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San Mateo, Rizal

San Mateo, officially the Municipality of San Mateo, is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 273,306.

It is bordered by Quezon City to the west, Marikina and Antipolo to the south, and by the Municipality of Rodriguez to the north. San Mateo is approximately 24 km east of Manila and 11 km north of Antipolo, the provincial capital of Rizal.

Conurbated to the urban agglomeration of the Greater Manila Area, San Mateo is one of the fastest-growing municipalities in Rizal Province, according to the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and the Provincial Government of Rizal. It is a commuter hub to Metro Manila.

San Mateo is the home of the miraculous image of Our Lady of Aranzazu (Nuestra Señora de Aranzazu).

Spanish Colonial Era
In his book Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, Father Gaspar de San Agustín records what is now San Mateo in 1572 to be a satellite settlement of Pasig. He described the inhabitants being “fierce but friendly and of quiet disposition.” Father Juan de Medina, in his account Relación de los Conventos Y Pueblos Fundados por los PP. Agustinos likewise put 1572 as the year the Parish of San Mateo was established. However, according to Miguel López de Legazpi, the first governor-general of the Philippines from 1571 to 1572, it was his nephew Juan de Salcedo who arrived at the site of the town during an expedition to Manila from Cebu. Accounts say that two years prior, Legazpi sent Salcedo along with 150 soldiers to prepare the inauguration of the City of Manila. It must have been Salcedo who discovered the town before Legazpi inaugurated Manila on 24 June 1571.

Still, another account was that of a certain Augustinian named Father Cavada, who said that the first chapel in the islands with Saint Matthew as patron was built by the riverside in 1596 south of the present Población of the town, which was then only a Barrio of Tondo. Saint Matthew thus gave the town his name as the chapel was built on his feast day.

What may be gleaned from the above accounts somehow is that San Mateo was discovered sometime in 1571, while its first church was built in 1596. It may be true, too, that the Parish of San Mateo was erected in 1572.

Aside from the disagreement over the town’s precise foundation date, there is uncertainty as to how San Mateo acquired its name. According to one account, when the Spaniards made a reconnaissance of Manila's environs, they saw the San Mateo floodplains and were enamored by the natural beauty of the place. They decided to found a community there and one day, a Spanish scribe happened to stand on a mound with a book in one hand and a pen in the other. His statuesque pose prompted a companion to laugh and comment how the scribe resembled Saint Matthew, referring to the usual manner the evangelist is depicted in art. In the midst of their banter and merriment, they decided to call the place “San Mateo”.

Another account says that San Mateo was named for its geographical resemblance to another town in Spain of the same name. As described by Paluzie in a geographical book, this small Spanish town is near a high mountain (and) has a river that flowed through its center, which often floods but quickly recedes. The town is also a grazing pasture for big animals and a fishing village. The present San Mateo is traversed by the Maly and Nangka rivers and its flood plains may have been a lush grazing area then.

The Augustinian priests in San Mateo were later formally replaced (in 1689) by the Jesuits, who as early as 1637 included San Mateo among their missions, with the missions of San Isidro and Paynaan under it. The Jesuits brought with them an image of the Virgin Mary which came from the Spanish town of Arantzazu in Vizcaya. They were the ones responsible for building the church now located in the Población since the original chapel by the Augustinians beside the river was destroyed in a flood. The location of the present church is in Barangay Santa Ana and its patron saint is Our Lady of Aranzazu. The original image of Saint Matthew, which was housed in the destroyed Augustinian chapel, was translated to Barangay Dulongbayan (formerly llaya), where it was enshrined as patron of the village, which still keeps his feast on 21 September.

In the following centuries, San Mateo had a colorful and distinguished history. In 1639, a pitched battle ensued between Chinese rebels on one side and combined Spanish and native troops on the other. The Chinese were defeated and retreated east to the Sierra Madre Mountains, but not before burning the town and its church.

On 16 May 1687, the territory and convent of San Mateo were added to Pasig by the Augustinians, with the headquarters and residences of the mission at Mariquina (Marikina). Two years later, the Augustinians handed over the ecclesiastical administration of San Mateo to the Jesuits.

In 1699, the convent of Saint Augustine won a court case against native inhabitants with regard to a claim over a ranch in the district of San Mateo.

From 1696 to 1746, residents rebelled against Spanish authority in the town. They fled to the mountains and abandoned the lowland settlement until 1746, when they returned following dialogue and persuasion by the Jesuits.

The independent-mindedness of the San Mateo people showed itself again in the 15-year period from 1751 to 1765 when they rebelled against Spanish rule. The residents were ordered to surrender their weapons, but they refused. With this resistance, the Spanish government was forced to reduce the town to ruins.

In 1712, the governor-general, the Conde de Lizarriaga, sent Captain Don Lorenzo de Yturriaga together with twelve soldiers to punish Captain Pambila, a native chieftain who was reportedly inciting the residents to revolt against Spanish colonial authorities and the local Spanish priest. Captain Pambila attacked the Spanish officer, but the latter was able to parry the blow and shoot the native leader dead. When municipal governance was instituted by the Spaniards in San Mateo in 1799, the town was governed by a Gobernadorcillo who served for one year and exercised the power to appoint the Cabeza de Barangay for the same term of one year. However, there were instances when the Governadorcillo served for two or three years. The first resident appointed to the post of Governadorcillo in 1799 was Donato Sulit while the last one to hold the post in 1895 was one Ismael Amado Jr., who incidentally continued serving up to 1905 even after the establishment of the civil government under the Americans in 1901 when he was appointed Capitán Municipal by the Military Governor of the United States Army Department. San Mateo was partitioned on 27 April 1871, when Captain-General Isquierdo issued a decree separating the barrios of Balite, Burgos, Marang and Calipahan from San Mateo and formed them into the new municipality of Montalbán (Rodríguez).

In the Spanish period, there was only one public school in San Mateo and the educational advancement of the youth was very slow. The books used were limited to the religious tracts called Eaton, Camia, Castiana, and the Doctrina Christiana. After knowing how to read, most students quit school while the few wealthy enrolled in Catholic schools in Manila.

Philippine Revolution
On 23 August 1896, the Philippine Revolution began after the Cry of Pugad Lawin when Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipuneros began the tearing of cédulas in defiance to Spanish rule.

On 2 November, San Mateo would fall under the revolutionary forces led by Bonifacio, capturing the municipal hall and besieging the Spanish garrison in the town. Three days later, Bonifacio would be pushed back to Montalban, and the besieged Spanish garrison would be relieved by reinforcements from Manila. The same month, General Mariano Llanera made San Mateo his headquarters.

By 6 August 1898, San Mateo joined the revolutionary government of General Emilio Aguinaldo.

During the succeeding Philippine–American War, General Licerio Gerónimo's guerrilla bands from the foothills of San Mateo and Montalbán attacked American troops in October 1900. However, the Filipinos were defeated. A curious twist of history occurred when during the fighting, Gen. Henry Ware Lawton–who had captured the elusive Apache leader Geronimo–was in turn killed by a sharpshooter under Gen. Gerónimo. In the eyes of the Filipino people, Gen. Geronimo became a great man for killing an illustrious American general who distinguished himself during the American Civil War and the American military campaign in Cuba as well as in northern, southern and central Luzon.

During the American Occupation, Act No. 137 of the Philippine Commission incorporated San Mateo, previously part of the Province of Manila, into the newly created Province of Rizal on 11 June 1901. In line with its policy of fiscal economy and centralized governance, the Philippine Commission also enacted Act No. 942 in 1903 which merged the towns of San Mateo and Montalbán, with the former serving as the seat of government.

On 29 February 1908, Executive Order No. 20 partitioned both, thus formalizing Montalbán's status as an independent municipality. Its real divisions then included the barrios of Ampid, Santa Ana, Guitnangbayan, Dulongbayan, Malanday, Guinayang and Maly. However, due to constant development of the rural areas and the increase in population, the barrios of Guitnangbayan and Dulongbayan were divided into two sections.

With regard to education, it was in 1909 when public schools were opened in the country under the supervision of Dr. David Burrows. San Mateo became a recipient of the new, democratized education system when Mr. Frank Green was assigned as the town’s first school supervisor, assisted by two Filipino teachers José Bernabé and Miguel Cristi. The English language was also taught in the public school. Transportation and other facilities in the municipality were increased and repaired thus resulting to more communication and exchange of goods and services.

Japanese Occupation Era
During the Japanese occupation, the Imperial Japanese Army occupied San Mateo, but no battle transpired between Japanese and Filipino forces. There were only minor encounters between the Japanese soldiers and members of the Filipino guerrilla forces. Nevertheless, some prominent residents of the town were killed and maltreated by the Japanese military on suspicions that they were either guerrillas or sympathizers.

Upon their arrival in the municipality, the Japanese troops seized school buildings and several big houses for use as their headquarters. Productive ricelands irrigated by water from the main pipe of the Metropolitan Water District were also forcibly appropriated and tilled under the direct supervision of Japanese officials. Livestock and crops were confiscated to supply the Japanese military stationed in San Mateo and Montalban.

When the American forces landed north of Manila on 3 February 1945 and started recapturing the surrounding areas, San Mateo came under the line of fire of the Liberation Forces and was continued with help of Filipino soldiers under the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary and local guerrillas. Residents were advised by the Air Raid Warden to vacate the Población and seek refuge in Sitio Kalamyong on the west bank of the Marikina River. There, they built temporary shelters while the U.S. Air Force conducted daily bombings on Japanese installations in Montalbán. However, one afternoon, a bomb on board an American Air Force plane was accidentally dropped on the refugee camp at Sitio Kalamyong, killing a hundred civilians.

Although in the aftermath of the war the American government compensated the people of San Mateo for the war damages, there were cases when the amounts received were not considered commensurate with the sufferings endured.

Cityhood and redistricting proposal
As early as 2016, the town's Sangguniang Bayan approved Resolution No. 60, Series of 2016 requesting Senate through its president, Franklin Drilon and the House of Representatives through its speaker, Feliciano Belmonte Jr. to co-sponsor a bill for San Mateo's conversion into a city and creation of a lone legislative district.

This was proposed by Rizal's 2nd district Representative Juan Fidel Felipe Nograles through House Bill No. 336, making sure that the second district of Rizal will be reorganized to add two more districts, along with Rodríguez (Montalbán). Finally, on 12 April 2021, the 3rd district of Rizal, which consists only of San Mateo, was established by virtue of Republic Act No. 11533. It elected its first representative in 2022 in the person of Jose Arturo Garcia Jr.

