text:
Talk:Beef noodle soup

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Proposal to Create Lanzhou Beef Noodles and Taiwanese Beef Noodles
As you can see in the following discussions, it is technically incorrect to allocate Hui people for the origin of "beef noodles". Beef noodles, simply means beef plus noodles. We can say that Hui people created the Lanzhou beef noodles, and the Taiwanese veterans created the Braised beef noodles, but neither are the inventor of ALL beef noodles. User: Ephemform and I propose to keep the Beef Noodle Soup article as a generic term (as it is done in Chinese wikipedia, stating: "beef noodles is a broad term for any soup/noodles that uses cooked beef as main ingredient for a dish, the origin of beef noodles is undefined and cannot be traced"), then create two new articles referring to Lanzhou Beef Noodles and Taiwanese Beef noodles. They have clear distinguishing elements, history, features and enough reference sources to form their own articles (as it is done in Chinese wikipedia). It will also mitigate the controversial discussion about Chinese/Taiwanese/Southeast Asian origin (there is NO origin).

If there are no notable oppositions, we will create these 2 articles, and change the introduction of this article to be used as a generic term only. Please let us know what you think.Jjj84206 (talk) 16:54, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

Taiwanese vs Chinese Origin
I want to make it clear that there are two main types of Beef Noodles, one is called red braised (紅燒牛肉麵), while the other one is called Lanzhou Ramen/Islamic Beef Noodle Soup (清燉牛肉麵/蘭州拉麵/蘭州牛肉麵). The red-braised version is created by Taiwanese people while the Islamic beef noodles was created in Tang dynasty by the Hui people. Arguably, I'm not sure it should even be called "Chinese", or "Islamic". However, we'll say it's Chinese given that these people were under jurisdiction of the Tang dynasty emperor at that time (likely). In my opinion, the origin should really be "Hui people and Taiwan", not China.

Please do not, under any political reason, remove "China" or "Taiwan". The beef noodles soup is an Asian dish that has many varieties, and on Wikipedia, to remain neutral, we will include both China and Taiwan. Any vandalism edits will be reverted back to its current version. (talk) 25 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Hui people have always been under the jurisdiction of Chinese emperors as they are overwhelmingly Han Chinese who converted to Islam (very few of them actually have foreign origins). Both the red-braised and clear varieties of beef noodle soup were already listed in the article. You were the one who vandalized the article to fulfil your own political agendas such as intentionally putting "Taiwanese" in front of "Chinese" for no real reason. Oh, and next time sign your posts.Ephemform (talk) 11:47, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

 * the original version of the article excluded Taiwan as origin, which was inaccurate, it completed removed Taiwan and was vandalized. I put Taiwan in front of China since the mainstream beef noodles nowadays is the red-braised version. The varieties existed but like I said, these are totally different dishes. Either we create separate articles for it, or we include both versions as region of originality. You cannot say that Hui people "created" beef noodles just because they added beef into a noodles soup. Yes they created the clear beef noodles, but the red-braised beef noodles is a totally different dish that the Hui people didn't invent. It is not a derivative of the original soup. You can call something a varietal, if it's substantially the same. As a food enthusiast yourself, I'm sure you know that the red-braised and clear beef noodles taste completely different, with different meats, soup base, sauce, noodles type, vegetables added...etc. My suggestion is that we create two separate articles. We must be careful with the terms used. Beef noodles (牛肉麵) literally means beef + noodles. If I were to add beef + soup does that make it beef noodles? No. The broad clear-broth beef noodles refers to the specific recipe.

 * To give you another example, there's also California beef noodles but that doesn't mean that it is a separate dish that deserves to be called invention (since it's actually Taiwanese-style). Similarly, California roll sushi doesn't mean it's created in California (disputed). Hawaiian pizza is also not actually from Hawaii). Just because the Taiwanese call it beef noodles doesn't mean it's Chinese. If an American added beef into his soup that doesn't make it American beef noodles. We are referring to two recipes (clear-broth/red-braised) that are totally different. They are independent from one another. One does not lead to another. The red-braised beef noodles was not based off the clear-broth's recipe. It's not right to say that the Origin of beef noodles is China, and Taiwanese simply made modifications to it so it's a variety, this is an incorrect statement. Just because someone added beef to a soup doesn't make that "a variety of Hui people's noodle soup", therefore it is Chinese. In fact, way back before Hui people made this soup, there were likely people that added beef into soup. Does that mean Hui people copied them and made the clear-broth variety? So in fact, the Hui people didn't "create" beef noodles? Just because the Hui people version of noodles soup is the earliest documented and clearly-defined beef noodle soup, doesn't make them the inventor of all beef noodles. You can claim that Hui people is the inventor of the clear-broth version, just as it is correct to say that the Taiwanese people are the creator of braised version. But you cannot claim that Hui people made all "beef noodles" and that all versions of beef noodles stem from Hui. In that case, pho should be a Chinese dish too shouldn't it? It has beef and it has rice noodles and invented in the 1900s (after the Hui people made beef noodles). So pho is somehow a version of "beef noodles"?

 * Once again, I propose retaining this article as Lanzhou Ramen/Clear-Broth Beef Noodles, while creating a separate "red-braised beef noodles". I believe this solution could mitigate the argument of China/Taiwan and reflect historical accuracy/Wikipedia neutrality. Jjj84206 (talk) 17:16, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Actually, I just studied the Chinese Beef Noodles Wikipedia page. It seems like they adopt the solution I propose above. They have a page 牛肉麵 (beef noodles). The article says: "牛肉麵是泛指各種以燉煮過的牛肉為主要配料的湯麵食，其根源難以追溯" (which means: beef noodles is a broad term for any soup/noodles that uses cooked beef as main ingredient for a dish, the origin of beef noodles is undefined and cannot be traced). Then they have 2 separate pages created respectively for 台灣牛肉麵 (Taiwanese Beef Noodles) and 蘭州牛肉麵 (Clear Broth Beef Noodles), they also included pho in the "beef noodles" page, and link to 越南牛肉河粉. We should do the same. Jjj84206 (talk) 17:34, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Your previous edits had formatting errors and you are definitely not neutral yourself. Your profile itself says: "I am a very patriotic person. I recognize the Republic of China as the rightful government of China. That means, Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong and other territories all are considered part of the Republic of China. If that confuses you, then consider China part of Taiwan." which is proof of your inherent political bias. The edits included your personal opinions such as stating "that these two terms should not be used interchangeably" (we already have a segment which says they are different) and you have just started now that the Taiwanese version is more "mainstream" than the Lanzhou version (based on what?). If there is no proven notability then "Chinese" would have gone in front of "Taiwanese" anyway as things would be listed in alphabetical order. You also called the Lanzhou version "ramen" which the Japanese cuisine editors (and some Korean) have stated on other articles that this is inappropriate usage. Otherwise, I think the article looks fine now.Ephemform (talk) 23:08, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

 * that part of my profile has since been deleted. I was young and that no longer reflects my belief. I don't know why you would go back to my deleted history just to prove that you think I'm politically biased. What's the point. Politics view is subjective and to many people, you could be the biased one. You seem really angered by that statement which like I say, no longer reflects what I believe (hence it was deleted). I apologize if you were infuriated by that comment since I think we have the same political viewpoint. For your reference, I believe in the one china policy and 1992 consensus. One China, each side interprets its own China. This is the official understanding that the PRC government approves and the most neutral point of view. Lanzhou "ramen" - I've heard the name would anger a lot of local Lanzhou people, according to my Chinese friends. However, I call it that way because most people don't know what Lanzhou beef noodles is. In my country, all the restaurants call it "Lanzhou Ramen", I used the name because I thought it'd be a easier term for people to understand. Notice that in my previous edits I call it Lanzhou Ramen/Lanzhou Beef Noodles/Clear Broth Noodles. I do understand that they mean the same thing and the fact that ramen is not the right term for it. I want to let you know, I do understand the difference, but people just call it more often as "Lanzhou Ramen" so I used the name. If you go to the Chinese wikipedia, this is what it says: "蘭州牛肉麵，常在蘭州以外被謬作蘭州拉麵". Even in China, many places incorrectly call it Lanzhou Ramen. Despite the term not 100% correct, I don't believe that's really an issue since you obviously understand what I am referring to. Hawaiian pizza is not even Hawaiian, are you going to call it otherwise (like Pineapple pizza)? I hope this clears up any misunderstanding we have.

 * I suggest we create separate articles for Lanzhou Beef Noodles and Taiwanese beef noodles. I hope you read my explanation above that it's inaccurate to say the Chinese or Taiwanese invented the broad term "beef noodles". Beef noodles is a general term that simply means beef + soup/noodles. We can't say that the origin of beef noodles is Hui people or Taiwanese veterans. I invite you to help me create these two articles and make Wikipedia a better source for the general public.Jjj84206 (talk) 15:56, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Just you let you know I didn't go through your "deleted history" to find out about your political views, it was right on your page at the time I viewed it - but anyway this is getting too personal. That sounds like a good idea but food articles are always a touchy subject so I'd like to hear if other editors would agree and we would need more book references from scholars in particular.Ephemform (talk) 21:17, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

European beef noodle soups
I'm pretty sure beef noodle soups are not a uniquely asian phenomenon. Beef soup with egg noodles is not at all an uncommon dish and probably has at least a century's long history. It would be nice if someone could research this and add to the article. OliAtlason (talk) 04:11, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

This might be an issue of semantics; I think they are referring to the dish which is called "Beef Noodle Soup," popular in Taiwanese cuisine, I don't think this is an article on all soups that include noodles and beef. Otherwise there would be nearly endless variations, especially the ever-popular Pho from Vietnam... Tcxspears (talk) 17:10, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

Difference of opinion on the part about puting it in the boiling water for one minute.
You could instead put the raw beef in cold water and then bring the water and the beef into a boil. Then throw out the water, use a different pot or clean the pot and remember to rinse the beef in cold water then, follow the other instrustions. The reason for this is to remove the blood AND some of the stench of the meat. You should do this to all meat product when you are cooking something without strong spices to cover up that stench. Well, thats my opinion, of course, if that stench is what you are looking for then don't do it. Some people call that the "taste" of the meat. If you never tried then taste the differece ~ espcially with goat meat. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 141.155.107.61 (talk) 23:10, 5 December 2006 (UTC).

