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U.S. Route 136

U.S. Route 136 is an east-west U.S. highway that is a spur route of U.S. Route 36. It runs from Edison, Nebraska, at U.S. Route 6 and U.S. Route 34 to the Interstate 74/Interstate 465 interchange in Speedway, Indiana. This is a distance of 804 mi. Due to the removal of almost every numbered route in Indianapolis, US 136 never meets its parent, US 36; however, it does come within two miles of it at its interchange with I-465/I-74 at its eastern terminus.

Route description
U.S. 136 passes through the following states:

Nebraska
U.S. 136 closely parallels Nebraska's southern border from its western terminus near Edison to the Missouri River. It passes through Beatrice and exits the state at Brownville via the Brownville Bridge. It is designated the Heritage Highway throughout Nebraska.

Missouri
US 136 enters Missouri on the west just east of Brownville, Nebraska, over the Missouri River. It leaves the state at Alexandria on the east, running concurrently with US 61. During its journey, it enters every county seat in the nine counties it traverses. The distance across Missouri is approximately 240 mi. US 136 is two lanes over its entire course through Missouri.

Iowa
US 136 in Iowa consists of a 3.6 mi route which travels across the south-easternmost tip of Lee County. It crosses the Des Moines River from Missouri with US 61, overlapping for just over 1 mi. East of the US 61 split, US 136 is overlapped by US 61 Bus. through Keokuk. US 136 enters Keokuk along 7th Street, which takes a turn to the northeast towards downtown. At the intersection with Main Street, which is the southern end of US 218, it turns to the southeast towards the Mississippi River. US 136 travels another 2/3 mi before crossing the Mississippi into Hamilton, Illinois via the Keokuk–Hamilton Bridge.

Illinois
US 136 spends 225.95 mi within the state of Illinois. It crosses the Mississippi River into Illinois from Iowa just past Keokuk. It passes through historic Carthage; site of the death of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement and home of the Kibbe biological museum, then Macomb, where Western Illinois University is located. It continues as an east–west route intersecting with I-155 and I-55 south of Bloomington-Normal and north of Lincoln in Central Illinois. It later intersects with I-74, and then I-57 just outside Rantoul, approximately 15 mi north of Champaign-Urbana. US 136 then travels concurrently with Illinois Route 1 in far east central Illinois before entering Danville. At Danville, it turns east as it passes into Indiana.

Indiana
Through most of its duration in Indiana, US 136 is parallel to the newer I-74. Within Indianapolis, the highway is also called Crawfordsville Road, and US 136 ends in the town of Speedway, at the I-74/I-465 interchange, where Crawfordsville Road continues without numbered designation. As part of Indiana's Accelerate 465 project, the I-74/I-465 interchange was being reworked to eliminate tight spiral ramps and to add a full interchange for US 136 with I-465. It was completed in 2014. The entire portion of US 136 in Indiana is part of the Dixie Highway.

History
In Illinois, the designation of US 136 in 1951 replaced IL 10 from the Iowa state line in Keokuk to IL 119 in Havana, The route then followed IL 119 to an intersection with IL 1, where it traveled south to IL 10, heading east to Danville and the Indiana state line.

In Missouri, most of US 136 was designated as Route 4 in 1922. This highway began at St. Joseph and followed present US 169 to Stanberry, turning east there to the Iowa state line along US 136. The rest of US 136 was initially Route 1A (Nebraska to Rock Port), part of Route 1, and Route 18 (Tarkio to Stanberry). The east end was truncated to Wayland in 1926, when US 61 was designated over the part east to Iowa, and in 1927 Route 4 absorbed the former Route 52 from St. Joseph southwest to Atchison, Kansas. In 1932, Route 4 was rerouted west of Stanberry, absorbing Route 18 and Route 102 (the latter a ca. 1930 renumbering of Route 1A); the portion from Stanberry to St. Joseph was deleted in favor of US 169 and the portion from St. Joseph to Kansas became Route 18 (which became part of US 59 in 1934). US 136 replaced Route 4 east of Stanberry in 1951 and the rest in 1960.

In Nebraska, US 136 was previously "Route 3." US 136 replaced Route 3 in 1960.

US 136 was originally proposed to use I-465 in Indiana to the US 36 interchange so US 136 could meet its parent, US 36.

Major intersections

 * Nebraska
 * north-northwest of Edison
 * north-northwest of Alma. The highways travel concurrently to Alma.
 * in Red Cloud
 * south-southeast of Hebron
 * in Beatrice
 * in Auburn

 * Missouri
 * in Rock Port
 * northwest of Rock Port
 * south-southwest of Tarkio. The highways travel concurrently to Tarkio.
 * east-southeast of Burlington Junction. The highways travel concurrently to Maryville.
 * in Stanberry. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Darlington.
 * southwest of Bethany. The highways travel concurrently to Bethany.
 * in Bethany
 * in Princeton. The highways travel concurrently through Princeton.
 * south-southeast of Glenwood. The highways travel concurrently to Lancaster.
 * west-northwest of Alexandria. The highways travel concurrently to Keokuk, Iowa.

 * Iowa
 * in Keokuk

 * Illinois
 * in Macomb. The highways travel concurrently to east of Macomb.
 * in Duncan Mills. The highways travel concurrently to south of Duncan Mills.
 * east-northeast of Emden
 * in McLean
 * in Heyworth
 * south-southeast of Le Roy
 * southeast of Le Roy
 * in Rantoul
 * in Rantoul
 * in Danville

 * Indiana
 * in Veedersburg. The highways travel concurrently through Veedersburg.
 * in Crawfordsville
 * on the Indianapolis–Speedway line.

title: U.S. Route 136


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Klotho

Klotho may refer to

 * Klotho (Greek mythology) or Clotho, one of the Moirai, or Fates, in Greek mythology
 * 97 Klotho, an asteroid
 * Klotho (biology), a membrane protein
 * Clotho (software), a software suite for synthetic biology.
 * Clotho (Arrowverse), a fictional character

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Klotho


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of fictional people who were cremated (0th nomination)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

Since this was never officially closed...The result was no consensus ~ VegaDark 03:58, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

List of fictional people who were cremated
Don't see the point of this list at all, and it's hardly got any names listed anyway. The List of people who were cremated (linked to from cremation) doesn't even exist. violet/riga 21:37, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Is List of fictional people who were delivered by caesarean section next? RedWolf 03:43, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I created both real people cremated (and populated it) and fictional caesarean sections (MacBeth is notable for this). On the original question Keep.--Samuel J. Howard 04:50, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Whoops it's Macduff. --Samuel J. Howard 05:01, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * None of the reasons given are valid for deletion. keep.  Jgm 06:52, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Marginally fringe. Fuzheado | Talk 08:37, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merged into List of people who were cremated. Redirect. -Sean Curtin 09:28, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the merge&redirect -FZ 16:03, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful information. And add the female character from Waugh's "The Loved One" whose name I cannot recall, but remove Tolkien's Denethor - he was obviously burned alive. --Gene_poole 23:56, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Borders on trivia, but so does every single article about Star Trek other than Star Trek. -- Jmabel 01:40, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Silly trivia, but perfectly factual and potentially useful to the Ken Jennings wannabes — or someone investigating cultural attitudes toward the practice of cremation as seen in literature. (Yeah, this may be a stretch. But keep nonetheless.) • Benc • 03:55, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not necessarily trivia either. Someone may find it useful for research purposes. Sjc 04:07, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete No! No one is going to ever need this information. No one will ever need to find a list of fictional cremated people. No one does a research paper on pop culture views towards the use of cremation. It seems like an excuse just to make another wikipedian article. Acsta 21:29, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This is actually an old AFD from 2004. It would be best to post this on the current AFD. --64.229.73.113 21:13, 17 December 2006 (UTC)


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List of dams and reservoirs in California

Following is a list of dams and reservoirs in California in a sortable table. There are over 1,400 named dams and 1,300 named reservoirs in the state of California.

Dams in service

 * Please add to this list from the below sources.

