text:
Beyblade (manga)

Beyblade, known in Japan as Explosive Shoot Beyblade (爆転シュートベイブレード), is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takao Aoki to promote sales of spinning tops called "Beyblades" developed as a co-production between Takara Tomy and Hasbro. The series focuses on a group of kids who form teams, which battle one another using Beyblades. Originally serialized in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic from September 1999 to July 2004, the individual chapters were collected and published in 14 tankōbon volumes and was licensed for English-language release in North America by Viz Media. It was licensed for English releases in Singapore and in Australia and New Zealand by Chuang Yi.

An anime adaptation aired in Japan on TV Tokyo from January to December 2001 and was followed by two sequel series, Beyblade V-Force and Beyblade G-Revolution, and the 2002 film Beyblade: Fierce Battle. Nelvana licensed and produced English-language adaptations of the anime series and the film.

Beyblade
Tyson Granger is an enthusiastic teenage boy who loves Beyblade. He begins his journey after befriending fellow Beyblade enthusiast, Kenny, and drawing the attention of Kai Hiwatari, a formidable Blader, after defeating Carlos, the leader of his neighborhood's Beyblade gang, the Blade Sharks. Tyson and Kai develop a rivalry that leads to him discovering that his Beyblade contains a Bit-Beast named Dragoon. Seeking to challenge Kai again, Tyson competes in the Japanese Regional Beyblade Qualifying Tournament and befriends fellow competitors, Ray Kon and Max Tate, both of whom possess their own Bit-Beast.

After winning the tournament, Tyson goes on to form a team with Kai, Ray and Max named the Bladebreakers. Kenny tags along as their manager. The Bladebreakers tour China to register for the championships and confront the White Tigers, Ray's former team, who hold a grudge against Ray for leaving them. Toward the end of the Chinese tournament, Ray and his ex-teammates make amends, and the Bladebreakers win the tournament.

After this, Tyson and his friends arrive in the United States to fight the All Starz, who are coached by Max's mother. After winning the American League, the team finds itself stranded in Europe. They tour Europe and meet Oliver, Enrique, Johnny and Robert, who go by the name Majestics.

The Bladebreakers battle the Majestics and the Bladebreakers win the battle. They then go to Russia for the final tournament. In Russia, they meet Boris's team, the Demolition Boys, of which Kai was also a member of in the past. Kai had forgotten about Boris and the training grounds where he had learned almost everything he knew about Beyblading. However, he soon regains his memory. He finds Black Dranzer, his dream Beyblade, and decides to join the Demolition Boys team, aiming to be the best Beyblader. Tyson finds out and tries to convince Kai to return to the Bladebreakers, but Kai rejects him, throwing his old Beyblade, Dranzer, at Tyson's feet. Tyson keeps Dranzer with him and vows to bring Kai back. Soon, before the finals, Kai challenges the Bladebreakers to steal their Bit-Beasts and become most powerful Blader. However, only Tyson and Ray show up. Max is still at the airport, returning from where he was training with Tyson and Ray with his new Beyblade, Draciel. Just at the moment when Kai seems to be close to taking the Bit-Beasts of Tyson and Ray, Max comes and challenges Kai. Kai thinks that he can easily beat Draciel but he can not, and soon Tyson uses Kai's own old Blade, Dranzer, to beat the Black Dranzer and defeat Kai. Kai, shocked by the power of Dranzer, does not notice the ice beneath him cracking and falls into the frozen water below. Tyson, Ray, Max and Kenny rescue Kai. Realizing the power of friendship as well as the power of Dranzer, Kai returns to the Bladebreakers.

In the final match, Tyson battles Tala, winning the match and becoming a Beyblade World Champion for the first time.

Beyblade V-Force
The Bladebreakers have gone their separate ways. But when Team Psykick and the Saint Shields attack the Bladebreakers and try to steal their Bit-Beasts, the Bladebreakers reassemble to defeat the new enemies. Tyson and Kenny's classmate Hilary Tachibana (Hiromi Tachibana) joins the Bladebreakers but takes time to learn that Beyblade is not just the stupid game she thinks it is.

In an attempt to steal the four Bit-Beasts from the Bladebreakers, Team Psykick creates four cyber Bit-Beast copies of the Bladebreakers' Bit-Beasts and recruit four skilled bladers named Kane, Salima, Goki, and Jim. These teenagers were pure-hearted and innocent bladers with high ambitions, but the dark power of the cyber Bit-Beasts gradually take over their minds and turn them evil. The first half of the second season ends with the Bladebreakers defeating Team Psykick. Tyson, Ray, Kai and Max battle Kane, Salima, Goki and Jim respectively and defeat them. After the cyber beasts are destroyed Team Psykick come back to their normal selves and regain consciousness. The second half of Season 2 deals with the truth of why the Saint Shields and Team Psykick are after Bladebreakers' Bit-Beasts and about a rock that Max's mother found that contains Bit-Beasts, which is stolen by Team Psykick.

The Saint Shields' reason behind attempting to steal the Bit-Beasts is because they wish to seal them in a rock because they fear that the Bit-Beasts could get out of control like they did in the past. The Saint Shields battle the Bladebreakers and manage to seal Ray's Bit-Beast Driger into a sealing stone. Later Ray reclaims Driger and defeats all the Saint Shields in a team face-off. The Psykick's leader, Dr. Zagart, wants the Bit-Beasts to turn his android son Zeo (an exact replica of his son who died in an accident) into a real human.

After defeating the Saint Shields, Tyson meets Zeo and befriends him without knowing that he is the son of Team Psykick's leader. Zeo is unaware that he is an android and that his father is behind all of Team Psykick's plans. Later Zeo finds out about his past and decides to help his father in his plans. Dr. Zagart gives Zeo a bit beast named Cerberus, the strongest Bit-Beast sealed in the rock. Zeo enters the world Beyblade tournament with the motive of defeating all the Bladebreakers members and stealing their Bit-Beasts. In the tournament, Zeo defeats Kai and Max and steals their Bit-Beasts Dranzer and Draciel. But in the final battle Tyson and Dragoon (Tyson's Bit-Beast) defeat Zeo and Cerberus. In the process, Tyson and Max's team win the world tournament. Dranzer and Draciel come back to their original bladers, Kai and Max.

Beyblade G-Revolution
Kai, Ray, and Max left Tyson and went their separate ways to rejoin their old teams so that they have a chance to beat each other at the World Championship which has been re-designed with tag-teams of two. Max joins the PPB All Starz, Ray joins White Tiger X, and Kai joins the Blitzkrieg Boys. This leaves only Tyson, Hilary, and Kenny on the team. A new character, Daichi Sumeragi, and Tyson's older brother, Hiro Granger, join them. The two other teams involved are the Barthez Battalion and F-Dynasty.

One week after the results of the World Championships, Boris, the secondary villain from the first season, returns and creates the new Beyblade Entertainment Global Association, (BEGA) replacing the BBA. Boris tries to fool Tyson and co. into believing he has made up for his past, while he is actually trying to gain control over all Bladers and Beyblading activity. After a while however, they see what Boris is trying to pull. Tyson challenges BEGA's best to a battle, and Boris decides to hold a 5-on-5 tournament in one month's time. But he declares that all the Beyblade shops must sell Beyblades and their parts to BEGA associated Beybladers only, otherwise they will not be allowed to run the shops.

Tyson and the team find some parts at Max's father's store, which are insufficient. Then after sometime Kenny comes with the solution, he makes a new type of Beyblades known as hard metal Beyblades, using a different type of parts. But they still needed one more blader, and that is when Kai, who tried to join BEGA but lost severely to Brooklyn, disbanded the Blitzkrieg Boys and rejoined the team now known as the G Revolutions. Additionally during the BEGA qualifying matches Kai's former teammates, Spencer and Bryan of the Blitzkrieg Boys defeat a BEGA Training squad but lose easily to a mysterious blader known as Garland Siebald. Tala, the leader of the Blitzkrieg Boys who was previously the final boss in season 1, takes on Garland but lost the match and was seriously injured after Garland activated his attack, Radiant Thunder and ended the match. Daichi and Ray lose the first two matches to Ming-Ming and Crusher only proving that their hard metal blades were also no match for their powerful blades. Max ends the third match with Mystel in a draw. Then it is Kai's turn. He chooses unbeaten Brooklyn as his Opponent. Kai defeats Brooklyn in that match. Then Tyson beats Garland. Brooklyn becomes insane due to his loss to Kai and start having nightmares about Kai. After that, he confronts Tyson. In the ensuing match, Tyson and Brooklyn battle it out in the tie-breaker match. As the final fight rages on, Brooklyn goes berserk and merges with his bit-beast Zeus which threatens to destroy the entire universe. in the end Tyson is able to absorb the powers of every single Bit-Beast and after a final attack, Brooklyn became normal while both blades were still spinning (but the match after that was not shown assumed as a draw). And the BEGA corporation had fallen thanks to the efforts of the Bladebreakers (G-Revolutions). The episode ends with Tyson and Kai to have one final match.

In the Japanese version, the episode ends with a special ending showing every major character from the series.

Beyblade Rising
Kai returns to Japan after completing his studies. Tyson learns of this and tries to meet Kai, but when he reaches there he finds that Kai has left beyblading and is now controlling his grandfather's company. Tyson is shocked to hear this. He understands that Kai is abandoning his passion just to keep his grandpa, Voltaire's will. Tyson makes Kai understand and listen to his inner voice. Voltaire at last understands his mistake and allows Kai to carry on his journey. Tyson challenges Kai for a beybattle. Kai is about to be defeated when he uses his beyblading skills and defeats Tyson. Tyson and others are shocked but he is glad to find his friend back to action.

Manga
The chapters of the Beyblade manga were written and illustrated by Takao Aoki. It was serialized in CoroCoro Comic from 1999 to 2004. The manga was licensed for an English-language release in North America by Viz Media. Chuang Yi published one edition in Singapore, and a separate edition in Australia and New Zealand, both in English.

In 2016, Aoki released a sequel manga called Beyblade Rising (爆転シュート ベイブレード ライジング) featuring the original characters, which is currently ongoing. The series is serialized in CoroCoro Aniki.

Anime
The series was adapted in a television anime series produced by Madhouse, making it the studio's first use of digital ink and paint. Spanning 51 episodes, the series aired in Japan on TV Tokyo from January 8, 2001, to December 24, 2001. A sequel series produced by Nihon Animedia titled Beyblade V-Force ran for another 51 episodes from January 7, 2002, until December 30, 2002. The third series, Beyblade G-Revolution, ran for 52 episodes from January 6 to December 29, 2003.