On a side note
Don't use any high quality beef for this noodle because of the long boiling time of the meat, it doesn't matter which part you use, all will be tender. In fact poor quality beef with many toughparts might even taste better using this method. For this reason this could even be called peasant food (no offense intended)

A hint on the soy sauce in this soup
The soy sauce in this soup is Dark soy sauce and is not put there for taste(use salt). The reason is to color the meat dark since most of time the beef used is of low quality (therefore it dosen't look edible if it were light) Also, sometime ginger is used abusively to cover up the stench of the poor quality meat.

A caution to the credibility of the historical contents
The main ingredients (or could be the only ingredients)are water, beef ,and noodles. This noodle soup usually uses low quality beef and could be serve with no spices and no beef therefore it could be made easily by peasants and serve to peasents of low rank even in ancient time for a rather long duration. And since it is so easily made and it is food for low rank peasents and slaves it would not enter into historical documents readily after invention.

 * No offense to you, but the "peasant food" story is more or less an over-simplification. Firsdt of all, beef is not part of the traditional Chinese diet, until the beggining of the last century, it was eaten by Hui people (beef noodle was invented by them as well.) Secondly, peasants don't eat meat period. If there are any meat, it's likely to be pork, not beef (cattles are valueble work animals, it's not eaten. Besides, there are very few places in China where cattles can be grazed.) Thirdly, it's mainly comsumed by urban people (especially students and workers.) I have yet seen one rural family eating it as their "traditional meal". -130.126.75.181 (talk) 04:31, 24 February 2008 (UTC)cecikierk

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Image needs replacement
Hello all...

An image used in the article, specifically Image:Instant beef noodle soup.jpg, has a little bit of a licensing issue. The image was uploaded back when the rules around image uploading were less restrictive. It is presumed that the uploader was willing to license the picture under the GFDL license but was not clear in that regard. As such, the image, while not at risk of deletion, is likely not clearly licensed to allow for free use in any future use of this article. If anyone has an image that can replace this, or can go take one and upload it, it would be best.

You have your mission, take your camera and start clicking.--Jordan 1972 (talk) 22:14, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Deleted paragraph
"When the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan at the end of the Chinese Civil War, refugees from mainland China including Chinese Muslims introduced the beef noodles to the Taiwanese. Despite the traditional Taiwanese aversion to eating beef (due to affection to water buffaloes which pull the plough in rice paddies), and that virtually no wheat (a main ingredient of noodles) is produced in the island, the dish is available on Taiwan, including the instant noodles, food pouch, and microwave meal versions. Certain sources argue that the modern form of the Chinese beef noodles was actually invented in Gangshan Village, Kaohsiung County by Republic of China Air Force personnel who fled to Taiwan from Sichuan. Despite the southern Taiwanese roots of the modern beef noodles, the City of Taipei styles itself as the 'World Capital of Beef Noodles' and has recently started to host an annual Taipei Beef Noodles Festival." Kaihsu (talk) 15:08, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

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Evaluation
Thanks for all editors' contributions. The lead section covers the basic information about beef noodle soup by providing plenty of external information that readers will be able to click on. It might be better if the information is listed explicitly to make readers easier to read. I would like to know more about the noodle style. Jaditol (talk) 21:08, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

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Beef Noodle Soup Wiki Page Update
Hi all, hope you all enjoying the updated information. Feel free to make any edit or change if you have any concerns. Jaditol (talk) 22:10, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your contribution. I am generally okay with the changes you made. You made substantial contribution to Lanzhou Beef Noodle, not much on the Taiwanese side. You also added one sentence implying that Taiwanese Beef Noodle soup was "brought to Taiwan from China", despite all sources said otherwise. Please be careful and do not add in personal opinion. Secondly, I would recommend you creating a separate article on Lanzhou Beef Noodle Soup. I've always suggested to create this and keep this page as a general "Beef Noodle Soup" article (which encompasses other soups with beef in it from around asia). Right now, you're putting an undue weight on Lanzhou beef noodle soup and the dish itself, like Taiwanese beef noodle soup, is notable enough to warrant its own article, this has already been done for multiple languages including Chinese, Korean, and Japanese Wikipedia, see here for an example: zh:蘭州牛肉麵. Final thing, please ensure you add references AFTER punctuation, not before. I have reverted your edit for now, I'm not against your content. I see you're a student editor, hopefully creating a new article would be a good experience for you. Thanks.Kazuha1029 (talk) 22:37, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beef noodle soup


text:
Talk:USCGC Eagle (WIX-327)

USS Constitution
This page for the Eagle claims that the USCGC Eagle "is the only active commissioned sailing vessel in American government service." However the USS Constitution is also a sailing vessel that is actively commissioned in American Government service. I know that the Constitution no longer sails (except for one short voyage in 1997). However she certainly meets the requirements of the statement in this article. Maybe the wording could be changed to "the only active commissioned vessel that sails regularly" with a parenthetical remark to the Constitution? If no one objects or changes the article suitably, I will do so in the next couple of days. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.188.181.249 (talk) 00:02, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Cutter
The Eagle is not a Coast Guard Cutter (CGC). Does anyone else think the title of this article needs changing? ScottyBoy900Q 15:31, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you'd need to have a little chat with the Coast Guard and talk them into changing their nomenclature (and website) first. As near as I can figure, while the ship is not technically a "cutter" as we normally think of it, the USCG now calls all their larger vessels "cutters", and Eagle happens to fall into that category. (As you can see from history and redirs, this one has already had more than its share of titling confusion!) Stan 19:19, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Info
A dup with possibly useful bits:

"== USCGC EAGLE =="

The USCGC EAGLE, "America's Tall Ship," is a 295' barque used as a training cutter for members of the US Coast Guard. Each summer, EAGLE conducts cruises with cadets from the US Coast Guard Academy, OC's from the Officer Candidate School, or enlisted recruits embarked for periods ranging from a week to 2 months. These cruises fulfill multiple roles; the primary mission is training the cadets, but the ship also performs a valuable public relations role. Often, EAGLE will make calls at foreign ports as a goodwill ambassador.

History

EAGLE was initially constructed at the Blohm & Voss Shipyard in Hamburg, Germany in 1936. Her original name was HORST WESSEL, named for a member of the Nazi Party. She was one of three identical vessels used to train recruits for service in the Kriegsmarine. At a later date, two further copies of this design were completed. At the end of World War II, the four vessels then existent were distributed to various Allied nations as war reparations. They became TOVARISCH [ex-GORCH FOCK] (Russia), SAGRES II [ex-ALBERT LEO SCHLAGETER] (Portugal), MIRCEA (Romania), and EAGLE (USA). After the war, West Germany constructed the fifth vessel of the class, named GORCH FOCK II.

During her many years of service, EAGLE has traveled to ports throughout the United States and the world. In the early 1980's she undertook a yearlong cruise to Australia from her home at the US Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. During this cruise Academy instructors were embarked to conduct the cadets' courses underway. At other times, EAGLE has participated in various Tall Ship races and events. Some of the most notable have been the various incarnations of Operation Sail, most notable being the bicentennial OpSail '76.

Design Summary

Displacement.................1816 tons

Length Overall...............295 feet

Length on waterline..........233 feet

Beam.........................39.1 ft

Freeboard....................9.1 ft

Draft (fully loaded).........17 ft

Height of main & fore masts..147.3 ft

Height of mizzenmast.........132 ft

Sail Area....................21350 sqft "

Stan 03:23, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The above numbers do not match the official numbers at http://www.uscga.edu/eagle/eagle_stats.aspx --- Skapur 22:57, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Revision (5/06)
The revision is not so much a rewrite as a new layout. The article has been given section headings and the ship's measurements have been put in tabular form. A second photo and some more history have been added. Obviously, Stan's material on this page has been a resource. B00P 05:30, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

2014 New Revision/Update
Greetings,

I am a former EAGLE sailor and have read numerous books about operations and history on the Barque. I am planning to make a significant update to this page. I would like to add a large (1000+ words) section on the training mission of the ship and what skills cadets learn while onboard. It will include a discussion of how cadets (and officer candidates) learn key leadership and teamwork skills. I also hope to update some historical information on the EAGLE, including a more comprehensive discussion of the transfer of the ship from Germany to the US Coast Guard, OPSAIL events, and other incidents, such as when the Barque collided with the M/V Philippine Jose Abad Santos in 1967. This will include pictures of the training and the various historical events of the ship. Finally, I plan to fix and update a few minor inaccuracies in the article itself and add a slew of additional citations.

If you have any comments or thoughts on this addition, please post them here and let me know what you think. I will be developing these new ideas in my Sandbox and will post the link here as it develops. I plan to go live with any changes in mid December.

Please note that the views and facts I will be expressing as part of this update are mine and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Commandant or of the U.S. Coast Guard.

Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Worrfle (talk • contribs) 10:36, 2 November 2014

 * Sounds great! I'll keep an eye for your sandbox. Just make sure that you're including reliable sources to back up your statements. See WP:Verifiability and WP:Reliable sources for more information. — Huntster (t @ c) 16:56, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

I have completed most of my update to this page and it is in my sandbox if anyone has comments. I plan on going live with it in the next few days. Let me know what you think. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Worrfle (talk • contribs) 16 December 2014

Constructed and designed by John Stanley
In this article is to read "Constructed and designed by John Stanley". Anybody a "good" quote to it? In the German Wikipedia is noting to read like this, in the article of the ship, the Gorch Fock class etc. And if he constructed it, who is he? Curriculum vitae? Greetings,--Soenke Rahn (talk) 11:47, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Eagle figurehead on the Bow
The article needs to give credit to the sculptor, Robert Lee Perry. Perry was an artist from Massachussets, and carved the wood Eagle in 1976 for the ship's restoration that year. Marc S. 206.192.35.125 (talk) 14:32, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Horst Wessel section
I changed the wording in the Horst Wessel section heading a few days ago from "Segelschulschiff" to "Sail Training Ship"; this was reverted with the edit summary “'no reason to not use the proper term here, especially as it is explained in the first sentence.” First off, the reason to not use “the proper term” is that (as this is the English language WP) we should write in English (per WP:ENGLISH) and the proper term, in English, for this type of vessel is “Sail Training Ship” (it's a common enough term; see here): And as it isn't just a translation of the German, “Sail School Ship” isn't really appropriate either. We don't refer to this one as the schlachtschiff Scharnhorst or this as navire de ligne Dunkerque, any more than the German WP uses the French term for the latter (de), or the English term for this one (de) so there's really no justification for doing it here. Also, the reason why it is “explained in the first sentence” is because someone else felt the need to put it there; there's no pressing need for a foreign term, and the format goes against NCSHIPS. If there is any good reason why we should be ignoring the guidelines in this case perhaps someone could explain it? Xyl 54 (talk) 19:18, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Ship prefixes are generally not spelled out, except perhaps for a one-time explanation per article for ones the reader is not likely to be familiar with. This is what is in the Lead of the article as the alternate name. Is their any good reason it needs to be spelled out more than once in the article? - BilCat (talk) 19:58, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't think we have to refer to "SSS Horst Wessel" any more than necessary, although that's consistent with the style of an article named "USCGC Eagle". Because we have "Segelschulschiff" in the infobox and on the ratings' caps in the 1937 photo, the English equivalent should be given at some point; and that's what I'd like to see kept. The translation of schul seems to be more properly "school", not "training" (Ger. "schulung"), no matter what the Wikipedia article might be titled. There's also the matter of making clear that this ship's intended role seems to always have been as a training vessel. Dhtwiki (talk) 02:36, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

Bilcat: I don't disagree with you about the presentation of or expanding of a ship prefix, but it is sonething of a moot point; it would seem, on further reading, we shouldn't have a prefix here at all, per NCSHIPS. The German Navy didn't use them, and (per the de article) it wasn't used for this ships, so per NC SHIPS we shouldn't be making one up, as someone somewhen seems to have done here. Dhtwiki: Again, I don't disagree that “school” is a better rendering of schul, but (again) it's a moot point; we shouldn't be using foreign terms when English ones will do (per MOS:FOREIGN, and WP:UE), and the correct term for this type of ship (per google search, not just per some WP article) is “Sail Training Ship”, not “Sail School Ship” (see Gsearch here, for that) So unless there is a reason not to, I suggest we a) lose the SSS prefix altogether (per NCSHIPS), b) lose the term Segelschulschiff where it occurs (per MOS:FOREIGN), and c) replace it (once, in the infobox, under “Ship type”) with “Sail Training Ship” (per WP:UE) We could also do with linking the term Cutter in the introduction, as it has a particular meaning in relation to the USCG. (in fact I'll do that now, it's hardly contentious) Xyl 54 (talk) 23:55, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

--- OK, I've assumed nolo contendere and gone ahead with those changes. Thank you for your comments. Xyl 54 (talk) 23:20, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

Comment
Shouldn't there be some mention that the original engine room was a duplicate of a u-boat engine room, allowing the Germans to train a large cadre of u-boat officers despite limitations of the inter-war naval treaties?--agr (talk) 12:24, 29 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Possibly; do you have a source for that information? Did the HW have electric as well as diesel engines? Xyl 54 (talk) 23:57, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

Srsly?
"In June 1946, a U.S. Coast Guard crew sailed her from Bremerhaven to Orangeburg, New York—through a hurricane—assisted by Kapitänleutnant Schnibbe and many of his crew who were still aboard". Uh-huh. a murrican crew SAILED an unfamiliar ship "through a thunderstorm" and survived... with possibly (but of course very unlikely!!1!) a leeetle "assistance" of her original german crew (someone forgot to mention "all of them - of course!- durrty NAZI-scumbags!1!!")... Yeah, sure. Wouldn´t you agree that it was most likely the other way ´round? 2003:DC:F738:A800:2D84:FF0A:1485:B64D (talk) 18:22, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Your comment is nothing but poor grammar that any red neck drop out would laugh at. 67.199.215.79 (talk) 00:42, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:USCGC Eagle (WIX-327)


text:
Soyuz TM-21

Soyuz TM-21 was a crewed Soyuz spaceflight to Mir. The mission launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome, atop a Soyuz-U2 carrier rocket, at 06:11:34 UTC on March 14, 1995. The flight marked the first time thirteen humans were flying in space simultaneously, with three aboard the Soyuz, three aboard Mir and seven aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour, flying STS-67.

The spacecraft carried expedition EO-18 to the space station. This included the first American astronaut to launch on a Soyuz spacecraft and board Mir, Norman Thagard, for the American Thagard Increment aboard the station, which was the first Increment of the Shuttle-Mir program. The three crew members it launched were relieved by Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-71, when they were replaced by expedition EO-19. The crew returned to earth aboard Soyuz TM-21 on September 11, 1995.

Mir Principal Expedition 18
The major objectives of the Mir 18 mission were to conduct joint U.S.-Russian medical research and weightlessness effects investigations and to reconfigure the station for the arrival of the Spektr science module and the Space Shuttle Atlantis. The historic mission saw the addition of the first new module (Spektr) since Kristall arrived in 1990, the first American (Thagard) to be part of a Mir crew, and the first docking of a U.S. spacecraft with the Mir space station.

Progress M-26 Undocks for Soyuz TM-21 to Dock
Progress M-26 separated from the complex on March 15 and made a destructive reentry into the Earth's atmosphere to clear the Kvant docking port for the new Soyuz. Soyuz TM-21 docked by automatic control at the Kvant docking port on the first try at 7:45 UTC on March 16. The new arrivals were greeted by the Mir 17 crew with the traditional Russian gifts of salt and bread, and shortly thereafter were congratulated on a successful docking and transfer by Russian Space Agency (RSA) Director General Yuri Koptev and NASA Associate Administrator Wayne Littles. The crew spent much of the day transferring equipment and supplies from Soyuz to Mir. Norman Thagard spoke with STS-67 Commander Steve Oswald in a radio hookup, exchanging congratulations on their respective flights and discussing the symbolic importance of Thagard's venture as the first American to visit Mir.

On March 17, Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin stopped by the TsUP to congratulate the crew. Later, in a televised communication with ground controllers, Thagard said he hoped his visit to Mir would be the start of long-term space cooperation between the two nations. He and Polyakov agreed that the present joint research might be the foundation for ultimate joint flights to Mars.

During the next few days, the Mir 18 crew took their body mass measurements as a baseline for investigations throughout the mission and were briefed by the Mir 17 crew on the status of the complex and ongoing studies. The outgoing crew stowed equipment and experiment samples in Soyuz TM-20 for their return and checked out the vehicle systems.

Mir 17 Mission Ends
Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova and Valeri Polyakov entered Soyuz TM-20 on March 21 and departed from Mir on March 22, landing safely on the same day about 50 km from Arkalyk, Kazakhstan. Polyakov had set a new record for spaceflight duration: he had been on Mir since January 8, 1994 for 438 straight days. This trip, added to his Mir stay in 1988, brought his total days in space to 679. He was, however, strong enough to walk to the chairs that rescue crews provided for the cosmonauts' transport to a field hospital. He said his fit condition was a positive indication that humans could withstand a trip to Mars.

Mir 18 Crew On Their Own
The Mir 18 crew settled into their daily routine, collecting body fluid samples for the seven metabolic experiments to be performed during their mission. They also took air and water samples for four hygiene, sanitation and radiation experiments which would determine the role of the Mir environment in human health, safety and efficiency. Each crewman spent time in a Chibis suit for measurement of cardiovascular system responses to lower body negative pressure. In the absence of gravity, blood pools in the upper torso and head, causing cardiovascular deconditioning. The Chibis suit sealed at the waist and incrementally induced a partial vacuum, or negative pressure, which drew body fluids back to the lower extremities. Dezhurov and Strekalov also changed out a condenser in the air conditioning system, part of a long-term maintenance program to prolong the life of the station.

Progress M-27 Resupplies Mir
Progress M-27 was launched from Baikonur on April 9. It docked with the Mir base block on April 11 at 21:00 UTC under flawless control by the automatic Kurs system, although Dezhurov was ready to take over by manual control if Kurs malfunctions recurred. This Progress module carried with it a Raduga return capsule.

Cosmonautics Day Observed on April 12
On the 34th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight in a Vostock capsule, the Mir crew had a light schedule for Cosmonautics Day, a Russian national holiday. Activities included press conferences through the Russian and U.S. mission control centers.

