text:
Talk:Garth Nix

Old Kingdom trilogy
I'm wondering whether the rather stubby articles on the books in the Abhorsen Trilogy should be expanded or subsumed into this article. Any ideas, anyone? --Phil | Talk 15:54, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd say leave them as seperate articles. Otherwise they're bound to keep popping up whenever a great fan of the books joins wikipedia, which I do believe will continue happening. Sometimes these things have a life of their own. You can expand them if you wish to, I'm not even sure that's necessary.
 * BTW, did you read my note to you on your talk page? --Woggly 05:24, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Across the Wall collection
I'm wondering why there is a seperate article for "The Creature in the Case" when it is a novella WITHIN "Across the Wall". I suggest moving it into the "Across the Wall" page. Nihiltres 01:13, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Because "The Creature in the Case" was published as a stand-alone short book BEFORE it was anthologized in "Across the Wall". I imagine there a many who have heard of "The Creature in the Case" but not of "Across the Wall" (myself included, up to just now). What would be very nice, is if someone who actually has a copy of "Across the Wall" could list the titles of the other stories in this collection. --Woggly 18:29, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Does "Across the Wall" have anything to do with the whole necromancer series? - Abhorsen123 02:53, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "Across the Wall" is a collection of short stories, one of which is set in Ancelstierre, the others are unrelated to the Old Kingdom Trilogy. 12.17.189.77 21:06, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Would anyone think that merging the "Across the Wall" and "Creature in the Case" into would link would be acceptable? Morrowulf 21:33, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it's probably not a good idea. Although there is only one article describing the "Across the Wall" book and the "Creature in the Case" novella, they are only together as one article because individual articles would be too stubby. Since the "Creature in the Case" was widely distributed only as part of the "Across the Wall" book, the articles are identical. The "Creature in the Case" however, was printed separately specially initially, and so should probably have its own link. If we merge the links, we lose the information that the "Creature in the Case" was initially published separately. If we unlink one of the two, it looks like we lack information on that one. Therefore, keeping both linked to the same page is probably the best option. Nihiltres 22:09, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

I suggest redirecting "The creature in the case" ot Across the wall--Orannis the Destroyer 06:10, 11 May 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Orannis the Ninth Bright Shiner (talk • contribs)

 * 2012 update
 * The Creature in the Case, Nicholas Sayre and the Creature in the Case, and Across the Wall all redirect to the full title of the collection Across the Wall: A Tale of the Abhorsen and Other Stories.
 * The collection article is a stub that provides essentially two sentences information on "Nicholas Sayre ..." and less or none on the other stories. It does not explain the subtitle "A Tale of the Abhorsen and Other Stories"; neither confirms nor denies nor hints! re someone's comment (above) that all stories but one "are unrelated to the Old Kingdom Trilogy". --P64 (talk) 21:46, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Calusari
I added a Nix's book The Calusari to the other works section. I've never read the book, don't even know when it was published, but if anyone does know, we should probably put in that info! Emmett5 17:59, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Pseudonym
Is it really necessary to state that "Garth Nix is not a pseudonym"? This is the only article which says that about anyone.

I think so, "Garth Nix" sounds like a pseudonym, especially since he writes dark fantasy. Emmett5 20:12, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

HarperCollins Children's Books Editions
Should I include the date of the Children's Books Printing. It is later than the London release dates, and also is from London.

In addition the covers are different, featuring a panorama view of the main character(s) (including for Abhorsen and Lirael, the Disreputable Dog. Should I upload these and add to the various Book pages? Or is it surplus given the existing adult books fantasy images.

Thanks in advance Philipwhiuk 19:55, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Such information is welcome in articles about the books or series. It belongs here only if discussion of the classification of Nix in general, or these books in particular, is considered notable. For example, is there something substantial to be said about their separate marketing to adult(?) and child readers. --P64 (talk) 21:46, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 16:11, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

FanLit.net link
I added a link to FanLit.net because it's a better resource than what is present. I think editors don't like that it's a newer resource, but it is better than those up here that have ads and not much useful content (I have even seen portals in the links for some authors). This is the kind of information readers want -- book covers, publication dates, reviews. I am a user of the website and find it very helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chraak (talk • contribs) 14:46, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Broken References
Reference 3 and 4 are broken. 03jkeeley (talk) 16:37, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Garth Nix


text:
Serutan

Serutan was an early fiber-type laxative product which was widely promoted on U.S. radio and television from the 1930s through the 1960s. Serutan was folded into Pharmaceuticals Inc.'s 1957 acquisition of J. B. Williams Co., founded in 1885. J. B. Williams Co. was bought out by Nabisco in 1971, where it continued to operate as a separate subsidiary until Nabsico sold it to Beecham Group in 1982 after nearly a decade of slumping sales.

The origin of the brand name was straight forward. The makers merely decided to spell "natures" backwards, and "Read it backwards" was the product's advertising slogan. This was to differentiate it as being a "natural" product as opposed to laxative brands which stimulated the colon by chemical action.

The product was almost uniformly promoted on programs whose core audience was known to be considerably older than the typical television viewer. Serutan is especially associated with The Lawrence Welk Show and The Original Amateur Hour, both of which were also sponsored by J. B. Williams products Sominex, a sleeping pill, and Geritol, a vitamin supplement. Serutan was the target of numerous jokes by Bob Hope and other radio comedians during the 1930s and 1940s.

In popular culture
A friend of the protagonist of J. P. Donleavy's The Ginger Man refers to himself as the "Acting Duke of Serutan."

In Harvard Lampoon's Bored of the Rings, the parody version of Saruman is named Serutan.

In National Lampoon's Doon, the parody version of Princess Irulan is named Princess Serutan.

Don De Lillo's Libra mentions the slogan in its first chapter.

In Exit the Body, a play by Fred Carmichael, Kate Bixley refers to the protagonist's husband, who writes a newspaper column under the alias "Dorothy Duckworth" and is attending a convention for lonely-hearts column writers, as "The only female at the convention who doesn't take Serutan."

A running gag in the 1944-1945 season of the Jack Benny radio show was a series of commercials by Frank Nelson for "Sympathy Soothing Cream", which used the slogan "Sympathy spelled backwards is Yhtapmys." Several variations were introduced, most notably the rival brand, Sdrawrof cream.

In the Merrie Melodies cartoon "Rocket-Bye Baby," a telegram from the planet Mars is signed Sir U. Tan of Mars.

Archaeologist Kent Flannery has used the term "Serutan" to describe systemic archaeologists. (Flannery 1973a:49-53)

An Animaniacs stinger has the Warners say, "Yakko spelled backwards is Okkay!"

Listen to

 * Red Ingle sings "Serutan Yob (A Song for Backward Boys and Girls under 40)"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Serutan


text:
Carroll University

Carroll University is a private university affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA) and located in Waukesha, Wisconsin. Established in 1846, Carroll was Wisconsin's first four-year institution of higher learning.

History
Prior to its establishment, what is now Carroll University was Prairieville Academy which was founded in 1841. Its charter—named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence—was passed into law by the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature on January 31, 1846. During the 1860s, the American Civil War and financial difficulty caused Carroll to temporarily suspend operations.

The board of trustees voted unanimously to change the institution's name from Carroll College to Carroll University effective July 1, 2008.

Presidents
* Between July 31, 1871, and June 22, 1893, no college work was carried on. While the charter retained the college privileges, teaching was on the academy level. College work was resumed and the office of the presidency was filled again in 1893.
 * John Adams Savage: 1850-63
 * Rensellaer B. Hammond: 1863-64
 * Walter L. Rankin: 1866-71*, 1893-1903
 * Wilbur Oscar Carrier: 1903-17
 * Herbert Pierpoint Houghton: 1918-20
 * William Arthur Ganfield: 1921-39
 * Gerrit T. Vander Lugt: 1940-46
 * Nelson Vance Russell: 1946-51
 * Robert D. Steele: 1952-67
 * John T. Middaugh: 1967-70
 * Robert V. Cramer: 1971-88
 * Dan C. West: 1988-92
 * Frank S. Falcone: 1993-2006
 * Douglas N. Hastad: 2006-2017
 * Cindy Gnadinger: 2017-

Academics
Carroll University offers more than 95 areas of study at the undergraduate level, with master's degrees and certificates in selected subjects, as well as one clinical doctorate program in physical therapy. Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on number, out of 580 graduates in 2022, were:
 * Exercise Science and Kinesiology (105)
 * Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (100)
 * Psychology (37)
 * Biology/Biological Sciences (36)
 * Business Administration and Management (33)
 * Elementary Education and Teaching (31)

Campus
The campus is home to a variety of nineteenth and early twentieth century historical buildings, including Sneeden House (a 1922 colonial home now used as a guesthouse and conference center) and MacAllister Hall (a renovated, 19th-century mansion that now houses offices for the CFO, English, modern language, computational and physical sciences, chemistry, and the Division of Arts and Sciences).

Bagpipes
Since the 1960s, bagpipes have been a part of Carroll's opening convocation and commencement ceremony. Freshmen are escorted to their first assembly by a lone bagpiper, and upon graduation are led to commencement by a band of bagpipers.

Athletics
Carroll athletic teams are the Pioneers. The university is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW) since the 2016–17 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 1955–56 to 1992–93.

Carroll competes in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball.

Football

 * See List of Carroll Pioneers head football coaches

The college football program at Carroll began in the late 1890s. Past head coaches include Glenn Thistlethwaite, Vince DiFrancesca, and Matty Bell. The current coach is Mike Budziszewski, who replaced Mark Krzykowski after the 2019 season.

Rankings
Carroll University ranked No. 31 in Regional Universities Midwest in U.S. News & World Report 2022 America's Best Colleges.

In 2018, Forbes ranked Carroll No. 594 among 650 colleges in the United States.

In 2018, Money Magazine ranked Carroll No. 613 among 727 colleges in the United States.

