text:
Charles Touber

Charles Touber is an Australian businessman and tour promoter from Hobart, Tasmania. He is best known as the organiser of the Gone South series of festivals in Launceston and Hobart in the early 2000s, as well as the Southern Roots Festival in Hobart in 2007.

Touber was a candidate for the Australian Senate in the 1996 Australian federal election, but did not win a seat.

Touber was formerly a member of a band called The Innocents, who were "one-hit wonders" in the 1970s, and reformed in 2000 to play at the International Pop Overthrow festival in the United States.

In more recent years Touber has acted as a music promoter. In 2004 he was unable to resurrect his Gone South Music Festival, and in 2009 his Southern Roots Festival failed, with Touber blaming rises in the Australian dollar. Also in 2009 a scheduled performance by international 1980s legends Madness was cancelled by its Promoter Touber the morning of the show, with Touber blaming poor ticket sales.

In 2011 Touber was appointed promoter of the cancelled 2012 MSFest, a fundraiser run for the MS Society of Tasmania in 2006, which had previously been funded and operated by promotions company Opcon from 2007 to 2011 delivering sellout events, and which at its peak had attracted an audience of 13,000. After the MS Society Of Tasmania's refusal to enter into a reasonable licensing agreement with its operating partner Opcon, Touber took over the event operation while the charity took up the funding and a new festival was established in Hobart under the MSFest brand. Despite best efforts there was no recovery for the event, which struggled to attract a satisfactory lineup along with the success of Opcon's rebranded Breath Of Life festival in Launceston. On 28 February 2012 - four days before the event - it was announced the MSFest 2012 was unviable, and was cancelled by the MS Society board with the charity accruing huge financial loses.

title: Charles Touber


text:
Atlas II

Atlas II was a member of the Atlas family of launch vehicles, which evolved from the successful Atlas missile program of the 1950s. The Atlas II was a direct evolution of the Atlas I, featuring longer first-stage tanks, higher-performing engines, and the option for strap-on solid rocket boosters. It was designed to launch payloads into low Earth orbit, geosynchronous transfer orbit or geosynchronous orbit. Sixty-three launches of the Atlas II, IIA and IIAS models were carried out between 1991 and 2004; all sixty-three launches were successes, making the Atlas II a highly reliable space launch system. The Atlas line was continued by the Atlas III, used between 2000 and 2005, and the Atlas V, which is still in use.

Background
In May 1988, the US Air Force chose General Dynamics (now Lockheed Martin) to develop the Atlas II vehicle, primarily to launch Defense Satellite Communications System payloads under the Medium Launch Vehicle II (MLV-II) program. Additional commercial and U.S. Government sales resulted in production increases leading to greater than 60 vehicles being produced and launched.

Atlas II was developed from the Atlas I and featured numerous upgrades over that vehicle.

Atlas II was launched from Launch Complex 36 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida as well as Space Launch Complex 3E at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. All launches were successful.

Design
Atlas II provided higher performance than the earlier Atlas I by using engines with greater thrust and longer propellant tanks for both stages. The increased thrust, engine efficiency, and propellant capacity enabled the vehicle to lift payloads of 6,100 pounds (2,767 kg) into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), or more on later Atlas II variants.

Atlas II also featured lower-cost electronics, an improved flight computer, and longer propellant tanks than its predecessor, Atlas I.

Atlas II first stage
The Atlas II first stage was 3.05 m in diameter and 24.90 m long. The stage was powered by 3 RS-56 rocket engines (derived from the RS-27 main engine of the Delta II rocket) burning 156 t of RP-1 and liquid oxygen. The two booster engines were the RS-56-OBA variants (the complete assembly of both engines and the aft skirt was referred to as the MA-5A), with high thrust but moderate efficiency. The sustainer (center) engine was the RS-56-OSA variant, featuring much less thrust but higher efficiency at high altitudes than the booster engines.

The vernier engines used on the first stage of the Atlas I (and all previous Atlas models) were replaced by a hydrazine-fueled roll control system on Atlas II. This system, mounted on the interstage between the first and second stages, utilized small thrusters to control the vehicle's roll. Compared to Atlas I, the Atlas II first stage was 2.7 m taller.

The Atlas II was the last Atlas rocket to use the "stage-and-a-half" technique, where it ignited all 3 RS-56 engines at liftoff and then jettisoned the 2 RS-56-OBA side engines and their support structure during ascent. The two RS-56-OBA engines were integrated into a single unit called the MA-5A and shared a common gas generator. They burned for approximately 164 seconds before being jettisoned, when acceleration reached approximately 5.0–5.5 g. The central sustainer engine on the first stage, an RS-56-OSA, would burn for an additional 125 seconds after their jettison. It featured better efficiency at high altitudes than the RS-56-OBAs.

The first stage also had the option to be fitted with 4 Castor 4A solid rocket boosters as part of the IIAS version, each providing an additional 478.3 kN of thrust for 56 seconds. The first two boosters were ignited at liftoff, and the other two were ignited after the first two burnt out. Both pairs of boosters were jettisoned shortly after their respective burns.

Centaur II upper stage
The second stage of Atlas II, the Centaur II, was the result of over 3 decades of flights and enhancements of the Centaur upper stage. Centaur II featured 2 RL-10A-3-3A engines, burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. It featured propellant tanks 0.9 meters longer than its predecessor, Centaur I, giving the stage more propellant and therefore higher performance. Due to the super cold propellants inside Centaur, foam insulation was installed onto the outer metal skin on the stage to help mitigate propellant boiloff inside the tank. Centaur II's foam insulation was permanently attached to the side of the stage, whereas previous versions of the stage (including Centaur I) jettisoned their insulation panels during flight.

The Centaur II upper stage (along with all other Centaur variants) used a pressure-stabilized propellant tank design and cryogenic propellants. The two stainless steel propellant tanks were separated by a common bulkhead, which helped keep mass down. Centaur II was 10.1 m long, carrying almost 17 t of fuel. The stage also featured 12 27 N hydrazine thrusters to orient the stage and settle the propellants prior to engine ignition.

For the IIA and IIAS versions, Atlas used the Centaur IIA variant which featured 2 RL-10A-4 engines, providing higher thrust and efficiency over the RL-10A-3-3A. The two engines could be fitted with extendable nozzles, which would provide an increase in efficiency and therefore performance.

Centaur II was further refined to create the Centaur III, which flew on the Atlas III and continues to fly today on the Atlas V. Atlas II was the final Atlas rocket that only had a dual-engine Centaur available, future rockets had the option for one or two RL-10 engines on Centaur. However, the Centaur V flying on the Vulcan rocket will only utilize two RL-10 engines.

