text:
User talk:Enyo

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Fair use debate regarding television screencaps
Currently, there is a debate on Talk:List of Lost episodes regarding whether or not use of a 1/30th stillframe visual excerpt next to a list of audiovisual works (such as List of Lost episodes or List of Simpsons episodes) is in accordance with WP:Fair use, and has even resulted in the protection of the page.

If you have any opinions regarding fair use on the List of Lost episodes page, please feel free to express them as I believe these two pages are sister projects.

Cws125 05:25, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Spider (movie 2001) Ralph Fiennes.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Spider (movie 2001) Ralph Fiennes.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Unspecified source for Image:FABF21.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:FABF21.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 15:33, 2 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -Panser Born-  (talk)  15:33, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:GABF05.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:GABF05.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 15:40, 2 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -Panser Born-  (talk)  15:40, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:FABF18.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:FABF18.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 19:40, 3 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -Panser Born-  (talk)  19:40, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:FABF18.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:FABF18.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -Panser Born-  (talk)  19:40, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:FABF18.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:FABF18.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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Orphaned non-free image (Image:FABF09.jpg)
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:FABF13.jpg)
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:FABF21.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:FABF21.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 21:19, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

File:Ginga,All Members.jpg listed for deletion
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Orphaned non-free media (File:GABF12.jpg)
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title: User talk:Enyo


text:
User talk:Iwehrman

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Iwehrman


text:
Baron Russell of Killowen

Baron Russell of Killowen can refer to three law lords, father, son and grandson:

 * Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen (1832–1900), Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales and father of Frank Russell
 * Frank Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen (1867–1946), Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and father of Charles Ritchie Russell
 * Charles Ritchie Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen (1908–1986), Lord of Appeal in Ordinary

title: Baron Russell of Killowen


text:
Avalon (2001 film)

Avalon (アヴァロン), also known as Gate to Avalon, is a 2001 Polish-language science fiction drama film directed by Mamoru Oshii and written by Kazunori Itō. An international co-production of Japan and Poland, the film stars Małgorzata Foremniak as Ash, a player in an illegal virtual reality video game whose sense of reality is challenged as she attempts to unravel the true nature and purpose of the game.

Avalon was filmed in Wrocław, Nowa Huta, the Modlin Fortress and Warsaw. The 2009 film Assault Girls that was written and directed by Oshii, is a stand-alone sequel set in the same fictional universe as Avalon.

Plot
In a near future, many people are addicted to Avalon, a military-themed virtual reality shooter. In the game, solo players or parties raid levels populated with AI-controlled enemies and opposing players. Winners are rewarded with experience points and in-game money, which can be exchanged for cash, allowing skilled players to make a living. As their brains interact with the game directly, Avalon places significant mental strains on players, and has rendered players catatonic in many cases.

Ash is a famously skilled player, who only plays solo after her party Team Wizard was disbanded. After a Class A mission, the GM (Game Master) warns her of the next level's danger, and suggests she joins a party. The next day, Ash watches a Bishop-class character break her record time on the same mission. Intrigued, Ash tries but fails to learn about him or his avatar. As she leaves the game terminal, the Bishop player watches her.

Ash runs into a former teammate, Stunner, who mentions Murphy, her former team leader. As the two visit Murphy at a hospital, Stunner tells her Murphy went after a hidden NPC in Avalon, a young girl nicknamed "ghost". The girl is allegedly the only gateway into the rumored Special A, an extremely rewarding but incredibly challenging mission where players cannot "reset" (a mechanic allowing players to abort mission without their avatars being killed). Players who went after "ghost" never wake up from the game and became "Unreturned". As Ash walks through the corridor, a girl looking similar to "ghost" watches her. Ash looks at Murphy, who has now become comatose.

At home, Ash searches for words regarding Avalon, Unreturned, and the ghost. The search leads her to the "Nine Sisters", another Arthurian legend reference. Further researching and questioning the GM proves fruitless. Upon entering the game, Ash receives an invitation to a meeting, and is ambushed by a group of griefers, who lured her there to rob her equipment. After she overpowers a player, the group leader reveals that only the real Nine Sisters – Avalon's creators – know how to access Special A. They are interrupted by an attack helicopter which kills most of the players. Due to a lag, the helicopter's missiles teleport in front of Ash. She "resets" and leaves the game, narrowly avoiding losing her avatar. On the way home, Ash notices people around her are immobile, with the exception of a dog. At home, after she finishes preparing a meal for her dog, she realizes that it has disappeared. She hears the helicopter from the game flying pass.

The next day, Stunner meets Ash. He tells her of a high-level Bishop player who can make the ghost appear, and is sought out by parties seeking to enter Special A. Before becoming an Unreturned, Murphy himself was a Bishop player. At her house, Ash is visited by the Bishop player. He offers to form a party with her and she accepts. Ash arrives at the game terminal and tells the receptionist that she plans to enter Special A to look for Murphy. She enters the game, despite warnings from the receptionist and the GM.

In the game, Ash meets the Bishop player, whom she suspects is working for the Nine Sisters. Stunner arrives, revealing he has been helping Bishop recruit Ash all along. The party confronts the Citadel, an enormous boss. Stunner, Bishop and his summoned dummy players distract the giant, while Ash attacks its weak point. After the Citadel is destroyed, Stunner spots the ghost. He is then shot by an enemy. Before being forced out of the game, Stunner tells Ash of the only way to kill the ghost. Ash goes after the ghost and manages to kill it, turning it into a gateway. Ash steps into the gateway and disappears.

Ash "wakes up" from the game booth, which is put in her apartment, wearing civilian clothing and without equipment. Bishop contacts her and tells her she is in Class Real. The only way to exit the game is to complete the objective: defeat the Unreturned staying here. Ash takes the provided gun and proceeds to her destination, an Avalon-themed concert by the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. On the way, she is stunned by the vibrant and bustling world, which is in stark contrast to the previous levels and to the world outside the game. At the concert hall, Ash sees Murphy, and they walk outside to talk. As she confronts Murphy about his decision to stay in the game, he states he prefers the "reality" within Avalon. Ash mortally wounds Murphy, who urges her to stay, then disappears. Ash enters the now empty concert hall, and sees the ghost on the stage. Ash trains her gun on the ghost, who flashes a smile. The text "Welcome to Avalon" is blended in.

Cast

 * Małgorzata Foremniak as Ash
 * Władysław Kowalski as Game Master
 * Jerzy Gudejko as Murphy
 * Dariusz Biskupski as Bishop
 * Bartek Świderski as Stunner
 * Katarzyna Bargiełowska as Receptionist
 * Alicja Sapryk as Jill
 * Michał Breitenwald as Murphy of Nine Sisters
 * Zuzanna Kasz as Ghost
 * Jarosław Budnik as Cooper (voiceover)
 * Andrzej Dębski as Cusinart (voiceover)
 * Beszamel as Ash's Dog

Production
Even though the film was produced and directed by a Japanese crew, it is a half European, half Asian work since Avalon was co-produced by a Polish film company, starred Polish actors and was filmed mostly in Warsaw and Modlin Fortress, Poland with Polish dialogue. A Japanese dub was created, however, for the film's original Japanese release and is available on the Japanese region 2 DVD.

"Shooting it in Japan was impossible," Oshii advised interviewer Andrez Bergen in a major article that appeared in Japan's Daily Yomiuri newspaper in 2004. "I didn't think of using a Japanese cast. I considered shooting in the UK or Ireland, but the towns and scenery in Poland matched my image for the movie."

According to Oshii, one of the advantages of shooting the film in Poland was that Polish Armed Forces were willing to lend their equipment (T-72 tanks and Mi-24 attack helicopters, among others) to the film makers without any additional fees.