Geography
The town lies in the Marikina Valley. The Marikina River runs through the western portion of the municipality, while the Nangka River runs through the south, bounded by Marikina. San Mateo has lush trees in other high areas. Most of the municipality is composed of residential areas, whereas the eastern side is composed of high plateaus and foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountains.

Barangays
San Mateo is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

In the 2020 census, the population of San Mateo, Rizal, was 273,306 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Industries
The industrial establishments found in San Mateo are classified as light to medium industries. Welding shops and motor pool are among the predominant industries found within the municipality. Other industrial establishments are relatively small scale, like leather craft and kiskisan. Moreover, agri-business establishments which include poultry and piggery do exist within the municipality.

Various products are being manufactured in San Mateo. In fact, a group of different factories is found along Kambal Road, Barangay Guitnang Bayan 2. This includes San Mateo Rubber Corp. (Nikon and Durawalk Slippers), Jolly Food Corp., First Win Corp. (Slippers), and Golden Union Footwear Inc. (Evans Shoes). A Coca-Cola warehouse is also situated at Patiis Road corner GSIS Street (Daang Tubo) in Barangay Dulong Bayan 2. San Mateo also primarily manufactures gravel and sand aggregates together with other construction supplies that are found in hardware shops distributed all over the municipality.

Commerce and trade
The Central Business District is strategically located amidst the concentration of settlements. A major commercial area starts from the vicinity of the public market, bounded by the national road going to Rodriguez (Montalban) and Street of Daang Bakal in Barangay Guitnang Bayan 2. This commercial zone is a conglomeration of financial institutions, a public market, restaurants/small eateries, retail stores and the like.

Another area, which may be considered as major commercial area, is within the vicinity of De los Santos Street corner Gen. Luna Avenue, in Barangay Ampid 1. Other commercial areas extending to St. Mattheus Medical Hospital near the boundary of San Mateo and Marikina are located near Puregold San Mateo (formerly the Producer's Market) at Barangay Banaba and another at the corner of Patiis Road and Gen. Luna Avenue, in Barangay Malanday.

SM City San Mateo along Gen. Luna Avenue in Barangay Ampid 1 adds to the list of major commercial centers of San Mateo. This SM Supermall and the very first full-service mall of San Mateo opens on May 15, 2015, serving local residents and from neighboring areas. Further boost in San Mateo's economy is expected with the mall.

Banking
San Mateo has many bank branches like Banco de Oro (BDO), Bank of the Philippine Islands, Metrobank, Philippine Savings Bank (PSBank), EastWest Bank, China Bank, Philippine National Bank (PNB), Premiere Bank, Merchants Bank, Banco San Juan, Marikina Valley-San Mateo (MVSM) Bank, RCBC Savings Bank, United Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB), Banco Rodriguez, Country Builders Bank, the Real Bank (a thrift bank). Many automated teller machines in San Mateo are provided with security system such as anti-crime alarms. Security guards are also monitoring the premises of the banks in San Mateo for the safety of the customers.

Landmarks

 * Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Aranzazu (Nuestra Señora de Aranzazu)
 * Our Lady of Mediatrix Shrine (in Brgy. Silangan)

Festivals
These are some of the notable events in San Mateo:

Transportation
San Mateo has a variety of conveyances that provide the residents with ready means of transportation. These are public utility jeepneys, buses, tricycles, pedicabs and UV Express Service are operating in the town. These facilitate the movement of people and goods to Metro Manila and nearby towns of Rizal.

There are six jeepney terminals in San Mateo: San Mateo Plaza, Barangay Pintong Bukawe, Barangay Banaba (Puregold), Barangay Silangan (AFP Housing & Tierra Monte) and Barangay Santo Niño (Modesta).

Transportation routes passing San Mateo, are Montalban-Cubao (jeepneys), Montalban-San Mateo (jeepneys), and Commonwealth, Philcoa-San Mateo (jeepneys) thru the San Mateo-Batasan Bridge. These routes traverses Quezon City, Marikina, San Mateo and Rodriguez (Montalban). The only way to get through Pintong Bukawe is through Marcos Hi-way, Cabading & Sapinit Roads in Antipolo.

Long before the Manila Light Rail Transit System opened its services in Santolan in the Pasig-Marikina border in the early 2000s, steam train services had once served those places in the past, even before World War II.

In Marikina, there is a street named "Daangbakal", also called by the names of "Shoe Avenue Extension", "Munding Avenue" and "Bagong Silang". There is also a similar "Daangbakal" in the San Mateo-Montalban (Rodriguez) area, and on the maps one can notice that the two roads should have been connected with each other. In fact, as the name suggests in Tagalog, these streets were once a single railway line. The two sides of the "Daangbakal" roads were once connected by a bridge in the San Mateo-Marikina border. However, as the railroad tracks have been largely ignored after the Japanese Occupation and was transformed into separate highways, the railway connection was abandoned.

The old railroad tracks, called the Marikina Line, was connected from Tutuban station in Manila, passing through Tramo (Barangay Rosario, Pasig) coming all the way to the town of Marikina up to Montalban. On the northern end of the "Daangbakal" road in Montalban is a basketball court. That basketball court which stands today, surrounded by the Montalban Catholic Church and Cemetery, was once the railway station terminus of that particular line.

The present-day Santo Niño Elementary School in Marikina was said to be a train depot. And also it was said that a railroad station once stood in the Marikina City Sports Park.

The Marikina Line was completed in 1906, and continued its operation until 1936. It was said that the Japanese Imperial Army made use of this railway line during the Second World War. These railways were dismantled during the 1960s and were converted into ordinary roads.

Today, the citizens are dependent on tricycles, jeepneys, Taxis, FX, Buses, and AUV's which contribute to the everyday unusual and unbearable traffic of Metropolitan Manila. Even now, there is uncertainty in the Northrail project, which links Manila to the northern provinces of Luzon, because of corruption within the project's construction.

Aside from the Marikina Line, two other lines have existed before but are now removed permanently.

First is the Cavite Line, which passed through Paco, Parañaque, Bacoor and up to Naic, Cavite. Completed in 1908, its operation continued until 1936.

Second is the Antipolo Line, which passed through Santa Mesa, Mandaluyong, Pasig, Cainta, Taytay, up to Antipolo near the "Hinulugang Taktak" Falls. There is also a street named "Daangbakal" in Antipolo, where like the "Daangbakal" roads on Marikina and San Mateo, a railway line once existed. The railroad tracks also passed through what is now the Ortigas Avenue Extension. Its operation ceased in 1917.

Jeepneys are the most common form of transportation within the municipality because of its convenience and low fare as compared to other forms of transportation. Other modes are tricycles and pedicabs which are used mainly to transport people and goods where regular jeepney routes are not available.

Buses – The Marikina Auto Line Transport Corporation (MALTC) buses are the public utility buses that mainly operate in San Mateo. They operate ordinary-type buses, and newly acquired airconditioned buses which provide safe travel to passengers. There are some private buses that transport people who work at the Fortune Tobacco Plant and other nearby factories in Marikina. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) implemented a route rationalization system for city buses. Along with MALTC, multiple bus companies operated routes from Montalban to Quezon Avenue (Route 7), and Cubao (Route 8) in Quezon City, both of which passes through San Mateo. In 2022, the LTFRB announced that they will modify Route 7 as Montalban to PITX via Quezon Avenue (Route 34), while Route 8 was cancelled because of stiff competition with smaller modes of transportation.

Power
Power services in the town are provided by the Manila Electric Company (Meralco), except in the mountain barangay of Pintong Bukawe. There were 23,189 customers in San Mateo as of March 1999. Of these, 27,115 or 95.37 percent residential customers while commercial, industrial and streetlights number 971 (4.19 percent), 36 (0.15 percent), and 67 (0.29 percent), respectively. The municipality of San Mateo had a total demand of 55,355 megawatt-hours in 1998.

San Mateo Mini-Hydro Power Plant
A 2.46 megawatt mini-hydro power plant is on the way to start its operation by 2016, the projected year of completion of the spearheading company Hydrotec Renewables, Inc. of Germany, along San Mateo River, part of Marikina River. The company has already obtained Certificate of Non-Coverage from the Department of Energy which permits to proceed with its construction. This hydro project is one among the eight hydro power application projects of Hydrotec in the north-western Rizal-Marikina area which will effectively contribute a combined capacity of 25 to 30 megawatts of environment-friendly and clean energy to the Luzon grid or Meralco franchise area. Flood events within the locality are also expected to be reduced with the upcoming hydro power plant.

Water
The main source of the municipality's water supply are deep wells, pump wells (operated by Manila Water), open wells, springs and other ground water resources. Some of the elevated parts of the municipality are under watershed protected areas since the topography is characterized by rolling to mountainous terrain. From 0.65%, San Mateo's water sanitation reached 100% on 2006 through the operation of Manila Water.

North Manila Septage Treatment Plant
Completed and started operating in May 2007, the Manila Water North Septage Treatment Plant is located in Barangay Guitnang Bayan 2. This treats 586 cubic meters of septage a day.

 * Santo Niño-Silangan Water Supply Project

About 42,000 residents are expected to benefit from continuous water supply once Manila Water's P320-M water supply project in San Mateo, Rizal gets completed.

The project, dubbed as Santo Niño-Silangan Water Supply Project, is divided into two phases: Phase 1, which will serve barangays Gulod Malaya, Santo Niño and portion of Silangan, and Phase 2, which will serve the whole of Silangan and the elevated areas of Parang in Marikina.

The project involves the construction of pumping station and reservoirs and the laying of 25 kilometers of water lines including mainlines and will benefit twelve existing subdivisions occupying a total land area of 27 hectares.

Started in October 2007, the water project is expected to provide ample water supply to meet the 15 to 20 million liters per day (MLD) demand of the more than 13,000 households in the area.

San Mateo Sanitary Landfill
In 2008, a proposal to build a 200-hectare sanitary landfill within the jurisdiction of two barangays was met with resistance by several environmental groups. The proposed landfill was to be constructed on ground area within a protected forest.

Bucking opposition by environment activists, the operator of the San Mateo waste dump is ready to give it a go. Andy Santiago, president of the San Mateo Sanitary Landfill and Development Corp., said it has given the green light for the 19-hectare facility in Rizal province to do business.

