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Ogaden

Ogaden (pronounced and often spelled Ogadēn; Ogaadeen, ውጋዴ/ውጋዴን) is one of the historical names used for the modern Somali Region which forms the eastern portion of Ethiopia and borders Somalia. It also includes another region in the north known as Haud.

The region is an arid area, and encompasses the desolate plain between the border of Somalia and Ethiopia, extending towards the eastern Ethiopian Highlands where larger cities like Harar and Dire Dawa are located. The primary river in the region is the Shebelle, which is fed by temporary seasonal streams. Towards the southwestern edge of the Ogaden is the source of the Ganale Doria River, which joins Dawa River to become the major Jubba River on the Somali border.

The region has a low population density and is predominantly inhabited by Somali people. The Ogaden is known for its oil and gas reserves, although development efforts have been hindered by the instability prevailing in the area.

Etymology
The origin of the term Ogaden is unknown, however it is usually attributed to the Somali clan of the same name, originally referring only to their land, and eventually expanding to encompass most parts of the modern Somali Region of eastern Ethiopia. An alternative (possibly folk) etymology analyses the name as a combination of the Harari word ūga ("road") and Aden, a city in Yemen, supposedly deriving from an ancient caravan route through the region connecting Harar to the Arabian Peninsula.

During the new region's founding conference, which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 different ethnic Somali clans live in the region. The ONLF sought to name the region ‘Ogadenia’, whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by Abdul Majid Hussein, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as ‘Ogadenia’ following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.

Demographics
The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somalis, of almost 30 clans. The Ogaden clan of the Darod constitute the majority in the region, and were enlisted in the Ogaden National Liberation Movement, which is why the region is associated with the Ogaden clan. However, this is disputed. Other Somali clans in the region are Sheekhaal, Marehan, Isaaq, Geri Koombe Gadabuursi, Issa, Massare, Gabooye, Degodia and Jidle and Karanle clans of the Hawiye.

History
There are few historical texts written about the people who lived in what is known today as the Somali Region, sometimes referred to as "The Ogaden” region of Ethiopia. What formerly was known as Rauso in Late Antiquity could potentially correspond with this region. The vast majority of the inhabitants today are Muslim and ethnically homogenous. In its early history, the Ogaden was inhabited by Harla, a now extinct people. Harla are linked to the Harari and Somali Ogaden clan. Ogaden served as capital of the Makhzumi Dynasty. The region became one of the earliest footholds for the spread of Islam into Africa. At the time, rivalries between the established Muslims in the Ogaden were recurring with those of the littoral in Zeila. Ogaden was part of the Ifat Sultanate in the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries AD. The borders of the sultanate extended from the northern seaboard of Somalia to the interiors of Ethiopia. The Ifat Sultanate was succeeded by the Adal Sultanate. There was an ongoing conflict between the Adal Sultanate and the Ethiopian Empire throughout this time. During the first half of the 16th century, most of Abyssinia was conquered and came under the rule of Adal when Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, the Imam of Adal, took control.

A regional successor to Ifat and Adal, the Somali ruled Ajuran Sultanate governed its territories from Qalafo along the upper Shabelle river in the eastern part of the Ogaden, until its decline over the 17th century.

1800s

The region during the pre-colonial era was neither under Ethiopian rule, nor Terra nullius, as it was occupied by organized Somali communities. It has been observed that geographers mapping out regions of Africa for the British government in the mid to late 1800s made no reference of any Ethiopians in the Ogaden, and maps from before 1884 drew the Ethiopian Empire’s domain as confined by the River Awash. Sir Richard Francis Burton's famous 1856 exploration book First Footsteps in East Africa, makes no mention of an Ethiopian presence while describing his time in the Ogaden. Independent historical accounts are unanimous that previous to the penetration into the region in the late 1880s, Somali clans were free of Ethiopian and Shewan control.

Menelik's invasions (1887-1897)
In the 1890s Ethiopian raiding parties led by Ras Makonnen made incursions into the Ogaden based on the supposed historical lands of Ethiopia which stretched from Khartoum to Lake Victoria according to Emperor Menelik. Ethiopian victories in these raids were largely due to the large amounts of firearms they received through the French port of Djibouti, whereas the European powers barred the Somalis from receiving any type of firearms. British colonial administrator Francis Barrow Pearce writes the following concerning the Ethiopian raids into the Ogaden:"The Somalis, although good and brave fighting men, cannot help themselves. They have no weapons except the hide shield and spear, while their oppressors are, as has already been recorded, armed with modern rifles, and they are by no means scrupulous concerning the use of them in asserting their authority…The Abyssinians themselves have no more claim (except that of might) to dominate the wells than a Fiji Islander would have to interfere with a London waterworks company."However the Ethiopian aggressors were also defeated numerous times by poorly armed Somalis such as in 1890 near Imi where Makonnen’s troops had suffered a large defeat to Reer Amaden warriors. A British hunter Colonel Swayne, who visited Imi in February 1893, was shown "the remains of the bivouac of an enormous Abyssinian army which had been defeated some two or three years before." In 1897 in order to appease Menelik’s expansionist policy Britain ceded almost half of the British Somaliland protectorate to Ethiopia in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897. Ethiopian authorities have since then based their claims to the Ogaden upon the 1897 treaty and the exchange of letters which followed it. I.M. Lewis argues a subtly different interpretation of this treaty, emphasizing that "the lost lands in the Haud Reserve Area which was excised from the Protectorate [i.e. British Somaliland] was not, however ceded to Ethiopia." Legal scholar and former President of the International Court of Justice, Abdulqawi Yusuf has argued citing the Island of Palmas Case, that since the British government had no title to the land which it had ceded during the treaty, that such cession was null and void. A similar interpretation was put forward in parliament by British MP Fred Willey in 1955 in regards to the legality of the treaty: "At any rate there was a case that the 1897 Treaty did not succeed in doing what it purported to do and that it was not within the power of the British Government to transfer these territories."As Emperor Menelik II carried his campaign of indiscriminate raiding and attacks against the Somalis of the Ogaden region between 1890 and 1899, Somali clans residing in the plains of Jigjiga were in particular targeted. The escalating frequency and violence of the raids resulted in Somalis consolidating behind the Dervish Movement under the lead of Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan.

1900s
As the Ethiopian Empire began expanding into Somali territories at the start of the 1890s, Jigjiga came under intermittent military occupation until 1900. At the start of the year, Abyssinian troops occupied the town with the construction of a fort in the outskirts. Subsequently, the anti-colonial Dervish Movement led by Sayid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had its first major battle when it attacked the Ethiopian forces occupying Jigjiga to free livestock that had been looted from the local population. The Ethiopian hold on Ogaden at the start of the 20th century was tenuous, and administration in the region was "sketchy in the extreme". Sporadic tax raids into the region often failed and Ethiopian administrators and military personnel only resided in Harar and Jijiga. Attempts at taxation in the region were called off following the massacre of 150 Ethiopian troops in January 1915. Due to native hostility the region was barely occupied by Ethiopian authorities, who exerted little presence east of Jijiga until the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in 1934 and the Wal Wal incident in 1935. Only in 1934 as the boundary commission attempted to demarcate the border, did Somalis who had been transferred to the Ethiopian Empire during the 1897 treaty realize what was happening. This long period of ignorance about the transfer of their regions was facilitated by the lack of 'any semblance' of effective administration of control being present over the Somalis to indicate that they were being annexed by Ethiopia.

In the years leading up to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935, the Ethiopian hold on the Ogaden remained tenuous. After the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936, Ogaden was attached to Italian Somaliland, becoming the Somalia Governorate within the new colony of Italian East Africa. Following the British conquest of this colony, the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement placed Ogaden under temporary British control. The British sought to unite Ogaden with British Somaliland and the former Italian Somaliland to realize Greater Somalia which was supported by many Somalis. Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and Eritrea in 1945, but their persistent negotiations and pressure from the United States eventually persuaded the British to cede Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1948. The last remaining British controlled parts of Haud were returned to Ethiopia in 1955.

Post-Somali Independence
During the 1963 Ogaden Revolt the first major armed resistance by Somalis to Ethiopian rule post independence began in the region after imperial authorities had attempted to tax the population. The revolt and counterinsurgency campaign that followed resulted in the deterioration of Ethio–Somali relations and would lead to the first war between the two nations in 1964. In the late 1970s, internal unrest in the 'Ogaden' resumed. The Western Somali Liberation Front used guerilla tactics to resist Ethiopian rule. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the Ogaden War over control of this region and its peoples.

1980s to 1990s
During the new region's founding conference, which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 Somali clans live in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The ONLF sought to name the region ‘Ogadenia’, whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by Abdul Majid Hussein, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as ‘Ogadenia’ following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.

