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Randhir Singh (Sikh)

GBhai Randhir Singh Narangwal (7 July 1878 – 13 April 1961) was a Sikh leader who started the Gurdwara Sudhaar Movement and founded the Akhand Kirtani Jatha.

Life
Randhir Singh was born as Basant Singh in Narangwal, Ludhiana district, Punjab on July 7, 1878 in a Grewal Jat Sikh family to father Natha Singh and mother Punjab Kaur. His father, Natha Singh, worked as a District Inspector of Schools and as a Judge in the High Court of the State of Nabha. His mother, Punjab Kaur, was a direct descendant in the seventh generation of Bhai Bhagtu, a distinguished Sikh of the congregation of Guru Arjan. He completed his schooling in Nabha and higher education from Government and Foreman Christian Colleges at Lahore. Singh wrote various books on Sikh theology, philosophy, and the Sikh way of life.

Gurdwara Rakabganj wall restoration
He was leader of Sikhs who took part in strong resistance movement ,when in 1914 British Goveronment of India felled a portion of Rakabganj Gurdwara wall under beautification plan of Goveronment secretarial buildings in New Delhi area presently known as south block rakab gunj.Ultimately Goveronment had to yield against demand of Sikhs and wall was restored.

The whole movement was linked with freedom fighters of ghadar movement 1914-15 and Lahore Conspiracy Case II.

But Bhai Randhir Singh was charged in 1914 with waging war against the British Crown and had to undergo life-imprisonment from 1914 to 1931.

Meeting Bhagat Singh revolutionary
On his release from Lahore Central Jail in 1930 a Muslim jailor arranged a meeting between him and Bhagat Singh lodged there. He had such a magnanimous personality that in two hour of meeting him, he got him transformed to a new spiritual awakening from his earlier atheist belief. Bhagat Singh otherwise too was a great admirer of Bhai Randhir Singh because of his revolutionary activities because of which he himself had earlier sent a request to jail authorities to meet Randhir Singh.

He died on Vaisakhi, April 13, 1961 and his cremation took place at the lake between Gujjrawal and Narangwal.

Publications

 * Gurmat Lekh (1937)
 * Gurmat Nam Abhiyas Kamai (1938)
 * Jail Chithian (1938)
 * Charan Kamal Ki Mauj (1939)
 * Kee Sri Guru Granth Sahib Di Puja But Prasti Hai? (1940)
 * Anhad Shabad Dasam Duaar (1942)
 * Amrit Kallaa
 * Gurmat Bibek (1949)
 * An-dithi Duniya (1949)
 * Karam Philosophy (1951)
 * Baba Vayd Rogiaa Da (1952)
 * Gurmat Rammjaa (1952)
 * Haumai Naavay Naal Virodh Hai
 * Temar Aageya Thu Oajara Aerthat Gyan Chanha
 * Darshan Jhalkaan
 * Granth Prem Sumarg (1953)
 * Gurbani diyan Lagaan Matraan dee Vilakhantaa (1954)
 * Sant Padh Nirnay (1954)
 * Ik Umar Kaidi Da Supna
 * Katha Keertan (1957)
 * Sikh Itihaas De Partakh Darshan (1958)
 * Jhatka Maas Prathai Tat Gurmat Nirnay (1958)
 * Sachkhand Darshan (1959)
 * Zaharaa zahoor Guru Gobind Singh
 * Amrit Ki Hai? (1960)
 * Aastak Tei Naastak
 * Gagan Oudaree
 * Rangle Sajjan
 * Jyot Vigaas
 * Sikh Kaun Hai?
 * Autobiography of Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh - translation by Trilochan Singh (1971)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Randhir Singh (Sikh)


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WSM-FM

WSM-FM (95.5 MHz) is a radio station in Nashville, Tennessee. It broadcasts a country music format, with an emphasis on recordings released since the 1990s.

From 1967 until it was sold to Cumulus Media in 2003, WSM-FM was the sister of the clear-channel WSM (650 AM). Following the expiration of a subsequent five-year joint sales agreement with WSM in 2008, the two stations have had no further relationship. WSM-FM was also the sister to WSM-TV until the latter was sold in 1981 and became WSMV-TV. WSM-FM's transmitter remains at the WSMV-TV site in West Nashville; its studios are located in Nashville's Music Row district.

History
WSM-FM began broadcasting on November 1, 1962, as WLWM, owned by C. Webber Parrish (d/b/a Barlane Broadcasting Corporation), a local Nashville businessman.

In late 1967 ownership of the station was transferred to WSM, Inc., a subsidiary of The National Life and Accident Insurance Company, owners of WSM (AM), and the station's call letters were officially changed to WSM-FM on November 6, 1968. This marked the return of the WSM-FM call sign after an absence of 17 years. In 1941, National Life had established the first fully licensed commercial FM station in the United States. Initially known as W47NV. This original WSM-FM was shut down in 1951 and its license returned to the FCC.

After a short period of simulcasting the AM station, beginning in 1969 WSM-FM returned to the easy listening format previously aired by WLWM.

"SM95" (1976–1983)

In 1976, National Life changed WSM-FM to a soft rock playlist, branding the station "SM95".

Country music format (1983–present)
The ratings of SM95 began to decline—and thus its advertiser appeal—as its audience began aging in the early 1980s. By 1983, some four years after the conversion of the AM to a full-time country format, management decided to bring the FM in line with the AM, and flipped the format to country (with an emphasis on current hits, instead of the AM's emphasis on oldies).

After the sale of WSM, Inc. to Gaylord Broadcasting, the new owner moved the studios of both AM and FM to an outlying building at the Opryland Hotel complex at that time, from their 1970s home on Knob Road in west Nashville, where former sister TV station WSMV-TV still operates today. In the 1990s, WSM-FM operated from a studio inside the now-defunct Opryland USA theme park, which visitors could view through a glass window. Following the theme park's demolition, the station moved into a renovated guestroom at Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center. The station had an auxiliary studio at the Wildhorse Saloon downtown, and later at Opry Mills.

For most of the 1980s and 1990s, 95.5 FM was a highly competitive, yet usually No. 2 (behind rival WSIX-FM), country station. For much of the 1980s and 1990s, the station was branded as "Nashville 95". However, upon the arrival of a fourth country station in the market in 1999 (WKDF, which had played rock music since the 1970s), WSM-FM fell to a distant third place, and sometimes fell to fourth behind then-sister WSM.

In 2001, WSM-FM attempted to differentiate itself from the other FM country outlets by shifting to a format consisting mostly of live performances provided by the artists' labels or those within the WSM archives (such as Opry performances and in-studio appearances). The station was known during this era as "Live 95", and also simulcast the Opry live every Friday and Saturday night. After abandoning this approach to return to a traditional approach to programming, and until the end of the Gaylord era, the station was branded "Back to Back Country 95.5 WSM-FM".

In 2003, WSM-FM (along with sister news/talk/sports station WWTN) was sold to Cumulus Media. The lineup at the time consisted of Katie and Carp in the mornings, Frank Series in middays, David Hughes in afternoons (best known for his "Church day" antics on Wednesdays) and Su-Anna in evenings. The station continued to broadcast from a first-floor hotel room in the Gaylord hotel until mid-2004 under the direction of program director Lee Logan. The studios and offices were eventually moved to Cumulus' existing property on Music Circle East, in Nashville's Music Row district.

In September 2004, with new program director Jon Sebastian, the station adopted a revised country format (branded as "95.5 The Wolf") that included some Southern rock music. After some initial ratings success, the station fell to a consistent third place behind WKDF and WSIX, and a more traditional country approach was once again employed. New program director Buddy Van Aresdale took the helm. The ratings steadily increased before Van Aresdale left for greener pastures. Another program director, Kevin King, took charge, this time with "consultant" Jan Jeffries, a long-time friend of the Dickey family.

On December 16, 2010, while rival station WSIX-FM was in the midst of a reboot and stunting with nonstop Christmas music, WSM-FM itself relaunched, dropping "The Wolf" moniker. The station returned to using its heritage call letters, while offering a mainstream country playlist that included the top country hits of the day, as well as a heavy reliance on familiar hits dating back to the early 1990s.

In 2012, due to the bankruptcy of Citadel Broadcasting and subsequent acquisition by Cumulus, WSM-FM and rival WKDF became sister stations, operating from the same building, yet still competing for the same mainstream country audience. Their operations were streamlined in January 2014 with the hiring of a common program director. WKDF adopted Cumulus' "Nash FM" moniker and format in February 2014, six months ahead of a similar change to come on WSM-FM.

On August 15, 2014, the station rebranded as "95.5 Nash Icon", thus serving as the nominal flagship station of Cumulus' new Nash Icon brand, a spin-off of Nash FM that focuses on more familiar traditional country titles ranging back to the 1980s, as well as a focus on new music by more traditional-sounding artists. The format minimizes the amount of talking by the air personalities and places a heavier emphasis on the variety and amount of music. The Nash Icon radio format is a by-product of a joint venture between Cumulus and Big Machine Records to launch and operate the Nash Icon Records label.

