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Mega Man Zero 2

Mega Man Zero 2 is a video game developed by Inti Creates and published by Capcom for the Game Boy Advance (GBA) handheld game console. It is the second video game in the Mega Man Zero subseries of Mega Man video games.

The game is set one year following the events of Mega Man Zero, and follows the same basic format as its predecessor, being a side-scrolling, platform action game. Once again, players take control of the Reploid known as Zero, and lead him through various levels in the battle against the forces of Neo Arcadia.

The European version also released the same day as the North American Mega Man X7 was. The European version featured a completely different logo, which was also used on Mega Man X7, Mega Man X8, Mega Man X: Command Mission, Mega Man Zero 3, Mega Man Zero 4, Mega Man Network Transmission, Mega Man Battle Chip Challenge, Mega Man Battle Network 3, Mega Man Battle Network 4, and Mega Man Battle Network 5. It was released in Japan on the Wii U's Virtual Console on January 7, 2015. In February 2020, the game was released on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, and PC via Steam as part of the Mega Man Zero/ZX Legacy Collection.

Plot
One year has passed since Zero defeated Copy X. He has since separated from Ciel and the Resistance, now wandering the desert and defeating countless Pantheons. The three surviving members of the Four Guardians have assumed command of Neo Arcadia, with Harpuia as the leader. Copy X's death was covered up, as the humans revered him as their savior. The Resistance is now being led by a Reploid named Elpizo, while Ciel continues her work on a new form of energy that will hopefully eliminate the need for war.

Zero wearily makes his way through a sandstorm wrapped in a tattered cloak. As the sands die down he is once more being chased by enemies. Despite being in disrepair, with cracked armor and broken weapons, he charges into the fray. After the battle, Zero collapses from exhaustion and is found by Harpuia. Wishing to see Zero die in battle rather than perish from exhaustion, Harpuia rescues Zero and covertly delivers him to a location near the Resistance base, where he is found and repaired. He learns that Elpizo is planning a frontal assault on Neo Arcadia, as he doesn't believe in Ciel's plan of creating energy as means to resolve the war. Unable to convince him to call it off, Zero is left to do busy-work in the meantime.

Elpizo's assault fails miserably, himself being the only survivor. Driven mad, he declares his desire to harness the power of the legendary Dark Elf to destroy Neo Arcadia (and wipe out the humans), which had brought about the Elf Wars a century ago that left the Earth in a disastrous state. Using the powers granted by partially unsealing the Dark Elf, he invades Neo Arcadia and breaks into the temple where the body of the real X is kept. It is revealed that X ended the Elf Wars by sealing the Dark Elf away with his body, thus leading to his disappearance. Despite the Guardians' and Zero's best efforts, Elpizo destroys X's body, which unseals the Dark Elf, and Elpizo absorbs its powers.

After a fierce battle, Zero puts an end to Elpizo's plans, who reverts to his normal self and apologizes as he dies. Surprisingly, the Dark Elf turns him into a Cyber-elf, convincing Elpizo that she is not truly evil. As the Dark Elf departs, X appears and tells Zero about the Dark Elf: she was originally known as the Mother Elf and was the savior who ended the Maverick Wars, but was later cursed by a man named Dr. Weil. Zero admits to feeling like he knows her.

In a post credits scene, an unknown man notes the Dark Elf has been released, and tells an entity known as "Omega" that it is time to take action.

Gameplay
The controls are identical to that in the previous game, with players given the option to assign functions to the buttons they are most comfortable using. The weapons are also identical, with the exception of the Triple Rod, which has been replaced by the similar but somewhat more complex Chain Rod.

Cyber Elves are present in the game, and function in the same manner as they did in the previous game. However, unlike the first game, in which four specific Cyber Elves could be transformed into health-storing Sub-Tanks, two of the four Sub-Tanks are now hidden in various stages as collectible items, as they were in the previous series, while the remaining two must be unlocked using Cyber Elves.

While the first game in the series had the player select missions from a list, Mega Man Zero 2 returns to the traditional Stage Select option found in the Mega Man and Mega Man X games, although the player can only select from four at a time. In addition, whereas Mega Man Zero had a large, interconnected world, none of the stages in this game are linked.

New features added to the game are Forms and EX Skills. Forms are unlocked by completing various tasks during a mission, such as destroying a set number of enemies with the Buster Shot. Forms alter Zero's abilities in various ways, such as increasing the power of certain weapons or making him more resilient. However, they also tend to decrease performance in other areas, such as lowering attack power for increased defense or removing special attacks of the Z-Saber to enhance the Buster Shot. EX Skills are unlocked if a player completes a mission with an A or S rank, allowing the player to give Zero's weapons the properties of the bosses he's defeated.

Players begin the game with the Buster Shot and the Z-Saber. After the introductory mission, Zero is granted the Shield Boomerang and the Chain Rod, which replaces the Triple Rod in the previous game. As with the previous game, the player can unlock new attacks and abilities for the weapons through repeated use. There are fewer upgrades in this game; the Z-Saber has a total of four upgrades, while the rest only have two.

Cyber Elves function in the same manner as the previous game, being single-use aids with either temporary or permanent effects on Zero or the game's levels. They are hidden throughout the game as well as dropped by enemies. The use of Cyber Elves penalizes the mission score. There are three types of Cyber Elves, "Nurse", "Animal", and "Hacker". While certain Elves can be used immediately, the larger Elves need to be fed crystals in order to be used. The cost for doing so is significantly less than it was in the previous game.

This game introduces the concept of Forms, which can be earned by meeting certain criteria throughout the game, ranging from killing twenty enemies in a stage with a dashing slash technique to getting twenty-five energy capsules in one stage.

Another new addition to the series is EX Skills, which are similar to Mega Man's ability to copy powers from the bosses in previous series. Unlike the previous series, however, Zero has to have an A or S rank going into the stage to unlock the bosses EX Skill. Unlike Mega Man's copy ability, which required weapon energy to feed the attacks, EX Skills modify Zero's weapons, adding new abilities or replacing their normal abilities with an ability similar to the defeated boss. For example, the Buster Shot can be modified to fire a long-piercing beam instead of its normal charged blast, while the Z-Saber gains additional moves such as a powerful rising slash.

As with the first game, a "New Game Plus" can be played by beating the game and loading the completed save file. In the new game, Zero will start with all activated Cyber Elves used from the previous game still in effect (the penalties, however, will still remain). Zero will also get to keep any EX Skills and alternate forms that he earned in the previous game. Additional modes can also be unlocked under proper conditions.

Hard Mode is unlocked by beating the game once. To play, hold L when selecting to start a New Game. In Hard Mode, Zero starts with the "Proto Form", which doubles his attack strength but halves his defense and locks his weapons at their basic level. Zero also cannot earn any EX skills or alternate forms. Beating Hard Mode will unlock a special "Image Gallery" option. Hold L and Select when selecting New Game to enter it.

Unlike the other games in the series, there is no Ultimate Mode to be unlocked. However, an "Ultimate Form" can be unlocked by leveling up and using every Cyber Elf in the game. It increases all of Zero's stats and also allows him to use full-charge attacks instantly by means of simplistic button combos.

Multiplayer
If you have two cartridges and a link cable, the players can link two GBAs and take part in a two-player game. There are three modes available to take part in:

 * Time Attack - Set a goal somewhere in the stage. After three tries, the player with the shortest time to the goal wins.
 * Enemy Battle - Defeat the most enemies from the generator within the time limit.
 * Get Item - Collect the most items from the map within the time limit.

Reception
Mega Man Zero 2 was the seventh best-selling video game in Japan during its week of release at 53,839 copies and climbed to the number one spot the following week with an additional 25,283 copies sold. The game appeared on Famitsu magazine's top 30 best-sellers list for the following four weeks. By the end of 2003, Mega Man Zero 2 had sold 158,479 copies in Japan alone.

A common remark is that the game has not changed much in its formula since its predecessor, though they do acknowledge that improvements have been made to the stage select menus. A general complaint is the difficulty of the game, with one reviewer expressing concern that the difficulty would put some people off the game.

title: Mega Man Zero 2


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Polyus (spacecraft)

The Polyus spacecraft (Полюс, pole), also known as Polus, Skif-DM, GRAU index 17F19DM, was a prototype Soviet orbital weapons platform designed to destroy Strategic Defense Initiative satellites with a megawatt carbon-dioxide laser. It had a Functional Cargo Block derived from a TKS spacecraft to control its orbit and it could launch test targets to demonstrate the fire control system.

History
The Polyus spacecraft was launched 15 May 1987 from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250 as part of the first flight of the Energia system, but failed to reach orbit.

According to Yuri Kornilov, Chief Designer of the Salyut Design Bureau, shortly before Polyus' launch, Mikhail Gorbachev visited the Baikonur Cosmodrome and expressly forbade the in-orbit testing of its capabilities. Kornilov claims that Gorbachev was worried that it would be possible for Western governments to view this activity as an attempt to create a weapon in space and that such an attempt would contradict the country's previous statements on the USSR's peaceful intent.

For technical reasons, the payload was launched upside down. It was designed to separate from the Energia, rotate 180 degrees in yaw, then 90 degrees in roll and then fire its engine to complete its boost to orbit. The Energia functioned perfectly, however, after separation from Energia, the Polyus spun a full 360 degrees instead of the planned 180 degrees. When the engine fired, it slowed the vehicle, which burned up over the south Pacific Ocean. This failure was attributed to a faulty inertial guidance system that had not been rigorously tested due to the rushed production schedule.

Parts of the Polyus project's hardware were re-used in Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr and Priroda Mir modules, as well as in the ISS modules Zarya and Nauka.

