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Bernice Summerfield

Professor Bernice Surprise Summerfield, or simply Benny, is a fictional character created by author Paul Cornell as a new companion of the Seventh Doctor in Virgin Publishing's range of original full-length Doctor Who novels, the New Adventures. The New Adventures were authorised novels carrying on from where the Doctor Who television series had left off, and Summerfield was introduced in Cornell's novel Love and War in 1992.

History
A 26th-century archeologist, Summerfield became a hugely popular character amongst fans of the books, and was present until their end in 1997. She officially stopped travelling with the Doctor in Happy Endings but returned a few times thereafter, including the last Virgin New Adventure, The Dying Days. That year, Virgin had lost the licence to publish Doctor Who fiction, which was not renewed by the BBC. However, range editors Peter Darvill-Evans and Rebecca Levene decided to continue the series with Summerfield as the new lead and without the Doctor Who name, the Doctor or any other BBC copyright characters featuring.

These New Adventures starring Bernice continued until 1999, when the Virgin fiction department closed down. The previous year, however, audio production company Big Finish Productions began issuing full-cast, licensed professional audio dramas starring the character on CD, and they continue to do so, making her the longest-running audio drama series in the world, the longest-running science fiction audio drama series, the longest-running audio drama series with a female lead, and – together with the books – the longest-running science fiction series with a female lead. The character is played in all Big Finish's productions by actress Lisa Bowerman, who also reprised the role in the live-action fan film The Crystal Conundrum and a video advertisement for the audio The Triumph of Sutekh. After they gained the licence to produce Doctor Who audio dramas in 1999, Big Finish thrice featured Bernice in Doctor Who stories set during and after the run of the New Adventures novels.

Big Finish are still regularly producing Bernice Summerfield audio dramas and the company has also published various novels and short story collections featuring the character.

Bernice also appeared in several comic strips in Doctor Who Magazine, with Virgin and the magazine co-operating on her visual depiction. This depiction, which was also applied to novel cover art, was of a slim, statuesque build, with short dark hair, usually shown wearing a catsuit or some similar outfit. Over time the character's appearance has been modified, and recent changes include a longer hairstyle.

Doctor Who – The New Adventures

 * Love and War by Paul Cornell
 * Transit by Ben Aaronovitch
 * The Highest Science by Gareth Roberts
 * The Pit by Neil Penswick
 * Deceit by Peter Darvill-Evans
 * Lucifer Rising by Andy Lane and Jim Mortimore
 * White Darkness by David A McIntee
 * Shadowmind by Christopher Bulis
 * Birthright by Nigel Robinson
 * Blood Heat by Jim Mortimore
 * The Dimension Riders by Daniel Blythe
 * The Left-Handed Hummingbird by Kate Orman
 * Conundrum by Steve Lyons
 * No Future by Paul Cornell
 * Tragedy Day by Gareth Roberts
 * Legacy by Gary Russell
 * Theatre of War by Justin Richards
 * All-Consuming Fire by Andy Lane
 * Blood Harvest by Terrance Dicks
 * Strange England by Simon Messingham
 * First Frontier by David A McIntee
 * St Anthony's Fire by Mark Gatiss
 * Falls the Shadow by Daniel O'Mahony
 * Parasite by Jim Mortimore
 * Warlock by Andrew Cartmel
 * Set Piece by Kate Orman
 * Infinite Requiem by Daniel Blythe
 * Sanctuary by David A McIntee
 * Human Nature by Paul Cornell
 * Original Sin by Andy Lane
 * Sky Pirates! by Dave Stone
 * Zamper by Gareth Roberts
 * Toy Soldiers by Paul Leonard
 * Head Games by Steve Lyons
 * The Also People by Ben Aaronovitch
 * Shakedown by Terrance Dicks
 * Just War by Lance Parkin
 * Warchild by Andrew Cartmel
 * Sleepy by Kate Orman
 * Death and Diplomacy by Dave Stone
 * Happy Endings by Paul Cornell
 * Return of the Living Dad by Kate Orman
 * Eternity Weeps by Jim Mortimore
 * The Dying Days by Lance Parkin

The Doctor first meets Benny in Love and War; she is a 30-year-old archaeologist. She was born in 2540 and is the daughter of Admiral Isaac Douglas Summerfield, a high-ranking Spacefleet officer. Her mother, Claire Summerfield, died when Daleks attacked their homeworld of Beta Caprisis, an Earth colony. She has not seen her father for many years and has spent much of her life searching for him.

At times she falsely claims to have a degree from Heidelberg University. She published an archaeological book called Down Among the Dead Men in the year 2566.

Theatre of War features the first encounter between Bernice and Irving Braxiatel (from her perspective). He later becomes a regular character in the Bernice Summerfield-only New Adventures.

In Sanctuary Bernice falls in love with Guy de Carnac, a former Knight Templar. He is killed later in the novel.

In Death and Diplomacy she meets her future husband Jason Kane, who she marries in the next novel, Happy Endings. Bernice leaves the TARDIS after this novel, but she appears in certain subsequent Doctor Who novels.

In Return of the Living Dad, Bernice finally resolves the mystery of what happened to her father.

Virgin had long considered a non-Doctor Who spin-off series, but plans were moved forwards when they lost the license from the BBC. A number of preparations were made for the transition to Bernice-led New Adventures (see below). As Virgin felt Bernice would make a better lead as a single woman, she and Jason Kane were split up. Thus, she appears again in Eternity Weeps, a novel which describes the breakdown of her marriage and is also focused on her more than the Doctor as a prototype for the Doctor-free novels to come. Likewise, the last New Adventure, The Dying Days, is again focused on Bernice more than the Doctor, with the Doctor absent from a substantial portion of the book. The Dying Days also features an ambiguous epilogue which can be taken to imply that the Doctor and Bernice have sex.

This same epilogue also has the Doctor indicating that Benny is his longest-serving companion, although exactly how long she travelled with the Doctor has never been firmly established.

The New Adventures

 * Oh No It Isn't! by Paul Cornell
 * Dragons' Wrath by Justin Richards
 * Beyond the Sun by Matt Jones
 * Ship of Fools by Dave Stone
 * Down by Lawrence Miles
 * Deadfall by Gary Russell
 * Ghost Devices by Simon Bucher-Jones
 * Mean Streets by Terrance Dicks
 * Tempest by Christopher Bulis
 * Walking to Babylon by Kate Orman
 * Oblivion by Dave Stone
 * The Medusa Effect by Justin Richards
 * Dry Pilgrimage by Paul Leonard and Nick Walters
 * The Sword of Forever by Jim Mortimore
 * Another Girl, Another Planet by Martin Day and Len Beech
 * Beige Planet Mars by Lance Parkin and Mark Clapham
 * Where Angels Fear by Rebecca Levene and Simon Winstone
 * The Mary-Sue Extrusion by Dave Stone
 * Dead Romance by Lawrence Miles (Bernice Summerfield does not appear)
 * Tears of the Oracle by Justin Richards
 * Return to the Fractured Planet by Dave Stone
 * The Joy Device by Justin Richards
 * Twilight of the Gods by Mark Clapham and Jon de Burgh Miller

Originally published once a month, the New Adventures went to once every two months after The Sword of Forever.

The New Adventures continued with Bernice generally in the leading role. Oh No It Isn't! provides the set-up for subsequent stories, with Bernice becoming Professor of Archaeology at St Oscar's University on the planet Dellah. She has now put her failed marriage to Jason Kane behind her. Oh No It Isn't! also re-introduces the People, a highly advanced alien race from the Doctor Who New Adventures. In Ghost Devices, we meet Clarence (named after the angel in It's a Wonderful Life). Clarence appears in the form of an angel, but is an artificial intelligence from the People who is eventually (in Tears of the Oracle) revealed to be a character from The Also People. In Dragons' Wrath, Bernice meets Irving Braxiatel for the first time (from his perspective). Beyond the Sun introduces another recurring character, Emile Mars-Smith. Emile, Clarence and the People appear in a number of subsequent New Adventures, while Braxiatel appears in both further New Adventures and Benny stories from Big Finish.

Where Angels Fear starts the Gods arc, a loose overarching story that finishes in Twilight of the Gods. Along the way, Dellah is destroyed and Bernice is uprooted and loses her memory. Twilight of the Gods finishes with a new set-up for subsequent stories involving Bernice, Emile and others, but this was not used as Virgin stopped publishing the series.

As well as continuing the New Adventures after losing the Doctor Who license, Virgin also continued with their Decalog series. These had been Doctor Who short story anthologies, but Decalog 5: Wonders featured a Benny short story ("The Judgement of Solomon") by Lawrence Miles alongside other shorts not set in the New Adventures continuity.

Big Finish paperback novels

 * The Doomsday Manuscript by Justin Richards
 * The Gods of the Underworld by Stephen Cole
 * The Squire's Crystal by Jacqueline Rayner
 * The Infernal Nexus by Dave Stone
 * The Glass Prison by Jacqueline Rayner

Big Finish licensed the character of Bernice Summerfield from Paul Cornell, Irving Braxiatel from Justin Richards and Jason Kane from Dave Stone, but other elements of the Virgin New Adventures' fictional universe were not obtained. Instead, Gary Russell, Jacqueline Rayner and Cornell developed a new background and character ensemble, introduced in the anthology The Dead Men Diaries and developed in the initial run of paperbacks.

The most notable development in Big Finish's paperback novels was Bernice's pregnancy and the birth of her son in The Glass Prison.

The paperback novels proved uneconomic and Big Finish stopped publishing them, subsequently re-launching their Benny books in hardback with the anthology A Life of Surprises.

