text:
Talk:No. 18 (Dragon Ball)

The only female Z-fighter
Shouldn't it be mentioned somehwere on the page that Android 18 is the only female warrior in the DBZ canon (Albiet, Chi Chi was once a fighter in the original Dragonball, but she has never fought since then)? - Alph

Artificial Humans or Cyborgs?
Juuhachigou and Juunanagou are not machines. A better name would be Cyborg's 17/18.

Juunana-gou and Juuhachi-gou are artificially enhanced humans. Juuhachi-gou is the older of the twins, but Juunana-gou is more powerfull.

Cyborg is a more appropiate term. Android is a robot that looks like a human, so it doesn't make sense to name her that.

 * Erm, but Android 17 and 18 are their official names in the television show Cyclone49 12:11, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

They are both the same power for your information.
 * Android 17 and Android 18 are the official ENGLISH names. However, Trunks explains that a better term to call them by is cyborgs after calling them Artificial Humans in the original. Jinzoningen, or rather Artificial Human, is the actual official ORIGINAL name. And #17 is stronger than #18, though weaker than #16.
 * I dunno if this has any bearing whatsoever, but in the (older)Japanese games, 18's always been labelled as "№ 18". I know "Juuhachi" is literally just "18" in Japanese and "-gou" is "(1) number; issue" or "(2) sobriquet; pen-name;"...  So here's a question.  ...why not just name them all "Number" or "№" and be done with it?  The rest of the entries seem to coinside with the transliterations of names.(Freeza, Cooler, Tao Pai Pai, Muten Roshi, etc.) ~ Joseph Collins (U)(T)(C) 05:23, 31 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Fun fact: The Japanese actually label them in English as "Android Number ##" when writing them out long-ways. So "Android ##" is technically perfectly correct!  X3 ~  Jessica Ingmann  01:21, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

why not call them c-18/17 and be done with it? its easier.

Picture
How exactly do you insert pictures into the information box? There doesn't seem to be any place in the template for it to put a picture in. Cyclone49 03:35, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You have to become a member. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.62.136.156 (talk • contribs).

Two different explanations
From the Android 17 article: Android 17 is actually not a robot. He is an essentially a regular human with "upgrades" (I.E., Cyborg) along with his twin sister, Android 18. The two were experimented by Dr. Gero though very little of their history is given.

From this article She is referred to in the original Japanese as an artificial human, which is translated as 'android' in the literal sense; she is not a robot, and it is implied in the manga she and her brother were originally runaways heavily fitted with cybernetics.

So this article says that the Androids are "Artificial humans", when the other says that they were both human. Should one of these be modified?

 * Both basically say that they are cybrogs, which is essentially what they are. The Japanese term Jinzoningen covers that definition of the characters, as well as describing true androids like 16 or 19, and even covers cell (since he was artificially created despite being mostly biological). In english we don't have a wide term to cover all of those, so for simplicity sake the dub just went with Android. Onikage725 22:41, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Video Game Attacks
Some of the listed Attacks are only from video games, Can i delete them? they really have no place here. DBZROCKS 23:25, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Why can't attacks from video games be listed??? this is an information source, the more information the better! You had no right ot delete those moves and i will put them back up when I have the time.
 * yes but this is not a FAQ and you really should sign your comments with the three (or four) ~'s

DBZROCKS 21:59, 26 February 2007 (UTC) Erh I don't think listing attacks from video games make it an FAQ, what the hell are you on? three's and four's? I don't care for that.

 * Instead of deleting them, seperate them into sections. One for attacks seen in the anime/manga, the other from videogames. Both are appropriate as long as they are verifiable. Malamockq 17:36, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Power section
"As a cyborg, Android-18 is extremely powerful, she is able to easily overpower a basic Super-Saiyan. This is first demonstrated to when she fights Super-Saiyan Vegeta, she is able to severely injure him and walk away completely unscathed save her clothes. 18 along with 17 and 16 is fitted with a infinite energy device. This makes it so that she never tires. She is at least capable of handling a regular super saiyan though her power pales in comparison to further SSJ levels. She has also been noted to be less powerful than her brother 17."

Too much original research to be left in the article, also many of the statements aren't true. Saying 18 can defeat a super saiyan isn't acurate since different saiyan's SS1 level can differ from others, and their own can change as the series progresses (for example, Goku's SS1 level when fighting Freeza is weaker than Goku's SS1 level when he sparred Trunks).

I rewrote it, but DBZROCKS wasn't satisfied with it. I'll reinstate the section when it is properly rewritten. Malamockq 17:39, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Here's my rewrite if anyone is interested.

"As a cyborg, Android-18 is extremely powerful, she was able to easily overpower Vegeta in his basic Super-Saiyan form. This is first demonstrated during the Cell saga when she was able to severely injure him and walk away completely unscathed save her clothes. 18 along with 17 and 16 is fitted with a infinite energy device. This makes it so that she never tires.

During the Buu saga, she fights Goten and Trunks in both of their normal forms during a tournament, to a stand still, herself noting a significant difficulty in fighting the boys unlike her previous fight against Vegeta. During this time, Goten and Trunks are both disguised, and posing as an adult because tournament rules do not allow them to fight adults. After Goten and Trunks power up to their Super Saiyan forms she took note of their extremely powerful energy blast and sought to reveal their true identity before they got the upperhand. After revealing them, the referee disqualified from the boys from the tournament."

I didn't think there was any fandom in it. Everything is verifiable, and taken from the anime/manga, but feel free to discuss. Malamockq 17:42, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Dude were you just talking to yourself? Anyway remember to add :'s to every paragraph. DBZROCKS 00:20, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You only add : when you are replying to someone's post, I was merely adding on to my original point. I removed the Power section again because if I only removed the parts that are Original Research the section won't make any sense. It requires a complete rewrite. You may attempt to rewrite the section if you wish, but don't revert back to the old version. Malamockq 17:53, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Im lost
How was #18 able to have a child with Kurirun?Charles 22:08, 21 March 2007 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Charles Locke (talk • contribs) 02:05, 13 April 2007 (UTC).
 * As said by Kurirun himself 18 is a CYBORG not a full robot. DBZROCKS 11:32, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Please don't leave forum-ish comments on the talk pages. These talk pages are for improving the article. 67.76.181.251 03:42, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Android/Cyborg #18 should be categorized as a fictional immortal
On my unedited Dragon Ball Z manga on my computer, Volume 13, Tale 155, Page 181: Dr. Gero says to the androids (or cyborgs whatever) that he made himself a cyborg as well to gain eternal life as well. I'm rephrasing this from my edit summary on 18's history because that's the only source I have to prove this statement. I am not sure of what they translated in the Viz manga, I don't own all the Viz volumes, so I don't know what it said there about them being immortal. However, DBZROCKS stated in his edit summary that only Dr. Gero made himself immortal and not the others, but my manga says otherwise. I mean, do the cyborgs/androids ever age? Does anyone have volume 13 of DBZ published by Viz Media to confirm whether she and 17 are also eternal or not? 66.229.120.240 06:31, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * yes I do and that is what I am sourcing this on. He says to them "I have mechanichized myself as well I wanted eternal life". He does not say as well. Many people argue but they don't look different in GT! so? Many Dragon Ball charecters never change appearance. That does not mean they do not age. DBZROCKS 11:35, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmm tricky. It's probably up to interpretation. Thing is, we aren't allowed to do that really. Though I will add that aside from 17 and 18, the only characters who don't seemingly age are Goku and Vegeta, which is explained as Saiyans staying in their prime longer. Bulma, Chi Chi, and Videl look noticeably older in GT. Onikage725 23:51, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Doctor Gero did say something in the like of making himself immortal like the androids/cyborgs. He's practically robotic anyways, with exception of his cerebrum. I can verify this tomorrow if you'd like — DBZROCKS' explanation doesn't make sense — guess I'm just so exhausted now from reading manga. Lord Sesshomaru
 * Gero was a different type of Cyborg. As evidenced when Piccolo ripped his hand off, Gero's cyborg body was totally mechanical. 18 isn't, thus she should age.--Marhawkman 21:19, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Buu Saga
I've noticed in the Buu saga section, there is no mention of her fight with Goten and Trunks. Should we add the info about it?
 * you mean the one where she cuts their costume in half?--Marhawkman 11:46, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Yeah.

Married or not?
I am confused as to whether or not this whole "lived together" and "births his daughter" thing is valid. It has always been listed that they are married and now it's suddenly changed. When I saw Camera Shy, Krillin said they were married. On Krillin's page it states that 18 is his wife.Darth G 04:10, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That was probably the terrible dub by FUNimation or Ocean. I don't recall any mention in the manga and/or Japanese anime that #18 and Kuririn were legally married. You need to WP:SOURCE that. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 21:23, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Terrible? got a WP:SOURCE for that? Krillin mentioned it when he talked to Goku in the tournament.--Marhawkman 21:59, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Cut it out, he didn't reveal it in the manga, they were living in sin and no I don't have a WP:SOURCE for that either. They could have gone to a sperm bank for all we know. Regardless, we can't interpret anything beyond what the manga tells us. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 22:09, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

It isn't outright stated but is hevely implied. In Volume 20 of Dragon Ball Z (or Volume 36 of Dragon Ball) Kuririn says that they are living together on master Roshi's Island, In Volume 23 Kuririn says that he wants to save his family from Buu and I think it is stated in GT and in the anime. DBZROCKS  Its over 9000!!!  21:57, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually yes it WAS stated outright in the anime.--Marhawkman 21:59, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm with DBZROCKS, Kuririn did not say they were married and he specifically told Son Goku that he lived with #18 on Roshi's Kame House and had a kid. To say they were wed is speculation, therefore, original research. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 22:02, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

"We kind of got married" That is exactly what Krillin said to Goku.--Marhawkman 22:14, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * LOOK: they were said to be married in the anime. That is factually correct. If you wish to dispute this further, provide proof.--Marhawkman 23:11, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Kuririn: "We live together... at the turtle master's house. We have one daughter... the girl you saw back there." — Dragon Ball Z manga, vol. 20, chapt. 237, pg 150. ISBN 1-59116-808-2