Development
NPO Energia received orders from the Soviet government to begin research on space-based strike weapons in the mid-1970s. Even before, the USSR had been developing maneuverable satellites for the purpose of satellite interception. By the beginning of the 1980s, Energia had proposed two programs: laser-equipped Skif and guided missiles platform Kaskad (where Skif would cover the low-orbit targets, Kaskad engaged targets in high and geosynchronous orbits). Together with NPO Astrofizika and KB Salyut, they began developing their orbital weapons platform based on the Salyut DOS-17K frame.

Later, when the objective of ICBM interception proved too difficult, the aims of the project were shifted towards anti-satellite weapons. The 1983 announcement by the US of their SDI program prompted further political and financial support for the satellite interceptor program. In the nuclear exchange scenario, the interceptors would destroy the SDI satellites, followed by a so-called "pre-emptive retaliation" large-scale Soviet ICBM launch.

The laser chosen for the Skif spacecraft was a 1-megawatt carbon dioxide laser, developed for the Beriev A-60 aircraft (an Il-76 flying laboratory with a combat laser). The introduction of the Energia, capable of launching about 95 tonnes into orbit, finally allowed the spacecraft to accommodate the massive laser. The massive exhaust of the carbon-dioxide laser precipitated the objective of making the laser "recoil-less". The zero-torque exhaust system (SBM) was developed to that end. Its testing in orbit meant the release of a large cloud of carbon dioxide, which would hint at the satellite's purpose. Instead, the xenon-krypton mix would be used to simultaneously test the SBM and perform an innocent experiment on Earth's ionosphere.

In 1985, the decision was made to test-launch the new Energia launch vehicle, which was still in the testbed phase. A 100-ton dummy payload was initially considered for the launch, but in a series of last-minute changes, it was decided that the almost-completed Skif spacecraft would be launched instead for a 30-day mission.

The development of the real Skif was completed in just one year, from September 1985 to September 1986. Testing and tweaking the Energia launch vehicle, the launch pad and the Skif itself moved the launch to February, and later to May 1987. According to Boris Gubanov, the head designer of the Energia launch vehicle, the work schedule of the preceding years was exhausting, and at the point of Mikhail Gorbachev's visit on 11 May, he asked the Soviet premier to clear the launch now, because "there will be heart attacks".

The catastrophic malfunction that led to Skif entering the atmosphere in the same area as Energia's second stage was successfully investigated. It was found that 568 seconds after launch, the timing control device gave the logical block a command to discard the side modules' covers and laser exhaust covers. Unknowingly, the same command was earlier used to open the solar panels and disengage the maneuvering thrusters. This was not discovered because of the logistics of the testing process and overall haste. Main thrusters engaged while the Skif kept turning, overshooting the intended 180-degree turn. The spacecraft lost speed and reverted to a ballistic trajectory.

Specifications

 * Length: 37.00 m
 * Maximum diameter: 4.10 m
 * Mass: 80000 kg
 * Associated launch vehicle: Energia
 * Intended orbit: altitude 280 km, inclination 64°
 * Targeting system: optical, radar, with low-yield laser for final targeting
 * Armament: 1-megawatt carbon-dioxide laser

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polyus (spacecraft)


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Advance Wars 2: Black Hole Rising

Advance Wars 2: Black Hole Rising is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance. It was released in North America and PAL regions in 2003. It is the second game in the Advance Wars sub-series of Nintendo Wars. It is preceded by Advance Wars and followed by Advance Wars: Dual Strike. Despite being developed in the region, the original Japanese release was canceled, but the game was later released in the region alongside the original Advance Wars as part of a compilation cartridge called Game Boy Wars Advance 1+2 in 2004. The game was released on the Wii U's Virtual Console in North America and Europe in 2015. At E3 2021, Nintendo announced that Black Hole Rising, alongside the original Advance Wars, would be remade and released together for the Nintendo Switch by WayForward in another compilation titled Advance Wars 1+2: Re-Boot Camp.

Black Hole Rising is nearly identical to the previous game in terms of core gameplay; there was only a small change in overall graphical style and some small content additions. The storyline of this game continues from the previous game, Advance Wars. Black Hole has quickly recovered from its defeat in Cosmo Land, and has gathered forces to invade Macro Land under the command of Sturm, the same commander who led the invasion of Cosmo Land. The protagonists, the Allied Nations, cooperate once again to drive the Black Hole forces out of Macro Land once and for all.

The game received positive reviews, and won the European Computer Trade Show's Best Handheld Game of the Year award in 2003.

Gameplay
The goal of the player in Black Hole Rising, common to all of the Nintendo Wars series, is to defeat all of the enemies, sometimes by completing special objectives. Generally, the player can win by defeating all of the enemy's troops, or by capturing the enemy's headquarters. In certain campaign maps, there are special objectives, such as capturing or destroying certain key buildings, such as a Black Cannon, a new property found in Black Hole Rising.

Campaign mode
The Campaign mode in Black Hole Rising differs from its predecessor Advance Wars in that the mission selection is non-linear. The campaign takes place over the game's five continents, each focusing on one of the five countries in the game. The player plays as one or more commanding officers of the protagonist nations, fighting against the antagonist of the game, Black Hole. Each continent begins with several missions that the player can select from. Upon meeting certain requirements, new missions may become available. When the regular campaign has been completed, a more difficult Hard Campaign, in the vein of Advance Wars's Advance Campaign, can be unlocked, generally featuring modified maps and starting units.

Completion of a campaign mission or War Room will net the player a rank based on several criteria. When the campaign is completed, the player is given an overall rank, rewarding higher ranks with more unlockable content in the in-game shop.

Other modes
Many of Black Hole Rising's additional modes remains unchanged from its predecessor. In War Room Players are put in maps wherein they must defeat enemies who are usually given an advantage at the start. Versus mode allows the players to use either a pre-existing map or a user-created map and set up a game with customized settings. Versus mode can be used to create games played against the computer AI or other players by using hotseat gameplay. Multiplayer games with more than one game console is possible with Link mode, and requires the use of a Game Boy Advance Game Link Cable.

In Design mode, players can edit color palettes for existing commanding officers (after the player has unlocked the palettes) or create their own maps. In the map editor, the size of the map is fixed and the player cannot choose to use any of the new Black Hole buildings introduced in Black Hole Rising. There are also certain rules the player must adhere to in order for the map to be considered playable. Maps created in this mode can be saved on the game cartridge and can be played in multiplayer modes or sent and received to other game cartridges using multiple consoles with a Game Boy Advance Game Link Cable.

Battle Maps remains as the game's shop, allowing players to purchase new content for the game by spending points earned in the other game modes. New content becomes available for purchase as the player progresses in the game. Available content for purchase includes new commanding officers, maps, and palettes to allow players to recolor commanding officers in Design mode.

New features
Black Hole Rising is nearly identical to the previous game in terms of core gameplay; the only additions were to the overall content of the game. Eight new commanding officers join the original game's eleven to make a total of nineteen. Many new maps were added for Versus mode and War Room, although most of the new maps and commanding officers are not available for use at the start of the game, and must be purchased from the in-game shop after certain conditions are met.

Only one new unit, the Neotank, was added to the original set in Advance Wars. Two new terrain features were introduced: the Missile Silo and the Pipeline (along with its breakable Pipe Seams). The Missile Silo can be fired by foot troops to deal area of effect damage, and pipelines act as impassable walls. Because of its function as a wall, players can use it to create maps smaller than the default dimension the map editor provides, something that was not possible in the game's predecessor.

Along with the two terrain features, various new special Black Hole buildings were also introduced in Black Hole Rising, although they are only found in the game's campaign. These properties directly affected the gameplay of missions they are found in, creating new objectives for the player such as destroying or capturing one of these special buildings. An example of such a building is the large Black Cannon, which fires on one non-Black Hole unit each turn, dealing damage to it. Destructible properties such as the Black Cannon have "health", represented by a heart icon. When units attack the property, the number decreases; when it reaches zero, the property is destroyed.

One of the key added features of Black Hole Rising over its predecessor is the Super CO Power. The CO Power, introduced in Advance Wars, was a special ability unique to each commanding officer that could be triggered as the commanding officer's CO Meter filled by battle. CO Powers affected the game either by providing benefits for allied units and/or by inflicting negative effects on the enemy's units. Black Hole Rising changed the format of the CO Meter to use small and large stars, although it essentially still functions as a fillable meter. A regular CO Power is still available by filling the small stars, but a more powerful Super CO Power, introduced in Black Hole Rising, can be triggered by filling the large stars as well.

Although a Super CO Power is in many cases better than the normal CO Power, the CO Meter is drained differently depending on which power was activated. While Super CO Power will drain the CO Meter completely, the normal CO Power would leave players with some leftover charge on the CO Meter depending on how much existed before the CO Power. This allows for more strategy than Advance Wars since the player must now decide between using weaker abilities more frequently or greater abilities less frequently.

Plot
While the Allied Nations were still recovering from the war in Cosmo Land, the Black Hole Army had already recovered and has decided to launch a large-scale invasion on Macro Land. Along with the original Black Hole army's commanding officers (COs), four new COs were recruited, under the command of Sturm: Flak, Black Hole's strongman in charge of invading Orange Star; Lash, a girl genius having invented most of Black Hole's technologies, invading Blue Moon; Adder, a narcissistic commander in charge of invading Yellow Comet; and Hawke, Black Hole's second-in-command and Sturm's most trusted ally. Sturm orders each Black Hole CO to invade and capture each of the four continents controlled by the four other armies from the original game: Orange Star was to be taken by Flak, Blue Moon by Lash, Yellow Comet by Adder, and Green Earth by Hawke. Lash also invented several new war weapons like the Black Cannon and the Mini Cannons that were to be put to use in this invasion. The four allied armies must now work together to drive Black Hole out of their world once and for all.

