps in and says Karna is an Arajna (a non-king, but also a word play on Arjuna) but announces that he is offering to anoint Karna as the king of Angas (Bengal). Once Karna is a king, states Duryodhana, Arjuna would not have the excuse to avoid Karna and not compete with the able warrior. Karna accepts the anointment, becomes a king that day. It also transforms him into a loyal friend to Duryodhana, with an eagerness to reciprocate the favour. Karna asks Duryodhana what he would want in return for the kingdom he just gave out of his empire, Duryodhana replies, "I want your endless friendship Karna".

For the consecration ceremony, Karna's father arrives. Bhima, one of the Pandavas, ridicules him for his low status and calls him dog-like. The public insult of his father makes Karna hate the Pandavas. At the end of the competition, while everyone rejects Karna, Duryodhana expresses amity to Karna by "taking Karna by his hand". Karna feels Duryodhana is that friend who stood by him when everyone rejected him. Duryodhana becomes Karna's lifelong close friend. In Karna, Duryodhana finds an able man and talented commander who can help him gain and retain power over an empire. In Duryodhana, Karna finds a caring friend and resourceful supporter when almost everyone is bent on ridiculing and disowning him.

Karna evolves into a character who shares Duryodhana's view that Pandavas are bad and enemies, though for different reasons. Karna participates with Duryodhana in schemes to effect the downfall of the Pandavas. Duryodhana provides the goals, Karna conspires the means to get there.

In the final year of the exile of the Pandavas, Duryodhana plans to sow dissension and keep the entire empire to himself. In contrast, Bhisma and Drona suggest a conciliation and dividing the kingdom into two, half for Kauravas and other for Pandavas. Karna, in contrast, adopts the hawkish approach and becomes the first to suggest a direct confrontation in the form of the Kurukshetra war. He calls for "together we should slay the Pandavas" as the final solution. Karna persistently recommends violence and an all-out war, to settle things once and for all, by good brave warriors. Karna also accuses Bhisma and Drona as covetous materialists and dishonest in counselling Duryodhana with non-violent strategies. Duryodhana has evil intentions and is a bad king, but it is Karna who fuels Duryodhana's ambitions and fights his battles.

With Duryodhana, Karna is a key participant in insulting the Pandavas and Draupadi. He humiliates the Pandavas with his gift of speech and mocks Draupadi, then calls her a "whore" and asks Duhshasana to strip her off her clothes. It is Karna's language and insults that hurt the Pandavas and Draupadi the most, a sentiment that is noted in numerous verses of the Mahabharata such as 3.13.113 and 5.93.11. Yet, states the Mahabharata scholar Alf Hiltebeitel, "remarkably, Karna regrets his harsh words to Draupadi and Pandavas", in verse 5.139.45, where he confesses he spoke so to please Duryodhana.

Minor battles
The Adi Parva mentions Karna's battle with Drupada, king of Panchala. After the Kauravas and Pandavas finished their training under Drona, the teacher asked his pupils to capture his enemy Drupada as their Gurudakshina. The Kauravas, accompanied by Karna, attacked first, but were defeated by Drupada. Later Arjuna captured Drupada and freed his cousins and his rival.

Pandavas performed Rajasuya yaga. According to this, they have to either defeat or make alliance with other kingdoms. When Bhima came to Anga Kingdom, Karna did not accept to make alliance due to which a terrific war took place between Bhima and Karna. Each used some of their prominent weapons on the other. At last Bhima defeated Karna but failed to kill because of Karna's Kavacha and Kundala.

In the Shanti Parva of Mahabharata, Karna fought with Jarasandha, the powerful ruler of Magadha, in the Swayamvar of daughter (Bhanumati) of Chitrangada of Kalinga. Although Jarasandha was very powerful, Karna defeated him. To please Karna, Jarasandha gifted him the land of Malini.

During the exile of the Pandavas, Duryodhana and his allies were captured by Chitrasena, a Gandharva king, for their misdeeds. Karna tried run away from battle-field after getting defeated by Chitrasena but was captured. On knowing this, Yudhishthira asked Arjuna to free them since this would be a humiliation to Hastinapura. Arjuna followed his eldest brother's order and first requested Chitrasena to release Kauravas and Karna. Chitrasena rejected Arjuna's request and asked him to fight with him in order to free Kauravas and Karna. Thus a battle took place. Arjuna used Shabdavedi astra and captured Chitrasena. Arjuna then released his cousins and his rival.

Hostilities with the Pandavas
The relationship between Karna and the Pandavas, particularly Arjuna, were hostile. The Mahabharata mentions Karna as the main challenger of Arjuna at sporting and skills competitions. At martial sporting events, Arjuna and Karna were often equal, though in his self-bragging style Karna once announced, states McGrath, that "he will perform any feat that Arjuna has accomplished and do it better".

At the svayamvara competition of Draupadi, where she is expected to choose her husband, both Arjuna and Karna are present. Arjuna and his brothers, however, are disguised as mendicant Brahmins. They use this false identity in exile because Duryodhana had attempted to kill them using various schemes, including burning the lacquer house – custom built for the Pandavas by Duryodhana – along with the forest while they were sleeping. There are some variations regarding Karna's participation. Some renditions show Draupadi refusing to marry Karna on account of being a Sūta, while some other versions describe him failing to string the bow by the "breadth of a hair". In the end, Arjuna succeeds in the task, However Karna objects that the competition is only meant for Kshatriyas, and Brahmins such as "the mendicant who just strung the bow" should not be competing for the hand of Draupadi, a Kshatriya bride. Duryodhana supports him. The gathered Kshatriyas too angrily support Karna, for they against the mixing of varna (here, Brahmin-Kshatriya marriage). Arjuna maintains his calm, continues to hide his true identity, insists that he is a "Brahmin who fight". Arjuna's accomplishments and calmness win Draupadi's heart. Draupadi picks Arjuna and awards the garland to him, signify that she chooses to marry the disguised-Brahmin Arjuna. The varna-based discrimination and verbal insults on Arjuna, for lovely Draupadi's hand, one that Karna initiates at the time of Draupadi's svayamvara competition comes back to haunt him many times through angry Bhima and others who remind Karna that he is merely a suta-putra (son of a charioteer). Draupadi too never likes Karna thereafter.

Karna fights and berates the Pandavas at the legendary gambling match during the royal consecration ritual. There, Karna uses the choicest words to insult Draupadi that takes the bitterness of Pandava for Karna to much more emotional level from what previously was a dispute about respective martial prowess. These are the sections of the epic when the Pandavas, Arjuna in particular, openly pledge to kill Karna. Karna retaliates with words too, stating that Arjuna's death is so near that he will "not wash his feet until Arjuna is slain".

Karna is not proud of his anger and outbursts. Later, in a quieter moment with Krishna such as in section 5.139.45, and to his lifelong friend Duryodhana in section 8.1.7, Karna confides he was wrong in insulting Draupadi and the Pandavas, it is his past karma that haunts him and is a source of his private suffering.

