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Bisayan languages

The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate and Sorsogon where several dialects of Waray are spoken), islands south of Luzon, such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages.

Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers is Cebuano, spoken by 20 million people as a native language in Central Visayas, parts of Eastern Visayas, and most of Mindanao. Two other well-known and widespread Bisayan languages are Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), spoken by 9 million in most of Western Visayas and Soccsksargen; and Waray-Waray, spoken by 6 million in Eastern Visayas region. Prior to colonization, the script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the badlit, closely related to the Tagalog baybayin.

Nomenclature
Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especially Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray, not only refer to their language by their local name, but also by Bisaya or Binisaya, meaning Bisayan language. This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible.

However, languages that are classified within the Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the Visayas do not use the self-reference Bisaya or Binisaya. To speakers of Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon and Tausug, the term Visayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon.

There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins of Bisaya. However, there is an ethnic group in Malaysia and Brunei who call themselves with the same name. However, these ethnic groups in the Philippines must not be confused with those in Borneo.

Evidence
David Zorc lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group (Zorc 1977:241). Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others.

 * 1) *lC, *Cl > *Cl (where C is any consonant not *h, *q, or *l)
 * 2) *qC, *Cq > *Cq (MOST)  *qC, *Cq > *qC (Tausug, and most Bikol languages)

Internal classification
David Zorc gives the following internal classification for the Bisayan languages (Zorc 1977:32). The five primary branches are South, Cebuan, Central, Banton, and West. However, Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like a dialect continuum rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages.

The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of the three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province of Romblon has the most linguistic diversity, as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there: Romblomanon from Central Bisayan, Inunhan from Western Bisayan and Banton (which has an independent Bisayan branch).

Notably, Baybayanon and Porohanon have Warayan substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from the mid-1800s.

A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked by italics.

 * Bisayan
 * 1. South (spoken on the northeastern coast of Mindanao)
 * Butuan-Tausug
 * Tausug
 * Butuanon
 * Surigao
 * Surigaonon
 * Tandaganon
 * 2. Cebuan (spoken in Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Eastern Negros, western Leyte and northern, southeastern and northwestern parts of Mindanao)
 * Cebuan
 * Cebuano
 * Boholano
 * 3. Central (spoken across most of the Visayan region)
 * Warayan (spoken in eastern Leyte, Biliran and Samar)
 * Waray
 * Baybayanon
 * Kabalian
 * Southern Sorsogon (Gubat)
 * Peripheral
 * Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) (spoken in eastern Panay and Guimaras, Western Negros and south-central Mindanao)
 * Capiznon
 * Bantayanon
 * Porohanon
 * Masbate-Sorsogon
 * Masbateño
 * Central Sorsogon (Masbate)
 * Romblon (also the name of the province)
 * Romblomanon
 * 4. Asi (spoken in northwestern Romblon Province)
 * Asi
 * 5. West
 * Aklan (spoken in northwestern Panay)
 * Aklanon/Inakeanon
 * Malaynon
 * Karayan
 * Karay-a (spoken in western and inland Panay)
 * North-Central (spoken on Tablas Island and the southern tip of Mindoro)
 * Inonhan (language related to Karayan)
 * Kuyan (spoken in the archipelagos west of Panay and Romblon as well as the southern tip of Mindoro)
 * Ratagnon
 * Cuyonon
 * Caluyanon
 * Caluyanon

The auxiliary language of Eskayan is grammatically Bisayan, but has essentially no Bisayan (or Philippine) vocabulary.

Magahat and Karolanos, both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Bisayan.

Ethnologue classification
Ethnologue classifies the 25 Bisayan languages into five subgroups:

Names and locations
Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists the following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languages Karolanos, Magahat, and Kabalian are not listed in Zorc (1977).

Comparisons
The following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997).

Reconstruction
David Zorc's reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels (Zorc 1977:201). Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc.

title: Bisayan languages


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Talk:Nuer people

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aaron Richards, Bbutler20, Anene80, Jasmineer, Jcl641, Fam02.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:29, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

History
Because the exact cause of the conflict is unknown, an unbiased account was added to the article. (Jasmineer (talk) 22:16, 2 April 2017 (UTC)) The Nuer-Dinka conflict needs to be explained in more depth. This article should include the origins and what is occurring today. Jasmineer (talk) 02:45, 11 February 2017 (UTC) There needs to be more information about their history. Bbutler20 00:38, 4 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bbutler20 (talk • contribs)  Add more information about their history and discuss more about what from their traditions are still occurring today ((Agrimmer1)

There's a LOT of racism in this article, and use of obscenities. Just had to delete the 'they are mean people who like chicken' from the article. Can a moderator properly review this article?! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.229.186.53 (talk) 17:47, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Culture
In the Culture section of the article, there are no transitions from one topic to the next. It seems choppy. Jasmineer (talk) 02:45, 11 February 2017 (UTC) Also, the section about the resettlement of Nuer refugees in the United States can be expanded. There is a brief mention of this but no citation is provided. 2601:C8:0:8470:7C78:264A:5F68:61E0 (talk) 03:03, 11 February 2017 (UTC) Information on the impact of the oil economy on the Nuer since the 1980s can be added to the Culture tab. 2601:C8:0:8470:7C78:264A:5F68:61E0 (talk) 03:03, 11 February 2017 (UTC) There should be more detail here about how Nuer people only sacrificed their cattle and never killed them for other reasons.Bbutler20 00:35, 4 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bbutler20 (talk • contribs)

Removed a section of information in regards to Nuer refugees in the US because it did not have any citation. Then, added more information on the subject of Nuer refugees in the US citing from the book: Nuer-American Passages: Globalizing Sudanese Migration. Fam02 (talk) 01:15, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

Added the Kinship dynamics with blood relatives. Also added young girls getting married and what it entails Anene80 (talk) 13:19, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

Nuer military and political leaders
This section does not provide much information about the significant leaders. Jasmineer (talk) 02:45, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

Naming Conventions
Citations are needed for a few of the bullet points.Jasmineer (talk) 02:45, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

Impact of Oil Economy on Nuer
Added this section because oil economy has played a role in the region and on Nuer since the 1970s. All the information of this section is from two books: Global Security Watch - Sudan, Lobban, Richard Andrew. and Nuer-American Passages: Globalizing Sudanese Migration, Shandy, Dianna J. Fam02 (talk) 01:23, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * The current wording of cleaning the Nuer people (to paraphrase) seems biased. Could anyone with any more information regarding this issue clarify it? Desdinova (talk) 19:18, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Added some additional info, much more work required on the page. Desdinova (talk) 21:14, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

Comments
Please don't take this page as being authoritive, My parents have a few of these people living with them, and I will hopefully be able to ask them to correct my perceptions AaronPeterson 23:21, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

well organized?
The text argues for Nuer's superirority over the Dinka. This is explained as the Nuer are supposedly: "very well organized". Contradictory, the ethnographical account a sentence later states an "anarchististic political organization." This should be resolved by refering to inner fragmentation of the Nuer in times of peace to the unity of the Nuer in times of war with non-kin. —the preceding comment is by Daebwae - 16:49, 11 March 2006: Please sign your posts!

Nuer tribe
The Nuer people are known for their very tall stature, similar to the Dinka people. Many men and women are as much as 7 feet(210cm) tall with some even taller.

that picture is offensive

 * is there really nothing better?
 * la gaie 22:45, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * the picture you have here in your site is not a good picture. you want to show the Dinka tribe member as a slave to Nuer tribe member —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.0.155.115 (talk • contribs) 10:14, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless I am reading your comment incorrectly, this is what the caption already indicates (though I'm not sure anyone "wants" to show someone as a slave; maybe that was your point?). -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:00, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This may all be moot. As the uploader did not cite a source (nor a license) for the image, it is subject to deletion. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 19:32, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Clarification?
"spent much of their time interacting with bordering groups"

Can someone use a different word than interacting here? Sounds like "raiding" might be a more accurate word, by the context after this sentence. Dean 23:52, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Nuer Origins
The history section in this article makes no mention of where the Nuer were from or how long they have been in Sudan. Any information available? Thomas Lessman (talk) 21:14, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Nuer are very resfected
As some people mentioned also Nuer are very resfected in various way, i.e Nuer can accomodate their enemy when he/she come to their home/house, and also Nuer can raid their enemy and bring with them along the children and old age and treat them as normal people as well as Nuer members when peace reveal the those who wish to go back can go freely without any exchange!