Once the Black Hole troops are driven from the Allied Nations' continents, their COs convene in Black Hole territory, near Black Hole's base of operations. Here they fight Sturm, the mastermind behind the invasion. The final battle takes place in front of the Death Ray, a powerful new weapon guarding the entrance to a missile, which, if not subdued in time, would destroy half of Wars World.

The Death Ray is eventually destroyed by the COs of the Allied Nations, who manage to disarm the missile and corner Sturm. In an act of desperation, Sturm attempts to blow up the base and inflict damage on Wars World by self-destructing the missile. Andy attempts to stop Sturm to no avail. However, in a surprising turn of events, Hawke, second in command to Sturm, betrays his leader by killing him with Black Storm before the self-destruct is triggered. Hawke takes over as leader of Black Hole, and along with Flak, Lash, and Adder, leaves Macro Land with the few troops he has left.

Development
After the success of Advance Wars, Intelligent Systems, the company that created the original game, began designing a sequel to Advance Wars. It was originally announced in January 2003 under the title Advance Wars 2 to be released in North America in June of that year. Super Mario Club was to conduct testing, and Nintendo would publish the game. As Advance Wars was not released in Japan, Black Hole Rising was also unreleased in Japan, despite the fact the games were developed there. Later, before the launch of Advance Wars: Dual Strike, the games were released in Japan on a single cartridge, Game Boy Wars Advance 1+2 for the Game Boy Advance as well as the GBA game for the Wii U Virtual Console, which contained both of the games. The Japanese release had minor graphical differences, mostly in the portraits of the commanding officers.

When screenshots of the game were released in April of that year, it was seen that the original graphic style of Advance Wars would stay unchanged, and one could guess that changes would mostly be cosmetic. When a demo of the game was released at E3, it was clear that the gameplay would stay nearly identical to its predecessor Advance Wars, though new content would be added. IGN journalist Craig Harris commented after E3 2003 that "Black Hole Rising doesn't have an overwhelming sense of newness".

Reception
Black Hole Rising received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot said: "No GBA owner should be without it, and anyone getting their hands on a new GBA for the first time should make playing Advance Wars 2 one of their first orders of business". The publication later named it the best Game Boy Advance game of June 2003.

IGN praised it as "one of the finest games to hit the Game Boy Advance". GameNOW called it "definitely one of the meatiest handheld games out there", and said that it "really shines" when played against human opponents for long periods of time. 1Up.com praised the core gameplay of the series, stating that "The game has changed just enough to please loyal fans, and when you've got a formula that makes for such a compelling gaming experience, why mess with it?"

The criticism received generally faulted the game's similarity to its predecessor. GameSpot commented that one could "cynically call it a rehash", and IGN stated that "the number 2 in the title honestly doesn't deserve to be there". Eurogamer had similar comments about the game, claiming "it's a classic, but it's so obviously a £35 mission pack, and is probably double the price it should have been". GameSpy's Michael Vreeland thought the game "feels a bit too similar to the first game".

The game received Editor's Choice awards from both GameSpot and IGN. It also received the Best Handheld Game of the Year 2003 award at the European Computer Trade Show. During the AIAS' 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, Black Hole Rising was nominated for Handheld Game of the Year.

title: Advance Wars 2: Black Hole Rising


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Talk:Paavo Ruotsalainen

Religious views
I commend 49.146.184.3 for expanding the article, but I have some comments: a) Saarisalo is quite on outdated source? b) Sources should be listed and references according to wikipedia standard. Also, it would be useful to expand the article with biographical information if anyone has sources at hand. --46.163.210.176 (talk) 11:46, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I question the relevance of points brought from Saarisalo to the the article. Addtionally, tbe edits do not conform to Wikipedia standards. Undo? Periegetes (talk) 19:26, 14 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Since there is no comment from 49.146.184.3 or attempt to amend additions in terms of referencing according to wiki standards I will revert the article to previous version. Periegetes (talk) 16:40, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Pohjanmaa?
One sentence of this article reads:

 * He traveled around Finland to meet with other members of the movement, most notably the priests Jonas Lagus and Nils Gustav Malmberg in Pohjanmaa.

Pohjanmaa links to a disambiguation page. Any idea which article it is supposed to link to? Kevyn 07:10, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * This has now been fixed: It refers to Ostrobothnia (historical province). --Periegetes (talk) 13:36, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 07:43, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paavo Ruotsalainen


text:
1889 in India

Events in the year 1889 in India.

Incumbents

 * Empress of India – Queen Victoria
 * Viceroy of India – Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne
 * Nawab of Rampur — Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur

Events

 * Phulmoni Dasi rape case, case involving the death of a 10-year-old child bride which resulted in legal reforms on the age of consent
 * 14 November — Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, offensive on the tribes of the Chin and Lushai Hills

Law

 * Commissioners For Oaths Act (British statute)
 * Interpretation Act 1889 (British statute)

Births

 * 30 January — Jaishankar Prasad, writer and dramatist (d. 1937)
 * 28 February — Babu Chotelal Shrivastava, independence fighter (d. 1976)
 * 1 March — Gopi Chand Bhargava, first Chief Minister of Punjab (d. 1966)
 * 1 April — Dr Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, founder of the Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) (f. 1925), social reformer and political activist (d. 1940)
 * 4 April — Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Chhayavad writer (d. 1968)
 * 1 July — Benegal Rama Rau, fourth governor of the Reserve Bank of India (d. 1968)
 * 5 August — Muzaffar Ahmad, communist politician and journalist (d. 1973)
 * 16 August — Prabhu Dayal Himatsingka, Indian National Congress politician (d. 1991)
 * 3 September — Sadhu Sundar Singh, Christian missionary (d. 1929)
 * 6 September — Sarat Chandra Bose, barrister and independence activist (d. 1950)
 * 4 November — Jamnalal Bajaj, politician and industrialist (d. 1942)
 * 14 November — Jawaharlal Nehru, politician and 1st Prime Minister of India (d. 1964)
 * 3 December — Kshudiram Bose, independence fighter and martyr (d. 1908)
 * 7 December — Radhakamal Mukerjee, social scientist (d. 1968)
 * 23 December — Mehr Chand Mahajan, third Chief Justice of India (d. 1967)
 * 25 December — Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, leader of the All-India Muslim League (d. 1973)

Full date unknown

 * Shapoorji Mistry, businessman (d. 19??)
 * Rafiq Ahmed, communist activist (d. 1982)
 * Keshavrao Date, actor (d. 1971).
 * Amar Nath Kak, lawyer and author (d. 1963).
 * Bhai Balmukund, independence fighter and member of the 1912 Delhi conspiracy (d. 1915)

Organization foundations

 * Anyonya Co-operative Bank, Vadodora bank
 * Delhi Cloth & General Mills, textile conglomerate
 * KRBL Limited, rice company
 * Mohun Bagan A.C., sports club

Deaths

 * 14 December — Tantia Bhil, independence fighter (b. 1842)

title: 1889 in India


text:
Rich Lowry

Richard Lowry (born August 22, 1968) is an American writer who is the former editor and now editor-in-chief of National Review, an American conservative news and opinion magazine. Lowry became editor of National Review in 1997 when selected by its founder, William F. Buckley, Jr., to lead the magazine. Lowry is also a syndicated columnist, author, and political analyst who is a frequent guest on NBC News and Meet the Press. He has written four books.

Early life
Lowry was born and grew up in Arlington, Virginia, the son of a social worker mother and an English professor father. After graduating from Yorktown High School in Arlington, Lowry attended the University of Virginia, where he studied English and history. He was editor of the Virginia Advocate, the school's conservative monthly magazine.

Career
After graduating, Lowry worked for Charles Krauthammer as a research assistant, and, later, as a reporter for a local newspaper in northern Virginia.

In 1992, Lowry joined National Review, after finishing second in the magazine's young writers' contest. In the summer of 1994, he became the articles editor for National Review and moved to Washington, D.C. to cover Congress. In November 1997, Lowry became editor of National Review at the age of 29, taking over from John O'Sullivan, who had succeeded Buckley in that position ten years earlier. At the time, Buckley said of Lowry, "I am very confident that I've got a very good person."

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Lowry praised Florida governor Ron DeSantis for his hands-off approach to COVID-19 in a May 2020 column titled "Where does Ron DeSantis go to get his apology?".

Lowry writes a syndicated column for King Features and an opinion column for Politico.

As a political commentator, he regularly appears on various cable shows and network Sunday shows, including NBC's Meet the Press, ABC's This Week, and FOX News Sunday.

Books
Lowry has written three non-fiction books. His New York Times best-selling book, Legacy: Paying the Price for the Clinton Years is a polemic against former President Bill Clinton, whom he characterizes as "Navel-Gazer-in-Chief". In June 2013, he published the Abraham Lincoln political biography Lincoln Unbound.

In November 2019, he published The Case for Nationalism: How It Made Us Powerful, United, and Free. In a review in Foreign Affairs, Georgetown University Professor of Government, Charles King, criticized the book, arguing that Lowry's definition of a nation is vague, ahistorical and contradictory: "few of Lowry's statements would pass muster with historians", and that Lowry's assertions about the unity, homogeneity and fixity of units such as Ancient Egypt, Korea, Japan and China "should be an embarrassment" to "any serious thinker." Pulitzer Prize winner Carlos Lozada was harshly critical of the book in a review for The Washington Post, describing it as an attempt to sanitize President Donald Trump's variant of nationalism and "part of a larger effort on the right to create an after-the-fact framework for Trumpism, to contort the president's utterances and impulses into a coherent worldview that can outlast him — a sort of rescue mission for the conservative movement."

Lowry's first novel, the political thriller Banquo's Ghosts, was co-written with Keith Korman and published in 2009.

Personal life
In June 2011, Lowry married Vanessa Palo at the Church of St. Vincent Ferrer in Manhattan.

title: Rich Lowry


text:
Parliament of the German-speaking Community

The Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft or PDG) is the legislative assembly of the German-speaking Community of Belgium located in Eupen.

