text:
Talk:Milton Bradley Company

Untitled
Milton_Bradley redirects to Milton_Bradley_Company. Maybe there should be a disambiguation page. Because of the redirect, when the name 'Milton Bradley' is linked on this page (referring to the person), it is a circular link that doesn't go anywhere, basically making the link useless at best and incorrect at worst. There is a link to Milton Bradley (the person) in the first para, referring to the founder of the company, and in the last para, referring to a baseball player. -- JunkCookie 15:38, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. I've added a bio of Milton Bradley (the founder of the company). No need for a separate disambig page, just added some disambiguation to the bottom. (P.S. Don't forget to sign your comments with " -- ~ ".) -- Netoholic 00:50, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. Thx -- JunkCookie 15:38, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Any chance we could include some info on the T.H.I.N.G.S. line, as well as its own list of games? Sprinter h 04:19, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Way too many wrong redirects
If a game is ambiguous with, say, a TV show, the link directs to the TV show. Example: Shark Attack AkvoD3 16:51, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Worse yet, several of the dates seem wrong as well; e.g. "Hands Down" is dated 1990 here, but I definitely recall playing this in the '60s. 68.238.230.193 (talk) 20:41, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Milton Bradley logo.png
Image:Milton Bradley logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:19, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

List order
Would it possibly be better to have the games in a release date order, like a filmography would be? Slavlin (talk) 04:31, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Removed "Sorry"
I removed Sorry from the list because it is made by Parker Brothers, not Milton Bradley. --Soopto (talk) 22:08, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Added History
I'm part of a college class that's editing stubs and my group chose the Milton Bradley Company. I've added the history section and there will be more to come from my other group members.Hmiller00 (talk) 20:21, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

I'm not so sure of the accuracy of "In 1920, it absorbed the game production of McLoughlin Brothers" because I have seen a 1909 "Bradley Village" which replace the McLoughlin Bros's "Pretty New Village." Also Strong dates this set c.1900 - http://www.thestrong.org/online-collections/nmop/1/32/107.3670 And it looks earlier than the 1909 one i saw. -- user:Frederika Eilers 10 May 2012 —Preceding undated comment added 14:52, 10 May 2012 (UTC).

Logo History
I was wondering if we could include here all of the known logos of Milton Bradley on this page. There are three that I remember fondly.

The first is a black and white logo reading "MB" with "MILTON BRADLEY" below (on two lines), used from the 1950s to 1965. From 1965 to 1978, a colored logo appeared in the form of a red M and blue B. Both of these logos were seen amid rectangles that also show a key (seen diagonally) and the blurb "ANOTHER KEY TO FUN AND LEARNING."

By late 1978, the blurb was edited only to read "KEY TO FUN" and the red-and-blue "MB" lettering was made bolder in appearance. A horizontally-laid gold key is seen below the new 1978 MB motif. This logotype continued until a few years following Hasbro's 1984 acquisition of MB.

WikiPro1981X (talk) 04:37, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Milton Bradley Company. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061004185812/http://www.americanantiquarian.org/cl/mbhistory.htm to http://www.americanantiquarian.org/cl/mbhistory.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070623081710/http://www.gamepart.com/category/milton-bradley.php to http://www.gamepart.com/category/milton-bradley.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:32, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

History Section Modified
I deleted the section describing the lawsuit between Triumph and Milton Bradley. Both the courts and the defendants found it frivolous from the links that remain live (surprisingly the defendants links are dead, so there's nothing to argue here), there is no point mentioning it in this article. If you need to include it in wikipedia, please create it's own article under "Frivilous lawsuits in video games" or some similar category. HinataSoul (talk) 05:53, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Milton Bradley Company


text:
Punaluʻu Beach

Punaluu Beach (also called Black Sand Beach) is a beach between Pāhala and Nāālehu on the Big Island of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The beach has black sand made of basalt and created by lava flowing into the ocean which explodes as it reaches the ocean and cools. This volcanic activity is in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Punaluu is frequented by endangered hawksbill and green turtles, which can often be seen basking on the black sand.

The Beach
The swimming area is very rocky, and it can be dangerous to swim. The beach also has a large amount of underground fresh water that flows in it. This fresh water is very cold and looks almost like gasoline mixing with the water. Legend has it that in the time of drought, the ancient Hawaiians living in the area would dive underwater with a jug to get their fresh water. In the Hawaiian language puna luu means "spring [water] diver for". The beach is located at coordinates 19.136°N, -155.504°W. Access is from the Hawaii Belt Road: take Ninole loop road or the entrance to the Sea Mountain Resort. Camping is permitted at the Punaluu Black Sand Beach Park.

Wahi Pana O Punaluu
e Punaluu is the Hōkūloa Church, a Memorial Chapel and graveyard built near the birthplace of Henry Ōpūkahaia (1792–1818) who inspired the missionary movement that forever changed Hawaii.

There are three pre-contact heiau within the immediate vicinity of Punaluu. The walled heiau was introduced to Hawaii about 1100 and Punaluuu is one of the last places in Hawaii where one can enjoy an unaltered view from one heiau to the next.

To the south lies Kaiei.e. Heiau. Thought to be a fishing shrine, the heiau was built on a prominent bluff overlooking the ocean to the south, what were once the Ninole fishponds to the west and Koloa Bay to the east—home of the legendary na iliili hanau (birthing stones) said to have supernatural ability to propagate. These smooth, water-polished stones were highly desired and were used for paving heiau, for arming slingshots and as game pieces for the Hawaiian game konane. The name Kaiei.e. is thought to refer to a type of fishing trap or weir made of the fibrous ieie vine. Considered to be in good condition by early surveyors, several walls and a raised stone platform are all that remain of Kaiei.e. today. Recent scholarship has interpreted the site as multi-functional. It likely served as a place of offerings and tributes.

The heiau complex of Lanipau was heavily impacted by the construction of the Sea Mountain Resort golf course. Once the largest of the three, today what remains of Lanipau is in essence an “island” swallowed up by a sea of putting and driving greens.

The heiau complex that sits overlooking the ocean and Punaluu Beach is referred to by many names including Halelau, Kaneeleele; Mailekini or Punaluu Nui. This hieau likely extended to the edge of the cliff at Punaluu Bay. Its westernmost boundary was destroyed to make way for the construction of a wharf–warehouse complex for the sugar company in 1906. Identified as a heiau luakini (human sacrifice temple), a large table-like stone rests outside the southernmost wall and is known locally as Pohaku Mohai (sacrificial stone). Early site surveys noted possible kauhale (houses) adjacent to the heiau that were likely the residences of na kahuna (religious specialists).

Another important cultural feature is Ala Kahakai (trail by the sea) that served as an important link between ritual centers and coastal communities. The ala kahakai was thought to be the original route taken by the God Lono from North Kohala to the southernmost tip of the island and then windward along the Kau coast to Puna. This trail once paved with the na iliili hanau was designated as a National Historic Trail in 2029 and remnants can be found at both Punaluu Nui and Kaiei.e. heiau.

Kii pohaku (petroglyphs) can be found near the County Park Pavilions within a protected area surrounded by a rock wall just past the parking area. It is easy to miss these “unmarked” ancient carvings.

Endangered species
Rare and endangered native animals known at Punaluu and Ninole are the honu ea (hawksbill turtle), honu (green turtle), Hawaiian monk seal, native bees, orange-black damselfly, and other anchialine pool fauna. Native birds are seen near the shore and cliffs or fly over the area on their way to the sea from upland nesting colonies, including the endangered Hawaiian hawk (io) that nests in the trees at Punaluu. Spinner dolphins and humpback whales can also be sighted offshore from Punaluu. Residents say such sightings are common. A rare sighting of a Hawaiian monk seal was reported at Punaluu in 2006 near the boat ramp, and most recently in April 2024, and several known nesting sites of the endangered hawksbill turtles are located along the Punaluu and Ninole area. Such occurrences indicate a healthy environment with adequate resources to support large marine animals. Hawaiian Hawksbll Project, Ka'u Preservation, Malama Punaluu. 2024

The hawksbill turtle or honu'ea (Eretmochelys imbricata), is a federally listed endangered species and is the rarest sea turtle in the Pacific Ocean. Researchers estimate there are fewer than 80 nesting hawksbill turtles in the Hawaiian islands, of which 67 nest on the island of Hawaii. More than half of the known nesting population statewide, 40 individuals nest along the southeast boundary of Hawaii Volcanoes National park to Waikapuna.

The threatened green turtle or honu (Chelonia mydas) feeds on marine plants in shallow waters along the coastline such as Punaluu. Red seaweed, a favorite food of the green turtle flourishes on the coral-encrusted rocks in the shallow waters of the bay and the turtles are found basking on the black sand beach despite the presence of beachgoers. Researchers with the National Marine Fisheries have been studying the green turtle since 1982 along with groups of students. Visitors must remain 20 ft from the turtles at all times.

The endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, opeapea, (Lasirus cinereus semotus), is known to fly over and reside at Punaluu. Their habitat stretches from sea level to over 13,000 feet. It usually weighs about 5 to 8 ounces, is nocturnal and feeds on insects. Relatively little research has been done on this endemic Hawaiian bat and data regarding its habitat and population status is very limited.

One of the largest populations of the rare orange-black damselfly (Megalagrion xanthomelas) can be found at Ninole. It is a candidate endangered species and thrives in the aquatic habitat of the extensive spring complex that stretches from Nīnole Springs to the estuary at Honuapo. Systematic surveys have observed damselfly populations at Kāwāa, Hīlea, Nīnole, and Honuapo. The highest densities occur at the back of estuarine marsh, at the mouth of Hīlea and Nīnole Streams, and at Kāwāa Springs.

Vegetation
The native plant communities generally appear as a narrow strand of vegetation, mostly a flattened growth of various shrubs, vines, grass-like plants, scattered trees and herbs. The varied habitats of pāhoehoe (smooth, ropy lava), and aā flats, drifted sand, anchialine pond shores, protected beaches, and sea spray battered bluffs each support different native plant communities. In the reconnaissance survey, fourteen species of coastal strand plants (six trees, seven ground cover or shrub forms and the invasive aquatic water hyacinth). Native plants such as ilima (Sida fallax), naupaka kahakai (Scaevola taccada), and pōhuehue (Ipomoea pes-caprae brasiliensis) were found in the area.

