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Minneapolis Public Library

The Minneapolis Public Library (MPL) was a library system that served the residents of Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States. It was founded in 1885 with the establishment of the Minneapolis Library Board by an amendment to the Minneapolis City Charter. Lumber baron and philanthropist T. B. Walker and other city leaders such as Thomas Lowry were members of the first library board. In 2008, after some financial difficulties, the library was merged into the Hennepin County Library system. At the time of its merger, the library included Central Library in downtown Minneapolis and fourteen branch libraries. Its collection numbered about 3.1 million items with about 2.2 million of these housed in the central library.

Central Library
The predecessor of Minneapolis's public library was a private library called the Minneapolis Athenæum. It was organized by Minneapolis businessmen in 1859 as a subscription library, and its shares were traded on the local stock market. After T. B. Walker moved to Minneapolis he bought shares in the Athenæum and gave away memberships to it, promoting the idea of a free public library for the city. Other stock holders raised objections, but the technique worked and soon the city financed a free library for the public with a one mill property tax. When the Minneapolis Public Library was established in 1885 the Athenæum became a partner of it and still exists as a separate nonprofit organization sharing space with the library.

Three central libraries have been built in Minneapolis, each replacing the last with a bigger and more up-to-date building. The first opened in 1889, the second in 1961 and the third and current building in 2006.

On November 7, 2000, Minneapolis voters approved a $140 million package to improve library services, including funding a new Central Library building. The building was designed by Cesar Pelli, along with the Minneapolis firm Architectural Alliance, It opened to the public on May 20, 2006. At a cost of $250 per square foot, the library features a host of energy-efficient measures, including a roof garden and substantial daylight. While the building was under construction, most services were provided at the interim Central Library Marquette location, on two floors in Marquette Plaza (formerly the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis). Cost of providing an interim site while the old library was demolished and rebuilt exceeded $10 million.

Until the 2002 closure and demolition of the old central library, the Minneapolis Planetarium found its home there, possessing a projector machine literally older than the space age itself (originally delivered and installed in 1954, three years before the launch of Sputnik I). In 2005, the Minnesota Legislature apportioned funding for a new planetarium, then planned to be on the roof of the new Central Library building. Instead, the planetarium is now planned to be part of a new Bell Museum of Natural History building, on the University of Minnesota's Saint Paul campus.

Community libraries
The first two branches of the Minneapolis Public Library opened in 1890, one each on the north and south sides of Minneapolis. A branch in the basement of North High School opened on February 27, 1890, and one at 17th and Franklin Ave on April 23. By 2002 there were fourteen branches or community libraries. Each library had a staff member who was assigned to local schools to discuss the services available at the library.

The 2002 referendum also included funds to renovate community libraries, supplementing an existing program. The community libraries and their renovation status are:

 * East Lake Community Library, built 1976, renovated 2007
 * Franklin Community Library, built 1914, renovated 2005
 * Hosmer Community Library, built 1916, renovated 1997
 * Linden Hills Community Library, built 1931, renovated 2002
 * Nokomis Community Library, built 1968, renovated 2009–2011
 * North Regional Community Library, built 1971, renovated 2007
 * Northeast Community Library, built 1973, reopened after renovation in 2011
 * Pierre Bottineau Community Library, built 2003 in the Grain Belt Brewery complex to replace an older storefront library
 * Roosevelt Community Library, built 1927, renovated and expanded 2013
 * Southeast Community Library, built 1963
 * Sumner Community Library, built 1915, renovated 2005
 * Walker Community Library, first built in 1915 (original building now privately owned), a replacement was built in 1981, which was demolished and replaced by a building that opened in 2014
 * Washburn Community Library, built 1970, expanded 1992, renovated 2014
 * Webber Park Community Library, built 1980, razed in 2013. Now in a new building on 4440 Humboldt Avenue that opened in May 2017

Historic buildings
Many of the buildings built by the Minneapolis Public Library system are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In some cases, the libraries have been demolished and moved to new, more modern buildings. Of this list, all but the North Branch library were built under the leadership of the city's head librarian, Gratia Countryman. Franklin, Sumner, and Thirty-Sixth Street were built with funds from Andrew Carnegie.
 * East Lake Community Library, original building at 2916 East Lake Street (since moved to 2727 East Lake Street). The building now houses a liberal political products store.
 * Franklin Community Library, current building at 1314 East Franklin Ave.
 * Linden Hills Branch Library, current building at 2900 W. 43rd St.
 * Minneapolis Public Library, North Branch, original building at 1834 Emerson Ave. N. The North branch was closed not long after the much larger North Regional Library opened at 1315 Lowry Ave. N. about a mile away.
 * Roosevelt Community Library, current building at 4026 28th Ave. S.
 * Sumner Branch Library, current building at 611 Emerson Ave. N.
 * Thirty-sixth Street Branch Library, current building at 347 E. 36th. St., since renamed to Hosmer Community Library
 * Walker Branch Library, original building at 2901 Hennepin Ave. S. (since moved across the street to 2880 Hennepin Avenue) Some had suggested that the Walker library be moved back to its original building as it was vacant and the new underground facility has been dogged by maintenance issues; however the original library building is still privately owned.

Cataloging
Unusually for a public library, the Minneapolis Public Library used the Library of Congress Classification. Prior to 1969 it used the Dewey Decimal System, although around 1890, the library switched to the early and short-lived Putnam Classification System, developed by Minneapolis librarian Herbert Putnam. He later became Librarian of Congress, and revised his Putnam system into the current Library of Congress classification system.

2000 referendum
In 2000 Minneapolis voters approved a $140 million package to fund a new $110 million Central Library building, and spend $30 million on improvements to community libraries. The referendum began as a framework for discussion called Outlook Twenty Ten: A Discussion Plan to Improve All Minneapolis Community Libraries, submitted to the Minneapolis Public Library Board in July 1999, and drafted in anticipation of voters approving the referendum. The framework was submitted to the board by Amy Ryan, Chief of Community Libraries. When the referendum was approved, the Library Board turned to the plan which contained a profile of each of the fourteen community libraries, including highlights of patron surveys. It also contained at least three suggestions for every community library, entitled Options 'A', 'B', 'C' and onward. An update on the plan came out in 2004.

Adamson v. Minneapolis Public Library
Adamson v. Minneapolis Public Library was a civil complaint of 23 March 2003 by a dozen librarians against the library's management for a claimed failure to prevent sexual harassment over many years by library patrons having unlimited use of library computers for accessing pornography. The case followed an EEOC determination on 23 May 2001 that "the Respondent did subject the Charging Party to sexually hostile work environment. This is in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended." The case settled when the library agreed to pay the plaintiffs $435,000 and to take corrective action to prevent further harassment.

Funding crisis and merger
Despite city funding and some private support, the library had suffered from reduced funding from external sources, including the federal government and Local Government Aid (LGA) from the State of Minnesota. In the recession of the 2000s following the Dot-com bubble, hours were drastically cut and money for acquisitions sharply declined. Because Minnesota library card holders could borrow from other systems in the state, MPL also duplicated services offered by Hennepin County Library (HCL), which saw shared use by MPL patrons. This was especially apparent on Mondays, when Minneapolis libraries were closed.

In 2007, the Minneapolis Library Board agreed to pursue a merger with the county system. The Minneapolis Library Board and Minneapolis City Council approved the merger in March 2007, the Hennepin County Board approved the merger in April 2007, and on May 19, 2007 the Minnesota State Legislature approved a bill merging the systems during 2008. The merged system is the Hennepin County Library with 41 locations. On January 1, 2008, the library was merged into the Hennepin County Library. The last meeting of the Minneapolis Public Library Board of Trustees took place on December 19, 2007.

Directors
There were 11 full-time directors in the history of the MPL.

 * Herbert Putnam, 1888–1891
 * James Kendall Hosmer, 1892–1904
 * Gratia Countryman, 1904–1936
 * Glenn M. Lewis (interim), 1936–1937
 * Carl Vitz, 1937–1945
 * Glenn M. Lewis, 1946–1957
 * Raymond E. Williams, 1957–1963
 * Margaret M. Mull (interim), 1963–1964
 * Ervin J. Gaines, 1964–1974
 * Mary L. Dyer (interim), 1974–1975
 * Joseph Kimbrough, 1975–1989
 * Susan Goldberg Kent, 1990–1995
 * Mary Lawson, 1996–2002
 * Jan Feye-Stukas (interim), 2002–2003
 * Katherine G. Hadley, 2003–2007
 * Jane Eastwood (interim), 2007–2008

title: Minneapolis Public Library


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Unreal (video game series)

Unreal is a series of first-person shooter video games developed by Epic Games. The series is known for its exhibition of the namesake Unreal Engine that powers the games and is available for other developers to license.

Publishing rights for the series have changed hands several times. GT Interactive was the original publisher and would be later succeeded by Infogrames, Atari, and Midway Games.

Anthologies

 * Unreal Anthology (2006) contains Unreal Gold, Unreal Tournament, Unreal II, Unreal Tournament 2004, and a bonus soundtrack CD. Missing from Unreal Tournament are the improved S3TC textures which came with the original release of the game. Also, the internet connectivity of Unreal in this collection is isolated by having a master server different from that of the original game.

Reception
Guinness World Records awarded the series with three world records. These records include, "First Console Game to Receive a Downloadable Patch", "First Console Game to Support Player Modifications" and "First Game to be Created Using the Unreal Engine".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Unreal (video game series)


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Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship

The Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship was an office in the Cabinet of Canada from 1991 to 1996 and from 2013 and 2015. It was superseded in 1996 and again in 2015 by the Minister of Canadian Heritage. In 2019, Bardish Chagger was appointed as Minister of Diversity and Inclusion and Youth, taking on some of the responsibilities formerly associated with the position.

The responsibility of citizenship is now undertaken by the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship. Prior to 1991, citizenship was within the portfolio of the Secretary of State for Canada.

Ministers
Key:

{{legend||Liberal Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Conservative Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}


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Joe Kubert

Joseph Kubert (September 18, 1926 – August 12, 2012) was a Polish-born American comic book artist, art teacher, and founder of The Kubert School. He is best known for his work on the DC Comics characters Sgt. Rock and Hawkman. He is also known for working on his own creations, such as Tor, Son of Sinbad, and the Viking Prince, and, with writer Robin Moore, the comic strip Tales of the Green Beret.

Two of Kubert's sons, Andy Kubert and Adam Kubert, themselves became recognized comic book artists, as did Andy's daughter Emma Kubert and many of Kubert's former students, including Stephen R. Bissette, Amanda Conner, Rick Veitch, Eric Shanower, Steve Lieber, and Scott Kolins. Kubert's other grand-daughter, Katie Kubert, became an editor for both DC and Marvel Comics.

