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The Ironbound

The Ironbound is a neighborhood in the city of Newark in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a large working-class multi-ethnic community, covering about 4 sqmi. Historically, the area was called "Dutch Neck," "Down Neck," or simply "the Neck," for its location by a bend of the Passaic River. Part of Newark's East Ward, the Ironbound is directly east of Newark Penn Station and Downtown Newark, and south and west of the river. The neighborhood is connected by the Jackson Street Bridge over the river to Harrison and Kearny.

Early history
The area was mostly farmland until the 1830s, when industry and immigration began increasing at a rapid pace.

The name "The Ironbound" is said to derive from the large metalworking industry in the area or from the network of railroad tracks that surrounded the neighborhood.

Industry
The Ironbound was an industrial neighborhood in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The neighborhood was home to Hensler's Beer Brewery, P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company (in 1954 Newark's largest employer) and the Feigenspan Brewery. Balbach Smelting & Refining Company, now the location of Riverbank Park, was the second largest metal processing enterprise in the United States until its closure in the 1920s. Other large industrial buildings included Murphy Varnish Works.

Immigration
The Ironbound has experienced several waves of immigration. The first wave, starting in the 1830s, came from the German states. Wrote historian Charles Cummings, "Overnight, whole sections of the Ironbound became Irish and German". Polish and Italian immigrants arrived in the latter half of the 19th century, followed by Portuguese and Spanish starting in the 1910s. By 1921 there was a large enough Portuguese population to found Sport Club Portuguese, the first of over twenty Portuguese social clubs that would call the Ironbound home.

Historical landmarks
The following sites in the Ironbound are on the National Register of Historic Places:

 * Murphy Varnish Works
 * Pennsylvania Station (Newark)
 * Riverbank Park
 * St. Casimir's Roman Catholic Church (Newark, New Jersey)
 * St. Stephan's Church (Ironbound, Newark, New Jersey)

Culture and commerce
Ferry Street is the main commercial strip in the area. In 2017, the New York Times described the neighborhood as:"Four square miles populated in large part by Portuguese, Spanish and Latin American immigrants and their descendants, the Ironbound has the intimacy and hustle of a European market town. “We walk to the bakery, the fishmonger, the wine store,” said [the director of the Newark Museum of Art]. (He also walks to work.) “It really is an extraordinarily agreeable lifestyle.”"

Portuguese community
Today, the Ironbound is known for being a Portuguese neighborhood. TAP Air Portugal has its corporate office in the neighborhood. Ironbound Volunteer Ambulance Squad has been serving the community since 1952. Ironbound also has its own newspaper. Many Portuguese still live in the Ironbound, but many are moving out to other neighborhoods in New Jersey, Including South River, Livingston, Clark, Westfield, Watchung, Old Bridge, etc.

Peter Francisco Park
A small sitting park east of Penn Station is named in honor of Peter Francisco, a Portuguese-born patriot of the American War of Independence. An obelisk in Francisco's memory was raised in the park by the Portuguese community in 1976. Peter Francisco Park also features a memorial to Portuguese-American war veterans dedicated in 2018 as well as the Ironbound Immigrants Memorial, dedicated in 2019.

Portugal Day festival
Every year, people flock to the annual Portuguese Parade & Festival, known as Portugal Day, "Dia de Portugal" (typically held the first or second weekend in June), an enormous celebration of Portuguese culture.

During Portugal Day Weekend, many people come out to celebrate Portuguese-American culture. Ferry Street is also the location for most soccer fans to come and celebrate. Fans walk up and down the street while others decorate their cars and celebrate the victory of their soccer team   ..

Ecuadorian Day festival
Typically held in the first or second weekend of August, the Ecuadorian Day Parade & festival take place in Ferry Street. In this event various businesses and politicians attend the parade and support the Ecuadorian culture in a statewide recognized festivity.

Brazilian Day festival
Typically held in the first or second weekend of September, the Brazilian day festival takes place also in Ferry Street. Various street vendors, musical concerts, and restaurants show support for Brazilian culture.

Italian festival
Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, the Ironbound's first Italian parish, holds an annual Italian festival.

Demographics
The Ironbound used to mainly consist of Italians, Polish, Portuguese, and Spaniard Immigrants. As time went on many Italian and Polish immigrants have moved out of the Ironbound. However, there are still significant numbers of residents of Italian and Polish descent residing in the Ironbound. Recent immigrants include large numbers of Brazilians and Ecuadorians. 2000s census demographics include:

57.46% White/Caucasian/European (Mainly consisting of Italian, Spanish, Polish, and other European Ethnicity)

34.94% Hispanic & Latino (Mainly consisting of Ecuadorians, Etc.)

0.95% Asian/American Indian

4.68% Black/African American

1.97% Muiti-Racial

Independence Park
This park is in the Ironbound district. Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, the Ironbound's first Italian parish, faces the park. The church holds an annual Italian festival which attracts Italian-American people that live in the neighborhood, and Italians who moved out of the Ironbound.

Riverfront Park and waterfront
A chain of parkland along the Passaic River, especially along the downward "curve" in the river that gave the Ironbound neighborhood its nickname of "Down Neck," offers waterfront recreation in the city. Kayaking and riverboat tours of the city are offered in the summer months. From east to west along the downward "neck" of the Passaic, parkland includes:
 * Riverfront Park, which stretches along the Passaic River offering the "Orange Boardwalk" walkway paths with views of the water.   Red Bull Arena may be seen looking north across the river to the Harrison bank.
 * Riverbank Park in the Ironbound along the Passaic River.
 * Peter Francisco Park is a small park near Penn Station in honor of the Portuguese-born Revolution-era patriot.

Public schools
The Newark Public Schools operates six elementary and K-8 schools in the area. Schools serving Ironbound include Wilson Avenue School, Hawkins Street School, Lafayette Street School and Oliver Street School. In addition is Ann Street School, which is considered by many to be one of the best elementary schools in the city and the K-5 South Street School. In fact, Ann Street School received the Blue Ribbon School of Excellence from the US Department of Education. This competitive award had not been awarded to a Newark Public School before. In addition, the award prompted then Vice President of the US, Al Gore, to visit Ann Street to promote the importance of the upcoming 2000 US Census. East Side High School serves Ironbound high school students. As of 2004 most of the elementary schools were built over 100 years prior to the time. In the 2000s, an increase in housing lead to an overcrowding of Ironbound-area schools. At the time the school district planned to replace several of the elementary schools and build a new East Side High School in the former Ballantine brewery site.

Private schools
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark operates the Ironbound Catholic Academy, a PK-8 school in Ironbound. As of 2004 many residents of Ironbound send their children to parochial schools. Ironbound used to have three other Catholic elementary schools, including Academy of St. Benedict, a PreK-8 school, St. James, both elementary and high school, and St. Lucy Filippini Academy. In 2005 the archdiocese announced that St. Casimir, St. Benedict, and St. Lucy Filippini would merge into the Ironbound Catholic Academy on the St. Casimir site. There is also the Our Lady of Fatima Nursery, a Pre-K institution and one Portuguese Language School known at Escola Luis de Camões.

