text: User talk:69.106.50.249

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title: User talk:69.106.50.249


text:
102nd Infantry Division (United States)

The 102nd Infantry Division ("Ozark" ) was a unit of the United States Army in World War II. The unit is currently active as the 102nd Training Division (Maneuver Support).

Interwar period
The division was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Seventh Corps Area, and assigned to the XVII Corps, with Arkansas and Missouri as its home area. The headquarters was organized on 2 September 1921 at 3rd and Olive Streets in St. Louis, and relocated in 1923 to the Old Customhouse. The headquarters remained there until activated for World War II. To encourage esprit de corps, the division adopted the nickname “Ozark” after the mountainous region that ran through both states, and the division staff published a newsletter titled “Ozark.” The division formed rapidly and by November 1922, it had 95 percent of the officers as required by its peacetime tables of organization.

The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Fort Riley, Kansas. The headquarters and staff usually trained at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the 17th Infantry Regiment at Fort Leavenworth. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, trained at various posts in the Sixth and Seventh Corps Areas, often with the active units of the 7th Division. For example, the division’s artillery trained at Fort Riley; the 327th Engineer Regiment also trained at Fort Riley with Troop A, 9th Engineer Squadron; the 327th Medical Regiment trained at the Medical Corps training camp at Fort Snelling, Minnesota; and the 327th Observation Squadron trained with the 16th Observation Squadron at Marshall Army Airfield, Kansas. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps held at Fort Leavenworth each year. On a number of occasions, the division participated in Seventh Corps Area and Fourth Army command post exercises in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the Seventh Corps Area, the 102nd Division did not participate in the various Seventh Corps Area maneuvers and the Fourth Army maneuvers of 1937, 1940, and 1941 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises.

In the 1920s and 1930s Harry S. Truman, a lieutenant colonel in the Officers' Reserve Corps, commanded the division's 1st Battalion, 379th Field Artillery Regiment. After promotion to colonel, Truman advanced to command of the 379th Field Artillery Regiment.

World War II

 * Ordered into active military service: 15 September 1942 at Camp Maxey, Texas
 * Overseas: 12 September 1944
 * Campaigns: Rhineland, Central Europe
 * Days of combat: 173
 * Distinguished Unit Citations: 4
 * Awards: DSC-8; DSM-1 ; SS-686; LM-15; SM-39 ; BSM-5,498 ; AM-91.
 * Commanders: Major General John B. Anderson (September 1942 – December 1943), Major General Frank A. Keating (8 January 1944 – February 1946), Brigadier General Charles M. Busbee (February 1946 to inactivation).
 * Assistant Division Commanders (partial list): Lloyd D. Brown (May 1942 – February 1943), Alonzo Patrick Fox (April 1943 – May 1945)
 * Returned to U.S.: 11 March 1946.
 * Inactivated: 23 March 1946.

Order of battle
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

 * Headquarters, 102nd Infantry Division
 * 405th Infantry Regiment
 * 406th Infantry Regiment
 * 407th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 102nd Infantry Division Artillery
 * 379th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 380th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 381st Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 927th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 327th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 327th Medical Battalion
 * 102nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 102nd Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 102nd Infantry Division
 * 802nd Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 102nd Quartermaster Company
 * 102nd Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 102nd Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Combat chronicle
The 102nd Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Frank A. Keating, arrived on the Western Front in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) at Cherbourg, France, 23 September 1944, and, after a short period of training near Valognes, moved to the German-Netherlands border. On 26 October, elements attached to other divisions entered combat and on 3 November the division assumed responsibility for the sector from the Wurm to Waurichen. A realignment of sectors and the return of elements placed the 102nd in full control of its units for the first time, 24 November 1944, as it prepared for an attack to the Roer. The attack jumped off, 29 November, and carried the division to the river through Welz, Flossdorf, and Linnich. After a period of aggressive patrolling along the Roer, 4–19 December, the division took over the XIII Corps sector from the Wurm River, north of the village of Wurm, to Barmen on the south, and trained for river crossing. On 23 February 1945, the 102d attacked across the Roer (Operation Grenade), advanced toward Lövenich and Erkelenz, bypassed Mönchengladbach, took Krefeld, 3 March, and reached the Rhine. During March the division was on the defensive along the Rhine, its sector extending from Homburg south to Düsseldorf. Crossing the river on 9 April on pontoon bridge, the division attacked in the Wesergebirge, meeting stiff opposition. After 3 days and nights of terrific enemy resistance Wilsede and Hessisch-Oldendorf fell, 12 April 1945, and the 102d pushed on to the Elbe, meeting little resistance. Breitenfeld fell, 15 April, and the division outposted the Elbe River, 48 miles from Berlin, its advance halted on orders. Storkau experienced fighting on the 16th, EHRA on the 21st along with Fallersleben. On 3 May 1945 the 102nd shook hands with the Russian 156th Division just outside Berlin.

On 15 April the division discovered a war crime in Gardelegen: the Isenschnibbe Barn Atrocity. About 1,200 prisoners from the Mittelbau-Dora and Hannover-Stöcken concentration camps were forced from a train into an empty barn measuring approximately a hundred by fifty feet on the outskirts of the town. The barn was then set afire, killing those inside. About 1,016 people were killed. However, two men survived, buried under a shield of dead bodies, protecting them from the gunfire and flames. When the first soldiers arrived at the barn, the two came crawling out from under the dead and burning bodies. Major General Keating ordered that the nearby civilian population be forced to view the site and to disinter and rebury the victims in a new cemetery. After digging the graves and burying the bodies, they erected a cross or a Star of David over each grave and enclosed the site with a white fence. Today both the former crime scene and the Cemetery of Honour are parts of the Isenschnibbe Barn Memorial Gardelegen.

The division patrolled and maintained defensive positions until the end of hostilities in Europe, then moved to Gotha for occupation duty.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 4,922
 * Killed in action: 932
 * Wounded in action: 3,668
 * Missing in action: 185
 * Prisoners of war: 137

Assignments in the European Theater of Operations

 * 28 August 1944: Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 5 September 1944: III Corps.
 * 10 October 1944: XVI Corps.
 * 3 November 1944: XIX Corps.
 * 7 November 1944: XIII Corps.
 * 20 December 1944: XIII Corps, Ninth Army (attached to the British 21st Army Group), 12th Army Group.
 * 1 April 1945: XIII Corps (for administration), Ninth Army, but attached for operations to the Fifteenth Army.
 * 4 April 1945: XIII Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.

Post-war History (1946–1965)

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 102nd Infantry Division
 * Inactivated 12 March 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.
 * Assigned 22 October 1946 to the Fifth Army.
 * Activated 19 May 1947 at St. Louis, Missouri.
 * Inactivated 31 December 1965 at St. Louis, Missouri.

On 1 June 1959, the division was reorganized as a Pentomic Division. The division's three infantry regiments were inactivated and their elements reorganized into five infantry battle groups. On 1 April 1963, the division was reorganized as a Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD). Three Brigade Headquarters were activated and Infantry units were reorganized into battalions:

 * 405th Infantry Regiment
 * Inactivated 1 June 1946 at Bayreuth, Germany.
 * Activated 31 October 1946 with headquarters at Minneapolis, Minnesota.
 * Inactivated 3 January 1947 at Minneapolis.
 * Activated 24 January 1947 with headquarters at St. Louis, Missouri.
 * Headquarters relocated to Danville, Illinois 15 March 1948, to Anna, Illinois 1 February 1950, to Marion, Illinois 2 January 1956, and to East St. Louis, Illinois 24 November 1956.
 * Inactivated 31 May 1959 at East St. Louis, concurrently, Headquarters and Headquarters Company consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company Headquarters, 3d Battle Group, 9th Infantry.
 * The Battle Group was activated 1 June 1959 with headquarters at Quincy, Illinois. Reorganized and redesignated as the 3d Battalion, 9th Infantry on 1 April 1963, and inactivated at Quincy on 31 December 1965.
 * 406th Infantry Regiment
 * Inactivated 16 March 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.
 * Activated 3 January 1947 with headquarters at Kansas City, Missouri.
 * Inactivated 11 May 1959 at Kansas City, concurrently, Headquarters and Headquarters Company consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company Headquarters, 3d Battle Group, 14th Infantry.
 * The Battle Group was activated 1 June 1959 with headquarters at Kansas City, Missouri. Reorganized and redesignated as the 3d Battalion, 14th Infantry on 1 April 1963, and inactivated at Kansas City on 31 December 1965.
 * 407th Infantry Regiment
 * Inactivated 16 March 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.
 * Activated 15 March 1948 with headquarters at St. Louis, Missouri.
 * Inactivated 31 May 1959 at St. Louis, concurrently, Headquarters and Headquarters Company consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company Headquarters, 4th Battle Group, 6th Infantry.
 * The Battle Group was activated 1 June 1959 with headquarters at St. Louis, Missouri. Reorganized and redesignated as the 4th Battalion, 6th Infantry on 1 April 1963, and inactivated at St. Louis on 31 December 1965.

Two additional Battle Groups were also formed:

 * The 3d Battle Group, 7th Infantry was activated 1 June 1959 with headquarters in Danville, Illinois and inactivated there on 1 April 1963.
 * The 3d Battle Group, 4th Infantry was activated 1 June 1959 with headquarters at Fairfield, Illinois. Reorganized and redesignated as the 3d Battalion, 4th Infantry on 1 April 1963, and inactivated at Fairfield on 31 December 1965.

The division and subordinate elements were inactivated on 31 December 1965. Later, when the 102d Army Reserve Command was formed as a regional headquarters for Army Reserve units within the same general area where the 102d Infantry Division had been located, the shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized for wear by units of the 102d ARCOM, such as the military police unit stationed at Richards Gebaur AFB near Belton, Missouri. The lineage of the 102d Division is perpetuated by the 102d Training Division.

