text:
Laird Hamilton

Laird John Hamilton (né Zerfas; born March 2, 1964 ) is an American big-wave surfer, co-inventor of tow-in surfing, and an occasional fashion and action-sports model and actor. He is married to Gabrielle Reece, a former professional volleyball player, television personality, and model.

Early life
Laird was born Laird John Zerfas in San Francisco on March 2, 1964, in an experimental salt-water sphere at UCSF Medical Center designed to ease the mother's labor. His biological father, L. G. Zerfas, immigrated from Greece to California and left the family before his first birthday. While he was an infant, Laird and his mother, Joann (née Zyirek), moved to Hawaii. In 1967, while still a young boy living on Oahu, Laird met with 1960s surfer William Stuart "Bill" Hamilton, a bachelor at the time, on Pūpūkea beach on the North Shore. Bill Hamilton was a surfboard shaper and glasser on Oahu in the 1960s and 1970s and owned a small business handmaking custom, high-performance surfboards for the Oahu North Shore big wave riders of the era. The two became immediate companions. The young Laird invited Bill Hamilton home to meet his mother. Bill Hamilton married Laird's then-single mother, becoming Laird's adoptive father.

The family later moved to a remote valley on Kauai island. Joann and Bill had a second son, Lyon, Laird's half-brother, who also became a surfer. Laird's mother died of a brain aneurysm in 1997.

Hamilton had a reputation for an aggressive demeanor around others of his age. The role of the outsider profoundly affected Laird through to his teen years and early adult life. He became used to this role and was uncomfortable being in the center of anything. He was also known for his physical and mental toughness.

Modeling
When he was 16, Hamilton left the eleventh grade at Kapaa High School to pursue a modeling career and work in construction. At 17, Hamilton was discovered on a beach in Kauai by a photographer from the Italian Men's Vogue magazine L'Uomo Vogue which landed him a modeling contract and later a 1983 photo shoot with the actress Brooke Shields. Hamilton continued to do occasional men's action sportswear print modeling.

In 2008 Hamilton announced his own "Wonderwall" line of affordable clothing, sold through Steve & Barry's until that retailer shut down at the end of January 2009. He has had long-time sponsorship from the French beachwear company Oxbow surfwear.

1980s
By the age of 17, Hamilton had become an accomplished surfer and could have left modeling to pursue a career on surfing's World Championship Tour. However, competitive surfing and contests never appealed to Hamilton, who had watched his father Bill endure the competitive surfing contest politics and the random luck of the waves in organized championship surfing events. Bill Hamilton regarded surfing more as a work of art, rather than based chiefly on wave-by-wave ride performance scored by judges.

In the 1987 movie North Shore, Hamilton played the violent, antagonistic role of "Lance Burkhart". Despite further success in modeling during the 1980s, Hamilton, with his professional surfing upbringing, always intended a life of surfing, but continued to reject the professional contest circuit.

In 1989 Laird featured in windsurfing movie Moving Target alongside Fred Haywood.

1990s
An early attempt at media recognition was his quest to be the first surfer to complete a 360 degree loop while strapped to his board. The attempt was chronicled in Greg Stump's 1990 ski film, Groove - Requiem in the key of Ski. In the early 1990s, Hamilton, along with a small group of friends collectively dubbed the "Strapped Crew" because their feet were strapped to their boards, pushed the boundaries of surfing at Jaws surf break off the north central coast of Maui. The Strapped Crew tackled bigger waves featuring stunts. Stunts included: launching 30 ft jumps on sailboards, then mating the boards to paragliders to experiment with some of the earliest kiteboards.

In late 1992, Hamilton with two of his close friends, big wave riders Darrick Doerner and Buzzy Kerbox (also an occasional men's fashion model; Hamilton and Kerbox later lost their friendship over a property disagreement), started using inflatable boats to tow one another into waves which were too big to catch under paddle power alone. This innovation is chronicled in the documentary film, Riding Giants. The technique would later be modified to use personal water craft and become a popular innovation. Tow-in surfing, as it became known, pushed the confinements and possibilities of big wave surfing to a new level. Although met with mixed reactions from the surfing community, some of whom felt that it was cheating and polluting, Hamilton explained that tow-in surfing was the only way to catch the monstrous sized waves. Using tow-in surfing methods, Hamilton learned how to survive 70 ft waves and carving arcs across walls of water.

Hamilton appeared as Kevin Costner's stunt double during the 1995 filming of Waterworld. Reportedly, Hamilton was nearly lost at sea when his Kawasaki Jet Ski ran out of fuel during a squall. He then drifted for hours before being rescued by Coast Guard off the Island of Maui. Hamilton commuted daily to the enclosed set between Maui and the Big Island by jet ski.

Hamilton met women's professional volleyball player and New York fashion model Gabrielle Reece in Maui in 1995 after a television interview by Reece, who was hosting the show 'The Extremists'. People magazine named him one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World the following year, and he pushed for and took from his future wife the correspondent position for the syndicated cable series 'The Extremists'. They later married on November 30, 1997. In 1989 Reece had been named by Elle magazine as one of the Five Most Beautiful Women in the World.

By the late 1990s, Hamilton continued with windsurfing, waterskiing and kitesurfing. In 1996 Hamilton and Manu Bertin were instrumental in demonstrating and popularizing kitesurfing off the Hawaiian coast of Maui. In 1999 Hamilton sailed his windsurfer between the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Kauai, some fifty miles away, in just under six hours.

Hamilton has also experimented with the foilboard, an innovative surfboard which incorporates hydrofoil technology allowing a higher degree of precision and effectiveness of aerial techniques within the water. He has become a proponent of Stand up paddle surfing, an ancient Hawaiian technique that requires a longboard and a long-handled paddle, as well as considerable skill, strength and agility. Purist surfers have blasted him for this, but Hamilton calls it a return to the traditional Hawaiian way of surfing, as practiced by King Kamehameha I and his queen Kaahumanu almost three hundred years ago.

Ride at Teahupoo Reef
Hamilton's drop into Tahiti's Teahupoo break on the morning of August 17, 2000 firmly established him in the recorded history of surfing. Teahupoo is a particularly hazardous shallow-water reef break on the southeast coast of the Pacific Island of Tahiti.

On that day, with a larger than normal ocean swell, Darrick Doerner piloted the watercraft, towing Hamilton. Pulling in and releasing the tow rope, Hamilton drove down into the well of the wave's enormous tunnel vortex, in full view of boat-based photographers' and videographers' cameras. With his signature artistic flair, Hamilton continued deeply carving water, emerging back over the wave's shoulder. A still photograph of him riding the wave made the cover of Surfer magazine, with the caption: "oh my god..." The wave became known as "the heaviest ever ridden". In the filmed coverage of this event in the motion picture Riding Giants, Doerner said "I towed him onto this wave. And it was to the point where I almost said 'Don't let go of the rope,' and when I looked back he was gone."

Laird said: “That was all about faith. Believing I could. That wave in Teahupo’o was a wave we didn’t know existed. We hadn’t seen waves like that. In my world, when I was a kid, I went to every surf movie, I knew all of the best surfers in the world, I was in the middle of all it… but a wave like that did not exist, and the ability to ride that wave in any form didn’t exist either. "

Hamilton is regarded by surfing historians as the "all time best of the best" at big wave surfing, regularly surfing swells of 35 feet (11 m) tall, and moving at speeds in excess of 30 mi an hour and successfully riding other waves of up to 70 ft high, at up to 50 mph (80 km/h). Hamilton prefers tow-in surfing the giant waves of Peahi reef (known as the Jaws surf break) on the north central shore of the Island of Maui.

2000s
On December 3, 2007, when Brett Lickle was towing Hamilton into a wave on the Maui north shore, called "Egypt", a wave knocked Lickle from the watercraft. The fin sliced Lickle, causing him to bleed into the sea, which he feared would attract sharks. Hamilton swam to recover the watercraft, found Lickle in the surf, fashioned his swimsuit into a cloth tourniquet, and applied it to Lickle to save his life. Hamilton then piloted the watercraft back to a landing, where Lickle was immediately taken to a hospital for treatment. Brett recalled that day for Chris Dixon that Brett towed Laird into a wave that was in his opinion "better than 10 stories tall" and the biggest wave ever ridden. That means over 100 feet tall. It was not photographed and therefore not officially recognized by the XXL judges. In February 2008 Hamilton joined the board of directors of H2O Audio, a watersports music company in San Diego California. He had used H2O Audio products on many of his long distance paddling endeavors before joining the company. Later in 2008 he published a book which he describes as not an autobiography, but discussing his philosophy of life.

On August 27, 2014, Hamilton was in the news again for riding waves and boards which few others dared. Hurricane Marie caused Southern California to be hit with a swell of extreme size—triple over head (and larger) waves could be found from San Diego to Los Angeles, including Laird's home break at Malibu. Late in the day, on a stand-up paddle board, Hamilton dropped into one of the largest waves of the day and proceeded to "shoot" the Malibu beach pier at an extremely high speed.

Despite being one of the best known surfers since the time of Duke Kahanamoku, the matured Hamilton avoids self-promotion. He serves as an ambassador of surfing and watersports and occasional lifeguard to other tow-in surfers.

