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Balkan sprachbund

The Balkan sprachbund or Balkan language area is an ensemble of areal features—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the Balkans. Several features are found across these languages though not all apply to every single language. The Balkan sprachbund is a prominent example of the sprachbund concept.

The languages of the Balkan sprachbund share their similarities despite belonging to various separate language family (genetic) branches. The Slavic, Hellenic, Romance, Albanian and Indo-Aryan branches all belong to the large Indo-European family, and the Turkish language is non-Indo-European.

Some of the languages use these features for their standard language (i.e. those whose homeland lies almost entirely within the region) whilst other populations to whom the land is not a cultural pivot (as they have wider communities outside of it) may still adopt the features for their local register.

While some of these languages may share little vocabulary, their grammars have very extensive similarities; for example:

 * They have similar case systems, in those that have preserved grammatical case and verb conjugation systems.
 * They have all become more analytic, although to differing degrees.
 * Some of those languages mark evidentiality, which is uncommon among Indo-European languages, and was likely inspired by contact with Turkish.

The reason for these similarities is not a settled question among experts. Genetic commonalities, language contact, and the geopolitical history of the region all seem to be relevant factors, but many disagree over the specifics and degree of these factors.

History
The earliest scholar to notice the similarities between Balkan languages belonging to different families was the Slovenian scholar Jernej Kopitar in 1829. August Schleicher (1850) more explicitly developed the concept of areal relationships as opposed to genetic ones, and Franz Miklosich (1861) studied the relationships of Balkan Slavic and Romance more extensively.

Nikolai Trubetzkoy (1923), Kristian Sandfeld-Jensen (1926), and Gustav Weigand (1925, 1928) developed the theory in the 1920s and 1930s.

In the 1930s, the Romanian linguist Alexandru Graur criticized the notion of “Balkan linguistics,” saying that one can talk about “relationships of borrowings, of influences, but not about Balkan linguistics”.

The term "Balkan language area" was coined by the Romanian linguist Alexandru Rosetti in 1958, when he claimed that the shared features conferred the Balkan languages a special similarity. Theodor Capidan went further, claiming that the structure of Balkan languages could be reduced to a standard language. Many of the earliest reports on this theory were in German, hence the term "Balkansprachbund" is often used as well.

Languages
The languages that share these similarities belong to five distinct branches of the Indo-European languages:

 * Indo-European languages
 * Albanian
 * Tosk
 * Gheg
 * Eastern Romance
 * Aromanian
 * Northern Romanian
 * Eastern Romanian
 * Megleno-Romanian
 * Romanian
 * Istro-Romanian
 * Hellenic
 * Greek
 * Indo-Aryan
 * Romani
 * South Slavic
 * Eastern South Slavic
 * Bulgarian
 * Macedonian
 * Torlakian
 * Western South Slavic
 * Serbo-Croatian
 * Slovenian

The Finnish linguist Jouko Lindstedt computed in 2000 a "Balkanization factor" which gives each Balkan language a score proportional with the number of features shared in the Balkan language area. The results were:

Another language that may have been influenced by the Balkan language union is the Judaeo-Spanish variant that used to be spoken by Sephardi Jews living in the Balkans. The grammatical features shared (especially regarding the tense system) were most likely borrowed from Greek.

Origins
The source of these features as well as the directions have long been debated, and various theories were suggested.

Paleo-Balkan
Early researchers, including Kopitar, believed they must have been inherited from the Paleo-Balkan languages (e.g. Illyrian, Thracian and Dacian) which formed the substrate for modern Balkan languages. But since very little is known about Paleo-Balkan languages, it cannot be determined whether the features were present. The strongest candidate for a shared Paleo-Balkan feature is the postposed article.

Greek
Another theory, advanced by Kristian Sandfeld in 1930, was that these features were an entirely Greek influence, under the presumption that since Greece "always had a superior civilization compared to its neighbours", Greek could not have borrowed its linguistic features from them. However, no ancient dialects of Greek possessed Balkanisms, so that the features shared with other regional languages appear to be post-classical innovations. Also, Greek appears to be only peripheral to the Balkan language area, lacking some important features, such as the postposed article. Nevertheless, several of the features that Greek does share with the other languages (loss of dative, replacement of infinitive by subjunctive constructions, object clitics, formation of future with auxiliary verb "to want") probably originated in Medieval Greek and spread to the other languages through Byzantine influence.

Latin and Romance
The Roman Empire ruled all the Balkans, and local variation of Latin may have left its mark on all languages there, which were later the substrate to Slavic newcomers. This was proposed by Georg Solta. The weak point of this theory is that other Romance languages have few of the features, and there is no proof that the Eastern Romans were isolated for enough time to develop them. An argument for this would be the structural borrowings or "linguistic calques" into Macedonian from Aromanian, which could be explained by Aromanian being a substrate of Macedonian, but this still does not explain the origin of these innovations in Aromanian. The analytic perfect with the auxiliary verb "to have" (which some Balkan languages share with Western European languages), is the only feature whose origin can fairly safely be traced to Latin.

Multiple sources
The most commonly accepted theory, advanced by Polish scholar Zbigniew Gołąb, is that the innovations came from different sources and the languages influenced each other: some features can be traced from Latin, Slavic, or Greek languages, whereas others, particularly features that are shared only by Romanian, Albanian, Macedonian and Bulgarian, could be explained by the substratum kept after Romanization (in the case of Romanian) or Slavicization (in the case of Bulgarian). Albanian was influenced by both Latin and Slavic, but it kept many of its original characteristics.

Several arguments favour this theory. First, throughout the turbulent history of the Balkans, many groups of people moved to another place, inhabited by people of another ethnicity. These small groups were usually assimilated quickly and sometimes left marks in the new language they acquired. Second, the use of more than one language was common in the Balkans before the modern age, and a drift in one language would quickly spread to other languages. Third, the dialects that have the most "balkanisms" are those in regions where people had contact with people of many other languages.

Case system
The number of cases is reduced, several cases being replaced with prepositions, the only exception being Serbo-Croatian. In Bulgarian and Macedonian, on the other hand, this development has actually led to the loss of all cases except the vocative.

A common case system of a Balkan language is:

 * Nominative
 * Accusative
 * Dative / Genitive (merged)
 * Vocative

Syncretism of genitive and dative
In the Balkan languages, the genitive and dative cases (or corresponding prepositional constructions) undergo syncretism.

Example:

Syncretism of locative and directional expressions
Note: In Romanian this is an exception, and it only applies when referring to individual countries, e.g. în Germania, în Franța, etc. The rule is that into translates as ”la” when trying to express destination, e.g. la Atena, la Madrid, la vale, la mare, etc. but even in this case the same preposition is used to express direction and location.

Future tense
The future tense is formed in an analytic way using an auxiliary verb or particle with the meaning "will, want", referred to as de-volitive, similar to the way the future is formed in English. This feature is present to varying degrees in each language. Decategorization is less advanced in fossilized literary Romanian voi and in Serbo-Croatian ću, ćeš, će, where the future marker is still an inflected auxiliary. In modern Greek, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Albanian, Aromanian, and spoken Romanian, decategorization and erosion have given rise to an uninflected tense form, where the frozen third-person singular of the verb has turned into an invariable particle followed by the main verb inflected for person (compare Rom 1.sg. voi, 2.sg. vei, 3.sg. va > invariable va > mod. o). Certain Torlakian dialects also have an invariant future tense marker in the form of the proclitic third-person-singular present form of the verb 'to want': će vidim (ће видим) 'I will see', će vidiš (ће видиш) "you will see", će vidi (ће види) 'he/she/it will see'.

Analytic perfect tense
The analytic perfect tense is formed in the Balkan languages with the verb "to have" and, usually, a past passive participle, similarly to the construction found in Germanic and other Romance languages: e.g. Romanian am promis "I have promised", Albanian kam premtuar "I have promised". A somewhat less typical case of this is Greek, where the verb "to have" is followed by the so-called απαρέμφατο ('invariant form', historically the aorist infinitive): έχω υποσχεθεί. However, a completely different construction is used in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian, which have inherited from Common Slavic an analytic perfect formed with the verb "to be" and the past active participle: обещал съм, obeštal sǎm (Bul.) / обећао сам, obećao sam (Ser.) - "I have promised" (lit. "I am having-promised"). On the other hand, Macedonian, the third Slavic language in the sprachbund, is like Romanian and Albanian in that it uses quite typical Balkan constructions consisting of the verb to have and a past passive participle (имам ветено, imam veteno = "I have promised"). Macedonian also has a perfect formed with the verb "to be", like Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.

Renarrative mood
The so-called renarrative mood is another shared feature of the Balkan languages, including Turkish. It is used for statements that are not based on direct observation or common knowledge, but repeat what was reported by others. For example, Патот бил затворен in Macedonian means "The road was closed (or so I heard)". Speakers who use the indicative mood instead and state "Патот беше затворен" imply thereby that they personally witnessed the road's closure.

Avoidance or loss of infinitive
The use of the infinitive (common in other languages related to some of the Balkan languages, such as Romance and Slavic) is generally replaced with subjunctive constructions, following early Greek innovation.

 * in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Tosk Albanian, the loss of the infinitive is complete
 * in demotic (vernacular) Greek, the loss of the infinitive was complete, whereas in literary Greek (Katharevousa, abolished in 1976) it was not; the natural fusion of the vernacular with Katharevousa resulted in the creation of the contemporary common Greek (Modern Standard Greek), where the infinitive, when used, is principally used as noun (e.g. λέγειν "speaking, fluency, eloquence", γράφειν "writing", είναι "being", etc.) deriving directly from the ancient Greek infinitive formation. But its substitution by the subjunctive form when the infinitive would be used as a verb is complete. Most of the times, the subjunctive form substitutes the infinitive also in the cases when it would be used as a noun (e.g. το να πας / το να πάει κανείς "to go, the act of going", το να δεις / βλέπεις "to see/be seeing, the act of seeing" instead of the infinitive "βλέπειν", etc.)
 * in Aromanian and Southern Serbo-Croatian dialects, it is almost complete
 * in Gheg Albanian, the infinitive, constructed by the particle "me" plus the past participle, is in full use
 * in standard Romanian (prepositional phrase: a + verb stem) and Serbo-Croatian, the infinitive shares many of its functions with the subjunctive. In these two languages, the infinitive will always be found in dictionaries and language textbooks. However, in Romanian, the inherited infinitive form (-are, -ere, and -ire) is now used only as a verbal noun.
 * Turkish as spoken in Sliven and Šumen has also almost completely lost the infinitive, but not verbal nouns using the same grammatical form. This is clearly due to the influence of the Balkan sprachbund.

