text:
Talk:Amanita phalloides

Conservation status
"Status: Secure" could be misparsed as "it's secure to eat".

.. which could prove fatal. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.62.245.170  (talk • contribs).

 * IMO anyone dumb enough to eat something called a "Death Cap" simply because the word "secure" appears on the page should probably be genetically deselected anyway... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 166.44.39.104 (talk • contribs).

 * It says "Conservation status", not just "status", and as far as I can tell it has always said that, so I don't see the room for confusion. - furrykef (Talk at me) 15:14, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Never mind, I was confused because old versions in edit history use a taxobox template (as do current versions of course) and it was showing the current taxobox template, not the one used back then. - furrykef (Talk at me) 15:17, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * One comment. I know the 'status' indicator is to tell whether it's a endangered species/plant, but in this case there is room for misunderstandings. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Casliber (talk • contribs) 20:31, 3 January 2007

 * I have to agree on this -- this could especially be a problem for readers who are not fluent in English. -Rolypolyman (talk) 00:26, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Given that other plant articles have suffered dispute at FAC for even including the "secure" status without an explicit source, it could reasonably go. Circeus (talk) 04:51, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Sad Example
In 1918, 40 German boys were sent on holiday to Poland. A Polish cook on a farm cooked them a dish of Amanita phalloides. 33 boys ate it, 2 survived, 31 died. They were buried in a communal grave and are still called "mushroom children" today.

https://www.derwesten.de/staedte/castrop-rauxel/das-traurige-schicksal-der-pilzekinder-id7293421.html

Poisonous plants?
Should articles on poisonous mushrooms like (Lethal Webcaps, Death cap, destroying angel, etc) be categorized under poisonous plants? Personally, I don't think so as mushrooms do not belong to the kingdom of plants (plantae) at all, but a completely different kingdom (fungi).

So, should we remove the added categories or let them be? Comments appreciated.

Michaelll 00:26, 2 December 2005 (UTC) Michaelll

Rewording
I think the following section should be reworded because the first sentence and last sentence seem to be in conflict:
 * The poison particularly affects the liver and kidneys; frequently the only treatment for death cap poisoning is liver transplant. It is estimated that 50 grams (2 oz) of this mushroom are enough to kill a human. Poisoning can be treated by intravenous injection of silibinin dihydrogen disuccinate disodium.

Proposed revision:
 * The poison particularly affects the liver and kidneys. Frequently the only treatment for death cap poisoning is liver transplant; however, poisoning can be treated by intravenous injection of silibinin dihydrogen disuccinate disodium. It is estimated that 50 grams (2 oz) of this mushroom are enough to kill a human.

Comments? --HunterZ 22:03, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

90% of all deaths?
article claims that "death cap mushroom causes 90% of all mushroom poisoning related deaths in the world", but I just read a BBC article that claims it only 50%. Can someone verify the statistic? Thanks Alex --Alex333sh 15:46, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd say they're probably both pulled out of the same hat as 64.5% of all statistics. I find it hard to believe that anyone has up-to-date and accurate statistics on mushroom poisonings everywhere in the world.  Now, if it said "in the U.S." or "in Europe and North America" or "as reported to the WHO", that'd be more believable, but "in the world", total, is a pretty tall order.  Anyway, over what period would that be?  It could well make a difference whether it's 1900-1960 or 1980-2000.
 * Anyway, if you do find a good source of mushroom poisoning statistics, please let me know. I'd be particularly interested in an authoritative source on gyromitrin poisoning cases in Finland and Scandinavia, for the False morel article (which currently cites a secondary source in Finnish that doesn't itself cite any sources).  —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 16:11, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Is this a Death Cap?
Hey, does anyone know if this is a Death Cap. It was in my front yard, and if it is one, it would be a good picture to put in the article. Newnam(talk) 18:32, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, there's an easy way to find out, but you may want to have someone else try it. --Bobak 00:18, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I know nothing about mushrooms, but it doesn't seem anything like the picture in the article page. It seems completely white, to begin with. Rbarreira 14:14, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It might be a Destroying angel or a False death cap. Since there seem to be flakes on the top I'd opt for the second (nontoxic) one, but you'd have to smell it to be (more) sure. Han-Kwang 20:52, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If I am to be asked, that is not Death Cap but its close relative, Destroying Angel (Amanita virosa). It is about as deadly as Death Cap.194.89.192.24 08:22, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't look like Amanita virosa either. Amanita echinocephala ? What country are you in? There is a detailed amanita genus page - maybe email them as there are 600 species (link on main Amanita page. cheers,Cas Liber 12:51, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It looks to me like one of the "Lepidellas" – Amanita smithiana, or something like that. And to reemphsize, stating what part of the world "your front yard" is in, what kind of habitat it is, etc. is extremely important in identifying anything. As with any organism, different places get very different sets of mushroom species. Peter G Werner 13:27, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It looks like a parasol mushroom to me.--90.179.235.249 (talk) 15:21, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

I think that 194.89.192.24 is right. I went to check on the destroying angel and that photo looks extremely similar. Really!--Rory666 21:18, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if this section is still active, but it's not a death cap, as it has those warts on the cap. Maybe it's amanita solitaria.  Don't eat it.  de Bivort 19:25, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

Possible treatment
In Romania intoxication with A. phalloides is common. Romanian doctors observed that by giving huge amounts of penicillin (more than 10 times the normal dose) to the intoxicated pacients might live. This has been explained later by hungarian doctors. Penicillin and the toxin from Amanita take action on the same receptors on the membrane of the liver cells. So penicillin creates bonds with the receptors and stops the amanita toxin to enter the liver cells. But there still remains the kidney problem, which can only be solved through hemodialysis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Doktor bogdi (talk • contribs) 10:50, 17 November 2006

 * Sounds interesting (hopefully I never have to use it personally :)). Has it been published in a scientific journal? cheers, Cas Liber 12:53, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Lets get the Milk Thistle info up on this page. http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/January/14/local/stories/01local.htm

We have earlier clinical trials found in Google Scholar. Now we have an emergency drug trial that proved successful for a large number of the patients admitted. And we have a newspaper article on the subject. Seems like it's time to update the cure to encyclopedic knowledge level. - 24.118.119.14 08:53, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * i don`t think it has been published anywhere yet......
 * i`m a medical student and i know this from Prof. Dr. Florescu Petre —Preceding unsigned comment added by Doktor bogdi (talk • contribs) 13:17, 6 February 2007

 * Actually, its been published in many places – do a PubMed search with "silymarin amanita" or "silibinin amanita" and you'll find quite a bit. Here is a particularly notable reference. Note that its typically not "milkthistle" (like you'd buy in the health food store) that's used in treatment, but rather silymarin, a crude extract of milkthistle, or pure flavinoid silibinin. Peter G Werner 12:45, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I am hoping to get a chance soon - got the book by Benjamin which is really interesting and has lots on all this stuff Cas Liber 12:57, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Deadly white cap?
I have never heard of this common name, has anyone else? cheers Cas Liber 20:31, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE MOVED per discussion below. -GTBacchus(talk) 08:20, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
Death Cap → Amanita phalloides — ''copied from WP:RM. Request made by User:Peter G Werner'' Scientific names are preferential for article titles, especially in articles like this one about a single discrete species. Bobblehead 03:33, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add  # Support   or   # Oppose   on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~ .

Survey - Support votes

 * Support - support move. Cas Liber 03:04, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Support Peter G Werner 13:30, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Support gotta have the redirect, though, 'cause most folks haven't heard of Amanita phalloides and will look at Death Cap (like me). Lindsay 17:11, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment: Including the redirect is a given. Peter G Werner 23:38, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:NC(flora).--Bobblehead 18:58, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey - Oppose votes

 * Oppose - Actually, WP:NC(CN) says the exact opposite. Last I check Carcharodon carcharias wasn't an article title. Death Cap is a common name for the subject of this article and the preferred location is that name, not it's scientific name. --Bobblehead 03:38, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Comment: That's true for most articles, but it is not true for the naming conventions for plants and other organisms following the botanical code (eg, fungi). See Naming conventions (flora) and it explains this quite clearly. Peter G Werner 13:21, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Aha! Thanks for pointing out the naming convention for plants.;) I shall now strike out my oppose vote. Not that I necessarily agree with the naming convention. Although, you may wish to include a link to the naming convention in the reason for the move. (flora) is a relatively new convention and most people going to WP:RM will probably be in the same boat as I was and not be aware of the convention.--Bobblehead 18:52, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't worry, the use of common names over scientific names in fauna does my head in the other way :) Cas Liber 19:49, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Amanita phalloides (3 votes, stays until May 1st)
Support:
 * 1) Cas Liber 09:05, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) M&NCenarius 00:17, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 3) Peter G Werner 02:02, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Comments:
 * The other quintessential toadstool and most infamous one to boot. Done a bit on it and it is shaping up rather nicely. In some ways I feel it may be more coherent than Amanita muscaria. Cas Liber 09:05, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

GA Review on hold
The article is very nicely written, and is close to good article status. I believe the following needs to be done before the article can achieve good article status:

 * 1) Factually accurate: - On hold The article contains numerous references. Unfortunately some statements/sections are unreferenced: eg. the lead, the description, several points in "similar species", the occurrence of the species in countries other than Australia etc.
 * 2) Broad in coverage: - On hold The article is very heavily slanted towards the toxins produced by the species - further emphasis on it's ecology and natural biology is requried. Remember also that it's the sporocarps that are known to contain these toxins: The article sometimes seems to suggest "the fungus is the sporocarp" something we should be most anxious to clarify.
 * 3) Well written: - On hold The article is reasonably well written. The prose works well most of the time and is certainly close to good article status. Recommend a check for grammar.