Big Finish hardcover novels

 * The Big Hunt by Lance Parkin
 * The Tree of Life by Mark Michalowski
 * Genius Loci by Ben Aaronovitch
 * The Two Jasons by Dave Stone
 * Terra Incognita by Ben Aaronovitch — originally announced in 2007, this novel remains unpublished save for an extract in Missing Adventures
 * The Weather on Versimmon by Matthew Griffiths
 * The Slender-Fingered Cats of Bubastis by Xanna Eve Chown
 * Filthy Lucre by James Parsons and Andrew Stirling-Brown
 * Adorable Illusion by Gary Russell

Big Finish novellas
Each volume comprises a collection of three novellas.
 * A Life in Pieces by Dave Stone, Paul Sutton and Joseph Lidster
 * Parallel Lives by Rebecca Levene, Stewart Sheargold and Dave Stone, with linking material by Simon Guerrier
 * Old Friends by Jonathan Clements, Marc Platt and Pete Kempshall
 * Nobody's Children by Kate Orman, Jonathan Blum and Philip Purser-Hallard
 * The Vampire Curse by Mags L Halliday, Kelly Hale and Philip Purser-Hallard

Big Finish anthologies

 * The Dead Men Diaries, edited by Paul Cornell
 * A Life of Surprises, edited by Paul Cornell
 * Life During Wartime, edited by Paul Cornell
 * A Life Worth Living, edited by Simon Guerrier
 * Something Changed, edited by Simon Guerrier
 * Collected Works, edited by Nick Wallace
 * Missing Adventures, edited by Rebecca Levene
 * Secret Histories, edited by Mark Clapham
 * Present Danger, edited by Eddie Robson
 * True Stories (2017), edited by Xanna Eve Chown
 * In Time (2018), edited by Xanna Eve Chown
 * The Christmas Collection (2020), edited by Xanna Eve Chown

Short Trips
Bernice also appears in a number of Doctor Who short stories, mostly set during her travels with the Doctor.

 * "The Trials of Tara" by Paul Cornell (Decalog 2: Lost Property)
 * "Continuity Errors" by Steven Moffat (Decalog 3: Consequences)
 * "The Judgement of Solomon" by Lawrence Miles (Decalog 5: Wonders)
 * "Virgin Lands" by Sarah Groenewegen (Short Trips: Zodiac)
 * "Of the Mermaid and Jupiter" by Ian Mond & Danny Heap (Short Trips: Past Tense)
 * "Cold War" by Rebecca Levene (Short Trips: Steel Skies)
 * "...Be Forgot" by Cavan Scott and Mark Wright (Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury) – set during Big Finish's Bernice audio series
 * "Too Rich for My Blood" by Rebecca Levene (Short Trips: Seven Deadly Sins)
 * "How You Get There" by Simon Guerrier (Short Trips: A Day in the Life)
 * "Larkspur" by Mark Stevens (Short Trips: Transmissions)

New Series Adventures
Bernice appears in one of the New Series Adventures with the Twelfth Doctor (the novel was originally planned for River Song, but plans for the 2015 Christmas special The Husbands of River Song prompted Russell to use Benny instead).

 * Big Bang Generation by Gary Russell

Season 1 (1998–2000)
The first season of Bernice Summerfield audio plays are all adaptations of New Adventures novels originally published by Virgin Publishing. Each of the plays spans two CDs, except for Dragon's Wrath, which was issued on a single CD.

The plays deviate from the original novels, in terms of plot and characters, to varying degrees. This is particularly evident with the productions of Birthright and Just War, both of which were originally Doctor Who novels. These changes were necessary because, at the time of their production, Big Finish Productions weren't licensed to produce Doctor Who audio plays.

Actor and photographer Lisa Bowerman was cast in the role of Bernice Summerfield. Bowerman had previously appeared in the Doctor Who story Survival (1989). The first series also co-starred Stephen Fewell as Jason Kane. A variety of actors familiar to Doctor Who fans played guest roles in many of the plays, including Colin Baker, Sophie Aldred, Nicholas Courtney, Elisabeth Sladen, Anneke Wills and Richard Franklin.

Season 2 (2000–01)
For the second season of Bernice Summerfield audio plays, Big Finish Productions experimented by developing ongoing character arcs that alternated between two different mediums—the audio plays and novels. Fans who did not collect the novels were initially confused to discover that Benny was pregnant during the final audio play of the season, The Skymines of Karthos. The pregnancy was explained in the novel The Squire's Crystal by Jacqueline Rayner.

The run of plays from the second season onwards take part in what has become known as the Collection continuity, as they are set primarily on the Braxiatel Collection, a combined museum and university located on the planetoid KS-159. A number of regular characters are introduced, most notably Irving Braxiatel. First referenced in the 1979 Doctor Who story City of Death (written by Douglas Adams and Graham Williams), Braxiatel first appeared in person in the New Adventures novel Theatre of War.

Season 3 (2002–03)
Whereas the previous seasons had focused primarily on the character of Bernice Summerfield, Big Finish used the third season as an opportunity to introduce an ensemble feel to the productions. This is most evident in The Green-Eyed Monsters and The Mirror Effect where the characters Jason Kane, Adrian Wall and Irving Braxiatel are significantly developed. The latter, in particular, suggests that Braxiatel has a darker, more mysterious past than the audience has previously been led to believe.

The other two plays that comprise the third season focus more specifically on Bernice. The Greatest Shop in the Galaxy remains the most light-hearted play of the season, while The Dance of the Dead reintroduces the Ice Warriors from Doctor Who.

While not officially part of the third season (at least as far as the numbering is concerned), the Bernice Summerfield audio play The Plague Herds of Excelis (the fourth play in Big Finish's Excelis series; the first three plays fall under the Doctor Who umbrella) takes place between The Green-Eyed Monsters and The Dance of the Dead. Chronologically, the short story anthology A Life of Surprises also falls within this gap.

Season 4 (2003–04)
The fourth season was unofficially dubbed the "classic Who monsters" season, with each play featuring an alien adversary that previously appeared in the Doctor Who television series. The Bellotron Incident predominantly features the Rutan Host (their major enemies, the Sontarans, are also referred to but don't actually appear), The Draconian Rage features the Draconians, The Poison Seas casts a more sympathetic light on the Sea Devils, while Death and the Daleks (the first double CD release in the series since Just War) sees the first appearance of the Daleks within the Bernice Summerfield series. Prior to its release, Death and the Daleks was entitled The Axis of Evil to keep the appearance of the Daleks a secret.

Big Finish also published an anthology of short stories, entitled Life During Wartime, that was specially written as a prelude to the Death and the Daleks audio play. Paul Cornell, the anthology's editor, described Life During Wartime as "a novel written by multiple authors". Each of the collection's stories are told in chronological order, detailing events that occur when the Collection is occupied by a powerful alien force. The anthology ends on a cliff-hanger that is resolved in Death and the Daleks.

Season 5 (2004–05)
The previous season's tradition of using classic monsters continues into the fifth season, with the Grel (previously heard in Oh No It Isn't!) returning in The Grel Escape, a knowing pastiche of The Chase. The Bone of Contention features the Galyari, who appeared in the Doctor Who audio play The Sandman, while the title and plot of The Relics of Jegg-Sau was inspired by a 1970s Doctor Who licensed jigsaw puzzle that depicted a scene with giant robots identical to the one that appeared in Robot.

The Masquerade of Death brings the fifth season to a close in a dark and surreal fashion.

Season 6 (2005–06)
By the end of The Crystal of Cantus, the true dark and manipulative nature of Braxiatel was revealed and he left the Collection. Its future is now uncertain, with the Draconians claiming they own the planetoid on what it is based. The entire series was directed by Gary Russell.

Season 7 (2006)
The seventh season follows the staff of the Collection as they attempt to keep things running smoothly in Braxiatel's absence. Collected Works and Old Friends, two books published during this season's run, also develop the running plots that planetoid KS-159 is under threat from the Draconians and Mim, and that the Collection itself is falling apart literally as well as figuratively without Braxiatel at its helm.

Season 8 (2007–08)
In the eighth season, Braxiatel returns to the Collection, which is threatened by crossfire and politics in the war between the Draconians and Mim. The war comes to an unexpected conclusion shortly after his return, and several regular characters pay a heavy price for realising too late that Braxiatel himself is the real threat. The season ends with Benny cutting her ties to the Collection and Braxiatel, and going on the run with her son Peter. The books The Two Jasons and Nobody's Children also fit into this season's arc.

Season 9 (2008)
The ninth season is a much looser collection of stories, following Bernice and her son Peter as Benny searches for work away from the Collection.

Season 10 (2009)
The entire series was directed by John Ainsworth.

Season 11 (2010)
The entire series was again directed by John Ainsworth. The animated short Dead and Buried, released online for free, acted as a prelude to this series.

Boxset 1: Epoch (2011)

Boxset 2: Road Trip (2012)

Boxset 3: Legion (2012)

Boxset 4: New Frontiers (2013)

Boxset 5: Missing Persons (2013)

Boxset 6: The Story So Far (2018)

The New Adventures of Bernice Summerfield
Following the conclusion of the Bernice Summerfield box set range, a new range starring Lisa Bowerman as Bernice Summerfield alongside Sylvester McCoy as the Doctor entitled The New Adventures of Bernice Summerfield was launched.

Volume 1 (2014)

Volume 2: The Triumph of Sutekh (2015)

Volume 3: The Unbound Universe (2016)
Bernice Summerfield in a series of adventures with a version of the Doctor from the Unbound series. Mark Gatiss returns as a version of the Master from the same series, appearing in The Emporium at the End and The True Savior of the Universe, as well as a brief appearance in a flashback in The Library in the Body. <section begin=na_series3 />

<section end=na_series3 />

Volume 4: Ruler of the Universe (2017)
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Volume 5: Buried Memories (2019)
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<section end=na_series5 />

Volume 6: Lost in Translation (2020)
<section begin=na_series6 />

<section end=na_series6 />

Volume 7: Blood & Steel (2022)
David Warner died on 24 July 2022. Recording of the series had been completed and was released posthumously. <section begin=na_series7 />

<section end=na_series7 />

Volume 8: The Eternity Club
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Other audio play appearances

 * "The Shadow of the Scourge"
 * "The Dark Flame"
 * The Company of Friends: "Benny's Story"
 * "Bernice Summerfield and the Criminal Code"
 * "Love and War"
 * "The Highest Science"
 * "Theatre of War"
 * "All-Consuming Fire"
 * "Original Sin"
 * "Short Trips: The Hesitation Deviation"
 * "The Worlds of Big Finish: The Phantom Wreck"
 * "The Eighth of March: The Big Blue Book"

title: Bernice Summerfield


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History of loop quantum gravity

The history of loop quantum gravity spans more than three decades of intense research.