Thanks Samuel Kuyee Juang Southern Sudan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.45.43.61 (talk) 12:07, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

NPOV
The entire history section sounds like generalizations and myths about the Nuer. There are no sources, and I doubt if respectable sources can be found for some of the claims here. This section needs a complete overhaul. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.15.43.61 (talk) 18:30, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Lou-Nuer?
Although "Lou-Nuer" redirects to this page, there is no explanation. Snori (talk) 16:42, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

All Nuer coming from Nuer Bul Lord simon (talk) 06:52, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 01:15, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

Where?
In which region of South Sudan do the Nuer live?

Anonymous96.226.22.43 (talk) 18:42, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

Introductory Paragraph
The last sentence of the introductory paragraph reads weirdly. Also, I like the section headers and organization in the article.Bbutler20 00:32, 4 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bbutler20 (talk • contribs)

Nothing was missed! This article included everything relevant that we learned in class and relevant information from the readings we have been assigned thus far. An exemplary article made by such illustrious scholars. Bravo colleagues, bravo Ddanner2 (talk) 04:15, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

Introduction
The Nuer People introduction needs more content added to the first paragraph to concretely describe the Nuer People. More information was added to the introduction of the article. Aaron Richards (talk) 17:36, 1 April 2017 (UTC)Aaron RichardsAaron Richards (talk) 17:36, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

Impact of Oil Mining on Nuer People
I had added a lot of relevant information on the SPL/A and Chevron's roles as well as other groups on the displacement of the Nuer people and the impact of the oil mining operations, it was removed by a bot for copyright infringement as it is sourced from other websites (whose references were listed). This information still needs to be added to the page, perhaps on a new article. Desdinova (talk) 15:42, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

Bold 70.100.146.190 (talk) 01:40, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

Rol naath (Nuerland)
Naath nation 196.189.127.72 (talk) 14:43, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Nuer people


text:
User talk:ICTlogist~enwiki

AfD nomination of Doc Searls
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called ICTlogist. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name ICTlogist~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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Nomination of Information and communication technologies for development for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Information and communication technologies for development is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:ICTlogist~enwiki


text:
Liberalism and radicalism in Chile

This article gives an overview of liberal and radical parties in Chile. It is limited to liberal and radical parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme, parties do not necessarily need to have labeled themselves as a liberal party.

Introduction
Liberalism was organized as the traditional opposition to conservatism in Chile. In the 1860s radical liberals formed the radical current. Traditional liberalism disappeared in the 1960s into conservatism and radicalism developed into social democracy, leaving liberalism unrepresented. Originally the Social Democrat Radical Party (Partido Radical Social-Democráta, member SI) was a left of center liberal party, but nowadays it is a social democratic party.

Liberal Party

 * 1846: The Liberal Party (Partido Liberal) is formed
 * 1861: A vehemtly anticlericalist faction formed the ⇒ Radical Party
 * 1876: A faction supporting the presidential candidacy of Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna formed the ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party, but returns to the ⇒ Liberal Party after Vicuña ends his candidacy
 * 1885: An anti-government faction formed the ⇒ Independent Liberal Party
 * 1891: The faction supporting President Balmaceda in the 1891 civil war formed a second ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party.
 * 1920: Dissidents seceded as the ⇒ Unionist Liberal
 * 1931: Another faction formed the ⇒ United Liberal Party
 * 1933: The ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party and the ⇒ Independent Liberal Party merged into the Liberal Party
 * 1966: The party merged into the new National Party (Partido Nacional)

Radical Party

 * 1863: A radical faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party formed the Radical Party (Partido Radical)
 * 1887: The more leftist Democratic Party seceded from the party
 * 1931: The more leftist faction formed the ⇒ Radical Socialist Party
 * 1941: The ⇒ Radical Socialist Party rejoined the party
 * 1946: A moderate faction formed the ⇒ Radical Democratic Party
 * 1948: A faction opposition to the anti-Communist laws ⇒ Radical Doctrinal Party
 * 1949: The ⇒ Radical Democrat Party rejoined the party
 * 1961: The ⇒ Radical Doctrinal Party rejoined the party
 * 1969: In reaction to left-wing tendencies an anti-Communist faction seceded as ⇒ Radical Democracy
 * 1971: A moderate faction of the party formed the ⇒ Left Radical Party
 * 1972: The ⇒ Socialdemocrat Party joined the party
 * 1994: The party, who was unable to garner a significant number of votes in the parliamentary elections, joins the Party of Social Democracy and forms the Social Democrat Radical Party (Partido Radical Social Demócrata)

Liberal Democratic Party (1876)

 * 1876: The faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party led by Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna formed the Liberal Democratic Party (Partido Liberal Democrático), but rejoins the ⇒ Liberal Party that same year

Independent Liberal Party

 * 1885: An anti-government faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party formed the Independent Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Doctrinario)
 * 1933: The party rejoined the ⇒ Liberal Party

Liberal Democratic Party (1892)

 * 1891: The faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party that supported President José Manuel Balmaceda in the 1891 civil war formed the Liberal Democratic Party (Partido Liberal Democrático)
 * 1933: The party rejoined the ⇒ Liberal Party

Unionist Liberal

 * 1920: Dissidents from the ⇒ Liberal Party formed the Unionist Liberal (Liberal Unionista)
 * 1927: The party didn't survive the 1927 dictatorship of Carlos Ibáñez.

United Liberal Party

 * 1931: A faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party formed the United Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Unido)
 * 1933: The party rejoined the ⇒ Liberal Party

Radical Socialist Party

 * 1931: The more leftist faction formed the Radical Socialist Party (Partido Radical Socialista)
 * 1941: A faction of the party rejoined the ⇒ Radical Party
 * 1941: A faction of the party joined the ⇒ Socialist Party (Partido Socialista)

Radical Democratic Party

 * 1946: A moderate faction of the ⇒ Radical Party formed the Radical Democratic Party (Partido Radical Democrático)
 * 1949: The Radical Democratic Party rejoined the ⇒ Radical Party

Radical Doctrinal Party

 * 1948: A faction opposition to the Law of Permanent Defense of Democracy (anti-Communist law) formed the ⇒ Radical Doctrinal Party (Partido Radical Doctrinario)
 * 1961: A faction of the Radical Doctrinal Party rejoined the ⇒ Radical Party
 * 1961: A faction of the Radical Doctrinal Party formed the ⇒ National Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Nacional)

Radical Democracy

 * 1969: In reaction to growingly leftist tendencies in the ⇒ Radical Party a moderate, anti-Communist faction seceded as Radical Democracy (Democracia Radical).
 * 1973: The party opposed Salvador Allende and voluntarily dissolved itself after the 1973 coup.
 * 1988: The party reappeared to participate on the 1989 elections.
 * 1990: The party, who was unable to garner a significant number of votes in the parliamentary elections, joins the National Advance and the National Party and forms the National Democracy of Center (Democracia Nacional de Centro).

Left Radical Party

 * 1971: A moderate faction of the ⇒ Radical Party formed the Left Radical Party (Partido Izquierda Radical), later renamed the Chilean Social Democracy Party.
 * 1994: The party fused with the Radical Party to form the Social Democrat Radical Party

Liberal leaders

 * Arturo Alessandri Palma

title: Liberalism and radicalism in Chile


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Toiyabe Range

The Toiyabe Range is a mountain range in Lander and Nye counties, Nevada, United States. Most of the range is included within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The highest point in the range, near its southern end, is Arc Dome (11,788 feet, 3592 m), an area protected as the Arc Dome Wilderness. The highest point in Lander County, Bunker Hill, is also located within the Toiyabe Range. The range starts in northwestern Nye County north of Tonopah, Nevada and runs approximately 120 miles (190 km) north-northeast into southern Lander County, making it the second longest range in the state.

Geography
Although the Toiyabe Range is in the rain shadow of the higher Sierra Nevada (U.S.) range to the west and is too arid to support forests except for scattered pines, the climate was cold and snowy enough during the Pleistocene to develop alpine glaciers in several places, with cirques, moraines, and other glacial features still apparent. There are numerous hiking routes in the Toiyabes, including one along the crest.

The Toiyabe Range is separated from the Shoshone Mountains to the west by the Reese River Valley, although they intermingle at their southern extremes. On the east the Toiyabe Range is separated from the Toquima Range by the Big Smoky Valley.

