text:
The Gentleman's Magazine

The Gentleman's Magazine was a monthly magazine founded in London, England, by Edward Cave in January 1731. It ran uninterrupted for almost 200 years, until 1922. It was the first to use the term magazine (from the French magazine, meaning "storehouse") for a periodical. Samuel Johnson's first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentleman's Magazine.

History
The original complete title was The Gentleman's Magazine: or, Trader's monthly intelligencer. Cave's innovation was to create a monthly digest of news and commentary on any topic the educated public might be interested in, from commodity prices to Latin poetry. It carried original content from a stable of regular contributors, as well as extensive quotations and extracts from other periodicals and books. Cave, who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term magazine (meaning "storehouse") for a periodical. Contributions to the magazine frequently took the form of letters, addressed to "Mr. Urban". The iconic illustration of St John's Gate, Clerkenwell, on the front of each issue (occasionally updated over the years) depicted Cave's home, in effect, the magazine's "office".

Before the founding of The Gentleman's Magazine, there were specialised journals, but no such wide-ranging publications (although there had been attempts, such as The Gentleman's Journal, which was edited by Peter Motteux and ran from 1692 to 1694).

Samuel Johnson's first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentleman's Magazine. During a time when parliamentary reporting was banned, Johnson regularly contributed parliamentary reports as "Debates of the Senate of Magna Lilliputia". Though they reflected the positions of the participants, the words of the debates were mostly Johnson's own. The name "Columbia", a poetic name for America coined by Johnson, first appears in a 1738 weekly publication of the debates of the British Parliament in the magazine.

The magazine's long-running motto, E pluribus unum, Latin for "Out of many, one", is thought to have inspired the use of the phrase as an unofficial motto of the United States. Motteux's The Gentleman's Journal had previously used the phrase.

A skilled businessman, Edward Cave developed an extensive distribution system for The Gentleman's Magazine. It was read throughout the English-speaking world and continued to flourish through the 18th century and much of the 19th century under a series of different editors and publishers. It went into decline towards the end of the 19th century and finally ceased general publication in September 1907. However, issues consisting of four pages each were printed in very small editions between late 1907 and 1922 in order to keep the title formally "in print".

Series

 * 1731–1735 The Gentleman's Magazine or Monthly Intelligencer
 * 1736–1833 The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle
 * 1834–1856 (June) New Series: The Gentleman's Magazine
 * 1856 (July)–1868 (May) New Series: The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review
 * 1868 (June)–1922 Entirely New Series: The Gentleman's Magazine

Indexes
In addition to an index for each year of The Gentleman's Magazine, which was usually published with the December issue of the magazine, a full index was compiled by the College of Arms and typed by the Genealogical Society of Utah. This 75-volume index, covering the years 1731–1850, gives the full name and an abbreviated reference to the date, event, and any other person(s) in each entry. The index is available at the Family History Library (FHL) under the call number 942 B2g Index, and is also available on microfilm (#599738–#599761) or microfiche (#6026701). In addition to the index, the FHL also has the magazine itself available in various formats.

An abstract of the "chief contents of The Gentleman's Magazine from 1731 to 1868" was published by George L. Gomme in 1891. He describes it as "excerpts from the original publications containing local history and information, topographical details, and family history are presented here, organized into volumes by county". Gomme's work has been digitised and indexed by Ancestry.com and is available online to Ancestry subscribers or at subscribing libraries.

A four-volume set of indexes was compiled by Samuel Ayscough (Assistant Librarian of the British Museum) with some assistance or later editing by John Nichols and by Gabriel Richard. The contents of these indexes are given as:

 * Volume 1 – 1731 – 1786 (published by Samuel Ayscough)
 * Index to the essays, dissertations and historical passages (494 pp.)
 * Index to poetry (62 pp.)
 * Index to names (239 pp.)
 * Index to plates (10 pp.)
 * Index to books (118 pp.)
 * Volume 2 – 1787 – 1818 (published by John Nichols)
 * Index to the essays, dissertations and historical passages (486 pp.)
 * Index to poetry (57 pp.)
 * Index to names (519 pp.)
 * Index to plates (17 pp.)
 * Index to books (103 pp.)
 * Index to books announced (13 pp.)
 * Index to musical publications (3 pp.)
 * Volume 3 – 1731 – 1818 (published by John Nichols)
 * Index to plates (239 pp.)
 * Volume 4 – 1731 – 1780 (published by the British Record Society)
 * Index to names and surnames (687 pp.)

Volume 2 includes an "Index of Names to the Marriages, Births, Deaths, Promotions, &c." covering 1731–1786, and volume 4 contains an "Index of Names of Persons" covering 1731–1818. The indexes are by surname only and are available online for free through Google Books:

 * Ayscough, Samuel; Nichols, John. "General Index to the Gentleman's Magazine" Nichols, 1789. Vol. 2. Free digital version at Google Books (follow link to page 64, which is followed by the index, which is numbered as page 1). Indexes names from Vol. 1 "To the End of the LVIth Volume of the Gentleman's Magazine" and covers 1731–1786.
 * Ayscough, Samuel; Nichols, John. (sometimes Richard, Gabriel) "General Index to the Gentleman's Magazine 1787–1818" Nichols, 1821. Vol. 3.  Free digital version at Google Books

David Dobson gleaned references to American births, marriages, and deaths from The Gentleman's Magazine and published it as American Vital Records from the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731–1868 (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1987).

A few partial indexes to genealogical events in The Gentleman's Magazine are also available:

 * Fry, Edward Alexander. "Index to the Marriages in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731–1768" (London:[s.n.], 1922)
 * Fry, Edward Alexander. "Index to the Biographical and Obituary Notices in Gentleman's Magazine, 1731–1780" (London: British Records Society, 1891)
 * Marriages from The Gentleman's Magazine for the years 1731 to 1768 were included in Boyd's Marriage Index.
 * Obituaries were included in Musgrave's Obituaries.
 * Joseph Foster's index to marriages includes marriages from this periodical, as well as from The Times (1865–1880 only) and the Historical Register; but covers surname beginning Aa–Alexander only.
 * Bodleian Library's Internet Library of Early Journals offers an online subject search tool for the years 1731–1750.

Authors of works published

 * Mark Akenside (1721–1770), physician and poet
 * Henry Aldrich (1647–1710), English theologian and philosopher
 * Richard Allestree or Allestry (1619–1681), Royalist churchman and provost of Eton College from 1665
 * Anthony Alsop (d. 1726), Church of England clergyman and poetical writer
 * George Ashby (1724–1808), English learned antiquary and sometime president of St. John's College, Cambridge
 * Francis Atterbury (1663–1732), English man of letters, politician, Bishop of Rochester, and Dean of Westminster Abbey
 * Samuel Badcock (1747–1788), English nonconformist minister, theological writer and literary critic
 * Henry Baker (1698–1774)
 * John Bancks (1709–1751), miscellaneous writer
 * Mary Barber (c. 1685–c. 1755), poet, mother of nine children, and a member of Swift's circle
 * Samuel Bowden (fl. 1733–1761), English physician and poet (alive in 1761 but deceased by 1778)
 * John Bowle (1725–1788), Church of England clergyman known as a writer on Spanish literature
 * Samuel Boyse (1708–1749), Irish poet
 * Peregrine Branwhite (1745–1795?), English poet
 * Anna Eliza Bray (1790–1883), British novelist
 * James Norris Brewer (fl. 1799–1829), English topographer and novelist
 * James Shudi Broadwood (1772–1851), piano maker in Middlesex and a magistrate in Surrey
 * Rev. Moses Browne (1704–1787), Church of England priest and poet
 * Edward John Carlos (1798–1851), English antiquarian and writer on architecture
 * Thomas Christie (1761–1796), radical political writer
 * Charles Clarke (antiquary) (died 1840), antiquarian
 * Rev. John Darwall (1731–1789), Church of England clergyman and hymnodist
 * William Hepworth Dixon (1821–1879), English traveler, historian, author
 * Rev. John Duncombe (1729–1786)
 * Rev. William Dunkin, D.D. (1709?–1765), Irish poet and Anglican clergyman
 * William Falconer (1732–1769), Scottish poet
 * Thomas Faulkner (1777–1855), topographer of Chelsea, Fulham, Kensington etc.
 * Bertram Fletcher Robinson (1870-1907), sportsman, editor, journalist and author.
 * James Frederic Ferguson (1807–1855), Irish antiquary born in Charleston, South Carolina
 * Thomas Fisher (1772–1826)
 * Rev. George Glasse (1761–1809), chaplain and a Fellow of the Royal Society
 * Sir Andrew Halliday (1782–1839), Scottish physician, reformer, and writer
 * Sir John Hawkins (1719–1789), English author and friend of Samuel Johnson and Horace Walpole
 * Rev. William Hawkins (1722–1801), English clergyman, poet, and dramatist
 * Susanna Highmore (1690–1750), minor British poet
 * Samuel Johnson (1709–1784)
 * Andrew Kippis (1725–1795), English nonconformist clergyman and biographer
 * Rev. John Langhorne (1735–1779), Church of England clergyman, poet and co-translator of Plutarch's Lives
 * William Lauder (c. 1680–1771), Scottish literary forger; article on John Milton's Paradise Lost was largely a plagiarism of earlier works
 * Sir Sidney Lee (1859–1926)
 * John Lockman (1698–1771), English author
 * Michael Lort (1725–1790), Welsh clergyman, academic, and antiquary
 * William Markham (1719–1807), English divine and archbishop of York
 * Arthur Murphy (1727–1805), Irish writer
 * Laetitia Pilkington (c. 1709 to 1750), Dublin-born author and friend of Jonathan Swift
 * Robert Riccaltoun (1691–1769), Scottish Presbyterian divine and friend of poet James Thomson (1700–1748)
 * William Roscoe (1753–1831), English historian and miscellaneous writer; poetry by him first appeared in the magazine in 1807
 * Richard Savage (c. 1697–1743), English poet
 * George Stephens (1813–1895), English archeologist and philologist who worked in Scandinavia
 * Jonathan Swift (1667–1745), Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
 * Captain Philip Thicknesse (1719–1792)
 * James Thomson (1700–1748), Scottish poet and playwright best known for his masterpiece The Seasons and the lyrics of "Rule, Britannia!"
 * Nigel Tourneur (18??–18??), pseudonym of a fin de siècle writer known for one work only—Hidden Witchery, a collection of seven short stories and a short prose drama
 * Thomas Tyrwhitt (1730–1786), English classical scholar and critic
 * Michael Tyson (antiquary) (1740–1780), Church of England clergyman, academic, antiquary and artist
 * Richard Weston (botanist) (1733–1806)
 * Charles Woodmason (c. 1720–1789), English-born American poet
 * Edward Young (1681–1765), English poet, best remembered for Night-Thoughts