In Europe, Avalon was screened out of competition at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival and won awards at other European festivals: in Spain, it was awarded "Best Cinematography" at the Catalan International Film Festival (2001), and in the United Kingdom, it won the "Best Film" award at Sci-Fi-London (2002).

However, the film received only limited release in North America (with most of its fanbase created via the circulation of bootleg DVDs imported from Asia) until Miramax released it on DVD in late 2003. The North American version has added narration to make it easier for the audience to understand the plot; although the option to view the film without the English overdubbing is provided, the subtitles still display the added dialogue. The British region-free DVD has literal English subtitles which explain the King Arthur connection better and does not display added dialogue.

Such viewer help was not used in European countries, like France, where local editions only feature optional subtitles about the Polish sung opera piece, in the Polish spoken original version only.

Video game
In an unspecified era there is a forbidden online virtual reality video game. Players fight with modern, medieval and fantasy weapons in a world marked by war. In-game earned credits can be exchanged in real life for currency. Sometimes, usually with higher level players, a player's spirit may stay inside the game, and the body stays vegetating in hospitals in the real world.

Oshii describes his game as a "military RPG". However, it mixes elements of role-playing games (such as character classes and experience points) and first-person shooters (FPS) (utilizing real firearms such as semi-auto pistols (Walther PPK and Mauser C96), sniper rifle (Dragunov SVD) and rocket launcher (RPG-7)); and it also borrows from the Wizardry series Oshii played extensively during three years in which he was unemployed in the 1980s.

With these two genres, it shares the common principle of player hierarchy. In Avalon, players are ranked after three levels, Class C, Class B, Class A. Elite Class A players are rumored to be able to play a hidden extra mode featuring different rules and named Class SA (for "Special A").

To complete levels within the game, players must defeat powerful end-of-level bosses similar to those found in classic video games.

Players wear headsets which immerse their senses in the game world. The design of the headset and chair installation are influenced by the cult French science fiction short film La jetée. The headless statues also appear in this 1962 film.

As an interesting first, this film features the appearance of lag, a gameplay error due to network transfer slowdown often encountered in online games. Oshii displays lag as an ailment that causes physical convulsions in the player during these slowdowns.

The scene with Ash in the tramway is a live action recreation of a similar scene appearing in the 1999 anime feature film Jin-Roh, which Oshii wrote but did not direct. This scene is based on Oshii's own teenage experience, when he used to spend entire days spinning in loop in the Yamanote Line.

title: Avalon (2001 film)


text:
Talk:Abortion in the Netherlands

Latest date
When is the latest date abortion can be made in NL? Article doesn't say. Somewhere in the 2nd trimester it seems? --Lussmu 18:47, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Limited to viability of the fetus (approx 24 weeks). For abortions on a fetus older than 13 weeks, a "second physician needs to be present in the hospital". (article 22 of the "Besluit afbreking zwangerschap".

Gap
There seems to be a gap between "controversial abortion law was passed in 1981 that left abortion a crime..." and "...abortion is allowed on demand at any point between conception and viability". Can someone who knows fill in the place where abortion was made legal on demand? As it stands, I'm confused! 06 02 07

~Abortion on demand made LEGAL? What country do you think this is about? Abortion is completely, utterly, totally forbidden in the Netherlands UNLESS it is as an absolute emergency, definition of absolute emergency is up to the pregnant lady. Which means that no resourceful, honest LAW-ABIDING woman in the Netherlands is legally allowed an abortion. If you are NOT absolute in honesty and observance of the law, it is effectively available on demand, you just have to claim it is an absolute emergency. So it is a case of a de-jure prohibition combined with a de-facto availability on demand for laymen, liars, lawbreakers and loosers.
 * Bullshit. Don't go discussing stuff you don't know shit about. --217.120.69.19 (talk) 08:08, 7 June 2009 (UTC)
 * That's complete rubbish! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.123.230.102 (talk) 19:26, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

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Updated the page to take care of the issues which were mentioned.
Made updates to take care of the failed verification because of a non-existing URL, and also to update the info that on June 21, 2022, Dutch parliamentarians approved a law to scrap a mandatory five-day reflection period before undergoing an abortion.

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title: Talk:Abortion in the Netherlands


text:
Camas prairie

Camas prairies are found in several different geographical areas in the western United States, and are named for the native perennial camas (Camassia}. The culturally and scientifically significant of these areas lie within Idaho and Montana. Camas bulbs were an important food source for Native Americans.

History
Named for the blue flowering camas—an important food source for all Native Americans in the interior Northwest—the Camas prairie is a traditional Nez Perce gathering place in north central Idaho.

From the Nez Perce National Historical Park: Camas prairie is interpreted at a highway pullout on the north side of U.S. Highway 95, about six miles (10 km) south of Grangeville. This large prairie was a Nez Perce gathering place, where camas roots were harvested for thousands of years. Several nontreaty bands gathered at Tolo Lake in early June 1877 in anticipation of moving to the Nez Perce reservation. In response to the forced move and other hostile actions, several young Nez Perce people took actions that precipitated the Nez Perce War.

Camas prairies are found over a large area, mostly privately owned, that extends many miles between the Salmon and Clearwater River drainages. Most of the area is agricultural and the northern section is within the Nez Perce Indian Reservation. Similar to the opening of lands in Oklahoma, the U.S. government opened the reservation for white settlement on November 18, 1895. The proclamation had been signed less than two weeks earlier by President Cleveland.

The area was home to the second subdivision of the Camas Prairie Railroad, known as the "railroad on stilts" due to its numerous trestles, most of which were timber. Breakheart Pass, a 1975 film starring Charles Bronson, was filmed on portions of the railroad on the Camas prairie. The railroad ceased operations in the late 1990s.

For more information:
 * National Park Service - Nez Perce
 * U.S. Forest Service - Nez Perce

Communities

 * Grangeville
 * Fenn
 * Greencreek
 * Cottonwood

 * Ferdinand
 * Craigmont
 * Winchester
 * Reubens

Counties

 * Idaho County
 * Lewis County

 * Camas County - in southern Idaho

Southern Idaho
In southern Idaho, east of Mountain Home, the high plain of Camas County around Fairfield is locally called the "Camas Prairie."

Protected Areas

 * Camas Prairie Centennial Marsh Wildlife Management Area

Montana
The Camas Prairie covers the floor of the Camas Prairie Basin in Sanders County. This basin is a distinct north–south oriented elliptical basin that is drained by Camas Creek into the Flathead River at Perma, Montana. Both the prairie and basin are surrounded by north-south trending mountain ranges except where Camas Creek drains into the Flathead River. The basin is about 7 by 13 km in dimensions with an area of about 90 km2. The center of this relatively flat basin lies at elevations just below 850 m. The basin is bordered by the Salish Mountains on its eastern side and northern end and bordered by the Cabinet Mountains on its western side. These mountains rise above elevations of 1500 to 1600 m.

The Camas prairie region is sparsely populated and lies within the Flathead Indian Reservation. The two main populated places within this region are Camas (Ktunaxa: ya·qa·kmumaǂki ) and Perma (Ktunaxa: kxunamaʔnam )

Bedrock geology
The basin in which the Camas prairie lies is a low-relief valley surrounded by mountains composed of metasedimentary strata that belong to the Prichard Formation of the Belt Supergroup. These strata are intensively folded and thrust faulted. The basin is filled with undifferentiated Cenozoic red, greenish, and bluish siltstone and mudstone and volcanic rock. A few sandy and gravelly beds are also present. These strata outcrop at the surface around the perimeter of the basin. Within the basin, they are cover by 15 to 30 m of Quaternary deposits that accumulated within glacial Lake Missoula.

