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Tryavna

Tryavna (Трявна ) is a town in central Bulgaria, situated in the northern slopes of the Balkan range, on the Tryavna river valley, near Gabrovo. It is famous for its textile industry and typical National Revival architecture, featuring 140 cultural monuments, must, and expositions. Tryavna is the birthplace of Bulgarian writer Pencho Slaveykov and revolutionary Angel Kanchev.

The town is the administrative centre of the eponymous Tryavna Municipality. As of December 2009, it had a population of 9,831.

History
The village was founded as early as the Thracian Era. However, the first documents of its existence date back to the 12th century. In 1190 it was the site of the Battle of Tryavna, which proved crucial in reestablishing Bulgarian independence from the Byzantines. During Ottoman Bulgaria period locals defended the pass and enjoyed privileges for this reason. Only Bulgarians lived in the town. During the period of Bulgarian National Revival, the town was heavily involved in the development of crafts. Houses from this period feature their own architectural design. The ground floors had irregular forms and housed craftsmen and traders. The upper floors featured wooden bow-windows, the roofs were covered with well-arranged rocks.

The town square, named Capitan Diado Nikola, with the clock tower, dating from 1814, are among the landmarks. Another tourist attraction is the "kivgireniyat" bridge, built above the river behind the clock tower. One of the first secular schools in Bulgaria was built on Capitan Diado Nikola Square. Another symbol of Tryavna is the St. Archangel Mihael Church, situated in the town center and built in the late 12th century after Bulgarian tzar Asen defeated Byzantine emperor Isaac II. The wood-carved iconostasis and the bishop's throne in the church are real masterpieces of the woodcarving in Tryavna. Next to the school, is the Raykov house with its ethnographic collection, which is the birthplace of the first Bulgarian chemist, Pencho Nikolov Raikov. Not far away from it is the museum-house of Angel Kanchev who was Vassil Levski's compatriot. One of the most visited museums in Tryavna is the Daskalov house built in 1808. The museum features the famous wood carved suns. The house is a museum of woodcarving and icon painting art. The remarkable ceilings were made after a bet between two of the best masters of wood carving — Dimitar Oshanetsa and Ivan Bochukovetsa. The two masters worked hard for six months in the two largest rooms in the house without having the possibility to see each other's work.

The Petko and Pencho Slaveykov museum-house, situated in the old part of the town, features an exposition of the poetical works of the two authors. The son, Pencho, was nominated for the Nobel Prize but died before having a chance to win it. The Kalinchev house, also in the old part, has been transformed into an art gallery, offering the collection, donated by Totio Gybenski. The Museum of icon painting and woodcarving with its collection of over 160 original icons, painted by well-known masters, is housed in the Tsar's chapel at a distance of the town center.

The unique Museum of Asian and African Art is housed in the old public bath, on the riverside. Tryavna is proud with its great samples of the woodcarving, icon painting and original architecture.

Today the town is a preferred tourist spot, featuring modern hotels, private lodgings and villas, restaurants and taverns.

There is also an Art school where successors of the old icon painters and woodcarvers master these crafts.

The Voneshta voda village resort, famous for its healing mineral springs, is located 20 km away from Tryavna. The Bulgarka Nature Park is located in the Starina Planina, south on the city.

The town is well connected with the whole country thanks to its excellent road network and railway station.

Besides Bulgarian National Revival figures, another native is former Bulgarian NBA player Georgi Glouchkov.

Administrative partition

 * Svetushka neighborhood
 * Kachaun neighborhood
 * Hitrevtsi

Education

 * National High School for Applied Arts "Tryavna School"
 * Petko Slaveykov's School

Sport

 * FC Tryavna
 * Basketball club Tryavna
 * Tennis club Tryavna
 * Tryavna Ultra
 * HV HAMMER TRYAVNA

Twin towns — Sister cities
Since 2011 Tryavna is a member of the Douzelage, a unique town twinning association of 27 towns across the European Union.

• :🇪🇸 Altea, Spain

• :🇩🇪 Bad Kötzting, Germany

• :🇮🇹 Bellagio, Italy

• :🇮🇪 Bundoran, Ireland

• :🇫🇷 Granville, France

• : Holstebro, Denmark

• :🇧🇪 Houffalize, Belgium

• : Meerssen, the Netherlands

• :🇱🇺 Niederanven, Luxembourg

• : Preveza, Greece

• : Sesimbra, Portugal

• : Sherborne, United Kingdom

• :🇫🇮 Karkkila, Finland

• :🇸🇪 Oxelösund, Sweden

• :🇦🇹 Judenburg, Austria

• :🇵🇱 Chojna, Poland

• :🇭🇺 Kőszeg, Hungary

• :🇱🇻 Sigulda, Latvia

• :🇨🇿 Sušice, Czech Republic

• :🇪🇪 Türi, Estonia

• :🇸🇰 Zvolen, Slovakia

• :🇱🇹 Prienai, Lithuania

• :🇲🇹 Marsaskala, Malta

• :🇷🇴 Siret, Romania

• :🇸🇮 Škofja Loka, Slovenia

• :🇨🇾 Agros, Cyprus

Since 1994 Tryavna is also twinned with Brienz, Switzerland.

Honour
Tryavna Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Tryavna.

title: Tryavna


text:
List of colonial governors of Cuba

This is a list of colonial heads of Cuba.

Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office.

For continuation after independence see List of presidents of Cuba.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of colonial governors of Cuba


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shandy gaff

Shandy gaff was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to Wikibooks. As of 17:03, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC), the article is still in the queue to be moved. Rossami (talk)

 * Transwiki recipe. Exploding Boy 13:11, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The list of cocktails is an ongoing project that's been around since the Wikipedia started.  Periodically, however, they still turn up here.  Smerdis of Tlön 13:28, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, cocktails are encyclopedic. - SimonP 17:05, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiCookBook unless historical or cultural information is added, or unless What Wikipedia is not is changed to not disallow recipes. -- Creidieki 21:52, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for the same reasons as Bourbon county cowboy. I'm gonna say it right now: people think of the absolute dumbest names for cocktails.  I'm surprised there's no combination of vodka, gin, and Kool-Aid called "the radioactive sock" or something equally brain-damaged.  --Ardonik 06:30, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, delete. What Wikipedia is not.  SWAdair | Talk  03:53, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Elf-friend 17:13, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, see Votes for deletion/Slippery Nipple -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 20:45, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone explains (not asserts, explains) why this is encyclopedic. -- orthogonal 21:38, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to cookbook. Rdsmith4 | Talk 16:06, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki & delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 19:04, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki recipe Rossami 20:53, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Double bass/rewrite July 2004

This is a holding Page for the re write of the Double Bass entry

Read at you own risk this page will also be a place holder for information facts article headdings etc untill we are ready to finaly go live! Please see Talk Double Bass for information and background as to why this page was created.

Introduction
The double bass is a stringed musical instrument, usually considered the fourth - and lowest-tuned - member of the violin family of string instruments, which includes the violin, viola, and cello. It resembles the other members of the family, but is much larger and has slight differences in shape and tuning, which arguably originate from its controversial viol origin. It is used extensively in European classical music as a standard member of the string section of symphony orchestras and smaller string ensembles. For a long time it was only rarely used as a solo instrument and its paper in the orchestra was limited to the reforcing of the cello part. It is now also widely encountered in other genres such as Jazz, Blues, Rock and Roll, Folk and Bluegrass, both in the rhythm section or as a solo instrument. It is then usually played pizzicato rather than with the bow

Its name derives from the definition of an octave in musical theory as a doubling in the frequency of the vibration of the strings. As it is pitched an octave lower than the cello, which played the bass parts in orchestras and string ensembles, it was named double bass. Other names include string bass, acoustic bass, bass violin, doghouse bass, doghouse, bull fiddle, contrabass, and upright bass. A person who plays this instrument is called a bassist, doublebassist or contrabassist.

History
The double bass has evolved from the viol and or the Violone (although what exactly constitutes a Violone is a matter of accidemic debate) and of course the violin. Early double basses had anything from 6 to 3 strings. In the 18 hundreds the 3 string bass was popular (as played by Domenico Dragonetti and Giovanni Bottesini) the 4 String only coming into real promeniance in the late 18 hundres / early 20 Th century and the existance of the 5 String bass especially in symphony orchestras is now very common.

(these next few paragraphs have been taken from the spanish and french pages, with no reference, so I haven't really checked them ... can anybody verify the information and give references please ?tradora 18:03, 19 January 2006 (UTC))

The double bass appeared in 1620, deriving from the violone and bass viol (??), but it was introduced in the orchestra only in the middle of the XVII century. Originally it doubled the cello parts an octave lower, and obtained independant parts during the romantic period (XVIII).

It aquires a proper identity in the violin family in the XVIII century. This date is quite late in comparison with the other instruments, and may due to the lack of homogeneization in the conception, the number of strings, the size, the tuning, which still exists today.

Its origin goes back to the XVI and came from the viola da gamba and the violone. Its size was bigger than today and left it out of the string quarted (then composed of two violins, one viola and a cello). During the XVI century, Stiggio and Corteggia composed an interlude with a part for the “sotto basso di viola”, but it is not known whether it refered to a solo for the bass viola da braccio or bass viola da gamba. In the beginning of the XVII century, Michael Praetorius described a five string instrument named violone, also known as bass viola da gamba or bass violin, which seems to be the ancestor of the double bass. The tuning of this big prototype, which size reached over two meters, was similar to that of today's double bass. It sounded an octave lower than what was written on the score, a particularity that maintains true today.

