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United States Naval Special Warfare Command

The United States Naval Special Warfare Command (USNSWC), also known as NAVSPECWARCOM and WARCOM, is the naval component of United States Special Operations Command, the unified command that oversees and conducts the nation's special operations and missions.

Originating in the unconventional naval units formed during World War II, WARCOM was established on 16 April 1987 at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado in San Diego, California. Its mission is to provide leadership, doctrinal guidance, resources, and oversight to special operations carried out in maritime and littoral environments. WARCOM specializes in a broad range of tactical areas, including unconventional warfare, direct action, counterterrorism, special reconnaissance, and personnel recovery.

WARCOM is organized primarily around eight Navy SEAL teams, three Special Boat Teams, and various supporting commands, totaling about 9,200 personnel. Units can operate independently, as part of carrier battle groups and amphibious ready groups, or integrated with other U.S. special operations forces. By using the United States Navy's ships, submarines, and overseas facilities, WARCOM forces can be deployed rapidly around the world.

Background
Today's U.S. Navy special warfare operators trace their origins to various units formed during World War II, including the Scouts and Raiders, Naval Combat Demolition Units, Office of Strategic Services Operational Swimmers, Underwater Demolition Teams, and Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons. In the Vietnam era, the Navy's special units included separate Underwater Demolition Teams (the successors to Navy Combat Demolition Units) and SEAL teams (successors to Scouts and Raiders). In 1983, the Underwater Demolition Teams were merged into the SEAL teams.

A detailed history of Naval Special Warfare, including writings by members who have served in the various NSW units, is available at the National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum website, while the facility itself has an extensive collection of related artifacts on display.

World War II
By the time the United States became involved in World War II, Adolf Hitler and the Axis forces had control over a large portion of Europe, Asia and North Africa. If the Allied forces were to stand a chance, there would have to be several full-scale landings. The U.S. Navy decided that to do the job right required sending in their own. They needed men to reconnoiter the landing beaches, take note of obstacles and defenses and ultimately guide the landing forces in. Later, during the war, the Army Engineers passed down demolition jobs to the U.S. Navy. They were to clear any obstacles and/or defenses in the nearshore area, beginning a tradition that continues today.

Scouts and Raiders
The Navy Scouts and Raiders were created before the Navy Combat Demolition Units (NCDUs). The Scouts and Raiders were first formed 15 August 1942, nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, from the Observer Group, a joint Marine Corps–Army–Navy unit. The Observer Group was the first unit trained in amphibious reconnaissance. They trained in inflatable boat insertions from submarines around the Chesapeake Bay and at the Amphibious Training Base (ATB) Little Creek in Virginia and in Fort Pierce, Florida. They were training for an intense clandestine mission in North Africa.

With US Marines limited to the Pacific Theatre of Operations, the Observer Group was disbanded, with the Marine Corps counterpart forming the Amphib Recon Company; the Army/Navy unit formed the Scouts and Raiders with the Army later leaving. The U.S. Navy began the Scouts and Raiders to provide reconnaissance and raiding missions to support amphibious landings. The unit utilized two men to platoon-sized operations to conduct raids and sabotage missions.

The unit continued its deployment to North Africa as planned, where they earned eight Navy Crosses. Robert Halperin, a former NFL football player and future Olympic medalist, received a Presidential Citation and the Navy Cross for his work during the amphibious landings in French Morocco. This was just the first of many war-time missions for the versatile Scouts and Raiders.

First group
The first group included Phil H. Bucklew, the "Father of Naval Special Warfare", after whom the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named. Commissioned in October 1942, this group saw combat in November 1942 during Operation Torch on the North African coast. Scouts and Raiders also supported landings in Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Normandy, and southern France.

Second group
A combined operations joint US-Australian unit, Special Service Unit No. 1 (SSU 1), was established on 7 July 1943. Its first mission, in September 1943, was at Finschafen on New Guinea. Later operations were at Gasmata, Arawe, Cape Gloucester, and the East and South coast of New Britain, all without any loss of personnel. Conflicts arose over operational matters, and the unit was dissolved.

The US Navy personnel from SSU 1 became the basis of the 7th Amphibious Scouts. They received a new mission, to go ashore with the assault boats, mark channels with buoys, erect markers for the incoming craft, handle casualties, take offshore soundings, blow up beach obstacles, and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore, incoming boats, and nearby ships. The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict, participating in more than 40 landings.

Scout landings were done at night during the new moon. The men were brought to a lagoon by submarine and came ashore with rubber paddle boats. They would bury the boats in the sand and begin recon. Their mission was to clear the area prior to the main Naval landing which would then take over the island. They stayed from three days to as long as seven days engaging in covert operations and "taking no prisoners". They had learned martial arts (judo) and were armed with Thompson submachine guns, sidearms and knives. The entire Navy Scouts program was strictly volunteer, since it was considered too dangerous to order men to do this job. When the island was secured, they would transmit code to the sub, which would pick them up the next night. A typical loss would be 12 men going in and 3–5 coming back alive. Sometimes only one would come back.

Third group
The third Scout and Raiders organization deployed to fight with the Sino-American Cooperative Organization (SACO) in China. Admiral Ernest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 enlisted sailors be trained for "Amphibious Roger" at the Amphibious Roger school at Fort Pierce, Florida in order to support this mission. They formed the core of what was envisioned as a "guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters, lakes and rivers employing small steamboats and sampans." Elements of the third Scouts and Raiders saw active service conducting surveys of the upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and, disguised as coolies, conducting a detailed three-month survey of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan, near Hong Kong. The majority of the force remained garrisoned at Camp Knox in Calcutta, India.

Naval Combat Demolition Units
In September 1942, 17 Navy salvage personnel arrived at ATB Little Creek, Virginia for a one-week concentrated course on demolitions, explosive cable cutting and commando raiding techniques. The units were organised into six-man teams of an officer, a petty officer and four seamen using a seven-man LCRS inflatable boat to carry their explosives and gear.

On 10 November 1942, this first combat demolition unit succeeded in cutting a cable and net barrier across the Wadi Sebou River during Operation Torch in North Africa. Their actions enabled USS Dallas (DD-199) to traverse the river and insert Army Rangers, who proceeded to capture the Port Lyautey aerodrome.

Plans for a massive cross-channel invasion of Europe had begun and intelligence indicated that the Germans were placing extensive underwater obstacles on the beaches at Normandy. On 7 May 1943, Lieutenant Commander Draper L. Kauffman, "The Father of Naval Combat Demolition," was directed to set up a school and train people to eliminate obstacles on an enemy-held beach prior to an invasion. On 6 June 1943, LCDR Kaufmann established Naval Combat Demolition Unit training at Fort Pierce. By April 1944, a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation for Operation OVERLORD, the amphibious landing at Normandy.

On 6 June 1944, in the face of great adversity, the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses. The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded, a casualty rate of 52%. Meanwhile, the NCDUs at Utah Beach met less intense enemy fire. They cleared 700 yd of beach in two hours, another 900 yd by the afternoon. Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with six killed and eleven wounded. During Operation OVERLORD, not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives.

In August 1944, NCDUs from Utah Beach participated in the landings in southern France, the last amphibious operation in the European Theater of Operations. NCDUs also operated in the Pacific theater. NCDU 2, under LTjg Frank Kaine, after whom the Naval Special Warfare Command building is named, and NCDU 3 under LTjg Lloyd Anderson, formed the nucleus of six NCDUs that served with the Seventh Amphibious Force tasked with clearing boat channels after the landings from Biak to Borneo.

OSS Operational Swimmers
Some of the earliest World War II predecessors of the SEALs were the Operational Swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services, or OSS. Many present day SEAL missions were first assigned to them. The OSS specialized in special operations, dropping operatives behind enemy lines to engage in organized guerrilla warfare as well as to gather information on such things as enemy resources and troop movements.

British Combined Operations veteran Lt Cdr Wooley, of the Royal Navy, was placed in charge of the OSS Maritime Unit in June 1943. Their training started in November 1943 at Camp Pendleton, California, moved to Santa Catalina Island, California in January 1944, and finally moved to the warmer waters of The Bahamas in March 1944. Within the U.S. military, they pioneered flexible swimfins and diving masks, closed-circuit diving equipment (under the direction of Dr. Chris Lambertsen), the use of Swimmer Delivery Vehicles (a type of submersible), and combat swimming and limpet mine attacks.

In May 1944, General Donovan, the head of the OSS, divided the unit into groups. He loaned Group 1, under Lieutenant Arthur Choate Jr., to Admiral Nimitz, as a way to introduce the OSS into the Pacific theater. They became part of UDT-10 in July 1944, with Lt. Commander Choate commanding the unit. Five OSS men participated in the very first UDT submarine operation with the USS Burrfish (SS-312) in the Caroline Islands in August 1944.

Beach Jumpers
Beach Jumper Unit One was formed at the Amphibious Training Base at Camp Bradford, Virginia on 16 March 1943 for deception operations to simulate large scale amphibious raids and invasions.

Underwater Demolition Teams
On 23 November 1943, the U.S. Marine landing and the subsequent battle at Tarawa Atoll emphasized the need for hydrographic reconnaissance and underwater demolition of obstacles prior to any amphibious landing. After Tarawa, 30 officers and 150 enlisted men were moved to the Waimānalo Amphibious Training Base to form the nucleus of a demolition training program. This group became Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) One and Two.

The UDTs saw their first combat on 31 January 1944, during Operation Flintlock in the Marshall Islands. FLINTLOCK became the real catalyst for the UDT training program in the Pacific Theater. In February 1944, the Naval Combat Demolition Training and Experimental Base was established at Kīhei, Maui, next to the Amphibious Base at Kamaole. Eventually, 34 UDT teams were established. Wearing swim suits, fins, and dive masks on combat operations, these "Naked Warriors" saw action across the Pacific in every major amphibious landing including: Eniwetok, Saipan, Guam, Tinian, Angaur, Ulithi, Peleliu, Leyte, Lingayen Gulf, Zambales, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Labuan, Brunei Bay, and on 4 July 1945 at Balikpapan on Borneo, which was the last UDT demolition operation of the war.

The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of seven officers and 45 enlisted men each.

The Korean War began on 25 June 1950, when the North Korean army invaded South Korea. Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3, UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men. As part of the Special Operations Group, or SOG, UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast. On 15 September 1950, UDTs supported Operation Chromite, the amphibious landing at Incheon. UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft, scouting mud flats, marking low points in the channel, clearing fouled propellers, and searching for mines. Four UDT personnel acted as wave-guides for the Marine landing.

In October 1950, UDTs supported mine-clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers. On 12 October 1950, two U.S. minesweepers hit mines and sank. UDTs rescued 25 sailors.