The most important tasks of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community include the election and the supervision of the Government of the German-speaking Community, the adoption of decrees for the German-speaking Community and the preparation and adoption of the annual budget.

Members and elections
The Parliament of the German-speaking Community has 25 members who are directly elected every 5 years, to run in tandem with the European Parliament elections. These are the only members who have the right to speak and to vote. In addition, there are also some members with a consultative vote who are not actually members of the Parliament, but who do have the right to attend and participate in meetings.

The advisory members are the Provincial Councillors of Liège Province, the members of the Walloon Parliament, the members of the Chamber of Representatives and the members of the Senate who reside in the German-speaking area of Belgium and who have taken the oath of office in German, as well as the MEP elected by the German-speaking electoral college.

History
Since October 1973 the German-speaking Community has had its own parliament, which was initially known as the Council of the German Cultural Community (Rat der deutschen Kulturgemeinschaft). In 1973, the members were not directly elected, but the distribution of seats was determined by the election results for the national Parliament. However, in March 1974, the first direct elections for the Council of the German Cultural Community took place. The name of the parliament was changed to Council of the German-speaking Community (Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft) in 1984, and to Parliament of the German-speaking Community in 2004.

At the end of 2013, the Parliament moved from its old location in Kaperberg to a renovated building in Kehrweg that once served as a Sanitorium.

Powers
The German-speaking Community has powers over cultural, linguistic and "personal" matters (e.g. education, health care) like the Dutch- and French-speaking communities of Belgium.

The Government of the Walloon Region exercises regional matters over the territory in Parliament through a representative from the German-speaking Community. However, there has been some debate as to whether or not German-speakers should have their own region. As article 139 of the Belgian Constitution specifies, the Walloon Region may transfer some regional powers to the German-speaking Community, which it has done in the following policy areas:
 * In 1995: Monuments and Heritage
 * In 2000: Archaeological Matters and Employment Policy
 * In 2005: Supervision of the Church Council; Supervision of Municipalities and Policing Districts; the Financing of Municipalities; Funerals and Gravestones

However, by contrast with the country's other two linguistic communities, it has no control over the language used in administration, because all municipalities are municipalities with language facilities in French.

Current composition
Following the 2024 regional election, the make-up of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community is as follows:

The Socialist Party, the liberal Party for Freedom and Progress and the regionalist ProDG signed an agreement on 10 June 2009 to form the a coalition government. It is the first time in the history of the German-speaking Community that an outgoing government coalition succeeded itself. Under the terms of the agreement, Karl-Heinz Lambertz (SP) remained Minister-President and Louis Siquet (SP) stayed on as Community Senator until January 2010, at which point he was replaced by a socialist.

In May 2014, a few days after the elections, the three incumbent government parties agreed to continue their government coalition. However, since ProDG became bigger than the Socialist Party in the elections, the new Minister-President was Oliver Paasch (ProDG). Five years later, the same parties again quickly agreed to continue their coalition, still led by Paasch.

Committees
The Parliament of the German-speaking Community currently has 5 committees:
 * Committee I on General Policy, Local Government, Petitions, Finances and Cooperation
 * Committee II on Culture
 * Committee III on Education and Training
 * Committee IV on Health, Employment and Social Affairs
 * Oversight Committee on Electoral Expenditure and Communications of the Public Authorities of the German-speaking Community


text:
Absheron District

Absheron District (Abşeron rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. Located in the east of the country, it belongs to the Absheron-Khizi Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khizi, Gobustan, Baku, Hajigabul, Salyan, and the city of Sumgait. Its capital and largest city is Khyrdalan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 214,100. Although the district shares the same name as the Absheron Peninsula, the area covered by the district is not conterminous, being further west and mostly inland.

History
Absheron District was founded in 1963 by the Soviet government to assure enough labour force, highly educated professional staff and necessary provisions are given to enterprises and firms, kolkhozes and collective farms, poultry and agrarian industries, construction centres, scientific-research institutes and laboratories present on the territories of Baku and Sumgait. There are many historical monuments on the territory of Absheron. For example, in the village of Ashaghy Guzdak, there are agricultural tools from the 19th century. In Goradil village, there is the Abdurrahman mosque pertaining to the 19th century which was built by the villager Haji Gurban, mosques from the 18th century in Mammadli built by Garadaghlilar family, mosque-madrasa built in the 19th century by Haji Safarali in Novkhany, Albattin mosque in Fatmai which goes back to the 18th century. Aside from religious monuments, there are many monuments pertaining to the social life of people in past centuries. For example, hamams built in the Middle Ages by Haji Kazim in Qobu village and another one built by Meshadi Imam Bakhish in Khyrdalan. Ancient wells which provided water supply to people living in this territory are still used in Ashaghy Guzdak and Khyrdalan. Tombs from the 8th - 18th centuries are also preserved: in Fatmai, Digah, Masazyr, Hokmali and Saray.

Population
According to the Annual Report of the State Statistics Committee, the total number of population of the district was 91,2 thousand in 2000. This number increased by nearly 25 times in 2018.

Demographics

 * Azerbaijanis – 86,592
 * Other ethnic groups – 3,608

Culture
During the last year, the organization of cultural events, historical events, literary and artistic nights and meetings and these organizations and meetings were organized and widely shown on different TV channels and mass media. For the protection and propagation of the intangible cultural heritage of Azerbaijan, the Absheron locale is announced as the "Capital of mastership of Azerbaijan" in 2014 by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Over the year, major reconstructions were carried out at the House of Culture, the Museum of History and the modern children's music school in Khirdalan was built and put into operation.

Geography and economy
Absheron is situated partially on Absheron Peninsula and partially inland. Absheron is located on the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is located in the border with Sumgayit city, Gobustan locale, Sabunchu region, Garadagh and Binagadi regions of Baku. Absheron district is located in a dry subtropical climate zone, the climatic conditions are semi-desert and dry-desert. The basic part of its economy is agricultural production which develops in two directions: plant growing and cattle breeding. More attention in plant growing is given to gardening and olive growing. In the sheep farming, raising the local stock of "Gala" with semi-hard or hard skin prevails.

The region is located in the southeastern part of the Greater Caucasus.

The highest point of the Absheron Peninsula is the Segerdag Mountain which is 676 meters above sea level. There are a number of salt lakes on the territory of the peninsula. The average rainfall in this area is 110–550 mm.

One of the most important parts of the landscape is mud volcanoes, hills, and landfalls. The biggest one is the Lokbatan Mud Cone, which erupted in October 2001.

The region has eight settlements, seven villages and one city. A total of 856.8 km of roads pass through the district.

Economy
Over 107 industrial entities are located in the Absheron district. Private enterprises account for 85% of industrial enterprises. 85% of them are private entities. There are 43 construction enterprises in the area. 52 industrial entities are connected to agriculture and food production and only one, to camel-raising.

title: Absheron District


text:
The Death of a President

The Death of a President: November 20–November 25, 1963 is historian William Manchester's 1967 account of the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy. The book gained public attention before it was published when Kennedy's widow Jacqueline, who had initially asked Manchester to write the book, demanded that the author make changes in the manuscript.

Description
The book is dedicated: "For all in whose hearts he still lives—a watchman of honor who never sleeps".

The book chronicles several days in late November 1963, from a small reception the Kennedys hosted in the White House on Wednesday, November 20, the evening before the visit to Dallas, Texas through the flight to Texas, the motorcade, the assassination, the hospital, the airplane journey back to Washington, D.C., and the funeral on Monday, November 25. The tension between the Kennedy and Johnson factions, the worldwide reaction, and Lee Harvey Oswald's televised murder by Jack Ruby are discussed in painstaking details.

Genesis
During early 1964, Jacqueline Kennedy commissioned Manchester to produce an account of the assassination. She and the Kennedy family wanted a definitive telling of the events to preempt other books, including Jim Bishop's forthcoming The Day Kennedy Was Shot. Kennedy was familiar with Manchester's work through Portrait of a President: John F. Kennedy in Profile, his account of the president's first year and a half as President. Manchester had met and grown to admire John Kennedy when both were recovering from war wounds in Boston.

The agreement stipulated that Jacqueline Kennedy and the president's brother Robert F. Kennedy, then Attorney General, would approve the manuscript. As part of the agreement, Manchester was to receive an advance of $36,000 but only against the income from the first printing. All other earnings would go to the John F. Kennedy Library.

Kennedy promised Manchester exclusive interviews with members of the family, and sat for 10 hours of interviews with him. Manchester interviewed 1,000 people for the book, including Robert F. Kennedy; only Marina Oswald refused. Working 100 hours a week for two years to meet an accelerated 1967 publishing deadline, the stress of producing the book sent Manchester to a hospital due to nervous exhaustion for more than two months, where he completed a manuscript of 1,201 pages and 380,000 words.

Manchester gave the manuscript to his editor at Harper & Row, Evan Thomas, and to the Kennedy family for review during March 1966. He received an offer of $665,000 from Look magazine for serial rights; his agent had obtained an agreement that payments for a serial would go to the author.

Controversy
Both Jacqueline and Robert F. Kennedy had refused to read the manuscript, delegating the review to former Kennedy administration members John Seigenthaler, Ed Guthman, and Richard N. Goodwin. They believed that passages in the book "unflattering" to Johnson might damage Robert Kennedy's political plans for 1968, and requested changes. Pam Turnure, Jacqueline Kennedy's secretary, also read the manuscript; alarmed by many "personal revelations" from Jacqueline's interviews with Manchester, such as the fact that she smoked cigarettes (something Jacqueline Kennedy had hidden in the White House), she also provided lists of changes. Additionally, Jacqueline Kennedy believed that the proceeds from the Look offer should go to the Kennedy Library. She claimed that her interviews with Manchester had been intended for the library, threatened to block publication of the book unless the changes were made, unsuccessfully offered Look $1 million to cancel the serialization, and during late 1966, filed a lawsuit asking the court to issue an injunction to stop the book's publication.

