text:
User talk:Jdforrester/Old Archive 3

This is an archive of my talk page, the current version of which is located here.

Note that I am likely to reformat, delete, or otherwise alter what appears here...

= *Please* put Arbitration matters here =

Re: "arbitration/Rex071404"
Please take note, yesterday, I posted my version of the facts on this issue as per the page's instructions: "If you disagree with some evidence you see here, please provide counter-evidence, or an explanation of why the evidence is misleading. Please do this under a seperate header, to seperate your response from the original evidence."

However, tonight, Neutrality has twice deleted my statement from that page and instead moved it to the "discussion" page.

I am trying my best to defuse the tense dynamic between Neutrality an myself, but I am at a loss as to what to do.

For example, Neutrality is again jumping all over my edits on John Kerry and deleted/reversed me me multiple times tonight wihtout discussion. I have left copious notes on that talk page explaining my edits, but Neutrality dos not dialog with me.

I really would appreciate some guidedance on getting Neutrality to give me some breathing room.

Also, please take note, although I am feeling very pressed againg by Neutrality, I am not reverting to my intial method of snide commentary.

Since Snowspinner chastized me several days ago with a 24hr ban, I have reconsidered and am avoiding harsh statements. That being the case, when can I expect Neutrality to be advised to leave me be and not be so agressive to me? Rex071404 01:50, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Please re-consider Re: Requests_for_arbitration/Rex071404
On the advice of Mbecker, I am voluntarily abstaining from any John Kerry edits for several days. Also, I have added substaintial information to my section of the evidence page, please review that.  Also, please take note that my principal accuser Neutrality has also been involved in aggresive revert activities at George_W._Bush and yet, though I have also begun to edit George_W._Bush, I have not been involved in acrimonious debates on that talk page nor any reverts there at all. There is no tactful way to say this, but if you look at the state the John Kerry page was before I arrived, I think you'd agree that this entrenched group of editors who is after me (principally JamesMLane and Neutrality) had a very heavy pro-Kerry bias on that page. I truly do want to avoid being kicked out and to that end, have several times asked my principal accuser Neutrality to dialog with me on my talk page and I also requested mediation with him. He declined both. Rex071404 07:35, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Temporary injunction concerning Rex071404
In the proposed decision concerning this user, you supported a broad temporary ban. Since then, other ArbCom members have voted in favor of a temporary ban that would apply only to three articles. As one of the users aggrieved by Rex's conduct, I would like to see that second temporary order approved as soon as possible, and it seems logically included within the one you supported, so I hope you will return to the page and vote Yea on the alternative proposed order. JamesMLane 19:57, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Question about "Lyndon LaRouche"
Dear Arbitration Committee:

I have read the following:

 * === Remedies===
 * 1) Original work which originates from Lyndon LaRouche and his movement may be removed from any Wikipedia article in which it appears other than the article Lyndon LaRouche and other closely related articles.
 * Passed with 5 of 6 active arbitrators on 2 August 2004. No votes against and no abstentions

 * 3) User:Adam Carr is banned for one day for making a personal attack.
 * Passed with 5 of 6 active arbitrators on 2 August 2004. No votes against and no abstentions

 * 4) Supporters of Lyndon LaRouche are instructed not to add references to Lyndon directly to articles except where they are highly relevant, and not to engage in activities that might be perceived as "promotion" of Lyndon LaRouche.
 * Passed with 5 of 6 active arbitrators on 2 August 2004. No votes against and no abstentions

 * ===Enforcement ===
 * 1) Wikipedia users who engage in re-insertion of original research which originated with Lyndon LaRouche and his movement or engage in edit wars regarding insertion of such material shall be subject to ban upon demonstration to the Arbitration Committee of the offense.
 * Passed with 5 of 6 active arbitrators on 2 August 2004. No votes against and no abstentions

 * 3) If an article is protected due to edit wars over the removal of Lyndon-related material, Admins are empowered (as an exception to normal protection policy) to protect the version which does not mention Lyndon LaRouche.
 * Passed with 5 of 6 active arbitrators on 2 August 2004. No votes against and no abstentions

I have attempted twice to restore this passage to the article:

 * Former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark has tried to clear LaRouche's name, arguing that investigators and political opponents had abused the legal process to eliminate him. Clark wrote in 1995, in a letter to then serving Attorney General Janet Reno: "I bring this matter to you directly, because I believe it involves a broader range of deliberate and systematic misconduct and abuse of power over a longer period of time in an effort to destroy a political movement and leader, than any other federal prosecution in my time or to my knowledge."[http:// larouchein2004.net/ exoneration/ clarkletter.htm]

 * In the early 1990s, while LaRouche was in prison, full page advertisements, calling for LaRouche to be exonerated, appeared in papers such as the New York Times and Washington Post. Among the signators were heads of state and cabinet-level officials from around the world, including Arturo Frondizi, former President of Argentina; leaders of the American Civil Rights Movement, including Amelia Boynton Robinson (the heroine of Bloody Sunday) and Rosa Parks; former Minnesota Senator and Democratic Presidential Candidate Eugene McCarthy; and prominent artists, such as violinist Norbert Brainin, former primarius of the Amadeus Quartet.

 * It is interesting, and perhaps puzzling, that these individuals came to the defense of a man who has been so universally condemned in the press throughout the English-speaking world.

It had been reverted by administrator Guanaco. When I replaced it he reverted it again, with the explanation that it was forbidden by the AC ruling. I put it back in, saying that I had read the AC ruling. Then it was reverted by administrator AndyL. Could you please explain how the ruling forbids this? The section is certainly factual and I think it makes the article more neutral. Weed Harper 14:17, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Lyndon LaRouche case ruling - some tweaks to enforcement #4
Requests for arbitration/Lyndon LaRouche/Proposed decision - I've modified enforcement #4 in light of Fred's clarification - principally that we're giving admins the ability to decide the matter. You might want to change your vote? Martin 19:14, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Jimbo case
Note:Jimbo Wales is not the Queen of England. And harassing people by email is not acceptable. Xed 14:21, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Rex071404 case
here 20:08, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

James, you've voted in support of a fact of finding in the Rex case that several of us have raised serious concerns about, and believe was unjustified. I'd appreciate a response on the appropriate talk page. Ambi 23:40, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

IRC Banning
JamesF, I've been banned from the #wikipedia IRC channel by Snowspinner, for what he considers "personal attacks" against him.

I don't feel I did make any personal attack, nor am I aware that banning from IRC for "personal attacks" is supported by policy (but with so many policies, perhaps it is and I've missed it). And in any case, I think it contravenes policy for Snowspinner to take action in a dispute to which he is a party to.

In what way do I contest the banning, and Snowspinner's banning for a dispute he is party to?

A log of the conversation leading up to the ban is given at User:Orthogonal/IRC ban by Snowspinner.

Thanks. -- orthogonal 04:58, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Ugh. Sorry you're getting dragged into this. The short form is that orthogonal has been harassing me in IRC for about a month. Today, in the name of "parody" he changed his nick to Sn0wsinner and proceeded to make a few comments at my expense. Though this was in the context of parody, with other users imitating Jimbo and Larry, between the nick and the fact that orthogonal's feelings towards me have been made clear in the past, I was not amused. I told orthogonal to stop when I got back to the channel and found that. He decided to push the issue and troll me. I banned him.
 * That said, IRC's not your department, so I doubt you're worying about it that much. Fennec has indicated that he backs me on it, noting that he wanted to ban him himself. But I figured I'd at least explain, since this got dumped on your talk page. Snowspinner 06:14, Aug 29, 2004 (UTC)

Hey-o. Read the text you left on my page; sorry to hear that your disagreement has come to this level, but IRC is beyond the scope of the Arbitration Committee, and I am only an "empowered-user" on the Arbitration-specific IRC channel, not on #wikipedia generally.

Yours,

James F. (talk) 14:27, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for getting back to me so soon, and sorry to take so long to thank you. :) -- orthogonal 02:42, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

= Other discussion elements =

Paxman interview with Michael Howard
elements cross-posted

Hi JD. I spotted your reversion on the Michael Howard article and looked to see what it was that was being reverted. In fact the anonymous contributor is correct. Paxman's famed piece with Howard was a bit of theatre because he had been informed as he asked the question - the last question he had as the interview was 40 seconds from the end - through his earpiece that the next segment wasn't ready and was told "keep talking." People in the media often have this experience. Sometimes a newscaster can be delivering a script about a film report even as the report is still being edited, with people screaming "stall. Keep talking. It'll be ready in a minute" in their earpiece. (I've seen it in studio once. The presenter had to ad-lib one and a half minutes in a news bulletin, remembering something he had read about in a newspaper while a panicked production office tried desparately to get the next report ready. When the presenter came off set he punched the editor who had screwed up the report, screaming obscenities at him for leaving him making up news for a minute in front of 10 million people!)

Anyway, that is what happened with Howard. I personally have no time for Howard, but that segment was grossly unfair to him. The BBC presented it as an example of tough questioning but it was nothing of the sort. It is simply a presenter stalling for time after yet another Newsnight screw-up by theatrically the same question over and over again of a politician who had made it clear the first time he would not answer; whether it was that he did not want to, or had been advised by the Home Office that in view of a suspected impending court action he could not answer it, is still debated. But Howard just had the bad luck to be in a studio with a presenter who had run out of questions and had time to fill, and who instead of asking more questions staged a gimmicky repeating of the same question. (BTW Paxman himself is embarrassed over it in retrospect and has openly admitted that it was a 'fun filler' to stall for a few minutes, not real tough journalism.) I'll re-instate in a reworded form the bit added in by the anonymous contributor. FearÉIREANN 18:41, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Heya James,
 * Umm... I don't quite understand what you said on my talk page — I was reverting the edits of an anonymous editor who was removing the comment about the interview's theatre being rather... accidental. I, too, am somewhat averse to Howard's political stance, but I felt that removing the caveat was somewhat POV. I rather like your rewording, however.
 * James F. (talk) 23:23, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Infobox changes
elements cross-posted

Something about your changes broke the stacked infoboxs in Winston Churchill. I reverted to the last stable versions, until we can figure out what happened. -- Netoholic 19:54, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * ... on Winston Churchill? Are you sure? That was the page I was using as a benchmark. What was the problem?
 * James F. (talk) 20:01, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The text near where the BPM infobox was rendered was pushed over. It seemed that the area around the box had an extremely large left margin. I don't see in the code why that happened, but it did. Wierd interaction with the "Table of Contents", maybe? -- Netoholic 20:05, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, that. Yes, that's your fault - the br-tags with "clear="all"' on them. :-) Will fix.
 * James F. (talk) 20:11, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Where do you see BR tags with clear=all? -- Netoholic 20:32, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * s/br-tags with/CSS styles/
 * It's been a long editing session.
 * 20:44, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The current version (with 1em right margin) shows on my screen about 1 inch wide from the right. Set to 0em, it shows a very slight margin, aligned with all the other elements of the page section. What browser/skin do you use? The printed version also shows an exceptionally wide margin, wasting space and pushing the text over unnecessarily. -- Netoholic 21:41, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Monobook and Classic, on Mozilla and Opera, on Windows and Mac OS X.
 * What broken browser are you using? ;-)
 * James F. (talk) 21:57, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I always test web work on the latest IE 6, since it currently is used by something like 70% of web users. Feel free to take a screen shot and post it, but I think your margins may not be typical. In any case, printing is affected by the extra margins, which is a bigger concern. -- Netoholic 22:04, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Foundation website
Sorry, but wikimediafoundation.org is the right one :-) wikimedia.org will be a redirect :-) SweetLittleFluffyThing