The UDT's entered the Vietnam War in 1958, UDTs delivered small watercraft far up the Mekong River into Laos. In 1961, naval advisers started training South Vietnamese personnel in South Vietnam. The men were called the Liên Đoàn Người Nhái (LDNN) or Vietnamese Frogmen, which translates as "Frogmen Team."

UDT teams carried out hydrographic surveys in South Vietnam's coastal waters and reconnaissance missions of harbors, beaches and rivers often under hazardous conditions and enemy fire.

Later, the UDTs supported the Amphibious Ready Groups operating on South Vietnam's rivers creating a River Patrol Force (Task Force 116) of UDT's that operated River Patrol Boats. UDTs manned riverine patrol craft and help went ashore to demolish obstacles and enemy bunkers. They operated throughout South Vietnam, from the Mekong Delta (Sea Float), the Parrot's Beak and French canal AO's through I Corps and the Song Cui Dai estuary south of Da Nang. UDT's provided infiltration and extraction for assigned SEAL team assault squads along the rivers.

Navy SEALs and SWCC

Naval Special Warfare personnel make up less than one percent of U.S. Navy personnel. Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) and Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC) units operate across the spectrum of conflict and in operations other than war in a controlled manner; their ability to provide real time intelligence and "eyes on target", offer decision makers immediate options in the face of rapidly changing world crises.

SEALs
SEALs are Special Operations Command's force-of-choice to conduct small-unit maritime military operations which originate from, and return to a river, ocean, swamp, delta or coastline. This littoral capability is considered more important now than ever, as half the world's infrastructure and population is located within one mile (1.6 km) of an ocean or river.

Responding to President John F. Kennedy's desire for the Services to develop an Unconventional Warfare (UW) capability, the U.S. Navy established SEAL Team One and SEAL Team Two in January 1962. Formed entirely with personnel from Underwater Demolition Teams, the SEALs mission was to conduct counter guerrilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments.

Navy SEALs have distinguished themselves as an individually reliable, collectively disciplined and highly skilled maritime force. Because of the dangers inherent in NSW, prospective SEALs go through what is considered by many military experts to be the toughest training in the world. The intense physical and mental conditioning it takes to become a SEAL begins at Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training.

SEAL candidates begin BUD/S training at the Naval Special Warfare Center, NAB Coronado, California. This six-month course of instruction focuses on physical conditioning, small boat handling, diving physics, basic diving techniques, land warfare, weapons, demolitions, communications, and reconnaissance.
 * First Phase trains, develops, and assesses SEAL candidates in physical conditioning, water competency, teamwork, and mental tenacity.
 * Second (Diving) Phase trains, develops, and qualifies SEAL candidates as competent basic combat swimmers. During this period, physical training continues and becomes even more intensive. Emphasis is placed on long distance underwater dives with the goal of training students to become basic combat divers, using swimming and diving techniques as a means of transportation from their launch point to their combat objective. This is a skill that separates SEALs from all other Special Operations forces.
 * Third Phase trains, develops, and qualifies SEAL candidates in basic weapons, demolition, and small unit tactics. Third Phase concentrates on teaching land navigation, small-unit tactics, patrolling techniques, rappelling, marksmanship, and military explosives. The final three and a half weeks of Third Phase are spent at NALF San Clemente Island, where students apply all the techniques they have acquired during training.

SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams
SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams' (SDVT) historical roots began during WWII with the earliest human torpedoes to see use: Maiale, used by Italy's Decima Flottiglia MAS, and Chariots, used by British commando frogmen. Naval Special Warfare entered the wet submersible field in the 1960s when the Coastal Systems Center in Panama City, Florida developed the Mark 7, a free-flooding SDV of the type used today, and the first SDV to be used in the fleet. The Mark 8 and 9 followed in the late 1970s.

Today's Mark 8 Mod 1 provides NSW with an unprecedented capability that combines the attributes of clandestine underwater mobility and the combat swimmer. The Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS) program that would have provided NSW a new (dry) submersible for long range infiltration missions was abandoned in 2009. However, news reports have stated that USSOCOM have purchased a new dry SEAL Delivery Vehicle called the Dry Combat Submersible and will be become operational around 2018/2019.

Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen
The exclusive mission of Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC) operators is to expertly drive and provide large-caliber gunfire support on specialized high-tech, high-speed, and low-profile Surface Combatant Craft to secretly infiltrate and exfiltrate Navy SEALs on Special Operations missions worldwide. These missions include direct action on land, sea, coastline or rivers (such as strikes, captures, and ship take downs by Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure), special reconnaissance, coastal patrol and interdiction of suspect ships and surface craft, counter-terrorism operations, riverine warfare, deception operations, search and rescue operations, and foreign internal defense missions. Although SEALs and SWCC undergo different training programs, both are focused on special operations in maritime environments. The SWCC program includes extensive training on craft and weapons tactics, techniques, and procedures. Like SEALs, SWCC must show physical fitness, possess strong motivation, be combat focused, and maintain responsiveness in high stress situations.

The SWCC designation is a relatively new Naval Special Warfare career path that is independent of the regular line Navy. Today's Special Boat Teams have their origins in the PT boats of WWII and the "Brown Water" naval force onset of the Vietnam War in 1965 that later birthed the River Patrol Force (Task Force 116) of UDT's and various sailors that supported SEALs along the rivers. Patrol Coastal and Patrol Torpedo ships are the ancestors of today's Cyclone-class patrol ships and Mark V Special Operations Craft.

Structure
As of 2022, Naval Special Warfare included more than 10,000 people, including about 9,000 SEALs, SWCCs, and other military personnel and about 1,200 civilian support staff.

Naval Special Warfare Command's components include:
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 1: SEAL Teams 1, 3, 5, 7
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 2: SEAL Teams 2, 4, 8, 10
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 4: Special Boat Teams 12, 20, 22
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 8: SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 and Team 2, Logistics Support 3, Special Reconnaissance 1, Special Reconnaissance 2, Training Detachment 3, Mission Support Center
 * Mission Support Center mission is to "organize, train, educate, equip, deploy and sustain specialized intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and preparation-of-the-environment capabilities")
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 11: SEAL Teams 17, 18 (formerly Operational Support Teams 1, 2) (Navy Reserve composed of SEALs and SWCCs)
 * Naval Special Warfare Center: includes the Naval Small Craft Instruction and Technical Training School
 * Naval Special Warfare Development Group (formerly SEAL Team 6): Assigned operationally to JSOC

Inactivated Groups:
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 3: SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams 1, 2
 * Deactivated in August 2021; its subordinate units were transferred to Naval Special Warfare Group 8
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 10: NSW Support Activity One, NSW Support Activity Two, Mission Support Center
 * Established at Virginia Beach, Va. on 25 May 2011. Deactivated in August 2021; its subordinate units were transferred to Naval Special Warfare Group 8.

Global War on Terror
NSW is committed to combating the global terrorist threats. In addition to being experts in special reconnaissance and direct action missions, the skill sets needed to combat terrorism; NSW is postured to fight a dispersed enemy on their territory. NSW forces can operate from forward-deployed Navy ships, submarines and aviation mobility platforms as well as overseas bases and its own overseas units.

War in Afghanistan
In response to the attacks on America 11 September 2001, Naval Special Warfare forces put operators on the ground in Afghanistan in October. The first military flag officer to set foot in Afghanistan was a Navy SEAL, Rear Admiral Albert Calland, in charge of Special Operations Command Central (SOCCENT), which was responsible for all special operations for Central Command. Additionally, a Navy SEAL captain commanded Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF) South. Commonly referred to as Task Force K-Bar, the task force included Navy, Army, Air Force and Coalition Special Operations forces. During Operation Enduring Freedom, NSW forces carried out more than 75 special reconnaissance and direct action missions, destroying more than 500,000 pounds of explosives and weapons; positively identifying enemy personnel and conducting Leadership Interdiction Operations in the search for terrorists trying to escape by seagoing vessels.

Operation Red Wings, a counter insurgent mission in Kunar Province, Afghanistan, involved four Navy SEALs and took place on 28 June 2005. The SEALs were on a mission to try to find a key Taliban leader. However, goat herders stumbled upon their hiding place and alerted local Taliban fighters, and they were subsequently surrounded by Taliban forces. The four SEALs requested back up after the Taliban had surrounded them. In the attempt to rescue the four SEALs on the ground a Boeing CH-47 Chinook containing members of SEAL delivery team one and several Army "Nightstalker" pilots was shot down. At the time, this was the biggest single loss of life for Naval Special Warfare forces since World War II. A firefight ensued, killing three SEALs. The fourth, Marcus Luttrell, was protected by local villagers and later rescued by the U.S. military. The team leader, SEAL Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

SEAL Senior Chief Petty Officer Dan Healy was awarded the Bronze Star with Combat "V" for Valor, Purple Heart, and Afghanistan Campaign Medal, posthumously.

On the night of 1–2 May 2011, operators from Red Squadron of U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU) (aka "SEAL Team 6") raided the compound of Osama bin-Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan, killing the al-Qaeda leader and four others. The operation was codenamed "Neptune Spear" in reference to the SEAL insignia's trident.

Iraq War
Naval Special Warfare has played a significant role in Operation Iraqi Freedom, employing the largest number of SEALs and SWCCs in its history. NSW forces were instrumental in numerous special reconnaissance and direct action missions including the securing of the southern oil infrastructures of the Al Faw peninsula and the off-shore gas and oil terminals; the clearing of the Khawr Abd Allah and Khawr az-Zubayr waterways that enabled humanitarian aid to be delivered to the vital port city of Umm Qasr; reconnaissance of the Shatt al-Arab waterway; capture of high-value targets, raids on suspected chemical, biological and radiological sites; and the first POW rescue since WWII. Additionally, NSW is also fighting the war on terrorism in other global hot spots including the Philippines and the Horn of Africa.

SEAL Petty Officer Second Class Michael A. Monsoor was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in Ramadi, Iraq.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Edward S. Holden

Edward Singleton Holden (November 5, 1846 – March 16, 1914) was an American astronomer and the fifth president of the University of California.

Early years
He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1846 to Edward and Sarah Frances (Singleton) Holden. From 1862 to 1866, he attended Washington University in St. Louis, where he obtained a B.S. degree. He later trained at West Point in the class of 1870.

Career
In 1873 he became professor of mathematics at the US Naval Observatory, where he made a favorable impression on Simon Newcomb. On August 28, 1877, a few days after Asaph Hall discovered the moons of Mars Deimos and Phobos, he claimed to have found a third satellite of Mars. Further analysis showed large mistakes in his observations. He was director of Washburn Observatory at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1881 to 1885. He was elected a member of both the American National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1885. He discovered a total of 22 NGC objects during his work at Washburn Observatory.

