text:
Denys Johnson-Davies

Denys Johnson-Davies (Arabic: دنيس جونسون ديڤيز) (also known as Abdul Wadud) was an eminent Arabic-to-English literary translator who translated, inter alia, several works by Nobel Prize-winning Egyptian author Naguib Mahfouz, Sudanese author Tayeb Salih, Palestinian poet Mahmud Darwish and Syrian author Zakaria Tamer.

Johnson-Davies, referred to as "the leading Arabic-English translator of our time" by Edward Said, translated more than twenty-five volumes of short stories, novels, plays, and poetry, and was the first to translate the work of Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz. He was also interested in Islamic studies and was co-translator of three volumes of Prophetic Hadith. He wrote a number of children’s books adapted from traditional Arabic sources, including a collection of his own short stories, Fate of a Prisoner, which was published in 1999.

Born in 1922 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada of English parentage, Johnson-Davies spent his childhood in Sudan, Egypt, Uganda, and Kenya, and then was sent to England at age 12. Johnson-Davies studied Oriental languages at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, and lectured on translation and English literature at several universities across the Arab World.

In 2006, he published his memoirs In 2007, he was awarded the Sheikh Zayed Book Award "Culture Personality of the Year", valued at about $300,000.

In his latter years he lived between Marrakesh and Cairo. Denys Johnson-Davies died in Egypt on 22 May 2017.

title: Denys Johnson-Davies


text:
Category:Psychoactive drugs

fi:Luokka:Psykoaktiiviset aineet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Psychoactive drugs


text:
Talk:Wilson loop

Untitled
Isn't a Wilson loop the path ordered product taken over a closed path and which is then traced over (i.e. its character for some irreducible rep) (resulting in a complex number) while a Wilson line the corresponding untraced (so it still takes on values in the gauge Lie group) product over a path which needn't be closed in general? Wilson lines can be contracted with charged fields at both of its endpoints to give a complex number. Phys 19:28, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This article is so technical that the only people benefiting from it would already know... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.21.103.36 (talk) 05:49, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

I'm not sure what is "much debated" meant to imply with regard to the quark gluon plasma?

Complete rewrite
Rewrote the entire article, significantly extending it in all directions. After having done as much research as I could, I think that the resulting article is very comprehensive, touching on all the major properties and applications of Wilson loops. The sections of the Makeenko–Migdal equation and the one on the Mandelstam identities should in the future get their own articles, although the summary of them presented in this article should be kept. I'll keep a running tab on additional possible extensions to this article: Also some additional images can be added. OpenScience709 (talk) 22:41, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Their role in non-commutative gauge theory (See Makeenko's textbook Chapter 16),
 * Their supersymmetric generalizations and their role in the AdS/CFT correspondance
 * Generalized symmetries.

title: Talk:Wilson loop


text:
User:Cuppysfriend

I live in Will Cuppy's hometown, Auburn, Indiana, and have made a hobby of researching his life and family history. My humble contributions to Wikipedia are based on the principle that one thing leads to another. Besides starting the article on Cuppy, I expanded the one on Auburn. I contributed an article on Cedar Creek, which flows through Auburn, and one on the Eel River, which centuries ago formed a single stream with Cedar Creek and where Cuppy played as a boy when he visited his grandmother's farm near South Whitley.

Writing about Cuppy naturally led to an article about 15017 Cuppy, the asteroid named for him. That, in turn, led to my adding many names to the list of asteroids named after people. One of those, 1761 Edmondson, was named after Frank K. Edmondson, who taught my astronomy class at Indiana University. So I wrote an article about him, but not before I contributed a few extra facts to the article on his hero Daniel Kirkwood and wrote one about asteroid 1578 Kirkwood, which Edmondson rediscovered after it was "lost" during World War II. I also wrote an article about Edmondson's Indiana Asteroid Program, which discovered or rediscovered 119 asteroids in the days before computerized sky-scans took over the job of finding near-Earth objects that might whack us into extinction. Sometime during the Cretaceous, something big really did whack Indiana just east of a bullseye marked by the intersection of U.S. Highways 24 and 41 in Newton County, creating the Kentland crater. My effort to expand the crater article collided with a simultaneous edit by Wetman. We worked it out.

Getting back to Auburn, I wrote an article on the extinct Auburn Automobile Company and on the company's best-known designer, Gordon Miller Buehrig, whose cousin Edward Buehrig was my polisci prof at Indiana University. Extinction is also the theme of my article on Pipe Creek Sinkhole, a paleontological dig in Grant County, Indiana supervised by my friend Jim Farlow of Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne. If I hadn't known about Pipe Creek, then I wouldn't have started the article about the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee.

But I was talking about Auburn, wasn't I? James Indus Farley, a New Deal-era congressman who knew my father lived here, so I figured that if I didn't write something about him no one would. Ralph Austin Bard didn't live here, but he knew Farley when both were associated with the Auburn Automobile Company. Bard became Under Secretary of the Navy during World War II and sent a famous memorandum to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson saying that we shouldn't drop the atomic bomb on Japan without fair warning. Bard was a quiet, self-effacing man, which made his dissent from the collective judgment of the Interim Committee that the bomb should be used without warning speak all the louder.

Auburn is where the dominoes began to fall that led to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Stump v. Sparkman, a troubling case that warns us that the people sitting next to us in church might differ from the "good Germans" of the 1930s only by the accidents of history and geography.

Then there are my articles on the Bancroft Treaties, Mauritanian diplomat Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, and the abolitionist Calvin Fairbank. How do I connect to them? Well, I tripped across the Bancroft Treaties in the 1970s when I worked at the U.S. Department of State. Prodding the right people to get rid of them before they caused real mischief might be my only contribution to international law. State was also where I met Ould-Abdallah, a dynamic ambassador who could likely have been president of the Rotary Club in any American city you might care to name and who would, in my opinion, make a pretty fair United Nations Secretary-General.

I tripped over the Rev. Fairbank while looking for information on Will Cuppy's mother's third husband's younger brother, Rev. Aaron Lilly. There's no connection whatever between them except that someone with the same name is buried in the same cemetery as Fairbank. If there were any real logic to things, I should have found Fairbank when I was researching my great-grandmother's second husband's older brother who married the daughter of a reputed Underground Railroad activist.

On my "to do" list, I'd like to expand the article (someone beat me to writing the stub) on Indiana novelist Ross Lockridge Jr., author of Raintree County, who, like Will Cuppy, was a child of the Eel River. He's also buried in the same cemetery as Daniel Kirkwood.

Rollie Zeider, a professional baseball player who held the rookie record for stolen bases longer than most people live, grew up in Auburn and is buried here; but he was born in a little crossroads town near Logansport named Hoover, which just happens to be located on...you guessed it...the Eel River! I didn't start the article about him, but I contributed a few biographical facts that were easy for me to dig out from local records. After he retired from baseball, Rollie (or "Polly" as he was known around here) opened a tavern in Garrett, a nearby town with which Auburn had a longstanding high school sports rivalry. That might account for a certain coolness in Auburn toward someone who probably should be celebrated as our local link to baseball's golden age. My father liked to go to "Polly Zeider's."

I did, however, start the article on Don Lash, the track and field star who won the 1938 James E. Sullivan Award as America's top amateur athlete. Lash was born in Bluffton, but grew up in Auburn, where legend has it that his high school coach kept him out of football so that he wouldn't injure himself. Good thing, too. Lash was a phenomenon of long-distance running. Although he failed to win a single medal at the 1936 Olympics, those were virtually the only races he ever lost. I met him when I was in high school. He was friendly, calm and self-possessed, having nothing of the chest-thumping egotism that tarnishes so much of today's sports scene. He was a gentleman of the old school.

I've been pretty busy lately and haven't done much more than scan my watchlist for vandalism, but I was happy to discover an image on the Commons of the Collège de Ste-Anne de La Pocatière and add it to the article on La Pocatière, Quebec. "La Poc" is where I did my French-language training in 1970 in preparation for a Peace Corps assignment in Ivory Coast. No, La Poc is not located on the Eel River. The local stream there is called the St. Lawrence.

* *  *

The Eel is arguably more Hoosier than the Wabash, which we have to share with Ohio and Illinois. Just within pitching distance of Rollie Zeider's birthplace in Cass County is the site of the old Miami town of Kenapacomaqua, or "Eel River Town," that a U.S. force under James Wilkinson raided in 1791. Wilkinson, who later gained notoriety in the Aaron Burr conspiracy trial, seems almost apologetic that two women and a child were killed "in the hurry and confusion of the charge." The raid was a nasty piece of business, an attack on a largely undefended settlement mainly for the purpose of taking hostages. Today we call such actions "terrorism."

The raid on Kenapacomaqua was a relatively mild affair compared to the treatment meted out in 1838 to Indiana's last band of Potawatomis. Although nobody seems to have set out with the deliberate intent to kill them, about 40 of them died on a forced march from Marshall County to Kansas, a sad trek that has since been named the "Trail of Death." Guilty white liberal that I am, I consider my editorial contributions to the articles about Kenapacomaqua and the Trail of Death as a small penance for the sins of my heavily-armed forebears, who treated the Native American population of my state about the same way that today's developers treat the raccoons and woodchucks whose homes and lives they despoil in the name of progress.

But there are some real heroes in Hoosier history whose stories need to be told. One of them, Edward Ralph May, who represented my county at the Constitutional Convention of 1850, was the only (I repeat: the only) delegate who voted to allow African Americans the right to vote in Indiana elections. May's speech on African American suffrage is an oratorical masterpiece, but he didn't make very many more. Possibly looking for a more progressive place where he could build a career, he moved to Minnesota, where he and his wife died of cholera. Someone else who died of cholera was Richard Dillingham, a sensitive young schoolteacher from Ohio who tried to free some slaves in Tennessee and ended up in prison and then dead for for his efforts.

Another courageous young idealist was my college classmate Alex Shimkin, who died in a grenade attack in Vietnam in 1972 while covering the war for Newsweek. Working beside him in a polisci lab, I didn't know that he had been jailed in Alabama and Mississippi for civil rights work. In Vietnam, he uncovered the ghastly indiscriminate killing of noncombatants that went on in "Operation Speedy Express" while we were puttering around in our lab. War brought him to the threshold of potential greatness, then cut him off.