For example, "I want to write" in several Balkan languages: But here is an example of a relict form, preserved in Bulgarian:

Bare subjunctive constructions
Sentences that include only a subjunctive construction can be used to express a wish, a mild command, an intention, or a suggestion.

This example translates in the Balkan languages the phrase "You should go!", using the subjunctive constructions.

Postposed article
With the exception of Greek, Serbo-Croatian, and Romani, all languages in the union have their definite article attached to the end of the noun, instead of before it. None of the related languages (like other Romance languages or Slavic languages) share this feature, with the notable exception of the northern Russian dialects, and it is thought to be an innovation created and spread in the Balkans. It is possible that postposed article in Balkan Slavic is the result of influence from Eastern Romance languages (Romanian or Aromanian) during the Middle Ages. However, each language created its own internal articles, so the Romanian articles are related to the articles (and demonstrative pronouns) in Italian, French, etc., whereas the Bulgarian articles are related to demonstrative pronouns in other Slavic languages.

Numeral formation
The Slavic way of composing the numbers between 10 and 20, e.g. "one + on + ten" for eleven, called superessive, is widespread. Greek does not follow this.

Albanian has preserved the vigesimal system, which is considered to be an remnant from a Pre-Indo-European language. The number 20 is described njëzet and 40 as dyzet. In some dialects trezet '60' and katërzet '80' still may be used. All other Balkan languages lack at this.

Clitic pronouns
Direct and indirect objects are cross-referenced, or doubled, in the verb phrase by a clitic (weak) pronoun, agreeing with the object in gender, number, and case or case function. This can be found in Romanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Albanian. In Albanian and Macedonian, this feature shows fully grammaticalized structures and is obligatory with indirect objects and to some extent with definite direct objects; in Bulgarian, however, it is optional and therefore based on discourse. In Greek, the construction contrasts with the clitic-less construction and marks the cross-referenced object as a topic. Southwest Macedonia appears to be the location of innovation.

For example, "I see George" in Balkan languages:

Note: The neutral case in normal (SVO) word order is without a clitic: "Гледам Георги." However, the form with an additional clitic pronoun is also perfectly normal and can be used for emphasis: "Гледам го Георги." And the clitic is obligatory in the case of a topicalized object (with OVS-word order), which serves also as the common colloquial equivalent of a passive construction. "Георги го гледам."

Adjectives
The replacement of synthetic adjectival comparative forms with analytic ones by means of preposed markers is common. These markers are:
 * Bulgarian: по-
 * Macedonian: по (prepended)
 * Albanian: më
 * Romanian: mai
 * Modern Greek: πιο (pió)
 * Aromanian: (ca)ma

Macedonian and Modern Greek have retained some of the earlier synthetic forms. In Bulgarian and Macedonian these have become proper adjectives in their own right without the possibility of [further] comparison. This is more evident in Macedonian: виш = "higher, superior", ниж = "lower, inferior". Compare with similar structures in Bulgarian: висш(-(ия(т))/а(та)/о(то)/и(те)) = "(the) higher, (the) superior" (по-висш(-(ия(т))/а(та)/о(то)/и(те)) = "(the) [more] higher, (the) [more] superior"; 'най-висш(-(ия(т))/о(то)/а(та)/и(те))' = "(the) ([most]) highest, supreme"; нисш (also spelled as низш sometimes) = "low, lower, inferior", it can also possess further comparative or superlative as with 'висш' above.

Another common trait of these languages is the lack of suppletive comparative degrees for the adjective "good" and "bad", unlike other Indo-European languages.

Suffixes
Also, some common suffixes can be found in the language area, such as the diminutive suffix of the Slavic languages (Srb. Bul. Mac.) "-ovo" "-ica" that can be found in Albanian, Greek and Romanian.

Loanwords
Several hundred words are common to the Balkan union languages; the origin of most of them is either Greek, Bulgarian or Turkish, as the Byzantine Empire, the First Bulgarian Empire, the Second Bulgarian Empire and later the Ottoman Empire directly controlled the territory throughout most of its history, strongly influencing its culture and economics.

Albanian, Aromanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian also share a large number of words of various origins:

Calques
Apart from the direct loans, there are also many calques that were passed from one Balkan language to another, most of them between Albanian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Greek, Aromanian and Romanian.

For example, the word "ripen" (as in fruit) is constructed in Albanian, Romanian and (rarely) in Greek (piqem, a (se) coace, ψήνομαι), in Turkish pişmek by a derivation from the word "to bake" (pjek, a coace, ψήνω).

Another example is the wish "(∅/to/for) many years":

Note: In Old Church Slavonic and archaic Eastern South Slavic dialects, the term сполай(j) ти (spolaj ti) was commonly used in meaning thank you, derived from the Byzantine Greek εἰς πολλὰ ἔτη (is polla eti).

Idiomatic expressions for "whether one or not" are formed as " -not- ". "Whether one wants or not":

This is also present in other Slavic languages, e.g. Polish chcąc nie chcąc.

Phonetics
The proposed phonological features consist of:
 * the presence of an unrounded central vowel, either a mid-central schwa or a high central vowel phoneme
 * ë in Albanian; ъ in Bulgarian; ă in Romanian; ã in Aromanian
 * In Romanian and Albanian, the schwa is developed from an unstressed
 * Example: Latin camisia "shirt" > Romanian cămașă, Albanian këmishë )
 * The schwa phoneme occurs across some dialects of the Macedonian language, but is absent in the standard.
 * some kind of umlaut in stressed syllables with differing patterns depending on the language.
 * Romanian:
 * a mid-back vowel ends in a low glide before a nonhigh vowel in the following syllable.
 * a central vowel is fronted before a front vowel in the following syllable.
 * Albanian: back vowels are fronted before i in the following syllable.
 * The presence of or  but not

This feature also occurs in Greek, but it is lacking in some of the other Balkan languages; the central vowel is found in Romanian, Bulgarian, some dialects of Albanian, and Serbo-Croatian, but not in Greek or Standard Macedonian.

Less widespread features are confined largely to either Romanian or Albanian, or both:
 * frequent loss of l before i in Romanian and some Romani dialects
 * the alternation between n and r in Albanian and Romanian.
 * change from l to r in Romanian, Greek and very rarely in Bulgarian and Albanian.
 * the raising of o to u in unstressed syllables in Bulgarian, Romanian and Northern Greek dialects.
 * change from ea to e before i in Bulgarian and Romanian.

Not all linguists agree there are any phonological features associated with Balkan sprachbund.

title: Balkan sprachbund


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erik Buell

Personal info. Not encyclopedic.--Jondel 10:36, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * proprietor of company Buell, a stub itself. Delete if Erik Buell not found to be otherwise notable. --Ianb 11:15, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * User:213.225.130.201. A man who made articles that were a bit rubbish but great fun. Delete, and send Buell to cleanup - they deserve a better article than the current one. -- Ferkelparade 11:29, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Note: the above IP also repeatedly posted a long incoherent rambling on Buell and was reverted several times. Lupo 20:10, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too subjective and unencyclopedic ScottyBoy900Q 20:44, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:Lyellin/Sandbox

Just using this page as a personal sandbox, mostly to play with template creation.

title: User:Lyellin/Sandbox


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Talk:Tiger Beat

Untitled
What do the daggers signify? Bonalaw 10:39, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

For example, during the 1970s, Tiger Beat's cover often resembled something taken out of the movie Hair.

What? Is this an attempt to be funny? Mike H 03:04, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

At least I had no idea the magazine was still running (as confirmed by the Street Smarts episode I watched on WGN last night)! I first heard of its legacy on VH1's Bubblegum Babylon documentary, and all the while until now, I thought it was defunct. --Slgrandson 15:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

it's been voted New York Times best-seller magazine

Reads like an advertisement?
This article doesn't much seem like an advertisement as it is. I looked at an old version from Sept. 2007, and that sure did. . . but I think it's pretty neutral now. I'm going ahead to remove the box saying so, but I'm not heavily invested in this article, so if others disagree and re-instate the warning box, fine. --63.25.122.148 (talk) 13:33, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Done. I also removed the box about self-published sources, because there aren't any sources in that section at all, self-published or otherwise. In fact, the only external link on the whole page is one for the magazine's offical web site, and that's not improper. Incidentally, I'm pretty sure that inserting a big box in the middle of a sentence isn't kosher. --63.25.122.148 (talk) 13:45, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

List of cover subjects
LOOONG AGO, about when I myself started the article without still being a member of wikipedia.org, I had an unorganized list of some people who had been on Tiger Beat.

Now that we have so many lists and even articles about lists (ex: List of Lockheed L-1011 operators, which I ABSOLUTELY LOVE to consult), shouldn't we have a list of people who have been on Tiger Beat's cover in this article? (Antonio I'm Tiger Beat cover Material Martin) 4;34, 3 January, 2009 (UTC)

disambig
There's also an album by the band bangs with the title "Tiger Beat". Should that be mentioned here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.239.181.58 (talk) 20:28, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Yeah Maybe it should because someone may want that page but they came to this one instead.Will someone put it in plz?

Name
Why is the magazine named Tiger Beat? Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 01:02, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Just a theory: "Tiger" is likely a term for impossibly cute-so males who are popular subjects for pubescent girls' imaginations (e.g., Davy Jones, David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, et alia), and "Beat" refers to a newspaper/radio/television reporter's particular topic of focus. Thus, a practical translation of "Tiger Beat" might be "Masturbation News for Girls." JoJo Anthrax (talk) 19:58, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

Great
Being British, only recently heard of this publication through a chance remark by Prof. Solomon on 3rd Rock from the Sun; so looked it up. The whole article is very funny particularly the opening paragraph,

"Tiger Beat is an American teen fan magazine originally published by The Laufer Company, and marketed primarily to young frogs." and also this:

"'guys in their 20s singing 'La La' songs to 13-year-old girls.'"

which seems rather apposite in Dec 2017. Claverhouse (talk) 04:43, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiger Beat


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Fred Kelly (hurdler)

Frederick Warren Kelly  (September 12, 1891 – May 7, 1974) was an American athlete, winner of 110 m hurdles at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Born in Beaumont, California, Fred Kelly attended Orange High School and was a freshman at University of Southern California, when he was selected to US 1912 Olympic team.

