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Disgaea: Hour of Darkness

Disgaea: Hour of Darkness (魔界戦記ディスガイア) is a tactical role-playing video game developed and published by Nippon Ichi Software for the Sony PlayStation 2 video game console. Set in a world full of demons and angels, the story follows Laharl, the son of a demon overlord, who upon being awakened after a two-year slumber, aspires to succeed his father’s place while also fighting rival demons in the process.

Nippon Ichi has also licensed or produced a wide variety of Disgaea merchandise, including a manga. In 2006, Nippon Ichi released a sequel called Disgaea 2: Cursed Memories for the PlayStation 2, as well as a 12-episode anime adaptation titled Makai Senki Disgaea. A PlayStation Portable version of Disgaea: Hour of Darkness was released entitled Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness, as was a Windows port titled Disgaea PC. A HD remake, Disgaea 1 Complete, was released for Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 and later for iOS and Android.

A direct sequel, taking place 10 years after the end of the game, named Disgaea D2: A Brighter Darkness was released for PlayStation 3 in 2013, and stars the main cast (and additional new characters) of Hour of Darkness.

In 2004, the game received a spiritual sequel called Phantom Brave.

Gameplay
Disgaea is a tactical role playing game. Battle gameplay takes place on a map divided into a square grid. The player controls a squad of humanoid units and monsters, which each occupy a single square of the grid and do combat with a group of enemies. Depending on the character and attack selected, the player will be able to deal damage to a specific enemy unit or a designated region of the map. Combat ends when all enemy units or all of the player's units are destroyed.

Humanoid characters may lift and throw other units across the map in order to allow allies to move further or force enemies to keep their distance. This even allows the player to capture enemies by throwing them into the base panel; these enemies then become allies, and can be used on subsequent maps. The chance of capturing an enemy in this manner depends on several factors. Failure to capture the enemy will result in the death of all characters inside the base panel, and the enemy will survive.

Geo Panels
Some maps in Disgaea contain Geo Panels, which are represented as squares on the floor of the map of a particular color. Colored objects on the map known as Geo Symbols may be present on either Geo Panels or regular, uncolored squares on the map. These Geo Symbols can usually be thrown. When a Geo Symbol sits on a Geo Panel, it gives all Geo Panels of the color it sits on a property, such as making all units on them invulnerable, or decreasing the HP of friendly units on those panels by 20% at the end of each turn. When a Geo Symbol is destroyed on a Geo Panel of a different color than its own, it causes panels of that color to change to the color of the Geo Symbol and damages units on those panels. If another Geo Symbol is on one of the panels when it changes, it too is destroyed, and the Geo Panels begin to change color and properties again, creating a chain reaction. This chain reaction can be of any length that can be supported by the number of colors of panel and symbols on the map, the amount of "chain" gained with each square increasing by one every Geo Symbol. The higher the chain, the more the bonus gauge fills. Some Geo Symbols have the color "clear" and cause the Geo Panels to become regular map squares when destroyed. Removing all of the Geo Panels from a map will cause a blast of energy which hurts all enemies on the map and results in large bonuses for the player, referred to in the manual as the Panel Termination Bonus.

Laharl's castle
Laharl's castle acts as a hub, allowing the player to access the other locations in the game without physically having to travel between the castle and a desired map. Each episode of the game gives the player access to a new set of maps, which must be completed in order to proceed in the plot. With the exception of the Item World and the Dark Assembly, all maps are accessed by speaking to a dimensional gatekeeper. With few exceptions, maps can be accessed and played again at any time, occasionally with minor changes, such as boss levels, where the boss will be replaced by a high level generic enemy.

Disgaea has only one pair of stores where items may be purchased, consisting of an armor shop and a weapon shop within Laharl's castle. These shops are described in-game as the Netherworld branch of the Rosen Queen Co. The overall quality and types of the items sold in these shops can be changed through proposals to the Dark Assembly. A hospital where characters may be healed in exchange for payment is also present in the same area of the castle and rewards Laharl and company by giving them items when they pay specific amounts of money for treatment.

Dark Assembly
In order to perform specific actions outside of combat the player must address the Dark Assembly. To create new characters, improve the inventory of the castle store, or unlock new maps Laharl or other members of his party must present a proposal to the Dark Assembly, who will vote on whether they should or should not provide aid to Laharl's party. Prior to voting, senators in the assembly represent their predilection toward the party visually, glowing blue if they favor that character or red if they do not. If they are glowing red, senators can be bribed with items from the player's inventory to sway their vote in the player's favor. If a proposal fails to receive sufficient votes, the player may attempt to pass the bill anyway by choosing to "persuade by force" and attempting to defeat opposing senators in battle.

The proposals available to place before the senate depend on the number of promotion examinations completed by a character; these examinations consist of a battle between a handful of monsters and a single character on the floor of the Assembly. Each proposal to the Dark Assembly costs "mana", which is built over time by individual characters as they defeat enemies in combat. The amount of mana gained depends on the enemy's level.

Item World
Laharl's party may also enter the Item World from the castle, going inside an item in their inventory in order to increase its attributes. The world associated with an item contains up to 100 randomly generated levels. Inside the Item World, monsters called Specialists raise the statistics of the item they are in when defeated. Often, the maps are full of Geo Symbols.

Each floor has a gate, a special map square that can be used to go to the next level in the Item World. However, a monster with the unique class "Gate Keeper" will sometimes block the gate. The Gate Keeper must be defeated or forced to move to use the gate and progress through the Item World. Defeating every monster on the map can also allow the player to progress.

Every ten levels has an item boss. The strongest of each type of weapon and the three ultimate items each contain an Item God 2. Defeating these bosses also increases the attributes of the item. The Item World can only be exited at the end of every tenth level containing an Item Boss, or at any other time by using an item called 'Mr. Gency's Exit', a play on the phrase "Emergency Exit". Since many items contain stronger monsters than are ever found outside the Item World, the Item World is often the only way to acquire rare and powerful weapons.

Plot
The story of Disgaea opens with Laharl rising out of an open coffin in his room. Etna, one of the castle vassals, is standing next to him, surrounded by various weapons. She explains that he has been sleeping for two years, far longer than he intended, and his father, King Krichevskoy, has died. Laharl vows to reclaim the throne, and, after consulting with Etna and his other vassals, goes to Vyers' castle.

After defeating the demon Vyers, who refers to himself as the "Dark Adonis" and is renamed "Mid-Boss" by Laharl, he meets Angel Trainee Flonne. Flonne had been sent to the Netherworld by Seraph Lamington, the ruler of Celestia, to assassinate King Krichevskoy (who was already dead). Shocked by Laharl's lack of grief at his father's death, the eternally optimistic Flonne joins Laharl's party to determine if demons are capable of feeling love. Observing them in secret is the paranoid Archangel Vulcanus, who interprets Flonne's actions as treason and is convinced that she is plotting against him.

After Etna demands that Laharl pay the salary of the Prinnies that she has hired, he decides to attack the demon with the most money in the vicinity. This is Hoggmeiser at Dinero Palace. After defeating Hoggmeiser, Laharl is about to kill him, until Hoggmeiser's son rushes out and gets in the way. Flonne convinces Laharl to spare them, and Laharl lets them keep some of the money. In response to this act, Hoggmeiser joins the party.

At one point, Flonne and Etna discover a photograph of Laharl in an embarrassing situation. Laharl refers to this as a "paparazzi shot", however, the actual contents of the photo are never actually revealed. A threat on the back of the photograph states that copies of it would be distributed if Laharl did not accept a challenge to fight for the overlordship; thus Laharl was blackmailed.

Responding to this challenge, Laharl meets Maderas, a vampire. He was banished by King Krichevskoy, for stealing the King's favorite snack, black pretzels. Maderas takes advantage of Laharl's two biggest weaknesses – optimism and women with sexy bodies. Maderas was also controlling Etna by holding her memory. He had instructed her to kill the prince, but she had put him to sleep for two years by poisoning him instead. Etna eventually betrays Maderas, and along with Laharl, Flonne, and Mid-Boss, defeats him.

Waking up later at night, Flonne discovers that several Prinnies are chanting and leaving the castle. Laharl, worried that his reputation will be tarnished if it is discovered that he let his vassals escape, chases after them the next morning. Eventually, he runs into Death, and the player learns that Big Sis Prinny is actually Laharl's mother; she became a Prinny because she gave her life to save him.

After Laharl becomes the undisputed Overlord of the Netherworld, he meets a group of humans from Earth: Gordon, Defender of Earth; Jennifer, his assistant; and the robot Thursday. Gordon has been led to believe that his mission is to assassinate Laharl due to an impending attack on Earth by the Netherworld. Laharl promises not to invade Earth if Gordon defeats him, on the condition that Gordon becomes one of his vassals if he wins; Gordon is embarrassed by his ensuing loss and servitude. After the Earth Defense Force appears in the Netherworld, it is revealed that Gordon was actually sent to secure a path for an invasion of the Netherworld by the humans, who had been tricked by Vulcanus.

General Carter sends Kurtis to the Netherworld, and eventually goes there himself on the Space Battleship Gargantua. Kurtis abducts Jennifer, and Laharl engages the EDF fleet of spaceships in a rescue attempt, destroying all but the Gargantua by himself. When Laharl and his party arrive at the Gargantua's bridge, several angels from Celestia appear and attack them. After being defeated, General Carter escapes, only to have Mid-Boss appear to give him a message.

In response to this turn of events, Flonne and the rest of the party decide to go to Celestia to confront the Seraph. Vulcanus goes to Seraph Lamington, declares that Flonne is a traitor who is leading an army of demons in an invasion of Celestia, and goes to lead a group of angels to repel this "invasion". Vulcanus reveals to Laharl and his party that he intends to conquer all three worlds and rule over them as a god. After defeating Vulcanus, Laharl finally meets the Seraph and Flonne explains Vulcanus' plan and what she has learnt while travelling with Laharl. The Seraph accepts her version of events and agrees that demons are, in fact, capable of feeling love. However, he declares that Flonne must be punished because she fought against other angels, and turns her into a flower. Outraged at this injustice, Laharl attacks the Seraph, initiating the game's final battle.