All three seasons were licensed for English adaptation, broadcast, and release by Nelvana. The series was broadcast on the sibling cable channel YTV in Canada and ABC Family in the United States in 2002. Reruns were also seen on Toon Disney, as part of Jetix from 2004–2005, and again in 2006, as part of Jetix's "Anime Invasion Sundays" block. The series was distributed by Geneon Entertainment for its first two seasons and Funimation for the third season. The license for all three seasons were acquired by Discotek Media on November 30, 2018. They released all three on English dub-only standard definition Blu-ray; the first season on January 29, V-Force on February 26, and G-Revolution on March 26, 2019.

Several spin-off series have since been produced, including Beyblade: Metal Saga, the BeyWheelz series, Beyblade Burst, and Beyblade X.

Live-action film
A Deadline Hollywood piece in May 2015 reported that Paramount Pictures had acquired the rights to make a live action film based on Beyblade after the box office success of Hasbro's Transformers and G.I. Joe film series. The film was announced to be produced by Mary Parent through her Disruption Entertainment banner. In February 2022, it was reported that Jerry Bruckheimer would be producing the film.

Reception
Common Sense Media described the series as a "formulaic toy-inspired series [that] has some good messages." Don Houston of DVD Talk wrote, "The show is just one long repetitive commercial, and not a well made commercial at that."

title: Beyblade (manga)


text:
Conjunctiva

In the anatomy of the eye, the conjunctiva (: conjunctivae) is a thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, stratified columnar epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium (depending on the zone). The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies.

Structure
The conjunctiva is typically divided into three parts:

Blood supply
Blood to the bulbar conjunctiva is primarily derived from the ophthalmic artery. The blood supply to the palpebral conjunctiva (the eyelid) is derived from the external carotid artery. However, the circulations of the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva are linked, so both bulbar conjunctival and palpebral conjunctival vessels are supplied by both the ophthalmic artery and the external carotid artery, to varying extents.

Nerve supply
Sensory innervation of the conjunctiva is divided into four parts:

Microanatomy
The conjunctiva consists of unkeratinized, both stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium, with interspersed goblet cells. The epithelial layer contains blood vessels, fibrous tissue, and lymphatic channels. Accessory lacrimal glands in the conjunctiva constantly produce the aqueous portion of tears. Additional cells present in the conjunctival epithelium include melanocytes, T and B cell lymphocytes.

Function
The conjunctiva helps lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears, although a smaller volume of tears than the lacrimal gland. It also contributes to immune surveillance and helps to prevent the entrance of microbes into the eye.

Clinical significance
Disorders of the conjunctiva and cornea are common sources of eye complaints, in particular because the surface of the eye is exposed to various external influences and is especially susceptible to trauma, infections, chemical irritation, allergic reactions, and dryness.

 * The conjunctival microvascular hemodynamics are affected by diabetic retinopathy (DR), hence can be useful for DR diagnosis and monitoring, and discriminating stages of DR.
 * Type II diabetes is associated with conjunctival hypoxia, increased average blood vessel diameter, and capillary loss.
 * Sickle-cell anemia is associated with blood vessel sludging, altered blood flow and blood vessel diameter, and capillary micro-haemorrhages.
 * Hypertension is associated with an increase in the tortuosity of bulbar conjunctival blood vessels and capillary and arteriole loss.
 * Carotid artery occlusion is associated with slower conjunctival blood flow and apparent capillary loss.
 * With age, the conjunctiva can stretch and loosen from the underlying sclera, leading to the formation of conjunctival folds, a condition known as conjunctivochalasis.
 * The conjunctiva can be affected by tumors which can be benign, pre-malignant or malignant.
 * Leptospirosis, an infection with Leptospira, can cause conjunctival suffusion, which is characterized by chemosis, and redness without exudates.

Vessel morphology
The bulbar conjunctival microvasculature contains arterioles, meta-arterioles, venules, capillaries, and communicating vessels. Vessel morphology varies greatly between subjects and even between regions of the individual eyes. In some subjects, arterioles and venules can be seen to run parallel with each other. Paired arterioles are generally smaller than corresponding venules. The average bulbar conjunctival vessel has been reported to be 15.1 microns, which reflects the high number of small capillaries, which are typically <10 microns in diameter.

Blood oxygen dynamics
The bulbar conjunctival microvasculature is in close proximity to ambient air, thus oxygen diffusion from ambient air strongly influences their blood oxygen saturation. Because of oxygen diffusion, hypoxic bulbar conjunctival vessels will rapidly reoxygenate (in under 10 seconds) when exposed to ambient air (i.e. when the eyelid is open). Closing the eyelid stops this oxygen diffusion by placing a barrier between the bulbar conjunctival microvessels and ambient air.

Blood vessel imaging methods
The bulbar conjunctival microvessels are typically imaged with a high-magnification slit lamp with green filters. With such high-magnification imaging systems, it is possible to see groups of individual red blood cells flowing in vivo. Fundus cameras may also be used for low-magnification wide field-of-view imaging of the bulbar conjunctival microvasculature. Modified fundus cameras have been used to measure conjunctival blood flow and to measure blood oxygen saturation. Fluorescein angiography has been used to study the blood flow of the bulbar conjunctiva and to differentiate the bulbar conjunctival and episcleral microcirculation.

Vasodilation
The bulbar conjunctival microvasculature is known to dilate in response to several stimuli and external conditions, including allergens (e.g. pollen), temperature, time-of-day, contact-lens wear, and acute mild hypoxia. Bulbar conjunctival vasodilation has also been shown to correlate changes in emotional state.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increase in average bulbar conjunctival vessel diameter and capillary loss. Sickle-cell anemia is associated with altered average vessel diameter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Conjunctiva


text:
Northern Ireland Office

The Northern Ireland Office (NIO; Oifig Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlann Oaffis) is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for handling Northern Ireland affairs. The NIO is led by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and is based at Erskine House in Belfast City Centre and 1 Horse Guards Road in London.

Responsibilities
The NIO's role is to "maintain and support" the devolution settlement resulting from the Good Friday Agreement and St Andrews Agreement and the devolution of criminal justice and policing to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The department has responsibility for:
 * electoral law
 * human rights and equality
 * national security in Northern Ireland
 * the UK Government's approach to the legacy of the Troubles

It also represents Northern Irish interests at UK Government level and the interests of the UK Government in Northern Ireland.

The Northern Ireland Office has a close working relationship with the Government of Ireland as a co-guarantor of the peace process; this includes the British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference and its joint secretariat.

In the Irish Government, the NIO's main counterparts are:
 * the Department of Foreign Affairs (on the peace process);
 * the Department of the Taoiseach (supporting the role of the Taoiseach in the peace process);
 * the Department of Justice (on national security matters and the legacy of the Troubles);
 * the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage (on electoral law).

History
After partition in 1924 the Dublin Castle administration was largely replaced by the Parliament of Northern Ireland with the Northern Ireland Department of the Home Office handling the oversight from London, with some extremely important decisions such as sending of British Army soldiers to Northern Ireland in 1969 being made by the Home Secretary. In March 1972 with the Troubles worsening and the UK Government losing confidence in the Northern Ireland Government, direct rule from Westminster was introduced.

The formation of the NIO put Northern Ireland on the same level as Scotland and Wales, where the Scottish Office and Welsh Office were established in 1885 and 1965 respectively. The NIO assumed policing and justice powers from the Ministry of Home Affairs. NIO junior ministers were placed in charge of other Northern Ireland Civil Service departments.

Direct rule was seen as a temporary measure, with a power-sharing devolution preferred as the solution. Under the Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland replaced the Governor of Northern Ireland and direct rule was annually renewed by a vote in Parliament.

The Sunningdale Agreement in 1973 resulted in a brief, power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive, which was ended by the Ulster Workers' Council strike on 28 May 1974. The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention (1975–1976) and Northern Ireland Assembly (1982–1986) were unsuccessful in restoring devolved government. After the Anglo-Irish Agreement on 15 November 1985, the UK Government and Irish Government co-operated more closely on security and political matters.

Following the Good Friday Agreement on 10 April 1998, devolution returned to Northern Ireland on 2 December 1999. The Northern Ireland Executive was suspended on 15 October 2002 and direct rule returned until devolution was restored on 8 May 2007.

The devolution of policing and justice powers on 12 April 2010 transferred many of the NIO's previous responsibilities to the Northern Ireland Assembly and its devolved government, the Northern Ireland Executive. The Department of Justice is now responsible for those matters. This transfer of power resulted in a smaller Northern Ireland Office, comparable to the Scotland Office and Wales Office.

Ministers
The NIO ministers are as follows, with cabinet members in bold:

As Attorney General for England and Wales, The Lord Hermer PC KC is Advocate General for Northern Ireland, advising the UK Government on Northern Ireland law.

Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland
The department is led by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.

Permanent Secretary
The senior civil servant in the NIO is Julie Harrison, who was appointed in September 2023.

title: Northern Ireland Office


text:
Patrons of Industry in Manitoba

The Patrons of Industry in Manitoba was an extension of a farmers' organization operating in Ontario (see Patrons of Industry) and the United States in the 1880s and 1890s. The Patrons lobbied extensively and became politically active, running provincial and federal candidates.

The Manitoba Patrons, as a fraternal organization, was initially focused on coordinating an agrarian cooperative movement on the Prairies.

Its first lodges in Manitoba and the North-West Territories began in 1890, with a "grand lodge" (central body) established in 1891. At first the group was known as the "Patrons of Manitoba and the North-West" - its conventions included delegates from Manitoba and the territorial districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan and Alberta. The organization's leader was Charles Braithwaite, who was chosen at a convention held in November 1891.

Through direct bulk buying in competition with established stores, the movement brought down the price of farm supplies (binder twine) and other farmers' needs, and through strong lobbying it helped achieve a cut in tariffs on imported goods important to farmers.

The Manitoba group turned to direct political action in 1894. Following a tour of Manitoba by Braithwaite (who was a spellbinding orator), the Patrons nominated candidates in all but two of the province's constituencies, in anticipation of the next provincial election.

The Patrons were the first "third party" to emerge in Manitoba after partisan government was formally introduced to the province in 1888. They opposed both Conservatives and Liberals and were for a time affiliated with Dalton McCarthy, a dissident federal Conservative.

