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R-tree

R-trees are tree data structures used for spatial access methods, i.e., for indexing multi-dimensional information such as geographical coordinates, rectangles or polygons. The R-tree was proposed by Antonin Guttman in 1984 and has found significant use in both theoretical and applied contexts. A common real-world usage for an R-tree might be to store spatial objects such as restaurant locations or the polygons that typical maps are made of: streets, buildings, outlines of lakes, coastlines, etc. and then find answers quickly to queries such as "Find all museums within 2 km of my current location", "retrieve all road segments within 2 km of my location" (to display them in a navigation system) or "find the nearest gas station" (although not taking roads into account). The R-tree can also accelerate nearest neighbor search for various distance metrics, including great-circle distance.

R-tree idea
The key idea of the data structure is to group nearby objects and represent them with their minimum bounding rectangle in the next higher level of the tree; the "R" in R-tree is for rectangle. Since all objects lie within this bounding rectangle, a query that does not intersect the bounding rectangle also cannot intersect any of the contained objects. At the leaf level, each rectangle describes a single object; at higher levels the aggregation includes an increasing number of objects. This can also be seen as an increasingly coarse approximation of the data set.

Similar to the B-tree, the R-tree is also a balanced search tree (so all leaf nodes are at the same depth), organizes the data in pages, and is designed for storage on disk (as used in databases). Each page can contain a maximum number of entries, often denoted as $$M$$. It also guarantees a minimum fill (except for the root node), however best performance has been experienced with a minimum fill of 30%–40% of the maximum number of entries (B-trees guarantee 50% page fill, and B*-trees even 66%). The reason for this is the more complex balancing required for spatial data as opposed to linear data stored in B-trees.

As with most trees, the searching algorithms (e.g., intersection, containment, nearest neighbor search) are rather simple. The key idea is to use the bounding boxes to decide whether or not to search inside a subtree. In this way, most of the nodes in the tree are never read during a search. Like B-trees, R-trees are suitable for large data sets and databases, where nodes can be paged to memory when needed, and the whole tree cannot be kept in main memory. Even if data can be fit in memory (or cached), the R-trees in most practical applications will usually provide performance advantages over naive check of all objects when the number of objects is more than few hundred or so. However, for in-memory applications, there are similar alternatives that can provide slightly better performance or be simpler to implement in practice. To maintain in-memory computing for R-tree in a computer cluster where computing nodes are connected by a network, researchers have used RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) to implement data-intensive applications under R-tree in a distributed environment. This approach is scalable for increasingly large applications and achieves high throughput and low latency performance for R-tree.

The key difficulty of R-tree is to build an efficient tree that on one hand is balanced (so the leaf nodes are at the same height) on the other hand the rectangles do not cover too much empty space and do not overlap too much (so that during search, fewer subtrees need to be processed). For example, the original idea for inserting elements to obtain an efficient tree is to always insert into the subtree that requires least enlargement of its bounding box. Once that page is full, the data is split into two sets that should cover the minimal area each. Most of the research and improvements for R-trees aims at improving the way the tree is built and can be grouped into two objectives: building an efficient tree from scratch (known as bulk-loading) and performing changes on an existing tree (insertion and deletion).

R-trees do not guarantee good worst-case performance, but generally perform well with real-world data. While more of theoretical interest, the (bulk-loaded) Priority R-tree variant of the R-tree is worst-case optimal, but due to the increased complexity, has not received much attention in practical applications so far.

When data is organized in an R-tree, the neighbors within a given distance r and the k nearest neighbors (for any Lp-Norm) of all points can efficiently be computed using a spatial join. This is beneficial for many algorithms based on such queries, for example the Local Outlier Factor. DeLi-Clu, Density-Link-Clustering is a cluster analysis algorithm that uses the R-tree structure for a similar kind of spatial join to efficiently compute an OPTICS clustering.

Variants

 * Priority R-tree
 * R*-tree
 * R+ tree
 * Hilbert R-tree
 * X-tree

Data layout
Data in R-trees is organized in pages that can have a variable number of entries (up to some pre-defined maximum, and usually above a minimum fill). Each entry within a non-leaf node stores two pieces of data: a way of identifying a child node, and the bounding box of all entries within this child node. Leaf nodes store the data required for each child, often a point or bounding box representing the child and an external identifier for the child. For point data, the leaf entries can be just the points themselves. For polygon data (that often requires the storage of large polygons) the common setup is to store only the MBR (minimum bounding rectangle) of the polygon along with a unique identifier in the tree.

Search
In range searching, the input is a search rectangle (Query box). Searching is quite similar to searching in a B+ tree. The search starts from the root node of the tree. Every internal node contains a set of rectangles and pointers to the corresponding child node and every leaf node contains the rectangles of spatial objects (the pointer to some spatial object can be there). For every rectangle in a node, it has to be decided if it overlaps the search rectangle or not. If yes, the corresponding child node has to be searched also. Searching is done like this in a recursive manner until all overlapping nodes have been traversed. When a leaf node is reached, the contained bounding boxes (rectangles) are tested against the search rectangle and their objects (if there are any) are put into the result set if they lie within the search rectangle.

For priority search such as nearest neighbor search, the query consists of a point or rectangle. The root node is inserted into the priority queue. Until the queue is empty or the desired number of results have been returned the search continues by processing the nearest entry in the queue. Tree nodes are expanded and their children reinserted. Leaf entries are returned when encountered in the queue. This approach can be used with various distance metrics, including great-circle distance for geographic data.

Insertion
To insert an object, the tree is traversed recursively from the root node. At each step, all rectangles in the current directory node are examined, and a candidate is chosen using a heuristic such as choosing the rectangle which requires least enlargement. The search then descends into this page, until reaching a leaf node. If the leaf node is full, it must be split before the insertion is made. Again, since an exhaustive search is too expensive, a heuristic is employed to split the node into two. Adding the newly created node to the previous level, this level can again overflow, and these overflows can propagate up to the root node; when this node also overflows, a new root node is created and the tree has increased in height.

Choosing the insertion subtree
The algorithm needs to decide in which subtree to insert. When a data object is fully contained in a single rectangle, the choice is clear. When there are multiple options or rectangles in need of enlargement, the choice can have a significant impact on the performance of the tree.

The objects are inserted into the subtree that needs the least enlargement. A Mixture heuristic is employed throughout. What happens next is it tries to minimize the overlap (in case of ties, prefer least enlargement and then least area); at the higher levels, it behaves similar to the R-tree, but on ties again preferring the subtree with smaller area. The decreased overlap of rectangles in the R*-tree is one of the key benefits over the traditional R-tree.

Splitting an overflowing node
Since redistributing all objects of a node into two nodes has an exponential number of options, a heuristic needs to be employed to find the best split. In the classic R-tree, Guttman proposed two such heuristics, called QuadraticSplit and LinearSplit. In quadratic split, the algorithm searches for the pair of rectangles that is the worst combination to have in the same node, and puts them as initial objects into the two new groups. It then searches for the entry which has the strongest preference for one of the groups (in terms of area increase) and assigns the object to this group until all objects are assigned (satisfying the minimum fill).

There are other splitting strategies such as Greene's Split, the R*-tree splitting heuristic (which again tries to minimize overlap, but also prefers quadratic pages) or the linear split algorithm proposed by Ang and Tan (which however can produce very irregular rectangles, which are less performant for many real world range and window queries). In addition to having a more advanced splitting heuristic, the R*-tree also tries to avoid splitting a node by reinserting some of the node members, which is similar to the way a B-tree balances overflowing nodes. This was shown to also reduce overlap and thus increase tree performance.

Finally, the X-tree can be seen as a R*-tree variant that can also decide to not split a node, but construct a so-called super-node containing all the extra entries, when it doesn't find a good split (in particular for high-dimensional data).

