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Vincent Richards

Vincent Richards (March 20, 1903 – September 28, 1959) was an American tennis player. He was active in the early decades of the 20th century, particularly known as being a superlative volleyer. He was ranked World No. 2 as an amateur in 1924 by A. Wallis Myers, and was ranked joint World No. 1 pro by Ray Bowers in 1927 and World No. 1 pro by Bowers in 1930.

Biography
Born in Yonkers, New York, he attended the Jesuit Fordham Preparatory School, attended Fordham University and studied at the Columbia University School of Journalism in 1922.

Richards won the National Boys Outdoor Singles Tournament in 1917. He became a protégé of Bill Tilden after being defeated by the latter in a match, and he then teamed up with him to win the United States doubles championship in 1918 at the age of 15. He remains the youngest male to have ever won a major championship. Twenty-seven years later, in 1945, he and Tilden won the United States Pro doubles title. While Bill Tilden teamed with Richards to win titles together, he was beaten by Richards in both singles and doubles, including for several major titles. During their long rivalry, they faced each other 102 times, with Richards holding a career record of 52–50 against Tilden.

Richards retained his amateur status for 10 years because his ambition was to compete in the 1924 Olympics held in Paris, France. He realized this ambition by winning the gold medal for the United States in both singles and doubles, additionally collecting the silver medal in mixed doubles. Richards is one of two American male tennis players to win the gold medal in both singles and doubles (Beals Wright was the other), and he ranks second all-time with his three medals won in 1924 (second to Reginald Doherty of Great Britain, who won four Olympic tennis medals). Between both men and women, Richards is third behind Venus Williams in first, and Serena Williams in second, with three overall medals, with Williams collecting four gold medals over multiple Olympics. Richards was a semifinalist at the French championships in 1926, where he beat Colin Gregory and Bela Von Kehrling, then lost to Henri Cochet. He was also a semifinalist at the U.S. championships in 1922 (losing to Bill Johnston), 1924 (losing to Tilden), 1925 (where he beat René Lacoste, then lost to Tilden) and 1926 (losing to Jean Borotra). While there was no official ATP Tour in the 1920s, Richards was one of the pioneers in creating a version of a "world tennis tour", playing in the equivalent of all four grand slams during his career, additional major tournaments, and exhibition matches in front of emperors, presidents, and other heads of states. While Tilden may have overshadowed Richards, even in the Davis Cup, Richards held a perfect 5–0 record when he played for his country.

In April 1926, Richards and Tilden contested the final of the Mason & Dixon Tournament at The Greenbrier resort, with Richards winning in five sets.

Richards was one of the best singles players of the 1920s and played on several United States Davis Cup teams. In 1927 he was the first prominent male player to turn professional. In 1928, he was still generally considered to be one of the top 5 or 6 players in the world and played a brief tour at the end of the year against Czech player Karel Koželuh, another new professional. Richards only beat Koželuh five times in 20 matches. Richards won the United States Pro Championship in 1927, 1928, and 1930, beating Koželuh in the finals in both 1928 and 1930, and losing to him in the 1929 final. He lost the 1931 final to Tilden and won the U.S. Pro Championships for the last time in 1933, this time beating Frank Hunter in the final. He continued to play in the U.S. Pro championships in most years until 1946. Richards and Tilden won the doubles at the 1945 U.S. Pro championships.

Richards was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island in 1961.

Business career
After retiring from tennis, Richards joined the Dunlop Tire and Rubber Company as general manager of the sporting goods division and became vice president.

Personal life
In February 1924, he married Claremont Gushee in Greenwich, Connecticut, and they had three children. She died in 1950. On September 28, 1959, Richards died of a heart attack at Doctors Hospital in New York.

Singles performance timeline
Richards was banned from competing in the amateur Grand Slams when he joined the professional tennis circuit in 1927.

title: Vincent Richards


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The Thumb

The Thumb is a region and a peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan, so named because the Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten. The Thumb area is generally considered to be in the Central Michigan region, east of the Flint area and the Tri-Cities and north of Metro Detroit. The region is also branded as the Blue Water Area.

The counties that constitute the Thumb form the peninsula that stretches northward into Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay. There is no formal list of which counties are part of the Thumb, but virtually all definitions include Huron, Tuscola, and Sanilac counties, and most include Lapeer and St. Clair counties. The population of the Thumb region as of the 2020 census was 370,617.

