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The Amazing Race 2

The Amazing Race 2 is the second season of the American reality competition show The Amazing Race. Hosted by Phil Keoghan, it featured eleven teams of two, each with a pre-existing relationship, competing in a race around the world to win US$1,000,000. This season visited five continents and eight countries and traveled over 52000 mi during thirteen legs. Starting in Pahrump, Nevada, racers traveled through Brazil, South Africa, Namibia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and Alaska before finishing in the San Francisco Bay Area. The season premiered on CBS on March 11, 2002, and ended on May 15, 2002.

Lifelong friends Chris Luca and Alex Boylan were the winners of this season, while estranged couple Wil Steger and Tara Lynch finished in second place, and siblings Blake Mycoskie and Paige Mycoskie finished in third place.

Development and filming
The second season of The Amazing Race traveled 52,000 miles in 28 days, spanning five continents and eight countries. Location scouting took place during September 2001 but was paused for a month and a half following the September 11 attacks. The Amazing Race 2 featured first-time visits to Brazil, Namibia, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong, and was the first season to travel to the continents of South America and Oceania. During pre-production, producers had planned a leg in Argentina, but cancelled it due to Argentina's political instability after its economy failed. Argentina was eventually visited in The Amazing Race 5.

The edition marked the debut of several show traditions. The color scheme for all route markers and flags was changed to yellow and red after the previous season's yellow and white. In addition, host Phil Keoghan and a local greeter welcomed all teams arriving at the Pit Stops at the end of each leg. Previously, Keoghan had appeared only to greet the last-place teams.

Casting
Casting for the second season began during the summer of 2001 before the first season premiered. Casting finals were taking place in Los Angeles in September during the September 11 attacks.

Cast
Eleven teams participated in the second season of The Amazing Race. The cast featured twins, a mother/daughter duo, siblings, grandmothers, pastors, and childhood friends. Oswald & Danny were selected to race in The Amazing Race: All-Stars.
 * Future appearances

Alex Boylan went on to create and host the first season of the WGN America online reality show Around the World for Free, in which he journeyed around the world with no money, relying on the generosity and hospitality of locals. Blake Mycoskie appeared as a guest shark during the twelfth season of Shark Tank.

Results
The following teams are listed with their placements in each leg. Placements are listed in finishing order.
 * A placement with a dagger (†) indicates that the team was eliminated.
 * An placement with a double-dagger (‡) indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop in a non-elimination leg.
 * A indicates that the team won the Fast Forward.
 * Notes

Leg 1 (United States → Brazil)

 * Episode 1: "The World Is Waiting: Go!" (March 11, 2002)
 * Prize: A vacation to Hawaii (awarded to Tara & Wil)
 * Eliminated: Deidre & Hillary
 * Locations
 * Pahrump, Nevada (Pahrump Valley) (Starting Line)
 * Las Vegas → Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado – Christ the Redeemer )
 * Rio de Janeiro → Paquetá Island
 * Paquetá Island (Fat Maria)
 * Paquetá Island (Lido Hotel – Ilha Tours)
 * Paquetá Island → Rio de Janeiro
 * Rio de Janeiro (Sugarloaf Mountain)
 * Rio de Janeiro (Sugarloaf Mountain or Ipanema Beach)
 * Rio de Janeiro (Urca Beach → Guanabara Bay – Tocorimé )
 * Episode summary
 * From Pahrump, Nevada, teams were instructed to fly to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Once there, teams had to climb to the top of Corcovado Mountain, where they found their next clue at the base of the Christ the Redeemer statue.
 * Teams had to travel to Paquetá Island, where they had to find a big tree known as "Fat Maria" and kiss the tree in order to receive their next clue. Teams then traveled to the Lido Hotel, where they had to sign up for one of four boats returning to the mainland the next morning. Teams spent the night on the island and traveled to Sugarloaf Mountain, where they found their next clue the next morning.
 * This season's first Detour was a choice between Mountain or Beach . In Mountain, teams had to rappel down the face of Sugarloaf Mountain in order to receive their next clue. In Beach , teams had to take the gondola back down and go to Ipanema Beach to find Heloísa Pinheiro, the woman who inspired the song "The Girl from Ipanema," who gave them their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop aboard the Tocorimé, a yacht in Guanabara Bay.

Leg 2 (Brazil)

 * Episode 2: "Help Me, I'm American!" (March 13, 2002)
 * Eliminated: Hope & Norm
 * Locations
 * Rio de Janeiro (Guanabara Bay – Tocorimé )
 * Rio de Janeiro (Barra da Tijuca – Acadêmicos da Barra da Tijuca)
 * Rio de Janeiro (Copacabana Beach)
 * Rio de Janeiro (Pedra Bonita)
 * Rio de Janeiro (São Conrado Beach)
 * Rio de Janeiro → Foz do Iguaçu
 * Iguaçu National Park (Iguaçu Falls – Macuco Safari Dock)
 * Iguaçu National Park (Trilha das Bananeiras – Jungle Camp)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams returned to Urca Beach and then traveled by taxi to Acadêmicos da Barra da Tijuca. In their clue, teams had also received a red feather, which they had to match to one of the dancers' headdresses in the club. Once they found the correct dancer, she gave teams their next clue.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required teams to travel to Copacabana Beach and play volleyball against a local team. While racers were allowed to use their hands, the local team could only use their feet. Shola & Doyin won the Fast Forward.
 * Teams who did not attempt the Fast Forward had to travel to Pedra Bonita in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Freak Out or Seek Out . In Freak Out, teams had to hang glide in tandem with an instructor from the mountain to the beach below. Once both teammates landed on the beach, they were given their next clue. In Seek Out , teams had to travel down to the same beach and use a metal detector to find their next clue buried somewhere in the sand.
 * After the Detour, teams had to travel by bus to Foz do Iguaçu and then drive to the Macuco Safari Dock, where they found their next clue.
 * In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to use a map to direct a speedboat driver to Iguaçu Falls. There, they had to spot the route marker at the top of a rock formation in order to retrieve their next clue and head back to the dock.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop in a nearby jungle camp.

Leg 3 (Brazil → South Africa)

 * Episode 3: "My Alarm Clock Didn't Go Off!" (March 20, 2002)
 * Eliminated: Peggy & Claire
 * Locations
 * Iguaçu National Park (Trilha das Bananeiras – Jungle Camp)
 * Foz do Iguaçu → Cape Town, South Africa
 * Cape Town → Robben Island
 * Robben Island (Maximum Security Prison)
 * Robben Island → Cape Town
 * Kalk Bay (Kalk Bay Harbour)
 * Kalk Bay → Cape Town
 * Cape Town (Langa – Paradise Hair Salon)
 * Stellenbosch (Lanzerac Manor)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Cape Town, South Africa. Once there, teams had to take a ferry to Robben Island and find their next clue in Nelson Mandela's prison cell. Teams then had to travel to Kalk Bay Harbour in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Dance or Deliver . In Dance, teams had to perform a gumboot dance with a local troupe until they made R25 (roughly $1.40) in tips, which they could exchange for their next clue. In Deliver , teams had to carry fish from a boat and transfer it to a set of scales until they had 125 kg in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to travel by train to Langa Township and find their next clue at the Paradise Hair Salon.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to search through Langa Township and buy a box of Epsom salts and a "Smiley" (a roasted sheep's head). They then had to deliver the Smiley as an offering to Ndaba Sangoma, who made a potion out of the salts which the team member had to drink in order to receive the next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: Lanzerac Manor in Stellenbosch.
 * Additional note
 * Peggy & Claire flew from Brazil to South Africa via New York City and London, and arrived in Cape Town a full day after all of the other teams. Instead of completing all of the tasks in the leg, they received instructions at Robben Island to go directly to the Pit Stop for elimination.

