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User talk:DavidSJ

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Proposed deletion of Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions

The article Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Now likely defunct organization which never seems to have scratched the surface of notability in the first place."

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Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth

The Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth was an upper-tier regional municipality in Ontario, Canada, that existed between January 1, 1974, and January 1, 2001. It was composed of six municipalities, centered on and including the City of Hamilton, and existed to coordinate certain shared services, such as policing and public transit, for those municipalities. It was created through the restructuring of Wentworth County, and was one of the last such governments to be created in Ontario.

The regional municipality was dissolved in 2001, and its constituent municipalities were amalgamated to form the current single-tier City of Hamilton, with a 2021 total population of 569,353.

Overview
Regional Municipalities were an experiment in two-tiered municipalities created between the late 1960s to mid-1970s. They existed mainly in the Golden Horseshoe of southern Ontario, but also existed in the form of the Regional Municipality of Sudbury in northern Ontario and the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton in eastern Ontario. The regions were proved somewhat controversial upon their creation and the Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth was one of the last created by this process. Almost immediately after its creation, some sort of merger was advocated, with "Wentworth" being among some of the candidate names for the new megacity, despite the City of Hamilton functioning as the metropolitan core for the Region as a whole.

The Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth was established as an Upper-Tier Municipality and comprised the bulk of the former Wentworth County, of which it replaced. Its Lower-Tier Municipalities were, in order of population, the city of Hamilton, the town (later city) of Stoney Creek, the town of Ancaster, the town of Flamborough, the town of Dundas and the township of Glanbrook.

The Region provided policing, social services, and public transit (by taking over Hamilton Street Railway), while the lower-tier provided Fire Services and Recreation Services; although, both tiers shared the responsibility for maintaining Roads and Water. It was governed by a Regional Chair who presided over a Regional Council with representatives from each of Hamilton's wards and two each from other constituent municipalities. Near the end of its existence, the Regional Chair was chosen by Direct Election.

History
The Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth was created by Act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1973, which took effect on January 1, 1974. The creation of the Regional Municipality resulted in the consolidation of the former municipalities of Wentworth County into six new municipalities:

Merger
A different Progressive Conservative government amalgamated all of the constituent municipalities in Hamilton–Wentworth into the larger single-tier City of Hamilton in 2001, against great opposition from its suburban and rural parts. This was part of a broader series of municipal reorganizations in urban and rural Ontario, and was also the fate of Metropolitan Toronto, the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton, Chatham-Kent, Prince Edward County, and many others.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Tanya Tucker

Tanya Denise Tucker (born October 10, 1958) is an American country music singer and songwriter who had her first hit, "Delta Dawn", in 1972 at the age of 13. During her career Tucker became one of the few child performers to mature into adulthood without losing her audience; she had a streak of top-10 and top-40 hits. She has had several successful albums, several Country Music Association award nominations, and hit songs including 1973's "What's Your Mama's Name?" and "Blood Red and Goin' Down", 1975's "Lizzie and the Rainman", 1988's "Strong Enough to Bend", and 1992's "Two Sparrows in a Hurricane". Tucker's 2019 album While I'm Livin' won the Grammy Award for Best Country Album, and "Bring My Flowers Now" from that same album won Tucker a shared songwriting Grammy for Best Country Song.

Tucker’s latest album is a 2023 critically acclaimed collaboration with Brandi Carlile called Sweet Western Sound. Tucker was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame on October 22, 2023.

Early life
She was born in Seminole, Texas, the youngest of three children born to Alma Juanita (née Cunningham; 1927–2012) and Jesse Melvin "Beau" Tucker (1927–2006). Prior to managing Tanya's career, Beau was a heavy equipment operator, so the family moved often as he sought better work. Her early childhood was spent primarily in Willcox, Arizona, where the only radio station in town, KHIL, played country music. The Tuckers attended concerts of country stars such as Ernest Tubb and Mel Tillis, and Tanya's sister LaCosta was praised in the family for her vocal abilities. At the age of eight, Tanya told her father that she also wanted to be a country singer when she grew up.

When the Tuckers moved to St. George, Utah, Juanita took Tanya to audition for the film Jeremiah Johnson. Tanya did not win the bigger role for which she tried out, but she was hired, as was her horse, as a bit player. About this time, she also received one of her first musical breaks, when her father drove the family to Phoenix for the Arizona State Fair, on the chance that the featured performer, country singer Judy Lynn, could use Tanya in her show. Tanya sang for the fair's entertainment managers, and she was engaged to sing at the fair itself.

Tucker made her debut with Mel Tillis, who was so impressed by her talent that he invited her onstage to perform. In 1969, the family moved to Henderson, Nevada, where Tucker regularly performed. Eventually, she recorded a demonstration tape that gained the attention of songwriter Dolores Fuller, who sent it to producer Billy Sherrill, the head of artists and repertoire at CBS Records. Sherrill was impressed with the demo tape and signed the teenage vocalist to Columbia Records.

1972–1979: Teen country star
Sherrill initially planned to have Tucker record "The Happiest Girl in the Whole USA", but she chose "Delta Dawn" – a song Billy Sherrill heard Bette Midler sing on The Tonight Show – instead as her first single while Donna Fargo, the writer of "The Happiest Girl in the Whole USA", released her own version as a single. Released in May 1972, the song became a hit, peaking at number six on the country chart and scraping the bottom of the pop chart. At first, Columbia Records tried to downplay Tucker's age, but soon word leaked out and she became a sensation. A year later, Australian singer Helen Reddy scored a number-one U.S. pop hit with her version of "Delta Dawn".

"I thank the lucky stars and the Good Lord for that song," Tucker told Nine-O-One Network Magazine in 1988. "If I cut it now for the first time I think it would be a hit. I was fortunate to have latched onto that one, and that was all Sherrill's doing. If it hadn't been for Sherrill, I probably would have been a rodeo queen or something."

Her second single, "Love's the Answer", also became a top-10 hit later in 1972. Tucker's third single, "What's Your Mama's Name", became her first number-one hit in the spring of 1973. Two other number ones – "Blood Red and Goin' Down" and "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)" followed, establishing Tucker as a major star.

In 1975, she signed with MCA Records, where she had a string of hit singles that ran into the late 1970s.

Among these hits was "Lizzie and the Rainman", which became a number-one country hit, and also became Tucker's only top-40 pop music hit, peaking at number 37. It also peaked among the top 10 on the adult contemporary charts at the time. Tucker has a string of top-10 country hits under MCA between 1975 and 1978, including "San Antonio Stroll", "Here's Some Love", and "It's a Cowboy Lovin' Night".

In 1977, she recorded "You Taught Me How to Cry," a duet with Hoyt Axton on his album Snowblind Friend.

In 1978, she decided to radically change her image and cross over to rock with her TNT album. Despite the controversy over the record and its sexy cover, it went gold the following year.

The two hit singles from the album were "I'm a Singer, You're the Song", and "Texas (When I Die)". The latter reached number five on the country charts, and its B-side, "Not Fade Away", a Buddy Holly cover, peaked at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100.

1979–1984: Sales decline and personal battles
By the end of the 1970s, her sales were declining – in 1980 she only had two hits, one of them was "Can I See You Tonight?". Also in 1980, she recorded a few singles with Glen Campbell, with whom she was romantically linked. In addition to recording, she also made her feature-film debut in Hard Country, although she did have small roles in Jeremiah Johnson (1972) and the television miniseries The Rebels (1979).

She also had begun drinking in her late teens, and she explained how it started:

"You send your ass out on the road doing two gigs a night and after all that adoration go back to empty hotel rooms. Loneliness got me into it."

In 1978, Tucker moved to Los Angeles to try, unsuccessfully, to broaden her appeal to pop audiences, and was quickly captivated by the city's nightlife. She also said that she "was the wildest thing out there. I could stay up longer, drink more and kick the biggest ass in town. I was on the ragged edge."

Despite having a top 10 hit in March 1983 ("Feel Right") from her first and only Arista album Changes, she struggled to have her music played on the radio. By mid-1983, her singles were no longer making the top 40.

She moved to Nashville after her breakup with Campbell in 1982 and began to lead a more secluded life. Finally, in 1988, her family confronted her and persuaded her to enter the Betty Ford Center.

1986–1997: Comeback
In 1986, Tucker signed with Capitol Records; she returned to the charts with "One Love at a Time", which climbed to number three. Her career was revitalized with 1986's Girls Like Me, an album that spawned four top-10 country singles. In 1988, she had three number-one country singles: "I Won't Take Less Than Your Love" (with Paul Davis and Paul Overstreet), "If It Don't Come Easy", and "Strong Enough to Bend".

Her music was now more country pop-styled and up-tempo, but this material made Tucker popular again. Between 1988 and 1989, Tucker enjoyed one of her most popular years on the charts, racking up eight country top-10 hits in a row. Her albums around this time were also achieving "Gold" certifications by the RIAA, after selling 500,000 copies. A Greatest Hits album followed in 1989. It also contained a new single called "My Arms Stay Open All Night". Radio responded well; the song peaked at number two.

In 1988, Tucker was nominated by the Country Music Association for "Female Vocalist of the Year", and was nominated for other major awards during this time. Her contribution to the country music genre was rewarded when the Country Music Association voted her the "Female Vocalist of the Year" in 1991, though she missed the event, having just given birth to her second child. Eight consecutive singles reached the top 10 in the early 1990s, including "Down to My Last Teardrop", "(Without You) What Do I Do with Me", and "Two Sparrows in a Hurricane". In 1990, Tucker was named "Female Video Artist of the Year" by CMT. Although by the 1990s, she no longer had number-one hits, many singles came close peaking in the country top five, as well as the top 10. Tucker was one of the most successful female country artists at the time. She became one of the few teen stars to find success in her adult years.

Her 1993 album Greatest Hits 1990-1992 rose to number 15, and also went to number 18 on the Top Country Albums chart. Liberty Records was changed to Capitol Nashville in 1994.

