text:
Access Television Network

Access Television Network (ATN) was a company based in Coral Gables, Florida, that mainly carried paid programming for 300 cable television systems with a peak reach of 35 million households. It was generally broadcast by cable systems on existing channels during the early morning hours when no regular programming was scheduled, often overlaying that channel's own block of paid programming. In late 2002, ATN expanded with the purchase of the Product Information Network (PIN), a similar 24-hour cable infomercial network.

However, after incidents where ATN/PIN paid programming (often unknown to the customer where it was coming from) was laid over several NBA and NHL playoff games which went into multiple overtimes in the graveyard slot on their networks, earning heavy customer complaints to providers about the arrangement (along with networks such as Animal Planet beginning to carry a 24/7 schedule which would be pre-empted by the practice), networks cracked down on the practice of their own programming being overlaid by their carriage partners, and began to enforce their networks in future contracts as being carried as-is full-time, severely affecting the ATN/PIN business model. After that ATN began to be carried individually as its own channel on most systems, but was either completely ignored or immediately deleted by cable customers on their channel map who saw no original programming on its channel.

History
ATN was founded by William Bernard in 1993 in Irvine, California. It had over 200 shareholders which included a venture capital firm Spectrum Equity Investors and the Hearst Family Fund. ATN bought out Spectrum Equity with a loan through Wells Fargo Foothill. This loan was in turn purchased by Gladstone Capital who is the current largest debt holder of ATN.

In early 2012 ATN ceased operations as it could no longer generate sufficient revenues to pay its affiliates and satellite transponder obligations. George Henry filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy for Pacific Media Direct LLC on July 13, 2012.

title: Access Television Network


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/URINT

It seems like the author posted this entry as a joke. There's some info about URINT here. Salasks 05:21, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete & BJAODN. I know there may be something else there, but this is a joke. Geogre 13:28, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, joke. Andris 15:15, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * If it was a real term, I'd redirect to Urinalysis. Just delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:58, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Toilet humour by anon. The link given above gives no information about a serious use of the term: It’s jokingly called URINT, and it’s called that because it is intelligence that you circulate based on no empirical source at all, beyond a nagging feeling in one’s water. We could make a didef of that I guess, and then delete it. Marginal for BJAODN, I don't think it's nearly funny enough to bother. Andrewa 19:46, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Almost but not quite patent nonsense. Not funny enough for BJAODN. Dpbsmith 02:17, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Then set it on fire.  Then delete again.  Gamaliel 14:32, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Now, is it funny enough?? Better be good enough for BJAODN!
 * I think it's sorta funny in places; I chuckled at the PATRIOT Act part... but not enough for BJAODN. Flush it with a little nod to the author for a nice try. - Eisnel 07:55, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/URINT


text:
Elementals (Comico Comics)

Elementals is an American superhero comic book first published in 1984 and created by Bill Willingham, for which he was both writer and artist.

Publication history
The Elementals first appeared in the Justice Machine Annual, published by Texas Comics in 1983. The Elementals were supposed to become a bimonthly series, alternating with the Justice Machine, but Texas Comics folded after publishing the one comic. After Texas Comics folded, The Elementals were taken over by Comico Comics.

In a variety of specials and limited series, Comico published Elementals until 1996. Comico's publisher, Andrew Rev, purchased the Elementals property from Willingham in the 1990s.

Fictional setting and characters
When a centuries-old sorcerer named Lord Saker built a machine called the Shadowspear to harness the supernatural powers of the world, he upset the natural order of the universe. In response, the four elements, unimaginably powerful spirits who together formed the foundation of existence, each chose an ordinary human who had been killed by their element, and resurrected him or her. They granted each member control of that particular element, eternal youth, and the ability to heal from any wound (given sufficient time). The team consisted of:
 * Morningstar, aka Jeanette Crane, a Los Angeles homicide detective who had burned to death while confronting a serial arsonist; she received various fire-related abilities, including pyrokinesis and an immunity to fire.
 * Vortex, aka Jeff Murphy, a Coast Guard pilot and Vietnam veteran who was asphyxiated in a helicopter crash; he received various air-related abilities, including flight and wind-blasts.
 * Fathom, aka Becky Golden, a flighty debutante who fell off a boat and drowned; she received various water-related abilities, as well as bright green skin and webbed fingers. She was also able to convert her body entirely into sentient water and shoot high-pressure streams.
 * Monolith, aka Tommy Czuchra, a brilliant if introverted teenaged boy who was crushed to death by a landslide; he received the ability to become an enormous super-strong stone/earth golem. Later, Tommy came to follow Saker's view that the supernatural beings were entitled to be in charge across earth, and he quit the Elementals and absorbed some of Saker's 'black' magic, to become one of his generals. Monolith was then re-embodied in a deceased insurance salesman (Donald Ridgeway), who neither wanted the power, nor ever understood fully how to use it or how to integrate with the other three Elementals.

The four eventually defeated Saker and his minions, the Destroyers, a team of six: Shapeshifter, Annihilator, Chrysalis, Behemoth, Ratman (who later changed sides), and Electrocutioner.

Shadowspear, once released from Saker's control, formed a giant malevolent thunderstorm that circled the globe, occasionally transforming animals and corpses into monsters, thus keeping the Elementals busy for many years.

Reception
Martin A. Stever reviewed Elementals in Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer No. 83. Stever commented that "Willingham's imagination must be on overdrive to come up with some of the far out ideas in Elementals".

One-shots and mini-series

 * Elementals Special - 2 issues, 1986, 1989 (lead into v2)
 * Elementals: Sex Special - 4 issues, 1991–93
 * Elementals: Sex Special vol. 2, 2 issues, 1997
 * Elementals: Sexy Lingerie Special one-shot, 1993
 * Elementals: Ghost of a Chance one-shot, 1995
 * Elementals Swimsuit Spectacular 1996 one-shot
 * Elementals: How the War was won - 2 issues, 1996
 * Elementals: The Vampire's Revenge - 2 issues, 1996

Spin-offs

 * Justice Machine Featuring the Elementals - 4 issues, 1986
 * Fathom - 3 issues, 1987
 * Morningstar Special, 1990
 * Monolith - 4 issues, 1991
 * Vortex - 2 issues, 1991
 * Strikeforce America - 1 issue, 1992
 * Fathom vol. 2, 3 issues, 1992
 * Oblivion - 3 issues, 1995–96
 * Strikeforce America vol. 2, 1 issue, 1996

Trade paperback collection

 * Elementals: The Natural Order (160 pages, softcover, Comico Comics, November 1988, ISBN 0-938965-08-5) - reprints Justice Machine Annual and Elementals vol. 1, #1–5

title: Elementals (Comico Comics)


text:
Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)

The clerk of the Privy Council (greffier du Conseil privé) is the professional head of the Public Service of Canada. As the deputy minister for the Privy Council Office (the prime minister's department), the clerk is the senior civil servant in the Government of Canada and serves as the secretary to the Cabinet (secrétaire du Cabinet).

The role of the clerk is nonpartisan; clerks may serve multiple prime ministers and do not belong to any political party. As the secretary to the Cabinet, the role provides impartial advice to the ministry and oversees the advice and policy support given to Cabinet and its committees. As head of the public service, the clerk is responsible for other deputy ministers and the provision of non-partisan, expert advice to the government as a whole.

The clerk is a Governor-in-Council appointment made on the advice of the prime minister. On May 30, 2023, Prime Minister Trudeau announced that Janice Charette would retire on June 24, 2023, and that he would appoint John Hannaford to fill the position.

