text:
Talk:Anti-imperialism

'Imperial' Israel
So, yeah, does anyone know what the editor was talking about when they included Israel in this article: 1 ? mat_x 09:05, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well I don't know the editor, but many people (including anti-imperialists and those said to be American imperialists) regard Israel as a crucial ally of the perceived US Empire. Noam Chomsky (who says he was Zionist until Zionism turned into its opposite) describes Israel as a "strategic asset" in the US goal of "maintain[ing] control over [Middle Eastern] energy reserves and the flow of petrodollars" and against Arab nationalism and independence. He also points to the useful "subsidiary services" offered by Israel, such as military and financial aid to apartheid South Africa, Mobutu's Zaire, the Latin American dictatorships of the 70s and 80s, at times when the US had difficulties in giving this kind of support directly to these US allies. Chomsky points out that Israel is totally dependent on US support, remaining the No.1 recipient of US aid, at least as long as Israel doesn't make peace with its neighbours. See his excellent book The Fateful Triangle for more. Israel is seen by many as the Americans' attack dog against Arab unity.pir 10:33, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Gotcha. Just confusing wording originally then. Right to leave it out as the article stands, I think. mat_x 12:57, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Some quotes? some sources?
This is pretty heady stuff: Although not all self-describing anti-imperialists understand the theoretical bases, such a tendency originates in Marxist theories of imperialism, in which imperialism is understood as the economic'' (rather than primarily military or political, though these are related) dominance of the First World (imperialist countries) over the Third World. All forms of Leninism are anti-imperialist, although there are strains of Marxism which are not, since they do not accept the existence of imperialism. Anti-imperialist praxis generally concentrates on trying to liberate Third World countries from the burden of imperialist exploitation.'' I won't stoop to labelling it a violation of "NPOV" but it would gain credibility with some reference to any particular published work and even some quoted material. The mix of Marx and the "Third World" seems especially anachronistic. The thought is impenetrable. --Wetman 07:15, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

overly complicated entry
This is an overly complicated entry that can do with a far simpler definition, i.e., Anti-Imperialism representing the sentiment or active struggle against Imperialism and Empire. While in Marxist thought, Imperialism is seen as the last desperate stage of Capitalism, it can also transcend this definition to include those who actively oppose wars of conquest (i.e., Republican senators of the Roman Republic, members of the Anti-Imperialist League that opposed the occupation of the Philippines during the Spanish-American War, and even the Rebel Alliance in the Star Wars films).(annon user: 64.231.136.126)
 * I have added your suggestion (slightly changed), remember you are as free as anyone else to edit the page. Be bold.--JK the unwise 13:15, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Marxist, femminist and Post-modern definitions
Hi Mihnea Tudoreanu, to start I agree that the down right crazyly worded version by annon User:129.100.189.80 was indeed ineed of a complete rewrite, however I think your version also needs some work. Here is why I have made the current edits:
 * Relinked national liberation movements to Category:National liberation movements, why not since there seems to be no page specifically about this. I agree one should be created but while its not why not link here it at least gives the reader a bit more info.
 * First of all, hi. Now let's get down to business. :) Let's see... I'm not sure if linking to a category is a good idea, but it's not worth arguing over. Mihnea Tudoreanu 20:23, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Reverted Marxism and Anti-imperalism to my version.
 * 1) Your version contains POV speculation like this "the majority of Marxists are fervent anti-imperialists. This is due to the fact that Marxism is highly egalitarian and opposes all forms of exploitation."
 * Very well, but the fact remains that the majority of Marxists are fervent anti-imperialists. Mihnea Tudoreanu 20:23, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) You deleted the bit about Marx not having a specific theory of imperalism, since the section is titled Marxism and ... do you not think this is an relevant fact?
 * Actually, I'll let you in on a secret: I didn't edit your version and added some of my paragraphs, I edited my version and added some of your paragraphs. I must have overlooked the bit about Marx not having a specific theory of imperalism. Sorry. Mihnea Tudoreanu 20:23, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) You deleted some of the ref's (I note you have provided no ref's)
 * Again, that was my mistake. The reference for my material, however, should be obvious: Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism Mihnea Tudoreanu 20:23, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Your version contained extended discution of imperialsim which though generally correct belongs on the imperialism page rather then here. (I disagree with the point about imperalism buying off first world workers, this is a point of contention with in the marxist tradition)
 * It may be a point of contention within the Marxist tradition, but it is certainly established within the Leninist tradition. That's why my version refers to Leninism, not Marxism, when discussing this idea. I also don't believe my discussion of imperialism is in any way extended. It's just one extra paragraph, and it helps make things clearer for the reader. Mihnea Tudoreanu 20:23, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Generally the idea of the wiki is that people will clink on the links to get more info' but I leave it for now. Lets see what other editors think.
 * I don't agree with your use of Leninist tradition. It not only those whom call themselves "Leninists" that follow in Lenin's tradition (for example Trotskists). Lenin's theory of imperalism certainly has a following outside of self-described "Marxist-Lenninists". With in the 'Leninist' tradition (in this wider (less POV) definition) the idea that "1st world workers benifit form 3rd world explotation" is very much disputed.--JK the unwise 18:37, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

--JK the unwise 16:38, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have not restored the femminism and anti-imperalism bit since I'm not 100% sure of it, though I vagely remember reading such claims at some point. However, I am more sure of the post-modern stuff (though in my POV traditional Marxism (in its more subtle forms) reconises the role of culture in imperalist domination even though it posits that the point of that domination is profit). I will look for some ref's for this, but since you provide no ref's ur self you should show some willingness to go with this for the time being at least.
 * Well, I have no objections to your paragraph on post-modernism in its current form. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 20:23, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

ummm lets play catch? on the playground? with a ball the size of the austro-hungarian empire?

minor edits, new feminism section
I've made an effort to reduce the (to me, obvious) pro-Marxism bias of the article, though I share it. I made some minor changes to the Marxism and Anti-Imperialism and Postmodernism and Anti-Imperialism and added a new and improved Feminism and Anti-Imperialism section. Both need expansion, badly, preferably by someone with a more thorough knowledge of each than I. Kalkin
 * Your changes are good.One thing that would improve the article further is if we could referance some good acamdemic works.--JK the unwise 09:50, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Put in some names, but they don't have articles and I don't know enough to write any. Kalkin

I've now added a short section on "right-wing anti-imperialism." I thought it ought to be mentioned. I'm not entirely happy with it as it stands, however: I don't think right-wing national liberation movements can be omitted from a section with that title, but at the same time the article focuses on Western anti-imperialism rather than national liberation movements, which I think makes sense. My less-than-satisfactory compromise is to just mention their existence and say little about them. I also added a paragraph to "Marxism and anti-imperialism" noting that "anti-imperialism" is a term used most often by Marxists. My evidence? Personal experience, and the pretty obvious record of who's been working on this article... Kalkin 04:42, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

I think the "right-wing anti-imperialism" section is very hard to understand. I also think the postmodernism section is a bit odd. It doesn't sound like postmodernism as I know it. I changed the title to give postcolonialism more prominence, and I think maybe it should be rewritten to focus on postcolonialism rather than postmodernism. Crucially, many postcolonialists are not postmodernists (e.g. Said!), while many more are Marxists who see economics rather than culture as central. --BobFromBrockley 10:51, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism
I think these should be two seperate articles. Current article focuses on critical theories of imperialism, and on the movement against it in the West. It either needs to be rewritten to reflect the story of anti-colonial struggles and movements internationally - the pan-African movement, the non-aligned movement, Fanon, etc OR (better) a seperate article be written along those lines. --BobFromBrockley 10:54, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * You're quite right that anti-imperialism is not the same thing as anti-colonialism (in that imperialism is not the same thing as colonialism), but I am dubious that there is any such identifiable phenonenon as 'anti-colonialism'. The phrase national liberation is more common. I'll make Anti-colonialism redirect there. mg e kelly 11:48, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I made anti-colonialist and anti-colonialism redirect here, as well as national liberation. All of them used to redirect to wars of national liberation, which is a bit pessimistic and certainly misleading as it implies that all anti-colonialists are necessarily in favor of military actions, and besides that the only liberations happened after wars. Thus it reduces anti-colonialism, which is an ideology shared by many left-wing people during the process of decolonization, to the national liberation wars, which were historical events parts of the anti-colonialist war. I agree with Bob who states that the two were separate articles, but in the meantime, I think it's better that they redirect here than to "wars of national liberation". Cheers & hoping to improve the serie on colonialism. Maybe some construction of templates would be good (to link colonialism, decolonization, scramble for Africa, colonization of the Americas, colonization of Africa, decolonilization of Africa, human zoos, etc. etc.) ... Lapaz 22:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Same for national liberation movements, which is not a synonym of NLwars... Lapaz 22:54, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

a reduction in scope
I think the article ought to focus exclusively on Marxist and Marxist-derived understandings of anti-imperialism. There are certainly many other ways and justifications for being opposed to imperialism, but the term and the concept are primarily used by Marxists. That's why it's so difficult I think to figure out what fits in a section on feminism, postmodernism, etc. The introduction of the article should just be explicit that it's about a concept from Marxist theory, and then perhaps include a "See also" section linking to postcolonialism, national liberation, feminist IR, and whatever else might be related. I'll go ahead and do this tomorrow if there are no objections. Kalkin 18:14, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that this is broadly sensible and that all that stuff should be in see also, as you suggest. However, I just want to point out that some non-Marxists have used the term and concept, and indeed contributed to our understanding of it - e.g. Hannah Arendt (in The Origins of Totalitarianism) and John A. Hobson, the latter of whom should probably be mentioned in this article, as should Rosa Luxemburg. --BobFromBrockley 10:44, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