That convincing enough? Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 23:54, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Inclusively, I found Dragon Ball Z episode #194 on YouTube where Krillin claims he "married" #18. Watch the video 'til around 3:00 min. Of course, this opposes the manga so we definitely can't use it as a canon source so to speak. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:12, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You're missing the point. Wikipedia does not care about your definition of canon. All first party information is considered a reliable source under Wikipedia policy. If you wish to differentiate between them you can add a sentence explaining the difference between the anime and manga. WP policy does not allow for writing an article about a subject and completely ignoring half of it. The article is about the character. Not the manga's depiction of the character.--Marhawkman 00:20, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * See WP:DBZ policey. Also the english version has to many plot holes to be used as a reference. Do you have a Japanese anime source? DBZROCKS   Its over 9000!!!  00:26, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for proving my point. from WP:DBZ "It would be inappropriate to pick any single distribution company over another." Like I said before, it's fine to note that there are differences, but completely excluding all information not found in the original Japanese manga is ridiculous and not within WP policy.--Marhawkman 00:48, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * No no, you misunderstand, that sentence is refering to the english version, in that there are to many different english dubs to choose from and they are all full of plot holes, which is why we don't use the english dubs. DBZROCKS   Its over 9000!!!  00:53, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * “Excelsior!” My sentiments exactly. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:57, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It still doesn't preclude using information from them as a source in the articles.--Marhawkman 01:52, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll seek the Japanese anime episode on YouTube. It's probably gonna be the same as the manga, however. PS: Marhawkman, my "canon" arguement wasn't literal, merely an expression. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:32, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Bah, only the English re-dub by FUNi at the site. MySpace and VideoSearch turn up the same results. At least we have the manga copies by Toriyama himself, should be enough to go by. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:41, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * At any rate, the real-world-point-of-view requirement mandates that the article not be written from an in-universe perspective, thus information unique to the english dub is not only warranted but required.--Marhawkman 11:26, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope, not required. The Viz manga is closer to the original series than any of the English dubs. This also discludes the remastered Saiyan and Namek Sagas. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 20:01, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * What's your point? "Real world point of view" is a strictly "out of universe" perspective. In other words, it doesn't matter WHY there are differences. The fact that differences exist is sufficient reason to include BOTH versions. Needless to say, Continuity is completely ignored.

Besides, other than posting a copy of an unofficial translation, you haven't shown any proof that they AREN'T married in the original manga.--Marhawkman 11:54, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * There's at least one other episode to look into. In the episode of Dragonballgt where 17 kills Krillin, it's stated (in the dub at least) that Krillin is her "husband". The word "husband" is used several times. Just one more thing to look into. K9feline 21:14, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Lord S, chill. I wasn't lying and I wasn't making it up. The relevant clip from that episode (where Krillin is called her "husband" more than once) can be found here if you don't believe me. Yes, it's the dub, which I know you don't respect. But if you're truly objective on this subject, you'll investigate the original Japanese episode. I honestly don't know where to look. I stumbled across the above clip quite by accident. K9feline 04:11, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * This user,, has already been warned in regards to this discussion. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:00, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * It's fine. We'll stick to the manga's description, and ignore any dub or filler material. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 01:17, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Uh... no. Seriously, this is a wikipedia page. we can't just ignore the dub.--Marhawkman 10:52, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Well, under different circumstances, I'd argue that Dragon Ball GT cannot be accuratly dismissed as "filler material". Or I'd inquire about when "we" gained such an overwhelming consensus on what "we'll" stick to and ignore. Fortunatly, for now at least, I don't need to. Since, by literally the Manga's description, Krillin is married to 18. The conversation that led to this whole dispute is found in Volume 20 of the Dragon Ball Z manga published by Viz Manga. Krillin and 18 aren't listed in the Main Characters page of that volume, but they are in the remaining volumes of the series (vols 21-26). And the entry on Kuririn in these Main Characters pages is the same in all of them: " Kuririn: Goku's former martial arts classmate. He is married to # 18." I'd say that settles it. It's verifiable, a primary source, included with the storyline in a publication that my fellow editor Lord Sesshomaru clearly regards as reliable. For now, I can't do anything about this entry, but I'm going to edit and source this on the Kuririn page. Anyone who tries to revert this edit must give a neutral, verifiable reason why the Main Characters Page of the Viz Manga can't be used as a source before I back down on this. Anyways, glad to be of help. -- K9feline (talk) 20:31, 16 November 2007 (UTC)
 * cool. I don't have access to a copy so I couldn't check it myself. Any objection to talking to the admin to get the page unlocked now? Marhawkman (talk) 21:17, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Well, Lord Sessh (in his usual charming manner) first removed my edits in the Krillin page then placed them back in after he looked up what I was referring to and realized I was telling the truth. So I'm assuming there'll be no objections. I'm new here, so I don't know how you go about contacting an administrator. K9feline (talk) 23:32, 16 November 2007 (UTC)
 * You put the reference in such a sloppy manner that I had no idea what it was trying to say. So, yes, I had to check it out for myself and you were correct. Now that this mishap has been solved, I'm in favour of lifting the protection on 18's article. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:02, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, so long, Lord Sesshomaru. Nice to see that being proved wrong hasn't changed your civility any. And if you really had no idea what it was trying to say, you wouldn'tve been able to check it out for yourself. And I accept your apology for starting this whole unnecessary dispute in the first place. K9feline (talk) 00:37, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't try to fuel any flames, I actually tried to find sources confirming Marhawkman's statements — everything turned up negative. Read WP:CIVIL and WP:HAR before you instigate anything further. We can safely move on. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:45, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Um what? YOU verified that the english anime says they're married. Saying that "everything turned up negative" is blatantly false. I do not have access to that chapter of either the Japanese or English manga. And it seems that your only source(to the contrary) is a fan translation.--Marhawkman (talk) 16:47, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Learn to be a little more civil, Marhawkman. We can drop the matter now and prepare to upgrade the article. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:24, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

We could, if it wasn't still locked.--Marhawkman (talk) 11:06, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Just a heads up to late you know, I got the page unprotected and edited it myself. K9feline (talk) 18:56, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

why delete list of games?
It certainly doesn't detract from the article having it at the end. "unneccesary" isn't a very good reason to get rid of it.--Marhawkman (talk) 11:01, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * See WP:FANCRUFT. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 20:32, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
 * No it's source based research. Fancruft is lists of trivial garbage.--Marhawkman (talk) 22:08, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Android 18 photo.jpg
Image:Android 18 photo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:57, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:No. 18 (Dragon Ball)


text:
Gunma (disambiguation)

Gunma is the name of several places in Japan:

In Gunma prefecture:

 * Gunma Town in Gunma District
 * Kisaragi Gunma (如月 群真), hentai manga artist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gunma (disambiguation)


text:
User:Solomon Bangwato Makgoeng

Makgoeng is a Motswana male born in Gaborone, Botswana.

title: User:Solomon Bangwato Makgoeng


text:
Talk:No. 17 (Dragon Ball)

Importance - Merging
Android 17 is not an important character, he's probably a tertiary character. Lots of secondary and tertiary characters have already nonsensically been merged, so there's no logical reason that this even lesser character who appears in 15 episodes total and has one movie appearance to have his own page. Secondary characters such as Zarbon, Dabura, Android 16, and General Blue have much heavier appearances and much longer roles and have already been merged. There's no logical reason to keep this lesser character as his own page.

you bring up a good point. i agree about all those examples being more important than 17 also. in light of this argument, it may be best to merge him as well in order to keep with the same structuring and remain unbiased and not favor one character above others. - 69.86.243.244

 * I don't agree with the merger. Yeah, Android 17 is not very major in comparison to a lot of other characters, but he's still a major character in the series. He wanted to make a sport of hunting Goku, he fought on an even level with Piccolo, and he's got a strong role in the Super 17 Saga. Speaking of which, the Super 17 article might be merged with this one, so there's no point of keeping the tag for this. So I'm removing the tag of this article until at least the Super 17 one is resolved.