By the 1990s, Tucker was a 20-year veteran in country music, though she was only in her mid-30s. In 1994, "Hangin' In" was her last top-five hit, as well as her last top-10 hit for a while. That year, she performed at the half-time show at Super Bowl XXVIII. In 1996, she was one of the top-10 most-played artists of the year, and at the time was also Capitol Records' biggest signed female artist. In 1997, she returned to the top 10 on the country charts for the last time with the hit, "Little Things", which peaked at number nine. That year she was inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame.

2000–present: Music career today
In 2002, Tucker founded Tuckertime Records, allowing her to retain control of the recording process and release the singles she wished to release. The same year, she issued Tanya, her first album in five years, which was distributed through Capitol Records.

In 2002, Tucker was ranked number 20 on CMT's 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. In 2005, she released an album, Live at Billy Bob's Texas. In 2005, she also contributed two songs to a tribute album to Bob Wills, called A Tribute to Bob Wills 100th Anniversary. In 2005, she released a book, 100 Ways to Beat the Blues on Fireside, which included tips on shaking the blues, from some of Tucker's friends such as Willie Nelson, Brenda Lee, Little Richard, and Burt Reynolds.

Tucker recorded an album, Lonesome Town, around 2007, but it has never been released. The same year, she recorded a live concert at the Renaissance Center in December. Tucker also sang a duet with country music artist Billy Joe Shaver, of Shaver's song, "Played the Game Too Long", on his album, Everybody's Brother, released in September 2007.

In 2009, Tucker signed a one-time deal with Saguaro Road Records from Time-Life. Tucker's "Lonesome Town" project was put on hold to do the first cover album of her career, My Turn, which was released in June 2009 and placed number 27 on the Billboard country charts. The first single, "Love's Gonna Live Here", was released to radio and was also available as a digital single. It is a remake of the classic hit by Buck Owens. The album includes classic country hits such as "Wine Me Up", "Lovesick Blues", "You Don't Know Me", "Ramblin' Fever", "Walk Through This World With Me", "Big Big Love", "Crazy Arms", "After The Fire Is Gone", and "Oh Lonesome Me".

Tucker appeared on Terri Clark's 2012 album Classic in a remake duet of her first single "Delta Dawn".

In June 2017, Tucker was featured in Rolling Stone as one of the 100 Greatest Country Artists of All Time.

After the death of former flame Glen Campbell on August 8, 2017, Tucker released her first single since 2009, "Forever Loving You", a song co-penned by Tennessee State Senator Rusty Crowe. The song's release the following day, on the eve of Campbell's funeral, drew ire and criticism being exploitative. Tucker claimed that a portion of the proceeds will benefit the Alzheimer's Foundation of America, but the foundation stated it was not involved in the promotion and has not received any funds.

Tucker released While I'm Livin', her first collection of original material since 2002's Tanya, in 2019 via Fantasy Records. It was produced by Shooter Jennings and Brandi Carlile, with Carlile brought onto the project after initially being approached for songs by Jennings but after having professed such an admiration of Tucker and her work, Jennings felt it necessary for her to co-produce the record alongside him. Tucker performed "Bring My Flowers Now" at Loretta Lynn's all-star 87th birthday concert at Nashville's Bridgestone Arena with Carlile playing piano. The album's first single, "Hard Luck", was released on June 28, along with its accompanying music video.

On January 26, 2020, Tanya Tucker won her first two Grammy Awards for "Bring My Flowers Now" and "While I'm Livin'". Tucker released a live album, Live from the Troubadour on October 16, 2020. In a 2021 interview with Rolling Stone, Tucker revealed that she was working on a follow-up to While I'm Livin' with Carlile and Jennings. Tucker collaborated with RuPaul for "This is Our Country" in September 2021.

During her 2022 set at Stagecoach Festival, Tucker revealed completing a new album. Tanya announced her studio album Sweet Western Sound on April 5, 2023, releasing the first single, "Kindness". Sweet Western Sound was produced by Tucker along with Brandi Carlile and Shooter Jennings, and released June 2, 2023, on Fantasy Records.

Outlaw image
Tucker is one of the few and best-known female country singers to be classified as an "Outlaw" in the Outlaw country movement, which was most popular in the late 1970s. As Tucker matured by the end of the 1970s, her Outlaw image grew. Like the other Outlaw artists in the business at the time (Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, Emmylou Harris, David Allan Coe, Hank Williams Jr.), Tucker was able to combine qualities of country and rock music into her voice to make the Outlaw sound that was popular at the time. These qualities could be heard on some of her biggest hits at the time, including 1978's "Texas (When I Die)". Tucker also had a spirit of independence, which was another Outlaw quality. She ranked number nine on CMT Greatest Outlaws: The Dirty Dozen, the only woman to appear on that list.

As the 1980s progressed, Tucker continued to add the Outlaw qualities to her hits. At the beginning of the 1990s, Tucker was still identified as an Outlaw. Today, Tucker continues to be recognized as one, regularly attending Outlaw events among regular shows. Gretchen Wilson made reference to Tucker in her 2004 hit song "Redneck Woman", and Tucker appears briefly in the video of the song, showing Tucker with other Outlaws.

The Return of Tanya Tucker
Decades after Tucker slipped from the spotlight, musician Brandi Carlile collaborated with her on an album, as well as a documentary based on Tucker's life.

The Return of Tanya Tucker: Featuring Brandi Carlile was released in New York and Los Angeles on October 21, 2022, and nationwide on November 4. It was accompanied by the track "Ready As I'll Never Be".

Other works
Tucker appeared as a celebrity judge on Dance Fever in 1979.

She published a 1997 autobiography, Nickel Dreams: My Life.

She starred in her own reality show, Tuckerville, on TLC in 2005. It ran for two seasons for 18 episodes. The show covers an in-depth visit with Tucker in her home with her family.

Tucker continues to perform for the military doing benefits with newer country acts such as Eric Agnew and Cole Deggs & the Lonesome.

In 2019, she launched her own brand of tequila called Cosa Salvaje.

Personal life
Tucker had a relationship with Glen Campbell in the early 1980s. She also dated Merle Haggard, Andy Gibb, and Don Johnson.

She later had a relationship with actor Ben Reed, with whom she had daughter Presley Tanita (born July 5, 1989) and son Beau "Grayson" (born October 2, 1991).

Tucker has had an on-again, off-again relationship with Jerry Laseter, a Nashville musician. They were engaged in 1997 and again in 1999. Just days before their 1999 wedding, Tucker canceled the ceremony when she discovered she was pregnant with her third child, Tucker's daughter Layla LaCosta (born June 25, 1999), saying she did not want to walk down the aisle pregnant in her wedding dress. Laseter was co-producer of Tucker's albums in 2002 (Tanya), 2005 (Live at Billy Bob's Texas), and 2009 (My Turn).

Tucker's brother is Don (deceased) and her sister is country singer La Costa.

In 2022, Tucker sold her Brentwood, Tennessee home (purchased three years earlier for $1,510,000) for $2,275,000.

Discography
Studio albums

 * Delta Dawn (1972)
 * What's Your Mama's Name (1973)
 * Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone) (1974)
 * Tanya Tucker (1975)
 * Lovin' and Learnin' (1976)
 * Here's Some Love (1976)
 * Ridin' Rainbows (1977)
 * TNT (1978)
 * Tear Me Apart (1979)
 * Dreamlovers (1980)
 * Should I Do It (1981)
 * Changes (1982)
 * Girls Like Me (1986)
 * Love Me Like You Used To (1987)
 * Strong Enough to Bend (1988)
 * Tennessee Woman (1990)
 * Greatest Hits Encore (1990)
 * What Do I Do with Me (1991)
 * Can't Run from Yourself (1992)
 * Soon (1993)
 * Fire to Fire (1995)
 * Complicated (1997)
 * Tanya (2002)
 * My Turn (2009)
 * While I'm Livin' (2019)
 * Sweet Western Sound (2023)

title: Tanya Tucker


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Penny stock

Penny stocks are common shares of small public companies that trade for less than one dollar per share. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) uses the term "Penny stock" to refer to a security, a financial instrument which represents a given financial value, issued by small public companies that trade at less than $5 per share. Penny stocks are priced over-the-counter, rather than on the trading floor. The term "penny stock" refers to shares that, prior to the SEC's classification, traded for "pennies on the dollar". In 1934, when the United States government passed the Securities Exchange Act to regulate any and all transactions of securities between parties which are "not the original issuer", the SEC at the time disclosed that equity securities which trade for less than $5 per share could not be listed on any national stock exchange or index.

Trade
Over-the-counter exchanges that list penny stocks include the OTC Bulletin Board (which is a facility of FINRA) or OTC Link LLC (which is owned by OTC Markets Group, Inc., formerly known as Pink OTC Markets Inc.). Penny stocks can also trade on securities exchanges, including foreign securities exchanges. Penny stocks can include the securities of certain private companies with no active trading market.

Risk and investment
When considering penny stocks, investors and experts in the field recognize the low market price of shares and its correlation to low market capitalization. Market capitalization or "market cap" is the total dollar market value of all of a company’s outstanding securities.

Since penny stocks are inexpensive, investors often buy large quantities of shares without spending much money. This tendency makes the penny stock market volatile. Volatility is "a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for a given security or market index". Typically, the higher the volatility, the greater the risk in investing in said securities. Conversely, the lower the volatility, the "safer" the investment is. Volatility can be also understood as the frequency of large changes in the value of a given security in either direction. This is directly correlated to the price action of a security which, when talking about penny stocks, can change more rapidly than that of a large-cap stock.

Fraud
Prosecutors and the Federal Bureau of Investigation say that fraud is widespread in the penny stock market. Potential fraud that involves even what are considered very small or micro market cap companies can still involve losses of tens of millions of dollars.

The penny stock market has little liquidity, so holders of shares in penny stock companies often find it difficult to cash out of positions. However, academic research shows that the risk created by small market cap size and lower liquidity results in higher expected returns due to the size and liquidity premiums.