'Anti-war'
While there is undoubtedly some overlap, anti-imperialism is neither logically nor historically an 'anti-war' credo. I am therefore removing the anti-war thingo, and will rm anti-imperialism from it in turn, probably. If you dn't like it, rvv me and leave your objection here. mg e kelly 11:07, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Standardization for Imperialism (re. Lenin)
In this article, the Imperialism article, and the Theories of New Imperialism article, I standardized the stuff about Lenin's Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Darth Sidious 23:28, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Right-wing anti-imperialism
The section highlights a very important issue but there are no citations. Is it possible to source this? --Jammoe (talk) 03:43, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (which sought to break up the Soviet Union) be a good example of right-wing anti-imperialism? --GCarty (talk) 12:16, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Lack of sources
Most of the content is unsupported by sources. Please improve by including links to RS. --Ts5seeker (talk) 18:55, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Marxism Leninism.
I think this page focuses too much on the Marxist-Leninist views on imperialism. There are other anti-imperialist movements. You even included a section on right wing imperialism but neglected every other view on anti-imperialism. For example, anarchists are staunchly anti-imperialist yet they are not Leninist of any kind. It only briefly mentions it. 71.96.67.49 (talk) 20:38, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I second this. How on earth does anti-colonialism redirect me to an article in a series on marxism-lenninism, called "anti-imperialism"? Obviously some political hijacking has gone on here, carry on.. Username policy1211 (talk) 04:01, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I third this. Especially when there's a "criticism" section that basically says that anti-imperialism is just anti-American. It makes no sense. Bataaf van Oranje (talk) 10:26, 7 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm disgusted by this article. I came looking for details on anti-colonialist leaders and activists in one-time European colonies, the kind of people who rattled the chains before the European powers started getting rid of their colonies. I'm directed to this article, which is about a related but different subject, and which is itself dominated by what is actually just one aspect of anti-imperialism. Someone in 2006 actually said "I think the article ought to focus exclusively on Marxist and Marxist-derived understandings of anti-imperialism." And someone else said "I am dubious that there is any such identifiable phenonenon as 'anti-colonialism'". Pffff. Meanwhile some of the article is Americocentric, besides the Marxocentrism. It seems to suppose all anti-imperialism came from people in the developed world, and nobody actually in a country ruled invaded and ruled by an empire ever had anything to say about it. This is the worst of Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.4.129.255 (talk) 16:34, 7 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Eight years later and still accurate: this is genuinely one of the worst articles I've ever encountered on Wikipedia. It seems to have little-to-no interest in discussing the subject matter claimed by the title, but rather pushing the Marxist misdefinition of the term for use as an epithet and bizzarely insisting that Muslims continuing the fight against infidels they had been waging for over a millenium, and usually on openly imperial grounds, suddenly became based on an opposition to imperialism once their opponents gained the upper hand, despite being barely able to scrounge up any negative references to imperialism by them. Even when it does touch on actual anti-imperialism, it does so in a heavily biased and editorialized way. I've reverted an edit falsely describing Richard Pipes as a "CIA asset", but what this article frankly needs is to be rewritten from the ground up. 42Worms (talk) 03:05, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

Inverted commas in entry
Why do inverted commas surround the opening word? This seems suspect to me, like it is meant for the reader to distrust the concept and not take it seriously. That is biased and it should be removed in accordance with standard policy. Oiygg (talk) 15:29, 9 July 2017 (UTC)

Proposing removal of poorly sourced paragraphs
An edit on August 9, 2021, added the content below. The same block of text was repeatedly added to the article American imperialism by various IP users identified by other editors as either socks or likely socks. The edits are poorly sourced and fail Wikipedia requirements for WP:VERIFY. Noting, too, that one of the citations (now removed) was flagged as a deprecated source. I am proposing to remove the said content from the article unless there are objections from other editors here. Thank you. -Crisantom (talk) 00:10, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I coincidentally removed most of the section without seeing your comment (I saw someone complaining about the section elsewhere on the internet, then realized that it was a rambling mess mostly disconnected with the rest of the article). I didn't take out everything; I left the first couple paragraphs since they're considerably more relevant than the rest. I don't have any objection to removing those, as they're not currently well-written or well-sourced, but there is probably something to be said about anti-imperialists looking to the US as a model. Vahurzpu (talk) 02:18, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you. The parts you removed were the most awkward. I will be removing at least one more paragraph that poorly synthesizes what's in the source. Granted I'm only basing this on a Google translate version of the cited text in Vietnamese, it appears the text added in the Wikipedia article does not reflect what is in the source. Crisantom (talk) 04:54, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm gonna remove it. It's completely unrelated to the subject of anti-imperialist sentiment within the United States. Skerbs (talk) 21:04, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

In contrast, supporters of the United States reject these views. They cited that the United States helped the national liberation movement in Asia-Africa-Latin America in the struggle for independence, against colonialism as well as fascism, to prevent the red wave under the name the "Workers of the world, unite!" of the Soviet Union and the communist bloc, supporting the bourgeois revolutions fighting for national independence, democracy and social progress. During the cold war, in the climax of the struggle for freedom, pluralist democracy supported by the United States, many countries gained independence and democratization, some countries strongly supported the democracy movement, choosing to follow the capitalist path to varying degrees. +	 	+	The American Revolution was the inspiration for the struggles for independence in Latin America such as Argentina, Bolivia... The revolutionaries Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar are often likened to George Washington of South America. The US Declaration of Independence also had a profound influence on the struggles for independence of countries around the world, including Vietnam. +	 	+	During World War II, lend-lease program of the United States contributed significantly to the final victory of the Allied power against the Axis power. +	 	+	After World War II, the United States supported Asian, European, and Middle East countries in post-war reconstruction. Western Europe, Israel, Japan, South Korea, South Vietnam, Singapore ... all benefit from this policy. By Marshall plan the economies of the countries covered by the plan, with the exception of West Germany, had grown tremendously before the war. Within those two decades, many regions of Western Europe continued to experience unprecedented growth. Yugoslavia a communist state also benefited from the plan. +	 	+	In Asia, U.S. aid to Japan helped the country recover rapidly, and by 1980, many Japanese products, especially automobiles and electronics, were being exported around the world. world and Japanese industry is the second largest in the world after the United States. Although once an enemy, with economic help as well as the Americans themselves, the result has conquered the hearts of the Japanese people. During the Allied occupation of Japan years,. General MacArthur was an important figure. His proposals to the president Truman to help Japan recover from the war dramatically changed the face of Japan. On the day he returned to the US, hundreds of thousands of Japanese people gathered on the street, chanting "Great marshal", many people were in tears. The memoirs of Kiichi Miyazawa (Japanese Prime Minister for the period 1991-1993) reads: +	"On April 16, 1951, MacArthur left Tokyo to return to the United States. That day, Japanese people were packed on both sides of the road from SCAP headquarters to Haneda airport. The Japanese Prime Minister and all members of the Government went to the airport to see him off. I stood behind the Minister of Finance, facing the plane. MacArthur and his wife and son shook hands with each official. "So everyone raised their hands and shouted "Glory Glory"…. +	 	+	In South Korea, the miracle of the Han River left a significant impression on the United States, continued support to help stabilize and rebuild the country after the Korean War. +	 	+	In South Vietnam, humanitarian aid helped the government build a stable market economy, Saigon became "The pearl of the Far East". After the Vietnam War ended, the United States also helped people evacuate with humanitarian campaigns by Operation Frequent Windand helped Vietnamese boat people have the opportunity to settle in the United States. +	 	+	Not only that, the United States also supports third world countries (including non-democracy countries). During the Malayan emergency with the help of the United States, Great Britain and many other countries, the Malaysian government defeated the insurgents. When the Arab countries invaded Israel in 1973, the United States assisted the country in repelling the invading forces. +	 	+	When Iraq invaded Kuwait, the United States led the united nations army to repel the invaders, defeat Saddam Hussein's plot to annex Kuwait. +	 	+	In 1979, after Soviet-Afghan War began, United States coordinated with the Mujahideen to against the puppet government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan supported by the Soviet Union. United States also the leader of the war on terror after September 11 attacks. +	 	+	Many African and Latin American countries are similarly supported. Millions of students from poor countries immigrate to the United States, and others receive free education in engineering, agriculture, and other disciplines. . Nowaday, the United States is the fulcrum of the progressive mankind, the outpost of the freedom world, and the goal of the world's democratic movement. +	 	+	The strength of the United States and the capitalist system can be seen as the fruit of an ideology that not only prevents wars from the communist bloc but is the inspiration and support for capitalism countries and democracy movements for national liberation, freedom and democracy in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

"Anti-Colonialism" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Anti-Colonialism and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 June 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. QueenofBithynia (talk) 08:30, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anti-imperialism


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Velebit caves

The Velebit mountains of Croatia have several deep caves with some of the world's largest subterranean vertical drops.

The "Lukina jama" cave is 1431 m deep (2013), the deepest cave in Croatia, 14th deepest cave in the world and the deepest cave in southeast Europe. At its foot, there are ponds and streams including one of the largest known colonies of subterranean leeches (Erpobdella mestrovi), which has been ascertained to represent a new species, genus and also family. Other species discovered in the system, include the air-breathing land snails Zospeum tholussum. Like Lukina jama, Slovacka jama, Velebita and Meduza are also located at the "Hajdučki i Rožanski kukovi" special reserve, a dedicated part of the Sjeverni Velebit national park.

Other notable caves include the "Slovacka jama" (Slovak pit), (1,320 m deep), "Velebita" (1026 m deep with underground free fall vertical drop of 513 metres ) and "Meduza" (679 m deep).

The vertical shaft "Patkov Gušt", named after a deceased Croatian speleologist is 553 meters deep and the second deepest pitch in the world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Velebit caves


text:
Talk:Slavocracy

Slipped my mind, sorry
I meant to quickly return to the entry beyond the first (and only) sentence of the first paragrpah that I have written, but I got sidetracked and simply forgot to. My apologies for that. Undoubtedly more to write on the entry beyond -this- latest revision by yours truly, but I am hopeful this revision/addition, continuing what has been added by someone else [i.e. "A number of early European colonies in the New World were largely plantocracies"] with the lines that follow therein, amounts to a good start for now. Thanks for your patience, and I would value any constructive opinion on the subject. Thanks again. El_CEL_CEl_C

Although Mr. Fischer's students do not believe that "Slavocracy" is a real word, it really is.

* Please note: Those of lesser intelligence doubt the existence of the term "Slavocracy." However, they are wrong.

Mr. Fischer, the liberal pacifistic Quaker, has no bearing on any discussion regarding history nor sobriety. This seems to me to be entirely unsuited to an encyclopedical article. What is the rationale behind this addition? Tagged as noncompliant for now. Stargelman 14:57, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slavocracy


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Velebit

Velebit (Alpi Bebie) is the largest, though not the highest, mountain range in Croatia. The range forms a part of the Dinaric Alps and is located along the Adriatic coast, separating it from Lika in the interior. Velebit begins in the northwest near Senj with the Vratnik mountain pass and ends 145 km to the southeast near the source of the Zrmanja river northwest of Knin.

Its highest peak is the Vaganski vrh at 1,757 m. Major mountain passes on Velebit include the aforementioned Vratnik or Senjsko bilo at 694 m.a.s.l., where the Josephina connects Senj with Josipdol; Oštarijska vrata at 928 m.a.s.l. that connects Karlobag and Gospić; and Prezid at 766 m.a.s.l. that connects Obrovac and Gračac.