Notable faculty

 * Cardon V. Burnham, composer
 * Edward Daniels, abolitionist & U.S. Civil War cavalry officer
 * Jeffrey Douma, current Yale University music professor and choir director
 * Edward Payson Evans, historian & linguist
 * Tamara Grigsby, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Ray Wendland, petrochemist
 * Viola S. Wendt, poet

title: Carroll University


text:
User:MuDavid

Me
I'm born in Brasschaat (Belgium) as a son of two russophiles. Before I was four years old, I had already lived during a few months at Moscow university, where my parents have studied some time. Later I have been living a few years in Burǔndi, where my mother had spent her youth. My real name is David, but since in the English Wikipedia there was already a user with this name, I added the Kirǔndi prefix mu- for people.

For the moment I'm working as a physics researcher at Duy Tân University, Đà Nẵng. My interests include, of course, physics, but also astronomy. I play the guitar and I'm interested in Vietnam and surroundings. I'm also a big reader specialised in fantasy.

My contributions on Wikipedia
Since my native language is Dutch, I don't write much in English, but I translate from English or French to Dutch. The list of articles I have translated to Dutch can be found on my Dutch user page. The few articles I have translated to French (most of these with my cousin Timothy) can be found on my French user page.

I have written only a few articles so far: BPST instanton, background field method, caloron (were stubs before I attacked them), special conformal transformation, zeta function (operator), center vortex, and Old Quarter, Hanoi. Big parts of functional determinant, fermion doubling, Cham language, Chru language, and Gribov ambiguity are also mine, as are some subsections in QCD vacuum.

nl:Gebruiker:MuDavid fr:Utilisateur:MuDavid es:Usuario:MuDavid vi:User:MuDavid eo:Vikipediisto:MuDavid de:Benutzer:MuDavid ru:Участник:MuDavid

title: User:MuDavid


text:
Myron Floren

Myron Floren (November 5, 1919 – July 23, 2005) was an American musician best known as the accordionist on The Lawrence Welk Show between 1950 and 1980. Floren came to prominence primarily from his regular appearances on the weekly television series in which Lawrence Welk dubbed him as "the happy Norwegian," which was also attributed to Peter Friello.

Floren was highly regarded by Lawrence Welk, who was an accomplished accordion player in his own right. Floren functioned as Welk's principal assistant and second-in-command. In Floren's autobiography Accordion Man, written with his daughter Randee Floren, he recalled handling road manager duties when the band traveled, including hotel arrangements and other logistics. Prior to his death, he hosted some of the repeats of The Lawrence Welk Show on PBS.

Early years
Floren was born to Ole and Tillie Florence. A first-generation American of Norwegian immigrant parentage, he grew up on a farm near Roslyn in Day County, South Dakota with two brothers, Arlie and Duane (a.k.a. Dewey), and four sisters, Valborg, Genevieve, Virginia, and Gloria. Before Myron played the accordion he had piano lessons from Dorothy Swenson, his music teacher, who identified with Myron because she also had had rheumatic fever. He took up playing the accordion at the age of six when his father bought him a $10 mail-order squeezebox. He taught himself how to play the instrument. He often spent several hours a day using his own methods of study. Soon he was performing solo around the community, often at fairs and social events.

After suffering from rheumatic fever as a child, his accordion playing saved his life, as the exertion strengthened his heart back to pre-fever performance. At a 1980 performance at Norsk Høstfest in Minot, North Dakota, Floren mentioned that he had a heart valve replacement (from a pig's heart) two years earlier.

He worked his way through Augustana College in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, by working at radio station KSOO as "The Melody Man" and teaching accordion in the area. He tried to enlist in the Army when the United States entered World War II, but was turned down for active duty because of heart damage caused by the rheumatic fever he had suffered as a child.

However, he insisted on serving his country by joining the USO, performing in Europe with notable stars such as Lily Pons and Marlene Dietrich. After the war, he returned home to South Dakota, where he married Berdyne Koerner in 1945. The couple eventually had five daughters and gained three sons-in-law and seven grandchildren. Bobby Burgess from the Welk show was one of his sons-in-law.

Years with Lawrence Welk
In 1950, Floren, who was performing with a music group known as "The Buckeye Four", went to a dance at the Casa Loma Ballroom in St. Louis, Missouri at which the Lawrence Welk Orchestra was then playing. When the maestro recognized the accordion virtuoso in the audience, he invited him to play a number with his band. The number turned out to be "Lady of Spain", and from the overwhelming positive response from the audience, Lawrence hired Myron to be a permanent member of his band. "Lady of Spain" also became Floren's trademark song and he played it countless times on the Welk show.

Although Floren's musical technique made him a much better accordion player than Welk, the two men developed a close working relationship, and Welk never hesitated to allow Floren to display his virtuosity; occasionally the two would even play duets.

Over the next thirty-two years, Floren became one of the most popular members of the band and the organization itself. It began with the band's migration to California, along with concert dates on the road, and exposure to television, first on local broadcasts from the Aragon Ballroom in Santa Monica, California and later on the ABC network in 1955. During the time The Lawrence Welk Show was on television, Floren was a featured solo performer and an assistant conductor. He also took over some of the maestro's announcing duties.

Later years
In the mid-1970s, Floren formed an orchestra of his own while still employed by the Welk organization. Headquartered in Fargo, North Dakota, the Myron Floren Orchestra played during the Welk show's off-season and during holiday breaks, becoming a regional favorite. After the show went off the air in the early 1980s, Floren continued to perform on the road, as many as 200 days a year, either as a solo artist, with his orchestra, or with other members of the Welk Show cast. He is also shown playing in the music video 'Can't Cry Anymore' by the band Kansas.

Among the annual events which he headlined were the German Fest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; the Norsk Høstfest in Minot, North Dakota; the Strawberry Festival in Plant City, Florida; the Wurstfest and his birthday in New Braunfels, Texas; and the PolkaFest at the Welk Resort in Branson, Missouri. He died of cancer in California on July 23, 2005, at age 85.

Recognition
Floren was among the first class of inductees into the Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame in 1984 and inducted into the International Polka Music Hall of Fame in 1990. In 1992 at a General Assembly in Trossingen, Germany, the Confédération internationale des accordéonistes awarded Myron Floren their Merit Award in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the international accordion movement. In July 1996, the American Accordionists' Association honored Floren for his achievements.

Selected compositions

 * Skating Waltz in Swing
 * Swingin' in Vienna
 * Kavallo's Kapers
 * Windy River
 * Dakota Polka
 * Long Long Ago in Swing
 * Minute Waltz in Swing
 * Accordion Man Polka

Other sources

 * Floren, Myron Accordion Man (Stephen Greene Pr; 1981)

title: Myron Floren


text:
Minotaur-class cruiser (1943)

The Minotaur class, also known as the Swiftsure class after the lead ship was sold to Canada and renamed, were a group of light cruisers of the British Royal Navy built during the Second World War. They were designed as a modified version of the Fiji-class cruiser incorporating war modifications and authorised in 1941. However, in spite of the heavy toll of cruisers in that year and the following one, the building of this new class had a relatively low priority and only three of the planned twelve were completed by end of World War II. They played no significant part in the Second World War, though Swiftsure, as flagship of the British Pacific Cruiser Squadron, was selected by Admiral Cecil Harcourt to hoist his flag for the Japanese surrender at Hong Kong.

Superb was completed to a slightly different design than the first two ships, work on another three was cancelled and the last three were eventually built to a different design as the Tiger-class cruiser.

Design
The class was originally to have consisted of twelve ships, six were laid down in 1941–1942 and the seventh unit, Hawke, in 1943. Four of the ordered cruisers were cancelled almost immediately, three in March 1942 being replaced by the first light fleet carrier order and another, probably Mars, was cancelled in November 1942. An eighth cruiser, Bellerophon, started in early 1944, and then stopped and cancelled; its already constructed boilers and turbines were installed in the light fleet carriers Colossus and Perseus (ex Edgar) being constructed in the same Vickers Armstrong yard as Bellerophon had been started. It appears Bellerophon was then reordered as a Neptune-class cruiser. but by the end of World War II only Minotaur, HMS Swiftsure (08), and HMS Superb (25) were complete, whilst the others were laid up. Minotaur was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy and renamed Ontario. While the basic specifications and original armament were only a slight enlargement of the Fiji class with an extra twin 4-inch turret, the Minotaurs did represent a substantial advance towards more sophisticated weapon control and integration of command and control and Action Information Office and developments towards operation room control of fighting ships. By 1944 the seven Minotaurs under construction represented four distinct groups, which were so significantly different that they could probably be regarded as four separate classes of cruiser. Swiftsure introduced the reliable Type 274 lock-and-follow radar, which increased the accuracy of the main armament to get on target quickly. The second Superb extended this more advanced radar with the addition of Type 275 for anti-aircraft fire control, although Superb's version lacked the flyplane or the accurate finishing in the version fitted to later Battle-class destroyers. The third group of Minotaurs, the Tigers, were being built from quite early in their evolution with a different main battery consisting of three triple Mk 24 6-inch turrets, which were dual purpose, elevating to 60 degrees, and which automatically tracked and followed targets under Type 274/275 radar control. These guns and those for Hawke, the fourth Tiger, were nearly complete by late 1946 and were stored at Rosyth until the late 1950s as alternatives to the Mk 26 automatic twin 6-inch guns that were eventually fitted. Hawke represented a further development, surprisingly scrapped on the slip in late 1945, with its boilers and machinery complete, and its guns nearly finished.

Three of the laid-up vessels were completed in the 1960s as Tiger-class cruisers. Two were given helicopter facilities and anti-aircraft missile systems to become "helicopter and command cruisers" during the 1970s.

Modifications
Swiftsure was completed with sixteen twin and six single 20 mm guns, but had all the singles and eight of the twins removed in the summer of 1945, when she received, in lieu, eight 40 mm Bofors and five single 40 mm Bofors Mk III. HMCS Ontario (ex-Minotaur) was completed with the same close-range outfit as Swiftsure, and is reported to have had an outfit of six 40 mm and six 20 mm guns at the end of the war, all in single mountings. Superb was not completed until after the end of hostilities, and had a close-range outfit consisting of eight single 40 mm Mk III, two single 2-pounders, four twin hand-operated 20 mm and two single 20 mm guns.

