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Pallet

A pallet (also called a skid) is a flat transport structure, which supports goods in a stable fashion while being lifted by a forklift, a pallet jack, a front loader, a jacking device, or an erect crane. Many pallets can handle a load of 1000 kg. While most pallets are wooden, pallets can also be made of plastic, metal, paper, and recycled materials.

A pallet is the structural foundation of a unit load, which allows handling and storage efficiencies. Goods in shipping containers are often placed on a pallet secured with strapping, stretch wrap or shrink wrap and shipped. In addition, pallet collars can be used to support and protect items shipped and stored on pallets.

Containerization for transport has spurred the use of pallets because shipping containers have the smooth, level surfaces needed for easy pallet movement. Since its invention in the twentieth century, its use has dramatically supplanted older forms of crating like the wooden box and the wooden barrel, as it works well with modern packaging like corrugated boxes and intermodal containers commonly used for bulk shipping. In 2020 about half a billion pallets are made each year and about two billion pallets are in use across the United States alone. Organizations using standard pallets for loading and unloading can have much lower costs for handling and storage, with faster material movement than businesses that do not. The exceptions are establishments that move small items such as jewelry or large items such as cars. But even they can be improved. For instance, the distributors of costume jewelry normally use pallets in their warehouses and car manufacturers use pallets to move components and spare parts. Pallets make it easier to move heavy stacks. Loads with pallets under them can be hauled by forklift trucks of different sizes, or even by hand-pumped and hand-drawn pallet jacks. Movement is easy on a wide, strong, flat floor: concrete is excellent. The greatest investment needed for economical pallet use is in the construction of commercial or industrial buildings. Ability to pass through standard doors and buildings make handling more convenient. For this reason, some modern pallet standards are designed to pass through standard doorways, for example the europallet (800 mm × 1,200 mm) and the U.S. military 35 ×.

The lack of a single international standard for pallets causes substantial continuing expense in international trade. A single standard is difficult because of the wide variety of needs a standard pallet would have to satisfy: passing doorways, fitting in standard containers, and bringing low labor costs. For example, organizations already handling large pallets often see no reason to pay the higher handling cost of using smaller pallets that can fit through doors. Heavy-duty pallets are a form of reusable packaging and are designed to be used multiple times. Lightweight pallets are designed for a single use. In the EU, government legislation based on the Waste Framework Directive requires the reuse of packaging items in preference to recycling and disposal.

History
Skids date back to Ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia, at least as far back as the 1st millennium B.C.

The development of the forklift and the needs of World War II logistics operations led to substantial use of pallets.

References to the early modern pallets types are slim with a string of patents showing parts of the development. The earliest may be a U.S. patent on a skid from 1924 describing Howard T. Hallowell's "Lift Truck Platform". In the late 1930s, pallets became more commonplace with the newer forklift types. George G. Raymond and William C. House filed for a patent in 1937 (granted US Patent 2178646 in 1939) for a pallet designed to complement a new pallet jack design; the essential features of both are still in common use today. A 1939 patent from Carl Clark shows a type of pallet with steel stringers. Wartime developments were often patented just after the war, so there is a patent from Robert Braun on a four-way pallet in 1945, and a patent from Norman Cahners (a U.S. Navy supply officer) shows a disposable pallet in 1949. The principle of a modern four-way pallet is described by Darling Graeme in 1949.

Wood

The production of pallets accounts for 43% of hardwood and 15% of softwood usage in the U.S.

The cheapest pallets are made of softwood and are often considered expendable, to be discarded as trash along with other wrapping elements, at the end of the trip. These pallets are simple stringer pallets, and able to be lifted from two sides.

Slightly more complex, hardwood block pallets, plastic pallets and metal pallets can be lifted from all four sides. These costlier pallets usually require a deposit and are returned to the sender or resold as used. Many "four way" pallets are color-coded according to the loads they can bear, and other attributes. Wood pallets can pose serious bio-hazard risks as they are susceptible to bacterial and chemical contamination, such as E. coli problems in food and produce transportation, and even insect infestation, and thus the need for ISPM 15.

Wooden pallet construction specifications can depend on the pallet's intended use: general, FDA, storage, chemical, export; the expected load weight; type of wood desired: recycled, hard, soft, kiln dried or combo (new & recycle); and even the type of fasteners desired to hold the pallet together: staples or nails.

The price of wooden pallets reached a record high during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to increases in the prices of supplies and labor.

Although pallets come in all sizes and configurations, all pallets fall into two very broad categories: "stringer" and "block" pallets. Various software packages exist to assist the pallet maker in designing an appropriate pallet for a specific load and evaluating wood options to reduce costs.

Stringer pallets are one of the original models of wooden pallets. They use a frame of three or more parallel pieces of timber (called stringers). The top deckboards are then affixed to the stringers to create the pallet structure. Stringer pallets can have a notch cut into them allowing "four-way" entry. Forklifts can lift a stringer pallet from all four directions, though lifting by the stringers is more secure. Stringer pallets can be made of both wood and plastic.

Block pallets utilize both parallel and perpendicular stringers to better facilitate efficient handling. A block pallet is also known as a "four-way" pallet, since a pallet-jack may be used from any side to move it.

Carrier blocks are specialized pallets for lumber carriers

Flush pallets are pallets with deck boards that are flush with the stringers and stringer boards along the ends and sides of the pallet.

All stringer and some block pallets have "unidirectional bases," i.e. bottom boards oriented in one direction. While automated handling equipment can be designed for this, often it can operate faster and more effectively if the bottom edges of a pallet have bottom boards oriented in both directions. For example, it may not need to turn a pallet to rack it, and operation is less sensitive to pallet orientation.

The least expensive way to improve a pallet is usually to specify better nails. With non-wood pallets, a controlled coefficient of friction is often helpful to prevent the pallet from slipping from forks and racks. Stiffer pallets are more durable, and are handled more easily by automated equipment. If a pallet does not need to be lifted from all four sides, two-way pallets with unnotched stringers may be used, with the additional benefits of added rigidity and strength. Specifying tolerances on flatness and water content may help the supplier meet target requirements. Inspection of pallets, whether in person or by a third-party (such as "SPEQ" inspected pallets) offer additional assurance of quality.

The main processes that are used to manufacture wooden pallets:

 * Material selection
 * Cutting wood plate / block
 * Chamfering (depends on the demand)
 * Notching
 * Nailing wooden pallet

Due to the International Plant Protection Convention (abbreviated IPPC), most pallets shipped across national borders must be made of materials that are incapable of being a carrier of invasive species of insects and plant diseases. The standards for these pallets are specified in ISPM 15.

Pallets made of raw, untreated wood are not compliant with ISPM 15. To be compliant the pallets (or other wood packaging material) must meet debarked standards, and must be treated by either of the following means under the supervision of an approved agency:

 * Heat treatment The wood must be heated to achieve a minimum core temperature of 56 °C for at least 30 minutes. Pallets treated using this method bear the initials HT near the IPPC logo.
 * Chemical fumigation The wood must be fumigated with methyl bromide. Pallets treated using this method bear the initials MB near the IPPC logo. From 19 March 2010 the use of methyl bromide as a treatment according to ISPM15 has been banned within all EU member states. This is due to causing potential harm to the Earth's stratospheric ozone layer.

Treated wood pallets must be stamped on two opposite sides, indicating either HT for heat treated or MB for methyl bromide treatment.

Pallets made of non-wood materials such as steel, aluminum, plastic, or engineered wood products, such as plywood, oriented strand board, or corrugated fiberboard do not need IPPC approval, and are considered to be exempt from ISPM 15 regulations.

Plastic

Plastic pallets are often made of new HDPE or recycled PET (drink bottles). They are usually extremely durable, lasting for a hundred trips or more, and resist weathering, rot, chemicals and corrosion. The benefits of plastic pallets over wood pallets include the ability to be easily sanitized, resistance to odor, fire retardancy, longer service life span, durability and better product protection, non-splintering, and lighter weight, thus saving on transportation and labor costs and making them safer and more environmentally friendly. They often stack. Plastic pallets are exempt by inspection for biosafety concerns, and easily sanitize for international shipping. HDPE is impervious to most acids, and toxic chemicals clean from them more easily. Some plastic pallets can collapse from plastic creep if used to store heavy loads for long periods. Plastic pallets cannot easily be repaired, and can be ten times as expensive as hardwood, so they are often used by logistics service providers who can profit from their durability and stackability. The large supply chains have increased the use of plastic pallets as many organisations seek to reduce costs through waste, transport and health & safety. Pallets and dollies can be combined (for example the Pally), eliminating pallet instability and the need for additional lifting equipment along with creating valuable space in busy operating environments. They also deliver significant time and cost savings by reducing supply chain handling. Plastics' reusability has contributed to an increase in usage of plastic pallets.

Plastic pallets are produced and used widely in the U.S. and Europe, spurred by the adoption of the ISPM 15. A full comparison of wood vs plastic can be made by a life cycle analysis. Plastic pallets can cost 10 times as much as hardwood pallets and even more expensive compared to cheap expendable softwood pallets. RFID chips can be molded into the pallets to monitor locations and track inventory.

There are six main types of plastic processes that are used to manufacture pallets:

 * High pressure injection molding
 * Structural foam molding
 * Thermoforming
 * Compression molding
 * Rotational molding
 * Profile extrusion

Paper
Paper pallets, also referred to as "ecopallets", are often used for light loads, but engineered paper pallets are increasingly used for loads that compare with wood. Paper pallets are also used where recycling and easy disposal is important. New designs of ecopallets have been made from just two flat pieces of corrugated board (no glue/staples) and weigh just 4.5 kg, offering dramatic freight savings. Ecopallets are also ISPM 15 exempt, negating fumigation and barrier "slip" sheets. They are cleaner, safer, and provide a cost-saving eco-friendly alternative to other pallet materials. Some engineered Corrugated pallets offer a significant reduced height, providing substantial freight cost reduction. Low profile hand pallet trucks allow picking up pallets as low as 25 mm.