Velebit is characterized by its simple, solid form, stiff cliffs, the lack of vegetation on the seaward side (towards the Velebit Channel), and the wood-covered slopes of the Lika side. The basic geological characteristic of the mountains is karst; flora and fauna are abundant. The whole mountain range is protected as a nature park. The most popular spots on Velebit are: the peak of Vučjak (1,644 m) above Zavižan, the botanical gardens and caves, Hajdučki and Rožanski kukovi, Štirovača, the Northern Velebit National Park and the Paklenica National Park. The Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service has a permanent measurement station at Zavižan.

Regions

Velebit is usually divided into four regions:
 * the northern part between the mountain passes Vratnik and Veliki Alan, with the highest peak Mali Rajinac (1699 m)
 * the middle part between Veliki Alan and Baške Oštarije with the highest peak Šatorina (1624 m)
 * the southern part between Oštarije and Mali Alan (peaks Vaganski vrh – 1757, Sveto brdo – 1753,)
 * the southeastern part with Crnopac as the most remarkable peak

Velebit as a whole is a nature park, from which two national parks have been carved out: Paklenica and Sjeverni Velebit (Northern Velebit)

A further category of even more careful nature preservation exists within Sjeverni Velebit, the special reservation Hajdučki i Rožanski Kukovi, under the highest nature protection available in Croatia. Officially no human activity is allowed there (except research). These are the mostly still unexplored and wild places and probably will stay that way in the future.

A pathway called Premužićeva staza (Premužić's pathway) leads through the northern and middle parts of Velebit. This pathway was built between 1930 and 1933 and it connects northern and southern Velebit. Its length is 57 km. Many parts of Velebit would not be reachable without it. The Velebit mountains are transversed by the A1 through the Sveti Rok Tunnel.

Peaks and areas of Velebit

 * Zavižan area – North Velebit (Mali Rajinac) (1699 m)
 * Rožanski Kukovi group – North Velebit (Gromovaca (1676 m) and Vratarski Kuk (1676 m)
 * Alančić, Rožanski Vrh, Seravski Vrh, North Velebit (Goli Vrh (1670 m)
 * Veliki Kozjak (1629 m), North Velebit
 * Šatorina (1624 m) – Mid Velebit
 * Stap area – South Velebit, (Debeli Kuk) (1269 m)
 * Visočica (1619 m) – South Velebit
 * Bojin Kuk (1110 m) – South Velebit
 * Viserujna (1632 m) and Rujno – South Velebit
 * Paklenica area – South Velebit
 * Vaganski vrh (1757 m) – South Velebit (highest peak of Velebit)
 * Liburnija (1710 m) – South Velebit
 * Sveto Brdo (1751 m) – South Velebit
 * Tulove Grede (1120 m) – Southeast Velebit
 * Crnopac (1404 m) – Southeast Velebit

Around 70 peaks exceed 1600 m.

The caves
There are hundreds of "holes" on Velebit. It has the largest and deepest caves in Croatia. The three-part "Lukina jama" cave is 1392 m deep, making it one of the deepest caves in the world, and the deepest in southeast Europe, while the "Slovačka jama" is 1320 m. What makes it unique is that it is completely vertical, steepest in the world. At the bottom of the pothole is a water course or siphon with branches that are still unexplored. A kind of leech was discovered in the pothole, which has been ascertained to represent a new species, genus and family; it has been named Erpobdella mestrovi.

List of potholes on Velebit deeper than 500 m:

 * 1) Lukina Jama, 1392 m, Hajdučki Kukovi – North Velebit
 * 2) Slovačka Jama, 1320 m, Rožanski Kukovi – North Velebit
 * 3) Velebita, 941 m, Rožanski Kukovi – North Velebit
 * 4) Meduza, 679 m, Rožanski Kukovi – North Velebit
 * 5) Patkov Gušt, 553 m, Hajdučki Kukovi – North Velebit
 * 6) Ledena Jama, 536 m, Lomska Duliba – North Velebit
 * 7) Ponor na Bunovcu, 534 m, Bunovac – South Velebit
 * 8) Jama Olimp, 531 m, Hajdučki Kukovi – North Velebit
 * 9) Lubuška Jama, 521 m, Hajdučki Kukovi – North Velebit

It is also home to Degenia velebitica, an endemic and protected species of plant in the mustard family discovered in 1907 by the Hungarian botanist Árpád von Degen.

The imposing nature of the Velebit mountain has made it something of a national symbol in Croatian folklore. There is a patriotic folk song "Vila Velebita" that personifies a fairy in Velebit.

Velebit in literature
In the Republic of Venice, Velebit was known as Montagna della Morlacca ("Mountain of the Morlach"), named after the Morlachs, an originally Romance ethnic group that eventually got assimilated into the local Croatian population.

Planine, the first Croatian novel by Petar Zoranić, was inspired by the Velebit mountain.

title: Velebit


text:
Category talk:Metanarratives

congrats
Excellent category idea. I'm thinking, though, that we're going to need a fair bit of discussion to establish just what who thinks is a bona-fide metanarrative and what isn't, so I thought I'd get the discussion page off with a congrats. -Seth Mahoney 09:10, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Metanarratives


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Jim Corbett

Edward James Corbett (25 July 1875 – 19 April 1955) was an Anglo-Indian hunter, tracker, naturalist and author. He was frequently called upon by the Government of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh to kill man-eating tigers and leopards that were attacking people in the nearby villages of the Kumaon and Garhwal Divisions. He recounted his hunts and experiences in books like Man-Eaters of Kumaon, which enjoyed critical acclaim and commercial success. He was also an avid photographer and spoke out for the need to protect India's wildlife from extermination. In his honour, the Indochinese tiger subspecies has the scientific name Panthera tigris corbetti.

Ancestry and early life
The Corbetts descended from several families who had emigrated from the British Isles to the Indian subcontinent over the course of the 19th century. His paternal grandparents Joseph and Harriet Corbett, having eloped together from a monastery and a nunnery in Belfast, had arrived in India on 7 February 1815. They had nine children; the sixth, Christopher William, was born at Meerut in 1822, and followed his father into the army, where he served as a medical officer. He married Mary Anne Morrow in December 1845, and they had three children before her early death. Surviving the Indian Mutiny of 1857, he retired from military service and married Mary Jane Doyle Prussia, a 22-year-old widow of Anglo-Irish descent, in 1859. She had had four children with Charles James Doyle of Agra, who had been killed in the rebellion.

In 1862, Christopher William was appointed the postmaster of Naini Tal, a thriving hill station in northern India which had been untouched by the Mutiny. There, he and Mary Jane had nine children, and additionally raised four children of a deceased sister. As Christopher William's salary was not large enough to support so many people, they supplemented their income through shrewd property investments, which Mary Jane was especially skilled at—she in effect became the first estate agent in Naini Tal, a valuable position in the rapidly-expanding town. Through his social connections and friendship with Henry Ramsay, the commissioner of the Kumaon division, Christopher William was additionally able to acquire a plot of land in the southern plains near Kaladhungi, on which he built a winter residence he named Arundel.

Edward James Corbett, the eighth and penultimate child of Christopher William and Mary Jane, was born on 25 July 1875 in Naini Tal. His early childhood years were privileged, and he was cared for by his mother, his elder sisters, and local servants; from the latter, he picked up the local languages, the basics of Hindu practices and philosophy, and some of their superstitions. However, the family soon suffered two misfortunes: first, a large landslide on 18 September 1880 which killed 151 people additionally ruined several of the Corbett's property investments; and second, Christopher William, who had retired from postmastership in 1878, died on 21 April 1881 after suffering heart problems. Mary Jane built a home on the opposite side of Naini Tal lake to the landslide; named Gurney House, it would be Jim Corbett's home for most of his life.

Corbett spent much of his childhood exploring the jungles around Gurney House; from these explorations, and from willing adults such as his eldest brother Tom, and a nearby headman named Kunwar Singh, he gained intimate knowledge of the habits of the local wildlife. He also began hunting, first with projectile weapons such as a catapult and a pellet bow, until being gifted an old muzzle-loading shotgun at the age of eight. With these weapons, he grew more skilled at hunting and tracking animals. After surviving a near-fatal bout of pneumonia at the age of six, he began his formal education in Naini Tal at Oak Openings School; there, training with the local cadet company, the ten-year-old Corbett's shooting impressed a group of dignitaries including the future Field Marshal Earl Roberts enough that he was granted a loan of a military-specification Martini-Henry rifle. Not long afterwards, he shot his first big cat—a leopard—with this rifle.

Although Corbett soon became proficient as a young hunter, as a student, first at Oak Openings and then at the Diocesian Boys' School, he was fairly average. Although he wanted to become an engineer, that required further education and money which the family did not have, as Tom had now married and was supporting his own family. He also knew that it would be his responsibility to look after his mother and two sisters in later years. In turn they, especially his one-year older sister Maggie, were quite devoted to him. Leaving home at the age of seventeen, he took his first job as a temporary fuel inspector in Bihar, with a salary of one hundred rupees per month.

Work career and military service
Corbett spent the two years of his contract near Bakhtiarpur, in charge of a sizeable labour force which collected timber to be used as locomotive fuel. The gruelling work was slightly eased by the rapport he, unlike most of European descent, could build with his men. In cutting down up to 2 acre of forest per day, he gained an appreciation for the then-unknown sciences of ecology and conservation. At the end of his contract, Corbett's honesty in not keeping excess profits for himself impressed a senior railway agent and earned him a job at the Samastipur office, where he worked for a year on various jobs. He was then appointed, in 1895, to the contract of transporting goods across the Ganges at Mokameh Ghat: by structuring his workforce efficiently and forming strong friendships with his subordinates, Corbett managed to clear the preexisting backlog, to the surprise of his superiors. He would remain in control of shipping goods at Mokhameh Ghat for the following twenty-two years.

His life at Mokameh Ghat was regular and peaceful. Living in a bungalow with three servants, only rarely seeing other Europeans, he began to become an active member of the local community, building a small school; the initial number of twenty students rapidly expanded to over three hundred, and the local government was compelled to take over the institution's running. Within a few years, Corbett was promoted to oversee the passenger steamers as well as the cargo shipping. This promotion gave him a large increase in salary, much of which he remitted to his family in Naini Tal, as well as access to the high-ranking travellers who often crossed the Ganges, such as Indian royalty and Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana, the Prime Minister of Nepal. He also trained new arrivals from Britain whom the railways had recruited there.