Leg 4 (South Africa → Namibia)

 * Episode 4: "This Game Is About Minutes" (March 27, 2002)
 * Eliminated: Shola & Doyin
 * Locations
 * Stellenbosch (Lanzerac Manor)
 * Cape Town (Cape Aviation Business Center) → Walvis Bay, Namibia (Walvis Bay Airport)
 * Swakopmund (Swakopmund Lighthouse)
 * Swakopmund (Swakopmund Hotel)
 * Erongo Region (Dorob National Park – Matterhorn Sand Dune)
 * Usakos (Spitzkoppe – General Dealer)
 * Usakos (Spitzkoppe – Woodcarver's Market)
 * Khomas Region (Amani Lodge)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were provided a map and told to travel to the Cape Aviation Business Center at Cape Town International Airport and find Ryan Blake Air, where they signed up one of two charter flights to Walvis Bay, Namibia. Once there, teams were instructed to travel to the top of Swakopmund Lighthouse, where they found their next clue. From atop the lighthouse, teams had to spot a row of marked vehicles in a parking lot, where they found their next clue on the windshield.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required one team to look "where the railway tracks used to run." Teams had to search the grounds of the Swakopmund Hotel for the Fast Forward award in the center of the pool. Oswald & Danny won the Fast Forward.
 * Teams who did not attempt the Fast Forward had to travel to the Matterhorn Sand Dune, where they found their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Slide or Stride . In Slide, teams had to slide down the side of the Matterhorn to their next clue at the bottom. In Stride , teams would have had to walk down the opposite side of the dune along a marked path to their next clue. All teams chose Slide , except for Shola & Doyin, who did not reach the sand dune until after the hours of operation had closed for the day.
 * After the Detour, teams had to find the General Dealer convenience store in Spitzkoppe and ask for the "postcard of the day," which was their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to buy five wooden animal carvings using their own money and then bring the carvings to a bushman, who exchanged them for a large carved wooden giraffe with their next clue attached.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to take the giraffe carving to the Pit Stop at the Amani Lodge.
 * Additional note
 * Shola & Doyin got their vehicle stuck in the sand and it took some time to extricate it. This caused them to arrive at the Detour after the hours of operation had closed for the day. As all of the other teams had completed the Detour and were able to check in at the Pit Stop, Shola & Doyin went directly to the Pit Stop without performing the Detour and were eliminated.

Leg 5 (Namibia → Thailand)

 * Episode 5: "Welcome To The World Of Being Human" (April 3, 2002)
 * Eliminated: Cyndi & Russell
 * Locations
 * Khomas Region (Amani Lodge)
 * Windhoek → Bangkok, Thailand
 * & Bangkok (Erawan Shrine)
 * Bangkok (Bird Market or Chinatown)
 * Bangkok → Ratchaburi
 * Photharam (Wat Khao Chong Phran)
 * Amphawa (Ban Plai Pong Pang)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel to Windhoek and then fly to Bangkok, Thailand. Once there, teams had to travel to Erawan Shrine, where they found the next clue near the temple dancers.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Confusion Now or Confusion Later . In Confusion Now, teams had to search for a specific water taxi dock and find the correct taxi that could take them to a bird market. Once there, they had to buy and release a cage full of sparrows. In Confusion Later , teams had to travel by taxi to Chinatown, where they had to purchase a "car" to burn at the Lee Ti Biew shrine. Teams had to figure out that the car they needed was one of the small paper cars sold at multiple booths near the shrine.
 * After the Detour, teams then had to travel by bus to Ratchaburi and then travel to Wat Khao Chong Phran, where they found their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to don a protective mask, gloves, and boots and venture into a nearby cave filled with millions of bats in order to retrieve their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: Ban Plai Pong Pang in Amphawa.

Leg 6 (Thailand)

 * Episode 6: "I'm Gonna Take His Girl" (April 10, 2002)
 * Locations
 * Amphawa (Ban Plai Pong Pang)
 * Bangkok (Pak Khlong Talad Flower Market)
 * Bangkok → Chiang Mai
 * Ban Muang Kut (Old Bridge)
 * Ban Muang Kut (Mae Taeng River Camp)
 * Chiang Mai Province (Mae Ping Village)
 * Chiang Dao District (Karen Village)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to travel back to Bangkok and search for a flower vendor around Pak Khlong Talad in order to find their next clue. Teams were then instructed to travel by train to Chiang Mai.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Boat or Beast . In Boat, teams had to travel 1.5 mi down the river using a bamboo raft with long wooden poles. In Beast , teams would have had to ride the same 1.5 mi on an elephant down the path next to the river. All teams chose Boat and found their next clue on a marked car at the Mae Taeng River Camp.
 * After the Detour, teams had to drive to Mae Ping Village in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to wash a series of chalk decorations off of an elephant in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: Karen Village in the Chiang Dao District.
 * Additional note
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 7 (Thailand → Hong Kong)

 * Episode 7: "I'm Gonna Throw Up On Phil's Shoes" (April 17, 2002)
 * Eliminated: Mary & Peach
 * Locations
 * Chiang Dao District (Karen Village)
 * Chiang Mai (Seven Spires)
 * Chiang Mai → Hong Kong
 * Hong Kong (Central Plaza)
 * Hong Kong (Wong Tai Sin Temple)
 * Hong Kong (Yau Tsim Mong District)
 * Hong Kong (Lam Tsuen or Sang Sang Medicine Hall)
 * Hong Kong (Hongkong International Terminals)
 * Hong Kong (Victoria Harbour – Duk Ling Chinese Junk)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to travel to the Seven Spires in Chiang Mai, where they found their next clue, which instructed them to fly to Hong Kong and go "to the top floor of the tallest building in Hong Kong," which they had to figure out was the Central Plaza. Once there, teams used binoculars to search the area for a "green and white star," which they had to figure out was the Star Ferry terminal at Wan Chai Pier.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required one team to travel to Wong Tai Sin Temple in Kowloon, where a fortune teller gave one team member a face reading and the other a palm reading before giving them the Fast Forward award. Gary & Dave won the Fast Forward.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Wishing Tree or Herbal Tea . In Wishing Tree, teams had to take a taxi to Lam Tsuen and find a wishing tree. Once there, both team members had to write a wish on a scroll and throw it into the tree in order to receive the next clue. In Herbal Tea , teams had to walk to a nearby herbalist shop on Reclamation Street and ask for a bitter herbal tea, which both team members had to each drink in order to receive the next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to travel to the Hongkong International Terminals, where they found their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to use a crane to lift one shipping container off of a truck and lower it to the ground, and then return the crane to its original position. Their partner was then allowed to get the next clue from the side of the shipping container.
 * After the Roadblock, teams had to check in at the Pit Stop: the Duk Ling, a Chinese junk floating in Victoria Harbour.
 * Additional notes
 * The boarding place of the sampan to the Pit Stop was wrongly identified as Aberdeen instead of Central, both on the CBS website and in Phil's narration. Yet, Alex, Wil, and Blake all directed their taxi drivers to Lung Wui Road instead. Wil even spelled out the road name to the taxi radio dispatcher for directions.
 * Mary & Peach fell so far behind all of the other teams that instead of completing all of the tasks in this leg, they received instructions to go directly to the Pit Stop for elimination.