Classical theories of gravitation
General relativity is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915. According to it, the force of gravity is a manifestation of the local geometry of spacetime. Mathematically, the theory is modelled after Bernhard Riemann's metric geometry, but the Lorentz group of spacetime symmetries (an essential ingredient of Einstein's own theory of special relativity) replaces the group of rotational symmetries of space. (Later, loop quantum gravity inherited this geometric interpretation of gravity, and posits that a quantum theory of gravity is fundamentally a quantum theory of spacetime.)

In the 1920s, the French mathematician Élie Cartan formulated Einstein's theory in the language of bundles and connections, a generalization of Riemannian geometry to which Cartan made important contributions. The so-called Einstein–Cartan theory of gravity not only reformulated but also generalized general relativity, and allowed spacetimes with torsion as well as curvature. In Cartan's geometry of bundles, the concept of parallel transport is more fundamental than that of distance, the centerpiece of Riemannian geometry. A similar conceptual shift occurs between the invariant interval of Einstein's general relativity and the parallel transport of Einstein–Cartan theory.

Spin networks
In 1971, physicist Roger Penrose explored the idea of space arising from a quantum combinatorial structure. His investigations resulted in the development of spin networks. Because this was a quantum theory of the rotational group and not the Lorentz group, Penrose went on to develop twistors.

Loop quantum gravity
In 1982, Amitabha Sen tried to formulate a Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity based on spinorial variables, where these variables are the left and right spinorial component equivalents of Einstein–Cartan connection of general relativity. Particularly, Sen discovered a new way to write down the two constraints of the ADM Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity in terms of these spinorial connections. In his form, the constraints are simply conditions that the spinorial Weyl curvature is trace free and symmetric. He also discovered the presence of new constraints which he suggested to be interpreted as the equivalent of Gauss constraint of Yang–Mills field theories. But Sen's work fell short of giving a full clear systematic theory and particularly failed to clearly discuss the conjugate momenta to the spinorial variables, its physical interpretation, and its relation to the metric (in his work he indicated this as some lambda variable).

In 1986–87, physicist Abhay Ashtekar completed the project which Amitabha Sen began. He clearly identified the fundamental conjugate variables of spinorial gravity: The configuration variable is as a spinoral connection (a rule for parallel transport; technically, a connection) and the conjugate momentum variable is a coordinate frame (called a vierbein) at each point. So these variable became what we know as Ashtekar variables, a particular flavor of Einstein–Cartan theory with a complex connection. General relativity theory expressed in this way, made possible to pursue quantization of it using well-known techniques from quantum gauge field theory.

The quantization of gravity in the Ashtekar formulation was based on Wilson loops, a technique developed by Kenneth G. Wilson in 1974 to study the strong-interaction regime of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is interesting in this connection that Wilson loops were known to be ill-behaved in the case of standard quantum field theory on (flat) Minkowski space, and so did not provide a nonperturbative quantization of QCD. However, because the Ashtekar formulation was background-independent, it was possible to use Wilson loops as the basis for nonperturbative quantization of gravity.

Due to efforts by Sen and Ashtekar, a setting in which the Wheeler–DeWitt equation was written in terms of a well-defined Hamiltonian operator on a well-defined Hilbert space was obtained. This led to the construction of the first known exact solution, the so-called Chern–Simons form or Kodama state. The physical interpretation of this state remains obscure.

In 1988–90, Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin obtained an explicit basis of states of quantum geometry, which turned out to be labeled by Penrose's spin networks. In this context, spin networks arose as a generalization of Wilson loops necessary to deal with mutually intersecting loops. Mathematically, spin networks are related to group representation theory and can be used to construct knot invariants such as the Jones polynomial. Loop quantum gravity (LQG) thus became related to topological quantum field theory and group representation theory.

In 1994, Rovelli and Smolin showed that the quantum operators of the theory associated to area and volume have a discrete spectrum. Work on the semi-classical limit, the continuum limit, and dynamics was intense after this, but progress was slower.

On the semi-classical limit front, the goal is to obtain and study analogues of the harmonic oscillator coherent states (candidates are known as weave states).

Hamiltonian dynamics
LQG was initially formulated as a quantization of the Hamiltonian ADM formalism, according to which the Einstein equations are a collection of constraints (Gauss, Diffeomorphism and Hamiltonian). The kinematics are encoded in the Gauss and Diffeomorphism constraints, whose solution is the space spanned by the spin network basis. The problem is to define the Hamiltonian constraint as a self-adjoint operator on the kinematical state space. The most promising work in this direction is Thomas Thiemann's Phoenix Project.

Covariant dynamics
Much of the recent work in LQG has been done in the covariant formulation of the theory, called "spin foam theory." The present version of the covariant dynamics is due to the convergent work of different groups, but it is commonly named after a paper by Jonathan Engle, Roberto Pereira and Carlo Rovelli in 2007–08. Heuristically, it would be expected that evolution between spin network states might be described by discrete combinatorial operations on the spin networks, which would then trace a two-dimensional skeleton of spacetime. This approach is related to state-sum models of statistical mechanics and topological quantum field theory such as the Turaeev–Viro model of 3D quantum gravity, and also to the Regge calculus approach to calculate the Feynman path integral of general relativity by discretizing spacetime.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: History of loop quantum gravity


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zionist views on Israel's borders

This page has no useful purpose except that some anon wanted somewhere to put stuff that kept getting reverted (by multiple editors) when he tried to add it into Israel. Anything that is actually significant on this topic should be in Israel and can be discussed on the talk page there first. --Zero 16:26, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Zero. Arevich 21:39, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Yath 21:44, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This seems very familiar.  Didn't we delete something similar to this a few months ago?  I think it was from a Palestinian perspective and also was an attempt to avoid being reverted.  Postdlf 22:23, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not even well-written. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:04, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. SWAdair | Talk  01:16, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia doesn't allow both sides of the conlict to voice its opinion. It only puts the Leftist point of view/Arab point of view when talking about Israel. Zionist views on Israel is from a third person point of view and gives the Arab and Geneva Convention side too and not just the Zionist side unlike the Pro-Arab sensors. How would you like if I went to the article on Jordan and say Jordan is an illegal country that is part of The Land of Israel? Zionist views on Israel wouldn't be necessary if you would use terms like liberated instead of occupied and not act like the liberated territories border Israel when they themselves are really themselves in Israel. ERETZ YISRAEL LE AM YISRAEL VE RAK AM YISRAEL. AM YISRAEL CHAI! POSHEI OSLO LE DIN. anon comment moved off main vfd page. Reminder: anon comments are steeply discounted in the discussions on this page. Please log in and then sign your comments. Rossami

 * Delete. This page is overly simplistic and appears to be a particular person's POV. If you picked a random sample of Zionists and asked them to acheive consensus on a description of "Zionist views on Israel's borders," you'd get something far more complex. The proper place for discussion of the views -within the Zionist movement- on Israel's borders is within the Zionism article. -- anonymous Zionist 27 Jul 2004


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San Leonardo in Arcetri

San Leonardo in Arcetri is a Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church located on Via di San Leonardo #25, a few hundred meters southeast of the Porta San Giorgio of Florence, Italy.

History
A church at the site appears founded just after the year 1000, with a typical hemicircular apse. The facade is made from rustic stone bricks. In the late 19th-century, the church had much of the baroque accretions removed, reverting the interior to reveal the sparse Romanesque elements. The facade has a round oculus in the tympanum. The interior houses a 13th-century pulpit, formerly in the church of San Pier Scheraggio, and transferred here in 1782. That church was demolished during the construction of the Uffizi. The square elevated pulpit has delicately carved bas-relief square marble panels, depicting various biblical scenes:
 * Adoration of the Magi
 * Madonna and child
 * Evangelists and the Dream of the Virgin
 * Baptism of Christ
 * Presentation of Christ at the Temple
 * Nativity of Christ
 * Deposition from the Cross

The main altarpiece presently is a 15th-century triptych by Lorenzo di Niccolò, depicting an Enthroned Madonna and Child flanked by depictions of Saints Anthony Abbot, Leonard, James the Apostle, and Lawrence. Another altarpiece depicts Archangel Raphael with Tobias, St Leonard, and St Sebastian (circa 1478) by followers of Neri di Bicci. Two altarpieces are attributed to Neri di Bicci: including a Madonna of the Assumption grants a belt to St Thomas, flanked by Saints Peter, Jerome, Francis, and John the Baptist. Cosimo Ulivelli painted some frescoes in the apse.

Dante and Boccaccio are said to have preached from the pulpit. The church stands among olive groves on the Via San Leonardo, a country road on the southern outskirts of Florence, next to Villa Spelman, seat of the Johns Hopkins University Charles S. Singleton Center for Italian Studies.

title: San Leonardo in Arcetri


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Startforth Rural District

Startforth Rural District was a rural district in the North Riding of the historic county of Yorkshire in the Pennines of northern England.

It was formed in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894. It constituted the part of the Teesdale Rural Sanitary District that was in the North Riding (the rest being in County Durham).

In 1974, the district was abolished and became, for administrative purposes, part of the Teesdale district of the non-metropolitan county of County Durham.

It comprised the area south of the River Tees between Cow Green Reservoir and Gainford, and north of the modern administrative border between County Durham and North Yorkshire.