At Mokameh Ghat, Corbett had come to view himself as more Indian than any other identity, but he retained his patriotism for Britain. He attempted to enlist when the Second Boer War broke out, but the railway authorities refused to release him from his contract, believing he was too valuable in his position at Mokameh Ghat. When the First World War broke out 1914, Corbett travelled to Calcutta to enlist but was rejected as too old at 38. However, as the war of attrition dragged on, the authorities began to recruit more heavily from India and he was commissioned as a captain in 1917, to the displeasure of his superiors. Ordered to raise a labour corps, he easily recuited five thousand men in Kumaon, where he was greatly esteemed because of his hunting of man-eaters; he took a tenth of these as a personal unit, named the 70th Kumaon Company. They set sail from Bombay in late summer 1917.

Landing in Southampton, Corbett and his men were soon transferred to the Western Front, where they were posted to numerous positions including La Chapellette near Péronne. In the difficult conditions, Corbett sought to protect his men and keep their morale high. In addition to being in an unfamiliar land and climate, the Indian troops, often scorned by their British counterparts, faced difficulties like not being able to eat tinned beef stew or pork, both staples of British trench warfare. Corbett conducted himself well. After a visit to La Chapellette in January 1918, Lord Ampthill, who was in charge of the foreign labour corps, noted that Corbett struck him as "competent and resourceful", having introduced a novel way of heating the troop accommodation and having built, to Ampthill's astonishment, a "substantial brick building" containing a bathroom and drying room, both heated by an incinerator. At the conclusion of the war in 1918, only one of the five hundred men in the company had died. Corbett, now promoted to the rank of Major, explored London for a day before departing from Tilbury, visiting the pyramids of Giza on his way back home to India.

While negotiating with the railways on how he would rejoin their workforce, Corbett was unexpectedly called up again by the army for the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In late April or early May, he was sent to Peshawar, where he likely was in charge of the supply lines before the Battle of Thal, in which he may have seen action. He was subsequently involved in subduing tribes in Zhob district.

Hunting tigers and leopards
During his life, Corbett tracked and shot several leopards and tigers; about a dozen were well documented man-eaters. Corbett provided estimates of human casualties in his books, including Man-Eaters of Kumaon, The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag, and The Temple Tiger and More Man-Eaters of Kumaon. Calculating the totals from these accounts, these big cats had killed more than 1,200 men, women, and children, according to Corbett. There are some discrepancies in the official human death tolls that the British and Indian governments have on record and Corbett's estimates.

The first designated man-eating tiger he killed, the Champawat Tiger, was responsible for an estimated 436 documented deaths. Though most of his kills were tigers, Corbett successfully killed at least two man-eating leopards. The first was the Panar Leopard in 1910, which allegedly killed 400 people. The second was the man-eating Leopard of Rudraprayag in 1926, which terrorized the pilgrims journeying to the holy Hindu shrines Kedarnath and Badrinath for more than eight years, and was said to be responsible for more than 126 deaths.

Other notable man-eaters he killed were the Talla-Des man-eater, the Mohan man-eater, the Thak man-eater, the Muktesar man-eater and the Chowgarh tigress.

Analysis of carcasses, skulls, and preserved remains show that most of the man-eaters were suffering from disease or wounds, such as porcupine quills embedded deep in the skin or gunshot wounds that had not healed, like that of the Muktesar Man-Eater. The Thak man-eating tigress, when skinned by Corbett, revealed two old gunshot wounds; one in her shoulder had become septic, and could have been the reason for the tigress's having turned man-eater, Corbett suggested. In the foreword of Man Eaters of Kumaon, Corbett writes: "The wound that has caused a particular tiger to take to man-eating might be the result of a carelessly fired shot and failure to follow up and recover the wounded animal or be the result of the tiger having lost his temper while killing a porcupine"

Corbett preferred to hunt alone and on foot when pursuing dangerous game. He often hunted with Robin, a small dog he wrote about in Man-Eaters of Kumaon.

Corbett bought his first camera in the late 1920s and—inspired by his friend Frederick Walter Champion—started to record tigers on cine film. Although he had an intimate knowledge of the jungle, it was a demanding task to obtain good pictures, as the animals were exceedingly shy. Together with Champion, he played a key role in establishing India's first national park in the Kumaon Hills, the Hailey National Park, initially named after Lord Hailey. The park was renamed in Corbett's honour in 1957.

Post-railway career and retirement
After the Third Anglo-Afghan War finished in 1919, Corbett declined to return to the railways, and worked on a Kumaon house agency he had invested in and whose owner had subsequently died. Corbett expanded this business, named F.E.G. Mathews & Co. after its late owner, into hardware and tradesmanship. Around 1915, he had purchased the near-derelict village of Chhoti Haldwani near Kaladhungi. Despite initial difficulties, the village came to prosper: Corbett imported new crops such as bananas, grapes, and maize, and maintained the village to a high standard. A 9 km wall he built to protect the villagers remains standing.

Corbett became close friends with Percy Wyndham, the Kumaon District Commissioner, and with him fought banditry in the jungles; they also invested together in East African coffee. Wyndham retired in 1924 to the farm they had invested in near Majengo, and Corbett travelled to East Africa most years to inspect his investment and see his friend. He also built a house for himself and Maggie in Kaladhungi, although he normally eschewed what was nominally his bedroom and preferred to sleep in a tent in the garden; when the house was later converted into a museum in his honour, staff erected a bust of him on the normal site of his tent.

After 1947, Corbett and his sister Maggie retired to Nyeri, Kenya, where he lived in the cottage 'Paxtu' in the grounds of the Hotel Outspan, which had originally been built for his friend Lord Baden-Powell.

He continued to write and sound the alarm about the declining numbers of wild cats and other wildlife. Corbett was at the Treetops, a hut built on the branches of a giant ficus tree, as the bodyguard of Princess Elizabeth when she stayed there on 5–6 February 1952. That night, her father, King George VI died, and Elizabeth ascended to the throne. Corbett wrote in the hotel's visitors' register:

"For the first time in the history of the world, a young girl climbed into a tree one day a Princess, and after having what she described as her most thrilling experience, she climbed down from the tree the next day a Queen—God bless her."

Corbett died of a heart attack a few days after he finished his sixth book, Tree Tops, and was buried at St. Peter's Anglican Church in Nyeri. His memories were kept intact in the form of the meeting place Moti House, which Corbett had built for his friend Moti Singh, and the Corbett Wall, a long wall (approximately 4.5 mi) built around the village to protect crops from wild animals.

Man-eaters of Kumaon was a great success in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the first edition of the American Book-of-the-Month Club being 250,000 copies. It was later translated into 27 languages. Corbett's fourth book, Jungle Lore, is considered his autobiography.

The Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, India was renamed in his honour in 1957. He had played a key role in establishing this protected area in the 1930s.

In 1968, one of the five remaining subspecies of tigers was named after him: Panthera tigris corbetti, the Indochinese tiger, also called Corbett's tiger.

In 1994 and 2002, the long-neglected graves of Corbett and his sister (both in Kenya) were repaired and restored by Jerry A. Jaleel, founder and director of the Jim Corbett Foundation.

Personal life
Corbett remained unmarried throughout his life.

Hollywood movie
In 1948, in the wake of Man-Eaters of Kumaon's success, a Hollywood film, Man-Eater of Kumaon, was made, directed by Byron Haskin and starring Sabu, Wendell Corey and Joe Page. The film did not follow any of Corbett's stories; a new story was invented. The film was a flop, although some interesting footage of the tiger was filmed. Corbett is known to have said that "the best actor was the tiger". 'Corbett Legacy' was produced by the Uttarakhand Forest Department and directed by Bedi Brothers which carried original footage shot by Corbett.

Other adaptations
In 1986, the BBC produced a docudrama titled Man-Eaters of Kumaon with Frederick Treves in the role of Corbett. An IMAX movie India: Kingdom of the Tiger, based on Corbett's books, was made in 2002 starring Christopher Heyerdahl as Corbett. A TV movie based on The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag starring Jason Flemyng was made in 2005.

Honours
Corbett received the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in the 1928 New Year Honours. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in the King's 1946 Birthday Honours. Corbett was honored the title of India's first national park, Jim Corbett National Park.

 * A reserve area known as Hailey National Park covering 323.75 km2 was created in 1936 when Sir Malcolm Hailey was the Governor of United Provinces; and Asia's first national park came into existence. The reserve was renamed in 1954–55 as Ramganga National Park and was again renamed in 1955–56 as Jim Corbett National Park.
 * The Indochinese tiger was named after Corbett in 1968 by Vratislav Mazak who was the first to describe the new subspecies of the tiger living in Southeast Asia
 * Stephen Alter's In the Jungles of the Night: A Novel about Jim Corbett (2016) is a fictional account of Corbett's life.

Books

 * Jungle Stories. Privately published in 1935 (only 100 copies)
 * Man-Eaters of Kumaon. Oxford University Press, Bombay 1944
 * The Man-eating Leopard of Rudraprayag. Oxford University Press, 1948
 * My India. Oxford University Press, 1952
 * Jungle Lore. Oxford University Press, 1953
 * The Temple Tiger and More Man-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford University Press, 1954
 * Tree Tops. Oxford University Press, 1955 (short 30-page novella)
 * Jim Corbett's India – Selections by R. E. Hawkins. Oxford University Press, 1978
 * My Kumaon: Uncollected Writings. Oxford University Press, 2012

title: Jim Corbett


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Bashkardi language

Southern Bashkardi or Bashagerdi, or simply "Bashkardi", and also known as southern "Bashaka", is a Southwestern Iranian language spoken in the southeast of Iran in the provinces of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan. The language is closely related to Garmsiri, Larestani and Kumzari. It forms a transitional dialect group to northwestern Iranian Balochi, due to intense areal contact.

Northern Bashkardi, or Marzi Gāl, is closer to neighbours than is Southern Bashkardi, or Molki Gāl, and has been classified as a dialect of the neighboring Garmsiri (a.k.a. Bandari) language.

The Bashkardi varieties spoken further inland may not all fall into either Northern or Southern Bashkardi.

title: Bashkardi language


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A. A. Englander

Adolf Arthur Englander, BSC (15 July 1916 – 29 January 2004) was a British television cinematographer. He was one of the first film cameramen to work seriously in the field of television in the UK, which for much of its early period almost exclusively employed electronic cameras.

Englander was born in London during a First World War Zeppelin raid, and during the 1930s came to be referred to by his initials "AA" due to the unsavory connections between his first name and that of Adolf Hitler, and his dislike for the middle name. He was also often referred to by the nickname "Tubby".

