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User talk:Billlion

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photos of alan turing building
Hi. Now that it's summer (you wanted to wait for a sunny day...) maybe you would be able to take some new photos? both inside and outside are more finished now. regards, Marmelad (talk) 20:08, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Ole Nydahl article
Hello, I see that you have been active in editing the Ole Nydahl article. Recently it seems that unbalanced edits are being made to this article, mainly that well-sourced quotes are being removed from the controversies section of the article. I have recently reverted some of these edits before creating this account, but I can only do so much without breaking the 3 revert rule. I ask that you help keep the article balanced, and in accord with Wikipedia guidelines.

Best regards, 87.56.199.8 (talk) 01:12, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Oxford Brookes University Logo.jpg)
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JCM telescope
this article, on which you have edited, contains a statement re. the completion of scuba-2 in early 2008. this needs updating. is the detector online? thx.Toyokuni3 (talk) 14:33, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry I don't know.Billlion (talk) 14:52, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Image:Palace_westminster_pano_corrected.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Palace_westminster_pano_corrected.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 16:23, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Nice work with electrical impedance tomography
Good work with the EIT article. I found it to be surprisingly informative and well-written given the relatively small number of editors who have given it attention. I did make a few fixups mostly to bring it into conformity with MoS. Robert K S (talk) 18:56, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Ancoats
I think the URL in question is www.mm2manchester.com. Whether it's any good as a source, I have no idea. Regards, Mr Stephen (talk) 18:11, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

higher-dimensional Möbius transformations
Hi Billion -- I've added a comment at Talk:Möbius_transformation regarding higher-dimensional Möbius transformations. Joriki (talk) 08:57, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

4th floor Alan Turing
Hi Bill, the 4th floor is not just plant space, there is a kitchen, 3 large labs, clean room, shielded room, network hub room, server room, cleaners cupboard and a loo ;-) -  All 'user space' so I think is worth including. Cheers, Ant Holloway.
 * Thanks, you are right my mistake. Is it documented somewhere?Billlion (talk) 18:19, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

File:Fish at Lakes Aquarium Cumbria.jpg
My pleasure to help you illustrate your article. Thanks for the Flickr courtesy note. Computerjoe 's talk 17:11, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your input at the SSEM article on the thorny issue of what arithmetic operations it implemented. I'm conscious that I may be too close to it to always be entirely objective, and perhaps sometimes too protective, but I was deeply unhappy about the recent addition. --Malleus Fatuorum 23:24, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I hope I added to the clarity. Its not clear to everyone that subtraction and conditional branching is enough so it could be explained a bit better.Billlion (talk) 23:28, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, and thanks once again for clarifying what I must admit I thought was obvious. --Malleus Fatuorum 23:30, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Help
Hi, I'm posting this on your (and other members of the Maths Wikiproject) talk as we need editors who are knowledgeable about Mathematics to evaluate the following discussion and check out the editors and articles affected. Please follow the link below and comment if you can help.

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Thankyou. Exxolon (talk) 18:01, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Please look at Radon transform
Hi. Could you please have a look over at Radon transform. There is an editor insistent upon adding another reference to the article, to a recent book by Gabor Herman. (This same editor, incidentally, is spamming the same reference over many related articles.) Initially I removed it because it already has enough references—many of which were presumably used in writing it, some were added awhile back by you I think. The editor then re-inserted the reference, claiming on my talk page that it was superior to the others (a dubious claim that I have replied to). At any rate, while I will certainly defend my decision to remove the reference, I'm ultimately not that invested in it one way or the other. An outside opinion would be helpful here. Thanks, Sławomir Biały  (talk) 16:40, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Radon transformBilllion (talk) 19:28, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Billlion! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 01:23, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Doug Scott -

math notation
Hello. This edit prompts some comments.

TeX is sophisticated. If you write 4 \mathrm{sup}_f A, it looks like this:
 * $$ 4 \mathrm{sup}_f A\, $$
 * $$ 4 \mathrm{sup}_f A\, $$

But if you write 4 \sup_f A, it looks like this: The difference is not only that the ƒ appears directly under "sup", but also that spacing before and after "sup" is automatically provided according to standard style conventions (note the space between 4 and sup in the second case and the lack of such space in the first case), and in some contexts, the size gets adjusted according to standard usages. Michael Hardy (talk) 03:54, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * $$ 4 \sup_f A\, $$
 * $$ 4 \sup_f A\, $$
 * Thanks Michael, that was a subtlety I missed.Billlion (talk) 06:17, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

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If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 05:14, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Billlion (talk) 06:18, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:CT of human thorax showing current paths for EIT.jpg
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Proposed Tibetan naming conventions
A few months ago, I posted a new proposal for Tibetan naming conventions, i.e. conventions that can be used to determine the most appropriate titles for articles related to the Tibetan region. This came out of discussions about article titles on Talk:Qamdo and Talk:Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture. I hope that discussions on the proposal's talk page will lead to consensus in favour of making these conventions official, but so far only a few editors have left comments. If you would be interested in taking a look at the proposed naming conventions and giving your opinion, I would definitely appreciate it. Thanks — Nat Krause(Talk!·What have I done?) 22:08, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Françoise Tisseur
Thanks for the changes you've made to the article. If you add a stub template to an article then it's a good idea to check the talk page to see what class the article was carrying. It was listed as a start-class. I've changed that to stub-class to avoid inconsistencies. It's worth making sure you check the talk page before making changes to articles. Thanks again for the edits, and keep up the good work. — Fly by Night  ( talk )  03:22, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Autopatrolled
Hello, this is just to let you know that I have granted you the "autopatrolled" permission. This won't affect your editing, it just automatically marks any page you create as patrolled, benefiting new page patrollers. Please remember:
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 * If you have any questions about the permission, don't hesitate to ask. Otherwise, happy editing! Acalamari 11:29, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * ThanksBilllion (talk) 13:08, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Category:Mathematical physicists
Hi,

for some strange reason, Jean Ginibre appears in the category under 'J' (and not under 'G'). Do you accidentally know how to fix this? (I am asking you since you created the category, I apologise if this is the completely wrong address).