Former dams

 * Baldwin Hills Reservoir (1947–1963) - failed December 14, 1963
 * St. Francis Dam (1926–1928) - failed March 12, 1928
 * San Clemente Dam - intentionally removed in 2015-2016 because of environmental issues
 * Van Norman Dams (1911–1971) - failed February 9, 1971, in 1971 San Fernando earthquake

Proposed dams

 * Ah Pah Dam (defunct)
 * Auburn Dam (defunct)
 * Centennial Dam
 * Sites Reservoir
 * Temperance Flat Dam


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User talk:Irrªtiºnal

Thanks, have fun Dysprosia 12:25, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Capital letters
Hello. Your comments on my use page prompt me to suggest that you check out Manual of Style. It seems you've edited only a small number of pages on Wikipedia (unless you've done a lot anonymously) and may not realize how jarringly at variance with Wikipedia conventions it would be to write Algebraic Geometry or Mathematics with a capital letter every time you see it. In particular, a link to Algebraic Geometry is a link to a redirect page that points to algebraic geometry, and in many cases the redirect page may not be there and the link won't work if you use capitals. Some respectable people, such as the eccentric late physicist Edwin Jaynes, used capitals for anything they considered Big or Important or Worthy of Respect, such as Governments or Industries or the Sciences or Universities or the Twentieth Century, etc., but I think that makes the rules far too complicated. Michael Hardy 22:04, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

New Mathematics Wikiportal
I noticed you've done some work on Mathematics articles. I wanted to point out to you the new Mathematics Wikiportal- more specifically, to the Mathematics Collaboration of the Week page. I'm looking for any math-related stubs or non-existant articles that you would like to see on Wikipedia. Additionally, I wondered if you'd be willing to help out on some of the Collaboration of the Week pages.

I encourage you to vote on the current Collaboration of the Week, because I'm very interested in which articles you think need to be written or added to, and because I understand that I cannot do the enormous amount of work required on some of the Math stubs alone. I'm asking for your help, and also your critiques on the way the portal is set up.

Please direct all comments to my user-talk page, the Math Wikiportal talk page, or the Math Collaboration of the Week talk page. Thanks a lot for your support! ral315 02:54, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Mathematics project Participants List
Hi Irrational. After some discussion here, I've converted the "WikiProject Mathematics Participants List" into a table. It is now alphabetical, includes links to the participant's talk page and contribution list, and has a field for "Areas of Interest". I'm letting you know, so you can update your entry, if you want.

Paul August ☎ 22:27, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)

Please vote on list of lists, a featured list candidate
Please vote at Featured list candidates/List of lists of mathematical topics. Michael Hardy 20:49, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Mathematics CotW
Hey Irrational (superscripting not included), I am writing you to let you know that the Mathematics Collaboration of the week(soon to "of the month") is getting an overhaul of sorts and I would encourage you to participate in whatever way you can, i.e. nominate an article, contribute to an article, or sign up to be part of the project. Any help would be greatly appreciated, thanks--Cronholm144 21:44, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Borgetti2.jpg
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 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 07:05, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

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Image:Galois 2000.jpg listed for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Irrªtiºnal


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Emissivity

The emissivity of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation that most commonly includes both visible radiation (light) and infrared radiation, which is not visible to human eyes. A portion of the thermal radiation from very hot objects (see photograph) is easily visible to the eye.

The emissivity of a surface depends on its chemical composition and geometrical structure. Quantitatively, it is the ratio of the thermal radiation from a surface to the radiation from an ideal black surface at the same temperature as given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law. (A comparison with Planck's law is used if one is concerned with particular wavelengths of thermal radiation.) The ratio varies from 0 to 1.

The surface of a perfect black body (with an emissivity of 1) emits thermal radiation at the rate of approximately 448 watts per square metre (W/m$2$) at a room temperature of 25 C.

Objects generally have emissivities less than 1.0, and emit radiation at correspondingly lower rates.

However, wavelength- and subwavelength-scale particles, metamaterials, and other nanostructures may have an emissivity greater than 1.

Practical applications
Emissivities are important in a variety of contexts:
 * Insulated windows: Warm surfaces are usually cooled directly by air, but they also cool themselves by emitting thermal radiation. This second cooling mechanism is important for simple glass windows, which have emissivities close to the maximum possible value of 1.0. "Low-E windows" with transparent low-emissivity coatings emit less thermal radiation than ordinary windows. In winter, these coatings can halve the rate at which a window loses heat compared to an uncoated glass window.
 * Solar heat collectors: Similarly, solar heat collectors lose heat by emitting thermal radiation. Advanced solar collectors incorporate selective surfaces that have very low emissivities. These collectors waste very little of the solar energy through emission of thermal radiation.
 * Thermal shielding: For the protection of structures from high surface temperatures, such as reusable spacecraft or hypersonic aircraft, high-emissivity coatings (HECs), with emissivity values near 0.9, are applied on the surface of insulating ceramics. This facilitates radiative cooling and protection of the underlying structure and is an alternative to ablative coatings, used in single-use reentry capsules.
 * Passive daytime radiative cooling: Daytime passive radiative coolers use the extremely cold temperature of outer space (~2.7 K) to emit heat and lower ambient temperatures while requiring zero energy input. These surfaces minimize the absorption of solar radiation to lessen heat gain in order to maximize the emission of LWIR thermal radiation. It has been proposed as a solution to global warming.
 * Planetary temperatures: The planets are solar thermal collectors on a large scale. The temperature of a planet's surface is determined by the balance between the heat absorbed by the planet from sunlight, heat emitted from its core, and thermal radiation emitted back into space. Emissivity of a planet is determined by the nature of its surface and atmosphere.
 * Temperature measurements: Pyrometers and infrared cameras are instruments used to measure the temperature of an object by using its thermal radiation; no actual contact with the object is needed. The calibration of these instruments involves the emissivity of the surface that's being measured.

Mathematical definitions
In its most general form, emissivity can be specified for a particular wavelength, direction, and polarization.

However, the most commonly used form of emissivity is the hemispherical total emissivity, which considers emissions as totaled over all wavelengths, directions, and polarizations, given a particular temperature.

Some specific forms of emissivity are detailed below.

Hemispherical emissivity
Hemispherical emissivity of a surface, denoted ε, is defined as
 * $$\varepsilon = \frac{M_\mathrm{e}}{M_\mathrm{e}^\circ},$$

where
 * Me is the radiant exitance of that surface;
 * Me° is the radiant exitance of a black body at the same temperature as that surface.

Spectral hemispherical emissivity
Spectral hemispherical emissivity in frequency and spectral hemispherical emissivity in wavelength of a surface, denoted εν and ελ, respectively, are defined as
 * $$\begin{align}

\varepsilon_\nu &= \frac{M_{\mathrm{e},\nu}}{M_{\mathrm{e},\nu}^\circ}, \\ \varepsilon_\lambda &= \frac{M_{\mathrm{e},\lambda}}{M_{\mathrm{e},\lambda}^\circ}, \end{align}$$

where
 * Me,ν is the spectral radiant exitance in frequency of that surface;
 * Me,ν° is the spectral radiant exitance in frequency of a black body at the same temperature as that surface;
 * Me,λ is the spectral radiant exitance in wavelength of that surface;
 * Me,λ° is the spectral radiant exitance in wavelength of a black body at the same temperature as that surface.

Directional emissivity
Directional emissivity of a surface, denoted εΩ, is defined as
 * $$\varepsilon_\Omega = \frac{L_{\mathrm{e},\Omega}}{L_{\mathrm{e},\Omega}^\circ},$$

where
 * Le,Ω is the radiance of that surface;
 * Le,Ω° is the radiance of a black body at the same temperature as that surface.

Spectral directional emissivity
Spectral directional emissivity in frequency and spectral directional emissivity in wavelength of a surface, denoted εν,Ω and ελ,Ω, respectively, are defined as
 * $$\begin{align}

\varepsilon_{\nu,\Omega} &= \frac{L_{\mathrm{e},\Omega,\nu}}{L_{\mathrm{e},\Omega,\nu}^\circ}, \\ \varepsilon_{\lambda,\Omega} &= \frac{L_{\mathrm{e},\Omega,\lambda}}{L_{\mathrm{e},\Omega,\lambda}^\circ}, \end{align}$$

where
 * Le,Ω,ν is the spectral radiance in frequency of that surface;
 * Le,Ω,ν° is the spectral radiance in frequency of a black body at the same temperature as that surface;
 * Le,Ω,λ is the spectral radiance in wavelength of that surface;
 * Le,Ω,λ° is the spectral radiance in wavelength of a black body at the same temperature as that surface.

Hemispherical emissivity can also be expressed as a weighted average of the directional spectral emissivities as described in textbooks on "radiative heat transfer".

Emissivities of common surfaces
Emissivities ε can be measured using simple devices such as Leslie's cube in conjunction with a thermal radiation detector such as a thermopile or a bolometer. The apparatus compares the thermal radiation from a surface to be tested with the thermal radiation from a nearly ideal, black sample. The detectors are essentially black absorbers with very sensitive thermometers that record the detector's temperature rise when exposed to thermal radiation. For measuring room temperature emissivities, the detectors must absorb thermal radiation completely at infrared wavelengths near 10×10−6 metre. Visible light has a wavelength range of about 0.4–0.7×10−6 metre from violet to deep red.

Emissivity measurements for many surfaces are compiled in many handbooks and texts. Some of these are listed in the following table.

Notes:
 * 1) These emissivities are the total hemispherical emissivities from the surfaces.
 * 2) The values of the emissivities apply to materials that are optically thick. This means that the absorptivity at the wavelengths typical of thermal radiation doesn't depend on the thickness of the material. Very thin materials emit less thermal radiation than thicker materials.
 * 3) Most emissitivies in the chart above were recorded at room temperature, 300 K.