2000s
In 2007, the Ethiopian Army launched a military crackdown in Ogaden after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field. The main rebel group is the Ogaden National Liberation Front under its Chairman Mohamed O. Osman, which is fighting against the Ethiopian government. Some Somalis who inhabit in the 'Ogaden' claimed that Ethiopian military kill civilians, destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis and commit crimes against the nomads in the region. However, testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs revealed massive brutality and killings by the ONLF rebels, which the Ethiopian government labels "terrorists." The extent of this war can't be established due to a media blockade in the 'Ogaden' region. Some international rights organizations have accused the Ethiopian government of committing abuses and crimes that "violate laws of war," as a recent report by the Human Rights Watch indicates. Other reports have claimed that Ethiopia has bombed, killed, and raped many Somalis in the Ogaden region, while the United States continues to arm Ethiopia in the United States' ongoing War on Terror in the Horn of Africa.

Geography
The Somali Region, the second largest region in Ethiopia is around 300000 km2, and borders Djibouti, Kenya and Somalia. Important towns include Jijiga, Degahbur, Gode, Kebri Dahar, Fiq, Shilabo, Kelafo, Werder and Danan.

Ecology
The Ogaden is part of the Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets ecoregion. It has been a historic habitat for the endangered African wild dog, Lycaon pictus; However, this canid is thought by some to have been extirpated from Ogaden.

The Ogaden is a plateau, with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1500 m in the northwest, falling to about 300 m along the southern limits and the Wabi Shebelle valley. The areas with altitudes between 1400 and 1600 m are characterised as semi-arid, receiving as much as 500–600 mm of rainfall annually. More typical of the Ogaden is an average annual rainfall of 350 mm and less. The landscape consists of dense shrubland, bush grassland and bare hills. In more recent years, the Ogaden has suffered from increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, which has led to an increasing frequency of major droughts: in 1984–85; 1994; and most recently in 1999–2000, during which pastoralists claim to have lost 70–90 percent of their cattle.

title: Ogaden


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United States lightship Chesapeake (LV-116)

United States lightship Chesapeake (LS-116/WAL-538/WLV-538) is a museum ship owned by the National Park Service and on a 25-year loan to Baltimore City, and is operated by Historic Ships in Baltimore Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. A National Historic Landmark, she is one of a small number of preserved lightships. Since 1820, several lightships have served at the Chesapeake lightship station and have been called Chesapeake. Lightships were initially lettered in the early 1800s, but then numbered as they were often moved from one light station to another. The name painted on the side of lightships was the short name of the Light Station they were assigned to and was the daytime visual aspect of the many Aids to Navigation on board lightships. The United States Coast Guard assigned new hull numbers to all lightships still in service in April 1950. After that date, Light Ship 116 was then known by the new Coast Guard Hull number: WAL-538. In January 1965 the Coast Guard further modified all lightship hull designations from WAL to WLV, so Chesapeake became WLV-538.

Chesapeake had many redundant systems in order to maintain her position through most storms. The 5000-pound (2300 kg) main anchor was backed up by a second 5000-pound anchor attached to the side of the ship. The 30,000 candela main light was also backed up with a secondary lamp and the Radio Locator Beacon also had a backup system. On more than one occasion (in 1933, 1936, and 1962) the main anchor chain snapped during violent storms and the ship had to use her engines to stay in place and drop her second anchor.

History
The light vessel was built at Charleston Drydock & Machine Co. in Charleston, S.C. for $274,434.00; the keel was laid on 6 February 1929, the ship was launched on 22 October 1930 and delivery was on 23 June 1930. She was one of six ships in the LS 100 class of lightships, which included LS 100, LS 113, LS 114, LS 115, LS 116 and LS 117. The first light station assignment for the LS 116 was the Fenwick Shoal station off the coast of Delaware, marked FENWICK. In 1933 Lightship 116 was then assigned to the Chesapeake Light Station, about 17 miles offshore from the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. The ship was also absorbed into the Coast Guard in 1939, as were all vessels in the United States Lighthouse Service.

Service in the US Coast Guard meant a pay cut for the sailors aboard Chesapeake and other Lightships, as well as the requirements for the crew to pass Coast Guard physical exams and wear uniforms. Coast Guard officers, usually a Warrant Bos'n, were also placed in command of the lightships, which meant a more efficient, orderly and strict operation. It did also, however, mean better supplies and training reached the crew. During World War II, Chesapeake was based out of Sandwich, Massachusetts, where she served as an examination and guard vessel at the north entrance of the Cape Cod Canal and helped protect the important port of Boston. As WW2 ended, she was returned to the CHESAPEAKE light station.

In the 1960s with the introduction of automated buoys as well as permanent light stations, the lightship fleet was slowly mothballed. Chesapeake left her station at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in September 1965 when she was replaced by a large, manned light tower similar to an oil rig. This station was helicopter accessible and was easier to maintain than a lightship. Eventually the light tower was fully automated. Eight lightships were built after Chesapeake.

Chesapeake's last tour of duty was at the mouth of the Delaware Bay from 1966 to 1970 where she was named "DELAWARE". A large 104 ton buoy beacon replaced her at this station in 1970. After leaving Delaware Bay, Chesapeake was moored in Cape May, New Jersey, until her decommissioning on 6 January 1971. She was then transferred to the National Park Service and used as a seagoing environmental education classroom until she was handed over to the city of Baltimore in 1982. In 1988 Chesapeake became part of the Baltimore Maritime Museum, now the Historic Ships in Baltimore museum and is moored at Pier 3 in Baltimore's Inner Harbor. She is open for touring after a paid admission to the museum. Chesapeake was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1 August 1980 and was designated a National Historic Landmark on 20 November 1989. Chesapeake and her companions are major contributing elements in the Baltimore National Heritage Area.

Name and station assignments

 * FENWICK, Fenwick Island Shoal, DE (1930–1933)
 * CHESAPEAKE, Chesapeake, VA (1933–1942)
 * LS-116, Examination and Guard Vessel World War II Sandwich, MA (1942–1945)
 * CHESAPEAKE, Chesapeake, VA (1945–1965)
 * DELAWARE, Delaware Bay, DE (1966–1970)

Resources

 * Interviews with LV-116's former crew members and the first commanding officer's daughter, conducted by NPS historian Frank Hebblethwaite.
 * Interviews with LV-116's former crew members and the first commanding officer's daughter, conducted by NPS historian Frank Hebblethwaite.
 * Interviews with LV-116's former crew members and the first commanding officer's daughter, conducted by NPS historian Frank Hebblethwaite.
 * Interviews with LV-116's former crew members and the first commanding officer's daughter, conducted by NPS historian Frank Hebblethwaite.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton, 7th Duke of Brandon KG PC FRS FSA (3 October 1767 – 18 August 1852) was a Scottish politician and art collector.

Life
Born on 3 October 1767 at St. James's Square, London, a son of Archibald Hamilton, 9th Duke of Hamilton, he was educated at Harrow School and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on 4 March 1786. He received his MA on 18 February 1789.

Hamilton was a Whig, and his political career began in 1802, when he became MP for Lancaster. He remained in the House of Commons until 1806, when he was appointed to the Privy Council, and Ambassador to the court of St. Petersburg until 1807; additionally, he was Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire from 1802 to 1852. He received the numerous titles at his father's death in 1819. He was Lord High Steward at King William IV's coronation in 1831 and Queen Victoria's coronation in 1838, and remains the last person to have undertaken this duty twice. He became a Knight of the Garter in 1836. He held the office of Grand Master Mason of the Freemasons of Scotland between 1820 and 1822. He held the office of President of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland between 1827 and 1831. He held the office of Trustee of the British Museum between 1834 and 1852.

He married Susan Euphemia Beckford, daughter of William Thomas Beckford and Lady Margaret Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon, 4th Earl of Aboyne, on 26 April 1810 in London, England.

Hamilton was a well-known dandy of his day. An obituary notice states that "timidity and variableness of temperament prevented his rendering much service to, or being much relied on by his party ... With a great predisposition to over-estimate the importance of ancient birth ... he well deserved to be considered the proudest man in England." He also supported Napoleon and commissioned the painting The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries by Jacques-Louis David. Lord Lamington, in The Days of the Dandies, wrote of him that 'never was such a magnifico as the 10th Duke, the Ambassador to the Empress Catherine; when I knew him he was very old, but held himself straight as any grenadier. He was always dressed in a military laced undress coat, tights and Hessian boots, &c'. Lady Stafford in letters to her son mentioned 'his great Coat, long Queue, and Fingers cover'd with gold Rings', and his foreign appearance. According to another obituary, this time in Gentleman's Magazine, he had 'an intense family pride'.

Death and legacy
Hamilton had a strong interest in Ancient Egyptian mummies, and was so impressed with the work of mummy expert Thomas Pettigrew that he arranged for Pettigrew to mummify him after his death. He died on 18 August 1852 at age 84 at 12 Portman Square, London, England and was buried on 4 September 1852 at Hamilton Palace, Hamilton, Scotland. In accordance with his wishes, Hamilton's body was mummified after his death and placed in a sarcophagus of the Ptolemaic period that he had originally acquired in Paris in 1836 ostensibly for the British Museum. At the same time he had acquired the sarcophagus of Pabasa, an important nobleman which is now in the Kelvingrove Museum. In 1842 Hamilton had begun construction of the Hamilton Mausoleum as repository for the overcrowded family vault at the Palace. He was interred there with other Dukes of Hamilton, from the 1858 completion of the Mausoleum until 1921 when subsidence and the subsequent demolition of the Palace forced removal of the bodies to the Bent cemetery in Hamilton, where he still lies buried in his sarcophagus.