Still, this page has like nothing on it aside from the fact that it's 17. It should seriously be merged with the rest of the androids. And Super 17 should also be merged. All the people mentioned prior are way more important and they have all been merged so there's no point in keeping 17 as his own page. - 72.229.48.178 (talk) 05:20, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree with the above consensus. A merge it is, then. The page is too small to stand on its own. -- ZeroGiga —Preceding comment was added at 00:13, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

```` I do not agree with merging no.17's article with the list of earthlings in dragon ball z article because no. 17 is an important character in dragon ball z. H had his own series in GT we should expand the article using info from the super 17 article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Meter70 (talk • contribs) 02:30, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Expand the artical or merge it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Idon'twannahaveausername (talk • contribs) 00:06, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

With 18, 17 kills everyone in Future Trunk's universe, causing him to go back in time. Furthermore, the android's story leads directly into the Cell stuff. Even if they don't appear in many episodes, they have a huge impact on the plot of the series. It's silly to compare them to Dabura or Zarbon, because in terms of how much they actually influence the plot of the series, 17 and 18 are important, while Dabura and Zarbon were just cannon fodder who (IIRC) never really did anything except have a few meaningless fights. Deadlyhair (talk) 01:07, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

I disagree, I think #17 should have his own page. #18 does, and he seems to play a more important role than she does. Sage of twilight (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 02:45, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Need more information in table

 * Need Image named "Android_17_photo.jpg"
 * Japanese Translation
 * When did it appear in DBZ manga?
 * Manga Name

Image misplaced
The picture of 17 in the GT section is from the Buu saga, when he is donating ki to Goku.--Cassius987 22:48, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Android 17 did not die a second time when Cell was destroyed by Gohan!!
How can Android 17 be killed again by Gohan during the climax in the Cell Games?? Cell had blown himself up and regenerated with the use of his main cell. He could do this because his body remembered his perfect form, thus he did not need Android 18. But when he first blew himself up his body, along with that of Android 17 was destroyed....Cell did regenarate himself but not Android 17. I mean how could he?? His cells could create a new perfecrt body...they did not create Android 17 all over again....

 * I disagree for two reasons.

 * 1) It's not proven for a fact that he was completely killed in Cell's self destruction. Nobody said Cell did create another 17 inside himself, but nobody said he didn't or that he even lost 17 in him the first time. Cell only said something about his cells still remembering the perfect power even though he lost 18, but he never said a thing about losing 17. To me, that statement of cloudiness leaves it entirely possible that even through that one living cell left, Cell still had 17 all along, and 17 truly died the first and only time in this saga when Cell was destroyed by Gohan.
 * 2) It's a contradiction of the facts. If 17's actual death in that saga was actually when Cell self-destructed, and he was brought back to life from that point, wouldn't he rematerialize where King Kai's planet was? If so, how did he manage to be on earth and lead a life from there? He would have to have died on earth in order to be on earth after revival, since they didn't make a wish to move the guy. And which "death" of Cell was on earth? The Gohan destruction. NOT the self-destruction on King Kai's planet.
 * From that, I am and always have been convinced that Seventeen's actual death in the saga was Cell's destruction at the hands of Gohan.

 * this is the part where I say "WHO CARES!". But it's an interesting conundrum. I'd say it was an oversight on the part of whoever wrote the script.--Marhawkman 08:00, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Ki dispute
17 is often said to have no Ki. But if he really didn't have ANY AT ALL, then he wouldn't have been able to contribute energy to the Spirit Bomb. Then there's the fact that he's a cyborg. While he has cybernetic implants that give him incredible powers, most of his body is made of the same stuff as an ordinary human.--Marhawkman 08:11, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

There are some likely explanations.Most likely he only has the ki of a normal human, which is around 5 I think. Meaning they still wouldn't be able to tell him apart from other humans. Though goku seems to be able to know someones ki. The cybernetic implants either elimnated his natural human ki.the implants might do everything, including keeping him alive,or they mask it. Or akira toriyama didn't give it a second thought.
 * I like the last one."akira toriyama didn't give it a second thought." The main reason I brought it up is the dispute that arose from when goku said he could sense the ki of Super 17 in GT.--Marhawkman 14:35, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

It's interesting that you brought that up, because Trunks makes a note that #17's ki was the same as #18's in GT as well. #18 also said she could sense #17 within Super 17.--Sage of twilight 9:05, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Just a short sidenote as well, when Goku, Trunks, and Pan are on Giru's home planet, goku can sense the ki of the sigma force and they are not androids at all. Don't know what this means about sensing the ki of 17, but just thought it was an interesting fact that may be relevant to sensing 17's ki. Khorikoshi, 22:35, 30 November 2006 PST

 * The sigma force were "machine mutants". they were some sort of biological lifeform that had been altered to have mechanical properties. does this mean they were still living things? that was never explained.--Marhawkman 01:41, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Biological lifeform! That still means living thing! Having mechanical properties doesn't mean turning completely mechanical. 63.215.29.185 21:42, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Which is my point exactly. 17 and 18 are Cyborgs, thus they are at least part biological. (and thus have some ki)--Marhawkman 12:27, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

17's abilities
Shouldn't there be a section in the article talking about 17's abilities? Nearly every fighting character in DBZ has it, so he should too. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 172.148.30.53 (talk) 22:03, 9 December 2006 (UTC). Yes, I dont remember him using many though, he should have a list.

=Creation= In the origional Japanese version of the anime, No.17 wonders why Dr.Gero would go backwards and make andriods from human bases when he had previously made No.16 from nothing. It is later revealed that Cell can absorb them because they are organic, thus implying that Gero created 17 and 18 to be absorbed by Cell. I'm not sure if anything like this is stated in the manga so could anyon possibly check on that?

66.41.68.216 22:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

i think he made 17 and 18 orignaly to kill goku but when they wouldnt obey him he made cell to absorbeb them sailor cuteness-ready for love 19:37, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Plot information
It needs to be sourced per WP:NOR and WP:VERI. Reverts like these,, , aren't helpful. What can be done to improve the article? Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 04:01, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:No. 17 (Dragon Ball)


text:
Duduk

The duduk (դուդուկ ) or tsiranapogh (ծիրանափող, meaning "apricot-made wind instrument"), is a double reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood originating from Armenia. Variations of the Armenian duduk appear throughout the Caucasus and the Middle East, including Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kurdistan, Turkey, and Iran. Duduk, Kaval, Balaban, and Mey are almost identical, except for historical and geographical differences.

It is commonly played in pairs: while the first player plays the melody, the second plays a steady drone called dum, and the sound of the two instruments together creates a richer, more haunting sound. The unflattened reed and cylindrical body produce a sound closer to the English horn than the oboe or bassoon. Unlike other double reed instruments like the oboe or shawm, the duduk has a very large reed proportional to its size.

UNESCO proclaimed the Armenian duduk and its music as a Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005 and inscribed it in 2008. Duduk music has been used in a number of films, most notably in The Russia House and Gladiator.

Etymology
There have been two published lines of thinking on the origins of the word.

Both the Russian book Musical Instruments Encyclopedia (Музыкальные инструменты. Энциклопедия) and American book Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary give an ultimate origin of the name as Persian, the word tutak.

In Armenia, the instrument is also known as tsiranapogh (ծիրանափող).

This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, Balkan duduk). Similar instruments used in other parts of Western Asia are the mey and balaban.

Overview

The duduk is a double reed instrument with ancient origins, having existed since at least the fifth century, while there are Armenian scholars who believe it existed more than 1,500 years before that. The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today, the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed, with the body made from aged apricot wood.

The particular tuning depends heavily on the region in which it is played. An eight-hole duduk (not counting the thumb hole on the lower side) can play ten successive notes of a diatonic scale with simple fingering, or sixteen consecutive notes of a chromatic scale by half-covering holes. For example, an A duduk can play all the notes from F♯ to the A more than an octave higher. (Another reference gives different information. ) By using the lips to "bend" notes and partially covering holes any pitch in this range can be produced, as required for Oriental music. The instrument's body has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The reed (Armenian: եղեգն, eġegn), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breathing requirements. The duduk player is called dudukahar (դուդուկահար) in Armenian.

The performers use air stored in their cheeks to keep playing the instrument while they inhale air into their lungs. This "circular" breathing technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.

Duduk "is invariably played with the accompaniment of a second dum duduk, which gives the music an energy and tonic atmosphere, changing the scale harmoniously with the principal duduk."

History
Armenian musicologists cite evidence of the duduk's use as early as 1200 BC, though Western scholars suggest it is 1,500 years old. Variants of the duduk can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The history of the Armenian duduk music is dated to the reign of the Armenian king Tigran the Great, who reigned from 95 to 55 B.C. According to ethnomusicologist Dr. Jonathan McCollum, the instrument is depicted in numerous Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages, and is "actually the only truly Armenian instrument that's survived through history, and as such is a symbol of Armenian national identity ... The most important quality of the duduk is its ability to express the language dialectic and mood of the Armenian language, which is often the most challenging quality to a duduk player."

Balkan duduk
While "duduk" most commonly refers to the double reed instrument described on this page, there is a very similar instrument played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute known as a kaval, resembling the Serbian frula, or kavalče in a part of Macedonia, and as duduk in northwest Bulgaria. Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: 700 - 780 mm and 240 - 400 mm (duduce). The blocked end is flat.

In popular culture
