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University of Zagreb

The University of Zagreb (Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Universitas Studiorum Zagrabiensis) is a public research university in Zagreb, Croatia. It is the largest Croatian university and one of the oldest continuously operating universities in Europe. The University of Zagreb and the University North are the only public universities operating in Northern and Central Croatia.

The history of the University began on September 23, 1669, when the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I issued a decree granting the establishment of the Jesuit Academy of the Royal Free City of Zagreb. The decree was accepted at the Council of the Croatian Kingdom on November 3, 1671. The Academy was run by the Jesuits for more than a century until the order was dissolved by Pope Clement XIV in 1773. In 1776, Empress Maria Theresa issued a decree founding the Royal Academy of Science which succeeded the previous Jesuit Academy. Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer proposed the founding of a University to the Croatian Parliament in 1861. Emperor Franz Joseph signed the decree on the establishment of the University of Zagreb in 1869. The Act of Founding was passed by the Parliament in 1874, and was ratified by the Emperor on January 5, 1874. On October 19, 1874, the Royal University of Franz Joseph I was officially opened.

The University is composed of 29 faculties, 3 art academies and 1 university center with more than 70,000 students.

Academy
The beginnings of the later university date back to 23 September 1669 when Emperor and King Leopold I Habsburg issued a decree granting the establishment of the Jesuit Academy of the Royal Free City of Zagreb. According to that document the study of philosophy in Zagreb acquired a formal and legal status as Neoacademia Zagrabiensis and officially became a public institution of higher education.

The academy was run by the Jesuits for more than a century until the order was dissolved by Pope Clement XIV in 1773. Under a new leadership in 1772 the academy enrolled a total of 200 students.

In 1776 Empress and Queen Maria Theresa issued a decree founding the Royal Academy of Science (Regia Scientiarum Academia). It consisted of three studies or faculties of philosophy, theology, and law. The former political-cameral studies became part of the newly established faculty of law, and thus were integrated into the academy. Each of the faculties of the Royal Academy of Sciences had several chairs teaching one or several courses. During the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 and following the Austrian occupation of Belgrade on 8 October 1789 the Royal Academy requested to be granted the university status with the following argumentation: "If we consider the current circumstances in which serious consideration is given not only to the removal of obstacles to science, but also to the appointment of our local citizens to all services in these kingdoms, and if we also consider for a moment future opportunities, not only that the part of Croatia that is still sobbing under the Turkish yoke but also the kingdoms of Bosnia and Serbia – [...] – will be liberated and that these glorious kingdoms will be almost expanded. We believe that it is not only proud and useful, but also absolutely necessary to have in our environment such a university in which – when all obstacles to scientific work are removed and when funds for its development are obtained – number of local youth will be educated in all the sciences and noble skills for performing various services in their homeland."

The academy in Zagreb remained until 1874, despite numerous organizational changes, the focal institution of higher education in Croatia, educating most of the members of the Croatian intelligentsia.

University

Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer in 1861 proposed to the Croatian Parliament the founding of a university at Zagreb. During his visit in 1869, the Emperor Franz Joseph signed the decree on the establishment of the University of Zagreb. Five years later, the Parliament passed the Act of Founding, which was ratified by the Emperor on 5 January 1874. On 19 October 1874, a ceremony was held in the name of the founding of the Royal University of Franz Joseph I in Zagreb, making it the third university in the Hungarian realm of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

In 1874 the University had four faculties:
 * Law (Pravno-državoslovni fakultet)
 * Theology (Bogoslovni fakultet)
 * Philosophy (Mudroslovni fakultet)
 * Medicine (Liječnički fakultet)

The Faculty of Medicine was not put into function in 1874; it had to wait until 1917. The Faculty of Philosophy served as the general scientific faculty. Since 1876 it had geology, botany, physics, mathematics, and chemistry; since 1877 zoology; since 1882 pharmacy; since 1883 geography.

In 1860, the Royal Agriculture and Forestry College was founded in Križevci. In 1898, the Academy of Forestry (Šumarska akademija) was founded as part of the Faculty of Philosophy, which encompassed all technical studies. In 1919, this school became the Faculty of Husbandry and Forestry.

In 1919, the School of Technology (Tehnička visoka škola) was founded, which was transformed into a university faculty in 1926. Also in 1919 the School of Veterinary Medicine (Veterinarska visoka škola) was founded; it transformed into a university faculty in 1925. From 1920 to 1924 shortly existed Faculty of Eastern Orthodox Theology.

In the Faculty of Philosophy, major reorganization ensued in the 1920s, as mathematics, pharmacy and other sciences started to split off, first with the creation of separate mathematics and pharmaceutical departments in 1928, when the faculty was renamed into its current name Filozofski fakultet.

In 1926, the university was composed of seven faculties:
 * Theology (Bogoslovni fakultet)
 * Law (Pravnički fakultet)
 * Medicine (Liječnički fakultet)
 * Philosophy (Mudroslovni fakultet)
 * Philosophy dept. (Filozofski odjel)
 * Pharmacy dept. (Farmaceutski odjel)
 * Husbandry and Forestry (Gospodarsko-šumarski fakultet)
 * Veterinary Medicine (Veterinarski fakultet)
 * Technology (Tehnički fakultet)
 * Construction dept. (Građevni odsjek)
 * Engineering dept. (Strojarski odsjek)
 * Chemical engineering dept. (Kemijsko-inženjerski odsjek)

On 26 August 1936 a group of Macedonian students belonging to the MANAPO signed the Political Declaration, an illegal document requesting political and social emancipation of Macedonians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

During the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945), the university was known as the Croatian University (Hrvatsko sveučilište).

The individual departments of the Faculty of Philosophy became separate faculties in 1942, 1946 when the Faculty of Sciences was formed, and finally in 1963.

In 1956, the Faculty of Technology was divided into four faculties:
 * Architecture-Construction-Geodesy (Arhitektonsko-građevinsko-geodetski fakultet)
 * Electrical engineering (Elektrotehnički fakultet)
 * Mechanical engineering-Shipbuilding (Strojarsko-brodograđevni fakultet)
 * Chemistry-Food technology-Mining (Tehnološki fakultet)

These eventually split up into the current layout.

In 1999., the University decided to implement European Credit Transfer System – ECTS. When Croatia signed to be a part of The Bologna declaration, all of the universities in Croatia adopted this system of easily readable and comparable degrees.

University offers 160 undergraduate programmes (ba/bsc), 22 integrated undergraduate-graduate programmes, 9 vocational undergraduate programmes, 174 graduate programmes (ma/msc), 1 vocational graduate programme, 72 doctoral programmes (PhD) and 165 specialist postgraduate programmes.

Faculties
Natural sciences
 * Faculty of Science

Engineering
 * Faculty of Architecture
 * Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
 * Faculty of Civil Engineering
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
 * Faculty of Geodesy
 * Faculty of Geotechnics (in Varaždin)
 * Faculty of Graphic Arts
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture
 * Faculty of Metallurgy (in Sisak)
 * Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering
 * Faculty of Textile Technology
 * Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences

Biomedical sciences
 * Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
 * Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
 * School of Dental Medicine
 * School of Medicine

Biotechnology
 * Faculty of Agriculture
 * Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology
 * Faculty of Forestry

Social sciences
 * Faculty of Economics and Business
 * Faculty of Kinesiology
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Organization and Informatics in Varaždin
 * Faculty of Political Science
 * Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation
 * Faculty of Teacher Education

Humanities
 * Catholic Faculty of Theology
 * Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Croatian Studies
 * Faculty of Philosophy and Religious Sciences

The arts
 * Academy of Dramatic Art
 * Academy of Fine Arts
 * Academy of Music

Philosophy and Religious Sciences
Faculty of Philosophy and Religious Sciences (FFRZ) is a part of the University of Zagreb, Croatia It remains a work of the Society of Jesus and traces its origins to 1662.

FFRZ in Zagreb began as a Jesuit school of philosophy on 6 November 1662 with the establishment of the Philosophy Department at Zagreb College, which would become the University of Zagreb.

The Faculty of Philosophy of the Society of Jesus (FFDI) closed in 1773 due to the suppression of the Society of Jesus, and the Jesuit philosophy school in Zagreb did not reopen until 1937, when it offered a three-year course leading to the licentiate in philosophy, as it does today.

On 31 July 1989 the Congregation for Catholic Education of the Holy See decreed that the Faculty of Philosophy could confer the baccalaureate, licentiate, and doctorate in philosophy.

With a decision of 7 October 1992, the Ministry of Science and Technology entered FFDI into the register as a Scientific Research Organization in philosophy and it became a part of the Croatian Studies Department of the University of Zagreb.

On 8 December 2016, the Senate of the University of Zagreb determined that FFDI would become a faculty and equal component of the University under the title Faculty of Philosophy and Religious Sciences (FFRZ).

Undergraduates may major in Philosophy and Religious Sciences, Philosophy, or Philosophy and Latin Language. Graduate students may major in Philosophy or Religious Science. FFRZ also offers post-graduate studies.

FFRZ has a formal relationship with Laudato TV to "work together to promote and implement educational, cultural and scientific activities in the Christian and humanistic atmosphere".

In 2017 there were two current research studies at the Faculty of Philosophy and Religious Sciences: On 5 May 2017 a symposium was held on "Religions and Migration: Displaced Persons and Refugees".
 * Practical ethics and commitment to the common good in times of crisis. Is there a place for virtue in Croatian society?
 * Christian philosophy within the Croatian philosophy of the 20th century.

The faculty is led by a chancellor and his deputy along with a dean and vice-dean. The chancellor is Arturo Sosa, General Superior of the Society of Jesus based in Rome. His deputy is Dalibor Renić, Provincial Superior of the Croatian Province of the Society of Jesus based in Zagreb. The dean is Prof. Ivan Koprek, The Faculty Council is composed of all regular and extraordinary professors and the Faculty Conference includes all current lecturers, student representatives, and faculty officials.