In the United States, the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) have specific rules to define and regulate the sale of penny stocks.

Concerns for investors
There are inherent concerns that individuals should be aware of when investing in penny stocks, namely the lack of information that often exists surrounding the companies offering said stocks. The lack of public reporting mixed with a thin market is often the perfect recipe for stock manipulation via stock promoters. A common practice is for these individuals to purchase large quantities of stock and then utilize promoters to artificially inflate the sub-penny stock’s share price, through false and misleading information. When the liquidity and price increase, the manipulator will sell their stock —known as a "pump and dump" scheme —which is a form of microcap stock fraud.

On April 3, 2017, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reported on a story in which penny stock fraud was the focal point of the piece. According to the article, California resident Zirk de Maison was found guilty of conducting a "pump and dump" scheme, during the course of which de Maison and his associates convinced large groups of investors to purchase shares of companies that he had set up as shell organizations.

From 2008 to 2013, de Maison created five small public companies which, unbeknownst to the investing public, did no actual business and had no legitimate assets. Once he set these companies up, he offered public shares of the company’s penny stocks for investors to purchase.

According to the FBI investigation, de Maison would use fictitious names to convince investors to purchase shares of his shell companies, thus driving up the price of his shares and giving the illusion that investors were realizing profit. Once these prices went up, de Maison and his original conspirators would then liquidate their shares at the stock's highest level, and this mass selling caused the shares to drop dramatically, leaving investors with near-worthless shares.

In more sophisticated versions of the fraud, individuals or organizations buy millions of shares, then use newsletter websites, chat rooms, stock message boards, fake press releases, or e-mail blasts to drive up interest in the stock. Very often, the perpetrator will claim to have "inside" information about impending news to persuade the unwitting investor to quickly buy the shares. When buying pressure pushes the share price up, the rise in price entices more people to believe the hype and to buy shares as well. Eventually the manipulators doing the "pumping" end up "dumping," when they sell their holdings.

The expanding use of the Internet and personal communication devices has made penny stock scams easier to perpetrate. Since the Securities & Exchange Commission allowed for the use of social media outlets like Twitter to disclose public information in lieu of press services, many fraudsters have set up accounts to take advantage of this higher level of traffic on social media, giving investors another thing to consider when searching for viable sources of information.

Notable cases
The Mafia had infiltrated Wall Street by the 1970s. In the 1980s Lorenzo Formato conducted penny-stock manipulations. Formato testified in Congressional hearings that during the years he promoted and sold penny stocks, he was involved in organized crime, and testified to rampant penny stock manipulation by organized crime. The Congressional hearings led to passage of the Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990.

By 1989, American investors were being cheated out of at least $2 billion a year by schemes involving penny stocks.

Mob activity on Wall Street reportedly increased in the 1990s. On February 10, 1997, The New York Times reported that "Mafia crime families are switching increasingly to white collar crimes" with a focus on "small Wall Street brokerage houses."

In May 1997, an FBI sting operation led to charges against Louis Malpeso Jr., a reported Colombo crime family associate, for conspiring to commit securities fraud with stock broker Joseph DiBella and Robert Cattogio to inflate the price of penny stock "First Colonial Ventures". All three defendants pled guilty.

Another example of an activity that skirts the borderline between legitimate promotion and hype is the case of LEXG. Lithium Exploration Group's market capitalization soared to over $350 million after an extensive direct mail campaign. The promotion drew upon the legitimate growth in production and use of lithium, while touting Lithium Exploration Group's position within that sector. According to the company's December 31, 2010, form 10-Q (filed within months of the direct mail promotion), LEXG was a lithium company without assets. Its revenues and assets at that time were zero. Subsequently, the company did acquire lithium production/exploration properties, and addressed concerns raised in the press.

The "pump and dump" tactic is also known as a supernova and, unlike regular stocks, penny stocks usually move on momentum of the price action.

One of the biggest penny stock operators in the 1950s was Tellier & Co. In the 1980s, major penny stock brokerages included Blinder Robinson (nicknamed "Blind'em and Rob'em"), First Jersey Securities, Rooney Pace, and Stuart-James. Major penny stock brokerages operating in the 1990s included Stratton Oakmont, Sterling Foster, A.S. Goldmen, and Hanover Sterling.

Regulation
In the United States, regulators have defined a penny stock as a security that meets a number of specific standards. The criteria include price, market capitalization, and minimum shareholder equity. Securities traded on a national stock exchange, regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory designation as a penny stock, since it is thought that exchange-traded securities are less vulnerable to manipulation. Therefore, Citigroup (NYSE:C) and other NYSE-listed securities which traded below $1.00 during the market downturn of 2008–09, while properly regarded as "low-priced" securities, were not technically "penny stocks".

Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through rules and regulations enforced by the SEC and FINRA, the genesis of this control is found in State securities law. The State of Georgia was the first state to codify a comprehensive penny stock securities law. Secretary of State Max Cleland, whose office enforced State securities laws, was a principal proponent of the legislation. Representative Chesley V. Morton, the only stockbroker in the Georgia General Assembly at the time, was principal sponsor of the bill in the House of Representatives. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in U.S. District Court, and the statute became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations.

These regulations proved effective in closing or greatly restricting broker/dealers, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm.

title: Penny stock


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List of German Jews

The first Jewish population in the region to be later known as Germany came with the Romans to the city now known as Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the creation of Yiddish and an overall shift eastwards. A change of status in the late Renaissance Era, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment, the Haskalah, meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, contributing prominently to German culture and society. During The Holocaust many Jews fled Germany to other countries for refuge, and the majority of the remaining population were killed.

The following is a list of some famous Jews (by religion or descent) from Germany proper.

Politicians

 * Fischel Arnheim, politician
 * Ludwig Bamberger, politician
 * Daniel Cohn-Bendit, member of European Parliament, student leader in 1968
 * Wilhelm Dröscher, SPD politician
 * Kurt Eisner, Bavarian prime minister
 * Fritz Elsas, Mayor of Berlin from 1931 to 1933, (converted to Christianity)
 * Heinrich von Friedberg, jurist, statesman (converted to Christianity)
 * Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, Prussian politician (converted to Christianity)
 * Clement Freud, German-born British MP
 * Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Minister in 1923 and from 1928 to 1929
 * Alex Himelfarb, ambassador
 * Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of West Germany (1974–1982)
 * Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel Prize (1973)
 * Ludwig Landmann, mayor of Frankfurt/Main
 * Eduard Lasker, co-founder of the National Liberal Party
 * Eugen Leviné, Bavarian prime minister
 * Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin, Member of parliament, Green party, Feminist party
 * Eduard von Simson, President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht
 * Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic
 * Herbert Weichmann, Mayor of Hamburg 1965–1971, president of the German Bundesrat (Federal upper house)
 * Marina Weisband, Ukrainian-born former Pirate Party Germany politician
 * Jeanette Wolff, West Berlin politician
 * Walter Wolfgang, German-born politician

Activists

 * Hedwig Dohm-Schleh, feminist, author
 * Nahum Goldmann, president of World Jewish Congress
 * Amalie Nacken (1855–1940), Munich-based philanthropist
 * Josel of Rosheim, court Jew and Jewish advocate
 * Paul Spiegel, leader of the Central Council of Jews in Germany
 * Sidonie Werner (1860–1932), women's rights activist

Rabbis

 * Aaron ben Benjamin Wolf, Chief Rabbi of Berlin (1709)
 * Aaron Moses ben Mordecai of East Prussia
 * Abraham Auerbach (mid 1700s – November 3, 1846), Alsatian-born rabbi and liturgical poet. Fled France for Germany after imprisonment during the Reign of Terror.
 * Ahron Daum, Chief Rabbi of Frankfurt am Main
 * Abraham Geiger, founding father of Reform Judaism
 * Samson Raphael Hirsch, intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism
 * Immanuel Jakobovits, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain
 * Elijah Loans, rabbi of Fulda, Hanau, Friedberg, and Worms
 * Seligmann Meyer, rabbi of Regensburg
 * Leopold Zunz (10 August 1794 – 17 March 1886), founder of academic Jewish studies

Reform

 * Levi Herzfeld, 19th-century proponent of moderate reform

Other

 * Ridley Haim Herschell, missionary
 * Joseph Wolff, missionary

Natural scientists

 * Adolf von Baeyer, industrial chemist, Nobel Prize (1905) (Jewish mother)
 * Norbert Berkowitz, physicist
 * Hans Bethe, nuclear physics, Nobel Prize (1967) (Jewish mother)
 * Sir Walter Bodmer, medical researcher
 * Max Born, quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize (1954) (converted to Christianity)
 * Heinrich Caro, industrial chemist
 * Nikodem Caro, industrial chemist
 * Albert Einstein, theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1921)
 * Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, astronomer
 * James Franck, quantum physics, Nobel Prize (1925)
 * Adolph Frank, industrial chemist
 * Herbert Fröhlich, physicist
 * Eugen Glueckauf, chemist, expert on atomic energy
 * Hans Goldschmidt, industrial chemist
 * Fritz Haber, developed the Haber process, Nobel Prize (1918)
 * Walter Heitler, chemist
 * Arthur Korn, physicist
 * Ernst Ising, statistical mechanics
 * Albert Ladenburg, chemist
 * Fritz London, quantum mechanics
 * Leonard Mandel, quantum optics
 * Kurt Mendelssohn, German-born British medical physicist
 * Viktor Meyer, organic chemist (converted to Christianity)
 * Leonor Michaelis, biochemist
 * Albert A. Michelson, measured speed of light, Nobel Prize (1907) (Jewish father)
 * Ludwig Mond, chemist and industrialist
 * Sir Rudolf Peierls, solid state theory
 * Arno Penzias, co-discoverer of CMB, Nobel Prize (1978)
 * Alfred Philippson, geologist
 * John Charles Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize (born Berlin)
 * Ernst Pringsheim, spectrometry, black-body radiation
 * Michael Rossmann, physicist and microbiologist (Jewish mother)
 * Rudolf Schoenheimer, biochemist
 * Arthur Schuster, spectroscopist
 * Karl Schwarzschild, physicist and astronomer (converted to Christianity)
 * Franz Simon, physicist, separation of Uranium 235
 * Jack Steinberger, particle physics, Nobel Prize (1988)
 * Otto Stern, experimental physicist, Nobel Prize (1943)
 * Moritz Traube, biochemist
 * Wilhelm Traube, chemist, caffeine/purine synthesis
 * Otto Wallach, chemist, Nobel Prize (1910) (converted to Christianity)
 * Richard Willstätter, chemist, Nobel Prize (1915)