Steel
Steel pallets are strong and are used for heavy loads, high-stacking loads, long term dry storage, and loads moved by abusive logistic systems. They are often used for military ammunition. Metal pallets make up less than 1% of the market. Materials include carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Of these, carbon steel offers excellent durability at the lowest cost. Stainless steel doesn't require a paint coating, and is preferred for such applications as clean room environments. Carbon steel units are expensive compared to wood, and stainless and aluminum cost about 2–3 times that of carbon steel. Long term costs, however, can be lower than wood. General advantages of metal pallets are high strength and stiffness, excellent durability, resistance to bugs, the absence of splinters, sanitization, and recyclability. Disadvantages include a higher initial price, significant weight, low friction, and susceptibility to rusting (in the case of carbon steel). Metal is primarily used in captive or closed loop environments where durability and product protection are key performance requirements. Metal units today are increasingly price competitive and lighter in weight. Primary industries that use metal pallets include automotive, pharmaceutical, lawn tractors, motorcycles, and tires.

Aluminum pallets are stronger than wood or plastic, lighter than steel, and resist weather, rotting, plastic creep and corrosion. They are sometimes used for air-freight, long-term outdoor or at-sea storage, or military transport.

Dimensions
Wooden pallets typically consist of three or four stringers that support several deckboards, on top of which goods are placed. In a pallet measurement, the first number is the stringer length and the second is the deckboard length. Square or nearly square pallets help a load resist tipping.

Pallet users want pallets to pass easily through buildings, to stack and fit in racks, to be accessible to forklifts and pallet jacks and to function in automated warehouses. To avoid shipping air, pallets should also pack tightly inside intermodal containers and vans.

Though some major standards exist, there are no universally accepted standards for pallet dimensions. Companies and organizations utilize hundreds of different pallet sizes around the globe. While no single dimensional standard governs pallet production, a few different sizes are widely used.

The standard 48×40 North American pallet, or GMA pallet, has stringers of 48 inches and deckboards of 40 inches, and was standardized by the Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA).
 * A standard wooden pallet (48 × 40 × 6 in) with a static load bearing capacity of 3 ST and a 1 ST dynamic capacity, will weigh approximately 33 to 48 lbs
 * GMA pallets typically weigh 37 lbs, and are 6+1/2 in tall. Their deck boards measure 3+1/4 in wide and are 5/16 in thick each. Other dimensions of pallets have different weight capacities.

Lightweight plastic pallets can weigh as little as 3 to 15 lb, while heavier models may weigh up to 300 lb. Standard GMA pallets can hold up to 4,60 lbs.

Heavy duty International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Pallets are approximately 44 in wide by 48 in long, have three wood stringers that are a nominal 4 in high by 3 in wide timber, and weigh about 135 lbs. Their deck is fully covered by 30 mm plywood, and is painted in blue in European and Russian countries.

Two-way pallets are designed to be lifted by the deckboards.

Four-way pallets, or pallets for heavy loads (or general-purpose systems that might have heavy loads) are best lifted by their more rigid stringers. These pallets are usually heavier, bigger and more durable than two-way pallets.

ISO
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sanctions six pallet dimensions, detailed in ISO Standard 6780:2003 Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling — Principal dimensions and tolerances, which was reviewed and confirmed in 2014:

North America
Of the top pallets used in North America, the most commonly used by far is the Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA) pallet, which accounts for 30% of all new wood pallets produced in the United States. The ISO also recognizes the GMA pallet footprint as one of its six standard sizes.

Australia
The Australian standard pallet is a pallet size commonly found in Australia but rarely found elsewhere. It is a square pallet originally made of hardwood 1165 × in size which fits perfectly in the RACE container of the Australian Railway. They are ill-suited for the standard 20 ft and 40 ft ISO shipping containers used around the globe. Australian standard pallets are usually manufactured in hardwood, but 1165 × 1165 mm pallets can also be manufactured using lighter timber suitable for use as disposable pallets using 16 millimeter boards. Extensively used in storage and warehousing, they are popular pallets for racking, with the right shape and size to be removed from transport and directly onto warehouse racking for storage.

The Australian standard pallet dates back to World War II, while ISO containers date to the late 1950s. Although the pallet's dimensions pre-date the ISO containers, it requires less dunnage, is square, and leaves less wasted space than other pallets, including the GMA pallet. In 2010, Australia adopted the globally accepted ISPM 15 wood packaging material regulations (before this time it was hardwood and more expensive).

Standards bodies
A number of different organizations and associations around the world work towards establishing and promulgating standards for pallets. Some strive to develop universal standards for pallet dimensions, types of material used in construction, performance standards, and testing procedures. Other organizations choose to focus on pallet standards for a specific industry (such as groceries) or type of material (such as wood).

ISO Technical Committee 51 (Pallets for unit load method of materials handling) states its scope of work entailing the "standardization of pallets in general use in the form of platforms or trays on which goods may be packed to form unit loads for handling by mechanical devices". The Technical Committee works in conjunction with other Technical Committees focused on transportation infrastructure to develop interrelated standards. TC 51 is responsible for developing ISO Standard 6780: Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling—Principal dimensions and tolerances as well as sixteen other standards related to pallet construction and testing.

The National Wood Pallet and Container Association (NWPCA) is a trade organization based in the United States representing the interests of wood pallet and container manufacturers.

The U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Navy, Naval Sea Systems Command maintains MIL-STD-1660, the standard description of palletized unit loads for the U.S. Military and some allies. DOD Unit loads generally use 40 x pallets, are less than 4000 lb, weatherproof, and stack 16 ft high. They often use steel pallets, steel straps with notched seals, outdoor plywood, and plastic film. The standard describes tests for stacking, transport, sling, forklift and pallet jack, impact, drop tests, tip, water-retention, and disassembly.

In addition to the other standards it publishes, the European Committee for Standardization, also known as the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), produces standards for pallets. While the standards are voluntary in nature, many companies and organizations involved in transportation have adopted them. The major standard for pallets produced by CEN is ICS: 55.180.20 General purpose pallets

Hazards
Both wood and plastic pallets are possible fire hazards. The National Fire Protection Association requires that both types "shall be stored outside or in a detached structure" unless protected by fire sprinklers.

Items made from pallet wood are likely to be durable and demonstrate good weather resistance due to these treatments. However, close contact with pallet wood or inhalation of dusts from sanding or sawing can be a source of exposure to pesticide and fungicide chemicals. It is likely that the January 2010 recall of Johnson and Johnson Tylenol and other drugs was due to their being stored on wooden pallets that had been treated with the fungicide/pesticide 2,4,6-tribromophenol. This chemical can be degraded by molds to produce 2,4,6-tribromoanisole whose strong, musty odor caused consumers to complain. There is no acute or chronic health data on 2,4,6-tribromoanisole, but it is believed that the contaminated drugs caused nausea and other health effects in some people.

Wood pallets used to transport food can possibly harbor pathogens such as E. coli and Listeria. A press release by the National Consumers League announced the testing of 70 wood pallets and 70 plastic pallets that have been loaded with perishable products and shipped to an end user was shipped overnight to an independent microbiology lab for testing. The results came back with 10 percent of the wood pallets (7 pallets) positive for E. coli and 1.4 percent (1 pallet) positive on the plastic pallets.

Variants
An air cargo pallet is a detachable and interchangeable airworthy floor panel. It can be loaded and unloaded on aircraft to transport air cargo Most less than 1 in thick, for a Cargo aircraft. Many civilian types have evolved over 6 decades from the thicker military '463L Master Pallet'. When combined with a cargo net, an air cargo pallet becomes an aircraft 'Unit Load Device' and must be inspected for integrity before use in an aircraft. It is handled on dedicated roller or ball-mat ground equipment and vehicles (fork-lifting is prohibited especially when the pallet is loaded).

Pallet boxes are pallets with four pallet walls on top and possibly a lid. Unlike pallets, pallet boxes can be stacked when they are fully loaded. They may also be fitted with a lid during stacking for stability reasons. By stacking pallet boxes on each other space can be used more efficiently, thus are able to save warehouse space and truck load capacity. Another advantage of pallet boxes is that the goods are stored safely and are not easily damaged during logistic movements and transport. Furthermore, there are collapsible pallet boxes from which the pallet walls can be laid flat on the pallet. In this way, less space is required during empty return transport.

Bulk boxes are closely related; they are usually large separate boxes shipped on pallets.

Alternative uses
Old and discarded wooden pallets can be used in pallet crafts and various furniture pieces.

Discarded wooden pallets should not be used for firewood or crafts unless it has been determined that the wood in these pallets has not been treated with wood preservatives, fungicides and/or pesticides. Various pyrethrins and propiconazole are common treatments for wooden pallets. In addition, imported palletized goods are routinely fumigated with highly toxic pesticides. During use, harmful materials or chemicals also may spill on the pallet wood and be absorbed.

Craft publications have advised readers to use pallets to build a skateboarding obstacle called a manual pad, barricades during amateur paintball games, or other sport-related items. Other publications have suggested using pallet wood for small animal cages or fences. Pallet wood has been recycled for use as furniture wood by at least one company.

The acoustic guitar maker Taylor Guitars once produced a high quality "pallet guitar" made from pallet wood, in order to demonstrate the importance of construction technique versus expensive exotic woods.

I-Beam Design, an architecture and interior design firm based in New York, NY won an award in a 1999 competition sponsored by Architecture for Humanity for their submission of “The Pallet House”, a design solution to house the returning refugees of Kosovo. Full-scale prototypes of The Pallet House were featured in the "Casa per Tutti" Exhibit at the Milan Triennale and the Earth Awards in HRH Prince Charles’ Royal Gardens as part of The Prince's Charities Foundation's Conference on a Sustainable Future organized in collaboration with IBM and The Financial Times. The Pallet House is an affordable transitional home that can become permanent over time. It can be used as refugee housing or as affordable housing as well. Due to the nature of the Pallet module, the wall cavity can be insulated with a variety of materials that are accessible to the user.