Subordinate units
The division was reactivated on September 16, 2008 as the 102nd Training Division; with headquarters concurrently activated at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The division's location was changed on April 1, 2017 to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, As of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the division:

 * 1st Brigade (Engineer) - Fort Leonard Wood, MO
 * 1-80th Battalion (Engineer) - Kingwood, WV
 * 1-95th Battalion (Engineer) - Fort Leonard Wood, MO
 * 1-100th Battalion (Engineer) - Knoxville, TN
 * 12-104th Battalion (Engineer) - Sioux Falls, SD
 * 1-108th Battalion (Engineer) - Fort Jackson, SC
 * 2nd Brigade (Military Police) - Fort Leonard Wood, MO
 * 2-80th Battalion (Military Police) - Owings Mills, MD
 * 2-95th Battalion (Military Police) - Baton Rouge, LA
 * 2-100th Battalion (Military Police) - Nashville, TN
 * 1-104th Battalion (Military Police) - Aurora, CO
 * 2-108th Battalion (Military Police) - Fort Jackson, SC
 * 3rd Brigade (Chemical) - Fort Leonard Wood, MO
 * 4-80th Battalion (Chemical) - Farrell, PA
 * 4-95th Battalion (Chemical) - North Little Rock, AR
 * 4-100th Battalion (Chemical) - Homewood, IL
 * 3-104th Battalion (Chemical) - Joint Base Lewis - McChord, WA
 * 4-108th Battalion (Chemical) - Huntsville, AL
 * '''4th Brigade (Military Intelligence) - Fort Huachuca, AZ
 * 6-95th Battalion (Military Intelligence) - San Antonio, TX
 * 6-98th Battalion (Military Intelligence) - Devens RFTA, MA
 * 11-100th Battalion (Military Intelligence) - Sparta, WI
 * 5-104th Battalion (Military Intelligence) - Fort Huachuca, AZ
 * 6-108th Battalion (Military Intelligence) - Fort Liberty, NC
 * 5th Brigade (Signal) - Fort Eisenhower, GA
 * 3-80th Battalion (Signal) - Scranton, PA
 * 3-95th Battalion (Signal) - Kirtland AFB, NM
 * 3-100th Battalion (Signal) - Indianapolis, IN
 * 2-104th Battalion (Signal) - Sacramento, CA
 * 3-108th Battalion (Signal) - Augusta, GA
 * High Tech Regional Training Site-Maintenance (Sacramento)
 * High Tech Regional Training Site-Maintenance (Tobyhanna)
 * Signal School Detachment (D113) - Fort Gordon, GA
 * 6th Brigade (CA/PO) - Fort Totten, NY
 * 5-98th Battalion (CA/PO) - Edison, NJ
 * 5-95th Battalion (CA/PO) - Lubbock, TX
 * 12-100th Battalion (CA/PO) - Twinsburg, OH
 * 4-104th Battalion (CA/PO) - Mountain View, CA
 * 5-108th Battalion (CA/PO) - Fort Liberty, NC
 * TASS Training Centers (TTC)
 * TTC Fort Leonard - Wood Fort Leonard Wood, MO
 * TTC Fort Dix - Fort Dix, NJ
 * TTC Fort Hunter - Liggett Fort Hunter Liggett, CA

title: 102nd Infantry Division (United States)


text:
Talk:Probability

Odds
The person who wrote up odds as currently displayed on the page got it wrong. A 2:1 event is not an event with probability 2/3; it is a 1/3 probability event. The formula a/(a+b) needs to be replaced with b/(a+b) and is probably best illustrated with a reference to gambling.

Theory of errors
I submit that the memoir De erroribus (1823) by C F Gauss should be mentioned. Gauss derives the error function connected with his name, from only three assumptions.

(C Lomnitz, Mexico City)

Graphic titled 'The probabilities of rolling several numbers using two dice.'
This is a misleading image: it implies that there are different probabilities for different combinations of fair dice, but there aren't.

The probability of any one combination is identical to that of any other combination, 1/36.

Whatever point the image is trying to make, it requires A) movement to another part of the page or another page altogether, B) clearer labelling, or C) removal Ajosephg (talk) 23:40, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't see how you are getting that implication from the image. Each combination is given the same height on the graph, so it illustrates the point that "The probability of any one combination is identical to that of any other combination, 1/36." MartinPoulter (talk) 12:37, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

44 links to men, none to women
I note that the page currently contains 44 links to pages about men, and none to pages about women. This seems a pity. Do we think we can do anything about it? Dsp13 (talk) 10:45, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Probability


text:
103rd Infantry Division (United States)

The 103rd Infantry Division ("Cactus Division" ) was a unit of the United States Army that served in the U.S. Seventh Army of the 6th Army Group during World War II.

It was variously assigned to the VI Corps, XV Corps, and XXI Corps. By war's end it was part of VI Corps' dash across Bavaria into the Alps, reaching Innsbruck, Austria, taking the Brenner Pass, and earning the honor of linking up with the U.S. Fifth Army coming north from Vipiteno, Italy, joining the Italian and Western European fronts on 4 May 1945.

Interwar period
The 103rd Division was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Eighth Corps Area, and assigned to the XVIII Corps. The division was further allotted to the states of Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico as its home area. The division headquarters was organized on 31 August 1921, at the State Capitol in Denver. The headquarters was moved on 29 March 1922 to the Kittredge Building at 16th Street and Glenarm Place in Denver and remained there until activated for World War II. To encourage esprit de corps, in 1922 the division’s officers adopted the nickname “Rocky Mountain Division” after the majestic mountain range that defined much of the division’s home area. However, this nickname soon gave way to the moniker “Cactus Division” after the unit’s shoulder patch. To maintain communications with the officers of the division, the division staff published a newsletter appropriately titled “The Cactus.” The newsletter informed the division’s members of such things as when and where the inactive training sessions were to be held, what the division’s summer training quotas were, where the camps were to be held, and which units would be assigned to help conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps (CMTC).

The large geographical area of the division made it difficult to bring subordinate units of the division together for virtually any training events except for those units in Denver; the division headquarters, special troops, 206th Infantry Brigade (less one regiment), 176th Field Artillery Brigade (less one regiment), and a few other assorted units were located in that city. Inactive training period activities of the division were generally conducted at the local level near concentrations of division personnel. One event that turned out large numbers of the Denver members of the division was the Memorial Day parade held in that city each year. The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training with the 25th Infantry Regiment at Fort Huachuca and Camp Stephen D. Little, Arizona, and with the 1st Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment. at Fort Logan, Colorado. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, trained at various posts in the Eighth Corps Area. For example, the division’s artillery regiments trained at Fort Bliss, Texas, with the 82nd Field Artillery, or at Fort Francis E. Warren, Wyoming, with the 2nd Battalion, 76th Field Artillery; the 328th Engineer Regiment trained with the 2nd Engineers at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and later at Fort Logan; the 320th Medical Regiment trained at Fort Sam Houston with the 2nd Medical Regiment; and the 328th Observation Squadron trained at Brooks Field and some years at Fort Bliss.

On a number of occasions, the division participated in Eighth Corps Area and Third Army command post exercises (CPXs) in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. These training events gave division staff officers’ opportunities to practice the roles they would be expected to perform in the event the division was mobilized. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the Eighth Corps Area, however, the 103rd Division did not participate in the various Eighth Corps Area Maneuvers and the Third Army maneuvers of 1938, 1940, and 1941 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some officers were assigned duties as umpires or as support personnel. However, for each maneuver, the division maximized the number of participants. For example, for the 1938 maneuvers at Fort Francis E. Warren, Fort Bliss, and Fort Huachuca, the 103rd Division provided 228 officers to Regular Army units and 53 to units of the National Guard's 45th Division. Similar numbers participated in the two succeeding Army maneuvers.

World War II

 * Campaigns: Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe
 * Awards: Distinguished Service Cross (United States)-12; Distinguished Service Medal (United States)-1; Silver Star-299; LM-3; SM-14; BSM-2,669; AM-92
 * Commanders: Maj. Gen. Charles C. Haffner Jr. (November 1942 – January 1945), Maj. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe (January–July 1945), Brig. Gen. John N. Robinson (August 1945 to inactivation).

Combat chronicle
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

The 103rd Infantry Division was ordered into active military service on 15 November 1942 at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. The officer and enlisted cadre came from the 85th Infantry Division at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, and the enlisted fillers arrived from reception centers located in the 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th Service Commands (Camp Grant, Illinois, 4,060; Fort Custer, Michigan, 3,845; Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1,307; Camp Dodge, Iowa, 1,036; Fort Snelling, Minnesota, 990; Eighth and Ninth Service Command reception centers, 921; Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 600; Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, 600; Fort McPherson, Georgia, 537; Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, 526; Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 218).

During 1944, the division lost 2,550 enlisted men from transfers to other divisions or to overseas replacement depots, and replenished its ranks with men transferred from antiaircraft artillery, coast artillery, and tank destroyer units, and aviation cadets and Army Specialized Training Program students reassigned to other duties. After nearly two years of training, the 103rd departed the United States for Europe on 5 October 1944. The division arrived at Marseilles, France, 20 October 1944. It relieved the 3d Division at Chevry on 8 November, arrived at Docelles (Vosges) on 9 November, and attacked west of St. Dié, 16 November, in its drive through the Vosges. Meeting heavy resistance all the way, it crossed the Meurthe River, took St. Dié on 23 November and captured Diefenbach on 29 November and Selestat on 4 December.

