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Non-standard poker hand

Non-standard poker hands are hands which are not recognized by official poker rules but are made by house rules. Non-standard hands usually appear in games using wild cards or bugs. Other terms for nonstandard hands are special hands or freak hands. Because the hands are defined by house rules, the composition and ranking of these hands is subject to variation. Any player participating in a game with non-standard hands should be sure to determine the exact rules of the game before play begins.

Types
The usual hierarchy of poker hands from highest to lowest runs as follows (standard poker hands are in italics):
 * Royal Flush: The highest straight flush, A-K-Q-J-10 suited.
 * Skeet flush: The same cards as a skeet (see below) but all in the same suit.
 * Straight flush: When wild cards are used, a wild card becomes whichever card is necessary to complete the straight flush, or the higher of the two cards that can complete an open-ended straight flush. For example, in the hand 10♠ 9♠ (Wild) 7♠ 6♠, it becomes the 8♠, and in the hand  (Wild) Q♦ J♦ 10♦ 9♦ , it plays as the  K♦  (even though the  8♦  would also make a straight flush).
 * Four of a kind: Between two equal sets of four of a kind (possible in wild card and community card poker games or with multiple or extended decks), the kicker determines the winner.
 * Big bobtail: A four card straight flush (four cards of the same suit in consecutive order).
 * Full house
 * Flush: When wild cards are used, a wild card contained in a flush is considered to be of the highest rank not already present in the hand. For example, in the hand  (Wild) 10♥ 8♥ 5♥ 4♥ , the wild card plays as the  A♥ , but in the hand A♣ K♣ (Wild) 9♣ 6♣, it plays as the Q♣. (As noted above, if a wild card would complete a straight flush, it will play as the card that would make the highest possible hand.) A variation is the double-ace flush rule, in which a wild card in a flush always plays as an ace, even if one is already present (unless the wild card would complete a straight flush). In such a game, the hand A♠ (Wild) 9♠ 5♠ 2♠ would defeat  A♦ K♦ Q♦ 10♦ 8♦  (the wild card playing as an imaginary second A♠), whereas by the standard rules it would lose (because even with the wild card playing as a K♠, the latter hand's  Q♦  outranks the former's 9♠).

 * Straight Flush House: Same as Flush House (see below), but all cards are in consecutive order.
 * Big cat: See cats and dogs below.
 * Little cat: See cats and dogs below.
 * Big dog: See cats and dogs below.
 * Little dog: See cats and dogs below.
 * Straight: When wild cards are used, the wild card becomes whichever rank is necessary to complete the straight. If two different ranks would complete a straight, it becomes the higher.  For example, in the hand  J♦ 10♠ 9♣ (Wild) 7♠, the wild card plays as an 8 (of any suit; it doesn't matter).  In the hand  (Wild) 6♥ 5♦ 4♥ 3♦ , it plays as a 7 (even though a 2 would also make a straight).
 * Wrap-around straight: Also called a round-the-corner straight, consecutive cards including an ace which counts as both the high and low card. (Example Q-K-A-2-3).
 * Skip straight: Also called alternate straight, Dutch straight, skipper, or kangaroo straight, Cards are in consecutive order, skipping every second rank (example 3-5-7-9-J).
 * Five and dime: 5-low, 10-high, with no pair (example 5-6-7-8-10).
 * Skeet: Also called pelter or bracket, a hand with a deuce (2), a 5, and a 9, plus two other un-paired cards lower than 9 (example 2-4-5-6-9).
 * Three of a kind
 * Little bobtail: A three card straight flush (three cards of the same suit in consecutive order).
 * Flash: One card of each suit plus a joker.
 * Blaze: Also called blazer, all cards are jacks, queens, and/or kings.
 * Two pair
 * Bobtail flush: Also called four flush, Four cards of the same suit.
 * Flush house: Three cards of one suit and two cards of another.
 * Bobtail straight: Also called four straight, four cards in consecutive order.
 * One pair
 * High card

Some poker games are played with a deck that has been stripped of certain cards, usually low-ranking ones. For example, the Australian game of Manila uses a 32-card deck in which all cards below the rank of 7 are removed, and Mexican Stud removes the 8s, 9s, and 10s. In both of these games, a flush ranks above a full house, because having fewer cards of each suit available makes full houses more common.

Cats and dogs
"Cats" (or "tigers") and "dogs" are types of no-pair hands defined by their highest and lowest cards. The remaining three cards are kickers. Dogs and cats rank above straights and below Straight Flush houses. Usually, when cats and dogs are played, they are the only unconventional hands allowed.

 * Little dog: Seven high, two low (for example, 7-6-4-3-2). It ranks just above a straight, and below a Straight Flush House or any other cat or dog. In standard poker seven high is the lowest hand possible.
 * Big dog: Ace high, nine low (for example, A-K-J-10-9). Ranks above a straight or little dog, and below a Straight Flush House or cat.
 * Little cat (or little tiger): Eight high, three low. Ranks above a straight or any dog, but below a Straight Flush House or big cat.
 * Big cat (or big tiger): King high, eight low. It ranks just below a Straight Flush House, and above a straight or any other cat or dog.

Some play that dog or cat flushes beat a straight flush, under the reasoning that a plain dog or cat beats a plain straight. This makes the big cat flush the highest hand in the game.

Kilters
A Kilter, also called Kelter, is a generic term for a number of different non-standard hands. Depending on house rules, a Kilter may be a Skeet, a Little Cat, a Skip Straight, or some variation of one of these hands. According to Paul Anthony Jones, it can simply mean a hand of little value. According to Penn Jillette and Mickey D. Lynn, a Kelter is "a nonstandard hand given value in home games."

title: Non-standard poker hand


text:
Engineering notation

Engineering notation or engineering form (also technical notation) is a version of scientific notation in which the exponent of ten is always selected to be divisible by three to match the common metric prefixes, i.e. scientific notation that aligns with powers of a thousand, for example, 531×103 instead of 5.31×105 (but on calculator displays written without the ×10 to save space). As an alternative to writing powers of 10, SI prefixes can be used, which also usually provide steps of a factor of a thousand. On most calculators, engineering notation is called "ENG" mode as scientific notation is denoted SCI.

History
An early implementation of engineering notation in the form of range selection and number display with SI prefixes was introduced in the computerized HP 5360A frequency counter by Hewlett-Packard in 1969.

Based on an idea by Peter D. Dickinson the first calculator to support engineering notation displaying the power-of-ten exponent values was the HP-25 in 1975. It was implemented as a dedicated display mode in addition to scientific notation.

In 1975, Commodore introduced a number of scientific calculators (like the SR4148/SR4148R and SR4190R ) providing a variable scientific notation, where pressing the and  keys shifted the exponent and decimal point by ±1 in scientific notation. Between 1976 and 1980 the same exponent shift facility was also available on some Texas Instruments calculators of the pre-LCD era such as early SR-40, TI-30        and TI-45  model variants utilizing  instead. This can be seen as a precursor to a feature implemented on many Casio calculators since 1978/1979 (e.g. in the FX-501P/FX-502P), where number display in engineering notation is available on demand by the single press of a button (instead of having to activate a dedicated display mode as on most other calculators), and subsequent button presses would shift the exponent and decimal point of the number displayed by ±3 in order to easily let results match a desired prefix. Some graphical calculators (for example the fx-9860G) in the 2000s also support the display of some SI prefixes (f, p, n, μ, m, k, M, G, T, P, E) as suffixes in engineering mode.

Overview
Compared to normalized scientific notation, one disadvantage of using SI prefixes and engineering notation is that significant figures are not always readily apparent when the smallest significant digit or digits are 0. For example, 500 μm and $0.001 m$ cannot express the uncertainty distinctions between $0.001 m$, $0.001 m$, and $0.001 m$. This can be solved by changing the range of the coefficient in front of the power from the common 1–1000 to 0.001–1.0. In some cases this may be suitable; in others it may be impractical. In the previous example, 0.5 mm, 0.50 mm, or 0.500 mm would have been used to show uncertainty and significant figures. It is also common to state the precision explicitly, such as "47 kΩ ±  5%"

Another example: when the speed of light (exactly $299,792,458 m/s$ by the definition of the meter) is expressed as $300,000,000 m/s$ or $300,000 km/s$ then it is clear that it is between $299,500 km/s$ and $300,500 km/s$, but when using $300,000,000 m/s$, or $300,000 km/s$, $300,000 km/s$, or the unusual but short $300 Mm/s$, this is not clear. A possibility is using $300,000,000 m/s$ or $0.3 Gm/s$.

On the other hand, engineering notation allows the numbers to explicitly match their corresponding SI prefixes, which facilitates reading and oral communication. For example, $0 m$ can be read as "twelve-point-five nanometers" (10−9 being nano) and written as 12.5 nm, while its scientific notation equivalent $0 m$ would likely be read out as "one-point-two-five times ten-to-the-negative-eight meters".