Wetlands
The second largest spring complex on Hawaii Island is located at Punaluu and Ninole Cove. Stretching from Punaluu to Nīnole Springs through Kāwāa to Honupo, is a series of wetlands fed by basal springs and intermittent streams that support a broad range of native fauna. These spring and pool complexes contain individuals, particularly juveniles or recruits, of several marine invertebrates and fishes, suggesting it may be a significant refuge or nursery area for nearshore marine fauna on the southern coast of Hawaii Island.

Anchialine pools
Anchialine pools of various types occur near and around Punaluu and Ninole Cove. These pools are rare and localized brackish waters along coastal lava flows that exhibit tidal fluctuations without a surface connection to the sea. They include open pools near the shore as well as undisturbed pools in collapsed lava tubes, cracks, and caves. Endemic and native shrimp species live in pools and travel between and through them through underground cracks. The orange-black damselfly (Megalagrion xanthomelas) breeds in the anchialine pools while native insects perch on the nearby vegetation. Throughout the state, anchialine species are severely threatened by alien insects, habitat loss due to coastal development, and other human impacts.

Anchialine ponds are one of Hawaii's most threatened ecosystems. Anchialine pools are landlocked brackish ponds located close to the shoreline connected to the ocean via tunnels. Characterized by tidal fluctuations, these rare and fragile ponds are home to unusual plants and animals.

In the U.S., this habitat exists only in the Hawaiian Islands and, of the approximately 700 known anchialine pools, the majority are located on the island of Hawaii. Formed by volcanic activity, these pools are home to a unique assemblage of invertebrate and algal species, some of which are known to exist only in this habitat. In the last 20 years, non-native fish species have been introduced and/or invaded a majority of the pools. These alien species have gradually destroyed the ecological balance in many of the pools by eliminating many of unique endemic species.

Koa
Punaluu has long been known for its koa (“fish houses”) where specific species of fish live in specific areas offshore. The pristine, spring fed waters of Punaluu mixing with the salt water of the ocean provide ideal habitat for a variety of fish that live in these naturally created koa. There are several koa just offshore from Punaluu still used by local fishermen. Each koa is identified by the species of fish that live there, including yellowfin tuna (ahi) and mackerel (ono, or wahoo). Historically, Hawaiian families would feed the fish in the koa cooked taro and pumpkin and the fish, in return, would provide a constant source of protein.

Development
A golf course on both sides of the Belt Road was built here by C. Brewer & Co. from 1969 to 1972. A larger resort was proposed in 1986. After opposition, the plans were scaled back. The project was partially built but abandoned.

In 2005, further development called "Sea Mountain" of about 433 acre and up to 2000 residential units was proposed by a company based in Beverly Hills, California. An environmental impact statement was developed in 2006. Despite the involvement of Jean-Michel Cousteau, this development met local opposition.

Popular culture
In the 1960s, Japanese actor and guitarist Yūzō Kayama composed a surf rock tune called "Black Sand Beach". This song has since been played by Yūzō Kayama and Launchers, Takeshi Terauchi and Blue Jeans, The Ventures, and The Aquatudes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Punaluʻu Beach


text:
Anna Amalia

Anna Amalia or Anna Amalie may refer to:

 * Anna Amalie of Baden-Durlach, Countess of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1595–1651), regent of Nassau-Saarbrücken from 1640 until her death
 * Princess Anna Amalie of Prussia or Anna Amalia, Abbess of Quedlinburg (1723–1787), Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg and composer
 * Anna Amalia, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (née Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1739–1807) German composer and patron of the arts
 * Duchess Anna Amalia Library, in Weimar
 * de:Anna Amalia zu den drei Rosen, a Masonic lodge

A number of Annas have the middle name Amalia:

 * Anna Abert or Anna Amalie Abert (1906–1996), German musicologist
 * Anna Amelia Obermeyer (1907–2001), South African botanist

title: Anna Amalia


text:
Ange (band)

Ange (, lit. 'Angel') is a French progressive rock band formed in September 1969 by the Décamps brothers, Francis (keyboards) and Christian (vocals, accordion, acoustic guitar and keyboards).

Since its inception the band's music has been inspired by medieval texts and fantasy.

History
Ange was initially influenced by Procol Harum and King Crimson, and their music was quite theatrical and poetic. Their first success in France was the cover of a Jacques Brel song, Ces gens-là, on their second album Le Cimetière des Arlequins. The band provided its first concert on January 30, 1970, at the cultural center "La Pépinière", in Belfort, France. They performed 110 concerts in England from 1973 to 1976, opening for Genesis at the Reading Festival in England, on August 26, 1973, fronting some 30.000 listeners.

One of the reasons for which the band was unable to break through into the British market was because they sang in French. Ange eventually released an English-speaking version of its fifth album Par les fils de Mandrin (By the sons of Mandrin), which was hard to find and sold poorly, although this version has since been made available on CD. Unfortunately, after three albums, the quality of creation had started to decrease, and Par les fils de Mandrin was probably not a good choice to try to break into the British market.

Following Par les fils de Mandrin and the live double album Tome VI, the band issued a mellotron–centered album, Guet-apens, and then had a more rock-oriented change of direction, although various progressive reformations occurred over the years, e.g. for the 1992 album Les larmes du Dalaï-Lama. Sponsored by the French radio RTL, Ange relentlessly toured until the end of 1977, welcoming an average of 5,000 to 6,000 listeners per show. During their first years (generally regarded as the best ones), the other three members of the band were Jean-Michel Brézovar on guitar and flute, Gérard Jelsch on drums, and Daniel Haas on bass (and acoustic guitar). In 1995, Ange played their farewell tour.

Christian Décamps released a few albums as "Christian Décamps et Fils" ("Christian Décamps and Son"), before taking over the name "Ange" in 1999, and is backed by his band for his solo albums. The new lineup has issued several albums from La voiture à eau in 1999, performed on 2006 edition of NEARfest and was still on the road in 2013.

Francis Décamps and Jean-Michel Brézovar have also released solo albums.

Keyboards
The keyboard sounds of the '70s-era band, while reminiscent of a mellotron, were in fact generated from a Viscount organ through a modded Hammond reverb. However, an actual mellotron was played on the album Par Les Fils De Mandrin in 1976.

Studio discography

 * (1972) Caricatures
 * (1973) Le Cimetière des arlequins
 * (1974) Au-delà du délire
 * (1975) Émile Jacotey
 * (1976) Par les fils de Mandrin
 * (1978) Guet-Apens
 * (1980) Vu d'un Chien
 * (1981) Moteur!
 * (1982) À propos de...
 * (1983) La Gare de Troyes
 * (1984) Fou
 * (1986) Egna
 * (1987) Tout Feu Tout Flamme... C'est Pour De Rire
 * (1989) Sève Qui Peut
 * (1992) Les Larmes Du Dalaï Lama
 * (1999) La Voiture À Eau
 * (2001) Culinaire Lingus
 * (2005) ?
 * (2007) Souffleurs De Vers
 * (2010) Le Bois Travaille Même Le Dimanche
 * (2012) Moyen-Âge
 * (2014) Émile Jacotey Résurrection
 * (2018) Heureux

Christian and Francis Décamps era

 * Caricatures (1972)
 * Le Cimetière des arlequins (1973)
 * Au-delà du délire (1974)
 * Émile Jacotey (1975)
 * Par les fils de Mandrin (1976)
 * Tome VI : Live 1977 (1977, 2LP, 1CD)
 * En concert : Live 1970-1971 (1977, 2LP, 1CD)
 * Guet-Apens (1978)
 * Vu D'un Chien (1980)
 * Moteur! (1981)
 * À propos de... (1982)
 * La Gare de Troyes (1983)
 * Fou (1984)
 * Egna (1986)
 * Tout Feu Tout Flamme... C'est Pour De Rire (1987)
 * Sève Qui Peut (1989)
 * Vagabondages (Compilation) (1989)
 * Les Larmes Du Dalaï Lama (1992)
 * Mémo (Compilation) (1994)
 * Un P'tit Tour Et Puis S'en Vont : Live 1995 (2CD, 1995)
 * Ad Libitum (3CD Compilation, 1999)
 * Tome 87 (Live) (2002)
 * Ange En Concert : Par Les Fils De Mandrin (Millésimé 77) (2003)

Christian and Tristan Décamps era

 * La Voiture À Eau (1999)
 * Rêves Parties (2000, live, 2CD)
 * Culinaire Lingus (2001)
 * ? (2005)
 * Le Tour De La Question (2007)
 * Zénith An II (2007, live, 2CD)
 * Souffleurs De Vers (2007)
 * Souffleurs De Vers Tour (Live CD+DVD, 2009)
 * Le Bois Travaille Même Le Dimanche (2010)
 * Escale À Ch'tiland (2CD+DVD, 2011, live)
 * Moyen-Âge (2012)
 * Emile Jacotey Résurrection (2014)
 * Emile Jacotey Résurrection Live (CD+DVD, 2015)
 * La Bataille du sucre (2015, ltd ed w/ 4 songs)
 * Heureux (2018)

Christian Décamps & Fils

 * Le Mal D'Adam (1979)
 * Juste Une Ligne Bleue (1990)
 * Nu (1994)
 * V'soul Vesoul V'soul (1995)
 * 3ème Étoile À Gauche (1997)
 * Poèmes De La Noiseraie (1998)
 * Murmures (2003)
 * Psychédélice (2008)

 * From 1999 on, Ange Fanclub Un pied dans la marge has produced at least 20 CD or DVD containing mostly live material.