Physicians and medical researchers

 * Adolph Baginsky, pediatrician, diphtheria researcher
 * Alfred Bielschowsky, ophthalmologist
 * Max Bielschowsky, neuropathologist
 * Konrad Bloch, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1964)
 * Marcus Elieser Bloch, physician
 * Gustav Born, professor of pharmacology
 * Edith Bulbring, professor of pharmacy (Jewish mother)
 * Sir Ernst Chain, developed penicillin, Nobel Prize (1945)
 * Ferdinand Cohn, pioneer in microbiology
 * Julius Friedrich Cohnheim, pathologist
 * Paul Ehrlich, developed magic bullet concept, Nobel Prize (1908)
 * Arthur Eichengrün, possible inventor of aspirin
 * Wilhelm Feldberg, biologist
 * Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist
 * Hermann Friedberg, physician
 * Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, geneticist
 * Ernst Gräfenberg, obstetrician, the intrauterine device, the G-spot
 * Martin Gumpert, physician, writer
 * Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, physician (converted to Christianity)
 * Sir Bernard Katz, biophysicist, Nobel Prize (1970)
 * Hans Kornberg, biochemist researcher
 * Hans Kosterlitz, discovered endorphins
 * Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)
 * Rudolph Lennhoff, developed the open air cure for tuberculosis
 * Fritz Lipmann, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)
 * Jacques Loeb, physiologist
 * Otto Loewi, pharmacologist, Nobel Prize (1936)
 * Elisabeth Mann, biologist (Jewish mother)
 * Otto Meyerhof, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1922) (Jewish father)
 * Oskar Minkowski, physiologist
 * Albert Neisser, physician, discovered the cause of gonorrhea (Jewish father)
 * Emin Pasha, physician, naturalist, explorer
 * Nathanael Pringsheim, botanist
 * Ottomar Rosenbach, physician
 * Moritz Heinrich Romberg, physician, innovative author in neuroscience
 * Selma Schwester, longtime head nurse at Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem
 * Karl Stern, Canadian neurologist, psychiatrist, author
 * Rahel Straus (1880–1963), medical doctor and feminist
 * Ludwig Traube (1818–1876), medical doctor, introduced regular tracking of vital signs (respiration, temperature, pulse)
 * Moshe Wallach, founder and director, Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem
 * Carl Warburg, doctor of medicine and clinical pharmacologist.
 * Otto Heinrich Warburg, physiologist, Nobel Prize (1931) (Jewish father)
 * Karl Weigert, pathologist

Mathematicians

 * Felix Bernstein, set theory (converted to Christianity)
 * Maurice Block, statistician
 * Richard Brauer, modular representation theory
 * Paul Cohn, algebraist
 * Richard Courant, mathematical analysis and applied mathematics
 * Max Dehn, topology
 * Paul Epstein, number theory
 * Adolf Fraenkel, set theory
 * Hans Freudenthal, algebraic topology
 * Friedrich Hartogs, mathematician
 * Felix Hausdorff, topology
 * Heinz Hopf, topology (Jewish father)
 * Adolf Hurwitz, mathematician
 * Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, analysis
 * Leopold Kronecker, number theory
 * Edmund Landau, number theory
 * Rudolf Lipschitz, mathematician
 * Kurt Mahler, mathematician
 * Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers
 * Claus Moser, statistician
 * Leonard Nelson, mathematician, philosopher (converted to Christianity)
 * Bernhard Neumann, mathematician
 * Emmy Noether, algebra and theoretical physics
 * Alfred Pringsheim, analysis, theory of functions
 * Richard Rado, combinatorics
 * Robert Remak, group theory
 * Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis
 * Arthur Moritz Schönflies, mathematician
 * Issai Schur, mathematician
 * Reinhold Strassmann, mathematician
 * Otto Toeplitz, linear algebra and functional analysis

Technical scientists

 * Ralph Baer, inventor of the games console
 * Emile Berliner, inventor of the gramophone
 * Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970, from Russia, but published in German), pioneered Microdots and microfilm retrieval technology
 * Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, electrical engineer
 * Siegfried Marcus, automobile pioneer
 * Michael O. Rabin, computer algorithms, Turing Award (1976)
 * Reinhold Rudenberg, electrical engineer and inventor,
 * Adolf Schallamach, pioneered understanding of friction and wear phenomena in rubber
 * Joseph Weizenbaum, AI critic, ELIZA

Psychologists

 * Karl Abraham, psychoanalyst
 * Rudolf Arnheim, perception theorist
 * Erik Erikson, developmental psychologist (Jewish mother)
 * Erich Fromm, psychologist and humanistic philosopher
 * Erika Fromm, psychologist and co-founder of hypnoanalysis.
 * Benedict Friedlaender, sexologist
 * Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, psychoanalyst
 * Kurt Goldstein, Gestalt-influenced neurologist
 * Max Hamilton, psychiatrist
 * Magnus Hirschfeld, sexologist
 * Kurt Koffka, Gestalt psychologist
 * Kurt Lewin, social psychologist
 * Hugo Münsterberg, industrial psychologist
 * Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist (Jewish father)
 * Erich Neumann, analytical psychologist
 * Fritz Perls, psychotherapist
 * Harvey (née Heinz) Schloesser, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
 * Otto Selz, cognitive psychologist
 * William Stern, the Intelligence Quotient
 * Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychologist

Philosophers

 * Theodor Adorno (1903–1969), philosopher (Jewish father)
 * Hannah Arendt, political philosopher
 * Leo Strauss, political philosopher
 * Ernst Bloch, philosopher
 * Constantin Brunner, philosopher
 * Ernst Cassirer, philosopher
 * Hermann Cohen, philosopher
 * Friedrich Dessauer, philosopher
 * Max Dessoir, philosopher
 * Julius Frauenstädt, philosopher

 * Kurt Grelling, philosopher
 * Richard Hönigswald (Jewish father)
 * Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), philosopher and sociologist
 * Edmund Husserl, philosopher (converted to Christianity)
 * Hans Jonas, philosopher
 * Horace Kallen, philosopher
 * Adolf Lasson, philosopher
 * Theodor Lessing, philosopher, writer
 * Karl Löwith, philosopher
 * Salomon Maimon, philosopher
 * Fritz Mauthner, author and philosopher
 * Moses Mendelssohn, philosopher, scholar
 * Helmuth Plessner, philosopher (Jewish father)
 * Hans Reichenbach, philosopher (Jewish father)
 * Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, philosopher (Jewish father)
 * Max Scheler, philosopher (Jewish mother)
 * Edith Stein, philosopher, martyr and saint of the Catholic Church
 * Kurt Sternberg, philosopher
 * Richard Rudolf Walzer, philosopher (Jewish Year Book 1975 p. 214)

Economists

 * Robert Aumann, Nobel Prize for Economics
 * Richard Ehrenberg, economist (converted to Christianity)
 * Ludwig Lachmann, economist
 * Emil Lederer, economist
 * Robert Liefmann, economist
 * Adolph Lowe, economist
 * Rosa Luxemburg, economist, co-founder of the KPD
 * Peretz Naftali, economist, editor, later Israeli finance minister
 * Sigbert Prais, economist (JYB 2005 p. 215)
 * Reinhard Selten, Nobel prize (1994)
 * Hans Singer, economist

Social Scientists

 * Reinhard Bendix, sociologist
 * Eduard Bernstein, founder of evolutionary socialism
 * Franz Boas, cultural anthropologist
 * Lewis A. Coser, sociologist
 * Norbert Elias, sociologist
 * Amitai Etzioni, sociologist
 * Shelomo Dov Goitein, Arabist
 * Moses Hess, socialist
 * Eugene Kamenka, sociologist
 * Siegfried Kracauer, sociologist and film critic
 * Ferdinand Lassalle, founder of first German worker's party
 * Karl Mannheim, sociologist
 * Herbert Marcuse, sociologist, New Left figurehead
 * Karl Marx, founder of Marxism (parents converted to Protestantism)
 * Franz Oppenheimer, sociologist and economist
 * Leo Loewenthal, sociologist
 * Georg Simmel, sociologist
 * Georg Steindorff, Egyptologist (Jewish father)
 * Jacob Taubes, theologist
 * Louis Wirth, sociologist

Historians

 * Ernst Bernheim, historian
 * Bernhard Brilling (1906–1987), historian and archivist of German Jewry
 * Walter Cahn, art historian
 * Colin Eisler, art historian
 * Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (son of Victor Ehrenberg)
 * Richard Ettinghausen, art historian
 * Henry Friedlander, historian
 * Peter Gay, historian
 * Heinrich Graetz, historian
 * George W. F. Hallgarten, historian
 * Eric Hobsbawm, historian
 * Isaak Markus Jost, historian
 * Ernst Kantorowicz, historian of medieval political and intellectual history
 * Richard Krautheimer, historian
 * Arno Lustiger, historian
 * Lothar Machtan
 * Golo Mann, historian (Jewish mother)
 * George Mosse, historian
 * Erwin Panofsky, art historian
 * Otto Rahn, historian of legends about the holy grail
 * Hans Rothfels, historian
 * Fritz Stern, historian
 * Aby Warburg, art historian
 * Rudolf Wittkower, architectural and art historian
 * Michael Wolffsohn, historian