The historic mining community of Austin is located on the western slope of the Toiyabe Range, about midway along its length. U.S. Route 50, the "Loneliest Highway in America", runs through Austin and then crosses the range at Austin Summit at an elevation of 7,484 feet (2,281 m). U.S. Route 6 passes to the south of the range between Tonopah and Ely.

Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest
The Toiyabe Range is in the Austin Ranger District of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest

Toiyabe Crest Trail
The National Recreation Toiyabe Crest Trail runs through the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest in the Toiyabe Range, consisting of over 70 mi of trail atop the ridge, 30 mi of which travel through the Arc Dome Wilderness. The Army Corps of Engineers constructed the trail and its many "feeder" trails in the 1930s. It travels through one of the longest roadless areas in the state, and sits atop the longest mountain range in Nevada at over 120 mi long. It is the longest continuous maintained trail in Nevada.

Trailheads
Its northern terminus, with an elevation of approximately 7500 ft, is the trailhead on Kingston Creek Road and its southern terminus, with an elevation of approximately 6100 ft is the trailhead on Twin River Road (Forest route 080); both of which are roads off SR 376.

title: Toiyabe Range


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Court of piepowders

A court of piepowders was a special tribunal in England organised by a borough on the occasion of a fair or market. Such a court had unlimited jurisdiction over personal actions or events taking place at the market, including disputes between merchants, theft, and acts of violence. Many hundreds of such courts operated in the Middle Ages, and a small number continued to exist even into modern times. Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England in 1768 described this court as "the lowest, and at the same time the most expeditious, court of justice known to the law of England".

Trial and procedure
A piepowder court was held in front of the mayor and bailiffs of the borough, or the steward, if the market or fair was held by a lord. The number of justiciars often varied but was usually limited to three or four men. Punishments typically included fines and the possibility of being held in a pillory or being drawn in a tumbrel, a two-wheeled cart, in order to humiliate the offender. More serious crimes would often be reserved for the royal justices, but sometimes the jurisdiction was still held by a piepowder court.

When the time came for the trial, both parties would be summoned; typically, the defendants would be summoned an hour earlier. Here, the burden of proof was on the plaintiff with documents and witnesses often being provided as evidence. After the plaintiff made his case, the defendant then had the right to respond to the accusation and counter with evidence of his own. This method of proof was actually rather advanced for its time. When it came to evidence in other European courts, things such as compurgation, which is the defendant taking an oath over his stance and getting around twelve others to swear that they believe him, were still used in many cases.

Trials at courts of piepowders were short, quick and informal. In 12th century England and Scotland, a decision had to be made within a day and a half (before the third tide) of the accusation. If the court ruled against the defendant and the defendant could not pay the decided amount, his property could be seized, appraised, and sold to cover the costs.

Decline
Courts of piepowders existed because of the necessity for speedy justice over people who were not permanent residents of the place where the market was held. By the seventeenth century, most of their powers had effectively been transferred to the regular court system, for practical reasons rather than as a result of legislation, the standard district courts being well established. The most recent sitting of a piepowder court was in 1898, in Hemel Hempstead.

The last "active" court of piepowders, at the Stag and Hounds Public House in Bristol, was abolished by the Courts Act 1971. It had not actually sat since 1870, but a proclamation was still read in the marketplace each year. All other courts had their jurisdiction removed by the Administration of Justice Act 1977, though they may technically continue to exist even in the absence of officers, cases, or premises.

Origin of the name
There is no one standard spelling of "piepowder": the most common variant is perhaps "pie poudre" (as in Bristol). In the past, variations included "pipoulder" in the sixteenth century, "pepowder" in the fifteenth, and "pipoudre" in the fourteenth. "Piepowder" is a modern respelling of the term based on more familiar English words. Originally, it referred to the dusty feet (in French, pieds poudrés) of travellers and vagabonds, and was only later applied to the courts who might have dealings with such people.

Also, since the members of courts of "piepowder", were not sitting on a bench, but walking around in fairs, they would often get their feet dusty. This can be another explanation of the name that is given by some common law history teachers. In modern French, the word pieds-poudreux is still occasionally used for travelling beggars; it occurs, for example, in the works of Victor Hugo. Another literary reference is Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair, in which Justice Adam Overdo patrols the fair in disguise, saying (Act 2, Scene 1):

"Many are the yeerly enormities [crimes] of this Fayre, in whose Courts of Pye-pouldres I have had the honour during the three dayes sometimes to sit as Judge."

title: Court of piepowders


text:
User talk:Quickersilver

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 20:54, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quickersilver


text: File:Alhaznawi video aljazeera.jpg

title: File:Alhaznawi video aljazeera.jpg


text:
Reversing Falls

The Reversing Falls are a series of rapids on the Saint John River located in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, where the river runs through a narrow gorge before emptying into the Bay of Fundy.

The semidiurnal tides of the bay force the flow of water to reverse against the prevailing current when the tide is high, although in the spring freshet, this is frequently surpassed by the downstream volume of water. The rapids, or "falls,” are created by a series of underwater ledges which roil the water in either direction, causing a significant navigation hazard, despite the depth of water. As a result, vessels wishing to enter or exit from the river must wait for slack tide.

The Reversing Falls have also been an important industrial site for over a century. The Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the Reversing Falls Railway Bridge in 1885 and this structure was replaced in 1922; it is currently used by the New Brunswick Southern Railway. The railway bridge crosses the gorge immediately downstream from the falls, parallel to the Reversing Falls Road Bridge.

The location of the falls was the site of a foundry and other light industrial operations on the east side of the gorge, while a large pulp mill lies on the west side. J.D. Irving, the company which has operated the pulp mill since purchasing it in the late 1940s, has encountered some criticism in recent decades for maintaining the facility at what is viewed as one of Saint John's prime tourism locations. This criticism became most pronounced during the 1980s and 1990s when the city government created Fallsview Park on the former industrial foundry lands on the east side of the gorge. The Falls were even given the dubious distinction by one publication as being among the worst tourist attractions in the world.

During the late 1990s, a tourist business was established, offering jet boat rides on the river in the vicinity of the falls; however, the boats did not operate in the roughest areas which experience a drop in water level over a very short distance. The business closed at the end of the 2013 season after 19 years. The operators tended to stay in the choppy waters immediately downstream and attempted to soak passengers by driving through small whirlpools at the base of the railway bridge. Another more recent development at the Reversing Falls has been its growing use as a whitewater kayaking location, made unique by the changes in formation of the rapids during incoming or outgoing tides.

title: Reversing Falls


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XOOPS

XOOPS is a free open-source content management system (CMS), written in PHP. It uses a modular architecture allowing users to customize, update and theme their websites. XOOPS is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is free to use, modify and redistribute.

Overview
XOOPS is an acronym of "eXtensible Object Oriented Portal System". Though started as a portal system, it later developed into a web application framework. It aims to serve as a web framework for use by small, medium and large sites, through the installation of modules. For example, a small XOOPS installation can be used as a personal weblog or journal, but this can be expanded upon and customized, i.e. users might add the appropriate modules (freeware and commercial) to store content in news, forums, downloads, and others.

Key features

 * Community : Because XOOPS is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) the growth and development of XOOPS is dependent on the contributions of a worldwide community effort.

 * Database : XOOPS uses a relational database (currently MySQL) to store data required for running a web-based content management system.

 * Advanced access control layer : Administrators have the ability to grant specific groups of users specific access rights to content and features such as edit, delete, upload, add attachments, publish content, and so on.

 * Modularized : Modules can be installed, uninstalled, activated, and deactivated using the module administration system.

 * Core features usable by modules : XOOPS possess a number of core features that can be used by modules like permissions, comments, notifications and blocks features.

 * Personalization: Administrators have the ability to set specific permissions for user access and control of individual elements of their websites.

 * User Management : The ability to search for users by various criteria, send email and private messages to users through a template-based messaging system.

 * International language support : The XOOPS community has official support sites for non-English-speaking users. Additionally XOOPS itself supports multi-byte character sets for languages that use characters not in the Latin alphabet, for example Japanese, Simplified and Traditional Chinese, Korean, etc. The multi-language support is also available on the PDF generation feature provided by the TCPDF library.

 * Theme-based skinnable interface : XOOPS uses themes for page presentation. Both administrators and users can change the look of the entire web site by selecting from available themes.

 * Templates : XOOPS uses the Smarty templating engine which allows many benefits such as easier separation between business logic and presentation logic as well as content caching.