 * 1) NPOV: The article is written in a neutral fashion. Nice work. - Passed
 * 2) Stable: The article appears stable and not subject to editorial disputes. - Passed
 * 3) Images: Images given are fine. - Passed

Specific recommendations
Lead section
 * 1) The lead section has choppy prose and some unusual usages "dangerousness" etc.
 * 2) It's a fungus (and a basidiomycete) this isnt mentioned in the lead. Replace its classification as a "mushroom". (check)
 * 3) It's an ectomycorrhizal species, mention this in the lead also, along with its common symbionts. (check)
 * 4) Remove distribution and detailed toxin information from lead. (Not sure I agree with this. The toxicity is the main reason why this fungus is well known)
 * 5) The species may be the most poisonous fungus examined - but we know very little about the vast majority of fungi - so it's important to point out this distinction. (Have started adding qualifiers where I can)

Description and classification'
 * 1) Clarify that the description is for the fruiting body. (Um, it does so in hte first sentence. I can add some reminder of fungus anatomy I guess)''
 * 2) This statement Phalloideae, a group that contains all of the deadly amatoxin-containing Amanita species, including the destroying angels. is unreferenced (amongst others). Given we know little about Amanita species outside the northern hemisphere this seems like a very strong statement. (Qualifier added)
 * 3) Move emphasis on "collecting mushrooms for eating" elsewhere -- perhaps into similar species. (will look into it)

Notable victims
 * 1) A number of references are missing.

I hope these concerns can be addressed in time to pass the article as a good article. Cheers, David. MidgleyDJ 08:31, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

(Thanks for the input David, really is much appreciated as I have left this article for a while - someone else beat me to nominating it for GA....) cheers, Casliber | talk  |  contribs 12:37, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

PS" I know dangerousness is an odd word but I was trying to think of a suitable synonym. All others, such as lethality, toxicity to me refer directly to the toxins whereas I was adding importance of the similarity. I f you can think of a synonym I'm all ears....:) cheers, Casliber | talk  |  contribs 12:40, 6 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry Casliber, meant to reply - I reworded the lead section slightly. I still think it could use a few more references. MidgleyDJ 21:07, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No problem. I have been looking for them but have been otherwise distracted. There is alot of debate about whether there should be any refs at all in the lead as it is a summary of what appears elsewhere in the article. Anyway it is a fairly minor problem which can be rectified later if/when this article ever makes to FAC. I can see the GA nom has been good for a bit of activity and have been impressed at the dislodging of the mental block I had. cheers, Casliber | talk  |  contribs 21:13, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

The concern about the statement about Amanita section Phalloideae containing all known amatoxin-containing Amanita species is quite established – check the Tulloss website, check any monograph, such as Jenkins, check the recent molecular studies of genus Amanita (such as Drehmel, et al. 1999) which confirm section Phalloideae as a natural group, and you'll see this is the case. Keep in mind that one could easily view Amanita as seven different genera just as easily as one could see it as one genus, and the idea that all groups of Amanita across the board are all likely to contain amatoxins is an anachronistic view. Peter G Werner 20:05, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Useful references?
Pringle A, Vellinga EC Last chance to know? Using literature to explore the biogeography and invasion biology of the death cap mushroom Amanita phalloides (Vaill. Ex fr. : Fr.) link BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 8 (5): 1131-1144 JUL 2006

Enjalbert F, Cassanas G, Salhi SL, et al. Distribution of the amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita phalloides. Influence of the tissues and the collection site COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE III-SCIENCES DE LA VIE-LIFE SCIENCES 322 (10): 855-862 OCT 1999

Yang ZL, Oberwinkler F Fruit body development of Amanita muscaria (Basidiomycetes) NOVA HEDWIGIA 68 (3-4): 441-468 1999

Vetter J Toxins of Amanita phalloides TOXICON 36 (1): 13-24 JAN 1998

 * aha...maybe...cheers, Casliber | talk  |  contribs 00:42, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * This article's on hold expired five days ago. I have failed it per the issues above and the expiration of the on hold. IvoShandor 08:05, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Some further points
I think the article on Amanita phalloides is much improved. Well done! I'd renominated it soon for a GA Review.

Here are some points you may want to consider:
 * I dont like "introduction via oak" in the lead. "via" is an odd choice in my view. I also dont like "poisoning but proving fruitful" but these are both minor concerns :). (ok, done. They were straightforward to address). cheers, Casliber | talk  |  contribs 11:19, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Do we know anything about further about the benefits of mycorrhiza formed with A. phalloides?
 * Do we know anything about the mycelium of the fungus?
 * Do we know anything about the population biology of this species?
 * Have parts of the genome of A. phalloides been sequenced?

 * Do we know anything more about the intraspecific variability in production of toxins by the species? (from: Enjalbert F, Cassanas G, Salhi SL, et al. Distribution of the amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita phalloides. Influence of the tissues and the collection site COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE III-SCIENCES DE LA VIE-LIFE SCIENCES 322 (10): 855-862 OCT 1999 )
 * I dont like "The death cap has a large and distinctive fungal fruiting body". In my view "death caps" are the large fruiting bodies :D!

 * Recent mentions of poisonings in the media?

It's very close now. For the sake of fairness I wont review it again. I think many of the fungal articles tend to infere that the fruiting body is the fungus, rather than being part of the organism. MidgleyDJ 09:10, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll try and address the questions one by one:

 * 2) We know a lot in general about the benefits of ectomycorrhiza to ectotrophic plants, but not about what particular benefits, roles, or niches may be taken on by a particular species of ectomycorrhizal fungus, such as A. phalloides. This is a more appropriate topic for an article on ectomycorrhiza (which Wikipedia still needs).

 * 3) That's kind of an off-the-wall question. Its like reviewing the article on the Bengal tiger and asking "is there anything known the cells of Bengal tigers?"

 * 4) Population biology of this species is an area of active research by Anne Pringle at Harvard. I'm not sure if there's been any publications on the subject yet.

 * 5) Yes, small parts of the genome have been sequenced as part of molecular phylogenetic studies of Amanita. But what is the relevance of the mere fact that part of the genome has been sequenced?

 * 6) That article sounds interesting and the findings would make a good contribution to this article. I'll look for it, but are you sure its in English and not French? If its the latter, we'll have to find someone who understands the topic and reads French.

 * 8) Every year, in California and Europe, there are several cases of A. phalloides poisonings, which always get media attention. Over the years, these add up to scores of cases and hundreds of articles. Do you have some kind of criteria for inclusion of such information? Peter G Werner 20:34, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Peter - They were points you may want to consider - it was partly brainstorming :-). I disagree with your third point, this article is about a fungus - not the solely the fruiting bodies of that fungus. To continue your earlier analogy we dont want the article to read as if it's only about the genitals of the tiger. Pictures of A. phalloides growing in axenic culture would be nice, for example. It doesnt grow around Sydney, otherwise I'd be happy to attempt to culture it. Cheers, David. MidgleyDJ 21:32, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * In reference to the vegetative phase of its life cycle, even though, yes, that's most of the life cycle of this and all other fleshy fungi, there's not much to discuss because so little is known about that part of the life cycle for the vast majority of species. Like most ectomycorrhizal species, its probably not even possible to get mycelium to grow in culture. Peter G Werner 01:20, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Peter, I come from a lab in which considerable ectomycorrhizal research was done. My wife did her PhD in Amanita ecology and ecophysiology. While some Amanita spp. do not appear to grow in culture (most of section Vaginatae, for example) Amanita muscaria - and many other species of Amanita can be readily grown in pure culture. The same applies to numerous other ectomycorrhizal genera such as Pisolithus, Cenococcum etc. many of which are quite amenable to axenic culture. While there may be relatively little known, it is important to discuss the major phase of the life cycle of this fungus, even if only to say just that. To misrepresent this species (and other fungi) as "just a poisonous mushroom" is a much worse outcome in my view. MidgleyDJ 02:55, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Notable victims and language editing.
So I was going through the article, starting from bottom and started editing the language. Meanwhile, it startled me that this section is more or less about Amanita poisoning, not Amanita phalloides which I think it should solely focus upon. It's not even clear whether Natalia was eating Amanitas, not to mention poisonous fungi. I dunno, I just don't like how it is right now, but I'll continue fixing the grammar wherever I can. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Paffka (talk • contribs) 20:22, 3 May 2007 (UTC). --Paffka 20:27, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've been pondering this all morning at work while AFK..I think this is the best place for it as AFAIK the olny other two european amatoxin-containing toadstools Amanita virosa and verna, were/are rare, thus A phalloides is the most likely culprit. Amanita is a very large genus and talk of amatoxin poisonings is a better match on an A phalloides page rather than genus page. cheers, Cas Liber | talk  |  contribs 02:23, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Virotoxin text for page
This was good but I've ditched the lists to the compound pages...but there ain't one for virotoxins yet...cheers, Cas Liber | talk  |  contribs 09:41, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

A third group of minor active compounds are the virotoxins, which consist of 6 similar monocyclic heptapeptides. named Viroidin, Desoxoviroidin, [Ala]viroidin, [Ala]deoxoviroidin, Viroisin, and Desoxoviroisin. Like the phallotoxins they do not exert any acute toxicity after ingestion in humans.

Copyedit
What a cool article. I've had a Bart-Simpsonish fascination with poison mushrooms since I was a kid. My interest got a boost in adulthood from Collier's Fancies and Goodnights. Congratulations on FA. Oh, and I copyedited it. Some sections only needed touching up, but I shredded a few others pretty good. --Milkbreath 02:45, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced claim about victims

 * It has been involved in a majority of human deaths from mushroom poisoning, including several important historical figures such as the Roman Emperor Claudius and Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI.