Absorptance
There is a fundamental relationship (Gustav Kirchhoff's 1859 law of thermal radiation) that equates the emissivity of a surface with its absorption of incident radiation (the "absorptivity" of a surface). Kirchhoff's law is rigorously applicable with regard to the spectral directional definitions of emissivity and absorptivity. The relationship explains why emissivities cannot exceed 1, since the largest absorptivity—corresponding to complete absorption of all incident light by a truly black object—is also 1. Mirror-like, metallic surfaces that reflect light will thus have low emissivities, since the reflected light isn't absorbed. A polished silver surface has an emissivity of about 0.02 near room temperature. Black soot absorbs thermal radiation very well; it has an emissivity as large as 0.97, and hence soot is a fair approximation to an ideal black body.

With the exception of bare, polished metals, the appearance of a surface to the eye is not a good guide to emissivities near room temperature. For example, white paint absorbs very little visible light. However, at an infrared wavelength of 10×10−6 metre, paint absorbs light very well, and has a high emissivity. Similarly, pure water absorbs very little visible light, but water is nonetheless a strong infrared absorber and has a correspondingly high emissivity.

Emittance
Emittance (or emissive power) is the total amount of thermal energy emitted per unit area per unit time for all possible wavelengths. Emissivity of a body at a given temperature is the ratio of the total emissive power of a body to the total emissive power of a perfectly black body at that temperature. Following Planck's law, the total energy radiated increases with temperature while the peak of the emission spectrum shifts to shorter wavelengths. The energy emitted at shorter wavelengths increases more rapidly with temperature. For example, an ideal blackbody in thermal equilibrium at 1273 K, will emit 97% of its energy at wavelengths below $14 μm$.

The term emissivity is generally used to describe a simple, homogeneous surface such as silver. Similar terms, emittance and thermal emittance, are used to describe thermal radiation measurements on complex surfaces such as insulation products.

Measurement of Emittance
Emittance of a surface can be measured directly or indirectly from the emitted energy from that surface. In the direct radiometric method, the emitted energy from the sample is measured directly using a spectroscope such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In the indirect calorimetric method, the emitted energy from the sample is measured indirectly using a calorimeter. In addition to these two commonly applied methods, inexpensive emission measurement technique based on the principle of two-color pyrometry.

Emissivities of planet Earth

The emissivity of a planet or other astronomical body is determined by the composition and structure of its outer skin. In this context, the "skin" of a planet generally includes both its semi-transparent atmosphere and its non-gaseous surface. The resulting radiative emissions to space typically function as the primary cooling mechanism for these otherwise isolated bodies. The balance between all other incoming plus internal sources of energy versus the outgoing flow regulates planetary temperatures.

For Earth, equilibrium skin temperatures range near the freezing point of water, 260±50 K (-13±50 °C, 8±90 °F). The most energetic emissions are thus within a band spanning about 4-50 μm as governed by Planck's law. Emissivities for the atmosphere and surface components are often quantified separately, and validated against satellite- and terrestrial-based observations as well as laboratory measurements. These emissivities serve as input parameters within some simpler meteorlogic and climatologic models.

Surface
Earth's surface emissivities (εs) have been inferred with satellite-based instruments by directly observing surface thermal emissions at nadir through a less obstructed atmospheric window spanning 8-13 μm. Values range about εs=0.65-0.99, with lowest values typically limited to the most barren desert areas. Emissivities of most surface regions are above 0.9 due to the dominant influence of water; including oceans, land vegetation, and snow/ice. Globally averaged estimates for the hemispheric emissivity of Earth's surface are in the vicinity of εs=0.95.

Atmosphere

Water also dominates the planet's atmospheric emissivity and absorptivity in the form of water vapor. Clouds, carbon dioxide, and other components make substantial additional contributions, especially where there are gaps in the water vapor absorption spectrum. Nitrogen and oxygen  - the primary atmospheric components - interact less significantly with thermal radiation in the infrared band. Direct measurement of Earths atmospheric emissivities (εa) are more challenging than for land surfaces due in part to the atmosphere's multi-layered and more dynamic structure.

Upper and lower limits have been measured and calculated for εa in accordance with extreme yet realistic local conditions. At the upper limit, dense low cloud structures (consisting of liquid/ice aerosols and saturated water vapor) close the infrared transmission windows, yielding near to black body conditions with εa≈1. At a lower limit, clear sky (cloud-free) conditions promote the largest opening of transmission windows. The more uniform concentration of long-lived trace greenhouse gases in combination with water vapor pressures of 0.25-20 mbar then yield minimum values in the range of εa=0.55-0.8 (with ε=0.35-0.75 for a simulated water-vapor-only atmosphere). Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases contribute about ε=0.2 to εa when atmospheric humidity is low. Researchers have also evaluated the contribution of differing cloud types to atmospheric absorptivity and emissivity.

These days, the detailed processes and complex properties of radiation transport through the atmosphere are evaluated by general circulation models using radiation transport codes and databases such as MODTRAN/HITRAN. Emission, absorption, and scattering are thereby simulated through both space and time.

For many practical applications it may not be possible, economical or necessary to know all emissivity values locally. "Effective" or "bulk" values for an atmosphere or an entire planet may be used. These can be based upon remote observations (from the ground or outer space) or defined according to the simplifications utilized by a particular model. For example, an effective global value of εa≈0.78 has been estimated from application of an idealized single-layer-atmosphere energy-balance model to Earth.

Effective emissivity due to atmosphere
The IPCC reports an outgoing thermal radiation flux (OLR) of 239 (237-242) W m$-2$ and a surface thermal radiation flux (SLR) of 398 (395-400) W m$-2$, where the parenthesized amounts indicate the 5-95% confidence intervals as of 2015. These values indicate that the atmosphere (with clouds included) reduces Earth's overall emissivity, relative to its surface emissions, by a factor of 239/398 ≈ 0.60. In other words, emissions to space are given by $$\mathrm{OLR} = \epsilon_\mathrm{eff}\,\sigma\,T_{se}^4$$ where $$\epsilon_\mathrm{eff} \approx 0.6$$ is the effective emissivity of Earth as viewed from space and $$ T_\mathrm{se} \equiv \left[\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma\right]^{1/4} \approx$$ 289 K is the effective temperature of the surface.

History
The concepts of emissivity and absorptivity, as properties of matter and radiation, appeared in the late-eighteenth thru mid-nineteenth century writings of Pierre Prévost, John Leslie, Balfour Stewart and others. In 1860, Gustav Kirchhoff published a mathematical description of their relationship under conditions of thermal equilibrium (i.e. Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation). By 1884 the emissive power of a perfect blackbody was inferred by Josef Stefan using John Tyndall's experimental measurements, and derived by Ludwig Boltzmann from fundamental statistical principles. Emissivity, defined as a further proportionality factor to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, was thus implied and utilized in subsequent evaluations of the radiative behavior of grey bodies. For example, Svante Arrhenius applied the recent theoretical developments to his 1896 investigation of Earth's surface temperatures as calculated from the planet's radiative equilibrium with all of space. By 1900 Max Planck empirically derived a generalized law of blackbody radiation, thus clarifying the emissivity and absorptivity concepts at individual wavelengths.

title: Emissivity


text:
Korean Unification Flag

The Korean Unification Flag is a flag designed to represent all of Korea when North and South Korea participate as one team in various sporting events.

History
North and South Korea initially planned to compete as one team at the 1990 Asian Games, and conceived the Korean Unification Flag amid logistical difficulties with raising two flags at once. While the unified team effort was not realized, the flag was prominently displayed by an unofficial cheerleading group during the Games.

The flag was first officially used in 1991 when the two countries competed together as a single team in the 41st World Table Tennis Championships in Chiba, Japan.

Design
The background colour is white. In the center is a sky blue silhouette of the Korean Peninsula, including Jeju Island to the southwest. The silhouette is a somewhat smoothed representation of the actual coastline and northern border; according to both Koreas, the shape of the peninsula is "symbolic" and several smaller islands such as Geojedo are visibly omitted. The agreement creating the flag explicitly excluded Maando, Marado, and Dokdo/Liancourt Rocks (the Koreas' westernmost, southernmost, and easternmost islands).

Variations
Ulleungdo was added to the flag in 2002, and the disputed Liancourt Rocks were added in 2003.

Around September 2006, Socotra Rock was also added to the flag after an EEZ dispute flare-up with China. It is unconfirmed whether it was present at any future official or unofficial usages of the flag.

