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Vancouver Island University

Vancouver Island University (abbreviated as VIU, formerly known as Malaspina University-College and earlier as Malaspina College) is a Canadian public university serving Vancouver Island and coastal British Columbia. Malaspina College began in 1969 and it has grown into a university which plays an important role in the educational, cultural, and economic life of the region. The main campus is located in Nanaimo; there are regional campuses in Duncan and Powell River as well as a centre in Parksville.

History

Vancouver Island University enrolled its first students in September 1969 as Malaspina College, named after Captain Alessandro Malaspina, who explored Vancouver Island. Registration in the first year was over 600 students, almost double what was initially expected. In 1976, after seven years at the original campus in the old Nanaimo Hospital building at 388 Machleary Street, Malaspina College moved to its new campus on Fifth Street (the present location of VIU) on former Department of National Defense land adjoining the existing Nanaimo Vocational Training School, which had offered trades programs since 1936. In anticipation of construction of a new campus, Malaspina College had merged administration with the existing vocational school in 1971.

Following a 1988 government initiative designed to increase access to degree programs in British Columbia, five community colleges in BC were granted authority to offer baccalaureate degrees, and these five institutions — Malaspina, Fraser Valley, Kwantlen, Cariboo and Okanagan—were renamed university colleges. Initially, they offered degrees through one of the three provincial universities.

Malaspina College had regional campuses in Nanaimo, Duncan, and Powell River by 1990. In the 1990s, several at Malaspina promoted the idea of the institution offering something distinct—interdisciplinary bachelor's degrees in Liberal Studies — and in 1995 the institution was awarded the authority to offer degrees in its own right. In 1995, the province of British Columbia enacted legislation changing the institution's name to Malaspina University-College and allowed it to begin granting academic degrees and college diplomas. Malaspina University-College's Arms and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on May 20, 1995.

Malaspina University-College was designated a university under an amendment of the University Act and officially began operation as Vancouver Island University on September 1, 2008.

International students: 2,253 in 2017-2018

Vancouver Island University's first president was Dr. Carleton Opgaard. The first chancellor was Chief Shawn A-in-chut Atleo, who in 2009 became the national chief of the Assembly of First Nations. When VIU appointed Chief Atleo as Chancellor he became the first Indigenous person to hold this position in British Columbia.

The university press, The Navigator, established in 1969, is a member of Canadian University Press. The magazine Portal has been published by VIU students since 1991.

Buildings and facilities
Occupying three campuses and a number of facilities including a centre in Parksville/Qualicum, the Deep Bay Marine Field Station, and Milner Gardens and Woodlands, VIU has had many renovations and major developments in the past few years to accommodate its growing student body and faculty. The main campus located in Nanaimo has 1030000 sqft of built space. At this main campus, the most recent facility is the Dr. Ralph Nilson Centre for Health & Science and a new Marine, Automotive and Trades Complex, built with funding from the federal and provincial governments as well as through community support.
 * Nanaimo Campus
 * Cowichan Campus (Located in Duncan, BC)
 * tiwšɛmawtxw (Located in the qathet region)
 * Parksville·Qualicum Centre

Another recently completed project is a district geo-exchange energy system, which uses the energy stored in the water found in the abandoned Wakesiah coal mine underneath the Nanaimo campus to heat and cool some of the university's facilities. This system is the first of its kind in Canada. It leverages the long-abandoned coal mining infrastructure to enable an environmentally responsible heating and cooling solution. This open loop geo-exchange system consumes no groundwater while heating and cooling buildings for only the cost of pumping the water. The electricity to power the pumps comes from hydroelectric sources, leading to a zero emissions heating and cooling solution.

In 2006, a 39000 sqft Faculty of Management Centre opened certified Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), and a renovated 100000 sqft library (completed 2005) that offers extensive online and print collections, a special collections reading room, group study rooms, multimedia AV rooms, and computer stations. The VIU Campus Store is also located in the library building.

The Nanaimo campus is home to the Richard W. Johnston Centre for International Education, a gymnasium and fitness facilities; art and music studios; science and computer labs; research centres; a campus career centre; cafeterias; and a student centre on a 92 acre campus.

Other notable areas on the Nanaimo campus include Shq'apthut: A Gathering Place, which houses the university's Services for Aboriginal Students; the Kwulasulwut Garden that honours Coast Salish elder and retired VIU Elder-in-Residence Ellen White; two traditional Japanese-style gardens; and the Jardin des quatorze (Garden of the Fourteen), which commemorates the women who died in the 1989 mass shooting at the École Polytechnique in Montreal.

In 2011, VIU opened a new campus in Cowichan which is built to LEED Gold Certification. The campus has a rooftop garden and a geo-exchange system which heats and cools the building

Core programs

Vancouver Island University offers master's and bachelor's degrees; two year diplomas, and one year certificate programs in a range of areas.

 * Business (M.B.A./M.Sc., post-graduate diploma, Bachelor of Business Administration)
 * Education (M.Ed.; B.A.; B.Ed. Post Baccalaureate)
 * Tourism and Hospitality (M.A.; B.A.)
 * Science and Technology (B.Sc.)
 * Social Sciences (B.Sc.; B.A)
 * Including a Master of Community Planning (M.C.P.), a Master of Geographic Information Systems Applications (M.G.I.S.A.), and an Advanced Diploma in Geographic Information Systems Applications (A.D.G.I.S.A.)
 * Art and Design, and Performing Arts (B.A.)
 * Humanities (M.A.; B.A.)
 * With 17 majors and minors including English, Anthropology, Economics, History, Global Studies, Media Studies, and Psychology
 * Career/Vocational
 * Trades and Applied Technology
 * Health and Human Services Programs including degrees in Social Work, Nursing and Child and Youth Care (B.A.)

In addition, VIU also offers English language certificate programs for English-as-a-second-language (ESL) students.

International programs
Vancouver Island University offers exchange programs that allow students to study for one or two semesters overseas while remaining registered at Vancouver Island University. Current partner institutions are located in Australia, England, Finland, France, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Switzerland and the USA. Vancouver Island University also offers short-term study abroad options in some program areas; destination countries include Belgium, Belize, the Cook Islands, Indonesia, Italy, USA (New York), Tanzania, Korea, France, and Spain. Additionally, Vancouver Island University supports field schools, co-ops, practicum placements and development projects, has sister-school agreements with Japan, Korea and Thailand and educational alliances with schools in Taiwan, China, Mexico, India and Turkey.

Master of Business Administration (MBA) program
VIU's Faculty of Management offers graduate business programs that appeal to recent graduates and those individuals who require higher education for career advancement or specialized training. When it was initially accredited, VIU School of Business was one of three Canadian business schools that had been internationally accredited by ACBSP; as of May 2020, eight Canadian universities have ACBSP-accredited programmes.

VIU offers a post-graduate program of Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Science in International Management (MSc) jointly with the University of Hertfordshire in the UK. The 2007-08 class enrolled 102 students out of 280 applicants from all over the world, including: Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Russia, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turkey.

In 2015, the Vancouver Island University MBA Society hosted the first BC MBA Games. The competition was influenced by the national MBA Games and was attended by VIU earlier in the year. MBA students from across British Columbia competed in a range of intensive activities ranging from sports, case competitions and team spirit events. The event was attended by 110 MBA students from Vancouver Island University, Sauder School of Business, Peter B. Gustavson School of Business, Beedie School of Business and Thompson Rivers University. The event's theme to raise funds for families living with autism generated a total of $10,138 which was donated to the Canucks Autism Network and the Autism Society of British Columbia. The event ended with Vancouver Island University emerging as the winner of both the BC MBA Games Cup and the Mann Cup.

Students in Vancouver Island University's Master of Business Administration (MBA) program took fourth place in Canada's MBA Games. It was held in Toronto from January 2–4, earning the best result for university MBA programs in western Canada.

VIU's 32 MBA students competing alongside more than 700 students from 20 Canadian universities also took first place in the “Spirit” competition, with the best result in fundraising, video and opening performance. Of the total $69,269 raised by all teams for the designated charity, Ronald McDonald House Charities of Canada, VIU MBA students raised nearly half, $32,000.

Aboriginal involvement
VIU developed governing board and senate policies as well as aboriginal governed councils within the university structure. Aboriginal elders are present on campus at VIU to provide social supports. VIU has developed an Aboriginal Shellfish Aquaculture Training Program to meet specific needs within aboriginal communities. VIU also offers a bachelor's degree in First Nations Studies. The B.A. Major and Minor in First Nations Studies are products of a collaboration between Vancouver Island University and the First Nations of Vancouver Island and Coastal British Columbia. Their purpose is to provide comprehensive, high-quality education respectful of the cultures of Aboriginal peoples, while meeting their diverse needs. The Child and Youth Care Diploma Program based at the Cowichan Campus (Duncan) works with Elders and Firsts Nations leaders from the Coast Salish tradition to prepare graduates to work with children, youth, families and communities in a manner that is described as bi-cultural. The Child and Youth Care Degree program offers an Aboriginal child welfare focus which explores and supports both Aboriginal and non Aboriginal students to work with Aboriginal families and communities.

Partnership

 * Deakin University, AU
 * University of Canberra, AU
 * Victoria University, AU
 * Exponential University of Applied Sciences, DE
 * Mejiro University, JP
 * UNITEC, NZ
 * University of Hertfordshire, UK
 * California State University, East Bay, US
 * University of Central Arkansas, US
 * University of Montana, US

Notable alumni

 * Gwen O'Mahony - Former MLA in the 39th Parliament of British Columbia
 * Victor Blasco - Professional soccer player

title: Vancouver Island University


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Tom Carapic

Tom Carapic (born 1939), full name Tomislav Sava Čarapić, is an artist who specialises in found object artwork.

Carapic was born in Velisevac, Serbia (then Kingdom of Yugoslavia). He was educated at a military school in Herzegovina in the 1950s, and served as a sergeant in the Yugoslav People's Army. Afterwards he was denied a college education, possibly because he was not a member of the Communist Party, and illegally crossed into Italy in 1961, and, from there, emigrated to the United States.