Best, Sasha (talk) 03:32, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I fixed it with the Defaultsort template, have a look and see how I did that. Billlion (talk) 05:41, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * thanks!Sasha (talk) 05:50, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Isn't that other article a POV fork?
Re 'Mongol invasions'. There are 2 POVs. The Tibetan religious historical tradition see negotiations with the Mongols from 1206 to 1251 as precluding invasion by an agreement between the Mongols as the Sa-skya religious authority. The essentially Sinocentric view cites a cavalry incursion that burnt two monasteries to the north of Lhasa and killed several hundred monks in 1240 as an 'invasion'. 34 years ago, Wylie showed these are just POVs simplying a period which, for the obscurity of testimonies, we know little about, and the misinformation is repeated in many secondary sources. But it is certain that there was no 'Mongol invasion' of Tibet (the whole ununified plateau) in the sense that there was a Mongol invasion of 19 other countries in that century. The 'main article' is no such thing. It cites a few sources, but is thinner in substantive detail than the History of Tibet section I was editing. A lot of these pages seem intent on establishing retroactively the modern Chinese case for sovereignty over Tibet (which it indeed now exercises) on the basis of (a)Mongols unified China (b)Tibet acceded to Mongol claims for submission (c)therefore China's claim to Tibet dates from these invents. On this principle, China's soverenty extends to Hunbgary and Baghdad. I'm not interested in POV battles. I'm interested in what the best academic intelligence says about the specific facts of any period, and the word 'invasion' here is inappropriate.Nishidani (talk) 13:27, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I see your argument and it certainly has a lot of merit, but I think you should edit the main article first Mongol invasions of Tibet(especially change the title to Mongol incursions in to Tibet) even if it is a fairly poor atrticle, or at least have the debate on the talk page and then change History of Tibet to agree. As you say you will be up against editors who seem to advocate a view that supports the Chinese calim to soverenty over Tibet on that atricle as well. Perhaps citing academic articles that confirm at least that there are two points of view might be the way forward?Billlion (talk) 14:50, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Metal detector split tag
I am trying to clear up the backlog of split tags. Taking a quick look, I think the proposal to split the article was opposed and would therefore have removed the split tag. If you have a clear idea on what you want then I suggest that you do it, otherwise the split tag ought to go. It has been on rather a long time. regards Op47 (talk) 18:31, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I suggest we drop the split tag. I only know about certain non-controversial aspects of metal detectors and it needs some diplomacy and understanding to do the split well, so as to reduce rather than fuel edit wars. Billlion (talk) 23:10, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:The Stork stalactite at Treak Cavern.JPG
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Nomination of Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award for deletion
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File source problem with File:Akong Tulku Rinpoche throne.jpg
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 * Thanks I have changed the tag to GFDL-self to make it unambiguous. I think the message is a bit strange as it seems to ask fro a source, as though copying images  from other websites rather than making them oneself was the norm. Billlion (talk) 16:45, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Bach, Cotton, Lanczos, Schouten tensors
Hi Billlion. I noticed you are one of few active editors to have meaningfully edited the Cotton tensor article. I've recently made some major changes to the Lanczos tensor article. Perhaps you'd be interested in improving it or know someone else who is. Similar pages that could use some attention are Bach tensor and Schouten tensor. Teply (talk) 23:41, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

File:George Henry Livens cropped.jpg missing description details
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CFD
Hi Billlion -- I posted the Adams Prize recipients category on CFD for discussion; per WP:OCAT, award winners are usually better listed on the award pages rather than categorized. Please feel free to join the discussion; notice + link is posted below. --Lquilter (talk) 02:27, 5 May 2013 (UTC)

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commons:File:Dr Akong Tulku Rinpoche.jpg
If you created this file, please mark it with or something similar so we know who the author is. Thanks. Magog the Ogre (t • c) 09:06, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok done 18:44, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

March 2014
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Minor edits
This edit should not have been marked as minor. Anything that chops around the substantive text of the aricle is not minor, even if nothing new was added. Anything that another editor may want to revert (and this certainly met that category) is not minor. You seem to be doing this quite a lot: I did not have to look far into your history to find these example breaches of WP:MINOR: (adding a visible tag),  (adding content - and by the way that edit has at least two spelling errors so other editors will certainly want to look at it),  (changing meaning),  (removing an external link). Please take the time to read the guideline.  Spinning Spark  14:17, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The edit you referred to is the movement of one sentence to a different section. It is very much out of place. Please have a look at that edit, as I have reverted your revert.   I think you are wrong in that case but you might be right in some of the others. Not that you are not immune to spelllling mistakies yourself (see above) ;-).  Billlion (talk) 14:36, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I am not wrong, you are. First of all, please check the article history, I made several subsequent edits, all of which you reverted, some of which made completely separate contributions, and one of which fixed (properly) the issue you are complaining about.  Your version on the other hand reads as if optical filters are used to filter cyclones from weather data.  Do you actually know anything about filters?  You cannot make an optical filter to filter week long periods because those frequencies are not within the optical band.  Your edit is completely incompetent.  I politely request that you self-revert it.
 * You also need to read WP:BRD. Redoing an edit that has been reverted is the beginnings of edit warring and is extremely poor behaviour for an editor that has been around as long as you.
 * The point about the spelling errors was not to beat you up for making them, but that you had marked the edit as minor so other editors who might otherwise have seen and corrected them will not look bcause of the minor mark. My spelling errors here are completely irrelevant and unimportant and it is rather churlish of you to point them out.  Yours, on the other hand, are in article space and your first response should have been to hustle on over there and fix them rather than start an edit war with me.  Spinning  Spark  15:26, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:MINOR "and rearrangements of text without modification of its content." I just moved a sentence. There is certainly no spelling mistake in moving a sentence. It is not an edit war and I do not like the tone your are adopting. Please feel free to move the sentence to somewhere where it might be better to mention optical filters, perhaps it deserves another section. Billlion (talk) 17:53, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I have read WP:MINOR and fully understand it. You added the word "and" (as well as adding the sentence to an entirely inappropriate paraagraph).  That has made a crucial difference to the meaning of the whole paragraph and is thus NOT a minor edit.  From WP:MINOR " any change that affects the meaning of an article is not minor, even if the edit concerns a single word".  I already did move the sentence you object to somewhere else but YOU REVERTED ME, along with some additional explanation.  That might well explain some of my tone you don't like.  Once again, please CHECK THE EDIT HISTORY and self-revert.  Alternatively, if you have some objection to this version of the article, please explain what it is on the talk page.  Spinning  Spark  18:30, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * ...and besides that, you were wrong to restore your version without discussion after you were reverted however right you are.  Spinning Spark  18:49, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

Photo of Dave
Thanks for making a good start with David Broomhead's article. Do you have a photo that we could use?- ideally something for which you have the rights, and we could add to WP:COMMONS. Also, other than his home-page and the two given, do you know of any sources we could use to expand the article? U+003F? 22:08, 31 July 2014 (UTC)
 * We are working on it. There will be some official obituaries published and they will serve as authoritative sources, and we will see if we can find a photo which we can make open. Billlion (talk) 06:06, 1 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I added a couple of photos to the commons. Let me know if you have any others, especially from his younger years. Do you know if the school will be releasing an obituary? U+003F? 12:18, 21 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Mark Muldoon wrote a nice obituary that just came out in the LMS newsletter.Billlion (talk) 15:52, 21 August 2014 (UTC)

Yeshe Losal
Hi there. I've tidied up and hopefully fixed the cut and paste issue. The article (along with its talk page) is now at Yeshe Losal per the style guide. Cheers, Philg88 ♦talk 08:39, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your help User:Philg88. I will go back to the Talk and try to explain the article naming style guide.Billlion (talk) 10:06, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of Technika SH-Z625 for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Electrical Impedance Tomography Reconstruction Software for deletion
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Also:
 * File:Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche portrait.jpgShakespeareFan00 (talk) 08:41, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

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Mwala School moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Mwala School, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. -- Wright  Streetdeck  09:21, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks User:Streetdeck. I had not used the phone interface before and was working on low bandwidth in Africa so I saved the article prematurely in error. I think it is pretty much ready now. Billlion (talk) 16:16, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Sir Horace Lamb Chair for deletion
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Race and intelligence discretionary sanctions notice

 * Truly no implication here, I am just making sure anyone who has edited Race and intelligence in the past two weeks has been properly alerted. Barkeep49 (talk) 05:02, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Mwala School (April 19)
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Your draft article, Draft:Mwala School

Hello, Billlion. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Mwala School".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 14:59, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