47 Ronin
Did you look on the Talk:47 Ronin page, with the statistics I carefully gathered from Google, before I selected the page name? '47 Ronin' is the most common form of the name, which is why that's what I had it under. If you want to disregard this, can you point me to the Wikipedia policy page which says that you shouldn't use the most common form of a name in this circumstance? Thanks. Noel 03:37, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I made the move over 4 months ago at the specific behest of another user; FWICR, I glanced at the talk: page, and didn't find any show-stoppers, so went ahead.
 * In general, we use "most common name", yes, but we also have rules about spelling out numbers when they start a sentence, and here these would be opposed. You yourself said that you would have prefered to locate the article were it is now, indeed.
 * However, given the way I moved the page, it's perfectly possible for you (or any user, indeed) to move it back.
 * James F. (talk) 13:45, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Saint Peter
Thank you for your messages. But I don't think Simon Peter as a Saint, but he is only a apostle of Jesus Christ. I think this tittle is based on Saint worship, is't it? If so, it is unnutral and POV. If you want to create the article about Saint Peter differed from Simon Peter, I think you should write that it is based on Saint worship. Rantaro 11:59, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

-ize/-ise
On Lord Elmsworth's use page you wrote:

 * Regardless of what you, or even the OED, consider to be preferred and/or correct (and I could go on at length about how the OED considers itself a non-perscriptive tome, and so doesn't claim anything 'correct' at all), use of "-ize" is generally considered an Americanism, and, certainly, to switch to it (an action, rather than a usage, IYSWIM) can be considered... unfavourably.

Are you saying that switching to an American usage ought to be considered unfavorably, or will be considered unfavorably? If the latter, are those who will so consider it worthy of our respect? Some people consider education itself unfavorably, and those who edit here will ignore those people. Would you say that the fact that something is generally considered an Americanism is more important than whether it is an Americanism? Many things the less learned among the British consider Americanisms were standard in England in 1750 (quite possibly including -ize; I'm not quite sure) and are used in America only because they were brought from England; should we therefore consider 18th-century English writers unfavorably? Michael Hardy 00:39, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * This comment was made in the explicit context of the Wikipedia policy as it applied to a topic specifically about British-related things (and thus, to be written in BE if there is any thought to it). Please do not seek to lecture me on it as if it were otherwise. :-)
 * What was and is no more British English is linguistically and sociologically interesting, but not particularly relevent to the Wikipedia's policy, which is evidently talking about current usage patterns. To expand on my original text:
 * [...] use of "-ize" is generally considered by those who aren't American as an American English-ism, and, certainly, to go out of one's way to switch to it (an action, rather than a usage, IYSWIM) would appear to most BE people to be an outright, if very minor, violation of policy, and as such can well endanger your edits be considered... unfavourably by them, something with which I would disagree.
 * HTH.
 * Yours,
 * James F. (talk) 00:54, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry I was so snappish in this; I'd just been working on an Arbitration case for 3 hours solid, and the annoyance was getting to me. My apologies.
 * James F. (talk) 01:19, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

OK, I think I understand now.

A while back there was a discussion of "Dr. Johnson", which is now perhaps considered American usage, versus "Dr Johnson", now standard in England. This was in the article about the British lexicogapher/philosopher/philologist/poet/whatever-else, so it's a "British-related" thing. However, I think in Dr. Johnson's time, "Dr. Johnson", with that form of punctuation, was standard in England (and I think continued so until perhaps five or six decades ago). I have no strong feelings about which form should be used in the Wikipedia article, but would a British critic be right or wrong to consider it "American" usage even while it was standard British usage in Johnson's time? Michael Hardy 21:23, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting example. Personally, I prefer "Dr./Mr./Mrs.". Calling him "Dr Johnson" would, apparently, be more 'correct' if it was being written in modern BE (in the same way that we say that William I of England was "the King of England", not "le Roi d'Angleterre"), and "Dr. Johnson" were it to be done so in modern AE, so yes, I suppose they have a point. I just think they're wrong to prefer it without the full stops :-)
 * James F. (talk) 23:21, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Template:Oxbridge College Infobox
Hi. How do you propose we deal with colleges without a motto such as Emmanuel College, Cambridge? This is why I changed it to one parameter rather than two. Lupin 16:51, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Just not passing anything works...
 * James F. (talk) 16:53, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I don't understand your reply.

 * I think that the emmanuel page looks horribly ugly as things stand. I also question the point of having "Previous names -" in the table. We need a way of marking parameters in templates as optional - until we have that, I feel it's better to get a template that gives nice results than one that is internally elegant. Lupin 16:59, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Not passing anything - "[...] motto_Latin = | motto_Lattin = | [...]". I agree, it would be nice to have optional elements, but it would also be nice to be paid to do this... We can remove certain parts (I just took the infobox from Trinity and made it into a template). The problem with doing the crest your way is that it's a bit... ugly :-). Oh well.
 * James F. (talk) 17:02, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * How about dropping the past names field?
 * James F. (talk) 17:04, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Conversation can be continued here -- Prisonblues 18:24, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Support
Thank you very much for your support during my recent run for adminship. It means a lot, especially coming from a seasoned contributor such as yourself. Mike H 04:17, Sep 7, 2004 (UTC)

Brackets
Brackets indicate that words aren't original, but an ellipsis can show that words in quotes were omitted. Although dots are sometimes put in brackets, it's not a unanimously standard practice. The MLA recommends it, but the Chicago Manual of Style, which the Manual of Style seems to prefer, does not address it. If Wikipedia has a policy on brackets and ellipses, please inform me, but otherwise I think that ellipses outside of the brackets are nicer looking. Andre 22:07, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

STOP THIS INSTANT
Where did that horrible new infobox come from? It's disgusting! I really, REALLY think you should go back to the old one! [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 18:06, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Reply on template talk page. [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 18:17, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Sorry. It was obviously the others messing around, and you trying to put things back on course. I apologise for launching my torpedos before looking. [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 19:00, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't worry about it. :-)
 * James F. (talk) 20:39, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Black Africans
"Black African" isn't the same as "African-ethnic" as Africa is the native continent of blacks (Bantu descended people); Khoisan peoples not descended from "black" Bantu peoples; pygmies (also genetically distinct from Bantus); various Semitic peoples, including Arabs; and Caucasian peoples, such as white South Africans. -- orthogonal 18:22, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not the native continent of whites. Well, it is, but it hasn't been since before they were white, if you see what I mean. "Black African" reads like a very poor piece of political correctness - how's "Black-ethnic"?

 * As I said, they don't mean the same thing -- a Black-ethnic may well have been born in Chicago or London and lived there all his life. A black African is an African of black (Bantu, more or less) descent. "African-ethnic" is essentially meaningless, given the multiple ethnicities native to Africa. If racial/ethnic information is irrelevant to the discussion, I'd just leave it out. Actually, to me"Black African" sounds pre-political correctness, something you might more often have seen in the days of colonialism. But regardless of the impression any is get from it, it does mean something and that's not synonymous with the substitutes you propose. I'm not trying to give you a hard time here, I just don't want make a change that changes meaning. -- orthogonal 19:07, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, I'm not annoyed, just intersted.
 * But surely, given that we've already established that these are Sudanese people, saying that they're from Africa is pointless? The black-ethnic Sudanese people are, surely, the exact set we're trying to term?
 * James F. (talk) 19:12, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, not quite. I hadn't realized what the case was about, as I'd just seen your summary on my watchlist. The Sudan conflict is between black Christian Africans (the victims) and Arab Muslim Africans (the ones doing the killings and enslavings). So in this case, "Black African" was likely used to distinguish between the two groups involved. -- orthogonal 19:23, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Changes on United Kingdom
I'm curious why you changed the UK total population. The number i used was released yesterday by the National Statistics office of the UK. [-- Pilot101 19:38, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)]

 * Dear lord, Jdforrester has the power to change the population of whole countries? Is he a mass murderer, or does he father lots of children, or is he a really lax worker in Her Majesty's Immigration Office? -- orthogonal 19:44, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * That would be REX who changed that ; I've now re-instated your figure.
 * James F. (talk) 20:42, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * And has done so again. Fun. Reverted, left a note.
 * James F. (talk) 02:17, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Changes to England
Thanks for getting rid of the deprecated elements and attributes in the infobox. However, I would like to take issue with your removal of the word country. I think England can be described as a country. Scotland is, and I suspect anyone trying to change it would find themselves reverted. There was some discussion of this on Talk:England not too long ago, in which it seemed people were happy with the use of "country". I notice that in that discussion you said that the article was about England before the unification with Wales. I disagree with this: the article seems to be about England at all stages of its history, and if it isn't, does that mean we have no article on England as it exists today? I won't revert you because I don't want to seem like some kind of angry nationalist, but I do think it's perfectly legitimate to call England a country, and that this is preferable to the awkward manner of calling it a "part" of the United Kingdom. All that needs to be stressed is that while England, Scotland and Wales are countries, they have long since ceased to be sovereign states. Cheers. — Trilobite (Talk) 01:32, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Replied on Talk:England.
 * James F. (talk) 02:17, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comparison of web browsers
Why Web? --Cantus 06:15, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * See Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style - in summary, the Web and the Internet are proper nouns, and so get capitalised.
 * James F. (talk) 06:16, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Please, please, stop
elements cross-posted

You have now gone thrice through the article United Kingdom, and once England, concatenating table lines together into rows. Although this is something that one can do, for tables of this nature (rather than small ones that the functionality was originally for) it severely diminishes the readability of the page for editors with no advantage.

You seem to dislike stylesheets, including, quite mind-numbing-ly, switching from other tags to use of the " " tags, which is expressly wrong - they are deprecated, and anything else (including, indeed, no markup at all) is favoured in their place.

You revert changes to articles without noting so, which is rather rude.

You have repeatedly change the population figure on United Kingdom to an unofficial figure, purportedly for 2004, when both I and Pilot101 are attempting to use the official 2003 figure as announced just a few days ago by the ONS.