Newspaper articles about her decision speculated on the contents of the book. Through an out-of-court settlement during January 1967, Manchester agreed to delete 1,600 words from the serialization and seven out of 654 pages from the published book. Although headlines noted Jacqueline Kennedy as the victor, Manchester claimed that the deletions were "harmless", and retained the serialization fee.

Aftermath
Harper & Row published The Death of a President during the spring of 1967 to good reviews. It sold more than 1 million copies by summer and later was given the Dag Hammarskjold International Literary Prize. By 1970 the book had earned $1 million in royalties for the Kennedy Library.

During 1988, the book was reprinted and Manchester wrote a new foreword. People had wondered whether he would update and modify his original work. Manchester wrote that, in his opinion, there were not any new developments.

The Kennedy family retains control of materials related to Death. Jacqueline Kennedy's interview tapes with the author are sealed at the Kennedy Library until 2067. Manchester's original manuscript is held at Wesleyan University with "extremely restricted use" and, according to his son John Manchester, the Kennedy family allowed the book to go out of print.

Reprints
The book was reprinted during 1988, and reissued by Back Bay Books, an imprint of Little, Brown, and Company, during October 2013. ISBN 0316370711

title: The Death of a President


text:
Death of a President (2006 film)

Death of a President is a 2006 British mockumentary political thriller film about the fictional assassination of George W. Bush, the 43rd and at the time, incumbent U.S. President, on 19 October 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. The film is presented as a future history docudrama and uses actors, archival video footage as well as computer-generated special effects to present the hypothetical aftermath the event had on civil liberties, racial profiling, journalistic sensationalism and foreign policy.

Plot
Broadcast in the year 2008, the film is presented in a TV documentary style format, combining talking head interviews, news coverage clips and video surveillance footage surrounding the assassination of U.S. President George W. Bush in Chicago around a year earlier on 19 October 2007. The president is fatally shot by a sniper after he addresses an economic forum at the Chicago Sheraton Hotel, before which an anti-war rally had taken place. News outlets immediately begin reporting on the incident along with its political ramifications. After authorities earlier arrest and interrogate war-protesting detainees, Jamal Abu Zikri (Malik Bader), an IT professional of Syrian origin, becomes the prime suspect.

Vice President Dick Cheney, now president, uses the possible al-Qaeda relationship in connection with the suspected assassin, Zikri, to push his own domestic political security agenda. He calls for the legislation of PATRIOT Act III, trying to increase the investigative powers of the FBI, the police, and other government agencies over American citizens and foreign residents as he contemplates attacking Syria.

As his wife Zahra (Hend Ayoub) listens to the verdict with family attorney Dawn Norton (Patricia Buckley) in a packed courtroom, Zikri is convicted of killing the U.S. President and sentenced to death based upon dubious forensic evidence. Meanwhile, a new report which surfaces, substantiated by interviews with Marianne Claybon (Chavez Ravine), indicates that the perpetrator is most likely her husband Al Claybon (Tony Dale), a veteran of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, who lived in Rock Island, Illinois, and who also was the father of David Claybon, a U.S. soldier recently killed in the Iraq War. The assassin, who blames President Bush for the death of his son, killed himself after Bush's assassination. Claybon's suicide note, addressed to a second son, Casey Claybon (Neko Parham), an Iraq War veteran living in Chicago who was previously considered as a suspect, reads:

"Everything I stood for and raised you to stand for has turned bad. There's no honor in dying for an immoral cause. For lies. I love my country, but I love God, and the sons He gave me even more. I must do the right thing by you and by David. George Bush killed our David, and I cannot forgive him for that."

Ten months after President Bush's assassination, Zikri remains on death row at the Stateville Correctional Center, because government officials are deliberately delaying his legal appeal. Moreover, in his dead father's Rock Island house, Casey Claybon finds evidence of his father's planning of the shooting. The most incriminating piece of evidence is a copy of a top secret presidential itinerary outlining, to the minute, President Bush's Chicago whereabouts on 19 October 2007. The news report ends while the U.S. Government continues investigating how presidential assassin Al Claybon obtained that top secret document.

The final closing titles of the film inform the viewer that President Cheney's USA PATRIOT Act III was signed into permanent law in the U.S., stating the following: "It has granted investigators unprecedented powers of detention and surveillance, and further expanded the powers of the executive branch".

Cast

 * Hend Ayoub as Zahra Abu Zikri, the wife of convicted assassin Jamal Abu Zikri. She comes to believe her family has been targeted by authorities due to their Middle-Eastern heritage.
 * Brian Boland as Larry Stafford, lead Secret Service agent assigned to the president. He ultimately failed in preventing the president from being assassinated, as he discusses the day's events and security precautions leading up to the tragedy.
 * Becky Ann Baker as Eleanor Drake, personal advisor to the president. She dutifully assisted in preparing his speeches and was one of the first few people to learn of his death at the hospital.
 * Robert Mangiardi as Greg Turner, First Deputy of the Chicago police department, in charge of coordinating security arrangements for the war protest as well as handling the blocking off of city streets for the presidential motorcade. He expresses his displeasure with the violent tone of the protesting public.
 * Jay Patterson as Sam McCarthy, White House correspondent for The Washington Post. From time to time, he expresses his disapproval with the government's basis for holding Zikri. He believes they have no definitive evidence linking him to the assassination other than the fact that he might have flirted with the thought of terrorism by visiting an enemy country.
 * Jay Whittaker as Frank Molini, a war protester caught and arrested by police in the ensuing chaos after the initial shots were fired at the president. In his possession was a banner depicting a gun being fired at Bush. However, he was later found not to be the assassin.
 * Michael Reilly Burke as Robert H. Maguire, special agent in charge at the FBI, involved with reporting directly to new president Dick Cheney on his investigation surrounding evidence related to the assassination.
 * James Urbaniak as Dr. James Pearn, an FBI forensic examiner assigned to the case to collect and catalogue evidence against any possible suspects. He obtains a partial fingerprint of Jamal Abu Zikri from traces of gunshot residue at the crime scene, but notes that it is only associative evidence and not necessarily enough evidence for a conviction in a court of law.
 * Neko Parham as Casey Claybon, son of possible suspected assassin Al Claybon. A war veteran who did not particularly support Bush, but who also claimed to have no knowledge of the assassination. He was initially arrested in the melee following the killing, as he walked through the streets of downtown Chicago looking for employment.
 * Seena Jon as Samir Masri, a Yemeni American protesting at the war rally outside where the President was speaking. Members of his family were deported back to Yemen after overstaying their travel visas following the 9/11 attacks. Masri was at the rally to protest Bush's policies and was arrested as a suspect.
 * Christian Stolte as John Rucinski, FBI investigator with the joint terrorism task force, assigned with interviewing detainees including Jamal Abu Zikri. Skeptical, he stresses his suspicions about Zikri's whereabouts on the day of the assassination as well as his military history after analysing his statements.
 * Chavez Ravine as Marianne Claybon, wife of suspected possible assassin Al Claybon. She finds it hard to comprehend her patriotic husband could have had any connection with the killing.
 * Patricia Buckley as Dawn Norton, Jamal Abu Zikry's defence attorney. She immediately expresses her challenging task of defending her client who the FBI believes has connections with terrorist organisations. She relates her difficulty by conveying that any person suspected of involvement with Al-Qaeda unfortunately equates to a guilty verdict in American society.
 * Malik Bader as Jamal Abu Zikri, the suspected assassin, a Syrian national working at an IT firm in a building neighbouring the Chicago Sheraton. He was convicted of the crime, but appealed the verdict while being held on death row due to minor forensic evidence implicating him in the assassination.
 * Tony Dale as Al Claybon, the figure cited as a strong likely suspect of the assassination who ended up committing suicide after he supposedly killed the president. He was a Gulf War veteran distraught over a second son's death from the Iraq War, blaming Bush for his misery.

Filming
The funeral scenes in the film include footage taken from archival coverage of Ronald Reagan's funeral, and President Cheney's eulogy for President Bush is a news clip of Cheney's eulogy for Reagan. CGI special effects and existing footage of President Bush helped to re-create the filming of his assassination. The rifle used by the perpetrator in the film was actually an airsoft replica of an AR-15. Image editing software was used to add the actors' images to photographs with President Bush.

Although all imagery related to Bush's assassination was created using digital special effects, an apparent actual death, captured on tape, is included in the film during a piece of war footage in which an Iraqi insurgent prepares to launch a rocket, but is shot in the head first. Except for specific scenes, most of the actors portrayed in the film were not told of the premise surrounding the story.

During a post emergency surgery news conference, the chief physician's comment that he had "never seen such a strong heart in a man of the president's age", is a reference to President Ronald Reagan's own attempted assassination. In addition, the interview of a middle-aged African American outside the hospital recalls an interview of a witness on the streets of Washington, D.C. in 1981 following that assassination attempt. Filming was done entirely on location in Chicago, Illinois.

Music
The film score was composed and conducted by Richard Harvey. Sound effects and music elements were mixed by Alex Riordan.

Director's notes
The film's director, Gabriel Range, noted that the film is not "a leftist jeremiad" and further said:

"The purpose of the film was not to imagine how the world stage would reset with the assassination of George Bush. The intent of the film is really to use the assassination of President Bush as a dramatic device—using the future as an allegory to comment on the past. [....] If people go to the cinema expecting to have some great moment of catharsis watching the president being shot, I suspect they're in for a pretty big surprise. I think that anyone who's expecting this to be a liberal wet dream is in for quite a shock ... It was very important that the film was not a political rant. It was not just a condemnation or polemic because I think that polemics are easy to dismiss."