Hamilton is also an environmental activist. He joined a protest in Malibu against a proposed plant, which would affect the quality of the local waters. Other celebrities attended the event, including Pierce Brosnan, Halle Berry and Ted Danson.

In April 2018, Laird made worldwide news for voluntarily rescuing people around Kauai, Hawaii from devastating, record-breaking storms that were causing flooding. Laird, who lives on the island and used his own boat, has assisted many families in evacuating the island from the flooding, and is being hailed a hero.

Laird Hamilton is a co-founder and co-creator of XPT Life or Extreme Performance Training, along with his wife, Gabrielle Reece.

Laird Hamilton, along with Paul Hodge and Gabrielle Reece, co-founded Laird Superfood in 2015. In September 2020 the company went public on the NYSE under the id LSF.

Personal life
Hamilton has a daughter with his first wife, big-wave surfer and clothing designer Maria Souza.

Hamilton married volleyball player and fashion model Gabrielle Reece in 1997. They have two daughters together. Hamilton and his family split their time between residences in Kauai, Hawaii, and Malibu, California. Hamilton and Reece have been described as part of the "Malibu Mob", a celebrity group in the same vein as the Brat Pack. Other Malibu Mob members include Chris Chelios, John Cusack, Kelsey Grammer, John C. McGinley, Tony Danza, Justin Long, Ed O'Neill, John McEnroe, and formerly Max Wright.

Other media appearances
Hamilton was featured in American Express credit card television commercials; an early 2000s commercial in the series "Hi, you probably wouldn't recognize my name . . . " and more recently in the American Express "My life, my card" commercial series.

Hamilton was a central figure in the 2004 documentary Riding Giants about giant wave surfing; and the opening sequence of the 2002 James Bond movie Die Another Day, as Pierce Brosnan's big-wave surfing double (shared with Dave Kalama). He appeared in Waterworld, as Kevin Costner's stunt double in numerous water scenes.

In October 2006, Hamilton and Dave Kalama biked and paddled the entire Hawaiian Island chain—more than 450 miles—in a week. The feat was featured on Don King's film, A Beautiful Son, in support of those afflicted with autism. He appeared on the cover of the Men's Journal April 2006 issue.

In 2007, Hamilton, along with his wife Gabrielle Reece, appeared in the ABC reality television series Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race, featuring a dozen celebrities in a stock car racing competition. In the first round of competition, Hamilton matched up against tennis star Serena Williams and former NFL quarterback John Elway. Hamilton was eliminated in episode 5.

He appeared in the Sundance Channel television show Iconoclasts with Eddie Vedder from the popular American rock band Pearl Jam.

Footage of Hamilton is used on the video for Dayvan Cowboy from Boards of Canada. In 2003, he was featured in Dana Brown's surf documentary Step Into Liquid. On January 13, 2010, Hamilton and wife Reece appeared as themselves on the episode "Gary Feels Tom Slipping Away" of the CBS television series Gary Unmarried.

He was a special guest star as himself in the animated television show Phineas and Ferb. He was also interviewed as part of the Australian documentary Bra Boys: Blood is Thicker than Water.

Hamilton had a minor role as Troy in The Descendants.

Hamilton also was the Celebrity on the Volvo Ocean Race Boat Puma Powered by Berg. He did a spectacular exit off the boat by diving off it as it was at full speed.

In February 2012, Hamilton was featured in Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN)'s production of Oprah Presents Master Class, in which he shared his life and life philosophies with the audience.

Hamilton appeared in the Season 11 episode of Hell's Kitchen, where he taught the red team how to wakeboard as part of their team challenge win.

In the 2015 film Point Break, Hamilton played a surf vagabond tossing a tow rope to Utah, played by Luke Bracey.

A chapter about Hamilton appears in Scott Carney's New York Times bestselling book What Doesn't Kill Us.

Works
Appeared on the television show FitTVs "Insider Training" with his wife

title: Laird Hamilton


text:
Melbourne tram route 6

Melbourne tram route 6 is operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network from Moreland to Glen Iris. The 19.2 km route is operated out of Brunswick and Malvern depots with Z, B and D class trams.

History
Route 6 was allocated to the line between Glen Iris and City (Swanston Street) on 21 November 1929, the same day that numbers were allocated to the rest of the Swanston Street trams. Trams traditionally terminated at the Victoria Street terminus, but following an accident in 1991, trams instead terminated at the Queensberry Street crossover. Due to congestion during peak hours at the crossover, some trams continued north to Melbourne University. Finally on 17 January 1996, a permanent shunt was built at Melbourne University. From then on, route 6 trams were altered run full-time to Melbourne University.

The origins of route 6 lie in separate tram lines. The section of track between Queensberry Street (Stop 4) and High Street (Stop 27) is the oldest section of this route, dating back to the Brighton Road cable tram which opened on 11 October 1888 by the Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company. This cable tram line was electrified in stages by the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board. The section between Domain Interchange (Stop 20) and High Street was electrified on 27 December 1925. The section between Queensberry Street and City Road (near Stop 14) was electrified on the same day. The line between City Road and Domain Interchange was electrified on 24 January 1926.

The section between Charles Street (near Stop 30) and Tooranga Road (Stop 48) was one of the original lines constructed by the Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust (PMTT), which opened on 30 May 1910. This line was extended west to Punt Road on 14 March 1911 and again, to St Kilda Road on 14 September 1912, connecting with the St Kilda Road cable tram to the city. The PMTT extended the line again on 25 March 1914, this time east, to its current terminus at Malvern Road. Meanwhile, the Melbourne, Brunswick & Coburg Tramways Trust constructed the section of route 6 north of Queensberry Street towards Moreland. This section opened on 31 October 1916.

On 1 May 2017, as part of works associated with the closure of Domain Interchange and construction of Anzac railway station, route 6 was extended from Melbourne University to Moreland to partly replace route 8.

Route
Route 6 operates from Brunswick tram depot travelling east along Moreland Road before turning south along Holmes Street in Brunswick East. It continues south to Albion Street where it doglegs into Lygon Street, continuing south through Carlton North and Carlton, turning west into Elgin Street and south into Swanston Street at Melbourne University. It proceeds south via Melbourne Central station and Flinders Street stations. After crossing the Yarra River it continues south along St Kilda Road. It turns east into High Street, traversing via Prahran, Windsor, Armadale and Malvern to its terminus at Malvern Road, Glen Iris.

Operation
Route 6 is operated out of Brunswick and Malvern depots with Z, B, D1 and D2 class trams. On 30 November 2002, the first D class trams entered service on the route.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Melbourne tram route 6


text:
User talk:Mrfinch~enwiki

With all due respect, in your efforts at Nümbrecht, were you using machine translation? You left behind quite a mess, which I am trying to fix. A lot of the translation mistakes look to me much more typical of machine translation than of even a poor human translator.

Please reply on my talk page. Thanks. -- Jmabel 06:20, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

Welcome!
Welcome to the english-Wikipedia. I'd like to thank you for your contributions to many of the German-related pages. I know that English is not your first language, but I appreciate the effort you are making. I am learning German also, and I know it can be frustrating to learn a new language. Because your English is not perfect, some of the contributions are difficult for English speakers to read. I am willing to help you if you need any help and would like for me to read your translated sentences before you post them. --Kpstewart (talk) 03:24, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

File:Karte-reichs.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Karte-reichs.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Kelly hi! 22:04, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mrfinch. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mrfinch~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:39, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Oberbergische Postkutsche

A tag has been placed on Oberbergische Postkutsche, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Redhat101  Talk  22:41, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

Spelling and translation
I noticed a spelling error on your user page: "Germann Wikipedia User site". The English word "German" is spelled with only one n.

I am currently copyediting the en:wiki article Waldbröl, which you created back in 2005, evidently by translating from Waldbröl. I've raised a question about it — actually, a request for editing help — on the talk page of WikiProject Germany (which I am not a member of and don't intend to join). You don't have to get involved there, but of course you're welcome to. --Thnidu (talk) 03:15, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mrfinch~enwiki


text:
Talk:Amaranthaceae

Taxonomy
This page is so utterly wrong from a taxonomic point of view. The taxobox stinks and it does not make up its mind what taxonomy is correct. GerardM 06:23, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

IPNI has only one family for the genus Salicornia; Chenopodiaceae. Now how can this be part of this family. It is wrong there is apparantly no valid literature that puts them with the Amaranthaceae. GerardM 06:29, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

In cases where the taxonomy is variable, it's not bad that the taxobox doesn't make up its mind. In this case, the family Chenopodiaceae is subsumed into the family Amaranthaceae in newer systems such as that by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, which is generally followed here (it's not named explicitly because at the time most pages were created, there was no one definitive source for the new concensus). Of course both systems should be mentioned, because as you point out Chenopodiaceae is still more common. Fair enough? Josh 06:51, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Chenopodiaceae is paraphyletic and has been included in Amaranthaceae for a while now, including in the APG IV system. The "Chenopodiaceae" article should redirect to this page; the history of the name "Chenopodiaceae" can be discussed here (it already is partially). Tylototriton (talk) 12:26, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Merge - There are articles for deprecated taxa, but the Chenopodiaceae artcle is rather small, and the taxon mostly maps onto Amaranthaceae. Any differences can easily be included in a section on the taxonomic history.  --Nessie (talk) 19:30, 22 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Done. "Chenopodiaceae" is now a redirect. I didn't spot any information on that page that wasn't already included here. Did some cleanup but don't hesitate to improve. Tylototriton (talk) 09:34, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