The area is hilly and fairly sparsely populated. Places within it included;

Villages
 * Barningham
 * Boldron
 * Bowbank
 * Bowes
 * Brignall
 * Cotherstone
 * Gilmonby
 * Grassholme
 * Greta Bridge
 * Hutton Magna
 * Holwick
 * Hunderthwaite
 * Hury
 * Lartington
 * Mickleton
 * Ovington
 * Romaldkirk
 * Scargill
 * Startforth
 * Thringarth
 * Wycliffe

Dales
 * Baldersdale
 * Deep Dale
 * Lunedale
 * Teesdale (south side only)

Reservoirs and lakes
 * Balderhead
 * Blackton
 * Fish Lake
 * Grassholme
 * Hury
 * Selset

Fells and moors
 * Barningham Moor
 * Bowes Moor
 * Cotherstone Moor
 * Cronkley Fell
 * Holwick Fell
 * Hope Moor
 * Hunderthwaite Moor
 * Lune Moor
 * Mickle Fell
 * Scargill High Moor
 * Sleightholme Moor

Forests
 * Lune
 * Stainmore

Rivers and becks
 * River Balder
 * Deepdale Beck
 * River Greta

Roads
 * A66
 * A67
 * B6276
 * B6277

The Pennine Way also passes through the area.

title: Startforth Rural District


text:
Robert Mandan

Robert Mandan (February 2, 1932 – April 29, 2018) was an American actor, best known for his roles as Sam Reynolds on Search for Tomorrow (1965–1970), Chester Tate, the womanizing businessman husband of Jessica Tate (Katherine Helmond) on the satirical sitcom Soap (1977–1981) and James Bradford on the short lived Three's Company spin off Three's A Crowd (1984–1985) that lasted for one season.

Career
Mandan first acted in such television serials as NBC's From These Roots (1958–1961) and businessman Sam Reynolds on Search for Tomorrow (1965–1970). He also appeared on Broadway in the 1970 musical Applause.

His sitcom appearances prior to Soap include an auctioneer in the 1972 premiere episode of Sanford and Son, attorney Mr. Morrison in a 1973 episode of All in the Family, and Maude's gay friend Barry on a 1974 episode of Maude. In 1972, Mandan appeared in the first episode of the last season of Mission Impossible as Tim Sharkey. He also appeared in the Barnaby Jones episodes titled "Counterfall", "Killer on Campus" and "Prisoner of Deceit" and guest-starred in an episode of the western series Sara in 1976. He played Woody Billingsley in "The Love Boat" S2 E16 sketch "Like Father, Like Son" which aired 1/26/1979.

He played Mr. Kirby in the 1979 NBC television adaptation of You Can't Take it With You and the ineffective but well-meaning Colonel Fielding on the 1981 TV adaptation of Private Benjamin. He also had roles in two movies in 1982, as school principal Walter J. Coolidge in Zapped! and Senator Charles Wingwood in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. In 1982 he also played Henry's older brother Bill Rush in Too Close for Comfort.

In 1984–85, he played James Bradford on ABC's Three's a Crowd opposite John Ritter, and in 1986 he was Peace Corps member Dr. Bruce Gaines, who married Mrs. Garrett (played by Charlotte Rae) in her final episodes on The Facts of Life. He appeared as Steven in the 1990 episode of The Golden Girls entitled "Great Expectations". In 1991, he reunited with Katherine Helmond for two episodes of her next series, Who's the Boss?.

In 1993, he played the Cardassian character Kotan Pa'Dar in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Cardassians", and had a role on Married... with Children in the episode "The D'Arcy Files" (1994). His return to serials included the roles of Maxwell Hammer, a friend of Minx, on Santa Barbara (1990), Mr. Jonesy (alongside Louise Sorel) on Days of Our Lives from 1997 to 1998, and guest-starring as a judge on General Hospital in early 2006.

He appeared onstage throughout his career. Aside from Applause, he starred in the pre-Broadway version of the 1990s revival of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying as J.B. Biggley, he played Andrew Wyke in several touring company productions of the Anthony Shaffer mystery, Sleuth, and he was in the 2002 production of A Twilight Romance at the Falcon Theatre in Burbank, California.

Mandan was a frequent special guest on The $25,000 Pyramid during the 1980s. He also appeared on many other game shows, including Match Game, Family Feud, Super Password, Chain Reaction, and Hollywood Squares.

Death
Mandan died in Los Angeles on April 29, 2018, following a long battle with cancer. He was survived by his wife, Sherry Dixon, a licensed primal psychotherapist; the couple wed in 1963. Upon his death, he was cremated.

title: Robert Mandan


text:
Carrera Panamericana

The Carrera Panamericana was a border-to-border sedan (stock and touring and sports car) rally racing event on open roads in Mexico similar to the Mille Miglia and Targa Florio in Italy. Running for five consecutive years from 1950 to 1954, it was widely held by contemporaries to be the most dangerous race of any type in the world. It has since been resurrected along some of the original course as a classic speed rally.

1950
After the 2,178 mile (3,507 kilometer) north-south Mexican section of the Pan-American Highway was completed in 1950, a nine-stage, five-day race across the country was organized by the national government to celebrate its achievement and attract international business. The 1950 race ran almost entirely along the new roadway.

The first of five annual races began on May 5, 1950, and was entered by racers from all over the world representing virtually every motor sport: Formula One, sports cars, rallying, stock cars, endurance racing, hill climbing, and drag racing. Because it started at the border with Texas, it was especially attractive to all types of American race drivers from Indy cars to NASCAR. Bill France, the founder of NASCAR, was there for the first race as well as later races. The Mexican government's representatives worked closely with the American Automobile Association and other motor sports groups in the United States to organize and promote the event which was limited to stock sedans with five seats. Piero Taruffi and Felice Bonetto, both Italian F1 drivers, entered a pair of Alfa Romeo coupes specially constructed for the event. However, many of the 132 competitors were ordinary unsponsored citizens from the United States, Mexico, and elsewhere. The entrants included nine women drivers.

The first race ran from north to south beginning in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, across the international border from El Paso, Texas, and finishing in Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chiapas (formerly known as El Ocotal) on the Guatemala-Mexico border opposite from La Mesilla, Guatemala. The event comprised nine "legs" or stage. At least one leg was run each day for five consecutive days. The elevation changes were significant: from 328 ft to 10482 ft above sea level, requiring among other modifications the rejetting of carburetors to cope with thinner air. Most of the race was run between 5000 ft and 8000 ft. The first four places were won by American cars and American drivers. The winner, Hershel McGriff, drove an Oldsmobile 88 at an average speed of 142 km/h. The car cost McGriff and his partners only $1,900, when the winner's purse was 150,000 pesos (around $17,200 U.S. dollars). Though less powerful than its big Lincoln and Cadillac competitors, the car was substantially lighter. This meant that it would eventually pull away from them on the steep, winding course. The car's light weight gave it another advantage: it was much easier to stop, meaning that McGriff finished the race on his original brake shoes when the big cars were re-shoeing every night. This was important because neither McGriff nor his co-driver were capable of even basic car maintenance. McGriff also noted that the control afforded by his manual gearbox gave him a significant advantage the last day on the gravel roads in Chiapas, when he finally passed the Cadillac leading the race. The final miles to the finish were run without oil due to bottoming out the oil pans leaving the engine smoking and rattling to the checkered flag. The best placed European car was an Alfa Romeo sedan driven by Italian driver, Felice Bonetto. The race, however, set its bloody and dangerous reputation right from the start: 4 people (3 competitors, 1 spectator) were killed during this event.

1951
The following year, the race was run from south to north, starting in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas on the Mexican/Guatemalan border and finishing in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua on the Mexican/U.S. Texas border near El Paso. This was changed from the previous event because of the lack of accommodation available for race officials, drivers, crews and press in El Ocotal and the jungle. This northerly direction also allowed the U.S. drivers to finish at their border. The race was moved from early May to late November to avoid the hot and rainy weather at that time of year in Mexico and to give the European teams a chance to compete during what was normally their off-season. For the first time, a European manufacturer entered a 'factory' team, Ferrari entering several cars including a 212 Export LWB Vignale. Although the Ferrari entries did not technically satisfy the requirements of the touring car category, the Italians were permitted to compete anyway.

The race would prove to exact a heavy toll upon drivers. During the first stage, José Estrada and Miguel González died after their 1951 Packard left the road and fell 630 ft into a ravine. Estrada was an experienced racer and car dealer, who had announced at the start of the race: "I will win, or die trying." The next day Italian driver Carlos Panini also died after an accident. Panini was a pioneer of Mexican aviation who established Mexico's first scheduled airline in 1927. He is credited with being the first pilot to fly a light plane around the world. The fatal accident occurred on the second day, during the second stage from Oaxaca to Puebla. Although the registered driver for the race was Carlos' daughter Teresa, he was at the wheel of a 1949 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS despite poor health and not having a valid license. The accident happened while a young Bobby Unser was trying to overtake Panini in a Jaguar, as Unser related in his book Winners Are Driven: A Champion's Guide to Success in Business & Life:

On the second day, we were in seventeenth and coming up to pass the car of millionaire Carlos Panini and his daughter, Terresita. She was the registered driver. However, Carlos was behind the wheel instead and was in ill health. He shouldn't have been driving. He didn't even have a driver's license. The rules were that the slower car was to allow the faster car to pass if the faster car honked its horn. We were in the mountains, and I came up to Carlos and honked, but he wouldn't let me pass. This went on through about ten turns, with Carlos blocking me each time. We were probably doing about 90 miles per hour at this point. The next time I tried to pass him, he bumped my right-front fender, which almost pushed me off a sheer cliff to the left that was some 500 to 800 feet down. My left front tire went over the edge, but fortunately I regained control of the car. Carlos over-corrected his car to the right, and went straight into a solid rock wall. The car exploded on impact like an egg hitting a sidewalk. I didn't know it at the time, but Carlos was killed instantly.