His collection of paintings, objects, books and manuscripts was sold for £397,562 in July 1882. The manuscripts were purchased by the German government for £80,000. Some were repurchased by the British government and are now in the British Museum.

Marriage and issue
By his wife, Susan Beckford, Hamilton had one son and one daughter:
 * William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton, who married Princess Marie Amelie of Baden
 * Lady Susan Hamilton, who married 1st, Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle; 2nd, Jean Alexis Op de Beeck.


text: Category:Cantilever bridges

title: Category:Cantilever bridges


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Category:Baroque art

This category includes art and artists from the Baroque period. See Art history for more information on artistic periods.

title: Category:Baroque art


text: Category:Phil Collins albums

title: Category:Phil Collins albums


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George Dodington (died 1720)

George Dodington (c. 1662 – 28 March 1720) of Eastbury Park, Dorset was a merchant, office holder and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1705 to 1720, under the patronage of Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford.

Early life and family
Dodington was the eldest son of John Dodington of Dodington, Somerset and his wife Hester Temple, daughter of Sir Peter Temple, 2nd Baronet of Stowe, Buckinghamshire. His grandfather Sir Francis Dodington had been granted in trust the profits of a commissionership of appeals in excise which fell to his son. When Dodington's father died in 1673, Sir Francis' second wife tried to claim these but Dodington's mother counter-claimed and as a result Dodington was appointed to a post on the commission.

Business activities
Dodington prospered and by 1688 was part owner of four ships. In 1690 he and his partners secured lucrative contracts for supplying clothing to the army. Also, by 1687 he had started to undertake occasional work for the Treasurer of the Navy - and was finally in the service of Admiral Edward Russell. In 1695, Russell appointed him his paymaster and office manager, as a result of which Russell, who became Earl of Orford in 1697, became a powerful patron throughout his career. Dodington was a commissioner for Greenwich Hospital in 1695, commissioner for taking subscriptions to the land bank in 1696 and was appointed trustee for Exchequer bills in 1697. His increasing wealth allowed him to become a significant subscriber under both posts. He married by licence dated 12 February 1697 Eleanor Bull, daughter of Henry Bull MP.

Political career
In the late 1690s, Dodington became a target of Lord Orford's enemies who smeared him with financial impropriety in his offices, as an indirect attack on his patron. Although he could argue in his own defence and was supported by the Whigs, he lost his offices as paymaster and trustee for exchequer bills, and spent five years sorting out Orford's accounts. At the 1705 general election, he was returned unopposed as Whig Member of Parliament for Winchelsea. Although his father on his death told him to sell the Winchelsea estate, he did not, and so maintained an electoral interest there. In 1706, he was appointed secretary to the English commissioners for the Union with Scotland and became a trustee for a loan to the Emperor. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1707 to 1708 and represented Charlemont in the Irish House of Commons from 1707 to 1713. At the 1708 general election, he was returned again for Winchelsea and also for Bridgwater and chose to sit for Bridgwater. From 1708 to 1710 he was one of the Lords of the Admiralty. He was returned again at Bridgwater in 1710. In 1711 he became a commissioner for taking subscriptions to the South Sea Company. However he was threatened with strong opposition at Bridgwater at the 1713 general election and had himself returned for Winchelsea instead. He became an Irish Privy Councillor in 1714 and Clerk of the Pells for Ireland in 1715. At the 1715 general election, Dodington was returned unopposed as MP for Bridgwater. Also from 1715 he was Lord Lieutenant of Somerset. He became very rich and commissioned Sir John Vanbrugh to design a large mansion to be built on his estate in Eastbury.

Death and legacy
Dodington died on 28 March 1720 and left his estate to his nephew George Bubb, who assumed the surname of Dodington and commissioned the building of Eastbury Park.

title: George Dodington (died 1720)


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Talk:No Jacket Required

Invision references
To whomever reviews this article. While I normally would not reference posts to a forum, I feel that since Phil himself wrote the messages, they are not the usual unreliable forum messages. CarpetCrawler (talk) 01:04, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

The many lives of "The Man With The Horn"...
Phil eventually recanted his recollection that the "rat race" version of TMWTH ended up in the film "Easy Money". Here's the text of his post, he was apparently caught out by a fan:

"RAT RACE...of course you're completely right again with this....NOT easy money (though I think I was asked)....but Yes for the Miami Vice bit.."Life is a Rat Race chasing easy money"....my limbs are weak etc......."

This was from the "7th December 2004" entry in Messages from Phil in the official forum. MaxVolume (talk) 20:38, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, thank you! I must've missed that (Though to be fair, I didn't pay attention to things not relating to NJR, I was mostly looking for references!) CarpetCrawler (talk) 00:50, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Copy-edit comments
I'm going to copy edit this article, as well as put a few suggestionms here. Interested editors can then edit the article in accordance with these suggestions, or as they see fit.

 * Per Wikipedia:Context and Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), months and days of the week generally should not be linked. ✅ CarpetCrawler (talk) 15:07, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * As per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), dates shouldn't use th. ✅ CarpetCrawler (talk) 15:07, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Consistency issues

 * January 25 or 25 January? Pick one and run with it throughout article.
 * Question, do you mean the infobox and the lead having different ways of saying the release date?
 * Yes, on a quick glance I can't see other inconsistencies, but double check. Thinking about it, since this is a UK album, the date should come first. — R  2  22:27, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Ohhhh, OK. :) ✅

 * It's Allmusic, not All Music Guide. No italics either ✅
 * Make sure publications include "The" where appropriate. It's The New York Times not New York Times. ✅
 * Change "American" to "US". ✅

Album title
I see you add references after commas. This is OK, but some people think it cuts down the readability of the article. If the issues being sourced are not controversial you could move the refs to the end of the sentence. It's not a big issue though, feel free to disregard the suggestion.
 * Yeah, I'll see what they'll say at the (Hopefully) future FA review. It doesn't matter much to me when I read articles. I think it's confusing when there's like ten citations after a sentence or paragraph.

Production
The production section contains a lot of information unrelated to the production. This includes information on singles sales, MTV, music videos and popular culture issues.

Move the info unrelated to production to more appropriate sections of the article or make new sections suitable for it. I do suggest you make a section specifically for music videos. The popular culture info could be moved to a legacy/influence section.
 * Hmm... wouldn't a music video count for the production, sorta? I'm just thinking, since the section as a whole would be quite small, since most of Collins' videos are pretty straightforward, unlike, say, the Land of Confusion video he did with Genesis. Also, would I be able to add the pop-culture info to the Reception section in some way? I'll more than likely move the single sales stuff to the reception section.
 * Hmm, I suppose there is a concern that the sections would be too small if split out. The music video info could stay in there I guess. You could move the pop culture reference's to the reception section. — R  2  16:27, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ OK, got it done.

Critical reception
This is good

Chart performance and sales

 * You could move a lot of the pro's info on singles sales (currently misplaced in the production section) here.✅
 * Don't do (#4) and (#7), write it out in full.✅
 * No UK or worldwide sales figures?
 * OK, I need some help here. Do you know of a place where I could find such information? I'm not very good at finding stuff like albums sold, etc...
 * I usually do a google search for world wide figures, for UK sales we could find out it's certified sales, which I'll go do. — R  2  01:01, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, thank you for your help. :) CarpetCrawler (talk) 01:12, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Using http://www.bpi.co.uk/index.asp as a source. The album has been certified 6 x Platinum in the UK, meaning it has shipped a minimum of 1.8 million units. His record copy hasn't paid for further certification awards. The 6 x Platinum figure goes back to 1989, so it's very outdated, but that's the record labels choice. It's a good start, so include it. We might find something more up to date later. — R  2  00:03, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I've been trying to browse that site... apparently it's password protected? Damn, that's lame. The website for the United States certifications is free to browse! Hmm... so how should I source it, since there's no way to access the specific page if you're not a paid member? CarpetCrawler (talk) 18:24, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't have to pay to use it, there is a free search database, just like the RIAA uses. But that link is enough for people to find the data base. The data base don't actually have a specific web link of it's own. It just branches off that link. Thus that weblink is the thing that will get you closest to the database. After pressing the link, you click "statistics", then click "certified awards", but notice the weblink never actually changes. — R  2  18:32, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ Added the info with the reference.

 * Move all info on Grammy Awards to Critical reception section.✅

Tour
"and his success with Genesis having their highest selling album and Invisible Touch: The Tour". - Could do with some sourcing. ✅ Removed it. It was a pointless add-on, anyway.