Leg 8 (Hong Kong → Australia)

 * Episode 8: "I'm Not a Miner! No, You're An Idiot!" (April 24, 2002)
 * Prize: A seven-night Caribbean cruise (awarded to Oswald & Danny)
 * Locations
 * Hong Kong (Victoria Harbour – Duk Ling Chinese Junk)
 * & Hong Kong (Repulse Bay – Repulse Bay Beach)
 * Hong Kong (Repulse Bay – Kwun Yam Shrine)
 * Hong Kong (Murray House)
 * Hong Kong → Sydney, Australia
 * Sydney (Sydney Opera House)
 * Sydney (Martin Place, Hyde Park & Circular Quay)
 * Sydney (Museum of Contemporary Art)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to take a sampan back ashore, travel by bus to Repulse Bay, and then find the statue of Tien-Hou at Kwun Yam Shrine, where they found their next clue. From there, teams had to travel to the Murray House in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Dragon or Lion . In Dragon, teams had to row a 12-seat dragon boat through a marked course in order to retrieve their next clue. In Lion , teams had to carry a ceremonial lion through a course of narrow markets and steep stairs in order to retrieve their clue.
 * After the Detour, teams were instructed to fly to Sydney, Australia, and find their next clue at the Sydney Opera House.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to follow a series of clues written in Australian slang. Team members had to continue this task until they specifically received a clue instructing them to reunite with their partner and check in at the Pit Stop: the rooftop of the Museum of Contemporary Art.
 * Additional notes
 * In this leg's unclaimed Fast Forward, one team would have had to find the Po Lin Monastery and then climb up to the Tian Tan Buddha in order to claim the Fast Forward award.
 * Graham Keating, Sydney's town crier, served as the Pit Stop greeter for this leg.
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 9 (Australia)

 * Episode 8: "I'm Not a Miner! No, You're An Idiot!" (April 24, 2002)
 * Prize: A vacation to Cancún (awarded to Chris & Alex)
 * Eliminated: Gary & Dave
 * Locations
 * Sydney (Museum of Contemporary Art)
 * Sydney (Harry's Cafe de Wheels)
 * Sydney (BridgeClimb Sydney & Sydney Harbour Bridge)
 * Sydney → Adelaide
 * Adelaide (Adelaide Airport – National Jet Systems Terminal)
 * Adelaide → Coober Pedy
 * Coober Pedy (Metal Tree Sculpture)
 * Coober Pedy (Tom's Working Opal Mine or Coober Pedy Opal Fields Golf Club)
 * Breakaways National Park (Lookout 2)
 * Breakaways National Park (Aboriginal Camp)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to first sign up at BridgeClimb Sydney and then climb to the top of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in order to obtain their next clue.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required one team to go to Harry's Cafe, where each team member had to eat a meat pie. Chris & Alex won the Fast Forward.
 * Teams were instructed to fly to Coober Pedy in the Australian Outback. To get there, teams had to first fly to Adelaide and sign up for one of three charter flights to Coober Pedy. Once there, teams had to drive themselves to the Metal Tree sculpture, where they found their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Cool Down or Heat Up . In Cool Down, teams had to find Opal Quest at Tom's Working Opal Mine, descend into the tunnels, and use traditional mining tools to search for an opal in order to receive their next clue. In Heat Up , teams had to play three holes of golf using only a map and one ball on the driest golf course in the world in order to receive their next clue.
 * After the Detour, teams had to travel to Lookout 2 of Breakaways National Park and follow a series of flags into a valley in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to throw a boomerang from within a circle such that the boomerang left, returned, and landed within the circle in order to receive their next clue, which directed them to the Pit Stop: a nearby Aboriginal camp.
 * Additional note
 * Legs 8 and 9 aired back-to-back as a special two-hour episode.

Leg 10 (Australia → New Zealand)

 * Episode 9: "Ready To Lose Our Lives" (May 1, 2002)
 * Prize: A vacation to Puerto Rico (awarded to Blake & Paige)
 * Locations
 * Breakaways National Park (Aboriginal Camp)
 * Coober Pedy → Glendambo
 * Glendambo → Adelaide
 * Adelaide → Queenstown, New Zealand
 * Queenstown (Shotover River)
 * Gibbston (Wentworth Station)
 * Gibbston (Nevis Highwire Platform)
 * Mount Somers (Canterbury Plains – Inverary Sheep Station)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were instructed to fly to Queenstown, New Zealand. This required teams to drive back to Coober Pedy and load their vehicles onto a trailer called a road train that transported them to Glendambo. They then drove to a local airstrip and signed up one of two charter flights to Adelaide. From Adelaide, teams were able to book flights to Queenstown.
 * This leg's Fast Forward required one team to travel to Shotover River. There, they had to ride a jetboat and spot a Route Marker. Blake & Paige won the Fast Forward.
 * At Wentworth Station, teams found marked vehicles and instructed their drivers to take them to the edge of a cliff. From there, two teams at a time could ride a gondola that took them across the gorge to the Nevis Highwire Platform.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Quick Jump or Long Hike . In Quick Jump, teams had to take a tandem bungee jump down to the clue at the bottom of the canyon. In Long Hike, teams would have had to hike down a long trail to the bottom of the canyon in order to reach the clue box. All teams chose Quick Jump.
 * After the Detour, teams had to drive to Inverary Sheep Station, where they found their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to enter a pen full of sheep and move the three black sheep from among the white sheep to a second pen at the end of the corral. When they were finished, teams could then run to the nearby Pit Stop.
 * Additional note
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 11 (New Zealand)

 * Episode 10: "It's Hammer Time" (May 8, 2002)
 * Prize: A vacation to Los Cabos (awarded to Tara & Wil)
 * Eliminated: Oswald & Danny
 * Locations
 * Mount Somers (Canterbury Plains – Inverary Sheep Station)
 * Picton → Wellington
 * Rotorua (Maori Arts and Crafts Institute)
 * Rotorua District (Mount Tarawera)
 * Waitomo District (Waitomo Caves – The Lost World)
 * Auckland (Woodhill – 4 Track Adventures)
 * Auckland (Ardmore Airport – Warbirds Hangar)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams chose a campervan, which they used for the remainder of the leg. Teams then had to travel by ferry to Wellington and then drive to the Maori Arts and Crafts Institute, where they found their next clue.
 * This season's final Fast Forward required one team to perform a "scree run" down Mount Tarawera: a run down the loose rock walls directly into the mouth of the dormant volcano. Tara & Wil won the Fast Forward.
 * Teams who did not attempt the Fast Forward had to travel to Waitomo Caves in order to find their next clue.
 * This leg's Detour was a choice between Drop or Climb . In Drop, teams had to descend into a cavern known as "The Lost World" and then walk a short distance in order to retrieve their next clue. In Climb , teams would have had to climb down a ladder into the same cavern, and then walk a much longer distance in order to reach the next clue. All teams chose Drop.
 * After the Detour, teams had to drive to 4 Track Adventures in order to find their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to ride an ATV through an off-road course over difficult terrain and then collect their next clue at the end of the course that directed them to the Pit Stop: the Warbirds Hangar at the Ardmore Airport in Auckland.