Jurists

 * Jacob Friedrich Behrend, jurist
 * David Daube, Professor of Law
 * Heinrich Dernburg, jurist (converted to Christianity)
 * Victor Ehrenberg, jurist (converted to Christianity)
 * Eugen Ehrlich (converted to Christianity)
 * Eduard Gans (converted to Christianity)
 * Hugo Haase, jurist
 * Franz Haymann, jurist (converted to Christianity)
 * Sir Otto Kahn-Freund, Professor of Law
 * Julius Anton Glaser (converted to Christianity)
 * Georg Jellinek (converted to Christianity)
 * Hermann Kantorowicz, jurist
 * Walter Kaskel, jurist
 * Robert Kempner, jurist
 * Paul Laband, jurist, b. Breslau (converted to Christianity)
 * Otto Lenel, jurist
 * Ernst Levy, jurist
 * Philipp Lotmar
 * Kurt May (1896–1992), campaigner on behalf of the victims of Nazism
 * Franz Neumann, legal theorist
 * Arthur Nussbaum, jurist
 * Joseph Süss Oppenheimer, financial planner and court Jew
 * Gabriel Riesser, deputy speaker of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, first Jewish judge in Hamburg
 * Rudolf Schlesinger, jurist
 * Georg Schwarzenberger, jurist
 * Eduard von Simson, President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht
 * Hugo Sinzheimer, legal scholar
 * Joseph Unger (converted to Christianity)
 * Wilhelm Eduard Wilda (converted to Christianity)
 * Sigmund Zeisler, jurist
 * Sigmund Zeisler, jurist

Linguists and philologists

 * Paulus Aemilius, professor of Hebrew
 * Theodor Benfey, linguist (converted to Christianity)
 * Eduard Fraenkel, philologist
 * Wilhelm Freund, philologist
 * Ludwig Friedländer, philologist
 * Julius Fürst, orientalist
 * Theodor Goldstücker, linguist
 * Moshe Goshen-Gottstein, linguist
 * Victor Klemperer, linguist and diarist
 * Siegbert Salomon Prawer, Professor of German
 * Chaim Menachem Rabin, linguist
 * Edward Sapir, anthropologist-linguist
 * Ernest Simon, professor of Chinese
 * Heymann Steinthal, linguist

Educationalists

 * Lewis Elton, educationalist
 * Kurt Hahn, educationalist
 * Henriette May (1862–1928), German Jewish educator and women's activist

Showbusiness

 * Hugo Egon Balder, comedian, producer (Jewish mother)
 * Mark Bellinghaus, actor, artist, writer, activist (Jewish mother)
 * Ludwig Berger, director
 * Lotte Berk, dancer and health guru
 * Christian Berkel, actor
 * Kurt Bernhardt, director
 * Ludwig Blattner: film producer and studio owner, developer of the first magnetic tape recorder.
 * Artur Brauner, film producer
 * Friedrich Dalsheim, director
 * Michael Degen, actor
 * Ernst Dohm, actor, editor
 * Hedwig Dohm-Pringsheim, actress
 * E.A. Dupont, director
 * Michel Friedman, TV personality
 * Kurt Gerron, stage actor and film director
 * Dora Gerson, actress, cabaret singer
 * Therese Giehse, actress Pepermill
 * Lou Jacobs, clown
 * Ludwig Karl Koch, broadcaster and sound recordist
 * Werner Klemperer, Movie, TV Hogan's Heroes and Broadway actor, violinist
 * Carl Laemmle, film producer
 * Robert Lembke, journalist and well-known TV show host (Jewish father)
 * Ernst Lubitsch, director
 * Jeanine Meerapfel, film director and screenwriter
 * Max Ophüls, film director
 * Richard Oswald, director
 * Ferdinand Eduard Pahnecke, actor
 * Lilli Palmer, actress
 * Luise Rainer, actress
 * Hans Rosenthal, one of Germany's most popular TV personalities in history
 * Susan Sideropoulos, actress
 * Robert Siodmak, director
 * Ruth Westheimer (born 1928), German-American sex therapist, talk show host, author, Doctor of Education, Holocaust survivor, and former Haganah sniper.
 * Konrad Wolf, film director
 * Peter Zadek, theatre director

Musicians

 * Samuel Adler, composer
 * Haim Alexander, composer
 * Tzvi Avni, composer
 * Paul Ben-Haim, composer
 * Julius Benedict, composer
 * Herman Berlinski, American composer, organist, pianist, musicologist and choir conductor
 * Wolf Biermann, singer/songwriter (Jewish father)
 * Yehezkel Braun, Israeli composer
 * Manfred Bukofzer, musicologist
 * Paul Dessau, composer
 * Abel Ehrlich, Israeli composer
 * Alfred Einstein, musicologist
 * Hanns Eisler, German-born composer (Jewish father)
 * Lukas Foss, composer and conductor
 * Alexander Goehr, composer
 * Walter Goehr, conductor
 * Berthold Goldschmidt, composer
 * Bernard Greenhouse, cellist
 * Nina Hagen, German-Jewish origin from her father's side, Punk Rock Singer, she was considered an opera prodigy by the time she was nine. Her paternal grandfather died in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
 * George Henschel, singer and conductor
 * Alfred Hertz, conductor
 * André Herzberg, musician (Pankow)
 * Ferdinand Hiller, composer, conductor and pianist
 * Gerard Hoffnung, musicologist
 * Friedrich Holländer, composer
 * Salomon Jadassohn, composer
 * Leon Jessel, composer
 * Robert Kahn, composer
 * Otto Klemperer, conductor
 * Robert Lachmann, musicologist
 * Ludwig Lenel, organist and composer
 * Hermann Levi, conductor
 * Alfred Lion and Frank Wulff, founders of Blue Note Records
 * Edward Lowinsky, musicologist
 * Gustav Mahler, composer
 * Michael Mann, musician (Jewish mother)
 * Arnold Mendelssohn, organist
 * Felix Mendelssohn, composer and conductor (Jewish ancestry but raised Lutheran)
 * Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, composer
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer, composer
 * Ben-Zion Orgad, Israeli composer
 * Menahem Pressler, pianist
 * André Previn, conductor
 * Franz Reizenstein, pianist, composer
 * Curt Sachs, musicologist, co-founder of modern organology
 * Kurt Sanderling, conductor
 * Adolf Martin Schlesinger, music publisher
 * Arnold Schoenberg, composer
 * Heinrich Sontheim, tenor
 * William Steinberg, conductor
 * Erich Walter Sternberg, composer
 * Josef Tal, composer
 * Ilia Trilling, synagogue composer
 * Ignatz Waghalter, composer and conductor
 * Bruno Walter, conductor (Jewish father)
 * Franz Waxman, film composer
 * Kurt Weill, composer
 * Indira Weiss, singer and actress
 * Hans Winterberg, composer
 * Stefan Wolpe, composer
 * Alec Empire, member of Atari Teenage Riot
 * Hilde Zadek, soprano
 * Aron Liedtke, music producer
 * Hans Zimmer, film score composer and record producer

Artists

 * Anni Albers, textile designer
 * Frank Auerbach, painter
 * Eduard Bendemann, painter
 * Martin Bloch, British painter
 * Erwin Blumenfeld, photographer
 * Alfred Eisenstaedt, photographer
 * Benno Elkan, sculptor
 * James Ingo Freed, architect
 * Gisèle Freund, photographer
 * Eva Hesse, materials artist
 * Erich Kahn, painter, expressionist
 * Eugen Kaufmann, architect
 * Hugo Lederer (1871–1940) sculptor
 * Ludwig Levy, architect
 * Max Liebermann, painter
 * Wilhelm Löwith, artist
 * Peter Max, pop artist
 * Ludwig Meidner, painter
 * Erich Mendelsohn, architect
 * Helmut Newton, photographer (Jewish father)
 * Felix Nussbaum, painter
 * Meret Oppenheim, surrealist
 * Erwin Panofsky, art historian
 * Martin Erich Philipp, artist
 * Hans Schleger, designer
 * Charlotte Salomon, artist
 * Erich Salomon, news photographer
 * Erna Weill, sculptor
 * Victor Weisz, Vicky, cartoonist

Other

 * Josef Ganz, car designer
 * Siegfried Marcus, car designer
 * Edmund Rumpler, Austro-German car designer
 * Jacqueline Van Maarsen, author and best friend of diarist Anne Frank
 * Hanneli Goslar, friend of diarist Anne Frank and holocaust survivor
 * Sanne Ledermann, friend of diarist Anne frank and holocaust victim

Writers

 * Erich Auerbach, literature critic
 * Berthold Auerbach, author and poet
 * Julius Bab, dramatist and theater critic
 * Jurek Becker, writer
 * Maxim Biller, writer
 * Ludwig Börne, satirist
 * Otto Brahm, literary critic
 * Henryk Broder, journalist
 * Walter Benjamin (1892–1940), literary critic and philosopher
 * Emil Carlebach, writer, dissident
 * Joseph Derenbourg, orientalist, father of Hartwig Derenbourg
 * Hilde Domin, poet
 * Lion Feuchtwanger, novelist
 * Hubert Fichte, author (Jewish father)
 * Anne Frank, diarist
 * Karen Gershon (1923–1993), poet
 * Friedrich Gundolf, literary man
 * Glückel of Hameln, 18th-century Yiddish diarist
 * Maximilian Harden, journalist
 * Heinrich Heine, poet (converted to Protestantism for job prospects)
 * Stefan Heym, novelist, politician
 * Wolfgang Hildesheimer
 * Edgar Hilsenrath, novelist
 * Barbara Honigmann, writer
 * Heinrich Eduard Jacob, writer and journalist
 * Siegfried Jacobsohn, journalist and theater critic
 * Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter
 * Wladimir Kaminer, short story writer
 * Judith Kerr, children's writer
 * Victor Klemperer, writer
 * Else Lasker-Schüler, writer, poet and artist (converted to Protestantism for job prospects)
 * Robert Liebmann, screenwriter.
 * Claire Loewenfeld, writer and herbalist
 * Hugo Lubliner, dramatist.
 * Emil Ludwig, writer
 * Gila Lustiger, author
 * Erika Mann, writer, actress (Jewish mother)
 * Klaus Mann, writer (Jewish mother)
 * Monika Mann, writer (Jewish mother)
 * Liselotte Marshall, novelist
 * Julius Mosen, born Moses
 * Erich Mühsam, anarchist poet
 * Henning Pawel, children's author, writer
 * Solomon Perel, author
 * Marcel Reich-Ranicki, literary critic
 * H. A. Rey and Margret Rey, creators of Curious George
 * Renate Rubinstein (Jewish father)
 * Nelly Sachs, poet, Nobel Prize (1966)
 * Anna Seghers, novelist
 * Oskar Seidlin, writer
 * Rafael Seligmann, writer
 * Süßkind von Trimberg, medieval writer, minnesinger
 * Kurt Tucholsky, writer (converted to Protestantism)
 * Samuel Ullman, poet
 * Rahel Varnhagen, writer and saloniste (converted to Christianity)
 * Moritz Callmann Wahl
 * Jakob Wassermann, novelist
 * Trude Weiss-Rosmarin
 * Jeanette Wohl
 * Victoria Wolff (1903–1992), German born American writer and screenwriter
 * Friedrich Wolf, writer, physician
 * Carl Zuckmayer, playwright (Jewish mother)
 * Arnold Zweig, writer
 * Stefan Zweig, novelist, playwright and journalist, best known for his autobiographies
 * Hedwig Lachmann, author, translator and poet