Other small, miscellaneous points:

 * 244,820 km² is of the order of 1 E 11 m², not 1 E 19 m² (1000^2 * 2.44 E 5 = 2.44 E (5+6) = 2.44 E 11).
 * Currency figures are quoted at "$1.664 trillion", not "1.664 trillion $"
 * The names of songs, such as national anthems, are italicised in print.
 * Similarly, foreign terms are also italicised, such as de facto, ex generalis (and e.g.), &c..
 * The term "Calling code" is an Americanism; "Dialling code" is the term as used in the United Kingdom.

I am now going to do my best to fix the above.

Yours,

James F. (talk) 00:54, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Dear Sir,
 * I apologise for any inconvenience that I may have caused. I was merely conforming the pages to the template at WikiProject Countries. If you feel that it will improve articles not doing so I will stop.
 * Also, I would like to ask you about the size of the letters at the head of the table on the United Kingdom article. I must confess, I find them too big. If you look at the articles of any other countries (e.g. Russia, Greece, Poland and others) you will find that they are of reasonable size. As you have asked me to stop editing the article I feel that I must ask you to reduce the size of the heading.
 * Yours truly,
 * REX 14:12, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you so very much for promising to not edit the page, and then going back on your word; it does so fill one with confidence in your ability to work with others.
 * The "template" at WikiProject Countries is several years old, and has been refined over time. A more modern codification of the overall ethos of the infobox is located at Template:Infobox Countries, which, as I'm sure you can plainly see, is actually what is on the United Kingdom page.
 * Yours,
 * James F. (talk) 23:49, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Dear Sir,
 * I would like to draw your attention to every other article of a country. They are using the very template which I used on my last Edit of the United Kingdom article. You now used a different form which apart from being very hard to read (as the writing is so small), makes the article differ from every other article and is what you told me I shouldn't have done in your first post. I edited the article because after asking you to fix the table as you call it, you didn't do anything. So, obviously someone had to do it.
 * If you look at both versions of the article mine and yours, you will see that mine apart from being much easier to read (writing is bigger) conforms to the other articles of countries.
 * Yours truly,
 * REX 09:29, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Compare your version,, with mine (after Jiang's correction, which I had intended), . The size of the header is identical. I'm going to revert to the newer version, and increase the font-size, as this seems to be the only thing you want, and you're just going about it the wrong way. Please don't be so much of a stick-in-the-mud.
 * James F. (talk) 22:18, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Now done: : as said, I have increased the text size, though in my opinion it is now far too large, and rather ugly; no matter. As for the time you so very kindly gave me in order to acquiesce to your demands, less than 5 hours, well, some of us don't spend our time checking the Wikipedia for the latest bon môt to pass your lips.
 * James F. (talk) 22:29, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Dear Sir, I believe that you are being rather aggressive. I do not think that I have treated you in such a way, if I have however, I apologise. Also, I think that you have the wrong idea about what I was saying. It may be my fault as English is not my first language. I was proposing to reduce the size of the heading and increase the size of the letters inside the cells of the table. The size of the heading is large, and the size of the other letters is 95%. I propose that we change the size of the title to +15 and the size of the other letters to 100%. Other changes I propose are to increase the width to 305 px and to remove the style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;. I have below two samples for you to look at.

{|
 * The one on the right is the table as it currently exists:

 * The one on the left is how I propose that it should be (latest):

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1em 0 1em 1em; float:right; width:300px;"
 * + style="font-size:medium;" | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland†
 * align="center" colspan="2" |
 * align="center" colspan="2" |

(French: God and my right)'' 1 - Total - % water 244,820 km² 1.3% - Total (2003) - Density 59,553,700 246/km² - Total (2003)  - GDP/head US$1.664 trillion $27,700 (1) In Scotland the Motto is Nemo Me Impune Lacessit (Latin: "No-one harms me with impunity"). (2) Officially recognised regional languages: In Wales: Welsh; and in the Western Isles: Scottish Gaelic.
 * align="center" colspan="2" font-size:small;" | ''Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit
 * align="center" colspan="2" font-size:small;" | ''Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit
 * align="center" colspan="2" | [[image:LocationUnitedKingdom.png]]
 * Official language
 * None, English is de facto 2
 * Capital
 * London
 * Capital's coordinates
 * 51° 30' N, 0° 10' W
 * Largest city
 * London
 * Queen
 * Elizabeth II
 * Prime Minister
 * Tony Blair
 * Political system
 * Constitutional monarchy
 * Area
 * Elizabeth II
 * Prime Minister
 * Tony Blair
 * Political system
 * Constitutional monarchy
 * Area
 * Constitutional monarchy
 * Area
 * Area
 * Ranked 76th
 * Population
 * Population
 * Ranked 21st
 * GDP (PPP)
 * GDP (PPP)
 * Ranked 4th
 * Currency
 * Pound Sterling (£)
 * Time zone
 * UTC, Summer: UTC +1
 * Establishment
 * 1801 (Act of Union 1800 3)
 * National anthem
 * God Save the Queen 4
 * Internet TLD
 * .uk 5
 * Dialling code
 * 44
 * International call prefix
 * 00
 * colspan="2" align="left" |
 * Dialling code
 * 44
 * International call prefix
 * 00
 * colspan="2" align="left" |
 * 00
 * colspan="2" align="left" |
 * colspan="2" align="left" |

(3) Formed as United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Name changed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927.

(4) unofficial

(5) ISO 3166-1 is GB
 * }

 * James F.'s suggestion:

 * }

Please tell me what you think. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours truly, REX 09:37, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Your original changes increased the size of the header as well, which has lead a great deal to my confusion in this matter, as well as did my failure to notice the change to the main body's text (I thought that you were talking about the header, not the main, text). A breakdown:
 * Heading size large -> larger : That's what I did already; Jiang changed it to large. We should not use "+15" and its like, as these are absolute changes.
 * Normal size 95% -> 100% : I have already increased it as you wanted fom 90%; and more, and I think we would be going too far.
 * Width 300px -> 305px : There is no need to do this; the current text fits fine, and increasing the encroachment of the box into the page is perhaps not a good idea, as it will look too large.
 * Removal of separation bar : I'm not sure that this is a good idea; it is a useful, helpful, clear distinction between graphical and textual content. However, if you must, I'm happy to have it removed.
 * I have implemented these changes above, for comparison.
 * If I have been overly aggressive, I apologise; my work here of late has involved a great deal of regrettable confrontation. I hope that in future we can productive work together. :-)
 * James F. (talk) 09:58, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Dear James,
 * I believe that you are right. We do not need to change the table's width from 300px to 305px. I do believe though that the size of the letters inside the cells should be 100%, because by so doing the letters of the main text are the same size as the letters on the table as they are in most other articles (e.g. Greece, Germany). I am proposing this because smaller letters would be harder to be read by people with bad eyesight (such as myself).
 * I still think that the letters of the heading should be of size +15. That means that they are bigger than the other letters on the table as they are in other articles (e.g. France, Russia). +15 I believe would also be easier to be edited, because descriptions such as big, large and larger could mean anything, but a number shows the size of the letters as they appear on a word processing program which most computer users are familiar with.
 * I have no firm believes with regard to the separation bar, as some articles include it (e.g. Hungary) and some don't (e.g. Poland). It is however not included in the template.
 * Concluding, I believe that by using these suggestions, we would be able to create a sense of consistency between most articles (of countries).
 * I have modified the middle table above accordingly.
 * I sincerely look forward to hearing from you.
 * REX 12:28, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The whole point is that an infobox is nicely and clearly laid out, unlike normal text, and so can be smaller without loss of readability; I think more than 95% is unnecessary. The terms "large", "larger", "big", and so on do not "mean anything", they mean a very specific increase relative to the currently used size - the relative size of the heading to the text will be the same, everywhere; "+15", however, is an absolute increase, which is very bad, because it means that the relative size of the heading to the text will be different for different people.
 * I would suggest that, if you have poor eyesight, the most effective cure is to increase the font size of your browser, rather than others' pages; it's what I do when I'm not using my glasses.
 * James F. (talk) 12:52, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I see. What do you think we should do then? I'm sure that you agree that the United Kingdom page differs from other articles (of countries). Do you think that is a good thing though? I recommend that you spend some time looking at other articles of countries and then you will see that my recommendations make them and the UK page alike. Would the indication Medium be able to be used to describe the title? I changed my sample above accordingly. REX 14:02, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Dear James, This isn't getting anywhere. I would like you to tell me what you think of my latest version above before I put it on the article. The main points I believe that you will be interested are: I believe that with these changes, the UK article will be like the other articles of countries. Yours truly, REX 19:21, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The fort size of the heading is medium.
 * The font size of the royal motto and the notes at the bottom is small.
 * The font size of the rest of the table is the same size as the letters of the main article (the font-size: 90%; has been erased).
 * The table's width is 305px (This can be changed, I set it at 305px because before the table looked quite long and thin).
 * The separation bar has been removed.

 * I thought we had agreed on 300px still? And "medium" is too small; "larger" is fine, really.
 * And the idea is not to make the United Kingdom article look like all the others - I'm happy to alter a few hundred pages to conform to a better standard - the idea is to make the United Kingdom article look /best/.
 * James F. (talk) 06:31, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Would you like to check it now? I think that a width of 300px would be appropriate. Are you sure that larger is larger than Medium? If you compare my sample to yours (your heading size is larger and mine is medium) you will see that medium is larger. REX 10:52, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, that's fine. Do you want to do it, or should I?
 * James F. (talk) 12:13, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I just did it. I must say, I really enjoyed co-operating with you. REX 15:39, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ring species
Done-ity done done done. Do feel free to reformat and tweak the example which (it is afterall half eleven) I feel I may have expressed somewhat clumsily. You can find a diagram to help here. Incidentally, if someone can get hold of or make a similar diagram for the article, I feel it would clarify things no end. --Viki 22:23, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Paragraph_175
I've responded to your objection at Featured_article_candidates. Please respond, in turn. -- Jmabel 22:09, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello? -- Jmabel 00:09, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * What? I made it clear that I didn't mean my comment as an objection (quite the contrary), but dismissing my comment does not my problem solve. :-)
 * James F. (talk) 06:27, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdforrester/Old Archive 3


text:
Bunge Land

Bunge Land or Zemlya Bunge is a huge empty and almost barren intermediate zone in the Anzhu Islands north of Siberia. It is located between Kotelny and Faddeyevsky, which, unlike Bunge Land, could be described as proper islands. Sandy and flat, its area is 6,200 km2.

Since most of its surface rises only to a maximum height of 8 m above sea level, Bunge Land is flooded during storm surges, except for a very small area in the southeast that rises to an elevation of 11 to 21 m above sea level. The area that is periodically submerged accounts for over 80% of the total surface and is practically devoid of vegetation.

Bunge Land is named after Russian zoologist and explorer Alexander Alexandrovich Bunge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bunge Land


text:
Jahiliyyah

Jahiliyyah (, "ignorance") is a polemical Islamic and Arabic term that refers to the period of time and state of affairs in Pre-Islamic Arabia before the advent of Islam in 609 CE. It usually refers to the Age of Ignorance. The term jahiliyyah may be derived from the verbal root jahala (جهل), "to be ignorant or stupid, to act stupidly". Alternatively, it is an abstract noun derived from jāhil, referring to barbarism.