Integrated Apogee Boost Stage
The Integrated Apogee Boost Stage was an optional upper stage, used only as an apogee kick stage when launching Defense Satellite Communications System III satellites (which were designed to be delivered directly to geostationary orbit using the Transtage or Inertial Upper Stage, and so were not capable of performing their own circularization burn at the apogee of their geostationary transfer orbit) on board the Atlas II and, later, the Delta IV. It was powered by two R-4D engines and could operate on-orbit for up to twelve days before deploying its payload, allowing additional flexibility in mission planning. The IABS measured 2.9 m in diameter, and 0.68 m in length, carrying 1303 kg of propellant with a dry mass of 275 kg.

Payload fairing
Three fairing models were available for the Atlas II:
 * Medium, with a diameter of 3.3 m, a height of 10.4 m, and a mass of 1,409 kg
 * Large, with a diameter of 4.2 m, a height of 12.2 m, and a mass of 2,087 kg
 * Extended, with a diameter of 4.2 m, a height of 13.1 m, and a mass of 2,255 kg

The Medium variant was not commonly used for Atlas II but was often used in earlier Atlas rockets. The Large and Extended fairing options were also later used on the Atlas III and Atlas V rockets. For the Atlas V, these fairings were part of the 400-series of that rocket, and a further extended option ("Extra Extended") was available. The 4-meter Atlas fairing last flew in 2022.

Atlas II rockets flying with a Medium fairing could move the most payload to orbit, as that fairing was the lightest. Similarly, rockets with Large or Extended fairings suffered slight hits to their payload capacity.

Versions
Atlas II was developed into three versions.

Atlas II
The original Atlas II was based on the Atlas I and its predecessors. Its lengthened propellant tanks and improved electronics over the Atlas I offered better performance. It was designed to work as part of the US Air Force's Medium Launch Vehicle II program. This version flew between 1991 and 1998.

Atlas IIA
Atlas IIA was a derivative of the Atlas II designed to service the commercial launch market. The main improvement was the switch from the RL10A-4 engine on the Centaur upper stage, increasing the stage's performance and the vehicle's payload capability. The IIA version flew between 1992 and 2002.

Atlas IIAS
Atlas IIAS was largely identical to IIA, but added four Castor 4A solid rocket boosters to increase performance. These boosters were ignited in pairs, with one pair igniting on the ground, and the second igniting in the air shortly after the first pair separated. The "half-stage booster section would then drop off as usual. IIAS was used between 1993 and 2004, concurrently with IIA.

Specifications

 * Primary contractor: Lockheed Martin (airframe, assembly, avionics, test and systems integration)
 * Principal subcontractors: Rocketdyne (first stage engines), Pratt & Whitney (second stage engines), Honeywell & Teledyne (avionics), and Thiokol (solid rocket boosters)
 * Engines:
 * First stage: 1 × RS-56-OSA
 * Boosters (MA-5A): 1 × RS-56-OBA each (2 total)
 * Boosters (Atlas IIAS): 1 × Castor 4A each (4 total)
 * Second stage: 2 × RL10A-3-3A or RL10A-4
 * Thrust: 494,500 lbf (2,200 kN)
 * Length: Up to 156 ft (47.54 m); 16 ft (4.87 m) high engine cluster
 * Core diameter: 10 feet (3.04 m)
 * Gross liftoff weight: 414,000 lb (204,300 kg)
 * Fairing options: 3 (Medium, Large, Extended)
 * Models: II, IIA, and IIAS
 * Launch Sites: Cape Canaveral, LC-36 and Vandenberg, SLC-3E

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atlas II


text:
Marian Gold

Marian Gold (born Hartwig Schierbaum; 26 May 1954) is a German singer-songwriter who gained fame as the lead singer of the German synth-pop recording act Alphaville, but also has recorded as a solo artist. He is known for his tenor multi-octave vocal range.

Early life
Born in Herford, West Germany, Gold became part of the Berlin art collective the Nelson Community, where he formed the band Chinchilla Green in the late 1970s, which also included future Alphaville colleague Bernhard Lloyd.

Alphaville
In 1982, he joined Lloyd and Frank Mertens in the band Forever Young, which soon became Alphaville. He sang lead vocals on Alphaville's 1980s pop singles, including "Forever Young", "Big in Japan", "Sounds Like a Melody", "Dance with Me" and "Jerusalem".

As of 2022, he is the last remaining original member of the band, whose latest album, Eternally Yours, was released in 2022.

Solo
Gold's first solo album, So Long Celeste, was released in 1992. Included on the album were cover versions of "The Shape of Things to Come" (originally by the Headboys) and "One Step Behind You" (by Furniture).

A second solo album, United, followed in 1996.

Personal life
In the late 1980s, Gold lived in Münster with his then wife Manuela.

Gold has seven children by four different women.

title: Marian Gold


text:
User:Quadrille~enwiki

Special interests include Comedy and the Movies.

title: User:Quadrille~enwiki


text:
Oral, Kazakhstan

Oral, known in Russian as Uralsk (Уральск), is a city in northwestern Kazakhstan, at the confluence of the Ural and Chagan rivers close to the Russian border. As it is located on the western bank of the Ural river, it is considered geographically in Europe. It is the capital of the West Kazakhstan Region. The ethnic composition is dominated by Kazakhs (71%) and Russians (25%). Population:

Climate
The climate of Oral is continental with long cold winters and warm, often hot summers. Under the Köppen climate classification, Oral has a cold semiarid climate (Köppen Bsk). Summers are extremely hot considering its position north of the 51st parallel, but winters are more reminiscent of continental climates further east than Europe.

Arts, literature, and entertainment

 * Bayan Maksatkyzy (1974), a Kazakh producer, television presenter, actress, and singer.

Sport
FC Akzhaik are a Kazakhstani football club based in Petr Atoyan Stadium.

Bandy is the principal sport in the city. Akzhayik Sports Club, based in the Yunost Stadium, is the only professional team in the country and plays in the second highest division of Russia. In September 2017, the Kazakhstan Bandy Federation bought the club.