The division crossed the Zintzel river at Griesbach, 10 December 1944. Pushing through Climbach, the 103rd crossed the Lauter River into Germany, 15 December, and assaulted the outer defenses of the Siegfried Line. On 22 December, the division moved west to the Sarreguemines area where an active defense was maintained. The enemy offensive did not develop in its sector and the 103rd moved to Reichshofen, 14 January 1945, to take up positions along the Sauer River. On 15 January, General Anthony "Nuts" McAuliffe was redeployed from the Battle of the Bulge and given command, which he retained until July 1945. Defensive patrols were active and a limited attack on Soufflenheim on 19 January was repulsed by the enemy. On 20 January, the division withdrew to the Moder and repulsed German advances near Muehlhausen, 23–25 January. The 103rd's offensive began on 15 March 1945. Crossing the Moder and Zintzel rivers and taking Muehlhausen against sharp opposition, the division moved over the Lauter river and penetrated the defenses of the Siegfried Line.

As German resistance disintegrated, the 103rd reached the Upper Rhine Valley, 23 March, and engaged in mopping up operations in the plain west of the River Rhine. In April 1945, it received occupational duties until 20 April when it resumed the offensive, pursuing a fleeing enemy through Stuttgart and taking Münsingen on 24 April. On 27 April, elements of the division entered Landsberg, where Kaufering concentration camp, a subcamp of Dachau, was liberated. The men of the division crossed the Danube River near Ulm on 26 April. On 3 May 1945, members of its 409th Infantry Regiment captured Innsbruck, Austria with little to no fighting. The 411th Infantry Regiment continued on to take the Brenner Pass and earn the honor of linking up with the 88th Infantry Division of the Fifth Army, which had been fighting its way north up the Italian peninsula. Troops met at Vipiteno, Italy, near the Austrian border, on 4 May 1945, joining the Italian and Western European fronts.

After Victory in Europe Day, the division received occupational duties until it left for home and inactivation. It returned to the continental U.S. on 10 September 1945, and was inactivated on 22 September 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 4,558
 * Killed in action: 834
 * Wounded in action: 3,329
 * Missing in action: 88
 * Prisoner of war: 421

Order of battle
Components of the 103rd Infantry Division included:

 * Headquarters, 103rd Infantry Division
 * 409th Infantry Regiment
 * 410th Infantry Regiment
 * 411th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 103rd Infantry Division Artillery
 * 382nd Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 383rd Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 384th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 928th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 328th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 328th Medical Battalion
 * 103rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 103rd Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 103rd Infantry Division
 * 803rd Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 103rd Quartermaster Company
 * 103rd Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 103rd Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Assignments in the European Theater of Operations

 * 1 November 1944: United States Seventh Army, 6th Army Group
 * 6 November 1944: VI Corps, Seventh Army
 * 22 December 1944: XV Corps, Seventh Army
 * 9 January 1945: XXI Corps, Seventh Army
 * 16 January 1945: VI Corps, Seventh Army
 * 29 March 1945: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group
 * 19 April 1945: VI Corps, Seventh Army

Attached units
The following units, or their constituents, were attached for a time to the 103rd Infantry Division during its career:

Antiaircraft Artillery

 * 353d Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion
 * 354th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion

Armored

 * 43rd Tank Battalion
 * 47th Tank Battalion
 * 48th Tank Battalion
 * 191st Tank Battalion
 * 756th Tank Battalion
 * 761st Tank Battalion
 * 781st Tank Battalion

Field Artillery

 * 69th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
 * 242nd Field Artillery Battalion

Tank Destroyer

 * 601st Tank Destroyer Battalion

 * 614th Tank Destroyer Battalion
 * 824th Tank Destroyer Battalion

Post war
The 103rd was activated as an Organized Reserve Corps division on 7 May 1947 in Des Moines, Iowa. Its combat elements were reorganized and redesignated as the 205th Infantry Brigade and the 103rd Operational Headquarters in February 1963. The 103rd Operational Headquarters was redesignated as the 103rd Command Headquarters (Divisional) in June 1963. In December 1965, the unit was reorganized as the 103rd Support Brigade.

In September 1977, the unit was redesignated and reorganized as the 103rd Corps Support Command (COSCOM), the first Corps Support Command in the United States Army Reserve. On 15 September 1993, the 103rd COSCOM inactivated, followed by the creation of two new reserve units: 19th Theater Army Area Command (CONUS) and 3d COSCOM (CONUS). On 14 February 2006, the 103rd was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 103rd Sustainment Command. The 103rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command was activated as a reserve command, effective 16 September 2006. The division shoulder patch is worn by the United States Army Reserve 103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary).

title: 103rd Infantry Division (United States)


text: Category:Southeast Asia

title: Category:Southeast Asia


text:
Joy buzzer

A  joy buzzer (also called a  hand buzzer) is a practical joke device that consists of a coiled mainspring inside a disc worn in the palm of the hand. When the wearer shakes hands with another person, a button on the disc releases the spring, which rapidly unwinds creating a vibration which mimics an electric shock to the unsuspecting victim.

History
The joy buzzer was invented in 1928 by Soren Sorensen "Sam" Adams of the S.S. Adams Co. It was modeled after The Zapper a product that was similar to the joy buzzer, but did not have a very effective buzz and contained a button with a blunt point which would hurt the recipient's hand.

Adams brought a large prototype of his newly designed buzzer to Dresden, Germany, where a machinist created the tools that would make the parts for a new palm-sized Joy Buzzer. In 1932, the item received from the U.S. Patent Office. The instant success of the new item allowed Adams to move to a new building and increase the size of his company. Adams continued to send royalty payments to the tool and die maker until 1934 when the payments were returned.

In 1987, Sam Adams son, Joseph "Bud" Adams, redesigned the mechanism for greater durability and a louder buzz, marketing it as the Super Joy Buzzer.

Electric shock
A common misconception, largely due to false advertising by the makers of the device, is that the joy buzzer delivers an electric shock, when in fact it only causes a vibration simulating a shock.

In pop culture
The joy buzzer has found its way into several pop culture media since its creation. Some stylized villains in fiction (e.g. Batman's nemesis The Joker) employ "lethally powerful" joy buzzers as weapons. In Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse cartoon film Mickey's Rival (1936), Mickey Mouse's hands are shocked by Mortimer Mouse's trousers. In the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Pranks a Lot" (2004), Patrick Star's hand is shocked by a joy buzzer. In The Simpsons episode "Homie the Clown" (1995), Homer Simpson is shocked with a joy buzzer multiple times by Krusty the Clown to the point where he is tortured by it. Two years later it makes another appearance in "Principal and the Pauper" (1997) where Bart used it on Principal Seymour Skinner promoting the reply "What the... Oh an enjoyment buzzer!".

Related device variations
Some device variations were later created to actually shock the person being pranked rather than simulate the shock with vibrations. These devices include the shocking pen which generates a mild electric shock when a victim clicks the button on top or shocking gum which also delivers a mild electric shock when a victim touches or pulls upon what appears to be the last stick of gum from a box.

title: Joy buzzer


text:
66th Infantry Division (United States)

The 66th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army during World War II. Activated 15 April 1943, the division trained at Camp Blanding, Florida, and was later transferred to Camp Robinson, Arkansas and then later to Camp Rucker, Alabama before being shipped overseas to England on 26 November 1944. Commanded by Maj. Gen. Herman F. Kramer, the 66th Infantry Division's main role in World War II was containing and eliminating the remaining pockets of German soldiers in Northern France.

Combat chronicle
Three regiments of the 66th Infantry Division arrived in Dorchester, England on 26 November 1944, and the rest of the Division joined them on 12 December 1944. They trained and prepared for deployment until 24 December 1944, then transferred to Southampton before crossing the English Channel to Cherbourg, France. Two transport vessels, SS Cheshire and the Belgian Leopoldville carried the 66th across the English Channel. However, only 5 miles from the port of Cherbourg, the Leopoldville was torpedoed by a German U-Boat and sunk, taking the lives of 14 officers and 748 enlisted soldiers. The U.S. Navy later announced the sinking of the Leopoldville to be the second-largest loss of life from the sinking of a troop transport ship in the entire European Theater.

Primarily involved with destroying the German troops left behind in port cities in western France such as Lorient, St. Nazaire, Royan and La Rochelle following the retreat during the summer of 1944, the 66th Infantry Division relieved the 94th Infantry Division of control of the Brittany-Loire area on 29 December 1944, and collaborated with French forces as well. The 66th carried out its objective by harassing German installations, conducting limited objective attacks, and running reconnaissance missions to gather intelligence. The use of artillery shelling many German positions also played a major part in the advancement of the 66th through the region. Notably, a heavy German attack near La Croix was repulsed on 16 April 1945 and several strongly fortified enemy positions were taken from 19 to 29 April 1945 in a series of counterattacks. The remaining German soldiers surrendered to 66th Infantry Division officers and French officials in a small cafe near Cordemais on 8 May 1945.

Ordered to change to an occupation-oriented mission on 14 May 1945, the 66th made a 700-mile trek into Germany where the Black Panthers occupied 2,400 square miles of territory and the city of Koblenz. As a security force, the division was charged with establishment of a military government and control of all German affairs. Tasks included the discharge of prisoners of war, inventorying of ammunition and supplies, and organizing civilians. After spending time in Germany, the 66th returned to the French coast to aid with the allied withdrawal from the European Theater. During this time, the composition of the division was changed by the beginning of the inactivation process, until it returned to the U.S. and was formally inactivated, sailing for home 27 October 1945.

Order of battle
The division consisted of these units:

 * Headquarters, 66th Infantry Division
 * 262d Infantry Regiment
 * 263d Infantry Regiment
 * 264th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 66th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 721st Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 870th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 871st Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 872d Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 266th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 366th Medical Battalion
 * 66th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 66th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 66th Infantry Division
 * 766th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 66th Quartermaster Company
 * 566th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 66th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

The 422d and 423d Infantry Regiments (from the 106th Infantry Division) were attached to the division from 15 April to 15 May 1945.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 1,452
 * Killed in action: 795 (Includes SS Leopoldville disaster)
 * Wounded in action: 636
 * Prisoner of war: 21

Assignments in European Theater of Operations

 * 27 December 1944: 12th Army Group.
 * 31 March 1945: Fifteenth Army, 12th Army Group.