Engineering notation, like scientific notation generally, can use the E notation, such that $0$ can be written as 3.0E−9 or 3.0e−9. The E (or e) should not be confused with the Euler's number e or the symbol for the exa-prefix.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="padding:0; text-align:center; width:0"

! colspan="5" | SI prefixes !style="text-align:center" colspan="2" | Prefix !style="text-align:center" colspan="3" | Representations ! style="text-align:center" | Name ! style="text-align:center" | Symbol ! style="text-align:center" | Base 1000 ! style="text-align:center" | Base 10 ! style="text-align:center" | Value
 * quetta
 * Q
 * style="text-align:left;" | 100010
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1030
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$
 * ronna
 * R
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10009
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1027
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$
 * yotta
 * Y
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10008
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1024
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$
 * zetta
 * Z
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10007
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1021
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$
 * exa
 * E
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10006
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1018
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000,000,000,000,000,000$
 * peta
 * P
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10005
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1015
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000,000,000,000,000$
 * tera
 * T
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10004
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1012
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000,000,000,000$
 * giga
 * G
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10003
 * style="text-align:left;" | 109
 * style="text-align:right;" |$1,000,000,000$
 * mega
 * M
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10002
 * style="text-align:left;" | 106
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000,000$
 * kilo
 * k
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10001
 * style="text-align:left;" | 103
 * style="text-align:right;" | $1,000$
 * - style="background-color:#EEE"
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10000
 * style="text-align:left;" | 100
 * style="text-align:center;" | 1
 * milli
 * m
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−1
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−3
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0.001$
 * micro
 * μ
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−2
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−6
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * nano
 * n
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−3
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−9
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * pico
 * p
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−4
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−12
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * femto
 * f
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−5
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−15
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * atto
 * a
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−6
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−18
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * zepto
 * z
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−7
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−21
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * yocto
 * y
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−8
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−24
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * ronto
 * r
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−9
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−27
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * quecto
 * q
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−10
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−30
 * style="text-align:left;" | $0$
 * }
 * style="text-align:left;" | $1,267,650,600,228,229,400,000,000,000,000$
 * yocto
 * y
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−8
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−24
 * style="text-align:left;" | $1,237,940,039,285,380,300,000,000,000$
 * ronto
 * r
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−9
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−27
 * style="text-align:left;" | $1,208,925,819,614,629,200,000,000$
 * quecto
 * q
 * style="text-align:left;" | 1000−10
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−30
 * style="text-align:left;" | $1,180,591,620,717,411,300,000$
 * }
 * style="text-align:left;" | 10−30
 * style="text-align:left;" | $1,152,921,504,606,847,000$
 * }

Binary engineering notation
Just like decimal engineering notation can be viewed as a base-1000 scientific notation (103 = 1000), binary engineering notation relates to a base-1024 scientific notation (210 = 1024), where the exponent of two must be divisible by ten. This is closely related to the base-2 floating-point representation (B notation) commonly used in computer arithmetic, and the usage of IEC binary prefixes, e.g. 1B10 for 1 × 210, 1B20 for 1 × 220, 1B30 for 1 × 230, 1B40 for 1 × 240 etc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Engineering notation


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User:BillGarrett

Most of my interests here boil down to:
 * Anime
 * books
 * role-playing games

Pages in progress: BillGarrett/New Concept

title: User:BillGarrett


text:
Zaranj

Zaranj (Persian/Pashto/زرنج) is a city in southwestern Afghanistan, which has a population of 160,902 people as of 2015. It is the capital of Nimruz Province and is linked by highways with Lashkargah and Kandahar to the east, Farah to the north and the Iranian city of Zabol to the west.

The Abresham border crossing is located to the west of Zaranj, on the Afghanistan–Iran border. It is one of three important trade-routes that connect Central Asia, East Asia and South Asia with the Middle East. Zaranj Airport is located some 13 mi to the east of the city.

The history of Zaranj dates back over 2500 years and Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, founder of the Saffarid dynasty, was born in this old civilization.

History
Modern Zaranj bears the name of an ancient city whose name is also attested in Old Persian as Zranka. In Greek, this word became Drangiana. Other historical names for Zaranj include Zirra, Zarangia, Zarani etc. Ultimately, the word Zaranj is derived from the ancient Old Persian word zaranka ("waterland").

Achaemenid Zranka, the capital of Drangiana, was almost certainly located at Dahan-e Gholaman, southeast of Zabol in Iran. After the abandonment of that city, its name, Zarang or Zaranj in later Perso-Arabic orthography, was transferred to the subsequent administrative centers of the region, which itself came to be known as Sakastān, then Sijistan and finally Sistān. Medieval Zaranj is located at Nād-i `Alī, 4.4 km north of the modern city of Zaranj. According to the Arab geographers, prior to medieval Zaranj, the capital of Sistan was located at Ram Shahristan (Abar shariyar). Ram Shahristan had been supplied with water by a canal from the Helmand River, but its dam broke, the area was deprived of water, and the populace moved three days' march to found Zaranj. This Zaranj appears on the Peutinger Map of late Antiquity.

The area came under Muslim rule in 652, when Zaranj surrendered to the governor of Khurāsān; it subsequently became a base for further caliphal expansion in the region. In 661, a small Arab garrison reestablished its authority in the region after having temporarily lost control due to skirmishes and revolts. A Nestorian Christian community is recorded in Zaranj in the sixth century, and by the end of the eighth century there was a Jacobite diocese of Zaranj. In the 9th century Zaranj was the capital of the Saffarid dynasty, whose founder was the local coppersmith turned warlord, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar. It became part of the Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Trimurids, Safavids and others. Defeated by the Samanids in 900, the Saffarids sank to a position of regional importance, until conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1003. Subsequently, Zaranj served as the capital of the Nasrid (1029–1225) and Mihrabānid (1236–1537) maliks of Nīmrūz.

In the early 18th century, the city became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty until they were removed from power in 1738 by Nader Shah of Khorasan. Zaranj came under Khanate of Kalat in the mid-18th century. Under the modern Afghan governments, the area was known as Farah-Chakansur Province until 1968, when it was separated to form the provinces of Nimruz and Farah. The city of Zaranj became the capital of Nimroz province.

Early 21st century
A new highway called Route 606 was built between Zaranj and Delaram in Farah province by the Indian Government's Border Roads Organization at a cost of about US$136 million to open up a link between the deep sea port at Chabahar in Iran to Afghanistan's main ring road highway system which connects Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kunduz. The 215 km highway, a symbol of India's developmental work in the war-ravaged country, was handed over to Afghan authorities by Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee in January 2009 in the presence of Afghan President Hamid Karzai and Foreign Minister Rangeen Dadfar Spanta. "Completion of the road reflects the determination of both India and Afghanistan that nothing can prevent or hinder collaboration between the two countries," Mukherjee said at a function to mark this handover. On the occasion, Karzai said, the completion of the project is a message to those who want to stop cooperation between India and Afghanistan. "Our cooperation will not stop". The Taliban was opposed to this project and launched frequent attacks on the construction workers in an attempt to force the winding up of the work. A total of six Indians, including a Border Roads Organisation driver and four ITBP soldiers, and 129 Afghans were killed in these attacks.

The province has been one of the 7 (Nimruz, Helmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Ghazni, Paktika and Zabul) where the Taliban have been recently regrouping. On 14 August 2012 dozens of civilians were killed in Zaranj by several suicide-bombers in a major terrorist attack on the city.

Due to Zaranj's close proximity to Iran, the city relies mostly on Iranian products. With the increase of trade the Afghan Border Police is dealing with a rise in smuggling, particularly illegal drugs and weapons. The overall economic situation is becoming better for the local population of the city. Hundreds of trucks containing merchandise from the Middle East enter the city on a daily basis.

In the last decade, the U.S. Marines and others of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) have been visiting Zaranj city. The US Marines and other U.S. officials are involved with the Afghan government in major development projects. This includes improvement made to the irrigation network of the city, building of Afghan military and Afghan National Police barracks as well as a hospital and a school.

The city is served by Zaranj Airport, which is also being improved by the United States. US Marines assigned to 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing have been visiting Zaranj since US Marine Base Forward Operating Base Delaram was built in Delaram district of Zaranj. The 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing built two concrete helicopter landing zones on western side of the gravel runway of Zaranj Airport to ease the landing of USMC V-22 Osprey helicopters from 3rd Battalion 4th Marines. The helipads now serve all helicopters landing at Zaranj airport.

Taliban capture
On 6 August 2021, it was confirmed by local sources that the city had been captured by the Taliban, making it the first provincial capital captured by the Taliban during their advances after the withdrawal of foreign forces in Afghanistan. Afghan officials stated the Taliban faced "little resistance" in capturing the city with the 215th Corps of the Afghan National Army focusing instead on the Battle of Lashkargah. Shortly after entering the city, the Taliban broke into the city's prison, releasing a large number of prisoners into Zaranj.

On March 8, 2022, the New York Times reported a boom in the business of smugglers helping - for payment - the escape of hundreds of thousands of Afghans seeking to cross into Iran, to escape the Taliban rule and/or the harsh economic conditions. According to the report, "nearly everyone in Zaranj is involved, in one way or another, in the smuggling business". As described in the paper, "Zaranj is lively. Newcomers buy kebabs from street vendors, peruse shops and sit around plastic tables, eager to learn more about the grueling journey ahead".

Climate
Zaranj has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with very hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls in winter. Temperatures in summer may approach 50 °C.Snowfall in Zaranj is a rare event. On 27 Nov 2016, it snowed in this city.

Demographics
According to the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) along with UNHCR and Central Statistics Office (CSO) of Afghanistan, the population of Zaranj was around 49,851 in 2004. The ethnic groups are as follows: Baloch 44%, Pashtun 34% and Tajik 22%.

The city of Zaranj has a population of 160,902 people.

There are 17,878 residential dwellings in Zarat and 1,759 hectares of agricultural land. Commercial land use is clustered on the main road to Iran.

Notable people

 * Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, born in Karnin near Zaranj
 * Amr ibn al-Layth second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty, born in Karnin near Zaranj
 * Al-Layth ibn Ali ibn al-Layth, amir of the Saffarid amirate in Zaranj from 909 until 910
 * Al-Mu'addal ibn al-Layth, Saffarid ruler of Zaranj for a part of 911

Route 606: Delaram-Zaranj Highway
The Delaram–Zaranj Highway, also known as Route 606, is a 217-km or 135-mile-long two-lane road built by India in Afghanistan, connecting Delaram in Farah Province with Zaranj in neighbouring Nimruz Province near the Iranian border. It connects the Afghan–Iranian border with the Kandahar–Herat Highway in Delaram, which provides connectivity to other major Afghan cities via A01, including to India's planned mining operation in Hajigak mining concession. Route 606 reduces travel time between Delaram and Zaranj from the earlier 12–14 hours to just 2 hours. India-Iran signed an agreement in May 2016 to connect it to Port of Chabahar with rail and road links.

title: Zaranj


text:
Talk:Eagle (United States coin)

Untitled
Images?

It's a little confusing to say "The Eagle was the largest of the four circulating..." when the double-eagle was a larger circulating coin.