He began his career after leaving school at the age of fifteen in 1930, and initially worked in the film industry at the Stoll Film Studios in Cricklewood. Here he worked first as a clapper boy, then during the course of the decade worked his way up to become magazine loader and then an assistant cameraman. At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, he joined the Royal Fusiliers, but was quickly seconded to the army's film unit, making documentary and propaganda films.

After the end of the war in 1945 he continued working in documentaries until he joined BBC Television in 1952, becoming one of the Corporation's few film cameramen. At the time, film was mainly used by the BBC for shooting documentaries, news reports and short external scenes for dramas and other programmes, with the majority of programming being transmitted live from electronic video cameras.

It was the acquisition of staff of Englander's talent that increased the use of film at the BBC, and in 1956 the Corporation also acquired the Ealing Studios complex, which it turned into a dedicated studio for making inserts for television programmes, and eventually entire programmes themselves, on film.

Englander worked on film inserts for highly prestigious BBC dramas such as Rudolph Cartier's Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59) and Anna Karenina (1961), and later programmes such as Doctor Who, Dad's Army, Colditz and Maigret. Even after the era of live television had passed in the early 1960s, the BBC still shot the majority of its fiction programmes on videotape, with film inserts used only for location material and difficult-to-shoot sequences, until the late 1980s. He also worked on highly prestigious all-film documentary series such as Civilisation (1969) and Alistair Cooke's America (1973).

BBC regulations stipulate that all employees must retire at sixty, and Englander was reluctantly forced to comply with this rule in 1975. Following his retirement from the Corporation he worked for some time as a freelance lighting cameraman. In the early 1970s, he co-wrote the book Filming for Television with Paul Petzold (published 1976, Focal Press, London).

He died at the age of eighty-eight of natural causes.

title: A. A. Englander


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Butyl group

In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula \sC4H9, derived from either of the two isomers (n-butane and isobutane) of butane.

The isomer n-butane can connect in two ways, giving rise to two "-butyl" groups:

 * If it connects at one of the two terminal carbon atoms, it is normal butyl or n-butyl: \sCH2\sCH2\sCH2\sCH3 (preferred IUPAC name: butyl)
 * If it connects at one of the non-terminal (internal) carbon atoms, it is secondary butyl or sec-butyl: \sCH(CH3)\sCH2\sCH3 (preferred IUPAC name: butan-2-yl)

The second isomer of butane, isobutane, can also connect in two ways, giving rise to two additional groups:

 * If it connects at one of the three terminal carbons, it is isobutyl: \sCH2\sCH(CH3)2 (preferred IUPAC name: 2-methylpropyl)
 * If it connects at the central carbon, it is tertiary butyl, tert-butyl or t-butyl: \sC(CH3)3 (preferred IUPAC name: tert-butyl)

Nomenclature
According to IUPAC nomenclature, "isobutyl", "sec-butyl", and "tert-butyl" used to be allowed retained names. The latest guidance changed that: only tert-butyl is kept as preferred prefix, all other butyl-names are removed. In the convention of skeletal formulas, every line ending and line intersection specifies a carbon atom (unless otherwise indicated) saturated with single-linked hydrogen atoms (unless otherwise indicated). The "R" symbol indicates any radical or other non-specific functional group.

Butyl is the largest substituent for which trivial names are commonly used for all isomers.

The butyl group's carbon that is connected to the rest (R) of the molecule is called the RI or R-prime carbon. The prefixes sec (from "secondary") and tert (from "tertiary") refer to the number of additional side chains (or carbons) connected to the first butyl carbon. The prefix "iso" or "iso" means "isolated" while the prefix ' n- ' stands for "normal".

Butan-2-yl (sec-butyl) group is chiral. The carbon atom at position 2 is a stereocenter. It has four different groups attached: \sH, \sCH3, \sCH2\sCH3, and \sR (the R group is not equal to those three groups). The names of the two chiral groups are: (2S)-butan-2-yl and (2R)-butan-2-yl.

Example
The four isomers (ignoring stereoisomers) of "butyl acetate" demonstrate these four isomeric configurations. Here, the acetate radical appears in each of the positions where the "R" symbol is used in the chart above:

sec-Butyl acetate is chiral, and has one stereocenter, and two enantiomers. The names of enantiomers are:
 * [(2S)-butan-2-yl] acetate, (+)-sec-Butyl acetate
 * [(2R)-butan-2-yl] acetate, (-)-sec-Butyl acetate

Therefore, for butyl acetate, the total number of isomers is five, if stereoisomers are included.

Etymology
Alkyl radicals are often considered as a series, a progression sequenced by the number of carbon atoms involved. In that progression, Butyl (containing 4 carbon atoms) is the fourth, and the last with preferred IUPAC name derived from its history. The word "butyl" is derived from butyric acid, a four-carbon carboxylic acid found in rancid butter. The name "butyric acid" comes from Latin butyrum, butter. Subsequent preferred IUPAC names for alkyl radicals in the series are simply named from the Greek number that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the group: pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, etc.

tert-Butyl effect
The tert-butyl substituent is very bulky and is used in chemistry for kinetic stabilization, as are other bulky groups such as the related trimethylsilyl group. The effect of the tert-butyl group on the progress of a chemical reaction is called the Thorpe–Ingold effect illustrated in the Diels-Alder reaction below. Compared to a hydrogen substituent, the tert-butyl substituent accelerates the reaction rate by a factor of 240.

The tert-butyl effect is an example of steric hindrance.

tert-Butyl as protecting group
A tert-butyl (tBu) ether is an acid-labile protecting group for alcohols.

Protection
A traditional way to introduce the tBu group to a hydroxyl group is by treating the compound with isobutylene in the presence of a Brønsted acid or Lewis acid.

Deprotection
Various acids can be used to cleave the tBu group, including both Brønsted acids such as trifluoroacetic acid and Lewis acids such as titanium tetrachloride.

title: Butyl group


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Khao Yai National Park

Khao Yai National Park (อุทยานแห่งชาติเขาใหญ่,, ) is a national park in Thailand. Established in 1962 as Thailand's first national park, it is the third largest national park in Thailand.

Description
Khao Yai National Park is in the western part of the Sankamphaeng Mountain Range, at the southwestern boundary of the Khorat Plateau. The highest mountain in the area of the park is 1351 m high Khao Rom. This park lies largely in Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Khorat), but also includes parts of Saraburi, Prachinburi and Nakhon Nayok Provinces.

The park is the third largest in Thailand. It covers an area of 1,353,472 rai ~ 2166 km2, including tropical seasonal forests and grasslands. Elevations mostly from 400 –. There are 3,000 species of plants, 320 species of birds such as red junglefowl and coral-billed ground cuckoo, and 66 species of mammals, including Asian black bear, Indian elephant, gaur, gibbon, Indian sambar deer, southern pig-tailed macaque, Indian muntjac, Ussuri dhole and wild pigs. There have been no tigers in Khao Yai for at least 20 years. Its waterfalls include the 80 m Heo Narok (เหวนรก), and Heo Suwat (หวสุวัต) made famous by the film The Beach.

Recent wildlife studies show that animal ranges, particularly the few resident tigers, are impacted by human activity near the centre of the park.

History
Around 1922 some people from Ban Tha Dan and Ban Tha Chai villages in Nakhon Nayok Province built a settlement within the forest in the Sankamphaeng mountains. Up to 30 households cultivated the land. The area was formally recognized by the government and classified as Tambon Khao Yai within Pak Phli District.

Due to its remoteness from the authorities it became a refuge for criminals and fugitives. After an attempt to capture the suspects in the area, in 1932 the villagers were relocated into the plains some 30 km away and the tambon status was cancelled.

In 1959 the prime minister, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, instructed the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of the Interior to create a process whereby national parks could be established.

Khao Yai National Park was then established on 18 September 1962, declared by royal proclamation in the Government Gazette (Book 79, Section 89) as the first national park in Thailand. A major role in its establishment was played by Boonsong Lekakul, one of the 20th century's most famous Thai conservationists. It was named after the defunct tambon, Khao Yai.

In 1984 the park was made an ASEAN Heritage Park, and on 14 July 2005 the park, together with other parks in the same range and in the Dong Phaya Yen Mountains further north, was proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Dong Phaya Yen–Khao Yai Forest Complex". As the lands adjacent to the national park are becoming increasingly developed into luxury hotels and golf courses, acquiring land for future wildlife conservation efforts is becoming problematic. Homes and residential villas have been built illegally within the limits of the protected area of the forest. Illegal logging is also a problem in the area of the park.

Khao Rom (เขาร่ม)
Khao Rom is the highest mountain in Khao Yai National Park, measuring up to 1,351 meters above sea level.

Reaching the peak of the mountain is only accessible on foot, which few people attempt to, except for forestry officers

Khao Laem (เขาแหลม)
Since this mountain is spiral shaped, it is called Khao Laem (เขาแหลม; Lit: Spiky Mountain). Khao Laem is the park's 2nd highest mountain, the highest being Khao Rom.

Similar to Khao Rom, reaching the peak of the mountain is also only possible on foot. Reaching the peak of the mountain takes no less than 7 hours. Before reaching the absolute summit, one must also climb up a rope.

With such difficult challenges climbing the mountain, The Lottery Club once awarded a 60,000 baht prize to a woman who would conquer the summit of the peak. The recipient of the award, Catherine B. Buri, conquered the summit in 1972.

The path used to travel to the summit of the mountain is also used as a wildlife corridor by animals, therefore many animal tracks are found here. Ascending the mountain also affords the opportunity of seeing various forms of wildlife.

Haew Narok Waterfall (น้ำตกเหวนรก)
Haew Narok is a waterfall formed from Tha Dan canal. It is known as one of the tallest and most beautiful waterfalls of Khao Yai National Park. Originally, before the Prachin Buri - Khao Yai road was cut, it is only accessible on foot and would take at least 6 hours to make it there, but after the finishing of the Prachin Buri - Khao Yai road, it is easily accessible by cars since the road passes near Haew Narok Waterfall. There is a parking lot just 1 kilometer away from the waterfall. Upon reaching the waterfall, there is a staircase going down about 50 meters, which is quite narrow and steep.

In the rainy season, there is typically a lot of rain water but in the dry season, there is little to no water falling down the cliff.

Pha Kluai Mai Waterfall (น้ำตกผากล้วยไม้)
Pha Kluai Mai Waterfall gets its water source from Huai Lam Takhong.