One of the values I want to serve on Wikipedia is that of justice. Although I always strive to observe Wikipedia's rule of writing from a neutral point of view, a number of the subjects I've chosen to write about have to do with people who took a risk to do right and received little credit for it. It isn't necessary to embellish their stories or vilify their opponents. The truth is their memorial.

title: User:Cuppysfriend


text:
User:Aarchiba/monobook.css

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers for now */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius-topright: 0.5em; } -moz-border-radius-topleft: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 0.5em; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 0.5em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

/* same following the css3 draft specs, any browsers supporting this? */ border-radius-topleft: 0.5em; border-radius-topright: 0.5em; } border-radius-topleft: 0.5em; border-radius-bottomleft: 0.5em; } div.pBody { border-radius-topright: 0.5em; border-radius-bottomright: 0.5em; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content {

body { background: #FFE44C; }

title: User:Aarchiba/monobook.css


text:
Pensions Act 1995

The Pensions Act 1995 (c. 26) is a piece of United Kingdom legislation to improve the running of pension schemes.

Background
Following the death of Robert Maxwell, it became clear that he had embezzled a large amount of money from the pension fund of Mirror Group Newspapers. As a result of this, a review was established to look into ways that the running of pension schemes could be improved. The end result was the Pensions Act 1995.

Overview
The main features of the Act included:

 * The establishment of the Occupational Pensions Regulatory Authority
 * The Minimum Funding Requirement (MFR) to ensure that all pension schemes had a minimum amount of money
 * A compensation fund for pension schemes in the event of fraud
 * Protection for existing pension scheme benefits so that they could not be reduced in the future without member consent
 * A requirement for pension schemes to have member nominated trustees
 * Greater disclosure of information to members
 * The introduction of clear documentation showing what should be paid into a scheme, and monitoring of those contributions
 * A minimum rate of increase to apply once in payment to pension earned after the date on which the Act came into force

Many of the features introduced by the Act were abolished or amended by the Pensions Act 2004. The MFR was heavily criticised in the Myners Report (2001), which was a HM Treasury sponsored report into institutional investment in the UK. The Myners Report identified three problems with the MFR:

 * For some pension funds, the level of assets under the MFR was insufficient to provide the benefits promised by the scheme
 * Regulatory costs for sponsoring firms increased without any reduction in the risks of fund insolvency
 * Sponsoring firms focused on meeting the narrow requirements of the MFR, rather than on ensuring that the scheme was appropriately funded.

The Pensions Act 2004 replaced the MFR from September 2005 with a new scheme-specific "statutory funding objective" (SFO), allowing more flexibility to individual schemes' circumstances whilst at the same time protecting members' benefits. The Act established the Pension Regulator with the power to require sponsoring companies to fully fund their pension liabilities, by adopting an appropriate recovery strategy consistent with the SFO. Liu and Tonks (2012) examine the effect of a company's pension commitments on its dividend and investment policies, assessing the impact of funding rules under the MFR, and also under the funding requirements introduced under the Pensions Act 2004. They find a strong negative relationship between a firm's dividend payments and its pension contributions, but a weaker effect on investments. They found that dividend and investment sensitivities to pension contributions were more pronounced after the introduction of the Pensions Act 2004.

State pensions
The Act also affects state pensions. A significant change was the phasing in of equalisation of state pension ages for men and women over a ten-year period.

title: Pensions Act 1995


text:
Freeway (1996 film)

Freeway is a 1996 American black comedy crime thriller film written and directed by Matthew Bright and produced by Oliver Stone. It stars Kiefer Sutherland, Reese Witherspoon and Brooke Shields. The film's plot is a dark take on the fairy tale "Little Red Riding Hood".

The film premiered at the 1996 Sundance Film Festival where it competed for the Grand Jury Prize. It was later screened on HBO on June 8, 1996, and due to favorable reviews, it was given a brief theatrical release. The film has gone on to achieve cult status.

Plot
Vanessa Lutz is a 14 yr old illiterate teenager living south of Los Angeles. Her mother, Ramona, is arrested in a prostitution sting, and her stepfather, Larry, is taken in on drug and child abuse charges. Social worker Mrs. Sheets comes to take Vanessa away, but she runs away.

Taking her mother's run-down car, Vanessa plans to live with her grandmother in Stockton. Along the way, she stops to see her boyfriend Chopper Wood, a gang member, to tell him about her trip. He gives her a gun to sell upon arriving at her destination. Minutes after Vanessa leaves, he is killed in a drive-by shooting. The car breaks down, leaving her on the side of the highway where she is picked up by Bob Wolverton, a counselor at a school for boys with emotional problems. He offers to take her as far as L.A.

Over the long drive, Vanessa comes to trust Bob and confesses the details of her dysfunctional life, including sexual abuse by her stepfather and foster parents.

That evening, Bob reveals he is a serial killer dubbed the "I-5 Killer" and attacks Vanessa. She turns the tables on him, however, and shoots him several times before fleeing to a restaurant where her blood-stained appearance prompts the owners to call 9-1-1. She is arrested and questioned by police detectives Mike Breer and Garnet Wallace, who write her off as a carjacker, even though she insists Bob tried to kill her and told her about his crimes.

Bob survives, but the bullet wounds have left him severely handicapped and facially disfigured. Vanessa is put on trial; Bob is portrayed as an innocent victim with no criminal record, whereas Vanessa has a long string of prior offenses. Vanessa goes to prison, while Bob and his socialite wife Mimi, who knows nothing of his crimes, are treated like heroes.

Initially scared, Vanessa makes friends in prison who include heroin-addicted lesbian Rhonda and a brutal Hispanic gang leader named Mesquita. Vanessa plots to escape to her grandmother's house and fashions a shiv from a toothbrush. During their transport to a maximum security prison, Vanessa and Mesquita escape after killing a security guard, and they go their separate ways.

Re-examining evidence, the detectives realize Vanessa was telling the truth. They search Bob's home and find violent child pornography and human remains in a storage shed. Horrified, Mimi commits suicide. Evading the police, Bob travels to Vanessa's grandmother's trailer, using the address written on a picture Vanessa had shown him.

Posing as a prostitute, Vanessa steals a car from a prospective john, driving to the trailer. She finds Bob in bed wearing her grandmother's nightgown and nightcap with the covers pulled up to his nose. A struggle ensues, culminating in her strangling him. Breer and Wallace arrive, finding the bodies of Bob and Vanessa's grandmother. Outside, Vanessa sits in a chair in a daze, then asks the detectives if they have a cigarette. They all smile and laugh.

Production
Oliver Stone served as one of the film's executive producers. Writer and director Matthew Bright said the film underwent multiple edits during post-production and he was not able to preserve his original version for the film, as Stone was away in Nepal at the time. It was filmed on location in Los Angeles, California from July 31 to August 28, 1995.

Release
Freeway premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 1996 where it was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize.

Censorship
In Australia, when Columbia TriStar Home Video submitted a VHS of the original 104-minute print of the film to the Australian Classification Board (then known as the Office of Film and Literature Classification), it was refused classification. The ACB had already approved of a censored version, running 102 minutes, that removed two scenes: one in which Sutherland asks Witherspoon for anal sex on top of his excessive use of obscenities, and another in which a deceased 91-year-old grandmother is shown with a vase covering her private parts and her legs spread apart; the cut version remains available on video in that country, where it is rated R18+.

Critical reception
Critics lauded the film's hard-edged satire and performances. Film critic Roger Ebert gave Freeway three and a half stars out of four and stated, "like it or hate it (or both), you have to admire its skill, and the over-the-top virtuosity of Reese Witherspoon and Kiefer Sutherland." It received "Two Thumbs Up" on Siskel and Ebert At the Movies. Joe Baltake of The Sacramento Bee gave Freeway four stars out of four and called it "a wild, audacious drive-in attraction that takes the 'high' from 'highbrow' and the 'low' from 'lowdown' and shakes them up". Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave Freeway four stars out of four and said that it was "rude in the way the truth is rude—only funnier". Margaret A. McGurk wrote for The Cincinnati Enquirer that "I didn't particularly want to like Freeway, but I couldn't help myself. Reese Witherspoon made me."

The film was not a success at the box office, but has achieved a cult following over the years through home video and HBO airings from fans who praise its satire, camp style, and Witherspoon's performance.

Home media
Freeway was released on DVD by Republic Pictures on August 20, 1997. The film was released as a 4K Blu-ray Limited Edition by Vinegar Syndrome on November 25, 2022.

Sequel
A sequel titled Freeway II: Confessions of a Trickbaby, also directed by Matthew Bright, was released in 1999. The original actors or characters did not appear in the sequel.

title: Freeway (1996 film)


text:
Anadol

Anadol was Turkey's first domestic mass-production passenger vehicle company. Its first model, Anadol A1 (1966–1975) was the second Turkish car after the ill-fated Devrim sedan of 1961. Anadol cars and pick-ups were manufactured by Otosan Otomobil Sanayii in Istanbul between 1966 and 1991.

Seven Anadol models were produced: A1 (1966–1975), A2 (1970–1981), STC-16 (1973–1975), SV-1600 (1973–1982), Böcek (1975–1977), A8-16 (1981–1984) and Otosan P2 500 pick-up (1971–1991).

Production of the Anadol passenger cars was discontinued in 1986, while the production of the Otosan 500 Pick-Up continued until 1991. At present, Otosan builds Ford Motor Company's passenger cars and commercial vehicles, which are exported to numerous countries in the world, particularly to the European Union member states.

Anadol A1 (1966–1975)
The Anadol A1, code named FW5 by Reliant which developed the prototype upon Anadol's request, went into production on 19 December 1966. The styling of the A1 was by Tom Karen of Ogle Design. In 1967 a New Zealand entrepreneur, Alan Gibbs, announced that he intended to also produce the car in his country as the Anziel Nova. This project never proceeded beyond the initial announcement and prototype.