The game has multiple endings. Depending on the way the game was played up to this point, the Seraph may or may not survive, Flonne either remains a flower, is restored to her original form, or is transformed into a Fallen Angel, and Laharl either becomes a great Overlord, disappears and leaves Etna in charge of the Netherworld, or dies and becomes a Prinny. It may also be noted that, on the Good Ending, when the spirit of Laharl's mother appears to him, Vyers appears to already know her, and the way he talks to Laharl suggests that he is King Krichevskoy.

There is one "Joke" ending, which can be obtained very early in the game, in Episode 1, if the final boss of the chapter defeats all of the characters in battle, a cutscene will play showing Vyers naming himself Overlord before the ending credits roll. After the ending credits, like with all endings, the game will ask you to save previous data and the player will then be sent to the main menu, where the player can reload the saved data and start a new game +, referred to in-game as a New Cycle.

Characters

 * Laharl (ラハール) is the son of King Krichevskoy, who plans on becoming overlord after his father's death. He is incredibly arrogant, and he always tries to prove that he is the strongest demon in the Netherworld. He becomes physically sick when hearing optimistic sayings, especially "love", and when he sees attractive women.
 * Etna (エトナ) is the leader of the Prinny squad, and one of the few vassals who remain in the Overlord's Castle after King Krichevskoy's death. She serves Laharl, though in a very sarcastic and insincere manner. However, she slowly changes her attitude after Laharl spares her in spite of her betrayal, and becomes more loyal to him (she finally accepts Laharl as an Overlord after he helps a young demon to find his pets), even though she retains her sarcastic nature. She is very abusive toward the Prinny Squad, often using excessive violence and fear to keep them in line.
 * Flonne (フロン) is an Angel Trainee sent on a mission to assassinate Overlord Krichevskoy. After learning that her target is already deceased, she becomes determined to follow Laharl and determine if demons truly are incapable of love. She is very innocent and naive, though she is deeply devoted to Lamington and the concept of spreading love to others. She is obsessed with tokusatsu series
 * Captain Gordon (ゴードン) is the 37th Defender of Earth, sent to the Netherworld to stop a potential invasion. Gordon has a great sense of justice, but is dim-witted. He is also blind to the true intentions of others, and never realizes when he's being tricked until it's too late. However, his sense of justice constantly motivates him even in the darkest hours.
 * Jennifer (ジェニファー) is Gordon's beautiful sidekick. Jennifer is a rather attractive woman, and she often jokes around in a very flirtatious manner. Her intelligence and technical knowledge surpasses most scientists, having created a fully functioning robot at the age of five and earned her Ph.D. (according to The World of Disgaea, she obtained all possible Ph.D.s) at the age of ten. Disgaea 3 mentions that Jennifer had solved the BSD Conjecture, a supposedly unsolvable theory, when she was six years old. She is also skilled at martial arts, specifically kung fu.
 * Thursday (サーズデイ) is an "All Purpose Robot" (physically resembling Robby the Robot) created by Jennifer. He is very focused on bringing about justice, even to the point of breaking down. He also seems to be very calm when dealing with various obstacles and can be very sarcastic at times. Thursday usually begins or ends his sentences with 'blip beep'.
 * Kurtis (カーチス) is from Earth, and he views himself as more worthy of the title of Defender of Earth than Gordon. After a traumatic experience that cost him over 70% of his body in addition to his wife and daughter, he becomes a cyborg. He later changes his mind about Gordon, and sacrifices himself to save him. He returns as a green Prinny with cybernetic parts in heaven, and continues to protect Earth in that form.
 * Vyers (バイアス) is a flamboyant demon interested in becoming overlord of the Netherworld. He has the self-given title of The Dark Adonis (ビューティー男爵), though Laharl deems him unworthy of the title, and compares him to a mid boss, calling him Mid-Boss (中ボス) for the rest of the game, much to Vyers' dissatisfaction. He speaks in a cultured tone, and incorporates multiple French words into his speech. Vyers tends to be very conceited and overly confident in his own abilities. He sees Laharl as a rival, though Laharl doesn't return the sentiment.
 * Seraph Lamington (ラミントン) is the leader of Celestia. He is very mature and calm, and he never raises his voice or harbors any vindictive thoughts or emotions. He willingly performs evil and underhanded actions, and he is willing to allow fate to punish him.
 * Vulcanus (ブルカノ) is a full-fledged angel of Celestia, and he is an archangel, who serves Seraph Lamington as the second-in-command. His ideals and methods are much more extreme compared to others, and he has a hot temper that differs from other Angels. He holds demons in contempt and believes that humans are too stupid to live without the guidance of angels.
 * General Carter (カーター) is the adoptive father of Jennifer and the acting leader of Earth. Under the guidance of Archangel Vulcanus, he sends Gordon, Jennifer, and Thursday to act as a beacon for the Earth forces to invade the Netherworld for colonization. Despite his good intentions for Earth, Carter is willing to sacrifice many lives to achieve his goals.
 * Big Sis Prinny (姉御肌のプリニー) is a pink Prinny, who acts as a mother-figure to others. She does not speak like other Prinnies, notably leaving out the word "dood."
 * Hoggmeiser (ゼニスキー) is the former vassal of Krichevskoy. Upon Krichevskoy's death, Hoggmeiser steals huge amounts of treasure from the Overlord's castle, and builds his own mansion with that fortune. He has a son named Porkmeister.
 * Maderas (マデラス) is a vassal of Krichevskoy, who is exiled after stealing Krichevskoy's black pretzels. Maderas is one of the many demons competing for the throne. He uses memories stolen from Etna to force her to work for him.
 * Baal (超魔王バール) is a legendary overlord sealed by King Krichevskoy a number of years before the start of the storyline. Known as the Lord of Terror, he is a large demon that uses large swords to attack. After being defeated, he is reincarnated as an "Uber Prinny", which only growls and causes explosions with every attack.

Development
Disgaea's North American release allows the player to select either English or Japanese for the audio and soundtrack. The song "The Invasion From Within" by Tsunami Bomb was licensed for the English audio track by Atlus due to its organ opening and fast pace, and is only played when English is the selected language. The option to select the language is not present in the European release of the game, because the European release used a lower capacity storage medium that the Japanese version also used (CD instead of DVD).

Souhei Niikawa and Yoshitsuna Kobayashi, the game's producer and main programmer, have explained the intended humor of Disgaea; they give the example of Captain Gordon being a satire of American comic book characters. Episodes of the game are separated by previews, parodying such previews at the end of anime series episodes. Most of these have voice-overs by Etna and do not accurately reflect the plot of the next episode; one of the characters calls these previews Etna's fantasies. The game is also filled with Prinnies, penguin-like creatures that explode when thrown. More information on their origins is revealed as the game progresses – they contain human souls and labor in the Netherworld and Celestia to atone for their sins. Character designer Takehito Harada described the prinny design as becoming less realistic as development continued.

The makers of Disgaea have responded that characters represented by 3-D models in other games are often limited by a "set pattern of motions", and they were able to make the characters of Disgaea more expressive with sprites.

There were two different styles of boxart for the American release.

Reception and awards
In the PS2 category of IGN's The Best of 2003 awards, Disgaea: Hour of Darkness won "Best Game No One Played", and won Reader's Choice and runner-up awards for "Best Strategy Game". Hyper's Daniel Wilks commends Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness for its "brilliant strategy and being huge and funny". The game received a score of 8.5/8/7.5 from Electronic Gaming Monthly, and the magazine's Shane Bettenhausen said, "Here's an instant cult classic—Disgaea is so creative, challenging, and funny that it totally deserves the attention of RPG gamers". However, he noted that its "rewarding gameplay and quirky humor beneath a coating of antiquated visual grime. There isn't much here that couldn't have been done on PS1".

In the PS2 category of GameSpy's Game of the Year awards, it ranked ninth out of ten, and won "Strategy Game of the Year". During the 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Disgaea for "Console Role-Playing Game of the Year", which was ultimately awarded to Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic.

The success of Disgaea: Hour of Darkness has launched a franchise that has seen six sequels, several spin-offs, and adaptations into other media.

Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness
A port for the PlayStation Portable named Disgaea Portable (魔界戦記ディスガイア PORTABLE) was released in Japan on November 30, 2006. It was later released in North America on October 30, 2007 under the name Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness.

Afternoon of Darkness features extras over the original, such as a 16:9 format to take advantage of the PSP's widescreen display. There is also a mode that focuses on Etna as the main character. In Etna Mode, Etna kills Laharl by accident while trying to wake him in the beginning of the game and thus becomes the main character. There are some extra boss battles such as Overlord Zetta from Makai Kingdom and Rozalin and Adell from Disgaea 2. There is, for the first time, a multiplayer mode available through Ad-hoc connections. This features multiple modes such as a "Defeat the Leader," "Capture the Flag," and the original "Battle." In the Multiplayer mode, each player also has access to "Geo Cubes" which give different effects to the battlefield. Other new additions include a music shop, which allows the player to listen to the game's various songs and even change the Item World theme, and a record keeper, which keeps track of various bits of information such as ally kills and obtained items.

In addition, Afternoon of Darkness includes a option to turn off battle animations. Most of the silent Japanese cut scenes now include voice acting. However, when set to English, the scenes that were originally silent in the PS2 release are still silent. To reflect Etna's recent voice actor change, her lines have been re-recorded to match Michelle Ruff's portrayal of Etna in Disgaea 2 and the anime. One notable omission is the theme song "The Invasion from Within" by Tsunami Bomb. As Atlus was the publisher of the original PS2 version and arranged for the licensing of the song, and NIS America (Nippon Ichi's American branch) published the PSP port themselves, they did not retain the rights to use the song and did not renegotiate for them. Also missing is the song "One With the Stars" which, like "The Invasion from Within", was added in the original PS2 release by Atlus.