Leg 12 (New Zealand → United States)

 * Episode 11: "Follow That Plane!" (May 15, 2002)
 * Prize: A vacation to London and Paris (awarded to Tara & Wil and Blake & Paige)
 * Locations
 * Auckland (Ardmore Airport – Warbirds Hangar)
 * Auckland (One Tree Hill – Sir John Logan Campbell Monument)
 * Auckland → Kahului, Hawaii
 * Paia (Old Maui High School)
 * Haiku-Pauwela (Pauwela Pineapple Field)
 * Maalaea (McGregor Point) → Molokini
 * Mokulau (Huialoha Church)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams were directed to find the "Father of Auckland." They had to figure out that their next destination was the Monument of Sir John Logan Campbell at One Tree Hill, where they found their next clue. Teams were then instructed to fly to Maui, Hawaii. Once there, teams had to drive to the ruins of an abandoned sugar mill in order to find their next clue.
 * This season's final Detour was a choice between Bike or Walk . In Bike, teams would have had to search a large pineapple field on bicycles in order to find the only red plastic pineapple that held their clue inside. In Walk , teams searched the same field on foot in order to find one of four yellow plastic pineapples which also held their clue inside. All teams chose Walk.
 * After the Detour, teams headed to McGregor Point, where they had to navigate arrows to the water's edge and choose a motorboat to take them to Molokini, where they found their next clue.
 * In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to snorkel near the sunken island and find one of three yellow cases chained underwater in order to retrieve the clue sealed inside, which directed them to the Pit Stop: the Huialoha Church in Mokulau.
 * Additional note
 * This was a non-elimination leg.

Leg 13 (United States)

 * Episode 11: "Follow That Plane!" (May 15, 2002)
 * Prize: US$1,000,000
 * Winners: Chris & Alex
 * Runners-up: Tara & Wil
 * Third place: Blake & Paige
 * Locations
 * Mokulau (Huialoha Church)
 * Hāna (Queen Kaʻahumanu's Birthplace)
 * Kahului → Anchorage, Alaska
 * Anchorage (Lake Hood Seaplane Base – Rust's Flying Service) → Trapper Creek (Campsite)
 * Trapper Creek (Scotty Lake)
 * Big Lake (Homesteader's Hardware Store)
 * Matanuska-Susitna Borough (Hurricane Gulch Bridge)
 * Anchorage or Fairbanks → Oakland, California
 * San Francisco (Atkinson-Esher House)
 * San Francisco (Municipal Pier)
 * Sausalito (East Fort Baker)
 * Episode summary
 * At the start of this leg, teams had to drive themselves to a pier in Hana Bay and find Queen Kaʻahumanu's birthplace in order to find their next clue, which instructed them to fly to Anchorage, Alaska. Once there, teams had to find Rust's Flying Service and instruct a pilot to fly them to Trapper Creek. Teams then spent the night in igloos.
 * The next morning, teams had to don snowshoes and hike through the woods in order to obtain their next clue. Teams then had to drive a Snowcat across a frozen lake to their next clue, which instructed them to drive to Homesteader's Hardware Store and pick up a set of tools along with their next clue. Teams were then instructed to drive to the Hurricane Gulch Bridge.
 * In this season's final Roadblock, one team member had to use any of the tools they'd picked up to retrieve their clue which was frozen inside a large globe of ice.
 * After the Roadblock, teams were instructed to fly to Oakland, California. Once there, teams had to find the Atkinson-Esher House in San Francisco in order to find their next clue, which instructed them to travel on foot to Municipal Pier. There, they found their final clue, which directed them to travel to East Fort Baker and then run to the finish line.
 * Additional notes
 * Though Tara & Wil arrived at East Fort Baker first, Chris & Alex arrived shortly after them, and overtook Tara & Wil in a footrace to the finish line.
 * Legs 12 and 13 aired back-to-back as a special two-hour episode.

Critical response
The Amazing Race 2 received positive reviews with the final footrace to the finish often regarded as one of the show's best moments. Linda Holmes of Television Without Pity wrote that "the teams weren't as compelling as personalities this go-round" compared to the previous season but it was "still just a really good show." In 2016, this season was ranked 11th out of the first 27 seasons by the Rob Has a Podcast Amazing Race correspondents. Kareem Gantt of Screen Rant wrote that this season was "where the show finally gained its sea legs. This season went bold with its Roadblocks, and it also contained a good amount of drama that kept fans on the edge of their seats all season long." In 2021, Jane Andrews of Gossip Cop ranked this season as the show's overall best season. In 2022, Jason Shomer of Collider ranked this season among the show's top seven seasons. In 2022, Rhenn Taguiam of Game Rant ranked this season as the ninth-best season.

title: The Amazing Race 2


license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:1734


title: Category:1751


title: Category:1779


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Anthotype
Hi, I added the previous history of Anthotype (from the Talk:Sample article page) onto Anthotype's history, as on Wikipedia we really like to keep edit histories. (For future reference, there is a "move this page" link which you should always use, rather than cut-n-paste, to move a page.) However. I fear that in the process, through a mistake in performing the procedure (this was the first time I had done a history merge - sigh, live and learn), I might have lost your most recent edit (at 00:10, 16 Oct 2004). Alas, I hadn't saved a copy of the most recent article source offline (a precaution I will take in the future - sigh, live and learn again). I had saved a copt of the text, and carefully checked it against what's there now, and I didn't see any changes. However, you might have added a link, or did a one-character typo substitution fix, and my check wouldn't have found those. You might want to quickly look at the article (or, even better, if you remember what you did, re-do it). Sorry about that... Noel (talk) 16:41, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

PS: Wikipedia style is that people generally reply on the User_Talk: page of the person who wrote a message to them - that way, someone doesn't have to monitor a whole long list of User_Talk: pages (one for each person whom they are having a "conversation" with).

title: User talk:Pachuco2


text:
User talk:Nostalgia~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Nostalgia~enwiki


text:
Talk:Charlie Brown/Archive 1

Charlie Brown based on historical character?
I've heard tales that Charlie Brown is based on a real historical character (a loser, indeed, a young organized crime gangster). The tale involves Blackwater USA-style paramilitary security services out of St. Louis, Missouri, that were operated by the Teamsters. A friend of mine has a picture of his grandfather wearing a Charlie-Brown-style sweater in honor of his long dead partner-in-crime named Charlie Brown while he's receiving his retirement watch from Jimmy Hoffa (at the end of his grandfather's career, events with Charlie Brown being at the beginning of his career). This Charlie Brown was killed in a shoot-out outside of St. Louis, and my friend's grandfather was Charlie Brown's partner who married Charlie's 19-year-old wife after his death and raised what is thought by some to be Charlie Brown's son, my friend's father (the grandfather had other children also by Charlie Brown's widow). I wish I could use real names, but the grandfather changed the family name for purposes of hiding and going "underground".

