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Arnold Leese

Arnold Spencer Leese (16 November 1878 – 18 January 1956) was a British fascist politician. Leese was initially prominent as a veterinary expert on camels. A virulent anti-Semite, he led his own fascist movement, the Imperial Fascist League, and was a prolific author and publisher of polemics both before and after the Second World War.

Early life and education
Leese was born on 16 November 1878 in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire, England, the son of Spencer Leese, a manufacturer and artist. He was a nephew of Sir Joseph Francis Leese, 1st Baronet (1845–1914), and a second cousin of Sir Oliver Leese, 3rd Baronet (1894–1978).

Leese was educated at Giggleswick School. An only child, his childhood was characterised by loneliness. The death of his father in 1894 left the family in financial difficulties, forcing Leese to leave boarding school. He nonetheless attended the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons thanks to the financial help of his grandfather.

Veterinary career
After graduating in 1903, Leese first worked as an equine clinician in London, then accepted a post at the Civil Veterinary Department in India in 1907, where he became an expert on the camel. He worked in India for six years, largely along the North-West Frontier, then was transferred to Italian Somaliland to work for the East Africa Government's veterinary department, where he was posted at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

Leese was recognised as a leading authority on the camel and published several articles on this animal and its maladies, the first appearing in The Journal of Tropical Veterinary Science in 1909. A camel parasite, Thelazia leesei was named after him by Louis-Joseph Alcide Railliet in 1910. In 1927, he published A Treatise on the One-Humped Camel in Health and in Disease, which would remain a standard work in India for fifty years.

During the First World War, Leese was commissioned in the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, then served as a Camel Purchase Officer to the Somaliland Remount Commission with the Camel Corps, and in France on the Western Front as a Veterinary Officer for the Advanced Horse Transport Depot. During the war, he married May Winifred King, the daughter of his former landlord. Leese returned to England and settled in Stamford, Lincolnshire, practising as a vet until retirement in June 1928.

Fascist activist
In the early 1920s, Leese became interested in Italian Fascism and he developed a fascination with the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. In April 1923, he wrote a short pamphlet, Fascism for Old England, praising the Duce and highlighting the "significance of fascism for Britain". He joined the British Fascists (BF) soon after its creation in May 1923, establishing his own branch in Stamford in March 1924, which soon gained 80 members. Leese despised however the BF policy of allowing former socialists and Jews in the party, contending that it was "honeycombed" with communist infiltrators. He further wrote that the BF "did not understand Fascism at all", the true nature of which was to Leese a "revolt against democracy and a return to statesmanship". An animal lover, he also claimed that the style of slaughter practised in Judaism influenced his anti-semitism.

Leese joined the Centre International d'Études sur le Fascisme (CINEF), an international 'think tank' based in Switzerland whose aim was the promotion of fascism, and served as its British correspondent. He also became close to one of his neighbours, the economist Arthur Kitson, a member of The Britons. Their friendship lasted until Kitson's death in 1937. The latter persuaded Leese that control of money was the key to power and that money was ultimately controlled by the Jews. Kitson supplied him with a copy of the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, on which Leese wrote, "Everything in this little book rang true, I simply could not put it down until I had finished it." Leese also revered The Britons' founder Henry Hamilton Beamish as an anti-Jewish "pioneer". In 1924, he was elected a councillor to Stamford Borough Council along with fellow fascist Harry Simpson, becoming the first elected fascist councillors in Britain. The British Fascists had generally chosen not to intervene in "the despised democratic system", and Leese's own contempt for democracy seems to have been paradoxically reinforced by the election. He wrote, "Many people I knew voted for me because I had cured their pigs or pets and without the slightest idea what I stood for".