 * Frankly, I've never seen such a discussion of U.S. coinage before in my life. It article reads as is somebody who has no knowledge of the U.S. coinage decided to write an article about "decimal" coinage concepts and threw in some terms relating to mathmatics. --TGC55 01:10, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

The purity of all circulating gold coins in the United States was 90% gold or .900 fine - According to the article Coinage Act (1792), gold coins were 11 parts gold to 1 part alloy, i.e., .917 fine, or 22 karats -- Nik42 04:51, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The article and the information is WRONG. That 22 karet stuff was changed about 1837 when the US devalued the dollar. Gold coins after 1837 (?) were .900 fine. I don't have the time to chase down the references. This article is a mess and written by people who have little knowledge of U.S. coinage --TGC55 01:10, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

This is true. I have added more accurate information a couple of times - with citation of coinfacts.com - only to have it deleted.66.245.26.219 21:37, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * If the article needs to be corrected, it needs to be done correctly. Corrections are not made by typing a new paragraph prefaced by CORRECTION:, or by signing your name at the end of your additions to the article. It needs to still be an article when you're done. I also agree that the article needs a rewrite, the first paragraph it definitely out of place, at least to me.  Bobby  I'm Here, Are You There? 04:38, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Changed this:

Just as the cent base-unit of denomination served as the basis of the copper half cent, the copper cent, and the copper double-cent coins and just as the dime base-unit of denomination served as the basis of the silver half-dime, the silver dime, and the silver double-dime coins and just as the dollar base-unit of denomination served as the basis of the silver quarter dollar, the silver half dollar, the silver dollar, and the gold dollar coins, the eagle base-unit of denomination served as the basis of the gold quarter-eagle, the gold half-eagle, the eagle, and the double-eagle coins.

to this:

The eagle base-unit of denomination served as the basis of the gold quarter-eagle, the gold half-eagle, the eagle, and the double-eagle coins.

I thought the "just as ..., and just as ..., etc." wording was awkward and that the following paragraph probably provided sufficient detail on the pre-1933 system. The information on other pre-1933 coins might look good as a table that could appear in other articles on other obsolete US coins of the same period though. --Eloil 03:52, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Dean was so intrigued by the history of this fabulous coin that he chronicled its story in the book "King of Eagles"
Is this encyclopedic in style and content? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 19:43, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Good catch I deleted the section likely self-promotion. Wlmg (talk) 21:02, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Eagle
The last sentence is unsourced and unreferenced.I'm no expert on the realitive value of money over time,but by using the CPI calculator on the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis' website ( www.minneapolisfed.org ) $10 in 1913 (earliest date one can calculate on that site.) is equal to $221.92 in 2010 dollars.The $127.76 figure in this section just seems laughable,especially since 1800 is given for the date.Jonel469 (talk) 06:06, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

You're right but it's a wikipedia formula. I'll try to do some research on how it can be corrected. Wlmg (talk) 22:26, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

The aforementioned research must not have happened. I did research it myself, and the conclusion I came to was that the inflation tables of the Federal Reserve are based on the price of the original dollar coin, which was silver, not gold. The price is correct for silver. The golden eagle would be worth much more in today's money, especially with gold at record highs. As of today's date it would be worth approximately $736.73. I'm not sure if there is an inflation calculator available for gold. If there is, I'll replace the current one. If there is not, I'll remove the inflation calculator, since it is grossly inaccurate. EthanL (talk) 02:29, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

I can see no way to use the inflation template to calculate the value of Eagle coins, so I have removed it from the article and placed it below.EthanL (talk) 04:13, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

A $10 eagle in 1800 would have the equivalent purchasing power of $0 today.

title: Talk:Eagle (United States coin)


text: User talk:69.156.14.161

title: User talk:69.156.14.161


text:
Horace White

Horace White (October 7, 1865 – November 27, 1943) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was the 37th governor of New York from October 6, 1910, to December 31, 1910.

Life
He attended Syracuse Central High School, Cornell University (graduated 1887), and Columbia Law School (graduated 1889), and opened the firm of White, Cheney, Shinaman, and O'Neill in Syracuse, New York, in the late 1880s or early 1890s. While at Cornell he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. He was a member of the New York State Senate (36th D. and 38th D.) from 1896 to 1906 and from 1907 to 1908 sitting in the 119th, 120th, 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th, 128th, 129th, 130th and 131st New York State Legislatures; and participated in the drawing of the consolidation charter of the City of New York.

He was Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1909 to 1910, elected at the New York state election, 1908 on the Republican ticket with Governor Charles Evans Hughes. Hughes resigned in October 1910 when he was appointed to the United States Supreme Court, and White succeeded to the governorship, remaining in office until the end of the year.

White served as a trustee of Cornell University from 1916 to 1943. White, who was the nephew of Cornell's first President, Andrew Dickson White, left three-quarters of his estate to the university, and that fund had grown to $1.5 million by 1973. In White's honor, in 1973, Cornell named two professorships after him: the first two Cornell faculty to become Horace White Professors were Michael Fisher and Jack Kiefer. He was also active in Syracuse, serving as president of the Post-Standard Company and participating in numerous other civil, social, and business organizations.

White once owned Fox Island in the east of Lake Ontario, located in the Town of Cape Vincent.

White was the last governor to come from Western New York until Kathy Hochul became Governor after the resignation of Andrew Cuomo in 2021.

He was buried at Oakwood Rural Cemetery in Syracuse, New York.

title: Horace White


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Coimbra Fado

Coimbra Fado (Portuguese: Fado de Coimbra) is a genre of fado originating in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. While adopted by students at the University of Coimbra, and sometimes known as Student Fado (Fado de Estudante), it is usually considered the typical music of Coimbra itself. Developed from the Iberian lyric style of trovadorismo popular during the Middle Ages, the genre shares roots with Occitan troubadors.

Performed with the traditional Guitarra de Coimbra (a kind of Portuguese guitar originating in Coimbra), a modified version of Lisbon's fado guitar allegedly created by Artur Paredes, it is usually accompanied by classic acoustic guitar and male voices.

Guitarists Artur Paredes and his son Carlos Paredes are considered the pioneers and masters of this musical genre. Among its most renowned singers were Edmundo Bettencourt and António Menano, in the 1930s and 1940s, and José Afonso, Adriano Correia de Oliveira, Luís Goes and João Maria Tudela, in the 1950s and 1960s, the two so called "golden ages" of the genre. Other noted names in the genre include Loubet Bravo and Fernando Machado Soares.

The Coimbra Academic Association (Associação Académica de Coimbra) has a fado section, teaching the genre to musically inclined students and promoting musical projects and events related to it. Its fame throughout Portugal has led to the creation of similar structures in other cities, such as Lisbon and Porto, where there are also Fado de Coimbra groups organized by students and local people.

title: Coimbra Fado


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Ritonavir

Ritonavir, sold under the brand name Norvir, is an antiretroviral medication used along with other medications to treat HIV/AIDS. This combination treatment is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor, though it now mainly serves to boost the potency of other protease inhibitors. It may also be used in combination with other medications to treat hepatitis C and COVID-19. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects of ritonavir include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and numbness of the hands and feet. Serious side effects include liver complications, pancreatitis, allergic reactions, and arrythmias. Serious interactions may occur with a number of other medications including amiodarone and simvastatin. At low doses, it is considered to be acceptable for use during pregnancy. Ritonavir is of the protease inhibitor class. However, it is also commonly used to inhibit the enzyme that metabolizes other protease inhibitors. This inhibition allows lower doses of these latter medications to be used.

Ritonavir was patented in 1989 and came into medical use in 1996. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Ritonavir capsules were approved as a generic medication in the United States in 2020.

HIV
Ritonavir is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. Though initially developed as an independent antiviral treatment, it is most commonly used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer, in order to increase the plasma concentrations of other antiretrovirals. Ritonavir is effective in preventing the replication of HIV-1. Protease inhibitors, including ritonavir, effectively block HIV-1 protease, a crucial enzyme in the reproductive cycle of HIV-1.

COVID-19
Two SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors are prepackaged with ritonavir to enhance their blood concentration.

In December 2021, the combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir was granted emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of coronavirus disease COVID-19. The co-packaged medications are sold under the brand name Paxlovid. Paxlovid is not authorized for the pre-exposure or post-exposure prevention of COVID-19 or for initiation of treatment in those requiring hospitalization due to severe or critical COVID-19. On December 31, 2021, the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) approved the same combination "for people with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of developing severe COVID-19".

In January 2023, simnotrelvir/ritonavir was conditionally approved by China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for COVID-19.

Other uses
The use of ritonavir as a CYP3A inhibitor is also seen in the Hepatitis C medication ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir.

Side effects
When administered at the initially tested higher doses effective for anti-HIV therapy, the side effects of ritonavir are those shown below.

 * Asthenia, malaise
 * Diarrhea
 * Nausea and vomiting
 * Abdominal pain
 * Dizziness
 * Insomnia
 * Kidney failure
 * Sweating
 * Taste abnormality
 * Metabolic effects, including
 * Hypercholesterolemia
 * Hypertriglyceridemia
 * Elevated transaminases
 * Elevated creatine kinase

Adverse drug reactions
Ritonavir exhibits hepatic activity. It induces CYP1A2 and inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Concomitant therapy of ritonavir with a variety of medications may result in serious and sometimes fatal drug interactions.

Due to it being a strong inhibitor (that causes at least a five-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance) of both cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, ritonavir can severely potentiate and prolong the half-life and/or increase the blood concentration of phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, phenytoin, PDE5 inhibitors like sildenafil, opioids such as hydrocodone, oxycodone, pethidine and fentanyl, antiarrhythmic agents such as amiodarone, propafenone and disopyramide, Immunosuppressants such as tacrolimus, voclosporin and sirolimus, neuroleptics like clozapine, lurasidone and pimozide, as well as some chemotherapeutic agents, benzodiazepines and some ergot derivatives. The FDA has issued a boxed warning for this type of drug interactions.