After a collision between Swiftsure and the destroyer HMS Diamond (D35) in the West Indies on 16 September 1953, Swiftsure was largely rebuilt to the pattern of the reconstruction of HMS Belfast (C35) in 1956–59. The work on Swiftsure was largely completed but it was placed in reserve rather than fitted out with the only available armament, which was its original and labour-intensive triple 6-inch guns, two twin 4-inch guns, and a pair of L/60 Bofors which would have been controlled by a six-channel MRS8 US supplied fire control system. The 1953 plan to modernize the ship with the new twin 3-inch 70 calibre guns was rejected around 1954 because Swiftsure′s beam of 63 feet did not allow enough space, and the cost of a full reconstruction of Superb as a fourth Tiger with full new armament was considered too expensive. The new 70 calibre twin 3-inch mounts were experimental, and it was far from clear that they would ever be reliable enough to be effective. A more limited update of the Swiftsure and Superb with new L/70  Bofors firing proximity fused shells was approved and then cancelled, because the time and cost of Swiftsure′s modernisation was proving too great and the necessary conversion from DC to AC power was considered too expensive on half-life ships. Options of the Type 965 radar on its new lattice mast and a data link were considered. The cost of finishing the Tiger-class cruisers (£35 million) was a major political issue, as was the new automatic guns jamming. The jamming issue was partly rectified by 1958, but only after inflicting terminal damage to the credibility of the project. The completion of Lion and Blake was in real danger of being stopped in early 1960, and automatic gun cruisers were considered obsolete in the United States and the Soviet Union. Problems with cracking that occurred in the update of Swiftsure as a result of the collision with the destroyer Diamond slowed the refit, raised costs, and made recommissioning at the same time as Belfast impossible. Re-entering service in 1960 with only Second World War-era cruiser weapons was too expensive, but there were no suitable modern weapons to fit. About £1 million was spent on the Swiftsure 'reconstruction' project by 1961, "under a half" of that on new construction. In 1959-60, the Royal Navy fought hard to retain Swiftsure as a new modernization pattern of a cruiser - helicopter carrier. This design was largely implemented a decade later on its half-sisters HMS Tiger (C20) and HMS Blake (C99). This was intended to allow more space on carriers for fighters and strike aircraft.

title: Minotaur-class cruiser (1943)


text: User talk:130.132.179.209

title: User talk:130.132.179.209


text:
General linear model

The general linear model or general multivariate regression model is a compact way of simultaneously writing several multiple linear regression models. In that sense it is not a separate statistical linear model. The various multiple linear regression models may be compactly written as
 * $$\mathbf{Y} = \mathbf{X}\mathbf{B} + \mathbf{U},$$

where Y is a matrix with series of multivariate measurements (each column being a set of measurements on one of the dependent variables), X is a matrix of observations on independent variables that might be a design matrix (each column being a set of observations on one of the independent variables), B is a matrix containing parameters that are usually to be estimated and U is a matrix containing errors (noise). The errors are usually assumed to be uncorrelated across measurements, and follow a multivariate normal distribution. If the errors do not follow a multivariate normal distribution, generalized linear models may be used to relax assumptions about Y and U.

The general linear model incorporates a number of different statistical models: ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA, MANCOVA, ordinary linear regression, t-test and F-test. The general linear model is a generalization of multiple linear regression to the case of more than one dependent variable. If Y, B, and U were column vectors, the matrix equation above would represent multiple linear regression.

Hypothesis tests with the general linear model can be made in two ways: multivariate or as several independent univariate tests. In multivariate tests the columns of Y are tested together, whereas in univariate tests the columns of Y are tested independently, i.e., as multiple univariate tests with the same design matrix.

Comparison to multiple linear regression
Multiple linear regression is a generalization of simple linear regression to the case of more than one independent variable, and a special case of general linear models, restricted to one dependent variable. The basic model for multiple linear regression is

 * $$ Y_i = \beta_0 + \beta_1 X_{i1} + \beta_2 X_{i2} + \ldots + \beta_p X_{ip} + \epsilon_i$$ or more compactly $$Y_i = \beta_0 + \sum \limits_{k=1}^{p} {\beta_k X_{ik}} + \epsilon_i$$

for each observation i = 1, ..., n.

In the formula above we consider n observations of one dependent variable and p independent variables. Thus, Yi is the ith observation of the dependent variable, Xik is kth observation of the kth independent variable, j = 1, 2, ..., p. The values βj represent parameters to be estimated, and εi is the ith independent identically distributed normal error.

In the more general multivariate linear regression, there is one equation of the above form for each of m > 1 dependent variables that share the same set of explanatory variables and hence are estimated simultaneously with each other:

 * $$ Y_{ij} = \beta_{0j} + \beta_{1j} X_{i1} + \beta_{2j}X_{i2} + \ldots + \beta_{pj} X_{ip} + \epsilon_{ij}$$ or more compactly $$Y_{ij} = \beta_{0j} + \sum \limits_{k=1}^{p} { \beta_{kj} X_{ik}} + \epsilon_{ij}$$

for all observations indexed as i = 1, ..., n and for all dependent variables indexed as j = 1, ... , m''.

Note that, since each dependent variable has its own set of regression parameters to be fitted, from a computational point of view the general multivariate regression is simply a sequence of standard multiple linear regressions using the same explanatory variables.

Comparison to generalized linear model
The general linear model and the generalized linear model (GLM) are two commonly used families of statistical methods to relate some number of continuous and/or categorical predictors to a single outcome variable.

The main difference between the two approaches is that the general linear model strictly assumes that the residuals will follow a conditionally normal distribution, while the GLM loosens this assumption and allows for a variety of other distributions from the exponential family for the residuals. Of note, the general linear model is a special case of the GLM in which the distribution of the residuals follow a conditionally normal distribution.

The distribution of the residuals largely depends on the type and distribution of the outcome variable; different types of outcome variables lead to the variety of models within the GLM family. Commonly used models in the GLM family include binary logistic regression for binary or dichotomous outcomes, Poisson regression for count outcomes, and linear regression for continuous, normally distributed outcomes. This means that GLM may be spoken of as a general family of statistical models or as specific models for specific outcome types.

Applications
An application of the general linear model appears in the analysis of multiple brain scans in scientific experiments where Y contains data from brain scanners, X contains experimental design variables and confounds. It is usually tested in a univariate way (usually referred to a mass-univariate in this setting) and is often referred to as statistical parametric mapping.

title: General linear model


text:
Fidelity Medallion

The Fidelity Medallion is the oldest decoration of the United States military and was created by act of the Continental Congress in 1780. Also known as the "André Capture Medal", the Fidelity Medallion was awarded to those soldiers who participated in the capture of Major John André, of the British Army, who had been the contact to Benedict Arnold and had helped organize his defection.

Historical records indicate that three soldiers, all members of the militia of New York state, were awarded the Fidelity Medallion after its first issuance: Private John Paulding, Private David Williams, and Private Isaac Van Wart.

The obverse of the medallion was inscribed ""; the reverse, with the motto, "", which means, "The love of country conquers."

The Fidelity Medallion was never again bestowed and it quickly became regarded as a commemorative decoration. For this reason, the Badge of Military Merit is generally considered the first decoration of the U.S. military, even though it was created two years after the Fidelity Medallion, in 1782.

Authorizing statute
"Whereas, Congress have received information that John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, three young volunteer militiamen of the State of New York, did, on the 23d day of September last, intercept Major John André, adjutant-general of the British Army, on his return from the American lines, in the character of a spy; and, notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release, nobly disdaining to sacrifice their country for the sake of gold, secured and conveyed him to the commanding officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of Benedict Arnold was brought to light, the insidious designs of the enemy baffled, and the United States rescued from impending danger:

Resolved, That Congress have a high sense of the virtuous and patriotic conduct of the said John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. In testimony whereof,

Ordered, That each of them receive annually, out of the public treasury, 200 dollars in specie, or an equivalent in the current money of these States, during life; and that the Board of War procure for each of them a silver medal, on one side of which shall be a shield with this inscription: "Fidelity," and on the other the following motto: "Vincit amor patriæ," and forward them to the commander-in-chief, who is requested to present the same, with a copy of this resolution, and the thanks of Congress for their fidelity, and the eminent service they have rendered their country.

Friday, November 3, 1780."

Disposition of the three Medallions
All three of the original Medallions were thought to be lost. Isaac Van Wart's example was thought to be lost at the time of his death in 1828, but was actually in the hands of a descendant in Westchester County, NY, until it was donated to the New York State Museum in 2023. John Paulding's and David Williams' medallions were both donated to the New-York Historical Society in 1905 which displayed them in a locked, glass-topped case. In mid-1975, the two Medallions were stolen, along with the pocket watch originally belonging to Major John André. The Historical Society did not go public with the loss at the time, and none of the items have been recovered.

Replicas
In the two centuries since the original Fidelity Medallions were issued, replicas have occasionally been produced in metals including silver, pewter, lead and bronze and in varying degrees of historical accuracy. The American Numismatic Society has six different specimens in their collection.

An auction catalog, published for a September 2012 sale which featured a replica of the award, includes a description of the Fidelity Medallion:

"[...] Fidelity Medallion, the oldest decoration of the United States military and created by act of the Continental Congress in 1780. It is also referred to as 'André Capture Medal' as historical records indicate that it was awarded to three soldiers from the New York Militia, David Williams, John Paulding and Isaac Van Wert, who aided in the arrest of Major John André for his role in organizing Benedict Arnold's defection to the British Army. The medal is 55 mm × 41 mm, beautifully struck. The face of the medallion contains the inscription 'FIDELITY' and the reverse 'AMOR PATRIÆ VINCIT' ('The love of country conquers')."