Current members

 * Christian Décamps - Lead vocals, Keyboards (after 1970)
 * Tristan Décamps - Keyboards, Backing Vocals (after 1997)
 * Hassan Hajdi - Guitars (after 1997)
 * Thierry Sidhoum - Bass (after 1997)
 * Benoît Cazzulini - Drums (after 2003)

Former Members

 * Francis Décamps - Keyboards, Vocals (1970–1995)
 * Jean-Michel Brézovar - Guitars (1970–1977, 1988–1989, 1991–1995)
 * Jean-Claude Rio - Rhythmic Guitar (1970)
 * Patrick Kachanian - Bass, Flute (1970)
 * Daniel Haas - Bass (1971–1977, 1988–1995)
 * Gérard Jelsch - Drums, Percussions (1970–1974, 1994–1995)
 * Guénolé Biger - Drums, Percussions (1975)
 * Jean-Pierre Guichard - Drums (1976–1981, 1988–1992)
 * Claude Demet - Guitars (1978, 1990)
 * Gérald Renard - Bass (1978–1979)
 * Mauro Serri - Guitars (1979)
 * Jean-Marie Schreiner - Drums (1979, 1990)
 * J. Frieden - Keyboards (1979)
 * J. Migaud - Keyboards (1979)
 * Robert Defer - Guitars (1980–1981, 1990)
 * Didier Viseux - Bass (1980–1981)
 * Frederick Chojnacki - Bass (1980–1981)
 * Serge Cuénot - Guitars (1982–1987, 1990)
 * Laurent Sigrist - Bass (1982–1987)
 * Gabriel Troyan - Bass in Tout feu tout flamme (1987)
 * Jean-Claude Potin - Drums (1982–1986)
 * Francis Meyer - Drums (1987)
 * Martine Kesselburg - Choir in Tout feu tout flamme (1987) - Vocals (1990)
 * Eva Santi - Choir in Tout feu tout flamme (1987)
 * Bruno Nion - Vocals in Sève qui peut (1989)
 * Fabrice Bony - Drums (1993)
 * Jean-Pascal Boffo - Guitars (1995)
 * Hervé Rouyer - Drums, Percussions (1995, 1997–2002)
 * Caroline Crozat - Vocals, Choir (2001–2010)

title: Ange (band)


text:
User talk:Xabora

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Re: OS-tan picture
I thought I checked the info on that. Well, its been over a year sense I have actually logged on. Beyond that, I dont remember. Xabora 04:58, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

OS-tan picture

 * Hi! I noticed that you uploaded Image:MACOSX2-Girl.jpg. As part of the image tagging effort, I am trying to determine the copyright situation of that picture. I would appreciate it if you could tell me where you got it and any copyright information that you might know. Thank you for your help. Josh 13:02, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xabora


text:
Talk:Per Brinch Hansen

untitled
I'm not entirely sure about attributing the THE OS to him rather than Dijkstra; perhaps they were both involved.

I wasn't sure enough to include his authorship of a Communications of the ACM article in the late 1970s declaring the inadequacy of both test-at-head and test-at-end loops, and advocating syntaxes for expressing all loops as "n-and-a-half-times" loops, with the test just before a block of code that is executed just before "looping back" and skipped "the last time thru". --Jerzy(t) 20:04, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

Note also that in Hansen's own papers he ascribes the idea of monitors to Dijkstra. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.229.50.10 (talk) 19:01, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

I'd like to see evidence that Concurrent Pascal was the first concurrent programming language. In particular, PL/I pre-dated Concurrent Pascal, and it supported threads. Also, I have trouble believing that the first book on concurrent programming was written in 1977. Don't get me wrong--I have great admiration for Brinch Hansen, but a little care is in order. MartensJD (talk) 20:41, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Some responses to prior comments: Note: I was Brinch Hansen's student a few decades back. I have added a connected contributor template above. In the near future I hope to update and substantially expand this article. Jsg68x (talk) 15:03, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Concurrent Pascal is widely recognized as the first concurrent programming language. This is not a question of proof vs. something like PL/I, but of definition.  It is a trivial matter to add insecure, low-level concurrency primitives to any language.  Concurrent Pascal was not only the first language developed specifically for concurrent programming, but the first language to demonstrate that it was possible to incorporate secure, high-level facilities for concurrency, where the system could guarantee "that processes access disjoint sets of variables only and do not interfere with each other in time dependent ways."
 * Brinch Hansen did not ascribe the idea of Monitors to Dijkstra. Brinch Hansen ascribed monitors as having evolved from the ideas of Dahl, Dijkstra, Hoare and himself.  (Dahl, in turn, ascribed his contribution -- the class concept of Simula 67 -- as attributable to both himself and Nygaard.)  Brinch Hansen attributed the informal development of the monitor concept to Dijkstra, Hoare and himself.  (Dahl and Nygaard's contribution was passive, and came in later, when their class concept was adopted for monitor notation.)  Brinch Hansen ascribed the development of monitor notation to himself and Hoare, and the key implementation detail of scheduling queues to himself.  (And of course, Brinch Hansen was the one to actually implement monitors, with Concurent Pascal.)
 * THE was Dijkstra's. It should definitely not be attributed to Brinch Hansen.

Ok, I don't know what basis/criteria was being used in going through and just marking the importance as low in every category, but it seems objectively wrong to me in at least a few. At least two "high" rated articles in Computer Science (Concurrent computing, Microkernel) pertain to technologies where Brinch Hansen was a, or the, seminal developer/contributor. And reviewing the bio articles included in "high" classification, it's clear that Brinch Hansen's bio article appropriately belongs there. So I'm changing that importance to high. For Computing, there are two such articles rated "high" (Concurrent computing, Remote procedure call), and at least one rated "mid" (Microkernel), but it appears to me that relatively few bio articles are classified with importances under Computing, so I'm removing the importance rating to return it to be unspecified for now.

Frankly, I wonder about the objective basis for the rest, but I haven't examined such more closely at this time, so holding off on any other changes for now. I think the editor who marked these levels should post as to the basis for each categorization. Jsg68x (talk) 02:33, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Per Brinch Hansen


text:
Arab American National Museum

The Arab American National Museum (AANM, المتحف الوطني العربي الأمريكي) is a museum in Dearborn, Michigan, highlighting the history, experiences, and contributions of Arab Americans. Established in 2005, it is the first, and largest, museum in the world devoted to Arab American history and culture. It is a division of the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS), and a Smithsonian Affiliate.

History
The museum's roots lie in an arts and culture division established by parent organization ACCESS in the 1980s. A small museum soon opened in the organization's headquarters, but by the late 1990s, they sought to establish a larger, standalone museum; as such, a fundraising campaign was launched in 2000 to fund the construction of a new museum. Following the September 11 attacks, the community saw a more urgent need to tell their story and dispel myths about Arab Americans.

The museum, located on Michigan Avenue in Dearborn's East Downtown, opened to the public on May 5, 2005. Construction cost $15 million, funded largely by donations; major donors included Chrysler, General Motors, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the governments of Saudi Arabia and Qatar.

In February 2019, the leader of ACCESS announced Diana Abouali as the new director of the AANM.

Exhibits
The museum's first floor explores the history and contributions of ancient Arab civilization such as science, medicine, mathematics, architecture, and the decorative arts. The second floor focuses on the Arab experience in America, with galleries dedicated to migration, everyday life and culture, and prominent Arab-Americans such as Ralph Nader and Helen Thomas. Documents and artifacts from Arab Americans related to immigration and the immigration process are displayed, and stories of Arab Americans are portrayed in video or audio recordings.

The AANM also includes two large gallery spaces for temporary art exhibits.

Permanent art collection
Complementing its regular lineup of solo and group exhibitions of art from the Arab world and its American diaspora, the museum holds a permanent collection of paintings, drawings, sculpture, photography, and installation art, displayed throughout the museum. Artists represented in this collection include Emily Jacir, Julienne Jabara Johnson, Mary Tuma, Sama Alshaibi, Hani Zurob, Helen Zughaib, John Halaka, Samia Halaby, Kamal Boullata, Doris Bittar, Sumayyah Samaha, Afaf Zurayk, Leila Kubba Kawash, Athir Shayota, Wafer Shayota, and Adnan Charara.

Programs and events
MOVE is a first-of-its-kind national gathering that provides a space for artists, activists, scholars, philanthropists, organizations and others from the Arab American community to connect, learn and exchange ideas. MOVE 2017, produced by ACCESS and its three national institutions – the Arab American National Museum, the National Network for Arab American Communities (NNAAC) and the Center for Arab American Philanthropy (CAAP) – will Mobilize, Organize, Vocalize, and Empower attendees as they explore intersectionality in a safe environment and have critical conversations about a wide range of issues impacting Arab Americans. DIWAN: A Forum for the Arts is now a part of MOVE. DIWAN unites Arab American artists, scholars and performers representing myriad academic fields and artistic genres for a weekend dialogue that reinforces the AANM's commitment to providing a place for community members and artists to meet, exchange ideas and exhibit their work. Notable presenters at the 2009 DIWAN conference include writer Najla Said, poet Suheir Hammad, artist Wafaa Bilal, and poet Remi Kanazi.

Global Fridays is a periodic music program at the AANM that promotes World Music. Though Global Fridays is held at the Arab American National Museum the music is a diverse mix from Mexican American roots music to Chinese Classical and Rock.

Arab Film Festival is an annual film festival put on by the AANM that showcases a number of Arab and Arab American films over a weekend. Past festivals have celebrated the career of a particular Arab filmmaker or director. The 2008 Arab Film Festival honored the work of Egyptian film director Youssef Chahine and showed his films The Cairo Station and The Destiny. The festival also features short films such as Kemo Sabe the story of Yussef, a six-year-old Arab-American boy who dreams of being the Cowboy instead of the Indian on the playground.

The Arab American Book Award was established in 2006 to celebrate and support the research of and the written work of Arab Americans and their culture. The Arab American Book Award encourages the publication and excellence of books that preserve and advance the understanding, knowledge, and resources of the Arab American community by celebrating the thoughts and lives of Arab Americans. The purpose of the Award is to inspire authors, educate readers and foster a respect and understanding of the Arab American culture.

title: Arab American National Museum


text:
Lisa Eilbacher

Lisa Marie Eilbacher (born May 5, 1956) is a retired American actress.

Early life
Lisa Marie Eilbacher was born in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the daughter of an American oil company executive. She was raised in France.

Her two siblings are also actors; sister Cindy Eilbacher and brother Bobby Eilbacher.

Child actress and tv roles
Eilbacher started acting as a child, appearing on such shows as My Three Sons and Gunsmoke. She later made a transition into adult roles on such shows as The Amazing Spider-Man.

Eilbacher starred as Callie Shaw in The Hardy Boys Mysteries in 1977. The same year she appeared in the episode "The Innocent" of the short-lived Logan's Run TV series. She also guest starred on the TV series Man from Atlantis in an episode where she played Shakespeare's Juliet. She also appeared in the 1974 television movie Bad Ronald.

Subsequent roles and films
In 1981, she starred in the television film This House Possessed with Parker Stevenson, with whom she worked on The Hardy Boys Mysteries.

That year she acted in Lee Philips's film On the Right Track starring television star Gary Coleman. Some reviews concluded that it was sappy and capitalizing on Coleman's TV following, many found the film charming, well written, and well acted. Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times, felt she stood out by saying it "is Coleman's picture, but its unexpected pleasure is Eilbacher".