Entrepreneurs

 * See also Court Jews

 * Alfred Beit, financier
 * Sir Ernest Cassel, banker
 * Maurice de Hirsch, banker
 * Sir Robert Mayer, German-born businessman and philanthropist
 * Israel Jacob (philanthropist) (1729–1803)
 * Marcus Goldman (1821–1904), German-born banker, co-founder of Goldman Sachs
 * Abraham Kuhn and Solomon Loeb, founders of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
 * Henry Lehman (1822–1855), Emanuel Lehman (1827–1907) and Mayer Lehman (1830–1897), German-born bankers, co-founders of former bank Lehman Brothers
 * Joseph Mendelssohn (1770–1848), founder of former bank Mendelssohn & Co.
 * Salomon Oppenheim (1772–1828), founder of bank Sal. Oppenheim
 * Ernest Oppenheimer (1880–1957), diamond and gold mining entrepreneur and financier who controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa
 * Emil Rathenau (1838–1915), founder of AEG
 * Adolf Rosenberger, co-founder of Porsche
 * Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), founder of British company N M Rothschild & Sons
 * Hermann Tietz (1837–1907), founder of Hertie, a department store
 * Leopold Ullstein (1826–1899), founder of publishing company Ullstein Verlag
 * Moses Marcus Warburg and Gerson Warburg, co-founder of M. M. Warburg & Co., German bank
 * Georg Wertheim (1857–1939), founder of former Wertheim, a department store
 * Stef Wertheimer "77-year-old German-born Stef Wertheimer"
 * Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, founder of Harland and Wolff

Sports

 * Alon Abelski, football player
 * Rudi Ball, ice hockey player, right wing, Olympic bronze, world runner-up, bronze
 * Gretel Bergmann, high jumper
 * Hans Berliner, world postal chess champion
 * Barney Dreyfuss, co-founder of the World Series
 * Alfred Flatow, 3 time Olympic gymnastics champion (parallel bars, team parallel bars, team horizontal bar), silver (horizontal bar)
 * Gustav Felix Flatow, 2 time Olympic gymnastics champion (team parallel bars, team horizontal bar)
 * Gottfried Fuchs, soccer player, (German national team)
 * Ludwig Guttmann, founder of the Paralympics
 * Lilli Henoch, world records (discus, shot put, and 4x100-m relay); shot by the Nazis in Latvia
 * Fredy Hirsch, sport teacher
 * Julius Hirsch, footballer, German champion, killed during the Holocaust
 * Bernhard Horwitz, chess player
 * Herbert Klein, swimmer, Olympic bronze (200-m breaststroke); 3 world records
 * Emanuel Lasker, world chess champion
 * Henry Laskau, racewalker, won 42 national titles; Pan American champion; 4x Maccabiah champion
 * Helene Mayer, foil fencer (Jewish father), Olympic champion
 * Sarah Poewe, swimmer (Jewish mother), Olympic bronze (4x100 medley relay)
 * Ellen Preis (Ellen Müller-Preis) (1912–2007), German-born Austrian Olympic champion foil fencer
 * Daniel Prenn, tennis player, highest world ranking # 6
 * Eugen Sandow, bodybuilding pioneer
 * Anton Shynder, football player
 * Siegbert Tarrasch, chess player

Literature

 * Walter Tetzlaff, ed. "2000 Kurzbiographien bedeutender deutscher Juden des 20. Jahrhunderts" (Lindhorst: Askania, 1982).

title: List of German Jews


text: User talk:66.144.4.1

title: User talk:66.144.4.1


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Talk:Unemployment

"Male unemployment" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Job loss" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Job creation" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Community Economic and Social Development II
— Assignment last updated by Hachaudhari (talk) 22:45, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unemployment


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text:
Esplugues de Llobregat

Esplugues de Llobregat is a municipality of the Barcelona metropolitan area. Formerly in the Barcelonès, since 1990 it has been part of the comarca of Baix Llobregat. During recent decades Esplugues has evolved from a predominantly industrial town to a more diverse service area, preserving, however, its cultural and historical identity.

It is known for its characteristic old quarter, the only one in the Baix Llobregat area with such evocative and romantic areas. The winding Carrer de Montserrat goes through the sprawling architectural complex built between 1968 and 2017 by sculptor Xavier Corberó. The mansion of Can Cortada was home to the Baron Maldà, author of Calaix de Sastre, the most representative work of Catalan literature of the late 18th century. Esplugues holds a remarkable natural area with parks and green spaces such as the Park of Solidarity, the Park of Torrents and the Can Vidalet Park. From the mountain of Sant Pere Màrtir, it is possible to enjoy a picturesque viewpoint of the entire town.

The German School of Barcelona and the American School of Barcelona are located in town and attract wealthy expatriate families. Due to its proximity to the Camp Nou stadium, many famous footballers reside in Esplugues, such as Gerard Piqué, Andrés Iniesta, and Dani Alves, as well as the motorcycle racer Sete Gibernau, the former World Number 1 tennis player Arantxa Sánchez, and other personalities in Spanish showbiz.

City connection
Esplugues de Llobregat has an excellent road network, being connected to the highways B-20 and B-23, the N-340 road, and its location right across from the Avinguda Diagonal, the most important avenue in Barcelona. The city resides 11 km away from the Airport of Barcelona, it is 13 km away from the port of Barcelona, and 10 km away to the Catalan capital downtown.

It is linked to Barcelona through the following bus lines: 57, 63, 67, 68, 157, metropolitan buses, and T1, T2 and T3 Trambaix lines. The only metro station in the area is Can Vidalet, on the L5 line. Two other stops are under construction and will be opened in 2018.

History
The first nominal legal land section, a little portion of land with a few homes and a few inhabitants, in what is today Esplugues was made in 1096. The first documents which talk about a town called Esplugues de Llobregat date from the 14th century.

Demography
The municipality has a population of 46,447.

Education
International schools in the municipality include:
 * German School of Barcelona
 * American School of Barcelona

Twin towns

 * 🇩🇪 Ahrensburg, Germany
 * 🇪🇸 Macael, Spain

Notable people

 * Ailyn, singer and songwriter
 * Carme Chacón, politician and minister of Defence
 * Xavier Corberó, sculptor
 * Óscar Jaenada, actor
 * Mercedes Milá, journalist
 * Lorenzo Milá, journalist
 * Gerard Piqué, football player
 * Víctor Ruiz, football player
 * Lamine Yamal, football player

title: Esplugues de Llobregat


text:
Knighton, Leicester

Knighton is a residential suburban area of Leicester, England. It situated between Clarendon Park to the north, Stoneygate to the east, Oadby and Wigston to the south and the Saffron Lane estate to the west.

Originally a separate village a couple of miles from Leicester city centre, it became linked to it by the areas known as Stoneygate and Clarendon Park during the Victorian period, due to the demand for housing for those newly employed in industry. It still retains several of the village's original buildings, such as Oram Cottage and the Church of St. Mary Magdalen; the village core is now a conservation area.

Population
The population at the 2011 census was 16,805. but the Knighton census ward differs significantly from the Knighton neighbourhood area. A portion of Stoneygate is included. The ancient parish had a population of 383 in 1831, rising to 6,075 by 1891, after the first wave of Leicester's Victorian expansion into the northern part of the parish. Knighton itself saw much building in the 1930s and 1940s with red-brick semi-detached houses. The village as a suburb expanded further in the mid-20th century with the building of the housing estates of West Knighton and South Knighton. These two estates have a mix of housing of the post-war era.

History
Knighton was named in the Domesday Book of 1086 (where it is spelled Cnihetone, and gives a picture of a fairly large village of 24 households and substantial farmlands, all under the manorial lordship of the Bishop of Lincoln, who at that time was a Norman cleric named Remigius de Fécamp. It functioned as a civil parish between Leicester and Wigston Magna, with an identity separate from the town of Leicester until the end of the 19th century. Ecclesiastically, it was a chapelry of St Margaret's Church, Leicester and appears to have been so since before the Norman conquest. Both St Margaret's, Leicester and St Mary Magdelene, Knighton, were held by the Bishop of Lincoln, and from the 13th century St Margaret's was a prebendary church of Lincoln Cathedral, and thus had considerable autonomy compared to Leicester's other ecclesiastical parishes, which were all held by Leicester Abbey. The tithes and glebe lands at Knighton were thus in the hands of the vicar of St Margaret's. Although Knighton Church dates back to at least the 13th century, it was served by a curate, and did not have its own vicar until it was made a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1878.