Speak English!
This obsession with using incomprqehensible Latin/Greek words is deliberately and actively harmful. Whenever possible, the list should contain the normal English names first and foremost, and only then the Latin/Greek/Klingon/Inkhorn/Moonspeak names or whatever. Because the whole point of Wikipedia is to offer information to non-experts! — 89.1.58.254 (talk) 21:33, 8 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amaranthaceae


text: Category:Peninsulas

title: Category:Peninsulas


text:
SPAD

SPAD may refer to:

In aircraft manufacture

 * Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés, also Société Provisoire des Aéroplanes Deperdussin and Blériot-SPAD, French aircraft manufacturer (1912–1921)
 * SPAD VII, SPAD S.XII and SPAD S.XIII, French fighter planes of World War I produced by Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés
 * A-1 Skyraider, nicknamed Spad, an attack aircraft (1950s and 1960s)
 * Simple Plastic Airplane Design, a type of radio-controlled model airplane

In science

 * Single Pass Albumin Dialysis, liver dialysis
 * Single-photon avalanche diode, a photodetector

Other uses

 * Special adviser (UK), a government post
 * Self-propelled air defence, weapons
 * Signal passed at danger by a train
 * Suruhanjaya Pengangkutan Awam Darat, the Land Public Transport Commission of Malaysia

title: SPAD


text:
Talk:Caryophyllales

System
What system is followed? If Crohnquist is not followed, why all this messing about with him ?? GerardM 06:25, 21 July 2004 (UTC)
 * As for the flowering plants in general, the angiosperm phylogeny group is followed. Differences with Cronquist are noted because it's still commonly used, and a number of people were against switching away from it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Josh Grosse (talk • contribs) 06:44, 21 July 2004 (UTC)

In short
Is a short description (just a few words) for this order available? Ealex292 23:28, 9 April 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. The opening sentence does that. --EncycloPetey (talk) 22:22, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

Meaning
And what's the meaning of Caryophyllales? This is an encyclopedia, isn't it? I don't find any explanation about the origin, meaning and history of this term: Caryophyllales... same in german --katpatuka 14:00, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I've read that it means either clove-scented, pink-colored, or comes from "karya" (Greek for walnut) and "phyllon" (leaf), referring to the scent. Greek origins of plant names are often obscure.  It might be difficult to state a definition or origin.  This might be why the meaning is not included in the article.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.165.212.97 (talk) 17:20, 28 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Caryophyllales is the name of a group of plants. You might just as well ask "What does Germany mean?"  If you want etymological information for words (root forms and historical origin of the word), then a dictionary is the appropriate place to look. Encyclopedias cover topics, not words. --EncycloPetey (talk) 22:21, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caryophyllales


text:
Gedächtniskirche

Gedächtniskirche (German for "Memorial Church") may refer to several different churches, among them:

 * Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedächtniskirche (also known in English as Emperor Frederick Memorial Church) in Berlin
 * Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (also known in English as Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church) in Berlin.
 * Gedächtniskirche der Protestation (Memorial Church of the Protestation) in Speyer.
 * Gedächtniskirche Schönefeld in Leipzig-Schönefeld,

title: Gedächtniskirche


text:
Talk:Cissoid of Diocles

Proof of roulette form
Proof the cissoid is the described roulette, in case someone's interested.
 * $$f(t)=-t^2+ibt$$  $$f'(t)=-2t+ib$$
 * $$r(t)=t^2+ibt$$  $$r'(t)=2t+ib$$
 * $$f(t)-r(t){f'(t)\over r'(t)}=2bt^2(b+2it)/(b^2+4t^2)$$

thus
 * $$y=4bt^3/(b^2+4t^2)$$
 * $$x=2b^2t^2/(b^2+4t^2)$$
 * $$y^2=16b^2t^6/(b^2+4t^2)^2$$
 * $$x^3/(2a-x)={8b^6t^6\over(2a(b^2+4t^2)-2b^2t^2)(b^2+4t^2)^2}$$

if $$b^2=4a$$ then
 * $$y^2={4at^6\over(a+t^2)^2}={x^3\over2a-x}$$

142.177.124.178 06:26, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it's nice to know that some anonymous user read an article which I started. I'll take your word that your proof is correct.  Maybe I will get around to adding something similar to it in the article. --AugPi 14:27, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Holy...I thought I was putting too much math in articles like roulette and evolute. I knew it was so from Mathworld but rather than just copy (esp since Mathworld is occasionally wrong) I like to have done a proof first. 142.177.126.230 22:34, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The roulette property can be shown to a special case of a similar property of pedal curves.--RDBury (talk) 02:37, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Existence
"On the other hand, if one accepts that cissoids of Diocles do exist, then there must exist at least one example of such a cissoid."

This does not follow at all. We are talking about different types of existence here. Circles exist as a mathematical object, but there is no 'example of a circle - all the examples are out of round, and have edges that do not have zero width.

"This cissoid could then be translated, rotated, and expanded or contracted in size (without changing its proportional shape) at will to fit into any position."

Well, no. This ``example`` of a cissoid wouldn't actually be a perfect cissoid, and if it were it wouldn't be possible to transform it into another perfect cissoid.

"Then one would readily admit that such a cissoid can be used to correctly solve the Delian problem."

I am not at all persuaded that "one" would "readily admit" such a thing at all. This person is either terribly confused about mathematical objects, about what solving a mathematical problem is, or is making jokes about existentialism - which really has no place in an encyclopedia.

203.13.3.93 (talk) 00:18, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I came to this talk page on reading that section. Going to remove it, it's WP:OR/entirely unsourced. 31.187.2.210 (talk) 21:23, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cissoid of Diocles


text:
User:Xjaymanx

--xjaymanx 03:33, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

--xjaymanx (talk) 18:27, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

--xjaymanx (talk) 17:21, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

--xjaymanx (talk) 15:49, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User:Xjaymanx


text:
XML schema

An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself. These constraints are generally expressed using some combination of grammatical rules governing the order of elements, Boolean predicates that the content must satisfy, data types governing the content of elements and attributes, and more specialized rules such as uniqueness and referential integrity constraints.

There are languages developed specifically to express XML schemas. The document type definition (DTD) language, which is native to the XML specification, is a schema language that is of relatively limited capability, but that also has other uses in XML aside from the expression of schemas. Two more expressive XML schema languages in widespread use are XML Schema (with a capital S) and RELAX NG.

The mechanism for associating an XML document with a schema varies according to the schema language. The association may be achieved via markup within the XML document itself, or via some external means.

The XML Schema Definition is commonly referred to as XSD.

Validation
The process of checking to see if a XML document conforms to a schema is called validation, which is separate from XML's core concept of syntactic well-formedness. All XML documents must be well-formed, but it is not required that a document be valid unless the XML parser is "validating", in which case the document is also checked for conformance with its associated schema. DTD-validating parsers are most common, but some support XML Schema or RELAX NG as well.

Validation of an instance document against a schema can be regarded as a conceptually separate operation from XML parsing. In practice, however, many schema validators are integrated with an XML parser.

Languages
There are several different languages available for specifying an XML schema. Each language has its strengths and weaknesses.

The primary purpose of a schema language is to specify what the structure of an XML document can be. This means which elements can reside in which other elements, which attributes are and are not legal to have on a particular element, and so forth. A schema is analogous to a grammar for a language; a schema defines what the vocabulary for the language may be and what a valid "sentence" is.

There are historic and current XML schema languages:

The main ones (see also the ISO 19757's endorsed languages) are described below.

Though there are a number of schema languages available, the primary three languages are Document Type Definitions, W3C XML Schema, and RELAX NG. Each language has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Tool support
DTDs are perhaps the most widely supported schema language for XML. Because DTDs are one of the earliest schema languages for XML, defined before XML even had namespace support, they are widely supported. Internal DTDs are often supported in XML processors; external DTDs are less often supported, but only slightly. Most large XML parsers, ones that support multiple XML technologies, will provide support for DTDs as well.

Advantages over DTDs
Features available in XSD that are missing from DTDs include:

 * Names of elements and attributes are namespace-aware
 * Constraints ("simple types") can be defined for the textual content of elements and attributes, for example to specify that they are numeric or contain dates. A wide repertoire of simple types are provided as standard, and additional user-defined types can be derived from these, for example by specifying ranges of values, regular expressions, or by enumerating the permitted values.
 * Facilities for defining uniqueness constraints and referential integrity are more powerful: unlike the ID and IDREF constraints in DTDs, they can be scoped to any part of a document, can be of any data type, can apply to element as well as attribute content, and can be multi-part (for example the combination of first name and last name must be unique).
 * Many requirements that are traditionally handled using parameter entities in DTDs have explicit support in XSD: examples include substitution groups, which allow a single name (such as "block" or "inline") to refer to a whole class of elements; complex types, which allow the same content model to be shared (or adapted by restriction or extension) by multiple elements; and model groups and attribute groups, which allow common parts of component models to be defined in one place and reused.
 * XSD 1.1 adds the ability to define arbitrary assertions (using XPath expressions) as constraints on element content.

