text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glenbrook North High School

Another non-notable high school. I wish other articles could be this long. RickK 06:10, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but cut it down and NPOV it. The "power-puff" hazing incident made national headlines in the U.S. --Slowking Man 06:13, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I agree with Slowking Man. It's notible enough that it merits a place here.  It has close to 4,000 google hits which is significantly more than a non-notible high school that I tested it against (my own, no claim to fame). -SocratesJedi 07:54, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Kinda sorta wish the puff paragraphs were shorter, but I have no real gripe with them. Probably a good idea to amend the opening sentence so that it's clear off the bat that this article is here because the school has been in the news, and not because everyone should want to go there. Geogre 12:41, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs some cleanup. Speaking as a diehard nonnotable-secondary-school-deletionist... my argument has been that "local interest" pieces are far more acceptable if they say something interesting about the place. One of the arguments for keeping articles about high schools is that alums will get a warm fuzzy when they see the Wikipedia article; but the typical stubby article (address, district, number of students, name of principal) is pleasing to nobody, alum or stranger, and are not valuable nuclei that will induce bigger articles to crystallize around them. I think the combination of a) being setting for Ferris Bueller's Day Off, a notable movie IMHO, b) one silly "in-the-news" item, and c) one significant "in-the-news" item, justifies its inclusion. Plus it gets more Google hits than my own high school. Actually, I'll go further than that. IMHO, this article is a model of how to write a (marginally) keepable article about a marginally notable high school. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:03, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC) P. S. While Northrop High School is a model of what not to do. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:14, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Have we seen Northrop High School here yet? Also, Baltimore City College is a different model of what not to do (very notable school, so definitely not VfD).  I know two Wikipedians, one who went there and one who worked there, who can't persuade themselves to help it out. Geogre 04:04, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Just put Northrop High School up for discussion. (Incidentally, I vote Keep on this page, but please slim it down.)
 * Well beat me with a frozen turd and call me Ferris Bueller, but this is one high school article I vote to keep. Never thought I'd see the day, but there is enough actual newsworthiness her, plus sufficient salacious comment, that it provides info plus chuckle. Denni ☯ 01:53, 2004 Aug 10 (UTC)
 * Keep. What a nice change.  I remember when the "powder puff" thing made national news.  While I wouldn't probably vote to keep based on just that, when you throw in the Ferris Bueller connection and the other somewhat notable stuff, you get out a school easilly worth an article.  Isomorphic 04:17, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. For the news & film reasons mentioned above.  Sahasrahla 04:03 EDT, August 10, 2004
 * Yeah, keep - although I'll admit I initially thought that they had a Powerpuff-themed hazing. DS 22:47, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Scripting languages

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Scripting languages


text:
Talk:Potassium cyanide

Suicide
I think the article should begin with chemical and physical information about potassium cyanide, instead of opening by saying that it's the most common instrument of suicide. (Incidentally, if anyone can cite statistics supporting this claim, that would help.)

rajneesh 06:12, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

According to Suicide, sourced from, in the US firearms are by far the most common method of suicide & four times more common than the next. After that, it lists asphyxia, hanging, drug overdose, carbon monoxide poisoning, jumping from height, stabbing or exsanguination, and drowning. In the Republic of Congo, where firearms are less readily available, the most common method among 15-24 year olds is hanging, followed by firearms, followed by motor vehicle exhaust, followed by poisoning (all methods). And so on. Obviously methods will vary somewhat from one country to another, but this claim doesn't seem to be even remotely true, so I've removed it along with some accompanying material that seemed equally spurious. --Calair 03:39, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rat poison?
Was cyanide really 'commonly used as rat poison'? I know there's an anti-smoking ad out there mentioning the presence of cyanide in rat poison, but AFAIK most poisons are based on anticoagulants, heavy metals, or strychnine. --Calair 00:03, 13 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Anticoagulants are usually favoured these days, but cyanide salts have been used in the past, yes. Zyklon B was originally developed as a pesticide (for fumigation). Physchim62 10:16, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I remembered the use of cyanide for fumigating insects, just hadn't heard of it being used for rats until this article. --Calair 15:01, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

From PNA/Chemicals

 * Potassium cyanide - needs chemist to check factually dubious section. RayGirvan 21:37, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anecdotal agents
Citation for the alleged antidotal effect of glucose? Quite apart from cake icing mostly being sucrose, it looks chemically nonsense to me. I suspect it's a misinterpretation of texts (eg and ) reporting that glucose reduces the toxicity of dicobalt edetate when the latter is used as a cyanide antidote. RayGirvan 20:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * After a lot of Googling I found one article that appears to claim an antidotal effect for glucose alone. By my limited Spanish and with the aid of a machine translator, it appears they mixed glucose with a cyanide solution and found it less toxic to mice than the same concentration of cyanide without glucose. Running part of that article through a machine translator:

 * In relation to the glucose, anecdotally it is mentioned that, the abundant sweet wine ingestion was the reason for which Rasputín (Grigori Yefímovich, 1872-1916), Russian monk hated by the nobility, survived an attempt of envenenamiento with cyanide. Without a detailed scientific explanation, the use of hypertonic glucosado serum to the 30-50% intravenous route like main antidótico treatment, or cotreatment of the fundamental antidótica therapy is suggested. The glucose would react with the in the middle acid cyanide [ I suspect that's actually "would react with cyanide in an acid medium" ], giving a heptosa, with disappearance of the ciánica molecule in the reaction... In the present test, a solution of D (+) anhydrous glucose to 40%, antagonizó totally the poisonous effect of 40 a lethal dose of mg/kg [ should read "a lethal dose of 40 mg/kg", I think ] of potassium cyanide, after one hour of incubation... according to the observed results, the union cyanide-glucose is apparently stable, at least under physiological conditions in mice and to the contact with the peritoneal liquid.  On the other hand, according to the expressed thing by Calabuig (2004), this one union is facilitated in the middle acid, reason why it would be possible to hope that, under a toxic picture, where this present the lactic acidosis product of the increased anaerobic metabolism, the reaction took place in a smaller time... This, nevertheless, also contradicts the expressed thing by other authors (Pavia and col., 1976), that indicates the requirement of slightly basic means for the spontaneous occurrence of the reaction nonsingle, but, who in the middle acid, the cianohidrina would be disturbed releasing cyanide.  Thus, the possible molecule formation must even be considered spontaneous that is nontoxic and stable and that derives in the partial or total diminution from the toxic power of the cyanide, or, as Calabuig mentions (2004), takes place the disappearance of the ciánica molecule in the reaction.

 * So there does seem to be some basis for believing that glucose alone might be an antidote to cyanide poisoning, but I don't think Wikipedia should be suggesting that this is anything other than an experimental treatment. (I'm vaguely bothered by the number of sites that are faithfully reproducing Wikipedia's claims on this, too.) I'll take a stab at rewording that section - see whether you think the tag needs to stay on after that? --Calair 00:04, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well done for finding the Spanish article, this is the first investigation I have seen of the oft-repeated Rasputin story. However, dispite the title of the article, they do not show that glucose is a cyanide antidote, merely that administering glucode and cyanide at the same time (in fact, after a 10 min incubation of the glucose/cyanide mixture) reduces the toxicity of cyanide. This is probably due to a condensation reaction between the cyanide and the aldehyde grouping of the glucose molecule, leading to a cyanoheptose which is less toxic and more easily dealt with by the body.
 * Three cyanide antidotes are known, although there is some controversy over the best one to use.
 * Sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate, favored in the US
 * Kelocyanor® (dicobalt edetate), favoured in the UK, also used in France
 * Cyanokit® (hydroxycobalamine, a form of vitamin B12), favoured in France
 * In any case, this section is probably better placed in Cyanide (although the relevant section there should also be cleaned up a bit).
 * Physchim62 10:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * (Also note that amyl nitrate is used in the management of cyanide poisoning.) [Unsigned edit by Big Bob the Finder 23:01, 12 Aug 2005 (UTC)]
 * It is, but see HSE recommendations for first aid treatment of cyanide poisoning (UK) for a discussion of its probable lack of effectiveness. Physchim62 18:11, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right, the experiment doesn't actually show glucose to be an antidote (except in a sort of pre-emptive fashion). However, from what I could make out the discussion was speculating that the same process might take place within the bloodstream, which would make IV glucose a useful antidote. Of course, speculation is not demonstration, but it does at least show that under some circumstances glucose can neutralise cyanide.
 * And yes, an awful lot of this article is really about CN- in general rather than specifically KCN, and should go in Cyanide.--Calair 16:33, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And yes, . I agree that a lot of this article should really be under Cyanide

 * Regardless, we're not here to draw conclusions ourselves. We don't use primary sources.  This isn't a place for original thesis.  Thus, unless it is published first by another source, I don't think the effects of glucose should be published here.Comatose51 03:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The German paper Handlungsfähigkeit bei tödlichen oralen Intoxikationen mit Cyan-Verbindungen from a journal for forensic medecine (Rechtsmedizin 9: 56 - 61, 1999) cites a case of a girl who accidentally drank poisoned, sugared tea and whose poisoning symptoms did not became evident until after half an hour later. They state that this could be due to the sugar binding some of the CN- ions. Although they do not give any details, they cite glucose as one of the factors responsible for a delayed poisoning by cyanide. There are no reasonable sources about Rasputin, but it may also be that his stomach was not acid enough or that he used lemon for his tea (thereby releasing HCN before drinking it) for getting poisoned. Phrood 21:42, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Amyl nitrate/nitrite
IPCS/CEC refers to amyl nitrite as a potential antidote, whereas the HSE discusses amyl nitrate. Are amyl nitrate and nitrite both in use as CN- antidotes, or has one of these sources goofed? --Calair 23:52, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the HSE has goofed, as have I, further up this talk page! Amyl nitrite (CAS number [110-46-3]) is the "traditional" first aid for cyanide poisoning. Amyl nitrate would probably be better than nothing, as it should act as a vasodilator and also increase methemoglobin levels, but it would have a shorter shelf live (even the nitrite should be stored at <15 °C) and a nasty habit of exploding. (Check-source ). Physchim62 20:50, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Suggested section merge
The toxicology section at cyanide now seems to be in a state to receive the information which is here and relates to cyanides in general. Does anyone object to me merging across this material? I would leave a short paragraph mentioning that KCN is poisonous as are all alkali cyanides and directing the reader to cyanide for more information. Physchim62 18:02, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's where it ought to be. I kept meaning to do the same thing myself, but never got around to it :-) --Calair 23:09, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

__________________________________________________________

I have a few questions maybe someone can help

If cyanide and carbon monoxide inhibit the same protein complex on the electron transport chain then would the clinical presentations be the same? If so why do we treat carbon monoxide poisoning different then cyanide poisoning?