Discovery of his biological mother
Book 5 of the Mahabharata describes two meetings where Karna discovers information about his birth. The first meeting is with Krishna, the second where his biological mother Kunti comes to meet him for the first time.

Krishna approaches Karna as an ambassador seeking to prevent violence and the war. Krishna starts by complimenting Karna for knowing "the Vedas and the subtlety of the dharmasastras". He then requests his support to end the cascading cycle of violence and war. Krishna tells Karna that Kunti is his biological mother and Pandavas are his half-brothers. In section 5.138 of the epic, according to McGrath, Krishna states, "by law, Karna should be considered as the eldest born of Pandavas", that he can use this information to become the king. Through his relationship to his mother Kunti, all Vrishnis on Krishna's side will also recognize him and be his tributary, he can be the emperor with power over everyone. Yudhisthira will hold the fan for him as he sits in the throne, Bhima his umbrella, and the common wife of the Pandavas – Draupadi too – says Krishna, may marry to him. after some time, were Karna to press his status as the eldest biological Pandava brother, end the war and rule the world.

Karna declines the offer. Karna replies that though he was born from Kunti, it was the wife of a charioteer "Radha who gave him love and sustenance", and that makes her his real mother. Similarly, it is from the love and affection and "not scripture" that he knows Adhiratha to be his real father. He is already married, says Karna, he has two sons and now grandsons, all because his father Adhiratha helped him settle into his married life. What matters most in life are the "bonds of love", according to Karna, and not power over the world. He shall betray no one, remain loyal to those who love him, including his friend Duryodhana, with whom he has been in allegiance for thirteen years. It is not "blood ties" that matter, but how someone treats you over a period of time that does. He made a promise to Duryodhana and he will keep it. It is his duty to fight Arjuna.

Krishna then went to Kunti and asked her to meet Karna and tell him that he is her first born son and the Pandavas were his brothers. Krishna left it to her to choose between Karna and her five other sons. Kunti then went to meet Karna, finds him praying. She waits. After he finished his prayers to Surya, Karna meets Kunti for the first time in his adult life. He greets her (he now already knows her to be his biological mother). With folded hands, he introduces himself as the son of Radha and Adhiratha, and inquires about the purpose of her visit. Kunti then confesses that he is her firstborn. Surya also appears and confirms Kunti's story, and suggests that he follow her. Karna says that though he may have been the firstborn, he never received the affection or care from her as the firstborn. "You discarded me", says Karna to Kunti, "you destroyed me in a way that no enemy could ever do to him". It is too late. He reiterates that he loves the parents who raised him, they love him, and he will remain loyal to his lifelong relationships. No one should abandon those who give respect and affection, says Karna in these Mahabharata verses. The war momentum shall continue and he aims to kill Arjuna. Karna promised to Kunti that he will not kill any of his other four half-brothers, but either "Arjuna or I" shall die and she can still say she has five sons just as she did all her life.

After these developments and pondering on Karna's life choices, the divine Krishna, as well as a host of Mahabharata heroes, in private and after his death, honour Karna as a satpurusha (lit. "a true, honest, good man") and "the best among those who understand and uphold the dharma".

Role in Kurukshetra War
Karna was born with aspects of his divine father Surya – the earrings and armour breastplate – that made him an immortal at birth. However, despite being warned, Karna prefers to lose these natural gifts in order to uphold his reputation as the one who always gives dāna (charity), particularly to Brahmins, as being more important than his own life.

As the battle-to-death between Karna and Arjuna becomes certain, Kunti – the mother of both, faints and later weeps in sorrow that her boys are bent on killing each other. In parallel, Arjuna's brothers and Indra – the father of Arjuna and a major Vedic deity – plan ways to make Karna mortal. Surya meets Karna and warns him of Indra's plan to appear disguised as a Brahmin to divest him of his earrings and breastplate, and thereby his immortality. Karna disregards this warning and says that if the king of gods Indra comes to beg before him, and if he charitably gives to Indra, it will bring him "renown and fame", then argues that "fame is more important to him than anything else". Indra appears as predicted, and Karna cuts his birthmarks of immortality with a knife, and gives the blood-soaked donation to disguised-as-a-Brahmin Indra. The leader of gods in return praises him and gives him a missile that can only be used once and will kill any mortal or immortal.

Karna keeps the Indra's missile in reserve since it could only be used once, and aims to kill Arjuna with it. By the thirteenth day of the Mahabharata war, numerous soldiers, kings, brothers and sons of Kauravas (Karna's side) and Pandavas (Arjuna's side) had been killed, many by foul means. The war had entered a brutal stage, according to the Mahabharata verses in sections 7.150–156. On the fourteenth day, Arjuna took revenge of his own son's death, while Bhima and his son Ghatotkacha wreaked havoc on numerous Kaurava battalions. The war that previously started after sunrise and stopped at sunset, did not stop on the fourteenth day's sunset as both armies continued a ferocious war to kill each other. Bhima's son Ghatotkacha had a rakshasha lineage, and his powers of illusion to confuse the enemies grew to enormous proportions as the war dragged deeper into the fifteenth night. Duryodhana and Karna's Kaurava friends plead that they are finished unless Karna does whatever it takes to kill Ghatotkacha. Karna hurls the "Indra missile" to kill Ghatotkacha. Karna thus saves his reputation among his soldiers, launches the missile and kills Ghatotkacha. Duryodhana and Kaurava army rejoice with the death of Bhima's son Ghatotkacha, but now Karna had exhausted the weapon that gave him an advantage over Arjuna.

Death
As the second last day of the war and Karna's day of death dawns, Karna asks Duryodhana to convince king Shalya to be his charioteer since he plans to kill Arjuna that day. The South Indian king considers it below his dignity to be a mere charioteer and starts insulting Karna, who retaliates with words. Duryodhana intervenes, praises both, presses Shalya to guide the chariot for the critical battle. Ultimately Shalya agrees. Since all previous commanders of Duryodhana had been killed, he anoints Karna as the senapati (commander of all his forces) for the first time. Karna and Shalya head into the battlefield together, though they keep insulting each other's abilities and intent, lack mutual devotion and teamwork. Together they reach Arjuna with Krishna. They battle that day, each showing his martial skills of attack as well as his ability to neutralize all weapons that reach their chariot. Then, the wheel of Karna's chariot gets stuck in the ground. Karna steps out of his chariot and is distracted while trying to unstick it. Arjuna – whose own son was killed by the Kauravas a day ago while he was trying to unstick his chariot's wheel – takes this moment to launch the fatal attack. Karna dies.

Marital life
The Mahabharata provides scarce information on Karna's marital life. In the Udyoga Parva, it is mentioned that he married a Suta woman chosen by Adhiratha. She is later referenced in the Stri Parva as the mother of Vrishasena and Sushena, the two most prominent sons of Karna. Marital details of Karna's life are expanded and reimagined in later adaptations of the Mahabharata.

