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Barcelona Dragons (NFL Europe)

The Barcelona Dragons were an American football team that was a part of the World League of American Football and later in the resurrected NFL Europe. Their home field in Barcelona was the Estadi Olímpic de Montjuic, the 1992 Olympic Stadium, and later the Mini Estadi.

The Dragons were successful on the field, making it to 4 World Bowls (1991, 1997, 1999, 2001) and winning World Bowl V in 1997.

History
The team was made part of the FC Barcelona organization in 2002 as the "FC Barcelona Dragons", which saw them move mid-season from the city's Olympic stadium to FC Barcelona's second stadium, the Mini Estadi, with its capacity of 15,276.

Despite these efforts, the franchise's fan support decreased and the team began to struggle financially. After the 2003 season, the Dragons were discontinued and they were replaced in the league by the Cologne Centurions.

For the entire duration of the Dragons' history they had only one head coach, "Cowboy" Jack Bicknell. His nickname was translated by his adoptive city to El Caballero (with its additional connotations of "Knight" or "Gentleman" in Spanish).

From 1991 to 2002, Seymour "Red" Kelin was responsible for Defensive Coordinating duties. Bicknell and Kelin had been coaching together since their days at Boston College, where they helped lead the Eagles to a Cotton Bowl Classic victory in 1984.

In 2021, an unrelated entity of the same name was founded to participate in the inaugural season of the new European League of Football. This new team has announced the Estadi Municipal de Reus as their home field for their participation in this new league.

Season-by-season
The Dragons lost the inaugural World Bowl 21–0 to the London Monarchs in 1991. The game was played at Wembley Stadium in front of more than 60,000 fans.

That was to be the first of four World Bowl appearances for the Dragons, with the second bringing their first success in 1997. In an extremely tight group stage that year, the Dragons finished second with a .500 record, and then beat Rhein Fire 38–24 in the final.

That would prove to be the Dragons' only trophy, but they made it to the World Bowl twice more, losing 38–24 to Frankfurt Galaxy in 1999, and 24–17 to Berlin Thunder in 2001. In both years they had finished top of the regular season standings.

title: Barcelona Dragons (NFL Europe)


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Henry T. Gage

Henry Tifft Gage (December 25, 1852 – August 28, 1924) was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat. A Republican, Gage was elected to a single term as the 20th governor of California from 1899 to 1903. Gage was also the U.S. Minister to Portugal for several months in 1910.

Biography
Gage was born on Christmas Day, 1852 in Geneva, New York. Relocating with his family to East Saginaw, Michigan, he spent his teenage years in Michigan, studying law with his lawyer father. In 1873 at the age of 21, Gage was admitted to the Michigan Bar, working for his father's law practice in East Saginaw for over a year. Over a year later, Gage relocated to California, settling in Los Angeles. Between 1874 and 1877, Gage was a successful sheep dealer, selling sheep to various farms around Los Angeles County. In 1877, Gage returned to law, opening his own practice. Largely successful in court, his practice quickly began to attract a number of prominent corporate clients in Southern California, including the Southern Pacific Railroad, who would enjoy a decades-long relationship with Gage. Three years later, Gage married Francesca V. Rains, a great-granddaughter of a Californio family. The Gages settled in Bell Gardens at his wife's family home.

Running as a Republican, Gage was elected as Los Angeles City Attorney in 1881, beginning a slow rise within party ranks. At the 1888 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Gage was chosen as a delegate-at-large during the proceedings. In a speech to the convention, Gage seconded the motion to nominate Levi P. Morton as the party's nomination for the vice presidency.

In 1891, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Gage as a federal prosecutor to prosecute the crew of the Chilean steamer Itata due to the Itata Incident. The U.S. federal government charged the crew with knowingly assisting an illegal arms purchase. Its cargo had consisted of weapons purchased for National Congressional insurgent forces fighting in the 1891 Chilean Civil War against President José Manuel Balmaceda. Upon review of the federal government's case, Gage dropped all charges against Itata's crew, claiming that the government had mistaken the arms purchase as illegal.

By 1898, Gage had become a prominent corporate lawyer within Los Angeles business circles, as well as a successful owner of real estate, particularly the Red Rover gold mine in Acton in the Santa Clarita Valley. At the state Republican convention that year, Gage was chosen in the first round of voting as the party's nominee for the governorship. His nomination was largely orchestrated by the Southern Pacific Railroad, who had worked with Gage since the 1870s, and saw him as supportive of their interests.

In the 1898 California gubernatorial election, Gage defeated his Democratic rival, U.S. Representative James G. Maguire by 6.7%. Other minor candidates in the election included Job Harriman of the Socialist Labor Party of America and Prohibitionist J.E. McComas, a former State Senator.

Governorship
Gage was inaugurated as the 20th Governor of California on January 4, 1899. In his inauguration speech, Gage spoke at length about foreign policy, viewing with favor the recent results of the Spanish–American War and their effect on California's economy. "The peaceful acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands, extending our empire beyond our Pacific shore, should be followed as a political necessity by the annexation of the Philippines," Gage stated. "The center of commerce must move westward. California, favorably situated, will, among other advantages, reap the harvest of trade with these new territories, developing our many varied and growing resources, creating a western merchant marine for the carriage of our imports and exports, and luring to our markets the nations of the world."

In one of his first acts, Gage's administration reopened the State Printing Office, which had been closed down by Governor James Budd to cut governmental expenditures.

From early on in his administration, Gage was highly partisan, mostly because of frequent accusations from Reform Republicans and Democrats alike who accused Gage as being a pawn for the Southern Pacific. When a newspaper published a political cartoon portraying railroad tycoon Collis Potter Huntington leading the governor around on a leash, Gage was so incensed by the accusation that he ramrodded a censorship bill through the California State Legislature, restricting the press whenever editorial content involved politics or politicians.

San Francisco bubonic plague outbreak
On January 3, 1900, Gage held a legislative session to discuss ways to improve San Francisco's port in attempt to increase trading with Asia. He also wanted to bring back the State Quarantine Service which had recently been removed. The federal Marine Hospital Service on Angel Island was responsible for the inspection of all incoming ships and preventing all foreign diseases from coming into California. Reintroduction of the State Quarantine Service would provide Gage with more oversight and ability to minimize threats of quarantine. However, the session was adjourned before any action upon the request could take place. From 1900 onwards, Gage's administration was often rocky. That year, the ship Australia laid anchor in the Port of San Francisco, unknowingly bringing to the city rats carrying the Third Pandemic of the bubonic plague. The disease soon made home in the cramped ghetto quarters of the city's Chinatown. Rumors of the plague's presence abounded in the city, quickly gaining the notice of authorities from the federal Marine Hospital Service, including the Marine Hospital Service's head in San Francisco, Joseph J. Kinyoun.

Allied with powerful railroad and city business interests, Gage publicly denied the existence of any pestilence outbreak in the city, fearing that any word of the plague's presence would deeply damage the city and state's economy. Supportive newspapers, such as the San Francisco Call, San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Bulletin, echoed Gage's denials, beginning what was to become an intense defamation campaign against Joseph Kinyoun, director of the San Francisco Quarantine Station. In response to the state's refuting of the plague's existence, U.S. Surgeon General Walter Wyman recommended to federal Treasury Secretary Lyman J. Gage (no relation to the Governor) to intervene. Secretary Gage agreed, creating a three-man medical commission to medically investigate the city. The commission conclusively discovered that bubonic plague was present.