Quaternary geology
The Camas prairie is well-known for the large fields of Late Pleistocene giant current ripples that cover a substantial part of its surface. They were created during one of the many times when glacial Lake Missoula drained when its ice dam failed. From the northern edge of the Camas Basin, the fields of giant current ripples extend south (downcurrent) from four mountain passes that were once submerge inlets into the flooded Camas Basin. Southward, these fields of giant current ripples spread out and merge on the basin floor. These sedimentary bedforms are best seen in aerial images and at low sun angles.

These giant current ripples are large-to-very-large, subaqueous gravel dunes and antidunes. Although they once covered a significantly larger area, they cover about 26 km2 of the Camas prairie basin. The wavelength of these dunes and antidunes ranges from 90 to 951 m and their height ranges from 0.3-17 m. They are all two-dimensional, flow transverse, sinuous, sedimentary bedforms. The wavelength and height of these giant current ripples decrease away (downcurrent) from the former inlets. Correspondingly, the size of the gravels comprising them decreases south (downcurrent) from boulder and cobble gravels to pebble gravels. Their foreset bedding is poorly defined and their dip varies from 14 to 23 degrees. In addition to the gravel dunes and antidunes, delta-like, expansion bars accumulated below each of the former subaqueous inlets. They consist of foreset beds that consist of boulder-cobble-pebble gravels.

The Pleistocene deposits and bedforms in the basin have not been dated using radiometric dating methods. The lack of absolute dates prevents the construction of a reliable geochronology for Lake Missoula lake drainage events in the Camas prairie basin and correlation of the giant current ripples with bedforms and sedimentary deposits outside of it.

The exposed gravel deposits underlying the giant current ripples at Camas prairie exhibit at least two beds of gravelly deposits that are indicative of deposition by separate Missoula floods. They are separated by an erosional unconformity with a buried and dismembered calcrete, carbonate soil horizon. The calcrete is 15 to 25 cm thick. It provides empirical evidence of at least two separate periods of giant current ripple activity and associated with separate Missoula Floods that occurred thousands of years apart based the thickness and development of the calcrete.

The giant current ripples of the Camas prairie are analogous to similar giant Pleistocene bedforms described form Channeled Scablands of Washington. They are identical to the giant subaqueous bedrooms that formed on the bottom of Lake Kuray-Chuya during the Altai flood in Siberia, Russia. These giant bedforms, which are rare or unknown outside of theoretical and experimental studies, preserved a unique record of the paleohydraulology of a Missoula Flood associated with the catastrophic emptying of Lake Missoula.

title: Camas prairie


text:
Shire (pharmaceutical company)

Shire plc was a UK-founded Jersey-registered specialty biopharmaceutical company. Originating in the United Kingdom with an operational base in the United States, its brands and products included Vyvanse, Lialda, and Adderall XR. Shire was acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company on 8 January 2019.

Shire was a global biotechnology company focused on serving people with rare diseases and other highly specialized conditions. The company's products were available in more than 100 countries across core therapeutic areas including Hematology, Immunology, Neuroscience, Lysosomal Storage Disorders, Gastrointestinal / Internal Medicine / Endocrine and Hereditary Angioedema; a growing franchise in Oncology; and an emerging, innovative pipeline in Ophthalmics.

The original corporate headquarters was located in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. Main offices are located in Dublin, Ireland, the United States in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Chicago, Illinois, and in Zug, Switzerland. In addition, Shire owns manufacturing sites in Lexington, Massachusetts, and Social Circle, Georgia. Shire's headquarters in Lexington, Massachusetts, will be integrated with Takeda's new U.S. headquarters, which is being relocated from Deerfield, Illinois, to the Boston area.

Early history
Shire was founded in 1986 in the UK by five entrepreneurs: Harry Stratford, Dennis Stephens, Peter Moriarty, Geoff Hall and Dr Jim Murray. Under the management of Rolf Stahel, Shire was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1996. Shire's initial products were calcium supplements (Calcichew-D3) for patients seeking to treat or prevent osteoporosis. In 1997 the company acquired Pharmavene for £105 million in order to access Pharmavene's drug delivery methods. Later in the same year Shire acquired Richwood Pharmaceutical Company, forming Shire-Richwood Inc.

2000 to 2009
In 2001 the company acquired Biochem Canada. Shire's next acquisition didn't come until 2005 when it acquired Transkaryotic Therapeutics and two years later – in 2007 – New River Pharmaceuticals Inc, for a then company record of $2.6 billion. With the purchase of New River, Shire gained access and ownership of Vyvanse. A year later the company acquired the German company Jerini, for $521 million. Jerini focused on treating hereditary angioedema.

In 2008, in reaction to new taxation measures announced by the UK government in the treatment of royalties on patents, the company moved its tax domicile to Dublin, Ireland.

2010 onwards
2010 saw a change in company strategy, with the company seeking to expand through mergers and acquisitions - culminating in the company becoming one of the most acquisitive in the industry. In 2010 the company acquired Movetis, a Belgian company focusing on gastrointestinal products for $565 million, a year later it acquired regenerative medicine manufacturer Advanced BioHealing. In 2012 the company acquired FerroKin BioSciences for $325 million along with FerroKins lead iron chelator - FBS0701. 2013 saw the company complete its highest number of acquisitions with Lotus Tissue Repair, Inc. (lead compound, ABH001), SARcode Bioscience Inc., with the last being ViroPharma. Shire changed the name of ViroPharma to Shire Viropharma Inc. upon acquisition and on their final day of trading the company was valued at $3.3 billion. At $4.2 billion, ViroPharma set a new company record. In 2014 Shire acquired two rare disease drug companies: Fibrotech with its antifibrotic compounds for $75 million, and Lumena, a company researching rare gastro-intestinal and hepatic compounds, for $260 million.

In 2015, NPS Pharmaceuticals was acquired for $5.2 billion, bringing along its rare disease drugs Gattex and Natpara. On their final day of trading, NPS had a market capitalisation of $4.99 billion. The company also acquired, later in the same year, Meritage Pharma for $245 million, Foresight Biotherapeutics for $300 million and Dyax for $6.5 billion. The purchases bolstered Shires gastro-intestinal and rare disease sectors, with Phase-III-ready treatment - Budesonide - for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. As well as expanding the company's pipeline with a late-stage treatment candidate for infectious conjunctivitis with lead candidate FST-100 and increasing the company's rare disease catalogue with Dyax's portfolio of plasma kallikrein inhibitors against hereditary angioedema (led by the approved drug Kalbitor and the Phase III DX-2930). In January 2016, the company made its most significant purchase, with the $32 billion acquisition of Baxalta (which had been spun-off from Baxter the previous year ), creating the largest global biotech company focused solely on rare diseases.

In April 2018, Shire agreed to sell its oncology business to French pharmaceutical company Servier for £1.7billion.

Aborted AbbVie takeover
On 20 June 2014, Shire rejected a takeover attempt by AbbVie. AbbVie offered £46.11 per share (£27.3 billion or $46.5 billion in total). On 8 July, the offer was increased to $51.5 billion. On 18 July, it was announced that AbbVie would acquire Shire for $54.8 billion. On 15 October, news broke suggesting AbbVie was reconsidering their proposed takeover deal due to changes in US "Tax Inversion" law and on 16 October AbbVie's board recommended that shareholders vote against the deal. This news sent Shire's share price down over 27%; however, AbbVie would be subject to a $1.6 billion break-up fee, payable to Shire. On 21 October, the merger was called off.