Economy
The Thumb region is very flat with fertile soil, the reason for its historical role as a chiefly agricultural area. Major agricultural products include sugar beets, navy beans, corn, fruits, and fish from Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron. Manufacturing—particularly concerning the automotive industry—is also prevalent in Michigan's Thumb due to the region's proximity to the automotive centers of Detroit and Flint.

Industry
The Thumb has many notable businesses, many linked to agriculture.
 * Intertape Polymer Group, Inc. has a major factory in Marysville.
 * Cargill Salt operates a large salt mine and factory in St. Clair. This is the only plant in the U.S.A. that produces Alberger salt, which is especially prized in the fast food industry because of its higher volume (due to its unique shape) and lower sodium content (for a given volume, not weight). This is part of Michigan's large salt-mining industry.
 * Cooperative Elevator Company has been named the top Michigan Agriculture Exporter by the Michigan Department of Agriculture. Its headquarters are in Pigeon, and it has branch elevators in Deckerville, Akron, Gagetown, Sebewaing, Elkton, and Bad Axe.
 * Detroit Edison is the operator of three power plants in the Thumb area: St. Clair and Belle River Power Plants in East China Township, and Greenwood Energy Center in Greenwood Township.
 * Dow AgroSciences Harbor Beach manufactures agricultural chemicals: weed killer, fungicides, fertilizers and plant nutrients and herbicides.
 * Mueller Industries owns and operates Mueller Brass in Port Huron.
 * Grand Trunk Western Railway has a major rail yard in Port Huron Township.
 * Marysville Hydrocarbons is an ethanol plant in Marysville.
 * SMR Automotive manufactures rear view mirrors at facilities in Port Huron and Marysville.
 * Port Huron-based P.J. Wallbank Spring manufactures components for transmissions.
 * Port Huron's industrial park is home to many companies that produce plastic components for vehicles, such as Prism Plastics, Huron Plastics Group, and International Automotive Components.
 * Michigan Ethanol, a partner of Broin Companies, operates a corn ethanol production facility in southwest Caro.
 * Michigan Sugar Company, an agricultural cooperative owned by 1200 farmers, operates four plants in the area. It is the successor to the 100-year-old "Big Chief" and "Pioneer" Sugar companies. Local plants are located in Caro, Sebewaing, Croswell, and headquarters in Bay City.
 * Domtar operates a paper mill in Port Huron. The plant will close in 2021.
 * Dunn Paper is located at the mouth of the St. Clair River just north of the Blue Water Bridge and produces specialty papers.
 * Keihin Michigan Manufacturing operates an auto part manufacturing plant in Capac, they build HVAC and intake manifold assemblies that are used in Honda vehicles. The plant is scheduled to close in 2021.
 * Champion manufactures small and mid size buses at their facility in Lapeer County's Imlay Township.
 * Sensient Technologies Corporation, Harbor Beach, makes food flavors and colors, yeast dehydrated products and vegetable protein extract.
 * Star of the West Milling Co. which has grain elevators in Vassar and Cass City, joined with Eastern Michigan Grain in Emmett.
 * Huron Castings produces shell molded steel castings in Pigeon.
 * Pigeon Telephone Co. has been meeting telecommunications needs of the rural communities it serves since 1908.
 * Agri-Valley Services, more commonly known as AVCI, is an internet service provider based out of Pigeon.
 * Thumb Cellular has been providing rural cellular service to the Thumb area since 1991.

International Trade Corridor
The I-69 International Trade Corridor is a strategic commercial gateway between the Midwestern United States and Ontario, Canada, with multi-modal transportation infrastructure that offers a wide range of distribution options. The I-69 International Trade Corridor Next Michigan Development Corporation (NMDC) offers economic incentives to growing businesses, both existing and new, that utilize two or more forms of transportation to move their products and are located within the territory of the NMDC. The I-69 International Trade Corridor Next Michigan Development Corporation is the largest in the state of Michigan with 35 municipal partners.

Constituent counties of the trade corridor are: Shiawassee, Genesee, Lapeer, and St. Clair counties.

Tourism
Some towns, such as Bay Port, Caseville, Harbor Beach, Lakeport, Lexington, Port Austin, Port Hope, Port Huron, Port Sanilac, Sebewaing, and St. Clair enjoy seasonal tourism, due to their locations on Lake Huron, Saginaw Bay, or the St. Clair River. Tourism and farming drive the local economy.

The Tip of The Thumb Heritage Water Trail is a nonprofit citizens organization working with the Huron County Parks to establish and maintain a water trail along Michigan's Lake Huron's shoreline.

