text:
Talk:On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences

OEIS linking syntax help
I would like to make a page along the lines of "Wikipedia:How to cite the OEIS" and include a link to that from this article. That page would explain the five different ways of citing and linking sequences in the OEIS and illustrate how to accomplish each one. PrimeFan 22:46, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've just spent 20 minutes searching for a template, convinced I'd seen one before. I'd welcome a synopsis. Hv 01:07, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Using Sloane's A012345 as an example, the table below shows the five different ways. PrimeFan 19:32, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think the first two are really worth mentioning, and the third is a maybe - I'd class the templates as generally preferable, both for brevity and for the meta-information provided by having a reference to the template.
 * My own search turned up nothing via Template, and I eventually stumbled across the templates in another page.
 * I certainly wouldn't have guessed what "OEIS2C" stood for, so some explanation somewhere would surely help. I did look in Template messages/Links, so a reference there would be a start. Hv 02:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not even sure how things are sorted there at Template messages/Links. I'd have to carefully examine that page before I dared add anything to it. PrimeFan 20:39, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * How about mentioning these templates in the OEIS article? HenningThielemann (talk) 16:00, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

 * They are Wikipedia-specific, the article should be about OEIS itself and not list templates related to OEIS that can be used on Wikipedia. If someone created a page describing their use in the Wikipedia namespace, that would be okay. See also SELFREF. Svick (talk) 19:14, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

Make encyclopedic
The current text has a mix of encyclopedic information and some very low-level "how-to" material. It needs to be cleaned up.... --Macrakis 23:31, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, how easy it is to complain about a problem and not do a thing to fix it! "It needs to be cleaned up," easy to say. "Make encyclopedic," easy it is to give that command.

 * At any rate, there isn't a problem. What you call "low-level how to" is a much better way to explain a potentially cryptic mathematical topic. A professional mathematician is given to saying things like "It is obvious that $$\int_{-N}^{N} \sqrt{k\pi\lambda}\, dx$$ hence $$k = x^{2\mu}$$." The lexicographic order of the OEIS is here explained far more clearly than in the OEIS itself! Robert Happelberg 22:06, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I've started fixing it. --Macrakis 01:51, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Good job so far, Macrakis. Bob makes a good point, too. With Macrakis's and Bob's help, this article will eventually strike a good balance between spontaneity and professionalism. PrimeFan 15:48, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Errors in the database
The article says "For a database of its magnitude, the OEIS is relatively free of errors. ... The more common mistakes in the OEIS occur in fields other than the sequence or signed field."

I have reason to doubt this. In early January 2000 or 2001, I took the database and ran a program on it to look for sequences whose terms were all prime except one. There were something like 100+ of these, perhaps as many as 300 (I can't remember for sure). I started checking these to see if the non-prime term was in error. I think I checked a little over 100 sequences. I found 10 or 11 errors. The errors were about what you would expect:

 * 1) transpose two digits
 * 2) spurious digit or digit omitted
 * 3) repeating the wrong digit, i.e. 355 instead of 335.
 * 4) leaving a comma in a term with four or more digits, making it appear to be two separate terms
 * 5) omitting a comma between two terms

So around 10% of the sequences I checked had obvious errors, and there could have been others. Bubba73 (talk), 23:26, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Then I'm in trouble. For the vast majority of Wikipedia articles I've written about various kinds of numbers (e.g., Carol numbers, prime quadruplets), I've taken the listing from the OEIS. In a few cases I take the listing from Mathematica.

 * For my part, I will double-check the sequences listed in articles I've written. For your part, could you re-run your "sequences whose terms were all prime except one" search on a more recent copy of the table? PrimeFan 21:05, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Bubba73 did an interesting approach for finding errors in the database! Another way might be to check the sequence samples against the given PARI, Mathematica, and Maple code pieces. HenningThielemann (talk) 16:26, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

Self-referential paradox
In the 'Self-referentiality' section, "sequences A053873, n is in An, and A053169, n is not in An" are referred to as "delightfully paradoxical" because "[t]he paradox is, which sequences do 53169 and 53873 belong to?" Surely only 53169 in A053169 gives rise to a paradox?

Sendhil 01:24, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Alright, prove that 53873 does belong in . Anton Mravcek 16:41, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Or prove that it does not.

 * And 53169 not in also gives rise to a paradox --Rumping 19:12, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Looking at this a year later, I stand by calling these issues "paradoxical." My problem now would be the word "delightfully." I find these paradoxes delightful but that might just be my POV. Some people might find these annoying. Anton Mravcek 20:32, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't see anything paradoxical regarding 53873. It's true that we can't prove whether 53873 is in the sequence or not, but that just means that the sequence is not completely defined. On the other hand, I believe that A053169 is truly a paradox: both the assumptions that 53169 belongs to the sequence and that it doesn't lead to contradictions. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 14:15, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I have re-written the section to try to improve its clarity. I removed the "delightfully paradoxical" phrase because it seemed to me to be an unencyclopedic description. I agree with Jitse Niesen - A053873 cannot be completed unless we create an axiom that says "53873 is (or is not) a member of A053873", but only A053169 is truly paradoxical. Gandalf61 (talk) 16:22, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

In the unreferenced quote attributed to Sloane in the self-referentiality section of the article, the article source contains an HTML nonbreaking space before the exclamation mark in "known to 11 terms !" Is this a punctuation given in the quotation source? if not, I can't see that it should be there: it's not going to be misconstrued as a factorial, for instance. --Kay Dekker (talk) 22:12, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Italics
The article currently uses n (n) for indices and A_n (A_n) for members. I think this looks bad, and doesn't match the OEIS (which uses no italics). The 'right' way would seem to be n and A_n, or perhaps  and.

There is value to italicizing n to draw it out in the text, but when paired with the upright A it has a very unpolished appearance.

CRGreathouse (t | c) 15:58, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

what does at&t have to do with this?
if someone knows the history of how at&t is related to this topic, it would be useful to add. i clicked a link on a link on a wiki page and was taken to an att website, which prompted me to look for more info on this page. the company obviously have something to do with the sequence ecyclopedia, but there is no real reference to this fact in this article. HantaVirus (talk) 17:27, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The database is hosted on an AT&T web site and run by Neil Sloane, a long-time AT&T employee. I've added some text to the article explaining that. —David Eppstein (talk) 17:32, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Does anyone want to use footnotes instead of inline links to link OEIS sequences?
A suggestion to change the template in that way has been made at Template talk:OEIS. Lipedia (talk) 15:57, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Normalizing the sequences for lexicographic order
How is the normalization done? I did a cursory search but could not find out how. Thank you in advance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anorderofmagnitude (talk • contribs) 00:17, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Did you read the article's section on Lexicographical ordering?!?
 * The examples given start like this:
 * Sequence #1: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...
 * Sequence #2: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, ...
 * Sequence #3: [0, 1, 1], 2, 3, 5, 8, ...
 * Sequence #4: [1], 2, 4, 7, ...
 * Sequence #5: [1], [−]3, [−]8, ...
 * The initial 0's, 1's, and the numbers' signs (which i've explicitly marked above) are ignored, thus the order is #1, #2, #3, #4, #5 instead of #3, #5, #4, #1, #2.
 * -- Jokes Free4Me (talk) 10:25, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you much. Yes I did read the section. First the square brackets above made the sequencing order very clear. Second maybe the we can change "ignoring initial zeros or ones" to "ignoring initial zeros and ones". I was only ignoring the initial "0" in sequence #3.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anorderofmagnitude (talk • contribs) 00:35, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Okay, i've changed the article to make it all clear. Is it okay now? :) -- Jokes Free4Me (talk) 17:15, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anorderofmagnitude (talk • contribs) 19:27, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

how useful is it in actual research?
Are there any examples of research in mathematics published in fairly prestigious journals which was aided by OEIS? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.97.117.210 (talk) 12:27, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Look at https://oeis.org/wiki/Works_Citing_OEIS. PrimeHunter (talk) 13:20, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Speculation on OEIS size limit?
Minor change from 180284 sequences and The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS), in the future at least 340142 sequences and no higher than contains 3403xx sequences in around 2020 and will be extincted*

180284+(319716/2) = 340142 sequences.

With extinct OEIS in 2020 at 340,142 sequences, the A34xxxx serial with only hundreds of sequences, Last possible A-Numbers will be A3406xx or A3407xx. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.101.168.179 (talk) 09:45, 23 November 2017 (UTC)
 * (1) Start a new section in the Talk page if you are introducing a new topic; I have invented one for you. (2) Where do these numbers and "last possible A-Numbers" come from? At the very least, you need a reference. Chris Thompson (talk) 16:02, 24 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Please keep to the guidelines for Talk page discussions,, rather than modifying the text of your original posting. Meanwhile, you still haven't explained why you think OEIS is going to be "extinct" in 2020, or when it acquires 340142 sequences. Chris Thompson (talk) 11:59, 27 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Further, talk pages are for discussions on improvements to the article only, not for general-purpose discussion about the subject of the article. Unless someone has published something about limits to OEIS in a reliable source, we can't include it in the article and so it doesn't belong here. —David Eppstein (talk) 12:04, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

Milestones
March 2018.