In the provinces and territories, the equivalent position of senior public servant is called the cabinet secretary or clerk of the executive council (in French, secrétaire du conseil exécutif or greffier du conseil exécutif, respectively).

History
The Privy Council for Canada was created and authorized by the Constitution Act, 1867, and there has been a clerk of the Privy Council since then.

The staff of the Privy Council increased from 142 to 352 between 1971 and 1975.

In 1989, reforms initiated by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney gave the clerk position its present day responsibilities. Expert Donald Savoie describes these as a combination of three roles: "the secretary of cabinet, the head of the non-partisan public service, and the deputy minister — or top bureaucrat — to the prime minister." One critique of this arrangement is that it could put senior nonpartisan officials in the position of taking partisan positions. Clerks generally have extensive previous experience in the Public Service of Canada before being appointed.

title: Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)


text:
Tomos

Tomos (Tovarna, Motornih koles, Sežana, "Motorcycle Factory Sežana") was a Slovene moped manufacturer based in Koper. It was founded in 1948. Tomos acquired a production license from Puch to produce moped models under the Tomos name in 1954. Tomos had since produced various goods for the Eastern European market, including motorcycles, mopeds, outboard motors and Citroën cars for the home market.

Tomos mopeds were also produced in Epe, Netherlands since 1966. A very good-selling model was the Tomos "4L", produced from 1969 until 1980. The Dutch development team was responsible for the introduction of models like the Colibri, Targa and Revival. Tomos was the last remaining moped factory in the Netherlands, surviving at least 36 others since 1966. Tomos mopeds were sold in the U.S. from 1976 to 2014. In 2017 Tomos had also expanded to the United Kingdom.

Tomos went bankrupt on January 3, 2019. After 1991 on all products there was 'Made in Slovenia' label.

Establishment
After World War II, the Yugoslav government sought to develop new industries. A company to produce two-wheelers was established in Sežana in July 1954, and soon a license agreement was signed with the Austrian company Steyr-Daimler-Puch. Puch had economical and robust motorcycles suitable for gravel roads and steep terrain characteristic of the region, and Puch also offered favorable licensing terms and conditions, as it doubted that the factory would ever be able to operate independently. The very next month, the name TOMOS (TOvarna MOtornih koles Sežana) appeared in the company documents for the first time. In October 1954, the Yugoslav government started to build the Tomos factory in Koper, the seaside industrial center of Slovenia. Production in temporary facilities started in 1955 and the factory was officially opened in 1959 by Josip Broz-Tito, the President of Yugoslavia.

Tomos remained a state-owned enterprise as Slovenia, with its close ties to Austria and Italy, was first to gain its independence as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia broke up in the early 90s. The company navigated these challenges successfully and in 1998 it was privatized and sold to Hidria, a private Slovenian corporation.

License production - motorcycles
Tomos first product was a motorcycle called TOMOS Puch SG 250. In 1955 they made 137 of these motorcycles and assembled 124 RL 125 scooters and one hundred mopeds. The next year, mopeds accounted for the majority (1712) of the total number of assembled units, followed by motorcycles (615) and scooters. Simultaneously with the licensed production, Tomos started development of its own serial models.

In the late 1950s, numerous variants of the moped Puch MS 50 were produced under the common name Colibri. The first Colibris were marked VS 50; later marks ranged from 01 to 013. Individual variants were adapted to foreign markets. In 1959, they produced more than 17,000 Colibris and signed a contract for the first major export to Sweden. Among the most successful Colibris was the type 12, while its version Colibri T 12, which was first presented in 1961 became the most popular moped in Slovenia.

In early 1960s, market research showed that the interest in heavy motorcycles was decreasing all over Europe, and Tomos adapted its range of motorcycles and focused exclusively on the production of two-stroke 50cc motorcycles. In order to ensure systematic and organized development, the factory in 1962 organized own Technical and Economic Research department.

The 1960s were the most productive period for Tomos. The Netherlands emerged as an important market in 1960. Tomos had so much success, that the only other plant outside of Slovenia was built in the Netherlands in 1966. Until 2009 the factory produced for the Dutch market along with research and development of new units. Tomos became the longest surviving moped factory in The Netherlands until production ended in 2009 due to the fact production- and labor costs are lower in Slovenia. The Netherlands remains the strongest market for Tomos today.

License production - automobiles
Beginning in 1959, Tomos began producing Citroën automobiles under license at the Koper plant, and selling them in the Yugoslav market. The Yugoslav automobile market was closed, so this joint venture with a local firm allowed Citroën to access the market.

In 1972 Tomos, Iskra, and Citroën formed a new company, Cimos (Citroën, Iskra, Tomos), for the manufacture and export of cars and car sub-assemblies. Iskra was a manufacturer of automotive components, especially generators.

Cimos was half owned by Citroën and half by the Yugoslav government. The Yugoslav government was short of hard currency and often used the barter system, paying Citroën with cereals and raw materials, which Citroën resold in Western Europe.

Locally made vehicles included the Ami 8, 2CV6, GS, and Citroën Dyane (called the Diana). Cimos also sold imported vehicles, the CX and Méhari. The Cimos GS can be distinguished by round headlights, developed for the US market but never used there.

In 1981, Cimos began to produce a specific model, the Dak, an enclosed cargo utility vehicle, very similar to the fourgonette. The basis was an unstretched Diana chassis, unlike the French Acadiane which was based on the longer chassis of the 2CV AK400. Cimos also prepared a pick up truck from the same basis, the Geri. Sales were 2,200 Dak and 900 Geri. Citroën did not allow Cimos to export these utility vehicles, and this rift led to the French firm ceasing delivery of parts to its Yugoslav partner by 1985, dooming the joint venture.

Own-design motorcycles - automatics
At the brink of the 1970s, Tomos started preparing for the production of "automatics" of its own design, as the market was increasingly interested in such type of motorcycles and the components produced abroad were more and more expensive. Therefore, they produced Automatic A1 with improved single gear engine which was built into the framework structure of the previous Automatic. Its successor, Automatic A3 was made in 1973 when they launched the new, modernized production line with automated machines for framework welding. This was the beginning of the production of new frameworks in Tomos which were visually different from the licensed Puch's motorcycle frameworks.

As the standard of living increased significantly in the 1970s, the number of young buyers also grew. These were attracted by automatics and mopeds of the type A-OS, A-ON and APN. The latter type was particularly popular among the young, which is why Tomos started producing special variants of these mopeds with raised handlebars, seat with back support, side bags and a lot of chrome.

In the 1970s, several new models of Colibris were sent to the markets. Colibris T-03, T-12 and T-13 had Puch's motors while Colibri 14V had inbuilt motor produced by Tomos, according to its own design. After 1973 all motorcycles and bicycles with motors attached produced by Tomos were equipped with in-house manufactured engines. In this period, they also developed Colibri 15 with a stronger motor which could almost compete with motorcycles.

Oil crisis and modernization
In the 1960s and 1970s Tomos' developmental activity reached its peak in terms of the volume of patents and prototypes. However, during the 1979–1980 time frame Tomos was faced with restrictive environmental standards for the first time. In the 1980s, Tomos modernized the entire range of two-wheelers and concentrated on reducing the level of noise and harmful emissions, and increased the rider's comfort along with a more modern look.