Akong Rinpoche
Thanks for the advice. Still trying to find my feet so will stick with one page for the moment. I've been mainly checking info and inserting citations. I am finding that on a biographical page most of the information cited either comes directly from the subject himself or those associated with him. I've tried looking at academic papers but to be honest, if you look at them most tend to cite the same sources. I didn't think Wikipedia would accept personal blogs etc as credible independent sources because when I try to add a link to an academic paper it wasn't accepted because the site hosted personal blogs which were not deemed credible. However, I will take on board your advice and try to find more independent sources as you suggest to ensure that there is no bias. Have a great day.
 * Hi User:Sarahcannell yeah it is hard to get biographical sources of recent people. Newspaper sources are often useful at least to establish dates, but so often they actually just parrot a press release. Obituaries in newspapers may help in this case? How about reputable Buddhist magazines that might have run a biography but are not connected to a specific tradition? Also Government web sites in England and Scotland for the registration of Charities can at least confirm dates when things were founded.  By the way when you leave a message like this you can sign it by typing four tilde things which it expands to a link to your talk page etc. Like this: Billlion (talk) 13:55, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Hello, Billlion, sounds like a stupid question, but can I can add references from other Wikipedia pages? Sarahcannell (talk) 16:06, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, you can just copy and paste the template code from the citation (thing between curly brackets or ref tags) if it supports what you are saying in this article. Could save a lot of work. Note how I started this reply with a colon and that just indents the reply. I see you mastered the tilde things! Billlion (talk) 17:23, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Deletion Article for Richard Kerner
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title: User talk:Billlion


text:
Talk:Hoverfly

I have a video of one eating a scab on my knee. They like dead mammal tissue it seems. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:602:CB00:BC00:F800:C479:3433:3FE2 (talk) 02:26, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

Some of the notable strengths of this entry on Hoverflies is the amount of information related to behavior such as “Reproduction and lifecycle” and “Pollination”. The most interesting thing I learned about the Hoverfly is that they are crucial pollinators for a variety of flowers in a number of different ecosystems (Larson, 2001), which I thought was a job designated to bees specifically. This entry is ranked as Start-level and Low on the importance scale. Start-level means that this entry is short and lacking sufficient references. I believe that this entry should at least receive a C-level rating because there are many sources embedded throughout each of the sections. I also think it is interesting how this entry contains a case study specific to the species, which discusses the Hoverfly’s importance in New Zealand as a native species that help with pollination. Though this entry is short, the information that it does contain is complete. It could include categories such as its ecology, interactions with the environment, a description of the species’ interaction with various plants in different environments located throughout the globe, and other details regarding its impact on the environment in order to supplement the entry overall. This information could be detrimental in creating a link between the Hoverfly’s natural behavior and how its behavior contributes to a larger system. Learning more about the Hoverfly’s environment is another way to expand on this research. 12:19 16 September (UTC).

Alien technology
Think about it.

If we want to explore a planet, instead of sending the shuttles, we send probes. If we want to film penguins in the wild without their behavior being affected by us, we might disguise the probe as a rock or another penguin.

Ever noticed how some wildlife seems to spend quite a lot of time staring at you?

"What is all that hovering about? I watched a number of them hoevering around the front door of a building today, going nowhere, with their little wings doing 10 to the dozen. Chill out, I thought; that looks exhausting. So. What is it all about?"

Smile and wave.

`.^P

Untitled
Do they sting? Edward 12:01, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Nope. Stan 13:09, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

What is all that hovering about? I watched a number of them hoevering around the front door of a building today, going nowhere, with their little wings doing 10 to the dozen. Chill out, I thought; that looks exhausting. So. What is it all about? --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * When the listed references generally seem to refer to hoverflies, it seems odd to have chosen Flower-fly for the title here. Any particular reason in this case? --Wetman 05:53, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * None given. Shall we move this to Hoverfly then? Any objections? --Wetman 23:19, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Seeing reasonable arguments and no objections, I've gone ahead and completed the move. -GTBacchus(talk) 00:05, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

POTY 2006 runner up?
How could you not use Image:Hoverflies mating midair.jpg in this article (yes it needs more text, but that shouldn't stop you from adding a featured pic...)? --Thinboy00's sockpuppet  alternate account 00:48, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Common Name
Since this group are real flies, the word "fly" is separate. So the correct name of this group is hover flies. Fasulo (talk) 15:00, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Hover flies are often called wannabees. Do not revert this addition. 72.165.28.50 (talk) 16:57, 6 October 2011 (UTC)
 * You need to put up some kind of reference to support your claim about what they are called. If you include it without a citation it will be removed.   Wikipelli Talk   17:08, 6 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Trfasulo is correct. Scorpionflies, for example, are in the order Mecoptera, not Diptera, so they are not true flies, hence the common name is "scoprionfly" instead of "scorpion fly." Because syrphids are true flies, they are "hover flies" not "hoverflies." See page 728 of "Study of Insects: 7th Edition" by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson, 2005, published by Thomson Brooks/Cole. See also page 25 of "50 Common Insects of the Southwest" by Carl A. Olson, 2003, published by the Western National Parks Association. ArachnoGBH (talk) 18:29, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

size?
"The size of hoverflies varies... some... are small... while others... are large..." are you kidding me!? how about giving some numbers!

Bjarthur (talk) 21:48, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Update external links
Many external links are out-dated. The websites no longer exist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.146.40.80 (talk) 01:41, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Non hoverflies that hover
Mention if all flies that hover are within the hoverfly family or are there also others. Jidanni (talk) 21:54, 15 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hoverfly


text:
List of German-language radio stations

This is a list of radio stations with German language broadcasts.

Austrian radio stations
See: List of radio stations in Austria and Liechtenstein

ORF (Österreichischer Rundfunk / Austrian Broadcasting)

 * National
 * Ö1 (Classical Music)
 * Ö3 (Contemporary)
 * FM4 (Youth, part English and part German language)
 * International
 * Radio Österreich 1 International (via Short Wave)
 * Radio 1476 (Cultural, AM)

Commercial stations

 * Krone Hit Radio (FM)
 * Energy Wien 104.2 (FM)

Community radio stations

 * Radiofabrik 107.5 and 97.3 MHz (FM)

ARD
Target area: Northern Germany (Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) Target area: North Rhine-Westphalia Target area: Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia; Target area: Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate
 * NDR (Norddeutscher Rundfunk / North German Broadcasting)
 * NDR 1 (Oldies), completely different versions for each state.
 * NDR 2 (Adult Contemporary)
 * NDR 90,3 (State program for Hamburg)
 * NDR Blue (Music off the charts)
 * NDR Kultur (Classical music, culture)
 * NDR Info (News and information, culture)
 * NDR Info Spezial (Information with live breaks)
 * NDR Schlager (Schlager music)
 * N-Joy (Youth)
 * Radio Bremen
 * Bremen Eins (Oldies)
 * Bremen Zwei (culture, information)
 * Bremen Next (youth)
 * Bremen Vier (Youth)
 * WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk / West German Broadcasting)
 * Bremen Vier (Youth)
 * WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk / West German Broadcasting)
 * 1LIVE (Youth)
 * 1LIVE diggi (youth)
 * COSMO (cooperation with radiobremen and rbb)
 * WDR 2 (Adult Contemporary)
 * WDR 3 (Classical music, culture)
 * WDR 4 (Oldies)
 * WDR 5 (News and information, culture)
 * WDR Event (event program)
 * WDR Vera (traffic information)
 * SR (Saarländischer Rundfunk / Saarland Broadcasting)
 * Antenne Saar (information)
 * SR 1 (Contemporary)
 * SR 2 Kulturradio (Culture)
 * SR 3 Saarlandwelle (Traditional music)
 * Unserding (Youth)
 * RBB (Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg / Broadcasting of Berlin-Brandenburg)
 * radioeins (accompanying program)
 * rbb 88,8
 * Antenne Brandenburg
 * Fritz (Youth)
 * Inforadio (information)
 * rbbKultur (culture)
 * MDR (Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk / Central German Broadcasting)
 * MDR (Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk / Central German Broadcasting)
 * MDR Sachsen
 * MDR Sputnik (Youth)
 * MDR Jump (Adult Contemporary)
 * MDR Klassik (classical music)
 * MDR Kultur (Culture)
 * MDR aktuell (News and information)
 * MDR Schlagerwelt (Schlager music)
 * MDR Tweens (kids program)
 * HR (Hessischer Rundfunk / Hessian Broadcasting)
 * hr1 (Oldies, information)
 * hr2 (Culture, classical music)
 * hr3 (Adult Contemporary)
 * hr4 (Traditional music)
 * hr-info (information)
 * You FM (Youth)
 * SWR (Südwestrundfunk / Southwest Broadcasting)
 * SWR1 (Oldies), during the day different versions for each state.
 * SWR2 (Culture)
 * SWR3 (Adult Contemporary)
 * SWR4 (Traditional music), during the day different versions for each state.
 * Dasding (Youth)
 * SWR aktuell (news and information)
 * BR (Bayerischer Rundfunk / Bavarian Broadcasting)
 * Bayern 1 (Oldies)
 * Bayern 2 (Culture, information)
 * Bayern 3 (Adult Contemporary)
 * BR Heimat (folk music)
 * BR-Klassik (Classical Music)
 * BR24 (News non stop)
 * BR24live
 * BR Schlager (Schlager music)
 * BR Verkehr (traffic information)
 * Puls (alternative music/youth)
 * National radio stations
 * Deutschlandfunk (News- and Cultural programme, FM, MW, LW, SW)
 * Deutschlandradio Kultur (Cultural programme, FM, MW, LW, SW)
 * Deutschlandfunk Nova (Youth radio, FM, MW, LW, SW)