Leese was generally unsatisfied with the policies of the British Fascists, dismissing them as "conservatism with knobs on". In 1925, he and Simpson joined a splinter group of the BF, the National Fascisti (NF), renamed in July 1926 the British National Fascists (BNF). Leese took the Stamford BF branch over to the BNF and, following the collapse of the BNF in May 1927, founded the 'Fascist League' from the remnants of the Stamford BNF. In October 1927, he stepped down as a councillor after having served a single term, and retired in June 1928, at 50, before moving to Guildford, Surrey.

Imperial Fascist League
In 1929, Leese established his own organization, the Imperial Fascist League (IFL). The movement was initially modelled more along the lines of Italian fascism but, under the influence of Henry Hamilton Beamish, it began to focus on anti-semitism. The IFL and its extensive publishing interests were funded out of Leese's own pocket. In 1932, Oswald Mosley approached Leese with the aim of absorbing the IFL into his own British Union of Fascists. Although relations between the two men were initially cordial (Leese had addressed a New Party meeting on 27 April 1932 on the theme of "The Blindness of British Politics under the Jew Money-Power" that was chaired by Mosley), Leese soon attacked Mosley for his failure to deal with the "Jewish question", and he eventually labelled Mosley's group "kosher fascists".

Leese's anti-semitism had become his defining political characteristic by that point and it came to take on an increasingly conspiratorial and hysterical tone. This increased after Leese visited Germany and met Julius Streicher, and he subsequently remodelled the IFL newspaper The Fascist along the lines of Der Stürmer. His antisemitism took on the theme of the Aryan race as the creator of civilisation and culture and he claimed that the Aryan was in a permanent struggle with the Jew, the outcome of which would determine the future completely. His views, which extended to proposing as early as 1935 the mass murder of Jews by the use of gas chambers, earned him a prison sentence in 1936. In 1936, Leese and fellow IFL member and printer Walter Whitehead were tried on six counts related to two articles published in the July issue of The Fascist entitled "Jewish Ritual Murder", which later appeared as a pamphlet. They were found guilty on two counts. Leese was sentenced to six months in prison for seditious libel "with intent to create ill will between his Majesty's subjects of the Jewish faith and those not of the Jewish faith so as to create a public mischief." Whitehead was fined £20. The judge berated Leese at sentencing."'I am satisfied that nothing can be more mischievous to the public weal than the circulation of statements of this kind. I can appreciate that behind what you have done there is possibly a belief amounting in its intensity almost to fanaticism with regard to the truth or otherwise of these statements.  That the public well-being can be served by the publication of stuff of this kind -- and I call it 'stuff' advisably -- I cannot imagine.  Nothing can be more harmful to the public weal than that.'"Upon his release, he edited another pamphlet entitled My Irrelevant Defence, a lengthy work in defence of his earlier claim that Jewish Passover celebrations included the sacrifice of Christian children. He also used materials distributed by the Welt-Dienst news service headed by Ulrich Fleischhauer and wrote for it.

Second World War
Leese was one of the last leaders of the fascist movement to be interned in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the Second World War under the Defence Regulation 18B. Leese, who claimed that his primary loyalty was to Britain, had been somewhat critical of Adolf Hitler since the start of the war and he reacted with bitter anger when an internment order was issued for him in June 1940. Having set up a series of hideouts from which he published several pamphlets that were critical of the war, he evaded capture until 9 November 1940. Still enraged by what he saw as a slur on his patriotism, Leese violently resisted arrest and smashed up his holding cell. Leese saw the war as a "Jew's War" but he strongly repudiated the Hitler-Stalin Pact and castigated the Nazis for their invasion of Norway. (Leese labelled his political creed "Racial Fascism" because he disliked the term "National Socialism" which was used by the Nazis, although he and other members of the IFL supported Nazi anti-semitism). He was released from detention in 1944 on health grounds following a major operation.

At the close of the War, he offered to testify at William Joyce's trial. Along with Beamish he was prepared to give evidence on the "Jewish issue" at Nuremberg in defence of the Nazis. Leese described the Nuremberg Trials as a "Jewish and Masonic affair, like the procedure in this country under '18.B'; it is an act of Revenge".