In 1965, he began attending classes at the New York Art Students League, but dropped out soon afterwards, eventually attending the Wilfred Academy of Beauty Culture. He was unable, however, to find steady beauty parlor employment, and worked in menial labor while attending classes in Spanish Education at Manhattan Community College. Due to a problem with accreditation, he was forced to switch to classes in the field of studio art. There he experienced hallucinatory visions that explained his repeated failures to obtain a degree.

In the late 1970s, Carapic began experiencing more hallucinatory visions; claiming that his degree problems were caused when "the evil marriage bureau massed the troops" against his college and proceeded with "an Air force bombardment" of the school. After receiving other visitations, he began making and showing his art.

Most of his art is centered on found objects, most famously computer keyboards, especially those by IBM. Most of his art consists of these objects, marked with black Sharpie markers, and with green thumbprints and handprints along the objects. His most famous exhibit in New York City is "Big Bang Theory," a doomsday warnings painted on computer keyboards and shoes and construction debris.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tom Carapic


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Polish Committee for Standardization

Polish Committee for Standardization (Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny) is a Polish governmental organization responsible for standardization.

It was established in 1924.

Polish Standard
Polish Standard (Polska Norma, PN, denoted by the symbol BS) - a nationwide standard, adopted by consensus and approved by the Polish Committee for Standardization, The Polish Standards are widely available but not free, and their distribution is controlled by the PKN.

title: Polish Committee for Standardization


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Talk:Propiska in the Soviet Union

Removed:

'' and to be allowed into tertiary educational institutions, such as universities. ''

False statement. Students could come from anywhere. Upon enlisting they received temporary propiska for the term of the study. Mikkalai 06:20, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Correct, Mikkalai.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 08:20, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I live in russia, the whole article not truth and conjectures, funny read.--80.254.101.130 13:45, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Write true now. Mikkalai 16:15, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Constitutional?
Was propiska constitutional? ←Humus sapiens←ну? 02:46, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * In all of the former Soviet Constitutions the right for freedom of movement was not proclaimed. Now it is. 81.211.9.186 09:02, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * You're not right. But propiska does limit the right of movement nothing more than property cost does.--MathFacts (talk) 18:08, 23 May 2009 (UTC)
 * It is constitutional although this system is an odd movement boundary. SkyBonTalk\Contributions 12:07, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Neutrality and sources
I just added the NPOV and "unsourced statements" things to the article. The unsourcedness of the article should be fairly obvious. The NPOV is perhaps not as obvious, but I feel that the whole article gives the impression that it was written to underline how "awfully bad" the USSR was, instead of giving a fair view of the subject matter. I encourage anyone who has the knowledge to improve the article so as to better reflect actual facts instead of subjective values. 85.224.198.207 (talk) 00:04, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The POV claim is mildly ridiculous. Propiska was not exactly fun, and the article describes this "fun", rather tersely. If you have to say something positive about the benefits of "propiska", you are very welcome. The unsourcedness is a yes. The reason is not because it is an esoteric or outlandish topic, but simply because no one really seem to care. `'Míkka>t 02:59, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Other countries?
What about similar regulations in other countries? AFAIK this was standard in the entire soviet bloc, and remains to this day in many post-communist countries. - Anonymous 11:37, 25 September 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.190.231.112 (talk)

Renewal?
What is "propiska renewal"? First time hear of it.--MathFacts (talk) 11:59, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * It means that you have after a certain period of time go to police station and renew registration. SkyBonTalk\Contributions 12:11, 23 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Permanent registration does not need renewal.--MathFacts (talk) 17:44, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

I do not believe that there is no such thing in the West
People do you have official/legal address etc?--MathFacts (talk) 04:42, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Do not Do Not? Americans do have fears/concerns about Propiska-like restrictions, but we can express our concerns, not just in the NYTimes (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/19/opinion/l-don-t-expect-congress-to-protect-your-privacy-006068.html) but at the voting booth (and yes, even by writing to our representatives). Nuts240 (talk) 18:47, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

 * My "legal address" is an address at which, if someone sends a notice, I am presumed to receive it. If I register to vote, I must declare my residence address.  I do not need permission from the State to reside where I do, nor am I otherwise required to notify the State.  (Unless I am convicted of a felony.) —Tamfang (talk) 01:04, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

Unsourced claim
I added a [citation needed] to this paragraph: "All employers were strictly forbidden to give jobs to anybody without a local 'propiska'. To hire additional employees, the largest enterprises had to build housing for their staff beforehand. While some built dormitories, others made conventional apartment blocks for individual resettlement. Registration in these apartments was called a 'work-related' residency permit (Russian: 'ве́домственная' or 'служе́бная' пропи́ска, romanized: 'vedomstvennaya' or 'sluzhebnaya' propiska). The lack of free movement resulted in poor housing allocation. Adding an additional layer of bureaucracy stopped efficient movement of labor, because people could not move in with family in areas where work was in demand and extra housing lay dormant in towns where people with work related residency permits were moving from." because its supposed source: https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/05/nyregion/holding-out-a-hand-to-russian-women.html does not mention 'propiska' or even Russian history except in passing. I think the first half might be salvageable but the second half just seems like conjecture. I will look for some sources. Aririos (talk) 04:50, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It seems that the terms "vedomstvennaya" or "sluzhebnaya" propiska are informal references for "propiska in work-related housing", i.e., there was no special type of propiska itself. At least I didnt find in Russian language sources. . Therefore I removed the paragraph - Altenmann >talk 22:30, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Also the statement "All employers were strictly forbidden to give jobs to anybody without a local propiska" is provably wrong or at least sloppily phrased in several respects. The major confusion is that a person had no right to live in a town without propiska there, but can easily work there. Many people lived in suburbs, but worked in a city. Moreover, major enterprizes had a right to arrange a temporary propiska for their hires. And so on. employment/propiska relations is a special subject, not to say that it is associated with time frames and locations. For example, Moscow and other major cities had their own peculiarities. - Altenmann >talk 22:33, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Propiska in the Soviet Union


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Skitube Alpine Railway

The Skitube Alpine Railway is an Australian standard gauge electric rack railway in the Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales. It provides access to the snowfields at Blue Cow Mountain and the Perisher Valley.

History
In the 1980s, development of the Thredbo and Perisher Valley skifields was increasing, but the mountain road providing access to them was limited. In 1980 the National Parks & Wildlife Service proposed the establishment of a day visitors resort at Blue Cow Mountain, which would increase the traffic demands. A number of transport modes were examined, including a funicular railway, chairlift, and an aerial gondola, but all were of limited capacity, affected by weather, and would scar the mountainsides.

A rack and pinion railway was found to be the best option, running mostly underground. The Perisher Skitube Joint Venture was established, with Transfield and Kumagai Gumi each holding a 49% share. The main proponent of the scheme, Canberra engineer Ken Bilston, held the remaining 2% share and was technical manager for the project. Feasibility studies commenced in 1982 for a double track railway on the assumption that the road would close in winter, but this was altered to a single track line with passing loops when the closure was ruled out.

Construction commenced in October 1984, with tunnelling beginning in June 1985. The 3.3 km Bilston Tunnel was constructed using a 5.5 m tunnel boring machine, while the 2.6 kilometre Blue Cow tunnel was constructed using the traditional "drill and blast" method. A consortium of Swiss and Australian companies (SLM, BBC, and Comeng ) provided the rolling stock, overhead wiring, sub-stations, communications and signalling. The 5.9 kilometre line opened from Bullocks Flat to Perisher on 26 July 1987 with the entire line opened through to Blue Cow on 31 March 1988.

In October 2016, Stadler Rail commenced an upgrade of the line. It was to be completed by April 2017.

Operations
The Swiss-designed railway provides easy access between the Alpine Way at Bullocks Flat and the Perisher Blue ski resort sites of Perisher Valley and Blue Cow Mountain. The Skitube passes through two tunnels and has three stations, two of which are underground. The terminal at Bullocks Flat has parking facilities for 3,500 cars and 250 coaches, as well as passenger, administrative and control facilities.

The line begins at an elevation of 1,125 metres and runs above ground for 2.6 kilometres, crossing a three-span 150-metre-long steel truss bridge. A passing loop is located before entering the tunnel, which climbs on a 12.5% gradient to the Perisher Valley terminal. A provision for a second 300-metre-long passing loop has been made inside the tunnel. To Blue Cow the line first drops downgrade, then climbs 1.3 kilometres on a 3% gradient, then climbs at 12.5% to the terminus. The railway reaches a maximum elevation of 1,905 metres above sea level at Mount Blue Cow station.

An off-peak schedule is run in early to late June and mid to late September, either side of the peak July–September ski season. Trains run between 05:00 and 01:00, allowing for après-ski activities or night skiing. The Bullocks Flat terminus has a large, three-sided station with extensive parking, a pass office, a ski and snowboard school, information desk, kiosk, souvenir shop, and ski and snowboard hire shop. This allows day trippers to get tickets and equipment and be loaded for the 10-minute journey to the Perisher Valley station, and a further 7 minutes to Blue Cow. It is adjacent to the Lake Crackenback Resort.

Technical details
The majority of the railway is underground, comprising the Bilston and Blue Cow tunnels, 3.3 km and 2.6 km long respectively. The depth of the tunnels varies from between 4 and 550 m, and their diameter between 5 and 5.5 m. 30 kg/m second-hand rail from the State Rail Authority was used to build the line, and two electrical substations are fed with 33 kV power, and output 1.5 kV DC for the overhead wiring.

Rolling stock
To operate the service 11 carriages were built by Comeng, Granville and Fuji Heavy Industries. Each is 16.8 m long and 3.8 m wide, and can carry 225 passengers. This provides for the movement of around 4,500 people per hour. Eleven passenger cars in total were built, 4 motor cars, 4 driving trailers and 3 non driving trailers. The motor cars each have four 301 kW traction motors, making them perhaps the most powerful rack railcars in the world. The braking system is mixed regenerative and rheostatic. The train is capable of 40 km/h, however this is limited during the downhill journey to 21 km/h.