Live Aid
Good

This doesn't include the fact that Robert Plant was unimpressed by Collins 86.143.70.76 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:46, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

Remix album
More info needed if possible.
 * Unfortunately, since it is only a remix album (Heck, when it originally came out I almost didn't even know it existed,) there really isn't that much information out for it. I have a small piece of unsourced info that says that some of the remixes were from the 12" singles, but I'd rather add that when I can get a reliable source attached, and so far I haven't had much luck. Other than that, it's as detailed as I can make it.
 * OK, just remember to say that at the FAC :) — R  2  14:38, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Lead
You should deal with this section last
 * Does the lead really need to be sourced? All the details of the lead should be included and sourced in the relevant section of the article

 * Ensure everything mentioned in lead is also mention in article text. I haven't checked but make sure it is.

 * Looking at the paragraph on singles. It mentions US charts, then UK charts, then goes back to US charts. Do all US then all UK.

 * No mention of US, UK or more importantly Worldwide sales in the lead?

 * Make sure the details of the lead are in the same order of the article body.

 * Could you find more reviews for the info box? You only have 3. When I was getting Thriller (album) to FA, I faced opposition because I only had 2-3 reviews from the original 1982 release.
 * ✅, added another review

OK, let me know when that is resolved and I will give it a further look. I work in layers. Sorry for this long delay BTW. — Realist  2  23:10, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Finished
OK, I have fixed all of your concerns. Feel free to take another look and tell me if it's FAC ready. :) CarpetCrawler (talk) 16:35, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

OK, I take a read of the article again in the next few days. — R  2  20:37, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Sure! Take as much time as needed, I can wait. :) CarpetCrawler (talk) 20:56, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

PhilCollins.co.uk deadlinks
I am in the process of fixing those deadlinks in the references that lead to Phil Collins' former forum. Please do not remove the references. Thank you! CarpetCrawler (talk) 21:07, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

General issues

 * You should removed all empty parameters on your citation templates.
 * ✅ Phew! That was the hardest thing to do! CarpetCrawler (talk) 21:15, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * A lot of your sentences start with "Collins ....", on a very long article this becomes tiring. Try mixing it up with "The singer", "The musician" etc etc.
 * ✅ I agreed that it was tiring, but I wasn't sure if people preferred it that way or not... CarpetCrawler (talk) 03:44, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Duplicate Wikilinking in article, each section should link to the page in question only once.
 * You mean, as in (For example,) Sussudio should only be linked once in the entire article? Or once in each section of the article it is in? CarpetCrawler (talk) 20:30, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Once in each section as a maximum.

 * Bands and groups should not be in italics.
 * ✅... I don't seem to see anywhere where this happens. Am I missing something?
 * I think I got most of them.

 * It's 'number', not '#'.✅
 * You really need to get a number consistency for this article. In my opinion, numbers 1-9 should we in words, ten or more in numerals.
 * Actually, you are correct. You spell out 1-9, and then type out the later numerals. Sometimes I did it correctly, other times I didn't. I guess sometimes I was forgetting when I was adding information, sorry about that! ✅

Production

 * "Some of the songs from the album were works that were originally improvised by Collins. "Sussudio" was one of these songs.[6]" - Worded badly, with a very short sentence as well.
 * ✅ I think my problem is that I write the same way I talk! :P

 * "In the video for "Don't Lose My Number", Collins did not know what he would make for a video, so he decided to create a video regarding not knowing what video to make for the song.[9][8] In the video, Collins talks to various clients and directors, all giving him bad ideas for the video. Collins parodies several other music videos in the video, including Michael Jackson videos, David Lee Roth videos, Elton John videos, The Police videos, movies such as Mad Max and various samurai movies.[9][8]" - This section needs a prose clean.
 * OK, how does it look, now? :) CarpetCrawler (talk) 22:48, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I made some further alterations, are these OK and factually accurate in your opinion?.
 * Looks great! :) Great job! CarpetCrawler (talk) 20:07, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "The video, which features Collins playing the piano in a downtown bar,[8] was filmed at a pub owned by Richard Branson in London.[7]" - Is this the same pub as "Sussudio"? Also, no need to wikilink Richard Branson in this section.
 * ✅, they were both the same pub. I made sure to note that.

 * "While recording "Long Long Way to Go", Collins also asked Sting to provide backing vocals for this song. The music video features Collins singing in various places around the world, including London, New York, Tokyo, Moscow, Sydney, Paris, St. Louis, Los Angeles (Hollywood),[8] San Francisco, and Memphis (Graceland). At the end of the video, Collins arrives home and hears a woman from inside the house asking him where he has been. He replies by saying he's been to some of the cities mentioned above. The woman replies "You've been down at the pub, haven't you?"" - This song, with Sting is mentioned further up. Also, in that position further up, it says it was not a single, but here it says it had a music video. Join all the correct bits together, removing repetition.
 * I don't understand what you're asking me. "Long Long Way to Go" and "Take Me Home" both had backing vocals by Sting. "LLWtG" had no music video (And wasn't released as a single,) and "TMH" was released as a single, and had a music video. Could you describe what you want me to do? Maybe I'm just mis-reading what you're saying. Thank you. :) CarpetCrawler (talk) 23:07, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes, my bad. I wasn't reading it correctly, it makes sense now. — R  2  19:13, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "The Man with the Horn" was originally recorded during sessions for Collins' second album Hello, I Must Be Going! in 1982.[22], and not released until it appeared as the b-side to "Sussudio" in the UK, and as the b-side to "One More Night" in the United States." - Broken sentence here.
 * ✅ Fixed that up.

Critical reception and influence

 * "Collins was nominated in five categories.[33]" - Try to do something with this stubby sentence.

 * "Take Me Home" was also the closing theme song for the World Wrestling Entertainment's television show, Saturday Night's Main Event from 1985 to 1988. In 2003, the hip-hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony based their song "Home" on this single. That version of the song featured Collins' chorus, and hit #19 on the UK charts." - All unsourced
 * ✅. I cited the first episode the closing theme was used, and the last episode it was used.

Lead
I don't feel the lead is an accurate summary of the entire article. The lead should take the main points from every section (and sub sections) of the article (obviously not sections on the tracklisting and personnel), in the same order as the article. Info in the lead should be proportionate to how much it is covered in the article, but you can't miss sections out, just because they are small. Leads can be tricky to write, but follow this advise and you can't go too wrong.
 * OK, how does it look? CarpetCrawler (talk) 22:48, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The first paragraph could include some info on music videos. The second paragraph on the critical reception needs expanding. The third paragraph on the commercial reception needs a slight trim. — R  2  19:21, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, how does it look now? CarpetCrawler (talk) 20:07, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It's looking much better. Next I'll go through reference formatting with you. I'm very busy in real life over the next few days, but I will get back to you within 5 days. Best. — R  2  23:22, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

OK, I've finished for now, after that, call me back, and we can go through reference formation. Best. — R  2  15:29, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

I dont want to just delete the whole paragraph, but....
The "Long, Long Way To Go"/Sting section is completely wrong. Live Aid occurred four months after the release of the album. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.132.254.140 (talk) 04:40, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
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 * No jacket required alt.jpg

Diamond
Should be labeled Diamond (12x platinum) or something Wolf O'Donnel (talk) 04:43, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:No Jacket Required


text:
Talk:Face Value (album)

Wikipedia Guideline
This article should be modified according to the Wikipedia standard. The author of this article, with all respect, has not the time to correct this article right now, so he leaves it up to his 'colleagues' to correct it. (It is about giving the article the right look that a Wikipedia article deserves, with chapters etc...)

Fair use rationale for Image:PhilCollinsFaceValues.jpg
Image:PhilCollinsFaceValues.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 16:12, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Call for clean-up
This article looks messy and disorganized. I'd like to see if anyone would like to help me in working on this article, which I'd love to see get improved. CarpetCrawler (talk) 20:40, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Contradicting Information
The info box says it was released on February 13, 1981 which the article says February 9th. Which is correct? The two dates contradict each other. Mr. C.C. Hey yo!I didn't do it! 22:55, 30 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Face Value (album)