The city sent a team to the Spartakiade 2009 and the finished second. All the players of the Under-23 national team in the 2013–14 season came from Oral. After the Kazakhstan national bandy team took the gold medal at the 2011 Asian Winter Games, the team came back to Oral in triumph.

title: Oral, Kazakhstan


text:
User talk:IlIlIll

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~ . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Again, welcome! —Guanaco 04:25, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:IlIlIll


text: Category:Apples

title: Category:Apples


text:
User:Thepedestrian/Scratch

Election history
!bgcolor=#cccccc |Year !bgcolor=#cccccc |Office !bgcolor=#cccccc |Election ! !bgcolor=#cccccc |Subject !bgcolor=#cccccc |Party !bgcolor=#cccccc |Votes !bgcolor=#cccccc |% ! !bgcolor=#cccccc |Opponent !bgcolor=#cccccc |Party !bgcolor=#cccccc |Votes !bgcolor=#cccccc |% ! !bgcolor=#cccccc |Opponent !bgcolor=#cccccc |Party !bgcolor=#cccccc |Votes !bgcolor=#cccccc |%
 * 1990
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |73,766
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |53.44
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Hugh Shine
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |64,269
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |46.56
 * colspan=4|
 * 1992
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |119,999
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |67.40
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |James Broyles
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |58,033
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |32.60
 * colspan=4|
 * 1994
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |76,667
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |59.18
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |James Broyles
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |52,876
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |40.82
 * colspan=4|
 * 1996
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |99,990
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |56.83
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Jay Mathis
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |74,549
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |42.37
 * bgcolor=#FFFFFF |Ken Hardin
 * bgcolor=#FFFFFF |Natural Law
 * bgcolor=#FFFFFF |1,396
 * bgcolor=#FFFFFF |0.79
 * 1998
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |71,142
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |82.43
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Vince Hanke
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Libertarian
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |15,161
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |17.57
 * colspan=4|
 * 2000
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |105,782
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |54.83
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Ramsey Farley
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |85,546
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |44.34
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Mark A. Swanstrom
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Libertarian
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1,590
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |0.82
 * 2002
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |74,678
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |51.55
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Ramsey Farley
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |68,236
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |47.11
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Andrew Paul Ferris
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Libertarian
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1,943
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1.34
 * 2004
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |125,309
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |51.20
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Arlene Wohlgemuth
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |116,049
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |47.42
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Clyde L. Garland
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Libertarian
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |3,390
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1.39
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |74,678
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |51.55
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Ramsey Farley
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |68,236
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |47.11
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Andrew Paul Ferris
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Libertarian
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1,943
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1.34
 * 2004
 * Congress, 11th district
 * General
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Chet Edwards
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Democratic
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |125,309
 * bgcolor=#DDEEFF |51.20
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Arlene Wohlgemuth
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Republican
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |116,049
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |47.42
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Clyde L. Garland
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Libertarian
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |3,390
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1.39
 * bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |47.42
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Clyde L. Garland
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |Libertarian
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |3,390
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1.39
 * bgcolor=#2DBBEA |1.39

title: User:Thepedestrian/Scratch


text:
USS McCord

USS McCord (DD-534) was a World War II-era Fletcher-class destroyer built for the United States Navy during World War II.

Namesake
Frank C. McCord was born on 2 August 1890 in Vincennes, Indiana. He was appointed Midshipman on July 5, 1907. From 1925 on, his career focused on naval aviation. On June 30, 1932, he was appointed as commanding officer of the rigid airship USS Akron. Commander McCord was on board when Akron encountered severe weather and crashed near Barnegat Light, New Jersey on 4 April 1933. McCord, and 71 others, including Rear Admiral William A. Moffett, were killed.

Construction and commissioning
McCord was laid down on 17 March 1942 by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco, California and launched on 10 January 1943. The ship was commissioned on 19 August 1943.

World War II
McCord, departing San Diego on 27 November 1943, joined the Pacific Fleet in time for operations in the Marshall Islands and Marianas, and remained in continuous action through the Palau, Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa campaigns.

She arrived off Kwajalein as a unit of Task Force 51 (TF 51), 30 January 1944. During Operation "Flintlock", she screened transports and provided rapid close support fire. On 15 February the task force sortied from Kwajalein to Eniwetok Atoll for operation "Catchpole". McCord at first screened the minesweepers as they cleared the passages into the 388 sqmi lagoon and then screened the bombardment group as Engebi Island, containing the atoll's only airfield, was secured, 17–18 February. On 21 February, she steamed back to the southern end of the lagoon for the bombardment of Eniwetok and Parry Island.

By mid-March McCord had rendezvoused with TF 39 in the Bismarck Archipelago and for two weeks she cruised in the Ysabel Channel in support of landings at Emirau Island, 21 March. She next escorted replacement troops from Purvis Bay, Florida Island, to Emirau. Returning to Purvis Bay at the end of April, she departed 1 May to escort tankers to refueling positions in the Solomons area. On 11 June, after 2 weeks of antisubmarine patrols in the area around Bougainville and New Georgia, she arrived off New Ireland to bombard an enemy tank repair installation, resuming escort duties upon its destruction. Interrupting her escort service between the Admiralties and the Solomons on 23 July, she joined TF 52 at Saipan and took part in the shelling of Tinian.

The Palau Islands offensive was next. She arrived off Peleliu on 11 September and remained through 30 September to support the forces landed on the 15th. On her arrival at Manus 4 October, McCord joined CarDiv 22, 7th Fleet, as it prepared for operations in the central Philippines. She arrived at her assigned operating area east of the Philippines as landings were made at Suluan and Dinagat, 17 October. On the 25th her task unit, 77.4.1, came under constant air attack as the Battle off Samar raged 100 mi to the north. Escaping damage, McCord protected her unit's carriers and rescued their pilots. She returned to Manus 3 November, but was back off Leyte by the 16th to prevent enemy surface forces from attacking Allied forces, installations, and shipping in the central Philippines.

On 6 December, at Ulithi, McCord joined the fast carrier force, TF 38. The force sortied from that island on 10 December and steamed to the Philippines to support the Mindoro landings by launching strikes against enemy airfields and harbors in the northern and central islands. Back at Ulithi by 24 December, they sortied again on 30 December. First they struck at Formosa, 3–6 January 1945. Then, in quick succession, they raided enemy installations and shipping in Indochina, southern Formosa, the China coast, the Philippines, eastern Formosa, and Okinawa. Constantly moving and always ready for targets of opportunity, the force's strikes were successful. While in the South China Sea on 11–12 January they sank or damaged almost 200,000 tons of enemy shipping.

The force returned to Ulithi 23 January, remaining until 10 February. On 16 February, strikes were launched against Tokyo itself; on 18 February against Chichi Jima; and on 20 February against Iwo Jima in support of the Marine units landed on 19 February. By 24 February, the planes from TF 58 were back over Tokyo and on 25 February they flew against defense installations in the Nagoya-Kobe area.

During March, McCord continued to operate in the screen of TG 58.4 as it concentrated its efforts against Okinawa and southern Kyūshū in preparation for the amphibious assault on the former 1 April. She remained in the Ryūkyū area until 12 May when she escorted the battleship USS South Dakota (BB-57) to Guam. She returned to Okinawa on 27 May for a final two weeks of combat. TG 58.4 then retired to Leyte Gulf, arriving 13 June.

McCord departed four days later for the west coast and a navy yard overhaul. On 8 July she arrived at Puget Sound, where she was docked when the Japanese surrender was announced. On 7 September she steamed to San Diego, reporting on 15 September to the Inactive Fleet.