The two Austrian students Andreas Claus Schnetzer and Gregor Pils from the University of Vienna created a home entitled Pallet house and as the name suggests, reused pallets to form a modular, energy efficient and affordable housing. The idea was born in 2008 during a competition and the Pallet house has been exhibited in several European cities including Venice, Vienna, Linz and Grenoble. It could become a clever approach to low income housing.

In 2014, Denver, Colorado was host to an Inaugural Pallet-Fest festival, which showcased the versatility of pallets and included large art structures made with upcycled materials, a pallet maze, a pallet amphitheater with live musical performances, sustainable living demonstrations, an upcycled fashion show, vendors and artists selling upcycled goods, and a parkour course. The event was crowdfunded and organized by Upcycle Events.

In Northern Ireland, wooden pallets are used to construct bonfires during celebrations of the Eleventh Night, the night before the Twelfth of July. They are built in the weeks ahead and are lit in loyalist neighbourhoods, often accompanied by street parties and marching bands. There is some contention to this practice, especially when they involve the burning of flags or effigies.

title: Pallet


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hapa or hapa-Hawaiian word for "part"

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Talk:Kitchen God

Not Zhang Lang
The name is not Zhang Lang but Zhang Dan or Zhang Ziguo. Someone misread guo2 as "lang". It's the dan1 of jian3 dan1.

Merger
I do not think this article should be merged. Although they are similar, there are significant cultural differences that differentiate the two. For an example examine Zeus and Jupiter (mythology), they are the same gods and serve the same purpose but by two different cultures.Righteousskills (talk) 18:19, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

 * in the contrary, I think that the articles should be merged :) because Ong Tao is just another alias for Zao Jun the kitchen God, from Vietnamese. I suggest that Ong Tao article should become a sub-chapter of the Kitchen God, but don't erase the article, just {[redirect]} it. Both of them can not be compares with Zeus and Jupiter, for Zeus is the original god of Greece (thunder, sky, father, and personage) while Jupiter is a syncretised form of Zeus and the native highest deity (Thanis or something; sky, rain, fertility, father, and merely personage until much later ages).Okkisafire (talk) 01:03, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

They should definitely NOT be merged. The Vietnamese kitchen god is not identical to the Chinese one (though obviously there is a historical relationship due to China's long occupation of Vietnam). In Vietnam the Kitchen God has taken on distinctive Vietnamese features, and has been blended with elements of Vietnamese folk belief. One of the major differences is that in Vietnam the KG is three persons in one, in China only two persons in one. There are also other important differences. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.57.190.128 (talk) 08:13, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Even Vietnamese Wikipedia uses only one article to show Kitchen God. Father Christmas may also have many different characteristics in Orthodox and Catholic. I found no reason to "make" a difference.--Zhxy 519 (talk) 15:57, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

Privy Goddess
May I ask about the Purple/Privy Goddess? I never heard about that goddess before, neither my friends nor our families. I asked my mother whether she knew about this goddess or not, and she said to me: "do you say about "privy", eh? the goddess of privy? are you sure that she lives in our toilet?" So I began to feel curious whether this goddess is really exist (in chinese culture) or just a made-up goddess by the feminist (without negative connotation)? Thank you for the explanation :) Okkisafire (talk) 01:03, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

Cool Kithen god. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.144.22.65 (talk) 01:03, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

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title: User talk:GastonRabbit


text:
User talk:CommiE

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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Ska
Hello/salut CommiE (since I am not sure if you speak French)! Thanks for the imput you made on the Third wave of ska article. I wanted to ask you: about your addition on the page, are you certain that Les Trois Accords can be considered as ska-influenced? --Liberlogos 01:00, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:CommiE


text:
Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall

Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall (1666 – 10 April 1706) was an Irish nobleman and soldier.

Early life
He was the eldest son of Arthur Chichester, 2nd Earl of Donegall and Jane Itchingham (c. 1645–1712). Among his siblings were Lady Jane Chichester (wife of Dacre Barrett) and Lady Mary Chichester (wife of Sir Robert Newcomen, 6th Baronet). His father served as Custos Rotulorum for County Antrim and Governor of Carrickfergus for twelve years before dying in Ireland in 1678. After his father's death, his mother married Richard Rooth of Epsom, son of Sir Richard Rooth, with whom she had two more daughters.

His father was the eldest son of Lady Mary Jones and Lt.Col. John Chichester, who was MP for Dungannon and fought in the English Civil War. After his grandfather's death, his grandmother married Col. Christopher Copley of Wadworth. His maternal grandparents were Sarah ( Loftus) Itchingham and John Itchingham of Dunbrody, County Wexford.

Career
Having succeeded his father as third Earl of Donegall in 1678, he refused to attend the Irish Parliament called by James II in May 1689, but later sat in the Parliament called by William III in October 1692.

Military career
Having made a career in the English Army, Lord Donegall founded the 35th Regiment of Foot in Belfast in 1701, becoming its first Colonel. In 1704 he accompanied the regiment to fight in the War of the Spanish Succession in Spain, and was appointed major general of Spanish forces. He was killed in action in 1706 at Fort Montjuich near Barcelona, and was buried in that city.

Personal life
Sometime before 1682, he married Lady Barbara Boyle, a daughter of Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery and Lady Margaret Howard (a daughter of the 2nd Earl of Suffolk). Lady Donegall died on 16 November 1682 without surviving issue.

After her death, he married Lady Catherine Forbes (d. 1743), daughter of Arthur Forbes, 1st Earl of Granard and Catherine Newcomen (a daughter of Sir Robert Newcomen), on 27 July 1685. Together, they were the parents of:

 * Arthur Chichester, 4th Earl of Donegall (1695–1757), who married Lady Lucy Ridgeway, daughter of Robert Ridgeway, 4th Earl of Londonderry, in 1716.
 * Hon. John Chichester (1700–1746), who married Elizabeth Newdigate, daughter of Sir Richard Newdigate, 3rd Baronet, in 1726.
 * Lady Anne Chichester (d. 1753), who married Lt.-Gen. James Barry, 4th Earl of Barrymore, son of Richard Barry, 2nd Earl of Barrymore, in 1716.
 * Lady Katherine Chichester (d. 1749), who married Clotworthy Skeffington, 4th Viscount Massereene, son of Clotworthy Skeffington, 3rd Viscount Massereene, in 1713.
 * Lady Jane Chichester, who died in a fire at her father's house.
 * Lady Frances Chichester, who also died in a fire at her father's house.
 * Lady Henrietta Chichester, who also died in a fire at her father's house.
 * Lady Mary Chichester, who died unmarried.

Lord Donegall died on 10 April 1706 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Arthur. His widow, the dowager Lady Donegall, died on 15 June 1743. After the 4th Earl died without issue in 1757, the title passed to his nephew (the 3rd Earl's grandson), Arthur, who was created Baron Fisherwick in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1790 and Marquess of Donegall in the Peerage of Ireland on 4 July 1791.

title: Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall


text:
Stockholm City Centre

Stockholm City Centre (Stockholms innerstad, Innerstaden, Inre staden) is in Stockholm Municipality, also known as the City of Stockholm, part of the Stockholm urban area in Sweden.

Since 2007, Stockholm City Centre has been organized into four stadsdelsområden (sometimes translated as "boroughs"): Kungsholmen, Södermalm, Norrmalm, and Östermalm. Before 2007, it was organized into five boroughs: Katarina-Sofia borough, Kungsholmen borough, Maria-Gamla stan borough, Norrmalm borough, and Östermalm borough.

The border between the historical provinces of Södermanland and Uppland splits Stockholm City Centre in two parts. 179,185 people live on an area of 28.05 km2 in the northern (Uppland) part, which gives a density of 6,388.06/km2. The same data for the southern (Södermanland) part is 103,646 people on 7.44 km2, giving a density of 13,930.91/km2. This border is purely historical and has no administrative significance.

title: Stockholm City Centre


text:
Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars

1798 was a relatively quiet period in the French Revolutionary Wars. The major continental powers in the First coalition had made peace with France, leaving France dominant in Europe with only a slow naval war with Great Britain to worry about. The leaders of the Directory in Paris feared Napoleon Bonaparte's popularity after his victories in Italy, so they were relieved when he proposed to depart France and mount an expedition to Egypt to gain further glory.

Campaign in Egypt
At this time, Egypt was a province of the Ottoman Empire, but Napoleon viewed invading Egypt as a way to threaten British dominance in the Mediterranean Sea and in India, as well as to gain prestige for revolutionary arms.

Napoleon raised a large army, including scientists and cultural experts, and sailed from Toulon on 19 May. Stopping to capture Malta on 12 June, he landed near Alexandria on 2 July and took the city. Napoleon's army proceeded to march against the Mameluke armies in Cairo and met them at the Battle of the Pyramids on 21 July. Facing a huge army, Napoleon organized his army into squares and used his artillery to disperse the Mameluke attacks. The Mameluke army retreated into Syria, leaving Napoleon dominant in Egypt.

Battle of the Nile

However, the British were threatened by this move, and admiral Horatio Nelson rushed to the coast of Egypt. There, he came upon the French fleet at anchor and systematically destroyed it in the Battle of the Nile. Without a fleet, Napoleon's army was trapped in Egypt, and the majority would never return to France.

Napoleon consolidated his base in Egypt for the remainder of the year. However, the local population in Cairo, encouraged by the battle of the Nile and annoyed by various taxes and impositions by the French, revolted in October, killing many of the French but eventually being suppressed. Damage to mosques sustained during this revolt embittered the Egyptian population against the French.

Campaigns in Europe
The French were also under pressure in Belgium and Luxembourg where the local people revolted against conscription and anti-religious violence (Peasants' War). French troops deposed Pope Pius VI, establishing a republic in Rome.