Rectors

 * 1) Matija Mesić (1874–75)
 * 2) Stjepan Spevec (1875–76)
 * 3) Anton Kržan (1876–77)
 * 4) Konstantin Vojnović (1877–78)
 * 5) Franjo Maixner (1878–79)
 * 6) Franjo Iveković (1879–80)
 * 7) Aleksandar Bresztyenszky (1880–81)
 * 8) Franjo Marković (1881–82)
 * 9) Feliks Suk (1882–83)
 * 10) Blaž Lorković (1883–84)
 * 11) Đuro Pilar (1884–85)
 * 12) Gustav Baron (1885–86)
 * 13) Franjo Vrbanić (1886–87)
 * 14) Tadija Smičiklas (1887–88)
 * 15) Antun Franki (1888–89)
 * 16) Luka Marjanović (1889–90)
 * 17) Natko Nodilo (1890–91)
 * 18) Ivan Bujanović (1891–92)
 * 19) Josip Pliverić (1892–93)
 * 20) Vinko Dvořák (1893–94)
 * 21) Antun Maurović (1894–95)
 * 22) Franjo Spevec (1895–96)
 * 23) Armin Pavić (1896–97)
 * 24) Juraj Dočkal (1897–98)
 * 25) Josip Šilović (1898–99)
 * 26) Đuro Arnold (1899–1900)
 * 27) Rudolf Vimer (1900–01)
 * 28) Franjo Vrbanić (1901–02)
 * 29) Vjekoslav Klaić (1902–03)
 * 30) Ivan Bujanović (1903–04)
 * 31) Josip Pliverić (1904–05)
 * 32) Antun Heinz (1905–06)
 * 33) Antun Bauer (1906–07)
 * 34) Milivoj-Klement Maurović (1907–08)
 * 35) Gustav Janeček (1908–09)
 * 36) Josip Volović (1909–10)
 * 37) Julije Rorauer (1910–11)
 * 38) Julije Domac (1911–12)
 * 39) Josip Pazman (1912–13)
 * 40) Edo Lovrić (1913–14)
 * 41) Đuro Korbler (1914–15)
 * 42) Fran Barac (1915–16)
 * 43) Ernest Miler (1916–17)
 * 44) Julije Golik (1917–18)
 * 45) Ivan Angelo Ruspini (1918–19)
 * 46) Ladislav Polić (1919–20)
 * 47) Karlo Radoničić (1920–21)
 * 48) Vladimir Varićak (1921–22)
 * 49) Đuro Nenadić (1922–23)
 * 50) Stjepan Zimmerman (1923–24)
 * 51) Ladislav Polić (1924–25)
 * 52) Drago Perović (1925–26)
 * 53) Ernest Miler (1926–28)
 * 54) Josip Belobrk (1928–32)
 * 55) Albert Bazala (1932–33)
 * 56) Đuro Stipetić (1933–35)
 * 57) Stanko Hondl (1935–37)
 * 58) Edo Lovrić (1937–38)
 * 59) Andrija Živković (1938–40)
 * 60) Stjepan Ivšić (1940–43)
 * 61) Božidar Špišić (1943–44)
 * 62) Stjepan Horvat (1944–45)
 * 63) Andrija Štampar (1945–46)
 * 64) Grga Novak (1946–47)
 * 65) Andro Mohorovičić (1947–49)
 * 66) Marko Kostrenčić (1949–50)
 * 67) Antun Barac (1950–51)
 * 68) Fran Bošnjaković (1951–52)
 * 69) Teodor Varićak (1952–53)
 * 70) Željko Marković (1953–54)
 * 71) Hrvoje Iveković (1954–56)
 * 72) Zoran Bujas (1956–58)
 * 73) Marijan Horvat (1958–60)
 * 74) Vladimir Serdar (1960–63)
 * 75) Slavko Macarol (1963–66)
 * 76) Jakov Sirotković (1966–68)
 * 77) Ivan Supek (1968–72)
 * 78) Predrag Vranicki (1972–76)
 * 79) Drago Grdenić (1976–78)
 * 80) Ivan Jurković (1978–82)
 * 81) Zvonimir Krajina (1982–86)
 * 82) Vladimir Stipetić (1986–88)
 * 83) Zvonimir Šeparović (1988–90)
 * 84) Marijan Šunjić (1990–98)
 * 85) Branko Jeren (1998–2002)
 * 86) Tomislav Ivančić ( 2001 )*
 * 87) Helena Jasna Mencer (2002–06)
 * 88) Aleksa Bjeliš (2006–14)
 * 89) Damir Boras (2014–22)
 * 90) Stjepan Lakušić (2022–)

 * Ivančić was elected rector in 2001, but resigned for health reasons before his term started.

Source: List of rectors at the University of Zagreb website

Rankings
As of 2020, the university ranked 801–1000 by QS, ranking 575 by USN, ranking 512 by CWUR, ranked 401–500 by ARWU, and 1001+ by THE.

Legacy
Since 1874, more than 200,000 students have received a bachelor's degree, more than 18,000 a master's, and more than 8,000 a doctorate from the University of Zagreb.

Sports
University was co-organiser (with the University of Rijeka) of the 2016 European Universities Games.

University was awarded by EUSA as the best (2016, 2019, 2023) and the most active European university in sport activities (2019 and 2023).

Notable alumni

 * Ivana Živković, who served as United Nations Assistant Secretary-General, Assistant Administrator and Director of the Regional Bureau for Europe and the CIS of United Nations Development Programme and Director-General for Economic Affairs and Development Cooperation of Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia).
 * Nives Botica Redmayne, professor of accounting
 * Zoran Vondraček, professor of mathematics and recipient of the Croatian National Science Award, obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Zagreb.

title: University of Zagreb


text:
Montgomery, New York (disambiguation)

Montgomery, New York may refer to several places:
 * Montgomery (town), New York in Orange County
 * Montgomery (village), New York in Orange County
 * Montgomery County, New York

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Montgomery, New York (disambiguation)


text:
Lunar distance

The instantaneous Earth–Moon distance, or distance to the Moon, is the distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon. Lunar distance (LD or $ \Delta_{\oplus L}$ ), or Earth–Moon characteristic distance, is a unit of measure in astronomy. More technically, it is the semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit. The lunar distance is on average approximately 385,000 km, or 1.28 light-seconds; this is roughly 30 times Earth's diameter or 9.5 times Earth's circumference. Around 389 lunar distances make up an AU astronomical unit (roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun).

Lunar distance is commonly used to express the distance to near-Earth object encounters. Lunar semi-major axis is an important astronomical datum; the few millimeter precision of the range measurements determines semi-major axis to a few decimeters; it has implications for testing gravitational theories such as general relativity, and for refining other astronomical values, such as the mass, radius, and rotation of Earth. The measurement is also useful in characterizing the lunar radius, as well as the mass of and distance to the Sun.

Millimeter-precision measurements of the lunar distance are made by measuring the time taken for laser beam light to travel between stations on Earth and retroreflectors placed on the Moon. The Moon is spiraling away from Earth at an average rate of 3.8 cm per year, as detected by the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment.

Value

Because of the influence of the Sun and other perturbations, the Moon does not travel on a true ellipse around the Earth. Different methods have been used to nevertheless define a semi-major axis. Ernest William Brown provided a formula for the parallax of the Moon as viewed from opposite sides of the Earth, involving trigonometric terms. This is equivalent to a formula for the inverse of the distance, and the average value of this is the inverse of 384399 km. On the other hand, the time-averaged distance (rather than the inverse of the average inverse distance) between the centers of Earth and the Moon is 385000.6 km. One can also model the orbit as an ellipse that is constantly changing, and in this case one can find a formula for the semi-major axis, again involving trigonometric terms. The average value by this method is 383,397 km.

The actual distance varies over the course of the orbit of the Moon. Values at closest approach (perigee) or at farthest (apogee) are rarer the more extreme they are. The graph at right shows the distribution of perigee and apogee over six thousand years.

Jean Meeus gives the following extreme values for 1500 BC to AD 8000:

 * greatest distance: 406 719.97 km on January 7, AD 2266
 * smallest distance: 356 352.93 km on November 13, 1054 BC

 * An AU is $3.844 m$ Lunar distances.
 * A lightyear is 24,611,700 Lunar distances.
 * Geostationary Earth Orbit is 42,164 km from Earth center, or $384,399 km$ LD = $238,854 mile$ LD (or $0.003 au$ LDEO )

Variation
The instantaneous lunar distance is constantly changing. The actual distance between the Moon and Earth can change as quickly as $1.28 ls$, or more than 1000 km in just 6 hours, due to its non-circular orbit. There are other effects that also influence the lunar distance. Some factors include:

The formula of Chapront and Touzé for the distance in kilometres begins with the terms:

\begin{alignat}{3} \frac{d}{\mathrm{km}} = 385000.5584 & \ -\ 20905.3550 \cdot \cos(G_M)     \\ & \ -  \  3699.1109  \cdot \cos(2D - G_M)      \\ & \ -  \  2955.9676  \cdot \cos(2D)            \\ & \ -  \ 569.9251    \cdot \cos(2G_M)          \\ & \ \pm \ \dotsc \end{alignat} $$ where $$G_M$$ is the mean anomaly (more or less how moon has moved from perigee) and $$D$$ is the mean elongation (more or less how far it has moved from conjunction with the Sun at new moon). They can be calculated from

G$3.844$	= 	134.963 411 38° + 13.064 992 953 630°/d · t

D 	= 	297.850 204 20° + 12.190 749 117 502°/d · t

where t is the time (in days) since January 1, 2000 (see Epoch (astronomy)). This shows that the smallest perigee occurs at either new moon or full moon (ca 356870 km), as does the greatest apogee (ca 406079 km), whereas the greatest perigee will be around half-moon (ca 370180 km), as will be the smallest apogee (ca 404593 km). The exact values will be slightly different due to other terms. Twice in every full moon cycle of about 411 days there will be a minimal perigee and a maximal apogee, separated by two weeks, and a maximal perigee and a minimal apogee, also separated by two weeks.