Post-war activity
Soon after the end of the Second World War, Leese set up his own "Jewish Information Bureau" and began publishing his own journal, Gothic Ripples, which was largely concerned with attacking the Jews. He believed that there were 2.5m Jews in Britain at the time, seven times the actual number. The magazine also contained a strongly anti-black racist bent, with a regular column entitled "Nigger Notes" appearing. Gothic Ripples was an early proponent of what would come to be known as Holocaust denial, noting in 1953 that "The fable of the slaughter of six million Jews by Hitler has never been tackled by Gothic Ripples because we take the view that we would have liked Hitler even better if the figure had been larger; we are so 'obsessed with anti-semitism' that we believe that as long as the destruction was done in a humane manner, it was to the advantage of everyone ... if it had been true. However, it wasn't."

In 1946, Leese and six others, Emanuel John William Alford, Leslie Raymond Alford, Alfred McCarthy, Alfred John Robert McCarthy, Frederick Tom Edmunds, and Anthony William Gittens, were arrested for aiding two escaped Dutch prisoners of war who had been members of the Waffen-SS and were planning to flee to Argentina. At his trial, Edmunds openly admitted that he was a fascist. Gittens had joined the Britons in 1924, and served as its secretary from 1950 until his death in 1973. He joined the Imperial Fascist League in the 1930s and founded their branch in Kentish Town. In the late 1960s, he joined the National Front and worked closed with its founder, A. K. Chesterton.

Leese and his six accomplices were each found guilty sentenced to one year in prison for their roles in the attempted escape. Leese was released from prison in November 1947. In 1948, Leese formed the National Workers Movement in London. In December 1950 he stood trial for criminal libel on Harold Scott, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, but was acquitted. In 1951, he published his autobiography Out of Step: Events in the Two Lives of an Anti-Jewish Camel Doctor.

Leese acted as mentor to Colin Jordan and John Tyndall, the "most significant figures on the extreme right since the 1960s". After his death, his widow, May Winifred Leese (died 1974), helped fund far-right groups. His London house, 74 Princedale Road, Holland Park, was left to Jordan, and became known as 'Arnold Leese House'. The property became Jordan's base of operations, housing the White Defence League, the National Socialist Movement and other far-right operations.

Leese died 18 January 1956, aged 77.

Works

 * Articles
 * "The Jewish Method of Cattle Slaughter: The Legalised Cruelty of Shechita". 1940.
 * "Chinese Communism?". Gothic Ripples, No. 49, 28 February 1949.
 * "The Destruction of India: Its Cause and Prevention". Undated.

 * Books
 * My Irrelevant Defence: Being Meditations Inside Gaol and Out on Jewish Ritual Murder. London: The I.F.L. Printing and Publishing Co., 1938.
 * Swedish translation: Mitt Irrelevanta Försvar varandes Betraktelser bakom galler och ute om Judiska Ritualmord.
 * Judaism in Action. New and enlarged edition, 1964.
 * Gentile Folly: The Rothschilds. London: Angles News Service, 1940.
 * The Jewish War of Survival. Arnold S. Leese, January 1945.
 * Out of Step: Events in Two Lives of an Anti-Jewish Camel-Doctor. Guildford, UK. 1951.
 * Excerpts available.
 * The Era Of World Ruin! (The Era Of Democracy). Undated.

 * Pamphlets
 * Our Jewish Aristocracy. London: Imperial Fascist League, 1936. . 18 pages.
 * Reprint: Hollywood, California: Sons of Liberty, 1936. 8 pages.
 * The Mass Madness of Sept. 1938 and its Jewish Cause. London: Imperial Fascist League, 1938. . 15 pages.
 * The Edict of Expulsion of 1290: A catalogue of recorded history surrounding Jewry under Angevin Kings of England, leading up to the Edict of Expulsion by King Edward I (Co-authored with Geoffrey H. Smith). Undated.

title: Arnold Leese


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title: User:Spleeman/Sam Spade/links


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Discount store

A discount store or discounter offers a retail format in which products are sold at prices that are in principle lower than an actual or supposed "full retail price". Discounters rely on bulk purchasing and efficient distribution to keep down costs.