Eilbacher is best known for her roles in two 1980s films: An Officer and a Gentleman and Beverly Hills Cop. In An Officer and a Gentleman, she played Naval Aviation Officer Candidate Casey Seeger, a popular and charming woman who nearly flunked out of the program due to her inability to complete the obstacle course; however, she persevered and graduated. An amateur bodybuilder in real life, Eilbacher said the hardest aspect of this role was "pretending" to be out of shape. In Beverly Hills Cop, she played Jenny Summers, a childhood friend of Eddie Murphy's character who reunited with him to solve the murder of a mutual friend.

Eilbacher was also featured in the 1983 miniseries The Winds of War, playing Madeleine Henry.

In 1985, she co-starred with Holland Taylor in the ABC detective series Me and Mom.

title: Lisa Eilbacher


text:
John Joel Glanton

John Joel Glanton (c. 1819 – April 23, 1850) was an early settler of Arkansas Territory. He was also a Texas Ranger and a soldier in the Mexican–American War and the leader of a notorious gang of scalp-hunters in Northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States during the mid-19th century. Contemporary sources also describe him as a murderous outlaw and prominent participant in the Texas Revolution. He appears as a violent figure in the works of the prominent Western writers Larry McMurtry and Cormac McCarthy.

Early life
John Joel Glanton was born with his twin, Julian, in Edgefield County, South Carolina, in 1819. His father Charles William Glanton (1789–1826) died while he was young, and his mother, Margaret Hill Glanton, relocated her four sons to Louisiana. In 1832, she remarried to MajorJohn Roddy, a wealthy South Carolinian veteran of the War of 1812, eventually bearing two children by him. In 1835, she followed him to Jackson County in the Arkansas Territory, where the family established Walnut Woods, a plantation with more than twenty slaves near what is now Augusta.

Texan Independence
Little is certain about Glanton's youth, but he developed a reputation for explosive violence. He appears in few records until his 1841 arrest in Louisiana but later authors state he fled Tennessee as an outlaw before settling in Gonzales, Texas and taking part in the first battle of the 1835 Texian Revolution against Mexico's Centralist Republic. His fiancée was abducted, scalped, and killed by Lipan Apaches before or during his time with Stephen F. Austin at the siege of De Cos's forces in San Antonio. He was said to have been a scout under Col.James Fannin, commissioned as a captain of the Texas Rangers while still 16, and to have narrowly escaped De La Portilla's March 27, 1836 massacre of Fannin's men at Goliad. After the Battle of San Jacinto, President Sam Houston supposedly banished Glanton from Texas, although this was never enforced and no record of such an order survives. He was later said to have wounded or killed the best men on both sides of the Regulator–Moderator War without supporting either side himself.

Glanton was arrested in New Orleans on March 11, 1841 for assault, having tried to shoot a police officer with his pistol in the American Theatre, but he was dismissed with little or no punishment, since no one was hurt. In early 1843, Glanton applied for a 320-acre grant of land in Jackson County, Arkansas. He improved the land but, receiving no certificate of purchase, he transferred his claim to his brother Benjamin in 1845 and returned to Louisiana. He was still receiving his mail in New Orleans in September 1846 but had apparently already left for Texas.

Mexican–American War
By the time of the Mexican–American War, he was part of Walter P. Lane's San Antonio company of Texas Rangers. Contemporary sources charged him with killing a Mexican civilian in Magdalena, New Mexico, while serving as a perimeter sentry in 1847. Glanton defended himself, saying the civilian had ignored his commands to halt. This event brought Walter P. Lane—then a major in the army—into conflict with his general Zachary Taylor. Glanton evaded the military police sent to arrest him but then enlisted in John Coffee Hays's second regiment of the First Texas Mounted Rifles, also informally known as the Texan Rangers. He saw action as part of Gen. Winfield Scott's Mexico City campaign, during which Private Glanton was noted by Gen.Joseph Lane to have "attracted general notice for his extraordinary activity and daring throughout the actions both of the 23d and 24th" Nov. 1847 at Galaxara Pass in Puebla.

Glanton organization
After the summer of 1849, Glanton and his employees were hired by Mexican authorities to eliminate Apaches in northern Mexico and what is now part of the Southwestern United States. For increased income, their organization scalped peaceful agricultural Mexicans and aboriginal Americans to claim the bounty for scalps. The soldier and memoirist Samuel Chamberlain claimed he worked as a member of the organization. According to Chamberlain, Glanton's second-in-command was a Texian known as Judge Holden. Reneging on their contracts, the state of Chihuahua put a bounty on the heads of the organization, declaring them outlaws in December 1849. Chihuahuan authorities drove them out to Sonora. Eventually they wore out their Sonoran welcome and moved north into the Arizona territory.

Glanton Massacre
In Arizona the Glanton organization became partners in a ferry at the Yuma Crossing of the Colorado River, a popular crossing for settlers and prospectors traveling to and from California during the California Gold Rush. According to claims from competing ferry operators, the Glantons sometimes killed Mexican and American passengers returning from the gold-fields to take their money and goods. Other accounts claim they destroyed a boat and killed some Quechans operating a rival ferry near Pilot Knob. At dawn on April 23, 1850, a band of Quechans led by Caballo en Pelo killed and scalped Glanton and most of his organization to establish the tribe's ferry monopoly. Hearing of the massacre, California officials recruited a militia in the ill-fated Gila Expedition against the Quechan tribe.

In popular culture

 * Jeremiah Clemens includes Glanton as a character in his novel Bernard Lile (1856), one of the earliest fictional works concerning the Texas Revolution.
 * Samuel Chamberlain, who claimed to have been a member of the gang, wrote an account of their activities in his memoir: My Confession.
 * Glanton, under the name Gallantin, is a character in George MacDonald Fraser's Flashman and the Redskins (1982), an installment in the long-running The Flashman Papers series of comic novels.
 * A fictionalized version of Glanton and his gang is featured prominently in Cormac McCarthy's novel Blood Meridian (1985), many of the events of which are based on Chamberlain's account.
 * Glanton, along with another historical scalp hunter, James Kirker, appears briefly in the opening scenes of Larry McMurtry's novel Dead Man's Walk (1995). The book is the first volume of McMurtry's Lonesome Dove tetralogy.
 * The seven-page story "A Scalp for a Scalp", drawn by Russ Heath and written by John Whalen, also based on Chamberlain's memoir, is included in The Big Book of the Weird Wild West published by Paradox Press in 1998.
 * Hugues Micol's graphic novel Scalp: La Chevauchée funèbre de John Glanton et de ses compagnons de carnage, based on Chamberlain's book, was published in 2017 by the French publisher Futuropolis.
 * A 2005 episode of the History Channel series Wild West Tech featured an account of the Glanton Gang, focusing on Glanton's misdeeds as a scalp hunter. These scenes were filmed at Old Tucson Studios near Tucson, Arizona.

title: John Joel Glanton


text:
Norwich Terrier

The Norwich Terrier is a breed of dog originating in England, and was bred to hunt small rodents. One of the smallest terriers, these dogs are relatively rare. Their drop-eared variety is the Norfolk Terrier.

Appearance
These terriers are one of the smallest working terriers weighing approximately 12 lb and ideally not being above 10 in at the withers, with prick ears and a double coat, which comes in all shades of red, tan, wheaten, black and tan, and grizzle. The skull is broad and slightly rounded with a well defined stop. The muzzle ratio to the head is 2:3. The eyes are small and oval-shaped. Ears are usually erect — but can be laid back when the dog is calm — and set apart with good width between them. The tips are pointed. The back is short with good depth and a well sprung loin. Legs are short with the elbows being more proximal than distal. Tail is of moderate length when not docked, thick at the base with tapering near the top. Tail should be 'carried jauntily' and 'not excessively gay'. The American Kennel Club standard calls for a 'medium docked' tail with enough of the tail being left on so that it can be held or grabbed.

Temperament
Occasionally, this breed will display barking and digging behaviours, which are reflective of their terrier heritage. Consistent and early training can help manage these habits.

Health
A study in the UK found a life expectancy of 14 years for the Norwich Terrier.

A US study of over 90,000 dogs found the Norwich Terrier to be the second most predisposed breed to portosystemic shunt with 7.41% of dogs being affected compared to 0.35% for mixed-breed dogs.

A retrospective study on cataracts using patient records from North American hospitals found a prevalence of 4.02% for the Norwich Terrier compared to 1.61% for mixed-breed dogs.

Breathing issues
Some Norwich Terriers suffer from an upper respiratory obstructive syndrome that differs from brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. In a study of 12 dogs with signs of the condition 11 had abnormalities of the laryngeal opening with redundant aryepiglottic folds, laryngeal collapse, everted laryngeal saccules, and a narrowed laryngeal opening all being observed in multiple dogs.

A 2019 study found that some Norwich terriers suffering from respiratory tract disorders shared a mutated variant of gene ADAMTS3 that is typically associated with swelling around the airways. Dogs with two copies scored worse on airway-function tests. Breeders hope to employ genetic testing to minimize the mutation being passed down.

Labour complications
A questionnaire identified the Norwich Terrier as requiring more than half of all bitches to undergo caesarean section to give birth. The questionnaire also found more than a fifth of all Norwich Terrier pups to be stillborn. A UK based questionnaire identified a rate of caesarean section of 36.6%.

Population
In 2018, both Norfolk and Norwich terriers appeared on the Kennel Club's list of most vulnerable dog breeds, with the Norwich breed having fewer than 300 births per year.

Origin
Fox hunting terriers resembling the Norwich have been described since the 19th century.

Two extinct breeds are often suggested as being the ancestor of the Norwich Terrier: the Cantab terrier and the Trumpington terrier.

Cantab terrier
In the 1880s a dog dealer, Charles Lawrence became well known amongst the undergraduates of Cambridge University. One student wrote of him: 'Everybody knew him, nobody believed him yet his margin of profit must have been considerable...'. Lawrence hailed from nearby Chesterton and bred terriers from Irish Terriers, Yorkshire Terriers, and an East Anglian red terriers (colloquially known as 'gypsy dogs'), he developed a ratter that also made for a good companion for students. These dogs became known as cantab terriers.

Trumpington terrier
After his graduation from Cambridge in 1889, E. Jodrell Hopkins opened a livery stable on Trumpington Street, he kept and bred terriers here and they became known as Trumpington terriers. These dogs gained popularity in Norwich and Leicestershire before Hopkins moved away to Newmarket. Hopkins started with breeding a dark brindle Aberdeen-type Scottish Terrier bitch he inherited from a war recruit to a cantab terrier that had a longer and harsher red coat. From this paring came a rough-coated dog that was primarily red named Rags and a darker and smaller bitch named Nell. Hopkins kept Nell and sent Rags to J. E. Cooke, master of a pack of staghounds in Norwich. Cooke bred Rags to multiple sporting terriers belonging to different townsfolk and all of the puppies had red coats. Hopkins bred Nell and her dam to a dog he had purchased named Jack, a cropped ear, sandy coated terrier. The offspring from this pairing had either red or grizzle coats.