At Stockholm, Kelly won his preliminary heats easily and qualified to the final with four more Americans and one representative from Great Britain. From the start, the five Americans ran even until the eighth hurdle, where Kelly and James Wendell spun ahead to decide the winner. Kelly got in front the instant before the tape was broken, to win by 0.1 seconds. He also competed for USA in exhibition baseball tournament in Stockholm.

Kelly was the AAU Champion in 120 yd hurdles in 1913 and finished second in 1916 and 1919. Kelly also finished first at the 1915 AAU Championships, but was disqualified for knocking down four hurdles.

Kelly served in the United States Army in World War I and later became a pioneering aviator, carrying mail for Western Air Express and training Army pilots during World War II.

He served as the first President of the SoCal Olympians and Paralympians, beginning on March 19, 1949.

Fred Kelly died in Medford, Oregon, aged 82.

A stadium near where he attended Orange High School in Orange, California has been named after him, Fred Kelly Stadium, which is located next to El Modena High School.

title: Fred Kelly (hurdler)


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Talk:Portgas D. Ace

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of One Piece characters

title: Talk:Portgas D. Ace


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List of belt regions of the United States

The belt regions of the United States are portions of the country that share certain characteristics. The "belt" terminology was first applied to growing regions for various crops, which often follow lines of latitude because those are more likely to have similar climates. The allusion was to a long clothing belt, as seen on a map.

The usage has expanded to other climatic, economic, and cultural concentrations. These regions are not formally defined; they frequently overlap and have vague borders. The terminology is also used outside the U.S. (e.g. India's Hindi Belt).

List of regions

 * Banana belt, a term applied to several U.S. areas with milder climates than their surrounding regions
 * Bible Belt, any collection of states more specifically in the American South where evangelical and fundamentalist Protestantism are prevalent
 * Black Belt in the American South, the social history and politics, especially concerning slavery and black workers, of the geological region known as the Black Belt
 * Black Belt (region of Alabama), a section of Alabama (and extending into Mississippi) having a particular concentration of African Americans
 * Borscht Belt, a region of Jewish resorts in the Catskill Mountains
 * Corn Belt, midwestern and southern states where corn is the primary crop
 * Cotton Belt, southern states where cotton is or was a primary crop
 * Fruit Belt, an area where fruit growing is prominent, specially oranges at the state of Florida and grapes at California
 * Indiana Gas Belt, a region of Indiana that was the site of a natural gas boom in the late 19th century and early 20th century
 * Jell-O Belt, also known as the Mormon corridor or Mormon belt, western states with a large Mormon population
 * Lead Belt, a district in southeastern Missouri that has a long history of mining for lead
 * Pine Belt, a region of southern Mississippi where longleaf pine trees are abundant
 * Pretzel Belt, a district of Pennsylvania associated with numerous regional and nationally distributed pretzel and snack food producers
 * Rice Belt, southern states where rice is a major crop
 * Rust Belt (in the past, commonly known as the Manufacturing Belt, Factory Belt, or Steel Belt), northeastern and central northern states where heavy industrialization—and some economic stagnation—is common
 * Salt Belt, a region in the northeast and midwest states where large quantities of salt are applied to control snow and ice on roads during the winter season
 * Snow Belt, areas around the Great Lakes prone to lake-effect snow and cold weather
 * Stroke Belt, a region in the Southeast that has an unusually high incidence of stroke and other forms of cardiovascular disease
 * Sun Belt, southern, hot-weather states stretching from coast to coast
 * Unchurched Belt, a region in the far Northwestern United States that has low religious attendance
 * Wheat Belt, northern midwestern states where most of North America's grain and soybeans are grown (cf. Breadbasket)


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Chen Zaidao

Chen Zaidao (, 24 January 1909 – 6 April 1993) was a Chinese general in the People's Liberation Army, who commanded the Wuhan Military Region from 1954 to 1967. He is most noted for having arrested pro-Mao Xie Fuzhi and Wang Li during the Wuhan Incident in July 1967. He was promptly dismissed after the incident, but was rehabilitated in 1972 and entered the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in 1978.

During the Tiananmen Square protests of spring 1989, Chen Zaidao joined former Minister of Defense Zhang Aiping and five other retired generals in opposing the enforcement of martial law by the Army in Beijing.

"Due to the exigent circumstances, we as old soldiers, make the following request: Since the People's Army belongs to the people, it cannot stand against the people, much less kill the people, and must not be permitted to fire on the people and cause bloodshed; to prevent the situation from escalating, the Army must not enter the city."

- Ye Fei, Zhang Aiping, Xiao Ke, Yang Dezhi, Chen Zaidao, Song Shilun and Li Jukui

title: Chen Zaidao


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Protected areas of Finland

The protected areas of Finland include national parks, nature reserves and other areas, with a purpose of conserving areas of all of Finland's ecosystems and biotopes.

Protected areas include:
 * National parks of Finland (Kansallispuisto/Nationalpark) - 8,170 km2
 * Strict nature reserves of Finland (Luonnonpuisto/Naturreservat) - 1,530 km2
 * Mire reserves of Finland (Soidensuojelualue/Myrskyddsområde) - 4,490 km2
 * Protected herb-rich forest areas (Lehtojensuojelualue/Lundskyddsområde) - 13 km2
 * Protected old-growth forest areas (Vanhat metsät/Gamla skogar) - 100 km2
 * Grey seal protection areas (Hylkeidensuojelualue/Sälskyddsområde) - 190 km2
 * Other protected areas on state-owned land - 468 km2

The state-owned protected areas cover a total of 14,961 km2 while 1,220 km2 are on private land.

title: Protected areas of Finland


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Category:Cosmology

Cosmology is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.

Physical cosmology is the scholarly and scientific study of the origin, evolution, large-scale structures and dynamics, and ultimate fate of the universe, as well as the scientific laws that govern these realities.

Religious cosmology or mythological cosmology is a body of beliefs based on mythological, religious, and esoteric literature and traditions of creation and eschatology.

title: Category:Cosmology


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Ravi Shastri

Ravishankar Jayadritha Shastri (born 27 May 1962) is a former player and head coach of the India national cricket team and a cricket commentator. As a player, he played for the India national cricket team between 1981 and 1992 in both Test matches and One Day Internationals. Although he started his career as a left arm spin bowler, he later transformed into a batting all-rounder. Shastri was a member of the Indian team that won the 1983 Cricket World Cup. He won the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award at the Indian cricket team annual award show NAMAN in 2024.

As a cricketer, Shastri was essentially defensive with his trademark "chapathi" (a flick off the pads), but he could raise his strike rate when required. Due to his above-average height (he stood 6' 3" tall) and an upright stance, he had a limited number of shots against fast bowling, but was able to put the lofted shot to good use against spin bowling. Ravi played either as an opening batsman or in the middle order.

The highlight of his career was when he was elected Champion of Champions in the World Championship of Cricket in Australia in 1985. In the same season, on 10 January 1985, he equaled West Indian Garry Sobers's record of hitting six sixes in an over in first class cricket. He was regarded as a potential captain, but his image outside cricket, injuries and tendency to lose form at crucial times meant that he captained India in only one Test match.

In domestic cricket, he played for Bombay and led them to the Ranji Trophy title in his final year of playing. He also played four seasons of county cricket for Glamorgan. He was forced to retire aged 31 due to a recurring knee injury. He has done commentary on behalf of BCCI in the matches that India play. In 2014, he became the director of Indian cricket team for a period of eight months from India's tour of England until the 2015 World Cup. On 13 July 2017, he was appointed as the head coach of Indian cricket team. On 16 August 2019, he was re-appointed as the head coach of the senior men's Indian team and remained in charge until the 2021 ICC T20 World Cup.

Personal life
Shastri is of Mangalorean descent, was born in Bombay and studied at Don Bosco High School. As a teenager, he took to cricket seriously. Playing for Don Bosco (Matunga), Shastri reached the final of the 1976 inter-school Giles Shield, finally losing to St Mary's, whose lineup included two future Ranji players, Shishir Hattiangadi and Jignesh Sanghani. The next year, under Shastri's captaincy, Don Bosco won the Giles Shield in 1977, the first time in the history of that school. At school, his coach was B. D. Desai, once a Tatas and Dadar Union player. While Don Bosco was not traditionally a major force in schools cricket, the R. A. Podar College, where Shastri later studied commerce, produced many good cricketers. Vasant Amladi and, in particular, V. S. "Marshall" Patil, were integral figures in Shastri's development as a cricketer.

When not in Mumbai, Shastri lives in Alibaug.

Domestic career
In his last year at the junior college, he was selected to represent the Bombay team in the Ranji Trophy. At 17 years and 292 days, he was then the youngest cricketer to play for Bombay. An Indian under-19 team was scheduled to tour Pakistan in 1980–81. Shastri was included in the coaching camp at the last minute by the National Coach Hemu Adhikari. Shastri captained one of the two teams in a trial game and was then asked to lead the Indian Under-19 team. The tour, however, was cancelled. The team later went to Sri Lanka, but the games were frequently interrupted by rain.

His only notable achievement in his first two Ranji seasons were bowling figures of 6-61, which he took against Delhi in the 1979–80 Ranji final that Bombay lost. While he was playing against Uttar Pradesh at Kanpur in the next season, he was called up to the squad touring New Zealand to stand in for the injured left arm spinner Dilip Doshi. Shastri arrived in Wellington the night before the first Test. His first over in Test cricket was a maiden to the New Zealand captain Geoff Howarth. In the second innings, he took 3 wickets in four balls, all to catches by Dilip Vengsarkar, to bring a quick close to the New Zealand innings. In the third Test, his seven wickets won him the man of the match award, while his 15 wickets in the series were the highest for either side.

The Ranji final of 1984/85 turned out to be one of the finest matches in Indian domestic cricket history. A sleepy Gavaskar won the toss and batted. He could hardly close his eyes before Bombay was 3 down for 42. Batting at No.5, he scored his 20th and last Ranji Trophy hundred and took Bombay to 333. Shastri made 29 before he was bowled attempting to cut an arm–ball. Delhi was in early trouble before they were rescued by Chetan Chauhan, batting with a fractured finger in his last first class match. Ajay Sharma, in his first season, scored a hundred and took Delhi into the lead with nine wickets down.

