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Broad Street Line

The Broad Street Line (BSL), also known as the Broad Street subway (BSS), Orange Line, or Broad Line, is a subway line owned by the city of Philadelphia and operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA). The line runs primarily north-south from the Fern Rock Transportation Center in North Philadelphia through Center City Philadelphia to NRG station at Pattison Avenue in South Philadelphia; the latter station provides access to the stadiums and arenas for the city's major professional sports teams at the South Philadelphia Sports Complex, about a quarter mile away. It is named for Broad Street, under which the line runs for almost its entire length. In 2024, as part of the SEPTA Metro plan, the Broad Street Line is undergoing a rebrand to the service letter B.

The line, which is entirely underground except for the northern terminus at Fern Rock, has four tracks in a local/express configuration from Fern Rock to Walnut-Locust and two tracks from Lombard-South to the southern terminus at NRG station. It is one of only two rapid transit lines in the SEPTA system overall alongside the Market–Frankford Line, though Center City Philadelphia is also served by four stations of the PATCO Speedline rapid transit line which runs from Center City Philadelphia through Camden, New Jersey to Lindenwold, New Jersey. With about 115,000 boardings on an average weekday in 2019, it is the second busiest route in the SEPTA system.

The line and its trains were leased to SEPTA in 1968 after it assumed operation of the city transit systems from the former Philadelphia Transportation Company (PTC). Broad Street Line subway cars bear both the SEPTA logo and the seal of the City of Philadelphia to reflect the split ownership-operation arrangement.

History
Service on the northern half of the Broad Street Line, between City Hall and Olney Avenue, opened on September1, 1928. While the original subway tunnel had been finished to just north of the present-day Lombard-South station, service to the Walnut-Locust station did not begin until 1930, and the Lombard-South station entered service in 1932. Service from that point south to Snyder Avenue began on September18, 1938. Service to a new park-and-ride station built next to the Fern Rock shops began in 1956, and the line was extended further south to Pattison Avenue in 1973 to serve the recently completed Sports Complex.

The total cost of the original segment, "Olney Avenue to South Street," was stated at $102 million.

Although the Broad Street Line was originally planned in the 1920s to be a 4-track facility for its entire length (Fern Rock portal to Snyder), the tunnel was built with provision for 4 tracks only from the portal to just north of Lombard-South. At the time of opening, the outer 2 tracks were built along this length, whereas the inner 2 express tracks were built only in two sections, from the Fern Rock portal/shops to just south of Olney, and from Girard to their terminus just north of Lombard South. To close the gaps, the two inner express tracks were laid from Erie to Girard in 1959, and again from Olney to Erie in 1991.

From Lombard-South station south to Snyder, the tunnel was constructed differently – only the eastern half of the line was built. The track currently used for southbound trains is actually the northbound express track. The extension in 1973 to Pattison station (now called NRG station) continued this arrangement. Space exists under the western half of Broad Street for the construction of the western half of the tunnel, which would include the remaining 2 tracks and additional island platforms for southbound local and express trains. The resulting infrastructure would match the configuration built in the northern half of the line.

Provisions for flying junctions exist in the tunnels at three locations: north of Olney station, north of Erie station, and between Tasker-Morris and Snyder stations. These were to connect to planned but never built extensions to the north, northeast, northwest and southwest. Tracks were laid in the upper levels of the flying junctions north of Olney and Erie; these have been used over the years to store out-of-service trains and as layover points for express and Ridge Spur trains.

The NRG Station contains a lower level platform (very narrow compared to the very wide upper level platform), built to accommodate additional trains for large crowds at sporting events. Seldom used for passenger service in recent years, these tracks are most often used to store rolling stock and work trains.

Two of the Broad Street subway system's stations have been closed. The Spring Garden station on the Ridge Avenue spur line was closed in 1989. The Franklin Square station on the PATCO route was closed in 1953, reopened in 1976 for the US Bicentennial, then closed again in 1979. It is scheduled to reopen (after a major renovation) in 2024.

The Broad Street Line is one of only two rapid transit lines in the United States outside of New York City to use separate local and express tracks for a significant length, the other being Chicago's North Side Main Line from Armitage north, used by Purple Line express trains.

During early 2020, the line operated "Lifeline Service" due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania. From April 2020, trains bypassed the Logan, Wyoming, Susquehanna–Dauphin, Fairmount, Spring Garden, Chinatown, Lombard–South, and Tasker–Morris stations. All stations were reopened by July 2020.

In September 2021, SEPTA proposed updating wayfinding across the SEPTA Rail Transit network. Part of the proposal, SEPTA proposed rebranding their rail transit service as "SEPTA Metro", in order to make the system easier to navigate. Under this proposal, services along the Broad Street Line will be rebranded as the "B" lines with an orange color. Each service utilizing the trunk would receive a numeric suffix. Local service would be known as the B1 Broad Street Local, the express and special service as the B2 Broad Street Express and B2 Express Sport Special, and the Broad–Ridge Spur as the B3 Broad–Ridge Express.

Following public feedback, SEPTA revised the Wayfinding Master Plan. Rather than being referred to as the B Lines, the current Broad Street Line would become the B Line. Express and special services would be consolidated into the B2 Broad Street Express, with signage letting riders know whether a train terminates at Walnut–Locust or NRG station. Additionally, SEPTA stated they would pilot neighborhood maps in stations and prioritize the deployment of real-time information signage and on mobile apps.

Roosevelt Boulevard
Both the City of Philadelphia and SEPTA have studied extending the Broad Street Line along Roosevelt Boulevard, in order to serve a growing population in the northeast section of the city. The city government's archives contain a survey report, prepared in 1948, discussing a need for an extension of the Broad Street line from Erie Avenue to the vicinity of Pennypack Circle (see Roosevelt Boulevard). Subway car destination signage even included station and terminus names for major streets along Roosevelt Boulevard such as Rhawn Street, in the newer "South Broad" cars. An expansion into another part of the City could better use the capacity of the four-track trunk line.

In 1964, the city proposed a 9 mi, $94million extension of the Broad Street line along Roosevelt Blvd. in conjunction with a new Northeast Expressway to be built by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Development was limited to the building of one subway station by Sears, Roebuck and Company in 1967, at its complex on Roosevelt Boulevard at Adams Avenue, at the cost of $1million, in anticipation of future service. This station was destroyed when the facility was demolished in October 1994. Ultimately the Northeast Expressway was never built, due to lack of funds, and the subway extension remained a paper concept.

On September10, 1999, SEPTA filed a Notice of Intent to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the Northeast Extension with the EPA. In December 2001, the Philadelphia City Planning Commission supported extending the Broad Street Line along Roosevelt Blvd. to Bustleton Avenue, where it would be joined by the Market–Frankford Line, extended from its Frankford terminal (now the rebuilt Frankford Transportation Center). The estimated cost had ballooned to $3.4billion.

Philadelphia Naval Yard
Currently, the Broad Street Line terminates southbound at NRG station at Pattison Avenue and three major stadiums. With the redevelopment of the Philadelphia Naval Yard directly to the south, a Health Impact Assessment report was issued in March of 2012 to determine if extending the line to the Naval Yard would be a viable option for commuters. It determined that extending the line to the Naval Yard would more than halve the number of private cars commuting back and forth, with the remainder taking the proposed subway line and/or using a bicycle sidepath. The HIA recommends making an extension of the Broad Street Line a priority, and recently, the extension has garnered much support.

West Philadelphia
A report in the 1940s proposed an extension of the Locust St. subway to West Philadelphia. This line would have run under one of the streets presently served by the subway-surface system. Presumably, the current subway-surface lines would have been converted to bus operation and would have been used to feed this line. It appears that this proposal was replaced by the extension of the subway portion of the subway-surface system in the 1950s.

Northwest
The same report also proposed a northwest extension. This would have branched off at the North Philadelphia station and would have taken over the Pennsylvania Railroad's Chestnut Hill Branch which is still operated today as part of the SEPTA Regional Rail system as the Chestnut Hill West Line.

Rolling stock
The first set of rail cars for the Broad Street subway was the B-1 cars built in 1926–27 by the J.G. Brill Company. The Pressed Steel Car Company supplied an additional set in 1938 collectively known as the B-2's. The JG Brill Company also built and delivered 26 deluxe art-deco streamlined subway cars to the Delaware River Joint Commission in early 1936 for use on its Bridge Line from 8th and Market into Camden, NJ via the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. These cars were designed to be compatible with the other Broad Street cars, and could run in multiple with them. After the Bridge Line became part of the PATCO Lindenwold Hi-Speedline in late 1968, 23 of these former "Bridge Line" cars were sold to the City of Philadelphia in 1969 to be used on the Broad Street subway, and were designated as the B-3's, until they were retired by early 1984.