Communication
Telecommunications serve as a major link, within the sub-sectors and among other sectors of the economy, in the population centers and hinterlands. It also serves as a catalyst for growth and development. Telephone (Fixed landline & Wireless), & DSL Broadband Internet services are being provided by the Philippines Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), PT&T and Converge ICT. While cellular phone services are provide by Globe Telecom, Smart Communications, and Dito Telecommunity.

Education
There are public and private education institutions including colleges in San Mateo.

High schools
• Academe Deo Favente International

• Academia Del Tierra Grande, Inc.

• Ampid National High School

• Center for Positive Future

• Charles Science Integrated School of San Mateo Inc.

• Christian Care Academy

• Christ the Lord of Harvest Academy

• Eastern Star Academy, Inc.

• Guardian Angel Academy

• Guinayang National High School

• Holy Name of Mary School

• Jose F. Diaz Memorial National High School

• Kids' World Christian Academy High School (Annex)

• Manila Waldorf School

• Maria Carmeli Catholic School

• Moses Cradle Academy

• Nuestra Señora de Aranzazu Parochial School

• Pintong Bukawe National High School

• San Mateo National High School

• Silangan National High School

• St. Joseph Banaba

• St. Joseph Montessori – Branch

• St. Joseph Montessori – Main

• St. Mary Integrated Learning School (Ampid I)

• St. Matthew College

• Santa Cecilia Parochial School

• San Mateo Senior High School

Colleges and universities

 * Eastern Star Institute of Science & Technology [ESIST] (TESDA accredited)
 * San Mateo Municipal College (Formerly Pamantasan ng Bayan ng San Mateo)
 * St. Matthew College

Special education

 * Manila Christian Computer Institute for the Deaf (MCCID)

Sister cities
These are the municipality's sister cities or municipalities.
 * Local
 * Antipolo, Rizal
 * Marikina, Metro Manila
 * Quezon City, Metro Manila
 * Rodriguez, Rizal
 * Zamboanga City (2012)
 * Valenzuela, Metro Manila (2017)

Notable person

 * Rhea Santos
 * Makisig Morales

title: San Mateo, Rizal


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Talk:Anarchist communism

Can we add cn tags instead of deleting?
, re your recent edits: can I urge you not to delete uncited material, but to tag it as needing citation unless you have reason to doubt it, and give editors time to see if they can find citations (rather than relying on them to check the edit history). Some of the material deleted appears to be sourced in the linked articles - e.g. I think this is the case of the material about Zapata. If nobody furnishes a citation for tagged material, it can go later. BobFromBrockley (talk) 14:50, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed, feel free to delete unreliable sources from the article but please, don't remove such huge chunks of the article with no prior citation needed tagging. Being quick in deleting unreliably sourced material is pretty easy as opposed to searching for reliable sources for potentially true information. -Vipz (talk) 22:45, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Organizationalism vs. insurrectionarism and expansion
Hi Gugrak, much of this section is badly written to the point of impenetrability. If you're keen to retain it, please improve it. Stara Marusya (talk) 17:37, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

Title neologism
This is covered somewhat in the talk page history, but is this concept better known as "anarcho-communism" than "anarchist-communism" or some variant? Based on how I see it used in sources, the shortened hyphenation appears to be some sort of recent invention if not citogenesis. (My question from the move in 2017 was never answered.) czar  19:27, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

 * @Czar: It's not citogenesis, as it was used by Pengam 1987, but generally it does seem that "anarchist communism" (without the hyphen) is more common. Of the sources listed in the Bibliography, the following terms are used:
 * "Anarchist communism" (without the hyphen) is used by 8 sources (Bookchin 1978, Esenwein 1989, Graham 2018, Marshall 1993, Nappalos 2012, Pernicone 1993, Turcato 2018 and Wilbur 2018)
 * "Anarcho-communism" is used by 3 sources (Kinna 2012, Pengam 1987 and Ramnath 2018)
 * "Libertarian communism" is used by 3 sources (Bookchin 1978, Nappalos 2012 and Shannon 2018)
 * "Anarchist-communism" (with the hyphen) is used by 1 source (Avrich 1971)
 * "Communist anarchism" is used by 1 source (Shannon 2018).
 * So at least in the reliable sources we have in this article, the unhyphenated "anarchist communism" appears to be the most popular. Google Ngrams too appears to indicate that "anarchist communism" is more commonly used than "anarcho-communism", with the latter appearing to come into more widespread use in the 1960s and only being most popular during the 1980s. Also I'll note that Google Trends indicate more searches for "anarchist communism" than "anarcho-communism" (I think the move nominator used bad methodology on this tbh)
 * To me, the main argument for keeping it as "anarcho-communism" would be for consistency across other ideology article titles. But I'm not sure that outweighs the common name policy. -- Grnrchst (talk) 09:53, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that research. I'll retitle it.
 * re: the other ideology articles, I'd ask the same question of whether Wikipedia has helped propagate a neologism over the last decade. Not to say that it had no prior use, but that anarcho-everything has not been as prominent in sources as it has been on Wikipedia. But I think we can handle those one at a time. czar  15:25, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * To your question of whether Wikipedia has helped propagate a neologism over the last decade, my initial thoughts are . It's a difficult task to find sources using the term anarcho-communism prior to the internet age. : 3 F4U (they/it) 22:27, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I have to point out one rather bad argument made here. You've forgotten a rather important factor: laziness—especially when typing on something like an iPhone keyboard.
 * If you include "anarcho communism" without the hyphen in the Google Trends search, you'll see that it significantly outscales both "anarchist communism" or "anarcho-communism". If you search in other places (such as YouTube) for "anarchist communism" the vast majority of results that have any variations of the phrase all use "anarcho(-)communism" as well.
 * I think regardless of the Ngrams data, people are searching for and using "anarcho(-)communism" far more than "anarchist communism", and there's a solid argument to be made that the common name policy actually favors "Anarcho-Communism". IlijiilI (talk) 06:12, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Anarchist communism


text:
Talk:Larry Mullen Jr.

Requested move 20 March 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Number   5  7  20:29, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Larry Mullen Jr. → Larry Mullen, Jr. – Article title has been stable until Dicklyon has tried to move it. Despite his claims, MOS:JR is not a strict rule but a recommendation. Just like the recommendation he's ignoring that existing titles be grandfathered made by the closer of a recent RFC here. –  Calidum   ¤   22:40, 20 March 2016 (UTC)
 * These are not undiscussed. Consensus on WP:JR was established at a recent RFC.  Moving against the recommended styling is not uncontroversial.  Dicklyon (talk) 22:49, 20 March 2016 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 21:11, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Move back to stable status quo per WP:BRD, WP:MOS and Arbcom decisions. Dohn joe (talk) 02:00, 22 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose – per WP:JR, as settled by a recent RFC, wikipedia generally prefers to NOT use a comma before Jr. I have never asserted that it's a strict rule, but edits to move toward Wikipedia's preferred styling are generally allowed.  Is there anything odd about this one?  Certainly no comma appears in his name on the official u2.com site, nor on imbd.com, nor atu2.com, nor most other sources (a few like @u2.com have not much style, so do it both ways on the same page!).  Dicklyon (talk) 05:41, 22 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose – The comma is not used consistently in reliable sources, and rarely used at all, and hence the commas should be omitted per MOS:JR. A quick Google search makes this very clear. RGloucester  — ☎ 16:48, 22 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose – per WP:JR and RFC In ictu oculi (talk) 03:05, 25 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose—agree with RGloucester. Tony   (talk)  10:14, 26 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose - This guy ain't American for nothin'. I don't mind the comma being omitted as long as he's not American; otherwise, we could have reverted back to status quo. Let's use Irish English instead. George Ho (talk) 20:30, 27 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose per MOS:JR and the RfC, and especially because Irish English, like British, has never used used the comma to begin with, so a comma for U2's drummer was a weird American-English-über-alles imposition from the start. The nom's rationale is invalid.  WP guidelines are just recommendation. This does not mean we  vary from them on a WP:ILIKEIT basis.  What it means is that – unlike with a policy such as WP:BLP from which there are no exceptions – a case may be made on an article-by-article or even topic-by-topic basis that there's a  for a variance. No such case has been made here. Frankly, except for cases where we have concrete proof a living subject prefers the comma version, there will not be any compelling reasons for an exception. The very fact that the RfC led, right in its subject line, with MLK as the example of an article from which to remove the comma, despite many Wikipedians preferring a comma in that case, and the RfC concluded to not use the comma, is a rather clear demonstration of this.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  22:24, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Post-closure comments
Post closure comment (for recycling in the next round of these pointless "give me my comma or give me death" RMs): The rationale above that if he were American "we could have reverted back to status quo" is false. MOS:JR has no special rule for Americans. WP:BRD is not a WP:RM rationale, ever. RM the D. "Per MOS" is not a rationale in favor of such an RM, either, since MOS:JR and MOS:IDENTITY (based on WP:ABOUTSELF policy) are entirely against inserting a comma here. Finally, there are no "Arbcom decisions" that address this. Dohn joe seems to just be inserting random policy and procedure catchphrases, hoping one of them will stick somehow, as if by magic. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  09:00, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Larry Mullen Jr.


text:
Talk:Project Prometheus

Based on NASA webpage
Since this was originally a direct paste of a NASA page, this article probably needs a lot of revamping. --NeuronExMachina 08:45, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Revamping
I've rewritten the main article since the original was copied almost verbatim from the official NASA page. --Loren 05:33, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Project funding reduced/Other propulsion technologies
This needs to include the rationale for the project's funding being cut and its goals scaled back. What is intended to replace it for future outer solar-system missions? --70.142.40.34 14:19, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Source for budget cuts - 2006
I found a source on LexisNexis. I'd copy the url but I think you have to be logged in or something at your college. Here's the article:

Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. http://www.mcgrawhill.com All Rights Reserved

Aerospace Daily & Defense Report

August 7, 2006 Monday

SECTION: News; Pg. 4 Vol. 219 No. 24

LENGTH: 258 words

HEADLINE: NASA still eyeing space nuclear power

BYLINE: Jefferson Morris

BODY:

NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate is trying to shape a low-cost space nuclear power research program to ensure that the technology will be ready when needed for future long-duration explorations of the moon, Mars and elsewhere.