One of the rules of the race was if you stopped to help anyone, you were automatically disqualified... Seeing the explosive impact, I wanted to stop to help, but daddy told me to keep going. He knew the rules and told me that people were there to help. That was hard for me - I slowed down to about 15 or 20 miles per hour. He insisted that I keep going, and grimly, I did.

Ricardo Ramírez of Mexico City abandoned the race to rush the Paninis to a hospital in Puebla, but Señor Panini was announced dead on arrival. His daughter survived with minor injuries. The deaths of Panini and Estrada resulted in denunciations of the race by Mexico City's El Universal newspaper, who called the race a "crime", and by a government official who stated the race was "an imitation of North American customs not suited to Mexican characteristics." 4 people were killed during this edition of the Carrera Panamericana: in addition to Panini, Estrada and González's deaths, the mayor of Oaxaca, Lorenzo Mayoral Lemus, lost his life during a run of the first stage between the cities of Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Oaxaca. His car went off a mountain road and he died in a hospital in Oaxaca.

First and second places were won by the works Ferraris 212 Inters driven by Piero Taruffi and Alberto Ascari, third and fourth by ordinary American cars. Bill Sterling, a salesman from El Paso, Texas, placed third in a Chrysler Saratoga entered by Carl Kiekhaefer of the Mercury Marine boat motor manufacturer, and well-known race car driver Troy Ruttman followed him in a flat-head V8 Mercury Eight he reportedly had bought for $1,000 in a used car lot in El Monte, California yet bested several factory Lancias and Ferraris.

1952
In 1952 the organizers of Carrera Panamericana divided what had been a single class into Sports Car and Stock Car entries so heavy American sedans did not have to compete directly with nimble European sports cars. The major automobile manufacturers had taken notice of the race and Mercedes-Benz sent a highly organized team of drivers, mechanics, and 300 SLs. Karl Kling and Herman Lang finished first and second, and a 1-2-3 finish may have been the final result had American John Fitch not been disqualified for permitting a mechanic to touch his car on the second to last day. American Chuck Stevenson won the touring car class in a Lincoln Capri, his first of two consecutive victories in the event.

The Mercedes-Benz W194 of Kling and Hans Klenk won despite the car being hit by a vulture in the windscreen. During a long right-hand bend in the opening stage taken at almost 200 km/h, Kling failed to spot vultures sitting by the side of the road. As the birds scattered at the roar of the virtually unsilenced 300 SL, one impacted through the windscreen on the passenger side, briefly knocking co-driver and navigator Klenk unconscious. Despite bleeding badly from facial injuries caused by the shattered windscreen, Klenk ordered Kling to maintain speed, and held on until a tire change almost 70 km later to clean himself and the car up. For extra protection, eight vertical steel bars were bolted over the new windscreen. Kling and Klenk also discussed the species and size of the dead bird, agreeing that had had a minimum 115 cm wingspan and weighed as much as five fattened geese.

Klenk used pre-prepared 'pace-notes' to identify and communicate upcoming road bends in rapid shorthand to Kling. This system proved so effective that it is used in all motor sports involving a navigator today, such as stage rallying. The highly organized Lincoln teams also used a similar system. Only one person was killed in this event, Santos Letona of Puebla, Mexico, who died in a crash near the town of Texmelucan on the third stage between there and Mexico City.

1953
In 1953 the Sports and Stock classes were both subdivided into Large and Small groups, giving four categories in which to compete. These were split by engine cubic capacity; sports cars under and over 1600 cc were Small and Large respectively, and stock cars under and over 3500 cc likewise. This was to accommodate the huge number of participants and the diverse breeds of cars within the race. This race, like the subsequent running of the Carrera Panamericana was to be the last round of the 1953 World Sportscar Championship season. Both Lincoln and Lancia came to the race highly organized and both factories swept 1-2-3 finishes in their respective categories. The Mercedes team did not return because of its focus on Formula One. The Europeans dominated the sports categories, and the Americans the stock. Large Sports Cars was won by Juan Manuel Fangio of Argentina in a Lancia, Small Sports Cars by José Herrarte from Guatemala in a Porsche. Large Stock Cars was won by Chuck Stevenson of the United States in a Lincoln and Small Stock Cars by C.D. Evans (again of the U.S.) in an ordinary six cylinder Chevrolet. Stevenson has the distinction of being the only person to ever win twice in the same category in the original race.

However, the race was marred by the death of a number of competitors. The co-driver and pacenote systems championed by the Mercedes teams of the previous year were vindicated by the failure of an alternative contemporary system used by some other works drivers, notably those of Lancia who in 1953 year had entered five cars; three 3.3-litre D24s for Felice Bonetto, Juan Manuel Fangio and Piero Taruffi, winner of the 1951 edition of the race, and two 3-litre versions for Giovanni Bracco and Eugenio Castellotti. During pre-race runs of the route at much safer speeds, Bonetto and Taruffi painted warning signals on the road to remind themselves of particular hazards. As the D24 was both open and single-seat, there was no co-driver. This resulted in the death of Bonetto who, leading the race under pressure from Taruffi, missed his own warning signs. Entering the village of Silao, he encountered a dip in the pavement at excessive speed and impacted a building, killing him instantly.

The 1953 running was the bloodiest year of the Carrera Panamericana. In addition to Bonetto's death- 8 other people were killed in unrelated accidents, including an incident where 6 spectators were killed by a flipping car. On the first stage between the cities of Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Oaxaca, American Bob Christie, with his mechanic Kenneth Wood, failed to make a left turn, and his Ford went off the road backwards. The car plunged over the embankment on the side and came to a cushioned but smashing stop upside down in the mud of the river bank, below the level of the highway. Christie unfastened his belts and helped "K" to reach the bank. A fairly large crowd of spectators hastily assembled on a ledge below the road to find a better view of the accident. Many of these spectators swarmed to Christie's and Wood's aid immediately and were relieved to find out that both were uninjured. But then, Mickey Thompson, a Bonneville Salt Flats record holder, crashed at the same place after his brakes jammed. Thomson's car went straight into the embankment and killed 6 people who were standing there to get a better view of Christie's accident. In addition to this horrific tragedy, Italians Antonio Stagnoli and his co-driver Giuseppe Scotuzzi in a Ferrari 375 MM lost their lives when a blown tyre caused them to crash in the small town of Juchitán de Zaragoza on that same first stage between Tuxtla Guitierrez and Oaxaca. Of the 9 fatalities in this running of this most famous Mexican road races, 8 of them were on the same stage on the same day. The exception was Bonetto's accident, which happened on the fourth stage.

1954
By 1954 the race had shifted from a largely amateurish basis to become a highly professional endeavor. The final stage was won by eventual race winner Umberto Maglioli in a Ferrari 375 Plus at an average speed of 222 km/h over the 365 km stage. Maglioli would win this race with a combined time of 17 hours and 40 minutes. In comparison, McGriff had won the 1950 race with a combined time of 27 hours and 34 minutes, almost ten hours slower than Maglioli. Maglioli was more than an hour faster than Klenk/Kling in their Mercedes W194 2 years earlier. Even with the route shortened by 160 km (100 mi) for 1951 onwards, speeds had gone up more than 50 percent over 4 years. Phil Hill won second place in earlier Ferrari 375 MM with Ray Crawford winning the stock car class in a Lincoln. Two new classes were in effect in 1954; the European stock car class was won by Sanesi, of Italy, in an Alfa Romeo and the small U.S. stock car class was won by Tommy Drisdale in a Dodge. Californian hot rod pioneer Ak Miller (born Arkton Moeller in Denmark, not to be confused with A. K. Miller) became famous by winning fifth place in his Oldsmobile powered 1927 Ford body on a 1950 Ford frame, "El Caballo del Hierro" (the iron horse), nicknamed by Mexicans as "El Ensalada" (the salad).

The race, however, lived up to its bloody reputation – seven people were killed during this event: four competitors, two spectators, and one team crew member.

Cancellation
Due to safety concerns and the expense to the government, the race was cancelled after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, although the President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines announced only that the race's original task of publicizing the highway was 'complete'. 27 people had died during the five years of the Panamericana, giving it one of the highest mortality rates per race in the history of motor sports. Only a third of entrants typically finished the race. Unlike more compact circuits, the long stage sections were impossible to secure entirely, making it possible for crashes to linger for several hours before being noticed. During the years the race was originally held, racing automobile technology and performance advanced quickly and racing speeds almost doubled as a result. Despite the increased speed, safety controls remained static and competitors, spectators and safety control personnel alike became casualties.

Legacy
Despite being abandoned, the race would not be immediately forgotten. Despite their models being small and often quite underpowered (especially with regard to American and other German opponents) Porsche enjoyed some success in the race, mainly class wins. A 550 Spyder won the Small Sports Car category in 1953.

Later, some Porsche road cars were named Carrera after this race (in the same theme as the Targas named after the Targa Florio), and in 2009 the company shipped the Panamera, a 4-door touring car with a name inspired by Panamericana. Similarly, the watchmaker Heuer, then known for its motorsport stopwatches, introduced a chronograph called the "Carrera Panamerica" after the 1953 race, which developed into its long-running 'Carrera' range. In the same way, Mercedes-AMG (high performance division of Mercedes-Benz road cars) named a new grille after this race: the Panamericana-Grille can be found on almost all AMG vehicles starting from 2018.

Also, the race saw famous people from different forms of auto racing converge in one event, including:

 * Bill France, Sr., Curtis Turner, Red Byron, Raymond Parks and Marshall Teague of stock car racing
 * Mickey Thompson, Clay Smith and Ak Miller, famous hot-rodders
 * Tony Bettenhausen, Walt Faulkner, Jerry Unser and Bill Vukovich from open wheel 'Indy' car racing
 * Alberto Ascari and Juan Manuel Fangio, Formula One champions at the time; and Phil Hill, who would later be a Formula One champion
 * Carroll Shelby, creator of the Shelby Cobra and 1959 24 Hours of Le Mans winner, broke his arm while practicing for the 1954 event
 * Dan Gurney and Richie Ginther, American road racers who would one day drive for Ferrari in Formula One
 * Jean Trévoux, Robert Manzon, Louis Chiron from France, winners of the 24 Hours of Le Mans as well as major international rallies
 * Hermann Lang, Karl Kling and Hans Herrmann from Germany
 * Piero Taruffi, Umberto Maglioli and Felice Bonetto, all already famous Italian race drivers.