In modern times, various Islamic thinkers have used the term to criticize what they see as the un-Islamic nature of public and private life in the Muslim world. For Islamist scholars like Muhammad Rashid Rida, Abul A'la Maududi, and others, Jahiliyyah refers to secular modernity and modern Western culture. In his works, Maududi asserted that modernity is the "new jahiliyyah." Sayyid Qutb viewed jahiliyyah as a state of domination of humans over humans, as opposed to their submission to God. Radical groups have justified armed struggle against secular regimes as a jihad against jahiliyyah.

Islamic historians state that female infanticide was common in seventh-century Arabia. However, the information in the sources may have been greatly exaggerated in order to criticize the Age of Ignorance, both for religious concerns and for other reasons. (See also:Women in pre-Islamic Arabia and Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia)

The time of Fatrah and the time of Jahiliyyah are fairly similar concepts in Islam, although there are some minor differences. Generally speaking, the concept of Fatrah refers to those whom the message of God was not or could not be transmitted, typically due to time or location. Meanwhile, Jahiliyyah refers to those who might have had the option of following monotheism (Hanif) as per their knowledge, but chose not to, due to ignorance, pride, or similar reasons.

Etymology
The term jahiliyyah is derived from the Arabic verbal root jahala "to be ignorant or stupid, to act stupidly". It has been suggested that the word jahiliyyah in the Quran means "ignorant people", against both the traditional Islamic interpretation "Age of Ignorance", and the Orientalist interpretation "(state of) ignorance" (Ancient Greek ἄγνοια). The basic argument is that the ending -iyyah in early Arabic (Arabiyya) denotes a collective plural noun rather than an abstract noun, as the word jahiliyya was later understood.

In the Quran
The term Jahiliyyah is used several places in the Quran, and translations often use various terms to represent it:

 * Then, following misery, He sent down upon you a feeling of security, a slumber overcoming a party among you, while another party cared only for themselves, thinking false thoughts about God, thoughts fit for the Age of Idolatry. Quran 3:154
 * Do they truly desire the law of paganism? But who is fairer than God in judgment for a people firm of faith? Quran 5:50
 * Remain in your homes, and do not display your adornments, as was the case with the earlier Age of Barbarism. Quran 33:33
 * For the unbelievers had planted in their hearts a zealotry, the zealotry of lawlessness ... Quran 48:26

Historical concept
This term can be used in reference to the Arabic culture before the arrival of Islam.

Before the Islamic conversion a portion of the Arab tribes were nomadic, with a strong community spirit and some specific society rules. Their culture was patriarchal, with rudimentary religious beliefs. Although there were some traces of monotheism in the "hanifs" figures, their religious beliefs were based mostly on idol adorations and social congregations once a year around the Kaaba for trading and exchanges. Since the term is, in its deep sense, used as a condition, and not as an historical period, the Jahiliyya is used to describe the period of ignorance and darkness that pre-dated the arrival of Islam. It refers to the general condition of those that haven't accepted the Muslim faith.

A notable usage of this concept during the Islamic Golden Age is from the 13th-century theologian Ibn Taymiyyyah (d. 1328 C.E/ 728 A.H) who pronounced Takfir (excommunication) upon the Mongol Ikhanid monarchs who had publicly professed themselves as Muslims; yet implemented a legal system which was based on Yassa code, instead of sharia (Islamic law). According to Ibn Taymiyyah, a ruler who claims to be Muslim but codifies man-made laws for governance is guilty of the pagan idolatry of Jahiliyya; in spite of his declaration of the shahada (Islamic testimony of faith), or regular observance of Salah (prayers), Sawm (fasting) and other outward expressions of religiosity. Classical Mufassir (Qur'anic commentator) Ibn Kathir ( d. 1373/ 774 A.H), a prominent pupil of Ibn Taymiyyah, propounds the same belief in his Tafsir (exegesis) of the Qur'anic verses "Whoso judgeth not according to what God hath revealed, they are the transgressors. . . . Do they therefore seek after the Jahiliyya (pre-Islamic times)?" (Surah Al-Ma'idah); writing: "'[These verses] refer to people who abide by regulations and laws set by men, to fit their own misguided desires and whims, rather than adhering to the Shari'a bestowed upon us by Allah. This was the case with the inhabitants [of Arabia] during the jahiliyya . . . and (today) with the Mongols who follow the Yasa code set down by Genghis Khan, which is a conglomeration of laws, some taken from Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and other legal traditions, and many others decided upon by the whim of the Mongol rulers; the whole amalgam being given priority over the laws of Allah laid down in the Koran and the Sunna. Those who follow such (man-made) laws are infidels and should be combated until they comply with the laws of God.'"

"Modern Jahiliyyah" argument and Islamic revivalism
During the 1930s, militant Islamist movements began to increasingly assert that Islamic civilisation was threatened by the encroachment of Western values. At this juncture, the concept of Jahiliyya was revived by leading Islamic scholars Sayyid Rashid Rida (d.1935 C.E/ 1354 A.H) and Abul A'la Maududi (d. 1979 C.E/ 1399 A.H); both of whom equated the modern Western culture and its values with Jahiliyya. The notion was revived by prominent scholars of the twentieth century Egypt and South Asia; regions that were being impacted by increasing Westernization. These scholars saw in the doctrines of classical theologians like Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328 C.E/ 728 A.H), Ibn Qayyim (d. 1350 C.E/ 751 A.H), Ibn Kathir (d. 1373 C.E/ 774 A.H), etc. various remedies to the influx of foreign cultural influences.

Syrian-Egyptian Salafi theologian Rashid Rida was the first major 20th-century Islamist scholar to revive Ibn Taymiyya's ideas. He described those "geographical Muslims" who nominally adhere to Islam without disavowing the man-made laws as being upon the conditioning of Jahiliyyah. Rida asserts in Tafsir al-Manar that the Qur’ānic verse 5:44 condemning those who don't judge by Sharia (Islamic Law) refers to:"'.. those Muslim [rulers] who introduce novel laws today and forsake the Shari'a enjoined upon them by God. . . . They thus abolish supposedly 'distasteful’ penalties such as cutting off the hands of thieves or stoning adulterers and prostitutes. They replace them by man-made laws and penalties. He who does that has undeniably become an infidel.'"

Abul Ala Maududi, characterized modernity with its values, lifestyles, and political norms as the "new Jahiliyyah" which was incompatible with Islam. Such criticisms of modernity were taken up in the emerging anti-colonialist rhetoric, and the term gained currency in the Arab world through translations of Maududi's work. The concept of modern Jahiliyyah attained wide popularity through a 1950 work by Maududi's student Abul Hasan Nadvi, titled What Did the World Lose Due to the Decline of Islam? Expounding Maududi's views, Nadvi wrote that Muslims were to be held accountable for their predicament, because they came to rely on alien, un-Islamic institutions borrowed from the West.

In Egypt, Sayyid Qutb popularized the term in his influential work Ma'alim fi al-Tariq "Milestones", which included the assertion that "the Muslim community has been extinct for a few centuries." "When a person embraced Islam during the time of the Prophet, he would immediately cut himself off from Jahiliyyah. When he stepped into the circle of Islam, he would start a new life, separating himself completely from his past life under ignorance of the Divine Law. He would look upon the deeds during his life of ignorance with mistrust and fear, with a feeling that these were impure and could not be tolerated in Islam! With this feeling, he would turn toward Islam for new guidance; and if at any time temptations overpowered him, or the old habits attracted him, or if he became lax in carrying out the injunctions of Islam, he would become restless with a sense of guilt and would feel the need to purify himself of what had happened, and would turn to the Quran to mold himself according to its guidance. — Sayyid Qutb"

In his commentary on verse 5:50 of the Quran, Qutb wrote:

"Jahiliyya [...] is the rule of humans by humans because it involves making some humans servants of others, rebelling against service to God, rejecting God's divinity (ulahiyya) and, in view of this rejection, ascribing divinity to some humans and serving them apart from God. [...] People—in any time and any place—are either governed by God's shari'a—entirely, without any reservations—accepting it and submitting to it, in which case they are following God's religion, or they are governed by a shari'a invented by humans, in whatever form, and accept it. In that case they are in jahiliyya [...]"

Qutb further wrote: "The foremost duty of Islam in this world is to depose Jahiliyyah from the leadership of man, and to take the leadership into its own hands and enforce the particular way of life which is its permanent feature.

Use of the term for modern Muslim society is usually associated with Qutb's other radical ideas (or Qutbism) -- namely that reappearance of Jahiliyya is a result of the lack of Sharia law, without which Islam cannot exist; that true Islam is a complete system with no room for any element of Jahiliyya; that all aspects of Jahiliyya ("manners, ideas and concepts, rules and regulations, values and criteria") are "evil and corrupt"; that Western and Jewish conspiracies are constantly at work to destroy Islam, etc.

The Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir adds the concept of the caliphate to that of shariah law to insist that the Muslim world has been living in jahiliyya since the last caliphate was abolished in 1924 and will not be free of it until the caliphate is restored.

Jahili poetry
Pre-Islamic poetry is commonly referred to in Arabic as (الشعر الجاهلي) or Jahili poetry – literally "the ignorant poetry".

As iconoclastic rationale
Jahiliyya is associated with iconoclasms. In 2015, the ancient history scholar Lucinda Dirven noted that in the destruction of antiquities by the Islamic State, the religious rationale also covers for economic and political factors. "Cultural cleansing is a way to claim political power within a certain territory as well as control over history." The assyriologist Eckart Frahm said,  "Such iconoclasm is not specifically Islamic... What is quite unique in the case of ISIS is that the destruction is directed against images that are thousands of years old, often damaged, and no longer worshipped by anyone, and that there is a concerted effort to use these acts of vandalism as propaganda by broadcasting them through videos."

title: Jahiliyyah


text:
Battle of Dover

The Battle of Dover may refer to:

 * Battle of Sandwich (1217), also known as Battle of Dover, 24 August 1217, a naval engagement between England and France in the First Barons' War
 * Battle of Dover (1652), 29 May 1652, in the First Anglo-Dutch War
 * Battle of Dover (1863), 3 February 1863, a land battle of the American Civil War

title: Battle of Dover


text:
Talk:Withernsea

Pier

 * The pier was gradually reduced in length by consecutive impacts with local seacraft, colliding with the Saffron in 1880...

Are we suggesting here that the pier was partially to blame for its 'collision' with the Safron? --Sam Francis

Yes, I found that sentence weird too. I'm not sure if it's collidng or with that's the problem. Anyway, that paragraph is very entertaining. --Menchi 19:20, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hey,

I'm fairly new to Wiki but I decided this page was in need for a bit of attention. I've done some fairly major editing and restructuring but some of the information is either inaccurate or incomplete.