Types (United States)
Discount stores in the United States may be classified into different types:

Hypermarkets (superstores)
Discount superstores such as Walmart or Target sell general merchandise in a big-box store; many have a full grocery selection and are thus hypermarkets, though that term is not generally used in North America. In the 1960s and 1970s the term "discount department store" was used, and chains such as Kmart, Zodys and TG&Y billed themselves as such. The term "discount department store" or "off-price department store" is sometimes applied to big-box discount retailers of apparel and home goods, such as Ross Dress for Less, Marshalls, TJ Maxx, and Burlington.

Category killers
So-called category killer stores, specialize in one type of merchandise and sell it in big-box stores. Examples include:
 * Apparel: Ross Dress for Less, Marshalls, Burlington, etc.
 * Pet supplies: Petco, PetSmart
 * Home furnishings and accessories: Big Lots, HomeGoods
 * Office supplies: Staples, Office Depot, OfficeMax

Warehouse clubs
When membership is required, discount superstores are known as warehouse clubs, and often require purchases of larger sizes or quantities of goods than a regular superstore. The main national chains, both of which have operations outside the U.S., are Costco and Sam's Club.

Discount grocery store
Major discount grocery store retail chains in the U.S. include Aldi, Lidl, Save-A-Lot and Grocery Outlet. Currently Aldi and Lidl are the largest discount retailers in the world operating more than 25,000 discount stores worldwide between them.

Variety stores, dollar stores, five and dimes
Variety stores in the U.S. today, are most commonly known as dollar stores such as Dollar General, Family Dollar and Dollar Tree, which sell goods usually only at a single price-point or multiples thereof (£1, $2, etc.). During the early and mid-twentieth century they were commonly known as "five and dimes" or "dime stores". Stores of the main chains, Woolworth's, J. J. Newberry and S. S. Kresge, lined the shopping streets of U.S. downtowns and suburbs, and starting in the 1950s they also opened branches in shopping malls. These chains originally sold items for 5, 10 or 25 cents, but many later moved to a model with flexible price points, with a variety of general merchandise at discounted prices, in formats smaller than today's discount superstores.

United States
During the period from the 1950s to the late 1980s, discount stores were more popular than the average supermarket or department store in the United States. There were hundreds of discount stores in operation, with their most successful period occurring during the mid-1960s in the U.S. with discount store chains such as Kmart, Ames, Two Guys, Gibson's Discount Center, E. J. Korvette, Mammoth Mart, Fisher's Big Wheel, Zayre, Bradlees, Caldor, Jamesway, Howard Brothers Discount Stores, Kuhn's-Big K (sold to Walmart in 1981), TG&Y and Woolco (closed in 1983, part sold to Wal-Mart) among others.

Walmart, Kmart, and Target all opened their first locations in 1962. Kmart was a venture of S. S. Kresge Company that was a major operator of dime stores. Other retail companies branched out into the discount store business around that time as adjuncts to their older store concepts. As examples, Woolworth opened a Woolco chain (also in 1962); Montgomery Ward opened Jefferson Ward; Chicago-based Jewel-Osco launched Turn Style; and Central Indiana-based L. S. Ayres created Ayr-Way. J. C. Penney opened discount stores called Treasure Island or The Treasury; Sheboygan, Wisconsin based H. C. Prange Co. opened a chain of discount stores called Prange Way, and Atlanta-based Rich's owned discount stores called Richway.

During the late 1970s and the 1980s, these chains typically were either shut down or sold to a larger competitor. Kmart and Target themselves are examples of adjuncts, although their growth prompted their respective parent companies to abandon their older concepts (the S. S. Kresge five and dime store disappeared, while the Dayton-Hudson Corporation eventually divested itself of its department store holdings and renamed itself Target Corporation).