2018.

2019.

2019/2020.

2020.

OEIS going to extinct in 2020 at 340,142 sequences?

Exceeds the limit of 340,142 sequences though, with milestones from A300000, A310000, A320000, A330000 and A340000. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.101.158.170 (talk) 14:27, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.101.168.46 (talk) 09:34, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Future milestones? Wqwt (talk) 05:59, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

Removed "Searching the OEIS" section
Nothing in the section was cited and NOTMANUAL. Wqwt (talk) 05:57, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

Proposed "OEIS in popular culture" section
This might be worth mentioning: https://xkcd.com/2016/ Eastmain (talk • contribs) 07:19, 7 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Not without third-party reliable sources. Also see WP:TRIVIA. —David Eppstein (talk) 16:07, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

Unneeded inline <math> usage
The article has inline <math> formatting. I changed that into straight html (wikicode), but twice was reverted by.

Clearly Eppstein's argument is changing in steps; WP:RETAIN is not applicable (it is about WP:ENGVAR, nor is WP:DATEVAR applicable); saying "to me your new formatting looks significantly uglier" is not an argument, especially since general accepted wisdom is that one should not mix formattings & font families inline when not needed. -DePiep (talk) 20:46, 5 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should be gratuitously changing one style of mathematics formatting to another, and especially not changing <math> to templates. In general, template-based mathematics formatting is both weaker than <math> (unable to express many important types of notation) and semantically less clean, so in the long term we should move towards always <math>. In the short term, the template-based system has some small advantages in terms of more consistent font usage than <math> but in this specific case I think even those advantages are negated by the ugliness of its formatting (too little vertical spacing between digits and the fraction bar). —David Eppstein (talk) 21:21, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

Updating this article
I think we should update the section "Abridged example of a typical entry" because it is too old. Yifan Xie (talk) 10:40, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your suggestion. When you believe an article needs improvement, please feel free to change it. We encourage you to be bold in updating pages, because wikis like ours develop faster when everybody edits. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. You can always preview your edits before you publish them or test them out in the sandbox. If you need additional help, check out our getting started page or ask the friendly folks at the Teahouse.   - CRGreathouse (t | c) 20:33, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

Size of database
At the end of the second paragraph, we read that: "As of January 2022, it contains over 350,000 sequences, making it the largest database of its kind."

At the end of History section, we read that: "...by end of July 2020 the database contained more than 336,000 sequences."

There is no source provided for either of these statements.

1. Are there any reliable, secondary sources for the size of the database? If so, they should be included and the two statements should be synced. If not, both statements should be deleted.

2. Assuming that there is a source for the first statement, what evidence exists to support the claim that it is "the largest database of its kind?" Indeed, what evidence is there that there are any other databases of its kind? 76.14.122.5 (talk) 06:00, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Founding date
When was the enclycopedia founded? 1964, as stated in the infobox, or 1965, as stated in the first sentence of the History section? Neither date is sourced, and neither appears in the NYT article (Note 5) 76.14.122.5 (talk) 06:06, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

 * 1964 is the traditional founding date. In Jan-Feb 1964, this was the state of the OEIS: 20 sequences in a notebook. I *think* (but I'd need to check) that the sequences were transferred to index cards in 1965, and then punched cards in 1967, then an early hard drive (can't remember when). The next stages were HIS (1973) and EIS (1995), followed by the Internet: an email service (1995?) and website (1996). The OEIS Foundation was launched in 2009. So pick whichever date appeals to you.
 * For sourcing purposes, you can probably find the early dates in the HIS or EIS, and the later ones in one of the published papers on the OEIS. - CRGreathouse (t | c) 23:46, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Actually the hard drive probably came after the HIS, maybe c. 1980. I can dig up sources if any of this makes its way to the article. - CRGreathouse (t | c) 23:48, 1 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting history! Are there any reliable secondary sources? 76.14.122.5 (talk) 02:56, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * 1964: e. g. colt_browning (talk) 11:23, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Updated article with reference 76.14.122.5 (talk) 16:44, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

new sequence
TWPK's FOUR

first 128 numbers: 2, 4, 4, 3, 1, 2, 4, 3, 3, 2, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 3, 3, 6, 5, 5, 3, 6, 6, 5, 5, 3, 3, 6, 5, 5, 3, 6 (first appearance I found: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruI5Olajj3w&t=3434s) 84.151.252.41 (talk) 13:36, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi! This isn't the right place to submit a sequence to the OEIS. If you want to do that, register at the OEIS, read the new user information, and submit a sequence there. If you'd like to contribute to Wikipedia, keep in mind that it does not accept original research in general. - CRGreathouse (t | c) 14:15, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

A095646 and A095647 need to be corrected.
Because 1x is always 1, the lowest possible base is base 2, so A095646 and A095647 need to be corrected.

source for the correct numbers from bases 3 to 10: https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/base-converter.html

A095646 after the correction: 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111, 202201102121002021012000211012011021221022212021111001022110211020010021100121010, 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333, 11031110441201303134210404233413032443021130230130231310, 23053353530155550541354043543542243325553444410303, 3115512162124626343001006330151620356026315303, 3777777777777777777777777777777777777777777, 22642532235024164257285244038424203240533, 340282366920938463463374607431768211455

A095647 after the correction: 340282366920938463463374607431768211455, 22642532235024164257285244038424203240533, 3777777777777777777777777777777777777777777, 3115512162124626343001006330151620356026315303, 23053353530155550541354043543542243325553444410303, 11031110441201303134210404233413032443021130230130231310, 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333, 202201102121002021012000211012011021221022212021111001022110211020010021100121010, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 94.31.82.138 (talk) 16:05, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

 * This is not the place to correct OEIS. OEIS has its own editorial procedure. You have to create an account there and propose a correction. —David Eppstein (talk) 16:22, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

largest number fully written out
What is the largest number that is fully written out in OEIS?

The largest I found is A094133(100) = 300827525...933912001, which has 2651 digits. 94.31.86.138 (talk) 17:36, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

 * The page at https://oeis.org/SubmitB.html specifies: "Remember that the numbers cannot have more than about 1000 digits, or some of the programs will fail.". So I don't think that there is a real limit besides the 10Mb limit, but some programs that automatically process some b-files will fail if your numbers exceed 1000 digits, and 1000 might actually be 1023 or 1024 rounded down. It is also possible that the 1000 limit is old and has been changed to some higher value. To be sure you should ask someone at OEIS that understand the internals of the database. Dhrm77 (talk) 20:58, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

 * In the sequence entries themselves, 100-300 digits is the practical maximum. The database could handle more but the editors will reject entries that are too long to fit nicely on the screen. (Further terms can go in a b-file.)
 * There is no technical limitation on the size of terms in b-files. The OEIS has recommended keeping their terms to 1000 digits pretty much from the beginning of the b-files, but there are a number of entries which exceed this (mostly for no good reason, but in some cases it's valuable).
 * CRGreathouse (t | c) 05:28, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * 94.31.86.138's question is not about the theoretical limit of a b-file. It is about the largest number that actually has been written out in a b-file so far. The largest I found is A007138(6437), which has 6240 digits. 94.31.88.138 (talk) 17:11, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * The longest as of this moment seems to be A326609(13) which is about 35,667 digits long. - CRGreathouse (t | c) 05:54, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

missing warning in the links section of A000040
The Table of Primes from 1 to 1000000000000 link in the links section of A000040 needs an output size warning, like the Index entries for sequences related to divisors of numbers link in the links section of A174670 (The warning is "Output is ~13 GB." and is in the prog section of A174670.).

In fact, the list of primes from 1 to 1000000000000 is even larger (about 34.3588 times more data and 88.5957 times more entries) than the list of divisors of 808017424794512875886459904961710757005754368000000000 (There are 37607912018 primes from 1 to 1000000000000!).

warning for the Table of Primes from 1 to 1000000000000 link in the links section of A000040: "Output is ~446.66 GB." 94.31.83.138 (talk) 17:05, 16 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Simon Carmiggelt

Simon Carmiggelt (7 October 1913 – 30 November 1987) was a Dutch writer, journalist, and poet who became a well known public figure in the Netherlands because of his daily newspaper columns and his television appearances.

Biography
Simon Johannes Carmiggelt was born on 7 October 1913 in The Hague, the second son of Herman Carmiggelt and Adriana Bik. He had one older brother, Jan (Johannes Simon). Simon did poorly in school and he left secondary school in 1929. He enjoyed working as an editor for the school paper though, and he was determined to become a journalist.

After various editorial jobs, he became a reporter for the socialist newspaper Het Volk ("The People"). Later on he worked for the same paper as a drama critic. He wrote short columns about daily life in The Hague, which he called Kleinigheden ("Trifles"). In 1939 Simon married Tiny de Goey. A year later she gave birth to a daughter, Marianne. In the same year the first collection of Kleinigheden was published, named Vijftig dwaasheden ("Fifty follies").

When Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands in 1940 and Het Volk was taken over and censored, Carmiggelt resigned from the paper. During the Second World War he had all sorts of small jobs, but he secretly got in touch with the Dutch resistance and worked for the underground newspaper Het Parool ("The Password"). He was responsible for the lay-out and printing of the paper. He wrote a few stories for Het Parool.