Following the deferment of the Prometheus space nuclear power and propulsion effort last year, there has been "almost no funding" available for nuclear research at NASA, Associate Administrator for Exploration Scott Horowitz said during the Mars Society's annual conference in Washington Aug. 4.

Nonetheless, "if you're going to Mars, solar power just isn't going to hack it," Horowitz said. "So we're going to need better power. At a minimum, we've got to solve the surface power problem... So what we're trying to do is find out, at a minimum, what we can do to keep the basic trades and the basic research alive in the nuclear regime, because we're going to need it someday."

NASA had been pursuing both space nuclear power and propulsion technology more vigorously under Prometheus, but that effort was deferred last year and the funding diverted to speed development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Ares 1 Crew Launch Vehicle (DAILY, Nov. 7, 2005).

In the meantime, NASA Administrator Michael Griffin contends that there is "no greater advocate" of space nuclear power and propulsion in the U.S. government than himself, but the money just isn't there right now to pursue technology like nuclear-thermal rockets, which the U.S. abandoned in 1973.

- Jefferson Morris (jeff_morris@aviationweek.com)

LOAD-DATE: August 22, 2006

130.215.24.205 17:59, 29 May 2007 (UTC) John S.

Article is confused
There is a serious flaw in this article, as its authors are confusing power source (for systems operaton) with propulsion. Please review and clearly distinguish both. BatteryIncluded (talk) 15:26, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

A cash cow - denied
Intentionally designed to be unlikely to be continued until completion. A nine year flight? There was no reason to use nuclear propulsion over chemical propulsion. A sham designed to take initial money and then get contract cancelation bonuses at the end. This program is further evidence of the mismanagement of NASA. They have little interest in missions, rather it's become a means of enriching certain corporate interests and catering to pet projects. Why actually do real exploration when they can just fund projects that can get canceled? Rinse, repeat. Why send humans to mars in the next decade using private industry and prize money with methods we have now when we can dream about using inferior technologies now for missions that will never get launched in the hopes of some day achieving 3000W/kg nuclear rockets to pluto! There was zero chance this wouldn't have been canceled. After watching the CSPAN clip, I did a search... and here we see indeed it was canceled. Laughable. Start it at 21.50 on this video http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/FlightPr   71.65.115.103 (talk) 06:27, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry Sir, but you are talking complete non-sense.
 * The mission profile is physically impossible to achieve with chemical rockets. Due to the jumping into and outo of multiple moon orbits, only ion-engines are capable to deliver the necessary ISP. Due to the moons being situated around Jupiter, PV cells are insufficient to deliver the necessary power to the ion-engines. The only means of delivering 200kW of electricity (this is the equivalent of the entire ISS station!!) is with nuclear power. 153.100.131.12 (talk) 12:01, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree with the above. 71.65,115.103 is a known shill hired by Boeing to promote their systems on Wikipedia. He is now blocked due to vandalizing Benito Mussolini’s Wikipedia page with an anti-Semitic poem which was removed and him shadowbanned. - 97.46.73.86 (talk) 22:02, 6 August 2018 (UTC)

What was achieved - why was it cancelled
Article does not say why it was cancelled or what if anything it achieved. - Rod57 (talk) 15:09, 24 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Source for budget cuts comment above implies that the funds were switched to Constellation (Orion & Ares) - for political reasons ? So where were the Prometheus funds being spent ? - Rod57 (talk) 17:21, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Looking at the Final Report, it seems it was focused on spacecraft design (the Naval reactors group to do the reactor design), and only completed phase A (requirements definition) before the funding was pulled. - Rod57 (talk) 08:50, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

Need to add
Article could benefit from :
 * what power levels, specific power etc was it hoping to achieve ?
 * PFR says "200 kW of electrical power" for 10 years, and another 10 yrs at reduced power.
 * what other goals did the project have ?
 * spacecraft and mission design
 * was it planning to test on Earth, or only in space (in vacuum, in low gravity) ?
 * what interim results did the project produce ?
 * how did the project goals change over time ?
 * cancelled too early for major changes, but from May 2005 effort was put into the Fission Surface Power Study.
 * what was the reaction to the planned and actual cancellation ?
 * what legacy did the project leave ?
 * compare with Kilopower/KRUSTY ?
 * - Rod57 (talk) 09:14, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Project Prometheus


text:
River Corrib

The River Corrib (Irish: Abhainn na Gaillimhe) in the west of Ireland flows from Lough Corrib through Galway to Galway Bay. The river is among the shortest in Europe, with only a length of six kilometres from the lough to the Atlantic. It is popular with local whitewater kayakers as well as several rowing clubs and pleasure craft. The depth of this river reaches up to 94 feet.

The Corrib drains a catchment area of 3,138 km2.

Although the Corrib is one of Ireland's shortest rivers, it has a mean long-term flow rate of 104.8 m3/s, making it Ireland's second-largest river (by flow), only surpassed by the River Shannon.

Naming
The translation of the Irish name of the river is Galway river i.e. from Gaillimh. In Irish it is sometimes called An Ghaillimh ("the Galway") and also incorrectly called Abhainn na Coiribe. The legend concerning its naming states that it was called after Gaillimh inion Breasail, the daughter of a Fir Bolg chieftain who drowned in the river. The word Gaillimh is believed to mean "stony" as in "stony river". The commonly held myth that the city takes its name from the Irish word Gallaibh, "foreigners" i.e. "the town of the foreigners" (from Gall, a foreigner) is incorrect as the name Gaillimh was applied to the river first and then later onto the town. Indeed, the earliest settlement at Galway was called Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe, or "the fort at the end of the Galway (river)".

The river gave its name to the town, which grew to a city, and from c. 1570 onwards, the city gave its name to the county. It also aided massively in the industrial development of the town, allowing it to develop electrical power before London. At the height of water power, there were over twenty water wheels in operation from races built on the river and its accompanying cut, the Eglinton Canal, which was built as part of the "Drainage and Navigation scheme of Lough Carra, Lough Corrib and Lough Mask" in the mid-19th century. The canal, which is about three-quarters of a mile long, had a sea-lock, a large basin, a second lock at Parkavore and five swivelling bridges. It is still in water but the swivelling bridges have been replaced by fixed bridges; the last vessel to use the navigation was the Amo II, a 90' motor-yacht that had been sold by the Guinness trustees to Frank Bailey, a Galway hotelier.

Lough Corrib is the anglicised form of Loch Coirib which itself is a corruption of Loch nOrbsean which, according to placename lore, is named after the Irish god of the sea. There is good fishing to be had on both the lake and river.

Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a river called Αυσοβα (Ausoba) which probably referred to the River Corrib.

Upper and Lower Corrib
The part of the river that flows from the southern end of the lake to the Salmon Weir is known as the Upper Corrib. The weir, a set of weir gates also built during the above navigation scheme, was originally built from stone and timber but now only two of these gates remain and are only opened in times of flood. The rest have been replaced by fourteen steel gates, as shown in the photograph above.

The main channel leaving Lough Corrib is called Friars' Cut or Friars' River (Abhainn na mBráithre) as it is the result of a very early piece of canal engineering. In 1178 the friars of Claregalway Abbey, being tired of the long detour they had to make to the west to enter the river, asked permission from the Blakes of Menloe to make an artificial cut, which in time became the main course of the river and was then widened.

The section of the river that runs from the Salmon Weir through Galway city and out into Galway Bay is known as the Lower Corrib. Three bridges cross the Lower – the Salmon Weir Bridge, William O'Brien Bridge and Wolfe Tone Bridge.

The only tributary of the Lower Corrib is Sruthán na gCaisleáin (Castle Stream) known by whitewater kayakers as the Shit Chute and the access point to the river, a small stream that flows through Newcastle, the grounds of NUI Galway, and empties into the Lower just downstream of King's weir, commonly known as the fish gates.

The official publication for NUI Galway Alumni, Staff & Friends, Cois Coiribe, is named in reference to the Corrib.

Bridges
Four bridges span Corrib in Galway. These are the Wolfe Tone Bridge, the William O'Brien Bridge, the Salmon Weir Bridge, and the Quincentenary Bridge. There is also a new pedestrian bridge adjacent to the Salmon Weir Bridge since 2023.

title: River Corrib


text:
FRP

FRP may refer to:

Organizations

 * FairPoint Communications (NASDAQ), an American telecommunications company
 * Free Russian Press (1853–1867), a Russian-language publisher in Great Britain
 * Family resource program, Canadian community-based organizations
 * FRP Advisory, business advisory firm based in the United Kingdom

Politics

 * Progress Party (Denmark) (Danish: Fremskridtspartiet)
 * Progress Party (Norway) (Norwegian: Fremskrittspartiet)
 * Federal Republic of the Philippines

Science and technology

 * Fibre-reinforced plastic
 * Fluorescence recovery protein, in cyanobacteria
 * Free radical polymerization
 * Functional reactive programming, in computing
 * Factory reset protection, on some Android phones

Other uses

 * Fantasy role-playing
 * Franco-Provençal language, ISO 639-3 code

title: FRP


text:
Marker (linguistics)

In linguistics, a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word, phrase, or sentence. Most characteristically, markers occur as clitics or inflectional affixes. In analytic languages and agglutinative languages, markers are generally easily distinguished. In fusional languages and polysynthetic languages, this is often not the case. For example, in Latin, a highly fusional language, the word amō ("I love") is marked by suffix -ō for indicative mood, active voice, first person, singular, present tense. Analytic languages tend to have a relatively limited number of markers.

Markers should be distinguished from the linguistic concept of markedness. An unmarked form is the basic "neutral" form of a word, typically used as its dictionary lemma, such as—in English—for nouns the singular (e.g. cat versus cats), and for verbs the infinitive (e.g. to eat versus eats, ate and eaten). Unmarked forms (e.g. the nominative case in many languages) tend to be less likely to have markers, but this is not true for all languages (compare Latin). Conversely, a marked form may happen to have a zero affix, like the genitive plural of some nouns in Russian (e.g. сапо́г). In some languages, the same forms of a marker have multiple functions, such as when used in different cases or declensions (for example -īs in Latin).