Unique to the Thumb
Many of the residents commute for work to Metro Detroit, Flint or the Tri-Cities. Incorporated cities with 2,000+ population in the Thumb area are Port Huron, Marysville, Lapeer, St. Clair, Marine City, Algonac, Caro, Imlay City, Bad Axe, Vassar, Sandusky and Croswell. The majority of these cities are in the southern portion of the Thumb.

Unique features in the area include the following:
 * Algonac, known as the Venice of Michigan because of its many canals.
 * Bad Axe was named after a broken axe found lodged in the knot of a tree at the clearing of the settlement's chief crossroads.
 * Bay Port, is the world's largest freshwater fishing port.
 * Harbor Beach is the home of the largest man-made harbor and the Harbor Beach Light.
 * Harvest Wind Farm, an electrical generation project of Exelon Wind and Wolverine Power Supply Cooperative. Harvest II is scheduled for completion in December 2012.
 * Huron County Nature Center includes a 120 acre wilderness arboretum that has been under the care of the Huron County Women's Clubs for more than 50 years.
 * Kernan Memorial Nature Sanctuary is a 45 acre refuge with 4000 ft of shoreline acquired October 30, 1989 on Lake Huron, in Huron County. On the western coast of Whiskey Harbor, this area is a great place to see migratory birds in early March and November.
 * Kinde was once the bean capital of the world. Michigan Bean soup has been a staple for over a hundred years in the U.S. Senate dining room (Senate bean soup).
 * Pigeon is the home of the Cooperative Elevator Company, one of the largest grain elevators in the state.
 * Port Huron is the maritime capital of the Great Lakes, where Lake Huron flows into the St. Clair River. This is the largest city in the Thumb area. It was the boyhood home of Thomas Edison.
 * The Sanilac Petroglyphs were discovered after massive fires swept the Lower Peninsula in 1881. Native Americans created this unusual artwork 300 to 1,000 years ago. The petroglyphs provide a glimpse into the lives of an ancient woodland people who occupied Michigan's Thumb area.
 * Sebewaing is the sugar beet capital of the world, and home to one of the four Michigan Sugar Company factories in the Thumb region. The sugar companies were organized with money from lumber barons such as Rasmus Hanson.
 * St. Clair boasts the world's largest boardwalk along freshwater, the St. Clair River.
 * Turnip Rock, an unusual undercut sea stack at the extreme northern tip of the Thumb.
 * Michigan Underwater Preserves are protected areas of the Great Lakes on Michigan's coast. There are nineteen major shipwrecks in the 276 sqmi of the Thumb Area Bottomland Preserve and the Sanilac Shores Underwater Preserve which expands a total of 163 sqmi of Lake Huron.
 * Caseville is the home of the annual Cheeseburger in Caseville festival, a hometown festival devoted to Jimmy Buffett's song "Cheeseburger in Paradise".

Traveling around the Thumb
A favorite of tourists who visit this area is traveling the Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay shoreline via M-25 (formerly US Highway 25 until 1973). M-25 starts at the end of I-69/I-94 in Port Huron at the foot of the Blue Water Bridge and ends in Bay City. The whole highway is about 150 mi, and passes through quaint cities and villages. Located along Lake Huron through which M-25 passes are five lighthouses: Fort Gratiot Lighthouse, Port Sanilac lighthouse, Pointe aux Barques Lighthouse, Harbor Beach Light, and the Port Austin Lighthouse.

The Lake Huron Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. Many visitors choose to begin the circle tour in Port Huron, from which they can circle Lake Huron. M-25 winds around the Thumb and along Saginaw Bay to Saginaw and Bay City. Lexington and Port Austin feature beaches and boardwalks that are favorites with visitors.

Lighthouse Tour
In order from east to west:
 * Huron Lightship — Lake Huron / St. Clair River — Port Huron
 * Fort Gratiot Light—Lake Huron / St. Clair River—Port Huron
 * Port Sanilac Light—Lake Huron— Port Sanilac—Private
 * White Rock Memorial Light—Lake Huron — White Rock—Private
 * Harbor Beach Light—Lake Huron — Harbor Beach
 * Pointe aux Barques Light—Lake Huron—near Port Hope
 * Port Austin Light—Lake Huron — Port Austin
 * Charity Island Light — Saginaw Bay
 * Saginaw River Light — Saginaw River