National

 * RTL Radio (FM)
 * Klassik Radio (FM)
 * Jam FM
 * Radio Melodie (FM)
 * sunshine live (FM)
 * Evangeliums-Rundfunk (religious, AM)

Regional (by federal states)

 * Schleswig-Holstein
 * Delta Radio (FM)
 * Radio Nora (FM)
 * Radio Schleswig-Holstein (FM) (often abbreviated RSH, properly R.SH)
 * Power 612 (AM) disfunct
 * Hamburg
 * Radio Hamburg (FM)
 * alster radio (FM)
 * Oldie 95 (FM)
 * Energy Hamburg 97.1 (FM)
 * Bremen
 * Energy Bremen (FM)
 * Lower Saxony
 * Radio ffn (FM)
 * Hit-Radio Antenne (FM)
 * Radio 21 (FM)
 * Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
 * 80s80s MV (FM)
 * Ostseewelle HIT-RADIO Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (FM)
 * North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Radio NRW (More than 40 local and noncommercial radio stations) (FM)
 * Radio Q (Münster) (FM)
 * Eldoradio (Dortmund) (FM)
 * Radio Kiepenkerl – Dülmen
 * Schlager-Radio – Hilden
 * Rhineland-Palatinate
 * RPR 1. (FM)
 * big FM (FM)
 * Rockland Radio (FM)
 * Antenne West (FM)
 * Antenne Koblenz (FM)
 * Saarland
 * Radio Salü (FM)
 * big FM (FM)
 * Europe 1 (located in Felsberg-Berus, LW)
 * Baden-Württemberg
 * statewide
 * Hit-Radio Antenne 1 (located in Stuttgart, FM)
 * big FM (located in Stuttgart, FM)
 * Radio Regenbogen (located in Mannheim, FM)
 * Radio 7 (located in Ulm, FM)
 * local
 * Radio Ton (located in Heilbronn, local station for Württembergisch-Franken, Ostwürttemberg and Neckar-Alb, FM)
 * Hit 1 (located in and local station for Karlsruhe, FM)
 * Energy Stuttgart (located in Waiblingen, local station for the northern part of Stuttgart, FM)
 * Die Neue 107.7 Nonstop Pop und Rock (local station for the eastern part of Stuttgart, FM)
 * Donau 3 FM (located in Ulm local station for the Donau-Iller region, FM)
 * R.TV Radio (located in Böblingen, local station of the southwest region of Stuttgart / Freudenstadt, FM)
 * Hitradio Ohr, (located in Offenburg, FM)
 * Baden.fm, (located in Freiburg, local station for southern Baden, FM)
 * Radio Neckarburg, (located in Eschbronn, local station for Schwarzwald-Baar, FM)
 * Radio Seefunk, (located in Konstanz, FM)
 * Radio VHR (24h Livestream, Schlager und Volksmusik Hitradio, www.radio-vhr.de)
 * Bavaria
 * Antenne Bayern (FM)
 * Energy München 93.3 (FM)
 * Energy Nürnberg (FM)
 * Radio Galaxy (FM)
 * Radio Gong 96.3 (FM)
 * Radio Charivari (FM)
 * Hitradio RT1 96.7 FM (FM)
 * RSA Radio Allgäu (FM)
 * BLR (FM)
 * Hesse
 * Hit Radio FFH (FM)
 * planet more music radio (FM)
 * harmony.fm (FM)
 * Radio Bob! (FM)
 * Main FM (FM)
 * Thuringia
 * Antenne Thüringen (FM)
 * Landeswelle Thüringen (FM)
 * Radio TOP 40 (FM)
 * Saxony
 * statewide
 * Radio PSR (FM)
 * Hitradio RTL (FM)
 * Energy Sachsen s. NRJ (FM)
 * R.SA (FM)
 * Apollo Radio (FM)
 * local
 * Radio Dresden (local station for Dresden, FM)
 * Radio Leipzig (local station for Leipzig, FM)
 * Radio Chemnitz (local station for Chemnitz, FM)
 * Radio Lausitz (local station for Lusatia (Lausitz), FM)
 * Radio Zwickau (local station for Zwickau, FM)
 * Radio Erzgebirge (local station for Ore Mountains, FM)
 * Vogtlandradio (local station for Vogtland, FM)
 * Radio Erzgebirge 107.7 (FM)
 * Saxony-Anhalt
 * Radio SAW (FM)
 * 89.0 RTL (FM)
 * Radio Brocken (FM)
 * Rockland Sachsen-Anhalt (FM)
 * Berlin / Brandenburg
 * 94.5 Radio Cottbus, local in South Brandenburg (FM)
 * Radio 98.2 Paradiso (FM)
 * 104.6 RTL, s. RTL Group (FM)
 * 104.9 OldieStar Radio (FM, DVB-T)
 * Berlin aktuell (closed, formerly FM)
 * BB Radio (FM)
 * Berliner Rundfunk 91.4 (FM)
 * BluRadio (FM)
 * Charlie 87.9, (closed, formerly FM)
 * 94.3 r.s.2, formerly RIAS 2 (FM)
 * Elsterwelle, locally in South Brandenburg and North Saxony (FM)
 * Energy Berlin, s. NRJ (FM)
 * Flux FM 100.6 (formerly Motor FM, FM)
 * Jazz Radio 101.9 (FM)
 * 98.8 Kiss FM (FM)
 * Metropol FM (FM)
 * Motor FM (FM)
 * Power Radio, local in Northeast Berlin (FM)
 * Radio Power 4, local in Northeast Brandenburg (closed, formerly FM)
 * Radio Russkij Berlin, for Russian community (FM)
 * Radio Teddy, children programmes (FM)
 * Sender KW, local in Southeast Berlin (FM)
 * 105.5 Spreeradio (FM)
 * star FM 87.9 maximum rock! (FM)

Civilian Radio
Education and (open) Civilian Radios (Ausbildungs- und offener Bürgerkanal) are non commercial radios with free access to the medium radio for training media competences (e.g. for students, school classes or individuals (e.g. voluntairs)).
 * see Non Commercial local radio (German Wikipedia)

Liberal Radio
Liberal radio is non commercial and part of private radio for groups, local bands, civilian initiatives and single persons with (free) access to the medium radio. One of the main target of "Liberal radio" is to create a public opposition.
 * see Liberal Radio (German Wikipedia)

Swiss radio stations
See: List of radio stations in Switzerland
 * SRF (SRG SSR idée suisse)
 * Radio SRF 1
 * Radio SRF 2 Kultur (Classical Music)
 * Radio SRF 3
 * Radio SRF 4 News (News)
 * Radio SRF Virus (Youth)
 * Radio SRF Musikwelle (News and traditional music)
 * Radio Swiss Pop
 * Radio Swiss Jazz
 * Radio Swiss Classic
 * Association Of Swiss Internet Radio

Other radio stations

 * DW-Radio (Voice of Germany, International broadcasting in 30 languages, with a full-time program in German and English on Shortwave)
 * Rai Sender Bozen, radio station based in Bolzano, Italy

title: List of German-language radio stations


text:
List of amusement parks in the United Kingdom

A list of past, present and future United Kingdom amusement parks.