The rules of the competition specified that in the event of a draw, the team with the first innings lead would be declared the winners. With two days and 100 minutes left, Bombay went for quick runs. A crowd of about 46,000 turned up for match on the fourth day and the organizers ran out of tickets. Shastri top scored with 76 as Bombay set Delhi 300 to win in a day and ninety minutes.

Except for the odd delivery, the ball spun slowly and afforded enough time for the batsmen to play their strokes. Early on the final day, Delhi reached 95 for no loss and then collapsed. His first wicket was Chauhan who was declared out caught behind with the ball having spun across the face of the bat without apparently touching it. The match changed dramatically and the batsmen lost their head. Gursharan Singh was lbw playing no stroke, Kirti Azad played on, Surinder Khanna was stumped after a few slogs. Shastri took 8 for 91; Bombay won by 90 runs. In the 50th year of Ranji trophy, it was their 30th title.

After the tour of Australia in 1985–86, he also began to decline as a bowler. Bombay lost to Haryana in the semifinal of the Ranji trophy but West Zone won the Duleep Trophy. His major contribution was as a bowler in the semifinal against North Zone on a flat wicket at Trivandrum. Like in the Ranji final, North looked the likely winner going into the last day, before he took 8 for 145.

He scored hundreds in the quarterfinal and semifinal of the Duleep trophy, but West Zone lost to South on first innings lead in the latter match. Shastri's only other score over fifty in the season was a particularly dull 125 against Pakistan in the Jaipur Test. He did well enough to be the man of the one day series. In the first one-day match against Pakistan he captained India for the first time, scoring 50 and taking three wickets. He took four wickets at Calcutta and 69* at Hyderabad in two thrilling finishes. Later at Nagpur with India facing a big target, he scored 52 in 40 balls.

In 1987, Glamorgan contracted Shastri to play for them. He stayed with them until 1991, with a break in 1990 due to India's tour of England. Shastri's presence did little for the fortunes of the county which finished at the bottom of the first class table in two of those seasons. Shastri topped 1000 runs in 1989 and scored hundreds in both innings against Middlesex. His best bowling performance of 7 for 49 (11 for 90) in the match came against Lancashire in 1988, where he got bounce and turn and was 'unplayable' according to Wisden. The almanack noticed that Shastri was already becoming reluctant to bowl.

1988 was by far the best of the seasons for Glamorgan in one day matches. They finished 5th in the Sunday League – up from 14 in 1987 – and reached the semifinal of the Benson & Hedges Cup. Shastri won the leading six hitter award for the Sunday league matches of 1988 with 14 sixes. He was part of the MCC team that played a Rest of the World team in the MCC bicentennial match at Lord's in 1987.

Bombay breezed through the West Zone league of the 1993–94 Ranji Trophy winning all four matches – a very rare feat – by big margins. With the Test players away, Shastri captained the young team in the knockout matches. Bombay defeated Haryana by an innings and 202 runs in the pre quarter final but ran into trouble against Karnataka in the next round. Against 406, Bombay lost their first six for 174, before Shastri and Sairaj Bahutule added 259 in six hours. Shastri's individual score was 151. Bombay survived the best part of the last day to win on first innings lead. Shastri scored 612 runs in the season and took 17 wickets at 15. Bombay went on to beat Bengal in a low scoring final to lift the Ranji Trophy. It was their first championship since the famous win against Delhi nine years ago.

In September 1994, while in Sri Lanka covering the Singer World Series, Shastri announced his retirement from first class cricket.

Early days
Within eighteen months of his Test debut, Shastri had moved up from tenth position in the batting order to being an opening batsman. "His calm, sensible batting lower in the order", wrote Wisden, commenting on his first series, "raised promise of his developing into a useful all-rounder, and his fielding too was an asset". By the end of his career, he had batted in every position from one to ten. By his own admission, he ignored his bowling in favour of his batting. This was reflected in his performances. However, his figures of 9–101 in the season-opening 1981 Irani Trophy stood as a tournament record for nearly twenty years.

It was the failure of the regular openers Pranab Roy and Ghulam Parkar that led to Shastri being made to open at the Oval against England in 1982. He distinguished himself by scoring 66 runs in that match. An injury in the webbing of his hand ruled him out of four of the Tests to be played in Pakistan. Forced again to open in the final Test at Karachi, against the fast bowling of Imran Khan (then at the peak of his career), he scored his first Test hundred. He later made another hundred against the West Indies in Antigua. Indian Cricket was impressed enough to suggest that, given time, he could become one of the best batsmen in the Indian team.

Shastri was not selected to play in most of the important matches in the 1983 World Cup. In the series against the West Indies later that year, he again distinguished himself with his bold effort in batting against the domineering West Indian pace bowlers.

The glorious winter
In October 1984, India toured Pakistan for the third time in six years. The Lahore Test saw India collapse to 156 against Pakistan's 428, and follow on. India went into the last day trailing by 92 with six wickets in hand but were saved by a fifth wicket partnership of 126 between Shastri and Mohinder Amarnath. Shastri scored 71, while Amarnath made 101*. Shastri was even more successful in the next Test at Faisalabad, where he scored 139 and shared a stand of 200 with Sandeep Patil. The last Test and the remainder of the tour were cancelled because of the assassination of Indira Gandhi.

There were already signals that Shastri was being groomed as a future captain. Indian captain Sunil Gavaskar was coming to the end of his career and Kapil Dev, who had led India in the previous season, was expected to succeed him. Shastri appeared to be the next in line. He led the Young India side to Zimbabwe in early 1984. Against the touring English side in November, he led the India Under–25 to an innings win - the first defeat of England in a tour match in India for fifty years.

Around this time, Shastri also began to open the innings regularly in one day games. He scored 102 against Australia in October – India's second hundred in ODIs – and made the same score against England at Cuttack in December. Shastri had stood in for Gavaskar and opened with Srikkanth in two matches of the 1983 World Cup. The third time that they opened was at Cuttack and they set a world record of 188 for the first wicket. Later in the season, this partnership was to form the foundation for the Indian triumph in the WCC in Australia.

Shastri's success continued in Test matches against England. In the Bombay Test his 235 run stand with wicket-keeper Syed Kirmani led to victory for India. His 142 improved upon the 139 at Faisalabad as his highest score.

In the third Test at Kolkata, Shastri made 111 in 357 balls and 455 minutes, though his innings was heavily interrupted by rain. With Mohammad Azharuddin he added 214 for the fifth wicket, another Indian record. When India started the second innings late in the final day, he was sent in to open, thus becoming one of the few batsmen to bat on all five days of a Test.

Shastri set another record for Bombay against Baroda in a West Zone Ranji match. His first hundred came up in 72 minutes and 80 balls and included nine fours and four sixes. The second took just 41 minutes and 43 balls. His 123 ball, 113-minute 200* became the fastest double hundred in first class history, beating the previous record by 7 minutes, and included 13 fours and 13 sixes. Six of the sixes came off a single over of the left arm spinner Tilak Raj. In terms of the number of sixes, it bettered the 58-year-old Indian record of CK Nayudu who had struck 11 sixes against a touring MCC team at Bombay Gymkhana in 1926–7. Shastri's unfinished sixth wicket stand of 204* with Ghulam Parkar, who contributed only 33 to the partnership, took only 83 minutes. In Baroda's second innings, Shastri took two wickets in four overs.

World Championship of Cricket - 1985
Except for a few series in Pakistan and the 1983 World Cup final, the World Championship of Cricket in Australia was the first time overseas cricket matches were shown live in India. The WCC saw India win every match convincingly. The WCC was conceived as a celebration of the 150th year of the formation of Victoria, but the finalists turned out to be India and Pakistan.

Shastri had a slow start to the tournament but finished with fifties in the last three matches. Srikkanth too scored three fifties and India posted century opening stands against Australia and in the final. India went in with two spinners for every match. It helped that all the matches were played at Melbourne and Sydney which have turning tracks and long boundaries. Sivaramakrishnan and Shastri claimed 18 wickets between them in five matches.

For his 182 runs and 8 wickets, Shastri was chosen as the man of the series which in this tournament was called 'The Champion of Champions'. He won an Audi 100 car for his efforts. By the special order of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, Indian customs waived the heavy duty its import would have normally entailed.

Vice-Captaincy 1985
Two weeks later India won the Rothman's cup in Sharjah beating Pakistan and Australia. The victory against Pakistan was particularly memorable because India defended a total of only 125. Shastri and Siva continued their successful partnership with the ball. It was for this tournament that Shastri served as the Indian vice captain for the first time. Gavaskar had announced his decision to resign his captaincy at the end of the WCC before the tournament began. Before the final, former Australian captain Ian Chappell suggested that for the good of Indian cricket, Gavaskar should continue as the captain until Shastri could take over from him.

Shastri continued as vice captain to Kapil Dev in the 1985–86 season. This season and the England tour of 1986 were ordinary ones for him. Australia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan toured India in 1986–87. Shastri played a crucial role in the Tied Test at Madras against Australia, scoring 62 and 48*. When Indian middle order collapsed and India fell behind the run rate, his two sixes in quick succession off off–spinner Greg Matthews came in handy. In the final Test at Bombay he scored 121*. As was becoming increasingly common, it was played in first and fourth gear. He hung around for around 30 minutes for the last run for his fifty and twice as long in the nineties. Yet he hit six sixes, three of which came after he completed his hundred. The huge six off left arm fast bowler Bruce Reid – a cross batted heave that went over longon – was particularly memorable. Six sixes in an innings was an Indian record at the time. But he was outshone by Dilip Vengsarkar who scored 164* in the same innings. They added a record 298* for the sixth wicket.

In early 1987, he presented a 15-minute coaching series which went by the name 'That's Cricket'. This was aired on the national channel Doordarshan on Sunday mornings. There were even rumours of an involvement with actress Amrita Singh.

India lost the final Test at Bangalore to lose the 1986–87 series against Pakistan. Kapil Dev was widely criticised in the media for his captaincy. The selectors retained him as captain in the Reliance World Cup at the beginning of the 1987–88 season. Shastri failed with the bat in the Reliance Cup but formed a successful bowling partnership with Maninder Singh, another left arm spinner. India topped its group but went down to England in the semifinal. Kapil Dev received more criticisms for skying a catch to deep midwicket when a win was still a possibility.