Two four-wheel 'S' open wagons were acquired from the State Rail Authority for freight traffic, and have been cut down to flat wagons. A 1958 Tulloch Limited built locomotive was also purchased.

The trains of the Skitube operate on the Lamella rack system, which was developed by Von Roll Holding.

Stations

 * Blue Cow
 * Bullocks Flat
 * Perisher Valley

title: Skitube Alpine Railway


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Korabl-Sputnik 4

Korabl-Sputnik 4 (Корабль-Спутник 4 meaning Ship-Satellite 4) or Vostok-3KA No.1, also known as Sputnik 9 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched on 9 March 1961. Carrying the mannequin Ivan Ivanovich, a dog named Chernushka, some mice and the first guinea pig in space, it was a test flight of the Vostok spacecraft.

Korabl-Sputnik 4 was launched at 06:29:00 UTC on 9 March 1961, atop a Vostok-K carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was successfully placed into low Earth orbit. The spacecraft was only intended to complete a single orbit, so it was deorbited shortly after launch, and reentered on its first pass over the Soviet Union. It landed at 08:09:54 UTC, and was successfully recovered. During the descent, the mannequin was ejected from the spacecraft in a test of its ejection seat, and descended separately under its own parachute.

title: Korabl-Sputnik 4


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Eureeka's Castle

Eureeka's Castle is an American children's puppet television series created by Debby Beece and Judy Katschke. R. L. Stine developed the characters and was the head writer of the show. It originally aired on Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. block from September 4, 1989, to November 10, 1991. The program featured various puppet characters who live in a giant's wind-up music box. The show was a joint development by Nickelodeon, animators Kit Laybourne and Eli Noyes of Noyes & Laybourne Enterprises, and the puppeteers at 3/Design Studio.

Synopsis
The show follows various puppet characters including Eureeka, a sorceress-in-training. Eureeka and her friends live in a wind-up castle music box owned by a friendly giant. Other characters include Magellan the dragon, twin moat dwellers Bogge and Quagmire, Batly the bat, and Mr. Knack the handyman. There are also various appearing creatures such as mice, singing fish statues called the Fishtones, Magellan's pets Cooey and the Slurms, and Batly's pet spider Webster.

Halfway through the episode, an animated short based on a children's book was shown. Also featured were shorter animated and live-action short films and European imports such as Animal Fair, Roobarb, The Shoe People, Towser, James the Cat, Le Piaf, Plonsters, Philipp, Bojan the Bear, Lilliput Put,  Zeno shorts, and Gran. Musical guests also appeared on the show, performing either in one of Mr. Knack's postcards, or at the castle in person.

Characters

 * Eureeka (performed by Cheryl Blaylock) is the title character and protagonist. Eureeka is a friendly sorceress-in-training. Her spells are not successful most of the time, but she keeps trying until she gets it right. Aside from her magic, she usually helps solve her friends' problems.
 * Magellan (performed by Noel MacNeal) is a large, childlike green dragon with a tail that has a mind of its own. He does not always understand new concepts. Magellan tends to make great big sneezes that can shake the whole castle whenever he gets upset. He has a mother-son/older sibling like relationship with Eureeka. According to Eureeka, Magellan will do anything to try and stay awake past bedtime. One talent that Magellan can do is blow bubbles from his mouth.
 * Cooey (performed by Lynn Hippen) is Magellan's pet of indeterminate species.
 * Slurms are Magellan's pet worm hybrids.
 * Blanketeers are living blue dots on Magellan's blanket.
 * Batly (performed by Jim Kroupa) is an egotistical, clumsy, blue bat who wears glasses due to being nearsighted. Despite being different in every way, he and Magellan are good friends. His flying usually ends with a crash landing prompting him to say "I meant to do that." Batly spends most of his time in the belfry and has a large bug collection. In a 2016 Reddit AMA, R.L. Stine said that Batly's face was modeled after his own son Matt.
 * Webster (performed by Noel MacNeal) is Batly's intimidating pet spider.
 * Fred is Batly's lightning bug whom he sleeps with.
 * Bogge and Quagmire (performed by Brian Muehl and Pam Arciero) are the Moat Twins. They are two mischievous squabbling siblings who spend most of their time swimming in the polluted castle moat, eating peanut butter sandwiches, and playing in the basement. Bogge is orange while Quagmire is pink. They're never apart, unless there's a troubling situation. They tend to argue with each other, but work together when it comes to causing trouble. Bogge and Quagmire constantly try to steal Magellan's peanut butter sandwiches, but never succeed. They're capable of moving, talking, breathing, and playing on land or underwater with equal ease. Their favorite game is to challenge each other with tongue-twister statements, at which they are highly proficient. While they spend much of their time bickering, they quickly become bored and then saddened to the point of depression, if even temporarily separated from the other.
 * Mr. Knack (performed by Brian Muehl) is the castle's handyman and tinker. He uses many unconventional methods for fixing things around the castle. Mr. Knack also loves to barter when he sells some of his inventions that he has made from his pushcart. Mr. Knack always gets some postcards which he reads to the viewers. His first name is "Nick", giving him the name Nick Knack.
 * Sir Klank (performed by Jim Kroupa) is a blue mouse with a long gray beard who resides in a suit of armor.
 * Kate (performed by Lynn Hippen) is a pink mouse who frequently reports on what happens in the castle.
 * Emma (performed by Pam Arciero) is an orange mouse who loves to eat.
 * The Fishtones are a trio of singing fish in the form of a stone fountain who spray water when they're not singing.
 * The Giant (performed by Jim Kroupa) is a friendly full-bodied giant with a big nose and a long orange beard who owns the wind-up castle music box where the show takes place. Once per episode, he winds up the castle's music box key to introduce the episode's musical guest. The castle inhabitants are aware of his existence, and in rare incidents they attempt to summon his attention.

Main

 * Pam Arciero as Quagmire, Emma
 * Cheryl Blaylock as Eureeka
 * Lynn Hippen as Cooey, Kate
 * Jim Kroupa as Batly, Sir Klank, Giant
 * Noel MacNeal as Magellan, Webster
 * Brian Muehl as Bogge, Mr. Knack

Additional

 * Rob Gardner
 * John Kennedy
 * Joey Mazzarino

Production
Eureeka's Castle's ending credits state the show comes from an original concept by Debby Beece and Judy Katschke. In 1988, development of the show began by staff members at Nickelodeon and animator Eli Noyes and his partner Kit Laybourne, whose wife Geraldine Laybourne was the Head of Programming for Nickelodeon. "Jovial Bob Stine", best known for his children's horror novels written under the pen name R. L. Stine, was hired as the head writer to develop the concept, characters and episode scripts. The puppet design and construction for the characters were done at 3/Design Studio where the puppets were built by Jim Kroupa, John Orberg, Kip Rathke and Matt Stoddart.

Nickelodeon ordered 65 episodes of Eureeka's Castle, and Beece called it "the most ambitious program for preschoolers since the premiere of Sesame Street 20 years ago". The first episode of Eureeka's Castle premiered during Nickelodeon's Special Delivery block on August 27, 1989, before debuting on Nick Jr. on September 4. In May 1990, Eureeka's Castle was renewed for a 35-episode second season.

From 1990 to 1991, Nickelodeon created 52 half-hour episodes of Eureeka's Castle, compiling clips from the first two seasons, for international distribution and their participation in the Cable in the Classroom service. Nick Jr. continued to air the original hour-long episodes, which were shortened to half-hour episodes in 1994. Production on Eureeka's Castle ended in 1991; some of the show's crew later worked on Gullah Gullah Island.

Broadcast
The series premiered on September 4, 1989 on Nick Jr. Reruns of the show continued airing on Nick Jr. until July 12, 1996, and again from November 16, 1998, to January 29, 1999, and on Noggin from February 2, 1999, to September 6, 2000.

Home video
Two Eureeka's Castle direct-to-video specials ("Sing Along with Eureeka" and "Wide Awake at Eureeka's Castle", both produced in 1990) and the "Christmas at Eureeka's Castle" special were released on VHS by Sony Wonder in 1995, and Paramount Home Video in 1997. The series has not been released on DVD or Blu-ray.

On April 21, 2021, 26 half-hour episodes of the show were added to Paramount+. This marks the first time the series had been legally available to watch in 20 years. As of 2023, Nickelodeon's master tapes of the hour-long episodes and "Don't Touch That Box" are thought to no longer exist.

Awards
In 1990, Eureeka's Castle won an Ace Award for best children's program.

title: Eureeka's Castle


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Island of the Blue Dolphins

Island of the Blue Dolphins is a 1960 children's novel by American writer Scott O'Dell, which tells the story of a girl named Karana, who is stranded alone for years on an island off the California coast. It is based on the true story of Juana Maria, a Nicoleño Native American left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island during the nineteenth century.

Island of the Blue Dolphins won the Newbery Medal in 1961. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1964. O'Dell later wrote a sequel, Zia, published in 1976. Island of the Blue Dolphins has been the subject of much literary and pedagogical scholarship related to survival, feminism, the resilience of Indigenous peoples, and beyond.

Historical basis
The novel is based on the true story of "The Lone Woman of San Nicholas Island," a Nicoleño Native Californian who lived alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island, one of the Channel Islands off the California coast.

Around 1835, the Nicoleño people were taken aboard a ship headed for California, with the intention that missionaries would convert them upon arrival on the mainland. Once aboard the ship, it was realized that Juana Maria was not among them. By that time, a strong storm arose, and the crew of "Peor es Nada," realizing the imminent danger of being wrecked by the surf and rocks, panicked and sailed toward the mainland, leaving her behind.