 * The quick answer is that they don't. Cyanide ions inhibit the mitochodrial electron transport chain, carbon monoxide blocks hemaglobin. Herein lies the difference in clinical symptoms. Physchim62 19:20, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I heard that iron II and iron III are the points of attack of these two molecules. So one has more affinity to iron II the other to Iron III so you get a difference. Stone 07:57, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Question
Anybody know how you'd find Potassium Cyanide (KCN) around the house? I need it for a lab experiment. March 6, 2006
 * If you're qualified to work with KCN and have a legitimate reason for doing so, you should already know the proper channels for obtaining it. If you're not, I don't think giving you that information would be a terribly good idea. --Calair 09:08, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Well, guess what? I got a hold of it :)
 * Cool, does it work? Hello?  Hello? Just zis Guy you know? 15:13, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Does what work? It's a compound.  What do you mean?

Synthesis
Anyway, encyclopedia needs data about how to obtain various substances otherwise it would be either incomplete or censored. Potassium (or any other alkali metal) cyanide could be synthesized by direct reaction between hydroxide (KOH in this case) and hydrocyanic acid. Is there a more effective way ? -Yyy 10:24, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Why it don't work?
First I want to say that I'm not a depressed person or anything like that. It was a promiss, and about honour.

God sake!

For about a half year ago I took potassium cyanide. It had a good effect. I begun deep and fast breathing and lost contions after about a minutte.

I woke up at a hospitale. It was a miracle.

Yesterday and the day before yestarday I took the same amount again (ca 1 gram), but it had almost no effect at all. I was just deep and fast breathing for about half a minutte.

Is it possible that they have given me some kind of vaccine?

I work on a lab so the quality were about 99% for all tree cases, but the first atemt was from a other container, can that bee the reason?

I stord the KCN for the two last atempt at me room in a good isolated sample glass for tree mouth, but can it have been oxidated anyway?

Or am I just not supposed to die? I think so...

 * Any news articles/publications/etc to confirm this story?

 * Also, please do not delete material from other people's comments on Talk pages (as you just did to mine) without a good reason. --Calair 23:18, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Well, I think it depends, how much did you take? If you took like, a tablespoon the first time, and just a miligram the second time, then that makes sense... Or, maybe your body just rejected it.

 * Oh, never mind, 1 gram. Well, I assume you put it in a drink.  Did you let it sit for a few minutes, or just drink it right up?

Hindustan Times article
I reverted these edits because it looks suspiciously like copyvio, and because the material is inaccurate. For instance, it claims: "Nobody has ever lived to tell the tale — how does potassium cyanide taste?" This is false, as is the claim of instant death; there have been quite a few cases of people who ingested cyanide and survived for days afterwards, some eventually making a full recovery after treatment.

See e.g. this article, with case reports including this one: "A 54-year-old man ingested 3 g potassium cyanide and arrived in hospital unconscious and with respiratory arrest. The patient was resuscitated and 12 g of sodium thiosulfate was given intravenously...  After 30 min the patient breathed spontaneously, after 90 min he moved his extremities and eyes, and after 6 h he was fully alert. No sequelae were observed." --Calair 00:10, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Righty
Not much to say here because KCN, due to its annoying toxicity, is not usually employed in a laboratory. It is a pain to handle and NaCN can usually be used instead (cheaper and slightly less toxic) So its a bit of an irrelevant article Stui 21:12, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Potassium cyanide in fiction
Is this really relevant or useful to anyone who didn't look up 'potassium cyanide' without the intention to learn about minutiae from random video games/films?

Wanna know wather it is true or not ???
Well, Some one told me in my chemistry class that if potassium cyanied touches your blood or got mixed with it due to some kind of wound, it start crystalizing your blood and you will die ????? was it a romur or is it true ??? wanna know that really if we got potassium cynaide got mixed with our blood due to some wound, do it harm that much that a person can die ????

Mohammad Adil 19:39, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Solubility in infobox
In the infobox on the right, what does "solubility in other solvents" mean? What kind of "other solvents"?

And also, I find that 71.6 g/100 ml is actually the solubility in water. See:
 * www.inchem.org
 * www.cdc.gov

--Quest for Truth (talk) 19:41, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Crystal structure
I noticed this discussion (and its other half) and decided to reinvestigate the structure of KCN, a compound I had tried to draw the structure of a while ago. The problem is that the cyanide ions are constantly rotating, so it is difficult to represent the structure. Short of creating some sort of fuzzy ion, the best option is to represent the cyanide ion as a sphere, as shown below.

The drawback to this approach is that it needs explanation, and may confuse readers who are not familiar with the structure of the cyanide ion.

Perhaps such an image would be best placed in a section on the structure of KCN, where the disorder could be discussed. If the image went in the infobox, it would be difficult to ensure readers had seen the accompanying explanation.

Ben (talk) 17:58, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Nice work, as usual. Where did you get the coordinates and are they for below the disorder-order transition? My conversation with Aushulz was mainly to help him not depict KCN as a triatomic molecule and then we digressed into discussion of the fact that ionic solids are polymeric.  Regarding your image, I agree that the blurred image would blow the minds of readers and require a lond explanation.  Wells' Structural Inorganic book discusses the NaCN structure as being "closely related to NaCl" with six-coordination at the anions and the cations.  And he points out that KCN is isostructural.  Each K+ has two pi-bonds to CN and two bent K---C and two bent K---N links.--Smokefoot (talk) 18:27, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

I think this discussion could form the basis of a nice subsection on structure! The paper I got the coordinates from is given on the image description page. I really should get a copy of Wells, but it's out of print. Auschulz is just the sort of reader would appreciate a discussion of structure in this article.

Season's greetings!

Ben (talk) 23:42, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, I've made a more descriptive image, which I hope will be useful:

 * Potassium-cyanide-phase-I-unit-cell-3D-SF.png

 * X-ray crystallographic data from.

 * "The CN− ions undergo rapid reorientations centered at the Wyckoff 4a position (0,0,0). The time-averaged symmetry of the CN− ions about that point is cubic (point group m-3m). The rotation is not free, but is hindered. The potential energy of the CN− ion is lower for the directions of orientation, and the CN− ion spends more time near those minima."

 * Ben (talk) 02:15, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Bias / POV
The photo of the KCN crystals is shown against a Euro 1 cent piece and what appears to be the tip of a writing device. People outside the EU may not be able to discern the size of the sample shown. Suggest using a photo with the crystal sample against a measurement device such as a ruler.

173.62.183.174 (talk) 21:23, 8 April 2010 (UTC) I am a highschool chemistry teacher, and I found this in the supply closet. It has never been opened. The other chemistry teacher and I had no idea on what its used would be in a high school classroom. Is it something that needs to be removed? I did not notice it on the state band list. A cracked bottle of Bromine was found in the closet the year before I was hired (there has been a new chemistry teacher every year for a while)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.143.178.136 (talk) 17:33, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

Not really the best place to ask. This page is for discussing improvements to the article. But since you did... If you aren't confidant of using it (and you don't sound confidant), you probably should get a contractor to haul it away. See, ,. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 18:47, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

MSDS - removed as misleading. (Subsequently Restored)

 * UPDATE: The MSDS has been restored, as the Important Notes section states under "Effects of short-term exposure" that "The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the cellular respiration. This may result in convulsions and unconsciousness. Exposure could cause death." 96.231.177.2 (talk) 12:28, 24 Oct 2013 (UTC) ***

I was amazed to see that the hazardous effects of inhalation, ingestion and absorption do not include death. (In the linked MSDS.) I consider this so irresponsible that I am removing the link. I understand that this is debatable, since the SDS is by a pseudo-government body (International Programme on Chemical Safety) But it does not meet the basic requirement of properly notifying reader of potential hazard - death qualifies, don't you think? This is the link I removed: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0671.htm. I spent several minutes looking for another authoritative MSDS, but didn't find one, sorry. A bit further inquiry indicates even via dermal absorption, a couple of milliliters of saturated NaCN could be fatal (assuming toxic response is same as in rabbits on a per kg basis)72.172.11.228 (talk) 23:10, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Taste of Potassium Cyanide
I have seen this sentence in this article "The moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide due to hydrolysis, which tastes like bitter almonds". But this statement does not have any citation. So either it should be removed or the author should cite it properly with reference. Abhilashkrishn (talk) 14:03, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

 * It just seems plain vandalism, if you ask me. Engalazillo (talk) 08:37, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Potassium Cyanide Crystal Powder Visual Features AND Tests for KCN
Visually, does anyone know of a reliable picture for potassium cyanide crystals (ie: What they actually look like) that can be placed onto the Wikipedia page? Are Potassium Cyanide crystals distinctive in some way? If you look at :

http://bioprepwatch.com/stories/510507628-chemist-sentenced-for-potassium-cyanide-possession

You see a picture that states it is a picture of potassium cyanide:

https://jnswire.s3.amazonaws.com/jns-media/57/f5/49204/potassiumcyanide.png

Can anyone visually verify that this picture is of Potassium Cyanide. If so, what features does Potassium Cyanide have that enable it to be tested VISUALLY?

It is said that Potassium Cyanide produces Hydrogen Cyanide, with the Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) smelling of "bitter almonds" WHEN it is added to acids or acid salts (according to www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad61.htm). So this can be used as a test of Potassium Cyanide. Otherwise, how would one visually inspect a Potassium Cyanide crystal to make sure it is Potassium Cyanide? ASavantDude (talk) 18:51, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

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Hidrogen Cyanide or Potassium Cyanide?
In this article:

A number of prominent persons were killed or committed suicide using potassium cyanide, including members of the Young Bosnia and famous personalities in the Third Reich, such as Erwin Rommel, Hitler's longtime companion Eva Braun, Joseph Goebbels, Heinrich Himmler, and Hermann Göring.

In Cyanide poisoning article:

Cyanide, in the form of pure liquid prussic acid (a historical name for hydrogen cyanide), was the favored suicide agent of the Third Reich. It was used to commit suicide by Erwin Rommel (1944), after being accused of conspiring against Hitler; Adolf Hitler's wife, Eva Braun (1945); and by Nazi leaders Heinrich Himmler (1945), possibly Martin Bormann (1945), and Hermann Göring (1946).