The first set has had the second longest lifespan of any subway car in Philadelphia, after that of the Market Street cars built for what ultimately became the Market–Frankford Line. Although the line was a host for the UMTA's State of the Art Car program, real replacements for the Broad Street cars did not come until late 1982, when SEPTA introduced new "B-IV" cars built by Kawasaki, which are currently the only cars operating the line. The cars are 67ft 6in long, 10ft 1.5in wide, and 12ft 3in tall.

Preservation

 * A small number of B-1, B-2, and B-3 historic cars remain stored in derelict condition within Fern Rock yard.
 * One B-1 car was sent and sold to the Trackside Brick Oven Pizzeria in Wallingford, Connecticut.
 * One B-1 car (#55) is present at the Illinois Railway Museum.
 * One B-3 car (#1009) is partially restored at the Rockhill Trolley Museum.
 * Two B-3 cars (#1018, #1023) are at the Seashore Trolley Museum.

Service
Three different services run along the Broad Street Line. Whenever problems occur, trains may skip stations.

Panel indicators
The Kawasaki B-IV cars feature multi-panel signs to indicate the origin point, destination, and type of service. One sign is mounted on each side of a car, set just inside a window to make it visible from the interior and exterior. A similar, smaller sign is mounted over car-end doors when cab equipment is present; this sign is only visible from the exterior. These signs significantly improved over earlier rolling stock which completely lacked such signage.

Each sign consists of a set of 12 panels arranged in 4 rows of 3 columns each (a 3 x 4 grid). An incandescent light bulb can illuminate each panel. As shown above, the upper three rows indicate station names while the bottom row indicates the type of service. Trains normally light three panels: two station names (origin and destination) and a type of service (local, express, or special). Only significant stations are represented in the grid.

In 1982, following the delivery of the first significant number of B-IV cars, SEPTA assigned these cars to the restoration of express service. The signs were lit to show "OLNEY" "WALNUT" and "EXPRESS". In early 1983, with more B-IV cars arriving and placed into local service, signs showed "FERN ROCK" "PATTISON" and "LOCAL". After delivery of the last cars, Broad–Ridge Spur trains showed "ERIE" "8th-MARKET" (rush hour) or "GIRARD" "8th-MARKET" (off-peak and weekends). Special trains showed "FERN ROCK" "PATTISON" "SPECIAL" "EXPRESS". Subsequent changes to express and Broad–Ridge Spur service patterns led to the current signage: express trains show "FERN ROCK" "WALNUT" "EXPRESS" and Broad–Ridge trains show "OLNEY" "8th-MARKET" "EXPRESS" (weekdays) and "FERN ROCK" "8th-MARKET" "EXPRESS" (weekends). In 2010, with the renaming of the terminal, all signs were updated with "AT&T" in place of "PATTISON", and again with "NRG" replacing "AT&T" in 2018.

Operating times and headways
A local trip along the entire line takes about 35 minutes. Trains run from approximately 5:00am to 1:00am, with a timed transfer at 12:30am at City Hall station to connect with the Market Frankford Line based on final trains. The Broad Street Owl bus service replaces the subway throughout the night Monday through Friday mornings, stopping at the same locations as the subway trains. The line itself ran 24 hours a day until it was eliminated in 1991; it was reinstated on June20, 2014, for Friday and Saturday overnights only on a trial basis. It was made permanent on October8, 2014, due to the line successfully carrying an extra 10,000 riders on the Broad Street Line during the weekend overnight periods. This was eliminated again in 2020 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The local portion of the Broad Street Line carries a headway of 8 minutes or less during the daytime all day weekdays, 10–12 minutes all day on weekends and major holidays, and 12 minutes in the evenings. Weekend night service consists of a 20-minute frequency, while owl bus service early weekday mornings utilize a 15-minute frequency. The express portion of the line ranges from seven minutes during peak hours to 12 minutes off-peak, while the Broad Ridge Spur ranges from 7 minutes during peak hours to 20 minutes off-peak.

Broad–Ridge Spur
A two-track spur of the Broad Street Line, known as the Broad–Ridge Spur, diverges from the main line at Fairmount. Originally known as the Ridge–8th Street subway, the line follows Ridge Avenue, southeastward from the intersection of Broad Street, Ridge and Fairmount Avenues to a two-level junction beneath 8th and Race Streets, where tunnels leading to and from the Benjamin Franklin Bridge to Camden connect to it, then proceeds south under 8th Street. At its southern terminus at 8th and Market streets, passengers may transfer to the Market–Frankford Line and the PATCO Speedline. The spur operates Mondays through Saturdays from 6am to 9pm, running two-car trains (though platforms can fit five cars).

Ridge Spur service to 8th and Market streets began on December21, 1932. As part of that project, a tunnel shell running south under 8th Street then west under Locust Street to 18th Street (reusing parts of the never-completed Center City loop constructed in 1917) was completed in 1933 but not outfitted for service. Bridge Line service from 8th and Market to Camden began on June7, 1936, sharing the Ridge Spur platforms at 8th and Market and splitting off from the Ridge Spur just south of Chinatown station.

Beginning in June 1949, Ridge Spur and Bridge Line trains were through-routed at 8th and Market. The unused Locust Street tunnel was completed on February15, 1953; Bridge Line trains were extended to a new terminus at 15th–16th Street station with two intermediate stops, while Ridge Spur trains reverted to running between 8th Street and Girard. In January 1954, due to low ridership, off-peak service and Saturday again began operating between Girard and Camden, with a shuttle train operating between 8th and 16th stations. Sunday service was suspended at that time due to minimal usage. Ridge Spur service was suspended from August23 to 27, 1968, as tracks were switched to a new upper-level terminal platform at 8th Street station to allow conversion of the 8th–Locust Street subway into the Lindenwold High-Speed Line (PATCO Speedline).

The Ridge Spur was closed from February 1981 to September6, 1983, during construction of the Center City Commuter Connection. Spring Garden station, by then exit-only, was closed on September10, 1989, due to safety concerns. Never drawing high ridership, the spur has been proposed for closure on several occasions. The 2014 closure of the Gallery Mall, adjacent to 8th and Market station, caused ridership on the spur to drop by 25%.

Stations
All stations are located in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Stations on the Broad–Ridge Spur are shaded in gold. Special extra service for sports and entertainment events makes all express stops between Fern Rock to Walnut–Locust and then continue express to NRG.

Services
Local (B1) Express (B2) (B3)

title: Broad Street Line


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eploids

doesn't seem worthy of an excyclopedia article - delete Mattingly23 16:29, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Shady-sounding promotion. Geogre 17:37, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ploid is a neologism and trademark, ePloid the electronic version. No evidence that either is encyclopedic, open to a change of vote if this is provided. Recent and only contribution by an IP, so probable newbie. Andrewa 19:12, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Eh, merge and redirect to Frito-Lay. Just make sure the mention on that page isn't an ad.  Or delete; can't say I really care to know about eploids.  Postdlf 19:15, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Another thing to consider is whether we want a plural form redirect, and an incorrectly capitalised one at that. No change of vote. Andrewa 19:24, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirects are cheap. Don't worry about that. But delete this article, please — reads like a radio commercial. • Benc • 20:23, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert, non-notable. Just another coupon-based promotion, like zillions of others.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:43, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. No need to redirect. Rossami 00:22, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eploids


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Here Come the Littles

Here Come the Littles is a 1985 animated fantasy film produced in France by DIC Enterprises, Inc. and distributed by Atlantic Releasing. It was directed by Bernard Deyriès and adapted by Woody Kling from John Peterson's series of books, The Littles, and also based on the ABC television show of the same name.

Here Come the Littles follows a boy named Henry Bigg as he meets a family of miniature people that lives in his home. While his abusive uncle Augustus plans to build a shopping center at the site of his home, Henry teams up with the Littles to prevent this scheme.

Here Come the Littles was screened at weekend matinees during its original U.S. release, and made over US$6.5 million. It was not a critical success; reviewers found fault with the story and animation style. The film was released on VHS in late 1985, and on DVD in early 2004. Another Littles film, Liberty and the Littles, premiered on television in late 1986.

Plot
Henry Bigg learns that his parents have been lost during an archaeological trip to Africa, although the remains of their aircraft have been found. His housekeeper Mrs. Evans says his Uncle Augustus is his next of kin and therefore his legal guardian. Thus, Henry moves to Augustus' residence where Mrs. Evans states that she can't join him because Augustus doesn't need to have a housekeeper. While appearing friendly in the eyes of Mrs. Evans, he drops the routine when Mrs. Evans leaves and tells Henry that he will not have him shedding tears here as Augustus escorts him to his room.

Meanwhile, Tom and Lucy Little (two of the tiny people inside the walls of Henry's house) snag an apple that Mrs. Evans had left for Henry. They repay the boy by finding his lucky rabbit's foot and sneaking it in his suitcase. They are carried away to Augustus' house, trapped inside the luggage. Another two of the tiny creatures, Grandpa and Dinky, soon find them.