A more romantic version tells of Juana Maria diving overboard after realizing her younger brother had been left behind, although archaeologist Steven J. Schwartz notes, "The story of her jumping overboard does not show up until the 1880s ... By then the Victorian era is well underway, and literature takes on a flowery, even romantic flavor." Due to inclement sea-faring weather, the ship could not return and she lived on the island for nearly two decades before being discovered and taken to the mainland in 1853 by sea otter hunter Captain George Nidever and his crew. According to Nidever, the Lone Woman lived in a structure supported by whale ribs and stashed useful objects around the island. She was baptized and given the Christian name Juana Maria, assigned to her by the Santa Barbara Mission where she eventually was brought. No one alive at that time spoke her language, so she struggled to communicate using a form of sign language. Just as the other Nicoleño Natives, who had previously been brought to the mainland, the Lone Woman died of dysentery after seven weeks.

In 2009, the University of Oregon archaeologist Jon Erlandson found two old redwood boxes eroding from an island sea cliff, with whalebone placed on top of them. With colleagues René Vellanoweth, Lisa Barnett-Thomas, and Troy Davis, Erlandson salvaged the boxes and other artifacts before they were destroyed by erosion. Vellanoweth and Barnett-Thomas examined the contents in a San Nicolas Island laboratory, documenting nearly 200 artifacts of Nicoleño, Euro-American, and Native Alaskan manufacture. The boxes appear to have been cached intentionally sometime between 1725 and 1743. It was also believed the Lone Woman lived in a cave on the island.

In 2012, Naval archaeologist Steve Schwartz believed he discovered the buried location of that cave based upon a century old map and began an investigation, working with archaeologist René Vellanoweth and his students from California State University, Los Angeles. The team’s work resulted in the opening of the cave being excavated, but Commanders at the Navy base on the island ordered Schwartz to halt the dig in 2015. The following year, Professor Patricia Martz started an online petition to stop the Navy’s plans to move artifacts from San Nicolas Island to a further facility in China Lake as there would be inadequate climate controls to preserve the integrity of the artifacts and allow them to remain close to where they were excavated. Despite gaining over 390 signatures, representatives from the Navy responded to the petition and formally expressed the safety and regulatory requirements met by China Lake. As such, the articles from San Nicolas were moved.

Plot summary
The main character is a Nicoleño girl named Won-a-pa-lei, whose secret name is Karana. She has a brother named Ramo and a sister named Ulape. Her people live in a village called Ghalas-at and the tribe survives by gathering roots and fishing.

One day, a ship of Russian fur hunters and their Creole and Aleut workers led by Captain Orlov arrive and persuade the Nicoleños to let them hunt sea otter in exchange for other goods. However, the Russians attempt to swindle the islanders by leaving without paying. When they are confronted by Karana's father Chief Chowig, a battle breaks out. Karana's father and many other men in the tribe die in battle against the well-armed Russians.

Later, the "replacement chief" Chief Kimki leaves the island on a canoe for new land in the East. Eventually, he sends a "giant canoe" to bring his people to the mainland even though he himself does not return. The white missionaries come to Karana's village and tell them to pack their goods and go to the ship. Karana's brother Ramo runs off to retrieve his fishing spear. Although Karana urges the captain to wait for Ramo to return, the ship must leave before a storm approaches. Despite restraint, Karana jumps off the ship and swims to shore and the ship departs without them.

While awaiting the return of the ship, Ramo is brutally killed by a pack of feral dogs. Alone on the island, Karana takes on traditionally male tasks, such as hunting, making spears, and building canoes to survive. She vows to avenge her brother's death and kills several of the dogs, but has a change of heart when she encounters the leader of the pack. She tames him and names him Rontu.

Over time, Karana makes a life for herself, even successfully hunting a giant devilfish (a massive octopus or squid) with Rontu. She builds a home made of whale bones and stocks a cave with provisions in case the Aleuts come back, so she can hide from them. She also tames some birds and an otter, named Mon-a-nee, while feeling a close kinship to the animals (the only inhabitants of the island beside herself).

One summer, the Aleuts return and Karana takes refuge in the cave. She observes the Aleuts closely and realizes that a girl named Tutok takes care of the domestic duties including getting water from the pool near Karana's cave. Fearful of being discovered, Karana goes out only at night, yet the curious girl stalks Karana, and the two meet. Karana and Tutok exchange gifts and she realizes how lonely she has been. The next day, Karana sees the ship with Tutok departing. Sadly, she returns to her house and starts rebuilding.

More time passes, and Rontu dies. Karana soon finds a young dog that looks like Rontu and takes him in naming him Rontu-Aru. One day, Karana sees the sails of a ship, but it moors off-shore and leaves. Two years later in the spring, the boat returns. Karana dresses in her finest attire, a dress of cormorant feathers, and waits on the shore for the boat. Her rescuers make a dress for her, as they believe her dress of cormorant feathers is not appropriate for the mainland. She does not like the dress, but Karana realizes that it is part of her new life. The ship takes Karana, Rontu-Aru, and her two birds to the mission in Santa Barbara, California. There, Father Gonzales tells her that the ship that had taken her tribe away had sunk before it could return to the Island of the Blue Dolphins for her.

First edition
After witnessing animal cruelty near his home, O’Dell first wrote Island of the Blue Dolphins in 1960, to promote a respect for all forms of life. Its first submission was turned down, as the publisher believed the story should feature a male protagonist. Yet, O’Dell felt strongly about Karana’s presence and looked to other publishing companies. Although he wrote the novel with the intended audience of adults, O’Dell’s next publisher suggested that it would be better for children, and it was published that same year. Soon after, in 1961, it had tremendous success and was awarded the Newbery Medal.

Critical edition
The 50th Anniversary edition of Island of the Blue Dolphins includes a new introduction by Newbery Medalist Lois Lowry and also includes extracts from Father Gonzales Rubio in the Santa Barbara Mission's Book of Burials. Island of the Blue Dolphins: The Complete Reader's Edition, a critical edition edited by Sara L. Schwebel, was published in October 2016 by the University of California Press. It includes two chapters deleted from the book before publication.

Sequel
O'Dell later wrote a sequel, Zia, published in 1976.

Film adaptation
A film adaptation of Island of the Blue Dolphins was released on July 3, 1964. It was directed by James B. Clark and starred Celia Kaye as Karana. Jane Klove and Ted Sherdeman adapted the script from O'Dell's novel, and the film was produced by Robert B. Radnitz and Universal Pictures. The film was made on a slight budget but did receive a wide release three months after its New York premiere. Howard Thompson writing for The New York Times characterized it as a children's film. Kaye won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year for her performance. The film earned an estimated $2 million in rentals in North America.

Reception
At the time of the book's publication, The Horn Book Magazine said: "Years of research must have gone into this book to turn historical fact into so moving and lasting an experience." In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1956 to 1965, librarian Carolyn Horovitz wrote: "The girl, Karana, is portrayed in such intimate and close relationship with the natural elements of her background, the earth, the sea, the animals, the fish, that the reader is given both the terror and beauty of life itself. It is a book to make the reader wonder."

Literary analysis
Since the time of its publication, Island of the Blue Dolphins has been the subject of many pieces of literary scholarship. The text explores the themes of independence, vulnerability, growth, survival, paternalism, and rescue, among others. The first-person point of view employed throughout the text is another narrative technique that serves to strengthen Karana's characterization and convey her courage and love.

The book can be considered a "Robinsonade", meaning that it tells the story of a character who must survive on a deserted island (or the equivalent), named after The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. Diann L. Baecker, a professor of Languages and Literature, suggests that the text is more than merely a "rescue narrative" where an orphan girl needs to be saved by a paternalistic hero. Rather, Baecker argues that readers themselves can interpret Island of the Blue Dolphins to be a feminist parable and story of survival.

Many attribute the long-lasting power of the novel to this existence of a strong female protagonist with unisex characteristics, brought to the public during a time when this was not the norm. Karana takes on roles typically associated with men in order to survive, such as her skillful crafting of weapons. At the same time, Karana remains tied to her feminine association with nature as she lovingly cares for hurt animals and vows never to hunt them again. Literary scholar and professor C. Anita Tarr argues the success of the story should be attributed to Karana's lack of emotions and the major gaps in O'Dell's writing, which allow readers to fill in their own interpretations and feelings.

Additionally, scholars agree that Island of the Blue Dolphins has both challenged and reproduced harmful stereotypes of Native peoples that had been propagated by past publications. Jon C. Stott, a professor of English, states that O'Dell's position as a Non-Native writer helped bring more attention to the culture and stories of Indigenous people. A past chair of the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction, Hazel Rochman, also notes the challenges associated with writing authentically about another culture, yet suggests that O'Dell's research and empathy present in the text allowed it to become a long-lasting success.

Carole Goldberg, a Professor of Law and scholar of Native American studies, highlights Island of the Blue Dolphins as what is known as a "vanishing Indian story". Such stories perpetuate the idea that all Native tribes were assimilated into white society in the United States, while ignoring all moral and legal issues related to the colonization of Native Americans. Island of the Blue Dolphins plays into this harmful idea as all the members of Karana’s tribe are either brutally killed or taken away by missionaries, thus disappearing from the narrative entirely. Yet, an alternative reading of the text centered around cultural repatriation and land rights can still serve as a metaphor for tribal resilience.

Pedagogical analysis
Sara L. Schwebel, chair of the Carolina Children’s Literature consortium and English professor, states that Island of the Blue Dolphins should be better integrated into school curriculum alongside relevant contemporary scholarship. Further, she contends that children can grapple with critical issues such as colonialism, disempowerment, and resilience in school settings. Children may also be more capable of dealing with death in books than adults perceive them to be, and exposure to Island of the Blue Dolphins or texts with similar depictions of death can be helpful for children to begin processing the concept of death at an early age.

title: Island of the Blue Dolphins


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Digregorio

Digregorio was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Non-notable family name discussion. Wikipedia is not a genealogical site. RickK 06:32, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete - this doesn't belong here, but could be a candidate for inclusion in m:WikiPeople/m:GlobalFamilyTree, if it ever got off the ground. TPK 06:41, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: This is surely proper for the Global Family Tree. Nice crest image, too. (Deletion grounds: genealogy and dictdef.) Geogre 12:32, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Elf-friend 21:25, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Connemara Public Library

The Connemara Public Library at Egmore in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, is one of the four National Depository Libraries which receive a copy of all books, newspapers and periodicals published in India. Established in 1896, the library is a repository of century-old publications, wherein lie some of the most respected works and collections in the history of the country. It also serves as a depository library for the United Nations. It is located in the Government Museum Complex on Pantheon Road, Egmore, which also houses the Government Museum and the National Art Gallery.