Like Kinyoun, the Treasury commission's findings were again immediately denounced by Governor Gage. Gage believed the federal government's growing presence in the matter was a gross intrusion of what he recognized as a state concern. In his retaliation, Gage denied the federal commission any use of the University of California, Berkeley's laboratories to further study the outbreak. The Bulletin would also attack the federal commission, branding it as a "youthful and inexperienced trio".

The clash between Gage and federal authorities intensified. Surgeon General Wyman instructed Kinyoun to place Chinatown under quarantine, as well as blocking all East Asians from entering state borders. Upon hearing Kinyoun's announcement, Gage sent telegrams and spread the word to California's elected officials, party leaders, and even delegates of the National Convention. He encouraged them to speak with the President about cancelling the quarantine and removing Kinyoun from his duties. This event along with the help of San Francisco newspapers sparked the campaign to remove and discredit Kinyoun. Chinese residents, supported by Gage and local businesses, fought the quarantine through numerous federal court battles, claiming the Marine Hospital Service was violating their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment, and in the process, launched lawsuits against Kinyoun. In these court proceedings, residents insisted Gage was correct in his denials of the plague outbreak. The courts initially agreed that Chinatown residents were correct in that the quarantine violated their civil rights, yet most of these lawsuits were eventually thrown out of court on later dates.

Between 1901 and 1902, the plague outbreak continued to worsen. On January 8, 1901, Gage pushed to allow the state health board members to delegate the local health units in attempt to monitor and control cases regarding the plague. In a 1901 address to both houses of the California State Legislature, Gage accused federal authorities, particularly Kinyoun, of injecting bubonic plague into cadavers. In response to what he said to be massive scaremongering by the Marine Hospital Service, Gage pushed a censorship bill through the Legislature to gag any media reports of plague infection. The legislation failed, yet laws to gag reports amongst the medical community succeeded in passage and were signed into law by the governor. In addition, $100,000 was allocated to a public campaign led by Gage to deny the plague's existence. Privately, however, Gage sent a special commission to Washington, consisting of Southern Pacific, newspaper and shipping lawyers to negotiate a settlement with the Marine Hospital Service, whereby the federal government would remove Kinyoun from San Francisco with the promise that the state would secretly cooperate with the Marine Hospital Service in stamping out the plague outbreak.

Secret cooperations included preventive measures such as inspection, isolation and disinfection. Gage and Mayor Phelan provided funding to inspect and disinfect Chinatown of any signs of the plague. To the public, however, this was marketed as a cleanup campaign that was renovating and getting rid of the town's filth. Despite the secret agreement allowing for Kinyoun's removal, Gage went back on his promise of assisting federal authorities and continued to obstruct their efforts for study and quarantine. A report issued by the State Board of Health on September 16, 1901, bolstered Gage's claims, denying the plague's outbreak.

Labor agitation
As Gage fought his growing battle with the federal government, labor agitation was starting to spill over along the San Francisco waterfront. In July 1901, members of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters went on strike, protesting against recent orders to haul luggage for a non-unionized cargo company. The Teamsters strike was quickly joined by sympathizing sailors, stevedores and fireman belonging to the City Front Federation. Between 10,000 and 16,000 men joined the strike.

Employers grew quickly frustrated with the strikers, asking for San Francisco Mayor James D. Phelan to request Gage in ordering in the state militia to crush the strike. Phelan refused, though violence between strikers and officers of the San Francisco Police Department began to break out in September.

Gage became increasingly concerned that violence along San Francisco's waterfront was spilling out of the city's control. On one instance, in order to reassure himself that violence was not increasing, Gage disguised himself as a striker and walked amongst the stevedores to observe conditions personally. In October, Gage negotiated settlement with employers and the Teamsters, though the terms of the settlement were never made publicly known. Gage was the first California governor to negotiate an end to a labor strike.

End of administration
Gage's troubles over the bubonic plague continued to worsen. Despite San Francisco-based newspapers continual denials, contradicting reports from the Sacramento Bee and the Associated Press on the plague's spread had made the outbreak become publicly known throughout the United States. The state governments of Colorado, Texas and Louisiana passed quarantines of California, arguing that since the state had refused to admit a health crisis within its borders, states receiving rail or shipping cargo from California ports of call had the duty to protect themselves. Threats of a national quarantine grew.

As the 1902 elections approached, Southern Pacific supporters increasingly saw Gage, a man who had represented their interests since his days as a Los Angeles-based lawyer, as an embarrassment to state Republicans. This harmed Gage whose allies were mostly business interests. However, instead of putting allegations of the outbreak to rest, conflicting studies and reports from federal officials and the media continued to contradict Gage's assertions. In turn, the powerful shipping and rail companies within the state and throughout the country faced quarantine and economic boycotts from other states.

At the state Republican convention that year, the Railroad Republican faction refused Gage renomination for the governorship. In his place, former Mayor of Oakland George Pardee, a German-trained physician, received the nomination. Pardee's nomination was largely a compromise between the Railroad and the growing progressive-minded Reform factions of the party.

In his final address to the California State Legislature in early January 1903, Gage continued to publicly deny the outbreak, blaming the federal government, in particular Joseph Kinyoun, the Marine Hospital Service and the San Francisco Board of Health, for damaging the state's economy.

"In my first biennial message, January 7, 1901, I referred, at some length, to the subject of certain false and exaggerated reports concerning the alleged existence of bubonic plague in San Francisco, which, through the interest, ignorance, or recklessness of a few persons, were indiscriminately published in the year 1900, and thereafter intermittently continued. The falsity of the reports has been frequently proved, but, unfortunately, through the ill-designed efforts and action of Dr. J. J. Kinyoun, assuming to represent the United States Marine Hospital Service at San Francisco, and of the members of the San Francisco Board of Health, much damage nevertheless accrued to the various commercial, industrial, and other productive interests of the State, injuring alike the laborer, merchant, farmer, and fruit-grower."

Post governorship
After leaving Sacramento, Gage returned to Los Angeles to resume his law practice. In 1909, President William Howard Taft appointed Gage as U.S. Minister to Portugal. Gage served in Lisbon for a little more than five months until November 1910. Political instability in Portugal, due to the Revolution of 1910 that deposed King Manuel II, as well as his wife's deteriorating health, forced Gage to submit his resignation to the U.S. Department of State and President Taft. He returned to California shortly afterwards.

Gage died in Los Angeles on August 28, 1924, at the age of 71.

Legacy
Despite his administration being characterized by historians as both rocky and incompetent, a lasting legacy of Gage's tenure of office was his signing off on the establishment of California Polytechnic State University in 1901.

In 1902, Gage appointed Ulysses S. Webb as California Attorney General. Webb became one of the most successful attorneys general in the history of California and its longest-serving (37 years, until his retirement in 1939).

Gage Avenue in Los Angeles was named after the former governor on October 28, 1929. Henry T. Gage Middle School, located on Gage Avenue, also is named after him.