Aesthetic

 * Nickname: Black Panther Division
 * Shoulder sleeve insignia: The snarling panther suggests the power, aggressiveness and endurance of the Division. The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 26 August 1943

The shoulder sleeve insignia was designed by Nicolas Viscardi (known professionally as Nick Cardy), a comic book artist who served in the Division during World War II. Viscardi won a competition to design the patch, and subsequently created the iconic logo. Viscardi also earned two Purple Hearts for wounds suffered as a tank driver while serving with the 3rd Armored Division.

title: 66th Infantry Division (United States)


text:
M-8 (Michigan highway)

M-8 is a 5.5 mi state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan lying within the cities of Detroit and Highland Park. Much of it is the Davison Freeway, the nation's first urban depressed freeway, which became a connector between the Lodge (M-10) and the Chrysler (Interstate 75, I-75) freeways.

Named for an English immigrant to the area, Davison Avenue was originally the only street connecting across Highland Park to Detroit. It was rebuilt by the city and Wayne County as a freeway during World War II. The roadway was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) in 1993 and numbered as M-8. Subsequent changes by the state rebuilt the freeway and extended the M-8 designation to connect to the Jeffries Freeway (I-96).

Route description
M-8 starts on the western end at an interchange with I-96 in Detroit. Davison Avenue continues west of this interchange forming a service drive for the freeway while M-8 uses a short section of freeway to connect between I-96 and Davison Avenue. This short freeway segment runs easterly to Livernois Avenue where the trunkline transitions into Davison Avenue. East of this transition, the roadway turns northeasterly running through residential areas of Detroit. The trunkline meets M-10/Lodge Freeway on the border between Detroit and Highland Park, a city surrounded by Detroit. Northeast of this interchange, M-8 becomes the Davison Freeway, running depressed below the level of the cross streets. There are interchanges for M-1/Woodward Avenue and Oakland Avenue before meeting the Chrysler Freeway (I-75) on the eastern border of Highland Park. The Davison Freeway continues northeasterly in Detroit north of Hamtramck. The freeway ends between Gallagher and Newbern avenues. M-8 continues to Conant Street where the designation ends. Davison Avenue continues past Mound Road where it turns back due east until it ends at Van Dyke Street next to the Mt. Olivet Cemetery.

MDOT's 2007 traffic surveys counted the average annual daily traffic (AADT), a measure of the number of vehicles using a section of roadway on any given day of the year. An average of 38,000 vehicles used the western section of M-8 along Davison Avenue in 2007 each day; the eastern segment carried 37,300 vehicles. The section of freeway in between carried in excess of 50,000 vehicles a day in 2007 between M-10 and I-75. Of this traffic, 1,900 trucks and other commercial vehicles used the trunkline.

History
Davison Avenue predates both the Davison Freeway and the M-8 state trunkline designation in the area. The roadway was named for Jarad Davison, an English immigrant and one of the early settlers of the area. The street was the only one of the 30 parallel streets in Highland Park that crossed through the city from border to border and connected with Detroit streets. This road was heavily congested, approaching gridlock during rush hour by 1940. A traffic survey showed that 96% of the traffic using the street was crossing Highland Park with no destination in the city. A proposal to rebuild the street as a six-lane, limited-access highway was approved by the Highland Park City Council on March 17, 1941. The council also appropriated $100,000 (equivalent to $ in ) for the construction with Wayne County and the remaining $3,400,000 (equivalent to $ in ) paid by state and federal government appropriations.

The freeway construction required a half-block of right-of-way on the south side of Davison Avenue and the demolition of 69 homes to accommodate the 12 – of excavation along the 1.3 mi project. Another 63 homes were moved. The outbreak of World War II accelerated the construction schedule after the project was given priority due to the defense plants near the roadway. The freeway opened for traffic without a dedication ceremony at 4:00 p.m. on November 25, 1942. Travel times across Highland Park dropped from 15 minutes to around 3–4 minutes after the freeway opened. The roadway was the first urban, depressed freeway in the United States. The concrete for the road bed was cured underwater by flooding, creating an extremely hard and durable surface which lasted for more than 50 years (some requiring dynamite for its eventual removal).

In 1968, the freeway was extended eastward a few blocks through a junction with the newly opened Chrysler Freeway (I-75) to its present-day eastern terminus near Conant Street. The state requested additional Interstate Highway System mileage that year as well, and in the proposals submitted was a request to extend the Davison to I-96 and I-94. These plans to transfer the freeway to state control and extend it were dropped in the 1970s after opposition to another freeway in Detroit. The plans would have extended it west to the Jeffries and east to a Van Dyke Freeway (extended M-53). Upon its transfer to state control in 1993, it had previously been a county-maintained freeway, the Davison Freeway was designated as M-8. Three years later, the Davison was closed for a year and a half to reconstruct it to Interstate Highway standards with an additional through travel lane and a wider left shoulder for improved safety and traffic handling as well as a new interchange with Woodward Avenue. The reconstructed freeway was reopened on October 8, 1997, by Governor John Engler.

In 2001, M-8 was extended to include the 2 mi segment of Davison Avenue between the freeway's western terminus and Davison Avenue's junction with I-96 (Jeffries Freeway). Except for a M-8 shield on the Lodge Freeway's Davison Avenue exit signs, the non-freeway portion of M-8 remains unsigned, including at the Davison Avenue exit from the Jeffries where new Clearview signs were erected as part of a large I-96 reconstruction project in 2005.

title: M-8 (Michigan highway)


text:
79th Infantry Division (United States)

The 79th Infantry Division (formerly known as the 79th Division) was an infantry formation of the United States Army Reserve in World Wars I and II.

Since 2009, it has been active as the 79th Theater Sustainment Command.

World War I

 * Activated: August 1917
 * Overseas: July 1918
 * Major operations: Meuse-Argonne
 * Casualties: Total-6,874 (KIA-1,151 ; WIA-5,723)
 * Commanders: Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (25 August 1917), Brig. Gen. William Jones Nicholson (26 November 1917), Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (17 February 1918), Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (16 April 1918), Brig. Gen. W. J. Nicholson (22 May 1918), Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (8 June 1918), Brig. Gen. W. J. Nicholson (28 June 1918), Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (23 July 1918), Brig. Gen. Evan M. Johnson (29 December 1918), Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (31 December 1918), Brig. Gen. Evan M. Johnson (19 January 1919), Brig. Gen. John S. Winn (2 February 1919), Brig. Gen. Andrew Hero Jr. (3 February 1919), Brig. Gen. Evan M. Johnson (9 February 1919), Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (28 February 1919), brig. Gen. Evan M. Johnson (16 March 1919), Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (30 March 1919), Brig. Gen. John S. Winn (4 May 1919), Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn (8 May 1919).
 * Returned to U.S.: May 1919
 * Inactivated: June 1919

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 79th Division
 * 157th Infantry Brigade
 * 313th Infantry Regiment
 * 314th Infantry Regiment
 * 311th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 158th Infantry Brigade
 * 315th Infantry Regiment
 * 316th Infantry Regiment
 * 312th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 154th Field Artillery Brigade
 * 310th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 311th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 312th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 304th Trench Mortar Battery
 * 310th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 304th Engineer Regiment
 * 304th Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 79th Division
 * 304th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 304th Ammunition Train
 * 304th Supply Train
 * 304th Engineer Train
 * 304th Sanitary Train
 * 313th, 314th, 315th, and 316th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

Combat chronicle
The division was first activated at Camp Meade, Maryland in August 1917, composed primarily of draftees from Maryland and Pennsylvania. After a year of training the division sailed overseas in July 1918. The 79th Division saw extensive combat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive area where it earned the name of "Cross of Lorraine" for their defense of France. The division was inactivated June 1919 and returned to the United States.

Throughout its entire World War I campaign, the division suffered 6,874 casualties with 1,151 killed and 5,723 wounded. Private Henry Gunther, the last American soldier to be killed in action during World War I, served with the 313th Infantry Regiment of the 79th Division.

Interwar period
The 79th Division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Third Corps Area, and assigned to the XIII Corps. The division was further allotted to the eastern half of Pennsylvania as its home area. The headquarters of the “Lorraine Division” was originally organized on 29 September 1921 at the Schuylkill Arsenal, 2620 Gray’s Ferry Road in Philadelphia. It was later relocated in 1930 to the Gimbal Building at 35 South Ninth Street. It was again relocated in 1935 to the New Custom House Building at Second and Chestnut Streets and remained there until activated for World War II. After activation, the division’s recruiting efforts were such that by 1926, the division was at 85 percent of its authorized strength. To maintain communications with the officers of the division, the division staff published a newsletter, the “79th Division Bulletin.” The newsletter informed the division’s members of such things as when and where the inactive training sessions were to be held, what the division’s summer training quotas were, where the camps were to be held, and which units would be assigned to help conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps (CMTC). The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Camp George G. Meade, the location where much of the 79th’s training activities occurred in the interwar years. The division headquarters usually conducted its summer training there, and on a number of occasions, participated in command post exercises there as well. During these camps, the 79th Division headquarters occasionally trained with the staff of the 16th Infantry Brigade, 8th Division. In May 1929, the 79th Division conducted a "contact camp" at Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania, and almost 500 of the division’s officers attended. The highlight of the camp was an aerial demonstration performed by the 99th Division’s 324th Observation Squadron.