Kubert was inducted into the Harvey Awards' Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1997, and the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1998.

Early life
Kubert was born September 18, 1926 to a Jewish family in Jezierzany in southeast Poland (now Ozeriany in Ukraine). He was the son of Etta (née Reisenberg) and Jacob Kubert. He immigrated to Brooklyn, New York City, United States, at age two months with his parents and his two-and-a-half-year-old sister Ida. Raised in the East New York neighborhood, the son of a kosher butcher, Kubert started drawing at an early age, encouraged by his parents.

In his introduction to his graphic novel Yossel, Kubert wrote, "I got my first paying job as a cartoonist for comic books when I was eleven-and-a-half or twelve years old. Five dollars a page. In 1938, that was a lot of money". Another source, utilizing quotes from Kubert, says in 1938, a school friend who was related to Louis Silberkleit, a principal of MLJ Studios (the future Archie Comics), urged Kubert to visit the company, where he began an unofficial apprenticeship and at age 12 "was allowed to ink a rush job, the pencils of Bob Montana's [teen-humor feature] Archie". Author David Hajdu, who interviewed Kubert and other comics professionals for a 2008 book, reported, however, that, "Kubert has told varying versions of the story of his introduction to the comics business at age ten, sometimes setting it at the comics shop run by Harry "A" Chesler, sometimes at MLJ; however, MLJ did not start operation until 1939, when Kubert was thirteen".

Kubert attended Manhattan's High School of Music and Art. During this time he and classmate Norman Maurer, a future collaborator, would sometimes skip school in order to see publishers. Kubert began honing his craft at the Chesler studio, one of the comic-book packagers that had sprung up in the medium's early days to supply outsourced comics to publishers.

Early career
Kubert's first known professional job was penciling and inking the six-page story "Black-Out", starring the character Volton, in Holyoke Publishing's Catman Comics #8 (March 1942; also listed as vol. 2, #13). He would continue drawing the feature for the next three issues, and was soon doing similar work for Fox Comics' Blue Beetle. Branching into additional art skills, he began coloring the Quality Comics reprints of future industry legend Will Eisner's The Spirit, a seven-page comics feature that originally ran as part of a newspaper Sunday supplement.

1940s and 1950s
Kubert's first work for DC Comics, where he would spend much of his career and produce some of his most notable art. Throughout the decade, Kubert's art would appear in comics from Fiction House, Avon, and Harvey Comics, but he worked primarily for All-American and DC. Kubert's long association with the Hawkman character began with the story "A Hot Time in the Old Town" in The Big All-American Comic Book (1944). Kubert drew several Hawkman stories in that title as well as in All Star Comics. He and Irwin Hasen drew the debut of the Injustice Society in All Star Comics #37 (Oct. 1947) in a tale written by Robert Kanigher. The Kanigher/Kubert team created the Thorn in Flash Comics #89 (Nov. 1947).

In the 1950s, he became managing editor of St. John Publications, where he, his old classmate Norman Maurer, and Norman's brother, Leonard Maurer, produced the first 3-D comic books, starting with Three Dimension Comics #1 (Sept. 1953 oversize format, Oct. 1953 standard-size reprint), featuring Mighty Mouse. According to Kubert, it sold a remarkable 1.2 million copies at 25 cents apiece at a time when comics cost a dime.

At St. John, writer Norman Maurer and artist Kubert created the enduring character Tor, a prehistoric-human protagonist who debuted in the comic 1,000,000 Years Ago (Sept. 1953). Tor immediately went on to star in 3-D Comics #2-3 (Oct.-Nov. 1953), followed by a titular, traditionally 2-D comic-book series, written and drawn by Joe Kubert, that premiered with issue #3 (May 1954). The character has since appeared in series from Eclipse Comics, Marvel Comics' Epic imprint, and DC Comics through at least the 1990s. Kubert in the late 1950s unsuccessfully attempted to sell Tor as a newspaper comic strip. The Tor samples consisted of 12 daily strips, reprinted in six pages in Alter Ego vol. 3 #10 and later expanded to 16 pages in DC Comics' Tor #1. He contributed work to Avon Periodicals, where he did science-fiction stories for Strange Worlds and other titles.

For EC Comics, Kubert drew a few stories for Harvey Kurtzman's Two-Fisted Tales alongside EC stalwarts Wally Wood, Jack Davis, and John Severin.

DC Comics and Sgt. Rock
Beginning with Our Army at War #32 (March 1955), Kubert began to freelance again for DC Comics, in addition to Lev Gleason Publications and Atlas Comics, the 1950s iteration of Marvel Comics. By the end of the year he was drawing for DC exclusively. DC editor Julius Schwartz assigned Kubert, Robert Kanigher, and Carmine Infantino to the company's first attempt at reviving superheroes: an updated version of the Flash that would appear in Showcase #4 (Oct. 1956). The eventual success of the new, science fiction-oriented Flash heralded the wholesale return of superheroes, and the beginning of what fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books. In the coming years, Kubert would work on such characters as the medieval adventurer the Viking Prince and features starring Sgt. Rock and The Haunted Tank in the war comic G.I. Combat. He and writer Gardner Fox created a new version of Hawkman in The Brave and the Bold #34 (Feb.–March 1961) with the character receiving his own title three years later. Kubert's work on Hawkman and Sgt. Rock would become known as his signature efforts. Kubert's main collaborator on the war comics was writer/editor Kanigher. Their work together on Sgt. Rock is considered a memorable contribution to the comics medium. They introduced Enemy Ace in Our Army at War #151 (Feb. 1965).

From 1965 through 1967 he collaborated with author Robin Moore on the syndicated daily comic strip Tales of the Green Beret for the Chicago Tribune.

Kubert served as DC Comics' director of publications from 1967 to 1976. He made the Unknown Soldier the lead feature of Star Spangled War Stories with issue #151 (June–July 1970) and initiated titles based on such Edgar Rice Burroughs properties as Tarzan and Korak. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that Kubert's "scripts and artwork ranked among the most authentic and effective ever seen." DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz stated in 2010 that "Joe Kubert produced an adaptation that Burroughs aficionados could respect." Kubert edited a number of comic books for DC, including taking over as editor of Sgt. Rock and other military titles and editing Tarzan and other books based on Burroughs' characters. While performing supervisory duties he continued to draw for some books, notably Tarzan from 1972 to 1975 and drew covers and layouts for Rima the Jungle Girl from 1974 to 1975. He edited Limited Collectors' Edition #C–36 which features stories from the Book of Genesis adapted by writer Sheldon Mayer and artist Nestor Redondo. Kubert and Kanigher created Ragman in the first issue (Aug.–Sept. 1976) of that character's short-lived ongoing series.

The Kubert School
The Joe Kubert School of Cartoon and Graphic Art was founded in September 1976 by Kubert and his wife Muriel in Dover, New Jersey's old Baker mansion on 45 Lehigh Street; then, from 1984, in the former Dover high school, whose tall windows offered optimal lighting. Its first graduating class of 1978 included Stephen R. Bissette, Thomas Yeates, and Rick Veitch. Kubert taught a number of students who later became notable professionals, including Amanda Conner, Eric Shanower, Steve Lieber, and Scott Kolins.

In addition to The Kubert School, in the late 1990s, Kubert was offering "Joe Kubert's World of Cartooning" correspondence courses to prospective students.

Later career
Kubert provided art for several anniversary issues of key DC titles. He and writer Paul Levitz crafted a Hawkman story in Detective Comics #500 (March 1981). Kubert was one of the artists on the double-sized Justice League of America #200 (March 1982) as well as Batman #400 (Oct. 1986).

He wrote and drew a collection of faith-based comic strips beginning in the late 1980s for Tzivos Hashem, the Lubavitch children's organization, and Moshiach Times magazine. The stories, "The Adventures of Yaakov and Isaac", were based on biblical references but were not Bible stories.

Kubert made a return to writing and drawing in 1991 with the Abraham Stone graphic novel Country Mouse, City Rat for Malibu Comics' Platinum Editions. He returned to the character for two more stories, Radix Malorum and The Revolution published by Epic Comics in 1995.

Also for Epic Comics, he delivered the four-issue Tor miniseries in 1993. Fax from Sarajevo, initially released as a 207-page hardcover book in 1996 and two years later as a 224-page trade paperback was published by Dark Horse Comics. The non-fiction book originated as a series of faxes from European comics agent Ervin Rustemagić during the Serbian siege of Sarajevo. Rustemagić and his family, whose home and possessions in suburban Dobrinja were destroyed, spent two-and-a-half years in a ruined building, communicating with the outside world via fax when they could. Friend and client Kubert was one recipient. Collaborating long-distance, they collected Rustemagić's account of life during wartime, with Kubert and editor Bob Cooper turning the raw faxes into a somber comics tale.

Kubert drew the first issue of Stan Lee's Just Imagine... limited series (2001) and two pencil-illustrated graphic novels, Yossel: April 19, 1943 (2003) and Jew Gangster (2005), for IBooks. In 2003, Kubert returned to the Sgt. Rock character, illustrating Sgt. Rock: Between Hell and a Hard Place, a hardcover graphic novel written by Brian Azzarello. Kubert drew Tex, The Lonesome Rider, written by Claudio Nizzi and published by SAF Comics in 2005, and then wrote and drew Sgt. Rock: The Prophecy, a six-issue miniseries in 2006. In the mid-2000s, he was the artist for PS, The Preventive Maintenance Monthly, a United States Army magazine with comic-book elements that stresses the importance of preventive maintenance of vehicles, arms, and other ordnance. In 2008, Kubert returned to his Tor character with a six-issue limited series published by DC Comics entitled Tor: A Prehistoric Odyssey. In 2009, Kubert contributed a new Sgt. Rock story for Wednesday Comics, published by DC. His son, Adam, wrote the story, his first foray at scripting. In 2011, Joe Kubert wrote the introduction and drew the lenticular 3-D front cover for Craig Yoe's Amazing 3-D Comics! Kubert inked his son Andy's pencils on the first two issues of DC Universe: Legacies, a 10 issue series chronicling the history of the DC Universe. and the Before Watchmen: Nite Owl limited series. The first two issues of Before Watchmen: Nite Owl were released before Kubert's death. The other two were released posthumously. In 2012 Kubert and the Joe Kubert school produced a syndicated comic strip, "Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates", reprinted in Comics Revue. DC Comics published Joe Kubert Presents (Dec. 2012-May 2013) edited by Kubert and featuring stories by Kubert (Hawkman, Spit and The Redeemer), Sam Glanzman (U.S.S. Stevens), and Brian Buniak (Angel and the Ape).