What is the basis for the first statement? And isn't it a matter of speculation that these two individuals were (a) poisoned, (b) poisoned by mushrooms, (c) poisoned by this particular mushroom? Dependent Variable 12:49, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * OK - as the lead is a summary of points raised elsewhere in the article, I generally don't put references in it but it's a matter of debate. It is touched on in the last section. I did soften the word slightly. cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:34, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

"Introduced alongside..."
"its range is expanding in other countries after it was accidentally introduced alongside oak, chestnut, and pine." This phrase isn't clear to me. It appears to mean that when those species of tree were introduced to new areas, the imported tree seeds or saplings were contaminated with death cap spores, thus spreading death cap along with the trees. If so, that's confusing, because North America seems to be among the areas that death caps have been accidentally introduced into (though perhaps I'm wrong about that?), and I'm pretty sure that oak, chestnut, and pine are native to the new world. Could someone who knows about this clarify the wording? RedSpruce 13:44, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

"Introduced alongside" —seconded
I’m an amateur mycologist and I greatly appreciate this kind of quality content. I do feel compelled to point out, though, that the vague or ambiguous phrase, "after it was accidentally introduced alongside oak, chestnut, and pine" became an immediate distraction in what appears to otherwise be an excellent article (I’ve not had time to read it in its entirety). Entries under “Distribution and habitat” elaborate on this but fail to clarify.

(Wikipedia is a beautiful thing.) --Keith-h 14:10, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, the lead refers to it sprouting up in several places in the southern hemisphere under introduced northern hemisphere trees - and chestnuts in the eastern US. I'll look at the ambiguity of the wording....but I need to get to bed here in Oz.cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:37, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Another image
I stumbled upon this Commons image of Amanita phalloides while perusing the Lithuanian Wikipedia entry. Although the depicted specimen is obviously damaged, it shows the top of the cap more clearly, the way one is most likely to encounter it in the wild. —QuicksilverT @ 15:21, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, saw that too...was hoping some really cool image would turn up..I didn't quite like this one as much as it looked a bit worse for wear. 10 points for someone who can snap an ace pic this autumn....cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:28, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Question
I'm curious - why is it that there is no known antidote? If nothing else, shouldn't it be possible to use some computational chemistry techniques to design an enzyme that breaks down the toxin? Raul654 16:42, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * "Easier said than done" may be the most honest reply. Also, not much of a market for antidote.Debivort 16:45, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, should be quite challenging. Phalloidin is quite small, a peptide (how can a possible antidote break it down? Not by cleaving random peptide bonds... :) and it binds very tightly to the actin filament. This brings me to my question. Maybe two sentences about the cellular basis of phalloidin's toxicity could be added to the article? For those of you who are interested: This article deals with the exact position of phalloidin bound to the microfilament. -- Splette :) How's my driving? 18:49, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have to concur with the request for a sentence or two describing the cellular mechanism by which the poison works. Raul654 18:53, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Wow, that was a fast answer :) Ok, I'll see what I can do... -- Splette :) How's my driving? 19:00, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes yes, please add that in!cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:31, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Cultural reference
Aren't these the mushrooms from Shirley Jackson's "We Have Always Lived In the Castle"? I had to study that short story in high school. If it's not that, it's some literary reference.OfficeGirl 18:57, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Never heard of that one....cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:25, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Nomenclature needs explanaitions
Though Louis Secretan's use of the name Amanita phalloides predates Link's, it has been rejected for nomenclatural purposes because Secretan's works did not use binomial nomenclature consistently;[6]|undefined[7]|undefined some taxonomists have, however, disagreed with this opinion.[8]|undefined[9]|undefined

Why did some taxonomists disagree with this opinion? This need to be explained. I do say it because I'm working in the traslation to Spanish of Amanita phalloides (talk) 12:26, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Just disagreement in how to apply rules for proper publication to Secretan's work, really (far more common trhan you'd think when discussing early scientific literature). The published opinions referred to really boil down to scientific opinion pieces. Circeus (talk) 20:26, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Distribution Question
The section on distribution could be more clear. Typically the "distribution" of some specie is "where you could find it in the wild". But the opening paragraph here seems to use "distribution" only for its "native" status. Isn't the whole "native" thing problematic? That is, native as of when? Most species have moved around quite a bit and we don't really know where everything ever lived.

In particular, it was jarring to first read that this was a European fungi, then to read about it in the forests of California. While the "introduced to other countries accidentally" disclaimer may technically redeem the first claim, wouldn't it be better to start by saying something like "Today, this fungus can be found in several/many/most areas of the world/temperate zones/hardwood woodlands. When first described in print by natural historians, it was restricted to Europe. . . later the fungus was introduced to other areas usually in shipments of saplings or nuts from its host trees."

I am not an expert and do not presume to directly edit such a well-vetted article--especially one that seems to be so well settled. Yet if someone would consider this, I would be grateful. In particular I am concerned that someone might jump to the "distribution" and come to the conclusion that this can't be growing in their yard because they live far, far east (or far west) of Europe. . . Vagabundus (talk) 17:08, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I am not sure how much you read about ecology but differentiating where something is native versus where it is introduced is very important - and mushrooms are similar to plants and animals in this regard. Essentially this mushroom is a weed in Australia and other places it has been introduced to. There are risks it will replace natural species there and over its role in ecology etc. Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:51, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

whats the difference between bisporiga and bisporigera in amanita bisporigera/bisporiga apart from spelling?
guys, i was wondering what the difference between bisporiga and bisporigera apart from a possible misspelling? i often see those two used interchangeably and amanita bisporiga points to destroying angels, but amanita bisporigera points to the mushroom article specifically. its just a small discrepancy that needs to be addressed.--Thebestofall007 (talk) 18:25, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * bisporiga is a (common) misspelling; I've fixed the redirect as well as a couple of other misspelled instances I found. Thanks for bringing it up. Sasata (talk) 18:36, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

You're welcome.--Thebestofall007 (talk) 01:13, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Interesting....
The spike in page views possibly due to two people dying here in Australia. Casliber (talk · contribs) 00:26, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

How to distinguish from edibles
Since poisenings are so common how about a section in the article on how to distinguish this species and other edible mushrooms of similar appearance!? 122.148.41.172 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:15, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The article has a section at Amanita_phalloides - but people shouldn't be using wikipedia as a how-to guide. Casliber (talk · contribs) 09:10, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

 * People shouldn'tbe using Wikipedia for a lot of things - but they will! I am also curious as to the largset safe amount that one can ingest of any easily mistaken poisonous mushroom without suffering serious consequences. Remembering that symptoms can take 24 hours to manifest! I once watched an Australian safari documentary where some retired ex-SAS guys canoed a remote northern Australian river.  They used something like the following techniques for selecting wild salad greens (not mushrooms!): test small amount under armpit for any -ve reaction a sensitive area and then wait some period, test under lip ..., test under tounge ..., chew a tiny bit ..., swallow a tiny bit (and we are talking a crumb) ..., (wait 24 hours) etc. etc...  Personally I wouldnt consume any whole wild mushroom without testing a crumb and larger and larger peices over several days before reaching a whole one (and this is after reaseach, guidebooks, local experienced picker advice and focus on identifying and continuing to pick a single species at a time...  In any case unless you are after magic mushies (and even then) you are better off growing them in a compost + (known) spores mushroom kit --- just make sure no stray wild (poisonous) spores get in, blow in, or off your clothes etc (after picking or having the wrong wild ones growing in your area or even supplied to you!) ;-) BUT for the small risk of the last reason alone you would _still_ want to know how to identify your desired edible mushrooms and _any_ similar poisonous varieties.  QED: not everyone visitng here is a moron!  But let us try and save the others...  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.148.41.172 (talk) 10:55, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Mushroom poisoning added to Links. 122.148.41.172 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:37, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Article in slate - poisoning can be treated
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2014/02/most_dangerous_mushroom_death_cap_is_spreading_but_poisoning_can_be_treated.html XOttawahitech (talk) 04:11, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:30, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Final sentence
The final sentence is "Other historians have speculated that Claudius may have died of natural causes.". I do not doubt that this is true, but I think we need to include a source or at least indicate which historians. As it stands, it's just a general statement which imparts little actual information. Does anyone have a reliable scholarly source to add? ‡ El cid, el campeador talk  18:26, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

Another high profile death from this mushroom in Australia
I'm not good at writing Wiki style, so maybe someone else can add this:

https://iview.abc.net.au/video/NEWS2022102695158 2001:8003:E490:7D01:4CE8:C303:88CB:243A (talk) 08:28, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amanita phalloides


text:
Absolute space and time

Absolute space and time is a concept in physics and philosophy about the properties of the universe. In physics, absolute space and time may be a preferred frame.

Early concept
A version of the concept of absolute space (in the sense of a preferred frame) can be seen in Aristotelian physics. Robert S. Westman writes that a "whiff" of absolute space can be observed in Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, where Copernicus uses the concept of an immobile sphere of stars.

Newton
Originally introduced by Sir Isaac Newton in Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, the concepts of absolute time and space provided a theoretical foundation that facilitated Newtonian mechanics. According to Newton, absolute time and space respectively are independent aspects of objective reality:

"Absolute, true and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature flows equably without regard to anything external, and by another name is called duration: relative, apparent and common time, is some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable) measure of duration by the means of motion, which is commonly used instead of true time ..."

According to Newton, absolute time exists independently of any perceiver and progresses at a consistent pace throughout the universe. Unlike relative time, Newton believed absolute time was imperceptible and could only be understood mathematically. According to Newton, humans are only capable of perceiving relative time, which is a measurement of perceivable objects in motion (like the Moon or Sun). From these movements, we infer the passage of time.

"Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains always similar and immovable. Relative space is some movable dimension or measure of the absolute spaces; which our senses determine by its position to bodies: and which is vulgarly taken for immovable space ...

Absolute motion is the translation of a body from one absolute place into another: and relative motion, the translation from one relative place into another ..."

- Isaac Newton

These notions imply that absolute space and time do not depend upon physical events, but are a backdrop or stage setting within which physical phenomena occur. Thus, every object has an absolute state of motion relative to absolute space, so that an object must be either in a state of absolute rest, or moving at some absolute speed. To support his views, Newton provided some empirical examples: according to Newton, a solitary rotating sphere can be inferred to rotate about its axis relative to absolute space by observing the bulging of its equator, and a solitary pair of spheres tied by a rope can be inferred to be in absolute rotation about their center of gravity (barycenter) by observing the tension in the rope.

Differing views
Historically, there have been differing views on the concept of absolute space and time. Gottfried Leibniz was of the opinion that space made no sense except as the relative location of bodies, and time made no sense except as the relative movement of bodies. George Berkeley suggested that, lacking any point of reference, a sphere in an otherwise empty universe could not be conceived to rotate, and a pair of spheres could be conceived to rotate relative to one another, but not to rotate about their center of gravity, an example later raised by Albert Einstein in his development of general relativity.

A more recent form of these objections was made by Ernst Mach. Mach's principle proposes that mechanics is entirely about relative motion of bodies and, in particular, mass is an expression of such relative motion. So, for example, a single particle in a universe with no other bodies would have zero mass. According to Mach, Newton's examples simply illustrate relative rotation of spheres and the bulk of the universe.

"When, accordingly, we say that a body preserves unchanged its direction and velocity in space, our assertion is nothing more or less than an abbreviated reference to the entire universe. —Ernst Mach"

These views opposing absolute space and time may be seen from a modern stance as an attempt to introduce operational definitions for space and time, a perspective made explicit in the special theory of relativity.

Even within the context of Newtonian mechanics, the modern view is that absolute space is unnecessary. Instead, the notion of inertial frame of reference has taken precedence, that is, a preferred set of frames of reference that move uniformly with respect to one another. The laws of physics transform from one inertial frame to another according to Galilean relativity, leading to the following objections to absolute space, as outlined by Milutin Blagojević:

 * The existence of absolute space contradicts the internal logic of classical mechanics since, according to Galilean principle of relativity, none of the inertial frames can be singled out.
 * Absolute space does not explain inertial forces since they are related to acceleration with respect to any one of the inertial frames.
 * Absolute space acts on physical objects by inducing their resistance to acceleration but it cannot be acted upon.

Newton himself recognized the role of inertial frames.

"The motions of bodies included in a given space are the same among themselves, whether that space is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a straight line."

As a practical matter, inertial frames often are taken as frames moving uniformly with respect to the fixed stars. See Inertial frame of reference for more discussion on this.

Mathematical definitions
Space, as understood in Newtonian mechanics, is three-dimensional and Euclidean, with a fixed orientation. It is denoted E3. If some point O in E3 is fixed and defined as an origin, the position of any point P in E3 is uniquely determined by its radius vector $$\mathbf{r} = \vec{OP}$$ (the origin of this vector coincides with the point O and its end coincides with the point P). The three-dimensional linear vector space R3 is a set of all radius vectors. The space R3 is endowed with a scalar product ⟨, ⟩.

Time is a scalar which is the same in all space E3 and is denoted as t. The ordered set { t } is called a time axis.

Motion (also path or trajectory) is a function r : Δ → R3 that maps a point in the interval Δ from the time axis to a position (radius vector) in R3.

The above four concepts are the "well-known" objects mentioned by Isaac Newton in his Principia:
 * I do not define time, space, place and motion, as being well known to all.

Special relativity
The concepts of space and time were separate in physical theory prior to the advent of special relativity theory, which connected the two and showed both to be dependent upon the reference frame's motion. In Einstein's theories, the ideas of absolute time and space were superseded by the notion of spacetime in special relativity, and curved spacetime in general relativity.

Absolute simultaneity refers to the concurrence of events in time at different locations in space in a manner agreed upon in all frames of reference. The theory of relativity does not have a concept of absolute time because there is a relativity of simultaneity. An event that is simultaneous with another event in one frame of reference may be in the past or future of that event in a different frame of reference, which negates absolute simultaneity.

Einstein
Quoted below from his later papers, Einstein identified the term aether with "properties of space", a terminology that is not widely used. Einstein stated that in general relativity the "aether" is not absolute anymore, as the geodesic and therefore the structure of spacetime depends on the presence of matter.

"To deny the ether is ultimately to assume that empty space has no physical qualities whatever. The fundamental facts of mechanics do not harmonize with this view. For the mechanical behaviour of a corporeal system hovering freely in empty space depends not only on relative positions (distances) and relative velocities, but also on its state of rotation, which physically may be taken as a characteristic not appertaining to the system in itself. In order to be able to look upon the rotation of the system, at least formally, as something real, Newton objectivises space. Since he classes his absolute space together with real things, for him rotation relative to an absolute space is also something real. Newton might no less well have called his absolute space “Ether”; what is essential is merely that besides observable objects, another thing, which is not perceptible, must be looked upon as real, to enable acceleration or rotation to be looked upon as something real."

- Albert Einstein, Ether and the Theory of Relativity (1920)

"Because it was no longer possible to speak, in any absolute sense, of simultaneous states at different locations in the aether, the aether became, as it were, four-dimensional, since there was no objective way of ordering its states by time alone. According to special relativity too, the aether was absolute, since its influence on inertia and the propagation of light was thought of as being itself independent of physical influence....The theory of relativity resolved this problem by establishing the behaviour of the electrically neutral point-mass by the law of the geodetic line, according to which inertial and gravitational effects are no longer considered as separate. In doing so, it attached characteristics to the aether which vary from point to point, determining the metric and the dynamic behaviour of material points, and determined, in their turn, by physical factors, namely the distribution of mass/energy. Thus the aether of general relativity differs from those of classical mechanics and special relativity in that it is not ‘absolute’ but determined, in its locally variable characteristics, by ponderable matter."

- Albert Einstein, Über den Äther (1924)

General relativity
Special relativity eliminates absolute time (although Gödel and others suspect absolute time may be valid for some forms of general relativity) and general relativity further reduces the physical scope of absolute space and time through the concept of geodesics. There appears to be absolute space in relation to the distant stars because the local geodesics eventually channel information from these stars, but it is not necessary to invoke absolute space with respect to any system's physics, as its local geodesics are sufficient to describe its spacetime.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Absolute space and time


text:
Gaetano Polidori

Gaetano Fedele Polidori (5 August 1763 – 16 December 1853) was an Italian writer, political and scholar living in Highgate. He was the son of Agostino Ansano Polidori (1714–1778), a physician and poet who lived and practised in his native Bientina, near Pisa, Tuscany.

Polidori studied law at the University of Pisa. He became secretary to the tragedian Vittorio Alfieri in 1785 and remained with him four years.

He came to England from Paris in 1790 after resigning as Alfieri's secretary. He settled in Highgate, working as an Italian teacher and translator. He translated various literary works, notably, John Milton's Paradise Lost and Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto, besides other writings of Milton and Lucan. He wrote prolifically, producing his own fiction, poetry, criticism, and tragedies. He also set up a private press at his home, where amongst other works (mostly his own), he printed the first editions of some poems by his grandchildren, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Rossetti. He also printed an edition of the poem Osteologia, which his father Agostino Ansano Polidori had written in 1763.

He retired to a house in Holmer Green, Buckinghamshire in 1836.

Family
On 29 January 1793, Gaetano Polidori married an English governess, Anna Maria Pierce of Middlesex (b. c. 1774 ), and they had four children. His oldest son John William Polidori was a physician to Lord Byron and author of the first vampire story in English, The Vampyre (1819).

His daughter Frances (Frances Mary Lavinia Polidori, 27 April 1800 – 8 April 1886 ) in 1826 married exiled Italian scholar Gabriele Rossetti. They had four children, Maria Francesca Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti and Christina Georgina Rossetti. After Gabriele's death in 1854, Frances quickly burned the remaining copies of his book Il Mistero dell' Amor Platonico del Medio Evo. Frances herself died in 1886 and was buried in the family plot at Highgate Cemetery.

Maria (1827–1876), wrote a book about Dante Alighieri and later became an Anglican nun.

Gabriel Charles Dante (1828–1882) and William Michael (1829–1919) were among the co-founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Frances sat for Gabriel for some of his early paintings, for example, The Girlhood of Mary Virgin, in which she modelled for Saint Anne.

Christina Georgina (1830–1894) became famous as a poet and is probably best known as the author of the poem Goblin Market.

title: Gaetano Polidori


text:
Talk:SAMU

Untitled
Might be nice if somebody could come up with more solid facts to illustrate the "... arguably on of the best". Like this, it sounds a little bit partisan.

Also, I heard critics from some British press (in Murdock style of course) about the death of Pricess Diana. The argument at that the French had taken hours to bring her to hospital, which is a good illustration of the misconception that "the faster the better" (actually Diana was getting hospital-quality care long before she was de-incarcerated from the wrenches of her car). If someone could come up with a reference to such an article it would be interesting.

An Opposing view
The SAMU (Franco-German) Emergency contrasts sharply with the Anglo-American Model. My perspective is at least as biased as the writer of the SAMU entry, but representing the opposite perspective: that of a residency trained, emergency medicine specialist who is engaged in emergency medicine development work.