Postwar
Decommissioning 15 January 1947, she remained berthed at San Diego until recommissioning 1 August 1951. Assigned to the Atlantic Fleet, McCord departed San Diego 1 November and reported to ComDesRon 28 at Norfolk on 17 November. For the next year she operated along the east coast, cruising as far north as Halifax, Nova Scotia and as far south as the British West Indies.

On 10 January 1953 the destroyer once again got underway for a western Pacific war zone. By 15 February she was off the west coast of Korea operating with carriers in TF 95. She remained in the Yellow Sea combat zone until mid-March when she received a week's availability at Sasebo. On 26 March she joined TF 77 as it ranged the east coast of Korea providing shore bombardment and fire support services where needed by the U.N. forces. Departing the battleline 17 April, McCord, joined TG 96.7in exercises off Okinawa. She rejoined TF 77, 14 May, and remained in the Sea of Japan operations area until 5 June when her Korean deployment terminated and she got underway for the United States.

Steaming via Subic Bay, Singapore, Aden, Suez, and Gibraltar, she arrived at Norfolk, Virginia 6 August. During the next months she operated off the southern east coast and in the Caribbean. She decommissioned 9 June 1954 and was berthed at Norfolk, where, as a unit of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, she has remained into 1969.

title: USS McCord


text:
Talk:Sandy Koufax

WP:URFA/2020
Considering the age of this Featured article (not reviewed since 2007), it is in remarkably good shape, but there are some issues that should be addressed to keep it in compliance with WP:WIAFA.
 * Boswell is listed in references but either not used or not properly cited, resulting in a HarvRef error: Boswell, Thomas (1982). "Koufax: Passing the Art Along". How Life Imitates the World Series. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 50–55. Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFBoswell1982.
 * Someone removed it, Sandy Georgia (Talk)  02:29, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Further reading needs to be trimmed; those should either be used as sources, or there should be a clear reason for why they can't be used as sources and should be listed for Further reading.
 * Trimmed as suggested, down to a few that I think will be useful for personal life items, including the Ruttman article you put there. Much of the rest were a bunch of contemporary articles and books not specifically about Koufax, which probably don't add much to an FA. Giants2008  ( Talk ) 01:55, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

 * There are considerable dup links: see User:Evad37/duplinks-alt
 * This should be done, as I cleansed the article of duplicate links in the body. Giants2008  ( Talk ) 01:55, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Check for dated data, eg, This remains the only nine-inning major league game where the teams combined for just one hit ... is cited to 2007, with no as of date ... sample only. Thorough check is needed.
 * There is a minor amount of uncited text: I have tagged only a few, thorough check is needed.
 * MOS:CAPTIONS attention for punctuation on sentence fragments.
 * ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk)  01:29, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

Overall, very fine, but considering Koufax's age, we should keep this article up to snuff. might you be able to tune this article up without a FAR? Sandy Georgia (Talk)  18:00, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * For a featured article, very light on personal life. (For example, Further reading has Sandy Koufax: Pitcher Nonpareil and Perfect Gentleman". In American Jews and America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball, Larry Ruttman, University of Nebraska Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-8032-6475-5. This chapter in Ruttman's history discusses Koufax's American, Jewish, baseball, and life experiences from youth to the present.)
 * I can try to look at this a little bit at some point. I've done a little baseball work. Hog Farm Bacon 18:05, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll try to do some work on this one over the weekend, if time permits. At a glance, it looks more doable than most of what goes to FAR, so I think I have a good shot of getting this page back to FA standard without too many issues. Giants2008  ( Talk ) 18:33, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks all ... no hurry, it's in pretty good shape, but we should have it sparkly in case it should become an In The News item ... worthy of our finest :( Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  01:07, 2 December 2020 (UTC)
 * every time you start hitting my watchlist here (I'm sure at the end of a long day), I get a little feel-good jolt like the olden days. Thank you so much for taking this on.  Best, Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  02:18, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * To provide a quick update, I've cited/removed all of the tagged items, although there are still a couple of areas I want to add sources to, including a couple of dated items, and I still have to look at the personal life section. The article seems to be cleaning up well, though. Giants2008  ( Talk ) 02:51, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I will check newspapers.com for his third marriage (Jane Purucker Clarke) as soon as I remember my password. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  07:27, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Can't find anything ... I don't get it. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  23:37, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Note about MLBBioRet template (which I had to remove here):  Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  14:10, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

 * this is looking quite good. Is more needed, or do you think it has reached the point of marking “Satisfactory” at WP:URFA/2020 ?  Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  09:20, 6 January 2021 (UTC)
 * It's not perfect, but it's good enough I think a FAR would not be a helpful process. There's one bad reference - Addict Baseball and Football Forum - but it's just a copy of a MLB press release, so it's decent enough to hang around until I get around to replacing it with an actual internet archive link to the press release itself.  I'm okay marking it as satisfactory. Hog Farm Bacon 05:42, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm also okay with marking it as satisfactory. Koufax is apparently a very private person, so I've found it hard to expand the personal life section much further, but I took care of the unreferenced bits and updated a couple of dates. If I find some free time, I'll try to find a replacement for the forum link. Giants2008  ( Talk ) 16:20, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Awesome; an URFA/Giants success story :) I am most appreciative of your effort, Giants.  Yes, it is easy to see that Koufax was very private (sheesh, no reliable mention of his wife-- good on him for keeping his personal life out of the news!!), and I suspect we will be writing a more comprehensive article here only when we have obits.  All the best, unwatching here now, and heading over to WP:URFA/2020 to mark Satisfactory.  Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  16:32, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I found a 2021 New York Times obituary on the first husband of Koufax's third wife which confirms that he is married to Jane Clarke (since c. 2008). He also has a stepdaughter and two step-grandchildren. I added the obit as a reference for his third marriage. All The Knowledge in the World (talk) 11:53, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

Citations in LEAD
Is there a reason we're using in-line citations in the LEAD of this article? Per MOS:CITELEAD I would suggest that they're not necessary in this article. Best, Barkeep49 (talk) 18:35, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

How to protect this page?
Hi. As you can see, I have recently heavily updated/edited this page, removing unreliable sources and misinformation, and replacing both with new ones. I also added a lot more information, particularly about Koufax's early life and post-baseball career, using high-quality sources, etc., etc. This was the first major editing project which I took on because a) I'm a baseball fan and a baseball history nut (that is an understatement); and b) I found a surprising amount of information that was wrong and A LOT of important info missing for a featured article.

So, I did my best to update and improve this page as much as I could, finding as many newspaper articles I could to double check facts and whatnot. I also got some help from a few veteran Wikipedians who guided me in the rights and wrongs of editing a page and more (very thankful for that guidance!).

