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List of gaps in Interstate Highways

There are gaps in the Interstate Highway system, where the roadway carrying an Interstate shield does not conform to the standards set by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the body that sets the regulations for the Interstate Highway System. For the most part, the Interstate Highway System in the United States is a connected system, with most freeways completed; however, some Interstates still have gaps. These gaps can be due to unconnected segments of the same route or from failure of the road to fully conform to Interstate standards by including such characteristics as at-grade crossings, traffic lights, undivided or narrow freeways, or movable bridges (lift bridges and drawbridges).

True gaps
True gaps are where multiple disjoint sections of road have the same Interstate highway number and can reasonably be considered part of "one highway" in theory, based on the directness of connections via other highways, or based on future plans to fill in the gap in the Interstate, or simply based on the shortness of the gap. The sections are either not physically connected at all, or they are connected but the connection is not signed as part of the highway. This list does not include different highways that share the same number, such as the two different I-76s, I-84s, I-86s, I-87s, and I-88s, which despite appearances, were always intended as distinct highways and were never intended as a contiguous route.

Interstate 26
In North Carolina, Interstate 26 has a gap from Forks of Ivy to Asheville at exit 4A of Interstate 240. This is because not all of the parts in the gap were built to Interstate standards. As of November 2023, Interstate 26 is designated as Future I-26, US 19, and US 23. Construction on building this gap to Interstate Standards was scheduled to start in 2022.

Interstate 49
Interstate 49 (I-49) currently has three sections: the original alignment from I-10 in Lafayette to I-20 in Shreveport, one from I-220 near Shreveport to Texarkana; and the third section from I-40 near Alma, Arkansas to I-470/I-435 south of Kansas City, Missouri. A bypass south of Bella Vista, Arkansas was completed in 2021, and existed initially as Arkansas Highway 549; the latter designation is now used on a short section southeast of Fort Smith that is several miles long. It is planned to be connected to an interstate with a project to construct a new roadway from Arkansas Highway 22 to Interstate 40 in Arkansas. I-49 from Fort Smith to Texarkana is still unbuilt. These gaps are expected to be eventually closed.

Interstate 69
I-69 currently has several disconnected sections: the original alignment travels from Indianapolis, Indiana, to Port Huron, Michigan. A second section exists from near Evansville, Indiana, to Martinsville, Indiana south of Indianapolis. In stages from 2011 to 2018, sections of the Purchase Parkway, I-24, the Wendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Parkway, and the Pennyrile Parkway from Mayfield, Kentucky, to Henderson, Kentucky, became signed as I-69. On October 2, 2006, a segment of I-69 opened in Tunica and DeSoto counties in Mississippi; this segment has since been continued (but is not signed) through Memphis, Tennessee, to an intersection with U.S. Highway 51 on the north side. Between 2012 and 2015, a portion of U.S. Highway 59 (US 59) between Rosenberg and Cleveland, Texas, extending through Houston, became part of I-69. In South Texas, I-69's route splits into three spurs to cities on the U.S.–Mexico border, on which four segments are complete: a short segment of I-69E in Corpus Christi and another from Raymondville to the border in Brownsville; a short segment of I-69C in Edinburg and McAllen; and a very short segment of I-69W adjacent to the border in Laredo.

As of 2021, projects to connect these segments are in varying stages of development. Indiana is currently working to connect the Port Huron–Indianapolis and Martinsville–Evansville sections by extending I-69 north from Martinsville to the I-465 Indianapolis loop, with construction planned to be complete in late 2024. Kentucky and Indiana expect to begin construction of the eastern bypass of Henderson and new Ohio River crossing, connecting the Mayfield–Henderson and Martinsville–Evansville sections, in 2022. Kentucky has plans to upgrade the remaining section of the Purchase Parkway and work with Tennessee to reconstruct the current interchange at the south end of the Purchase Parkway in South Fulton, Tennessee to provide a free-flow connection to the existing U.S. 51 freeway to Union City, while Tennessee finished I-69 bypass of Union City. It is currently designated as SR 690. A further bypass of Troy is proposed but not yet funded, which would complete a freeway-standard route from I-155 in Dyersburg to Henderson. Tennessee has deferred plans to complete the section between Dyersburg and Memphis to close the gap until the South Fulton–Dyersburg section is completed. The section from Memphis to Houston is the least developed; as of 2021, Mississippi has no current plans to extend I-69 further south, and the states of Louisiana and Arkansas have not funded construction of their portion of the proposed route (via El Dorado and Shreveport) between Mississippi and Texas, other than a two-lane southern bypass of Monticello, Arkansas designed to be incorporated into I-69 at a later date. Texas has continued to fund projects to upgrade U.S. 59, U.S. 77, U.S. 281, and other routes that would eventually form parts of I-69 in South Texas and East Texas, including the I-69W/C/E spurs.

Interstate 74
I-74 currently has five sections, the original segment heading northwest from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Davenport, Iowa; one from the Virginia–North Carolina line along I-77 south and east to a point southeast of Mount Airy, North Carolina; one traveling around High Point connecting with I-85 and reaching I-73, where the two are concurrent until Ellerbe; and from west of Laurinburg to south of Lumberton, North Carolina, at I-95. North Carolina is currently working on connecting all its sections of I-74.

Interstate 86
The eastern I-86 has had two sections since 2006. One travels for 197 mi from I-90 in North East, Pennsylvania (which is a town in the northwestern part of the state) to exit 61 in Waverly, New York. The second section is a 9.9 mi stretch outside of Binghamton traveling from I-81 in Kirkwood to exit 79 in Windsor. The gap is signed as Future 86. I-86 will eventually travel from North East, Pennsylvania, to the New York State Thruway (I-87) near Harriman, New York. All the designated sections and gaps in New York are part of New York State Route 17.

Interstate 99
As of 2023, I-99 has two sections: one from the Pennsylvania Turnpike to just south of I-80, concurrent with US 220, and one from the Pennsylvania–New York state line north to I-86 in Corning, New York, concurrent with US 15. Much of the intervening route, including the entire US 15 section between I-180 in Williamsport and the New York state line, has been constructed to freeway standards but as of yet is not signed as part of I-99.

The signing of the intervening route as I-99 will be completed when the route is upgraded to Interstate standards, connecting the two segments of I-99.

Interstate 695
When the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore, Maryland, collapsed in 2024, a segment of I-695 would physically disappear for some time as a consequence of the bridge collapse. At the time of the collapse, the section of highway was legally Maryland Route 695, but this section was redesignated I-695 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in April 2024.

Freeway gaps
Freeway gaps occur where the Interstate is signed as a continuous route, but part, if not all of it, is not up to freeway standards. This includes drawbridges where traffic on the Interstate can be stopped for vessels. This does not include facilities such as tollbooths, toll plazas, agricultural inspection stations, or border stations.

Major at-grade intersections

In urban and heavily developed areas, Interstates may travel along surface roads or have at-grade intersections with stop signs or traffic lights. This usually happens because the Interstate started construction after the land was heavily developed and buildings such as residences and businesses and other roads would have to be removed to allow a freeway to pass through. Additionally, more developed land would have to be cleared for space to build interchanges to connect the Interstate and surface streets. This situation is extremely uncommon as Interstates are usually built around cities or through them on pre- or lightly developed land.