Revival
The race was resurrected in 1988 by Pedro Dávila, Loyal Truesdale, and Eduardo de León Camargo, and runs a 7-day, 2000 mi route aping some of the original course. It is run with official backing on special closed stages of the public road network and fast transit sections through central Mexico until recently at unlimited speeds approaching 180 mph. The race is competed by 80 to 100 cars organized into 10 classes, which are differentiated by car age and authenticity; virtually any car with a classic bodyshell is eligible. The bulk of entries are provided by 1950s and '60s American stock cars; the most popular shapes are the 1953/54 Studebaker Starliner hardtops and Starlight pillared coupes, originally designed by a team led by famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy, because of their exceptional aerodynamics. This is best proven by the fact that as of 2016, out of 29 modern-era races, 22 have been won by Studebakers. Other common European entries include Alfa Romeo Giuliettas, Jaguar E-types, Porsche 356s & 911s. Rarer cars included Saab 96s, Volvo PV544s, and Jaguar MkII saloons. Porsche 911 and classic Ford Mustangs are extremely popular cars.

However, despite the vintage appearance of the cars, often they conceal underpinnings more closely related to modern NASCAR entries. Tuned V8 engines of more than 500 PS are common, especially in the American cars, and the cars are often created especially for this race and usually ineligible for true vintage events elsewhere. Even less modified cars often have modern disc brakes at all four corners and coolant upgrades to help them survive the punishing course. Six-point roll cages, racing seats, fire-suppression systems, and fuel cells are required in most classes. Drivers and navigators are required to wear two- or three-layer fire-resistant suits, HANS devices, and label their helmets, uniforms, and respective sides of the car with their blood types and allergies.

The above is a clue as to what separates the Panamericana from other modern, re-creations of road races. It remains a true, high-speed race (stage rally) mainly through the mountains, and as such, is extremely dangerous. Mechanical attrition for the more classic cars often leads to burst brake lines and overheated engines, but crashes are also common on the winding roads. In 1999, Bernardo Obregón and his co-driver Alda Arnauda were killed after their Volvo PV544 left the road during the Mil Cumbres mountain stage. In 2006, a 19-year-old co-driver survived a serious head injury that left him in a coma after his Jaguar E-Type Roadster crashed into a pine forest; Rusty Ward, another competitor, rolled a Studebaker from a bridge into a river, having finished the event in a similar fashion the previous year. In 2012 there were two more fatalities, but one was from a heart attack. It is obvious, therefore, that the race should not be classed with road-rallies in the style of the recreated Mille Miglia. However, since 2012 the race cars' top speed is limited to 144 mph on the closed-road sections, by restricting the engine's RPM (engine revolutions per minutes) by a chip in the electric ignition, and additional safety measures have been required.

2006
The 2006 event started in Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico coast, pulling in at Mexico City's CP circuit as a curtain raiser for the Champ Car race, and stayed nights at the old colonial cities of Puebla, Querétaro, Morelia, Aguascalientes and Zacatecas, with the finish at Monterrey. It was won by Gabriel Perez and Angelica Fuentes in a yellow 1959 Ford Coupe, the first win for a woman and a first for the 'Turismo Production' class. Though competed mostly by amateurs, Jo Ramírez of the McLaren F1 team competed a Volvo P1800 amongst other star drivers.

In a retro step, Cadillac entered a replica of the 1954 Series 62 coupe that a Colorado Springs dealer loaned to "five ordinary guys from Chicago", in order to revive a half-century old duel with Lincoln. The original 1954 team won the last two stages, and finished third in class (a Lincoln Capri won the Large Stock Class). The newer car, built in-house by GM's Performance Division Garage, preproduction trim shop and show-car paint department, was built from an identical coupe from somewhere within Cadillac's own inventory. The 331-cubic-inch 270 hp V8 was enlarged to 398-cubic-inches, with higher 10.5:1 compression bringing output to 375 hp and 400 lbft of torque, and certain safety improvements included. The car was reunited with Blu Plemons, the co-driver of the original (the driver, Keith Anderson, was killed in practice for the 1957 Indy 500) at the starting line. Among the nine other entries in the "Original Pan-Am" class were four Lincolns, including a 1949 model that contested the original Pan-Am.

2006 also saw the debut of a 'modern' category, with the sole entry of a Lotus Elise ('Chica Loca') run by Rachel Larratt. This class, called Unlimited, allows machines manufactured after 1990 to compete in the race. Controversially, in recognition of the high value of some of the supercars thus allowed to run, organizers of the race foresee the need to allow case-by-case exceptions from the race's normal safety equipment rules. The class is intended to raise the race's profile beyond a market elderly enough to recall the original four races, to ensure the survival of the event. Also, it is a reflection of the increasing scarcity of eligible vehicles, and of the effect of modern rallies like the Gumball 3000.

2007
The 2007 event, according to Eduardo de León Camargo (President emeritus of La Carrera Panamericana), was the largest recreation to date. More than 100 teams participated in seven days of racing from October 26 to November 1 inclusive, with an additional pre-qualifying stage held outside Oaxaca on Thursday October 25. Cars competed in the usual ten classes along a 3100 km course starting in Oaxaca. From there, the route led the convoy in day-long sections consecutively between Tehuacán, Puebla, Querétaro, Morelia, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas and Nuevo Laredo.

As the 20th anniversary of the race's recreation, 2007 saw Mr. de León gave thanks to the committee which has for 19 years organized the race, and the presence of President of the Mexican Motorsports Federation, José Sánchez Jassen, and President of the Mexican Rally Commission, Rafael Machado. During the conference announcing the route, special mention was reserved for the efforts of Mexican law enforcement in general and of the Highway Patrol in particular, under the command of Comandante Julio Cesar Tovar, and to thank Mexican Federal, State and Municipal authorities for collaborating to ensure smooth running of a challenging project.

title: Carrera Panamericana


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tom Bird

Do we list everyone who fought in WWII? jimfbleak 15:15, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Someone called Tom Bird has been awarded the Legion d'Honneur, but is it the same one? Rank of leftenant isn't high enough to be notable otherwise, and he appears not to have won the VC. Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:37, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No. Delete if no evidence of notability found. Also delete from List_of_people_associated_with_World_War_II, List of people by name: Bi Bird (disambiguation). Ianb 16:38, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It'd take 264,000 articles just for British soldiers who died in WWII. Delete unless verified as being the Légion d'honneur recipient of the same name. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:03, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The Tom Bird who received the Legion d'Honneur in May of this year was a Major in the 2nd Battalion of The Rifle Brigade in 1942. Since the article only describes a Lieutenant Tom Bird, I'd suggest replacing the article text with verified facts about Major Bird. Average Earthman 12:14, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Synchronized swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Synchronized swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held in the Olympic Aquatic Centre where 104 competitors challenged for 2 gold medals in the duet and team events. Each event was made up of a technical and free routine with the points added together to determine the medalists.


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91st Division (United States)

The 91st Infantry Division (famously nicknamed as the "Wild West Division" with a "Fir Tree" as its Division insignia to symbolize its traditional home of the Far West ) is an infantry division of the United States Army that fought in World War I and World War II. From 1946 until 2008, it was part of the United States Army Reserve. It was briefly inactivated from 2008 until 2010 when it was elevated back to a division size element as the 91st Training Division (Operations).

World War I

Constituted on 5 August 1917 at Camp Lewis, Washington, near Tacoma, the division, commanded by Major General Henry Alexander Greene, soon thereafter departed for England in the summer of 1918. In September 1918, the division's first operation was in the St. Mihiel Offensive in France. Serving under the U.S. Army's V Corps, the division, now commanded by Major General William Johnston Jr., fought in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and successfully helped to destroy the German First Guard Division and continued to smash through three successive enemy lines.

Twelve days before the end of World War I, the division, as part of the VII Corps of the French Sixth Army, helped drive the Germans east across the Escaut River in the Battle of the Lys and the Escaut. The division was awarded separate campaign streamers for its active role in the Lorraine, Meuse-Argonne and Ypres-Lys campaigns.

In 1919, the 91st was inactivated at the Presidio of San Francisco.

The Division was composed of the following units:
 * Headquarters, 91st Division
 * 181st Infantry Brigade
 * 361st Infantry Regiment
 * 362nd Infantry Regiment
 * 347th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 182nd Infantry Brigade
 * 363rd Infantry Regiment
 * 364th Infantry Regiment
 * 348th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 166th Field Artillery Brigade
 * 346th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 347th Field Artillery Regiment (4.7")
 * 348th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 316th Trench Mortar Battery
 * 346th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 316th Engineer Regiment
 * 316th Medical Regiment
 * 316th Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 91st Division
 * 316th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 316th Ammunition Train
 * 316th Supply Train
 * 316th Engineer Train
 * 316th Sanitary Train
 * 361st, 362nd, 363rd, and 364th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

Interwar period
The 91st Division headquarters arrived at the port of Brooklyn, New York, aboard the USS Calamares on 16 April 1919 after 11 months of overseas service and was demobilized on 13 May 1919 at the Presidio of San Francisco, California. The 91st Division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Ninth Corps Area, and assigned to the XIX Corps. The division was further allotted to the state of California as its home area. The division headquarters was organized in November 1921 in Building 88 at the Presidio of San Francisco. The headquarters was later moved to Building 172 at the Presidio and remained there until activated for World War II. To maintain communications with the officers of the division, the division staff published a newsletter titled “The 91st Division Bulletin.” The newsletter informed the division’s members of such things as when and where the inactive training sessions were to be held, what the division’s summer training quotas were, where the camps were to be held, and which units would be assigned to help conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps (CMTC).