Perturbations and eccentricity
The distance to the Moon can be measured to an accuracy of $1.1 mm$ over a 1-hour sampling period, which results in an overall uncertainty of a decimeter for the semi-major axis. However, due to its elliptical orbit with varying eccentricity, the instantaneous distance varies with monthly periodicity. Furthermore, the distance is perturbed by the gravitational effects of various astronomical bodies – most significantly the Sun and less so Venus and Jupiter. Other forces responsible for minute perturbations are: gravitational attraction to other planets in the Solar System and to asteroids; tidal forces; and relativistic effects. The effect of radiation pressure from the Sun contributes an amount of ±$1.1 mm$ to the lunar distance.

Although the instantaneous uncertainty is a few millimeters, the measured lunar distance can change by more than 30,000 km from the mean value throughout a typical month. These perturbations are well understood and the lunar distance can be accurately modeled over thousands of years.

Tidal dissipation
Through the action of tidal forces, the angular momentum of Earth's rotation is slowly being transferred to the Moon's orbit. The result is that Earth's rate of spin is gradually decreasing (at a rate of $1⁄388.6$), and the lunar orbit is gradually expanding. The rate of recession is $0.003$. However, it is believed that this rate has recently increased, as a rate of $1.282$ would imply that the Moon is only 1.5 billion years old, whereas scientific consensus supports an age of about 4 billion years. It is also believed that this anomalously high rate of recession may continue to accelerate.

Theoretically, the lunar distance will continue to increase until the Earth and Moon become tidally locked, as are Pluto and Charon. This would occur when the duration of the lunar orbital period equals the rotational period of Earth, which is estimated to be 47 Earth days. The two bodies would then be at equilibrium, and no further rotational energy would be exchanged. However, models predict that 50 billion years would be required to achieve this configuration, which is significantly longer than the expected lifetime of the Solar System.

Orbital history
Laser measurements show that the average lunar distance is increasing, which implies that the Moon was closer in the past, and that Earth's days were shorter. Fossil studies of mollusk shells from the Campanian era (80 million years ago) show that there were 372 days (of 23 h 33 min) per year during that time, which implies that the lunar distance was about (383,000 km or 238,000 mi). There is geological evidence that the average lunar distance was about (332,000 km or 205,000 mi) during the Precambrian Era; 2500 million years BP.

The widely accepted giant impact hypothesis states that the Moon was created as a result of a catastrophic impact between Earth and another planet, resulting in a re-accumulation of fragments at an initial distance of (24,000 km or 15,000 mi). This theory assumes the initial impact to have occurred 4.5 billion years ago.

History of measurement
Until the late 1950s all measurements of lunar distance were based on optical angular measurements: the earliest accurate measurement was by Hipparchus in the 2nd century BC. The space age marked a turning point when the precision of this value was much improved. During the 1950s and 1960s, there were experiments using radar, lasers, and spacecraft, conducted with the benefit of computer processing and modeling.

Some historically significant or otherwise interesting methods of determining the lunar distance:

Parallax
The oldest method of determining the lunar distance involved measuring the angle between the Moon and a chosen reference point from multiple locations, simultaneously. The synchronization can be coordinated by making measurements at a pre-determined time, or during an event which is observable to all parties. Before accurate mechanical chronometers, the synchronization event was typically a lunar eclipse, or the moment when the Moon crossed the meridian (if the observers shared the same longitude). This measurement technique is known as lunar parallax.

For increased accuracy, the measured angle can be adjusted to account for refraction and distortion of light passing through the atmosphere.

Lunar eclipse
Early attempts to measure the distance to the Moon exploited observations of a lunar eclipse combined with knowledge of Earth's radius and an understanding that the Sun is much further than the Moon. By observing the geometry of a lunar eclipse, the lunar distance can be calculated using trigonometry.

The earliest accounts of attempts to measure the lunar distance using this technique were by Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos in the 4th century BC and later by Hipparchus, whose calculations produced a result of ($0$ or $389$). This method later found its way into the work of Ptolemy, who produced a result of ($1⁄9.117$ or $0.11$) at its farthest point.

Meridian crossing
An expedition by French astronomer A.C.D. Crommelin observed lunar meridian transits on the same night from two different locations. Careful measurements from 1905 to 1910 measured the angle of elevation at the moment when a specific lunar crater (Mösting A) crossed the local meridian, from stations at Greenwich and at Cape of Good Hope. A distance was calculated with an uncertainty of $0.11$, and this remained the definitive lunar distance value for the next half century.

Occultations
By recording the instant when the Moon occults a background star, (or similarly, measuring the angle between the Moon and a background star at a predetermined moment) the lunar distance can be determined, as long as the measurements are taken from multiple locations of known separation.

Astronomers O'Keefe and Anderson calculated the lunar distance by observing four occultations from nine locations in 1952. They calculated a semi-major axis of $75 meters per second$ (384,407.6 km ± 4.7 km). This value was refined in 1962 by Irene Fischer, who incorporated updated geodetic data to produce a value of $M$ (384,403.7 km ± 2 km).

Radar

The distance to the moon was measured by means of radar first in 1946 as part of Project Diana.

Later, an experiment was conducted in 1957 at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory that used the echo from radar signals to determine the Earth-Moon distance. Radar pulses lasting $2 mm$ were broadcast from a 50 ft diameter radio dish. After the radio waves echoed off the surface of the Moon, the return signal was detected and the delay time measured. From that measurement, the distance could be calculated. In practice, however, the signal-to-noise ratio was so low that an accurate measurement could not be reliably produced.

The experiment was repeated in 1958 at the Royal Radar Establishment, in England. Radar pulses lasting $3.6 mm$ were transmitted with a peak power of 2 megawatts, at a repetition rate of 260 pulses per second. After the radio waves echoed off the surface of the Moon, the return signal was detected and the delay time measured. Multiple signals were added together to obtain a reliable signal by superimposing oscilloscope traces onto photographic film. From the measurements, the distance was calculated with an uncertainty of 1.25 km.

These initial experiments were intended to be proof-of-concept experiments and only lasted one day. Follow-on experiments lasting one month produced a semi-major axis of $2.4 milliseconds/century$ (384,402 km ± 1.2 km), which was the most precise measurement of the lunar distance at the time.

Laser ranging
An experiment which measured the round-trip time of flight of laser pulses reflected directly off the surface of the Moon was performed in 1962, by a team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Soviet team at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

During the Apollo missions in 1969, astronauts placed retroreflectors on the surface of the Moon for the purpose of refining the accuracy and precision of this technique. The measurements are ongoing and involve multiple laser facilities. The instantaneous precision of the Lunar Laser Ranging experiments can achieve small millimeter resolution, and is the most reliable method of determining the lunar distance. The semi-major axis is determined to be 384,399.0 km.

Amateur astronomers and citizen scientists
Due to the modern accessibility of accurate timing devices, high resolution digital cameras, GPS receivers, powerful computers and near-instantaneous communication, it has become possible for amateur astronomers to make high accuracy measurements of the lunar distance.

On May 23, 2007, digital photographs of the Moon during a near-occultation of Regulus were taken from two locations, in Greece and England. By measuring the parallax between the Moon and the chosen background star, the lunar distance was calculated.

A more ambitious project called the "Aristarchus Campaign" was conducted during the lunar eclipse of 15 April 2014. During this event, participants were invited to record a series of five digital photographs from moonrise until culmination (the point of greatest altitude).

The method took advantage of the fact that the Moon is actually closest to an observer when it is at its highest point in the sky, compared to when it is on the horizon. Although it appears that the Moon is biggest when it is near the horizon, the opposite is true. This phenomenon is known as the Moon illusion. The reason for the difference in distance is that the distance from the center of the Moon to the center of the Earth is nearly constant throughout the night, but an observer on the surface of Earth is actually 1 Earth radius from the center of Earth. This offset brings them closest to the Moon when it is overhead.

Modern cameras have achieved a resolution capable of capturing the Moon with enough precision to detect and measure this tiny variation in apparent size. The results of this experiment were calculated as LD =. The accepted value for that night was, which implied a NaN% accuracy. The benefit of this method is that the only measuring equipment needed is a modern digital camera (equipped with an accurate clock, and a GPS receiver).

Other experimental methods of measuring the lunar distance that can be performed by amateur astronomers involve:
 * Taking pictures of the Moon before it enters the penumbra and after it is completely eclipsed.
 * Measuring, as precisely as possible, the time of the eclipse contacts.
 * Taking good pictures of the partial eclipse when the shape and size of the Earth shadow are clearly visible.
 * Taking a picture of the Moon including, in the same field of view, Spica and Mars – from various locations.

title: Lunar distance


text:
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Yazidi -> Kurdish
198.203.245.8 - Please explain why you keep on changing the notable Yazidi population (notable as in the concentration of the Yazidi ethic population in Lincoln, when compared to the rest of the U.S.) in the lead of the article - to Kurdish, without leaving any citations. This has been an ongoing thing from your IP for a year now. As far as I know (and I could be wrong), the Kurdish ethnic population - in terms of population, isn't as notable within Lincoln as the Yazidi population is (there are quite a number of articles about the Yazidi ethic population in Lincoln, to this point). Anywho, thank you for your reply in advance - cheers!!! Hanyou23 (talk) 06:34, 16 October 2018 (UTC)
 * 198.203.245.8, could you please tell us about your edit also. Thanks!  Hanyou23 (talk) 16:30, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

Photo of skyline and night
Hi Magnolia677! The reasoning behind the nighttime skyline photo of Lincoln is because it relates to the revitalization and growth downtown / and in turn, the city as a whole. For example, during the 1950s, there were factories (smelters, etc.), warehouses and a pretty nasty railroad yard (that became a federal superfund site, if memory serves) on the west/northwest side of downtown. In the 1980s, during the flight to suburbia that many cities faced (malls, residences, etc.), downtown virtually became a ghost town with some gangs infiltrating the streets. Since then, downtown Lincoln has made a gigantic turn-around... even during the great recession and during the most recent pandemic-related recession, construction has continued there (downtown) at a breakneck pace. The location of this photo is the highest and best shot of this progress. Lincoln is flat and due to the distance - the heat from the city, including the airport runway seen in the foreground, can cause severe image distortion -- that's why this photo was taken at night. Again, it relates and highlights the revitalization of a part of the city that was deemed hopeless to return for many years... that's the reasoning behind the relevancy. Discuss :) !