The sound of the duduk has become known to wider audiences through its use in popular film soundtracks. Starting with Peter Gabriel's score for Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ, the duduk's archaic and mournful sound has been employed in a variety of genres to depict such moods. Djivan Gasparyan played the duduk in Gladiator, Syriana, and Blood Diamond, among others. It was also used extensively in Battlestar Galactica. In the TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender, its computer-altered sound was given to the fictitious Tsungi horn, most notably played by Iroh and often being featured in the show's soundtrack. With many of the members who worked on ATLA now working on The Dragon Prince, the duduk regularly appears in its soundtrack as well. The sound of the duduk was also used in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe for a lullaby which Mr. Tumnus plays on a fictitious double flute and in the theme song of the Dothraki clan during the TV adaptation Game of Thrones.

Armenia's entry in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, "Apricot Stone," featured Armenian musician Djivan Gasparyan playing the duduk.

Film soundtracks
The duduk has been used in a number of films, especially "to denote otherworldliness, loneliness, and mourning or to supply a Middle Eastern/Central Asian atmosphere".
 * Ararat (2002) by Mychael Danna
 * Avatar (2009) by James Horner, in the track Shutting Down Grace's Lab
 * Bedtime Stories (2008) by Rupert Gregson-Williams
 * Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001) by Joseph LoDuca
 * Chilean Gothic (2000) by Fractal
 * Constantine (2005) by Brian Tyler, Klaus Badelt, in the track Circle of Hell
 * The Crow (1994) by Graeme Revell featuring the duduk player Djivan Gasparyan
 * Dead Man Walking (1995) by David Robbins
 * Elektra (2005) by Christophe Beck
 * Gladiator (2000) by Djivan Gasparyan in the track Duduk of the North
 * Hotel Rwanda (2004) main theme music
 * Hulk (2003) duduk by Pedro Eustache by Danny Elfman
 * The Island (2005) by Steve Jablonsky
 * The Kite Runner (2007) by Alberto Iglesias
 * The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) by Peter Gabriel, featuring the duduk player Vatche Hovsepian
 * The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) by Harry Gregson-Williams, in the track A Narnia Lullaby
 * Munich duduk by Pedro Eustache (2005) by John Williams
 * Mayrig (1991) by Omar Al Sharif
 * Next (2007) by Mark Isham
 * The Passion of The Christ (2004) by Mel Gibson, composer John Debney duduks by Pedro Eustache and Chris Bleth
 * Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) by Hans Zimmer
 * Rendition  (2007) by Paul Hepker and Mark Kilian, duduk by Pedro Eustache
 * Ronin (1998) by Elia Cmiral, duduk by Albert Vardanyan
 * Syriana  (2005) by Alexandre Desplat, duduks by Djivan Gasparyan and Pedro Eustache
 * The Russia House (1990) by Jerry Goldsmith
 * The Siege  (1998) by Graeme Revell, in the track Torture
 * Vantage Point (2008) by Atli Orvarsson
 * Wanted (2008) by Danny Elfman
 * Warriors of Heaven and Earth (2003) by A. R. Rahman
 * You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008) by Rupert Gregson-Williams
 * Beasts in Our Time and Under The Eye Of The Sun played by Rob Townsend on Steve Hackett's album At The Edge Of Light
 * 3 Faces (2018) by Jafar Panahi, duduk by Yusef Moharamian
 * Dune (2021) by Hans Zimmer, duduk by Pedro Eustache
 * Dune: Part Two (2024) by Hans Zimmer, duduk by Pedro Eustache

Television soundtracks

 * Angel by Rob Kral
 * Avatar: The Last Airbender by Jeremy Zuckerman features the instrument in a recurring motif associated with the character of Zuko, most notably in the tracks "Iroh's Tsungi Horn" and "The Blue Spirit"
 * Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) by Bear McCreary. Its tracks "Two Funerals", "Starbuck on the Red Moon", "Escape from the Farm", "Colonial Anthem, "Black Market", "Something Dark is Coming", "Martial Law", "Prelude to War" feature the duduk.  Roslin's theme was set to lyrics a second time for the third-season premiere "Occupation", this time in Armenian.
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer by Christophe Beck, Tomas Wanker, Rob Dunkin, Douglas Stevens
 * Castle by Robert Duncan
 * Children of Dune by Brian Tyler in the tracks "Dune Messiah", "The Throne of Alia", "The Preacher At Arrakeen", "Farewell"
 * Cold Case by Michael A. Levine
 * CSI: New York by Bill Brown
 * Firefly by Greg Edmonson
 * Game of Thrones by Ramin Djawadi features the instrument in Daenerys Targaryen's theme
 * JAG by Steve Bramson
 * The Mummy Who Would Be King by Gil Talmi, Andrew Gross
 * Over There by Ed Rogers
 * The Pacific by Blake Neely and Geoff Zanelli
 * Path to 9/11 by John Cameron
 * Rome by Jeff Beal
 * The Dragon Prince by Frederik Wiedmann
 * Spartacus by Randy Miller. Track Second Thought
 * Star Trek: Enterprise by Paul Baillargeon
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! by Wayne Sharpe
 * Xena: Warrior Princess by Joseph Loduca
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power by Bear McCreary features this instrument in settings of the Númenor theme.
 * Boohbah
 * Foundation (TV series) by Bear McCreary features the instrument in a recurring motif associated with the character of Gaal Dornick.

Video game scores

 * Shards of the Exodar in World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and Russell Brower
 * Dalaran in World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and Russell Brower
 * Orsis in Hearthstone: League of Explorers
 * Civilization V by Michael Curran
 * Crimson Dragon by Saori Kobayashi and Jeremy Garren
 * Dark Void by Bear McCreary
 * Dota 2 by Jason Hayes
 * F.E.A.R. by Nathan Grigg
 * God of War III by Gerard Marino
 * Mass Effect by Jack Wall
 * Myst III: Exile by Jack Wall
 * Myst IV: Revelation by Jack Wall
 * Outcast by Lennie Moore in the track Oriental Spirit
 * Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones by Inon Zur
 * Uncharted 2 by Greg Edmonson
 * Croft Manor Theme in Tomb Raider Legend by Troels Brun Folmann
 * The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) by Jeremy Soule in the track Tundra
 * Total War: Rome II by Richard Beddow
 * Empire: Total War
 * Metro Exodus by Oleksii Omelchuk
 * Xenoblade Chronicles 3 by Kenji Hiramatsu in both Day and Night versions of the track Eagus Wilderness

Popular music

 * "Come Talk to Me" by Peter Gabriel (from the 1992 album Us)
 * "Zachem Ya" by t.A.T.u. (from the 2001 album 200 Po Vstrechnoy)
 * "Prelude & Nostalgia" by Yanni (from the 1997 album Tribute)
 * "Prelude & Nostalgia" by Yanni (from the 2006 album Yanni Live! The Concert Event)
 * "Science" and "Arto" (Hidden Track) by System of a Down (from the 2001 album Toxicity)
 * "Jenny Wren" (2005) and "Back in Brazil" (2018) by Paul McCartney
 * "All That I Am" by Rob Thomas (from the 2006 album ...Something to Be)
 * "Touching the Void" by Soulfly (from the 2008 album Conquer)
 * "Qélé, Qélé" by Sirusho (from the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest Armenian entry)
 * "1944" by Jamala (2015)
 * "Soulfly X" by Soulfly (from the 2015 album Archangel)
 * "Model Village" by Gong (band) (from the 2016 album Rejoice! I'm Dead!)
 * "Come Along" by Cosmo Sheldrake (from the 2017 album "The Much Much How How and I", and featured in advertisements for Apple's iPhone XR in the UK, USA, and Canada)
 * "Meeting" album by A.G.A. Trio with Arsen Petrosyan on Duduk (2020 by NAXOS WORLD)

Anime soundtracks

 * Arrietty by Cécile Corbel, in the track "Sho's Song - Instrumental Version"
 * Tales from Earthsea by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".

title: Duduk


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Isabelle, Countess of Paris

Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza (Isabelle Marie Amélie Louise Victoire Thérèse Jeanne; 13 August 1911 – 5 July 2003) was the consort of the Orléanist pretender to the French throne, Henri, Count of Paris, and the daughter of Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará, pretender to the throne of the Empire of Brazil.

Early life

Born on 13 August 1911, Isabelle Marie Amélie Louise Victoire Thérèse Jeanne of Orléans-Braganza was the eldest daughter of Dom Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará, erstwhile heir to the throne of the Empire of Brazil, and his wife, Countess Elisabeth Dobrzensky of Dobrzenicz. Her father was the eldest son of Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, the elder daughter and heiress of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, and Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu, grandson of Louis Philippe I, the "citizen king" of the French. Isabelle was born in a pavilion on the grounds of the Château d'Eu, her paternal grandfather's home in the town of Eu in the Seine-Maritime department of France in Normandy. She was named after her paternal grandmother, the Princess Imperial.

In 1891, Dom Pedro de Alcântara became Prince Imperial of Brazil to royalists when his mother became claimant to the throne upon the death of the emperor in exile. In 1908, he renounced his succession rights, and those of his descendants, to marry Bohemian noblewoman Countess Elisabeth Dobrzensky of Dobrzenicz. Though his mother withheld dynastic consent, his parents attended his wedding. However, with the agreement of the Duke of Orléans, Head of the House of Orléans to which he belonged paternally, he and his descendants retained the right to use the title Prince/ss of Orléans-Braganza.

After the deaths of her maternal grandparents, Isabelle's parents moved from the Pavillon des Ministres on the castle grounds into the main Chateau. They spent the winter months in a townhouse in Boulogne-sur-Seine. In 1924, her father's cousin, Prince Adam Czartoryski, placed at the family's disposal, apartments in the palatial Hôtel Lambert on the Île Saint-Louis in Paris, where Isabelle and her siblings undertook their studies. The family travelled extensively and much of Isabelle's youth was spent visiting her maternal relatives at their large estate at Chotěboř, Czechoslovakia, Attersee, Austria, and Goluchow, Poland. With her father, Isabelle visited Naples, Constantinople, Rhodes, Smyrna, Lebanon, Syria, Cairo, Palestine and Jerusalem.

In 1920, Brazil lifted the law of banishment against its former dynasty and invited them to bring home the remains of Pedro II, although Isabelle's grandfather, the Count of Eu, died at sea during the voyage. But after annual visits over the next decade, her parents decided to repatriate their family to Petropolis permanently, where Isabelle attended day school at Notre-Dame-de-Sion while the family took up residence at the old imperial Grão Pará Palace. Until then, Isabelle was privately educated by governesses and tutors.

Marriage
Isabelle first met her third cousin, Prince Henri of Orléans, heir to the Head of the House of Orléans, in 1920 at the home of the Duchess of Chartres, Henri's grandmother who was also a cousin of both of Isabelle's grandparents. In the summer of 1923, Henri was a guest at the Chateau d'Eu, at which time Isabelle, aged 12, resolved that she would one day marry him. However, he took no apparent notice of her at the wedding of his sister, Anne, to the Duke of Aosta at Naples in 1927. During a visit to his parents' home, the Manoir d'Anjou in Brussels, over Easter 1928, Henri began to show interest in Isabelle, and still more at a family reunion in July 1929.

Henri proposed to Isabelle on 10 August 1930 while taking part in a hunt at Count Dobržensky's Chotěboř home. The couple kept their engagement a secret until a family gathering at Attersee later that summer, but were obliged by the Duke of Guise to wait until Henri finished his studies at Louvain University before the betrothal was officially announced 28 December 1930.

On 8 April 1931, Isabelle and Henri were married at Palermo Cathedral; she was 19, and he was 22. The wedding was held in Sicily, since the law of banishment against the heirs of France's former dynasties had not yet been abrogated. The two families selected Palermo because Isabelle's family owned a palace there, which had been the location of three earlier weddings. The wedding gave rise to several royalist demonstrations, and the road leading to the cathedral was lined with hundreds of visitors from France who viewed Henri as the rightful heir to the French throne. He was greeted with such cries as "Vive le roi, Vive la France" along with other monarchist cries and songs. These supporters were joined by 1,200 guests including members of the bride and groom's families, along with representatives of other royal dynasties.

Later life
Henri became pretender to the throne of France upon the death of his father, the Duke of Guise, in 1940. In 1947, Henri and Isabel's family took up residence at the Quinta do Anjinho, an estate in Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera. In 1950, the law of banishment was repealed and the family moved to Paris.