In January 2015, WSM-FM became syndicated nationally on Westwood One's offering of the Nash Icon format, which is distributed to several Cumulus Nash Icon-branded stations, as well as some non-Cumulus-owned subscribing stations. The personalities provide a generic non-live or local presence on the radio dial.

Grand Ole Opry schedule conflicts
In past years, when WSM had the rights to broadcast Vanderbilt Commodore football and basketball games and Atlanta Braves baseball, it had WSM-FM air them whenever they took place on Friday or Saturday nights, in order not to preempt the live Grand Ole Opry shows on AM 650. Until the end of the 2003–08 Cumulus operating agreement, WSM-FM also aired NASCAR broadcasts under the same circumstances.

title: WSM-FM


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Centropomus

Centropomus is a genus of predominantly marine fish comprising the family Centropomidae. The type species is Centropomus undecimalis, the common snook. Commonly known as snooks or róbalos, the Centropomus species are native to tropical and subtropical waters of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans.

Prior to 2004, the subfamily Latinae, which contained three genera, was placed within the Centropomidae; this has since been raised to the family level and renamed Latidae because a cladistic analysis showed the old Centropomidae to be paraphyletic. This has left Centropomus as the only remaining genus in this family. These are popular game and food fish.

Dating from the upper Cretaceous, the centropomids are of typical percoid shape, distinguished by having two-part dorsal fins, a lateral line that extends onto the tail, and frequently, a concave shape to the head. They range from 35 to 120 cm in length and are found in tropical and subtropical waters. The snook species range in maximum length from about 35 to 140 cm, with maximum recorded weights of 1.0 – 26 kg (2.2 – 57 lb).

Occurring in a variety of habitats ranging from coral reefs to estuaries and mangrove swamps, the snooks are carnivorous, feeding primarily on crustaceans and other fishes.

Many of the snooks are important as commercial food fish and as game fish.

The generic name Centropomus derives from the Greek κέντρον (centre, in this sense "sting") and πώμα (cover, plug, operculum).

Róbalo or snook are world-renowned game fish of the family Centropomidae and genus Centropomus that are much sought after by fly-fishing enthusiasts and sportfishing charters. Six Atlantic and six Pacific Ocean species are currently recognized as scientifically valid. All are known to inhabit Central America and all are excellent gamefish. No evidence has been found of the individual species crossing from the Atlantic to the Pacific or vice versa through the Panama Canal. All snook species are capable of inhabiting both fresh and saltwater and are known to seasonally occupy Gatun Lake, which forms a water bridge connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as an integral part of the Panama Canal. Of the 12 species, only four are known to reach sizes in excess of 10 lb – two Atlantic species (C. undecimalis and C. poeyi) and two Pacific species (C. viridis and C. nigrescens). The eight species of smaller snooks usually grow to less than 6 lb and can be readily distinguished by from the four larger species by their noticeably longer anal spine, anal fin configuration, and body shape. The four large species are immediately recognizable by their more streamlined appearance given by their longer, narrower body shape. Many individual species bear a close resemblance to one another, although they may be from the same or different oceans; identification is better left up to experts. The two Atlantic large species (C. undecimalis and C. poeyi) are virtually identical in appearance. They can usually only be distinguished by the number of gill rakers each possesses. The robalo or common snook (C. undecimalis) commonly has 11 to 13 non-rudimentary gill rakers and the Mexican snook (C. poeyi) is most often found to possess 15 to 18 non-rudimentary gill rakers. The Pacific robalo nato or white snook (C. viridis) is also a dead ringer for the common snook. The distinguishing feature is also the non-rudimentary gill raker count with 13 to 15 for the white snook. They act, breed, grow, and fight virtually the same. Curiously, laboratory-reared specimens of the common snook showed meristic variations in vertebrae, fin ray, and gill raker numbers not observed in specimens from the wild. These variations are suspected to be due to diet and growth rates. Large robalo caught in Lake Gatun invariably cause a wealth of confusion. The IGFA requires verification of the species by a designated authority for world-record claims. The two Pacific species of large robalo are somewhat easier to distinguish.

The robalo redondo or black snook (C. nigrescens) can be differentiated by three visually apparent characteristics when compared to the C. viridis
 * 1) The body of C. nigrescens, while similarly elongated, is rounder and heavier in general appearance, being thicker through the middle than C. viridis.
 * 2) The head of C. nigrescens is bigger and the undershot jaw, characteristic of all róbalo, is far less pronounced than in C. viridis.
 * 3) Most importantly, the fourth dorsal spine of C. nigrescens is taller than the third. In both species, the first two dorsal spines are hardly noticeable. In large specimens, these first two spines are only a quarter of an inch long, while the third spine is over two inches in length. Therefore, if the first long dorsal spine is longer than all the others, it is a C. viridis, but if the first long dorsal spine is shorter than the second long dorsal spine it is a C. nigrescens.

Species

 * Armed snook, C. armatus Gill, 1863
 * Swordspine snook, C. ensiferus Poey, 1860
 * Ira's snook, C. irae Carvalho-Files, Oliviera, Soares & Araripe, 2019
 * Blackfin snook, C. medius Günther, 1864
 * Guianan snook, C. mexicanus Bocourt, 1868
 * Black snook, C. nigrescens Günther, 1864
 * Fat snook, C. parallelus Poey, 1860
 * Tarpon snook, C. pectinatus Poey, 1860
 * Mexican snook, C. poeyi Chávez, 1961
 * Yellowfin snook, C. robalito Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
 * Common snook, C. undecimalis (Bloch, 1792)
 * Union snook, C. unionensis Bocourt, 1868
 * White snook, C. viridis Lockington, 1877

In culture
The United States Navy, submarines named USS Robalo and USS Snook are named for the common snook.

title: Centropomus


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Observer-expectancy effect

The observer-expectancy effect is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. Confirmation bias can lead to the experimenter interpreting results incorrectly because of the tendency to look for information that conforms to their hypothesis, and overlook information that argues against it. It is a significant threat to a study's internal validity, and is therefore typically controlled using a double-blind experimental design.

It may include conscious or unconscious influences on subject behavior including creation of demand characteristics that influence subjects, and altered or selective recording of experimental results themselves.

Overview
The experimenter may introduce cognitive bias into a study in several ways —in the observer-expectancy effect, the experimenter may subtly communicate their expectations for the outcome of the study to the participants, causing them to alter their behavior to conform to those expectations. Such observer bias effects are near-universal in human data interpretation under expectation and in the presence of imperfect cultural and methodological norms that promote or enforce objectivity.

The classic example of experimenter bias is that of "Clever Hans", an Orlov Trotter horse claimed by his owner von Osten to be able to do arithmetic and other tasks. As a result of the large public interest in Clever Hans, philosopher and psychologist Carl Stumpf, along with his assistant Oskar Pfungst, investigated these claims. Ruling out simple fraud, Pfungst determined that the horse could answer correctly even when von Osten did not ask the questions. However, the horse was unable to answer correctly when either it could not see the questioner, or if the questioner themselves was unaware of the correct answer: When von Osten knew the answers to the questions, Hans answered correctly 89% of the time. However, when von Osten did not know the answers, Hans guessed only 6% of questions correctly. Pfungst then proceeded to examine the behaviour of the questioner in detail, and showed that as the horse's taps approached the right answer, the questioner's posture and facial expression changed in ways that were consistent with an increase in tension, which was released when the horse made the final, correct tap. This provided a cue that the horse had learned to use as a reinforced cue to stop tapping.

Experimenter-bias also influences human subjects. As an example, researchers compared performance of two groups given the same task (rating portrait pictures and estimating how successful each individual was on a scale of −10 to 10), but with different experimenter expectations.

In one group, ("Group A"), experimenters were told to expect positive ratings while in another group, ("Group B"), experimenters were told to expect negative ratings. Data collected from Group A was a significant and substantially more optimistic appraisal than the data collected from Group B. The researchers suggested that experimenters gave subtle but clear cues with which the subjects complied.

Prevention
Double blind techniques may be employed to combat bias by causing the experimenter and subject to be ignorant of which condition data flows from.

It might be thought that, due to the central limit theorem of statistics, collecting more independent measurements will improve the precision of estimates, thus decreasing bias. However, this assumes that the measurements are statistically independent. In the case of experimenter bias, the measures share correlated bias: simply averaging such data will not lead to a better statistic but may merely reflect the correlations among the individual measurements and their non-independent nature.

title: Observer-expectancy effect


text:
William Dalrymple

William Benedict Hamilton-Dalrymple (born 20 March 1965) is an India-based Scottish historian and art historian, as well as a curator, broadcaster and critic. He is also one of the co-founders and co-directors of the world's largest writers' festival, the annual Jaipur Literature Festival. He is currently a Visiting Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.