Frank Jones
Frank Jones came from County Wicklow and by 1901 was working as the whip in the Norwich staghounds. Jones eventually quit his job and moved to Market Harborough, he brought terriers sired by Rags into the town to work as ratters. He chose to name these terriers after the town he had left. He favoured erect ears, and whole coloured red or black and tan terriers without any white. World War I led to a decrease in his terrier numbers; however Jones kept breeding and by 1930 there was a dedicated breed club trying to achieve recognition with the Kennel Club. Jones did not wish for formal recognition or the idea of a show standard. In 1956 he attended a show and decried the modern Norwich claiming his dogs were no larger than the Yorkshire Terrier and saying he did not care about any so-called 'improvements'. Frank's dogs would be imported to the US in the early 20th century and were known as 'Jones Terrier'

Breed recognition
In 1932, thanks to the effort of Mrs D. Normandy-Rodwell a group of 13 Norwich Terrier owners formed the first breed club. There was debate within the group about the ideal breed standard and despite it being forbidden by the Kennel Club several members would crop the ears of their terriers who lacked erect ears. Despite the Kennel Club chairman A. Croxton Smith stating that restricting to one ear type would cause difficulties and a breeder known as Colonel Gell saying: 'in this vascillating ear regulation, the Norwich Terrier Club is laying up for itself, trouble in the future.' the president of the Norwich Terrier Club — Jack Read — refused to allow black and ten and drop eared dogs into the draft standard. Normandy-Rodwell who was the secretary believed that the dogs should only be 'brilliantly orange' and that only erect ears should be allowed. Eventually Read conceded and allowed black and tan dogs, although he refused to allow any with white markings. In 1935 Read resigned from his role as president after the first breed standard came out due it to including both black and tan and dropped ears.

Breed separation
For more than 30 years Marion Sheila Scott Macfie tried to promote the drop-eared variety of the Norwich Terrier as a separate and distinct breed to the Norwich Terrier. She repeatedly took her dogs to shows which grew their popularity and during World War II she sent over two pairs of dogs to the US. As the Norwich began to be shown more and more often Macfie grew to resent the fact that erect eared dogs would win far more often than the drop eared variety. In 1957 she fought to make drop ears be considered equal but the Kennel Club rejected her arguments. Seven years later she achieved separate recognition of the drop eared variety as the Norfolk Terrier.

Both ear types continued to be allowed in the ring until The Kennel Club recognized the drop-eared variety as a separate breed, the Norfolk Terrier, in 1964, and the American Kennel Club, United Kennel Club, and Canadian Kennel Club did the same in 1979. Until that time, the breeds were designated by the AKC as Norwich Terriers, P.E. (prick ears) and Norwich Terriers, D.E. (drop ears).

title: Norwich Terrier


text:
List of extreme points of Portugal

This is a list of the extreme points of Portugal, indicating the location of the most distant or highest points in continental or national limits of Portugal:

Portugal

 * Northernmost point — village of Cevide, civil parish of Cristoval, municipality of Melgaço;
 * Southernmost point — Ilhéu de Fora, Savage Islands, municipality of Funchal (Madeira);
 * Westernmost point — Ilhéu do Monchique, Fajã Grande, municipality of Lajes das Flores, Flores (Azores), also considered the westernmost point of Europe;
 * Easternmost point — Ifanes e Paradela, municipality of Miranda do Douro;
 * Centermost — Penhascoso, Portugal, Municipality in Portugal
 * Highest point — Mount Pico, Pico (Azores), at a height of 2351 m.

Continental Portugal
This subsection details the extreme points in continental Portugal:

 * Northernmost point — village of Cevide (42.154058, -8.198415), civil parish of Cristoval, municipality of Melgaço;
 * Southernmost point — Cabo de Santa Maria (36.960158, -7.887096), civil parish of Sé, municipality of Faro;
 * Westernmost point — Cabo da Roca (38.780963, -9.500552), civil parish of Colares, municipality of Sintra, also the westernmost point of continental Europe;
 * Easternmost point — Ifanes e Paradela (41.574886, -6.190217), municipality of Miranda do Douro;
 * Centermost — Penhascoso, Portugal (39.5571,-8.04276), Municipality in Portugal
 * Highest point — Torre (40.321849, -7.612975), municipality of Seia, in the Serra da Estrela, at a height of 1993 m.

title: List of extreme points of Portugal


text:
Artes mechanicae

Artes mechanicae (mechanical arts) are a medieval concept of ordered practices or skills, often juxtaposed to the traditional seven liberal arts (artes liberales). Also called "servile" and "vulgar", from antiquity they had been deemed "unbecoming" for a free man, as they minister to basic needs.

Overview
Johannes Scotus Eriugena (9th century) divided them into seven parts: Leonardo Da Vinci developed the mechanical form of painting in which a synthesis of Roman and Greek forms of art was attempted. The paint was manipulated in a number of different ways each driven by ideas surrounding process, materiality and chance encounters. The unique display of forms and colours were brought together by the artist's hand but manipulated though the use of machines or natures forces.
 * vestiaria (tailoring, weaving)
 * agricultura (agriculture)
 * architectura (architecture, masonry)
 * militia and venatoria (warfare and hunting, military education, "martial arts")
 * mercatura (trade)
 * coquinaria (cooking)
 * metallaria (blacksmithing, metallurgy)

In his Didascalicon, Hugh of St Victor (12th century) includes navigation, medicine and theatrical arts instead of commerce, agriculture and cooking. Hugh's treatment somewhat elevates the mechanical arts as ordained to the improvement of humanity, a promotion which was to represent a growing trend among late medievals.

The classification of the artes mechanicae as applied geometry was introduced to Western Europe by Dominicus Gundissalinus (12th century) under the influence of his readings in Arabic scholarship.

In the 19th century, "mechanic arts" referred to some of the fields that are now known as engineering. Use of the term was apparently an attempt to distinguish these fields from creative and artistic endeavors like the performing arts and the fine arts, which were for the upper class of the time, and the intelligentsia. The mechanic arts were also considered practical fields for those that did not come from good families.

Related phrases, "useful arts" or "applied arts" probably encompass the mechanic arts as well as craftsmanship in general.

The most famous usage of the term "mechanic arts" (and the one in which it is most commonly encountered today) is in the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act.

title: Artes mechanicae


text:
Acción Popular

Acción Popular may refer to:

 * Popular Action (El Salvador), a political party in El Salvador
 * Popular Action (Peru), a centrist and social liberal party
 * Popular Action (Spain), Spanish Roman Catholic political party from 1931 to 1937

title: Acción Popular


text:
Malakos

Malakos (μαλακός) means soft in Greek. It may refer to

 * Malakas, a Greek slang word derived from Malakia, the Ancient Greek term for effeminacy
 * Malacology, the study of the invertebrate phylum “Mollusca
 * Malakas, the first man in Philippine mythology

title: Malakos


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Great Liberal Backlash of 2003

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was No consensus JoshuaZ 00:33, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

This phrase gets 39 google hits when you exclude Wikipedia and mirrors, and I don't think it's a significant enough slogan to make it in. Delete. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:16, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

 * Keep: I'm not fond of the name, which relies upon a knowledge and concern for Ivins's phrase, but a documentation of the coincidental welter of books is probably encyclopedic. Geogre 20:19, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Are we sure that there was a welter, or is this just Ivins' claim? [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:58, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, except that this is a case where a strongly ideological president has drawn strongly ideological responses after controversial action. Again, I'm not happy with the title or the reliance on Ivins, but I do think that the cultural phenomenon of reaction to a strong political time is notable. Geogre 21:55, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Should title start with "Slogan:"? -- Jmabel 00:58, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, with fixes. The slogan was used by Ivins in an important editorial. However, the article has suffered "mission creep" by an unnamed very famous Wikipedian, so that it now includes a whole laundry list of all things liberal. That's going a bit too far. Fuzheado | Talk 01:31, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, "liberal backlash" gets lots of hits; besides, google listings are not the basis for keeping/deleting. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Delete. 39 hits? Cribcage 06:51, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. What Cribcage said. Ambivalenthysteria 07:00, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not for op-ed pieces, personal essays. Merge content with the Molly Ivins article. 172 18:33, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Maybe move the article to somewhere else if wording is poor.--Plato 03:41, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment/question: Normally I would vote to "delete neologism," but Fuzheado said this was used in "an important editorial."  I have to admit I don't follow political news as well as some here do. I'm not familiar with the background on this one, so I won't vote.  I just want to ask: Was the editorial important enough to make an exception for this term?  SWAdair | Talk  04:06, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm very into politics, and I hadn't heard the term. Hundreds of phrases like this are coined each year, I don't think most of them deserve articles, especially with this few google hits, indicating that nobody else is really using it. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 05:01, 2004 Jul 30 (UTC)
 * Here's my odd view - if the article remains the way it is (effectively a liberal soap box) then it should be deleted. The editorial heralded the beginning of a deluge of books, films, think tanks and political groups that emerged in 2003-2004 in direct response to the increased influence of conservatives in American politics and the media. It would be nice to have this covered somewhere in Wikipedia as an article. But this article is not the place. The VfD votes should be on the term itself, and whether it is of significance. I can reasonably see how it could be voted to delete, but it would be nice if a roundup of this could be somewhere in Wikipedia. Fuzheado | Talk 07:49, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or at best turn into a more general article under a different title; Ivins' term is hardly notable enough for an article of its own. -Sean Curtin 04:11, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - I'd rather we had articles about the random phrases coming from Dave Barry. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:04, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Documents a genuine phenomenon, or at least what many people perceive to be a genuine phenomenon, and either way deserves to be documented. Gamaliel 07:37, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Name is bad, but substance is good, as Gamaliel said. -- orthogonal 03:30, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Rename. Salasks 20:44, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The phrase itself is not in common usage. One editorial is not enough. As a more general concept, it is unproven and not really notable because, again, it's not much discussed. I recommend that someone who cares about this article move it to their user space, then wait a year or three. If, with the hindsight of history, there really was a "liberal backlash of 2003", great or otherwise, the article can be re-added then. Rossami 20:52, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Liberal Party (Philippines)

The Liberal Party of the Philippines (Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas) abbreviated as the LP, is a liberal political party in the Philippines.