Production of the A1 started at Otosan's new eastside Istanbul plant on 16 December 1966 with the 1200 cc Cortina engine, but in October 1968 it was replaced with the stronger 1300 cc Kent engine. In 1969 the dashboard gauges were updated with a new design and their positions were changed, while the ergonomic design of the steering wheel was improved. In 1970 the two round headlamps at front were replaced with oval headlamps, a new transmission system was introduced, and the bumpers were changed. In 1971 the interior of the roof was covered with vinyl, in accordance with the fashion of that period. The design essentially remained this way until April 1972.

In 1971 a special model of the A1 was developed in dedication to the Mediterranean Games in İzmir, called the Akdeniz (Mediterranean). Anadol Akdeniz was like a prelude of the new model which arrived in 1972, and had bumpers which were integrated to the shape of the bodywork, a different front grille, rectangular headlamps with white signal lamps, and different rear lights. The interior of the car was also completely changed, with a new dashboard, new seats and new finishing materials. Starting from 1972, this model became the standard coupé of Anadol until its production was stopped in 1975.

The five-seat body was built from fibre glass and affixed to an h-frame chassis. The Anadol was originally only available as a coupé, but in late 1973 was joined by a saloon (sedan) and an estate version. The chassis had independent front suspension utilising coil springs and leaf springs on a live axle for the rear. Brakes were disc in the front and drum in the rear. The steering system used a recirculating ball mechanism.

Anadol A1 was also the first Turkish rally car, and Anadol Ralli Takımı (ART) became the first Turkish rally team. The first official rally in Turkey, the 1968 Trakya (Thrace) Rally, was won by the famous duo of Anadol A1 pilots, Renç Koçibey and Demir Bükey. Other famous Anadol A1 rally pilots included Romolo Marcopoli, İskender Atakan, Claude (Klod) Nahum, Mete Oktar, Şükrü Okçu and Serdar Bostancı.

Still in 1968, another Turkish driver, İskender Aruoba, participated in the 30,000 km Africa-Asia-Europe Tour, which lasted 8 months, with his Anadol A1.

Anadol A2 (1970–1981)
Anadol A2 was both Anadol's first four-door model, and the first fiberglass bodied four-door sedan in the world.

Its prototype was prepared in 1969 and the car was introduced to the market in 1970.

Apart from having four doors and a single wide front bench seat for both the driver and the passenger, the first versions of the A2 shared the same technical specifications with the A1. Starting from April 1972, the front part of the A2 received the same changes that the A1 received that year (including the new nose, front grille and headlamps) and this design went on until the end of 1975.

In 1976 a new version of the A2, the SL, was introduced. The biggest changes in the exterior appearance of the car were made in the front and the back, with new lamps. Particularly the rear lamps had a completely new appearance. The interior was also completely changed, with a new steering wheel, new dashboard and new finishing materials.

The A2 was also the first Anadol model which received extensive crash tests in order to improve the safety of the car.

Since the A2 was primarily designed as a family sedan, and was also suitable for commercial uses (usually as a taxi), it became the best selling Anadol passenger car, with a total of 35,668 units sold. The A2 was replaced by the A8-16 in 1981.

Anadol P2 500 / 600 (1971–1991)
In trying to fill a need for light transports, the first prototype pickup truck (on A1 basis) was developed by Bernar Nahum in 1970. Serial production began the following year, equipped with the 1.3-liter Ford Crossflow engine also used in saloons. The P2 also received the new nose of the facelifted A1. In the 1980s this was upgraded to the 1.6-liter Ford Pinto, as seen in other Anadols as well. After 1983, the 600D version was released, with a 1.9-liter diesel engine which necessitated a slight bulge in the hood. Always high in demand, and used extensively by the Turkish Post (PTT), the pickup continued to be in production until 1991, when 36,892 had been built. Many saloons have also been converted to pickup trucks.

Anadol STC-16 (1973–1975)

A sports model, the STC-16 was produced between 1973 and 1975. The first prototype was introduced in 1972.

Designed by Eralp Noyan, the STC-16 was the first Turkish sports car. It was also the second completely Turkish-designed car after Devrim, which was produced in 1961 as the first Turkish designed and built automobile.

In 1971 Erdoğan Gönül, the General Manager of Otosan and the son-in-law of Vehbi Koç, convinced the latter on the production of a sports car. The car was aimed at the upper segment of the Turkish market and would participate in international rallies, thus bringing prestige to the Anadol brand. The creation works of the STC-16 were assigned to Turkish designer Eralp Noyan, who had graduated from the Royal Fine Arts Academy in Belgium. The STC-16 was a completely new Anadol and looked nothing like the previous models of the brand, although it had similarities with other sports car models of that period, such as the Datsun 240Z and Ginetta G21.

The car's name, "STC-16", was originally an acronym for "Sports Turkish Car 1600", but as it was also intended for international markets, STC was alternatively named as the "Sports Touring Coupé". Among the Turkish youth, however, STC was popularly interpreted as "Süper Türk Canavarı" (Super Turkish Monster).

The STC-16 used a shortened and modified Anadol chassis and suspension system, while using a 1600 cc Ford Mexico engine. The transmission system, on the other hand, was the one that was used by some high performance Cortina and Capri models in Britain. The STC-16 had all the typical dashboard gauges and indicators which the British and Italian sports cars of that period had. Apart from the speed and rpm indicators, a resettable cruise distance indicator (something new for that period) as well as a Lucas ampermeter and Smiths oil, fuel and engine temperature indicators were installed on the dashboard.

Following an initial development period of 11 months, the first three prototypes of the STC-16 became ready for road tests, which took place at the Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station along the D.100 highway (back then known as the E-5 highway), in the town of Köseköy within Kocaeli Province. The first crash tests of the STC-16 were also performed in this period. Afterwards, the STC-16 was taken to England by Nihat Atasagun, Otosan's Production Manager, who tested the car at the MIRA circuit. The car received great attention at the streets and highways of England, where most people thought it was the prototype of a new British sports car. Several traffic police officers stopped the car in England, which had a special testing licence plate, "320-E", interested in finding out more information about the new model. The STC-16 was tested by British drivers at the circuit, and modifications were made according to their suggestions, following which the car's performance and safety characteristics were improved. Finally, at the beginning of April 1973, the first STC-16 rolled out of the Otosan factory in Istanbul and went into the showroom.

The global oil crisis of 1973 meant bad news for the STC-16. Not only car fuel became more expensive, but the cost of building fiberglass (which is a petrochemical product) car bodies such as that of the STC-16 also skyrocketed. The rear-wheel drive STC-16 had a relatively high fuel consumption, and the sports coupé market in Turkey appealed to a very small segment, particularly to the young members of high-income families. Unlike other Anadol models of that period which were sold for 50,000 to 55,000 Turkish Liras, the STC-16 had a price tag of more than 70,000 Turkish Liras. When all these factors came together, the primary customers of the STC-16 remained the rally drivers, sports car enthusiasts and young celebrities.

A total of 176 Anadol STC-16s have been produced between 1973 and 1975, the majority of them in 1973, until the global oil crisis in that year reduced demand and slowed down production. Most of the STC-16s were painted in "Alanya Yellow", which became synonymous with the car. Some of them were red with white racing stripes, and some white with blue racing stripes, as was fashionable with the sports cars of that period.

Anadol STC-16 in motorsports
Instead of the heavy steel chassis of the road version STC-16, the rally version had a lightweight FRP chassis, combined with a modified 140 bhp engine.

The STC-16 became synonymous with its era in the memory of that period's Turkish youth, and the upgraded motorsports version of the car won numerous victories in rally competitions in Turkey and Europe. Famous Anadol rally drivers in the 1970s included Renç Koçibey, Demir Bükey, Romolo Marcopoli, İskender Aruoba, Cihat Gürkan, Ali Furgaç, Şevki Gökerman and Serdar Bostancı.

Anadol SV–1600 (1973–1982)
The SV–1600, which headed to the showrooms at the end of 1973, was the world's first fiberglass-bodied 5-door station wagon (estate) car. It had a completely different design and appearance than the 4-door Anadol models, and was inspired by Reliant's Scimitar sports-station coupé.

Several details of the car bore similarities with the station wagon designs of Bertone and Pininfarina in that period. The first examples of the SV–1600 had single-colour paint, while the front hood had a spoiler, which was something new for station cars.

After some time, a more luxurious version was produced, and bi-colour paint were applied, while new interiors were introduced. Starting from 1976, the SV-1600 received aluminium wheels, a new steering wheel, new side mirrors, and a single-colour paint with a black-and-white stripe on the sides. The car also had retractable seats for further enlarging the trunk space.

Production of the SV–1600 continued until 1982.

Anadol Böcek (1975–1977)
The Böcek (Bug) was designed by Jan Nahum who worked at Otosan's Design and Development Department in this period. Later in his career, Nahum became the General Manager of major companies like Otokar and Tofaş, the Head of International Business Development at FIAT, and later yet the CEO of Petrol Ofisi. Jan Nahum's father, Bernar Nahum, played an important role in the establishment of the Anadol factory and the development of the Anadol A1. Another close family relative, Claude (Klod) Nahum, was an Anadol A1 rally racer, as well as the developer of the Otosan Anadol Wankel engine. He is currently a founding partner of the KIRAÇA Group of Companies, which also includes KARSAN Automotive Industries.

Böcek made it to the showrooms in 1975. The vehicle, similar in appearance to a fiberglass dune buggy but different in design concept and characteristics, was developed upon request for a similar vehicle by the Turkish Armed Forces. Otosan also predicted that the rising popularity of Turkey's tourism and beach resorts would guarantee a certain level of demand for a civilian-use version of such a vehicle. The Böcek's roof could be opened, it didn't have any doors, and its windshield had the same inclination as the hood. The futuristic front panel and gauges of the Böcek were ahead of their time, and were used many years later by future passenger vehicles in Europe.

The Böcek had a 1298 cc 63 bhp Ford engine, which provided very good performance given the vehicle's small dimensions. In line with the pop-art designs of that period, the Böcek had asymmetrical front and rear ends. The front grille was asymmetrical, while in the rear there were 3 lights at left and 2 at right. The rear-view mirror, which was formed of five differently angled mirrors which provided a telescopic view, was mounted on top of the windshield. The front tyres were 225*55*13 in dimension, while the seats were fiberglass covered with vinyl.