There, the Littles soon learn of Augustus' ill-tempered and mean-spirited ways: He treats Henry more like a slave and is planning on replacing his nephew's house with a shopping mall. While the creatures try to escape, Henry discovers Grandpa and Dinky, not knowing who—or what—they are. Augustus also sees them, but mistaking them for toys, grabs them from Henry and locks them in the desk drawer in his study. Here, Dinky and Grandpa discover that Augustus forged the documents in order to become Henry's legal guardian, as well as to steal and redevelop the Biggs' property.

To rescue those two, Lucy persuades Tom to talk to Henry—a bold move, considering that humans never knew about the creatures until recently. Grandpa and Dinky, whom Henry finds inside the study, both prove the evidence of Augustus' fraud. Before Augustus locks him inside his room, Henry soon creates a diversion allowing Tom and Lucy to save them.

Eventually, Lucy and Tom are hungry, and begin to search for food. Tom gets trapped in a jar of honey, and a change of plans ensues: the Littles must rescue Henry before they can save Tom. At first Grandpa resists, but consents since Henry have already met them.

After several attempts to escape, the Littles finally flee away aboard their gas-powered toy plane but cause a garage fire that wakes up Augustus. Henry attempts to go to the police station but gets lost and is eventually caught by his uncle. The Littles distract Augustus long enough for Henry to run down there. Meanwhile, Augustus orders the demolition crew by phone to start tearing down the Biggs' place.

When the Littles get to Henry's house, they split up. Grandpa looks for Mr. and Mrs. Little while the others try to sabotage the bulldozer. Both plans succeed just in the nick of time. The moment Augustus arrives and learns what happened, Henry and the police arrive and arrest him for proposed illegal destruction to private property, forgery and child abuse.

Henry is reunited with Mrs. Evans and prepares to meet his rediscovered parents at the airport. He casts a knowing wink at the gate as the Littles watch on.

Crew

 * Wally Burr - Recording director

Release
Along with The Smurfs and the Magic Flute and The Secret of the Sword, Here Come the Littles was among the first animated films handled by U.S. distributor Atlantic Releasing. The film was based on the ABC TV series of the same name, and produced in France by DIC Entertainment in conjunction with ABC.

Here Come the Littles was released theatrically in early 1985, and was released on the VHS format in late 1985 by CBS/Fox's Playhouse Video label, under license from ABC Video Enterprises.

The VHS was re-released by BMG Video in late 1992 under the DIC Toon-Time Video label.

It was re-released on VHS and released on DVD by Sterling Entertainment on February 24, 2004. The DVD was re-issued by NCircle Entertainment on August 21, 2007.

In 1984, Scholastic Books published a 64-page tie-in adaptation of Here Come the Littles by Lorentz Carlson and John Lawrence Peterson.

Box office
During its run in the North American market, Here Come the Littles grossed over US$6.5 million through weekend matinee showings.

Critical response
Here Come the Littles was not well-received with critics, receiving generally mixed reviews. Candice Russell of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel wrote: "[It] has all the panache of a Saturday morning cartoon and just about as much heart. It's even in the same mode of repetitive crises every third minute."

The Los Angeles Times' film reviewer Charles Solomon in assessing Here Come the Littles, said: "[It] boasts an international pedigree more complicated—and interesting—than its storyline." In his Movie Guide, Leonard Maltin gave it 1½ stars out of four and called it a "silly, boring animated effort". Likewise, the Blockbuster Entertainment Guide to Videos and Movies (1999) gave it two stars, and recommended it "for fans of the Littles book series only". Jerry Beck, in his Animated Movie Guide, gave it only one star and commented: "The film raises issues of homelessness, the loss of parents, and the importance of family and friends, in a mild, one-dimensional way." Along with Russell, he criticized the "bland style" of the animation, which was outsourced in Japan.

A review in the San Francisco Chronicle stated that Here Come the Littles "is an OK, though hardly memorable, entertainment for small children. Come to think of it, pity the runts of today who get nothing but mediocre big screen fare—when they get it at all".

Sequel
A made-for-television follow-up, Liberty and the Littles, aired on the ABC network in 1986 as part of its Weekend Special anthology series. It first aired in three parts of 30 minutes, on October 18, October 25, and November 1. In the film, the Littles fly to the Statue of Liberty, and come across a group of French relatives who are under a tyrant's control.

According to one crew member, Liberty was planned for a theatrical release, but ended up on television because of a change in management during production.

title: Here Come the Littles


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User:Irrªtiºnal

Nothing bad happened here, I just erased my profile!

title: User:Irrªtiºnal


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Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster

The Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster (SCl 128), or the Hydra and Centaurus Superclusters, was a previously defined supercluster in two parts, which prior to the identification of Laniakea Supercluster in 2014 is the closest neighbour of the former Virgo Supercluster. Its center is located about 39 Mpc away, with it extending to a maximum distance of around 69 Mpc.

Physical characteristics
The supercluster includes four large galaxy clusters in the Centaurus part, also known as the "4 clusters  filament, or  4 clusters strand '' :
 * Abell 3526 (Centaurus Cluster)
 * Abell 3565
 * Abell 3574
 * Abell 3581

The filament which also includes the major cluster Abell S753 and exends up to around 80 Mpc to reach the rich galaxy cluster Abell 3581.

Antlia Wall
The Antlia Wall, also known as the Antlia Strand, Hydra Wall, Hydra-Antlia wall, Hydra-Antlia extension, and the Hydra-Antlia filament, is a filament that emeges from the Centaurus Cluster, passes under the Zone of Avoidance (ZOA) as the "Puppis filament", to link up the Lepus Cloud. This filament then passes though a region containing the NGC 1600 Group before crossing the boundary where the gravitional flows of galaxies between the Laniakea and Perseus–Pisces superclusters diverge to link up with the Perseus–Pisces supercluster at a distance of around 130 Mpc from the Centaurus Cluster. The filament contains two major clusters: In 2014, it was revealed that the Antlia Wall along with the rest of the Hydra–Centaurus supercluster is connected to the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster. Later in 2017, Pomarède et.al identified based on the flow of galaxies that the Antlia Wall along with the Lepus Cloud are part of a substantial filament known as the Centaurus–Puppis–PP Filament that extends around 130 Mpc from the Centaurus Cluster all the way to the Perseus–Pisces supercluster. The Centaurus–Puppis–PP Filament along with the Southern Supercluster Strand which contains the Eridanus-Fornax-Dorado Filament and the Telescopium−Grus Cloud, are part of wall that makes up the front boundary of the Sculptor Void.
 * Hydra Cluster (A1060)
 * Antlia Cluster (AS0636)

Before 2017, it was not known that the Antlia Wall and the Lepus Cloud were part of the same structure, the Centaurus–Puppis–PP Filament. This is because the Centaurus–Puppis–PP Filament goes under the ZOA of the Milky Way, which caused parts of the filament to be obscured by the disk of the galaxy on the sky, resulting in the naming of the different visible pieces of filament.

Other clusters
Apart from the central clusters, which are 150 to 200 million light years away, several smaller clusters belong to the group.

Within the proximity of this supercluster lies the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster (Abell 3627). This massive cluster of galaxies exerts a large gravitational force, causing all matter within 50 Mpc to experience a bulk flow of 600 km/s toward the Norma Cluster.

Laniakea
A 2014 announcement says that the Centaurus Supercluster (Hydra–Centaurus) is just a lobe in a greater supercluster, Laniakea, that is centered on the Great Attractor. That supercluster would include the Virgo Supercluster, therefore including the Milky Way where Earth resides.