Holden was president of the University of California from 1885 until 1888, and the first director of the Lick Observatory from 1888 until the end of 1897. He resigned as a result of internal dissent over his management among his subordinates. While at the Lick Observatory, he was the founder of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and its first president (1889–1891). He also became a member of the American Philosophical Society. Holden was awarded five honorary degrees: an M.A. degree from Washington University in 1879, an LL.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1886, an LL.D. from Columbia University in 1887, a Sc.D. from the University of the Pacific in 1896 and a Litt.D. from Fordham College in 1910.

In 1901, Holden became the librarian of the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he remained until his death. He was buried at the West Point Cemetery on March 18, 1914.

Works
He wrote many books on popular science (and on other subjects, such as flags and heraldry), including science books intended for children, for example:
 * On the Mughal Emperors.
 * Real Things In Nature. A Reading Book of Science for American Boys and Girls, 1916.
 * Real Things In Nature. A Reading Book of Science for American Boys and Girls, 1916.

Legacy
Holden was a founding member of the Cosmos Club.

The asteroid 872 Holda, the crater Holden on the Moon and the crater Holden on Mars are all named in his honor.

Family
His cousin George Phillips Bond was director of Harvard College Observatory. His grandson, also named Edward Singleton Holden, was a well known inventor with numerous patents to his name. He is credited with designing the rolled stainless steel gauge present in most modern fire extinguishers.

title: Edward S. Holden


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Giovanni de Sanctis

Giovanni de Sanctis (born 1949) is an Italian astronomer and discoverer of minor planets at the Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino (Astronomical Observatory of Turin) in Turin, Italy. His name is sometimes spelt DeSanctis, particularly in the Minor Planet Circulars. The Minor Planet Center credits him with the discovery of 42 numbered minor planets, most of which he discovered at ESO's La Silla site in northern Chile in the early 1980s.

The Vestian asteroid 3268 De Sanctis was named by Henri Debehogne in honor of his co-discoverer. Naming citation was published on 22 June 1986 (M.P.C. 10849).

title: Giovanni de Sanctis


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George R. Swift

George Robinson Swift (December 19, 1887 – September 10, 1972) was a U.S. senator from the state of Alabama. He was appointed to fill the term left by the death of John H. Bankhead, II and served in the Senate from June 15 to November 5, 1946, when a successor, John J. Sparkman, was elected. Swift was in the lumber business. He served in the Alabama House of Representatives 1931-1935 and the Alabama State Senate 1935-1939 and 1947–1951. His younger brother was U.S. Army Major General Ira P. Swift.

title: George R. Swift


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Talk:George Dubya Bush

why is this even a redirect it should just be deleted
 * I dunno. Dubya is perhaps equally insulting, but makes perfect sense as a redirect to George W. Bush.  We can't really justify redirecting Dubya if we're not going to redirect this, too, right?  --Ardonik.talk 00:14, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Dubya Bush


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Scotty

Scotty is a common nickname for a Scottish man, or for a Scottish Terrier dog.

Scotty may also refer to:

Given name or nickname

 * Scotty Alcock (1885–1973), American baseball player
 * Scotty Allan (1867–1941), American dog musher, businessman and politician
 * Scotty Anderson (born 1979), American National Football League player
 * Scotty Baesler (born 1941), American politician
 * Scotty Bahrke (born 1985), American freestyle skier specializing in aerial skiing
 * Scotty Barnhart (born 1964), American jazz trumpeter
 * Scotty Barr (1886–1934), American baseball player
 * Scotty Beckett (1929–1968), American actor
 * Scotty Bierce (1896–1982), American National Football League player and coach
 * Scotty Bloch (1925–2018), American actress
 * Scotty Boman (born 1962), American politician
 * Scotty Bowers (1923–2019), United States Marine and Hollywood pimp
 * Scotty Bowman (born 1933), Canadian retired National Hockey League head coach
 * Scotty Bowman (baseball) (1885–1912), American baseball player in the Negro leagues
 * Ralph "Scotty" Bowman (1911–1990), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Scotty Bozek (1950–2022), American épée fencer
 * Scotty Cameron (ice hockey) (1921–1993), Canadian hockey player
 * Scotty Campbell (born 1984), American politician
 * Scotty Cannon, American dragster driver
 * Scotty Cranmer (born 1987), American BMX rider
 * Scotty Crockett (born 1979), American stock car racing driver
 * Scotty Davidson (1891–1915), Canadian ice hockey player and soldier
 * Scott Davis (Scotty D) (born 1975), American songwriter and producer
 * Scotty Emerick (born 1973), American country music singer-songwriter
 * Winston "Scotty" Fitzgerald (1914–1987), Canadian fiddler
 * Scotty Fox, American pornographic film director
 * Scotty Glacken (1944–2006), American football quarterback and college head coach
 * Scotty Gomez (born 1979), American ice hockey player and coach
 * Scotty Granger (born 1987), American singer-songwriter
 * Maryscott (Scotty) Greenwood, American corporate director and specialist in Canada–U.S. relations
 * Scotty Hamilton (1921–1976), American basketball player and coach
 * Scotty Hard, Canadian producer and musician
 * Scotty Holt, American jazz bassist
 * Scotty Hopson (born 1989), American basketball player
 * Scotty Ingerton (1886–1956), American baseball player
 * Scotty Iseri (born 1979), American web series and mobile application creator and director
 * Scotty James (born 1994), Australian snowboarder
 * Scotty Jones (fl. 1911), American criminal and member of the Gas House Gang
 * Scotty Kilmer (born 1953), American YouTuber and auto mechanic
 * Scotty Klopfenstein, American musician and former member of Reel Big Fish
 * Scotty Lago (born 1987), American snowboarder
 * Scotty Leavenworth (born 1990), American actor
 * Scotty Mattraw (1880–1946), American actor
 * Scotty McClymont (1892–1974), New Zealand rugby league footballer
 * Scotty McCreery (born 1993), American country music singer
 * Scotty McGee (born 1986), American National Football League player
 * Scotty McKnight (born 1988), American media executive and former National Football League player
 * Scotty McLennan (born 1948), American Unitarian Universalist minister, lawyer and senior administrator at Stanford University
 * Scotty Miller (born 1997), American National Football League player
 * Scotty Moore (1931–2016), American guitarist, one of Elvis Presley's backing musicians
 * Scotty Moorhead (1966–1997), American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * Scotty Morrison (born 1930), Canadian former National Hockey League referee
 * Scotty Morrison (broadcaster) (born 1970), New Zealand broadcaster and academic
 * Scotty Moylan (1916–2010), Guamanian businessman
 * Scotty Munro (1917–1975), Canadian ice hockey coach
 * Scotty Neill (1895–1963), American football and baseball player
 * Scotty Nguyen (born 1962), Vietnamese-American poker player
 * Scotty Olson (born 1968), Canadian boxer
 * Scotty Pearson, New Zealand drummer and member of Elemeno P
 * James "Scotty" Philip (1858–1911), American rancher and politician
 * Scotty Pippen (born 1965), American basketball player
 * Scotty Pippen Jr. (born 2000), American basketball player
 * Scotty Plummer (c. 1961–1992), American banjoist
 * Scotty Probasco (1928–2015), American heir, businessman and philanthropist
 * Scotty Rankine (1909–1995), Canadian track and field athlete
 * Scotty Ratliff (born 1943), American politician
 * Scotty Reston (1909–1995), American journalist
 * Scotty Robb (1908–1969), American baseball umpire
 * Scotty Robertson (1930–2011), American basketball coach
 * Scotty Sadzoute (born 1998), French association football player
 * Scotty Schulhofer (1926–2006), American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer
 * Harold "Scotty" Scott, American soul singer and member of the Temprees
 * Kermit Scott (musician) (died 2002), American jazz tenor saxophonist
 * Wallace "Scotty" Scott, American rhythm and blues singer and member of the Whispers
 * Scotty Smith (1845–1919), South African criminal
 * Scotty Steagall (1929–2001), American basketball player
 * Scotty Stirling (1928/1929–2015), American sports executive and sportswriter
 * Scotty Stoneman (1932–1973), American bluegrass and country fiddler
 * Scotty Thurman (born 1974), American basketball player and assistant coach
 * Scotty Walden (born 1989), American football coach
 * Scotty Washington (born 1997), American football player
 * Scotty Joe Weaver (1986–2004), American murder victim
 * Scotty Whitelaw (1927–2016), American baseball and basketball coach
 * Scotty Wilkins, American punk rock singer
 * Scott Greene Wiseman (1908–1981), half of the Lulu Belle and Scotty country music act
 * Scotty Wolfe (1908–1997), American Baptist minister

Surname

 * Charmaine Scotty, Nauruan politician
 * Elizabeth Scotty (born 2001), American tennis player
 * Ludwig Scotty (born 1948), 10th President of Nauru

Stage or ring name

 * Scotty (reggae vocalist) (1950–2003), Jamaican reggae singer born David Scott
 * Scotty 2 Hotty, ring name of American firefighter and professional wrestler Scott Ronald Garland (born 1973)
 * Scotty ATL (born 1985), American hip hop artist
 * Scotty Boy, stage name of American DJ and record producer Scott Schroer
 * Scotty Charisma, ring name of American professional wrestler Scott Wright (born 1977)
 * Scotty Flamingo, ring name of American professional wrestler Scott Levy (born 1964)
 * Scotty Goldman, ring name of American professional wrestler Scott Colton (born 1980)
 * Scotty Mac, ring name of Canadian professional wrestler Scott Schnurr (born 1978)
 * Scotty McGhee, ring name of British professional wrestler Garfield Portz (born 1959)
 * Scotty Riggs, ring name of American professional wrestler Scott Antol (born 1971)
 * Scotty T (born 1988), British reality TV personality born Scott Robert Timlin

Fictional characters

 * Scotty (Star Trek), in the Star Trek universe
 * Scotty Baldwin, on the American soap opera General Hospital and the spinoff Port Charles
 * Scotty Grainger, on the American soap opera The Young and the Restless
 * Hornet (Scotty McDowell), in the Marvel Universe
 * Scotty Parker, the female main protagonist in the film Silent Scream
 * Scotty Valens (Cold Case), on the American crime drama television series Cold Case
 * Scotty Wandell, on the television series Brothers & Sisters
 * Scotty Wilson, a recurring character in the American fantasy drama television series Highway to Heaven

Science

 * Scotty (dinosaur), a nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991

title: Scotty


text:
Andean Group

Andean Group (Grupo Andino) is a trade organization in Lima, Peru. In 1969, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru established the group by the Treaty of Cartagena. In 1973, Venezuela joined. Chile quit in 1976, as did Peru in 1992. The group created a free trade area called the Andean Pact in 1992.

title: Andean Group


text:
Talk:Comb over

''This page was placed on Votes for Deletion in July 2004. Consensus was to keep; view discussion at Votes for deletion/Comb over.''