Personal life
Kubert married Muriel Fogelson on July 8, 1951. In the early 1960s, the Kuberts moved to Dover, New Jersey where they raised their five children: David, the eldest, followed by Danny, Lisa, and comic-book artists Adam and Andy Kubert. Kubert's granddaughter Katie Kubert works as a comics editor. She worked at DC Comics for five years as an editor on the Batman titles, and left to work on the X-Men titles at Marvel Comics in June 2014. Kubert's grandson and graduate of The Kubert School, Orion Zangara, is also a comic-book artist who is currently working on a graphic novel trilogy for the Lerner Publishing Group. Grand-daughter Emma Kubert is a comic book writer and artist.

Death
Kubert died of multiple myeloma on August 12, 2012, a month short of his 86th birthday. He was predeceased by his wife Muriel in 2008.

Awards and recognition
Kubert's several awards and nominations include:
 * the 1962 Alley Award for Best Single Comic Book Cover for The Brave and the Bold #42.
 * a 1963 write-in Alley Award for "Artist Preferred on Sea Devils.
 * a special 1969 Alley Award "for the cinematic storytelling techniques and the exciting and dramatic style he has brought to the field of comic art".
 * The 1974 and 1980 National Cartoonists Society Awards in the category "Story Comic Book". plus a 1997 nomination for Best Comic Book.
 * The 1977 Inkpot Award
 * The 1997 Eisner Award for "Best Graphic Album: New", for Fax from Sarajevo.
 * The 1997 Harvey Award for "Best Graphic Album of Original Work," for Fax from Sarajevo.
 * September 2011 Inkwell Awards Ambassador (September 2011–August 2012)

Kubert was inducted into the Harvey Awards' Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1997, and Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2009, Kubert received the Milton Caniff Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Cartoonists Society.

Kubert was awarded the Inkwell Awards Joe Sinnott Hall of Fame Award in 2015. His acceptance speech was given by Orion Zangara, his grandson and graduate of The Kubert School, on behalf of the Kubert Estate.

Archive
Kubert's drafting table is on permanent exhibit in the Kubert Lounge and Gallery, which opened in September 2023 at the Cary Graphic Arts Collection in Rochester, NY. Adam Kubert donated his father's archive to the Cary Collection at his alma mater, the Rochester Institute of Technology, where archivists recreated Joe Kubert's work surface from photographs of his office at the Kubert School.

DC Comics

 * 9-11: The World's Finest Comic Book Writers & Artists Tell Stories to Remember, Volume Two (2002)
 * Action Comics #66–69 (inker), 126–127, 136, 138, 141 (1943–1950)
 * Action Comics Annual #10 (2007)
 * All-American Comics #70 (1946)
 * All-American Men of War #20, 22–24, 28–29, 33–34, 36–39, 41–43. 47–50, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 63–65, 69, 71, 73, 103, 114 (1955–1966)
 * All-American Western #103–116, 121, 125 (1948–1952)
 * All Star Comics #21, 24–30, 33–37, 56–57 (Justice Society of America) (1944–1951)
 * Atom and Hawkman #40–41 (1968–1969)
 * Batman #400 (1986)
 * Batman Black and White #1 (1996)
 * Before Watchmen: Nite Owl #1–3 (inker) (2012)
 * Big All-American Comic Book #1 (1944)
 * The Brave and the Bold #1–24 (Viking Prince); #34–36, 42–44 (Hawkman); #40 (Cave Carson); #52 (Sgt. Rock/Johnny Cloud/Haunted Tank) (1955–1964)
 * Captain Storm #3, 6 (1964–1965)
 * DC Comics Presents #66 (Superman and the Demon) (1984)
 * DC Special #5 (1969)
 * DC Universe: Last Will and Testament #1 (inker) (2008)
 * DC Universe: Legacies #1–2 (inker), #4 (2010)
 * Detective Comics #500 (Hawkman backup story) (1981)
 * Dong Xoai, Vietnam 1965 HC (2010)
 * Flash Comics #62–76, 85–86, 88-90, 92–104 (Hawkman) (1945–1949)
 * From Beyond the Unknown #13 (cover)(1971)
 * Frontier Fighters #1–8 (1955–1956)
 * Ghosts vol. 2 #1 (2012)
 * G.I. Combat #44–46, 52–54, 56, 59, 62, 64–65, 67–70, 76–77, 79–80, 86, 99–100, 102–113, 133 (1957–1968)
 * Heroes Against Hunger #1 (among other artists) (1986)
 * House of Mystery #96 (1960)
 * House of Secrets #29–30, 39 (1960)
 * Jew Gangster SC (2011)
 * Jimmy Wakely #3, 12, 14 (1950–1951)
 * Joe Kubert Presents #1–6 (2012–2013)
 * Just Imagine Stan Lee with Joe Kubert Creating Batman #1 (2001)
 * Justice League of America #200 (among other artists) (1982)
 * Korak, Son of Tarzan #49, 51, 58–59 (writer) (1972–1975)
 * Leading Comics #8 (Seven Soldiers of Victory) (1943)
 * More Fun Comics #97 (inker) (1944)
 * Mystery in Space #35, 113 (1956–1980)
 * Our Army at War #32–33, 38, 43, 46, 51, 54, 57, 59, 61, 64–65, 67–68, 73, 75, 79, 81, 83, 85–87, 90–105, 107, 109–112, 114–117, 119–122, 124, 126–163, 165–171, 174, 176, 179, 184, 188–189, 191–196, 198–202, 206–207, 217, 220–225, 227–228, 230, 233–234, 238, 282, 289, 300 (1955–1977)
 * Our Fighting Forces #7, 9, 11–13, 15, 17–19, 22–25, 29, 33, 40, 43, 51–53, 64, 66, 69, 74, 76–77, 90, 104 (1955–1966)
 * Ragman #4–5 (1977)
 * Sea Devils #13 (1963)
 * Sensation Comics #35–36, 56–57, 66, 94 (1944–1949)
 * Sgt. Rock #302–304, 306, 328, 368, 422 (1977–1988)
 * Sgt. Rock Special #1 (1992)
 * Sgt. Rock: Between Hell and a Hard Place HC (2003)
 * Sgt. Rock: The Prophecy #1–6 (2006)
 * Showcase #2, 4, 25–26, 45, 57–58, 85–87 (1956–1969)
 * Star-Spangled Comics #50–51 (1945)
 * Star Spangled War Stories #33, 39, 43–46, 53–58, 60, 67, 69, 71, 74, 87, 98, 108, 124, 126, 137–145, 147–152, 154–156, 158–160, 200 (1955–1976)
 * Strange Adventures #55 (1955)
 * Tarzan #207–225, 227–235 (writer/artist); #236, 239–249 (writer) (1972–1976)
 * Tomahawk #124, 131 (cover), 132–134, 135 (cover), 136 (cover and Firehair story), 137 (cover), 140 (cover) (1969–1971)
 * Tor vol. 2 #1–6 (1975–1976)
 * Tor vol. 4 #1–6 (2008)
 * Wednesday Comics #1–12 (Sgt. Rock) (2009)
 * Weird War Tales #1–2, 7 (1971)
 * World's Finest Comics #40–44, 54 (1949–1951)
 * Yossel SC (2011)
 * Young All-Stars Annual #1 (1988)

Marvel Comics

 * Abraham Stone #1–2 (1995)
 * Apache Kid #13 (1955)
 * Battle #37, 41 (1955)
 * Best Love #33 (1949)
 * Ghost Rider #28–31 (inker) (1992)
 * Ghost Rider/Blaze: Spirits of Vengeance #4, 7–8, 13 (1992–1993)
 * Girl Comics #2 (inker) (1950)
 * Joe Kubert's Tor #1–4 (1993)
 * Journey into Mystery #21 (1955)
 * Journey into Unknown Worlds #34 (1955)
 * Kid Colt Outlaw #48 (1955)
 * Loveland #2 (inker) (1950)
 * Lovers #25, 30 (1949–1950)
 * Marines in Battle #7-8 (1955)
 * Marvel Tales #122, 134 (1954–1955)
 * My Love #3 (inker) (1950)
 * Our Love #2 (inker) (1950)
 * The Punisher War Journal #31 (inker) (1991)
 * The Punisher War Zone #31–36 (1994–1995)
 * Uncanny Tales #28 (1955)
 * War Comics #38 (1955)
 * Western Outlaws #9 (1955)

Collected editions

 * Tarzan: The Joe Kubert Years (Dark Horse Comics)
 * Volume 1 collects Tarzan #207–214, 200 pages, November 2005, ISBN 1593074042
 * Volume 2 collects Tarzan #215–224, 208 pages, March 2006, ISBN 1593074166
 * Volume 3 collects Tarzan #225–235, 216 pages, July 2006, ISBN 1-59307-417-4 (omits one page Kubert story "Tarzan's Animal Encyclopedia").
 * Enemy Ace Archives (DC Comics)
 * Volume 1 collects Enemy Ace stories from Our Army at War #151, #153, #155; Showcase #57–58; Star Spangled War Stories #138–142, 224 pages, December 2002, ISBN 978-1563898969
 * Volume 2 collects Enemy Ace stories from Star-Spangled War Stories #143–145, #147–150, #152, #181–183, #200, 196 pages, September 2006, ISBN 978-1401207762 (Omits two Kubert stories from Star-Spangled War Stories #146).
 * Hawkman Archives (DC Comics)
 * Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #34–36 and #42–44, 240 pages, May 2000, ISBN 978-1563896118
 * Sgt. Rock Archives (DC Comics)
 * Volume 1 collects Sgt. Rock stories from G.I. Combat #68; Our Army at War #81–96, 240 pages, May 2002, ISBN 978-1563898419
 * Volume 2 collects Sgt. Rock stories from Our Army at War #97–110, 216 pages, December 2003, ISBN 978-1401201463
 * Volume 3 collects Sgt. Rock stories from Our Army at War #111–125, 224 pages, August 2005, ISBN 978-1401204105
 * Volume 4 collects Sgt. Rock stories from Our Army at War #126–137 and Showcase #45, 248 pages, October 2012, ISBN 978-1401237264
 * Tor (DC Comics)
 * Volume 1 144 pages, July 2001, ISBN 978-1563897818
 * Volume 2 144 October 2002, ISBN 978-1563898303
 * Volume 3 168 pages, September 2004, ISBN 978-1563899980
 * Wednesday Comics DC Comics, 200 pages, June 2010, ISBN 1-4012-2747-3
 * Joe Kubert's Tarzan of the Apes: Artist's Edition  IDW Publishing, 156 pages, September 2012, ISBN 1613774494

title: Joe Kubert


text: Talk:Golden Arches

title: Talk:Golden Arches


text:
Troilus and Criseyde

Troilus and Criseyde is an epic poem by Geoffrey Chaucer which re-tells in Middle English the tragic story of the lovers Troilus and Criseyde set against a backdrop of war during the siege of Troy. It was written in rime royale and probably completed during the mid-1380s. Many Chaucer scholars regard it as the poet's finest work. As a finished long poem, it is more self-contained than the better known but ultimately unfinished The Canterbury Tales. This poem is often considered the source of the phrase: "all good things must come to an end" (3.615).