1976 saw the debut of Tomos in the United States of America through US distributors. There were many European manufacturers who had mopeds in the USA market. The market hit its zenith in 1979 as gas prices were at a premium and shortages were common due to a change in OPEC policy. People started to rethink their consumption of gasoline and looked to more efficient means. The moped surfaced as that alternative reaching over 100 mpg.

The entire range of two-wheelers was again competing globally after the modernization in the 1980s. The first product from this new range was APN 6 which was introduced in 1981. In 1985, TOMOS launched a new generation of motorcycles, the BT 50 with cast wheels and turn signals. Based on this model, TOMOS ATX 50 C was produced later for off-road use.

1990s
In the 1990s Tomos came out with the Sprint, Targa, and Targa LX. The later two were eventually changed to TOMOS ST and TOMOS LX. A new engine was introduced called the A35. Tomos USA was started in Spartanburg, South Carolina, in a new office and warehouse complex of over 24000 sqft.

2000s
In 2006 the A35 engine was replaced with the A55. This new engine featured lighter weight rotating parts as well as better power output. This engine is currently used on all 50cc applications.

In 2004, Slovenia was admitted into the European Union and a contract was signed with Germany's BMW to produce component parts for some of its units, that production continues today from Koper. New models introduced during these years such as the MC Off-Road Line, Revival, Streetmate, and Arrow. Complementing these new units was a new family engine called the A55 in 2006, meeting stricter EPA emission standards.

2010s
Tomos returned to the US market with two new mopeds, the redesigned Sprint with classic details, and the all-new Racing TT, but went bankrupt in 2019.

Products
Tomos XL45 Classic uk market
 * Tomos CTX 80
 * Tomos ATX 50
 * Tomos BT 50
 * Tomos AT 50 NL/UK Market
 * Tomos TS 50
 * Tomos NTX 50 (Netherlands only)
 * Tomos Flexer
 * Tomos Racing TT
 * Tomos Streetmate and Streetmate R
 * Tomos Arrow and Arrow R (Youngster)
 * Tomos Roadie
 * Tomos Revival
 * Tomos ST and Sprint (step-through models)
 * Tomos LX (top-tank model)
 * Tomos Colibri 15SLH
 * Tomos Classic (Japan only)
 * Tomos SGS 250
 * Tomos Electronic E90
 * Tomos Sprint Electronic
 * Tomos APN-4MS
 * Tomos APN-6 Alpino
 * Tomos a3
 * Tomos a3m
 * Tomos a3ms
 * Tomos S1 (Netherlands only)
 * Tomos APN 4
 * Tomos APN 4H (hippy)
 * Tomos APN 6
 * Tomos APN 6s
 * Tomos Automatic
 * Tomos LX

Supermoto

 * Tomos SE 125 F
 * Tomos SM 125 Replica Cup
 * Tomos Norton TN 750 Fastback 745 cm3

Outboard motors

 * Tomos 3.5
 * Tomos 4
 * Tomos 4.5
 * Tomos 4.8
 * Tomos 9.9
 * Tomos 10
 * Tomos 18

Cars

 * Tomos - Citroën 2CV "Spaček"
 * Tomos - Citroën Ami 6/8/Super
 * Tomos - Citroën DS
 * Tomos - Citroën HY
 * Tomos - Citroën Diana 6
 * Tomos - Citroën GS
 * Cimos Citroën GA
 * Cimos Citroën AX
 * Cimos Citroën BX
 * Cimos Citroën CX
 * Cimos Citroën Visa
 * Cimos Citroën C15
 * Cimos Citroën C25
 * Cimos Citroën C35
 * Tomos - Citroën DAK/Geri

Outsourcing scare
In November 2007, a statement was circulated which was interpreted to imply that Tomos' moped production would cease, as the company was no longer competitive against Chinese and Indian producers. The news caused a stir for several days in the Tomos moped community. However, a problem in translation had caused a misunderstanding, and the company later confirmed it was not ending sales, but instead outsourcing parts of the production.

title: Tomos


text:
Talk:Takalik Abaj

Tak'alik A´baj text in case anything should be incorporated here

 * Below text was at Tak'alik A´baj by User:Authenticmaya. Tak'alik A´baj was redirected to this article.

Tak’alik A’baj is located in the Guatemalan Pacific Low Lands, far away from Petén at the North, making it the biggest Mayan city in the Pacific Ocean coastal area in Mesoamérica, the city is also interesting due to its long occupation periods (800 BC to 900 AD), it is the only site in Mesoamerica with Olmec influences in the early years and Mayan influences afterward, and was a important commerce centre mainly with Kaminal Juyú and Chocol in what is now Guatemala City, and with Chocolá, to the east

The site is located in El Asintal, Retalhuleu some 118.06 milles (190 km) from Guatemala City in a paved road about 3 hrs, driving, during witch you will enjoy the major Volcanoes of Guatemala.

It has 82 monumental structures, including an astronomical observatory, temples, terraces, etc. and 282 monuments known to date, including impressive stelas and altars. The materials used are granite stones much different from the lime stone used in the Petén cities. Source UVG, Dr Marion Popenoe de Hatch

Long Count dates on stelae?
Would someone be so kind as to translate the Long Count dates shown on the lower of the two stelae graphics? The stone in the upper image appears to be too worn to see the whole date, but there are two dates on the lower graphic that would be interesting to know more about. Cheers -- Erik Anderson, 207.118.47.246 (talk) 15:36, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * See Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar for the translation/transliteration of the dates listed on Stela 5. That article explains how to read Long Count dates, etc.  Hope this helps, Madman (talk) 16:10, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It turns out that the drawing was flipped (r to left). That may account for some of the problem. Madman (talk) 03:58, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Amazing job
My watchlist was showing you'd been working on this article, so I thought I'd stop by and see how things are coming along. I was amazed at the content you've added -- wow! Keep up the good work!! Madman (talk) 03:58, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks Madman - as with Quiriguá, I'm buried under mountains of information, so I think I can keep going for a while yet... Best regards, Simon Burchell (talk) 07:25, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

I fully agree with Madman: Fantastic work! Just out of curiosity: what criterion did you use to include certain terraces/structures/altars/monuments/stelae? Availability of sources or best preserved or something else? bamse (talk) 09:42, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks Bamse. Inclusion of terraces, monuments etc. was down to availability of sources. Any that are not included are not sufficiently described in the sources I have available. I would have liked to give a far more detailed description of the terraces of the Central Group, for example, but had very little info. Best regards, Simon Burchell (talk) 09:52, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Article length
After my massive expansion of this article, I'm toying with the idea of submitting it for FA at some future date (and certainly not immediately), however I'm concerned about the article possibly being too lengthy - does anyone have an opinion on this? It might be worthwhile spooling off the majority of munuments etc. into a separate List of monuments at Takalik Abaj (for example) with just the more notable monuments being left here. On the other hand I might just throw the whole article up for FA review and see if it gets spat back out again. Any views either way? Simon Burchell (talk) 12:33, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It's not too long for my tastes, but others less interested in the topic than I am may feel differently. Hard to predict what would be said in FAC, still a bit of a lottery. At >70kb it's getting up there, but there are some lengthier FAs around (Nahuatl is 98 kb for eg). Agree that having a list of monuments article wld be the most sensible way to hive off some of the info. Maybe such a list can be started anyway, then if later during FA it becomes an issue a head-start has already been made (the list wld not necessarily be in same format/presentation/content as the info currently in the article). I would not want to lose all that info from the main article altogether, agree it needs to cover at least the major / more significant ones.--cjllw ʘ  TALK 01:19, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

For the record, in case anyone comes along here in a year or two's time and wonders if this is a reduced article - the whole thing got through FA unscathed. Simon Burchell (talk) 11:47, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

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spelling
Spelling varies throughout the article, and the placement of the glottal stop seems inconsistent with the given Mayan pronunciation. So which is it: a'baj, ab'aj', ab'aj, or abäj? Or are these variants? Is there a standard spelling?--2.200.163.108 (talk) 11:45, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Takalik Abaj


text: Talk:Davey Havok

title: Talk:Davey Havok


text:
Stenonychosaurus

Stenonychosaurus (meaning "narrow claw lizard") is a genus of troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada, as well as possibly the Two Medicine Formation. The type and only species, S. inequalis, was named by Charles Mortram Sternberg in 1932, based on a foot, fragments of a hand, and some caudal vertebrae from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta. S. inequalis was reassigned in 1987 by Phil Currie to the genus Troodon, which was reverted by the recognition of Stenonychosaurus as a separate genus from the possibly dubious Troodon in 2017 by Evans et al. and also later in the same year by Van der Reest and Currie.