Under the German occupation of the Netherlands, Simon's brother Jan was arrested by the Nazis in 1943 for aiding persons in hiding. He was taken to Herzogenbusch concentration camp, where he died of exhaustion on 26 September 1943. Jan's death was to change the rest of Simon's life; he would never fully overcome the trauma it caused.

After the war he again started to write columns for Het Parool; he signed them with the pen name Kronkel ("Twist", or "Kink"). His Kronkels became known for their melancholic, sometimes sombre tone and the ironic use of formal language. Many columns were about unsuccessful, disillusioned people in cafes and bars (often in Amsterdam, where he then lived), who told the writer about their lives. Carmiggelt wrote about his children and later his grandchildren, his cats and other small events in his life. His work became popular and he received various Dutch literary prizes. Together with the Dutch-Indo author and essayist Tjalie Robinson he is credited with establishing a whole new genre in Dutch literature that found successors like Rudy Kousbroek.

In 1977 Carmiggelt started an affair with author Renate Rubinstein. She wrote a book about this, titled Mijn beter ik (My better self), which was published when both she and Simon had died. Carmiggelt's last Kronkel was published in 1983. On 30 November 1987 he died of a heart attack. A year after his death, a statue of Carmiggelt (made by Kees Verkade) was placed near his former house in Amsterdam and one of him and his wife on a park bench near his summer house in De Steeg (Rheden). This last statue was stolen in the weekend of 21 January 2012. It was retrieved on 25 January, sawn into many pieces. Three men have been arrested in relation to this event; the motive is still unclear. The statue was pieced together by the sculptor Wik Kuijl and then re-unveiled in its original site on 23 January 2013.

Selected bibliography

 * 1940 - Vijftig dwaasheden
 * 1940 - Honderd dwaasheden (extended version of Vijftig dwaasheden)
 * 1941 - Johan Justus Jacob
 * 1948 - Allemaal onzin
 * 1948 - Het jammerhout
 * 1950 - Klein beginnen
 * 1951 - Omnibus
 * 1952 - Poespas
 * 1954 - Al mijn gal
 * 1954 - Articles de Paris
 * 1955 - Duivenmelken
 * 1956 - Fabriekswater
 * 1956 - Kwartet
 * 1956 - Spijbelen
 * 1957 - Haasje over
 * 1959 - Een toontje lager
 * 1961 - Alle orgels slapen
 * 1961 - Een stoet van dwergen
 * 1962 - Dag opa
 * 1962 - Kroeglopen I
 * 1962 - Tussen twee stoelen
 * 1963 - Oude mensen
 * 1963 - We leven nog
 * 1964 - Later is te laat
 * 1964 - Kinderen (combination of Klein beginnen en Dag opa)
 * 1965 - Kroeglopen II
 * 1965 - Fluiten in het donker
 * 1965 - Mooi weer vandaag
 * 1967 - Morgen zien we wel weer
 * 1968 - Drie van vroeger
 * 1968 - Je blijft lachen
 * 1969 - Mijn moeder had gelijk
 * 1970 - Twijfelen is toegestaan
 * 1971 - Gewoon maar doorgaan
 * 1972 - Ik mag niet mopperen
 * 1973 - Elke ochtend opstaan
 * 1974 - Brood voor de vogeltjes
 * 1975 - Slenteren
 * 1975 - Maatschappelijk verkeer
 * 1976 - ''Dwaasheden (1976)
 * 1977 - Vroeger kon je lachen
 * 1978 - Bemoei je d'r niet mee
 * 1979 - De rest van je leven
 * 1979 - Mooi kado
 * 1980 - De avond valt
 * 1980 - Residentie van mijn jeugd
 * 1981 - Een Hollander in Parijs
 * 1981 - Verhaaltjes van vroeger
 * 1982 - Welverdiende onrust
 * 1983 - De Amsterdamse kroeg
 * 1983 - Met de neus in de boeken
 * 1983 - Mag 't een ietsje meer zijn
 * 1984 - Ik red me wel
 * 1984 - Vreugden en verschrikkingen van de dronkenschap
 * 1984 - Alle kroegverhalen (combination of Kroeglopen I en ~II)
 * 1985 - Ontmoetingen met Willem Elsschot
 * 1986 - Bij nader omzien
 * 1986 - Trio voor één hand
 * 1987 - De vrolijke jaren
 * 1987 - Het literaire leven
 * 1989 - Zelfportret in stukjes
 * 1990 - De kuise drinker
 * 1992 - Schemeren
 * 1993 - Van u heb ik ook een heleboel gelezen...
 * 1995 - Thelonious en Picasso
 * 1999 - Beste Godfried, beste Simon
 * 1999 - Voorhout

English

 * 1957 - A Dutchman's slight adventures
 * 1958 - Amsterdam by Simon Carmiggelt, Maria Austria, and Flora van Os-Gammon
 * 1972 - I'm just kidding: More of a Dutchman's slight adventures

Esperanto

 * 2002 - Morgau denove ni vidu

German

 * 1990 - Heiteres Aus Amsterdam. Erzaehlungen; Simon Carmiggelt und Marga Baumer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Simon Carmiggelt


text:
John Parke

John Grubb Parke (September 22, 1827 – December 16, 1900) was a United States Army engineer and a Union general in the American Civil War. Parke's Civil War service was closely associated with Ambrose E. Burnside, often serving him as chief of staff in major engagements such as Antietam, Fredericksburg and the Overland Campaign. Parke also held significant field commands during Burnside's North Carolina Expedition, Vicksburg and the battle of Fort Stedman as well as brief stints in command of the Army of the Potomac.

Early life
Parke was born in Coatesville, Chester County, Pennsylvania, to Francis G. and Sarah Parke. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1849 and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. As an engineer, he determined the boundary lines between Iowa and the Little Colorado River, surveyed routes for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, and served as the chief surveyor of the party charged with the delineation of the boundary of the northwest United States and the Province of Canada, 1857–1861.

Civil War
At the start of the Civil War, Parke was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and commanded a brigade in the operations on the North Carolina coast in early 1862. He received a brevet promotion for the Battle of Fort Macon and was promoted to major general of volunteers on July 18, 1862.

In the Army of the Potomac, Parke served briefly as commander of 3rd Division, IX Corps. Then he served as chief of staff to Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside during the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg. He assumed command of the IX Corps and was sent to the Western Theater for the Vicksburg Campaign. Parke then was Burnside's chief of staff in the Army of the Ohio in the defense of Knoxville.

Parke served as chief of staff to Burnside during the Overland Campaign, in which the latter commanded IX Corps, as well as in the beginning stages of the Siege of Petersburg. After the Battle of the Crater, Burnside was relieved of command and Parke assumed command of the IX Corps. He led it at the Battle of Globe Tavern, the Battle of Peebles' Farm, and the Battle of Boydton Plank Road.

In 1865, while Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade was in a conference, Parke, being senior officer, was acting commander of the army during the Battle of Fort Stedman until Meade returned to the field. He led the IX Corps through the fall of Petersburg and the Appomattox Campaign. In 1865 he was appointed brevet major general in the regular army in recognition of his service at Fort Stedman.

Postbellum career
After the Confederate surrender, Parke commanded IX Corps in the Department of Washington. He also briefly commanded XXII Corps. Parke was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866. He served as an engineer, being promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on March 4, 1879. Parke attained the rank of colonel on March 17, 1884. He served as superintendent of the United States Military Academy from August 28, 1887, to June 24, 1889, and he retired from the Army on July 2 of that year.

Parke wrote several reports on public improvements and exploration of the west. He also served as a cartographer, publishing maps of the New Mexico Territory and California. Parke died in Washington, D.C., leaving a wife, Ellen, but no children. He is buried in the churchyard of Church of St. James the Less in Philadelphia.

A Pennsylvania state historical marker outside Coatesville commemorates Parke as a surveyor and West Point superintendent.

Selected works

 * Extracts from opinions of attorneys-general of U.S. concerning acquisition of land; bridges; certificate of Government titles; cession of jurisdiction; compensation of counsel; contracts; disbursing officers; execution of laws; harbor improvements; miscellaneous subjects; obstruction to navigation; public property; riparian rights; sales of public property; soil under navigable waters; South Pass, Mississippi River; Washington Aqueduct; and Washington City, Washington: G.P.O., 1882.
 * Extracts from the reports of decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning navigable waters, riparian proprietors, bridges, boundaries between states, eminent domain, title to certain lots in Washington City, and contracts, Washington: G.P.O., 1882.
 * Laws of the United States relating to the construction of bridges over navigable waters of the United States, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1887-1893.
 * Laws of the United States relating to the improvement of rivers and harbors: from August 11, 1790 to March 3, 1887, with a tabulated statement of appropriations and allotments, Washington: G.P.O., 1887.
 * Message ... communicating ... information with regard to the present condition of the work marking the boundary, pursuant to the first article of the treaty between the United States and Great Britain of June 15, 1846, Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1860.
 * (with William H. Emory) Report of explorations for that portion of a railway route near the 32d parallel of latitude, lying between Dona Ana, on the Rio Grande, and Pimas Villages, on the Gila, 1855, Washington, D.C.: Corps of Topographical Engineers, 1859.

title: John Parke


text:
Send More Paramedics

Send More Paramedics is an English zombie film-influenced crossover thrash band from Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. They are named after a line in the film Return of the Living Dead.