Captaincy issues 1987
About this time, Vengsarkar emerged as the strongest candidate to take over from Kapil. He had had a dream run with the bat, starting from the series in England in 1986. In 1987, the newly established Deloitte ratings (the forerunner of the current LG ratings) ranked him the best batsman in the world. The Indian selectors have conventionally leaned towards making the best player of the team the captain. So before the home series against West Indies, Kapil was sacked and Vengsarkar was made the Indian captain.

Vengsarkar had his left arm fractured in the third Test and Shastri captained India for the only time in his Test career. On an underprepared turning track in Madras, India won the toss and elected to bat first. Debutant Narendra Hirwani took 16 for 136 as India won by 255 runs to draw the series 1–1. Apart from this, Shastri did little with bat or ball. West Indies won 7 of the eight one day matches, he was the captain in six of them. Vengsarkar meanwhile picked up a six-month ban from BCCI for writing newspaper columns. So Shastri continued as the captain for a three nations tournament in Sharjah in April. Sri Lanka and New Zealand were the other teams and India won easily.

Sacking and vice captaincy 1989
India travelled to West Indies in early 1989. Though a failure overall, Shastri played the best innings by either side in the series. It came at Bridgetown in the second Test. India trailed by 56 in the first innings and lost the six second innings wickets for 63. Batting at No.3, Shastri was last out for a courageous 107 out of 251 all out. Looking back at the end of his career, he was to consider this his finest innings. The bowlers were Malcolm Marshall, Curtly Ambrose, Courtney Walsh and Ian Bishop and the pitch, difficult.

On the way back many of the Indian players took part in an exhibition match in United States. BCCI suspended the players. Though the suspension was later revoked, Vengsarkar was sacked. Srikkanth became the new captain and Shastri, yet again, the deputy. After an indifferent series in Pakistan, both were excluded from the tour of New Zealand in 1990. Azharuddin led an experimental team which a selector called the 'team of the nineties'. Within a few weeks, the phrase got the status of a joke. Shastri was recalled for the tour to England that summer as the vice-captain.

The Indian summer
Shastri's career generally remained a struggle until the England tour of 1990 where he scored two hundreds in the three Test rubber. Opening the innings for India, he began with an even 100 in India's reply to a huge England score at Lord's. It was a hard-working innings and Shastri played and missed often with most of the runs came with his usual flicks and nudges. Towards the end of his innings, he grew aggressive, reaching his hundred by hitting the English off-spinner Eddie Hemmings for two fours and a six in an over, and departed immediately attempting another big hit.

He topped this with 187 at the Oval. Journalist and commentator Harsha Bhogle's description of this innings holds true for many of Shastri's major efforts:

 * Watching Shastri bat is like admiring the Qutub Minar; tall, timeless, solid. You admire it for the virtues, not for its style. For nine hours and 21 minutes, he chiselled away the England attack and the sculpture that he left behind represented perseverance and craft. There was the usual stoic, expressionless face under the helmet, but you could see the determination in his eyes as he planted himself at the wicket, struck root and bore fruit.

 * Only occasionally, the bat wavered in its resolve but the mind put it on the right path again, almost in admonishment, and the bat grew broader and straighter ... He may never be a Gavaskar, but he at least represents the great man's virtues, even if by proxy. It would be a relief too, to know that he will never throw away his wicket for nobody guards his crease more fiercely.

Following the innings at the Oval, Shastri scored his career best score of 217 in the Irani trophy in the opening match of the Indian season and a top score of 88 on a very bad wicket in the Chandigarh Test against Sri Lanka. He carried his bat for 101* against the same opponents in a one-day match a week later, reaching the hundred with a two off the last ball. Next year in South Africa's first-ever ODI series on their return to international cricket, he scored 109 at Delhi, his fourth and last one day hundred. A series of abandoned tours meant India played few matches at home at this time.

At the end of 1991, India travelled to Australia for a five Test series, to be followed by the World Cup. Channel 9 dubbed it the Indian Summer. The series was a disaster for India – they lost four of the Tests – and was rife with umpiring controversies. But it also saw the final flourishes in the careers of Shastri and Kapil Dev.

Shastri took 5 wickets for 15 runs against Australia in an early match in the World Series Cup. It was then the best bowling figures by an Indian in ODIs. Most of the wickets were gratuitously earned, though – three batsmen were caught on the legside boundary and another stumped. In the third Test at Sydney, he scored his only double hundred in Test cricket, the first by an Indian against Australia. He was dropped in the sixties by the Australian leg-spinner Shane Warne, who was making his debut, off his own bowling. Amidst frequent interruptions by rain, he completed his hundred early on the fourth day and a six off Warne brought up the 150. He finally fell to a tired shot at Warne after nine and a half hours, scoring 206 with 17 fours and the two sixes, thus becoming Warne's first Test wicket.

It was also during this innings that the knee injury that would soon end his career appeared for the first time. India had gone into the match with four pace bowlers and no regular spinners. Shastri was little more than a part-time bowler by this time. By the final day, pitch started taking spin. Shastri took four wickets in the second innings and Australia just about beat the clock to draw the match. India could well have won the match with another spinner.

Late career
The remaining WSC matches followed the Sydney Test. In the second final against Australia Shastri worsened the knee injury. At the later stages of the innings he was forced to stand and slog. After a few quick runs, it ended in an inevitable mishit to cover. He missed the remaining two Test matches, both of which India lost. For a while it seemed doubtful that he would be able to play the World Cup which was being hosted by Australia and New Zealand, but was included at the last moment.

In their second match, India chased 238 to win in 50 overs against Australia. A rain interruption meant that the target was revised to 236 in 47 overs. Shastri took 67 balls for his 25; India went on to lose by one run. He was blamed for the defeat and dropped from the remaining matches of the tournament.

In the next season, South Africa hosted India for their first ever tour. Shastri opened in all four Tests and struggled to score runs. The only bright spot was a 16 ball 27 not out, in India's one day win at Centurion park. He had batted down the order in the one day matches of this series. In reference to the World Cup innings against Australia, he commented later that for once he knew what his exact role was.

India hosted England immediately after the South Africa series. The knee injury returned before the series and put Shastri out of cricket for eight months. He never again represented India in international cricket.

Post-retirement
On 18 March 1990, Shastri married Ritu Singh. They have one daughter named Alekha Shastri. After 22 years of marriage, Shastri filed for divorce. He made his debut as a TV commentator with the World Masters Tournament in Mumbai in March 1995. In 2003, he collaborated in starting up Showdiff Worldwide, a celebrity management company. He has since served ICC and BCCI in temporary official capacities and as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. Some of his temporary shows, such as Super Spells, still run Star Sports and related channels. He and fellow commentator Sunil Gavaskar ended their long-term associations with ESPN-STAR Sports in April 2008 as they were contracted by the BCCI as commentators for lucrative Indian Premier League which was broadcast by rival network Sony Max. 2008 also held great significance for Shastri as he became the father of Alekha at the age of 46. He temporarily coached the Indian cricket team for their 2007 Bangladesh tour. He was named the Celebrity Torchbearer for the Oman Leg of the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay.

Coaching career
In July 2017 Shastri, the former team director, was appointed as Head Coach for the national side by the Cricket Advisory Committee (CAC), comprising Sourav Ganguly, Sachin Tendulkar and VVS Laxman. The contract has him getting paid Rs. 8 crore per year. Rs. 1.5 Crore more than his predecessor Anil Kumble. As the World cup 2019 was in progress, on 13 June, the BCCI announced an extension of Shastri's contract by 45 days after the tournament. On 16 August 2019, he was re-appointed as the head coach of the senior men's Indian team, with his new contract extending up to the 2021 ICC T20 World Cup in India.

Legends League Cricket
In November 2021, Shastri retired from being the coach of Indian National Cricket Team and joined Legends League Cricket, as the Commissioner of the League.

In popular culture
A Bollywood film Azhar released in 2016, directed by Tony D'Souza, revolves around Match fixing scandals in late 90s and 2000 and role of Mohammad Azharuddin in the scandal. Shastri's character was portrayed by Gautam Gulati in the film. However, the film portrayed Shastri's character in highly negative light as it depicts him as a Womaniser. Due to the negative depiction, Shastri slammed the makers of the film and further said that he has no intentions of watching the movie.

The 2021 Indian film 83, which is based on India's World Cup win, features Dhairya Karwa portraying Shastri's character.

title: Ravi Shastri


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User:Chardin

Hello, My name is Christopher and I'm an Englishman.

title: User:Chardin


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FIRSTwiki

Non-notable project that just started in May. --Jiang 03:14, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into FIRST and delete redirect (since it has been pointed out that "merge & delete" is not GFDL-acceptable, as it destroys the attribution history). —Stormie 11:04, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * p.s. I have merged it, it makes much more sense there anyway. —Stormie 11:09, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It has been merged, where it will be a very good addition. No need for this web guide article now. Geogre 12:46, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as a redirect to preserve edit history, since its been pretty much directly copied into FIRST — siro  χ  o  12:25, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Although I voted "merge & delete", I'm equally happy with "merge & redirect", a name like FIRSTwiki isn't going to cause any name-contention if we keep it as a redirect. —Stormie 02:09, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. --Rossumcapek 03:47, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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List of people from the Basque Country

This is a list of notable Basque people. For this purpose, people considered are those hailing from the extended Basque Country (includes the Basque Autonomous Community, the French Basque Country and Navarre).

In particular This list does not contain people outside the Basque Country who happen to have one or more Basque surnames. For people of Basque ancestry in general, please see People with Basque ancestors.
 * born or resident in the Basque Country, unless self-identifying as not Basque (e.g. people self-identifying as Spanish or French rather than Basque.)
 * people born outside the Basque Country of Basque ancestry that either speak Basque or self-identify as being of Basque stock.

In the arts
• Anabel Alonso, actress.

• Álex Angulo, actor.

• Joe Ansolabehere, animation screenwriter.

• Tomas Arana, actor.

• Montxo Armendáriz, filmmaker.

• Aurelio Arteta, writer and painter.

• Juanma Bajo Ulloa, filmmaker.

• Cristóbal Balenciaga, fashion designer.

• Ricardo Baroja, painter, writer and engraver.

• Earl W. Bascom, painter and sculptor, father of modern rodeo.

• Nestor Basterretxea, painter, sculptor and filmmaker.

• Camren Bicondova, actress.

• Bernard Blancan, actor.

• Eduardo Chillida, sculptor.

• Juan de Echevarría, painter.