His books have won numerous awards and prizes, including the Wolfson Prize for History, the Duff Cooper Memorial Prize, the Hemingway, the Kapuściński, the Arthur Ross Medal of the US Council on Foreign Relations, the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award and the Sunday Times Young British Writer of the Year Award. He has been five times longlisted and once shortlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize for non-fiction and was a Finalist for the Cundill Prize for History. The BBC television documentary on his pilgrimage to the source of the river Ganges, "Shiva's Matted Locks", one of three episodes of his Indian Journeys series, which Dalrymple wrote and presented, won him the Grierson Award for Best Documentary Series at BAFTA in 2002.

In 2018, he was awarded the President's Medal of the British Academy, the Academy’s highest honour in its suite of prizes and medals awarded for "outstanding service to the cause of the humanities and social sciences."

Dalrymple was the curator of Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi 1707–1857, a major show of the late Mughal painting for the Asia Society in New York, which ran from February to May 2012. A catalogue of this exhibit co-edited by Dalrymple with Yuthika Sharma was published by Penguin in 2012 under the same name. More recently he curated the exhibition of Company style painting, Forgotten Masters: Indian Painting for the East India Company, at the Wallace Collection in London.

In 2012, Dalrymple was appointed a Whitney J. Oates Visiting Fellow in the Humanities by Princeton University. In 2015, he was appointed the OP Jindal Distinguished Lecturer at Brown University. He is also since 2021 an Honorary Fellow of the Bodleian Library and a Visiting Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford University He was named in the 2020 Prospect list of the top 50 thinkers for the COVID-19 era.

Dalrymple was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to literature and the arts.

Personal life
Dalrymple is the son of Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple, 10th Baronet of North Berwick and Lady Anne-Louise Keppel, a daughter of Walter Keppel, 9th Earl of Albemarle; through this line of descent, he is the third cousin of Queen Camilla, both being great-great-grandchildren of William Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle. He is a great nephew of Virginia Woolf. His brother, Jock, was a first-class cricketer. He was educated at Ampleforth College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was first a history exhibitioner and then a senior history scholar.

Dalrymple first went to Delhi on 26 January 1984, and has lived in India on and off since 1989 and spends most of the year at his Mehrauli farmhouse in the outskirts of Delhi, but summers in London and Edinburgh. His wife, Olivia, is an artist and comes from a family with long-standing connections to India. The couple have three children. His wife is related to Scottish actress Rose Leslie.

One of his sons, Sam Dalrymple, is a historian and a cofounder of a peace initiative called Project Dastaan.

The English journalist and author Alice Albinia is his cousin.

Interests and influence
Dalrymple's interests include the history and art of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Middle East, Hinduism, Buddhism, the Jains and early Eastern Christianity. Every one of his ten books has won literary prizes. His first three were travel books based on his journeys in the Middle East, India and Central Asia. His early influences included travel writers such as Robert Byron, Eric Newby, and Bruce Chatwin.

Dalrymple published a book of essays about current affairs in the Indian subcontinent, and four award-winning histories of the interaction between the East India Company and the peoples of India and Afghanistan between the eighteenth and mid-nineteenth century, his "Company Quartet". His books have been translated into more than 40 languages.

He is a regular contributor to The New York Review of Books, The Guardian, the New Statesman and The New Yorker. He has also written many articles for Time magazine. He was the Indian Subcontinent correspondent of the New Statesman from 2004-2014.

He attended the inaugural Palestine Festival of Literature in 2008, giving readings and taking workshops in Jerusalem, Ramallah and Bethlehem.

His 2009 book, Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India, a study of some of the more esoteric forms of modern Indian, and especially Hindu, spirituality, was published by Bloomsbury, and like all his others, went to the number one slot on the Indian non-fiction best-seller list. After its publication he toured the UK, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, Holland and the US with a band consisting of some of the people featured in his book including Sufis, Fakirs, Bauls, Tevaram hymn singers as well as a prison warder and part-time Theyyam dancer widely believed to incarnate the god Vishnu.

Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan, a history of the First Afghan War 1839–42, was published in India in December 2012, in the UK in February 2013, and in the US in April 2013. Dalrymple's great-great-granduncle Colin Mackenzie fought in the war and was briefly detained by the Afghans. Following the publication of the book Dalrymple was called to brief both the Afghan President Hamid Karzai and the White House on the lessons to be learned from Afghan history.

His most recent book, published in 2019, is The Anarchy, a history of the Indian Subcontinent during the period from 1739 to 1803, which saw the collapse of the Mughal imperial system, rise of the Maratha imperial confederacy, and the militarisation and rise to power of the East India Company. It was long listed for the Baillie Gifford Prize 2019, and short listed for the Duke of Wellington medal for Military History, the Tata Book of the Year (Non-fiction) and the Historical Writers Association Book Award 2020. It was a Finalist for the Cundill Prize for History and won the 2020 Arthur Ross Bronze Medal from the US Council on Foreign Relations.

As of 2020, he was writing a book that is "a sweeping look at India’s ideological colonisation of Asia, China and Europe during the short period between 250 BC to about 800 AD."

TV, radio & podcasts
Dalrymple has written and presented the six-part television series Stones of the Raj (Channel 4, August 1997), the three-part Indian Journeys (BBC, August 2002) and Sufi Soul (Channel 4, Nov 2005).

The six-part Stones of the Raj documents the stories behind some of British India's colonial architecture starting with Lahore (16 August 1997), Calcutta (23 August 1997), The French Connection (30 August 1997), The Fatal Friendship (6 September 1997), Surrey in Tibet (13 September 1997), and concluded with The Magnificent Ruin (20 September 1997).

The trilogy of Indian Journeys consists of three one-hour episodes starting with Shiva’s Matted Locks which, while tracing the source of the Ganga, takes Dalrymple on a journey to the Himalayas; the second part, City of Djinns, is based on his travel book of the same name, and takes a look at Delhi's history; lastly, Doubting Thomas takes Dalrymple to the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, with which St Thomas, the Apostle of Jesus is closely associated.

He has done a six-part history series The Long Search for Radio 4. In this series Dalrymple searches to discover the spiritual roots of the British Isles. Dalrymple says "In the course of my travels I often came across the assumption that intense spirituality was somehow the preserve of what many call 'the mystic East'... it's a misconception that has always irritated me as I've always regarded our own indigenous British traditions of spirituality as especially rich."

The BBC broadcast a documentary on 3 September 2015 entitled Love and Betrayal in India: The White Mughal, based on Dalrymple's book White Mughals.

Dalrymple was the historical consultant to ITV's 2019 series Beecham House.

In 2022, Dalrymple teamed up with journalist Anita Anand to create the podcast Empire, the first series of which examines the British East India Company and British involvement and influence on India. The pair had previously collaborated on the book Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond. The Empire podcast went straight to No.1 in the UK Apple Podcast charts, had over five million downloads in its first six months and was twice nominated for UK Podcast of the Year in the Broadcasting Press Guild Audio Awards.

Books

 * City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi (1994)
 * From the Holy Mountain: A Journey in the Shadow of Byzantium (1997)
 * The Age of Kali (1998)
 * White Mughals (2002)
 * The Last Mughal, The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi 1857 (2006)
 * Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India. London, Bloomsbury. (2009) ISBN 978-1-4088-0061-4
 * Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (2012) ISBN 978-1-4088-1830-5
 * The Writer’s Eye (2016) Harper Collins India ISBN 978-9-3517-7925-4
 * Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond (2017) ISBN 978-1-63557-076-2
 * The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company (2019) ISBN 978-1-40886-437-1
 * The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company (2019) ISBN 978-1-40886-437-1

 * Editor
 * Lonely Planet Sacred India. Lonely Planet Publications, (1999) ISBN 1740593669
 * Begums, Thugs & White Mughals: The Journals of Fanny Parkes (2002)
 * Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi 1707–1857. Penguin Books India, (2012) ISBN 978-0-1434-1906-8
 * Forgotten Masters: Indian Painting for the East India Company. Philip Wilson Publishers, (2020) ISBN 978-1781301012