In the modern day version of the Mahabharata, nine sons of Karna are mentioned—Vrishasena, Chitrasena, Satyasena, Sushena, Shatrunjaya, Dvipata, Banasena, Prasena and Vrishaketu.

Vedic and Indo-European parallelism
The Karna-Arjuna story has parallels in the Vedic literature and may have emerged from these more ancient themes. According to McGrath, the Vedic mythology is loaded with the legendary and symbolism-filled conflict between Surya (sun) and Indra (clouds, thunder, rain). Indra cripples Surya in the Vedic mythology by detaching his wheel, while Arjuna kills Karna while he tries to fix the wheel that is stuck in the ground. As another example of parallels, Surya too has a birth mother (Night) who abandons him in the Vedic texts and he too considers his adoptive mother (Dawn) who raises him to his bright self as the true mother just like Karna. This idea was first discussed by the philologist Georges Dumézil, who remarked that similar mythology and details are found in other ancient Indo-European stories.

Karna resembles various famous characters found in Hindu texts. The attributed author of Mahabharata, the sage Vyasa, was also born from an unwed union of Satyavati and sage Parashara. German Indologist Georg von Simson states that Karna of the Mahabharata resembles Kumbhakarna of the Ramayana, the demon brother of the main antagonist Ravana of the epic Ramayana in their powers to sway the war. Both Karna and Kumbhakarna did not take part in the great wars of their respective epics at the start.

Scholars internationally have also drawn parallels with various European mythologies. Karna's kavacha (breastplate armour) has been compared with that of Achilles's Styx-coated body and with Irish warrior Ferdiad's skin that could not be pierced. He has been compared to the Greek mythological part divine, part human character Achilles on various occasions as they both have divine powers but lack corresponding status.

Dharma-ethics
Dharma is a complex concept in the Indian religions. It is not an atomistic or compartmentalized concept, rather incorporates "ways of living, ways of seeing and ways of relating to life's ultimate issues", according to Matilal. Of those issues, ones relating to right or wrong behaviour, duties, rights, and expectations from others are the domain of dharma-ethics. Karna's story raises the dharma-ethics questions both while Karna acts in the epic as well as after his death. These questions arise with the circumstances related to his birth and through his death. Karna chooses loyalty to his lifelong friend and "good policy based on his heart" to be of higher value than accepting Krishna's recommendation that he switch sides and become the king as the eldest son of Kunti based on dharmasastras. According to Gurcharan Das, the character of Karna in the ancient Hindu epic suggests a social debate between "inherited status" and "deserved status", a debate that remains relevant to the contemporary times. Das writes,

"Karna, like the other heroes in the Mahabharata, forces us to look at ourselves and at our frailties. When Karna is not allowed to train in weaponry because he is a suta, it makes one ask, ’What if my child had been denied entry into college because of her birth?’ [...] We want them [our children] to feel secure and confident about their position. We want them to be treated with respect as equals. The Mahabharata is not content simply to point out the weaknesses of human beings. It criticizes society's flaws. It raises the question whether a person's social position should be defined by birth or by some other criterion, such as accomplishment of some sort. [...] Karna challenges their traditional understanding of dharma – as inherited status – and offers a new notion of dharma as deserved status. Karna has to be 'the wrong person in the wrong place' – this is what Karna symbolizes to many minds today. Life may have been unfair to Karna but he rises above pity. Despite his flaws we admire him."

Circumstances and subjective morality
As the Karna story unfolds, similar to other stories in epic, it raises moral dilemmas. With each dilemma, the Mahabharata presents various sides and shades of answers through the characters. According to Bimal Matilal, the characters face a "choice between irreconcilable obligations", between two good or two poor choices, where complex circumstances must be considered. These circumstances make the evaluation of the choices complicated and a decision difficult, subjective. When circumstances lead to a conflict between two choices that are both right in their own premises, then following one duty becomes "contrary to the duty according to the other". Under these circumstances, there is an inherent subjective weighing of one moral duty against another.

According to the Mahabharata, human conflicts such as those illustrated through Karna-Arjuna conflict are inherently complicated and come with circumstantial depth. During violence and war, where all sides are motivated in part by their own beliefs in what constitutes righteousness, coupled with anger, frustration, and fear, the circumstances are ever more complex, actions irreversible, choices difficult. The choices made by Karna and his opponents must then be reflected upon both in terms of the circumstances and the mesh of multiple relative goods or bads, by characters each with different combinations of human strengths and weaknesses.

According to the Indologist Adam Bowles, while the Hindu Arthashastra text presents an objective analysis of situations, its dharmasutras, dharmasastras and the epics attempt to deal with the more complex, subjective scenarios of life. The dharma, according to the Mahabharata and as Karna's story illustrates, is sukshma (subtle) and subjective to circumstances. According to Julian Woods, these stories suggest that the difficulty is not really between "dharma and adharma", but rather "conflict between different dharmas". No act, states Woods, on this earth "is wholly good or wholly bad".

Human behaviour
Karna and other characters in the Mahabharata, like all human beings, combine a spectrum of good and bad behaviour, intentions and deeds. According to Das, all of the epic's characters including Karna do good deeds, foul deeds, and they are "ineradicable mixture of good and evil". With the assistance of Karna, Duryodhana plotted many evil plans against the Pandavas. Similarly, the Pandavas use foul means in an attempt to win a war, and Arjuna sets aside the Hindu behavioural code for "just war" when Karna becomes defenceless and distracted by his chariot's stuck wheel.

According to the Mahabharata scholar Sukthankur, as quoted by Indologist Adarkar, there are apparent contradictions in Karna's character. His behaviour reflects a "frustration complex" that makes sense in light of the circumstances of his birth and early life. Karna is a mirror with "insights into human nature" and how circumstances have the ability to shape human behaviour and one's personality. Karna is not evil, just a misfit or a rebel, an inspiring character if viewed from one set of values and an abnormal character from another set of values. Other characters in the epic, on both sides, present behaviour conflicted hues of human behaviour in difficult circumstances. Karna is cruel in some situations such as against Draupadi, a behaviour he himself regrets in the pages of the Mahabharata. To the victim Draupadi, it was a violence she would never forget nor live with, and Karna's personal regrets did not balance out her sexual humiliation in public. The reader and epic's audience can empathize with his psychology, as well as the psychology and the counter-behaviour of his victims.

According to Adarkar, the Karna story also illustrates a different paradigm, one that transcends the Oedipal theories and evolutionary models of human behaviour. The Karna narrative resonates deeply with some in part because of his "heroic steadfastness" (dhirata), being comfortable with who he is, his beliefs and acting according to his dharma rather than being someone who evolves and changes as he studies martial arts, or because of Krishna's advice, or Kunti's confession that Karna is her firstborn. He refuses to wear "Emperor's New Clothes", states Adarkar, and thus "being revealed as a fraud" and ever-adapting to new psychological garb. He loves the parents who adopted him, he loves his friends and heritage. Karna exemplifies a personality that does not "discard identity after identity, but rather one who thrives by accepting and steadfastly hanging on to a meaningful identity". A more modern era example of Karna-like human behaviour was in Mahatma Gandhi, who "after getting well-educated in a British law school and gaining international experience", steadfastly felt more empowered to embrace his heritage and culture rather than abandon or transcend it.