Debate over violin/viol origin
The double bass is often erroneously considered to be a member of the violin family of string instruments, even sometimes being referred to as "bass violin." In reality, however, it is generally regarded as the only modern descendant of the viola da gamba family of instruments, a family which originated in Europe in the 15th century, and is more properly described as a "bass viol."

The double bass is closest in construction to the violone (literally "large viol"), the largest and lowest member of the viola da gamba family. Unlike the violone, however, the fingerboard of the double bass is unfretted, and the double bass has fewer strings (the violone, like most viols, generally had six strings, although some specimens had five or four). Before the 20th century many double basses had only three strings, in contrast to the five to six strings typical of instruments in the viola da gamba family or the four strings of instruments in the violin family.

The double bass' proportions are dissimilar to those of the violin; for example, it is deeper (the distance from top to back is proportionally much greater than the violin). In addition, while the violin has bulging shoulders, most double basses have shoulders carved with a more acute slope, like members of the viola da gamba family. Many very old double basses have had their shoulders cut or sloped to aid playing with modern techniques; before these modifications the design of their shoulders was closer to instruments of the violin family.

The issue of the instrument's exact lineage is still a matter of some debate, and the supposition that the double bass is a direct decendent of the viola da gamba family is an issue that has not been entirely resolved.

In his A New History of the Double Bass, Paul Brun asserts, with many references, that the double bass has origins as the true bass of the violin family. He states that, while the exterior of the double bass may resemble the viola da gamba, the internal construction of the double bass is nearly identical to that of other instruments in the violin family, and is very different from the internal structure of viols.

Tuning
Historicaly the tuning of the bass has varied greatly depending on the number of strings and what was in vouge.

The double bass is also the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths (like viola da gambas), rather than fifths (see Tuning, below).

Modern instruments are usually tuned E-A-D-G, with the upper G being an octave and a fourth below middle C (approx 98Hz), and the E almost 3 octaves below middle C (the bottom E on a modern piano, approx 41Hz). Five String instruments are tuned B-E-A-D-G. For much of the solo repetiore the tuning of the 4 string bass is a whole tone above the standard orchestral tuning this being F#-B-E-A.

The double bass is also the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths (like viola da gambas), rather than fifths (see Tuning, below).

The Vienna school
would it be a good idea to make a separate section for this as it seems quite important tradora

Alfred Planyavsky and the Vienna Double Bass Archive Franz Simandl

Construction
The double bass is closest in construction to the violone (literally "large viol"), the largest and lowest member of the viola da gamba family. Unlike the violone, however, the fingerboard of the double bass is unfretted, and the double bass has fewer strings (the violone, like most viols, generally had six strings, although some specimens had five or four). Before the 20th century many double basses had only three strings, in contrast to the five to six strings typical of instruments in the viola da gamba family or the four strings of instruments in the violin family.

The double bass compared to the rest of the violin family is not an instrument that has gained a physical standardisation (even today). In general there are three major approaches to the design of the outline shape of the double bass, these being (in order of occourance) Viol, Violin and bussetto (and very rarely the guitar) other hybrids are not unknowin. The back of the instrument can vary from being a carved rounded back similar to the violin or a flat and angled back (with variations inbetween).

Not to be forgotten is the influence of the viol on the double base. These charachistics include tuning in fourths to avoid a too long finger stretch (whereas the violin, viola and cello are tuned in fifths.) The sloped shoulders of the instrument, the often angled back (both to allow easier access to the instrument, particularly in the upper range) and the near-universal use of machine heads for tuning.

At this point we should also mention the 4th String extensions that a number of players use to extend the ranges of the 4 string bass to low C. (sometimes low b) *** Pics of 4 String extension.****

Since the range of the double bass lies largely below the standard bass clef, it is notated an octave higher (hence sounding an octave lower than written). This transposition applies even when reading the tenor clef and treble clef, which are used for the instrument's upper range.

The main parts of the double bass are (from top to bottom):

 * the head (scroll, pegbox)
 * the neck and the fingerboard
 * the belly (front, back, ribs)
 * the endpin

The back, the neck and the ribs are usually made of maple, the top of spruce and the fingerboard of ebony. All these parts are glued together. In the front two F-holes are carved. Inside the body, a soundpost connects the front and back sounding boards.

The strings are attached to the body through ( from top to bottom):

 * the tuning pegs
 * the nut
 * the bridge
 * the tailpiece

The tuning pegs are attached to the sides of the pegbox with wood screws and the rest of these devices is only kept in place by string tension. On some models, a special system, known as C-extension, is attached on the lowest string to allow a tuning in C. The viol family of instuments also featured frets, but the double bass never had them. A wooden or metallic mute can be attached to the bridge, to make the sound softer.

The Bow
-Old Dragonetti type bow, Baroque bows -Where to find photos?

Technique
Simandl, Thumb Positon, Rabbath

The double bass repertoire
-Expansion of the double Bass's role in various Musical environments -Mention also Electric Upright bass

European classical music
- May not need that much work

Jazz
- I know a little but the very early stuff may take me a while to track down (pre 1920)

Famous Bassists
-Maybe some simple info about each player

Resources

 * The Double Bass and Violone Internet Archive with many articles, bibliography and references, mainly dealing with historical issues.
 * The Double Bass Reference and Repertoire Guide a very extensive list of the existing repertoire for the double bass, from the Carnegie Mellon University Library.
 * The Double Bassist Hall of Fame biographies, photos and instruments of many famous double bassists.
 * Bob Gollihur's Double Bass Links Page resources for double bass players and luthiers.
 * The Online Double Bass Guide articles, and links, with a german/english translation of many double bass terms.
 * The Double Bassists Family Tree a tree presenting the influences and linkages of some influential double bassists of the Prague school.
 * Sivio dalla Torre website information on playing techniques, tuning systems, the "New Dutch School", the Bassetto and other topics.
 * Historical Bass Website historical information about the double bass and the violone.

Associations

 * International society of bassists worldwide double bass events and clubs, links, newsletter and magazine.
 * BassPlaza.com bass and double bass online community, with links to the sites of many bassists.

Publications

 * The Online Journal of Bass Research free refereed electronic journal, published by the International Society of Bassists.
 * Double Bassist magazine for double bass teachers, students, players and makers

Shops

 * Lemur Music online store specialized in the double bass.
 * The Contrabass Shoppe online store specialized in the double bass, with articles.
 * Tobias Festl's world of basses german shop and workshop with many double bass photos online.

title: Talk:Double bass/rewrite July 2004


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bourbon county cowboy

Bourbon county cowboy was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to Wikibooks. As of 17:27, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC), this article is still in the queue to be moved. Rossami (talk)

 * Transwiki recipe. There are dozens more like this on List of cocktails but Wikipedia is being very slow right now.  They should all be looked at; most need to be moved to wikibooks.  Exploding Boy 13:11, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC) moved off main vfd page
 * Keep. The list of cocktails is an ongoing project that's been around since the Wikipedia started.  Periodically, however, they still turn up here.  Smerdis of Tlön 13:29, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, cocktails are encyclopedic. - SimonP 17:05, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: What Wikipedia is not specifically says that we are not a cookbook, and the article has no other content. I would be happy to change my vote if information about the cultural or historical significance of this drink was added. -- Creidieki 21:46, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, the User:SimonP in me says "keep it; after all, we have a million other cocktail articles already, don't we?" But the User:Creidieki in me says "we're here to write an encyclopedia, not to list every single foolishly-named random alcoholic concoction conceived by some drunken frat boy on a dare."  To this, my inner User:SimonP retorts: "but the gates have been opened, and the damage has already been done." The User:Creidieki within ponders this for a moment, contemplating how much work it would take to transwiki all of the cocktail articles, and slowly hangs its head in defeat.  Keep.  --Ardonik 06:19, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a good reason to keep. It may take a lot of work, but ultimately moving these cocktail recipes to Wikibooks where they belong is the best thing for the encyclopaedia.  Once we start allowing cocktail recipes, then it's appetizers and party foods and the next thing you know we're a wholesale cookbook site.  Exploding Boy 07:45, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed entirely w/ Exploding Boy. Wile E. Heresiarch 19:06, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, delete. What Wikipedia is not.  It will take as long to transwiki all the cocktail articles as it has to transwiki all the September 11th articles -- years.  But it can be done at the same rate everything else is done: one article per article.  SWAdair | Talk  03:56, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Elf-friend 17:20, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, see Votes for deletion/Slippery Nipple -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 20:46, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone explains (not asserts, explains) why this is encyclopedic. -- orthogonal 21:44, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the Wikibooks cookbook. Rdsmith4 | Talk 16:07, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. Good for Wikipedia, good for Wikibooks cookbook. -- WOT 21:25, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki & delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 19:06, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and delete. But I wish there was a better way to search all things Wiki so pushing stuff off Wikipedia didn't diminish it. Salasks 20:39, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki recipe Rossami 20:53, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Djdoyle

I see the welcome wagon hasn't found you yet. I restored your article at Baby k. I think it was mainly a misunderstanding. I couldn't find any quotes from the legal opinion that it was claimed to copy. I did make a couple changes: we don't sign articles, so I removed your signature from the page. You can sign the talk page though. Also your name shows in the article history. If you want your anonymous contributions to be credited to your user name, you can put a request in at Changing attribution for an edit. I also removed a sentence which included a personal perspective which is not considered to be an "encyclopedic" practice.