CYP3A4 inducers can counteract the inhibiting effects of ritonavir and lead to drastically reduced levels of "boosted" drugs, increasing the risk of developing drug resistance. Other CYP3A4 inhibitors may have an additive effect with ritonavir, causing increased drug levels.

Pharmacodynamics
Ritonavir was originally developed as an inhibitor of HIV protease, one of a family of pseudo-C$2$-symmetric small molecule inhibitors.

Ritonavir is rarely used for its own antiviral activity but remains widely used as a booster of other protease inhibitors. More specifically, ritonavir is used to inhibit a particular enzyme, in intestines, liver, and elsewhere, that normally metabolizes protease inhibitors, cytochrome P450-3A4 (CYP3A4). The drug binds to and inhibits CYP3A4, so a low dose can be used to enhance other protease inhibitors. This discovery drastically reduced the adverse effects and improved the efficacy of protease inhibitors and HAART. . However, because of the general role of CYP3A4 in xenobiotic metabolism, dosing with ritonavir also affects the efficacy of numerous other medications, adding to the challenge of prescribing drugs concurrently. See above.

Pharmacokinetics
Ritonavir at a 200 mg dose reaches maximum plasma concentration in about 3 hours and has a half life of 3-4 hours. Importantly, the pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir are not linear -- the half life increases at higher doses or under repeated dosing. For instance, the half life of a 500 mg tablet is 4-6 hours rather than 3-4 hours for a 200 mg tablet. The drug has high bioavailability but about 20% is lost due to first-pass metabolism. Rivonavir capsules are not absorbed as quickly as Ritonavir tablets and may exhibit different bioavailability.

Ritonavir was demonstrated to have an in vitro potency of EC50=0.02 μM on HIV-1 protease and highly sustained concentration in plasma after oral administration in several species.

Chemistry
Ritonavir was initially derived from a moderately potent and orally bioavailable small molecule, A-80987. The P3 and P2′ heterocyclic groups of A-80987 were redesigned to create an analogue, now known as ritonavir, with improved pharmacokinetic properties to the original.

Full details of the synthesis of ritonavir were first published by scientists from Abbott Laboratories.

 * Ritonavir synthesis.svg

In the first step shown, an aldehyde derived from phenylalanine is treated with zinc dust in the presence of vanadium(III) chloride. This results in a pinacol coupling reaction which dimerizes the material to provide an intermediate which is converted to its epoxide and then reduced to (2S,3S,5S)-2,5-diamino-1,6-diphenylhexan-3-ol. Importantly, this retains the absolute stereochemistry of the amino acid precursor. The diamine is then treated sequentially with two thiazole derivatives, each linked by an amide bond, to provide ritonavir.

History

Ritonavir is sold as Norvir by AbbVie, Inc. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ritonavir on March 1, 1996,  As a result of the introduction of "highly active antiretroviral thearap[ies]" the annual U.S. HIV-associated death rate fell from over 50,000 to about 18,000 over a period of two years.

In 2014, the FDA approved a combination of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4.

After the start of the COVID pandemic in 2020, many antivirals, including protease inhibitors in general and ritonavir in particular, were repurposed in an effort to treat the new infection. Lopinavir/ritonavir was found not to work in severe COVID-19. Virtual screening followed by molecular dynamics analysis predicted ritonavir blocks the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor, which is critical for the virus entry into human cells.

Finally in 2021, a combination of ritonavir with nirmatrelvir, a newly developed orally active 3C-like protease inhibitor, was developed for the treatment of COVID-19. Ritonavir serves to slow down metabolism of nirmatrelvir by cytochrome enzymes to maintain higher circulating concentrations of the main drug. In November that year, Pfizer announced positive phase 2/3 results, including 89% reduction in hospitalizations when given within three days after symptom onset.

Polymorphism and temporary market withdrawal
Ritonavir was originally dispensed as a capsule that did not require refrigeration. This contained a crystal form of ritonavir that is now called form I. However, like many drugs, crystalline ritonavir can exhibit polymorphism, i.e., the same molecule can crystallize into more than one crystal type, or polymorph, each of which contains the same repeating molecule but in different crystal packings/arrangements. The solubility and hence the bioavailability can vary in the different arrangements, and this was observed for forms I and II of ritonavir.

During development—ritonavir was introduced in 1996—only the crystal form now called form I was found; however, in 1998, a lower free energy, more stable polymorph, form II, was discovered. This more stable crystal form was less soluble, which resulted in significantly lower bioavailability. The compromised oral bioavailability of the drug led to temporary removal of the oral capsule formulation from the market. As a consequence of the fact that even a trace amount of form II can result in the conversion of the more bioavailable form I into form II, the presence of form II threatened the ruin of existing supplies of the oral capsule formulation of ritonavir; and indeed, form II was found in production lines, effectively halting ritonavir production. Abbott (now AbbVie) withdrew the capsules from the market, and prescribing physicians were encouraged to switch to a Norvir suspension. It has been estimated that Abbott lost more than US$250 million as a result, and the incident is often cited as a high-profile example of disappearing polymorphs.

The company's research and development teams ultimately solved the problem by replacing the capsule formulation with a refrigerated gelcap. In 2000, Abbott (now AbbVie) received FDA-approval for a tablet formulation of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) which contained a preparation of ritonavir that did not require refrigeration. Ritonavir tablets produced in a solid dispersion by melt-extrusion was found to remain in form I, and was re-introduced commercially in 2010.

Economics
In 2003, Abbott (AbbVie, Inc.) raised the price of a Norvir course from US$1.71 per day to US$8.57 per day, leading to claims of price gouging by patients' groups and some members of Congress. Consumer group Essential Inventions petitioned the NIH to override the Norvir patent, but the NIH announced on August 4, 2004, that it lacked the legal right to allow generic production of Norvir.

title: Ritonavir


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April Fool (disambiguation)

April Fool is a phrase associated with April Fools' Day, celebrated on April 1.

April Fool or April fool may also refer to:

Film

 * April Fool (1926 film), a romantic comedy starring Diana Serra Cary
 * April Fool (1964 film), an Indian Hindi-language film
 * The April Fools, a 1969 romantic comedy film
 * April Fool's Day (1986 film), a mystery slasher film
 * April Fools (2007 film), a 2007 horror film by Fred Walton
 * April Fool (2010 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film
 * April Fool (2014 film), an Indian Telugu-language film
 * April Fools (2015 film), a 2015 Japanese film

Music

 * "April Fool" (song), by Chalk Circle from their EP The Great Lake (1986)
 * "April Fool", a song by Slash from 4 (2022)
 * "April Fool", a song by Soul Asylum from their album Grave Dancers Union (1992)
 * "April Fools (song)", a song by Rufus Wainwright from his 1998 self-titled debut album
 * "April Fools (He Had the Change Done at the Shop)", song on the Frogs' album My Daughter the Broad (1996)
 * April Fools, a 2016 album by the Scary Jokes

Other

 * April Fool (spy), the codename for a double agent who allegedly played a key role in the downfall of Saddam Hussein
 * The April Fool, a character of The Fairly OddParents animated series

title: April Fool (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:KaiSeun

Hi! Please remember to sign all your comments on talk pages or Wikipedia pages. This helps other users to know who they are talking to. Thanks! JoaoRicardotalk 01:33, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:KaiSeun


text:
1963 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 15 May 1963. The Catholic People's Party (KVP) remained the largest party, winning 50 of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives.

The elections led to a four-party coalition government initially consisting of the KVP, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Historical Union. In 1965 this coalition was replaced by one consisting of the KVP, Labour Party and ARP.

title: 1963 Dutch general election


text:
User talk:Tentacle Monster

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Jjba-sj.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 20:28, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Stand (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure)
I have nominated Stand (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Stand (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message.  Kraftlos  (Talk | Contrib) 01:14, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Stand (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure)
I have nominated Stand (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Stand (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure)&. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 02:39, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tentacle Monster


text:
Lloyd Stinson

Lloyd Cleworth Stinson (February 29, 1904 – August 28, 1976) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada, and the leader of that province's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) from 1953 to 1959. Although widely regarded as a capable leader, he was unable to achieve a major electoral breakthrough for his party.

Stinson was born in Treherne, Manitoba, and received education there and in Winnipeg. He graduated from Theology United College in 1933, and was ordained as a United Church minister. He received his B.D. in 1935, and took post-graduate courses in history and political science in 1940 and 1941.

Stinson stepped down as an active minister in 1942, and become Provincial Secretary for the provincial CCF the following year. He edited the "Manitoba Commonwealth" newspaper from 1943 to 1946, and served as a Winnipeg alderman from 1943 to 1944. His defeat in 1944 was partly due to vote-splitting with a Communist candidate.

Unusually for a social democrat, Stinson's base was in the southern part of Winnipeg (after the General Strike of 1919, the north end generally elected socialist and labour candidates while the south supported pro-business figures). Stinson was defeated in Winnipeg South Centre in the federal election of 1945, though coming a respectable second to the victorious Liberal candidate. Later in the year, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as one of ten members for the city of Winnipeg. (Winnipeg elections were determined by prefential balloting, with the entire city as one constituency). Stinson placed second among the CCF candidates, trailing only party leader Seymour Farmer.

The electoral map was redrawn in 1949, with Winnipeg divided into three ridings (each of which elected four members). Stinson was the only CCF candidate elected in Winnipeg South that year; he came very close to outpolling longtime Liberal-Progressive cabinet minister John Stewart McDiarmid for first position on the first count. The larger election picture was disappointing for the CCF, with the party winning only seven of 57 seats.

Stinson became one of the leading CCF figures in the legislative, often outshining party leader Edwin Hansford. Hansford resigned as CCF house leader in 1952, and Stinson was chosen to replace him on December 19, 1952. He was acclaimed as the official party leader on April 25, 1953, by the CCF council, and was subsequently confirmed without opposition by a provincial convention.