2023
What a ridiculous article. A cursory Google search would reveal that Wikipedia is the only source on the first page that even mentions 'baldness' in conjunction with the hair style. -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FEA8:53DA:BB30:14F2:4CC8:FE96:341B (talk) 21:59, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree, this article, while hilarious, seems to have been written in humor. Alexandermoir (talk) 21:16, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

old talk
I have found a few links to help make an article [|combover.com] - not much there but a few pics [] - A combover patient [] - combover the movie [] - about the movie [] - about Donald Trumps combover balness - wikipedia baldness page [] - wall street journal - beyoud the comb over [] - "comb-over" was added way back in 1980 Merriam-Webster dictionary "an arrangement of hair on a balding man in which hair from the side of the head is combed over the bald spot" [] - comb quotes [] - Slaphead Science: A Brief History of Baldness Cures --Clawed 02:45, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hitler didn't comb over! he was getting bald I think but didn't had to comb over, he used the hair style since he was quite young, even been strange to think someone would use that hair style purely for option (...meh) i don't think it's a comb over.

Japanese name
For obvious reasons, a comb over is called a "barcode" (バーコード) in Japan. Hehehe.
 * why am I seeing all these "in japan" type blurbs on so many wikipedia articles these days? It's not even applicable or appropriate except seemingly to satiate some japan-o-file's need to bring up japan at any opportune moment. Do we have a blurb about what the style is called in Hungary? Mozambique? Tunisia? France? No, thus it's not pertinent to spend almost 1/4 of the articles length on it's namesake in some country X unless country X is pertinent to the article (no more the case for japan than any other non-western country).

This is merely the culmination of a growing trend I tire of.76.64.140.18 (talk) 02:33, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Donald Trump
12/06 DONALD TRUMP is not my favorite person on Earth, but I don't think he has a comb over. He has funky hair, but it is not a comb over. This article says that he has the best example of one. It may even be a hair piece or transplant, but not a comb over. On Larry King, Larry pulled on Trumps hair in the front. My wife's friend stated that she went to high school with him and that his hair was even like that then.
 * It had never been proven that Trump's hair is a combover. His hair is so strange that there could be almost anything, including a dead squirrel, perched on his head. --Alan Davies (talk) 17:53, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
 * A biography of Trump I once read made reference to court documents filed by Trump's first wife ivanka during their divorce where she claims he once came home angry after liposuction and hair implants he was not happy with. - 101.168.42.154 (talk) 10:59, 7 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Here is a review of the book which mentions that - http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-21/news/vw-15193_1_donald-trump — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.168.42.154 (talk) 11:08, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

Photo
Using Carl Levin's photo for the comb-over article violates WP:BLP by mocking a living person in this hairstyle article. The patent photograph illustrates the hairstyle, without offending any living person. Please do not revert it. Abe Froman 16:56, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Ahh, but you are assumming that a comb over is a bad thing when you refered to Carl Levin. Obviously he knows he has a comb over. So why can't there be a picture of a living person?

 * Assuming you know what Carl Levin knows is WP:OR. Read WP:BLP if this is unclear.  Abe Froman 22:14, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Original Research and Unverifiable
The statement "In the UK, the two most famous wearers are, without doubt, ..." is not verifiable by the references provided. The references provided do show that the two people are known for their comb-overs, but they do not prove that they are the two most famous wearers. To make that claim, we would be introducing an "analysis or synthesis of established facts, ideas, opinions, or arguments in a way that builds a particular case favored by the editor, without attributing that analysis or synthesis to a reputable source". This would be in violation of No original research. The sources don't say that they are the most famous wearers, we are making a jump to something more than is said in any of the sources. The phrase "without doubt" is certainly incorrect, since I doubt the statement. I will therefore remove this statement. Sancho McCann 02:48, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Prince Charles
Prince Charles is obviously thin on top, but he doesn't have a classic comb over.--Jack Upland (talk) 03:45, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

"Balding men"
Is there any basis for the leading sentence to claim that this hairstyle is primarily used by balding men? There are plenty of people who employ this hair style that are nowhere near balding. A quick google image search of "comb over" has its entire first page full of men who are not balding.

I believe this sentence to be inaccurate and needing citation. If no one has any objection, I will remove the part of the sentence referring to balding men in a few days time. Floates (talk) 07:15, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I object! It does generally refer to balding men. Perhaps because men with combovers have become so powerful and culturally dominant, males with hirsute scalps have begun to emulate them.--Jack Upland (talk) 12:23, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Upon further research, it does appear as though the combover is especially prominent among balding men, and a sentence to that effect should remain in the lead. I'll leave it as is. Floates (talk) 03:49, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

Worrying trend of Pubic Comb overs
not mentioned in the article... Wikipedia Wonderful 698-D (talk) 22:11, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comb over


text:
Hebrew poetry

Hebrew poetry is poetry written in the Hebrew language. It encompasses such things as:

 * Biblical poetry, the poetry found in the poetic books of the Hebrew Bible
 * Piyyut, religious Jewish liturgical poetry in Hebrew or Aramaic
 * Medieval Hebrew poetry written in Hebrew
 * Modern Hebrew poetry, poetry written after the revival of the Hebrew language

title: Hebrew poetry


text:
Stanwell Park, New South Wales

Stanwell Park is a coastal village and northern suburb of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. It is the northernmost point of the Illawarra coastal strip and lies south of Sydney's Royal National Park. It is situated in a small valley between Bald Hill to the north, Stanwell Tops to the west and Mount Mitchell to the south. It has two lagoons from the village's two creeks, Stanwell and Hargrave Creeks and a beach running between headlands. Stanwell Park and the surrounding suburbs are colloquially referred to by its postcode 2508.

History
Stanwell Park was the name given to the farm established on the grant given to Matthew John Gibbons in 1824. He was given most of the area called Little Bulli which included present-day Stanwell Park and Coalcliff. The whole of Northern Illawarra went under the Aboriginal name Bulli. Bulli remains the name of an Illawarra suburb further south of Stanwell Park.

The area was originally inhabited by the Wodiwodi Aboriginal clan of the Tharawal people. It was traversed by 3 shipwrecked sailors in an epic journey of survival along hundreds of miles of coastline until rescued at Wattamolla, north of Stanwell Park. Two of their companions were unable to negotiate the Coal Cliffs where the Sea Cliff Bridge is today, and their remains were found by explorer George Bass, who also reported on the rich coal seam apparent in the cliffs.

Mr Gibbons installed a convict, John Paid, to manage the Stanwell Park farm. Paid however used the out-of-the-way valley as a hideout for a gang of bushrangers he formed. He adopted the name of Wolloo Jack and his gang terrorised the Bargo to Liverpool area until he and others of the gang were sent to the gallows in 1829.

When Governor Lachlan Macquarie visited Stanwell Park in 1822 he remarked that: "On our arrival at the summit of the mountain, we were gratified with a very magnificent bird's eye view of the ocean, the 5 Islands, and of the greater part of the low country of Illawarra ... After feasting our eyes with this grand prospect, we commenced descending the mountain ... The whole face ... is clothed with the largest and finest forest trees I have ever seen in the colony."

The valley continued to attract notable people: Major Sir Thomas Mitchell, one of Australia's best-known explorers built the first house at Stanwell Park; Supreme Court Judge John Fletcher Hargrave later owned and holidayed in the area, his inheritance coming to Lawrence Hargrave, one of the world's most important aviation pioneers of the 1890s in the lead-up to powered man flight. He performed his most important experiments at Stanwell Park. Lawrence Hargrave moved to Hillcrest House, having inherited it from his brother Ralph Hargrave, in 1893. It is on the road up to the Stanwell Park railway station.

The land developer, Henry Halloran, bought 240 acres of land at Stanwell Park, some of which was resumed by the government for public recreation purposes. He sub-divided the remaining land into building allotments, which he sold to the public from around 1907 to around 1930. The public school was established in 1917.

One of the village's most famous attractions is the curved railway viaduct over Stanwell Creek Gorge. It was built in the 1910s when problems with the old railway route forced the construction of a new track higher up the mountainside. At 65 m above the creek bed, surrounded by profuse rainforest vegetation and containing an estimated five million bricks, it is the largest railway viaduct in Australia.

In the 1980s a fatal accident occurred on the railway due to cliff erosion.

Now Stanwell, or The Park, is home to about 1400 people, a dormitory suburb for commuters to the nearby cities of Sydney and Wollongong, and a popular tourist destination.

Heritage listings
Stanwell Park has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Illawarra railway, 56.727 km: Stanwell Creek railway viaduct

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 1,410 people in Stanwell Park. 80.9% of people were born in Australia and 89.3% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 38.5%, Catholic 22.5% and Anglican 15.4%.

Activities
The village has a small area of shops and an art gallery on Lawrence Hargrave Drive. Bushwalking is possible on several tracks, most notably the Wodi Wodi Track that climbs Mount Mitchell from the station, and a rather degraded track to Stanwell Tops Lookout, also from the station.

Stanwell Park is famous for paragliding and hang gliding activities from Bald Hill down to its beach, which lies nested between high sea cliffs. Rock climbing can be done at Stanwell Tops which offers a view over the village. A feature is the beach with its two lagoons. The Helensburgh-Stanwell Park Surf Life Saving Club (SLSC) offers beach safety and beach activities such as the Nippers on Sundays in summertime. Stanwell Park Arts Theatre, or S.P.A.T (formally Stanwell Park Amateur Theatre) was founded in the early 1970s by Lauren Mitsak, Pam Beckett and others. Joy Weidersatz was the first director. The annual Christmas pantomime is popular, though S.P.A.T puts on all types of shows, including Shakespeare, Satire, musicals, theatre restaurant-style shows, revues, etc.

Stanwell Park is serviced by Stanwell Park railway station on the South Coast railway line. The railway bends around the village and crosses Stanwell Creek on a historic brick viaduct.

Bald Hill, at the apex of Lawrence Hargrave Drive, takes in the views of the Northern Illawarra and the escarpment. Whale watching, when in season, captivates many a Sydney day-tripper. The spot is also a notable location for DX radio communication due to its southern and eastern vistas.

Attractions
Symbio Wildlife Park is located on Lawrence Hargrave Drive, near the intersection with the Old Princes Highway, at Stanwell Tops. There are over 1000 native, exotic and farmyard animals in all. It has appeared in a Delta Goodrem music video and several television documentaries and is scheduled to appear in the upcoming film Mask 2. The gardens includes a café, souvenir shop, and free swimming pools and gas barbecues.