Ulleungdo and the Liancourt Rocks were removed in an official capacity at the 2018 Winter Olympics and other events in 2018, following alleged pressure from the IOC and Japan. The IOC has told South Korea that including the Liancourt Rocks officially would be seen as "a political act" and violate the IOC's neutrality, to which South Korea agreed. Japan allegedly pressured South Korea to officially remove Ulleungdo as well, citing the "Chiba precedent" (where the flag's first official use, in Chiba, did not include it). Ulleungdo was added back in 2019.

According to South Korean government policy, it allows use of the Liancourt Rocks variation during private events or by people in an unofficial capacity, including cheerleaders. For example, in the 2018 Winter Olympics, the variation was used on the women's ice hockey team's training uniforms, by the North Korean cheerleading groups during the opening ceremony, and during the team's evaluation match five days prior to the opening ceremony (which was hosted by the Korea Ice Hockey Association and not officially part of the Olympic schedule). Japan has protested these uses. Additionally, it appeared on the team's official (non-training) uniforms four days before the opening ceremony; BBC reported that it was quickly removed following media attention, while Yonhap News Agency reported that it was not removed until just before opening ceremony entry.

Sport

The Korean Unification Flag has been officially used at several international events, either for a unified team, or when the two teams march together in the opening ceremony while competing separately.

At the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing and the 2005 Asian Athletics Championships in Incheon, South Korea, unofficial cheerleading groups also prominently displayed the flag.

In addition to international events, inter-Korean sporting events have used the Unification Flag.

The flag was not used in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Not only was a unified team shelved, but the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (BOCOG)'s plan to make the two Korean teams enter consecutively during the opening ceremony was rejected due to opposition by the North Korean delegation at the last moment.

During the 2018 Winter Paralympics, negotiations were stalled by North Korean officials requesting that the Liancourt Rocks be included on the flag.

Other contexts
Other occasions on which the flag were used include the following:
 * In 2010, a large group of North Korean citizens and officials waved the flag when saying goodbye to South Korean Reverend Han Sang-ryol returning to South Korea from North Korea by crossing the DMZ line, but he was immediately arrested upon his return to South Korea.

Symbolism
According to American scholar and Korea expert Brian Reynolds Myers, South and North Koreans view the flag in different contexts. South Koreans see the flag as representing a peaceful relationship and coexistence with North Korea, whereas North Koreans view its usage by South Koreans as representing a desire to have their country annexed into North Korea. In this sense, Myers says, South Korean usage of the flag is more detrimental to their country's status as to North Korea than North Koreans' usage of it in regards to South Korea.

title: Korean Unification Flag


text:
Nissan (disambiguation)

Nissan Motor Corporation is a Japanese automobile company.

Nissan may also refer to:

Geography

 * Nissan (river), river in southwestern Sweden
 * Nissan Island, island in Papua New Guinea
 * Nissan Rural LLG, administrative division in Papua New Guinea
 * Nissan-lez-Enserune, village near Béziers, France

Brands and enterprises

 * Nissan Chemical Corporation, a Japanese chemical company
 * Nissan Computer, unaffiliated with the auto manufacturer but famous for a legal dispute over the Nissan.com domain name
 * Nissan Group, a Japanese business conglomerate, which includes:
 * Nissan Diesel, former name of truck and bus manufacturer UD Trucks Corporation
 * Nissan Forklift, a forklift manufacturer; see Nissan CG engine
 * Nissan Marine, a marine engine manufacturer
 * Nissan Life, a defunct insurance company

Other uses

 * Nissan, or Nisan, a month on the Hebrew calendar, Babylonian calendar and modern Arab April
 * Nissan Pavilion, former name of an outdoor entertainment venue in Prince William County, Virginia, now known as Jiffy Lube Live
 * Rosa Nissán (born 1939), Mexican writer

title: Nissan (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Emissivity

Old
The thermal emissivity page wasn't doing much, so I patched together material from other articles which linked directly to emissivity (which means that that article isn't doing much, either, but at least it's all in one place). As far as I know, it's all thermal emissivity. --Aranel 21:49, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

$$\epsilon$$ or $$e$$?
I wrote the original article on emissivity, on the portuguese Wikipedia. I refer to emissivity using the greek letter epsilon ($$\epsilon$$), instead of the mathmatical format of e ($$e$$). So, anyone has any idea on which one works best? --Arthur Albano 13:26, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

—Apis (talk ) 19:45, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I've been trying to find out what is most common and my physics textbooks use $$e$$. They are pretty elementary though. I have found some mention of $$\epsilon$$ on the web though.

Infrared Emissivity
A search for 'infrared emissivity' returns 0 results in Wikipedia. If somebody is aware they could add, as the term returns many results in Google - Sridhar Nov 12, 2005
 * It's a narrow yet vague concept. Emissivity is defined independently for each wavelength over the whole electromagnetic spectrum.  On the one hand the infrared is just a tiny part of the spectrum, hence narrow, on the other it nevertheless embraces a continuum of wavelengths ranging over more than an order of magnitude, hence vague.  --Vaughan Pratt (talk) 06:57, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

2 Walls
Anyone know where the information on the emissivity of 2 walls comes from? Joseph449008 (talk) 14:00, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * No idea, but it's easy to see that it's true. The formula gives the proportion of radiation (of whatever wavelength the two emissivities are for) inside one wall that enters the other wall.  It takes into account Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation, that reflectivity is complementary to emissivity.  The reflectivity allows computing the amount of radiation bouncing back and forth forever in between the two walls as a result of reflection.  I'll try to say something coherent about this in the article.
 * To find the formula, assume unit radiation inside the first wall, and write R1 = 1-E1, R2 = 1-E2 for the two reflectivities. Let A be the radiation from the first wall to the second, and B the radiation the other way.  Then A = E1 + R1*B (sum of emitted and reflected radiation) while B = R2*A (just the reflected part of A).  Eliminating B gives A = E1/(1-R1*R2).  What is emitted into the second wall is then E2*A = E1*E2/(1-R1*R2) and it's now just algebra to verify that this is the formula in the article (expand R1 and R2, simplify, then divide both top and bottom by E1*E2).  The formula is symmetric so it gives the same result for radiation from inside the first wall to inside the second.  Note that "inside" means "just inside" so that absorption does not become an issue.  --Vaughan Pratt (talk) 05:17, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

albedo
relation to albedo..? Cesiumfrog (talk) 07:36, 27 April 2010 (UTC)
 * By Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation for a given wavelength, emissivity is simply one minus reflectivity. Naively albedo is just reflectivity, but in practice it's much more complicated and there's no simple connection.  While there are various notions of albedo, for example geometric albedo and Bond albedo, none of them are for a single wavelength, whence there is no notion of albedo for which Kirchhoff's law can be trusted.
 * For a body whose reflectivity is independent of wavelength, Kirchhoff's law does hold, but in all other situations it's at best a rough approximation. If this were not so the formula for effective temperature, which assumes unit emissivity and therefore underestimates the temperature of a planet with no atmosphere, could solve this very simply by just dropping the factor 1-A, which would then factor in the emissivity.  --Vaughan Pratt (talk) 06:50, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

The Definition is Wrong !
The word 'power' should be substituted for 'energy' throughout. Another Wikki cock-up! A.J Smith

 * How do you figure? What gets radiated is energy.  Power is how much per unit time.  If the usage is wrong some place, identify the place for us, or fix it.  Dicklyon (talk) 22:47, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Astrophysical Greybodies?
Shouldn't $$\beta = 1$$ for dust clouds in space? Relationship between frequency and extinction is based on Mie Theory, which $$\sim 1/\lambda$$. Is this not correct? 128.146.32.165 (talk) 18:57, 5 March 2012 (UTC) Paul Rimmer

color vs emissivity
The rev 23:45, 19 May 2008 added a second paragraph that was probably meant as a quick aid to understanding of the definition:

"In general, the duller and blacker a material is, the closer its emissivity is to 1. The more reflective a material is, the lower its emissivity. Highly polished silver has an emissivity of about 0.02."

Unfortunately it introduced some problems. It included a use of the term "blacker" that both depended on the definition of emissivity itself (regarding black bodies) and greatly tempted a misconception about how color (not similarities to a black body) relates to emissivity. Also it generalized metallic properties across all materials which was misleading, and it failed to mention a more primary influencial factor--the metallic vs nonmetallic nature of a material.

Good intent by the author, but it even looks like other sites have copied the sentence verbatim into their explanations of emissivity also. I've reworked it for now to make it more clear, but it could use some more work when someone gets time. If there's benefit at all to having a sentence or two like that after the definition, the challenge is probably going to be expressing something of value that's short and concise enough to defer details until the explanation section below it.