On August 23, 1894, the Patrons proved they were a significant force in Manitoba politics when their candidate John Forsyth defeated Conservative leader John Andrew Davidson in a two-sided Beautiful Plains by-election (there was no Liberal candidate in the race). Forsyth was expelled from the Patrons in 1895 for using a railway pass (given free to legislators) in violation of party policy.

Patrons of Industry made an appearance in the 1894 NWT Assembly election, running J.E. Annable in the Moose Jaw district - unsuccessfully.

The party became internally divided over the Manitoba Schools Question. Many Catholic Patrons were alienated by the party's support of Liberal Premier Thomas Greenway's efforts to eliminate denominational schools, and left the party.

The Patrons ran seven candidates in the provincial election of 1896, and two of them were elected: Watson Crosby in Dennis and William Sirett in Beautiful Plains.

The Patrons ran candidates in two Manitoba provincial by-elections in 1896 who were not successful. (On the other hand, Matt McCauley was elected with official Patron backing in Edmonton (Alberta) in the 1896 North-West Assembly election.)

Three Manitoba Patrons -- Postlethwaite (Brandon), Braithwaite (Macdonald), and Marshall (Marquette) -- ran in the 1896 federal election, but were unsuccessful, finishing third in their ridings.

Braithwaite, who had led the Manitoba Patrons of Industry party since 1891, stepped down as party leader in January 1897, and the party effectively ceased to exist after this time. PI MLA Crosby died in 1897, and PI MLA Sirett did not run for re-election in 1899.

In addition to supporting agrarian interests, the Patrons also supported prohibition, universal suffrage (for men and women) and electoral reform. These policies would later re-emerge in the platform of the Progressive Party of Canada and other farmer political parties such as the United Farmers of Manitoba and the United Farmers of Alberta.

title: Patrons of Industry in Manitoba


text:
Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries

Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (APCCCR) was a leftist split from the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The leader of the group was T. Nagi Reddy, who was a member of the legislative assembly in AP at the time. Other leading figures were D.V. Rao, Chandra Pulla Reddy and Kolla Venkaiah. Both Reddy and Rao had been active in the Telangana armed struggle, and Rao had formulated the "Andhra Thesis" of the Communist Party of India (CPI).

APCCCR split from CPI(M) after the CPI(M) Burdwan plenum in April 1968. When APCCCR split from CPI(M) 11 of 14 district committees of CPI(M) in Andhra Pradesh sided with APCCCR. Around 60% of the CPI(M) membership in the state, 8000 people (according to an estimate made by CPI(M) leader P. Sundarayya), went over to the T. Nagi Reddy group. They were also able to win over the CPI(M) publication Janashakti.

APCCCR was affiliated to the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR), but the group got expelled due to political differences. APCCCR advocated a mass line, whereas AICCCR denounced work in trade unions as "economism". APCCCR saw the issue of participating or boycotting elections as a tactical issue, whereas AICCCR saw as a strategic one. AICCCR accused APCCCR of lack of loyalty towards the Chinese Communist Party.

After the expulsion of APCCCR from AICCCR, AICCCR rapidly reorganized an Andhra branch, mainly drawing support from the Srikakulam region. The Srikakulam District Committee of APCCCR joined Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (CPI(ML)).

APCCCR launched limited armed struggles in Warangal, Khammam, Karimnagar, Nalgonda, East Godavari, etc.. APCCCR favoured combining mass movements and armed struggle, and opposed the annihilation line of CPI(ML).

In April 1969 APCCCR issued a resolution called "Boycott Panchayat Elections - Establishing Village Soviets".

In December 1969 six out nine State Committee members of APCCCR were arrested at a hotel in Madras, among them T. Nagi Reddy and D.V. Rao. The arrests were a heavy blow for the organization. In July 1970 a new state committee led by Chandra Pulla Reddy was created.

APCCCR was later renamed as Andhra Pradesh Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (alt. Andhra Pradesh Revolutionary Communist Committee).

In 1971 APCCR suffered a severe split, with the Chandra Pulla Reddy-led group leaving the party. This group also used the name APCCR. This group merged with the Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) of Satayanarayan Singh in 1973.

In 1975 APCCR formed Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) together with Northern Zone Committee Revolutionary Communist Unity Centre (Marxist-Leninist), West Bengal Communist Unity Centre and West Bengal Co-ordination Committee of Revolutionaries (WBCCR).


text: Template:Bio-stub

title: Template:Bio-stub


text:
Dick Cavett

Richard Alva Cavett (born November 19, 1936) is an American television personality and former talk show host. He appeared regularly on nationally broadcast television in the United States from the 1960s through the 2000s.

In later years, Cavett has written an online column for The New York Times, promoted DVDs of his former shows as well as a book of his Times columns, and hosted replays of his TV interviews with Bette Davis, Lucille Ball, Salvador Dalí, Lee Marvin, Groucho Marx, Katharine Hepburn, Judy Garland, Marlon Brando, Orson Welles, Woody Allen, Ingmar Bergman, Jean-Luc Godard, Robert Mitchum, John Lennon, George Harrison, Jimi Hendrix, Richard Burton, Sophia Loren, Marcello Mastroianni, Kirk Douglas and others on Turner Classic Movies.

Early life and education
Cavett was born in Buffalo County, Nebraska, but sources differ as to the specific town, locating his birthplace in either Gibbon, where his family lived, or nearby Kearney, the location of the nearest hospital. Cavett himself has stated that Gibbon was his birthplace.

His mother, Erabel "Era" (née Richards), and his father, Alva B. Cavett, both worked as teachers. When asked by Lucille Ball on his own show about his heritage, he said he was "Scottish, Irish, English, and possibly partly French, and ... a dose of German." He also mentioned that one grandfather "came over" from England, and the other from Wales. Cavett's grandparents all lived in Grand Island, Nebraska. His paternal grandparents were Alva A. Cavett and Gertrude Pinsch. His paternal grandfather was from Diller, Nebraska, and his paternal grandmother was an immigrant from Aachen, Germany, which is why he also speaks fluent German. His maternal grandparents were the Rev. R. R. and Etta Mae Richards. The Rev. Mr. Richards was from Carmarthen, Wales, and was a Baptist minister who served parishes across central Nebraska. Cavett himself is a self-described agnostic.

Cavett's parents taught in Comstock, Gibbon, and Grand Island, where Cavett started kindergarten at Wasmer Elementary School. Three years later, both of his parents landed teaching positions in Lincoln, Nebraska, where Cavett completed his education at Capitol, Prescott, and Irving schools and Lincoln High School. When Cavett was ten, his mother died of cancer at age 36. His father subsequently married Dorcas Deland, also a teacher, originally from Alliance, Nebraska. On September 24, 1995, Lincoln Public Schools dedicated the new Dorcas C. and Alva B. Cavett Elementary School in their honor.

In eighth grade, Cavett directed a live Saturday-morning radio show sponsored by the Junior League and played the title role in The Winslow Boy. One of his high-school classmates was actress Sandy Dennis. Cavett was elected president of the student council in high school, and was a gold medalist at the state gymnastics championship.

Before leaving for college, he worked as a caddie at the Lincoln Country Club. He also began performing magic shows for $35 a night under the tutelage of Gene Gloye. In 1952, Cavett attended the convention of the International Brotherhood of Magicians in St. Louis, Missouri, and won the Best New Performer trophy. Around the same time, he met fellow magician Johnny Carson, 11 years his senior, who was doing a magic act at a church in Lincoln.

While attending Yale University, Cavett played in and directed dramas on the campus radio station, WYBC, and appeared in Yale drama productions. In his senior year, he changed his major from English to drama (graduating in 1958). He also took advantage of any opportunity to meet stars, routinely going to shows in New York to hang around stage doors or venture backstage. He would go so far as to carry a copy of Variety or an appropriate piece of company stationery in order to look inconspicuous while sneaking backstage or into a TV studio. Cavett took many odd jobs ranging from store detective to label typist for a Wall Street firm, and as a copyboy at Time magazine.

Oregon Shakespearean Festival Association
in 1956, Cavett joined the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, which is based in Ashland, Oregon, for its 16th season. Cavett appeared as the Bishop of Ely and the second murderer in Tragedy of Richard the Third; a page to the king in Love's Labor's Lost; servant Gregory in The Tragedy of Romeo & Juliet; a lord in The Tragedy of Cymbeline; and Quintus, son of Titus, in The Lamentable Tragedy.

The Tonight Show
In 1960, aged 23, Cavett was living in a three-room, fifth-floor apartment on West 89th Street in Manhattan for $51 a month, equal to $ today.

Cavett was cast in a film by the Signal Corps, but further jobs were not forthcoming. He was an extra on The Phil Silvers Show in 1959, a TV remake of the film Body and Soul for the DuPont Show of the Month the same year, and Playhouse 90 ("The Hiding Place") in 1960. He briefly revived his magic act while working as a typist and as a mystery shopper in department stores. Meanwhile, his girlfriend and future wife Carrie Nye landed several Broadway roles. Cavett was a copyboy (gofer) at Time magazine when he read a newspaper item about Jack Paar, then host of The Tonight Show. The article described Paar's concerns about his opening monologue and constant search for material. Cavett wrote some jokes, put them into a Time envelope, and went to the RCA Building. He ran into Paar in a hallway and handed him the envelope. He then went to sit in the studio audience. During the show, Paar worked in some of the lines that Cavett had fed him.

Afterward, Cavett got into an elevator with Paar, who invited him to contribute more jokes. Within weeks, Cavett was hired, originally as talent coordinator. Cavett wrote for Paar the famous line "Here they are, Jayne Mansfield" as an introduction for the buxom actress.

Cavett appeared on the show in 1961, acting as interpreter for Miss Universe of 1961, Marlene Schmidt of Germany.

While at Time, Cavett wrote a letter to film comedian Arthur Jefferson, better known as Stan Laurel of the comedy team Laurel and Hardy. The two soon met at Laurel's Hollywood apartment. On the evening of that first visit, Cavett wrote a tribute to him that Paar read on his show. Laurel saw the broadcast which he deeply appreciated. Cavett visited the legendary comedian several times. Their final time together came three weeks prior to Laurel's death in 1965.