The Henry Gage Mansion is a California Historic Landmark (No. 984), given the designation on May 26, 1989. Located in Bell Gardens, the Gage Mansion, built in 1795, is the oldest remaining home in Los Angeles County.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry T. Gage


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Campaigns of 1801 in the Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars continued in 1801 with the French bringing the war against the Second Coalition to a close.

By 16 January, the Austrians signed the Armistice of Treviso in Italy. On 9 February, they signed the Treaty of Lunéville, ending the war on the continent. The war against the United Kingdom continued (with Neapolitan harbours closed to her by the Treaty of Florence, signed on 28 March). A British expedition landed in Egypt in March, fighting the Battle of Abukir, the Battle of Alexandria and laying siege to Alexandria. The French surrender there on 2 September ended their campaign in Egypt and Syria which had begun in 1798.

The naval war also continued, with the United Kingdom maintaining a blockade of France by sea. Non-combatants Russia, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden joined to protect neutral shipping from British attacks, but were unsuccessful. British Admiral Horatio Nelson attacked the Danish fleet in harbor at the Battle of Copenhagen, destroying much of the fleet of one of France's more steady allies during the period. An armistice prevented him from continuing into the Baltic Sea to attack the Russian fleet at Reval (Tallinn). Meanwhile, off Gibraltar, the outnumbered French squadron under Linois rebuffed a first British attack under Saumarez in the first battle of Algeciras, capturing a line-of-battle ship. In the second battle of Algeciras, four days later, the British captured a French ship and sank two Spanish, killing around 2000 mostly Spanish seamen for the loss of 12 British.


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George Pardee

George Cooper Pardee (July 25, 1857 – September 1, 1941) was an American doctor of medicine and Republican politician. As the 21st Governor of California, holding office from January 7, 1903, to January 9, 1907, Pardee was the second native-born Californian to assume the governorship, after Romualdo Pacheco, and the first governor born in California after statehood.

Biography
Pardee was born on July 25, 1857, in San Francisco, California, the only child of Enoch H. Pardee and Mary Pardee. The Pardee family was well known in the San Francisco Bay Area. His father was a prominent oculist in San Francisco and Oakland. Enoch's stature within the community helped him get elected to the California State Assembly in the early 1870s, and later as the mayor of Oakland for a single term from 1876 to 1878.

Raised in the Pardee Home in Oakland, George Pardee closely followed in his father's medical background. He attended the nearby University of California, Berkeley, then studied medicine at the Cooper Medical College in San Francisco. In 1885, Pardee traveled abroad to receive his medical degree at the University of Leipzig in the German Empire. After his return from Germany, Pardee joined his father's medical practice, specializing in eye and ear diseases.

Like his father, Enoch, Pardee also developed an early interest in politics. By the early 1890s, Pardee had become an active member of the Republican Party, and was elected to the Oakland Board of Health and the Oakland City Council. In 1893, following a successful election, Pardee became the 29th mayor of Oakland, serving a single two-year term until 1895. During his mayoralship, Pardee began a public battle with the Southern Pacific Railroad's ownership of the Port of Oakland. At one point, Pardee kicked down a piece of the port's fence erected by the Southern Pacific out of anger.

Governorship
During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, Pardee's quick rise in East Bay politics was noticed by the state Republican leadership prior to the 1902 general elections. Deeply embarrassed and financially hurt by the denials of an ongoing bubonic plague outbreak in San Francisco's Chinatown by Governor Henry Gage, Republicans withdrew their support of Gage during the state convention. The party, divided by Railroad Republicans with the backing of the Southern Pacific Railroad and Reform Republicans of the growing Progressive movement, nominated Pardee, due to his municipal and medical background, as a compromise candidate. Despite clashes in the past with their interests, Southern Pacific Republicans believed Pardee the better candidate against the Democratic contender Franklin K. Lane, a San Francisco City Attorney and an ardent anti-Southern Pacific campaigner.

In the 1902 general elections, Pardee faced a four-way race between the Democrats' Lane, Socialist Gideon Brower and Prohibitionist Theodore Kanouse. Pardee barely edged over Lane, winning the governorship with a plurality of 0.9%. Less than 3,000 votes separated the two leading candidates.

San Francisco Bubonic Plague
Pardee took office on January 7, 1903. At the start of his term, Pardee did not fully acknowledge the presence of plague in San Francisco. Preceding his inauguration, the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service act was created by Congress on July 1, 1902. This act established that state health officials could initiate a surgeon general call conference, upon request. Due to the uncertainty and fear of the plague, a conference call was requested by eleven states to discuss the plague situation in California. In response, Walter Wyman, Surgeon General, called for a conference to be held on January 19, 1903, at Washington, D.C. Under the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service law, each state had to send one state health board representative to a surgeon general call conference. The problem for California was that the state health board officers, previously headed by former governor, Henry Gage, strongly denied the presence of the plague. In efforts to rectify this dilemma, Surgeon Arthur H. Glennan from the U.S Public Health Service was tasked with working with the new governor, Pardee. With his efforts, Matthew Gardner, former surgeon-in-chief of Southern Pacific Railroad, was selected to represent California at the conference.

San Francisco was the heart of trade and commerce. Due to plague rumors, San Francisco commercial circles were alarmed by the advances of the Northwestern Railway and Northern Pacific Railways success. During this time, Northwestern Railway and Northern Pacific Railways wanted to divert commerce towards the western states. A preliminary meeting was held on January 18, 1903, a day before the conference call. Other state health officials that attended were hostile to Gardner, believing that California health officials were interested more in railroad business. Gardner acknowledged the presence of plague and promised to provide statements from Pardee and San Francisco Mayor Eugene Schmitz, promising to undertake a sanitary campaign and eradication. Pardee promised to fulfill all the conditions the officials wanted. But the officials did not take his promise into consideration and voted to change the location troop transport from San Francisco. On the day of the conference call, Wyman discussed inspection results, revealing no detection of plague. But he also did acknowledge it was not fully eradicated. Many health officials were not happy with this answer and proposed two plans. The first plan pertained to the federal support system, which Wyman objected to. The second plan suggested placing embargoes on California borders, where railroads entered, if health officials were not actively participating in plague eradication. This conference concluded the presence of bubonic plague in California and blamed Governor Henry Gage and his state health board for his negligence in acknowledging and eradicating plague. Wyman, after the conference, firmly stated that acknowledging plague would not affect trade. In hopes to avoid a quarantine, Gardner urged Pardee to recognize bubonic plague in San Francisco.