text:
User:Pengo/zoo

Zoology

 * spatulate = spatula-shaped -- (of a leaf shape; having a broad rounded apex and a narrow base)
 * therian mammals
 * albumen = egg white, ovalbumin
 * bastula
 * blastomeres - (any cell resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg)
 * vegetal (hemisphere) - (of reproduction) characterized by asexual processes
 * Hox genes - homeotic
 * meroblastic - partial cleavage of macroleithal eggs
 * distend = dilate -- (become wider; "His pupils were dilated")
 * distend -- (swell from or as if from internal pressure; "The distended bellies of the starving cows")
 * allantois (=umbilical?) -- (vascular fetal membrane that develops from the hindgut in embryonic higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals))
 * chorion -- (outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals))
 * foramina = hiatus -- (a natural opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure)
 * otic = auricular -- (of or relating to near the ear)
 * tuberosity - a protuberance on a bone especially for attachment of a muscle or ligament
 * ectodermal - the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue
 * cyclostomes - primitive aquatic vertebrate
 * teleost = teleostan -- (a bony fish of the subclass Teleostei)
 * hypophysis = pituitary gland -- (the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain)
 * somites = epimeres, metamere -- (one of a series of similar body segments into which some animals are divided longitudinally)
 * cartilage - cells (chondrocytes), within spaces (lacunae) of matrix of proteoglycans and fibers. Formed at the surface membrane of tissue (perichondrium).
 * hyaline cartilage - lubrication of joints and formation of long bones -- (translucent cartilage that is common in joints and the respiratory passages; forms most of the fetal skeleton). Can transform into: fibrous cartilage (vertibrae discs), elastic cartilage (with fat cells, external ear and epiglottis), calcified cartilage (skeletons of elasmobranchs. not remodelled once formed).
 * endochondral bone (or replacement bone), dermal bone, membrane bone
 * osteons = Haversian system -- A central canal and the concentric osseous lamellae encircling it, occurring in compact bone.
 * glycoproteins are found in cartilage
 * hydroxyapatite is found in bones
 * calcium phosphate crystals
 * neural crests
 * placodes, ectodermal
 * somitomeres (form muscle)
 * primordia =anlage -- (an organ in its earliest stage of development; the foundation for subsequent development)

chondrocranium

 * supports brain and special sense organs
 * A portion of the embryonic cranium forming the bones of the base of the skull and eventually undergoing ossification.
 * only in fetal life
 * except in cyclostomes and sharks
 * notochord's cartilaginous sheath usually joins the chondrocranium.
 * trabeculae pair of "small beams", anterior to the notochord, with hypophysis located between posterior ends. Related to the forebrain, nasal capsules, orbis, and rostrum. Trabeculae can have different conditions: widely separated (platytrabic), joined, fused anteriorly (Y shape, tropitrabic).
 * parachordal cartilages - fuse to form the basal plate by surrounding the notochord
 * basal plate is of segmental origin from the sclerotomes of embryonic head somites
 * occipital condyles, which articulate the first free vertebra of the spine. (chapter 9)

visceral skeleton

 * (or splanchnocranium)
 * gill arch support

dermal elements

 * (or dermatocranium)
 * superficial framework of the skull

Vertebrate structure and morphology
Concepts:
 * phylogenetic homology (unlike serial homology)
 * analogy
 * homeobox genes (shared by all multicellular animals)
 * Form and function
 * Preadaption (Form before function)
 * biomechanics, study of biological function
 * vestigial organ or degenerate organ, vestigial eyes
 * differential reproduction
 * punctuated equilibrium vs phyletic gradualism
 * linear evolution
 * branching evolution
 * Adaptive radiation, radiating evolution, evolution radiation, radiation

Questions?
 * metamerism vs serial homology

Primative animals: Retained primative features:
 * Mountain beaver, most primative living rodent (not really a beaver)
 * Polypterus, fish
 * Sphenodon, reptile
 * Platypus, mammal

Shared characters
Characters shared by related phyla:
 * Multicellular animals
 * Embryos with three tissue (germ) layers -- ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
 * Bilateral symmetry
 * Gut is complete (seperate openings for mouth and anus in blastopore)
 * Internal skeleton from mesoderm
 * Mesoderm is formed (at least in part) from dissue derived from embryonic gut

Related "phyla": Except: one group has no internal skeleton, another: no digestive tract. Another: lacks a coelom (body cavity).
 * Echinodermata* -- except only larvae are bilateral. (phylum of starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc)
 * Hemichordata* (wormlike, burrowing animals)
 * Pogonophora (now considered a family of annelids)
 * Chaetognatha
 * *Deuterostomia (second + mouth: blastopore forms no mouth)

Chordata

 * Chordata subphylums:
 * Vertebrata
 * Urochordata (tunicates and sea squirts)
 * Cephalochordata (lancelets, or amphioxus)

Characters:
 * 1) notochord (= back + cord)
 * 2) dorsal hollow nerve cord (nerve cord)
 * 3) *derived from ectoderm by neurulation
 * 4) pharynx
 * 5) *outside of the plylum, pharyngeal slits found only in hemichordates
 * 6) ventral heart
 * 7) *(or ventral pulsating vessel in cephalochordates).
 * 8) *Blood vascular system is closed (blood does not enter tissue space)
 * 9) cephalization
 * 10) *sense organs in the head
 * 11) *(urochordates have no head)
 * 12) tail extending posterior to the anus
 * 13) *(except urochordates)
 * 14) metamerism
 * 15) *segmentation of some features of the body

Primative vs derived

 * early lineage characters: primitive, general, plesiomorphic (= close + form), basal, ancestral state, ancestral order, unspecialized/unspecialised, the proposed (metazoan) condition
 * character-states that evolved later: advanced, derived, apomorphic (= separate + form)
 * sharing primative character-states: symplesiomorphy (= with + close + form)
 * sharing derived character-states: synapomorphy (= with + separate + form)
 * other descriptions: vestigial, persistant, secondary, pioneered by

Agnatha

 * Agnatha are Vertebrata but are without jaws. Not monophyletic.
 * pl. Agnathans
 * first known vertebrates to evolve
 * all extinct 200 myo (except lampreys and hagfish)
 * most primative body plan of a living vertebrate is ammocoetes, lamprey larva.
 * advanced over (other?) protochordates
 * characters: cranium, brain, paired organs of sight, large persistant notochord, usually have vertebrae, usually cartilaginous skeletons, often have pectoral spikes, folds, or lobes.
 * first evolution of dentine, enamel. bone.
 * characters that came later: jaws, true teeth, girdles, typical appendages, pelvic fins
 * more than a dozen orders

Cyclostomata

 * Cyclostomata (= round + mouth)
 * Lampreys and Hagfishes

Hagfishes
Hagfish
 * exclusively marine
 * evolved Lower cambrian, at least 550 myo, probably.
 * eyes are vestigial
 * gills in pouches
 * primarily scavengers
 * sister group of all animals to follow
 * craniata (phylum) is hagfishes combined with sister group vertebrata (subphylum)
 * Myxinoidea (Myx = slime) is the first subclass of Agnatha (the dubious class)

Lamprey
Lamprey
 * larva called ammocoetes
 * Petromyzontia
 * no close relatives, though perhaps near anaspids in the same cubclass Cephalaspidomorpha
 * more primitive than any other agnathans except hagfish (Donoghue, Forey, Aldridge, 2000)
 * gills in pouches (but different to hagfish)
 * semiparasidic upon bony fishes
 * ammoceotes (larva) more ancestral characters than adult. Especially for mouth parts, pharynx, gonads, and some digestive organs.
 * larva become adult by metamorphosis

Pteraspidomorpha
Pteraspidomorpha (= wing + shield + form)
 * appear 500myo, before any other vertebrates except conodonts
 * principal representative: pteraspids (order Heterostraci)
 * pteraspids have heavy armour covering head and anterior of body.
 * most have rostrum projecting over the mouth
 * bizarre spines on the shield
 * no paired fins
 * lateral eyes
 * two nostrils, common exit from all of the gill pouches (unlike other agnathans)
 * possibly slow swimmers, but not bottom feeders
 * most were marine

Anaspids

 * Anaspid (= without + shield)
 * Order: Anaspida
 * long exinct
 * only jawless vert with streamlined form.
 * small, platelike scales
 * no head armor
 * active swimmers
 * pectoral spikes
 * long, thin, paired fins (may have undulated)
 * many gill openings (like cephalaspids and cyclostomes
 * lateral gill openings (unlike cephalaspids' ventral ones)

Chordata species ranking

 * Animal phyla, by # species: arthropoda, nematoda, mollusca, chordata, protozoa, cnidaria, annelida, echinodermata, porifera, bryozoa...

Other agnathans

 * Ostracoderms (= shell skins), extinct, bony scales
 * Arandaspida and Astraspida: Flourished in the Ordovician. Large head shields, no fins except caudal fin.
 * Galeaspida, massive one piece shields
 * Pituriaspida, long rostrum on the head armour.
 * Thelodonti. sharklike scales over whole body. unknown phylogenetic position.

Actinopterygii
Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes. Most bony fishes belong to this subclass, but they do not include the ancestors of land vertebrates. We know from cranial bone patterns, and the nature of the venous system and reproductive ducts.