Several different versions of the Böcek (Bug) were designed for institutional and civilian use. There was a version with gull-wing doors, a version for the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) which was optimized for using film and video cameras, an offroad version, a tractor/trailer version, and a military version.

The Böcek was a design concept that was ahead of its time, but just like the STC-16, it was not a great seller due to the economic situation in Turkey and the rest of the world in that period, caused mostly by the 1973 oil crisis. Only 203 examples of the Böcek were produced between 1975 and 1977.

Anadol A8-16/16 SL (1981–1984)

Production of the 4-door, 5-seat A8-16 series began in 1981. The design concept of the A8-16 was largely inspired by the Volvo and Saab models of the 1970s, including the groundbreaking Volvo VESC (1972) safety concept car and the first generation Saab 900 (1978), with futuristic details such as the large headlamps, inclined nose and the high-positioned rear trunk. However, it also had details that appeared obsolete in 1981, such as the rear lights which originally belonged to Böcek, but didn't look good on the A8-16. The interior design and the materials used also did not please the traditional Anadol customers. Many of the design characteristics, especially the door windows and frames, were borrowed from older Anadol models such as the SV-1600 which was designed in 1973, and most potential customers saw this car as a hotchpotch of old Anadol spare parts, mixed with some new ideas. The new body still sat on a box-type perimeter frame with crossmembers, with independent coil sprung front suspension and a live, leafsprung rear axle. Steering is rack and pinion, transmission by the way of a four-speed manual.

Even the higher performance 1.6 Pinto E-Max engine, which were used in the first A8-16s that were produced between 1981 and 1982, could not improve the popularity of these cars. As a result, in order to reduce production costs, this engine was no longer used in the A8-16 SL models of 1983–1984 which reverted to the older 1.6 engine. Only 1,013 examples of the A8-16 were produced between 1981 and 1984.

Wankel engine
Otosan Design and Development Department employed many talented engineers, such as Claude (Klod) Nahum, who led the group which developed a Wankel engine that could produce more than 100 PS despite its small size. But due to its high development costs and the well-known problematic character of Wankel engines, this engine was not used in Anadol's models. Today, one of these Wankel engines is displayed at the Rahmi M. Koç Museum in Istanbul.

FW 11
In 1977 Marcello Gandini designed the FW 11 for Anadol and Reliant, the latter naming it as the Scimitar SE 7. Four prototypes of this car were produced, two of which remained in England with Reliant badging, and two other examples, one of them white and the other one blue, were sent to Turkey with the Anadol badge. The car, which had a modern design and "luxuries" for that period's European cars such as electric windows, was deemed too expensive to produce profitably by Anadol and the project was shelved. The two Anadol prototypes were held in Koç Holding's (which owns Otosan) depot in Istanbul's Acıbadem district for nearly 25 years. Since 2004 one of them is occasionally displayed at the Rahmi M. Koç Museum in Istanbul.

One of the other prototypes, the Reliant Scimitar SE 7, is currently displayed in England. Following Anadol's decision not to build the FW 11, Reliant exhibited the Scimitar SE 7 at its stand as a prototype during the Birmingham Motor Show.

The FW 11's overall design themes were recycled by Gandini for the Citroën BX, premiered in 1982.

Çağdaş
During the late 1970s, Jan Nahum developed several prototypes and worked on new Anadol designs. Many of these new prototypes, which even included full-scale models, however, could not be mass-produced.

Otosan, in that period, aimed at creating modern cars, in line with the developments of the automotive industry worldwide, while reducing the amount of fiberglass which it used for building the body parts of its vehicles. To meet this demand, Jan Nahum designed and built two different prototypes of the Anadol Çağdaş (meaning Contemporary). The bodywork of Çağdaş was made of fiberglass parts fitted on a steel skeleton. The Wankel engine developed by Claude (Klod) Nahum was installed on it.

Çağdaş won the top prize of the Turkish State Fine Arts Academy in Istanbul in the industrial design category, and Jan Nahum received the award from Prof. Dr. Önder Küçükerman.

Turkish newspapers made detailed coverage of the car, stating that production would begin either in 1980 or 1981. However, due to the political, social and economic instability in the country, the project could never be realized.

A single prototype of Çağdaş is today displayed at the Rahmi M. Koç Museum in Istanbul.

A9
The A9, designed by Bertone, was the last prototype of Anadol. It was a 4-door sedan with a very modern design for the early 1980s. The rear parts of the car resembled the future Peugeot 405, while the overall form resembled the Volvo sedans of the mid-1980s.

A new and more contemporary-looking Anadol logo was developed for the A9.

The design of the wheels were also characteristic of the European cars of the mid to late 1980s.

However, the A9 couldn't make it to full mass-production and the prototype was destroyed.

Anadol subsequently ceased to exist as a car brand in 1986, as the Otosan factory began producing Ford Motor Company's passenger car models.

Anadol models

 * A1 (1966–1975): 19,724 produced
 * A2 (1970–1981): 35,668 produced
 * STC-16 (1973–1975): 176 produced
 * SV-1600 (1973–1982): 6,499 produced
 * Böcek (1975–1977): 203 produced
 * A8-16/16 SL (1981–1984): 1,013 produced
 * Otosan 500 Pick-Up (1971–1991): 36,892 produced

Anadol prototypes

 * FW11 (1977)
 * Çağdaş (late 1970s)
 * A9 (early 1980s)

title: Anadol


text:
Talk:Corpus Christi, Texas

Selena
Selena is mentioned twice in the notable people section. The first time she is mentioned is as Selena Quintinilla and then as simply Selena. Recommend that the two references to her are combined under Selena Quintinilla, so as to continue to group her with her siblings. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:6000:F204:6F00:3C6A:8771:2FCD:2818 (talk) 20:27, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

Untitled
Residents of both Calallen and Flour Bluff (and occasionally Clarkwood and Annaville) often refer to those places as separate communities, but in every legal sense they are a part of Corpus Christi and have been for some time.

Calallen primarily refers to itself as separate out of a sense of elitism.

I was raised in Annaville/Calallen areas in the 1950s-60s. A great many of the current residents were, as well. Corpus Christi 'forcibly' annexed from Tuloso-Midway to the Nueces at Calallen in the early sixties and it was many years later that those areas received any benefit of city services of any kind, other than higher taxes. I would imagine this is why residents still think of themselves as only periferally a part of Corpus. Ditto Flour Bluff and Clarkwood. When I left the area in 1964 we still had to flag down a Greyhound or Continental bus on Hwy 9 (Leopard st) into downtown to go to the library or the beach. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.55.137.250 (talk) 00:50, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

Crime
I came here because I was told that Corpus Christi has a relatively low murder rate, just about two or three times higher than in Europe, 5 per 100 000, one of the lowest in the USA. At the same time the crime rate, in general, is very high. Strange.

Origin of the name?
Can someone who knows please add information on why this city is named after a Christian feast? --Angr/comhrá 10:06, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

The article does not fully tell the naming of the city. This is a quote from the City of Corpus Christi's official web site:

"In 1519, on the Roman Catholic Feast Day of Corpus Christi, Spanish explorer Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda discovered a lush semi-tropical bay on what is now the southern coast of Texas. The bay, and the city that later sprung up there, took the name of the feast day celebrating the 'Body of Christ.'"

Actually it IS commonly called "The Armpit of Texas". Here in Corpus Christi, it's pretty universal. Super high humidity,

Also known as 'The Texas Riviera'

Concerts
This article doesn't mention the American Bank Center or Concrete Street Theater?-Giant89 16:44, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

History
Why does this city have no history? All the other cities do. - Teofil Bartlomiej 02:57, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Needs something on the hurricane (one of the deadliest in U.S. history) at a minimum. Something on its role in the Mexican-American war would be good, too.--12.47.123.121 20:12, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

_________________________

I second that -- please have some history.

In Ulysses S. Grant's Memoirs, he devotes a chapter to his experiences there during the Mexican-American War, just as a hint to the fun info someone can find on Corpus Christi's history: "Early in September the regiment left New Orleans for Corpus Christi, now in Texas. Ocean steamers were not then common, and the passage was made in sailing vessels. At that time there was not more than three feet of water in the channel at the outlet of Corpus Christi Bay; the debarkation, therefore..."

_________________________ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.240.36.102 (talk) 03:07, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Advertisement
This article reminds me of an advertisment because of the way it lists all the famous people from there and thing to do. It doesn't sound very encyclopedic to me.  Codu    talk    contribs    email   23:08, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

what's with the day spa ad in the middle of this, is it really that much of an amazing thing? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.174.162.235 (talk) 23:44, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Semiarid?
I noticed that the region is described as "Semiarid." What exactly does this mean? Corpus Christi proper receives an average of 30.4 inches of rain per year (see this site) and the description of semi-arid reports it as areas receiving between 10-20 inches of rainfall per year. However, even inland sections of the Corpus Christi area, such as the city of Alice, receive around 30 inches of rainfall per year (Alice area profile). So, what exactly does this "region" entail? I would think that a better fit would be "humid subtropical" for the whole region, not just the city, and other sections of Wikipedia seem to support my assertion Humid subtropical climate

--Sandpiper2007 05:54, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Public Radio
Just Wondering, is there any specific reason that the public radio station isn't on the page?