Flawed, tragic hero
Karna is the flawed tragic hero of the Mahabharata. He is martially adept and equal to Arjuna as a warrior, a gifted speaker who embeds provocative insults for his opponents in front of an audience. He does the right thing (dharma) yet is cruel and mean (adharma). He never questions the ethics of his lifelong friend Duryodhana rather conspires and abets in Duryodhana's quest for power through the abuse of his opponents. He complains of "dharma failed him" on the day of his death, yet in his abuse of Draupadi, he himself ignores the dharma. He is a victim of his circumstances beyond his choosing, as much as the cause of circumstances that victimize other flawed heroes of the epic. His life story raises compassion, sorrow with an impending sense of destruction and fear (phobos and eleos) in the audience, as any good tragic drama. According to the Indologist Daniel Ingalls, the Karna character refutes the "bon mot that Indian poets knew no tragedy" before the colonial British introduced European literature to the Indians. Karna, and many Rajput ballads, are clearly tragedies in the Aristotlean and Elizabethan sense, states Ingalls.

According to Julian Woods, Karna is a "tragic antihero" of the epic. He is both generous to the Brahmins yet arrogant and cruel to the Pandavas. He bitterly opposes the Pandavas and is the pillar of support to the Kauravas, yet as he nears his fatal battle, he is also willing to accept his mistakes and recognize the good in Yudhisthira and the Pandavas he opposes.

Secondary literature
The Karna story has been retold and adapted into drama, plays and dance performances in India and southeast Asia. These versions vary significantly from each other as well as the Mahabharata manuscript.

Literature
Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem, "Karna Kunti Sangbad" based on the meeting of Karna and Kunti before the war. Karna also has been topic of various contemporary literary works. The Marathi books of Radheya (1973) authored by Ranjit Desai and Mrityunjay (1967) authored by Shivaji Sawant bring forth a fictionalized account of Karna's private and personal life. Sawant also received Moortidevi Award, instituted by Bharatiya Jnanpith, for his work and was translated into nine languages. Ramdhari Singh Dinkar in 1978 published an epic poem Rashmirathi (translation: One who rides the Chariot of light, 1952) which narrates Karna's life. The poem has later also been adapted as a play.

In popular culture

 * Shyam Benegal's 1981 film Kalyug adapted the Mahabharat as a conflict between rival business houses with Shashi Kapoor playing Karan, the character based on Karna.
 * Rajinikanth played a character based on Karna in the 1991 Kollywood film Thalapathi. The theme of the film is based on the friendship between Karna and Duryodhana.
 * Ajay Devgan played a character based on Karna in the 2010 Bollywood film Raajneeti.
 * South Indian film actor Mohanlal performed Karna on the stage in Karnabharam, a Sanskrit play that was premiered in New Delhi in 2001 as part of the Bharat Rang Mahotsav directed by Kavalam Narayana Panicker. The play depicts Karna's mental agony a day before the Kurukshetra War, as he thinks about his past and his faith.
 * Bala Devi Chandrashekar plays the character of Karna in the 2015 Bharatanatyam production Karna – Destiny's Child.

title: Karna


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Harpeth River

The Harpeth River, 115 mi long, is one of the major streams of north-central Middle Tennessee, United States, and one of the major tributaries of the Cumberland River. Via the Cumberland and the Ohio Rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. The lower portion of the Harpeth is designated as a "scenic river" under the Tennessee Scenic Rivers Act.

Course
The Harpeth rises in the westernmost part of Rutherford County, Tennessee, just to the east of the community of College Grove in eastern Williamson County. The upper portion of the river has been contaminated to some extent by the operation of a lead smelting plant located near the Kirkland community that recycled used automobile batteries from the 1950s until the 1990s.

The stream flows generally westerly into Franklin, the county seat of Williamson County and suburb of Nashville. The Harpeth is the source of the area's drinking water supply.

At Franklin, the course of the river turns more northwesterly; a few miles northwest of Franklin is the mouth of one of the Harpeth's main tributaries, the West Harpeth, which drains much of the southern portion of Williamson County. Near this site is an antebellum plantation house called "Meeting of the Waters". The river in this area flows quite near the Natchez Trace (the original road of that name, not the modern Parkway named for it, which is several miles distant). The river shortly crosses into Davidson County and receives the flow of the Little Harpeth River, another important tributary. The stream flows near the unincorporated Nashville suburb of Bellevue and shortly after this flows into Cheatham County.

The course of the river in Cheatham County is very meandering. A few miles into Cheatham County, it is joined by another major tributary, the South Harpeth, which drains some of the southwestern portion of Davidson County, southeastern Cheatham County, and a small portion of northwesternmost Williamson County.

In Cheatham County is a remarkable civil engineering feat of the early 19th century. Ironmaster Montgomery Bell built an iron mill near the "Narrows of the Harpeth". At a 7 mi horseshoe bend, Bell's workers cut a tunnel through approximately 200 yards (180 m) of solid rock. They used black-powder blasting techniques to build a diversion tunnel to power the mill, which Bell called "Pattison Forge" (often spelled, incorrectly, "Patterson") after his mother's maiden name. Bell was so pleased with his mill that he curtailed some of his other area operations and built a home near the site. Today, the diversion tunnel and some "slag" are about all that remain of his mill operation. The Montgomery Bell Tunnel is a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.

Also at the "Narrows of the Harpeth" is a prehistoric site known as Mound Bottom, noted for the complex earthwork constructions built from 950 and occupied into the 15th century. This area has several ceremonial and burial earthwork mounds of the Native American Mississippian culture, which preceded those historic tribes of the area known to European encounter. Bell's diversion tunnel and the sheer bluffs nearby are now part of the Narrows of the Harpeth section of Harpeth River State Park, a linear park connecting several natural, historic, and archaeological sites along the lower Harpeth.

From this historic site, the flow becomes generally more northerly, but still greatly meandering. The Harpeth soon forms the line between Dickson and Cheatham counties for the last part of its course. A few miles above the mouth are what are known as the Three Islands; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers proposed siting a dam near this location on several occasions and did some preliminary study. It was not supported by a favorable cost-benefit ratio and the project was never built. The lower portion of the Harpeth is very popular with canoeists, supporting canoe-outfitting and related businesses.

The mouth of the Harpeth into the Cumberland is near Ashland City, the Cheatham County seat. Near the mouth is a bridge on State Route 49 named in Montgomery Bell's honor. The mouth is just below the Cumberland's Harpeth Island, and is somewhat submerged by the backwaters of the Corps' Cheatham Dam.