Biography
The name is a reference to a line in the 1985 horror/comedy Return of the Living Dead. The band originally formed as a side project of Leeds emo band And None of Them Knew They were Robots, but have gained a higher profile than And None of Them Knew They Were Robots, who have since split up.

The band played in the 1980s crossover style, described as "Zombiecore...a fusion of 80s thrash and modern hardcore punk", with lyrics about zombies and cannibalism, and were heavily influenced by zombie movies. On stage, they dressed as zombies and the drummer donned a Mexican wrestling mask (a homage to the character in Brian Clement's Meat Market films with whom he also shares the name El Diablo). As part of this on-stage persona, band members claimed to be members of the living dead.

The band performed at the 2005 Download Festival, the 2006 Reading and Leeds Festivals, were one of the first acts confirmed for 2006's Damnation Festival and were the opening act for Avenged Sevenfold at the Camden Underworld. They also toured as support to The Offspring. Their live show was described by Drowned in Sound as "brilliantly ghoulish" and "mouth-agape entertainment of the highest quality".

Disc 2 of their 2006 album, The Awakening, is a concept disc, a zombie movie soundtrack, similar to the soundtrack in George A. Romero's Dawn of the Dead.

They won the 'fresh meat' competition on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show, leading to a "Guerilla Gig Live" performance on BBC Three. The video for which has recently been re-uploaded to YouTube.

The band's third album, The Awakening, featured guest appearances from Jeff Walker and Ken Owen from Carcass.

The band announced their impending split in a Myspace blog in June 2007, which read:

Dear Mortals,

Send More Paramedics will be playing their last show on 27 October 2007 at Joseph's Well in Leeds. We will be honouring all the commitments we have made up to that date. It's been 6 years but our zombie corpses are finally rotting to the point at which we can continue no more. A million thanks to you all.

Yours faithfully,

SMP

xThe band briefly reformed in early 2014 to play TDON 10, a one-day indoor festival celebrating 10 years of 'Thirty Days of Night Records', also on the bill were; Azriel, Everette, Crossbreaker, Broken Teeth, Martyr Defiled, Grader, Public Domain, Iron Witch, Opium Lord, and Set Astray. They also performed two other shows in a short run. Complete dates as follows:

"Live For Never - 2014"

11th April - Leeds, Wharf Chambers (Secret warm-up gig) - Support from: ATTACK! VIPERS and Iron Witch

12th April - Leeds, Vox (TDON 10)

10th May - Camden Barfly - Support from: Pure Graft and The Dead Anyways

Announced 13 June 2020 was a 'legacy' Instagram page for the band, which is currently accepting photo and video submissions, it read:

Dear puny humans,

You should check out and follow this unofficial fan-run legacy Instagram page: @sendmoreparamedicsuk

Created and curated by the maniacal mortal Dan P, it seems to be a catacomb for loads of undead images and info.

Oh and do please contribute to the depository - get in touch with Dan on the Instagram page if you’re able to share any live photos or flyers etc!

Medico

x The band plans to reunite to perform 4 ‘one-off’ shows to celebrate their 20th anniversary in October 2021.

Dates as follows:

Thursday 28th October: Boom - Leeds

Friday 29th October: Boom - Leeds

Saturday 30th October: Boom - Leeds

Sunday 31st October: The Dome - London

On 25 June 2021 the band announced via their social media pages they had begun work on a 4th album, their first in 15 years. The album, entitled The Final Feast was released digitally on 17/09/21.

Members

 * B'Hellmouth (Sam) - Vocals
 * Medico (Duncan) - Guitar
 * X. Undead (Martyn) - Bass
 * El Diablo (Stuart) - Drums

Albums

 * 2002 - A Feast for the Fallen (In at the Deep End Records/Violent Change Records)
 * 2004 - The Hallowed and the Heathen (IATDE Records/Hellbent Records)
 * 2006 - The Awakening (IATDE Records)
 * 2021 - The Final Feast (Self-Released, digital only)

Split albums

 * 2005 - Tales Told by Dead Men with Zombie Apocalypse (IATDE Records/Hellbent Records)
 * 2005 - North of England, South of Heaven EP with The Nothing (Thirty Days of Night Records)

Compilation albums

 * 2007 - Send More Paramedics (Self-Released) - A cassette collection of unreleased tracks/covers and a re-release of the band's first demo produced by Jason Sanderson

Video albums

 * 2002 - Live at the Feeding Grounds (IATDE Records) - A video CD given away free with the first 50 mail orders of the 'A Feast for the Fallen' album on IATDE Records

Demos

 * 2001 - Demo (Self-Released) - A cassette initially given away prior to the bands first (and at the time only) show, which led to their signing to IATDE records

Live albums

 * 2020 - Undead at the BBC (Self-Released, digital only)

Music videos
Send More Paramedics have made three music videos, "Zombie Crew," "Nothing Tastes Like This," and "Blood Fever," which is the third and most recent. The promo for "Blood Fever" was released 16 February 2007 on the director's site:. The video is inspired loosely by the '80s horror film Night of the Demons and was directed by Adam Powell.

Contributed tracks to

 * Thrashing Like a Maniac (Earache Records compilation, 2007)

Movie references
Many Send More Paramedics songs reference zombie movies. Below is a table outlining these references. (incomplete)

title: Send More Paramedics


text:
Project 86

Project 86 is an American rock band from Orange County, California, formed in 1996. The band has released twelve albums, which have collectively sold nearly 500,000 units worldwide, two EPs, two DVDs, and one live album.

In 1998, BEC Recordings released a self-titled debut album that was well received by critics and consumers. Their second release, Drawing Black Lines, garnered attention from mainstream record labels; Atlantic licensed the album from Tooth & Nail Records, the parent company of BEC. The band's third release, Truthless Heroes, was released exclusively by Atlantic, after the band was bought-out of their original deal with Tooth & Nail. The band parted ways with Atlantic shortly after their third release, upon which they had a short stint as an independent. The band then negotiated a new contract with Tooth & Nail, and subsequently released three more albums, the last one being Picket Fence Cartel in summer 2009. After fulfilling their last agreement with T&N, in December 2011 the band announced a Kickstarter campaign via their official website and Facebook page, stating that "the fans are now our record label." Their eighth studio release, Wait for the Siren, was released in 2012. Their ninth album, Knives to the Future, was independently released by Team Black Recordings in 2014.

1996–1999: Formation and self-titled debut
According to the official Project 86 documentary "XV," Project 86 formed in mid 1996 by vocalist Andrew Schwab in Orange County, California. Guitarist Randy Torres, who was a sophomore in high school, was the first member recruited. The original lineup included Schwab, Torres, Ethan Luck (Demon Hunter, Relient K), and bassist Matt Hernandez (Unashamed, The Dingees). Drummer Alex Albert was added when Hernandez left the band after a few rehearsals, then Luck moved to bass from drums. Luck left the band to join The Dingees in Summer 1997, after which high school senior Steven Dail joined in late 1997.

Schwab comments in a 2004 interview regarding the number 86 in the band name: "The generation before us used that phrase to describe when they would reject or remove something...Project 86 is like the whole idea of being rejected, or separate, or not going along with the current." The group did not travel much initially; they decided to hone their sound and live performances before embarking on tours. In 1997, Project 86 was voted one of the top independent acts of the year by HM magazine readers. At Tomfest the same year, their performance was a big hit and Tooth & Nail Records, became interested and subsequently signed them.

Bryan Carlstrom produced their self-titled debut. He had engineered albums by multi-platinum outfits The Offspring and Alice in Chains as well as producing labelmates Stavesacre. Schwab drew upon personal struggles he was experiencing at the time to write meaningful lyrics. Sonny Sandoval, lead singer of nu metal group P.O.D., appeared as a guest performer. The album was released in June 1998 and was well received. It sold over 50,000 copies to date and gained mainstream exposure on MTV shows Road Rules and The Real World. Project 86 was observed by Allmusic to be the "most daring album at the time for its genre". The success of their debut made Project 86 a top seller for BEC/Tooth and Nail. The band embarked on a pioneering tour called "The Warriors Come Out and Play Tour" in May 1999 with friends P.O.D. and Blindside as the middle slot, which drew crowds of 600-1000 across the nation.

2000–2003: Drawing Black Lines and Truthless Heroes
The group worked on their sophomore record with producer Garth "GGGarth" Richardson. in Vancouver, BC. Schwab wrote lyrics about a wider variety of issues, rather than just focusing on personal expression with their sophomore release: "The new album deals a lot less with me, and more with the world around us; Issues in people, society, culture". The sound was heavier and more progressive, with more hints of melody as well. As soon as the album was finished it garnered interest from several major labels, and Atlantic records licensed the album for co-release with Tooth and Nail/BEC in March 2000. Drawing Black Lines peaked at No. 37 on Heatseekers, and was well received by critics. By this time, listeners in the band had begun to amass a sizable fanbase. Despite heavy reliance on tour dates and word of mouth to inform people of its release, the album experienced some commercial success when it eventually sold nearly 120,000 copies. The band added Cory Edelmann, previously of No Innocent Victim, after the album was finished. Project 86 traveled nationwide with P.O.D., Hed PE, and Linkin Park on the "Kings of the Game" tour in October 2000. They also played a string of shows with Queensrÿche.