 * I-516 downgrades to an expressway as it heads toward its eastern terminus. The expressway features a frontage road right turn and an at-grade intersection with Mildred Street close to the terminus at Montgomery Street and Derenne Avenue (SR 21) in Savannah, Georgia. Mildred Street southbound is closed by concrete barriers.
 * I-19 between North West Street and its southern terminus at West Crawford Street at North Sonoita Avenue, in Nogales, Arizona, consists of surface streets with traffic lights. The signage of this segment is intended to help direct traffic entering from Mexico to the nearest interstate.
 * Interstate 69E in Brownsville, Texas passes through an at-grade signalized intersection with University Avenue/East Boulevard, as well as a minor intersection with Courage Street, before passing through the Brownsville – Veterans Port of Entry and crossing the Veterans International Bridge.
 * I-70 uses part of US 30 along a surface road in Breezewood, Pennsylvania. Traffic traveling eastbound on I-70/I-76 must exit and travel a short distance on US 30 in order to continue south on I-70 heading to Hancock, Maryland. (The routing is similar for traffic following I-70 in the opposite direction: traffic traveling north on I-70 must exit and travel a short distance on US 30 in order to continue west on I-70/I-76 or to enter the Pennsylvania Turnpike.) This is one of very few instances of traffic lights on an Interstate. There was formerly a sign of a policeman pointing at drivers leaving the Pennsylvania Turnpike to enter US 30, saying, "You! Slow Down!" Local businesses have lobbied to keep the gap to avoid a perceived potential loss of business.
 * I-676 has a surface street section at the west end of the Ben Franklin Bridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, because of historically significant areas. Signage and the Federal Highway Administration consider I-676 to use the surface streets; the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and the New Jersey Department of Transportation consider I-676 to be continuous across the Ben Franklin Bridge, even though the bridge, built in 1926, is not up to Interstate standards. This does not specifically violate Interstate standards, however, as the two separated segments of I-676 are in different states.
 * I-78 travels along a one-way pair of surface streets, 12th Street and 14th Street, in Jersey City, New Jersey, between the end of the New Jersey Turnpike Newark Bay Extension and the Holland Tunnel, which leads into New York City. Between the two aforementioned points are four signalized intersections.
 * I-180 in Cheyenne, Wyoming is an expressway with no parts built to Interstate standard; the interchange with I-80 is a simple diamond interchange with two traffic lights on I-180.
 * I-81 near Alexandria, New York before the Thousand Islands Bridge across the Saint Lawrence River has intersections with an off-ramp leading from NY-12 and a service road connecting from the bridge toll station to a police department while also intersecting NY-12.
 * I-587 in Kingston, New York has a traffic circle (with yield signs) at its northern terminus with the ramps leading to/from I-87.

Minor at-grade intersections
Several Interstates in rural areas of the U.S. have minor at-grade intersections (including median breaks) with farm access roads or authorized vehicle-only driveways used for highway maintenance or connection to nearby utility stations. This is usually due to the lack of an old highway, the need to provide access to property that was accessed via the road prior to its upgrade to an Interstate, and the high cost to construct an interchange for the small amount of traffic that would use such a connection or to build a frontage road parallel to the freeway to the nearest interchange.

 * I-10 in Hudspeth County, Texas has at least fifteen at-grade intersections containing median breaks with minor dirt or gravel roads.
 * I-11 in Boulder City, Nevada has an at-grade intersection with an authorized-vehicle-only service road giving access to Buchanan Boulevard and the WAPA Mead substation. An interchange replacing this has been considered.
 * I-15 in Wheaton Springs, California (east of Mountain Pass) has several at-grade intersections with dirt roads, including one leading to a house.
 * I-15 west of Mesquite, Nevada has an at-grade intersection with Toquop Wash Road, a dirt road. Another access point to Toquop Wash Road passes under the I-15 southbound lanes and connects to the northbound lanes in the median.
 * I-15 southbound near Cove Fort, Utah has an at-grade intersection with Cinder Crater Road, an asphalt and gravel road that provides access for trucks to the Cinder Crater quarry.
 * I-520 in Augusta, Georgia has an at-grade intersection with a gravel and asphalt road that provides access to Lovers Lane.
 * I-40 in the mountains of western North Carolina has at-grade access to several dirt roads, as well as a partially grade-separated interchange that lacks ramps or RIROs where roads directly connect to the I-40 carriageways. (Example)
 * I-40 in western Texas has eight at-grade access points for cattle ranches with median breaks.
 * I-80 westbound in western Utah in the Great Salt Lake Desert has two gravel roads that directly connect to the freeway, one accessing the Metaphor: The Tree of Utah artwork and another towards Cobb Peak.
 * I-80 westbound in northwestern New Jersey has a RIRO providing access to Hainesburg Road at mile marker 3.4.
 * I-94 at Fort Custer west of Battle Creek, Michigan is the only instance of an Interstate freeway in Michigan to have a gated driveway (at 44th Street), which facilitates access of military vehicles.

Other at-grade intersections

 * The northbound lanes of I-5 in Washington intersect with an at-level crosswalk approximately 100 ft south of the border with Canada. This crosswalk allows pedestrians access to a monument that is part of Peace Arch Park.

Undivided and narrow freeways
This section addresses two-lane freeways and other narrow or undivided freeway sections of the Interstate, excepting instances of continuing routes using one-lane ramps and merge leads. Narrow gaps between opposing directions with jersey barriers taller than 4 ft are excluded from this section; therefore the separation criterion is really either a 4 ft wall, or a 100 ft median, whichever is greater.
 * I-40's western 15 mi in North Carolina in the Harmon Den Wildlife Management Area has several S-curves, a Jersey barrier with extremely narrow left shoulders and a few at-grade intersections albeit in RIRO style.
 * I-55 enters Tennessee from Arkansas on the Memphis and Arkansas Bridge, which itself merits mention as a narrow through truss bridge. Just east of the bridge I-55 transitions from its east–west river crossing to the north–south alignment heading toward Jackson, Mississippi. There is an interchange that forces through I-55 traffic to enter and exit in an old cloverleaf; in 2015 improvements were announced but are stalled. The improvements to the I-55 / Crump Boulevard interchange will be accomplished by constructing new through travel lanes for mainline I-55 traffic, which will eliminate the requirement for interstate traffic to use single-lane, low-speed ramps in order to continue on I-55. A new multi-lane roundabout intersection will be constructed to replace the existing cloverleaf interchange and provide improved access to and from I-55 and existing local roadways.
 * I-555 at its southern terminus through the I-55/U.S. 61/AR 77 interchange becomes a two-lane undivided highway for 0.34 mi.
 * Interstate 70 is one-lane only in these following locations:
 * Interstate 70 in Kansas has only one lane for eastbound through traffic for several hundred feet in Kansas City where the highway approaches the Lewis and Clark Viaduct Bridge, which carries the highway over the Kansas River toward Kansas City, Missouri. Interstate 670, just a few blocks south provides an alternate route without this bottleneck.
 * Interstate 70 in West Virginia has only one lane for approximately one thousand feet in Wheeling, where the highway enters the Wheeling Tunnel and crosses the Ohio River on the Fort Henry Bridge. Nearby I-470 provides relief from this situation.
 * The Mackinac Bridge, which carries I-75 over the Straits of Mackinac between St. Ignace and Mackinaw City, Michigan, has no wide median or hard shoulders due to space constraints. Nor does it have a Jersey barrier; instead, it has either a 4 in yellow divider between the opposing directions (where the inner lanes are a metal grate) or a flat double-yellow line (where the inner lanes are paved). The speed limit is also reduced to 45 mph for cars and 20 mph for trucks. The highway returns to Interstate standard for about 50 miles until it reaches the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge, which carries undivided lanes to the Canada–US border in the middle of the bridge, where I-75 terminates.
 * The Thousand Islands Bridge, which carries I-81 over part of the Saint Lawrence River, is an undivided two-lane road.
 * I-93 is a two-lane divided parkway, or a "super two", through Franconia Notch in New Hampshire. A four-lane Interstate Highway was once proposed here, but the concept was abandoned because of environmental concerns, in part because of vibrations that could harm the Old Man of the Mountain rock formation (which collapsed in 2003 regardless). This section of highway was for many years marked as US 3 and "To I-93", but these have now been replaced with regular I-93 signs. The Federal Highway Act of 1973 exempts this 7.6 mi stretch from the Interstate Highway standards that apply elsewhere, and this highway is considered to be I-93 for all practical purposes. This section of I-93 in New Hampshire is now the only remaining multi-mile section of two-lane freeway on an Interstate Highway in the United States. In addition, parking along portions of I-93 through Franconia Notch was permitted until early 2019 when barriers and signage were posted due to safety concerns.
 * Some stretches of Interstate highway use a barrier transfer machine on some bridges to convert inner lanes from one direction to the other, where it would be too costly to upgrade/rebuild to a higher-capacity bridge. In any case the traffic distribution is strongly asymmetric depending on the hour of the day. This kind of bridge typically contains undivided lanes without the flexible Jersey barrier that is manipulated by machines.