In the United States, discount stores had 42% of the overall retail market share in 1987; in 2010, they had 87%.

Many of the major discounters now operate "supercenters", which adds a full-service grocery store to the traditional format. The Meijer chain in the Midwest consists entirely of supercenters, while Wal-Mart and Target have focused on the format as of the 1990s as a key to their continued growth. Although discount stores and department stores have different retailing goals and different markets, a recent development in retailing is the "discount department store", such as Sears Essentials, which is a combination of the Kmart and Sears formats, after the companies' merger as Sears Holdings Corporation.

Canada
Woolworths entered Canada in the 1920s, the stores were converted to the Foot Locker, Champs Sports and other stores in 1994. Kresge's, a competitor to Woolworth's entered the Canadian market in 1929.

Zellers was founded in 1931, and was acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1978. Giant Tiger opened its first store in Ottawa in 1961, modeled on Woolworths. Winners was founded in 1982 in Toronto, and sells off-price brand clothing. Costco entered Canada in 1986. In 1990, the American chain Walmart purchased the Woolco chain in Canada and converted the stores into Walmarts. Dollarama was founded in Quebec in 1992. In 1998, Zellers bought out Kmart Canada, taking over its stores.

In 2011, Marshalls, owned by the American TJX Companies, entered Canada, and Zellers sold most of its stores to Target. Target Canada filed for bankruptcy in 2015, selling its stores to Walmart, Lowe's and Canadian Tire.

In 2016, the Hudson's Bay Company started opening Saks Off 5th locations to sell off-price brands. American off-price chain Nordstrom Rack opened its first Canadian location in Vaughan Mills in 2018.

 * Food Basics discount supermarket.
 * No frills discount supermarket.

Transnationals

 * Aldi
 * BİM
 * Costco
 * Daiso
 * Dia (supermarket chain)
 * Lidl
 * Netto (store)
 * Penny
 * TJX Companies
 * Usave
 * Walmart

By country
Outside the United States and Canada, the main discount store chains listed by country are as follows:

Australia

 * Aldi
 * Big W owned by Woolworths Group
 * Kmart, Target owned by Wesfarmers
 * Harris Scarfe owned by Spotlight Group
 * The Reject Shop
 * Cheap as Chips, Dollars and Sense, Shiploads, Red Dot.

Argentina

 * Dia

Austria

 * Lidl
 * Aldi
 * Penny

Angola

 * Usave

Belgium

 * Aldi
 * Lidl

Botswana

 * Usave

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Lidl

Brazil

 * Dia (supermarket chain)

Bulgaria

 * Lidl
 * Kam Market

Chile

 * Justo y Bueno

China

 * Aldi

Colombia

 * Tiendas D1
 * ARA (Jerónimo Martins)
 * Dollarcity
 * Ísimo, formerly Justo Y Bueno

Costa Rica

 * Pali
 * Pequeno Mundo

Croatia

 * Eurospin
 * Lidl

Cyprus

 * Lidl

Czech

 * Lidl

Denmark

 * Aldi
 * Lidl
 * REMA 1000

Greece

 * Lidl

Guatemala

 * Super del Barrio
 * Despensa Familiar
 * Dollar City

Egypt

 * BIM

El Salvador

 * Dollar City
 * Dollar City

Estonia

 * Lidl

Eswatini

 * Usave
 * Boxer superstores

Finland

 * Lidl
 * HalpaHalli
 * Kärkkäinen
 * Puuilo
 * Tokmanni

Germany
Major chains of discount supermarkets in Germany are Aldi, Lidl, Netto Marken-Discount, Netto (store), Norma and Penny.