After the removal of the lowhead dam in the city of Franklin, the Harpeth is Tennessee's second-longest unimpounded stream (the longest being the Buffalo).

Name
The origin of the name "Harpeth" is controversial. It is often claimed that the river was named for America's first known serial killers, the Harpe brothers, known as "Big Harpe" and "Little Harpe" who were in the area in 1797; this is erroneous since the name existed on maps and documents as early as 1784, predating their fame. A late-18th-century map, published in London, purportedly shows the steam as the "Fairpath"; there is some dissension about whether the name is of Native American origin or perhaps a corruption of the rather common English name "Harper".

Another possible origin for the name of the Harpeth River was presented by Edward D. Hicks in a paper read before the Tennessee Historical Society and published by the “American Historical Magazine” in 1900. Hicks comments upon the influence of classical literature read by learned gentlemen in the 18th century. One source popular among many in the English-speaking world, including America, was the “Spectator” published by Joseph Addison. The “Spectator” contained articles on philosophy, morals and the classics. In publication number 584, printed in 1714, is found the antediluvian love story of Hilpa, Harpath and Shalum. Harpath comes to an untimely end drowning in a river as he attempted to cross it. “The river is called to this day from his name, who perished in it, the river Harpath…”. Hicks does not offer the claim that this is the definitive origin of the name however he does say it is “certainly appropriate…I submit it as the most probable and ingenious theory I can suggest.” Early 18th-century maps including Matthew Carey's 1795 Map of Tennessee as well as that of John Reid, Imlay's American Topography, Arrowsmith, and Stockdale use the spelling Harpath River which differs from the modern spelling of “Harpeth”. The exception is John Russell's 1794 map of the Southwest Territory published in London circa 1794. The earliest known written reference is found in the diary of John Lipscomb. His July 1784 entry mentions the “Harpath” river. In addition, contemporary historian Virginia Bowman gives credence to Hicks' theory in her comprehensive book on early sites and homes of Williamson County, Tennessee.

There is no dispute that the title of the song "Harper Valley PTA" by Tom T. Hall is derived from this stream, indirectly. Hall, long an area resident, says that the song's name derives from Harpeth Valley Elementary School in Davidson County in Bellevue, but he also states that the song was definitely not based on any occurrence there; rather, he simply liked the sound of it.

River access
Common put-ins/take-outs:

Kingston Springs, TN - An area for canoe access in Cheatham County, west of Nashville.
 * Turkey Creek - approx. 438 E. Kingston Springs Rd.
 * Kingston Springs City Park - 589 Park Street, Kingston Springs, TN 37082
 * Gossett Tract -1230 Cedar Hill Road, Kingston Springs, TN 37082
 * Narrows of the Harpeth - 1254 Narrow of the Harpeth Road, Kingston Springs, TN 37082
 * Harris Street Bridge Canoe Access - 1672 Cedar Hill Road, Kingston Springs, TN 37082
 * Hwy 70 Canoe Access - 1007 Cedar Hill Road / 1294 Hwy 70, Kingston Springs, 37082

Franklin, TN
 * Fieldstone Park - approx. 2194 Fieldstone Pkwy.
 * Meeting of the Waters - approx. 3176 Del Rio Pike
 * The Rope Swing - Old Natchez Trace
 * Moran Rd - Moran Rd

Bellevue/West Davidson County, TN - An area for canoe access in Davidson County, west of Nashville.
 * Hwy 100 Canoe Access - 7701 Hwy 100, Nashville, TN 37221
 * Newsom's Mill - 8729 Newsom Station Road, Nashville, TN 37221
 * Hidden Lake - 7851 McCrory Lane, Nashville, TN 37221

title: Harpeth River


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Arden (automobile)

The Arden was a British automobile manufactured from 1912 to 1916 in Balsall Common, near Coventry. Starting out as a light and somewhat crude cyclecar, by the time production finished four years later, it had grown into a well-made four-cylinder car, featuring full four-seater coachwork.

The first model in 1912 was a 8 hp V-twin, air-cooled, 898 cc JAP-engined cyclecar with a wooden chassis. This continued in production until 1915.

This was supplemented in 1914 by the 10 hp, with either a water-cooled, Alpha 1104 cc two-cylinder or 1094 cc four-cylinder engine.

A larger car, the 11.9 hp with 1701 cc engine was made in 1916 only.

One Arden, a 1913 Alpha two-cylinder-engined two-seat model, is known to survive.

title: Arden (automobile)


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Ayrshire Coast Line

The Ayrshire Coast Line is one of the lines within the Strathclyde suburban rail network in Scotland. It has 26 stations and connects the Ayrshire coast to Glasgow. There are three branches, to Largs, Ardrossan Harbour and Ayr, all running into the high level at Glasgow Central.

The route is operated by ScotRail.

History
The Ayrshire Coast Line consists of lines that were formerly part of the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway, the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway, the Ardrossan Railway and its Largs Branch extension.

After electrification
The line to Ayr was electrified and Class 318 electric multiple units introduced by British Rail in September 1986. The line was promoted as the AyrLine in Scotrail publicity. Along with the introduction of new trains, major work was undertaken refurbishing stations, major trackworks and rebuilding many bridges. At the same time resignalling was carried out, replacing the existing semaphore signals. The full electrified service, including trains to Largs and Ardrossan Harbour, commenced on 19 January 1987. These were supplemented by occasional use of Class 303 and Class 311 EMUs, then in use on the Inverclyde Line.

These EMUs replaced the Class 101 and Class 107 DMUs that had served the line for over 30 years. Class 126 DMUs were also used on the line, but they succumbed to old age in the early 1980s.

Services 2023
As of December 2023, There is 4 trains per hour running every 15 minutes between Glasgow Central and Kilwinning, 2 of these continue to Ayr while 1 an hour serves Ardrossan Harbour and Largs each. Extra trains run at peak hours with all trains calling at Paisley Gilmour Street, Johnstone and Kilwinning. There is occasionally extra servicss which run to/from Ardrossan Harbour to connect with CalMac sailings to/from Brodick on Arran, There is a w hourly service which runs between Kilmarnock and Ayr which calls at Troon and at Prestwick* On a Sunday. There is 3 trains an hour, 2 to Ayr and 1 to Largs and 4 trains per day to/from Ardrossan Harbour to connect with ferries, There are no Sunday services to/from Kilmarnock

 * Not all Kilmarnock trains call at Prestwick Town and they do not call at Prestwick Airport

Route
The line runs along the same Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway route as the Inverclyde Line as far as Paisley Gilmour Street, using different platforms at Paisley Gilmour Street, where it turns south west towards Kilwinning on the route of the former Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway. Here the line branches in two, with one branch running south along the coast to Troon and Ayr. This branch also serves Prestwick Airport station, which opened in 1994. The other branch runs north along the coast to Ardrossan or Largs, becoming a single track for passenger trains after Saltcoats. Beyond Ayr, 'Sprinter' DMUs continue south towards Girvan and Stranraer.