Also I would suggest cutting or shortening the section on "The Case Against Futile Medical Care", it seems to stray pretty far from the narrow topic of Baby k implied by the article title. Which is not to say that the content would not be useful under another title. Rmhermen 15:10, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Djdoyle


text: User talk:69.171.37.95

title: User talk:69.171.37.95


text:
Scarlets

The Scarlets (Y Scarlets) are one of the four professional Welsh rugby union teams and are based in Llanelli, Wales. Their home ground is the Parc y Scarlets stadium. They play in the United Rugby Championship and in European Professional Club Rugby competitions. The club was originally named the Llanelli Scarlets but was renamed at the start of the 2008–09 rugby season.

The Llanelli Scarlets were founded in 2003, as one of the five (now four) regional teams created by the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU). The Scarlets are affiliated with a number of semi-professional and amateur clubs throughout the area, including Welsh Premier Division sides Llanelli RFC, Carmarthen Quins RFC and Llandovery RFC. Through the 2007–08 season, they played most of their games at Stradey Park in Llanelli, but they have also played matches at the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham. The club's new stadium, Parc y Scarlets (Scarlets Park), was constructed in nearby Pemberton, and opened in November 2008.

The Scarlets won the league twice: the initial 2003–04 Celtic League season, and the Pro12 in 2016–17, defeating Munster 46–22 in the 2017 Pro12 Grand Final.

Formation
In 2003, the WRU elected to reduce the top tier of Welsh professional rugby from nine clubs into five regions during the introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales, attempting to mirror the successful formats in Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

Initially, it was planned to have a region playing at Stradey Park, with players coming from Llanelli, Swansea and Neath. This was then modified to have Llanelli and Swansea merging, while Neath joined with Bridgend. Llanelli were opposed to both plans and requested standalone status. Eventually, Llanelli and Cardiff were allowed to remain independent. The Llanelli Scarlets brand was officially launched on 7 July 2003.

Despite always having been a 100% owned Llanelli RFC subsidiary, the Scarlets were originally conceived as representing the whole of West and North Wales. In the early seasons of regional rugby, the Scarlets played a small number of games at the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham. While nominally continuing to be the regional franchisee for North Wales, the Scarlets presence there has diminished. As of 2018, the Scarlets consider their region to represent the three counties of Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire.

2003–04 season
Largely drawn from the Llanelli RFC side that won the Welsh Cup the preceding year, the Scarlets carried that success forward into their inaugural season. They reached the last eight of the 2003–04 Heineken Cup and finished the Celtic League season as champions by four points over Ulster. In the Heineken Cup, the Scarlets were drawn in Pool 4 along with Northampton Saints, Agen and Borders. The Scarlets won five of their six matches, losing only to Agen, and finished top of their pool before losing to French club Biarritz 27–10 in the quarter-finals.

2004–05 season
The following season, however, was less successful. Plagued by injuries and retirements, as well as the departure of influential fly-half Stephen Jones to Clermont, the Scarlets finished a disappointing fifth in the league. They were even less successful in the Heineken Cup, winning just two of their six pool games to finish third behind Northampton and Toulouse. The salvation of their season came in reaching the final of the Celtic Cup, which they lost 26–17 to Munster.

2005–06 season
The Scarlets again failed to qualify from their Heineken Cup group in 2005–06 and finished sixth in the Celtic League. They did, however, find more success in the newly restructured Anglo-Welsh Cup. After finishing at the top of their pool, they defeated Bath by one point in the semi-finals to reach the final against London Wasps at Twickenham; missing several international players, they lost 26–10. In the Heineken Cup, it was a similar story to the previous season, with the Scarlets winning two of their six fixtures to finish third in the pool again, behind Toulouse and Wasps. Despite finishing sixth in the Celtic League, the team qualified for the Heineken Cup for the 2006–07 season as the second-best-placed Welsh team in the league. They also re-signed Stephen Jones, and full-back Barry Davies extended his contract to stay with the Scarlets. The Scarlets' Director of Rugby, Gareth Jenkins, had been appointed as Wales' national team coach, having been with the region since its inception. Phil Davies, then coach of Leeds Tykes, replaced Jenkins at the Scarlets.

2006–07 season
At the first home game of the 2006–07 season, an information sheet was handed out to supporters with details of the club's financial situation. There was opposition by local residents to plans by the Scarlets to move to a new stadium and sell their current ground for housing development. The information sheet stated that, due to delays caused by the opposition and benefactors pulling out of the club, it was "extremely unlikely that [the Llanelli Scarlets] could survive to the end of the present season unless other financial assistance is found", which would result in "the loss, probably for all time, of professional rugby in West Wales." Local residents believed, however, that the infrastructure, such as roads and schools, will not cope with 450 new houses being built on the site. On 28 November 2006, the regions secured investment from Tim Griffiths, a London-based businessman.

In the 2006–07 Heineken Cup, the Scarlets recorded one of the most famous victories in their brief history as a region, defeating Toulouse 41–34 away, despite twice trailing by 21 points. This was an unexpected victory, despite the Scarlets having won their first three games of the 2006–07 competition. They later secured their place in the Heineken Cup quarter-final with a convincing 35–11 win over Ulster at Ravenhill. The Scarlets went on to become only the fifth team in the history of the competition to win all their pool matches. They beat current holders Munster 24–15 at Stradey Park in the quarter-finals, but were beaten 33–17 in the semis by a strong Leicester Tigers side, putting an end to their hopes of making it 'third time lucky' in Heineken Cup semi-finals.

2007–08 season
On 30 April 2008, Phil Davies was replaced by Nigel Davies after a sixth-place finish in the Celtic League and an end of season slump.

2008–09 season
The Scarlets moved from Stradey Park at the end of November 2008 to a new ground at Pemberton called Parc y Scarlets. The final Scarlets match played at Stradey Park was on 24 October 2008, against Bristol in the group stage of the Anglo-Welsh Cup. The Scarlets won 27–0 in front of a capacity crowd, which included former Llanelli captains such as Delme Thomas and Phil Bennett.

The Scarlets' first match at their new home was an 18–16 Celtic League defeat to Munster on 28 November 2008. Their first Heineken Cup match at Parc y Scarlets was held on 12 December against Ulster and finished in a 16–16 draw. Both matches were held with reduced capacity, as law requires that a new stadium hold three events at reduced capacity before it is authorised for its full capacity. The official opening ceremony was on 31 January 2009, when the Scarlets faced the Barbarians.

2011–12 season
During the 2011–12 season, the Scarlets were unable to progress to the knockout rounds of the Heineken Cup, but placing second in their pool earned them an automatic drop-down spot in the quarter-finals of the Challenge Cup. They lost the resulting fixture against Brive 15–12, despite scoring the only try of the match through Liam Williams.

Nigel Davies departed the club at the conclusion of the 2011–12 season, and was replaced by defence coach and longtime Scarlets player, Simon Easterby.

2014–15 season
In May 2014, it was confirmed that the four Welsh regions would compete in the annual Premiership Sevens Series after a three-year deal was agreed with BT Sport.

After the 2013–14 season, the Scarlets had numerous changes in coaching staff. Forwards coach Danny Wilson departed for Bristol, while Byron Hayward joined as a defense coach. Wayne Pivac was hired as an assistant coach, but selected as head coach when Simon Easterby left the position to become forwards coach with Ireland.

Under Pivac, the Scarlets' performances did not immediately turn around. Centre Jonathan Davies left for Clermont ahead of the 2014–15 season, but Hadleigh Parkes was signed from Auckland, and reunited with former coach Pivac. Mid-table finishes continued for the next two seasons. Mark Jones departed in 2015, replaced by long time Scarlets fly-half and London Wasps attack coach Stephen Jones.

2016–17 season
Ahead of 2016, Tadhg Beirne joined the side. The Irish forward arrived from Leinster, and capable of playing at lock and in the back row, proved to be an influential player in the pack. Recruitment was further bolstered with Crusaders back Johnny McNicholl and the return of Jonathan Davies from France. Fly-half Rhys Patchell was signed from Cardiff Blues, with Steven Shingler moving in the opposite direction. The season started poorly, with the Scarlets losing their first three matches. Improvements throughout the season saw the Scarlets finish in third place in the table, qualifying for the play-offs. The Scarlets beat Leinster away at the RDS Stadium, 27–15, despite winger Steff Evans being sent off in the first half. The Scarlets beat Munster in the final with an emphatic 46–22 win. This was the Scarlets second title, their first having come in 2004 during the first Celtic League season.

2017–18 season
The Scarlets looked to maintain their title the following season in the inaugural Pro14 tournament. Leigh Halfpenny joined from Toulon, replacing outgoing fullback Liam Williams. They topped their pool in the Champions Cup, and defeated La Rochelle 29–17 in the quarter-final. The Scarlets fell short of the final, losing to eventual winners Leinster in their semi-final.

They again reached the final in the league, having defeated the Cheetahs and Glasgow Warriors in the knock-out rounds, but came up short against Leinster, losing 40–32 in the final despite a late flurry of tries and a hat-trick from Johnny McNicholl.

2018–19 season
Wayne Pivac was announced as Warren Gatland's successor as Wales coach after the 2019 Rugby World Cup. With him left Stephen Jones and Byron Hayward, who joined Pivac on the Wales coaching staff.

Crusaders assistant coach Brad Mooar was announced as the next head coach in December 2018.