Deletion
Deleting an entry from a page may require updating the bounding rectangles of parent pages. However, when a page is underfull, it will not be balanced with its neighbors. Instead, the page will be dissolved and all its children (which may be subtrees, not only leaf objects) will be reinserted. If during this process the root node has a single element, the tree height can decrease.

Bulk-loading

 * Nearest-X: Objects are sorted by their first coordinate ("X") and then split into pages of the desired size.
 * Packed Hilbert R-tree: variation of Nearest-X, but sorting using the Hilbert value of the center of a rectangle instead of using the X coordinate. There is no guarantee the pages will not overlap.
 * Sort-Tile-Recursive (STR): Another variation of Nearest-X, that estimates the total number of leaves required as $$l=\lceil \text{number of objects} / \text{capacity}\rceil$$, the required split factor in each dimension to achieve this as $$s=\lceil l^{1/d}\rceil$$, then repeatedly splits each dimensions successively into $$s$$ equal sized partitions using 1-dimensional sorting. The resulting pages, if they occupy more than one page, are again bulk-loaded using the same algorithm. For point data, the leaf nodes will not overlap, and "tile" the data space into approximately equal sized pages.
 * Overlap Minimizing Top-down (OMT): Improvement over STR using a top-down approach which minimizes overlaps between slices and improves query performance.
 * Priority R-tree

title: R-tree


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Ottaviano Del Turco

Ottaviano Del Turco (born 7 November 1944) is an Italian politician.

Early life
Del Turco was born in Collelongo on 7 November 1944.

Career
After a career in trade unionism in the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL), Del Turco rose to the top of Bettino Craxi's Italian Socialist Party (PSI) before it was swept away in the Tangentopoli scandals of 1992–94. Del Turco was the president of the Antimafia Commission from December 1996 to May 2000. He was Minister of Finance in the cabinet led by the then prime minister Giuliano Amato from 2000 to 2001.

He was elected to the European Parliament in 2004 on the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) ticket and sat with the Party of European Socialists group. On 20 July 2004, he was elected chair of the committee on employment and social affairs at the parliament.

On 4 April 2005 he won the election as president of his native Abruzzo as candidate for centre-left coalition The Union and on 1 May resigned his seat in the European Parliament to take up this post. In 2007, he founded the Reformist Alliance (Italian: Alleanza Riformista) movement within the SDI, with which he left the SDI and became a member of the Democratic Party (Partito Democratico, PD) at the PD's founding congress on 14 October 2007. He was a member of the 45-strong national council. On 16 July 2008, he resigned as President of Abruzzo and left the national council of the PD.

Legal issues
On 14 July 2008, Del Turco was arrested on suspicion of involvement in a 12.8M euro fraud in the financing of the public health system of his region. He was not charged with a crime, but was suspected of corruption and criminal association, prosecutors said. He was among 10 people arrested or placed under house arrest.

Del Turco was sentenced to nine and a half years in prison for his involvement in the exchange of health sector bribes. He was convicted by a court in the city of Pescara on Monday 22 July 2013. The sentencing was in connection with a major 15-million-euro (US$19-million) fraud in the financing of the public health system. In addition to the jail term, he was ordered to pay more than 3 million euros in damages and given a lifetime ban on holding public office.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ottaviano Del Turco


text:
IrelandOffline

IrelandOffline (IOFFL) is an Irish consumer pressure group which was set up on 13 May 2001 to lobby for universal, affordable internet access in Ireland.

In early May 2001, the internet service provider Esat discontinued provision to 2000 users of its "IOL Surf No Limits" internet access package - a flat rate package - for what it deemed "excessive usage" of the service. This prompted discussions by disgruntled users on the ie.comp newsgroup, where it was decided that a pressure group was required to lobby Eircom (the former state-owned monopoly), Esat, Comreg (formerly the ODTR), and the Irish Government to take effective action that would ultimately result in universal Broadband Internet access to every home in the country.

Since its founding, IrelandOffline has changed its strategy and objectives as the market in Ireland has evolved. IrelandOffline's current objective is Affordable Internet access for all;
 * Affordable—comparable with other countries for comparable services.
 * Internet—functional narrowband access (that is, not at rates as low as the 14 kbit/s currently available to a substantial number of households), and proper broadband access.
 * Access—accessible to every household in the country.

Ireland Offline terminated its operation in August 2007 with Ireland still ranking low in the European broadband availability and usage statistics. IrelandOffline have reformed as of January 2009 due to the lack of activity, in regard to the provisioning of broadband, in the telecommunications sector since previously terminating.

title: IrelandOffline


text:
Karl-Heinz Florenz

Karl-Heinz Florenz (born 22 October 1947) is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1999 until 2012. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), part of the European People's Party.

Political career
Florenz first became a Member of the European Parliament in the 1989 European elections. He has since been serving on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. On 23 July 2004 he was elected committee's chairman, but later succeeded by Miroslav Ouzký on 1 February 2007 as part of a reshuffle. He served as the committee's shadow rapporteur on the circular economy.

In addition to his work on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, Florenz served as member of the Parliament's Temporary Committee on Climate Change between 2007 and 2009. He was also part of the European Parliament’s delegations to the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali; the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań; the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen; the 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Warsaw; the 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Lima; and the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris.

Within the CDU, Florenz was a member of the party's leadership in the Rhein-Kreis Neuss region, alongside Hermann Gröhe and others.

In November 2017, Florenz announced that he would not stand in the 2019 European elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

Other activities

 * Deutsche Umweltstiftung, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Lions Club, Member

Political positions
Known for owning a Mercedes car, Florenz voted against a non-binding 2007 report on how to reduce vehicle greenhouse gas emissions.

title: Karl-Heinz Florenz


text:
Talk:Peak oil

Comment moved from article to talk page
I may have found an error in this***. coveries made since then. Additionally, the reported 1.5 billion barrels (240×106 m3) of oil burned off by Iraqi soldiers in the First Persian Gulf War[55] are conspicuously missing from Kuwait's figures. ** I believe it should read ten to the ninth power. ** I'll need somebody to verify that however. — Preceding text originally posted on peak oil by Swan899 (talk⋅contribs) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Excirial (talk • contribs) 08:20, 30 May 2014 Excirial (UTC)

Negative spot prices
Or the greatest oversupply of oil in the history of mankind. Yet I read the article almost since the inception and for instance when oil hit $150/bbl that wae cause for POV pushing that the peak oil is finally here.

First sentence
The first sentence now reads

Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of global oil production will occur, after which oil production will begin an irreversible decline.

I would prefer sometime like

The year of peak oil demand is when global demand for petroleum is highest.

based on modern sources such as https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/05/peak-crude-demand-is-fueling-anger-and-argument-in-the-world-of-oil.html

I think this would be better because:

1) It emphasizes demand which is the current meaning - the historic meaning about supply can be explained later

2) It is shorter and does not use difficult words like “theorized” and “irreversible” Chidgk1 (talk) 17:49, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * "Peak Oil Demand" is a different concept, this article is about "peak oil" (this concept is mainly about supply). In theory demand for oil is infinite, as everybody wants to drive some low MPG SUV, but can't afford it. (But I don't mean to start an argument about it here).
 * Of course I would want to add a section about peak oil demand in the 'demand' section of this article.
 * Also there is an easy English Wikipedia page so we don't need to simplify the language. It's not hard to read, I don't mean to offend you though. I added "theorized" since it hasn't really happened yet. "Irreversible" was a part of this article before I came here. TheFella03 (talk) 18:10, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I suspect the meaning of “peak oil” has changed since the article was written many years ago. But the people at WikiProject_Energy should know better than me so I will put a note on their talk page encouraging them to comment here and perhaps even improve the article too. Chidgk1 (talk) 18:17, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Fair. I do want to add "peak oil demand" in the oil demand section, so don't worry. TheFella03 (talk) 18:19, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No response from energy project - I still think first sentence should be changed - by the way https://www.iea.org/reports/clean-energy-market-monitor-march-2024 says 2023 demand still less than pre-pandemic Chidgk1 (talk) 20:17, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

When should we remove the improve article tag?
I think we're almost done. By the way, please look over my changes to see if they're okay. I also tried to fix up citations a bit. I also tried to add more balance to the article and removed doomerism, and especially I removed outdated information. Some graphics are still old, but I am not that familiar with adding images to Wikipedia. The last thing I might want to add is some corrections to the supply section, but other than that I'm out of ideas. TheFella03 (talk) 01:24, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

 * @TheFella03 Thanks for improving the article.
 * Re images if you can find what you need in Wikimedia Commons it is very easy to add here by clicking ‘+’ in the top row of icons in Visual Editor. Otherwise look in Our World in Data and upload to Wikimedia Commons. Any problems with images ask on my talk page or at help desk.