Release
The official premiere was at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2006.

Television
In Europe, it was broadcast in the UK on 9 October (More4), 19 October 2006 (Channel 4), in Finland on 18 October 2007, in Switzerland on 21 August 2011 (SF 1) and in France on 28 January 2014 (Polar)

Box office
Newmarket paid one million dollars for the U.S. distribution rights. The total production budget for the film is estimated to have been two million dollars. Two of the largest U.S. cinema chains, Regal Entertainment Group and Cinemark, refused to screen the film; a Cinemark spokesman told UK newspaper The Guardian: "The assassination of a sitting president is problematic subject matter". In addition, major U.S. broadcasters CNN and National Public Radio refused to broadcast advertisements for the film. The film was screened in the U.S. for 14 days, showing at 143 theatres at its widest release. Worldwide, it grossed $869,352. The Japanese motion picture ethics committee, the Eirin, prevented Death of a President from being shown in most cinemas in 2007, saying that the film's Japanese title ("Bush Ansatsu", translated as "Bush Assassinated") is inappropriate. The film was scheduled to begin showing in Japanese cinemas on 6 October 2007.

Home media
The Region 2 Code widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the United Kingdom on 30 October 2006, followed by the Region 1 Code version in the United States on 3 April 2007. Special features include interviews and commentary with screenwriter Simon Finch, editor Brand Thumim, line producer Donall McCusker and director Gabriel Range. A theatrical trailer is also included with the extras.

Politicians
The central conceit of Death of a President was much criticised by those who believed it exploited the subject of presidential assassination, and that by doing so, was in bad taste. Gretchen Esell of the Texas Republican Party described the subject matter saying, "I find this shocking, I find it disturbing. I don't know if there are many people in America who would want to watch something like that." Hillary Clinton, then junior United States senator from New York, told The Journal News of Rockland, Westchester, and Putnam counties at the annual New Castle Community Day in Chappaqua that, "I think it's despicable. I think it's absolutely outrageous. That anyone would even attempt to profit on such a horrible scenario makes me sick."

Simon Finch, the co-screenwriter, replied saying that Clinton had not seen the film when she commented. The Bush administration did not comment about the film; as White House spokesperson Emily Lawrimore remarked, "We are not commenting because it doesn't dignify a response."

Critical review
Critics had varied opinions about Death of a President. The Metacritic aggregate website rated it at 49, "Mixed or Average", based upon 30 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes rated it at 39%, "Rotten", based upon 101 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "In this unconvincing fictional documentary, the tense 30 minutes that lead into the title event is outweighed by the boring, melodramatic hour preceding it." In Time magazine, Richard Corliss placed it in the context of other fictional assassinations, such as The Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1908), Suddenly (1954) and television programmes like 24 (2001–2014); concluding that it was "not an incendiary documentary, but a well-made political thriller." In the Village Voice, J. Hoberman said it was "dramatically inert, but a minor techno-miracle" and that it "skews more theoretical than sensationalist ... Bush is presented as a martyr." James Berardinelli commented that "If this was a serious examination of the possible long-term ramifications of George Bush's current foreign policy, or if it had anything interesting to say about Bush's legacy, it might be justifiable. But that's not the case. The decision to use Bush rather than a fictional representation of him is for no reason other than self-promotion."

Of the critics who liked Death of a President, Rex Reed of The New York Observer identified the film as "Clever, thoughtful, and totally believable. This is a film without a political agenda that everyone should see." In the Toronto Star, Peter Howell said, "The film's deeper intentions ... elevate it into the company of such landmark works of historical argument as Peter Watkins's The War Game, Costa-Gavras's Z and, closer to home, Michel Brault's Les Ordres. Every thinking person should see Death of a President." In Film Journal International, Frank Lovece mused that the film's condemnation "by politicians and pundits from James Pinkerton to Hillary Clinton is understandable and completely predictable: They can't not comment, so when they do, they have to play to their audiences. None of them seriously believes that this work of fiction will really make someone take a potshot at the president, and anyway, the attempt on President Ronald Reagan's life came out of a crazy guy's fascination with Jodie Foster, so you may as well decry movies starring blonde former child actresses." Jim Emerson, editor of RogerEbert.com exclaimed, "Death of a President is electrifying drama, and compellingly realistic. The actors chosen for interview segments (including the mom from Freaks & Geeks as a presidential speechwriter) are unerringly authentic as real people, speaking spontaneously before a documentary lens -- even when it's clear they've rehearsed in their heads what they're going to say, and may even have told these same stories any number of times before."

The film has been reviewed in 2014. The Prince George Citizen columnist Neil Godbout called the film "a powerful statement about racial prejudice, [politicians' exploitation on] events for their own purposes, and [reporters' willingness] to tell stories [told] by government sources without question to get the scoop and break the story first." Indiewire critic Andre Seewood wrote that the film does not "suggest that [George W. Bush] actually be assassinated by British agents." Seewood further wrote that it is "not a direct insult to an enemy but hypothetical criticism of [UK's] ally cleverly disguised as a television news journal in countries where freedom of speech is mutually respected."

Awards
The film won a total of 6 awards including; the International Critics Prize (FIPRESCI) from the 2006 Toronto Film Festival, the International Emmy Award for the TV Movie/Mini-Series category in the (UK), the RTS Television Award in the Digital Channel Programme category from the Royal Television Society, the RTBF TV Prize for Best Picture Award from the Brussels European Film Festival for director Gabriel Range, the Banff Rockie Award from the Banff Television Festival for the film, and one for director Gabriel Range. The film also received a nomination for Best Visual Effects from the British Academy TV Awards in 2007.

title: Death of a President (2006 film)


text:
Talk:Yoruba people

Yoruba demographics
Hello the 52,000,000 million, I believe is overstated. According to several figures including census and cia factbook Yorubas are 15.5% of Nigeria respectively. This is out 230 million equal to around 35-37 million people. WikiFan45TY (talk) 03:01, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

 * If anything it's underrated. There's no proof that Yoruba people are 15% of Nigeria population and the last Census was 2006 or so. The population of Yoruba people are way about 50 million, and don't forget about the Yoruba people in Benin, Togo and the diaspora and their children. Researcherofgreatness (talk) 00:23, 4 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I haven’t seen proof for an estimation of over 50 million WikiFan45TY (talk) 21:01, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

Please someone add relevant UK Yoruba population stats
Yoruba people are the largest West african and Nigerian ethnicity in the UK. Appropriate UK and England population approximate of the Yorubas should be added. It looks off that the region with one of the highest Yoruba diaspora demographic isn't included in the list. Researcherofgreatness (talk) 00:29, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

Infobox Ethnic Groups Yoruba people
Cookiemonster1618, with regard to the entries of the Yoruba people infobox, I have returned the template to its longest standing version as of late and wish to continue this discussion with you here.
 * If you have a reference to support that People groups is not a reliable source on Wikipedia, especially when there is no other total population estimate for that same year, I would like to see it. Otherwise, I listed the differing population estimations by year and source which wikipedia has made admissible. Can we let the reader see all estimated sources for the number of people and the years estimated, follow the sources and make their considerations. They are all estimates. We have multiple "total" parameters in the infobox, I believe. I do not see any alternative source to People Groups for total number of Yoruba worldwide for 2023.
 * On what authority is it to be taken that the estimation of 55,000,000, which was cited per your own request was an overestimation? That is a History textbook; I merely cited the web version link. Please note that the textbook was authored by university faculty at the State University of New York in 2018..
 * There is a wikipedia template made specifically for abstractions of regions and distributions of ethnic population; I will have to use that one if the only qualm here is that there is no difference between region and country as headed by the template subsection. The reason for emphasis on the geo-and-sociocultural region is that the popular geocultural area spans the total area of the ethnic grouping with a denoted population within it. This does not take away from countries also being listed in any way -- or if it does, can you let me know how?  Oluwatalisman (talk) 02:57, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Here is the main quote regarding Joshua project as a source and other evangelical missionary websites.
 *  "The Joshua Project is an ethnological database created to support Christian missions. It is considered to be generally unreliable due to the lack of any academic recognition or an adequate editorial process. The Joshua Project provides a list of sources from which they gather their data, many of which are related evangelical groups and they too should not be used for ethnological data as they are questionable sources."  Reliable sources/Perennial sources.  The source you cited for Yorubaland is not reliable and is a gross estimation because the creators of the website added the figures to what suited them and also because Yoruba is spoken by 44 million people as a first language in Nigeria while the CIA World Factbook's estimate only estimates the Yoruba's population in Nigeria at 35 million. It also doesn't make sense since the source mentioned the entire population of the Yorubaland region which is not a country but a region in Nigeria, it mentioned "Many of whom are Yoruba" without mentioning the specific population of Yoruba in Yorubaland. Yorubaland is also not a country so it is removed from the information box because only countries are listed not regions.
 * Cookiemonster1618 (talk) 03:47, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Cookiemonster1618 I agree with your point about The Joshua Project, based on the Reliable sources/Perennial sources link you have just responded with.
 * Are you able to realize that the source added for the estimated population of Yoruba people in Yorubaland is not a website but a text book and that the website's webpages are just excerpts from the textbook online? I will add the book itself as a reference then, with its isbn, title, date, and authors, to make that clear. I hope we can settle on this. I didn't write it; it was written by historians at SUNY. As to the approximation, their publication states that the overwhelming majority of that 55,000,000 are ethnic Yoruba. Which modifier would you rather to denote the notion of "overwhelming majority"? I have chosen the term "approximately" to denote the amount "overwhelming majority", but I am open to suggestions; I can also just add "major part of 55,000,000".
 * Furthermore. I have never stated or intend to state that Yorubaland is a country. Why keep saying this? It is a region; period. I am saying that it is a region; you are saying that it is a region. The source is saying that it is a region. Who is saying that it is a country? Furthermore, Yorubaland is not restricted to Nigeria. but Southwest Nigeria is the easternmost part of it -- not disputable really and many sources show this. Do you need some sources on this talk page if you are in doubt? If so, I'll pull some up; please let me know.
 * Also, I am sure you know there are many templates here. I am intending to embed a template then that lets me delineate localities/subregions if it helps people concern less about whether Yorubaland is being shown as a region or a country here, even post the differentiation which made the segregation clear. I hope you will not take issue with it as it as long as I employ the template that is available for doing just this.
 * Please respond to the points; don't just say Yorubaland is a region as: yes, it is. Oluwatalisman (talk) 04:45, 12 December 2023 (UTC) Oluwatalisman (talk) 04:45, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Once again the source is not reliable because it mentions the population of Yorubaland without specifying from where they got that number. It is also not reliable because it is a gross estimate and is mentioning the population of the Yorubaland region without specifying how many yoruba live in that region. It is also not reliable because the CIA World Factbook's estimates that the Yoruba people in Nigeria number 35 million and Ethnologue estimated there to be 43 million Yoruba in Nigeria in 2020 so how did the population of 43 million in 2020 jump that fast to 55 million in 2023?. Yorubaland is not a country and is a region within Nigeria since the Yoruba are not only found in Nigeria and found in many other countries throughout the world we include countries and not regions in information boxes. Cookiemonster1618 (talk) 15:33, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Cookiemonster1618 Let us not talk in circles. To lay everything out plainly: 1) You asked for a source for the numbers, I provided you with one. In your authority, you rejected the source. This is why we are now at the talk page. You can't win your argument with "denial of source" tactic. What you can do is provide another source that disputes that. 2) As to the issue of Yoruba territory only existing within Nigeria, this cannot be accepted on your own authority alone either. If you are unaware of the part of West Africa Yorubas natively occupy, please take some time to study about it, but Wikipedia cannot be your "learn by contradicting" grounds. 3) When I presented you a more vague, yet applicable allusion to the number of ethnic Yoruba in the "Yoruba States" (recall the first Britannica reference you rejected,) you would not accept it because it did not explicitly state that it was a measure of ethnic Yoruba within the ethnic space the Yorubas regard their primary native habitation. When I brought you a book where SUNY historians measure the number of ethnic Yoruba in "Yorubaland," you still have something to complain about. Do you want the citation or you just want your way? 4) There is a population distribution template that is used for otherwise defined regions; I will use that and return the regional count to the page. Oluwatalisman (talk) 00:40, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