Isabelle, called Madame, and her husband used the French Royal coat of arms. She survived her late husband by four years.

title: Isabelle, Countess of Paris


text:
Gunma, Gunma

Gunma (群馬町) was a town located in Gunma District, Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2005, the town had an estimated population of 36,569 and a density of 1,666.77 persons per km2. The total area was 21.94 km2.

On January 23, 2006, Gunma, along with the towns of Kurabuchi and Misato (all from Gunma District), and the town of Shinmachi (from Tano District), was merged into the expanded city of Takasaki.

Gunma is located in the centre of Gunma Prefecture, and on a gentle slope between the foot of southeast Mt. Haruna and Maebashi plateau.

Although Jōetsu Shinkansen passes the section of Takasaki, there is no station.

Also, Kan-etsu Expressway passes in the section of Takasaki, but there is no interchange (the nearest one is Maebashi IC).

title: Gunma, Gunma


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Hot water crust pastry

Hot water crust is a type of pastry used for savoury pies, such as pork pies, game pies and, more rarely, steak and kidney pies. Hot water crust is traditionally used for producing hand-made pies.

As the name suggests, the pastry is made by heating water, melting the fat in it, bringing the mixture to a boil, and finally incorporating the flour. This can be done by beating the flour into the mixture in the pan, or by kneading on a pastry board. Either way, the result is a hot and rather sticky paste that can be used for hand-raising: shaping by hand, sometimes using a dish or bowl as an inner mould. The moulded crust retains its shape as it cools, and is prepared for baking with a filling and additional layer of pastry crust on top. Hand-raised hot water crust pastry does not produce a neat and uniform finish, as there will be sagging during the cooking of the filled pie. This is generally accepted as the mark of a hand-made pie. It is possible, however, to bake the pastry in a mould, as with other pies.

The pastry is often used to make pork pies or other heavy fillings, as, compared to other types of pastry, a hot water crust allows even very wet fillings to be held in.

title: Hot water crust pastry


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Gunma District, Gunma

Gunma (群馬郡) was a district located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 30, 2004, the district had an estimated population of 22,303. The total area was 93.59 km2.

Until the day before the dissolution (September 30, 2006), the district had one town.
 * Haruna

History
In 1878, the district split off at the Tone River, forming Higashigunma and Nishigunma Districts. Since Higashigunma District areas was smaller, Higashigunma merged with Minamiseta District in 1896 to form Seta District. At the same time, Nishigunma merged with Kataoka District and renamed to Gunma District. In 1949, Kitagunma District was created out from Gunma District.

On October 1, 2006, the town of Haruna was merged into the expanded city of Takasaki. Therefore, Gunma District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

Gunma District ~1876

 * 1876 - The District broke off into Higashigunma District and Nishigunma District.

Gunma District 1896-2006

 * April 1, 1896 - Nishigunma District merged with Kataoka District to form Gunma District. (6 towns, 33 villages)
 * April 1, 1900 - The town of Takasaki was elevated to city status. (5 towns, 33 villages)
 * April 1, 1905 - The village of Murota was elevated to town status. (6 towns, 32 villages)
 * April 1, 1921 - The village of Minowa was elevated to town status. (7 towns, 31 villages)
 * April 1, 1927 - The villages of Tsukasawa and Kataoka was merged into the city of Takasaki. (7 towns, 29 villages)
 * October 1, 1939 - The village of Sano merged into the city of Takasaki. (7 towns, 28 villages)
 * October 1, 1949 - 2 towns and 9 villages were split from the district to form Kitagunma District. (5 towns, 19 villages)
 * April 1, 1951 - The village of Rokugo was merged into the city of Takasaki. (5 towns, 18 villages)
 * April 1, 1954 - The town of Soja and the villages of Azuma and Motosoja were merged into the city of Maebashi. (4 towns, 16 villages)
 * January 20, 1955 (4 towns, 13 villages)
 * The village of Kiyosato and parts of the village of Shintakao (the locality of Toba) were merged into the city of Maebashi.
 * The village of Nakagawa and the remaining parts of the village of Shintakao were merged into the city of Takasaki.
 * February 1, 1955 (4 towns, 13 villages)
 * The town of Murota was merged with the village of Satomi from Usui District to create the town of Haruna.
 * The village of Kurata was merged with the village of Ubuchi from Usui District to create the town of Kurabuchi.
 * March 1, 1955 - The village of Kuruma was merged into the town of Haruna. (4 towns, 12 villages)
 * April 1, 1955 (4 towns, 9 villages)
 * The town of Minowa and the village of Kurumasato were merged to form the town of Misato.
 * The towns of Tsutsumigaoka and Kaneko, and the village of Kokufu were merged to form the town of Gunma.
 * August 1, 1955 - The village of Nagano was merged into the city of Takasaki. (4 towns, 8 villages)
 * September 30, 1956 (4 towns, 6 villages)
 * The village of Orui wasmerged into the city of Takaoka.
 * The villages of Takigawa and Kyogashima were merged to form the village of Gunnan.
 * March 30, 1957 - Parts of the village of Souma was merged with the village of Momoi (from Kitagunma District) to create the village of Momoi (in Kitagunma District). The remaining parts of the village was merged into the village of Minowa. (4 towns, 5 villages)
 * April 1, 1957 - The village of Kamisato had split and was merged each into the towns of Minowa and Gunma (respectively). (4 towns, 3 villages)
 * August 1, 1957 (4 towns, 2 villages)
 * Part of the village of Gunnan was merged with the town of Tamamura and the village of Joyo (from Sawa District) to create the town of Tamamura (in Sawa District).
 * The villages of Iwahana had split and was merged each into the village of Gunnan and the city of Takasaki (respectively).
 * October 15, 1957 - Parts of the village of Gunnan (the locality of Sakai) was merged into the town of Tamamura (in Sawa District).
 * March 31, 1963 - The town of Kuragano was merged into the city of Takasaki (3 towns, 2 villages)
 * September 1, 1965 - The village of Gunnan was merged into the city of Takasaki. (3 towns, 1 village)
 * July 1, 1996 - The village of Kurabuchi renames (倉淵村->倉渕村)
 * January 23, 2006 - The towns of Gunma, Kurabuchi, and Misato were merged into the expanded city of Takasaki. (1 town)
 * October 1, 2006 - The town of Haruna was merged into the expanded city of Takasaki. Gunma District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Gunma District, Gunma


text:
Komochi, Gunma

Komochi (子持村) was a village located in Kitagunma District, Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 11,937 and a density of 291.36 persons per km2. The total area was 40.97 km2.

On February 20, 2006, Komochi, along with the town of Ikaho, the village of Onogami (all from Kitagunma District), and the villages of Akagi and Kitatachibana (both from Seta District), was merged into the expanded city of Shibukawa.

title: Komochi, Gunma


text:
Pinch

Pinch or pinching may refer to:
 * Pinch (action), to grip an object or substance between two fingers.
 * Pinch (unit), a very small amount of an ingredient, typically salt or a spice
 * Pinch (whisky) or Haig's Pinch, brand of Scotch whisky
 * Pinch, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Pinch, West Virginia, a census-designated place in Kanawha County

Mathematics and science

 * Pinch (plasma physics), the compression of a plasma filament by magnetic forces, or a device which uses this effect for magnetic fusion energy
 * Pinching is a multi-touch gesture, done by squeezing one's fingers on a touchscreen
 * Pinch point (economics), the level of inventory below which consumers become concerned about security of supply
 * Pinch point (mathematics), a type of singular point on an algebraic surface
 * Pinch analysis, a methodology for minimising energy consumption of chemical processes

Arts and culture

 * The Pinch, a literary journal published at University of Memphis
 * Pinched, a 1917 film starring Harold Lloyd
 * A puppet voiced and operated by Bill Schulz on Red Eye w/Greg Gutfeld
 * Tom Pinch and Ruth Pinch, characters in the novel Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens
 * Pinch Raccoon, a character from "PB&J Otter"
 * Doctor Pinch, character in The Comedy of Errors by William Shakespeare
 * Pinch (film), a 2019 animated short film by Diego Maclean

People

 * Pinch (drummer) (born Andrew Pinching, born 1965), drummer for punk band The Damned
 * Pinch (dubstep musician) (born Rob Ellis, born 1980), electronic musician who produces dubstep
 * Colin Pinch (1921–2006), Australian cricketer
 * John Pinch the elder (1769–1827), British architect in Bath
 * John Pinch the younger (1796–1849), British architect in Bath
 * Trevor Pinch (1952–2021), British sociologist at Cornell University
 * Frank Pinch (1891–1961), English cricketer
 * William Pinch (1940–2021), mineralogist from Rochester, New York
 * Evelyn Pinching (1915–1988), British alpine skier
 * William Wyatt Pinching (1851–1878), rugby union international who represented England in 1872
 * Pinch Thomas (1888–1953), backup catcher in Major League Baseball

Sports

 * Pinch hitter (baseball), a substitute batter
 * Pinch hitter (cricket), a batsman (not a substitute) promoted up the batting order
 * Pinch runner, a baseball player substituted for a player on base

title: Pinch


text:
ISO/IEC 8802-5

ISO/IEC 8802-5 is a joint ISO/IEC standard that defines Token Ring access methods and physical layer specifications. The ISO/IEC 8802-5:1998 standard, part of the Local and Metropolitan Area Network (LAN) series, aligns with the ISO/IEC Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model, focusing on the physical and data link layers. Its primary goal is to facilitate seamless interconnection of data processing equipment through a LAN employing the token-passing ring access method. The standard delineates the frame format, encompassing delimiters, addressing, and priority stacks. Additionally, it outlines the medium access control (MAC) protocol, supplemented by finite state machines and state tables, accompanied by algorithmic descriptions. The physical layer (PHY) functionalities, such as symbol encoding/decoding, symbol time, and latency buffering, are clearly defined. The standard elucidates the services offered by MAC to station management (SMT) and the reciprocal services provided by PHY to both SMT and MAC. Specifically tailored for commercial and light industrial applications, the LAN standard establishes guidelines for 4 and 16 Mbit/s shielded twisted pair attachments, including the medium interface connector (MIC). Notably, while token ring LANs in home and heavy industrial settings are not precluded, their consideration was not central to the standard's development. The document includes a Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma in its annex.

title: ISO/IEC 8802-5


text:
IKL

IKL may refer to:
 * Concentration Camps Inspectorate, the agency that oversaw Nazi concentration camps, German acronym (Inspektion der Konzentrationslager)
 * The Patriotic People's Movement, whose Finnish language name had the initials IKL.
 * The Patriotic People's Movement (1993), also with initials IKL
 * The Ingolstadt–Kralupy–Litvínov pipeline, a crude oil pipeline in Germany and the Czech Republic
 * Ikela Airport, an airport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with this IATA code
 * Ingenieurkontor Lübeck, a German shipbuilding company

title: IKL


text:
Talk:Alevism

Reincarnation claim
Please can you explain where in this German source, quoting the original German phrase, and what you believe is the English translation, that it indicates that Alevis believe in reincarnation, as per this diff - I am not personally knowledgeable about the subject, so am happy to be convinced, but I cannot, at the moment, see any indication of this in the basic google translation of the article. Iskandar323 (talk) 19:10, 4 December 2021 (UTC)