Re your main question I suggest you remove the tags and ask for Peer%20review so I and hopefully others can write some suggestions there. I still think the first sentence and the article should be more about demand so perhaps a peer review will show whether others agree or disagree. Chidgk1 (talk) 17:42, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

 * @Chidgk1 Oh okay, thank you. TheFella03 (talk) 03:33, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well before we ask for a peer review, I'd still like to fix up the article a bit more.
 * For transparency, I'd like to mention the parts I removed that were previously a part of the article. I'm using the December 25th edition to read what was there before everything got changed. I removed:
 * The previous 2nd section, "Modeling global oil production"
 * As it was simply predictions, but it should actually be a section again. Hubbert linearization and such is what we could add.
 * A minor subsection previously called "Anticipated production by major agencies"
 * More outdated prediction stuff.
 * A section called "Control over supply"
 * Which included stuff about how the oil supply may be controlled politically, but honestly it was too much information for one article therefore I removed it. The text also already exists on other pages, the section talked about Nationalization of oil supplies & OPEC influence on supply.
 * A long section on oil prices
 * Honestly, it is relevant, but it was literally too much info, as noted in the old maintenance tag of too much niche detail. It previously included information about the history of oil prices, and the 'effects of oil price,' which do have their own articles.
 * Peakists
 * A short section on a supposed subculture of doomers. Doesn't really seem relevant to the main topic.
 * Otherwise, instead of removing, I tried to reword everything else. Though, I didn't touch some sections such as "Criticisms" (seems fine generally). TheFella03 (talk) 04:23, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

We should distinguish US oil production and world oil production
As of 2024, it has been recognized that conventional oil production has peaked around 2006.

Is it for the world or the US? Because it smells a little US defaultism here. Kristo Mefisto (talk) 12:45, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It's world. TheFella03 (talk) 21:07, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peak oil


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Adema (album)

Adema is the debut album by American rock band Adema. It was released on August 21, 2001 through Arista Records and peaked at #27 on the Billboard 200. The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on March 6, 2002 for selling over 500,000 copies in the United States, and has since sold over 1 million copies worldwide. The major singles from the album were "The Way You Like It" and "Giving In". "Freaking Out" has also seen some radio airplay. It remains their best-selling album to date.

Personnel
Adema
 * Mark Chavez – vocals
 * Tim Fluckey – lead guitar, backing vocals, keyboards, programming
 * Mike Ransom – rhythm guitar
 * Dave DeRoo – bass, backing vocals
 * Kris Kohls – drums

Production

 * Produced and Engineered by Tobias Miller & Bill Appleberry
 * Assistant Engineer // Brian Cook /// Recorded at Henson Studios
 * Mixed by Alan Moulder
 * Assistant Mix Engineer // Tom Stanley
 * '*' Mixed by David J. Holman at Cactus Studio Hollywood
 * Mastered by Dave Collins at Marcussen Mastering
 * A&R // Joshua Sarubin
 * Management // Terry Lippman Company
 * Business Management // Gelfand, Rennert & Feldman
 * Legal // Terri L. DiPaolo for Manatt, Phelps & Phillips
 * Touring // William Morris Agency, Inc.
 * Art Direction & Design // Jeff Schulz
 * Photography // Dean Karr
 * Styling // Estée Ochoa

title: Adema (album)


text:
Margaret Leiteritz

Margaret Leiteritz (1907–1976) was a German painter who studied at the Bauhaus in Dessau from 1928 to 1931.

Early life and education
Leiteritz was born in Dresden, Germany on April 19, 1907. Leiteritz was born into an artistic family as her father, Woldemar Leiteritz was an artist. Leiteritz attended a girls school until 1924 when she trained to become a librarian in Dresden and Leipzig until 1926. Following her training, Leiteritz worked at the Dresden Public Library until 1928 when she left after being accepted into the Bauhaus in Dessau in 1928.

Leiteritz took her prerequisite courses at the Bauhaus in Dessau under the instruction of Josef Albers, Hinnerk Scheper, Joost Schmidt, and Wassily Kandinsky. Leiteritz spent a large portion of her time at the Bauhaus with Hinnerk Scheper and Alfred Arndt studying in their mural painting workshops. Leiteritz continued her liberal arts education in studying under an array of artists such as Wassily Kandinsky and his abstract work, with Joost Schmidt and his writing and advertising, and Josef Albers' material and theory. She spent considerable time studying under Kandinsky and Klee in their free painting class having spent four semester in the class. Leiteritz also explored personal expression in Schmidt's nude and figure drawing instruction in 1931. Ultimately, Leiteritz completed her vast array of studies and left the Bauhaus in 1931.

Career
Throughout her time at the Bauhaus, Leiteritz became known for her now famous wallpaper designs. She took part in a competition brought by wallpaper manufacturer Gebr. Rasch GmbH & Company, and split prizes between her friend Hans Fischli. Subsequently, Leiteritz took wallpaper design as a priority and was appointed to head the production of Bauhaus wallpapers.

In her later life in the 1960s and early 1970s, Leiteritz produced 'painted diagrams', which drew heavily from the scientific articles and books in her care.

Many of her works were strongly influenced by chemical engineering, and especially the field's graphs which depicted physical properties of substances. Leiteritz's paintings typically reworked a mundane graph using large expanses of colour and a bold abstract theme, changing it into a dynamic painting. Other works are reminiscent of Bunsen burner flame or DNA gel.

One of her most famous paintings, "Crossing at the Left Border" (1966; oil on linen), appeared on the cover of the catalogue for an art exhibition in Chicago in 1969. This painting is known to have been inspired by a specific graph appearing in an otherwise unremarkable paper of the American Institute of Chemical Engineering Journal.

Her work has much in common with that of Paul Klee.

title: Margaret Leiteritz


text: File:Unstablealbum.jpg

title: File:Unstablealbum.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Planets orbit the sun to conserve total energy

Copyrighted. POV. Dubious science.

 * (William M. Connolley 13:02, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)) Delete
 * What a great piece. And by that I mean that it's one of those essays which is completely wrong, but you have to know some science to point out exactly where the author has gone wrong. This should be preserved somewhere. Not, however, Wikipedia. Delete. DJ Clayworth 13:46, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Contains copyrighted material - this should be pushed through the copyvio process to ensure its history is deleted also. I've copyvio'ed it for now, if the  VfD proposer agrees I suggest that he unlink this discussion from the main VfD page. - TB 14:04, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:62.189.228.3

title: User talk:62.189.228.3


text:
Blackamoors

Blackamoors may refer to:

 * Blackamoor (decorative arts), stylized depictions of black Africans in the decorative arts and jewelry
 * Blackmoor (campaign setting), a fantasy roleplaying game campaign setting
 * Blackmoor (supplement), a 1975 supplementary rulebook for Dungeons & Dragons
 * Blackamoor, Lancashire, a village in England
 * Blacka Moor, a moor in South Yorkshire, England
 * Black tetra, a small fish also called a blackamoor (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi)
 * Black Moor goldfish
 * The Moor of Peter the Great, sometimes translated as The Blackamoor of Peter the Great
 * Blackamoores, a 2013 book
 * Moor's head or Maure, stylized depictions of black Africans in heraldry, sometimes called Blackamoors
 * Moors, Muslims of Spain and North Africa

title: Blackamoors


text:
Jim Nance McCord

Jim Nance McCord (March 17, 1879 – September 2, 1968) was an American journalist and politician who served as the 40th governor of Tennessee from 1945 to 1949, and was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1943 to 1945. He was also Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Conservation from 1953 to 1958, and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1953. Prior to state and national service, McCord served as Mayor of Lewisburg, Tennessee, from 1916 to 1942, and was publisher and editor of the Marshall Gazette.