Panderichthyida

 * "Panderichthyida is virtually an amphibian with fins." or Panderichthys

Mesoderm
Mesoderm formed by:
 * separation from the gut tube
 * by delamination
 * by primative streak
 * cells detach from existing tissue layers and migrate individually as mesenchyme.
 * see: embryogenesis

Recommended references:
 * Gilbert, and Ranio (eds.). 1997. Embryology: constructing the organism One of the few comparative texts. Invertebrate embryology is followed by chapters on cephalochordates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, and mammals. (amazon)

Secretory glands
Secretory gland

mucous cell: (epidermal)
 * mucus
 * poisonous secretion
 * photophore - light producing

proteinaceous cell: (epidermal)
 * keratins - feathers, hair, claws, reptilian scales, stratum corneum (dead outermost layer)
 * slime
 * poison
 * substances eliciting alarm reactions
 * enamel
 * possibly photophores

Pigment cells
chromatophores of the epidermis:
 * derived from neural crest cells
 * any layer of the skin (according to taxon)
 * melanophore (endotherms, epidermis)
 * melanosomes (migratory organelles)
 * melanin (black, brown, red)
 * morphological color change

chromatophores of the dermis:
 * almost exclsuively in ectotherms
 * constant, morphological, or physiological color change.
 * Iridophores - large cells. crystaline deposits of mostly guanine.
 * Xanthophores, large, yellow
 * erythrophores, red, pigments: pteridines and carotenoids in organelles called pterinosomes

title: User:Pengo/zoo


text:
Urizura, Ibaraki

Urizura (瓜連町) was a town located in Naka District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,851 and a density of 603.75 persons per km2. The total area was 14.66 km2.

On January 21, 2005, Urizura, along with the town of Naka (also from Naka District) was merged to create the city of Naka and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Urizura, Ibaraki


text:
Edwin P. Martz

Edwin P. Martz, Jr (1916 – September 25, 1967 or 1966) was an American physicist and astronomer.

He worked with William Pickering at Lowell Observatory in 1937 creating the first color photographs of Mars. He then worked at the Dearborn Observatory from 1939 until 1941. During the Second World War he was an optical engineer for the U.S. Army and worked on a tracking system for missiles using telescopes. After the war he continued to work in this field until 1958. He then became a research physicist at the Scripps Institute, and later accepted a position at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1960. There he was responsible for the cameras on the Ranger spacecraft exploring the Moon. At the time of his death he had worked out the preliminary design for the camera system of the Voyager space mission. He died saving his research in a house fire. His papers were donated to the University of Chicago, his alma mater.

Honors
Martz received the George W. Goddard Award in 1964. A crater on Mars was named in his honor.

title: Edwin P. Martz


text:
User:Jimbo Wales/Boston/Quiz - Wikipedia history, current events and Meta issues

This was the first round of the quiz held at the Boston Wikipedia Meetup in 2004. See Image:Boston quiz.doc for a version in Word format.

 * >Second round
 * >Answers to all rounds

 * 1) What is today’s featured article?
 * 2) Two people were recently elected to the Wikimedia foundation board. What are their Wikipedia usernames?
 * 3) The arbitration committee is having an election soon. Besides User:Raul654, name one person who is running.
 * 4) One featured article was so controversial, that after being put on the main page it quickly generated an edit war and had to be replaced (by Go). What article was that?
 * 5) A bit about the other Wikipedias: Of the large Wikipedias (10+ admins), which language Wikipedia has the highest ratio of Admins/user? Which language Wikipedia has the highest ratio of articles/native speaker? What artificial-language Wikipedia has the tlh abbreviation?
 * 6) Wikipedia was started to complement Nupedia, which has since shut down. In what month of what year did Nupedia shut down?
 * 7) Who wrote the first Wiki software?


text:
Talk:Quatermass and the Pit

WP:URFA/2020
This is the oldest unreviewed featured article—last reviewed in 2004. It still looks good to me, but I don't watch TV at all, much less British TV or science fiction. So that it can be marked as satisfactorily reviewed at URFA/2020 for still meeting WP:WIAFA, I am asking for feedback at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television, Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Science Fiction and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject BBC. (Or from anyone else who has this article watchlisted.) Sandy Georgia (Talk)  18:28, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I've given [this article] a quick MOS:TV(/MOS:PSEUDOHEAD) tune up, and referenced the ratings in the episodes table (though I'm just assuming the book source has the ratings for all of the episodes – I did not/cannot check that). In general, the article does seem to be in decent shape, though I suspect it could be referenced/sourced more. Also, in MOS:TV terms, I'm not sure where the 'Background' section should go – it's unclear to me if it belongs at the "top" where it is currently, or whether that should be folded into 'Production'. Similarly, I'm not quite sure where the 'Parodies' section should go. I'll let other WP:TV regulars take a look at it... --IJBall (contribs • talk) 18:59, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Never seen the TV program (or "programme" given it's British!) but a big fan of the movie so I've had it on my watchlist for a while -- I think it's pretty decent but will give it a closer look. Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 00:49, 18 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I think Background and Parodies are fine how and where they are; I just merged a short Special Effects subsection with Filming. Also removed a couple of uncited and semi-trivial statements. The only thing I'd still like to get is a good source for the 2018 Blu-Ray release, ideally in a review rather than just a mention in Amazon or whatever.  Aside from that I think the article is in pretty good shape. Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 07:09, 19 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm unsure about two of the sources - the Doctor Who Restoration Team and The Quatermass Home Page. The latter is sourcing stuff about video releases, so isn't a major problem, but the former source is used for more substantive content.  Anybody know anything about the former group?  Looks kind fanclubby to me (a non-Brit). Hog Farm Bacon 20:36, 19 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Good catch. We have info about who the authors are here click on the FAQ link (WP:SPS experts ???), but it does look like a fan site.  For this to be acceptable, we need to determine if the authors meet SPS. Some digging around will be needed, as it appears that no one from any WikiProject intends to help here.  One would think the BBC WikiProject would know who those people are. Since this FA was written before inline citations were required, there was ZERO about the sourcing at the FAC.  Considering the lack of interest in the article, I wouldn't mind if we brought it to FAR and cut it loose, but I will spend some time seeing if I can track down anything about the authors of the website. It appears they were somehow contracted by the BBC, so it is possible the source could be usable, if we could be sure about who they are.  Unless Ian or someone from the BBC Project knows something about this project, our choices are to FAR this, or delete the text.  It seems to be mostly text about the digital release; do we think the article comprehensive without that text?  Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  22:01, 19 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Also got several CN spots, including one that isn't tagged. Anybody familiar with Headpress or Mad Norwegian (two of the publishers)? I have absolutely no knowledge with which to judge these. I personally wonder if a dig into the sourcing is needed, since it's a very old FA and a sourcing look doesn't seem to have ever been made. After another glance, the Quatermass Home Page is also used to cite a bit in the influences section. Hog Farm Bacon 22:04, 19 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I just added those to places that I didn't think that source could be used, moving it to where I did think it could be used, maybe. If we need to do this much work on an article no one (except Ian) has taken an interest in, and that is so old it has never had a proper review, I suggest FAR is the solution. I pinged three WikiProjects, so did our best. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  22:11, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Ian Williams is mentioned here; it is a BBC publication, so that bodes well ... not enough, though.
 * Google books turns up a bunch of books, but no preview, so I can't see what they're saying:

Sandy Georgia (Talk)  22:45, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

FAR needed
I'm concerned about the article's compliance with WP:FACR today. The Plot section appears very long; most of its details should be moved into the Episodes section, which lacks summaries at this point. Also, some other statements still remain unverified/un-cited. Moreover, probably either Reception section may still need newer, more recent views, or the article may need Legacy section. --George Ho (talk) 19:43, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

Edward Burnham
I’ve watched episode five of Quatermass and the Pit, tonight.

And noticed that Edward Burnham is briefly in it: as an unnamed ‘Official.’

John Scott Martin is also credited as a ‘TV technician.’

Is it possible to get all three pages updated to show this … ?

Cuddy2977 (talk) 18:47, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

I Don't Get It
How did those three-legged arthropods construct that space vehicle? Professor Bernard (talk) 19:58, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * P.S. Why aren't they wearing clothes? 2A02:C7C:59DD:E900:491F:BEA5:EC54:5883 (talk) 20:50, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

Missiles
In episode 1, Breen states that ballistic missiles will be placed on the Moon. If I understand "ballistic" correctly, missiles sent from the Moon to Earth would not follow a ballistic path. I'd be grateful if someone could enlighten me, if necessary. Professor Bernard (talk) 19:07, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quatermass and the Pit


text:
Talk:Growing Without Schooling

From VfD:

Ad for a defunct magazine. Although the mag no longer publishes, half of the article and one of the two links discuss how to buy back copies. RickK 23:15, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * I tend to think articles on defunct publications are encyclopedic and worth keeping. Jgm 02:24, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I recommend a merge with John Holt. If it really was the "the nation's first homeschooling magazine" as both articles state, then it has historical notability. If not, then the John Holt article needs to be updated. - RedWordSmith 05:28, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It was pretty prominent in its day, and I think it had fairly wide circulation, though I'm not certain (does anyone know a good source for old circ figures? I assume somebody archives them). I'd say keep, but since I was reader (& critic) of it for much of its run, I'm probably biased. -FZ 18:42, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, do not merge. A short blurb and a link to the main topic (John Holt) are appropriate. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:37, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I posted the original article. I would not be opposed to a merge with the Holt article because I think it likely that anyone who knows the magazine also knows about Holt.  If it would make a difference I could add some more detail about the magazine, such as naming the former publishers, reviewing the changes in ownership, that sort of thing, but this mostly seems like trivia.  The Growing Without Schooling link is not primarily for the purpose of selling back issues, it offers a lot of free information.  The second link could be deleted if links to commercial sites are generally discouraged here.  Alan Nicoll 2 Aug 2004

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Growing Without Schooling


text:
Hitachiōmiya

Hitachiōmiya (常陸大宮市) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 39,281 in 16.047 households and a population density of 220 persons per km². The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 37.6%. The total area of the city is 348.45 sqkm.