Although I live in Withernsea I actually don't know all that much about its history (particularly concerning the railway and WW2) so if any of you guys do then feel free to fill in the gaps.

--Morda Statca 00:22, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

More on the Pier.....

I've just visited the town and inspected the model of the pier (which stands adjacent to the pier arches, all that is left of the original structure.) According to the embellished information stamped on the model, the original pier length was 1200 feet. Bearing in mind that England in the 19th century was most certainly not metric, I suggest that the present article wording of "364m, almost 1200 feet" should be the other way around. Thus the article ought to read, "1200 feet....almost 364 metres" I do, of course, loathe metrication, but even so this must surely be a case where the imperial measure is exactly what the pier was constructed to? Songhouse (talk) 16:37, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * You poor soul, visiting Withernsea. Your proposal makes sense and you should be WP:BOLD and go ahead with it. Mattythewhite (talk) 17:03, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Go for it. I would also switch the shortened length for consistency. Keith D (talk) 21:55, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Events and issues
Hello, I removed a section today with this edit. I removed unsourced material. Please cite your sources. --Jza84 | Talk  17:56, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Links Tidy
Link to 'Tourist Information' URL http://www.withernseaholidays.com/ currently has Japanese that Google translate says is to do with house construction. If this is still the case this link needs revised. Best link I can locate is http://www.withernseatowncouncil.co.uk/, which should also be used as a correction of the 'Withernsea Information' link. JonathanElder (talk) 15:41, 15 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I have removed this link and another one which was dead. Keith D (talk) 17:54, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:48, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Withernsea


text:
BMW M10

The BMW M10 is a SOHC inline-4 petrol engine which was produced by BMW from 1962-1988. It was the company's first four-cylinder engine since the BMW 309 ended production in 1936 and was introduced in the New Class sedans.

The M10 was used in many BMW models, with over 3.5 million being produced during its 26 year production run.

The turbocharged BMW M12 engine— used in the Formula One racing— was based on the M10 engine block and produced up to 1400 PS in qualifying trim.

Following the introduction of the BMW M40 engine in 1987, the M10 began to be phased out.

Development
Baron Alex von Falkenhausen — an engineer and racing driver — designed the M10 in the late 1950s. He was asked by BMW to design an engine with a displacement of 1.3 L, but felt that this would be insufficient for the company's future needs. He convinced management that the minimum capacity should be 1.5 L, and offered an engine that could be expanded to a maximum of 2.0 L.

Design
The M10 has a cast iron block and an aluminum alloy head with hemispherical combustion chambers and two valves per cylinder. It features a forged crankshaft, counterbalance weights, five main bearings and a chain-driven camshaft.

The initial version of the M10 had a bore of 82 mm and a stroke of 71 mm, resulting in a displacement of 1499 cc. The peak power rating was 80 PS.

Naming conventions
The engine was initially known as the "M115" (the last two digits representing the 1.5–litre capacity). Over the years, variants of the engine were given various codes (most of them starting with "M1" and the remaining digits relating to the capacity). In 1975, the engine became known as then "M10", then in 1980 it was given the standardised BMW engine code of M10B18 (where "M10" represents the series, B represents petrol (Benzin in German) and the "18" represented its then 1.8–litre capacity).

The M115 and all related engines have become retroactively known as the "M10" family.

1499 cc engines
The M115 version has a displacement of 1499 cc and produces 55-60 kW. It has a bore of 82 mm and a stroke of 71 mm. Lower power models have a compression ratio of 8.0:1, while higher power models have a compressions ratio of 8.8:1. Fuel is supplied via a Solex 38 PDSI carburettor.

Applications:
 * 1962-1964 BMW 1500
 * 1975-1977 BMW 1502

1573 cc engines
The M116 version has a displacement of 1573 cc and produces 63-77 kW. It has a bore of 84 mm and a stroke of 71 mm. The standard specification has a compression ratio of 8.6:1 and uses a Solex 38 PDSI carburettor. The 1600 ti version has a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and uses twin Solex 40 PHH carburettors.

Applications:
 * 1964-1966 BMW 1600— 63 kW
 * 1966-1975 BMW 1600-2/1602— 63 kW
 * 1967-1968 BMW 1600 ti— 77 kW

The M41 version produces 90 PS, has an 8.3:1 compression ratio and fuel is supplied by a Solex 32 DIDTA carburettor.

Applications:
 * 1975-1980 E21 316

The M98 version produces 55 kW, has a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and uses a Pierburg 1B2 carburettor.

Applications:
 * 1981-1983 E21 315

1766 cc engines
The M10B18 version produces 90 - 105 PS, depending on specification. The bore is 89 mm and the stroke is 71 mm.

Applications:
 * 1969-1972 1800— 66 kW, 8.6:1 compression, Solex 36-40 PDSI carburettor
 * 1971-1975 1802— 66 kW, 8.6:1 compression, Solex 38 PDSI carburettor
 * 1980-1983 E21 320i/320is— U.S. only, 75 kW, 8.8:1 compression, Bosch K-Jetronic mechanical fuel injection
 * 1980-1983 E12 518— South Africa only, 77 kW, 10.0:1 compression, Bosch K-Jetronic mechanical fuel injection
 * 1982-1987 E30 316 — 66 kW, 9.5:1 compression, Pierburg 2BE carburettor, Ecotronic.
 * 1982-1988 E30 318i— 77 kW, 10.0:1 compression, Bosch L-Jetronic electronic fuel injection
 * 1981-1988 E28 518i— 77 kW, 9.5:1 compression, Bosch LE-Jetronic mechanical fuel injection.

1773 cc engines
The M118 version has a displacement of 1773 cc and produces 90 - 130 PS, depending on specification. The bore is 84 mm and the stroke is 80 mm.

Applications:
 * 1963-1968 1800— 66 kW, 8.6:1 compression, Solex 36-40 PDSI carburettor
 * 1963-1966 1800ti— 81 kW, 9.5:1 compression, twin Solex 40 PHH carburettors
 * 1964-1965 1800tiSA— 130 PS, 10.5:1 compression, twin Weber DCOE-45 carburettors
 * 1974-1981 E12 518— 66 kW, 8.6:1 compression, Solex 38 PDSI carburettor

1990 cc engines
The M05 version has a displacement of 1990 cc and produces 100 - 120 PS, depending on specification. It has a bore of 89 mm and a stroke of 80 mm.

Applications:
 * 1965-1970 BMW 2000CS— 88 kW, 9.3:1 compression, 2x Solex 40 PHH carburettors
 * 1966-1970 BMW 2000C— 100 PS, 8.5:1 compression, Solex 40 PDSI carburettor
 * 1966-1972 BMW 2000— 100 PS, 8.5:1 compression, Solex 40 PDSI carburettor
 * 1966-1971 BMW 2000ti— 88 kW, 9.3:1 compression, 2x Solex 40 PHH carburettors
 * 1968-1976 BMW 2002— 100 PS, 8.5:1 compression, Solex 40 PDSI carburettor

The M15 version used the Kugelfischer mechanical fuel injection and produced 130 PS. It was also known as the tii engine.

Applications:
 * 1970-1973 2000tii
 * 1972-1974 2002tii
 * 1972-1974 E12 520i

The M17 version produces 115 PS. It has compression ratio of 9.0:1 and uses either a Stromberg 175 CDET or a Solex 4A1 carburettor.

Applications:
 * 1972-1977 E12 520

The M43/1 version has a compression ratio of 8.1:1 and produces 81 kW.

Applications:
 * 1975-1979 E21 320— Solex 32-32 DIDTA carburettor
 * 1975-1979 E21 320i— USA only, Bosch K-Jetronic mechanical fuel injection

The M64 version produces 92 kW. It has a compression ratio of 9.3:1 and uses Bosch K-Jetronic mechanical fuel injection.

Applications:
 * 1975-1978 E21 320i
 * 1975-1979 E12 520i

The M31 version uses a KKK BLD turbocharger operating @ 7psi and produces 125 kW. It has a compression ratio of 6.9:1 and uses Schafer PL 04 mechanical fuel injection.

Applications:
 * 1973-1975 2002 turbo

Related engines

 * The highly successful M12 turbocharged motorsport engine was based on the M10 engine block.

 * The S14 engine used in the E30 M3 was based on the M10 block.

title: BMW M10


text:
USS Nassau (LHA-4)

USS Nassau (LHA-4) was a Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship. When active, she was capable of transporting more than 3,000 United States Navy and United States Marine Corps personnel. Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi, laid the ship's keel on 13 August 1973; she was commissioned on 28 July 1979. She was decommissioned on 31 March 2011.

Description
Nassau had 1,400 compartments, nine elevators and two horizontal conveyors. She also had two boilers – the largest ever manufactured for the United States Navy. They could generate 400 tons of steam per hour and develop 140000 hp. Nassau's electrical power subsystem provided 14 MW electrical power. She had air conditioning equipment rated at a total of 1,500 tons (5.3 MW) and could ballast 12,000 tons of seawater for trimming the ship to receive and discharge landing craft from the well deck.

She was constructed with more than 20,000 tons of steel, 3,000 tons of aluminum, 400 mi of cable and 80 mi of pipe. She had a 900 hp bow thruster for lateral movement at low speeds that could move the bow with 20,000 pounds of force (90 kN)—equivalent to half the pulling power of a diesel railroad locomotive. She had been fitted with a 300-bed hospital, four medical and three dental operating rooms. Her cargo areas were capable of holding tanks, trucks, artillery and large warfare supply needs.

Operational history
USS Nassau was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi, on 28 July 1979. In October she deployed to reinforce Guantanamo base and earned the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation just 70 days after commissioning.

In April 1981 the ship was deployed to Mediterranean to meet US commitment to have two carriers there. She operated for ten consecutive weeks as an aircraft carrier, reinforcing Sixth Fleet carrier USS Saratoga (CV-60). Marine Attack Squadrons 231 and 542 formed Marine Air Group 32, equipped with AV-8A planes. It was the first time US Navy operated an amphibious ship as Harrier carrier.

Nassau was deployed to Beirut with the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit in February 1984, less than four months after the Beirut barracks bombing.

In support of Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm, Nassau deployed to the Middle East for over eight months on only eight days' notice. On leaving the United States, Nassau became the flagship for Commander, Amphibious Task Force and the 4th MEB's Commanding General. In the last week of the war, she was employed as a "Harrier Carrier", tasked with operating primarily as a STOVL attack carrier for Marine AV-8B Harrier II fighters.

Nassau participated in several more operations throughout the 1990s, including Operations Uphold Democracy, Deny Flight, Allied Force and Noble Anvil. These operations were in support of US foreign policy objectives; she also participated in numerous Navy and joint exercises that took her to numerous locations in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Adriatic regions, including Haiti, Spain, Morocco, Italy, France, Greece, Israel, Albania, Zaire and Kosovo. Nassau received her first "Battle Effectiveness "E" award" in November 1983, with a second in 2007 – these awards are presented annually to ships that demonstrate the highest state of combat readiness in their group and their ability to execute their wartime tasks.