The line connects with ferries at Ardrossan to Brodick on the Isle of Arran and at Largs to Great Cumbrae.

title: Ayrshire Coast Line


text:
Mikulčice

Mikulčice is a municipality and village in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,000 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The village of Těšice is an administrative part of Mikulčice. Mikulčice and Těšice are urbanistically fused.

Geography
Mikulčice is located about 6 km southwest of Hodonín and 52 km southeast of Brno, on the border with Slovakia. It lies in a flat landscape of the Lower Morava Valley. The municipality is crossed by the Kyjovka River. The Czech-Slovak border is formed here by the Morava River.

History
From the 6th until the 10th century, a Slavic fortified settlement existed 3 km southeast from the modern village on the site called Mikulčice-Valy. The settlement was one of the main centres of the Great Moravian Empire, plausibly its capital city. Excavations unearthed the remnants of twelve churches, a palace, and more than 2,500 graves (including a horse burial).

The first written mention of Mikulčice is from 1141. The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was first mentioned in 1353. At the beginning of the 15th century, a fortress stood here. The fortress was probably destroyed during the Hussite Wars.

The village was heavily damaged by the 2021 South Moravia tornado.

Economy
The local economy is predominantly based on agriculture and tourism.

Transport
The I/55 road (the section from Břeclav to Hodonín) passes through the municipal territory.

The railway line Přerov–Břeclav runs through Mikulčice, but there is no train station. The municipality is served by the station in neighbouring Lužice.

Sights
The main landmark of Mikulčice is the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. The original Gothic building from the mid-14th century was replaced by the current structure around 1500. In 1605 and 1683, the church burned down and was reconstructed. In the 1730s, it was rebuilt in the Baroque style, but the Gothic core has been preserved.

The Mikulčice-Valy site is the main tourist attraction. It is freely accessible. It includes an exhibition with archeological finds from this area, administered by the Masaryk Museum in Hodonín. Since 1962, the site has been protected as a national cultural monument.

Notable people

 * Miloslav Balun (1920–1994), pair skater

title: Mikulčice


text:
Talk:List of wine-producing regions

Irish Wine?
I don't think Ireland should be included as a wine producing region. It doesn't produce wine on any scale that I am aware. (There are a handful of vineyards producing German-style whites, but I've never actually seen the wine for sale here.) As such, I'm removing it. Wine is however produced in Southern Britain on a small commercial scale, (see cf. ) and note also that there are minor wine-producing countries that aren't on the list - e.g. Luxembourg. Blorg 20:09, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Actually, isn't Ireland too cool in the summer to produce most, if not all varieties of grapes? Heff01 04:54, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

German Regions
is there any system to the German wine-growing regions? Sometimes only a river is given? --Yak 11:01, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Not to this list. Am gradually fixing them, will fix this later. There are 13 official regions. I hadnt really looked at this page before. Frankly its completely useless. Justinc 21:06, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguated some links
I have disambiguated the links to most of the South Australian and Victorian regions. This led to creating a broken link for Eden Valley (the default target was wrong!), and the link for Macedon Ranges is to the shire, rather than create another broken link. The Grampians link still points to a disambiguation page, as it was not appropriate to redirect it to point to a national park. -- ScottDavis 08:06, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Could someone add China!
China is, according to FAO stats, one of the 10 biggest wine producing nations in the world, which seems reason enough to add the country. China is also lacking from the wine entry, despite having a small but nevertheless 2,000 years old tradition of wine making. 213.89.48.107 19:33, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Gavi
Hi, the wine-producing region of Gavi (a small village in the south of Piedmont) has nothing to do with the small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea (to which it is linked in this wikipedia page). One should create a disambiguation page. Riccardo

Appart from Commandaria Cyprus also produces a variety of other wines which also exports.

American viticultural areas
How does a county or region qualify as an American viticultural area? I am from Lehigh County, Pennsylvania which, despite being pretty small in area, having around 1,000 people per square mile, and not much farmland left, produces a significant share of Pennsylvania's internal wine sales, particularly from Clover Hill Winery and Blue Mountain Vineyards. I believe that it merits serious consideration, if not outright approval as an AVA. I should contact my Congressman Charlie Dent's office about this matter. Heff01 05:06, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * You posted this 12 years ago, but I just came across it and thought I would point out that the Lehigh Valley AVA was designated in 2008 and was likely proposed years before that, so your question was timely! AVAs can be proposed by anyone to the Tax and Trade Bureau through a bureaucratic process that takes years to play out. See the American Viticultural Area page for more information and links. Mdewman6 (talk) 19:42, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

I just did a major revision of the United States section in this article to reflect the major wine regions. It should supplement the List of American Viticultural Areas, not attempt to replicate it. Mdewman6 (talk) 19:42, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Palestinian Territories
Why are the Palestinian Territories listed as a subcategory of Iran? It seems that they ought to be either a subcategory of Israel or listed as their own region.

Scandinavia
Some farms in Denmark does produce wine from own grown grapes, see here (not english language). Orcaborealis (talk) 20:51, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Bolivia wine
I used in that country in South America and they produce and excellent wine around Tarija, close to the Argentinian border. I think it could be useful to add some information about that region and its grapes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.30.105.252 (talk) 21:01, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Venezuela wine
I had the curiosity to investigate about wine producers around the world and to my surprise y found listed in your article, to Venezuela. It really seems to be a joke, there are no conditions under no circumstances to produce a wine that comes close to the worst wines in the world. It is different to mean that here in Venezuela we grow grapes and use them to make a fairly good grape juice. Otherwise do not forget to mention, Cuba, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama, Colombia and other countries within the neighborhood which have geographical and technological conditions to make it better.