Although Troilus is a character from Ancient Greek literature, the expanded story of him as a lover was of Medieval origin. The first known version is from Benoît de Sainte-Maure's poem Roman de Troie, but Chaucer's principal source appears to have been Boccaccio, who re-wrote the tale in his Il Filostrato. Chaucer attributes the story to a "Lollius" (whom he also mentions in The House of Fame), although no writer with this name is known. Chaucer's version can be said to reflect a less cynical and less misogynistic world-view than Boccaccio's, casting Criseyde as fearful and sincere rather than simply fickle and having been led astray by the eloquent and perfidious Pandarus. It also inflects the sorrow of the story with humour.

The poem had an important legacy for later writers. Robert Henryson's Scots poem The Testament of Cresseid imagined a rambunctious fate for Criseyde not given by Chaucer. In historical editions of the English Troilus and Criseyde, Henryson's distinct and separate work was sometimes included without accreditation as an "epilogue" to Chaucer's tale. Other texts, for example, John Metham's Amoryus and Cleopes (c. 1449), adapt language and authorship strategies from the famous predecessor poem. Shakespeare's tragedy Troilus and Cressida, although much darker in tone, was also based in part on the material.

Troilus and Criseyde are usually considered to be a courtly romance, although the generic classification is an area of significant debate in most Middle English literature. It is part of the Matter of Rome cycle, a fact which Chaucer emphasizes.

Characters

 * Troilus, Trojan Prince, a warrior, the son of King Priam and wooer of Criseyde
 * Criseyde, Calchas' daughter
 * Achilles, a Greek warrior
 * Antenor, a soldier held captive by the Greeks, traded for Criseyde's safety, eventually betrays Troy
 * Calchas, a Trojan prophet who joins the Greeks
 * Diomede, woos Criseyde in the Greek Camp
 * Helen, wife to Menelaus, lover of Paris
 * Pandarus, Criseyde's uncle, who advises Troilus in the wooing of Criseyde
 * Priam, King of Troy
 * Cassandra, Daughter of Priam, a prophetess at the temple of Apollo
 * Hector, Prince of Troy, fierce warrior and leader of the Trojan armies
 * Paris, Prince of Troy, lover of Helen
 * Deiphobus, Prince of Troy, aids Troilus in the wooing of Criseyde

Synopsis
Calchas, a soothsayer, foresees the fall of Troy and abandons the city in favour of the Greeks; his daughter, Criseyde, receives some ill will on account of her father's betrayal. Troilus, a warrior of Troy, publicly mocks love and is punished by the God of Love by being struck with irreconcilable desire for Criseyde, whom he sees passing through the temple. With the help of sly Pandarus, Criseyde's uncle, Troilus and Criseyde begin to exchange letters. Eventually, Pandarus develops a plan to urge the two into bed together; Troilus swoons when he thinks the plan is going amiss, but Pandarus and Criseyde revive him. Pandarus leaves, and Troilus and Criseyde spend a night of bliss together.

Calchas eventually persuades the Greeks to exchange a prisoner of war, Antenor, for his daughter Criseyde. Hector, of Troy, objects; as does Troilus, although he does not voice his concern. Troilus speaks to Criseyde and suggests they elope but she offers a logical argument as to why it would not be practical. Criseyde promises to deceive her father and return to Troy after ten days; Troilus leaves her with a sense of foreboding. Upon arriving in the Greek camp, Criseyde realizes the unlikeliness of her being able to keep her promise to Troilus. She writes dismissively in response to his letters and on the tenth day accepts a meeting with Diomede, and listens to him speak of love. Later, she accepts him as a lover. Pandarus and Troilus wait for Criseyde: Pandarus sees that she will not return and eventually Troilus realizes this as well. Troilus curses Fortune, even more so because he still loves Criseyde; Pandarus offers some condolences. The narrator, with an apology for giving women a bad name, bids farewell to his book, and briefly recounts Troilus's death in battle and his ascent to the eighth sphere, draws a moral about the transience of earthly joys and the inadequacy of paganism, dedicates his poem to John Gower and Strode, asks the protection of the Trinity, and prays that we be worthy of Christ's mercy.

Inspiration
The Canticus Troili is a translation of Petrarch's Sonnet 132 from Il Canzoniere.

Troilus' philosophical monologue in Book IV is from Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy, a book that was extremely influential to Chaucer.

title: Troilus and Criseyde


text:
Marian Kowalski

Marian Kowalski may refer to:

 * Marian Albertovich Kowalski (1821–1884), Polish-Russian astronomer
 * Marian Kowalski (politician) (born 1964), Polish political activist, columnist and former bodybuilder

title: Marian Kowalski


text:
Talk:Holly Maddux

From VfD:

Non-notable on her own. Redirect to Ira Einhorn. RickK 22:44, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Same situation as other murder victims.  I doubt that a redirect is needed, but redirecting would catch the few people who search fo information on her. Geogre 17:58, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I have redirected Holly Maddux to Ira Einhorn. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:25, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Holly Maddux


text:
Talk:List of literature on rural issues

All of the references currently listed are pretty strongly anti-corporate. -- Beland 22:44, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Merge/Deletion
It's just a teeny bit of material, all US-specific as well as espousing a particular point of view. References to other wiki articles, not original sources, but those sources appear to be only individual articles. Not really "literature" the way it's usually used here, more like resources.

Family farm is the only possible place to merge it. (I wouldn't mind seeing it deleted.); I don't think we'd lose anything of value.

Lisamh 18:13, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * This should be a category, not a list, in my humble opinion. I think you should nominate it for deletion, and recommend it be incorporated into a category. Then it could be expanded properly. RoyalbroilTalk  Contrib 04:05, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of literature on rural issues


text:
Turtle Bay, Manhattan

Turtle Bay is a neighborhood in New York City, on the east side of Midtown Manhattan. It extends from roughly 43rd Street to 53rd Street, and eastward from Lexington Avenue to the East River's western branch (facing Roosevelt Island). The neighborhood is the site of the headquarters of the United Nations and the Chrysler Building. The Tudor City apartment complex is next to the southeast corner of Turtle Bay.

Turtle Bay is named after a former cove of the East River. The neighborhood was originally settled as a Dutch farm in the 17th century, and was subsequently developed with tenements, power plants, and slaughterhouses in the 19th century. These industrial structures were largely demolished in the 1940s and 1950s to make way for the United Nations headquarters. Today, Turtle Bay contains multiple missions and consulates to the nearby United Nations headquarters.

Turtle Bay is part of Manhattan Community District 6, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10017 and 10022. It is patrolled by the 17th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

Colonial days
Turtle Bay, a cove of the East River, was between what is now 45th and 48th Streets and was fed by a stream that ran from the present-day intersection of Second Avenue and 48th Street. It was probably named after the turtles found in the area. Historical records from the 17th century described an abundance of turtles nearby, with local residents partaking in a "turtle feast".

The Turtle Bay neighborhood was originally a 40 acre land grant given to two Englishmen by the Dutch colonial governor of New Amsterdam in 1639 and named "Turtle Bay Farm". The farm extended roughly from what is now 40th to 49th Streets and from Third Avenue to the river. By 1712, "Turtle Bay" was frequently used in property documents for the area.

On a knoll overlooking the cove, near 41st Street, the farmhouse was purchased as a summer retreat by Francis Bayard, and in the early 19th century remained the summer villa of Francis Bayard Winthrop. Turtle Creek, or DeVoor's Mill Creek as it was known, emptied into the cove at what is now 47th Street. To the south lay Kip's Bay farm; to the north, on a bluff, stood James Beekman's "Mount Pleasant", the first of a series of houses and villas with water views stretching away up the shoreline. After the street grid system was initiated in Manhattan, the hilly landscape of the Turtle Bay Farm was graded to create cross-streets and the land was subdivided for residential development.

Late 19th century
An army enrollment office was established at Third Avenue and 46th Street, after the first Draft Act was passed during the American Civil War. On July 13, 1863, an angry mob burned the office to the ground and proceeded to riot through the surrounding neighborhood, destroying entire blocks. The New York Draft Riots continued for three days before army troops managed to contain the mob, which had burned and looted much of the city. The cove was filled in after the Civil War, serving as a valuable shelter from the often harsh weather on the river, and became a thriving site for shipbuilding.

After the war ended, the formerly pastoral neighborhood was developed with brownstones. By 1868 the bay had been entirely filled in by commercial overdevelopment, packed with breweries, gasworks, slaughterhouses, cattle pens, coal yards, and railroad piers. By the early 20th century, Turtle Bay was "a riverside back yard" for the city, as the WPA Guide to New York City (1939) described it: "huge industrial enterprises—breweries, laundries, abattoirs, power plants—along the water front face squalid tenements not far away from new apartment dwellings attracted to the section by its river view and its central position. The numerous plants shower this district with the heaviest sootfall in the city—150 tons to the square mile annually".

The huge Waterside Station, a power plant operated by the Consolidated Edison Company, producing 367,000 kilowatts of electricity in its coal-fired plant, marked the southern boundary of the neighborhood. There were also 18 acre of slaughterhouses along First Avenue. With an infusion of poor immigrants having had come in the later part of the 19th century, and the opening of the elevated train lines along Second and Third Avenues, the neighborhood went into decay with crumbling tenement buildings.

20th and 21st centuries

Many tenements were restored in the 1920s, and a large communal garden was established. Charlotte Hunnewell Sorchan saw promise in the run-down rowhouses of Turtle Bay. In 1918 she purchased twenty houses on 48th and 49th Streets between Second and Third Avenues; within two years she had renovated the enclave called Turtle Bay Gardens. An area between First and Second Avenues, and 41st and 43rd Streets was known as "Goat Hill"—goats and squatters ruled the area—and later renamed "Prospect Hill". Prospect Hill developed into a shanty Irish community known as "Corcoran's Roost", founded by Jimmy Corcoran, in the 1850s, and later became known as a community with a high rate of violent crime and a haven for waterfront thieves such as the Rag Gang, during the late 19th century. From 1927 to 1932, the 2,800-unit Tudor City was built on this site, which was in 1988 named a historic district.