Switzerland
On 5 March 1798, French troops overran Switzerland at the invitation of French-speaking factions in Vaud, and the Old Swiss Confederation collapsed. On 12 April 1798, 121 cantonal deputies proclaimed the Helvetic Republic, "One and Indivisible". The new régime abolished cantonal sovereignty and feudal rights. The occupying forces established a centralized state based on the ideas of the French Revolution.

Ostend Raid
On 18 May the British launched a combined Royal Navy and British Army raid on Ostend to destroy the lock gates of the Bruge Canal and to burn the French gun-ships that were in the harbor. The objectives were achieved but the entire army contingent of 1,300 men was either killed or captured.

Ireland
An expeditionary force was sent to County Mayo in Ireland to assist in the rebellion against Britain in the summer of 1798. On 22 August, nearly two months after the main uprisings had been defeated, about 1,000 French soldiers under General Humbert landed in the north-west of the country, at Kilcummin in County Mayo. Joined by up to 5,000 local rebels, they inflicted a humiliating defeat (known as the Castlebar races to commemorate the speed of the British retreat) on the British at the Battle of Castlebar and set up a short-lived "Republic of Connacht", before final defeat at the Battle of Ballinamuck, in County Longford, on 8 September 1798.

Second Coalition
By the end of the year, the European powers, having recovered from their previous defeats and emboldened by Napoleon's absence, organized a new Second Coalition. The only military activity before the end of the year was in Italy, where Naples captured Rome on 28 October but was driven out by the end of the year.


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Shitai Expressway

The Shitai Expressway links Shijiazhuang, capital of China's Hebei province, to Taiyuan in the west, capital of Shanxi province.

Spanning a distance of over 150 kilometres, it passes through Jiuguan, Niangzi Pass, Pingding, Yangquan, Shouyang and Jinzhong before arriving at Taiyuan.

It is also known in Shanxi as the Taijiu Expressway (from Taiyuan to Jiuguan).

It links with the ring road expressway near Taiyuan, ultimately linking north to the Dayun Expressway heading toward Datong, and southwest toward the Jiaofen Expressway and the Dayun Expressway heading south toward Yuncheng.

title: Shitai Expressway


text: User talk:62.42.228.6

title: User talk:62.42.228.6


text:
Quivira National Wildlife Refuge

Quivira National Wildlife Refuge in south central Kansas, United States, includes rare inland marshes. Located near the town of Stafford, it lies mostly in northeastern Stafford County, but small parts extend into southwestern Rice and northwestern Reno Counties. Its proximity to the Central Flyway migration route and the salt marshes on the refuge combine to endow the refuge with a large variety of birds. Many of these birds are uncommon in other parts of Kansas or even the central part of the continent.

On January 29, 2008, Quivira NWR and Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Area were jointly named as one of the 8 Wonders of Kansas. Quivira NWR is one of 29 places in the United States on the Ramsar list as a wetland of international importance.

Name
The name Quivira derives from a fabled Native American city of gold. In 1541 Spanish conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led an expedition onto the Great Plains of Kansas searching for wealth. He spent a month with the Quivirans, the ancestors of the Wichita tribe, but returned to New Mexico without finding any gold.

Description
Quivira National Wildlife Refuge was created in 1955 and in 1998 the refuge reached its present size of 22,135 acre. The Refuge is bisected by Rattlesnake Creek from which it receives the main flow of water. It has two shallow lakes, Big Salt Marsh and Little Salt Marsh, that have attracted migratory birds and animals for centuries. 21 miles of canals have been constructed to create additional marshland. The Refuge has 34 wetlands from 10 to 1,500 acre in size totaling 7,000 acre. The wetlands have high salt levels.

Quivira also has about 13,000 acre of sand dunes covered with prairie grasses. The sand prairie has species from both the eastern Tallgrass prairie and the western Shortgrass prairie or steppe. About 1,500 acre of the Refuge is wooded with trees such as cottonwood, black locust, and eastern redcedar. Another 1,200 acre of Refuge land is farmed with winter wheat and milo. A portion of the crop is left in the fields for wildlife. Cattle are also grazed on part of the Refuge to simulate grazing by bison, which are no longer present. Bison grazing was a traditional component of the ecology of the region.

Two roads, one 14 mi and the other 4 mi in length, afford opportunities for wildlife viewing. A 1.2 mi nature trail passes through woodlands, grasslands, and across a marsh on an elevated boardwalk. Birdhouse Boulevard is a 1,000 ft wheel-chair accessible trail lined with birdhouses. A wildlife observation tower is located on the south side of Little Salt Marsh. Two photography blinds and a spotting scope aid in observing wildlife. Hunting for small game and waterfowl is permitted on 8,000 acre of the refuge. A "Kid's Fishing Pond" is located near the Visitor Center which has interpretative displays. Fishing is permitted in the marshes. Bicycles and horses are permitted on established trails and roads. Boats are prohibited.

Wildlife
Most of the 344 species of birds are seasonal. The Christmas bird count in 2010 counted 43,548 birds of 95 species. More than one-half of this total were snow geese many of which winter on the Refuge. Quivira also has mule and white-tail deer, raccoon, coyote, badger, skunk, two species of lizard, opossum, bobcat, red and swift foxes, six species of turtle, beaver, muskrat, porcupine, prairie dog, and wild turkey.

Spring and Summer
Shorebirds, pelicans, and gulls stop over at the refuge en route to their Spring nesting grounds. Plovers, avocets, stilts, ibis, and endangered least terns nest on the refuge during the spring and summer. Whooping cranes stop over on their way north to nesting areas.

Fall
800,000 geese and ducks pass through Quivira NWR en route to the Gulf Coast and Mexico. In addition, endangered whooping cranes occasionally visit the refuge en route to their wintering grounds in Texas.

Winter
Both bald and golden eagles spend the winter on the refuge.

Accidentals
These species have been seen on rare occasions on the refuge:
 * Great flamingo
 * Surf scoter
 * Greater roadrunner
 * Pileated woodpecker
 * Roseate spoonbill

title: Quivira National Wildlife Refuge


text:
User talk:SpaceGhost

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:SpaceGhost


text:
2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game

The 2000 NHL All-Star Game was the 50th All-Star Game in the National Hockey League. It took place on February 6, 2000, at Air Canada Centre in Toronto, home to the Toronto Maple Leafs. The last time Toronto hosted prior was the 1968 NHL All-Star Game. The 1st NHL All-Star Game took place in 1947 and was also hosted by Toronto.

The All-Star week festivities saw the Canadian Hockey League Top Prospects Game played on February 2, and an exhibition game between the Canadian and American women's national teams on February 3. The Heroes of Hockey game and the Skills Competition were held on February 5. It is to note that the opening face-off for the Heroes of Hockey game were Ted Lindsay and Fleming Mackell, two players who played in the 1st All-Star Game.

Wayne Gretzky had retired the previous year, and the NHL announced they would retire his jersey number, 99, for every team in the league, a promise fulfilled in a pre-game ceremony at the 2000 All-Star Game. A banner with his name and number in the colors of his Edmonton Oilers team, blue and orange, was raised to the rafters, after which he performed a ceremonial puck drop between Paul Kariya of Team North America and Jaromir Jagr of Team World. The NHL was inspired to honor Gretzky in this way by Major League Baseball retiring Jackie Robinson's number 42.

Gretzky also made it clear that he would not partake in any old-timer or Heroes of Hockey game unless it was held in Edmonton, a statement that was realized with the 2003 Heritage Classic three years later.

Super Skills Competition
In the Skills Competition, the World All-Stars would win their third-straight skills competition. In the individual events, the Boston Bruins' Ray Bourque and Florida Panthers' Viktor Kozlov shared the Accuracy Shot event, which was Bourque's seventh victory in the event. In addition, the St. Louis Blues' Al MacInnis won his fourth-straight Hardest Shot event, which was also his sixth all-time victory in the event, and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim's Paul Kariya would win his second-straight Puck Control Relay event.

Individual event winners

 * Puck Control Relay – Paul Kariya (Mighty Ducks of Anaheim)
 * Fastest Skater – Sami Kapanen (Carolina Hurricanes) - 13.649 seconds
 * Accuracy Shooting – Ray Bourque (Boston Bruins)/ Viktor Kozlov (Florida Panthers) - 4 hits, 5 shots
 * Hardest Shot – Al MacInnis (St. Louis Blues) - 100.1 mph
 * Goaltenders Competition – Mike Richter (New York Rangers) - 2 GA, 16 shots

Uniforms
Since 1951, the NHL had mandated that one team in each game must wear a white jersey to contrast with the other team's dark jersey. The only exceptions to this point had been when a team opted to wear gold in lieu of white. However, for the 2000 All-Star Game, the NHL opted to experiment with a color-vs.-color format with uniforms by CCM. The North American All-Stars were clad in a navy blue uniform with white shoulders and sleeves, and the wishbone collar design previously introduced by Nike, while the World All-Stars wore red with white shoulders and sleeves, and a faux polo-style collar. The goaltenders, however, wore white jerseys with their teams' primary colors on the shoulders and sleeves. Both teams featured a white stripe across the chest (team color in the case of the goalies), with the NHL shield appearing on the player's left side, and the uniform number placed below it. The World team also featured names below the numbers on the back instead of above the numbers, which would normally be considered a violation of the NHL's uniform code (which requires the player's name to be above the back number). The names and numbers were rendered in the Handel Gothic typeface.

The uniform design would be reused for the next All-Star Game, with the Toronto All-Star Game and NHL 2000 patches replaced with the Colorado All-Star patch.

Referees Kerry Fraser and Don Koharski were also clad in special sweaters for the game. A vertical orange stripe was added to the left side of their jerseys in order to help further distinguish the referees and linesmen. The jersey design was never used again.