--Alvarefez (talk) 21:02, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The Oxford Companion to Wine almost agrees with you; around 1,000 hectares in Venezuela mostly used for table grapes or raisins, and wines mostly made from grape concentrate (which tends to give quite bad wine). But, production of at least decent wines relatively close to the equator is in fact an expanding phenomenon in several countries. Typically, I've understood that the trick is to seek out high locations (=colder, to avoid to quick ripening, which produces "jam" rather than wine) with reasonably low rainfall (rot due to moisture is typically a big problem in tropical viticulture). OCW mentions "Mérida in Lagunillas" as one such location, and Barquistimeto as another. Perhaps these names mean something to you? At least wine production in Venezuela, although a small affair, is not a joke. Tomas e (talk) 21:37, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Israel
Golan is not Israel --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 07:08, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I will try to explain once again. The Golan Heights are occupied by Israel, as I'm sure you know. This means that for practical purpose, the Golan Heights including its vineyards are currently under Israeli rather than Syrian control. One effect of this is that Israeli winemakers use the area to produce wines, which have become quite good, have found an export market, and received international acclaim, which is a contributing reason to why this subject is covered in Wikipedia. Those wines are labelled as Israeli wines, with Golan Heights their region of origin. (You are free to consider it an outrage, but that is still what their labels say.) Therefore, in this list of wine-producing regions, Golan Heights are sorted under the Israeli heading. However, to notify the reader that the list includes areas on occupied territories, there is an introductory remark with a wikilink to the subject. In my mind, this is an appropriate NPOV treatment of the subject in a list having a wine focus. In the linked articles, things can be explained in slightly more words than a list (respecting NPOV treatment and a proper focus of the articles, of course). And, of course, should Israel return Golan Heights to Syria, then we will naturally move the Golan Heights to a Syria heading, because then the wines would be produced under Syrian labels. I hope this clarifies matters, and let us all hope that we one day will see a more peaceful Middle East that will become more noted for its wine production than for its wars, conflicts and territorial disputes. Tomas e (talk) 11:18, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * This is not an advertisement for Israeli wine, so what the label says doesn't matter, every time Golan or any other area Israel occupies is mentioned, it must clearly say that it is not part of Israel. --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 14:49, 8 February 2010 (UTC)--Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 14:49, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * If your opinion is that this list is somehow "advertisement" and against Wikipedia policy, primarily WP:LIST, you should of course take it to WP:AFD to have it deleted. Because I would have to assume that your comment does not just apply to the relatively small "Israel" section of the list? Otherwise, I recommend WP:NOT for close reading, especially the WP:NOTSOAPBOX. I don't really see how your argumentation is related to improving this List of wine-producing regions, which is the sole purpose of this talk page under WP:TALK. Tomas e (talk) 22:43, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Clearly it is not our job to adjudicate between the rightful ownership of disputed territories in the Middle East or elsewhere. Therefore it would seem both appropriate and simple to list this both under Syria and under Israel together with a footnote stating that there is a territorial dispute. Ian Spackman (talk) 14:25, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't understand how a search for a reasonably NPOV view of how to draw up a List of wine-producing regions can be construed to be to "adjudicate between the rightful ownership of disputed territories" by anyone who has read the WP:AGF and WP:NPA policies. As to the inclusion of Golan Heights as a Syrian wine region, I'd of course be happy to do so, if you're able to provide a reliable sources showing there is any Golan Heights wine produced with "Syria" on the labels. And, by the way, this list is not of all pieces of land in all countries, but those having the status of wine regions. Unlike, say, Alsace, which has passed between Germany and France a number of times while still being a wine region, my understanding is that the Golan Heights viticultural activities were actually built up under Israeli control/occupation/whatchamacallit. Thus, the claim of Golan Heights as a Syrian wine region has little coverage in reality. Tomas e (talk) 22:43, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Comment As this is a wine article, the subject matter should be dealt in the same manner as it is in the wine world. In the wine world, what's on the wine label is of extreme importance in classification since nearly every wine law from the AOC-style systems used by many European Union countries to the American Viticultural Area have strict regulations on the region/country of origin being listed on the label. This has nothing to do with advertizing but rather the importance of the place name being on the wine label. In the wine world, wine produced from the Golan Heights is near universally considered Israeli wine and the region is classified as an "Israeli wine" region. That is why it is always listed as an "Israeli wine" on the wine label and that is why we list it here in the appropriate category. AgneCheese/Wine 23:18, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

"significant growing regions"
How "significant growing region" is defined? Bulwersator (talk) 13:37, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

I think this page is far too long and cumbersome. While was constitutes "significant" is indeed subjective, I think this article could be streamlined to more easily capture the breadth of the world's wine production and direct readers to country- or region-specific pages for more details. As such, I think sub-regions should in general not be included, unless they are particularly "significant" in their own right, either in terms of notoriety or production (yield). For example, the France section should point to French wine and list major regions like Bordeaux wine regions, Burgundy wine, Rhone wine, etc.. It should not list sub-appellations like Haut-Médoc unless they are particularly noteworthy. Readers interested in a sub region like that can more quickly get there via internal links on a concise page than scrolling through to find the direct internal link on this long, dense page.

Before anyone makes such a substantive change to this page, there should be discussion here to reach consensus (not just lack of objection). Mdewman6 (talk) 20:36, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

"Map used"
The world map used in the article is from, as far as I can tell, 1914. If you doubt me, note:

 * The lack of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka and India as Separate Countries.
 * The Giant Sprawling Colonial blobs in Africa.
 * The Existence of Tibet
 * The Non-Existence of Kazakhstan
 * The lack of a North/South Divide in Korea and the division of Sakhalin Island
 * The Existence of the Ottoman Empire and the Non-Existence of Poland

I could go one. I don't suppose it could be fixed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Diestormlie (talk • contribs) 22:53, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Proposed merge with List of wine-producing countries
These articles have a relatively large overlap, where two articles on the same concept will be confusing and cause discrepancies. ɱ (talk) · vbm  · coi) 16:31, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Argentine wine regions.jpg

Typos in France wine regions map
- It's Sud-Ouest not Sud-Oest - it's Languedoc not Langedoc - it's Provence not Provance -it's Bourgogne not Bourgone Finally, the régions have been changed several times; see the map at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France for the current borders and names.

Wrong data on production for Slovenia
The table on wine production per country says around 13.200 tons of wine were produced in Slovenia in 2014. The link to the source is either broken or I can't access it for some reason so I can't check it. However, the data makes no sense: 13.000 is the approximate number of hectares of registered veneyars in Slovenia (source: http://www.vinskadruzba.si/zemljevid/osnovni-podatki-o-vinogradnisko-vinarski-sloveniji/). According to the Statistical Office of Slovenia, those registered vineyards produced 659,500 hectoliters of wine in 2014 (source: https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/News/Index/5647), which should amount to around 65.000 tonnes. Viator slovenicus (talk) 23:02, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Making the United States Wine Section Shorter?
I can understand why Mdewman6 wanted to make the United States section shorter and I am glad they were able to find the article that I could not access earlier providing this list in more detail. However, I think the lists of certain European countries such as Italy and France need this more than the United States does since their lists are longer and not all of them have a citation or link to a Wikipedia article showing some of the listed wine-producing regions within these countries exist.J.rodz01 (talk) 23:40, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

Need for updating
2014 data is seriously out of date. MapReader (talk) 21:09, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of wine-producing regions


text:
User:Krwells

I`ve been a listener to Radio Caroline since discovering the station as a schoolkid in the late 70s. I like the music Caroline plays - a range of quality rock album tracks, I like the style of Caroline`s presenters, they speak to you like friends on a one-to-one basis, without superficiality. Free of the banality of most music radio, with it`s repetitive "Hits of the 70s, 80s and 90s and the Best from Today", daft jokes and woffle. In comparison to that, Caroline is a breath of fresh air.