Stinson was a capable politician, and had the ability to reach out to centre-left voters previously alienated from the CCF. He was also a skilled networker, soliciting support from Saskatchewan Premier Tommy Douglas in designing his election platform.

He could not, however, bring the CCF above third-party status in the election of 1953. The Liberal-Conservative coalition which governed the province from 1940 to 1950 had dissolved, and most of the electorate was polarized between these two parties. The Liberal-Progressives (or Liberals) won 32 seats and a majority; the CCF were reduced to only five. Stinson fell to third place on Winnipeg South's first count, and had to wait for a later count to be re-elected.

The Liberal-Progressive government of Douglas Campbell grew unpopular between 1953 and 1958, and the CCF made some gains at Campbell's expense. They climbed to eleven seats in the 1958 election, and Stinson was elected in the new Winnipeg riding of Osborne. (Winnipeg's multi-member constituencies were replaced by single-seat ridings for this election; Osborne is located in the city's centre.)

The 1958 election resulted in a hung parliament, with the Progressive Conservatives winning 26 seats and the Liberal-Progressives 19. Campbell initially tried to form an alliance with the CCF (Stinson would have served as Minister of Welfare), but these plans came to nothing. The CCF allowed the Tories under Dufferin Roblin to form government.

Roblin's government placed the CCF in a paradoxical situation. His Progressive Conservative party was actually to the left of Campbell's Liberals, and introduced many significant reforms. The CCF had little choice but to support Roblin's legislation, thereby giving the Tories the record they needed to win another election the following year. The CCF fell to ten seats in the 1959 election, and Stinson was personally defeated by Tory candidate Obie Baizley. He resigned as party leader in 1960, and was replaced by Russell Paulley.

During Stinson's time as party leader, the CCF was unable to make significant inroads beyond its urban support base (though future Premier Ed Schreyer was elected in a rural constituency). The party made limited gains in the late 1950s, however, and was poised to become the official opposition (if Liberal support continued to decline).

In the late 1950s, Stinson supported the call to transform the national CCF into a broader party. He campaigned for its merger with the Canadian Labour Congress to create the New Democratic Party.

In 1962, Stinson ran as an NDP candidate in Wellington (north-west Winnipeg), but lost to Tory Richard Seaborn by about 200 votes. In 1963, he ran for the federal NDP in Winnipeg South and fared poorly (receiving only 7867 votes of about 56,000 cast).

Later in 1963, Stinson was re-elected to the second ward of the Winnipeg City Council. He retained his seat in the 1967 municipal election, where he remained until his retirement in 1971. In 1969, he was chosen as chair of Winnipeg's traffic commission.

In 1975, he published a book entitled Political Warriors: Recollections of a Social-Democrat.

title: Lloyd Stinson


text:
Kiln People

Kiln People is a 2002 science fiction novel by American writer David Brin. It was published in the United Kingdom under the title Kil'n People. It was short-listed in four different awards for best SF/fantasy novel of 2002 – the Hugo, the Locus, the John W. Campbell Award, and the Arthur C. Clarke Award – each time finishing behind a different book.

Plot introduction
The novel takes place in a future in which people can create clay duplicates (called "dittos" or golems) of themselves. A ditto retains all of the archetype's memories up until the time of duplication. The duplicate lasts only about a day, and the original person (referred to in the book as an archie, from "archetype", or "rig", from "original") can then choose whether or not to upload the ditto's memories. Most dittos want to inload, so that their experience will be continuous with that of their archie. Most people use dittos to do their work, as they are affordable even for the poor. Many also use dittos to experience pleasure which could hurt a real person. Dittos come in many colors, which signify their quality and intended role. A cheap ditto suitable for housework is green, whereas a quality one for business is gray. Ebonies are highly specialized dittos that are good at intelligent data analysis; platinums are only used by the very rich, and closely resemble real people. Ivory dittos specialize in the reception of pleasure and sexual fulfillment. Other colors of ditto (such as purple, red, and yellow) exist, but are rarely mentioned in the novel.

Plot summary
Albert Morris is a private detective who uses dittos extensively. His dittos are usually imprinted faithfully; indeed, his dittos have a fidelity rate rarely seen in the novel's world. The book opens with a green ditto being chased across the city by ditto thugs of Beta, a criminal figure engaged in copyright violation by kidnapping desirable dittos and duplicating them. Albert's green makes it to safety, allowing Albert to inload his memories and bust Beta's latest scheme. The next morning, Albert makes three dittos (two grays and a green) and sends them off to do his business. After four hours of sleep, he imprints an ebony to help him work on a case.

One gray meets with Ritu Maharal, the daughter of Yosil Maharal, one of the founders of Universal Kilns (UK) who has disappeared under suspicious circumstances. Yosil is later discovered dead, and Albert's gray meets the surviving Maharal ditto (or ghost, a ditto that survives after the original has died). ditMaharal runs away, and when the gray follows, he is captured by the ditto.

The second gray gets involved in a plan to infiltrate Universal Kilns to see if they are illegally withholding technical advancements to the duplicating process. He is a dupe of unknown forces, and is actually carrying a bomb into the UK factory, but he realizes just in time and manages to minimize the damage done when he blows up.

The green comes out of the kiln and starts doing the chores he was made to do, but soon displays a lack of motivation to complete his assigned tasks and instead heads off to the beach. Once there, he decides that he is an imperfect copy of Albert, or a "frankie" (a fictional slang word derived from Frankenstein's monster). This is an unprecedented occurrence for Albert due to his unusual ditto-making prowess. The green decides not to continue doing chores, and claims independence. Though an imperfect copy of Albert, the green figures prominently in the plot.

Meanwhile, real Albert disguises himself as a gray ditto and meets with Ritu, who is also disguised as a gray. On the way to investigate Yosil's cabin, where the eccentric scientist spent much of his time, they both are made aware of an attack on Albert's home. Shortly after, Albert and Ritu end up stranded in the desert after an attempt on their lives. They eventually make it to ditMaharal's secret lab where the first gray is being held. The green frankie makes it there as well, soon to expire.

ditMaharal has constructed an apparatus that he plans to use to elevate himself to godhood, using two of Albert's dittos to amplify himself and the deaths of over a million people to fuel his elevation. The green and the real Albert join forces to destroy the apparatus and disable the bioweapons that would have been used in an attack on a nearby city. However, the real Albert's mind winds up elevating, leaving his body in a comatose-like state. As the book ends, Albert and the green frankie agree to upload the green's memories into Albert's body, effectively replacing Albert's personality and memories with the frankie's: Albert will attempt to ascend to the higher plane of existence, and the frankie gets to lead the life he wanted, in Albert's body, with Clara (Albert's girlfriend).

Translations

 * German: "Copy" 2005
 * Russian: "Глина" ("Clay"), 2005
 * Spanish: "Gente de Barro" ("Mud People"), 2003
 * Hebrew: "אנשי הכבשן" ("Kiln People"), 2004
 * Bulgarian: "Килн хора" ("Kiln People"), 2006
 * French: "Le Peuple d'argile" ("The Clay People")
 * Japanese: "キルン・ピープル" ("Kiln People"), 2007
 * Hungarian: "Dettó" 2009

title: Kiln People


text:
User:KaiSeun

To write
Refer to list you made

Major edits

 * Lik Sang

Pages created

 * Aesthetic completion
 * Elegant degradation
 * The Legend of Lotus Spring
 * onEscapee
 * Wolf
 * Lion

title: User:KaiSeun


text:
1967 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 15 February 1967. The Catholic People's Party (KVP) remained the largest party, winning 42 of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives.

The elections led to a four-party centre-right coalition government being formed, consisting of the KVP, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Historical Union (CHU), led by Prime Minister Piet de Jong.

title: 1967 Dutch general election


text:
Mohéli

Mohéli, also known as Mwali, is an autonomously-governed island that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. It is the smallest of the three major islands in the country. It is located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa and it is the smallest of the four major Comoro Islands. Its capital and largest city is Fomboni.

History
Until 1830, Mohéli was part of the Ndzuwani Sultanate, which also controlled the neighbouring island of Anjouan. In 1830, migrants from Madagascar led by Ramanetaka, who later changed his name to Abderemane, took over the island and established the sultanate of Mwali. In the mid-nineteenth century its ruler was Queen Jumbe-Souli. In 1886, France made the island a protectorate.

Until 1889, Mwali had its own French resident, but the island was then subjugated to the residency of Anjouan. The sultanate was dismantled in 1909 following the French annexation of the island. French colonial stamps bearing the inscription "Mohéli" were circulated between 1906 and 1912.

Comoros
In 1975, Mohéli agreed to join the Comoros nation, along with Grande Comore and Anjouan. Political, economic and social turmoil affected Mohéli and the Comoros in general.

Independence
On 11 August 1997, Mohéli seceded from the Comoros, a week after Anjouan. Mohéli's secessionist leaders were Said Mohamed Soefu who became president, and Soidri Ahmed, who became prime minister.

Rejoining Comoros
Mohéli rejoined Comoros in 1998. In 2002, Mohéli ratified the new Comorian constitution, which provided for a less centralized federal government and more power to the island governments. It helped settle continuing political turmoil on Comoros and continuing secessionism on Anjouan. The same year, Mohamed Said Fazul was elected president. His supporters won most seats in Mohéli's delegation to Parliament in the legislative elections of 2004.

Politics
Said Mohamed Fazul was elected president of Mohéli in 2002 against Mohamed Hassanaly.

The legislative assembly of the autonomous island of Moheli has ten seats and was elected on 14 and 21 March 2004. Nine seats were won by the supporters of Said Mohamed Fazul and the last by a supporter of Azali Assoumani. In 2007, Mohamed Ali Said was elected president of the autonomous island of Moheli (currently president instead of governor) against Said Mohamed Fazul.

After shortening his two-year term, which was to end in 2012, due to problems with the electoral calendar, Mohamed Ali Said was re-elected governor of the autonomous island of Moheli in December 2010 against the presidential majority candidate Said Ali Hilali. The election of the island's councillors was won by an absolute majority by Mohamed Ali Said's camp.