 * Keep the image of the nighttime skyline. Hanyou23, you are correct, the image places the city in context with the city's environment. If the image was not appropriate, then it would have been removed during the B Class review. Gmcbjames (talk) 19:01, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

Ukrainian refugees in Lincoln
Is the Ukrainian refugee community large enough in Lincoln to be notable - the question of the day. Discuss! Hanyou23 (talk) 21:25, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * You added a source to the article today showing 256 refuges from Ukraine have settled in Lincoln over a 17 year period. In a city of 289,000, I would say that adding prose to the article about this tiny community will not improve the article, unless there is something particularly unique about this community. Did you in fact mean to ask if this tiny community should elicit the addition of the category "Ukrainian communities in the United States", which is what you have been edit warring about in the article?  I would say it does not need this category, per WP:DEFINING. In Deltana, Alaska, for example, 8.4 percent of the population was born in the Ukraine, so adding the category "Ukrainian communities in the United States" would certainly aid with navigation for readers wishing to know more about this.  Adding this category for 0.0009 percent of Lincoln's population would not be of benefit to readers. Magnolia677 (talk) 22:14, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * All kindly, I was not edit warring - you were the first one to call that out. My first undo to your undo was to point out that there was one source to back up the claim user Kozulich made (and that I agreed to - that Lincoln does have a Ukrainian community) and my second undo added the additional source that you requested, to which you undid a third time because the numbers weren't good enough (or something)... so looks to me that the undo score, for what it's worth -- both directly and indirectly, is 2 to 3...

 * Anywho, going back to the topic at hand, it is true that that graph is over a 17 year period, but does not include internal migration and the preceding two decades, when additional Ukrainian refugees, including those from Soviet Ukraine, resettled in the city. When you add up all the children and grandchildren from a single refugee or two over four decades, your numbers climb rapidly... and if I remember right, Ukrainian families that come in typically have more than two children per family.

 * Since you know so much about Lincoln (and the U.S. as a whole, it seems), I welcome you to come up here to Lincoln and see the city for yourself... and I could even introduce you to the Geography Department at one of the local Universities - my old stomping grounds. I'm sure visiting would only help expand you excellent knowledge of this city and the region.

 * I apologize if I sound a little bitter around the edges, but it bugs me to no end when -- and I could be wrong, but when someone who probably hasn't been to Nebraska in their lifetime (traveling down I-80 only does not count), lays claim that they know more about flyover country than people who live here do. Not every New York Times story is about a small microcosm of middle U.S...

 * Again, my apologies..... Hanyou23 (talk) 23:22, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * My apologies one more time. I reflected upon what I just typed.  I've had a long day -- not an excuse, but it has been.  I'm sorry for typing the above the way I did.  I guess - the only thing I ask, is to maybe have a little more faith in other editor's edits maybe???  I dunno - just wanted to come back and put away the gauntlet on this.  This topic is one I'm not really super hyped about, but it's worth hearing out what other editors have to say too.  Hanyou23 (talk) 23:49, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Ok, maybe I am missing something here. Adding a category "Ukrainian communities in the United States" does not seem to be a big deal. WP:DEFINING is only an informational page, not a policy or guideline. The category "Ukrainian communities in the United States" exists, so there is no debate as to defining. As to adding the category to Lincoln, I agree with Hanyou23: and the editor who added the category, there is a Ukrainian community in Lincoln. As to the size of the community as a percentage to the size of the total population, I do not think a certain percentage is necessary in order for a category be added or not. Categories help people search Wikipedia. And if adding the category "Ukrainian communities in the United States" helps readers find Lincoln, I am fine with that. I will not revert the deletion of the category until other editors have had a chance to discuss. Gmcbjames (talk) 01:05, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Anyone else want to chime in? It's been nearly two weeks and it looks as if there is a small consensus.  Hanyou23 (talk) 07:59, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The only mention in the article of the Ukrainian community is the following: "Some of the most common first-languages spoken within the program are Arabic, Chinese, French, Karen, Kurdish, Nuer, Russian, Spanish, Ukrainian". How does adding Category:Ukrainian communities in the United States benefit readers? Magnolia677 (talk) 19:39, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I guess a bigger question is, if as suggested: If each and every article needs extensive encyclopedic overview on every topic - in order for a category to be added, would any articles have the ability to qualify for such categories?... and if not, what is the point of having categories, if the bar is so high that most would not qualify?  Hanyou23 (talk) 20:34, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I wish user was still around -- looks like he may have been scared off after his first edit since it was undone.  He'd be helpful in providing further insight into the Ukrainian communities in both Lincoln and Omaha.  Hanyou23 (talk) 21:07, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Categories are "good for exploratory browsing of Wikipedia". The question is -- "is it possible to write a few paragraphs or more on the subject of the category, explaining it." If no, then it shouldn't be added. Based on comments by the initial editor who inserted the category and another editor who has extensive knowledge of Lincoln NE there is a Ukrainian community in Lincoln. And it is possible to write a few paragraphs. The benefit to the reader - and a potential new editor - is yes there is a Ukrainian community in Lincoln and yes you can edit the article by inserting a couple of paragraphs. I look forward to an editor adding information on the Ukrainian community or any other community - including Arab, Chinese, French, Karen, Kurdish, Nuer, Russian, and Spanish communities to the article. As stated in the article's lede, Lincoln, Nebraska is a refugee-friendly city. And just to add a few more, from my sources there are now 150 languages spoken in the public schools. Gmcbjames (talk) 06:09, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

After a period of open discussion on this talk page, the consensus is the category Ukrainian communities in the United States may be added. The category has been added. Gmcbjames (talk) 18:29, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

Communities in Lincoln NE Suggestion
As stated in the Lede, Lincoln, Nebraska is a refugee-friendly city. There are many communities of refugees who have settled in Lincoln and have become or are becoming naturalized citizens. Aside from the Ukrainian community, which was discussed in the previous section, there are other communities including but not exclusive to Arab, Chinese, French, Karen, Kurdish, Nuer, Russian, and Spanish communities. In the public schools, over 150 languages are spoken. So there are many communities of refugees in Lincoln. Any editor who wishes to add a couple of paragraphs on various communities are invited to do so. A new section should then be created. My suggestion would be first to propose the addition on this talk page with the paragraph you wish to include in the article. Once enough communities are proposed to be included, then we can edit the content to include in the article in a new section with proper citations. As for categories, any category such as "Ukrainian Communities in the United States" may be added prior to the completion of this project. By adding categories, this may attract editors who wish to contribute to be part of this project. If anyone has any questions regarding adding communities to the article, feel free to ping me or comment on this talk page. Thank you. Gmcbjames (talk) 19:35, 8 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Gmcbjames I am all for it.  Hopefully we can get some additional editors to contribute.  Hanyou23 (talk) 09:28, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

2020 Census update
To any concerned: Updating the census numbers will take a number of days because 1 - it's a new ten-years census and not the usual estimate update, so more calculating, including updating the 2010 section & rewriting it to 2020 will take some time and 2 - I currently don't have that much time right now.

Also, I've discovered after I started the update that the CSA numbers won't be out until late September (surprise!), so that'll take some creative editing until then. Fun ;p ! Hanyou23 (talk) 09:28, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

 * - There is a project which will add the 2020 census data, as they have in the past with the 2000 and 2010. You can wait for this - I suspect it will be October or so when it is added - and then delete the 2010 census info in the article. I believe it is a bot which does this. Gmcbjames (talk) 18:55, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Roger that! I'll undo my current work (which I'm actually pretty happy that I don't have to continue at this point, although it was close to being done), wait until that happens and see how well the bot does it.  Some fine tweaking may be needed then ;p .  Thanks for letting me know ^^ !  Hanyou23 (talk) 19:27, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

New flag
To any concerned, according a press release on the city website here:

https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/News/2022/1/24b

There is a ceremonial flag raising on February 24; however, according to another page here, along with other accounts through news outlets and whatnot:...

https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/City/Mayor/City-Communications/City-Flag

...the flag was adopted by the Lincoln City Council on January 24, 2021.

What am I missing??? Hanyou23 (talk) 16:08, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

 * As far as i understand the new flag was adopted on monday but will not be used until february 24. Therefore the old flag is still in force. 213.192.68.53 16:31 25 January 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.192.68.53 (talk)

 * Might you have a source on that, by chance? From what I understand, after listening to the City Council meeting, etc., it came into force/effect upon the passing and adoption by the City Council.  Also, my thought is that the flag raising ceremony is a month from now, due to the Omicron surge (and possibly new flags having to be ordered) — but then again, I have nothing to this fact.  Any thoughts?  Hanyou23 (talk) 16:53, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Similar issue concerned the flag of Springfield, Missouri, and the conclusion is that the new flag will appear in the article on March 1, but the lincoln city council message is more unclear. I propose a compromise - the old flag will remain in the infobox, because it is definitely still in force. A new one will be inserted somewhere in the article with the relevant information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.192.68.53 (talk)  — Preceding undated comment added 17:09, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I tell you what — I’ll reach out to the city this afternoon to get a definitive answer. If it’s one or the other, I’ll make the change to reflect the fact.  Sound like a plan :) ?  Hanyou23 (talk) 17:16, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The new flag was adopted on January 24, 2022. So it is now the flag of Lincoln. The article doesn't need to wait for a change until a ceremony is held. A ceremony is just a celebration, not an official act, while the adoption of the flag was an official act. Go ahead & include in the article. Gmcbjames (talk) 18:12, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Seems like consensus is reached for now!... unless someone else wants to chime in :) . Hanyou23 (talk) 20:59, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

Largest employers in Lincoln
If Kawasaki employs 24oo people, why isn't it listed among the largest employers, as other employers in that top ten list employ fewer. 2607:FB91:2F94:585F:5DC:C06F:D369:4A98 (talk) 23:30, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lincoln, Nebraska


text:
Talk:ESPACE

Untitled
The entry for EXPSPACE says ESPACE is usually defined as $$O(2^{p(n)})$$ where p(n) is restricted to a linear function. If this is the case, then ESPACE is $$O(2^{an})$$ or equivalently $$O(b^{n}))$$, not $$O(2^{n})$$. CyborgTosser 00:23, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is indeed the case. I corrected the mistake in this article. Andris 11:50, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:ESPACE


text:
Talk:Dia (software)

Untitled
I arrived at this page by clicking a link on the Greek Isles page to the Island named Dia. Since this page is about a word with the same spelling, but not about the island, some sort of a correction must be necessary. I don't know how this is done.