Even though we now have more electronic media than we know what to do with: digital radio, digital television, internet, broadband, cable, satellite, mp3s, ipods, and who knows what else to come, Radio Caroline is still as important as ever on the media scene. The bulk of this over-supply of old and new media is already in the hands of the bland media conglomerates with their "corporate mission statements", marketing niches, expected quarterly results and the corporate bullshit of 21st century capitalism.

Despite all this, Caroline stands alone as a voice of quality music, sanity and freedom from the system. Long may she remain!

I launched the Radio Caroline listing on Wikipedia in 2003 when I found out that there was no entry for this world-famous radio phenomenon.

It`s my small tribute to the world`s greatest radio station and a way of saying Thank You for many years of great radio listening in the past - and in the future.

Caroline continues!

title: User:Krwells


text:
User:Snowspinner~enwiki/arbcom

Note that discussion of this page, should you for some reason want even more of my opinions, can be found on its talk page

Let me start with my qualifications. In my time on Wikipedia, I have tried to mediate and resolve a number of disputes on a number of articles. I will admit that sometimes this has been unsuccessful. Other times, I think it's been very successful. This seems to me an important thing, since one of the tasks of the arbcom is to resolve disputes. Actually, that's its main task. But I'll get to that in a minute. My other major qualification, I think, is that I have substantial experience moderating online message boards, including some fairly rowdy ones. Wikipedia is not a message board, certainly, but the experience keeping an often fractious community running smoothly, and, more importantly, of handling the need to block and ban disruptive users is extremely applicable here.

I believe that the function of the arbitration committee is to minimize disruption to Wikipedia. The arbcom is not about punishing bad users, and it is not about discipline. It is, as its place in the dispute resolution process would suggest, about resolving disputes. Resolving disputes, of course, means coming up with a solution that stops dispute, stops strife and conflict, and fosters the writing of an encyclopedia.

This involves a number of balancing acts.

The main is between the community and the arbitrator's judgment. On the one hand, no dispute will be resolved by going against the desires of a large number of people. The arbitration committee needs to be populist in order to be effective. On the other hand, there are lots of good reasons why quickpolls fell from favor. The point of the arbitration commitee is to rise above immediate public desire and to apply good judgment.

To this end, I think the central question in any arbcom case is the question of what the Wikipedia's desire is. Wikipedia is made up of two aspects which can be in direct conflict - on the one hand is the policies, and, more importantly in many ways, the principles that found Wikipedia. On the other is the communal aspect of Wikipedia. This communal aspect, however, is a part of the Wikipedia principles. The way this all shakes out, for me, is that the arbitration committee should follow the desires of the ideal community - that is, a community of smart, motivated people who want to write a free encyclopedia and all get along and have some fun doing it. One of the many barometers for telling what the ideal community would want is what the real community wants, because, let's face it, on the whole Wikipedia works pretty damn well.

So the questions the arbcom needs to settle, to my mind, are ones of what will best serve the writing of an encyclopedia. That said, we are living in the real world. Not everyone who comes to Wikipedia is trying to write an encyclopedia. And the openness of Wikipedia needs to be balanced with a willingness to minimize the damage these people can do, and to minimize it before it becomes a lot of damage.

To this end, here are how I would have voted on several cases in the past of the arbcom, and one or two that are still pending.

 * Irismeister: I would support a one month (Or longer - my first choice would have been three) ban of Irismeister - his behavior is problematic regardless of the article. I would also support the extension of the previous ban on editing Iridology to the talk page, but would ask Irismeister to, in six months time, appeal to the committee for a lifting of both of these bans if he has substantively reformed. My reasoning here is that Irismeister appears to be destructive but ultimately not wholly malicious - he seems to be a POV warrior. People with strong POVs can be valuable contributors if they can learn to accept and understand NPOV, and should be given a reasonable number of chances to do so. In the event that Irismeister returned from any sanction undeterred, I would support a permanant ban if this case came up again. I oppose, however, the notion of "personal attack parole." I think all users should be put on personal attack parole immediately.

 * Requests for arbitration/Mr-Natural-Health In this case, I think the arbcom got it spot on, though I, again, would not have opposed a ban of six months. Again, I think personal attack parole is silly.

 * Requests for arbitration/Wik2 At the time, it appeared that Wik was a productive Wikipedian gone bad. I would have supported the one month block of Wik, with an explicit note that this was not punishment, but rather the perception of a need for Wik to cool down. I would have supported removal of all personal attacks from Wik's userpage, and a clear note that further personal attacks and excessive reversion would be met with harsh penalties. In short, the general tone of my response would have been to give Wik one last chance. Obviously, subsequent events such as his vandalbot attack push my current position to being that Wik should be permanantly banned.

 * Requests for arbitration/Paul Vogel One year is, to me, the minimum ban here - I never saw any real evidence of productive contribution on Vogel's part. He was not a mere POV pusher, he was a POV psychotic, and should be permanantly banned - especially due to his repeated vandalism of the arbcom pages during the ruling.

 * Requests for arbitration/Mav v. 168. I would have supported desysopping 168 for a month in this case - to me, this is analagous to POV pushing and overzealous editing. He did not seem to be a bad sysop - he seems to have screwed up and lacked judgment in this case. Sanction and allow the possibility of reform.

 * Requests for arbitration/JRR Trollkien. This is a tough one. The role of the arbcom is not to determine policy, so the question becomes whether trolling is against the rules. Trolling, of course, is a very vaguely defined term. To me, the real question is whether it is OK for sysops to ban users who are obviously determined to disrupt Wikipedia. The answer, I think, is yes. That said, I am neutral on whether or not JRR's disruption qualified as obvious. I would have preferred an arbcom request based on his behavior, rather than on his username, which I would have gotten behind and advocated a 1-3 month ban.

 * Requests for arbitration/Cantus I would happily throw in a fourth vote for all of the solutions proposed here.

 * Requests for arbitration/ChrisO and Levzur I would support the one month ban in this case, and support the demand to explain reverts. I would also note that, in this case, it appears that the arbcom allowed the ball to drop because Levzur "left" Wikipedia. It turned out that he really only went to editing anonymously, and the problem persisted. I take this as a sign that the arbcom should continue to implement rulings regardless of abandonment on the part of one of the people.

Finally, I am generally skeptical of referring to mediation, because I think mediation is doomed to failure if one participant is uninterested in pursuing it. I feel that a fair question to ask before voting, however, is "Would both parties be willing to mediate the issue." If either says no, however, that should not be a black mark against arbitration in any way.

title: User:Snowspinner~enwiki/arbcom


text:
Ardsley (automobile)

The Ardsley was a short-lived American automobile designed by W. S. Howard and manufactured from 1905 to 1906 in Yonkers, New York, by the Ardsley Motor Car Company.

History
The company salesrooms were located at 50th Street and Broadway in Yonkers.

By 1906, the automobile was advertised in a national automobile trade magazine as "quiet and powerful." It had 35 horsepower, could seat five and was priced at US$3,500.

title: Ardsley (automobile)