XSD schemas are conventionally written as XML documents, so familiar editing and transformation tools can be used.

As well as validation, XSD allows XML instances to be annotated with type information (the Post-Schema-Validation Infoset (PSVI)) which is designed to make manipulation of the XML instance easier in application programs. This may be by mapping the XSD-defined types to types in a programming language such as Java ("data binding") or by enriching the type system of XML processing languages such as XSLT and XQuery (known as "schema-awareness").

Commonality with RELAX NG
RELAX NG and W3C XML Schema allow for similar mechanisms of specificity. Both allow for a degree of modularity in their languages, including, for example, splitting the schema into multiple files. And both of them are, or can be, defined in an XML language.

Advantages over RELAX NG
RELAX NG does not have any analog to PSVI. Unlike W3C XML Schema, RELAX NG was designed so that validation and augmentation (adding type information and default values) are separate.

W3C XML Schema has a formal mechanism for attaching a schema to an XML document, while RELAX NG intentionally avoids such mechanisms for security and interoperability reasons.

RELAX NG has no ability to apply default attribute data to an element's list of attributes (i.e., changing the XML info set), while W3C XML Schema does. Again, this design is intentional and is to separate validation and augmentation.

W3C XML Schema has a rich "simple type" system built-in (xs:number, xs:date, etc., plus derivation of custom types), while RELAX NG has an extremely simplistic one because it is meant to use type libraries developed independently of RELAX NG, rather than grow its own. This is seen by some as a disadvantage. In practice it is common for a RELAX NG schema to use the predefined "simple types" and "restrictions" (pattern, maxLength, etc.) of W3C XML Schema.

In W3C XML Schema a specific number or range of repetitions of patterns can be expressed whereas it is practically not possible to specify at all in RELAX NG ( or ).

Disadvantages
W3C XML Schema is complex and hard to learn, although that is partially because it tries to do more than mere validation (see PSVI).

Although being written in XML is an advantage, it is also a disadvantage in some ways. The W3C XML Schema language, in particular, can be quite verbose, while a DTD can be terse and relatively easily editable.

Likewise, WXS's formal mechanism for associating a document with a schema can pose a potential security problem. For WXS validators that will follow a URI to an arbitrary online location, there is the potential for reading something malicious from the other side of the stream.

W3C XML Schema does not implement most of the DTD ability to provide data elements to a document.

Although W3C XML Schema's ability to add default attributes to elements is an advantage, it is a disadvantage in some ways as well. It means that an XML file may not be usable in the absence of its schema, even if the document would validate against that schema. In effect, all users of such an XML document must also implement the W3C XML Schema specification, thus ruling out minimalist or older XML parsers. It can also slow down the processing of the document, as the processor must potentially download and process a second XML file (the schema); however, a schema would normally then be cached, so the cost comes only on the first use.

Tool Support
WXS support exists in a number of large XML parsing packages. Xerces and the .NET Framework's Base Class Library both provide support for WXS validation.

RELAX NG
RELAX NG provides for most of the advantages that W3C XML Schema does over DTDs.

Advantages over W3C XML Schema
While the language of RELAX NG can be written in XML, it also has an equivalent form that is much more like a DTD, but with greater specifying power. This form is known as the compact syntax. Tools can easily convert between these forms with no loss of features or even commenting. Even arbitrary elements specified between RELAX NG XML elements can be converted into the compact form.

RELAX NG provides very strong support for unordered content. That is, it allows the schema to state that a sequence of patterns may appear in any order.

RELAX NG also allows for non-deterministic content models. What this means is that RELAX NG allows the specification of a sequence like the following:

When the validator encounters something that matches the "odd" pattern, it is unknown whether this is the optional last "odd" reference or simply one in the zeroOrMore sequence without looking ahead at the data. RELAX NG allows this kind of specification. W3C XML Schema requires all of its sequences to be fully deterministic, so mechanisms like the above must be either specified in a different way or omitted altogether.

RELAX NG allows attributes to be treated as elements in content models. In particular, this means that one can provide the following:

This block states that the element "some_element" must have an attribute named "has_name". This attribute can only take true or false as values, and if it is true, the first child element of the element must be "name", which stores text. If "name" did not need to be the first element, then the choice could be wrapped in an "interleave" element along with other elements. The order of the specification of attributes in RELAX NG has no meaning, so this block need not be the first block in the element definition.

W3C XML Schema cannot specify such a dependency between the content of an attribute and child elements.

RELAX NG's specification only lists two built-in types (string and token), but it allows for the definition of many more. In theory, the lack of a specific list allows a processor to support data types that are very problem-domain specific.

Most RELAX NG schemas can be algorithmically converted into W3C XML Schemas and even DTDs (except when using RELAX NG features not supported by those languages, as above). The reverse is not true. As such, RELAX NG can be used as a normative version of the schema, and the user can convert it to other forms for tools that do not support RELAX NG.

Disadvantages
Most of RELAX NG's disadvantages are covered under the section on W3C XML Schema's advantages over RELAX NG.

Though RELAX NG's ability to support user-defined data types is useful, it comes at the disadvantage of only having two data types that the user can rely upon. Which, in theory, means that using a RELAX NG schema across multiple validators requires either providing those user-defined data types to that validator or using only the two basic types. In practice, however, most RELAX NG processors support the W3C XML Schema set of data types.

Schematron
Schematron is a fairly unusual schema language. Unlike the main three, it defines an XML file's syntax as a list of XPath-based rules. If the document passes these rules, then it is valid.

Advantages
Because of its rule-based nature, Schematron's specificity is very strong. It can require that the content of an element be controlled by one of its siblings. It can also request or require that the root element, regardless of what element that happens to be, have specific attributes. It can even specify required relationships between multiple XML files.

Disadvantages
While Schematron is good at relational constructs, its ability to specify the basic structure of a document, that is, which elements can go where, results in a very verbose schema.

The typical way to solve this is to combine Schematron with RELAX NG or W3C XML Schema. There are several schema processors available for both languages that support this combined form. This allows Schematron rules to specify additional constraints to the structure defined by W3C XML Schema or RELAX NG.

Tool Support
Schematron's reference implementation is actually an XSLT transformation that transforms the Schematron document into an XSLT that validates the XML file. As such, Schematron's potential toolset is any XSLT processor, though libxml2 provides an implementation that does not require XSLT. Sun Microsystems's Multiple Schema Validator for Java has an add-on that allows it to validate RELAX NG schemas that have embedded Schematron rules.

Namespace Routing Language (NRL)
This is not technically a schema language. Its sole purpose is to direct parts of documents to individual schemas based on the namespace of the encountered elements. An NRL is merely a list of XML namespaces and a path to a schema that each corresponds to. This allows each schema to be concerned with only its own language definition, and the NRL file routes the schema validator to the correct schema file based on the namespace of that element.

This XML format is schema-language agnostic and works for just about any schema language.

Terminology
Capitalization in the schema word: there is some confusion as to when to use the capitalized spelling "Schema" and when to use the lowercase spelling. The lowercase form is a generic term and may refer to any type of schema, including DTD, XML Schema (aka XSD), RELAX NG, or others, and should always be written using lowercase except when appearing at the start of a sentence. The form "Schema" (capitalized) in common use in the XML community always refers to W3C XML Schema.

Schema authoring choices
The focus of the schema definition is structure and some semantics of documents. However, schema design, just like design of databases, computer program, and other formal constructs, also involve many considerations of style, convention, and readability. Extensive discussions of schema design issues can be found in (for example) Maler (1995) and DeRose (1997).

 * Consistency: One obvious consideration is that tags and attribute names should use consistent conventions. For example, it would be unusual to create a schema where some element names are camelCase but others use underscores to separate parts of names, or other conventions.

 * Clear and mnemonic names: As in other formal languages, good choices of names can help understanding, even though the names per se have no formal significance. Naming the appropriate tag "chapter" rather than "tag37" is a help to the reader. At the same time, this brings in issues of the choice of natural language. A schema to be used for Irish Gaelic documents will probably use the same language for element and attribute names, since that will be the language common to editors and readers.

 * Tag vs attribute choice: Some information can "fit" readily in either an element or an attribute. Because attributes cannot contain elements in XML, this question only arises for components that have no further sub-structure that XML needs to be aware of (attributes do support multiple tokens, such as multiple IDREF values, which can be considered a slight exception). Attributes typically represent information associated with the entirety of the element on which they occur, while sub-elements introduce a new scope of their own.