 * Make it something like "Dia (island)" or "Dia (place)" and put it under Dia (disambiguation). --minghong 08:45, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"Dia" also known as "He/She" in malay language. For example "Who is he/she?".
 * Dia should really link directly to the disambiguation page. The software program isn't universally important enough to trump entire islands. --54x 11:55, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * This is an English wikipedia so it isn't a problem. --minghong 08:44, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

[|Dia Shapes for Website Diagrams] is not available. I could not find a new location of this site using Google. If it is not available on the Internet any more, this link should be removed. --Volphy 09:44, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed the page is gone, but a little digging with the Internet Archive turned up a direct link to the shapes. Being new to Wikipedia, I'm not sure how best to update the article. Should I simply update the link target, or leave a note that the original page is gone and give the direct link underneath? If no one replies with guidance my instinct is to update the link target, since the download contains the contents of the previously linked webpage. --Dweingart 15:49, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I have gone ahead and update the url Dweingart 17:26, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

The link for the Windows installer (http://sourceforge.net/projects/dia-installer) is dead. I'm changing it to the current link (http://dia-installer.sourceforge.net/). — NRen2k5 17:06, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The link that you changed to is now dead but the original one works. I am changing it back. --Vaccano (talk) 18:49, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

UML diagramS or diagram?
If we don't consider the flowchart as part of the UML-side of Dia, there is only one single UML diagram and that's the class diagram. This is the only representative of the structural diagrams. Activity and interaction diagrams are non-existent. My point: the article says "Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagramS, when there is only a single type of diagram in Dia. Correct me if I'm wrong please. Rbaleksandar (talk) 19:50, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I have made both activity and interaction diagram using the dia UML set — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:67C:2564:518:7C08:DDE3:D547:397D (talk) 15:09, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Ubuntu and openSUSE as OS?
Shouldn't be Linux at large instead of a particular distribution? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.45.7.230 (talk) 14:48, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:27, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Gnomelogo.svg

title: Talk:Dia (software)


text:
User talk:Vinsci

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia, Vinsci.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

Again, welcome! - Lady Tenar 00:28, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Gary Webb
Aloha, thanks for your email. I appreciate your thoughtful response on this matter, but I think it would be helpful if we discuss it on Talk:Gary_Webb. --Viriditas | Talk 10:19, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Article requests
Hi Vinsci. I ran across your stub for Smith diagram. Just so you know in the future, the accepted way to request an article is through Requested articles. Just add an entry on the appropriate subpage (for the Smith diagram, I believe that would be Requested articles/Applied arts and sciences). A stub should ideally contain at least a basic definition; otherwise editors who come along might have no idea where to start improving the article.

The other thing to look for are synonymous terms which may already have an article. In this case, I've created a redirect under Smith diagram which now points to Smith chart. This way, content doesn't have to be duplicated and updated in several locations.

Happy editing. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 05:05, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the pointers! I had a feeling there was probably a better way and should have trusted that. Did a search though, in hindsight we probably tried searching for 'Smith graph' which failed of course and we obviously didn't do a full text search for 'Smith diagram'. Ah, well. Thanks for setting me straight! --Vinsci 09:12, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Red Squad
I added more information to the Red Squad article you began. I removed two paragraphs and explained why on the talk page. I am writing here because there was a sub-topic on the page with nothing in it. I did a google on the name and it turned up nothing about Red Squads of any kind. Otherwise, I would have expanded that too. Kainaw 20:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

John Kanzius
You claimed here that the patents numbers I put earlier are from 1880s. Can you prove that? Because the links I put there clearly said 2005 and 2006. I will not reverted. But I do have to response to such false claim. Also, please don't label everything as vandalism. Go see WP:Vandalism. Chris! my talk 20:57, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * You clearly never tried to use the links yourself. Simply go here to view your old version of the article and click on the "PDF Version" (the 2nd link) on each patent. Eg. the first patent link in your list is number US251233, "Vehicle-spring", dated Dec 20th 1881. Also, I didn't say it was vandalism, I said: "Hopefully that was unintentional vandalism.", a term that is used on the WP:Vandalism page itself. "Unintentional" simply means you made a mistake when editing the article. We all do mistakes and I'm sure you will be more careful in the future, so don't worry too much about it. --Vinsci 06:45, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

John Kanzius
Vinsci, since you and I clearly disagree on what deserves to be covered in this article, why don't we wait for the other editors to chime in and not edit-war on the article page. Cheers. Abecedare 19:28, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed ;-) However, I think progress should be made towards merging the invention sections on their relevant pages as suggested, after that, readers shouldn't have a problem finding the information they are looking for and editors can concentrate on one thing (ie. the inventions, or the person). --Vinsci 19:33, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Aside: although we apparently have a different understanding and point of view coming into this topic, I appreciate your civility throughout this whole debate. Cheers. Abecedare 19:37, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Reverts on John Kanzius
Hi Vinsci, you appear to be going substantially over the three-revert rule limit at John Kanzius. For example, on Sept. 15 you made at least the following separate reverts:, , , , ,. Note that the three-revert policy applies to any three reverts to the same page, not only repeated reverts to the same version. Please be aware of the policy, and avoid revert warring. Thank you. --Reuben 00:46, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks for the information, I wasn't aware of the 3RR. It does seem we have left those edits behind for now. --Vinsci 01:36, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, happy editing! --Reuben 01:59, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

The Transistor (1953 AT&T short documentary)
I don't have time right now to look into this, but the short documentary could probably be mentioned on pages such as:

 * Transistor
 * Vacuum tube
 * Lee de Forest (mentioned)

It's available e.g. here: Vinsci (talk) 19:50, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of La flûte magique

The article La flûte magique has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Film appears to fail WP:NFILM with not enough reviews to pass the guidelines, with none found in a BEFORE."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Donald D23  talk to me  11:49, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vinsci


text:
Talk:Izu Province

Added material from Japanese Wikipedia.Fg2 00:32, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Izu Province


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Swish

Does swish mean the game of basketball in Australia? Hyacinth 00:33, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:LuciferBlack

WP:UTM

{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #CBEBFF;"
 * style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #CBEBFF; text-align: center; font-size: pt; color: ;" | [[Image:Sterling.png|40px]]
 * style="font-size: pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: ;" | This cat may or may not be a member of WikiProject Cats |}

title: User:LuciferBlack


text:
John Loprieno

John A. Loprieno (born October 7, 1960) is an American actor and writer. He has appeared on the soap operas Search for Tomorrow and As the World Turns, but is perhaps best known for his role as Cord Roberts on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live.

Early life and acting career
Loprieno was born in Chicago, Illinois, and attended Lewis University.

He portrayed Cord Roberts on One Life to Live from 1986 through 1992, and then from 1993 to 1997. He returned briefly in 2004, and then again on August 16 and August 17, 2007, for One Life to Live 9,999th and 10,000th episodes. He reappeared on July 22, 2008, during one of the show's 40th-anniversary episodes, and again on August 11, 2008. Loprieno once again reprised his role as Cord Roberts on September 29, 2011.

Teaching career
Loprieno has been an adjunct faculty member at Harper College. He is currently teaching acting at Moorpark College in Southern California.

title: John Loprieno


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Genetic basis for homosexuality

 * Delete: Reason - POV title not balanced by Environmental basis for homosexuality or Genetic basis for heterosexuality. Action - Merge info into Causes_of_sexual_orientation or create Genetic basis for sexuality, then delete. Hyacinth 00:44, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Object. Absurd reason to list here. This article has been around for two years. Improve this article, don't delete it. --mav 03:16, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Keep and improve this article. Radoneme 17:37, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree (merge). Having a separate article about the "genetic basis for homosexuality" perpetuates the prejudiced view that homosexuality is "abnormal". A merger with "Causes of sexual orientation" seems logical. -- Spleeman 04:04, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur with Spleeman. -- Jmabel 05:37, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Would an article about the "genetic basis of height" or the "genetic basis of blue eyes" perpetuate the view that tall or blue-eyed people are abnormal? (Full disclosure: I'm tall and blue-eyed.)
 * Interestingly, one of the scientists who mostly strongly argues for a genetic basis of homosexuality, and the first referenced in the article, Simon LeVay, is himself gay. Even more interesting,  LeVay began his research to distract himself after caring for a lover who died of AIDS -- and found his current lover via his notoriety after publishing his theory (Link is perhaps slightly Not Safe For Work, because of a "beef cake" photos in a random accompanying personal ads.)

 * LeVay's research is not about the basis of just any sexual orientation -- it's specifically about the basis of homosexuality (and possibly even just a predilection for receptive anal sex, which of course can be practiced by heterosexuals). However, the article title may still be wrong: LeVay's research points to uterine exposure to androgen by the fetus -- which may or may not be genetic (it probably is, but is also no doubt influenced by the mother's environment); as with many "genetic causes", we suffer when we apply the false dichotomy of "nature vs. nurture" to what is really a complex series of mutually reinforcing or dampening interactions between the genome, its phenotypical expression in the soma, and the environments of both genome and soma.