The game
The Florida Panthers' Pavel Bure and his brother, the Calgary Flames' Valeri Bure, combined for six points (Pavel 3–1–4, Valeri 0–2–2) to lead the World All-Stars to their first All-Star Game victory over the North American All-Stars. Valeri would assist on two of Pavel's three goals to become the first brother combination to set up a goal, since the 1956 All-Star Game when Maurice and Henri Richard hooked up for an All-Star goal. Pavel Bure would become the first Russian-born player to win All-Star MVP honors.

Boxscore

 * Referees: Kerry Fraser, Don Koharski
 * Linesmen: Gerard Gauthier, Ray Scapinello
 * Television: ABC, CBC, SRC


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Söderort

Söderort (literally "the southern place", sometimes translated to South Stockholm) is the southern suburban part of the Stockholm Municipality, Sweden. It is also part of the city of Stockholm.

Geography
Söderort is located in the northern part of the Södertörn peninsula/island. The boroughs of Söderort are: Enskede-Årsta-Vantör, Farsta, Hägersten-Liljeholmen, Skärholmen, Skarpnäck and Älvsjö.

History
The main part of Söderort was annexed by the City of Stockholm in 1913.

Before 2007, it was organized into eight stadsdelsområden: Enskede-Årsta, Farsta, Hägersten, Liljeholmen, Skarpnäck, Skärholmen, Vantör and Älvsjö.

Since 2007, Söderort is organized into six stadsdelsområden (sometimes translated to boroughs): Enskede-Årsta-Vantör, Farsta, Hägersten-Liljeholmen, Skarpnäck, Skärholmen, and Älvsjö.

Districts
1/ km² 2/ Population per hectare

title: Söderort


text:
Hans Nüsslein

Hans "Hanne" Nüsslein (31 March 1910 – 28 June 1991) was a German tennis player and coach and former World professional number 1 tennis player who won four professional Majors singles titles during his career.

Biography
Nüsslein was born in Nuremberg on 31 March 1910. In his youth, he played football, handball and tennis at the 1. FC Nürnberg. After finishing school he apprenticed as a mechanic. At age 16, he gave tennis lessons to other club members for which he was paid a small amount. After a member of a neighboring club reported this to the German Tennis Federation, Nüsslein received a lifetime ban from amateur competition, preventing him from competing at Grand Slam tournaments.

Nüsslein then decided to work as a professional tennis coach. On 1 April 1928, he passed the qualifying examination and became a member of the German federation of tennis coaches. He then was hired by the Deutsche Bank in order to give lessons to their executives.

Professional career
Beside his coaching work, Nüsslein pursued a career on the emerging professional tennis tournaments. In 1929, he finished in third place in the concluding round robin at the German Pro tennis championships. His win was against Hermann Richter.
 * 1929

In January 1930, Nüsslein reached the quarter-finals of the Bristol Cup, beating Edmund Burke before losing to Robert Ramillon. At the French Pro championships at Roland Garros, Nüsslein reached the quarter-finals before losing to Roman Najuch. He placed second in the German Pro championships to Plaa and also won his first international pro tournament: Beaulieu-sur-Mer on the French Riviera.
 * 1930

In 1931, Nüsslein won the German Pro Championships over Roman Najuch. He played tennis against legend Bill Tilden in Europe, taking him to 5 sets in Hamburg. Tilden who had never heard of Nüsslein before the match ("Who is Nusslein?") was surprised by the German's performance and invited him to play in his United States pro tour.
 * 1931

In 1932 Nüsslein and Tilden played the World tour in the United States. Tilden won comfortably. Nüsslein lost in the final of the U. S. Pro in Chicago to Karel Kozeluh in straight sets in July. "Long rallies, which frequently sent the score back to deuce, were the outstanding features of the match with Kozeluh, by reason of greater steadiness, scoring many points on these occasions. Both players showed a desire to hug the base line, with neither attempting to reach the net, save on rare occasions when a short drop shot would pull them to the forecourt. As a result the match was rather tedious." Nüsslein finished third out of four in the concluding round robin at the World Pro Championships in Berlin in September behind Martin Plaa and Bill Tilden.
 * 1932

The score in the 1933 U. S. tour between Nüsslein and Tilden was 56–22 in Tilden's favour. In September, Nüsslein and Tilden met in the final of the World Pro Championships. In front of an audience of 7,000, "Nusslein was better than he seemed ... and little by little the young man began to blunt Tilden’s shot-making. With Tilden tiring, Nusslein pushed closer into court, sometimes trapping half-volleys at the service line and moving in, often behind drop shots. The German star gradually added pace and confidence, eventually dominating play and finally winning 1-6 6-4 7-5 6-3." Touring South America in November, Nüsslein won the tournament at Buenos Aires over Kozeluh and the Facondi brothers. Ray Bowers ranked Nüsslein the World No. 1 professional for 1933 and Albert Burke also ranked Nüsslein World no. 1 pro.
 * 1933

Nüsslein won the Miami Pro in March beating Kozeluh in the final "timing his shots to perfection and stroking with lightning-like speed". At the US Pro in August, Nüsslein beat Ellsworth Vines in the semi-finals. In the final he beat Karel Koželuh. "Nusslein mixed soft slices to midcourt with stinging drives, to the corners and kept the Czech on the run throughout the match. Kozeluh's lift shots carried about half the speed that Nusslein put on his flat drives." Nüsslein won the German Pro in September.
 * 1934

Nüsslein won the Miami Beach Pro in February beating Kozeluh in four sets in the final. He won the Strassbourg Pro in June over Tilden in the semis and Ramillon in the final and won the German Pro in September.
 * 1935

From 1936 onwards, Nüsslein spent a fair amount of his time coaching. He signed a contract with Rot-Weiss tennis club in Cologne. In the late thirties, Nüsslein coached the first Grand Slam winner Don Budge, the Australian Davis Cup team as well as several German players. Nüsslein won the Southport Pro event in July beating Cochet, Plaa and Ramillon in the concluding round robin and won the German Pro in September.
 * 1936

Nüsslein won the King George VI Coronation Plate at Wembley in May beating Tilden in the final, the French Pro championships in June (over Tilden and Henri Cochet), the Southport Dunlop Cup in July over Ramillon in the final and the Grand Palais Pro in August winning the concluding round robin against Tilden, Ramillon and Stoefen. He also won the Dutch Pro in Scheveningen in September beating Tilden in the final. In October he won the Wembley Pro (over Tilden) "there was too little variety, neither man favouring the volley much. However, one had to marvel at the superb length kept by Nusslein". The same month he won in Rome over Henri Cochet.
 * 1937

Nüsslein won a round robin in Brussels in June over Tilden, Ramillon and Plaa. Another significant professional tournament of the time was the International Pro Championship of Britain in Southport, which Nüsslein won for the third time in a row in July, beating Tilden among others and won the German Pro in September. The same month, he won the French Pro in 1938 (over Tilden). In October he won another round robin in Brussels, this time over Tilden, Ramillon and Vincent Richards and beat the same players in a round robin in Copenhagen.
 * 1938

Nüsslein won an eight-man round robin at Olympia in London in April. He won the event at Southport for the fourth year in a row beating Vines and Tilden in successive rounds.
 * 1939

In World War II Nüsslein served in the German army. Towards the end of the war, he suffered an arm injury which affected his tennis. At the 1953 Wembley Pro Championships, age 43, he won eight games against a 25-year-old Pancho Gonzales, losing 4–6, 4–6. In 1950, he won the international tennis coaches championships at Bad Ems. He continued to play tournaments until 1957 and gave tennis lessons until an age of 70. His most prominent tennis pupils included Wilhelm Bungert, Christian Kuhnke, Dieter Ecklebe and Wolfgang Stuck.
 * 1940-1957

Nüsslein was known for his fine groundstrokes. Tennis historian Robert Geist described his playing style: "He possessed classic strokes, equal to Hall of Famers René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, and Karel Koželuh, as well as excellent volleys, magnificent drop shots and breath-taking half-volleys. As consistent as Ken Rosewall, Nüsslein was one of the best players during the 1930s."
 * Later years

Remaining unmarried for most of his life, at age 72, Nüsslein finally married his long-time partner Anneliese. He died nine years later at Altenkirchen after suffering a stroke.

In 2006, Nüsslein was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island.

title: Hans Nüsslein


text:
Welby Van Horn

Sidney Welby Van Horn (September 8, 1920 - September 17, 2014) was an American professional tennis player and tennis coach.

As a 19-year-old player, Van Horn reached the finals of the 1939 U.S. Championships beating John Bromwich only to lose to Bobby Riggs in just 56 minutes (6–4, 6–2, 6–4). One of the high points of his career was a 6–0, 6–2, 6–1 defeat of the great Bill Tilden at a match between U.S. and British Empire service teams at Wimbledon in July 1945, supposedly the worst losses of Tilden's career — Tilden, however, was 52 years old at the time while Van Horn was 25. Van Horn also won the United States Pro Championship in 1945. He was ranked as high as World No. 5 in the professional ranks (the Professional Players Association, instated by Bill Tilden) in 1946. Gordon Lowe ranked Van Horn as World No. 9 for 1939 in his amateur rankings.

He lived briefly in Atlanta, Ga., where he had been hired as Head Tennis Professional at the Piedmont Driving Club. In 1951, he moved to Puerto Rico as a coach at the Caribe Hilton Swim and Tennis Club, where he worked with many promising juniors, the most notable being Charlie Pasarell who was ranked No.1 in the U.S. in 1967 who he continued to coach on the main tour, another notable junior was Manuel Diaz, later to become a star on the University of Georgia tennis team and UGA coach.

His career as a coach spawned institutions such as the Welby Van Horn Tennis Academy in Boca Raton, Florida, and Welby Van Horn Tennis programs in a number of locations.

title: Welby Van Horn


text:
Datong–Yuncheng Expressway

Dayun Expressway is the largest expressway structure in China's Shanxi province.