The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Del Monte, California, the location where much of the 91st Division’s training activities occurred in the interwar years. The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training with the 3rd Division's 30th Infantry Regiment at Del Monte. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, trained at various posts in the Ninth Corps Area, often with the active units of the 3rd Division. For example, the division’s artillery trained at the Presidio of Monterey with the 2nd Battalion, 76th Field Artillery; the 316th Engineer Regiment trained at Fort Lewis, Washington, with the 6th Engineers; the 316th Medical Regiment trained at the Medical Corps training camp at the Presidio of San Francisco; and the 316th Observation Squadron trained with the 91st Observation Squadron at Crissy Field, California. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the CMTC training held at Del Monte and the Presidio each year as well.

On a number of occasions, the division participated in Ninth Corps Area and Fourth Army command post exercises (CPXs) in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. These training events gave division staff officers’ opportunities to practice the roles they would be expected to perform in the event the division was mobilized. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the Ninth Corps Area, the 91st Division did not participate in the various Ninth Corps Area maneuvers and the Fourth Army maneuvers of 1937, 1940, and 1941 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some officers were assigned duties as umpires or as support personnel.

World War II
As the early battles of World War II involving the United States were being fought, the division was reactivated at Camp White, Oregon on 15 August 1942, under the command of Major General Charles H. Gerhardt. After initial training at Camp White, the division participation in the Oregon Maneuver combat exercise in the fall of 1943.

Order of battle
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

 * Headquarters, 91st Infantry Division
 * 361st Infantry Regiment
 * 362nd Infantry Regiment
 * 363rd Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 91st Infantry Division Artillery
 * 346th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 347th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 348th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 916th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 316th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 316th Medical Battalion
 * 91st Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 91st Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 91st Infantry Division
 * 791st Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 91st Quartermaster Company
 * 91st Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 91st Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Then, the division, now under Major General William G. Livesay, departed for the European Continent on 3 April 1944. There, on the Italian Front, the 361st Regimental Combat Team was detached to participate in the battles for Rome and the Arno River. It became the first formation of the U.S. Fifth Army to reach the river. In September 1944, the division crossed the Sieve River, outflanked the famous Gothic Line, and captured the Futa Pass. For its part in combat, the division was awarded the North Apennines, Po Valley and Rome-Arno campaign streamers.

The division returned to the United States where it was inactivated at Camp Rucker, Alabama, in December 1945. Two members were awarded the Medal of Honor during the war, Roy W. Harmon and Oscar G. Johnson.

Command structure

 * Commanding generals: Major general Charles H. Gerhardt (May 1942 – 22 July 1943); Major general William G. Livesay (July 1943 – 5 November 1945); BG Neal C. Johnson (6 November 1945 - December 1945)
 * Assistant Commanding generals: BG Percy W. Clarkson (- September 1942); BG Charles L. Bolte (September 1942 – February 1943); BG William E. Crist (April 1943 – December 1943); BG Raymond E. S. Williamson (14 January 1944 – 18 October 1945)
 * Commanding Officers Artillery: BG Edward S. Ott (1942–1943); BG Ralph Hospital (1943–1945)

Other statistics
Awards: MH-2 ; DSC-2 ; DSM-1 ; SS-528; LM-33; SM-43 ; BSM-4,152.

Theater: Mediterranean

Days of combat: 271

Campaigns:
 * Rome-Arno (22 Jan 44 – 9 Sep 44)
 * North Apennines (10 Sep 44 – 4 April 45)
 * Po Valley (5 Apr 45 – 8 May 45)

Casualties
 * Total battle casualties: 8,744
 * Killed in action: 1,400
 * Wounded in action: 6,748
 * Missing in action: 262
 * Prisoner of war: 334

Army Reserve
In December 1946, the 91st was reactivated at the Presidio of San Francisco as part of the U.S. Army Reserve. In 1959, the division was reorganized and redesignated as the 91st Division (Training). In 1993, the division was again reorganized and redesignated as the 91st Division (Exercise) and again in 1999 as the 91st Division (Training Support).

Its headquarters was at Parks Reserve Forces Training Area (PRFTA), Dublin, California, when the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the Department of Defense relocate the 91st Division to Fort Hunter Liggett.

The four brigades of the 91st Division were redesignated as separate brigades:
 * 1st Brigade (PRFTA) is now 5th Brigade, 75th Division.
 * 2nd Brigade (Fort Carson) is now 5th Armored Brigade.
 * 3rd Brigade (Travis AFB) is now the 402nd Field Artillery Brigade.
 * 4th Brigade (Fort Lewis) is now 191st Infantry Brigade.

The 91st Division moved its headquarters to Fort Hunter Liggett on 1 May 2009, was reorganized and re-designated as the 91st Training Brigade (Operations) on 1 October 2009 and was then re-designated as the 91st Training Division (Operations) on 1 October 2010.

Subordinate units
As of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 91st Training Division (Operations):

 * 1st Brigade
 * 11th Battalion, 104th Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, 290th Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, 378th Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, 381st Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, 417th Regiment

Notable members

 * William Borders, Army Catholic Chaplain, was awarded the Bronze Star for Valor, while serving with the 362 Infantry Regiment in bitter fighting in Italy. He later became the Archbishop of Baltimore.
 * Frederick Lippitt, politician and philanthropist.
 * Oscar Franklin Miller, Medal of Honor recipient.
 * Deming Bronson, Medal of Honor recipient.
 * Harold Hitz Burton, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States

In the Media
The soldiers in the TV show Combat! portray members of the 363rd (is 361st in S2Ep25&26 & others) Infantry Regiment.

title: 91st Division (United States)


text: Template:Dubious

title: Template:Dubious


text:
Table tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Table tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Galatsi Olympic Hall with 172 competitors in 4 events.

Participating nations
A total of 172 athletes (86 men and 86 women), representing 50 NOCs, competed in four events.


text:
Talk:AFC Central

Untitled
From VfD:

An article about one division in the NFL information can be founed on the main NFL page, Smith03 14:23, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep even if content is entirely duplicated, it is easier to find in its own article rather than redirecting it. It could do with a list of winners though. Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:45, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. RickK 19:39, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Either keep or redirect, but should not be deleted. Arevich 21:33, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into American Football Conference? -- Cyrius|✎ 22:51, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Proposed merge with AFC Central 1970-2001
While this division doesn't exist anymore it does have a history as shown on AFC Central 1970-2001 which seems encyclopedic. Best, Barkeep49 (talk) 01:27, 18 September 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a legitimate merge proposal. I understand this page is currently a redirect but I am suggesting it should be an article instead. Best, Barkeep49 (talk) 23:01, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Merge means to combine two things into one. We can't combine a redirect and an article into a single entity.  Changing a redirect into an article does not constitute merging.  Are you wanting to move AFC Central 1970-2001 to this title, or to write a whole new article about AFC Central? — Smjg (talk) 23:34, 19 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The content from AFC Central 1970-2001 should be moved here. Given that this is an article, albeit a redirect, I thought doing so with discussion before doing the move (and histmerg) was proper. Best, Barkeep49 (talk) 23:40, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The information on this page is already covered on the AFC North page in full, as the AFC North is recognized by all competent authorities on the subject, including the league itself, as a continuation of the AFC Central (same with the NFC North as a continuation of the NFC Central). This article, whose title is completely out of line with the titling policy, should be completely and speedily deleted as a redundant article (WP:A10) whose title is not an acceptable redirect. oknazevad (talk) 01:08, 20 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify, the plain AFC Central redirect should remain as it has been. The newly created article should be deleted. oknazevad (talk) 01:11, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:AFC Central


text: User talk:82.181.59.222

title: User talk:82.181.59.222


text:
John Seymour (1474–1536)

Sir John Seymour, Knight banneret (c. 1474 – 21 December 1536) was an English soldier and a courtier who served both Henry VII and Henry VIII. Born into a prominent gentry family, he is best known as the father of Henry VIII's third wife, Jane Seymour, and hence grandfather of king Edward VI of England.

Family
The Seymours were descendants of an Anglo-Norman family that took its name from St. Maur-sur-Loire in Touraine. William de St. Maur in 1240 held the manors of Penhow and Woundy (now called Undy) in Monmouthshire. William's great-grandson, Sir Roger de St. Maur, had two sons: John, whose granddaughter conveyed these manors by marriage into the family of Bowlay of Penhow, who bore the Seymour arms; and Sir Roger (c. 1308 – before 1366), who married Cicely, eldest sister and heir of John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp. Cicely brought to the Seymours the manor of Hache, Somerset, and her grandson, Roger Seymour, by his marriage with Maud, daughter and heir of Sir William Esturmy, acquired Wulfhall (or Wolf Hall) in the parish of Great Bedwyn in the Savernake Forest, Wiltshire. Sir John Seymour was a great-great-grandson of this Roger Seymour.

Sir John Seymour was born around 1474, the eldest son of John Seymour (c. 1450 – 26 October 1491) of Wulfhall, by his marriage to Elizabeth Darell (or Darrell) (born c. 1451). He married Margery, the daughter of Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead, Suffolk, and his wife Anne Say. Anne was the daughter of Sir John Say and his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Lawrence Cheney (or Cheyne) (c.1396–1461) and Elizabeth Cokayne. Margery Wentworth's grandfather, Sir Philip Wentworth, had married Mary, daughter of John Clifford, 7th Baron de Clifford, whose mother Elizabeth was daughter of Henry Percy (Hotspur) and great-great-granddaughter of Edward III. Margery was renowned for her beauty as well as her quiet and gentle demeanour, and she came to the attention of the poet John Skelton.

Career
Seymour succeeded his father in 1492 and was knighted in the field by Henry VII for his services against the Cornish rebels at Blackheath on 17 June 1497. He was made Knight banneret in 1513. He was present at the sieges of Thérouanne and Tournay in 1513 as well as the two meetings between Henry VIII and Francis I: the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520, and again in 1532.