Just east of the Symbio Wildlife Gardens, on Lawrence Hargrave Drive, is a turnoff that leads to Sri Venkateswara Hindu Temple. Australia's first Hindu Temple opened on 30 June 1985. It is located in Temple Street on a 2.6 hectare site. This site was chosen because it fitted the Hindu requirements of a peaceful spot, close to water, elevated, in the bush and on virgin soil. Indian architect Janakiramana Sthapati designed the temple, his family have been temple architects since the sixth century.

At Bald Hill is Intabane Mansion, a prominent feature visible from the valley below with a 'witches hat roof', used as an army lookout during World War II. It was originally built in 1917 for the sum of 3000 pounds and became a guest house between the wars. Another attraction is Kelly's Falls, which includes a viewing platform.

Walking tracks include the Stanwell Tops lookout track which runs from Stanwell Park train station up the hillside to the Peace Garden, where there are historic Aboriginal carvings on the trees, and to the Stanwell Tops Lookout. Another track, the Wodi Wodi, Bullock, or Mount Mitchell Track, leads from the former track down to Stanwell Creek, around the viaduct and up Mount Mitchell, then down to the railway and a carpark on Lawrence Hargrave Drive. On the Wodi Wodi track, an aboriginal drawing of a whale can be seen, as well as several middens. Access to Bald Hill from Stanwell Park is available from a track on Chellow Dene Avenue, leading to the top of the hill.

Notable residents
Throughout its history several notable people either originated or spent much of their life in the village. These people have risen to fame through a variety of avenues.
 * Kalani Ball – A professional surfer who originated from the village.
 * Lawrence Hargrave – Aviation pioneer who lived in Stanwell Park and completed much of his most famous research and experiments in the village
 * Joe Hockey – Former Australian treasurer lived in the village
 * Peter Jackson – Rugby league player and sportscaster

title: Stanwell Park, New South Wales


text:
KOP

Kop or KOP may refer to:

Places

 * King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, a suburban town located twenty miles west of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
 * Nakhon Phanom Airport (IATA code), Thailand

Organisations

 * Border Protection Corps (Polish: Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza), a Polish military unit
 * Kansallis-Osake-Pankki, a former Finnish bank
 * Knights of Pythias, a fraternal organization and secret society in Washington, D.C., US
 * Ecological and Environmental Movement, a minor political party in Cyprus

Arts and entertainment

 * Kop (card game), a Polish card game of the Schafkopf family
 * KOP (album), an album by Turkish pop singer Mustafa Sandal
 * The Knights of Prosperity, a TV series and the fictional title group of protagonists

Other uses

 * Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus, Kolhapur, India (station code: KOP)
 * Koppie, an isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain
 * Spion Kop (stadiums), a colloquial name or term for a number of terraces and stands at sports stadiums, particularly in the UK
 * Kappa-opioid receptor

title: KOP


text:
Donald Stewart (Alabama politician)

Donald Wilbur Stewart (born February 8, 1940) is a former American lawyer who was a United States Senator from Alabama from 1978 to 1981. He succeeded Maryon Pittman Allen and was succeeded by Jeremiah Denton. Prior to Stewart's time in the Senate, he served in the Alabama Senate and the Alabama House of Representatives.

Early life and education
Stewart was born in Munford, Alabama, and received his early education there and in Anniston. He attended the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, both as an undergraduate and in law school. At the university, he ran a successful campaign for student body president, becoming one of the few to defeat "the Machine" that controls university student politics. He received his law degree in 1965 and subsequently served briefly in the United States Army.

Political career
From 1967 to 1970 Stewart was a United States magistrate judge in the Northern District of Alabama. In 1970, he was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives and served in that position until 1974, when he was elected to the Alabama State Senate, where he served until 1978. In the state legislature he developed a reputation for being knowledgeable and aggressive. Among the initiatives he pursued was an effort to reform the Alabama Public Service Commission.

1978 campaign
Stewart was elected as a Democrat to fill the unexpired U.S. Senate term of James B. Allen, who died in office, and whose seat was held in the interim by Allen's widow, Maryon Pittman Allen. After he defeated Mrs. Allen in the primary, Stewart faced the Republican nominee, former Congressman James D. Martin, who like James Allen was a native of Gadsden. Mrs. Allen had called Stewart "a flaming liberal", and her brother, James Pittman, thereafter formed the group "Conservative Democrats for Martin." Stewart specifically challenged Martin's record when he had served a term in the House from 1965 to 1967. Martin challenged Stewart's commitment to the right-to-work provision of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. In his campaign against Stewart, Martin made negative allusions to Stewart's disclosure that in 1958, when he was eighteen, he had undergone treatment for a nervous breakdown. Stewart defeated Martin, 401,852 (56 percent) to 316,170 (44 percent).

U.S. Senate
Stewart took office on November 8, 1978. In his first year as a U.S. senator, he compiled a near-perfect attendance record, introduced twelve bills and was co-sponsor of eighty others. Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd appointed him to a deputy whip position, making him the only freshman Senator to serve in party leadership in the 96th Congress.

1980 defeat
Stewart failed to gain reelection to the Senate in 1980, losing the Democratic primary to state Public Service Commissioner Jim Folsom, Jr. Folsom went on to lose narrowly to Republican Jeremiah Denton in the general election. Stewart remained in the Senate until January 2, 1981, when he resigned one day before his term expired.

Post-Senate career
Stewart practices law in Alabama. He was lead attorney on a class action lawsuit against agricultural biotech giant Monsanto Company for PCB dumping in his hometown of Anniston. The case garnered national attention, including coverage by CBS's 60 Minutes. As of 2002, the company had paid out as much as $160 million against various plaintiffs in Alabama, including those represented by Stewart.

He also serves on the advisory board of the University of Alabama's Blackburn Institute.

title: Donald Stewart (Alabama politician)


text:
Bettie Page: Dark Angel

Bettie Page: Dark Angel is a 2004 film directed and produced by Cult Epics founder Nico B.

Bettie Page: Dark Angel is a biographical drama based on the career of Bettie Page, a famous American 1950s pin-up and bondage model. Set in New York during 1953–1957, the film recreates six lost fetish/bondage 16mm featurettes she did for Irving Klaw (played by Dukey Flyswatter). Her bondage films and photographs gave her the nickname Dark Angel and also led to a US Senate Committee investigation.

Page is played by fetish model Paige Richards. The film premiered at the San Francisco Independent Film Festival in February 2004.

title: Bettie Page: Dark Angel


text:
Miho Hatori

Miho Hatori (羽鳥 美保) is a Japanese singer, songwriter, and musician. She is best known as a solo artist, co-founder of New York City band Cibo Matto, and as the first person to provide the voice of Noodle in the virtual band Gorillaz,  as well as for her work with the Beastie Boys, Handsome Boy Modeling School, Smokey Hormel, John Zorn, and many more.

Biography
Hatori expressed an early interest in music while growing up in Japan. She worked at used record shop Flash Disc Ranch in Shimokitazawa, Tokyo, where she was exposed to many styles of music and sometimes performed as a club DJ. Her earliest history in a music project dates to 1991 when she joined hip hop group Kimidori; she left the group in 1992.

Hatori moved to New York City in 1993 to study art; she quickly met Yuka Honda through performing together in punk/noise band Laito Lychee, a project that featured Hatori on vocals and violin played through distortion effects pedals. Hatori and Honda co-founded Cibo Matto in 1994 and released their debut album Viva! La Woman in 1996. The duo formation expanded to include Sean Lennon and Timo Ellis on 1997's Super Relax EP, and "unofficial" fifth member Duma Love appeared on their second full-length, 1999's Stereo ★ Type A. Cibo Matto broke up in 2001, but came back with a reunion tour in 2011. They released a third and final follow-up album Hotel Valentine on February 14, 2014.

Hatori worked with her Cibo Matto collaborators outside of the band, contributing to Sean Lennon's solo album Into the Sun, as well as to his scores for the independent films Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead and Alter Egos; she also appears on Yuka Honda's solo album Eucademix.

While Cibo Matto was touring with Beck, Hatori and Beck guitarist Smokey Hormel discovered a shared love of bossa nova and samba, which eventually resulted in their Brazilian-styled musical project Smokey & Miho. Other artists Hatori has worked with include Handsome Boy Modeling School (on the album So... How's Your Girl?), DJ Towa Tei, Stephin Merritt's The 6ths, The Baldwin Brothers, Beastie Boys, Blackalicious, Peter Daily, Greg Kurstin, Forró in the Dark, John Zorn, The Incredible Moses Leroy, Patrick Higgins, and Smokey Hormel.

Miho performs solo under her own name and various monikers. Her first solo album, Ecdysis, was released in Japan in 2005, coming two years later to the American and European markets. In 2018, she released Amazon To LeFrak as New Optimism and Sequence as Miss Information.

Her 2021 release, Between Isekai and Slice of Life, was inspired by both Édouard Glissant and isekai and slice of life anime––specifically in Demon Slayer, which she watched in 2020 during New York City's COVID-19 stay-at-home order.

As leader / co-leader

 * Singles
 * "Night Light" from the Ninja Tune album Urban Renewal Program (2002)
 * "Baracuda" (2006)
 * "Formula X" (2020)

 * With Gorillaz (as Noodle)
 * Tomorrow Comes Today EP (EMI, 2000)
 * Gorillaz (Parlophone/Virgin, 2001)
 * G-Sides (Parlophone, 2001)
 * Spacemonkeyz vs Gorillaz, Laika Come Home (2002)

 * Guest appearances
 * Beastie Boys' "I Don't Know" (Hello Nasty, 1998)
 * Beastie Boys' "Hail Sagan" (the Intergalactic EP, 1998)
 * Sean Lennon's "Into the Sun" (Into the Sun, 1998)
 * John Zorn's Taboo & Exile (1999)
 * Spoken word for Handsome Boy Modeling School's "Metaphysical (A Good Day)" (So... How's Your Girl?, 1999)
 * Zorn's The Big Gundown: John Zorn Plays the Music of Ennio Morricone (15th Anniversary Edition) (2000)
 * The 6ths' "Lindy Lou" (Hyacinths and Thistles, 1999)
 * Atami's "August" and "赤い砂漠 (Hypno Ver.)" (Atami, 2001)
 * The Baldwin Brothers' "Dream Girl" (Cooking with Lasers, 2002)
 * Yuka Honda's Eucademix (2004)
 * Towa Tei's "Teenage Mutants" (Sunny, 2011)
 * Rap (as New Optimism) on Maika Loubté's "Snappp" (2019)

 * Remixes & Covers
 * Rising Mixes: Ima / Yoko Ono remixed by Cibo Matto, Ween, Tricky, Thurston Moore (1996)
 * Cibo Matto covered "Je t'aime... moi non plus" for Great Jewish Music: Serge Gainsbourg (1997)
 * "Start" (with the Beastie Boys) for Fire & Skill: The Songs of the Jam (1999)

 * Soundtracks
 * "Ocean in Your Eyes" for the soundtrack to Y tu mamá también (2001)
 * "Desire" for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009)
 * "Fridge Walks" for Alter Egos (2012)

Film works

 * Shindo (Japanese film)
 * The Killing of a Chinese Cookie
 * xXx: AForbidden Love Story (Diesel's short film by Alexi Tan)

title: Miho Hatori


text:
Border Protection Corps

The Border Protection Corps (Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza, KOP) was a military formation of the Second Polish Republic that was created in 1924 to defend the country's eastern borders against armed Soviet incursions and local bandits. Other borders were under the jurisdiction of a separate, regular Border Guard state security agency.