The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the units of the 16th Infantry Brigade. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster trained at various posts in the Second and Third Corps Areas usually with units of the 1st Division or the active elements of the 8th Division. For example, the division’s artillery trained with the 16th Field Artillery at Camp Meade; the 304th Engineer Regiment usually trained with the 1st Engineer Regiment at Fort DuPont, Delaware, or the 13th Engineer Regiment at Camp Humphreys, Virginia; the 304th Medical Regiment trained with the 1st Medical Regiment at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania; and the 304th Observation Squadron trained with the 99th Observation Squadron at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the CMTC training held at Camp Meade each year. On a number of occasions, the division participated in Third Corps Area or First Army CPXs in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. Perhaps the division’s most ambitious CPX was a division-level exercise conducted around the clock for almost 2 weeks from 31 July to 12 August 1938. In January 1940, many officers of the 79th Division headquarters attended a week of additional annual training performed by the 28th Division; the training was part of a War Department-directed effort to increase the readiness of National Guard units that winter. The 79th Division officers voluntarily participated in the training without pay. Unlike Regular Army and National Guard units in the Third Corps Area, the 79th Division did not participate in the Third Corps Area maneuvers and the First Army maneuvers of 1935, 1939, and 1940 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some were assigned duties as umpires or as support personnel.

World War II

 * Ordered into active military service: 15 June 1942 at Camp Pickett, Virginia
 * Trained at Camp Laguna in California in 1943.
 * Overseas: 7 April 1944
 * Campaigns: Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
 * Days of combat: 248
 * Distinguished Unit Citations''': 8
 * Awards: Medal of Honor-3 ; Distinguished Service Cross (United States)-13 ; Distinguished Service Medal (United States)-1 ; Silver Star-962; Legion of Merit-11 ; Soldier's Medal-27 ; Bronze Star-4,916 ; Air Medal-78
 * Commanders: Major General Ira T. Wyche (June 1942 – May 1945), Brigadier General Leroy H. Watson (May–July 1945), Major General Anthony C. McAuliffe (July–August 1945), Brigadier General Leroy H. Watson (August 1945 to inactivation).
 * Returned to U.S.: 10 December 1945.
 * Inactivated: 20 December 1945, Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.
 * Reactivated: (Organized Reserve division 29 November 1946).

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 79th Infantry Division
 * 313th Infantry Regiment
 * 314th Infantry Regiment
 * 315th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 79th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 310th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 311th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 312th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 904th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 304th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 304th Medical Battalion
 * 79th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 79th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 79th Infantry Division
 * 779th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 79th Quartermaster Company
 * 79th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 79th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Combat chronicle
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

The 79th Infantry Division was ordered into active military service at Camp Pickett, Virginia on 15 June 1942. After basic training, it participated in exercises in the Tennessee Maneuver Area, after which it moved to Camp Laguna near Yuma, Arizona, where it trained in the desert. It was then ordered to Camp Phillips, Kansas for training in winter conditions. At the beginning of April 1944, the division reported to the port of embarkation at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts.

The division arrived in Liverpool on 17 April and began training in amphibious operations. After training in the United Kingdom from 17 April 1944, the 79th Infantry Division landed on Utah Beach, Normandy, 12–14 June and entered combat 19 June 1944, with an attack on the high ground west and northwest of Valognes and high ground south of Cherbourg Naval Base. The division took Fort du Roule after a heavy engagement and entered Cherbourg, 25 June. It was around this time that Corporal John D. Kelly and First Lieutenant Carlos C. Ogden, both of the 314th Infantry Regiment, were awarded the Medal of Honor. It held a defensive line at the Ollonde River until 2 July 1944 and then returned to the offensive, taking La Haye du Puits in house-to-house fighting, 8 July. On 26 July, the 79th attacked across the Ay River, took Lessay, crossed the Sarthe River and entered Le Mans, 8 August, meeting only light resistance. The advance continued across the Seine, 19 August. Heavy German counterattacks were repelled, 22–27 August, and the division reached the Therain River, 31 August. Moving swiftly to the Franco-Belgian frontier near St. Amand (east of Lille), the division was then moved to XV Corps in eastern France, where it encountered heavy resistance in taking Charmes in street fighting, 12 September. The 79th cut across the Moselle and Meurthe Rivers, 13–23 September, cleared the Forêt de Parroy in a severe engagement, 28 September – 9 October, and attacked to gain high ground east of Emberménil, 14–23 October, when it was relieved, 24 October.

After rest and training at Lunéville, the division returned to combat with an attack from the MignevineMontiguy area, 13 November 1944, which carried it across the Vezouse and Moder Rivers, 18 November – 10 December, through Haguenau in spite of determined enemy resistance, and into the Siegfried Line, 17–20 December. The division held a defensive line along the Lauter River, at Wissembourg from 20 December 1944 until 2 January 1945, when it withdrew to Maginot Line defenses. The German attempt to establish a bridgehead west of the Rhine at Gambsheim resulted in furious fighting. The 79th beat off German attacks at Hatten and Rittershoffen in an 11-day battle before withdrawing to new defensive positions south of Haguenau on the Moder River, 19 January 1945. The division remained on the defensive along the Moder until 6 February 1945. During February and March 1945, the division mopped up German resistance, returned to offensive combat, 24 March 1945, crossed the Rhine, drove across the Rhine-Herne Canal, 7 April, secured the north bank of the Ruhr and took part in clearing the Ruhr Pocket until 13 April. The division then went on occupation duty, in the Dortmund, Sudetenland, and Bavarian areas successively, until its return to the United States and inactivation.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 15,203
 * Killed in action: 2,476
 * Wounded in action: 10,971
 * Missing in action: 579
 * Prisoner of war: 1,186

Assignments in European Theater of Operations

 * 18 April 1944: VIII Corps, Third Army.
 * 29 May 1944: Third Army but attached to VII Corps, First Army.
 * 30 June 1944: Third Army, but attached to First Army.
 * 1 July 1944: VIII Corps.
 * 1 August 1944: VIII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 8 August 1944: XV Corps.
 * 24 August 1944: XV Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to First Army.
 * 26 August 1944: XV Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 29 August 1944: XII Corps.
 * 7 September 1944: XV Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 29 September 1944: Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to the XV Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
 * 25 November 1944: XV Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
 * 5 December 1944: VI Corps.
 * 6 February 1945: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
 * 17 February 1945: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group, but attached to the XVI Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 1 March 1945: XIII Corps.
 * 7 March 1945: XVI Corps.
 * 7 April 1945: XVI Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.

79th Sustainment Support Command
The 79th Infantry Division is now the 79th Sustainment Support Command (SSC) headquartered at Joint Forces Training Base (JFTB) Los Alamitos, California. The 79th SSC was officially activated on 1 December 2009 with the mission of providing trained, ready, cohesive, well-led sustainment units for worldwide deployment to meet the U.S. Army's rotational and contingency mission requirements in support of the National Military Strategy. The 79th SSC is the higher headquarters of over 20,000 U.S. Army Reserve sustainment soldiers organized into over 200 units dispersed throughout the western half of the United States. Major subordinate commands of the 79th SSC include the 4th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) in San Antonio, Texas, the 311th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) in Los Angeles, California, the 364th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) in Marysville, Washington, and the 451st Expeditionary Sustainment Command in Wichita, Kansas. As the operational command posts of a theater sustainment command – the ESCs plan, coordinate synchronize, monitor, and control operational- level sustainment operations for Army service component commands, joint task forces and joint forces commands throughout the world.

 * Reactivated: 1 December 2009
 * Commanders
 * Major General William D. Frink, Jr. (1 December 2009 – 8 February 2013)
 * Major General Megan P. Tatu (9 February 2013 – 4 December 2015)
 * Major General Mark Palzer (5 December 2015 – 8 December 2018)
 * Major General Eugene J. Leboeuf (8 December 2018 – Present)

Subordinate units
As of 2020 the following units are subordinated to the 79th Theater Sustainment Command:

 * 79th Theater Sustainment Command, in Los Alamitos, California
 * 4 Sus Cmd SSI.jpg4th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), at Fort Sam Houston, Texas
 * 90th RRC DUI sharp transparent.gif90th Sustainment Brigade, in Little Rock, Arkansas
 * 316th Support Battalion (Petrol), in Okmulgee, Oklahoma
 * 348th Transportation Battalion (TML), in Houston, Texas
 * 300SustainBdeSSI.jpg300th Sustainment Brigade, in Grand Prairie, Texas
 * 363d Support Battalion (PETRL PL & TML OP), in San Marcos, Texas
 * 211th Regional Support Group, in Corpus Christi, Texas
 * 319th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Harlingen, Texas
 * 373d Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Beaumont, Texas
 * 647th Regional Support Group insignia.jpg647th Regional Support Group, in El Paso, Texas
 * 372d Quartermaster Battalion (Petroleum Support) in Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * 383d Support Battalion (PETRL PL & TML), in El Paso, Texas
 * 311th COSCOM DUI (from TIOH).jpg311th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), in West Los Angeles, California
 * 304th Sustainment Brigade.svg304th Sustainment Brigade, in Riverside, California
 * 155th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in South El Monte, California
 * 371st Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Riverside, California
 * 420th Support Battalion (MVT CTL) (EAC), in Sherman Oaks, California
 * 326th Finance Group, in West Los Angeles, California
 * 364 Sus Cmd SSI.jpg364th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), in Marysville, Washington
 * 650th Regional Support Group, in North Las Vegas, Nevada
 * 314th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Las Vegas, Nevada
 * 469th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Mountain View, California
 * 483d Transportation Battalion, in Vallejo, California
 * 653rd Regional Support Group, in Mesa, Arizona
 * 336th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Buckeye, Arizona
 * 418th Quartermaster Battalion (Petroleum Support) in Marana, Arizona
 * 419th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Tustin, California
 * 451st ESC SSI.png451st Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), in Wichita, Kansas
 * 89th Regional Readiness Command SSI.svg89th Sustainment Brigade, in Kansas City, Missouri
 * 329th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Parsons, Kansas
 * 484th Transportation Battalion, in Springfield, Missouri
 * 620th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in St. Louis, Missouri
 * 561st Regional Support Group, in Elkhorn, Nebraska
 * 394th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, in Fremont, Nebraska
 * 425th Transportation Battalion, in Salina, Kansas
 * 450th Transportation Battalion, in Manhattan, Kansas

General

 * Nickname: Cross of Lorraine Division.
 * Shoulder patch: White bordered blue shield on which is superimposed a cross of Lorraine.