Related topics

 * Affix
 * Lexeme
 * Morpheme
 * Markedness
 * Lemma (morphology)
 * Null morpheme
 * Uninflected word

Types of marking

 * Dependent-marking language
 * Head-marking language
 * Double-marking language
 * Zero-marking language

title: Marker (linguistics)


text:
Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr

Tanngrisnir (Old Norse:, literal meaning "teeth grinder" or "one that grinds teeth") and Tanngnjóstr (, "teeth thin", or "one that has gaps between the teeth") are the goats who pull the chariot of the god Thor in Norse mythology. They are attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century.

The Prose Edda relates that when Thor cooks the goats, their flesh provides sustenance for the god, and, after Thor resurrects them with his hammer, Mjölnir, they are brought back to life the next day. According to the same source, Thor once stayed a night at the home of peasant farmers and shared with them his goat meal, yet one of their children, Þjálfi, broke one of the bones to suck out the marrow, resulting in the lameness of one of the goats upon resurrection. As a result, Thor maintains Þjálfi and his sister Röskva as his servants. Scholars have linked the ever-replenishing goats to the nightly-consumed beast Sæhrímnir in Norse mythology and Scandinavian folk beliefs involving herring bones and witchcraft.

Etymology
The Old Norse name Tanngrisnir translates to "teeth-barer, snarler" and Tanngnjóstr to "teeth-grinder". Scholar Rudolf Simek comments that the names were young when recorded, and may have been inventions of Snorri. Tanngnjóstr is sometimes modernly anglicized as Tanngiost.

Poetic Edda
Thor's goats are mentioned in two poems in the Poetic Edda, though they are not referred to by name. In the Poetic Edda poem Hymiskviða, Thor secures the goats, described as having "splendid horns", with a human named Egil in the realm of Midgard before Thor and the god Tyr continue to the jötunn Hymir's hall. Later in the same poem Thor is referred to as "lord of goats".

After having killed Hymir and his many-headed army, Thor's goats collapse, "half-dead", due to lameness. The poem says that this is the fault of Loki, yet that "you have heard this already", and that another, wiser than the poet, could tell the story of how Thor was repaid by a lava-dweller with his children.

A stanza from the Poetic Edda poem Þrymskviða describes Thor's goat-driven ride to Jötunheimr:

Prose Edda
In chapter 21 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, the enthroned figure of High divulges that the god Thor has two goats that drive his chariot and that these goats bear the names Tanngnjóstr and Tanngrisnir.

In chapter 44, the enthroned figure of Third reluctantly relates a tale in which Thor and Loki are riding in Thor's chariot, pulled by his two goats. Loki and Thor stop at the home of a peasant farmer, and there they are given lodging for a night. Thor slaughters his goats, skins them and puts them in a pot. When the goats are cooked, Loki and Thor sit down for their evening meal. Thor invites the peasant family to share the meal with him and they do so. At the end of the meal, Thor places the skins of the goat on the opposing side of the fire and tells the peasants to throw the bones of the goats on to the goatskins. The peasant's son Þjálfi takes one of the goat ham-bones and uses a knife to split it open, breaking the bone to get to the marrow.

After staying the night at the peasants house, Thor wakes up and gets dressed before the break of dawn. Thor takes his hammer Mjöllnir, raises it, and blesses the goat skins. Resurrected, the goats stand, but one of the two goats is lame in the hind leg. Noting this new lameness, Thor exclaims that someone has mistreated the bones of his goats; that someone broke the ham-bone during the meal the night before. Third notes that there is no need to draw out the tale, for:
 * Everyone can imagine how terrified the peasant must have been when he saw Thor making his brows sink down over his eyes; as for what could be seen of the eyes themselves, he thought he would collapse at just the very sight. Thor clenched his hands on the shaft of the hammer so that the knuckles went white, and the peasant did as one might expect, and all his household, they cried out fervently, begged for grace, offered to atone with all their possessions.

At realizing how terrified he has made the peasants, Thor calms down and from them accepted a settlement of their children Þjálfi and Röskva. The two children become his servants and have remained so since. Leaving the goats behind, the four then set out for the land of Jötunheimr. The goats are again mentioned in chapter 48, where Thor is described as setting out to Midgard, the realm of mankind, in the form of a young boy, without goats or companions.

In chapter 75 of the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, the names of both goats appear among a list of names for goats.

Theories and interpretations
Scholar Rudolf Simek connects Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr with the beast Sæhrímnir (consumed nightly by the gods and the einherjar and rejuvenated every day), noting that this may point to sacrificial rites in shamanic practices.

In Scandinavian folklore, witches who magically replenish food sometimes appear in tales, the food usually being herring. However, in fear that one would waste away if one were fed the same morsel again and again, folk tales describe the breaking of the herring bones when eating it as a form of precaution. Thematic similarities—bone breaking ending food rejuvenation—between this folk belief and the Old Norse tales of Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr have led scholars Reimund Kvideland and Henning Sehmsdorf to highlight a connection between the two.

Modern influence
Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr have been adapted in Marvel Comics as Toothgnasher and Toothgrinder.

In the film adaptation of the Speed Racer manga franchise, there is a racecar named after Tanngrisnir, driven by Gothorm Danneskjøld, who is appropriately dressed as a Viking and sponsored by a company called Thor-Axine, referring to the chariot.

In the Yu-Gi-Oh Trading Card Game, both Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr are represented as "Nordic Beast" Monster Cards. They are meant to be used in conjunction with other cards representative of other characters and creatures from Norse mythology, including their master Thor.

In Rick Riordan's book Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard: The Sword of Summer, both Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr appeared. They are called Marvin and Otis, respectively, in the book and they are commonly sacrificed by the god Thor, to be reborn the next day.

In Heidevolk's song "Een met de storm", the "dondergod" (thunder god) rides in a "bokkenkar" (goat cart) over the clouds, alluding to Thor's two goats.

In the 2018 video-game God of War, the Grip of Tanngiost is a blade pommel that causes shock damage, which can be used on the Leviathan Axe.

Both goats appear in the Danish Valhalla comics series, and the animated feature based on it. The god Thor butchers and cooks one of the rams but strongly warns against breaking the bones. Loki persuades Tjalfe (Þjálfi) into sucking the marrow from a leg bone from one of the goats. When Thor resurrects the goats the next morning, he finds that one of the goats is lame in the leg and becomes enraged. As a result, Thor maintains Tjalfe and his sister as his servants.

Both goats appear in the game Super Auto Pets as Tandgnost and Tandgrisner. There is a food called the Yggdrasil Fruit that summons both of them.

title: Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr


text:
Biomusicology

Biomusicology is the study of music from a biological point of view. The term was coined by Nils L. Wallin in 1991 to encompass several branches of music psychology and musicology, including evolutionary musicology, neuromusicology, and comparative musicology.

Evolutionary musicology studies the "origins of music, the question of animal song, selection pressures underlying music evolution", and "music evolution and human evolution". Neuromusicology studies the "brain areas involved in music processing, neural and cognitive processes of musical processing", and "ontogeny of musical capacity and musical skill". Comparative musicology studies the "functions and uses of music, advantages and costs of music making", and "universal features of musical systems and musical behavior".

Applied biomusicology "attempts to provide biological insight into such things as the therapeutic uses of music in medical and psychological treatment; widespread use of music in the audiovisual media such as film and television; the ubiquitous presence of music in public places and its role in influencing mass behavior; and the potential use of music to function as a general enhancer of learning."

Whereas biomusicology refers to music among humans, zoomusicology extends the field to other species.

title: Biomusicology


text: Category:Confidence tricksters

title: Category:Confidence tricksters


text:
Middle East Airlines

Middle East Airlines – Air Liban S.A.L. (طيران الشرق الأوسط ـ الخطوط الجوية اللبنانية), more commonly known as Middle East Airlines (MEA) (طيران الشرق الأوسط), is the flag carrier of Lebanon, with its head office in Beirut, near Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport. It operates scheduled international flights to Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa from its base at Rafic Hariri International Airport.

Middle East Airlines (MEA) is a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. MEA expressed its interest in becoming a SkyTeam associate member in early 2006 at a press conference in New York. On 28 February 2011, the airline signed the partnership agreement with SkyTeam at a ceremony in Beirut, and officially joined the alliance on 28 June 2012, becoming its 17th member and the second member airline in the Middle East.

History
Middle East Airlines - Air Liban was founded on 31 May 1945 by Saeb Salam and Fawzi EL-Hoss with operational and technical support from BOAC. Operations started on 1 January 1946 using three de Havilland DH.89A Dragon Rapides on flights between Beirut and Nicosia, followed by flights to Iraq, Egypt, and Syria. Two Douglas DC-3s were acquired in mid-1946. Pan American World Airways acquired a stake and management contract in September 1949.

Pan Am was replaced when BOAC acquired 49% of MEA's shares in 1955. A Vickers Viscount was introduced in October 1955 while an Avro York cargo aircraft was leased in June 1957. On 15 December 1960 the first of four de Havilland Comet 4Cs arrived. After the association with BOAC ended on 16 August 1961, MEA was merged with Air Liban on 7 June 1963, which gave Air France a 30% holding (since relinquished). The full title was then Middle East Airlines – Air Liban. In 1963 MEA also took over Lebanese International Airways. The fleet was modernised with the addition of three Sud Aviation Caravelles in April 1963, three Boeing 720Bs in January 1966, one leased Vickers VC10 in March 1967, and a number of Boeing 707-320Cs from November 1967. The current name was adopted in November 1965 when the airline was completely merged with Air Liban. Although operations were interrupted by the 1967 Arab–Israeli war, and by the Israeli raid on Beirut Airport in 1968 - in which the airline lost three Comet 4C's, two Caravelles, a Boeing 707, the Vickers VC10, and the Vickers Viscount - MEA restarted by acquiring a Convair 990A from American Airlines, which entered service on 24 June 1969. A Boeing 747-200B entered service in June 1975 on the Beirut–London route, and later on the Beirut–Paris–New York route from April 1983 until mid-1985. MEA had to adjust its operations due to the Lebanese Civil War between 1975 and 1991 but continued services despite multiple closures of the base at Beirut International Airport. Airbus A310-300s were acquired in 1993 and 1994, followed by an A321-200 in 1997 and the A330-200 (which replaced the A310s) in 2003.

The airline has introduced self-check-in kiosks at Beirut International Airport as of July 2010. The airline is also planning on launching the Arabesk Airline Alliance with six other Arab carriers.