Public libraries
Newark Public Library's Van Buren Branch Library serves the Ironbound neighborhood. The library opened on September 23, 1923. A renovated and expanded branch opened on November 19, 1997.

Housing
About 60% of the real estate market in the Ironbound is two- and three-family houses. Many houses built by the Portuguese include tile details and aluminum siding. In the past ten to fifteen years, more luxury condos and apartments have been built in the area. Several old factory buildings have been converted into lofts or apartments including Textile Lofts, Button Factory Lofts, Murphy Varnish Factory, and the Chocolate Factory.

Ironbound has three housing projects within its boundaries: Hyatt Court, Pennington Court, and Terrell Homes (formerly Franklin Delano Roosevelt Homes). Tenants and activists have recently been in a battle with the Newark Housing Authority to save Terrell Homes, which the Authority had planned to demolish.

Environmental justice
The Ironbound has a "national reputation" for being a leader in environmental justice led by a local community organizing and advocacy organization called the Ironbound Community Corporation (ICC) and an offshoot group the Ironbound Committee Against Toxic Waste (ICATW). ICC and ICATW have worked over the years with other local and national groups and figures such as Greenpeace, Lois Gibbs, and the Newark Coalition for Neighborhoods. Over the years they have worked on a number of environmental justice issues including airplane noise, dioxin, pollution and fumes.

In 1983, dangerous levels of dioxin were discovered at an abandoned chemical factory in the Ironbound. The Diamond Alkali Company was largely responsible for this pollution through their heavy production of Agent Orange between 1951 and 1969. The off-site cleanup was completed by 1986, and in 1989 the site received a permanent impermeable cap.

In the 1980s residents protested against a garbage incinerator in the neighborhood. The incinerator was built in 1990 but residents have continued to protest environmental issues over the years. Bright pink and purple fumes were often seen spewing from the facility but Covanta, the company operating the incinerator, blamed a local hospital for improperly disposed medical waste. In summer 2019, ICC partnered with Earthjustice, a nonprofit public interest organization that litigates to protect the environment, and the Environmental Advocacy Clinic at Vermont Law School urged state officials to investigate. Covanta has been found many hundreds of times to exceed air pollution limits or to fail to abide by required safety regulations. Covanta eventually acknowledged that the fumes were produced by its burning of pesticides improperly disposed and agreed to new waste management procedures.

Notable residents

 * Playwright Richard Wesley grew up near Terrell Homes in the Ironbound and graduated from East Side High School (Newark, New Jersey)
 * 1922 Olympic Gold medalist Camille Sabie lived on Jefferson Street in the Ironbound
 * Statesman and Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes lived on Elm Street as a child
 * Politician Peter Angelo Cavicchia lived on Jefferson Street
 * Film inventor Hannibal Goodwin lived for a time on Ferry St
 * James Moody (saxophonist) graduated East Side High School (Newark, New Jersey)
 * Saxophonist, innovative jazz composer, bandleader Wayne Shorter grew up in the Ironbound.
 * Randy Foye, former NBA player graduated East Side High School (Newark, New Jersey).

Popular culture

 * The early scenes of Alfred Hitchcock's 1943 thriller Shadow of a Doubt were shot in several places in Newark, including the Ironbound.
 * The third track on Suzanne Vega's 1987 album Solitude Standing, "Ironbound/Fancy Poultry", has lyrics describing a scene set in the neighborhood.
 * New Jersey metal band Overkill released their 15th album titled Ironbound in 2010. Much of the album's lyrical theme, especially the title track, is built around the topic of the area and its people.
 * Scenes from the 2005 Steven Spielberg film War of the Worlds were filmed in the Ironbound
 * The HBO TV series "The Sopranos", the seventh episode of season 1 (titled Down Neck), establishes that Ironbound is the neighborhood where protagonist Tony Soprano grew up.

title: The Ironbound


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Geology of the Bryce Canyon area

Geology of the Bryce Canyon area
Self nom. I've been working on this article and on expanding Bryce Canyon National Park for the last week. I can't think of any major thing that the article still needs, so I'm posting it here to see if others can give me some ideas on what still needs to be done. I've already exhausted two fairly complete treatments of the subject and can't find much more on the Internet. --mav 09:51, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Having read the two articles I certainly feel like I've read a complete, interesting account but I don't the topic area well so can't definitively say that the topic is done. If I had to nitpick I would say it has a larger proportion of red links than most featured articles which is something we try to avoid. So it's a "yes, feature, but interested in more comments" from me. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 13:02, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes - stubs are needed for those red links. I will work on that after my final next week. --mav 19:12, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Somebody beat me to making a stub for Colorado Plateau so I expanded it into a good-sized article. I'll work on Grand Staircase, Cretacous Seaway, uncomformity, and Clarence Dutton over the next several days. --mav

 * Support - I have been in Bryce Canyon in 1997. I stood there at Inspiration Point in awe of the hoodoos, those marvels of Nature. Now you have explained them to me. A job, well done  JoJan 20:15, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you! :) --mav

 * (not a vote) This is a nice article, but I have some things that I'd like to see addressed before I support this. First, I find the article hard to fully understand for a non-native-English speaking non-geologist (like myself). I suppose it is very difficult if not impossible to improve this; at least most terms are already properly linked. Second, not all images have captions - it would make them clearer. Third, I'd like some photo's added, preferebly a close up of some hoodoos (I'd upload my own pictures if I had a scanner), or else one of the pictures from the Bryce Canyon National Park article. Finally, what I miss in the text is a reason why these extraordinary formations only happened here (well, also in Cedar Breaks NM) and not elsewhere? If you could explain that, that would be great. Jeronimo 21:26, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, Jeronimo, they're not all that uncommon. Drumheller, Alberta has a small but attractive collection, and there is an extensive field of them, several kilometres long, along the Milk River in southern Alberta's Writing on Stone Provincial Park. They're commonly found in badland areas where sandstone underlays harder rock. Denni 05:29, 2004 May 18 (UTC)

 * Good points, I'll try to work on some of those in the next few days. However, you should understand that this is a daughter article of Bryce Canyon National Park (which has a long geology section) and therefore is a bit more technical than a top level article would be. Sadly there is no way to have captions without having div hacks unless the thumb tag is used. But those images are at their full size already. --mav