Any fair comparison between the French and American pre-hospital systems would have to account for the customs, population density, percent urban, rural and suburban, distribution of specialist and the general quality of health care in the society as a whole, among other intangibles. We are also comparing socialized and private health care systems to some extent, although in the United States, emergency care is provided by law. It would be almost impossible to compare these two systems in their respective home environments. However, a few observations are in order: The fanciful idea of having a fully equipped hospital respond to emergencies in the pre hospital arena is very attractive to the un-informed. Who would not want a specialist to appear at their door when they have a specialty problem? But then, is that chest pain a heart problem (Cardiologist), or a lung clot (Pulmonary)? And what if the person in pregnant as well?

The fact is, trained Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics are capable of stabilizing and transporting the 99% problems that they run into in the field and bring them to the best place for the patient to have definitive care: An emergency department that has an emergency medicine specialist (not generalist who works in an emergency department) who can coordinate the pre-hospital and initial hospital care.

The fact is that even the most “tuned” pre-hospital physician in a Franco-German model, might see a handful of patients per day and have limited modalities to manage the problem at hand, especially when there are (or maybe) multiple systems, or multiple patients involved. An emergency physician is trained for 3 – 4 years after Medical School as a specialist to manage 30-40 patients a day in an environment where ultimately the entire hospital, it’s diagnostic and treatment modalities, can bear down on the problem while definitive care is arranged.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation can be done by a Paramedic, probably as well as anybody else. Resuscitation efforts, as anybody who know will tell you, if meaningless if you can't get to the underlying problem. There are specific life saving modalities that these technicians are trained in (chest decompression for pneumothorax, endotracheal intubation, surgical airways) which may make a difference in survival. The most complicated life threatening problems need to be managed at an appropriate center. The pulmonary artery injury that Princess Diana died from could have never been fixed in the back of an ambulance regardless of their level of training. It could certainly not make a difference 2 hours later when she finally arrived at the hospital just 7 Kilometers away.

Refer to this source:

http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijrdm/vol1n2/princess.xml

The real point is that, would you rather your emergency handled by someone who is well trained, manages a large range on complicated emergencies a day in a hospital, or someone who only sees a few people a day in a pre hospital setting, and is either a generalist (not an emergency specialist) or an anesthesiologist...“staying and playing”? And which system ultimately created the best emergency departments and emergency systems? Do we really believe that it is cost effective to put lumbering mobile hospitals in the streets as a matter of routine?

The Franco-German model is beginning to find its way into developing systems in Latin America, before effective emergency single specialty departments are being developed. In this setting, these systems may even actually represent a form of economic triage adding yet another thorny issue.

Bias
As a surgical resident at a Level 1 trauma center, affiliated wtih one of the United States's finest university medical centers, I do know from my trauma rotation 3 months ago and by taking trauma call, that the scene is no place for adequate trauma care. The OR and the SICU (or TICU) are the main destinations where definative care can be given, and should be given; the field is no place for this, and there is not enough space in French ambulances to carry all the required equipment that is instantaeously availible in the Trauma Bay of and Emergency Department. This person seems heavily biased towards the French method; this has further been proven by some medline source that their is higher mortality in this system than in others, such as Anglo-American systems. When fatalities per billion kilometers driven and looked at, France is always one of the highest, whereas places where patients are rushed to level 1 trauma centers (such as the US, Sweden, Israel, and Canada) have substantially lower fatality rates per billion kilometers driven.

-- You are looking only at road accidents and the "per billion km driven" ratio makes little sense in the geographical and social contexts involved. The French system is more expensive but saves more MI patients.

 * In France or Germany, the scene of the accident is not the place where the definitive treatment is administrated either (funnily enough).
 * French ambulances do not carry the equipment of a hospital. The thing is that full medical doctors are summoned on the place of the accident, where they can administrate a full range of drugs and even perform some emergency surgery -- as opposite to injecting standard drugs after requesting authorisation per fax to a doctor who stays back in hospital, and rushing an unstabilised victim. Rama 14:42, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This is, the point is not "generalist doctor vs specialist doctor", it is "emergency doctor vs technician grunt when life prognosis is at stake, and specialised department vs emergency department when arriving in hospital". Rama 16:05, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

-Although the above user claims that France has a higher MI save rate, I'd like to see France get a STEMI (ST segment Elevation in acute Myocardial Infarction) through the reperfusion process as quickly as the US systems do. Good luck having a French generalist try to manage your case with heparin or tPA and some beta blockers in the field, which works perfectly well until the tissue dies from an occluded coronary that is much better managed via percutaneous coronary interventions where you need a cath lab, or that the tPA works well, only causing life threatening intracranial hemorrhaging about a day after use.. I'll take rapid assessment, EKG and treatment and swift transport to a cath lab over by well trained paramedics over getting maimed in the field some generalist. Studies have even proven US paramedics (Seattle Medic One) to be better at field intubation over their French physician counterparts (SAMU de Paris) with success at (98.34% vs 89.10%) and survival to hospital discharge at 99.02% vs 92.14% —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.87.102.163 (talk) 08:39, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Oppose. An article about SAMU should be listed under SAMU. There is already a cross link from the other article to this one.--Hauskalainen (talk) 03:47, 27 January 2009 (UTC) --Hauskalainen (talk) 03:45, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Oppose An article about SAMU should be listed under SAMU in French Spanish Portuguese Italian English because it is an international name/logo/acronym of a Public Health Service that can not be litteraly traduced to the original french expression Service d'Aide Médicale Urgente (Like Calvados or Gruyere or Bourbon). Medical Medico Sanitary Regulation of Emergencies is a new Public Health funtion. not a Service. I dont agree SAMU is not a traduction to EMS that is only in English acronym for an only prehospital First aid not public health organisationMiguel Martinez Almoyna (talk) 07:08, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Support Emergency medical services in France refers to mainly SAMU. This article has zero references.LincolnSt (talk) 09:01, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Cleanup needed
There is unneeded capitalization throughout. Capitalization is only needed for proper names and the first word in each sentence. The opening sentence makes little sense. Chris the speller (talk) 15:14, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Sory for my poor English writing but my present prority is to fight against Conceptual/cultural conflicts, mistraductions between EMS/SAMU , a many other conflictive mistraductions and against administrators deleting menaces! In Wikipedia EMS is a mistranslation of SAMU and vice versa!. SAMU is a Service!. Medical Regulation is a process different of Dispatch, Control etc. Thank you for your aid and patience! We shall overcome!Miguel Martinez Almoyna (talk) 14:39, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:SAMU


text:
Port Austin

Port Austin may refer to a location in the United States:

 * Port Austin, Michigan, a village
 * Port Austin Township, Michigan
 * Port Austin Lighthouse in Lake Huron north of the village

title: Port Austin


text:
Smolyan

Smolyan (Смолян) is a town and ski resort in the south of Bulgaria near the border with Greece. It is the administrative and industrial centre of the Smolyan Province. The town is built along the narrow valley of the Cherna ('black') and the Byala ('white') river in the central Rhodope Mountains. It is located at the foot of the mountain's highest peak Golyam Perelik (2191 m). Popular ski resorts of Pamporovo and Chepelare lie in the vicinity. As of June 2022 the town has a population of 30 689 inhabitants.

Name
The name of the town comes from the local Slavic tribe of the Smolyani, the name of whom is probably cognate to the Slavic word smola ("resin").

History
According to archaeological evidence, the area around Smolyan was first settled in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. In the Middle Ages it acquired its name from the Slavic tribe, the Smolyani, who settled in the region in the 7th century. During the Middle Ages, it was ruled by the Part of the Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires. For a while during the 14th century it came under the control of the Bulgarian feudal lord Momchil, alongside the whole Rhodope mountains, before eventually being subjugated by the Ottoman Empire. During the Ottoman period the town was renamed to "Paşmaklı". It remained under Ottoman rule for five centuries, a township of the Ottoman Sanjak of Gümülcine in the Adrianople Vilayet between 1867 and 1912. It remained a Muslim-majority town with a large Christian minority until 1912.

The area was liberated by the 21st Sredna Gora Regiment led by Vladimir Serafimov in 1912, during the First Balkan War. However, the town retained its Ottoman-era name "Paşmaklı" until 1934, when it was changed to "Smolyan" by official decree. The modern town of Smolyan was formed by the merger of three existing villages — Ustovo, Raykovo and Ezerovo — in 1960.

Population
The population of Smolyan just after World War II was about 5,000. Since then, it started growing decade by decade, mostly because of the migrants from the rural areas and the surrounding smaller towns, reaching its peak in the beginning of the 1990s, exceeding 34,000.

Ethnic linguistic and religious composition
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: Total: 30,642
 * Bulgarians: 25,045 (97.0%)
 * Roma: 258 (1.0%)
 * Turks: 153 (0.6%)
 * Others: 120 (0.5%)
 * Indefinable: 248 (1.0%)
 * Undeclared: 4,818 (15.7%)

In Smolyan Municipality 32708 declared as Bulgarians, 301 as Roma and 170 as Turks, and 9,000 did not declare their ethnic group.

Culture and sports
Due to its suitable location on top of Mount Rozhen, the Bulgarian National Astronomical Observatory is located nearby, with a planetarium in operation in the town. There is one theatre, the Rhodope Drama Theatre, and a gathering of theatre practitioners and scholars known as The Rhodopi International Theatre Laboratory is held every summer. There is also a regional historical museum founded in 1935.

Smolyan has an elite division football team, PFC Rodopa Smolyan, that had been playing in the A Professional Football Group between 2003-2007.

The largest church in southern Bulgaria, the Cathedral of Saint Vissarion of Smolyan, was inaugurated in the city in July 2006.