Now, I wanted to ask how to protect this page. Like, for example Babe Ruth's page is semi-protected. I want this page to be given that protect so that others don't come and add misinformation and use unreliable sources like there had been before, especially given Koufax's importance in the baseball and Jewish community. -- All The Knowledge in the World (talk) 15:06, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:Protection policy. Pages are not protected preemptively. – Muboshgu (talk) 15:11, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the link. Much appreciated! I'm quite new to all this and still trying to figure my way around all the policies and whatnot. All The Knowledge in the World (talk) 15:17, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

Links next to one another
Manual of Style/Linking states "When possible, do not place links next to each other, to avoid appearing like a single link". This principle is violated by the text "baseball pitcher" in the first paragraph. Kornatice (talk) 03:29, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sandy Koufax


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Category:Atheism and agnosticism

 * Should not be a combined catagory, very different labels, Delete. Sam [Spade] 04:34, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Atheism, through different definition (e.g. "weak atheism"), often merges into what is usually called agnosticism, which itself merges into questions of secularism (which is in essense the state declaring itself de facto agnostic on religious issues). It seems a worthwhile category. Aris Katsaris 19:24, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, weakly. I agree that the two are not the same.  However, they exist together as a synonymn for "secular" or "non-theist."  The usefulness in the cat. is probably for political developments, rather than for anything philosophical.  If one were to apply it for philosophy/religion, it would be a bad cat. tag, rather than a bad category, I think. Geogre 00:31, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd be cool w renaming it, maybe to Category:Secularism, or some such? Sam [Spade] 05:32, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Arevich 13:45, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I feel it makes no sense at all to combine these two. Agnostics discount proof of deity, while atheists assert that there is no deity at all. Completely different. Delete or rename. Jeeves 21:10, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually you are wrong -- Some people define "atheism" as simple lack of belief in a god, and distinguish between "strong atheism" (where you assert there's no deity) and "weak atheism" (where you simply lack belief in one but don't discount the possibility). Aris Katsaris 21:14, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, in practice, fundamentalists don't usually distinguish much between atheism and agnosticism. They are almost always lumped together by the large number of people who go in for such an exegesis.Fire Star 22:01, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * May as well ask a fascist for his opinion on communism as as a fundamentalist about his view of agnosticism. The mouth keeps moving but all that comes out is POVPOVPOV. I am an agnostic, but would never claim atheism unless I knew a whole lot more about the universe than I do. To connect the two, except via ignorance, is a gross philosophical error. Denni ☯  05:11, 2004 Jul 25 (UTC)
 * I agree with you completely. Trying to have this as a combined category shows ignorance or at least carelessness on the part of the instigator. The misunderstanding that atheism and agnosticism are the same thing (or very similar things) is widespread, and I would hope that Wikipedia not assist in propagating it. Jeeves 00:05, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Tentative keep. I think it does make sense to link these two, because it is difficult to discuss either as a purely distinct form of nonbelief in gods.  Just as long as this doesn't turn into a categorization of people by (non)religion, which I think should be kept purely in list article form.  BTW, this should have been listed at Categories for deletion.  Postdlf 21:57, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It is only difficult to discuss something if you don't know what you're talking about. This is not meant as an insult or a put down, but the fact is that few people appreciate the profound philosophical distinctions between agnosticism and atheism. There is as much difference between agnosticism and atheism as between agnosticism and theism. Denni ☯ 01:38, 2004 Jul 27 (UTC)
 * Only if you choose to see "atheism" as meaning "believing there's no god" instead of "lacking belief in god". Some people see agnosticism as a subcategory of atheism in its broader sense, and given the definition they use for "atheism" they are completely correct. Aris Katsaris 02:18, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Many agnostics have very strong beliefs in god, they are just not committed to a specific religion. --ssd 05:13, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I admit that before now I'd never before seen a definition of agnosticism that could include believing theists who simply don't happen to belong in a particular denomination. Aris Katsaris 05:32, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * A strong agnostic does not merely not belong to a particular demoniation, but may believe that all "denominations" or even all extant religions are wrong...but still believe in God. A strong agnostic believes it is not possible to know. A strong atheist believes there is no god.  There is a big difference there. --ssd 21:09, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps as an atheist I am biased in seeing a way that agnosticism can be collapsed into atheism, as both lack an affirmative belief in gods, whether because of the belief that we cannot have knowledge of such an issue, or because of a conclusion that there is no justification for theistic beliefs. Either way, you're not believin' in them gods.  But I certainly don't see any way to rightfully claim that the two are as conceptually separate as atheism and theism are, and I don't think that believing the two are easily reconciliable justifies an accusation of ignorance on the issue.  I'm on the verge of calling for deletion, however, just because of the seeming controversy over this—I don't think categories should be controversial at all but should rather be obvious ways to classify a subject.  Postdlf 19:20, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. People will put things in this category simply as a slur.  The two items don't belong together anyway; they mean two different things.--DanielCD 21:15, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep--though I like Sam's suggestion of renaming as Category:Secularism. If you look at the contents of the category, they are all related (or at least I see them as being related:)older ≠ wiser 03:42, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I oppose the use of the term Secularism here. Atheism/agnosticism deals with the belief or non-belief in God or gods.  Secularism is the belief that religion has nothing to do with something.  My car is secular, but it is not atheist.  Non-regligious Schools should be secular, but not atheist.  Secular is non-religious.  Atheism is anti-religous, which in itself, can be a form of religion. --ssd 21:43, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Have you perchance looked at the Secularism article? Seems to me like there is a pretty clear linkage there. It is a spectrum of related philosphical positions. If you look at the contents of the current Category:Atheism and agnosticism, I'd argue that they all have a fairly direct relationship to secularism. older ≠ wiser 21:55, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I have read the article, and it emphasizes separation of religon from various activities, not non-belief in relogion. It specifically gives an example of de-emphasizing religion in a situation where multiple religions might be present.  --ssd 03:14, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree—atheism and agnosticism may be subcategories at best of secularism, but they do not compose a singular topic. Secularism doesn't assert a position on God, but is simply non-religious.  Postdlf 13:41, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Another good example that underlines this further. The United States government is secular--it is not allowed to mess with religion.  The (defunct) Soviet Union government was atheist.  They prohibited religion. Atheism belongs under religion, not under secularism.  Technically, everything that has nothing to do with religion belongs under secularism.  In my opinion, a Category:Secularism would therefore be too broad and not a good category.  --ssd 03:43, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Split into Category:Atheism and Category:Agnosticism and delete. -Sean Curtin 22:48, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. Category:Atheism, Category:Agnosticism and Category:Secularism are all now separate subcategories of Category:Religion. Category:Atheism and agnosticism is now empty and may be deleted. -Sean Curtin 00:10, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Historian's fallacy

The historian's fallacy is an informal fallacy that occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision. It is not to be confused with presentism, a similar but distinct mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas (such as moral standards) are projected into the past. The idea was first articulated by British literary critic Matthew Arnold in 1880 and later named and defined by American historian David Hackett Fischer in 1970.