In his capacity as talent coordinator for The Tonight Show, Cavett was sent to the Blue Angel nightclub to see Woody Allen's act, and immediately afterward struck up a friendship. The very next day, the funeral of playwright George S. Kaufman was held at the Frank E. Campbell funeral home. Allen could not attend, but Cavett did, where he met Groucho Marx in an anteroom. From the funeral, Cavett followed Marx (who later told Cavett that Kaufman was "his personal god") three blocks up Fifth Avenue to the Plaza Hotel, where Marx invited him to lunch.

Years later, Cavett gave the introduction to Marx's one-man show An Evening with Groucho Marx at Carnegie Hall and began by saying, "I can't believe that I know Groucho Marx."

Cavett continued with The Tonight Show as a writer after Johnny Carson assumed hosting duties. For Carson he wrote the quip "Having your taste criticized by Dorothy Kilgallen is like having your clothes criticized by Emmett Kelly." Cavett appeared on the show once, to do a gymnastics routine on the pommel horse. After departing The Tonight Show, Cavett wrote for Jerry Lewis's ill-fated talk show, for three times the money.

Stand-up comic
Cavett began a brief career as a stand-up comic in 1964 at The Bitter End in Greenwich Village. His manager was Jack Rollins, who later became the producer of nearly all of Woody Allen's films. One of his jokes from this period was:

"I went to a Chinese-German restaurant. The food is great, but an hour later you're hungry for power."

Cavett also played Mr. Kelly's in Chicago and Enrico Banducci's hungry i in San Francisco. In San Francisco, he met Lenny Bruce, about whom he said, "I liked him and wish I had known him better ... but most of what has been written about him is a waste of good ink, and his most zealous adherents and hardest-core devotees are to be avoided, even if it means working your way around the world in the hold of a goat transport."

In 1965, Cavett did some commercial voiceovers, including a series of mock interviews with Mel Brooks for Ballantine beer. In the next couple of years he appeared on game shows, including What's My Line. He wrote for Merv Griffin and appeared on Griffin's talk show several times, and then on The Ed Sullivan Show. In the late 1960s or early 1970s, he narrated a National Association of Broadcasters PSA featuring A Boy Wandering Around a Forest.

After doing The Star and the Story, a rejected television pilot with Van Johnson, Cavett hosted a special, Where It's At, for Bud Yorkin and Norman Lear.

In 1968, Cavett was hired by ABC to host This Morning. According to a New Yorker article, the show was too sophisticated for a morning audience, and ABC first moved the show to prime time, and subsequently to a late-night slot opposite Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show.

The Dick Cavett Show
Intermittently since 1968, Cavett has been host of his own talk show, in various formats and on various television and radio networks:
 * ABC (1968–1974)
 * CBS (1975)
 * PBS (1977–1982)
 * USA Network (1985–1986)
 * Olympia Broadcasting (syndicated radio show, 1985–1989)
 * ABC (1986–1987)
 * CNBC (1989–1996)
 * Turner Classic Movies (2006–2007)

Cavett has been nominated for at least 10 Emmy Awards and has won three. In 1970, he co-hosted the Emmy Awards Show (from Carnegie Hall in New York) with Bill Cosby (from Century Plaza in Los Angeles). His most popular talk show was his ABC program, which ran from 1969 to 1974. From 1962 to 1992, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was arguably the most popular late-night variety and talk show. Unlike many contemporary shows that attempted to compete with Carson in the same timeslot but were quickly cancelled, Cavett managed to remain on the air for five years despite ABC being a smaller network with fewer affiliates than NBC at the time.

Cavett earned a reputation as "the thinking man's talk show host" and received favorable reviews from critics. As a talk show host, Cavett has been noted for his ability to listen to his guests and engage them in intellectual conversation. Clive James described Cavett "as a true sophisticate with a daunting intellectual range" and "the most distinguished talk-show host in America." He is also known for his ability to remain calm and mediate between contentious guests as well as his resonant voice.

His show often focused on controversial people or subjects, often pairing guests with opposing views on social or political issues, such as Jim Brown and Lester Maddox.

On February 11, 1970, Cavett hosted a tribute to the life and works of Sir Noël Coward, who had just been knighted in December 1969. Coward appeared as a guest, along with Alfred Lunt, Lynn Fontanne, Tammy Grimes, and Brian Bedford, each of whom were enjoying a successful run on Broadway in the revival of Coward's play, Private Lives. In reviewing the show for The New York Times, television critic Jack Gould said, "The age of youth? Balder dash! The over‐70 set walked off yesterday morning with a television program that combined the engaging qualities of lightly recalled nostalgia, the sophisticated stiletto, and a demonstration of genuine affection that had more substance than adolescent wails on how love will save the world. Sir Noel Coward, Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, friends of a lifetime, met on Dick Cavett's show on the American Broadcasting Company network. They exchanged quips, pleasantries and thoughts about the theater with the beguiling charm of talented luminaries. Mr. Cavett was clearly overawed, and for once, the ad libs frequently went over his head. It was an enchanting show ... and the badinage was warm and delightful ... a fun night, and to take out of context a line or here or there could not convey the whole. To go to bed with a chuckle provided by gifted and nice people, onstage as off, is review enough." One show from June 1971 featured a debate between future senator and presidential candidate John Kerry and fellow veteran John O'Neill over the Vietnam War. O'Neill had been approached by the Nixon administration to work through the Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace to counter Kerry's influence on the public. The debate went poorly for the pro-war side, so angering President Nixon that he is heard discussing the incident on the Watergate tapes, saying, "Well, is there any way we can screw him [Cavett]? That's what I mean. There must be ways." H.R. Haldeman, White House Chief of Staff, answered, "We've been trying to." Cavett's name comes up a total of 26 times on the tapes, as he repeatedly highlighted the wrongdoings of the Nixon administration on his show.

Cavett hosted many pop stars, both in interview and performance, such as David Bowie, Sly Stone, Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin. Several of his Emmy Award nominations and one Emmy Award were for Outstanding Musical or Variety Series, and in 2005 Shout Factory released a selection of performances and interviews on a three-DVD set, The Dick Cavett Show: Rock Icons, showcasing interviews of and performances by rock musicians who appeared on the Dick Cavett show from 1969 to 1974.

Clips from his TV shows (actual or enacted for the occasion) have been used in films, for example Annie Hall (1977), Forrest Gump (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Frequency (2000) and Apollo 10½: A Space Age Childhood (2022) Cavett was surprised at footage from his TV show appearing in Apollo 13. He said at the time of the film's release, "I'm happily enjoying a movie, and suddenly I'm in it."

1970s
Cavett has appeared as himself in various other television shows, such as The Odd Couple as well as serving as a host for Saturday Night Live in 1976. He also had a cameo role in Woody Allen's Annie Hall (1977) and he played himself in the movie Power Play (1977).

1980s
Cavett appeared in Kate & Allie (1986), Cheers (1983), and in Robert Altman's Health (1980). In a cameo in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), as part of a dream sequence, he turned into Freddy Krueger and slashed his guest, Zsa Zsa Gabor, halfway through the interview. In Tim Burton's Beetlejuice (1988), he played a rare cameo as a character (Delia's agent) other than himself. Cavett often appeared on television quiz and game shows, including What's My Line?, To Tell the Truth, Password, and the $25,000 Pyramid.

Cavett narrated the HBO documentary series Time Was. Each episode covered a decade, ranging from the 1920s to the 1970s. The show originally aired in November 1979 and ran for six months. Cavett hosted a documentary series for HBO in the early 1980s titled Remember When . . . that examined changes in American culture over time and he hosted HBO's monthly review series HBO Magazine.

In April 1981, Cavett traveled to Stockholm, Sweden, to interview pop group ABBA on the occasion of their tenth anniversary as a group. The special, titled Dick Cavett Meets ABBA, was taped by the Swedish TV network SVT and was broadcast mainly in Europe.

In 1988, Cavett made a special appearance on Wheel of Fortune during their week of shows at Radio City Music Hall, walking on stage after someone solved the puzzle "Dick Cavett." In 1974, Cavett's company, Daphne Productions, co-produced with Don Lipp Productions a short-lived ABC game show, The Money Maze, although Cavett's name did not appear on the credits. He also had a brief stint as the Narrator in Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods.

1990s
In 1995, Cavett lent his voice for The Simpsons episode "Homie the Clown". He also appeared in footage from The Dick Cavett Show in Robert Zemeckis' Forrest Gump (1994), and Ron Howard's Apollo 13 (1995).

2000s

From November 2000 to January 2002, he played the narrator in a Broadway revival of The Rocky Horror Show.

Cavett is featured in the 2003 documentary From the Ashes: The Life and Times of Tick Hall about the fire that destroyed his home in Montauk, New York and his effort to rebuild it.

Cavett's signature tune has long been a trumpet version of the vocalise "Glitter and Be Gay" from Leonard Bernstein's Candide. The tune was first played at the midpoint of his ABC show, and later became the theme of his PBS show. The tune is also played as he walks on stage during guest appearances on other talk shows.

Cavett was present when actor Marlon Brando broke the jaw of paparazzo photographer Ron Galella on June 12, 1973. Galella had followed Cavett and Brando to a restaurant after the taping of The Dick Cavett Show in New York City.

In 2008, Cavett entered an Iraq war dispute with a New York Times blog entry criticizing General David Petraeus, stating "I can't look at Petraeus—his uniform ornamented like a Christmas tree with honors, medals, and ribbons—without thinking of the great Mort Sahl at the peak of his brilliance." Cavett went on to recall Sahl's expressed contempt for General William Westmoreland's display of medals, and criticized Petraeus for not speaking in plain language.

2010s
In 2011, Cavett appeared as a talking head in the Robert Weide two-part documentary series Woody Allen: A Documentary for American Masters which aired on PBS.

In December 2012, for their annual birthday celebration to "The Master", The Noel Coward Society invited Cavett as the guest celebrity to lay flowers in front of Coward's statue at New York's Gershwin Theatre, commemorating the 113th birthday of Sir Noel. Coward had made an appearance on Cavett's ABC late-night television show in 1970 after being knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in December 1969.

Cavett starred in Hellman v. McCarthy (Literary Legends Declare War!) in New York City's Abingdon Theatre. Cavett re-enacted his show of January 25, 1980, when literary critic Mary McCarthy appeared as a guest, and declared every word playwright Lillian Hellman wrote was "a lie, including 'and' and 'the'." Hellman later sued McCarthy for libel. The suit spanned more than four years. Cavett's off-Broadway play opened March 14, 2014, and closed April 13, 2014, in its limited run. He subsequently came to Los Angeles to appear in a production at Theatre 40, and delighted audiences by remaining onstage after the performance and doing a 10-minute monologue.