In popular culture

 * The HBO period drama Perry Mason depicts the titular character as a Captain who served in the 79th Infantry during World War I before receiving a blue discharge. The second episode depicts a flashback with Mason participating in the Meuse–Argonne offensive of 1918.

title: 79th Infantry Division (United States)


text:
French River

French River may refer to:

Rivers

 * French River (Ontario), Canada
 * French River (Massachusetts), United States
 * French River (Minnesota)
 * Any river within the country of France; see List of rivers of France
 * A river in the eastern part of Quetico Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada

Other places

 * French River, Colchester County, a community in Nova Scotia, Canada
 * French River, Minnesota, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * French River, Nova Scotia (disambiguation), 3 locations in Nova Scotia
 * French River, Ontario, a municipality in Canada
 * French River 13, Ontario, a First Nations reserve
 * French River, Pictou County, a community in Nova Scotia, Canada
 * French River, Prince Edward Island

title: French River


text:
Talk:80th Division (United States)

Do not remove ({{Abbr|Posted without title|Title added by User:Askarion on December 1, 2023}})
Do not remove. Source: public domain US government publication.

 * Sorry about that -- I did not realize US govt pubs were public domain. I apologize. :) Miss Puffskein 00:18, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

Good article, but really needs fleshing out for WWI --Malbrook 19:29, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Final weeks of WWII from another account
I have Shelby L. Stanton's World War II Order of Battle, which contains a combat narrative for the 80th Infantry Division in that war. It is in a very dispassionate tone and avoids virtually all "sensational" claims, not mentioning the division's proximity to Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge, for example. The main difference with the account in this article is that, in Stanton, after rehab at Nuremberg the division crosses the Inn River and moves to Braunau, Austria (Hitler's birthplace), ending the war on the Enns River at Kirchdorf, still some distance from Czechoslovakia. Does anyone have an explanation for the considerable variation between accounts of the division's location and actions in the final weeks of the war? RobDuch (talk·contribs) 05:32, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:80th Division (United States)


text:
EBT

EBT may refer to:

Commerce and economics

 * Earnings before taxes
 * Electronic benefit transfer
 * Employee benefit trust
 * EuroBillTracker, a website for tracking Euro banknotes
 * Exim Bank (Tanzania)

Science and technology

 * Electron beam computed tomography
 * Electron beam texturing
 * Electron beam therapy
 * Electronic benefit transfer
 * Eriochrome Black T, a chemical indicator used in tests
 * Evidence-based toxicology
 * Evidence-based training - evidence-based training methodology.

Other uses

 * Early Buddhist texts
 * East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company, an American railway
 * Edenbridge Town railway station, in England
 * Emery, Bird, Thayer Dry Goods Company, a defunct department store in Kansas City, Missouri
 * The Esther Benjamins Trust, a British charity
 * European Bowling Tour
 * Examination before trial
 * High School of Enterprise, Business, & Technology, in Brooklyn, New York City

title: EBT


text:
Worse-than-average effect

The worse-than-average effect or below-average effect is the human tendency to underestimate one's achievements and capabilities in relation to others.

It is the opposite of the usually pervasive better-than-average effect (in contexts where the two are compared or the overconfidence effect in other situations). It has been proposed more recently to explain reversals of that effect, where people instead underestimate their own desirable traits.

This effect seems to occur when chances of success are perceived to be extremely rare. Traits which people tend to underestimate include juggling ability, the ability to ride a unicycle, the odds of living past 100 or of finding a U.S. twenty dollar bill on the ground in the next two weeks.

Some have attempted to explain this cognitive bias in terms of the regression fallacy or of self-handicapping. In a 2012 article in Psychological Bulletin it is suggested the worse-than-average effect (as well as other cognitive biases) can be explained by a simple information-theoretic generative mechanism that assumes a noisy conversion of objective evidence (observation) into subjective estimates (judgment).

title: Worse-than-average effect


text:
NASCAR Inside Nextel Cup

NASCAR Inside Nextel Cup was a show that aired Monday nights on Speed Channel during the NASCAR season. Inside Nextel Cup was hosted by Dave Despain. The show was taped every Monday morning at Speed's studios in Charlotte, North Carolina about 11 am, unless a race is postponed to Monday, in which case the show takes place live. The show usually ran for 60 minutes, except for a brief period during the first few weeks of the 2005 season, when it ran for 90 minutes. Speed Channel chose to discontinue this show at the end of the 2007 NASCAR season, replacing it in 2008 with the similar program This Week in NASCAR.

History
Inside Nextel Cup originally broadcast on SpeedVision, and was called Inside Winston Cup until the title-sponsor change in 2004. The show was also rebroadcast on several Fox Sports Net affiliates when the show was on SpeedVision, but was exclusively on Speed from 2002 to 2007.

The first episode aired after the 1996 Daytona 500. The original host was Allen Bestwick, who then broadcast races on Motor Racing Network. The original panelists were chosen because they each drove a different make of race car; Michael Waltrip drove a Ford, Ken Schrader drove a Chevrolet, and Johnny Benson drove a Pontiac.

The show has been so popular that when Fox, NBC, and TNT signed a television deal to broadcast NASCAR races starting in 2001, thousands of emails and faxes came in to ask that the show be saved. The show went on hiatus after NASCAR embargoed all race footage from non-NASCAR broadcast partners, meaning that there would be no highlight show on Speed.

But the death of Dale Earnhardt in the 2001 Daytona 500, plus various changes in NASCAR, prompted Speed producers to tape a special reunion program. The program, called "One More Time", involved only the regular panelists and frequent substitute Kenny Wallace, shooting on location at Schrader's home on Lake Norman in North Carolina.

But when Speed became an official broadcast partner of NASCAR, the show began broadcasting again in 2002. It also had a spin-off, as Inside NBS debuted in 2003. The show was mostly devoted to the Busch Series, NASCAR's version of Triple-A baseball. Bestwick was joined by panelists Hank Parker Jr. and Randy LaJoie. It only lasted one season.

Original show format
The show would show the previous day's races, with Bestwick reading notes while the highlights were shown. The panel would then analyze the action taking place in the on-screen video, whether it's a pass for position or a crash. Sometimes, a member of the panel has to analyze a mishap he himself had, which leads Bestwick and the other two panelists to tease him about it. Other times, though, the panelist will be shown in a moment of success on the track. Also, there are times when two of the panelists will watch themselves in a battle for position, or being caught up in the same crash.

After the race highlights, a now-discontinued interview segment called "The Hot Seat" would take place, in which Bestwick and the panel asked the guest questions (and sometimes ribbed him in a friendly way). Guests ranged from drivers to NASCAR officials to even singer-songwriter Edwin McCain, who performed on the segment in July 2004. Often, the Hot Seat guest would stick around as the latest news and action in the NASCAR Busch Series and Craftsman Truck Series is recapped.

Other assorted segments filled out the rest of the hour. Sometimes, a Speed camera crew would follow Michael Waltrip to various events, including a hilarious segment at an Iowa pumpkin farm. Another segment, SpeedFan Q&A, led to some answers and a few non-answers. The next Cup race would be previewed in detail, and, in the last few seconds of the show, the panelists would plug an appearance they are making later in the week.

Final show format
On September 5, 2005, a major (and controversial) change took place — Bestwick, removed from his hosting duties, hosted his last show, and was replaced by Dave Despain, who hosts Speed's WindTunnel with Dave Despain. Benson, a panelist on the show from the beginning, was replaced by Brian Vickers. Benson was not present for Bestwick's last show. After the 2006 season, Vickers was dropped from the show, and Greg Biffle was announced as his replacement.

With Despain as host, the formula of the show changed. The show focuses almost exclusively on Nextel Cup, especially during the 10 weeks of the Chase for the Nextel Cup. The "Hot Seat" segment was dropped in favor of a remote interview with either the winning driver or winning crew chief from the previous week's race. The show became much more tightly controlled (with the panelists holding clipboards and notepads now) and less spontaneous. The segment previewing the next Cup race has been dropped, and no show was taped in 2006 during off-weeks.

Inside Nextel Cup has been parodied in a commercial for Aaron's, where Despain, Waltrip, and Schrader comment on a pair of shoppers going through an Aaron's store.

This Week in NASCAR
Inside Nextel Cup was replaced in 2008. Veteran NASCAR personality Steve Byrnes took over hosting duties on the newly named This Week in NASCAR, which premiered February 18. This Week in NASCAR replaced the NASCAR Sprint Cup race re-cap and analysis show, moving into a "handoff" position between events, reviewing topical items from previous races in all three NASCAR national touring series, while also looking forward to upcoming events. Familiar faces, including Michael Waltrip, Greg Biffle and Ken Schrader remained as regular Monday night panelists, with NASCAR crew chiefs, including three-time champ Chad Knaus also joining the show.