History
The library's beginnings go back to 1860, when Captain Jesse Mitchell set up a small library as part of the Madras Museum in Madras, capital of the Madras Presidency in the British Indian Empire. Hundreds of books had been found to be surplus in the libraries of Haileybury College (where civil servants of the Indian Civil Service were trained in Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire) and these were sent to the Madras Government, which in turn handed them over to the Madras Museum. Conceived on the lines of the British Museum Library, it was part of the Madras Museum until 1890, when the need for a free public library prompted the then Governor of Madras, Lord Connemara, to lay the foundation on 22 March 1890. It opened in 1896 and was named after Lord Connemara (by then the former Governor), an Anglo-Irish nobleman. The library was indeed essentially free: A small deposit had to be paid but this was refundable. It became the state central library in 1948, with the enactment of Madras Public Libraries Act 1948, which was the first concerted effort in India to institutionalise, structure, otherwise, co-ordinate and organise public library services. This is one of the Asia's largest libraries.

The library was as part of a cultural complex that grew in the grounds of what was once called The Pantheon. The entire complex now boasts buildings that reflect architectural unity, even while demonstrating the various stages of Indo-Saracenic development, from Gothic-neo-Byzantine to Rajput Mughal and Southern Hindu Deccani.

The new building, which was added to the library in 1973, has a vast collection of books, a much sought-after textbook section, a periodicals hall, a reference room, a video room, an entire floor for books from the Indian languages, a Braille Library and an IAS study centre. Efforts are on to fully computerise the library database, which could ensure easy access to books. The library has a collection of over 600,000 books.

In 1981 the central government ordered that the library became one of the four national depository libraries. The library, however, is not a registered member of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).

Collections
The library, along with the Madras museum, benefited greatly from the effects of the Madras Literary Society, the Oriental Manuscripts Library and the Records Office. Under the provision of Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act 1954, every publisher in India has to compulsorily send a copy of each publication to the library. Apart from this a good number of publications and periodicals of UN and its specialized organs and Asian Development Bank were also received. Furthermore, several books were added every year by purchasing from the funds made available by the state government budget. The collection includes rare books including a 1608 Bible.

title: Connemara Public Library


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Greater Boston

Greater Boston is the metropolitan region of New England encompassing the municipality of Boston, the capital of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England, and its surrounding areas. The most stringent definition of the region consists of most of the eastern third of mainland Massachusetts, excluding the Merrimack Valley and most of Southeastern Massachusetts, though most definitions (including the US Census definition) include much of these areas and portions of southern New Hampshire. While the city of Boston covers 48.4 mi2 and has 675,647 residents as of the 2020 census, the urbanization has extended well into surrounding areas and the Combined Statistical Area (CSA in the rest of the document), which includes the Providence, Rhode Island, Manchester, New Hampshire, Cape Cod and Worcester areas, has a population of more than 8.4 million people, making it one of the most populous such regions in the U.S.

Some of Greater Boston's most well-known contributions involve the region's higher education and medical institutions. Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry. The region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology, artificial intelligence, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.

Greater Boston is ranked tenth in population among US metropolitan statistical areas, home to 4,941,632 people as of the 2020 United States Census, and sixth among combined statistical areas, with a population of 8,466,186. The area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture and history, particularly American literature, politics, and the American Revolution.

Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty" for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution.

The Greater Boston region has played a powerful scientific, commercial, and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, the region was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Boston. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the Boston region, including the Adams and Kennedy families.

Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, with the largest financial endowment of any university, and whose Law School has spawned a contemporaneous majority of United States Supreme Court Justices. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.

Metropolitan Area
The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council. The MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the Massachusetts legislature to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions. These include most of the area within the region's outer circumferential highway, I-495. In 2013, the population of the MAPC district was 3.2 million, which was 48% of the total population of Massachusetts, in an area of 1422 sqmi, of which 39% is forested and an additional 11% is water, wetland, or other open space.

The cities and towns included in this definitions are: • Acton

• Arlington

• Ashland

• Bedford

• Bellingham

• Belmont

• Beverly

• Bolton

• Boston

• Boxborough

• Braintree

• Brookline

• Burlington

• Cambridge

• Canton

• Carlisle

• Chelsea

• Cohasset

• Concord

• Danvers

• Dedham

• Dover

• Duxbury

• Essex

• Everett

• Foxborough

• Framingham

• Franklin

• Gloucester

• Hamilton

• Hanover

• Hingham

• Holbrook

• Holliston

• Hopkinton

• Hudson

• Hull

• Ipswich

• Lexington

• Lincoln

• Littleton

• Lynn

• Lynnfield

• Malden

• Manchester-by-the-Sea

• Marblehead

• Marlborough

• Marshfield

• Maynard

• Medfield

• Medford

• Medway

• Melrose

• Middleton

• Milford

• Millis

• Milton

• Nahant

• Natick

• Needham

• Newton

• Norfolk

• North Reading

• Norwell

• Norwood

• Peabody

• Pembroke

• Quincy

• Randolph

• Reading

• Revere

• Rockland

• Rockport

• Salem

• Saugus

• Scituate

• Sharon

• Sherborn

• Somerville

• Southborough

• Stoneham

• Stoughton

• Stow

• Sudbury

• Swampscott

• Topsfield

• Wakefield

• Walpole

• Waltham

• Watertown

• Wayland

• Wellesley

• Wenham

• Weston

• Westwood

• Weymouth

• Wilmington

• Winchester

• Winthrop

• Woburn

• Wrentham

Metropolitan Area
Two definitions are used by the United States Census to define the Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metro Area or Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan NECTA, which is defined as a New England City and Town Area. The metro area definition is based on counties, while the NECTA definition is based on city and town boundaries. Counties included in the county-based definition include:

 * Essex County, Massachusetts
 * Middlesex County, Massachusetts
 * Norfolk County, Massachusetts
 * Plymouth County, Massachusetts
 * Suffolk County, Massachusetts
 * Rockingham County, New Hampshire
 * Strafford County, New Hampshire

The NECTA definition includes all of the communities from the MAPC definition, as well as the Merrimack Valley communities, parts of southern New Hampshire (northward to Milford and Hampton, and the Taunton area.

Combined Statistical Area
The widest definition of the metropolitan area based on commuting patterns, is defined by the U.S. Census as the Boston–Worcester–Providence combined statistical area. This area consists of the following counties in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire:

 * Connecticut
 * Windham County, Connecticut
 * Massachusetts
 * Barnstable County, Massachusetts
 * Bristol County, Massachusetts
 * Essex County, Massachusetts
 * Middlesex County, Massachusetts
 * Norfolk County, Massachusetts
 * Plymouth County, Massachusetts
 * Suffolk County, Massachusetts
 * Worcester County, Massachusetts
 * New Hampshire
 * Belknap County, New Hampshire
 * Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
 * Merrimack County, New Hampshire
 * Rockingham County, New Hampshire
 * Strafford County, New Hampshire
 * Rhode Island
 * Bristol County, Rhode Island
 * Kent County, Rhode Island
 * Newport County, Rhode Island
 * Providence County, Rhode Island
 * Washington County, Rhode Island

The total population for the extended region was estimated at 8,466,186 at the 2020 census.

Subregions

 * Massachusetts
 * Central Massachusetts
 * Montachusett-North County
 * South County
 * Blackstone River Valley
 * North Shore
 * Cape Ann
 * Merrimack Valley
 * MetroWest
 * Southeastern Massachusetts
 * Cape Cod
 * South Coast
 * South Shore
 * New Hampshire
 * Lakes Region
 * Seacoast
 * Rhode Island
 * Blackstone Valley
 * East Bay

Climate
The Boston area has humid continental climates (Dfa and Dfb under the Köppen climate classification system), with high humidity and precipitation year-round.

Demographics

Greater Boston has a sizable Jewish community, estimated at between 210,000 people, and 261,000 or 5–6% of the Greater Boston metro population, compared with about 2% for the nation as a whole. Contrary to national trends, the number of Jews in Greater Boston has been growing, fueled by the fact that 60% of children in Jewish mixed-faith families are raised Jewish, compared with roughly one in three nationally.

The City of Boston also has one of the largest LGBT populations per capita. It ranks fifth of all major cities in the country (behind San Francisco, and slightly behind Seattle, Atlanta, and Minneapolis), with 12.3% of the city identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

The 40 most diverse Census tracts in the Boston CSA:

The 40 census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Hispanic or Latino:

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Black American:

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Asian American:

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Irish American:

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Italian American:

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with the highest percentage of residents who identify as Portuguese American:

Census tracts in the Boston CSA with French or French Canadian listed as first ancestry:

Largest cities and towns
Cities and towns with a population over 50,000 as of the 2020 census include:

Education
A long established center of higher education, the area includes many community colleges, two-year schools, and internationally prominent undergraduate and graduate institutions. The graduate schools include highly regarded schools of law, medicine, business, technology, international relations, public health, education, and religion. Greater Boston contains seven R1 Research Institutions as per the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. This is, by far, the highest number of such institutions in a single Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States.