 * In any case, let's not sugar-coat to be politcally correct. Science is science, and to be NPOV, we should report it regardless of whether it seems to buttress or undermine our political views. Morality is morality, -- and science and morality are orthogonal -- so regardless of what the science reveals, my moral view will not change: gays, no matter why they are gay, are and must be as deserving of full civil rights and of pursuing happiness as anyone else.-- orthogonal 06:55, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Comments: The article is not about LeVay or his theories, exclusively. If it were it would still need to be retitled.
 * It doesn't seem scientific to name an article purpoting to describe the world as it is after a hypothesis, ignoring all others. Hyacinth 07:49, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Do not merge. Causes of sexual orientation is already a long article as is; merging Genetic basis for homosexuality into it would be foolish, as both articles are well-developed and encylopedic. Yes, we certainly do need an Environmental basis for homosexuality article to balance this one. But to suggest we nuke the Genetic basis article because the Environmental basis article doesn't exist yet? Ridiculuous. • Benc • 05:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Side note: I'm not opposed to renaming the article to Genetic basis for sexual orientation in the interests of NPOVing. • Benc • 05:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, but rename. Benc and Maveric149 make excellent points. Any minor POV problems can be corrected, and if the articles were merged, Causes of sexual orientation would be, IMO, just about the right size to break out a subtopic into a new article. Since this subtopic already exists as a seperate article, why bother? - RedWordSmith 06:44, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Do not merge/rename. --Gene_poole 12:02, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep: The thing about this debate is that all "causes" can be used to discriminate and bash homosexuals. If homosexuality is genetic, then it can be prevented.  If it's environmental, then we're back to blaming the parents or fixing the culture.  If it's psychological, then we're back to curing it.  If it's none of these, it's a choice, as the conservatives say and can be criminal.  A report, NPOV, on this one approach, if it covers the ways in which the research was and is used for political purposes, is helpful.  The truth, so far as there is any, is that Science just doesn't know.  Some research teases this way, some that way.  LeVay's research was pretty weak, btw, for pointing at genetics.  It pointed at morphology, but brain morphology isn't just genetic.  The rest is politics.  Geogre 14:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If the article must be kept, and that seems to be where consensus is headed, then changing the title to "Genetic basis for sexual orientation" seems the best option. -- Spleeman 20:17, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. And please don't remove my vote this time. Andrewa 21:13, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It appears I must have done that, but inadvertently. In fact, I have no idea how I did it, but I do sincerely apologize. -- orthogonal 21:20, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Accepted. For my part, I'm sorry if the preceding was a bit terse. Thanks for the quick and positive response. Andrewa 21:31, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * What probably happened was that you both edited at the same time. Orthogonal started editing, and then Andrewa saved her editing, and then Orthogonal saved his unintentionally... wait for it... orthogonal version. -Luc "Somethingorother" French 04:50, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This probably didn't happen, for two reasons. Firstly, Orthogonal would have received an edit conflict message. Secondly, I'm sure she's a delightful person (->, but this female Andrewa you refer to is not me. Andrewa 07:02, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; do not merge. -Sean Curtin 00:46, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and do not merge. CoppBob 03:17, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge or rename with a title not specifically referencing homosexuality (like Genetic basis for sexual orientation). If renamed, we should also start work on a complimentary Environmental basis for sexual orientation. -Seth Mahoney 18:41, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep and rename "Genetic basis for sexual orientation" as suggested above - obviously any genetic basis for homosexuality would provide a genetic basis for heterosexuality, or any other sexual orientation. Paul August 23:00, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename to something like "Genetic basis for sexual orientation", as suggested above. Josh Cherry 02:00, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep no merge no rename. Williamb 13:40, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and no rename. Scientifically the question of connection between genetics and homosexuality is interesting because a priori you would expect Darwinian evolution to strongly select against a homosexuality gene. If there is a genetic basis, you have an interesting problem as to why the genes persist (presumably due to a co-benefit, a complex interaction of genes or genetics+environment). There is a passing reference to this in the article, but more could be made of it. Renaming the article would dilute this question. In terms of any bias for or against homosexuality, it cuts both ways. I've known several gay men who are keen to find a genetic component to homosexuality as a justification against pure lifestyle choice - as in, 'hey I was born this way'. There are quite a few sexual orientation articles that are POV, but this doesn't look like on of them. -- Solipsist 16:12, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and no rename. Excellent point. Indeed, the darwinian argument is the crux of the issue. Deepak 21:26, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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2004 United States presidential debates

The United States presidential election debates were held in the 2004 presidential election. Three debates were held between Republican incumbent George W. Bush and Democratic candidate John Kerry, the major candidates, and one debate was held with their vice presidential running mates, incumbent Dick Cheney and John Edwards. All four debates were sponsored by the non-profit Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), which has organized presidential debates since its establishment in 1987.

The vice presidential debate was held on October 5 at Case Western Reserve University. The presidential debates were held on September 30 at the University of Miami, October 8 at Washington University in St. Louis, and October 13 at Arizona State University, ahead of the November 2 Election Day. Different moderators and debate formats were used in each debate.

An alternative was proposed by the Citizens' Debate Commission, but was not carried out. There were several third-party candidate debates also held independently from the CPD-sponsored debates. The debates were the latest in a series of presidential debates first held during the 1960 presidential election and held every four years since the 1976 election.

Post-debate polls generally suggested that the 2004 presidential debates were a positive factor for John Kerry's candidacy, as CNN/USA Today/Gallup immediate post-debate polls showed that Kerry clearly won the first and third debates in the eyes of the American television audience, and he tied with Bush in the second. In the follow-up polls taken days after the first two debates, Kerry's perceived positive performance in the debates increased, so that the public then saw Kerry, rather than Bush, as the winner of all three debates.

Participant selection
According to the Commission on Presidential Debates, the predetermined criteria for selecting candidates to participate in its 2004 presidential debates are based on evidence of eligibility as defined in Article Two of the United States Constitution), evidence of ballot access, and evidence of electoral support based on national public opinion polls.

Participants must have appeared on enough state ballots to have at least a mathematical chance of securing the Electoral College majority needed to win the election. While several third-party candidates met the eligibility and ballot access criteria, none had the support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate based on the average of five selected national public opinion polling organizations. The criteria also specified that invitations to the CPD's vice-presidential debate would be extended to the running mates of the candidates participating in the first presidential debate.

Only President George W. Bush and U.S. Senator John Kerry met the CPD selection criteria for any of the presidential debates. As a result, only Vice President Dick Cheney and Senator John Edwards met the criteria for the vice presidential debate.

On October 1, 2004, the Arizona Libertarian Party (AZLP) filed suit against the Commission on Presidential Debates and Arizona State University in the Superior Court of Arizona for Maricopa County regarding the staging of the third presidential debate. They contested that the debate, to be held on the grounds of and partially funded by a state university, constituted an illegal in kind campaign donation because it excluded Michael Badnarik, the Libertarian candidate. (Only Bush, Kerry, and Badnarik had ballot access in Arizona.) In the complaint the Arizona Libertarian Party alleged that ASU was "making a donation to two individual campaigns [Bush and Kerry] through the Commission on Presidential Debates as a conduit, in violation of the Arizona Constitution's prohibition on making gifts or donations to individuals or corporations."

Superior Court Judge F. Pendleton Gaines III issued an order to show cause for the president of ASU and for the director of the CPD to appear in court for a hearing on October 12, a day before the scheduled debate. Gaines denied a restraining order on the grounds of laches and that there was a sufficient public purpose for the debate, but also ruled that the AZLP could continue to pursue damages for any violations to their constitutional rights.

The Arizona debate nonetheless proceeded on October 13.

On October 8, at the second debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Badnarik and another third-party nominee, Green candidate David Cobb, were arrested in a civil disobedience action after crossing a police line outside the debate venue to protest their exclusion from the debate. Badnarik said he was attempting to serve the order to show cause; both candidates were released after being ticketed for trespassing and refusing a reasonable order from a policeman.

Presidential debates memorandum of understanding
A memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Bush 2004 campaign and the Kerry 2004 campaign, covering in minute detail all aspects of the presidential candidate debates held between the two candidates was created. It was 32 pages long and dated September 20, 2004.

The Citizens' Debate Commission (CDC) and others were instrumental in getting the campaigns to publish the MOU in advance of the debates. One of the commissioners of the CDC, George Farah, has written about the earlier debate MOUs in the 2004 tome No Debate: How the Republican and Democratic Parties Secretly Control the Presidential Debates.

Debate schedule
Originally, the CPD specified that the first debate would be focused on domestic policy and the third focused on foreign policy. Those terms were changed in an announcement by the CPD on September 24, after it had reviewed the terms of the MOU. The CPD agreed that foreign affairs and homeland security would be the primary topic for the first debate and domestic and economic policy will be the primary topic of the third debate. More broadly, it also agreed to make a "good faith effort" to accommodate the rest of the terms of the MOU.

The September 24 announcement, which was released in the format of a copy of a letter sent to the two campaigns, also noted CPD's pleasure at the willingness of the two campaigns to participate in the second, "town meeting"-style debate, yet was ambiguous about just what had been agreed to.

Originally, the CPD had announced that questions for the second debate would come from undecided voters selected by the Gallup Organization from the standard metropolitan statistical area surrounding the host city. This had been the policy followed for the 1992, 1996, and 2000 debates. But the September 24 letter to the two candidates did not comment on this; instead, it noted that campaign representatives can discuss participant selection methodology with Dr. Frank Newport of Gallup in order to resolve any open issues. One such issue was that the MOU specified that half the questions be asked by "soft Kerry supporters" and half by "soft Bush supporters," though what is meant by those terms was not made clear.

Format
For 2004, each debate lasted ninety minutes, included a live audience, had no opening statements, could have included follow-up questions from the moderator and ended with closing statements of two minutes.

September 30: First presidential debate (University of Miami)
The debate was held in the Convocation Center of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.

Jim Lehrer of PBS' The NewsHour posed nine questions for each candidate.