Progress Unloaded
On April 13, the crew began unloading the Progress cargo of food, water, fuel, repair materials for life support systems and equipment for medical and environmental research. Among the biological experiments were some Japanese quail eggs. These, the crew put into an incubator on April 14. Progress M-27 also brought a new international experiment in the form of GFZ-1, a spherical satellite with a mass of 20 kg and a diameter of 21 cm. The German satellite was built by the German firm Kayser-Threde. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam would coordinate the satellite's transmission of geodetic measurements by means of laser reflection to about 25 observatories around the globe. GFZ-1 was successfully launched by the Mir crew from the base block airlock on April 19. Two days before, the crew had launched a container with garbage as a practice run for the operation.

Interior Station Work
Late in April, the crew learned that extravehicular activities (EVAs) for solar array work, scheduled to start on April 28, had been postponed due to a delay in launch of the Spektr module. One reason for the delay was that equipment to interface with Mir's manual control system was added to Spektr in case the Kurs system failed again. The crew continued routine experiment work, defrosted the ESA freezer, replaced a humidity control fan with one from Progress M-27, installed a battery unit in the Kristall module and began removing an unused shower in the Kvant module to make room for a new set of gyrodynes to support the upcoming Atlantis docking. They dismantled the shower and cut it into small pieces for stowage on the Progress module, then installed the gyrodynes.

Injury Jeopardizes EVA Plans
ITAR-TASS reported on May 5 that Strekalov had scratched his hand earlier during cleaning tasks. The scratch became inflamed and caused some concern about Strekalov's ability to do the EVA work. Medical specialists on the ground viewed downlink video of the hand and prescribed a medication to be administered by Thagard. The injury healed and the EVA plans proceeded.

First Mir 18 EVA
On May 12, Dezhurov and Strekalov began their first EVA to prepare the station for Spektr's arrival, exiting the Kvant 2 airlock at 4:20 UTC and transferring to the Kvant astrophysics module by means of the STrela boom. There they installed electrical cable attachments and adjusted solar array actuators. Then they moved to Kristall and practiced folding three panels of the solar array to be moved to Kvant. Thagard supported the crew from inside Mir by relaying instructions from the ground or from reference manuals when the station was not in range of ground communications. The spacewalk lasted 6 hours and 15 minutes.

Problems on the Second EVA
In their second space walk, on May 17, the cosmonauts successfully folded the solar array panels, assisted by Thagard, who controlled servomotor switches from inside Kristall. The spacewalkers disconnected the array from Kristall, attached it to the Strela boom, and moved it to Kvant. The work took so much time that, having already almost used the oxygen available through their suits, they were forced to secure the array to Kvant with tool teathers and postpone electrical connection. Even so, the EVA lasted 6 hours and 52 minutes. Power supply inside the station suffered without the connection of the array, necessitating interim agumentation by Progress M-27 and Soyuz TM-21's solar arrays.

Solar Array Redeployed in Mir 18 Third EVA
On their May 22 walk of 5 hours and 15 minutes, Dezhurov and Strekalov successfully connected the solar array to Kvant, and Thagard commanded its redeployment from inside the station. The cosmonauts then returned to Kristall, where the retracted 13 panels of another solar array to provide clearance for rotation of Kristall during its relocation to make room for Spektr. Approximately 60% of that array was still available as a power source.

Progress M-27 Undocks to Free -X Port
Progress M-27 left Mir at 23:53 UTC on May 22 and made a destructive reentry into the Pacific on May 23. Thus the -Y port was freed for use in the multiple module relocation that would be necessary for the docking and ultimate permanent placement of Spektr.

First Kristall Move and Fourth EVA
From inside the station, Dezhurov controlled the undocking of Kristall on May 26 from the -Y port. Then the module was moved by means of its Lyappa arm to the -X port just vacated by Progress M-27. On May 28, in their fourth EVA of the mission, Dezhurov and Strekalov moved a docking cone (Konus), from the -Y port to the -Z port to serve as the docking receptacle for Kristall in its next move. The space-suited cosmonauts did this work from inside the depressurized base block transfer compartment.

Second Kristall Move
In another undocking and relocation sequence controlled rom inside the station, on May 30, Kristall was moved from the -X port to the -Z port. Because of a temporary failure in the hydraulic connections, the docking was not successful until the third attempt.

Spektr Docking and Fifth EVA
Despite anxieties about the automatic docking, the Spektr module successfully docked to the -X port under control of the Kurs system on June 1. The next day, in their fifth EVA, the cosmonauts again entered the depressurized base block to transfer compartment and moved the Konus from the -Z to the -Y port. With the Mir crew and TsUP ground controllers in joint control of the Spektr Layappa arm, the module was moved to the -Y port on June 2. After the redocking, the crew began checking out and activating the new module's systems and transferring new supplies of food, fueled and equipment from Spektr to other parts of the complex. On June 5, one of Spektr's four solar arrays failed to fully unfurl because a restraint that held it in place for launch failed to release, and the crew was unable to extend it by sending pulses of power to the motor or by firing Mir's thrusters. TsUP controllers, aided by videos transmitted to them by the crew, began plans for a sixth EVA so that the cosmonauts could release the stuck array.

Thagard Surpasses Previous American Record
Norm Thagard held a press conference on June 6, the day he surpassed the long-held record of U.S. human spaceflight duration of 84 days set by the Skylab 4 crew from November 16, 1973, to February 8, 1974.

Kristall Relocated Again
Before its last scheduled move of the Mir 18 mission, the cosmonauts had to install two new batteries in Kristall to boost its power supply enough to accomplish the undocking and redocking. Then on June 10, the module was undocked from the -Z port, and again with the use of Lyappa, moved to the -X port.

Atlantis Launch on STS-71
After 4 days of delays caused by bad weather at Kennedy Space Center, Atlantis was launched on June 27 at 19:32 UTC. About 3 hours after launch, Atlantis Commander Robert Gibson began a series of orbital maneuvering system firings that would, through the next 2 days, take Atlantis to Mir's orbit, gradually decreasing the closing rate as well as distance. On the second mission day, as they moved toward the station, Gibson, Charles Precourt and Bonnie Dunbar began activating the Spacelab module in preparations for life sciences investigations. The crew extended the Orbital Docking System (ODS) docking ring to the docking position and found it in excellent working order.

Historic Docking
On June 29 at 13:00 UTC, Gibson guided Atlantis to the docking port on the Kristall module and Harbaugh engaged the docking mechanism. The two spacecraft met 216 nautical miles above the Lake Baikal region of Russia. After pressurization and leak checks of the vestibule airlock, the two crews met and exchanged greetings and congratulations. There were ten of them, a new record of the largest crew ever aboard a single complex. The docked Mir and Atlantis totaled 220 tones, a new record for orbiting spacecraft mass.

July 1995 - Mir 18 completion
After Atlantis left the Russian space station on July 4, the homeward-bound Mir 18 crew continued their medical and scientific investigations in the Spacelab module in Atlantis' payload bay. They used the lower body negative pressure unit and a baroreflex neck cuff to test cardiovascular orthostatic function response to microgravity.

Mir Principal Expedition 19
The only complete Mir mission of 1995 with an all-Russian crew, Mir 19 had many international elements. The first Mir crew launched on a Space Shuttle Orbiter, Anatoly Solovyev and Nikolai Budarin began their work in conjunction with a visiting U.S. crew and departing Mir 18 international crew. Two of their EVAs involved deployment and retrieval of internationals experiments. And they ended their stay by welcoming an incoming international crew.

The "Cosmic Ballet"
On July 4, Solovyev and Budarin donned their flight suits, entered Soyuz TM-21 and undocked from Mir to a station-keeping position from which they photographed Mir and Atlantis, still docked. About 15 minutes later, Atlantis undocked from Mir when Gibson released the hooks that held the two craft together and allowed the docking system springs to nudge Atlantis away. As Atlantis slowly flew around the station, Soyuz TM-21 redocked and the two craft continued to take pictures of each other and Mir. Gibson called this set of celestial maneuvers a "cosmic ballet." However, after the Soyuz module had to redock a few minutes sooner than planned when the Mir onboard computer which controls station attitude and solar array pointing malfunctioned. The station complex, about 10 degrees of the correct attitude, was becoming unstable and starting to drift. The cosmonauts had to get back quickly to regain attitude control of the station. TsUP controllers left the station in free drift while the cosmonauts replaced attitude-control hardware in the computer.

First EVA of Mir 19
Before their launch, Solovyev and Budarin had trained to use the new tools created for releasing the stuck Spektr solar array. On July 14, they exited the Kvant 2 hatch and made their way to Spektr using the Strela boom. They quickly cut the offending restraint, and all but one section of Spektr's jammed solar array deployed. Then they were able to route the power input to the complex. They inspected the -Z port docking mechanism and found no signs of damage or pollution, clearing the port for relocation of the Kristall module. Before reentering the Kvant 2 hatch, they inspected one of that module's solar arrays which was not tracking the sun correctly. Their EVA ran five hours and 34 minutes, about twenty minutes over the originally budgeted time.

Kristall Relocated Once More
In a 90-minute session on July 17, Kristall was transferred by means of its Lyapa arm to the -Z docking port from the -X port where Progress M-28 docked later in July.