 * "Die alevitische Glaubenslehre ist ein Weg zur Vervollkommnung des Menschen. [...] Hölle oder Paradies existieren nicht. [...] Die Aleviten glauben an die Seelenwanderung, sagt Ercan Yıldız." English: "The Alevi faith doctrine is a way to the perfection of man. [...] Hell or Paradise do not exist. [...] The Alevis believe in transmigration of souls, says Ercan Yıldız." I don't know any source which says different concerning Alevi afterlife beliefs, so I thought this information could improve the article. --Mungo68b (talk) 00:08, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * @Mungo68b: Thank you for highlighting the relevant passage in the German. It does seem that there is some sort of Alevi connection to the concept of soul transmigration/re-incarnation (see also:, , ), particularly in Alevism in Turkey, and may therefore be appropriate to include somewhere, but the link is not straightforward and probably needs to be accompanied by some additional explanation. Iskandar323 (talk) 07:18, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

the chart
probably deleted by mistake, the older versions had some error in their chARACTERS, these errors are corrected as well161.253.74.2 (talk) 21:11, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * it became "borderline unintelligible muddle" because someone altered the borderlines, corrections made161.253.74.2 (talk) 22:06, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Alevi people are Turkish nomads not Kurdish because kurdish people are from mesopotamia and never been in (Turkistan) Turkmen
Delete All Kurdish word with Turkish and Turks because Kurdish are Şafiî people and Alevi People Turkish nomad ethnical from Türkmen From (Türkistan) izzettin Dogan HaydarHaydarHaydar (talk) 21:45, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source to back up your claims? PhilKnight (talk) 21:48, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Never mind. Blocked. PhilKnight (talk) 22:33, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

Kizilbashism and "Teachings of" infobox section
"Anatolian alevism" is really an artificial, exogenous academic term, thats generally not used outside of acaedmia; some sources in the article opt for "kizilbashism", which is in fact a common colloquial term that is actually in use, I think its preferable. Another thing is that the "Teachings of" section in the Infobox is incomplete: at the very least, the figues mentioned in the citations of this very article should be mentioned.

That's about it, I made a more in-detail post about these topics, with the specific citations themselves, but when I posted it, it didn't show up, it wasn't deleted, it just didn't show up, maybe a bug you guys should look into. 2A01:C22:8511:8600:B554:691:4421:CD38 (talk) 18:52, 4 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You’re not allowed to edit till your block expires. HistoryofIran (talk) 21:59, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

Christianity
Forbes says Alevi is a mystical belief that is rooted in Islam and Sufism with some traditions of Christianity and Shamanism. citing BBC's news, which is nonsense. The narrator uses only "prophet Jesus". Of course this has nothing to do with Christianity but Islamic prophet Isa. Second source says it's a claim, not fact. This has no place on the lead, which is factually incorrect. Beshogur (talk) 15:51, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alevism


text:
Mollie Monroe

Mary E. Sawyer (c. 1846–1902), better known as Mollie Monroe, was an American old west woman who was known for crossdressing and for her liaisons with multiple men.

Monroe fell in love with a man as a teenager. Both her family and her boyfriend's family agreed that the couple was too young to marry, and the man was sent away. Monroe then decided to go after her boyfriend, disguised as a man and calling herself Sam Brewer. Her search ended in sadness, when she discovered her boyfriend had been murdered by a gang during a bar brawl. Monroe then swore to avenge his death, crossing virtually every city from Utah to northern Mexico. She failed to find her boyfriend's killers, and became an alcoholic.

Around 1870, she met George Monroe, a well known and rich miner. Mollie and George Monroe married and settled in Wickenburg, Arizona, where they mined together. In 1874, they moved to Prescott, Arizona. George Monroe had discovered a water spring there. He turned it into a resort and named it "Monroe Springs". The attraction drew many tourists from around the country.

Mollie Monroe was also a gambler. Apart from her alcoholism, her gambling addiction also led her to lose a considerable amount of money, once selling a gold mine she had discovered for around $2,500 dollars, then gambling the money away in about a week.

Despite her addictions, Monroe enjoyed helping needy people, such as prostitutes, lone women and their children. Legend has it that once she met a woman and her children; having been told by the woman that her husband went to town for supplies three days before and had not returned, she went searching for the man, and found him in a bar. She then led him out of the bar, tied him to her horse and dragged him all the way back to his house, staying overnight to make sure he wouldn't leave the house again.

A newspaper report also told of her saving the lives of 20 army men when attacked by Apaches. According to the article, she had left the men to look for items to cook with, and when she returned, she noticed that the army men were surrounded by Apache, and that two army men had already been killed. She and her friend, Texas Johnson, fired shots into the air, and the Apaches ran, according to the news.

Mollie Monroe was despised by most of Prescott's high society women, for what they viewed as "manly manners" and, as a popular publication of the time said, "morals that are dissolute".

In 1877, she was found wandering across the streets of Peeples Valley by a policeman named Ed Bowers. Brought to trial, she was found to be insane on May 9 and sent to a sanitarium in Stockton, California. Along the way to Stockton, she and Bowers were attacked by thieves. Other than Bowers losing a watch and some 450 dollars, the lawman and Monroe came out unscathed from the attack. Mollie Monroe's times at the California asylum did not go without controversy: she tried burning the building once, causing her to be sent to San Quentin jail. Once there, she forged a friendship with former Arizona governor A.P.K. Safford (after whom the city of Safford, Arizona is named). Many viewed this as an attempt by Mollie to get out of San Quentin.

In 1887, she was sent to a new asylum built in Phoenix. In 1895, she escaped the asylum, and was found four days later. With only a few crackers and a bottle of water taken to support herself, she was found bleeding and in bad overall health.

Her health, troubled by her alcohol problems, continued to decline, and in 1902, she died in the Phoenix asylum.

title: Mollie Monroe


text:
Ice house (building)

An ice house, or icehouse, is a building used to store ice throughout the year, commonly used prior to the invention of the refrigerator. Some were underground chambers, usually man-made, close to natural sources of winter ice such as freshwater lakes, but many were buildings with various types of insulation.

During the winter, ice and snow would be cut from lakes or rivers, taken into the ice house, and packed with insulation (often straw or sawdust). It would remain frozen for many months, often until the following winter, and could be used as a source of ice during the summer months. The main application of the ice was the storage of foods, but it could also be used simply to cool drinks, or in the preparation of ice cream and sorbet desserts. During the heyday of the ice trade, a typical commercial ice house would store 3000 ST of ice in a 30 by and 45 ft building.

History
A cuneiform tablet from c. 1780 BCE records the construction of an icehouse by Zimri-Lim, the King of Mari, in the northern Mesopotamian town of Terqa, "which never before had any king built." In China, archaeologists have found remains of ice pits from the 7th century BCE, and references suggest that these were in use before 1100 BCE. Alexander the Great stored snow in pits dug for that purpose around 300 BCE. In Rome, in the 3rd century CE, snow was imported from the mountains, stored in straw-covered pits, and sold from snow shops. The ice that formed in the bottom of the pits sold at a higher price than the snow on top.

Persia
By 400 BCE, Persian engineers were building yakhchāls in the desert. The structure used evaporative cooling, radiative cooling, solar chimney, and diurnal heat reservoir techniques to store ice, food, and sometimes make ice. Water was often channeled from a qanat to a yakhchāl, where it freezes when the conditions were right. The most common structures have a conical shape above ground with a subterranean storage space, shade walls, and ice pool. Many that were built centuries ago remain standing.

United Kingdom
The ice house was introduced to Britain in the 1600s. James I commissioned the first modern ice house in 1619 in Greenwich Park and another in Hampton Court in 1625–6. The Hampton Court ice house (or snow conserve) was a brick-lined well, which was 30 ft deep and 16 ft wide. A timber building with a thatched roof covered it. In 1660 Charles II had one built in London's upper St James's Park (now Green Park).

Various types and designs of ice house exist but British ice houses were commonly brick-lined, domed structures, with most of their volume underground. Ice houses varied in design depending on the date and builder, but were usually conical or rounded at the bottom to hold melted ice. They usually had a drain to take away the melt-water. It is recorded that the idea for ice houses was brought to Britain by travellers who had seen similar arrangements in Italy, where peasants collected ice from the mountains and used it to keep food fresh inside caves. Ice houses were also known as ice wells, ice pits or ice mounds. Game larders and venison larders were sometimes marked on Ordnance Survey maps as ice houses. Bruce Walker, an expert on Scottish Vernacular buildings, has suggested that relatively numerous and usually long-ruined ice houses on country estates have led to Scotland's many legends of secret tunnels.

During the 18th century there was an increase in the construction of ice houses often at large manor houses and their estates.

Ice was often imported into the UK from Scandinavia until the 1920s, although from around 1900 the import of ice declined sharply owing to the development of factories in the UK where ice was made artificially. Usually, only large mansions had purpose-built buildings to store ice. Many examples of ice houses exist in the UK, some of which have fallen into disrepair.

Good examples of 19th-century ice houses can be found at Ashton Court, Bristol, Albrighton, Bridgnorth, Aynhoe Park, Northamptonshire, Deddington Manor, Grendon, Warwickshire, and at Christchurch Mansion, Ipswich, Suffolk, Petworth House, Sussex, Danny House, Sussex, Ayscoughfee Hall, Spalding, Rufford Abbey, Eglinton Country Park in Scotland, Parlington Hall in Yorkshire and Croxteth Hall Liverpool, Burghley House, Stamford and Moggerhanger Park, Moggerhanger, Bedfordshire. An unusual example of an ice house that was converted from a redundant brick springhead can be found in the former grounds of Norton House, Midsomer Norton, Somerset. The largest surviving ice house in the UK is the Tugnet Ice House in Spey Bay. It was built in 1830, and used to store ice for packing salmon caught in the River Spey before transportation to market in London.

During the Second World War (between 1939 and 1945) old ice houses found new uses. Although some were used to store ice and food, others, because they were often underground and well built, became air raid shelters.

In 2018, the very large Park Crescent West ice well was discovered in Park Crescent, London. It was created for Samuel Dash in the early 1780s for commercial use before the building of the John Nash crescent was begun in 1806. This ice house is 9.5 m deep, and 7.5 m wide, and is only a few metres away from the Jubilee line on the London Underground. Originally used for the storage of local ice taken from the River Thames in the winter months, it was taken over in the 1820s by the ice merchant William Leftwich, who used it for storing imported ice from the frozen lakes of Norway.

A pair of commercial ice wells has been preserved in London, beneath what is now the London Canal Museum at King's Cross. They are around 30 feet in diameter and were originally 42 feet deep. They were built in 1857 and 1863 by the Swiss entrepreneur Carlo Gatti.

Republic of Ireland
In 1985, a passage was discovered beneath Ardgillan Castle in Co. Dublin, Republic of Ireland. This passage was found to be the ice house that had been known to exist on the grounds, but whose location had not been rediscovered until this date. There are other ice houses still surviving in Ireland, for example on the Woodstock Estate near Inistioge, Co. Kilkenny and at the former Rockingham Estate in Boyle, Co. Roscommon, now accessible at Lough Key Forest Park.