Incidents

 * In 2000, Darrell Waltrip came on the show as a special guest and Allen Bestwick could barely get a word in edgewise to get to commercial.
 * In 2003, after Michael Waltrip won the Daytona 500, he couldn't make the show because of the numerous television appearances mandated of the champion. He appeared via satellite from Daytona USA, and started his segment with Allen Bestwick, mouthing silently, "I'm just so pleased, so happy to have won the race." Then, he vocalized the words, "I was just fakin'." The entire studio burst into laughter at the practical joke.
 * In 2004, the earpiece that the control room uses to talk to each driver fell in Michael Waltrip's ear canal. A crew member with a long pair of tweezers was dispatched to fish it out.
 * In 2005, a power-washing crew started its work during the show's taping. The show kept rolling, and Allen Bestwick, continuing on a theme of rude driving and behavior of some drivers, quipped, "Now, that's rude."

title: NASCAR Inside Nextel Cup


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Outer Subcarpathia

Outer Subcarpathia (Podkarpacie Zewnętrzne; Прикарпаття, Prykarpattia; Vněkarpatské sníženiny; Karpatenvorland) denotes the depression area at the outer (western, northern and eastern) base of the Carpathian arc, including foothills of the Outer Western Carpathians and Outer Eastern Carpathians. It stretches from northeastern Austria, through eastern Czech Republic, southern Poland, western Ukraine and northeastern Romania.

The opposite foothill regions on the inner side of the Carpathian arc are known as Inner Subcarpathia, transitioning further to the Pannonian Basin.

Geography
mapcarpat2.png of the Carpathians:

1. Outer Western Carpathians

2. Inner Western Carpathians

3. Outer Eastern Carpathians

4. Inner Eastern Carpathians

5. Southern Carpathians

6. Western Romanian Carpathians

7. Transylvanian Plateau

8. Serbian Carpathians ]]

The western end is marked by the (northern) Vienna Basin, separating it from the Eastern Alpine Foreland. The adjacent hilly landscape of the Lower Austrian Weinviertel region with its extensive loess layers border on the limestone rock formations of the South-Moravian Carpathians.

In the Czech Republic, the depression is situated on the outskirts of the White Carpathians in Moravia, including the Pálava Protected Landscape Area. In Poland they stretch along the Lesser Poland Voivodeship to the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, part of the Galicia historic region that leads to Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi Oblast) and the Dniester Basin.

In Romania, the depression ends east of the Carpathian arc on the upper Moldova River within the Bukovina and Moldavia regions, bordering on the Wallachian Plain in the south.

Subdivisions

 * Weinviertel Foothills (DE: Weinviertler Hügelland; CZ: Weinviertelská pahorkatina; PL: Pogórze Weinviertel)
 * Dyje–Svratka Valley (DE: Thaya-Schwarza-Talsenke; CZ: Dyjsko-svratecký úval) → A1.1
 * Vyškov Gate (CZ: Vyškovská brána) → A1.2
 * Upper Morava Valley (CZ: Hornomoravský úval) → A1.3
 * Moravian Gate (CZ: Moravská brána) → A1.4
 * Ostrava Basin (CZ: Ostravská pánev, PL: Kotlina Ostrawska) → A1.5
 * Oświęcim Basin (PL: Kotlina Oświęcimska) → A1.6
 * Kraków Gate (PL: Brama Krakowska) → A1.7
 * Sandomierz Basin (PL: Kotlina Sandomierska) + San-Dniester Plain (PL: Płaskowyż Sańsko-Dniestrzański; UA: Сянсько-Дністровська рівнина) → B1.1
 * Upper Dniester Valley (UA: Верхньодністровська улоговина) → B1.2
 * Drohobych Highlands (PL: Wysoczyzna Drohobycka; UA: Дрогобицька височина) → B1.3
 * Dniester Plain (UA: Придністровська рівнина) → B1.4
 * Pokutian Upland (UA: Покутська височина) → B1.5
 * Bukovinian Highlands (UA: Буковинське Прикарпаття; RO: Podișul Bucovinei) + Suceava Plateau (RO: Podișul Sucevei) → B1.6
 * Moldavia-Siret Groove (RO: Culoarul Moldova-Siret) → B1.7
 * Moldavian Subcarpathians (RO: Subcarpații Moldovei) → B1.8
 * Muntenian Subcarpathians (RO: Subcarpații Munteniei) → B1.9
 * Getic Subcarpathians (RO: Subcarpații Getici) + Getic Plateau (RO: Podișul Getic) → C1.1

title: Outer Subcarpathia


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Robert Franklin Sutherland

Robert Franklin Sutherland, (April 5, 1859 – May 23, 1922) was a Canadian politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from 1905 to 1909, noted for his fine speaking ability and strong temperament.

Sutherland was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal Member of Parliament for Essex North in the 1900 election. He was re-elected in the 1904 and 1908 elections.

He was born in Newmarket in Canada West in 1859. After studies at the University of Toronto and University of Western Ontario, Sutherland began his career as a lawyer in Windsor, Ontario. He was a member of the city council, and first ran for a seat in the House of Commons of Canada in 1900 and was elected. During the campaign in a riding with a large francophone and Catholic population, he was accused of having been a member of the anti-Catholic Protestant Protective Association. While he admitted having attended a meeting out of curiosity, he insisted that he refused to join the group upon learning of its anti-Catholic views. Once elected, he concentrated on constituency issues and obtaining grants for his riding.

By the time of the next general election in 1904, Sutherland had learned some French and was able to campaign in the language. Following the election, he was nominated by Sir Wilfrid Laurier to become Speaker of the House, and was the first anglophone Speaker to give part of his acceptance speech in French.

Laurier offered to renominate Sutherland for the Speakership following the 1908 election, but he declined, and was appointed the next year to a seat on Ontario's High Court. He became a respected judge and mediator.

He was later appointed to chair a Royal Commission in Ontario to investigate a proposal by Sir Adam Beck to establish a network of radial lines (that is, a system of inter-city streetcar lines). Sutherland's report argued against the scheme and it was not implemented.

title: Robert Franklin Sutherland


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Counter

Counter may refer to:

Mathematics and computing

 * Counter machine, a subclass of register machines
 * Counter (digital), an electronic device, mechanical device, or computer program for counting
 * Loop counter, the variable that controls the iterations of a loop
 * Jeton, a reckoning counter used on reckoning boards for calculations
 * Mechanical counter, a digital counter using mechanical components
 * Tally counter, a mechanical counting device
 * Web counter, a counter that counts the number of visits to a web page
 * Project COUNTER, a standard for reporting usage statistics of electronic resources
 * People counter, a device used to measure the number of people transversing a certain passage or entrance

Games and sport

 * Counter (board wargames), a playing piece used in board wargames
 * Counter run, an offensive play in American football
 * Counter turn, an element in figure skating
 * Counter (collectible card games), a small item used to represent certain objects or conditions in a collectible card game
 * Jones Counter, measures distance bicycles travel

Linguistics and typography

 * Counter (typography), an enclosed space in a letter-form
 * Measure word, a type of word in some languages
 * Japanese counter word

Other uses

 * Countertop, the flat surface of a counter
 * Bar (counter), a type of counter used in bars for food serving
 * Compter or counter, a small jail
 * Counter, the part of a ship's stern above the waterline that extends beyond the rudder stock (see nautical terms)
 * The Counter, a global hamburger restaurant chain
 * Frequency counter, an electronic instrument for measuring frequency

People with the name

 * Nick Counter (1940–2009), American film and television executive
 * S. Allen Counter (1944–2017), American neuroscientist, polar explorer, and university administrator
 * See also Caunter, an associated surname

title: Counter


text:
User:Giodude

Hi there i'm Gio!

title: User:Giodude


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Pakora

Pakora is a fritter originating from the Indian subcontinent. They are sold by street vendors and served in restaurants in South Asia. It often consists of vegetables such as potatoes and onions. It is then coated in seasoned gram flour batter and deep fried.

The pakora is known also under other spellings including pikora, pakoda, pakodi and regional names such as bhaji, bhajiya, bora, ponako, and chop.

Etymology
The word pakoṛā is derived from Sanskrit पक्ववट pakvavaṭa, a compound of pakva ('cooked') and vaṭa ('a small lump') or its derivative vaṭaka, 'a round cake made of pulse fried in oil or ghee'. The word Bhajji is derived from the Sanskrit word Bharjita meaning fried.

Some divergence of transliteration may be noted in the third consonant in the word. The sound is a hard 'da' in the Telugu language and the 'ra' sound would be an incorrect pronunciation. The sound is the retroflex flap, which is written in Hindi with the Devanagari letter ड़, and in Urdu with the letter ڑ.

However, in the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, the Hindi letter ड़ is transliterated as <ṛ>, popular or non-standard transliterations of Hindi use  for this sound, because etymologically, it derives from ड. The occurrence of this consonant in the word pakora has given rise to two common alternative spellings in English: pakoda, which reflects its etymology, and pakora, which reflects its phonology.

History
An early variation of pakora appears in Sanskrit literature and Tamil Sangam literature but the recipe is not clearly provided as they only mention it as 'a round cake made of pulse fried in oil' and 'crispy fried vegetables' which were served as part of the meals. Early known recipes come from Manasollasa (1130 CE) cookbook which mentions "Parika" (pakoda) and the method of preparing it with vegetables and gram flour. Lokopakara (1025 CE) cookbook also mentions unique pakora recipe where gram flour is pressed into fish-shaped moulds and fried in mustard oil.

Preparation
Pakoras are made by coating ingredients, usually vegetables, in a spiced batter, and then deep frying them.

Common varieties of pakora use onion, masoor dal (lentil), suji (semolina), chicken, arbi root and leaves, eggplant, potato, chili pepper, spinach, paneer, cauliflower, mint, plantain or baby corn.

The batter is most commonly made with gram flour or a mixture of gram flour and rice flour but variants can use other flours, such as buckwheat flour. The spices used in the batter are up to the cook and may be chosen due to local tradition or availability; often these include fresh and dried spices such as chilli, fenugreek and coriander.