Senortres (talk) 22:50, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

Original research: section on Emissivity between two walls
This article must not contain original research. The Emissivity between two walls section automatically assumes that the fraction of light of any frequency emitted compared to that of a black-body is equal to the fraction of that frequency that it would absorb. That information though not explixitly stated was assumed in a formula and is not backed up by any of this article's references. Blackbombchu (talk) 20:38, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I think this section is only incidentally related to the article's subject. Emissivity is a property of a single surface; I have never seen the term applied to "two walls". I think the section is original research, as you suggest. I'll delete this section within the next day or so unless some one provides a reference to this usage. Easchiff (talk) 10:35, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * It was one of many topics in the old page that would have probably been better separated out or referenced out to a separate page anyway, it seemed to be overly complicating the focus with emission interactions. By the way, great work on the updates to the page E, it's looking a ton better. Senortres (talk) 03:00, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks very much for the compliment - always good to know when WikiWork is appreciated! Best, Easchiff (talk) 03:06, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

Anodized aluminum: effect of color?
On the section: "Emissivities of common surfaces", what color is the anodization in 'Aluminum, anodized'? There should be two emissivities listed; one for black, one for clear. 12.33.223.211 (talk) 20:05, 5 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Possibly not. The properties at wavelengths near 10,000 nm, which are the ones that determine emissivity, are profoundly different than properties at much shorter wavelengths that are visible (400-700 nm). Do you have a citation indicating that it matters? Cheers, Easchiff (talk) 22:42, 5 May 2016 (UTC)
 * It's a good question. The visible color of the anodized surface has little effect. I've added a citation in the article. The probable reason, in my (unpublished) opinion: aluminum anodizing typically produces an aluminum oxide coating. The coating has a high emissivity, meaning that it is quite "black" at the wavelengths that matter for emissivity. However, aluminum oxide is nearly clear at visible wavelengths; clear sapphire gemstones are pure aluminum oxide crystals. So the inorganic dyes that are used to give a visible color are noticeable because the aluminum oxide is clear at those wavelengths. If the anodized coating were already black at visible wavelengths, one wouldn't expect dying to affect the color much. This is what happens at the much longer wavelengths that matter for emissivity. Easchiff (talk) 05:36, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

Nice response; I read the citation. Surprising result. Thank you! 71.139.160.208 (talk) 19:46, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

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Is emissivity complementary to reflectivity?
My understanding is that (ignoring wavelength-dependent differences) the more reflective an object is, the less emissive it is, and vice-versa. If this statement is indeed valid (even with caveats), it would be great to add to the article, as it would make it much easier for the casual reader to understand what emissivity is. -- Dan Griscom (talk) 23:03, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

(Not an) erroneous calculation?!
I was about to challenge the quote: "The surface of a perfect black body (with an emissivity of 1) emits thermal radiation at the rate of approximately 448 watts per square metre at room temperature," but realize that I was assuming they meant W/cm2. They clearly state W/m2, so that seems much more believable. 66.219.244.122 (talk) 21:31, 20 December 2021 (UTC)MCG

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:58, 5 January 2022 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Emissivity


text:
User:Mescad

Bio
I am a full time student at Eastern Kentucky University, a Computer Science major with an emphasis in Technology. Formerly I attended Clemson University where also studied Computer Science. At Clemson, I struggled with the required Mathematics courses in that program, primarily Calculus, and eventually left the school when I couldn't maintain the academic requirements for financial aid. After taking five years off, I enrolled at Eastern Kentucky and have maintained a 4.0 GPA (including Calculus!)

In 2001, I married the little girl I met at summer camp when we were both in the fourth grade. We live together in Lexington, Kentucky. She teaches Middle school in a nearby town, and I commute 50 miles to my University.

About Mescad
Mescad (IPA pronunciation: ) is a nickname, or pseudonym for this user (who prefers to keep his real name private.) In 1991, Epic Comics released a trade paperback of Alien Legion comics, titled Slaughterworld. The comics feature a character named Skathe Mescad. In 1993, when signing up for a TradeWars 2002 game on a local BBS, Mescad was asked to choose a handle. He flipped through his copy of Slaughterworld and chose the last name of this character. Since that day, Mescad has regularly used the name online and will only use another name if "Mescad" is unavailable.

My Interests on Wikipedia

 * There and related articles.
 * Eastern Kentucky University - I attend here.
 * Clemson University - my Alma mater.
 * Kentucky - I am a member of Wikipedians_in_Kentucky and the WikiProject Kentucky.
 * Specifically, Lexington, Kentucky is of interest to me. - My home.
 * Richard Proenneke - After watching Alone in the Wilderness I became facinated with his life in Alaska. The film shows how he single-handedly built a log cabin using only hand tools.  He then proceeded to live there for about 30 more years, alone.
 * I watch the pages of several celebrities to help prevent vandalism. These have included: George Foreman, Karl Malone, Johnnie Cochran.

What Others Say About Me
Mescad plays There, and has discovered many internal workings of the client. -TIB

title: User:Mescad


text:
East 17

East 17 are an English pop boy band started by Tony Mortimer, Brian Harvey, John Hendy, and Terry Coldwell in 1991. As of 2020, the group consists of Coldwell, Robbie Craig and Joe Livermore. East 17 have undergone multiple lineup changes, with Coldwell remaining the only constant member.

The group has released 18 top-20 singles and four top-10 albums and was one of the UK's most popular boy bands during the early- to mid-1990s, aided by strong tabloid interest in their 'bad boy' image, compared to the clean-cut style of rivals Take That. Their style blended pop and hip hop in songs such as "House of Love" and "Let It Rain".

East 17 has sold over 18 million albums worldwide and according to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), the group has been certified with sales of 1.8 million albums and 2.6 million singles in the UK. Their biggest hit, "Stay Another Day", was the UK Christmas number one in 1994.

The group continues today under the lineup of Terry Coldwell, Joe Livermore, and former Artful Dodger collaborator Robbie Craig.

Formation (1991)
East 17 began in 1991 when Tony Mortimer was promised a record deal with London Records after he presented his own material. The deal was granted under the condition that he form a group, which would be in the format that London Records were looking for. Mortimer recruited Brian Harvey, John Hendy, and Terry Coldwell.

The group was named East 17 after the postcode of their hometown, Walthamstow.

Walthamstow (1992–1993)
The group was usually seen as a grittier, more political and hip hop or rap-aligned ensemble than rival boy band Take That, as noted by Guy Adams of The Independent: "They shaved their heads, and had tattoos, and were a lot, lot cooler than the nancy boys of Take That. In the great five-year battle that dominated British pop, East 17 were also on the winning side. Their music was sharper and more streetwise. It was infused with hip hop and sold by the bucketload: 18 million records across Europe, compared with Take That's paltry 17 million."

- Guy Adams

East 17 had twelve top-10 hits on the UK Singles Chart between 1992 and 1998. Their debut album, Walthamstow, reached No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart. It featured a string of Top 20 singles, including "House of Love" and "Deep". "It's Alright" became a major success in Australia, reaching No. 1 in early 1994 for seven consecutive weeks.

Steam (1994)
In 1994, upon the release of their second album, Steam, East 17 scored their only UK number-one single with "Stay Another Day".

Up All Night (1995–1996)
The group's next album, 1995's Up All Night, was less successful.

In 1996, the group reached No. 2 with the track "If You Ever", a duet with Gabrielle. The single was featured on their compilation album Around the World Hit Singles: The Journey So Far.

Mortimer's first departure and first split (1997)
In January 1997, Brian Harvey was engulfed in a drug-related controversy when he claimed that he had taken ecstasy pills on a night out, stating in the press that "It's cool to take drugs" and claiming that ecstasy "can make you a better person".

This went against the group's image, and there was intense media scrutiny, leading to questions being raised in the House of Commons. With the group's career and reputation tarnished by the affair, Harvey was immediately sacked and Mortimer decided to leave several months later due to creative differences between himself and the rest of the group.

First reunion and second split (1998–1999)
Coldwell and Hendy later reinstated Harvey and attempted a comeback in 1998, renaming the group E-17. They landed a record deal with Telstar Records after recording an album's worth of self-written material in their home studios. Their first single as E-17 was "Each Time", which reached No. 2 in the UK. But without Mortimer's songwriting influence, the group's initial success soon wavered; sales of their next single, "Betcha Can't Wait", were disappointing, reaching number 12 in the charts, and their album Resurrection failed to make the UK Top 40. The band was later dropped by their label in 1999 and subsequently split up.

Post-split activities (1999–2006)
In 2001, Harvey, now as a solo artist, released a collaboration with Wyclef Jean, with the Top-20 single "Loving You", but later returned to perform numerous gigs with Coldwell and Hendy. On the ITV1 docusoap Redcoats, the trio were shown performing at Butlins in Bognor. Whilst in 2005, Harvey, Coldwell, and Hendy performed in Mongolia. In May 2005, Harvey was seriously injured in a car accident, requiring surgery.