Offices held
His offices included:
 * Warden, Savernake Forest, Wiltshire October 1491
 * Sheriff, Wiltshire 1498–1499, 1507–1508, 1518–19, 1524 – January 1526
 * Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset 1515–1516, 1526–1527
 * Justice of the peace Wiltshire 1499–1536
 * Steward, Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham's lands, Wiltshire by 1503
 * Knight of the body by 1509
 * Constable and door-ward, Bristol Castle, Gloucestershire August 1509, jointly. (with son Edward) July 1517
 * Under captain, Dragon of Greenwich 1512
 * Commissioner subsidy, Wiltshire 1512, 1514, 1515, Wiltshire and Salisbury 1523
 * Commissioner musters, Wiltshire 1513
 * Commissioner loan 1524
 * Steward, manor of Kingston Lisle, Berkshire before 1513
 * Forester, Grovely, Wiltshire February 1526
 * Groom of the Bedchamber 1532

Marriage and issue
Sir John Seymour married Margery Wentworth (c.1478–18 October 1550) on 22 October 1494. The couple had ten children:
 * John Seymour (died 15 July 1510), eldest son and heir apparent who predeceased his father without progeny. His monumental brass survives set into the floor of Great Bedwyn church, inscribed as follows:
 * "Here lyeth the body of John Seymour sonne and here of Sr John Seymour, Knight, & of Margery oon of the daughters of Sr Henry Wentworth, Knight, which decessed ye xv day of July the yer of or Lord MVCX on whos soule Jh(es)u have m(er)cy & of yor charitie say a Pater Nost(er) & a Ave (Maria)"

 * Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of Edward VI (c. 1500 – 22 January 1552) married firstly Catherine, daughter of Sir William Filliol and secondly Anne, daughter of Sir Edward Stanhope
 * Sir Henry Seymour (1503–1578) married Barbara, daughter of Morgan Wolfe
 * Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley (c. 1508 – 20 March 1549) married Catherine Parr, widow of Henry VIII
 * John Seymour (died young)
 * Anthony Seymour (died c. 1528)
 * Jane Seymour, queen Consort of Henry VIII (c. 1509 – 24 October 1537)
 * Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell (c. 1518 – 19 March 1568) through whom Sir John Seymour is an ancestor of actor Danny Dyer
 * Margery Seymour (died c. 1528)
 * Dorothy Seymour, Lady Smith (c. 1520–1574) married firstly, Sir Clement Smith (c. 1515 – 26 August 1552), MP, of Little Baddow, Essex and secondly, Thomas Leventhorpe of Shingle Hall, Hertfordshire

Of the ten children born at Wulfhall, six survived – three sons: Edward, Henry and Thomas, and three daughters: Jane, Elizabeth and Dorothy. Edward, Thomas, Jane and Elizabeth were courtiers. Edward and Thomas would both be executed during the reign of Edward VI. Henry Seymour, who lacked his brothers' ambition, lived away from court in relative obscurity.

Seymour also had an illegitimate son:
 * Sir John Seymour (c. 1530 – before August 1599), married in March 1568 Jane or Joan Poyntz, daughter of Sir Nicholas Poyntz and Joan Berkeley.

Notable children
Four of the Seymour children achieved prominence at the royal court: Edward, Thomas, Jane and Elizabeth.

Jane Seymour, the eldest surviving daughter, was a maid of honour to Henry's first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and later to Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII stayed at Wulfhall with Queen Anne in the summer of 1535 for a few days. In early 1536, Henry declared his love for Jane and began spending increasing amounts of time with her, chaperoned by her brother, Edward. Henry and Jane were formally betrothed the day after Anne Boleyn was arrested and executed on charges of treason, adultery and incest. After Jane became queen on 30 May 1536, her family scaled the social ranks, as was befitting the family of a royal consort.

Her eldest brother, Edward, was made an earl and eventually a duke and briefly ruled England on behalf of his nephew, King Edward VI. Her second brother, Thomas, was made a baron and Lord High Admiral, and in 1547 eloped with Henry VIII's widow, Queen Catherine Parr. Both Edward and Thomas were beheaded for treason, a few years apart.

Seymour's second daughter, Elizabeth, was first married to Sir Anthony Ughtred (c.1478 – 1534), secondly to Gregory Cromwell (c.1520 – 1551), son of Henry VIII's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, and for a third time to John Paulet, Baron St John (c.1510 – 1576), who succeeded his father as Marquess of Winchester in 1572.

Death and burial
Seymour died on 21 December 1536. By royal custom, his daughter Queen Jane did not attend the funeral. He was first buried in the church of Easton Priory, but following the collapse of that building was reburied in 1590 by his grandson, Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, in St Mary's Church, Great Bedwyn, the parish church of Wulfhall, where his monument survives. The monument gives his age at death as sixty: "'This Knight departed this Lyfe at LX years of age, the XXI day of December, Anno 1536 and was firste buryed at Eston Priorie Churche amongst divers of his auncestors, bothe Seymours and Sturmyes...'"

His eldest son and heir, Edward Seymour, inherited lands producing an income of £275 a year,.

Monument, Great Bedwyn
His monument in Great Bedwyn church consists of a chest tomb displaying heraldic escutcheons, surmounted by his recumbent effigy, fully dressed in armour with hands in prayer, his head resting on his helm from which projects the sculpted Seymour crest of a pair of wings. His feet rest on a lion, and a sword lies by his side. On the wall above is a tablet inscribed as follows:

"Here lyeth intombed the worthie Sr John Seymour of Wolfhall, Knight, who by Margerie his wyfe, daughter of Sr Henry Wentworthe, Knight, from whome the nowe Lorde Wentworthe is discended, had sixe sonnes and fower daughters, to wete, John who dyed unmaryed; Edwarde, Duke of Somerset, Earl of Hertforde, Vicount Beauchampe and Baron Seymour, uncle to Kinge Edwarde the Sixt, Governor of his Royall Person, Protector of all his Dominions and Subjects, Lorde Treasorer and Earle Marshall of Englande; w[i]ch Duke maryed Anne, daughter of Sr Edwarde Stanhope, Knight, by Elizabeth his wyfe, daughter of Sr Foulke Burgchier, Lorde Filzwaryn [sic], from whome the moderne Earles of Bathe are discended; Sr Henry Seymour, Knight, who maried Barbara daughter of Thomas Morgan, Esquier; Thomas Lorde Seymour of Sudeley, Highe Admirall of Englande, who maryed Katherine, Queene of Englande, and wydow to Kinge Henry the Eight. One other Jhon, and Anthony, who dyed in theire infancy. Jane Qveene of Englande, wyfe to Kynge Henry the Eight, and mother to Kynge Edwarde the Sixt; Elizabeth, firste maryed to Sr Henry Ughtred [sic], Knight, after to Gregorie, Lorde Cromwell, and last to Jhon Lorde Sainct John of Basinge [sic], after Marquesse of Winchester; Margery, who dyed in her infancy, and Dorothe, maryed to Sr Clement Smythe, Knight. This Knight departed this lyfe at LX yeares of age, the XXI day of December, Anno 1536, and was firste buryed at Eston Priorie Churche amongst divers of his auncestors, bothe Seymours and Sturmyes. Howbeit that Churche beinge ruyned, and thereby all theire monumentes either whollie spoyled, or verie much defased duringe the mynoritie of Edwarde, Earle of Hertforde, sonne to the said Duke, the said Earle after, as well for the dutyfull love he beareth to his said grandefather, as for the better contynuans of his memory, did cause his bodie to be removed, and here to be intombed at his own coste and chardge, the laste daye of September, Anno 1590, in the XXXII yeare of the moste happye raigne of our gratious Soveraigne Ladie Queene Elizabeth."

A transcript was made of the inscriptions of the Seymour monuments by the topographer John Aubrey on his visit to the church in 1672. He also recorded the heraldry on the monument at that date, much of which has been lost.

Arms
The arms of Seymour are blazoned Gules, two wings conjoined in lure or.

title: John Seymour (1474–1536)


text:
Talk:Coeur d'Alene people

Possible copyright violation
I edited the original article I began yesterday, which was blocked due to a possible copyright violation spotted by SWAdair. The majority of this article is an original compilation from various sources cited in the bibliography. The ethnology section does need a major re-work.

I will admit I am a clueless newbie.

--Robbie Giles 17:08, Jul 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Robbie, it is newbies like you that we adore. I've checked some of your other edits. Great work! Glad to have you here. I'm eagerly awaiting the re-write. SWAdair | Talk 03:41, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Needs split between ethno and gov articles
This should, by its title, be a government article; the ethnographic material should be on Coeur d'Alene people or Coeur d'Alene (tribe): I suggest the former to avoid too much greater confusion, but it's necessary to split government articles from both ethnography and reservation articles.Skookum1 (talk) 19:54, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 05:09, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Correct spelling and history of Coeur d’Alene
OMG! Coeur d Alene was a French name given to the area by white fur trappers in the early 18th century. The Indians called themselves the Schitsu’umsh...they are now referred to as both Schitsu’umsh and the Coeur D’Alene Indians (Coeur d’Alene being French, means heart of the awl and is correctly pronounced “Coordalene” NOT how you have it. !!! 50.37.208.119 (talk) 17:49, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Not Coordalene. IPA= kœrdal3n (with upside down R sign and the 3 in the other direction), that's "œ" sounds, between the e in "je" and the "eu" in "jeu".
 * Cœur d'Alène. 2A02:8429:D43D:C101:B8B3:9406:3571:EA34 (talk) 19:16, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

Particular owl
I am French, so, fluent in French, and never heard or read the word "alêne" for an owl (chouette, hibou, etc)

So what is this particular owl ? Is it a French Canadian word ? 2A02:8429:D43D:C101:B8B3:9406:3571:EA34 (talk) 19:09, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coeur d'Alene people