A–C

 * Adventure Farm
 * Adventure Island
 * Adventure Studio
 * Adventure Theme Park
 * Adventure Water Park
 * Adventure Zoo
 * Alton Towers Resort
 * The Big Sheep
 * Billing Aquadrome
 * Blackgang Chine
 * Blackpool Pleasure Beach
 * Botton's Pleasure Beach
 * Brean Leisure Park
 * Camel Creek Adventure Park
 * Chessington World of Adventures
 * Clarence Pier
 * Codonas Amusement Park
 * Coney Beach Pleasure Park
 * Crealy Theme Park & Resort
 * Curry's Fun Park Portrush

D–F

 * Diggerland
 * Devon
 * Durham
 * Kent
 * Yorkshire
 * Dingles Fairground Heritage Centre
 * Drayton Manor Theme Park
 * Dreamland Margate
 * Fantasy Island
 * Flambards Theme Park
 * Flamingo Land Resort
 * Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo
 * Funland
 * Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach
 * GreenWood
 * Gulliver's Theme Parks
 * Kingdom
 * Land
 * Valley
 * World

H–O

 * Harbour Park
 * Hidden Valley Discovery Park
 * Hollycombe Steam Collection
 * Joyland
 * Landmark Forest Adventure Park
 * Legoland Windsor Resort
 * Lightwater Valley
 * M&Ds, Scotland's Theme Park
 * The Milky Way (amusement park)
 * Oakwood Theme Park

P–W

 * Paultons Park
 * Pleasurewood Hills (East Anglia)
 * Robin Hill
 * Southport Pleasureland
 * Thorpe Park
 * Twinlakes Theme Park
 * West Midlands Safari Park
 * Wheelgate Park
 * Wicksteed Park
 * Woodlands Family Theme Park

Former

 * Adventure Wonderland
 * The American Adventure
 * Camelot Theme Park
 * Frontierland Family Theme Park
 * Loudoun Castle
 * The New Metroland/ Metroland
 * Pleasure Island Theme Park

Future

 * Universal Studios Great Britain, Bedford, United Kingdom (currently in development stage)
 * Archie Land World


text:
Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)

Cornwallis Island is one of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, part of the Arctic Archipelago, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut in the Canadian Arctic. It lies to the west of Devon Island, the largest uninhabited island in the world, and at its greatest length is about 113 km. At 6995 km2 in size, it is the 96th largest island in the world, and Canada's 21st largest island. Cornwallis Island is separated by the Wellington Channel from Devon Island, and by the Parry Channel from Somerset Island to the south. Northwest of Cornwallis Island lies Little Cornwallis Island, the biggest of a group of small islands at the north end of McDougall Sound, which separates Cornwallis Island from nearby Bathurst Island.

Cape Airy is located at the island's southwestern extremity. Also on the southwestern coast, Griffith Island lies directly across from the island's only hamlet, Resolute (Qausuittuq), separated by the 6.5 mi wide Resolute Passage. The first European to visit Cornwallis Island was the British Arctic explorer and naval officer Sir William Edward Parry in 1819. The island is named for Royal Navy admiral Sir William Cornwallis.

Cornwallis Island is also home to microbiological colonies known as hypoliths, from their tendency to take hold under ("hypo") stones ("lith").

Several sites on Cornwallis Island including Char Lake and Meretta Lake were key research locations in the International Biological Program and proved foundational to the development of high-latitude limnology.

Demographics
Resolute is Canada's second most northerly public community, after Grise Fiord, and has a population of 183 in 2021. Resolute Bay Airport acts as a transportation hub for the central islands of the high Arctic of Nunavut.

Climate
The island has a polar arctic climate (ET) with long cold winters and short cool summers. Resolute, which lies on the south coast of the island, has an annual average temperature of -15.7 C, with an average high for the year of -12.7 C and the average low for the year is -18.6 C. Resolute has a very dry climate with an average precipitation of 161.2 mm a year, most of it falling as snow from September to October. The record high for Resolute is 20.1 C on July 2, 2012. The record low for Resolute is -52.2 C on January 7, 1966.

Resolute has never experienced an above-freezing temperature between October 20 and May 6.

Between around April 30 and August 13, Resolute experiences midnight sun; whilst between around November 7 and February 4 there is polar night. Between late November and mid-January, the sun is so low that there is not even civil twilight, with the only exception from complete darkness being a deeper-blue sky called nautical twilight at noon, but there is no true experience of 24 hours of pitch black darkness around noon. For about two weeks before and after the midnight sun in Resolute, the nights are still quite bright since it does not get any darker than civil twilight (this is the twilight where surrounding objects are still visible and outdoor activities can go on without the need for artificial lighting). Resolute, however, does not experience night (the phase of day) from about March 14 to September 29.

Resolute does experience thunderstorms during the summer, but they are typically rare in the region.

title: Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)


text:
David Manning

Sir David Geoffrey Manning, (born 5 December 1949) is a former British diplomat, who was the British Ambassador to the United States from 2003 to 2007. He authored the so-called "Manning Memo", that summarized the details of a meeting between American president George W. Bush and British prime minister Tony Blair during the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Until 2019, he was appointed to the Household of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and the Duke and Duchess of Sussex.

Life and career
Manning was educated at Ardingly College and went on to study at Oriel College, Oxford, and at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University. He began his career as a civil servant in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1972. He has served in UK Embassies in Warsaw, New Delhi, Paris, and Moscow, and within the FCO he has worked on the Central American desk, the Russian desk and held several senior positions. He has represented the UK in Brussels and also at the International Conference on the former Yugoslavia in 1994.

Between 1995 and 1998, he was British Ambassador to Israel; from 2001, he was a foreign policy adviser to British prime minister Tony Blair. During this time he developed a close relationship with his counterpart, then US National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice. Blair selected him to replace Christopher Meyer as the British Ambassador to the United States. Manning took up the post in 2003. Ambassador Manning visited numerous states, as well as the US territory of Puerto Rico, during his term as Ambassador to the United States and was instrumental in planning Queen Elizabeth's most recent visit.

2003 Iraq War
In the weeks before the United States-led invasion of Iraq, as the United States and Britain pressed for a second United Nations resolution condemning Iraq, President Bush met with Tony Blair. During a private two-hour meeting in the Oval Office on 31 January 2003, Bush made it clear to Prime Minister Tony Blair of Britain that he, Bush, was determined to invade Iraq without the second resolution, or even if international arms inspectors failed to find unconventional weapons, stated a confidential memo about the meeting written by Manning and reviewed by The New York Times.

At their meeting, Bush and Blair candidly expressed their doubts that chemical, biological or nuclear weapons would be found in Iraq in the coming weeks, the memo said. The president spoke as if an invasion was unavoidable. The two leaders discussed a timetable for the war, details of the military campaign and plans for the aftermath of the war. The memo also says the president raised three possible ways of provoking a confrontation, including the most controversial:

"'The U.S. was thinking of flying U2 reconnaissance aircraft with fighter cover over Iraq, painted in U.N. colours,' the memo says, attributing the idea to Mr. Bush. 'If Saddam fired on them, he would be in breach'."