 * Captions added. Working on a panorama image of Bryce Amphitheater. --mav

 * I've been irritated by that caption limitation on other articles. Is it possible to work around it by making a false "thumbnail" which is in fact the same size? Agreed that is reasonable for this daughter to be more technical. I think it is ok to even say "this is a more technical article; see XXX for a broader overview". We do this at Ramsey's theorem, for example. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 07:56, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't want to create the expectation that clicking the image will yeild a larger version of that image, so I just hacked some captions using divs. The lead section already takes care of the non-technical readers (who will have probably already read the longer summary at Bryce Canyon National Park first). So I don't see a need to have ugly warnings at the top of the page. --mav

 * I appreciate the desire to avoid ugliness and I am very nearly ready to support this article, but there is something about the lead section that is not quite right for me. Specifically, the second sentence does not parse easily. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 08:53, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yikes! The div-hacks make the entire article a mess in my browser (Mozilla FireFox/Red Hat). Thanks for trying, but I'd rather have the article without the image captions then. Jeronimo 09:43, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Removed. We really need a wiki way to add captions without creating thumbnails. ---mav

 * Erik fixed my ugly hack. Captions are back. --mav

 * I added two images to the article: One is a panorama of part of the "canyon" and the other is a close-up of some Hoodoos. Sadly most of my Bryce Canyon photos (and all my Zion National Park photos!) were lost due to a corrupt memory card. I still plan to fill out some more stubs and research why this place is so unique. --mav

 * Support. Ancheta Wis 09:23, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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John Hamilton Gray (New Brunswick politician)

John Hamilton Gray,  (1814 – June 5, 1889) was a politician in the Province of New Brunswick, Canada, a jurist, and one of the Fathers of Confederation. He should not be confused with John Hamilton Gray, a Prince Edward Island politician (and also a Father of Confederation) in the same era.

Gray was born in St. George's, Bermuda, British North America. His father, William, was naval commissary in Bermuda and later served as British consul in Norfolk, Virginia. Gray's grandfather, Joseph Gray, was a United Empire Loyalist from Boston who settled in Halifax, Nova Scotia following the American Revolution. His cousin, Samuel Brownlow Gray (1823–1910), the grandfather of Captain Gerald Hamilton Gray (1883–1953) of the Royal Garrison Artillery and Lieutenant-Colonel Reginald Wentworth Gray of the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians), was appointed Attorney-General of Bermuda in 1861 and the Chief Justice of Bermuda in 1900.

John Hamilton Gray was educated at King's College in Nova Scotia after which he became a lawyer in Saint John, New Brunswick. He also served as a captain in the New Brunswick Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry becoming a major in the Queen's New Brunswick Ranger by 1850. In 1854 he became lieutenant-colonel of the regiment.

Politically, Gray was a high Tory Conservative but also a moderate reformer. He joined the New Brunswick Colonial Association after it was founded in 1849. Gray moved a motion calling for a "federal union of the British North American colonies, preparatory to their immediate independence." The motion was defeated but was an anticipation of Canadian confederation. Gray was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a supporter of the Colonial Association's platform of reforms in opposition to the Compact government. Lieutenant Governor Edmund Walker Head appointed Gray to the Executive Council causing the reform opposition to collapse and ending Gray's career as a Liberal. He was created a Queen's Counsel In 1853.

Gray became leader of the Conservatives in the Legislative Assembly and found himself leader of the opposition after the 1854 elections, the first held under responsible government, elected a Liberal (or Reform) administration ending "compact" government. In 1855, Lieutenant-Governor John Manners-Sutton dismissed the Reform government over its attempt to institute prohibition and asked Gray to form an administration.

As Premier, Gray led the Conservatives to victory in the June 1856 election on an anti-prohibition platform and repealed the liquor law. However, with the central issue uniting his government now resolved he became unable to command a majority in the legislature and resigned in May 1857.

Gray continued in opposition as a Conservative MLA. He also led committees of inquiry into railway construction and investigated allegations of patronage and corruption but he concluded that the railway was "sound". After 1860, Gray drifted away from his fellow Conservatives and became supportive of Samuel Leonard Tilley's Liberal government but was defeated in the 1861 election for his efforts.

Out of elected politics, Gray returned to his practice as a lawyer and was appointed to an inquiry board on the land question in Prince Edward Island.

Gray became an active supporter of Canadian Confederation and joined Tilley's new Liberal-Conservative Party returning to the legislature in a by-election in 1864. Gray served as a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference only to return to New Brunswick to face growing hostility to the confederation project and lost his seat in the 1865 election that brought the Anti-Confederation Party to power. Gray returned to the legislature in 1866 and served as Speaker. When confederation became a reality, Gray won a seat in the House of Commons.

He did not run for re-election in 1872. He was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of British Columbia and moved west reluctantly. He served on the 1885 Royal Commission on Chinese immigration. On the court, Gray ruled in 1878 that the province's Chinese Tax Act was unconstitutional as its purpose was to "drive the Chinese from the country, thus interfering at once with the authority reserved to the Dominion Parliament as to the regulation of the trade and commerce, the rights of aliens, and the treaties of the empire."

He was a Freemason of Albion Lodge No. 500 in Saint John, New Brunswick, and Civil Service Lodge No. 148 in Ottawa.

John Hamilton Gray died in Victoria, British Columbia and is interred there in the Ross Bay Cemetery. He is the only father of confederation buried west of Ontario.

Recognition and legacy

 * In 1968, a CN automobile/passenger/railcar ferry entered service carrying the name MV John Hamilton Gray, honouring both Fathers of Confederation.


text:
User talk:Hawkinberg

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title: User talk:Hawkinberg


text:
User talk:Rmwarnick

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Dick needs to get a clue
Hubble could NOT have been fixed without manned spaceflight programs. Robots could NOT have executed those extremely complicated repairs. Was fixing hubble a waste of money? Please get a clue on NASA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.135.129.5 (talk) 00:03, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Good luck!

Good work
Glad to see the good work your doing...ensuring there are refernces and good images...as you have done with High Uintas Wilderness. Thanks!--MONGO 03:13, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

A barnstar for you.--MONGO 03:19, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Capitol Reef
I dropped in because I was checking in on memebers of WikiProject Utah who haven't ceased to exist, and I noticed you are linking to Category:Participants in WikiProject Utah. I thought you should know that awhile back I created (stole, whatever) a user template which links to Category:Members of WikiProject Utah.

Now, on to actual business, I wonder if you could look over Capitol Reef National Park and list areas that might need improvement? I want to eventually make this a featured or good article, but first I want to have a good idea of what needs to be done before I submit it for peer review or FAC. --Lethargy 23:41, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Rmwarnick


text:
List of members of the European Parliament for Finland, 2004–2009

This is a list of the 14 members of the European Parliament for Finland in the 2004 to 2009 session.


text:
Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)

The Supreme Justice Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de Justicia or TSJ) is the highest court of law in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and is the head of the judicial branch. As the independence of the Venezuelan judiciary under the regime of Nicolás Maduro is questioned, there have recently been many disputes as to whether this court is legitimate.