2020s
In January 2020, Cavett appeared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert promoting the new HBO special, Ali and Cavett: The Tales of the Tapes. There he talked about his career as a comedian and talk show host, as well as his relationship with Muhammad Ali.

Influence and impact
In January 2020, when Cavett appeared as a guest on Late Show with Stephen Colbert, Colbert stated that he was a huge admirer of Cavett, and had seen all of his talk shows. Colbert also stated, "People ask me who my influences are, and of course Johnny Carson, and of course David Letterman, but the one people don't automatically know is what a huge influence you were on me, the way you interviewed people was so honest, you had such interesting and unusual guests and asked such interesting and deep questions".

Writing
Cavett has co-authored two books with Christopher Porterfield: Cavett (1974), his autobiography, and Eye on Cavett (1983). Cavett has also written a blog, published by The New York Times, entitled "Talk Show: Dick Cavett Speaks Again".

Family
While taking a class at Yale School of Drama as an undergraduate, Cavett met his future wife, Caroline Nye McGeoy (known professionally as Carrie Nye), a native of Greenwood, Mississippi. After graduation, the two acted in summer theater in Williamstown, Massachusetts; and Cavett worked for two weeks in a local lumberyard to be able to buy an engagement ring. On June 4, 1964, they were married in New York. They remained married until Nye's death in 2006. In 2010, Cavett married author Martha Rogers in New Orleans, Louisiana. From this marriage, Cavett has two stepchildren. Rogers and Cavett reside in Ridgefield, Connecticut. They were formerly residents of Montauk, Long Island, and sold their estate there in 2021 for $23.6 million.

Depression
Cavett has openly discussed his bouts of clinical depression, an illness that first affected him during his freshman year at Yale. According to an interview published in a 1992 issue of People magazine, Cavett contacted Dr. Nathan Kline in 1975 seeking treatment. Kline prescribed antidepressant medication, which according to Cavett was successful in treating his depression.

In 1980, Cavett experienced what he characterized as his "biggest depressive episode". While on board a Concorde before takeoff, Cavett broke out into a sweat and became agitated. After he was removed from the plane, Cavett was taken to Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, where he later underwent electroconvulsive therapy. Regarding this method of treatment, Cavett is quoted as saying, "In my case, ECT was miraculous. My wife was dubious, but when she came into my room afterward, I sat up and said, 'Look who's back among the living.' It was like a magic wand."

He was also the subject of a 1993 video produced by the Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association called A Patient's Perspective.

In 1997, Cavett was sued by producer James Moskovitz for breach of contract after failing to show up for a nationally syndicated radio program (also called The Dick Cavett Show). Cavett's lawyer, Melvyn Leventhal, asserted at the time that Cavett left because of a manic-depressive episode. The case was later dropped.

In popular culture
Cavett was portrayed by Erin Gann in Episode 8 of the first season of Minx. He appeared as himself in episodes of Cheers and The Simpsons.

Books

 * Cavett by Dick Cavett and Christopher Porterfield, Bantam Books, August 1974. ISBN 0-15-116130-5.
 * Eye on Cavett by Dick Cavett and Christopher Porterfield, Arbor House, 1983. ISBN 0-87795-463-1.
 * Talk Show: Confrontations, Pointed Commentary, and Off-Screen Secrets by Dick Cavett, Times Books, 2010. ISBN 0-8050-9195-5.
 * Brief Encounters: Conversations, Magic Moments, and Assorted Hijinks by Dick Cavett, Henry Holt and Co., 2014. ISBN 978-0-8050-9977-5.

title: Dick Cavett


text: User talk:67.172.1.136

title: User talk:67.172.1.136


text:
Polyipnus

Polyipnus is a genus of oceanic ray-finned fish in the family Sternoptychidae. This is the largest genus of the marine hatchetfishes subfamily Sternoptychinae and indeed of the entire Sternoptychidae. It is not quite as apomorphic as their relatives; it may be that the genus is actually a paraphyletic assemblage of less advanced Sternoptychinae and would need to be split.

Fossils of this genus show that they have existed at least since the Early Oligocene, about 30 million years ago.

Species
There are currently 33 recognized species in this genus:
 * Polyipnus aquavitus R. C. Baird, 1971 (aquavit hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus asper Harold, 1994
 * Polyipnus asteroides L. P. Schultz, 1938
 * Polyipnus bruuni Harold, 1994
 * Polyipnus clarus Harold, 1994 (slope hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus danae Harold, 1990
 * Polyipnus elongatus Borodulina, 1979
 * Polyipnus fraseri Fowler, 1934
 * Polyipnus indicus L. P. Schultz, 1961
 * Polyipnus inermis Borodulina, 1981
 * Polyipnus kiwiensis R. C. Baird, 1971 (kiwi hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus laternatus Garman, 1899
 * Polyipnus latirastrus Last & Harold, 1994 (comb-side hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus limatulus Harold & Wessel, 1998
 * Polyipnus matsubarai L. P. Schultz, 1961
 * Polyipnus meteori Kotthaus, 1967
 * Polyipnus notatus Harold, I. M. Kemp & Shore, 2016
 * Polyipnus nuttingi C. H. Gilbert, 1905 (Nutting's hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus oluolus R. C. Baird, 1971
 * Polyipnus omphus R. C. Baird, 1971
 * Polyipnus ovatus Harold, 1994
 * Polyipnus parini Borodulina, 1979
 * Polyipnus paxtoni Harold, 1989 (Paxton's hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus polli L. P. Schultz, 1961 (round hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus ruggeri R. C. Baird, 1971 (rugby hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus soelae Harold, 1994 (Soela hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus spinifer Borodulina, 1979
 * Polyipnus spinosus Günther, 1887 (spiny hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus stereope D. S. Jordan & Starks, 1904
 * Polyipnus surugaensis Aizawa, 1990
 * Polyipnus tridentifer McCulloch, 1914 (three-spined hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus triphanos L. P. Schultz, 1938 (three-light hatchetfish)
 * Polyipnus unispinus L. P. Schultz, 1938

title: Polyipnus


text:
Sternoptyx

Sternoptyx is an oceanic ray-finned fish genus which belongs in the family Sternoptychidae. This is the type genus of the Sternoptychidae, as well as the marine hatchetfish subfamily Sternoptychinae.

Sternoptyx have silvery, high, and laterally compressed bodies and large, non-telescopic eyes. They are all relatively small, with even the largest species (S. pseudobscura and S. pseudodiaphana) not exceeding 60 mm standard length.

Species
There are currently four recognized species in this genus:
 * Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781 (Diaphanous hatchetfish)
 * Sternoptyx obscura Garman, 1899
 * Sternoptyx pseudobscura R. C. Baird, 1971 (Highlight hatchetfish)
 * Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana Borodulina, 1977 (False oblique hatchetfish)

Fossils of this genus show that they have existed at least since the Early Oligocene, about 30 million years ago.

title: Sternoptyx


text:
User talk:64.165.11.16

"People food" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect People food. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 August 19 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Father Goose (talk) 03:28, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.165.11.16


text:
List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets

A Jupiter-crosser is a minor planet whose orbit crosses that of Jupiter. Jupiter trojans can be inner grazers (105), outer grazers (52), co-orbitals (183), and crossers (537). Discounting them, there is one numbered, 7 non-numbered, and 19 cometary outer-grazers. For the Jupiter trojans, see List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp) and List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp).

Inner grazers
The following is a list of named asteroids that are not Jupiter trojans with a<4.950429, 4.9504295.458104 and 4.950429<q<5.458104.

Jupiter crossers
These are asteroids that cross the orbit of Jupiter in any sort of way, defined simply as having a perihelion less than that of Jupiter's perihelion, and an aphelion greater than Jupiter's aphelion.

Jupiter Crossers
The numbered Jupiter-crossers are (incomplete):

Note: † denotes inner-grazer (aphelia outside Jupiter's perihelion and within its aphelion) (from )

 * 944 Hidalgo
 * 1941 Wild †
 * 2483 Guinevere †
 * 2959 Scholl †
 * 3415 Danby †
 * 3552 Don Quixote
 * 4446 Carolyn †
 * 5164 Mullo
 * 5335 Damocles
 * 5370 Taranis † (2:1 resonance)
 * 6144 Kondojiro
 * 8373 Stephengould †
 * 8550 Hesiodos †
 * 9767 Midsomer Norton †
 * 10608 Mameta †
 * 12896 Geoffroy †
 * 15231 Ehdita †
 * 15376 Marták †
 * 15783 Briancox †
 * 20038 Arasaki †
 * 20461 Dioretsa
 * 20898 Fountainhills
 * 21804 Václavneumann †
 * 22647 Levi-Strauss †
 * 37117 Narcissus
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 20898 Fountainhills
 * 21804 Václavneumann †
 * 22647 Levi-Strauss †
 * 37117 Narcissus
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 37117 Narcissus
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 37117 Narcissus
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 37117 Narcissus
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 84011 Jean-Claude †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †
 * 99862 Kenlevin †

title: List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets


text:
Otto von Böhtlingk

Otto von Böhtlingk (Оттон Николаевич Бётлингк, Otton Nikolayevich Byotlingk; 30 May 1815 – 19 March 1904) was a Russian-German Indologist and Sanskrit scholar. His magnum opus was a Sanskrit-German dictionary.

Biography
He was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia. His German ancestors migrated to Russia from Lübeck in 1713. Having studied (1833–1835) Oriental languages, particularly Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit, at the University of Saint Petersburg, he continued his studies in Germany, first in Berlin and then (1839–1842) in Bonn.

Returning to Saint Petersburg in 1842, he was attached to the Royal Academy of Sciences, and was elected an ordinary member of that society in 1855. In 1860 he was made Russian state councillor, and later privy councillor with a title of nobility. In 1862, the American Philosophical Society elected him an international Member. In 1868 he settled at Jena, and in 1885 moved to Leipzig, where he resided until his death.

Scholarship
Böhtlingk was one of the most distinguished scholars of the nineteenth century, and his works are of pre-eminent value in the field of Indian and comparative philology.

His first great work was a translation of the Sanskrit grammar of Panini,, with a German commentary, under the title Acht Bücher grammatischer Regeln (Bonn, 1839–1840). This was in reality a criticism of Franz Bopp's philological methods.