Movable bridges
By Interstate standard, all bridges on the Interstate system must be fixed as to not interrupt the flow of traffic. Several bridges on the system, however, are movable:
 * I-5 crosses the Columbia River from Portland, Oregon, to Vancouver, Washington, on the Interstate Bridge, a vertical-lift bridge. The Columbia River Crossing project sought to replace this bridge until being abandoned in 2013. However, in 2019, a new project was approved, scheduled to begin work in 2025.
 * I-110 has a drawbridge across the Back Bay of Biloxi in Biloxi, Mississippi.
 * I-64—the Hampton Roads Beltway—crosses the South Branch Elizabeth River in Chesapeake, Virginia, on the High Rise Bridge, which is a drawbridge, expected to be replaced by a larger fixed bridge. It opened in July 2022.
 * I-264 has a drawbridge, the Berkley Bridge, crossing the Elizabeth River in Norfolk, Virginia.
 * I-278 has a drawbridge across the Bronx River in New York City.
 * I-280 has a vertical-lift bridge, the Stickel Memorial Bridge, crossing over the Passaic River between Newark and Harrison, New Jersey.
 * I-95/I-495 pass together as the Capital Beltway over the Potomac River on the Woodrow Wilson Bridge, a double-leaf bascule span. Even though the original bridge was replaced in the 2000s, the new bridge also has a draw span, albeit with more vertical clearance resulting in fewer openings than the old bridge—about 65 per year, an average of about one every six days.
 * I-695 has a drawbridge over Curtis Creek, south of Baltimore and just west of the Francis Scott Key Bridge. This section of the Baltimore Beltway is not part of the Interstate Highway System, however, and is officially Maryland Route 695 despite the Interstate signage on the highway.

Freeway-to-freeway crosspaths without direct connection

 * I-271 in Ohio lacks a direct interchange with the I-80 section of the Ohio Turnpike; traffic interchanges between the two via I-77 and Ohio State Route 8, which both pass nearby.
 * I-475 has no direct interchange with I-80/I-90 on the Ohio Turnpike near Toledo., though there is an indirect connection via US 20 and Dussel Drive.
 * I-476 does not have a direct interchange with I-78 in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, though there is an indirect connection via US 22 and PA 309. Additionally, while it connects directly to I-80, the freeway-grade is disrupted when the ramps intersect PA 940.
 * I-81 connects to I-76 via US 11 at-grade roads in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
 * The Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90) passes over I-391 without interchange in Chicopee, Massachusetts. The overpass is about 1 mi north of the I-391 southern terminus at I-91, and approximately 1.4 mi from the Mass Pike interchange with I-91 and US 5.
 * I-95 (NJ Turnpike Pearl Harbor Memorial Extension) passes under I-295 without interchange in Columbus, New Jersey
 * I-195 passes over I-895 without interchange near Halethorpe, Maryland.
 * I-295 passes over I-276 without direct interchange in Bristol Township, Pennsylvania, though an interchange is under construction that will provide direct connection.
 * I-99 has connection gaps with both I-70/I-76 and I-80 in central Pennsylvania, both through at grade roads near Bedford and Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. The latter is expected to become freeway-grade as part of I-99's aforementioned northern extension.

Proposed

 * I-422 (proposed) would have no direct freeway connection to its parent I-22, though the two routes would cross near Adamsville, Alabama.

Connection gaps
Auxiliary Interstates (also known as three-digit Interstates) are intended to connect to their parent either directly or via a same-parented Interstate (like I-280 in California being connected to I-80 via I-680). Often, these connection gaps occur to eliminate concurrencies between other three-digit routes. Freeway gaps (signed or unsigned) that officially connect auxiliary routes to the parent are excluded.

Current examples

 * I-210 in California does not currently connect directly to I-10 or any of its spurs according to freeway signage. It was signed all the way to I-10 until 1998, when California State Route 57 replaced the portion of I-210 through Covina and San Dimas to provide a proper connection to current State Route 210. The former portion of I-210 now known as SR 57 still remains on the Interstate Highway System federally defined as Interstate 210 maintaining its connection to I-10, but it is not signed as per Caltrans tradition to sign state highways by their state definition over their federal definition. State Route 210, built as an extension to replace Route 30, connects to I-10 further east in Redlands, and California is petitioning to have that portion signed as I-210 as well. When that happens, this gap will close.
 * I-238 does not have a parent. It was previously a part of California State Route 238 that was built to Interstate standards, and it was added to the Interstate system using the same number it had as a state highway.  It was upgraded to be an auxiliary route of I-80, but no three-digit combinations were available at the time the route was designated an interstate.  Additionally, the exit numbers continue the mileage from the state highway instead of starting over from 1.
 * Due to Highway revolts in New York state forcing the interstate to terminate prematurely, none of the spurs of I-78 in New York City (I-278, I-478, I-678, I-878) connect to the parent road I-78, nor is there any surface street with a state route designation with the same number that continues with a solid connection. I-78 was planned to extend southeast through New York City via the Lower Manhattan Expressway, Williamsburg Bridge and Bushwick Expressway, then east along what is now I-878 and north along what is now I-295. I-78 would have then split into two branches (the current I-295 and I-695), which would have both terminated at I-95. I-478 comes the closest, and would have intersected I-78 as part of the Westway project; this project was later canceled. I-278, the only I-78 spur to leave New York City, was planned to extend northwest to I-78 at Route 24. Since all the spurs are interconnected, only one of them needs to be eventually connected to its parent route for all of them to conform to numbering standards.
 * I-585 in South Carolina currently does not connect directly to I-85. Until 1995, I-85 was routed along present-day I-85 Business. In that year, I-85 was moved to the north to bypass Spartanburg while I-85 Business took over its former route, leaving I-585 without a connection to its parent route until upgrades to the existing US 176 highway are complete.
 * As of July 2022, I-587 in North Carolina does not connect with its parent route, I-87. Upgrades to the existing US 264 freeway from US 64 to I-95 to Interstate standards, as well as extending I-87 via upgrades to US 64, will connect I-587 with its parent route.
 * I-335 in Oklahoma will not have a connection with its parent route, I-35, until an extension of the road to Purcell is built.
 * Numerous three-digit Interstate routes are unsigned on some portions, leading some to think there are connection gaps. These so-called connection gaps do not have internal unsigned concurrencies on other Interstate highway segments between the "parent route" and signed terminus.

title: List of gaps in Interstate Highways


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USS Murray (DD-97)

USS Murray (DD-97) was a Wickes-class destroyer built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Wickes class was an improved and faster version of the preceding Caldwell-class destroyer. Two different designs were prepared to the same specification that mainly differed in the turbines and boilers used. The ships built to the Bethlehem Steel design, built in the Fore River and Union Iron Works shipyards, mostly used Yarrow boilers that deteriorated badly during service and were mostly scrapped during the 1930s. The ships displaced 1202 - 1208 LT at standard load and 1295 - 1322 LT at deep load. They had an overall length of 314 ft, a beam of 30 ft and a draught of 9 ft. They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Wickes class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 27000 shp intended to reach a speed of 35 kn. The ships carried 225 LT of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of 2500 nmi at 20 kn.

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) guns. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Murray, named for Commodore Alexander Murray and Commodore Murray's grandson, Alexander Murray,, was laid down 22 December 1917 by Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation, Quincy, Massachusetts; launched 8 June 1918; sponsored by Miss Alice S. Guthrie; and commissioned at Boston 21 August 1918.

During her four years of operations along the East Coast and in the Caribbean with the Atlantic Fleet, Murray aided in postwar development of antisubmarine and mine warfare techniques. She was reclassified to a light minelayer (DM-2) 17 July 1920, and received alterations necessary to her new role. She decommissioned at Philadelphia 1 July 1922, and lay there in reserve until stricken from the Navy list on 7 January 1936. She was sold for scrapping 29 September 1936 to Schiavone-Bonomo Corporation, New York City.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Murray (DD-97)


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Hurlburt Field

Hurlburt Field is a United States Air Force installation located in Okaloosa County, Florida, immediately west of the town of Mary Esther. It is part of the greater Eglin Air Force Base reservation and is home to Headquarters Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC), the 1st Special Operations Wing (1 SOW), the USAF Special Operations School (USAFSOS) and the Air Combat Command's (ACC) 505th Command and Control Wing. It was named for First Lieutenant Donald Wilson Hurlburt, who died in a crash at Eglin. The installation is nearly 6700 acre and employs nearly 8,000 military personnel.