• Baltasar de Echave, painter.

• Hector Elizondo, actor.

• Victor Erice, film director.

• Karra Elejalde, actor.

• Jacob Elordi, actor.

• Marta Etura, actress.

• Jose Etxenagusia, painter.

• Menchu Gal, painter.

• Galen Gering, actor.

• Ibn Gharsiya, Basque Muslim poet.

• Adolfo Guiard, painter.

• Barbara Goenaga, actress.

• Alejandro González Iñárritu, filmmaker.

• Miren Ibarguren, actress.

• Agustín Ibarrola, painter.

• Álex de la Iglesia, filmmaker.

• Adam Irigoyen, actor and singer.

• Itziar Ituño, actress.

• Francisco Iturrino, painter.

• Lucía Lacarra, dancer.

• Alfredo Landa, actor.

• Carmen Larrabeiti, actress.

• Guillermo Larrazábal, stained glass artist.

• Jesús Mari Lazkano, painter.

• John Leguizamo, actor.

• Rebeca Linares, pornographic actress.

• Paul Mayeda Berges, screenwriter.

• Julio Médem, film director.

• Antonio Mercero, film director.

• Rafael Moneo, architect.

• Najwa Nimri, actress.

• Jorge Oteiza, sculptor.

• Hayley Orrantia, actress.

• Paco Rabanne, fashion designer.

• Pierre Richard-Willm, sculptor.

• Dolores del Río, actress.

• Henry Roussel, actor

• Blanquita Suárez, actress and singer.

• Natalia Tena, actress.

• Unax Ugalde, actor

• Eduardo Úrculo, sculptor.

• Benny Urquidez (known as Benny the Jet), martial artist.

• Jenaro de Urrutia Olaran, painter.

• Achille Zo, painter.

• Ignacio Zuloaga, painter.

• Iván Zulueta, film director

• Daphne Zuniga, actress.

Astronauts

 * Léopold Eyharts, astronaut.

Business people

 * Dominique Amestoy, banker, founder of Farmers and Merchants Bank.
 * José María Arizmendiarrieta, founder of the Mondragón cooperatives.
 * John Arrillaga, real estate businessman, Silicon Valley.
 * John Ascuaga, businessman, owner of John Ascuaga's Nugget Casino Resort.
 * Jacques Bergerac, actor, and business executive with Revlon.
 * François Cabarrus, adventurer and Spanish financier.
 * John Etchemendy
 * Cristina Garmendia
 * José Ignacio Goirigolzarri, president of Bankia.
 * Roberto Goizueta, chief executive officer of Coca-Cola.
 * Simón Iturri Patiño, business magnate.
 * Casilda Iturrizar, businessperson and philanthropist.
 * Jacques Laffitte, banker and politician.
 * Miguel Leonis
 * Elías Querejeta, screenwriter and film producer.
 * Joseph A. Unanue, businessman, president of Goya Foods.
 * Enrique Zobel y de Ayala, Filipino industrialist, patriarch of the Zobel de Ayala family.

Chefs

 * Karlos Arguiñano
 * Juan Mari Arzak
 * Nieves Barragán Mohacho
 * Martin Berasategui
 * Luis Irizar

Clergy
• Antonio Añoveros Ataún

• Pedro Arrupe

• Martín de Azpilicueta

• Saint Valentine Berriochoa

• Saint Candida Maria of Jesus

• Ignacio Ellacuría

• Roger Etchegaray

• Saint Fermin

• Michel Garicoïts

• Saint Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia

• Saint Ignatius of Loyola

• Martín Ignacio de Loyola

• Marcelino Olaechea

• Francisco de Vitoria

• Saint Francis Xavier

• José Maria de Zalvidea

• Juan de Zumárraga

Educators

 * Elbira Zipitria (1906–1982), innovative Spanish-Basque educator promoting use of the Basque language

Explorers
• Lope de Aguirre

• Pascual de Andagoya

• Juan Bautista de Anza

• Domingo de Bonechea

• Juan Sebastián Elcano

• Alonso de Ercilla

• Martín García Óñez de Loyola

• Adrián de Moxica

• Juan de Garay

• Francisco de Garay

• Martin de Goiti

• Bruno de Heceta

• Martin de Hoyarçabal

• Francisco de Ibarra

• Miguel López de Legazpi

• Domingo Martínez de Irala

• Juan Ortiz de Zárate

• Cristóbal de Oñate

• Martín Ruiz de Gamboa

• Andrés de Urdaneta

• José de Urrutia

• Martín de Ursúa

• Pedro de Ursúa

Historical figures
• Bahlul Ibn Marzuq, Basque Muslim rebel.

• Berengaria of Navarre, Queen of England.

• Count Cassius, founder of Banu Qasi dynasty.

• Martin Guerre, historical French victim of identity theft.

• Jon Manteca, activist.

• Queen Máxima of the Netherlands

• Musa ibn Musa al-Qasi, ruler of Banu Qasi dynasty.

• Eva Perón, First Lady of Argentina.

• Jean Vrolicq, Basque whaler.

Journalists
• Manuel Aznar Zubigaray

• François-Régis Bastide

• Ana Blanco

• Pedro Erquicia

• Estíbaliz Gabilondo

• Iñaki Gabilondo

• Leontxo García

• Ramón García

• Christophe Hondelatte

• José María Íñigo

• Iker Jiménez

• Javier Nart

• Miguel de la Quadra-Salcedo

• Alfredo Urdaci

Military figures
• Carlos de Amésquita

• Jeffrey Amestoy

• José de Armendáriz

• Alfredo Arrieta

• Simon Bolivar

• Cosme Damián de Churruca y Elorza

• Michael Echanis

• Vicente Emparan

• Catalina de Erauso

• José Gregorio Esparza

• Andrés García Calle

• Jean Lafitte

• Martín García Óñez de Loyola

• Antonio de Gaztañeta

• Ernesto Che Guevara

• Jean Isidore Harispe

• Blas de Lezo

• Augusto Pérez Garmendia

• Rubén Ruiz Ibárruri

• Pedro Antonio Olañeta

• José Solchaga

• Enrique Gorostieta

• Juan de Urbieta

• Rafael Urdaneta

• Tomás de Zumalacárregui

Models

 * Garbiñe Abasolo
 * Lorena Bernal
 * Yolande Betbeze
 * Jon Kortajarena
 * Sheila Marquez
 * Agnès Souret

Musicians
• Juan Aguirre, musician

• Uxue Alberdi, bertsolari and writer

• Miren Amuriza, bertsolari and writer

• Juan de Anchieta, composer

• Tom Araya, musician

• David Archuleta, singer

• Maite Arruabarrena (born 1964), operatic singer

• Javier Bello-Portu, composer

• Cedric Bixler-Zavala, singer

• Manu Chao, musician

• Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, composer

• Aita Donostia, composer

• Federico Elizalde, Filipino jazz bandleader

• Pepita Embil, soprano

• Mikel Erentxun, singer

• Anne Etchegoyen, singer

• Iosu Expósito, singer

• Cesáreo Gabaráin, songwriter

• Julián Gayarre, singer

• Jesús Guridi, composer

• Alberto Iglesias, composer, twice nominated for Oscar

• Rafael Anton Irisarri, composer

• José Iturbi, composer, pianist

• Pedro Iturralde, musician

• Lauren Jauregui, singer

• Mikel Laboa, singer-songwriter

• Benito Lertxundi, musician

• Luis Mariano, singer

• Leire Martínez, singer-songwriter

• Carlos Mena, opera singer

• Amaia Montero, singer-songwriter

• Fermin Muguruza, singer-songwriter

• Roland Orzabal, musician, singer-songwriter, Tears for Fears band

• Maurice Ravel, composer

• Inma Shara, orchestral conductor

• Pablo de Sarasate, composer

• Pablo Sorozábal, composer

• Álex Ubago, singer

• José María Usandizaga, composer

• Sebastian de Yradier y Salaverri, composer

• Nicanor Zabaleta, musician

• Amaia Zubiria (born 1947), pop singer

Philosophers
• Joxe Azurmendi (born 1941)

• Alain Etchegoyen (1951–2007)

• John Etchemendy (born 1952)

• Ángel Gabilondo (born 1949)

• Juan Huarte de San Juan (1530–1588)

• Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641)

• Antenor Orrego (1892–1960)

• Fernando Savater (born 1947)

• Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)

• Xavier Zubiri (1898–1983)

Political figures
• José Antonio Aguirre

• Sabino Arana

• José Antonio Ardanza Garro

• José María de Areilza, politician and diplomat.

• José Luis de Arrese, leading politician with Falange.

• Alfredo Arrieta, Argentinian military and senator.

• Xabier Arzalluz

• Uxue Barkos

• Doris Benegas

• Esteban de Bilbao Eguía, Francoist politician.

• Eugene W. Biscailuz

• René Cassin, Nobel Peace Prize (1968)

• Pete T. Cenarrusa, former Idaho Secretary of State.

• Joaquín Miguel Elizalde

• Vicente Emparan

• Begoña Errazti

• Carlos Garaikoetxea, former lehendakari.

• John Garamendi, U.S. politician.

• Dominique-Joseph Garat, writer and politician.

• Diego de Gardoqui, diplomat.

• Pete Goicoechea, Nevada state senator.

• Juan José Ibarretxe, former lehendakari.

• Dolores Ibárruri, La Pasionaria.

• José de Iturrigaray, viceroy of New Spain.

• Ramón Jáuregui

• Adam Laxalt

• Paul Laxalt, former Governor and Senator of Nevada.

• Jesús María de Leizaola Sánchez, former lehendakari.

• José Félix de Lequerica, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain.

• Patxi López, former lehendakari.

• Telesforo de Monzón, founder of Ertzaintza and the Herri Batasuna party.

• Martín de Mujica y Buitrón, Governor of Chile from 1646 to 1649.

• Ramón Músquiz

• José María Oriol, Francoist politician and businessman.

• Arnaldo Otegi, former leader of the Batasuna party.

• Ramón Rubial Cavia, Spanish Socialist leader.

• Étienne de Silhouette, Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV.

• Arantza Quiroga, president of the Basque PP.

• Miguel Sanz

• Iñigo Urkullu, current lehendakari.

• Pedro Albizu Campos, Puerto Rican Nationalist.

Scientists
• Antoine-Thomson d'Abbadie, explorer, anthropologist, linguist and astronomer.