Essays and reporting
———————
 * Notes

Awards and honours

 * In Xanadu received the 1990 Yorkshire Post Best First Work Award and the Scottish Arts Council Spring Book Award.
 * City of Djinns received the 1994 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award and the Sunday Times Young British Writer of the Year Award.
 * From the Holy Mountain received the 1997 Scottish Arts Council Autumn Book Award.
 * The Age of Kali (1998) won the 2005 French Prix d'Astrolabe.
 * White Mughals: Love & Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India (2002) won the 2001 Wolfson Prize for History.
 * Dalrymple was awarded the Mungo Park Medal in 2002 by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society for his outstanding contribution to travel literature.
 * The television series Stones of the Raj and Indian Journeys, which Dalrymple wrote and presented, won him the Grierson Award for Best Documentary Series at BAFTA in 2002.
 * The Long Search, Dalrymple's BBC Radio 4 series on the history of British spirituality and mysticism, won the 2002 Sandford St Martin Prize for Religious Broadcasting and was described by the judges as "thrilling in its brilliance...near perfect radio."
 * White Mughals: Love & Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India (2002) won the 2003 Scottish Book of the Year Prize.
 * Dalrymple's article on madrasas of Pakistan was awarded the prize for Best Print Article of the Year at the 2005 FPA Media Awards.
 * The Sykes Medal in 2005 from the Royal Society for Asian Affairs for his contribution "to understanding (of) contemporary Islam."
 * An Honorary Doctorate of Letters, Honoris Causa, from the University of St. Andrews in 2006 "for his services to literature and international relations, to broadcasting and understanding."
 * The Last Mughal won the Duff Cooper Memorial Prize for History and Biography in February 2007.
 * Dalrymple received an Honorary Doctorate of Letters, Honoris Causa, from the University of Lucknow in 2007 "for his outstanding contribution in literature and history."
 * The Last Mughal won the 2007 Vodafone Crossword Book Award for best work in English non-fiction.
 * An Honorary Doctorate of Letters, Honoris Causa, from the University of Aberdeen (2008).
 * The 2008 Colonel James Tod Award given by the Maharana Mewar Foundation for achieving excellence in his field.
 * Nine Lives received the 2010 Asia House Award for Asian Literature.
 * The Media Citizen Puraskar by the Indian Confederation of NGOs for emphasising as an author issues of global importance and concern.
 * Honorary Doctorate from the University of Bradford for his contributions to creative writing, literature and the Indian Subcontinent history fields (2012).
 * Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Edinburgh.
 * The 2015 Hemingway Prize for Return of a King.
 * The 2015 Kapuściński Prize for Return of a King.
 * Elected a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
 * Elected a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society.
 * He was awarded the President's Medal of the British Academy "for his literary achievements and for co-founding Jaipur Literary Festival".
 * He was awarded the 2022 Minerva Medal of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow for his contribution to the writing of history.
 * Elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
 * Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of York (2023).
 * Elected Honorary Fellow of the Association of Scottish Literature (2024)

title: William Dalrymple


text:
OCAP

OCAP may stand for:
 * Ontario Coalition Against Poverty
 * OpenCable Application Platform
 * Object-capability model ("Object Capabilities")
 * First Nations principles of OCAP (ownership, control, access, possession)

title: OCAP


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aslami

The briefest vanity page I've seen in a long time. "Zohreh Aslami" gets zero hits. SWAdair | Talk 04:30, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I expect we will be deleting this and also Hashem, but I notice that the creator has made only three edits including these two, and the first was only 28 minutes before this one was listed for deletion. IMO we should take just a little time to contact such newbies before listing their work on VfD. Speedy delete as a test is an option, but must be accompanied by an appropriate non-confrontational message. No vote as yet. Andrewa 06:22, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted by Jimfbleak. Original content was
 * Zohreh Aslami, Shiraz University, Physics Department.
 * -- Cyrius|✎ 19:11, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aslami


text:
Elongate glassy perchlet

The elongate glassy perchlet (Chanda nama) is a species of freshwater fish in the Asiatic glassfish family Ambassidae of order Perciformes, the only species in the genus Chanda. It is native to an area of south Asia from Pakistan to Burma, in the Indomalayan realm.

The elongate glassy perchlet reaches a maximum total length of 11 cm.

The species inhabits canals, ponds, streams, and flooded rice paddies, in both fresh and brackish water, and is found in particular abundance during the rainy season. The species feeds on mosquito larvae and worms and also eats the scales of other fishes (lepidophagy), the species may have potential use in controlling malaria and parasites.

The fish are harvested and sold for food in local markets.

Several other species of family Ambassidae were formerly classified in genus Chanda, including the well-known Indian glassy fish, Parambassis ranga, the "glassfish" of the aquarium trade; and the high-finned glass perchlet, Parambassis lala, once considered the type species of the genus.

The elongate glassy perchlet is known by a variety of names locally, including "perchlet" and several variations on its generic name ("chanda", "channa", etc.); internationally it is also known as the elongated glassfish.

title: Elongate glassy perchlet


text:
Robert Rowling

Robert B. Rowling (born 1953) is an American billionaire businessman, and the Founder of TRT Holdings, the holding company of Omni Hotels.

Early life
A native of Corpus Christi, Texas, Rowling has an undergraduate degree from the University of Texas at Austin and a doctorate in jurisprudence from Southern Methodist University.

Career
In 1972, Rowling began working for Tana Oil and Gas, which was owned by his father, Reese Rowling, and William E Colson. In 1989 Texaco acquired Tana for $476 million, thereby providing money that was used to form TRT Holdings. Five years later, TRT Holdings sold Corpus Christi National Bank to NationsBank for $131 million. TRT Holdings would later purchase Omni Hotels for $500 million and Gold's Gym for $180 million. In August 2010, Rowling made the winning bid to acquire the bankrupt Amelia Island Plantation Resort for $67.1 million. In July 2013, Rowling purchased six resorts from KSL Resorts including The Homestead 1766 in Hot Springs, Virginia.

Rowling served as a regent to the University of Texas System until February 2009 when he resigned over a controversy regarding bonuses paid to the UTIMCO investment staff. Governor Rick Perry and Texas state senators had sought to go back on compensation agreements with the staff. Unwilling to break the contracts and disgusted by their grandstanding, Rowling quit during a Texas Senate Finance Committee meeting and followed it up a day later with a formal letter of resignation

As of July 2024, he is worth US$9.5 billion. He is the 82nd richest person in the United States.

Political activities
He is a conservative Republican and a major donor to the party. He is also one of four billionaire backers of the conservative political action group American Crossroads. According to an article published in Forbes, four San Francisco Gold's Gym franchises split off from the brand after Rowling made a $2 million donation to Karl Rove's American Crossroads PAC, sparking protest from gay rights advocates. TRT Holdings has also given an additional $2.5 million from the company treasury this election cycle, according to public filings. He commented to Fox News, explaining that his donation to American Crossroads had nothing to do with social policies that could spark crossfire. "I've never heard one discussion of a social issue. This is all about fiscal sanity."

In April 2020, Governor Greg Abbott named Rowling to the Strike Force to Open Texas – a group "tasked with finding safe and effective ways to slowly reopen the state" amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Personal life
He is married to Terry Hennersdorf Rowling, they have two children, and live in Dallas, Texas. They met when they were both studying for their bachelor's degrees in business at the University of Texas at Austin.

title: Robert Rowling


text:
User:Superbacana

Greetings. You can find more information about me on my web page.

title: User:Superbacana


text:
Lates

Lates is a genus of freshwater and euryhaline lates perches belonging to the family Latidae. The generic name is also used as a common name, lates, for many of the species.

All species are predatory, and the Nile perch (L. niloticus), in particular, has become infamous as an invasive species introduced into the East African Lake Victoria, where many native Haplochromines were driven extinct. In contrast to the widespread Barramundi and Nile perch (though the fish does face threats from human activity), several members of the genus Lates with relatively restricted African or Asian distributions are themselves considered threatened.

Etymology
The generic name Lates derives from the Latin latēre (to be hidden).

Description
These fishes range in size from less than 30 to 200 cm in maximum overall length, the largest species reaching weights up to 200 kg. They all have the characteristic centropomid shape, with the two-part dorsal fin and general percoid form.

All species are carnivorous, preying on aquatic invertebrates and other fish in a wide variety of habitats.

Distribution and habitat
These fishes are native to freshwater and marine waters of Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the western Pacific Ocean. Several species are endemic to the Rift Valley lakes in Africa.