Second reunion and Mortimer's second departure (2006–2009)
On 4 February 2006, Harvey appeared on the UK music television show CD:UK, where he announced that East 17 might make a comeback with its original lineup. In mid-February 2006, the group reformed and played their first comeback concert on 30 May at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in London. After reforming for the one-off performance, it was reported that Mortimer had left the group again due to a confrontation with Harvey, leading to an altercation between the two.

A Channel 4 documentary, East 17: The Reunion, which charted the group's rise and fall, along with their subsequent attempt to re-launch, was broadcast in May 2007. East 17 continued to perform without Mortimer as a trio. They played at the University of Strathclyde on 24 September 2006, after DJ Colin Murray was unable to attend. A new single, "Fuck That", was due to be released in early 2008, along with a new album, "Universalization", but both went unreleased.

East 17 performed at the 2009 Glastonbury Festival on 25 June in the dance lounge. In November 2009, the group collaborated with Mortimer in aid of the Born Free Foundation. They performed two of their best-known songs—"Deep" and "Stay Another Day"—for the Wild & Live! event at the Royal Albert Hall. After the performance, the four agreed that it would be best if they never sang together again. However, according to a BBC Radio 2 interview with Zoë Ball in December 2009, songwriter Tony Mortimer mentioned that the band were on "talking terms" and planning a comeback for 2010.

Mortimer's second return, Harvey's departure, Dreelan's arrival and departure, and Dark Light (2010–2013)
Tony Mortimer returned to East 17 in 2010. Brian Harvey left soon after, when his commitment was questioned by the rest of the group; he had been missing rehearsals and cancelling performances. In 2011, T-Mobile used the East 17 song "House of Love" in a Royal Wedding "spoof" commercial. In April 2011, it was announced that Blair Dreelan had joined the band for their Back to the Future tour in August and September 2011 to promote their comeback single, "Secret of My Life". On 28 September 2011, Dreelan left the group due to contractual obligations. On 27 November 2011, East 17 appeared as musical guests on X Factor Romania.

East 17's fifth studio album, Dark Light, along with the new single "I Can't Get You Off My Mind", were released in 2012.

Mortimer's third departure, Craig's arrival, 24/7, and Hendy's departure (2013–present)
Tony Mortimer departed for the third time in 2013. Robbie Craig later joined East 17 in early 2014. John Hendy and Terry Coldwell became the only original members in the group at that stage.

In 2017, East 17 partook in B*Witched's Australia & NZ Tour as a supporting act alongside Atomic Kitten, S Club 3, and Liberty X. During this time, the band released their sixth studio album, 24/7, exclusively in Australia, titling it 24/7: Australian Tour Edition. In June 2018, John Hendy departed the group, citing personal reasons. Since then, Terry John joined the band as Hendy's replacement, performed with them at numerous shows, but eventually also left and was replaced by Joe Livermore.

On 27 August 2021, East 17 released 24/7 internationally.

On 27 May 2022, East 17 released a new single, said to be from an upcoming album, called "I Just Wanna".

On 1 December 2023, the band issued the single "Merry Quitmas". It was released in collaboration with Riot Labs, an anti-smoking charity.

Band members
Current
 * Terry Coldwell (1991–1997, 1998–1999, 2006–2013, 2014–present)
 * Robbie Craig (2014–present)
 * Joe Livermore (2019–present)

Past
 * Tony Mortimer (1991–1997, 2006, 2010–2013)
 * Brian Harvey (1991–1997, 1998–1999, 2006–2010)
 * John Hendy (1991–1997, 1998–1999, 2006–2013, 2014–2018)
 * Blair Dreelan (2011)
 * Terry John (2018–2019)

Tours
Main Supporting
 * Letting Off Steam: The Around the World Tour (1994–1995)
 * Moscow Olympic Stadium (1996)
 * East 17 Live in Australia (2012)
 * Australia & NZ Tour (2017)

Awards and nominations
{| class=wikitable ! Year !! Awards !! Work !! Category !! Result !! Ref.
 * rowspan=2|1993
 * Mercury Prize
 * Walthamstow
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|Bravo Otto Awards
 * rowspan=4|Themselves
 * rowspan=2|Best Pop Band (Bronze)
 * Won
 * rowspan=6|1994
 * Won
 * rowspan=5|Smash Hits Poll Winners Party
 * Best Group in the World
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=5|
 * Best British Group
 * Nominated
 * Steam
 * Best Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|"Steam"
 * Best Single
 * Nominated
 * Best Pop Video
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3|1995
 * Brit Awards
 * rowspan=2|"Stay Another Day"
 * Best British Single
 * Nominated
 * Ivor Novello Awards
 * Most Performed Work
 * Nominated
 * MTV Europe Music Awards
 * Themselves
 * Best Dance
 * Won
 * rowspan=2|1996
 * rowspan=2|Smash Hits Poll Winners Party
 * "If You Ever"
 * Best Single
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * Themselves
 * Best British Group
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * MTV Europe Music Awards
 * Themselves
 * Best Dance
 * Won
 * rowspan=2|1996
 * rowspan=2|Smash Hits Poll Winners Party
 * "If You Ever"
 * Best Single
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * Themselves
 * Best British Group
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * Themselves
 * Best British Group
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Discography

 * Walthamstow (1992)
 * Steam (1994)
 * Up All Night (1995)
 * Resurrection (1998)
 * Dark Light (2012)
 * 24/7 (2021)

title: East 17


text:
User:Benc/Ideas

These ideas are currently half-baked. I'm still working on them. :-) Of course, if you have any suggestions, please hit up my talk page.

WikiBirthday
Cheesy way to generate WikiLove. A list of Wikipedians' birthdays would be maintained on a subpage, purely voluntary of course. Wikipedians with their birthday within the next week or so would post a request on the main WikiBirthday page for a random act of kindness for one of their pet articles. WikiBirthday readers can improve the article as a way of saying "happy birthday".

Oh, man, this is ever kitschy. It's on the level of WikiMoney. But it might be good, after all. Besides, it has a personal dimension to it that WikiMoney lacked.

Bookmark survey
Just for fun, see what various people use as their start page. Wikipedians by start page

Delayed deletion
Maybe.

title: User:Benc/Ideas


text:
Talk:Korean Unification Flag

Untitled
Wasn't Korea unification flag the more appropriate title. Saying this, I'm not aware of any other Unification Flag, so maybe just leave it where it is. Kokiri 22:40, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You mean Korean. - 69.212.70.138 19:54, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

How about Unification Flag of Korea? --Puzzlet Chung 20:25, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless there's some other "Unification Flag" with an article, I see no reason to move.--Pharos 21:50, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment I've removed this page's entry from Requested moves due to a lack of consensus on the move. If this changes, feel free to add another request. --Lox (t,c) 21:36, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

What, no Dokdo?
It's kind of hard to believe that the Unification Flag would leave out Ulleungdo and Dokdo! I really expected to see them there. --Reuben 04:38, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the two Koreas recently agreed to place Ulleungdo and Dokdo to the Korean Unification Flag, we should replace the current flag, which does not display Dokdo and Ulleungdo with a flag which does. Tell me what you think. --DandanxD 10:20, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * By all means, any revamped flag needs to clearly display not only Dagelet and Liancourt Rocks just as clearly as it now shows Quelpart, but it should feature Socotra Rock so everybody will be happy and han-free. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.79.62.19 (talk) 09:14, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Mount Baeteuk as well. Gando! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.7.15.166 (talk) 04:11, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

It seems that originally Cheju was the only island included. Anything else would be rather inconspicuous on an actual cloth flag, if included according to strict scale... AnonMoos (talk) 11:33, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Official status
The article states that the flag isn't "the official" flag of either Korea (which is to be expected) -- what I wonder is if it has the status of a official flag? --Himasaram 13:21, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Only during special events but even then, it's not considered "official" (i.e. the Olympics). --DandanxD 10:35, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

German Flag
the german flag should not be pictured in this article, it should have a link in the see also section

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2018 Paralympics
Apparently North Korea refused to enter together with South Korea for the 2018 Paralympic opening ceremony, unless a version of the flag with Liancourt/Dokdo clould be used: -- AnonMoos (talk) 14:13, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Primary purpose, origin and symbolism
Is this correct - that the primary purpose of the flag is to represent the two countries together in sporting events? I was under the impression that it's a flag of the overall Korean reunification movement (indeed, its use on Korean reunification implies this), and that any use in sporting events derives from this.

Furthermore, I'm made to wonder the origin of the design. Of course, the shape of the Korean peninsula isn't in itself designed, but some work must have gone into turning this into a flag design. Was this work done by a North Korean, a South Korean, a meeting of people of both nations or someone else entirely?

Moreover, the Symbolism section currently talks about how South Koreans view the flag and about how North Koreans view South Koreans' use of it. What about how North Koreans view it when used by their own people, and how South Koreans view its use by North Koreans? This is before you get to the matter of how it's viewed by the nations' governments versus by the people generally, and of different individuals having different views on the matter.