 * Built-in LDAP authentication

 * Some SEO add-ons : A number of XOOPS modules contain features to facilitate the indexing of a website in search engines, like metatags, title tags and occasionally some URL rewriting. However, XOOPS does not give its users full control over their URLs. Where URL rewriting is possible, XOOPS often uses redirects that may confuse search engines. In addition, some XOOPS modules create duplicate content by making the same information available on more than one URL while in other cases (especially in case of multilingual sites), several sets of content may be made available through the same URL.

title: XOOPS


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Surfos

Surfos was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. User:Sj

Surfos. Not notable enough to be verifiable. Few relevant Google links and the external link to http://www.phrite.net/surfos/ is not even working. Includes links to the user namespace and violates the don't write about yourself rule. Angela. 20:56, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Normally I'd say any separate os -no matter how uncommon- is probably notable enough to have a wikipedia article on (No kidding, those things are tough!). Unfortunately the linked page simply does not exist, and google isn't helping. Might reconsider and expand article if/when a proper link is supplied. Kim Bruning 21:28, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: it's not that difficult to knock together a basic working operating system. I'd bet there are hundred of worthy but non-notable such systems languishing in CS departments the world over. --Ianb 21:41, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * re: comment: Indeed, but the actual number that is available for download or purchase is so vanishingly small (unfortunately), that there's no reason *not* to mention them. :-) Kim Bruning 07:45, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Infrogmation 21:35, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Can't find any info on this. --Ianb 21:41, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There's little/no information on this OS. -- Bobdoe 23:39, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Where to start? This is like a feast for deletionists.  Vanity, non-notability, stub, placeholder for a download link...it's a jackpot of things Wikipedia is not. Geogre 00:35, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Making it doesn't make it notable, making it available doesn't make it notable, it needs people to actually want to use it for it to be notable, and I can't see any suggestion of wider use. Average Earthman 13:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Surfos


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Health Management Associates (Arkansas company)

Health Management Associates is a defunct Arkansas-based company involved in a blood-management scandal during the 1980s.

History
HMA was founded by Francis M. Henderson, a pediatrician from Pine Bluff, Arkansas.

HMA was contracted by the state of Arkansas to provide prison healthcare in the early to mid-1980s. This arrangement allowed HMA to collect blood from the prisoners at the Cummins Unit in Grady, Arkansas. HMA paid the prisoners seven dollars and sold it at 50 $ at a profit, though some of it was proven to be infected with HIV and hepatitis C. In 1982, Henderson contracted with a Canadian company named Continental Pharma Cryosan, Limited, which turned the blood into clotting factor and sold it to the Red Cross. In 1983, Canadian officials discovered the source of the blood, and canceled the contracts. In 1985 an investigation of HMA was called by then Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton. HMA was cleared of criminal wrongdoing. A later CEO of HMA was Leonard Dunn. Dunn was a Pine Bluff banker close friend of Bill Clinton and managed to keep HMA in business. Dunn later chaired Clinton's gubernatorial campaign. He was appointed by Clinton to the Arkansas Industrial Development Commission. In 1985, the Arkansas Board of Corrections hired an independent California firm, which concluded that HMA had violated its contract in forty areas, and put much of the responsibility on Art Lockhart, Arkansas state prisons chief, director of the Arkansas Department of Corrections. Clinton did not ask for Lockharts resignation. Lockhart also was protected by Arkansas state Senator Knox Nelson. However HMA lost its contract and it closed in 1986.

Legacy
HMA is at the heart of the Arkansas Prison Plasma Scandal. Though HMA closed the Arkansas prisoner blood business continued -until 1994. Arkansas was the last US state to prohibit selling plasma extracted from prisoners.

The Krever Report
The Health Management Associates Scandal refers to the sale of tainted blood from HMA to Canadian blood banks. In 1993, Justice Horace Krever led a Royal Commission (public inquiry) which uncovered the Arkansas prison blood scheme, as he reported in 1997. The primary purpose of the report was to work on ways of improving the Canadian blood system to avoid similar problems in the future. Also, the report made mention of similar problems with prisoner blood collection practices in Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi, as well as concerns about blood in general from San Francisco.


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User talk:S.K.

First User Block in 18 years in any Wiki by JBW
 You have been blocked temporarily from editing for long-term edit-warring and refusal to accept consensus regarding Aramaic. Anyone who edits Wikipedia to any significant extent is likely to find at times that a consensus of other editors holds a view which one personally regards as completely wrong. However, Wikipedia is a collaborative project, and when consensus is against us, we have to accept that, however much we dislike doing so. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page:. JBW (talk) 23:21, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

Dan Palraz: Response to your comment at Talk:Aramaic
@Dan Palraz: With the ridiculous block of JBW I can't at the moment and given this overall experience I don't want to contribute to the English Wikipedia anymore.

Just one last response regarding your comment: There are a two reliable sources accepted by at least three of the six participants of the move discussion from what seems to be one of the most respected Aramaists in the world (look at the book description at the publisher etc. and search for him in Wikipedia and be surprised that articles of him are cited in many of the articles in this language family) and two other evenly well respected researchers on language classification cited by a renowned research institute as the basis for their classification of Aramaic as language family.

So assuming for the moment there is a "language family" "Aramaic" what should that be besides that what is currently described in the article Aramaic? The current article describes all historic and current varieties. And yes, which of those varieties are considered languages and which are considered dialects based on which definition of language is open for discussion. That's why I put in the Cleanup template. But this needs to be resolved IN THIS article, as I see no place for two articles. They would describe the same thing, only under different titles.

BTW: One last word regarding the wording "language family": The German Wikipedia distinguishes between "language family" and "de:Genetische Einheit". The English Wikipedia uses the same word for both concepts. That's why I used "sub-group of the Semitic languages" to describe the concept, where in German I would have used "Genetische Einheit". S.K. (talk) 16:05, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I’m glad @Austronesier sees it (with different words and a nice name) the same. S.K. (talk) 09:03, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * You might have you missed the most important part of my comment: the word "moot". Linguistic diversity is never adequately captured by taxomomic structures. Atomizing dialect chains into ISO-coded languages is a choice made by certain organizations, but not the ultimate guide for Wikipedia. We have had similar discussions for Ainu, Nivkh, Berber, Chinese etc. and in each case, there are other arguments at play than just linguistic distance measured by Swadesh counts and mutual intelligibility.
 * Btw, this block leaves me totally bewildered. While I agree that there should also be a point to slowly leave the dead horse, I don't see any egregious violation in your few comments in Talk:Aramaic and the (utterly annoying) hatnote. By this austere standard, I could list dozens of blockables in a minute (you know, the very ones that always prove to be miraculously unblockable when brought to ANI). –Austronesier (talk) 21:52, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comment. I did see the word “moot” in your comment. And I understand your point. Those classifications into languages and ISO codes have multiple factors beyond pure linguistic ones. Just in the last days I was involved in a discussions around Serbo-Croatian vs. the individual “languages” in the German Wikipedia. There are many sociolinguistic/political/… etc. aspects involved besides “core” linguistic points like e.g. mutual intelligibility. But my main point was, the set of varieties described in the article Aramaic is labeled in the most modern RS provided as “language family” or “a historical-linguistic abstraction”. So the current scholary opinion based on those sources seems to be that the set of varieties over all times is more than a single individual language, it’s better described as “language family” (or depending on the definition of language family as “Genetische Einheit”). It might well be that saying those 7 varieties are "languages", those 3 are "dialects” and the remaining 5 are "registers” is moot as you say. But for this one would have to read the complete articles/books cited to understand the arguments how they arrive at the conclusion that overall Aramaic is more than a single language. And describe this in the article (this is what the hatnote was about).
 * Regarding the block: it might have been that my main “crime” was listing Syriac563s behavior as vandalism. But instead of throwing it back as “boomerang” one could have looked at the contributions of Syriac563 not only related to me and the article Aramaic. And one could have taken into account some IPs mysteriously having related opinions and wording in similar articles. But no, better block an 18 year contributor with (including Wikidata) over 230.000 edits that cites sources and expects the same from those having different viewpoints without previous warning for one month. Better protect an innocent accounts right to label me and others as Assyrian nationalist. S.K. (talk) 05:21, 20 December 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:S.K.