Following the legislative and communal elections held in 2015, it was Governor Mohamed Ali Said's party that won the majority in the island assembly, allying with the councillors (equivalent to deputies at the national level) of those of President Ikililou's supporters and related parties (UPDC party).

In May 2016, following the island governors' elections, it was Mohamed Said Fazul who won against President Ikililou's wife (Hadidja Dhoinine) in the 5-year governorship elections. It is therefore the second time he takes the reins of the island of Moheli.

As a reminder, at the national level, it is the former president (2002-2006) Azali Assoumani who won the elections before Mohamed Ali Soilih. This is his second term (2016-2021) as President of the Union of the Comoros.

Population
Mohéli's population,, is about 38,000. Its main ethnic group, as on the other Comoros islands Grande Comore and Anjouan as well as the French territory Mayotte, is the Comorian ethnic group, a synthesis of Bantu, Arab, Malay and Malagasy culture, and the main religion is Sunni Islam.

Protected areas
On 19 April 2001, the first protected area in this country – Mohéli Marine Park – was gazetted. This was the culmination of a unique process by which the local communities in the ten villages around the park boundaries negotiated a collaborative arrangement with the government for the establishment and management of the park. The marine park programme was among the 27 finalists selected from nearly 500 nominations by the Equator Initiative, a partnership between the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), IUCN, the UN Foundation and four other international groups, to promote community-based initiatives aimed at furthering sustainable development. The marine park was redesignated Mohéli National Park in 2010, and in 2015 was expanded to include approximately three-quarters of the island's land area.

Important Bird Area
A 6,268 ha tract encompassing the highlands of the interior of the western part of the island, including Mount Mlédjélé, has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Comoro olive pigeons, Comoro blue pigeons, tropical shearwaters, Moheli scops owls, Malagasy harriers, Moheli brush warblers, Moheli bulbuls, Comoro thrushes, Humblot's sunbirds and red-headed fodies.

Airport
Mohéli Bandar Es Eslam Airport between the villages of Fomboni and Djoièzi on the north coast of the island is the only airport on Mohéli.

title: Mohéli


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User:BACbKA

eo:User:BACbKA fr:User:BACbKA he:User:BACbKA ru:User:BACbKA commons:User:BACbKA meta:User:BACbKA wikibooks:User:BACbKA

3D Monster Maze (a tribute to the first video game I ever played! dedicated to Andrei Burago, who owned that ZX81)

External link to my home page

 * Vassilii Khachaturov

 * Images

title: User:BACbKA


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Talk:Rajasthan

Weird stuff with reverting vandalism
Someone had deleted everything but the first paragraph, and the bot had reverted it, but the revert didn't dispaly. I clicked undo at the edit that had blanked the article, and then clicked submit, it displays correctly now, but my revert is not shown in the edit history, probably because it's not changed from the edit the bot made -- when I clicked edit after the bot had reverted, the source was correct but when I clicked article it was the same as before the bot's revert. The revert had been about three hours before that, immediately after the blanking.

title: Talk:Rajasthan


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Frank S. Black

Frank Swett Black (March 8, 1853 –March 22, 1913) was an American newspaper editor, lawyer and politician. A Republican, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1895 to 1897, and the 32nd governor of New York from 1897 to 1898.

A native of Limington, Maine, Black graduated from Dartmouth College in 1875 and moved to New York, where he edited and reported for newspapers in Johnstown and Troy. He studied law, attained admission to the bar in 1879, and practiced in Troy.

Black became involved in politics by giving speeches for Republican candidates and serving as chairman of the party in Rensselaer County. In 1894, he was a successful candidate for the United States House of Representatives, and he served a partial term, March 1895 to January 1897. Black resigned before the end of his term because he had been elected governor.

In 1896, Black was the successful Republican nominee for governor. He served one term, January 1897 to December 1898. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1898, losing at the party's state convention to Theodore Roosevelt, who went on to win the general election.

After leaving office, Black resumed the practice of law and remained active in politics as a campaign speaker for Republican candidates. He died in Troy on March 22, 1913, and was buried at his summer home, a farm in Freedom, New Hampshire.

Early life
Black was born near Limington, Maine, on March 8, 1853, one of eleven children born to farmer Jacob Black and Charlotte (Butters) Black. His father moved the family to Alfred, Maine, after accepting an appointment as keeper of the York County jail. Black graduated from Lebanon Academy in 1871, then taught school while attending Dartmouth College. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1875, was an editor of all three of the school's student publications, and won prizes for oratory. While in college, Black joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity.

Start of career
After completing his education, Black moved Rome, New York, where he sold chromolithographs. He soon moved to Johnstown, New York, to become editor of the Johnstown Journal, the publisher of which was a member of the Stalwart faction of Republicans who were loyal to Roscoe Conkling. A member of the Half-Breed faction of the Republican Party and follower of James G. Blaine, Black changed the political stance of the paper while its publisher was out of town, for which he was promptly fired. He then moved to Troy, New York, where he worked for the Troy Whig and Troy Times. While working as a night reporter, clerk in the Troy post office, and process server, he studied law at the firm of Robertson & Foster. Black attained admission to the bar in 1879 and began to practice in Troy.

In 1888, Black campaigned for Benjamin Harrison for president. In 1892, he campaigned for Harrison's reelection, but Harrison was defeated by former President Grover Cleveland. His continued political activities included serving as chairman of the Republican Party in Rensselaer County. In March 1894, an election day dispute between Republicans and Democrats in Troy culminated with the murder of Robert Ross, a Republican. Black assisted in the prosecution of the defendants, Democrats Bartholomew "Bat" Shea and John McGough, who were convicted. McGough was sentenced to 20 years in prison, and Shea was executed.

U.S. House
Largely as the result of publicity from the Ross murder case, in November 1894, Black was elected to the 54th United States Congress, representing New York's 19th congressional district. He served from March 4, 1895, to January 7, 1897, when he resigned because he had been elected governor. During his House term, Black was a member of the Committee on Pacific Railroads and the Committee on Private Land Claims. He was a delegate to the 1896 Republican National Convention and supported William McKinley for president.

Governor
Black was elected governor in 1896 and served from January 1, 1897, to December 31, 1898. A highlight of his governorship was completion of construction on the New York State Capitol, which had fallen far behind schedule and had been plagued with cost overruns.

As governor, Black advocated for conservation of the area now known as the Adirondack State Park. As part of this effort, he oversaw the establishment of the New York State College of Forestry. During Black's governorship, the boroughs that now make up New York City were consolidated into one municipality.

Black also oversaw New York's participation in the Spanish–American War. Under his leadership, 16,000 New York soldiers were raised, trained, and equipped for accession into the United States Army as it expanded for the war. In addition, he successfully advocated for election reforms, including allowing soldiers to vote while they were out of state or outside the United States.

In his 1894 and 1896 campaigns, Black had been nominated at Republican conventions by political operative Louis F. Payn, who was widely regarded as a corrupt associate of Thomas C. Platt, the boss of New York State's Republican Party. As governor, Black caused a controversy when he appointed Payn as state insurance superintendent. Despite criticism from advocates of good government and civil service reform, Black continued to support Payn. Even though he backed Payn, Black incurred Platt's displeasure when Black successfully opposed a bill Platt favored, which would have banned from newspapers editorial cartoons critical of state government officials. (As governor, Theodore Roosevelt won a showdown with Platt over Payn's reappointment, which resulted in the selection of another candidate.)

Late in Black's term, state officials were accused of squandering taxpayer money on a project to expand the Erie Canal, which had come to be regarded as a boondoggle because of delays and excessive costs. Black's chances for reelection were jeopardized, so Republicans replaced him as their 1898 gubernatorial nominee with Theodore Roosevelt, who had recently attained hero status in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. Roosevelt won the November general election by narrowly defeating Democratic nominee Augustus Van Wyck. In 1899, an investigating commission appointed by Black, in conjunction with two special counsels appointed by Roosevelt, exonerated those involved of criminal wrongdoing.

Later life
After leaving office, Black resumed his law practice. Among the noteworthy cases in which he was involved, Black took part in the defense of Roland B. Molineaux in the famed People v. Molineux case. After Molineaux was convicted of murder, the conviction was overturned and he won an acquittal at retrial. The case was the source of the well-known "Molineux rule" which limits the ability of prosecutors to use prior crimes as proof that a defendant committed the crime with which he is charged. Black also took part in the defense of Caleb Powers for the assassination of Kentucky governor William Goebel.

Black maintained his interest in politics even after leaving office. He was a delegate to the 1904 Republican National Convention, and nominated President Theodore Roosevelt for election to a full term. Later that year, he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator, but withdrew in favor of incumbent Chauncey Depew, who went on to win reelection. In 1908, Black, who had fallen out with Roosevelt, supported Charles Evans Hughes for president over Roosevelt's choice, William Howard Taft.

Black remained a popular and sought-after speaker for political events and other occasions. Among his best-known orations was a 1903 commemorative eulogy for Abraham Lincoln delivered to the Republican Club of the City of New York during its annual Lincoln's Birthday celebration.

Death and burial
Black died from heart disease at his home in Troy on March 22, 1913. He was cremated and his ashes were buried at his summer home, a farm in Freedom, New Hampshire.

Family
In 1879, Black married Lois B. Hamlin (1858–1931) of Provincetown, Massachusetts, whom he had met while teaching school. They were the parents of a son, Arthur (1880–1953).

Honors
In 1898, Black received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Dartmouth College.

title: Frank S. Black


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File:Belle de jour poster.jpg

A film poster for Belle de Jour, contended as fair use.

Fair use in Belle de Jour (film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Belle de jour poster.jpg


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José Afonso

José Manuel Cerqueira Afonso dos Santos (2 August 1929 – 23 February 1987), known professionally as José Afonso and also popularly known as Zeca Afonso, was a Portuguese singer-songwriter. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of Portugal's folk and protest music scene. His music played a significant role in the resistance against the dictatorial Estado Novo regime, making him an icon in Portugal.