 * Text content: Some XML schemas, particularly ones that represent various kinds of documents, ensure that all "text content" (roughly, any part that one would speak if reading the document aloud) occurs as text, and never in attributes. However, there are many edge cases where this does not hold: First, there are XML documents which do not involve "natural language" at all, or only minimally, such as for telemetry, creation of vector graphics or mathematical formulae, and so on. Second, information like stage directions in plays, verse numbers in Classical and Scriptural works, and correction or normalization of spelling in transcribed works, all pose issues of interpretation that schema designers for such genres must consider.

 * Schema reuse: A new XML schema can be developed from scratch, or can reuse some fragments of other XML schemas. All schema languages offer some tools (for example,  and modularization control over namespaces) and recommend reuse where practical. Various parts of the extensive and sophisticated Text Encoding Initiative schemas are also re-used in an extraordinary variety of other schemas.

 * Semantic vs syntactic: Except for a RDF-related one, no schema language express formally semantic, only structure and data-types. Despite being the ideal, the inclusion of RDF assumptions is very poor and is not a recommendation in the schema development frameworks.

title: XML schema


text:
Polystylism

Polystylism is the use of multiple styles or techniques in literature, art, film, or, especially, music.

Some prominent contemporary polystylist composers include Peter Maxwell Davies, Alfred Schnittke, and John Zorn. Polystylist composers from earlier in the twentieth century include Charles Ives and Erik Satie. Among literary figures, James Joyce has been referred to as a polystylist. On the other hand, composers including Sofia Gubaidulina have rejected the term as not applicable to their work.

Though perhaps not the original source of the term, the first important discussion of the subject is Alfred Schnittke's essay "Polystylistic Tendencies in Modern Music (1971)". The composers cited by Schnittke as those who make use of polystylism are Alban Berg, Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez, Edison Denisov, Hans Werner Henze, Mauricio Kagel, Jan Klusák, György Ligeti, Carl Orff, Arvo Pärt, Krzysztof Penderecki, Henri Pousseur, Rodion Shchedrin, Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Slonimsky, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Igor Stravinsky, Boris Tishchenko, Anton Webern, and Bernd Alois Zimmermann.

title: Polystylism


text:
Talk:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis

Untitled
I've sometimes seen the PRC build-up of forces in Fujian opposite Taiwan in June 1962 referred to as the "Third Taiwan Straits Crisis." I assume however, from this page, that the term is now commonly used to mean the events of the mid-90s. Perhaps someone else knows enough about this to perhaps make a reference to these events here or on a new page. Seanie 14:51, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

million = billion?
The current article says the stock market dropped by a third, losing $10 million. And later, the economy lost $18 million. Surely these are measured in billions, not millions? I think you meant Buhwhillions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.185.242.208 (talk) 21:35, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

Territorial Waters?
I was under the impression that territorial waters extended 12 nautical miles (just under 14 statute miles), and this is certainly supported by the territorial waters article. Surely, therefore, the figure for 25-35 miles away from Keelung or Kaohsiung either points to a contradiction or a poor illustration (that is, those provinces are not within 12 miles of where the missiles went, but some other point within the ROC-controlled territory is).

Is it possible to say which is the case? Either way, I would recommend that this point (whose importance with regards to the subject could hardly be overstated) be either corrected or better illustrated. --DukeTancred 10:31, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Quality?
I noticed there are spelling errors right in the intro (e.g. "allegely" several times)... not very encouraging for the rest of the article. If someone has time, he/she should go through and look for other errors. I didn't change them so that you could see them problems. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.41.28.140 (talk) 01:40, 12 December 2006 (UTC).

Lee stopped at Honolulu on his way to Central America, not South Africa (make no sense). Also, USS Independence was also involved, but not mentioned in this article. $USD 18 million seem incredibly small. The article is poor on facts.

Dates
According to this very extensive source (http://cns.miis.edu/straittalk/strait_talk.pdf), the bullying started in October 1994, not July 1995. See p. 154. DOR (HK) (talk) 03:42, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Dispute ?
Why was this put here in March 2008 (and no other comments were entered at that time)?

'''This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. (March 2008)'''

Remove?DOR (HK) (talk) 03:35, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The question was one over whether it was millions that were lost, or billions. No one seemed (and seems) to know for sure. Ngchen (talk) 14:24, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The whole paragraph seemed speculative and was definitely unsourced, so I removed both the paragraph and the "dispute" tag. Readin (talk) 15:30, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Not logical
"Beijing intended to send a message to the Taiwanese electorate that voting for Lee Teng-hui in the 1996 presidential election meant war." That doesn't seem to make much sense, since Lee's opponent in the election was the candidate from the Democratic Progressive Party, which was far more pro-Taiwan-independence than Lee's KMT. So Beijing's "message" was to basically support a pro-Taiwan-independence party? --71.141.123.108 (talk) 01:52, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Missing a Conclusion
This article has no conclusion. It just ends after stating that Ding Mou-shih flew to New York for a meeting. What happened at that meeting? What happened as a result of said meeting? Were shots ever fired between the involved parties? Were there any resolutions or treaties made? Who won the ROC election? One thorough paragraph could zip this up into a meaningful piece. McD285 (talk) 18:29, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I came here to make the same note. If anyone is familiar with this conflict or has time to do some research, please formulate a resolution section. Niubrad (talk) 10:21, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

Ceasefire?
Was there a ceasefire, given that there had been no firing?Royalcourtier (talk) 01:39, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

Improving the maps
I wonder if it is possible to replace the maps with versions that use polygon shapes to shade the entire areas of activity rather than using points to indicate the vertices of the boundary. Matt Heard (talk) 08:56, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:44, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Location map Ryukyu Islands.png

title: Talk:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis


text:
Lachute

Lachute is a town in southwest Quebec, Canada, 62 km northwest of Montreal, on the Rivière du Nord, a tributary of the Ottawa River, and west of Mirabel International Airport. It is located on Autoroute 50, at the junctions of Quebec Provincial Highways Route 148, Route 158, and Secondary Highways 327 and 329.

Lachute is the seat of Argenteuil Regional County Municipality, and is served by the Lachute Airport. Its major industries include paper mills and lumber. The population is about 14,000 people.

History
Originally in the 17th century, "La Chute" identified a cataract or falls on the North River (Rivière du Nord) located about 24 km upstream from its confluence with the Ottawa River. In 1753, Antoine Brunet became the first francophone to settle in Lachute temporarily. In 1796, Jedediah Lane, from Jericho, Vermont, bought several thousand acres of land on both sides of the North River, where Lachute is today. That same year, Hezekiah Clark and his family, also of Jericho, settled near the falls on the North River, followed by Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution. Two years later, the population of the Chute settlement (as it was then known by its English name) consisted of five families.

The village grew quickly; by 1803, 30 families were scattered on both banks of the North River and by 1810, Lachute counted 83 families, including 211 children of school age. In 1804, a mill was built at the falls and the first general store opened in 1813. One year later, Sir John Johnson bought a large part of the Argenteuil Seigneury. He built a sawmill and gave land for the construction of churches, helping to attract new settlers to Argenteuil. In 1825, Thomas Barron became the first judge, then the first mayor of Lachute. The Lachute post office was established in 1835.

From 1870 to 1880, Lachute went through another period of expansion, including economic and social development; the railway linking Montreal and Ottawa was built through the centre of the small town. Industries were established: Félix Hamelin and Thomas Henry Ayers established a wool mill and Irishman James Crocket Wilson opened a paper mill.

In 1885, the Town of Lachute was incorporated with a population around 1300 persons, and in the same year, Lachute high school was founded. In 1901, electricity was brought to the town.

In 1966, Lachute and the Village of Ayersville merged, forming the Cité de Lachute. In 1971, during the construction of Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, a part of the Saint-Jérusalem Parish was added to Lachute. In 1981, Cité de Lachute became Ville de Lachute. In 2000, about 10 km2 of Mirabel's territory were annexed by Lachute. In 2002, the Service de police municipale de Lachute was transferred to the Sûreté du Québec.

The Expo Lachute Fair is the oldest fair in Quebec and the second-oldest in all of Canada, running from 1825 to the present. In 1917, the Argenteuil Agricultural Society purchased land to hold the Expo Lachute Fair permanently in Lachute. In 1917, the construction of the grandstand and the track was completed, with new cattle and horse barns being constructed as time and money allowed. The Fall Fair was changed to a Spring Fair in 1925 so that it could be deemed strictly a livestock show. Lachute was not always host to the exhibition; from 1825 to 1826, inhabitants of the county of York met in the then-bustling business centre of St. Andrews, to form a society called the County of York Agricultural Society, later changed to the Two Mountains Agricultural Society, and finally the Argenteuil Agricultural Society. Today, the Expo Lachute Fair is still going strong; an annual agriculture fair is held in July and the Fall Derby is in September. The fairgrounds are also used for several other local events throughout the year.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lachute had a population of $14,100$ living in $6,531$ of its $6,862$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $12,862$. With a land area of 108.66 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Education
The Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord operates French-language public schools.
 * École l'Oasis
 * École Saint-Alexandre
 * École Saint-Julien
 * École polyvalente Lavigne

Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates English-language public schools:
 * Laurentian Elementary School
 * Laurentian Regional High School

Notable people

 * John Lavis
 * Salem Bland, Methodist theologian and Social Gospel leader.
 * Kevin Lowe, former NHL defenceman and current vice-chairman of the Edmonton Oilers.
 * Jim Watson, former Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for the riding of Ottawa West—Nepean and Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing; former Mayor of Ottawa, Ontario. The Hon. Mayor Watson is a member of the Ontario Liberal Party.
 * Pierre Pagé, former coach of several NHL hockey teams (Calgary, Minnesota, Quebec and Anaheim), and currently head coach of Eisbären Berlin (Berlin Polar Bears) of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.
 * Thain Wendell MacDowell, Victoria Cross Recipient 1917, Vimy Ridge, France.
 * Bob Paulson, 23rd Commissioner of the RCMP; Commander of the National Security Criminal Investigations Unit.