Founded on January 19, 1946 by Senate President Manuel Roxas, Senate President Pro-Tempore Elpidio Quirino, and former 9th Senatorial District Senator José Avelino from the breakaway liberal wing of the old Nacionalista Party (NP), the Liberal Party remains the second-oldest active political party in the Philippines after the NP, and the oldest continually-active party. The LP served as the governing party of four Philippine presidents: Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Diosdado Macapagal, and Benigno Aquino III. As a vocal opposition party to the dictatorship of their former member Ferdinand Marcos Sr., it reemerged as a major political party after the People Power Revolution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic. It subsequently served as a senior member of President Corazon Aquino's UNIDO coalition. Upon Corazon Aquino's death in 2009, the party regained popularity, winning the 2010 Philippine presidential election under Benigno Aquino III and returning it to government to serve from 2010 to 2016. This was the only instance the party had won the presidency since the end of the Marcos dictatorship, however, as it lost control of the office to Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban in the 2016 presidential election and became the leading opposition party once again. Its vice presidential candidate Leni Robredo won in the same election, however, narrowly beating the second candidate by a small margin.

The Liberal Party was the political party of the immediate past Vice President of the Philippines. In the 2019 midterm elections, the party remained the primary opposition party of the Philippines, holding three seats in the Senate. The LP was the largest party outside of Rodrigo Duterte's supermajority, holding 18 seats in the House of Representatives after 2019. In local government, the party held two provincial governorships and five vice governorships. The general election of 2022, however, was a setback for the party, which lost both the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, as well as all of its seats in the Senate, and saw its representation in the House of Representatives reduced.

The Liberal Party remains an influential organization in contemporary Philippine politics. With center-left positions on social issues and centrist positions on economic issues, it is commonly associated with the post-revolution, liberal-democratic status quo of the Philippines in contrast to authoritarianism, neoconservatism, and socialism. Aside from presidents, the party has been led by liberal thinkers and progressive politicians including Benigno Aquino Jr., Jovito Salonga, Raul Daza, Florencio B. Abad Jr., Franklin Drilon, and Mar Roxas. Two of its members, Corazon Aquino and Leila de Lima, have received the prestigious Prize For Freedom, one of the highest international awards for liberal and democratic politicians since 1985 given by Liberal International. The Liberal Party is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and Liberal International.

Founding
The Liberal Party was founded on January 19, 1946 by Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino. It was formed by Roxas from what was once the "Liberal Wing" of the Nacionalista Party. Two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP: Elpidio Quirino and Diosdado Macapagal. Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as former members of the party who later joined the Nacionalistas: Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos.

Martial law era
During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would hound President Marcos on issues like human rights and the curtailment of freedoms. Even after Marcos' declaration of martial law silenced the LP, the party continued to oppose the regime, and many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time.

Post-EDSA
After democracy was restored after the People Power Revolution, the LP was instrumental in ending more than half a century of US military presence in the Philippines with its campaign in the 1991 senate to reject a new RP-US Bases Treaty. This ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. In 2000, it was in opposition to the Joseph Estrada administration, actively supporting the Resign-Impeach-Oust initiatives that led to People Power II.

On March 2, members of the LP installed Manila Mayor Lito Atienza as the party president, which triggered an LP leadership struggle and party schism. The Supreme Court later proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, leaving the Atienza wing expelled.

The Benigno Aquino III administration
The Liberal Party regained influence when it nominated as its next presidential candidate then-Senator Benigno Aquino III, the son of former President Corazon Aquino, for the 2010 Philippine presidential election after the latter's death that subsequently showed a groundswell of support for his candidacy. Even though the party had earlier nominated Sen. Manuel "Mar" Roxas II to be its presidential candidate for the 2010 Philippine general election, Roxas gave way to Aquino and instead ran for vice president. The party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas–Kampi–CMD, becoming the largest minority party in Congress. Aquino would later win by plurality, and the LP would become the majority party in Congress.

2016–present
In the 2016 presidential elections, the Liberal Party nominated Mar Roxas, former Department of Transportation and Communications (DoTC) and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) secretary, and Leni Robredo, a representative from Naga City and widow of Jesse Robredo, the DILG secretary who preceded Roxas, as the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates. Robredo won, while Roxas lost. Most of the party's members either switched allegiance to PDP–Laban,  joined a supermajority alliance but retained their LP membership (with some defecting later), joined the "recognized minority", or created an opposition bloc called "Magnificent 7".

As early as February 2017, the leaders of the Liberal Party chose to focus on rebuilding the party by inviting sectoral representation of non-politicians in its membership numbers. Since then the party had been inducting new members who were non-politicians, some of whom applied online through the party's website, Liberal.ph. Before the scheduled 2019 general elections, the LP formed Otso Diretso, an electoral coalition of eight candidates for the senate race; led by the party, the coalition field also comprised members of the Magdalo Party-List, Akbayan Citizens Action Party, and Aksyon Demokratiko. None of the eight senatorial candidates under Otso Diretso won a seat, however; it was the first time in the history of the current bicameral composition of the Philippine Congress under the 1987 Constitution that the opposition failed to win a seat in one of the chambers, and the second time that a Liberal Party-led coalition suffered a great loss since 1955.

For the 2022 Philippine presidential election, the Liberal Party nominated Leni Robredo and Francis Pangilinan for the presidential and vice presidential posts, respectively.

Ideology
While the Liberal Party defines its ideology as social liberalism, the party has often been described as a "centrist" or "liberal" party. Historically, the Liberal Party has been evaluated as a "conservative" party, with an ideology similar to or indistinguishable from the Nacionalista Party's ideology,  until it became the opposition party under the Marcos Sr. Presidency, wherein it became more liberal. Being a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and a full member of Liberal International, the Liberal Party advocates the values of "freedom, justice and solidarity (bayanihan)," as described in the party's values charter. Although this may be deemed theoretically true since the party's founding in 1946, it became more tangible through the party's position of continuing dissent during the Marcos presidency.

Since 2017, the party has opened party membership to the general public and to key sectors of society, aiming to harness a large volunteering base. According to the party, this aims to ostensibly build on "the promise of becoming a true people’s party".

Current political positions
The party has declared policies geared toward inclusiveness and people empowerment. It also advocates and supports secure jobs, food, shelter, universal health care, public education access, and other social services, and is against extrajudicial killings, any challenge to the rule of law, and curtailments of human rights strictures. The party also aims to form an open government with participatory democracy, positions that have been supported by the party's recent leaders.

Economic policy

 * Improve social safety nets.
 * Impose 1% wealth tax on individuals with net value assets exceeding ₱1 billion.
 * Create tax exemptions for selected products.
 * Maximize the budget windfall of local governments for antipoverty projects.
 * Increase minimum wages.
 * Declare and address an "education crisis", increase the education budget to 6% of GDP, streamline teachers' function, and establish special education (SPED) centers in all public schools.
 * Develop an inter-sectoral approach and convergence of roles for the attainment of a functioning universal health care, provide due fixed allowances and statutory benefits to barangay health workers, and fix the corruption in PhilHealth.
 * Prioritize infrastructure for spurring rural development, transportation, water resource management, and climate resilience, funded through public-private partnerships rather than loans.
 * Upgrade science and technology research and development funding and promote data-driven agriculture.
 * Invest in subsidies to promote renewable energy and implement better waste disposal to mitigate sea pollution.
 * Prioritize a job guarantee program and expand coverage of the SSS and Pag-Ibig.
 * Promote financial literacy.
 * Offer voucher programs for access to private colleges and universities.
 * Enact a law calling for equal participation of women in the economy and in decision-making positions, both in public and private organizations.
 * Addressing systemic corruption in government.
 * Cleaner air and water and sustainable arable land as well as extensive programs against climate change.

Legal issues
Senator Leila de Lima, who led an investigation into alleged extrajudicial deaths in the early months of Duterte's war on drugs, was issued an arrest warrant in 2017 based on charges linked to the New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal, which the party claimed was based on trumped-up charges, labelling the arrest "patently illegal". While on the whole, de Lima's investigation was seen by some pundits as an adversarial investigation that was a strategic mistake, others in the party simply saw it as a call to a review of the party's principles and how members have adhered to them.

In 2019, the party, along with other groups, was accused of planning a coup against the Duterte government. The party denounced the allegation and called it a state-sponsored threat of legal abuse, demanding the government provide evidence to back the claims.

Current party officials

 * President: Albay–1st Representative Edcel Lagman (2022–present)
 * Vice President: Former Quezon–4th Representative Erin Tañada (2022–present)
 * Chairperson: Former Senator Francis Pangilinan (2022–present)
 * Vice Chairperson: Former Quezon City Representative Kit Belmonte (2022–present)
 * Secretary-General: Former Ifugao Representative Teddy Baguilat (2022–present)
 * Treasurer: Oriental Mindoro Representative Alfonso Umali Jr. (2022–present)
 * Spokesperson: Former Senator Leila de Lima (2023–present)

Philippine presidents

 * Manuel Roxas (5th President of the Philippines; one of the co-founders)
 * Elpidio Quirino (6th President of the Philippines) – also the 2nd Vice President of the Philippines
 * Ramon Magsaysay (7th President of the Philippines) – Magsaysay won in 1953 as the Candidate of the Nacionalista, although he was former Liberal member and in fact he served as President Quirino's Secretary of Department of National Defense.
 * Diosdado Macapagal (9th President of the Philippines)
 * Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (10th President of the Philippines) – Marcos won in 1965 as the candidate of the Liberal Party's rival Nacionalista Party, the party to which Marcos joined after failing to get the LP nomination.
 * Benigno Aquino III (15th President of the Philippines)
 * Rodrigo Duterte (16th President of the Philippines) – A former party chair in Davao City from 2009, Duterte left the party in 2015. He won the presidency in 2016 under the PDP-Laban ticket.