Disgaea DS
On March 5, 2008, Weekly Famitsu reported an official announcement of Disgaea DS (魔界戦記ディスガイア 魔界の王子と赤い月) for the Nintendo DS.

On March 7, NIS America released a statement on the North American release of a new edition of Disgaea: Hour of Darkness for the Nintendo DS titled Disgaea DS. The game would be a port of the PSP version, and would include multiplayer gameplay and Etna Mode. In order to fully utilize the Nintendo DS' capabilities, several key improvements will be made to the user interface and game system. However, many features from the PSP edition were dropped, including the option to toggle between English and Japanese dialogue, and many additional voiceovers, probably due to the limited storage capacity of the DS game card. Disgaea DS was the only Disgaea game released for a Nintendo system (and until the release of Disgaea PC, the only release on a non-Sony platform), until the release of Disgaea 5 Complete for the Nintendo Switch in 2017, 9 years after Disgaea DS 's release.

The Nintendo DS version contains the following additional features:
 * Geo Cubes – A new addition first found in the PSP version, Geo Cubes are magic items that add more depth to multiplayer battles. They can be used to enhance abilities, summon monsters, or to attack the enemies.
 * Demon Gadgets – Randomly generated items that appear on the battlefield. Units can power up by acquiring these gadgets. Some demon gadgets can level up a unit by 30 levels at once.
 * Unlockable Characters – As well as the unlockable characters from the original Disgaea, Adell and Rozalin from Disgaea 2 are unlockable as hidden bosses within the Cave of Ordeals, as well as the Dark Assembly guide, Pleinair. Overlord Zetta also debuts as an unlockable, playable character.

Disgaea DS was released in North America on September 23, 2008, through distributor NIS America and in Europe on April 3, 2009.

Disgaea PC
A version of Disgaea: Hour of Darkness, including the added content in Afternoon of Darkness, was released for Microsoft Windows via Steam on February 24, 2016, retitled as Disgaea PC. The initial release was panned by critics on launch due to its many bugs, which included persistent crashes, save file loss, and poor performance, even on high-end PCs. A patch was released soon afterwards that fixed many of the bugs. Another patch was released for the game later that added the four characters previously exclusive to Disgaea DS. Players who bought the game during the 2016 Steam Summer Sale would also earn free in-game cosmetic items for Valve’s first person shooter game Team Fortress 2.

Disgaea 1 Complete
A version of Disgaea: Hour of Darkness, including the added content in Afternoon of Darkness and Disgaea PC, was released for Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 on October 9, 2018, retitled as Disgaea 1 Complete. Some elements of the game were updated, including adding new higher resolution sprites in the same style as Disgaea 5, changing character art images with the Disgaea 5 artstyle, as well as retroactively replacing some generic humanoid and monster classes that did not appear since Disgaea: Hour of Darkness with classes that do appear in later games in the series. An iOS/Android port was released on the January 31, 2020 worldwide.

Notations

 * Bettenhausen, Shane (Oct 1, 2003). Disgaea: Hour of Darkness. Electronic Gaming Monthly.
 * GameFly, Inc. (Sep 29, 2003). GameFly offers a weekly 'Top Ten' list of its most popular video games. Press Release.
 * Lindquist, Tim (2003). Disgaea: Hour of Darkness – The Official Strategy Guide – Special PDF Free Edition . DoubleJump Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-9741700-0-3.). Retrieved Jan 30, 2005.
 * PlayStation.com Staff (April 23, 2004). Disgaea's Creators Explain It All . Retrieved Feb 2, 2005.

title: Disgaea: Hour of Darkness


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Mercer Girls

The Mercer Girls or Mercer Maids were women who chose to move from the east coast of the United States to the Seattle area in the 1860s at the invitation of Asa Mercer. Mercer, an American who lived in Seattle, wanted to "import" women to the Pacific Northwest to balance the gender ratio. The women were drawn by the prospect of moving to a boomtown with a surplus of bachelors. These events formed the basis of the television series Here Come the Brides.

First expedition
Frontier Seattle attracted numerous men to work in the timber and fishing industries, but very few single women were willing to relocate by themselves to the remote Pacific Northwest. Only one adult out of ten was a woman, and most girls over 15 were already engaged. White men, and women of the Salish tribes, did not always feel mutually attracted. Prostitutes were also scarce, until the arrival of John Pennell and his brothel from San Francisco.

In 1864, Asa Mercer decided to go east to find women willing to relocate to Puget Sound. Mercer first enlisted prominent local married couples to act as hosts for the women once they arrived to assuage Victorian era moral concerns over the propriety of importing single women to the frontier. Mercer also had support from the governor of Washington Territory, but the government could not offer any money.

Mercer proceeded to travel to Boston and later to the textile town of Lowell and recruited eight young women from Lowell and two from the nearby community of Townsend, willing to move to the other side of the country. They traveled back through the Isthmus of Panama, although in San Francisco locals tried to convince the girls to stay there instead. They arrived in Seattle on May 16, 1864, where the community staged a grand welcome on the grounds of the Territorial University.

Only eleven women undertook the journey, well under the fifty initially reported in The Seattle Gazette. The Mercer Girls of the first voyage were Annie May Adams, Antoinette Josephine Baker, Sarah Cheney, Aurelia Coffin, Sarah Jane Gallagher, Maria Murphy, Elizabeth Ordway, Georgia Pearson, Josephine Pearson, Catherine Stevens, and Katherine Stickney. Daniel Pearson and Rodolphus Stevens, the fathers of three of the young women, completed the westward party.

All but two of the women were married in short order: Josie Pearson who died unexpectedly a short time after she arrived, and Lizzie Ordway, the oldest of the ladies who was 35 when she arrived in Seattle with Mercer. Mercer was subsequently elected to the Territorial Legislature.

Second expedition
Mercer decided to try again on a larger scale in 1865, and again collected donations from willing men. He asked for $300 to bring a suitable wife and received hundreds of applications. However, in the aftermath of Abraham Lincoln's assassination, his next trip east went wrong, until speculator Ben Holladay promised to provide transport for the women. However, the New York Herald found out about the project and wrote that all the women were destined to waterfront dives or to be wives of old men. Authorities in Massachusetts were not sympathetic, either. Due to the bad publicity by the time Mercer was to depart on January 16, 1866, he had fewer than 100 recruits, when he had promised five times that many. His ship, the former Civil War transport S.S. Continental, sailed for the West Coast around Cape Horn.

Three months later, the ship stopped in San Francisco, where the captain refused to go any further. Mercer failed to convince him otherwise, and when he telegraphed to Washington governor Pickering to ask for more money, the governor could not afford it. Finally, he convinced crewmen on lumber schooners to transport them for free. Among the financiers of the expedition had been Hiram Burnett, a lumber mill manager for Pope & Talbot, who was bringing out his sister and wanted wives for his employees. A few of the women decided to stay in California instead.

When Mercer returned to Seattle, he had to answer a number of questions about his performance. At a meeting on May 23, public dismay softened, probably because the women were with him.

Mercer ended up marrying one of the women, Annie Stephens, a week later, and most of the others found husbands as well.

title: Mercer Girls


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SPHL

The SPHL (formerly the Southern Professional Hockey League) is a professional ice hockey independent minor league based in Huntersville, North Carolina, with teams located primarily in the southeastern United States as well as Illinois and Indiana in the midwestern United States.

Following the 2023–24 season, the Peoria Rivermen are the reigning President's Cup champions. , the Knoxville Ice Bears are the most successful team in SPHL history, having won five William B. Coffey Trophies as the regular season champions and four President's Cup playoff championships. The Peoria Rivermen have also won five William B. Coffey Trophies, while Pensacola has also won four President's Cups.

History
The SPHL's history traces back to three other short-lived leagues. The Atlantic Coast Hockey League started play in the 2002–03 season. After its only season, the ACHL dissolved with member teams forming the nucleus for two rival leagues, the South East Hockey League and the World Hockey Association 2. After one season, the SEHL and WHA2 disbanded, with their surviving teams rejoining with two expansion teams to form the SPHL, commencing with the 2004–05 season.

In 2009, the SPHL saw a large expansion with three new franchises, in Biloxi, Mississippi,  Lafayette, Louisiana and Pensacola, Florida. In 2010, the league added an expansion team in Augusta, Georgia, another former long time ECHL market. For the 2011–12 season, the league added two-time Central Hockey League champions, the Mississippi RiverKings. For the 2013–14 season, the league lost the Augusta RiverHawks but also expanded northward with two franchises in Illinois: the Bloomington Thunder, a team also moving from the CHL, where they were known as the Bloomington Blaze, and the Peoria Rivermen, who were replacing an American Hockey League team of the same name in their market. In 2015, the Augusta franchise returned and relocated to Macon, Georgia as the Macon Mayhem.

In November 2014, Shannon Szabados became the first female goaltender to win an SPHL game, when the Columbus Cottonmouths defeated the Fayetteville FireAntz 5–4 in overtime. In that same game Erin Blair and Katie Guay became the first female officials to referee an SPHL game.

At the end of the 2015–16 season, the Louisiana IceGators announced a one-year leave of absence for renovations to their arena but never returned. The IceGators' franchise was sold and reactivated as the Quad City Storm in 2018. Then in 2016, the dormant Mississippi Surge franchise was relocated to Southwest Virginia to become the Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs. One of the inaugural SPHL teams, the Columbus Cottonmouths, suspended operations in 2017 after failing to find a buyer while an expansion team called the Birmingham Bulls were accepted into the league as the tenth team. Following the 2017–18 season, the Mississippi RiverKings suspended operations while the league searched for new owners. With the acceptance of the Quad City Storm, the league was able to remain at ten teams for the 2018–19 season.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2019–20 season was curtailed and no champion was named. The following season, the league announced it would only play with five of the ten member teams due to pandemic-related capacity restrictions barring fans from attending games. During the season, the league approved of the Vermilion County Bobcats as a 2021–22 expansion team based in Danville, Illinois. The Bobcats folded after only a year and a half.