The medieval parish had four substantial open fields, and the village economy was centred on agricultural activity. Until the Enclosure award of 1756 these four open fields, named Stockwell, Safforn, Goldhill, and the Breach Field, were subdivided into narrow strips that were allocated annually amongst the families in the village. These fields were enclosed in 1756 and divided up permanently between the 14 families that had rights to the land, giving a snapshot of the spread of wealth in the village. 1520 acres were allocated, in proportion to the size of each family's existing rights. The Craddock family, who by this time were the Lords of the Manor, received almost 700 acres. Of the other families, Edward Inge received 260 acres, the Foster and Johnson families each received well over 100 acres, leaving the other 10 families to share 300 acres between them.

Growth of Stoneygate
Knighton retained its agricultural character into the 19th century, whilst Leicester to the north and Wigston to the south were becoming centres of the framework knitting cottage industry. The first effects of the expansion of Leicester were felt, not in the village itself, but in the area of the parish that became known as Stoneygate. Suburban development had its beginnings in the 1770s and 80s with a substantial private dwelling called Stoneygate House, on what later became Toller Road, followed by the conversion of a farmhouse on the Harborough Turnpike, (now London Road) into a 'gentleman's residence' called The Stoney Gate. By the 1840s there were 10 houses strung along the London Road, occupied by some of Leicester's most prosperous tradesmen and industrialists. The trend of wealthy clients getting a house built for their own use continued up to 1863, by which time there were 32 such spacious mansions. From 1865 the side roads began to be opened up, developed by speculative builders, and a more rapid expansion and infilling got underway.

Clarendon Park
From 1875 the estate that had formerly been The Breach Field, in Knighton's open field days, began to be sold off for development. The density of housing was greater than in Stoneygate, and many streets were laid out with rows of brick terraces, and acquired the name Clarendon Park, apparently as a marketing device. By 1888 Clarendon Park's road layout was substantially complete and built up. Queen's Road and Clarendon Park Road were provided with shops and other community facilities. Large, well-funded churches were rapidly established both in Clarendon Park and to a lesser extent Stoneygate. Among these were St John the Baptist Anglican Church (1885), London Road Congregational (1886), Queen's Road Primitive Methodist (1887), Clarendon Park Road Baptist (1894), St. Michael and All Angels Anglican (1898), Clarendon Park Road Wesleyan Methodist (1901 replacing an 1886 mission hall), Salvation Army (1901) and Stoneygate Baptist (1905).

Boundary changes
The historic parish occupied a broad swathe of land on the southern border of Leicester. From Safron lane in the west, it was roughly 2.8 miles wide, extending to the Gartree Road in the east.

Knighton was formerly a chapelry in St. Margaret parish, from 1866 Knighton was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 26 March 1896 and merged with Leicester.

Knighton Park
Knighton Park forms the southern part of the neighbourhood, south of the A563 Palmerston Way. The 78 acre park was bought from the Craddock-Hartopp trustees by Leicester city council in the late 1930s but wartime prevented its conversion to a public park until 1953. The various compartments and zones within the Park still reflect many of the divisions of the land put in place in 1756 for agricultural improvements when the Knighton open fields were enclosed and subdivided for the first time.

Knighton Spinney is a small area of woodland on the north-east side of the Park, 2.9 ha in extent, that was declared a Local Nature Reserve in 2003. It was planted as a mix of oak and ash trees by Squire Craddock-Hartopp in 1840, as he was concerned about the lack of oaks for shipbuilding. With the shift to iron ships, they were never needed for this purpose, but the spinney was used as a covert for foxhunting. By 1932 the Craddocks could see its wildlife value and covenanted it as a wildlife reserve for all time. It now has a diverse woodland structure, and provides a valuable habitat for spring woodland flowers, birds, mammals and insects.

The park was first awarded the Green Flag Award in 2005. It has a range of amenities, including two play areas, tennis courts, pitch & put (seasonal opening), sensory garden, heath garden. The Wash Brook runs through the park.

St Thomas More's Catholic Church
The parish of St Thomas More was formed in 1947 and the church was designed in 1948 by the architects Reynolds & Scott, who built a number of parishes in the Diocese of Nottingham. The church was designed in a stripped basilican style. The broad west tower is a recognisable local landmark due to its distinctive nature. Whilst there were a number of Catholic churches within Leicester at the time of the church's construction, St Thomas More's was the first to be built to serve the community of Knighton. The foundation stone was laid by Bishop Edward Ellis, Bishop of Nottingham, in 1950. The church was officially opened for use in 1952. The design incorporated a domed baldacchino over the altar and altar rails, all of which have been removed. At the time of the re-ordering which removed the baldacchino, a parish hall was built adjacent to the church. Stained glass windows along the nave of the church include references to key elements of the Roman Catholic faith, with symbolic representations of Christ's ministry and a number of the sacraments.

In the late 1990s to modernise and to make the church suitable to the reforms implemented during the Second Vatican Council the baldacchino, traditional altar, altar rail and marble lectern were replaced with mosaics implanted into the floor of the sanctuary, a mosaic cross was installed in the confessional and new decorational pieces were placed above the new, unusual octagonal altar.

Notable people

 * Henry Knighton: wrote a history of England from the Norman conquest until 1396, the year he died.
 * Sir William Lindsay Everard: MP, brewer and pioneer aviator.
 * Clare Hollingworth: journalist and first person to alert the world that World War II had started

title: Knighton, Leicester


text:
User talk:RaymondOfRish

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title: User talk:RaymondOfRish


text:
Mercury Communications

Mercury Communications was a national telephone company in the United Kingdom, formed in 1981 as a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless, to challenge the then-monopoly of British Telecom (BT). Although it proved only moderately successful at challenging BT's dominance, it led the way for new communication companies to attempt the same.

In 1997, Mercury ceased to exist as a brand after its amalgamation into the operations of Cable & Wireless.

Background: before 1981
The history of telecommunications in the United Kingdom starts in 1879, with the establishment of its first telephone exchange in London by The Telephone Company (Bells Patents) Ltd. On 10 March 1881, National Telephone Company (NTC) was formed, which later brought together smaller local telephone companies. In 1898, to break the near-monopoly held by NTC, the Postmaster General's office, which was in charge of licensing new telephone companies, issued thirteen new licences. But by 1911, five of the remaining six competitors had been taken over by either the General Post Office (GPO) or NTC. Under the Telephone Transfer Act 1911, NTC was taken over by the GPO in 1912, and created a state-run monopoly that would run nearly all telecommunication assets in the UK for the next seventy years.

During the 1920s, there was increasing competition from companies using radio communications such as Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company. In 1928, it was decided that all telecommunication assets outside the UK, and within the British Empire, particularly the telegraph companies, should be merged into one operating company. The merged entity was initially known as the Imperial and International Communications, and later in 1934 as Cable & Wireless.

Following the Labour Party's victory in the 1945 general elections, the government announced its intention to nationalise Cable and Wireless, which was carried out in 1947. The company remained government-owned, continuing to own assets and operating telecommunication services outside the UK. All assets in the UK were integrated with those of the General Post Office, which operated the UK's domestic telecommunications monopoly.

In October 1969, the Post Office (a public corporation) replaced the General Post Office (a government department). In October 1981, the Post Office was split into two separate public corporations, the Post Office and British Telecommunications. In 1981, the British government under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher started the process of privatising nearly all state-run monopolies, including British Airways, British Steel Corporation, British Aerospace, and later British Telecommunications. The act also started the privatisation of Cable & Wireless, whose primary business was then in Hong Kong.

Mercury: 1981–97
In 1981, Mercury Communications, Ltd – a consortium of Cable & Wireless, Barclays, and BP – was founded as an experiment in telecommunications competition, primarily to compete with British Telecom. Its first chairperson was Sir Michael Edwardes, known for his success in turning around British Leyland. Mercury Communications was first licensed in 1982, and became a full Public Telecommunications Operator in 1984. The same year, Cable & Wireless bought out the stakes of its partners.

In 1989, Mercury formed a consortium with Motorola and Shaye Communications to run a national Telepoint service in the UK. Branded as Callpoint, it was not a success and closed in June 1991 after operating for a year and a half.

In July 1991, Mercury's sister concern, Mercury Personal Communications Network (PCN) Ltd, was awarded one of the licences to develop & build Personal communications network (PCN) networks in the United Kingdom. The other two went to Microtel Communications, and Unitel. PCNs were envisaged to be superior to the then-existent cellular phone technology, giving customers portability to make or take calls in the home or car, in an aeroplane, or while on holiday.

In November 1992, Cable & Wireless sold a 20% stake for about £480 million to the Canadian company BCE, the parent company of Bell Canada International, which brought much-needed telecommunications expertise to Mercury. BCE also owned two cable companies in the UK.

One2One was established as the trading name of Mercury Personal Communications, a joint venture partnership equally owned by Cable & Wireless and US West International, a division of US WEST Media Group. One2One introduced Britain's first 1800 MHz GSM network in 1993, in competition with the existing mobile networks of Vodafone and Cellnet.

Mercury forged strategic alliances with 16 UK cable companies, which enabled them to offer both telephone and television services to their customers. By the end of January 1993, over 117,000 telephone lines were supplied to cable operators by Mercury. In October 1996, Mercury was merged with three cable operators in the UK (Vidéotron, Nynex and Bell Cable media) and renamed Cable & Wireless Communications (in which Cable & Wireless plc owned a 53% stake); the Mercury brand then ceased to be used.

Following this, the group embarked on a major disposal programme, selling One2One to T-Mobile in 1999, then selling its stake in CWC's consumer operations to NTL (now Virgin Media) in 2000.

Payphones and mobiles
From 1986 Mercury operated public payphones in the UK, in competition with BT. These proved not to be profitable and this interest was sold in 1995. They were notable for their varied designs which imitated architectural styles.