My friend is looking to have genetic tests done to compare his Y chromosome to the Y chromosome of another uncle in an attempt to determine if he is Charlie Brown's issue. Can anyone else substantiate this tale which would have taken place sometime in the 1930s or 1940s? Jizzbug (talk) 18:58, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Charlie Brown and Kicking the Football
The article (as it stands now) states that Charlie Brown kicked the football *one* time. Can someone give an exact reference? Schulz remarked in his 60 Minutes interview that Charlie Brown had never kicked it (when Lucy held it for him.)

According to Derrick Bang's fabulous "Peanuts FAQ",, Lucy never let CB kick the ball in the entire run of the "Peanuts" comic strip. In 1979, after CB had been ill, she did not pull the ball away, but he accidentally kicked her in the hand. Twenty years later, in the final football strip, Lucy is called in to lunch and trusts her brother Rerun to hold the ball. When Rerun comes into the house, Lucy asks him if CB kicked the ball or if he pulled it away. Rerun replies "You'll never know!" Now in the TV special It's Magic, Charlie Brown, CB does kick the ball while he is invisible, but "Peanuts" fans rarely consider the TV specials to be canon. Rockhopper10r 20:02, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Well, I don't really think so. When Schulz was asked if he'll let Charlie kick the ball by his final strip, he said something along the line of "Oh no, I could never do that, it would not be fair to him"Vicius 00:36, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

There actually is a strip where Charlie Brown is allowed by Lucy to kick the football. It's when he got out of the hospital. She promised if he got better from his illness, she would even let him "actually kick the football." The opportunity arose, but he accidentally kicked Lucy's fingers instead. This is from a comic strip in the late 60s/early 70s. I'll work on a proper citation.

Charlie Brown's Homerun
From what I could find, Charlie Brown only hit one home run, on March 30, 1993. I have changed the article to reflet this. Does anyone have any information regarding the second home run the article used to refer to? I think the previous editor may have been confused by this time line where the home run is refered to as his "first". -- TomPreuss 13:41, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Shortly after his first home run, Charlie Brown scored another one off the same pitcher. Later, the pitcher admitted she let him hit both home runs because she thought he looked cute.

Charlie Brown's second home run was hit in a three-day series from June 29 - July 1, 1993, off of the same pitcher. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.91.126.246 (talk) 13:37, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Fresh Prince?
Is the sentence referencing The Fresh Prince of Bel Air really necessary? --Frank Burdett 15:20, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No. --Paul A 00:53, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Name Charlie is called by
Should we mention that when his mother is "heard" calling him in an early strip, it reads "Charlie! Charlie Brown!"? If no-one else does, at least she calls him Charlie. Aliter 17:27, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That's true, but that seems to be the only time he ever is called "Charlie" (except in Lucy's "Look, Charlie, we all know Christmas is a big commercial racket." comment in A Charlie Brown Christmas). I remember a strip from the late '50s where CB asks his mother a question and she responds calling him "dear". rockhopper10r 00:12, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Can't recall ever seeing that one. Can you recall what it was about? Aliter 18:27, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * CB is writing to his "Pencil-Pal" about what he got for Christmas (I think--it may have been his birthday) and asks his mother how many gs are in the word "goggles". She replies "two, dear". In the last panel, CB writes that he received "ggogles".rockhopper10r 21:36, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It was Christmas. It was the Jan. 26, 1959 strip. Page 12 of The Complete Peanuts 1959-1960. Enki Nabu (talk) 06:04, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Good grief! I read it, but I didn't notice. (Christmas) I expect few people would use a first name at that point in such a conversation, though. But we could leave it at a mention of the time she did use a name. Aliter 18:10, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Also I remember one or two strips where Schulz slips and has his sister Sally call him Charlie Brown. Mostly she calls him Big Brother, which I suppose is amusing if you're an Orwell fan.
 * I believe Sally calling her brother "Charlie Brown" occurs fairly early on, when Sally is very little ("Can you bring me an ice cream cone too, Charlie Brown?" leaps to mind). I think Schulz thought a member of CB's own family addressing him by his full name sounded awkward, so Sally went to calling him as "Big Brother" from about the mid-'60s on. Rockhopper10r 19:16, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

I believe it was in "Merry Christmas, Charlie Brown" that Violet said to him "Of all the Charlie Browns, you're the Charlie Browniest!" 10:50 PST, June 6, 2007

Parents
Mrs. Brown does not get very many mentions in the comic, but occasionally her name does come up. For instance, when Mrs. van Pelt gets a tangerine pool table, we learn that Mrs. Brown usually makes Charlie Brown a brown bag lunch, that she now goes to play pool at the Van Pelts every morning, and that, according to Linus, she's the only mother who can put back-spin on the cue ball. Aliter 17:27, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've now found a strip where Charlie writes to his pencil-pal: "My dad is a barber". My mother is a housewife." I guess that makes the parents' roles a bit more certain than the current "His father is said to be a barber." suggests. Aliter 18:27, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Goodness, yes. There's a series of strips going on for probably a week where Charlie Brown gets nasty when Schroeder says his Dad is thinking of cutting the family's hair himself because the price of haircuts is going up. Charlie Brown's father is definitely a barber.

Peggy Jean & the little red-haired girl
I thought Peggy Jean was the same as the little red-haired girl. IIRC, she had red hair in the Sunday strips. I felt heartened that Charlie Brown had worked up the courage to meet her, that she was shown "on stage", and that she displayed an interest in him rather than obliviousness to his existence. But this article seems to say they are separate characters. Say it ain't so! LeoO3 04:51, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Little Red-Haired Girl continued as an unseen character long after Peggy Jean appeared. LRHG also was still only referred to as "The Little Red-Haired Girl" throughout the run of the strip. The only time we came close to seeing her (the infamous TV special notwithstanding), was in 1998 or 1999, when LRHG is seen in silhouette only. Peggy Jean reappeared in the final year of "Peanuts" at summer camp when she told "Brownie Charles" that she had a new boyfriend. Rockhopper10r 17:55, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Movie References
I removed the fact about 21st Century movie references from the Trivia section. Hope no one minds, I thought it wasn't important, as Charlie Brown has been referenced hundreds of thousands of times, in every form of media.

The Little Red-Haired Girl's Name
Although the TV special It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown shows the Little Red-Haired Girl on camera and calls her Heather, this was not considered canonical by Charles Schulz and is not her "official" name.  Rockhopper10r 01:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Dear Pencil Pal
Actually there is a strip in which Charlie Brown reads a letter from his Pencil Pal out loud to Lucy. Pencil Pal says something along the lines of, "I read your last letter to friends of mine, and we all agreed that you were a fascinating person whom it would be pleasant to know." Charlie Brown startles Lucy with a loud, "HA!"