She deployed in February 2008 as the flagship of the Nassau Expeditionary Strike Group in support of Maritime Security Operations and Theater Security Cooperation efforts in the Navy's 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility.

In addition to her primary role as a Marine transport, Nassau has served as a flagship; a logistics hub for incoming and outgoing mail, cargo and other supplies; combat search and rescue and the tactical recovery and rescue of downed aircraft and personnel.

In July 2008, she had returned from deployment and was undergoing maintenance. At 4:30 pm Central Time on Thursday, 18 September 2008, KHOU News 11 in Houston, Texas announced that Nassau was coming to the aid of Galveston Island, following the landfall of Hurricane Ike. Nassau anchored 7 mi offshore and troops deployed to the island with heavy machinery to aid with the clean-up of the devastation caused by the hurricane.

In January 2010, Nassau left her Virginia port carrying the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) on a routine deployment of approximately seven months. The 24th MEU, based at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, consists of a ground combat element, a battalion landing team, an aviation combat element, a logistics combat element and a command element.

Nassau, accompanied by USS Mesa Verde (LPD-19) and USS Ashland (LSD-48), comprised the Nassau Amphibious Ready Group (ARG), which supported maritime security operations and more in the 5th and 6th Fleet areas. The 5th Fleet covers the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Oman and parts of the Indian Ocean; the 6th Fleet encompasses the Mediterranean Sea.

Nassau was diverted to Haiti on 21 January 2010, to assist with the international humanitarian aid effort following the earthquake.

After completing its humanitarian efforts in Haiti, Nassau continued on its mission to the Middle East, eventually tying the all time Navy record of 159 consecutive days out to sea without a port call.

Decommissioning
Nassau was decommissioned in Norfolk, Virginia on 31 March 2011. She was moored in Beaumont, Texas, with the MARAD National Defense Reserve Fleet ships. Listed as "Disposal" status as of 31 March 2021.

In 2013 the non-profit organization Coalition of Hope announced plans to have the ship donated and operate her as a humanitarian vessel.

On 22 January 2019, H.R. 70, known as the "FriendSHIP Act", was referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. The Bill would authorize the president to transfer the decommissioned Nassau to Japan on a sale or grant basis.

On 30 April 2021 Nassau arrived at Brownsville, Texas for disposal via recycling. The process was expected to take 12 months.

title: USS Nassau (LHA-4)


text:
New Siberia

New Siberia (Но́вая Сиби́рь, ; English transliteration: Novaya Sibir, ; Саҥа Сибиир) is the easternmost of the Anzhu Islands, the northern subgroup of the New Siberian Islands lying between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea. Its area of approximately 6,200 km2 places it the 102nd largest islands in the world. New Siberia Island is low lying, rising to only 76 m and covered with tundra vegetation. The island is a part of the territory of Yakutia, Russia.

Geology
New Siberia Island consists of clastic sediments ranging from Late Cretaceous to Pleistocene in age. The Late Cretaceous sediments consist of extensively folded layers of gray and greenish gray tuffaceous sand, tuffaceous silt, pebbly sand, and layers of brown coal exposed in sea cliffs along it southwest coast. The sand and silt often contain either volcanic glass, fossil plants, rhyolite pebbles, or some combination of them. Eocene sand, silt, clay, and brown coal overlies an erosional unconformity cut into the Late Cretaceous sediments. Within the northwest part of New Siberia Island, these sediments grade into clays that contain fragments of marine bivalves. Directly overlying the Eocene sediments and another erosional unconformity are sands of Oligocene and Early Miocene age. They contain thin beds of silt, mud, clay, and pebbles. These sands contain fossil plants and lagoonal, swamp, and lacustrine diatoms. These sands are overlain by Pliocene sediments consisting of layers of sand, silt, mud, peat, and pebbles.

Except for the Derevyannye Hills, Pleistocene sediments blanket almost the entire surface of New Siberia Island. These deposits consist of layers of marine sediments overlain by terrestrial sediments. The lower marine sediments are composed of three superimposed beds of marine to brackish water clay containing fossil mollusks and capped with peat. The overlying terrestrial sediments consist of an ice complex composed of ice-rich wind-blown silt in which ice wedges have developed. This ice complex accumulated over tens of thousands of years during the Late Pleistocene, through the Last Glacial Maximum, until it stopped at about 10,000 BP. During this period of tens of thousands of years, the formation of ice complex buried and preserved in permafrost an enormous number of mammoth tusks and bones and the bones of other “megafauna”.

New Siberia Island is noted for abundant upright tree trunks, logs, leaf prints, and other plant debris that occur within sediments that are exposed along sea cliffs and within the uplands of the Derevyannye Hills along its southern coast.

Due to the abundance of exposed coalified logs and upright trunks, early explorers and paleobotanists referred to the Derevyannye Hills as either the "Wood Mountains", "Wood Hills", or "Tree Mountain". At one time, the highly folded layers of sand, silt, mud, clay, and brown coal containing these coalified tree fossils were once thought to have accumulated during either the Miocene or Eocene Epoch.

These sediments and the fossil trunks and logs, which they contain, are now known to date to the Late Cretaceous Period (Turonian Stage). Baron Von Toll, Dr. Klubov and others, Dr. Dorofeev and others, as well as other publications all demonstrate that the claims by some authors, i.e. Mr. Southall, that the "Wood Hills" of New Siberia Island are either partially or completely "formed of driftwood" are completely erroneous.

Vegetation
Rush/grass, forb, cryptogam tundra covers the New Siberia Island. It is tundra consisting mostly of very low-growing grasses, rushes, forbs, mosses, lichens, and liverworts. These plants either mostly or completely cover the surface of the ground. The soils are typically moist, fine-grained, and often hummocky.

History
Russian explorer Yakov Sannikov was the first recorded European to set foot on New Siberia Island, in 1806. He discovered it during one of several hunting expeditions financed by merchants, Semyon and Lev Syrovatsky.

title: New Siberia


text: User talk:81.77.219.252

title: User talk:81.77.219.252


text:
BMW M20

The BMW M20 is a SOHC straight-six petrol engine which was produced from 1977 to 1993. It was introduced eight years after the larger BMW M30 straight-six engine, which remained in production alongside the M20.

The first cars to use the M20 were the E12 5 Series and the E21 3 Series. The initial M20 model had a displacement of 2.0 L, with later versions having displacements of up to 2.7 L.

The M20 began to be phased out following the introduction of the M50 engine in 1990. The final M20 engines were fitted to the E30 3 Series wagon (estate) and convertible model built in April 1993.

The M20 was the basis for the BMW M21 diesel engine. It is also loosely related to the BMW M70 V12 petrol engine.

History
By the 1970s, BMW felt the need for a six-cylinder engine smaller than the BMW M30, to use in the 3 Series and 5 Series. The resulting M20 had a displacement of 2.0 L, BMW's smallest straight-six engine of its day. BMW presented the M20 engine at the 1977 IAA as a 90 kW 2.0-litre Solex 4A1 carburetted version, and as a 105 kW 2.3-litre K-Jetronic multi-point injected version. Later versions had displacements up to 2.7 L. The M20 was used in the E12 5 Series, E21 3 Series, E28 5 Series, E30 3 Series and E34 5 Series.

Early versions of the M20 were sometimes referred to as the "M60", although the M60 designation has since been re-used for a V8 engine produced from 1992 to 1996.

Design
As per the M30, the M20 has an iron block, aluminium head and a SOHC valvetrain with 2 valves per cylinder. It has a traditional rocker arm design and no hydraulic tappets. The major differences to the M30 are:
 * A timing belt rather than a timing chain
 * Bore spacing of 91 mm, rather than 100 mm
 * Slant angle of 20 degrees, compared with 30 degrees for the M30.

M20B20
The first models to use the M20 were the E12 520/6 and the E21 320/6, which used a 1991 cc version known as the M20B20VE or M60/2. This engine uses a bore of 80 mm and a stroke of 66 mm. A Solex 4A1 four-barrel carburetor was used in the M20B20VE ("VE" is for vergaser- "carburettor" in German), and it has a compression ratio of 9.2:1 and a redline of 6,400 rpm.

The M20 first became fuel-injected in 1981, with Bosch K-Jetronic used in a 92 kW version called the M20B20KE. The compression ratio was raised to 9.9:1.

In September 1982 (coinciding with the release of the E30 3 Series), the fuel injection was updated to LE-Jetronic with a redline of 6,200 rpm. Other upgrades included a larger port (known as "731") cylinder head, a lighter block and new manifolds. The "M60" designation was dropped and this version was known as the M20B20LE.

In 1987, the M20B20 was again revised with the addition of Bosch Motronic engine management, a catalytic converter and a compression ratio of 8.8:1.

The M20B20 was not sold in North America.

Applications:
 * 1977–1981 E12 5 Series 520/6 (carburettor)
 * 1977–1982 E21 3 Series 320/6 (carburettor)
 * 1981–1982 E28 5 Series 520i (K-Jetronic)
 * 1982–1984 E28 5 Series 520i (L-Jetronic)
 * 1982–1984 E30 3 Series 320i (L-Jetronic)
 * 1984–1987 E28 5 Series 520i (LE-Jetronic)
 * 1984–1987 E30 3 Series 320i (LE-Jetronic)
 * 1986–1987 E28 5 Series 520i (Motronic)
 * 1987–1992 E30 3 Series 320i (Motronic)
 * 1988–1990 E34 5 Series 520i (Motronic)
 * 1989–1992 Bertone Freeclimber (Freeclimber I)

M20B23
In March 1978 (six months after the M20 was launched), a fuel-injected and larger displacement version known as the M20B23KE (or M60/5) was introduced. This version uses the same head (known as "200") and block as the 2.0 litre version but a longer 76.8 mm stroke crank. The bore is 80 mm and it has a capacity of 2316 cc. Fuel injection was K-Jetronic, the compression ratio is 9.5:1, the power output is 105 kW and the redline is 6,400 rpm.

The 1982 version used LE-Jetronic, the 731 cylinder head, a compression ratio of 9.8:1 and the other upgrades as the per the 2.0 litre version. This version is called the M20B23LE and has a power output of 102 kW.

In September 1983, the M20B23LE's fuel-injection, exhaust and camshaft were upgraded and power increased to 110 kW with a redline of 6,500 rpm. The 102 kW version continued to be available in certain markets with strict emissions regulations (such as Switzerland) until replaced by the 325i.

The M20B23 versions were not sold in North America.