Yoruba population
There is no verified sources that say Yorubas are 50,000,000. There was an extra 10 million in population added randomly I believe to inflant the numbers. According to CIA factbook they’re 15% of Nigeria. 2600:1017:B016:2B70:48C0:2988:8AC2:85 (talk) 02:45, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Ethnologue
Ethnologue is not too accurate for population numbers. The links are broken a lot of times, and they’re being used to inflate numbers on this page. There is no source that says they’re 50,000,000 Yorubas 2600:1017:B016:2B70:48C0:2988:8AC2:85 (talk) 02:48, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Why was there recently a "name" section added when there was already an etymology section?
Does the troll involved in that edit know the meaning of etymology? I guess not. One, there is no need for a name section when there is am etymology section. Two, why didn't the name section appear for other ethnicities in Nigeria? Not even etymology section appears for them, should I start adding? Sounds like a great idea. Thirdly, the name section was created for a troll attempt with no source, the person who edited didn't read what they sourced and what it said. Lastly, I will be reporting troll attempts now. Researcherofgreatness (talk) 02:29, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

Yoroba people are from the great race Ewe
Days to days from journalism and investigation Rap i find informations that explain black Africans unity ( structured ) from the old time as one people in differents branchs ( nower days ). Yoroba language is the mixing of Ewe language and fon language. And fon language is the mixing of Ewe language and the Yewe language (ancestors religion ). Kotafon, Guin, mina, Adja are also from the great race Ewe who is more that ewe ethnic group. Komavo wednesday, 29 may 2024, 6:18am.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Yoruba (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 11:03, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

The phrase 'in ṣitu'
This is obviously meant to be the Latin phrase 'in situ'. The 'ṣ' appears to come from the Yoruba alphabet and is equivalent to IPA /ʃ/. It's wrong to use the Yoruba alphabet for Latin phrases in an English-language article and it's the wrong sound anyway (the classical pronunciation was /ˈsi.tuː/). 2A01:4B00:8A10:7A00:3005:9A97:F137:CC5 (talk) 09:09, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yoruba people


text:
Sunbeam (disambiguation)

A sunbeam is a beam of sunlight.

Sunbeam may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Sunbeam (album), by The Emotions, 1978
 * Sunbeam (band), a German electronic band
 * "Sunbeam", a 2020 song by Kian
 * Ponygon and Kafk Sunbeam, characters in Zatch Bell!
 * The Sunbeam, a 1912 American film

Businesses and organisations

 * Sunbeam Australia, a former home appliance manufacturer
 * Sunbeam Bread, a franchised brand of white bread
 * Sunbeam Cycles, a British brand of cycles, bicycles and motorcycles by John Marston Limited
 * Sunbeam Motor Car Company, British automobile manufacturer
 * Sunbeam Products, an American home appliance manufacturer
 * Sunbeam-Talbot, a British sporting car manufacturer 1938–1954
 * Sunbeam Television, an American broadcasting company

Places

 * Sunbeam, Colorado, U.S.
 * Sunbeam, Illinois, U.S.
 * Sunbeam, West Virginia, U.S.

Transportation

 * Chrysler Sunbeam, later Talbot Sunbeam, a 1977–1981 hatchback automobile
 * Sunbeam S7 and S8, British motorcycles
 * Triumph Tigress/BSA Sunbeam, a motor scooter
 * Sunbeam 1000 hp, land speed record-breaking car
 * Sunbeam, a GWR Sun Class locomotive
 * Sunbeam (passenger train), between Houston and Dallas 1925–1955
 * Sunbeam (steam yacht), launched 1874
 * USS Sunbeam III, a U.S. Navy patrol vessel 1917–1919

Other uses

 * Operation Sunbeam, four nuclear tests at Nevada Test Site in 1962
 * Curetis, a genus of butterflies called sunbeams
 * Aglaeactis, a genus of hummingbirds called sunbeams
 * Yohkoh (Japanese, 'sunbeam'), a solar observing space probe

title: Sunbeam (disambiguation)


text:
User:Buch~enwiki

I'm 17 years old and living in Berlin, Germany.

title: User:Buch~enwiki


text:
Amarsinh Chaudhary

Amarsinh Bhilabhai Chaudhary (31 July 1941 – 15 August 2004) was an Indian politician. He became the first adivasi to serve as the Chief Minister of Gujarat when he took office in 1985.

Career
Chaudhary was a civil engineer and served as government employee for short time. He became a Member of Legislative Assembly from Radhanpur Constituency in 1970. He became a junior minister under Ghanshyam Oza in 1972 and later served as minister in subsequent cabinets. He was elected to Gujarat Vidhan Sabha from Vyara in 1985, and was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 1985 to 1989. In 1990 Vidhan Sabha elections, he lost to his namesake Amarsinh (Zinabhai) Chaudhary, an independent candidate, from Vyara (Vidhan Sabha constituency). Amarsinh Zinabhai Chaudhary had been elected to Lok Sabha in 1971 from Mandvi on Congress ticket. Amarsinh (Bhilabhai) Chaudhary later served as President of the Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee between June 2001 and July 2002. In 2002, he was elected to Gujarat Vidhan Sabha from Khedbrahma constituency, and was elected leader of the Congress Legislature Party and leader of opposition in Gujarat Legislative Assembly. He died in the middle of this term.

Personal life
Amarsinh Chaudhary was married to Gajraben and the couple had 3 children. In 1991, he married his companion Nisha Gameti without divorcing his first wife, and this caused a controversy with his first wife calling Nisha 'a venomous lady'. Nisha, on her part, had divorced her husband, with whom she had two children, in 1990.

His second wife Nisha Chaudhary was elected to Lok Sabha from Sabarkantha thrice in 1990s. She died in 2001. After her death, he refused to contest Lok Sabha election in 2004, saying that he wanted to stay in Gujarat politics. He died a few weeks after the Lok Sabha election.

Politician Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary is his son.

Death
Chaudhary was admitted to a hospital in Ahmedabad on 24 July 2004 for severe liver and kidney complications. He died of cardiac arrest on 15 August 2004 after a prolonged illness.

title: Amarsinh Chaudhary


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Persian column

Persian columns or Persepolitan columns are the distinctive form of column developed in the Achaemenid architecture of ancient Persia, probably beginning shortly before 500 BCE. They are mainly known from Persepolis, where the massive main columns have a base, fluted shaft, and a double-animal capital, most with bulls. Achaemenid palaces had enormous hypostyle halls called apadana, which were supported inside by several rows of columns. The Throne Hall or "Hall of a Hundred Columns" at Persepolis, measuring 70 × 70 metres was built by the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes I. The apadana hall is even larger. These often included a throne for the king and were used for grand ceremonial assemblies; the largest at Persepolis and Susa could fit ten thousand people at a time.

The Achaemenids had little experience of stone architecture, but were able to import artists and craftsmen from around their empire to develop a hybrid imperial style drawing on influences from Mesopotamia, Egypt and Lydia in Anatolia, as well as Elam in Persia itself. The style was probably developed in the Palace of Darius in Susa, but the most numerous and complete survivals are at Persepolis, where several columns remain standing. Imperial building in the style stopped abruptly with the invasion by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, when Persepolis was burned down.