United States
Ice houses allowed a trade in ice that was a major part of the early economy of the New England region of the United States, which saw fortunes made by people who transported ice in straw-packed ships to the southern states and throughout the Caribbean Sea. Most notable was Frederic Tudor (known as Boston's "Ice King") who formed the Tudor Ice Company in the early 19th century. In winter months, ice was chipped from a lake surface and often dragged by sled to the ice house. In summer months, icemen delivered it to residences in ice-wagons; the ice would then be stored in an icebox, which was used much like a modern refrigerator.

As home and business refrigeration became more commonplace, ice houses fell into disuse, and the home ice delivery business declined until it had virtually disappeared by the late 1960s. Smaller ice houses, often no more than a sawdust pile covered by a makeshift roof or tarpaulin, continued to be maintained for storing ice for use in local events such as fairs. Today, most ice for daily consumption is made in a home freezer, while bulk ice is manufactured, distributed and sold like other retail commodities. At least one icehouse is still operated traditionally, as a tourist attraction on New England campsite.

Texas and the American South
In Texas, former ice houses are a cultural tradition. Ice merchants diversified to sell groceries and cold beer, serving as early convenience stores and local gathering places. The widespread 7-Eleven chain of convenience stores in the U.S., first known as U-Tote'm Stores, developed from ice houses operated by ice manufacturers, like the Southland Ice Manufacturing Company, in Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio in the 1930s. Southland was not the only company in the Southern United States to develop a convenience-store corporation from an ice business. Munford Inc. of Atlanta began in the early 20th century by vending both ice and coal from mule-drawn wagons, as the Atlantic Ice and Coal Company. By the 1970s, Munford, Inc. was operating a large chain of convenience stores with the name Majik Market (the company was sold in 1988 and filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1990).

In some parts of Texas, especially from San Antonio and the Texas Hill Country down to the Mexican border, ice houses functioned as open-air bars, with the word "icehouse" becoming a colloquialism for an establishment that derives the majority of its income from the sale of cold beer. The distinction between South Texas ice houses and ice houses of other parts of the state and the South has been connected to the Catholicism of the region, a deeper-rooted Mexican culture, and the influence of German immigrants.

title: Ice house (building)


text:
Talk:Wharram Percy

Copyright
Removed possible copyright violation:

The Black Death of 1348-9 ... room for extra sheep pasturage.

This is the same as the text at Lost Village Sites of Yorkshire: Wharram Percy

If you used the text by permission, please indicate so. Thanks. --138.37.188.109 10:33, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yes, it was used with permission, since I wrote the 'Lost Village Sites of Yorkshire: Wharram Percy' as well !

 * Ooops, well done and sorry. Overzealous of me. 138.37.188.109 11:02, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Question 1
Does the DMV site designation include neighboring sites like Raisthorpe? -FZ 20:15, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Question 2
How many houses were there? What was the maximum population? Is there a museum showing findings? - 178.0.203.83 (talk) 12:44, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wharram Percy


text:
Z-Cars

Z-Cars or Z Cars (pronounced "zed cars") was a British television police procedural series centred on the work of mobile uniformed police in the fictional town of Newtown, based on Kirkby, near Liverpool. Produced by the BBC, it debuted in January 1962 and ran until September 1978.

The series differed sharply from earlier police procedurals. With its less-usual Northern England setting, it injected a new element of harsh realism into the image of the police, which some found unwelcome.

Z-Cars ran for 801 episodes, of which fewer than half have survived. Regular stars included: Stratford Johns (Detective Inspector Barlow), Frank Windsor (Det. Sgt. Watt), James Ellis (Bert Lynch) and Brian Blessed ("Fancy" Smith). Barlow and Watt were later spun into a separate series Softly, Softly.

Origin of the title
The title comes from the radio call signs allocated by Lancashire Constabulary. Lancashire police divisions were lettered from north to the south: "A" Division (based in Ulverston) was the detached part of Lancashire at the time around Barrow-in-Furness, "B" Division was Lancaster, and so on (see Home Office radio). The TV series took the non-existent signs Z-Victor 1 and Z-Victor 2. The title does not, as sometimes suggested, come from the cars used, Ford Zephyr and Ford Zodiac. The Zephyr was the standard traffic patrol car used by Lancashire and other police forces, while the Zodiac was only used for specialist tasks such as traffic duty. Also, the term "Z-car" was used by British newspaper publishing companies to refer to any type of police vehicle.

Concept and principal characters
Z Cars as an idea came to creator Troy Kennedy Martin as he listened to police messages on his radio while trying to relieve the boredom of being ill in bed with mumps. It was set in the fictional Newtown, loosely based on the real-life modern suburb of Kirkby, one of many housing estates that had sprung up across Britain in the post-war years, and its ageing neighbour Seaport.

The stories revolve around pairs of officers patrolling that week. Riding on changing social attitudes and television, the social realism, with interesting stories, garnered popularity for Z Cars. It was initially somewhat unpopular with real-life police, who disliked the sometimes unsympathetic characterisation of officers. Being set in Northern England helped give Z Cars a regional flavour when most BBC dramas were set in Southern England. It directly challenged the BBC's established police drama Dixon of Dock Green, which at that point had been running for seven years but which some considered 'cosy'.

The one character present throughout the entire run (though not in every episode) was Bert Lynch, played by James Ellis (though John Phillips as Det. Chief Supt. Robins reappeared sporadically during the show's run – by the end of the series he had become Chief Constable). Other characters in the early days were Stratford Johns (Det. Chief Inspector Barlow), Frank Windsor (Det. Sgt. Watt), Robert Keegan (Sgt. Blackitt), Joseph Brady (PC "Jock" Weir), Brian Blessed ("Fancy" Smith) and Jeremy Kemp (Bob Steele). Also in 1960s episodes as David Graham was Colin Welland, later a screenwriter. Other British actors who played regular roles in the early years included Joss Ackland. Although he played no regular role in the series, future Monkee Davy Jones appeared in three episodes, and 1963 saw two future well-known faces join the regulars - Leonard Rossiter played DI Bamber in eight episodes and John Thaw, later known for his roles in The Sweeney and Inspector Morse, appeared in four as a detective constable who had to leave the force because he had a "glass head" – he could not drink alcohol when socialising and mixing with the criminal fraternity, very much part of a detective's job.

Episodes
Z-Cars ran for 801 episodes.

The original run ended in 1965; Barlow, Watt and Blackitt were spun off into a new series Softly, Softly. When the BBC was looking for a twice-weekly show to replace a series of failed 'soaps' (one example being United!), Z Cars was revived. The revival was produced by the BBC's serials department in a twice-weekly soap opera format of 25-minute episodes, and only James Ellis and Joseph Brady remained from the original show's run. It was shown from March 1967, both 25-minute segments each week comprising one story.

It ran like this until the episode "Kid's Stuff" (broadcast on 30 March 1971), shown as a single 50-minute episode for the week, proved the longer format would still work. Thereafter, Z Cars was shown in alternating spells of either two × 25 minute episodes or the single 50-minute episode each week over the next 16 months. This arrangement ended with the showing of the final two-parter, "Breakage" (Series 6, parts 74 and 75, on 21 and 22 August 1972 respectively), after which the series returned permanently to a regular pattern of one 50-minute episode per week.

Lost episodes
Like many series of its era, Z-Cars is incomplete in the archives. The period 1962–65 is reasonably well represented; though with big gaps. With the 1967–71 sixth series, when the programme was shown almost every week, material becomes more patchy still. Of the 416 episodes made for this series, only 108 survive: a few episodes each from 1967, 1969, and 1970, but there are no surviving episodes from 1968 or 1971. About 40% of the total 801 episodes are preserved.

The original series was one of the last British television dramas to be screened as a live production. With videotaping becoming the norm and telerecording a mature method of preserving broadcasts, the practice of live broadcasting drama productions was rare by the time the programme began in 1962. Going out "live" was a preference of the series' producer David Rose, who felt it helped immediacy and pace and gave it an edge. As a result, episodes were still not being pre-recorded as late as 1965. Most were videotaped for a potential repeat, although the tapes – costed as part of a programme's budget – were normally wiped for re-use. The transfer of a live or videotaped programme to film greatly enhanced its chances of surviving.

In the 1980s, the telerecording of the pilot episode "Four of a Kind" was returned to its writer Allan Prior by an engineer. He had taken it home to preserve it because his children had enjoyed the programme and as a result he could not bring himself to destroy it. This and two other early editions were released on a BBC Video in 1993.

Two episodes were returned in 2004 after turning up in a private collection; there have been other occasional returns of individual early episodes in more recent years. When Z-Cars returned in 1967 in its 30-minute, twice-weekly format, it was on nearly every week of the year, which may account for its poor survival rate over this period. The 2 × 30-minute format gradually interchanged with the returning 50-minute format, and when the 50-minute format fell into regular use by the series, this coincided with an increase in its survival rate.

All episodes from the 1975–1978 period are preserved in the archives. BBC Archive Treasure Hunt was a drive to seek out missing episodes and is still open to information regarding missing editions of lost BBC television programmes. British vintage television enthusiast organisation Kaleidoscope is also interested in the recovery of lost television shows, regardless of their original maker or broadcaster.

Theme music
The Z-Cars theme tune was arranged by Fritz Spiegl and his then wife, composer Bridget Fry, from the traditional Liverpool folk song "Johnny Todd". It was released on record in several versions in 1962. Johnny Keating's version (Piccadilly Records, 7N.35032) sold the best, reaching No. 8 on the Record Retailer chart and as high as No. 5 on some UK charts, whilst the Norrie Paramor Orchestra's version, on Columbia DB 4789, peaked at No. 33. A vocal version of the theme, using the original ballad's words, was released by cast member James Ellis on Philips Records PB 1230; this missed the charts.

The song in Spiegl and Fry's arrangement is used as an anthem by English football clubs Everton and Watford, playing as the teams enter the pitch for their home games, at Goodison Park and Vicarage Road respectively. It is also used for similar purposes at the Borough Park home of Workington A.F.C.

The tune has also been used as music for the hymn "Father, Hear the Prayer We Offer".

After Z-Cars
Softly, Softly, a 1965 spin-off, focused on the regional crime squad, and ran until 1969, when it was again revised and became Softly, Softly: Task Force, running until 1976. The character of Barlow (Stratford Johns) was one of the best-known figures in British television in the 1960s and 1970s. He was given several seasons of his own solo series, Barlow at Large (later Barlow) which ran from 1971 to 1975. Barlow joined Watt (Frank Windsor) for the 1973 serial Jack the Ripper. The serial's success led to a further spin-off entitled Second Verdict in which Barlow and Watt looked into unsolved cases and unsafe convictions.