Concept
The idea that a critic can make erroneous interpretations of past works because of knowledge of subsequent events was first articulated by Matthew Arnold. In his 1880 essay The Study of Poetry, he wrote:

"The course of development of a nation’s language, thought, and poetry, is profoundly interesting; and by regarding a poet’s work as a stage in this course of development we may easily bring ourselves to make it of more importance as poetry than in itself it really is, we may come to use a language of quite exaggerated praise in criticising it; in short, to overrate it. So arises in our poetic judgments the fallacy caused by the estimate which we may call historic."

The concept of the historian's fallacy was named and outlined in 1970 by David Hackett Fischer, who suggested it was analogous to William James's psychologist's fallacy. Fischer did not suggest that historians should refrain from retrospective analysis in their work, but he reminded historians that their subjects were not able to see into the future. As an example, he cited the well-known argument that Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor should have been predictable in the United States because of the many indications that an attack was imminent. What this argument overlooks, says Fischer, citing the work of Roberta Wohlstetter, is that there were innumerable conflicting signs which suggested possibilities other than an attack on Pearl Harbor. Only in retrospect do the warning signs seem obvious; signs that pointed in other directions tend to be forgotten. (See also hindsight bias.)

In the field of military history, historians sometimes use what is known as the "fog of war technique" in hopes of avoiding the historian's fallacy. In this approach, the actions and decisions of the historical subject (such as a military commander) are evaluated primarily on the basis of what that person knew at the time, and not on future developments that the person could not have known. According to Fischer, this technique was pioneered by the American historian Douglas Southall Freeman in his influential biographies of Robert E. Lee and George Washington.

title: Historian's fallacy


text:
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC; Église évangélique luthérienne au Canada) is Canada's largest Lutheran denomination, with 95,000 baptized members in 519 congregations, with the second largest, the Lutheran Church–Canada, having 47,607 baptized members. Together with the LCC and the Canadian Association of Lutheran Congregations, it is one of only three all-Canadian Lutheran denominations. It is a member of the Lutheran World Federation, the Canadian Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, and the Anglican-Lutheran North American grouping Churches Beyond Borders. According to the 2021 Canadian census, a larger number of 328,045 adherents identify as Lutheran.

History
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada came into being in 1986 through the merger of two predecessor bodies the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Canada (started in 1966 by Canadian congregations of the American Lutheran Church) and three synods of the Lutheran Church in America, called the Canada Section. (In 1988 these two U.S. church bodies ceased to exist as they merged into the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the ELCIC's sister denomination in the United States.)

Constituting Convention

 * 1985 Winnipeg, Manitoba

National Conventions

 * 1987 Ottawa, Ontario
 * 1989 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
 * 1991 Edmonton, Alberta
 * 1993 Vancouver, British Columbia
 * 1995 Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * 1997 Toronto, Ontario
 * 1999 Regina, Saskatchewan
 * 2001 Waterloo, Ontario
 * 2003 Camrose, Alberta
 * 2005 Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * 2007 Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * 2009 Vancouver, British Columbia
 * 2011 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
 * 2013 Ottawa, Ontario
 * 2015 Edmonton, Alberta
 * 2017 Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * 2019 Regina, Saskatchewan
 * 2022 online convention
 * 2023 Calgary, Alberta (Special Convention)

Doctrine
The Church derives its teachings from the Bible and the Book of Concord which includes the three ecumenical creeds of the Christian Church—that is, the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada is in full communion with the Anglican Church of Canada (under the Waterloo Declaration) and the Northern Province of the Moravian Church in North America. Martin Luther University College and Lutheran Theological Seminary, Saskatoon are the seminaries owned by the church.

Organisation
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada is composed of five geography-based synods (similar to a diocese in Anglican polity). The presiding officer and chief pastor of each synod is a bishop.
 * The British Columbia Synod
 * The Synod of Alberta and the Territories
 * Robert Jacobson first bishop (1985–1995)
 * The Saskatchewan Synod
 * The Manitoba/Northwestern Ontario Synod
 * The Eastern Synod

This structure is identical to the synod structure of the ELCA, except that the Canadian synods cover one or more entire provinces, whereas some ELCA synods cover the whole or part of a metro area and some cover several states. Like the ELCA a presiding bishop serves as its head, but in the ELCIC, this bishop is known as the "National Bishop". Although episcopal in structure, the church does not have cathedrals as such, though the largest parish church in a city may well have that de facto function with respect to major worship services involving the whole Lutheran community.

National Bishops

 * The Rev. Donald Sjoberg, 1986–1993
 * The Rev. Telmor Sartison, 1993–2001
 * The Rev. Raymond Schultz, 2001–2007
 * The Rev. Canon Susan Johnson, 2007-

Same-sex unions
In 2006, the Eastern Synod voted to allow individual pastors and congregations to conduct blessing of same-sex unions, prompting a dispute between the synod and the national church over which body has the authority to make such a decision. The national church had previously voted against blessings, and the ELCIC's full communion partner, the Anglican Church of Canada, had voted to defer a decision. On June 23, 2007, at its National Convention, the ELCIC voted, by a 200–181 vote margin, against authorizing the Synods to devise individual mission strategies in regard to ministering to people who live in committed same-sex relationships, including the possibility of blessing such unions. The Eastern Synod Council, while affirming its jurisdiction in the matter, agreed to hold its decision in abeyance pending a decision by the national church. In July 2011, the National Convention of the ELCIC adopted a new social statement on human sexuality and approved a motion allowing pastors whose conscience permits, in consultation with their congregations, to preside at marriages for same-gender couples. Some have claimed that the adoption of "ELCIC Social Statement on Human Sexuality" openly violates Article 2 of the ELCIC constitution, and have challenged the adoption as a violation of the ELCIC's constitution. A challenge was placed before the ELCIC's Court of Adjudication. The Court found that the complainant did not have the status required by the Constitution to press the complaint and declined to hear the complaint. As a result of the 2011 vote and the court's decision, the ELCIC today permits the blessing of same-sex unions and the ordination of openly gay or lesbian pastors.

title: Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Legislative Debate

Legislative Debate, Creating A Bill, An Example Bill Judging Rubric Legislative Debate Format Parliamentary Procedure are all created by the same anonymous user, very unencyclopedic and very weird text. Delete -- Chris 73 | Talk 04:38, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all, merge with Parliamentary procedure if there's anything worth saving. Rhobite 04:45, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, badly capitalized, to boot. RickK 04:50, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all of them. - Kenwarren 13:13, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all, a cleanup would be a start from scratch anyway. Ianb 13:21, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Looks like a bunch of middle school student notes from government class.  Postdlf 20:15, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Elf-friend 17:18, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Ralph Rainger

Ralph Rainger ( Reichenthal; October 7, 1901 – October 23, 1942) was an American composer of popular music principally for films.