In 2023, the league rebranded to the orphaned initialism SPHL to reflect the fact that the league's footprint had expanded beyond the southern United States.

2023-24 members
Notes

Defunct and relocated teams

 * Asheville Aces (2004–05)
 * Augusta RiverHawks (2010–13) Moved to Macon, Georgia, as the Mayhem for the 2015–16 season.
 * Bloomington Thunder (2013–14) Membership terminated to make way for a team in the United States Hockey League.
 * Columbus Cottonmouths (2004–17) Inaugural member of the SPHL, suspended operations when ownership could no longer fund the team.
 * Florida Seals (2005–07) Membership terminated in the middle of the 2006–07 SPHL season.
 * Jacksonville Barracudas (2004–08) Suspended for the 2008–09 season and dissolved.
 * Louisiana IceGators (2009–16) Suspended operations for the 2016–17 season claiming the arena needed the year for renovations but later dissolved. In 2018, the franchise was sold and became the Quad City Storm.
 * Macon Trax (2004–05)
 * Mississippi RiverKings (2011–18) Joined from the Central Hockey League in 2011, ownership suspended operations in 2018.
 * Mississippi Surge (2009–14) Moved to Roanoke, Virginia, as the Rail Yard Dawgs for the 2016–17 season.
 * Pee Dee Cyclones (2005–07) Moved to Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
 * Richmond Renegades (2006–09)
 * Twin City Cyclones (2007–09)
 * Vermilion County Bobcats (2021-23) Ceased operations on February 9, 2023 after 88 games played.
 * Winston-Salem Polar Twins (2004–05)

Key rule differences
As per minor leagues, there are some rule differences between the SPHL and the NHL (and even the ECHL and the AHL, the two official developmental leagues regulated by the Professional Hockey Players' Association).

 * A team may dress eighteen regular players to a game. Two players dressed for the game will be goaltenders.
 * A mouthpiece is required for all players except the goaltender.
 * No curvature of stick limitations as in the NHL, AHL, and ECHL.
 * Shootouts are five players. After five different players have made an attempt, teams may reuse anyone including those who have previously attempted in later rounds, even using the same player in consecutive rounds if desired.

President's Cup
Awarded to the league playoff champion.

William B. Coffey Trophy
Originally known as the Commissioner's Cup, the regular season championship trophy was renamed in honor of league co-founder Bill Coffey during the 2007–08 season.

title: SPHL


text:
Talk:Dominican Order

missing atrocities
Friars aided Spanish in terrorizing native Americans and not talk of this?Juror1 (talk) 01:42, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Many of those were actually Franciscans.. AnonMoos (talk) 09:21, 18 February 2020 (UTC)
 * What about answering user Juror1, AnonMoos? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2804:1B3:7080:DD7A:5C58:A762:9770:1CF0 (talk) 19:43, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * There is discussion of some Dominican opposition to Spanish violence in the New World, but I agree that their cooperation should be added. I will look into a good summary of this subject. ~ Pbritti (talk) 19:58, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Also the article contains fairly limitted information in their involvement in the inquisition just before and during the reformation. I read in an old history book of the Low Countries that there often the inquistion was made up of people from the Domincan order. NB the book I refer to is not a good source as it is not very specific and more suitable from primary education. But I would think there would be other sources. Scafloc (talk) 16:09, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

Ukraine navbox?
what is the rationale for including the Ukraine navbox here, and how does it comply with WP:BIDI? I am asking this about all affected articles and templates. Be advised that per WP:POSTNOM I consistently remove post-nominals from articles when I find them. Elizium23 (talk) 13:05, 16 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , UX is a priority. If you think the articles about religious orders are "offended" by the living bishops and their countries (and I'm planning to add all orders and names to the subsequent templates about dioceses)... then I'm not surprised. No offense. I'm just "Chinese" for the majority of the civilized "Western world". I just think it's obvious my edits are WP:GF, so there's nothing ad hominem in my reply.Tintin-tintine (talk) 13:17, 16 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , since you chose to go off-topic rather than address the issues I asked about, we have reverted your changes that do not comply with policies and guidelines. Noncompliant articles are a very poor UX for everyone. Elizium23 (talk) 13:30, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

Phrasing about Dominican branches
The section on the different groups of Dominicans is blatantly biased in favor of the Order in many places. Example:

"The Nuns of the Order of Preachers are to seek, ponder and call upon the Lord Jesus Christ in solitude so that the WORD proceeding from the mouth of God may not return to Him empty, but may accomplish those things for which It was sent. (Isaiah 55:10) Living in the heart of the Preaching Family, the nuns live in the WORD of God which the friars, sisters and laity preach. In the cloister the nuns devote themselves totally to God and perpetuate that singular gift which Dominic had of bearing sinners, the down-trodden and the afflicted in the inmost sanctuary of his compassion. They incarnate in their lives the cry of Dominic: “O Lord, what will become of sinners!”

Whether or not these nuns in fact "live in the WORD [sic -- and does not belong in that form in an encyclopedia entry] of God" or "perpetuate that singular gift which Dominic had of bearing sinners, the down-trodden and the afflicted in the inmost sanctuary of his compassion," or "incarnate in their lives" any cry whatsoever are all matters of opinion. They are not subject to proof or disproof, and do not belong in an objective article. Quibbitzer (talk) 03:32, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:37, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Cardinal Jose Fuerte Advincula Jr., O.P.jpg

title: Talk:Dominican Order


text:
Alimentos La Giralda

Alimentos La Giralda is a Venezuelan trading company that imports, produces and distributes foodstuffs such as capers, pickles, olives, canned fruits and canned vegetables. It is located in Caracas. The brand "La Giralda" was registered in 1944 by Francisco Gomez Lopez using what it used to be the emblem of the Spanish association of olive exporters.

In 1979, after buying the brand from Francisco Lopez Gomez, Enrique Moreno de la Cova and the Barceló family founded Alimentos La Giralda and Enrique became president of the company until 1983.

In 1982 it was purchased by the Fierro Group, a very important economic group based in Spain with businesses all over Latin America. It is one of the leaders in the Venezuelan market.

title: Alimentos La Giralda


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/Categories

Category:Aircraft

Scope: This scheme is intended to cover specific aircraft (eg Boeing 747), variants (eg WP-3D Orion), and articles about aircraft types (eg Bomber aircraft). Other aircraft- and aviation-related categories exist for manufacturers, powerplants, etc.

Heavier-than-air and lighter-than-air aircraft, piloted and remotely-piloted, fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft are all included.

Primary categorisation
Primary categorisation is three-fold, by nation, primary role, and era. The tree expands out as (for example):

British fighter aircraft 1930–1939
 * +British fighter aircraft
 * +British military aircraft
 * +British aircraft
 * +United Kingdom
 * +Aircraft by country
 * +Aircraft
 * +Military aircraft
 * +Aircraft
 * +Military equipment
 * +Fighter aircraft
 * +Military aircraft by type
 * +Military aircraft (as above)
 * +Aircraft by type
 * +Aircraft
 * +British military aircraft 1930–1939
 * +British military aircraft (as above)
 * +Military aircraft 1930–1939
 * +Military aircraft (as above)
 * +Aircraft 1930–1939
 * +1930s
 * +Aircraft by era
 * +Aircraft
 * +Fighter aircraft 1930–1939
 * +Fighter aircraft (as above)
 * +Aircraft 1930–1939 (as above)

Nation
Simply stated, the nation that the aircraft was manufactured in. For the vast majority of types, this works without any further qualification.

More specifically, it is the nation in which the manufacturer was headquartered in at the time that the aircraft was first produced. Thus, Dornier aircraft of the 1920s are still listed as Category:Aircraft manufactured in Germany, even though they were actually being assembled in Italy. Learjet aircraft before 1991 are listed as Category:Aircraft manufactured in the United States, but as Category:Aircraft manufactured in Canada after the company was purchased by Bombardier.

International aircraft
Aircraft manufactured by international consortiums (such as Airbus), and aircraft built as one-off joint ventures (such as the Concorde) are listed as Category:International aircraft.

Defunct nations
Special cases apply when the manufacturing nation no longer exists in the form that it did when the aircraft was first produced.

 * Soviet and Russian aircraft The nationality shown in categories depends on the era: For example, Category:Soviet airliners 1960–1969, but Category:Soviet and Russian airliners 1990–1999, and Category:Russian airliners 2000–2009. Pre-USSR Russian aircraft will follow the reverse pattern, the change happening for the decade 1920–1929.

 * Czech and Czechoslovakian aircraft - similar distinction as for Soviet/Russian aircraft above, with the change happening in the decade 1990-1999.

 * Yugoslav and Serbian aircraft - similar distinction again. The changeover is again in the decade 1990–1999.

 * Chinese aircraft are a slightly different case - from decade 1940-1949 onwards, aircraft of the People's Republic of China are distinguished from aircraft of Taiwan. These subcategories exist in parallel. For example, the (still empty) Category:People's Republic of China military aircraft 1990–1999 would exist side-by-side with Category:Taiwanese military aircraft 1990–1999.

We will eventually require similar distinctions for Category:Austro-Hungarian aircraft.

Known problems

 * "International" is a problematic description, since when combined with a role, it can produce ambiguous category names such as Category:International airliners. Does this mean airliners that have an international range?

 * Sometimes, an aircraft's primary (or even exclusive!) user may be different from its nation of manufacture. Readers may be surprised (or outraged) to find the CF-18 Hornet classified as US, and the C-7 Caribou classified as Canadian.

Role
Role categories are intentionally quite broad - the danger of over-precision would be the creation of multiple, closely-related categories with only very hazy (or semantic) borders between them.

The main distinction lies between Category:Military aircraft, Category:Civil aircraft, Category:Experimental aircraft, and the (still problematic) Category:Special-purpose aircraft. Where aircraft are used by both civil and military operators, they should be classified under both trees.