Serving
Pakoras are eaten as a snack or appetiser, often accompanied by chutney or raita. They are also offered with masala chai to guests at Indian wedding ceremonies.

Regional names
A gram flour fritter is known in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka as Pakoda or bajji, Gujarat as bhajia, in Maharashtra as bhaji, in Andhra Pradesh/Telangana and Karnataka as bajji or "Pakodi". Pakoda may be interpreted in these states as deep fried balls of finely chopped onions, green chilis, and spices mixed in gram flour.

title: Pakora


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User:Bluefoxicy/Template new spoilers

WARNING: ''This article contains spoilers. Please scroll downl slowly, and keep an eye out for spoiler warnings; spoilers follow these.''

title: User:Bluefoxicy/Template new spoilers


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Talk:Treaty of Bucharest (1913)

Comments
Do we disambiguate treaties as Treaty of X (year) or Treaty of X, year? I have always thought it was the former. john k 16:29, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Language of this entire article is extremely stilted. Entere first graph is impressionistic and one sided.DaveHM 13:23, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

The text would appear to be derived from the source cited at the bottom - a US government report printed in 1918... john k 18:09, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

treaty
how about adding the article of the treaty which states that if one of the four parts of macedonia is ever given its independence, then with the revision of 2013, the party (the part that will have gained independence) will be entitled to the rest of the parts of macedonia. today, Republic of Macedonia has its independence. but i cant find any sources :/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.162.167.148 (talk) 00:17, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

What are you taling about???--Michael X the White (talk) 20:46, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

There is no such article.

NO Expire Date
The Treaty of Bucharest 1913 has NO expire date. All the speculations for a secret clausal for Macedonia and for the revision exist only in the imagination of some people.

Hankz1982 (talk) 09:31, 15 June 2008.
 * Yes, just dream about it.--  MacedonianBoy Oui? 16:52, 31 December 2008 (UTC)
 * You are the dreamer. Why don't you go and read the treaty?

 * The treaty expired in 2013, the Greek government made a fuss about it then. 77.28.130.54 (talk) 03:28, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * @MacedonianBoy Why scared? I thought there was no Macedonian POV. Why would you GreekBoys care about an expiration date if there is no one to return it to? 37.25.87.164 (talk) 12:20, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Macedonian point of view
Why there is not the Macedonian point of view and where is the bloody division of Macedonia and where is the paragraph about the occupation of the Macedonian parts? So pathetic. --  MacedonianBoy Oui? 16:51, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Take your sterile nationalism elsewhere. · ΚΕΚΡΩΨ · 13:51, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * You eat, dream and breath Greek nationalism, not me.--  MacedonianBoy Oui? 14:17, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Your irredentist fantasies are discussed at length at United Macedonia. No need to pollute this article with such nonsense. · ΚΕΚΡΩΨ · 15:39, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * So, you can split us up for your nationalistic interests, but we can't even discuss ours? Hypocrite. 77.28.130.54 (talk) 03:26, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * As opposed to your Greek fertile nationalism? Need I remind you of the Human Rights Watch Group findings about Macedonians in Greece? 77.28.94.78 (talk) 00:52, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

what territories were they gaining?
nowhere is written that it was the ottoman region of rumelia, previously known as macedonia was the territory that they divided in three. the greek state, before that, was never in that region, as well as bulgarian or serbian. under contents, it should be the first on the list.79.126.216.69 (talk) 22:05, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The ottoman region known as Rumel was further south. It had nothing to do with macedonia.

Macedonian POV missing
The fact that on this article there is no Macedonian POV on this issue, even under a controversial banner, is the core of the crying and whining of Greece and Bulgaria. Any pretending that the problem is ancient history or even medieval history is BS. The fact that Greek and Bulgarian editors don't want a Macedonian POV on an article that is more exposed than the catch-all United Macedonia, just shows hoe scared they are. I wonder how Strasbourg might feel about things like this where Macedonians are still discriminated. 37.25.87.164 (talk) 12:13, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treaty of Bucharest (1913)


text:
Talk:Magellan (spacecraft)

Sentence structure
"Weary of rapid shuttle launches, the decision was made to launch Magellan in May, and into an orbit that would require 1 year and 3 months before encountering Venus."

The subject of the sentence is "the decision". The adjective "weary" modifies the subject. However, presumably the decision is not weary. Was NASA weary? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.128.246.32 (talk) 04:07, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Was the destruction intentional?
The article doesn't mention whether the ultimate crash of the probe was intentional. Does anyone know? --Doradus 18:19, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 20:20:42, 2005-08-10 (UTC)

 * Yes, it was intentional. The main mission was long done, and sending it into the atmosphere was a fitting end. The explorer finally merged with what he was exploring. A fitting end.--Planetary 06:47, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

There was no mention of the effect of ice cream on the Magellan team.

Spacecraft design
The first line of the Spacecraft design section states "Built largely from spare parts from both the Voyager and Galileo missions, the Magellan spacecraft was 4.6 metres (15.4 feet) long, topped with a 3.7 m (12 ft)." My question is, a 3.7 m what? My guess would be antenna but it would be better if someone who knows for sure could fix it. -Nibios 17:32, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I think you guessed right, it's probably the antenna which was a spare from the Voyager program. The high-gain antennas in Voyager probes are 3.7 meters in diameter.130.234.5.137 01:41, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

First unmanned spacecraft launched by NASA since 1977?
The first line says Magellan was the "first unmanned spacecraft to be launched by NASA since its successful Voyager 1 spacecraft to Jupiter and Saturn in 1977".. I would be inclined to think this means 'first unmanned INTERPLANETARY spacecraft', since there have obviously been numerous other satellites launched by NASA in that period. Random Tree (talk) 19:53, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

I thought the same, but this is also not the case as Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched in 1978. I searched through the Category:Years in space exploration, there's not another USA i/p probe (at least in there) 1978-1989, so maybe we should correct the phrase to "first unmanned interplanetary spacecraft to be launched by NASA since its Pioneer Venus Orbiter to Venus in 1978" - Badseed (talk) 22:15, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Ah, thanks for looking that up. That phrasing sounds good to me. Random Tree (talk) 19:41, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Synthetic aperture radar
The phrase "synthetic aperture radar" is a common noun, even though its abbreviation is SAR. Such things are actually quite common in English, and especially in technical English. For example "central processing unit" is abbreviated CPU, and ribonucleic acid is abbreviated RNA, and instrument landing system is abbreviated ILS.98.67.163.247 (talk) 02:31, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

 * "Also, synthetic aperture radar is an article in the Wikipedia, and hence this article must link to it because SAR was the key ingredient of the Magellan mission.98.67.163.247 (talk) 02:54, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Certainly, ILS = the "instrument landing system" in aviation, and we are fellow travelers on that! But - for the last 25 years or so, the nitwits have been using ILS = "integrated logistics systems". This is a mess when we see Help Wanted ads for "ILS Engineers". As an electronics engineer, I could work as an ILS engineer if it had to do with radio electronics, radar, and the like. Next, the ILS was superseded by (or was attempted to be replaced by), the MLS = "microwave landing system". Nowadays, I think that they might use something connected with the GPS = "global positioning system".47.215.188.197 (talk) 02:30, 6 March 2017 (UTC)
 * By the way, SAR = "search and rescue", also, and the SARSAT system is a search and rescue system, the International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme, that utilizes special satellites in orbit. This all got started as a joint program between the U.S.A. and the USSR, with the cooperation of Canada and France. Its headquarters is in Montreal. 47.215.188.197 (talk) 02:26, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

Units
The use of the unfamiliar "units" gal and milligal is unnecessary and uncalled for. This is especially true since 1.0 gal equals 0.01 meters per second per second = 0.01 meter/sec^2. Just express everything in terms of meter/sec^2. All this "unit" is is shifting of the decimal point by two places. The "gal" is as unnecessary as the Angstrom unit, where 10 angstroms = 1.0 nanometer. The "gal" is as unnecessary as the "franklin", where 1.0 franklin = 1.0 statcoulombs, and the statcoulomb is not used very much, anyway.47.215.188.197 (talk) 16:55, 28 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Since gals are commonly used in the relevant scientific literature, they should be used in Wikipedia as well. Ruslik_ Zero 20:11, 28 February 2017 (UTC)
 * That is to the contrary to what is said by the Systeme Internationale, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and so on and so forth. Do you wish to argue with the S.I. and NIST? The next thing that you know, you will be arguing with the ITU. 47.215.188.197 (talk) 06:16, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070126122448/http://library.thinkquest.org/J0112188/magellan_probe.htm to http://library.thinkquest.org/J0112188/magellan_probe.htm

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External links modified (January 2018)
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Broken table thing
This was preventing the rest of the article from appearing; I don't know how to fix it

{| align="right" ! colspan="2" | Timeline of travel

Infobox entry for semimajor axis of orbit
I just changed the number here for the orbit semimajor axis to 10470 km from something slightly larger than 7700 km. The old value was clearly a mistake. This new value is not directly attributable to a source; rather, it is the average of periapse and apoapse altitudes from further down in the box, plus the planetary radius of 6050 km. This new number works with the given orbital period and the mass quoted for Venus using Kepler's 3rd Law. A more definitive number and citation need to be found and put here. BSVulturis (talk) 20:59, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * For awhile (end of 2020 into the first half of this year) there was an IP address that was vandalizing this and other space articles; you can see what I mean here. A lot of the edits were arbitrary changes to numbers in infoboxes. Most of that user's edits were reverted, but it's possible stuff slipped through the cracks. I'd guess you found one of those that wasn't caught when it was new. Tisnec (talk) 03:00, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Magellan (spacecraft)