Though the corps was part of the Polish Army, it was commanded directly by the Ministry of Internal Affairs rather than the Ministry of Military Affairs. It consisted of elite soldiers from all parts of Poland. Initially KOP comprised 6 brigades and 5 regiments, each guarding part of the borders with the Soviet Union. KOP ceased to exist with the fall of Poland in September 1939.

Founding
After the Polish–Soviet War, the Polish eastern frontier was stretched from the border with Latvia to the north, to the Prut river and Romanian border to the south. Although the peace treaty had been signed, the eastern border of Poland was insecure. Armed bands of saboteurs were crossing the border on a daily basis and the weak police forces in the area could not cope with the problem. In 1924 the town of Stołpce located 20 kilometres from the border was seized by Soviet saboteurs and pillaged. Polish Minister of War Affairs, Władysław Sikorski, decided that the regular police could not cope with the problem and suggested that the control of the border be handed over to the Polish Army.

In one of the reports it was stated that the police waits for the army, while the army waits for the police. To prevent such problems in the future it was decided to combine the police with the army. On August 8, the Council of Ministers decided that a special militarised border police be created for the defence of the eastern frontier. It also granted significant amounts of money for construction of fortified barracks and police stations in the area. Until November of the same year more than 3,5 million zlotys were spent on that purpose. On September 17, 1924, the new formation was officially created under the name of Border Defence Corps.

In November 1924 the three first brigades of KOP arrived to the eastern border of Poland, in the areas of Volhynia and Polesie. In April 1925 additional two brigades took over the frontier in Southern Polesie and Galicia. Finally, in March 1926 the sixth brigade took over the border with Lithuania and Latvia. Altogether the forces of KOP included 24 battalions of infantry and 20 squadrons of cavalry.

The soldiers of KOP were trained to combine the tactics of the army, police forces and border guards. They guarded the borders actively, not only by patrols, but also through reconnaissance, ambushes, provocation and intelligence gathering. During the first year of its existence, the KOP arrested more than 5,000 people trying to cross the border illegally. In addition, 89 armed skirmishes were fought, mainly against the bandits from the Soviet Union. To maintain the high morale and skills, the soldiers allowed into the KOP were carefully examined. Most of them were inhabitants of western voivodships, many of them were of German nationality. All volunteers had to gather experience in the regular units of the Polish Army before they were allowed in.

Piłsudski's reforms (1929–35)
In July 1929, the Border Defence Corps was reorganised. Six additional regiments were created, and all the existing units were renamed. Each brigade was attached to part of the Polish border which was further divided into battalion areas organised around small forts along the border. In turn, each of the battalions commanded several smaller strongholds and outposts organised by companies. All the rear troops (including the engineers, artillery and cavalry) formed the second line of the defence and were to be used as a mobile reserve. The brigades were given new names, after the area they were stationed in:

 * 1) Grodno
 * 2) Wilno
 * 3) Nowogródek
 * 4) Polesie
 * 5) Wołyń
 * 6) Podole

The newly created regiments were named as follows:

 * 1) Głębokie
 * 2) Wołożyn
 * 3) Wilejka
 * 4) Suwałki
 * 5) Sarny
 * 6) Czortków

Modernisation (1937–39)
In early 1937 the organisation was modified. Wilno, Nowogródek and Wołyń brigades were disbanded and reorganised into three regiments:
 * 1) Wilno
 * 2) Snów
 * 3) Zdołbunów

"Czortków" regiment was also disbanded and split onto two separate battalions ("Wilejka" and "Berezwecz"). Also, several new units were created and were pressed into the existing structure. After 1937 the KOP had 3 brigade headquarters and 7 regiments. It was composed of 32 battalions of infantry and 21 squadrons of cavalry. As the war was nearing and the crisis in Czechoslovakia exposed the Polish southern border to enemy threat, in 1939 two additional regiments were created. Those were 1st and 2nd KOP Infantry Regiments "Karpaty", each composed of two battalions of infantry (named "Skole", "Delatyn", "Komańcza" and "Dukla"). Soon three additional mountain infantry brigades were formed ("Sanok", "Nowy Sącz", "Sucha") as well as the area command in Jasło.

In March KOP reached the peak of its strength. However, soon the formation started to be stripped of various units sent to the western border. At first four infantry battalions and most of the artillery were sent to Łódź area. Soon they were joined by the KOP cavalry regiment. In April three additional battalions were sent to the West and in May yet another battalion was sent to Hel, Poland. Although most of the units were later reconstructed at the eastern border, their combat value was much lower. The recruits lacked experience and training and the units of KOP were deprived of almost all heavy weaponry.

On August 30 the KOP was formally mobilised. General Wilhelm Orlik-Rückemann became its commander. According to the Polish plans for the forthcoming war, the KOP was to become the backbone of reserve divisions formed behind the Polish lines.

September Campaign
In the fight against the German invasion, KOP units took part among other battles in the battle of Węgierska Górka. After Soviet invasion on 17 September, Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza which had 25 battalions were unable to defend the eastern border and were further ordered by Edward Rydz-Śmigły to fall back and not to engage the Soviets. This however did not prevent some clashes and small battles, including Battle of Szack (28 September) and Battle of Wytyczno (1 October).

Commanders

 * gen. dyw. Henryk Minkiewicz
 * płk Stanisław Tessaro (since April 8, 1929)
 * gen. bryg. Jan Kruszewski (since 1930)
 * gen. bryg. Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann (since August 30, 1939)

Support forces

 * Flotylla Pińska (Pinsk Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy)

title: Border Protection Corps


text:
J. Lister Hill

Joseph Lister Hill (December 29, 1894 – December 20, 1984) was an American attorney and Democratic Party politician who represented Alabama in the United States House of Representatives from 1923 to 1938 and United States Senate from 1938 to 1969.

As Senator, Hill was active on health-related issues and served as Senate Majority Whip from 1941 to 1947. He also served as the Chair of the Senate Committee on Labor from 1955 to 1969. At the time of his retirement, Hill was the fourth-most senior Senator. Hill was succeeded by fellow Democrat James Allen.

Early years
Hill was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 29, 1894, the son of one of the South's most distinguished surgeons, Dr. Luther Leonidas Hill Jr. He was named after Dr. Joseph Lister, the father of antiseptic surgery. Following his graduation from the Starke University School in Montgomery, he entered the University of Alabama at the age of sixteen and graduated four years later with a BA and law degree and a Phi Beta Kappa key. While a student at the University of Alabama, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. He also founded the Student Government Association (SGA) and was its first president, the Jasons Senior Men's Honorary (which the university ceased recognizing in 1976 for its all-male policy, but which still taps forty men each spring on the Franklin Mound), and The Machine (the local chapter of Theta Nu Epsilon).

He also studied law at the University of Michigan Law School at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and at Columbia Law School in New York City. He was admitted to the Alabama bar in 1916 and commenced practice in Montgomery and also served as the president of the Montgomery Board of Education from 1917 to 1922.

Political life

Hill was elected on August 14, 1923, as U.S. representative from Alabama's 2nd congressional district to fill the vacancy created by the death of John R. Tyson. He served as Chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs. On January 10, 1938, Hill was appointed to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Dixie Graves for the term ending January 3, 1939; he was subsequently elected on April 26, 1938 to fill the remaining months of the term.

During World War II, Hill supported the interventionist side of America's foreign policy arguments and took an outspokenly "pro-British" stance, both speaking and voting in favor of the Lend-Lease program. On October 23, 1941 he voted in favor of supplemental lend-lease funding to help the British Army. On November 7, 1941 he voted in favor of legislation to amend several sections of the neutrality acts which was intended to make it easier for the United States to provide direct military aid to the United Kingdom during World War II. The British privately described him as "reliably pro-British." He was elected to a full term in November 1938 and re-elected in 1944, 1950, 1956, and 1962. He did not seek re-election in 1968 and retired in January 1969. A moderate-to-liberal populist Democrat, Hill distinguished himself in a number of fields, but was best known for the Hospital and Health Center Construction Act of 1946, better known as the Hill-Burton Act. He also sponsored the Hill-Harris Act of 1963, providing for assistance in constructing facilities for the intellectually disabled and mentally ill. Additionally, he was recognized as the most instrumental man in Congress in gaining greatly increased support for medical research at the nation's medical schools and other research institution.

He sponsored other important legislation, including the Rural Telephone Act, the Rural Housing Act, the Vocational Education Act, and the National Defense Education Act of 1958. "Hill also used his position and his persistence in improving conditions in rural areas to allot federal funds for rural libraries. For a decade, he worked to provide library service to those with no or inadequate facilities" and was instrumental in passing the Library Services Act which ensured federal funding to support development of libraries in rural areas and dramatically changed the landscape of libraries in terms of viability, sustainability, and quality.

In 1954, Hill signed "The Southern Manifesto" condemning the Supreme Court's 9–0 decision in Brown vs Board of Education ordering school desegregation, but remained a close friend of Supreme Court Justice and fellow Alabamian Hugo Black who voted for the decision. In 1957, he voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1957. He also voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

In 1956 he was honored by the American Library Association for his support of the Library Services Act.

However, Hill was as much a national figure as a representative of Alabama and the South. During his long years in the Congress, he would, from time to time, break with his southern colleagues to follow his own conscience. For example, in opposition to most southerners in the Congress, he favored federal control of offshore oil, with revenue to be earmarked for education.

Hill was the Senate Majority Whip from 1941 to 1947. He was Chairman of the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee, which handled important legislation on veterans education, health, hospitals, libraries, and labor-management relations. He was a ranking member of the Senate Appropriations Committee, and a member of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee.