But clearly the intended symbolism is of (the prospect of) Korea as a unified country. Still, frequently in flags the colours symbolise something; can anyone shed light on this? — Smjg (talk) 16:12, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Korean Unification Flag


text:
Bill Johnston (tennis)

William Marquitz "Little Bill" Johnston (November 2, 1894 – May 1, 1946) was an American world No. 1 tennis player.

Biography
Bill Johnston was born November 2, 1894, in San Francisco, the son of Robert Johnston, an electrical plant mechanic and Margaret Burns, of Irish origin. Johnston started to play tennis in early 1906, aged 11, on the public asphalt courts in Golden Gate Park. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the schools were closed, and he spent much of his spare time practicing on the tennis courts. He achieved his first tournament victory at the 1910 Bay Counties junior singles competition.

In 1916, Johnston won the Cincinnati Open (now Cincinnati Masters) after Clarence Griffin defaulted in the challenge round. Johnston won the Longwood Challenge Cup, played on the Longwood Courts at Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts in 1913, 1916, 1919, 1920 and 1921.

During World War I, Johnston served in the U.S. Navy.

Johnston was the co-World No. 1 player in 1919 and in 1922 respectively along with Gerald Patterson and Bill Tilden. He won the US Championships in 1915 and 1919 as well as the World Hard Court Championships (clay) and Wimbledon in 1923.

Until "Big Bill" Tilden began to defeat him regularly in 1920, Johnston had been the best American player for a number of years and was ranked No. 1 by the United States Lawn Tennis Association in 1915 and 1919. In July 1919, Johnston defeated Tilden in the final of the U.S. Clay Court Championships. A month later, Johnston beat Tilden in three straight sets in the final of the 1919 US Championships, then Tilden overtook him in 1920. Johnston remained competitive with Tilden for the next seven or eight years, but was never able to beat Tilden in an important match again. For instance, in 1922 Johnston defeated Tilden three times out of four occasions but Tilden beat Johnston in the final of the U.S. Championships in five sets. In 1923, despite Johnston winning both the World Hard Court Championships and Wimbledon, he failed to beat Tilden at the US Championships, losing in three one-sided sets. Johnston threatened to get closer to beating Tilden on the big stage in following years, but memorably lost the 1925 US Championships final in five sets to Tilden. Johnston was runner-up a record six times in the US Championships, and this is still a record today. Together Johnston and Tilden won seven consecutive Davis Cup trophies, from 1920 to 1926, a record that still stands. In September 1927, Johnston announced his retirement after the U.S. Davis Cup loss to the French team consisting of the 'Four Musketeers' and confirmed his decision in mid-1928. He turned down an offer to become professional.

Johnston was renowned for the power and deadliness of his forehand drive, which he hit shoulder-high with a Western grip and which was considered the best forehand of his time.

After his tennis career, Johnston was active in the brokerage industry. He died of tuberculosis on May 1, 1946, at the age of 51.

Legacy
Bill Johnston was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1958.

Performance timeline
Events with a challenge round: (WC) won; (CR) lost the challenge round; (FA) all comers' finalist

(OF) only for French players

title: Bill Johnston (tennis)


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Roberto Madrazo

Roberto Madrazo Pintado (born July 30, 1952) is a Mexican politician and member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He was the candidate of the alliance between his party and the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) in the 2006 Mexican presidential election. He served as Governor of Tabasco from 1995 to 2000.

Early years
Madrazo was born in Villahermosa, Tabasco, to Carlos A. Madrazo and Graciela Pintado Jiménez. His father was a reformist politician at a time when the PRI was the only viable party. Both of his parents died in a plane crash when he was sixteen. Although his father came from humble roots, his prestige allowed Roberto to become one of Mexico's elite. He studied law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City and urbanism at the University of California at Los Angeles, and headed the PRI Youth.

Early political career
Between 1976 and 1988, he represented Tabasco in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. He served as governor of Tabasco from 1994 to 2000. As governor, Madrazo acquired a reputation as a populist politician who promoted economic development.

2000 presidential election
Madrazo sought the PRI's presidential candidacy in 2000 but lost to Francisco Labastida, a former governor of Sinaloa and former Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of President Ernesto Zedillo, whom Madrazo perceived as having chosen Labastida as his successor in the Mexican political tradition of the dedazo ("the finger", referring to hand-chosen presidential succession). As a candidate, Madrazo was described as having "populist flair".

The PRI had never lost a presidential election since its founding, and the party's structure made the president the arbiter of its internal affairs. Although this was not the first time in PRI's history the presidential authority was defied, Madrazo's anti-dedazo campaign was particularly aggressive. He even used a pun on his surname: "Dale un Madrazo al dedazo" (a "madrazo" is vulgar term for a severe blow in Mexican Spanish; loosely translated, give a blow to the dedazo) as a promise to end the corrupt tradition. He attracted some followers inside the PRI but the primary, which, in an unprecedented turn of events, was open to registered voters and not just PRI members, favored Labastida.

Madrazo accepted the outcome, but his aggressive internal campaign had weakened Labastida's candidacy in the eyes of the electorate, and was seen as a major factor in his defeat by the National Action Party (PAN) candidate Vicente Fox Quesada.

After the historical loss of the presidential election in 2000, the PRI was faced an uncertain future. Madrazo, however, as party leader, was able to parlay the party's strong infrastructure and history into electoral victories, particularly in his home state of Tabasco, which helped avoid internecine troubles.

PRI presidency
Madrazo is mainly credited for bringing cohesion to a disjointed PRI after it historically lost the 2000 presidential election. Madrazo was able to wrestle control of the PRI by negotiating deals with different power groups within the PRI and by neutralizing political adversaries within the party. Madrazo ran for the presidency of the PRI in 2002, allying himself with Elba Esther Gordillo (as his general secretary), the powerful leader of the National Education Workers' Union. Together, they defeated their adversary, Senator Beatriz Paredes in a close election. After the election, Gordillo became his political rival, resulting in her retirement from public life for a year amidst many verbal accusations (she was accused of murdering members of her labor-based opposition and conspiring against PRI members). In early 2005, Gordillo returned to the political scene and broke publicly with Madrazo.

2006 presidential campaign
Madrazo's position as national leader of the PRI gave him a considerable advantage in his campaign for the 2006 presidential candidacy. As the election neared, there had been a growing discomfort among other would-be PRI candidates, who increasingly demanded that clear rules for the internal campaign be set. Many PRI-affiliated state governors formed the group Democratic Unity, nicknamed TUCOM (Todos Unidos Contra Madrazo, "All United Against Madrazo") in the media. They chose Arturo Montiel as their pre-candidate. In the primary elections, Madrazo, Montiel, and a third contender,, competed for the candidacy. Montiel resigned after legal issues concerning mansions in Mexico and France (his wife is a French citizen); his sons were also implicated in embezzlement schemes. Montiel's resignation resulted in Madrazo's candidacy, although minimal participation on the part of the PRI votership may have indicated a lack of faith in the PRI or a general disinterest. He was also accused by political rivals of tax evasion.

After the primaries, Madrazo forged an alliance with the PVEM, and earned the party's nomination. Madrazo faced a battle against Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the former Head of Government of the Federal District and PRD presidential candidate. López Obrador was something of a personal rival, having previously lost to Madrazo in the election for the Tabasco governorship in 1994. Another contestant was the right-of-center PAN candidate Felipe Calderón.

The public debate between Madrazo and Gordillo resulted in the creation of a new political party, the Partido Nueva Alianza, formed to oppose Madrazo in his bid for the presidency. For this she was suspended in her rights as a PRI "militant" (an official party position) pending an expulsion process. Gordillo has made it clear that she believes Madrazo is not a viable candidate for Mexico's presidency. The Nueva Alianza candidate, Roberto Campa, spent much of the first presidential debate attacking Madrazo.

Shortly after Gordillo's denunciation, the Mexico City newspaper Reforma published an article that condemned Madrazo as the owner of a luxury penthouse in a prestigious high-rise tower in Miami worth eight million pesos ($800,000 U.S. dollars) and three luxury apartments in Mexico City with the alleged value of seven million pesos. However, Madrazo's public declaration of assets, liabilities and expenses of January 19, 2006 denied the allegations.

Going into the elections, Madrazo polled at 30 percent.

On July 3, 2006, Madrazo and his coalition conceded defeat in the presidential election. According to official results, he received only 22.26% of the vote or 9,301,441 votes out of 41,791,322 votes—the PRI's worst presidential result to that point.

Berlin Marathon scam
Madrazo was accused of cheating during the 2007 Berlin Marathon. Posting a time of 2 hours and 41 minutes, his time was 36 minutes behind the world record at the time. His 25 and 30 km checkpoints were unregistered. Madrazo finished the race in 146th place, and allegedly took 21 minutes to cover the 15 kilometers between the 20 km and 35 km marks, while the world record for this distance is 41 minutes. The cheating was revealed because the time registration of start, finish, and all split times of the marathon was done by transponder timing. Eventually Madrazo was disqualified, causing a political disturbance in Mexico.