At the time, the medal did not sell.

title: Fidelity Medallion


text:
User talk:Bcorr/Archive 200407

Archived talk from July 2004

• Thanks
Thanks. Secretlondon 18:19, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you. BCorr | Брайен 19:50, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hello. On my user page User:24.78.125.95, you claimed that I was an incarnarnation of the banned user User:Paul Vogel. I am actually User:Vacuum. If you need me to prove that I am User:Vacuum, I will gladly do so. Vacuum 19:36, Jul 1, 2004 (UTC)

• Note from User:Vacuum

 * I also just left this note at User talk:24.78.125.95. I assumed that this IP probably was, based on this IP's user contributions which in the last few days included some of Paul Vogel's favourite articles, such as Pantheism, Cosmotheism, Racism, and National Alliance, and that you were concerned with the phrases White supremacist and White separatist, as was Vogel. Did you make those edits, or is that a non-static shared IP? Also, do you consider User:24.78.125.95 to be your user page? Unless you are the only one who can edit from that IP, it (and the associated talk page) aren't really "yours." Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 19:50, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Question from new reader
Dear Bcorr,

I just came across Wikipedia and have found it on the whole balanced in presentation. Unfortunately, I found the entry on anti-semitism http://www.fact-index.com/a/an/anti_semitism_1.html misleading and more harm than help. I have checked the procedure for criticizing articles, and found the talk page and your discussion, and I'm turning to you for assistance.

I've written up a few criticisms (use of 19th c term for the age-old problem of anti-Jewish sentiment, no mention of the REAL sources of anti-Jewish sentiment, i.e., the racist and anti-Christian elements of the Talmud and the role of Jews in their host countries) if you are interested.

This unbalanced presentation of a very delicate issue feeds a dangerous misunderstanding of the role of Jews in their host societies at a time when the world is descending rapidly into world war prompted in the view of many authorities (including the likes of Finkelstein and Chomsky) by the actions of Israel.

It is telling that in other articles dealing with Jewish matters (Schneerson, anti-Zionism) the entries are qualified with "The neutrality of this article is disputed." Curiously the entry on anti-semitism is BOTH protected and free of this qualification, though I see there is at least some discussion going on the talk page. I'm not interested in engaging in online polemics, and I understand this issue is perhaps the most explosive in Wikipedia, but I see no reason why 'the other side' should not be fairly presented, even if the pro-Jewish POV gets the final word. Can you suggest how I could proceed? Thanks.

Eric Walberg eric@albatros.uz User: 207.44.136.51

 * Hi Eric – I'll also leave a more detailed comment on the talk page for the IP address that you're using (User talk: 207.44.136.51), but in short, Wikipedia is a collaborative project, and while I understand the points that you are making, I find some of them rather POV, so the best thing to do is to gently and gradually get involved in the discussion on Talk:Anti-semitism, and make sure to follow Wikiquette and Civility when you do so. And just FYI, people here tend to consider it spam when one leaves the same message for a number of people at the same time, and it is rather frowned upon. Oh, and Вы живете в Узбекистане?!

 * Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 12:16, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Thank you for your support
Hello there! Just a short note to thank you warmly for your vote in my favour in last week's sysop poll. It is a privilege to be able to take part in building this fantastic resource, and your vote was very much appreciated. I look forward to working with you in the future. David Cannon 10:20, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the note -- I'm looking forward to working with you as well. BCorr | Брайен 15:07, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Mediation requested
Bcorr

Angela has declined to get involved in a silly squabble at Meta. talk I am an English Catholic and a member of the Church of England.

I am a little tired at some Roman Catholic friends who keep moving the Church of England, and me, into a list of "Protestants". The Roman Catholic church teaches that the Church of England is a Protestant church but that is not NPOV.

The Church of England's official position (e.g. on its website etc.) is that is upholds the Catholic faith and is a Catholic church. Although there are 70 million members of the Church of England apparently WikiPedia apparently boasts only two against at least 50 listed Roman Catholics but I don't think things shold be decided that way

--BozMo|talk 15:47, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I feel too strongly about this to be involved as an ad-hoc mediator. I think what would be most helpful is for you to do is to provide links that explains the position that why Anglicans are not Protestants -- rather than why that are Catholics -- on M:Talk:List of Wikipedians by religion. This page -- http://justus.anglican.org/resources/pc/neale/prots.html -- is the only one I could find that explains why Anglicans are not Protestant. I'll note it's a transcription of something from 1852.

 * Also, I moved your editorial comment from the article header to the talk page. Please continue working on the talk page to achieve more of a consensus, rather than trying to explain why you are right. In my personal experience, arguing that one's religions says somrting is thus-and-so is a singularly ineffective way to get people to understand your point regarding religion -- let alone to accept it.

 * Finally, if you are still dissatisfied after continuing work on the talk page, you might list this page on Requests for comment and the subsequent steps laid out on Dispute resolution, including bringing a requestto the Mediation Committee.

 * Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 16:56, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Quakers pages and qualifiers
Hello BCorr,

[Regarding the Quaker pages]

I'm happy for you to propose that they should be removed again as the Articles themselves should probably give more information on the individuals. I thought I'd fill out the ones that I knew as some of the entries already had captions and some not (which seemed uneven in itself).

I would hope that, whilst there's isn't a conflict they could be left; but if it does start being a conflict I would agree with your suggestion of removing them as being a good remedy.

Thanks for the welcome message too :)

Sladen

 * Thanks for the reply -- and that all seems very reasonable. I look forward to working you. -- BCorr | Брайен 12:12, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Mediation request: Herschelkrustofsky and AndyL
Nothing personal, but your comments at Talk:Lyndon_LaRouche/archive4, regarding "how LaRouche is commonly perceived", make me hesistant to accept you as a mediator. If you wish to discuss "perception", make generalizations about LaRouche's stature world-wide, in which case you arrive at an entirely different result than if you only go by the English-speaking world. And what is more, we really aren't discussing "perception" at all, but rather how LaRouche is depicted in the big media cartels. Even that has changed -- the days back in the 1980s, when LaRouche's name could not be uttered in a broadcast or mentioned in print without the obligatory prefix, "political extremist," are gone. I think any attempt to second-guess public perception is hazardous, and it were more useful to discuss, what is the truth about LaRouche.

Also, I confess that I am hesitant because you were Andy's first choice, and his animus toward LaRouche is somewhat extraordinary. So, I would prefer, under the circumstances, that you recuse yourself. --Herschelkrustofsky 20:47, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply. I will note this on Requests for mediation. Also, AndyL suggested that if you didn't wish for me to act as mediator would you approve of Danny. Could you reply at Requests for mediation and either accept Danny or suggest another mediator? Thanks again, BCorr | Брайен 12:12, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Now that I've seen some more of your editing, I'm certainly thankful that I didn't accept you as a mediator. Why do you keep inserting that phrase about the "Promethean elite" into Lyndon LaRouche? It is a complete fabrication. --Herschelkrustofsky 20:44, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, everything about your recent edits seems off-the-wall. You never heard of "Dirigism"? And where on earth do you get the idea that LaRouche espouses Corporatism (which in fact he vehemently attacks)? --Herschelkrustofsky 20:48, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that you'll find that if you log in instead of editing as User:172.197.96.137 and User:172.199.130.148 you will be less likely to find your contributions edited mercilessly. BCorr | Брайен 20:56, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * And this justifies your insertion of propaganda, how? --Herschelkrustofsky 23:48, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Seriously, I would like your reply to the above question. You are a administrator, right? In addition to being on the mediation ctte? So, unless I am sorely mistaken, you should be setting an example as a model Wikipedian? --Herschelkrustofsky 19:46, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

My copy of Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary defines propaganda as "the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person." The deliberations on the Talk:Lyndon LaRouche pages, in conjunction with Adam's admission on the Arbitration Evidence Page ("It is of course true that I and others editing here are hostile to LaRouche."), leave little doubt that what we have here is a lynch mob of sorts, editing at cross-purposes with Wikipedia policy as stated. --Herschelkrustofsky 15:11, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I find it shocking that you would suggest User:Danny to mediate in this situation. I find it far more shocking the you and he are mediators at all, but thats another subject. Sam [Spade] 00:05, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sam, I am very dismayed that you would make such ill-informed and inflammatory comments without reading the relevant section at Requests for mediation, and that you would be so eager to do so days after it seemed that we had reached an apparent détente. I am hoping to receive an apology for your untrue allegation that I suggested Danny as a mediator after you read Requests for mediation.

 * Regretfully, BCorr | Брайен 02:58, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm glad at least that you’re regretful. I assume you see some important distinction between your reiterating of the request and the making of it. If you are sincere than I would say that you are failing in your duties as mediation committee co-chair by acting merely as a courier when so much more is required of you. All of the mediators have separate temperaments, POV's, and abilities to interact w diverse opinions. I should think you'd make some effort to recommend and coordinate rather than simply repeating the suggestions of others. When you repeat someone’s request, it at minimum suggests an acceptance of it. This request by Andy was clearly not acceptable. Sam [Spade] 20:28, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Why not? isn't the whole point of having a list of mediators so that the parties involved have indivduals from which to choose? Why is it unacceptable for me to suggest someone from the list and who are you to deem someone I suggest as unacceptable? Herschel hasn't asked you to be his advocate so I don't think you're in a position to presume to speak on his behalf or dictate what is and what is not "acceptable" since, last time I checked, you are not a party to this dispute. AndyL 13:14, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Well User:Sam Spade, you've sunk to a new low. Just for the sake of anyone else who reads this, when I said "regretfully" I meant that I was regretful that you destroyed the détente we had seemingly reached. I won't do what I feel would be wasting my time by arguing with the points you make, as a simple reading of Mediation and Mediation Committee would point out the error in your assertions and judgments about acceptability. And again, for the sake of others visiting this page, what follows is the section from Requests for mediation as of 17:26, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC):