--Inconexo (talk) 12:05, 4 August 2017 (UTC)

Removed highly dubious speculation regarding Rasputin's stomach pH
The article contained the following lines in the section about KCN toxicity: "[Potassium cyanide's] toxicity when ingested depends on the acidity of the stomach, because it must react with an acid to become hydrogen cyanide, the deadly form of cyanide. Grigori Rasputin may have survived a potassium cyanide poisoning because his stomach acidity was unusually low."

The source for these claims was cited as John Emsley's The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison, a pop science book. Emsley's book does contain this brief mention of potassium cyanide, which is buried in the middle of a much lengthier discussion of mercury cyanide: "That Barnett did not immediately die of cyanide poisoning can be attributed either to the fact that the solution [of mercury cyanide] he drank was not acidic, or that his stomach contents weren't. This latter state of affairs is very rare, but not unknown, and indeed it had saved the infamous Russian monk, Rasputin, who survived an attempt to poison him with potassium cyanide in 1916. The deadly form of cyanide is hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which requires acid for its formation."

Emsley does not provide any sources for these remarkable claims, which are highly implausible. Brkkp (talk) 19:18, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
 * In this section of the book, Emsley has been discussing mercury cyanide. He claims that an acid can break the relatively strong Hg-CN bonds, freeing up both the mercury and cyanide and making the compound toxic.  This is at least plausible.  By contrast, potassium cyanide readily dissociates in aqueous solution.  There is no need for an acid to break the K-CN bonds, as there is with Hg(CN)2, and I fear that Emsley has here conflated the two cyanide compounds.
 * But perhaps Emsley's claim is not that undissociated KCN isn't toxic, but rather that the CN- ion isn't toxic unless converted to HCN, as he states in his last sentence. Such a claim is far from obvious, and accepting it requires references beyond a single factoid line in a pop sci book.
 * Suppose we take this claim that cyanide is only toxic as HCN at face value. Is it true that HCN will be formed from KCN in the stomachs of most people, but not in people who have low stomach acidity?  The pKa of HCN is 9.2, which means that below a pH of 9.2 prussic acid is mostly found as the compound HCN, while above pH 9.2 it mostly exists as the dissociated ions H+ and CN-.  The normal pH range of the contents of human stomachs is 1.5 to 3.5, so virtually all the prussic acid in the stomach of a poisoned person will be undissociated.  In order to have a significantly lower amount of undissociated HCN, Rasputin's stomach would have needed to have a pH close to 9(!), which strains credulity.
 * ...and even if the toxicity of cyanide is strongly pH-dependent, presumably the relevant pH is the pH of the target sites of cyanide's action, i.e. the mitochondria of healthy cells and not the contents of the stomach.
 * Finally, there is simply no corroborating evidence to indicate that Rasputin ever had a low stomach acidity.

Fictional ref
The reference to John B McLemore and 'S-Town' are fictional and do not belong here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.9.244.28 (talk) 10:50, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

 * McLemore was real, and so was his suicide. Here's John McLemore's obituary: https://web.archive.org/web/20170926191033/http://obits.al.com/obituaries/birmingham/obituary.aspx?n=john-b-mclemore&pid=175165387
 * I can't speak to the accuracy of the podcast, but no one from the town seems to have contradicted the method of his death. Martin Blank (talk) 03:45, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

Too technical
As a lay person I had much difficulty understanding the technical terms in article. It would be helpful if technical jargon was parenthetically defined in lay language. Hyperlinks are fine, but many times the landing article is just as technical as the original one. Scottinkga (talk) 13:11, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Potassium cyanide


text:
Category talk:Star Trek

It could be nice to add two more subcategories: "Star Trek technology" for things such as the photon torpedo and "Star Trek food and drink" for things such as Romulan Ale. Also, in the category "Category:Star Trek ship classes"], I believe "Star Trek Starfleet ship classes" should simply be "Starfleet ship classes". Just a few thoughts.

--Blue387 06:13, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Star Trek soundtracks
Someone is trying to delete the ctaegory Category:Star Trek soundtracks. Please go to the talk page, and indicate what you think. Thanks. --Steve, Sm8900 13:20, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Star Trek


text:
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I'm the Web Mistress for TAG's Marc Bolan Site and Steve Took's Domain - both of whom to me were equally important founder members of the duo Tyrannosaurus Rex (T Rex).

MARC BOLAN & TAG
In 1999 I founded TAG (T-Rex Action Group) and in the same year we were granted an in perpetuity lease on the area surrounding the 'Bolan Tree' in Barnes, South West London, with ownership of 'The Tree' itself. This was a very clever move on the part of land owners Network_Rail as the tree was dying and scheduled to be felled by the end of 2002. Therefore by giving us the Tree they were able to 'wash their hands' with any 'fall out' from irate Bolan fans from The Bolan Tree being felled. The Middle name of TAG is 'Action' because that was what was needed and in 2000, we not only saved the tree so that it is healthier than it has been for years, but we also built steps up the muddy bank between the Tree and the PRS Memorial installed in 1997 and built a flat platform for fans to stand so they could view the tree without having to stand on the busy and dangerously narrow road which has no pavement on the tree-side. TAG's 'Crowning Glory' came in 2007 when the English Tourism Council (formerly the English Tourist Board) officially recognised the site in their Guide England Rocks as [Bolan's Rock Shrine]], something they would not have done has we not taken action to save the tree and make it the fitting tribute it is today!

THE BOLAN TREE IS DEAD Sadly, in early 2014 the centre of the Bolan tree was hollowed out and it was then poisoned.

STEVE PEREGRIN TOOK
As well as Web Mistressing Steve Peregrin Took's Web Site (check out his entry for some interesting things you didn't know about him!) I am currently researching his Biography.

FUNKY BEAUTIFUL CEMETERY!
If you're into Cemeteries then check out Kensal Green Cemetery where Steve Took is buried. They have an 'Open Day' each year which is highly recommended! Kensal Green Cemetery is one of the finest Cemeteries in London. It was inspired by the cemetery of Pere-Lachaises in Paris & founded in 1833. The Cemetery comprises of 72 acres of beautiful grounds including two conservation areas & is home to 33 species of bird & other wildlife. This distinctive cemetery has a host of different of memorials ranging from large mausoleums housing the rich & famous to many distinctive smaller graves & even includes special areas dedicated to the very young. With three chapels catering for people of all faiths & social standing the General Cemetery Company is proud to have provided a haven in the heart London for over 170 years for its inhabitants remember their loved one in a tranquil & dignified environment. Within the Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea survive two cemeteries dating from second quarter of the 19th Century, Brompton & Kensal Green. Of the two, Kensal Green is the earlier in date being more important historically, pre-eminent nationally in terms of its influence, importance of people buried there, overall richness & the number of outstanding memorials.

WIKIPEDIA CONTRIBUTIONS
I have contributed to and/or created a large number of pages here on Wikipedia including (alphabetically):

Alexandra Palace

'Allo 'Allo!

Barnes

Barney Bubbles

Battle of the Beanfield (New Entry)

Bolan's Rock Shrine (New Entry)

Captain Sensible

Chocky

Dino Ferari (New Entry)

Hawkwind

Hells Angels (UK)

Hells Angels

Inner City Unit (New Entry)

International Times (New Entry)

January 11

John Hopkins

July 28

Kensal Green

Ladbroke Grove

Larry Wallis

Lemmy

List of forerunners of punk music

Marc Bolan

Mick Farren (New Entry)

Mickey Finn

Nik Turner (New Entry)

NME

October 27

Phun City (New Entry)

Pixiephone

Punk rock

Ron Tree (New Entry)

Roundhouse (venue)

September 16

Shagrat (band)

Space rock

Spiritualism

Steve Hillage

Steve Peregrin Took

Steve Peregrine Took (redirect to correct spelling)

Stonehenge Free Festival (New Entry)

Stonehenge

T.Rex (band)

The Damned

The Deviants

The Pink Fairies

Tony Secunda

Trev Thoms (New Entry)

Twink (musician)

Tyrannosaurus Rex

UFO (band)

UFO Club (New Entry)

UK underground (New Entry)

Underground press (New Entry)

Underground

Wishbone Ash

title: User:Fee mercury moon


text: Category:Fictional elephants

title: Category:Fictional elephants


text:
User:Pedant/George Voorhees

George Voorhees was a late 20th Century American performer, who performed under various monickers as a clown. He was the original Ronald McDonald

In the early part of 1963 George Voorhees co-created (with Terry Teene) the original character of American advertising icon Ronald McDonald, including costume (featuring "french-fry bag pockets") and facial design, for a hired performance at a local Los Angeles, California area McDonald's restaurant. He was subsequently enjoined from performing as, or exhibiting the likeness of, Ronald Mcdonald in any form.

Shortly thereafter, Willard Scott (local radio personality who also played Bozo the Clown on television performed as Ronald McDonald on three separate television 'spots' - these were the first 3 television ads featuring the character, whose appearance was substantially similar to the original 'George Voorhees version'.

see: clown, clown face, code of non-infringement, McDonald's, monicker, Ronald McDonald, Terry Teene, trademark, intellectual property, Willard Scott

title: User:Pedant/George Voorhees


text:
Talk:Automatic meter reading

Comments
Any external links added should be added to the end of the list or sorted in some logical manner (Further discussion - Alphabetically, by type?). Adding links to the top of the list is generally considered link spamming (See wikipedia guidelines) and may cause them to end up on the bottom of the list or be removed. Additionally, descriptions should be factual, not promotional messages.

Before adding a link, please read this section, noting the "How not to be a spammer" section at this link Spam

Also, adding content to the article would help show you are not link spamming, but wish to contribute usefulness to the article.