• Julian de Ajuriaguerra, neuropsychiatrist and psychoanalyst.

• Gurutzi Arregi, ethnographer.

• José Miguel Barandiaran, anthropologist, paleontologist.

• Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain, physicist.

• Armand David, zoologist, botanist.

• F. J. Duarte, physicist and author.

• Fausto Elhúyar and José Elhuyar, physicists.

• Manuel Elizalde, anthropologist.

• Pedro Miguel Etxenike, physicist.

• Pierre Hérigone, mathematician, astronomer.

• Luis Federico Leloir, Nobel prize chemist.

• Mikel Zalbide, linguist.

Sportspeople
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|1=* Izaskun Aramburu, sprint canoeist
 * Virginia Berasategui, triathlete
 * Josune Bereziartu, rock climber
 * José Biriukov, basketball player
 * Frenchy Bordagaray, baseball player
 * Maialen Chourraut, slalom canoeist
 * Almudena Cid, rhythmic gymnast
 * Carlota Ciganda, golfer
 * Lucas Eguibar (born 1994), snowboarder
 * Ander Elosegi, slalom canoeist
 * Gabriel Esparza, taekwondo practitioner
 * Andy Etchebarren, baseball player
 * Pierre Etchebaster, real tennis player
 * Annie Famose (born 1944), alpine skier, 1966 world slalom champion
 * Xabier Fernández Gaztañaga, sailor
 * Martín Fiz (born 1963), athlete, 1995 marathon world champion
 * Shayne Gostisbehere, ice hockey player
 * Lorena Guréndez, rhythmic gymnast
 * Jimmie Heuga, skier
 * Alberto Iñurrategi, mountaineer
 * Valeri Kharlamov, ice hockey player
 * Tania Lamarca, rhythmic gymnast
 * Jim Larranaga, basketball coach
 * Luis María Lasúrtegui Berridi, rowing
 * Ryan Lochte, swimmer
 * Juan Manuel López Iturriaga, basketball player
 * Carlos Loyzaga, basketball player
 * Estíbaliz Martínez, rhythmic gymnast
 * Iker Martínez de Lizarduy, sailor
 * Moncho Monsalve, basketball coach
 * Teresa Motos, field hockey player
 * Juanito Oiarzabal, mountaineer
 * José María Olazábal, golfer
 * Richard Oribe, paralympic swimmer
 * Edurne Pasaban, mountaineer
 * María Quintanal, sport shooter
 * Jon Rahm, golfer
 * Maider Tellería, field hockey player
 * Herri Torrontegui, motorcycle racer
 * Patxi Usobiaga, sport climber
 * Paulino Uzcudun, boxer
 * Alejandro Villanueva, american footballer
 * Ted Williams, baseball player
 * Maite Zúñiga (born 1964), athlete, middle distance runner

Cycling

 * Igor Antón (born 1983)
 * Igor Astarloa (born 1976), world champion
 * Joseba Beloki (born 1973)
 * Pello Bilbao (born 1990)
 * Mikel Bizkarra (born 1989)
 * Mariano Cañardo (1906-1987)
 * Jonathan Castroviejo (born 1987)
 * Imanol Erviti (born 1983)
 * Omar Fraile (born 1990)
 * Francisco Gabica (1937-2014), Vuelta a España winner
 * Francisco Galdós (born 1947)
 * Juan Manuel Gárate (born 1976)
 * Iñaki Gastón (born 1963)
 * Aitor González (born 1975), Vuelta a España winner
 * Igor González de Galdeano (born 1973)
 * Miguel Indurain, (born 1964), 5-time Tour de France winner, 2-time Giro d'Italia winner
 * Gorka Izagirre (born 1987)
 * Ion Izagirre (born 1989)
 * Mikel Landa (born 1989)
 * Dalmacio Langarica (1919-1985), Vuelta a España winner
 * Guy Lapébie (1916-2010)
 * Roger Lapébie (1911-1996), Tour de France winner
 * Miguel María Lasa (born 1947)
 * Marino Lejarreta (born 1957), Vuelta a España winner
 * David López (born 1981)
 * Jesús Loroño (1926-1998), Vuelta a España winner
 * Egoi Martínez (born 1978)
 * Eider Merino (born 1994)
 * Mikel Nieve (born 1984)
 * Isidro Nozal (born 1977)
 * Leire Olaberria (born 1977)
 * Abraham Olano (born 1970), Vuelta a España winner
 * Aitor Osa (born 1973)
 * Unai Osa (born 1975)
 * Luis Otaño (born 1934)
 * Javier Otxoa (1974-2018)
 * Domingo Perurena (born 1943)
 * Óscar Rodríguez (born 1995)
 * Gregorio San Miguel (born 1940)
 * Ane Santesteban (born 1990)
 * Romain Sicard (born 1988)
 * Joane Somarriba (born 1972), 2-time Giro d'Italia Femminile winner
 * Eusebio Vélez (1935-2020)
 * Mikel Zarrabeitia (born 1970)
 * Haimar Zubeldia (born 1977)

Football

 * Aritz Aduriz (born 1981), former Spanish international
 * Xabi Alonso (born 1981), former Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner, 2008 & 2012 European Championship winner
 * Luis Arconada (born 1954), former Spanish international
 * Kepa Arrizabalaga (born 1994), Spanish international
 * Mikel Arteta (born 1982), former midfielder and manager
 * César Azpilicueta (born 1989), Spanish international
 * Philippe Bergeroo (born 1954), former French international, 1984 European Championship winner
 * Javier Clemente (born 1950), former Spain manager
 * Didier Deschamps (born 1968), former French international, 1998 World Cup winner, 2000 European Championship winner as player & 2018 World Cup winner as France manager
 * Unai Emery (born 1971), former player and manager
 * Joseba Etxeberria (born 1977), former Spanish international
 * José Eulogio Gárate (born 1944), former Spanish international
 * Julen Guerrero (born 1974), former Spanish international
 * Ander Herrera (born 1989), Spanish international
 * José Ángel Iribar (born 1943), former Spanish international, 1964 European Championship winner
 * Isidro Lángara (1912-1992), former Spanish international
 * Aymeric Laporte (born 1994), French-born Spanish international
 * Bixente Lizarazu (born 1969), former French international, 1998 World Cup winner & 2000 European Championship winner
 * Fernando Llorente (born 1985), Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner & 2012 European Championship winner
 * Javi Martínez (born 1988), Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner & 2012 European Championship winner
 * Martin Montoya
 * Nacho Monreal (born 1986), Spanish international
 * Irene Paredes (born 1991), Spanish women's international
 * Chus Pereda (1938-2011), former Spanish international, 1964 European Championship winner
 * Pichichi (1892-1922), former Spanish international
 * Ismael Urzaiz (born 1971), former Spanish international
 * Ricardo Zamora, former Spanish international
 * Telmo Zarra (1921-2006), former Spanish international
 * Ignacio Zoco (1939-2015), former Spanish international, 1964 European Championship winner
 * Andoni Zubizarreta (born 1961), former Spanish international

Handball

 * Julen Aguinagalde
 * Nely Carla Alberto
 * Naiara Egozkue
 * Patricia Elorza
 * Mateo Garralda
 * Elisabeth Pinedo
 * Iker Romero
 * Iñaki Urdangarin

Pelota

 * José de Amézola y Aspizúa
 * Atano III (Mariano Juaristi)
 * Oinatz Bengoetxea
 * Pierre Etchegaray
 * Juan Martínez de Irujo
 * Victor Iturria
 * Aimar Olaizola
 * Julián Retegi

Rugby

 * Diego Aguirre
 * Lisandro Arbizu
 * Lise Arricastre
 * Serge Blanco
 * Pépito Elhorga
 * Jean-Baptiste Élissalde
 * Jean Etcheberry
 * Imanol Harinordoquy
 * Raphaël Ibañez
 * Christophe Lamaison
 * Camille Lopez
 * Diego Ormaechea
 * Francisco Puertas Soto

Tennis

 * Manuel Alonso (1895-1984)
 * Alberto Berasategui (born 1973)
 * Jean Borotra (1898-1994), 4-time Grand Slam singles winner
 * Garbiñe Muguruza (born 1993), 2-time Grand Slam singles winner}}

Writers
• Pedro Agerre Axular

• Ignacio Aldecoa

• Fernando Aramburu

• Gabriel Aresti

• Bernardo Atxaga

• Resurrección María de Azkue

• Pío Baroja

• J. J. Benítez

• Arantxa Urretabizkaia

• Frank Bergon

• Gabriel Celaya

• Marie Darrieussecq

• Lucía Etxebarría

• Bernard Etxepare

• Espido Freire

• Jesús Galíndez

• Lucila Godoy Alcayaga

• Jon Juaristi

• Robert Laxalt

• Joanes Leizarraga

• Ramiro de Maeztu

• Miren Agur Meabe

• José Manterola

• Koldo Mitxelena

• Bizenta Mogel

• Juan Antonio Mogel

• Arnauld de Oihenart

• Nikolas Ormaetxea

• Joan Perez de Lazarraga

• Rafael Sánchez Mazas

• Joseba Sarrionandia

• Txillardegi

• Miguel de Unamuno

• Kirmen Uribe

• Agustin Xaho

title: List of people from the Basque Country


text: Template:U.S. Belt regions

title: Template:U.S. Belt regions


text:
Talk:Aran Islands

The Arans need disambiguation
The Arans can also refer to the Aran mountains of Snowdonia: Aran Fawddwy, Aran Benllynetc, see Arans-mountainwalks, The Arans.

Therefore, we need a disambiguation (right now just a redirect). Can someone please change a redirect to a disambiguation page ? Wuerzele (talk) 23:24, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

language of local placenames?
I cannot, for the life of me, understand what this line is supposed to mean. The inhabitants speak Irish - I’m deleting the superfluous phrase! Irish Melkite (talk) 14:38, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aran Islands


text:
Talk:Galero

Diocese Size
I believe the Holy See is larger than the Archdiocese of Chicago. According to catholic-hierarchy.org, the Holy See has 2,454,000 members while the Archdiocese of Chicago has 2,442,000 members. Where did you see that Chicago was larger? Pmadrid 11:20, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

According to the same source, the Archdiocese of Mexico (see in Mexico City) has 7 million members. I think it is safe to say that the Archdiocese of Mexico holds the crown for largest diocese in Catholicism, seeing that Mexico City is the second largest city in the world and 90% Catholic. Now that I think of it, though, the city might actually be divided into several dioceses. Pmadrid 11:27, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Franco
Pure nonsense. Franco imposed the biretta, never the galero. And the same was done by a number of chiefs of state, including the president of the very liberal French Republic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.42.163.101 (talk) 12:08, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Galero
Far from being fictitious, the green, purple and black galero were in use during the medieval ages. Though the green and the purple has fallen out of use. We are still using the black galero. In fact, you can still buy these hats in many stores making ecclesiastical vestments here in Rome. The shop of Gamarelli is a good place which gives you choices of black galeros they make, according to price and quality.