Project Reset
In 2018, the Welsh Rugby Union sought to reform club rugby in Wales. Salaries had increased as they worked to entice Welsh players abroad to return, and they aimed to streamline costs with a banding system. The Professional Rugby Board (PRB) was created between the WRU and clubs to attempt to identify a sustainable path forward. The PRB evaluated numerous options including mergers and relocations of clubs, and by early 2019 felt the preferable option was to merge the Scarlets with west Wales rivals the Ospreys; the Swansea club having made a made an approach to the Scarlets in late 2018. This was not the first time a west Wales super club had been mooted; during the 2003 formation of regional rugby, a combination of the Llanelli, Swansea, and Neath forming a unified club was initially proposed. The new combined club would play league matches at Parc y Scarlets, with European fixtures at the Ospreys' Liberty Stadium. Shortly after the proposal was revealed, Scarlets ownership indicated the merger was "off the table", with Ospreys chairman Mike James resigning, and the club formation ultimately remaining unchanged.

2019–20 season
New coach Brad Mooar started the 2019 season well, winning five out of the first six matches, but left before settling in, having been selected by new All Blacks coach Ian Foster to join his staff as assistant coach. The Scarlets and the New Zealand Rugby Union agreed to a release for Mooar, and his assistant coach Glenn Delaney was named as his successor.

2020–21 season
Former Scarlets Dwayne Peel was announced as head coach for the forthcoming season, with Delaney moving to a Director of Rugby role. Peel was at the time contracted to join Cardiff Blues for the following season, as an assistant coach responsible for attack. Following the dismissal of Blues head coach John Mulvihill, former coach Dai Young made a return to the club initially as interim head coach and finally Director of Rugby. Due to this new coaching structure, the Scarlets and Blues came to an agreement allowing for Peel to no longer join Cardiff as an assistant coach, and instead join the Scarlets as head coach.

After a poor run of matches, Delaney was relieved of his duties as head coach and departed the club before assuming the Director of Rugby role, with Dai Flanagan stepping in as caretaker head coach.

2021–22 season
Ahead of the 2021–22 United Rugby Championship, Leinster skills coach Hugh Hogan was brought in as defence coach. The Scarlets finished in 10th place, and narrowly missed out on winning the newly created URC Welsh Shield. Hogan departed after one season, being replaced by Wales assistant coach Gareth Williams.

2022–23 season
Few signings were made prior to the 2022–23 United Rugby Championship season, with All Blacks utility forward Vaea Fifita the headline acquisition, while Liam Williams departed for Cardiff following his second spell with the club. Longtime prop Rob Evans followed Steffan Hughes, and former Dragon Angus O'Brien to the Dragons, along with backs coach Dai Flanagan, who was named as their new head coach.

Following their collapse in October 2022, Wasps head coach Lee Blackett joined as backs coach for the remainder of the season. The season began poorly for the Scarlets, winning only one URC match prior to the international window. Wales prop Sam Wainwright joined midseason, with Samson Lee remaining sidelined with a long-term injury. Upon regrouping, fortunes had changed, with the team winning both matches in the first two rounds of the 2022–23 EPCR Challenge Cup pool stage, putting themselves at the top of their pool. They then beat Bayonne and the Cheetahs in the return matches to finish top of the pool and set up a round of 16 knockout fixture at home against Brive. The Scarlets followed up on their European victory the following week, beating the Bulls despite missing numerous players to Wales call-ups, and earning their first victory over the Pretoria-based team.

During the Six Nations, they secured a bonus-point win against Edinburgh, and two bonus points in a loss away to Munster, in which they came back from 35–7 down at half-time. They then secured their second win over South African opposition of the season with a 32–20 win over a Sharks team heavily laden with Springboks. The Scarlets made their way into the quarter-finals of the Challenge Cup, after beating Brive 19–7, facing ASM Clermont Auvergne at home. This was the Scarlets first European quarter-final fixture since the 2019–20 season. The Scarlets won the match 32–30, with a late try by Ryan Conbeer and a match-winning conversion from Sam Costelow three minutes from full-time, propelling them into a home semi-final. The Scarlets lost the resultant semi-final, their final match of the season.

The squad saw fifteen players leave the club, owing to the reduced salary caps imposed by the WRU. Notable departures included Rhys Patchell, Leigh Halfpenny, and Aaron Shingler, who spent his entire professional career with the club. Corey Baldwin and Dane Blacker were both released, and subsequently signed for the Dragons. In the backroom, Nigel Ashley-Jones departed the club after two seasons to join Eddie Jones with the Australia national rugby union team. Lee Blackett left following his short-term agreement with the club, joining Bath Rugby. Forwards coach Ben Franks returned to New Zealand.

2023–24 season
Joining the club were Welsh international Ioan Lloyd from Bristol Bears, and former Scarlet Tomi Lewis returning from Jersey Reds. Numerous renewals were also confirmed, such as lock pair Morgan Jones and Jac Price, centres Ioan Nicholas, Joe Roberts, and Eddie James, and prop Kemsley Mathias– all players developed from the Scarlets academy. Sam Wainwright signed a full contract, following on from his short-term deal. Hooker Ryan Elias signed an extension, despite interest from abroad. Also signed was former New Zealand U20 back row Taine Plumtree, who qualified for Wales and was quickly called up to the Welsh squad for World Cup preparations. Added to the restructured Scarlets academy were lock Ed Scragg, and Loughborough duo Charlie Titcombe and Teddy Leatherbarrow.

Clermont coach Jared Payne signed as the new attack coach, with Lions coach Albert van den Berg joining as the forwards coach. Shane Carney took over as Head of Athletic Performance, reuniting with Peel, having worked at Ulster together previously.

Few wins were seen during the season, the highlights being a home and away win against local rivals Cardiff, and earning a first win outside of Wales with a victory over Zebre Parma. In the Challenge Cup, they lost every match, and failed to earn a single point on the table. They finished the season with a win, in the annual Judgement Day fixture against the Dragons.

During the season, defence coach Gareth Williams was removed from his position, with Jared Payne moving from attack to replace him, and Peel becoming responsible for the attack. Samson Lee announced his retirement mid-season, having failed to fully recover from a long-standing injury. Johnny McNicholl was released early to return home to New Zealand, joining the Crusaders as cover for former Scarlet Leigh Halfpenny. Notably, former Scarlets and Wales captain Ken Owens retired prior to the end of the season, having spent his entire professional career with the club.

Also departing the club were two more capped British Lions: Jonathan Davies and Wyn Jones; Welsh international Scott Williams; and academy products Dan Jones and Ryan Conbeer.

Name and colours
The Scarlets took their name from the nickname of Llanelli RFC, their main feeder club. Llanelli have played in red since 1884 when they played a game against a touring Ireland side. This close link with Llanelli RFC has also led to the Scarlets adopting the scarlet red colour for their primary jerseys, with their secondary colours generally being blue.

The region was originally named the Llanelli Scarlets, but was renamed at the start of the 2008–09 rugby season to more accurately represent the area covered by the region.

Stadium
From 2003 to the 2007–08 season, the Scarlets played most of their home matches at Llanelli's Stradey Park (also the home of Llanelli RFC). However, they have played several games in North Wales, at Wrexham's Racecourse Ground, to promote the region's geographical representation. The last league game played at the Racecourse Ground was in September 2005. The 2006–07 season was planned to be the last season played at Stradey Park, which was subsequently to be demolished for the building of apartments. The Scarlets played every home game of the 2006–07 season at Stradey Park to commemorate the historic ground. They played their last game at Stradey Park on 24 October 2008 against Bristol, and their first game at Parc y Scarlets on 28 November 2008 against Munster.

The new home of the Scarlets and Llanelli RFC, known as Parc y Scarlets (Scarlets Park), is in Pemberton. The new stadium cost £23 million to be constructed and holds 14,340 spectators. The first game held at the stadium saw Llanelli RFC play Cardiff RFC on 15 November 2008. The stadium's main stand is located on the south side of the ground, and houses the new Scarlets museum and club shop, as well as a sports bar, the players' changing rooms and a players' gym. Stadium blueprints planned for the main stand to be about 20 m tall. Outside the stadium there is a training barn for the players, as well as a training pitch and athletics track. The remainder of the site is taken up by the Parc Trostre retail park.

Rugby World Cup
The following players have represented their countries at the Rugby World Cup, while playing for the Scarlets:

British & Irish Lions
The following players were selected for the British & Irish Lions touring squads while contracted to the Scarlets:

Stephen Jones was also selected for the 2005 Lions tour while playing for Clermont Auvergne. Former Scarlets Scott Quinnell, Robin McBryde and Dafydd James were also selected for the Lions on the 2001 tour to Australia while playing for Llanelli RFC.