It enters Shanxi as the Xuanda Expressway until approaching Datong (in northern Shanxi), becoming the Dayun Expressway afterwards. It ultimately ends at Rongcheng (in southern Shanxi).

The expressway passes through Datong, Shuozhou, Taiyuan, Lüliang, Jinzhong, Linfen, and Yuncheng. Thirty-one counties lie in its track.

It links with the Xuanda Expressway (heading toward Xuanhua and ultimately Beijing or Zhangjiakou), the Jiaofen Expressway (heading toward Fenyang), the Yunfeng Expressway (heading toward Yongji and Fenglingdu) and the Yunsan Expressway (heading toward Sanmenxia on the Yellow River).

The expressway passes through some interesting historical and scenic spots, such as Yanmen Pass, Mount Wutai, the old city of Pingyao, as well as many temples.

title: Datong–Yuncheng Expressway


text:
Rush (Big Audio Dynamite II song)

"Rush" is a song by English band Big Audio Dynamite II from their fifth album, The Globe (1991). A longer version of "Rush", entitled "Change of Atmosphere", had previously appeared on the group's 1990 album Kool-Aid.

The song samples several musical recordings, including the keyboard component of the Who's song "Baba O'Riley", the organ from the introduction to the Deep Purple song "Child in Time", a drum break from Tommy Roe's "Sweet Pea", drums and guitars from a break in Pigmeat Markham's "Here Comes the Judge", a line from the Sugarhill Gang's song "Rapper's Delight" where Big Bank Hank raps "a time to cry, a time to laugh", and a vocal sample from "You Keep Me Swingin'", from Peter Sellers' Songs for Swingin' Sellers. The shorter 7-inch version omits all the samples except for the "Baba O'Riley" keyboard and the "Sweet Pea" drums.

"Rush" was a number-one hit on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart for four weeks in 1991, becoming the chart's most successful hit of 1991, and it also topped the Australian and New Zealand singles charts. In the United Kingdom, "Rush" was originally released as the B-side to the 1991 re-release of the Clash's "Should I Stay or Should I Go". The A-side was immensely popular due to its inclusion in a Levi Strauss & Co. advert, causing it to climb to number one on the UK Singles Chart. The sleeve art for the 7-inch and CD singles displayed the Clash on the front, and BAD II on the rear. The record label displays "Should I Stay or Should I Go" as side "A" and "Rush" as side "AA", making it effectively a double A-side release.

Track listings
UK 7-inch and cassette single
 * 1) "Rush" (7-inch original version) – 3:11
 * 2) "Rush" (New York remix) – 3:55

UK 12-inch single
 * 1) "Rush" (New York club mix) – 5:50
 * 2) "Rush" (New York instrumental mix) – 5:51
 * 3) "Rush" (New York 12-inch mix) – 7:57
 * 4) "Rush" (7-inch original version) – 3:11

UK CD single
 * 1) "Rush" (7-inch original version) – 3:11
 * 2) "Rush" (New York club mix) – 5:50
 * 3) "Rush" (New York 12-inch mix) – 7:57
 * 4) "City Lights" (full length) – 7:47

US cassette single
 * 1) "Rush" (edit)
 * 2) "Kool-Aid"

US 12-inch single
 * A1. "Rushdance" – 8:04
 * A2. "Rush" (club instrumental) – 9:08
 * B1. "Rush" (album version) – 4:17
 * B2. "City Lights" – 7:18

US CD single
 * 1) "Rush" (album version) – 4:17
 * 2) "Rushdance" – 8:04
 * 3) "City Lights" – 7:18
 * 4) "Rush" (live) – 5:45

Australian 12-inch, CD, and cassette single
 * 1) "Rush"
 * 2) "E=MC2"
 * 3) "Medicine Show"

Personnel

 * Mick Jones – vocals, guitar
 * Nick Hawkins – guitar
 * Gary Stonadge – bass
 * Chris Kavanagh – drums
 * Andre Shapps – keyboards, sampling

title: Rush (Big Audio Dynamite II song)


text:
Tony Trabert

Marion Anthony Trabert (August 16, 1930 – February 3, 2021) was an American amateur world No. 1 tennis champion and long-time tennis author, TV commentator, instructor, and motivational speaker.

Trabert was ranked world No. 1 amateur by many sources in 1953, by Ned Potter and The New York Times in 1954 and by Lance Tingay and Ned Potter in 1955. He was the winner of ten Grand Slam titles – five in singles and five in doubles. He won two French singles championships, two U.S. National Men's Singles Championships, and one Wimbledon gentlemen's singles championship. Until Michael Chang won the French Open in 1989, Trabert was the last American to hoist the championship trophy. He turned professional in the fall of 1955. He won the French Professional Championships at Roland Garros in 1956 and 1959.

Amateur
Trabert was a stand-out athlete in tennis and basketball at the University of Cincinnati, and was a member of Sigma Chi Fraternity. In 1951, he won the NCAA Championship Singles title. He played doubles with Bob Mault and was coached by George Menefee, who later became the head trainer for the Los Angeles Rams. Trabert was also a starter on the Cincinnati Bearcats basketball team at the University of Cincinnati. Previously, at Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, he had been Ohio scholastic champion three times and played guard on the 1948 basketball team that won the District Championship.

A native of Cincinnati, Trabert grew up two houses down from a public park. It had clay courts that helped hone his groundstrokes. By age 11, Trabert was winning junior tournaments. Trabert honed his tennis skills on the courts of the Cincinnati Tennis Club with the help of another member of that club, fellow International Tennis Hall of Famer Billy Talbert. Talbert became Trabert's mentor. In 1951, Trabert posted his first win over Talbert in the final of Cincinnati's international tennis tournament (now known as the Cincinnati Masters). In the midst of his amateur career, Trabert's game was interrupted by a two-year stint in the Navy, serving on the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea during the Korean War, but this did not stop him. In 1953, Trabert won the men's singles in the Ojai Tennis Tournament. After winning his first Grand Slam singles title at the U. S. Championships in 1953 (over Vic Seixas in the final), Trabert was ranked the world No. 1 amateur for 1953 by Lance Tingay in The Daily Telegraph, Ned Potter in World Tennis, Gardnar Mulloy, Bill Talbert, Ham Richardson, Hal Burrows and Grant Golden. In 1954 Trabert won the French Championships (over Mervyn Rose, Budge Patty in the semifinal and Arthur Larsen in the final) and was ranked world number one amateur by Ned Potter in World Tennis and by panel of 8 experts in The New York Times.  In 1955, Trabert won three consecutive Grand Slam singles titles: the French (over Rose in the semifinal and Sven Davidson in the final), Wimbledon (beating Kurt Nielsen in the final) and U. S. Championships (over Rosewall in the final). He was ranked world number one amateur for 1955 by Lance Tingay and by Ned Potter.

Trabert's record in 1955 was one of the greatest ever by an American tennis player. He won the three most prestigious tournaments in amateur tennis—the French, Wimbledon, and American Championships. He won Wimbledon and the US in 1955 without losing a set (the only time it has ever been done in consecutive majors). He is one of only ten male players to have won three Grand Slam singles title in a year. Trabert's own chance at a Grand Slam was stopped with a loss to Ken Rosewall in the semifinals at the Australian Championships. Trabert won 18 tournaments in 1955, compiling a match record of 106 wins to 7 losses, which included a 38-match winning streak.

Trabert, along with Vic Seixas, was an American Davis Cup team mainstay during the early 1950s, during which time the Americans reached the finals five times, winning the cup in 1954. It was one of only two victories over the dominant Australian teams during the decade (the other being in 1958). He called the 1954 Davis Cup win the "biggest thrill in my tennis career". Trabert turned pro after winning the ’55 U.S. Championships because he had a wife and two children to support.

Professional
Having reached the top amateur ranking in 1955, Trabert turned professional in the fall of that year. Trabert explained: “When I won Wimbledon as an amateur, I got a 10-pound certificate, which was worth $27 redeemable at Lilly White’s Sporting Goods store in London. Jack Kramer offered me a guarantee of $75,000 against a percentage of the gate to play on his tour." With a wife and two children to support, the decision was clear. In 1956, he was beaten on the head-to-head world pro tour by the reigning king of professional tennis Pancho Gonzales, 74–27, consisting mostly of indoor matches on a portable loose canvas surface. Forty years after his matches with Gonzales, Trabert told interviewer Joe McCauley "that Gonzales' serve was the telling factor on their tour—it was so good that it earned him many cheap points. Trabert felt that, while he had the better ground-strokes, he could not match Pancho's big, fluent service." However, he beat Gonzales in five sets at Roland Garros in the final of the 1956 French Pro title. Trabert also won a South American tour over Gonzales, Sedgman, and Kramer in 1956, winning six matches against Gonzales, and losing three matches indoor, for a 6–3 edge over Gonzales on that tour. For the year 1956 as a whole, Trabert had an edge over Gonzales in outdoor matches of 16-11 (1-1 on grass, 4–5 on cement, and 11–5 on clay).

In the 1958 pro tour, Trabert won a personal series against Segura 34–31, showing that he had adjusted to the portable canvas surface used by the Kramer pros in small indoor venues and gyms. In the Wembley Pro in 1958, he defeated Rosewall in the semi-final and was runner-up to Sedgman. In the French Pro at Roland Garros in 1959, Trabert beat Rosewall in the semifinal and then defeated Frank Sedgman in the final, to win his fourth title at the red clay venue. In the 1960 US Pro (billed as Cleveland World Pro), he was runner-up to Alex Olmedo. In November 1961, Trabert led the United States team into the Kramer Cup final (the pro equivalent of the Davis Cup) at Ellis Park in Johannesburg. Trabert defeated Rosewall in four sets, but lost the fifth and deciding rubber to Lew Hoad in four sets. The following week, Trabert won the Western Province Pro in Cape Town, beating Rosewall in the final. In October 1962, Trabert won the South African Pro Championships on the cement courts of Ellis Park in Johannesburg by defeating Hoad in the final in five sets. Trabert also had wins over Hoad at the Forest Hills Tournament of Champions in 1957 and 1958.