title: Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mosquitos Nation

Mosquitos Nation was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE all content into Miskito and REDIRECT. Rossami 22:36, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thought this might be bogus at first; "Mosquitos Nation" gets 0 google hits. "Mosquito Nation" however, gets quite a few and they seem legit, but I think it's the same as the Mosquito Coast, though it's a bit difficult to tell. If someone who knows more about this can verify, then I think merge and redirect to Mosquito Coast is the best option. Otherwise move to Mosquito Nation and expand so its more than basically just a list of kings. -R. fiend 16:34, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Mosquito Nation would be the people, Mosquito Coast the place. -- Jmabel 17:12, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Send to Clean Up to see if anyone can find out about the Mosquito Indians and their formation into a tribal nation. If we already have Mosquito Indians, we can almost certainly turn this to a redirect. Geogre 17:13, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * No Mosquito Indians, but there is a page for Miskito. Should we redirect this there? Or merge and redirect so we have the list of kings (basically all this page is)? This article describes the Mosquito Nation as a "state", rather than a "people", and the Miskito article mentions they had political autonomy for a time, so I think we are talking about a state here as well (and if these are Indian tribal kings why do they have such european names?). I don't especially feel like spending a whole lot of time researching this, but something should be done with this page. -R. fiend 17:45, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This is apparently for real, despite the weird European-ness of the names:, . Move or merge (but to what? Miskito monarchy, perhaps?) - Mustafaa 18:51, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, the Mosquito (or Miskito) are English-speakers. To this day, Bluefields is a basically English-speaking town. The Mosquito figured prominently in the contra wars, because initially they were very poorly handled by the Sandinistas and proved to be easy recruits to the contra cause. -- Jmabel 02:13, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Since the list is pretty short, and unlikely to grow, merge it as a section =Miskito rulers= or =historical Miskito state= or =Miskito monarchy= or some such (the latter two are more likely to encourage people to add info about that era), in the Miskito article, and leave Mosquitos Nation as harmless/typo protection redirect. In fact when this is over, we should probably make redirs out of every place we looked for articles about the people, the people's rulers, and the nation. Niteowlneils 22:20, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or redirect to Miskito and merge. I have read about this in relation to Gregor MacGregor, who "leased" land from one of the kings for his scheme, although I am not sure whether the names are anglisized or not. This could be appropriate as a part of the =History of Miskito= or something similar. - Skysmith 10:52, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: The IP who created this is now creating subarticles for the leaders. See Oldman.  When we make a decision here, we're going to probably have to make decisions about the chiefs.  Geogre 17:13, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I noticed that and started wikifying them, as the general consensus is that al this Mosquitos stuff is encyclopediaworthy, the question is where to put it. But I think I'll wait til he's done and see if we have an idea of what exactly we're going to go with this. He's linking stuff to Mosquitos Nation, even though if nothing else I think it's established that that's a typo. His punctuation is also atrocious. A result of all this may be that we'll have to turn Mosquito into a disambiguation page, although come to think of it a note and a link on the top of that page might do the trick. Right now I guess we have to figure out how to merge this stuff and where to merge it to, and make clear the exact connection between the Miskito and the Mosquito Coast, among other things. -R. fiend 17:23, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks real. Merge and redirect to Miskito, which seems to be the more accepted spelling. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:46, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * See . Mikkalai 22:47, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)


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Alnitak

Alnitak is a triple star system in the constellation of Orion. It has the designations ζ Orionis, which is Latinised to Zeta Orionis and abbreviated Zeta Ori or ζ Ori, and 50 Orionis, abbreviated 50 Ori. The system is located at a distance of several hundred parsecs from the Sun and is one of the three main stars of Orion's Belt along with Alnilam and Mintaka.

The primary star, Alnitak Aa, is a hot blue supergiant with an absolute magnitude of −6.0 and is the brightest class O star in the night sky with a visual magnitude of +2.0. It has two companions—Ab and B, the latter known for the longest time and the former discovered recently, producing a combined magnitude for the trio of +1.77. The stars are members of the Orion OB1 association and the Collinder 70 association.

Observational history
Alnitak has been known since antiquity and, as a component of Orion's Belt, has been of widespread cultural significance. It was reported to be a double star by amateur German astronomer George K. Kunowsky in 1819. Much more recently, in 1998, the bright primary was found by a team from the Lowell Observatory to have a close companion; this had been suspected from observations made with the Narrabri Stellar Intensity Interferometer in the 1970s.

The stellar parallax derived from observations by the Hipparcos satellite imply a distance around 225 parsecs, but this does not take into account distortions caused by the multiple nature of the system and larger distances have been derived by many authors.

Stellar system
Alnitak is a triple star system at the eastern end of Orion's Belt, the second-magnitude primary having a 4th-magnitude companion nearly 3 arcseconds distant, in an orbit taking over 1,500 years.

The part called Alnitak A is itself a close binary, comprising the stars Alnitak Aa and Alnitak Ab.

Alnitak Aa is a blue supergiant of spectral type O9.5Iab with an absolute magnitude of −6.0 and an apparent magnitude of 2.0. It is estimated as being up to 33 times as massive as the Sun and a diameter 20 times greater. It is some 21,000 times brighter than the Sun, with a surface brightness (luminance) some 500 times greater. It is the brightest star of class O in the night sky. In about a million years, it will expand into a red supergiant wider than the orbit of Jupiter before ending its life in a supernova explosion, likely leaving behind a black hole.

Alnitak Ab is a blue subgiant of spectral type B1IV with an absolute magnitude of −3.9 and an apparent magnitude of 4.3, discovered in 1998.

A fourth star, 9th-magnitude Alnitak C, has not been confirmed to be part of the Aa–Ab–B group, and may simply lie along the line of sight.

The Alnitak system is bathed in the nebulosity of IC 434.

Etymology and cultural significance
ζ Orionis (Latinised as Zeta Orionis) is the star system's Bayer designation and 50 Orionis its Flamsteed designation.

The traditional name Alnitak, alternately spelled Al Nitak or Alnitah, is taken from the Arabic النطاق an-niṭāq, "the girdle". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Alnitak for the star ζ Orionis Aa. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

Orion's Belt
The three belt stars were collectively known by many names in many cultures. Arabic terms include النجاد Al Nijād 'the Belt', النسك Al Nasak 'the Line', العلقات Al Alkāt 'the Golden Grains or Nuts' and, in modern Arabic, ميزان الحق Al Mīzān al Ḥaqq 'the Scale of Justice'. In Chinese mythology they were known as The Weighing Beam.

The belt was also the Three Stars mansion, one of the twenty-eight mansions of the Chinese constellations. It is one of the western mansions of the White Tiger.

In Chinese, 參宿 (Shēn Xiù), meaning Three Stars (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka (Orion's Belt), with Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Saiph and Rigel later added. Consequently, the Chinese name for Alnitak is 參宿一 (Shēn Xiù yī, the First Star of Three Stars). It is one of the western mansions of the White Tiger.

Namesakes
The USS Alnitah was a U.S. Navy Crater-class cargo ship named after the star.

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Talk:John Vikström

John Vikström, archbishop emeritus of Turku and Finland
John Vikström

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Martin Fischer (automobile designer)

Martin Fischer (1867–1947) was a Swiss automobile designer who built cars under the Turicum and Fischer names. He began his career as a watchmaker. Some of his cars still survive.

title: Martin Fischer (automobile designer)


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List of rulers of Ngwato (Mangwato)

This article lists the rulers of the Mangwato tribe, a tribe located in present-day Botswana, from 1780 to the present day. The ruler is referred to as the Kgôsikgolo. Since 1925, the tribe has been ruled by regents, in place of Seretse Khama and his son Ian Khama.

List of Rulers of the Bangwato (bamaNgwato)
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) Note

Ian Khama, the fourth president of Botswana, son of Seretse Khama (first president of Botswana after independence in 1966), though the rightful heir of the Bamangwato tribe in Serowe, has never shown interest in taking the chieftaincy and is not expected to, even though most of the people from the tribe regard him as their king.

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Jason Bourne

Jason Bourne is the title character and the protagonist in a series of novels and subsequent film adaptations. The character was created by novelist Robert Ludlum. He first appeared in the novel The Bourne Identity (1980), which was adapted for television in 1988. The novel was adapted into a feature film of the same name in 2002 and starred Matt Damon in the lead role.

The character originally featured in three novels by Ludlum, released between 1980 and 1990, followed by eleven novels written by Eric Van Lustbader between 2004 and 2019, and three novels by Brian Freeman since 2020. Along with the first feature film, Jason Bourne also appears in three sequel films The Bourne Supremacy (2004), The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), and Jason Bourne (2016), with Damon again in the lead role. Jeremy Renner stars in the fourth film of the franchise, The Bourne Legacy, released in August 2012. Damon stated in interviews that he would not do another Bourne film without Paul Greengrass, who had directed the second and third installments. Greengrass agreed to direct Damon in the fifth installment in the franchise. Greengrass jointly wrote the screenplay with editor Christopher Rouse.

Literary backstory
Jason Bourne is one of many aliases used by David Webb, a career Foreign Service Officer, and a specialist in Far Eastern affairs. Before the events in The Bourne Identity, Webb had a Thai wife named Dao and two children named Joshua and Alyssa in Phnom Penh. Webb's wife and children were killed during the Vietnam War when a fighter plane strayed into Cambodia, dropped two bombs, and strafed a spot near the Mekong River. However, unknown to Webb, Joshua survived. Due to Cambodia's neutrality in the war, every nation disclaimed the plane, and, therefore, no one took responsibility for the incident. Enraged by both the injustice and randomness of his loss, Webb went to Saigon and, under the careful guidance of friend and CIA officer Alexander Conklin, ended up training for an elite top secret Special Forces unit called "Medusa". Within that select organization Webb was known only by his code name, "Delta One".

Medusa
An assassination team or death squad, Medusa, was created to infiltrate Northern Vietnam and assassinate members of the Viet Cong and its collaborators. Its members were criminals; its leader, a man called Delta, ran Medusa with an iron fist. He became well known for his ruthlessness, his disregard for orders, and his disturbing success rate on missions, resulting in the kidnapping of Webb's brother, U.S. Army Lieutenant Gordon Webb, during his tour of duty in Saigon.