Video stream

 * RealPlayer video stream of the debate from the BBC website
 * Video and stream of the debate from the Internet Archive

Post-debate poll
62.5 million people tuned into the debates, an increase of just over 35 percent from 2000.

Bush's suit bulge
A bulge in the back of Bush's suit jacket during this debate triggered rumors that he was "wired" with a radio receiver, presumably to receive instructions from his strategists. Contributing to the rumors was the perception that, at one point, Bush stated "Let me finish" in response to no apparent interruption and when he still had time on the clock, and some long pauses by Bush before he began answering a question. Others dismissed these accusations, saying that the "Let me finish" was a response to a gesture that Lehrer made, and the pauses were a result of Bush gathering his thoughts before responding.

White House officials initially claimed that the bulge was a "wrinkle in the fabric," and that Bush was not wearing a bullet-proof vest, as many conjectured. Bush's tailor later said that the bulge was nothing more than a pucker along the jacket's back seam, according to The Seattle Times. After the election, unidentified sources in the Secret Service told The Hill that Bush was wearing a bullet-proof vest and that campaign handlers had not admitted it earlier for security reasons.

In 2020, NBC News referred to the 2004 microphone earpiece allegations as a "conspiracy theory" and likened the allegations to unfounded right-wing claims that Hillary Clinton wore a microphone in a 2016 debate, or that Joe Biden wore an earpiece in a 2020 debate.

"You forgot Poland"
During the debate John Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 invasion of Iraq, saying "... when we went in, there were three countries: Great Britain, Australia and the United States. That's not a grand coalition. We can do better." Bush, who had used Poland earlier in the debate as an example of the international presence in Iraq, replied by saying "Well, actually, he forgot Poland. And now there's 30 nations involved, standing side by side with our American troops." Paraphrased as "You forgot Poland", the term became a popular catchphrase among Bush detractors, who saw it as a humorously petty rebuttal of Kerry's original point.

Bush facial expressions
During the debate, Bush made facial expressions which were later described as negative. Democrats highlighted these facial expressions after the debate, claiming that Bush was annoyed during the debate.

Venue
The only vice presidential debate between Dick Cheney and John Edwards was held at the Veale Center at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. The debate attracted a large audience, as 43.6 million people tuned in, nearly as many as had watched the presidential debates from 2000.

Moderator Gwen Ifill of the Public Broadcasting Service posed a total of 20 questions to the candidates.

Video stream

 * RealPlayer video stream of the debate from the BBC website
 * Video and stream of the debate from the Internet Archive

Notable exchanges
Though the debate largely focused on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Economy and Gay Marriage, media coverage focused on a few key exchanges between the two candidates. Cheney told Edwards, referring to his inexperience, that "the first time I met you was tonight." And Edwards pointedly referred to Cheney's gay daughter, asking whether Cheney was "...willing to talk about the fact that they have a gay daughter?"

Post-debate poll
CBS News interviewed a nationally representative sample of 178 uncommitted debate-watchers. The sample was of voters who are either undecided about whom to vote for or who have a weak preference that could be changed. Of the group 41 percent said Edwards won the debate, 28 said Cheney won, and 31 percent thought it was a tie. Both uncommitted men and uncommitted women preferred Edwards. A separate poll of 1000 likely voters found that 43 percent believed Cheney won while 37 percent felt Edwards did better. Moreover, after the debate 47 percent said that Cheney was "very qualified" to assume the responsibilities of president (a seven percent rise), while only 25 percent said the same of Edwards (no change).

Venue
The debate was held at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Charles Gibson mediated the town hall session, which consisted of prospective voters reading questions preselected by Gibson to the candidates.

Video stream

 * RealPlayer video stream of the debate from the BBC website
 * Video and stream of the debate from the Internet Archive

Analysis
Bush attempted to deflect criticism of what was described as his scowling demeanor during the first debate, joking at one point about one of Kerry's remarks, "That answer almost made me want to scowl".

When asked about possible appointments to the Supreme Court, Bush replied he would not pick the type of judge who would support the Dred Scott decision. Because that case dealt with slavery, abolished in the United States almost 150 years earlier, commentators such as Timothy Noah thought the President's comment was aimed at anti-abortion voters who see "Dred Scott" as code for Roe v. Wade. Noah believed Bush was saying he would appoint Justices who opposed legal abortion.

Venue
The final debate was held in the Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium at Arizona State University.

Moderator Bob Schieffer of CBS News posed 20 total questions to the candidates.

Third-party candidate debates

 * January 29 — Former Green Party presidential nomination candidate and independent vice-presidential candidate Peter Camejo debated Normon Solomon at the Crest Theatre in downtown Sacramento, regarding what direction the Green Party should take in 2004. Camejo supported Ralph Nader, even as an independent candidate, and hoped that Nader could be persuaded to run with the Green Party. Solomon said that Nader should not run, and that the Greens should work to defeat George W. Bush. The debate was a benefit for listener-sponsored KVMR.
 * August 31 — Michael Badnarik (Libertarian) and David Cobb (Green) debated in New York City. George W. Bush (Republican), John Kerry (Democrat), and Ralph Nader (independent) were invited to debate, but none of them accepted. The debate was moderated by Rob Richie, executive director of the Center for Voting and Democracy, and Walter Kane, a reporter for Channel 12 News. C-SPAN televised the debate on September 6.
 * September 30 — Michael Badnarik (Libertarian) and David Cobb (Green) debated at 5 p.m. in Miami, across the street from the Bush-Kerry debate, which began at 9 p.m. Unlike Bush and Kerry, Badnarik and Cobb took unscripted questions from the audience and from correspondents. The event was carried live by Pacifica Radio, and broadcast later by PBS Television.
 * October 6 — Michael Badnarik (Libertarian), Walt Brown (Socialist), David Cobb (Green), and Michael Peroutka (Constitution) debated at 8 p.m. at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The format of this event was similar to that of the September 30 debate: opening statements, questions from the audience, and closing statements. However, the debate was slightly shorter than the prior two third-party debates, at about 80 minutes total. Time was split between four candidates rather than two, and most of the questions came from Cornell undergraduate and graduate students.
 * October 7 — Vice-Presidential debate conducted by Democracy Now! featuring Pat LaMarche (Green), Peter Camejo (Independent Ralph Nader's running mate), and Richard Campagna (Libertarian).
 * October 7 — Michael Badnarik (Libertarian) and David Cobb (Green) at the University of Texas at Austin at 11:30 a.m.
 * October 15 — Walt Brown (Socialist), David Cobb (Green), Charles Jay (Personal Choice Party), Gary Nolan (radio host) standing in for Michael Badnarik (Libertarian), former presidential candidate Deirdre Griswold standing in for John Parker (Workers World Party), former presidential candidate Jerry White standing in for Bill Van Auken (Socialist Equality Party) at East Tennessee State University. The debate was released on DVD.

title: 2004 United States presidential debates


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Category:Brown County, Wisconsin

Articles related to Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

title: Category:Brown County, Wisconsin


text: Category:Towns in Wisconsin

title: Category:Towns in Wisconsin


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Category:Marion County, West Virginia

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title: Category:Marion County, West Virginia


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Statically indeterminate

In statics and structural mechanics, a structure is statically indeterminate when the equilibrium equations – force and moment equilibrium conditions –  are insufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions on that structure.

Mathematics
Based on Newton's laws of motion, the equilibrium equations available for a two-dimensional body are:

 * $$ \sum \mathbf F = 0 :$$ the vectorial sum of the forces acting on the body equals zero. This translates to:
 * $$ \sum \mathbf H = 0 :$$ the sum of the horizontal components of the forces equals zero;
 * $$ \sum \mathbf V = 0 :$$ the sum of the vertical components of forces equals zero;
 * $$ \sum \mathbf M = 0 :$$ the sum of the moments (about an arbitrary point) of all forces equals zero.

In the beam construction on the right, the four unknown reactions are $VA$, $VB$, $VC$, and $HA$. The equilibrium equations are:

 * $$\begin{align}

\sum \mathbf V = 0 \quad & \implies \quad \mathbf V_A - \mathbf F_v + \mathbf V_B + \mathbf V_C = 0 \\ \sum \mathbf H = 0 \quad & \implies \quad \mathbf H_A = 0 \\ \sum \mathbf M_A = 0 \quad & \implies \quad \mathbf F_v \cdot a - \mathbf V_B \cdot (a + b) - \mathbf V_C \cdot (a + b + c) = 0 \end{align}$$

Since there are four unknown forces (or variables) ($VA$, $VB$, $VC$, and $HA$) but only three equilibrium equations, this system of simultaneous equations does not have a unique solution. The structure is therefore classified as statically indeterminate.

To solve statically indeterminate systems (determine the various moment and force reactions within it), one considers the material properties and compatibility in deformations.

Statically determinate
If the support at $B$ is removed, the reaction $VB$ cannot occur, and the system becomes statically determinate (or isostatic). Note that the system is completely constrained here. The system becomes an exact constraint kinematic coupling. The solution to the problem is:

 * $$\begin{align}

\mathbf H_A &= \mathbf F_h \\ \mathbf V_C &= \frac{\mathbf F_v \cdot a}{a + b + c} \\ \mathbf V_A &= \mathbf F_v - \mathbf V_C \end{align}$$

If, in addition, the support at $A$ is changed to a roller support, the number of reactions are reduced to three (without $HA$), but the beam can now be moved horizontally; the system becomes unstable or partly constrained—a mechanism rather than a structure. In order to distinguish between this and the situation when a system under equilibrium is perturbed and becomes unstable, it is preferable to use the phrase partly constrained here. In this case, the two unknowns $VA$ and $VC$ can be determined by resolving the vertical force equation and the moment equation simultaneously. The solution yields the same results as previously obtained. However, it is not possible to satisfy the horizontal force equation unless $Fh = 0$.