It's: KEDT-90.3FM "KEDT-FM"

Again, just wondering... Ddreier 23:32, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Government
the (current? first?) mayor linked to is listed as a segregationalist that died in the 70's. for some reason, this doesn't seem accurate. Superdupergc 19:36, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Needs major work
This article really needs some TLC. There shouldn't be a section called "Futurists" or "Activists" or anything like that. In fact, a listing of notable people from the city really only belongs in a category.. see Dallas, Texas and Category:People from Dallas for example. There should not be a list of "awards" won by the city in the lead. The fact that the city is blanketed in WiFi coverage also does not belong in the lead. There is only one photo. Demoting article (start class). -- drumguy8800   C   T  06:56, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Temperature
The ISO unit is Degrees of Celsius (or Kelvin), not Farenheit. The article is clearly in the latter, but it doesn't even mention it. Sloppy copy-paste by someone? Zarkow 124.120.79.33 12:08, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Economy Section
Made some updates to the Economy Section. Colehowardatx 04:41, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Demonym?
Does Corpus Christi have one? if so i've never heard one J.J. September 13
 * It should be Corpus Christian or the non-controversial Corpus Christan. -AMAPO (talk) 03:56, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

"Gang Crime"
Why is there a subheading here for gangs? I think that's disrespectful to the city's image. There is no more gang crime here than any other city and I don't see a heading for "gangs. Very unprofessional. Sam — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.203.98.131 (talk) 12:32, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Corpus Christi Alternative Schooling
You Forgot to mention Richard Milburn Acadamy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.84.251.146 (talk) 20:15, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

Structure
Hi. I'm going through all the US Cities (as per List of United States cities by population) in an effort to provide some uniformity in structure. Anyone have an issue with me restructuring this article as per WikiProject Cities/US Guideline. I won't be changing any content, merely the order. Occasionally, I will also move a picture just to clean up spacing issues. I've already gone through the top 20 or so on the above list, if you'd like to see how they turned out. Thoughts? Onel5969 (talk) 19:45, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

Notable People
Hi. This section has reached a length where it should probably have its own page, and a link put here. Any issues with me creating it? As I do, I'll try to add others to the list. Onel5969 (talk) 14:03, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

There's a bit of an edit war going on with this section, which makes no sense. Note that at least one US House Representative is already listed on the page (Texas 17th), a district that does not even include Corpus Christi. Yet, it is somehow unreasonable to include the 27th, which actually does include Corpus Christi? My IP address was definitely not a US House IP, and I have no connection to the House, so stop making asinine statements about conflicts of interest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chitinid (talk • contribs) 03:06, 12 July 2014 (UTC)
 * This sort of section has two appropriate formats. If short enough, it ought to include anyone who demonstrably passes WP:BIO and who demonstrably lived in the city.  If that would produce too long of a list, it ought to be split out into a freestanding list page, and this section should become either a summary (the most important city residents) or purely a "see also" to the freestanding list.  As long as we're attempting to list everyone, we should definitely include any federal legislators (and any state legislators too) who demonstrably lived in Corpus Christi.  Nyttend (talk) 04:36, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

Infobox photo
Another editor,, has made several attempts to change the photo in the infobox. While I am not adverse to changing the photo, their first selection was a somewhat non-descript photo of an intersection somewhere in the city:

While their second choice was a blurry photo, which seemed to highlight the field, which takes up fully half of the photograph: Update: (Has been cropped to remove excess field area)

Thoughts? Suggestions? Not trying to get into an edit war, but those choices just don't seem to improve the article. Onel5969 (talk) 21:40, 30 July 2014 (UTC)

To add,, insists that this is a better photo. However, this photo is extremely outdated and bland. None of those buildings are current, nor does this highlight any other feature of downtown, aside from One Shoreline Plaza, and the old Omni Hotel. This photo is also blurry, albeit slightly so:

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Corpus Christi, Texas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090318151134/http://downtowncorpuschristi.com:80/wiki/DMD/History to http://www.downtowncorpuschristi.com/wiki/DMD/History

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:27, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Corpus Christi Fire Department
Corpus Christi Fire Department cites no sources to establish notability, and the user who created the article has COI. CookieMonster755 📞 ✉ ✓ 18:44, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Corpus Christi, Texas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100806133317/http://www.census.gov/popest/geographic/boundary_changes/index.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/geographic/boundary_changes/index.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061209112400/http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/windavg.html to http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/windavg.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:22, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Indulin AA-86
I just started Indulin AA-86, about the chemical identified as a water contaminant in Corpus Christi. It's possible there is a duplicate effort going on somewhere else about Wikipedia about this (I'm surprised nobody had started it before me!) so I should note that here. I'm not sure it's notable to link to from this article about the city as a whole, but maybe someone on the ground there can look it over and see if I have anything wrong. Wnt (talk) 00:49, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 9 external links on Corpus Christi, Texas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111228010931/http://71.40.204.5/AboutUS/tabid/215/Default.aspx to http://71.40.204.5/AboutUS/tabid/215/Default.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110116221903/http://www.citgograybook.com/index_moz.cfm?majorDiv=1&detailDiv=1&majorSec=1&detailSec=164 to http://www.citgograybook.com/index_moz.cfm?majorDiv=1&detailDiv=1&majorSec=1&detailSec=164
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110904002737/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/parole/parole-directory/paroledir-rgnldisparoff4.htm to http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/parole/parole-directory/paroledir-rgnldisparoff4.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100621233625/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/corpus-christi-809-nueces-bay-blvd-corpus-christi-tx-1435746 to http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/corpus-christi-809-nueces-bay-blvd-corpus-christi-tx-1435746
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090705214349/http://www.texshare.edu/programs/card/patroninfo.html to http://www.texshare.edu/programs/card/patroninfo.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080509194030/http://www.downtowncorpuschristi.com/ to http://downtowncorpuschristi.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:59, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Corpus Christi, Texas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150930063231/http://www.texasdesal.com/news-updates/item/411-corpus-christi-moving-nearer-construction-of-desalination-plant.html to http://www.texasdesal.com/news-updates/item/411-corpus-christi-moving-nearer-construction-of-desalination-plant.html
 * Added tag to http://library7.municode.com/default-now/home.htm?infobase=13945&doc_action=whatsnew
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140628203842/http://sistercitiesofcc.org/the-citys/ to http://sistercitiesofcc.org/the-citys/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:08, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

Route 66
An episode of the TV show Route 66 was filmed in Corpus Christi ca 1962. It begins with the two travelers coming into town over the harbor bridge and includes scenes at HEB Tennis Center and downtown showing the cathedral.Calypsoparakeet (talk) 21:14, 18 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Corpus Christi, Texas


text:
Anahuac (automobile)

The Anahuac was a short-lived United States automobile styled after a contemporary Polish car and manufactured in 1922 in Indianapolis by the Frontenac Motor Corporation Intended for the export market (it was to have been marketed in Mexico by a Mexican concern), the car had a wheelbase of 115 in; only four were ever completed.

title: Anahuac (automobile)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Clark Democrats

Keep: Whether or not it becomes a historical footnote in American politics, it also represents a novel form of community-inspired political activism intiated through the weblogs to unite supporters for presidential campaigns at the national level. -Dman --172.128.105.162 19:46, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
SuicideGirls

SuicideGirls is an online community-based website that revolves around pin-up photography sets of models known as the Suicide Girls.

The website was founded in 2001 by Selena Mooney ("Missy Suicide") and Sean Suhl ("Spooky").

Most of the site is accessible only to paying members. It offers members access to images provided by models and photographers worldwide, as well as personal profiles, blogging platforms, and the option to join numerous groups based upon different interests. There is also an online merchandise store offering a range of clothing, books, and DVDs.

Suicide Girls have appeared in a variety of media outlets including television shows and music videos. They have also been portrayed by actresses in others, such as the character Dani California on the TV show Californication.

History
In 2001, Mooney returned to Portland, Oregon, to study photography after working as director of technology at Ticketmaster. Inspired by Bunny Yeager, Mooney began photographing her friends in the pinup style and wanted to create a website that featured her photographs as well as message boards and blog posts from the models. Mooney's friend Sean Suhl joined her and the two founded the website. SuicideGirls was originally based in Portland, but relocated to Los Angeles, California, in 2003 to be closer to its distributor, label and publisher. That same year, 70 models from the website appeared in a music video for the band Probot.

Mooney has said that the site's purpose is to give women control over how their sexuality is depicted. The site is privately co-owned. According to Missy, the term "Suicide Girl" comes from Chuck Palahniuk's novel Survivor (1999), in which a character talks about masturbating to the troubles of young girls who look up to him: "It's the same with these suicide girls calling me up. Most of them are so young. Crying with their hair wet down in the rain at a public telephone, they call me to the rescue. Curled in a ball alone in bed for days, they call me. Messiah. They call me. Savior. They sniff and choke and tell me what I ask for in every little detail. It's so perfect some nights to hear them in the dark. The girl will just trust me. The phone in my one hand, I can imagine my other hand is her." Missy also said the name describes girls who commit "social suicide" by breaking away from societal norms, and created the site "as a place to celebrate beautiful women who choose not to fit into the norm and as a corner of the internet [sic] where outsiders could congregate and be appreciated for being themselves".

In September 2005, SuicideGirls announced that it would remove a large number of images from its pages in an effort to collaborate with the U.S. Department of Justice standards at the time. The images involved depicted bondage, weapons, or simulated blood. The Department of Justice indicated that images of that type might be the subject of obscenity prosecutions. Although SuicideGirls was not mentioned as a target, they removed the images until the furor passed. In January 2007, the images were made visible again. In 2006, some of the Suicide Girls were featured in the CSI: NY episode "Oedipus Hex".

In 2015, it was reported that the website had 5 million monthly visitors, 51 percent of them female. SuicideGirls' 15th anniversary was celebrated at its Peek-A-Boo burlesque show, which is a regular act at Pour Vous nightclub in Los Angeles, and was featured on the website of Maxim magazine. In 2017, SuicideGirls released a line of marijuana vape pens and cartridges called Chill Hustle Zero.

Website features
The website is an online community, formed around pin-up photosets of Suicide Girls.

Photosets
Photosets are a collection of images ranging from fully clothed to fully nude that must share a theme or concept and take place in the same setting. Each photoset contains 40 to 60 images and is created by the model and photographer to portray images of "alternative" beauty, showcasing each model's ideas regarding her own beauty.

As of May 2015, there were nearly 8 million images live on the site. Each day, a "Set of the Day" is bought and featured on the front page, marking official Suicide Girl status. The photographs are intended both as an homage to classic pin-up art and a portrayal of alternative beauty.

The site has staff photographers, but anyone can submit photosets. Actress Paget Brewster has photographed models for the site, as have guitarist Dave Navarro and singer Mike Doughty.