Associated artists, painters, topographers

 * James Norris Brewer (fl. 1799–1829) English topographer and novelist
 * Thomas Faulkner (1775–1855), topographer
 * John Gibson (1750–1792), cartographer
 * Moses Griffith (1749–1819), Welsh draughtsman, engraver, and water colourist
 * William George Moss, chief illustrator c. 1819
 * Bartholomew Howlett (1767–1827), English draughtsman and engraver
 * Samuel Rawle (1771–1860), English topographical engraver and draughtsman

title: The Gentleman's Magazine


text:
File:Gta3-pc-walking.jpeg

Licensing: Fair use for Grand Theft Auto III
The author asserts that the image qualifies fair use for the following reasons:
 * 1) Rockstar North and Rockstar Games have not release game screenshots into public domain.
 * 2) The image is necessary to describe the appearance the game's gameplay and graphics; nothing else.
 * 3) The screenshot is not intended to hinder the copyright owner's ability to sell the game.
 * 4) This image is a low resolution image.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Gta3-pc-walking.jpeg


text:
Looney Labs

Looney Labs, Inc. is a small game company based in College Park, Maryland, United States. It is named after its founders, Andrew Looney and Kristin Looney, and is best known for creating the Fluxx line of card games. The company has three U.S. patents and eight Origins Awards.

The company's games are distributed by ACD Distribution, Alliance Game Distributors and GTS for the US hobby game market, Lion Rampant for Canada and Publisher Services, Inc. for U.S. mass market and book trade and the international market.

Icehouse Games: predecessor company
Andrew and Kristin Looney previously entered game design and manufacturing with Icehouse Games which was started to manufacture pieces for the formerly fictional IceHouse game in 1989. In 1996, Looney shut down Icehouse Games, Inc. as the cost to create Icehouse pyramid molds would cost $12,000 and to focus on designing a card game.

Home based
Andrew Looney soon designed the Fluxx card game. Looney Laboratories was launched in 1996 as a part-time home based design company soon adding a nearby storage unit as a warehouse. Fluxx was licensed out to Iron Crown Enterprises to publish. At the 1998 Origins International Game Expo and Fair in Columbus, Ohio, Looney launched its Aquarius card game. Proton and Q-Turn were design in 1998–1999. Alison Frane started working at Looney Labs with Fluxx using her artistic abilities. The company's November 1999 weekly web zine officially launched its Mad Lab Rabbit fan demo program.

Iron Crown went into bankruptcy thus the Looney triggered the license provision allowing the rights to revert to the company. Lab then decided to publish Fluxx in house instead of finding another publisher. Kristin Looney by 2000 quit her job to work full-time. By 2000, the company re-released Icehouse as Icehouse: The Martian Chess Set, released Chrononauts and a new printing of Fluxx (version 2.1). Icehouse sold poorly in stores while selling briskly on the company's website.

In summer 2001, ACMS, later renamed Print Mail Communications (PMC), took over from the storage unit as warehousing and distribution company. In 2001, IceHouse and Chrononauts both won Origins Awards 2000 while Looney Labs published Cosmic Coasters, Fluxx Blanxx, and Chrononauts: Lost Identities. Icehouse pieces were released as monochrome stash tubes in 2001.

Andrew Looney became full-time by 2002. Labs released in 2002 Nanofictionary, Are You a Werewolf? and a new Fluxx primary version. In 2003, the company expanded the Fluxx line with its first themed variant and a licensed German language version.

Looney Labs found in 2004 that an unaware Covenant Communications had published a rip-off of their game, Aquarius, as Search, Ponder, and Play! in 2003, for which Labs reached a licensing deal with Covenant. In 2004, the Zendo icehouse set won Best Abstract Board Game of 2003. while in 2005 the set won the Mensa Select Game Award.

Apartment based
Company offices moved to Janet's Attic, an attic apartment in their friends' house several blocks away in early 2005. By October 2005, EcoFluxx was in play testing while Just Desserts was in prototype, or beta stage.

Robin Vinopal joined the company in early 2006 becoming Chief Operating Officer, Treasurer, and member of the Board of Directors. In 2006, Lab revamped their Icehouse sets to the Treehouse main set plus two color schemes and also released Martian Coasters. With the 2007 publishing of Zombie Fluxx the first new type of card, Creeper, is introduced. Also in 2007, the Mad Rabbits fan/demo program was shut down.

With Frane's purchase of a house, Pepperland, in 2008, the company moved into its basement apartment. Product wise that year, Labs released edition 4 Fluxx and worked with Toy Vault to release Monty Python Fluxx. The company began using a standard two-part box instead of to-fit tuck box for a consistent look and shelving ease.

In 2009, Looney Labs published one new card game, Are You the Traitor?, another Fluxx variant, new editions of its two other card games and a few expansion sets while starting to use a postcard promo card for marketing. The company on 2009-7-1 started distributing through Publisher Services, Inc. for international accounts, and to the book trade. On 2009-11-13, Labs launched its Full Baked Ideas imprint with a new edition of Stoner Fluxx and expectations for a drinking variant of Fluxx.

The Back to the Future: The Card Game was released in 2010 along with two Fluxx re-releases in the new box format. Two new Fluxx variants debuted in 2011 that saw the IceHouse pyramids re-released with a new lead game set, IceDice. The company's fan/demo club was restarted in 2011.

The company on 2012-1-5 reduced the number of distribution companies that they ship through to ACD Distribution and Alliance Game Distributors for the US hobby game market, Lion Rampant for Canada and Publisher Services, Inc. for U.S. mass market and book trade and the international market. ACD and Alliance would also make their supporting material available via subscription.

On August 1, 2012, Looney Labs got a simplified less expensive general market version with redesigned packaging of Fluxx into Target stores. On February 7, 2013, Labs released the 2.0 edition of Nanofictionary as a print on demand product.

Office based
In August 2013, the company moved from Pepperland basement to the top floor of The Sterling Building, an actual office complex. In May 2015, Labs changed its fulfillment company from PMC to Excel. Lab added in mid-2015 GTS as another distributor.

Loonacy was released in March 2014 and won the Parents' Choice FunStuff Award Spring 2014 Games. While two other Loonacy versions were released in the next two following years.

In 2017, Looney Labs had multiple releases with three Fully Baked Ideas summer releases of variants of existing games, a revived Nanofictionary version, a few variants of Fluxx including Chemistry Fluxx and Zendo. In December 2017, the company reissued Zendo game separate from the Looney pyramids line for the first time.

Graphic artist Mary Engelbreit was signed to a licensing deal in February 2018 with Looney Labs' for versions of Fluxx and Loonacy games to be released in the third quarter 2018. Two second quarter games were also scheduled, a new Fluxx set and Get the MacGuffin card game.

Games

 * Fluxx (1996) designed by Andrew Looney, whose rules and goals change as the result of its players' actions, Mensa Select Game Award 1999
 * Eco-Fluxx (2005-10)
 * Oz Fluxx
 * Zombie Fluxx (2007) 2008 Origins Award for Traditional Card Game of the Year
 * Fluxx: The Board Game (2013) Parents' Choice Recommended Seal Fall 2013 Games
 * Aquarius
 * 1st edition (1998)
 * 2nd edition (2009)
 * Seven Dragons (2011) Aquarius variant with art from Larry Elmore
 * Proton (1998)
 * Q-Turn (1999)
 * Icehouse pieces (see for additional releases)
 * The Martian Chess Set (1999) Origins Award for Best Abstract Board Game 2000
 * monochrome stash tubes (2001)
 * Treehouse (2006) 2007 Origins Award for Board Game or Expansion of the Year
 * Looney Pyramids (2011-6)
 * Chrononauts (see for additional releases)
 * 1st edition (2000) time travel themed card game designed by Andrew Looney, Parents' Choice Silver Honors 2001 Games, Origins Award for Best Traditional Card Game 2000
 * Early American Chrononauts (2004)
 * Back to the Future: The Card Game variant (by 2010-9-11) art by Derek Ring, won 2011 Origins Award for Best Traditional Card Game
 * Star Trek Chrono-Trek (August 1, 2019)
 * Cosmic Coasters (2001) Origins Award: best abstract strategy board game 2001
 * Nanofictionary
 * 1.0 edition (2002) Parents Choice Silver Honors 2003
 * 2.0 edition (2013-2-7) print on demand product via DriveThruCards.com
 * 3.0 edition (2017-8-17)
 * Nanofictionary Blanks (August 2018) pack of blank cards
 * Are You a Werewolf? (2002)
 * Are You a Werewolf? Deluxe edition (2012)
 * Are You the Traitor? (2009-7-10) deception party game designed by Andrew Looney, won Origins Award for 2009 Best New Children's, Family, or Party Game
 * Choose One (2013-10)
 * Loonacy: The Maniacal Matching Card Game (2014-3) 100 double image cards from the Fluxx sets; Parents' Choice FunStuff Award Spring 2014 Games
 * ''Retro' (2015-10-2)
 * Uglydoll (2016-4-16) licensed characters (2018-9-6)
 * Mary Engelbreit (2018-9-6) art by Mary Engelbreit
 * Just Desserts
 * Beta edition (2005)
 * First edition (2015-4-10)
 * Better with Bacon expansion (2017-1-26) 10 new cards, 6 dessert, 4 bacon-related customers
 * Mad Libs: The Game (2016-3-31) variant of the Penguin Young Readers word game and book series
 * Zendo (December 2017) 2nd edition
 * Zendo Rules Expansion #1 (August 2018) 10-card set has 5 difficult, 3 medium and 1 easy secret rules that make up to 45 different rules.
 * Get the MacGuffin (April 5, 2018)
 * Plan C expansion (announced)
 * Time Breaker (February 28, 2019)

Fully Baked Ideas
Fully Baked Ideas is Looney Labs's mature publishing imprint.
 * Stoner Fluxx 2nd Edition (November 13, 2009) with 5% of proceeds going to end marijuana prohibition groups; 100 cards
 * Drinking Fluxx (2017-7-24)
 * Adult Mad Libs: The Game (2017-6-22)
 * Stoner Loonacy (2017-5-25) uses images from Stoner Fluxx for this version of the company's matching game

title: Looney Labs


text:
Prelude to the Warsaw Uprising

The Warsaw Uprising occurred at a stage of the Second World War when it was becoming clear that Nazi Germany was likely to lose. The Uprising ended in capitulation, the deaths of over 250,000 civilians, and only 15% of Warsaw intact; with the benefit of hindsight, many people have argued that it should never have been started. Others have argued that it was inevitable and even crucial for Poland to prove its commitment to the Allied cause. Although Stalin was later to describe it as a "criminal enterprise", just two days prior to its initiation, Radio Moscow had called for the Polish people to rise in arms.