Takeda takeover
In April 2018, reported that Takeda Pharmaceutical Company had an approach to acquire Shire. Days later Shire announced they had rejected all three Takeda bids. The first bid valued the business at £41 billion (£28 per Shire shares paid in Takeda shares plus £16 per share in cash), the second £43 billion (£28.75 per Shire shares paid in Takeda shares plus £16.75 per share in cash) and the third £44 billion (£28 per Shire shares paid in Takeda shares plus £17.75 per share in cash). Reuters also reported interest from Allergan however they ruled themselves out a day later. A day later Takeda increased their offer with a fourth bid, to £26 per Shire shares paid in Takeda shares plus £21 per share in cash - giving a total value of £44.3 billion ($62.1 billion). On 24 April, Takeda submitted an enhanced fifth bid for the company. On 25 April, Shire said that they will recommend the revised £45.8 billion ($64 billion) offer to their shareholders. The enhanced offer included a more generous cash component, with the deal offering £21.76 ($30.33) in cash for each Shire ordinary share. The same day, GlaxoSmithKline ruled out making any form of counter-bid. On 8 May 2018, an agreement was finally reached in which Shire was sold to Takeda in a $62 billion deal. Takeda's acquisition of Shire closed on 8 January 2019.

Acquisition history

 * Shire Plc (Founded 1986, Acq 2019)
 * Pharmavene (Acq 1997)
 * Richwood Pharmaceutical Company (Acq 1997)
 * Biochem Canada (Acq 2001)
 * Transkaryotic Therapeutics (Acq 2005)
 * New River Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2007)
 * Jerini (Acq 2008)
 * Movetis (Acq 2012)
 * Advanced BioHealing (Acq 2011)
 * FerroKin BioSciences (Acq 2012)
 * Lotus Tissue Repair, Inc (Acq 2013)
 * Premacure AB (Acq 2013)
 * SARcode Bioscience Inc (Acq 2013)
 * ViroPharma (Founded 1994, Acq 2013)
 * Lev Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2008)
 * Fibrotech (Acq 2014)
 * Lumena (Acq 2014)
 * NPS Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2015)
 * Meritage Pharma (Acq 2015)
 * Foresight Biotherapeutics (Acq 2015)
 * Dyax (Acq 2015)
 * Baxalta (Acq 2016)

Products
The Annual Revenue figures in the following table were drawn from the company's 2015 preliminary results.

Licences & Royalties
In July 2014, Shire licensed the rights to the investigational Hunter syndrome compound, AGT-182, from ArmaGen for up to $225 million.

The Annual Revenue figures in the following Table were drawn from the company's 2015 preliminary results.

Corporate leadership
Flemming Ørnskov, was the company's chief executive officer through 8 January 2019 with Takeda's acquisition of Shire. Ginger Gregory as chief human resources officer, Jeffrey Poulton as CFO, and Philip Vickers as head of R&D. James Bowling vacated his position as interim CFO in the aftermath of the collapse of the AbbVie inversion deal. The chair of Shire's board of directors was Susan Kilsby.

False Claims Act violations
In September 2014, Shire reached a $56.5 million settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice for alleged violations of the False Claims Act. The Justice Department alleged that Shire had improperly marketed and promoted Adderall XR, Daytrana, Vyvane, Pentasa, and Lialda during various periods between 2004 and 2010. The allegations included claims that Shire had made exaggerated and false statements regarding product safety, promoted medications for non-FDA approved off-label use, and marketed products on unsubstantiated claims of beneficial side effects, including reductions in criminality, traffic accidents, sexually transmitted infections, and divorce rates.

Illegal promotion of Dermagraft
In August 2017, Shire reached a $350 million settlement with the Department of Justice for violations of the same act, regarding the unlawful promotion of Shire's product Dermagraft.

title: Shire (pharmaceutical company)


text: Category:Sex positions

title: Category:Sex positions


text: User:Routermonkey

title: User:Routermonkey


text:
Ovation Pharmaceuticals

Ovation Pharmaceuticals is an American manufacturer and distributor of pharmaceuticals products. It was founded in 2000 by Jeffrey Aronin and is headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois. A major office is also located near Lebanon, New Jersey. Ovation is a privately held corporation based on a business model of acquiring mature but under-promoted pharmaceuticals, as well as pharmaceutical candidates which are far along the development and FDA certification processes. Since 2009, the company has been wholly owned by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck.

In 2007, Ovation Pharmaceuticals was a recipient of the 2007 Chicago Innovation Awards.

Products
The company particularly focuses on niche drugs for small patient populations. Products include the ADHD medicine, Desoxyn (brand name for methamphetamine hydrochloride), and vigabatrin, an anticonvulsant that inhibits the catabolism of GABA and is indicated for epilepsy and substance abuse.

Purchases
In 2003, Sanofi sold its interests in stanozolol, Methylphenobarbital, and Dimercaptosuccinic acid to Ovation.

In March 2009, Lundbeck purchased Ovation for $600 million in cash, with further payments of up to $300 million based on regulatory approvals for vigabatrin (Sabril), which was under development at the time.

Controversy
In 2008, the Federal Trade Commission sued Ovation in Minnesota federal district court over its 2006 acquisition of NeoProfen, a treatment for a congenital heart defect in newborns known as patent ductus arteriosus. Ovation already owned Indocin IV, the only other drug used for this condition. Upon acquiring the only competitor for Indocin IV, Ovation raised the price of both drugs by 1,300 percent, from $36 per vial to nearly $500 per vial. The dramatic price increase was the subject of a 2008 Congressional hearing. In 2010, a district court judge ruled that the FTC had not proved its case.

title: Ovation Pharmaceuticals


text:
Talk:Color theory

This article needs direction
So this article is very much like the term, in that its quite nebulous. Even the definition that has been in the lead is terrible. Unfortunately, there are not a lot of brief yet satisfying definitions of color theory. Namely, what is the differentiator between color theory and color science? This author offers a compelling description, but without much congruent literature:
 * I am especially interested in the conflict between the two distinct but related fields that both operate under the term ‘color theory’: Artistic color theory, which is concerned with the visual effects of color combination in the fine arts, and scientific color theory, which describes the nature of color through increasingly complex but precise color models.

Most definitions of color theory I see seem to be include both the decidedly "artistic" side (color harmony, color scheme, bits of color psychology), and any "old" scientific attempts to characterize a unifying theory of color (color mixing, Goethe, Young, etc.). What qualifies as old seems to be anything before the Schrödinger's unification of trichromatic and tetrachromatic theory in 1925 and publishing of Munsell's first Book of Color in 1929, when we really entered the modern age of color science. Curious in feelings on this, or any other proposals for how color theory can be better defined (for the purposes of guiding this article, anyway), and whether there is any such thing as modern color theory or if its all traditional color theory?? Curran919 (talk) 14:02, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Please feel free to make dramatic changes to the organization and content of this and other color-related articles. A bunch of them are (and always have been) a mess. I'd recommend narrowing the scope here to relatively "artistic" questions about color harmony etc. – leaving detailed technical discussions about how the eye works, how pigment mixing works, etc. to other pages – but trying to do so in a way which avoids the pseudoscientific nonsense described by many sources intended for artists, and is clear to distinguish between facts and preferences / arbitrary choices. I'm not sure what books would be valuable as sources here, but as a website to look at, let me recommend http://handprint.com/HP/WCL/wcolor.html –jacobolus (t) 16:22, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Jacobolus I'm definitely okay with making some bold changes without consensus, but I still need some input on HOW to do this one... Handprint is a good resource that I remember reading years ago. How do you feel about using it as a source though? Its definitely more authoritative and comprehensive than most of the color theory books out there. After some more reading through it, I'm gonna think about focusing this on Traditional Color Theory, as handprint nicely contrasts to color science. How do you feel about a page move to "traditional color theory"? I'm conflicted. Curran919 (talk) 20:21, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Since it's self-published, unfortunately I'm not sure if handprint qualifies as a "reliable source" by Wikipedia's strict standards. But I think it provides a lot of good guidance, since MacEvoy is careful to sort out nonsensical received wisdom from empirically validated claims. –jacobolus (t) 20:28, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I would recommend keeping something at least at the title color theory. Plausibly the material from traditional color theory could be merged. –jacobolus (t) 20:30, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

This looks like a wide ranging collection of 100's of pieces of good information. The lead is terrible, but I wouldn't know how to fix it.....to create a summary of a wide ranging collection of 100's of pieces of good information. North8000 (talk) 18:29, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Color theory


text:
Nanoshell

A nanoshell, or rather a nanoshell plasmon, is a type of spherical nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric core which is covered by a thin metallic shell (usually gold). These nanoshells involve a quasiparticle called a plasmon which is a collective excitation or quantum plasma oscillation where the electrons simultaneously oscillate with respect to all the ions.