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Mulhacén

Mulhacén, with an elevation of 3482 m, is the highest mountain in peninsular Spain and in all of the Iberian Peninsula. It is part of the Sierra Nevada range in the Penibaetic System. It is named after Abu'l-Hasan Ali, known as Muley Hacén in Spanish, the penultimate Muslim ruler of Granada in the 15th century who, according to legend, was buried on the summit of the mountain. It is still known in present-day Arabic as Jabal Mawla el-Hassan (Mountain of Mawla el-Hassan).

Mulhacén is the highest peak in Southern Europe outside of the Alps. It is also the third-most prominent peak in Western Europe, after Mont Blanc and Mount Etna, and is ranked 64th in the world by prominence. The peak is not exceptionally dramatic in terms of steepness or local relief. The south flank of the mountain is gentle and presents no technical challenge, as is the case for the long west ridge. The shorter, somewhat steeper northeast ridge is slightly more technical. The north face of the mountain is much steeper and offers several routes involving moderately steep climbing on snow and ice (up to French grade AD) in the winter.

Mulhacén can be climbed in a single day from the villages of either Capileira or Trevélez, but it is more common to spend a night at the mountain refuge at Poqueira, or in the bare shelter at Caldera to the west. Those making the ascent from Trevélez can also bivouac at the tarns to the northeast of the peak.

Accidents
On 5 March 2006, three British climbers from Teesside died on the mountain from suspected hypothermia. Initial reports quoting the Spanish Civil Guard stated that the three were ill-equipped for the extreme conditions. This claim was subsequently disputed both by the family and a colleague of one of the climbers, and by one of the rescuers. A plaque dedicated to them has been placed at the summit.

title: Mulhacén


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Magic word

Magic words are phrases used in fantasy fiction or by stage magicians. Frequently such words are presented as being part of a divine, adamic, or other secret or empowered language. Certain comic book heroes use magic words to activate their powers. Magic words are also used as Easter eggs or cheats in computer games, other software, and operating systems. (For example, the words xyzzy, plugh, and plover were magic words in the classic computer adventure game Colossal Cave Adventure.)

Invocations of magic
Examples of traditional and modern magic words include:
 * Abracadabra – magic word used by magicians.
 * Ajji Majji la Tarajji – Iranian magic word (Persian).
 * Alakazam – a phrase used by magicians.
 * Chhu Montor Chhu – a phrase used by magicians in Bangladesh.
 * Hocus pocus – a phrase used by magicians.
 * Jantar Mantar Jadu Mantar – a phrase used by magicians in India.
 * Presto chango or Hey Presto – used by magicians (probably intended to suggest "quick change").
 * Please – the nicest magic word.

Magic words in fiction

 * Aajaye – used often by the clowns in Jaye's magic circus.
 * Ala Peanut Butter Sandwiches – used by The Amazing Mumford on Sesame Street.
 * Ananasakäämä - originally from the Finnish live-action comedy movie Pekka ja Pätkä sammakkomiehinä ("Pekka and Pätkä as frogmen"), used later by magician Timo Kulmakko appearing as Timo Taikuri ("Timo Magician") on Pikku Kakkonen.
 * Azarath Metrion Zinthos, used by Raven in the DC Comics series Teen Titans, its 2003 TV series and its cartoon spin-off Teen Titans Go!.
 * Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo – used by Cinderella's Fairy Godmother.
 * Boom Zahramay, a saying used in the Nickelodeon preschool show Shimmer and Shine.
 * By the Power of Grayskull, I HAVE THE POWER – used by the Prince Adam, of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, to transform him into He-Man.
 * Cei-u – used by the DC Comics superhero, Johnny Thunder, to summon his magical genie-like Thunderbolt.
 * Fus Ro Dah – used as a shout by those with the voice in the Elder Scrolls video game series.
 * Izzy wizzy, let's get busy – Used on The Sooty Show when using Sooty's magic wand.
 * Hex! Hex! – used by Bibi Blocksberg in the popular German children's audio drama series, called Bibi Blocksberg and Bibi and Tina.
 * Jokeri pokeri box - "Joker poker box", used by magician Simo Aalto.
 * Joshikazam – used by Josh Nichols, a character from the popular Nickelodeon show Drake & Josh.
 * Klaatu barada nikto – A phrase used in the 1951 movie The Day the Earth Stood Still. While not intended as magical words in that movie, they were used as such in the spoof horror movie Army of Darkness.
 * Mecca lecca hi, mecca hiney ho – Jambi on Pee-wee's Playhouse.
 * Meeska, Mooska, Mickey Mouse – used on the children's TV series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse to make the Clubhouse appear.
 * Oo ee oo ah ah ting tang walla walla bing bang, phrase used in song "Witch Doctor" performed by Ross Bagdasarian Sr., and released in 1958 by Liberty Records under the stage name David Seville.
 *  Kulja Sim Sim – a Hindi and Urdu phrase popularized in 1956 Bollywood film "Alibaba Aur 40 Chor"
 * Open sesame – used by the character Ali Baba in the English version of a tale from One Thousand and One Nights.
 * Ostagazuzulum – used by the title character, Wizbit, in the British Children's TV series Wizbit.
 * Shazam – used by the comic book hero Billy Batson to change into Captain Marvel.
 * Hey, Shadow, remember who you are (Тень, знай своё место) - an incantation used by a Scientist in a movie The Shadow to return his lost shadow, who became to live its own life, to its proper place.
 * Schwan, kleb an! (literally "Swan, hold fast") - a spell used by the Youngest Brother in the tale "The Magic Swan" in the collection of Ludwig Bechstein. This spell made the people, who touched his magic swan, stick to the latter.
 * Shimbaree, Shimbarah, Shimbaree, Shimbarah – used on the children's video and TV series Barney and the Backyard Gang and Barney & Friends.
 * Sim Sala Bim – a phrase used by Harry August Jansen a.k.a. Dante The Magician, c. 1940. "Sim Sim Sala Bim" are the magic words said by Hadji on the shows The Adventures of Jonny Quest and The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest. The line was used by Oscar "Oz" Diggs in Oz the Great and Powerful.
 * Suolaa, suolaa, enemmän suolaa - "Salt, salt, more salt", used by Nils Hedengren appearing as magician Faqir Kronblom on Sirkus Papukaija.
 * Treguna Mekoides Trecorum Satis Dee – the spell for 'Substitutiary Locomotion' written on the Star of Astoroth in the movie Bedknobs and Broomsticks.
 * Walla Walla Washington – Bugs Bunny in Looney Tunes.
 * Wiggle Waggle – Greg Page in The Wiggles.
 * Yo Gabba Gabba – DJ Lance Rock in Yo Gabba Gabba!.

Craig Conley, a scholar of magic, writes that the magic words used by conjurers may originate from "pseudo-Latin phrases, nonsense syllables, or esoteric terms from religious antiquity", but that what they have in common is "language as an instrument of creation".

title: Magic word


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Corner kick

A corner kick, commonly known as a corner, is the method of restarting play in a game of association football when the ball goes out of play over the goal line, without a goal being scored and having last been touched by a member of the defending team. The kick is taken from the corner of the field of play nearest to the place where the ball crossed the goal line.

Corners are considered to be a reasonable goal-scoring opportunity for the attacking side, though not as much as a penalty kick or a direct free kick near the edge of the penalty area.

A corner kick that scores without being touched by another player is called an Olympico goal, or less commonly, Olympic goal.

Award
A corner kick is awarded when the ball wholly crosses the goal line outside of the goal frame having been last touched by a member of the team defending that end of the pitch. For the purposes of this rule, it does not matter if this touch is deliberate; it is permissible to kick the ball at an opponent to win a corner kick.

A corner kick is also awarded instead of an own goal when the ball enters a team's goal, having been last touched by a member of the defending team, in the following rare situations:
 * directly from a kick-off, free kick (whether direct or indirect), throw-in, goal kick, or corner kick.
 * from a dropped ball, if the ball has not been touched by at least two players.

The corner kick is taken from whichever corner was closer to the point where the ball went out of play.

Procedure

 * The assistant referee will signal that a corner should be awarded by first raising his flag, then using it to point at the corner area on their side of the pitch; however, this is not an indication of which side the kick should be taken from. The referee signals the corner by pointing, with an upward extension of the arm, to the corner area from which the kick is to be taken.
 * The ball must be stationary and on the ground within the corner area formed by a quarter circle with a radius of one yard (1 metre) from the corner flagpost inside the field of play.
 * All opposing players must be at least 10 yards (9.15 metres) from the corner area until the ball is in play. Marks may optionally be made on the goal line and touchline at a distance of 10 yards from the corner area to assist the referee in enforcing this provision.
 * The ball is in play when it is kicked and clearly moves; it does not need to leave the corner area.
 * The player taking the corner kick may not touch the ball a second time before it has touched another player.
 * The attacking side may score directly from a corner kick, though this is uncommon. An own goal may not be scored directly: in the extremely unlikely event of the ball going directly into the attacking team's own goal from a corner kick, a corner kick would be awarded to the opposing side.
 * An attacking player who directly receives the ball from a corner kick cannot be penalised for offside.