This facility is assigned a three-letter location identifier of HRT by the Federal Aviation Administration, but it does not have an International Air Transport Association (IATA) airport code (the IATA assigned HRT to RAF Linton-on-Ouse in England).

History
Hurlburt began as a small training field for the much larger Eglin Field. It was initially designated Eglin Auxiliary Field No. 9, and later as Eglin Air Force Base Auxiliary Field 9/Hurlburt Field when the U.S. Air Force became an independent service, before being administratively separated from the rest of the Eglin AFB complex in the 1950s. However, once separated, the facility retained its history and kept all building numbers the same; i.e., all start with a "9". The installation was named by then-Eglin Field base commander Brigadier General Grandison Gardner for First Lieutenant Donald Wilson Hurlburt (1919–1943), who was killed in an aircraft crash at the main base, then known as Eglin Field, in 1943.

The facility had previously been named the Eglin-Hurlburt Airdrome until 1943; Hurlburt Field, March 1944; Eglin Auxiliary Field No. 9, October 1944; with the current name official on January 13, 1948. The base commander of Eglin Main was also responsible for Hurlburt, 1942–1946, but when the base reactivated on February 1, 1955, it gained a separate commander.

Donald Wilson Hurlburt
After flying combat missions from Great Britain in B-17s and receiving the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC), Lieutenant Hurlburt was assigned in mid-1943 to the First Proving Ground Electronics Test Unit at Eglin Field. He died on October 1, 1943, when his Lockheed AT-18 Hudson gunnery trainer, 42-55591, crashed during take-off at Eglin. An official history of Eglin AFB's early years cites October 2, 1943 date for this accident, and also notes that Capt. Barclay H. Dillon, test pilot of the Fighter Section of the 1st Proving Ground Group, died in another accident the same date. Auxiliary Field No. 10 was later named Eglin Dillon Airdrome, now known primarily as Naval Outlying Landing Field Choctaw, a Navy auxiliary field to Naval Air Station Pensacola and NAS Whiting Field. Hurlburt's nephew was Captain Craig D. Button, USAF, noted for his mysterious flight and crash of an A-10 Thunderbolt on April 2, 1997.

Doolittle Raiders
Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle and his Raiders could not have practiced take offs with their B-25 Mitchell bombers at Auxiliary Field No. 9, as it, and the requisite hard-surfaced runway, did not exist in March 1942. "A former Hurlburt Field base commander in the 1950s may have started this story, and several official histories and raider interviews have perpetuated this belief." Nonetheless, the short cross-field former runway, near the southern end of Hurlburt Field's main runway, is now named the Doolittle Taxiway. Other Eglin fields, including Wagner Field/Eglin Auxiliary Field No. 1, and Duke Field/Eglin Auxiliary Field No. 3, were used during this training.

For the 2008 gathering of Doolittle mission survivors, six crew were present for recognition in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, culminating in a reenactment of the training sessions by three civilian-owned B-25 Mitchells at Duke Field on 31 May. Navy personnel from NAS Pensacola, as flight deck "shirt" crew, represented that service's contribution to the Tokyo mission.

Drones and missiles
Gulf-facing launch sites for drones beginning with Republic-Ford JB-2 Loons, American copies of the V-1 "buzz bombs", were operated on Santa Rosa Island, from Site A-15, directly south of Field 9 from the fall of 1944 in anticipation of Operation Olympic against Japan from captured Pacific island bases. The atomic missions put paid to this operation. This launch site is now on the National Register of Historic Places.

The 4751st Air Defense Wing (Missile) was organized at Hurlburt on October 1, 1957. It was redesignated the 4751st Air Defense Missile Wing on January 15, 1958 and discontinued on July 1, 1962 when Tactical Air Command took over the field. Its subordinate 4751st Air Defense Missile Squadron continued operations as a tenant until November 30, 1979. It operated IM-99/CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missiles from this site. On August 18, 1960, a Bomarc missile from the Santa Rosa launch facility made a direct hit on its target, a QB-47E drone of the 3205th Drone Group, marking the first shoot-down of a multi-jet medium bomber by a surface-to-air missile.

The 6555th Guided Missile Wing operated CGM-13/TGM-13 Mace cruise missiles from the island. On January 5, 1967 an international incident was narrowly avoided when a TGM-13 Mace, launched from Santa Rosa Island, which was supposed to circle over the Gulf on a racetrack course for shoot-down by a pair of Eglin F-4 Phantoms, instead, headed south for Cuba. A third F-4 overtook the drone, firing two test AAMs with no effect, and damaged it with cannon fire, but the unarmed Mace actually overflew the western tip of Cuba before crashing in open water some 100 mi further south. The final Mace launches from Hurlburt Site A-15 took place in June 1974. Other launches in the 1960s included six high-altitude releases of vaporized barium from 2-stage Nike Iroquois sounding rockets in January 1967 to measure wind speeds and directions in the upper atmosphere, conducted under the auspices of the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories in conjunction with the Space Systems Branch of the Aircraft and Missile Test Division, Air Proving Ground Center, Eglin AFB.

Tactical bombardment
Hurlburt Field fell into disrepair following World War II but was reactivated in 1955. The 17th Bombardment Wing was reactivated on April 1, 1955 and assigned to the Ninth Air Force, with the 34th, 37th, and 95th Bomb Squadrons assigned under the 17th Bomb Group. "Officers and airmen of the 17th crossed the Pacific in three echelons. Some flew their B-26's [sic] from Miho Air Base, Japan, to Florida. The main body made the trip on the troop ship General Gaffney, while another group, comprising airmen from other Fifth Air Force units, arrived in San Francisco in early April 1955, aboard the pocket aircraft carrier, the ''Cape Esperance."

The 17th Bomb Wing was stationed at Eglin AFB, Florida, operating from Hurlburt Field, where it was programmed to receive the Martin B-57 Canberra, the replacement for the B-26 Invader. However, the B-57 proved to be troublesome and unreliable and only three or four were ever delivered to Hurlburt. On October 1, 1955, Hurlburt was redesignated the 17th Bombardment Wing, Tactical, and received B-66 aircraft in early 1956.

The first jet aircraft to land at Hurlburt was a Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star which arrived from Ninth Air Force Headquarters, Shaw AFB, South Carolina, on July 28, 1955, piloted by Maj. J. H. Murrow and Maj. L. F. Collins. "Pilots of the 17th Bomb Wing will in the near future be flying T-33's [sic] for instrument and transitional training to prepare for the new B-66 bomber which is slated for delivery to the wing..." The first B-66 arrived at Hurlburt on March 16, 1956, after a flight from Norton AFB, California, piloted by 17th Bomb Wing commander Col. Howard F. Bronson, with Col. Norton W. Sanders, commanding officer of the 17th Bomb Group, as observer.

The 17th Bomb Wing was equipped with the Douglas B-66B Destroyer and operated the jet light bomber at Hurlburt from 1956 until 1958, then the wing was moved to a base in England. The 17th was inactivated on June 25, 1958 due to budgetary cutbacks.

With the reactivation of Hurlburt, housing was at a premium, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert S. Kramer, Assistant Army District Engineer at Mobile, Alabama, announced on April 5, 1956, that a contract had been awarded in the amount of $3,315,143.34 to the McDonough Construction Company of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, for the construction of 151 buildings of concrete block with brick facing. Residences would be single and duplex quarters with two, three, and four bedrooms. Construction began on the first 48 buildings (72 units) in mid-April, with initial completion expected by February 1957.

Special operations
On April 14, 1961 the Air Force Tactical Air Command (TAC) activated the 4400th Combat Crew Training Squadron at Hurlburt, to fly operations against guerrillas, either as an overt Air Force operation or in an undefined covert capacity. Known by its nickname "Jungle Jim", the unit was commanded by Colonel Benjamin H. King. The squadron was authorized 16 C-47s, eight B-26s and eight T-28 Trojans, plus the same number of aircraft in temporary storage. The T-28s were armed with caliber .50 machine guns, 2.75-in. rockets and a small quantity of bombs. These specialists flew missions in Africa, Southeast Asia, Central America and other places throughout the world. In early 1962, plans for the never executed Operation Northwoods called for decoy aircraft to land at this base.