Municipality
Smolyan is also the seat of Smolyan municipality (part of Smolyan Province), which includes the following 79 villages:

 * Aligovska
 * Arda
 * Belev dol
 * Bilyanska
 * Borikovo
 * Bostina
 * Bukata
 * Bukatsite
 * Chamla
 * Chepleten
 * Chereshkite
 * Chereshovo
 * Chereshovska Reka
 * Chokmanovo
 * Chuchur
 * Dimovo
 * Dunevo
 * Elenska
 * Elyovo
 * Fatovo
 * Gabritsa
 * Gela
 * Gozdevitsa
 * Gorna Arda
 * Gorovo
 * Gradat
 * Gudevitsa
 * Hasovitsa
 * Isyovtsi
 * Katranitsa
 * Kiselichevo
 * Kokorkovo
 * Koshnitsa
 * Kremene
 * Kukuvitsa
 * Kutela
 * Laka
 * Levochevo
 * Lipets
 * Lyulka
 * Milkovo
 * Mogilitsa
 * Momchilovtsi
 * Mugla
 * Nadartsi
 * Oreshitsa
 * Ostri Pazlak
 * Petkovo
 * Peshtera
 * Pisanitsa
 * Podvis
 * Polkovnik Serafimovo
 * Poprelka
 * Potoka
 * Rechani
 * Reka
 * Rovina
 * Selishte
 * Shiroka Laka
 * Sivino
 * Slaveyno
 * Smilyan
 * Sokolovtsi
 * Solishta
 * Sredok
 * Stikal
 * Stoykite
 * Sarnino
 * Strazha
 * Taran
 * Tikale
 * Trebishte
 * Turyan
 * Uhlovitsa
 * Varbovo
 * Vievo
 * Vlahovo
 * Zaevite
 * Zmievo
 * Zmievo

Climate
Smolyan has a dry-warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsb), featuring warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.

Honour
Smolyan Point on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Smolyan.

Notable people

 * Valya Balkanska
 * Victor Houteff, founder of the Davidian branch, an offshoot of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
 * Velichko Cholakov
 * Daniil of Bulgaria

title: Smolyan


text:
Expressive language disorder

Expressive language disorder is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognized by the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). As of the eleventh edition (ICD-11, current 1 January 2022), it is considered to be covered by the various categories of developmental language disorder. Transition to the ICD-11 will take place at a different time in different countries.

The condition is a communication disorder in which there are difficulties with verbal and written expression. It is a specific language impairment characterized by an ability to use expressive spoken language that is markedly below the appropriate level for the mental age, but with a language comprehension that is within normal limits. There can be problems with vocabulary, producing complex sentences, and remembering words, and there may or may not be abnormalities in articulation.

Careful diagnosis is also important because "atypical language development can be a secondary characteristic of other physical and developmental problems that may first manifest as language problems".

Causes
Expressive language disorder is not well understood. It does not have one singular cause, but rather is often a result of many possible causes during development including malnutrition, and damage to the cerebrum such as from injury or disease. Physical abnormalities such as cleft plate and other anomalies that affect oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal structures or neuromuscular functions can be a cause of Expressive Language Disorder by interfering with the patients ability to communicate directly. Environmental problems during early childhood development, including inadequate stimulus, are risk factors as well.

Symptoms
Expressive Language disorder is characterized by difficulty communicating in varied ways. Sometimes this manifests as below-average vocabulary skills for an individuals age or use of the incorrect tense when speaking. There can be difficulty forming complex sentences and remembering words. Difficulties are with expression, not with understanding as with Receptive Language Disorder

Diagnosis
Diagnosis for expressive language disorder in children are usually marked by milestones markers of the child age grouping. A child can be diagnosed for expressive language disorder as early as two years old. Many pediatricians and speech and language pathologists look into all grounds of what may be causing speech delay. By the age of 2, children who are unable to use up to 270 one-word phrases and 25 different phonemes, not averaging 75 words per hour during free play, not able to talk in several two-to-three-word phrases with speech intelligibility or at least 65% ,and those who are unable to name common objects and pictures are predicted to most likely struggle and be diagnosed with expressive language disorder. In addition, it is also recommended to have a hearing test to diagnosis if the children's ability to communicate is altered by hearing problems. Since age vary on diagnosis, treatment varies as well.

Treatment
Treatment of expressive language disorder does not require medicine most of the time, but instead involves speech and language therapies. However, it is recommended to get a full physical check to rule out other possible disorders such as hearing loss. The recommended way to treat expressive language disorder is to work out a therapy plan by visiting a speech and language therapist. Some therapies may include use of toys, books, figures, and images to help improve the condition. In addition, parents could also aid children at home. For example, parents could have a small conversation with their children with slow, clear, and short words to gradually improve children's condition. In this process, patience is key, and it is also important to not make the children stressed. Additionally, let children repeat a short sentence or say it in their own words could also be helpful. Early diagnosis and treatment is really important to treat expressive language disorder.

Prognosis
The prognosis of this disease is shown to be associated with a class of different issues ranging from broad areas of development in a child's life quality such as social relationships, mental health, literacy, academic abilities, community connections, etc. This is tied into the inability to properly communicate or express language due to the plethora of functional impairments that come with this disorder. Risk detection as well as the severity of the disease has also been linked to age and analyzed through the measurement of the ways these areas have been affected as the child reaches adolescence or adulthood. Additionally, an expressive language disorder that is not caused by any underlying diseases such as autism or brain tumors has been shown to be curable through means that do not involve direct forms of treatment such as medication. A variety of speech and language therapies which include the use of pictures, books, and much more have led to improvements in overall expression, encourages children to participate in many activities, helps them make more friends, and reduces the stress in parents and children. However, if the condition is not treated, it will cause the children to have a decreased performance in school and increased frustration in both the parents and children due to difficulties in communication. In order to tackle and navigate through these difficulties, it is highly recommended for parents to seek out a speech language pathologist and to incorporate a routine that aids the child's condition at home such as an atmosphere where the encouragement for questions and active communications is endorsed. Activities such as reading to the child or the introductions to new words on objects or signs, would be good examples.

Models of language production
Willem Levelt outlined the currently accepted theory of speech production. Words are produced after the concept waiting to be produced is conceptualized, related words are selected, encoded and the sound waves of speech are produced.

Association with language networks
There is significant debate about whether specific language impairments, such as expressive language disorder, are caused by deficits in grammar or by a deficit in processing language information. However, an alternative hypothesis to the cause of SLIs has been posited, called the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis. The Procedural Deficit Hypothesis states that we can explain language impairments due to abnormal development of brain structures that are involved in procedural memory, our memories that remember how to perform different cognitive and motor tasks. The procedural memory system is associated with basal-ganglia circuits in the frontal lobe and further investigation of this particular hypothesis could aid in the development of a clinical neurological picture of what the underlying causes of SLI are.

Scientific studies of speech and language
Some of the earliest discoveries in the field of neuroscience were related to the discovery that damage to certain areas of the brain related to impairments in language, such as the discovery of Wernicke's area and Broca's area. Lesions in these parts of the brain impair language comprehension and language production, respectively. Paul Broca was the first to note that the left hemisphere of the brain appeared to be localized for language function, particularly for right handed patients. Modern neuroscientific research has verified this, though language may be lateralized to the right hemisphere in some right-handed individuals.

Developmental verbal dyspraxia
In 1990, it was reported that the several generations of the KE family had developmental verbal dyspraxia and orofacial praxis that were inherited in a typical autosomal dominant pattern. Further analysis traced this inheritance pattern back to mutations in the FOXP2 genes. These studies have allowed scientists to begin to investigate how changes to one gene can alter human communication.

FOXP2 is the first gene that has been identified that is specifically linked to speech and language production. Mutant alleles of the normal FOXP2 gene have been found to be the cause of severe speech impairments.

Specific language impairment
Neuroimaging techniques, such as structural and functional MRI, found no significant differences between individuals with SLI and normal controls. However, more subtle and sophisticated techniques, such as voxel-based morphometry studies have allowed researchers to identify bilateral abnormalities in neural volume in areas of the brain associated with motor functions, such as the caudate nucleus, in the affected members of the KE family when compared to the unaffected family members. This volume reduction showed a high correlation between reduced volume and tests of oral praxis, supporting the idea that odd development of the caudate nucleus is related to the problems in motor control observed in the KE family.

Due to the vague nature of the diagnosis of expressive language disorder, there is little specific scientific research that we can currently locate. A larger body of research exists around neuroscientific studies with children diagnosed with a specific language impairment (SLI). fMRI studies have shown that children with SLI have a significantly smaller left hemispheric pars triangularis (Broca's area) and asymmetry of dominance of language structures, as opposed to the more typical left hemisphere dominance. Scientists are beginning to elucidate differences in activation patterns in children with SLIs using neuroimaging techniques to capture brain activity while performing different cognitive tasks. A major observation is lack of left hemisphere lateralization in major language structures such as the inferior frontal gyrus-opercularis, inferior frontal gyrus-triangularis, supramarginal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. The same study reported hypoactivation and hyper activation of other brain regions - the supramarginal junction and anterior insula, respectively. Other in-depth imaging studies report finding previously undiagnosed lesions in the brains of children with well-characterized developmental language development. Together, these findings strongly suggest that language impairments are the result of an underlying neurological defect in an area of the brain related to language.

Studies looking at long-term outcomes for individuals with specific language impairments such as expressive language disorder track these individuals from childhood to adulthood. As Whitehouse and his colleagues suggest, "When childhood language problems persist into adulthood, they can have far reaching consequences in terms of academic, social and vocational outcomes." These researchers found that children diagnosed with an SLI would have persistent problems with language and are more likely to pursue vocational training rather than university, thereby avoiding professions requiring high levels of literacy. A lower socioeconomic status was also noted by adults who were diagnosed with an SLI as a child. Whitehouse also reported that these adults had more difficulties in establishing friendships, most likely due to a decreased ability to express themselves socially.