Infringements
If the kick is taken with a moving ball, or from the wrong place, the corner kick is retaken.

Opposing players must retire the required distance as stated above. Failure to do so promptly may constitute misconduct and be punished by a yellow card.

A player who excessively delays the restart of play is cautioned.

It is an offence for the kicker to touch the ball a second time before it has been touched by another player; this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case a direct free kick is awarded to the defending team.

Tactics in taking and defending a corner
A common tactic is for several attackers to stand close in front of the goal, whereupon the corner taker crosses the ball for them to head into the goal.

The defending team may choose to form a wall of players in an attempt to force the ball to be played to an area which is more easily defended. However, this is not done often because defending players must remain at least 10 yards from the ball until it is in play.

The defending team also has the choice of whether to instruct a player to adopt a position beside one or both of the goalposts to provide protection to the goal in addition to the goalkeeper. The thinking behind placing a player beside a goalpost is that it means more of the goal area is protected and there is no loss in the ability to play an offside trap because offside does not apply for the first touch from a corner, and it compensates for a keeper's positioning and/or reach.

The defending team also has to decide how many players it needs to defend a corner. Teams may withdraw every player into a defensive area, however this diminishes the potential for a counter-attack if possession is regained, and as such, allows the attacking side to commit more players to attacking the goal. Withdrawing all players into a defensive area also means that if the ball is cleared from an initial cross, it is more than likely that the attacking team will regain possession of the ball and begin a new attack.

In situations where a set-piece, such as a corner, is awarded to a side trailing by a single goal at the closing stages of a match where conceding further is of minimal consequence (i.e. in a knockout tournament) a team may commit all their players, including their goalkeeper, to the attack.

Man versus zonal marking
Two popular strategies used for defending corners are called man marking and zonal marking. Man marking involves each defensive player at a corner being given an attacking player to defend, with their objective being to stop the attacking player from heading the ball. The other tactic, zonal marking, involves allocating each player to an area of the box to defend (their "zone"). The objective for players in zonal marking is to get to the ball first if it enters their zone and head it away from danger before an attacking player can reach it.

Alternate tactics
Rather than the kicker attempting a cross, an alternative strategy for the attacking team is the short corner. The ball is passed to a player close the kicker, to create a better angle of approach toward the goal.

Teams attempting to time-waste may keep the ball in the corner of the pitch for as long as possible rather than attempt an attack.

Scoring a goal directly from a corner: Olympico goal

It is possible to score with a corner kick if sufficient swerve is given to the kick and/or if wind is blowing toward the goal. The goalkeeper is usually considered at fault if a goal is scored from a corner.

This type of goal is called an Olympic goal or Olympico goal. On 14 June 1924, the IFAB formally legalized scoring in this manner; the first such goal was scored on 2 October 1924 by Argentina's Cesáreo Onzari against Uruguay, who had just won the 1924 Olympic title.

For decades, English speakers generally used the term Olympic goal. But the 21st century has seen the rise in the use of Olympico goal, derived from the Spanish and Portuguese term gol olímpico widely used in Latin America. Max Bretos has used it on Fox Soccer Channel in the United States, reflecting Latino influence on the sport's culture there. Virtually all reports of Megan Rapinoe's goal in the bronze medal match at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics referred to it as an Olympico goal.

Notable examples
 * Although FIFA states the first goal from a corner was scored by Billy Alston in Scotland on 21 August 1924, in fact, Alston's goal was from a header two days later on 23 August 1924, when Alston scored for St Bernard's F.C. in a Scottish Second Division match against Albion Rovers F.C..
 * The first recorded Olympico goal in England was by Huddersfield Town's Billy Smith on 11 October 1924.
 * Portuguese footballer João Morais scored directly from a corner for Sporting Clube de Portugal in the 1964 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, eventually deciding the match and the destiny of the trophy.
 * Steve Staunton scored two Olympico goals for the Republic of Ireland: the first against Portugal in the 1992 U.S. Cup (7 June 1992), and the second against Northern Ireland in the 1994 World Cup qualifiers on 31 March 1993.
 * Megan Rapinoe from the United States scored the first Olympico goal at the Olympic Games in the 2012 women's semi-final match against Canada, as well as in the 2020 bronze medal match against Australia.
 * The first Olympico goal in the men's World Cup was achieved at the 1962 FIFA World Cup in the group stage match between Colombia and the Soviet Union by Marcos Coll, beating Lev Yashin, widely considered the best goalkeeper of all time.,  although new investigations seem to indicate that it was in the 1938 World Cup in a three-goal draw and was scored by Jose Magriña.
 * In January 2012, Paul Owens took advantage of strong winds to score two goals direct from corners in the second half of Coleraine's 3–1 win over Glenavon at the Irish Premiership.
 * In Vietnam's 7–0 demolition of Malaysia at the 2015 AFF Women's Championship on home soil, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Dung scored two goals from direct corners. They were scored on either side, with either foot. She also scored another direct corner goal against regional rivals Myanmar at the 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup.
 * At the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, Elise Kellond-Knight scored directly from a corner in the 83rd minute for Australia to bring the score to 1–1 against Norway. Norway went on to win the match on penalties.
 * Melbourne Victory won the 2021 W-League grand final after Kyra Cooney-Cross scored directly from a corner in the 120th minute.
 * Mohsin Al-Khaldi scored directly from a corner to put Oman in the lead against Vietnam in the third round of qualification for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. He could have scored one more against China, if not for Amjad Al-Harthi's slight touch on the ball before it went into the net.
 * Manchester United women midfielder Katie Zelem scored two Olimpico goals in a 4–0 win against Leicester City on 6 March 2022 in the FA Women's Super League.
 * Douglas Luiz scored directly from a corner in Aston Villa's 2–1 defeat to Arsenal in the Premier League on 31 August 2022. It was the second time in a week he scored directly from a corner after scoring the same goal against Bolton Wanderers in Aston Villa's 4–1 win over them in the EFL Cup.
 * Claire Emslie scored directly from a corner for Angel City FC in their National Women's Soccer League match against OL Reign which ultimately finished as a 4–1 defeat on May 23, 2023.
 * Katie McCabe scored directly from a corner in Republic of Ireland's FIFA Women's World Cup group stage 1–2 defeat against Canada on 26 July 2023.
 * Tristan Borges scored an Olympico as the game-winning goal in extra time of the 2023 Canadian Premier League final to secure the league championship for Forge FC in a 2–1 win over Cavalry FC.
 * James Ward-Prowse scored an Olympico as the game-winning goal in West Ham United's 2–1 win against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a Premier League match on 6 April 2024.

Corner instead of own goal from restart
Most methods of restarting the game do not permit the scoring of an own goal directly from the restart; if the ball enters the goal directly, a corner is awarded instead. This is the case for the kick-off, goal kick, dropped ball, throw-in, corner kick, and free kick (direct or indirect). Such incidents are extremely rare, and in some cases require unusual or extraordinary circumstances in order to occur (for example, a ball from a corner kick would have to travel the entire length of the field and enter the kicker's own goal without being touched by any other player).

In a 1983–84 English Third Division match, Millwall were incorrectly credited with a goal against Wimbledon rather than a corner, when Wally Downes' free-kick backpass eluded an off-guard Dave Beasant. In a 2002–03 FA Premier League match, Birmingham City scored against their local rivals Aston Villa when Olof Mellberg's throw-in backpass was missed by Villa goalkeeper Peter Enckelman, who reacted with dismay but later claimed he had made no contact and the goal should not have been awarded. His reaction may have persuaded referee David Elleray that Enckelman had grazed the ball; manager Graham Taylor suggested it showed he was unaware of the corner rule, a charge Enckelman denied.

Background
Under the original 1863 rules of the Football Association, a ball kicked behind the goal-line was treated similarly to present-day rugby: if an attacking player touched the ball down first, the attacking team was awarded a free-kick at goal (similar to a conversion in rugby), while if a defending player touched the ball down first, the defending team was awarded a goal-kick. These rules were subsequently simplified, so that by 1867 a goal-kick was awarded in all circumstances, regardless of which team touched the ball.