Major companies
References:

 * Abbott Laboratories, in Worcester (pharmaceutical laboratory)
 * Advanced Cell Technology, in Worcester (research laboratory)
 * AMD, in Boxborough
 * Analog Devices, in Norwood
 * Atlantic Broadband, in Quincy
 * Atlantic Tele-Network, in Beverly
 * Avid Technology, Inc, in Burlington (headquarters)
 * Azimuth Systems, in Acton
 * Bain & Company, in Boston (headquarters)
 * Bain Capital, in Boston (headquarters)
 * Bertucci's Corporation, in Northborough (headquarters)
 * BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc., in Westborough (headquarters)
 * Bose Corporation, in Framingham (headquarters)
 * Boston Properties, Inc., in Boston (headquarters)
 * Boston Scientific Corporation, in Marlborough (headquarters)
 * Charles River Laboratories, in Wilmington (headquarters)
 * Cisco Systems, in Boxborough
 * David Clark Company, in Worcester (manufacturer of space suits)
 * Diebold, in Marlborough (regional headquarters)
 * Dell Technologies, in Hopkinton (headquarters)
 * Evergreen Solar, in Marlborough (headquarters)
 * Hewlett-Packard, in Marlborough (regional headquarters)
 * Schneider Electric, in Andover, Massachusetts
 * HourlyNerd, in Boston
 * Innerscope Research, in Boston (headquarters)
 * Intel Corporation, in Hudson
 * Kronos Incorporated, in Chelmsford, Massachusetts (headquarters)
 * Marshalls, Inc, in Framingham (headquarters)
 * The MathWorks, in Natick
 * MITRE Corporation, in Bedford (headquarters)
 * National Amusements, in Norwood (headquarters)
 * Novartis, in Cambridge (US headquarters)
 * Philips Electronics North America, in Andover (regional headquarters)
 * Philips Healthcare, in Andover (global headquarters) and Framingham
 * Red Hat, in Westford (engineering headquarters)
 * Reed & Barton in Taunton (factory and headquarters)
 * Saint-Gobain, in Worcester
 * Sepracor, Inc., in Marlborough (headquarters)
 * Staples, Inc., in Framingham (headquarters)
 * Stop & Shop, in Quincy (headquarters)
 * TJX Corporation, in Framingham (headquarters)
 * UniFirst, in Wilmington (headquarters)
 * WB Mason, in Brockton (headquarters)
 * Wyman-Gordon, in Grafton (complex metal components and products)
 * Akamai Technologies, in Cambridge (headquarters)
 * Athenahealth, in Watertown, Massachusetts (headquarters)
 * AstraZeneca, in Waltham (R&D)
 * BBN Technologies, in Cambridge (headquarters)
 * Biocell Center, in Medford (North American headquarters)
 * Biogen Idec, in Weston (North American headquarters)
 * Carl Zeiss SMT, in Peabody (North American headquarters)
 * Constant Contact, in Waltham
 * Dunkin' Brands, in Canton (headquarters)
 * Facebook, in Cambridge
 * General Electric Aviation, in Lynn
 * Global Partners, in Waltham (headquarters)
 * Google Inc., in Cambridge
 * Haemonetics, in Braintree
 * IBM, in Waltham, Cambridge and Littleton
 * InterSystems Corporation, in Cambridge (headquarters)
 * iRobot Corporation, in Burlington (headquarters)
 * Keurig, in Burlington (headquarters)
 * Lionbridge, in Waltham (US headquarters)
 * Meditech, in Westwood (headquarters)
 * Microsoft Corporation, in Cambridge
 * Millennium Pharmaceuticals, in Cambridge
 * Moderna, in Cambridge (headquarters)
 * Motorola Solutions, Inc., in Somerville
 * National Amusements, in Dedham (headquarters)
 * National Grid, in Waltham (US headquarters)
 * NetApp Inc, in Waltham
 * Nokia, in Burlington
 * Novartis AG, Inc, in Cambridge (research headquarters)
 * Novell, Inc., in Waltham
 * Nuance Communications, in Burlington
 * Oracle Corporation in Burlington
 * Osram Sylvania in Danvers (headquarters)
 * Philips Lighting in Burlington
 * Progress Software in Bedford (headquarters)
 * Raytheon, in Waltham (headquarters)
 * SharkNinja, in Needham (headquarters)
 * SunSetter Products, LP, in Malden (headquarters)
 * Teradyne, in North Reading (headquarters)
 * Thermo Fisher Scientific, in Waltham (headquarters)
 * TripAdvisor, LLC, in Needham (headquarters)
 * Twitter, in Cambridge
 * Vistaprint, in Lexington (North American headquarters)
 * Wolverine World Wide, in Waltham, Massachusetts (headquarters for Keds, Saucony, Sperry Top-Sider, and Stride Rite)
 * American Tower (headquarters)
 * Au Bon Pain (headquarters)
 * Bain & Company (headquarters)
 * Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts (headquarters)
 * Boston Consulting Group (headquarters)
 * Converse (headquarters)
 * Fidelity Investments (headquarters)
 * General Electric (headquarters)
 * The Gillette Company, now owned by Procter & Gamble (headquarters)
 * Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (headquarters)
 * John Hancock Financial Services, Inc, now the United States division of Canada's Manulife Financial
 * Liberty Mutual (headquarters)
 * LogMeIn (headquarters)
 * LPL Financial (headquarters)
 * New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. (headquarters)
 * Partners HealthCare (moving to Assembly Row, Somerville)
 * PTC (headquarters)
 * Puma (North American headquarters, moving to Assembly Row, Somerville)
 * Putnam Investments (headquarters)
 * Rapid7
 * Reebok (US headquarters)
 * Roku
 * Sapient Corporation (headquarters)
 * Sonesta International Hotels Corp. (headquarters)
 * State Street Corporation (headquarters)
 * Steward Health Care System (headquarters)
 * Toast, Inc. (headquarters)
 * Threat Stack (headquarters)
 * Vertex Pharmaceuticals (headquarters)
 * Wayfair (headquarters)
 * Wellington Management Company (headquarters)
 * Zipcar (headquarters)

Bridges and tunnels

 * Boston University Bridge, carrying Route 2
 * Callahan Tunnel, carrying Route 1A Northbound
 * Charles M. Braga Jr. Memorial Bridge, carrying Interstate 195
 * Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge, carrying Route 138
 * Fore River Bridge, carrying Massachusetts Route 3A
 * Harvard Bridge, carrying Route 2A
 * Longfellow Bridge, carrying Massachusetts Route 3, US Route 3, and the MBTA Red Line
 * North Washington Street Bridge, carrying Route 99
 * Sumner Tunnel, carrying Route 1A Southbound
 * Ted Williams Tunnel, carrying I-90
 * Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel, carrying I-93 and Routes 1 and 3 concurrently
 * Tobin Bridge, carrying Route 1
 * Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge, carrying Interstate 93, Route 1 and Route 3 concurrently

Airports

 * Logan International Airport in Boston, 3 mi northeast of downtown Boston, New England's largest transportation center
 * Manchester–Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, New Hampshire
 * T. F. Green Airport in Warwick, Rhode Island
 * Hanscom Field in Bedford
 * Norwood Memorial Airport
 * Worcester Regional Airport
 * Beverly Regional Airport
 * Lawrence Municipal Airport

Rail and bus

 * Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA, generally known as the "T") rapid transit lines:
 * Red Line heavy rail: Cambridge–Braintree and Boston (Dorchester)
 * Orange Line heavy rail: Boston (Jamaica Plain)–Malden
 * Blue Line heavy rail: Boston–Revere
 * Green Line light rail/streetcar: Medford–Brighton, Brookline, and Newton
 * Ashmont–Mattapan High-Speed Line streetcar: Ashmont–Milton–Mattapan
 * Silver Line bus rapid transit South Station–Logan Airport and Downtown–Nubian
 * MBTA Commuter Rail
 * Old Colony Lines serving Plymouth County
 * Providence/Stoughton Line serving northern Bristol County, central Norfolk County, Kent County, and Washington County, connecting to Providence, Rhode Island
 * Fairmount Line shuttle service from South Station
 * Franklin/Foxboro Line serving western Norfolk County
 * Greenbush Line serving Boston's South Shore
 * Needham Line serving Boston suburbs and Needham
 * Framingham/Worcester Line serving southwestern Middlesex County, connecting to Worcester
 * Fitchburg Line serving northwestern Middlesex County, connecting to Fitchburg
 * Lowell Line serving northern Middlesex County
 * Haverhill/Reading Line and Newburyport/Rockport Line serving Essex County & Boston's North Shore
 * Amtrak service to New York City, Washington, D.C. and Chicago from South Station
 * Amtrak Downeaster service to Maine from North Station
 * Massport Logan Express
 * Plymouth & Brockton Street Railway Co.

The first railway line in the United States was in Quincy. See Neponset River.

The following Regional Transit Authorities have bus service that connects with MBTA commuter rail stations:
 * Brockton Area Transit Authority
 * Cape Ann Transportation Authority
 * Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority
 * Lowell Regional Transit Authority
 * Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority
 * MetroWest Regional Transit Authority
 * Montachusett Regional Transit Authority
 * Rhode Island Public Transit Authority
 * Worcester Regional Transit Authority

Ocean transportation

 * Port of Boston (Massport)
 * Cape Cod Canal

Sports
Annual sporting events include:
 * The Boston Marathon, which follows a course from Hopkinton to Boston
 * The Head of the Charles Regatta
 * The Lenox Industrial Tools 301, Sylvania 300 and New Hampshire Indy 225 auto races at the New Hampshire Motor Speedway oval track.

The Greater Boston League, a high school athletic conference in Massachusetts.

title: Greater Boston


text:
Category:Fictional vampires

 * See: Category:Vampires in written fiction for fiction that contains vampires.

title: Category:Fictional vampires


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Pilcomayo River

Pilcomayo (in Hispanicized spelling) (Quechua Pillkumayu or Pillku Mayu, pillku red, mayu river, "red river", Guarani Ysyry Araguay ) is a river in central South America. At 1100 km long, it is the longest western tributary of the Paraguay River. Its drainage basin is 270000 km2 in area, and its mean discharge is 200 m3/s.

Along its course, the Pilcomayo silts up and splits into two main branches, North and South. After some distance, these branches rejoin to form the Lower Pilcomayo.