Latvia

 * Lidl

Hungary

 * Aldi
 * Lidl

Ireland

 * Aldi
 * Lidl

Kenya

 * Jaza Discount

Lithuania

 * Lidl

Luxembourg

 * Aldi
 * Lidl

Italy
Italy has numerous discount supermarkets, including Lidl and EuroSpin, the chains with the largest number of stores, and Aldi, Discount Dial, Dpiù, MD Discount, Penny, Todis and Tuodì.

Japan
Japan has numerous discount stores, including Costco, Daiso, Don Quijote (store) and The Price (owned by Ito Yokado).

Malaysia

 * Eco-shop
 * Mr Dollar

Malta

 * Lidl

Malawi

 * Usave

Mexico

 * Tiendas Neto
 * Tiendas 3B
 * Superissste
 * Waldo's
 * Bodega Aurrera

Lesotho

 * Usave

Morocco

 * BIM

Mozambique

 * Usave

Namibia

 * Usave

Netherlands
Action, Euroland, Solow, Big Bazar and Zeeman. In addition, the German discount supermarkets Lidl and Aldi both operate in the country.

New Zealand

 * PAKnSAVE

North Macedonia

 * KAM Market

Norway

 * REMA 1000

Peru

 * Tiendas Mass

Philippines

 * Dali Everyday Grocery
 * O!Save

Poland
Discount supermarkets cover about 30% of food sales in Poland. Main chains include Biedronka, Lidl, Netto, and Aldi.

Portugal

 * Aldi
 * Lidl
 * Minipreço / Dia (supermarket chain)
 * Plus sold to Jerónimo Martins

Panama

 * Justo Y Bueno

Romania

 * lidl
 * Penny

Russia

 * 365+
 * Chizhik
 * Dobrocen
 * Dixy
 * Fix Price
 * Moya Tsena
 * Nizkotsen
 * Pervy Vybor
 * Pobeda

 * Svetofor
 * Mayak (larger stores)

Former

 * Atac
 * Holdi
 * Kopeyka

Serbia

 * Lidl
 * Svetofor
 * Super Discount
 * Leon Discount

Slovakia

 * Lidl

Slovenia

 * Aldi
 * Eurospin
 * Lidl

South Africa

 * Wellsave
 * Devland Hyper
 * Foodeez
 * Looters Slashed price warehouse
 * Usave
 * Boxer Superstores
 * Deals Superstores

Spain

 * Dia (supermarket chain)
 * Aldi
 * Lidl
 * Mere

Sweden

 * Biltema
 * DollarStore owned by Tokmanni
 * Lidl
 * Rusta (company)
 * ÖoB

Switzerland

 * Aldi
 * Lidl

Turkey

 * BİM, File (company)
 * A101 (company)
 * Şok Market owned by Yıldız Holding
 * Hakmar

Ukraine

 * ATB

United Kingdom

 * Aldi
 * B & M
 * Farmfoods
 * Home Bargains
 * Lidl
 * Poundland
 * Poundstretcher

Venezuela

 * Tiendas Ovejita
 * Tiendas Daka

title: Discount store


text:
User talk:198.151.12.10

Welcome

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title: User talk:198.151.12.10


text:
User:IsarSteve

Some of my contributions can be found in these articles:
 * [[Image:Coat_of_arms_of_Berlin.svg|50px|State flag of Berlin]] Berlin including Prenzlauer Berg, Schöneberg, Motzstraße, Viktoria-Luise-Platz, U-Bahn, S-Bahn, Tram, Alfred Grenander, Marlene Dietrich, David Bowie, Hilde Hildebrand, Martin Gropius, Friedrich Hollaender,.
 * [[Image: DEU Hamburg COA.svg|50px]] Hamburg including U-Bahn, S-Bahn, Hans Albers, Gustav Gründgens
 * [[Image:Arms_of_the_Greater_London_Council.svg|50px]]  London including Tottenham, Northern & Eastern Railway, Tottenham & Hampstead Junction Railway, Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway, Palace Gates Line, Woodford, London Transport, Trams in London, Kingsway tramway subway, List of bus routes in London,London postal district, London Post Office Railway, George Shillibeer, Harry Champion.
 * [[Image:Muenchen_Kleines_Stadtwappen.svg|50px]] München including U-Bahn, S-Bahn, Karl Spitzweg.