Biography
Born Ralph Reichenthal in New York City, United States, Rainger initially embarked on a legal career, having obtained his law degree at Brown University in 1926. He had, however, studied piano from a young age and attended the Institute of Musical Art in New York. Public performances include radio broadcasts from New York and WOR (New Jersey) as early as 1922. These were as soloist, accompanist to singers, and as duo-pianist with Adam Carroll or "Edgar Fairchild" (the name Milton Suskind used for commercial work).

He also prepared piano rolls between 1922 and 1928 for Ampico, Standard, and DeLuxe. Some of these used the "Reichenthal" surname, others the "Rainger" name he was gradually adopting commercially.

Other early musical activities include arranging for bandleader Ray Miller. His own band leading included a 1923 engagement—Ralph Reichenthal Orchestra—at the Asbury Park (NJ) Claredon-Brunswick Hotel.

Rainger's first credit on Broadway, 1926's "Queen High", was as duo-pianist in the pit with Fairchild, following the show's break-in in Philadelphia. He later played for 1928's "Angela" and "Cross my Heart".

His first hit "Moanin' Low", with lyrics by Howard Dietz, was written for Clifton Webb's co-star Libby Holman in the 1929 revue The Little Show. Webb, tracing the song's origin, noted that Rainger was Webb's accompanist in vaudeville when Webb was invited to appear in the new show, and that Webb had asked Rainger for a contribution.

With the advent of motion picture sound and the film musical, Rainger and other songwriters found work in Hollywood. He teamed up with lyricist Leo Robin to produce a string of successful film songs, including "I'll Take An Option On You", from the Broadway hit show Tattle Tales (1933).

In the years that followed, Rainger wrote or collaborated on such hit songs as "I Wished on the Moon", "Love in Bloom" (comedian Jack Benny's theme song), "Faithful Forever", "Easy Living", "June in January", "Blue Hawaii", and with Leo Robin on the 1938 Oscar-winning song "Thanks for the Memory", sung by Bob Hope in the film The Big Broadcast of 1938.

Songwriting for Hollywood's mass audience had its challenges, as lyricist Leo Robin noted: On the stage after all, you can aim at a particular audience. You can please just New York, or just a small portion of New York. In pictures you have to please the whole country, and most of the world besides. The songs must have universal appeal, get down to something that every human being feels and can understand. That isn't so hard really, once you get the trick of simplicity.

Rainger paid one year's tuition fees to the Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg in advance, so that Schoenberg could pay for the transportation of his belongings to Los Angeles from Paris in 1933.

Rainger died in a plane crash near Palm Springs, California, in 1942. He was a passenger aboard American Airlines Flight 28, a DC-3 airliner that was involved in a mid-air collision with a U.S. Army Air Corps bomber. Rainger, then age 41, was survived by his wife, Elizabeth ("Betty"), an eight-year-old son, and two daughters, aged five and one. In the initial 1942 press coverage of the crash, the collision was not acknowledged; Betty Rainger later sued American Airlines and won a substantial judgement late in 1943.

Film credits
Film credits include:
 * 1930 - Tom Sawyer
 * 1930 - The Virtuous Sin
 * 1932 - The Big Broadcast
 * 1932 - A Farewell to Arms
 * 1932 - This Is the Night
 * 1933 - A Bedtime Story
 * 1933 - From Hell to Heaven
 * 1933 - She Done Him Wrong
 * 1933 - International House
 * 1933 - Three-Cornered Moon
 * 1934 - Kiss and Make-Up
 * 1934 - Come on Marines
 * 1934 - Bolero
 * 1934 - All of Me
 * 1934 - Little Miss Marker
 * 1934 - Search for Beauty
 * 1934 - Six of a Kind
 * 1935 - The Devil Is a Woman
 * 1935 - The Big Broadcast of 1936
 * 1935 - Ruggles of Red Gap
 * 1936 - The Big Broadcast of 1937
 * 1936 - Rhythm on the Range
 * 1936 - Rose of the Rancho
 * 1936 - Poppy
 * 1936 - Palm Springs
 * 1936 - Three Cheers for Love
 * 1937 - King of Gamblers
 * 1937 - The Big Broadcast of 1938, including the Academy Award-winning song "Thanks for the Memory"
 * 1937 - Blossoms on Broadway
 * 1937 - Hills of Old Wyoming
 * 1937 - Ebb Tide
 * 1937 - Swing High, Swing Low
 * 1937 - Waikiki Wedding
 * 1937 - Souls at Sea
 * 1938 - Her Jungle Love
 * 1938 - Artists and Models Abroad
 * 1938 - Romance in the Dark
 * 1938 - The Texans
 * 1939 - Gulliver's Travels, including the Academy Award nominated song "Faithful Forever"
 * 1939 - $1000 a Touchdown
 * 1941 - Cadet Girl
 * 1941 - A Yank in the R.A.F.
 * 1941 - Tall, Dark and Handsome
 * 1941 - Rise and Shine
 * 1941 - New York Town
 * 1942 - Footlight Serenade
 * 1942 - True to the Army
 * 1942 - My Gal Sal

title: Ralph Rainger


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/clockwork orange

clockwork orange was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to redirect to A Clockwork Orange.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Seems like nonsense. I suggest redirect to A Clockwork Orange.--gadfium 04:53, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Make it so. RickK 04:57, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've done so. (I hope that was a directive from you, and not just a vote) --gadfium 05:14, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Both, really. When it comes to easily reversible actions, you can just go ahead and perform them. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:54, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Machining

The early years of WikiProject Metalworking
[2004-2005]

I am amazed that the only page related to machining is one concerned with it only as a hobby. I also did searches on a number of terms familiar to me from my years as a professional machinist. I was unable to find such terms as 'chuck', 'collet', 'surface plate', 'vertical lathe', 'centerless grinding', |'screw tap', 'screw die', 'tooling fixture', 'tooling jig', 'guage' as a noun (except as regards railroads), 'punch press', 'punch die',  'set screw', 'die maker', etc., etc.

I will attempt to write some articles in this category, and I invite others to criticize my inevitable errors.