In November 2011, MEA's pilots union staged a 48-hour strike after a captain undergoing cancer treatment was dismissed shortly after going on sick leave. On 28 June 2012, Middle East Airlines joined the SkyTeam alliance to become its 17th member and the second in the Middle East following Saudia. 5,000 staff are employed across the airline group. The central bank of Lebanon, Banque du Liban, owns a majority share of 99.50%.

Destinations
Middle East Airlines flies to 38 Middle East, Europe, and Africa destinations.

Codeshare agreements
MEA has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

 * Air Canada
 * Air Europa
 * Air France
 * Czech Airlines
 * Etihad Airways
 * Gulf Air
 * ITA Airways
 * Kuwait Airways
 * Qatar Airways
 * Saudia
 * Sky Express
 * TAROM
 * Turkish Airlines
 * Virgin Atlantic

MEA also participates in SNCF's (French National Railways) tgvair program.

Current fleet
MEA (excluding Cedar Executive) operates an all-Airbus fleet. , it consists of the following aircraft:

Historic fleet

 * Airbus A300B4
 * Airbus A300-600
 * Airbus A310-200
 * Airbus A310-300
 * Airbus A321-200
 * Avro York
 * Boeing 707-320C
 * Boeing 720B
 * Boeing 747-100
 * Boeing 747-200B
 * Convair CV-990A
 * de Havilland Comet
 * Douglas DC-3
 * Douglas DC-4
 * Sud Aviation SE 210 Caravelle
 * Vickers VC10
 * Vickers Viscount

Fleet development
Middle East Airlines - Air Liban firmed up its order for ten Airbus A320neo family aircraft (five A320neo and five A321neo) in January 2013. The order for the A320neo was later converted to five more A321neo aircraft. The first A321neo was delivered on 10 July 2020; the third, delivered 9 October 2020, was the 10,000th A320 family aircraft produced. 2 more A321neo aircraft are expected to join the airline's fleet in 2024, summing up the whole A321neo fleet size to 11.

On 12 December 2018, the then-Prime Minister of Lebanon, Saad Hariri, signed an order with engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce Holdings for four Airbus A330-900s. During the 2019 Paris Air Show, the airline became the launch customer for the A321XLR: four XLRs were ordered, intended for use on routes to Africa and Asia.

Cedar Executive, MEA's business jet subsidiary, took delivery of its first Embraer Legacy 500 on 5 January 2016.

Frequent-flyer program
In 2011, Middle East Airlines - Air Liban changed its frequent-flyer program to a 4-tier program- Blue Cedar, Silver Cedar, Golden Cedar, and President's Club, respectively- in preparation for joining the SkyTeam airline alliance. Silver Cedar, Golden Cedar, and President's Club members gain numerous benefits such as access to the Cedar Lounge at Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport, as well as outstation lounges at all MEA destinations. Golden Cedar and President's Club offer additional benefits, including guaranteed economy seat reservation.

Cedar Miles can be earned and redeemed on all MEA flights and on all flights operated by Air France, KLM, and Qatar Airways, as well as codeshare partners on certain routes. Cedar Miles can also be earned during stays at all Rotana Hotels and all Hertz car rentals worldwide.

Subsidiaries
MEA owns the following subsidiaries, which are operated independently:
 * Cedar Executive
 * Founded in January 2016, Cedar Executive is a private jet service based at Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport which operates business flights across Europe and the Middle East, using two Embraer Legacy 500s. Clients have access to a private lounge and chauffeur service to the flight.

 * Middle East Airlines Ground Handling (MEAG)
 * Founded in 1999, MEAG is the main ground handling agent at Beirut International Airport, handling nearly 80% of all traffic. MEAG also operates a fixed-base operator called Cedar Jet Center at the General Aviation Terminal.

 * Middle East Airports Services (MEAS)
 * Founded in 1998, MEAS is responsible for the operation and maintenance of Beirut International Airport. Services range from cleaning of the terminals to de-rubberising the runways.

 * Mideast Aircraft Services Company (MASCO)
 * Founded in 1955, MASCO is the only fully-fledged aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul provider at Beirut International Airport. MASCO is a part 145 EASA-approved MRO with full airframe check capabilities on the Airbus A300, A310, A320, and A330 family aircraft. MASCO is also certified to carry out aircraft painting.

In addition, MEA owns 77.5% of the Lebanese Beirut Airport Catering Company (LBACC), the only catering provider at Beirut International Airport.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 24 July 1950, an Air Liban Douglas DC-3, registration LR-AAN was shot at by an Israeli Spitfire; the DC-3 landed safely at Beirut Airport, but 3 passengers (of 28 on board) were killed in the attack.
 * On 6 January 1952, Air Liban SNCASE Languedoc OD-ABU crashed on take-off from Beirut Airport, and was consequently destroyed by fire. All nine passengers and crew on board survived. The aircraft was operating a scheduled international passenger flight from Beirut to Kuwait Airport, Kuwait.
 * On 29 September 1958, Middle East Airlines Avro York OD-ADB disappeared over the Mediterranean Sea with five on board.
 * On 1 February 1963, Flight 265, a Vickers Viscount 754D registered OD-ADE, was involved in a mid-air collision with Turkish Air Force C-47 CBK28. Both aircraft crashed in Ankara, killing all 14 on board the Viscount, all 3 on board the C-47 and a further 87 people on the ground.
 * On 17 April 1964, Flight 444, operated by Sud Caravelle III OD-AEM struck the sea near Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing all 49 on board; the cause of the accident was not determined.
 * On 21 April 1964, Middle East Airlines Vickers Viscount 754D OD-ACX was damaged beyond economic repair at El Arish, Egypt after the taxiway it was taxiing on collapsed.
 * On 28 December 1968, seven MEA aircraft were destroyed in a raid by Israeli commandos at Beirut International Airport. This attack was in retaliation for a terrorist attack on an El Al Boeing aircraft in Athens which killed an Israeli mechanic.
 * On 1 January 1976, Flight 438, operated by Boeing 720B OD-AFT broke up in mid-air after the explosion of a bomb allegedly placed in the forward cargo compartment. All 81 people on board were killed, some of whom were fleeing the ongoing Lebanese Civil War. The aircraft crashed near Al Qaysumah, Saudi Arabia.
 * On 12 June 1982, in response to the attempted assassination by the Abu Nidal Group of the Israeli ambassador to Britain, the Israeli army attacked the airport in Beirut, destroying Middle East Airlines Boeing 720-023B OD-AFP. Four days later, four more aircraft (three 720s and one 707) were destroyed in a second attack. On 1 August 1982, a 14-hour non-stop bombing raid on Beirut destroyed Boeing 720-047B OD-AGG.
 * On 21 August 1985, two MEA Boeing 720's (OD-AFL and OD-AGQ) were destroyed by shelling at Beirut International Airport.
 * On 8 January 1987, Boeing 707-323C OD-AHB was destroyed by shelling after landing at Beirut International Airport.
 * On 16 November 2001, an Airbus A321-200, with the registration F-OHMP, was operating as Flight 304 from Beirut International Airport to Cairo International Airport when it sustained damage during a tail strike accident upon landing at Cairo, This airframe would be destroyed by a bomb nearly 14 years later midflight as Metrojet Flight 9268.

title: Middle East Airlines


text:
Mile End Park

Mile End Park is a park located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is a linear park of some 32 ha, and was created on industrial land devastated by World War II bombing. Some of the park is within Limehouse and Bow, with the park lying on land to the east of the Regent's Canal. In the north, it is separated from the southern edge of Victoria Park by the Hertford Union Canal. It is open 24 hours a day.

A plan existed from the end of the war to create the park, but extensive development did not begin until the end of the millennium. A pedestrian bridge, opened in July 1999, was built over the Mile End Road, which bisects the park, near Mile End tube station. The bridge was designed by Piers Gough. Prior to the park's construction, 193 Grove Road - at the edge of the park - was transformed by sculptor Rachel Whiteread into a cast of its interior. This work won her the Turner Prize in 1993.

In 1381, 60,000 Men of Essex camped here and met Richard II at Mile End, on 14 June 1381, during the Peasants' Revolt.

The park now consists of a number of elements (running north–south): The Play Arena - for children, The Ecology Park - including a lake, an ecology building, wind turbine and climbing wall, The Arts Park, The Green Bridge, The Terraced Garden, The South Park, Adventure Park, Sports Park - including the Mile End stadium, Kirk's Place and The Children's Park. Nearby are an extreme sports centre and an electric Go kart track.

The Ragged School Museum opened in 1990 in three canal side former warehouses in Copperfield Road. It faces the western edge of the park south of Mile End Road. The buildings previously housed Dr Barnado's Copperfield Road Ragged School.

The park has been awarded the London First Award, the Green bridge the Institution of Civil Engineers Award of Merit, a commendation at the British Construction Industry Awards and a special commendation from the Prime Minister's Award.

The park has an active Friends group.

Mile End Stadium
Mile End Stadium, situated at the south end of the park, underwent refurbishment which was completed in 2005. A new sport and fitness centre, the Mile End Park Leisure Centre was built adjacent to the Stadium and opened in 2006. It houses a four- court sports hall, two swimming pools (including one competition standard pool), state-of-the-art fitness studios, and a health suite and sauna.

The Mile End Climbing Wall is also located in Mile End Park.

title: Mile End Park


text:
Talk:Nuclear pulse propulsion

gamma scattering
what is "gamma scattering"? is it the same as compton scattering? ✈ James C. 09:05, 2004 Aug 11 (UTC)

Given that there are many forms of nuclear pulse propulsion and only one Orion, I am going to split the article Maury 11:57, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Inconsistency with Project Orion article
This article states (emphasis mine): It was first developed as Project Orion by ARPA, after a suggestion by Stanislaw Ulam in 1957 However, on Project Orion: Project Orion was the first engineering design study of spacecraft powered by nuclear pulse propulsion, an idea first proposed by Stanislaw Ulam in 1947.

Which year is correct, 1947 or 1957? -Banned 09:02, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Project Orion began in 1957, however, Ulam first proposed the concept earlier. I'm not sure if 1947 is the correct date though, I have George Dyson's book at home I'll check the precise date for you this evening :) Quarkstorm 09:41, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, so it might be accurate, just phrased ambiguously. Banned 14:22, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Apollo reference
I noticed this passage:

''Some authorities say that President Kennedy initiated the Apollo program to buy off the technical enthusiasts backing the Orion program. The recent book by George Dyson says that one design proposal presented to Kennedy was a space-going nuclear battleship, which so offended him that he decided to end the program.''