The Pilcomayo rises in the foothills of the Andes mountain range in the Oruro Department in Bolivia, east of Lake Poopó. The Jach'a Juqhu River is considered the origin of the Pilcomayo. Upstream the Jach'a Juqhu River successively receives the names Aguas Calientes and Kachi Mayu. From the confluence with the Chillawa (Chillahua), the river is called Pilcomayo. From there, it flows in a southeasterly direction through Chuquisaca and Tarija departments, passes through the Argentine province of Formosa and the Gran Chaco plains of Paraguay, forming most of the border between these two countries before it joins the Paraguay River near Asunción. The Río Pilcomayo National Park is located on the Argentine side of the border. It also forms a short part of the boundary between Argentina and Bolivia, just prior to the Argentina–Bolivia–Paraguay tripoint.

Human settlement
The river basin is home to approximately 1.5 million people: one million in Bolivia, 300,000 in Argentina, and 200,000 in Paraguay.

The Nakotoi Indian Tribe resides in the southern region of the Pilcomayo, a region located along the river in central Paraguay. The aborigines of this tribe are descendants of the highly renowned Redskin Tribe. The Natokoi treated all neighbors as enemies, but none more so than the Tobas Tribe and the Nimká Tribe, their respective neighbors to the southwest and northeast. Guerrilla warfare has long existed between the tribes, isolating the tribe from direct intercourse with the European settlers in the late 19th century. Men of this tribe are generally tall and skinny, built like hunters or warriors, whereas women are short in size. The Natokoi dress in a rug, fastened around the waist-line.

title: Pilcomayo River


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Korabl-Sputnik 5

Korabl-Sputnik 5 (Корабль-Спутник 5 meaning Ship-Satellite 5) or Vostok-3KA No.2, also known as Sputnik 10 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1961, as part of the Vostok programme. It was the last test flight of the Vostok spacecraft design prior the first crewed flight, Vostok 1. It carried the mannequin Ivan Ivanovich, a dog named Zvezdochka ("Starlet", or "Little star" ), television cameras and scientific apparatus.

Background
A spacecraft of the design Vostok 3KA had only been launched once before, which was on March 9, 1961. This mission was called Korabl-Sputnik 4, and it was a complete success. Prior to Korabl-Sputnik 4, the two previous missions in the Vostok programme were both launched in December 1960, and both ended in failure.

Only days before the launch of Korabl-Sputnik 5, the cosmonaut team, which consisted of 20 men, experienced its first fatality. Cosmonaut candidate Valentin Bondarenko was killed in a fire during a training exercise in an oxygen-rich isolation chamber. It's not clear whether other cosmonauts were told of his death; the media didn't learn of Bondarenko's death - or even of his existence - until many years later, in 1986.

Mission
Korabl-Sputnik 5 was launched at 05:54:00 UTC on 25 March 1961, atop a Vostok-K carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was successfully placed into low Earth orbit. As planned, the spacecraft completed a single orbit, and then reentered the atmosphere over the Soviet Union; the total flight time was approximately that of other single-orbit missions, so about 105 minutes. During the descent, the mannequin was ejected from the spacecraft in a successful test of its ejection seat, and descended separately under its own parachute, as it had done on the previous mission, Korabl-Sputnik 4. It landed at approximately 07:40 UTC, northeast of Izhevsk, near the Chaykovsky, Perm Krai

Cosmonaut Communications Test/Hoax
The mannequin carried a tape recording to test communication systems. In an attempt to avoid independent radio operators mistakenly believing the capsule was crewed, and especially to avoid the Americans thinking it was a crewed satellite reconnaissance mission, the recordings contained intentional giveaways. These included a musical choir and a male voice reading out the recipe for borscht, a Ukrainian beetroot soup, as though the cosmonaut was preparing it. Making soup would not have been possible in zero gravity, and the Soviets figured "even the most gullible Western intelligence man knew you couldn't fit a choir in a Korabl-Sputnik satellite." Nonetheless, non-Russian speaking listeners who tuned in to the radio transmissions did initially and erroneously believe that there was a cosmonaut aboard. Alexei Leonov would later recall: "since no announcement of the flight had been released by our state news agency, TASS, rumors spread like wildfire that a crewed space flight had gone wrong and been covered up."

Capsule recovery
The landing occurred during a snowstorm, which caused delays in locating exactly where touchdown occurred. It was about 24 hours after landing when a recovery team arrived at the site. Local villagers assisted the team to the landing area, with the help of a horse-drawn sled. The recovery team noted that the spacecraft was still hot to touch, 24 hours after landing in five feet of snow. The nearby villages were suspicious of the recovery teams, believing that the mannequin was in fact a person who may have been badly injured.

Legacy
The success of Korabl-Sputnik 5 was the final step required to get approval for a crewed mission. "Vostok 3KA-2 was the key in the door for Gagarin's flight" That crewed mission, known as Vostok 1, would occur on about April 12, 1961, carrying the world's first human space traveller, Yuri Gagarin. The spacecraft Gagarin used was a nearly identical model, called Vostok 3KA-3. A major difference between the 3KA-2 and 3KA-3 spacecraft was that the 3KA-2 version, like all uncrewed Vostok spacecraft, was equipped with a self-destruct system, in the event it reentered the atmosphere over foreign territory.

2011 Auction
The re-entry module of the spacecraft Vostok 3KA-2 was auctioned at Sotheby's on 12 April 2011, the 50th anniversary of Gagarin's spaceflight, Vostok 1. The spacecraft was expected to sell for USD 2–10 million, and was sold for US$2,882,500.

2020 COVID-19 Vaccine
On August 11, 2020 the Russian government announced the world's first release of a vaccine against COVID-19, referring to the vaccine as "Sputnik V" (Gam-COVID-Vac) to reflect Russia's previous victories in the Space Race.

title: Korabl-Sputnik 5


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RG Line

RG Line Oy Ab was a Finnish shipping company founded in 2001 that operated a ferry line between Vaasa, Finland and Umeå, Sweden until the end of 2012. Nowadays the Vaasa-Umeå line is operated by Wasa Line.

The company was founded in 2001 by well known Vaasa-based businessman Rabbe Grönblom, just months after Silja Line had put their traffic on Kvarken / Merenkurkku to an end because of a decision in the EU to stop taxfree sales on travels between member states. RG Line bought Silja's M/S Fennia and renamed her to M/S Casino Express, the ship was put in traffic on the route Vaasa–Umeå on 16 May 2001. At first RG Line profiled the ship as a ship where you could have fun and party, much like the ferries who trafficked Kvarken in the tax-free times. However, it did not become a success; people did not want to cruise any more. The blackjack and roulette tables they had added to get a casino feeling were removed before a year had passed. The company focused on ordinary travellers and cargo instead. The route over Kvarken was supported financially by the city of Vaasa. The city of Umeå or the county of Västerbotten do not support international connections because of a policy. The county of Västerbotten is responsible for local bus transport, but they don't have a bus line to the Umeå port, the nearest is 1.5 km away.

The company filed for bankruptcy on 29 November 2011, and the operations are suspended. Despite the bankruptcy, the company is still continuing operations at least until October 2012.

History 2004–2005
On 23 November 2004 RG Line announced that they had bought the ship M/S Kahleberg, which has more capacity for cargo and takes less passengers than Casino Express, which it will replace. It is said that Kahleberg will be put into traffic between Vaasa and Umeå in May 2005.

On 24 November, one day after RG Line informed the public about the purchase of their new ship Kahleberg, bad luck struck the company. Casino Express, with 39 passengers and 27 crew members on board, ran aground just outside the harbour of Holmsund near Umeå. At the time of the accident, there were strong south-western winds up to 25 - 30 m/s. Casino Express got some serious damages that had to be repaired; six days after the grounding the ship was pulled from the reef and then towed to a repair shipyard in Estonia.

On 26 November, RG Line announced that they had chartered M/S Alandia from Eckerö Linjen to temporarily sail for the company while Casino Express was being repaired in Estonia. Alandia is a well-known ship for people in the Kvarken region, as she had been trafficking for Vasabåtarna for thirteen years as Botnia Express before she was sold to Eckerö Linjen.

Alandia, which at the time of Casino Express' accident was laid up in Eckerö, was sent to a repair shipyard in Stockholm to fix a broken propeller. After that she would immediately take up the traffic for RG Line. She arrived at Holmsund on 9 December, where she loaded cargo, food et cetera that had been on Casino Express. Alandia took off to Vaasa that evening; she would make her first regular trip from there the morning after. But the ship did not get far; she ran aground on the same place as Casino Express did just weeks earlier. Alandia suffered some damages and could not continue to Vaasa; she was instead sent off to a repair shipyard in Mariehamn and RG Line was once again without a ship.

RG Line's new ship Kahleberg arrived to Vaasa in the last days of January 2005. The plan was to rebuild the ship and not put it into traffic until in May. Alandia was still being repaired, RG Line did not want to wait for her to get back. Instead they decided to put the unrenovated Kahleberg into traffic on January 21. On her first trip to Umeå she had a motor breakdown about 10 minutes out of Vaasa and had to set anchor; she eventually made it to Umeå but delayed. Kahleberg was classed to take no more than 75 passengers; RG Line intended to reclass her after having renovated her. The local newspapers criticized RG Line for putting a ship with such low passenger capacity and low comfort into traffic. For the school's winter holidays, when travelling between Sweden and Finland rises, RG Line had to charter the now repaired Alandia, which have a higher passenger capacity. She was in traffic between Umeå and Vaasa between 26 February and March 9 instead of Kahleberg.

On April 23, Kahleberg was chartered to deliver cargo to Sundsvall. At the same time RG Line announced that, starting that summer, they would make one trip a week to Sundsvall.

On May 1, Casino Express returned from the Estonian shipyard and was put back in traffic on her old route. The renovation of Kahleberg could now finally begin.

Route
RG Line operated one route across the Gulf of Bothnia. The 53 NM crossing between Vaasa and Umeå (Holmsund) took 4 hours and 30 minutes.