This work was followed by:
 * Vopadevas Grammatik (Saint Petersburg, 1847)
 * Über die Sprache der Jakuten (Saint Petersburg, 1851)
 * Indische Sprüche, a series of Sanskrit apothegms and proverbial verses (2nd ed. in 3 parts, Saint Petersburg, 1870–1873, to which an index was published by Blau, Leipzig, 1893)
 * a critical examination and translation of the Chandogya Upanishad (Saint Petersburg, 1889)
 * a translation of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (Saint Petersburg, 1889)

His magnum opus was his great Sanskrit-German dictionary, Sanskrit-Wörterbuch (7 vols., Saint Petersburg, 1853–1875; shortened ed. (without citations) 7 vols, Saint Petersburg, 1879–1889), which with the assistance of his two friends, Rudolf Roth (d. 1895) and Albrecht Weber (b. 1825), was completed in 23 years.

He also published several smaller treatises, notably one on Vedic accent, Über den Accent im Sanskrit (1843). Also notable are his Sanskrit-Chrestomathie (Saint Petersburg, 1845; 2d ed., 1877–97), and an edition with translation of a treatise on Hindu poetics by Daṇḍin, Kāvyādarśa (Leipzig, 1890). Böhtlingk took up Panini's grammar again, 47 years after his first edition, when he republished it with a complete translation under the title Panini's Grammatik mit Übersetzung (Leipzig, 1887).

Abhik Ghosh and Paul Kiparsky suggested that Dmitri Mendeleev may have known his contemporary's Böhtlingk's work on the periodic nature of the Sanskrit writing and this helped him in the formulation of the periodic table. According to this suggestion, Mendeleev's use of the prefixes eka, dvi, and tri (Sanskrit for one, two, and three) to name as yet undiscovered chemical elements may be viewed as an homage to Sanskrit grammar and to the Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini.

title: Otto von Böhtlingk


text:
IBM 1711

The IBM 1711 Data Converter was part of the IBM 1710 process control computer. The 1711 contained an analog-to-digital converter that accepted signals from the IBM 1712 Multiplexer and Terminal Unit that were between -50 millivolts and +50 millivolts and converted them into signed, four decimal digit numbers that were stored in the 1710s core memory.

The 1711 featured a real-time clock that could place the current hour and minute into storage, again as a 4 digit number. On the 1711's control panel, there was a bank of seven decimal digit manual entry switches that could be read by the computer. The 1711 also contained address circuitry for the IBM 1712 Multiplexer.

Optional 1711 features included contact sense, contact operate, analog output, interrupt, and process branch indicators.

While all this and more would fit comfortably on a single IC today, the IBM 1711 occupied a three section rack cabinet.

title: IBM 1711


text:
User:KieranMurphy

Yo, this is my Wikipedia page y'all.

Seriously, I don't know how this works but I'm gonna post it up and then y'all can edit it or comment on it as you see fit.

title: User:KieranMurphy


text:
Ephraim Union

The Ephraim Union (EU) is a regional political party in the Indian state of Mizoram. EU belongs to the section in Mizoram that claims that the Mizos are descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel, and advocates conversion to Judaism. EU struggles for making it easier for Mizos to convert to Judaism and migrate to Israel.

EU also claims that the leaders of Mizoram (the erstwhile Mizo Union) had signed a contract stating that Mizoram would be a part of India for only ten years, at the time of Independence in 1947. EU doesn't however, present any evidence proving this position.

In the state assembly elections in 2003 EU had put up three candidates (out of 40 in total in the state). Together they mustered 123 votes.

In the Lok Sabha elections in 1999 EU put up a candidate in the only constituency in Mizoram. M The candidate got 1,578 votes (0,54% of votes in Mizoram). In the 2004 Lok Sabha elections the party fared better, and the party candidate Tlangdingliana got 6,512 votes (1,87% of votes in the state).

title: Ephraim Union


text:
Araiophos

Araiophos is an oceanic ray-finned fish genus which belongs in the family Sternoptychidae.

Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
 * Araiophos eastropas Ahlstrom & Moser, 1969
 * Araiophos gracilis Grey, 1961

title: Araiophos


text:
Talk:Black Sunday (Cypress Hill album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Insane In The Brain.jpg
Image:Insane In The Brain.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:23, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Sunday (Cypress Hill album)


text:
Danaphos

Danaphos is an oceanic ray-finned fish genus which belongs in the family Sternoptychidae. A common name is bottlelights.

Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
 * Danaphos asteroscopus Bruun, 1931
 * Danaphos oculatus (Garman, 1899) (Bottlelights, Bigeye Lightfish)

Fossils of bottlelights show that the genus was already distinct in the Late Eocene, more than 35 million years ago.

title: Danaphos


text:
Maraland Democratic Front

Maraland Democratic Front was a regional political party in the Indian state of Mizoram. The party was active amongst the Mara people in the southern part of the state. The party had run the Mara Autonomous District Council (one of three autonomous districts in Mizoram) together with Indian National Congress in the previous term.

Electoral history
In the 2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, the MDF put up candidates in two constituencies (out of 40 in total in the state). The party president and founder, P. P. Thawla was able to get elected from Tuipang. P.P. Thawla participated in the MNF-led state government, and was minister for Excise and Soil & Water conservation but later resigned because of a decrease in the number of cabinet ministers.

In the 2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, P.P. Thawla won the Palak seat with 4206 votes (33.37%). He was again the only representative of his party in the Mizoram Assembly.

The current President of the party is M. Laikaw, one of the founding members of MDF. The MDF formed a coalition with the MNF in the 2012 election. However, the coalition lost the MADC election to Congress, managing to secure 7 seats.

Merger with BJP
On 12 July 2017, party Chairman P P Thawlla merged his wing of Maraland Democratic Front (MDF) with the Bharatiya Janata Party at a merger ceremony conducted in presence of BJP Mizoram state president, John V. Hluna.

title: Maraland Democratic Front


text:
Congress Jananayaka Peravai

Congress Jananayaka Peravai (Congress Democratic Front) was a political party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was founded in 2001 by former union finance minister P. Chidambaram, as a splinter group of the Tamil Maanila Congress, when the TMC allied itself with the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election P. Chidambaram other side Party DMK-BJP (NDA) Joint Meet to Assembly election.

In the 2004 Lok Sabha elections Chidambaram ran as the Indian National Congress candidate from Sivagangai, and won with 400 393 votes (60,01%).

On 25 November 2004 CJP merged into the Indian National Congress. Discussions about a merger had taken place during a long time, but the merger was resisted by the Tamil Nadu Congress leadership. In the end the merger was pushed through by the national Congress leadership.

title: Congress Jananayaka Peravai


text:
Discrete wavelet transform

In numerical analysis and functional analysis, a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is any wavelet transform for which the wavelets are discretely sampled. As with other wavelet transforms, a key advantage it has over Fourier transforms is temporal resolution: it captures both frequency and location information (location in time).

Haar wavelets
The first DWT was invented by Hungarian mathematician Alfréd Haar. For an input represented by a list of $$2^n$$ numbers, the Haar wavelet transform may be considered to pair up input values, storing the difference and passing the sum. This process is repeated recursively, pairing up the sums to prove the next scale, which leads to $$2^n-1$$ differences and a final sum.

Daubechies wavelets
The most commonly used set of discrete wavelet transforms was formulated by the Belgian mathematician Ingrid Daubechies in 1988. This formulation is based on the use of recurrence relations to generate progressively finer discrete samplings of an implicit mother wavelet function; each resolution is twice that of the previous scale. In her seminal paper, Daubechies derives a family of wavelets, the first of which is the Haar wavelet. Interest in this field has exploded since then, and many variations of Daubechies' original wavelets were developed.

The dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DCWT)
The dual-tree complex wavelet transform ($$\mathbb{C}$$WT) is a relatively recent enhancement to the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), with important additional properties: It is nearly shift invariant and directionally selective in two and higher dimensions. It achieves this with a redundancy factor of only $$2^d$$, substantially lower than the undecimated DWT. The multidimensional (M-D) dual-tree $$\mathbb{C}$$WT is nonseparable but is based on a computationally efficient, separable filter bank (FB).

Others
Other forms of discrete wavelet transform include the Le Gall–Tabatabai (LGT) 5/3 wavelet developed by Didier Le Gall and Ali J. Tabatabai in 1988 (used in JPEG 2000 or JPEG XS ),  the Binomial QMF developed by Ali Naci Akansu in 1990, the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm developed by Amir Said with William A. Pearlman in 1996, the non- or undecimated wavelet transform (where downsampling is omitted), and the Newland transform (where an orthonormal basis of wavelets is formed from appropriately constructed top-hat filters in frequency space). Wavelet packet transforms are also related to the discrete wavelet transform. Complex wavelet transform is another form.

Properties
The Haar DWT illustrates the desirable properties of wavelets in general. First, it can be performed in $$O(n)$$ operations; second, it captures not only a notion of the frequency content of the input, by examining it at different scales, but also temporal content, i.e. the times at which these frequencies occur. Combined, these two properties make the Fast wavelet transform (FWT) an alternative to the conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT).

Time issues
Due to the rate-change operators in the filter bank, the discrete WT is not time-invariant but actually very sensitive to the alignment of the signal in time. To address the time-varying problem of wavelet transforms, Mallat and Zhong proposed a new algorithm for wavelet representation of a signal, which is invariant to time shifts. According to this algorithm, which is called a TI-DWT, only the scale parameter is sampled along the dyadic sequence 2^j (j∈Z) and the wavelet transform is calculated for each point in time.

Applications
The discrete wavelet transform has a huge number of applications in science, engineering, mathematics and computer science. Most notably, it is used for signal coding, to represent a discrete signal in a more redundant form, often as a preconditioning for data compression. Practical applications can also be found in signal processing of accelerations for gait analysis, image processing,  in digital communications and many others.

It is shown that discrete wavelet transform (discrete in scale and shift, and continuous in time) is successfully implemented as analog filter bank in biomedical signal processing for design of low-power pacemakers and also in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communications.

Example in image processing
Wavelets are often used to denoise two dimensional signals, such as images. The following example provides three steps to remove unwanted white Gaussian noise from the noisy image shown. Matlab was used to import and filter the image.

The first step is to choose a wavelet type, and a level N of decomposition. In this case biorthogonal 3.5 wavelets were chosen with a level N of 10. Biorthogonal wavelets are commonly used in image processing to detect and filter white Gaussian noise, due to their high contrast of neighboring pixel intensity values. Using these wavelets a wavelet transformation is performed on the two dimensional image.