History of discovery
The first specimens currently assigned to Troodon that were not teeth were both found by Sternberg in 1928, in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. The first was named Stenonychosaurus inequalis by Sternberg in 1932, based on a foot, fragments of a hand, and some tail vertebrae. A remarkable feature of these remains was the enlarged claw on the second toe, which is now recognized as characteristic of early paravians. Sternberg initially classified Stenonychosaurus as a member of the family Coeluridae. The second, a partial lower jaw bone, was described by Gilmore (1932) as a new species of lizard which he named Polyodontosaurus grandis. Later, in 1951, Sternberg recognized P. grandis as a possible synonym of Troodon, and speculated that since Stenonychosaurus had a "very peculiar pes" and Troodon "equally unusual teeth", they may be closely related. No comparable specimens were available at that time to test the idea.

The holotype of Stenonychosaurus inequalis, CMN 8539, is a partial skeleton consisting of six caudal vertebrae, hand bones, the distal end of the left tibia and astragalus, and a complete left foot. A couple of cranial specimens were also referred to the genus: UALVP 52611 (a nearly complete skull roof) and TMP 1986.036.0457 (a partial braincase). A more complete skeleton of Stenonychosaurus was described by Dale Russell in 1969 from the Dinosaur Park Formation, which eventually formed the scientific foundation for a famous life-sized sculpture of Stenonychosaurus accompanied by its fictional, humanoid descendant, the "dinosauroid".

Stenonychosaurus became a well-known theropod in the 1980s, when the feet and braincase were described in more detail. Along with Saurornithoides, it formed the family Saurornithoididae. Based on differences in tooth structure, and the extremely fragmentary nature of the original Troodon formosus specimens, saurornithoidids were thought to be close relatives while Troodon was considered a dubious possible relative of the family. Phil Currie, reviewing the pertinent specimens in 1987, showed that supposed differences in tooth and jaw structure among troodontids and saurornithoidids were based on age and position of the tooth in the jaw, rather than a difference in species. He reclassified Stenonychosaurus inequalis as well as Polyodontosaurus grandis and Pectinodon bakkeri as junior synonyms of Troodon formosus. Currie also made Saurornithoididae a junior synonym of Troodontidae. In 1988, Gregory S. Paul went farther and included Saurornithoides mongoliensis in the genus Troodon as T. mongoliensis, but this reclassification, along with many other unilateral synonymizations of well known genera, was not adopted by other researchers. Currie's classification of all North American troodontid material in the single species Troodon formosus became widely adopted by other paleontologists, and all of the specimens once called Stenonychosaurus were referred to as Troodon in the scientific literature through the early 21st century.

However, the concept that all Late Cretaceous North American troodontids belong to one species began to be questioned soon after Currie's 1987 paper was published, including by Currie himself. Currie and colleagues (1990) noted that, while they believed the Judith River troodontids were all T. formosus, troodontid fossils from other formations, such as the Hell Creek Formation and Lance Formation, might belong to different species. In 1991, George Olshevsky assigned the Lance formation fossils, which had first been named Pectinodon bakkeri but later synonymized with Troodon formosus to the species Troodon bakkeri, and several other researchers (including Currie) reverted to keeping the Dinosaur Park Formation fossils separate as Troodon inequalis.

In 2011, Zanno and colleagues reviewed the convoluted history of troodontid classification in Late Cretaceous North America. They followed Longrich (2008) in treating Pectinodon bakkeri as a valid genus, and noted that it is likely the numerous Late Cretaceous specimens currently assigned to Troodon formosus almost certainly represent numerous new species, but that a more thorough review of the specimens is required. Because the holotype of T. formosus is a single tooth, this may render Troodon a nomen dubium.

In 2017, Evans and colleagues, building on the work of Zanno and others, confirmed the currently undiagnostic nature of the holotype of Troodon formosus and suggested that Stenonychosaurus be used for troodontid skeletal material from the Dinosaur Park Formation. Later in 2017, Van der Reest and Currie found Stenonychosaurus to be a valid genus, but reassigned much of the known material to the new genus Latenivenatrix.

Many Dinosaur Park troodontid specimens once referred to Troodon have recently been referred to Stenonychosaurus and Latenivenatrix. The specimens now referred to Stenonychosaurus include several frontals (UALVP 5282, TMP 1986.078.0040, TMP 1988.050.0088, TMP 1991.036.0690), a partial dentary (TMP 1982.019.0151), and the distal portion of a left metatarsal III (TMP 1998.068.0090).

In 2021, a more comprehensive re-analysis of the morphology and stratigraphic positions of known skeletal material assigned to Stenonychosaurus and Latenivenatrix determined that several characters described as diagnostic of Latenivenatrix are in fact individually variable, that both taxa overlap stratigraphically, and that Latenivenatrix mcmasterae is a junior synonym of Stenonychosaurus inequalis. This leaves S. inequalis as the only valid troodontid taxon currently identified from the Dinosaur Park Formation.

The "Dinosauroid"
In 1982, Dale A. Russell, then curator of vertebrate fossils at the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa, conjectured a possible evolutionary path for Stenonychosaurus, if it had not perished in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, suggesting that it could have evolved into intelligent beings similar in body plan to humans. Over geologic time, Russell noted that there had been a steady increase in the encephalization quotient or EQ (the relative brain weight when compared to other species with the same body weight) among the dinosaurs. Russell had discovered the first Troodontid skull, and noted that, while its EQ was low compared to humans, it was six times higher than that of other dinosaurs. Russell suggested that if the trend in Stenonychosaurus evolution had continued to the present, its brain case could by now measure 1100 cm3, comparable to that of a human (on average, 1260 cm3 for men and 1130 cm3 for women).

Troodontids had semi-manipulative fingers, able to grasp and hold objects to a certain degree, and binocular vision. Russell proposed that his "Dinosauroid", like members of the troodontid family, would have had large eyes and three fingers on each hand, one of which would have been partially opposed. Russell also speculated that the "Dinosauroid" would have had a toothless beak. As with most modern reptiles (and birds), he conceived of its genitalia as internal. Russell speculated that it would have required a navel, as a placenta aids the development of a large brain case. However, it would not have possessed mammary glands, and would have fed its young, as some birds do, on regurgitated food. He speculated that its language would have sounded somewhat like bird song.