In the 1950s, Hill criticized US President Dwight Eisenhower's attempts to reduce hospital funding that had been granted under the Hill-Burton Act. Hill strongly supported rural electrification and federally subsidized freight rates.

On September 4, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Nurse Training Act of 1964, naming Hill as one of the Members of Congress who pioneered the legislation.

1962 campaign
In 1962, Hill sought his last term in office but faced an unusually strong Republican opponent in James D. Martin, a petroleum products distributor from Gadsden. Like Hill, Martin supported the Tennessee Valley Authority, a New Deal project begun in 1933. Martin noted that the original sponsor of the interstate development agency was a Republican US Senator, George W. Norris of Nebraska. During the campaign, Martin proposed that the TVA headquarters be relocated from Knoxville, Tennessee, to its original point of development, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Hill had worked to fund other public works projects too, including the deepening of the Mobile Ship Channel, the building of the Gainesville Lock and Dam in Sumter County, and the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, an ultimately successful strategy to link the Tennessee River with the Gulf of Mexico. In the campaign against Martin, Hill said, "If Alabama is to continue the progress and development she has achieved, she cannot do so by deserting the great Democratic Party." Hill pledged to seek renewed funding for the Redstone Arsenal and Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and accused former President Eisenhower of having neglected the space program while the former Soviet Union was placing Sputnik into the atmosphere. Strongly endorsed by organized labor, Hill accused the Republicans of exploiting the South to enrich the North and the East and attacked the legacy of former President Herbert Hoover and the earlier "evils" of Reconstruction. Hill predicted that Alabama voters would bury the Republicans "under an avalanche."

The 1962 midterm elections were overshadowed by the Cuban Missile Crisis. Martin joined Hill in endorsing the quarantine of Cuba but insisted that the problem was an outgrowth of the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961. Hill said that Soviet premier Nikita S. Khrushchev had "chickened out" because "the one thing the communists respect is strength." The New York Times speculated that the blockade ordered by Kennedy may have spared Hill from defeat.

Despite the postwar bipartisan consensus for foreign aid, Martin hammered away at Hill's backing for such programs. He decried subsidies to foreign manufacturers and workers at the expense of Alabama's then large force of textile workers: "These foreign giveaways have cost taxpayers billions of dollars and turned many areas of Alabama into distressed areas." Martin also condemned aid to communist countries and the impact of the United Nations on national policy. He questioned Hill's congressional seniority as of little use when troops were dispatched in the fall of 1962 to compel the desegregation of the University of Mississippi.

The Hill-Martin race drew considerable national attention. The liberal columnist Drew Pearson wrote from Decatur, Alabama, that "for the first time since Reconstruction, the two-party system, which political scientists talk about for the South, but never expect to materialize, may come to Alabama." The New York Times viewed the Alabama race as the most vigorous off year effort in modern southern history but predicted a Hill victory on the basis that Martin had failed to gauge "bread-and-butter" issues and was perceived by many as an "ultraconservative." Hill defeated Martin by 6,019 votes, 201,937 (50.9 percent) to 195,134 (49.1 percent). Turnout dropped sharply in 1962 compared to 1960, when presidential electors dominated the ballot, and the state split between Kennedy-Johnson and unpledged electors who ultimately voted for U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr., of Virginia. Nearly 250,000 who had voted in the 1960 U.S. Senate election won by the Democrat John Sparkman did not cast ballots in 1962. Hill won thirty-seven of the state's sixty-seven counties. Martin's strong showing enabled him to be elected in 1964 to Alabama's 7th congressional district seat in the House of Representatives.

Later life
In 1969, Hill was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. He received honorary degrees from thirteen colleges and universities, including the University of Alabama and Auburn University. He was a Methodist, a Freemason, a United States Army veteran of World War I—having been assigned to the Seventeenth and Seventy-first United States Infantry Regiments—and a member of the American Legion.

Hill retired from the Senate in 1969, and was succeeded by fellow Democrat James B. Allen of Gadsden, a former lieutenant governor and a leader of his state's conservative faction. Hill died in Montgomery on December 20, 1984, and is interred there at Greenwood Cemetery. Hill is the namesake of the small community of Listerhill, Alabama.

His great-grandson, Joseph Lister Hubbard, is a former member of the Alabama House of Representatives from District 73 in Montgomery, holding office between 2010 and 2014. He was also the Democratic nominee for Attorney General of Alabama in the 2014 elections.

title: J. Lister Hill


text:
Talk:Pied Piper of Hamelin

To check out
'Locations'

To the east of Hamelin was a gallows where criminals were hung. A 1622 image of the city can be seen here: https://www.dewezet.de/region/hintergrund/hintergrund-seite_artikel,-aberglaube-am-galgenberg-_arid,2504090.html It is today occupied by Galgenberg (literally "gallows hill") a street located at: 52.105078, 9.381509

"Calvary" is another name for golgotha, the place where Jesus was crucified. When the early text says "Calvary", it is possible that the place they were mentioning is the gallows to the east of Hamelin. This means the hill/koppen is the Basberg / Morgenstern hill immediately to the east of the gallows.

'Dancing'

Tarantism was a form of Dancing mania, and was often performed on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, which was the same day the children disappeared from Hamelin.

It may be that the midsummer celebrations in Hamelin 1284 were accompanied by entertainers from outside who were able to get the children to do a dancing craze, which led them out of Hamelin past the gallows area and the hill. There they kidnapped them and the children were then forcibly emigrated elsewhere.

--One Salient Oversight (talk) 03:17, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

Greatly in need of more recent scholarship
The overall tone of this entry is very amateurish. It is based on two unsupported assumptions:

 * All myths are garbled accounts of actual historical events.
 * People in former times were incapable of remembering things as they actually occurred, and were compelled to recall them via some unexplained dream-like process.

These are the twin assumptions of positivist scholarship which has been out-of-date for generations. Advances in structural anthropology and myth analysis have rendered this kind of thinking obsolete.

It is in one way extremely patronising towards other cultures, making them out to be uncomprehending children incapable of understanding their own experiences.

It is also just unconvincing. Chroniclers of the time seem to have been perfectly capable of recording all sorts of traumatic contemporary events such as plagues, regicides, fire, and earthquakes, but when modern readers encounter an aspect of a culture they have difficulty understanding, they immediately assume the explanation must be that the culture is cognitively defective in some way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.127.126.38 (talk) 02:08, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for this. We are still looking forward to your help editing the article to improve it. DBaK (talk) 18:32, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Need photograph
Hi, In two places this article talk about some old written evidence about 1824, one on piped piper's house and at the town's gate. If you live in Hemlin, Germany, you have access 9f these places, I want you to add photographs of these evidences, so readers can read it.Success think (talk) 10:32, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Pied Piper of Hamelin in popular culture into Pied Piper of Hamelin
Most of this list is WP:OR. If we remove all of the unsourced content, then there would probably only be 3 entries left. As such, I suggest we merge this article per WP:MERGE. Pizzaplayer219TalkContribs 14:56, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Per nom. There is not much of substance in the article, which was a pointless split full of original research. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 15:12, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Serious issues with WP:V and what's left would be too small to be split out. QuicoleJR (talk) 01:08, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support, and I'd suggest removing all of the uncited items in Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin as well, unless a work literally has "Pied Piper" in the title and we have an article on it. Shouldn't be hard to keep the list short if we follow WP:V. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 07:38, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Support with an emphasis on information cited to reliable third-party sources. Shooterwalker (talk) 01:28, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Support a merge of only sourced content. - Cukie Gherkin (talk) 05:27, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

"It is 100 years since our children left"
I have removed the following claim from the article, as it is not adequately supported by its references:

 * The earliest written record is from the town chronicles in an entry from 1384 which reportedly states: "It is 100 years since our children left."

The two references given for this claim were:

The first of these references is a BBC Travel article which does not give references. The article is from 2020, long after the claim appeared in Wikipedia, so it is likely that this is a case of "citogenesis". The second of these references is to the introduction of a novel, not a scholarly work of non-fiction. It does include a citation to the Cronica ecclesiae Hamelensis (the chronicle of the church of Hamelin), but that is not adequate by itself: we need a more precise reference or a quotation of the original Latin.

There is an 1882 critical edition of the chronicle here (the text of the chronicle starts on p. 29):

However, I could not find anything like the claim in the chronicle, so this seems to be a dead end.

Previously there was a third reference (for a variant of this claim with "10" rather than "100"):

Harty does not say which "town chronicles" the entry appears in, so we are no better off. I think the burden ought to be on the proponents of the claim to locate a better source than any of these. Gdr 15:39, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pied Piper of Hamelin


text:
Dixie Bibb Graves

Dixie Bibb Graves (July 26, 1882 – January 21, 1965) was a first lady of the State of Alabama and the first woman to serve as a United States senator from Alabama. She was appointed to the Senate by her husband, Governor Bibb Graves, when Senator Hugo Black resigned in order to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court in August 1937. Graves was succeeded by fellow Democrat Lister Hill, who would serve for over 3 decades.

Biography
Dixie Bibb was born on July 26, 1882, on the family plantation outside of Montgomery, Alabama. Her parents were Peyton and Isabel Thorpe Bibb. She attended the local public schools. In 1900, at the age of 18, she married state legislator David Bibb Graves.

Civic activities
Graves became a civic leader. She was a trustee of Alabama Boys' Industrial School in Birmingham and president of the United Daughters of the Confederacy from 1915 to 1917. She was active in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the Alabama Federation of Women’s Clubs, and the women's suffrage movement.

Senate
Her husband, Bibb Graves, became Alabama governor and began serving his second non-consecutive term in 1935. He appointed Dixie Bibb Graves to the U.S. Senate on August 20, 1937. The vacancy was caused by the resignation of Hugo L. Black, who became an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court. Dixie Bibb Graves was the first woman senator from Alabama, and the first married woman to serve in the Senate (all the others had been widows). She served from August 20, 1937, until her resignation on January 10, 1938.

Governor Graves' justified his decision to appoint his wife as interim senator until a special election could be held so as not to favor any of the possible candidates in the special election. The governor would need their continued support for his programs. During her brief tenure, Dixie Bibb Graves voted in support of New Deal programs directed at agriculture, crop control, and labor policy.

Post-Senate activities
Graves was active in many causes, including public welfare, health, and education. During World War II, she recruited for the Women's Army Corps (WACs), and worked for the American Red Cross and the United Service Organizations (USO). One WAC group was designated as the Dixie Bibb Graves Unit. A very active member of the State Advisors on Women's Activities of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, an organization later known as the National March of Dimes Association, she worked for a cure and hospitals to treat polio. She was also chair or honorary chair of the Women's Division of the State Democratic Campaign in 1948, 1952, 1956, and 1960. She was a member of the Alabama Historical Association, the American Legion Auxiliary, the No Name Club, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy.