Birth date footnote
There seems to be a broken link to a footnote that's either been removed or was never added. Birthdate is actually October 2, 1950 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.80.215.182 (talk) 10:47, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * October 2, 1950, was Charlie Brown's first appearance in the strip (and also the first publication of the Peanuts comic strip), but I don't see how it could be considered his birthdate, since he clearly isn't a newborn infant on his first appearance. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 23:59, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Absolute pitch
Was it ever established that CB had absolute/perfect pitch? I recall one strip where Schroeder tells CB that he (Schroeder) has perfect pitch and CB responds "You mean 'a' perfect pitch! Besides, who cares? Baseball season is over!" Schroeder then fumes that he wants to transfer to a new comic strip. So Schroeder, yes, but CB?Rockhopper10r 17:52, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know, myself. I put the category here because he was listed on a now-deleted page about people with Absolute pitch. If you ask on Talk:Absolute pitch someone there might be able to answer. - Rainwarrior 18:00, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Anyone know any more catch phrases?
Hm? JAF1970 15:33, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

WTF? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.115.149.242 (talk) 11:26, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Recommended merge of Weapon Brown
This is a non-notable character from a locally distributed comic. If the information belongs anywhere, it belongs in the Charlie Brown article as a minor footnote.

Survey

 * Merge --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 12:51, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong delete -  Mike   | trick or treat   13:07, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Weak delete - merge would probably be okay in the form of a brief mention, but as a stand-alone article it's nn and a mess. Karen | Talk | contribs 09:42, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Adults Talking
Quote: "Like all adults in the strip, Charlie Brown's parents are never seen (nor "heard" in speech balloons), ..." This is not completely accurate. Some parents are heard off-panel in Complete Peanuts Vol. 1 A handful of strips feature adults from the legs down speaking. It was during a golf tournament attended by Lucy and they are featured in The Complete Peanuts, Vol. 2.  Jackbox1971 05:22, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Did any of the legs so depicted belong to either of Charlie Brown's parents? If so, then it's probably worth rewriting the sentence.  These appearances are mentioned in passing in the Peanuts article. Karen | Talk | contribs 07:33, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It is not implied that CB's parents are in the crowd of "legs" at Lucy's golf tournament. CB's mother spoke off-panel on a few occasions (once very early on when she is calling her son and later when she helps him spelling a word). Mr Brown never was heard. It should be noted that speech balloons leading off-panel with adults speaking were used intermittently until about the mid-1960s. Rockhopper10r 14:25, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Charlie Brown as a non-loser
Several times in recent months, one or more editors have removed the word "loser" from the expression "lovable loser", describing C.B. instead as a lovable boy or lovable child. I have two objections to this. One, the "loser" designation is an inextricable part of the way the character is conceived and described. The dust jacket to Charlie Brown & Charlie Schulz by Lee Mendelson (1970) describes the book as "The warmhearted biography of a wonderful man (real) and a wonderful boy (almost-as-real) who proved that being a loser could be the biggest success story of all." In 1967 Life Magazine had a cover story titled "Charlie Brown and Snoopy - Winners at Last", a title that makes no sense if Charlie Brown isn't thought of as a loser. Even Schulz himself explained the early evolution of the character by saying, "When I first started Charlie Brown, I didn't know he was going to lose all the time. He certainly wasn't the victim he is now." (Charlie Brown & Charlie Schulz, pg. 35) To try to expunge this aspect of the character from the article is to render it inaccurate, I think. (Also, to characterize Charlie Brown as a competent baseball player is a stretch, to say the least. Yes, he's dedicated, yes, he tries hard, throws hard, and loves the game - but it is well established that as a pitcher he gives up a lot of big hits.) Two, the term "lovable" has a very different connotation without the word "loser" attached to it. Calling Charlie Brown a "lovable child" or "lovable boy" makes him sound like a cute little boy that everyone in the strip treats with love and respect. This, too, is a gross mischaracterization of the strip. Therefore I have reverted the latest edit that seeks to portray the character as a lovable non-loser who plays baseball well. Sorry. Karen | Talk | contribs 10:12, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Okay, I understand. Sorry if I caused any inconveinance. Happy New Year! 65.101.86.69 15:12, 7 January 2007 (UTC)65.103.86.6965.101.86.69 15:12, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

One question: If Charlie Brown is a "loser," then does that mean he is a person who fails to do good in many subjects, or a hopeless dork? I know this isn't an encyclopedia that studies psychology, but I just wanted to make sure Charlie Brown wasn't mischaracterized. Cheers! 71.217.236.119 00:06, 20 February 2007 (UTC)65.101.86.69

 * Sorry, I guess I missed that question back in Feb. As the article says, Charlie Brown has such admirable qualities as determination and hope, but he also has his faults, and nothing seems to work out. As the article also says, part of this is down to his own shortcomings, part due to the way people treat him. This does not IMO make him a "hopeless dork", because of his positive qualities. But it seems silly to claim that a character who never managed to kick the football, never won over the Little Red-Haired Girl, pitches for and manages a baseball team that almost always loses its games, badly, gets his kites eaten by a malevolent tree, etc., is somehow not a loser. -- Karen | Talk | contribs 03:52, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Exactly. Charlie is a loser in many ways, but he becomes lovable first because of his endeless determination and second because of people's emphaty and relating with his misfortunes. Lovable loser is the exact term, definitely, as we must not forget that Charlie Brown himself is born from and based on many of Schulz painful experiences as a child. Vicius 00:42, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

The Coasters song
Recently, I've been listening to a song by The Coasters titled "Charlie Brown" that describes a juvenile delinquent who, according to them, is "a clown" who keeps interrupting the song to say "Why is everybody always picking on me?" Can somebody please tell me if the song is directly referring to the character himself? --Nintendo Maximus 02:07, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Although the song is mentioned in both this article and Peanuts in popular culture, from what I've read the song, written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, was based on someone they knew in school, and not the comic strip character. The fact that they have both the same name, came along in the fifties, and have some superfieical resemblance (i.e. complain about getting picked on) results in the two being associated in people's minds, but as far as origins go they're not related. Karen | Talk | contribs 02:18, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Which is why I've deleted the reference to it in this article. Ed Fitzgerald (unfutz) (talk/cont) 04:34, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Baseball team's record
Just a slight nitpick -- the article first indicates that CB's team has only won 2 times, and both on forfeits. But, later in the article, the March 30, 1993 game-winning home run is discussed (and I, like an earlier writer, also recall a 2nd home run off of the same pitcher).

So maybe we can change the record to something less exact? Other ideas?