As governor, McCord greatly increased funding for education, instituted a state sales tax, and enacted right-to-work legislation.

Early life and career
McCord was born in Unionville in Bedford County, Tennessee, the second of seven children of Thomas McCord, a farmer, and Iva (Steele) McCord. He was educated in the public schools and by private instructors. In 1894, he moved to Shelbyville, where he worked as a clerk at a hardware store. Two years later, he and his half-brother, W.A. McCord, opened a bookstore in Lewisburg (in Marshall County). From 1900 to 1910, McCord worked as a traveling salesman, gaining invaluable insight into the needs of Middle Tennessee farmers.

In 1901, McCord married Vera Kercheval, daughter of William Kercheval, publisher of the Lewisburg-based newspaper, the Marshall Gazette. In 1910, he began a long newspaper career as editor and publisher of the Gazette after purchasing a stake in the paper from his father-in-law. Two years later, he bought out his father-in-law's remaining shares.

As an editor, McCord supported the "Independent" Democrats, a pro-temperance faction of the state Democratic Party, in the early 1910s. In the 1930s, he supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. In 1942, McCord was elected president of the Tennessee Press Association.

McCord had a lifelong interest in livestock breeding, focusing mainly on Jersey cattle and Tennessee Walking Horses. He began working as an auctioneer of purebred Jersey cattle in 1920, and helped convince the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish an experimental dairy farm specializing in Jersey cattle near Lewisburg in the 1930s. In 1935, McCord helped form the Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders Association.

McCord's political career began in 1914, when he was elected to the Marshall County Court. In 1916, he was elected Mayor of Lewisburg, serving until 1942 (13 consecutive terms). He was an elector for Roosevelt in 1932, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. In 1942, he ran unopposed for the 5th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives (the incumbent, Percy Priest, had been redistricted).

Governor
In 1944, McCord sought his party's nomination for governor in the race to succeed the incumbent, Prentice Cooper, who was term-limited. With the support of powerful Memphis political boss, E. H. Crump, McCord won the primary by a lopsided margin over Nashville attorney Rex Manning and Knoxville law professor John R. Neal, and defeated the Republican candidate, Greeneville attorney John Wesley Kilgo, in the general election, 275,746 votes to 158,742.

During his first term, McCord obtained significant appropriations for education, including $4 million for monthly raises for teachers and principals, and funding to provide tuition assistance for returning World War II veterans. He also signed a retirement law for state employees.

In the 1946 gubernatorial campaign, McCord beat back a primary challenge from former governor Gordon Browning (who was in Germany and did not actively campaign), and easily defeated the Republican candidate, W.O. Lowe, in the general election. The 1946 primary was marred by an uprising known as the "Battle of Athens," which erupted when several hundred ex-World War II veterans launched an armed assault on the jail in Athens, Tennessee, where the sheriff and several Crump-linked figures had retreated with ballot boxes, presumably to fix local elections. McCord dispatched the state guard to restore order.

During his second term, McCord enacted a 2% sales tax, which Crump had reluctantly agreed not to oppose. The revenue from this tax was used to build new schools, buy school buses, and help implement the state's first comprehensive program for grades 1 through 12. McCord also enacted right-to-work legislation, which was made possible by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. The enactment of this law alienated the party's organized labor constituency.

In the governor's race of 1948, Browning, determined to break the Crump machine, ran a strong campaign for the nomination. He assailed McCord for the sales tax, and accused Crump of voter fraud. Gradually, important constituencies, including veterans, black voters, rural voters, and organized labor, began abandoning Crump and McCord. On election day, Browning defeated McCord for the nomination, 231,852 votes to 158,854. It was the first defeat of a Crump-backed candidate in a major state election in over two decades.

Later life
McCord was a delegate to the limited state constitutional convention of 1953, which submitted several important changes to the voters for approval, most notably extension of the gubernatorial term from two to four years, and the repeal of the state's poll tax. McCord also served in the cabinet of Governor Frank G. Clement as Commissioner of Conservation, from 1953 to 1958.

In 1958, at the age of 79, McCord ran for governor as an independent against the Democratic nominee, Buford Ellington, his former campaign manager and fellow Clement cabinet official. McCord received just 32% to Ellington's 58%.

McCord died in Nashville on September 2, 1968, at the age of 89, a decade after his last run for the governorship. At the time of his death, he was the third oldest governor in Tennessee history, behind John I. Cox and Tom Rye, both of whom lived to age 90. Winfield Dunn has since surpassed their ages. McCord is buried in Lone Oak Cemetery in Lewisburg.

Family and legacy
McCord had a twin brother, Ed, who died at a relatively young age. His father, Thomas, fought for the Confederacy under General Nathan B. Forrest during the Civil War, and suffered a wound that required the amputation of part of his leg. Thomas McCord was married twice before marrying Iva Steele, and Jim Nance McCord had several half-siblings from these first two marriages.

McCord married Vera Kercheval in 1901. In 1954, a year after her death, he married Sula (Tatum) Sheeley. In 1967, after the death of his second wife, he married Nell (Spence) Estes. McCord had no children.

Buildings on the campuses of Austin Peay State University, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, the University of Memphis, Tennessee Technological University, Tennessee State University, and the University of Tennessee at Martin, have been named in honor of McCord.

title: Jim Nance McCord


text: File:Insomniacalbum.jpg

title: File:Insomniacalbum.jpg


text:
5261 Eureka

5261 Eureka is the first Mars trojan discovered. It was discovered by David H. Levy and Henry Holt at Palomar Observatory on 20 June 1990. It trails Mars (at the ) at a distance varying by only 0.3 AU during each revolution (with a secular trend superimposed, changing the distance from 1.5–1.8 AU around 1850 to 1.3–1.6 AU around 2400). Minimum distances from Earth, Venus, and Jupiter, are 0.5, 0.8, and 3.5 AU, respectively.

Long-term numerical integration shows that the orbit is stable. Kimmo A. Innanen and Seppo Mikkola note that "contrary to intuition, there is clear empirical evidence for the stability of motion around the and  points of all the terrestrial planets over a timeframe of several million years".

Since the discovery of 5261 Eureka, the Minor Planet Center has recognized three other asteroids as Martian trojans: at the  point,  at the  point, and, also at the  point. At least five other asteroids in near-1:1 resonances with Mars have been discovered, but they do not exhibit trojan behavior. They are, , (36017) 1999 ND43, and (152704) 1998 SD4. Due to close orbital similarities, most of the other, smaller, members of the L5 group are hypothesized to be fragments of 5261 Eureka that were detached after it was spun up by the YORP effect (consistent with its rotational period of 2.69 h).

The infrared spectrum for 5261 Eureka is typical for an A-type asteroid, but the visual spectrum is consistent with an evolved form of achondrite called an angrite. A-class asteroids are tinted red in hue, with a moderate albedo. The asteroid is located deep within a stable Lagrangian zone of Mars, which is considered indicative of a primordial origin—meaning the asteroid has most likely been in this orbit for much of the history of the Solar System.