While I can easily believe the part about Kennedy not liking the "battleship", I find it extremely difficult to pay any heed to the former claim. Does anyone have a strong reference for this, other than George?

Maury 01:11, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Ethical issues?
''There were also ethical issues with launching such a vehicle within the Earth's magnetosphere. Calculations showed that the fallout from each takeoff would kill between 1 and 10 people.''

This is not as satisfactory as the version found in the Project Orion article which reads: Freeman Dyson, group leader on the project, estimated back in the '60s that with conventional nuclear weapons, each launch would cause fatal cancers in ten human beings from the fallout (note that this estimate is disputed- see radiation hormesis).

But both versions fail to mention the Von Braun solution to atmospheric fallout danger was the simple expedient of putting Orion into orbit atop multiple Saturn V launch vehicles. Multiple launch vehicle procedure could have separated shielded fissile material from detonators so as to reduce danger from booster failure. Trilobitealive 06:42, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

- It occurs to me that it isn't too expensive to save 10 lives, for example by providing 1,000 people with vaccinations in a region where 1 in 100 die from a certain disease, and would otherwise lead a healthy life. So if the project offered to vaccinate 10,000 people (saving 100 lives) it could be argued that it would be unethical to oppose it! They would of course also need an exemption to be added to the treaty by the signatories. 103.1.70.35 (talk) 21:31, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

--The system appeared to be entirely workable when the project was shut down in 1965 I know that '50s were populated by nuclear nerds, but, the magnitude of this project is simply out of reality. Can you image a REAL ship that will go in the space with thousand of nukes? And then stars to explode them behind? It's a high-tech folly, so ask instead, why nobody was even close today (2018)to that incredible project halted in 1965. Just image what kind of detail problems would give when even Apollo or Space Shuttle were prone to faults! Really, what kind of assumpion was the 'workability' of this project? In wikipedia should be asked citation needed! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.11.3.98 (talk) 23:52, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Simplification
Can somebody make this article easier to read to the casual reader? I realize this was written by people that are familiar with the subject but you can't really expect everyone to understand the meaning of "kN·s/kg" wouldn't it be better to add the speed of the spaceship in common miles/kilometer format? that way its easier to compare the spaceship's maximum velocity when compared to the speed of light. For once wich vehicle is able to travel faster the Medusa or the Longshot? - 24.138.199.139 (talk) 07:55, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Medusa
It seems a good while ago, someone added a bunch of stuff into the article on Medusa about how it would dangerously drag the passengers through a field of radioactive debris. No links were provided. Whoever wrote this is almost certainly in error. Nuclear blasts in space don't leave "a field of radioactive debris"; the overwhelming majority of the mass of the bomb is accelerated at relativistic speeds in all directions. They also claim that radiation is not considered, which is not true. -- 128.255.251.167 (talk) 22:12, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

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Pulsed Fission-Fusion Propulsion
Would a subsection about PuFF propulsion fit in here or is it a topic big enough for its own article? NixonFan1962 (talk) 10:38, 7 February 2021 (UTC)
 * We have sections on the researched but speculative antimatter-catalyzed microfission and microfission/fusion systems; I don't see why PuFF is out of place here. There isn't a lot from that prior PuFF research for a whole article, but a small (proportional to the antimatter sections etc) section here seems fine.  Georgewilliamherbert (talk) 10:44, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

Aldebaran
. 2603:8000:8900:3EB2:290C:6005:693E:3C31 (talk) 19:53, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nuclear pulse propulsion


text: Category:History of New Zealand

title: Category:History of New Zealand


text:
Carolina Cougars

The Carolina Cougars were a basketball franchise in the American Basketball Association that existed from 1969 through 1974. The Cougars were originally a charter member of the ABA as the Houston Mavericks in 1967. The Mavericks moved to North Carolina in late 1969 after two unsuccessful seasons in Houston at the Sam Houston Coliseum.

Early years in Carolina
The Carolina Cougars franchise began when future Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina Jim Gardner bought the Houston Mavericks and moved them to North Carolina in 1969. At the time, none of North Carolina's large metropolitan areas – Charlotte, the Piedmont Triad and the Triangle – was large enough to support a professional team on its own. With this in mind, Gardner decided to brand the Cougars as a "regional" team. Gardner sold the team after one season to Ted Munchak, who poured significant resources into the team.

The Cougars were based in Greensboro and played most of their home games at the Greensboro Coliseum, the state's largest arena at the time. Games were also regularly played in Charlotte at the (original) Charlotte Coliseum and in Raleigh at Dorton Arena and Reynolds Coliseum. In early 1972, three regular season games were played in Winston-Salem at the Winston-Salem Memorial Coliseum, and one game was played at Fort Bragg.

Early on, the Cougars were not especially successful on the court, posting a 42–42 record in the 1969–70 season, a 34–50 record in 1970–71, and a 35–49 record in 1971–72. The 1969–70 Cougars managed to make the ABA playoffs but lost in the Eastern Division semifinals (first round) to a much stronger Indiana Pacers team. In spite of this, the Cougars had a good fan following, particularly in Greensboro.

The 1971–72 team was coached by former NBA All-Star Tom Meschery, who had just retired from 10 years of NBA play with the San Francisco Warriors and the Seattle SuperSonics.

Success under Larry Brown
In 1972–73, the Cougars hired retired ABA players Larry Brown and former Cougar Doug Moe as coaches. The 1972–73 Cougars were fairly talented and featured players Billy Cunningham, Joe Caldwell, and Mack Calvin. All three appeared in the ABA All-Star Game that season, and Cunningham was named the league's Most Valuable Player.

Carolina went on to post a 57–27 record, which was the best in the ABA. The Cougars beat the New York Nets in their first-round playoff series 4 games to 1, but lost a close series to the Kentucky Colonels 4 games to 3 in the Eastern Division finals. There were many upset and disappointed fans in Greensboro when the Cougars decided to hold game 7 of the series in Charlotte. Of the 42 scheduled regular season home games, 25 were usually scheduled for Greensboro while only 12 were played in Charlotte. With Cougar management having the choice of city to play game 7, it mystified its Greensboro area fans with the choice to play such a pivotal game on a less familiar court. Game 7 was hotly contested but Kentucky prevailed, much to Cougar fans dismay.

The 1973–74 Cougars started the season strong, winning 17 of their first 22 games. Despite injuries and internal squabbles, the Cougars posted a 47–37 record but were swept in the Eastern Division semifinals 4 games to 0 by the Kentucky Colonels.

Move to St. Louis
1973–74 turned out to be the Cougars' last season in North Carolina. Although they were moderately successful overall and had one of the most loyal fan bases in the ABA, talks toward an ABA–NBA merger were in the final stages, and it had become apparent that a "regional" franchise would not be viable in the NBA. Although the Charlotte/Greensboro/Raleigh axis (the Piedmont Crescent or I-85 Corridor) was beginning an unprecedented period of growth, none of these cities was big enough at the time to support an NBA team on its own. Additionally, several persons quoted in the book Loose Balls by Terry Pluto say the added travel expenses incurred by the regional concept ultimately proved insurmountable. Munchak sold the Cougars to a consortium of New York businessmen headed by brothers Ozzie and Daniel Silna, who moved to St. Louis as the Spirits of St. Louis. However, the new owners assembled an almost entirely new team after moving to St. Louis; only a few players from the 1973–74 Cougars suited up for the 1974–75 Spirits.

The Spirits were one of two teams that lasted until the very end of the league but not join the NBA; the other was the Kentucky Colonels (the Virginia Squires folded after the final ABA regular season ended but before the ABA–NBA merger due to their inability to meet a league-mandated financial assessment after the season ended.). At the time of the ABA–NBA merger, the Spirits' owners planned to move the team to Salt Lake City, Utah to play as the Utah Rockies; instead, its players were dealt in the 1976 ABA dispersal draft.

Legacy
Professional basketball would return to North Carolina in 1988 when the Charlotte Hornets entered the NBA.

Carl Scheer, who won Executive of the Year as a member of the Cougars, would later become the first executive of the NBA's Charlotte Hornets. Cougars point guard Gene Littles would become an assistant coach, an executive, and the second head coach of the Hornets. Larry Brown, who coached the Cougars for two seasons and won Coach of the Year during his tenure, would eventually become the eighth head coach of Charlotte's NBA franchise.

Two teams in other professional sports leagues include Carolina in their branding: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League, and the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League. The former team is based in Charlotte, and the latter team in Raleigh.

Beginning in 2012, the Cougars' uniforms were worn by the Bobcats/Hornets under the NBA Hardwood Classics moniker.

Individual awards
Most Valuable Player
 * Billy Cunningham – 1973

Coach of the Year
 * Larry Brown – 1973

Executive of the Year
 * Carl Scheer – 1973

All-ABA First Team
 * Bob Verga – 1970
 * Billy Cunningham – 1973
 * Mack Calvin – 1974

All-ABA Second Team
 * Joe Caldwell – 1971
 * Mack Calvin – 1973

All-Defensive Team
 * Joe Caldwell – 1973
 * Ted McClain – 1974

All-Rookie Team
 * Dennis Wuycik – 1973

All-Star Game
All-Star Selections
 * Doug Moe – 1970
 * Bob Verga – 1970
 * Joe Caldwell – 1971, 1973
 * Wendell Ladner – 1972
 * Jim McDaniels – 1972
 * Mack Calvin – 1973, 1974
 * Billy Cunningham – 1973
 * Ted McClain – 1974

title: Carolina Cougars


text:
Talk:Oral, Kazakhstan

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title: Talk:Oral, Kazakhstan


text:
Widecombe Fair

Widecombe Fair is an annual fair in England, held in the Dartmoor village of Widecombe-in-the-Moor on the second Tuesday of September. It is well known as the subject of the folk song of the same name, featuring Uncle Tom Cobley and his friends.

History
The earliest written record was in 1850, when it was described in the Plymouth Gazette as a cattle fair. It soon became an opportunity to show and sell other livestock, particularly locally bred sheep and Dartmoor ponies, and by the 1920s it had also become a sports day for local schoolchildren. In 1933, stalls were introduced, selling rural arts and crafts. World War I saw a cancellation of the Fair between 1915 and 1918.

Widecombe Fair was suspended during the Second World War, but reinstated in 1945 with new attractions, including a gymkhana and tug of war. All profits were donated to the 'Local Welcome Home Fund' for returning soldiers, sailors and airmen.