Windsor made a final appearance as Watt in the last episode of Z-Cars, "Pressure", in September 1978, with Robins (John Phillips), the detective chief superintendent from the original series who had risen to chief constable. Jeremy Kemp, Brian Blessed, Joseph Brady and Colin Welland also appeared, though not as their original characters.

Recognition
In a 2000 poll to find the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century conducted by the British Film Institute, Z-Cars was voted 63rd. It was also included in television critic Alison Graham's alphabetical list of 40 "all-time great" TV shows published in Radio Times in August 2003.

Main cast
(1962–1965 and 1967–1978: 12 series, 801 episodes)

title: Z-Cars


text:
Coat of arms of Finland

The coat of arms of Finland is a crowned lion on a red field, the right foreleg replaced with an armoured human arm brandishing a sword, trampling on a sabre with the hindpaws. The coat of arms was originally created around the year 1580.

The lion in Nordic heraldry

The heraldic lion is quite common in Western Europe, and several European countries incorporate it into their national coats of arms. In Nordic heraldry, the lion is first found in the coat of arms of Denmark in the later part of the 12th century.

Starting in the 13th century, the territory of today's Finland was gradually incorporated into the Swedish kingdom, and this coincided with the period when coats of arms first came into use in northern Europe. The first known use of the lion in Sweden was on the royal seals of Erik Knutsson (died 1216) and Erik Eriksson (1216–50), who used two and three lions on their seal, respectively. The first king of the House of Bjelbo, Valdemar Birgersson (1239–1302), also used 3 lions on his seal (Figure 2).

Finland as a duchy

Bengt Birgersson, the first Duke of Finland (1254–91, Duke from 1284 until 1291), and Valdemar Magnusson, the second Duke (died 1318, Duke of Finland from 1302 until 1317), both used the later Folkunga coat of arms, which was a crowned lion rampant with three bends sinister, the main difference being that Valdemar's arms had the field strewn with hearts (Figure 3). This version of the arms was quite similar to the modern coat of arms of Finland, but the lion did not yet brandish any weapon.

Creation
When John III assumed the title of "Grand Duke of Finland and Karelia", shortened to Grand Duke of Finland in 1577 (or soon thereafter), the lion became closely associated with Finland through the grand-ducal coats of arms (Figure 5). The grand-ducal coat of arms is thought to have resulted out of a combination of the Göta lion (originating from the Folkunga lion) and the arms of Karelia (Figure 6). The result was that the lion brandishes one weapon and treads on another.

The best-known version of the grand-ducal coat of arms is found on the tomb of Gustavus I (1523–60) in the Uppsala cathedral (Figure 5). It has been suggested that either Duke John himself, or his brother Eric XIV, was leading the design work on the heraldic signs on the tomb. Neither statement can be confirmed, but it is known that Eric XIV showed an interest in heraldry. The monument was commissioned from Guillaume Boyen (Willem Boy), a Flemish architect and sculptor who had worked in Sweden. He started on the task in Antwerp in 1562, completing it 10 years later; however, the tomb was not in place in Uppsala until the early 1580s, and the finishing work lasted until 1591. In addition to the royal arms of Sweden and those of Finland, the arms of the 11 provinces are depicted. From Finland they include North and South Finland, as well as Tavastia and Karelia. The work of Willem Boy is of exceptional quality, which is perhaps explained by the fact that lions were a dominant feature in the heraldry of Flanders, and he would therefore have had a great deal of exposure to it before receiving the commission for the tomb of Gustavus I.

The earliest known blazon from this period states that the arms of Finland represents A crowned lion of gold holding a sword in the right forepaw and trampling with both hindpaws on a Russian sabre (ryssesabel), surrounded by nine silver roses in a red field, over the shield a golden crown with a red cap. As both King Gustavus I and his son, John III, were involved in lengthy wars with Russia, it should come as no surprise that this was a central element in the arms of both the Grand Duchy of Finland, and in that of the coat of arms of the Finnish province of Karelia (Figure 6), which symbolizes the struggle between East and West.

The purpose of the nine roses remains unknown, but are now mostly considered to be decorative only. They have sometimes been claimed to represent the nine historical provinces of Finland, but this hypothesis has not found support among prominent scholars. The number of towns in the nominal "Grand Duchy of Finland and Karelia" in 1580 was also nine, but no known historical research provides support for a link between the number of roses and the number of towns in Finland in 1580.

Swedish era
During the following centuries, the arms of Finland were to appear in different versions of varying artistic quality, and it was only in the late 19th century when the Uppsala lion was again taken into use as the prototype for the coat of arms of Finland.

The lion experienced several changes during the 17th century. In the funeral banner of Charles X Gustavus (in 1660) it can be seen treading on the sabre with all three free paws; in drawings by Elias Brenner (in the Suecia antique et hodierna by Erik Dahlberg, printed in 1716), it is pictured with a double tail (queue fourchée) and with an almost walking posture.

Grand Duchy of Finland
After Finland was made into Grand Duchy (as a consequence of the Swedish–Russian war of 1808–1809), Elias Brenner's version of the lion was chosen by the authorities as the model for the new coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire. The blazon in the decree of 26 October 1809 states: The shield has a red field, strewn with roses of silver, on which a golden lion with a crown of gold, standing on a silver saber, which it grasps with the left forepaw while holding in the right forepaw an upright sword. Obviously, any interpretation of the lion as trampling on a Russian sabre had been lost at this point in time.

During the reform of the Russian official heraldry in 1857, the lion was again changed on the initiative of Baron Bernhard Karl von Köhne. The blazon states: On a red field strewn with silver roses a crowned lion of gold, holding in the right forepaw an upright sword and in the left one a curved sword on which it rests with the right hindpaw. The main changes were that the lion had started to resemble a dog rather than a lion, and the crown on top of the shield had been changed to an arched crown without a cap, and with a small Russian eagle on the rim. The sword in the right forepaw had shrunk in size, to the point of resembling a dagger rather than a sword (Figure 8).

During the years when the Russian emperors attempted russification of Finland (1899–1905 and 1908–17), the use of the arms of Finland increased significantly, and eventually became popular in the broader population.

The director of the Finnish National Archives, Karl August Bomansson (1827–1906), made the first significant study on the arms of Finland in modern times. He restored the appearance of the arms in 1886, so that it closely resembled the Uppsala lion. However, there was a slight deviation on how the lion tramples on the saber, and the arched crown with the imperial eagle in the von Köhne version was replaced with a crown similar to that of a German princely crown. This version of the arms was subsequently used in the early years of Finnish independence.

Early independence

During the 1920s and 1930s, the national arms became the subject of some controversy, and the debate centered on whether the lion should be replaced with a bear, which had an important place in the national folklore. Already in 1557, the bear had emerged as the emblem of Finnia Septentrionalis ("North Finland", at the time roughly the same as Satakunta and northern Southwest Finland) and continues to be used as the coat of arms of Satakunta. However, outside Finland, the bear was usually regarded as a symbol of Russia. The debate was however not settled, and throughout most of the 20th century, versions of the arms were used that closely adhered to the Uppsala lion.

In 1936, a state committee suggested a compromise that Finland should have a "greater" and a "smaller" coat of arms. The greater coat of arms was proposed to have two bears as supporters of the arms (Figure 9), with a base of spruce twigs and with the motto vapaa, vankka, vakaa ("free, firm, steadfast"). This would have given the bear a place in the national heraldry, but the design was never confirmed, nor was this version of the arms taken into use.

Today
The blazon of the national coat of arms was finally settled in 1978, when the law of 26 May 1978 (381/78) described the coat of arms as follows: On a red field, a crowned lion, the right forepaw replaced with an armoured hand brandishing a sword, trampling on a saber with the hindpaws, the lion, crowned and armed, the weapons hilted and the armour garnished gold, the blades and the armour silver, the field strewn with nine roses of silver. (This is, however, a direct translation from Finnish; the heraldic blazon would be Gules, a lion crowned Or rampant striking with a sword Argent on his armoured dexter arm, trampling on a sabre Argent; surmounted with nine roses Argent)

The coat of arms appears on the Finnish state flag. The Finnish lion is also used in a wide variety of emblems of different state authorities, often modified to depict the duties of the unit or the authority. On the other hand, the Finnish municipalities and regions usually use heraldic motifs drawn from elsewhere, leaving the lion for state use (exceptions exist, such as the Coat of arms of Jakobstad). The Finnish lion also appears as an armed force's generals' rank insignia and in the navy as part of an officer's rank insignia.

title: Coat of arms of Finland


text:
International Association of Universities

The International Association of Universities (IAU) is a membership-led non-governmental organization working in the field of higher education. It comprises more than 600 higher education institutions and organizations in over 130 countries. IAU is an official partner of UNESCO. The IAU secretariat is based in Paris and is located at the headquarters of UNESCO.

History
IAU was created under the auspices of UNESCO on 9 December 1950 during the International Conference of Universities in Nice. Its goal was and remains to encourage cooperation among institutions of higher education worldwide.

Governance
The governing bodies of the IAU are the General Assembly and the Administrative Board. The General Conference, convened every five years, votes an administrative board consists of the president and 14 members. The Secretariat implements the strategy adopted by the governing bodies.

Members
As of 1 January 2022, the International Association of Universities counts more than 600 members (institutions, organizations, affiliates and associates) in over 130 countries worldwide.


text:
Stony River

Stony River may refer to the following:

Rivers:
 * Stony River (Alaska), USA
 * Stony River (Minnesota), USA
 * Stony River (West Virginia), USA
 * Stony River (Jamaica)
 * Stony River (Canterbury), in the South Island of New Zealand
 * Stony or Hangatahua River, Taranaki, New Zealand
 * Stony or Te Wharau River, in the South Island of New Zealand

Places:
 * Stony River, Alaska, a census-designated place
 * Stony River Township, Minnesota, a township

title: Stony River


text:
Stony Run

Stony Run may refer to:

 * Stony Run (Baltimore), a stream in Baltimore, Maryland
 * Stony Run (Buffalo Creek), a stream in Union County, Pennsylvania
 * Stony Run (Little Catawissa Creek), a stream in Columbia and Schuylkill Counties Pennsylvania
 * Stony Run (Minnesota), a stream in Big Stone County, Minnesota
 * Stony Run, Pennsylvania
 * Stony Run Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota
 * Stony Run (Anderson Creek tributary), a stream in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania

title: Stony Run


text:
Storrs

Storrs may refer to:

 * Storrs (surname)
 * Storrs, Connecticut, a village where the main campus of the University of Connecticut is located
 * Storrs, South Yorkshire, a rural hamlet within the City of Sheffield, England
 * Storrs, Cumbria

title: Storrs