From the 1960s into the early 1970s, the base hosted a wide variety of aircraft types, including A-1E Skyraiders, AC-119G Shadow and AC-119K Stinger gunships, AC-47 Spooky gunships, AC-130A Spectre gunships, B-26K Counter-Invaders (including those deployed to the Congo), UC-123Ks with underwing jet pods, OV-10A Forward Air Control Broncos, Cessna O-2A Skymaster FAC and O-2B PSYOPS aircraft, QU-22B recon drones, and other long-serving C-47s in various support roles. Following the conclusion of the war in Southeast Asia, most reciprocating engine types were retired by the USAF. UH-1s and CH-3s were operated, the latter by the 20th Special Operations Squadron.

The 4410th Combat Crew Training Wing was activated at Hurlburt Field on December 1, 1965, later moving to England AFB, Louisiana, in July 1969. "In early 1967 the wing comprised four squadrons; two were at Hurlburt, the 4408th CCTS training C-123 crews and the 4409th training A-1E and T-28 pilots, including Vietnamese students. The 4410th CCTS at Holley Field primarily trained O-1 Forward Air Controllers and students flying the U-10 and O-2. In December the 4407th CCTS would be activated to assume the mission of the 4410th while that unit began training crews in the new OV-10 Bronco FAC aircraft. The fourth squadron, the 4412th CCTS was at England AFB, training C-47D and AC-47D pilots. On 1 April the 4532nd CCTS was activated to fly A-37Bs and assigned to the Wing. Later in the year both the 4412th and 4532nd were reassigned to the 1st ACW at England AFB."

The first jet-augmented Fairchild C-123K Provider arrived at Hurlburt Field on January 5, 1968, and the first of 76 of the type to be ferried to Vietnam by the 319th Air Commando Squadron departed on April 10.

The 20th Special Operations Squadron reactivated in 1976 at Hurlburt Field, the unit mission remaining unconventional warfare and special operations using UH-1N gunships and CH-3Es. The HH-53H Pave Low replaced the CH-3E in 1980, providing a long range, heavier lift helicopter capability. "The Air Force's newly operational fleet of nine HH-53H Pave Low CSAR helicopters was abruptly transferred to the special operations forces in response to the failed Iranian hostage rescue attempt and the lack of dedicated long-range vertical lift platforms." "The helicopters brought 200 new military jobs to Hurlburt, bringing the number of military positions at the base to 3,200."

In the early 1960s, Hurlburt was utilized as a Strategic Air Command dispersal base for B-47s of the 306th Bomb Wing at MacDill AFB, Florida.

Most facilities were located west of the runway, including hangars, through the 1980s. With the growth and importance of special operation capabilities, Lockheed AC-130 Spectre/Spooky gunship and MC-130 Combat Talon/Combat Spear operations have remained on the western flight line, while additional hangars and ramps have been constructed northeast of the intersection of the main runway and the Doolittle runway. These newer facilities are home to CV-22 Osprey operations of the 413th Flight Test Squadron of the 96th Test Wing, and the recently retired MH-53J Pave Low III and MH-53M Pave Low IV helicopter. The Air Force Special Operations Command continues to fly sensitive operations missions from Hurlburt Field worldwide.

The USAF Special Operations School (USAFSOS) trains US Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and US government civilian personnel in a variety of courses, including courses in Dynamics of International Terrorism, and the Middle East Orientation Course.

The Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) was previously located at Hurlburt Field until its relocation to MacDill AFB in 2011. JSOU's lecturers include specialists from all branches of the US military, the US Department of State, Central Intelligence Agency, civilian universities, and nongovernmental organizations.

The Florida Air National Guard activated the 249th Special Operations Squadron at Hurlburt Field on 28 August 2020. The squadron, part of the 125th Fighter Wing, operates the CV-22B Osprey and is assigned to Air Force Special Operations Command.

Facilities
Hurlburt Field has a 9600 x runway designated 18/36 and a 1608 x helipad, both with concrete surfaces.

Base housing is located across from the main base divided by U.S. 98 along the beachfront of Santa Rosa Sound.

The Reef is the main dining facility on base and has won the title of best dining facility in the Air Force nine times.

A grade-separated intersection at the main gate with a fly-over on U.S. 98 was completed in the summer of 2015, greatly relieving a long-time traffic bottleneck.

Airpark
Starting in 1970s there was an effort to preserve the history of Air Commando operations and the Airmen involved. As part of this effort aircraft of significance were collected and memorials erected to significant operations and individuals dating back to World War II. The air park was open to the general public via special pass until the enhanced security of the post 9/11 era was enacted resulting in the park currently being inaccessible to the general public.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Hurlburt Field.

Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Hurlburt, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.

United States Air Force
Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)

 * Headquarters Air Force Special Operations Command
 * 1st Special Operations Wing (host)
 * 1st Special Operations Air Operations Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Comptroller Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Group
 * 1st Special Operations Support Squadron
 * 4th Special Operations Squadron – AC-130J Ghostrider, AC-130U Spooky
 * 8th Special Operations Squadron – CV-22B Osprey
 * 11th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron
 * 15th Special Operations Squadron – MC-130H Combat Talon II and MC-130J Commando II
 * 23rd Special Operations Weather Squadron
 * 34th Special Operations Squadron – U-28A Draco
 * 65th Special Operations Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper
 * 73rd Special Operations Squadron – AC-130J Ghostrider
 * 319th Special Operations Squadron – U-28A Draco
 * Detachment 1 – AC-130J Ghostrider
 * 1st Special Operations Maintenance Group
 * 1st Special Operations Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Maintenance Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Munitions Squadron
 * 801st Special Operations Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 901st Special Operations Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Mission Support Group
 * 1st Special Operations Civil Engineer Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Communications Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Contracting Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Force Support Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Logistics Readiness Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Security Forces Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Medical Group
 * 1st Special Operations Healthcare Operations Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Medical Readiness Squadron
 * 1st Special Operations Medical Support Squadron
 * 24th Special Operations Wing
 * 720th Special Tactics Group
 * 23rd Special Tactics Squadron
 * 720th Operations Support Squadron
 * 492nd Special Operations Wing
 * US Air Force Special Operations School
 * 492nd Special Operations Group
 * 18th Flight Test Squadron
 * 19th Special Operations Squadron – AC-130J Ghostrider, AC-130U Spooky, MC-130H Combat Talon II and U-28A Draco
 * 492nd Special Operations Training Group
 * 371st Special Operations Combat Training Squadron
 * 492nd Special Operations Advanced Capabilities Squadron

Air Combat Command (ACC)

 * US Air Force Warfare Center
 * 57th Wing
 * USAF Weapons School
 * 14th Weapons Squadron (GSU) – AC-130U Spooky, AC-130W Stinger II, CV-22B Osprey, MC-130H Combat Talon II, MC-130J Commando II and U-28A Draco
 * 505th Command and Control Wing
 * 505th Test and Evaluation Group
 * 84th Radar Evaluation Squadron
 * 605th Test and Evaluation Squadron
 * 505th Training Group
 * 505th Combat Training Squadron
 * 505th Communications Squadron
 * 505th Training Squadron
 * 705th Training Squadron
 * Fifteenth Air Force
 * 800th RED HORSE Group
 * 823rd RED HORSE Squadron (GSU)
 * Sixteenth Air Force
 * 67th Cyberspace Wing
 * 318th Cyberspace Operations Group
 * 39th Information Operations Squadron (GSU)
 * 363rd Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing
 * 361st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group (GSU)
 * 25th Intelligence Squadron
 * 557th Weather Wing
 * 2nd Weather Group
 * 2nd Combat Weather Systems Squadron (GSU)

Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)

 * 96th Test Wing
 * 96th Operations Group
 * 413th Flight Test Squadron (GSU) – AC-130U Spooky, AC-130J Ghostrider, MC-130H Combat Talon II, CV-22B Osprey, and U-28A Draco

Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)
 * Tenth Air Force
 * 655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing
 * 755th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group
 * 28th Intelligence Squadron (GSU)
 * 919th Special Operations Wing
 * 919th Special Operations Group
 * 2nd Special Operations Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper (GSU)
 * 5th Special Operations Squadron – U-28A Draco (GSU)
 * 556th Red Horse Squadron