Applications:
 * 1977–1982 E21 3 Series 323i (K-Jetronic)
 * 1982–1984 E30 3 Series 323i (L-Jetronic)
 * 1984–1987 E30 3 Series 323i (LE-Jetronic)

M20B25
In 1985, the M20B25 replaced the M20B23. The M20B25 has a capacity of 2494 cc and initially produced 171 PS (without a catalytic converter). It has an upgraded cylinder head (known as "885"), a bore of 84 mm, a stroke of 75 mm, a compression ratio of 9.4:1, a redline of 6,500 rpm and uses Bosch Motronic 1.1 engine management.

In 1987, a catalyzed model with Motronic 1.3 engine management was introduced. The compression ratio was reduced to 8.8:1 but thanks to the more sophisticated electronics power remained nearly as before, at 170 PS. The uncatalyzed engine was kept in production for Southern Europe and other markets where unleaded petrol was not regularly available.

Applications:
 * 1985–1993 E30 3 Series 325i
 * 1989–1990 E34 5 Series 525i
 * 1988–1991 Z1

M20B27
The M20B27 was designed for efficiency (thus the e for the Greek letter eta in 325e) and low-rev torque. This is an unusual design strategy for a BMW straight-six engine, which are usually designed for power at high RPM. Compared with the M20B25, the stroke is increased from 75 to 81 mm, resulting in a capacity of 2693 cc. Since many markets tax cars based on engine displacement, the eta's larger displacement meant that it was not suitable for all markets. It was expressly developed with the American market in mind. As per the M20B25, the bore is 84 mm. To reduce friction and improve efficiency, the M20B27 changes include using the '200' version of the head (which has smaller ports), a different camshaft, four camshaft journals and softer valve springs. Due to these changes the rev limit on the M20B27 was reduced to 4,800 rpm. The initial version, called the M20B27ME, produces 123 hp and 177 lb·ft at 3,250 rpm for models without a catalytic converter. Models with a catalytic converter produce 121 hp and 170 lb·ft.

In the United States, BMW's corporate average fuel economy was at risk of not meeting requirements by 1984, primarily due to higher sales of their bigger, more expensive cars in the early 1980s. The first car to use the M20B27 was the US market 528e in 1982. The compression ratio of the U.S. M20B27ME version was 9.0:1, compared with for cars sold elsewhere 11.0:1.

In 1985, the M20B27ME.E version was introduced, increasing power output to 95 kW despite a lower compression ratio of 10.3:1.

In late 1987, the fuel injection was upgraded to Motronic 1.3 on the US market plastic bumper 325e and 528e 'Super Eta', the cylinder head changed to the "885" version, the compression ratio was reduced to 8.5:1 and the redline increased to 5,200 rpm. Power output increased to 127 hp at 4,800 rpm.

In the early 1990s BMW South Africa used components from the Alpina C3 2.7 to produce an E30 specifically for Stannic Group N production car racing. The first iteration of this engine used in the E30 325iS produced 145 kW and the second revision, often referred to as "Evo2" or on the VIN plate as "HP2" produced 155 kW.

Applications:
 * 1982–1987 E30 3 Series 325e, 325e
 * 1982–1988 E28 5 Series 525e (called 528e in North America)
 * 1989–1992 E30 3 Series 325iS (only available in South Africa)
 * 1989–1992 Bertone Freeclimber (Freeclimber I)

title: BMW M20


text:
BMW M40

The BMW M40 is an SOHC straight-four petrol engine which was produced from 1987–1994. It served as BMW's base model four-cylinder engine and was produced alongside the higher performance BMW M42 DOHC four-cylinder engine from 1989 onwards.

Compared with its M10 predecessor, the M40 uses a belt-driven camshaft, and hydraulic tappets. Like the M10, the M40 uses an iron block and an aluminium head. Fuel injection for the E30 versions is Bosch Motronic 1.3, and the E36 versions use Bosch Motronic 1.7.

Following the introduction of the BMW M43 engine in 1991, the M40 began to be phased out.

M40B16
The M40B16 is a 1596 cc version of the M40, which has a bore of 84 mm and a stroke of 72 mm. It produces 73 kW and 105 lbft.

Applications:
 * 1988–1994 E30 316i
 * 1990–1994 E36 316i
 * 1992–1993 Bertone Freeclimber 2

M40B18
The M40B18 is a 1796 cc version of the M40, which has a bore of 84 mm and a stroke of 81 mm. It produces 83 kW and 120 lbft.

Applications:
 * 1987–1994 E30 318i.

 * 1992–1993 E36 318i

title: BMW M40


text:
BMW M42

The BMW M42 is a DOHC straight-four petrol engine which was produced from 1989-1996. It is BMW's first mass-production DOHC engine and was produced alongside the BMW M40 SOHC four-cylinder engine as the higher performance engine.

The M42 was replaced by the BMW M44, which was introduced in 1996.

Compared with the M40, the M42 features a DOHC valvetrain, a timing chain, hydraulic valve lifters and an increased 10.0:1 compression ratio. Later versions of the M42 also feature a dual length intake manifold ("DISA").

The M42 was used as the basis for the S42 racing engine, which powered the BMW 320i in the German Super Tourenwagen Cup.

Design
Following BMW's typical construction techniques at the time, the motor incorporates a cast-iron block and aluminium head. Weight-saving measures include aluminium chain cases, oil sump, motor mount arms, accessory mounts and a cartridge-style oil filter housing. Other features included a forged steel crankshaft and tubular stainless steel exhaust manifold instead of the more typical cast-iron items. BMW also fitted hydraulic motor mounts to decrease the inline four's inherent noise, vibration, and harshness compared to the smoother straight-six engines in production at that time.

When installed in the BMW E30, a two-piece oil pan with a removable front sump was fitted to the M42. In this two-piece arrangement, the upper oil pan casting incorporates the oil pump's supply passage, and is sealed to the crankcase oil filter housing with a paper gasket. This can cause problems, because thermal cycles and engine vibration tend to loosen the upper pan mounting bolts inside the motor.

All versions featured a low-maintenance timing chain with a self-adjusting hydraulic chain tensioner and hydraulic valve tappets. From September 1993, the chain idler gear was replaced by a more reliable curved plastic guide, requiring a new design of front engine/chain casing. The M42 uses the Bosch Motronic M1.7 engine management system, eliminating a distributor in favor of fully electronic ignition timing. The ignition system also uses a coil-on-plug system. In markets that required emissions controls, the DME also incorporates an oxygen sensor and three-way catalytic converter.

From January 1995, the M42 (and all other BMW engines) received the EWS-II engine immobiliser with a revised ECU, a transponder chip in the ignition key, a plastic ring around the ignition lock (introduced with a new steering lock December 1994 in preparation) and an EWS transponder unit behind the glovebox.

In the final versions of the M42, BMW engineered a dual length intake manifold (called "DISA" by BMW)

M42B18
The M42B18 has a displacement of 1796 cc, which is achieved through a bore of 84 mm and a stroke of 81 mm. Versions equipped with a catalytic converter produce 100 kW and 172 Nm. and meet the Euro 2 emissions standard.

Applications:
 * 1989–1991 E30 318is
 * 1990–1992 E30 318i (only North American models)
 * 1992–1995 E36 318i (only North American and South African models)
 * 1991–1995 E36 318is
 * 1994–1995 E36 318ti

S42B20
The racing version of the M42 engine is called the S42 and was used in BMW's 320 4-door touring car, participating in the German Super Tourenwagen Cup. Compared with the M42, the S42 has individual throttle bodies, the displacement increased to 1999 cc, two fuel injectors per cylinder, an increased compression ratio and a different cylinder head. The valve cover and airbox were made from carbon fiber and the lubrication system used a dry sump.

In 1994, the initial version of the S42B20 engine produced 206 kW. Outputs gradually increased to 235 kW for the final version in 1997.

Timing system revisions
The earliest versions of the M42 developed problems with the timing chain. The hydraulic tensioner, chain guides, idler wheel and rear lower chain case were updated to resolve wear problems experienced in the early versions of the M42. The updated cam chain tensioner is shared with that of the later M44 engine.

In September 1993, BMW redesigned the M42's timing chain guide rails, replacing the occasionally troublesome lower idler gear with a curved nylon guide rail. The idler gear's retaining bolt could break away from the timing case, often taking a chunk of alloy timing case with it.

Recalls
Early models of the M42 experienced failures of a profile gasket sealing the lower cam chain case to the underside of the cylinder head. This gasket seals the primary coolant passage within the timing chain case. A significant failure would thus discharge pressurized steam and hot coolant into the timing chain case. In many cases this coolant rapidly contaminates the motor oil in the sump, causing main bearing failure. BMW updated the profile gasket material and instituted a program to repair motors under warranty. In extreme cases, the aluminum mating surfaces in the head and chain case would corrode.

title: BMW M42


text:
BMW M43

The BMW M43 is an SOHC four-cylinder petrol engine which was produced from 1991-2002. The M43 powered base-model cars, while higher performance models at the time were powered by the BMW M42 and BMW M44 DOHC engines. The M43 was produced at the Steyr engine plant.

A version using natural-gas was produced for the E36 318i and the E34 518i.

Following the introduction of the BMW N42 engine in 2001, the M43 began to be phased out.

Design
Compared with its BMW M40 predecessor, the M43 features both a camshaft position sensor and a knock sensor as well as roller rockers and a timing chain (instead of the M40's finger rockers and timing belt). It also features a dual length intake manifold ("DISA"), to provide torque across a wider rev range.

In 1998 the displacement was increased to 1895 cc, increasing torque to 180 Nm at 3900 rpm.

M43B16
The 1596 cc M43B16 produces 75 kW and 150 Nm of torque. It uses the Bosch Motronic 1.7.x and Bosch BMS43 engine management system. There was also a natural gas-powered version of this car (also able to run on petrol) for the 1995 BMW 316g Compact.

Applications:
 * 1994-1998 E36 316i
 * 1995-2000 E36/5 316g Compact
 * 1998-1999 E46 316i

Engine Management Systems:
 * 1993-09/1995 Bosch Motronic 1.7.2
 * 1995-09/1997 Bosch Motronic 1.7.3
 * 1997-2000 BMS43

M43B18
The M43B18 has a 1796 cc displacement. It produces 85 kW and 168 Nm and uses the Bosch Motronic 1.7.1 fuel injection system. There was also a less powerful natural gas-powered version of this car (also able to run on petrol) for the BMW 518g Touring (E34). This model was only available for two years.

Applications:
 * 1992-1998 E36 318i
 * 1994-1996 E34 518i
 * 1995-1996 E34 518g Touring
 * 1995-2001 Z3 1.8

M43B19
The M43B19 (also known as the "M43TÜ") is the largest M43 engine, with a displacement of 1895 cc. It produces up to 87 kW and 180 Nm, and uses BMW's BMS 46 engine management system. The 105 PS versions do not have the DISA intake manifold and also have a smaller camshaft compared to the 118 PS versions. Note the M43B16, M43B18 and the M43B19 (118 PS version) all have the same camshaft.