The Supreme Tribunal may meet either in specialized chambers (of which there are six: constitutional, political/administrative, electoral, civil, criminal, and social) or in plenary session. Each chamber has five judges, except the constitutional, which has seven. Its main function is to control, according to the constitution and related laws, the constitutionality and legality of public acts.

The Supreme Tribunal's 32 magistrates (magistrados) are appointed by the National Assembly and serve non-renewable 12-year terms. Appointments are made by a two-thirds majority, or a simple majority if efforts to appoint a judge fail three times in a row. Under article 265 of the 1999 Constitution, judges may be removed by a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly, if the Attorney General, Comptroller General, and Human Rights Ombudsperson have previously agreed to a "serious failure" and suspended the judge accordingly.

History and controversies
The Tribunal was created under the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela, replacing the Supreme Court of Venezuela. For some years provisional statutes regulated the number of judges – initially 20, with three in each chamber except the constitutional, which had five – and their selection. The statutes were replaced in 2004 by an organic law (a law required to clarify constitutional provisions). The law also permitted the National Assembly to revoke the appointment of a judge, by a simple majority, where a judge had provided false information as to their credentials.

2002 coup d'état
In a controversial sentence, on 14 August 2002, after the 2002 Venezuela coup d'état, the Supreme Tribunal acquitted Division Generals Efraín Vásquez (Army) and Pedro Pereira (Aviation), Vice-admirant Héctor Ramírez and Counter admiral Daniel Comisso in a rebellion trial. According to the sentence, "con los pronunciamientos efectuados en abril, los altos oficiales acusados no desconocieron al Gobierno, sino la orden dictada por el presidente de la República de aplicar el Plan Ávila, porque resultaba contraria a la protección de los derechos humanos de la ciudadanía y ello significaría una masacre". (With the pronouncements made in April, the accused high-ranking officials did not ignore the Government, but the order issued by the President of the Republic to apply the Avila Plan, because it was contrary to the protection of the human rights of citizens and this would mean a massacre.)

The sentence argued that there was a "power vacuum" after the Military High Command chief, General Lucas Rincón announced that Chávez had resigned from office. The discontent of the Venezuelan government was considerable; Chávez condemned the sentenced, stating "Esos once magistrados no tienen moral para tomar ningún otro tipo de decisión, son unos inmorales y deberían publicar un libro con sus rostros para que el pueblo los conozca. Pusieron la plasta". (Those eleven magistrates have no moral to make any other kind of decision, they are immoral and should publish a book with their faces so that the people know them. They put the plasta). Chávez announced a strategy to revert the decision, creating a commission in the National Assembly to review the stay of the justices in the Supreme Tribunal, saying that "No nos vamos a quedar con esa, ahora lo que viene es un contraataque del pueblo y de las instituciones verdaderas, contraataque revolucionario" and that "Así que la AN que los nombró tiene que asumir su tarea, para evaluarlos y el que no tenga los requisitos habrá que sacarlo de allí". (We are not going to stay with that, now what is coming is a counterattack of the people and the real institutions, revolutionary counterattack" and that "So the AN that appointed them has to assume its task, to evaluate them and whoever does not have the requirements will have to be removed from there.)

The result was a new Supreme Tribunal of Justice Law with two purposes: establishing a procedure to suspend justices and increasing the number of justices from 20 to 30. The following year, the executive branch managed to promote the increase to 32 justices, after which the Tribunal started the reviewed the original sentence. On 14 March 2005, the Tribunal overruled the decision. The opposition considers that the override of the sentence was caused by the changes made to the high court by a legislation change by lawmakers of the ruling party, which had a majority at the time. Government supporters consider that the first sentence was political and there were several reasons to start a trial of a coup d'état.

2006 judicial year beginning
During the 2006 judicial year beginning, the justices of the Supreme Tribunal stood up from the seats of the Criminal Chamber to chant "¡Uh, ah, Chávez no se va!", while president Chávez was present in the auditorium. The act was interpreted as a demonstration of political partiality by the justices and the institution.

Open letter of former Justice Eladio Aponte Aponte
On 20 August 2009, drug trafficker Walid Makled was captured in Cúcuta by the Colombian Administrative Department of Security (DAS) and later moved to Bogotá. Walid was requested by both the American and the Venezuelan anti-narcotics authorities. During his arrest, Makled was found with a credential of the Venezuelan military prosecution, allegedly issued by the Supreme Tribunal justice Eladio Aponte Aponte. Venezuela's opposition's spokesperson, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, declared that the investigation would be obstructed in the country by the very public officials.

On 16 April 2012, Aponte wrote an open letter from San José, Costa Rica, in which he claimed to have received orders and pressure from president Hugo Chávez to convict Iván Simonovis, security chief of the Metropolitan District of Caracas, as well as Caracas Metropolitan Police officers Henry Vivas and Lázaro Forero, applying the maximum sentence for their participation during the Llaguno Overpass events. The letter was published in September.

<!-- This Quote is in Spanish with no translation or explanation "Señores comisarios Iván Simonovis, Henry Vivas, Lázaro Forero, Erasmo Bolívar, Luis Molina, Arube Pérez, Marco Hurtado, Héctor Rovain:

El suscrito, doctor Ramón Eladio Aponte Aponte, exmagistrado de la Sala Penal del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela (jefe de todos los jueces penales del país), títular de la cédula de identidad número 3.581.104, digo:

Es un deber inaplazable, confesar ante ustedes, y ante todos, que he cometido el pecado de haber transmitido a los jueces que los juzgaron, la orden de condenarles a 30 años de prisión a como diera lugar. Yo estaba cumpliendo instrucciones directas del Presidente Hugo Chávez Frías, quien así me lo ordenó. No pretendo ser liberado de responsabilidades por eso que hice, ya que nada lo justifica, solo quiero confesar para descansar un poco mi conciencia, ya que ahora estoy sintiendo en carne propia lo que se siente ser perseguido. Ordené a la jueza Anabella Rodríguez del Juzgado 13 de Primera Instancia en Funciones de Control en Caracas, que decretara la orden de captura que le solicitó la Fiscal Luisa Ortega Díaz, aun cuando dicha jueza no tenía competencia en el caso, que estaba radicado en Maracay. También mantuve comunicación constante con la jueza Marjorie Calderón de Maracay y con la fiscal Haifa el Aissami para que hicieran todo para retrasar el juicio y así causarles toda clase de penurias con traslados, y para que finalmente se produjera sentencia condenatoria a como diera lugar, sentencia que entregué en formato digital a dicha Jueza y que estaba elaborada por uno de mis asistentes. Posteriormente hice lo mismo con los jueces de la Corte de Apelaciones de Aragua, Fabiola Colmenares, Antonio Perillo y Francisco Coggiola, a quienes les entregué de la misma manera la sentencia sobre la apelación que formularon los procesados a través de sus defensores.