During the mission to save Gordon Webb, an original "Medusa" team member named Jason Charles Bourne was discovered to be a double agent who alerted a large number of North Vietnamese soldiers to their whereabouts. When Delta found Bourne after killing his way through the North Vietnamese, he simply killed Bourne in the jungles of Tam Quan. Bourne's execution was never exposed due to the top secret status of Medusa.

Operation Treadstone
Years later, a black ops arm of the CIA, called "Treadstone Seventy-One" after a building on New York's Seventy-First Street, was formed to eliminate the notorious Carlos the Jackal. Webb was called up by David Abbott, nicknamed "The Monk", to be its principal agent. At this point, Webb (Delta) took the identity of Jason Bourne, due to the actual Bourne's status as MIA in the war, as well as the fact that Bourne was in reality a brutal killer with a long criminal record. The point was to turn "Jason Bourne" into an elite, ruthlessly efficient assassin who would be feared by terrorists and criminals worldwide. The assassin's alias was "Cain". The reasoning for creating such a myth was to create competition for the well-known assassin named "Carlos", or "Carlos the Jackal" (real name Ilich Ramírez Sánchez) who at that time was considered the world's best and most famous assassin. By creating this myth, Cain was to drive the reclusive Carlos out into the open "long enough to put a bullet in his head".

Film backstory
In the film series, Jason Bourne is revealed to have been born David Webb on September 13, 1970 (or June 4, 1978 in Jason Bourne; but, that could have been the birth-date of the actual Bourne) in Nixa, Missouri (although in Ultimatum, he is given a false date of April 15, 1971, as a coded reference to a specific site). In flashbacks, he joins the United States Army and is eventually selected for the CIA Treadstone program in 1997. His father, Richard Webb, a senior CIA analyst, is responsible for creating Treadstone, a black ops project intended to train and deploy elite assassins. The CIA murders his father with a false flag car bomb in Beirut in a bid to recruit Webb.

The ploy worked; Webb approaches the CIA and is brought into the program by Neil Daniels, a supervisor in the Treadstone program, while being monitored by Dr. Albert Hirsch, who supervises the medical assessment of Treadstone agents. He is brought into a secret recruitment center in New York City, where Hirsch orders him tortured for days — via waterboarding and sleep deprivation — to break his spirit and allow him to be molded into an assassin. He is officially accepted when he murders an unidentified man (implied to be the real Jason Bourne) without question. After that, he is given a new identity as Jason Bourne, and his true identity becomes a classified secret.

After heavy training, in which he learns several languages and masters a wide array of martial arts skills, Bourne is placed in the Treadstone program, whose missions are run by Conklin. His first assignment, an unofficial one, is revealed to have happened in Berlin, Germany: the assassination of Vladimir Neski, a Russian politician who was intending to expose the theft of $20 million in secret funds stolen from the CIA by Treadstone's Director, Ward Abbott, and a Russian oligarch, Yuri Gretkov. Under Conklin's orders, Bourne murders Neski and his wife and makes it look like a murder-suicide.

Bourne works in the program as its top agent for three years, stationed in Paris, France, maintaining a secluded life while performing assassinations, mostly around Europe. His official handler is logistics agent Nicky Parsons, also stationed in Paris, who is implied to have feelings for Bourne that she keeps hidden from Treadstone employers.

The turning point in his life comes after an order to murder Nykwana Wombosi, an exiled African warlord who was blackmailing the CIA into reinstating him as head of state, lest he expose several CIA secrets. Using an alias, John Michael Kane, Bourne gathers information on Wombosi. He infiltrates the warlord's yacht and hides inside it for five days, surfacing on a cold night in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, intending to arrange the murder to look like Wombosi was killed by a crew member. However, Wombosi is surrounded by his children, and Bourne is unable to bring himself to kill him. He tries to abandon the mission by leaving the boat, but an unknown person shoots him twice in the back, sending him off the yacht into the sea and triggering amnesia, causing Webb / Bourne to forget his identity.

Novels
The series has included fifteen novels which have been written by two authors, Robert Ludlum and Eric Van Lustbader. Ludlum's series include the first three books, dubbed the Bourne trilogy. After Ludlum's death in 2001, Lustbader took over the character in his own series of novels, which span eleven books as of 2020. A twelfth novel, The Bourne Nemesis, was scheduled to be released in 2019, but as of July 2020 is no longer expected to be published.

The Bourne Identity (1980)
A man is found floating unconscious in the Mediterranean Sea near Marseille by Italian fishermen with two gunshot wounds in his back. He wakes and discovers he has extreme memory loss. Film negative embedded in his hip leads him to a bank in Zurich where he learns he is known by the name Jason Bourne. As he tries to reclaim his memory, Bourne attracts the attention of hostile people for reasons unknown to him. At a hotel, while cornered, Bourne takes a young woman, Marie St. Jacques, hostage to escape. Marie is an employee of the Government of Canada. Bourne and Marie discover that "Jason Bourne" is the cover identity of a contract assassin, and that both the CIA and another contract killer known as Carlos the Jackal have an interest in him. Marie is convinced that this man she has come to know cannot be the ruthless killer that all their discoveries seem to imply. She compels Bourne to continue searching for his true identity and, in the end, he finds the truth. Through this time, Bourne has the phrase "Cain is for Charlie, and Delta is for Cain" continually flash through his mind, propelling him in the direction of his mission.

The Bourne Supremacy (1986)
Having recovered his memory and retired from the CIA, David Webb now teaches Asian Studies at a university in Maine and lives with Marie. She is taken captive seemingly by a powerful Chinese drug lord, but in reality, by the United States government using the fictitious drug lord as cover. The scheme is an attempt to turn Webb back into his former self, the mythical Jason Bourne, to go after a Bourne impostor in China. The phony Bourne has been credited with a Far East political assassination that could, in a worst-case scenario, cause a Chinese civil war over the ownership of Hong Kong.

The Bourne Ultimatum (1990)
As an aging Carlos the Jackal's infamy fades, he decides that he will do two things before he dies: kill Jason Bourne and destroy the KGB facility of Novgorod, where the Jackal was trained and later turned away. Webb's family is forced to hide in the Caribbean while Webb himself works with Conklin to hunt down and kill the Jackal. Webb poses as an important member of Medusa, now a nearly omnipotent economic force that controls the commander of NATO, leading figures in the Defense Department, and large NYSE firms. The plan is to use Medusa's resources to contact the Jackal. Webb just misses the Jackal several times before Webb fakes his own death to draw him out. Following this, the Jackal turns to his second goal. Webb tracks the Jackal down with the help of Conklin and a KGB agent as the Jackal begins destroying the KGB compound. In a final confrontation, the Jackal is led into a dam lock in which he drowns, and Webb returns to his family.

The Bourne Legacy (2004)
With the climactic events of The Bourne Ultimatum behind him, Jason Bourne is able to once again become David Webb, now professor of linguistics at Georgetown University. However, this serenity does not last for long. When a silenced gunshot narrowly misses Webb's head, the Bourne persona reawakens in him. His first objective is to reach Conklin. However, unknown to Bourne, a Hungarian by the name of Stepan Spalko has now led him into a trap—one which he cannot escape as easily as his professional façade. And the man who nearly killed him in Georgetown continues his deadly, intensely personal pursuit.

The Bourne Betrayal (2007)
Jason Bourne takes a mission to rescue his only friend in the CIA, Martin Lindros, who disappeared in Africa while tracking shipments of uranium. Once safely back in America, Lindros persuades Bourne to help track the money trail of terrorists buying the nuclear material in Odessa. But once there, Bourne is hampered by confusing flashbacks of unfamiliar places and events and he wonders if someone is brainwashing him in order to throw him off the trail, or worse, if the man he saved in Africa is really Martin Lindros. Now, Bourne must gather evidence while trying to stay one step ahead of the terrorists who won't let anyone stand in their way.

The Bourne Sanction (2008)
Jason Bourne returns to Georgetown University, and the world of his mild alter ego, David Webb, hoping for normality. But, after so many adrenaline-soaked years of risking his life, Bourne finds himself chafing in the quiet life of a linguistics professor. Aware of his frustrations, his academic mentor, Professor Specter, asks for help investigating the murder of a former student. The young man died carrying information about a group's terrorist activities, including an immediate plan to attack the United States. The organization, the Black Legion, and its plot have also popped up on the radar of the Central Intelligence Agency, whose new director Veronica Hart is struggling to assert her authority. Sensing an opportunity to take control of the CIA by showing Hart's incompetence, National Security Agency operatives attempt to accomplish what the CIA never could do, hunt down and kill Jason Bourne. In Europe, Bourne's investigation into the Black Legion turns into one of the deadliest and most tangled operations of his double life—while an assassin is getting closer by the minute.