Research in the circumstances that led up to the initiation of the Uprising is difficult because the facts are not always fully available: there are still some sources of information, such as the British and Soviet archives, which remain closed. Therefore, analysis of the Uprising must also incorporate the speculation, past and present, concerning the time prior to the uprising.

Operation Tempest
From the very beginning of its existence the Home Army was planning a national uprising against the German forces. Initial plans created by the Polish government-in-exile in 1942 assumed that the allied invasion of Europe would lead to the withdrawal of considerable German forces from the Eastern Front for the defence of the Third Reich. The Home Army would act to prevent troop transfer to the west and to allow the British and American forces to seize Germany by breaking all communication links with the majority of German forces massed in the Soviet Union.

However, by 1943 it became apparent that the allied invasion of Europe would not come in time, and that in all probability the Red Army would reach the pre-war borders of Poland before the invasion had well begun. In February 1943 general Stefan Rowecki amended the plan. The Uprising was to be started in three phases, the first being in the East (with main centres of resistance in Lwów and Wilno), before the advancing Red Army. The second part was to include armed struggle in the belt between the Curzon Line and the Vistula river, while the third part was to be a nationwide uprising in all of Poland.

Polish-Soviet relations were broken off on April 25, 1943, due to the Katyn massacre, and it became obvious that the advancing Red Army might not come to Poland as a liberator but rather, as General Rowecki put it, "Our Allies' Ally". On November 26, 1943, the Polish government in exile issued an instruction to the effect that if diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union were not resumed before their entry to Poland, the Home Army forces were to remain underground until further decisions were made. However, the Home Army commander took a different approach, and on November 30, 1943, the final version of the plan was created. It became known as Operation Tempest.

Diplomacy with the Soviets and other Allies
The Warsaw Uprising, or at least some form of insurrection in Poland, had been planned long in advance. Warsaw was chosen, partially, because of its status as a pre-war capital. The Allies foresaw that the Germans would wish to hold onto Warsaw for as long as possible, as a tool of morale, communications and supply and troop movement. The Polish government-in-exile strongly wanted support from the other Allied countries. For this reason they carried out frantic diplomatic efforts to gain support from their allies prior to the start of battle. Although there were supply drops by American, British, and Polish forces prior to, and during the Uprising, most fell uselessly into German hands. This left the Polish Home Army forces seriously under-supplied.

The Soviet advance
The plan was intended both as a political manifestation of the influence of Polish Government in Exile and as a direct operation against German occupiers. The fear was that in the aftermath of the war the allies would ignore the legal London-based government. It was clear that Poland would be liberated by the Red Army, and that the Soviet Union did not recognise the Government-in-Exile.

Initially, after the Red Army forces crossed the pre-war Polish borders, the local Home Army units were engaged in successful cooperation with the Soviets in liberating several towns and cities. However, in most cases after the struggle ended the Polish officers and members of local administration were caught by the NKVD and either shot or sent to Gulags and prisons in Russia. At the same time most of the Polish soldiers caught by the Soviets were given the choice of either joining the Soviet-backed Polish People's Army or sharing the fate of their officers.

Nevertheless, the Soviet advance was fast, and the Polish authorities saw no other choice but to continue the struggle against the German forces and aid the Soviets. At the same time the government in London asked the SOE and the Foreign Office several times for an allied mission to Poland to be sent; such missions had already been dispatched to all resistance movements in Europe, including Albania, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, Italy, Norway, Yugoslavia. However, the pleas were not fulfilled until December 1944.

The official line of Soviet propaganda was that the Polish underground was "waiting with their arms at ease" and was not fighting the common enemy. As the Soviet forces were nearing Warsaw in June and July 1944, the Soviet radio stations demanded a full national uprising in Warsaw to cut the communication lines of the German units still on the right bank of the Vistula. On July 29, 1944, the first Soviet armoured units reached the outskirts of Warsaw.

With the recent flood of reports from the eastern territories about forced demilitarisation, trials and execution of Home Army soldiers by the Soviets, on 21 July 1944 the High Command of the Home Army decided to expand the scope of the Operation Tempest to include Warsaw itself. The date for the Warsaw Uprising was set to 1 August. The uprising began at the end of the Soviet offensive Operation Bagration.

German defensive preparations
By the end of July the town had been declared "Festung Warschau" (Fortress Warsaw) by the Germans. It was to be defended at all cost against the Soviet offensive. However, the July 20 Plot and the failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler made many German units withdraw westward through Warsaw. The Home Army saw it as a sign of defeat of the Germans. The number of German soldiers in the area was lowered significantly.

On July 27, governor of the General Government Hans Frank called for 100,000 Polish men between the ages of 17–65 to arrive at several assembly points in Warsaw the following day. They were to be employed at construction of fortifications for the Wehrmacht in and around the city. This move was viewed by the Home Army as an attempt to neutralise the underground forces and the underground urged Warsaw inhabitants to ignore it. Fearing German reprisal actions, general Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski ordered full mobilisation of Home Army forces in Warsaw area.

title: Prelude to the Warsaw Uprising


text:
SK Austria Kärnten

SK Austria Kärnten was an Austrian association football club, from Klagenfurt, Carinthia.

History
The club was formed on 1 June 2007 and took over the license of ASKÖ Pasching to play in the Austrian Football Bundesliga. SK Austria took over the former name of rivalling FC Kärnten (as well as several notable players and sponsors' funds). In June 2010, the club announced it was filing for bankruptcy and the city founded a new club, SK Austria Klagenfurt.

Stadium
Austria Kärnten played its home games at Hypo-Arena in the south-west end of Klagenfurt.

Manager history

 * 🇦🇹 Walter Schachner (2007)
 * 🇦🇹 Klaus Schmidt (2007–2008)
 * 🇳🇱 Frank Schinkels (2008–2009)
 * 🇸🇮 Jože Prelogar (2009–2010)

title: SK Austria Kärnten


text:
GWP

GWP may refer to:

Places

 * Galbreath Wildlands Preserve, California, U.S.
 * Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington, U.S.

Science and technology

 * Gigawatt-peak (GWp)
 * Global warming potential

Other uses

 * Gallup World Poll, a global survey
 * Gentle Wind Project, a new age movement
 * German Wirehaired Pointer, a breed of dog
 * Global Water Partnership, an intergovernmental organisation
 * Gross world product, in economics

title: GWP


text:
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg

Football Club Zenit (Футбольный клуб «Зенит» ), also known as Zenit Saint Petersburg or simply Zenit, is a Russian professional football club based in  Saint Petersburg. Founded in 1925 (or in 1914, according to some Russian sources), the club plays in the Russian Premier League. Zenit are the reigning champions of the Russian Premier League. Previously they won the 2007, 2010, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22 and the 2022–23 seasons of the Russian Premier League, as well as the 2007–08 UEFA Cup and the 2008 UEFA Super Cup. The club is owned and sponsored by the Russian state-owned energy giant Gazprom. The team play its home matches at the Gazprom Arena. In March 2022, the club was expelled from all European and international club competitions by FIFA and the UEFA due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In addition, the European Club Association suspended the team. On 24 May 2023, Zenit became the first Russian sports club with 10 million followers on social media.

Before Zenit
Zenit's history is tightly connected with the political history of Saint Petersburg, Russia (also called "Petrograd" and "Leningrad" at times in its history). In 1897, the first officially-recorded football match in Russia was held in Saint Petersburg on Vasilievsky Island, an unofficial game between the local English team "Ostrov" and the local Russian team "Petrograd," which the English team won, 6–0. The players of those local teams were amateurs and loosely associated with each other.

Formation of Zenit
The original Zenit team stemmed from several football teams, which changed names and owners many times during the Soviet era after the Revolution of 1917, as powerful political forces manipulated the careers of individual players as well as the fate of the whole team. The club was renamed several times and its owners and leaders were under political pressure for many decades. The origins of Zenit date back to the beginning of the 20th century to several predecessor teams in Saint Petersburg that were playing locally. The oldest documented predecessor of Zenit was the team "Murzinka," founded in 1914, which played in the Obukhovsky stadium from 1914 until 1924, when the team came to be known as "Bolshevik" (the new name for Obukhovsky industry and its stadium). The team and stadium survived the drama of World War I, the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, and the Russian Civil War of 1918 to 1922.

In 1925, another predecessor team of Zenit was formed, of workers from the Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod (Leningrad Metal Plant); they were called the "Stalinets" in the 1930s. (Stalinets translates literally to English as "Stalinist"; however, in Russian, the name is a play on words as stal means "steel".) Historians documented that both predecessor teams of Zenit were playing independently until their official merger at the end of 1939. The Stalinets were not the same team named Zenit that took part in the 1938 USSR championship. The current name of FC Zenit was registered in 1936 (as Bolshevik became part of the Zenit sports society and was renamed), three years before the Stalinets merged with it. The name Zenit means "Zenith".