Notable former internationals
Players who have won over 20 international caps and have played for the Scarlets:

 * 🏴 Josh Adams
 * 🏴 Jake Ball
 * 🏴 Lee Byrne
 * 🏴 Aled Davies
 * 🏴 Jonathan Davies
 * 🏴 John Davies
 * 🏴 Leigh Davies
 * 🏴 Rob Evans
 * 🏴 Leigh Halfpenny
 * 🏴 Kieran Hardy
 * 🏴 Dafydd James
 * 🏴 Dafydd Jones
 * 🏴 Mark Jones
 * 🏴 Rhodri Jones
 * 🏴 Stephen Jones
 * 🏴 Wyn Jones
 * 🏴 Samson Lee
 * 🏴 Robin McBryde
 * 🏴 George North
 * 🏴 Ken Owens
 * 🏴 Hadleigh Parkes
 * 🏴 Rhys Patchell
 * 🏴 Dwayne Peel
 * 🏴 Mike Phillips
 * 🏴 Alix Popham
 * 🏴 Andy Powell
 * 🏴 Rhys Priestland
 * 🏴 Scott Quinnell
 * 🏴 Matthew Rees
 * 🏴 Aaron Shingler
 * 🏴 Mark Taylor
 * 🏴 Gareth Thomas
 * 🏴 Gavin Thomas
 * 🏴 Iestyn Thomas
 * 🏴 Liam Williams
 * 🏴 Scott Williams
 * 🏴 Chris Wyatt
 * 🇦🇷 Tomás Lezana
 * 🇦🇺 David Lyons
 * 🇨🇦 Jon Thiel
 * 🇨🇦 D. T. H. van der Merwe
 * 🏴 Olly Barkley
 * 🏴 Ben Morgan
 * Tadhg Beirne
 * Guy Easterby
 * Simon Easterby
 * 🇳🇿 Dave Hewett
 * 🇳🇿 Kees Meeuws
 * Horațiu Pungea
 * Mahonri Schwalger
 * John Barclay
 * Bruce Douglas
 * Sean Lamont
 * Scott Macleod
 * 🇿🇦 Herschel Jantjies
 * Inoke Afeaki
 * Viliame Iongi
 * Sione Kalamafoni
 * Sililo Martens
 * 🇺🇸 Mike Hercus
 * 🇺🇸 Dave Hodges

Seasons

 * 2003–04 Llanelli Scarlets season
 * 2004–05 Llanelli Scarlets season
 * 2005–06 Llanelli Scarlets season
 * 2006–07 Llanelli Scarlets season
 * 2007–08 Llanelli Scarlets season
 * 2008–09 Scarlets season
 * 2009–10 Scarlets season
 * 2010–11 Scarlets season
 * 2011–12 Scarlets season
 * 2012–13 Scarlets season
 * 2013–14 Scarlets season
 * 2014–15 Scarlets season
 * 2015–16 Scarlets season
 * 2016–17 Scarlets season
 * 2017–18 Scarlets season
 * 2018–19 Scarlets season
 * 2019–20 Scarlets season
 * 2020–21 Scarlets season
 * 2021–22 Scarlets season
 * 2022–23 Scarlets season
 * 2023–24 Scarlets season

Honours

 * Celtic League/Pro12/Pro14:
 * Winners: 2003–04, 2016–17
 * Runners-up: 2017–18
 * United Rugby Championship Welsh Shield
 * Runners-up: 2021–22, 2023–24
 * Celtic Cup
 * Runners-up: 2004–05
 * Anglo-Welsh Cup
 * Runners-up: 2005–06

United Rugby Championship
United Rugby Championship Team of the Year

The following Scarlets players were selected in the team of the year.

United Rugby Championship player records

Updated 2 January 2024

United Rugby Championship individual awards

United Rugby Championship team awards
 * 2012–13: Collision Kings
 * 2017–18: Fairplay Award

ERC Elite Awards
For the 10th anniversary season of the Heineken Cup, ERC, the tournament organisers, introduced the ERC Elite Awards scheme to recognise and reward the players and teams who have made outstanding contributions to the tournament. The Scarlets were awarded the ERC team award for playing 50 games, and Robin McBryde, John Davies, Dafydd James and Iestyn Thomas were recognised for having made 50 appearances in the competition.

title: Scarlets


text:
Sevlievo

Sevlievo (Севлиево ) is a town in north-central Bulgaria, part of Gabrovo Province. Sevlievo is known as one of the wealthiest towns in Bulgaria owing to the well developed local economy, high employment rate and major foreign investments, such as the Ideal Standard Companies factory. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Sevlievo Municipality.

In 2009, the population of the town was 24,065.

History
The earliest traces of occupation in the region date back to the late Neolithic period (around the 8th century BC). Some Thracian tombs still survive. Hotalich Fortress is the last medieval town. It had been inhabited for more than 1,000 years and functioned as an important defensive center. Hotalich existed for centuries together with the settlement on the site of the contemporary town, known as Servi and Selvi. In the middle of the 19th century, the development of crafts led to the concentration of large sums of money in the crafts' societies. Commercial trips across the Ottoman Empire, Europe and Russia enriched general knowledge.

In 1834 St Prophet Eliah Church was restored and in 1836 the medieval Batoshevo Monastery was rebuilt. In the mid-1850s, Kolyu Ficheto, a prominent master of the Bulgarian National Revival period, built the stone bridge over the Rositsa River. In 1844 the famous wealthy craftsman and merchant, Hadzhi Stoyan Nikolov, invested his own money in the building of a huge school.

In 1870, under the direct guidance of Vasil Levski, known as the "Apostle of Freedom", a revolutionary committee was created. It prepared the population of Sevlievo for the April Uprising in 1876. The Bulgarians from this region took an active part in the uprising.

Ottoman occupation of the town ended 2 July 1877. As a major cultural institute, the local community center has existed for 127 years. The Mara Belcheva House of Culture became the new center of cultural events.

Climate
Sevlievo has a temperate climate with cold winters and hot summers.

Twin towns — sister cities
Sevlievo is twinned with:

 * 🇧🇾 Babruysk, Belarus
 * 🇲🇰 Gevgelija, North Macedonia
 * 🇵🇱 Legionowo, Poland
 * 🇨🇳 Nanhai, China
 * 🇨🇿 Valašské Meziříčí, Czech Republic

Original source

 * Guide-bulgaria.com ("All text from Guide-Bulgaria.com is available for reproduction at external web sites if link to Guide-Bulgaria.com is added.") The article has been edited from the source version.

title: Sevlievo


text:
User talk:Zocky/Country bias

Nice one. The only thing, a FAQ should consist of questions ;-) I like how you mention how to remedy bias! Kokiri 13:40, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

My heart dropped when I saw the flyer for this, thinking I was about to be confronted with another rant about Evil Wikipedia. I am astoundingly happy to say I was completely wrong. This is exceeding good.

My only suggestion is to generalise it a bit. I can't believe that the English Wikipedia is the only one to have this trouble: do none of the other languages have arguments on how to translate foreign terms? Maybe suggesting that the same problems happen in other languages (comparing en:London with fr:Londres for example) might help. Was the problem with Stettin and Szczecin confined to English?

Meanwhile congratulations on an excellent first cut. --Phil | Talk 15:01, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not really sure, but I guess it appears less on other wikis because their editor base is less international. Zocky

Many thanks for this excellent first draft. Is the following from any official policy document?

In the section "Wikipedia uses a foreign name for a place in my country"

 * The article's title should be the most common name in English.

There was a debate at Talk:Kolkata about whether to use Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai or Calcutta, Bombay, Madras respectively as the article titles. I think the consensus there was to use the official name, so long as it's widespread, commonly used by locals and was once upon a time the primary name. Although Kolkata (official name) redirects to Calcutta (more common name), it's the opposite case with Mumbai and Chennai. I wonder if the policy ought to be clarified. Ambarish | Talk 21:20, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * No, this is based mostly on common sense and wikipedia's general naming conventions. Naming conventions (city names) is still far from consensus. OTOH, this FAQ must be inline with policy before it goes live. Probably best to wait with it until that policy is settled.
 * We can still try to make it nicer in the meantime. Zocky

Very good. I'd suggest also pointing out that this is the English-language wikipedia, and that articles are oriented toward English-speaking readers. Thus, for example, an article about Poland may contain information that seems to a Pole like "stating the obvious", whereas an article about a newspaper will not bother to mention that it is an English-language newspaper. -- Jmabel 06:47, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Nice. I'd however propose to mention that any official statements do not mean much for decision which names to use. If the spelling is more used in English, it should be used, no matter what do officials claim. Dr Bug (Volodymyr V. Medeiko) 09:28, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Very good. Clear, short and easy to understand. --ZayZayEM 13:20, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Terms for administrative subdivisions
Useful and very pedagogic. Being new to Wikipedia and not from an English-speaking country, there is however something that is still unclear to me: What about the terms for administrative subdivisions? In Sweden the smallest subdivision is kommun. The page "Municipalities of Sweden" is called just that, even though it mentions the Swedish term. (Oddly enough, the corresponding page for Italy is called Comune which is the Italian term for the smallest subdivision in Italy.) But in pages for individual municipalities (such as Uddevalla), the Swedish term is not even mentioned. The term municipalityseems to be employed troughout Wikipedia as a translation for the smallest administrative subdivision in just about every country (see Municipality). Perhaps this is a standard term generally used in English for this purpose. However, I feel that the term municipality is problematic and might lead to some misunderstandings, since the Swedish kommun does not correspond to, for instance, the U.S. use of the term municipality. Furthermore, the translated term can refers to quite different entities in different countries. In Italy, for instance, a rural comune can have less than 500 inhabitants, while in Sweden almost no kommun has less than 5.000. A similar discussion could apply to the term county.

I'm not sure if this is somehow covered by a Wikipedia standard or guideline. If it is I would be glad if it could be pointed out to me. If not, this is perhaps not the place to ask for one to be written (or is it?). But I think it might be a good idea to include a paragraph about the problem on this page. Alarm 15:54, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zocky/Country bias


text:
Talk:Eyeglass prescription

Comment
Note: the material in this article is derived from The Optics of an Eyeglass Prescription, which is copyright © 1998 Daniel P. B. Smith. The article in the form in which it was contributed to Wikipedia is licensed by Daniel P. B. Smith under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright, i.e. the GFDL. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:37, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Wow! I love the examples. Bravo! Ventura 16:12, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC) Why doesn't the perscription form have a space for iPD,mPD,bVD. According to the article, these three distances may be critical for progressive lenses.