Species
Currently, 11 recognized species are placed in this genus:
 * Lates angustifrons Boulenger, 1906 (Tanganyika lates)
 * Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) (barramundi)
 * Lates japonicus Katayama & Y. Taki, 1984 (Japanese lates) (Japanese barramundi)
 * Lates lakdiva Pethiyagoda & A. C. Gill, 2012
 * Lates longispinis Worthington, 1932 (Rudolf lates)
 * Lates macrophthalmus Worthington, 1929 (Albert lates)
 * Lates mariae Steindachner, 1909 (bigeye lates)
 * Lates microlepis Boulenger, 1898 (forktail lates)
 * Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Nile perch)
 * Lates stappersii (Boulenger, 1914) (sleek lates)
 * Lates uwisara Pethiyagoda & A. C. Gill, 2012

Extinct species
Extinct species within this genus include: Extinct species within this genus lived from the Eocene epoch to recent, beginning around 37.2 million years ago. Fossils have been found in Africa (Libya, Egypt, Kenya, Tunisia, Chad, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger, and Sudan), Saudi Arabia, and Slovakia.
 * Lates gibbus Agassiz 1833
 * Lates gracilis Agassiz 1833
 * Lates macrurus Agassiz 1833
 * Lates noteus Agassiz 1833
 * Lates qatraniensis Murray and Attia 2004

title: Lates


text:
Einstein–Hilbert action

The Einstein–Hilbert action in general relativity is the action that yields the Einstein field equations through the stationary-action principle. With the (− + + +) metric signature, the gravitational part of the action is given as

 * $$S = {1 \over 2\kappa} \int R \sqrt{-g} \, \mathrm{d}^4x,$$

where $$g=\det(g_{\mu\nu})$$ is the determinant of the metric tensor matrix, $$R$$ is the Ricci scalar, and $$\kappa = 8\pi Gc^{-4}$$ is the Einstein gravitational constant ($$G$$ is the gravitational constant and $$c$$ is the speed of light in vacuum). If it converges, the integral is taken over the whole spacetime. If it does not converge, $$S$$ is no longer well-defined, but a modified definition where one integrates over arbitrarily large, relatively compact domains, still yields the Einstein equation as the Euler–Lagrange equation of the Einstein–Hilbert action. The action was proposed by David Hilbert in 1915 as part of his application of the variational principle to a combination of gravity and electromagnetism.

Discussion
Deriving equations of motion from an action has several advantages. First, it allows for easy unification of general relativity with other classical field theories (such as Maxwell theory), which are also formulated in terms of an action. In the process, the derivation identifies a natural candidate for the source term coupling the metric to matter fields. Moreover, symmetries of the action allow for easy identification of conserved quantities through Noether's theorem.

In general relativity, the action is usually assumed to be a functional of the metric (and matter fields), and the connection is given by the Levi-Civita connection. The Palatini formulation of general relativity assumes the metric and connection to be independent, and varies with respect to both independently, which makes it possible to include fermionic matter fields with non-integer spin.

The Einstein equations in the presence of matter are given by adding the matter action to the Einstein–Hilbert action.

Derivation of Einstein field equations
Suppose that the full action of the theory is given by the Einstein–Hilbert term plus a term $$\mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}$$ describing any matter fields appearing in the theory.

The stationary-action principle then tells us that to recover a physical law, we must demand that the variation of this action with respect to the inverse metric be zero, yielding

 * $$\begin{align}

0 &= \delta S \\ &= \int \left[ \frac{1}{2\kappa} \frac{\delta \left(\sqrt{-g}R\right)}{\delta g^{\mu\nu}} + \frac{\delta \left(\sqrt{-g} \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}\right)}{\delta g^{\mu\nu}} \right] \delta g^{\mu\nu} \, \mathrm{d}^4x \\ &= \int \left[ \frac{1}{2\kappa} \left( \frac{\delta R}{\delta g^{\mu\nu}} + \frac{R}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu\nu}} \right) + \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \left(\sqrt{-g} \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}\right)}{\delta g^{\mu\nu}} \right] \delta g^{\mu\nu} \sqrt{-g}\, \mathrm{d}^4x \end{align}$$.

Since this equation should hold for any variation $$\delta g^{\mu\nu}$$, it implies that

is the equation of motion for the metric field. The right hand side of this equation is (by definition) proportional to the stress–energy tensor,

 * $$T_{\mu\nu} := \frac{-2}{\sqrt{-g}}\frac{\delta (\sqrt{-g} \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M})}{\delta g^{\mu\nu}} = -2 \frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\delta g^{\mu\nu}} + g_{\mu\nu} \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}$$.

To calculate the left hand side of the equation we need the variations of the Ricci scalar $$R$$ and the determinant of the metric. These can be obtained by standard textbook calculations such as the one given below, which is strongly based on the one given in Carroll (2004).

Variation of the Ricci scalar
The variation of the Ricci scalar follows from varying the Riemann curvature tensor, and then the Ricci curvature tensor.

The first step is captured by the Palatini identity

\delta R_{\sigma\nu} \equiv \delta {R^\rho}_{\sigma\rho\nu} = \nabla_\rho \left( \delta \Gamma^\rho_{\nu\sigma} \right) - \nabla_\nu \left( \delta \Gamma^\rho_{\rho\sigma} \right)$$.

Using the product rule, the variation of the Ricci scalar $$R = g^{\sigma\nu} R_{\sigma\nu}$$ then becomes

 * $$\begin{align}

\delta R &= R_{\sigma\nu} \delta g^{\sigma\nu} + g^{\sigma\nu} \delta R_{\sigma\nu}\\ &= R_{\sigma\nu} \delta g^{\sigma\nu} + \nabla_\rho \left( g^{\sigma\nu} \delta\Gamma^\rho_{\nu\sigma} - g^{\sigma\rho} \delta \Gamma^\mu_{\mu\sigma} \right), \end{align}$$

where we also used the metric compatibility $$\nabla_\sigma g^{\mu\nu} = 0$$, and renamed the summation indices $$(\rho,\nu) \rightarrow (\mu,\rho)$$ in the last term.

When multiplied by $$\sqrt{-g}$$, the term $$\nabla_\rho \left( g^{\sigma\nu} \delta\Gamma^\rho_{\nu\sigma} - g^{\sigma\rho}\delta\Gamma^\mu_{\mu\sigma} \right)$$ becomes a total derivative, since for any vector $$A^\lambda$$ and any tensor density $$\sqrt{-g}\,A^\lambda$$, we have

\sqrt{-g} \, A^\lambda_{;\lambda} = \left(\sqrt{-g} \, A^\lambda\right)_{;\lambda} = \left(\sqrt{-g} \, A^\lambda\right)_{,\lambda} $$ or $$ \sqrt{-g} \, \nabla_\mu A^\mu = \nabla_\mu\left(\sqrt{-g} \, A^\mu\right) = \partial_\mu\left(\sqrt{-g} \, A^\mu\right) $$.

By Stokes' theorem, this only yields a boundary term when integrated. The boundary term is in general non-zero, because the integrand depends not only on $$\delta g^{\mu\nu},$$ but also on its partial derivatives $$\partial_\lambda\, \delta g^{\mu\nu} \equiv \delta\, \partial_\lambda g^{\mu\nu}$$; see the article Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term for details. However, when the variation of the metric $$\delta g^{\mu\nu}$$ vanishes in a neighbourhood of the boundary or when there is no boundary, this term does not contribute to the variation of the action. Thus, we can forget about this term and simply obtain

at events not in the closure of the boundary.

Variation of the determinant
Jacobi's formula, the rule for differentiating a determinant, gives:

 * $$\delta g = \delta \det(g_{\mu\nu}) = g g^{\mu\nu} \delta g_{\mu\nu}$$,

or one could transform to a coordinate system where $$g_{\mu\nu}$$ is diagonal and then apply the product rule to differentiate the product of factors on the main diagonal. Using this we get

 * $$\delta \sqrt{-g} = -\frac{1}{2\sqrt{-g}}\delta g = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{-g} \left( g^{\mu\nu} \delta g_{\mu\nu} \right) = -\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{-g} \left( g_{\mu\nu} \delta g^{\mu\nu} \right)$$

In the last equality we used the fact that

 * $$g_{\mu\nu}\delta g^{\mu\nu} = -g^{\mu\nu} \delta g_{\mu\nu}$$

which follows from the rule for differentiating the inverse of a matrix

 * $$\delta g^{\mu\nu} = - g^{\mu\alpha} \left( \delta g_{\alpha\beta} \right) g^{\beta\nu}$$.

Thus we conclude that

Equation of motion
Now that we have all the necessary variations at our disposal, we can insert ($$) and ($$) into the equation of motion ($$) for the metric field to obtain

which is the Einstein field equations, and

 * $$\kappa = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4}$$

has been chosen such that the non-relativistic limit yields the usual form of Newton's gravity law, where $$G$$ is the gravitational constant (see here for details).