Problems During the Second Mir 19 EVA
The primary purpose of the second space walk on July 19 was to deploy the Belgian-French MIRAS (Mir infrared spectrometer) on the far end of the Spektr module. But minutes after the EA began, Solovyev's Orlan-DMA suit cooling system malfunctioned and the TsUP ordered him to stay attached by an umbilical to Kvant 2. The MIRAS deployment had to be postponed, but Budarin was able to do some preparatory work alone. he also retrieved the American cosmic ray detector, TREK, which had been on Kvant 2 surface since 1991 and switched out cassettes of sample construction materials as part of an ongoing space exposure experiment. his time outside totaled 3 hours and 8 minutes, but the troubles were not all over: After closing the Kvant 2 EVA hatch, the cosmonauts found a 2 mm gap in the seal through which air was escaping. They had to work with the hatch to get it tightly shut.

Progress M-28 Arrives
Launched by a Soyuz booster from Baikonur on July 20, Progress M-28 bore 2.4 tons of food and water, fuel and oxidizer, and science equipment including about 335 kg for use during Euromir 95. Two days later, using the Kurs system, Progress M-28 docked at the -X port of the base block.

Installation of MIRAS During Third EVA
On July 21, the cosmonauts opened the Kvant 2 hatch again and retrieved the cooling umbilical left outside in their last EVA. Using the Strela boom, they made their way to the Spektr module, on which they installed the 220 kg MIRAS spectrometer. This final EVA of Mir 18 lasted 5 hours and 35 minutes.

August 1995 - Interior Work
With their EVAs completed, the Mir 19 crew turned their attention to experiments in life sciences and astrophysics and smelting experiments in the Gallar furnace. They unloaded the cargo brought by the Progress module and monitored the automatic refueling by Progress of the base block propellant tanks. They also performed station maintenance and repairs, including installation in Kvant 2 of new gyrodynes brought up on Progress. They repaired the seals on other gyrodyne cases with a lute-type sealer called "germetik".

Progress M-28 Undocks
Packed with trash and obsolete equipment, Progress M-28 left the -X port on September 4 and splashed down into the Pacific, thus clearing the way for Soyuz TM-22 to dock with the next Mir crew.

Mir 20 and Euromir 95 Crew Launched
Soyuz TM-22 was launched from Baikonur on September 3 at 8:58 UTC. After two days of autonomous orbital flight, on September 5, the Soyuz spacecraft docked at the -X docking port.

Mir 19 Ends
Solovyev and Budarin ended their 75-day mission on September 11, departing the station in the Soyuz TM-21 that had brought the Mir 18 crew up on March 16. Their Soyuz made a safe landing in Kazakhstan, 302 km northeast of Arkalyk, "far away from the aiming point." Rescue parties, however, found the crew in excellent condition.

Mission parameters

 * Mass: 7150 kg
 * Perigee: 201 km
 * Apogee: 247 km
 * Inclination: 51.65°
 * Period: 88.7 minutes
 * First Mir docking: March 16, 1995, 07:45:26 UTC
 * First Mir undocking: July 4, 1995, 10:55 UTC
 * Second Mir docking: July 4, 1995, 11:39 UTC
 * Second Mir undocking: September 11, 1995, 03:30:44 UTC

title: Soyuz TM-21


text:
Communist Party of Australia (1971)

The Communist Party of Australia (CPA) is a communist party in Australia. It was founded in 1971 as the Socialist Party of Australia (SPA) and adopted its current name in 1996. The party was established by former members of the original Communist Party of Australia who resigned or were expelled due to internal disagreements over the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the party's adoption of Eurocommunism. The party had its first and only electoral win in 2012 when it gained a seat on the Auburn City Council, which they held until 2016.

Socialist Party (1971–1996)
In the late 1960s, the CPA, under the leadership of National Secretary Laurie Aarons, became a strong supporter of "Eurocommunism", of abandoning Marxism–Leninism and democratic centralism, and trying to form a "united front" of the various left-wing forces thrown up by the movement of opposition to the Vietnam War. The CPA leadership had become increasingly critical of the Soviet Union, particularly over the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Dissidents took the view that the CPA should not become a left social-democratic party, and should continue as a Marxist–Leninist party. The group was described as pro-Soviet hardliners. Their position put them at odds with the CPA leadership.

The SPA was led by a group of veteran trade union officials such as Pat Clancy and Peter Symon. Clancy resigned from the SPA in 1983, and Symon was the general secretary from its formation until his death in December 2008, a total of 36 years.

Communist Party (1996–present)
The old CPA was dissolved in 1991. The SPA, believing itself to be the rightful successor to the original CPA formed in 1920, changed its name to Communist Party of Australia at its 8th Party National Congress in October 1996.

After Symon's death, party president Hannah Middleton was elected general secretary by the 11th Party National Congress in October 2009, with Vinicio Molina succeeding Middleton as party president. Bob Briton was elected general secretary at the 12th Party Congress in 2013.

Bob Briton resigned as general secretary of the CPA in March 2019. Briton came into conflict with the central committee (CC) due to ideological differences between himself and others on the central committee, being accused of taking a defeatist position. This accusation was made after Briton attempted to work with the youth outside party structures. Briton deleted most of the party's social media outlets in response. Briton split the party and formed the Australian Communist Party alongside other former members.

On 13–14 April 2019, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Australia elected a new leadership led by General Secretary Andrew Irving and National President Vinnie Molina.

Policies
The current CPA is a traditional Marxist–Leninist communist party whose ultimate objective is the revolutionary transformation of Australian society and the establishment of socialism in Australia. It describes its objective as being to "change the direction of politics in Australia and eventually, to replace the capitalist system with a socialist one."

The party has strong, historical links to the Australian trade union movement.

The party maintains friendly relations with communist and socialist parties overseas and is a participant in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (IMCWP).

The party's main policies are:
 * The socialist reconstruction of the Australian society
 * An end to privatisations of assets owned by the federal and state governments
 * To free Australia from foreign transnationals
 * Regulation by the Federal Government of prices, profit levels, and interest rates
 * The abolition of the Goods and Services Tax
 * Expansion of the public sector
 * Increase in the national minimum wage
 * Increase in pension, unemployment benefits
 * Reduction of the working week
 * Halt reductions in tariffs
 * Reduction of military spending

Elections
Michael Perth contested the seat of Port Adelaide in the 1998 and in the 2001 federal elections, but polled less than 1% of the vote in both cases. Bob Briton contested the SA state seat of Lee in 2010 and polled 2.9% of the votes.

At the 2010 federal election the party endorsed a candidate for the House of Representatives seat of Sydney as part of the Communist Alliance. The party received 0.83% or 656 of the 79,377 votes cast. It also endorsed two candidates for the Senate in New South Wales, receiving 0.17% or 7,000 of the 4.3 million votes cast. The Australian Electoral Commission deregistered Communist Alliance successor name The Communists on 22 May 2012 due to the party failing to prove it had 500 members.

The Communist Party of Australia received its first electoral win with the election of Tony Oldfield in local government elections on 8 September 2012 to Auburn City Council, New South Wales.

The Communist Party of Australia planned to run candidates in the 2016 federal election, but their registration was rejected by the Australian Electoral Commission. In 2017 the party attempted to register under the name "The Communists", but they were again rejected due to the party failing to prove it had at least 500 members.

title: Communist Party of Australia (1971)


text: Category:Soviet World War II divisions

title: Category:Soviet World War II divisions


text:
WDRV

WDRV (97.1 FM, "The Drive") is a commercial radio station licensed to serve Chicago, Illinois. The station is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting and airs a classic rock format. Its studios were originally located in the John Hancock Center. On May 11, 2018, WDRV moved into all new, state-of-the-art, digital studios in Chicago's Prudential Plaza. WDRV's antenna is located atop the Aon Center. The station's programming is simulcast on sister station 96.9 WWDV in Zion, Illinois.

WDRV uses HD Radio and broadcasts a classic rock format branded as "Deep Tracks" on its HD2 subchannel.

Early history
WNIB was founded and built by Bill Florian. The call letters stood for Northern Illinois Broadcasting. The station began broadcasting on July 9, 1955, and had the slogan "Chicago's FM Voice of Variety." It primarily broadcast jazz, show tunes, and easy listening music.

Bill Gershon was among the first announcers. Among the other announcers in the early years were Bill Plante, who went on to become a fixture at CBS News, Marty Robinson and Don Tait, both of whom later worked for WFMT, and Ken Alexander, who later worked for WAIT 820, but later returned to WNIB.

Programming and personalities
Gershon had the idea of playing classical music Sunday evenings and stated, "Classical music wasn't part of our programming at first, since most other FM stations aired lots of classical music, especially WFMT and WEFM. But I told Bill we should make use of the 12 records we had in the library. He said, 'All right. Just don't have any of that ivory-tower stuff here.'" By early 1957 Gershon had left the station, but classical music's presence at the station was expanded, though Florian said that it was a tough sell.

Sonia Atzeff, a graduate of Roosevelt University in Chicago, was hired as program director in 1958, and she steered WNIB's programming toward a classical music format. As a classical station, WNIB would later be branded "Classical 97". Sonia Atzeff and Bill Florian were married in 1967, and Sonia later became general manager of the station, a position she held until its sale in 2001.

Ron Ray began as a part-time announcer on WNIB in 1968. Working concurrently at 105.9 WXFM, Ray pre-recorded his announcements. In 1977, Ray began working full-time at WNIB as program director. Live classical hosts on WNIB over the years included Fred Heft, Jay Andres, Bruce Duffie, Carl Grapentine, Scott Thomas, and Obie Yadgar. Miller Peters was the station's music director in its final years, and also served as a weekend host. Syndicated programs included Adventures in Good Music with Karl Haas, which aired Mon–Fri at 7 p.m.

While classical music was the station's primary focus, for a period, brokered ethnic and religious programming aired in some late night hours. The brokered ethnic and religious programming were dropped in the 1980s.