BCorr | Брайен 16:03, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Not obvious
It doesn't strike me as obviously Michael, but it's certainly possible that it is. Angela. 23:44, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK -- and thanks. BCorr | Брайен 02:58, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• User:172's bizarre behavior
This person deletes communication from me and then badmouths it. As this person is listed as an active moderator I'm worried. This is clearly not consensus building which is integral to Wikipedia. I think this is a warning flag of Sysop abuse. How do I request User:172 be removed of his moderator status? I do not enjoy being called a spammer or my contributions garbage. I do not trust him. Thank you for your attention to this matter. - Sparky 05:28, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Sparky. 172 is, IMHO, one of the more agressive administrators (also known as "sysops" but not "moderators", as we have no such role or position here, FYI) and has been involved in a number of conflicts, but has not beed "de-sysopped." You can look at this page and this page for more information on specific conflicts that 172 has been involved in and the reaction of the community. Please read Requests for comment and see if, according to the guidelines, 172's conduct ought to be reviewed -- and if so you can request that there. Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 11:39, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Bcorr, Please stop the mudslinging. There's no need for us to be pointing fingers at each other and digging up dirt on each other. The issue is the Ronald Reagan article, not disputes that took place as far back as February. You gave your opinion, and IMHO the tabloid garbage that Sparky wants added to the Reagan article speaks for itself. 172 12:17, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * 172 -- I was asked a question on my talk page and I answered it. The pages I cited are there for everyone to see. FWIW, I don't think that the additions on the alleged rape belong in the article, but that's not what Sparky's was asking about. Your agression, accusations, and self-righteousness are the issue that I'm concerned about, and your edits to this page, including refactoring the header that Sparky wrote, just add to my feeling that your behavior -- not the content you propose to add or delete -- is a problem. If Sparky wants to pursue that, it is his option. BCorr | Брайен 16:55, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• User:Bcorr's bizarre behavior
Pot, kettle. What, do you get off on acting like a cop around here or something? If you don't have a problem with my edits, don't concern yourself with matters that don't involve you. 172 17:00, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Funny -- that's exactly what I would say to you -- since this is my talk page we're discussing. BCorr | Брайен 17:14, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The tone of your responses, which makes evident a presumption of bad faith, is unwarranted, and especially unbecoming of someone who is supposed to be a "mediator." FYI, I dealt with User:Sparky in the same fashion as other users working on the Reagan article. It might have been misguided, but I did have a reason for dealing with Sparky the way I did. Before I got involved in this dispute, I noticed that User:Jiang had removed the rape section, writing "Wikipedia is not the National Enquirer." He too left no comment on the talk page after removing it. So, combined with the nature of the material in question, and what seemed to be unanimous opposition to his work from other editors chiming in on the subject, this led me to conclude that this issue would be widely recognized as a vandalism matter, and thus an appropriate situation for automatic reversion. Perhaps I made the wrong calculation, but I was acting to prevent what arguably appeared to be vandalism at the time. 172 18:24, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Your agression, accusations, and self-righteousness are the issue that I'm concerned about, and my feeling is that your behavior -- not the content you propose to add or delete -- is a problem.

 * And as far as my bad faith? You said just above, "...mudslinging...pointing fingers...digging up dirt on each other...You gave your opinion...tabloid garbage" and then "Pot, kettle. What, do you get off on acting like a cop around here or something? If you don't have a problem with my edits, don't concern yourself with matters that don't involve you." I rest my case, to quote Perry Mason.

 * So that's all I have to say. I have grown weary of this discussion and my attention will no longer be focused on it. Cheers, BCorr | Брайен 19:03, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I posted my last message hoping that you'd be able to see where I was coming from, so that we could start dealing with each other on a cooperative basis. Instead, you responded with your most vehement personal attack yet. Still, I'm ready to start off with a clean slate with you if you are willing to do the same with me. 172 19:44, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• What are the rules? . ..
What are the rules? (Where are the rules?) Who can post? How many editors are there? What is the mediation committee? Why allow someone to edit a page, if they are not logged in? (As I wasn't re: Chiasmus, etc.)

More specifically, why not allow chiasmus examples on the chiasmus page?

Thanks...

 * Hi Vanatter -- I've left a number of useful links to info about policies and rules on your talk page but you didn't do anything "wrong", and we welcome your edits, whether logged in or not, but we also do "cleanup" on articles. If you have some something (relatively brief) that you have analyzed and that you want to add to Chiasmus as an example, that would be great, but we generally frown upon people adding links to their web sites to articles as it seems too close to advertising.

 * I hope this helps clarify things and that you continue to contribute to Wikipedia. And for more info on the Mediation Committee please see Dispute resolution.

 * Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 19:03, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Mediation
Sorry, I won't have time to mediate with AndyL and WHEELER. I am still trying to finalise things between Charles and Kevin (see archive 6. Also, following my experiences there, I'm not convinced I am really the right person to mediate anything. :/ Angela. 20:08, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * "And just FYI, there has also been quite a bit of chatter on the WikiEN mailing list about similar issues." Thanks for the note; although I have avoided the mailing lists of recent lateness, both for lack of interest and for lack of being interested. Sincerely,-Stevertigo 22:14, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Requests for mediation: User:AndyL and User:WHEELER
So what's next. I am having the same problem the other guy is having with AndyL. I agree with mediation.WHEELER 18:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I will indicate your agreement at the requests for mediation page. One of the mediators will contact you to propose next steps. Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 18:43, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Uncle Ed was involved in disputes on pages related to Nazism/fascism some time ago - I'd prefer someone who has no history of editing in these topics. AndyL 19:05, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * A reasonable request. Thanks for your quick replies. BCorr | Брайен 19:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Mediation stuff
Yes, please can you follow up on User:Herschelkrustofsky / User:DJSupreme23, that would be a great help right now. I'm also going to be away visiting family on Thursday and Friday - and a considering taking a wikibreak for a while too. Perhaps we should notify all the mediators and ask them to keep an eye on requests? -- sannse (talk) 19:57, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, sannse -- I'll do it as soon as I can. BCorr | Брайен 00:04, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Talk:Childlover
Hi Brian, thank you for seeing my point at "childlover". Please read for more details about the whole issue and tell me if I am panicking or if there really is a problem. Get-back-world-respect 23:48, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * HI GBWR -- at this point I'd say that enough people will get involved through Requests for comment that it should be under control. And just a word for the wise -- perhaps it is a language difference, but many of your posts do come across as angry and somewhat personal -- I think that if you try to assume good faith a bit more and make your comments and edit summaries less confrontational, you will find people much more receptive to your positions and arguments. And just remember that if you find something to a be a problem, probably many others will too, and so you don't need to feel like you are the only thing that stands between you and incorrect, biased, or bad articles.

 * I hope this helps. Peace, BCorr | Брайен 00:04, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• About what you wrote
You wrote that we don't need template messages like these. How will people know what pronouns to use when referring to a Wikipedian?? 66.245.23.108 00:48, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, your idea is:
 * True or false: we need 🇬🇾 and reading the following texts:

 * "I'm a guy, in case you want to know what pronouns to use to refer to me."
 * "I'm a girl, in case you want to know what pronouns to use to refer to me."

 * as messages to put in Wikipedia User pages so people will know what pronouns to use.

 * I don't think we need a template for this -- people can usually manage to say somthing that gives it away -- and they can just tell people if they want to.... Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 00:53, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * What is this something?? 66.245.23.108 00:55, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I honestly mean that they could just write "I'm a guy, in case you want to know what pronouns to use to refer to me." if they want to -- the template is more complicated than is needed for this. Templates tend to be more of a shorthand for something that a user will use repeatedly, rather than something that a few users might just use once. Thanks again, BCorr | Брайен 00:59, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, why isn't there a rule that says that Wikipedians must write messages like this?? Messages like these are good because they allow people to know what pronouns to use. 66.245.23.108 01:01, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Because we don't force people to reveal their identities :-) Chao, BCorr | Брайен 01:06, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Why is conflict between church and state POV
This is a valid reason to reject religion, IMHO.

 * It's not the conflict that's POV -- it's what you wrote, to wit, Corruption of Government: Seperation of Church and State is a prerequisite for democratic governance. The will of the people is, in civil society, pre-eminant to the will of a putative deity (and its self-appointed spokespeople). Modern states threatened by fundamentalism include Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United States of America.

 * It is POV to state that the U.S. is "threatened by fundamentalism" as it is not an indisputable fact, and many would argue that separation of church and state is not a prerequesite for democratic governance, and that it is not inherent in civil society that the definition of the will of the people might not include religious elements or beliefs.

 * Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 16:13, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * toned it down some and linked to separation of church and state -- though I think the fundies in the US are out of control (or rather in control of Bush's Brain -- that's just my POV :-)

• Thanks...
Thanks for your message Brian- it's appreciated! I do still dip in from time to time (the look of the pedia has changed a bit lately hasn't it???), but seem to be so busy lately that I just don't get time to do alot of editing and stuff... I still think it's a great project, but I sort of started to find myself being sucked into the 'politics' of it all and since I've got enough hassles in my 'real' life thought it est to step back for a bit... Cheers for now quercus robur 22:09, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Request for review
Bcorr: In order to avoid arbitration, Anthony and I have worked out an agreement and it looks like the arbcom is going to endorse it - Requests for Arbitration/Standing orders/Anthony. Every 6 months, we need 3 members of the mediation committee to review Anthony's behavior to see if he's reformed, or if his "probation" should continue. Angela has agreed, and we'd like you to agree as well. →Raul654 18:43, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm happy to be part of that group. Thanks for asking. BCorr | Брайен 15:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Protection
Pls comment Protected page/Draft -SV 03:27, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll go have a look today... BCorr | Брайен 15:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Away again
Hi Brian, just to let you know I am away again for a few days. I expect to be back on Wednesday. Talk soon -- sannse (talk) 18:21, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the note -- yes, let's talk soon. Cheers, BCorr | Брайен 15:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

•[[Image:WikiThanks.png]]
Oh, my wikithanks have been pollinating :-) nice :-) I am glad. For the other point, I am sorry, but have a whole pile of things to do in the next few days, and fear I would not be able to give appropriate attention to this :-( my best SweetLittleFluffyThing

 * J'entiends, ma amie -- ce n'est pas un problem. Nous chercherai des autres médiateurs. J'espère que tout est très bien avec toi -- et que nous pourrons parler bientôt. BCorr | Брайен 21:28, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• The MC and AC
Thanks for your note, advice and helpful links. I'll go register at the boards soon. I've added a footnote to my arbitration committee candidacy, noting that I'll resign from the mediation committee if elected to the arbitration committee. I'm not doing that beforehand, however, as I think my odds of actually getting elected are fairly low. Ambivalenthysteria 23:45, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Rebecca -- I think that your edit to your statement will address any concerns, and I think that you're following a quite sensible course. Many thanks, BCorr | Брайен 23:50, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

• Whazzup?
Whats going on with Cimon Avaro? Hes ignoring WP:RFM, his talk, and his email, but hes still editing. -SV 19:18, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure -- you can also try his alter ego at User talk:J-V Heiskanen.... Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 16:37, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bcorr/Archive 200407


text:
Supraventricular tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an umbrella term for fast heart rhythms arising from the upper part of the heart. This is in contrast to the other group of fast heart rhythms – ventricular tachycardia, which start within the lower chambers of the heart. There are four main types of SVT: atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), and Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. The symptoms of SVT include palpitations, feeling of faintness, sweating, shortness of breath, and/or chest pain.