The Bourne Deception (2009)
Bourne's nemesis, Arkadin, is still hot on his trail, and the two continue their struggle, reversing roles of hunter and hunted. When Bourne is ambushed and badly wounded, he fakes his death and goes into hiding. In safety, he takes on a new identity, and begins a mission to find out who tried to assassinate him. Jason begins to question who he really is, how much of him is tied up in the Bourne identity, and what he would become if that was suddenly taken away from him. Meanwhile, an American passenger airliner is shot down over Egypt by what seems to be an Iranian missile. A massive global investigative team is assembled to get at the truth of the situation before it can escalate into an international scandal. Bourne's search for the man who shot him intersects with the search for the people who brought down the airliner, leading Bourne into one of the most deadly and challenging situations he has ever encountered. With the threat of a new world war brewing, Bourne finds himself in a race against time to uncover the truth and find the person behind his assault, all the while being stalked by his unknown nemesis.

The Bourne Objective (2010)
The Bourne Objective is the eighth novel in the Bourne series, and the fifth written by Eric Van Lustbader. The book was released in 2010, sequel to The Bourne Deception.

The killing of an art dealer dredges up snatches of Jason Bourne's impaired memory, in particular the murder of a young woman who entrusted him with a strangely engraved ring. Now he's determined to find its owner and purpose. But Bourne never knows what terrible acts he'll discover he committed when he digs into the past. The trail will lead him to a vicious Russian mercenary, Leonid Arkadin, also a graduate of the Central Intelligence training program Treadstone. The covert course was shuttered by Congress for corruption, but not before it produced Bourne and Arkadin, giving them equal skills, equal force, and equal cunning. As Bourne's destiny circles closer to Arkadin's, it becomes clear that someone else has been watching and manipulating them.

The Bourne Dominion (2011)
Jason Bourne is searching for an elusive cadre of terrorists planning to destroy America's most strategic natural resources—and needs the help of his longtime friend, General Boris Karpov. Karpov, the newly appointed head of Russia's most feared spy agency, FSB-2, is one of the most determined, honorable, and justice-hungry men that Bourne knows. But Karpov has made a deal with the devil. In order to remain the head of FSB-2, he must hunt down and kill Bourne. Now, these two trusted friends are on a deadly collision course. From the Colombian highlands to Munich, Cádiz, and Damascus, the clock is counting down to a disaster that will cripple America's economic and military future. Only Bourne and Karpov have a chance to avert the catastrophe—but if they destroy each other first, that chance will be gone forever.

The Bourne Imperative (2012)
The tenth book in the series was published on June 5, 2012. The man Jason Bourne fished out of the freezing sea is near death, half-drowned and bleeding profusely from a gunshot wound. He awakens with no memory of who he is or why he was shot, and Bourne is eerily reminded of his own amnesia. Then Bourne discovers that the Mossad agent named Rebeka is so determined to find this injured man that she has gone off the grid, cut her ties to her agency, and is now being stalked by Mossad's most feared killer. The answers to these mysteries may lie back in southeast Lebanon, in a secret encampment to which Bourne and Rebeka escaped following a firefight weeks ago. The complex trail links to the mission given to Treadstone directors Peter Marks and Soraya Moore: find the semi-mythic terrorist assassin known as Nicodemo. In the course of Bourne's desperate, deadly search for a secret that will alter the future of the entire world, he will experience both triumph and loss, and his life will never be the same. Now everything turns on the amnesiac. Bourne must learn his identity and purpose before both he and Rebeka are killed. From Stockholm to Washington, D.C., from Mexico City to Beijing, the web of lies and betrayals extends into a worldwide conspiracy of monumental proportions.

The Bourne Retribution (2013)
The eleventh book in the series was published on December 3, 2013. Bourne's friend Eli Yadin, head of Mossad, learns that Ouyang Jidan, a senior member of China's Politburo, and a major Mexican drug lord may have been trafficking in more than drugs. Yadin needs Bourne to investigate. Bourne agrees, but only because he has a personal agenda: Ouyang Jidan is the man who ordered Rebeka—one of the very few people Bourne has ever truly cared about—murdered. Bourne is determined to avenge her death, but in the process he becomes enmeshed in a monstrous worldwide scheme involving the Chinese, Mexicans, and Russians. Bourne's desperate search for Ouyang takes him from Tel Aviv to Shanghai, Mexico City, and, ultimately, a village on China's coast where a clever trap has been laid for him. Bourne finds himself pursued on all sides and unsure whom he can trust.

The Bourne Ascendancy (2014)
The twelfth book in the Bourne series was published on June 10, 2014. Bourne has been hired to impersonate a high-level government minister at a political summit meeting in Qatar, shielding the minister from any assassination attempts. Suddenly, armed gunmen storm the room, killing everyone but Bourne. Their target, however, isn't the minister Bourne impersonates....it is Bourne himself.

Kidnapped and transported to an underground bunker, Bourne finds himself face-to-face with an infamous terrorist named El Ghadan ("Tomorrow"). El Ghadan holds as his captive Soraya Moore, former co-director of Treadstone, and a close friend to Bourne, along with her two-year-old daughter.

Meanwhile, the President of the United States is in the midst of brokering a historic peace treaty between the Israelis and the Palestinians—an event that El Ghadan is desperate to prevent. He demands that Bourne carry out a special mission: kill the President. If Bourne refuses, Soraya and her daughter will die. Bourne must make a monstrous choice: save Soraya and her daughter, or save the President.

The Bourne Enigma (2016)
The Bourne Enigma is the thirteenth novel in the Bourne series, published on June 21, 2016. On the eve of Russian general Boris Karpov's wedding, Jason Bourne receives an enigmatic message from his old friend and fellow spymaster. In Moscow, what should be a joyous occasion turns bloody and lethal. Now Bourne is the only one who can decipher Karpov's cryptogram. He discovers that Karpov has betrayed his sovereign to warn Bourne of a crippling disaster about to be visited on the world. Bourne has only four days to discover the nature of the disaster and stop it.

The trail Karpov has been following leads Bourne to Cairo and the doorstep of Ivan Borz, the elusive international arms dealer infamous for hiding behind a never-ending series of false identities, a man Bourne has been hunting ever since he abducted former Treadstone director Soraya Moore and her two-year-old daughter and brutally murdered Soraya's husband.

Bourne must travel to war-torn Syria and then Cyprus as he chases the astonishing truth. The clock is ticking, and Bourne has less than four days to solve Karpov's riddle—and hunt down Borz—if he hopes to prevent a cataclysmic international war.

The Bourne Initiative (2017)
The Bourne Initiative is the fourteenth novel in the Bourne series, and was published in June 2017. Gen. Boris Karpov, head of the feared Russian FSB, is dead. But Karpov has reached out from the grave with an unstoppable cyber operation he conceived in the months before his murder, aimed at the heart of the United States—a way to steal the president's nuclear launch codes. Who has taken over the operation? Karpov trusted only one man: Jason Bourne. But can Bourne be working against his own country? Gen. Arthur MacQuerrie, chief of the Dreadnaught Section of NSA and Morgana Broussard, head of the mysterious Meme, LLC, are convinced of Bourne's treasonous act, and will do everything in their power to kill him.

Flushed from cover, hunted by the best assassins in the business, wounded and nearly killed, Bourne's only hope is to join forces with his bitterest enemy, a Somali magus named Keyre, whose terrorist forces Bourne once decimated. Now Keyre is more powerful than ever, with a burgeoning international network—a man who can help Bourne, but to what end? Lying in wait is the young woman Bourne saved from Keyre's torture, who now calls herself the Angelmaker. Both seductive and deadly, the Angelmaker loves Bourne, watches over him, but from whom does she take her orders? Is she ally or adversary?

These are questions Bourne must answer before he can unravel the mystery of Boris Karpov's last legacy, a weaponized code that may very well bring about the unthinkable: a violent end to America.

The Bourne Nemesis (2019)
The Bourne Nemesis is the fifteenth novel in the Bourne series, and had been scheduled to be published in 2019, but missed its publication date and no future publication date was given. Jason Bourne returns. He's fought against the NSA, Black off-site cyber operations, a Somali terrorist organisation and been accused of treason against the US. Now the Russians have planted a mole to uncover Bourne's secrets and launch cyber-warfare against the United States. Meanwhile, Bourne's former colleague, Soroya Moore, needs his help. Six highly skilled field agents have disappeared, the body parts of three found in a national park in Georgia. Facing death and destruction in the shadows of civilisation, Bourne will battle his deadliest nemesis yet.

The Bourne Evolution (2020)
Jason Bourne has gone rogue, leaving Treadstone behind and going on a new mission to infiltrate and expose an extremist group, called Medusa. And while more enemies begin to hunt down Bourne while he investigates, it's a race against time to discover who led him into this trap and what their next move is going to be.

Television
In 1988, a two-part made-for-television movie of The Bourne Identity aired on ABC. It starred Richard Chamberlain as Jason Bourne and Jaclyn Smith as Marie St. Jacques. The TV movie was largely faithful to Robert Ludlum's novel, both in plot as well as in the portrayal of the character of Jason Bourne.