Current educational interventions for students with an SLI
Specific language impairments are often secondary characteristics of other disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In these cases, issues with speech and language are often not treated specifically, but rather attention is given to the primary complaint. Due to the high correlation of an SLI with other disorders, it is difficult to tell the difference between "pure SLI" or language impairments due to the presence of another disorder.

title: Expressive language disorder


text:
User talk:PeroBG1

No fair user can deny that Avala has made many good contributions, but he doesn't stand a chance of gaining admin status-- at least now-- on the English Wikipedia. The nomination will just give his detractors more ground on which to personally attack him (just like what's happening to Nikola) and make it less likely for him to gain the community's support in the future. I suggest that you quietly remove the nomination and find common ground with users capable of working with yourself, Avala, and Nikola (and these users aren't going to be found on the nominations for admin page, but rather on the articles on which the three of you are capable of making valuable contributions). 172 10:27, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:PeroBG1


text:
Port Byron

Port Byron is the name of several places in the United States:

 * Port Byron, Illinois
 * Port Byron Township, Illinois
 * Port Byron, New York

title: Port Byron


text:
Port Charlotte

Port Charlotte may refer to the following places:

 * Port Charlotte, Islay, Argyll and Bute, Scotland
 * Port Charlotte distillery
 * Port Charlotte, Florida, United States
 * Port Charlotte High School

title: Port Charlotte


text:
X-O Manowar

X-O Manowar (Aric of Dacia) is a fictional superhero co-created by writers Jim Shooter and Steve Englehart, and artists Bob Layton and Barry Windsor-Smith.

The eponymous comic book series published by Valiant Comics has sold more than 8 million copies to date. X-O Manowar has also starred in a video game alongside Marvel Comics's Iron Man. X-O Manowar comics have been translated into a number of languages including German, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Norwegian, Filipino, Chinese and Brazilian Portuguese.

Valiant Comics
X-O Manowar began as an original character by Valiant Comics with issue #1 with a cover date of February 1992. Less than a year after it began, with the Unity crossover and quality storytelling bringing attention to Valiant books, back issue prices rose dramatically due to limited early print runs. With comic book speculators buying multiple copies of each issue, sales reached as high as 800,000 copies for X-O Manowar #0 (August 1993) before dropping off. This original series ran for 68 issues before being canceled after the Sept. 1996 issue, of which only approximately 14,000 were printed.

Issues #1–4 of the original X-O Manowar series were reprinted in a trade paperback, X-O Manowar: Retribution, which sold over 150,000 copies. Issues #7 and #8 were reprinted as part of the Unity Saga trade paperbacks.

Acclaim Comics era
In 1996, Acclaim Entertainment bought Valiant for $65 million and restarted the series under the Acclaim Comics banner. The publication of the second series ceased (along with all of Acclaim's non-core business) in 2002 due to Acclaim's financial difficulties in their video game division.

Valiant Entertainment
In April 2008, the recently formed Valiant Entertainment released X-O Manowar: Birth, a deluxe hardcover collection collecting the first seven issues of X-O Manowar. The collection was digitally recolored and "remastered" from the original material and included a new story, "The Rise of Lydia", by Bob Layton, one the title's original artists. A press release from Valiantfans.com stated:

"X-O Manowar: Birth (FEB084088), published by Valiant Entertainment, is solicited in the February Previews (Volume XVIII #2) and scheduled to arrive in comic book stores nationwide on April 30, 2008. This digitally re-colored and re-mastered special edition collects the full X-O Manowar origin story from issues #0–6 for the first time ever, and includes an all-new epic 'The Rise of Lydia' story by comics legend Bob Layton and a new cover by Sean Chen! Aric of Dacia is a Visigoth barbarian captured by spider aliens and enslaved aboard their starship until he steals their ultimate weapon – the X-O Manowar armor. Aric returns to Earth only to find that 1600 years have past. Now the most primitive man on the planet wields the most technologically advanced weapon in existence! Features explosive art by Barry Windsor-Smith and Marvel EIC Joe Quesada and a story by legendary creators Bob Layton and Jim Shooter! The book is a full-color 192 page deluxe hardcover edition with a suggested retail price of $24.95."

Valiant Entertainment began publishing new comics based on the Valiant Comics universe of characters in May 2012, starting with a new X-O Manowar series by writer Robert Venditti and artist Cary Nord. The first issue sold through its initial print run of 45,000 copies. Valiant released a second printing of the issue with a variant cover by artist Arutro Lozzi.

In January 2017, a new X-O series was released, created by Matt Kindt.

Awards and recognition

 * The A.V. Club named X-O Manowar the Best Revival of 2012.
 * Ain't It Cool News named "X-O Manowar" Best Ongoing Series.
 * Comic Book Therapy named X-O Manowar one of the 12 Best Comics of 2012.
 * Comic Impact named X-O Manowar Most Improved Book 2012, and series writer Robert Venditti Best New Writer 2012.
 * X-O Manowar was named among the "Top Twelve Titles of 2012" by Mind of Scott.
 * Truthful Comics named X-O Manowar #7 to their list of the Top 10 Comics of 2012.
 * Aric's battle against members of the Vine Members in X-O Manowar #5 was named among the Best New Comic Book Battles This Year: 2012 by Comic Vine, with an honorable mention given to Bloodshot and Chainsaw's battle.
 * X-O Manowar was named "Best Comeback" in 2012 by Geekadelphia.
 * X-O Manowar was named "Best New Series" in 2012 by Why So Blu.
 * X-O Manowar was named in the Nerdage "Top Ten Comic-Book Series of 2012".

Nominations

 * X-O Manowar was given the 2012 Diamond GEM Award for Best Book of the Year over $3.00.

Shanhara (X-O Manowar Armor)
According to legend, the sentient X-O Manowar armor known as Shanhara grew from a secret plant eons ago on the alien empire's home world of Loa. During the Vine's persecution at the hands of a mysterious race known as the Torment, it bonded with its first Vine Host, who went on to use its might to single-handedly repel the invasion force and win freedom for his people. The armor is living, composed of organics and exotic metals—a mutualistic symbiote, bonded to its host. For centuries, the Vine high priests searched for a wearer that could bear the power of Shanhara, but all such candidates were killed in the process. When Aric of Dacia attempted to escape the Vine captivity, he bonded with Shanhara as a last resort and was deemed worthy.

Aric and Shanhara share a unique relationship—one that continues even when they are separated. Shanhara can translate foreign and alien languages, tap into a world's historical and geographical records, interface with complex forms of technology, and even heal life-threatening injuries and illnesses. Even though the bond between Aric and the armor is strong, it can be severed. Recently, the Harbinger Foundation teletechnopath Livewire was able to override the armor's connection to Aric and wear Shanhara for a limited period. Despite its impact on earthly affairs, the armor's true origin and purpose remain a mystery—one that the beings known as the Armor Hunters will soon expose.

Original Valiant Comics version
Aric of Dacia was a Visigoth born in the 5th century AD under Roman rule. As a young boy, Aric witnessed the slaughter of his parents at the hands of Roman soldiers. Henceforth, he dedicated himself to destroying the Roman oppressors, with the help of his Uncle, Alaric I.

Some years later, Aric took a Celtic slave, Deidre, to be his consort. He grew to love her, and worshipped her god, Lugh. One evening, he saw demons attacking members of his tribe. Aric attacked them, but was quickly subdued and taken aboard their alien spacecraft.

For the next seven years, Aric was held prisoner in the slave pens of the spacecraft. At a refuelling station several light years from Earth, he befriended a man known as the "Map Giver" who looked similar to Elvis Presley. The "Map Giver" used a discarded bone shard to carve a map into Aric's palm that would lead him to the alien's armory. Aric fought his way to the X-O Manowar class armor and donned the control ring. It later became clear that the "manufacturing" process of the X-O Manowar armor, which not only self-repaired, but also reproduced, involved the absorption of a sentient intelligence that then became the armor's own sentience. With this living armor he was able to escape from the alien ship and return to Earth.

Due to time dilation, as Aric had been traveling at the speed of light, although only a few years had passed on board, sixteen centuries had passed on Earth. Aric thus found himself in the unfamiliar world of the 20th century. At first, Aric struggled to adjust to late-20th-century Earth. He encountered a number of Valiant Universe heroes, befriending some and alienating others. He eventually gained control of Orb Industries, a multi-national corporation formerly controlled by the Spider Aliens.

X-O Manowar played a major role in Valiant's successful Unity crossover event. In this storyline, Aric chose not to help the other Valiant heroes defeat Mothergod (Erica Pierce), and instead built a small empire in the "lost land". Eventually, he was tricked by Mothergod and his people were slaughtered. Aric was eviscerated by a cyborg-tyrannosaurus and became trapped within the X-O Manowar armor for ten years to heal.

Aric and the X-O Manowar armor were sent back to Aric's own time by Solar at the end of Unity. Aric tried to convince his uncle, Alaric, to help him destroy the Romans. However, Alaric was concerned about the power that Aric had gained through the armor. Alaric and the Romans joined forces to fight Aric, but failed to defeat him.

In issue #28, the X-O Manowar armor (known as Shanhara) was destroyed. Solar went to Saturn to recover the armor left there, after defeating the alien he battled in Solar #7. This armor chose to remain with its deceased wearer, but had sprouted a seed, which Solar took. These seeds could be used to create a new Manowar armor, but only through the sacrifice of a sentient being. Aric's friend, Paul Bouvier, who was dying from spider alien poison, consented to be sacrificed so that Aric could continue his battles with the Spider Aliens.