His close relationship with the Prime Minister suggests he has been a key figure in driving British foreign policy in respect of the United States, particularly in the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks and the decision to invade Iraq.

On 30 November 2009, Manning gave evidence to The Iraq Inquiry.

Later life
He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 2008 New Year Honours. Manning retired from Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service in January 2008. Six months later, he joined BG Group (formerly British Gas plc) on a part-time basis at a reported annual salary of £80,000. In 2008 he became a non-executive director of Lockheed Martin and joined the advisory board of Hakluyt & Company, an intelligence company partly staffed by former SIS officers.

At the beginning of 2009, Manning was appointed by the Queen to a "part-time, advisory role" in the newly formed household of Prince William and Prince Harry.

Manning has been elected to the Council of Lloyd's as an external member.

In 2010 Manning formed Gatehouse Advisory Partners Limited in partnership with Sir Jeremy Greenstock. Gatehouse works with organisations to factor geopolitics into their decision making.

He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2015 New Year Honours.

Posts held

 * 1972: entered Foreign and Commonwealth Office
 * 1972–1974: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Mexico/Central America Department)
 * 1974–1977: Warsaw, Poland (3rd later 2nd Secretary)
 * 1977–1980: New Delhi, India (2nd later 1st Secretary)
 * 1980–1982: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Soviet Department)
 * 1982–1984: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Deputy Head of Policy Planning Department)
 * 1984–1988: Paris, France (1st Secretary)
 * 1988–1990: Counsellor on loan to Cabinet Office
 * 1990–1993: Moscow, Russia (Counsellor, Head of Chancery)
 * 1993–1994: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Head of Eastern Department)
 * 1994: UK member of Contact Group on Bosnia (International Conference on Former Yugoslavia)
 * 1994–1995: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Head of Policy Planning Staff)
 * 1995–1998: Tel Aviv, Israel (Ambassador)
 * 1998–2000: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Deputy Under-Secretary)
 * 2001: UK Delegation NATO Brussels (Ambassador)
 * 2001–2003: Foreign Policy Adviser to the Prime Minister
 * 2003–2007: Washington, USA (Ambassador)

Honours and awards

 * Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.png Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) – 2008
 * Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) – 2015, CVO - 2007

title: David Manning


text:
Serge Lang

Serge Lang (May 19, 1927 – September 12, 2005) was a French-American mathematician and activist who taught at Yale University for most of his career. He is known for his work in number theory and for his mathematics textbooks, including the influential Algebra. He received the Frank Nelson Cole Prize in 1960 and was a member of the Bourbaki group.

As an activist, Lang campaigned against the Vietnam War, and also successfully fought against the nomination of the political scientist Samuel P. Huntington to the National Academies of Science. Later in his life, Lang was an HIV/AIDS denialist. He claimed that HIV had not been proven to cause AIDS and protested Yale's research into HIV/AIDS.

Early life
Lang was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, close to Paris, in 1927. He had a twin brother who became a basketball coach and a sister who became an actress. Lang moved with his family to California as a teenager, where he graduated in 1943 from Beverly Hills High School. He subsequently graduated with an AB from the California Institute of Technology in 1946. He then received a PhD in mathematics from Princeton University in 1951. He held faculty positions at the University of Chicago, Columbia University (from 1955, leaving in 1971 in a dispute), and Yale University.

Lang studied at Princeton University, writing his thesis titled "On quasi algebraic closure" under the supervision of Emil Artin, and then worked on the geometric analogues of class field theory and diophantine geometry. Later he moved into diophantine approximation and transcendental number theory, proving the Schneider–Lang theorem. A break in research while he was involved in trying to meet 1960s student activism halfway caused him (by his own description) difficulties in picking up the threads afterwards. He wrote on modular forms and modular units, the idea of a "distribution" on a profinite group, and value distribution theory. He made a number of conjectures in diophantine geometry: Mordell–Lang conjecture, Bombieri–Lang conjecture, Lang–Trotter conjecture, and the Lang conjecture on analytically hyperbolic varieties. He introduced the Lang map, the Katz–Lang finiteness theorem, and the Lang–Steinberg theorem (cf. Lang's theorem) in algebraic groups.

Mathematical books
Lang was a prolific writer of mathematical texts, often completing one on his summer vacation. Most are at the graduate level. He wrote calculus texts and also prepared a book on group cohomology for Bourbaki. Lang's Algebra, a graduate-level introduction to abstract algebra, was a highly influential text that ran through numerous updated editions. His Steele prize citation stated, "Lang's Algebra changed the way graduate algebra is taught...It has affected all subsequent graduate-level algebra books." It contained ideas of his teacher, Artin; some of the most interesting passages in Algebraic Number Theory also reflect Artin's influence and ideas that might otherwise not have been published in that or any form.

Awards as expositor
Lang was noted for his eagerness for contact with students. He was described as a passionate teacher who would throw chalk at students who he believed were not paying attention. One of his colleagues recalled: "He would rant and rave in front of his students. He would say, 'Our two aims are truth and clarity, and to achieve these I will shout in class.'" He won a Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (1999) from the American Mathematical Society. In 1960, he won the sixth Frank Nelson Cole Prize in Algebra for his paper "Unramified class field theory over function fields in several variables" (Annals of Mathematics, Series 2, volume 64 (1956), pp. 285–325).

Activism
Lang spent much of his professional time engaged in political activism. He was a staunch socialist and active in opposition to the Vietnam War, volunteering for the 1966 anti-war campaign of Robert Scheer (the subject of his book The Scheer Campaign). Lang later quit his position at Columbia in 1971 in protest over the university's treatment of anti-war protesters.

Lang engaged in several efforts to challenge anyone he believed was spreading misinformation or misusing science or mathematics to further their own goals. He attacked the 1977 Survey of the American Professoriate, an opinion questionnaire that Seymour Martin Lipset and E. C. Ladd had sent to thousands of college professors in the United States. Lang said it contained numerous biased and loaded questions. This led to a public and highly acrimonious conflict as detailed in his book The File : Case Study in Correction (1977-1979).

In 1986, Lang mounted what the New York Times described as a "one-man challenge" against the nomination of political scientist Samuel P. Huntington to the National Academy of Sciences. Lang described Huntington's research, in particular his use of mathematical equations to demonstrate that South Africa was a "satisfied society", as "pseudoscience", arguing that it gave "the illusion of science without any of its substance." Despite support for Huntington from the Academy's social and behavioral scientists, Lang's challenge was successful, and Huntington was twice rejected for Academy membership. Huntington's supporters argued that Lang's opposition was political rather than scientific in nature. Lang's detailed description of these events, "Academia, Journalism, and Politics: A Case Study: The Huntington Case", occupies the first 222 pages of his 1998 book Challenges.

Lang kept his political correspondence and related documentation in extensive "files". He would send letters or publish articles, wait for responses, engage the writers in further correspondence, collect all these writings together and point out what he considered contradictions. He often mailed these files to mathematicians and other interested parties throughout the world. Some of the files were published in his books Challenges and The File : Case Study in Correction (1977-1979). His extensive file criticizing Nobel laureate David Baltimore was published in the journal Ethics and Behaviour in January 1993 and in his book Challenges. Lang fought the decision by Yale University to hire Daniel Kevles, a historian of science, because Lang disagreed with Kevles' analysis in The Baltimore Case.

In the last twelve years of his life, Lang challenged the scientific consensus on the connection between HIV and AIDS. He argued that existing data did not support the conclusion that HIV causes AIDS. A portion of Challenges is devoted to this issue.