Pardee had won the governor election by a narrow margin. He feared that acknowledging the plague would divide the already split Republican Party. Shortly after his inauguration, Pardee and Glennan met privately. He readily supported the U.S. Public Health Service and agreed to remove state inspectors in Chinatown. Pardee also complied to the resolutions established at the conference. But he continued to avoid directly addressing the presence of plague. He stated any disease regardless of plague required sanitary control. Wyman believed Pardee's stance did not reassure the country health officials and urged Glennan to address the issue again with Pardee and Mayor Schmitz. He believed that acknowledging the presence of plague would ease health officials and foreign countries' fear. Pardee continued to elude the topic of plague but continued to work with the government. On the other hand, Schmitz continued to deny plague existence. The unrest caused by the government and San Francisco Health Board lead to Mexico and Australia to ban San Francisco goods. This ban encouraged more cooperation with Seattle and Vancouver. San Francisco businesses established the Mercantile Joint Committee to promote sanitary and preventive measures, in an effort to prove that plague did not exist. The Mercantile Joint Committee were concerned that officially admitting plague would result in a quarantine, leading to decreased trade and commerce. Merchants continued to ignore Wyman, who was still adamant about officially acknowledging plague. Finally, Glennan stated that if there was no official address regarding plague, the U.S Public Health Service would withdraw from San Francisco. This forced the Mercantile Joint Committee to formally admit that there had been ninety three plague cases over the span of 3 years. They also asked for the support from Schmitz and Pardee to officially admit that there was no current risk or danger from plague. Schmitz was the first to sign this document. Pardee, who was resistant to this, eventually signed it. With this in place, Wyman reported that there were no new outbreaks of plague since December 1902 and Chinatown had met satisfactory sanitary conditions to business leaders. This news encouraged Mexico and other foreign countries to lift the embargoes. Under Pardee's orders, new officials were appointed for the State Health Board. His administration was now focused on being transparent and would acknowledge all plague cases. Pardee welcomed health officials to visit California and provide input regarding sanitation and sanitary conditions. On September 8, the first California State, County, and Municipal Sanitary Conference was held in San Francisco. This first meeting was able to create a community where sanitary information and preventative measures could be shared. By the end of 1904, the plague had been brought under control. Nearly 200 deaths were attributed to the outbreak.

Conservation and education
During his medical studies in the German Empire, Pardee was greatly influenced by Germany's push for higher education and environmental conservation during its rapid industrialization. Throughout his administration, Pardee strongly supported irrigation projects and waterworks throughout the Central Valley with the desire of increasing the state's agricultural output and providing safe drinking water from the Sierra Nevada.

Pardee's progressive ideas regarding conservation and distrust of corporate monopolies quickly placed him as an ally of President Theodore Roosevelt. Both the governor and President Roosevelt enjoyed a good working relationship during their respective terms of office on the state and federal levels. On a visit to California in 1903, Pardee was asked by Roosevelt if he would be his running mate as Vice President for the 1904 presidential election. Pardee declined, instead continuing to take an active role in state politics. Both Pardee and Roosevelt remained political allies for the next decade.

Since 1901, proposals for a state agricultural school had undergone discussion within the California State Legislature, yet no proposal had gained a serious following. Most agricultural studies in the state during the period were concentrated at UC Berkeley, but due to the climate of Berkeley, most studies remained strictly limited to organic and soil chemistry study and analysis. In 1903, an agricultural bill sponsoring a state agricultural school to give first-hand experience for future farmers passed the legislature. Pardee vetoed the bill, explaining that he was not hostile to the idea of an agricultural school, but wanted a less vague proposal.

The Legislature drafted a more detailed bill, the University Farm Bill, in 1905. In it, the bill specified that a future state agricultural school would need a location already irrigated, with provisions for ideal soil and climatic conditions, as well as water and land rights. Pardee agreed, and signed the bill into law. For the next year, an agricultural commission sponsored by Pardee investigated more than fifty sites from Glenn County to Fresno. In 1906, Pardee announced that he decided upon Davisville in Yolo County, located nearly fifteen miles southwest of the state capital of Sacramento. Opened to students in 1908, the School of Agriculture quickly became one of the premier centers of agricultural study in the state. In 1959, the Regents of the University of California granted the school campus autonomy, designating it UC Davis.

The state of California's forests also came under Pardee's agenda. Shortly after the beginning of his administration, Pardee, with the help of Gifford Pinchot, ordered a joint state and federal commission to inspect and survey California's forests. In 1905, a State Forestry Act was passed by the legislature and signed by the governor, creating a Board of Forestry to monitor and supervise logging, land usage, and forest fires. The act, along with Pinchot's advocacy, helped influence President Roosevelt to transfer federal forest land over to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, later becoming the National Forest Service. Pardee's own Board of Forestry would later evolve into the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.

1906 San Francisco earthquake
In the early morning hours of April 18, 1906, a magnitude 7.7 to 8.3 earthquake struck along the San Andreas Fault, with an epicenter two miles (three km) from San Francisco, near Mussel Rock in neighboring San Mateo County. While cities as spread as Santa Rosa, San Jose and Palo Alto suffered considerable damage, San Francisco remained hardest hit, with resulting fires destroying much of the central core of the city.

As telegraphed reports slowly filtered into the Governor's Office in Sacramento, Pardee mobilized the California Army National Guard to be dispatched to San Francisco, though Pardee was unaware that federal troops of the U.S. Army, under the command Brigadier General Frederick Funston, were already patrolling the streets.

Pardee sought to take command of the situation himself, traveling to his native Oakland in the later afternoon to oversee the state response to the disaster. Making his headquarters in Oakland Mayor Frank K. Mott's office, Pardee worked twenty-hour days during the disaster, signing travel permission papers, coordinating state and federal relief funds and trains, and remaining in contact with the outside world through Oakland's undamaged telegraph lines. In addition, Pardee also visited other afflicted cities, such as San Jose and Santa Rosa, to tour and coordinate their own disaster responses.

Downfall
Despite having been heavily praised by the public for his handling of the state bureaucracy during the 1906 disaster, Pardee continued to have a strained relationship with the Southern Pacific Railroad, one that had been ongoing since the 1890s while he was Mayor of Oakland. Pardee's role in the burgeoning Progressive movement which distrusted large corporate monopolies, as well as his efforts to conserve and protect state forests, remained a constant thorn for Southern Pacific executives. A lengthy bitter battle over the Port of Oakland, which Pardee argued on behalf of Oakland that the port was a municipal rather than private corporation, dragged out for much of his governorship. The case was decided upon by the California Supreme Court in 1906, ruling in Oakland's favor. Pardee also encouraged creation of new railroad companies to break the Southern Pacific's monopolies.

At the state Republican convention in Santa Cruz to nominate the party's candidate for the governorship in the 1906 general elections, Railroad Republicans led by party machine boss Abe Ruef, sought to strip Pardee of the nomination. Southern Pacific interests within the Republicans believed Pardee as too independent and troublesome. Writing in the San Francisco Chronicle on September 1, 1906, Pardee commented that "[I]t is evident that the Railroad machine and [Abe] Ruef did not want me to be governor again, and as they were in control of the convention, what kick have I coming?"

Railroad Republicans, now dominating the Santa Cruz convention due to intense lobbying by Ruef, denied Pardee the nomination. Instead, Republicans and Southern Pacific supporters nominated U.S. House Representative James Gillett, a pro-railroad supporter. Pardee's loss of the nomination sparked anger amongst many Progressive Republican circles, fueling desires for Progressives to reform the political nomination process or to break away from the Republicans altogether. In 1912, a party split occurred with the creation of the Bull Moose Party, led by Theodore Roosevelt and California Governor Hiram Johnson, who himself would lead Progressives to control the legislature and Governor's Office throughout much of the 1910s.

In his farewell address to the California State Legislature in January 1907, Pardee demanded that the legislature take up calls for creating a direct primary law.