Utilitysupplies 21:16, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

There seem to be a lot of external links added to the page being added without any useful contributions added to the actual article content. I open for discussion that instead of this article becoming a link farm, that links be limited to exclude general external links to commercial sites. The main link to the AMRA trade associtaion will have information on most companies in the industry. I propose that only links to unbiased artilcles or useful information be permitted. Links to home pages or sales related information should be eliminated. Any discussion on this suggestion? Utilitysupplies 22:57, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Okay, no discussion or suggestions on links, so I'm deleting all external links that are not non-profit or not strictly informational. Utilitysupplies 02:16, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

What is AMI?
AMI is introduced as a term but not defined. Mre5765 14:22, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes it is. Search for AMI. (Advanced Metering Infrastructure פשוט pashute ♫ (talk) 12:54, 23 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I might suggest that AMR and AMI would be merged together as one article instead of separate articles. In the electrical industry they are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally speaking we just say AMI. AMR is defunct and was a predecessor to AMI. ThoHug (talk) 15:40, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

OCR and conversion of old meters
How come there is no mention of OCR and digit recognition in conversion of old meters using optics and digital CCD cameras? Could anybody please add this information? פשוט pashute ♫ (talk) 12:56, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Infrared port
What's the name for the standard that describes the infrared port? --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:51, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

Power source?
How are the meters powered? Obviously, electricity meters have a ready source of power, but what about gas and water? Isidore (talk) 12:40, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

Possible answer to the two questions above
I'm on a patent filed in 1995/97 (granted in 2001) that describes these aspects a bit: http://www.google.com/patents/US6208266 In our case, we used Li-SOCl2 cells (D sized 16ah). We had devices on various non-machine readable Badger and Kent meters with some of the first CMOS imagers from FUGA. We'd shoot a reference image, store it locally on our endpoint device, and then just send the changed/diff pixels to an OCR engine. We used 900MHz wireless custom mesh networks that talked to a Remote Management Processor (RMP) that would upload to an internet portal where the OCR engines had copies of the reference image. Not sure who maintains this page but sort of an IoT of it's time. I'd add it but not sure if it'd be a violation of NPOV... Wamnet (talk) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wamnet (talk • contribs) 21:02, 4 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110715111206/http://www.pplelectric.com/NR/rdonlyres/202A6200-A8EE-4433-9FDA-0DA738570592/0/StatementofReasons.pdf to http://www.pplelectric.com/NR/rdonlyres/202A6200-A8EE-4433-9FDA-0DA738570592/0/StatementofReasons.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100810042218/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/newsroom/9853.html to http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/newsroom/9853.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130914060812/https://www.dom.com/about/conservation/about-smartmeters.jsp to https://www.dom.com/about/conservation/about-smartmeters.jsp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071120053451/http://www.puc.state.tx.us/electric/projects/34610/Commission_Report_on_Advanced_Metering.pdf to http://www.puc.state.tx.us/electric/projects/34610/Commission_Report_on_Advanced_Metering.pdf

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title: Talk:Automatic meter reading


text:
User:Aramgutang

{CotW} {Ref} {Tplates} {Tools} {Handbook} {Translate} {Convert} more to come...

{Em} {Pharms} {Tourism, Christmas in CZ} {Country names} {Nardi} {Ipomoea} {World Heritage Site} {Limpopo}for now...

{Provinces} {Zvartnots} {Sardarapat} {Nagorno-Karabakh} {Yerevan} and so much more...

My contributions:

My Gallery of photos I've taken.

Articles started or expanded from minimal info:
 * Alla Pugacheva*
 * Calayan Rail*
 * Davidoff
 * Death's head moth*
 * Dr. Dre
 * Gavrilov translation*
 * Geghard
 * Haghpat
 * Hawaiian baby woodrose*
 * List of significant others of Friends
 * Mushroom picking in Slavic culture
 * Sanahin
 * Snezka
 * Verneuil process*

* - featured on did you know...

Short articles on minerals created:
 * Chapmanite
 * Hawleyite
 * Legrandite
 * Metatorbernite
 * Papagoite
 * Rosasite
 * Sassolite

I've removed most of my old userpage text, to be rewritten when I finally return to Wikipedia.

title: User:Aramgutang


text:
Broadcast band

A broadcast band is a segment of the radio spectrum used for broadcasting.

title: Broadcast band


text:
Lars Herman Gyllenhaal

Baron Lars Herman Gyllenhaal (1790–1858) was a Swedish civil servant, politician, Baron and a Lord of the Realm.

Early life
Born into the Swedish noble Gyllenhaal family, as the fourth child and only son of Lorentz Herman Gyllenhaal (1757–1830) and his wife, Baroness Hedvig Margareta Leuhusen (1763-1857), daughter of Baron Carl Leuhausen (1724-1795) and Juliana Margareta Nordencrantz (1743-1769).

Career
Gyllenhaal was "president," in the Göta Court of Appeals 1836–1855, Prime Minister for Justice 1843–1844. Again chief justice in the Göta court of appeal from 28 December 1844 to 3 April 1855. Speaker (lantmarskalk) in the Estate of the Nobility in the Riksdag 1850–1851. HedLLA 43 (Honorary Member of the Agriculture Academy 1843) RoKKMO 51 (Knight and Commander of the Orders of His Majesty the King 1851).

Personal life
He married firstly Henrika Lovisa Ulrika Tham (1791-1816), daughter of Casper Tham (1750-1805) and his wife, Baroness Elisabeth Albertina Margareta von Knorring (1765-1802), both of descending from German nobility. After the death of his first wife, he married secondly Elisabet Sofia Palm (1795-1865), daughter of Jakob Svensson Palm (1748-1821) and Margareta Christina Lidman (1758-1815). He had issue from both marriages.

title: Lars Herman Gyllenhaal


text:
Boeing Y1B-20

The Boeing Y1B-20 (Boeing 316) was designed as an improvement on the Boeing XB-15. It was slightly larger than its predecessor, and was intended to use much more powerful engines. It was presented to the Army in early 1938, and two orders were placed soon after. The order was reversed before construction began.

Despite their cancellation, the XB-15 and Y1B-20 laid the groundwork for the Boeing B-29 Superfortress.

title: Boeing Y1B-20


text:
U.S. Route 13

U.S. Route 13 or U.S. Highway 13 (US 13) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway established in 1926 that runs for 518 mi from Interstate 95 (I-95) just north of Fayetteville, North Carolina, to US 1 in the northeastern suburbs of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, near Morrisville. In all, it traverses five states in the Atlantic coastal plain region. It follows the Atlantic coast more closely than does the main north–south U.S. Highway of the region, US 1. Due to this, its number is out of place on the general U.S. Highway numbering grid, as it should be running west of US 11 but does not. Its routing is largely rural, the notable exceptions being the Hampton Roads area in Virginia and the northern end of the highway in Delaware and Pennsylvania. It is also notable for being the main thoroughfare for the Delmarva Peninsula and carrying the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel to it in Virginia.

US 13's original plan in 1926 had the route serve no further south than the Delmarva Peninsula. However, it has been extended many times, connecting to the mainland via ferry service and eventually reaching North Carolina. This link across the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay became fixed in 1964 with a bridge–tunnel. The entire route on the Delmarva Peninsula, except for a few sections in Accomack County, Virginia, has been dualized fully with four lanes, and further upgrades continue, such as a freeway section around the east side of Salisbury, Maryland.

Route description

 * NC
 * 185.52 mi
 * VA
 * 137.45 mi
 * MD
 * 42.01 mi
 * DE
 * 103.33 mi
 * PA
 * 49.50 mi
 * Total
 * 517.81 mi
 * }
 * PA
 * 49.50 mi
 * Total
 * 517.81 mi
 * }
 * }

North Carolina
US 13 runs southwest to northeast through the eastern part of North Carolina. It begins at I-95 near Fayetteville as a continuation of I-295 (Fayetteville Outer Loop) and heads northeast, intersecting US 421 in Spivey's Corner and US 701 in Newton Grove. It passes over I-40 without an interchange; access is provided via US 701 or North Carolina Highway 50 (NC 50). It then passes through the city of Goldsboro, where it intersects US 70 and US 117. US 13 continues northeast and shares a brief concurrency with US 264 before passing through the city of Greenville. US 13 then heads north from Greenville, following the limited-access US 64 east between Bethel and Williamston and US 17 north between Williamston and Windsor. US 13 then heads north from Windsor toward Ahoskie and intersects with NC 11. It then crosses US 158 in Gates before crossing the state line with Virginia.

Virginia
US 13 continues north, expanding to four lanes near Suffolk and diverges onto the Suffolk Bypass where it joins US 58 and US 460. Here, one of the many business routes of US 13 passes straight through the city as the bypass passes the city to the west. It continues through the Hampton Roads area on the Military Highway and continues north to the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel, which the route uses to continue across the Chesapeake Bay to the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Here, US 13 is the main north–south route of the region and connects to most cities and towns with four more business routes forming loops off the highway. North of New Church, US 13 crosses the state border into Maryland.

Maryland
US 13 passes through the lower Eastern Shore region of Maryland. It runs through Pocomoke City in Worcester County, where it meets the southern terminus of US 113. It continues north into Somerset County, where it passes through the town of Princess Anne. It then enters Wicomico County, where it bypasses the cities of Salisbury and Fruitland to the east on the limited-access Salisbury Bypass, with the former alignment signed as US 13 Business (US 13 Bus.). On the northeastern part of the bypass, US 13 is concurrent with US 50, which bypasses Salisbury to the north. North of Salisbury, US 13 continues to the state line town of Delmar.

Delaware
US 13 runs through the entire north–south length of Delaware. It enters the state in Delmar and runs through western Sussex County, intersecting the western terminus of US 9 in Laurel and passing through the city of Seaford. It continues into Kent County and heads north toward the state capital of Dover. US 13 forms the commercial district of the city of Dover. Between Dover and Wilmington in New Castle County, US 13 is paralleled by the Delaware Route 1 (DE 1) freeway, portions of which are a toll road. It crosses the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal on the St. Georges Bridge. US 13 continues toward Wilmington, sharing a concurrency with US 40 in the New Castle area. It bypasses the heart of Wilmington to the east, with US 13 Bus. passing through the downtown area. US 13 parallels I-495 between Wilmington and the Pennsylvania border.

Pennsylvania
Upon entering the commonwealth of Pennsylvania from Delaware, US 13 runs along the banks of the Delaware River parallel to I-95 through Delaware County. It then runs a southwest to northeast path through the city of Philadelphia. It traverses West Philadelphia on many one-way pairs and then passes by the Philadelphia Zoo. US 13 then runs through North Philadelphia and Northeast Philadelphia by following Hunting Park Avenue, the Roosevelt Boulevard (which is also US 1), and Frankford Avenue, where it crosses Pennypack Creek on the oldest bridge in the U.S. US 13 then enters Bucks County, again closely following I-95, the Delaware River and US 1. US 13 ends after an interchange with US 1 near Morrisville in Falls Township. The road continues north toward Yardley as Pine Grove Road.