In 2002, Project 86 teamed with Slayer producer Matt Hyde to record their next album. The record was envisioned as a critique of post-9/11 America and the music industry. Formatted as a concept album, it told the story of a character attempting to find fulfillment in modern culture. "Songs were written and assembled with a certain ebb and flow in mind," said Schwab, "I approached the album like writing chapters in a book." The group spent over 14 months recording demos for Atlantic, which invested nearly $1,000,000 in the project when it was all said and done. Because of the pressure to produce radio singles, the sound of the album was quite different from its previous releases, as was Schwab's cryptic lyrics, which represented the frustrations of being stifled creatively and feeling powerless in the process.

Truthless Heroes was released in September 2002 and peaked at No. 146 on the Billboard 200. Their first and only single, "Hollow Again", peaked at No. 35 on Mainstream Rock Tracks. Atlantic refused to release the second single because they claimed the lyrics conflicted with the Iraq War effort. While lauded by critics for its pounding criticism of the media and entertainment industry, the album proved to be controversial, particularly the promotional website. The group performed with Taproot on their self-titled tour in fall 2002. In addition, they played shows with Thirty Seconds to Mars, Trapt, Blindside, Trust Company, Sevendust, and Finger Eleven.

2003–2006: Songs to Burn Your Bridges By and ...And the Rest Will Follow
In mid-2003 the band parted ways with Atlantic and their management team. The departure from Atlantic, in particular, was a big disappointment for the band. "All of the hype about our future successes turned out to be just that – hype, " said Schwab in an interview, "We did not go platinum [...] the record fell short of expectations and did not come close to the impact of our previous effort." Project 86 then started an independent label called "Team Black Recordings". Work began on a new album after Hyde was convinced to produce again. Their fourth album, Songs to Burn Your Bridges By, was made available exclusively on their website in Fall 2003.

The following year, Project 86 re-signed with their previous label, Tooth and Nail. Songs to Burn Your Bridges By was re-released in June 2004. The new version included 3 new tracks produced by Aaron Sprinkle and mixed by J.R. McNeely, several new mixes, and featured new artwork. The release peaked at No. 36 on Heatseekers, and was met with positive reviews by critics. According to Schwab, the album was a return to the bands heavier roots, and a means to express the frustrations the band went through during Truthless Heroes. The group performed at Purple Door, a Christian music festival, later that year. When Project 86 played their set, moshers threw mud everywhere and covered the stage and musical equipment. Thousands of dollars worth of musical equipment was damaged.

In Spring 2005, Project 86 reunited with Drawing Black Lines producer Garth Richardson to record their fifth album, ...And the Rest Will Follow. After spending several days recording demos, the band flew to Vancouver, British Columbia, to record at The Farm Studios Compound. The band filmed the entire production and later released a DVD documentary entitled Subject to Change: The Making of ...And the Rest Will Follow. The album marked a spiritual change for the group who felt humbled by their past experiences. "The record is about growing up and becoming a man and taking responsibility for your past mistakes," said Schwab, "[We are] refocusing our goals back to what they were when we started, reaching kids and inspiring them to live lives with hope and purpose."

To promote the album, Project 86 released a new song on PureVolume every Monday until the release date. ...And the Rest Will Follow was released in September 2005 and debuted at No. 131 on the Billboard 200. Critics were positive about the release. The band began a fall release tour and traveled with Spoken, Number One Gun, The Fold, and Mourning September. In January 2006, a live performance of the single "My Will Be A Dead Man" was broadcast on Attack of the Show!.

2007–2008: Rival Factions, The Kane Mutiny EP, and This Time of Year EP
In March 2007, Project 86 announced that Alex Albert had parted with the band on friendly terms to pursue other interests. Instead of searching for a full-time replacement, the band recruited Jason Gerken, formerly of Shiner, to play drums on the record. Production of their sixth album, entitled Rival Factions, followed suit with Deftones engineer Ulrich Wild. The album proved to be a large departure from their edgier material by sporting a distinct 1980s sound influenced by goth rock.

In the end, 40 songs were amassed for the new record, but only ten were used. According to Schwab, the album's title was chosen to represent "the tension that exists in everybody [...] the flesh and the spirit." It was also representative of their new musical direction, an attempt to polarize themselves from other heavy rock acts. Similarly to their last record, a documentary was filmed that detailed the recording process, entitled I Want Something You Have: Rival Factions The DVD.

Rival Factions was released in June 2007 and peaked at No. 124 on the Billboard 200, the band's highest debut to date. The record sold 6,000 copies in the first week and was well received by critics, who made favorable comparisons to Duran Duran, Billy Idol, and the Killers. The band proceeded to tour with labelmates MXPX, Showbread, and Sullivan on the summer Tooth & Nail Tour. A performance also took place at the annual Christmas Rock Night event in Ennepetal, Germany, that December.

Several tracks were recorded and mixed that were not included on Rival Factions. These songs were compiled with their previous remixes to form an EP. A cover of "Lucretia, My Reflection" by the Sisters of Mercy was also included. The Kane Mutiny EP was released exclusively on iTunes in November 2007. Shortly after its release, the band uploaded a cover of "This Time of the Year" by Brenda Lee on iTunes. "Our version was a little bit more like A Nightmare Before Christmas [sic]," declared Schwab. The single was well received and led Project 86 to build an entire EP around the Christmas concept. This Time of Year EP was released in November 2008. Unlike the previous EP, This Time of Year was made available in digital and physical formats. Jason Martin of indie rock outfit Starflyer 59 helped record both albums.

2009–2012: Picket Fence Cartel and XV Live
In early 2009, the band returned to the studio with Martin and Ulrich Wild to record their seventh album, Picket Fence Cartel. Time was spent leisurely crafting the album; previous endeavors had been limited by deadlines. "This time around, we said, 'Look, let's not just put out another record,'" said Schwab, "'Let's make sure we get the record to a place that we're happy with it.'" The band focused on a heavy metal sound. However, they did not entirely jettison their 1980s influences as synthesizers percolated several songs. Schwab's lyrics focused on his belief that power and corruption often "run hand-in-hand when it comes to human souls." "The world is teaching us that fame is to be sought after; that recognition will equal success, fortune and, ultimately, peace," he said, "But the search for and attainment of fame and wealth usually destroy us in the end."

The record was released in July 2009 and peaked at No. 137 on the Billboard 200. Critics praised the title for its barrage of heavy rock and spiritually minded lyrics. Later that summer, Project 86 traveled nationwide on the Scream the Prayer Tour with metalcore outfits The Chariot, Haste the Day, and Gwen Stacy. Coming mid-October, Project 86 started the Picket Fence Cartel Tour with Children 18:3, Showbread, The Wedding, and Yearling, and added a second part in spring 2010 with Flatfoot 56 and Wavorly. The band released their first live album, entitled XV Live, in December 2010 to commemorate their 15th anniversary. The album's songs spanned every studio album with the exception of the first.

Randy Torres, who had been gradually becoming less involved in the band over the previous several albums, decided to leave the band in late 2008 to work for Tooth and Nail records, and later, Microsoft. Steven Dail followed suit approximately one year later, citing the need to stop touring and be home with his family.

2012–2013: Wait for the Siren
Project 86 launched a Kickstarter campaign in December 2011 in an effort to "Make the fans the record label" after fulfilling their most recent contract with Tooth and Nail Records. Their eighth studio album titled Wait for the Siren was recorded in January and February 2012.

Wait for the Siren was recorded and produced independently through fan support via the band's 2011-2012 Kickstarter campaign. On May 24, 2012, Project 86 released four preview tracks for the tracks "Fall, Goliath Fall", "Sots", "Off the Grid", and "Take the Hill".

The album was officially released on August 20, 2012.

2014–2016: Knives to the Future
In late 2013, Project 86 announced that they were about to work on their ninth album which will also be released independently. He also said they will also do an acoustic EP plus Andrew Schwab will also release a solo album which will also be produced independently. They started an Indiegogo funding campaign on Feb 11 and closed on April 12, 2014 (11:59 pm PT). They successfully got US$89,816 raised of a goal of $50,000.

Schwab announced that pre-production for a new album began on June 6 followed by a month-long recording session in Steelman Studios in Van Nuys, CA. Matt McClellan and the band collaborated on production and Steve Evetts mixed the album. Dan Mumford was scheduled to do the artwork. The band spent the middle of the year in Los Angeles recording 18 new tracks including an acoustic EP. With a career spanning nearly 20 years and selling over half a million records Andrew Schwab feels this album is a special landmark for P86. He says, "We have loved pushing the envelope of evolution on every Project 86 release and this record is no exception. The inspiration behind this record is completely different and it's been incredible to write and record with such a talented group of guys.". Joining Schwab in the studio is Darren King (The Overseer) on guitar, Cody Driggers (The Wedding) on bass, and Ryan Wood (7 Horns 7 Eyes) on drums.