Florian, a jazz aficionado, also hired Dick Buckley as a DJ for the station's jazz programming. Neil Tesser also hosted a jazz program on WNIB from 1974 to 1976. Blues hosts included Mr. A. and Big Bill Collins.

Those Were the Days, a four-hour old-time radio program hosted by Chuck Schaden, aired on WNIB Saturdays from September 6, 1975, until February 10, 2001. Dick Lawrence hosted The Dick Lawrence Review, a weekly program on WNIB that featured nostalgic commentary and readings, along with vintage music.

Facilities
WNIB's studios and transmitter were originally located at the Midwest Hotel, at Hamlin and Madison in West Garfield Park. Subsequent studio locations for WNIB included 108 N. State St., Riverside Plaza, 25 E. Chestnut St., 12 East Delaware Place, and finally 1140 W. Erie. In 1968, the station's transmitter was moved to the Civic Opera Building. In 1976, WNIB's antenna and transmitter were relocated to the top of the Standard Oil Building.

In 1983, the Florians purchased 96.9 WKZN in Zion, Illinois, for $1 million. The station's call sign was changed to WNIZ, and it began simulcasting the programming of WNIB. The following year, WNIB's ERP was increased from 850 watts to 8,400 watts. Its ratings grew significantly in the following years, and by the late 1980s it began to surpass 98.7 WFMT.

Further history
In 1969, WNIB began publishing a monthly program guide which listed all the music being played each day on the station. The inclusion of the label and record number enabled listeners to purchase things they enjoyed hearing, and the subscription price helped keep the station going during the leaner times. The covers at first had details of well-known artworks, and later had original sketches and caricatures by Richard Kimmel and Robert Kameczura.

When 99.5 WEFM was sold and abandoned its longtime classical music format in 1978, a portion of its classical music library was donated to WNIB as part of the settlement to permit the station's sale.

WNIB was also famous for having dogs and cats in residence, which were audible at times during announcements. The animals were featured in local media, and listeners seemed to enjoy knowing that they were there.

In 1999, the media brokerage team of Bob Heymann and Jack Minkow began serious discussions with Bill and Sonia Florian regarding the possible value of WNIB (and WNIZ) in a sale to another Chicago radio station owner. After much deliberation, in 2000 the Florians listed the stations with Heymann and Minkow. There was significant interest from a number of broadcasters with Bonneville International in November 2000 ultimately making the best offer of $165,000,000 cash for the FM licenses, the WNIB transmitter lease at the Standard Oil Building, the studio lease for WNIZ in Zion, Illinois, and the WNIZ transmitter site and tower in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. With the proceeds of the sale, the Florians established the NIB Foundation, which awarded grants to music, dance, environmental, and animal rights causes.

After the completion of a final program on February 11, the station was turned off. The following day, new owners took the air with a different format.

Bill Florian died on December 7, 2016, of lung cancer at the age of 84.

WDRV
On February 12, 2001, 97.1 began to stunt with all day sets from artists such as Barbra Streisand, Garth Brooks, the Beach Boys, Madonna, Pink Floyd, and the Beatles, while its simulcast partner 96.9 WNIZ began simulcasting 101.9 WTMX. On March 15, 2001, the call sign was changed to WDRV, and the station adopted a classic hits format as "The Drive". In 2003, 96.9 in Zion began simulcasting WDRV, and its call sign was changed to WWDV.

Over the years, The Drive's format evolved into a broad-based classic rock format.

Bonneville announced the sale of WDRV and 16 other stations, to Hubbard Broadcasting on January 19, 2011. The sale was completed on April 29, 2011.

On June 27, 2011, WDRV celebrated its 10th anniversary by organizing a free-entrance concert at the Rosemont Theatre by America and headliner Jethro Tull.

Online streaming of the "Deep Tracks" programming broadcast on WDRV's HD2 subchannel was discontinued in October 2013, due to its popularity. The high amount of traffic to the site made the stream too expensive to maintain, considering the cost of the service, royalty payments and lack of commercials to offset costs.

The station celebrated its 15th anniversary on Friday, May 20, 2016, with a concert at the Rosemont Theater featuring Boston and Jefferson Starship.

WDRV features The Sherman & Tingle Show (Brian Sherman and Steve Tingle which debuted the morning of October 31, 2016.

On March 10, 2018, WDRV became Chicago's only classic rock station when former rival WLUP-FM was sold to Educational Media Foundation and became an affiliate of EMF's Christian AC network K-Love.

Signal note
WDRV is short-spaced to sister station WWDV (licensed to serve Zion, Illinois) as they operate on adjacent channels and the cities they are licensed to serve are only 40 miles apart. The minimum distance between two Class B FM radio stations operating on adjacent channels according to current FCC rules is 105 miles. Both stations use directional antennas to reduce their signals toward each other.

title: WDRV


text:
Soyuz TM-34

Soyuz TM-34 was the fourth Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Soyuz TM-34 was launched by a Soyuz-U launch vehicle.

Docking with ISS

 * Docked to ISS: April 27, 2002, 07:55 UTC (to nadir port of Zarya)
 * Undocked from ISS: November 9, 2002, 20:44 UTC (from nadir port of Zarya)

Mission highlights
This was the 17th crewed mission to ISS.

Soyuz TM-34 was a Russian Soyuz TM passenger transportation craft that was launched by a Soyuz-U rocket from Baikonur at 06:26 UT on 25 April 2002. It carried two cosmonauts and a South African tourist, Mark Shuttleworth, to the International Space Station (ISS). Shuttleworth performed some biology experiments, as he carried a live rat and sheep stem cells. All three returned on Soyuz TM-33 after an eight-day mission.

Soyuz TM-34 was the final flight of the Soyuz-TM variant, due to its replacement by the upgraded Soyuz-TMA. It was also the last crewed vehicle to launch atop the Soyuz-U rocket, although the Soyuz-U continued to launch uncrewed vehicles until 2017.

title: Soyuz TM-34


text:
User talk:Mr impossible

/Archive 1

So sad
So sorry to hear this! Condolences to all family & friends. Jo was a wonderful guy, full of energy and inspiration. He will be much missed. Johnbod (talk) 14:50, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

I may not know who he was, but I give my condolences to every single one of his relatives and friends. -64.88.210.45

title: User talk:Mr impossible


text:
WWDV

WWDV (96.9 FM) is a radio station in Zion, Illinois, known as "The Drive". The station is currently owned by Hubbard Broadcasting, and is a full-time simulcast of Chicago-licensed WDRV (97.1 MHz), serving the Kenosha, Wisconsin–Waukegan, Illinois, area. "The Drive" programs a broad-based classic rock format.

WAXO
WAXO first signed on the air on November 4, 1962; the first voice heard was that of Paul Weyrich. The station's effective radiated power then was 3,500 watts, broadcasting from a transmitter and 143 ft tower at 6400 67th Street and studios in the Isermann Building at 616 56th Street in downtown Kenosha, Wisconsin. In 1966, WAXO built new AM/FM studios at the transmitter/tower location, and moved operations there. The building is now a medical facility, though the WAXO tower supports remain on the grounds.

WAXO was Kenosha's second modern-day radio station after WLIP and was billed as "The new voice of a new and greater Kenosha". WAXO's first station manager was longtime broadcaster Roy Ambrose of Manitowoc, Wisconsin; Paul Weyrich was the first program director and Don Jensen was the first news director. Subsequent station managers included Richard Blaha and Darrell Gorr. In a late-1968 promotional stunt, WAXO announcer Gary Anderson held a record for constant on-air broadcast duties by performing an air shift of 96.9 hours.

Service Broadcasting Corporation owned WAXO between 1962 and June 14, 1969. Arnold Johnson was president, Dr. Robert Heller was executive vice-president, and John E. Malloy Esq. was secretary-treasurer.

The company had always intended to operate an AM radio station, and there was an available AM frequency allocation on 1500 kilohertz. However, there were competing interests for the AM license, most notably from neighboring Zion, Illinois, which had lost its 50,000–watt radio station in a 1930s fire. After lengthy testimony the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decided to grant the AM 1500 license to the Zion-Benton Broadcasting Company of Zion (principals: Billie Bicket and family), and the station became WZBN, signing on the air on September 19, 1967. After that, Service Broadcasting decided to sell WAXO, and competition developed for the licensed 96.9 FM frequency from broadcasting interests in both Zion and Racine, Wisconsin. The owners of WZBN in Zion were the successful applicants, and paid $250,000 for WAXO. Within weeks a lightning strike destroyed the transmitter and WAXO's new owners were granted permission for an increase in power to 10,000 watts horizontal and 8,100 watts vertical and a new 500 ft antenna tower at Dexter's Corner, Wisconsin.