History
The original 1925 U.S. Highway plan, which never came to fruition, had provision for a US 13 in North Carolina. It would have started in Wilmington and run at least as far north as Elizabeth City, following what would become US 17. Although US 13 was signed in most northern states by the late 1920s, it would not reach North Carolina until the early 1950s.

The route was proposed as one of the first four-lane highways in the U.S. to Pierre S. du Pont by John J. Raskob so as to run from Wilmington, Delaware, to the state capital, Dover. Du Pont wanted a two-lane highway—the standard at the time, but Raskob suggested that with the growth and development of northern Delaware, there would be a future need for a four-lane one. Du Pont agreed and, to honor Raskob for his insight, sought to name the route after him. However, Raskob declined.

Major intersections

 * North Carolina
 * in Eastover
 * in Eastover
 * in Spivey's Corner
 * in Newton Grove
 * in Mar-Mac. The highways travel concurrently to Goldsboro.
 * in Goldsboro. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * north of Snow Hill. The highways travel concurrently to south-southwest of Farmville.
 * in Greenville
 * north of Bethel. The highways travel concurrently to south-southeast of Williamston.
 * south of Williamston. The highways travel concurrently to Windsor.
 * northwest of Winton. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Winton.

 * Virginia
 * in Suffolk. The highways travel concurrently to Chesapeake.
 * in Suffolk. The highways travel concurrently to Chesapeake.
 * in Chesapeake. The highways travel concurrently for approximately 0.4 mi.
 * in Chesapeake
 * in Chesapeake
 * in Chesapeake
 * in Norfolk
 * in Norfolk
 * in Norfolk
 * in Virginia Beach

 * Maryland
 * in Pocomoke City
 * in Salisbury. The highways travel concurrently around the city.

 * Delaware
 * northeast of Laurel
 * in State Road. The highways travel concurrently to Wilmington Manor.
 * in Wilmington Manor
 * in Wilmington Manor
 * south of Wilmington
 * in Claymont

 * Pennsylvania
 * in Chester
 * in Philadelphia
 * in Philadelphia. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Bristol Township
 * in Falls Township
 * Pine Grove Road in Falls Township

Auxiliary routes

 * U.S. Route 113, the only surviving spur route of US 13
 * U.S. Route 213, replaced by US 50 and MD 213

title: U.S. Route 13


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nick.com (0th nomination)

Nick.com was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to redirect the article to Nickelodeon (TV channel)

Reads like a press release for the web site; in any event, a TV network's Web site seems non-notable. -- Tregoweth 06:41, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 07:44, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup, redirect - TB 09:28, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Where to? Andrewa 11:37, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Nickelodeon (TV channel) I would guess. I vote for redirection also. TPK 11:52, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Nickelodeon (TV channel) before redirecting. I think this material would be helpful to anyone reading that article, but as a break-out article it falls to the "not a web directory" criterion.  The article itself is NPOV and is reporting on a very popular international cable TV service, so the content should go into the Nickelodeon article. Geogre 12:38, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, Merge w/ Nickelodeon (TV channel) Noldoaran (t) 19:08, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nick.com now redirects to Nickelodeon (TV channel), which incorporates the information about the Web site. Tregoweth 18:33, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Category:C (programming language) libraries

This category is for programming libraries written in and for the C programming language. For libraries written for the C++ programming language, see Category:C++ libraries.


text:
User:Ryz

 * Number of pages:
 * Number of articles:
 * Number of files:
 * Number of edits:
 * Number of Users:
 * Number of admins:
 * Number of active registered users:  (Registered users who have performed an action in the last 30 days, the number of unregistered active users is not compiled)

title: User:Ryz


text: File:Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.jpeg

title: File:Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.jpeg


text:
Talk:Richard Bourke

Untitled
Main reference for this expanded article is from "Australian Men of Mark, Vol 1 (1888)", published by Charles F Maxwell, Sydney. --Roisterer 06:54, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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Safeway

Safeway, Inc. is an American supermarket chain. The chain provides grocery items, food and general merchandise and features a variety of specialty departments, such as bakery, delicatessen, floral and pharmacy, as well as Starbucks coffee shops and fuel centers. It is a subsidiary of Albertsons after being acquired by private equity investors led by Cerberus Capital Management in January 2015. Safeway's primary base of operations is in the Western United States with some stores located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Eastern Seaboard. The subsidiary is headquartered in Pleasanton, California.

History
M.B. Skaggs, who already had experience in the grocery business, moved to Portland, Oregon in 1921, and established four grocery stores. This chain of stores grew quickly, and Skaggs enlisted the help of his five brothers to grow the network of stores. By 1926, he had opened 428 Skaggs stores in 10 states. He then almost doubled the size of his business that year when he merged his company with 322 Sam Seelig Company stores and incorporated as Safeway, Inc., because he thought that a chain that would outlive him should not carry his name.

The point of the name was that the grocery operated on a cash-and-carry basis – it did not offer credit, as grocers traditionally had done. It was the "safe way" to buy food because a family could not get into debt via its grocery bill (as many families did at the time, a contributing cause of the Great Depression).

In 1926, Charles E. Merrill, the founder of the Merrill Lynch brokerage firm, saw an opportunity to consolidate the West Coast grocery industry. Towards this end, he purchased the 322-store Safeway chain of W.R.H. Weldon, who wished to exit retailing and concentrate on wholesale. Then, in June 1926, Merrill offered Skaggs either $7 million outright or $1.5 million plus 30,000 shares in the merged firm. Skaggs took the latter. On July 1, 1926, Safeway merged with the 673 stores from Skaggs United Stores of Idaho and Skaggs Cash Stores of California. On completion of the Skaggs/Safeway merger, M. B. Skaggs became the Chief Executive of the business. Two years later, Skaggs listed Safeway on the New York Stock Exchange. In the 1930s, Safeway introduced produce pricing by the pound, adding "sell by" dates on perishables, nutritional labeling, and some of the first parking lots.

The merger instantly created the largest chain of grocery stores west of the Mississippi. At the time of the merger, the company was headquartered in Reno, Nevada. In 1929, it was relocated to a former grocery warehouse in Oakland, California, where it had the exclusive zip code of 94660. Safeway headquarters remained there until they moved to their new offices across from Stoneridge Mall in Pleasanton, California, in 1996. In the 1930s, Charles E. Merrill temporarily left Merrill Lynch to help manage Safeway.

In the late 1930s, the New Negro Alliance boycotted the Sanitary Grocery Company (then a Safeway subsidiary) to pressure store owners to employ black people, especially in predominantly black neighborhoods. The Sanitary Grocery Company successfully sought an injunction against the New Negro Alliance, which was upheld by the Washington, D.C., Court of Appeals. This led to the 1938 landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision of New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co., which defended the right to peaceful protest in the resolution of labor disputes.

In 1969, the Black Panther Party and the United Farm Workers launched simultaneous boycotts of Safeway grocery stores, which were the largest grocery store chain in the U.S. West at that time. The Panthers boycotted due to Safeway's refusal to donate to their Free Breakfast for Children Program, created to serve daily hot breakfasts to underprivileged children throughout the U.S. The United Farm Workers boycotted Safeway because the chain continued to sell California grapes despite the union's nationwide boycott. The Panthers and United Farm Workers also acted in solidarity with each other's goals in boycotting Safeway, including during a 1973 Panthers demonstration outside an Oakland Safeway store documented by KPIX Eyewitness news, in which protestors carried signs that read "Boycott Safeway, Boycott Grapes".

Expansion
The initial public offering price of Safeway stock was $226 in 1927. A five for one split in 1928 brought the price down to under $50. Over the next few years, Charles Merrill, with financing supplied by Merrill Lynch, then began aggressively acquiring numerous regional grocery store chains for Safeway in a rollup strategy. Early acquisitions included significant parts of Piggly Wiggly chain as part of the breakup of that company by Merrill Lynch and Wall Street.

Most transactions involved the swap of stock certificates, with little cash changing hands. Most acquired chains retained their own names until the mid-1930s.

In 1929, there were rumors of a Safeway-Kroger merger. In late 2022, 93 years later, this merger became another possibility with the announced merger of Albertsons Companies and Kroger Co.

The number of stores peaked at 3,400 in 1932, when expansion ground to a halt. The Great Depression had finally impacted the chain, which began to focus on cost control. In addition, numerous smaller grocery stores were being replaced with larger supermarket stores. By 1933, the chain ranked second in the grocery industry behind The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company and ahead of Kroger.

In 1935, Safeway sold its nine stores in Honolulu, Hawaii, "because of the inconvenience of proper supervision". Also in 1935, independent groceries in California convinced the California legislature to enact a progressive tax on chain stores. Before the act took effect, Safeway filed a petition to have the law put to a referendum. In 1936, the California electorate voted to repeal the law.

In 1936, Safeway introduced a money back guarantee on meat.

International expansion
The company expanded into Canada in 1929 with 127 stores (which became Canada Safeway Limited and which was sold to Sobeys in 2013), into the United Kingdom in 1962 (which became Safeway plc), into Australia in 1963 (which became Safeway Australia), and into West Germany in 1964. The company also has operations in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in a licensing and management agreement with the Tamimi Group during the 1980s. In 1981, it acquired 49% of Mexican retailer Casa Ley.

Safeway usually achieved international expansion by acquiring one or more small chains in a given country. It expanded into Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, however, through a joint venture. This initial nucleus of stores received Safeway systems and technology and then expanded organically. International chains acquired include:

1940s–1970s

In 1941, Marion B. Skaggs retired from the Safeway board of directors.

In 1947, the company's sales exceeded $1 billion for the first time. By 1951, total sales had reached nearly $1.5 billion. The company adopted the S logo, which it still uses, in 1962.

In 1955, Robert A. Magowan became Chairman of the Board of Safeway. Magowan had married Charles Merrill's daughter, Doris. Magowan also assumed the title of President in 1956. He remained president until 1968 and a member of the board until 1978. In 1966, Robert A Magowan brought his star meat processing plant manager, Michael F. Concannon, to Oakland to become the Head of Meat Processing in North America. He retired in 1978 as well. Mike was instrumental in opening the Stockton plant. The Wichita plant and meat processing in Canada began in the 1970s.