The clearing of the slaughterhouses for the construction of the UN headquarters in 1948, largely completed by 1952, and the removal of the elevated trains opened the neighborhood up for high-rise office buildings and condominiums. Concurrent with the UN headquarters' construction, the Ralph Bunche Park staircase was constructed, connecting Tudor City to the rest of Turtle Bay. Until the Third Avenue El was demolished in 1956, it was characterized by a blighted stretch of sooty darkness that had separated the neighborhood from Midtown Manhattan.

After the UN headquarters' expansion plan was originally announced in 2000, it was opposed by some Turtle Bay residents over concerns about the loss of the current Robert Moses Playground in order to build a long-sought new UN building on the site. In October 2011, city and state officials announced an agreement in which the UN would be allowed to build the tower adjacent to the existing campus on the current playground. In exchange, the United Nations would allow the construction of an esplanade along the East River that would complete the East River Greenway, a waterfront pedestrian and bicycle pathway. While host nation authorities have agreed to the provisions of the plan, it needs the approval of the United Nations in order to be implemented. The plan is similar in concept to an earlier proposal that had been announced in 2000 but did not move forward.

Demographics
For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Turtle Bay as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Turtle Bay-East Midtown. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Turtle Bay-East Midtown was 51,231, a change of 1,494 (2.9%) from the 49,737 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 410.95 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 124.7 PD/acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 77.1% (39,475) White, 2.1% (1,071) African American, 0% (23) Native American, 13% (6,655) Asian, 0% (21) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (184) from other races, and 1.6% (845) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% (2,957) of the population.

The entirety of Community District 6, which comprises Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, had 53,120 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 84.8 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (45%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 22% are between 45–64, and 13% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 7% and 12% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 6 was $112,383, though the median income in Turtle Bay individually was $135,360 In 2018, an estimated 10% of Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty-five residents (4%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 42% in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Community
To the north of Turtle Bay is Sutton Place, to the west is Midtown, and to the south are Tudor City and Murray Hill.

Turtle Bay Association
The Turtle Bay Association, a neighborhood non-profit 501(c)3 organization, was founded in 1957 by James Amster to protest, successfully, the widening of East 49th Street. It now serves as an advocate for residents of Turtle Bay, and maintains the neighborhood's quality of life. The Association's efforts have resulted in more park and landscaping development, creating the neighborhood's tree-lined and relatively quiet atmosphere.

Economy

 * Fujitsu operates an office at 733 Third Avenue.
 * Avianca operates a New York-area sales office in Suite 2525 at 122 East 42nd Street.
 * Ethiopian Airlines operates a sales office at 336 East 45th Street. Delta Air Lines operates a ticketing office in the 2 Grand Central Tower.
 * As of 1975, Trans World Airlines was headquartered in Turtle Bay.

Diplomatic missions
Missions to the United States in Turtle Bay include:

 * Consulate-General of the Bahamas
 * Consulate-General of Germany
 * Consulate-General of Israel in New York
 * Consulate-General of Jamaica
 * Consulate-General of Luxembourg
 * Consulate-General of Nicaragua
 * Consulate-General of Saudi Arabia
 * Consulate-General of Singapore
 * Consulate-General of South Africa
 * Consulate-General of Turkey
 * Consulate-General of Ukraine
 * Consulate-General of the United Kingdom

Numerous missions to the United Nations are in Turtle Bay, close to the UN. They include:

 * Algeria
 * Andorra
 * Angola
 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Argentina
 * The Bahamas
 * Bahrain
 * Bangladesh
 * Barbados
 * Belgium
 * Belize
 * Bhutan
 * Bolivia
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Botswana
 * Brazil
 * Brunei Darussalam
 * Burundi
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * Comoros
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Costa Rica
 * Croatia
 * Czech Republic
 * Denmark
 * Djibouti
 * Dominica
 * Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador
 * Egypt
 * Equatorial Guinea
 * Eritrea
 * Estonia
 * Eswatini
 * Ethiopia
 * Fiji
 * France
 * The Gambia
 * Georgia
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Grenada
 * Guinea-Bissau
 * Guyana
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * Hungary
 * Iceland
 * India
 * Republic of Ireland
 * Israel
 * Italy
 * Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
 * Jamaica
 * Jordan
 * Kazakhstan
 * Kenya
 * Kiribati
 * Kuwait
 * Kyrgyzstan
 * Laos
 * Latvia
 * Lebanon
 * Liberia
 * Libya
 * Luxembourg
 * Madagascar
 * Malawi
 * Malaysia
 * Maldives
 * Marshall Islands
 * Mauritania
 * Mauritius
 * Mexico
 * Monaco
 * Morocco
 * Mozambique
 * Nepal
 * Netherlands
 * Nicaragua
 * Niger
 * North Macedonia
 * North Korea
 * Oman
 * Palau
 * Paraguay
 * Peru
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Qatar
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Samoa
 * San Marino
 * São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Senegal
 * Seychelles
 * Sierra Leone
 * Singapore
 * Slovakia
 * Solomon Islands
 * South Africa
 * South Korea
 * South Sudan
 * Spain
 * Sri Lanka
 * Sudan
 * Sweden
 * Syria
 * Tanzania
 * Tonga
 * Tunisia
 * Turkey
 * Turkmenistan
 * Tuvalu
 * Uganda
 * Ukraine
 * United Arab Emirates
 * United Kingdom
 * United States
 * Vanuatu
 * Venezuela
 * Vietnam
 * Yemen
 * Zambia
 * Zimbabwe

Architectural landmarks
Several sites in Turtle Bay have been designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) as official city landmarks and/or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). These include several institutional headquarters. In the southern section of Turtle Bay, between 42nd and 43rd Streets east of Second Avenue, the Ford Foundation Building and its lobby interior are designated as city landmarks. One block north is the former Beaux-Arts Institute of Design (now the Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations) at 304 East 44th Street is designated as a New York City landmark. The headquarters of the Japan Society at 333 East 47th Street has also been designated as a city landmark.

Several apartments and houses in Turtle Bay have also been designated as landmarks. The Beaux-Arts Apartments, a pair of artists' residential apartments across the street from each other at 307 and 310 East 44th Street, are city landmarks. The Panhellenic Tower apartment hotel near First Avenue and 49th Street is also a city landmark. A portion of the Tudor City Historic District, a city and NRHP district, extends into Turtle Bay. Individual houses designated as city landmarks include the Paul Rudolph Penthouse and Apartments at 23 Beekman Place; the Lescaze House at 211 East 48th Street,  also listed on the NRHP; the Morris B. Sanders Studio & Apartment at 219 East 49th Street;  the Rockefeller Guest House at 242 East 52nd Street;  and 312 and 314 East 53rd Street. The Turtle Bay Gardens Historic District, a city and NRHP district, consists of twenty rowhouses on 48th and 49th Streets between Second and Third Avenues.

There are some other historical sites in Turtle Bay as well. The first-floor interior of the Millennium Hilton New York One UN Plaza hotel is also a city landmark, though not any other portions of the interior or exterior. Amster Yard, a courtyard at 211-215 East 49th Street designed by James Amster, is also a city landmark.

Police and crime
Turtle Bay and Murray Hill are patrolled by the 17th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 167 East 51st Street. The 17th Precinct and neighboring 13th Precinct ranked 57th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The high per-capita crime rate is attributed to the precincts' high number of property crimes. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 35 per 100,000 people, Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 180 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 17th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 80.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported no murders, 13 rapes, 63 robberies, 91 felony assaults, 80 burglaries, 748 grand larcenies, and 26 grand larcenies auto in 2018.

Fire safety
Turtle Bay is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Company 8/Ladder Company 2/Battalion 8, located at 165 East 51st Street.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town are lower than the city average. In Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, there were 78 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 1.5 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate was based on a small sample size. Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 3%, less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town is 0.0102 mg/m3, more than the city average. Twelve percent of Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town residents are smokers, which is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, 10% of residents are obese, 5% are diabetic, and 18% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 7% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 90% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, there are 7 bodegas.

Beth Israel Medical Center is located in Stuyvesant Town. In addition, the Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Medical Center are located in Kips Bay.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Turtle Bay is located in two primary ZIP Codes. The area south of 49th Street is part of 10017 and the area north of 49th Street is part of 10022. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices near Turtle Bay:
 * Grand Central Station – 450 Lexington Avenue
 * FDR Station – 909 Third Avenue

Education

Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. A majority of residents age 25 and older (82%) have a college education or higher, while 3% have less than a high school education and 15% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.

Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town, 8% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 91% of high school students in Turtle Bay and Stuyvesant Town graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
The New York City Department of Education does not operate any public schools in Turtle Bay. Students in grades PK–5 are zoned to PS 59 Beekman Hill International in Lenox Hill and students in grades 6–8 are zoned to IS 104 Simon Baruch School in Gramercy Park. Formerly, P.S. 135 operated inside Turtle Bay. The structure now contains condominiums and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

There are no zoned high schools in New York City. However, the Art and Design High School, a vocational school, serves grades 9–12.

Libraries
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches near Turtle Bay:
 * The 58th Street branch is located at 127 East 58th Street. The branch opened in a Carnegie library building in 1907 and moved to its current two-story space in 1969.
 * The Grand Central branch is located at 135 East 46th Street. The two-story library opened in 2008.

Parks and recreation
Manhattan Community District 6, which includes Turtle Bay, has the lowest ratio of public park space per capita of all community districts in the borough and also ranks second to last among all community districts in New York City with regards to the percentage of district land that is parkland. Parks in Turtle Bay include:

 * Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza is located on the south side of East 47th Street between First and Second Avenues. The park was originally conceived in 1947 as part of a new landscaped approach to the headquarters of the United Nations.
 * Greenacre Park is a privately owned, publicly accessible park located on East 51st Street between Second and Third avenues. The park was donated by Abby Rockefeller Mauzé in 1971.
 * MacArthur Playground is located to the west of the FDR Drive between East 48th and 49th streets. The playground was constructed as part of the adjacent building at 860-870 United Nations Plaza and was ceded to New York City.
 * Peter Detmold Park is located on the west side of the FDR Drive between East 49th and 51st streets. The park was named after a former Turtle Bay resident that was murdered in 1972.
 * Ralph Bunche Park, located on the west side of First Avenue between East 42nd and 43rd streets, was created in 1948 as part of the widening of First Avenue for the development of the United Nations headquarters.