Typical WAXO programming

 * Sundial with Paul Weyrich
 * The Mike is Yours with Larry Taylor
 * Home Executive Club with Lida Hindley
 * The Noon Report and Showtime with Don Jensen
 * The Chuck Presley Show - Chuck Presley
 * The Lou Rugani Show - Lou Rugani
 * Sentimental Journey with Augie Gnorski (Gus Gnorski)
 * Moondial with Jay Wells
 * Passport to Italy with Mario Capponi
 * Your Opinion Please with Roy Ambrose/Wayne Blackmon
 * Sounds of Stereo (Chester Electronics) Gary Anderson/Dick Scott
 * The Big Bands with Lew Strangberg
 * Play By Play with Jim Wynne
 * Invitation to Music with Wayne Blackmon
 * The Frank Carmichael Show - Frank Carmichael
 * The Hammond Organ Show with Lillian Crawford (and later, Lillian Gildenstern)

WKZN
By autumn of 1969 Zion-Benton Broadcasting had changed the call sign to WKZN (for "Waukegan-Kenosha-Zion-Newport"). The station's on-air moniker was "KZ97". The new ownership had ordered and installed a new Schafer automation system, then sold the three-year-old building and moved the WKZN studios to 2219 63rd Street in uptown Kenosha, which was built as a fire station. By 1971 WKZN was moved from Kenosha to combined WZBN/WKZN studios on the second floor of the Bicket Pharmacy (a former bank building constructed in 1909) at 2700 Sheridan Road in Zion. A second Schafer automation system was added for WZBN programming. In the early 1970s, music programming was the Adult Standards format which came from a broadcast music service on open-reel tape with PSAs and spots loaded into NAB Cartridge carousels. The AM and FM music playlists differed slightly, but the Bickets' main focus was on providing ample local news covering a beat from North Chicago, Illinois through Kenosha. News/sports/weather reports were simulcast.

WNIZ
In 1983, WKZN was sold to Northern Illinois Broadcasting, the owners of WNIB (97.1 FM), which had been experiencing interference problems from WKZN's adjoining frequency. WKZN then became WNIZ-FM, and simulcast nearly all of WNIB's programming until both stations were sold in 2000 for $158 million to Bonneville International.

On February 12, 2001, WNIB would begin stunting as a prelude to a change to classic hits as WDRV "The Drive" a month later, while WNIZ-FM became a simulcast of new sister station, WTMX. The call sign for 96.9 was changed to WTNX. This simulcast did very little for WTMX's ratings, and management felt it would be more appropriate to be paired up with its neighbor at 97.1. On January 1, 2003, 96.9 became the north metro frequency for "The Drive", and the call sign was changed to WWDV. "The Drive" would slowly evolve into a broad-based classic rock format.

Bonneville announced the sale of WWDV, as well as 16 other stations, to Hubbard Broadcasting on January 19, 2011. The sale was completed on April 29, 2011.

HD radio
In September 2006, WWDV's HD 2 station signed on simulcasting with WDRV HD 2 featuring "Deep Tracks".

title: WWDV


text:
Soyuz TM-33

Soyuz TM-33 was a crewed Russian spaceflight which launched on October 21, 2001, on the Soyuz-U launch vehicle. It carried Russian cosmonauts Viktor Afanasyev, Konstantin Kozeyev, and French cosmonaut Claudie Haigneré to the International Space Station.

Docking with ISS

 * Docked to ISS: October 23, 2001, 10:44 UTC (to nadir port of Zarya)
 * Undocked from ISS: April 20, 2002, 09:16 UTC (from nadir port of Zarya)
 * Docked to ISS: April 20, 2002, 09:37 UTC (to Pirs module)
 * Undocked from ISS: May 5, 2002, 00:31 UTC (from Pirs module)

Mission highlights
14th crewed mission to ISS.

Soyuz TM-33 is a Russian astronaut-transporting spacecraft that was launched by a Soyuz-U rocket from Baikonur at 08:59 UT on 21 October 2001. It carried two Russian and one French astronaut to the International Space Station (ISS). It docked with the ISS at 10:44 UT on 23 October. This new crew spent eight days on the ISS, and returned on the older Soyuz TM-32 at 04:59 UT on 31 October. The new Soyuz remained docked as a lifeboat craft for the then current crew of three (two Russian and one American) astronauts.

title: Soyuz TM-33


text:
World Computer Chess Championship

World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) is an event held periodically since 1974 where computer chess engines compete against each other. The event is organized by the International Computer Games Association (ICGA, until 2002 ICCA ). It is often held in conjunction with the World Computer Speed Chess Championship and the Computer Olympiad, a collection of computer tournaments for other board games. Instead of using engine protocols, the games are played on physical boards by human operators.

The WCCC is open to all types of computers including microprocessors, supercomputers, clusters, and dedicated chess hardware.

Due to the requirement to be present on-site, play on a physical board, and strict rules of originality, many strong programs refrain from participating in the ICGA events. As the conditions of the software championship can easily be emulated by anyone with a high-end PC, there are now privately conducted tournaments, such as Top Chess Engine Championship, that have much broader attendance, as well as a larger number of games to reduce the influence of chance.

Championship results
In 2007, the reigning champion Junior declined to defend its title.

For the 2009 edition, the rules were changed to limit platforms to commodity hardware supporting at most eight cores, thereby excluding supercomputers and large clusters. However, this was reversed in the following year and a parallel Software Championship was held instead; unlimited hardware is once again allowed in the championship proper.

World Chess Software Championship
From 2010 a new tournament was introduced and held at the same location and during the same period as the World Computer Chess Championship. The rules for the World Chess Software Championship (WCSC) state that competing programs must run on machines with identical hardware specifications. Time control is game in 45 minutes with 15 second increment.

World Microcomputer Chess Championship
From 1980 to 2001, the ICCA/ICGA organized a separate cycle of championships limited to programs running on microprocessors. In the first three championships, the winners were dedicated chess computers, and then in 1984, Richard Lang's Psion program shared first place, running on an IBM PC under MS-DOS.

At the 14th WMCCC in Jakarta, the Israeli team Junior was denied entry to Indonesia and some other teams dropped out in protest.

The 16th WMCCC was the same as the 9th WCCC above.

title: World Computer Chess Championship


text: Category:Buddhist philosophers

title: Category:Buddhist philosophers


text:
Red Shift (novel)

Red Shift is a 1973 fantasy novel by Alan Garner. It is set in Cheshire, England, in three  time periods: Roman Britain, the English Civil War and the present.

Plot introduction
This is primarily a novel about adolescent despair, but one that uses devices of fantasy such as having events at different times in history influencing each other. It is said to be inspired by the legend of Tam Lin, where a man or boy kidnapped by fairies is rescued by his true love. The author said that a piece of graffiti seen at a railway station, "Not really now not any more", became the focus of the novel's mood, and it forms the last line of the story.

It took Garner six years to write. He provided three intertwined love stories, one set in the present, another during the English Civil War of the seventeenth century, and the third in the second century CE. Writer and folklorist Neil Philip referred to it as "a complex book but not a complicated one: the bare lines of story and emotion stand clear". Academic specialist in children's literature Maria Nikolajeva characterised Red Shift as "a difficult book" for an unprepared reader, identifying its main themes as those of "loneliness and failure to communicate". Ultimately, she thought that repeated re-readings of the novel bring about the realisation that "it is a perfectly realistic story with much more depth and psychologically more credible than the most so-called "realistic" juvenile novels." Emma Donoghue wrote that "More than any orthodox work of historical fiction, it was this weird fantasy novel which taught me to look beyond the walls of my own era, my own reality. Garner makes the past numinous, terrifyingly real: anything but passed."

Explanation of the title
The title of the novel arises from the mind of the teenage character Tom. He talks of astronomy, cosmology and other subjects he is learning. He declares that he is too "blue", i.e. sad, and needs a "red shift". Since the cosmological red shift results from galaxies moving away from each other, this may be a metaphor for his need to get away from his current life.

There are multiple occurrences of the colour red in the story. After killing many in Barthomley, Macey's skin is painted red by the tribal girl, using dye from alder bark. This marks him as a "redman", one who has killed, possibly one who has done so under the influence of a god. It is also an ancient symbol of rebirth. In Civil War Barthomley, the stone axe head is wrapped in a petticoat which has been dyed with alder. A petticoat can also be called a "shift". In modern-day Barthomley Tom notices some red colour on the rector's undergarment – again a "shift".

Plot summary
In Roman times, Macey is a soldier with a group of deserters. He has berserker fits in which he fights like ten men, using an old stone axe. Escaping from a local tribe, the "Cats" at Rudheath, the soldiers find a stockaded Cat village at Barthomley, which they pillage, killing the inhabitants except for a young girl, whom they take as a slave. They try to "go tribal", pretending to be members of another tribe, the "Mothers", and settle on Mow Cop. This is a sacred site to the Cats and the girl is their corn goddess. The Cats mine millstones on Mow Cop and bring food as offerings. The soldiers think they have engineered a truce, but the girl poisons their food and they have hallucinations, killing themselves. Only Macey is spared, as he never touched the girl, who was raped by the others. He and the girl leave together after he returns to Barthomley to bury the axe head in the burial mound, asking forgiveness for killing the villagers.

In the English Civil War, Thomas Rowley lives in Barthomley with his wife Margery. They find the stone axe head buried in a mound and call it a "thunderstone", believing it to have been created by lightning striking the ground. They intend to build it into a chimney to guard against future strikes. The village is besieged by Royalist troops, who have fought in Ireland, searching for John Fowler, the village leader who has sided with Parliament. The troops eventually kill Fowler and other men of the village. Thomas and Margery are rescued by Thomas Venables, a villager serving with the Royalists who once desired Margery. He leads them to a shanty town settlement at Rudheath and tells them to go to his family on Mow Cop once Thomas has recovered from his wounds. They take the thunderstone with them and embed it in the chimney of their new home.

In the modern day Tom is a teenager living cooped up in a caravan at Rudheath with his parents. He is sustained by his relationship with his girlfriend Jan, who is leaving to become a student nurse in London. They agree to meet regularly in Crewe railway station. One day they follow an ancient path from Crewe to the village of Barthomley. Returning next time on bicycles, they go further to Mow Cop, a hill dominated by a folly tower. Here they find the stone axe head embedded in an old chimney. They decide to make it a symbol of their love. Tom and Jan have been avoiding sex, but Jan reveals that she had an affair while working as an au pair in Germany. After this, Tom becomes unstable. He insists on having sex but becomes even more self-destructive and unbalanced. He tells Jan that he has sold the axe head to a museum, as it was a valuable Neolithic artefact. Their relationship dissolves and they bid a final farewell as Jan's train leaves for London.