Death and legacy
Graves died in Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama, on January 21, 1965 (age 82 years, 179 days). She is interred at Greenwood Cemetery, Montgomery, Alabama. She was named to the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1972.

The Dixie Bibb Graves Armory was built in Montgomery, Alabama in 1935 as a WPA project, which was converted in the 1990s to the Armory Learning Arts Center.

title: Dixie Bibb Graves


text:
Hans Moser (actor)

Hans Moser (6 August 1880 – 19 June 1964) was an Austrian actor who, during his long career, from the 1920s up to his death, mainly played in comedy films. He was particularly associated with the genre of the Wiener Film. Moser appeared in over 150 films.

Biography
Born Johann Julier in Vienna, Moser very often portrayed the man in the street, typically someone else's subordinate – servant, waiter, porter, shopkeeper, coachman, petty bureaucrat, etc. Also always he played honest, moral and well-intentioned people who, unable to keep cool and think clearly in crucial situations, get themselves and everyone around them into trouble. As the father of a beautiful daughter – often widowed – he was the stubborn one who realizes only at the end of the movie, when all cases of mistaken identity have been cleared up and all secrets are revealed, that he has been terribly wrong all the time.

Moser was particularly known for mumbling indistinctly for comic effect rather than pronouncing words and sentences clearly, and also for failing to finish his sentences – which, combined with his moderate Viennese dialect, made it hard for non-native speakers of Austrian German to understand what he was saying.

In Moser's comedy films, Paul Hörbiger, Theo Lingen, Oskar Sima, and Annie Rosar were some of his congenial partners. However Moser was also a serious actor, especially on the stage and, towards the end of his life, on television. In many musical films, Moser can also be heard interpreting a Wienerlied, more likely than not at a Heuriger.

During the Nazi regime, Moser refused to divorce his Jewish wife Blanca Hirschler.

Hans Moser died in Vienna in 1964, aged 83. His continuing popularity is attested to by the fact that his style of speaking is still being parodied, often by very young entertainers.

Select filmography

 * The Tales of Hoffmann (1923)
 * The City Without Jews (1924, based on the novel by Hugo Bettauer)
 * Red Heels (1925)
 * Grandstand for General Staff (1926)
 * Madame Dares an Escapade (1927)
 * The Family without Morals (1927)
 * Darling of the Gods (1930)
 * Money on the Street (1930)
 * Marriage with Limited Liability (1931)
 * No Money Needed (1932)
 * Madame Wants No Children (1933)
 * Gently My Songs Entreat (1933)
 * The Young Baron Neuhaus (1934)
 * Spring Parade (1934)
 * Polish Blood (1934)
 * The Secret of Cavelli (1934)
 * Frasquita (1934)
 * The Schimeck Family (1935)
 * Suburban Cabaret (1935)
 * Winter Night's Dream (1935)
 * The World's in Love (1935)
 * Heaven on Earth (1935)
 * Circus Saran (1935)
 * Last Stop (1935)
 * A Hoax (1936)
 * Das Gäßchen zum Paradies (1936)
 * Hannerl and Her Lovers (1936)
 * Ungeküsst soll man nicht schlafen gehn (1936, alongside Liane Haid)
 * Fräulein Veronika (1936)
 * Court Theatre (1936)
 * The Unexcused Hour (1937)
 * Der Mann, von dem man spricht (1937)
 * Mother Song (1937)
 * My Son the Minister (1937)
 * Little County Court (1938)
 * The Scoundrel (1939)
 * Anton the Last (1939)
 * Opera Ball (1939)
 * Stars of Variety (1939)
 * The Unfaithful Eckehart (1940)
 * My Daughter Lives in Vienna (1940)
 * Vienna Tales (1940)
 * Roses in Tyrol (1940, alongside Johannes Heesters)
 * Love is Duty Free (1941)
 * Vienna Blood (1942)
 * Black on White (1943)
 * Abenteuer im Grand Hotel (1943)
 * Carnival of Love (1943)
 * Mask in Blue (1943)
 * Schrammeln (1944)
 * Viennese Girls (1945, released 1949)
 * Renee XIV (1946, uncompleted)
 * Der Hofrat Geiger (1947)
 * The Singing House (1948)
 * Jetzt schlägt's 13 (1950)
 * Kissing Is No Sin (1950)
 * Theodore the Goalkeeper (1950)
 * Hello Porter (1952)
 * Shame on You, Brigitte! (1952)
 * Rose of the Mountain (1952)
 * Hello Porter (1952)
 * Dutch Girl (1953)
 * To Be Without Worries (1953)
 * The Uncle from America (1953)
 * The Three from the Filling Station (1955)
 * The Congress Dances (1955)
 * Yes, Yes, Love in Tyrol (1955)
 * As Long as the Roses Bloom (1956)
 * Opera Ball (1956)
 * My Aunt, Your Aunt (1956)
 * Emperor's Ball (1956)
 * And Who Is Kissing Me? (1956)
 * The Twins from Zillertal (1957)
 * Hello Taxi (1958)
 * Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald (TV play, 1961, based on the play Tales from the Vienna Woods by Ödön von Horvath)
 * Mariandl (1961)
 * Die Fledermaus (1962, playing the non-singing role of Frosch, the drunken jailer)
 * Leutnant Gustl (film) (1963, TV film)

title: Hans Moser (actor)


text:
Armed and Dangerous (1986 film)

Armed and Dangerous is a 1986 American comedy film directed by Mark L. Lester and starring John Candy, Eugene Levy, Robert Loggia and Meg Ryan. It was filmed on location in and around Los Angeles, California.

Plot
Los Angeles police officer Frank Dooley is framed for stealing a television set by corrupt detectives Rizzo and Nedler and dismissed from the force. Meanwhile, hapless defense attorney Norman Kane is threatened with death by his latest client should he fail to keep him out of prison. Kane reveals his ineptitude and the death threat to the judge, who agrees to render a long sentence if Kane resigns as a lawyer.

Dooley and Kane meet when they apply for work at Guard Dog Security, run by Captain Clarence O'Connell and part of a union represented by Klepper and Lazarus. Becoming licensed security guards after a single afternoon of training, Dooley and Kane are made partners by supervisor Maggie Cavanaugh and assigned to night duty at a pharmaceutical warehouse. Ordered to take a lunch break by senior guard Bruno, Kane happens upon an armed robbery of the warehouse and calls Frank for help, but they prove no match for the thieves.

The next day, the pair are berated by O'Connell for their failure. While they are venting their anger toward O'Connell, Maggie reveals that she is his daughter. Dooley and Kane then attend a meeting of the union, where Kane's attempt to file a grievance against Guard Dog is quashed by union president Michael Carlino. Kane pointedly questions Carlino about how the union dues, adding to about $4 million per year, are spent. After Kane rejects an evasive answer from treasurer Lou Brackman, Carlino threatens Kane should he ever attend another union meeting.

Over the next few days, Dooley and Kane find themselves assigned to work at a landfill and a toxic waste dump. Convinced something illegal is afoot after hearing a story from two fellow security guards about a similar robbery, the pair track down Bruno at his gym and interrogate him. Bruno admits that O'Connell had him order them to lunch the night of the robbery. They visit an informant friend of Dooley's for information on Carlino and bring their suspicions to Maggie, but she rejects them for having no evidence.

Dooley and Kane next attend a party thrown by Carlino, hoping to gather some evidence. Eavesdropping on a meeting between Carlino and Brackman, they learn that Carlino is using the pension fund to finance dealings with a drug cartel and plans to have the money robbed from an armored car, with insurance covering the loss. Fearing the insurance company will investigate, Brackman urges Carlino not to execute the robbery. Carlino instructs Klepper and Lazarus to kill Brackman. Dooley and Kane attempt to save Brackman, but are too late to prevent his murder. After a night spent evading police, the two make plans with Maggie to prevent the armored car robbery. Kane and Maggie take over driving the truck, while Dooley plans to meet them ahead of the would-be robbers.

Dooley has problems with his motorcycle while weaving through a traffic jam on L.A.'s Sixth Street Viaduct and is forced to hitch a ride with a trucker who bulls through the traffic, destroying several cars in the process. Meanwhile, Kane and Maggie avoid assaults from multiple cars attempting to hold them up. Dooley is able to arrive in time to save the armored car from a final attack from Klepper and Lazarus. O'Connell arrives, having captured Carlino and his associates, Rizzo and Nedler.

The criminals are arrested and Dooley is invited back to the police force, along with a reluctant Kane.

Cast

 * John Candy as Frank Dooley
 * Eugene Levy as Norman Kane
 * Robert Loggia as Michael Carlino
 * Kenneth McMillan as Captain Clarence O'Connell
 * Meg Ryan as Maggie Cavanaugh
 * Brion James as Anthony Lazarus
 * Jonathan Banks as Clyde Klepper
 * Don Stroud as Sergeant Rizzo
 * Larry Hankin as Kokolovitch
 * Steve Railsback as "The Cowboy"
 * Tony Burton as "Cappy"
 * Larry "Flash" Jenkins as Raisin
 * Stacy Keach, Sr. as Judge
 * Saveliy Kramarov as Olaf
 * Tommy "Tiny" Lister as Bruno
 * James Tolkan as Lou Brackman
 * Glenn Withrow as Larry Lupik
 * David Wohl as Prosecutor
 * Teagan Clive as Staff Member
 * Tito Puente as Band Leader
 * Sharon Wyatt as BMW Woman

Production
The project was initially developed by Harold Ramis as a vehicle for Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi. According to John Candy, John Carpenter was initially attached to direct. Carpenter stated that he dropped out of the project after Aykroyd stipulated that he would not star in the film unless the script was changed to culminate with a car chase.

Ramis said the film "had died a quiet death, and then was resurrected by Brian Grazer, the producer. And Brian said, 'If I can find a director, can I make the movie?' And I said okay." Candy and Tom Hanks were cast, but Hanks dropped out, and Candy recommended Eugene Levy, his costar in Second City Television and Going Berserk (1983), to replace Hanks. Ramis said the film "was not good. I tried to take my name off it. I took my name off in one place", referring to his executive producer credit, which was removed prior to release. Ramis is still credited as a screenwriter, despite his objections.

Release and reception
The film opened in the United States on August 15, 1986 to poor reviews and low sales at the box office. Armed and Dangerous holds a 10% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on ten reviews.

Reflecting on the movie in 2014, director Mark Lester said, "The movie came out okay, but I wasn't used to working with comedians. I was trying to tell the story and put in some good action scenes, but they didn't care about any of that. They just wanted to be funny."

title: Armed and Dangerous (1986 film)