A running gag is that the Charlie Brown team loses-but only when Charlie Brown is a active member of his team: for example when Charlie hurt his arm and couldn't pitch-Linus took his place and began striking out the opposing team; another time Charlie and Snoopy were chasing after a high ball-Charlie catches it in his glove-until it falls out and Snoopy catches it-result Snoopy is borne away by the team as a hero and Charlie is a loser as usual! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.83.75.141 (talk) 12:48, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Poochie
The article currently states: It was eventually revealed that the first person to have called him "Charlie Brown" was Poochie, a blonde little girl who played with Snoopy as a pup, and who first appeared in the strip on January 7, 1973. I haven't seen this sequence, but how does this qualify as a revelation? Trying to find out who first called Charles Brown "Charlie Brown" strikes me as being as exciting as finding out who gave Ernie Pantusso the nickname "Coach". --Metropolitan90 (talk) 00:03, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Blockhead, despite...
Under the "Character" section, there used to be the statement: He is often called "blockhead" by Lucy van Pelt, despite his rather round head. The latter clause seems totally unnecessary--"blockhead" is a very old way of calling somebody stupid, and it seems obvious that this has nothing to do with the literal shape of his head. I deleted that clause, but then decided that the first part was a bit awkardly written, so I reworked that as well. This is how I left it: Lucy van Pelt tends to belittle Charlie Brown, often calling him a "blockhead". I apologize if it seems like I'm being a fussbucket over something so small.JMBrust (talk) 11:17, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Age
How was anybody able to find out about what age Charlie Brown is? Marshall T. Williams (talk) 19:31, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * In the 1979 story arc where CB is sick, he tells the nurse (?) checking him into the hospital that he is eight-and-a-half. He presumably did not age appreciably after this. Rockhopper10r (talk) 03:31, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

How the crap is that even possible??????????????????????? Supernova444 (talk) 18:26, 12 May 2011 (UTC)Supernova444

Image copyright problem with Image:First Peanuts comic.png
The image Image:First Peanuts comic.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:23, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Voiced rather than Played
In the Portrayals secion, I changed it so that it said "so and so first voiced Charlie Brown" rather than "played Charlie Brown". When I read the article, I was confused, thinking "played" was referring to a live-action adaptation. 216.215.242.92 (talk) 18:15, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia spelling
well, i'm not a native english speaker but, right on top of page, the warning about disambiguation... i think the word persons doesn't exist. it's said people 81.84.218.136 (talk) 20:31, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

difference between drawn cartoon and animated cartoon
In the animated cartoon Charlie Brown never gets a Valentine Day card or Halloween candy along with his cut up costume; however in the daily drawn cartoon-Charlie does get a Valentine card from Violet-despite a monologue from Schroeder and in the Halloween gag-one early cartoon showed that it was Linus-not Charlie-who ends up with a cut up costume and in the daily strip on the "Great Pumpkin" Charlie does get Halloween candy. Although a running gag in the daily cartoon was Charlie never meeting the little red haired girl-in a Peanuts book "Your in Love Charlie Brown" Charlie accidentally reads his mush note to the red haired girl before the whole class and get laughed at-but at the end discovers that she has passed a note to him saying she would like to meet him!

title: Talk:Charlie Brown/Archive 1


text:
Category:Car games

Popular games for playing in a car.

title: Category:Car games


text:
Lia Fáil

 The Fál or Lia Fáil ("Stone of Fál") is a stone at the Inauguration Mound''' (an Forrad) on the Hill of Tara in County Meath, Ireland, which served as the coronation stone for the King of Tara and hence High King of Ireland. It is also known as the Stone of Destiny or Speaking Stone. According to legend, all of the kings of Ireland were crowned on the stone up to Muirchertach mac Ercae, c. 500 AD.

Mythical origin
There are several different, and conflicting, legends in Irish mythology describing how the Lia Fáil is said to have been brought to Ireland. The Lebor Gabala, dating to the eleventh century, states that it was brought in antiquity by the semi-divine race known as the Tuatha Dé Danann. The Tuatha Dé Danann had travelled to the "Northern Isles" where they learned many skills and magic in its four cities Falias, Gorias, Murias and Findias. From there they travelled to Ireland bringing with them a treasure from each city – the four legendary treasures of Ireland. From Falias came the Lia Fáil. The other three treasures are the Claíomh Solais or Sword of Light, the Sleá Bua or Spear of Lugh and the Coire Dagdae or The Dagda's Cauldron.

Some Scottish chroniclers, such as John of Fordun and Hector Boece from the thirteenth century, treat the Lia Fáil the same as the Stone of Scone in Scotland. According to this account, the Lia Fáil left Tara in AD 500 when the High King of Ireland Murtagh MacEirc loaned it to his great-uncle, Fergus (later known as Fergus the Great) for the latter's coronation in Scotland. Fergus's sub-kingdom, Dalriada, had by this time expanded to include the north-east part of Ulster and parts of western Scotland. Not long after Fergus's coronation in Scotland, he and his inner circle were caught in a freak storm off the County Antrim coast in which all perished. The stone remained in Scotland, which is why Murtagh MacEirc is recorded in history as the last Irish King to be crowned on it.

However, historian William Forbes Skene commented: "It is somewhat remarkable that while the Scottish legend brings the stone at Scone from Ireland, the Irish legend brings the stone at Tara from Scotland."

The Dindsenchas, recording a tradition from early Irish literature and echoing ancient legends, reports that Lia Fáil would roar in the presence of a false king pretending to hold dominion in Ireland.

According to one version of Gaelic Myth surrounding the Lia Fáil stone, a myth more associated with the Stone of Scone, the sacred stone arrived by ship belonging to the Iberian Danaan into the ancient port of Carrickfergus about 580 BC. On board was Eochaidh, son of a High King and a descendant of Érimón, Princess Tea Tephi and the scribe Simon Brauch. Princess Tea also had in her possession an ancient harp, whose origins some believe lie in the House of David. The stone was delivered to the Hill of Tara by the three. Scota later married High King Eochaidh, both had previously met each other in Jerusalem. Eochaidh recovered the ancient stone in Jerusalem before the invasion of the Babylonians. It is said all future Irish High Kings/British Monarchs inaugurated by the stone have tried to prove lineage back to the Royal Sage and his wife, Tea Tephi, the original bearers of the stone. Eochaidh's resting place is said to be in the Neolithic passage tomb, Cairn T at Loughcrew.

Mythical powers
The Lia Fáil was thought to be magical: when the rightful High King of Ireland put his feet on it, the stone was said to roar in joy. The stone is also credited with the power to rejuvenate the king and also to endow him with a long reign. According to Lebor Gabála Érenn, Cúchulainn split it with his sword when it failed to cry out under his protégé, Lugaid Riab nDerg — from then on it never cried out again, except under Conn of the Hundred Battles and according to legend, at the coronation of Brian Boru in 1002.

Inis Fáil
Fáil or Fàil is a word of various meanings, including "fatal", of the same etymology as English fate, used interchangeably with destiny. The stone was originally called Fál, a word of obscure meaning; the Dictionary of the Irish Language distinguishes the word from five homonyms in Old Irish and Middle Irish, which have respective meanings "barrier", "chieftain", "abundance", "learning", and "valley". It is from this stone the Tuatha Dé Danann metonymically named Ireland Inis Fáil ("island of Fál"), and from this Fál became an ancient name for Ireland. The stone in turn by reverse metonymy was named Lia Fáil "[Standing] Stone of Ireland". Inisfail appears as a synonym for Erin in some Irish romantic and nationalist poetry in English in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; Aubrey Thomas de Vere's 1863 poem Inisfail is an example.