However, Russell's thought experiment has been met with criticism from other paleontologists since the 1980s, many of whom point out that his Dinosauroid is overly anthropomorphic. Gregory S. Paul (1988) and Thomas R. Holtz, Jr., consider it "suspiciously human" and Darren Naish has argued that a large-brained, highly intelligent troodontid would retain a more standard theropod body plan, with a horizontal posture and long tail, and would probably manipulate objects with the snout and feet in the manner of a bird, rather than with human-like "hands".

Description
Stenonychosaurus was a small dinosaur, up to 2.5 m in length and 35 kg in body mass. The largest specimens are comparable in size to Deinonychus and Unenlagia. They had very long, slender hind limbs, suggesting that these animals were able to run quickly. They had large, retractable, sickle-shaped claws on the second toes, which were raised off the ground when running.

Their eyes were very large (perhaps suggesting a partially nocturnal lifestyle), and slightly forward facing, giving Stenonychosaurus some degree of depth perception.

Brain and inner ear
Stenonychosaurus had one of the largest known brains of any dinosaur, relative to its body mass (comparable to modern birds). This has been calculated as a cerebrum-to-brain-volume ratio 31.5% to 63% of the way from a non-avian reptile proportion to a truly avian one. Additionally, it had bony cristae supporting their tympanic membranes, that were ossified at least in their top and bottom regions. The rest of the cristae were either cartilaginous or too delicate to be preserved. The metotic strut of Stenonychosaurus was enlarged from side-to-side, similar to Dromaeosaurus and primitive birds like Archaeopteryx and Hesperornis.

Paleobiology
Stenonychosaurus are thought to have been predators, a view supported by its sickle claw on the foot and apparently good binocular vision.

Stenonychosaurus teeth, however, are different from most other theropods. One comparative study of the feeding apparatus suggests that Stenonychosaurus could have been an omnivore. The jaws met in a broad, U-shaped symphysis similar to that of an iguana, a lizard species adapted to a plant-eating lifestyle. Additionally, the teeth of Stenonychosaurus bore large serrations, each of which is called a denticle. There are pits at the intersections of the denticles, and the points of the denticles point towards the tip, or apex, of each tooth. The teeth show wear facets on their sides. Holtz (1998) also noted that characteristics used to support a predatory habit for Stenonychosaurus – the grasping hands, large brain, and stereoscopic vision – are all characteristics shared with herbivorous or omnivorous primates and omnivorous Procyon (raccoon).

Age determination studies performed on the Two Medicine troodont using growth ring counts suggest that this dinosaur reached its adult size probably in 3–5 years.

A partial skeleton has been discovered with preserved puncture marks, possibly inflicted by a predator.

Reproduction
Dinosaur eggs and nests were discovered by John R. Horner in 1983 in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Varriccho et al. (2002) have described eight of these nests found to date. These are all in the collection of the Museum of the Rockies and their accession numbers are MOR 246, 299, 393, 675, 676, 750, 963, 1139. Horner (1984) found isolated bones and partial skeletons of the hypsilophodont Orodromeus very near the nests in the same horizon and described the eggs as those of Orodromeus. Horner and Weishampel (1996) reexamined the embryos preserved in the eggs and determined that they were those of Troodon, not Orodromeus. Varricchio et al. (1997) made this determination with even more certainty when they described a partial skeleton of an adult Troodon (MOR 748) in contact with a clutch of at least five eggs (MOR 750), probably in a brooding position. Van der Reest and Currie considered it possible that the Two Medicine troodont was the same species as Stenonychosaurus.

Varricchio et al. (1997) described the exact structure of the nests. They were built from sediments, they were dish shaped, about 100 cm in internal diameter, and with a pronounced raised rim encircling the eggs. The more complete nests had between 16 (minimum number in MOR 246) and 24 (MOR 963) eggs. The eggs are shaped like elongated teardrops, with the more tapered ends pointed downwards and embedded about halfway in the sediment. The eggs are pitched at an angle so that, on average, the upper half is closer to the center of the nest. There is no evidence that plant matter was present in the nest. Varricchio et al.(1997) were able to extract enough evidence from the nests to infer several characteristics of troodont reproductive biology. The results are that they appear to have had a type of reproduction that is intermediate between crocodiles and birds, as phylogeny would predict. The eggs are statistically grouped in pairs, which suggests that the animal had two functional oviducts, like crocodiles, rather than one, as in birds. Crocodiles lay many eggs that are small proportional to adult body size. Birds lay fewer, larger, eggs. The Two Medicine troodont was intermediate, laying an egg of about 0.5 kg for a 50 kg adult. This is 10 times larger than reptiles of the same mass, but two troodont eggs are roughly equivalent to the 1.1 kg egg predicted for a 50 kg bird.

Varricchio et al. also found evidence for iterative laying, where the adult might lay a pair of eggs every one or two days, and then ensured simultaneous hatching by delaying brooding until all eggs were laid. MOR 363 was found with 22 empty (hatched) eggs, and the embryos found in the eggs of MOR 246 were in very similar states of development, implying that all of the young hatched approximately simultaneously. The embryos had an advanced degree of skeletal development and empty eggs were relatively uncrushed, implying that hatchlings were precocial. The authors estimated 45 to 65 total days of adult nest attendance for laying, brooding, and hatching.

Varricchio et al. (2008) examined the bone histology of Two Medicine troodont specimen MOR 748 and found that it lacked the bone resorption patterns that would indicate it was an egg-laying female. They also measured the ratio of the total volume of eggs in clutches to the body mass of the adult. They graphed correlations between this ratio and the type of parenting strategies used by extant birds and crocodiles and found that the ratio in the troodont was consistent with that in birds where only the adult male broods the eggs. From this they concluded that troodont females likely did not brood eggs, that the males did, and this may be a character shared between maniraptoran dinosaurs and basal birds. However, a later analysis of avian clutch mass found that the type of parental care cannot be determined using conventional allometric methods such as the one used by Varricchio et al.

Paleoecology
Stenonychosaurus inequalis is known from the Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, which at the time was a warm coastal floodplain covered by temperate forests. Apex predators included tyrannosaurids such as Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus. Herbivores included hadrosaurids such as Lambeosaurus, Corythosaurus, and Prosaurolophus; ceratopsids such as Styracosaurus, Centrosaurus, and Chasmosaurus; ankylosaurs such as Scolosaurus, Euoplocephalus, and Edmontonia; and pachycephalosaurs such as Stegoceras and Foraminacephale.

title: Stenonychosaurus


text:
Talk:Jade Puget

New Picture?
I think that the picture should be updated to a more recent picture...I'm not saying I don't like it, (I love his hair) I just think if it says he's 37 there should be a pic of him when he's close to that age? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.32.19.132 (talk) 19:10, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Improvements
Hey guys. I fixed up the article. I added categorization (no offense but the old page looked horrible), a summary of his career, and added brief discography. I hope nobody gets mad, the article looks great. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Afirebenside (talk • contribs) 22:45, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jade Puget


text: Template:Greek myth (primordial)

title: Template:Greek myth (primordial)


text: User talk:81.153.193.55

title: User talk:81.153.193.55


text:
David Raziel

David Raziel (דוד רזיאל; 19 November 1910 – 20 May 1941) was a leader of the Zionist underground in British Mandatory Palestine and one of the founders of the Irgun.

During World War II, Irgun entered a truce with the British so they could collaborate in the fight against "the Hebrew's greatest enemy in the world – German Nazism". Raziel was released from prison after agreeing to work with the British. He was killed in action in Iraq in 1941.