To get there, you have to park your car at Pha Kluai Mai tent yard and walk on.

The waterfall gets its name from the abundance of orchids present there.

Haew Su Wat Waterfall (น้ำตกเหวสุวัต)
This waterfall gets its source from the Huai Lam Takhong flowing through a 25 meter high cliff. The basin of the waterfall is suitable for swimming, however, the national park prohibits swimming due to fear of turbulent flood waters.

In the rainy season, the falling water will make a scattered mist of water vapor. In the dry season, the waterfall will recede, revealing a shortcut into a small cave under the waterfall cliff.

One urban legend reports that Haew Su Wat was named after a thief named Suwat who, in order escape government authority, jumped into the basin. However, there's no verifiable proof of this actually happening so the origin of the name is currently unknown.

Visitors
According to the Department of National Parks (DNP), which manages the park, visitors to Khao Yai have risen from 671,569 in 2008 to more than 1.2 million in FY2016. From October 2015 to September 2016, 471,514 vehicles entered the park. The congestion has led to demands to close the park to private vehicles. During one of its busiest periods, New Year's week from 30 December – 3 January 2016, the park received 156,574 visitors. They left in excess of 23 tonnes of waste behind. As litter was a serious problem at the park, in 2020 the park started mailing litter to the homes of visitors who left it there.

Climate

Khao Yai National Park has three main seasons, with an annual mean temperature of 23 °C, though this varies greatly with the seasons.

 * Rainy season (May–October): Most days have high rates of precipitation. The atmosphere is humid with average temperatures of 27 °C during the day dropping to 13 °C at night. Streams at peak flow.
 * Cool season (November–February): Clear skies, sunny and cool. Average temperatures of 22 °C during the day and 10 °C at night. Good time for hiking.
 * Hot season (March–April): Humid with daytime temperatures of 20–30 °C and 17 °C at night.

Geology
Limestone is present towards the eastern end close to the Dângrêk Mountains. Sandstone outcrops exist in the south and north of the park. Shales and schist are also present. In the south, steep slopes made of granite and conglomerates are seen.

Drainage
There are four drainage areas in the park which are vital catchments for four river systems. The Lam Takhong River drains from the central Khao Yai area and runs in a northeasterly direction to the Mekong. The Sai Yai River system drains from the eastern basin, turning sharply into the southern floodplains and on to the Gulf of Thailand. The Nakhon Nayok River system drains from the southwest watershed into Nakhon Nayok Province to the south. The Saraburi Province drainage system drains westward from the far west of Khao Yai.

Fauna
Khao Yai is home to a variety of animals. It is one of the few places in Thailand where wild elephants still survive. They are regularly seen and are a major tourist attraction. Other larger animals include gibbons, pig-tailed macaques, muntjacs and sambar deer. Other large animals include barking deer, porcupine, and civet. Other species that can occasionally be seen include sun bear, Asian black bear, gaur, otter, dhole and jackal.

In early-2017 it was announced that 18 tigers, including five males, seven female and six cubs, were filmed by surveillance cameras in the Dong Phaya Yen-Khao Yai world heritage site in June 2016 and February 2017 in a joint effort of the Department of National Parks, the Freeland Foundation, and the Panthera Corporation. The last time that tigers were seen by surveillance cameras in Khao Yai National Park was in 2002.

Tribute
On 18 September 2017, Google celebrated the 55th anniversary of Khao Yai National Park with a Google Doodle.

title: Khao Yai National Park


text:
William Michael Rossetti

William Michael Rossetti (25 September 1829 – 5 February 1919) was an English writer and critic.

Early life
Born in London, Rossetti was a son of exiled Italian scholar Gabriele Rossetti and his wife Frances Rossetti née Polidori; he was the brother of Maria Francesca Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Georgina Rossetti.

Career
He was one of the seven founder members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848, and became the movement's unofficial organizer and bibliographer. He edited the Brotherhood's literary magazine The Germ which published four issues in 1850. Rossetti wrote the poetry reviews for this magazine.

It was William Michael Rossetti who recorded the aims of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood at their founding meeting in September 1848:

 * 1) To have genuine ideas to express;
 * 2) To study Nature attentively, so as to know how to express them;
 * 3) To sympathize with what is direct and serious and heartfelt in previous art, to the exclusion of what is conventional and self-parading and learned by rote;
 * 4) And most indispensable of all, to produce thoroughly good pictures and statues.

Although Rossetti worked full-time as a civil servant, he maintained a prolific output of criticism and biography across a range of interests from Algernon Swinburne to James McNeill Whistler. He edited the diaries of his maternal uncle John William Polidori (author of The Vampyre and physician to Lord Byron), a comprehensive biography of D. G. Rossetti, and edited the collected works of D. G. Rossetti and Christina Rossetti.

Rossetti edited the first British edition of the poetry of Walt Whitman, which was published in 1868; however, this edition was bowdlerized. Anne Gilchrist, who became one of the first to write about Whitman, first read his poetry from Rossetti's edition, and Rossetti helped initiate their correspondence.

William Michael Rossetti was a major contributor to the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica; his contributions on artistic subjects were criticised by many reviewers at the time and since, as showing little evidence of having absorbed the mounting body of work by academic art historians, mostly writing in German. Below is a quotation from his article on Fra Angelico demonstrating his literary and art-historical style: "The 'pietistic' quality of Fra Angelico's work is in fact its predominant characteristic. The faces of his figures have an air of rapt suavity, devotional fervency and beaming esoteric consciousness, which is intensely attractive to some minds ... the faces becoming sleek and prim, with a smirk of sexless religiosity which hardly eludes the artificial or even the hypocritical; because of this, there are some who are not moved by his work. Even so, Fra Angelico is a notable artist within his sphere."

Personal life
In 1874 he married Lucy Madox Brown, daughter of the painter Ford Madox Brown. They honeymooned in France and Italy. Their first child, Olivia Frances Madox, was born in September 1875, and her birth was celebrated in an ode of Swinburne's. A son, Gabriel Arthur, was born in February 1877, followed by another daughter, Helen Maria, in November 1879, and twins, Mary Elizabeth and Michael Ford, in April 1881. Rossetti and his wife did not have the children baptized, nor were they raised in a Christian household. The children were schooled at home by their mother and governesses.

Their son Michael died in infancy. In 1897, Olivia married an Italian anarchist refugee, Antonio Agresti. They later moved to Italy, where Olivia became a translator and writer. After she was widowed in 1926, she became an associate of Ezra Pound, and the two corresponded frequently. Gabriel Arthur, known as Arthur to the family, became a scientist, married Dora Lewis, and had several children. Helen became a painter of miniatures, and in 1903 married Gastone Angeli. He was in fragile health and died only a few months later. Helen gave birth to his posthumous daughter, Imogen Lucy, in 1904. In 1903, Helen and Olivia also published A Girl Among the Anarchists under the pseudonym 'Isabel Meredith'; the novel is a fictional recounting of their experiences in the anarchist movement.

William Michael Rossetti died on 5 February 1919 aged 89 and is buried in the Rossetti family grave on the west side of Highgate Cemetery. In the grave he joined his father, mother, Elizabeth Siddal (wife of his brother Dante) and his sister Christina. The ashes of his son Gabriel Arthur Maddox were interred in the grave in 1932 and three other members of the Rossetti family have also been buried there subsequently.

Partial bibliography

 * Rossetti, W. M. (1850). The Germ: thoughts towards nature in poetry, literature, and art. London: Aylott & Jones.
 * Rossetti, W. M. (1869). Essays on early Italian and German books of Courtesy. London: Trübner.
 * Rossetti, W. M. (1876). Walt Whitman. London: s.n.
 * Rossetti, W. M. (1878). Lives of famous poets from Chaucer to Longfellow: with lists of minor poets whose biographies are not included. [S.l.]: Ward.
 * Rossetti, W. M. (1880). American poetry: a representative collection of the best verse by American writers. London: Ward, Lock.
 * Rossetti, W. M. (1886). Memoir of Percy Bysshe Shelley. London: Slark.
 * Rossetti, W. M. (1889). Dante Gabriel Rossetti as designer and writer. London: Cassell & Company, limited.

title: William Michael Rossetti


text:
Talk:Lough Derg, County Donegal

Untitled
I seem to recall Guiness Book of Records saying Lough Corrib was the largest lake in Republic. Google supports both Joestynes

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title: Talk:Lough Derg, County Donegal


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Category:Naval battles of World War I

This category contains historical naval battles and operations fought as part of World War I (1914–1918). Please see the category guidelines for more information.

title: Category:Naval battles of World War I


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frogbatter

Appears on the surface to be a slang word definition - appears on closer examination to be Patent nonsense. Take your pick. Pjrich 09:36, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Patent nonsense, could have been speedied. Lupo 12:38, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism/dic def/patent nonsense, choose one/all of the above. I work, day in and day out, with software developers, and have never heard this term. Niteowlneils 12:40, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even Google doesn't return any results. - Utcursch, August 10, 2004
 * Delete. No evidence of widespread use, and the article doesn't make sense. Average Earthman 13:15, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's a Dutch developer's joke, and labeled as such by the author, who signs his name. Geogre 13:36, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Speed deleted as patent nonsense. Wile E. Heresiarch 13:55, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Circulant matrix

In linear algebra, a circulant matrix is a square matrix in which all rows are composed of the same elements and each row is rotated one element to the right relative to the preceding row. It is a particular kind of Toeplitz matrix.

In numerical analysis, circulant matrices are important because they are diagonalized by a discrete Fourier transform, and hence linear equations that contain them may be quickly solved using a fast Fourier transform. They can be interpreted analytically as the integral kernel of a convolution operator on the cyclic group $$C_n$$ and hence frequently appear in formal descriptions of spatially invariant linear operations. This property is also critical in modern software defined radios, which utilize Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing to spread the symbols (bits) using a cyclic prefix. This enables the channel to be represented by a circulant matrix, simplifying channel equalization in the frequency domain.

In cryptography, a circulant matrix is used in the MixColumns step of the Advanced Encryption Standard.

Definition
An $$n \times n$$ circulant matrix $$C$$ takes the form $$C = \begin{bmatrix} c_0     & c_{n-1} & \cdots  & c_2     & c_1     \\ c_1     & c_0     & c_{n-1} &         & c_2     \\ \vdots  & c_1     & c_0     & \ddots  & \vdots  \\ c_{n-2} &         & \ddots  & \ddots  & c_{n-1} \\ c_{n-1} & c_{n-2} & \cdots  & c_1     & c_0     \\ \end{bmatrix}$$ or the transpose of this form (by choice of notation). If each $$c_i$$ is a $$p \times p$$ square matrix, then the $$np \times np$$ matrix $$C$$ is called a block-circulant matrix.