In 1959, Safeway opened its first store in the new state of Alaska – the first major food retailer to enter that market. The company opened three stores in Anchorage and one in Fairbanks over the next several years. The store in downtown Fairbanks was built on the site of a red-light district, known as The Line, which operated for close to a half century. Most of these stores were in buildings constructed by Anchorage real estate developer Wally Hickel, who later became governor of Alaska and U.S. Secretary of the Interior.

Also in 1959, designed by architects Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons,  the firm also opened the first "marina-style" store on the Marina in San Francisco. Hundreds of stores in this barrel-vaulted-roof style opened during the next decade.

In 1961, the company sold its New York operations to Finast. In 1963, Safeway again opened stores in Hawaii, having exited this market in 1934. It leased one store in Culver City to animator/filmmaker Don Bluth, who used it as a theater until 1967.

In 1969, Safeway entered the Toronto market in Canada and the Houston market in Texas through opening new stores, rather than by acquisition. The firm ultimately failed against entrenched competition in both these markets.

In 1977, Safeway management instituted a program to fight counterfeit $100 bills by, among other things, telling employees that bills that lacked the words "In God We Trust" were counterfeit. Because Safeway had not sufficiently investigated the history of $100 bills, it was unaware that some bills still in circulation did not have the phrase. Eventually, an innocent shopper was incorrectly reported to Oakland, California, police for passing a "counterfeit" bill. He was arrested and strip-searched before Oakland police contacted the Treasury Department and realized the error. The 1981 jury verdict of joint and several liability for $45,000 against Safeway Stores and the City of Oakland was upheld in full by the Supreme Court of California on December 26, 1986.

In 1979, Peter Magowan, son of Robert Magowan and grandson of Charles Merrill, was appointed chairman and CEO of Safeway. Magowan managed Safeway for the next 13 years – presiding over the dramatic decline of the firm in terms of store numbers

1980s: Takeover and sell-offs
Following a hostile takeover bid from corporate raiders Herbert and Robert Haft, the chain was acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) acting as a white knight in 1986. With the assistance of KKR, the company was taken private and assumed tremendous debt. To pay off this debt, the company began selling off a large number of its operating divisions.

The divested domestic divisions of Safeway proved to be problematic for almost all those who acquired them. Essentially every purchasing entity hit financial troubles and either went bankrupt or was later acquired. (Hy-Vee and Fareway are the exceptions with the locations they acquired, having made them work.)

The international stores were more successful for their acquirers. Safeway plc, the operator of the UK stores, was sold to Argyll Foods, which itself was ultimately absorbed by Morrisons in 2004. Safeway Australia was sold to the Australian-based Woolworths Limited in 1985.

Safeway sold its stores in Southern California, including those in established markets like Los Angeles and San Diego, to the Vons Companies in 1988 in exchange for a 30 percent interest in the company. Safeway also scaled back its operations in Fresno, Modesto, Stockton, and Sacramento. Save Mart Supermarkets purchased the few remaining Fresno Safeway stores in 1996.

Many stores in the Eastern Division were also closed or sold in the 1987–1989 time frame, including many recent additions in the DelMarVa Eastern Shore area.

Safeway's national presence was now reduced to several western states and Northern California, plus the Washington, D.C. area. Altogether, nearly half the 2,200 stores in the chain were sold.

Expansion in the 1990s
The company was taken public again in 1990, with the Jordan stores sold to the Masri family in 1991. In December 2003, the Masri family sold it to The Sultan Center of Kuwait. The late 1990s and early 2000s once again saw Safeway rapidly expand into new territories under a variety of regional names. In 1997, Safeway bought out the rest of the Vons Companies, giving it Southern California stores once more. In 1998, Chicago-based Dominick's Finer Foods was acquired from Yucaipa Companies. While Safeway had stores in Alaska, in 1999 they bought Carrs-Safeway, with the same year bringing the purchase of Houston-based Randall's Food Markets, which also had stores in Austin, Texas. Randalls also had stores in the Dallas-Fort Worth area through Randalls' other brand, Tom Thumb, along with gourmet grocery store Simon David. The purchase of Randalls also started the practice of Safeway-owned gas stations, as Randalls already had stations at their stores.

In 2000, Safeway started grocery delivery operations and in 2001 acquired the family-owned Genuardi's chain, with locations in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. While Safeway also created the subsidiary Blackhawk Network, a prepaid and payments network, a card-based financial solutions company, and a provider of third-party prepaid cards, around this time, Genuardi's would be the last grocery purchase Safeway would make.

Lifestyle stores

By the early 2000s, Safeway's expansion beyond the West Coast had been poorly received, citing Safeway's brands and West Coast-based buyers, with Dominick's on the sale block, and Randalls and Genuardi's losing market share.

To reinvigorate the flagging divisions, increase brand involvement, and to differentiate itself from its competitor, Safeway began a $100 million brand repositioning campaign labeled "Ingredients for life" in 2005.

The launch included a redesigned logo, a new slogan "Ingredients for life" alongside a four-panel life icon to be used throughout stores and advertising, and a web application called "FoodFlex" to improve consumer nutrition. Many locations are being converted to the "Lifestyle" format. The new look was designed by Michigan-based PPC Design. In addition to the "inviting decor with warm ambiance and subdued lighting", the move required heavy redesign of store layout, new employee uniforms, sushi and olive bars, and the addition of in-store Starbucks kiosks (with cupholders on grocery carts). The change also involved differentiating the company from competitors with promotions based on the company's extensive loyalty card database. This would be the design going forward for new and remodeled stores.

At the end of 2004, there were 142 "Lifestyle" format stores in the United States and Canada, with plans to open or remodel another 300 stores with this type of theme the following year. "Lifestyle" format stores have seen significantly higher average weekly sales than its other stores. By the end of 2006, shares were up, proving this rebranding campaign had a major impact on sale figures.

In July 2007, the company stock rose on speculation that Sears Holdings Corporation was seeking to purchase Safeway.

In 2011, Safeway signed an agreement with UNFI, for the distribution to all of Safeway's banners in the United States for non-proprietary natural, organic and specialty products effective October 2011.

Decline and sale to Albertsons
The Genuardi's stores in Wilmington, Delaware, were converted to the Safeway name in 2004 due to legal issues stemming from a union contract signed by the management of early Safeway stores in Delaware that closed in 1982. The current Safeway locations in Delaware are served by division offices in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area, where Safeway has long been a major grocer.

In 2012, the company dissolved the Genuardi's chain in the Philadelphia metro through a combination of store selloffs and closures. Giant acquired 15 of the chain's stores and made an offer for a 16th which was instead sold to a local chain, McCaffrey's, as part of an antitrust settlement. Weis also bought three Genuardi's locations. A number of unprofitable Genuardi's units also had closed in 2010 and 2011 as their leases expired.

Also in 2012, Safeway's then-current CEO, Steve Burd, agreed to build Theranos blood-testing locations at 800 locations, at the cost of $350 million. The vision was to have blood test results done by the time you were ready to check out. Ultimately the deal failed, and the company and CEO Burd suffered heavy financial losses as a result. In the years following the project termination, all of the spaces designed for Theranos' labs were either converted into Quest Diagnostics drug testing clinics, into pharmacy waiting rooms for vaccine customers, or the stores in whole were permanently closed.

In 2013, it was announced that Cerberus Capital Management were exploring a deal for all or part of Safeway. On June 12, 2013, Sobeys announced it would acquire Safeway's operations in Canada for CAD$5.8 billion, subject to regulatory approval. The move will bolster its presence in Western Canada, where Safeway was predominant. Sobeys completed the sale five months later while keeping the Safeway banner on its newly acquired stores while changing private labels to be more inline with those used by its new parent.

In October 2013, Safeway announced that it would close and sell its remaining Dominick's stores in the Chicago area by early 2014. The announcement spurred its competitors to seek employees and desirable store locations they could purchase. One location would remain open in Bannockburn, Illinois, until January 25, 2014.

On February 19, 2014, Safeway began to explore selling itself. On March 6, 2014, longtime rival Albertsons, backed by Cerberus Capital Management announced it would purchase Safeway for $9.4 billion in a deal expected to close in the 4th quarter of the year. Many of Safeway's private brands and IT systems were integrated and replaced Albertsons legacy equipment. As part of the purchase, Blackhawk Network was spun off into an independent company. Blackhawk remained Safeway's sole gift card provider until 2021, when Albertsons switched to InComm for branded gift cards and network activation. Blackhawk continued to provide Safeway with store gift cards and store credit until January 5, 2023, at which point the remaining Blackhawk cards were taken offline (though cards activated prior to this point will not expire until 2037).

Safeway as a supermarket brand
On January 30, 2015, the merger between Safeway and Albertsons was finalized. As part of the merger, Bellingham, Washington-headquartered grocery chain Haggen announced it would buy 146 Vons, Albertsons, and Pavilions stores across Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, and Arizona as part of anti-monopoly requirements following the merger. Some of the major metropolitan areas affected were Los Angeles, Portland, Phoenix, Tucson, San Diego, Bakersfield, Seattle, and Las Vegas. Other stores in the West Coast, along with the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex market, also saw divestments.

Following the purchase, Safeway and its remaining brands, Randalls, Tom Thumb, Vons, and Pavilions, along with their respective divisions, were integrated into the operations of Albertsons, and Safeway's proprietary food products were distributed in all of the Albertsons-Safeway banners, replacing Albertsons' SuperValu branded products. All former Albertsons banners had their telephones and NCR POS systems replaced with Safeway's Toshiba/IBM hardware.

On January 11, 2016, it was announced that the three remaining Albertsons stores in Florida, located in Largo, Altamonte Springs and Oakland Park, would be re-bannered as Safeway; this marks the first time that the Safeway brand would exist on a supermarket operation in Florida. These stores were short lived, as Albertsons later abandoned their Florida operations and sold the stores to Publix in 2018.

In November 2016, Safeway Inc. agreed to buy Andronico's remaining stores, which were based primarily in the San Francisco Bay Area. When Andronico's closed as an independent company, it had a total of nine locations: three in Berkeley (Solano Avenue, Telegraph Avenue, and Shattuck Avenue); one in the Rancho Shopping Center in Los Altos; one on Irving Street San Francisco; one at the Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto; one in Walnut Creek; one in Danville; and one in town of San Anselmo in Marin County. The stores began closing in January 2017, with the North Berkeley, California store closing first. In February 2019, Safeway said that it was considering bringing back the Andronico's name. By February 2020, six Safeway stores were operating under the Andronico's Community Market label, with a seventh planned. Four Andronico’s stores in the Bay Area were renamed Safeway Community Market after the 2016 acquisition, though the flagship store in the Sunset District kept the Andronico’s name. Another store in Monterey opened in January 2019 as Andronico’s. In February 2020, four locations of Safeway Community Markets returned to the Andronico’s name - two in Berkeley, one in Los Altos, and one in San Anselmo. Today the stores operate as a special District within the Northern California division, which allows the management team to operate the stores more similarly to how Andronico's ran when it was an independent company.