In 1939, during the rule of Joseph Stalin, Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod became part of the military industry and its sports teams, players, and managers were transferred to the Zenit sports society. FC Zenit was ordered to take in members of the "Stalinets" metallurgical workers' team after the end of the 1939 season.

Zenit in the Soviet League
Zenit won their first honours in 1944, claiming the war-time USSR Cup after defeating CSKA Moscow in the well-attended final. The club was always adored in Leningrad, but was not able to make much of a significant impact in the Soviet League. In 1967, Zenit finished last but were saved from relegation because the Soviet leadership decided it would not be prudent to relegate a Leningrad team during the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution, which occurred in the city. Composer Dmitry Shostakovich and film star Kirill Lavrov were well known as ardent supporters of Zenit, a passion that is reflected in their attendance of many games. Zenit won the bronze medal in 1980, also reaching the Soviet Cup Final and winning the Soviet League title in 1984. In 1985, Zenit beat the Soviet Cup holder in the Soviet Super Cup (also called the Season Cup).

Zenit in the Russian League
The LOMO optical plant took up the ownership of the team after the war. In 1990, FC Zenit were re-registered as an independent city-owned professional club. In 1992, After being relegated in the first year of the Russian League, Zenit returned to the top flight in 1996 and has been decent since. They claimed the 1999 Russian Cup, finished third in the League in 2001, made the Cup final in 2002, became the runners-up in the Premier League and won the Russian Premier League Cup in 2003.

Gazprom era
In December 2005, Gazprom took a controlling stake in the club. The deal was announced by Valentina Matviyenko, the Saint Petersburg governor. Gazprom bought the majority of the club.

Under Advocaat
Although Zenit reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 2006, a mediocre start to the league season led to the summer replacement of coach Vlastimil Petržela. In July 2006, Dick Advocaat took over as Zenit's manager. Advocaat worked together with his assistant manager, former Netherlands national youth team coach Cor Pot. Zenit won the 2007 Russian Premier League—their best league achievement since winning the USSR Championship in 1984—allowing them to compete in the group stage of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League.

In 2008, Zenit won the Russian Super Cup and reached the quarter-final of the UEFA Cup for the second time in their history. In the first leg of the quarter-final away game against German side Bayer Leverkusen, the team achieved a 4–1 victory. They qualified for the semi-finals of the competition for the first time in their history, despite a 1–0 home loss to Leverkusen in the second leg, and were drawn to play further German opposition in the semi-final, Bayern Munich, considered the top team remaining. A battling performance in the first leg of the semi-final earned Zenit a 1–1 draw away against Bayern Munich. In the second leg at home, Zenit won 4–0, defeating Bayern 5–1 on aggregate and going through to the UEFA Cup Final for the first time in club history, where they met Scottish side Rangers at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester on 14 May. Zenit won 2–0, with goals from Igor Denisov in the 72nd minute and Konstantin Zyryanov in stoppage time, to lift the club's first-ever UEFA Cup. Andrey Arshavin was named man of the match.

On 29 August 2008, at the Stade Louis II in Monaco, Zenit then defeated Manchester United 2–1 in the 2008 UEFA Super Cup, becoming the first Russian side to win the trophy. Pavel Pogrebnyak scored the first goal and Danny scored the second, the latter being named man of the match in his debut for Zenit.

In the 2008–09 Champions League group stage, Zenit was grouped with Real Madrid, Juventus and BATE Borisov in Group H, which by some was marked as the "group of death." Zenit ultimately finished in third place in the group, behind Juventus and Real Madrid, and was thus unable to progress to the knockout phase of the competition. This position, however, was good enough to earn the club a place in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup last 32, where the team faced VfB Stuttgart for a place in the last 16 of the competition. After defeating Stuttgart on away goals, Zenit went on to lose 2–1 over two legs against Italian club Udinese.

Under Spalletti

Luciano Spalletti signed a contract with Zenit in December 2009, with Italian coaches Daniele Baldini, Marco Domenichini and Alberto Bartali also joining the Russian club. The Board of Zenit mandated him to return the Russian Premier League title to Zenit, win the Russian Cup and progress from the group stage of the Champions League in his first year.

Zenit won the Russian Cup on 16 May 2010 after beating Sibir Novosibirsk in the final (previously beating Volga Tver in the quarter-finals and Amkar Perm in the semi-finals). After 16 games in the 2010 Premier League, with 12 wins and four draws, Zenit claimed 40 points, setting a new Russian Premier League record for most points won at that stage of the campaign.

On 25 August 2010, Zenit lost its first game under Spalletti to French side Auxerre and failed to advance to the Champions League group stage, instead participating in the Europa League. On 3 October, Zenit beat Spartak Nalchik to set another Russian Premier League record for most consecutive games going undefeated, with 21 games since the start of the league season. On 27 October, however, Zenit suffered its first defeat of the season at the hands of rival club Spartak Moscow, just seven games short of finishing the championship undefeated. On 14 November, Zenit defeated Rostov and two games prior to the end of the season won the championship title, the first in Spalletti's managerial career.

Zenit progressed through the knockout stage of the 2010–11 Europa League in first place, then beating Swiss side Young Boys in the Round of 16. On 6 March 2011, Zenit won against CSKA Moscow in the Russian Super Cup, the third Russian trophy won under Spalletti. On 17 March, however, Zenit were knocked out of the Europa League, losing to Dutch team Twente 2–3 on aggregate in the quarter-finals.

In the 2011–12 Champions League, Zenit began the group stage drawn into Group G alongside Porto, Shakhtar Donetsk and APOEL. On 6 December 2011, the team finished the group stage in second place and for the first time in club's history qualified for the spring knockout phase of Champions League. In the Round of 16, Zenit were drawn with Portuguese side Benfica, winning the first leg 3–2 at home through two goals from Roman Shirokov and one from Sergei Semak. In the second leg in Lisbon, however, Zenit lost 2–0 and were thus eliminated from the competition.

In April 2012, Zenit won their second-straight Russian Championship after beating Dynamo Moscow.

Under Villas-Boas
After a series of disappointing results in both the Champions League and the Premier League, Spalletti was fired on 11 March 2014. A week later, the club announced they had negotiated a two-year deal with André Villas-Boas, who himself had been released a few months prior after a disappointing stint as manager of English side Tottenham Hotspur. In the 2014–15 Europa League, Zenit were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual champions Sevilla. In May 2015, Zenit won the Russian Championship, the first championship title under Villas-Boas and the team's fifth-ever on the eve of its 90th anniversary celebration. Zenit then defeated Lokomotiv Moscow in the 2015 Russian Super Cup 1–1 (4–2 on penalties).

Later in the 2015 calendar year, Villas-Boas said that he would be leaving the club after the 2015–16 season. In the 2015–16 Champions League, Zenit began the competition in the group stage. They were drawn in Group H alongside Valencia, Lyon and Gent. They ended the group stage with their best group stage finish ever, winning five out of six matches and emerging as group winners. They were, however, eliminated from the competition in the Round of 16 by Portuguese side Benfica.

On 24 May 2016 Villas-Boas left the club at the end of the season, with Mircea Lucescu appointed the new manager of Zenit.

Under Lucescu and Mancini
In July 2016 Zenit won the Russian Super Cup after a 0–1 victory over CSKA Moscow.

During the 2016–17 Europa League, Zenit began the group stage drawn into Group D alongside Maccabi Tel Aviv, AZ Alkmaar and Dundalk. On 8 December 2016, the team finished the group stage in first place and qualified for the spring knockout phase of Europa League. In the round of 32, Zenit faced R.S.C. Anderlecht and was eliminated 3–3 on aggregate due to the away goals rule. In the league, Zenit's performances in the spring were disappointing and as such the club finished third and missed out on the Champions League for the second year in a row. Zenit was also eliminated in the round of 16 by FC Anzhi Makhachkala 0–4 on aggregate after an abysmal performance. The first (and last) season of Mircea Lucescu was a complete disappointment despite the expectations.

On 1 June 2017 Zenit appointed Roberto Mancini as the new manager of the team. On 13 May 2018, Mancini terminated his contract by mutual consent.

Under Semak
In May 2018, Mancini left to become the head coach of the Italy national football team. Sergey Semak became the new manager of Zenit, receiving a two-year contract.

In August 2018, during the 1st leg of the 3rd qualification round of the UEFA Europa League, Zenit suffered a 0–4 loss to Dynamo Minsk. During the 2nd leg back on home ground, Zenit made a comeback winning 8–1, scoring 3 goals in the second half and 4 goals in the second half of the extra time, with 2 goals scored in the 120th minute. Zenit went on to beat Molde FK 4–3 on aggregate in the next round, entering the group stage of 2018-19 UEFA Europa League.

In March 2020, the league was forced to halt due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. Zenit secured another title on 5 July 2020 after a victory over FC Krasnodar, with 4 games left to play in the tournament.

On 2 May 2021, Zenit secured their third title in a row in a 6–1 victory over second-place FC Lokomotiv Moscow. Zenit opened the 2021–22 season with a seventh win in the Russian Super Cup after a 3–0 win over Lokomotiv Moscow, but without major key players who left the club like Yuri Zhirkov, Andrei Lunev, and Sebastián Driussi.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, former Ukrainian international Yaroslav Rakitskiy made a pro-Ukrainian post on Instagram and severed his contract with the team. FIFA and the UEFA indefinitely suspended the team from their competitions. In addition, the European Club Association suspended the team.

On 30 April 2022, Zenit secured their fourth title in a row and eighth overall. Many of Zenit's foreign players have not been able to leave Russia, unable to secure moves away from Russian clubs, due to international sanctions placed upon the country as a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

On 7 May 2023, Zenit secured their fifth title in a row and ninth overall.

In 2024, Zenit was one of the organizers of the Equality Cup, an international football tournament.