These abnormal rhythms start from either the atria or atrioventricular node. They are generally due to one of two mechanisms: re-entry or increased automaticity. Diagnosis is typically by electrocardiogram (ECG), Holter monitor, or event monitor. Blood tests may be done to rule out specific underlying causes such as hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytomas, or electrolyte abnormalities.

A normal resting heart rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute. A resting heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute is defined as a tachycardia. During an episode of SVT, the heart beats about 150 to 220 times per minute.

Specific treatment depends on the type of SVT and can include medications, medical procedures, or surgery. Vagal maneuvers, or a procedure known as catheter ablation, may be effective in certain types. For atrial fibrillation, calcium channel blockers or beta blockers may be used for rate control, and selected patients benefit from blood thinners (anticoagulants) such as warfarin or novel anticoagulants. Atrial fibrillation affects about 25 per 1000 people, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 2.3 per 1000, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 2 per 1000, and atrial flutter 0.8 per 1000.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms can arise suddenly and may resolve without treatment. Stress, exercise, and emotion can all result in a normal or physiological increase in heart rate, but they can precipitate SVT in rare cases. Episodes can last from a few minutes to one or two days. They sometimes persist until treated. The rapid heart rate, if fast enough, reduces the opportunity for the "pump" to fill between beats decreasing cardiac output and consequently blood pressure. The following symptoms are typical with a rate of 150–270 or more beats per minute:
 * Pounding heart
 * Rapid heart beat
 * Shortness of breath
 * Chest pain
 * Rapid breathing
 * Dizziness
 * Sweating
 * Loss of consciousness

Symptoms of heart arrhythmias, such as SVT, are more difficult to assess in infants and toddlers because of their limited ability to communicate. Caregivers should watch for lack of interest in feeding, shallow breathing, and lethargy. These symptoms may be subtle and may be accompanied by vomiting and/or a decrease in responsiveness.

Pathophysiology
The main pumping chamber, the ventricle, is protected (to a certain extent) against excessively high rates arising from the supraventricular areas by a "gating mechanism" at the atrioventricular node, which allows only a proportion of the fast impulses to pass through to the ventricles. An accessory "bypass tract" can avoid the AV node and its protection so that the fast rate may be directly transmitted to the ventricles. This situation has characteristic findings on ECG. A congenital heart lesion, Ebstein's anomaly, is most commonly associated with supraventricular tachycardia.

Diagnosis
Subtypes of SVT can often be distinguished by their electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics. Most have a narrow QRS complex, although, occasionally, electrical conduction abnormalities may produce a wide QRS complex that may mimic ventricular tachycardia (VT). In the clinical setting, the distinction between narrow and wide complex tachycardia (supraventricular vs. ventricular) is fundamental since they are treated differently. In addition, ventricular tachycardia can quickly degenerate into ventricular fibrillation and death and merits different consideration. In the less common situation in which a wide-complex tachycardia may be supraventricular, a number of algorithms have been devised to assist in distinguishing between them. In general, a history of structural heart disease markedly increases the likelihood that the tachycardia is ventricular in origin.
 * Sinus tachycardia is physiologic when a reasonable stimulus, such as the catecholamine surge associated with fright, stress, or physical activity, provokes the tachycardia. It is identical to a normal sinus rhythm, except for its faster rate (>100 beats per minute in adults). However, sinus tachycardia is considered part of the diagnoses included in SVT by most sources.
 * Sinoatrial node reentrant tachycardia (SANRT) is caused by a reentry circuit localised to the SA node, resulting in a P-wave of normal shape and size (morphology) that falls before a regular, narrow QRS complex. It cannot be distinguished electrocardiographically from sinus tachycardia unless the sudden onset is observed (or recorded on a continuous monitoring device). It may sometimes be distinguished by its prompt response to vagal maneuvers.
 * Ectopic (unifocal) atrial tachycardia arises from an independent focus within the atria, distinguished by a consistent P-wave of abnormal shape and/or size that falls before a narrow, regular QRS complex. It can be caused by automaticity, which means that some cardiac muscle cells, which have the primordial (primitive, inborn, inherent) ability to generate electrical impulses that are common to all cardiac muscle cells, have established themselves as a 'rhythm center' with a natural rate of electrical discharge that is faster than the normal SA node. Some atrial tachycardias, rather than being a result of increased automaticity may be a result of a micro-reentrant circuit (defined by some as less than 2 cm in longest diameter to distinguish it from macro-reentrant atrial flutter). Still other atrial tachycardias may be due to triggered activity caused by after-depolarizations.
 * Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) is tachycardia arising from at least three ectopic foci within the atria, distinguished by P-waves of at least three different morphologies that all fall before irregular, narrow QRS complexes. This rhythm is most commonly seen in elderly people with COPD.
 * Atrial fibrillation meets the definition of SVT when associated with a ventricular response greater than 100 beats per minute. It is characterized as an "irregularly, irregular rhythm" both in its atrial and ventricular depolarizations and is distinguished by its fibrillatory atrial waves that, at some point in their chaos, stimulate a response from the ventricles in the form of irregular, narrow QRS complexes.
 * Atrial flutter, is caused by a re-entry rhythm in the atria, with a regular atrial rate often of about 300 beats per minute. On the ECG this appears as a line of "sawtooth" waves preceding the QRS complex. The AV node will not usually conduct 300 beats per minute so the P:QRS ratio is usually 2:1 or 4:1 pattern, (though rarely 3:1, and sometimes 1:1 where class IC antiarrhythmic drug are in use). Because the ratio of P to QRS is usually consistent, A-flutter is often regular in comparison to its irregular counterpart, atrial fibrillation. Atrial flutter is also not necessarily a tachycardia by definition unless the AV node permits a ventricular response greater than 100 beats per minute.
 * AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) involves a reentry circuit forming next to, or within, the AV node. The circuit most often involves two tiny pathways one faster than the other. Because the node is immediately between the atria and ventricle, the re-entry circuit often stimulates both, appearing as a backward (retrograde) conducted P-wave buried within or occurring just after the regular, narrow QRS complexes.
 * Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT), also results from a reentry circuit, although one physically much larger than AVNRT. One portion of the circuit is usually the AV node, and the other, an abnormal accessory pathway (muscular connection) from the atria to the ventricle. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is a relatively common abnormality with an accessory pathway, the bundle of Kent crossing the AV valvular ring.
 * In orthodromic AVRT, atrial impulses are conducted down through the AV node and retrogradely re-enter the atrium via the accessory pathway. A distinguishing characteristic of orthodromic AVRT can therefore be an inverted P-wave (relative to a sinus P wave) that follows each of its regular, narrow QRS complexes, due to retrograde conduction.
 * In antidromic AVRT, atrial impulses are conducted down through the accessory pathway and re-enter the atrium retrogradely via the AV node. Because the accessory pathway initiates conduction in the ventricles outside of the bundle of His, the QRS complex in antidromic AVRT is wider than usual. A delta wave is an initial slurred deflection seen in the initial part of an otherwise narrow QRS of a patient at risk for WPW and is an indicator of the presence of an accessory pathway. These beats are a fusion between the conduction down the accessory pathway and the slightly delayed but then-dominant conduction via the AV node. Once an antidromic AVRT tachycardia is initiated, it is no longer delta waves but rather a wide complex (>120 ms) tachycardia that is seen.
 * Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a rare tachycardia caused by increased automaticity of the AV node itself initiating frequent heartbeats. On the ECG, junctional tachycardia often presents with abnormal morphology P-waves that may fall anywhere in relation to a regular, narrow QRS complex. It is often due to drug toxicity.

Classification
The following types of supraventricular tachycardias are more precisely classified by their specific site of origin. While each belongs to the broad classification of SVT, the specific term/diagnosis is preferred when possible:

Sinoatrial origin: Atrial origin:
 * Sinoatrial nodal reentrant tachycardia (SNRT)
 * Ectopic (unifocal) atrial tachycardia (EAT)
 * Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)
 * Atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response
 * Atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response
 * (Without rapid ventricular response, fibrillation and flutter are usually not classified as SVT)

Atrioventricular origin:
 * AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) or junctional reciprocating tachycardia (JRT)
 * AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) – visible or concealed (including Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)
 * Permanent (or persistent) junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT), a form of SVT that involves a slow retrograde conduction over accessory pathway – occurs predominantly in infants and children but can occasionally occur in adults
 * Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET)

Prevention
Once an acute arrhythmia has been terminated, ongoing treatment may be indicated to prevent recurrence. However, those that have an isolated episode, or infrequent and minimally symptomatic episodes, usually do not warrant treatment other than observation and explanation.

In general, patients with more frequent or disabling symptoms warrant some form of prevention. A variety of drugs including simple AV nodal blocking agents such as beta blockers and verapamil, as well as antiarrhythmic drugs may be used, usually with good effect, although the adverse effects of these therapies need to be weighed against potential benefits.

Radiofrequency ablation has revolutionized the treatment of tachycardia caused by a re-entrant pathway. This is a low-risk procedure that uses a catheter inside the heart to deliver radiofrequency energy to locate and destroy the abnormal electrical pathways. Ablation has been shown to be highly effective: around 90% in the case of AVNRT. Similar high rates of success are achieved with AVRT and typical atrial flutter.