List of books
Pregraduate-level textbooks • The 1964 first edition was reprinted as:

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•  Originally published as A Second Course in Calculus (1965)

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•  The first edition (1983) of this title was itself the second edition of Analysis I (1968)

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•  The 1990 first edition was itself a second edition of Algebraic Structures (1967) Graduate-level textbooks •

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•  Second edition of Diophantine Geometry (1962)

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•  This book is the third edition, previously published under the different titles of Analysis II (1968) and Real Analysis (1983)

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•  The first edition was itself the second edition of Algebraic Numbers (1964)

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•  This book is the fourth edition, previously published under the different titles of Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds (1962), Differential Manifolds (1972), and Differential and Riemannian Manifolds (1995). Lang also published a distinct second edition (preserving the title of the 1962 original) so as to provide a companion volume to Fundamentals of Differential Geometry which covers a portion of the same material, but with the more elementary exposition confined to finite-dimensional manifolds:

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Sources and further reading

 * Steele Prize citation and Lang's acceptance (AMS Notices, April 1999)

title: Serge Lang


text:
Talk:List of Gaelic footballers

Untitled
Matty Forde (County Wexford) is likely to become the county's first all-star in 2004 and take the honour of the Championships top scorer, having already secured that feat in the League's top division.

He rates as one of Wexford's best footballers of the modern era. I'd like to see who other counties rate as their greatest footballer and why?

Posted on 2nd August 2004 by JAG.

The list
Does anyone else thing this list is totally pointless ? (Gnevin 12:54, 13 December 2006 (UTC))

 * We already have category pages, this page is pointless, i say delete it!! (Frainc 13:03, 13 December 2006 (UTC))

title: Talk:List of Gaelic footballers


text:
Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger

Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger (19 November 1775 – 10 May 1813) was a German entomologist and zoologist.

Illiger was the son of a merchant in Braunschweig. He studied under the entomologist Johann Hellwig, and later worked on the zoological collections of Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg. Illiger was professor and director of the "zoological museum" (which is the Natural History Museum of Berlin in the present day) from its formation in 1810 until his death. He was the author of Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (1811), which was an overhaul of the Linnaean system. It was a major influence on the adoption of the concept of the family. He also edited the Magazin für Insektenkunde, widely known as "Illiger's Magazine".

In 1811 he introduced the taxonomic order Proboscidea for elephants, the American mastodon and the woolly mammoth. He also described the subspecies Odobenus rosmarus divergens, commonly known as the Pacific walrus. Illiger's macaw (Primolius maracana; Vieillot, 1816 ) and Illiger's saddle-back tamarin (Leontocebus illigeri (Pucheran, 1845) ) commemorate his name. The botanical genus Illigera (family Hernandiaceae) also bears his name.

Published works

 * Beschreibung einiger neuer Käfer, in: Schneider's entomologisches Magazin (1794) – Description of a new beetle.
 * Nachricht von einer in etlichten Gersten- und Haferfeldern um Braunschweig wahrscheinlich durch Insecten verursachten Verheerung, in: Brauschweigisches Magazin 50 (1795) – News about barley and oat fields near Braunschweig likely devastated by insects.
 * Verzeichniß der Käfer Preußens; outlined by Johann Gottlieb Kugelann (1798) – Directory of beetles found in Prussia.
 * Die Wurmtrocknis des Harzes, in: Braunschweigisches Magazin 49-50 (1798) – Bark beetles found in resin.
 * Die Erdmandel, in: Braunschweigisches Magazin 2 (1799) – The nutsedge.
 * Versuch einer systematischen vollständigen Terminologie für das Thierreich und Pflanzenreich (1800) – About a systematic complete terminology for the animal and plant kingdoms.
 * Zusätze und Berichte zu Fabricius Systema Eleutheratorum. Magazin fur Insektenkunde 1. viii + 492 pp. (1802) – Additions and comments on Fabricius' "Systema Eleutheratorus".
 * Über die südamerikanischen Gürtelthiere, in: Wiedemann's Archiv für die Zoologie (1804) – About the South American armadillo.
 * Die wilden Pferde in Amerika, in: Braunschweigisches Magazin 7/(1805) – Wild horses in America.
 * Nachricht von dem Hornvieh in Paraguay in Südamerika, in: Braunschweigisches Magazin 15-16 (1805) – On horned cattle of Paraguay.
 * Nachlese zu den Bemerkungen, Berichtigungen und Zusätzen zu Fabricii Systema Eleutheratorum; Mag. fur Insektenkunde. 6:296-317 (1807) – Information regarding the comments, corrections and additions to Fabricius' "Systema Eleutheratorum".
 * Vorschlag zur Aufnahme im Fabricischen Systeme fehlender Käfergattungen. Magazin für Insektenkunde 6:318-350 (1807).
 * Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium (1811).
 * Überblick der Säugthiere nach ihrer Vertheilung über die Welttheile. Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1804-1811: 39-159 (1815) – Overview of quadrupeds according to their distribution throughout the world.

title: Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger


text: Template:Cfm

title: Template:Cfm


text:
User:Kumardevarakonda

My Name Kumar

title: User:Kumardevarakonda


text:
Northern Ireland Labour Party

The Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP) was a political party in Northern Ireland which operated from 1924 until 1987.

Origins
The roots of the NILP can be traced back to the formation of the Belfast Labour Party in 1892. Previously, in 1885, Alexander Bowman had stood in North Belfast as an independent labour candidate, supported by the Belfast Trades Council.

Six Labour candidates were elected to Belfast Corporation in 1897 - the first Labour councillors in Ireland. There continued to be Labour representation on Belfast Corporation up to the 1911 elections when no Labour candidates were returned. The 1920 elections to Belfast Corporation, held in the aftermath of a mass strike wave that gripped Belfast in 1919, saw Labour return with 12 seats after winning over 14% of the vote.

William Walker stood as the Labour candidate in the Belfast North by-election in 1905 coming a close second with 47% of the vote.

When the British Labour Party decided not to contest the 1921 elections to the first Northern Ireland Parliament, local party activists independently stood Belfast Labour candidates.

After partition
After the partition of Ireland in 1921, the NILP was founded as a socialist political party by groups such as the Belfast Labour Party and found its main bed of support amongst working class voters in Belfast. Over 40 delegates attended the founding conference of the Labour Party of Northern Ireland held on 8 March 1924. It initially declined to take a position on the "Border Question" and instead sought to offer itself as an alternative to both nationalism and unionism.

In the 1925 Northern Ireland general election, the party won 6% of the total vote and secured three seats in Belfast, including William McMullen elected in Belfast West, as well as Sam Kyle (Belfast North) and Jack Beattie (Belfast East); this was the last election for the Northern Ireland Parliament using the single transferable vote system.

In 1934, those in the Independent Labour Party who refused a British national directive to disaffiliate from the NILP (in line with the ILP's break with the Labour Party in Britain) formed the Socialist Party of Northern Ireland (SPNI). A mainly Protestant organisation, It has about 150 members in the Shankill and Newtownards Road districts of Belfast, and included Winifred Carney, Jack Macgougan, secretary from 1935 onwards, and Victor Halley.

In 1944, with other Protestant trade unionists in west Belfast, Halley joined Nationalist Party dissidents around Harry Diamond, and ex IRA volunteers in forming the Socialist Republican Party. He stood for the party at the 1946 Belfast Central by-election for the party, but was defeated by Frank Hanna of the NILP by 5,566 to 2,783 votes.

The NILP had a Westminster Member of Parliament on only one occasion, when Jack Beattie won the 1943 Belfast West by-election, retained the seat in 1945, but lost it in 1950. He regained the seat as an Irish Labour Party candidate in 1951.