Cosmological constant
When a cosmological constant Λ is included in the Lagrangian, the action:

 * $$S = \int \left[ \frac{1}{2\kappa} (R-2 \Lambda ) + \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M} \right] \sqrt{-g} \, \mathrm{d}^4 x $$

Taking variations with respect to the inverse metric:

 * $$\begin{align}

\delta S   &= \int \left[ \frac{\sqrt{-g}}{2\kappa} \frac{\delta R}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \frac{R}{2\kappa} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} - \frac{\Lambda}{\kappa} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \sqrt{-g}\frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} \right] \delta g^{\mu \nu} \mathrm{d}^4 x \\ &= \int \left[ \frac{1}{2\kappa} \frac{\delta R}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \frac{R}{2\kappa} \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} - \frac{\Lambda}{\kappa} \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \frac{\mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} \right] \delta g^{\mu \nu} \sqrt{-g} \, \mathrm{d}^4 x \end{align}$$

Using the action principle:

0 = \delta S = \frac{1}{2\kappa} \frac{\delta R}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \frac{R}{2\kappa} \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} - \frac{\Lambda}{\kappa} \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \frac{\mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} $$

Combining this expression with the results obtained before:

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{\delta R}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} &= R_{\mu \nu} \\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{\delta \sqrt{-g}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} &= \frac{-g_{\mu \nu}}{2} \\ T_{\mu \nu} &= \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M} g_{\mu \nu} - 2 \frac{\delta\mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} \end{align}$$

We can obtain:

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{1}{2\kappa} R_{\mu \nu} + \frac{R}{2\kappa} \frac{-g_{\mu \nu}}{2} - \frac{\Lambda}{\kappa} \frac{-g_{\mu \nu}}{2} + \left(\frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} + \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}\frac{-g_{\mu \nu}}{2} \right) &= 0 \\ R_{\mu \nu} - \frac{R}{2} g_{\mu \nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu \nu} + \kappa \left(2 \frac{\delta \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}}{\delta g^{\mu \nu}} - \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{M}g_{\mu \nu} \right) &= 0 \\ R_{\mu \nu} - \frac{R}{2} g_{\mu \nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu \nu} - \kappa T_{\mu \nu} &= 0 \end{align} $$

With $\kappa = \frac{8 \pi G}{c^4} $, the expression becomes the field equations with a cosmological constant:

 * $$R_{\mu \nu} - \frac{1}{2} g_{\mu \nu} R + \Lambda g_{\mu \nu} = \frac{8 \pi G}{c^4} T_{\mu \nu}.$$

title: Einstein–Hilbert action


text:
Talk:William Dalrymple

Comment
I started this page with a brief overview based on the little I know and the books I've read. There's little on the net in terms of specific biographical bits, so contributions welcome. If anyone wants to start separate pages for any of the books, the best thing would probably be to take the paragraph about the book from this article (and replace is with a concise one-sentence summary), paste it in the new article and then expand etc. I look forward to seeing this article grow! Frikle 04:42, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Just in passing White Mughals may be an awful book in so many ways but it is not a novel. Anyone mind if I make that clear on the web page? Lao Wai 3 July 2005 14:32 (UTC)

Section removed
I have removed material from that does not comply with our policy on the biographies of living persons. Biographical material must always be referenced from reliable sources, especially negative material. Negative material that does not comply with that must be immediately removed. Note that the removal does not imply that the information is either true or false.

Please do not reinsert this material unless you can provide reliable citations, and can ensure it is written in a neutral tone. Please review the relevant policies before editing in this regard. Editors should note that failure to follow this policy may result in the removal of editing privileges.

In regard to the 'Controversies' section, this was highly critical material presented as fact in a non-neutral manner - dependent on one source.--Docg 19:01, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Protected
I have removed this section again. It was poorly cited and certainly biased. I have also locked this page, until editors can agree a neutral version here. I will unprotect when something neutral is worked out. --Docg 14:19, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Dalrymple again
Lao Wai I have amended your intro to Dalrymple. Whatever you think of his work (and your comments on his White Mughals show you are not an admirer) to call him a "journalist and popular historian" is inaccurate and inadequate. I studied South Asian history to MA level and his specialist essays were set texts- and if he ever worked as a journo it was years ago. For better or worse, he was best known as a travel writer when he was young, and is a respected historian of the late mughals. I think "popular historian" is simply not accurate when his history work has won major academic awards such as the Wolfson Prize. You seem to be a specialist in Chinese not Indian history and so are probably unaware the reception his new book has had in India, Pak and the UK. It may not be to your taste (have you read it?) but it has changed the understanding of our First War of Independence. Why this attempt to cut him down when you seem to have posted nothing else that shows any interest on the history of South Asia? AZIZ

 * Sorry to move this here but as another anon is editing this, I have nowhere else to reply. A journalist and popular historian is exactly what Dalrymple is.  I would like to know the course in which his works were set texts.  He is a travel writer and has never done much more.  The Wolfson Prize is not an academic award, but a popular history award.  As it makes clear.  The rest is an ad hominem I see no reason to reply to. Lao Wai 12:16, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there a western writer who knows more about Indian Muslim architecture than Dalrymple? qp10qp 16:08, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Is that a trick question? I would think the answer might well be "all of them", but is it relevant?  No one is claiming he is or is not an expert on Indian Muslim architecture. Lao Wai 16:28, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * All of them? But he is the only one who has written in English about certain buildings. You were saying he is just a travel writer, which is why I made the point. qp10qp 16:40, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Really? Such as?  I did not say he was just a travel writer actually.  If you think that he wrote good things about pre-Mughal architecture, please include it in the article.  I have no problems with that.  But I could list two dozen books on Indian Islamic architecture by people like Praduman Kumar Sharma, R Nath, Ebba Koch and Sayed Mahmudul Hasan.  The only one Jutta?  Lao Wai 16:49, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * You said "He is a travel writer and has never really done much more". This is breathtakingly unfair when you consider he spent five years over White Mughals, whose two-column notes (not to mention previous copious footnotes) stretch from page 511 to page 551, and whose bibliography stretches from page 552 to page 566. Dalrymple is a different writer now from when he wrote In Xanadu.

 * "It is one of the quirks of modern Indian historiography that the Deccan still remains largely unstudied: little serious work has been done on any of the Deccan courts, and this remains espaecially true of its cultural history: Deccani paintings are still routinely misattributed to the Mughal or Rajput ateliers...The history of Hyderabad and the wider Deccan remains a major lacuna: for every book on the Deccan sultanates, there are a hundred on the Mughals; for every book on Hyderabad, there is a shelf on Lucknow. As the historian George Michell recently noted in the introduction to a Deccani volume of The New Cambridge History of India, "few scholars, Indian or foreign, have worked extensively in the Deccan, which remains little visited and surprisingly unexplored." See George Michell and Mark Zebrowski, The New Cambridge History of India 1.7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, (Cambridge, 1999)." (Dalrymple, White Mughals, xliv.)

 * qp10qp 17:43, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Let me grant all this is true - although George Mitchell has dozens of books on the southern kingdoms, many since 1999 - what does that have to do with Dalrymple? What do you think he, the leading popular historian of the Mughals, has contributed to the "de-Mughalification" of Indian history? Lao Wai 17:57, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * What it has to do with Dalrymple is that Dalrymple was quoting Michell. Even if more work has been done since Michell wote that in 1999, it doesn't change the fact that Dalrymple was first to some of the primary sources, which he had to translate or have translated himself. The term "popular historian" is unhelpful here, in my opinion: firstly because Dalrymple has progressed from being merely a popular historian who refers to secondary sources, to a popular historian who breaks new ground; secondly because although he sells lots of books, he does not fall into the category of popular historians like, say, Stephen Turnbull, who churn out one book after another by summarising the primary work of others—like glorified Wikipedia editors. qp10qp

 * Fine. I admit that my coffee is just kicking in and so I'm probably a little more tetchy than I should be, but so what?  I don't get it.  No one is slagging off Dalrymple's architectural criticism, if any.  Dalrymple does not speak any Asian language and so he did not translate a thing.  So can we all agree that the whole issue of southern Indian architecture is irrelevant?

 * As for popular historian, I don't see what the problem is. I am happy to say he is a popular historian who breaks new ground.  His sales are irrelevant.  I expect that Turnbull does use primary material, but so what?  Dalrymple is luckier in that most of his sources are English because he works on the English in India.  Turnbull should be so lucky.  But this is quibbling of minor details. What is unacceptable is the description that I removed.  If you would like to think of a better phrasing I am open to anything - except hagiography.  10:35, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Narrative history
I agree with Qp10qp that the term "popular historian" used by Lao is unhelpful and unfair in this case since it is usually used about writers who rely on secondary sources while my copy of The Last Mughal has nearly one hundred pages of scholarly apparatus, has won a major history prize (the Duff Cooper) and has been widely praised for discovering a whole range of new primary sources in Urdu and Persian. How about we compromise with "narrative historian" a term which has been used about historians both in and out of academe such as Simon Schama, John Demos and Anthony Beevor? Lao is clearly a clever guy, but it seems to me that he has some sort of vendetta going here, as his contributions about Dalrymple have all been notably negative. I am new here, but I thought the idea was to attempt a voice of neutrality rather working off personal dislikes? --Aziz32 03:10, 26 February 2007 (UTC)aziz