The simultaneous oscillation can be called plasmon hybridization where the tunability of the oscillation is associated with mixture of the inner and outer shell where they hybridize to give a lower energy or higher energy. This lower energy couples strongly to incident light, whereas the higher energy is an anti-bonding and weakly combines to incident light. The hybridization interaction is stronger for thinner shell layers, hence, the thickness of the shell and overall particle radius determines which wavelength of light it couples with. Nanoshells can be varied across a broad range of the light spectrum that spans the visible and near infrared regions. The interaction of light and nanoparticles affects the placement of charges which affects the coupling strength. Incident light polarized parallel to the substrate gives a s-polarization (Figure 1b), hence the charges are further from the substrate surface which gives a stronger interaction between the shell and core. Otherwise, a p-polarization is formed which gives a more strongly shifted plasmon energy causing a weaker interaction and coupling.

Discovery
The discovery of the nanoshell was made by Professor Naomi J. Halas and her team at Rice University in 2003. When she and her team discovered nanoshells, they weren't initially sure what potential such nanoshells held. "We said, 'Gee, what could it be good for?'" Halas told CNN. After many suggestions, cancer therapy came out of ongoing collaborations with bioengineers looking for different types of biomedical applications. "One of our visions", Halas stated, "no less than single visit diagnosis and treatment of cancer". In 2003 Halas was awarded for Best Discovery of 2003 by Nanotechnology Now.

Production
A state of the art method for synthesizing gold nanoshells is the use of the Microfluidic Composite Foams. This method has the potential to replace the standard lithographic method of synthesizing plasmonic nanoshells. The production process described below was an experiment performed by Suhanya Duraiswamy and Saif A. Khan of the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering in Singapore. Although this method was an experiment, it represents the future of nanoshells synthesis.

The materials required for the production of the nanoshells are the following; Tetraethyl orthosilicate, ammonium hydroxide, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 3-aminopropyl tris, hydrogentetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ethanol, Ultrapure water and glassware washed in aqua regia and rinsed thoroughly in water. )

The first step in synthesizing nanoshells in this method is by creating the device for the reaction to take place within. Microfluidic device patterns were fabricated onto silicon wafers by standard photolithography using negative photoresist SU-8 2050. Devices were subsequently molded in poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) using the soft lithography technique.(40) Briefly, PDMS was molded onto the SU-8 masters at 70 °C for 4 h, peeled, cut, and cleaned. Inlet and outlet holes (1/16-in. o.d.) were punched into the device. The microchannels were irreversibly bonded to a glass slide precoated with a thin layer of PDMS after a brief 35 s air plasma treatment. The microchannels have rectangular cross-section and are 300 μm wide, 155 μm deep, and 0.45 m long.

The actual production of the nanoparticles involves pumping "silicone oil, a mixture of gold-seeded silica particles and gold-plating solution and reducing agent solution to the microfluidic device while nitrogen gas was delivered from a cylinder." The plating solution was then left to age, in a controlled environment, for longer than 24 hours. After the aging process, the fluid is collected from the Microfluidic Device and placed in a centrifuge. The resulting liquid has a layer of oil on the surface with a solution below that contains the nanoshells.

The reason this method is revolutionary is that the size and relative thickness of the gold nanoshell can be controlled by changing the amount of time the reaction is allowed to take place as well as the concentration of the plating solution. Thereby allowing researchers to tailor the particles to suit their given needs. Albeit for optics or cancer treatment.

Cancer treatment
Gold-shelled nanoparticles, which are spherical nanoparticles with silica and/or liposome cores and gold shells, are used in cancer therapy and bio-imaging enhancement. Theranostic probes – capable of detection and treatment of cancer in a single treatment – are nanoparticles that have binding sites on their shell that allow them to attach to a desired location (typically cancerous cells) then can be imaged through dual modality imagery (an imaging strategy that uses x-rays and radionuclide imaging) and through near-infrared fluorescence. The reason gold nanoparticles are used is due to their vivid optical properties which are controlled by their size, geometry, and their surface plasmons. Gold nanoparticles (such as AuNPs) have the benefit of being biocompatible and the flexibility to have multiple different molecules, and fundamental materials, attached to their shell (almost anything that can normally be attached to gold can be attached to the gold nano-shell, which can be used in helping identifying and treating cancer). The treatment of cancer is possible only because of the scattering and absorption that occurs for plasmonics. Under scattering, the gold-plated nano-particles become visible to imaging processes that are tuned to the correct wavelength which is dependent upon the size and geometry of the particles. Under absorption, photothermal ablation occurs, which heats the nanoparticles and their immediate surroundings to temperatures capable of killing the cancer cells. This is accomplished with minimal damage to cells in the body due to the utilization of the "water window" (the spectral range between 800 and 1300 nm). As the human body is mostly water, this optimizes the light used versus the effects rendered.

These gold nanoshells are shuttled into tumors by the use of phagocytosis, where phagocytes engulf the nanoshells through the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or macrophage. After this it is shuttled into a cell and enzymes are usually used to metabolize it and shuttle it back out of the cell. These nanoshells are not metabolized so for them to be effective they just need to be within the tumor cells and photo-induced cell death (as described above) is used to terminate the tumor cells. This scheme is shown in Figure 2.

Nanoparticle-based therapeutics have been successfully delivered into tumors by exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention effect, a property that permits nanoscale structures to be taken up passively into tumors without the assistance of antibodies.[4] Delivery of nanoshells into the important regions of tumors can be very difficult. This is where most nanoshells try to exploit the tumor's natural recruitment of monocytes for delivery as seen in the above figure. This delivery system is called a "Trojan Horse".

This process works so well since tumors are about ¾ macrophages and once monocytes are brought into the tumor, it differentiates into macrophages which would also be need to maintain the cargo nanoparticles. Once the nanoshells are at the necrotic center, near-infrared illumination is used to destroy the tumor associated macrophages.

Additionally, these nanoparticles can be made to release antisense DNA oligonucleotides when under photo-activation. These oligonucleotides are used in conjunction with the photo-thermal ablation treatments to perform gene-therapy. This is accomplished because nanoparticle complexes are delivered inside of cells then undergo light induced release of DNA from their surface. This will allow for the internal manipulation of a cell and provide a means for monitoring a group cells return to equilibrium.