On 25 May 2024, Zenit won their sixth title in a row dramatically on the last day of the season, as league-leading Dynamo Moscow lost to third-placed Krasnodar, allowing Zenit to come back to the top. The winning goal in Zenit's game against Rostov was scored in the 85th minute by Artur. On 2 June 2024, Zenit won the Russian Cup with a late-comeback 2–1 victory over Baltika Kaliningrad, Nuraly Alip scored the winning goal in the 5th added minute. On 13 July 2024, Zenit won the 2024 Russian Super Cup.

Stadiums
Zenit's home ground is now the 67,800-capacity Krestovsky Stadium, known as Gazprom Arena for sponsorship reasons, in Saint Petersburg. Petrovsky Stadium used to be the home ground of the team before the new Krestovsky Stadium was built. Before moving to the Petrovsky Stadium, Zenit's home ground was the Kirov Stadium. It stood on the site where the Krestovsky Stadium was later erected.

Domestic competitions

 * Soviet Top League / Russian Premier League
 * Champions (11): 1984, 2007, 2010, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24
 * Soviet Cup / Russian Cup
 * Winners (6): 1944, 1998–99, 2009–10, 2015–16, 2019–20, 2023–24
 * Runners-up: 1939, 1984, 2001–02
 * Soviet Super Cup / Russian Super Cup
 * Winners (10) (record): 1984, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
 * Runners-up: 2012, 2013, 2019
 * USSR Federation Cup / Russian Premier League Cup
 * Winners: 2003
 * Runners-up: 1986
 * Soviet First League / Russian National Football League
 * Runners-up: 1993 (Center)

International competitions

 * UEFA Cup
 * Winners: 2007–08
 * UEFA Super Cup
 * Winners: 2008
 * The Atlantic Cup
 * Winners (2): 2016, 2022

Soviet Union

 * {|class="wikitable"

! Season ! Div. ! Pos. ! Pl. ! W ! D ! L ! GS ! GA ! P !Domestic Cup !colspan=2|Europe
 * - style="background:#efefef;"
 * -bgcolor=LightCyan
 * align=center|1936
 * align=center|2nd
 * align=center|3
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * -bgcolor=LightCyan
 * align=center|1936
 * align=center|2nd
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * -bgcolor=LightCyan
 * align=center|1937
 * align=center|2nd
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|18
 * align=center|25
 * align=center|Round of 128
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1938
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|25
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|38
 * align=center|57
 * align=center|24
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1939
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|26
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|46
 * align=center|21
 * style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|Runner-up
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1940
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|24
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|37
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|18
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1944
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Winner
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1945
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|31
 * align=center|23
 * style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1946
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|45
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1947
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|24
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|2
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|49
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|Quarter-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1948
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|26
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|29
 * align=center|48
 * align=center|17
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1949
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|17
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|48
 * align=center|48
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|Quarter-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1950
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|19
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|70
 * align=center|59
 * align=center|43
 * align=center|Quarter-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1951
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|28
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|40
 * align=center|28
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1952
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|2
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|20
 * align=center|21
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|Quarter-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1953
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|20
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|1
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|25
 * align=center|21
 * align=center|23
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1954
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|24
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|27
 * align=center|26
 * align=center|23
 * style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1955
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|23
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|18
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1956
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|27
 * align=center|43
 * align=center|19
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1957
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|23
 * align=center|41
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1958
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|41
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|26
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1959
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|29
 * align=center|38
 * align=center|20
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1960
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|47
 * align=center|37
 * align=center|33
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1961
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|50
 * align=center|52
 * align=center|32
 * style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1962
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|53
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|29
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1963
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|38
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|17
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|45
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|45
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1964
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|27
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1965
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1966
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|16
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|18
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|54
 * align=center|28
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1967
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|19
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|21
 * align=center|28
 * align=center|63
 * align=center|21
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1968
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|38
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|49
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1969
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|26
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|21
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|21
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1970
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|40
 * align=center|27
 * align=center|Quarter-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1971
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|29
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|26
 * align=center|Quarter-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1972
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|44
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|33
 * align=center|Quarter-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1973
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|33
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|21
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1974
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|41
 * align=center|31
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1975
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|27
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|24
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1976
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1976
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|22
 * align=center|16
 * align=center|16
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1977
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|33
 * align=center|28
 * style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1978
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|31
 * align=center|46
 * align=center|26
 * align=center|Quarter-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1979
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|41
 * align=center|45
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|Group stage
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1980
 * align=center|1st
 * style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|3
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|16
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|51
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|Group stage
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1981
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|33
 * align=center|43
 * align=center|28
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1982
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|44
 * align=center|41
 * align=center|33
 * align=center|Group stage
 * align=center|UC
 * align=center|First round
 * align=center|1983
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|15
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|40
 * style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1984
 * align=center|1st
 * style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|1
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|19
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|60
 * align=center|32
 * align=center|47
 * style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|Runner-up
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1985
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|48
 * align=center|38
 * align=center|35
 * style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-final
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1986
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|4
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|12
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|44
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|33
 * style="text-align:center; background:#deb678;"|Semi-final
 * align=center|ECC
 * align=center|Second round
 * align=center|1987
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|7
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|13
 * align=center|25
 * align=center|37
 * align=center|24
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * align=center|1988
 * align=center|1st
 * align=center|6
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|31
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|UC
 * align=center|First round
 * align=center|1989
 * align=center|1st
 * style="text-align:center; background:#f65f45;"|16
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|16
 * align=center|24
 * align=center|48
 * align=center|19
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * -bgcolor=LightCyan
 * align=center|1990
 * align=center|2nd
 * align=center|18
 * align=center|38
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|16
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|41
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|UC
 * align=center|Second round
 * -bgcolor=LightCyan
 * align=center|1991
 * align=center|2nd
 * align=center|18
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|17
 * align=center|44
 * align=center|50
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * }
 * align=center|10
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|34
 * align=center|31
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|UC
 * align=center|First round
 * align=center|1989
 * align=center|1st
 * style="text-align:center; background:#f65f45;"|16
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|5
 * align=center|9
 * align=center|16
 * align=center|24
 * align=center|48
 * align=center|19
 * align=center|Round of 16
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * -bgcolor=LightCyan
 * align=center|1990
 * align=center|2nd
 * align=center|18
 * align=center|38
 * align=center|8
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|16
 * align=center|35
 * align=center|41
 * align=center|30
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|UC
 * align=center|Second round
 * -bgcolor=LightCyan
 * align=center|1991
 * align=center|2nd
 * align=center|18
 * align=center|42
 * align=center|11
 * align=center|14
 * align=center|17
 * align=center|44
 * align=center|50
 * align=center|36
 * align=center|Round of 32
 * align=center|
 * align=center|
 * }
 * }

Reserve squad
Zenit's reserve squad played professionally as Zenit-2 (Russian Second League in 1993, Russian Second Division from 1998 to 2000) and Zenit-d (Russian Third League from 1994 to 1997). Another team that was founded as Lokomotiv-Zenit-2 played as Zenit-2 in the Russian Second Division from 2001 to 2008. By 2008, there was no relation between that team and FC Zenit. Another farm club called FC Smena-Zenit debuted in the Russian Second Division in 2009, taking the spot of the former FC Zenit-2. FC Smena-Zenit was dissolved after the 2009 season because it did not fulfill Zenit's initial expectations. Zenit-2 reentered professional football in the 2013–14 season in the Russian Professional Football League.

Board of directors
{| class="wikitable" ! style="color:#fff; background:#243e9c;"|Position ! style="color:#fff; background:#243e9c;"|Name
 * General Director
 * Alexander Medvedev
 * Sporting Director
 * Vacant
 * Deputy General Directors
 * Dmitri Mankin
 * Deputy General Directors
 * Vyacheslav Malafeev
 * Deputy General Directors
 * Rosteslav Leontyev
 * Deputy General Directors
 * Zhanna Dembo
 * Deputy General Directors
 * Yury Andreyevich
 * Director of the "Smena" study-practice complex
 * Vasily Kostrovsky
 * Deputy General Directors
 * Zhanna Dembo
 * Deputy General Directors
 * Yury Andreyevich
 * Director of the "Smena" study-practice complex
 * Vasily Kostrovsky
 * Director of the "Smena" study-practice complex
 * Vasily Kostrovsky

In July 2023, by decision of the board of directors, a new executive body, the board, was created at Zenit. The purpose of creating a new structure is to streamline the decision-making process and increase the planning horizon. The board included CEO Alexander Medvedev as chairman, his deputies and heads of departments Andrey Arshavin, Alexander Vasilyev, Zhanna Dembo, Oleg Zadubrovsky, Vladimir Litvinov, Alexey Pak, Maxim Pogorelov, head coach Sergey Semak.

Management
{| class="wikitable" ! style="color:#fff; background:#243e9c;"|Position ! style="color:#fff; background:#243e9c;"|Name 🇷🇺 Igor Simutenkov 🇺🇦 Anatoliy Tymoshchuk 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Anyukov 🇧🇾 Yuri Zhevnov
 * Manager
 * 🇷🇺 Sergey Semak
 * Assistant managers
 * 🇧🇷 William Artur de Oliveira
 * Assistant managers
 * 🇧🇷 William Artur de Oliveira
 * Goalkeeping coach
 * 🇷🇺 Mikhail Biryukov
 * 🇷🇺 Mikhail Biryukov
 * Fitness coach
 * 🇮🇹 Ivan Carminati
 * Doctor
 * 🇷🇺 Mikhail Grishin
 * Doctor
 * 🇷🇺 Mikhail Grishin

Other football clubs

 * Schalke 04
 * Shakhtar Donetsk
 * Red Star Belgrade
 * Sepahan

Corporations

 * MegaFon
 * Rossiya Airlines
 * Nissan
 * Obi
 * Rostelecom
 * Corinthia Saint Petersburg
 * St. Peter Line
 * Google

Notable players
Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Zenit.