Movies
SuicideGirls have released seven movies since 2005, all directed by Mike Marshall. SuicideGirls: The First Tour, SuicideGirls: Italian Villa and SuicideGirls: Relaunch all air on the US cable network Showtime in regular rotations, since the years of their respective release dates.
 * SuicideGirls: The First Tour was self-produced and released on August 30, 2005, by Epitaph Records. It chronicles the lives of 10 performers on the first North American Burlesque Tour.
 * SuicideGirls: Italian Villa was released on October 24, 2006. It features interviews and photo shoots of 15 European Suicide Girls.
 * The horror film Suicide Girls Must Die!, directed by Sawa Suicide, was released in certain theatres on March 12, 2010. It was released as video on demand on July 16, 2010.
 * SuicideGirls: Guide to Living was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 16, 2010, and features Suicide Girls putting erotic twists on otherwise everyday activities.
 * SuicideGirls: UK Holiday was released in September 2012 and is also available on both DVD and Blu-ray. It documents a weeklong stay in a converted mill in the UK countryside, featuring 30 Suicide Girls from across the globe.
 * SuicideGirls: Retrospective was released on November 3, 2012, and is a collection of videos from the previous decade.
 * SuicideGirls: Relaunch is the latest offering, released August 8, 2015. It chronicles the recent relaunch of the website, documenting Missy and her team's day-to-day operations of SuicideGirls.

Games
In May 2013, SuicideGirls came to an agreement with Akaneiro: Demon Hunters game developer Spicy Horse to use likenesses of their models in a freemium browser, BigHead BASH. Players can purchase premium content for 220 in-game tokens each, to unlock 5 characters in total. The models featured are Bob, Gogo, Milloux, Venom and Radeo.

Books
SuicideGirls have published four books since 2004, all featuring a variety of photos from the website and interviews with Suicide Girls.
 * SuicideGirls (2004, Feral House)
 * SuicideGirls: Beauty Redefined (2008, Ammo Books)
 * SuicideGirls: Hard Girls, Soft Light (2013, Ammo Books)
 * SuicideGirls: Geekology (2014, Ammo Books)

Comic books
SuicideGirls were featured in Hack/Slash: Annual Vol. 1 in 2008, released by Devil's Due Publishing.

A SuicideGirls comic book miniseries was released in 2011 by IDW Publishing, containing four issues. The comic books feature pin-up drawings of actual SuicideGirls by artist Cameron Stewart, as well as a historical story by Steve Niles. Shortly after, a German edition of the combined miniseries was released.

Magazines
SuicideGirls has published three issues of its magazine, otherwise known as the "periodical art book" or "pin-up anthology". Issues 1 and 2 were self-published in 2007 and the third issue was released in 2014 by Ammo Books.

Blackheart Burlesque
The SuicideGirls Blackheart Burlesque group first toured in 2003 and opened for Guns N' Roses and Courtney Love, before the tour was suspended for nearly a decade. The show returned in 2013 and toured across the US, Canada and Australia, selling out numerous shows in each country. The show also visited the UK and Chile. Its high-energy mix of classic and new burlesque dancing was choreographed by Manwe Sauls-Addison.

The Blackheart Burlesque hosts a show of cult-classic numbers including performances based on Star Wars and The Rocky Horror Picture Show and pop culture references like Game of Thrones and Fifty Shades of Grey. As of 2016, the show is hosted by Sunny Suicide and Katherine Suicide and features a changing lineup of dancers. The shows have an element of audience participation and guests are encouraged to take photos of the performers and share them on social media.

Ballroom Blitz
The SuicideGirls Ballroom Blitz is a monthly rock and metal club night in the UK, taking place at Camden's Electric Ballroom. It boasts various stage performances including fire performance, pole dancing and classic burlesque, alongside cage dancing and rock, metal and alternative music. Performances come from UK Suicide Girls and Suicide Girl Hopefuls, guest DJs and guest acts from dance and fire performance groups.

Censorship
In 2005, a number of the paid models were reported to have resigned from the site or had their memberships revoked in connection with allegations of censorship and mistreatment of the models by the site's owners. Many members reported that their journals and message board posts were removed because of bullying other members. This practice of deleting either objectionable content, disagreeable content, or membership altogether is called "zotting" by SuicideGirls staffers and is implemented by the site's owners when members slander or abuse other members.

Exclusivity agreement and lawsuits
A primary issue in the past has been SuicideGirls' modeling contract, which prevented its models (including past models, for a time) from working for competing sites or agencies (specifically those dealing in nude photography or erotica). In response, SuicideGirls stated that only models "who have chosen to be involved in special projects" signed an exclusivity agreement in addition to their standard modeling contract barring them from working with direct competitors for a certain amount of time. SG replaced the contract with a model release in 2006. Many models have received mainstream modeling jobs from the exposure gained through SuicideGirls.

Many of the models involved in the 2005 dispute are now involved with the competing sites GodsGirls and Deviant Nation. GodsGirls has been sued by SuicideGirls for hiring models who were allegedly still under contract with SuicideGirls and for allegedly violating SuicideGirls trademarks. Several former models were also threatened with legal action. In November 2006, SuicideGirls fired one of its main photographers, Philip Warner (aka Lithium Picnic) for acting as the primary photographer for the website of former SuicideGirl Apnea. The termination was followed in February 2007 by a lawsuit by SuicideGirls against Warner. According to a press release by Warner and Apnea, as of February 2007, none of SuicideGirls LLC's lawsuits or threatened actions against former models or competing sites resulted in victory for the plaintiff, but the legal expenses in the lawsuits have been costly and time-consuming for the defendants. In June 2008, Lithium Picnic and Apnea issued a press release stating, "We all sat down together and worked out an agreement that is really fair to everyone. [...] We want to make it clear that we 100% have no hostilities towards SuicideGirls in any way anymore, we all came to a really fair agreement over this dispute, and there were no bad people here, just mistakes and misunderstandings."

Reselling photo sets of models to hardcore and pirate sites
In 2006, models discovered that SuicideGirls appeared to have begun reselling SG sets to sites models viewed as hardcore or pirate or at least not what they thought they were agreeing to.

Criticism by models
In a 2005 article, The Boston Phoenix reported on former models' dissatisfaction with company practices. Models interviewed called SuicideGirls president Sean Suhl "verbally abusive" and an "active misogynist", and the site a "slap in the face to feminism".

Other allegations surrounding the SuicideGirls' administration have appeared in a number of publications, including New York Press and Wired magazine.

According to statistics released by the website, in July 2005 one model left, followed by 11 in August, 25 in September, and 11 in October. According to former models interviewed in a feature piece by Silicon Valley's magazine Metro Active, this was, in their opinion, due to the general homogenization of the site, "a process that alternative subcultures are unfortunately used to".

Job loss
Olivia Black, a recent addition to the crew of Las Vegas's Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, and thus the History Channel TV series Pawn Stars, was fired from the show on December 19, 2012, when her previous work as a Suicide Girl was revealed.

Richard Prince's appropriated images
In 2015, American artist Richard Prince appropriated images from the SuicideGirls' Instagram, printed them on canvas, and added remarks into comment threads. The works were displayed at the Frieze Art Fair and one image sold for $90,000. In response, the SuicideGirls sold prints of the images for $90 apiece with the proceeds going to charity.

title: SuicideGirls


text:
Delta Sigma Pi

Delta Sigma Pi (ΔΣΠ) (officially the  International Fraternity of Delta Sigma Pi, Inc.) is a coeducational professional business fraternity and one of the largest in the United States. Delta Sigma Pi was founded on November 7, 1907, at the School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance of New York University (NYU) in New York, New York and is currently headquartered in Oxford, Ohio. The Fraternity has 218 active collegiate chapters, 9 startup groups, 48 franchised alumni chapters, and over 300,000 initiated members.

History
Delta Sigma Pi was established on 1907-11-07 at New York University's School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance. Its founders were:
 * Alexander F. Makay
 * H. Albert Tienken
 * Harold V. Jacobs
 * Alfred Moysello

Purpose
Delta Sigma Pi was established to foster the study of business at the university level. Its goals include:
 * to encourage social activity among business students,
 * to build relationships with the commercial world,
 * to promote strong ethical standards, and
 * to enhance the civic and commercial welfare of the community.

Expansion
The second chapter was founded at Northwestern School of Commerce. National meetings, called the Grand Chapter Congress, became a regular tradition and to this day the national fraternity meets every other year to conduct business and elect its national leaders.

After rapid expansion in the early 1920s, the fraternity opened its national headquarters in Chicago, Illinois. In 1957, the central office moved to Oxford, Ohio adjacent to the campus of Miami University.

The biggest change in the history of the Fraternity took place in 1975, as the Board of Directors mandated that chapters were allowed to initiate female business students, to conform with Title IX.

Symbols and traditions
In 1911 the fraternity published its first newsletter, which soon would be named The Deltasig.

The official badge of Delta Sigma Pi is a skull and crossbones, superimposed on a wreath of leaves. The letters Δ, Σ, and Π are inscribed on the skull, set with amethyst eyes, a crown on top highlighted in red lacquer, often enhanced with surrounding pearls.

The official colors of Delta Sigma Pi are old gold and royal purple.

The red rose was adopted as the official flower of Deltasig at the first Board of Directors meeting in 1921. It was primarily the gift given to the wives and courted women of Deltasig brothers (which at the time was still all male). One of the founding members, Harold V. Jacobs, suggested a rose as the official fraternity flower because his wife loved roses and it was also her first name (Rose Jacobs). Five years later, in 1926, Jacobs also suggested that the song currently sung at LEAD schools and Grand Chapter Congress events, Rose of Deltasig be adopted as the official song of the fraternity.

The Central Office
Delta Sigma Pi's national administrative headquarters was established in Chicago, Illinois, in 1924. In the fall of 1956, it moved to 330 South Campus Avenue in Oxford, Ohio (near Cincinnati and adjacent to the Miami University campus). In 1970, the original building nearly doubled in size with the addition of wings on either side of the building. Later in 2010 extensive renovations, including a courtyard featuring engraved bricks, were completed to make the building more functional and accessible. The Executive Director manages day-to-day functions of the Central Office and leads a full-time staff.