Fleet
RG Line operated one vessel.

title: RG Line


text:
User:E.D.Hedekar

B.F.A in Music Composition

Currently working toward a B.Sc in Computational Linguistics

-March 2015

title: User:E.D.Hedekar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hopcount

Hopcount was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Dicdef; merge definition into appropriate networking article. TPK 06:47, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep, expanded article into stub. Some folks like to keep me busy don't they? :-P Kim Bruning 07:37, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Palapala 09:15, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)
 * Keep.  —Kate | Talk 09:18, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)
 * Good rescue. Keep.  - TB 11:31, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)


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College town

A college town or university town is a community (often a separate town or city, but in some cases a town/city neighborhood or a district) that is dominated by its university population. The university may be large, or there may be several smaller institutions such as liberal arts colleges clustered, or the residential population may be small, but college towns in all cases are so dubbed because the presence of the educational institution(s) pervades economic and social life. Many local residents may be employed by the university—which may be the largest employer in the community—many businesses cater primarily to the university, and the student population may outnumber the local population.

Description
In Europe, a university town is generally characterised by having an ancient university. The economy of the city is closely related with the university activity and highly supported by the entire university structure, which may include university hospitals and clinics, printing houses, libraries, laboratories, business incubators, student rooms, dining halls, students' unions, student societies, and academic festivities. Moreover, the history of the city is often intertwined with that of the university. Many European university towns have not merely been important places of science and education, but also centres of political, cultural and social influence throughout the centuries. As an example of this, Paris also illustrates the course of educational history with the Sorbonne and the Grande école.

Besides a highly educated and largely transient population, a stereotypical college town often has many people in non-traditional lifestyles and subcultures and with a high tolerance for unconventionality in general, and has a very active musical or cultural scene. Many have become centres of technological research and innovative startups. Universities with start-up centers can be large cities like Munich, but also small cities like Trieste.

Although the concept of a university town has developed since the European Middle Ages, equivalents already existed in earlier times and in non-European cultures. For example, in later Classical times the city of Athens – no longer having any political or military power, but renowned as the greatest center of learning in the Roman Empire – had many of the characteristics of a university town, and is sometimes called such by modern scholars.

Town–gown relations
As in the case of a company town, the large and transient university population may come into conflict with other townspeople. Students may come from outside the area, and perhaps subscribe to a different—sometimes radically different—culture. Most students are young people, whose living habits may be different from older people.

Economically, the high spending power of the university and of its students in aggregate may inflate the cost of living above that of the region. It is common for university employees to commute from surrounding areas, finding the cost of living in town too expensive.

"Studentification", in which a growing student population move in large numbers to traditionally non-student neighborhoods, may be perceived as a form of invasion or gentrification. It may be due to university enrollment expanding beyond the capacity of on-campus housing, inadequate zoning enforcement, and/or student culture. Neighborhood associations may work to limit conversion of family homes to student rentals, while some local residents may oppose the construction of large on-campus dormitories or expansion of fraternity and sorority houses, forcing a growing enrollment to seek housing in town.

In the US, educational institutions are often exempted from local taxes, so in the absence of a system for payments in lieu of taxes, the university population will disproportionately burden parts of the local public infrastructure, such as roads or law enforcement. Some analysts argue that students relieve the burden on other parts of the local public infrastructure, such as local primary and secondary schools, by far the most costly line item in most North American city and town budgets, by providing tax revenues through local sales tax and property tax paid by landlords. When a university expands its facilities, the potential loss of property tax revenue is thus a concern, in addition to local desire to preserve open space or historic neighborhoods.

As a result, local people may resent the university and its students. The students, in turn, may criticize the local residents' taking jobs at the university provided by student tuition and fees, and accepting the tax revenues (e.g. local sales tax, property tax on rented properties) that students generate, but resenting students' lifestyles. Some students refer to other inhabitants as "townies", a term with somewhat derogatory connotations.

Settlement in college towns
While noise, traffic, and other quality of life issues have not been resolved, some advocates of New Urbanism have led the development of neighborhoods in college towns by specifically capitalizing on their proximity to university life. For instance, some universities have developed properties to allow faculty and staff members to walk to work, reducing demand for limited on-campus parking; Duke University's Trinity Heights development is a key example. In many cases, developers have built communities where access to the university (even if not directly adjacent) is promoted as an advantage.

Student housing is also an important component of college towns. In the United States most state universities have 50 percent or more of their enrolled students living off-campus. This trend, which began in the 1960s, originally meant the conversion of near campus single-family homes to student housing, creating "student ghettos." Colleges and other developers began building purpose-built off-campus student housing areas in the 1970s in more college towns. Beginning around 2000 in the United States, nationwide real estate investment trusts (REIT) and publicly traded corporations began developing student housing complexes.

Another notable development since the 1990s is the surge in popularity of retirees relocating to college towns. Retirees are attracted to these locations because of cultural and educational opportunities, college athletic events, good medical facilities (often at teaching hospitals affiliated with medical schools), a low cost of living, and often a pedestrian- or public transit-friendly development pattern. Several development companies now specialize in constructing retirement communities in college towns. In some cases the communities have developed formal relationships with the local institution.

The demand for housing from students, faculty, staff, and retirees kept college town home prices stable during the housing market downturn that began in 2005.

title: College town


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Tintin and the Blue Oranges

Tintin and the Blue Oranges (Tintin et les Oranges bleues) is a 1964 Franco-Spanish film directed by Philippe Condroyer and starring Jean-Pierre Talbot as Tintin. It was the second live-action film, with an original story based on characters from the comic book series The Adventures of Tintin, written and drawn by the Belgian artist Hergé. The accompanying book version is in photos and text rather than the usual comic-book style.

The term "blue orange" is a moderately popular image among the French, and was originally inspired by Paul Éluard's strange quote "Earth is blue like an orange" as a reference to the colour of the fruit when it rots.

Plot
Professor Calculus on (black-and-white) TV broadcasts an appeal to help end world hunger. He receives many letters and parcels, and among them is a blue orange, which can grow in desert conditions (and glows in the dark) from Professor Zalamea, but no letter of explanation. That night, two thieves break into Marlinspike Hall and steal the blue orange. With no other choice, Calculus, with Tintin, the Captain, and Snowy, go to Valencia (filmed in Burjassot, in Simat de la Valldigna at the Monastery of Santa María de la Valldigna, Gandia and Xàtiva).

Arriving, they find he is not present at his hacienda and are met by his cousin. Professor Calculus is kidnapped to help Zalamea perfect the blue oranges, which with neutron bombardment can mature in just five days, but they taste bitter and salty, making them inedible.

Tintin befriends a local boy, who takes him to his gang hideout and he finds out that a boy who was to take the parcel to the post office for Zalamea was attacked by a man with a blue dragon tattoo on his hand. Thomson and Thompson turn up from Interpol, investigating Zalamea's disappearance, and have an unfortunate incident with a bull.

The local boys find Fernando, the man with the tattoo, and Tintin and the Captain go to his hotel. Tintin picks the lock and gets into his room, and when Fernando returns, overhears him talking on a radio set to his chief, about a rendez-vous. Tintin and the Captain follow Fernando, but are knocked unconscious and taken away.

Thomson and Thompson check into a hotel, but are tricked by the villains, who use doubles to coax them from their rooms. Tintin and the Captain revive and find themselves in a grain silo, but are rescued by Snowy dropping a rope into it. Back in town, they find themselves pursued by the police, who chase them all around a market. Tintin and Haddock escape thanks to Bianca Castafiore. After an unexpected visit by a delegation from the visiting Emir of Sakali, Tintin and Haddock meet up again with their young friends. They decide to sneak back into Professor Zalamea's hacienda to test some new information, that is, the role of Estensoro (Zalamea's manservant) in the kidnapping. After successfully using animals with pans tied to their tails as a distraction, Tintin and Haddock find a radio identical to Fernando's in Estensoro's room, proving his involvement. Haddock's decision to drink Estensoro's whisky accidentally leads them to discover Zalamea's secret documents, and his own suspicions about the identity of his enemies.

Back at the villains' hideout, the professors manage to make a broadcast describing their whereabouts. Estensoro hears the broadcast and races off to inform his boss. Luckily, Tintin and Haddock also hear the broadcast and set off in hot pursuit. After a brief struggle, Estensoro is overcome, but the professors are nowhere to be found. The new kidnappers evidently had no use for the Thom(p)son twins, as they are discovered still tied up (much to the Captain's enjoyment). Snowy discovers an agal belonging to one of the Arab kidnappers, and Tintin realises that the rich Emir of Sakali (who had courted Bianca Castafiore earlier in the film) was the same man as the Arab enemy described by Professor Zalamea.

The rich Emir of Sakali's yacht is moored up at the docks, so Tintin and the Captain try to rescue the professors, but they have been drugged, and their loud voices raise the alarm, and Tintin and Haddock are caught by the emir. They escape and a fight ensues, as a horde of children turn up (warned by Snowy). The villains are thrown in the sea, the emir is subdued, and the police arrive to clean things up.

All turns out well and they are back at Marlinspike Hall for a celebration and photos. It is said that they hope to perfect the oranges within 10 years and also to learn to grow wheat, potatoes, eggplants, etc. in the desert. Just then, Thomson and Thompson turn up in their car, crash, and end up in the fountain, to the amusement of all. Greedy dogs eat a "THE END" sign.

Cast

 * Jean-Pierre Talbot as Tintin
 * Ladeuche as Snowy
 * Jean Bouise as Captain Archibald Haddock
 * Félix Fernández as Professor Cuthbert Calculus
 * Jenny Orléans as Bianca Castafiore
 * Ángel Álvarez as Professor Zalamea
 * Max Elloy as Nestor
 * Franky François as Thomson
 * André Marié as Thompson
 * Pedro Mari Sánchez as Pablito
 * Salvador Beguería as Francesito
 * Pierre Desgraupes as himself

Home Media
Kino Lorber released a double feature DVD and Blu-Ray of Tintin and the Blue Oranges, alongside Tintin and the Golden Fleece on July 11, 2023.

title: Tintin and the Blue Oranges