Geography
Hitachiōmiya is located in the northwestern part of Ibaraki Prefecture, at the eastern foot of the Yamizo Mountains, with 59% of the city area classified as forest and mountains. The Kuji River runs from north to south in the eastern part of the city, along which Japan National Route 118 and the JR Suigun Line pass. The city center is located in the southeast. The Naka River flows in the southwestern part of the city.

Surrounding municipalities
Ibaraki Prefecture Tochigi Prefecture
 * Hitachiōta
 * Naka
 * Shirosato
 * Daigo
 * Nasukarasuyama
 * Nakagawa

Climate
Hitachiōmiya has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Hitachiōmiya is 12.9 C. The average annual rainfall is 1363.7 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.7 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.6 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Hitachiōmiya has been declining over the past 70 years.

History
The town of Ōmiya was created within Naka District with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The city of Hitachiōmiya was established on October 16, 2004, from the merger of Ōmiya with the neighboring villages of Miwa and Ogawa (all from Naka District), the town of Yamagata, and the village of Gozenyama (both from Higashiibaraki District).

Government
Hitachiōmiya has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 18 members. Hitachiōmiya contributes one member to the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between Ibaraki 1st district and Ibaraki 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Hitachiōmiya is primarily agricultural.

Education
Hitachiōmiya has 11 public elementary schools and five public middle schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Ibaraki Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
JR East –Suigun Line
 * Hitachi-Ōmiya – Tamagawamura – Nogamihara – Yamagatajuku – Naka-Funyū – Shimo-Ogawa

Notable people from Hitachiōmiya

 * Miho Shiraishi, actress
 * Dōmei Yakazu, physician

title: Hitachiōmiya


text:
Vienna Award

The Vienna Award (also called the Vienna Arbitration or Vienna Diktat) was either of two arbitral decisions made by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy rewarding disputed territory to Hungary. Both decisions were made at the Belvedere Palace, in Vienna, just before and after the Second World War (1939–1945) started.
 * First Vienna Award (2 November 1938): Hungary received part of southern Czechoslovakia.
 * Second Vienna Award (30 August 1940): Hungary received Northern Transylvania from Romania.

title: Vienna Award


text:
User talk:Mwm126

Boston Terrier puppy photo
Regarding your lovely photo of a Boston Terrier, Wikipedia is trying to ensure that its photos, like its text, are at least somewhat in the public domain; to do this, the source of the photograph needs to be identified (that is, who took it, if known), and whether the photo is available under some sort of free distribution license--the most common being GFDL. If you took and release it under GFDL, could you please respond here or update the text on the image page? Thanks so much! Elf | Talk 23:24, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Boston-terrier.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Boston-terrier.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Magog the Ogre (talk) 03:54, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mwm126


text:
Front of Canalenan Unity

The Front of Canalenan Unity (Frente de Unidad Canaleño) is a local political party in Villa Canales, Guatemala. FRUNCA evolved out of Frente Republicano Guatemalteco ahead of the 2004 municipal elections. FRG had held the municipality in the period 2000–2004, but due to massive corruption during the FRG tenency FRUNCA lost the elections. The symbol of FRUNCA is a pineapple. FRUNCA has two seats (out of 16) in the municipal council of Villa Canales.

title: Front of Canalenan Unity


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Usher

On 1 Aug 2004, Usher was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. Because the current content is not patently offensive or a copyright violation, there is no need to delete the history. Rossami 04:17, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Dictdef. Delete and redirect Usher Raymond here. RickK 23:28, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I agree, until a longer usher article is written, usher should redirect to the artist. Salasks 21:50, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC) Actually, even if a better usher article is written, it should go to Usher Raymond first. 50x more ppl will want the singer than will want the isle people who help you find your seat. Salasks 22:01, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect. A better article on usher would take the name back, but I'm not altogether sure, myself, how we can usher it into existence. Geogre 19:07, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Usher


text:
Austin 16

The Austin Sixteen Light Six is a British car that was made by Austin from 1927. Announced in October 1927, the first deliveries were planned for March 1928.

To distinguish the car from the smaller engined models in the range a plated Austin Six script was fixed to the radiator grille.

1927
The Austin Sixteen was introduced as a medium saloon sitting within Austin's range above the Seven and Twelve models but still much smaller than the 3.6 Litre Twenty.

The six-cylinder engine was new but had similarities to the engine fitted to the Twenty with its timing chain at the rear of the block. The design was up to date with the gearbox mounted in-unit with the engine and semi elliptic springs all round for the suspension. Triplex safety glass was fitted to all front screens from March 1929.

A wide range of body types was available at first but was simplified over the years. The coupés went first in 1930 followed by the Weymann type fabric saloons in 1931.

1934
In August 1933 various improvements were announced for 1934 models. The gearbox gained synchromesh on 3rd and 4th gears and an alternative larger (2511 cc) 18 hp engine was made available at no extra charge. An early automatic gearbox was available between 1934 and 1936 but few sold. A longer 120 in wheelbase chassis became an option.

Of this version 5742 16s and 2630 18s were made.

Hayes selfselector transmission
"This provides a drive which is automatic in variation of ratio within limits, easily set by a finger and thumb lever on the top of the steering wheel. The actual transmission is through steel rollers which transmit the drive between curved steel races, the ratio being altered by rocking the rollers to different driving positions to engage with differing diameters of the driving and driven races. There are no gears—except for reverse—and a wide variation in ratios is available automatically. The driving rollers are rocked or precessed to give varying ratios by hydraulic means and the driver by his little lever can modify the performance as road conditions require. Subject to the control setting, the automatic functioning ensures a constant engine speed whatever the tractive resistance met with on the road, the transmission varying its ratio to balance the resistance as it increases or decreases. The engine speed by creating oil pressure in the hydraulic control system, tends to precess the rollers to give a high ratio drive. This is counterbalanced by the reaction of the tractive resistance, which tends to give a low ratio precession. A valve worked by the movement of the forward and reverse lever which engages the drive —in the ordinary way and is centrally placed like the ordinary speed lever—releases the pressure in the hydraulic control unit when the lever is in its neutral and reverse positions, so that the drive is always at low ratio for starting from rest or reversing.

"The finger and thumb control lever works in a small quadrant which is marked at the top "Traffic" then "High" and at the bottom "Low" and finally "Cold" with spaces in between. Variations of this lever govern engine speeds. The forward, neutral and reverse positions for the central hand lever are stepped. To start the car from rest a driver presses out his clutch, moves his hand lever forward, and lets in the clutch in the ordinary way with slight acceleration. Thereafter the whole of the drive is done with the accelerator pedal, the accelerator allowing the engine to run up and keep constant maximum speed governed by the control lever on the top of the steering wheel by which engine braking power can also be regulated. When the accelerator is pressed after being released the effect is rather similar to that with a free wheel in use, in that the engine picks up to the speed that is suitable to the drive. The engine is available as a brake, and greater power of this kind can be had by moving the control lever down towards low" Motoring correspondent, The Times

1935
Further upgrades were made in 1935. The body range was simplified and now had only the 5 and 7 seat saloons. Externally the most obvious change was to the radiator surround which was painted body colour rather than chrome plated, and a small external boot was added to the rear which contained the spare wheel. Synchromesh was added to second gear. The larger engine was modified to have only four rather than eight main bearings.

1937
In 1937, the last year this car was made, the smaller engined Sixteen was dropped and pressed steel road wheels replaced the previously fitted wire wheels.

Between 1935 and 1937 12,731 were produced.

Performance
The 16 hp engined car could reach 60 mi/h and return 21 mpgimp depending on the body fitted.

Catalogue 1927 to 1937
The first name for this car was Austin Sixteen Light Six. In 1930 Light Six was dropped and it was an Austin Sixteen. From 1933 it was deemed necessary to offer an 18 hp engine at no extra charge, in mid 1937 this car's body was replaced by a new shape only available with the 18 hp engine and known as an Austin Eighteen.

title: Austin 16


text:
Arthur Omar

Arthur Omar (born 1948, Poços de Caldas) is a Brazilian contemporary artist. Omar is a video artist, photographer, filmmaker, and installation artist.

Career
Omar works with cinema, video, photographic installations, music, poetry, and drawing. He also writes essays and theoretical reflections on the process of creation and the nature of images. Themes such as aesthetic ecstasy, sensory and social violence, and the creation of visual metaphors characterize his work.

In 1999, Omar was the subject of a complete retrospective of films and videos at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. In 2001, additional retrospectives took place in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo at the Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil.

In the 1997 edition of the São Paulo Bienal, Omar presented Anthropology of the Glorious Face, a panel consisting of 99 large-format black-and-white photographs. Some of these images are the origin of the current color series The Mechanical Skin.