During this period, clubs around Sheffield played their own distinctive code of football. The laws promulgated in early March 1867 by the newly formed Sheffield Football Association contained a similar rule: a goal-kick was awarded whenever the ball went behind the goal-line, regardless of which team touched the ball. One problem with these early rules was mentioned at the 1867 FA meeting: "Where one side was very much weaker than the other, a very great deal of time was wasted by players intentionally letting the ball go behind their own goal-line (in some instances kicking it there themselves) particularly in playing against time."

Introduction in Sheffield rules
An early law providing for a throw-in from the corner flag had already been used by the Sheffield Mechanics' Football Club for the 1865–66 season: "When the ball is in touch, the side that first touches it must bring it to the edge of the touch at the place where it went in, and throw it straight out at least six yards, and it must touch the ground before coming in contact with any player, except it be kicked out at the goal-sides, then it must be taken to the corner-flag and thrown in."

The corner-kick itself was suggested in a letter to the editor of the Sheffield Daily Telegraph published on 22 March 1867. The author, writing under the pseudonym "Rouge", argued that the then-current rule was "a great inducement to foul and dishonourable play, for it is manifestly to the advantage of a defending side to allow the ball to pass their goal line, they having the great advantage or a free kick-off". Instead, Rouge suggested, "when the ball is kicked behind the goal-line, the players [should] run for touch, and the side winning the touch, kicks in from the nearest corner-flag".

The corner-kick was introduced to Sheffield football the following year, as the result of a rule-change proposed by Norfolk F.C. The law, adopted in October 1868, ran: "When the ball is kicked over the bar of the goal, it must be kicked-off by the side behind whose goal it went, within six yards from the limit of their goal. The side who thus kick the ball are entitled to a fair kick-off in whatever way they please; the opposite side not being allowed to approach within six yards of the ball. When the ball is kicked behind the goal line, a player of the opposite side to that which kicked it out, shall kick it in from the nearest corner-flag; no player to be allowed within six yards of the ball until kicked." This Sheffield form of the corner-kick had two significant differences from today's version: The Sheffield clubs would retain this form of the corner-kick rule until they adopted the FA's rules wholesale in 1877.
 * The corner-kick could be awarded to either the attacking or the defending team, depending on which team kicked the ball behind the goal-line.
 * When the ball was kicked directly over the crossbar, by either team, a goal-kick was awarded to the defending team.

Introduction in association football
In 1872, the Sheffield Association successfully introduced the corner-kick into the Football Association's code. The new FA rule was identical to the Sheffield rule, as described above.

1873 changes
The next year, 1873, the FA rule was rewritten, under a proposal by Great Marlow FC, to essentially its current form: The FA rule of 1873 stated: "When the ball is kicked behind the goal-line by one of the opposite side, it shall be kicked off by any one of the players behind whose goal line it went, within six yards of the nearest goal post; but if kicked behind by any one of the side whose goal line it is, a player of the opposite side shall kick it from the nearest corner flag-post. In either case no other player shall be allowed within six yards of the ball until kicked off."
 * When the attacking team kicked the ball behind the goal-line, a goal-kick was awarded to the defending team
 * When the defending team kicked the ball behind the goal-line, a corner-kick was awarded to the attacking team.

Name
The name "corner-kick" first appears in the laws of 1883. Before this, the phrase "corner-flag kick" was used (1875).

Position of the kick
In 1874, the kick was allowed to be taken from within one yard of the corner-flag, rather than from the flag itself.

Position of other players
Initially, all other players were forbidden to be within six yards of the ball at a corner-kick; this was altered to all opposing players in 1888. In 1913 and 1914, the distance was increased from six yards to ten yards. In 2006, the minimum distance was specified as ten yards from the corner area, rather than from the ball.

Putting the ball into play
In 1905, it was specified that the ball "must make a complete circuit or travel the distance of its circumference" before being in play. In 1997, this requirement was eliminated: the ball became in play as soon as it was kicked and moved. In 2016, it was specified that the ball must "clearly" move.

Offside from a corner-kick
When first introduced in 1872, the corner-kick was required to be taken from the corner-flag itself, which made it impossible for an attacking player to be in an offside position directly from a corner. In 1874, the kick was allowed to be taken up to one yard from the corner-flag, thus opening up the possibility of a player being in an offside position by being ahead of the ball. At the International Football Conference of December 1882, it was agreed that a player should not be offside from a corner-kick; this change was incorporated into the Laws of the Game in 1883.

Scoring a goal from a corner-kick
When it was first introduced in 1872, there was no restriction on scoring a goal directly from a corner-kick. In 1875, this was forbidden, but it was subsequently legalised by the International Football Association Board (IFAB) meeting of 14 June 1924 with effect from for the following season, and is now referred to as an Olympico goal. In 1997, the laws were amended to remove the possibility of scoring an own goal directly from a corner kick.

Touching the ball twice from a corner-kick
When initially introduced in 1872, there was no restriction on dribbling from a corner-kick. In 1875, this was changed: it was forbidden for a player to touch the ball again after taking a corner-kick, before the ball had been touched by another player.

In 1924, this restriction was accidentally removed, as an unintended consequence of the law-change allowing a goal to be scored directly from a corner. This possibility was exploited by Everton winger Sam Chedgzoy in a match against Arsenal on 15 November of that year. At the end of November, the International Football Association Board issued emergency instructions that dribbling was once again forbidden. The law was formally amended to prohibit dribbling at the next annual meeting of the Board, in 1925.

Punishment for infringement
In 1882, an indirect free-kick was awarded when the player taking the corner-kick touched the ball again before it had touched another player.

In 1905, an indirect free-kick was awarded for any infringement at a corner-kick.

These penalties were accidentally removed from the laws in 1924, as described above. In 1930, both penalties were reinstated. In 1973, the remedy for infringements other than the double touch was changed to a retake.

Pitch markings
The one-yard quarter-circle pitch marking is first explicitly mentioned in the Laws of the Game in 1938, but appears in the diagram of the pitch as early as 1902. In 1995, the Laws of the Game were updated to explicitly allow optional marks on the goal line 11 yards from the corner flag, at right angles to the goal-line, to aid the referee in enforcing the minimum distance from the corner kick. In 2008, similar optional marks were permitted at right angles to the touch lines. (In 1977, the Scottish FA had proposed an additional pitch-marking of a quarter-circle with a radius of 11 yards for this purpose, but the suggestion was rejected).

Use as a tiebreaker
In the early 1920s, some charity matches began using corner-kicks as a tie-breaker in order to avoid replays. In response, the laws of the game were amended in 1923 to state explicitly that the goal was the only means of scoring, and that a match that ended with equal number of goals scored was drawn. Despite this, the Dublin City Cup (until the 1960s) and Dublin and Belfast Inter-City Cup (in the 1940s) used corner count as a tiebreaker in knockout rounds. The use of corner-kicks in this manner was never approved by the International Football Association Board, and in 1970 IFAB endorsed the penalty shoot-out as its approved method of breaking ties.

Summary
This table includes only kicks from the corner flag awarded to the attacking team after the ball goes out of play over the goal line. For kicks awarded to the defending team, see the goal kick article.

title: Corner kick


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Talk:Mulhacén

Untitled
I changed the photo to one I took - I prefer mine but feel free to revert it. --Kick the cat 02:15, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Highest in Europe outside the Alps and Caucasus
In spite of the geographical situation, the Canary Islands and Greenland are both generally considered to be more European than African or American. After all, the Caucasus are considered to be in Europe, despite being geographically in Asia. Therefore I think the word "mainland", which is indisputably correct and more NPOV, should be restored. Viewfinder 23:10, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

No! The Russian Caucasus is geographically in Europe! That is the border of Europe. The Transcaucasus ( azerbaijan, Armenia Georgia) is geographically Asia, whereas Chechnyaa or Dagestan, for example is Europe.Look up Elbrus. The Canary islands are Africa geographically and Greenland is America. Geography is not a question of degrees or what people generally consider. There are clear boundaries between continents. --Burgas00 23:16, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * With respect, there are not clear boundaries between continents. You have to consider politics and culture as well as geography. Politically and culturally, the Canaries are part of Europe. Even the geographical boundary between Asia and Australia is not clear cut. That Elbrus is considered to be in Europe is not in question, but physically - and culturally - the entire Caucasus range is more closely connected with Asia, whereas politically, the entire range is considered to be in Europe. The term continent is a landmass, which mocks the whole concept of crests of mountain ranges defining continental boundaries, despite the acceptance of the Urals as such. Viewfinder 06:50, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I reinstated the "mainland" qualification, with an explanatory note, since Europe can indeed be considered to include the Canaries and Greenland. That's not to say that any possible definition of Europe must include them---but with "mainland" in the article, it is unambiguous. As for the Caucasus, isn't that a moot issue in this particular case? -- Spireguy 19:49, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

What??? I cannot believe you guys are actually saying this!!! You learn this stuff in school at age 8!! Never heard of Asian Turkey and European Turkey? Are you going to try to convince me that Mexico is in South America because they speak Spanish? Or that Ceuta is actually not in Africa because it is part of Spain? Or that Edirne is not in Europe because it is part of Turkey? Or the Sinai is not in Asia? Or that French Guyana is actually in Europe because its part of France? Culture and politics is irrelevant to geography.