Finalmente en ese caso ustedes elevaron recurso de Casación ante la Sala Penal donde yo lo asumí y de inmediato mandé a elaborar el proyecto de sentencia declarando sin lugar por recurso manifestante infundado, esto es sin siquiera haberlo leído ya que era demasiado extenso y la orden que expresamente me dio el presidente Chávez era "salir de eso de inmediato sin más tardanza", "condénelos de una vez". Así lo hice, y al tener el proyecto lo firmamos el 18 de mayo de 2010 y se publicó el fallo el 21 de mayo, sentencia 173 con la aprobación mía, de Deyanira Nieves, Miriam Morando y Héctor Coronado Flores, y a cada uno de ellos les hice saber que esa era la orden de Chávez, por lo que se apresuraron a firmar. Salvó el voto de Blanca Rosa Mármol.

Ojalá y esta confesión les ayude a buscar una solución a su problema, y estoy dispuesto a ratificar todo ante tribunales en verdad independientes, con jueces imparciales y en un país donde haya democracia verdadera y libertad. San José, Costa Rica, dieciséis de abril del año 2012."

- Dr. Ramón Eladio Aponte Aponte

--> Aponte fled Venezuela to Costa Rica in April 2012 after being accused of assisting Makled who said he had been paying Aponte US$70,000 per month related to joint business ventures. Aponte then contacted the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration which provided him with a flight to the United States.

2015 justices appointment
Currently, for a part of Venezuelan society, the legitimacy of the Supreme Tribunal is in question, especially the legitimacy of its origin, due to the appointment on 23 December 2015 of 13 main justices and 21 supplementary justices by a lame duck National Assembly with a ruling party majority, as well as its actions since. Article 264 of the Venezuelan Constitution and Title V of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice Organic Law contemplate an extense procedure of more than thirty days for the appointment of the justices, both main and alternate, in which it is required to form a Judicial Nominations Committee integrated by members of the National Assembly and civil society, which will do a preselection of candidates that will be submitted to the Republican Moral Council: the Ombudsman, the Public Ministry and the Comptroller General, which will do a second preselection that in turn will be submitted to the National Assembly, which will have a lapse of three plenary sessions to appoint the justices with the vote of two thirds of the deputies or a fourth plenary session with the vote of a simple majority in case of not getting two thirds of the vote. The appointment of the justices was not done in accordance with the legal procedure, but with a hurried process carried out on 23 December 2015 by the lame duck National Assembly with a ruling party majority, when the legislature ended on 15 December, after being defeated on the 2015 parliamentary election, where the opposition, represented by the Democratic Unity Roundtable opposition coalition, gained 112 of the 167 seats.

During the process, the "Citizen branch" issued a list of preselected candidates of previous processes, endorsed by the Ombudsman Tarek William Saab and the Comptroller Manuel Galindo. The National Assembly approved the candidates in a single plenary session on the night of 23 December 2015.

Both the opposition and several jurists have described the appointment as illegal for not being performed according to the constitution and the Organic Law, including the challenges period, their lack of responses and the omission of the definite selections of the candidates. According to a mid 2016 report issued by the Venezuelan NGO Acceso a la Justicia (Access to Justice), only one of seven justices of the Constitutional Chamber comply with the requirements for the position demanded by Venezuelan laws and their designation process was irregular.

On 14 June 2016 the National Assembly nullified the appointment carried out in 2015.

Challenge of electoral results
Weeks after the parliamentary elections and after the oathtaking of the elected representatives in the National Assembly, seven complaints were presented to the electoral results to the Amazonas, Aragua and Yaracuy states, six of which were rejected and one was admitted, suspending the results of the Amazonas state circuits.

The Electoral Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal ordered the Assembly to disincorporate the deputies from Amazonas, but the Assembly, presided by Henry Ramos Allup, disobeyed responding that the deputies already had parliamentary immunity; The Attorney General, Luisa Ortega Díaz, later assured that the National Assembly was not in contempt, since contempt could only be applied to individuals and not institutions.

After this, deputy Héctor Rodríguez, from the Great Patriotic Pole coalition, introduced an appeal to the TSJ on 7 January 2016 to declare null all of the acts of the National Assembly. On 11 January, the Tribunal accepted the appeal and ruled in favor of it, declaring without effect all of the acts of the National Assembly "while it stayed in contempt"

With each action of the National Assembly now in hands of the opposition, the ruling party introduced appeals to annul such actions, and through numerous sentences the Tribunal started limiting the Assembly actions established in the constitution, while at the same time it exercised actions constitutionally exclusive to the parliament with the justification of "legislative omission" due to the "contempt" of the Assembly.

Starting 2017, in an ordinary plenary session, the National Assembly, then presided over by Julio Borges, officially disincorporated the three contested deputies, complying with the condition of the Supreme Tribunal to end the "contempt". However, the Supreme Tribunal did not withdraw the contempt arguing that the previous directive, presided by Ramos Allup, was the one that should have done the procedure. <!--

Caso Rafael Ramírez
En marzo del 2016 la Asamblea Nacional dio inicio formal a una investigación por corrupción contra Rafael Ramírez, un reconocido chavista en el ámbito político quien había sido presidente de Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) desde 2004 hasta 2014. Desde que Ramírez estuvo a cargo de PDVSA se hicieron varias denuncias por corrupción, pero la Asamblea Nacional dominada por el chavismo hasta 2015 no procedió con las investigaciones. En 2016 la Asamblea Nacional, ahora con mayoría opositora, inició las investigaciones contra Ramírez por presuntos hechos de corrupción que rondaron aproximadamente los US$7.000 millones.

El 28 de septiembre de ese año, Ramírez interpuso un recurso de nulidad ante el TSJ donde solicitaba se anulara la investigación que la AN llevaba en su contra,sustentando la petición bajo los siguientes argumentos:

El recurso fue analizado por Gladys Gutiérrez, quien para entonces era presidenta del órgano judicial. El 25 de octubre mediante [http://historico.tsj.gob.ve/decisiones/scon/octubre/191316-893-251016-2016-16-0940.HTML sentencia Nro. 893], el TSJ declaró con lugar el recurso alegando que PDVSA siempre estuvo bajo monitoreo constante de organismos públicos y privados durante la gestión de Ramírez.