Media

 * CJLA-FM (Planète Lov 104,9) – an adult contemporary formatted station.

title: Lachute


text:
Talk:Sacco and Vanzetti

Problems with Organization and General Tone of this article
The introduction of this article states the general consensus that Sacco and Vanzetti were unfairly tried and convicted, but states that later analyses have both 'clouded the case' suggesting they may in fact have been guilty, and 'added doubt to their culpability' suggesting later evidence continues to exonerate them. This is a little confusing, but I have no particular problem with it.

However, the body of the article is full of either excessively detailed or ambiguous (often without citation) sentences that look like attempts to cast doubt on Sacco and Vanzetti's innocence, and the article reads in general like it has been written by an amateur cold warrior attempting to re-litigate the case (perhaps out of a personal vendetta against anarchism as an ideology--the phrase 'admitted anarchist' in the background section, as if anarchism is a kind of crime or fault, reveals this bias). It does not read as a summary of secondary sources but as an original synthesis of primary and secondary sources attempting to overturn the consensus (stated accurately in the introduction) that the two were unfairly tried, convicted, and executed.

It might help organizationally to create a separate "Alternative Viewpoints" or "Evidence of Guilt" section where the editor or editors who are intent on arguing Sacco and Vanzetti's guilt can gather whatever details and evidence they would like, and the general population can read through that evidence with transparency as to the intentions of those editors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.75.1.141 (talk) 05:19, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

 * lots of words above signifying nothing - synopsis - they were guilty but didnt get a fair trial - boo hoo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.38.155.134 (talk) 09:49, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

Small problem in the Introduction
In the introductory section, the end of the 2nd paragraph states that major demonstrations were held in "Tokyo, Sydney, Melbourne, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Dubai, Montevideo, Johannesburg, and Auckland." The citation is not from a Portuguese source, and, additionally, how did Dubai stage a protest? The entirety of the UAE before unification was under 1 million people, and this puts the entire source in doubt. SureStrike1943 (talk) 17:43, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

Reaction of Italian-American establishment
The article doesn't really mention the way that Italian-American organizations reacted to the trial. Unico National isn't mentioned at all, even though it's a major Italian-American organization that was founded in the wake of the trial in order to demonstrate Italian-American patriotism. Did UNICO support or oppose the execution? There's no mention in either article. I think incorporating more info into the article about the Italian-American communal response would be appropriate. Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 03:44, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sacco and Vanzetti


text:
Talk:Complex harmonic motion

"Dynamical" is a word; is there some problem with it?

Copyright violation
I completely gutted this article because it was a blatant copyright violation of this site. The version I made is essentially a highly pared down summary of that page. --Hydraton31 (talk) 21:52, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Complex harmonic motion


text:
Shell corporation

A shell corporation is a company or corporation with no significant assets or operations often formed to obtain financing before beginning business. Shell companies were primarily vehicles for lawfully hiding the identity of their beneficial owners, and this is still the defining feature of shell companies due to the loopholes in the global corporate transparency initiatives. It may hold passive investments or be the registered owner of assets, such as intellectual property, or ships. Shell companies may be registered to the address of a company that provides a service setting up shell companies, and which may act as the agent for receipt of legal correspondence (such as an accountant or lawyer). The company may serve as a vehicle for business transactions without itself having any significant assets or operations.

Shell companies are used for legitimate purposes but can be used for tax evasion, tax avoidance, money laundering, or to achieve a specific goal such as anonymity. Anonymity, in the context of shell companies, relates to anonymity of beneficial owners of the company. Anonymity may be sought to shield personal assets from others, such as a spouse when a marriage is breaking down, from creditors, or from government authorities.

Shell companies' legitimate business purposes are, for example, acting as trustee for a trust, and not engaging in any other activity on their own account. This structure creates limited liability for the trustee. A corporate shell can also be formed around a partnership to create limited liability for the partners, and other business ventures, or to immunize one part of a business from the risks of another part. Shell companies can be used to transfer assets from one company into a new one while leaving the liabilities in the former company. Shell companies are also used for privacy and security reasons by wealthy individuals and celebrities. Accordingly, shell companies may be used to generate both pecuniary and non- pecuniary private benefits by their beneficial owners.

SEC definition
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission defines a "shell" company as follows: Shell company: The term shell company means a registrant, other than an asset-backed issuer as defined in Item 1101(b) of Regulation AB (§ 229.1101(b) of this chapter), that has:

(1) No or nominal operations; and

(2) Either:

(i) No or nominal assets;

(ii) Assets consisting solely of cash and cash equivalents; or

(iii) Assets consisting of any amount of cash and cash equivalents and nominal other assets.'

Background
Some shell companies may have previously had operations that shrank due to unfavorable market conditions or company mismanagement. A shell corporation may also arise when a company's operations have been wound up, for example following a takeover, but the "shell" of the original company continues to exist. The term "shell corporation" does not describe the purpose of a corporate entity, but in general is more informative to classify an entity according to its role in a particular corporate structure; e.g. holding company, general partner, or a limited partner.

Shell companies are a main component of the underground economy, especially those based in tax havens. They may also be known as international business companies, personal investment companies, front companies, or "mailbox" companies. While these terms are generally used interchangeably in practice, their meanings are not the same and each term is generated to refer to a different theme of illegality. Shell companies can also be used for tax avoidance. A classic tax avoidance operation may utilize favorable transfer pricing among multiple corporate entities to lower tax liability in a certain country; e.g. Double Irish arrangement.

A special purpose entity, used often in the context of a larger corporate structure, may be formed to achieve a specific goal, such as to create anonymity.

According to a 2013 experimental study where the researchers requested anonymous incorporation in violation of international law, one in four corporate service providers offered to provide services in violation of international law.

Examples
Shell companies can be used to transfer assets of one company into a new company without having the liabilities of the former company. For example, when Sega Sammy Holdings purchased the bankrupt Index Corporation in June 2013, they formed a shell company in September 2013, called Sega Dream Corporation, into which were transferred valuable assets of the old company, including the Atlus brand and Index Corporation's intellectual property. This meant that the liabilities of the old company were left in the old company, and Sega Dream had clean title to all the assets of the old company. The former Index Corporation was then dissolved. Sega Dream Corporation was renamed as Index Corporation in November 2013.

When Hilco purchased HMV Canada, they used a shell company by the name of Huk 10 Ltd. in order to secure funds and minimize liability. HMV was then sued by Huk 10 Ltd., allowing Hilco to regain assets and dispose of HMV Canada.

As another example, the use of a shell company in a tax haven makes it possible to move profits to that shell company, in a strategy of tax evasion. A United States company buying products from overseas would have to pay US taxes on the profits, but to avoid this, it may buy the products through a non-resident shell company based in a tax haven, where it is described as an offshore company. The shell company would purchase the products in its name, mark up the products and sell them on to the US company, thereby transferring the profit to the tax haven. (The products may never actually physically pass through that tax haven, and be shipped directly to the US company.) As the shell company is not based in the United States, its profit is not subject to US income tax, and as it is an offshore company in the tax haven jurisdiction, it is not taxed there either. Under the tax haven law, the profits are deemed not to have been made in the jurisdiction, with the sale deemed to have taken place in the United States. As US personal income tax is significantly less important than corporate income tax, US company executives would claim a salary (or fees, consulting fees, etc.) from the company's profits.

In addition, there are several shell companies that are used by broadcasting groups to circumvent FCC limits on television station ownership. For example, Sinclair Broadcasting Group forms local marketing agreements with stations owned by Cunningham Broadcasting and Deerfield Media; nearly all of the stock of Cunningham Broadcasting is controlled by trusts in the name of the owner's children. Other examples include Nexstar Media Group controlling television stations owned by Mission Broadcasting and Vaughan Media.

Countries of domicile
Typical countries of domicile of shell companies are offshore financial centres like Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands including Guernsey and Jersey in Europe, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, and Virgin Islands in the Caribbean, Panama in Central America, and Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia. Shell companies are usually offered by law firms based in those countries. The process of establishing a shell company can sometimes be done very quickly online.

In 2021 anonymous corporations were made illegal in the United States with the passage of the Corporate Transparency Act as part of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. Exemptions were included which are meant to limit its scope to the entities most likely to be used for illicit purposes. Companies which are exempt from the act include foreign companies that do not formally register to do business and companies that fall into one of 24 enumerated categories, which include companies that employ more than 20 people, have revenues above $5 million, and a physical presence in the United States, as well as churches, charities, non-profits, trusts and partnerships. Companies that are banks, broker-dealers, public issuers, and insurance companies are also exempt.