Post-governorship
Leaving the governorship in 1907, he returned to serve on many national and state boards, including the National Conservation Commission and the California Board of Forestry.

Pardee remained publicly active, returning to his native Oakland to become a co-founder of the state Bull Moose Party in 1912. In 1920, he was invited to become Commodore of the Oakland Yacht Club, a position he would enjoy again from 1925 to 1928. In the years following his governorship, Pardee lobbied intensely for a water district specifically for the East Bay. In 1921, the legislature passed the Municipal Utility District Act, and two years later, the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) was organized. Pardee would administer EBMUD from 1924 until shortly before his death in 1941.

In 1927, Oakland citizens awarded Pardee as a founding commissioner to the Port of Oakland due to his lengthy battle to remove the Southern Pacific monopoly over the waterfront.

Pardee died in Oakland on September 1, 1941, at the age of 84.

Family
Pardee met his future wife Helen N. Pardee at Oakland High School in the 1870s, graduating together in 1875. Helen was a school teacher, photographer, and art collector.

The Pardees had four daughters, Florence, Caroline, Madeline and Helen. Florence Pardee was killed in a car accident in 1910. Caroline Pardee died from the Spanish flu in 1920. Surviving daughters Madeline and Helen would continue to own and live in the family's Pardee Home until Helen Pardee's death in 1981. The Pardee Home opened as a public museum in 1991.

Legacy
Unlike his predecessor Henry Gage and his successor James Gillett, Pardee's governorship has been generally well regarded amongst historians. His efforts of conservation and education have proved to be long standing, such as the creations of bodies that would later become UC Davis and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Despite their initial support of his nomination in 1902, Pardee's near-constant resistance to the Southern Pacific Railroad has spared his reputation of criticism for being too close to rail monopolies. State historians from the California Secretary of State's office wrote that between Gage, Pardee and Gillett, "only Pardee can be considered an honest earnest administrator."

Environmental historian Philip L. Fradkin has cited Pardee as one of the unsung heroes of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. "Pardee lacked a glamorous frontline role, and he was criticized for not dashing in the flame-licked streets. With a large staff imported from Sacramento, the governor was the expediter of paper; in every great disaster there needs to be at least one such competent bureaucrat."

Pardee was also the first governor to reside in the California Governor's Mansion. The mansion would continue to be lived in by the state executive until the governorship of Ronald Reagan.

The Pardee Home, located in downtown Oakland, remains a tourist attraction in the center of the city, hosting tours and speaking events.

The Pardee Dam and the adjacent Pardee Reservoir along the Mokelumne River are named after the governor.

The old Governor's Office within the California State Capitol is refurbished to appear as it did during the time of George Pardee's governorship in 1906.

title: George Pardee


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Talk:Peach

Picture
Does anyone know why cultivar groups aren't listed for fruits on wikipedia? I was wondering why it didn't list Japanese peaches as being distinct from other peaches. It seems like there are differences between fruits in the same species that are significant enough to require their own sections, if not their own articles entirely.

no racism allowed on wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.121.47.232 (talk) 04:18, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Picture
Why is there a picture of a nectarine at the head of the article, instead of one with a real peach? See for example

Naming question
True or false: this article belongs at Peach and nectarine. 66.245.125.9 23:00, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

False. Nectarines are a subspecies of peach and are nicely dealt with in peach. Should every article with a subspecies be named so? Who's going to look for nectarine and peach? Anyone looking for peaches finds peaches; anyone looking for nectarines finds them here as well via the nectarine page's redirect to peach. PMC 00:06, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

True or false: Peach stones contain cyanide? Seems this article should make some mention of that, either to confirm or debunk it.
 * True and False. Fruits (and wilting leaves(?)) of the rose family, including cherries, apples, plums, almonds, peaches, apricots, rasberries, and crabapples, contain in their seeds substances known as "cyanogenetic glycosides" (the most important of which is amygdalin).  A glycoside is a molecule which decomposes in water into a sugar molecule and another, nonsugar (in this case hydrogen cyanide gas (hence cyanogenetic)).  A child is in serious danger if she ingests more than a couple of the most poisonous of these, the bitter almond, with about 50 putting an adult into mortal danger. google answers Smmurphy(Talk) 06:05, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Nectarine History
Competing views:

(1) Google 'nectarine' and 'Washington', click Encyclopedia.com link and click Washington Times link;

(2) http://www.thefruitpages.com/peaches.shtml;

(3) http://westernfarmpress.com/news/farming_song_family_quality_2/;

(4) http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c107:2:./temp/~c107In4xB1::;

(5) http://www.fresnobee.com/local/story/9109631p-10010541c.html.

Need to determine different variations of nectarine and when each variation was developed?

I've removed this sentence:

"the U.S. government has formally adopted the view that nectarines were (or its modern peach-rivalling variant was) first developed by Korean Americans in the early 20th Century (see 107th Congress, Resolution 185)"

(1) the US Congress resolution is a political decision not based on the facts of historical literature; it has no relevance in any international encyclopedia

(2) The Oxford English Dictionary records the first use of the word 'nectarine' in 1616, so clearly the fruit had been developed by then; also that in 1664 John Evelyn stated "Now also plant peaches and nectarines", and two other pre-1700 references.

(3) The RHS Dictionary of Gardening comments that the nectarine is "common in parts of Turkestan" as an indigenous plant or at least introduced before recorded history, and that "in Britain, John Rea in 1676 listed 35 named cultivars of peaches and 11 named cultivars of nectarines".

(4) The link cited at (1) above states nectarines were already introduced into America by 1720.

So while 20th century Korean Americans may well have been important in breeding modern American nectarine cultivars, they clearly did not play any part in the original discovery and development of the nectarine. I suspect to find that, it will be necessary to study ancient Chinese and Korean literature (i.e., where peaches originally came from). - MPF 19:20, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps include what you stated, then, as a distinction of nectarine breeds:

"20th century Korean Americans may well have been important in breeding modern American nectarine cultivars...."

As well as the other relevant information you mention above. =)

I've just heard it claimed by a plant geneticist on a BBC4 documentary about John Wyndham that the modern nectarine is a mutation artificially produced by radiation. Also:. This would be remarkable if true, but I can't see any evidence for it.

be right back i want a hot dog lmao ! i deffinetly need a new hat ! my life is really boring iu want some one to hold me ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.35.117.162 (talk) 15:36, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

The man you saw in that BBC4 documentary (Dr. Keith Roberts) just sent a reply to my request for information:

"I am afraid it is some time now since I contributed as a plant biologist to that John Wyndham programme, and I have now been retired from the John Innes Centre for nearly ten years. I have looked for my file on the research I did for this, but it seems to have been thrown away. Anyhow, let me just say what I was trying to convey, which is that Wyndham’s story had the clear and explicit context of the cold war obsession with Soviet genetics (including Lysenko), shown by the fact that the hero, Bill Mason, actually thinks the USSR ‘bioengineered' the triffids, which were released into the wild. In the fifties it was commonplace across the world to use a variety of irradiation methods (gamma rays, X-rays) to induce useful mutations in commercial plant varieties, in particular cereals such as wheat and barley, and the USSR was no exception.