Most, if not all, aircraft have been used in multiple roles. This classification is based on the primary role they were designed for. Sometimes, this role will incorporate other roles, for example patrol aircraft will generally have anti-submarine capabilities, but Category:ASW aircraft should be reserved for dedicated ASW aircraft. All airliners carry freight, but Category:Cargo aircraft is for dedicated freighters. On the other hand, when an aircraft is designed from the start with dual or multiple roles in mind, it should be classified into both of those trees. A common example are so-called "tactical" or "strike" fighters that equally belong in Category:Fighter aircraft and Category:Bomber aircraft.

Category:Military aircraft
Existing subcategories are:
 * Category:ASW aircraft
 * Category:AWACS aircraft
 * Category:Attack aircraft
 * Category:Bomber aircraft
 * Category:Command and control aircraft
 * Category:Cruise missiles (also under Category:Rockets and missiles)
 * Category:Electronic warfare aircraft
 * Category:Fighter aircraft
 * Category:Reconnaissance aircraft
 * Category:Military helicopters
 * Category:Military rescue aircraft
 * Category:Military tanker aircraft
 * Category:Military trainer aircraft
 * Category:Military transport aircraft
 * Category:Military utility aircraft
 * Category:Patrol aircraft

Probably the haziest distinction here is what constitutes an "attack aircraft" - most fighters (and even some trainers) have some ground-attack capability, and the distinction between an attack aircraft and a "light bomber" may not be clear either. Try to be guided by how the air force that used the aircraft classified it.

Existing subcategories are:

 * Category:Agricultural aircraft
 * Category:Airliners
 * Category:Business aircraft (Was Category:Business jets)
 * Category:Cargo aircraft
 * Category:Civil utility aircraft
 * Category:Mailplanes
 * Category:Sailplanes
 * Category:Ultralight aircraft

Category:Experimental aircraft
This category should be reserved for pure research aircraft (not prototypes). Distinction is not made here between civil and military projects.

Category:Special-purpose aircraft
These aircraft have been designed for a single purpose - usually at the expense of any other capability they may have otherwise had. Most are specialised variants of existing aircraft types.

Era
Aircraft are classified into the decade that their first flight occurred in. Usually, this will be the first flight of the prototype, but for an article about a specific variant, the category should reflect the date that this variant first flew, which may be in a different decade.

While it may seem attractive to add multiple eras to reflect the entire service life of an aircraft, consider that this is generally much harder to pin-point and is subject to much qualification. Date of first flight is a single, unambiguous point in time.

Aircraft projects that were cancelled without ever flying are categorised by the year the project was terminated or abandoned (ie, the closest that they got to a first flight.)

Secondary categorisation
Additionally, many aircraft have been given categories according to various distinguishing features. This is a more ad-hoc set of categories, which currently include:

Aircraft by manufacturer

 * Category:Airspeed aircraft
 * Category:Cessna
 * Category:Boeing aircraft
 * Category:Learjet aircraft
 * Category:Piper aircraft
 * Category:Saab aircraft
 * Category:Short Brothers aircraft
 * Category:Sukhoi
 * Category:Tupolev aircraft
 * Category:Westland aircraft

Aircraft by power sources

 * Category:Electric aircraft
 * Category:Human-powered aircraft
 * Category:Ramjet-powered aircraft
 * Category:Mixed-power aircraft
 * Category:Rotary-engined aircraft
 * Category:Ducted fan-powered aircraft
 * Category:Push-pull aircraft
 * Category:Rocket-powered aircraft
 * Category:Ramjet-powered aircraft
 * Category:Motorjet-powered aircraft

Aircraft by wing type

 * Category:Biplane aircraft
 * Category:Canard aircraft
 * Category:Delta-wing aircraft
 * Category:Flying wings
 * Category:High wing aircraft
 * Category:Low wing aircraft
 * Category:Variable-sweep wing aircraft
 * Category:Tailless aircraft
 * Category:Triplane aircraft
 * Category:Rotorcraft
 * Category:Autogyros
 * Category:Gyrodynes
 * Category:Helicopters
 * Category:Tiltrotor aircraft
 * Category:Tiltwing aircraft

Other

 * Category:Airships
 * Category:Balloons (aeronautics)
 * Category:Carrier-based aircraft (under Category:Military aircraft)
 * Category:Glider aircraft
 * Category:Homebuilt aircraft
 * Category:Individual aircraft
 * Category:Parasite aircraft
 * Category:Seaplanes and flying boats
 * Category:Spaceplanes (shared with Category:space launch vehicles)
 * Category:Stealth aircraft
 * Category:Unmanned aerial vehicles
 * Category:VTOL aircraft

Many more are certainly possible.

These exist side-by-side with the primary categories described above.


text:
Victor Harbor, South Australia

Victor Harbor is a town in the Australian state of South Australia located within the City of Victor Harbor on the south coast of the Fleurieu Peninsula, about 82 km south of the state capital of Adelaide. The town is the largest population centre on the peninsula, with an economy based upon agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. It is a popular tourist destination, with the area's population greatly expanded during the summer holidays, usually by Adelaide locals looking to escape the summer heat.

The coast stretching for around 50 km from west of Victor Harbor along to Goolwa is often referred to as the South Coast, especially among surfers, as many of the beaches on this stretch are popular surfing spots.

It is a popular destination with South Australian high school graduates for their end of year celebrations, known colloquially as schoolies.

History
Victor Harbor lies in the traditional lands of the Ramindjeri clan of the Ngarrindjeri people.

Matthew Flinders in HMS Investigator (1798) visited the bay on 8 April 1802, while on the first circumnavigation of the continent, mapping the unsurveyed southern Australian coast from the west. He encountered Nicolas Baudin in Le Geographe near the Murray Mouth several kilometres to the east of the present day location of Victor Harbor. Baudin was surveying the coast from the east for Napoleonic France. Although their countries were at war, each captain was given documents by the other nation's government, stating that the ships were on scientific missions, and were therefore not to be regarded as ships of war. Together, the ships returned to the bay and sheltered, while the captains compared notes. Flinders named the bay Encounter Bay after the meeting.

In 1837, Captain Richard Crozier who was en route from Sydney to the Swan River Colony in command of HMS Victor (1798), anchored just off Granite Island and named the sheltered waters in the lee of the island 'Victor Harbor' after his ship. At about the same time, two whaling stations were established, one at Rosetta Head, popularly known as "the Bluff", and the other near the point opposite Granite Island. Whale oil became South Australia's first export. From 1839, the whaling station was managed for a time by Captain John Hart, a later Premier of South Australia. The last whale was caught off Port Victor in 1872.

The town, the harbour, and spelling
The town of Port Victor was laid out on the shores of Victor Harbor in 1863 when the horse-drawn tramway from Goolwa was extended to the harbour.

The municipality of the town of Victor Harbor was proclaimed on 7 May 1914, with Oliver Alexander Baaner appointed the first mayor. The township of Victor Harbor was proclaimed in 1914 with the spelling "Harbor".

The harbour was proclaimed on 27 May 1915 under the Harbors Act 1913, and its name established on 15 June 1921 as "Victor Harbor". The name of the harbour was changed in June 1921 from Port Victor as a result of a near shipwreck blamed on confusion with Port Victoria on the Yorke Peninsula.

The spelling of Victor Harbor, spelled without a u is a curiosity as harbour normally retains the "u" in Australian English. This spelling is found in several geographical names in South Australia, including Outer Harbor and Blanche Harbor. According to the State Library of South Australia, the lack of the "u" is not influenced by American spelling, but archaic English spelling. The name is not consistently applied. The Victor Harbor Times used "Harbour" in its masthead from 1922 to 1978, before reverting to "Harbor". The Victor Harbour railway station is spelt with the u.

Entertainment
In 1923, two picture palaces opened in Victor Harbor: the Victor Theatre in Ocean Street on 24 November (still operating today as the Victa Cinema; see below), and the Wonderview near the beachfront, opposite the Soldiers' Memorial Gardens, on 22 December 1923.

On 26 December 1936, a one-off motor race meeting was held to the east of the town to commemorate the centenary of South Australia – the South Australian Centenary Grand Prix, often referred to as the 1937 Australian Grand Prix. The circuit was made of public roads, measured 12.6 kilometres in length and featured two long straights, two short straights, and several corners, including the banked Nangawooka Hairpin. The winners of the 240-mile Grand Prix, which was held as a handicap, were Les Murphy in an MG P-type, Tim Joshua in another P-type, and Bob Lea-Wright in a Terraplane Special.

21st century
The beaches of Victor Harbor and nearby Port Elliot have been facing rising seas, and more has to be done to stop this.

In November 2023, Victor Harbor mayor Moira Jenkins voiced strong opposition, citing risks to the environment, to a proposal for a $350 million marina in the town. The project is promoted by local businessman Mark Taplin, who has stated that he wants to "enhance Victor Harbor."

Governance
Victor Harbor was declared a city in 2000.

As a local government area, the City of Victor Harbor includes the surrounding rural area and the contiguous township of Encounter Bay as well as the town of Victor Harbor itself. Its total area is 34,463 hectares. It shares boundaries with the District Council of Yankalilla and Alexandrina Council. The city is in the state electoral district of Finniss and the federal Division of Mayo.

Population
In the 2021 Australian census, the resident population in the town (locality) of Victor Harbor was 4,520, of whom 53% were female. Over the summer holiday season the population almost triples. The urban population for the built-up coastal area extending from Victor Harbor to Port Elliot and nearby Goolwa was 28,363.

Granite Island
A popular site for visitors is Granite Island, which is connected to the mainland by a short tram/pedestrian causeway. The tram service is provided by the Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram, one of the very few horse-drawn tram routes remaining in public transit service. Granite island is home to a large colony of little penguins which are a popular attraction on the island. These penguins shelter on the island during the night, departing in the morning to hunt for fish before returning at sunset. This colony of penguins has declined sharply, with only seven found in 2012. It is suspected that an increase in long-nosed fur seals in the area may be to blame; however, incidents such as those in 1998 where locals apparently kicked several of them to death have also contributed. A December 2022 survey estimated 22 birds on the island, with a different study putting the number at 26 that year. After 28 birds were counted in mid-2023, researchers were hopeful of a recovery in numbers.