Lao I don't want to get into some sort of argument here, or ding dong back and forward with edits and counter-edits, but I do agree with Qp10qp that the term "popular historian" you insist on using by is unhelpful (Qp10qp calls is "breatakingly unfair") in this case since it is usually used about writers who rely on secondary sources while my copy of The Last Mughal sitting here has nearly one hundred pages of scholarly apparatus. Moreover the book has won a major history prize (the Duff Cooper) and has been widely praised for discovering a whole range of new primary sources in Urdu and Persian. How about we compromise with "narrative historian" a term which has been used about historians both in and out of academe ranging from Simon Schama and John Demos and Anthony Beevor? Lao Wai you are clearly a clever guy, and I take back my comments on South Asian history since you seem to know about George Michell and Ebba Koch and so on, but it seems to me that he has some sort of vendetta going here, as your contributions about Dalrymple have all been notably negative. I am new here, but I thought the idea was to attempt a voice of scholarly neutrality rather working off personal dislikes? So here is what I have done: 1. change pop historian to narrative historian 2. corrected the fact that all six books have won prizes. 3.add the names of the journals he reviews for 4. been more speciific about his broadcasting 5. Tie up the thematic links bewteen Holy Mountain and White Mughals and 6. replaced the Amartya Sen quote you removed. Can you live with these changes?--Aziz32 03:30, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I have moved a comment from my comment page to here because there is no other way to reply. Schama is a real historian.  He does not belong in the same category as Beevor or Dalrymple.  I have no vendetta.  I came across this webpage and saw it was massively unencyclopedia and I assumed either written by Bill himself or his publisher.  An opinion I have yet to change.  You assume good faith and I will too "Aziz".  I am all for neutrality which is why not one single opinion of mine on the man or his work is included - unlike the obsequiousness of the prior edit.  Since when does the use of secondary sources rule out footnotes (I assume that is what you mean by "scholarly apparatus"?)?  The Duff Cooper is, again, a non-scholarly award although scholars have won it.  Not notably historian's historians, which is a good thing and a bad thing, but real historians.  Again you assume bad faith when there is no evidence of it.  Nor do you have any evidence for that smear given all I have done is bring the article back to a more neutral tone - you cannot point to a single negative comment apart from the "popular historian" which I do not regard as negative.  I do not think the Sen comments are relevant but I did waver over it.  And by the way, by his own admission, Dalrymple did not find those sources in Urdu and Persian, nor can he read them.  He paid others to do the real historical work. Lao Wai 10:35, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure which sources we are speaking about here (I have not read Dalrymple's latest book), but he certainly did find some of the Persian and Urdu sources he used for White Mughals. And, contrary to what Lao Wai implies above, most of the footnotes and endnotes in that book are to primary, not secondary sources, the majority unpublished: it's quite a staggering achievement. Dalrymple is, in my opinion, a far superior historian to Schama, who makes many mistakes, particularly when trying to toss off TV programmes away from his specialist area. As for Turnbull, it appears to me that he quotes primary sources which have already been published, and does not, like Dalrymple, perform original scholarship himself. qp10qp 16:48, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I am not denying what he might have found - except that he did not as he admits that he cannot read either language. He may have paid someone else to find them.  Good for him.  I don't think I have implied a thing about his sources.  I have said he is lucky that so many of his primary sources are in English as that seems to be the only language he can deal with.  Schama has written seriously good books like the Embarrassment of Riches.  He is a historians' historian.  Dalrymple has not.  But it is not that relevant and no doubt time will tell.  I could, if pushed, enquire about his other books where the sources are not in English.  I notice someone is claiming he has something to say about Christian-Muslim relations.  However we are now arguing over trifles.  I am happy enough with the article as it is.  I notice another red editor has turned up.  Lao Wai 18:52, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't let you get away with some of the things you are saying. We see him talking in Indian languages in documentaries, though I can't say how well he is speaking them. He's had a flat in India for years and regards himself as partly resident there. If you say that all the sources he has found were found by people he paid to find them, then you are calling him a liar, as he has said that he found some of the sources for White Mughals himself in Hyderabad. What would be your evidence to question that? Schama, far from being a historians' historian, has largely descended into being a dabbler in what ever interests him, and his books receive harsher reviews than Dalrymple's. Schama also fails to keep up with the latest research and depends too heavily on his own generalisations (he should never have allowed himself to go into print about the Anglo-Saxons, because he made a fool of himself on the subject). Christian-Muslim relations are not a trifle: Dalrymple's views on that issue are at the core of his writing: "At a time when respectable academics talk of a Clash of Civilisations, and when East and West, Islam and Christianity appear to be engaged in another major confrontation, this unlikely group of expatriates provides a timely reminder that it is indeed very possible—indeed it has always been possible—to reconcile the two worlds." qp10qp 21:52, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll take your word he talks a Indian language to some degree. But I doubt it is Persian.  The fact he lives in a nice neighbourhood in Delhi doesn't mean much.  I know Indians who do so and can only speak English.  I am simply quoting my recollection of what he said.  He may have found some primary sources for WM but they would have been in English, wouldn't they?  Did the book use any non-English source materials?  Schama has descended but whatever he is doing now, he used to do very good stuff indeed.  He gets a completely different class of reviewer in a much tougher field.  He is not a popular historian in a minor area.  Schama should not, I agree, have wandered so far.  You miss my point about Dalrymple and Christian-Muslim relations - I very much doubt that D speaks Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, Persian, Georgian or even Greek.  Those books, presumably, rely on secondary sources entirely.  Nor, of course, does it follow he has much to say of interest about Christian-Muslim relations.  The presumably forced relationship between an English ruler and a Mughal colonial subject is unlikely to occur again.  However none of this is relevant and unless there is a point here, I am happy to drop it. Lao Wai 17:45, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * As for this article, it is not very good, I agree. To improve it to good-article standard would take me a week of adding material, researching, referencing, and I don't think it is worth it. To balance the article, I would certainly add more criticism of him, but the material would be nothing like your criticisms. It would concern some of the controversies he has engaged in with people like V.S.Naipaul and Bernard-Henri Levy, and it would focus on weaknesses in his work which have been identified by critics—for example, the over-indulgent detailing in White Mughals and his inability to write effectively about contemporary figures, like some of those he treated in The Age of Kali. qp10qp 21:52, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I look forward to seeing what you can produce. Lao Wai 17:45, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Education
I believe that Dalrymple studied History as a Part I in the Cambridge Tripos but then did his Part II in Art History. This is particularly clear in 'In Xanadu' and in the 'Shadow of the Holy Mountain.'

However, I'm not completely certain of this. I don't have any references to confirm this which is why I wanted to raise the issue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Applecart (talk • contribs) 21:04, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Woolf lineage?
Dalrymple was born William Hamilton-Dalrymple, a son of Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple, 10th baronet, who was a cousin of Virginia Woolf-Are we sure about this?

He was born in 1926 and she in 1882.--Shylock's Boy (talk) 22:20, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Wait, so Sir Hew (born 1926) was a cousin of Virginia Woolf? The way it's phrased now, it seems to be saying William Dalrymple (born 1965) is a cousin of hers, which seems patently impossible given the ages. Ni'jluuseger (talk) 10:52, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

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"The Anarchy"--time unclear
Last paragraph of "Interests and Influence" says "He has just completed The Anarchy, a history of the Indian Subcontinent during the period 1739–1803 which saw the collapse of the Mughal imperial system, rise of the Maratha imperial confederacy, and the militarisation and rise of power of the East India Company.[23] It will be published by Bloomsbury in September."

As of when had he just completed it? Apparently the information derives from a Facebook post of February 2019 (https://www.facebook.com/WilliamDalrympleTheAnarchy). So why does the footnote refer to an article, published in 2015, referring to it as his "new book" to be published "next year"?

--Curmudgeonly Pedant (talk) 23:34, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 23 November 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Bensci54 (talk) 15:25, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

– Per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. None of the other William Dalrymples have any other interwiki links, suggesting a lack of international significance, while this one (the historian) has 20: Q955334. William Dalrymple (historian) gets the vast majority of pageviews—in 2022, 98% went to this article: |William_Dalrymple_(1678%E2%80%931744)|William_Dalrymple_(moderator)|William_Dalrymple_(British_Army_officer)|William_Dalrymple_(surgeon). I would also argue that he clearly has the most long-term significance: the other William Dalrymples are all very obscure, while this William Dalrymple is one of the most prominent historians today and is a level-5 vital article. Malerisch (talk) 15:13, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * William Dalrymple (historian) → William Dalrymple
 * William Dalrymple → William Dalrymple (disambiguation)

 * Support - clear case of a primary topic. the wub "?!"  17:34, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nom. Sound case for these moves.— Shelf Skewed  Talk  23:01, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Dalrymple


text:
Running crew

In theatre, the running crew (also run crew) are members of the technical crew who supervise and operate ("run") the various technical aspects of the production during a performance. While the "technical crew" includes all persons other than performers involved with the production, such as those who build and take down the sets and place the lighting, the term "running crew" is generally limited to those who work during an actual performance.

The term is typically not applied to crew or department heads, although there are exceptions. The running crew may include performers if they also function in technical capacities while offstage.