Please check this website also:

http://dappledphotos.blogspot.com/2005/11/capelli-e-galeri.html

User:Johnbrillantes —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Johnbrillantes (talk • contribs) 21:50, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Adjusted. The colors have some basis in history. However, this article discusses the "galero" like a cardinal's, not the "roman hat" (capello romano) which does come in black. Who would wear a black galero? Gimmetrow 02:57, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

The pope sometimes wears a red hat, such as shown here. It does not have tassels and I don't know if it is properly called a galero. Jm546 (talk) 01:10, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * It's a cappello romano (or saturno). It's usually black, but the pope can wear a red one. TaintedMustard (talk) 06:22, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Galero Image
For some reason, this page has a poor contrast version of an image for a specific person, rather than the brighter, unattributed version on the Cardinal page. Is there a special reason for this? I dont want to change it if im just not seeing an ongoing debate or something. 74.128.56.194 (talk) 04:45, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

Wearers of Red Cardinalatial Hat (Galero) Post Pauline Legislation Effective 04.13.1969
I wonder whether Cardinal Burke wore the galero with which he was presented on a public or private occasion? The background of the photograph looks like a private room, perhaps in a rectory, perhaps not.

For a well-substantiated report that the late Joseph Cardinal Bernardin wore the galero with which he was presented by clerical friends on a private occasion, see the following link:

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-12-15/news/9612150032_1_cardinal-joseph-bernardin-new-cardinals-holy-name-cathedral

Of course, Cardinal Bernardin's galero was intended for hanging in his cathedral church following his death. Perhaps Cardinal Burke accepted the gift of a galero with a similar intention. I don't think that allowing a photograph to be taken by donors on a private occasion is necessarily an indication of any intent to defy the 1969 Pauline legislation. Cardinal Burke has not been seen riding through the streets of Rome in a carriage with his ecclesiastical arms on the doors, his driver and footmen in ecclesiastical livery, and his red galero with its tassels atop his head.

Moshasuk (talk) 19:22, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

You seem to be able to get through to see the galero. But the blog in question is a "closed blog"--by invitation only. Those who are not invited (most of us) can't access the evidence. I don't think such links should appear in Wikipedia. And it's a scandal that it's the only reference in the entire article, especially considering that sloth is one of the Seven Deadly Sins. Vicedomino (talk) 06:09, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galero


text: User talk:66.167.223.248

title: User talk:66.167.223.248


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taelons

Appears to be purely fictional, but without context it should be deleted. Deb 11:23, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Wierd aliens-are-amongst-us article - hence why I added vfd. Unless this can be re-written from a NPOV describing who these people are (not easy looking at the results from a quick google search) then this should be deleted. CheekyMonkey 11:25, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article describes a major alien race appearing in scifi TV series. I count articles describing no less than 126 fictional alien races from List_of_aliens_in_fiction. Which, incidentally, this page is linked from. I see no reason to delete this page. --Nickco3 12:01, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not worse than the other 6000 articles in Category:Fictional and subcategories. I just added categorization. Please help the Category:Fictional categorization effort to prevent alien races invading real life. -- Pjacobi 12:11, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. While I'm not a massive Gene_Roddenberry fan, there's plenty of other stuff on things he's dreamt up on wikipedia. Kim Bruning 12:22, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article needs a little copyediting, but otherwise I see no reason to delete it, just because it is fictional. Lyellin 12:44, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's not very good scifi, but prominent, and Taelons were the basis of the plot. Needs cleaning, but it's useful. (For that matter, the entry on the show could stand some work- like the airing dates?) -FZ 12:51, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge & Delete: Before everyone gets in an uproar, let me explain why. These critters were a staple of Gene Roddenberry's Earth: Final Conflict.  Ok, the show ran in syndication for 5 years or so.  It was, as far as I can tell, never particularly popular.  So, we have a show that is notable but on the low end.  So, my argument for deletion is that breaking out a full article on one fictional species from a show that isn't tremendously significant is a bad general idea.  There is much to say about the species, yes.  That's the nature of shows that run for five years.  I'd rather see this merged with Gene Roddenberry's Earth: Final Conflict.  Geogre 13:15, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I disagree with Geogre--keep. I'd say articles about this alien species--playing as they did a central role--are worthy. Of course, somebody should write Earth: Final Conflict. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 13:26, 2004 Aug 12 (UTC)
 * Need to create? It's been there since May 2002.
 * Merge and Redirect. This information should be in the article on the series, not in an article to itself. If these aliens played so central of a role, then they are essential for explaining the television series and are entangled in its plot. A separate article only becomes redundant as it attempts to explain all the nuances--which are already explained in the main article--of a fictional universe that are necessary in order to have an informative article. For example, the first two paragraphs of the present article quite clearly belong in the main article. Information that is revealed in certain episodes, possibly that about the scientist, and is not about highly persistent and consistent things in the fiction, belongs in articles under those particular episodes. The information in the 3-4 paragraphs is possibly of this type, or it looks like it might be crucial to the overall plot, in which case it would belong in the main article. - Centrx 19:23, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: seems like a personal bias to delete.--Ern 02:41, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * disregard this vote. all 6 edits on vfd. --Jiang 07:30, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * And his reason doesn't make any sense. I must have a vendetta against the evil Taelons, banish them from the Wikipedia! - Centrx 14:57, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, they are "Taelons," aka "Telons" (Greek coinage for "end dwellers"), as in Arthur C. Clarke's Childhood's End -- the characters in which they closely resemble, until they turn all evil and stuff. Geogre 20:08, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect. As per Centrix. One big article with sections is usually better than lots of little articles that repeat information. Jallan 21:56, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, this article has come a long way since being VfD'd and could be extended to be quite good. -- 66.32.114.171 19:49, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * there is no longer a need to vote in this matter - the vote is over, with the conclusion that the article should be retained. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 20:15, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taelons


text:
Talk:Crinoline

What exactly is crinoline?
Is it simply a fabric. Is it a dress made from a type of fabric? Is it a dress made to fit over one of those contraptions? Or is it the contraption itself? 98.221.141.21 (talk) 07:11, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Page creator's remarks
At present, I'm not sure this page is as informative as it could be. I'm going to have a go at doing something better, starting off with a short article. (My first article for the Wikipedia! Ooo, how exciting!) Katherine Shaw 11:25, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

OK, well, I've started, and there was more faffing than I liked, but it's there, and I don't think it's that bad (for a first effort). I hope to expand the article soon, including some information on the history of the crinoline and the various forms it's taken. I also have some references to add.Katherine Shaw 12:00, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

Nylon material for hoops
I suspect that the "plastic" hoops used in modern wedding gowns etc. are actually nylon - the lightweight hooping I am familiar with is nylon. I added nylon as an alternative to plastic rather than removing plastic. Also added various links. PKM 1 July 2005 23:31 (UTC)

Edit war
Previous edit was a shot in an edit war, when consensus hasn't been reached. Please cease and desist until the community reaches consensus. The Editrix 12:18, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You're the one who's unilaterally trying to impose her strange categorizations on Wikipedia, without even having the common decency to offer the remainder of us peons on Wikipedia one single shred of meaningful explanation. The fact that you've been silent on your user talk page for three days now (while very actively editing on Wikipedia all the while), indicates that you have no meaningful explanation to offer -- and that being the case, I feel no hesitancy in reverting to the categories that were there before you started unilaterally imposing your individual agenda.  Frankly, your high-and-mighty accusations of "edit-warring" don't go very well together with your refusal to offer any meaningful explanation for your uncooperative unilateral actions (which others have called into question as well as my self).Churchh 13:08, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Mini Crini
On the Crinoline Today; could someone write about Vivienne Westwoods Mini Crini Collection?
 * Fixed Mabalu (talk) 22:14, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

Item of rock and roll fashion?
Should there be a mention somewhere in this article about the garment's popularity with girls in the 1950s rock and roll scene? (And even today by people into that scene?) Or is that technically called something different?

 * Yes, the Crinoline been rebirthed by the "New look" in 1948 and die in 1958, replaced by jeans and tights.Håbet 05:22, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

3 uses of the term Crinoline
I'm not sure how to start but there needs to be a distinction between the old style fabric, the garment and the modern usage of the term to describe certain types of fabric. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dogsgomoo (talk • contribs) 04:08, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Factory girls?
I find questionable the claim of crinolines worn by factory workers operating machinery. Since there's been no response to the citation needed template added in June 2007, I've posted a query on the original editor's User talk page. All editors are invited to help clear up this matter. -- Deborahjay (talk) 06:41, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Antecedents
The 1846 patent given as the first hoop skirt is ... not a hoop skirt. It's just a corded petticoat; the only difference from the earlier ones is that it uses a specific type of sisal cord instead of cotton. There's no reason to single it out. --Principessa (talk) 12:44, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

Crinoline fires

 * "In 1857, the Paris correspondent of The New York Times reported a non-fatal accident to two "elegantly dressed" young women whose clothes caught fire in the street. It was believed that a lighted cigar had rolled under the dress of one as she sat at a cafe, but "the balloon-like form of her skirts and the confined air" delayed conflagration until she began to walk outside, when her skirts abruptly ignited.  Her friend, rushing to her aid, also caught fire.  Passers-by helped them, and neither was seriously hurt."
 * I checked with various keywords and cannot find this article in Newspapers.com's digitised version of the New York Times for 27 July 1857. I'll double check as it sounds credible but for now I'm removing it from the article. The paper/source are both probably misidentified. Mabalu (talk) 22:12, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

Section seperation
I split the section titled "20th and 21st centuries" into two separate sections for easier navigation. SpiritedMichelle (talk) 17:04, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crinoline


text:
User:Jenf

My webpage Jennifer Freeman

title: User:Jenf


text: Category:Sigur Rós albums

title: Category:Sigur Rós albums