Cockle Train
The SteamRanger Heritage Railway runs train services, most notably The Cockle Train between Victor Harbor and Goolwa, along the Victor Harbor railway line.

Whale-watching and visitor centre
Between June and September, whale spotting is a popular attraction. Southern right whales come to the nearby waters to calve and to mate. In 1990, Ian Milnes, a marine science teacher, established the original Whale Watch Centre, when there were few whales to be seen owing to the history of whaling from the 1830s until the 1980s, when it was banned. In 1990, there were seven sightings and 13 whales. The following winter, 40 whales were spotted. In 1994, the South Australian Whale Centre was established, with the support of the City of Victor Harbor and the South Australian Museum in a renovated goods shed at the terminus of the Cockle Train railway line. The Railway Goods Shed was built in 1864, and used by early European settlers for storing goods and produce transported along the Murray River and then across the first Australian public railway, to be shipped around the world from Victor Harbor. At one stage, the building housed the horse-drawn trams. After several renovations, including one in 2008, the centre hosts a number of interactive exhibits. In December 2022, after more restoration of the goods shed, the building reopened as a combined Visitor Centre and SA Whale Centre, to be known as "Victor Harbor Visitor Centre", or "VC". The centre is open daily from 10am to 4pm apart from Christmas Day.

Surfing
Victor Harbor is the centre of the surf zone stretching for around 50 km from west of Victor Harbor along to Goolwa, known as the "South Coast" to Adelaide and local surfers. Popular surf beaches in the area include Parsons, Waitpinga, Middleton, and Goolwa. The Granite Island breakwater usually shields the town from waves. Victor Harbor offers numerous fishing opportunities, varying from offshore reefs for larger boat based anglers to excellent surf fishing on the beaches closer to the Murray Mouth.

Other attractions
The Urimbirra Wildlife Park is a local attraction with a considerable collection of native, and some domestic, animals.

The Soldiers' Memorial Gardens on the Esplanade include a park and a war memorial within. Both were heritage-listed on the South Australian Heritage Register in 1985.

Greenhills Adventure Park offered activities including waterslides, canoes, rock wall climbing, archery, mini golf, and go-karting; however this attraction has since closed down on 1 May 2016.

Festivals and events
This town hosts a three-day schoolies festival in late November mainly for South Australian school leavers. Victor Harbor hosts the second largest schoolies festival in Australia after the Gold Coast, centring around official festival activities in Warland Reserve.

These events are managed by the official event organisers and not-for-profit charity, Encounter Youth, and are supported by the local council, SA Police, SA Ambulance and St Johns SA.

The centre of the town is a dry zone (no alcohol) at night as well as during the Christmas Pageant and New Year's Eve.

Another notable event is the Art Show run by the Rotary Club of Victor Harbor and exhibits of paintings are shown from all over Australia. The event is held in January, during the summer holidays, and the 40th Art Show was held in January 2019. It has grown to become Australia's largest outdoor art exhibition, with more than 10,000 people attending over 9 nine days.

Media
The main newspaper printed locally is the Times (1987–). The newspaper was originally published as The Victor Harbor Times and Encounter Bay and Lower Murray Pilot, with the first edition published on Friday 23 August 1912. On 16 May 1930, the title was briefly altered to Times Victor Harbor and Encounter Bay and Lower Murray Pilot. From 15 April 1932 until 31 December 1986 it was called Victor Harbor Times.

Other historical publications included the short-lived South Coast News (4- 25 June 1965), printed by A.H. Ambrose, and its "successor", South Coast Sports News (20 June – 4 July 1969), printed by The Ambrose Press.

Victor Theatre / Victa Cinema
The Victor Theatre was built on the site of Ocean Street Garage, owned by D.H. Griffin & Sons, designed by noted cinema architect Chris A. Smith. It opened under the control of Griffin Pictures on 24 November 1923, seating 700 people. It changed hands in October 1926, being sold to National Theatres (aka National Pictures ). After National Theatres went into liquidation in January 1928, its lease was taken over by Ozone Theatres, and the building extensively renovated. A dress circle was added, increasing the seating capacity to 1000 seats.

After a fire gutted the building in early 1934, it underwent reconstruction and extension in September of that year, to designs by F. Kenneth Milne. It is thought to be one of the first buildings in South Australia created in the style known as streamlined, a type of Art Deco that became popular in the 1930s. On 21 December 1934 the Victor Theatre reopened as an Ozone cinema. The cinema had a seating capacity of 910 at the time of its takeover by Hoyts in 1951. It operated restricted opening times from 1960 onwards, and from 1963 closed during the winter.

In 1970 it was acquired by independent operator Roy Denison for A$25,000, who reopened it as the Victa Theatre. Manager Geoff Stock bought the cinema upon Denison's retirement in 1995, and it was fully renovated and renamed Victa Cinema. Twin screens were created in August 1998, with the former balcony screen seating 286, and the screen in the former stalls screen seating 297. In 2005 it was bought by David and Carol Stonnill, who upgraded the building further, while retaining the Art Deco character. In October 2020 the City of Victor Harbor purchased the cinema, intending to include it in the town's Arts and Culture centre in the future.

The Victa has been state heritage-listed and retains its Art Deco fittings. It was featured in a photographic exhibition called Now Showing... Cinema Architecture in South Australia held at the Hawke Centre's Kerry Packer Civic Gallery in April/May 2024.

Wonderview Theatre
The Wonderview Theatre was located on Flinders Parade, opposite the Soldiers' Memorial Gardens. The company selected the name "Wonderview" from 87 public submissions in October 1923. The "Wonderview De Luxe Beach Theatre", like the Victor, was also designed by Chris A. Smith. It was described as being "palatial"; wider than the older long narrow theatres, with a latticework ceiling containing concealed lighting, comfortable seating that included settees. Its equipment was modern and it included a dance floor made of Queensland hoop pine, a soda fountain, and tea room. It was officially opened on 22 December 1923 by the mayor W. F. Connell with great fanfare, and lauded for its ability to attract more visitors to the town. It was announced that the dance floor would be opened for dancing on Monday and Friday nights. It was licensed to accommodate 696 patrons. A week before the official opening, a children's fancy dress parade was held in the building, on 15 December 1923.

The Wonderview was co-owned by a number of local shareholders, and operated by National Pictures Limited, which also operated suburban Adelaide cinemas The National at Prospect, National Pictures in North Adelaide, and the Parkside Picture Pavilion at Parkside. Local man E. G. Fairbairn was appointed manager of the Wonderview in November 1923.

In January 1928, after National Theatres went into liquidation, Ozone Theatres acquired freehold ownership of the building. Although the Wonderview was larger, Ozone concentrated its efforts on the Victor, installing a Western Electric sound system there, and the Wonderview went into a decline. It started closing in the winter months from 1928, and from February 1930 was the home of a government high school during the day, doubling as a dance hall at night.

In January 1931, after the Victor Theatre was damaged by fire and it was closed for the rest of that year, the Wonderview started showing films again, possibly using the sound equipment that had been installed in the Victor the previous year. By December 1931, the Wonderview was used mainly as a dance hall, as well as special fundraising events and showings of films on Wednesdays and Saturdays, including Tarzan and His Mate, starring Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan, in October 1934. On 19 September 1934, "Victor Harbour Day", there was a special screening of films at the Wonderview. By the Christmas-New Year season of 1934, the building was known as the Wonderview Palais, with dancing on most nights, including New Year's Eve.

From January 1939, the building was put to a variety of uses, including a tanning salon, J. Miller Anderson & Co. sale, church services, and residences. On 26 December 1941, Ozone Theatres held a gala reopening of the venue, and experienced a new lease of life as a picture theatre during World War II owing to the number of service personnel swelling the population of the town.

The Wonderview was demolished in 1991.

Other historic buildings
There are many local and state heritage-listed buildings in Victor Harbor, some of which are mentioned above.

Adare House
Adare House ( known Adare Conference Centre) was listed on the South Australian Heritage Register in 1999.

The land on which Adare House was built was known to the Ramindjeri people as mootiparinga, meaning murky or brackish water. In the first year of colonial settlement, the colony of South Australia's first governor, John Hindmarsh, purchased the land. His son John built a small house on the property in the 1860s.

Daniel Henry Cudmore, a pastoralist and businessman, bought the property in 1889. Based on designs by architect Frederick William Dancker (1852–1936), the original house was rebuilt and expanded it to include 19 rooms, a cellar, a tower, a balcony, and three turrets. It was completed in 1893. It is located on the outskirts of the town, next to the Hindmarsh River. Since the second half of the 20th century, Adare House has been used by the Uniting Church for group camps, and the grounds used as a caravan park. Since the 21st century, the building has been used for weddings and other private functions.

Dancker also designed a residence, Attunga, that is now part of Burnside Hospital; the Queen Victoria Hospital, St Paul's Lutheran Church at Hahndorf, and the Malvern Uniting Church.

Others
Other buildings listed on the South Australian Heritage Register include:
 * St Augustine's Anglican Church
 * Former Victor Harbor Post & Telegraph Office and Postmaster's Residence, now an art gallery
 * Victor Harbor Town Hall & Library (formerly Institute)
 * National Trust Museum (former Victor Harbor Custom House & Station Master's Residence)
 * Anchorage Guest House (former Aurora House, later Warringa Guest House), 20-23 Flinders Parade
 * Grosvenor Hotel, 32-44 Ocean Street
 * BankSA (former Savings Bank of South Australia Victor Harbor Branch)
 * Second Newland Memorial Uniting (former Congregational) Church, 20-28 Victoria Street
 * Victor Harbor Uniting Church Hall (former First Newland Memorial Congregational Church)

Climate
Victor Harbor has a warm summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb). Summer average temperatures are significantly lower than most of the state, due largely to the sea breeze moderating temperatures and hot northerlies rarely extending past the hills north of the city.

title: Victor Harbor, South Australia


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Brian Bosworth

Brian Keith Bosworth (born March 9, 1965), nicknamed "the Boz", is an American actor and former football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for three seasons with the Seattle Seahawks. A two-time Dick Butkus Award winner during his college football career at the University of Oklahoma, he also achieved notoriety for his outspoken comments and antics. Bosworth was selected by the Seahawks in the first round of the 1987 NFL supplemental draft, but his professional career was cut short by injury. After retiring as a player, Bosworth pursued an acting career. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2015.