In the 1945 election to the Stormont parliament, held in the aftermath of the second world war, the NILP polled 66,503 votes, 18.6% of the total votes cast.

In 1949, following the declaration of a Republic in the south, the Northern Ireland Labour Party's conference voted in favour of the Union with Great Britain. The NILP abandoned its neutral position on the border adopting a pro-union position that the “Northern Ireland Labour Party will maintain unbroken the connection between Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.

Many anti-partition Labour activists drifted out of the NILP and joined the Irish Labour Party. The result was a sharp decline in the party's already limited electoral success, as Catholic voters deserted, and the Irish Labour Party attempted to organise in Northern Ireland.

An earlier refusal to adopt a pro-union policy had split the party, with leader Harry Midgley forming his own strongly Unionist Commonwealth Labour Party in 1942.

In the 1949 elections to the Stormont Parliament, Labour’s vote fell to 26,831 votes, 7% of the total votes cast. This was a dramatic decline from the 18.5% share of the vote in the 1945 election.

Later in the 1950s, the party began to gain ground amongst unionist voters and, after the breakup of the Irish Labour Party's new attempts to organise in Northern Ireland, among some nationalists. The NILP campaign to highlight the failure of the Unionist Government to respond effectively to the growing problem of unemployment led to the NILP attracting more support form both Protestant and Catholic working class voters. In the 1953 elections to the Stormont Parliament the NILP recovered to a 12% share of the vote.

The NILP saw its greatest period of success between 1958 and 1965. In 1958 the Party won nearly 16% of the vote. Four NILP MPs were elected to Stormont for Belfast constituencies: Tom Boyd (Pottinger), Billy Boyd (Woodvale), Vivian Simpson (Oldpark), and David Bleakley (Victoria). The NILP then became the official opposition at Stormont.

In the 1962 Stormont elections the NILP won 76,842 votes, over 25% of the total votes cast. In the 1964 UK General Election the NILP polled 102,759 votes - its highest ever popular vote.

Success came despite continued divisions over such matters as Sunday Observance – two NILP Belfast councillors voted to close the city's park playgrounds on Sundays (as demanded by hard line Calvinists but opposed by Catholics) and were expelled as a result.

During this period the NILP maintained its pro-union stance. Despite this, the NILP was winning support from the Catholic working class who were voting on “bread and butter” issues. Paddy Devlin, previously an Irish Labour councillor, joined the NILP in 1958: “the only party that filled my need was the NILP, which was then going from strength to strength. With active trade union backing it was climbing back into the natural position for a local Labour Party: chief challenger of Unionist Party dominance.”

Civil Rights
In the early to mid 1960s, the NILP was a leading voice in the calls for civil rights and an end to discrimination. When the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) was formed in 1967, NILP members were prominent in the organisation with Paddy Devlin elected to its Executive. But, despite the involvement of many Labour members in the civil rights movement, the NILP felt more comfortable confronting the Unionists at Stormont over civil rights than taking part in the street protests that soon became violent confrontations due to the RUC's brutal enforcement of the state ban on many civil rights marches.

The Troubles
In 1969 the situation in Northern Ireland worsened as the violent response by the RUC and loyalists to the civil rights marches led to the Battle of the Bogside in Derry and sectarian clashes in working class areas of Belfast.

The growing sectarian polarisation in working class areas in the late 1960s damaged the NILP’s project of building a Labour alternative to Unionism. However, even by 1970 the NILP was still able to poll nearly 100,000 votes across Northern Ireland in the UK General Election.

Any hopes of keeping the cross-community Labour coalition together were damaged by the NILP publicly distancing itself from Paddy Devlin’s lobbying for action to protect Catholic working class communities. The NILP expelled Paddy Devlin in August 1970 for his links with civil rights politicians who would go on to form the SDLP. The NILP also expelled Eamonn McCann, who was chairman of Derry Labour Party, for supporting Bernadette Devlin who had recently been elected as an MP.

With the onset of the Troubles, new parties emerged that appealed to the party's support base, including the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland and the Democratic Unionist Party. Once again the polarisation of politics around partition deprived the party of a critical mass.

Decline
In 1971 the new Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Brian Faulkner appointed NILP former Stormont MP David Bleakley to his Cabinet as Minister of Community Relations, in an attempt to bring reforms to Northern Ireland. However, the following year the Stormont Parliament was suspended when it resisted the London government request to take over responsibility for public order. In the 1973 referendum on the border, the NILP campaigned for Northern Ireland to remain in the United Kingdom.

By 1973 the NILP was in a serious decline with the party only achieving 2.5% of the vote in the local council elections and a similar 2.6% in the Northern Ireland Assembly election. In contrast, Alliance won 13.7% of votes in the local elections and 9.2% in the Assembly elections, and the SDLP achieved its best results so far by polling more than 22% of the votes in the Assembly election. David Bleakley was the only NILP representative elected to the 1973 Assembly and 1975 Forum for East Belfast.

The Northern Ireland Labour Party continued to contest elections but with a dwindling support base. Alan Carr became its leading figure from the mid-1970s until the early 1980s, by which point it had only about 200 members, and just a single councillor was elected for the party in 1981. A party conference in 1983 narrowly failed to secure a necessary two-thirds majority to wind up the party, but it stood no candidates in the 1983 general election, its Chairman and Party Secretary having resigned just beforehand, and by the 1985 Northern Ireland local elections, its three candidates received no support from the central body.

Labour '87
In March 1987, the remains of the party merged with Labour Party of Northern Ireland (formed in 1985 by former SDLP leader Paddy Devlin), the Ulster Liberal Party and the United Labour Party to form the Labour '87 group. This group also gained the support of the Newtownabbey Labour Party. They contested local elections and Mark Langhammer contested the 1989 European Elections unsuccessfully.

Leaders at Stormont

 * 1925–29: Samuel Kyle
 * 1929–33: Jack Beattie
 * 1933–38: Harry Midgley
 * 1938–42: Paddy Agnew
 * 1942–43: Jack Beattie
 * 1943–45: Paddy Agnew
 * 1945–49: Hugh Downey
 * 1949–50: William James Smyth
 * 1958–69: Tom Boyd
 * 1969–73: Vivian Simpson

Chairs

 * 1924: Sam Kyle
 * 1925: William McMullen
 * 1927: Matthew Courtney
 * 1931: Hugh Gemmell
 * 1932: Harry Midgley
 * 1942: Jack Beattie
 * 1943:
 * 1944: William Leeburn
 * 1945: Jack Macgougan
 * 1946: John Boyle
 * 1947: Robert Getgood
 * 1947: Henry Holmes
 * 1948: James Morrow
 * 1950:
 * 1952: Vivian Simpson
 * 1953: Tom Boyd
 * 1954: Cecil Allen
 * 1955: Saidie Patterson
 * 1956: W. Blair
 * 1957: David Bleakley
 * 1958: Andrew Gibson
 * 1959: Robert Bingham
 * 1960: Billy Boyd
 * 1961:
 * 1962: Charles Brett
 * 1963: Hugh Waring
 * 1964: Edward Wright
 * 1965: William Gunning
 * 1966: Martin McBirney
 * 1967: Paddy Devlin
 * 1969: Robert Allen
 * 1970: Brian Anderson
 * 1971: Erskine Holmes
 * 1972: Brian Garrett
 * 1973: Archie McArdle
 * 1973: Brian Garrett
 * 1974: Jack Barkley
 * 1975: George Chambers
 * 1976: Sandy Scott
 * 1977: Alan Carr
 * 1980: Ciaran McAteer
 * 1981: Bob Clarke
 * 1983: William Gunning

title: Northern Ireland Labour Party