Satellite
On 28 November 2011, a natural satellite of 5261 Eureka was found. It has yet to be named, and its provisional designation is S/2011 (5261) 1. The moon is about 0.46 km in diameter and orbits 2.1 km from Eureka. The satellite's existence was announced in September 2014.

title: 5261 Eureka


text:
User talk:Gonvaled

Peak Oil
I see you're new to Wikipedia, so welcome! I'm sorry you're unhappy about the way Peak Oil was merged with Hubbert Peak. You are welcome to improve the articles any way you like. Wikipedia is open for anyone to edit. Here are a few tips.
 * You can sign your messages with ~ . That way people will know who is leaving comments.
 * Talk to users should go on a page's "discussion" page, which you can access through a link at the top. I have moved your discussion on Peak oil to the discussion page Talk:Peak oil.
 * Wikipedia is case-sensitive. Peak Oil is a different article than Peak oil.
 * When someone moves an article, it's usually not meant as a personal attack. I'm sure no one meant to remove any history that was important to you. You might want to read Wikiquette and Dispute resolution for helpful tips on how to handle these situations.

I hope you enjoy using Wikipedia! Quadell (talk) 12:57, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

e-gold
Gonvaled, I've moved our discussion on e-gold from our talk pages to the article's discussion page, talk:e-gold. -- Epimetreus 22:37, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Gonvaled, I read that you have been an unfortunate victim of a security breach on e-gold. You may, or may not, want to go through the process of leaving a complaint with the Better Business Bureau. e-Bullion are listed on the BBB website, but I believe e-gold are currently not. I wish you the best of luck in recovering your funds. nirvana2013 16:26, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gonvaled


text:
Category:Mars trojans

See either parent category for proper sortkey usage instructions.

title: Category:Mars trojans


text:
Speakerphone

A speakerphone is a telephone with a microphone and loudspeaker provided separately from those in the handset. This device allows multiple persons to participate in a conversation. The loudspeaker broadcasts the voice or voices of those on the other end of the telephone line, while the microphone captures all voices of those using the speakerphone. The term speakerphone is also sometimes used for loudspeaker, as in "put it on speakerphone".

Many telephones have an integrated speakerphone function which can be activated by pushing a single button. This button transfers the sound input and output from the handset to the ambient microphone and loudspeaker. Devices designed specifically for speakerphone use often have multiple microphone inputs arranged radially around the device to maximize sound input, such as may occur around a conference table. The most sophisticated units allow the connection of additional satellite microphones that can be placed some distance from the main unit.

Types of speakerphones
Speakerphones may be broadly divided into two classes of Duplex:
 * Half-duplex
 * Full-duplex

Half-duplex speakerphones allow sound to travel only in one direction at a time, either: 1) into the speakerphone from the telephone line and out of its internal speaker to its user, or 2) from its user, into the microphone, and out through the telephone line. While the users of the speakerphone are speaking, the phone only transmits sound to the telephone line; its internal speaker is cut off and no sound arriving from the telephone line can be heard by the user. While the user of the speakerphone is quiet, the speakerphone only receives sound from the telephone line and its internal speaker broadcasts that sound to its user. There is a very definite, noticeable switching action each time the phone "changes directions" and a cough or other transient noise in the room may interrupt incoming sound from the far end of the telephone connection.

Full-duplex speakerphones are able to transmit and receive simultaneously and there is no discernible change of transmission direction. These phones are much more complicated and often employ sophisticated digital signal processing algorithms to sort out the incoming sound and the sound in the room for echo cancellation. Their cost is also higher than for a half-duplex speakerphone.

Speakerphone setup
Many modern speakerphones must first be calibrated to the acoustic characteristics of the room in which they will be used. During this calibration phase, they may make a variety of noises including ascending tones or chiming sounds. This calibration may be automatic or manually invoked by the user, and it may need to be repeated if the speakerphone is relocated within the room. A failure to be properly calibrated can be indicated by the occurrence of echoing, ringing sounds, or feedback.

Handset vs. base speakerphone
Many cordless telephones have a handset speakerphone as well as a base speakerphone. The handset speakerphone allows hands free conversations away from the base unit. The base speakerphone is located in the base unit. The user must be at the base unit, but still gets the added benefits of having hands free conversations. Most base speakerphones have a secondary keypad for dialing calls on the base unit.

title: Speakerphone


text:
Liver disease

Liver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver. If long-lasting it is termed chronic liver disease. Although the diseases differ in detail, liver diseases often have features in common.

Liver diseases
There are more than a hundred different liver diseases. Some of the most common are:
 * Fascioliasis, a parasitic infection of liver caused by a liver fluke of the genus Fasciola, mostly Fasciola hepatica.
 * Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is caused by various viruses (viral hepatitis) also by some liver toxins (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis), autoimmunity (autoimmune hepatitis) or hereditary conditions.
 * Alcoholic liver disease is a hepatic manifestation of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Analogous terms such as "drug-induced" or "toxic" liver disease are also used to refer to disorders caused by various drugs.
 * Fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of disease associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
 * Hereditary diseases that cause damage to the liver include hemochromatosis, involving accumulation of iron in the body, and Wilson's disease. Liver damage is also a clinical feature of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and glycogen storage disease type II.
 * In transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis, the liver produces a mutated transthyretin protein which has severe neurodegenerative or cardiopathic effects. Liver transplantation can be curative.
 * Gilbert's syndrome, a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism found in a small percent of the population, can cause mild jaundice.
 * Cirrhosis is the formation of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) in the place of liver cells that have died due to a variety of causes, including viral hepatitis, alcohol overconsumption, and other forms of liver toxicity. Cirrhosis causes chronic liver failure.
 * Primary liver cancer most commonly manifests as hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma; rarer forms include angiosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma of the liver. (Many liver malignancies are secondary lesions that have metastasized from primary cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, such as the kidneys, lungs.)
 * Primary biliary cirrhosis is a serious autoimmune disease of the bile capillaries.
 * Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the bile duct, which is believed to be autoimmune in origin.
 * Budd–Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein.

Signs and symptoms
Some of the signs and symptoms of a liver disease are the following:
 * Jaundice
 * Confusion and altered consciousness caused by hepatic encephalopathy.
 * Thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy.
 * Risk of bleeding symptoms, particularly taking place in the gastrointestinal tract

Mechanisms
Liver diseases can develop through several mechanisms:

DNA damage
One general mechanism, increased DNA damage, is shared by some of the major liver diseases, including infection by hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus, heavy alcohol consumption, and obesity.

Viral infection by hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus causes an increase of reactive oxygen species. The increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species is about 10,000-fold with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and 100,000-fold following hepatitis C virus infection. This increase in reactive oxygen species causes inflammation and more than 20 types of DNA damage. Oxidative DNA damage is mutagenic and also causes epigenetic alterations at the sites of DNA repair. Epigenetic alterations and mutations affect the cellular machinery that may cause the cell to replicate at a higher rate or result in the cell avoiding apoptosis, and thus contribute to liver disease. By the time accumulating epigenetic and mutational changes eventually cause hepatocellular carcinoma, epigenetic alterations appear to have an even larger role in carcinogenesis than mutations. Only one gene, TP53, is mutated in more than 20% of liver cancers while 41 genes each have hypermethylated promoters (repressing gene expression) in more than 20% of liver cancers.

Alcohol consumption in excess causes a build-up of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde and free radicals generated by metabolizing alcohol induce DNA damage and oxidative stress. In addition, activation of neutrophils in alcoholic liver disease contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular damage by releasing reactive oxygen species (which can damage DNA). The level of oxidative stress and acetaldehyde-induced DNA adducts due to alcohol consumption does not appear sufficient to cause increased mutagenesis. However, as reviewed by Nishida et al., alcohol exposure, causing oxidative DNA damage (which is repairable), can result in epigenetic alterations at the sites of DNA repair. Alcohol-induced epigenetic alterations of gene expression appear to lead to liver injury and ultimately carcinoma.

Obesity is associated with a higher risk of primary liver cancer. As shown with mice, obese mice are prone to liver cancer, likely due to two factors. Obese mice have increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Obese mice also have higher levels of deoxycholic acid, a product of bile acid alteration by certain gut microbes, and these microbes are increased with obesity. The excess deoxycholic acid causes DNA damage and inflammation in the liver, which, in turn, can lead to liver cancer.