Biography
David Rozenson (later Raziel) was born in Smarhon in the Russian Empire. In 1914, when he was three, his family immigrated to Ottoman Palestine, where his father taught at Tachkemoni, a religious school in Tel Aviv. During World War I, the family was exiled to Egypt by the Turks due to their Russian citizenship. They returned to Mandatory Palestine in 1923.

After graduation from Tachkemoni, he studied for several years at Yeshivat Mercaz HaRav in Jerusalem. He was a regular study partner of Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook, son and ideological successor to the Rosh Yeshiva and Chief Rabbi of Israel, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook.

When the 1929 Hebron massacre broke out, he joined the Haganah in Jerusalem, where he was studying philosophy and mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

His sister, Esther Raziel-Naor, became a member of the Knesset for Herut, the party founded by Irgun leader Menachem Begin.

Military career
When the Irgun was established, Raziel was one of its first members. In 1937, he was appointed by the Irgun as the first Commander of the Jerusalem District and, a year later, Commander in Chief of the Irgun. His term as leader was marked by violence against Arabs, including a sequence of marketplace bombings. Some of those attacks were in response to Arab violence, although they did not target the specific perpetrators of this violence, as had been the case under the policy of Havlagah. Dozens of Arabs were killed in the attacks and hundreds more were maimed. Raziel worked in the Irgun with Avraham Stern, Hanoch Kalai, and Efraim Ilin. On 6 July 1938, 21 Arabs were killed and 52 wounded by a bomb in a Haifa market; on 25 July a second market bomb in Haifa killed at least 39 Arabs and injured 70; a bomb in Jaffa's vegetable market on 26 August killed 24 Arabs and wounded 39. The attacks were condemned by the Jewish Agency.

On 19 May 1939, Raziel was captured by the British and sent to Acre Prison.

After the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état, British called on assistance from the Irgun, after General Percival Wavell had Raziel, an Irgun commander, released from custody at Acre Prison. They asked him if he would undertake to kill or kidnap Amin al-Husseini, the Mufti, and destroy Iraq's oil refineries. Raziel agreed on condition that he be allowed to kidnap the Mufti. On 17 May 1941, he was sent to Iraq with three of his comrades, including Ya'akov Meridor and Jacob Sika Aharoni, on behalf of the British army to help defeat the Rashid Ali al-Gaylani pro-Axis revolt in the Anglo-Iraqi War. On 20 May, a Luftwaffe plane strafed near Habbaniyah the car in which he was traveling, killing Raziel and a British officer. Meridor returned to Palestine and took over command of the Irgun, while Jacob Sika Aharoni commanded missions that led to the British entry into Iraq and the saving of the Jewish community following the Farhud pogrom.

In 1955, Raziel's remains were exhumed and transferred to Cyprus, and again in 1961 to Jerusalem's Mount Herzl military cemetery.

Commemoration
Ramat Raziel, a moshav in the Judaean Mountains, is named after Raziel, as well as many streets in Israel bearing his name in commemoration. The Israel postal service issued a stamp in his honor. There is a high-school in Herzliya named after him.

title: David Raziel


text: Template:Greek myth (personified)

title: Template:Greek myth (personified)


text:
Talk:Holy water

Possible additions
This is a decent article as far as it goes, but I see a couple ways it could be improved:
 * It should also discuss the role of holy water in Eastern Orthodox Christianity
 * While there is lots here about the mechanics and rules etc. regarding holy water, there is little or nothing of the theology that underlies its use.
 * Anyone want to take a stab at why Protestants don't bless water, or use holy water? Do Lutherans or Anglicans use it?

I'll work on these areas as time allows, but help is always welcome. Something to think about: how should the Catholic and Orthodox sections be organized; how little or much should they be split? For example, the Orthodox bless holy water at Theophany (January 6) each year, not Easter, and distribute it at that time. Thus it's connected with Jesus' baptism. The bit about the different sorts of holy water (Gregorian etc.) sounds pretty close, but they probably have different names for them at the least. Wesley 05:36, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Lack of information is the chief reason why I did not address Orthodox holy water. :)  Holy water is addressed only briefly in the Catechism of the Catholic Church; I will add a reference to it.  Some history of the practice might also be nice.  Smerdis of Tlön 13:26, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, in the section "Anglican Holy Water", the word "Anglicans" should be changed to Anglo-Catholics (or High-Church Anglicans), as it should be noted that the majority of Anglicans neither use statues nor bless themselves with holy water at Church (I'm speaking primarily from experience here). Irishmaestro 00:38, 27 Feb 2006 (GMT)

Weapon against unholy creatures
As widely known, holy water also is a successful weapon against unholy creatures like vampires or zombies. I think this should be mentioned in the article. --IN·VINO·VERITAS (talk) 06:19, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It sounds like you're joking, but I actually agree. Holy water definitely has a notable appearance as such in literature and media. The Popular Culture section referenced below must have been removed, which would be an appropriate place. I would suggest a "Use in Fiction" section. Spacexplosion (talk) 02:17, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed, holy water is widely used in vampire/monster folklore and this should be mentioned. Mrmekon (talk) 19:14, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

 * While searching for reliable sources in fiction, I came across Vampire which educated me in a few real-world practices that involve holy water. I wonder, is it bad form to cite the same references noted in Vampire for a simple statement like, "Holy water was once thought to be a tool for combating monsters like vampires"? It would be quite a lot of trouble to find the references at the library myself just for this purpose.
 * Although this article once had an "In Fiction" section, I now think that this content would be better served in a "Folk-lore" section or perhaps as an addition to "Protection against Evil". I'm a little hesitant to pick novels to cite the fictional components. Maybe Bram Stoker's Dracula is notable enough. Suggestions are welcome. Spacexplosion (talk) 21:20, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Suggestion? This discussion could not be for real. Let us just forget about it. History2007 (talk) 21:29, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Indeed, I think this talk section was started as a joke, but despite that I think it has merit :). The prior existence of an "In Fiction" section implies as much. In my free time I'll continue trying to find some references to document the folklore surrounding holy water. History2007, your help in particular is needed in choosing these references, since you were the editor who removed the "In Fiction" section. Thanks. Spacexplosion (talk) 21:51, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Holy water is clearly prevalent in modern vampire stories, but I don't know the best way to reference that. One option is a long list of films and books that feature holy water as a weapon, but that seems overly tedious.  I found some book sources, but what is considered reputable as far as fantasy folklore is concerned? Vampire God, The Vampire Encyclopedia, Complete Idiot's Guide to Vampires, Dracula in the Dark, The Real Monsters, Folklore Forum, Vampire Lore, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Mrmekon (talk) 15:41, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Is it a weapon against Sockpuppets as well? History2007 (talk) 16:22, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Please assume good faith and not make disparaging insinuations to new users. Judging by the quality of Mrmekon's addition of a Hygene section, I would guess he is a "long time editor first time registered" like I was/am a few months ago. Spacexplosion (talk) 18:13, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The Vampire Encyclopedia is a source that appeared in Vampire as well, but I can't read enough of the text surrounding the mention on Google Books to get a good feel for it. The other sources' mentions seem anecdotal except for The Real Monsters, which actually states that holy water is damaging to vampires. Good find. This might be enough to stub out the section. I'll come back to it in a bit. Spacexplosion (talk) 18:13, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I just found that the story mentioned in the Folklore Forum link above has a wikipedia entry that even mentions death by holy water. It has no references and has been suggested for deletion, but does link to the full text of the story.  The english text is available here, as part of Project Gutenberg. Mrmekon (talk) 18:30, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Of course, so in good faith please have check user run on him, and be done. Good faith suggests that he is not your sock puppet, but just has a very similar writing style. Wink, wink. I think, in all good faith, this is a joke. And anyway, that Vap source fails WP:Reliable. History2007 (talk) 18:25, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Sockpuppet_investigations states that credible evidence is required to request an investigation, else the request will be ignored. As I think that your suspicion is unfounded, I could not make such a request. I encourage you to do so for your own peace of mind. I believe any further discussion on this matter would be better suited to one of our user talk pages.
 * Would you please identify a specific reason why the source, The Real Monsters, is not reliable? Spacexplosion (talk) 19:29, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Superfringe, non scholarly. History2007 (talk) 19:34, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with History2007 on The Real Monsters being no good; it's a secondary source, but no cited references are visible in the Google preview. In a case like this, proving the existence of something in popular culture, I think primary sources are appropriate.  I would use actual published stories involving holy water as the references, and try to get them from a range of decades to prove relevance.  Not a list of occurrences like was previously attempted, but just enough to prove a trend.  Is that sufficient and appropriate in wikipedia culture?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrmekon (talk • contribs) 20:12, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Additionally, here is a source somewhere in the secondary/tertiary realm that covers Slavic folklore specifically. The vampire entry mentions holy water, and cites references.  A Dictionary of Superstitions and Mythology. Mrmekon (talk) 20:32, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Well, it looks like a solid citation. I'll need to brush up on my german to investigate further, but it's kind of a weak mention. I'll quote it here because it's not particularly easy to find.
 * Other methods of destroying the power of the monster have also been advocated, such as sprinkling the corpse with holy water, but the above is said to be the most effectual. (KRAUSS, Vampirglaube in Serbien und Lithauen in "Mittheil d. Anthrop. Gesellschaft in Wien," Vol. XVIII, 183; ABBOTT, p. 217; RALSTON, Songs of the Russian People, p.412.)