Collegiate chapters
Since its inception in 1907, Delta Sigma Pi has installed 305 chapters, of which 218 are currently active. In addition to these chapters, Delta Sigma Pi currently has active startup groups at 9 universities.

The organization is distinctly separate from U.S. social fraternities with similar names, including Delta Sigma Phi and Sigma Pi.

Alumni chapters
Delta Sigma Pi has 48 franchised Alumni Chapters on its roll for the 2023-2024 year in the United States, and over 40 more locations worldwide have Brothers with an interest in starting a new Alumni Chapter.

title: Delta Sigma Pi


text:
Talk:.hack//Legend of the Twilight

Restarting page
Ok all, I have some suggestions for this page.

• a subpage for the list of anime series as the current list makes the page too long and inconcise.

• shortening the plot area of this page(brought to my attention by collectionian), I can do the anime plot but having not read the manga, it would be greatly appreciated if someone could help there.

• adding the character "morti" to the characters section.

• redoing media section so it includes "anime" and "manga" in the headers.

• resiting the soundtrack portion of media to its own section or, depending on expansion, its own subpage.

• a spellcheck of the article.

• removal of dead links.

• references from animenewsnetwork and other sites adding.

• rewriting episode short summary's to a real world perspective not an "in universe" perspective(yes i admit i wrote them, but its better than no summary)

this list is in no particular order and if there are no replies of objection/improvement i will commence works as described above on 18/8/2008 UKanime (talk) 22:37, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Well as there are no objections i will commence if you wish to see the work in progress please visit the works page. UKanime (talk) 22:08, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

After a long period of inactivity my best efforts are finished and are viewable here the page will be uploaded to the live encyclopedia on 19/10/2008. any objections or improvements may be discussed on this talk page.UKanime (talk) 22:12, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Characters
just to make a note, the characters "blackrose" and "Kite" do not appear in this a series. similar avatars are used which may lead to confusion. the avatars in question are "chibi" versions of the kite and blackrose avatars.UKanime (talk) 20:03, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Carrie Gordon
Why in the world does the link to Carrie Gordon go to the Gordon family of One Life to Live? There isn't even a Carrie in that family! And if a fictional character plays the voice of Hotaru, then I want acting lessons from her. This should be changed.  ~R ei ka 麗香  17:45, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * You are right, however to do this a biographical article on the real carrie gordon is required. Unfortunately such information is not readily forthcoming and as such an article is not possible at this time. If you find any information about the real voice actor please let me know on my talk page and I will be more than happy to resolve the issue. In the meantime I have relinked to a nonexisting page with the relevant title.UKanime (talk) 21:15, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Unproven stuff
Feel free to add back into article with a ref:
 * The series is set four years after the events of .hack//Quarantine, the last of the four .hack games from the first .hack project. Whilst the manga is in the official continuity of the .hack franchise, the anime series is considered to be non-canon in the official storyline. Both retain the same storyline at the start but after the first manga volume and the first four anime episodes the storylines branch away from each other.
 * Kaguya-chan (talk) 19:44, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

coloquilaisms are now back in with a reference UKanime (talk) 15:42, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

Reviews
Putting reviews here to add in later. Kaguya-chan (talk) 21:55, 10 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Mania Vol.1 (anime)
 * Mania Vol.1 (anime)
 * Mania Vol.2 (anime)
 * Mania Vol.2 (anime)
 * Mania Vol.3 (anime)
 * Mania Vol.3 (anime)

And one more.
 * Right Turn Only (manga)
 * Kaguya-chan (talk) 19:01, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Two more for the anime:
 * UK Anime Vol.1
 * UK Anime Vols. 2-3
 * Kaguya-chan (talk) 18:22, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

And one for the manga.
 * Sequential Tart
 * Kaguya-chan (talk) 23:25, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Some more.
 * Vol.1 IGN anime, Vol.2
 * AnimeFringe Manga
 * ANN Spring Preview
 * ANN Shelf Life Anime
 * DVD Verdict anime Vol.1
 * Kaguya-chan (talk) 18:15, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.editorialivrea.com/ARG/manga_hack.htm
 * In .hack//Legend of the Twilight on 2011-05-20 21:42:51, 404 Not Found
 * In .hack//Legend of the Twilight on 2011-05-31 14:52:06, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 14:52, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.chuangyi.com.sg/new/ecatalogtitle.php?title=.HACK%2F%2FThe+Legend+of+the+Twilight+Bracelet
 * In .hack//Legend of the Twilight on 2011-05-20 21:42:51, 404 Not Found
 * In .hack//Legend of the Twilight on 2011-05-31 14:52:12, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 14:52, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.tokyopop.com/manga/book_catalog/browse?genre=1
 * In .hack//Legend of the Twilight on 2011-05-20 21:42:51, 404 Not Found
 * In .hack//Legend of the Twilight on 2011-05-31 14:52:16, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 14:52, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on .hack//Legend of the Twilight. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.chuangyi.com.sg/new/ecatalogtitle.php?title=.HACK%2F%2FThe+Legend+of+the+Twilight+Bracelet
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.madman.com.au/actions/periodicals.do?periodicalId=10&method=home
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.madman.com.au/actions/catalogue.do?releaseId=3680&method=view
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.tokyopop.com/manga/book_catalog/browse?genre=1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091128185240/http://www.dothack.com/ to http://www.dothack.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:48, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:.hack//Legend of the Twilight


text:
Clément-Bayard

Clément-Bayard, Bayard-Clément, was a French manufacturer of automobiles, aeroplanes and airships founded in 1903 by entrepreneur Gustave Adolphe Clément. Clément obtained consent from the Conseil d'Etat to change his name to that of his business in 1909. The extra name celebrated the Chevalier Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard who saved the town of Mézières in 1521. A statue of the Chevalier stood in front of Clément's Mézières factory, and the image was incorporated into the company logo.

From 1903 Clément-Bayard automobiles were built in a modern factory at Mézières, known as La Macérienne, which Clément had designed in 1894 mainly for building bicycles.

The company entered the field of aviation in 1908, announcing the construction of Louis Capazza's 'planeur', a lenticular airship, in L'Aérophile in May 1908.: however it was never built. Adolphe Clément also built Alberto Santos-Dumont's Demoiselle No 19 monoplane that he had designed to compete for the Coupe d'Aviation Ernest Archdeacon prize from the Aéro-Club de France. It was the world's first series production aircraft and by 1909 Clement-Bayard had the license to manufacture Wright engines alongside their own design.

In 1908 'Astra Clément-Bayard' began manufacturing airships at a new factory in La Motte-Breuil.

In 1914 the factory La Macérienne at Mézières was seized by the advancing German army and automobile production in Levallois-Perret, Paris, was suspended as the factory was turned over to war production, military equipment and military vehicles, aero engines, airships and planes.

In 1922 the company was broken up and the factory in Paris was taken over by Citroën.

Circa 1909 Adolphe Clément received permission from the Conseil d'État to change his name to Adolphe Clément-Bayard.

Motor manufacturing

In 1896 Adolphe Clément who held the extremely profitable manufacturing rights for Dunlop tyres in France joined with a syndicate led by Dunlop's founder Harvey Du Cros to buy out the Gladiator Cycle Company and they merged it into a major bicycle manufacturing conglomerate of Clément, Gladiator & Humber & Co Limited. The range was expanded, and in 1902 a motorised bicycle led to cars and motorcycles.(See Clément Gladiator cycles for further details)

Clément chose the name Bayard in commemoration of the Chevalier Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard who saved the town of Mézières in 1521. A statue of the Chevalier stood in front of the Mézières factory, and the image was incorporated into the company logo. After the split both marques built very similar cars, but the specifications gradually diverged. Initially, Clément-Bayard cars were imported to Britain under the Talbot brand.

Models
The initial model range comprised three models (9Hp, 12Hp, 16Hp) and was enhanced in 1904 with a 6Hp single-cylinder, a 7Hp twin-cylinder, and 14Hp, 20Hp & 27Hp 4-cylinders.

From 1904 Clément-Bayard production at Levallois-Perret increased from 1,800 cars per annum to 3,000 in 1907, employing up to 4,000 workers. The range included several models, all luxurious and high quality, from a small two-seater twin-cylinder 8-10 hp to a big four-cylinder 50-60 hp model that could exceed 60 km/h.

In 1907 the 10/12 hp model was introduced with a unitary gearbox and a dashboard radiator.

In 1910 Clément-Bayard started to manufacture a stylish, low cost, small, two-seater roadster, with a 4-cylinder 10/12 hp, and a heater for the driver and passenger. It was very popular and production continued until the outbreak of war in 1914.

By 1913 the factories of Levallois and Mezieres were focused on the production of a wide range of products including car chassis, car bodies, cars, trucks, airships, airplanes, motors, canoes, bicycles, engines and generators.

On the front page of the 15 November 1913 edition of the Revue de l’industrie automobile et aéronautique (Review for Automotive and Aerospace Industry) Clément-Bayard announced a new 4-cylinder 30-40 Hp motor.

By early 1914 Clément-Bayard had a complete range of twelve models, from two to six seats, equipped with engines ranging from a small 7 hp twin-cylinder for less than 7000 francs to a big 6-cylinder 30 Hp unit. Additionally there was a 20 Hp four-cylinder 'valveless' (sleeve-valve) Knight engine which was licensed from Panhard et Levassor.

In 1914 the factory La Macérienne at Mézières was seized by the advancing German army and automobile manufacture in Levallois-Perret, Paris, was suspended as the factory was turned over to war production: military equipment; military vehicles; aero engines; airships; and planes.

After World War I motor production resumed with an 8 hp (6 kW) and a 17.6 hp (13.1 kW) model.

Motor racing

Clément-Bayard started building automobiles in 1903 and then started building racing cars in 1904. The racing team included Albert Clément, Jacques Guders, Rene Hanriot, Marc-Philippe Villemain, 'Carlès', "De la Touloubre" and A. Villemain, and Pierre Garcets.