A circulant matrix is fully specified by one vector, $$c$$, which appears as the first column (or row) of $$C$$. The remaining columns (and rows, resp.) of $$C$$ are each cyclic permutations of the vector $$c$$ with offset equal to the column (or row, resp.) index, if lines are indexed from $$0$$ to $$n-1$$. (Cyclic permutation of rows has the same effect as cyclic permutation of columns.) The last row of $$C$$ is the vector $$c$$ shifted by one in reverse.

Different sources define the circulant matrix in different ways, for example as above, or with the vector $$c$$ corresponding to the first row rather than the first column of the matrix; and possibly with a different direction of shift (which is sometimes called an anti-circulant matrix).

The polynomial $$f(x) = c_0 + c_1 x + \dots + c_{n-1} x^{n-1}$$ is called the associated polynomial of the matrix $$C$$.

Eigenvectors and eigenvalues
The normalized eigenvectors of a circulant matrix are the Fourier modes, namely, $$v_j=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} \left(1, \omega^j, \omega^{2j}, \ldots, \omega^{(n-1)j}\right),\quad j = 0, 1, \ldots, n-1,$$ where $$\omega=\exp \left(\tfrac{2\pi i}{n}\right)$$ is a primitive $$n$$-th root of unity and $$i$$ is the imaginary unit.

(This can be understood by realizing that multiplication with a circulant matrix implements a convolution. In Fourier space, convolutions become multiplication. Hence the product of a circulant matrix with a Fourier mode yields a multiple of that Fourier mode, i.e. it is an eigenvector.)

The corresponding eigenvalues are given by $$\lambda_j = c_0+c_{1} \omega^j + c_{2} \omega^{2j} + \dots + c_{n-1} \omega^{(n-1)j},\quad j = 0, 1, \dots, n-1.$$

Determinant
As a consequence of the explicit formula for the eigenvalues above, the determinant of a circulant matrix can be computed as: $$\det C = \prod_{j=0}^{n-1} (c_0 + c_{n-1} \omega^j + c_{n-2} \omega^{2j} + \dots + c_1\omega^{(n-1)j}).$$ Since taking the transpose does not change the eigenvalues of a matrix, an equivalent formulation is $$\det C = \prod_{j=0}^{n-1} (c_0 + c_1 \omega^j + c_2 \omega^{2j} + \dots + c_{n-1}\omega^{(n-1)j}) = \prod_{j=0}^{n-1} f(\omega^j).$$

Rank
The rank of a circulant matrix $$C$$ is equal to $$n - d$$ where $$d$$ is the degree of the polynomial $$\gcd( f(x), x^n - 1)$$.

Other properties
0&0&\cdots&0&1\\ 1&0&\cdots&0&0\\ 0&\ddots&\ddots&\vdots&\vdots\\ \vdots&\ddots&\ddots&0&0\\ 0&\cdots&0&1&0 \end{bmatrix}.$$ c_0    & c_{n-1} & \cdots  & c_3     & c_2     \\ c_1    & c_0     & c_{n-1} &         & c_3     \\ \vdots & c_1     & c_0     & \ddots  & \vdots  \\ c_{n-3} &        & \ddots  & \ddots  & c_{n-1} \\ c_{n-2} & c_{n-3} & \cdots & c_{1}   & c_0     \\ \end{bmatrix}$$ (see for the proof).
 * Any circulant is a matrix polynomial (namely, the associated polynomial) in the cyclic permutation matrix $$P$$: $$ C = c_0 I + c_1 P + c_2 P^2 + \dots + c_{n-1} P^{n-1} = f(P),$$ where $$P$$ is given by the companion matrix $$P = \begin{bmatrix}
 * The set of $$n \times n$$ circulant matrices forms an $$n$$-dimensional vector space with respect to addition and scalar multiplication. This space can be interpreted as the space of functions on the cyclic group of order $$n$$, $$C_n$$, or equivalently as the group ring of $$C_n$$.
 * Circulant matrices form a commutative algebra, since for any two given circulant matrices $$A$$ and $$B$$, the sum $$A + B$$ is circulant, the product $$AB$$ is circulant, and $$AB = BA$$.
 * For a nonsingular circulant matrix $$A$$, its inverse $$A^{-1}$$ is also circulant. For a singular circulant matrix, its Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse $$A^+$$ is circulant.
 * The matrix $$U$$ that is composed of the eigenvectors of a circulant matrix is related to the discrete Fourier transform and its inverse transform: $$ U_n^* = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} F_n, \quad\text{and}\quad U_n = \sqrt{n} F_n^{-1}, \text{ where } F_n = (f_{jk}) \text{ with } f_{jk} = e^{-2jk\pi i/n}, \,\text{for } 0 \leq j,k < n.$$ Consequently the matrix $$U_n$$ diagonalizes $$C$$. In fact, we have $$ C = U_n \operatorname{diag}(F_n c) U_n^* = F_n^{-1} \operatorname{diag}(F_n c) F_n,$$ where $$c$$ is the first column of $$C$$. The eigenvalues of $$C$$ are given by the product $$F_n c$$. This product can be readily calculated by a fast Fourier transform. Conversely, for any diagonal matrix $$D$$, the product $$F_n^{-1}DF_n$$ is circulant.
 * Let $$p(x)$$ be the (monic) characteristic polynomial of an $$n \times n$$ circulant matrix $$C$$. Then the scaled derivative $\frac{1}{n}p'(x)$ is the characteristic polynomial of the following $$(n-1)\times(n-1)$$ submatrix of $$C$$: $$C_{n-1} = \begin{bmatrix}

Analytic interpretation
Circulant matrices can be interpreted geometrically, which explains the connection with the discrete Fourier transform.

Consider vectors in $$\R^n$$ as functions on the integers with period $$n$$, (i.e., as periodic bi-infinite sequences: $$\dots,a_0,a_1,\dots,a_{n-1},a_0,a_1,\dots$$) or equivalently, as functions on the cyclic group of order $$n$$ (denoted $$C_n$$ or $$\Z/n\Z$$) geometrically, on (the vertices of) the regular $n$-gon: this is a discrete analog to periodic functions on the real line or circle.

Then, from the perspective of operator theory, a circulant matrix is the kernel of a discrete integral transform, namely the convolution operator for the function $$(c_0,c_1,\dots,c_{n-1})$$; this is a discrete circular convolution. The formula for the convolution of the functions $$(b_i) := (c_i) * (a_i)$$ is
 * $$b_k = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a_i c_{k-i}$$

(recall that the sequences are periodic) which is the product of the vector $$(a_i)$$ by the circulant matrix for $$(c_i)$$.

The discrete Fourier transform then converts convolution into multiplication, which in the matrix setting corresponds to diagonalization.

The $$C^*$$-algebra of all circulant matrices with complex entries is isomorphic to the group $$C^*$$-algebra of $$\Z/n\Z.$$

Symmetric circulant matrices
For a symmetric circulant matrix $$C$$ one has the extra condition that $$c_{n-i}=c_i$$. Thus it is determined by $$\lfloor n/2\rfloor + 1$$ elements. $$C = \begin{bmatrix} c_0    & c_1 & \cdots & c_2    & c_1    \\ c_1    & c_0 & c_1    &        & c_2    \\ \vdots & c_1 & c_0    & \ddots & \vdots \\ c_2    &     & \ddots & \ddots & c_1    \\ c_1    & c_2 & \cdots & c_1    & c_0    \\ \end{bmatrix}.$$

The eigenvalues of any real symmetric matrix are real. The corresponding eigenvalues become: $$\lambda_j = c_0 + 2 c_1 \Re \omega_j + 2 c_2 \Re \omega_j^2 + \dots + 2c_{n/2-1} \Re \omega_j^{n/2-1} + c_{n/2} \omega_j^{n/2}$$ for $$n$$ even, and $$\lambda_j = c_0 + 2 c_1 \Re \omega_j + 2 c_2 \Re \omega_j^2 + \dots + 2c_{(n-1)/2} \Re \omega_j^{(n-1)/2}$$ for $$n$$ odd, where $$\Re z$$ denotes the real part of $$z$$. This can be further simplified by using the fact that $$\Re \omega_j^k = \cos(2\pi j k/n)$$ and $$\omega_j^{n/2}= \exp\left({\pi i j}\right)=\pm1$$ depending on $$j$$ even or odd.

Symmetric circulant matrices belong to the class of bisymmetric matrices.

Hermitian circulant matrices
The complex version of the circulant matrix, ubiquitous in communications theory, is usually Hermitian. In this case $$c_{n-i} = c_i^*, \; i \le n/2 $$ and its determinant and all eigenvalues are real.

If n is even the first two rows necessarily takes the form $$ \begin{bmatrix} r_0    & z_1 & z_2 & r_3 & z_2^* & z_1^* \\ z_1^* & r_0    & z_1 & z_2 & r_3 & z_2^*  \\ \dots \\ \end{bmatrix}. $$ in which the first element $$ r_3 $$ in the top second half-row is real.

If n is odd we get $$ \begin{bmatrix} r_0    & z_1 & z_2 & z_2^* & z_1^* \\ z_1^* & r_0   & z_1 & z_2 & z_2^* \\ \dots\\ \end{bmatrix}. $$

Tee has discussed constraints on the eigenvalues for the Hermitian condition.

In linear equations
Given a matrix equation
 * $$C \mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b},$$

where $$C$$ is a circulant matrix of size $$n$$, we can write the equation as the circular convolution $$\mathbf{c} \star \mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b},$$ where $$\mathbf c$$ is the first column of $$C$$, and the vectors $$\mathbf c$$, $$\mathbf x$$ and $$\mathbf b$$ are cyclically extended in each direction. Using the circular convolution theorem, we can use the discrete Fourier transform to transform the cyclic convolution into component-wise multiplication $$\mathcal{F}_{n}(\mathbf{c} \star \mathbf{x}) = \mathcal{F}_{n}(\mathbf{c}) \mathcal{F}_{n}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathcal{F}_{n}(\mathbf{b})$$ so that $$\mathbf{x} = \mathcal{F}_n^{-1} \left[ \left( \frac{(\mathcal{F}_n(\mathbf{b}))_{\nu}} {(\mathcal{F}_n(\mathbf{c}))_{\nu}} \right)_{\!\nu\in\Z}\, \right]^{\rm T}.$$

This algorithm is much faster than the standard Gaussian elimination, especially if a fast Fourier transform is used.