Another example of nanoshell plasmonics in cancer treatment involves placing drugs inside of the nanoparticle and using it as a vehicle to deliver toxic drugs to cancerous sites only. This is accomplished by coating the outside of a nanoparticle with iron oxide (allowing for easy tracking with an MRI machine), then once the area of the tumor is coated with the drug-filled nanoparticles, the nanoparticles can be activated using resonant light waves to release the drug.

title: Nanoshell


text: Talk:Yale School of Medicine

title: Talk:Yale School of Medicine


text:
Talk:Iron Man

Semi-protected edit request on 20 April 2019
Please add in that Tony Stark is canonically bisexual. It is an important part of his personality and it is important that his part in showing LGBTQIA+ representation is acknowledged. Calamityrogers (talk) 10:27, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Can you provide a cite for that, please? -- The Anome (talk) 10:41, 20 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Zingarese talk  ·  contribs  21:43, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 April 2019
Hi I just wanted to add that toward the end of Robert Downey Jr.'s career, he died in the movie "Avengers: Endgame" Thanks Antonyjoshua18 (talk) 03:18, 29 April 2019 (UTC)

 * ❌ Not true. — MRD2014 (talk) 22:39, 29 April 2019 (UTC)

Merger with Iron Man's armor
User:Dylanvt proposed this after User:Nightscream declined a PROD. A quick glance at the two articles indicates to me that 1) the material at the armor article is not adequately covered here and 2) the character article is already too laden with in-universe material to make a merge practical. I oppose the merger. In addition, I have been asked to help improve the armor article by User:Penguin7812, and my advice was for him to convert the prose at the armor article into a table that shows the armor name, it's first appearance, a brief not if there's something special about it, and a reference. Argento Surfer (talk) 18:11, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I proposed merging the armor article into this article, and I would add a further stipulation that the armor article be vastly reduced. Almost 100% of the content in that article is in-universe and lacks citations to third-party sources. Dylanvt (talk) 18:22, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Iron Man's armor in other media should probably be considered at this time as well, since it wouldn't make sense to have that stand alone if the main armor article gets merged. Argento Surfer (talk) 18:42, 8 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm against the idea. The merger would just overflow with information and make it unreadable. The armors have enough potential to stand as its own article just as a list. Perhaps we can recreate the article to be more fitting.Penguin7812 (talk) 19:43, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

Oppose. The In other Media page should be merged but not the main page. But I am one who felt that the Spider-Man’s power and equipment (or at least an separate article on his web-shooters and Costumes) and Superman’s power should have stayed too. So maybe my opinion shouldn’t matter since they were deleted. Jhenderson 7 7 7  20:07, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

 * But there is no denying that the article is excessive. It needs a trim badly. Jhenderson  7 7 7  20:09, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

Oppose - I also oppose the merge. and are right about their claims. If the info on the armors are to be trimmed, the important information about them must be spared. --Rtkat3 (talk) 20:10, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose merging, but I note that Iron Man's armor in other media also has large amounts of unsourced material. Perhaps if both articles on Iron Man's armor are reduced to what is properly sourced, they could be merged together into a single article of reasonable length. bd2412  T 20:25, 8 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I'd support this. The "in other media" description doesn't work for me because it assumes the reader will know that means "non-comic media". Argento Surfer (talk) 20:37, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose merger as per above, as it is one of the most notable non-character fictional elements in comic books and related media. BOZ (talk) 22:42, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

Since the consensus is against the merger, I will proceed and remove the merger template now. Penguin7812 (talk) 05:11, 15 May 2019 (UTC)

musk is iron man?
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/09/elon-musk-the-real-life-iron-man is this a one off article or has this comparison been made enough to have a mention in the cultural section?

Semi-protected edit request on 18 July 2019
I really want to say something about Iron Man. Please let me edit. Thanks!

charlotte] 15 years old 28bachmancharlott (talk) 00:55, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg Not done: requests for decreases to the page protection level should be directed to the protecting admin or to Requests for page protection if the protecting admin is not active or has declined the request. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 01:15, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 October 2019
I want to request you to write on the top that iron man is strong 2001:E68:5418:71C1:59D4:2528:45AA:381D (talk) 04:36, 26 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: you've given no reason and no sources. NiciVampireHeart 06:07, 26 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 16:25, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

Partnerships
Can we add Janet Van Dyne, aka the Wasp, in Tony's Partnerships? They recently haved a relationship. Johnf69 (talk) 08:59, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 October 2020
95.246.175.35 (talk) 09:16, 21 October 2020 (UTC) It's not going to be ab achieved footage, he's going to reprise his role in Black Widow
 * Hi IP editor, I'm afraid it's not clear what you want to change here, or what your source is. Please be specific about the changes, along the lines of 'Change X to Y, based on this source...'. Cheers Girth Summit  (blether)  09:21, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 November 2020
87.19.172.51 (talk) 17:01, 15 November 2020 (UTC) It will not be archivied footage, Downey Jr. will actually reprise his role
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 18:05, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Statue erected in Forte dei Marmi, Italy
In 2019, a statue was erected. I think that would be a great adding for Reception. Here's a source : https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/iron-man-statue-italy-avengers-endgame --HowToGetAwayWithAnnoyingEditors (talk) 18:30, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 November 2020
I want to change his birthday ok? Its not correct. Pls its a birthday. 108.28.95.94 (talk) 22:45, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Be specific and include the source. RudolfRed (talk) 00:35, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

Link to 2008 film
I was looking for the 2008 film "Iron Man". After arriving at this page, it took me a while to find it. Maybe a link could be added at the top? Normally if I type the name of a film into Wikipedia, I get a link to it fairly quickly. Grand Dizzy (talk) 12:09, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. The article is at Iron Man (2008 film). IronManCap (talk) 14:44, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Grand Dizzy (talk) 17:51, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 September 2021
He does not have superhuman strength 1234onetwo (talk) 21:20, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Wearing his Iron Man armor provides him superhuman strength, even if Tony Stark remains a regular human. IronManCap (talk) 21:26, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 April 2022
Was Daboy 0 (talk) 21:06, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Cannolis (talk) 21:11, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Pa seen poes
Pa se poes 41.114.225.175 (talk) 18:03, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 January 2023
2A02:C7E:2C3A:A600:80DD:6A27:8A41:B7DC (talk) 18:56, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

"Ironheart (Avataars: Covenant of the Shield)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ironheart_(Avataars:_Covenant_of_the_Shield)&redirect=no Ironheart (Avataars: Covenant of the Shield)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 08:49, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 September 2023
"many that double as business rivals for Stark" -> "twice as many business rivals for Stark." "Many that double" sounds strange and unnatural. 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:E9EE:AFCC:C60:16CF (talk) 10:44, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Changing to "twice as many still read strange and doesn't flow well with preceding wordings.  — Paper9oll  (🔔 • 📝)  15:35, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

 * It does not mean twice as many. It means that many of Iron Man's villains are also business rivals to Tony Stark.  RudolfRed (talk) 17:50, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I see. This interpretation makes much more sense! We're good here. Thanks! 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:40CA:BA96:538D:45F2 (talk) 22:23, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

The Avenger´s
"In the iconic group of heros called the Avenger´s.. With Captain America Hawkeye Black-Widow the hulk Thor and Iron man..¨ They have been the main superhero group since 1963..! They are all made up characters by Stan lee.. ¨Stan Lee, (born December 28, 1922, New York, New York, U.S.—died November 12, 2018, Los Angeles, California), American comic book writer best known for his work with Marvel Comics.¨ 64.6.5.146 (talk) 15:42, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

Inclusion of trivia
, you need to provide reliable sources to demonstrate that information is significant enough for inclusion. If characters such as 1872 Iron Man and Iron Maniac are not mentioned in any sources outside of the comics, then they're irrelevant and should not be mentioned in the article at all. You're currently giving them disproportionate weight by adding them. The big ugly alien ( talk ) 18:45, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * while this might be valid for 1872 version, iron maniac becomes significant on the count of the iron man which was evil or villainous and the end counts as a what if story where iron man is at end of life or dying. if mentioning strictly in secondary sources such as comic book review sites and or documentary books regarding comics is required then the vast majority of alternative versions of comic characters would have to be removed from wikipedia and that would make articles on comic characters not acknowledging that any alternative versions exist. would not that be the case? what makes the 2 versions before my inclusion significant and why the source stating them makes them significant? Mussharraf Hossen Shoikot (talk) 18:58, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Significance on Wikipedia is based on the sources. We don't decide what to add and then find sources for it; that's writing the article backward. We look at the sources and we add what they say. We don't get to just decide that "he's evil" or "he's dying" automatically makes something significant. The big ugly alien  ( talk ) 19:08, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * what is your source of significance for alternate versions of any comic character? Mussharraf Hossen Shoikot (talk) 19:17, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That they're covered in reliable sources beyond their appearances in the comic book stories. The big ugly alien  ( talk ) 19:19, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * what are the reliable sources for alternate versions of any comic character? comic book review sites and or documentary books? if so, why not remove alternate versions entirely? how many alternate versions of most characters have secondary mentions? Mussharraf Hossen Shoikot (talk) 19:33, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * There's no obligation or requirement that alternate versions be included. Wikipedia is a summary of reliable sources. Comic book characters don't get an exemption from this. The big ugly alien  ( talk ) 19:38, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