Following the decomposition of the image file, the next step is to determine threshold values for each level from 1 to N. Birgé-Massart strategy is a fairly common method for selecting these thresholds. Using this process individual thresholds are made for N = 10 levels. Applying these thresholds are the majority of the actual filtering of the signal.

The final step is to reconstruct the image from the modified levels. This is accomplished using an inverse wavelet transform. The resulting image, with white Gaussian noise removed is shown below the original image. When filtering any form of data it is important to quantify the signal-to-noise-ratio of the result. In this case, the SNR of the noisy image in comparison to the original was 30.4958%, and the SNR of the denoised image is 32.5525%. The resulting improvement of the wavelet filtering is a SNR gain of 2.0567%.

Choosing other wavelets, levels, and thresholding strategies can result in different types of filtering. In this example, white Gaussian noise was chosen to be removed. Although, with different thresholding, it could just as easily have been amplified.

To illustrate the differences and similarities between the discrete wavelet transform with the discrete Fourier transform, consider the DWT and DFT of the following sequence: (1,0,0,0), a unit impulse.

The DFT has orthogonal basis (DFT matrix):

\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 &  1 &  1\\ 1 & -i & -1 &  i\\ 1 & -1 & 1 & -1\\ 1 &  i & -1 & -i \end{bmatrix} $$

while the DWT with Haar wavelets for length 4 data has orthogonal basis in the rows of:

\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 &  1 &  1\\ 1 &  1 & -1 & -1\\ 1 & -1 &  0 &  0\\ 0 &  0 &  1 & -1 \end{bmatrix} $$

(To simplify notation, whole numbers are used, so the bases are orthogonal but not orthonormal.)

Preliminary observations include:
 * Sinusoidal waves differ only in their frequency. The first does not complete any cycles, the second completes one full cycle, the third completes two cycles, and the fourth completes three cycles (which is equivalent to completing one cycle in the opposite direction). Differences in phase can be represented by multiplying a given basis vector by a complex constant.
 * Wavelets, by contrast, have both frequency and location. As before, the first completes zero cycles, and the second completes one cycle. However, the third and fourth both have the same frequency, twice that of the first. Rather than differing in frequency, they differ in location — the third is nonzero over the first two elements, and the fourth is nonzero over the second two elements.

 * $$\begin{align}

(1,0,0,0) &= \frac{1}{4}(1,1,1,1) + \frac{1}{4}(1,1,-1,-1) + \frac{1}{2}(1,-1,0,0) \qquad \text{Haar DWT}\\ (1,0,0,0) &= \frac{1}{4}(1,1,1,1) + \frac{1}{4}(1,i,-1,-i) + \frac{1}{4}(1,-1,1,-1) + \frac{1}{4}(1,-i,-1,i) \qquad \text{DFT} \end{align}$$

The DWT demonstrates the localization: the (1,1,1,1) term gives the average signal value, the (1,1,–1,–1) places the signal in the left side of the domain, and the (1,–1,0,0) places it at the left side of the left side, and truncating at any stage yields a downsampled version of the signal:
 * $$\begin{align}

&\left(\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4}\right)\\ &\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},0,0\right)\qquad\text{2-term truncation}\\ &\left(1,0,0,0\right) \end{align}$$ The DFT, by contrast, expresses the sequence by the interference of waves of various frequencies – thus truncating the series yields a low-pass filtered version of the series:
 * $$\begin{align}

&\left(\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4}\right)\\ &\left(\frac{3}{4},\frac{1}{4},-\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4}\right)\qquad\text{2-term truncation}\\ &\left(1,0,0,0\right) \end{align}$$ Notably, the middle approximation (2-term) differs. From the frequency domain perspective, this is a better approximation, but from the time domain perspective it has drawbacks – it exhibits undershoot – one of the values is negative, though the original series is non-negative everywhere – and ringing, where the right side is non-zero, unlike in the wavelet transform. On the other hand, the Fourier approximation correctly shows a peak, and all points are within $$1/4$$ of their correct value, though all points have error. The wavelet approximation, by contrast, places a peak on the left half, but has no peak at the first point, and while it is exactly correct for half the values (reflecting location), it has an error of $$1/2$$ for the other values.

This illustrates the kinds of trade-offs between these transforms, and how in some respects the DWT provides preferable behavior, particularly for the modeling of transients.

One level of the transform
The DWT of a signal $$x$$ is calculated by passing it through a series of filters. First the samples are passed through a low-pass filter with impulse response $$g$$ resulting in a convolution of the two:

 * $$y[n] = (x * g)[n] = \sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^\infty  {x[k] g[n - k]} $$

The signal is also decomposed simultaneously using a high-pass filter $$h$$. The outputs give the detail coefficients (from the high-pass filter) and approximation coefficients (from the low-pass). It is important that the two filters are related to each other and they are known as a quadrature mirror filter.

However, since half the frequencies of the signal have now been removed, half the samples can be discarded according to Nyquist's rule. The filter output of the low-pass filter $$g$$ in the diagram above is then subsampled by 2 and further processed by passing it again through a new low-pass filter $$g$$ and a high- pass filter $$h$$ with half the cut-off frequency of the previous one, i.e.:

 * $$y_{\mathrm{low}} [n] = \sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^\infty  {x[k] g[2 n - k]} $$
 * $$y_{\mathrm{high}} [n] = \sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^\infty  {x[k] h[2 n - k]} $$

This decomposition has halved the time resolution since only half of each filter output characterises the signal. However, each output has half the frequency band of the input, so the frequency resolution has been doubled.

With the subsampling operator $$\downarrow$$

 * $$(y \downarrow k)[n] = y[k n] $$

the above summation can be written more concisely.

 * $$y_{\mathrm{low}} = (x*g)\downarrow 2 $$
 * $$y_{\mathrm{high}} = (x*h)\downarrow 2 $$

However computing a complete convolution $$x*g$$ with subsequent downsampling would waste computation time.

The Lifting scheme is an optimization where these two computations are interleaved.

Cascading and filter banks
This decomposition is repeated to further increase the frequency resolution and the approximation coefficients decomposed with high- and low-pass filters and then down-sampled. This is represented as a binary tree with nodes representing a sub-space with a different time-frequency localisation. The tree is known as a filter bank.

At each level in the above diagram the signal is decomposed into low and high frequencies. Due to the decomposition process the input signal must be a multiple of $$2^n$$ where $$n$$ is the number of levels.

For example a signal with 32 samples, frequency range 0 to $$f_n$$ and 3 levels of decomposition, 4 output scales are produced:

Relationship to the mother wavelet
The filterbank implementation of wavelets can be interpreted as computing the wavelet coefficients of a discrete set of child wavelets for a given mother wavelet $$\psi(t)$$. In the case of the discrete wavelet transform, the mother wavelet is shifted and scaled by powers of two

$$ \psi_{j,k}(t)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2^j}} \psi \left( \frac{t - k 2^j}{2^j} \right) $$

where $$j$$ is the scale parameter and $$k$$ is the shift parameter, both of which are integers.

Recall that the wavelet coefficient $$\gamma$$ of a signal $$x(t)$$ is the projection of $$x(t)$$ onto a wavelet, and let $$x(t)$$ be a signal of length $$2^N$$. In the case of a child wavelet in the discrete family above,

$$ \gamma_{jk} = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x(t) \frac{1}{\sqrt{2^j}} \psi \left( \frac{t - k 2^j}{2^j} \right) dt $$

Now fix $$j$$ at a particular scale, so that $$ \gamma_{jk} $$ is a function of $$k$$ only. In light of the above equation, $$\gamma_{jk}$$ can be viewed as a convolution of $$x(t)$$ with a dilated, reflected, and normalized version of the mother wavelet, $$h(t) =  \frac{1}{\sqrt{2^j}} \psi \left( \frac{-t}{2^j} \right) $$, sampled at the points $$1, 2^j, 2^{2j}, ..., 2^{N}$$. But this is precisely what the detail coefficients give at level $$j$$ of the discrete wavelet transform. Therefore, for an appropriate choice of $$h[n]$$ and $$g[n]$$, the detail coefficients of the filter bank correspond exactly to a wavelet coefficient of a discrete set of child wavelets for a given mother wavelet $$\psi(t)$$.

As an example, consider the discrete Haar wavelet, whose mother wavelet is $$\psi = [1, -1]$$. Then the dilated, reflected, and normalized version of this wavelet is $$h[n] = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} [-1, 1]$$, which is, indeed, the highpass decomposition filter for the discrete Haar wavelet transform.

Time complexity
The filterbank implementation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform takes only O(N) in certain cases, as compared to O(N log N) for the fast Fourier transform.

Note that if $$g[n]$$ and $$h[n]$$ are both a constant length (i.e. their length is independent of N), then $$x * h$$ and $$x * g$$ each take O(N) time. The wavelet filterbank does each of these two O(N) convolutions, then splits the signal into two branches of size N/2. But it only recursively splits the upper branch convolved with $$g[n]$$ (as contrasted with the FFT, which recursively splits both the upper branch and the lower branch). This leads to the following recurrence relation

 * $$T(N) = 2N + T\left( \frac N 2 \right)$$

which leads to an O(N) time for the entire operation, as can be shown by a geometric series expansion of the above relation.

As an example, the discrete Haar wavelet transform is linear, since in that case $$h[n]$$ and $$g[n]$$ are constant length 2.

 * $$h[n] = \left[\frac{-\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right] g[n] =  \left[\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right]$$

The locality of wavelets, coupled with the O(N) complexity, guarantees that the transform can be computed online (on a streaming basis). This property is in sharp contrast to FFT, which requires access to the entire signal at once. It also applies to the multi-scale transform and also to the multi-dimensional transforms (e.g., 2-D DWT).