Transportation
The closest New York City Subway stations are at the western border of the neighborhood, at Lexington Avenue/51st–53rd Streets and Grand Central–42nd Street ; the latter has a connection to the Metro-North Railroad at Grand Central Terminal and the Long Island Rail Road at Grand Central Madison. Local New York City Bus lines include.

The only major thoroughfare is the FDR Drive, at the neighborhood's eastern border. The Queens Midtown Tunnel (I-495) and Queensboro Bridge (NY 25) are located just south and north, respectively, of the neighborhood.

In popular culture

 * In 1917, the first movies in which silent-film comedian Buster Keaton appeared were produced at fellow comic Fatty Arbuckle's Comique Film Studio at 318–320 East 48th Street, a warehouse building later occupied by the 20th Century parking garage.
 * Turtle Bay is the setting for a considerable portion of the Kurt Vonnegut science fiction novel Slapstick, as well as the location of the (fictional) painter Dan Gregory's mansion (in the brownstones of 48th Street between 2nd and 3rd Avenues) in his novel Bluebeard.
 * The animated series The Venture Bros.'s pilot episode is entitled "The Terrible Secret of Turtle Bay" and takes place largely at the UN headquarters.
 * Turtle Bay is the location of a vacant lot in Stephen King's Dark Tower series, where the Tower takes the form of The Rose. Later, the lot is revealed to be the site of 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza.
 * In the song "Stars and The Moon" from the musical revue Songs for a New World by Jason Robert Brown, a rich suitor promises to buy the singer a "townhouse in Turtle Bay".
 * Turtle Bay, and specifically Beekman Place, is home to the fictional character "Mame Dennis" in the novel Auntie Mame by Patrick Dennis, as well as in the Broadway play, musical and the films based on it.
 * Turtle Bay is the home of the fictional lawyer Stone Barrington in a series of novels by Stuart Woods.
 * Turtle Bay is the location of the "old willow tree" that is "long-suffering and much-climbed, held together by strings of wire but beloved of those who know it" that E.B. White writes "symbolizes the city" in his essay "Here is New York".
 * The iconic Modernist apartment towers at 860–870 United Nations Plaza are the setting for the 1969 romantic comedy film "The April Fools", starring Jack Lemmon and Catherine Deneuve.
 * The Historical Records for the "Turtle Bay Gardens Historic District" list Katharine Hepburn and Stephen Sondheim as residents.

title: Turtle Bay, Manhattan


text:
Kyo Kusanagi

Kyo Kusanagi (草薙 京) is a fictional character in SNK's The King of Fighters series of fighting games. The character was first introduced in the 1994 video game The King of Fighters '94 as the leader of the Japan team from the series' title tournament. Kyo, heir to the Kusanagi clan, is first introduced as a cocky, delinquent high-school student who has pyrokinetic powers. His clan is one of three who banished the legendary snake demon entity Yamata no Orochi. During the series' story, Kyo meets rivals and enemies who seek to take his flame abilities. Aside from the main series, Kyo appears in several crossovers and spinoffs with other games. He is also the central title character of the manga The King of Fighters: Kyo and video game adaptation with the same name which center around his daily life.

Kyo was created by Shinichi Morioka as a hero who would fight the main characters from other SNK franchises, such as Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting. His debut in The King of Fighters received a large positive response by fans, making Kyo return in The King of Fighters '99 where he was originally non available in early versions. His outfit and gameplay techniques were redesigned throughout the series; since his original appearance, featuring a high-school uniform, became popular with fans, designers created clones of his original costume in later games. The same occurred with his moves, which have been re-balanced across the series.

Video game journalists have praised Kyo's design and fighting style as among the best of the series, and in fighting games in general. His role in the story and his long rivalry with Iori Yagami were also celebrated. The character's redesign in The King of Fighters XIV earned mixed responses because of the differences from previous incarnations. Kyo's role in printed media and other adaptations of the series has often been criticized, most notably in the live-action film. A variety of Kyo collectibles, including key chains and figurines, has been created.

Origin and influences

Kyo Kusanagi was created by artist Shinichi Morioka. When designing characters for the first King of Fighters game, developers wanted a new, "snazzy" hero who would fight against characters from two other SNK series, Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting. Through most of his development, Kyo was named Syo Kirishima (霧島 翔) and was dressed in martial arts clothing common in fighting games of the time. His design was inspired by the main character of Katsuhiro Otomo's manga and film Akira, Shotaro Kaneda. Late in production, his name was changed to Kyo Kusanagi, as a means of relating the character to the Yamata no Orochi legend, which was the basis of the story arc of the game. The name Syo would later be used for Kyo's Another Striker in The King of Fighters 2000. Another planned name before Syo was Ryo Fang (霧島翔) but no design was elaborated from it. However, in the end SNK chose the name Kyo as they felt it more fitting.

While in charge of designing the character, Yuichiro Hiraki sought to contrast Kyo with Street Fighter character Ryu, as he believed the latter was a popular character in international markets and that Kyo's characterization and design could benefit from appealing to as broad a demographic as possible. Despite Kyo originally being depicted as a lazy young adult, he shows a notable character arc across the games: he develops a new fighting style on his own which contrasts his original concept of being born with talent. In contrast to Terry and Ryo, Kyo was given a natural life in his debut. However, the death of his father Saisyu at the hands of Rugal Bernstein was executed to make him more tragic and serious when it came to his training, leaving Japan in his ending to become stronger in future battles.

When making The King of Fighters '94, developers thought Kyo would appeal to audiences by contrasting starkly with characters from Fatal Fury, whose characters were much older and had more muscular bodies than Kyo's. Kyo's girlfriend Yuki was also created by Morioka. By the next game, SNK introduced Iori Yagami as Kyo's rival; in contrast to Kyo, SNK decided to keep Iori's life as private as possible in order to differentiate the two characters. The rivalry between these two men was noted to stand out across the franchise with Ogura claiming despite having the two characters having differences, they still have respect towards each other, making their team ups with Chizuru Kagura to defeat a common enemy feel natural. According to the scenario writer, while Kyo and Benimaru's relationship was initially that of rivals to, it eventually became a case of siblings with Benimaru acting like the older ones. Ureshino also finds that the romance between Kyo and Yuki ended up being nicely written to the point they feel like a married couple in The King of Fighters XV.

The game's developers decided Kyo's main abilities would be fire-based, alongside the movesets of the other characters in the original Japan Team, who were all inspired by the manga and anime Getter Robo, created by Go Nagai and Ken Ishikawa. The three members of the Japan Team, Benimaru Nikaido, Goro Daimon and Kyo, had personalities similar to those of the main characters from Getter Robo. Kyo was based on the main character, Ryoma Nagare, who had a fiery persona. The elements and the personalities were also a homage to a Japanese phrase about giving birth to fire: "lightning strikes the earth which sparks the flame". According to Morioka, Ikki Kajiwara's Ashita no Joe and Nagai's Devilman manga series were influences too. Artist Nona said he found it difficult to design Kyo as a heroic character due to his dark traits, noting the character was also inspired by Akira Fudo, the protagonist of Devilman. Kyo's pixel art was created by Hiraki, who despite leaving SNK to work on another project a few years later, was asked by Capcom's Kaname Fujioka to once again work on Kyo's design for the crossover game Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000. Artist Falcoon states that Kyo has a strong attitude, making him one of the hardest characters to illustrate, while also noting that his rivalry with Iori Yagami is strong enough to make the duo likable.

Designs and actors
In his first appearances, Kyo wears a modified version of his school uniform with a Sun mark that represents his heritage of the Kusanagi. During the early stages of development for The King of Fighters '99, SNK planned to exclude Kyo and Iori from the game because its story was centered on new protagonist K', but they reversed this decision because "they couldn't leave these popular characters in limbo". Kyo's repeated appearances in every game in the series, at the insistence of SNK executives for marketing purposes, made story planning for each title challenging, with artist Hiroaki Hashimoto expressing a desire for his work to live up to Shinkiro's, which he said left a great impression on him. Several of the series' designers said Kyo is one of the most difficult characters to illustrate because of his popularity. Although Kyo was redesigned for KOF '99, some designers wanted to return to his iconic school uniform. Near the end of production, staff could not decide which uniform the Kyo clone should wear, so the project head decided to make two clones. To save time, the project head drew designs for Kyo-1 and Kyo-2 on the character roster. The same situation occurred during production of The King of Fighters 2002; the designers created another clone of Kyo called "Kusanagi" to include his school uniform design.

The developers of the series for The King of Fighters 2001, Eolith, noted that Kyo and Iori were also popular in their country, which led to their immediate inclusion in their game. Falcoon redesigned Kyo's clothes for the spin-off game KOF: Maximum Impact 2; his jacket was redesigned while keeping the appeal of the original costume. His "Normal Color F" attire is similar to his father's martial arts clothing. The outfit called "Color G" is reminiscent of the costume design of Yuki, the popular protagonist of NeoGeo Battle Coliseum.

While Kyo often wears different outfits for each game's story mode, he was given a more masculine appearance for The King of Fighters XIII. Artist Ogura expressed pressure when designing this incarnation of the character, saying it had to live up to an enduring reputation. With designers believing he had become a more traditional fighter, they gave him a simpler, more modern appearance for The King of Fighters XIV. Character designer Nobuyuki Kuroki said staff wanted to captivate new fans with Kyo's larger design regardless of negative backlash. Producer Yasuyuki Oda noted that while researching new characters for KOF XIV, Kyo's moves avoided stereotypes like Japanese sumo wrestlers to produce more variety within the cast, which included characters of multiple nationalities. Oda added that they "Kyo-ify" the new members to produce originality in the game. His appearance in KOF XV was altered to look like his previous looks while altering other parts of his design like his jacket and gloves.

Yuichi Nakamura portrayed Kyo in a commercial promoting the cellphone game The King of Fighters All Stars, alongside Hiroshi Fujioka. In the live-action film, Kyo was portrayed by Sean Faris. Kyo's Japanese voice actor Masahiro Nonaka related with his character as being young and reckless until he "grew up" in his later appearances. He then expressed some difficulty accepting Kyo on the same level. Tomoaki Maeno replaced Nonaka for The King of Fighters XIV and said he was putting all his efforts and expected the fandom to enjoy his work as the new voice of Kyo. Maeno noted the impact of Kyo was challenging as he was the main character from a famous series of fighting games. He often played the demo of The King of Fighters XIV as Kyo in order to fully appreciate the character. For The King of Fighters for Girls, Maeno was careful with his performance as he understands due to how beloved is his character. He was careful in his songs and took a liking to the catchphrase "Moetaro?" (Got burned?).