Pieces of the three narratives are alternated in an inconsistent pattern, calling attention to their similarities beyond the landscape: themes, circumstances, visual descriptions and even lines of dialogue echo throughout.

In modern days
Tom and Jan are teenagers in love. Tom lives in a caravan park in Rudheath with his parents. His father is a sergeant major in the Army, but Tom's mother refuses to live in the barracks. There is no privacy for Tom. He has to pretend not to hear the doings of his parents at night, especially after "Mess night". Jan's parents are doctors, possibly mental health specialists. They also leave Rudheath, removing one of Tom's sanctuaries, as he used their house for studying, though his parents accuse the couple of using it for sex.

Tom is highly intelligent and knowledgeable. He quotes cosmology, poetry and Shakespeare constantly, mostly as a defence against the world around him. He is polite, almost florid in his speech with strangers, even as he can be curt and sardonic with those close to him. As the novel progresses he descends into mental breakdown.

Jan's commitment to Tom comes partially from the rootlessness of her upbringing, moving from place to place as her parents work at different hospitals. Tom to her represents stability and, to some extent, so does the axe head. She calls it her "Bunty", a "real thing". When Tom gives the axe head away it removes that token of stability, even as Tom himself is becoming unstable.

Tom's parents seem to be living in a different world. Tom's mother does not like Jan, seeing her as a schemer who will derail Tom's chance at an education, just another girl who will get pregnant, possibly by some other boy. Tom's father is unable to communicate with his son, especially about sex. Both parents try to find refuge in an idealised family life, having Tom pose for pictures while pretending to cut his birthday cake. The family is constantly short of money.

During the Civil War
Thomas and Margery Rowley live in Barthomley. Thomas has epileptic fits in which he has visions of another person in turmoil, who may be Tom. The village regards John Fowler, the son of the rector, as their leader. He is charismatic, educated and has sided with the Parliamentary forces. He is wanted by the Royalists. He may also be a sociopath. He taunts Thomas about his fits, about Margery, and about their old rival Thomas Venables, a former villager, enemy of John Fowler and a rival to Thomas Rowley for Margery. Venables was born on Mow Cop, a place thought to be cursed. He is now a soldier with the Royalists. Thomas Rowley stands watches in the church tower but only stares at Mow Cop.

In Roman times
A group of Roman soldiers are on the run from the army, the local tribes and anybody else who might threaten them. They are led by Logan, their former cohort leader, who reminds them constantly that they are "the Ninth", possibly meaning the lost Ninth Legion. Logan also complains that they are "soldiers, not bricklayers"; the last testified activity for the Ninth Legion in Britain is during the rebuilding in stone of the legionary fortress at York (Eboracum) in AD 107–8. Initially the other soldiers are Face, Magoo and Buzzard, along with Macey, who is subject to fits and berserker rages. In these states he fights like ten men but has strange visions, even claiming to be someone else, somewhere else while his body fights.

In some ways Logan reflects John Fowler. Both use others to benefit themselves. Macey is Logan's weapon of choice – when there is killing to be done it is Logan who knows the "Big Words" that incite Macey's fits. Logan also kills Buzzard for disobeying him, even though Buzzard is the best at scouting territory.

The girl-goddess-priestess sees all the soldiers as being lost from their tribes. This rootlessness echoes Tom and Jan's failure to find a place to call their own.

Accents and dialects
As in his other works, Garner peppers his characters' speech with Cheshire dialect. The inhabitants of Civil War Barthomley speak the broadest version, and the dialect is heard least among the rootless modern-day characters. The Roman-era characters speak, in the case of the legionaries, an Englishman's perception of contemporary military jargon of American GIs in the Vietnam War, and, for the rest, an English peppered with Cheshire dialect and pagan references. In attempting to "go native" Logan tries to master the differences between "Cats" speech and "Mothers" speech. Though the English language had not yet reached Britain, the differences in vocabulary suggest that the "Mothers" tribe speaks a Yorkshire dialect, e.g. calling a yard or enclosure a "garth".

The name "Cats" for the Cheshire tribe may be an allusion to the Cheshire Cat popularised by Lewis Carroll, or a reference to the Catti tribes found in Germania. History and archaeology would place the area around Mow Cop on the frontier between the Cornovii and the Brigantes tribes. The etymology of Cornovii contains a reference to 'horns' rather than 'cats;' Garner may have employed the Celtic root *katu- (as in Catuvellauni) which meant 'battle,' a reference to the warlike nature of the tribe. The linguistic connection between the Brigantes and the Celtic goddess Brigantia might suggest an origin for Garner's "Mothers."

Major themes
The stone axe head is one of two links between the stories. The characters Thomas Rowley and Macey also have shared visions of blue, silver and red. Macey seems to participate in the Civil War massacre while killing at the Barthomley stockade and, while on Mow Cop, he has visions of the folly tower. Tom in the modern day seems to be the source of the madness, although he too has intimations of contact with the other two. It is as if his tortured soul finds release in the savagery of the Roman times and the devotion of Thomas Rowley to his wife. After he and Jan are falsely accused of having sex in Jan's house, Tom puts his hands through a glass window in his rage. The narrative immediately switches to Macey in the grip of a berserker rage, after which he tells Logan of seeing hands pressing towards him from far away.

Blue, silver and red are the colours Tom sees as the train pulls out of Crewe, taking Jan away from him. At the time they were the standard livery colours for British Rail Inter-City trains.

Allusions
On Christmas Eve 1643, during the English Civil War, Barthomley was the scene of a massacre. About 20 Parliamentary supporters had taken refuge in St Bertoline's Church when Royalist forces under the command of Lord Byron started a fire. The Parliamentarians surrendered but twelve of them were then killed.

The site of Mow Cop is not particularly isolated as there is a village around the hilltop. The nearby A34 is a former Roman road. The Mow Cop Castle folly was built in 1754 to look like a ruined castle.

Rudheath is near Northwich. Approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of this is an area called Rudheath Woods, near the villages of Allostock and Goostrey. There is a caravan park outside Allostock, with nearby lakes, as described in the novel. Garner lives in Goostrey.

Inspirations
A 1975 lecture by Garner entitled "Inner Time" is concerned with engrams, experiences which remain in our subconscious and continue to affect us. Garner mentions repeatedly recounting a trauma to his psychiatrist to "release" it. The repetition of events over time is one of the main themes of Red Shift. Garner goes on to explain how memories form their own sequence, independent of chronology (hence "inner time"): “any two intensely remembered experiences[...] will be emotionally contemporaneous, even though we know that the calendar separates them by years.” He explains that this idea informs the structure of the novel.

As for the plot, in the same lecture Garner stated that Red Shift is an "expression" of "the story of Tamlain", although critics have had some difficulty with the comparison. He also documents, in his introduction to the 2011 New York Review of Books edition, several unrelated bits of "compost" which inspired his novel. The first is the well-documented massacre at the parish church in Barthomley in 1643, the facts of which haunted Garner, a lifelong resident of the area, for some time. Next came a news article about a young couple; after a serious fight culminating in a break-up, the young man had given the woman a taped message in which he apologised but said if she did not care enough to listen to it within a week, he'd kill himself. She did not listen to the tape and he made good on his threat.

Later, Garner heard a local legend that Mow Cop was first settled by a community of escaped Spanish slaves who were being marched north to build a wall. Garner recognised this as a potential garbled reference to the famous lost Ninth Legion of Rome, also called "The Spanish Legion". He believed that at the time the Legio IX Hispana disappeared, the emperor Hadrian had ordered the building of the stone barrier, Hadrian's Wall. From this he concocted the idea that the Ninth had been sent to build the wall but some went AWOL on the way, settling on Mow Cop; the basic premise for the Rome-era portions of the novel. Garner explains that this scenario immediately brought to his mind the unrelated event of the Barthomley massacre, the first connection between different historical periods that informs Red Shift.

Finally, Garner saw some graffiti in a train station that said, in chalk, two lovers' names; beneath, however, was written in lipstick "not really now not any more". Upon reading this, all of the above-mentioned bits came back to him in a flash, and he wrote the novel.

Television adaptation and popular culture
In 1978 the BBC produced Alan Garner's own script adaptation of the story as an episode in the Play for Today series. Directed by John Mackenzie, the play was transmitted 17 January 1978. It was released on DVD by the British Film Institute in September 2014.

The novel, including the Vigenère cipher used in the novel, is the theme of Listener crossword 4340, Red Shift.

Coded message
The end papers of the book are covered with a coded message. In the story, Tom and Jan write letters to each other in ciphertext, using a method they find in works by Lewis Carroll. Although we are not told of Tom's suggestion for a key, the message can be intuitively decoded and the code's key can then be identified as being "Tom's a-cold", representing his isolation and loneliness. This is itself a quote from King Lear (Act III, Scene iv) and is a phrase which appears elsewhere in the book during shift sequences. The message in the end papers should be decoded using the key sequence "TOMSACOLD".

The decoded message is:
 * I love you. If you can read this you must care. Help me. I'm writing before we meet, because I know it'll be the last. I'll put the letter in your bag, so you'll find it on the train afterwards. I'm sorry. It's my fault. Everything's clear, but it's too late. I'll be at Crewe next time. If you don't come I'll go to Barthomley. I love you. The smell of your hair will be in my face.

title: Red Shift (novel)