Editing Plan for CSCI 5125
Biographical Extension: Our suggested changes are meant to improve the depiction of Tony Stark's beginnings, including his childhood, his schooling, and his career pursuits before he became Iron Man. This includes a careful examination of significant events in Stark's life, both inside and outside of his superhero persona. Detailed Suit Analysis: A whole section will focus on the various ways that the Iron Man suit has been adapted for comic books, movies, and other media. This section will provide fans with a thorough grasp of Iron Man's changing armor by delving into the technological improvements, special features, and historical relevance of each incarnation. Character Evolution Analysis: By highlighting important themes, internal struggles, and pivotal moments, our research will analyze Tony Stark's character journey chronologically. The entire Stark journey—from his early depiction as a brazen billionaire to his development into an experienced superhero and powerful leader—will be thoroughly and perceptively examined. Cultural Impact and Legacy: This essay will examine how society, the superhero genre, and popular culture in general have been greatly impacted by Iron Man. This includes talking about his impact on culture, how he affects other superheroes, and how important he is to the larger Marvel Cinematic Universe. Vuongdovu (talk) 22:27, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 March 2024
Biographical Extension Edit:

Change: Add a detailed section on Tony Stark's childhood, education, and early career, including his upbringing in Long Island, New York, his attendance at MIT, and his early achievements in technology and engineering.

Proposed Edit: A new section entitled "Early Life and Education" will be added to the Wikipedia page to provide a comprehensive overview of Tony Stark's formative years. This section will delve into Stark's upbringing in Long Island, New York, where he was born into the affluent Stark family. Details about his parents, particularly his father Howard Stark, a prominent industrialist and inventor, will be included to contextualize Tony's early influences.

The narrative will then shift to Stark's academic pursuits, highlighting his exceptional intelligence and passion for technology. It will be noted that Stark attended the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he studied engineering and computer science. This period of his life will be explored to showcase Stark's early achievements and contributions to the field, possibly including any groundbreaking projects or inventions he may have developed during his time at MIT.

Furthermore, emphasis will be placed on Stark's entrepreneurial endeavors during his early career. As a young prodigy in the field of technology and engineering, Stark will be depicted as having founded or played a significant role in the development of Stark Industries, the multinational conglomerate founded by his father. Details about Stark's innovative projects, business ventures, and technological advancements during this period will be included to illustrate his rise to prominence in the business world. Vuongdovu (talk) 00:19, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * ❌ As it said in the edit request notice, you cannot request changes without describing the exact words you want changed. You also need to provide reliable sources to verify your changes. As it stands, these are unlikely to be added because this is a fictional character and it should not be written like a real-life biography. The big ugly alien  ( talk ) 01:05, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 March 2024
new section titled "Evolution of the Iron Man Suit" will be introduced to the Wikipedia page to offer readers an in-depth analysis of the iconic armor worn by Tony Stark. This section aims to explore the evolution of the Iron Man suit across different mediums, including comic books, movies, television shows, and video games.

The analysis will begin with the origin of the Iron Man suit, tracing its inception back to its comic book debut in "Tales of Suspense" #39 in 1963. The evolution of the suit will be discussed chronologically, highlighting significant technological advancements and design changes that have occurred over the years.

Key iterations of the Iron Man suit, such as the Mark I, Mark II, and subsequent models, will be examined in detail. This analysis will include discussions on the introduction of new features, such as repulsor technology, advanced artificial intelligence systems (e.g., J.A.R.V.I.S. and F.R.I.D.A.Y.), and modular components that allow for customization and adaptation to different situations.

Furthermore, the section will explore how the Iron Man suit has been adapted for various media adaptations, including the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), animated television series, and video games. Differences and similarities between the comic book iterations and their on-screen counterparts will be highlighted, along with the creative decisions behind these adaptations.

Visual aids, such as concept art, promotional images, and screenshots from movies or television shows, may be included to supplement the analysis and provide visual reference points for readers. Vuongdovu (talk) 03:36, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

 * What sources are you basing this on? Because it sounds a lot like you are planning to add original research to me, which is not allowed per WP:NOR. MrOllie (talk) 03:42, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iron Man


text:
Teknival

Teknivals (a portmanteau of the words tekno and festival) are large free parties which take place for several days. They take place most often in Europe and are often illegal under various national or regional laws. They vary in size from dozens to thousands of people, depending on factors such as accessibility, reputation, weather, and law enforcement. The parties often take place in venues far away from residential areas such as squatted warehouses, empty military bases, beaches, forests or fields. The teknival phenomenon is a grassroots movement which has grown out of the rave, punk, reggae sound system and UK traveller scenes and spawned an entire subculture. Summer is the usual season for teknivals.

History
Teknivals are a larger scale version of free parties and emerged in the early 1990s, when acid house parties and travellers in Great Britain became the target of political repression, culminating in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Section 63 of the Act gave the police new powers to close down illegal parties.

Sound systems then started travelling to countries in Europe where laws were less restrictive and the authorities were uncertain how to stop the festivals. One of the most famous of these sound systems was Spiral Tribe, which was at the forefront of the free party movement in Europe. Other systems were called Bedlam, Circus Normal, Circus Warp and Vox Populi. Desert Storm sound system organised teknivals in France and Spain and brought raves to war-torn Sarajevo, Bosnia, in 1996. At one party the front-line was 10 kilometres away and they were asked to turn off their lights in case they attracted enemy fire.

While some teknivals are one-off events, most take place every year on or around the same date; the biggest, such as the ones in France or Czech Republic, can attract up to 100,000 visitors (2003, France). Just as the word 'teknival' was formed by merging the words 'tekno' and 'festival', teknivals in different countries are referred to by abbreviated names, such as the aforementioned Czechtek, Frenchtek (North France) and also Poltek (Poland), Slovtek (Slovakia), Southtek (South Germany), Bulgariatek (Bulgaria), Rotek (Romania) Helltek (Greece, Hellas in Greek), AlbaniaTek (Albania), Dutchtek (Netherlands), Easttek (East Germany), U-Tek (Ukraine), Northtek (Canada) and Occitek (Occitania, South France). NorthTek was held on Crown Land in Ontario.

Music
Since a teknival can last a week or longer, many musical styles will be represented. The music which grew in tandem with teknivals was free tekno, which is characterised by heavy, repetitive kick drums and is normally about 180 bpm. The DJs and party goers are unconcerned by musical boundaries, so a lot of different, mostly electronic, music is played and performed. Most sound systems play styles such as acid techno, hardcore, frenchcore, electro, techno, jungle music, raggacore, skullstep, neurofunk, breakcore, schranz and speedcore. Instead of focusing on genre, the music can be characterised by being more underground than the music heard in clubs and at commercial parties, although some sound systems might specialise in a certain subgenre. The music is played by DJs playing vinyl records and Mp3 files on a computer. Livesets are also frequently played using a variety of equipment: keyboards, drum machines, guitar effects pedals, MIDI controller and computers. At early teknivals, sound systems would play until either no-one was left dancing or the diesel ran out in the generator.