A spin-off of the Universal-produced film franchise entitled Treadstone began airing in October 2019 on USA Network. It explores the origins of the Treadstone program and operatives other than Bourne. Producer Ben Smith, who worked on the recent two Bourne films, said the show will tie into the next film in the franchise.

Film
The Jason Bourne novels were adapted into a series of films – The Bourne Identity (2002), The Bourne Supremacy (2004), The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), The Bourne Legacy (2012), and Jason Bourne (2016). The films retain the titles and some base elements but otherwise feature different plots independent of the novels. In these films, Bourne is portrayed by Matt Damon.

Bourne does not appear in The Bourne Legacy, with the exception of his picture being featured in the film as well as brief discussions of how he's caused problems to the organization he worked for. As a result, the film focuses on the fallout in the intelligence community from Bourne's actions in Ultimatum. Legacy features Jeremy Renner as Aaron Cross, an operative in a different clandestine program evolved from Treadstone.

In 2019, Damon reprised his role as the fallen angel Loki from the View Askewniverse film Dogma (1999) in Jay and Silent Bob Reboot in a cameo appearance; in the film, Loki indicates that he was Jason Bourne, having lived Bourne's life and that of Damon's in the films' fictional universe.

Video games
A video game titled Robert Ludlum's The Bourne Conspiracy was released in 2008 for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

The Ludlum estate obtained the rights to the video game franchise and sold it to Electronic Arts in 2009. EA planned to make several Bourne games. Their first game was to have been developed by Starbreeze Studios, but has since been shelved.

Radical Entertainment were reportedly developing a Bourne game titled Treadstone after a former animator of the now-defunct developer released a rough test reel, but it has since been canceled.

Franchise overview
The Bourne franchise consists of several novels, movies, television series, a video game and a tourist attractions, all featuring one of the several versions of the Jason Bourne character.
 * Robert Ludlum novels:
 * The Bourne Identity (1980)
 * The Bourne Supremacy (1986)
 * The Bourne Ultimatum (1990)
 * Eric Van Lustbader novels:
 * The Bourne Legacy (2004)
 * The Bourne Betrayal (2007)
 * The Bourne Sanction (2008)
 * The Bourne Deception (2009)
 * The Bourne Objective (2010)
 * The Bourne Dominion (2011)
 * The Bourne Imperative (2012)
 * The Bourne Retribution (2013)
 * The Bourne Ascendancy (2014)
 * The Bourne Enigma (2016)
 * The Bourne Initiative (2017)
 * The Bourne Nemesis (cancelled)
 * Brian Freeman novels:
 * The Bourne Evolution (2020)
 * The Bourne Treachery (2021)
 * The Bourne Sacrifice (2022)
 * Films:
 * The Bourne Identity (1988 TV film)
 * The Bourne Identity (2002)
 * The Bourne Supremacy (2004)
 * The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)
 * The Bourne Legacy (2012)
 * Jason Bourne (2016)
 * Television series:
 * Treadstone (2019)
 * Video games:
 * The Bourne Conspiracy (2008)
 * Tourist attractions:
 * The Bourne Stuntacular (2020)

title: Jason Bourne


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User:Chb

Hi, just some random User page here. If you speak German look at.

 * de:Benutzer:Chb
 * wikiquote:de:Benutzer:Chb
 * wikibooks:de:Benutzer:Chb
 * meta:User:Chb

more to come (maybe).

Contact

 * Mail: chb@unixboard.de
 * ICQ: 45307982

thx, chb

title: User:Chb


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Talk:Cystic fibrosis

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2019 and 13 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Katjenkins0520. Peer reviewers: Micheladitmore.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:55, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Requires an update
Guido Fanconi described a connection between celiac disease, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, and bronchiectasis, that makes the first to describe the cystic fibrosis in relation to other conditions, not Dorothy Hansine Andersen. The title of the picture, stats that she is first to describe, the title should be fixed. She is the first to describe the condition, Guido Fanconi is

Requires an update
"CF can result from more than a thousand different mutations, and as of 2006 it is not possible to test for each one. Testing analyzes the blood for the most common mutations such as ΔF508"

Presumably there has been some progress over the last ten years. David Cary Hart (talk) 15:24, 19 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Updated to 2016. Still appears to be true. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:14, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

Lancet seminar
10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00576-6 JFW | T@lk  08:37, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

Lancet seminar
10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00576-6 JFW | T@lk  22:55, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Hahaha, the section above was created when this article was "online first". It's now in print. JFW | T@lk  22:56, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

Treatments
Shouldn't we mention furanones ? They can be used to treat cystic fibrosis (described by Michael Givskov of the Technical University of Denmark). See http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020111/full/news020107-12.html KVDP (talk) 12:56, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

I just watched a program on the treatment on bacteria-resistant lung infections in CS patients using bacteriophages, for example New Patent on Phage Therapy to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance in CF Awarded. I think it might be relevant to add to the section on 'Other treatments for lung disease'. Chalky (talk) 12:25, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Would need a review article. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 12:31, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

Problematic picture at top of entry
It is problematic that the image at the top of the page is of clubbed fingers. That is something that only some people with CF have. It would make much more sense to have a picture of lungs at the top, since that is a feature of CF that is the most common. Alternatively, an illustration of the genetic defect would work. Could someone please move the picture of clubbed fingers lower on the page and put something more relevant at the top? CanadianJane (talk) 16:08, 3 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Not really problematic. It is a classic finding and present in about 80% of people with the condition. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 12:56, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

Ursodeoxycholic acid
I have reincorporated a source that was initially deleted as primary. It is an editorial that accompanied the publication of a study. It was used for context. I moved the entire section to treatment and am using the editorial for the context not included in the Cochrane review. I hope this passes muster. BiologicalMe (talk) 14:48, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

"Any physical contact [with others with CF] poses a serious cross infection risk"
This article https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/disability-42358852/the-choir-that-can-never-sing-together states that "Any physical contact [with others with CF] poses a serious cross infection risk" and should therefore be avoided. Is this generally accepted? Would this be useful info to add to this article, in the Management section section for example? FrankSier (talk) 22:48, 15 September 2018 (UTC)

New drug Trikafta
Would someone with more knowledge than I please add a section on this new drug. It is getting lots of press including here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/10/31/long-awaited-cystic-fibrosis-drug-could-turn-deadly-disease-into-manageable-condition/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.125.185.134 (talk) 19:32, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

Statement of intent
So, I've been retired for 8 years. In the meantime, I've spent 5 years working as a researcher in this field and this article is dangerously out of date. In that time I've also forgotten all of the policies that I used to be able to type out in my sleep. I'd appreciate any help as I try cleaning up and overhauling this article to reflect the (much more positive!) current state of CF knowledge and treatment. Danger High voltage! 16:18, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi i was just reading this talk page. Did you have any success? Are there some areas/sections that you want to list here and maybe we can try to gather some secondary sources and tackle anything else. JenOttawa (talk) 21:10, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

'Comorbidities' and Intracellular electrolytes section contains no references and seems quite anecdotal/opinionated
I am not suitably qualified to feel comfortable removing this but it is not clearly based on fact.

 'Comorbidities' and Intracellular electrolytes.

Persons with CF show an extraordinary number of "comorbidities" affecting almost every organ in the body. These have in the past been viewed as incidental and not caused directly by the faulty CFTR gene but that should be reconsidered. If Chloride is not being pumped out of cells because of the faulty CFTR channel, then the levels within the cells will be high and will need be balanced by increased cations (Potassium and Calcium in particular). High Calcium in the parathyroid cells may be expected to affect the function of that gland and so too the bones, causing hypoporosis. High intracellular potassium may be expected to affect Adrenal function causing hypokalaemia. Muscle activity may be affected by these electrolyte abnormalities including cardiomyopathy of the heart. Nerve function is affected by electrolytes esp. Potassium. The endocrine cells of the Pancreas that produce Insulin, in the Islets of Lanaghans, may be affected too. Our personal experience is that the response to treatment of Hypoglycemia is better if glucose is given in an electrolyte drink.

More research is needed into intracellular electrolytes in pwCF. We may well find the CFTR gene affects EVERY cell in the body not just those producing mucous. 118.93.131.49 (talk) 15:41, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

From https://x.com/sarahzhang/status/1765798523512012861 and https://www.drugs.com/trikafta.html it seems like this article statement that there is no cure isn't really true anymore? Should this be updated?

Boxed (talk) 13:38, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cystic fibrosis


text:
Ecorse Township, Michigan

Ecorse Township is a defunct civil township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

Description
The township consisted of 54 mi2 (140 km2), which included two small islands in the Detroit River. It was bordered to the north by Springwells Township with the boundary being the River Rouge. To the west it was bordered by Dearborn and Taylor Townships, with the primary boundary being Pelham Road. To the south it was bordered by Monguagon Township, and a small part of Brownstown Township, with the primary boundary being Pennsylvania Road. Finally, to the east, it was bordered by the Detroit River.