Too Old 04:53, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I am quite surprised too. I would have thought that the hobby was actually Model engineering (of which Machining is a major part naturally). Machining itself is, as you say, more than just a hobby activity. -- Derek Ross |  Talk 08:18, 2005 Feb 5 (UTC)

Promo link?
I have removed the following link from this article:
 * www.coherix.com/auto/surfacedetective/Technical%20Foundations%20and%20Heritage/Shapix%20Surface%20Detective%20Carl%20Aleksoff%20%20SPIE%20Paper.pdf

It is intentionally unlinked as I believe the inserter is intending to promote his/her product. The contents of the PDF lead into a promotion of a product. I am listing it here for others to review, however, because it does contain other information that might be useful. I leave it to others to determine whether it should be included. --AbsolutDan (talk) 16:58, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Edited some errors out
I happened on this page and found that it was aimed in the right direction but had some technical errors in need of fixing. For example, forming is not machining. It is its own process. Machining is needed to produce the tools used form forming. Stuff like that. There are a few other corrections and deletions that were made. I think the article has additional fixes needed but I'm out mental energy to continue at this time. I will come back. I welcome others' corrections and discussion. Kudos to whomever got this article started. Begs (talk) 07:12, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Smell job shop
This article still has the smell of the original article dating back Nov 2003 "Machining metal in the amateur machine shop". Machining is more than that. And this 18th century lathe picture is awful in this context ! May be good in history pages but not here.

--Michel Deby (talk) 20:38, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I love the smell of a job shop first thing in the morning. Preferably not Monday morning, though. — ¾-10 01:59, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Material removal methods?
From the article, "Conventional machining, one of the most important material removal methods..." I mean, I get it. I understand how it can be defined that way. But "material removal methods"? When you think of "machining", you really consider, "Hmm, what are the possible ways of removing material from something?" That seems a tad abstract and formal. We might as well define the art of sculpting as yet another "one of the most important material removal methods..." My suggestion would be, "machining is one of the most important techniques in manufacturing products out of metal. " [unsigned]
 * Material removal is a standard category in the classification of manufacturing processes, and applies whether your are machining metal, plastic, composites, etc. The consciousness that material is taken away -- becoming waste in the form of chips -- allows the engineer to think, can I make this another way. Material forming is taking a finite amount of material and changing its shape through heat or pressure, yet secondary operations, including machining, may be required--the idea of casting an engine block then boring the cylinders being an example. That leads to research on something like net-shape forming -- how can casting be improved to yield a shape closer to the desired final shape of the product and reduce required machining? That's longwinded and wanders from the point, but the logic behind standard process classification does have a payoff. Wilhkar (talk) 01:29, 17 February 2010 (UTC)Wilhkar

 * I agree with Wilhkar here. A lot of times when people complain about "big words" (to give it a shorthand name), what is really happening is that the person who used the "big" words had in mind a specific set of ideas that led them to use those terms intentionally, for cognitive precision of one kind or another. But it is often all lost on the readers, who only think they hear "big words being used for their own sake". This principle has many instances in life. The answer is not always just to banish big words, but rather to analyze the underlying assumptions behind the word choice, that is, find out "what idea was being thought but not successfully communicated?". And then take that idea and find a way to communicate it succinctly if possible. Maybe not in the current conversation (too digressive), but perhaps in a hyperlinked one. For example, Wilhkar just identified why the phrase "material removal methods" was chosen, and explicated the reasons. And regarding what she said, I totally agree with her point ("…does have a payoff"). In fact, finding ways in which material forming processes can be improved to yield a shape closer to the desired final shape of the product and thus reduce the amount of material removal required is precisely what a bunch of those cool new additive manufacturing technologies are all about, such as 3D printing, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and whatever else you want to call them (solid freeform fabrication, layered manufacturing, additive fabrication, …). Don't knock abstraction too much—it is problematic to basics-level pedagogy, but it is also vital to gaining any new insights and to inventing any new processes, goods, or services. The trick is to get the pedagogy right by spooning the abstraction only in effective ways. In other words, humans have narrow learning bandwidth, and teaching is the art of maximizing the flow of ideas through that sclerotic vessel. (Pardon my propensity for downshifting in the middle of a metaphor.) Developing Wikipedia content is a subset of that, I figure. A fun subset! — ¾-10 01:44, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

orbital drilling
The section on orbital drilling seems out of place on this page. Shouldn't it be moved to drilling? Wilhkar (talk) 01:37, 17 February 2010 (UTC)Wilhkar

 * There was an article called orbital drilling, but it was really just an adverty article, but it was essentially about circle interpolating, so I figured I could move it here and at some point convert it to a section about circle interpolating. As you can see I haven't gotten there yet. Wizard191 (talk) 23:17, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Regarding circular interpolation: There's a fork for that. It's at "Blind_hole". (Sometime we can spin that section off into any forthcoming main place, such as a yet-hypothetical "Milling_(process)#Circular_interpolation" section). — ¾-10 01:52, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Methods
I don't agree with the classification used, while it highlights lathe, mill and drill which are important, the miscellaneous section ignores processes like shaping, and shaping is a basic and distinct technique that can't be subsumed under another. Can I suggest a more logical approach, based on the six main swarf generating methods (note that other techniques like broaching and reaming can be classed as sub-types of the first six):

1 - work rotates, axial cutter movement - lathe 2 - cutter rotates, linear work movement - mill 3 - work stationary, rotating cutter with axial movement - drill 4 - work stationary, single edge linear cutter movement - shaper 5 - linear work movement, cutter stationary - planer 6 - work stationary (or linear movement) - multi-edge linear cutter movement - saw 7 - miscellaneous — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.251.81 (talk) 14:38, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

 * This is an excellent categorization of the methods. Motion is fundamental to swarf-generating machining and the different methods are best understand by what is moving (work or cutter) and in what manner (linear or rotary) as is done here.  One method is missing: 3-dimensional shaping.  This is not surprising.  It is new and made possible only by CNC technology.  With 3-dimensional shaping there is linear work movement, as in milling, and linear cutter movement, akin to shaping except that the toolpath can be 3-dimensional not 1-dimensional.

 * 3-dimensional shaping is distinct from the other methods by its mechanics of material removal. In the methods stated above, the cutter removes material from the work by plastic deformation.  In 3-dimensional shaping the process is controlled fracturing, in which the material is not pulled apart (i.e., plastic deformation) from the work but fractured from it in a controlled manner.  The linear force of the cutter striking the work is sufficient to cause its material to simultaneously reach both its yield point and breaking point.  Achieving this force does require an extremely high feedrate, which conventional CNC machine tools lack. Wm Q Tingley III (talk) 15:10, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Thank you!
As an outsider needing to know what "machining" means I came across this excellent article: it is well written, well structured, comprehensible to noninitiates, and contains useful internal links. Thanks to everyone, whoever you are, who turned this page into the high-quality informative text it now is. --Remotelysensed (talk) 09:14, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

 * As a contributor, I'm glad it worked for you. I happen to agree with you about the pedagogical value. It is nice to hear from others who recognize such value when they see it. Often on WP the only person who bothers to comment is the one who says, in essence, "being more than one paragraph, it's inherently bad, given that I'm too lazy to read, and don't you realize that it would be better if all the explanation and links were deleted?" So cheers to someone who understands the value of explanation and links to readers whose goal is to learn about stuff. — ¾-10 19:58, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Machining