Project 86 announced the title of their album to be Knives to the Future and was released on November 11, 2014. "Spirit of Shiloh", the first song from the album, debuted on SoundCloud.

In 2016, the band started a celebration for their 20th anniversary. They announced that they would release a new record and when supporting their PledgeMusic campaign, they sent an EP to all pledgers, titled Influence EP, which consists of cover songs of bands that all influenced them. On September 13, 2016, the band announced their 20th anniversary tour with support from Death Therapy.

2017–2024: Sheep Among Wolves & OMNI
From October 2016 to October 2017, while the band was writing and recording new music, they released eight new songs total for pledgers who pre-ordered new album on PledgeMusic. On October 9, 2017, it was announced that a new album, Sheep Among Wolves, was to be officially released on December 5, 2017, in celebration of their 20th anniversary as a band. The album featured a three-piece lineup of Schwab, King, and Wolves at the Gate and The Overseer drummer Abishai Collingsworth.

In 2021, the band announced that their upcoming 11th studio album would be their last. On December 15, 2022, the first single for the album, "Metatropolis", was released, along with the album's name, OMNI, as well as the announcement that it would be a double album, with Pt. 1 a full length and Pt. 2 two EPs. On January 20, 2023, the band released a second single for the album, "0 > 1". After a third single, "Virtual Signal", was released, Project 86 released OMNI, Pt. 1 on March 24, 2023. Pt. 2 was slated for release on March 1, 2024, with the first single, "Ultraviolent", dropping on December 1, 2023. However, the album's release was moved early to January 12, 2024.

In an interview with Heaven's Metal magazine, Andrew Schwab divulged that Project 86 would be rebranded P86:OMNI with the new shift in genre, ending the former incarnation of the band and beginning the new one.

Musical style
For most of their career, Project 86's music was characterized by heavy rock and Schwab's "loud, eerie, and atmospheric" vocal style. Their sound has been likened to rock groups Helmet, Rage Against the Machine, and Tool. The adjective "intense" has frequently been used as a description. Rick Anderson of Allmusic called the music "dense and crunchy", while Albuquerque Journal writer Ron Gonzales declared it a "blisteringly heavy sound." Commenting on their musical style, Schwab said, "Our goal as a band has been to never make the same record twice. The only rule is that there are no rules. If there is a rule, it's that we try not to over-think things, that the music that comes out is honest and real, spontaneous and from our heart."

When Project 86 released their self-titled record, they were generally acknowledged to be a rapcore band. Schwab has maintained it was never intentional, "I think we got lumped in with that music because we [had] toured with P.O.D. and Linkin Park." According to writer Mark Allan Powell, the music featured "cryptic, down-tuned guitars" and "half-spoken, half-rapped" vocals. Drawing Black Lines saw their style adopt elements of traditional metal, groove metal, and hard rock. The band used their song "Pipedream" as a blueprint to build the album: "We knew that was one of the brightest spots on the album," said Schwab, "I just wanted to take what we did in 'Pipedream' and go further with it". Experimentation with noise occurred in track "Twenty-Three", and would be revisited on their fourth album with "Circuitry".

Truthless Heroes and Songs To Burn Your Bridges By generally focused on a "dark, rock musical direction". The group strayed from the style for their fifth album ...And The Rest Will Follow, opting to flirt with melodies and harmonies. Rival Factions marked a great departure when they embraced 1980s music and utilized keyboards. Their signature hardcore sound was reinstated for Picket Fence Cartel. "We have had a great time adding more melody along the way," insisted Schwab, "but in our hearts, we still really enjoy playing aggressive songs". Even so, some songs retained synthesizers while others boasted folk influences.

The band's 2023 album OMNI, Pt. 1 saw the band transition from their alternative hard rock to metalcore with heavy industrial and djent elements; Schwab's vocal style for this genre change transformed from expressive yelling into a vicious gritty roar. Talking about the dramatic shift in genre with Sound In the Signals, Schwab said, "To be honest, I had a hankering to take the sound of the band in a heavier direction for a very long time, really, since Drawing Black Lines was released—we knew that people who were familiar with the band would be excited, and I personally couldn’t wait to see the reactions. The most common comment [I get] is, 'Who is the guest vocalist?' Many people said this because I took a heavier approach with the vocals this time around; instead of my typical shout, I went more death metal. Many were surprised by this, but I actually have sung this way live for about a decade." Another reason for Schwab shifting the band's genre was professional throat care he underwent during the COVID-19 pandemic, to get rid of a nodule he had developed as far back as Truthless Heroes. This allowed him to experiment with vocal styles, which led to the genre shift.

Influences
Rock bands have largely influenced the band like the Deftones, Sepultura, Sick of It All, and Snapcase. At an early age, Schwab listened to Slayer, S.O.D., and Metallica. He later discovered East Coast hip hop. During the recording of Rival Factions, the band took heavy influence from post-punk groups like Depeche Mode, Joy Division, Psychedelic Furs, and The Sisters of Mercy. Some of their favorite bands are The Cure, Portishead, Quicksand, Shiner, and Sunny Day Real Estate.

Lyrics
Vocalist Andrew Schwab is the band's lead lyricist. Schwab has said most lyrics are based on his emotions. He also tries to incorporate social commentary from literature. Prominent influences include comic book artist Chris Ware and writers Chris Bachelder, Don DeLillo, Aldous Huxley, George Orwell, and T. S. Eliot. He has written lyrics on a variety of topics, including alcohol abuse ("One-Armed Man"), conformity ("S.M.C."), emptiness ("Evil (A Chorus of Resistance)"), greed ("Cold and Calculated"), nightlife ("Molotov"), spirituality ("Chapter 2"), pornography ("P.S."), and child molestation ("Sioux Lane Spirits"). He delved into conceptual writing for 2023 and 2024's OMNI, detailing a story of an oppressive dystopian society led by a corporation that seeks to merge man with AI technology in order to eradicate God.

Live albums

 * 2010: 15. Live.

EPs

 * 2007: The Kane Mutiny EP (digital only)
 * 2008: This Time of Year EP (Christmas)
 * 2012: The Midnight Clear Single (Christmas)
 * 2016: Influence EP (Cover EP)

Filmography
Documentaries
 * 2004: Subject to Change: The Making of ...And the Rest Will Follow
 * 2007: I Want Something You Have: Rival Factions the DVD
 * 2012: XV the DVD

Music videos
 * "Pipe Dream"
 * "One-Armed Man (Play On)"
 * "Spy Hunter"
 * "My Will Be a Dead Man"
 * "Evil (A Chorus of Resistance)"
 * "Destroyer"
 * "Fall, Goliath, Fall"
 * "Knives to the Future"
 * "Metatropolis"
 * "0 > 1"
 * "Virtual Signal"
 * "When the Belfry Speaks"
 * "Ultraviolent"
 * "Pariah"
 * "Complete the Circle"

title: Project 86


text:
Mormon pioneers

The Mormon pioneers were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), also known as Latter-day Saints, who migrated beginning in the mid-1840s until the late-1860s across the United States from the Midwest to the Salt Lake Valley in what is today the U.S. state of Utah. At the time of the planning of the exodus in 1846, the territory comprising present-day Utah was part of the Republic of Mexico, with which the U.S. soon went to war over a border dispute left unresolved after the annexation of Texas. The Salt Lake Valley became American territory as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war.

The journey was taken by about 70,000 people, beginning with advance parties sent out by church leaders in March 1846 after the 1844 death of the church's leader Joseph Smith made it clear that the group could not remain in Nauvoo, Illinois—which the church had recently purchased, improved, renamed, and developed, because of the Missouri Mormon War, setting off the Illinois Mormon War. The well-organized wagon train migration began in earnest in April 1847, and the period (including the flight from Missouri in 1838 to Nauvoo), known as the Mormon Exodus is, by convention among social scientists, traditionally assumed to have ended with the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. Not everyone could afford to transport a family by railroad, and the transcontinental railroad network only serviced limited main routes, so wagon train migrations to the far west continued sporadically until the 20th century.

Background of the migration

Since its founding in 1830, members of the LDS Church frequently had conflicts and difficult relations with non-members, due to both their unorthodox religious beliefs and the conduct of the church leaders and members. These and other reasons caused the body of the church to move from one place to another—to Ohio, Missouri, and then to Illinois, where they built the city of Nauvoo. Sidney Rigdon was the First Counselor in the church's First Presidency, and as its spokesman, Rigdon preached several controversial sermons in Missouri, including the Salt Sermon and the July 4th Oration. These speeches have sometimes been seen as contributing to the conflict known as the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. As a result of the conflict, the Mormons were expelled from the state by Governor Boggs, and Rigdon and Smith were arrested and imprisoned in Liberty Jail. Rigdon was released on a writ of habeas corpus and made his way to Illinois, where he joined the main body of Mormon refugees in 1839. In 1844, Smith, and his brother, Hyrum, were killed by a mob while in custody in the city of Carthage, Illinois. In 1846, religious tensions reached their peak, and in 1848 mobs burned the Latter-day Saint temple in Nauvoo.