In 1989, it was decided to cancel the pony classes following an outbreak of Equine flu (these were replaced with terrier races, which have continued ever since). The Fair was cancelled altogether in 2001 due to the outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease, and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

However, despite these interruptions, the event has steadily grown in size and reputation. In its earlier years, it was held in various locations around the village, including the village green. Today, however, it occupies a large field to the south of Widecombe (known to locals as The Fair Field). Other fields become car parks, and a complex policing and marshalling system is put in place, with the narrow lanes transformed into a one-way road system.

Today's visitors will still see displays of quality livestock, although there are many other attractions, including: a dog show, displays of local produce, vintage farm machinery, rural arts and crafts, bale tossing and a now traditional appearance by "Uncle Tom Cobley": a local resident in fancy dress, riding a grey mare.

title: Widecombe Fair


text:
Polygenesis

Polygenesis can refer to:

 * Polygenesis (linguistics), a theory of language origin
 * Polygenism, a theory of human origin
 * Gene duplication, a form of genetic disorder resulting in the overexpression of a particular gene Gourav
 * Polygenetic landforms, landforms formed the accumulative action of various processes

title: Polygenesis


text:
File:Janine1982cover.jpg

Summary
cover of hardback edition of 1982, Janine, by Alasdair Gray;

title: File:Janine1982cover.jpg


text:
Ivanov (disambiguation)

Ivanov is a Bulgarian and Russian surname (article includes a list of notable people with the surname).

Ivanov may also refer to:

 * Sukhoi Su-2, a Soviet airplane codenamed "Ivanov"
 * Ivanov (band), French band
 * Ivanov (play), by Anton Chekhov
 * Ivanov (film), a 2010 Russian film

title: Ivanov (disambiguation)


text:
File:Janinechapter11.jpg

Fair use is claimed for the image's use to illustrate the typography of this part of the book. Markalexander100 09:23, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: File:Janinechapter11.jpg


text:
Category talk:Shipwrecks

comments
SOME ADDITIONAL ENTRIES, SEE Faedra for further possible enteries under this category.

C: Cap lopez Cap lopez: Shipwreck of Deal in Kent.

G: Guttenburg: Shipwreck of the Guttenburg, Ramsgate.

L: Lucitania: RMS Lusitania.

M: Mary White: Mary White.

 * Feel free to put 'em in here! Everything on list of shipwrecks should be appropriate for this category. Stan 14:11, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Empty category template
I don't agree that it should be empty - that just leads to artificially forcing pages into categories where they don't really fit, or inventing sub-catgeories just for one or two pages. It's a laudable aim to ensure that individual wrecks are included in subcategories, and not here, but pages about the subject of shipwrecks in general (like wreck diving) need to be here. Viv Hamilton 23:01, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

San Demetrio
Does anyone know why San Demetrio is listed here? AFAIK she wasn't wrecked, and there's nothing about it on the article page. I thought the point of her story was that she wasn't lost, but brought home to port.Xyl 54 10:25, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Sub categories
While searching for SS Breda, I found it was (incorrectly) placed in Category:World War II shipwrecks in the English Channel - fixed that.

Out of interest, I then looked at Category:Shipwrecks in the English Channel - but I could not find that category in what I assumed to be its parent: Category:Shipwrecks by body of water. Eventually I found that Category:Shipwrecks in the English Channel is a subcategory of Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean, a very dubious parent, since I doubt that anybody in the UK would look for the Channel as part of the Atlantic. Anyway, there are simply too many branches and subcategories to make finding a particular wreck anything but a tortuous task. Is there any good reason why all shipwrecks should not be in Category:Shipwrecks as well as an appropriate sub-category? --RexxS (talk) 17:21, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Shipwrecks


text:
User:JohnArmagh/Monarchs of Aragon

List of the Monarchs of Aragon

NOTES:- Names and order of rulers is extremely uncertain. Other persons cited as counts of Aragon include, among others, Jimeno Aznar, Galindo García and Fortun Jiménez

 * For kings of Navarre prior to the dynastic union with Aragon, see: List of Navarrese monarchs

 * For counts of Barcelona prior to the dynastic union with Aragon, see: List of Counts of Barcelona

 * For kings of Castile prior to the dynastic union with Aragon, see: List of Castilian monarchs

title: User:JohnArmagh/Monarchs of Aragon


text:
Wheelbase

In both road and rail vehicles, the wheelbase is the horizontal distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels. For road vehicles with more than two axles (e.g. some trucks), the wheelbase is the distance between the steering (front) axle and the centerpoint of the driving axle group. In the case of a tri-axle truck, the wheelbase would be the distance between the steering axle and a point midway between the two rear axles.

Vehicles
The wheelbase of a vehicle equals the distance between its front and rear wheels. At equilibrium, the total torque of the forces acting on a vehicle is zero. Therefore, the wheelbase is related to the force on each pair of tires by the following formula:
 * $$F_f = {d_r \over L}mg$$

 * $$F_r = {d_f \over L}mg$$

where $$F_f$$ is the force on the front tires, $$F_r$$ is the force on the rear tires, $$L$$ is the wheelbase, $$d_r$$ is the distance from the center of mass (CM) to the rear wheels, $$d_f$$ is the distance from the center of mass to the front wheels ($$d_f$$ + $$d_r$$ = $$L$$), $$m$$ is the mass of the vehicle, and $$g$$ is the gravity constant. So, for example, when a truck is loaded, its center of gravity shifts rearward and the force on the rear tires increases. The vehicle will then ride lower. The amount the vehicle sinks will depend on counter acting forces, like the size of the tires, tire pressure, and the spring rate of the suspension. If the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating, extra torque is placed on the rear or front tire respectively. The equation relating the wheelbase, height above the ground of the CM, and the force on each pair of tires becomes:
 * $$F_f = {d_r \over L}mg - {h_{cm} \over L}ma$$

 * $$F_r = {d_f \over L}mg + {h_{cm} \over L}ma$$

where $$F_f$$ is the force on the front tires, $$F_r$$ is the force on the rear tires, $$d_r$$ is the distance from the CM to the rear wheels, $$d_f$$ is the distance from the CM to the front wheels, $$L$$ is the wheelbase, $$m$$ is the mass of the vehicle, $$g$$ is the acceleration of gravity (approx. 9.8 m/s2), $$h_{cm}$$ is the height of the CM above the ground, $$a$$ is the acceleration (or deceleration if the value is negative). So, as is common experience, when the vehicle accelerates, the rear usually sinks and the front rises depending on the suspension. Likewise, when braking the front noses down and the rear rises.

Because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase dimensions are crucial to the balance and steering. For example, a car with a much greater weight load on the rear tends to understeer due to the lack of the load (force) on the front tires and therefore the grip (friction) from them. This is why it is crucial, when towing a single-axle caravan, to distribute the caravan's weight so that down-thrust on the tow-hook is about 100 pounds force (400 N). Likewise, a car may oversteer or even "spin out" if there is too much force on the front tires and not enough on the rear tires. Also, when turning there is lateral torque placed upon the tires which imparts a turning force that depends upon the length of the tire distances from the CM. Thus, in a car with a short wheelbase ("SWB"), the short lever arm from the CM to the rear wheel will result in a greater lateral force on the rear tire which means greater acceleration and less time for the driver to adjust and prevent a spin out or worse.

Wheelbases provide the basis for one of the most common vehicle size class systems.

Varying wheelbases within nameplate
Some luxury vehicles are offered with long-wheelbase variants to increase the spaciousness and therefore the luxury of the vehicle. This practice can often be found on full-size cars like the Mercedes-Benz S-Class, but ultra-luxury vehicles such as the Rolls-Royce Phantom and even large family cars like the Rover 75 came with 'limousine' versions. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair was given a long-wheelbase version of the Rover 75 for official use. and even some SUVs like the VW Tiguan and Jeep Wrangler are available with long wheelbases.

In contrast, coupé varieties of some vehicles such as the Honda Accord are usually built on shorter wheelbases than the sedans they are derived from.

Bikes
The wheelbase on many commercially available bicycles and motorcycles is so short, relative to the height of their centers of mass, that they are able to perform stoppies and wheelies.

Skateboards
In skateboarding the word 'wheelbase' is used for the distance between the two inner pairs of mounting holes on the deck. This is different from the distance between the rotational centers of the two wheel pairs. A reason for this alternative use is that decks are sold with prefabricated holes, but usually without trucks and wheels. It is therefore easier to use the prefabricated holes for measuring and describing this characteristic of the deck.

A common misconception is that the choice of wheelbase is influenced by the height of the skateboarder. However, the length of the deck would then be a better candidate, because the wheelbase affects characteristics useful in different speeds or terrains regardless of the height of the skateboarder. For example, a deck with a long wheelbase, say 22 in, will respond slowly to turns, which is often desirable in high speeds. A deck with a short wheelbase, say 14 in, will respond quickly to turns, which is often desirable when skating backyard pools or other terrains requiring quick or intense turns.

Rail
In rail vehicles, the wheelbase follows a similar concept. However, since the wheels may be of different sizes (for example, on a steam locomotive), the measurement is taken between the points where the wheels contact the rail, and not between the centers of the wheels.

On vehicles where the wheelsets (axles) are mounted inside the vehicle frame (mostly in steam locomotives), the wheelbase is the distance between the front-most and rear-most wheelsets.

On vehicles where the wheelsets are mounted on bogies (American: trucks), three wheelbase measurements can be distinguished:
 * the distance between the pivot points of the front-most and rear-most bogie;
 * the distance between the front-most and rear-most wheelsets of the vehicle;
 * the distance between the front-most and rear-most wheelsets of each bogie.

The wheelbase affects the rail vehicle's capability to negotiate curves. Short-wheelbased vehicles can negotiate sharper curves. On some larger wheelbase locomotives, inner wheels may lack flanges in order to pass curves.

The wheelbase also affects the load the vehicle poses to the track, track infrastructure and bridges. All other conditions being equal, a shorter wheelbase vehicle represents a more concentrated load to the track than a longer wheelbase vehicle. As railway lines are designed to take a predetermined maximum load per unit of length (tonnes per meter, or pounds per foot), the rail vehicles' wheelbase is designed according to their intended gross weight. The higher the gross weight, the longer the wheelbase must be.

title: Wheelbase