Beginning in 2018, Safeway and Albertsons began remodeling stores with a new theme that moved away from the "Lifestyle" decor first introduced in the early 2000s. The new theme features brighter colors and tiled backsplashes on department signage. The company has also begun to replace most of its lighting setup in favor of LEDs. Most older stores used fluorescent tubes in the main aisles with halogen spotlights in the departments or to accent display cases for a relaxed ambiance. The new standard is LED retrofit tubes for the old fluorescent fixtures, and completely replacing the halogen spot lamps with LED strips or office-style ceiling fixtures that focus on overall illumination instead of targeted, accented lighting. They also replaced lighting in employee areas and offices throughout 2021.

In 2019, Safeway was ordered by a judge to pay a fine of $12 million after a Santa Clara County, California cashier was denied the right to sit. California state law guarantees the right of workers to have "suitable seats".

In August 2021, Safeway launched FreshPass, a paid subscription service that allows for free unlimited delivery/pickup and gives members exclusive discounts and offers. The program was launched with a refreshed mobile app that supports scan-and-pay shopping in select markets. Safeway also activated QR payments and digital receipts with the updated mobile app. The "Just for U" rewards program (commonly branded J4U), first launched in 2012, was simplified to "for u" as part of the FreshPass launch.

Other Albertsons stores in various markets have rebranded as Safeway, including Denver and Seattle.

In October 2022, Albertsons and its competitor, Kroger, which also operates King Soopers and City Market stores, announced a merger agreement. Following initial opposition, the two parent companies said they would sell 400+ stores to a competitor, C&S Wholesale Grocers. Regardless, the planned merger has been challenged in court by a couple of states. In February 2024, Colorado Attorney General Phil Weiser filed a lawsuit; he summarized consumer and worker opposition: the merger "would lead to stores closing, higher prices, fewer jobs, worse customer service, and less resilient supply chains.”

Private brands
In 2006, Safeway introduced an organically grown and processed line of products named "O Organics". The brand has proved successful, with yearly sales surpassing $1 billion in 2017. Open Nature was launched in 2011, and has also proved successful enough that Open Nature has absorbed some other previous private brands (Such as Bright Green, Signature Home, and Lucerne Plant-Based products).

After its acquisition by Albertsons, the combined company adopted Safeway's private label brand program, changed the name from "Safeway Select" to "Signature Select", and updated the branding and packaging for all of their products.

Grocery delivery
Safeway has offered online grocery delivery service in select markets starting in the American Northwest region in 2000. The service grew to deliver in six states and the District of Columbia, mostly along the west and east coast. Safeway has rapidly expanded the number of locations offering contactless curbside pickup (marketed as "DriveUp & Go"), and continues to offer traditional prescheduled delivery services along with on-demand deliveries filled via Instacart and DoorDash.

In January 2021, Albertsons announced that it would be laying off union company-employed grocery delivery drivers at Safeway stores in the Northern California region, stating that they would be transferring those services to app-based delivery platforms, such as Instacart. This decision only affected employees working in the 'traditional' scheduled delivery department inside the stores, and all employees were offered other positions within the company.

Past concepts
Safeway throughout the decades has ventured and experimented with different concepts and themes for its locations and stores.

In 1963, Safeway developed the Super S format – which combined a general merchandise and drug store and a new Safeway supermarket in the same building. The stores shared a common entrance, but operated as separate businesses with their own checkstands. The first outlet opened in Anchorage, Alaska. In 1965, 22 existing Super S stores were sold to Skaggs Drug Stores. Safeway sold the remaining stores in 1971.

In 1964, Safeway opened a trial two-level International Store at 12th and F Street in Washington, D.C., with a conventional Safeway downstairs and a gourmet store on the upper floor. The Safeway International Store range included wild boar steaks, snow hare, suckling pig, and reindeer steaks.

The company also made a number of attempts to repurpose older, smaller store sites, opening Food Barn, a discount grocery outlet, and Liquor Barn, a discount liquor outlet, in the 1970s. Safeway also trialed Town House in Washington, D.C., small stores targeting apartment dwellers, and a gourmet store concept, Bon Appetit in San Francisco and Tiburon, California.

In 1969, Safeway formed a joint venture with Holly Farms Poultry Industries (now part of Tyson Foods) to open Holly Farms Fried Chicken in an effort to diversify into fast food restaurants and compete with KFC. The first store opened in Colonial Heights, Virginia in August 1969.

Safeway also acquired Pak 'n Save Foods, a box warehouse concept, as part of the 1983 purchase of Brentwood in Northern California. While these stores were initially distinct in price points and bulk sales, today they are functionally and operationally the same as regular Safeway supermarkets. As of 2024, two Pak 'n Save locations remain in San Leandro and Emeryville; all of the other locations have been either permanently closed or remodeled into standard Safeway locations.

Support offices

 * California
 * Pleasanton, California (Headquarters), Corporate Call Center, IT Support Services, Retail Pricing
 * Colorado
 * Denver, Colorado (Offices, Safeway Security, Trucking)
 * Arizona
 * Phoenix, Arizona (Offices, Accounting Offices, IT)
 * Maryland
 * Lanham, Maryland (Eastern US Headquarters)

Store Music/Intercom Announcements
Safeway music is provided by Stingray Advertising. The network beams commercials and advertisements for Safeway products and services that play intermittently with the music. The store's unique "Attention Service Desk" announcements, which are used to communicate phone calls on hold to employees, are generated by Cisco's Call Manager Server as an overhead announcement.

Animal welfare concerns
In 2012, Mercy for Animals conducted an undercover investigation at Christensen Farms, a pork supplier to Safeway, Walmart, Costco, Kroger, and Kmart. Before the public release of Mercy for Animals' investigation at Christensen Farms, Safeway announced it would begin requiring pork suppliers to phase out gestation crates.

In 2008, Greenpeace started ranking America's major supermarket chains on their seafood sustainability practices because, according to Phil Radford, Greenpeace U.S. CEO, "three quarters of global fish stocks are suffering from overfishing, and 90% of top marine predators are already gone". Criteria included the number of threatened fish species supermarkets sold, their seafood purchasing policies, and ocean legislation policies it supported. Greenpeace annual Carting Away the Oceans (CATO) report ranks supermarkets on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being least sustainable with seafood policies and 10 being the most sustainable with seafood policies. Safeway ranked second best (7.1 out of 10) on the 2013 CATO Report by ensuring that its store brand of canned tuna was sustainably fished and by lobbying for science-based ocean conservation policies.

In 2016, Safeway parent company Albertsons joined a growing wave of companies moving toward "cage-free" egg production and announced a planned shift to cage-free eggs by 2025 following campaigns by The Humane League, Mercy for Animals, The Humane Society of the United States, and others. Following the passage of California Proposition 12, Lucerne and O Organics switched to full cage-free egg production at their facilities in California in January 2022.

title: Safeway


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Talk:Thomas Jones

What's going on with this page? It needs to be separated and turned into a disambig. Andre 07:01, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

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Talk:Georg Leibbrandt

First encounter with Alfred Rosenberg?
This National Socialist site by Risto Teinonen from Estonia claims that Georg Leibbrandt was evacuated to Tartu, Estonia during WWI and studied at a local gymnasium. terra88.com

It is interesting to note that Alfred Rosenberg is Estonian by birth and also found his way into Germany after 1918. Did Leibbrandt know Rosenberg in 1918? -- Petri Krohn (talk) 17:13, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georg Leibbrandt


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Sega Sammy Holdings

Sega Sammy Holdings Inc. (セガサミーホールディングス株式会社) (also known as the Sega Sammy Group or simply as Sega Sammy) is a Japanese global holding company and conglomerate formed from the merger of Sega and Sammy Corporation in 2004. Both companies are involved in the amusement industry (Sega with arcade and home video games, Sammy with pachinko machines).

Sega
Sega was founded on June 3, 1960, by American businessman Martin Bromley. The company started to distribute slot machines to U.S. bases in Japan. During the 1960s, Service Games was renamed to Sega Enterprises Ltd. Sega Enterprises sold their first product, the electro-mechanical game called Periscope which became a worldwide hit. In 1969, Sega Enterprises was acquired by U.S. conglomerate Gulf and Western Industries (which also owned famed movie studio Paramount Pictures around this time). In 1983, Sega launched the Sega Computer Videogame SG-1000, the first 8-bit video game platform. In 1986, the CSK Group acquired Sega Enterprises through capital participation. Sega Europe Ltd. was established in Europe, and in 1985, Sega Enterprises Inc. was established in the United States. These regional subsidiaries served as a marketing base for amusement arcade machines.

During 1985, Sega released Hang-On, the world's first force feedback game. Sega Enterprises was registered stock on over-the-counter (OTC) market. In 1988, Sega listed stock on the second section of Tokyo Stock Exchange. Within this year, Sega released the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, a 16-bit home video game platform that solidified Sega's presence in the console market. During this year, Sega also launched the R-360, the world's first amusement arcade cabinet could rotate 360 degrees in all directions. In 1991, Sega released Sonic the Hedgehog as a competitor mascot to represent Sega against Nintendo's Mario, and with 15 million copies sold, Sonic the Hedgehog spawned multiple sequels over the years and became Sega's flagship franchise.

In 1992, Sega released Virtua Racing in order to utilise polygonal 3D-graphics engines, and in 1993, Sega released Virtua Fighter, the world's first polygonal 3D fighting game. In 1994, Sega launched the Sega Saturn, a 32-bit home video game platform. In 1995, Sega launched Print Club Arcades in partnership with Atlus. In 1996, Sega released Sakura Wars, a Japan exclusive sim-based Strategy RPG that became a cultural phenomenon within Japan, spawning a multi-media franchise. In 1997, Sega attempted to merge with toy manufacturer Bandai with Sega as the surviving entity (which would be named Sega Bandai following the merger), but the deal eventually fell through. In 1998, Sega launched the Sega Dreamcast. In 2000, Sega Enterprises changed their name to Sega Corporation. During this year, Sega released Phantasy Star Online, the first networked role-playing game (RPG) for home video game platforms. In 2001, Sega discontinued the Dreamcast and withdrew from the console hardware industry to become a third-party video game developer and publisher.