Other relevant aspects
Several liver diseases are due to viral infection. Viral hepatitides such as Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus can be vertically transmitted during birth via contact with infected blood. According to a 2012 NICE publication, "about 85% of hepatitis B infections in newborns become chronic". In occult cases, Hepatitis B virus is present by hepatitis B virus DNA, but testing for HBsAg is negative. High consumption of alcohol can lead to several forms of liver disease including alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In the earlier stages of alcoholic liver disease, fat builds up in the liver's cells due to increased creation of triglycerides and fatty acids and a decreased ability to break down fatty acids. Progression of the disease can lead to liver inflammation from the excess fat in the liver. Scarring in the liver often occurs as the body attempts to heal and extensive scarring can lead to the development of cirrhosis in more advanced stages of the disease. Approximately 3–10% of individuals with cirrhosis develop a form of liver cancer known as hepatocellular carcinoma. According to Tilg, et al., gut microbiome could very well have an effect, be involved in the pathophysiology, on the various types of liver disease which an individual may encounter. Insight into the exact causes and mechanisms mediating pathophysiology of the liver is quickly progressing due to the introduction new technological approaches like Single cell sequencing and kinome profiling

Air pollutants
Particulate matter or carbon black are common pollutants. They have a direct toxic effect on the liver; cause inflammation of liver caused by and thereby impact lipid metabolism and fatty liver disease; and can translocate from the lungs to the liver.

Because particulate matter and carbon black are very diverse and each has different toxicodynamics, detailed mechanisms of translocation are not clear. Water-soluble fractions of particulate matter are the most important part of translocation to the liver, through extrapulmonary circulation. When particulate matter gets into the bloodstream, it combines with immune cells and stimulates innate immune responses. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are released and cause disease progression.

Diagnosis
A number of liver function tests are available to test the proper function of the liver. These test for the presence of enzymes in blood that are normally most abundant in liver tissue, metabolites or products. serum proteins, serum albumin, serum globulin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time.

Imaging tests such as transient elastography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to show the liver tissue and the bile ducts. Liver biopsy can be performed to examine liver tissue to distinguish between various conditions; tests such as elastography may reduce the need for biopsy in some situations.

In liver disease, prothrombin time is longer than usual. In addition, the amounts of both coagulation factors and anticoagulation factors are reduced as a diseased liver cannot productively synthesize them as it did when healthy. Nonetheless, there are two exceptions in this falling tendency: coagulation factor VIII and von Willebrand factor, a platelet adhesive protein. Both inversely rise in the setting of hepatic insufficiency, thanks to the drop of hepatic clearance and compensatory productions from other sites of the body. Fibrinolysis generally proceeds faster with acute liver failure and advanced stage liver disease, unlike chronic liver disease in which concentration of fibrinogen remains unchanged.

A previously undiagnosed liver disease may become evident first after autopsy. Following are gross pathology images:

Treatment
Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as hepatitis B. Other conditions may be managed by slowing down disease progression, for example:
 * By using steroid-based drugs in autoimmune hepatitis.
 * Regularly removing a quantity of blood from a vein (venesection) in the iron overload condition, hemochromatosis.
 * Wilson's disease, a condition where copper builds up in the body, can be managed with drugs that bind copper, allowing it to be passed from the body in urine.
 * In cholestatic liver disease, (where the flow of bile is affected due to cystic fibrosis ) a medication called ursodeoxycholic acid may be given.

title: Liver disease


text:
User talk:Lalala666

Hi Lalala666, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thankyou for finding the time to sign up and contribute to our little project. If you're in doubt about anything, you might want to check out the Help centre, the FAQs, or the Manual of Style; otherwise, don't hesitate to ask questions at my talk page, or at the Village Pump.

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It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself.

When contributing to a talk page, it is a good idea to sign your name by typing four tildes after your comments, like this: ~. This will autmatically add your username and a timestamp. Please do not add this signature to encyclopedia articles you may edit, even if you have created them. Wikipedia articles are owned by the community, not by any one person.

Above all, have fun!

TPK 13:00, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Dark Castle Color.png)
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Adema
Wow, just looked at it (your Adema page), and it looks awesome! You did an amazing job! If I had much time I was going to go through it, but it looks like you did a better job than I ever could. Great work! Enfestid 03:48, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Adema_logo.png
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Image:Adema_-_Giving_In.ogg
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Image:Adema_-_The_Way_You_Like_It.ogg
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Image:Unstablealbum.jpg
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Image:Adema_-_Unstable.ogg
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Image:AdemaPlanets.jpg
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Image:Adema_-_Tornado.ogg
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Hello Lalala666, I've been browsing around reading and learning about daytrading. I came across you in a article involving NASDAQ and was wondering if you could give me information on starting in successful daytrading. I honestly have no idea on how to go about becoming involved and im just looking for some help.

So if you are willing, Help me! :)

Binkslong 02:00, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I actually have no idea -- I'm not involved in finance at all. I have some friends who work for JP Morgan and Morgan Stanley and so on, so if you want to go professional you probably need some pretty good schooling.  If you want to do it as a hobby, you can probably look around at eTrade and so on, but like I said I've never done it.  Good luck! Lalala666 20:29, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:3rd Party - Alive.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:3rd Party - Alive.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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Stamp price chart
Excellent work! :-) — Omegatron 00:35, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) --Lalala666 18:24, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Request for logarithmic S&P 500 graph
Hi. I like your stock index graphs. Can you add a logarithmic one for the S&P 500 like you did for the Dow? Thanks! --Doradus (talk) 18:51, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Here you go! Image:SandP 500 Historical Graph.svg --Lalala666 (talk) 02:46, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * That was quick! --Doradus (talk) 05:27, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Adema logo.png)
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Image Updates
The 1901 to "today" DOW images are great, especially useful is the logarithmic image. But they are nine months old. Any chance you could update those for the article? N2e (talk) 03:50, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll try do it soon when I have time, but to be honest, one year is pretty indiscernible when the graph covers 100 years. --Lalala666 (talk) 04:31, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:US Postage History.svg
Can you upload this image onto Commons, please? There should not be any problem because the licensing is PD-self. The image is and will be used in Postage stamps and postal history of the United States and similar articles in English and other wikipedias. In particular, we need it for a Russian article. Thank you. --Michael Romanov (talk) 20:17, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Done! --Lalala666 (talk) 22:45, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:3rd Party - Alive.JPG)
 Thanks for uploading Image:3rd Party - Alive.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Comparison Chart S&P, Nasdaq Comp, Dow
Great job with the charts!

I saw that you attempted to create a comparison chart between the different indices. It would be good to have an indicator chart, like the following six month chart:. This would have to be a line graph, and probably over a period of say, 5 years or more. Do you think it's possible? It would be good for comparing, and should be put in all the sections. I was wondering how they compare when I looked at the criticisms section on the DJIA page, and it was really frustrating that there was no way to compare them until I had to find it elsewhere online. Without such a chart, understanding the how they compare is almost meaningless. NittyG (talk) 04:27, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Sure, I'd be happy to make a chart, but I'm not sure what you're asking for. The only time the three commonly-cited charts really differ is when the blue chips and broader market go in different directions, which pretty close to never happens, and when the tech-heavy Nasdaq shows a tech-specific cycle, like in 2001.  Is there a specific time frame when you think the different indices spread for demonstrable reasons related to their underlying securities?  If you can find me a good time frame and justify that it demonstrates a reason for the spread and not random jitter, I'll make a chart.  Note that I'm hardly an expert in finance, so you'll need to be a little forgiving.  And sorry for the delay in responding! Lalala666 (talk) 00:04, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Template
A you created, Template:Adema members,  been marked for deletion as  deprecated and orphaned template. If, after 14 days, there been no objection, the template will be deleted. If you wish to object to deletion, please list your objection here and feel free to remove the  tag from the template. If you feel the deletion appropriate, no further action is necessary. Thanks for your attention. R'n'B (call me Russ) 21:31, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Insomniac's Dream
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Insomniac's Dream. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:06, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