According to church belief, God inspired Brigham Young (Joseph Smith's successor as church president) to call for the Saints (as church members call themselves) to organize and head West, beyond the western frontier of the United States (into what was then Mexico, though the U.S. Army had already captured Santa Fe de Nuevo México and the colonized parts of Alta California in late 1846). During the winter of 1846–1847, Latter-day Saint leaders in Winter Quarters and Iowa laid plans for the migration of the large number of Saints, their equipment, and their livestock. It was here that Young first met Thomas L. Kane, a non-Mormon from Philadelphia with deep personal connections to the administration of U.S. president James K. Polk administration. Kane obtained permission for the Mormons to winter on Indian territory, and the site was originally called Kanesville. Young continued to trust Kane throughout his own lifetime, particularly as an intermediary with the often hostile federal government of the United States. This major undertaking was a significant test of leadership capability and the existing administrative network of the recently restructured church. For his role in the migration, Brigham Young is sometimes referred to as the "American Moses."

Young personally reviewed all available information on the Salt Lake Valley and the Great Basin, consulted with mountain men and trappers who traveled through Winter Quarters, and met with Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, a Jesuit missionary familiar with the Great Basin. The wary Young insisted the Mormons should settle in a location no other colonizers wanted, and felt the Salt Lake Valley met that requirement, but would provide the Saints with many advantages as well.

Vanguard company of 1847
Young organized a vanguard company to break the trail west to the Rocky Mountains, gather information about trail conditions, including water sources and Native American tribes, and to ultimately select the central gathering point in the Great Basin. The initial company would select and break the primary trail with the expectation that later pioneers would maintain and improve it. It was hoped that the group could, wherever possible, establish fords and ferries and plant crops for later harvest. In late February, plans were made to gather portable boats, maps, scientific instruments, farm implements and seeds. Techniques for irrigating crops were investigated. A new route on the north side of the Platte River was chosen to avoid major interaction with travelers using the established Oregon Trail on the river's south side. Given the needs of the large volume of Saints who would travel west, church leaders decided to avoid potential conflicts over grazing rights, water access and campsites.

In April 1847, Young consulted with members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles who had recently returned from the British mission. John Taylor, Parley P. Pratt and Orson Hyde brought money contributed by the English Saints, a map based on John C. Fremont's recent western expedition, and instruments for calculating latitude, elevation, temperature and barometric pressure. Chosen members of the vanguard group were gathered together, final supplies were packed, and the group was organized into military companies. The group consisted of 143 men, including three enslaved African-American men, and eight members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, three women, and two children. The train contained 73 wagons, one cannon, 93 horses, 52 mules, 66 oxen, 19 cows, 17 dogs and some chickens, and carried enough supplies to fully provision the group for one year. Young divided this group into 14 companies, each with a designated captain. Apprehensive of possible danger posed by Native Americans, a militia and night guard was formed under the direction of Stephen Markham.

On April 5, 1847, at 2 p.m., the wagon train moved west from Winter Quarters toward the Great Basin. With the afternoon start, they made three miles (5 km) and camped in a line a few hundred yards from a stand of timber. Journal records show that Young actively managed the journey, supervising details and occasionally giving reprimands when evening and Sunday recreation became rowdy or group members failed to complete their tasks. On one occasion, he chastised the camp's hunters for being wasteful of flesh ... killing more than was really needed. Camp was awakened by a bugle at 5 a.m. and the company was expected to be prepared for travel by 7 a.m. Each day's travel ended at 8:30 p.m. and the camp was in bed by 9 p.m. The company traveled six days during the week, but generally stayed in camp on Sunday to observe the Sabbath.

Some camp members were assigned specific tasks. William Clayton was appointed company scribe and was expected to record an accurate description of their journey and the distance they traveled each day. Clayton collaborated with Orson Pratt, a mathematician, and Appleton Harmon, a carpenter, to create a wagon-wheel odometer, or roadometer. It showed that the company averaged between fourteen and twenty miles per day. Apostle Orson Pratt was named the company's scientific observer. He made regular readings on scientific instruments, took notes on geological formations and mineral resources, and described plants and animals. Journals kept by both Clayton and Pratt have become valuable resources for historians of the Mormon trek west. Clayton made his notes and measurements available to other emigrants in his The Latter-Day Saints' Emigrants' Guide.

Women of the company also performed vital tasks along the way. While much time was spent on traditional activities such as cooking, sewing, and tending children, several women served as scribes and diary keepers. Harriet Page Young, wife of Lorenzo Young, was the first woman selected for the company. She was in ill health and Lorenzo Young feared to leave her and their young children behind. The other original women of the company, Ellen Sanders Kimball, wife of Heber C. Kimball, and Clarissa Decker Young, wife of Brigham Young, were asked to accompany the group to look after Harriet Young and keep her company. The three women were joined by a larger group of women church members from Mississippi who merged with the main party at Laramie, Wyoming.

The first segment of the journey, from Winter Quarters to Fort Laramie, took six weeks, with the company arriving at the fort on June 1. The company halted for repairs and to reshoe the draft animals. While at Fort Laramie, the vanguard company was joined by members of the Mormon Battalion who had been excused from service due to illness and sent to winter in Pueblo, Colorado. Also traveling in the new group were church members from Mississippi who had taken a more southern route toward the Great Basin. At this point, the now larger company took the established Oregon Trail toward the trading post at Ft. Bridger. At a difficult crossing of the Platte, just before encountering the Sweetwater River, the company made use of their portable boat and were able to cross with comparative ease. Seizing the opportunity to both help future travelers and increase the cash available to the migration, nine men under the direction of Thomas Grover were left behind to construct and operate a ferry at that location. Missourians and other travellers at the river paid the Saints $1.50 or more per wagon to help them cross.

During the last week of June, Sam Brannan, leader of the voyage of the Brooklyn Saints, met the company near Green River, Wyoming. He reported to Young about his group's successful journey and their settlement in what is today San Francisco, California. He urged the vanguard company to continue on to California but was unable to shift the leader's focus away from the Great Basin. Young also met mountain man Jim Bridger on June 28. They discussed possible routes into the Salt Lake Valley, and the feasibility of viable settlements in the mountain valleys of the Great Basin. Bridger was enthusiastic about settlement near Utah Lake, reporting fish, wild fruit, timber and good grazing. He told Young that local Indians raised good crops, including corn and pumpkins, but that there was ever-present danger of frost. The company pushed on through South Pass, rafted across the Green River and arrived at Fort Bridger on July 7. About the same time, they were joined by thirteen more members of the sick detachment of the Mormon Battalion.

The vanguard company now faced a more rugged and hazardous journey, and were concerned about negotiating the passes of the Rocky Mountains. They had received conflicting advice, but Young chose to follow the trail used by the Donner–Reed party on their journey to California the previous year. Shortly after leaving Fort Bridger, the group met trapper Miles Goodyear, who owned a trading post at the mouth of the Weber River. He was enthusiastic about the agricultural potential of the large Weber Valley. During the trip through the rugged mountains, the vanguard company divided into three sections. After crossing the Green River, several members of the party suffered from "mountain fever" (probably Colorado tick fever, which is carried by the Rocky Mountain wood tick). Young himself became ill soon after meeting Goodyear. The small sick detachment lagged behind the larger group, and a scouting division was created to move ahead on the designated route.

In July 1847, the first company reached the Salt Lake Valley, with scouts Erastus Snow and Orson Pratt entering the valley on July 21. Pratt wrote: ...we could not refrain from a shout of joy, which almost involuntarily escaped from our lips the moment this grand and lovely scenery was within our view. The two scouts undertook a twelve-mile (19 km) exploratory circuit into the valley before returning to the larger party. The next day, larger segments of the valley were explored, streams and hot springs investigated and the first camp established in the Salt Lake Valley. On July 23, Pratt offered a prayer dedicating the land to the Lord. Ground was broken, irrigation ditches were dug, and the first fields of potatoes and turnips were planted.

On July 24, Young first saw the valley from a "sick" wagon driven by his friend, Wilford Woodruff. According to Woodruff, Young expressed his satisfaction in the appearance of the valley and declared "This is the right place, drive on." Today a monument stands in the spot where he made this declaration. Young later reported that he had seen the valley, including Ensign Peak, in a vision and recognized the spot.

On July 28, Young established a location for the future Salt Lake Temple and presented a city plan to the larger group for their approval. In August 1847, Young and other selected members of the vanguard company returned to Winter Quarters. By December 1847, more than two thousand Mormons had completed the journey to the Salt Lake Valley. Several hundred, including Young, returned east to gather and organize the companies scheduled for following years. Demographic estimates place 1,611 pioneers in the valley of the Great Salt Lake during the winter of 1847. The adult labor force, however, was quite small as a high percentage of the group, 53.2 percent were under the age of nineteen. Twenty five percent of the total were children under the age of eight.

Each year during the Mormon migration, people continued to be organized into "companies", each company bearing the name of its leader. The company was further divided into groups of 10 and 50 with authority and responsibility delegated downward.