Cryoablation is a newer treatment involving the AV node directly. SVT involving the AV node is often a contraindication to using radiofrequency ablation due to the small (1%) incidence of injuring the AV node, then requiring a permanent pacemaker. Cryoablation uses a catheter supercooled by nitrous oxide gas freezing the tissue to −10 °C (+14.0 °F). This provides the same result as radiofrequency ablation but does not carry the same risk. If it is found that the wrong tissue is being frozen, the freezing process can be quickly stopped with the tissue returning to normal temperature and function in a short time. If after freezing the tissue to −10 °C the desired result is obtained, the tissue can be further cooled to a temperature of −73 °C (-99.4 °F) and it will be permanently ablated.

This therapy has further improved the treatment options for AVNRT (and other SVTs with pathways close to the AV node), widening the application of curative ablation to young patients with relatively mild but still troublesome symptoms who might not have accepted the risk of requiring a pacemaker.

Treatment
Most SVTs are unpleasant rather than life-threatening, although very fast heart rates can be problematic for those with underlying ischemic heart disease, or the elderly. Episodes can be treated when they occur by Valsalva maneuver, adenosine injection or taking a AV node blocking agent as pill-in-pocket, but regular medication may also be used to prevent or reduce recurrence. While some treatment modalities can be applied to all SVTs, there are specific therapies available to treat some sub-types. Effective treatment consequently requires knowledge of how and where the arrhythmia is initiated and its mode of spread.

Lifestyle changes, medication and heart procedures may be needed to control or eliminate the rapid heartbeats and related symptoms.

SVTs can be categorised by whether the AV node is involved in maintaining the rhythm. If it is, manoeuvres slowing conduction through the AV node will terminate it. If it is not, AV nodal blocking maneuvers will not terminate it, but resulting temporary suppression of the AV node is still useful to unmask the underlying abnormal rhythm.

Acute attacks of supraventricular tachycardia are treated with Esmolol (i.v.).

Society and culture
Notable cases of SVT:
 * Bobby Julich, American professional road cyclist, third-place finisher in the 1998 Tour de France, bronze medalist in the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Tayyiba Haneef-Park, American volleyball competitor in the 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 * Anastacia, American singer-songwriter.
 * Rebecca Soni, American Gold Medal Olympic swimmer
 * Dana Vollmer, American Gold Medal Olympic swimmer
 * Neville Fields, Australian football player
 * Paul Bearer, wrestling manager
 * Nathan Cohen, New Zealand's two-time world champion and Olympic champion rower, was diagnosed with SVT in 2013 when he was 27 years old.
 * Miley Cyrus, American singer and actress
 * George Plimpton, notable author, sportswriter, and literary personality

title: Supraventricular tachycardia


text:
Doner kebab

Doner kebab (, ; döner or döner kebap, ), also spelled as döner kebab, is a dish of Turkish origin made of meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie. Seasoned meat stacked in the shape of an inverted cone is turned slowly on the rotisserie, next to a vertical cooking element. The operator uses a knife to slice thin shavings from the outer layer of the meat as it cooks. The vertical rotisserie was invented in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire, and dishes such as the Arab shawarma, Greek gyros, Canadian donair, and Mexican al pastor are derived from this.

The modern sandwich variant of döner kebab originated and was popularized in 1970s West Berlin by Turkish immigrants. This was recognized by the Berlin-based Association of Turkish Doner Manufacturers in Europe in 2011.

The sliced meat of a doner kebab may be served on a plate with various accompaniments, stuffed into a pita or other type of bread as a sandwich, or wrapped in a thin flatbread such as lavash or filo, known as a dürüm (literally meaning roll or wrap in Turkish). Kadir Nurman in the early 1970s introduced the sandwich or wrap form, which has become popular around the world as a fast food dish sold by kebab shops, and is often called simply a "kebab". The sandwich generally contains salad or vegetables, which may include tomato, lettuce, cabbage, onion with sumac, fresh or pickled cucumber, or chili, and various types of sauces.

History

In the Ottoman Empire, at least as far back as the 17th century, stacks of seasoned sliced meat were cooked on a horizontal rotisserie, similar to the cağ kebab. The vertical rotisserie was introduced no later than the mid-19th century. The town of Bursa, in modern-day Turkey, is often considered the birthplace of the vertically roasted döner kebab. According to Yavuz İskenderoğlu, his grandfather İskender Efendi as a child in 1850s Bursa had the idea of roasting the lamb at his father's restaurant vertically rather than horizontally; it was a success, and some years later became known as döner kebap. However, he may have been preceded by Hamdi Usta from Kastamonu around 1830.

A version popular in the Arab world became known as shawarma. By at least the 1930s it had been brought overseas, and was sold in restaurants in Mexico by Lebanese immigrants. Doner kebab likely arrived in Greece in the 1920s with the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, later transforming into gyros.

It was not until a century after its invention that döner kebab was introduced and popularized in Istanbul, most famously by Beyti Güler. His restaurant, first opened in 1945, was soon discovered by journalists and began serving döner and other kebab dishes to kings, prime ministers, film stars and celebrities. It has been sold in sandwich form in Istanbul since at least the mid-1960s.

The döner kebab and its derivatives served in a sandwich form as "fast food" came to worldwide prominence in the mid to late 20th century. The first doner kebab shop in London opened in 1966 and they were a familiar sight in provincial cities by the late 1970s, while gyros was already popular in Greece and New York City in 1971. A Greek-Canadian variation, the donair, was introduced in 1972, eventually becoming the official food of Halifax, and spreading across the country. By the 1960s, the taco al pastor in Mexico had evolved from the shawarma.

In Germany, the döner kebab was popularized by Turkish guest workers in Berlin in the early 1970s. The dish developed there from its original form into a distinctive style of sandwich with abundant salad, vegetables, and sauces, sold in large portions at affordable prices, that would soon become one of the top-selling fast food and street food dishes in Germany and much of Europe, and popular around the world.

Etymology
In the English name "", the word doner is borrowed from the Turkish döner kebap, with the Turkish letter ö usually anglicized as "o", though "döner kebab" is an alternative spelling in English. The word "" is used, which comes to English from the كَبَاب (kabāb), partly through Urdu, Persian and Turkish; it may refer to a number of different kebab dishes made with roasted or grilled meat. While kebab has been used in English since the late 17th century, doner/döner kebab is known only from the mid-20th or later. The Turkish word  comes from dönmek ("to turn" or "to rotate"), so the Turkish name döner kebap literally means "rotating roast". In German, it is spelled Döner Kebab; the sandwich is often called ein Döner. Particularly in British English, a döner kebab sandwich may be referred to simply as "a kebab". A Canadian variation is "donair". In Greek, it was originally called döner but later came to be known as gyros, from γύρος ("turn"), a calque of the Turkish name. The Arabic name شاورما (shāwarmā) derives from another Turkish word, çevirme, also meaning "turning". Persians refer to it as "kebab torki".

Döner in Turkey
There are many variations of döner in Turkey:
 * Porsiyon ("portion", döner on a slightly heated plate, sometimes with a few grilled peppers or broiled tomatoes on the side)
 * Pilavüstü ("over rice", döner served on a base of pilaf rice)
 * İskender (specialty of Bursa, served in an oblong plate, atop a base of pide (thin flatbread similar to pita), with a dash of pepper or tomato sauce and boiling fresh butter). "Kebapçı İskender" is trademarked by Yavuz İskenderoğlu, whose family still runs the restaurant in Bursa.
 * Dürüm, wrapped in a thin lavaş that is sometimes also grilled after being rolled, to make it crispier. It has two main variants in mainland Turkey:
 * Soslu dürüm or SSK (sos, soğan, kaşar; in English: sauce, onion, cheese) (specialty of Ankara, contains İskender kebap sauce, making it juicier)
 * Kaşarlı dürüm döner (speciality of Istanbul, grated kaşar cheese is put in the wrap which is then toasted to melt the cheese and crisp up the lavaş)
 * Tombik or gobit (literally "the chubby", döner in a bun-shaped pita, with crispy crust and soft inside, and generally less meat than a dürüm)
 * Ekmekarası ("between bread", generally the most filling version, consisting of a whole (or a half) regular Turkish bread filled with döner)

Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan, döner kebab (dönər), served similarly to the European style of sandwich wrapped in lavaş (flatbread) or in çörәk (bread, including tandoor bread), is one of the most widespread fast foods. It is usually made with әt (meat, essentially lamb or mutton), but sometimes toyuq (chicken).

Japan
In Japan, döner kebabs are now common, especially in Tokyo. They are predominantly made of chicken but occasionally beef, and called simply "kebab". The toppings include shredded lettuce or cabbage, sliced tomato, and usually a choice of sauces such as Thousand Islands, spicy, and garlic.

Vietnam
Döner kebab is increasingly becoming popular in Vietnam, mostly because of Vietnamese who used to live in Germany and introduced it to their homeland. Throughout Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City many döner kebab stalls can be found. Bánh mỳ Döner Kebab, the Vietnamese version of the döner kebab, has some fundamental differences with the original döner kebab. First of all, pork is used instead of beef and lamb. Second, the meat is topped with sour vegetables and chili sauce.

Austria
Döner kebab shops can be found in all cities across Austria. Kebabs (often referred to as "Döner") outsell burgers or the traditional Würstel (sausage).

Finland
In Finland, döner kebabs gained popularity after the 90s, when Turkish and other Middle-Eastern immigrants started to arrive in the country in considerable numbers, opening restaurants and importing their traditional dishes. Kebabs are generally seen as fast food, often served by late-night pizzerias.

France
Turkish immigrants also brought doner kebab to France, where it became especially popular with the country's large North African population, in the 1980s. A typical kebab consists of bread stuffed with döner meat shavings, lettuce, sliced tomato and onions, with a choice of sauce including sauce blanche, a mayo-yogurt sauce. Kebabs are usually served with french fries, often stuffed into the bread itself. In Paris, this variation is called Sandwich grec ("Greek sandwich"). Doner kebab is the third most popular fast food in France, next to hamburgers and pizza, with more than 10,000 kebab shops selling about 300 million a year.