Applications— 77 kW and 165 Nm:
 * 1999-2001 E36 316i Compact
 * 1999-2002 E46 316i

Applications— 87 kW and 180 Nm:
 * 1998-2001 E46 318i/318Ci
 * 1999 -2002 Z3 1.9

title: BMW M43


text:
Chang'an Avenue

Chang'an Avenue, literally "Eternal Peace Street", is a major thoroughfare in Beijing, China.

Chang'an is also the old name for Xi'an which was the capital of China during the Western Han dynasty, the Tang dynasty and other periods. The Avenue has also been referred to as the Shili Changjie, meaning the Ten Li Long Street, China's No. 1 Avenue and No. 1 Avenue of the Divine Land. "Chang'an Avenue" is often used as a synecdoche for the government in Beijing, akin to using "the Beltway" to refer to the American federal government.

Chang'an Avenue starts from Dongdan in the east and ends at Xidan in the west. Tiananmen and Tiananmen Square are located at the north and south of the center of the Avenue, respectively. The Avenue consists of two parts, West Chang'an Avenue and East Chang'an Avenue. The extension line extends east–west with Tiananmen Square as the center, extends westward to Shougang area, Yongding River and Western Hills, and extends eastward to Beijing City Sub-center, Grand Canal and Chaobai River. The core area of Chang'an Avenue and its extension is between Guomao Bridge of East Third Ring Road and Xinxing Bridge of West Third Ring Road (including Tiananmen area).

History
The East and West Chang'an Streets were built as part of the Imperial City of Beijing. East Chang'an Street originally ran from the Left Chang'an Gate (on the east side of the square before Tian'anmen gate) to the Dongdan gate, and West Chang'an Street originally ran from the Right Chang'an Gate (on the west side of the same square) to the Xidan gate. The north side of the square, between the two Chang'an Gates, became a road after 1912 and was named "Zhongshan Road", after Sun Yat-sen. In 1940, the Inner City wall was breached at Jianguomen and Fuxingmen respectively, due east and west of the ends of the East and West Chang'an Street. Streets extending from the ends of the two Chang'an Streets were widened to become Jianguomen Inner and Outer Streets and Fuxingmen Inner and Outer Streets. The two Chang'an Streets thus became part of a major thoroughfare into and out of the Inner City, now considered the "extended" Chang'an Avenue. The two Chang'an Gates were demolished in 1952 to expand Tiananmen Square, after which the two Chang'an Streets and Zhongshan Road were merged, becoming a singular "Chang'an Avenue".

In 2009 the road was widened to 10 lanes, as part of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Significance
Chang'an Avenue is the road directly before Tian'anmen gate and to the north of Tian'anmen Square. Because of its location, Chang'an Avenue has been associated with a number of important events in Chinese history, such as the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989 (including the famous confrontation of the Tank Man), the May 4th Movement and the funeral procession of Zhou Enlai. During important celebrations in the People's Republic of China, military parades are conducted on Chang'an Avenue, with the procession travelling from East to West along the avenue, passing before Tiananmen gate. For this reason, the avenue is surfaced with reinforced concrete, to prevent tanks and other heavy vehicles from damaging the surface.

Located along Chang'an Avenue and near Tian'anmen Square are the Great Hall of the People, Zhongnanhai, and central government buildings. The National Museum of China, National Centre for the Performing Arts, Wangfujing, Beijing Concert Hall and the headquarters of the central bank of China, the People's Bank of China, and the Cultural Palace of Nationalities are also on Chang'an Avenue. Both the Beijing railway station and Beijing west railway station are located near Chang'an Avenue. Line 1 of the Beijing Subway runs under Chang'an Avenue.

Because of its sensitive location, special regulations apply to Chang'an Avenue. For example, trucks and freight vehicles are banned day and night, and no commercial advertising is allowed on the street.

Sections
Note: This article considers Chang'an Avenue as the major through road from the W. 5th Ring Road through to the E. 5th Ring Road, which defines larger urban Beijing.

 * Fuxing Road
 * Fuxingmen Outer Street
 * Fuxingmen Inner Street
 * West Chang'an Avenue
 * East Chang'an Avenue
 * Jianguomen Inner Street
 * Jianguomen Outer Street
 * Jianguo Road
 * Jingtong Expressway
 * Tongyan Expressway

title: Chang'an Avenue


text:
BMW M44

The BMW M44 is a DOHC four-cylinder petrol engine which replaced the BMW M42 and was produced from 1996 to 2000 at the Steyr factory. It was produced alongside the BMW M43 SOHC four-cylinder engine, with the M44 being the higher performance engine. In 2000, the M44 was replaced by the BMW N42 engine.

Design
Compared with the M42, the M44 has roller rocker arms, a hot-wire MAF, displacement increased from 1.8 to 1.9 L and other detail changes such as a grey cast iron crankshaft replacing the forged steel item from the previous M42. As per the final versions of the M42, the M44 has a dual length intake manifold ("DISA"). Peak power is the same as the M42, however mid-range power is increased significantly and peak torque is increased by 5 Nm at 200 rpm lower. There was also a 70% reduction in valve train friction which contributed to the engine being more quiet and fuel efficient than its predecessor.

The M44 has a cast iron block and aluminium cylinder head, as per its predecessor.

M44B19
The M44B19 has a displacement of 1895 cc, which is achieved through a bore of 85.0 mm and a stroke of 83.5 mm. A compression ratio of 10.0:1 is used, along with the Bosch Motronic 5.2 engine management system.

The crankshaft has an increased stroke from the M42's 81 mm and is cast instead of forged. Also revised were the valve actuators which are of a roller pivoting arm type.

Applications:
 * 1996-2000 E36 318i (North America only), 318is and 318ti
 * 1996-1999 Z3 1.9

With time this engine was replaced by BMW N42 engine.

title: BMW M44


text:
Talk:Near-surface air temperature

(William M. Connolley 19:29, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)) Does this article really have a purpose not better served by the Historical temperature record? It appears to contain tendendious stuff we've been arguing about in the UHI article. The cities-seem-to-warm-up-more is either ambiguous or wrong (see UHI article) and what is the point re-arguing it here? Why restrict it to land T's only?

If this was a serious article, it could be about the distinction between *surface* temperature (which is very hard to measure) and near-surface air temperature (which is what is usually measured).

 * The article is not about how warm the ground is, but about how warm the air is that you're in contact with when you're walking around, or when you open a window and a breeze comes in the room.

 * It's a serious article. I'm kind of starting over, and hoping to include references or links to other strata: near-surface, stratosphere, etc.

 * It's relevant, because the scientific problem being addressed is models that predict changes in air temperature at various altitudes. For example, I've heard variously that IPCC models predict MORE warming the higher you go (which has NOT been seen), or less warming the higher you go.

 * (William M. Connolley 18:39, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)) Yes, OK. Note that they are not IPCC models (models owned/run by IPCC) but models created by various climate centres and used in IPCC reports. As to the warming: I think it is a prediction from the GCMs that warming gets more the higher you go. Note that it was never a major prediction (again, I think) - ie never listed amongst the "we are pretty sure that..."'s in the front. As to the obs, only Vinnikov and Grody shows that. You can't really say "which has NOT been seen" because there are multiple versions of what has been seen, and they disagree (there are multiple versions of the sfc record but they do agree in all (?) important respects).

 * Anyway, the whole model vs. observation thing need straightening out across the board. Let's work on this together, shall we? --Uncle Ed 14:30, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * OK

Merged
Merged with temperature measurement on the grounds that if this goes beyond a dicdef (it hasn't in a year) and has something to say about the record, it should be at surface air temperature record (or even temperature record). Rd232 22:00, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Near-surface air temperature


text:
BMW S14

The BMW S14 is a DOHC four-cylinder petrol engine which was used in the E30 M3, E30 320iS, and E36 318i Super Touring. It is based on the BMW M10 block and what is essentially a shortened BMW S38 cylinder head. The direct successor to the S14 was the S42 based on the M42 engine. The S42 was a racing engine installed in the E36 320i for the German Super Tourenwagen Cup. There is no direct successor to the S14 for production BMWs, since the following generation of M3 is powered by the BMW S50 six-cylinder engine.

Two separate throttle bodies are used, each incorporating two throttle butterfly plates.

S14B20
This version was only sold in Portugal and Italy. It has a displacement reduced to 1990 cc by shortening the stroke to 72.6 mm.

Applications:
 * 1987-1990 E30 320iS (Italy and Portugal only)

S14B23
The E30 M3 was initially released with the 147 kW S14B23 engine. Versions equipped with a catalytic converter produced 143 kW and 230 Nm. In April 1989, the Ravaglia and Cecotto limited edition M3s were released with a 158 kW S14B23 that would in September, 1989 become the standard motor for the E30 M3.

Applications:
 * 1986-1991 E30 M3

S14B23 EVO2
This update of the S14B23 produced 162 kW, or 158 kW if equipped with a catalytic converter.

Applications:
 * 1988-1990 E30 M3

S14B25 EVO3
In 1989, the displacement was enlarged to 2467 cc and this engine produced 175 kW.

Applications:
 * 1989-1990 E30 M3

title: BMW S14


text:
Army of Occupation of Germany Medal

The Army of Occupation of Germany Medal is a U.S. Army service medal established by an Act of Congress on November 21, 1941, (55 Stat 781). The military award recognized service in Germany or Austria-Hungary between November 12, 1918 and July 11, 1923.

Background
The Army of Occupation of Germany Medal was established by Public Law 322, 77th United States Congress on November 21, 1941, and announced in War Department Bulletin 34, dated December 10, 1941, and War Department Circular 176 dated June 6, 1942.

Design
The Army of Occupation of Germany Medal was designed by Mr. T. A. Rovelstad, Heraldic Division, Office of the Quartermaster General, in June 1942, and was approved by the Secretary of War on July 8, 1942.

The medal is Bronze and 1 1/4 inches in diameter. On the obverse is a profile of General John J. Pershing, encircled by four stars indicating his insignia of grade as Commanding General of the Field Forces. In the lower left is the inscription "GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING" and on the right is a laurel wreath superimposed by a sword with the dates "1918" and "1923" enclosed by the wreath.

The obverse of the medal includes the dates of the U.S. Occupation of Germany. The reverse depicts the American eagle perched with outspread wings standing on Ehrenbreitstein Fortress, which overlooks the Rhine in Coblenz, Germany, encircled by the words "U.S. ARMY OF OCCUPATION OF GERMANY" and three stars at the bottom of the medal. The three stars on the reverse symbolize the Third Army, which comprised the occupation forces of Germany.

The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches in width consisting of the following stripes: 1/16 inch Ultramarine Blue 67118; 1/16 inch Scarlet 67111; 3/16 inch White 67101; 3/4 inch Black 67138 (center); 3/16 inch White; 1/16 inch Scarlet; 1/16 inch Ultramarine Blue.

title: Army of Occupation of Germany Medal