Travel conditions
The pioneers traveled to the Salt Lake Valley in the Great Basin using mainly large farm wagons, handcarts, and, in some cases, personally carrying their belongings. Their trail along the north bank of the Platte River and North Platte River and over the continental divide climbing up to South Pass and Pacific Springs from Fort John along the valley of the Sweetwater River, then down to Fort Bridger and from there down to the Great Salt Lake became known as the Mormon Trail.

Financial resources of the church members varied, with many families suffering from the loss of land and personal possessions in Missouri, and Illinois. This impacted the resources and supplies each family could draw upon as they covered the more than 1000 mi to the Great Basin. Church funds were also limited at this time, but church leaders provided what funding and other material assistance they could to families and companies which were undersupplied.

Covered wagons pulled by oxen were common, particularly in the early American companies. In October 1845, as church members were preparing to leave Nauvoo, the Nauvoo Neighbor printed an extensive list of suggested provisions for each family wagon. The provisions included two to three yoke of oxen, two milk cows, other livestock, arms and ammunition, 15 lb of iron, pulleys and ropes, fishing gear, farming and mechanical equipment, cooking equipment and at least 1000 pounds of flour plus assorted other foodstuffs. Some pioneers overestimated the number of goods they could haul on the long journey. As the oxen weakened under the strain, wagons were lightened by discarding prized possessions, including book collections, family china, and furniture. In 1847, just east of the Rocky Mountains, the Kimball family dug a large hole, wrapped their piano in buffalo skins and carefully buried it. An ox team retrieved the instrument the following spring and transported it to the Salt Lake Valley.

Several later companies were largely made up of people with fewer resources, who pulled or pushed handcarts (similar to wheelbarrows) holding all of their provisions and personal belongings. Many of these pioneers walked much of the way as family members rode in the carts.

Due to the weather in the American heartland, the best time to travel was April–September. Some companies, however, started late in the season which resulted in hardship and sometimes disaster. The most famous of these are the Willie and the Martin handcart companies. Leaving Iowa in July 1856, they did not reach Utah until November, suffering many deaths due to winter weather and the lack of adequate supplies.

The ship Brooklyn
In November 1845, Samuel Brannan, newspaperman and small-scale publisher of the Mormon paper The Prophet (later the New York Messenger), was directed by church elders to charter a ship that would carry its passengers away from the eastern United States to California, which was then part of Mexico. Over the course of two months, Brannan managed to recruit 70 men, 68 women, and 100 children—238 persons total. Brannan negotiated a fare of $75 for adults and half-fare for children with the Captain Abel W. Richardson, master and a principal owner of the ship Brooklyn.

On February 4, 1846 (the same day the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo began), the ship Brooklyn cleared New York harbor and began its nearly 6-month voyage to the Pacific coast of the then-Mexican Territory of California. The ship weighed 445 ST and measured 125 ft x 28 x x 4.3 m) and was built in 1834 by Joseph H. Russell at Newcastle, Maine.

The voyage is the longest passage made by a Mormon emigrant company. The ship Brooklyn sailed from Brooklyn Harbor, New York, and traveled south across the Atlantic equator, around Cape Horn, stopping at the Juan Fernández Islands, then to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), finally docking in Yerba Buena (now San Francisco) on July 29, 1846, having made the sea voyage in five months and twenty-seven days.

Augusta Joyce Crocheron, a passenger on the ship Brooklyn, described the voyage: "As for the pleasure of the trip, we met disappointment, for we once lay becalmed in the tropics, and at another time we were "hatched below" during a terrific storm. Women and children were at night lashed to their berths, for in no other way could they keep in. Furniture rolled back and forth endangering limb and life. The waves swept the deck and even reached the staterooms... Children's voices were crying in the darkness, mother's voices soothing or scolding, men's voices rising above the others, all mingled with the distressing groans and cries of the sick for help, and, above all, the roaring of the wind and howling of the tempest made a scene and feeling indescribable."

The passengers of the ship Brooklyn left the United States with the hope of finding religious freedom. However, they arrived in Mexican Alta California just weeks after its occupation by the United States Navy at the outset of the Mexican–American War. Despite the tensions that drove them from their homes in the Eastern States, the crew and passengers "felt more cheerful and secure." Mormon historian B. H. Roberts noted in his work A Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints:

"On the announcement of the United States naval officer, who boarded the Brooklyn as she came to anchor, that the emigrants "were in the United States of America," three hearty cheers were given in reply... Three weeks previous to the arrival of the Saints, the United States flag had been raised and the country taken possession of in the name of the government which the flag represented."

This dangerous trek of nearly 24000 mi would claim 10 lives of the ship's 238 passengers, nine of whom were buried at sea.

Brooklyn Place, in Chinatown, San Francisco, is named for the ship, as was the erstwhile Brooklyn, California.

Later migration
After the initial departure of the Latter-day Saints living in Illinois and Missouri, converts to the church from other areas in the United States and from Europe followed the initial trail to join the main body of the church in Salt Lake City. Every year from 1847 until 1869, church members making this journey were formed into organized companies. Migration continued until about 1890, but those who came by railroad are not generally considered to be "Mormon pioneers."

Danish Mormon pioneers
Mormon pioneers emigrated from many countries. Denmark was one of those countries, with a large number of Mormon emigrants coming to Utah between 1850 and 1910. The migration of Danes was initiated when missionaries from the LDS Church, including Erastus Snow, Peter O. Hansen and two others, were sent to Denmark in 1850. Hansen made the first translation of the Book of Mormon from English, by translating it into Danish. Religious freedom was written into the constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark in 1849. Along with the Danish translation of the Book of Mormon, this opened the area to great success in attaining converts. At that time the LDS Church was urging new members to gather to Utah, which led these early converts to make emigration plans.

Box Elder, Cache, Salt Lake, Utah, and Sevier counties had large numbers of Danes listed in 19th Century Utah census totals but Sanpete County was the area where the largest number settled.

Growth and development
The Mormons settled in the Salt Lake Valley, which at that time was used as a buffer zone between the Shoshones and the Utes, who were at war. Upon arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormons developed and cultivated the arid terrain to make it more suitable. They created irrigation systems, laid out farms, built houses, churches and schools. Access to water was crucial. Almost immediately, Young sent out scouting parties to identify and settle additional community sites. While it was difficult to find large areas in the Great Basin where water sources were dependable and growing seasons long enough to raise vitally important subsistence crops, satellite communities began to be formed in all directions. Church members eventually headed south into present-day Arizona and Mexico, west into California, north into Idaho and Canada, and east into Wyoming, settling many communities in those areas.

Shortly after the first company arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, the community of Bountiful was established to the north. In 1848, pioneers moved into lands purchased from trapper Miles Goodyear in present-day Ogden. In 1849, Tooele and Fort Utah (also known as Fort Provo, in modern-day Provo) were founded. The settlement of Provo was particularly troubling to the Utes, since it was at the heart of their territory. Ute chief Wakara suggested the pioneers instead move into the Sanpete Valley in central Utah, where they established the community of Manti. Tensions in Fort Utah mounted after Mormons murdered Old Bishop, and Young ordered an attack on Utes, called the Battle at Fort Utah. This was shortly followed by the Walker War.

Fillmore, Utah, intended to be the capital of the new territory, was established in 1851. In 1855, efforts to subdue and evangelize to local Native people led to outposts in Fort Lemhi on Idaho's Salmon River, Las Vegas, Nevada and Elk Mountain in east-central of present-day Utah.

The experiences of returning members of the Mormon Battalion were also important in establishing new communities. On their journey west, the Mormon soldiers had identified dependable rivers and fertile river valleys in Colorado, Arizona and southern California. In addition, as the discharged men traveled to rejoin their families in the Salt Lake Valley, they moved through southern Nevada and southern Utah. Jefferson Hunt, senior Mormon officer of the Battalion, actively searched for settlement sites, minerals and other resources. His report encouraged 1851 settlement efforts in Iron Country, near present-day Cedar City. These southern explorations eventually led to Mormon settlements in St. George, Utah, Las Vegas and San Bernardino, California, as well as communities in southern Arizona. By 1885, Mormon communities were being established in northern Mexico.

Legacy
The Mormon pioneers are celebrated annually on July 24 in the State of Utah, known as Pioneer Day. Salt Lake City also has the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monument, where Young, Eliza R. Snow, and other Mormon pioneers are buried and where a memorial exists dedicated to all who crossed the plains to the Salt Lake Valley. Additionally, the "Pioneer" (characterized as "Pioneer Pete") is Lehi High School's mascot. In some places, Mormons hold an event called "Pioneer Trek" for people who are ages fourteen to eighteen. In participating in the trek, the youth dress as pioneers and pack a few things to carry in handcarts. They go on a hike for a couple of days so they can experience what the pioneers had. During this multi-day event, camp organizers sometimes require youth to avoid the use of technology or anything that the pioneers did not have on their journeys, to enhance the experience.

Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel Database
The Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel gathers information from journals, church history records, and other materials to locate the company in which an ancestor traveled across the plains to get to Utah. This covers known and unknown wagon trains from 1847 to 1868. It contains lists of passengers in companies as well as genealogical information about ancestors. It is the most comprehensive list of Mormon immigrants and the wagon trains that brought them to Utah.

title: Mormon pioneers