Personal life
He is married to Isabel de la Parra Trillo.

title: Roberto Madrazo


text:
Talk:Freestyle house

Genre name and article content
I've heard of Freestyle and I've heard of House but never Freestyle House. Most of the musicians listed here would fall under Freestyle, Latin Freestyle, or Electro. Most of the information provided in this article is also found in those other articles, so it becomes redundant. Also, the article is way too long and goes off into specifics of artists that should be written under their own article, if they don't have one already. 69.22.90.132 22:01, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Obviously some folks cant read a references section. Author gave permission for its use. ALKIVAR ™ 02:58, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks like in recent months, the Wikipedia article has been trimmed and rewritten a fair bit so that it no longer duplicates the Joey Gardner article, which is good. It is inappropriate, by Wikipedia standards, to use other articles as Wikipedia content, even if done with permission.

 * However, there is still the question of "Freestyle House" being the name of the article and musical genre. Freestyle became rather housey in the 1990s, so it might be acceptable to refer to a fair amount of post-1980s freestyle as "freestyle house" or just "freestyle", but the simple term "freestyle" is still universally understood among afficianados and is still cited in the music press as the most appropriate word denoting the mostly-1980s Latin pop/hip-hop/electro fusion that was made famous by producers such as Joey Gardner, the Latin Rascals, and Lewis Martinée. It is entirely inappropriate to call that electro-based music "freestyle house". I think I will see what edits I can make to retitle the article and clarify the terminology appropriately. — mjb 23:16, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If you are doing a proper rewrite of this article, you could consider merging Electro (music) and Electro hop in with it as well, to prevent further confusion later. Both cover practically the same subject matter. I agree that Freestyle music is the best home for this subject though. Jdcooper 00:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freestyle house


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User:MathMartin/Newton polynomial

In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, a Newton polynomial, named after its inventor Isaac Newton, is the interpolation polynomial for a given set of data points.

The Newton polynomial is sometimes called Newton interpolation polynomial. This is a bit misleading as there is only one interpolation polynomial for a given set of knots. The more precise name is interpolation polynomial in the Newton form.

Main idea
Solving an interpolation problems leads to a problem in linear algebra where we have to solve a matrix. Using a standard monomial basis for our interpolation polynomial we get the very complicated Vandermonde matrix. By choosing another basis, the Newton basis, we get a much simpler lower triangular matrix which can solved faster.

We construct the Newton basis as
 * $$n_n(x) := \prod_{\nu=0}^{n} (x - x_{\nu-1}) \qquad n=0,\ldots,N$$

Using this basis we we to solve
 * $$ \mathbf{A}\mathbf{a}=

\begin{pmatrix} 1 &        &        &        & 0  \\      1 & x_1-x_0 &        &        &    \\ 1 & x_2-x_1 & \ddots &       &    \\ \vdots & \vdots &        & \ddots &    \\ 1 & x_N-x_0 & \ldots & \ldots & \prod_{n=0}^{N-1}(x_N - x_n) \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a_0 \\ \vdots \\ a_{N} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} y_0 \\ \vdots \\ y_{N} \end{pmatrix} $$

to solve the polynomial interpolation problem.

This matrix can be solved recursively by solving the following equations
 * $$ \sum_{\nu=0}^{n} a_{\nu} n_{\nu}(x_n) = y_ n \qquad n = 0,...,N$$

Interpolation polynomial in Newton form
Given a set of N+1 data points
 * $$(x_0, y_0),\ldots,(x_N, y_N)$$

where no two xn are the same, the interpolation polynomial is a polynomial function N(x) of degree N with

 * $$N(x_n) = y_n \qquad n=0,\ldots,N$$

According to the Stone-Weierstrass theorem such a function exists and is unique.

The Newton polynomial is the solution to the interpolation problem. It is given by the a linear combination of Newton basis polynomials:

 * $$N(x) := \sum_{n=0}^{N} a_{n} n_{n}(x)$$

with the Newton basis polynomials defined as

 * $$n_n(x) := \prod_{\nu=0}^{n} (x - x_{\nu-1})$$

and the coefficients defined as
 * $$a_n := [y_0,\ldots,y_n]$$

where
 * $$[y_0,\ldots,y_n]$$

is the notation for divided differences.

Thus the Newton polynomial can be written as

 * $$N(x) := [y_0] + [y_0,y_1](x-x_0) + \ldots + [y_0,\ldots,y_N](x-x_0)\ldots(x-x_{N-1})$$

Divided differences
The notion of divided differences is a recursive division process.

We define

 * $$[y_{\nu}] := y_{\nu} \qquad \mbox{, } \nu = 0,\ldots,n$$
 * $$[y_{\nu},\ldots,y_{\nu+j}] := \frac{[y_{\nu+1},\ldots y_{\nu+j}] - [y_{\nu},\ldots y_{\nu+j-1}]}{x_{\nu+j}-x_{\nu}} \qquad \mbox{, } \nu = 0,\ldots,n-j,j=1,\ldots,n$$

For the first few [yn] this yields

 * $$[y_0] = y_0$$
 * $$[y_0,y_1] = \frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$$
 * $$[y_0,y_1,y_2] = \frac{y_3-y_1-\frac{x_3-x_1}{x_2-x_1}(y_2-y_1)}{(x_3-x_1)(x_3-x_2)}$$

To make the recurive process more clear the divided differences can be put in a tabular form

\begin{matrix} x_0 & y_0 = [y_0] &          &               & \\ &      & [y_0,y_1] &               & \\ x_1 & y_1 = [y_1] &          & [y_0,y_1,y_2] & \\ &      & [y_1,y_2] &               & [y_0,y_1,y_2,y_3]\\ x_2 & y_2 = [y_2] &          & [y_1,y_2,y_3] & \\ &      & [y_2,y_3] &               & \\ x_3 & y_3 = [y_3] &          &               & \\ \end{matrix} $$

On the diagonal of this table you will find the coefficients, as
 * $$a_0=y_0$$
 * $$a_1=[y_0, y_1]$$
 * $$a_2=[y_0,y_1,y_2]$$
 * $$a_3=[y_0,y_1,y_2,y_3]$$

title: User:MathMartin/Newton polynomial


text:
Strong

Strong may refer to:

Education

 * The Strong, an educational institution in Rochester, New York, United States
 * Strong Hall (Lawrence, Kansas), an administrative hall of the University of Kansas
 * Strong School, New Haven, Connecticut, United States, an overflow school for district kindergartners and first graders

Albums

 * Strong (Tyler Hubbard album), 2024
 * Strong (Anette Olzon album), 2021
 * Strong (Arrested Development album), 2010
 * Strong (Michelle Wright album), 2013
 * Strong (Thomas Anders album), 2010
 * Strong (Tracy Lawrence album), 2004
 * Strong, a 2000 album by Clare Quilty

Songs

 * "Strong" (London Grammar song), 2013
 * "Strong" (One Direction song), 2013
 * "Strong" (Robbie Williams song), 1999
 * "Strong" (Romy song), 2022
 * "Strong", a song by After Forever from Remagine
 * "Strong", a song by Audio Adrenaline from Worldwide
 * "Strong", a song by LeAnn Rimes from Whatever We Wanna
 * "Strong", a song by London Grammar from If You Wait
 * "Strong", a song by Will Hoge from Never Give In
 * "Strong", a song from the 2015 film Cinderella

People and fictional characters

 * Strong (surname), including lists of people and fictional characters
 * Strong Vincent (1837–1863), American Civil War Union Army brigadier general and lawyer
 * List of people known as the Strong

United States

 * Strong, Arkansas, a city
 * Strong, Maine, a town
 * Strongs, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Strong, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
 * Strong, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place
 * Fort Strong, Boston harbor, Massachusetts
 * Strong City, Kansas, a city
 * Strong City, Oklahoma, a town
 * Strong Island (Michigan)
 * Strong Island, Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod, Massachusetts
 * Strong River, Mississippi
 * Strong Township, Chase County, Kansas

Elsewhere

 * Strong, Ontario, Canada, a township
 * Mount Strong, Antarctica
 * Strong Peak, Antarctica
 * 22622 Strong, an asteroid

Other uses

 * Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
 * SK Strong, a Norwegian sports club that merged into Grüner IL in 1952
 * USS Strong, two United States Navy destroyers
 * Strong (TV series), an American reality show which debuted in 2016
 * Strong!, a 2012 documentary about Olympic weightlifter Cheryl Haworth
 * Strong (advertisement), a controversial advertisement by the 2012 US presidential candidate Rick Perry
 * Strong Capital Management, a defunct American financial services firm

title: Strong