Sammy Corporation
Sammy Corporation was founded on November 1, 1975, as Sammy Industry Co., Ltd. by Japanese business magnate, Hajime Satomi. It was formed from Satomi Corporation's manufacturing and marketing divisions for amusement arcade machines. In the 1980s, Sammy marketed and sold Pachislot machines, and in the 1990s, Sammy expanded their portfolio by marketing and selling Pachinko machines. These two business ventures have been the primary pillar of Sammy Corporations revenue. During 1997, Sammy Industry Co., Ltd. changed its name to Sammy Corporation. By 2000, Sammy Corporation was listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange's 1st section, indicating it as a "large company". Outside of Pachinko and Pachislot industry, Sammy Corporation was also involved in the video game industry as a publisher for fighting games such as the Guilty Gear series (developed by Arc System Works), The Rumble Fish series (developed by Dimps) and Survival Arts.

Later years
According to the first Sega Sammy Annual Report, the merger of the two companies happened due to the companies facing difficulties. According to chairman Hajime Satomi, Sega had been in the red for nearly 10 years and lacked a clear financial base. Sammy, on the other hand, feared stagnation and overreliance of its highly profitable pachislot and pachinko machine business, and wanted to diversify its business in new fields, using Sega's broader range of involvement in different entertainment fields.

Together, as the Sega Sammy group, the company has grown and acquired and founded multiple companies.

Until 2015, the group was structured in four areas:
 * The "Consumer Business", which contained video games, toys and animation.
 * The "Amusement Machine Business" which contained Sega's arcade business.
 * The "Amusement Center Business" which contained Sega's amusement centers and theme parks.
 * The "Pachislot and Pachinko Business" is the Sammy Corporation and is the main pillar of the group's revenue.

For the better half of the first decade of the holding's existence it has sought the arcade machine sales of Sega and the pachinko sales of Sammy, as its biggest financial incentive. A shift happened in the 2010s, leading to the "Group Structure Reform" in 2015. Casinos, resorts and digital games became the biggest financial incentives. Arcade sales and packaged games from Sega has softened, while growth in pachinko sales is not anticipated.

On December 22, 2010, Sega Sammy Holdings acquired the remaining outstanding shares of TMS Entertainment, Sammy Networks & Sega Toys, thus making all three companies, wholly owned subsidiaries of Sega Sammy Holdings. In April 2017, Marza Animation Planet, Sega's CGI animation studio, was restructured into TMS Entertainment.

On November 4, 2020, it was announced that Sega Sammy would sell 85.1% of Sega Entertainment, its arcade operating business, to Genda Inc., an amusement equipment rental business, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on its arcade and amusement facilities businesses. Sega will still be involved in the arcade machine manufacturing business.

On January 29, 2021, Sega Sammy announced that it would restructure and split its corporate functions for their businesses which occurred at the beginning of the 2022 fiscal year. That same year, it was announced that Sega Sammy would be a kit sponsor for J2 League club Tokyo Verdy, and their women's team, Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza, and also sponsored a Tokyo Classic match on September 26, 2021, between Verdy and crosstown rival FC Machida Zelvia.

Sega Sammy Holdings announced in April that they have made a €706 million ($776 million USD) offer to acquire Rovio Entertainment. Rovio rejected an earlier acquisition bid from Israeli mobile company Playtika for $800 million. The deal closed on 17 August 2023, making the latter company a wholly owned subsidiary of Sega.

In November 2023, Sega Sammy Creation announced that it would acquire sports betting company, GAN Limited, for the price of $1.97 per share pending regulatory approval.

In January 2024, Sega Sammy announced that it would transfer the Amusement Machine business of Sega to Sega Toys, while also changing the name of Sega Toys to Sega Fave Corporation, which is scheduled to take effect during April of 2024. In order for the company to focus more on its core businesses, the company's board has elected that it would sell Phoenix Segaia Resort to Fortress Investment Group on May 10 that same year pending regulatory approval.

Business structure
Sega Sammy's business consists of three segments, which covers entertainment contents (including video games, animation and toys), pachinko & pachislot and casino & resort.

Entertainment contents business
The entertainment contents business provides a diverse range of entertainment from digital content to toys. These are the companies and subsidiaries affiliated with the Sega Sammy Group's entertainment contents business.

 * Sega Corporation
 * Sega development studios (Sonic Team, Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio)
 * Sega Saporro Studio Co., Ltd.
 * Sega Shanghai Co., Ltd.
 * Atlus Co., Ltd. (P-Studio, Studio Zero)
 * Marza Animation Planet Inc.
 * Marza Animation Planet USA Inc.
 * Sega of America, Inc.
 * Sega Europe Limited
 * Amplitude Studios SASU
 * The Creative Assembly, Limited
 * Sega Black Sea EOOD
 * Hardlight
 * Rovio Entertainment Corporation
 * Rovio Sweden AB
 * Rovio Copenhagen Aps
 * Rovio Barcelona SLU
 * Rovio Interactive Entertainment Canada, Ltd.
 * Rovio Toronto, Inc.
 * Ruby Games
 * Rovio (Shanghai) Commerce and Trading Co., Ltd.
 * Sports Interactive Limited
 * Two Points Studios Limited
 * Sega Publishing Europe, Ltd.
 * Sega Publishing Korea Ltd.
 * Sega Singapore Pte. Ltd.
 * Sega Taiwan Ltd.
 * Sega XD Co., Ltd.
 * Play Heart, Inc.
 * Sega Fave Corporation
 * Hivecreation Co., Ltd.
 * Dartslive Co., Ltd.
 * DARTSLIVE INTERNATIONAL Ltd.
 * iDarts Group Ltd.
 * DARTSLIVE ASIA Ltd.
 * DARTSLIVE CHINA Ltd.
 * DARTSLIVE USA, INC
 * DARTSLIVE EUROPE SAS
 * DARTSLIVE UK LTD.
 * Sega Logistics Service Co., Ltd.
 * Sega Amusements Taiwan Ltd.
 * Sega Toys (Hk) Co., Ltd.
 * TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd.
 * Telecom Animation Film Co., Ltd.
 * Toon Additional Pictures Inc.
 * Toms Photo
 * Toon Harbor Works Inc.
 * TMS Entertainment USA, Inc.
 * TMS Entertainment Europe SAS
 * TMS Music Co., Ltd.
 * TMS Music (HK) Ltd.
 * TMS Music (UK) Ltd.
 * Jinni's Inc.

Pachislot and Pachinko machine business
These are the companies and subsidiaries affiliated with Sega Sammy Group's pachislot and pachinko machine business.
 * Sammy Corporation
 * Sammy Networks Co., Ltd.
 * Artic Arcade
 * Sammy Digital Security
 * Ginza Corporation
 * RODEO Co., Ltd.
 * Taiyo Elec Co., Ltd.
 * m2R Co., Ltd.

Gaming business
These are companies charged with operating the Sega Sammy Group's resorts and casinos, including the development and sale of casino machines.
 * PHOENIX RESORT CO., LTD.
 * PARADISE SEGASAMMY Co., Ltd.
 * Sega Sammy Golf Entertainment Inc.
 * Sega Sammy Creation Inc.

Other Group Companies

 * Record label
 * Wave Master Inc.
 * Japanese B.League basketball team
 * Sun Rockers Shibuya

Current affiliates

 * ENGI (Sammy owns 40% of the company, with Kadokawa Corporation owning 53% while making it a direct subsidiary and Ultra Super Pictures having 5%)
 * Sanrio Co., Ltd. (formerly held 13.9%, now hold 10.6% of the company )
 * CA Sega Joypolis (14.9% minority ownership, the rest of the company is owned and operated by China Animations Character Co.)

Former affiliates and/or subsidiaries

 * Sammy Studios (now High Moon Studios)
 * Sega Entertainment Co., Ltd. (Sega's former arcade business; majority stake sold in 2020 to Genda, with remainder sold January 2022)
 * Oasis Park Co., Ltd.
 * SI Electronics Ltd.
 * SIMS Co., Ltd.
 * Index Corporation
 * Index Asia Co, Ltd.
 * Technosoft
 * Visual Concepts (Sold to Take-Two Interactive)
 * Dimps Corporation (Sega and Sammy were major shareholders at one point, along with Bandai Namco Entertainment and Sony Interactive Entertainment)
 * Japan Multimedia Services Corporation
 * HONEST Co., LTD.
 * InfiniTalk Co., Ltd.
 * patina Co., Ltd.
 * D×L CREATION Co., Ltd.
 * Butterfly Corporation
 * f4samurai, Inc.
 * Sega Sammy BUSAN INC.
 * Relic Entertainment (Became independent)

title: Sega Sammy Holdings


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Talk:Broadcast band

Someone please fix this page and Wikify it.

title: Talk:Broadcast band


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User:ArasVaichas

Aras John Vaichas (born August 6, 1972) is an artist+engineer living in Sydney, Australia

Bio
Aras was born in Sydney, Australia, to the artist Leonas Urbonas and Elenor Vaichas. In 1994, Aras completed a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechatronics (Robotics) at the University of Sydney, Australia. From 1995 to 1996 he worked as a Software Engineer in Australia. At the end of 1996 he left to travel around Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. To fund his travels, he worked as a contractor engineer in England. In 1998 he returned to Australia and continued work as an engineer. In 2002, to satisfy a long time urge for the fine arts, he went on to study for a Bachelor degree in Visual Arts / Fine Arts (Sculpture) at the Sydney College of the Arts, Australia.

Art
Aras' artwork is focussed around the intersection of life and technology. He will use a variety of different materials to physically manifest his artistic visions. He has an affinity with using intense colours and bright lights in his works to indicate the presence of life and power.

Early Inspirations

 * his father, Leonas Urbonas, a Lithuanian artist
 * Doctor Who
 * Blakes Seven
 * The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 * 1950s sci-fi horror classics
 * Lost in Space
 * Star Trek
 * David Cronenberg
 * H.R. Giger
 * Dr. Rodney Brooks

Currently
Currently he is working as an engineer to launch his art career into New Media and Artificial Life sculpture.

title: User:ArasVaichas