Area festivals and events

 * Antique and Yard Sale Trail 2nd weekend in August, (Algonac to Sebewaing)
 * Art on the River, third week in June, St. Clair.
 * Art on the Avenue, downtown Port Huron, 3rd week in August.
 * around the state.
 * Bay Port Fish Sandwich Festival (Bay Port)
 * Blue Water Ramble (St. Clair) Annual International Bicycling Event along the St. Clair River in Michigan and Ontario, Canada, involving two ferry boat crossings, first weekend in October.
 * Boat Night & Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race  (Port Huron to Mackinac Island)
 * Cheeseburger in Caseville Festival (Caseville)
 * Croswell Agricultural Society Fair (Croswell) celebrating its 125th year in 2009
 * Croswell Swinging Bridge Festival (Croswell)
 * Feast of the Sainte Claire sponsored by the Port Huron Museum of Arts and History, a large living reenactment of 18th century life—Memorial Day weekend, (Port Huron).
 * Harbor Beach Maritime Festival(Harbor Beach)
 * Huron County Fair (Bad Axe)
 * Michigan Bean Festival Labor Day weekend (Fairgrove)
 * Farmer's Festival (Pigeon)
 * Michigan Sugar Festival (Sebewaing)
 * "Port Huron Float Down" Third Sunday in August (Port Huron)
 * "The Original" Country Christmas Lighted Farm Implement Parade (Sandusky)
 * Tuscola County Pumpkin Festival (Caro)
 * Sanilac County 4-H Fair (Sandusky)
 * St. Clair County 4-H Fair (Goodells County Park)
 * Thumbfest (Lexington)
 * Yale Bologna Festival (Yale)

Huron
Huron County is located at the tip of the Thumb. The county is surrounded on three sides by water – Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron, and has over 90 mi of shoreline, from White Rock on Lake Huron to Sebewaing on Saginaw Bay, and more shoreline parks than any other county in the state.

The county's economy relies on agriculture and ranks as one of the top agricultural counties in Michigan. Rich farmland inland produces beans, sugar beets and grain, including most of the world's supply of navy beans. Tourism is also important to Huron County with bay front and lakefront towns such as Sebewaing, Caseville, Port Austin, Port Hope, and Harbor Beach, attracting tourists from all over. Huron County borders Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron. There are two state parks – Sleeper State Park and Port Crescent State Park. Three roadside parks – Jenks Park, Brown Park, and White Rock Park. Also, Huron County maintains nine county parks along the shoreline, which are Caseville Park, Lighthouse Park, Stafford Park, McGraw Park, Philp Park, Port Austin Bird Creek Park, Wagener Park, Oak Beach Park, and Sebewaing Park.

The county seat is Bad Axe, located in the center of the county.

Lapeer
The origin of the name of the county is often disputed, but it may have derived from the French words la pierre, meaning "the stone". This name could be a reference to the rounded stones, or flint pebbles, found in the rivers and streams throughout the area. Another theory is that it may be an English variation of Le Pays Plat, meaning "the flat land", which is one of the original names given to the area by the French, and can be found on many early fur trader maps of the area. The idea is that "Le Pays" may have evolved into the current pronunciation, "Lapeer".

Lapeer County is in many ways different from the other counties of the Thumb. First, it is heavily influenced by its proximity to Flint and Detroit, so as a result, its economy depends more heavily on manufacturing than the other counties of the region. Second, although agriculture is still a key economic factor in Lapeer County, it is not as important to the economy as in the other counties. Although there are still a few large-scale farms located in the county, the numbers are not found to the same extent, and these days, most farming in Lapeer now takes place on smaller, independent farms, which usually supply the local markets only. Lastly, in addition to its economic and agricultural differences, Lapeer County's geography is very different from the other counties of the Thumb. Its topography is generally gently rolling to quite hilly, and unlike its neighbors, which are flatter, and border on Lake Huron or Lake St. Clair, Lapeer County is landlocked. The county still has hundreds of acres of inland lakes such as Barnes Lake, Miller Lake, Lake Neppessing, the Holloway Reservoir, Big Fish Lake, and Lake Metamora, and several state recreation areas, including the Ortonville Recreation Area and the Metamora-Hadley Recreation Area, which still bring in many campers and tourists.

Sanilac
Sanilac County has the largest area of land in the Thumb. Like other counties, Sanilac has fertile and flat land, great for growing crops. Towns like Lexington and Port Sanilac bring in many tourists from the Detroit Area. Sandusky is the county seat and largest city.