Statical determinacy
Descriptively, a statically determinate structure can be defined as a structure where, if it is possible to find internal actions in equilibrium with external loads, those internal actions are unique. The structure has no possible states of self-stress, i.e. internal forces in equilibrium with zero external loads are not possible. Statical indeterminacy, however, is the existence of a non-trivial (non-zero) solution to the homogeneous system of equilibrium equations. It indicates the possibility of self-stress (stress in the absence of an external load) that may be induced by mechanical or thermal action.

Mathematically, this requires a stiffness matrix to have full rank.

A statically indeterminate structure can only be analyzed by including further information like material properties and deflections. Numerically, this can be achieved by using matrix structural analyses, finite element method (FEM) or the moment distribution method (Hardy Cross).

Practically, a structure is called 'statically overdetermined' when it comprises more mechanical constraints – like walls, columns or bolts –  than absolutely necessary for stability.

title: Statically indeterminate


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Habibul Bashar

Qazi Habibul Bashar (কাজী হাবিবুল বাশার; born 17 August 1972) is a retired Bangladeshi cricketer and the former captain of the Bangladesh cricket team. Under the managership of Dav Whatmore, he has been found to be the most successful captain to lead the Bangladesh team to overcome several milestones. The first test victory of Bangladesh came under his hands in 2005 against Zimbabwe. Under Habibul Bashar's captaincy, Bangladesh have beaten Australia, India, South Africa and Sri Lanka in limited overs matches. Habibul Bashar is currently one of the chief selectors of BCB, along with Abdur Razzak and Minhajul Abedin.

Early career
In 1989, Habibul Bashar played for the Bangladesh Under-19 team in the U-19 Asia Cup. Through the 1990s he played his domestic cricket for Biman Bangladesh Airlines. His ODI debut came at the 1995 Asia Cup against Sri Lanka. He missed the 1997 ICC Trophy, in which Bangladesh were the champions but did play in the Asia Cup of that year. He was also left out of the 1999 World Cup squad. After the World Cup he again entered the team and with Eddie Barlow's inspiration he got the chance to play more.

Keeping up with the traditional inconsistency with announcing the side, Habibul Bashar was again out of the team for Bangladesh's inaugural test. His consistent performance before the test drew the attention of the press and after heavy criticism from them he was finally included in the side. Habibul Bashar made the first fifty in the history of Bangladesh Test cricket to prove his ability.

Career story
Habibul Bashar was one of Bangladesh's leading batsmen. He was the captain of Bangladesh from January 2004 to June 2007, during this time he led the team to some notable successes. When Zimbabwe toured Bangladesh in January 2005, Bangladesh recorded their first Test match win, their first Test series win, and their first One Day International series win. In June 2005, Bangladesh beat the world champions Australia in a One Day International in Cardiff. In April 2006, they came close to beating Australia in a Test match, taking a first-innings lead of 158, eventually losing by three wickets. Bangladesh lost the ODI series with Zimbabwe in August 2006 by 3–2, but beat them in the last qualifying match of the Champions Trophy. Thanks to these efforts, Bangladesh are currently above Zimbabwe in the LG ICC ODI rankings, and showing that they are improving by the match.

Habibul Bashar had a disappointing 2007 World Cup as a batsman, with an average of only 13.12 and a highest score of 32. In spite of this, Bangladesh performed relatively well. Following a 1–0 test series defeat to India, Habibul Bashar resigned as ODI captain but wanted to remain part of the ODI team. However, despite stating that he wanted to continue to be test captain, Habibul Bashar was removed from this position on 2 June 2007 and replaced by Mohammad Ashraful who also took over as ODI captain. On 14 September, he announced his retirement from international cricket. Then he became the captain of the Dhaka Warriors side in ICL.At the end of 2009 he retired from ICL and came back at the mainstream of Bangladesh cricket. He has retired from all forms of professional cricket after playing the 2009/10 season. Currently he is playing in the local weekend cricket tournament for The Josephite Warriors. Bashar was also a national Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF in Bangladesh. On 20 January 2022, Habibul Bashar joined Asia Lions along with Mohammad Rafique in Legends League Cricket.

2017 Champions Trophy
Habibul Habibul Bashar set to represent Bangladesh as the brand ambassador during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy.

Tests
Test Debut: vs India, Dhaka in 2000 1. 108 vs Zimbabwe, Chattogram in 2001
 * He made his highest score of 113 in Test cricket against West Indies in 2004
 * Test Centuries:

2. 108 vs Pakistan, Karachi in 2003

3. 113 vs West Indies, Gros Islet in 2004

 * Bashar's most prolific form was in 2003 where he scored 801 runs with 1 century & 7 fifties, averaging 44.50

ODIs
ODI Debut: vs Sri Lanka, Sharjah in 1995
 * He made his highest score of 78 in ODI's against Zimbabwe in 2007

title: Habibul Bashar


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Javed Omar

Mohammad Javed Omar Belim (born 25 November 1976), known in the early days of his career by the nickname Gullu is a former Bangladeshi cricketer who has played Tests and ODI cricket since 1995, and a former captain in both formats. Jawed bid bye after a friendly domestic match on January 3, 2014.

Career
On his Test debut in April 2001, he carried his bat for 85 not out becoming only the third player in history to achieve this on debut. He is the second person in the history to carry the bat through entire innings in both forms of cricket. Moreover, he is one of the twenty two cricketers in the history of 137 years of test cricket who scored half centuries in both innings of a test as a debutant. The opener has gained a reputation for being able to occupy the crease as his Test strike rate of 36 shows. On 28 August 2003, Jawed scored his maiden Test century against Pakistan.

During the second Test between Bangladesh and India in May 2007 he achieved the very rare feat of grabbing a king pair as he got out to the bowling of Zaheer Khan in the first ball of both innings of the Test Match.

Early years
Still in his early teens, Jawed toured England during the summer of 1989 with the Bangladesh U-19 side. Later that year, he played in the Asian U-19 cup in Afghanistan and scored 55 in the match against Pakistan.

The transformation from the youth team to the national side, however, took a bit of time, and it was not until the 1994–95 season that he got his chance in the national colours. This delay was partly because during the period 90–94 Bangladesh was mainly involved with One-Day Cricket while Jawed's batting technique is always more suitable for the longer version. Jawed was part of the team that won the ICC Trophy in 1997. However, he spent most of the tournament as a reserve player, as the coach Gordon Greenidge decided to push hard hitting middle-order bat Naimur Rahman to the opening position.

title: Javed Omar


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Rajin Saleh

Khondokar Mohammad Rajin Saleh Alam (খন্দকার মোহাম্মদ রাজিন সালেহ আলম) (born November 20, 1983) is a Bangladeshi former cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He was recognised for his outstanding fielding attributes and was one of the best fielders of his generation. He was also a member of the national 2006 ICC Champions Trophy and 2007 Cricket World Cup squads. In November 2018, he announced his retirement from first-class cricket.

International career
He was the twelfth man of the inaugural Test that Bangladesh played against India on November 10, 2000. He then spent three years out of the national squad. He made his Test debut against Pakistan in 2003 when they made a trip to that country. He also made his ODI debut in that same series. During and after that series he proved himself to be one of the regular members of the national team. In 2004 ICC Champions Trophy he captained the side in the absence of the injured Habibul Bashar. He also made an unbeaten knock of 108 against Kenya to become the third Bangladeshi batsman to score a century in One-day Internationals.

title: Rajin Saleh


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Faisal Hossain

Faisal Hossain (born 26 October 1978) is a Bangladeshi former cricketer. He played international cricket for Bangladesh in 2004, one Test match and four One Day Internationals without establishing himself in the side. After poor performances at international level, Hossain drifted out of the international squad. He represented Chittagong Division in Bangladesh's domestic competition. Although primarily a batsman, Hossain was a part-time left arm spin bowler. He is currently active as a cricket coach.

Career
Hossain made his One Day International (ODI) debut against the West Indies on 18 May 2004, scoring 17 runs at number five. He played three more ODIs, the last on 29 July 2004 against Pakistan where he scored 17 which remained his highest score.

He made his Test debut on 28 May 2004 against West Indies, batting at number six where scored 5 and 2.

Although he was drafted in as cover for the injured captain, Habibul Bashar, in the ICC Champions Trophy in August 2004, Hossain did not play another international match.

Hossain's bowling action came under scrutiny in 2007 and was under suspicion of throwing. He was allowed to bowl in competitive cricket under supervision, but faced a life ban after his action was reported again. He has not bowled since the 2007/08 season. In the 2008 English cricket season, Hossain represented Chislehurst and West Kent Cricket Club in the Kent Cricket League in England.

In December 2008, Hossain was recalled to the Bangladesh squad to face Sri Lanka at home four years after playing his last Test. At the time of his selection, Hossain was a prolific run-scorer in Bangladesh's 2008/09 first-class competition. He scored 983 runs at an average of 70.56. Playing for the Chittagong Division, he scored bulk of runs for his side which also contains experienced national team players like Aftab Ahmed, Nafees Iqbal, Tamim Iqbal, Talha Jubair and Nazimuddin. After another successful season in 2009–10 where he was the 2nd highest run scorer in the domestic league in four-day matches, he got into the one-day side again for Bangladesh's tour to England. He went on to play 2 one-day matches and scored his highest score (26*) in ODI cricket. He was involved in an incident when he was bowling in the 1st ODI. A crafty left-arm spinner, he was bowling to Ian Bell and beat him with his flight. Wicketkeeper and then vice-captain of Bangladesh Mushfiqur Rahim also missed the flight of the ball and the ball went through his helmet grills and stuck him in the nose. Rahim missed the remainder of the series due to the injury. However, he was dropped for the 2nd one-day which Bangladesh won, beating England by 5 runs. Bangladesh went on to lose the series 2–1. His next assignment was against Ireland where he came to bat at No.8 and scored an unbeaten 8*. Bangladesh, down 1–0 against Ireland, came back well and drew the series 1–1. After the England tour, Hossain was dropped from the Bangladesh setup. He went back to domestic cricket and kept on scoring runs. In the 2010–11, he was one of the most consistent performers in the league and earned a place in the Bangladesh A side which will tour South Africa in January 2012.

title: Faisal Hossain