En 2017 la cuestionada asamblea constituyente de Nicolás Maduro destituyó a Luisa Ortega Díaz (quien presidía el Ministerio Público) por oponerse a las acciones del gobierno y a las decisiones del TSJ, y en su lugar nombró a Tareck William Saab como fiscal general. Desde entonces el MP emprendió investigaciones por corrupción en PDVSA, lo que resultó en la detención de aproximadamente 81 gerentes de la estatal petrolera. Paralelamente Diego Salazar, primo y testaferro de Rafael Ramírez también resultó detenido por estar vinculado al conocido caso de blanqueo de capitales de la Banca Privada d'Andorra. Luego de la detención de Salazar, el MP encontró documentos que incriminaban directamente a Rafael Ramírez con hechos de corrupción en PDVSA,  dejando en evidencia que el TSJ encubrió los delitos de Ramírez en 2016. -->

Rulings 155 and 156
On 27 March 2017, in sentence 15several5, the Tribunal granted faculties of the National Assembly to Nicolás Maduro to legislate and "take the civilian, military, economic, criminal, administrative, political, juridic and social measures considered necessary to prevent a state of conmotion...". On 29 March, the Tribunal published a second sentence, 156, attributed to itself the constitutional functions of the Assembly and decided on delegating them on the organisms that is considered pertinent, on the pretext of "legislative omission" of the Assembly. The sentence was met with both domestic and international alarm from different personalities and institutions, some of which defined sentence 156 as a self-coup d'état. This included Attorney General Luisa Ortega Díaz, who during a press conferenced in the seat of the Public Ministry defined both sentences as a "rupture of the constitutional order".

Maduro qualified the Attorney's declarations as a "impasse" between the Public Ministry and the Tribunal, as the reason why the same day he convened a Nation Defense Council to discuss the review of sentences 155 and 156. The following day, the Tribunal published clarifications on the sentences where the measures that transferred the parliament competences to the Tribunal and Maduro were partially suppressed. Jurists defined the clarifications as illegal, since the Constitutional Chamber cannot make a review of the sentences for being res judicata (claim preclusion).

On 1 May 2017, Maduro convenes a Constituent National Assembly based on a disputed interpretation of Articles 347, 348 and 349 of the constitution. Such call was met with preoccupation again, and many jurists argued that Maduro violated the constitution by assuming functions of the citizens to summon a Constituent Assembly.

On 17 May, the Tribunal decided on five nullity complaints from 2010 against the Reform of the Organic Law of Municipal Public Power, which replaced the Parochial Meetings with Communal Parochial Meetings. The Tribunal decided that communal councils could elect the members of the Parochial Meetings, implementing an indirect suffrage. The sentence has been qualified as a grave violation of the direct, universal and secret vote of Article 63 of the Constitution.

On 7 June 2017, the Constitutional Chamber issued sentence 378, where the Tribunal decided that the president is empowered to summon a Constituent Assembly without a previous consultative referendum. Once again the sentence was criticized for being considered violatory of the constitutional principles, specially sovereignty, since Article 5 of the constitution states that it "resides intransferibly in the people".

Helicopter attack
Venezuela's protesters set fire to the executive directorate of the judiciary of the Supreme Court in the Chacao municipality on 12 June 2017. Violence broke out in protests at the Supreme Court over a bid to change the Constitution. On 27 June 2017, a helicopter attacked the TSJ building with gunfire and grenades.

Attorney General response
On 8 June, the Attorney General introduced an electoral contentious appeal in the Electoral Chamber Constituent Assembly, and invoking Article 333 of the constitution she invited the Venezuelans to adhere to the appeal with the purpose of stopping the Constituent Assembly and preserve the validity of the current constitution. The following day the surroundings of the Tribunals were blocked by security forces, impeding citizens from adhering to the appeal. On 12 June, the Tribunal declared inadmissible the appeal due to "inept pretensions accumulation".

In response to the rejection of the Tribunal, the Luisa Ortega challenged the appointment of the 13 main justices and 21 alternates for considering a lack of suitability and bias in their actions, as well as aggravating the crisis in the country. She also requested the challenged justices to refraining to learn about the cause of the challenge, in accordance of Articles 55, 56 and 57 of the Supreme Tribunal Organic Law. The Attorney General explained that during the appointment procedure of the justices, the Moral Council did not convene an extraordinary sessions to evaluate the candidacy conditions in compliance of Article 74 of the Supreme Tribunal Law, but rather the candidates expedients were submitted and later she was handed the act to be signed, which she refused to do for not convening the session. On the following day, Ombudsman Tarek William Saab published a document with the alleged signature of Luisa Ortega, arguing that she did sign the act. Afterwards, María José Marcano, former secretary of the Moral Council, accused William Saab of lying and presenting a forged document, since neither Luisa Ortega or she had signed the act, finding it being done illegally with political pressures.

On 14 June, the Tribunal once again dismissed the appeal, warning that:

El 13 de junio la Fiscal solicitó al TSJ antejuicio de mérito contra 6 magistrados principales y 2 suplentes por conspiración para atentar contra la forma republicana de la nación, delito tipificado en el artículo 132 del Código Penal, al mismo tiempo que solicitó a los magistrados acusados inhibirse de conocer de la causa de conformidad con los artículos 55, 56 y 57 de la LOTSJ.

2017 appointment and Supreme Tribunal of Justice in exile
The discontent with the Bolivarian government saw the opposition being elected to hold the majority in the National Assembly of Venezuela for the first time since 1999 following the 2015 Parliamentary Election. As a result of that election, the lame duck National Assembly consisting of Bolivarian officials filled the Supreme Tribunal of Justice with their allies.

Following months of unrest surrounding the recall referendum against President Maduro in 2016, on 29 March 2017 the Bolivarian Supreme Tribunal of Justice ruled that the National Assembly was "in a situation of contempt", because of the aforementioned rulings against the election of some of its members. It stripped the Assembly of legislative powers, and took those powers for itself; which meant that the Court would have been able to create laws. The court did not indicate if or when it might hand power back. As a result of the ruling, the 2017 Venezuelan protests began surrounding the constitutional crisis, with the Bolivarian Supreme Tribunal of Justice reversing its ruling on 1 April 2017.

After being stripped of power during the constitutional crisis and the call for a rewriting of the constitution by the Bolivarian government, opposition-led National Assembly of Venezuela created a Judicial Nominations Committee on 13 June 2017 to elect new members of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice. On 12 July 2017, Ombudsman Tarek Saab, head of the Moral Council of Venezuela, said that the call for new magistrates would not be officially recognized by the Bolivarian government and that the magistrates already appointed by the lame duck Bolivarian National Assembly would instead continue to be recognized. Despite the rejection of recognition by the Bolivarian government, the opposition-led National Assembly then voted 33 magistrates into office on 21 July 2017, separate from the Bolivarian government, forming the Supreme Tribunal of Justice in exile.

2018 opposition parties prohibition in presidential election
On 23 January 2018, the Constituent National Assembly ordered the presidential elections should be scheduled in 2018 and before 30 April. Several Venezuelan NGOs, such as Foro Penal Venezolano, Súmate, Voto Joven, the Venezuelan Electoral Observatory and the Citizen Electoral Network, expressed their concern over the irregularities of the electoral schedule, including the lack of the Constituent Assembly's competencies to summon the elections, impeding participation of opposition political parties, and the lack of time for standard electoral functions. Because of this, the European Union, the Organization of American States and countries including Australia and the United States rejected the electoral process.