St. Clair
St. Clair County has the largest population in the Thumb, and is considered part of the Metro Detroit MSA. Many residents farther north in the Thumb, especially Sanilac County, travel to Port Huron for shopping and work. It is the farthest county to the east in Michigan, and most of the eastern border is the St. Clair River, which separates Michigan from Ontario. For the most part, St. Clair County is flat with an agricultural economy dominating in the north and west; in the 19th century, agriculture and lumbering were important east to the St. Clair River. Sugar beets were cultivated and annual festivals were held at harvest time. In addition, many farms had mixed agriculture. There are steep hills and small canyons near the Black River. Since the mid-20th century, manufacturing had dominated in and around Port Huron.

Tuscola
Like Huron County, Tuscola is mostly dependent on agriculture. Industries such as sugar refining and ethanol processing, as well as growing various grains and beans, make up most of the economy. Caro, one of the largest cities in the Thumb (the largest if you exclude St. Clair and Lapeer counties), is named after Cairo, Egypt and is the county seat. Tuscola County only has 18 mi of shoreline along Saginaw Bay, so it is not as dependent on tourism as the other counties in the area. Tuscola County is economically tied to the surrounding region as well as to the Saginaw, Bay City, and Flint areas.

Borderline regions
The boundaries of what is included in the Thumb are often debated, but nearly all definitions include Huron, Sanilac, and Tuscola counties, known as the tri-county region. Disputed areas include:
 * St. Clair County, especially the southern portion, as the county is now classified as part of Metro Detroit by the Census Bureau.
 * Lapeer County
 * Richmond and northern Macomb County
 * Genesee County

Blue Water Area
The Blue Water Area is another term describing the Thumb of Michigan. The term usually applies to St. Clair County and surrounding areas. The title is also extended to include all of Michigan's Thumb. The name refers to the county being bordered by water: on the east is the St. Clair River, connecting Lake Huron to the north to Lake St. Clair. Below that is the Detroit River. The namesake Blue Water Bridge spans the St. Clair River, connecting Port Huron to Sarnia, Ontario. A similar name, "Blue Water Country," is used to describe the same region on the Canadian side.

Discover the Blue
Discover the Blue is a promotion by the Blue Water Area Convention and Visitor's Bureau. It is designed to attract visitors to the shoreline of eastern Michigan. Communities participating in Discover the Blue include Algonac in St. Clair County (at the southern end of the Thumb) and others to the north, such as Port Austin (at the tip of the Thumb).

Land features
See also List of Michigan state parks and geography of Michigan.
 * The Thumb's landscape ranges from a flat sandy plain along the shores of Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, to a gently rolling topography. This land is fertile and well suited for agriculture. The most unusual geographic formation is a rugged glacial moraine, known collectively as the Hadley Hills, which extends in a northeasterly direction through the center of the Thumb, from the southwestern portion of the peninsula.
 * All counties except for Lapeer border Saginaw Bay or Lake Huron.
 * The places with the highest elevation are all associated with the Hadley Hills, and are located in Lapeer County. They are: Pinnacle Point, at 1262 ft and Kerr (Cemetery) Hill, at 1258 ft, both in Hadley Township; Mount Christie, at 1251 ft, in Metamora Township; and a point near Mayville, reaching up to 1050 ft above sea level.
 * The lowest point in the Thumb region is the shore of Lake St. Clair, at a low of 574 ft above sea level.
 * Huron County is very flat. It has large fields that were used for agriculture and now are the sites of numerous wind turbines to generate electricity.
 * The "tip of the Thumb" is Pointe Aux Barques, between Port Austin and Grindstone City.
 * Marlette is called the "heart of the Thumb," because of its central position on the peninsula.

Major rivers
The Thumb has many waterways.
 * The Cass River has many branches, one of which flows into the Shiawassee River in the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge at 43.37833°N, -83.98444°W less than 1 mi from where the Shiawassee merges with the Tittabawassee River to form the Saginaw River.
 * The Pinnebog, Shebahyonk, and Pigeon rivers all rise in the center of Huron County and empty into Saginaw Bay.
 * The St. Clair River, connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair, and is the farthest east border in Michigan. It forms a low impression in eastern St. Clair County, and has a delta at its mouth (North America's largest freshwater delta), which includes Harsens Island and Walpole Island, Ontario. Ferries cross the river at Algonac and Marine City, these being international border crossings.
 * The Black River rises near Minden City and flows into the St. Clair River at Port Huron. The Black River forms a basin in Sanilac County, and northern St. Clair County.
 * The north branch of the Flint River lies in northern Lapeer County. It rises near North Branch. The southern branch flows through the central and southern portion of Lapeer County, originates in Brandon, Atlas, Hadley, and Metamora townships before merging with the North Branch just north of the Holloway Reservoir.