New Version of Minimum Wage
Hello. Thanks for the graph which puts historic US national minimum wage in 2009 dollars. Do you think you could put it in 2010 dollars now? Thanks for your help! Techyactor15 (talk) 21:05, 30 January 2010 (UTC)techyactor15
 * The official CPI only goes up to December 2009 now, so there isn't any calculation possible for 2010 yet. Even if there were, though, the value of the dollar hasn't changed much since August 2009 (what the current graph shows), about -0.5%, so you wouldn't really notice the change.  I update this every 6 months to a year, and even then the changes are slight.Lalala666 (talk) 23:30, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Better source request for File:Insomniacalbum.jpg
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Speedy deletion nomination of File:3rd Party - Can U Feel It.ogg

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Orphaned non-free image File:3rd Party - Can U Feel It.ogg
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Requesting supporting data for File:US_Historical_Inflation_Ancient.svg
Hello, can you please provide a link to the spreadsheet that backs up this great image ? You could upload the Excel spreadsheet somewhere, or convert it to a Google spreadsheet. The former would probably be better, if possible. Thank you so much! Dsjoerg (talk) 21:19, 1 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I actually can't find my original spreadsheet sitting around anywhere, but the data is pretty easy to recreate. The two sources are  for historical data and  for recent data. Lalala666 (talk) 21:11, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Lalala666


text:
Violence (role-playing game)

Violence: The Role-Playing Game of Egregious and Repulsive Bloodshed is a short, 32-page role-playing game written by Greg Costikyan under the pseudonym "Designer X" and was published by Hogshead Publishing in 1999 as part of its New Style line of games.

Gameplay
Violence is a satire of conventional dungeon-bashing games, set in a contemporary metropolis where the player characters dash from room to room killing the occupants and stealing their belongings. In a style reminiscent of Mad, it is relentlessly user-hostile, taking time out to insult the reader wherever possible (it opens with the words, "Welcome to Violence, you degraded turd") and uses a system where the user can buy experience points for cash from the designer or publisher. Despite the innovative game design and exhaustive lists of equipment and weapons (including both belt and orbital sanders), monster types and possible scenarios, it is largely and deliberately unplayable because of an exhaustive rule-set. The rule-set provides information on a range of things related to killing. Weapons, combat styles, and the like are intricately detailed, considering the short length of the volume. Violence is a rant against the traditional styles of Dungeons & Dragons, MMORPGs, and the Grand Theft Auto series, written to simultaneously annoy, enrage and challenge the reader. As a game, it is of little value, but is useful as an insight into the mindset of its author and an indictment of an endemic style of role-playing.

The cover art was by Clint Langley. A Spanish language edition exists.

History
Violence (1999) was designed by Greg Costikyan (aka Designer X) as one of the New Style role-playing games published by Hogshead Publishing. According to Shannon Appelcline, Violence "was probably the least loved of the New Style games. Like Power Kill it was a largely social commentary. It used humor and satire to critique violence in role-playing games and was sufficiently biting that Wallis thought of it as a Modest Proposal for the role-playing Game industry. Set in the modern day, Violence lets players do dungeon crawls into places like the homes of illegal immigrants, kill them and take their stuff. However, satire did not necessarily produce a playable role-playing game on its own." In August 2005, Costikyan released Violence under a Creative Commons license, and made it available for download.

Violence was part of a series of experimental and alternative role-playing games published by Hogshead Publishing. Other games in the series include the award-nominated The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen, Pantheon, and Puppetland/Powerkill.

title: Violence (role-playing game)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/User:Plato/red faction