Two days later, on 25 January, the high court ordered the Electoral Council to exclude from the elections the Democratic Unity Roundtable, the most voted coalition in Venezuela's democratic history, arguing that in the coalition there were political parties that did not meet validation requirements.

2018 Christmas party
In December 2018, videos and pictures were leaked showing a glamorous Christmas party that counted with an expensive feast, including French wine, taking place in the Supreme Tribunal seat. The images received considerable backlash from social networks, criticizing the costs of the party during the grave economic crisis in the country and the hypocrisy of the socialist regime.

Christian Zerpa defection
On 8 January 2019, Electoral Chamber justice Christian Zerpa defected and escaped to the United States, dissenting with the inauguration of Nicolás Maduro as president for a second period. From Orlando, Florida, Zerpa made a series of declarations that questioned the independence of powers and the transparency of the judiciary system in Venezuela. In an interview, Zerpa denounced that Cilia Flores handles the Venezuelan judiciary branch arbitrarily and that in 2015 he received a call from Flores telling him that he would be appointed as justice. He confessed that he was appointed as justice of the Supreme Tribunal in 2015 for always have been loyal to chavismo.

Among the declarations given, he affirmed that many of the court's decisions responded to orders from the ruling party, and stressed that Maikel Moreno, the current chief justice of the Supreme Tribunal, and Raúl Gorrín, president of the television channel Globovisión, are involved in corruption schemes.

Chambers
The Supreme Tribunal is divided in six chambers or instances that divide the work depending on its competences, which are the following:

 * Constitucional Chamber
 * Politic-Administrative Chamber
 * Electoral Chamber
 * Civil Cassation Chamber
 * Social Cassation Chamber
 * Criminal Cassation Chamber

All of the chambers are part of the Plenary Chamber.

Criticisms
Venezuela's judicial system has been deemed the most corrupt in the world by Transparency International in 2014. Human Rights Watch claimed that in 2004, President Hugo Chávez and his allies took over the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, filling it with his supporters and adding measures so the government could dismiss justices from the court. In 2010, legislators from Chávez's political party appointed nine permanent judges and 32 stand-ins, which included several allies. They claimed that some judges may face reprisals if they rule against government interests.

It has also been alleged that the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, with the majority supporting Chávez, elected officials to the supposedly non-partisan National Electoral Council of Venezuela, despite the 1999 Constitution empowering the National Assembly of Venezuela to perform that action. This resulted in Chavistas making up a majority of the electoral council's board.

After Chávez' death and with Nicolás Maduro as president, following the 2015 National Assembly election, the lame duck National Assembly, the majority of whom were Bolivarian supporters, filled the Supreme Tribunal of Justice with Maduro allies. The tribunal then quickly stripped three new opposition lawmakers of their National Assembly seats in early 2016, citing irregularities in their elections, thereby preventing an opposition supermajority which would have been able to challenge Maduro. The tribunal then approved several actions by Maduro and granted him more powers.

title: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)


text:
Gwynne Dyer

Michael Gwynne Dyer (born 17 April 1943) is a British-Canadian military historian, author, professor, journalist, broadcaster, and retired naval officer. Dyer rose to prominence in the 1980s with the release of his television series War in 1983 and the publication of an accompanying book in 1985. Since the 1960s he has lived in London, England, where he works as a syndicated columnist. Dyer is a noted expert in Middle Eastern affairs, having completed his graduate work in this area and written several books on the subject. More recently he has focused on climate change and its geopolitical consequences.

Biography
Dyer was born during World War II in St. John's to an Irish Catholic family. At the time of his birth, the province was the Dominion of Newfoundland, a British Crown colony. When Newfoundland joined Canada on 31 March 1949 he became de jure a Canadian citizen. Dyer joined the Royal Canadian Naval Reserve at the age of sixteen. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in history from Memorial University of Newfoundland in 1963, a Master of Arts in military history from Rice University in Houston, Texas, in 1966 and a Doctor of Philosophy in military and Middle Eastern history at King's College London in 1973. Dyer served in the Canadian, American and British naval reserves. He was employed as a senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, 1973–77. In 1973 he began writing articles for leading London newspapers on the Arab–Israeli conflict, and soon decided to abandon academic life for a full-time career in journalism. Dyer was the O.D. Skelton Memorial lecturer on March 23, 1998, in St. John's, Newfoundland. In the fall of 2002 Royal Roads University awarded Dyer an Honorary Degree. In 2010, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Dyer lives in Camden Town, London with his South African second wife Tina Viljoen. The couple met during the production of his 1983 television series War, where Viljoen was a co-producer. They have one daughter. Dyer also has two sons from his first marriage to journalist Clare Dyer.

Theses

 * The Mesopotamian Campaign to the Fall of Kut-el-Amara: November 1914-April 1916. Rice University, 1966.
 * The End of World War One in Turkey, 1918-1919. King's College, University of London, 1973.

Books

 * War (1985) ISBN 0-517-55615-4 - Awarded the Columbia University School of Journalism award in 1986.
 * The Defence of Canada: In the Arms of the Empire (1990) ISBN 0-7710-2975-6
 * Ignorant Armies: Sliding Into War in Iraq (2003) ISBN 0-7710-2977-2
 * Future: Tense: The Coming World Order (2004) ISBN 0-7710-2978-0
 * With Every Mistake (2005) ISBN 0-679-31402-4
 * War: The Lethal Custom (2005) ISBN 0-7867-1538-3
 * The Mess They Made: The Middle East After Iraq (2007) ISBN 0-7710-2980-2
 * After Iraq: Anarchy and Renewal in the Middle East. 2008 ISBN 9780312378455; German edition ISBN 3593387050
 * Climate Wars (2008) ISBN 978-0-307-35583-6
 * Crawling from the Wreckage (2010) ISBN 978-0-307-35891-2
 * Canada in the Great Power Game 1914-2014 (2014) ISBN 978-0-307-36168-4 eBook ISBN 978-0-307-36170-7
 * Don't Panic: Islamic State Terrorism and the Middle East (2015) ISBN 978-0-345-81586-6
 * Growing Pains: The Future of Democracy and Work (2018) ISBN 978-1-925-32263-7
 * The Shortest History of War (2021) ISBN 978-1-743-82192-3

Documentaries

 * War (miniseries) (1983 8-part miniseries) produced by the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) and broadcast in 45 countries including by the BBC and PBS. The third part of the series titled The Profession of Arms was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The series won an ACTRA Award and the Public Jury's Grand Prize at the International Film Festival in Nyon, Switzerland. His collaborator was Tina Viljoen. A book of the same name based on the series was published in 1985.
 * The Defence of Canada (1986) A collaboration with Tina Viljoen for the NFB and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)
 * Harder Than It Looks (1987)
 * The Human Race (1994) - Examines the roots, nature and future of human politics.
 * Protection Force (1995) - A three-part series on peacekeepers in Bosnia.