Air National Guard (ANG)

 * Florida Air National Guard
 * 125th Fighter Wing
 * 249th Special Operations Squadron (GSU) – CV-22B Osprey

Demographics
Hurlburt Field was defined as the Hurlburt Field CDP as of the 2020 United States Census, with a recorded population of 2,176. It is part of the Crestview—Fort Walton Beach–Destin, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

In popular culture

 * The Transformers 3 movie, in production in September 2010, and featuring the CV-22 Osprey and AC-130U Spooky, was filmed in part at Hurlburt Field. A number of Hurlburt Airmen were used as extras in the film.
 * The NBA Miami Heat ran a week-long preseason training camp at the Aderholt Fitness Center on Hurlburt Field on September 28, 2010.

title: Hurlburt Field


text:
Rupp Arena

Rupp Arena at Central Bank Center is an arena located in downtown Lexington, Kentucky, United States. Since its opening in 1976, it has been the centerpiece of Central Bank Center (formerly Lexington Center), a convention and shopping facility owned by an arm of the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government, which is located next to the Lexington Hyatt and Hilton hotels. Rupp Arena also serves as home court to the University of Kentucky men's basketball program, and is named after legendary former Kentucky coach Adolph Rupp with an official capacity of 20,500. In 2014 and 2015, in Rupp Arena, the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team was second in the nation in college basketball home attendance. Rupp Arena also regularly hosts concerts, conventions and shows.

History
The arena's primary tenant is the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team, with the Kentucky Wildcats women's basketball team hosting rivalry and power program opponent games at the venue in recent years. Rupp Arena was the host of the 1985 NCAA Final Four, won in an upset by eighth-seeded Villanova. It also formerly hosted the Kentucky Thoroughblades (currently the San Jose Barracuda) (capacity 10,011) and the Lexington Men O' War (capacity 7,500) minor-league hockey teams, and the Lexington Horsemen arena football team (capacity 7,550), numerous concerts (theater capacity 2,300; concert hall 10,000; arena capacity 20,500 approx.), conventions, and other events. It is named after University of Kentucky coaching legend Adolph Rupp, and opened in 1976, a little more than a year before Rupp's death in late 1977. Since the 1985 Final Four, Rupp Arena has hosted a number of NCAA Tournament regional games, most recently in 2013 when it hosted second and third round NCAA Tournament games. Rupp Arena is also home to Kentucky's high school boys' basketball Sweet Sixteen, a single-elimination tournament which determines the state champion with sixteen teams representing each of Kentucky's regional high school champions.

On January 27, 2020, it was announced that Lexington Center's overall naming rights were sold to Central Bank, a local community bank, by the Lexington Center Corporation and JMI Sports, which handles the multimedia rights for both the LCC and the University of Kentucky. The Rupp name will continue to receive primacy in the fourteen-year agreement for the arena portion of the complex, and be known as "Rupp Arena at Central Bank Center". Floor signage indicating the new naming arrangement was installed on Rupp Arena's basketball floor in time for the 2020–21 season.

Fan support
Enthusiastic fan participation has been central to the Kentucky Basketball experience for decades, both prior to and during the Rupp Arena years. Crowds at Rupp Arena are usually full and enthusiastic, particularly for rivalry games (e.g., Louisville, Tennessee, and formerly, Indiana) and against Blue Blood opponents (e.g., North Carolina, Kansas).

Kentucky fans are passionate in their support, but also have a long-standing tradition of giving standing ovations near the end of games to opponents who turn in exceptional performances. These opponents include David Robinson, Billy Cunningham, Austin Carr, Pete Maravich, Bubba Parnham, Chris Jackson, Shaquille O'Neal, Elston Turner Jr., Lawrence Roberts, and Freeman Williams.

Fans take pride in never having rushed the court after a Kentucky victory, a nod to their generally lofty expectations of the program and perception that no Kentucky victory is ever truly an upset. Season tickets remain in high demand. Fans report that it can take more than 20 years to improve their seat location by just a few rows. Owing to the constant demand for tickets, seating at Rupp Arena for Kentucky games is notable for having very few students near the floor.

Kentucky fans additionally take pride in the fact that their standard for team banner-hanging is very high. They typically only hang banners for teams who reached the Final Four. They additionally take pride in not hanging banners for non-competitive championships, such as Helms Titles.

Kentucky fans often identify the following contests as being among the loudest in Rupp Arena history:

 * 1979 vs. Kansas (Dwight Anderson and Kyle Macy spark a miraculous late comeback)
 * 1981 vs. LSU (Before the game LSU center Greg Cook quipped "Kentucky ain't nothin' but a name." Legendary play by play announcer Cawood Ledford opened his broadcast saying, "Them's fighting' words." Kentucky beat #2 LSU on Senior Day, featuring Sam Bowie's half-court alley-oop dunk and game saving block; LSU's first SEC loss of the season. NBC commentator Al Maguire said the crowd was "so loud, it's scary.")
 * 1983 vs. Louisville (Regular attendees at Rupp Arena say this and the 1981 LSU contest were the two most frenzied game-time atmospheres in the history of the Rupp Arena; two top-10 teams battled it out, with Kentucky prevailing, avenging their "Dream Game" loss to Louisville the year before).
 * 1984 vs. Houston (Kentucky beats eventual National Runner-Up Houston and Hakeem Olajuwon)
 * 1990 vs. LSU (Overmatched, on probation, and scholarship-decimated Kentucky beats an LSU team featuring Chris Jackson, Shaquille O'Neal, and Stanley Roberts)
 * 1990 vs. Kansas (Kentucky exacts revenge for a humiliating loss to Kansas the year before; a 20–0 run inside 10 minutes electrified the crowd; ESPN's Larry Conley remarked "Now I know what those people felt like when they went up against the lions at the Roman Coliseum.")
 * 1992 vs. Tennessee (Senior Day for Kentucky's famed "The Unforgettables" and Cawood Ledford's final home game; a 3-point barrage by Kentucky and a scuffle between Sean Woods and a Tennessee player energized the fans)
 * 1998 vs. Maryland (Kentucky rattles hotshot Steve Francis after he and Kentucky's Jamaal Magloire traded barbs in the newspapers in the weeks leading up to the game)
 * 2001 vs. North Carolina (Tayshaun Prince hits five 3-pointers in a row; his fifth basket from near the logo at center court marked what is likely the loudest single moment in Rupp Arena history; Bill Raftery of CBS exclaimed "Tayshaun is not a prince, he's a king.")
 * 2001 vs. Louisville (A frenzied crowd lays in to Rick Pitino on his return to Rupp as coach of the Cardinals)
 * 2003 vs. Florida (Kentucky blows out #1 Florida; ESPN's Dick Vitale remarked "What a way to be number #1, to come to Rupp Arena.")
 * 2011 vs. North Carolina (Anthony Davis blocks John Henson's would-be game winner)

Traditions
In addition to impassioned support, other Rupp Arena Kentucky Basketball traditions include

 * Fans congregating in the lobby area of the adjacent Hyatt Regency Hotel and other downtown restaurants, a basketball variation on football tailgating.
 * Cheering extra loudly for Kentucky players who are from Kentucky.
 * The famous "C-A-T-S, Cats, Cats, Cats" and "Go Big Blue" cheers.
 * The "Y": After the Kentucky Cheerleaders spell out the "K-E-N-T-U-C-K" of "Kentucky", a mystery celebrity will come onto the court making the "Y" shape by holding both arms in the air, with enthusiastic applause. Previous "Y" guests have included former Kentucky players, and celebrities, such as LeBron James
 * Waking up early and filling Rupp Arena for Big Blue Madness and College Gameday experiences.

Cheerleading squad
The Kentucky Cheerleading squad is the most successful in the history of competitive collegiate cheerleading, having won 23 titles and 25 co-ed titles as of 2022. Kentucky has won more UCA Division-1 cheerleading titles than all other universities combined. Their most iconic stunt is the "2001: A Space Odyssey Theme", a rotating pyramid performed in conjunction with the pep band for decades.