Due to federalism in the United States, shell companies are often set up in states such as Delaware, Nevada, and Wyoming due to advantageous tax regimes.

Abuse
Shell companies have been used to commit fraud, by creating an empty shell company with a name similar to existing real companies, then running up the price of the empty shell and suddenly selling it (pump and dump).

There are also shell companies that were created for the purpose of owning assets (including tangibles, such as a real estate for property development, and intangibles, such as royalties or copyrights) and receiving income. The reasons behind creating such a shell company may include protection against litigation and/or tax benefits (some expenses that would not be deductible for an individual may be deductible for a corporation). Sometimes, shell companies are used for tax evasion or tax avoidance.

Offshore Leaks
In 2013 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists published a report called "Offshore Leaks" with information about the use and owners of 130,000 shell companies. Many of the shell companies belonged to politicians and celebrities from around the world and were being used for tax evasion and hiding financial assets.

Panama Papers
In 2016 a leak of 11.5 million documents to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung revealed information about owners of more than 214,000 shell companies administered by the law firm Mossack Fonseca in Panama. The shell companies were used by politicians, businessmen, autocrats, and terrorists from around the world for tax evasion and other illegal activities.

India
After India's decision to demonetise ₹500 and ₹1000 rupee notes on 8 November 2016, various authorities noticed a surge in shell companies depositing cash in banks, possibly in an attempt to hide the real owner of the wealth. In response, in July 2017, the authorities ordered nearly 2,000 shell companies to be shut down while Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) imposed trading restrictions on 162 listed entities as shell companies. A high-level task force found that hundreds of shell companies were registered in a few buildings in Kolkata. Many of those were found to be locked, with their padlocks coated in dust and many others which had office space the size of cubicles.

Regulation
Since shell companies are very often abused for various illegal purposes, regulation of shell companies is becoming more important to prevent such illegal activities.

United Kingdom
Currently British overseas territories and crown dependencies are only required to tell the true name of owners of shell companies upon request from official law enforcement agencies. However, since 2020 they are forced to publish these names in a public register in order to prevent anonymous use of shell companies.

United States
The new customer due diligence (CDD) rule from 2016 forces banks to know the names of their customers in order to reveal them to law enforcement agencies upon request. Thereby, anonymous misuse of shell companies shall be prevented. The rule is administered by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). In January 2021 anonymous shell companies were effectively banned via a provision in the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021.

India
A "Task Force On Shell Corporations" was constituted in 2017 under the chairmanship of the Revenue Secretary to the Government Of India and Corporate Affairs Secretary to Govt. Of India, for effectively tackling malpractice by shell companies in a comprehensive manner.

European Union
On 22 December 2021, the European Commission adopted a proposal for an EU Directive to tackle the misuse of shell companies for tax purposes. Also known as the "Unshell" directive, the proposal requires the unanimous agreement of all 27 EU Member States' finance ministers before entering into force.

title: Shell corporation


text:
Talk:Refusenik

Original article name
I think the title of this article is in violation of Naming policy (singular vs. plural). Can anyone justify having both Refusenik and Refuseniks? I propose to merge them into Refusenik, or whatever else we usually do in disambig. cases to avoid confusion. ←Humus sapiens←Talk 06:44, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Moved Refuseniks to Otkaznik. Objections?  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 07:06, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

New name
This article is now: Refusenik (Soviet Union) in keeping with Wiki naming conventions. By the way, the name "Refusenik" has become a well known English word itself, so it makes no sense whatsoever to list it under "Otkaznik" something no-one in the West has ever heard, and perhaps is suited for the Russian Wiki. Thank you. IZAK 09:12, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Works for me.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 09:58, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think refusenik should point here, with a separate disambiguation page. —Wiki Wikardo 20:54, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

any type of protestor?!
Over time, "refusenik" has entered colloquial English usage for any type of protestor. My sense is that it means someone who is refused emigration permission, not "any type of protestor". Is that incorrect? Phr 03:57, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I would disagree ’cause I know I’ve heard the word but I didn’t know what it originally referred to until my friend told me. IIRC, it’s been used for like draft resistors and such—probably the during the Cold War the -nik had convenient “commie” connotations. But you’re probably right in that the “any type of protester” wording is sloppy, imprecise or inaccurate. — Рефьюзник 20:54, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Still, there needs to be some sort of reference showing this meaning. (In other words, I found nothing to support your assertaion.) Also, why did you computer program call me a refusenik when I didn't put in the right answer? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.115.75.16 (talk) 11:52, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
 * this needs revisiting. Refusenik is now in fairly common usage in the UK and its meaning has evolved. It now means someone/something who refuses to do something. This is very different to what it originally meant (wasn't given permission). Here is a typical eg of that usage: "His letter demands action by Christmas, and threatens swingeing measures against refusenik institutions that later suffer antisemitic incidents." This means they are refusing to comply. This is the common way you find the word now used in the UK - its meaning has evolved rapidly away from the original sense. I have specialist knowledge of the evolution of words, so am flagging this up as important and interesting. I will add a short section on this to the article. Can people please check and maybe collect additional examples.SandrinaHatman (talk) 19:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I finished a section on this with references but where it needs additional info is - egs from outside the UK (eg the US or Australia etc). Is it used in sense 1 or sense 2 in other countries? Are there egs from Israel of it being used in sense 2? When did it start being used like this? I can google loads of egs of sense 2 nowadays but the dictionaries don't tell us when this started happening. Also just noticed there is no ref to when the term emerged exactly or earliest references. SandrinaHatman (talk) 19:58, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Refusenik
There is no such word "refusenik" in Russian, its otkaznik. Refusenik is the pure English word.--Nixer 16:44, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * First, disclaimer: I was the one who tried to move it to Otkaznik long ago (see above discussion). Now I think that Refusenik (Soviet Union) is more proper. Even by your logic, this is English-lang Wikipedia and not Russian-lang. English-speakers don't know the word Otkaznik. BTW, the word рефьюзник was not unheard of, at least in the slang context. Thanks. ←Humus sapiens ну? 20:45, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * But the article should not say it is Russian word.--Nixer 06:25, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Illegal emigration
Please explain how Illegal emigration is relevant here. That article doesn't even mention USSR. ←Humus sapiens ну? 23:09, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I am afraid the article "Illegal emigration" is dangerously misguided, staring from the confusion of emigration and travel abroad. I will try to put some sense to it, inlcuding info about Soviet emigration/travel laws. At the same time, Soviet Union is more associated with the notion of Defection. `'mikka 00:08, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, please come by and help out. I expanded the entry quite a bit just very lately. It could benefit from more editors.Terjen 00:17, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't see any relation to Illegal emigration, other than failed Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair. ←Humus sapiens ну? 01:02, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Ronald Reagan
I have reverted attempted additions by User:Angelmypal to the sentence "The coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s and his policies of glasnost and perestroika, as well as a desire for better relations with the West led to major changes" of the passage "The election of American President Ronald Reagan, who took a strong military stance toward the Soviet Union, and the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev..." As far as I know (and I should know, having grown up in the Soviet Union during the times in question), the election of Reagan had very little to do with the internal changes in the Soviet Union, elevation of Gorbachev and the start of his perestroika policy and with the changes in the Soviet treatment of refuseniks. If such an addition to the text is to be made, I would want to see it supported by substantial references to reliable sources that establish such a connection. Until and unless such sources are produced, the passage about Reagan should stay out of this article, on WP:V, WP:OR and WP:NPOV grounds. Nsk92 (talk) 20:17, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Please do not re-insert the passage about Reagan into the article until and unless consensus to do so is established here, at the article's talk page, per WP:CONSENSUS. Nsk92 (talk) 15:01, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Prisoner of Zion
Why, exactly, is "Prisoner of Zion" redirected to this page? -- The Dark Ride (talk) 06:04, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Name for photo and documentary placement
I have moved the information about the documentary to the documentary film section and out of the introduction as it is not really relevant to the introduction and there is no reason it should be mentioned over other media mentioned later on in the article

I have also removed the line "See Photo: The third protestor from the left is Zachar Tesker." from the introduction, This information was un-referenced and does not seem notable given there is no wiki article on zachar tesker or any other mention of him in this article. If someone wants to add it back in please at most add it to the photo caption. Loganrah (talk) 13:46, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

"liberated" in discussion of emigration during the 1970s seems too loaded and non-specific here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Taenaron (talk • contribs) 17:28, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Refusenik


text:
Talk:Collier's Encyclopedia

Jmabel remarks
Side note: I grew up with this one: my dad was a VP at Crowell Collier Macmillan. And, no, I'm not the author of the article. -- Jmabel 06:45, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

So, I happen to know but can't cite from anywhere: Collier's Encyclopedia in its heyday relied heavily on door-to-door sales and the like. In the late 1960s, top encyclopedia salesmen earned more in a year than the company's executives. Then the U.S. government cracked down heavily on high-pressure sales tactics. For example, all large purchases had a three-day opt-out clause. Far worse than that for Collier's sales force, they actually were required by a court order to show all prospects a piece of paper that listed several high-pressure sales tactics the company had used in the past. Needless to say, sales fell off dramatically.