 * Also:
 * Movie Stars: Esma Cannon, Elisabeth Flickenschildt, Brigitte Mira, Lilian Harvey, Grethe Weiser.
 * Public Transport including Trolleybuses & List of cities that no longer have trolleybuses,

Been there, done that!

de:User:IsarSteve

title: User:IsarSteve


text:
Aristoteles (crater)

Aristoteles is a lunar impact crater that lies near the southern edge of the Mare Frigoris and to the east of the Montes Alpes mountain range. It was officially named in 1935 after the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle by the International Astronomical Union, using the classical form of his name.

To the immediate south of Aristoteles lies the slightly smaller crater Eudoxus, and these two form a distinctive pair for a telescope observer. An arc of mountains between these craters bends to the west before joining the walls. The smaller crater Mitchell is directly attached to the eastern rim of Aristoteles. To the west is the low, flooded feature Egede.

Observers have noted the crater wall of Aristoteles is slightly distorted into a rounded hexagon shape. The inner walls are wide and finely terraced. The outer ramparts display a generally radial structure of hillocks through the extensive blanket of ejecta. The crater floor is uneven and covered in hilly ripples. Aristoteles does possess small central peaks but they are somewhat offset to the south. The interior floor appears to have been filled with a layer of material partially burying these projections.

Aristoteles is a crater of Eratosthenian age.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Aristoteles.

title: Aristoteles (crater)


text:
PyGTK

PyGTK is a set of Python wrappers for the GTK graphical user interface library. PyGTK is free software and licensed under the LGPL. It is analogous to PyQt/PySide and wxPython, the Python wrappers for Qt and wxWidgets, respectively. Its original author is GNOME developer James Henstridge. There are six people in the core development team, with various other people who have submitted patches and bug reports. PyGTK has been selected as the environment of choice for applications running on One Laptop Per Child systems.

PyGTK will be phased out with the transition to GTK version 3 and be replaced with PyGObject, which uses GObject Introspection to generate bindings for Python and other languages on the fly. This is expected to eliminate the delay between GTK updates and corresponding language binding updates, as well as reduce maintenance burden on the developers.

Syntax
The Python code below will produce a 200x200 pixel window with the words "Hello World" inside.

Notable applications that have used PyGTK
PyGTK has been used in a number of notable applications, some examples:

 * Anaconda installer
 * BitTorrent
 * Deluge
 * Emesene
 * Exaile
 * Flumotion
 * Gajim
 * gDesklets
 * Gedit (for optional Python subsystem and plugins)
 * GIMP (for optional Python scripts)
 * GNOME Sudoku
 * Gramps
 * Gwibber (microblogging client)
 * Jokosher
 * puddletag
 * PyMusique
 * Pybliographer
 * Tryton
 * ROX Desktop (includes ROX-Filer)
 * SoundConverter
 * Ubiquity (Ubuntu installer)
 * Ubuntu Software Center
 * Wing IDE
 * Comix

PyGObject
PyGObject provides a wrapper for use in Python programs when accessing GObject libraries. GObject is an object system used by GTK, GLib, GIO, GStreamer and other libraries.

Like the GObject library itself, PyGObject is licensed under the GNU LGPL, so it is suitable for use in both free software and proprietary applications. It is already in use in many applications ranging from small single-purpose scripts to large full-featured applications.

PyGObject can dynamically access any GObject libraries that use GObject Introspection. It replaces the need for separate modules such as PyGTK, GIO and python-gnome to build a full GNOME 3.0 application. Once new functionality is added to GObject library it is instantly available as a Python API without the need for intermediate Python glue.