Culture
Since the late 18th century, ethnic European Americans have displaced the Native American tribes that historically occupied this territory. Since the early 20th century, they have dominated the population and culture of the Thumb. The French were the first Europeans to arrive, and thus influenced much of the early culture. They were mostly engaged in the fur trading and lumber industries, and had relatively few settlers. After the British won the French and Indian War, they took over this former French territory.

Many of these new settlers were sent into the area by the British from Canada in an effort to establish their dominance over the Great Lakes. In 1783, control of the Thumb was officially transferred to the newly formed United States, after the American Revolution and by the Treaty of Paris. The British were a dominant influence until after the War of 1812, when the northern border was firmly defined and this area came under US control. The US organized the Northwest Territory, and American settlement of Michigan and the Thumb was well underway by the mid-19th century. Construction of the Erie Canal through Central New York created stronger connections with the port of New York and eastern markets. Settlers migrated west from New York and New England into Ohio and Michigan, seeking new territory.

As a result of this history, the land was settled primarily by people of ethnic English and Scots-Irish descent; many arrived from Canada. Other settlers of the same ancestry migrated from eastern states such as New York, and Pennsylvania, as well as from New England. Immigration from the British Isles took place through the century, and later 19th and 20th century residents included Polish and German immigrants who migrated from Europe through the Detroit area. Many of the customs, much of the regional lifestyle, and even the local accent, strongly reflect these origins. Some local radio stations have featured polka shows, and various ethnic festivals, such as the Polkafest, in Kinde, are representative of Eastern European cultures.

In the early years, Europeans encountered and traded with people of the Fox and Sauk tribes, already living in the area for centuries. There may have also been other tribes in the area such as the Potawatomi, Ojibwe, and Kickapoo, but they would have been transient tribes, or found in very small numbers. All native Thumb area tribes are members of the Algonquian peoples, a large language family. Other tribes who migrated later into the area included the Wyandot (Huron), an Iroquoian language-speaking people; and the Ottawa. The displacement of native peoples took place in many areas during the settling of North America.

Historical events

 * The Port Huron area is one of oldest European settlements in the state of Michigan, first settled by French colonists.
 * Colonial-era forts such as Fort Gratiot (north of Port Huron) and Fort Sinclair (near present-day St. Clair) were built along the St. Clair River.
 * Bad Axe was named so because Captain Rudolph Papst found an old axe in 1861, when he was clearing land for the present-day Huron County seat.
 * The great Thumb Fire took place on September 5, 1881, in the Thumb area of Michigan. The fire, which burned over a million acres (4,000 km2) in less than a day, was the consequence of drought, hurricane-force winds, heat, the after-effects of the Port Huron Fire of 1871, and the ecological damage wrought by the era's logging techniques of clear cutting forests.
 * The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 was a November blizzard with hurricane-force winds; it devastated the Great Lakes Basin in the United States Midwest and the Canadian province of Ontario. The storm also battered and overturned large ships on four of the five Great Lakes, particularly Lake Huron.

Notable people (by town)
More comprehensive lists are available at individual cities, villages, etc. See local towns of interest at the bottom of the page for links.

Brown City

 * Robert Teet – Wrestler, author

Cass City

 * Brewster H. Shaw – retired United States Air Force colonel and former NASA astronaut.

Deckerville

 * Gabriel Rheaume – Writer – The Shores We Walk

Harbor Beach

 * Frank Murphy – Detroit mayor, Michigan governor, U.S. Attorney General and Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

Lapeer

 * Marguerite de Angeli, children's book author, Newbery Award winner
 * Danelle Gay, Miss Michigan USA 2006
 * Terry Knight, singer, DJ, manager, Terry Knight and the Pack, Grand Funk Railroad
 * Jake Long, offensive lineman, Miami Dolphins
 * Terry Nichols, accomplice in the Oklahoma City bombing
 * Jim Slater, hockey player Atlanta Thrashers

Port Huron

 * Thomas Edison – Inventor and entrepreneur settled in Port Huron from 1854 to 1863.
 * Obadiah Gardner – born in Port Huron, he moved to Maine as a child, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, being elected as US Senator from Maine
 * Terry McMillan – Award-winning author of novels Waiting to Exhale, and How Stella Got Her Groove Back

Local elected officials
Local politicians in Washington and Lansing are listed below.