Fighting style
In his debut, Kyo fights with the Kusanagi Style of Ancient Martial Arts (草薙流古武术), attacking opponents using flames and several hits from his limbs. This was developed by Mitsuo Kodama, an animator in charge of the first game in the series. In later series' tournaments, he combines fire with a personal style of kenpō. His fighting style was changed as part of the series' overhaul in The King of Fighters '96. To appease fans, producers also included an older version of Kyo from KOF '94 into The King of Fighters '97 and placed The King of Fighters '95 version of Kyo in The King of Fighters '98, which increased the character's popularity during location tests. In KOF '96 he was given a new move known as the 212 Shiki Koto Tsuki You (弐百拾弐式・琴月 陽), which Yasuyuki Oda said is one of his favorites because it reminded him of mecha series from the 1990s. Oda also noted that Kyo was one of his favorite characters in the series as found his moves easy to learn. Kyo's gameplay was modified again for The King of Fighters '99 onwards, with most of his original moves being left for his clones.

Although Kyo retains his third outfit in The King of Fighters XII, his moves were modified to those from the first two games of the series to make the character fight in close quarters rather than using projectiles, improving the balance of the roster, and making fights more entertaining. Kyo's signature technique is the Ura 108 Shiki: Orochinagi (裏百八式・大蛇薙), a massive slash of fire he creates with one hand. The staff worked to incorporate this move into the game carefully, trying to make it as realistic as possible while using enhanced special effects. Based on Japanese myths, the Orochinagi was conceptualized as the move Kyo would use to defeat the demon known as Yamato no Orochi. This was given a mid-air variation for The King of Fighters XIII; designers kept in mind the concept of coolness and the small difficulty in performing it. Kyo's Neo Max technique, the "Ura 121 Shiki: Ama-no-Murakumo (裏百弐拾壱式・天叢雲)", in which he covers the enemies with walls of fire, was the first move of this category to be made for the game. As a result, the other characters' Neo Max techniques were reformatted so as to be comparable with Kyo's move.

"NESTS Kyo" was added to the game as downloadable content; this version focused on his hand-to-hand combat, contrasting from his original moves in XIII. SNK worked to balance this version of the character to the original, ensuring neither version would be superior to the other. Like Kyo, his regular desperation move involves the original Orochinagi, but he retains the "Saihsuu Kessen Ougi: Mushiki" (最終決戦奥義・無式) "One of three divine weapon" (also known as "182 Shiki"), a move where he consecutively punches the enemy while adding increasing flame damage to each strike. His Neo Max is a new technique named "Saishuu Kessen Hiougi Totsuka" (最終決戦秘 奥義) which covers the entire screen in flames. For The King of Fighters XIV, Oda wanted to keep his gameplay intact in order to avoid fan backlash. Kyo's strongest move "Ura 1127 Shiki Yaegaki" (裏千百武捨七式 八重垣) is both a reference to his father's technique as well as the Kusanagi myths from his origins.

In The King of Fighters main series
Kyo is one of the last members of the Kusanagi clan who can create fire; 660 years before the games' events, the Kusanagi and Yasakani clans were allies but the latter's jealousy over the former's fame led the Yasakani to make a pact with the snake demon Orochi. Since then, the clans have had a generation-long grudge with casualties on both sides. Kyo's rivalry with Iori Yagami is one of mutual hatred rather than history. In the first The King of Fighters video game, Kyo stars in the famous fighting tournament as the leader of the Japan Team with Benimaru Nikaido and Goro Daimon. They become champions and defeat the host Rugal Bernstein who has killed Kyo's father, Saisyu. Kyo goes on a training quest in the aftermath. In the next title, the Japan Team again faces Rugal who has revived and brainwashed Saisyu in revenge. Following their fight, Saisyu is saved from Rugal's control and Kyo's defeat their nemesis again with the team leader confused by the energy he obtained.

Prior to the events of The King of Fighters '96, a man named Goenitz – a follower of Orochi – easily defeats Kyo, causing him to seek revenge. The tournament's host, Chizuru Kagura, wants Kyo and Iori Yagami on her team to help defeat Orochi and stop Goenitz, who is revealed to have granted Rugal new powers in the previous tournament. In The King of Fighters '97, Kyo faces Orochi's remaining followers, the New Faces Team, who aim to revive Orochi by sacrificing Kyo's girlfriend, Yuki. Following their failure, Orochi possess one of them, Chris, but Kyo and Iori manage to defeat him, leaving him to be sealed by Chizuru. In KOF '98, Kyo appears as a playable character on the Japan Team with Benimaru and Daimon. An alternative version of his character, with movesets used in previous games, is also playable.

Kyo is a secret character in most versions of The King of Fighters '99, and has no team. Kyo is kidnapped by the NESTS syndicate, who use his DNA to make clones of him. Kyo enters his captors' base and tries to obtain answers from them, but is forced to retreat when the base begins to collapse. If the player has accrued enough points, Kyo can be faced in a bonus fight. He continues his fight against the NESTS alone in The King of Fighters 2000 but in the next game, Kyo reunites with his old teammates, and his student Shingo Yabuki, to make a comeback on the Japan Team. In KOF 2002, Kyo is a playable character on the original Japan Team.

In The King of Fighters 2003, Chizuru appears to Kyo and Iori, asking them to form a team to investigate suspicious activities concerning the Orochi seal. During the investigation, the team is ambushed by the fighter Ash Crimson, who plans to get their clans' powers and steal them from Chizuru. In The King of Fighters XI, Kyo and Iori again form a team with Shingo, filling Chizuru's spot to stop Ash. The growing presence of Orochi, however, causes Iori to go berserk and harm his teammates. Ash then appears, defeats Iori, and steals his abilities. The PlayStation 2 port added an alternative version of Kyo that has his NESTS saga moves. In King of Fighters XII, Kyo is a playable character but he does not have a team. Kyo reunites with the original members of the Esaka Team in The King of Fighters XIII. Following Ash's disappearance causing Iori to recover his powers, Kyo fights his rival again. Additionally, an alternative version of himself, with different moves called "NESTS Style Kyo", is available as downloadable content.

Kyo returns in The King of Fighters XIV with his old comrades, where his classic school costume appears as downloadable content through pre-order bonus released in the online store. Kyo enters the tournament at the request of his father to meet Tung Fu Rue's students. After an unknown being stops the competition, Kyo reunites with Iori and Chizuru to reseal a weak Orochi, who had been previously revived. He is set to return in The King of Fighters XV.

The King of Fighters spin-offs
Kyo appears in a role-playing video game titled The King of Fighters: Kyo, in which he travels around the world to prepare for The King of Fighters tournament until the events of KOF '97. In this game, Kyo's actor Masahiro Nonaka performs a song named "Pieces" during a karaoke fight between him and Iori. This song was included in the CD Drama NEO･GEO DJ Station. Kyo receives a letter for the KOF '97 tournament and has a month to travel across the world to form his team. Chizuru Kagura tests Kyo's will to fight by creating a scenario in which Kyo's girlfriend Yuki is kidnapped. Kyo appears in the spin-off video games The King of Fighters: Battle de Paradise as a member of a band. The King of Fighters R-1 again reprises the events of KOF '97; in this game Kyo also teams up with Shingo and Kim Kaphwan in an alternate scenario. In the sequel, The King of Fighters R-2, Kyo teams up with his father and Shingo. SNK also released a pachinko based on the series' Orochi storyline and focusing on Kyo's actions during the plot.

He is present in the spin-offs Neowave and the Maximum Impact series. In Maximum Impact 2, Kyo is playable as his classic version from the first games as well as with a new outfit. In each North American edition following Maximum Impact, Kyo is voiced by Andrew Roth, an English voice actor. During The King of Fighters EX: Neo Blood, Moe Habana, the heir of one of the ten sacred treasures, finds Kyo seriously wounded after his fight against Orochi. After healing him, Moe joins Kyo and Benimaru to participate in a tournament developed by the criminal Geese Howard, who is searching for the power of Orochi. In the sequel game The King of Fighters EX2: Howling Blood, Reiji Okami, another member of the ten sacred treasures, asks Kyo to join him as his teammate in a new tournament so they can investigate interference with the Orochi seal. He is present in the Chinese mobile phone games named KOF: WORLD, and KOF X Arena Masters. In the role-playing game The King of Fighters All Star Kyo is present in his original look as well as his NESTS persona. For the otome game King of Fighters for Girls, Maeno performed a duet song with Benimaru's actor titled "Let's Fight".

In other games
Kyo has also appeared in video games outside The King of Fighters series. He is a playable character in the shooter games Sky Stage, Neo Geo Heroes: Ultimate Shooting, NeoGeo Tennis Coliseum, and the rhythm-action mobile game The Rhythm Of Fighters. He is featured in the 2018 augmented reality game The King of Fighters Orochi Go and the Korean fighting game The King of Cyphers. In the crossover video games Neo Geo Battle Coliseum and SNK vs. Capcom series, Kyo appears as a playable character; in the former game he appears with his NESTS costume while in the latter he is wearing his school uniform. He is also a character card in SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighter DS. Kyo additionally appears both as one of the background characters and as a spirit in the Nintendo crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.

He is featured in the card-battle video games Lord of Vermillion Re:2's Tie-Ups and Core Masters, and fighting game Lost Saga. Despite not being playable in SNK Gals' Fighters and SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy, he appears in the ending as a cross-dressed Iori and Shermie, respectively. He is present in the RPGs Kimi wa Hero in his regular outfit and in a vampire outfit in Brave Frontier,  and in his school uniform in the Chinese mobile phone game Wangzhe Rongyao. He is available in the mobile games The King Fighters X Fatal Fury, Puzzle and Dragons, Boku & Dragon and Crusaders Quest. He is present in the dating sim part of the Days of Memories series, Metal Slug Defense, the beat-em up Fighting Days, A shooting game named Beast Busters has Kyo as a guest character, as does Lucent Heart. The character's NESTS arc look is also used in action role-playing Phantasy Star Online 2.

In other media
Aside from the main series, Kyo has appeared in other media from The King of Fighters series. In the anime The King of Fighters: Another Day, he is featured prominently in the fourth chapter as Ash Crimson stages a fight against Alba Miera, both of whom are stopped by Iori. A number of image songs and audio dramas featuring Kyo, including the contents of his own character-image album consisting of a number of his theme songs, have been released.