Pep Band
The University of Kentucky Pep Band is one of the largest in the nation and is an essential part of the Kentucky basketball gameday experience. The band traditionally plays the opening bars of "The Lone Ranger Theme" leading into "On, On, U of K" (Kentucky's official fight song) just prior to tipoff, and a single trumpet player sounding the Call to the Post seconds before the jump ball. Kentucky's secondary fight song, "Kentucky Fight", is typically played in the pre-game, during the second half, or, on occasion, when the team is struggling. Other favorites through the years have been covers of "Hold On, I'm Coming", "Thriller", "Back in the "U.S.S.R.", "Leapfrog", "Hey Baby", "Blue Moon of Kentucky", and "Rock n Roll, Part 2". At game's end, the band always plays Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home", the Kentucky state song.

Seating arrangement
The arena has an official capacity for basketball of 20,545 following a 2019 renovation project that was part of a larger renovation and expansion of Lexington Center. The most significant change to the arena was the installation of chairback seats in about half of the upper seating bowl.

Before the 2019 renovation, the official capacity was 23,500, but because of the former all-bleacher configuration of the upper seating bowl, it was able to pack in more than 24,000 for many UK basketball games. The lower bowl also incorporates a student standing-room area called the "eRUPPtion Zone" behind one goal. Unlike many arenas built in the following years, it has no luxury suites, and has never been renovated to add them. However, in 2001, the arena received some minor renovations including four oversized video boards, new lower bowl seating, new locker rooms, and a new court.

Milestones

 * The first act to perform at Rupp Arena was Lawrence Welk on October 17, 1976. The performance attracted 20,000 people to the newly opened facility.
 * Rupp Arena was set to host Elvis Presley live in concert on August 23, 1977. However, Presley died on August 16, exactly one week before the concert was scheduled.
 * The ceremonial first basket in the new facility was sunk by Adolph's young grandson Chip (Adolph III), who went on to play college basketball at Southeastern Conference (SEC) rival Vanderbilt.
 * Rupp Arena is the home court of the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team, which boasts an overall record in Rupp Arena of 529-64 (.892) since beginning play there on November 27, 1976. The court itself is named Cawood's Court after longtime University of Kentucky football and men's basketball radio broadcaster Cawood Ledford.
 * Rupp staged three Southeastern Conference men's basketball tournaments between 1982 and 1993; it was also the host of the Ohio Valley Conference men's basketball tournament in 1992 and 1993.
 * It hosted WWE Backlash in 2006.
 * The Rupp Arena attendance record was set on January 2, 2010, when 24,480 people watched #3 Kentucky play rival Louisville. The final score was a 71–62 victory by the Kentucky Wildcats.
 * The UK men are the only basketball program in the SEC that plays home games in an off-campus facility. All of the other programs play on campus, including the UK women, who play in the men's former home of Memorial Coliseum. However, when the women's program expects an unusually large crowd, it will shift an occasional game to Rupp.
 * Rupp is also home to the annual KHSAA State Basketball Championship, known and trademarked as the Sweet Sixteen, with 16 boys' basketball teams from throughout the commonwealth appearing for a shot at the state title. The KHSAA girls' Sweet Sixteen will join the boys' event at Rupp in 2019.
 * The University of Kentucky has led the nation 25 times in NCAA men's basketball home attendance (an NCAA record) since the 1976–77 season (the previous 39 seasons at Rupp Arena), including 17 out of the last 20 seasons, and eight of the last 10 seasons.
 * On December 21, 2009, in Rupp Arena, the Kentucky men's basketball team became the first college basketball program to win 2,000 games, in an 88–44 win against the Drexel University Dragons.
 * On November 8, 2010, ESPN ranked Rupp Arena as the third-loudest venue in college basketball.
 * Rupp Arena hosted the August 2, 2011, tapings of SmackDown and WWE Superstars, with the former set to air on August 5, 2011, and the latter having aired on August 4, 2011.
 * The arena hosted several TV tapings for various WWF shows in the 1980s and 1990s.
 * The 500th win in Rupp Arena came on November 27, 2013, against Eastern Michigan, with Kentucky winning 81–63.
 * Before the 2019 renovation, it was Kentucky's largest arena, and has hosted concerts by many performers, including Paul McCartney, Genesis, Elton John, The Rolling Stones, The Grateful Dead, Rush, George Strait, Billy Joel, Guns N' Roses, Tim McGraw, Phish, Garth Brooks, CKY, Bob Seger, Trans-Siberian Orchestra, and in recent years, Pearl Jam, Taylor Swift, Drake, Brad Paisley, Morgan Wallen,Miranda Lambert, and Fall Out Boy.
 * On January 28, 2017, with #4 Kentucky hosting #2 Kansas at Rupp Arena, the Guinness Book of World Records measured the loudest indoor crowd roar at 126.4 dB. It lasted 17 days before Guinness recorded a roar of 130.4 dB at Allen Fieldhouse when West Virginia played at Kansas.
 * The majority of the home games during the 2023-2024 Kentucky women's basketball season, as well as all home gymnastics and volleyball matches in 2023–2024, were moved to Rupp Arena. This was due to ongoing renovations to Memorial Coliseum.

2015 renovations
Rupp Arena was approved for various renovations in 2015 to improve the fan experience and to attract more concerts and major events. The approved renovations totaled at $15.8 million that included a new center-hung scoreboard, advertising ribbon boards, wireless internet for fans, and improved roof infrastructure.

The entire list of renovations as stated on UK Athletics' website include:
 * State-of-the-art Daktronics center-hung video board
 * 15mm ribbon boards
 * Replaced 16mm LED corner video boards with 6mm LED video boards to produce HD quality image
 * L-Acoustics K2 line array sound system
 * Total sanding and repainting of the floor to reflect UK's updated branding and logo
 * New basketball goals and new shot clocks
 * Added press box seating to the east side of the arena
 * Replaced LED scorer's table with 6mm version and moved the old 10mm scorer's table to the opposite side of the floor for radio broadcast seating
 * Replaced static ad panels in lower four corners of the arena with LED ad panels

NCAA Tournament games

 * 2013 Second and Third Rounds
 * 2007 First and Second Rounds
 * 2002 South Regional Semi-finals and Final
 * 1998 First and Second Rounds
 * 1996 Southeast Regional Semi-finals and Final
 * 1994 First and Second Rounds
 * 1992 Southeast Regional Semi-finals and Final
 * 1989 Southeast Regional Semi-finals and Final
 * 1985 NCAA Final Four
 * 1984 Mideast Regional Semi-finals and Final
 * 1980 Mideast Regional Semi-finals and Final
 * 1977 Mideast Regional Semi-finals and Final

Attendance record progression
The Kentucky Wildcats have set or broken the Rupp Arena attendance record 24 times since the arena opened in 1976. In those games, the Wildcats have won 20 times and lost 4 times.

title: Rupp Arena


text:
John Williams Walker

John Williams Walker (August 12, 1783 – April 23, 1823) was an American politician, who served as the Democratic-Republican United States senator from the state of Alabama, the first senator elected by that state.

Life and career
Walker was born August 12, 1783, in Amelia County, Virginia, of Scots-Irish heritage, the son of Rev. Jeremiah Walker and Mary Jane Graves. He was educated at the prestigious Willington Academy of Dr. Moses Waddel near Petersburg, Georgia, and received degrees in 1806 and 1809 from Princeton University. He studied law and was admitted to the bar at Petersburg.

In 1808, Walker married Matilda Pope, daughter of LeRoy Pope and Judith Sale, and in 1810, he followed his father-in-law to settle in the new town of Huntsville, Mississippi Territory (now Alabama), and there began the practice of law.

Upon the formation of the Alabama Territory in 1817, Walker served as a representative from Madison County to the first territorial legislature in 1818. In the second session, he served as speaker. In 1819, he was president of the convention that framed Alabama's first constitution, which enabled Alabama's admission to the United States.

On October 28, 1819, Walker was elected by an almost unanimous vote of the state legislature as the first United States senator from Alabama. He served from December 14, 1819, until his resignation on December 12, 1822, on account of his failing health. He died in Huntsville on April 23, 1823, and is buried in Maple Hill Cemetery. Walker County, Alabama, established December 20, 1824, is named in his honor.