Philippine vice presidents

 * Fernando Lopez (3rd and 7th vice president of the Philippines) – Lopez was a Liberal when he was the 3rd Vice President, while a Nacionalista member as the 7th Vice President

 * Emmanuel Pelaez (6th vice president of the Philippines)

 * Leni Robredo (14th vice president of the Philippines)

Others

 * List of Liberal Party (Philippines) members

Coalition

 * Akbayan
 * Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino
 * Magdalo
 * Makabayan
 * Partido Reporma

title: Liberal Party (Philippines)


text:
User talk:DavidBarak

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Nomination of Geek rock for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Geek rock, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Geek rock until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Mr. Berty talk/stalk 21:37, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

Article notability notification
Hello. This message is to inform you that an article that you wrote, The Franchise, has been recently tagged with a notability notice. This means that it may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines. Please note that articles which do not meet these criteria may be merged, redirected, or deleted. Please consider adding reliable, secondary sources to the article in order to establish the topic's notability. You may find the following links useful when searching for sources:. Thank you for editing Wikipedia! VoxelBot 18:17, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:DavidBarak


text:
Judge Holden

Judge Holden is a purported historical person who partnered with John Joel Glanton as a professional scalp-hunter in Mexico and the American Southwest during the mid-19th century. To date, the only source for Holden's existence is Samuel Chamberlain's My Confession: Recollections of a Rogue, an autobiographical account of Chamberlain's life as a soldier during the Mexican–American War. Chamberlain described Holden as the most ruthless of the roving band of mercenaries led by Glanton, with whom Chamberlain had traveled briefly after the war: "[he] had a fleshy frame, [and] a dull tallow colored face destitute of hair and all expression"; "a man of gigantic size"; "by far the best educated man in northern Mexico"; "in short another Admirable Crichton, and with all an arrant coward".

Chamberlain disliked Holden intensely: "I hated him at first sight, and he knew it," Chamberlain wrote. "Yet nothing could be more gentle and kind than his deportment towards me; he would often seek conversation with me."

He was popularized as the main antagonist of Cormac McCarthy's novel Blood Meridian (1985). The fictionalized version of him depicted in the novel the has been described as "a massive, hairless, albino man who excels in shooting, languages, horsemanship, dancing, music, drawing, diplomacy, science and anything else he seems to put his mind to. Despite his almost infinite knowledge, in which he can use to achieve anything he desires, Holden favours a life of murder and hate... He is also the chief proponent and philosopher of the Glanton gang’s lawless warfare."

Historical basis
In Samuel Chamberlain's autobiographical My Confession, he describes Holden: The second in command, now left in charge of the camp, was a man of gigantic size who rejoiced in the name of Holden, called “Judge” Holden of Texas. Who or what he was no one knew but a cooler blooded villain never went unhung; he stood six feet six in his moccasins, had a large fleshy frame, a dull tallow colored face destitute of hair and all expression. But when a quarrel took place and blood shed, his hog-like eyes would gleam with a sullen ferocity worthy of the countenance of a fiend. His desires was blood and women, and terrible stories were circulated in camp of horrid crimes committed by him when bearing another name, in the Cherokee nation and Texas; and before we left Fronteras a little girl of ten years was found in the chapperal, foully violated and murdered. The mark of a huge hand on her little throat pointed him out as the ravisher as no other man had such a hand, but though all suspected, no one charged him with the crime.

Holden was by far the best educated man in northern Mexico; he conversed with all in their own language, spoke in several Indian lingos, at a fandango would take the Harp or the Guitar from the hands of the musicians and charm all with his wonderful performance and out-waltz any poblana of the ball. He was “plum center” with a rifle or revolver, a daring horseman, acquainted with the nature of all the strange plants and their botanical names, great in geology and mineralogy, in short another Admirable Crichton [sc., the 16th-century Scottish prodigy and polymath], and with all an arrant coward.

Not but that he possessed enough courage to fight Indians and Mexicans or anyone else where he had the advantage in strength, skill, and weapons. But where the combat would be equal, he would avoid it if possible. I hated him at first sight and he knew it, yet nothing could be more gentle and kind than his deportment towards me: He would often seek conversation with me and speak of Massachusetts and to my astonishment I found he knew more about Boston than I did.

Some amateur historians have interpreted the name "Judge Holden" as a pseudonym, and hoped to establish his true identity. Popular candidates include Charles Wilkins Webber, an educated man in the region who once used the pseudonym "Holden", and John Allen Veatch, a geologist who operated in the region and who led a scalp-hunting party into Mexico.

Blood Meridian
A fictionalized Holden is a central character in Cormac McCarthy's 1985 Western novel Blood Meridian. In the novel, he and Glanton are the leaders of a pack of nomadic criminals who rob, rape, torture, and kill across the borderlands between the United States and Mexico. Throughout the novel, Holden brutally murders dozens of people, including children. Searching for additional evidence for Holden's existence has been a hobby for some Cormac McCarthy scholars.

As depicted in Blood Meridian, Holden is a mysterious figure, a cold-blooded killer, and, it is implied, a pedophile; aside from the children he openly kills, he is seen enticing children with sweets, and a child often goes missing when he is in the vicinity. At one point in the novel, he is seen naked with a naked 12-year-old girl in his room. Holden displays knowledge of paleontology, archaeology, linguistics, law, draftsmanship, geology, chemistry, prestidigitation, and philosophy.

He is described as nearly 7ft tall and completely lacking body hair, including eyebrows and eyelashes. He is massive in frame, enormously strong, an excellent musician and dancer, a fine draftsman, exceptionally articulate and persuasive in several languages, and an unerring marksman. His skin is so pale as to have almost no pigment. This strange appearance, as well as his keen, extremely fast reflexes, strength, agility, apparent immunity to sleep and aging, and multifarious other abilities point to his being something other than a normal human. In the final pages of the novel, McCarthy makes more direct reference to the Judge as a supernatural entity, or even as a concept personified.

In 2002, Book magazine rated Holden as the 43rd greatest character in fiction since 1900. He is regarded as one of the greatest characters of modern literature, likened to a "Captain Ahab of the desert." Harold Bloom described him as "short of Moby Dick, the most monstrous apparition in all of American literature." Holden has been characterized as "the most haunting character in American literature."

Scholarly debate
In his essay "Gravers False and True: Blood Meridian as Gnostic Tragedy", literature professor Leo Daugherty argued that McCarthy's Holden is—or at least embodies—a gnostic archon (a kind of demon). Harold Bloom, who declared Judge Holden to be "the most frightening figure in all of American literature", even came to regard him as immortal. However, unlike Daugherty, Bloom argues that Holden defies identification as being under any "system" such as Gnosticism, citing the passage in the book stating that there was no "system by which to divide [him] back into his origins". Rather, Bloom "resort[s]" to literary comparison with William Shakespeare's Iago, a methodical dispenser of strife.

title: Judge Holden


text:
Mayor of Jerusalem

The Mayor of the City of Jerusalem is head of the executive branch of the political system in Jerusalem. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within Jerusalem. The term of office is five years.

The mayor's office is located in Safra Square; it has jurisdiction over all the city's neighborhoods. The mayor appoints many officials, including deputy mayors and city departments directors.

History
The Jerusalem City Council was established in 1863 during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. From 1948 to 1967 two municipalities operated in the city: an Israeli municipality provided services to the western neighborhoods of the city and a Jordanian municipality to its eastern parts.

By 1840, the Jewish community constituted the largest single religious group in the city. From the 1880s onward, the Jews constituted the majority within the city. However, it was only in 1937, under the British Mandate, that the first Jewish mayor was appointed. Since 1948 every mayor has been Jewish.

Prior to a 1975 national law change, mayors were chosen by the city council (which was elected in a closed list proportional representation system).

Since 1975 law change, mayors have been directly elected in a two round system. Under this system, if no candidate receives at least 40% of the vote in the first round, a runoff election is held between the top-two finishers. The first municipal election to be held under the new law of direct elections for mayor was held in 1978.

Ottoman Empire (1845–1920)

 * 1) 1845–1847 – Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, whose first wife, Melek Hanım wrote a book about life in Jerusalem
 * 2) 1848–1863 – Ahmad Agha Duzdar Al-Asali (official title: Governor of Jerusalem)
 * 3) 1863–1867 – Abdelrahman al-Dajani
 * 4) 1867 – Rafadulo Astiriyadis Effendi (acting)
 * 5) 1867–1869 – Abdelrahman al-Dajani
 * 6) 1869 – Mūsā Faydī al-'Alamī
 * 7) 1869–1870 – Abd al-Salām Paşa al Ḥusaynī
 * 8) 1870–1876 – Yousef Al-Khalidi
 * 9) Triumvirate 1876–1877 – Abd al-Qādir al-Khalīlī Abū l-Hudā/'Umar 'Abd al-Salām Paşa al Ḥusaynī/Salīm Shākir al-Ḥusaynī.
 * 10) 1877 – Shaḥāda Faydallāh al-'Alamī
 * 11) 1877–1878 – Rafadulo Astiriyadis Effendi (acting)
 * 12) 1878–1879 – Yousef Al-Khalidi
 * 13) 1879–1881 – Mūsā Faydī al-'Alamī
 * 14) 1882–1897 – Ḥusayn Salīm Paşa al Ḥusaynī
 * 15) 1897–1899 – Yaseen al-Khalidi
 * 16) 1899–1906 – Yousef Al-Khalidi
 * 17) 1906–1909 – Faidi al-Alami
 * 18) 1909–1917 – Hussein al-Husayni
 * 19) 1917–1918 – Aref al-Dajani
 * 20) 1918–1920 – Musa Kazim al-Husayni

Divided Jerusalem (1948–1967)
{| width=100% |
 * width=50% valign=top |

Mayors of West Jerusalem (Israel)

 * width=50% valign=top |

Mayors of East Jerusalem (Jordan)

 * }

Titular Mayors of East Jerusalem (1967–present)
The office of Mayor of East Jerusalem was dissolved in 1967 after the Six-Day War and it has been titular since then.

title: Mayor of Jerusalem


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snark out

Obscure dicdef with literary origin and seemingly no cultural significance beyond the definition. --Terrapin 20:30, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Gzornenplatz 01:15, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as slang, dictdef. Furthermore, "snark" is now a term (pioneered by the McSweeney's magazine folks) for a critical sniping comment -- a review comment that insults in a clever way (i.e. what a lot of us do with our VfD votes).  Geogre 01:21, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete insignificant neologism. The first 10 google hits do not even consistently use this phrase in the manner stated by the article; e.g. "... I guess Kevin and Drew bring the snark out from everybody they meet," "...it won't take much to get some snark out of it."  --Ardonik 05:54, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete slang dicdef. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:05, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * My gods... no one has ever written a Wikipedia article about Daniel Pinkwater?!?! This is intolerable, and must be immediately rectified! If an article on Pinkwater existed, I would urge Snark out be merged and redirected into it, but as the article does not yet exist... no vote. Kevyn 11:43, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Bogglesteinsky

Bogglesteinsky is my username on pretty much everything. Online and offline games, internet forums and email accounts. It is actually shortened from the original "Z. X. Bogglesteinsky". This was a name my father and his younger brother used to use when they needed a strange name for one of their games. He was talking about this at tea one day, and I was looking for a new name to use online.