1904 season
Albert Clément finished 10th at the I Eliminatoires Françaises de la Coupe Internationale, held at the Forest of Argonne on 20 May 1904. This was an eliminating contest for the French entry into the Coupe Internationale (Gordon Bennett Race) where only three cars were allowed per country. Clement finished the 6 lap, 532.79 km event in 7 hours 10 minutes 52.8 seconds. His team-mates Jacques Guders and Rene Hanriot failed to complete a single lap.

Albert Clément won the II Circuit des Ardennes des Voiturettes on 24 July 1904 at Bastogne. He completed the 5 lap 240.010 km race in 4h 26m 52.6seconds at an average speed of 53.91 km/h in an 18Hp Clement -(Bayard?) (car no 5). He also set the fastest lap of the race at 45minutes 02seconds (63.89 km/h).

Clément drove his Clement-Bayard into third place at the III Circuit des Ardennes race at Bastogne, on 25 July 1904. He completed the 5 lap, 591.255 km event in 6 hours 34 minutes 43.2 seconds. His team-mates Jacques Guders and Rene Hanriot both abandoned after four laps.

Clément finished second at the 1904 I.W.K. Vanderbilt Cup Race on Long Island on 8 October 1904. He led lap 8 of the ten lap race and finished the 457.686 km event in 5 hours 28 minutes 13 seconds.

1905 season
Albert Clément retired his Clement-Bayard with overheating after 1 lap of the II Eliminatoires Françaises de la Coupe Internationale at the Auvergne on 16 June. This was a qualifier for the Coupe Internationale (Gordon Bennett Race). Clement's team-mate Rene Hanriot finished tenth in 8 hours 23 minutes 39.6s but failed to qualify, whilst Marc-Philippe Villemain retired after three laps.

At the 1905 Vanderbilt cup on Long Island Clément drove an 80 hp Clément-Bayard (France #12) but suffered reliability problems.

Clément retired his Clement-Bayard after the first 166 km lap of the II Coppa Florio at Brescia Italy on 4 September 1905. His team-mate 'Carlès' retired after 2 laps.

1906 season
Clément-Bayard entered 3 cars for the inaugural 1906 French Grand Prix at Le Mans where Clément finished third in his 100Hp machine. He completed the 1,238 km event in 12 hours 49 minutes 46.2seconds. Clément led the race at the end of laps 2 and 5 on the second day. Punctures were common and tyre manufacturer Michelin introduced a detachable rim with a tyre already affixed, which could be swapped in about 4 minutes, saving 11 minutes over manually replacing the tyre. These wheels were used by Felice Nazzaro on his FIAT enabling him to wrest second place from Clément on the second day. His father Adolphe was the owner of Dunlop France. Clement's team-mates "De la Touloubre" and A. Villemain retired their 100Hp models after 3 and 5 laps respectively.

Clément finished 6th in the V Circuit des Ardennes on 13 August 1906 at Bastogne. He completed the 7-lap 961 km race in 6 hours 2 minutes 55.2 seconds in a 100Hp Clement-Bayard. His team-mates A. Villemain and Pierre Garcet finished 11th and 12th.

At the 1906 Vanderbilt cup Clément finished 4th driving a 100 hp Clément-Bayard (France #15) and completing the ten laps averaging 59.0 mi/h.

1907 season
Albert Clément died while practising for the 1907 French Grand Prix on 17 May. Of the 3 other Clément-Bayard entries, Pierre Garcet and Elliott Shepard, finished 7th and eighth respectively. Clément's car was entered by 'Alezy' who retired after 4 laps.

1908 season
The company entered 3 cars for the 1908 French Grand Prix which had 13,963 cc (155 x 185 mm) 4-cylinder overhead camshaft, and Victor Rigal finished 4th. Fernand Gabriel came 12th and Lucien Hautvast with riding mechanic Jean Chassagne retired.

Other events
In 1905 Clément-Bayard won the Coupe de Calais and 'finished well' at the Course de Dourdan. In both 1907 and 1908 Clément Bayard won the Coupe de l’Automobile-Club de Cannes, and in 1908 it also won the Tour de France Automobile.

Aeroplane manufacture
Clément-Bayard was an early French manufacturer of aircraft engines and lighter-than-air vehicles, with the earliest flights occurring in 1908. Clément-Bayard manufactured the world's first series production aircraft.

The company worked with Louis Capazza to produce the 'planeur (glider) Bayard-Clément' which was unveiled in L'Aérophile on 15 May 1908.

The company also started working with Alberto Santos-Dumont in 1908 to build his Demoiselle No 19 monoplane that he had designed to compete for the Coupe d'Aviation Ernest Archdeacon prize from the Aéro-Club de France. The plane was small and stable, but they planned a production run of 100 units, built 50 and sold only 15 for 7,500 francs for each airframe. It was the world's first series production aircraft. By 1909 it was offered with a choice of 3 engines, Clement 20 hp; Wright 4-cyl 30 hp (Clement-Bayard had the license to manufacture Wright engines); and Clement-Bayard 40 hp designed by Pierre Clerget. It achieved 120 km/h.

Pierre Clerget designed a range of Clement-Bayard aircraft engines including a 7-cylinder supercharged radial, the 4-cyl 40 hp used on the Demoiselle, a 4-cyl 100 hp used on 'Hanriot Etrich' monoplanes, and a V8 200 hp airship engine.

In 1910 the Clement-Bayard Monoplane No. 1 was introduced at the Paris show. Jean Chassagne who was working on the development and testing, participating successfully in variety of early aviation challenges winning endurance, altitude and speed prizes.

By 1912 Clément-Bayard built a biplane plus three different models of horizontally opposed aircraft engines.

In November 1912 the Clement-Bayard Monoplane No. 5 was introduced. It was powered by a Gnome 7-cylinder rotary engine producing 70 hp. The pilot sat in an aluminium-and-leather tub.

In 1913 a three-seater biplane was introduced as part of the military project, the Clement-Bayard No. 6. It was configured for two observers in front of the pilot, and was powered by either a 4-cyl 100 hp Clement-Bayard or 4-cylinder Gnome engine.

In 1914 Clément-Bayard produced a steel scouting monoplane powered by either an 80 hp motor or a 100 hp Gnome et Rhône engine. The nickel steel armour was designed for protection against rifle fire.

Airship manufacture

In 1908 'Astra Clément-Bayard' began manufacturing airships at a new factory in La Motte-Breuil in response to a French Army decision to commence airship operations.

The Clément-Bayard No.1 airship was offered to the French government but was too expensive so it was bought by Tsar Nicholas II for the Russian army.

In 1910 the Clément-Bayard No.2, piloted by Maurice Clément, was the first airship to cross the Channel, travelling over 380 km in 6 hours. The army ordered 3 copies.

The airship hangar in La Motte-Breuil is still maintained by Clément-Talbot Ltd.

Clément-Bayard dirigibles
Seven Clément-Bayard airships were completed.

 * N° 1 was 56.25 metres long, 10.58 metres wide, 3,500 m3, powered by 2 Clément Bayard 115 cv engines. First flew on 28 October 1908.
 * N° 2 was 76.50 metres long, 13.22 metres wide, 7,000 m3, powered by 2 Clément Bayard 120 cv engines. Top speed 54 km/h. First flew on 1 June 1910.
 * N° 3 Dupuy de Lôme, 89 metres long, 13.5 metres wide, 9,000 m3, powered by 2 Clément Bayard 120 cv engines. First flew on 1 May 1912.
 * N° 4 Adjudant Vincenot, 88.5 metres long, 13.5 metres wide, 9,800 m3, powered by 2 Clément Bayard 120 cv engines. Top speed 49 km/h. First flew in 1911.
 * Adj Vincenot modified, 87.3 metres long, 13.5 metres wide, 9,800 m3, powered by 2 Clément Bayard 120 cv engines. Top speed 53 km/h. First flew on 13 August 1913.
 * N° 5 livré à la Russie, 86 metres long, 13.5 metres wide, 9,600 m3, powered by 2 Clément Bayard 130 cv engines. First flew on 9 February 1913.
 * Montgolfier, 73.5 metres long, 12.2 metres wide, 6,500 m3, powered by 2 Clément Bayard 90 cv engines. Top speed 60 km/h. First flew on 31 July 1913.

Factories used by Clément-Bayard

 * In 1894 he started construction work on a former military site in the Faubourg Saint-Julien at Mézières, to build a new factory, which would become known as La Macérienne. Clément personally supervised the work remotely using photographs taken every day and visiting the site once a week. By 1897 it was producing components and spokes for the Gladiator Cycle Company. It covered 15,000 m2 and using a hydraulic turbine power plant, a steam room, large machine hall, a foundry, a workshop for the nickel processing, the operation with the manufacturing of nuts and spokes on a bike. The factory building still exists but in the spring of 2006 it was transformed into a cultural center.
 * Clement-Bayard Automobiles was situated at the Boulevard de la Saussaye 57 in Neuilly in west Paris. Between 1899 and 1922, three wheelers and cars were built there.
 * Shortly after the purchase of Gladiator cycles in 1896 Adolfe Clément began to build the new factory at Levallois-Perret in north west Paris. This produced cycles and various cars from 1898, (Clément-Panhard, Clément-Gladiator from 1901, Clément-Bayard from 1903), and went on to build various Citroën models including the Citroën 2CV for nearly forty years from 1948 to 1988. From August 1914 it was dedicated to wartime production.
 * In 1908 'Astra Clément-Bayard' began manufacturing airships at a new factory in La Motte-Breuil.

War activity
Adolphe Clément ceded control of Clément-Bayard to his son Maurice in early 1914, but the consequences of World War I for the company were disastrous. The La Macérienne factory at Mézières was lost to the Germans, the machinery was shipped back to Germany, and the forges, foundries and smelter were destroyed. The gutted building was used as an indoor riding school for German officers.

Automobile production at Levallois-Perret in Paris was suspended in August 1914 and the factory was turned over to war production, military equipment and military vehicles, aero engines, airships and planes.

Demise
In 1922 the Clément-Bayard automobile company was sold to André Citroën, in whom Adolphe Clément also invested financially, and the factory at Levallois-Perret became the centre of 2CV manufacturing for the next 40 years.

title: Clément-Bayard