Does anyone have any idea where I might look for a citation for any of this? -- Jmabel | Talk 00:52, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

FTC cease and desist order found here: http://www.ftc.gov/os/decisions/docs/Vol%2070/ftcd-vol70(JULY-DECEMBER1966)PAGES977-1099.pdf (see esp p36 and 56). Other interesting stories can be found with search term "p f collier sales pitch" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.253.132.69 (talk) 13:25, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

First edition?
I question the accuracy of the statement that this encyclopedia was first published in 1950-51, now that we have added articles from the 1921 edition to Wikisource. Eclecticology 18:01, 2005 Jan 10 (UTC)

 * The Wikisource articles are from Collier's New Encyclopedia. There seems to be no continuity between the two. Gzornenplatz 19:24, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

Style
I've tried to edit recent massive and mostly useful additions by User:HQCentral to be a little closer to Wikipedia style. The article has become a bit much of an essay, though a very informative one. - Jmabel | Talk 03:08, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to say: I hope this isn't plagiarized. " The binding—black Fabrikoid with red panels and gold lettering—is both sturdy and attractive" is so not Wikipedia style that it leaves me wondering a little. - Jmabel | Talk 03:10, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the complements. Rest assured, though, that it's not plagiarized. There's nothing wrong with being different (I think the opinions make it more informative). I won't fight it, though.—HQCentral 05:15, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * About the tags, though: They're cluttering up the entry, making it hard to read and edit. They also make it look like it isn't sourced--which it is. I think you've made your WP:POINT, so it's time to move on. I also changed the subheadings to level three because the sections aren't chapter headings, they're what is called subheadings.—HQCentral 03:28, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * They look like perfectly valid requests for citation to me, clutter or not; please do provide acceptable citations before removing them (or just eliminate the statements in question, but that's another issue). Kirill Lokshin 03:29, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The tags serve no purpose because I'm not going to go to the library and double-check the references. I shouldn't have to, either.--HQCentral 03:35, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Then the tags should remain, if only to point out that the article contains unattributed opinions, which goes against WP:NPOV, one of the few things that is not merely a guideline but a policy. - Jmabel | Talk 23:08, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

We now know that [User:HQCentral|HQCentral]] is the sockpuppet of a notorious plagiarizer. So Jmabel's concern about plagiarism was well-founded. -Will Beback 05:21, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Born In East L.A.
A set of Collier's appears in Rudy's (Cheech Marin) house in the movie Born in East L.A.

Sales other than US
I am sitting beside a copy of Collier's which I purchased in the 1960's - here in the UK. The high-pressure sales mentioned above obtained here also. I find it still a worthwhile purchase, even though much is less current than it was. We also had the year-books for some five years afterwards, although they tended to be (unlike the encyclopaedias themselves) more US-oriented. I find the index of great value when checking to see if there are any places with similar names in the US/Canada to those in UK, but I do use them a great deal otherwise Peter Shearan 11:58, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * To my shame I was briefly a student Colliers salesman in Birmingham, UK around 1965-66. We had a multi-page script to remember off by heart & still do. FWIW, we weren't selling the things -we were giving them away. It's just that people had to buy the year book to show a commitment & that (of course) cost a few £hundred.  The office was in John Bright St and I believe the script referred to the  Crowell, Collier, Macmillan publishing corporation of Chicago.  Pay was commission only. Many of the sales techniques were sound but I exclude the habit of stapling the cancelation clause so it was impossible to use. Part of the technique was to ask the customer what they were interested in and immediately explain this was extensively covered -something which Wikipedia can now perhaps claim & at lower cost! The paper was plastic coated & non shiny -good quality, unfortunately we were trained on the UK version & sent out with the US version which as Peter suggests was very different in key areas like politics & sport etc.  We were also told that UK law allowed salesmen to ring bells up to 23:58 at night. The Solihull news published an article "Student encyclopedia salesman quit job after one night" which described complaints at this time.  JRPG (talk) 20:36, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

Status of article, possible sources
I gather that HQCentral has now been characterized as a "serial plagiarizer" and his edits have all been reverted (not by me), so we are back to little more than a stub, as we were when he started working on this. I'm guessing that the three references he cited are nonetheless valid, if anyone wants to follow them up.

 * American Reference Books Annual, 1992, pp. 16-17
 * Reference Sources for Small and Medium-Sized Libraries, 5th ed. (Chicago: American Library Assn., 1992), pp. 30-31.
 * William A. Katz, Introduction to Reference Work, vol. 1, pp. 242-43

- Jmabel | Talk 04:40, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Great Encyclopedia terrible article
This was a great encyclopedia, but this is a terrible article. I'll try to help out. I mean I knew more before I started reading the article. Aaron Bowen 16:58, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * We had to peel it way back because it was "polluted" by a contributor who apparently was violating copyrights. The problem is finding citable sources. Someone should find reviews in library journals. - Jmabel | Talk 07:06, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collier's Encyclopedia


text:
Tsavo

Tsavo is a region of Kenya located at the crossing of the Uganda Railway over the Tsavo River, close to where it meets the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River. Two national parks, Tsavo East and Tsavo West are located in the area.

The meaning of the word Tsavo is still unclear, but because of tribal conflicts, the Kamba people used to refer to the region as the place of "slaughter". Until the British put an end to the slave trade in the late 19th century, Tsavo was continually crossed by caravans of trans-Saharan slave traders and their captives.

Flora and fauna
Typical flora of the region includes:
 * Acacia
 * Myrrh
 * Baobab

Typical fauna of the region includes:
 * African bush elephant
 * Giraffe
 * African buffalo
 * Gazelle
 * Klipspringer
 * Kudu
 * Leopard
 * Lion
 * Cheetah

Cultural depictions
Tsavo has many myths and legends such as The Ghosts of Tsavo, which tells of two brothers, The one of the Ghost, and the other of The Darkness. It was said that these brothers will forever be reincarnated as two lions.

The 1996 film The Ghost and the Darkness depicts a fictionalized account of the Tsavo Man-Eaters, which were killed by John Henry Patterson in 1898.

title: Tsavo


text:
Sydney Box

Frank Sydney Box (29 April 1907 – 25 May 1983) was a British film producer and screenwriter, and brother of British film producer Betty Box. In 1940, he founded the documentary film company Verity Films with Jay Lewis.

He produced and co-wrote the screenplay, with his then wife director Muriel Box, for The Seventh Veil (1945), which received the 1946 Oscar for best original screenplay.

Sydney and Muriel married in 1935, had a daughter Leonora the following year, and divorced in 1969.

Gainsborough Studios
The couple were hired after the war by the Rank Organisation to run Gainsborough Studios. They disapproved of the Gainsborough melodramas which had been the studio's major successes for several years, and switched production to a broader range of more "realistic" films with mixed results. Box made 36 films at Gainsborough, which was merged into the Rank Organization in 1949. In 1951 he founded his own production company London Independent Producers with William MacQuitty.

Box ended his cinema career in 1958 to concentrate on working in television. He was part of a consortium that launched the ITV franchise, Tyne Tees Television in 1959.

Selected filmography
Screenwriter and producer
 * Alibi Inn (1935)
 * 29 Acacia Avenue (1945)
 * The Seventh Veil (1945)
 * The Years Between (1946)
 * A Girl in a Million (1946)
 * The Happy Family (1952)
 * Street Corner (1953)
 * Too Young to Love (1959)

Producer
 * Country Town (1943)
 * Don't Take It to Heart (1944)
 * The Brothers (1947)
 * The Happy Family (1952)
 * The Beachcomber (1954)
 * Eyewitness (1956)
 * The Truth About Women (1957)
 * Subway in the Sky (1959)

Films as Head of Gainsborough

 * The Man Within (1947)
 * The Brothers (1947)
 * Dear Murderer (1947)
 * The Upturned Glass (1947)
 * Holiday Camp (1947)
 * Jassy (1947)
 * When the Bough Breaks (1947)
 * Easy Money (1948)
 * Snowbound (1948)
 * Miranda (1948)
 * Broken Journey (1948)
 * Good-Time Girl (1948)
 * The Calendar (1948)
 * My Brother's Keeper (1948)
 * The Blind Goddess (1948)
 * Quartet (1948)
 * Here Come the Huggetts (1948)
 * Portrait from Life (1948)
 * Vote for Huggett (1949)
 * The Bad Lord Byron (1949)
 * It's Not Cricket (1949)
 * A Boy, a Girl and a Bike (1949)
 * The Huggetts Abroad (1949)
 * Marry Me! (1949)
 * Christopher Columbus (1949)
 * Helter Skelter (1949)
 * Don't Ever Leave Me (1949)
 * The Lost People (1949)
 * Diamond City (1949)
 * Boys in Brown (1949)
 * Traveller's Joy (1949)
 * The Astonished Heart (1950)
 * So Long at the Fair (1950)
 * Trio (1950)

Selected plays

 * The Seventh Veil (1951)

title: Sydney Box