Typing out Z. X. Bogglesteinsky was just too tedious, so I shortened it to it's current form. While I am playing online, the other server users shorten it further, as typing Bogglesteinsky can take along time in the heat of battle. The most common shortening is "Boggle", but some people use "Bog". While I am not concerned with the toilet connotations the second shortening has, I do prefer the first, simply because it is easier to say.

Many people also have problems pronouncing my name properly too. the "stein" part of it is pronounced "st-eye-n". I know it would be better spelt "stien", but, being English, I have to spell things badly and then complain when people cannot pronounce them. So there you go. No more excuses.

title: User talk:Bogglesteinsky


text:
Simca 1307

The Simca 1307 is a large family car produced by Chrysler Europe and subsequently PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1975 to 1986. Codenamed 'C6' in development, the car was styled in the United Kingdom by Roy Axe and his team at Whitley, and the car was engineered by Simca at Poissy in France.

A modern, front-wheel drive hatchback, it was one of the earliest such cars in the class along with the Renault 20, Renault 30 and Volkswagen Passat, and became the 1976 European Car of the Year. It had been in development since 1972.

The model was marketed variously as the Simca 1308 and 1309 models (with larger engines), Chrysler Alpine (UK, Ireland and New Zealand), Dodge Alpine (Colombia), Chrysler 150 (Spanish market), and later Talbot 1510 / Talbot Alpine / Talbot 150 (a facelifted version launched by PSA after its takeover of Chrysler Europe) and Talbot Solara (the saloon version).

History
Originally the car was powered by 1294 cc and 1442 cc versions of the "Poissy engine" with electronic ignition and a four-speed gearbox. From launch it was available in three trim levels: GL, S and GT. Equipment levels were high, with the later GLS version featuring central door locking and electric windows, accessories that up until then had only generally featured in larger more upmarket cars. Having won the Car of the Year award, it was initially a success both at home and in the export. Production levels shot up from a daily 400 at introduction in September 1975 to 850 in December of that year, to 1100 a day in late 1976. The 1307 (7 CV) had the smaller engine, while the 1308 (8 CV) received the larger version. Unlike the other models, the more sporting 1307 S received twin Weber carburettors in continental European markets to provide a more powerful and revvy engine while remaining in a lower tax category. In the UK, the 1307 S has the same single Solex carburettor as the GL. More upmarket models were designated 1308 (1508 in some markets, reflecting the size of the engine) and 1309 (similarly sold as a 1609 in a few markets). All of the models replaced the Simca 1301/1501 range in France, while on the British market it was sold alongside the ageing Hillman Hunter, a rear-wheel drive range of saloons and estates which would continue until 1979. This type of car was generally more popular in Britain in 1975, with the best-selling cars in this sector being the Ford Cortina and Morris Marina. The Chrysler Alpine was first sold in Britain in January 1976, going on sale just after the similar-sized Vauxhall Cavalier, a rear-wheel drive saloon which consistently outsold it.

Styled by Roy Axe, the Simca 1307, along with the recently introduced Volkswagen Passat, was one of several full-size European family hatchback inspired by the Renault 16 that had defined the sector back in 1965. In the 1970s the most popular mid-size cars in Europe were still traditional sedans like Ford Taunus (Ford Cortina in Britain), Opel Ascona B (Vauxhall Cavalier) and Morris Marina, and indeed it would be the next generations of those competing vehicles (the Ford Sierra and the Ascona C) before the concept became fully accepted in the mainstream.

Near the end of the original model's run, the Italian importer marketed a sporty and luxurious version of the bigger-engined 1308 GT. Called the "1308 GLS Superstrada", it featured alloy wheels, black striped along the lower flanks, and all chrome (aside from the pentastar logo) was blacked out.

Facelift and Solara
For 1980 the car, which was now sold under the Talbot-brand, received an extensive facelift. The new model, shown at the Frankfurt Show, was known as the Talbot 1510 (the Talbot Alpine name was used in the UK). It received new front and rear lights and the new top of the range SX featured alloy wheels, cruise control, headlamp wash/wipe, power steering and trip computer. Automatic transmission and a five-speed gearbox also became available. The lineup became clearer, with the 1307 GLS replaced by the 1510 LS, the 1307 S by the GL, the 1308 GT by the GLS, and finally the 1309 SX by the 1510 SX (automatic transmission only at first).

A four-door saloon version, called the Talbot Solara, was released in the same year, with either 1.3 or 1.6 engines, and was produced alongside the hatchback version. Trim levels were similar to the Alpine. It effectively took over from the Hunter, axed a year earlier, as the four-door large family saloon in the range. In the Benelux countries, a well-equipped "Ultra" special edition with metallic paint, alloy wheels, and velour interior appeared in December 1983.

French manufacturing of 1510, Alpine and Solara, along with the smaller Horizon, ended in 1986. In the United Kingdom, the last cars were rebadged as the Rapier and Minx which were badged depending on trim level rather than body style. Production of the Alpine, Solara and Horizon models had already finished at Ryton in the autumn of 1985 to make way for the Peugeot 309. The names were sourced from the corporate ancestor of Chrysler Europe, the Rootes Group, having been used on the Sunbeam Rapier and Hillman Minx. Supply of these models was limited and in 1986 production ceased, with the Talbot marque being shelved soon afterwards on all passenger vehicles. Thus, the Alpine/1510/Solara series was not directly replaced; however, the Citroën BX (already released in 1982) and the forthcoming Peugeot 405 (launched in late 1987) were effectively its de facto successors as PSA's entries in the D-segment. Both of these cars were very successful in Europe and helped Citroën and Peugeot increase their market share in the UK and many other export markets.

In early 1985, with the end of production nearing, Finnish assemblers Saab-Valmet began offering the Talbot 1510 GLD, using PSA's 1.9-liter XUD9 diesel engine with 65 PS. This was the only diesel-engined version of the Simca 1307 ever offered; PSA's Spanish branch had worked on such a model but work was never completed due to internal competition from the 305 and BX. Valmet did not offer the Solara with the diesel engine so as to avoid competing in-house with the 305 Diesel, as they were both saloons.

Whilst the 1307 sold in big numbers in France, the Chrysler Alpine did not fulfil its potential in the UK, initially losing out to contemporaries such as the Ford Cortina/Sierra and the Vauxhall Cavalier primarily due to the lack of larger engines (Ford and Vauxhall offered 2.0L engines in their products, whilst the Alpine/Solara range topped out at a 1.6L unit). The Alpine's OHV Simca engines were particularly "tappety" and unrefined compared to the more modern overhead camshaft units of its rivals which further dented its appeal. In more recent years, due to corrosion problems similar to those of the Horizon few Alpines have survived in the UK. As of 2017, there were only 19 examples (including the later Talbot-badged versions) still licensed on British roads. However, the car has fared better in its native France, where it still has a cult following among Simca enthusiasts and many hundreds are still in service.

The body styling of the Simca 1307 was the direct inspiration for the design of Russian Moskvitch Aleko (1986–2001)

Manufacture
The car was originally manufactured in Poissy in France, in Ryton in the United Kingdom, from 1977 in Villaverde by Barreiros, a subsidiary of Chrysler Europe in Spain, and assembled from CKD kits by Todd Motors (later Mitsubishi Motors NZ) in New Zealand between 1977 and 1984. It was also assembled in Colombia as Dodge Alpine between 1978 and 1982 at the Chrysler Colmotores plant in Bogotá. Between 1979 and 1985 the car was also built by Saab-Valmet in Uusikaupunki factory in Finland. Saab-Valmet was only interested in building the smaller Horizon, but Simca-Talbot would only license that car if Valmet also agreed to assemble the larger 1307. The Finnish-made cars gradually introduced some local changes, including the option of a diesel engine, and featured many Saab interior parts. The most visible Saab-parts were the seats, which began to use Saab's internal structure at the time that the Talbot name replaced Simca. This change also allowed for the fitment of a heated driver's seat, which was not originally available. Talbot did not allow Valmet to export any Finnish-built cars; they were only meant for local sales.

In New Zealand, Chrysler, Talbot, Alpine, and 1510 badges were used on the car during its lifetime, though it was officially in price lists as an Alpine, following the UK convention. In 1982 the car was facelifted and renamed "Talbot SX" there.

title: Simca 1307


text:
List of extreme points of Spain

This is a list of the extreme points of Spain — the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

Spain

 * Northernmost Point — Punta de Estaca de Bares, Mañón, Corunna at 43.78333°N, -7.68333°W
 * Southernmost Point — Punta de La Restinga, El Pinar del Hierro, Santa Cruz de Tenerife at 27.63333°N, -17.98333°W
 * Westernmost Point — Punta de la Orchilla, Frontera, Santa Cruz de Tenerife at 27.71667°N, -18.15°W
 * Easternmost Point — La Mola Island, Mahón, Balearic Islands at 39.86667°N, 4.31667°W
 * Highest Point — El Teide 3,718 m, Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
 * Point farthest from the coast (Iberian Pole of Inaccessibility) at Otero, Toledo 39.99°N, -4.51°W

Spanish mainland

 * Northernmost Point — Punta de Estaca de Bares, Corunna at 43.78333°N, -7.68333°W
 * Southernmost Point — Punta de Tarifa, Cádiz at 36°N, -5.6°W
 * Westernmost Point — Cape Touriñán, Corunna at 43.03333°N, -9.3°W
 * Easternmost Point — Cap de Creus, Girona at 42.31944°N, 3.32194°W
 * Center of the Península is reputedly assigned to Cerro de los Ángeles in Getafe (16 km south of Madrid) at 40.3°N, -3.68333°W
 * Highest Point — Mulhacen 3,478 m, Sierra Nevada, Granada

Provincial capitals

 * Northernmost: Santander at 43.46667°N, -3.8°W
 * Southernmost: Las Palmas de Gran Canaria at 28.15°N, -15.41667°W
 * Westernmost: Santa Cruz de Tenerife at 28.46667°N, -16.25°W
 * Easternmost: Gerona at 41.98333°N, 2.81667°W
 * Highest: Ávila - 1,132 m (3,714 ft) at 40.65°N, -4.68333°W

title: List of extreme points of Spain