Also many thanks from me for this great article! There is still one thing I might have misunderstood, maybe you can help me:

My eyeglass values (given by my optometrist) are:

If I understand the article right, this would mean the following strengths at the given directions:

If direction 10° is nearly horizontal (a little lower on the left), and 170° as well (a little lower on the right), this would mean that I need a much greater strength vertically than horizontally.

But if I hold my glasses horizontally, objects become much thinner horizontally than vertically. A standing bottle seems to be tallest when I hold the glasses horizontally, with the lens I look through a little higher than the other one.

Could you tell me if I don't understand the article right, or there is an error in it, or the information on my glasses don't match the actual glasses?

Thank you!

- Note: Above comment by User:RMeier.

 * The cylinder power is in the meridian 90 degrees to the cylinder axis, so it appears that your eyeglasses were made correctly. Take a look at the illustration in the cylinder to see if that makes sense to you. Edwardian 20:07, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * P.S. Here is the "clarifying" statement written by the original author of the article: The total power of a lens with a spherical and cylindrical correction changes accordingly: along the axis specified on the prescription it is equal to the value listed under "spherical", and it reaches the sum of "spherical" and "cylindrical" along the axis perpendicular to the one listed on the prescription. Edwardian 20:11, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * In response to an email sent to me by RMeier: Edwardian's explanation above is correct. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:36, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks to Edwardian and Dpbsmith for the explanations, and sorry for not signing. The statement you cited explains what I see, but the example at the end of the article contradicts it: There you state that the power along the axis stated in the prescription is equal to the sum (2+1=3 at 90°), and the value unter spherical is for the perpendicular axis (and this is what confused me). Could you check this again? Thanks! RMeier 08:01, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks again for the clarification. I corrected the example in the article, please check. Btw, what does Superm401 mean with his cleanup-tone? --RMeier 09:49, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for making the correction. I can't speak for Superm401, but he apparently feels that the article does not have the writing style that he thinks encyclopedia articles should have. I don't agree, but I'm a highly interested party so I am not going to take any action myself.

 * Probably the right thing to do would be to leave a note on Superm401's talk page and ask him to discuss it here. Or, if you like the article as it stands, you could always be bold and simply remove the notice, preferably with some kind of edit comment like "I think it's OK; please discuss in Talk." Or, if you agree with Superm401, you could edit the article, rewriting the language to suit yourself. I certainly wouldn't object to simple wordsmithing as long as the new content is clear and concise. Or, of course, you could do nothing at all. By the way: welcome to Wikipedia. Dpbsmith (talk) 14:56, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I found a likely cause for the critics here (but he should have pointed there, and cleanup-tone would not be the right term either). Maybe Rvollmert is right, I also looked for this information at the places he mentions (among others) before I found it here. But since I'm not too firm in this area and find nothing to complain about the tone either, I'd rather translate this article for the german Wikipedia (where there is nothing comparable) or contribute to others. Thanks for your welcome :) --RMeier 15:50, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a difference between power "along" an axis, "at" an axis, and "in" an axis. I know that some think this article may be too long, but it may need a good description of meridians (principle meridians, power meridians, axis merdians, etc.), optical crosses, and power crosses earlier on to help clarify things. It certainly will make it longer. I can work on the text, but I'm not familiar with how to link images. Edwardian 07:53, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

1/20/2011 Following the description in the Axis section, 'in the meridian specified by axis in the prescription, the power is equal to the value listed under "sphere". ', the example in the "Variations in prescription writing" section where Spherical=+2.0, Cylindrical=+1.0, Axis=180° would give a power of +2.00 diopters at the 180° meridian. However, the example went on to say "Both of them specify a power of +2.00 diopters at the 90th (vertical) meridian and +3.00 diopters at the 180th (horizontal) meridian." So I am a little confused which is correct. Anyone can help?

Thanks, Kenng5 Kenng5 (talk) 23:37, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

This article is still flawed when it comes to cylindrical
Added 1/24/11

As the previous commenter notes, and I here expound, this article is ambivalent about how to understand the "axis" part of your prescription. In fact there are at least three separate sentences giving distinct interpretations. Here are the three quotations:

(1) In the illustration below [...] the axis is 20° if written in minus notation or 110° (at 90 degrees to the negative axis) if written in plus notation.

(2) in the meridian specified by axis in the prescription, the power is equal to the value listed under "sphere" [...] the meridian 90° from the meridian specified by axis, where the power is equal to the sum of sphere and cylinder

(3) +2.00 +1.00 x180° vs. +3.00 −1.00 x90°: Both of them specify a power of +2.00 diopters at the 90th (vertical) meridian and +3.00 diopters at the 180th (horizontal) meridian.

As you can see, (1) would have us believe that the "axis" column of our prescription can specify either the cylindar axis or the power axis, depending on whether the plus notation or the minus notation is used. Then (2) implies that the "axis" columns *always* specifies the cylindar axis. Finally, (3) implies that the "axis" column *always* specifies the power axis. These are three of the four possibilities, and only one of them can be right in any given community. So, which is it?

I have done a small amount of research, and the book "The eye exam: a complete guide" says on pages 36--37 that (2) is correct. This book is available on google books. http://books.google.com/books?id=vNwHSXEXYmkC&lpg=PA37&ots=2QhBDGR-Yf&dq=eyeglasses%20cylindrical%20notation&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=eyeglasses%20cylindrical%20notation&f=false. But I'm not an expert, so I don't wish to update the article.

Abbreviations
This section is a misnomer in that 5 of the 9 items discussed are not abbreviations. This needs to be changed. Edwardian 16:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

The "Axis" bullet in this section refers to the "9 o'clock (or east)" direction. Your clocks or maps must look different than mine. I believe this should say "9 o'clock (or west)". Also, it would be helpful to clarify whether this direction is from the point of view of the eye's owner, or of a person facing the owner. DaveBeal 16:02, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Diopter vs. Visual acuity
Repost of my question on Talk:Visual acuity: Please include some explanation of how diopter measurments fit into this. I'm looking for a rough equivalent of the measurements used in this article and diopter measurements (which will have to be +/- becuase acuity does not determine myopia vs. hyperopia). Maybe a table with some standard acuity values (e.g. 20/20, 20/40, ... 20/400) and their equivalent diopter ranges? For example, it seems to me that 20/30 is equivalent to a +/- 1 diopter prescription. Kslays 16:10, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Here is a table:

I understand this doesn't account for cylindrical (astigmatism), cataracts, or other problems, but a rough guide like this is very useful. -kslays 16:50, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

i realize that i'm about a year late here, but just want to go on the record. first, i feel like the inclusion of such a table would be outside the scope of this article. second, the inclusion of such a chart would be misleading for two reasons. first, snellen charts are not used universally. second, visually acuity and final manifest refraction (what your doctor writes on your prescription) are not necessarily correlative. Coffee joe (talk) 10:06, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Simple English version?
First, I would like to commend the fact we have an expert who contributed to this topic.

Second, if we were to write a Simple English version of this article, what would we include and not include? I feel that a Simple English article would be helpful here, as some of the optometry is beyond what a Simple English reader might want to read.

Guroadrunner 06:47, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * i don't believe that the concepts being discussed can discard the technical jargon, but if there is terminology that is confusing, i think a more thorough explanation would be appropriate. if anything is still unclear, ask here and i'll work up an explanation for the layperson. Coffee joe (talk) 05:17, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Manufacturing
What is the manufacturing process in making the lenses?

well, i make lenses so i can answer that, but i believe it's a little out of the scope of this article. also i'm not sure that the topic is 'encyclopedic' in nature. if anyone convinces me otherwise, i'd be happy to create the article.

basically liquid resin is injected into a mold and the product after hardening the resin is a lens that's ready to be cut down to the shape of the frame (a 'finished' lens), or a 'semi-finished' lens. a semi-finished is made thicker so that be back can be cut away to the shape required to make the lens the desired power. it is then put on a series of machines that rub it against laps to create the final back curve(s). one to rough it in and the second to polish it. then it is 'edged' (cut down) to the shape of the frame so it can be mounted.

i wouldn't be sure how to organize that into an article or know what info to include or exclude, and like i said i'm not sure it's appropriate for an encyclopedia.