Afonso's song "Grândola, Vila Morena" was used as a radio-broadcast signal by the Portuguese Armed Forces during their military coup operation in the morning of 25 April 1974, which led to the Carnation Revolution and the transition to democracy in Portugal. Subsequently, Afonso's music, along with "Grândola, Vila Morena," became emblematic of the revolution, anti-fascism, the Portuguese labor movement, and the political left.

1929–1940: Early life
José Afonso was born in Aveiro on 2 August 1929. His parents were José Nepomuceno Afonso dos Santos, a magistrate, and Maria das Dores Dantas Cerqueira, a primary school teacher.

In 1930, his parents travelled to Angola, a Portuguese colony at the time, where his father had been placed as a judge in the city of Silva Porto (present-day Cuíto). For health reasons, Afonso stayed in Aveiro, in a house near the Fonte das Cinco Bicas, with his aunt Gigé and his uncle Xico, a "republican and anticlerical" man. In 1933 Afonso travelled to Angola at his mother's request. On the ship he met a missionary who became his companion during the voyage. Afonso stayed for three years in Angola, where he began his primary education.

In 1936, he returned to Aveiro. In 1937 he went to live overseas for the second time, this time to Mozambique, another Portuguese colony in Africa, where his parents were then living with his siblings João and Mariazinha.

He returned to Portugal in 1938, this time to the house of his uncle Filomeno, mayor of the town of Belmonte. There he finished the fourth grade. His uncle, a fierce fascist supporter, made him a join the "Mocidade Portuguesa", a paramilitary style political indoctrination youth organization conceived by the right-wing regime of Salazar and the Estado Novo, to provide regime aligned cadres and future leaders.

1940–1956: The Coimbra years
He went to Coimbra in 1940 to continue his studies. He studied in the D. João III Lyceum and lived with his aunt Avrilete. His family went from Mozambique to East Timor, also a Portuguese overseas territory at that time, where his father continued his job as a judge. Mariazinha went with them while his brother João returned to Portugal. After the occupation of Timor by the Japanese, Afonso received no news from his parents for three years, until the end of World War II in 1945.

When he was in his 5th year of lyceum studies, Afonso started singing seranades as a bicho (meaning a non-human ugly or scary creature), a rank used in the University of Coimbra praxe for lyceum students. He became known as the "bicho-cantor" (singing creature).

From 1946 to 1948 he worked to finish his lyceum studies, after failing two years. He met Maria Amália de Oliveira, whom he married secretly due to his parents' opposition. He traveled with some of the most important university musical groups, such as Orfeon Académico de Coimbra, and played football for Associação Académica de Coimbra.

In 1949 he started studying History and Philosophy at Coimbra University. With the Orfeon Académico de Coimbra, he travelled to Angola and Mozambique.

In January 1953, his first son José Manuel was born. Later that year, his first recordings were released. These were two 78-rpm records of Coimbra fado songs, of which no copies exist today.

Between 1953 and 1955, he served compulsory military service. He was mobilized to Macau, a Portuguese territory at the time, but due to health problems he was discharged. He was afterwards stationed in Coimbra until completing military service. His daughter Helena was born in 1954. During this time he experienced many economic difficulties and eventually divorced his wife.

1956–1968: Work as a teacher, first albums and early political action
In 1956 Afonso released his first EP, Fados de Coimbra. After his military service, he started working as a teacher. From January to September 1957 he worked at a private school in Mangualde and afterwards worked at the Industrial and Commercial School of Lagos between October 1957 and July 1959. Due to his financial problems, he sent his children to the Portuguese overseas territory of Mozambique in 1958, to live with his parents. In that year he became enthralled by Humberto Delgado's presidential campaign; Delgado lost due to massive electoral fraud perpetrated by the authoritarian Estado Novo regime.

Between October 1959 and July 1960 he worked at the Technical School of Alcobaça. It was during 1959 and 1960 that he started singing in his trademark musical style, coloured with political and social connotations, touring with many popular groups around the country and gradually becoming a favourite among the working class and the rural population. He toured for a month in Angola with the Orfeon Académico de Coimbra. In 1960 he released another EP, Balada do Outono.

From 1961 to 1962 he followed the pro-democracy student strikes and demonstrations demanding the end of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, which were brutally repressed by the police. He continued releasing many of his songs and introduced important new guitar arrangements. He played in Switzerland, Germany and Sweden, with a fado guitar group that included Adriano Correia de Oliveira, José Niza, Jorge Godinho, Durval Moreirinhas and the singer Esmeralda Amoedo.

He released a new EP, named Baladas de Coimbra, in 1962. He completed his university studies in 1963 with a thesis about Jean-Paul Sartre, which got a grade of 11 out of 20. That year he also finalized his divorce from his wife Maria Amália.

In 1964 he released his first studio album, Baladas e Canções ("Ballads and Songs"). In May 1964, Afonso performed at the Sociedade Musical Fraternidade Operária Grandolense (Workers' Fraternity Musical Society of Grândola) in Grândola, where he found the inspiration to compose his most famous song, "Grândola, Vila Morena". The song would be recorded years later for his album Cantigas do Maio, and would become one of signals for the start of the Carnation Revolution in April 1974.

From 1964 to 1967, Afonso was in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) and Beira, in Mozambique, with his second wife Zélia, where he reunited with his children. In his last two years in the overseas province, he taught in Beira and composed music for the Bertolt Brecht play The Exception and The Rule. In 1965 his daughter Joana was born and by 1967, marked by the colonial reality and the Portuguese Colonial War, he returned to Lisbon. He left his older son, José Manuel, with his grandparents in Mozambique.

Back in Portugal, Afonso took up a secondary school teacher position in Setúbal, where he developed a severe health crisis which left him hospitalized for 20 days. After receiving hospital discharge, he found out that he had been expelled from public school teaching because the regime censors disapproved of his leftist political ideals and considered his songs highly subversive. Later, the book Cantares de José Afonso (Songs of José Afonso) was published. The Portuguese Communist Party leadership invited him to become a party member but Afonso refused. He signed a contract with the record label Orfeu, which would record 70% of his works.

1968–1974: Prolific period and anti-regime activities
In 1968, after being dismissed from the government teaching job, Afonso became a private tutor and started singing more regularly with popular groups from the south bank of the Tagus river, a region which had a stronger influence of the Portuguese Communist Party. Around Christmas, Afonso released the album Cantares do Andarilho ("Songs of the Wanderer"), in collaboration with Rui Pato, the first album recorded for the label Orfeu. Afonso had a special contract with Orfeu, for he was paid 15,000 escudos per month, a princely sum at the time, under the condition that he recorded an album per year.

In 1969, with the replacement of hardliner António de Oliveira Salazar by the more moderate Marcelo Caetano as head of the Estado Novo regime, the nation got a slight taste of democracy, such as permission to rebuild a democratic Labour Union movement. José Afonso joined the movement and supported it by all the means he could while also taking part in the second wave of student rebellion against the regime in the university town of Coimbra. That year, his album Contos Velhos Rumos Novos ("Old Tales New Courses") was released. For the first time an instrument other than the guitar was used on a José Afonso album. For this album he was awarded the prize for best album of the year by Casa da Imprensa, a distinction he would repeat in 1970 and 1971. His fourth and last son, Pedro, was also born in 1969.

In 1970, Afonso released the album Traz Outro Amigo Também ("Bring Another Friend as Well"), which was recorded in London at the Pye Studios. It was the first album without frequent collaborator Rui Pato, who had been forbidden to travel by the Portugal's secret police. On 21 March, Casa da Imprensa (representing the Portuguese press) gave Afonso an honorary award for his "high quality work as a singer and composer and for his decisive influence upon Portuguese popular music". He participated in an international festival in Cuba.

At the end of 1971, the album Cantigas do Maio ("Songs of May") was released. The album was recorded at Château d'Hérouville, near Paris. This album is generally considered the best album of his career. In 1972, he released the album Eu Vou Ser Como a Toupeira ("I Will Be Just Like The Mole"), recorded in Madrid at the Cellada Studios.

In 1973, José Afonso continued his "pilgrimage", singing all over Portugal. Many of his appearances were forcibly cancelled by the PIDE/DGS. In April he was arrested and sentenced to 20 days in the Caxias prison (a facility used mostly to jail political prisoners). In the prison he wrote the poem Era Um Redondo Vocábulo. For Christmas, he released the album Venham Mais Cinco ("Let Five More Come"), recorded in Paris and on which José Mário Branco collaborated. Janine de Waleyne from the Blue Stars of France, a prominent vocalist in French chanson, guested on the title track.

On 29 March 1974, Afonso participated in a concert event at the Coliseu dos Recreios in Lisbon, called "First Meeting of the Portuguese Song" (Portuguese: Primeiro Encontro da Canção Portuguesa). This was an event sponsored by Casa da Imprensa in which several folk singer-songwriters and musicians with anti-Estado Novo inclinations participated. The state censorship still operated in the event, and Afonso was forbidden from performing some of his songs with more political messages, such as "Venham Mais Cinco" and "A Morte Saiu à Rua". "Grândola, Vila Morena", however, was not seen as a subversive song and was allowed to be performed. Almost one month later, on 25 April 1974, the Portuguese Estado Novo regime was overthrown in a nearly bloodless military coup, known as the Carnation Revolution. "Grândola, Vila Morena" was one of the two songs used as a radio-broadcast signal by the Portuguese Armed Forces Movement during their coup operation and is considered ever since the anthem of the revolution.

1974–1980: Revolutionary period
In December 1974, Afonso released the album Coro dos Tribunais ("Courthouse Chorus"), which was recorded in London, again at the Pye Studios, with musical arrangements by Fausto Bordalo Dias. The album includes two Brechtian songs, composed in Mozambique in the period between 1964 and 1967: "Coro dos Tribunais" and "Eu Marchava de Dia e de Noite".