Other transforms
{\cal W^+} {\bf y} = {\cal W^+} f + {\cal W^+} {f ({\bf X} -1)}, $$ where detail coefficients $$ {\cal W^+} {f ({\bf X} -1)}$$ cannot be considered as sparse in general, due to the contribution of $$f$$ in the latter expression. In the multiplicative framework, the wavelet transform is such that $$ {\cal W^\times} {\bf y} = \left({\cal W^\times} f\right) \times \left({\cal W^\times} { {\bf X}}\right). $$ This 'embedding' of wavelets in a multiplicative algebra involves generalized multiplicative approximations and detail operators: For instance, in the case of the Haar wavelets, then up to the normalization coefficient $$\alpha$$,  the standard $${\cal W^+}$$ approximations (arithmetic mean) $$c_{k} = \alpha(y_{k} + y_{k-1})$$ and details (arithmetic differences) $$d_{k} = \alpha(y_{k} - y_{k-1})$$ become respectively geometric mean approximations $$c_{k}^\ast = (y_{k} \times y_{k-1})^\alpha$$ and geometric differences (details) $$d_{k}^\ast = \left(\frac{y_{k}}{y_{k-1}}\right)^\alpha$$ when using $${\cal W^\times}$$.
 * The Adam7 algorithm, used for interlacing in the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format, is a multiscale model of the data which is similar to a DWT with Haar wavelets. Unlike the DWT, it has a specific scale – it starts from an 8×8 block, and it downsamples the image, rather than decimating (low-pass filtering, then downsampling). It thus offers worse frequency behavior, showing artifacts (pixelation) at the early stages, in return for simpler implementation.
 * The multiplicative (or geometric) discrete wavelet transform is a variant that applies to an observation model $${\bf y} = f { {\bf X} }$$ involving interactions of a positive regular function $$f$$ and a multiplicative independent positive noise $$X$$, with $$\mathbb{E} X = 1$$. Denote $${\cal W}$$, a wavelet transform. Since $$f { {\bf X} } = f + {f ({\bf X} -1)}$$, then the standard (additive) discrete wavelet transform $${\cal W^+}$$ is such that $$

Code example
In its simplest form, the DWT is remarkably easy to compute.

The Haar wavelet in Java: Complete Java code for a 1-D and 2-D DWT using Haar, Daubechies, Coiflet, and Legendre wavelets is available from the open source project: JWave. Furthermore, a fast lifting implementation of the discrete biorthogonal CDF 9/7 wavelet transform in C, used in the JPEG 2000 image compression standard can be found here (archived 5 March 2012).

Example of above code

This figure shows an example of applying the above code to compute the Haar wavelet coefficients on a sound waveform. This example highlights two key properties of the wavelet transform:

 * Natural signals often have some degree of smoothness, which makes them sparse in the wavelet domain. There are far fewer significant components in the wavelet domain in this example than there are in the time domain, and most of the significant components are towards the coarser coefficients on the left.  Hence, natural signals are compressible in the wavelet domain.
 * The wavelet transform is a multiresolution, bandpass representation of a signal. This can be seen directly from the filterbank definition of the discrete wavelet transform given in this article.  For a signal of length $$2^N$$, the coefficients in the range $$[2^{N-j}, 2^{N-j+1}]$$ represent a version of the original signal which is in the pass-band $$ \left[ \frac{\pi}{2^j}, \frac{\pi}{2^{j-1}} \right]$$.  This is why zooming in on these ranges of the wavelet coefficients looks so similar in structure to the original signal.  Ranges which are closer to the left (larger $$j$$ in the above notation), are coarser representations of the signal, while ranges to the right represent finer details.

title: Discrete wavelet transform


text:
Argyripnus

Argyripnus is an oceanic ray-finned fish genus in the marine hatchetfish family Sternoptychidae. They are commonly known as bristle-mouth fishes, but that may also refer to the related bristlemouth family (Gonostomatidae). A. iridescens is called "pearlside", which usually refers to the closely related genus Maurolicus.

Species
There are currently seven recognized species in this genus:
 * Argyripnus atlanticus Maul, 1952
 * Argyripnus brocki Struhsaker, 1973 (Brock's Bristle-mouth Fish)
 * Argyripnus electronus Parin, 1992
 * Argyripnus ephippiatus C. H. Gilbert & Cramer, 1897 (Gilbert & Cramer's Bristle-mouth Fish)
 * Argyripnus hulleyi Quéro, Spitz & Vayne, 2009 (Reunion bristle-mouth fish)
 * Argyripnus iridescens McCulloch, 1926 (Brilliant Pearlside)
 * Argyripnus pharos Harold & Lancaster, 2003

Fossils of bristle-mouth fishes show that the genus was already distinct in the Late Oligocene, more than 23 million years ago.

title: Argyripnus


text:
Maurolicus

Maurolicus is an oceanic ray-finned fish genus which belongs in the marine hatchetfish family Sternoptychidae. They are commonly known as pearlsides, but the brilliant pearlside is the related Argyripnus iridescens. Occasionally, "bristle-mouth fishes" is used as a common name, but that usually refers to the genus Argyripnus or the family Gonostomatidae.

Fossils of pearlsides are known from the Miocene.

Species
There are currently 15 recognized species in this genus:
 * Maurolicus amethystinopunctatus Cocco, 1838
 * Maurolicus australis Hector, 1875 (pennant pearlside)
 * Maurolicus breviculus Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993
 * Maurolicus imperatorius Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993 (Emperor seamount lightfish)
 * Maurolicus inventionis Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993
 * Maurolicus japonicus Ishikawa, 1915 (North Pacific lightfish)
 * Maurolicus javanicus Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993 (Javan pearlside)
 * Maurolicus kornilovorum Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993
 * Maurolicus mucronatus Klunzinger, 1871
 * Maurolicus muelleri (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) (Silvery lightfish, Mueller's pearlside, Mueller's bristle-mouth fish)
 * Maurolicus parvipinnis Vaillant, 1888
 * Maurolicus rudjakovi Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993
 * Maurolicus stehmanni Parin & Kobyliansky, 1996
 * Maurolicus walvisensis Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993
 * Maurolicus weitzmani Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993 (Atlantic pearlside, Weitzman's pearlside)

title: Maurolicus


text:
Sonoda (fish)

Sonoda is a genus of marine hatchetfishes found in the Atlantic Ocean.

Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
 * Sonoda megalophthalma Grey, 1959
 * Sonoda paucilampa Grey, 1960

title: Sonoda (fish)


text:
Category:Ammunition

Articles may include the assembly items of a projectile and its components. Such as cartridges, propellant, igniting tubes and primers for ordnance, firearms and related items.

title: Category:Ammunition


text:
Thorophos

Thorophos is a genus of marine hatchetfishes native to the western Central Pacific Ocean.

Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
 * Thorophos euryops Bruun, 1931
 * Thorophos nexilis (G. S. Myers, 1932)

title: Thorophos


text:
Valenciennellus

Valenciennellus is a genus of marine hatchetfishes. They are commonly known as constellationfishes.

Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
 * Valenciennellus carlsbergi Bruun, 1931
 * Valenciennellus tripunctulatus (Esmark (sv), 1871) (Constellationfish)

Fossils of constellationfishes are known since the Early Eocene, more than 40 million years ago.

title: Valenciennellus


text:
Talk:Music Choice

Music Choice on Smart TV
Music Choice is accommodating listeners that don't have cable or the Music Choice app can now listen to Music Choice channels on Smart TV from VIZIO and Samsung. Janlanuzo (talk) 13:50, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music Choice


text:
Ariès

The Ariès was a French automobile manufactured by La Société des Automobile Ariès in Asnières-sur-Seine. The firm was founded in 1902 by Baron. The decision to end production was taken in 1937. Around 20,000 vehicles were produced in total.

The first cars were two- and four-cylinder vehicles built 20 chassis at a time in a large factory. These shaft-drive cars had a rather unusual double rear axle, while the engines were built by Aster.

In 1907 the company made its own narrow-angle V4 engine. The engine had a single cast iron monobloc on a light alloy crankcase. This contained four cylinders in a square layout with a narrow 15° vee angle. Bore and stroke were 60 by 100mm, giving a capacity of 1.13 litres. It was rated at 8/10 fiscal horsepower. The crankshaft was short with disc webs, two main bearings and fork-and-blade connecting rods. Crankpins and main journals were held in the webs by tapers and a shallow nut, giving the effect of an undercut crankshaft. This made the engine extremely compact overall, 12.2 inch long, 11.3 inch wide and 22.4 inch tall. The intention was to offer this compact engine as a replacement that would fit into a wide range of other vehicles. The crankshaft was drilled for a pressure oil feed to the crankpins, an advanced feature for this time, but the pistons and gudgeon pins were still lubricated by splash.

In 1910 Ariès introduced a V6 engine on the same pattern for the 10/14 hp S6. Ariès entered the field of commercial vehicle production in 1910, mainly for the purpose of supplying the French army; the works built mainly military trucks during World War I, as well as Hispano-Suiza aero engines.

After the war the company presented three new models; one was a four-cylinder, a 7 cv OHC 1085 cc, while the other two were variations on a 15cv 3-litre. One had a sidevalve Aster unit, while the second featured a sporty OHC engine; some of these last were quite successful in racing events.

Ariès had some motor-racing success in the 1920s, particularly with associated, although without success, at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and with more success in other touring car events. Their most successful drivers wore Robert Laly and Jean Chassagne, driving the 3 litre cars.

Ariès stopped production of its 1100 cc and 3-liter cars, which had become obsolete, during the financial crisis of the 1930s. They were replaced in the catalogue with new 1500 cc and 2-liter models with an odd arrangement of a three-speed gearbox augmented by two-speed gears in the back axle, for a total of six speeds forward. Named the Super 10-50, few were made.

After the war, Ariès attempted a comeback, briefly producing moped engines under the name ABG.

title: Ariès


text:
Cheboygan

Cheboygan may refer to a location in the United States:

 * Cheboygan, Michigan, the city
 * Cheboygan County, Michigan
 * Cheboygan High School
 * Cheboygan River
 * Cheboygan Point in Lake Huron near the city of Cheboygan
 * Cheboygan State Park near the city of Cheboygan

title: Cheboygan


text:
Winnipeg Labour Party

The Winnipeg Labour Party was a reformist organization in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, representing labour interests. Founded in 1896, it was based on an earlier Winnipeg organization known as the Independent Labour Party (which was influenced by the British party of the same name, but was not formally connected to any other group).

The party initially received support from both socialists and conservative trade unionists, and succeeded in electing Arthur Puttee to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1900 federal election. The WLP was hostile to radical militancy in the labour movement, however, and lost the support of many socialists in the years which followed.

The WLP nominated two candidates for the provincial election of 1903: William Scott in Winnipeg Centre and Robert Thoms in Winnipeg North. Both finished well behind their Conservative and Liberal opponents.

Puttee was defeated in the 1904 election, but he continued to promote labour causes in his newspaper, The Voice. In 1906, his organization was absorbed into another group calling itself the Independent Labour Party.

title: Winnipeg Labour Party