Radio series

 * Seven Faces of Communism (1978) - A seven-part radio and TV series produced for the CBC and the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 1978.
 * Brazil (1979)
 * The Catholic Counter-Revolution (1980)
 * War (1981)
 * The Gorbachev Revolution (1988–90)
 * Millennium (1996)
 * Climate Wars on CBC Radio Ideas (2008) (3-part documentary)

Honorary degree

 * 2012, Trent University
 * 2009, Lakehead University
 * 2002, Royal Roads University
 * 2001, Memorial University

title: Gwynne Dyer


text:
User:Paolopal~enwiki

Hi,

my name is Paolo Palmieri and I'm working to links between English and Italian version of Wikipedia.

Regards, Paolo

title: User:Paolopal~enwiki


text:
John Gray

John Gray may refer to:

Politics and government

 * John Gray (North Carolina politician), American politician, member of the North Carolina General Assembly of 1777
 * John C. Gray (1783–1823), United States representative from Virginia
 * John Gray (socialist) (1799–1883), English economic pamphleteer, utopian socialist, and exponent of Ricardian economics
 * John Gray (New Zealand politician) (1801–1859), member of the New Zealand Parliament
 * John Hamilton Gray (Prince Edward Island politician) (1811–1887), Canadian politician, Premier of Prince Edward Island
 * John Hamilton Gray (New Brunswick politician) (1814–1889), Canadian politician, Premier of New Brunswick
 * Sir John Gray (Irish politician) (1815–1875), Irish Member of Parliament for Kilkenny, 1865–1875
 * John Gray (Wisconsin politician, born 1817) (1817–?), American politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * John S. Gray (Idaho politician) (1833–1891), American politician, Lieutenant Governor of Idaho
 * John Gray (Ontario politician) (1837–1917), Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
 * John Gray (New South Wales politician) (1841–1914), Australian senator
 * John Gray (Victorian politician, died 1925) (c. 1853–1925), Australian politician, member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
 * John Gray (North Dakota politician) (1877–1952), American politician, North Dakota State Treasurer
 * John Austin Gray (1892–1939), Australian politician, member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
 * John R. Gray (politician) (1925−1996), American politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Sir John Gray (diplomat) (1936–2003), British diplomat
 * John Gray (Oshawa politician) (born 1959), former mayor of Oshawa, Ontario, Canada

Law and crime

 * John Gray (barrister) (1807–1875), British barrister and legal writer
 * John Chipman Gray (1839–1915), American law professor and legal scholar
 * John Clinton Gray (1843–1915), American judge in New York
 * John Joe Gray (1950–2023), fugitive from the law in Trinidad, Texas, United States

Military

 * John Gray (American Revolutionary War soldier) (1764–1868), U.S. soldier, said to be the longest surviving veteran of the war
 * John Gray (Medal of Honor) (1836–1887), Medal of Honor recipient in the American Civil War
 * Sir John Gray (Royal Navy officer) (1913–1998), British admiral
 * John P. Gray (naval officer) (1914–1942), United States Navy officer, pilot, and Navy Cross recipient

Literature and music

 * John Gray (American author) (born 1951), American author best known for his book Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
 * John Gray (Canadian author), Canadian journalist and biographer
 * John Gray (composer), Australian film composer, writer of the score for 2006 film The Bet
 * John Gray (mythologist) (1913–2000), Scottish author of books on history and mythology
 * John Gray (poet) (1866–1934), English poet and Catholic priest
 * John MacLachlan Gray (born 1946), Canadian writer, playwright and composer of musicals

Visual art

 * John Gray (1811–1891), Scottish engineer and philanthropist for whom the Gray's School of Art is named
 * John Miller Gray (1850–1894), Scottish art critic and curator

Other arts and humanities

 * John Gray (museum administrator), American museum director
 * John Gray (philosopher) (born 1948), British philosopher

Religion

 * John Gray (Episcopalian minister) (1646–1717), minister of the Episcopal Church of Scotland
 * John Gray (Scottish bishop) (1817–1872), Roman Catholic vicar apostolic for Western Scotland
 * John Gray (archdeacon of Hong Kong) (1823–1890), Archdeacon of Hong Kong
 * John R. Gray (minister) (1913–1984), Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1977
 * John Gray (New Zealand bishop) (1947–2015), New Zealand Anglican bishop

Science, medicine and technology

 * John Gray (mathematician) (died 1769), Scottish mathematician, author and Rector of Aberdeen University
 * John Edward Gray (1800–1875), British zoologist
 * John Franklin Gray (1804–1881), American educator and physician, first practitioner of homeopathy in the United States
 * John Gray (locomotive engineer), locomotive superintendent of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway, 1845–1847
 * John P. Gray (psychiatrist) (1825–1886), American psychiatrist
 * John McFarlane Gray (1831–1908), Scottish engineer
 * John H. Gray (economist) (1859–1946), American economist
 * Sir John Gray (physiologist) (1918–2011), British physiologist
 * John Stuart Gray (1941–2007), British-Norwegian marine biologist

Business

 * John Gray (Canadian banker) (c. 1755–1829), president of the Bank of Montreal
 * John Gray, British founder of Gray and Davison pipe organ builders in 1841
 * John S. Gray (businessman) (1841–1906), Scottish-born American candymaker, businessman, and first president of Ford Motor Company
 * John Gray (British banker) (1934–2009), British banker

Sport

 * John Gray (Australian footballer) (1888–1947), Australian rules footballer for Melbourne University FC and medical doctor
 * John Gray (runner, born 1894) (1894–1942), American Olympic runner
 * John Gray (boxer) (1906–1964), Filipino Olympic boxer
 * Johnny Gray (baseball) (1926–2014), American baseball pitcher
 * John Gray (English sportsman) (born 1948), English cricketer, and rugby union and rugby league footballer
 * John Gray (ice hockey) (born 1949), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Johnny Gray (born 1960), American runner

Broadcasting and entertainment

 * John MacLachlan Gray (born 1946), Canadian playwright, composer, and performer
 * John Gray (director), American writer and director
 * John J. Gray, American television writer and producer
 * John Gray, television news anchor on WXXA-TV in Albany, New York

Ships

 * MV John Hamilton Gray, Canadian icebreaking railway, vehicle, and passenger ferry
 * USS John P. Gray (APD-74), United States Navy high-speed transport

Other

 * John Gray (master mariner) (1819–1872), British captain of the SS Great Britain
 * John Gray (nightwatchman) (died 1858), owner of Greyfriars Bobby
 * John E. Gray (1907–2002), American educational administrator and businessman, president of Lamar University
 * John Hunter Gray (1934–2019), American sociologist and civil rights activist

title: John Gray