Description
The forms of the columns and capitals vary somewhat between different buildings. Generally the capitals are carved with two heavily decorated back-to-back animals projecting out from the column. These function as brackets to support the architrave or roof timbers, while the flat backs of the animals support timbers running at right angles (see the reconstruction in the Louvre below). As they project the animals may be called protomes. The bull is the most common animal, but there are also lions, bulls with the head of a man in the style of the Assyrian lamassu, and griffins with the heads of eagles and the bodies of lions.

The bulls and lions may reflect the symbolism around Nowruz, the Persian New Year at the spring equinox, of an eternally fighting bull personifying the moon, and a lion personifying the Sun. This was the day when tributary nations presented their annual tribute to the king, as depicted in the stairway reliefs at Persepolis, and it has been suggested that Persepolis was specifically built for Nowruz celebrations.

The capital is much longer than in most other styles of columns. While some smaller columns move quickly from the animals to the plain shaft below, the largest and grandest examples have a long intervening section with double volutes at the top and, inverted, at the bottom of a long fluted square zone, although the shaft of the column is round. At the top of the round fluted shaft are two sections with a loosely plant-based design, the upper a form of "palm capital", spreading as it rises, and the lower suggesting leaves drooping downwards. Other capitals have the animals and the two lower plant-based elements, but not the section in between with the volutes; the example in Chicago is of this type. There are various small mouldings between the various elements, reflecting a Greek style. The horns and ears of the animals are often separate pieces, fitting into the head by square plugs. The columns were polished and at least the capitals were painted, in the case of wooden ones on a plaster coating. The style reflects influences from the many cultures that the Persian Empire conquered including Egypt, Babylon, and Lydia, as well as Greece, where the Persians had only temporary success; the final result is distinctively Persian.

Shaft and base
It is thought the stone columns that survive were preceded by wooden versions, and these continued to be used. The move to stone may have come when sufficiently large trees for the biggest buildings became difficult or impossible to source. The column shafts can be as tall as 20 metres. The base is in stone even for wooden columns, and sometimes carries an inscription saying which king erected the building. Most are round, but an early square type has two steps.

In grand settings the columns are usually fluted. The flutes are shallow, with arrises, like the Greek Doric order, but they are more numerous, and therefore narrower. The large columns at Persepolis have as many as 40 or 48 flutes, with smaller columns elsewhere 32; the width of a flute is kept fairly constant, so the number of flutes increases with the girth of the column, in contrast to the Greek practice of keeping the number of flutes on a column constant and varying the width of the flute. The early Doric temples seem to have had a similar principle, before 20 flutes became the convention.

Fluting is also found in other parts of the classical Persian column. The bases are often fluted, and the "bell" part of the capital has stylized plant ornament that comes close to fluting. Above this there is usually a tall section with four flat fluted volutes.

Use and influence
The full form of Persian column seems only to have been used at a few sites outside Persia around the empire in the Achaemenid period, in Armenia and even Levantine colonies in Iberia. The columns influenced the Pillars of Ashoka erected in India some 80 years after Alexander the Great destroyed the Persian Empire, and other imperial buildings in the architecture of the Maurya Empire.

The much smaller Mathura lion capital of the 1st century CE shows clear influence. They can be seen in relief decoration around Buddhist stupas in Gandhara in the 2nd or 3rd century CE, and Persian columns decorate the Karla Caves and Nasik Caves. The style did not develop in Persia itself, but elements continued to appear under later dynasties before the arrival of Islam.

Modern revival
From the 19th-century the full Persepolitan form of the column was revived, initially by Parsees in India and eclectic architects in Europe, and only later used in public buildings in Iran under the Pahlavi dynasty (from 1925), though the former royal palace in the Afif-Abad Garden, of 1863, tentatively uses some elements of the capitals.

Reza Shah, the first Pahlavi Shah of Iran, promoted interest in the Achaemenids in various ways to foster Iranian nationalism and support the legitimacy of his regime. Significant buildings in Tehran were supervised as to the authenticity of their style by European archaeologists, especially André Godard, Maxime Siroux (both also architects), and Ernst Herzfeld, who had been brought to Iran to dig, curate, and train students. These include the police headquarters and the Bank Melli Iran headquarters.

Though the Islamic Republic of Iran prefers buildings that refer to Islamic architecture, miniature Persian columns support the Scholars Pavilion donated to the United Nations Office at Vienna in 2009.

title: Persian column


text:
Persian drill

A Persian drill is a drill which is turned by pushing a nut back and forth along a spirally grooved drill holder. It was formerly used for delicate operations such as jewellery making and dentistry. A ratcheting screwdriver with a "spiral ratchet" mechanism may be used as a Persian drill.

title: Persian drill


text:
Pieris (butterfly)

Pieris, the whites or garden whites, is a widespread now almost cosmopolitan genus of butterflies of the family Pieridae. The highest species diversity is in the Palearctic, with a higher diversity in Europe and eastern North America than the similar and closely related Pontia. The females of many Pieris butterflies are UV reflecting, while the male wings are strongly UV absorbing due to pigments in the scales.

Ecology
Many species of this genus have caterpillars which feed on cabbage and other members of the Brassicaceae. The chemical basis of this association with a certain plant group has been studied for over 100 years, and is now known to occur via a number of biochemical adaptations to chemicals called glucosinolates in these plants. In contrast to most other insects, Pieris caterpillars are able to detoxify these chemicals, and have become so specialised that they will not eat any food without glucosinolates. The Pieris females, in turn, check for the presence of glucosinolates before laying eggs on a plant. The crop-damaging species have spread from Eurasia to most of the rest of the world (most recently to South America and Africa) and are considered pest insects almost everywhere. There are species of Pieris that are not pests, such as the North American species Pieris oleracea (mustard white) and Pieris virginiensis (Virginia white). These butterflies feed successfully only on specific native vegetation.

Some members of Pieris are threatened by the rapid spread of some plants in the Brassicaceae, such as the way the highly invasive garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) kills the larvae of Pieris oleracea and Pieris virginiensis in North America. Given the large differences between the chemicals that garlic mustard creates versus those of mustards native to North America, it is likely that it is also lethal to other members of Pieris that are native to North America. It is listed as a suitable food plant for the Eurasian Veined white (Pieris napi). Having not evolved with garlic mustard, the aforementioned American butterflies lay eggs on it, confusing it with their host plants due to a similar odor. Just because butterflies are members of Pieris does not mean they are all capable of feeding on the same members of Brassicaceae that other members of Pieris can feed on.

Species and notable subspecies
Arranged alphabetically:
 * Pieris ajaka Moore, 1865 (Kashmir)
 * Pieris angelika Eitschberger, 1983 – Arctic white
 * Pieris balcana Lorkovic, 1970 – Balkan green-veined white (southeast Europe)
 * Pieris bowdeni Eitschberger, 1984 (Iran, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Kopet-Dagh)
 * Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) – large white or large cabbage white
 * Pieris brassicoides Guérin-Méneville, 1849
 * Pieris bryoniae (Hübner, [1790-1793]) – dark-veined white or mountain green-veined white
 * Pieris canidia (Sparrman, 1768) – Indian cabbage white
 * Pieris cheiranthi (Hübner, 1808) – Canary Islands' large white
 * Pieris chumbiensis (de Nicéville, 1884) – Chumbi white
 * Pieris davidis Oberthür, 1876 (western and central China)
 * Pieris deota (de Nicéville, 1884) – Kashmir white
 * Pieris dubernardi Oberthür, 1884 (western China)
 * Pieris dulcinea (Butler, 1882) (northeastern Korea)
 * Pieris eitschbergeri Lukhtanov, 1996 (Kirgisien, Inner Tienshan) – may be synonym of Pieris deota
 * Pieris ergane (Geyer, [1828]) – mountain small white
 * Pieris erutae Poujade, 1888 (eastern Tibet, Yunnan (China))
 * Pieris euorientis (Verity, 1908) (Altai Mountains to central Yakutia)
 * Pieris extensa Poujade, 1888 (western China, Fukien, India) – sometimes in Pontia
 * Pieris krueperi Staudinger, 1860 – Krueper's small white
 * Pieris krueperi devta (de Nicéville, 1884) – green-banded white
 * Pieris lama Sugiyama, 1996 (western China)
 * Pieris mahometana (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888) (northeastern Afghanistan and Pamirs)
 * Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851) – southern small white
 * Pieris marginalis Scudder, 1861 – margined white
 * Pieris marginalis reicheli Eitschberger, 1983 – Reichel's margined white
 * Pieris meckyae Eitschberger, 1983 – Mecky's white (Alaska) may be subspecies of Pieris marginalis
 * Pieris melete Ménétriés, 1857 – grey-veined white (northern India, and separately in China, Korea and Japan)
 * Pieris naganum Moore, 1884 – Naga white
 * Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) – green-veined white or veined white
 * Pieris narina (Verity, 1908) (Tian-Shan)
 * Pieris nesis Fruhstorfer, 1909 (Japan)
 * Pieris ochsenheimeri (Staudinger, 1886) (mountains of central Asia)
 * Pieris oleracea Harris, 1829 – mustard white
 * Pieris oleracea frigida Scudder, 1861 – Newfoundland white
 * Pieris persis (Verity, 1922) (Iran)
 * Pieris pseudorapae (Verity, [1908]) (southern Europe, Turkey and Iran)
 * Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) – small white or (small) cabbage white
 * Pieris shangrilla Tadokoro, Shinkawa & Wang, 2013
 * Pieris steinigeri Eitschberger, 1984 (Weihsi (China))
 * Pieris tadjika Grum-Grshimailo, 1888 (Iraq)
 * Pieris virginiensis (W.H. Edwards, 1870) – West Virginia white

title: Pieris (butterfly)