Awards
In 2001, Omar received awards given by the Associação Paulista de Críticos de Arte for two exhibitions: The Splendor of Opposites, a series of landscape photographs of the Amazon.

Exhibitions
He published the photo albums Antropologia da face gloriosa (Anthropology of the glorious face), Zen and the Glorious Art of Photography, and The Splendor of Opposites.

In 2005, he exhibited at the Rencontres d'Arles festival, France.

title: Arthur Omar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matayoshi Jesus

On 1 Aug 2004, Matayoshi Jesus was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Rossami 04:24, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Re: Matayoshi Jesus Del this political candidate with 8 losing campaigns in 6-7 years, running as "The only God Mitsuo Matayoshi Jesus Christ". Dozen or so Google hits (in Japanese with scattered Latin-alphabet text). --Jerzy(t) 23:31, 2004 Aug 1 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Seems like a pretty interesting and noteworthy character to me, but guess I don't know enough about Japanese politics to cast a vote. Jgm 02:26, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If we can have an excellent article about Emperor Norton, we can have an intelligible article about this dude.  Smerdis of Tlön 03:04, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Eccentricity is not encyclopaedic notability.  Emperor Norton has apparently left some cultural impression, where thousands of others like him haven't.  -- WOT 04:26, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is the Screaming Lord Sutch of Japan.--Ianb 09:48, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The US sure has their share of similar "candidates." Don't forget Pat Paulsen, Lyndon LaRouche and Angelyne.  Keep. - Lucky 6.9 17:00, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree with Lucky 6.9. However, there should be some scrutiny into whether he is well-known in Japan. --Sesel 03:46, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Sally Jessy Raphael

Sally Lowenthal (born February 25, 1935), better known as Sally Jessy Raphael, is an American former tabloid talk show host known for her program Sally (originally called The Sally Jessy Raphael Show).

Early life and education
Lowenthal was born on February 25, 1935, in Easton, Pennsylvania. She attended and graduated from Easton Area High School in Easton. She also spent time in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where her father, Jesse Lowenthal, was in the rum exporting business and her mother, Zelda Lowenthal (aka Dede Lowry), ran an art gallery. She has a younger brother, Steven Lowenthal.

She spent some of her teenage years in Scarsdale, New York, where one of her first media jobs was at the local AM radio station, WFAS. The station had a program by and for junior high school students and Raphael read the news. She attended Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the University of Puerto Rico in San Juan. Raphael studied acting under the tutelage of Sanford Meisner at New York City’s Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre.

She took her mother's maiden name of Raphael as her professional name and plucked the theatrical surname of Jessy from her father's family.

Journalism and broadcasting
Following her graduation from Columbia University, she became a news correspondent, covering Central America for the Associated Press and United Press International, thanks in large part to her ability to speak both English and Spanish fluently. She also obtained considerable experience in the media in Puerto Rico, where she worked in both radio and television. One of her first jobs was hosting a TV cooking show. While working in radio, she met the man who became her second husband, Karl Soderlund, who was the general manager of a radio station that hired her. After he was fired, the two left Puerto Rico to work in Miami. While Raphael was on the air as a radio announcer in Miami, she met and became friends with talk show host Larry King.

Raphael's broadcasting career was not an immediate success. She told numerous reporters over the years that she bounced around from station to station in both Puerto Rico and the United States, working as a disc jockey, news reporter, and the host of a show where she interviewed celebrities. She worked at 24 stations, and was fired from 18 of them. In the early 1980s, she was asked to do a call-in advice show on WMCA in New York City. In the late 1980s, she guest starred as herself in The Equalizer episode "Making of a Martyr".

Talk show
Raphael's husband Karl Soderlund assumed the role of her manager, and was a partner in her two biggest successes. She hosted a radio call-in advice show distributed by NBC Talknet that ran from 1981 to 1987, but she is best known for hosting the television talk show The Sally Jessy Raphael Show (later shortened to Sally), which ran in first-run syndication from October 17, 1983, to May 24, 2002. "Talknet" was brand new when she came to the attention of producer Maurice Tunick. According to David Richards of The Washington Post, Tunick had auditioned a number of potential hosts, but hadn't yet found the right one. Tunick gave Raphael a one-hour trial run on NBC's Washington, D.C., affiliate, WRC, in August 1981. Before going on the air, she decided that rather than doing a political show, she would give advice and discuss subjects she knew a lot about, such as relationship problems. Soon, her advice show was being heard on over 200 radio stations, and she developed a loyal group of fans.

One of those fans turned out to be talk show host Phil Donahue, who happened to hear her show one night and liked how she related to the audience. His encouragement led to a tryout on television, where producer Burt Dubrow gave her a chance to be a guest host on his talk show. She was not very polished, but people who had loved her radio show were very positive about her being on TV. Her non-threatening and common-sense manner appealed to Dubrow, who believed she would gain more confidence as she got some TV experience. By mid-October 1983, she was given her own show on KSDK-TV in St. Louis. The Sally Jessy Raphael Show was only a half-hour, but it was the beginning of her successful career as a talk show host.

Raphael became known to television viewers for her oversized red-framed glasses, a trademark that began entirely by accident. The source of her famous red-framed glasses goes all the way back to her first broadcast news job. Raphael had difficulty reading the teleprompter and, with five minutes before air time, quickly went to a store across the street from the studio to purchase a pair of reading glasses. The only one she could find was a red pair. While her bosses disliked them, the audience seemed to think they looked good, so she kept wearing that style.

By 2000, both Raphael and Jerry Springer were in decline. As one media critic observed, Springer's ratings were the lowest they had been in three years, but Raphael's ratings were the lowest they had been in 12 years. Raphael was already having problems with her syndicator: she believed that USA Networks Inc. was more interested in doing promotion for Springer, whose show was more popular than hers, and for Maury Povich, who had recently left Paramount Television to join USA's syndication arm, than they ever were for her own show. She celebrated her 3,500th episode in early 1998. By March 2002, it was announced that, after an 18-year run, her show was being cancelled. In 2002, Raphael was named by Talkers Magazine to both their 25 Greatest Radio Talk Show Hosts of all time (#5), and the 25 Greatest Television Talk Show Hosts of all time (#11). She was one of only three personalities to make both the radio and the TV lists.

From approximately 2005 to 2008, she hosted a daily radio show, Sally Jessy Raphael on Talknet (previously called Sally JR's Open House), on the Internet and in syndication to local radio stations. The show's flagship station was WVIE, Baltimore, Maryland, and the show aired on AM stations in New England, the Mid-Atlantic and the Midwest, in addition to one station in Arizona. The show also aired on XM Satellite Radio's America's Talk channel from November 19, 2007, until its end. The name "Talknet" is a revival of the name of NBC Talknet, the now-defunct radio network that carried her previous radio show from 1981 to 1987. She abruptly ended the show July 7, 2008.

On November 10, 2010, Raphael, along with former talk show hosts Phil Donahue, Geraldo Rivera, Ricki Lake and Montel Williams, were invited as guests on The Oprah Winfrey Show.

Raphael offered to induct Rush Limbaugh into the Radio Hall of Fame when he was voted into the Hall in 1993. Surprised by the offer, Limbaugh accepted, only to see Raphael use her speech to speak out against the vote and excoriate Limbaugh. The following day, Paul Harvey used his radio program to defend Limbaugh, who was privately hurt by Raphael's betrayal. In an act of retribution, one of Limbaugh's staffers slipped a picture of Raphael without her makeup or trademark glasses (taken from one of Raphael's staffers, as both hosts worked in the same studio at the time) onto Limbaugh's television program without his knowledge.

Personal life
Raphael was married for the first time in 1956, to Andrew Vladimir; they divorced seven years later. They had two daughters, Allison and Andrea, and two grandsons, Max and Kyle. Allison died at the age of 33 on February 2, 1992; her death was ruled an accidental overdose because of "combined effects of several prescribed drugs and over-the-counter medications."

She married Karl Soderlund in 1963. He later became her manager. They have one adopted son, Jason, and three foster children. They were married for 57 years until Soderlund's death in 2020.

title: Sally Jessy Raphael


text:
User:Jimbo Wales/Boston/Quiz - Wikipedians

This was the second round of the quiz held at the Boston Wikipedia Meetup in 2004.
 * >Third round
 * >Answers to all rounds

Match the user to the committee
Andrewa, sannse, Delirium, Isomorphic, Lord Emsworth

 * Harmonious editing club
 * Association of Members' Advocates
 * Welcoming committee
 * Mediation Committee
 * Arbitration Committee

Real names
What is the Wikipedia user name of the following people?

 * Corey Burger
 * Daniel Mayer
 * Erik Möller
 * Gary Curtis
 * Jussi-Ville Heiskanen
 * Stacey Robert Greenstein

Faces
Could you recognize another Wikipedian on the street? What are the usernames of the following Wikipedians?

(see for a copy in case this image is deleted)


text: File:JohnLennon-albums-rocknroll.jpg

title: File:JohnLennon-albums-rocknroll.jpg