Early life
Brian Bosworth was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He attended MacArthur High School in Irving, Texas, where he was a two-time consensus All-American for the football team. He graduated in 1983. He was recruited to play football for the University of Oklahoma.

College career
Bosworth played linebacker for the Oklahoma Sooners for three seasons, from 1984 to 1986. He was recognized as a unanimous All-American in both his sophomore and junior years.

Bosworth was barred from playing in the Orange Bowl following his junior year after he tested positive for steroids. He claimed that his use of steroids was medically prescribed by his doctor because of injuries.

A strong-side inside linebacker throughout his college career, Bosworth was known for raising his level of play in big games. He was regarded as a great tackler, although he was occasionally criticized for tackling too high. The winner of the first two Butkus Awards as the nation's top college linebacker, he remains the only player ever to have won the accolade more than once. College Football News ranked him No. 30 on its list of the "100 Greatest College Players of All-Time". In October 1999, Bosworth was named to the Sports Illustrated NCAA Football All-Century Team as one of only nine linebackers on the squad.

College controversies
Bosworth is known for his radical hairstyles, his on-field play, and his criticism of the NCAA. He was particularly focused on the level of control the NCAA exerted over athletes, preventing them from making money during their college careers.

Because of the steroid suspension, Bosworth was not allowed to play in the post-season 1987 Orange Bowl. During the 3rd quarter of that game, Bosworth pulled off his football jersey to reveal a t-shirt that read, "NCAA: National Communists Against Athletes". Immediately picked up by the television cameras, this led to much consternation among alumni and administrators at Oklahoma. Aware that Bosworth was likely to be entering the NFL Draft anyway, the OU coach, Barry Switzer, dismissed Bosworth from the team.

Bosworth was quoted in Sports Illustrated magazine's 1986 fall football issue as saying that at a summer job at GM's Oklahoma City plant, co-workers taught him how to insert the bolts in hard-to-reach places so they would rattle. He told the magazine, "If you own a Celebrity or Century made in 1985 in Oklahoma City, that car is (messed up) if I had anything to do with it". In addition, he claimed that each bolt carried a note that said: "Aha! You found me!" and said, "I love the thought of people going absolutely crazy, saying "Where is that ... rattle coming from?"' Some of Bosworth's former co-workers who read about it disputed the story. Bosworth reportedly retracted the statement, although he later denied the retraction.

In September 1988, Bosworth wrote an autobiography, The Boz, with Sports Illustrated's Rick Reilly. In it, Bosworth said the Sooner football program was laden with drug use, gunplay in the athletic dorm, and other wild behavior. Although many Sooner boosters dismissed it as the rantings of a resentful ex-player, an NCAA report issued three months later confirmed many of Bosworth's claims, and ultimately led to Switzer being forced to resign.

NFL Draft
Bosworth planned his college coursework so that he could graduate a year early, which would allow him the option to enter the NFL Draft a year early. In addition, it would give him some leverage over which team drafted him. Knowing he could go back to Oklahoma if he did not get chosen by a preferred NFL team, Bosworth sent letters to various NFL teams stating that, if they drafted him, he wouldn't report to their training camp and he wouldn't play for them. As a joke, the Tacoma Stars of the Major Indoor Soccer League selected him in the 12th round in their 1987 draft, as their general manager stated, "Because we didn't receive a letter from him that he wouldn't play for us." At one point, Bosworth was interviewed by Bryant Gumbel on The Today Show and declared his desire to play for the Los Angeles Raiders saying they best fit his personality.

By getting dismissed from the football team after the Orange Bowl t-shirt incident, Bosworth lost his leverage in trying to control where he would play.

Professional career
Bosworth was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks, in the first round of the supplemental draft. one of the teams to whom he had sent a letter of disinterest, in the 1987 NFL supplemental draft in June. After initially declaring he would stick to his promise that he would not sign, he signed both the biggest contract in team history and the biggest rookie contract in NFL history at the time: ten years for $11 million. After being drafted, Bosworth sued the NFL for the right to wear number 44 (the number he wore in college) and the Seahawks petitioned for a rules change, due to an NFL rule against linebackers wearing jerseys in the 40s, but were unsuccessful. Bosworth ultimately chose to wear number 55. In 2015, long after Bosworth retired, the NFL changed its rules to allow linebackers to wear jerseys in the 40s.

Bosworth signed with a Seahawks team that had failed to reach the playoffs for two seasons (a 10-6 finish in 1986 was only good enough for 3rd in the AFC West as they lost to the Kansas City Chiefs in head-to-head matchup). He appeared in 12 games in his rookie season, playing well for the most part, but became known more for his outspoken personality and appearance than his actual play on the field. Before the first game of the season, versus the Denver Broncos, Bosworth trash talked Denver quarterback John Elway. At the game, 10,000 Denver fans wore $15 T-shirts reading "What's a Boz Worth? Nothing", but they did not know that Bosworth's company manufactured the shirts. Later that season, prior to the Seahawks' second matchup with the Los Angeles Raiders, Bosworth publicly claimed that he was going to "contain" Raiders running back Bo Jackson. During a red zone play, Jackson received a hand-off and powered through Bosworth's attempted tackle to score a touchdown. According to Jackson, when he and Bosworth got to their feet after the play was over, he told Bosworth, "Next time, make sure you have a bus fare," infuriating Bosworth. The Raiders went on to win that game, 37–14, thanks in part to Jackson's 3 touchdowns and 221 rushing yards.

Injury
Bosworth was forced to retire after only two seasons in 1989, having suffered a shoulder injury in the 1988 season. Team Doctor Pierce E. Scranton Jr. explained that, "Brian was a twenty-five-year-old with the shoulders of a sixty-year-old. He flunked my physical." In 1993 Bosworth prevailed in a $7 million lawsuit against Lloyd's of London. Lloyd's position was that Bosworth's shoulder was injured as a result of degenerative arthritis which was not covered in his policy. Bosworth maintained his injury was sustained during a single hit.

Legacy
On January 9, 2015, Bosworth was announced as one of the inductees to the College Football Hall of Fame class of 2015.

In 2004, Bosworth was picked by voters as the third-worst flop (and by an expert panel as the sixth-worst) on the Biggest Flops of the Last 25 Years list by ESPN.

Commentator and acting career
Following the end of his football career, Bosworth decided to pursue a career as an actor. He starred in the 1991 action film Stone Cold and has had an on-again/off-again film career starring in several low budget titles such as One Man's Justice that went straight to DVD. In 2005, he had a role as one of the prison-guard football players in the Adam Sandler movie remake The Longest Yard. He also starred in Lawless, a television series for Fox that was cancelled immediately after its premiere.

In 2001, Bosworth joined the XFL as a color commentator for its television broadcasts. He was assigned to the crew which called games that aired Sunday nights on UPN, which consisted of Chris Marlowe on play-by-play and Chris Wragge and Michael Barkann as the sideline reporters.

Two years later, Bosworth was hired by Turner Sports as a college football studio analyst. Bosworth worked on TBS' Saturday night game coverage, contributing to pregame, halftime, and postgame coverage alongside studio host Ernie Johnson. He left the position after the 2003 season.

Bosworth has been a guest on numerous episodes of Chopped as a judge.

He appeared on episode 1, in the 2010 season of Hell's Kitchen as a dining guest.

In August 2014, Bosworth appeared in a Dish Network commercial with fellow former players Matt Leinart and Heath Shuler, depicting them pining for a chance to return to their more successful college days.

Bosworth appeared with Bo Jackson in a Tecmo Bowl-style television advertisement for the Kia Sorento in 2016, which parodied Jackson running through him in their 1987 game.

Bosworth has appeared as the sheriff in the "Fansville" series of Dr Pepper commercials since 2018.

Personal life
Bosworth married his high school girlfriend, Katherine Nicastro, in September 1993. The couple had three children before divorcing in 2006. He also has two nephews who played football for the UCLA Bruins. They both were signed as undrafted free agents, one by the Jacksonville Jaguars and one by the Detroit Lions. In 2010, Bosworth became a real estate agent for Sotheby's International Realty in their Malibu, California brokerage office.

On July 5, 2008, Bosworth assisted with the rescue of a woman who rolled her SUV east of Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 2009, he administered CPR to a fallen man in a parking lot until medical help arrived.

Brian and the Boz
In 2014, Brian and The Boz premiered as part of ESPN's 30 for 30 series, chronicling Brian Bosworth's athletic journey. The film explores Bosworth's struggle with the persona he created, known as The Boz; which began to dominate his life. Participants include Barry Switzer, Bosworth's former coach, teammates like Tony Casillas, critical of Bosworth's autobiography, and Rick Reilly, co-writer of "The Boz." Close friends and family, such as childhood friend John DiPasquale, Bosworth's daughter Hayley, and Sooners fan Jim Ross, also contribute.

title: Brian Bosworth


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The Dillinger Escape Plan (EP)

The Dillinger Escape Plan is the debut EP by American mathcore band The Dillinger Escape Plan, originally released in 1997 and rereleased by Now or Never Records as NoN.02. Some point between the original pressing and the 2000 reissue, it was repressed with different artwork. The repress (likely repressed in 1998) contains an additional keyboard credit for Steve Evetts, as well as correcting the spelling of his name which was misspelled (as Steve Evets) on the original pressing. The original also has the words "It's OK. We'll Just Kill Her Too" on the cover/spine which does not appear on the repress.

In 2000 Now or Never Records reissued the EP with three additional live tracks and new artwork. On March 25, 2002, Earache released the original EP without the live tracks, but with the new artwork.