 * USSR/Russia
 * Mikhail Biryukov
 * Vasily Danilov
 * Sergey Dmitriyev
 * Vladimir Golubev
 * Aleksandr Ivanov
 * Leonid Ivanov
 * Anzor Kavazashvili
 * Vladimir Kazachyonok
 * Nikolay Larionov
 * Fridrikh Maryutin
 * 🇷🇺 Dmitri Radchenko
 * Sergei Salnikov
 * Sergei Shvetsov
 * Yuriy Voynov
 * Anatoli Zinchenko
 * 🇷🇺 Vasili Kulkov
 * 🇹🇲 Valeri Broshin
 * 🇷🇺 Arsen Adamov
 * 🇷🇺 Ilzat Akhmetov
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Anyukov
 * 🇷🇺 Andrey Arshavin
 * 🇷🇺 Zelimkhan Bakayev
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Bukharov
 * 🇷🇺 Vladimir Bystrov
 * 🇷🇺 Dmitri Chistyakov
 * 🇷🇺 Maksim Demenko
 * 🇷🇺 Igor Denisov
 * 🇷🇺 Artyom Dzyuba
 * 🇷🇺 Viktor Fayzulin
 * 🇷🇺 Maksim Glushenkov
 * 🇷🇺 🇺🇦 Olexandr Gorshkov
 * 🇷🇺 Yuri Gorshkov
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksei Igonin
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksei Ionov
 * 🇷🇺 Maksim Kanunnikov
 * 🇷🇺 Vyacheslav Karavayev
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Kerzhakov
 * 🇷🇺 Andrey Kobelev
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Kokorin
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Kolotovkin
 * 🇷🇺 Andrei Kondrashov
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Kovalenko
 * 🇷🇺 Stanislav Kritsyuk
 * 🇷🇺 Danil Krugovoy
 * 🇷🇺 Daler Kuzyayev
 * 🇷🇺 Vladimir Lebed
 * 🇷🇺 Yury Lodygin
 * 🇷🇺 Andrey Lunyov
 * 🇷🇺 Ilya Maksimov
 * 🇷🇺 Vyacheslav Malafeev
 * 🇷🇺 Pavel Mogilevets
 * 🇷🇺 Andrei Mostovoy
 * 🇷🇺 Elmir Nabiullin
 * 🇷🇺 Ivan Novoseltsev
 * 🇷🇺 Magomed Ozdoyev
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Panov
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Petrov
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Podpaly
 * 🇷🇺 Pavel Pogrebnyak
 * 🇷🇺 Dmitry Poloz
 * 🇷🇺 Vladislav Radimov

 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Ryazantsev
 * 🇷🇺 Sergey Semak
 * 🇷🇺 Igor Semshov
 * 🇷🇺 Ivan Sergeyev
 * 🇷🇺 Oleg Shatov
 * 🇷🇺 Roman Shirokov
 * 🇷🇺 Dmitri Skopintsev
 * 🇷🇺 Igor Smolnikov
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksei Sutormin
 * 🇷🇺 Ilya Vakhaniya
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Volkov
 * 🇷🇺 Renat Yanbayev
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Yerokhin
 * 🇷🇺 Artur Yusupov
 * 🇷🇺 Anton Zabolotny
 * 🇷🇺 Yuri Zhirkov
 * 🇷🇺 Anton Zinkovsky
 * 🇷🇺 Denis Zubko
 * 🇷🇺 Konstantin Zyryanov
 * Former Soviet Union countries
 * 🇦🇲 Roman Berezovsky
 * 🇦🇲 Sargis Hovsepyan
 * 🇦🇲 Yervand Krbachyan
 * 🇦🇲 Artem Simonyan
 * 🇦🇿 Ramil Sheydayev
 * 🇧🇾 Dmitry Ogorodnik
 * 🇧🇾 Boris Gorovoy
 * 🇧🇾 Sergey Gerasimets
 * 🇧🇾 Kirill Kaplenko
 * 🇧🇾 Sergey Kornilenko
 * 🇧🇾 Yuri Zhevnov
 * Solomon Kvirkvelia
 * Saba Sazonov
 * 🇰🇿 Nuraly Alip
 * 🇰🇿 Andrei Kurdyumov
 * 🇰🇿 Peter Neustädter
 * 🇰🇿 Yevgeni Tarasov
 * 🇱🇹 Egidijus Majus
 * 🇱🇹 Darius Miceika
 * 🇱🇹 Robertas Poškus
 * 🇱🇹 Irmantas Stumbrys
 * 🇱🇹 Ovidijus Verbickas
 * 🇲🇩 Serghei Cleșcenco
 * 🇲🇩 Alexandru Curteian
 * 🇹🇯 Ruslan Khayloev
 * 🇹🇯 Andrei Manannikov
 * 🇹🇯 Vazgen Manasyan
 * 🇹🇲 Dmitri Khomukha
 * 🇹🇲 Dmitri Nezhelev
 * 🇺🇦 Vladimir Gorily
 * 🇺🇦 Roman Maksimyuk
 * 🇺🇦 Sergey Popov
 * 🇺🇦 Yaroslav Rakitskiy
 * 🇺🇦 🇷🇺 Oleg Salenko
 * 🇺🇦 Oleksandr Spivak
 * 🇺🇦 Oleksandr Svystunov
 * 🇺🇦 Anatoliy Tymoschuk
 * 🇺🇦 Igor Zhabchenko
 * Europe
 * 🇧🇪 Nicolas Lombaerts
 * 🇧🇪 Axel Witsel

 * 🇧🇦 Darko Maletić
 * Ivica Križanac
 * Dejan Lovren
 * 🇨🇿 Marek Kincl
 * 🇨🇿 Pavel Mareš
 * 🇨🇿 Radek Šírl
 * Michael Lumb
 * 🇫🇮 Boris Rotenberg
 * 🇭🇺 Szabolcs Huszti
 * 🇮🇹 Domenico Criscito
 * 🇮🇹 Claudio Marchisio
 * 🇮🇹 Alessandro Rosina
 * 🇱🇺 Mikhail Zaritskiy
 * 🇲🇰 Dragan Čadikovski
 * 🇲🇰 Veliče Šumulikoski
 * 🇲🇪 Luka Đorđević
 * 🇳🇴 Erik Hagen
 * Bruno Alves
 * Danny
 * Fernando Meira
 * Luís Neto
 * Zeno Bundea
 * Daniel Chiriță
 * 🇷🇸 Branislav Ivanović
 * Mateja Kežman
 * 🇷🇸 Danko Lazović
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Luković
 * 🇷🇸 Strahinja Eraković
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Rodić
 * 🇸🇰 Kamil Čontofalský
 * 🇸🇰 Tomáš Hubočan
 * 🇸🇰 Róbert Mak
 * 🇸🇰 Martin Škrtel
 * 🇸🇮 Miha Mevlja
 * Javi García
 * 🇹🇷 Fatih Tekke
 * South and Central America
 * 🇦🇷 Cristian Ansaldi
 * 🇦🇷 Ezequiel Garay
 * 🇦🇷 Matías Kranevitter
 * 🇦🇷 Emanuel Mammana
 * 🇦🇷 Leandro Paredes
 * 🇦🇷 Emiliano Rigoni
 * 🇧🇷 Yuri Alberto
 * 🇧🇷 🇷🇺 Mário Fernandes
 * 🇧🇷 Giuliano
 * 🇧🇷 Hulk
 * 🇧🇷 Malcom
 * 🇧🇷 Nino
 * 🇧🇷 Douglas Santos
 * 🇨🇴 Wílmar Barrios
 * 🇨🇴 Mateo Cassierra
 * 🇪🇨 Christian Noboa
 * 🇻🇪 Yordan Osorio
 * 🇻🇪 Salomón Rondón
 * Asia
 * 🇮🇷 Sardar Azmoun
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Dong-jin
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Ho
 * 🇰🇷 Hyun Young-min

Rivalries
Zenit's traditional rivals are the big Moscow clubs, most notably FC Spartak Moscow, CSKA Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow. They also shared rivalries with the big Ukrainian clubs FC Dynamo Kyiv and FC Shakhtar Donetsk in the Soviet era.

title: FC Zenit Saint Petersburg


text:
Talk:Finnegans Wake

Sentence complexity
I had to click on 4 of the linked articles to be able to understand the following sentence:

"The entire book is written in a largely idiosyncratic language, which blends standard English lexical items and neologistic multilingual puns and portmanteau words to unique effect"

And I still don't really understand what it's trying to tell me within the context of the novel. It's an impressive sounding statement but can someone please simplify it for those of us who aren't language majors? I think there might even be a wiki rule about simplicity if I'm not mistaken. I'm going to continue reading the article but this was really a put-off of an introduction.

 * It's an absolutely clear, readable, logical sentence that is eminently understandable, and explains a complex idea in relatively simple, easy-to-grasp terms. And I'm not a language major! (I'd maybe replace the first "and" in the sentence with a comma, though.)  24.251.5.213 (talk) 21:59, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

It shouldn’t even need to be said that not everybody is going to understand a sentence using words like “neologistic” and “idiosyncratic” and “portmanteau”. Also, “standard English lexical items” is a hell of a synonym for “word”. Of course people should be able to understand the page, that is the point of an encyclopedia article, to inform general interest. Anyway, I tried to revise it but the edits got reverted. Gonna post about this and leave it at that. Julkhamil (talk) 21:54, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

Updated significantly and a bot undid it
I just really cleaned up the page and some Wikipedia bot flagged it and deleted it. Just felt like commenting on this. 2A02:3034:10:3A04:FC1D:6214:CB75:FDA0 (talk) 19:55, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

The default intro for a long time has major impediments
The below has been the default intro for a long time. It was fine as a fill-in for lack of anybody making it better, but I just seriously revised it and the edit got reverted. It is not so good that it needs to be preserved. It is a very slipshod piece of writing with some pretty vague and random sounding sentences:

“Finnegans Wake is a novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It is well known for its experimental style and reputation as one of the most difficult works of fiction in the Western canon.[1]

“It is well known for its experimental style” - maybe it is, but that’s not a very definite assertion. What does it mean for something to be “well known”? Known by how many people? And what evidence is there that it is “well-known” in this way?

“One of the most difficult works in the Western cabin.”