Subculture
Anyone is welcome to enter the site, there is no ticket or fee. Normally any artist who turns up is encouraged to participate. Over the course of a few days, the site can grow into a village of sound systems, cafes, tents and vehicles. The teknival is often regarded as an example of what Hakim Bey has termed the Temporary Autonomous Zone, though in interviews Bey has professed that rave culture's interest in technology remains problematic for the implementation of the TAZ. However this has not stopped various groups from claiming the teknival and rave culture in general as the implementation of the TAZ. French ravers reached out to José Bové to make a political alliance but were rebuffed.

At the teknival site one finds a mixed group of young people which may include students, tekno travellers, squatters and hippies, bonded together by their love for listening to free tekno 'sous les etoiles' (translation: 'under the stars') - as an early flyer proclaimed. It is usually the perception that there is no "coherent" politics or philosophical stance represented by the teknival subculture, mainly due to the fact that emphasis is placed on individual freedom. Many young teknival goers are disillusioned with mainstream politics. Nevertheless, the parties themselves require complex collective organisation and, in order to be successful, a sustainable environment of community relations. In themselves such events can be seen as a political statement of self-organisation at a distance from the State. Clashes with the police have mobilised some people to action against laws which would prohibit self-organisation and gathering to enjoy teknivals. These clashes date back to the 1980s (when teknivals were arguably indistinguishable from UK Orbital raves, summer acid house parties, UK traveller gatherings, Stonehenge pagan events, early tribal gatherings, trance parties in Goa, India and the like) and have continued to be part of teknival life. In April 2006 there was a march followed by a small teknival in Strasbourg, France to protest against police repression generally and more specifically against the closure of Czechtek in 2005. During the implementation of the Criminal Justice Act in the UK, various large-scale protests took place during daylight and in public. The Reclaim the Streets and Carnivals Against Capital of the 1990s that led up to and beyond the Seattle WTO protests (and subsequent "anti-globalization" events) drew from teknival and rave organisation and culture, often involving many of the same organisers and cross-section of the population.

As occurs with many subcultures, a dress code has developed. This 'underground look' involves dark, baggy clothing (often ex-military) and extreme haircuts, such as dyed hair, dreadlocks or a shaved head (or a combination of the above). Body piercings and tattoos are common. People often buy large vehicles second-hand such as decommissioned buses, coaches or trucks. The vehicles are often primarily homes, lived in permanently or for a few months while travelling. They are also used to transport sound equipment. The tekno traveller is generally known as a mix between a New Age traveller and a crust punk.

Organization
Sound systems gather on the site and play varied types of electronic music. Along with each sound system come friends and travellers so most teknivals have a multicultural atmosphere. The parties can last for several days or even weeks. Teknivals are organised by the sound system community using underground methods such as word of mouth, answerphone messages, flyer (pamphlet) and internet discussion boards. Normally the flyer states that the party is an open invitation, thus any artist who turns up can play music. The emphasis is on a DIY ethic. As well as local sound systems, who might act as the hosts, larger sound systems can spend the summer travelling from one teknival to the next before returning to their home country for the winter.

Despite public perceptions, drug deaths at parties are rare. Two people died at a teknival at Marigny-le-Grand in Marne in 2005, one from a cocktail of alcohol and drugs, the other from an allergic reaction to a caterpillar.

French teknivals
In France teknivals began in 1993. The May Day teknival at Fontainebleau near Paris was attracting 60-80,000 people by the late 1990s and in 2004 over 110,000 with over 200 sound systems. Eventual amendments to the public safety laws, the Loi sur la Securité Quotidienne, were passed in 2002 (known as the "Mariani Law" named after politician Thierry Mariani) in which free parties became linked with terrorism. Like the UK’s Criminal Justice Act, this effectively criminalized large free festivals and increased police powers to prevent these events. Legitimate teknivals, now dubbed "Sarkovals" after Nicolas Sarkozy (formerly the Minister of the Interior and President) would require permission from the Ministry. However, while regulatory interventions have inaugurated the institutionalization and commercialization of a scene rooted in an autonomous vibe, the parties continued. A legal party near Chambéry drew 80,000 ravers. Sound systems were occasionally seized at illegal parties, for example at Bouafles in 2009 and Saint-Martin-de-Crau in 2011.

Currently French law permits free parties with 500 people or under (subject to no noise complaints), and while Prefets generally refuse the applications now required for free parties with over 500 people, through constant negotiations with the Ministry of Interior since the August 2002 teknival on the French/Italian frontier at Col de l’Arches where sound crews set up rigs inside the Italian border facing the party goers in France, the French Government have reluctantly allowed up to three large teknivals each year, even though they are technically unauthorized events. Teknivals also take place outside legal festivals such as Printemps de Bourges, Transmusicales in Rennes or Borealis in Montpellier. Teknival negotiators deal directly with the Ministry of Interior, not the Ministry of Culture (with whom the commercial ventures seeking official status must deal) indicating that they are largely not cultural but security concerns.

In May 2019, unexpectedly cold weather affected a teknival attended by 10,000 people in the Creuse department in central France. Thirty people were treated for hypothermia as the temperature dropped to -3 C.

UK teknivals
In 2002, the tenth anniversary of the legendary Castlemorton rave was celebrated at Steart Beach, where around 16,000 people turned up over the course of the weekend. In 2005, there was a UK Tek in Wales and also a teknival known as Scumtek that happened twice in London. The first Scumtek was stopped by the police. However a further four events have taken place under the Scumtek name, three of which were squats with teknival rig numbers, and Scumtek 3 which took place in the centre of London Docklands in April 2010 outside and inside with 23 rigs in attendance.

2006 saw a teknival occur in Camelford, Cornwall at Davidstow abandoned airfield. Approximately 2,500 people attended and it was eventually clamped down on by the police three days after it began. UK Tek 2008 took place in a moorland quarry above Rochdale in north Manchester resulting in a significant police response, including attacking ravers with batons. Dog units, mounted police, and police in full riot gear attended. The UK Tek in 2009 took place on a remote hillside near Brecon, Wales at an abandoned pub called The Drovers Arms, that is used by the MOD as a training location. In 2010 UK Tek was at Dale Aerodrome in Pembrokeshire, Wales again with approximately 2,500 attendees and police forced most people off site by the Sunday. In 2015 it took place in Lincolnshire at an old airfield that had been used in the past for raves. Police closed down soundsystems one by one, until the remaining system had the majority of ravers around it, and resisted Police lines and forced them to back down. 2017 UK Tek took place in Wales near Sennybridge, Brecon.

In May 2018, a UK Tek was organised near to the Welsh town of Brechfa in Carmarthenshire. The rave started at midnight on Saturday with the music not finishing until late Monday evening. Approximately 4,000 people were in attendance. South Wales Police were aware of the rave, but did not have the resources available to disperse such a large crowd of people. A police helicopter was used throughout the bank holiday weekend to monitor the actions on the ground. Late on Tuesday evening, rave attendees were still seen at the location cleaning up the majority of litter left behind.

In April 2022, an Easter Teknival took place in East Lulworth, Dorset. News sources claim that over 1000 revellers were in attendance over the 21 hour duration of the party.

Czech teknivals

In the Czech Republic, Czechtek was held annually from 1994. In 2005, police and 5,000 party-goers clashed resulting in 30 injured ravers and 50 injured police officers. There is also Czarotek (held annually in spring). When Czechtek has been discontinued after the event at Hradiště Military Area in 2006, more smaller open free parties are held through all the year. Czech travellers like Circus Alien, Strahov or Vosa continued to spread the vibe to various countries across Europe such as Bulgaria (from 2003), Romania, Spain, Poland or Ukraine (from 2006).

Bulgarian teknivals
Bulgariatek began in 2003 and takes place annually in early August, usually somewhere on the Black Sea coast.

The first noise complaint occurred in 2017 in Shkoprilovtsi and made the local authorities surprisingly notice that a teknival had been taking place on the beach every year for the last ten years.

title: Teknival