Being (for once) 100% sure I am right on this particular issue, I am reverting. --Burgas00 22:04, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

To prove my point: Have a look at this article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe

and this one http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Europe

--Burgas00 22:15, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

The Canaries were listed under Europe here after discussion among several researchers. They are part of the European Union; so, for a time, was Greenland. For cultural and political reasons, both are widely considered to be in Europe, albeit geographically incorrectly. Do most holiday makers who go to the Canaries consider themselves to have been to Africa? I do not think so. By contrast, Ceuta is physically attached to the African mainland. We can discuss the wording of the footnote but I think that it should remain. Btw, I must point out persistent complaints about POV editing at User_Talk:Burgas00, and to ask that editor to be careful not to transgress WP:CIV. Viewfinder 06:32, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

I do not know what British or German tourists may think, I do believe it should not be a guide for our judgement on wikipedia. The fact remains that canarian people know that their islands form part of the african continent. Such a straightforward fact is not disputed by anyone, at least in Spain, where I lived for many years. If its not even disputed in Spain where else is it going to be disputed? This is simply ridiculous.

Have you even looked at the Canary islands on a map? Your statement is akin to saying "Mexico is a country in north america which for political or cultural reasons is considered to be in central america". No. its not. Mexico is in North America, even if north america has connotations in people's minds of anglo america. You are arguing a lost cause, viewfinder. --Burgas00 11:11, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, I am well aware of the geographical location of the Canary Islands (see, which I created). Be sure also that Mexico has a long land border with the USA, and that cultural and political considerations are relevant to continental boundaries. Try telling the Armenians and Georgians that they are not Europeans, and reading WP:CIV. Thank you. Viewfinder 11:30, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Viewfinder on the need for civility, but I agree with Burgas00 on the current phrasing of the article. The geographical affiliation is more important, and as long as the note stays in, it's still unambiguous what is meant. I do strongly feel that the note should stay in, since even if "culture and politics is irrelevant to geography", it needs to be clear that a geographic definition is being used here. (A casual reader could be confused by the fact that Mulhacén is the highest point in the Iberian Peninsula and not the highest point in Spain, for example; the note clarifies this.) As Burgas00 points out, "mainland" unnecessarily excludes Britain, Sicily, etc. So I'm OK with leaving the word "mainland" out. But please, Burgas00, tone down your rhetoric a bit, I'd appreciate it. Thanks -- Spireguy 17:15, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Sorry about my lack of civility, I was just a bit shocked because I felt that you guys were arguing a point without having given it much thought beforehand. --Burgas00 00:31, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Height
There seems to be a mistake regarding height. According to Spanish source it is 3482 m... any reason for this discrepance?--Burgas00 11:55, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Fair comment. Internet sources vary from 3477m to 3482m. Even Spanish wikipedia shows discrepancy, see . According to my source in Spain, it was officially revised from 3482m to 3479m a few years ago, but there should be a verifiable source that this is correct (or not correct). I will see what I can dig up. Viewfinder 12:28, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair enough... :-)--Burgas00 14:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I got the info from IGN and have uploaded it. I hope this settles the matter. Viewfinder 18:12, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mulhacén


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User talk:Wazerface

This account is not very active but may make occasional edits to various pages.

title: User talk:Wazerface


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American Defense Service Medal

The American Defense Service Medal was a military award of the United States Armed Forces, established by, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, on June 28, 1941. The medal was intended to recognize those military service members who had served on active duty between September 8, 1939, and December 7, 1941.

A similar medal, known as the American Campaign Medal, was established in 1942, for service in the American Theater during the World War II era.

History
The American Defense Service Medal was established by Executive Order 8808, on 28 June 1941, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and announced in War Department Bulletin 17, 1941. The criteria for the medal was announced in War Department Circular 44, on 13 February 1942. The service ribbon design was approved by the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy on January 7, 1942. The medal was designed by Mr. Lee Lawrie, a civilian sculptor from Easton, Maryland. The model was approved by the Commission of Fine Arts on May 5, 1942.

Criteria
The medal is authorized to military members who served on active duty between President Roosevelt's declaration of a limited national emergency on September 8, 1939, and the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Members of the United States Army, to include those in the Organized Reserve and National Guard, received this medal for any length of service during the eligibility period, provided that they were on orders to active duty for a period of twelve months or longer. The United States Navy excluded those reservists who were on active duty for less than ten days during the eligibility period, but otherwise the Navy, United States Marine Corps, and United States Coast Guard awarded the medal to all personnel who served on active duty at any time during the eligibility period, Regular or Reservist, provided they passed their initial physical examinations, such as in the case of those Reservists called back to extended active duty prior to the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, or enlisted recruits or officer candidates who entered the Navy or Marine Corps during the same period.

Appearance
The bronze medal is 1+1/4 in in diameter. On the obverse is a female Grecian figure symbolic of defense, holding in her sinister hand an ancient war shield in reverse and her dexter hand brandishing a sword above her head, and standing upon a conventionalized oak branch with four leaves. Around the top is the lettering "AMERICAN DEFENSE". The reverse is the wording "FOR SERVICE DURING THE LIMITED EMERGENCY PROCLAIMED BY THE PRESIDENT ON SEPTEMBER 8, 1939 OR DURING THE UNLIMITED EMERGENCY PROCLAIMED BY THE PRESIDENT ON MAY 27, 1941" above a seven-leafed spray of laurel.

The suspension and service ribbon of the medal is 1+3/8 in wide and consists of the following stripes: 3/16 in Golden Yellow 67104; 1/8 in triparted Old Glory Blue 67178; White 67101; and Scarlet 67111; center 3/4 in Golden Yellow; 1/8 in triparted Scarlet; White; and Old Glory Blue 67178; and 3/16 in Golden yellow. The golden yellow color was symbolic of the golden opportunity of the youth of the United States to serve the National colors, represented by the blue, white and red pin stripes on each side.

Devices
The American Defense Service Medal was authorized with the following devices:

 * Foreign Service Clasp: Issued by the United States Army for military service outside the continental limits of the United States, including service in Alaska. The foreign service clasp is a bronze bar 1/8 in in width and 1+1/2 in in length with the words FOREIGN SERVICE, with a star at each end of the inscription.
 * Base Clasp: Issued by the U.S. Navy and United States Marine Corps for service outside the continental limits of the United States (service in either Alaska or Hawaii qualified).
 * Fleet Clasp: Issued by the Navy, Marine Corps and United States Coast Guard for service on the high seas while regularly attached to any vessels of the Atlantic, Pacific, or Asiatic fleets as well as vessels of the Naval Transport Service and vessels operating directly under the Chief of Naval Operations. The Fleet clasp is a bronze bar 1/8 in in width and 1+1/2 in in length with the words FLEET inscribed.
 * Sea Clasp: Issued by the Coast Guard for all other vessels and aircraft, not qualifying for the Fleet Clasp, which regularly conducted patrols at sea.
 * "A" Device: Awarded to any member of the Navy who served duty in actual or potential belligerent contact with Axis Powers in the Atlantic Ocean between June 22 and December 7, 1941. The "A" Device was also worn on the medal's uniform ribbon.
 * Service star: Worn in lieu of clasps when wearing the American Defense Service Medal as a ribbon on a military uniform.

title: American Defense Service Medal


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User:Ramos~enwiki

Welcome

title: User:Ramos~enwiki