Coffee joe (talk) 04:54, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Editing
First, let me say that this page does an excellent job of explaining what are in fact quite complex concepts in an understandable way. I wear glasses, and I didn't know half this stuff. That said, some of the language is a bit too casual (widespread use of second person, etc.) and a good copyedit would clean it up real nice. I will try to do that in the next few days; feedback would be appreciated. 216.193.172.224 00:50, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

I would like to give major kudos to the author(s) of this article. Slight quibbles aside with the editing, I learned a tremendous amount reading this article about complex science of optics and prescriptions, explained in a very clear and approachable way. Don't change too much from the present version. Thank you! Neurodoc 05:50, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

As an engineer, I can handle complexity and jargon; however I appreciate Wikipedia's readable style of presenting complex information to it's mass readership -- and this Article is one of the best that I've encountered. Of course it should be made more accurate, but without being made more obscure -- that is the genius of Wikipedia. HalFonts (talk) 03:38, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

Degrees of freedom
It should be noted, somewhere, that the human visual system actually has more degrees of freedom than an eyeglass prescription represents, which is one reason (although not the only reason) why some people's vision is considered "uncorrectable". In such a case, the vision is not really uncorrectable in principle, but the required lenses would be uneconomical or otherwise impractical to fabricate. 121a0012 (talk) 05:25, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Can you elaborate on what you mean by "degrees of freedom"? Garvin Talk 03:51, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The same thing as is normally meant (see the article). 121a0012 (talk) 05:06, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Which other degrees of freedom do you have in mind? Obviously if a person's lens were rough, it would be uncorrectable by conventional glasses, but I don't think that's what you mean. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 02:52, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * One could, for example, require two cylinder corrections (in different axes, obviously), rather than the one which is normally available. Or the shape of the lens or the retina could be asymmetric in some other way.  (Or perhaps they could be perfectly radially symmetric, but about an axis that is not centered.)  121a0012 (talk) 23:01, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * While you could in principle make arbitrary lens geometry involving aspheric lens elements, I believe that the idea of multiple cylindrical corrections in one lens is overly complicated. Assuming the lens will have a smooth surface, then the local curvature at any point is completely defined by a spherical and cylindrical component and an orientation. That is, locally the surface of a lens will look like the surface of an ellipsoid: you can't have a smooth surface with curvatures in more than two directions. (See Curvature and Principal curvature.) I may not be explaining this well. Do you have any references that describe what you are talking about in more detail? —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 19:12, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The only reference I have is the demonstration given to me by my optometrist of why my vision is uncorrectable. (As an aside: You appear to be using the word "smooth" in some technical sense that isn't readily obvious to me.)  121a0012 (talk) 03:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I'm sorry to hear that. I won't question your optometrist's professional opinion, but from the optics perspective, I don't quite understand your explanation; I would be fascinated to see a detailed explanation if you can find one. (When I said "smooth", I was sloppy; meant what mathematicians call $C^2$ continuous which means that the radius curvature of a surface changes smoothly as you move along it. The result of that is that at every point, such a surface can be described by a curvature in two directions, but not more than two directions. This is the kind of smoothness you'd get if you grab the ends of a stick and bend it; to contrast, a strait line leading into a half circle is only $$C^1$$ continuous—the curvature changes suddenly but the line is "smooth" in that it makes no sudden change in direction.) —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 11:19, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The optometrist has a handheld device that fits over the bridge of the nose, which is similar to the larger device used for ordinary examinations but with the distinction that the cylinder element freely rotates on a handle the user can adjust. (I don't recall whether the power of the cylinder correction could be so adjusted -- presumably by moving the lens normal to the axis of rotation).  It was quite clear after a minute or so that no rotation of the cylinder would bring the entire field of view into focus.  The optometrist selects the (cylinder power, axis) pair that bring the center of the field as close to focus as possible, but in my case that leaves most of my FoV out of focus (in that eye, anyway -- the miracle is that the brain can still make use of both eyes to generate depth perception even when one is mostly out of focus.  "Degrees of freedom" would be the obvious mechanical analogy for me to express that the dimensionality of my prescription is not sufficient to fully correct my vision.  121a0012 (talk) 02:53, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

 * astigmatism is only one kind of optical aberration, some others being foil and coma, all of which can be compound. there are some new lenses on the market that are ordered custom directly from the manufacture that can correct for these kinds of aberrations, but only in the center of the lens, creating a 'sweat-spot' in front of the eye. the doctor perscribing these lenses has to have an instrument from the manufacurer that will analize the aberations in your eye so they can have a 'map' of the aberrations to be corrected. it isn't widely available though because not many doctors want to bother with a new piece of equipment with such a narrow use. Coffee joe (talk) 05:09, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

It is the nature of progress that advances are seen as obvious once they arrive. Future technologies only seem difficult when they haven't yet been invented, developed, and refined. In only a few years we will probably have inexpensive machines that can generate high-resolution correction maps for an individual's eyes, and machines that can quickly carve a lens from a blank, following such a correction map. (We already have computers, data storage, and data communications, and knowledge of mechanics, materials handling, and optics; the rest is just R&D.) When they are here, at some point everyone will want one. They will quickly become available in many countries. At that point the current eyeglass and contact lens technologies will be mostly obsolete in those countries. Then we will look back at the days of the great "spherical/cylinder/prism" simplification in wonder; how and why did people accept such a primitive system, which only produces good correction when the wearer looks straight ahead? David spector (talk) 03:23, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Axis sense?
Shouldn't this information be added to the article? I had to come here to find the answer. 3 o'clock is the opposite depending on whether you are the patient or the optometrist.

Which sense is the axis angle? The person or someone facing the person. For example, if I have a 45-degree axis, does that mean it runs lower-left to upper-right of my field of view? —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 17:22, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I asked an optometrist. The angle, as described by this diagram:
 * [[Image:Axes_for_eye_glasses_cylindrical_lenses.jpg|150px]]
 * is as seen by the optometrist facing you. So 45 degrees means the cylindrical axis runs from my lower right to my upper left. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 17:22, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I also asked an optometrist and this seems to be correct. As seen by the optometrist facing the patient, the axis is measured in degrees counter-clockwise... so from the perspective of the patient the axis increases clockwise. Dstroma (talk) 04:50, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

If you look at Image:Geraet_beim_Optiker.jpg (from Phoropter), it looks like 0° is to the right from the view of the optometrist, or to the left from the perspective of the patient. 72.87.188.108 (talk) 06:49, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

0 is on the left or the right; it makes no difference and is the same as 180. for that reason 0 is typically avoided when writing prescriptions and the range is considered to be 1 - 180. Coffee joe (talk) 09:25, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Hello, First I would like to say thanks to the authors of this page for explaining the mysteries of the eyeglass prescription. I did, however, find one part confusing related to the axis description. I believe I understand the concepts, but one point seems to disagree with the rest of the article. In the diagram shown, there is a cylinder shown, and its axis lies on the 20 degree meridian. The text states that in minus notation, the axis would be 20, and in positive notation, the axis would be 110. I think this is reversed. Since the cylinder shown is a "positive cylinder", the axis would be 20 in positive notation, and 110 in negative notation. Loudhvx (talk) 17:40, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Importance of Expiration Date
I believe that, in the US at least, a contact lens prescription expires after about a year. If someone has a cite for this, I think this would be useful to add, along with an explanation. --Mdwyer (talk) 06:08, 22 June 2008 (UTC) I concur 173.73.100.150 (talk) 17:28, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

Difference between Glasses, Contacts and IOL
The distance between the retina and the lens would seem to have some impact on the diopter numbers. That is, I've had prescriptions for glasses, contact lenses, and finally an implanted IOL, and their diopter numbers are significantly different, ranging from -9 to -13. How is this handled in a prescription? --Mdwyer (talk) 06:08, 22 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know. I would imagine that one prescription would describe what lens you need no matter if it is in the eye, on the eye, or near the eye. Making the thin lens approximation, and assuming the corrective lens is near the eye (for some definition of near), the distance to the eye shouldn't matter: the lens just needs to have the power so that it's power in diopters plus your eye's lens power in diopters brings the rays into focus on the retina. That said, I am not an optometrist. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 06:27, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

 * well, you're right and your wrong. the prescription that most people are familiar with is their spectacle prescription.  this prescription typically assumes a vertex distance of 14mm.  that is the distance from the front of your cornea to the back surface of the lens.  14mm is an approximate average for glasses and is the distance most refractionists operate the phoropter from.  however if you were your glasses significantly closer or farther from your face the actual power of the lens used may be converted to the correct effective power.  in this way that one prescription can "describe" the correction that you need.  for contact lenses the vertex distance is obviously 0 and must be converted to have the same effective power.  in the case of an i.o.l. the vertex distance is negative and must be further compensate.  in the case of i.o.l.s used to replace the eyes original crystallin lens. the power of the original lens itself must be factored into the final power of the lens to be implanted. btw, that article about vertex distance is awful and not entirely correct.  i just found that and may have to work it over but i link to it for at least some reference. Coffee joe (talk) 09:59, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Merge articles on prism correction
There seem to be a few stub articles that deal with different aspects of prism correction. I propose that the following articles should be merged: Prism dioptre, Prentice's rule, and Prentice position. Perhaps there are more that I am missing? I'm thinking that Prism correction would be a good title for a merged article, but editors of this article may have other ideas, or perhaps it would be better to merge the articles here. I'll forward all discussion to this section, so it can be all in one place.--Srleffler (talk) 17:30, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Who's left/right?
The vieweing direction is specified for the cylinder correction. However, the definition of LEFT and RIGHT for the eyes is not clear. The standard medical definition of Left and Right is from the patients perspective; following this principle, the Left eye is on the same side as my Left hand. If, however, we apply the same principle as for the cylinder axis, my Left eye in the prescription is actually my Right eye because then Left is the left of the optometrist, and not my Left. Is it please possible to clarify this right in the beginning? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.193.112.185 (talk) 18:25, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Эту проблему пытался решить еще Edgar Poe в своем рассказе Golden Bug. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.198.140.215 (talk) 20:45, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Please add monocular pupillary distance notation left/right clarification. If a Doctor writes PD information, on a prescription, as 31/32, which is the distance from the patient's left eye (from patient's point of view) to the center of the patient's nose? 75.25.120.199 (talk) 17:10, 4 November 2014 (UTC) mush101@hotmail.com

Variations in prescription writing
Did this get munged in editing?

It says "Both of them show the same information, namely a power of +2.00 diopters at the 90th (vertical) meridian and +3.00 diopters at the 180th (horizontal) meridian:"

and "The result in both cases is +2.00 diopters at the 150th meridian and +3.00 diopters at the 60th meridian."