In the X-O Manowar Yearbook, it was explained how Gilad Anni-Padda, the Eternal Warrior, earned the eternal enmity of Aric. Gilad was rescued from bandits by Aric, but he betrayed the location of Aric's Visigoth camp to Roman soldiers, whose attack led Deidre to miscarry Aric's child. However, Gilad had betrayed the Visigoths as part of a conspiracy that led to the downfall of the Roman Empire and the rise of Alaric.

Acclaim Comics version
When Acclaim Entertainment acquired the comic series, X-O Manowar was significantly altered. The character was now a modern-day scientist named Donovan Wylie who wielded X-O armor, an ancient artifact owned by the United States government, having been captured from Nazi Germany in World War II.

In this series, the X-O Manowar armor is an artifact of unknown origin that has been worn by a myriad of warriors throughout history. It essentially gives its wearer indefinite power, but the armor slowly siphons the life essence of its wearer, damaging their mind and body. The armor attaches itself to the wearer's nervous system and cannot be removed without killing the person wearing it. It can, however, be changed to its "metal" form at the wearer's will, but the metal is permanently grafted onto the wearer's chest (it is unknown if the armor will activate if grafted onto another part of the body).

Valiant Entertainment version
Born into battle, Aric of Dacia, heir to the throne of the Visigoth people, never knew peace. Raised under the oppressive thumb of the Roman Empire in 5th century Europe, his entire life was a never-ending series of campaigns against Rome, until a far more terrifying enemy came into play: the brutal race and alien colonizers known as the Vine. Abducted during a midnight scouting raid and taken to the far reaches of space, Aric and his fellow Visigoth captives lived their lives as slaves to the Vine, with no hope of escape.

After several years of captivity aboard a Vine colony ship, Aric led a revolt against his alien captors, storming the hallowed temple of the Vine and stealing their most powerful relic, Shanhara, the sentient X-O Manowar armor. Aric bonded with the armor—the first being in living memory to survive the process—and turned the Vine's most powerful weapon against them. But a crushing counterattack by the Vine left many of Aric's allies dead or dying. Inexperienced with the armor himself, Aric barely escaped the Vine fleet before rocketing back to Earth.

Upon his return, Aric learned that due to the effects of time dilation, 1,600 years have passed since his abduction and he was now stranded in the 21st century. Distraught by the loss of his family and people, Aric secluded himself in the Peruvian jungle, but the Vine were unwilling to leave their most sacred relic in human hands. Vine legend told that their greatest champion would one day wear the armor; news of a human controlling the suit could spell massive civil unrest for their empire.

To recover it, covert Vine agents called "plantings", left on Earth hundreds of years ago and modified to appear human, recruited the super-spy Ninjak to kill Aric and return the armor. But with the help of Alexander Dorian, Aric turned Ninjak against his alien masters and led an attack on the Vine's secret headquarters inside Britain's MI-6, virtually eliminating the plantings' operations in England.

The Vine responded with a full-force invasion, one that proved to be no match for the X-O Manowar armor. However, Aric realized that there would be no peace with the Vine until they were destroyed. Commandeering a Vine ship, Aric mounted a one-man invasion of the alien race's homeworld, Loam, toppling the empire and freeing thousands in the process, including a population of enslaved Visigoths descended from Aric's own people.

Returning to Earth with his new kinsmen in tow, Aric decided to reestablish an ancestral Visigoth homeland in its present-day location within Romania, a decision that quickly drew the ire of the neighboring Russian government. After warding off a series of coordinated military strikes, Aric was faced with his greatest threat yet, the super-team known as Unity.

Aric's defense of Dacia did not go to plan. He was beaten by Toyo Harada, stripped of his armor, and taken into custody by the United States Military Reconnaissance Outpost (M.E.R.O.), a covert government agency that monitors and engages alien threats. In exchange for asylum for him and his people, Aric, now reunited with the X-O Manowar armor, works as an agent of M.E.R.O., protecting American interests on and above the Earth.

Film
In September 2016, newly formed Valiant Entertainment announced a feature film centered around Aric of Dacia / X-O Manowar. Executives of the company stated that there were notable directors attached to the project, and that the film will be true to the source material. By April 2020, John Cena teased his involvement with the film via his social media platforms.

Video game
X-O Manowar was featured along with Marvel Comics' armored superhero Iron Man in the Acclaim Entertainment-developed video game Iron Man and X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal, produced for IBM PC compatibles, PlayStation, Saturn, Game Gear, and Game Boy. In the game, X-O Manowar and Iron Man fight together against villains from both heroes' stories in order to stop them from obtaining all fragments of the Cosmic Cube.

Web series
X-O Manowar made an appearance in the web series Ninjak vs. the Valiant Universe, portrayed by Derek Theler.

Kindle World fan fiction stories
The X-O Manowar series has been augmented with fan or community content. Fan fiction publisher Kindle Worlds has been publishing stories that star Aric or exist within the X-O Manowar world:
 * Noughts and Crosses, by Stuart Moore; June 2013.
 * Aric the Younger, by L. Villarreal; August 2013.
 * Centurion, by Brian LeTendre; August 2013.
 * The Golden Circle, by Shane Berryhill; August 2013.
 * Extinction (Part One), by Christopher Buckner; January 2014.
 * Journey through Space, by Jon Mickus; February 2014.
 * A Moment's Peace, by Richard Mark Perry III; April 2014.
 * Superposition, by Will Carter III; June 2014.

title: X-O Manowar


text:
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder

Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (DSM-IV 315.32) is a communication disorder in which both the receptive and expressive areas of communication may be affected in any degree, from mild to severe. Children with this disorder have difficulty understanding words and sentences. This impairment is classified by deficiencies in expressive and receptive language development that is not attributed to sensory deficits, nonverbal intellectual deficits, a neurological condition, environmental deprivation or psychiatric impairments. Research illustrates that 2% to 4% of five year olds have mixed receptive-expressive language disorder. This distinction is made when children have issues in expressive language skills, the production of language, and when children also have issues in receptive language skills, the understanding of language. Those with mixed receptive-language disorder have a normal left-right anatomical asymmetry of the planum temporale and parietale. This is attributed to a reduced left hemisphere functional specialization for language. Taken from a measure of cerebral blood flow (SPECT) in phonemic discrimination tasks, children with mixed receptive-expressive language disorder do not exhibit the expected predominant left hemisphere activation. Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder is also known as receptive-expressive language impairment (RELI) or receptive language disorder.

Classification
If assessed on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, for instance, symptoms of mixed receptive-expressive language disorder may show as relatively low scores for Information, Vocabulary and Comprehension (perhaps below the 25th percentile). If a person has difficulty with specific types of concepts, for example spatial terms, such as 'over', 'under', 'here' and 'there', they may also have difficulties with arithmetic, understanding word problems and instructions, or difficulties using words at all. They may also have a more general problem with words or sentences, both comprehension and orally. Some children will have issues with pragmatics – the use of language in social contexts as well; and therefore, will have difficulty with inferring meaning. Furthermore, they have severe impairment of spontaneous language production and for this reason, they have difficulty in formulating questions. Generally, children will have trouble with morphosyntax, which is word inflections. These children have difficulty understanding and applying grammatical rules, such as endings that mark verb tenses (e.g. -ed), third-person singular verbs (e.g. I think, he thinks), plurals (e.g. -s), auxiliary verbs that denote tenses (e.g. was running, is running), and with determiners (the, a). Moreover, children with mixed receptive-expressive language disorders have deficits in completing two cognitive operations at the same time and learning new words or morphemes under time pressure or when processing demands are high. These children also have auditory processing deficits in which they process auditory information at a slower rate and as a result, require more time for processing.

Related disorders
Studies show that low receptive and expressive language at young ages was correlated to increased autism symptom severity in children in their early school years. Below is a chart depicting language deficits of children on the autistic spectrum. This table indicates the lower levels of language processing, receptive/expressive disorders, which is more severe in children with autism. When autistic children speak, they are often difficult to understand, their language is sparse and dysfluent, they speak in single, uninflected words or short phrases, and their supply of words is severely depleted. This leads to limited vocabulary while also having deficits in verbal short-term memory.

Management
Children who demonstrate deficiencies early in their speech and language development are at risk for continued speech and language issues throughout later childhood. Similarly, even if these speech and language problems have been resolved, children with early language delay are more at risk for difficulties in phonological awareness, reading, and writing throughout their lives. Children with mixed receptive-expressive language disorder are often likely to have long-term implications for language development, literacy, behavior, social development, and even mental health problems. If suspected of having a mixed receptive-expressive language disorder, treatment is available from a speech therapist or pathologist. Most treatments are short term, and rely upon accommodations made within the environment, in order to minimize interfering with work or school. Programs that involve intervention planning that link verbal short-term memory with visual/nonverbal information may be helpful for these children. In addition, approaches such as parent training for language stimulation and monitoring language through the "watch and see" method are recommended. The watch-and-see technique advises children with mixed receptive-expressive language disorder who come from stable, middle-class homes without any other behavioral, medical, or hearing problems should be vigilantly monitored rather than receive intervention. It is often the case that children do not meet the eligibility criteria established through a comprehensive oral language evaluation; and as a result, are not best suited for early intervention programs and require a different approach besides the "one size fits all" model.


text:
Port Clinton

Port Clinton is the name of several places in the United States:

 * Port Clinton, Ohio
 * Port Clinton, Pennsylvania

Outside the continental US:
 * Port Clinton, Queensland, in Australia
 * Clinton, South Australia, often referred to as Port Clinton in Australia

title: Port Clinton