Surely there are some journals studying modern fiction or eastern European folklore that would say more. Though I'm not sure where to look. I applaud your google-fu so far. Spacexplosion (talk) 04:10, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Here's another mention in an encyclopedia published in 1880 . Spacexplosion (talk) 21:04, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Time and difficulty are pushing this outside my interest. I guess I'm not experienced enough researching sociology. I'm going to add a few sentences to Protection against evil based on the two recent sources and leave it at that. Spacexplosion[talk] 19:51, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Popular culture
I have no problem with this section as such, but do we really need to provide transcripts of dialogue from multiple TV shows? TCC (talk) (contribs) 07:38, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * How do you on-holy hloy water? What is its exact opposite? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.69.139.159 (talk) 23:40, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The opposite of holy water is cursed water, or "unholy water". To obtain it, drop bottles of tap water on a non-aligned altar (e.g. if you are Christian, use a Muslim or Buddhist altar), then pray. Note that this may be dangerous in several ways. Muad 04:15, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

This section was later changed to "In Fiction" and then deleted at 07:23, 1 May 2010 for lack of sources. Spacexplosion (talk) 21:20, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Introduction
"Aside from other substances that may be added to the water as it is blessed, holy water is indistinguishable from ordinary water[citation needed]." Why does a citation need to be added to that? The chemical make up does not change at all, unless the person blessing the water has particularly bad breath and breathes near it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.18.153.215 (talk) 23:17, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The Roman Catholics add salt. In the Orthodox Baptismal rite, but not at other time when holy water is blessed, oil is poured in as the water is blessed. In those cases, you can detect either salty or oily water, so to that extent the water is distinguishable. But it beats me why anyone would think a cite is needed for such a trivially true statement. TCC (talk) (contribs) 23:44, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Density
I understand that holy water has a different density than normal water. What is the difference? In theory, I would assume that the molecules in holy water would have more energy, and therefore be less dense than normal water...  This logic seems sound, assuming that the blessing adds energy. Doesn't this make sense? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 159.178.50.186 (talk • contribs).
 * In a word, no. TCC (talk) (contribs) 21:12, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Are the Blessing Propagations (measured in m/s) and Blessing Contents (measured in ppm) for real? I had to laugh out loud reading that section, wondering how one could assign scientific measures to a belief system. Do "Blessions" add to the molecular weight of the Holy Water? Where do Blessions appear on the Periodic Table? ...thanks! Promethh 13:59, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Possible vandalism?
In the first paragraph: "... holy water is water which has been passed by a priest..." I don't know enough about the subject to say one way or the other, so I haven't changed it; while the word may be used in the context of "passed quality control", 'passing water' is a wee bit different. --StarChaser Tyger (talk) 06:30, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I've reverted that vandalism before. :( jonathon (talk) 11:57, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Origins?
I think a section describing how and when Holy Water came into use would be very helpful. Does anyone have any sources for this? Paulistano (talk) 03:40, 29 January 2008 (UTC)paulistano
 * I'll get back on that, but an old Catholic tradition says the use of holy water came from St. Matthew. We do know that it was at least used by the time of Leo I. Here's a link: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07432a.htm Resolver-Aphelion (talk) 04:57, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Actually, the use of holy water by Christians has its roots in Judaism. cf Numbers 5:17. See the following link; http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/CAHOLYWA.HTM Helensguy1 (talk) 06:30, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Citation needed
The article at current time states "holy water is water which has been sanctified by a priest or bishop for the purpose of baptism or for the blessing of persons, places, or things." but I cannot find anywhere of Catholic Doctrine which states it is used for places or things, only persons. How can one validate these claims and should it simply read "holy water is water which has been sanctified by a priest or bishop for the purpose of baptism or for the blessing of persons"? I understand that people do use it in the manner of blessing objects, but my dad argues one must be a Catholic Priest to bless objects and that regular people cannot validly use holy water in this way as it's sole purpose is to bless people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.112.196.141 (talk) 00:57, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Bacteria Content
I have seen accounts of extraordinary measurements of bacteria in holy water. As it is entirely likely that a small pool of water touched by (sometimes dozens) many people it is believable to me that some urban pools of holy water contain abnormal amounts of harmful bacteria. Anyone else seen evidence of this?WhoIsJohnGalt? (talk) 05:59, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * No, but I've heard of studies done in Russia showing that blessing food before a meal reduces harmful bacteria. Wesley (talk) 06:04, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Please provide that reference!--98.70.62.167 (talk) 23:46, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