It has long been known that peaches and nectarines are in fact the same species, and differ only in the mutant variant of a single gene they possess that confers either hairyness (peaches) or smooth skin (nectarine). This simple mutation has been known as a ‘sport’ for hundreds of years but has also been isolated in numerous more recent screens of mutagenised populations of peaches. What I cannot locate is my original source that the USSR had done this too, but that was only a single simple example of the general idea of using radiation mutagenesis to benefit plant breeding, the source of some of Wyndham’s concerns.

Here are a few references that you can look up online about mutation breeding in general:

(tinyurl.com/zrofu6t)(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_breeding)(www.iaea.org/.../NCL.../_Public/08/334/8334910.pdf...)(hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/40/1/5.full.pdf )

I hope that helps, Keith Roberts

Application of Mutation Breeding Methods in the Improvement of… (book) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sambson (talk • contribs) 19:26, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

Nectarine section not entirely visible due to image
Insert non-formatted text here

Yeah, I can't see the first few words of that article. Something should be done about that, I feel. Unfortunately, I don't think I know how to do that myself.

Pictures
Very good pictures! Not too little or too much, and all very well shot. loulou 17:18, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

No sources
So many "facts" are mentioned here with no sources. Nice case of wikiality.--Firebird 06:50, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Has anyone seen that peach from Columbia that isnt a peach but has been classified as one?

Nectarine=Peach+Plum: popular misconception?
When I was growing up, I was told that a nectarine was a cross between a peach and a plum. Is this a widely-held misconception? If so, it would be interesting to remark on it in the article (but maybe it was just me). --ScottAlanHill 03:42, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I, too, remember hearing this, and Wikipedia is the first place I've ever seen them referred to as merely a cultivar of the peach rather than a distinct fruit or hybrid. Not that I've spent a lot of time researching the matter... --Haruo (talk) 01:21, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

That Ol' Moldy Peach
I removed from the article. While admittedly both cool and gross, the animation has no relevancy to the article besides the fact that it involves a peach. That's peachy 'n all, but I really don't think there is any context in the article to support this *.gif. Definitely keep this animation circulating the 'net though, no? --'oac' (old american century) | Talk 03:43, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

The article has fairly good pics now. Mold on the surface of peaches is a common experience in ordinary lives. A picture of such surface mold would be a good addition to the article. -69.87.200.100 (talk) 20:20, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Nectarines
I'm kind of curious why this edit moved the nectarine to its own page, without any discussion first. 76.202.58.168 17:59, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd be inclined to merge them back together again; there's no significant difference between them (e.g. a white-flesh peach and a white-flesh nectarine are more alike each other, than a white-flesh peach and a yellow-flesh peach are). I'll merge it back in a week or so if no further comment emerges. - MPF 10:25, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Trivia/Production Map Inconsistencies
The map showing worldwide peach production is inconsistent with the trivia entry on the three highest peach producers in the U.S. Unless I'm missing something, it's not possible for the NE to be a producer of 20% of the total produced by China if the top three U.S. producersv (none of which are located in the NE) don't make the map. If the top three U.S. producers don't produce greater than 1% of China's total, I'm almost certain that the NE doesn't produce 20%. Given the trivia entry is cited, I've been able to independently corroborate the trivia entry and the fact that the map appears to be original research with no sources, I'm removing the map. NihilisticMystic 19:45, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Nutrients section
This article lacks a Nutrients/medicinal value section like at Guava and Mango. Are peaches worthless from a nutrition standpoint? One would think so reading the article. 5Q5 (talk) 22:25, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

due to its...
Due to its delicious taste and soft texture, in ancient China "peach" was also a slang word for "young bride". haha what? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.45.214.197 (talk) 17:59, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Florida Peaches
Would this be the place to add information about Florida peaches? Or would it need it's own category?Floridapeaches (talk) 23:21, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Growing season
Could someone knowledgeable add a section on typical growing seasons for peaches? Maybe a map showing when they are harvested or something. Unschool (talk) 05:58, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Prunus persica
If anyone can add botanical information about prunus persica, please start an actual article, so that it doesn't simply redirect to the food page. Tealwisp (talk) 23:12, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Height of plant
In the introduction, 2 heights are given for the plant. One saying "5-10m" (approx 15-30 feet), and the other one is at the end of the intro saying "small tree, up to 15ft". I think what has happened here is that the editors who added those in are looking at different cultivars of peach and something should be added to say what the height of the most common cultivar is, or to mention that they vary greatly in height depending on cultivar and give some ranges. - Faded_Mantis (Talk) 13:42, 6 April 2009 (NZST) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.90.9.244 (talk)

Reference China
Although its botanical name Prunus persica suggests the peach is native to Persia, peaches actually originated in China where they have been cultivated since the early days of Chinese culture. Peaches were mentioned in Chinese writings as far back as the tenth century BC and were a favoured fruit of kings and emperors [Citation needed] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.80.113.143 (talk • contribs) 01:07, April 13, 2010 (UTC)

File:White peach and cross section edit.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:White peach and cross section edit.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on July 30, 2010. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2010-07-30. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks!  howcheng  {chat} 19:12, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Nectarine question
Fifty years ago, I think I remember that nectarines would become somewhat soft and sweet, more or less like an ordinary peach. Am I misremembering? Nowadays they stay hard and tart for a long time, then go straight to rotten.Tldoran (talk) 23:55, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Congratulations
Congratulations to Wikipedia! At least this article should end the oft-held nonsense about the nectarine being a hybrid of a peach and a plum. It (i.e. the nectarine) is not  - it is simply a smooth-skinned peach. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 16:04, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

Ripening peaches
Currently the article claims that "Peaches do not ripen after being picked from the tree, so storing for ripening is not necessary." This claim contradicts both my personal experience and thousands of cooking and gardening related webpages giving advice on how to best ripen peaches. Can someone check the source and see if this is just some kind of misunderstanding? 93.133.217.120 (talk) 21:39, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Doughnut peaches
Seems odd that the doughnut peach (aka Saturn peach) has its own article, which is not linked to from here, while the nectarine and peacharine are treated as subsections here. I'm half inclined to suggest merging. --Haruo (talk) 01:23, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

I'm inclined to suggest a nectarine article. We give a page for any commercial variety, in general. Apples - Fuji, Gala, Honeycrisp, all get their own pages. If it gets its own bin in the supermarket, then it gets its own page on Wikipedia. (So, there can be no nectarine page, BUT specific named varieties of nectarine WILL get their own page?) Drsruli (talk) 09:06, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

Nectarine needs his own article!
I strongly suggest that Nectarine should be moved and treated in his own article! Slighter82 (talk) 15:44, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. Drsruli (talk) 09:07, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

Grammar/usage
This article is chock-full of grammatical errors, usage errors, and poorly-written unsourced claims. It should really be re-written by someone fluent in English who is willing to provide support for claims or leave them out.

I would also mention there is some archaic usage: "whence" in the first section.