On 29 July 2004, User:Plato/red faction was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was consensus to keep. Rossami 00:11, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I know that personal subpages are usually considered fair game, but this page overtly and maliciously advocates trolling and vandalism. 172 12:58, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and sanciton. - UtherSRG 13:03, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think this is what VFD is for. This needs to go elsewhere, to the troll dealing page, wherever it is... Dunc_Harris|☺ 13:11, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * There is no "troll deleting page," so I think this is going to have to suffice. 172 13:12, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Requests for Arbitration, which mentions a certain User:172 as being difficult. Dunc_Harris|☺ 14:46, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't recall ever having dealt with Plato extensively myself. I have had the displeasure of dealing with his fellow red faction comrade User:Lir, though. 172 15:09, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Recall the wikisex deletion discussion? That was on VFD, as have certain user pages (I think one of them in particular was the user page of a user who wanted to get the Wikimedia foundation in trouble for supposedly improper registation as a charitable institution- that one failed and the page was mildly clobbered with a notice from Jimbo, IIRC). It's not the normal fare of VFD, but it's certainly within its scope. Have an IRC channel quote. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 17:08, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 13:04 < maximus_rex> sterlingda, information-ecologist, and wanli all had user subpages deleted against their wishes via vfd
 * Keep. It's a user page, users should have a very wide latitude in what they put on their own user pages. Furthermore, suppressing dissent only leads to the suppressed feeling more marginalized, and taking up their dissent in different and perhaps more anti-social ways. If you disagree with Plato's page, write a page refuting it. -- orthogonal 13:30, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Users should have control over what goes on their user pages, unless they are banned. If you think this is worthy of a ban, then take it up with the Arbitration Committee. I personally have great distaste for the idea of VfD being used as a battleground over users who may or may not be "trolls". This isn't a matter for VfD, and even if it were, orthogonal's points are well taken. Don't rise to their bait. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 13:53, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)
 * Comment: Which of the parts of the rules regarding user subpages do you think this violates? Snowspinner 14:20, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dissent is not a bad thing, and it's certainly not grounds for deleting a User page. If a User actually does something bad, then deal with that. But I really don't see the vandalism aspect. It's antiauthoritarian, and it claims that trolls help Wikipedia. - Eisnel 14:45, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, unless there's some specific established guideline that this violates. This page helps us keep track of these people. Bryan 15:11, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I concur with Orthogonal's statements below. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Note: I argued to keep on principle, without reading the page in question. Having read it, it in no way advocates vandalism, and as far as trolling, it just acknowledges that that label has been applied and so embraces the label as a rallying cry -- much like gays have embraced the epithet "queer". Given that the page itself is so innocuous, I can't help but see this as simply an attempt to harass an "enemy". Wkipedia doesn't need to be wasting time on such juvenilia, and I call upon 172 to either justify his listing it on VfD or himself vote against its removal. -- orthogonal 16:20, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Even if the word "vandalism" is not used, 'trolling' is a form of vandalism. In addition, I'm hardly alone in using these two terms as one-and-the-same. 172 16:25, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Plato would be well advised to ask for deletion of this page now, while it's timely. If that is the case, delete posthaste. Otherwise... I really can't say. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 17:08, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think the PAGE advocates it, but the faction certainly does. This page provides support for the faction. Is that good enough reason to delete it? - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 17:11, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Since someone is making a Big Fat Deal about the grandparent of this comment on IRC, allow me to Clarify. I think that Plato should ask for it to be deleted. He's apparently toyed with the idea before, and this is the perfect opportunity to make it happen. It would help his cause- his recent (failed) RFA had several objections about "Cut out the Red Faction nonsense if you want support". The portion about "I really can't say" was not intended as a threat, but rather indecision on my part about whether or not I think the page should be deleted. I have thought it over, and now feel we should KEEP unless Plato agrees to deletion. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 23:58, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a vote really - why are we making such a big deal about this? It should be ignored, if anything should be done to it at all. Does anyone seriously believe that this group has any power or influence? Of course not. Plato is pretty clueless, and deleting the page would not stop any of the actual trolls listed there. Basically, it doesn't matter, it's not a threat, so why bother doing anything? Adam Bishop 17:12, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Arevich 19:03, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain very loudly. In the case of previous personal pages that made it to VfD, I recall that the reasoning was that they were using Wikipedia to essentially be a free web host or they advocated illegal behaviors.  I try with all my might to stay away from administrative positions and positions on content that is antisocial or twitting.  I.e. this seems to be a matter for admins to hash out, not VfD.  Geogre 18:04, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Why should admins get any more say than other users over whether this sort of thing is deleted? It's a community issue; adminship should carry "no special decision-making power or authority". [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:58, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)
 * I was trying to be polite too much, I guess. I was trying to say that I thought the nomination and much of the debate had more to do with a history that was private, conducted on meta and IRC, that was inaccessible to those who only write articles than to the merits of the pages.  In other words, I thought that the whole community was getting asked to step into a contentious matter and that this was an issue for other forums than VfD.  Otherwise, it's really clear that the pages should be kept.  They're user pages, not ads, not hijacking of the project.  They're a user's thoughts on Wikipedia matters, and it's not even a VfD matter.  I just didn't want to get into all that animosity.  I just like deleting stuff.  Geogre 19:14, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and go look at some articles instead. Zocky 19:12, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's just a personal page, and is more discussable on RFC than VFD.  I'm very much a fan of the "do not feed the trolls" policy, and deleting this page would be like supersizing their happy meal. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:13, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote, but I imagine that deleting this would create some major issues that would subsequently have to be addressed. The page in question seems to me much less offensive than the material found at User:Mr-Natural-Health, so we would then have to have referenda on that and similar items as well. "If it is weak, kill it or ignore it; anything else honors it." You can't "kill" open objection, so ignoring it seems to me to be a better option. Jeeves 22:48, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * How about just redirecting it to User:Plato as suggested at User page? Angela. 01:13, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Is User page suggestions, guidelines, a proposal, or a policy? The page itself looks like a policy, but parts seems to imply it's a proposal or perhaps just a series of guidelines. Also, are you suggesting that User:Plato, the page "owner", may #REDIRECT the page, or that User:172, the user requesting its deletion, can or should #REDIRECT the page? -- orthogonal 15:23, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying 172 can or should do anything. It was just a suggestion. It may be best for him to discuss it with Plato and ask Plato to remove it. If Plato fails to do so, gaining community support for the redirect at WP:RFC might be the next step. However, since this is now at VfD, perhaps this page could be used to see if there is sufficient support for redirecting the page. If Plato refuses to have it redirected against the will of the community, it could go to arbitration. There again, it could just be ignored. And Plato does not "own" the page any more than you own an article you write. Angela. 19:19, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * I meant "own" in the sense that Plato created the page and it's a sub-page of his user page, and as I understood the general consensus (policy?) is to let people do whatever is within reason on their user pages. Besides, wouldn't redirecting be, effectively the same as deleting it? The consensus on this page seems to be that 1) the page is mostly innocuous and 2) that if Plato wants keep it, the only harm it does is to Plato's reputation. And I may be being unintentionally unfair to you, Angela; it's sometimes hard for me to tell when you are speaking for yourself in your private capacity as a wiki user and when you are speaking for wikipedia in your public capacity as a wiki officer. -- orthogonal 19:38, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is a consensus that people can do what they like with their sub pages within reason. What this VfD listing is suggesting is that Plato has gone beyond what is reasonable. I'm not proposing anyone do anything against consensus. I don't advocate vigilante attempts to have the page removed, which is why my reply above mentions, more than once, the idea of finding out whether there is community support for such an action. Without that, the page should obviously stay. My suggestion of redirecting was page was dependent on there being community support for that action. Regarding whether or not I am speaking on behalf of myself or the foundation, please assume I am always talking on behalf of myself, as a normal user of Wikipedia, unless I explicitly state otherwise. Angela. (disclaimers) 21:52, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * If Plato had any sense, he would have requested speedy deletion of this page long ago. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:08, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that this isn't a delete vote. It isn't a keep vote either. -- Cyrius|✎ 14:57, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Elf-friend 17:38, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and request sanction against User:172 and is minion UtherSomething for: 1) trying to turn wikipedia into a fascist dictatorship; 2) abusing the use of VfD; 2) loosing their own time in provoking discussion; 3) harassing users; 4) being nosy. Why do they read the page in the first place, instead of editing zionism and the likes? Muriel G 13:05, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I am a Jewish social democrat whose grandparents died in fascist concentration camps, and I find your comment grossly offensive. I don't make any apologies for helping to curb the damage caused by Plato's "red faction" of vandals either. 172 13:31, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * So? You should know better than me, whose grandfather also died for similar reasons than yours, the price of repressing fundamental liberties. What should you care about what Plato writes there? He is not even insulting anyone, for heavens sake. Why dont you do something useful instead of preocupating yourself with nonsense like the red faction? Muriel G 14:53, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Why don't you do something useful instead of preocupating yourself with something that I have already done? 172 15:48, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry 172, but hasn't Muriel (or any of us) the right to question your nominations to VfD? I find her opposition very useful; "Fascist" may be over the top, but I notice that while you've taken offense at her tone and added fuel to the rhetorical fire by invoking your grandparents' murders (murders which it should go without saying we all decry), you have answered none of her arguments.
 * That was not a response to her "arguments." She implied that I was a fascist, so I stated otherwise. 172 15:33, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * To restate her arguments: why are you abusing VfD to harass users you have personal differences with? Why do you even care about a user page that merely states a particular belief about how wikipedia should work, and how is it that mere user opinion in user namespace -- opinion that you need not even read -- constitutes a "troll"? You seem to be alleging that advocating certain opinion, alone and without any action or even call to action, is in itself disruptive. Do you really think wikipedia is so weak that a user page will bring it down? Have you so little confidence in what we collectively have built here that you must seek out and delete any dissenting opinion, no matter how innocuous? -- orthogonal 19:07, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I can see that you mastered the skill of begging the question. While I'll accredit you with that, my conversation with both you and User:Muriel Gottrop is concluded. 172 19:16, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as evidence aganist them.--Neutrality 19:27, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The page has plenty of attitude but no real call to action. It does not come remotely close to some pages I've seen (ie, User:Wikipolice) which represented genuine challenges to our community. Plato, at least to my knowledge, has not attempted to do any more than make faces on his user page, and if he were to do so within namespace, then it would be fair to bring out the VfD machines. I really think that at this point, this is undue harrassment, and his userpage is no threat to anyone. Denni ☯ 19:13, 2004 Aug 1 (UTC)
 * Keep. I regard both the Red Faction, and the hysterical reaction to it, as a load of nonsense, but within reason, I believe that what users have in their own user space is their own business.  I say "within reason," because the line has to be drawn somewhere.  I find it ironic that people tolerated the far more offensive stuff that Wik used to have on his user page, for a much longer period of time, than this.  Wik clearly crossed that line - and nothing was done for long enough.  Plato has not, in my opinion, crossed the line - even though I find him somewhat annoying.  We can all choose to ignore him.  Yes, I once voted for disciplinary action against him, but that was on a separate issue - his nomination for sysop status by what I thought was a sockpuppet. I'm not so sure of that now.  As for his list of Red Faction members, yes, there are some on the list that I would call trolls or even vandals, but there is also at least one name (Muriel's) that I have A LOT of respect for.  That, at least, should be taken into account.David Cannon 21:49, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Users should be able to place whatever they want on their own user pages as long as (a) it is not illegal, (b) it is not offensive (foul language, sexually explicit etc.), (c) it is not used as a vehicle to attack anyone in any way shape or form. If a user or group of users are partaking in an activity that cotravenes Wiki's code of practice or similar then by all means remove the user entirely, however simply suppressing their user pages will only lead to a backlash that is simply not worth the effort.  Keep until they have done enough to be banned, besides it could then be used as evidence if necessary. -- Hackerjack 15:37, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is obviously a personal matter.  The page in question does not advocate harmfull behavior IMO, and as such should be under User:Plato's discretion.
 * Keep, looks like more of a fun parody page than anything to be taken seriously. Perhaps it could use a border of smiley faces to clue the humor-challenged. Stan 17:06, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)