Mercury also operated the first GSM 1800 mobile phone service, launched in 1993 as Mercury One2one. The service was first rolled out in the London area bounded by the M25, and offered free mobile to landline calls at off-peak times, weekends and Bank Holidays. Calls could be made free to landlines in the area the mobile was in, and to adjacent landline exchange codes. Even after this plan ceased being sold, SIM cards that were subscribed to the plan continued to provide these free calls, and often changed hands for large sums of money. Coverage was extended throughout the decade, with most of the UK having service by 1997. One2One was sold to Deutsche Telekom in 1999 for £8.4bn, and was rebranded as T-Mobile in 2002.

Fixed-line phone services
Mercury began by offering fixed-line facilities direct to business and residential customers. Callers could use the 'Mercury 2300' service via their existing BT phone line by dialling a '131' prefix followed by a ten-digit customer code, then the number they wished to dial. Some phones were manufactured with a 'Mercury button' which allowed the prefix and customer code to be stored and then dialled with a single button press.

Later, a more modern indirect service was introduced which required only the dialling of an access code (132) and the destination number. Mercury also provided backbone services to the emerging British cable operators which were beginning to offer their own fixed-line telephone services.

Mercury moved into the Private Branch eXchange market in 1990 as a result of Telephone Rentals being bought by Cable & Wireless. This enabled the Smart Box to be connected to a large number of TR's customers, so traffic was routed away from BT onto Mercury's network.

Mercury pulled out of the PABX market in 1996, when it sold that part of the business to Siemens, creating Siemens Business Communication Systems (SBCS), which later became Siemens Communications.

In 1997 the Mercury brand ceased to be and it was amalgamated into Cable & Wireless Communications. The consumer arm of the latter would eventually be bought out by the telecommunications firm NTL in 1999, and then sold on to Npower in 2001 before the service was withdrawn entirely some years later.

Its name lives on through its original sponsorship of the Mercury Music Prize, although now sponsored by Free Now.

title: Mercury Communications


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Wedding Album

Wedding Album is the third and final in a succession of three experimental albums by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. It followed Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins and Unfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions. In Britain, the album was released credited by "John and Yoko", without last names mentioned. In the United States, it was released credited by "John Ono Lennon & Yoko Ono Lennon."

Recording
"John & Yoko", the first side, a recording made on 22 and 27 April 1969, is of Lennon and Ono calling out each other's names, through a range of volume, tempos, and emotions, over the sound of their heartbeats. The two recorded on individual microphones. Lennon described the heartbeats as being "like African drums", and the piece being "like an extended, very extreme John and Marsha that was out years ago by Stan Freberg. It really makes your hair stand on end." Lennon edited the two together on 1 May 1969.

"Amsterdam", the second side, had been recorded first, in a hotel room at the Hilton Hotel in Amsterdam, the Netherlands during 25–31 March 1969. The piece consists of interviews explaining their campaign for peace, conversations and captured sounds during the couple's "Bed-In" honeymoon. An early form of what would become "John John Let's Hope for Peace" forms the beginning of "Amsterdam". There were also four other musical interludes including Lennon performing a blues-style composition on acoustic guitar, featuring the words "Goodbye Amsterdam Goodbye". Ono sings "Grow Your Hair", a song regarding peace. Lennon sings a brief excerpt in a cappella of the Beatles song "Good Night". The last interlude is a short recitation of the words "Bed peace" and "Hair peace".

Outtakes and interviews from Lennon and Ono's Bed-In were released as promo 7" vinyl acetates by Bell.

Release and reception
Wedding Album was initially released on Apple on 20 October 1969 in the US, and 7 November 1969 in the UK. The record came as an elaborate box set designed by John Kosh, including sets of photos, drawings by Lennon, a reproduction of the marriage certificate, a picture of a slice of wedding cake (inside a white sleeve), and a booklet of press clippings about the couple. It also included a Mylar bag that had the word "Bagism" printed on it. The album did not chart in the UK, but managed to peak at number 178 in the US, staying on the charts for three weeks. Regarding the limited success, Lennon later addressed it saying, "It was like our sharing our wedding with whoever wanted to share it with us. We didn't expect a hit record out of it. It was more of a... that's why we called it Wedding Album. You know, people make a wedding album, show it to the relatives when they come round. Well, our relatives are the... what you call fans, or people that follow us outside. So that was our way of letting them join in on the wedding". The album was available on vinyl, cassette tape and 8-track tape, each with the same deluxe packaging. The album was also advertised through magazine print advertisements, which Lennon and Ono's previous two albums had not been. The album was reissued in 1997 through Rykodisc with three bonus cuts – two of them B-sides by The Plastic Ono Band composed by Ono. The album was reissued again in March 2019 on Sean Lennon's Chimera label in collaboration with Secretly Canadian. This edition was released with the two original tracks. The release commemorated the 50th anniversary of the famous Bed-In in the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel in March 1969.

Melody Maker critic Richard Williams was given two single-sided test pressings for his review (which appeared on the front page of the November 15th issue). Each had a blank side featuring only an engineer's test signal, but Williams mistook it for a double album. In his review, he noted that sides two and four consisted entirely "of single tones maintained throughout, presumably produced electronically", and that the pitch of the notes appeared to change slightly. Lennon and Ono sent a telegram to Williams thanking him for his review and writing: "We both feel that this is the first time a critic topped the artist. We are not joking."

Track listing
All pieces by John Lennon and Yoko Ono, except where noted.

 * The bonus tracks are not present on the 2019 Reissue.

Personnel

 * John Lennon – guitars, keyboards, heartbeat sounds, vocals
 * Yoko Ono – vocals, rare sounds, heartbeat sounds
 * Klaus Voormann – electric guitar, bass guitar (track 4)
 * Nicky Hopkins – piano, chimes (track 4)
 * Hugh McCracken – piano, chimes (track 4)

title: Wedding Album


text:
User talk:Dolda2000

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Dolda2000! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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Germanic languages in Albanian language
Thanks for adding German and Swedish to the Albanian language article. But I must admit I'm not sure what they add there. Presumably the point of this table is to demonstrate the Indo-European character of Albanian, and what other branches of Indo-European it resembles. But I don't see how adding German and Swedish contributes to that. --macrakis (talk) 03:45, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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RV32C listed at Redirects for discussion
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text:
User:Mattingly23

Baseball Things to do

 * Requests for page expansion
 * List_of_encyclopedia_topics
 * Requested_articles/sports
 * New Articles
 * List of baseball players
 * Votes for deletion
 * Template messages
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 * User:Mattingly23/Skipped 19th Century Players
 * User:Mattingly23/Guide_to_Writing_Baseball_Player_Articles
 * User:Mattingly23/Baseball articles that need images
 * Page History
 * Six Degrees of  Seperation
 * Edit Summary Counter
 * Useful tags and links
 * baseball templates

Baseball Resources

 * American Memory from the Library of Congress or Library of Congress - great places to find old baseball photos/cards.
 * Prints and Photographs online catalog - another Library of Congress place for photos.
 * Baseball Library - For player bio's.
 * - For player bio's.
 * Baseball Reference - For player stats.
 * - For tobacco cards.
 * http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/
 * format for baseball reference

Articles I've Started
Doug Allison - Joaquin Andujar - Jimmy Archer - Al Barlick - Shad Barry - Earl Battey - Carson Bigbee - Gavvy Cravath - Charlie Bennett - Bill Carrigan - Mike Boddicker - Bill Bradley - Scott Brosius - Tom Browning - Hal Chase - John Clapp - Otis Clymer - Duff Cooley - Lou Criger - Leon Culberson - Jake Daubert - Harry Davis (baseball player) - Jerry Denny - Mike Donlin - Patsy Dougherty - Larry Doyle - Fred Dunlap - Kid Elberfeld - Bones Ely - Billy Evans - Jack Glasscock - Ron Guidry - Harvey Haddix - William Hulbert - Baby Doll Jacobson - Jim Kaat - Bill Lange - Mark Langston - Frank Lary - Sherm Lollar - Herman Long - Bill McGowan - Mike Norris - Lance Parrish - Roger Peckinpaugh - Heinie Reitz - Jack Rowe - Nap Rucker - Jimmy Ryan (baseball player) - Frank Selee - Bobby Shantz - Wildfire Schulte - Orator Shaffer - Harry Stovey - Billy Sullivan - Fred Tenney - Larry Twitchell - George Weiss - Cy Williams - Ned Williamson - Chief Wilson

 * Silver Slugger - added list of players & pics
 * Bernie Brewer - mascot
 * Swinging Friar - mascot
 * Slide (baseball)

Articles I've worked on
Bert Abbey - Cap Anson - Al Atkinson (baseball player) - Joe Battin - Jake Beckley - Charlie Berry (19th century baseball player) - Bill Bernhard - Joe Borden - Jack Boyle - George Bradley - Charlie Buffinton - Dick Burns - Doc Casey - Elton Chamberlain - Bunk Congalton - Joe Corbett - Larry Corcoran - Nig Cuppy - Guy Morton - Ossee Schreckengost - Bob Unglaub

Other Articles

 * Joel Silver
 * Millencolin - I'm hoping to add more to the article & band members

title: User:Mattingly23


text: File:JohnLennon-albums-unfinishedmusicno2lifewiththelions.jpg


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Ptolemais

Ptolemais may refer to:

People

 * Ptolemais of Cyrene, a c. 3rd-century BC mathematician and musical theorist
 * Ptolemais, daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and mother of Demetrius the Fair

Africa

 * Ptolemais, Cyrenaica, a city in modern-day Libya
 * Ptolemais Euergetis, in what is now the Faiyum in Egypt
 * Ptolemais Hermiou or Ptolemais in the Thebaid, modern-day El Mansha in the Sohag Governorate of Egypt
 * Ptolemais Theron, a city on the African coast of the Red Sea

Elsewhere

 * Ptolemais or Lebedus, on and around the Kısık Peninsula
 * Ptolemaida in West Macedonia, Greece
 * Ptolemais (Pamphylia), a coastal town of ancient Pamphylia or of Cilicia
 * Ptolemais, a name that may have been given to Larisa (Troad), Anatolia
 * Ptolemais in Phoenicia, later Acre, in modern-day Israel

title: Ptolemais