United States Congress
District 9 – Northern Macomb, and all of St Clair, Lapeer, Sanilac, Huron, and Tuscola counties. District 8 – Saginaw/Bay City Area, and all of Genesee County.
 * Lisa McClain, Republican
 * Dan Kildee, Democrat

Michigan House
32nd District – Northern Macomb and six townships in St Clair County. 81st District – Most of St Clair County, except Port Huron. 82nd District – All of Lapeer County. 83rd District – City of Port Huron, the Townships of Fort Gratiot and Burtchville, and all of Sanilac County. 84th District – All of Huron and Tuscola counties.
 * Pamela Hornberger, Republican
 * Gary Eisen, Republican
 * Gary Howell, Republican
 * Andrew Beeler, Republican
 * Phil Green, Republican

Michigan Senate
25th District – All of Huron, St Clair and Sanilac counties, and the Cities of Memphis, New Baltimore, and Richmond and the Townships of Armada and Richmond in Macomb County. 31st District – All of Bay, Lapeer and Tuscola counties.
 * Dan Lauwers, Republican
 * Kevin Daley, Republican

Colleges and universities

 * St. Clair County Community College, with the main campus in Port Huron, and learning centers in Huron, Sanilac, and Lapeer counties.
 * Baker College, with a campus in Cass City, Sandusky, and Port Huron.
 * University of Michigan–Flint, Saginaw Valley State University, and Delta College, while not in the Thumb, are universities and colleges that attract many residents from the Thumb.

Harbor Beach

 * Frank Murphy Memorial Museum and home.
 * Grice House Museum – Harbor Beach

Marysville

 * Marysville Historical Museum – Marysville
 * Wills Ste. Claire Auto Museum – Marysville

Port Huron

 * Port Huron Museum – a series of five museums – Port Huron
 * Carnegie Center – Port Huron
 * Huron Lightship – Port Huron
 * Thomas Edison Depot Museum – Port Huron
 * USCGC Bramble (WLB-392) – Port Huron
 * Fort Gratiot Lighthouse – Port Huron

Elsewhere in the Thumb

 * Sanilac County Historical Museum – Port Sanilac
 * Bad Axe Historical Society Museum – Bad Axe
 * Capac Historical Museum – Capac
 * Pointe aux Barques Lighthouse near Port Hope
 * St. Clair County Farm Museum – Goodells
 * Port Austin History Center - Port Austin

Radio
The Thumb Area Radio Region is an unranked market that is influenced by Detroit Radio Market, the Tri-Cities Radio Market and the Flint Market, with stations in Port Huron and Sarnia, Ontario, also serving the region.

 * Local radio stations in the Thumb area

Newspapers

 * The Huron Daily Tribune is a daily newspaper serving the "Upper Thumb Area of Michigan", which includes all of Huron and portions of Tuscola counties.
 * The Times Herald is a daily newspaper headquartered in Port Huron and distributed in St. Clair and Sanilac counties. It is owned by the Gannett Company.
 * Daily editions of the Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are available throughout the area.
 * The Bay City Times and Saginaw News are available in northern and western portions of the area, while the Flint Journal is available in Lapeer County.

 * Huron County newspapers

 * Harbor Beach Times
 * Huron County Press
 * Huron Daily Tribune
 * The News Weekly
 * The Lakeshore Guardian
 * Thumb Blanket

 * Lapeer County newspapers

 * Buyer's Guide
 * The County Press
 * LA View
 * Webco Press

 * Sanilac County newspapers

 * Brown City Banner
 * Buyers Guide
 * Camden Publications
 * Deckerville Recorder
 * Marlette Leader
 * Sandusky Tribune
 * Sanilac County News

 * St. Clair County newspapers

 * Blue Water Shopper
 * Port Huron Times Herald
 * The Thumb Print News
 * The Voice
 * The Yale Expositor

 * Tuscola County Newspapers

 * Tuscola County Advertiser
 * Cass City Chronicle
 * Cass River Trader
 * Reese Reporter
 * Vassar Pioneer Times
 * Mayville Monitor

Broadcast television
The Lapeer County, St. Clair County and Sanilac County area lies in the Detroit Television Market. The far northern and western areas lie inside the Flint/Tri-Cities Television Market. The only broadcast TV station licensed to the Thumb region is WDCQ-TV, the PBS station licensed to Bad Axe.