In his 1979 autobiography The Game Jack Kramer, the former world No. 1 player, included Trabert in his list of the 21 greatest players of all time.

Post-playing career
After retiring from the game, Trabert enjoyed a 33-year career (1971–2004) as a tennis and golf analyst for CBS, covering events such as the US Open. During many of those years, he teamed with Pat Summerall and was the lead commentator at the US Open. The popularity of their broadcasts helped propel the US Open into an annual financial success for CBS and the United States Tennis Association. He was also the US Davis Cup team captain from 1976 to 1980. Trabert's captaincy is remembered by his frustration in dealing with the egos of younger players like John McEnroe and for his racket-wielding expulsion of anti-apartheid protesters who ran onto the court during a Davis Cup match against South Africa at the Newport Beach Tennis Club in California in April 1977.

In 1980 he had a small cameo role on the television show "Hart to Hart", Season 1, episode 24. He played a tennis pro at a tennis club.

He was also a tennis author and was a motivational speaker. In 1988, he published the book Trabert on Tennis, sharing his insights on the game from a player's, coach's, and commentator's standpoint. In 1970, with the encouragement of Dr.Toby Freedman and Dale Jensen, Trabert opened the Tony Trabert Tennis Camp in Ojai, California at Thacher School, and then one in Pebble Beach, California for ages 8–18.

Trabert served as president of the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island from 2001 to 2011.

In 2004, he announced his retirement from broadcasting while commentating at the Wimbledon Championships.

Trabert resided in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida with Vicki Trabert, his wife of 30 years, and their grandchildren. They had five children (two of his and three of hers) and 14 grandchildren.

Trabert died at age 90 at his home in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, on February 3, 2021.

Awards and honors
In 1970, Trabert was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island. He was enshrined into the Cincinnati Tennis Hall of Fame in 2002 together with Billy Talbert. On September 8, 2014, Trabert was inducted into the United States Tennis Association's Court of Champions prior to the US Open men's singles final.

Major finals
Source:

Pro Slam tournaments
Source:

Singles performance timeline
Trabert joined the professional tennis circuit in 1955 and as a consequence was banned from competing in the amateur Grand Slams until the start of the Open Era at the 1968 French Open.

The results of the Pro Tours are not listed here. Source:

General sources

 * The Game: My 40 Years in Tennis (1979), Jack Kramer with Frank Deford (ISBN 0-399-12336-9)
 * Little Pancho (2009), Caroline Seebohm
 * Man with a Racket: The Autobiography of Pancho Gonzales (1959), as told to Cy Rice
 * Trabert Cup (2000), Men's 40 and over International Competition
 * Cincinnati Tennis Hall of Fame (2002)

title: Tony Trabert


text:
User talk:Rolodoom

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title: User talk:Rolodoom


text:
Keith Relf

William Keith Relf (22 March 1943 – 12 May 1976) was an English musician, best known as the lead vocalist and harmonica player for rock band the Yardbirds. He then formed the band Renaissance with his sister Jane Relf, the Yardbirds ex-drummer Jim McCarty and ex-The Nashville Teens keyboardist John Hawken.

Early life
Relf was born in the Richmond Institution on 22 March 1943 to Mary Elsie Vickers and William Arthur Percy Relf. Keith had a sister Jane. His father was a builder, while his mother was a housewife.

Musical career
Relf started playing in bands around the summer of 1956 as a singer, guitarist, and harmonica player.

Relf co-wrote many of the original Yardbirds songs ("Shapes of Things", "I Ain't Done Wrong", "Over Under Sideways Down", "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago"), later showing a leaning towards acoustic/folk music as the sixties unfolded ("Only the Black Rose"). He also sang an early version of "Dazed and Confused" in live Yardbirds concerts, after hearing musician Jake Holmes perform the song, which was later recorded by the band's successor group Led Zeppelin.

His debut solo single, "Mr. Zero", peaked at No. 50 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1966.

After the Yardbirds broke up in July 1968, Relf formed the acoustic duo Together, with fellow Yardbird Jim McCarty, followed immediately by Renaissance (which also featured his sister Jane Relf). After leaving Renaissance in 1970, he started producing other artists: Steamhammer, folk rock band Hunter Muskett, the acoustic world music group Amber, psychedelic band Saturnalia, and blues rock band Medicine Head (with whom he also played bass guitar). In 1974, he formed progressive/rock group Armageddon. Their self-titled debut, Armageddon, was recorded in England and released in the United States on A&M Records. The album's original liner notes used the term "supergroup"; their personnel (besides Relf) included drummer Bobby Caldwell (previously a member of Captain Beyond and Johnny Winter's band), guitarist Martin Pugh (from Steamhammer, The Rod Stewart Album, and later of 7th Order), and bassist Louis Cennamo (also formerly of Renaissance and Steamhammer).

Personal life and death
In 1966, he married April Liversidge. They had two sons, Danny and Jason.

Relf died in the basement of his home in 1976 at age 33 from electrocution while playing an ungrounded electric guitar. He had had several health problems throughout his life, including emphysema and asthma. He may have been taking the medications commonly used to treat those diseases at the time, and these may have contributed to his inability to survive the electric shock.

He was buried in Richmond Cemetery.

Most sources mistakenly list 14 May, the day that many newspapers reported Relf's death, as the date of his death, but on the official death certificate, he was declared dead on 12 May at West Middlesex Hospital.

Legacy
Relf's posthumous 1992 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction with the Yardbirds was represented by his widow April, and sons Danny and Jason ("Jay").

Solo singles discography
Most of Relf's recordings were released under the name of the group he was in at the time. However, an early attempt was made to establish him as a solo musician, and two singles came out under his own name in 1966.

 * "Mr. Zero" / "Knowing" – UK Columbia DB7920 / U.S. Epic 10044 (May 1966)
 * A-side written by Bob Lind

 * "Shapes in My Mind" / "Blue Sands" – UK Columbia DB8084 / US Epic 10110 (November 1966)
 * B-side is an instrumental credited to Relf, but actually performed by the Outsiders (not to be confused with the US band, the Outsiders, who performed "Time Won't Let Me"). The US single featured the same version as the UK single; US promotional copies (on red vinyl) featured a complete re-edit of the song.

A further single appeared in 1989:
 * "Together Now" / "All The Fallen Angels" – MCCM 89 002 (1989)
 * US release only. The A-side was originally recorded in 1968 by Together. The B-side was recorded on 2 May 1976, ten days before Relf's death.

title: Keith Relf


text:
Clark Graebner

Clark Graebner (born November 4, 1943) is a retired American professional tennis player.

He was four times a world top ten ranked player each year from 1966 to 1969, reaching world No. 3 in 1967 and world No. 7 the following year. He was ranked eight times in the top ten U.S. players by the USTA, reaching U.S. No. 2 in 1968 behind Arthur Ashe, and U.S. No. 3 in 1966 and 1971.

Graebner won three U.S. national titles, the U.S. Clay Court in 1968, the U.S. Hard Court in 1969, and the U.S. Indoor in 1971. He was a member of the U.S. Davis Cup team which won the Davis Cup in five straight years from 1968 to 1972.

He won a Grand Slam doubles title at the 1966 French Championships at Roland Garros with doubles partner Dennis Ralston.

Early life
Graebner was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the only child of Paul Graebner, a doctor, and his wife, the former Janice Clark. Paul had been a moderately successful youth player. Clark won the state high-school tennis championship three times. He graduated from Northwestern University, where he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity.

In 1964 he married rising American tennis player Carole Caldwell. They had two children, a daughter, Cameron, and a son, Clark. The couple separated in 1974 and eventually divorced. In 1975, Graebner married Patti Morgan. Caldwell died of cancer in New York City on November 19, 2008.

Tennis career
Graebner won his first important international tournament in December 1965 at the Victorian Championships at Melbourne's Kooyong Stadium. He defeated Ray Ruffels, Tony Roche in a close five set match, Herb Fitzgibbon, Fred Stolle, and Roy Emerson in a five set final.
 * 1965

Graebner lost to John Newcombe in the quarterfinal of the Australian Open. He returned the favour by defeating Newcombe in the third round at the French Championships at Roland Garros that season. He won the men's doubles title at the French Championships, with his doubles partner Dennis Ralston, defeating the Rumanian doubles team of Tiriac/Năstase in the final. Graebner won the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships at the Merion Cricket Club defeating Charlie Pasarell in the semifinal and Stan Smith in the final. At the U.S. Championships at Forest Hills, New York he reached the quarterfinals where he was defeated by Stolle, who would win the title that year.
 * 1966

Graebner was ranked world No. 9 for 1966 by McCauley. He was ranked the No. 3 U.S. player for that year by the USTA.

Graebner won the Buffalo Indoor Tennis Championships in February defeating Marty Riessen in a marathon final. Graebner would also win this same event in 1968 (over Riessen again in the final), in 1969 (over Mark Cox in the final) and in 1970 (over Bob Lutz in the final).
 * 1967

He lost to Newcombe, the champion that year, in the 4th round of the 1967 Wimbledon championships. In the 1967 United States Championship, the last time the event, today's U.S. Open, was open only to amateur players, Graebner was the top-seeded U.S. player at No. 7. He defeated the No. 2 seed Roy Emerson in a marathon quarterfinal, but lost in the final to Newcombe.

Graebner was ranked world No. 3 for 1967, which would be his highest world ranking, by the Martini and Rossi panel of tennis experts using a point system for tournament play. He was ranked the U.S. No. 4 by the USTA for that year.