In graph theory
In graph theory, a graph or digraph whose adjacency matrix is circulant is called a circulant graph/digraph. Equivalently, a graph is circulant if its automorphism group contains a full-length cycle. The Möbius ladders are examples of circulant graphs, as are the Paley graphs for fields of prime order.

title: Circulant matrix


text: Category:Battles of World War I

title: Category:Battles of World War I


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Trivial name

In chemistry, a trivial name is a non-systematic name for a chemical substance. That is, the name is not recognized according to the rules of any formal system of chemical nomenclature such as IUPAC inorganic or IUPAC organic nomenclature. A trivial name is not a formal name and is usually a common name.

Generally, trivial names are not useful in describing the essential properties of the thing being named. Properties such as the molecular structure of a chemical compound are not indicated. And, in some cases, trivial names can be ambiguous or will carry different meanings in different industries or in different geographic regions (for example, a trivial name such as white metal can mean various things). Trivial names are simpler. As a result, a limited number of trivial chemical names are retained names, an accepted part of the nomenclature.

Trivial names often arise in the common language; they may come from historic usages in, for example, alchemy. Many trivial names pre-date the institution of formal naming conventions. Names can be based on a property of the chemical, including appearance (color, taste or smell), consistency, and crystal structure; a place where it was found or where the discoverer comes from; the name of a scientist; a mythological figure; an astronomical body; the shape of the molecule; and even fictional figures. All elements that have been isolated have trivial names.

Definitions
In scientific documents, international treaties, patents and legal definitions, names for chemicals are needed that identify them unambiguously. This need is satisfied by systematic names. One such system, established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), was established in 1950. Other systems have been developed by the American Chemical Society, the International Organization for Standardization, and the World Health Organization. However, chemists still use many names that are not systematic because they are traditional or because they are more convenient than the systematic names. These are called trivial names. The word "trivial", often used in a pejorative sense, was intended to mean "commonplace".

In addition to trivial names, chemists have constructed semi-trivial names by appending a standard symbol to a trivial stem. Some trivial and semi-trivial names are so widely used that they have been officially adopted by IUPAC; these are known as retained names.

Elements
Traditional names of elements are trivial, some originating in alchemy. IUPAC has accepted these names, but has also defined systematic names of elements that have not yet been prepared. It has adopted a procedure by which the scientists who are credited with preparing an element can propose a new name. Once the IUPAC has accepted such a (trivial) name, it replaces the systematic name.

Origins
Nine elements were known by the Middle Ages: gold, silver, tin, mercury, copper, lead, iron, sulfur, and carbon. Mercury was named after the planet, but its symbol was derived from the Latin hydrargyrum, which itself comes from the Greek υδράργυρος, meaning liquid silver; mercury is also known as quicksilver in English. The symbols for the other eight are derived from their Latin names.

Systematic nomenclature began after Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau stated the need for "a constant method of denomination, which helps the intelligence and relieves the memory". The resulting system was popularized by Antoine Lavoisier's publication of Méthode de nomenclature chimique (Method of Chemical Nomenclature) in 1787. Lavoisier proposed that elements be named after their properties. For the next 125 years, most chemists followed this suggestion, using Greek and Latin roots to compose the names; for example, hydrogen ("water-producing"), oxygen ("acid-producing"), nitrogen ("soda-producing"), bromine ("stink"), and argon were based on Greek roots, while the names of iodine and chlorine were derived from the Greek words for their characteristic colors. Indium, rubidium, and thallium were similarly named for the colors of particular lines in their emission spectra. Iridium, which forms compounds of many different colors, takes its name from iris, the Latin for "rainbow". The noble gases have all been named for their origin or properties. Helium comes from the Greek helios, meaning "Sun" because it was first detected as a line in the spectrum of the Sun (it is not known why the suffix -ium, which is used for metals, was chosen). The other noble gases are neon ("new"), argon ("slow, lazy"), krypton ("hidden"), xenon ("stranger"), and radon ("from radium").

Many more elements have been given names that have little or nothing to do with their properties. Elements have been named for celestial bodies (helium, selenium, tellurium, for the Sun, Moon, and Earth; cerium and palladium for Ceres and Pallas, two asteroids). They have been named for mythological figures, including Titans in general (titanium) and Prometheus in particular (promethium); Roman and Greek gods (uranium, neptunium, and plutonium) and their descendants (tantalum for Tantalus, a son of Zeus, and niobium for Niobe, a daughter of Tantalus); and Norse deities (vanadium for the goddess Vanadis and thorium for the god Thor).

Some elements were named for aspects of the history of their discovery. In particular, technetium and promethium were so named because the first samples detected were artificially synthesised; neither of the two has any isotope sufficiently stable to occur in nature on Earth in significant quantities. The connection to the Titan Prometheus was that he had been fabled to have stolen fire from the gods for mankind.

Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements—terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium—were named after the Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for an unidentified northern region), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it was mined in the Roman era), hafnium, rhenium, americium, berkelium, californium, and darmstadtium.

For the elements up to 92 (uranium), naming elements after people was discouraged. The two exceptions are indirect, the elements being named after minerals that were themselves named after people. These were gadolinium (found in gadolinite, named after the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin) and samarium (the mineral samarskite was named after a Russian mining engineer, Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets). Among the transuranium elements, this restriction was relaxed; there followed curium (after the Curies), einsteinium (Albert Einstein), fermium (Enrico Fermi), mendelevium (Dmitri Mendeleev), nobelium (Alfred Nobel) and lawrencium (Ernest Lawrence).

Relation to IUPAC standards
IUPAC has established international standards for naming elements. The first scientist or laboratory to isolate an element has the right to propose a name; after a review process, a final decision is made by the IUPAC Council. In keeping with tradition, names can be based on a mythological concept or character, astronomical object, mineral, place, property of the element or scientist. For those elements that have not yet been discovered, IUPAC has established a systematic name system. The names combine syllables that represent the digits of the atomic number, followed by "-ium". For example, "unununium" is element 111 ("un" being the syllable for 1). However, once the element has been found, the systematic name is replaced by a trivial one, in this case roentgenium.

The IUPAC names for elements are intended for use in the official languages. At the time of the first edition of the IUPAC Red Book (which contains the rules for inorganic compounds), those languages were English and French; now English is the sole official language. However, other languages still have their own names for elements. The chemical symbol for tungsten, W, is based on the German name Wolfram, which is found in wolframite and comes from the German for "wolf's foam", how the mineral was known to Saxon miners. The name tungsten means "heavy stone", a description of scheelite, another mineral in which tungsten is found. Russian names for hydrogen, oxygen and carbon are vodorod, kislorod and uglerod (generating water, acid and coal respectively). The German names for hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are Wasserstoff (water substance), Sauerstoff (acid substance), and Stickstoff (smothering substance). The corresponding Chinese names are qīngqì (light gas), yǎngqì (nourishing gas), and dànqì (diluting gas). A method for translating chemical names into Chinese was developed by John Fryer and Xu Shou in 1871. Where traditional names were well established, they kept them; otherwise, a single character was created.

Inorganic chemistry
Early terminology for compound chemicals followed similar rules to the naming of elements. The names could be based on the appearance of the substance, including all five senses. In addition, chemicals were named after the consistency, crystalline form, a person or place, its putative medical properties or method of preparation.

Salt (sodium chloride) is soluble and is used to enhance the taste of food. Substances with similar properties came to be known as salts, in particular Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate, found in a bitter saline spring in the English town of Epsom). Ammonium (with the little-used formal name nitrogen trihydride) was first extracted from sal ammoniac, meaning "salt of Amun". Ancient Romans noticed crystals of it in Egyptian temples devoted to the god Amun; the crystals had condensed from the smoke of burning camel dung. Lead acetate was called sugar of lead. However, other names like sugar of lead (lead(II) acetate), butter of antimony (antimony trichloride), oil of vitriol (sulfuric acid), and cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate) borrowed their language from the kitchen. Many more names were based on color; for example, hematite, orpiment, and verdigris come from words meaning "blood-like stone", "gold pigment", and "green of Greece".

Some names are based on their use. Lime is a general name for materials combining calcium with carbonates, oxides or hydroxides; the name comes from a root "sticking or adhering"; its earliest use was as mortar for construction.

Water has several systematic names, including oxidane (the IUPAC name), hydrogen oxide, and dihydrogen monoxide (DHMO). The latter was the basis of the dihydrogen monoxide hoax, a document that was circulated warning readers of the dangers of the chemical (for example, it is fatal if inhaled).

Organic chemistry
In organic chemistry, some trivial names derive from a notable property of the thing being named. For instance, lecithin, the common name for phosphatidylcholine, was originally isolated from egg yolk. The word is coined from the Greek λέκιθος (lékithos) for yolk.

Many trivial names continue to be used because their sanctioned equivalents are considered too cumbersome for everyday use. For example, "tartaric acid", a compound found in wine, has a systematic name of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid. The pigment β-Carotene has an IUPAC name of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene. However, the trivial name can be potentially confusing. Based on its name, one might come to the conclusion that the molecule theobromine contains one or more bromine atoms. In reality it is an alkaloid similar in structure to caffeine.

Shape-based
Several organic molecules have semitrivial names where the suffixes -ane (for an alkane) or -ene (for an alkene) are added to a name based on the shape of the molecule. Some are pictured below. Other examples include barrelene (shaped like a barrel), fenestrane (having a window-pane motif),  ladderane (a ladder shape), olympiadane (having a shape with the same topology as the Olympic rings) and quadratic acid (also known as squaric acid).

Based on fiction
The bohemic acid complex is a mixture of chemicals obtained through fermentation of a species of actinobacteria. In 1977 the components were isolated and have been found useful as antitumor agents and anthracycline antibiotics. The authors named the complex (and one of its components, bohemamine) after the opera La bohème by Puccini, and the remaining components were named after characters in the opera: alcindoromycin (Alcindoro), collinemycin (Colline), marcellomycin (Marcello), mimimycin (Mimi), musettamycin (Musetta), rudolphomycin (Rodolfo) and schaunardimycin (Schaunard). However, the relationships between the characters do not correctly reflect the chemical relationships.

A research lab at Lepetit Pharmaceuticals, led by Piero Sensi, was fond of coining nicknames for chemicals that they discovered, later converting them to a form more acceptable for publication. The antibiotic rifampicin was named after a French movie, Rififi, about a jewel heist. They nicknamed another antibiotic "Mata Hari" before changing the name to matamycin.

title: Trivial name