Walker was the father of LeRoy Pope Walker, Confederate secretary of war and brigadier general; Richard Wilde Walker, Confederate States senator; Percy Walker, United States representative; and several other children. He was also the grandfather of Richard Wilde Walker, Jr., Alabama Supreme Court Justice and a judge in the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, and American diplomat John Walker Fearn, who served as Minister of Serbia, Romania and Greece from 1885 to 1889.

title: John Williams Walker


text:
Webster's Revision

Noah Webster's 1833 limited revision of the King James Version, (more commonly called Webster Bible) focused mainly on replacing archaic words and making simple grammatical changes. For example: "why" instead of "wherefore", "its" instead of "his" when referring to nonliving things, "male child" instead of "manchild", etc. He also introduced euphemisms to remove words which he found to be offensive:  "whore" becomes "lewd woman". He changed some of the spelling of the 1611 version, some of which had been changed by British usage since 1611 and others that he himself had deliberately changed in his dictionary to reflect an American identity over a British one. Overall, very few changes were made, and the result is a book which is almost indistinguishable from the King James Version. It has sometimes been called the Common Version (which is not to be confused with the Common Bible of 1973, an ecumenical edition of the Revised Standard Version).

Modern critics are surprised by just how little Webster changed the King James Version. His revision was very light, as he did not want to make the language wholly contemporary, but rather wanted to correct flaws he disagreed with as an educator. Other, less orthodox Americans were bringing out their own versions of the New Testament, but he had no interest in theologically motivated changes. One notable change that was beyond just revising language flaws was a correction changing the word "Easter" in Acts 12:4 to the word "Passover".

Throughout Webster's Revision of the King James Bible, the lexicographer replaced "Holy Ghost" with "Holy Spirit". Webster did so because he knew that in the Christians' Scriptures this expression did not mean "an apparition". In the preface of his Bible, Webster wrote: "Some words have fallen into disuse; and the signification of others, in current popular use, is not the same now as it was when they were introduced into the version. The effect of these changes is, that some words are not understood by common readers, who have no access to commentaries, and who will always compose a great proportion of readers; while other words, being now used in a sense different from that which they had when the translation was made, present a wrong signification or false ideas. Whenever words are understood in a sense different from that which they had been introduced, and different from that of the original languages, they do not present to the reader the Word of God."

The problem with the older books was confusion on the part of readers as the language styles had been evolving over the years and a lot of meaning of the text in this Bible was being lost on the average reader. Some passages were misunderstood. Grammar had evolved as well and the above changes made an easier read while purifying the language and making it more delicate.

title: Webster's Revision


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Steve Young (musician)

Steve Young (July 12, 1942 – March 17, 2016) was an American country music singer, songwriter and guitarist, known for his song "Seven Bridges Road" (on Rock Salt & Nails & Seven Bridges Road). He was a pioneer of the country rock, Americana, and alternative country sounds, and also a vital force behind the "outlaw movement" that gave support to the careers of Waylon Jennings, Hank Williams, Jr. and more. Young was also featured in the 1981 Outlaw Country documentary Heartworn Highways. He was the subject of the song "The All Golden" by Van Dyke Parks. Young's first album, Rock Salt & Nails, on A&M, featured Gram Parsons, Gene Clark, and other musicians from the 1969 musical community in Southern California.

Biography
Born in Newnan, Georgia, United States, he grew up in Gadsden, Alabama, and the state of Texas, moving from place to place as his family searched for work. By the time he had completed high school, Young was playing and writing songs that incorporated influences of folk, blues, country and gospel, that he absorbed while travelling throughout the South. In the late 1960s, he worked with Van Dyke Parks and was member of the psychedelic country band Stone Country.

Young wrote many songs, including "Lonesome, On'ry and Mean" (covered by Waylon Jennings) and "Montgomery In the Rain" (covered by Hank Williams, Jr.).

During the late 1970s, Young became a Buddhist and a vegetarian.

His best-known composition is "Seven Bridges Road", which became a hit for Eagles when they included a cover of it on their live album in 1980. Earlier covers of the song were done by Joan Baez, Tracy Nelson & Mother Earth, Iain Matthews, Dolly Parton, and Rita Coolidge.

In 1984, Young charted the single "It's Not Supposed to Be That Way" on RCA Records. It peaked at No. 84 on Hot Country Songs. In 1989, Young did a mini tour in the Northwest with singer-songwriter Tim Otto, performing in Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington. In 1991, Otto took the cover shot for Steve Young's Solo/Live CD on Watermelon Records. Townes Van Zandt wrote the liner notes. The 1996 concert recording by Van Dyke Parks entitled Moonlighting: Live at the Ash Grove (released in 1998) was headlined by Young, although he did not appear on the recordings.

In 1993, Young played a show in Lichtenvoorde, The Netherlands, together with David Olney. This show then was recorded by SCR Productions. Olney's track were released on his Live in Holland album in 1994. In 2019, an album of Young's tracks was released, also titled Live in Holland. David Olney took care of the liner notes, and performed on a few tracks on harmonica.

Steve Young had been in declining health since suffering a head injury sustained in a fall in October 2015. He died after a brief stay in a Nashville, Tennessee hospice, on March 17, 2016. He was 73.

Discography
(1) Differs from 1972 release in that one new track was added, some omitted and all other tracks were remixed.

title: Steve Young (musician)


text: Category:Okaloosa County, Florida

title: Category:Okaloosa County, Florida


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Steve Young (disambiguation)

Steve Young (born 1961) is a retired American football quarterback and member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Steve Young or Steven Young may also refer to:

 * Steve Young (academic) (born 1951), British academic and entrepreneur
 * Steve Young (musician) (1942–2016), country music singer, songwriter and guitarist
 * Steve Young (writer), television writer
 * Steve Young (police officer), labor leader
 * Stevie Young, guitarist, member of AC/DC
 * Steve Young (offensive tackle), American football tackle
 * Steve Young (Alberta politician), politician in the Canadian province of Alberta
 * Steve Young (basketball) ("Steve Giatzoglou"), Greek-American professional basketball player
 * Steve Young (Washington politician), former mayor of Kennewick, Washington
 * Steve Young, a telecommunications executive who flew into space on Blue Origin NS-22

title: Steve Young (disambiguation)


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Talk:Steve Young (disambiguation)

Untitled
This page should link to the athlete. Everybody else on this page is less known. 99% of the people looking for Steve Young are looking for the athlete. Epachamo 20:35, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Steve Young (American football) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 02:17, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steve Young (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/1605 in Terrorism

1605 in Terrorism was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

As above. 67.160.75.230 01:05, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: This has got to go. Gunpowder Plot has a fair article, and so does Guy Fawkes.  It's Anglocentric, has only the one item, and I don't think we should be anachronistically applying today's labels to 17th century events.  If there were hopes of someone adding in all the Terrors, martyrdoms, etc. for the rest of the year, were willing to add in Spain, Italy, France, Holland, the New World tribes, Asia....  Being serious and stern about the article is not the same thing as bashing the contributor, I hope. Geogre 01:36, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * This is isolated in the whole scheme of the timeline and the world issues and such. I vote to delete this, too. Mike H 01:37, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * The event is covered in the aforementioned articles and 1605. Delete.  --Ardonik 03:53, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Contains no information not more readily available in other articles, and IMO never will. Not a good title. Andrewa 01:55, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As above, so below...Fire Star 13:59, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * NO!!!!!!!!! DO NOT DELETE THIS ARTICLE!!!!!!!111 --Patricknoddy 22:15, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)Patricknoddy 18:24 July 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would say redirect to List of terrorist incidents where this is listed. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 22:22, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact it's a direct copy and paste of the listing for this event on that page. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 22:26, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - redundant. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:30, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Brandenburg5

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:Brandenburg5


text:
William Kelly (Alabama politician)

William Kelly (September 22, 1786 – August 24, 1834) was an American politician, who served as the Democratic-Republican U.S. senator from the state of Alabama from December 12, 1822, to 1825. He was originally elected to fill the remainder of John Williams Walker's term, who resigned.

Early life
Kelly on September 22, 1786, was born in South Carolina.

Political life
After serving as a U.S. senator until 1825, he became a member of the Alabama House of Representatives.

Late life
On August 24, 1834, Kelly died in New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana.

title: William Kelly (Alabama politician)