Notable applications that use PyGObject
PyGObject has replaced PyGTK, but it has taken a considerable amount of time for many programs to be ported. Most of the software listed here has an older version which used PyGTK.

 * Ex Falso
 * Gramps
 * Meld
 * Pitivi
 * PyChess
 * Quod Libet

title: PyGTK


text: Talk:The Others (TV series)

title: Talk:The Others (TV series)


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Herman Long (baseball)

Herman C. Long (April 13, 1866 – September 16, 1909) was an American shortstop in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played for the Kansas City Cowboys, Boston Beaneaters, New York Highlanders, Detroit Tigers, and Philadelphia Phillies. Long was known for his great fielding range as a shortstop, but he also holds the MLB career record for errors.

Early life
Born in 1866, Long was a native of Chicago. His parents are thought to have been German immigrants, as Long spoke fluent German. Little else is known about Long's life up until he began playing minor league baseball in 1887 for a team in Arkansas City, Kansas. He played in Kansas City in 1888. After that season, the Kansas City team merged with the major league team in the same city.

Major League Baseball career
Long played for the Kansas City Cowboys (1889), Boston Beaneaters (1890–1902), New York Highlanders (1903), Detroit Tigers (1903), and Philadelphia Phillies (1904). From 1889 to 1902, he played over 100 games every year, had a batting average over .300 four times, and had an OPS+ over 100 seven times. He led the NL in runs scored in 1893 with 149, and he led the NL in home runs in 1900 with 12. Long helped the Beaneaters win National League championships in 1891, 1892, 1893, 1897, and 1898. During his time with the Beaneaters, he played in the infield along with first baseman Fred Tenney, second baseman Bobby Lowe, and third baseman Jimmy Collins; some considered that to be the greatest infield in baseball history. Between 1904 and 1906, Long was a player and player-manager in minor league baseball.

Long twice hit for the cycle, in 1896 and 1900, to become the first player in the Braves franchise to accomplish the feat. It was not duplicated for 121 years, until Atlanta Braves first baseman Freddie Freeman hit his second cycle during the 2021 season.

Tim Murnane, a former player-turned-baseball writer, wrote in 1894, "Long is the most brilliant ball player on the field at the present time." In 1903, future Hall of Fame pitcher Kid Nichols said of Long, "Herman Long is the greatest shortstop of them all. You can speak of your [Hughie] Jennings, and write of your [Jack] Glasscocks all you want, but this man Long at his best had them beat by a city block. Jennings was a brilliant ball player, and without doubt one of the leading players of the age, but this talk of his being better than Herman Long is all rot."

In the 2001 book The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, writer Bill James ranked Long as the 34th greatest shortstop of all-time.

Fielding
Long holds the major league record for most errors in a career (1,096). Only three other players have made more than 1,000 errors in their careers: Bill Dahlen, Deacon White, and Germany Smith. White is in the Baseball Hall of Fame. Long's total includes a record 1,070 errors committed while playing shortstop. Despite the errors, Long actually fielded slightly better than the league average for a shortstop during his career, and he was considered an excellent fielder by his contemporaries.

The seeming contradiction between a high error rate and exceptional fielding skill is attributable to the fact that Long had a greater fielding range than most shortstops. He could get to balls batted to his left and right that other fielders would not have reached; a certain percentage of these difficult plays were mishandled, resulting in Long being charged with errors on grounders and flies that lesser shortstops would not have touched (and on which they would not be charged with errors).

There was also another major factor which contributed to Long's relatively large total of career errors: the comparative abundance of errors during gameplay in 19th century professional baseball. In a typical game played in the 1800s, each team committed about ten errors (for a one-game combined total of about 20).

Death
In August 1909, The New York Times reported that Long was very sick. Several months earlier, he had moved to Denver, Colorado, because he was suffering from a lung condition. He died of tuberculosis the next month in Denver.

title: Herman Long (baseball)


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