Germany
In Germany, the earliest claim to the introduction of Turkish döner kebab dates to 1969, when Bursa native Nevzat Salim and his father started to sell Iskender Kebap in Reutlingen. However, the Association of Turkish Döner Producers in Europe (ATDID) connects the wide popularization of the dish to the stand of Turkish guest worker Kadir Nurman at West Berlin's Zoo Station in 1972, which helped establish the döner kebab sandwich as a fast food option. While the claims of multiple persons to have "invented" the döner may be hard to prove, the further development of modern döner sandwich is connected to the city of Berlin.

The döner kebap as it was first served in Berlin contained only meat, onions and a bit of salad. Over time, it developed into a dish with abundant salad, vegetables, and a selection of sauces to choose from. Even orders placed in the Turkish language in Berlin will ask for the hot sauce using the German word "scharf", flagging the hybrid nature of the Berlin style of döner kebap. This variation served with pita bread has influenced the style of döner kebap in Germany and in other nations. A 2007 survey showed that many people consider the döner kebab to be the most characteristic food of Berlin.

Annual sales of döner kebabs in Germany amounted to €2.5 billion in 2010. Beef or veal, and chicken, are widely used instead of the more expensive lamb. Turkey (Truthahn) and vegetarian versions have become increasingly popular.

Tarkan Taşyumruk, president of the Association of Turkish Döner Producers in Europe (ATDID), provided information in 2010 that, every day, more than 400 tonnes of döner kebab meat is produced in Germany by around 350 firms. At the same ATDID fair, Taşyumruk stated that, "Annual sales in Germany amount to €2.5 billion. That shows we are one of the biggest fast-foods in Germany." In many cities throughout Germany, döner kebabs are at least as popular as hamburgers or sausages, especially with young people.

In 2011 there were over 16,000 establishments selling döner kebabs in Germany, with yearly sales of €3.5 billion.

Netherlands
Kapsalon is a Dutch food item consisting of French fries topped with döner or shawarma meat, garlic sauce, and a layer of Gouda cheese, baked or broiled until melted, and then subsequently covered with a layer of dressed salad greens and more sauce. The dish is usually served as fast food in a disposable metal tray. The term kapsalon means "hairdressing salon" or "barbershop" in Dutch, alluding to hairdresser Nathaniel Gomes who originated the dish when he requested his local kebab shop in Rotterdam to prepare it for him.

United Kingdom
Introduced by Turkish immigrants, the döner kebab with salad and sauce is a very popular dish in the United Kingdom, especially after a night out. The meat is sometimes sold on its own, but more commonly with chips (fries), in naan bread or in pita bread. German Doner Kebab is a Glasgow-based chain operating 100 restaurants in the UK, which specialises in the dish.

Canada
A variation known as donair was introduced in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the early 1970s. There are competing claims about the origin, but according to Halifax resident Leo Gamoulakos, his father, Greek immigrant Peter Gamoulakos, started selling Greek-style gyros at Velos Pizza in the Halifax suburb of Bedford. It did not catch on with the public, so in 1972 he modified the customary pork and lamb recipe by using spiced ground beef, Lebanese flatbread, and inventing the distinctive sweet donair sauce made with condensed milk, vinegar, sugar, and garlic. He called it by the doner name rather than gyros, but it came to be pronounced, and spelled, as donair. In 1973 Gamoulakos opened the first King of Donair restaurant on Quinpool Road in Halifax. In 2015, Halifax named donair the city's official food. Historically found only in Atlantic Canada, the dish's popularity has expanded to other parts of Canada in various forms.

Mexico
Al pastor is a variation of döner kebab via Lebanese shawarma. Literally "in the style of the shepherd", it references the lamb often used in shawarma, though it is normally made with pork.

United States
Doner kebab is best known in the United States in its Greek variation, now known as gyros. Numerous people have made competing claims to have introduced the dish sometime in the 1960s, and its mass-production in the 1970s. Originally known in Greece as ντονέρ (doner), by 1970 in the United States the newly coined name gyros was commonly in use, though it was still known in some Greek restaurants by both names into the 1970s. It was also available, possibly later, in some Turkish restaurants. In recent years a number of restaurants and food trucks specializing in döner kebab have opened in various parts of the country; a substantial percentage are owned by German immigrants.

Australia
With a multicultural population, the doner kebab in Australia competes with the Greek gyros and the Lebanese shawarma. Kebab sellers are subject to strict government food safety regulations.

A halal snack pack is a dish that originated in Australia. It consists of halal-certified doner kebab meat, chips (french fries), and sauces such as chili, garlic and barbecue. It is traditionally served in a styrofoam container, and has been described as a staple dish of takeaway kebab shops in Australia. The name of the dish was selected by the Macquarie Dictionary as the "People's choice Word of the Year" for 2016.

Health concerns
Health concerns regarding döner kebab, including the hygiene involved in overnight storage and re-heating of partially cooked meat, its quality, as well as high salt, fat, and calorie levels, have been reported in the media. Some investigations have found poor-quality ingredients in döner kebab meat, or meat types other than what was advertised. Food safety regulations in most developed countries address the dangers of bacteria in undercooked meat of all kinds sold to the public. Some have guidelines specific to döner kebab handling and preparation. Following several outbreaks of E. coli food poisoning, the Canadian government in 2008 introduced a number of recommendations, including that the meat should be cooked a second time after being sliced from the rotisserie. In Germany, any döner kebab meat placed onto the rotisserie must be sold the same day. It is a violation of health regulations to freeze partially cooked meat for sale at a later date.

title: Doner kebab


text:
Kari Wuhrer

Kari Samantha Wuhrer (born April 28, 1967) is an American actress, model, and singer. She is known for her time as hostess of the MTV game show Remote Control (1988–1989), and for her portrayals of Abigail on USA Network's Swamp Thing (1991–1992) and Maggie Beckett on the Fox/Syfy series Sliders (1997–2000). Wuhrer has appeared in horror films such as Anaconda (1997), Eight Legged Freaks (2002), King of the Ants (2003), The Hitcher II: I've Been Waiting (2003), Hellraiser: Deader (2005), two entries in the Prophecy series (both 2005), and Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014). Gamers also know her for her role as Agent Tanya in cutscenes of Westwood Studios' real-time strategy video game Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 and its subsequent expansion pack, Yuri's Revenge. She also provided the voice of Maria Hill for Disney XD's The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (2010–2012).

Early life
Wuhrer was born in Brookfield, Connecticut, the daughter of Karin (née Noble), a payroll accountant, and German-American Andrew Wuhrer, a police officer and car salesman. She has three siblings. As a teenager, she sang in nightclubs, sneaking out of the family home to perform. She studied acting from the age of 13 at the Wooster School, then studied drama at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, Marymount Manhattan College, Columbia University, and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art with famed teacher Uta Hagen.

Career
Wuhrer's first television break was MTV's Remote Control (1987). She was a regular cast member of the television series Swamp Thing from 1991 to 1992. She also worked as a VJ on MTV during the same period. In 1993, she was a regular in the TV series Class of '96, where she played college student Robin Farr. From 1994 to 1995, she starred as Ariel Hunter in the long-running primetime soap opera Beverly Hills, 90210.

During this period, she appeared in The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990) and starred in Beastmaster 2: Through the Portal of Time (1991). In 1995, she also had a supporting role in the John Singleton film Higher Learning, followed by Thinner (1996), Anaconda (1997), and Kissing a Fool (1998).

Wuhrer returned to television in 1997 on the series Sliders as Maggie Beckett, joining the cast as a regular and staying until the series ended in 2000. Wuhrer also guest-starred in the TV series Leverage.

Wuhrer signed a record deal with Rick Rubin, and her only album, Shiny, was released in 1999 by Del-Fi Records. In addition to her singing, she wrote most of the songs on the album and played both the guitar and the flute on several tracks. Wuhrer made a disastrous appearance on Late Night with Conan O'Brien to promote the album. She began by joking that she could not stand comedian Steven Wright, who was already on the stage and looked surprised that she knew him. Her rambling into random topics was roundly criticized as immature for a 32-year-old who had been in the industry for a long time.

Her later mainstream film roles include Berserker (2001) and Eight Legged Freaks (2002). She was an executive producer of the direct-to-video film Spider's Web, with Stephen Baldwin, of which Wuhrer said: "The pace of making this movie, it was extreme. It was the longest day imaginable...".

Wuhrer is also known by gamers for her role as Agent Tanya in cutscenes of Westwood Studios' real-time strategy video game Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 and its subsequent expansion pack, Yuri's Revenge.

Wuhrer was later voted number 76 on the FHM 100 Sexiest Women of 2000, number 73 in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World of 2001, and number 36 in Maxim magazine's 50 Sexiest Women Countdown of 1999. She posed seminude in Playboy in August 2000 as their Babe of the Month and earlier considered multiple offers to appear fully nude throughout 1998. She was also No. 64 on Celebrity Skin's 100 Sexiest Stars of All Time and No. 4 in the Celebrity Nudity Database's Most Popular Actresses of 1999.

Her breast implants encapsulated during the filming of Spider's Web, so she had them removed in 2002.

From February 3, 2005, through November 2005, Wuhrer joined the cast of the daytime soap opera General Hospital as FBI Agent Reese Marshall, the former love interest of mobster Sonny Corinthos and former best friend/rival of Carly Corinthos. Wuhrer's character died after suffering injuries in a train wreck. In January 2006, Wuhrer announced that she was suing General Hospital, claiming that she was fired because of her pregnancy.

Personal life
She was married to her first husband Daniel Salin in 1995. This union ended in divorce in 1999. Wuhrer married her second husband James Scura in 2003. Her son Enzo was born January 2004. Wuhrer welcomed her second child and first daughter, Evangeline Lotus, with husband James Scura. She was born on March 27, 2006, joining her two-year-old brother Enzo. Her third child and second daughter Echo Luna Scura was born on September 8, 2008.

title: Kari Wuhrer


text: Category:Cuban athletes

title: Category:Cuban athletes