Isn't the second statement the correct one, or do they refer to something different?

Archangle0 (talk) 19:57, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Edits by Hertz1888 resolve my concerns. Archangle0 (talk) 16:23, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Comment
Loved the article. Well Done. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maheshsinghjoshi (talk • contribs) 13:53, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

not a doctor and *therefore*
I have removed "Opticians are not eye doctors and, therefore, are not licensed to write an eyeglass prescription." Later in the paragraph optometrists are said to write eyeglass prescription. And they are not doctors. So the removed text cannot be right. Paul Beardsell (talk) 22:33, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Removing redundant information
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Lens power
The values indicated in the sphere and cylinder columns of an eyeglass prescription specify the optical power of the lenses in diopters, abbreviated D. The higher the number of diopters, the more the lens refracts or bends light. A diopter is the reciprocal of the focal length in meters. If a lens has a focal length of $1/3$ meters, it is a 3 diopter lens.

A +10 diopter lens, which has a focal length of 10 centimeters, would make a good magnifying glass. Eyeglass lenses are usually much weaker, because eyeglasses do not work by magnifying; they work by correcting focus. A typical human eye without refractive error has a refractive power of approximately 60 diopters.

Stacking lenses combines their power by simple addition of diopter strength, if their separation is negligible. A +1 diopter lens combined with a +2 diopter lens forms a +3 diopter system.

Lenses come in positive (plus) and negative (minus) powers. Given that a positive power lens will magnify an object and a negative power lens will make it look smaller, it is often possible to tell whether a lens is positive or negative by looking through it.

Positive lenses cause light rays to converge and negative lenses cause light rays to diverge. A −2 lens combined with a +5 lens forms a +3 diopter system.

A −3 lens stacked on top of a +3 lens looks almost like flat glass, because the combined power is 0.

In science textbooks, positive lenses are usually diagrammed as convex on both sides; negative lenses are usually diagrammed as concave on both sides. In a real optical system, the best optical quality is usually achieved where most rays of light are roughly normal (i.e., at a right angle) to the lens surface. In the case of an eyeglass lens, this means that the lens should be roughly shaped like a cup with the hollow side toward the eye, so most eyeglass lenses are menisci in shape.

The most important characteristic of a lens is its principal focal length, or its inverse which is called the lens strength or lens power. The principal focal length of a lens is determined by the index of refraction of the glass, the radii of curvature of the surfaces, and the medium in which the lens resides. For a thin double convex lens, all parallel rays will be focused to a point referred to as the principal focal point. The distance from the lens to that point is the principal focal length of the lens. For a double concave lens where the rays are diverged, the principal focal length is the distance at which the back-projected rays would come together and it is given a negative sign. For a thick lens made from spherical surfaces, the focal distance will differ for different rays, and this change is called spherical aberration. The focal length for different wavelengths will also differ slightly, and this is called chromatic aberration.

Spherical lenses and spherical correction
Usually:
 * the spherical component is the main correction
 * the cylindrical component is "fine tuning".

Depending on the optical setup, lenses can act as magnifiers, lenses can introduce blur, and lenses can correct blur.

Whatever the setup, spherical lenses act equally in all meridians: they magnify, introduce blur, or correct blur the same amount in every direction.

An ordinary magnifying glass is a kind of spherical lens. In a simple spherical lens, each surface is a portion of a sphere. When a spherical lens acts as a magnifier, it magnifies equally in all meridians. Here, note that the magnified letters are magnified both in height and in width.

Similarly, when a spherical lens puts an optical system out of focus and introduces blur, it blurs equally in all meridians:

Here is how this kind of blur looks when viewing an eye chart. This kind of blur involves no astigmatism at all; it is equally blurred in all meridians.

Spherical equivalent refraction is normally used to determine soft lens power and spherical glasses power. Some jobs, such in the police or armed forces, may require holders to have eyesight below a maximum spherical equivalent.

Amount of refractive error and degree of blur

The leftmost image here shows a Snellen eye chart as it might be seen by a person who needs no correction, or by a person who is wearing eyeglasses or contacts that properly correct any refractive errors he or she has.

The images labelled 1D, 2D, and 3D give a very rough impression of the degree of blur that might be seen by someone who has one, two, or three diopters of refractive error. For example, a nearsighted person who needs a −2.0 diopter corrective lens will see something like the 2D image when viewing a standard eye chart at the standard 20-foot distance without glasses.

A very rough rule of thumb is that there is a loss of about one line on an eye chart for each additional 0.25 to 0.5 diopters of refractive error.

The top letter on many eye charts represents 20/200 vision. This is the boundary for legal blindness; the US Social Security administration, for example, states that "we consider you to be legally blind if your vision cannot be corrected to better than 20/200 in your better eye." Note that the definition of legal blindness is based on corrected vision (vision when wearing glasses or contacts). It's not at all unusual for people to have uncorrected vision that's worse than 20/200.

Cylindrical lenses and cylindrical correction
Some kinds of magnifying glasses, made specifically for reading wide columns of print, are cylindrical lenses. For a simple cylindrical lens, the surfaces of the lens are portions of a cylinder's surface. Consider how this would refract light. When a cylindrical lens acts as a magnifier, it magnifies only in one direction. For example, the magnifier shown magnifies letters only in height, not in width.

Similarly when a cylindrical lens puts an optical system out of focus and introduces blur, it blurs only in one direction.

This is the kind of blur that results from uncorrected astigmatism. The letters are smeared out directionally, as if an artist had rubbed his or her thumb across a charcoal drawing. A cylindrical lens of the right power can correct this kind of blur. When viewing an eye chart, this is how this kind of blur might appear:

Compare it to the kind of blur that is equally blurred in all directions:

When an eye doctor measures an eye—a procedure known as refraction—usually he begins by finding the best spherical correction. If there is astigmatism, the next step is to compensate it by adding the right amount of cylindrical correction.

Axis
Spherical lenses have a single power in all meridians of the lens, such as +1.00 D, or −2.50 D.

Astigmatism, however, causes a directional blur. Below are two examples of the kind of blur you get from astigmatism. The letters are smeared out directionally, as if an artist had rubbed his or her thumb across a charcoal drawing.

A cylindrical lens of the right power and orientation can correct this kind of blur. The second example is a little bit more blurred, and needs a stronger cylindrical lens.

But notice that in addition to being smeared more, the second example is smeared out in a different direction.

A spherical lens is the same in all directions; you can turn it around, and it doesn't change the way it magnifies, or the way it blurs:

A cylindrical lens has refractive power in one direction, like a bar reading magnifier. The rotational orientation of that power is indicated in a prescription with an axis notation.

The axis in a prescription describes the orientation of the axis of the cylindrical lens. The direction of the axis is measured in degrees anticlockwise from a horizontal line drawn through the center of a pupil (the axis number can be different for each eye) when viewed from the front side of the glasses (i.e., when viewed from the point of view of the person making the measurement). It varies from 1 to 180 degrees.

In the illustration below, viewed from the point of view of the person making the measurement, the axis is 20° if written in plus notation or 110° if written in minus notation. (20° and 110° being perpendicular to each other.)

The total power of a cylindrical lens varies from zero in the axis meridian to its maximal value in the power meridian, 90° away. in the example above the axis meridian is located in the 20th meridian, and the power meridian is located in the 110th meridian.

The total power of a lens with a spherical and cylindrical correction changes accordingly: in the meridian specified by axis in the prescription, the power is equal to the value listed under "sphere". As you move around the clock face, the power in a given meridian will get steadily closer to the sum of the values given for sphere and cylinder until you reach the meridian 90° from the meridian specified by the axis, where the power is equal to the sum of sphere and cylinder. The above section has been removed. The information is better incorporated into corrective lens, as it is more a discussion of correction and optics rather than the components of an eyeglass prescription. Garvin Talk 19:40, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
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Removed section that would be better incorporated into presbyopia
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Distant vision (DV) and near vision (NV)
The DV portion of the prescription describes the corrections for seeing far away objects. The NV portion is used in prescriptions for bifocals to see very close objects. For most people under forty years of age, the NV or near-vision portion of the prescription is blank because a separate correction for near vision is not needed. In younger people, the lens of the eye is still flexible enough to accommodate over a wide range of distances. With age, the lens hardens and becomes less and less able to accommodate. This is called "presbyopia"; the presby- root means "old" or "elder". (It is the same root as in the words priest and presbyterian.)

The hardening of the lens is a continuous process, not something that suddenly happens abruptly in middle age. Though it is typically by the middle age when the process has progressed to the point where it starts to interfere with reading. Therefore, almost everybody needs glasses for reading from the age of 40–45. Because young children have a wider range of accommodation than adults, they sometimes examine objects by holding them much closer to the eye than an adult would.

This chart (which is approximate) shows that a schoolchild has over ten diopters of accommodation, while a fifty-year-old has only two. This means that a schoolchild is able to focus on an object about 10 cm from the eye, a task for which an adult needs a magnifying glass with a magnification of about 3.5.

The NV correction due to presbyopia can be predicted using the parameter age only. The accuracy of such a prediction is sufficient in many practical cases, especially when the total correction is less than 3 diopters.

When someone accommodates, they also converge their eyes. There is a measurable ratio between how much this effect takes place (AC:A ratio, CA:C ratio). Abnormalities with this can lead to many orthoptic problems. The above section deals almost exclusively with the topic of presbyopia. Garvin Talk 21:47, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
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