Personnel

 * Adam Doll – bass
 * Dimitri Minakakis – vocals
 * Chris Pennie – drums, keyboards
 * Ben Weinman – guitar, keyboards

Addition personnel

 * Mathew "Matty B" Beckerman – executive producer
 * Steve Evetts – producer, engineer
 * Aaron Turner – artwork, design

title: The Dillinger Escape Plan (EP)


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Talk:Brian Bosworth

Untitled
This page needs to be renamed "Brian BoSworth" (with an S, not a Z). I don't know how to do that.

 * Done. For future reference, see How to move a page. Note however that you must be logged in. Thanks for pointing out the error, and welcome to the project. -- Hadal 03:41, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This entry is sorely lacking info.

Nowhere does it mention his lawsuit (which he won) against Lloyds of London.

Also, that image of the so called "Stone Cold 2" is fake

We need a photo of him on the article
We need a photo of him on the article. 208.103.180.94 20:58, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

NFL career
needs expansion. --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 14:52, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

There is a glaring absence here. As an average joe, I was under the impression he did have a mediocre NFL career and that explained why it was so short. I have no reason to disbelieve this article's stance that he was actually solid and making the All Rookie team would seem to back this up strongly. But what is missing is why then did he only play for two seasons? SF —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.237.223.112 (talk) 07:52, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

From what I recall (and I'm sure you can verify this on the net) due to all of the pain killers and injections he took in college to help with his numerous shoulder injuries (and keep him in games), he was actually causing more injury to his shoulder than he realized, but he couldn't feel it. During his second year as a pro, he shoulder was so bad that the only way he could continue to play would be to tackle with one arm as (again, if I recall correctly) one of his shoulder's was completely "shot". The muscle in one of his shoulders was weakened so badly. Of course, playing at any level, especially in the NFL, would be impossible to tackle with one arm. --24.189.35.249 (talk) 18:55, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

It was years before Bosworth's "second year as a pro," that the "tackle with only one shoulder" statement was first made. According to Bosworth's own testimony during his civil suit with Lloyd's, this statement was made by a doctor his sophomore year at Oklahoma. Considering Brian already knew how injured his shoulder was, it seems very likely he was aware before signing that he would never fulfill the 10-year contract(As it was, he didn't play even 30 games in his career ... less than 2 full seasons). Bosworth insisted before signing that his full 10 year contract be guaranteed despite that being unheard of at the time. I always thought Lloyd's pursued their denial of claim in the wrong way. Their argument was that the insurance was not for this type of injury but it might have been more prudent to claim Bosworth failed to give a complete or even honest disclosure of his medical condition. Bosworth prevailed, of course, but not before lengthy testimony that saw him literally crying, or pretending to cry, on the witness stand. Lloyd's discontinued this type of insurance following the Bosworth case.

For his appearance at autograph conventions, Bosworth is presently asking for a minimum of $5,000 upfront.

In addition to his recent DWI arrest, Bosworth has been arrested for drunk driving in Dallas, Texas. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TL36 (talk • contribs) 06:44, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Evident plagiarism
In researching for a cite for an evidently deleted fact (Bosworth's making the 1987 NFL All-Rookie Team) a Google search linked to the following website: http://www.athletepromotions.com/athletes/Brian-Bosworth-appearance-booking-agent.php

Either huge chunks of the Wikipedia article on Bosworth were plagiarized from this website or vice-versa. Anyone know (or wish to search the article's revision history to find out)? If the latter, it is the booking agency's problem; if the former, the Wikipedia content needs to be edited to make it original. Wikiuser100 (talk) 12:12, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

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Adwa

Adwa (ዓድዋ; ; also spelled Adowa or Aduwa) is a town and separate woreda in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. It is best known as the community closest to the site of the 1896 Battle of Adwa, in which Ethiopian soldiers defeated Italian troops, thus being one of the few African nations to thwart European colonialism. Located in the Central Zone of the Tigray Region, Adwa has a longitude and latitude of 14.16667°N, 38.9°W, and an elevation of 1907 meters. Adwa is surrounded by Adwa woreda.

Adwa is home to several notable churches: Adwa Enda-Gebri'el (built by Dejazmach Wolde Gebriel), Adwa Enda-Maryam (built by Ras Anda Haymanot), Adwa Edna-Medhane`Alem (built by Ras Sabagadis), Adwa Nigiste-Saba /Queen of Sheba secondary school, and Adwa Enda-Selasse. Near Adwa is Abba Garima Monastery, founded in the sixth century by one of the Nine Saints and known for its tenth century gospels. Also nearby is the village of Fremona, which had been the base of the 16th century Jesuits sent to convert Ethiopia to Catholicism.

Origins
According to Richard Pankhurst, Adwa derives its name from Adi Awa (or Wa), "village of the Awa". The Awa are a tribe that was mentioned in the anonymous Monumentum Adulitanum that once stood at Adulis.

Francisco Alvares records that the Portuguese diplomatic mission passed Adwa, which he called "Houses of St. Michael," in August 1520.

18th century
By 1700, it had become the residence for the governor of Tigray province and grew to overshadow Debarwa, the traditional seat of the Bahr Negash, as the most important town in northern Ethiopia. Its market was important enough to need a Nagadras. The earliest known person to hold this office was the Greek immigrant Janni of Adwa, a brother of Petros, chamberlain to Emperor Iyoas I. Adwa was home to a small colony of Greek merchants into the 19th century.

Adwa acquired major importance due to the establishment of a permanent capital at Gondar. As the traveler James Bruce noted, Adwa was situated on a piece of "flat ground through which every body must go in their way from Gondar to the Red Sea". The person who controlled this plain could levy profitable tolls on the caravans which passed through.

19th century
Because of its location on this major trade route, it is mentioned in the memoirs of numerous 19th-century Europeans visiting Ethiopia. These include Arnaud and Antoine d'Abbadie, Henry Salt, Samuel Gobat, Mansfield Parkyns and Théophile Lefebvre. After the defeat and death of Ras Sabagadis in the Battle of Debre Abbay, its inhabitants fled Adwa for safety. The town was briefly held by Emperor Tewodros II in January 1860, who had marched from the south in response to the rebellion of Agew Neguse, who had burned then fled the town.

After the departure of Tewodros, the town was seized in 1865 by another nobleman, Wagshum Gobaze, who soon claimed the title of Emperor under the name Tekle Giyorgis II. He was subsequently defeated by a rival, Yohannes IV, in a battle fought just outside the town in 1871.

Giacomo Naretti passed through Adwa in March 1879, after it had been devastated by a typhus epidemic. It had been reduced to a shadow of itself, having about 200 inhabitants.

Adwa's was most notably the site of the final battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War, where the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II fought to defend Ethiopia's independence against Italy in 1896. The town and its environs suffered considerable damage during the fighting. After his visit to the town in 1897, the British journalist Augustus B. Wylde relates that "Wandering about Adowa was a sad business, many of the streets were entirely deserted, the Mahomedan quarter was tenantless and the houses with the exception of two or three were unroofed and in ruins."

20th century
The Asmara-Addis Ababa telegraph line, constructed by the Italians in 1902-1904, passed through Adwa and had an office there. By 1905 it was considered the third-largest town in Tigray. Telephone service reached Adwa by 1935, but no phone numbers are listed for the town in 1954.

On 6 October 1935, Italian forces entered Adwa, after two days of bombardment had shocked Ras Seyoum Mengesha into a hasty retreat, abandoning large stocks of food and other supplies. The Italian Gavinana Division brought with them a stone monument in honor of the Italian soldiers who had fallen in 1896. This monument was erected immediately after their arrival and inaugurated on 15 October in the presence of General Emilio De Bono. The town had passed from Italian hands before 12 June 1941, when the newly arrived 34th Indian State Force Brigade set up a post office there.

During the Woyane rebellion, 600 territorial troops retreated to Adwa on 22 September 1943. By 1958 Adwa was one of 27 places in Ethiopia ranked as First Class Township. During the 1960s the town was not only an educational center but also an early focus for Tigrayan nationalist dissent, indicated by the fact that all three of the leaders of the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) over the 22-year period from 1975 to 1997, Aregawi Berhe, Sebhat Nega, and Meles Zenawi, all came from Adwa and attended the town's government school.

Adwa was a frequent target of attacks by the TPLF during the Ethiopian Civil War: in 1978 the TPLF attacked Adwa; in 1979 they unsuccessfully tried to rob the bank. The town was seized by the TPLF on March 1988 before being recaptured by the Ethiopian 604th Army Corps on June 1988. After the Battle of Shire, the town would permanently fall under the control of the TPLF by the end of February 1989. On 23 June 1990, Adwa was bombed from the air by the Ethiopian Air Force, one person was wounded but no fatalities were reported.

21st century
During the Tigray War, Adwa was seized by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) on 24 November 2020, it was recaptured by the TPLF on June 2021. The town was captured again by the ENDF on 18 October 2022.

Demographics
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 40,500, of whom 18,307 are men and 22,193 women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 90.27% reporting that as their religion, while 9.01% of the population were Muslim. The 1994 census reported it had a total population of 24,519 of whom 11,062 were males and 13,457 were females.

Sports
Almeda Textile Football Club (ALTEX) was promoted to the Ethiopian National Football League after winning the Ethiopian football club championships held in Mekelle. ALTEX beat Meta Beer Football Club 2-1 in the final. ALTEX is the first club from Adwa town to represent the town in Ethiopian association football history.

Films

 * Adwa - An African Victory (1999). Directed by Haile Gerima

Notable people

 * Kinfe Abraham, academic and politician.
 * Gebrehiwot Baykedagn, economist, statesman and political theorist, one of the prominent reformist intellectuals of the early 20th century Ethiopia.
 * Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher, scientist and environmentalist.
 * Sebhat Guèbrè-Egziabhér, writer.
 * Abune Paulos, Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.
 * Abay Tsehaye, politician.
 * Fisseha Desta, Vice President
 * Abuna Yesehaq, leader of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in the Western hemisphere.
 * Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister.
 * Arkebe Oqubay, Economist

title: Adwa