- maybe it is a difficult book, but why, and in what way? Also, the concept of a “western canon” is not integral to a discussion of Finnegans wake - it is a separate topic which could be mentioned in the article, but not as the forefront giving context to the entire topic. Finnegans wake doesn’t have to be thought about in relevance to a “Western canon”.

It has been called "a work of fiction which combines a body of fables ... with the work of analysis and deconstruction".[2]

- I’m sorry but this is one of the worst sentences I was trying to get rid of. It isn’t informative at all. If you were new to FW, what would this mean to you? It “combines fables with the work of deconstruction”. I think they are trying to say that the book invites analysis due to how much information there is embedded into each page, but this is not a clear way to say that. “Deconstruction” is not the most general introductory thing somebody show hear or know about FW. It sounds like a pretty mangled, corrupted quote from some article that never really got cleaned up. I tried to do that, but my edit got reverted.

Written in Paris over a period of seventeen years and published in 1939, Finnegans Wake was Joyce's final work.

“The entire book is written in a largely idiosyncratic language, which blends standard English words with neologistic portmanteau words, Irish mannerisms and puns in multiple languages to unique effect.”

- as someone else pointed out, there is a lot of verbiage here. It could be written way smoother, cleaner and clearer. “To unique effect” is pretty vague and doesn’t add that much to the reader’s understanding of the book.

Many critics believe the technique was Joyce's attempt to recreate the experience of sleep and dreams,[3] reproducing the way concepts, people and places become amalgamated in dreaming.

“It is an attempt by Joyce to combine many of his aesthetic ideas, with references to other works and outside ideas woven into the text; “

- this is another really bad line I was trying to get rid of. It almost makes no sense and is really strangely vague. What is FW? Oh, it’s a book where this writer tried to combine their aesthetic ideas. Oh, ok. Interesting. (Not.)

Joyce declared that "Every syllable can be justified". Due to its linguistic experiments, stream of consciousness writing style, literary allusions, free dream associations, and abandonment of narrative conventions, Finnegans Wake remains largely unread by the general public.[4][5]”

The fact that this has persisted as the final line for so long it starting to really bug me. It feels like there’s someone who doesn’t like FW who keeps insisting the article conclude on the note that basically nobody likes the book (which comes after a diatribe about how it’s the world’s most freakishly complicated and experimental book). There are many people who see Joyce as imaginative, comedic and playful. The tone of the entire intro is not neutral, descriptive or informative.

My edit was by no means perfect and more work needs to be done in it, but I really hope more people can support trying to stabilize the edit until anybody wants to contribute something better. This old version has had its time, and its time is over. It is very poor, the caricature of why Wikipedia articles can sometimes be surprisingly poor-quality in spite of the positive reputation the website has. Julkhamil (talk) 22:07, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

 * After my explanation above of some issue with the current intro paragraph, I show a revised version here. I fully admit it is not perfect either. I myself will write in what work I think needs to be done on it. But I will also show it resolves some of the issues above. I also think since I made a couple of edits parts of my revisions may not all be in one place, but it's ok, the below is more of a demonstration than anything, showing the advantages and my own critiques of it.
 * Finnegans Wake is a novel by Irish writer James Joyce, known for its experimental style and reputation as a difficult work to read.
 * I overall find this acceptably neutral and trying to relay the core ideas of general interest. It could of course be even more neutral and objective. It is a novel. It is by James Joyce. Joyce is Irish, and he is a writer. It is approximately 400 pages long and some number of words long. It is objectively true that the book has many words that do not occur elsewhere, because Joyce created them.
 * Honestly, after that what you decide to say becomes more open-ended, but hopefully we can still agree on a few things.
 * 1. The need to brand the book as "experimental" and "hard to read" are of course tolerable and understandable. Ideally, though, we might consider that that's not really a neutral, or particularly objective, statement. What would be much better would be to say that many people who read the book when it first appeared found it more or less impossible to understand, and found it off-putting for its "experimentalism", or departure from norms of writing at the time. This is better because if more people decide to write books largely in portmanteaus, the style does not have to be considered "experimental". In a different context, it could become normal or mainstream. It's more of a personal conviction or cultural attitude to say a particular art form is "experimental". This term not only conveys that it deviates greatly from a status quo, norm, or common form, but it also subtly hints to me that the point is more to explore new artistic terrain than necessarily be a "good book", in the conventional sense. Again, that is very debatable. We should not imply such a thing in an encyclopedia article without the point being very, very well-buttressed. Supports of the book including Joyce considered it a "good book" in that conventional sense. They found it worthy of real, organic enthusiasm and commendation. Similarly, the idea that it is difficult to read is technically not intrinsic to the book. It could become easy to read under different circumstances. If people learned from a young age the language of the wake, it could be the easiest book to read in that culture, whereas novels by Jane Austen could be very hard. This is not a truly intrinsic feature of the book, although of course, it is understandable to want to say it, but it could be said, again, more objectively: "because the book is written in originally constructed words, to understand its content, it requires you to study the multiple meanings of most of the words." This is way more indisputable and lacking in attitude: is that hard, boring, repellant, fun, rewarding? It doesn't matter what your attitude towards that fact is. We just need the indisputable fact, not dressed up in any one particular person's attitude towards it.
 * The novel is written in a largely idiosyncratic language that blends standard English words with neologistic portmanteau words, Irish mannerisms, and puns in multiple languages, as evident in the following quote from the novel: "The pranks and japery, ramsquaddling, mumpsimums and chaff that were in all their fool mouths this while to set on foot, they could but break wind and bellow balderdash." (, page 4) Literary critic Edmund Wilson described the novel as "a maze of puns and portmanteaus, of multiple languages and echoes, of overlapping stories, of themes and symbols that are constantly recurring and constantly shifting." (Edmund Wilson, "The Dream of H.C. Earwicker" in The Shock of Recognition)
 * This is not perfect in terms of style or accuracy, but it is not a bad idea to have at least one quote in the beginning to quickly help people ascertain what the book itself is really like, instead of kind of obscure quotes from secondary literature. It is more pure and direct, again. It would be better to relegate other people's opinion to a section on "secondary viewpoints", and try to keep the intro really just drawing from and about the book itself, as much as the book can simply represent itself on its own terms.
 * Finnegans Wake is often referred to as a "book of the night" and an "encyclopedic novel" due to its evocation of the world of dreams and its wide-ranging allusions and references to various works and ideas.
 * This is certainly more subjective, but it is not a bad beginning place. If we are going to try to help the reader understand more subjectively, what is the "significance" of this thing? Not "importance", but literally, "cultural meaning", what do people think about it, what does it "mean", in a way? It is not a bad thing to include this, and not just objective information about, i.e. how many pages it has or when it was published. But we should try to do so more systematically. Perhaps there are many different perspectives on what the book is like. Why don't we find a way to give a balanced overview of them all? A first paragraph about what the book is actually about. A second on how people feel about it. So, the first, for example: "It has been stated that... "1. its about world history and mythology, Irish drinking culture, and a story about an Irish family. 2. it has a distinctive way it was written (cyclical, portmanteau, multilingual). 3. maybe themes: it is comedic, naturalistic/pastoral, and erudite in tone, including a moving passage about familial love (the ending, the ALP monologue). The second section, peoples opinions: "this person said it was bad, this person said it was good, etc." a concise survey of different viewpoints.
 * That could be a way more balanced version of the intro. Julkhamil (talk) 12:17, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

Irony
Finnegans Wake has come up a couple of times in some research I'm doing on irony. Wayne Booth dubs it "The Encyclopedia of All Ironic Wisdom" at p.212 of A Rhetoric of Irony. Northrop Frye calls it "the chief ironic epic of our time" at p.323 of his Anatomy of Criticism. I popped over here to see if there was an appropriate place to incorporate one or both of these references (I'm not a fan of decontextualized critical pronouncements, even when the author is famous). To my surprise, a search on the term "irony" brings up only one hit, and it's in the bibliography (so there is at least one actual Joyce scholar who thinks this is important enough to include in a monograph subtitle).

My knowledge of the secondary literature is mostly limited to weekly reading assignments given over a one-semester seminar during which we also read the entire book (!). I don't remember any of it being expressly on irony. Does this feature of FW seem to others like it deserves a paragraph somewhere? Any article-length reading suggestions?

Cheers, Patrick J. Welsh (talk) 19:22, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

section repetition? too hung up on the dream interpretation?
Two point post:

1) Shouldn't "Critical response and themes" be merged with "Literary significance and criticism"? Or what is the justification for separating these sections?

2) Also, "A reconstruction of nocturnal life" seems too long. My response here is surely colored by my incredulity towards readings of the Wake that present it as someone's dream—in any even remotely literal sense. Wherever one falls on that, however, I don't think readers of Wikipedia benefit from this report on the positions of so many critics.

I think I could fix (2) pretty easily, but I'd need to look more carefully at the relevant sections for (1). I might not be the best person for the job.

I'll leave this up for at least a few days, though, so that others have a chance to weigh in.

Cheers, Patrick (talk) 01:04, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

A simplified lead
The current lead contains words that will be unfamiliar to many readers, as well as a great deal of unnecessary detail. I've drafted a simplified version in better accordance with WP:LEAD.

For those who have not read the policy, the lead is supposed to be a summary of the article in plan language. Nothing not already supported in the article belongs in the lead, and the article is the source for the lead. Also, WP:PEACOCK terms are strongly discouraged, and it is my own editorial position that displacing such superlatives into the mouth of an editor's preferred critic violates this guideline (exception: when the critic or publication is notable enough to be discussed in the body of the article).

The draft:

Finnegans Wake is a novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It is known for its allusive and experimental style and its reputation as one of the most difficult works in literature. In 1928, it began to appear in installments under the title "fragments from Work in Progress". The final title remained secret until the book was published on 4 May 1939.

The initial reception of the Wake was largely negative, ranging from bafflement at its radical reworking of language to open hostility towards its seeming pointlessness and lack of respect for literary conventions. Joyce, however, asserted that every syllable was justified.

Although the base language of the novel is English, it is an English that Joyce modified by combining and altering words from many languages into his own distinctive idiom. Some believe this technique was Joyce's attempt to reproduce the way that memories, people, and places are mixed together and transformed in the half-awake or dreaming state.