Crew positions
A typical running crew will include any or all of the following positions, depending on the nature and size of the production, and the complexity of the technical requirements. Each position is organized by the most common title; depending on the country, type of production, and producing organization, different titles may be used for the same position. (This also depends on what the director classifies it all as.)

Stage management

 * Assistant stage manager: Assists the stage manager in their duties. Generally, one assistant stage manager is in charge of running backstage operations during a show.
 * Props Master: Responsible for maintenance and placement of hand props before scenes as well as their subsequent retrieval after the scene. Additionally, props masters run the properties department and work to ensure that all props exist within the theater and are easily locatable, should they not already be where they need to be (i.e. maintaining a prop table).
 * Assistant Props Master: Assists the prop master in their duties usually taking one side of the stage during a performance.
 * Call boy: responsible for alerting actors and actresses of their entrances in time for them to appear on stage, on cue.

Lighting

 * Light board operator: operates the lighting control system by activating lighting cues at the direction of the stage manager. Sometimes this is integrated with the show control system.
 * Deck Electrician: responsible for placing, connecting, and/or operating stage lighting units, such as stage lights. Sometimes, they are necessary to have during scene changes, in the case of moving set pieces with lighting equipment inside. Typically, more than one will be backstage.
 * Master Electrician: responsible for the maintenance and operation of dimming & power distribution systems during a performance, including "hot" or "live" patching. Occasionally, some of these duties could also be delegated to the run crew's deck electricians.
 * Spotlight Operator (or follow spot operator/dome operator): operates a type of lighting instrument called a follow spot, which allows a performer to be lit evenly no matter where on stage they may go. It can typically be found in the lighting booth, along with the light board op. Also, some theaters have followed spots located above a false ceiling, on the catwalk.

Sound

 * Sound operator (A1): operates the sound board and/or audio control system specified by the sound designer, computerized or otherwise. Sometimes this is integrated with the show control system. There can be multiple soundboard ops. Alternative names/technical labels for the position include: A1.
 * Mic wrangler (A2): manages microphones and maintains headsets as a show runs. Usually, there are several mic wranglers located backstage, in the wings, with the running crew. Alternative names/technical labels for the position include: A2, A3, Audio Technician.

Stage

 * Flymen (or fly crew/rail crew): operate the fly system, a system of ropes or wires, pulleys, and counterweights by means of which scenery is "flown" in and out (down and up, respectively) during scene changes.
 * Stagehand: A technician responsible for moving scenery at the stage level, by manually carrying or rolling set pieces (e.g., scenery wagons) between the stage and the wings. This can include carrying on and off furniture, props, or scenery.

Costumes

 * Wardrobe: In charge of facilitating the use of costumes during shows. Often referred to as running wardrobe, wardrobe manager, and wardrobe assistants. They have assistants, dressers, who help with fittings and quick changes (when an actor needs to change costume very quickly, often backstage).
 * Makeup: responsible for applying or assisting in the application of face and body paints, wigs and hairpieces, etc.
 * Dresser: A member of the running crew present in the wings of the stage. Their main responsibilities including, helping the actors get dressed during pre-show, choreographing quick changes, executing quick changes from hidden spaces on-stage, and making emergency repairs throughout the duration of the show.

title: Running crew


text:
Viv Nicholson

Vivian "Viv" Nicholson (née Asprey; 3 April 1936 – 11 April 2015) was a British woman who became famous when she told the media that she would "spend, spend, spend" after her husband Keith won £152,319 on the  football pools in 1961. Nicholson became the subject of tabloid news stories for many years because of the couple's subsequent rapid spending of their fortune and her later chaotic life.

Early life
Nicholson was born Vivian Asprey on 3 April 1936 in Castleford near Wakefield. Her father was a coal miner, but suffered from epilepsy, and was often unable to work. Her mother was asthmatic. As the oldest child, Asprey was expected to mind her younger brothers and sisters and scavenge for coal. Growing up in extreme poverty, she was not allowed to take up a scholarship that she had won to an art school. Having left school at age 14, she took work at the local liquorice factory making Pontefract cakes.

She became pregnant at age 16 and married Matthew Johnson, but left him to marry her neighbour, Keith Nicholson, two years later. By 1961, she had four children.

Wealth
Keith Nicholson won the football pools on 30 September 1961. His and his wife's lavish spending sprees (including purchases of expensive sportscars, fur coats, clothing, home appliances, jewellery and holiday trips) over the next few years quickly depleted their fortune. By her own admission, Viv faced difficulty in coping with the psychological effects of the money that Keith had won. Having no concept of how to manage and save money, she admitted that her spending was akin to a narcotics addiction. She came to feel distanced from the people among whom she had lived, who in turn could no longer relate to her, and she developed an ever greater longing for a much more affluent lifestyle.

After Keith died in a car accident, Viv's fortune rapidly dwindled to nothing; banks and tax creditors deemed her bankrupt and declared that all the money, and everything that she had acquired with it, belonged not to her but to Keith's estate.

In 1968, Nicholson won a three-year legal battle to gain £34,000 from her husband's estate, but rapidly lost it all by more uncontrolled spending, as well as by taxes, legal fees, unpaid bills and bad investments.

Difficulties
In 1970, Nicholson relocated to Malta, but the following year, after she was arrested for assaulting a policeman, the Maltese authorities deported her, and she returned to Britain. She remarried, but her new husband Brian Wright was later also killed in a car crash. She entered a mental home to escape from her next husband Graham Ellison, who abused her during the four days in which they lived together; the marriage lasted 13 weeks. Her fifth and final husband, Gary Shaw, died of a drug overdose.

Nicholson's alcoholism became serious during her wealthy years but continued for many years after she had lost all of her money. She eventually achieved sobriety.

She made many unsuccessful attempts to regain both her public profile and her lost wealth, such as recording a song (titled "Spend Spend Spend", written by her brother) and appearing in a strip club singing "Big Spender." After opening a short-lived boutique, she ended up penniless, and by 1976 claimed that she could not even afford to bury her fourth husband (they had broken up three years earlier) when he died.

In 1978, Nicholson co-wrote an autobiography with Stephen Smith titled Spend, Spend, Spend that was dramatised for the BBC's Play for Today series by Jack Rosenthal. Spend, Spend, Spend (1977) was directed by John Goldschmidt (who won a BAFTA award for the filmed play) and stars Susan Littler and John Duttine.

Nicholson died at Pinderfields Hospital, Wakefield at age 79 on 11 April 2015 after having a stroke and suffering from dementia.

In culture
A photograph of Nicholson was used on the sleeve of the Smiths' single "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now." Morrissey had previously borrowed a line from Nicholson's autobiography for the song "Still Ill" ("Under the iron bridge we kissed, and although I ended up with sore lips..."). Another picture of Nicholson taken at Wheldale Colliery, Castleford, West Yorkshire was used on the German release of "Barbarism Begins at Home" and on the programme for the Meat Is Murder tour. A photo of Nicholson painting at an easel was used for the cover of a 1987 re-release of "The Headmaster Ritual." However, as she had become a Jehovah's Witness in 1979, Nicholson objected to the use of her image for the single's cover because of an expletive in the song's lyrics ("Spineless bastards all...").

In her autobiography, guitarist Viv Albertine of The Slits says that their song "Spend, Spend, Spend" by was inspired by Viv Nicholson.

A successful musical based on Nicholson's life called Spend Spend Spend debuted in 1998 and subsequently ran in the West End.

title: Viv Nicholson


text:
Waigieu seaperch

The Waigieu seaperch (Psammoperca waigiensis), or Waigeo barramundi, is a species of marine fish in family Latidae of order Perciformes. The only species of genus Psammoperca, it is native to tropical coastal waters from the Bay of Bengal in the South through Indonesia to northern Australia and north through the Philippines and the South China Sea to Japan.

Reaching a maximum overall length of 47 cm (19 in), P. waigiensis is of brownish to steel-grey colouration, sometimes with white vertical bars along the body. With its typical centropomid body shape, it can be distinguished from the barramundi (Lates calcarifer) from the same waters by its widely set nostrils and shorter maxilla which does not reach back farther than the eye (which is reddish).

The Waigeo "sea perch" occurs primarily among rocks and in coral reefs, preferring vegetated waters. It is a nocturnal predator, feeding primarily on crustaceans and other fishes and hiding during the day.

The species is named for Waigeo, an island in Indonesia; the common name is also spelled Waigeo or Weigeu seaperch. It is also known as the sand bass, sand perch, or glasseye perch. The generic name Psammoperca derives from the Greek ψάμμος (sand) and πέρκη (perch).

title: Waigieu seaperch


text:
Galtieri

Galtieri is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Francesco Galtieri, songwriter for multinational crossover vocal group Il Divo
 * Lina Galtieri (born 1934), Italian-American physicist
 * Leopoldo Galtieri (1926–2003), Argentine general and military dictator

title: Galtieri