From 1974 to 1975 he became directly involved in the popular revolutionary movements. The PREC (Ongoing Revolutionary Process) became his passion. He performed on 11 March 1975 (the day of a failed coup led by António de Spínola) in the RALIS, a leftist military stronghold. Afonso established a collaboration with the far-left movement LUAR (Revolutionary Action and Unity League). LUAR released his single "Viva o Poder Popular" (Hail to the People's Power). In Italy, the revolutionary organizations Lotta Continua, Il Manifesto and Avanguardia Operaia released the album República, recorded in Rome on 30 September and 1 October 1975. The money received from the sales of the album went to support the striking workers of the newspaper República.

In 1976 he supported Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho's presidential candidacy. Otelo was an important commander of the Carnation Revolution military operations, and Afonso would support him again in 1980. He released the album Com as Minhas Tamanquinhas ("With My Little Clogs").

The album Enquanto Há Força ("While There is Strength"), released in 1978, another collaboration with Fausto, shows some of Afonso's concerns about colonialism and imperialism and is also a critique of the Catholic Church. It includes the participation of other Portuguese artists such as Adriano Correia de Oliveira and Sérgio Godinho.

In 1979 the album Fura Fura ("Drill Drill") was released, with the collaboration of Júlio Pereira and the band Trovante. It contains eight songs that were meant for theater plays. He participated in the Anti-Eurovision Festival in Brussels.

1980–1987: Zeca's last years
In 1981, after two years out of the spotlight, Afonso returned to his Coimbra roots with the album Fados de Coimbra e Outras Canções ("Coimbra fados and other songs"). He played in Paris at the Théâtre de la Ville.

In 1982 he started developing the first symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a severe disease that would affect him for the rest of his life. He played in Bruges at the Printemps Festival.

On 23 January 1983, Afonso, already weakened by the disease, played a sold-out show at the Coliseu dos Recreios in Lisbon. This show was recorded and immortalized in the live album Ao Vivo no Coliseu, released later that year. Afonso's last concert was on 25 May 1983, at the Coliseu do Porto, in Porto. At the end of 1983 he released the album Como Se Fora Seu Filho ("As If He Was His Son") The city of Coimbra awarded him its Golden Medal of the City. "Thank you Zeca, come back whenever you wish, this is your home", the mayor of Coimbra, Mendes Silva, told him; to which Afonso replied "I don't want to become an institution, but I feel very grateful for the homage". The President of Portugal Ramalho Eanes wanted to bestow upon him the Order of Liberty, but Afonso refused to fill in the papers. Also in 1983 Afonso was reinstated in his official teaching position, whence he had been expelled in 1968; he was sent to a school in Azeitão to teach History and Portuguese. His disease worsened.

In 1985 his last album, Galinhas do Mato ("Guineafowls"), was released. Afonso was unable to sing all the songs on the album, being replaced by Luís Represas, Helena Vieira, Janita Salomé, José Mário Branco, Né Ladeiras and Marta Salomé. Musical arrangements were done by Júlio Pereira and Fausto.

In 1986 he supported the presidential candidacy of Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, a progressive Catholic woman; she was not elected.

José Afonso died in Setúbal at 3 a.m. on 23 February 1987, aged 57, a victim of the sclerosis that had been diagnosed in 1982. His funeral in Setúbal occurred the following day and was attended by more than 30,000 people. The procession took two hours to cover 1300 meters. His coffin was covered with a red flag with no symbols, as he had wished, and it was borne by, among others, his fellow musicians Sérgio Godinho, Júlio Pereira, José Mário Branco, Luís Cília and Francisco Fanhais. Afonso is buried in the Nossa Senhora da Piedade cemetery in Setúbal.

Legacy

On 18 November 1987, the Associação José Afonso was created with the objective of fulfilling Afonso's intentions in the areas of Portuguese music and art.

In 1991, the city of Amadora inaugurated a 3.7 m statue of José Afonso in the city's Central Park.

On 30 June 1994, as part of Lisboa-94, European Capital of Culture, a festival in homage to José Afonso took place. Many Portuguese musicians, both veterans and younger artists, joined in the tribute festival, called "Filhos da Madrugada" ("Children of Dawn", the title of one of Afonso's most famous songs). Earlier that year, BMG had released an album with the same title as the festival, and with the same artists performing their own versions of Afonso's songs. Performers at this event included Brigada Victor Jara, Censurados, Delfins, Diva, Entre Aspas, Essa Entente, Frei Fado D'El Rei, GNR, Madredeus, Mão Morta, Opus Ensemble, Peste & Sida, Resistência, Ritual Tejo, Sérgio Godinho, Sétima Legião, Sitiados, Tubarões, UHF, Vozes da Rádio, and Xutos & Pontapés. Thirteen years earlier, Afonso had remarked that "If rock is the musical style that the young prefer, then we should ask for good quality rock music".

In 1995 José Mário Branco, Amélia Muge, and João Afonso, José Afonso's nephew, released another album in homage to Afonso, called Maio, Maduro Maio, that included many of his songs and two previously unreleased ones, "Entre Sodoma e Gomorra" and "Nem Sempre os Dias São Dias Passados".

For the 10th anniversary of Afonso's death, in 1997, EMI released for the first time in CD format the 1964 album Baladas e Canções.

In 1998, Vitorino and Janita Salomé took part in a concert in homage to José Afonso, included in Expo'98's programme.

In 2007 he was elected the 29th Greatest Portuguese.

Studio albums

 * Baladas e Canções (1964)
 * Cantares do Andarilho (1968)
 * Contos Velhos Rumos Novos (1969)
 * Traz Outro Amigo Também (1970)
 * Cantigas do Maio (1971)
 * Eu Vou Ser Como a Toupeira (1972)
 * Venham Mais Cinco (1973)
 * Coro dos Tribunais (1974)
 * Com as Minhas Tamanquinhas (1976)
 * Enquanto Há Força (1978)
 * Fura Fura (1979)
 * Fados de Coimbra e Outras Canções (1981)
 * Como Se Fora Seu Filho (1983)
 * Galinhas do Mato (1985)

Live albums

 * José Afonso in Hamburg (1982)
 * Ao Vivo no Coliseu (1983)

Extended plays

 * Fados de Coimbra (1956)
 * Balada do Outono (1960)
 * Baladas de Coimbra (1962)
 * Dr. José Afonso em Baladas de Coimbra (1963)

Posthumous releases

 * Os Vampiros (1987)
 * De Capa e Batina (1996)

title: José Afonso


text: Category:Czech athletes

title: Category:Czech athletes


text:
1971 Dutch general election

General elections were held in the Netherlands on 28 April 1971. The Labour Party (PvdA) emerged as the largest party, winning 39 of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives. The elections were the first without compulsory voting, causing a sharp fall in voter turnout, down to 79% from 95% in the 1967 elections. Barend Biesheuvel of the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) became prime minister, leading the first Biesheuvel cabinet.

His cabinet contained a broad coalition of parties, with ministers from ARP, Christian Historical Union (both Protestant), the Catholic People's Party, the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and moderate socialist Democratic Socialists '70 (DS'70), which had just split off from the PvdA.

However, Biesheuvel's government was short-lived; following a decision to cut government spending, DS'70 withdrew from the government, causing it to lose its majority and fresh elections to be held after just a year and seven months.

title: 1971 Dutch general election


text:
Marionberry

The marionberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus) is a cultivar of blackberry released in 1956 by the USDA Agricultural Research Service breeding program in cooperation with Oregon State University. It is named after Marion County, Oregon, where the berry was bred and tested extensively in the mid-20th century.

A cross between the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' varieties, it is the most widely planted trailing blackberry in the world. Oregon accounts for over 90% of the worldwide acreage of marionberries.

Description and flavor
Marionberries may be called caneberries due to their typical extensive growth on long canes (vines) and brambles. Marionberries are an aggregate fruit formed in a cluster of many juice filled sacks called drupelets.

The marionberry plant is a vigorously growing trailing vine, with some canes up to 20 ft long. The vines have many large spines, and the fruiting laterals are long and strong, producing many berries. The berry is glossy and, as with many blackberries, appears black on the plant, but turns a deep, dark purple when frozen and thawed. It is medium in size and tends to be conical, longer than it is wide. The berry has a somewhat tart, earthy and sweet flavor.

Development and cultivation
The marionberry was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. It was bred by George F. Waldo as a mix between the small, flavorful 'Chehalem' berry and the larger, better-producing 'Olallie' berry. Both the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' berries are caneberry hybrids. Waldo made the initial cross in 1945, selected it as OSC 928 in 1948 in Corvallis, and tested it in Marion County and elsewhere in the Willamette Valley. The berry was released in 1956 under the name Marion – the county where it was first cultivated and tested. It is considered to be a "trailing" blackberry vine suitable for management in cultivation.

Oregon produces 90% of the US grown, frozen blackberries found in US grocery stores, with Marion County and the Willamette Valley collectively accounting for most of that production. The marionberry is well-adapted to the mild, maritime western Oregon climate, with its frequent rains and warm summers.

Marionberries ripen throughout spring and early summer, reaching their peak during July when they are hand-picked or machine-harvested. Some 900 Oregon growers produced marionberries, as of the early 2000s. The harvesting season is typically between July 10 and August 10, with a single acre producing up to 6 t in a harvest.

There is a hybrid variety with boysenberry in Australia called Silvanberry. Classed under the blackberry family, Silvanberry plants have many characteristics commonly found among other blackberry varieties. These plants are long living (15 to 20 years) perennials, hardy and cold tolerant, easy to grow, and productive spreaders.

Not an invasive species
Although related to a blackberry species considered to be a noxious weed – the Himalaya blackberry (R. armeniacus) which is an aggressive invasive species – marionberries are not invasive because they do not readily germinate to grow new canes from seed. They are commonly pruned and trained on trellises.

Marionberry pedigree
The pedigree of marionberries involves 44% of Rubus ursinus, 25% of R. armeniacus, and 6% of R. idaeus (the red raspberry).

In popular culture
Marionberries – as fresh or frozen fruit or in various products, such as jam, syrup or ice cream – are widely consumed and prized by visitors to the Willamette Valley as a souvenir.

title: Marionberry