Despite the obstacles, readers and commentators have reached a broad consensus about the book's central cast of characters and, to a lesser degree, its plot. The book explores the lives of the Earwicker family, comprising the father HCE; the mother ALP; and, their three children Shem the Penman, Shaun the Postman, and Issy. Following an unspecified rumour about HCE, the book follows his wife's attempts to exonerate him with a letter, his sons' struggle to replace him, and a final monologue by ALP at the break of dawn. Emphasizing its cyclical structure, the novel ends with an unfinished line that completes the fragment with which it began.

One thing missing is mention of the novel's many themes. This section of the article, however, needs to be expanded and improved before there is anything to add at the top.

Comments, suggestions, criticisms, all most welcome!

Cheers, Patrick (talk) 21:22, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finnegans Wake


text:
Tolmachevo Airport

Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport (Аэропо́рт Толмачёво) is situated in the town of Ob, 16 km west of the center of Novosibirsk, an industrial and scientific center in Siberia and Russia's third-largest city.

Overview
There are two (3600 m and 3605 m) active runways in Tolmachevo Airport, along with one large passenger terminal with two connected sections (Section A for domestic flights (25000 m2, 18 check-in desks, 2 jet bridges, capacity 1,800 passengers/hour, and Section B for international flights (27000 m2, 14 check-in desks, 3 jet bridges, capacity 1,300 passengers/hour), 2 cargo terminals and 61 aircraft stands. Runway 16 is equipped with an ILS CAT II, which enables aircraft operations in low ceiling (30 metres) and visibility (350 metres).

The airport is situated in the middle of the route from some important East-Asian cities (e.g. Seoul, Shanghai, Hong Kong, etc.) to Europe which makes it attractive for cargo airlines to use it for refueling stops. It serves also as a diversion airport on Polar route 1. Tolmachevo is the busiest airport in Siberia and the sixth-busiest airport in Russia. It is also the busiest regional transit airport in Russia after Moscow MOW. In 2020, the airport served 4,634,166 passengers (-31.3%) and handled 34,158  tons of cargo (+0.05%). Detailed data for years 2003–2020 is in the Traffic Statistics section below.

The Tolmachevo Airport is operated by Novaport since 2011.

History
Operations began on July 12, 1957, with the first passenger flight of a Tupolev Tu-104 from Novosibirsk to Moscow. The airport was owned by United Tolmachevo Aviation Enterprise and the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the USSR until 1992. The airport then became a joint stock company in 1995, with 51% owned by the state. The domestic terminal was completely renovated in 2006. Tolmachevo Airport is also the first Russian airport to receive an ISO 9002-96 certificate. On November 29, 2012, for the first time in its history, the airport received its three-millionth annual passenger. During 2014-2015, the former international terminal was enlarged and merged with the domestic terminal which doubled its passenger capacity. The airport celebrated its four-millionth annual passenger on December 21, 2016. In the last hours of 2017, another milestone was reached: on December 31, 2017, the airport handled its five-millionth annual passenger. On December 18, 2019, the airport celebrated its first 6.5-millionth annual passenger.

Plans for its further development include construction of a new rapid-exit taxiway and 4 stands for wide-body aircraft, On 15 September 2020 the airport commenced construction works of the new terminal. Work is being conducted by contractor Ant Yapı (Turkey). Construction of the 56,000 square meters terminal will be completed in the third quarter of 2022. Phase two work will be completed by 2025. The total area of the airport terminal will be more than 100,000 square meters.

The airport is also home to the 337th Independent Helicopter Regiment (previously called the 562nd Air Base (Army Aviation)) flying Mil Mi-24P's and Mil Mi-8AMTSh-V's and the Composite Aviation Squadron, 32nd Independent Composite Transport Aviation Regiment, both as part of the 14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 13 November 2020, an Antonov An-124 Ruslan aircraft operating Volga-Dnepr Airlines Flight 4066 suffered an uncontained engine failure on departure and was severely damaged. On landing back at Tolmachevo, the aircraft overran the runway and was further damaged when its nosewheels collapsed. All fourteen people on board survived.

Statistics
(*)Preliminary Data. Source: Tolmachevo media centre

Ground transportation
Public transportation to the city is provided by a number of bus routes, as well as by private and municipal taxis. Shuttle bus service runs also between the airport and the Ob railway station at the Trans-Siberian Railway - a stop for Elektrichka local commuter trains and some long-distance trains in the direction of Omsk.

Since 1 June 2024 direct buses to Kuzbas' Mezhdurechensk with additional stops in Myski, Novokuznetsk, Belovo and Leninsk-Kuznetsky are available on daily basis.

Other sources

 * Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport at Russian Airports Database

title: Tolmachevo Airport


text:
Wolf's Castle

Wolfscastle (Casblaidd), also spelt Wolf's Castle, is a village and community in Pembrokeshire, between Haverfordwest and Fishguard, in southwest Wales. It was historically in the parish of St Dogwells.

Geography and transport links
Wolfscastle comprises two small villages; Wolfscastle proper, at the top of a hill, and Ford, situated in the river valley below. The remains of a motte and bailey castle lie in the upper village, a strategic location determined by its situation at the northern end of Treffgarne gorge. The village lies at the confluence of the Western Cleddau and the Anghof rivers, in the parish of St Dogwell's. The A40 road, the London to Fishguard trunk route, passes through Wolfscastle and provides the main transport route to and from the village, with a regular bus service connecting with the major towns of the area.

The main railway line from Swansea to Fishguard Harbour passes through Ford. At one time, there was a station named Wolf's Castle Halt at the point where the A40 road crosses the railway for both passengers and the loading of milk from local farms, but this was closed in 1964 when the local train service between Fishguard and Clarbeston Road was withdrawn. At the present time (2018) the line carries two daily services each way between Swansea and Fishguard Harbour, timed to connect at Swansea with services from London Paddington and at Fishguard with the Irish ferry service to Rosslare, plus a limited number of local services between Fishguard, Clarbeston Road and Haverfordwest. The latter were reintroduced in 2012, almost fifty years after being withdrawn, but the station at Wolf's Castle was not reopened as part of this initiative.

History
Musland Farm was once the residence of Captain William Davies Evans, the first utiliser of the Evans Gambit in chess.

The castle formed part of the series of defences constructed by the Normans after 1093 known as the Landsker Line, providing a general boundary between the English-speaking south and the Welsh-speaking north.

A Romano-British villa was excavated by the antiquarian Richard Fenton, hinting that Roman influence extended further west than had previously been thought. It has been subjected to a recent investigation to ascertain its exact location.

The railway from Clarbeston Road station to Letterston Junction, 4¾ miles along the line north of the village, opened in 1906, replacing the former North Pembrokeshire & Fishguard Railway route from Clynderwen to Fishguard via Maenclochog and Rosebush, which did not pass close to Wolf's Castle.

Folklore
Wolfscastle's claim to fame is that it is allegedly the place where the last wild wolf in Wales was slain. Nearby, east of Treffgarne gorge lies the hamlet of Little Treffgarne, where the Welsh national hero, Owain Glyndŵr was born according to local folklore in 1353 (although most historical sources quote him as being born about 1359). This was mainly because the area was home to members of the family of Glyndŵr's mother.

Another legend of the area claims that a local medium, Sarah Bevan, prophesied the arrival of the railway after experiencing a vision in the 18th century. The vision was described as a line of carts moving through the centre of Treffgarne gorge at high speed, with the frontmost cart on fire, heralding the coming of the as yet uninvented steam locomotive on rails.

Economy
Mainly agricultural due to its rural location, the village does boast both the Wolfscastle Country Hotel and a public house, the Wolfe Inn. Agriculture involves dairy, sheep and beef farming, and several farms can be found within the village and its environs.

Previous economic assets included slate quarrying near Sealyham, roadstone quarrying in Treffgarne gorge and a village post office, all of which have ceased operating. Also, the running of the hall merited the employment of staff.

Community
A Welsh Independent chapel, known as Pen-y-Bont, stands near the river in Ford. Several churches are to be found in the area – St Margaret's in Wolfscastle itself, St Michael's in Treffgarne, and St Dogfael's at St Dogwells (a grade II* listed building).

A community council meets monthly in the village. Every summer the Wolfscastle Festival week is held and the community council sponsors the village's annual entry in the Wales in Bloom competition. In 2005 the village won the Small Village Trophy and was runner-up in 2006. A small, twin-classroom County Primary school, built in 1834, completes the community aspect of the village.

title: Wolf's Castle


text:
Talk:Stellastarr

Untitled
I'm not really sure about the release dates for the SOF EPs. Also I think there is a UK Version of the LP. - harryh

Not a bad write-up so far, but I find it unusual to have a paragraph describing their second album before any mention of their first. Is their first self-titled (as the discography implies) or is it called "advance music"; or is that an advance release of the eponymous album with the exact same track listing? Maybe "advance music" is the british title... I just picked it up yesterday. -- Jon Dowland 17:57, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, it is eponymous, at least stateside. As for the Somewhere Across Forever EPs, they preceded the self-titled album.  Also, the only difference between the US and UK versions of the EPs is the artwork, so I don't think there's really a need to have two separate articles.  I'm going to go ahead and change that, but feel free to revert if someone feels otherwise.  I can add tracklists to the Somewhere Across Forever EPs and Jenny single when I get home tonight, if I remember. Johnsorc 18:08, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Stellastarr


text: Category:Bullfrog Productions games

title: Category:Bullfrog Productions games


text: User talk:68.18.74.31

title: User talk:68.18.74.31


text:
File:Mordecai Brown Baseball.jpg

Summary
Note: Image cropped from original photo.

Image from:

Licensing
Explanation for public domain: copyright expired.

ADDENDUM: If it were 1903, he would have been with the Cardinals, who wore the words "St. Louis" on their jerseys. The Cubs in 1904 wore plain white jerseys with collars, as in this photo. Also, the original from the Chicago Daily News archive says "probably 1904".

title: File:Mordecai Brown Baseball.jpg