Kyo also appears in the manhua adaptation of The King of Fighters: Zillion, created by Andy Seto, which tells Kyo and Iori's story between their fight against Orochi until the one against NESTS. He stars in further manwhua for the games, starting with The King of Fighters 2001, ending with The King of Fighters 2003, and including the Maximum Impact series. Seto also wrote a prequel that shows how Kyo turned into a fighter, met his girlfriend Yuki, and befriended Benimaru and Daemon. Kyo also appears in a spin-off manga story entitled The King of Fighters: Kyo, which is based on the events following The King of Fighters '95; the story was created by Masato Natsumoto and deals with Kyo's daily life. Ryo Takamisaki's manga The King of Fighters G shows an alternate retelling of KOF '96 where Kyo teams up with Athena Asamiya during the tournament. In the KOF XII manwua, Kyo briefly confronts Ash after recovering from Iori's berserker attack from XI and undergoing new training. Novelizations of the games also retell Kyo's in-game actions, although the KOF 2000 novelization has him returning to Yuki in a comic fashion in contrast to the original games in which he remains distant, apart from the NESTS syndicate. In the manga The King of Fighters: A New Beginning, Kyo once again battles his rival during his first round from the competition. The match ends as a tie but the Japan Team wins the battle due to Benimaru and Daimon defeating Iori's allies. The mercenaries from the Ikari Team later lead Kyo to fight an army of robots based on NESTS's Kyo clones. Enraged by the cartel, Kyo kills the recently reborn NESTS leader, Igniz, and destroys their base. Afterwards, Kyo reunites with his allies and the Yagami Team to face the wraith brought by a creature referred to as a Verse.

In The King of Fighters movie, Kyo is played by Sean Faris and is portrayed as a biracial Japanese-American. During the story, Kyo joins forces with Iori and Mai Shiranui to defeat Rugal.

In the CGI web series The King of Fighters: Destiny, Kyo goes to his first team tournament with Benimaru and Daimon. While he is first interested in fighting Terry Bogard, he becomes concerned when he senses the power of the Orochi within the fighters and seeks to stop the mastermind behind this. The web series has an extra episode that shows Kyo befriending Benimaru during a fight against multiple yakuza. After saving the tournament's fighters from Orochi's power, which causes them to go berserk, Kyo, Terry and Heidern meet Rugal, the person using them, and fight him. With help from his partners, Kyo defeats his enemy. He also appears in the trailer of the upcoming film The King of Fighters: Awaken challenging Goenitz.

Cultural impact
Kyo Kusanagi received major praise ever since his introduction. In a retrospective review of the series' debut, VideoGamer.com called Kyo one of the most popular video game characters from Japan during his 1994 debut. Similarly, although the first King of Fighters game promoted the possibility of fights between Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting characters, IGN and Hobby Consolas regarded Kyo as the most popular character from the game, calling him the "best star" in the franchise. Damien McFerran of Virtual Console Reviews considered Kyo one of the best creations from The King of Fighters series, as well as the most original one. On the other hand, Den of Geek noted that while Kyo was introduced as a weak main character, as a result of the pressure of the series also using Terry Bogard and Ryo Sakazaki—heroes from other SNK's series—by the climax of the Orochi arc he becomes more appealing due to his role in this part and his new movesets. When it comes to the narrative, the formation of the new Sacred Treasure Team was noted to be a proper conclusion to the Orochi story arc and the character.

Critics also liked the rivalry between Kyo and Iori. The Daily Star noted that although Kyo and Iori begin as enemies, they become allies in later games, leading to their popularity. Sohu commented Kyo Kusanagi is more suitable to be the heir of the blood of the Orochi, Iori Yagami overshadows him due to his origins. Kyo and Iori's introduction was highly popular to the point Japanese gamers spread rumors they might be brother due to their connection to the myth of Orochi though Chinese comic created bizarre plots involving them. Despite the comics portraying Kyo and Iori's deadly enemies, the video game introductions did not go that far and instead used to tease their continuous competitiveness highly lampshaded by how they stare at each other while creating different colored flames. Therefore, Iori Yagami and Kyo Kusanagi still get along very harmoniously in occasions that do not involve "Orochi" but still have misrelationship.

Following the Orochi arc, in The King of Fighters '99, Kyo was originally a hidden character with RPGFan praising his redesign. He became instantly playable in the console ports, which led to praise within fans and writers. Listing him as the sixth best 2D fighting game character, GameRant praised the character's moves and designs, especially in The King of Fighters 2003 and XI. Kyo received mixed reactions when The King of Fighters XIV was first revealed as critics were divided on whether or not the design was faithful to the original. When the game was patched to improve the graphics, Siliconera said Kyo's appearance was highly improved.

Anime News Network expressed disappointment that Kyo was not picked as a SNK representative character in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, as he had few guest appearances in comparison to Terry Bogard. Dexerto also listed Kyo as one of the SNK character they wanted to see in Smash due to his gameplay being able to properly match other video game icons like Captain Falcon. To choose the covers for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 ports of KOF XII, Ignition Entertainment started a survey on May 4, 2009, in which users of its forum could vote for one of two covers, one of which features Kyo and the other Iori. His return in The King of Fighter XV was praised by GameRant for mixing elements from XIV and more classic games in Kyo's design and gameplay. His role in the story was believed to be less traditional from previous installments for not being part of Shun'ei's and Benimaru's Hero Team and instead showing possible clashes with Iori Yagami as usual.

Some critics commented on the character's moves. IGN writer A.E. Sparrow wrote that Kyo is one of the most enjoyable characters to play in the King of Fighters series, praising the dynamism of his moveset and fighting style. In another review, Sparrow considered him to be one of the most useful characters in the games and one of the best for veteran players. Gaming Age writer Jeff Keely praised Kyo's redesign in The King of Fighters '99, saying he felt less overpowered than in previous games, which helped to balance the cast, but still felt him weaker in comparison to the new character Terry Bogard. Electronic Gaming Monthly shared similar comments, stating he became a fan of Kyo thanks to his NESTS moves, which made his downloadable version from KOF XIII exciting, and Shoryuken said this version was more interesting than the regular Kyo. Prima Games listed his "Orochinagi" as the 40th best technique in gaming due to the way it covers the screen. Complex ranked Kyo as the 11th Most Dominant Fighting Game Character, praising his special moves. A Gamasutra writer enjoyed Kyo's mechanics in the Capcom vs. SNK series due to his uniqueness while being confronted by other characters. Meristation was bothered by Kyo's simple moves in The King of Fighters XII and XIII, and was pleased with the return of hand-to-hand techniques in XIV. The character's moves in XIV were noted to appeal to both newcomers and veterans of the franchise.

Outside the video games, Kyo has made appearances that met with disapproval by critics. Lucas M. Thomas from IGN lamented that Kyo has few appearances in the volume from the manhua The King of Fighters 2003 in comparison to Ash Crimson, who is the greater focus of the series. Den of Geek found the comic SVC Chaos ridiculous because Kyo's and other characters' death rea trivialized. John Funk from The Escapist found the trailer for the series' live-action film confusing because Kyo's race was changed from Japanese to white. Beyond Hollywood was also confused by Kyo's portrayal in the film because of flashbacks to his childhood depicting him as Japanese whereas his adult self is American. Stuff also had a harsh opinion of Kyo being played by Sean Faris despite the character's Asian origins. Kyo's portrayal in The King of Fighters: Destiny received more favorable responses because the plot does not solely focus on his history, but also other characters from the games. Anime UK News enjoyed Kyo's handling in the manga A New Beginning due to how his rivalry stands out in the first fight more than the new protagonist, Shun'ei.

Kyo has been well-received by gamers; he has appeared in several popularity polls. In Gamest's 1997 Heroes Collection, Kyo was voted as the staff's second-favorite character behind Iori. In a 2005 poll by SNK-Playmore USA, he was voted the sixth fan-favorite character with 176 votes, which led to him having less inclusion on the cover of Maximum Impact in the North American release. Additionally, in the January 30, 1995, issue of Gamest magazine in Japan, Kyo was featured at No. 4 in the Top 50 Characters of 1994. For the special endings in The King of Fighters '97, the video game journals Gamest, Famitsu and Neo Geo Freak created a team composed of three characters from the game so they would be featured in an image after passing the arcade mode. Neo Geo Freak's team was Kyo, Mai Shiranui and Billy Kane. In an ASCII Media Works poll, in which fans voted on video game or manga characters they would like to name their children after, Kyo's name was tenth in the male category. In the character-popularity poll on the website of Neo Geo Freak magazine, he was voted the third-favorite character with 2,574 votes. In another poll from 1997, Kyo took first place with 2,160 votes. At a museum of videogames sponsored by the municipality of Rome, a special illustration listed Kyo as the mascot of the mid-1990s era of Neo Geo.

In the book Gaming Cultures and Place in Asia-Pacific, Kyo was named as one of the most popular video game characters in Hong Kong from the mid 1990s onwards, alongside Iori and Mai. This was especially notable as the character outshined Street Fighter characters who are instead more popular in Western regions. In 2018, Kyo was voted the fifth-most-popular Neo Geo character. In 2008, Insert Credit, a publisher related to game piracy, created an 8-bit fighting game titled Top Fighter, in which Kyo was one of the characters. SNK artist Falcoon said he believes Kyo appealed to gamers in the 1990s because of his appearance and fashion style. Joan Arnedo Moreno and Jordi Duch Gavaldà from Universitat Oberta de Catalunya said Kyo was one of the biggest figures in gaming next to Terry, Ryu and Goku which inspired a fictional Cadillac for a video game titled CarOut!. The vehicle was based on Kyo's design with few red parts involving his fire powers. Kyo's yelling causes the car to move faster in the game. In the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die, Kyo is regarded as the most iconic character from The King of Fighters. Meanwhile, the theme song "Esaka" often used in the franchise was noted to reflect the character's personality with revisions in other games exposing different sides. Complex also found Kyo as one of the characters who humiliates the loser the most based on examples from his character from The King of Fighters XIII.

title: Kyo Kusanagi


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Turtle Bay

Turtle Bay may refer to:

 * Turtle Bay, Manhattan, a neighborhood in New York City
 * Turtle Bay, O'ahu, in the Hawaiian archipelago
 * Turtle Bay, Bermuda, bay in Bermuda
 * Turtle Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands, bay and beach in U.S. Virgin Islands
 * Turtle Bay, Texas, a former area of Galveston Bay now enclosed as Lake Anahuac
 * Turtle Bay (album), a 1973 album by Herbie Mann
 * Turtle Bay Exploration Park in Redding, California
 * Turtle Bay (restaurant), a chain of Caribbean-themed restaurants in the United Kingdom

title: Turtle Bay