Organized in 1827, the entire township has since been incorporated, and includes the cities of Melvindale, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, River Rouge, Ecorse, Southgate, Wyandotte, and the Boynton and Oakwood Heights neighborhoods of Detroit.

History
Although French explorers, missionaries, and traders frequented the area, the first existing record of a white settler owning land dates to 1776, when the Pottawatomi ceded a large tract of land to Pierre St. Cosme. One boundary of the ceded land came to be known as "St. Cosme Line" and later became part of the route of Southfield Road. In the late 18th century, many land grants in the area were awarded by the French crown.

The first known permanent settler in what would become Ecorse Township was Pierre Michel Campau, who arrived in 1795. He settle in Southgate, which subsequently became a farming community. Other people from the Detroit area at the Rouge and Detroit Rivers followed him to Southgate. Some records indicate settlers near the mouth of the Ecorse River as early as 1764.

The township was established on April 12, 1827 along with eight other townships by the Michigan Territorial Legislature in a major reorganization of Wayne County.

title: Ecorse Township, Michigan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/San vito di caore

From VfD:

The (nearly enough identical) page exists with the right spelling (and capitalization), and this misspelled one should be deleted. Perhaps somebody created the good one instead of fixing and moving the bad one ... ;Bear 16:46, 2004 Aug 15 (UTC)

 * I made it into a redirect to the proper page. I s'pose if one person could type the wrong thing in when they made it, then so could another.  Harmless to keep as redirect.  Postdlf 19:12, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep redir. Otherwise people won't find it as a title match if they search google-style all lowercase "san vito di caore". Niteowlneils 22:24, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


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text:
List of rulers of Tawana

This is a list of the Rulers of baTawana, a territory in the present-day northern half of Botswana, formerly part of the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief

title: List of rulers of Tawana


text:
Nicolas Mesnager

Nicolas Mesnager (or Le Mesnager or Ménager) (1658–1714) was a French diplomat. Le Mesnager belonged to a wealthy merchant family, forsaking a commercial career, to become a parliamentary lawyer for Rouen under the Ancient régime. In 1700 he was sent as Rouen's Advocate-Deputy to the Council of Commerce held in Paris convened to promote trade agreements for France. At Versailles he made his mark, thereafter being nominated to go on three missions to Spain, between the years 1704 and 1705, to negotiate financial arrangements. In Spain he was appointed Harbor Master of Cadiz and he helped improve trade with the Spanish colonies.

In August 1711 he was sent on a secret mission to London to detach Great Britain from its alliance against France, and succeeded in securing the adoption of eight articles which formed the base of the later Treaty of Utrecht.

His negotiating and diplomacy skills were rewarded by his being one of the three French Plenipotentiaries deputed to Utrecht in January 1712, having the honour of signing the Treaty in the following year. His appointment as Ambassadeur was a form of recompense by King Louis XIV for Ménager's spending a fortune in diplomatic efforts; he was also awarded a Crown pension and created a Count (for life).

As a further show of recognition, he was offered a granddaughter of the Sun-King as wife; he married Louise-Emilie de Vautédard (1694–1719), an illegitimate daughter of Louis, Grand Dauphin of France (1661–1711).

A portrait of him by Hyacinthe Rigaud hangs at the Palace of Versailles.

Both Queen Anne of Great Britain and King Philip V of Spain granted Nicolas Ménager (comte de Saint-Jean) coats of arms.

title: Nicolas Mesnager


text:
Brewster's Millions

Brewster's Millions is a comedic novel written by George Barr McCutcheon in 1902, originally under the pseudonym of Richard Greaves.

The plot concerns a young man whose grandfather leaves him $1 million in a will, but a competing will from another relative requires he must spend the $1 million in the first year or forfeit a $7 million inheritance from the other relative.

It was adapted into a play in 1906, which opened at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway, and the novel or play has been adapted into films thirteen times.

Plot summary
The novel revolves around Montgomery Brewster, a young man who inherits one million dollars from his rich grandfather. Shortly after, a rich uncle also dies. This uncle hated Brewster's grandfather, a long-held grudge stemming from the grandfather's disapproval of the marriage of Brewster's parents. The uncle will leave Brewster seven million dollars, but only under the condition that he keeps none of the grandfather's money. Brewster is required to spend every penny of his grandfather's million within one year, resulting in no assets or property held from the wealth at the end of that time. If Brewster meets these terms, he will gain the full seven million; if he fails, he remains penniless.

Brewster finds that spending so much money within the course of a year is incredibly difficult under the strict conditions imposed by his uncle's will. Brewster is required to demonstrate business sense by obtaining good value for the money he spends, limiting his donations to charity, his losses to gambling, and the value of his tips to waiters and cab drivers. Moreover, Brewster is sworn to secrecy, and cannot tell anyone why he is living to excess. Working against him are his well-meaning friends, who try repeatedly to limit his losses and extravagance even as they share in his luxurious lifestyle.

Brewster's challenge is compounded by the fact that his attempts to lose money through stock speculation and roulette prove to increase his funds rather than decrease them. He throws large parties and balls, and charters a cruise lasting several months to Europe and Egypt for his large circle of friends and employees; the press lampoons him as a spendthrift. Despite his loose purse strings, Brewster repeatedly demonstrates a strong moral character. At one point, he uses his funds to bail out a bank to save his landlady's account, despite risking his eligibility for the will. At another, he jumps overboard to save a drowning sailor from his cruise even as his rich friends choose not to.

Brewster's would-be wife Barbara Drew turns down his marriage proposal early in the year, believing him to be financially irresponsible and bound to a life of poverty, and his attempts to win her back repeatedly fail as his attention is entirely absorbed by the requirement to spend so much money. At the conclusion of the year, he succeeds in spending the last of his funds, which he has meticulously documented, and confesses his love to another woman, Peggy Gray, who has been sympathetic to his lifestyle despite knowing nothing about his challenge. Disaster strikes the night before the deadline, as his lawyers informed him that the executor of his uncle's will has vanished after liquidating all of the assets. Brewster convinces himself that he is doomed to poverty, but marries Peggy Gray, who accepts him despite the lack of wealth. Shortly after the wedding, the executor of his uncle's will arrives to inform him that he has successfully met the challenge and that he has come to deliver the money to Brewster in person.

Stage adaptation
The novel was adapted into a Broadway play of the same name by Winchell Smith and Byron Ongley. The play debuted at the New Amsterdam Theatre on December 31, 1906.

Opening night principal cast:

 * Edward Abeles – 	Montgomery Brewster
 * Leslie Bassett –	 	 Fred Gardner
 * Gaston Bell –	 	 Horace Pettingill
 * Cecile Breton –	 	 Trixie Clayton
 * George Clare –	 	 Rawles
 * Jack Devereaux –	Subway Smith
 * Sumner Gard –	 	 Archibald Vanderpool
 * Willard Howe –	 	 Frank Bragdon
 * Nestor Lennon – Colonel Drew
 * Emily Lytton –	 	 Mrs. Dan De Mille
 * Arthur Morris – 	 Thomas
 * Olive Murray –	 	 Barbara Drew
 * Josephine Park –	 Janice Armstrong
 * George Probert –	 Nopper Harrison
 * Eugene Redding –	 Monsieur Bargie
 * Albert Sackett – 	 Mr. Grant
 * Joseph Woodburn –	 Joseph MacCloud

The play was later adapted into a musical, Zip Goes a Million.

Film versions
The novel Brewster's Millions has been adapted into many films:

Television adaptation
In the TV episode "Punky's Millions", from the animated version of Punky Brewster, Punky and her father Henry appear on a TV show trying to win the $40 million prize. In order to claim the grand prize, they must spend one million dollars in 48 hours. To make sure that the money would not be spent all at once on something very expensive (e.g., a villa as suggested by one of Punky's friends), a rule states the money cannot be used to buy any single item for more than $10,000. Also, every single item purchased must be donated. When the deadline passes, Punky and Henry seem to have won, but one of Punky's friends, Allen, forgot to spend the 98 cents he got as change when he bought chocolate, so they lose the game. Fortunately, they had been donating their purchases to a local orphanage, and one of the dollars they spent was on a lottery ticket, which wins $100,000 for the orphanage.

Radio adaptation
On February 15, 1937, the Lux Radio Theatre presented a one-hour version of the play starring Jack Benny. The show was modified for Benny: the title character in this version is named Jack Benjamin Brewster; and the character opens the play's first scene by playing Benny's theme song, "Love in Bloom", on the violin.

Playing opposite Benny is his real-life wife and the co-star of his long-running radio show, Mary Livingstone. Livingstone plays Brewster's girlfriend, here called Mary Gray.

The casting of Benny as a character who must spend money was considered humorous in itself, as it contrasted sharply with Benny's well-known radio persona as a miser.

title: Brewster's Millions