I think a section on sanitation would be a good idea. A Google Book search turns up reference to bacteria studies in shared holy water fonts going back to the 1800s. Some more recent example sources: Measuring Bacteria, Swine flu fears, Automatic holy water dispenser. Mrmekon (talk) 19:12, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I added a Hygiene section to address this, and used the above sources. Please feel free to add or reword as necessary.  Mrmekon (talk) 20:18, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Why doesn't the pope bless all the oceans and seas?
Surely if he blessed the entire water cycle it would get rid of all evil in the world as all living organisms need water to survive? Unless it's a giant load of make-believe that is... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.253.17.194 (talk) 00:02, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Don't ask stupid questions. Obviously even the Pope doesn't have enough mana to cast Bless on the whole volume of the ocean. Spacexplosion (talk) 02:17, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Use in Anglicanism
I'm not sure this section is correct, or at least comprehensive. Anglicanism is a very broad church and this section seems mostly about Anglo-Catholic practice. Many Anglican parishes would be quite hostile to the idea of holy water, which is seen as 'superstitious popery' and lumped together with incense, ornate statuary etc. All Anglicans carry out baptism, but there isn't much mention of 'holy' water in most churches. --80.176.142.11 (talk) 12:42, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Reference
Holy Water and Its Significance for Catholics by Henry Theiler 1906 isbn : 9780766175532 might be of some help.--Stone (talk) 22:09, 13 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Archive.org has the 1909 edition at http://www.archive.org/details/holywateranditss00theiuoft. jonathon (talk) 22:42, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Non-Christian Use section needed
There is a use of holy water in religions other than Christianity. I think this section needs to be added or expanded. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NegiSpringfieldof4ch (talk • contribs) 02:29, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Church of Unification is in the Christian part of the article
The Church of Unification is not a christian church as it refers to a new messiah, rearranges texts from the Bible, and considers Jesus the Christ, was not successful in completing its task, which is absolutely contradictory to the christian definition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.243.175.194 (talk) 13:28, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Aspergillum in times of COVID-19
In the Roman Catholic Church, he use of holy water to trace the Sign of the Cross --with the right hand and by kneeling- has been abolished after the COVID-19 pandemy. Some dioceses have substituted it with a benediction with aspergillum and holy water, given by the celebrating priest to the assembly of faithfuls at the end of the Holy Mass. When the priest benicts them, any believer trace the Sign of the Cross. In such a way, the holy gesture is made with holy water, according to the traditional liturgy and in compliance with the COVID-19 healthcare norms. This liturgical innovation can be hopefully cited in the WP article.

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 * A Thai student pouring Holy water.jpg

How holy water i's made
Based off beliefs people have said holy water i's made by boiling the hell out of ordinary water 2601:188:C600:D7D0:F8A1:EF3C:B95D:B873 (talk) 19:37, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Holy Water from the Jordan River where Jesus Christ was Baptized
https://holywater-jo.com/ 59.16.7.124 (talk) 04:21, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holy water


text:
Quickie Aircraft

The Quickie Aircraft Corporation was founded in Mojave, California, in 1978 to market the Quickie homebuilt aircraft (models Quickie, Quickie Q2, and Quickie Q200 aircraft). The original single-seater Quickie was designed by Burt Rutan and company founders Gene Sheehan and Tom Jewett. The two-seater Q2 and Q200 were designed by Canadian Garry LeGare, Jewett and Sheehan. While the Q2 and Q200 were based on the original Quickie, the design was completely different. Now defunct, the company sold over 2,000 kits in its lifetime.

The Quickie's canard wing used a GU25-5(11)8 airfoil, developed by Terence Nonweiler. It suffered performance degradation at low Reynolds numbers and in rainy conditions.

title: Quickie Aircraft


text:
Talk:Living wage

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 January 2020 and 22 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Morganromero3. Peer reviewers: Johnvalenti.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Living wage


text:
Hi-Fi Serious

Hi-Fi Serious is the third studio album by British alternative rock band A, released in 2002.

The name "Hi-Fi Serious" was derived from the name of the hi-fi electronics store Alan Partridge buys a Bang & Olufsen stereo from in the last episode of I'm Alan Partridge series 1. The tour in support of this album's release was called the 'Inner City Sumo' tour - another reference to I'm Alan Partridge (Season 1 Episode 1).

Charts, sales and legacy
The album is certified Silver in the U.K., having sold over 60,000 copies.

First single, "Nothing", made it to No. 9 in the UK singles chart before the album's release, propelling the band higher up the ladder - the album peaked at No. 18 in the UK album charts - and although they were still not seen as a mainstream artist, the album still won them "Best British Band" at the Kerrang! Awards.

In 2005, readers of Kerrang! magazine voted Hi-Fi Serious the 57th best British rock album ever.

Track listing

 * 1) "Nothing" – 3:43
 * 2) "Something's Going On" – 2:58
 * 3) "6 o'Clock on a Tube Stop" – 3:14
 * 4) "Going Down" – 4:09
 * 5) "Took It Away" – 3:29
 * 6) "Starbucks" – 3:18
 * 7) "The Springs" – 4:28
 * 8) "Shut Yer Face" – 3:43
 * 9) "Pacific Ocean Blue" – 3:27
 * 10) "The Distance" – 3:37
 * 11) "W.D.Y.C.A.I." (Why Don't You Cry About It) – 3:27
 * 12) "Hi-Fi Serious" – 5:57
 * 13) "Champions of Endings" (U.S.  bonus track) - 4:25

DVD features
Hi-Fi Serious was later re-released with an additional DVD of live footage and other video clips of the band. This included music videos for "Nothing", "The Distance" & "Old Folks" (From Monkey Kong), a 12-minute documentary, UK TV commercials for Hi-Fi Serious, and 20 minutes of "Live at Reading 2002" footage.

title: Hi-Fi Serious


text: Template:Greek myth (water olympian)

title: Template:Greek myth (water olympian)


text: User talk:61.3.217.1

title: User talk:61.3.217.1


text:
Roxie Roker

Roxie Albertha Roker (August 28, 1929 – December 2, 1995) was an American actress who portrayed Helen Willis on the CBS sitcom The Jeffersons. Roker is the mother of rock musician Lenny Kravitz and paternal grandmother of actress Zoë Kravitz.

Early life and education
Roker was born in Miami, Florida. Her mother, Bessie Roker (née Mitchell), was from Georgia and worked as a domestic. Her father, Albert Roker, was a porter and a native of Andros, The Bahamas. She grew up in Brooklyn, New York.

Roker studied drama at Howard University where she was a pupil of celebrated drama teachers Anne Cooke Reid and Owen Dodson. Some of her fellow drama students at Howard included novelist Toni Morrison, actress Zaida Coles, stage director and playwright Shauneille Perry, and actor Graham Brown; all of whom were members of the university's theatre troupe, the Howard Players. Roker toured with the Howard Players for performances in Norway in 1949; a trip sponsored by the United States Department of State, which was supported by Eleanor Roosevelt.

Career
She began her professional career with the Negro Ensemble Company and became a successful stage actress. She won an Obie Award in 1974 and was nominated for a Tony Award for her portrayal of Mattie Williams in The River Niger. She was a reporter on WNEW-TV in New York in the 1970s and hosted a public affairs show for the station known as Inside Bed-Stuy, dealing with events in the Brooklyn neighborhood. Roker portrayed Helen Willis on The Jeffersons, breaking social barriers by becoming one half of the first Caucasian–African-American married couple (along with actor Franklin Cover) as regular cast member on prime-time TV. She appeared in guest starring roles on many other United States television shows from the 1970s through the 1990s, including "Stone in the River" starring Hal Miller for NBC, Punky Brewster, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, A Different World, Murder, She Wrote, The Love Boat, $weepstake$, 227, Beat the Clock, Fantasy Island, and ABC Afterschool Specials. She had roles in the television miniseries Roots and in the movie Claudine. Roker was also a children’s advocate who was cited by the city of Los Angeles for her community work.

Personal life
Roker was married to television producer Sy Kravitz in 1962. Like her Jeffersons character Helen Willis, Roker had an interracial marriage to a white man. The couple had a son, singer-songwriter and actor Lenny Kravitz (b. May 26, 1964), and divorced in 1985. Weather anchor Al Roker and Roxie Roker were second cousins once removed.

Death
Roker died in Los Angeles, California, on December 2, 1995, of breast cancer. She was 66.

title: Roxie Roker


text: User talk:68.56.216.136

title: User talk:68.56.216.136