In 1968 he reached the final of the Queen's Club Championships in London, defeating Stolle, Emerson and Alex Metreveli, but the final was not played. Graebner then reached the semifinals in singles at the 1968 Wimbledon, defeating both Manuel Santana and Stolle, before losing a close match to Roche. He won the 1968 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Milwaukee defeating Charlie Pasarell in the semifinal and Stan Smith in the final. At the inaugural US Open, he defeated Newcombe in the quarter-final, but lost the semifinal to Arthur Ashe, the eventual champion. Graebner was ranked U.S. No. 2 by the USTA for 1968 and world No. 7 by Lance Tingay as well as by most other ranking authorities.
 * 1968

Graebner and Ashe led the U.S. Davis Cup team to victory in the 1968 Davis Cup, its first in five years. Graebner won both of his singles matches in the Challenge Round against Australia, defeating Bill Bowrey and Ruffels in five set matches. The Americans won four more titles in as many years. John McPhee's book, Levels of the Game, is about a semifinal match played between Graebner and Ashe at the 1968 US Open at Forest Hills. Ashe won the match.

Graebner won seven tournaments in the 1969 season, beginning with the Richmond WCT Indoor in February, defeating Thomaz Koch (winner over both Ashe and Richey in the event) in the final. He won the New York Indoor in March, defeating Pasarell in the final. At Wimbledon in 1969, Graebner defeated Ilie Năstase and Andrés Gimeno before losing to Roche again in the quarterfinal, this time in a marathon five sets. He won the U.S. Hard Court Championships in Sacramento in June, defeating Erik van Dillen in a close five-set final. That same season, Graebner won the Southampton Invitational at Long Island on grass, defeating Bill Bowrey in the semifinal and Lutz in the final, both matches in three straight sets. At the U.S. Open that year, he retired in the third set against Roger Taylor in the second round.
 * 1969

Graebner was ranked world No. 10 for 1969 by the Daily Express. He was ranked the U.S. No. 4 player by the USTA ranking.

He won the 1970 River Oaks International Tennis Tournament on clay in Houston, Texas, in April defeating Santana in the semifinal and Cliff Richey in a close five-set final. At Wimbledon, Graebner eliminated Năstase again in the fourth round, but lost in the quarterfinal to Taylor. At the U.S. Open, Graebner lost to Newcombe in the fourth round, although he had beaten Newcombe earlier in the season at the 1970 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships at Longwood. Graebner also reached the singles quarterfinals in Cincinnati in 1970, falling to eventual champion Ken Rosewall. Graebner was ranked the U.S. No. 4 player by the USTA for 1970.
 * 1970

He won the U.S. National Indoor Championships in February 1971, his third U.S. national title, defeating Năstase in the semifinal and Richey in the final in tight five-set matches. Graebner survived two match points against him in the final with Richey serving, on one of those points returning an overhead finishing shot from Richey. At Wimbledon that year, Graebner lost in the third round to Rod Laver. During that same season Graebner won two ITF tournaments. In the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championship at the Merion Cricket Club, he defeated Frank Froehling in a close semifinal and Dick Stockton in the final. At the South Orange Open on grass in South Orange, New Jersey, he narrowly won the semifinal over Onny Parun and won the final against Pierre Barthès. This was a rewarding victory for Graebner who had finished as runner-up at South Orange in 1964 (to Ashe), in 1966 (to Roche), in 1967 (to Riessen), in 1968 (to Pasarell), and in 1969 (to Smith). At the U.S. Open, he advanced to the quarterfinals where he lost to Tom Okker. Graebner was ranked the U.S. No. 3 player by the USTA for 1971.
 * 1971

In the 1972 Rothmans International Tennis Tournament at the Royal Albert Hall in London, England, Graebner defeated Năstase in the semifinal, but lost the final to Richey. Graebner and Năstase had a confrontation about court manners during the first set of the semifinal. Graebner won the Long Island Indoor title in April defeating Roscoe Tanner in the final. At Wimbledon that year, Graebner lost his second round match to Nastase in four sets, Nastase proceeding to a classic Wimbledon final against Smith. In the U.S. Championships, Graebner defeated Adriano Panatta in the first round in four sets, but lost to Smith in the second round in four sets.
 * 1972

Graebner won his final ITF tournament at the Des Moines Open International Indoor defeating Nicholas Kalogeropoulos in the final. He defeated the world No. 1 Năstase in the semifinal of the Charleston International ITF tournament in a close match after losing the first set. He then lost the final to Jürgen Fassbender. Graebner also defeated Năstase at Paramus, N.J.in the semifinal, but lost the final to Jimmy Connors. At the U.S. Championships Graebner lost in the first round to Geoff Masters.
 * 1973

At the U.S. Championships at Forest Hills N.Y., Graebner won his first round match against Torben Ulrich and rallied from two sets to one down to defeat Antonio Muñoz in the second round in five sets. He lost in the third round to Ray Moore.
 * 1974

Doubles
Graebner's most significant doubles title was undoubtedly his Grand Slam victory of the men's doubles title at the 1966 French Championships, where he and Ralston beat Țiriac and Năstase in the final. Graebner won the 1969 and 1970 U.S. Men's Clay Court Doubles Championship (with William Bowrey and Ashe, respectively), and the 1963 doubles title at Cincinnati.

Assessment
Graebner was considered to be one of the fastest servers of his time, and was a powerful hitter with relatively flat groundstrokes.

Graebner ranks No. 32 on the list of best career set win–loss records in Grand Slam events, at 108–58, for a 65% record.

title: Clark Graebner


text:
Karel Koželuh

Karel Koželuh (Kozeluh Károly ; 7 March 1895 – 27 April 1950) was a Czech tennis, association football, and ice hockey player of the 1920s and 1930s. Koželuh became a European ice hockey champion in 1925 and was one of the top-ranked players on the professional tennis circuit in the 1930s.

Rugby, football and ice hockey years
Koželuh was born in Prague, Austria-Hungary (today's Prague, Czech Republic), one of seven brothers and two sisters. His sports career began with rugby and it was only at the age of 16 that he learned to play tennis. In 1914 he joined the soccer team of Sparta Prague. In later years Koželuh also played for DFC Prag (Prague), Teplitzer FK (Teplice) and Wiener AC (Vienna).

He played international football for both Austria and Czechoslovakia.

In 1925, he was a member of the Czechoslovakia ice hockey team that won the European Championship, scoring the winning goal in the final game.

Early years
Koželuh became a professional tennis coach at a fairly young age and thereby made himself ineligible to play in any amateur tournaments. In 1912 he beat Roman Najuch in the Germany Pro Championships in Wiesbaden. He competed in the few professional tournaments that took place in Europe in the 1920s, contested primarily between teaching professionals. He became known in these tournaments for his speed, his endurance, and his fine groundstrokes from the baseline. Koželuh used the Continental grip, in which both the forehand and backhand are hit with the same grip, and preferred to play as much as ten feet behind the baseline, returning balls endlessly to the other court, almost never advancing to the net. Seldom hitting the ball very hard, he was content to outrun and outlast his opponents in exhausting matches of attrition. He won the most prestigious of these European tournaments, the Bristol Cup, played in Beaulieu, France, six times.

He was 5 feet 8 inches tall and weighed 145 pounds. The American tennis player Vinnie Richards said he was "seamy-faced, cadaverous-looking and, in general, resembled a cigar-store Indian."

Professional years
When a U.S. professional tour was started, Koželuh was one of the first players to join it, being signed up for it by Vinnie Richards, who made a special trip to Europe for that purpose. In 1928, his first year in the U.S. as a professional, he beat Richards 15 matches to 5. In the following years Koželuh continued to dominate Richards, in 1929 beating him 5 times to 2 and in 1930 4 times to 2. After watching one of their lengthy matches, a tennis expert of the time, J. Parmly Paret, wrote in American Lawn Tennis, that Koželuh had "the most perfect defense that I have seen... But defense alone does not make a champion." He went on to say that either Henri Cochet or Bill Tilden at their best would be able to defeat Koželuh by attacking him consistently from the net. Koželuh defended his somewhat tedious baseline style by saying, "Why should I change my style when it is so successful?"

Bill Tilden, the greatest player of the 1920s, turned professional at the end of 1930 and organized a tour with himself to play the headline match against Koželuh. Their first encounter was on 18 February 1931 before 14,000 spectators in Madison Square Garden in New York. Tilden won three straight sets in only 65 minutes, attacking from both the baseline and the net and overwhelming Koželuh with his power. Tilden won the next eight matches as well, all of them played indoors on a canvas surface that seldom had enough room for Koželuh to play his normal game far behind the baseline. Koželuh finally won their tenth match on an outdoor concrete court at the Los Angeles Tennis Club. In the course of the year, both in the United States and in Europe, the Czech eventually beat Tilden 17 times while losing 50 matches to him. Koželuh had firmly established himself as one of the half-dozen best players in the world.

Koželuh had already beaten Vinnie Richards to win the United States Pro Championship in 1929. He went on to win the title again in 1932, defeating the German Hans Nüsslein, and in 1937, beating the American Bruce Barnes at The Greenbrier in West Virginia at the age of 42. With this win, he became the oldest winner of a major professional singles tournament. In the first round at the Greenbrier tournament in 1938 (not classed as the US Pro that year), Koželuh faced Greenbrier golf professional Sam Snead, beating him in three straight sets. Koželuh was the losing finalist at the US Pro in 1928, 1930, 1934 and 1935. Koželuh was a six-time winner of the Bristol Cup in Menton, France, which was the most prestigious professional title in the world in the 1920s. He also won the World Pro tournament in Deauville, France, in 1925. Another major title for Koželuh was the French Professional Championship of 1930.

Karel Koželuh was the older brother of the tennis player Jan Koželuh. Jan was ranked as high as the world number 10 amateur in 1927. Karel was ranked joint world number 1 professional in 1927 by Ray Bowers (with Richards) and number 1 alone in 1928 by Bowers and in 1929 by Bowers, American Lawn Tennis, and Bill Tilden.

Koželuh was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island, in 2006.

Death
Koželuh was killed in a car accident outside Prague on 27 April 1950.

title: Karel Koželuh