The fianna [warrior-band] of the Fenian Cycle, though usually simply "the Fianna", was sometimes poetically called Fianna Fáil "Fianna of Ireland". Hence Fianna Fáil was a sobriquet for modern Irish nationalist militias; for the Irish Volunteers it was an Irish-language alternative to Óglaigh na hÉireann, and the initials FF used on their cap badge have been retained on that of the current Irish Army. In Amhrán na bhFiann ["The Soldier's Song"], the republic's national anthem, the opening "Soldiers are We" is translated "Sinne Fianna Fáil". For similar reasons, Fianna Fáil is the name of a major political party in the republic. The identification of the Lia Fáil with the Scottish "Stone of Destiny" has fostered the misapprehension that "Fá[i]l" means "[of] Destiny", and hence Fianna Fáil is rendered "Soldiers of Destiny".

Vandalism
Sometime in June 2012, the stone was damaged by a hammer in 11 places. It was vandalised again in May 2014 when green and red paint was poured on the stone covering at least 50% of its surface.

The stone was vandalised again c. 6–7 February 2023 when the word "Fake" was spray painted on the stone.

title: Lia Fáil


text:
Flying Buffalo

Flying Buffalo Inc. (FBI) is a game company with a line of role playing games, card games, and other gaming materials. The company's founder, Rick Loomis, began game publishing with Nuclear Destruction, a play-by-mail game which started the professional PBM industry in the United States. Loomis added games and players while introducing computer moderation and soon incorporated into the company Flying Buffalo Inc. The company published games in other genres, including card games such as Nuclear War and a role playing game called Tunnels & Trolls, a game similar to Dungeons & Dragons. Flying Buffalo acquired its 10,000th customer account number in 1980 and reached its largest size of 21 employees in 1983.

In July 2021, Webbed Sphere bought Flying Buffalo with plans to incorporate Flying Buffalo's products. The PBM games were not included in the sale and were continued by a separate company called Rick Loomis PBM Games.

History
Flying Buffalo Inc. was founded in January 1970. That year, Rick Loomis invented a game called Nuclear Destruction, a play-by-mail game, for which he moderated multiplayer games. Nuclear Destruction started the professional PBM industry. He soon had more than 200 players involved across multiple games, and asked fellow soldier Steve MacGregor to write a computer program to help moderate the games; they started renting time on a computer near Fort Shafter, using the name Flying Buffalo devised by Loomis. Loomis published the first issue of his bi-monthly magazine in September 1971—one two-sided page. Initially called The Flying Buffalo's Favorite Magazine, Loomis eventually renamed it to Flying Buffalo Quarterly.

After leaving the military in 1972, Loomis and MacGregor incorporated their PBM company as Flying Buffalo, Inc., or FBI. Loomis and MacGregor pooled their savings to purchase a Raytheon 704 minicomputer to run turns for their PBM games. According to Loomis in 1971, the computer cost $15,000 and had "4000 words of memory ... a teletypewriter, and a paper [tape] reader/punch".

Also in 1972, Loomis acquired and published Nuclear War; it soon became one of Flying Buffalo's best sellers. In 1975 they published Tunnels & Trolls, a fantasy role playing game generally similar to Dungeons & Dragons. Later products included background materials for fantasy role playing games, which became the "Catalyst" series. In 1976 the company started running a space exploration/conquest PBM game titled Starweb. In 1978 they purchased a board wargame titled Schutztruppe from game designer Jim Bumpas. Also in 1978 the company began publishing Sorcerer's Apprentice. The company's gross sales in 1978 was $125,000 with expenses at $130,000. 1979 brought some additional changes. Flying Buffalo's Vice President, Dave Slight, died, slowing PBM operations. The company purchased another Raytheon computer from a local doctor's office, which promised to speed printing by an order of magnitude (although it initially was missing some key required equipment).

In 1980, the company stated that it had more than 3,000 players worldwide. The staff reached its largest size of over 21 employees in 1983. The company also ran a gaming store at various locations in Tempe, Arizona until 1985. In 1985, Flying Buffalo reached a milestone, assigning its 10,000th account number. The company noted that, although account No. 1 went to its founder, Rick Loomis, account No. 10,000 went to a customer from Athens, Alabama.

In 1992, the fiction book Mage's Blood and Old Bones: A Tunnels & Trolls Shared World Anthology was published by Flying Buffalo. Following the dissolution of TSR in 1997, Flying Buffalo remains the oldest pen-and-paper role-playing game publisher in the world.

In July 2021, Webbed Sphere purchased Flying Buffalo Inc. with plans for Flying Buffalo to join its existing product lines. The PBM games were not included in the sale and a separate company, Rick Loomis PBM Games, continues to run nine PBM games originally published by Flying Buffalo, including Heroic Fantasy, Nuclear Destruction, Starweb, and others.

Play-by-mail games
Flying Buffalo noted in their 14-years history to 1985, some of their PBM games had been run hundreds of times each, including over 870 games of Starweb, 930 of Battle Plan, and 720 of Nuclear Destruction. The company was also up to No. 50 in its print run of Flying Buffalo Quarterly, its company magazine. The company published various play-by-mail games.

 * Battle Plan
 * Board of Directors
 * Covert Operations
 * Diplomacy
 * Election Year
 * Feudal Lords
 * Galactic Conflict
 * Heroic Fantasy

 * Illuminati
 * Lizards!
 * Mobius I
 * Moon Base
 * Nuclear Destruction
 * Nuclear War
 * Raumkrieg
 * Riftlords

 * Riftwars
 * Space Battle
 * Starlord
 * Starweb
 * Time Trap
 * Treacherous Trajan's Trap
 * World Wide Battle Plan
 * 1939 World Wide Battle Plan

Other products
The company produced a range of unusual dice, such as a set to determine which toppings to order on pizza, and currently hold the printing rights to the Ace of Aces and Lost Worlds flip book systems.

Awards
Various Flying Buffalo games have won awards.
 * Ace of Aces. 1981 winner Charles Roberts/Origins Gamers Choice of 1980 and was inducted into the Adventure Gaming Hall of Fame in 1994.
 * Citybook I, 1982
 * Illuminati PBM game won best Play By Mail Game. 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 and was put in the Hall of Fame in 1997.
 * Nuclear Proliferation, 1992
 * Nuclear Escalation, Best Science Fiction Boardgame of 1983
 * Stormhaven, Best Roleplaying Adventure of 1983
 * Starweb, Best Play By Mail Game 1984, 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006.
 * Wargamers Information, 1990

The Origins Hall of Fame award is given to game designers who have the best contributions of their field. Multiple Flying Buffalo writers and designers have won this award.
 * Rick Loomis, 1988.
 * Michael Stackpole, 1993.
 * Elizabeth T. Danforth, 1995.
 * Ken St. Andre, 2018.

title: Flying Buffalo


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User talk:Designmeme

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User:Lyellin/Welcome

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Read the tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page. I always enjoy answering questions if I can!
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Good luck! Lyellin 13:47, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

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User talk:Pmcm

'If you're here to reply to something that I posted on your talk page, please do it there'' instead, wherever that is, as it's easier to follow what's going on if it's all on one page. Thanks.'''

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