List of peach and nectarine cultivars needed
Wikipedia desperately needs a "List of peach and nectarine cultivars" page. For a similar example for strawberries, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars. (Sorry but I do not have the time to start such a page at this time.) Bhami (talk) 16:14, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

Repetition
Note that the description of clingstone and freestone peaches occurs twice, once under "Description" and once under "Cultivars." One uses the word "stone" for the seed; the other, the American "pit." Why not combine them and use "pit or stone" or vice versa. That way, everyone's happy. Kostaki mou (talk) 14:16, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Peach. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130114152342/http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/peaches.html to http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/peaches.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120524221609/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=1013997&v=43 to http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=1013997&v=43
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120524224042/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=255510&v=43 to http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=255510&v=43

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:19, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Do the work yourself
Learn to respect reasonable edits, don't be so lazy and do the work yourself, and stop squatting on the article. Zedshort (talk) 23:47, 25 October 2015 (UTC)
 * It the responsibility of the person wishing to add content to Prove it not everyone else. McMatter (talk)/(contrib) 23:49, 25 October 2015 (UTC)

Fossil peaches
Further evidence of Chinese origin has recently been published: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep16794 - Peaches Preceded Humans: Fossil Evidence from SW China William Avery (talk) 22:40, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Historical inconsistances e.g. in France and England
From the article: "The peach was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, and eventually made it to England and France in the 17th century, where it was a prized and expensive treat. "

However, the source of the first citation in this article, Faust, M. and Timon, B. (1995) Origin and Dissemination of Peach, in Horticultural Reviews, Volume 17, states there is evidence of peach cultivation in southern France from the first century CE. Literary mentions in France begin circa 530. In 1275 trees were planted in the gardens of Edward I of England.

There are a number of inconsistencies in the history section that do not jive with the research from this well-sourced article.

142.169.78.52 (talk) 16:57, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

Value in woodworking?
Maybe pages on trees should have a section on the value of the wood in woodworking. Will (Talk - contribs) 06:35, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

 * This suggestion would be better directed to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Plants, since there's nothing in it specific to the peach tree.--Thnidu (talk) 16:37, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Alexander the Great
Regarding the claim that Alexander the Great introduced the peach to Greece, there is absolutely no historical evidence for this at all. That's why the source listed here does not list any sources itself. What's really weird is that literally everyone who repeats this story in the literature fails to mention any ancient source. I have since found one source that has stated this in a publication:

Alan Davidson, Oxford Companion to Food, Oxford University Press: Oxford 1999, p. 588. (an updated reference to the most recent edition would be great if anyone has access)

This isn't a crazy big deal, but I've changed the sentence, following Davidson, to read:

"It is often assumed that Alexander the Great introduced the fruit into Europe after he conquered the Persians, although there is no historical evidence for this belief."

and I've added a reference to Davidson. My preferred solution would be to simply take it out, or perhaps move it to a section at the end of peach-lore, but I suspect it's most useful for this to appear in the section on History (since people will be more likely to look there if they've heard the story from elsewhere). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ancientmedicine (talk • contribs) 19:09, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

"larger and more compressed"
§ History says in the second paragraph:
 * A domesticated peach appeared very early in Japan, in 4700–4400 BC, during the Jōmon period. It was already similar to modern cultivated forms, where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones.

This seems like a contradiction. Compressing something makes it smaller, not larger. The word here may refer to something like surface texture, e.g. more wrinkly-looking, but it should be clarified. --Thnidu (talk) 15:58, 19 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I suspect it may mean laterally compressed, i.e. flatter. Stay tuned... Just plain Bill (talk) 19:05, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Emoji
Someone else added an edit that mentioned the emoji and an reviewer accepted the (unsourced) pending edit. I don't think that the pending edit should have been accepted, but since it had been, I at least tried to make the content fit in the article. Frankly, I'd rather just have the discussion of the emoji removed. Psu256 (talk) 15:28, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

 * You beat me to the punch on adding a source, and it was better than I found. If it were just the emoji, I would consider deleting it as trivia. Symbolism might me an appropriate addition, but I haven't figured out how to approach it with the existing "cultural significance" section. Possible additional source: . To me, adding the emoji opened up a can of worms I'm not up for repackaging. BiologicalMe (talk) 00:16, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Proposing merging Peach (fruit) into this article. Much of the content overlaps. The disambiguation on this page even says "This article is about the tree and its fruit", yet the fruit has its own article for some reason. Kstern (talk) 19:31, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. High degree of overlap merits merging. No discernible value to two separate articles. Zefr (talk) 22:54, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. With the overlap accounted for, the merged article could still be a manageable size. Just plain Bill (talk) 23:22, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. I don't think merging the article will cause much of an inconvenience to readers. I agree with Bill's reasoning on this one. Scorpions13256 (talk) 12:29, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. It's basically the same subject so yes a merge is warranted. Wikiman5676 (talk) 05:01, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Support.Davidbena (talk) 00:26, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

Broken filter
the filter appears to be broken. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 20:26, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * If you're referring to your changes not being auto-accepted, there seems to be nothing wrong with the settings on the page or your account. I'm not a developer, but you can contribute (to) bug reports at phabricator. If you're referring to some other issue, you'll have to elaborate. Thanks. Samsara 08:16, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

Logically, nectarines would merit their own page
How is this different from Cabbage, Broccoli, Kale, Cauliflower, Brussels Sprouts all the same species, but commercially distinct? Drsruli (talk) 07:00, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * If you can write a sufficiently long article then I agree. Their genetics are very similar however and so their pest management is the same. I don't know if merely the difference in texture merits a separate article. Invasive Spices (talk) 1 July 2022 (UTC)

"I don't know if merely the difference in texture merits a separate article. " The same might be wondered for the examples that I gave, Kale and Collard Greens, etc. Drsruli (talk) 22:32, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Puzzling sentence in History section
I like to tidy grammar when I can, but I'm puzzled by the intent of this sentence: "An article on peach tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture." I suspect this is some kind of artifact of lifting a section from another language (probably French, as the reference is to a French article), with a poor translation. I would speculate that it ought to read something like "Peach tree cultivation is discussed in..." but I find the intent of the phrase as found too incoherent to be sure. 2001:56A:F0E9:9B00:712A:8A27:217F:B60F (talk) 20:31, 22 August 2022 (UTC)JustSomeWikiRreader

Peacherines
"Peacherines are claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine, but as they are the same species cannot be a true cross (hybrid); they are marketed in Australia and New Zealand." - If you can cross broccoli with cauliflower, then you can legitimately cross peaches and nectarines. Drsruli (talk) 22:31, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Angiosperm phylogeny 4 group
the taxonomic classification between this and whats on wikispecies and a lot of pages on different plants is not upto date based on the latest apg four group taxonomic findings. the traditional structure of kingdom phylum etc isnt as rigid and consistent, because while the goals of taxonomy being stability and predictability they conflict at times and the more genetic studies and other molecular markers they add to things, some things shift and the traditional structure isnt always the best so they get rid of phylum and have these things called clades and ive noticed if looking at it ever and trying to make sense what a sub genus or sub family or clade this or that is, while those works can have some general meaning for what they are, in general they are just another split in the evolutionary tree for that species. trying to outline this for my garden was a bit confusing once i realized the taxonomy system had been updated. but once i made sense it wasnt bad. just thought id say that i notice the inconsistency between the wikispecies page for this and how the taxonomy is represented on all these plant pages. why they arent linked i dont know. H2orocks4001 (talk) 19:56, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peach


text:
Ballard

Ballard may refer to:

People

 * Ballard (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)

Australia

 * Ballard, Queensland, a locality in the Lockyer Valley Region

Ireland

 * Ballard, Ardnurcher, a townland in Ardnurcher civil parish, barony of Moycashel, County Westmeath
 * Ballard, County Clare, a townland
 * Ballard, Portloman, a townland in Portloman civil parish, barony of Corkaree, County Westmeath
 * Ballard, Rathconrath, a townland in Rathconrath civil parish, barony of Rathconrath, County Westmeath

United Kingdom

 * Ballard Down, an area in Dorset, England
 * Ballard, County Armagh, a townland in Northern Ireland

United States

 * Ballard, California, a town in the Santa Ynez Valley
 * Ballard, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Ballard, Missouri, an unincorporated community in Bates County
 * Ballard, Seattle, a neighborhood that was once a city before being annexed by Seattle, Washington
 * Ballard, Utah, a town in Uintah County
 * Ballard, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Monroe County
 * Ballard County, Kentucky
 * Ballardvale, Massachusetts, a village in the town of Andover, Essex County

Schools

 * Ballard High School (Louisville), Kentucky, US
 * Ballard High School (Seattle), Washington, US
 * Ballard Community School District, Iowa, US

Other uses

 * Ballard Power Systems, noted for their fuel cell research
 * USS Ballard (DD-267), a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1919 and decommissioned in 1945
 * Ballard Institute and Museum of Puppetry, in Storrs, Connecticut

title: Ballard


text:
Friend Richardson

Friend William Richardson (born William Richardson; December 1, 1865 – September 6, 1943) was an American newspaper publisher and politician. A member of the Progressive Party and later the Republican Party, Richardson was elected as the California State Treasurer from 1915 to 1923, and shortly afterwards as the 25th governor of California from 1923 to 1927. Richardson's governorship marked a sharp reversal in policies from previous administrations, rolling back many of the Progressive reforms and state governmental agencies put in place by previous governors Hiram Johnson and William Stephens.

Biography
William Richardson was born in December 1865 to William and Rhoda Richardson at Friends Colony, Michigan, a Quaker township located outside of Ann Arbor. Early in his life, William legally changed his first name to "Friend", the traditional Quaker greeting. In his young adult life, Richardson worked as a county clerk and law librarian, and following his move to San Bernardino, California, married Augusta Felder in 1891, with whom he had five children. Five years later, Richardson became the owner and newspaper editor of The San Bernardino Times Index.

In 1900, Richardson relocated to Berkeley where he purchased within a year The Berkeley Daily Gazette and became active in the California Press Association. Due to greater name recognition, Richardson was increasingly noticed by the state government. In 1901, Richardson was appointed as Superintendent of the State Printing Office with the consent of the California State Legislature and Governor Henry Gage. The Richardson family relocated to Sacramento where he assumed state printing responsibilities, while at the same time, continuing to own his newspapers in both San Bernardino and Berkeley.

In 1914, Richardson officially entered politics, running as a Progressive for California State Treasurer. Richardson easily defeated his Socialist and Prohibitionist rivals by a voting gap of 66 percent. Following the Progressive Party's collapse, Richardson again won a second term as Treasurer in 1918, this time as a Republican, and again won a landslide victory against his Socialist and Prohibitionist rivals by garnering 78.2 percent of the vote.

After two successful terms as state treasurer, Richardson set his sights on the governorship as the Republican Party's nominee in 1922. Running against incumbent William Stephens in the party's primary election, Richardson campaigned on a conservative platform, capitalizing on electoral fatigue with Progressive-minded politics. The campaign worked, successfully defeating Governor Stephens and effectively returned the state Republican Party to a more conservative bent.

With Stephens out of the 1922 general election, Richardson faced Democrat Thomas L. Woolwine, the popular District Attorney of Los Angeles County. Amongst Richardson's supporters in the election were the Ku Klux Klan (although California state Republican chairman A. E. Boynton repudiated these claims ), which deeply opposed Woolwine's Catholicism and was rumored to count Richardson as a member. His campaign manager in the election, California State Assemblyman Frank Merriam, would himself become governor in 1934. In the end, Richardson triumphed in the election, defeating Woolwine by nearly 24 percent of the vote.

Governorship
Richardson began his governorship on January 9, 1923, promising a no-frills administration to deeply cut governmental expenditures. Despite his past affiliation with the Progressive Party, Richardson blamed both the party and its Progressive movement with excess in his inaugural speech, replacing the Southern Pacific Railroad political machine with a Progressive machine. "In 1911 the people did a good job of political house cleaning," Richardson spoke, alluding to Hiram Johnson and his Progressive majority in the Legislature. "During the past few years another great political machine has come into power which has cost the people millions of dollars. It will be necessary to first wreck this political machine before the state can be put on an economical basis and the government again handed back to the people."

Richardson embarked on a program to eliminate "unnecessary boards and officers, by consolidation, and by doing away with overlapping functions," calling it a massive waste of taxpayers’ money. In the preface to his proposed 1923 budget to the Legislature, Richardson declared his opposition to pork barrel politics and that "[m]y chief burden has been to relieve the people of their great burden of taxation." In his various modifications to the state bureaucracy, Richardson appointed various individuals that were favorable to corporate interests. An electoral backlash against his deep-rooted fiscal conservatism came during the 1924 legislative elections, when resurgent Progressives regained control of the California State Legislature, beginning a legislative bulwark against more proposed cuts to the state government and increased corporate influence. A proposal by Richardson to close two state universities, believing that education had become too costly for state coffers, was successfully defeated by the Progressives. Meanwhile, Richardson blocked the Progressives' passage of a bill in the Legislature to create a professional State Bar of California with a pocket veto in 1925.

As the Legislature and Richardson thwarted each other's political agendas, the governor attended to other duties outside of the political realm. Richardson personally accompanied Swedish Prince Gustaf Adolf and Princess Louise Mountbatten on a portion of their tour through Southern California in 1926.

That same year, the increasingly embattled Richardson faced a crucial primary election. Growing anger at Richardson's overly-conservative administration led to the progressive wing of the Republican Party supporting C. C. Young, the lieutenant governor under both William Stephens and Richardson. Young emerged victorious in the primary vote, depriving Richardson of the chance to run in the general election.

Defeated by his own party, Richardson left the governorship as his term expired on January 4, 1927. One accomplishment to his various eliminations and consolidations to the state government was a surplus of $20 million in the state treasury.

Post-governorship
Richardson returned to newspaper publishing, becoming the chief publisher of the Alameda Times Star in 1931. He became politically active again in the 1930s, though in appointed positions. He served as the State Building and Loan Commissioner under James Rolph from 1932 to 1934, and later as the State Superintendent of Banks from 1934 to 1939 under his former campaign manager in 1922, Frank Merriam. He retired from public life in 1939.

In July 1943, Richardson suffered a heart attack from which he never recovered, and died at his Berkeley home on September 6, 1943. His ashes are now interred at the Chapel of the Chimes in Oakland.

Throughout his life, Richardson was a member of the Freemasons, the Knights Templar, the Shriners, the Order of the Eastern Star, the Elks, the Kiwanis, the Moose, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Rotary and the Woodmen.

title: Friend Richardson