 * Flint/Tri-Cities

 * WSMH, Fox 66
 * WEYI-TV, NBC / CW 25
 * WJRT-TV, ABC 12
 * WNEM-TV, CBS / MyTV 5
 * WDCQ-TV, PBS 19

 * Sarnia/Windsor Ontario

 * CBET-DT, CBC 9
 * CIII-DT, Global 22/29
 * CICO-DT, TVO 32/59
 * CKCO-TV, CTV 42

 * Detroit area

 * WJBK, Fox 2
 * WDIV-TV, NBC 4
 * WXYZ-TV, ABC 7
 * WWJ-TV, CBS 62
 * WTVS, PBS 56
 * WKBD, CW50
 * WMYD, MyTV 20
 * WADL, independent 38

 * Alpena area

 * WBKB-TV, CBS / ABC / Fox / MyTV 11

Borders
The border between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario, is one of the busiest connections between Canada and the US. Crossings include the two Blue Water Bridges and the two St. Clair River Railway Tunnels. Ferries also connect to Canada at Marine City and Algonac.

Major highways
(organized by numbers)

 * begins at the Blue Water Bridge, proceeds west through Flint, then Lansing, and then turns south to Angola, Indiana.
 * has its eastern terminus at the U.S. side of the Blue Water Bridge in Port Huron, at the Sarnia, Ontario, Canada border, where together with I-69 it meets Ontario Highway 402.
 * is a highway of an arc-like shape closely following the outline of the Thumb along the Lake Huron/Saginaw Bay shoreline between Port Huron and Bay City. It is generally a scenic drive.
 * is a cross peninsular road, running across the mitten and the Thumb—from Port Sanilac on the Lake Huron shore; through Saginaw near Saginaw Bay; and then on to Muskegon on the Lake Michigan shore. This east-west surface route nearly bisects the Lower Peninsula of Michigan latitudinally.
 * is a gateway route to the Thumb of Michigan, carrying vacationers to the resorts and cottages on Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron in the vicinity of Caseville and Port Austin. It goes up the middle of the Thumb, and directly connects in Macomb County to the M-53 expressway. It is an important route for agricultural and manufactured goods.
 * located on Harsens Island
 * is a cross peninsular road, running across the mitten and the Thumb—from Port Sanilac on the Lake Huron shore; through Saginaw near Saginaw Bay; and then on to Muskegon on the Lake Michigan shore. This east-west surface route nearly bisects the Lower Peninsula of Michigan latitudinally.
 * is a gateway route to the Thumb of Michigan, carrying vacationers to the resorts and cottages on Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron in the vicinity of Caseville and Port Austin. It goes up the middle of the Thumb, and directly connects in Macomb County to the M-53 expressway. It is an important route for agricultural and manufactured goods.
 * located on Harsens Island
 * located on Harsens Island
 * located on Harsens Island
 * located on Harsens Island
 * located on Harsens Island
 * located on Harsens Island
 * located on Harsens Island

Rail
Area Amtrak stations are in Lapeer, Port Huron, and Flint. Local railroads are the Grand Trunk Western Railroad, CSX Transportation, Canadian National Railway, and the Huron and Eastern Railway. Pere Marquette Railway was a railroad that had lines throughout the Thumb; its lines are now either abandoned or in use by CSX, or Huron and Eastern.

Major railroad centers are Vassar, Bad Axe and Port Huron.

Transit
Blue Water Area Transit serves the city of Port Huron and surrounding areas.

Airports
The only international airport in the Thumb is St. Clair County International Airport about 6 mi outside Port Huron. City airports include: Caro Municipal, Dupont-Lapeer Airport, Huron County Memorial Airport, Marine City Airport, Marlette Municipal, Sandusky City, and Yale Airport. Scheduled airline service is available from MBS International Airport in Freeland and Flint Bishop International Airport. While neither of these airports is in the Thumb, both are relatively close by.

Area codes
Area code 989 covers about half of the Thumb: Huron, Tuscola, and far northern Sanilac County (and the Marlette area). The Thumb's other half is covered by area code 810, which takes in most of Sanilac, Lapeer, Genesee and Saint Clair counties. All of Macomb County is served by area code 586, as is a small part of south-western Saint Clair County.

State

 * Michigan

Regional

 * Flint/Tri-Cities and Tri-Cities
 * Lake Huron
 * Metro Detroit

Counties

 * List of counties in Michigan

Cities and villages

 * Akron (Tuscola)
 * Algonac (St. Clair)
 * Applegate (Sanilac)
 * Almont (Lapeer)
 * Armada (Macomb)
 * Bad Axe (Huron)
 * Brown City (Sanilac/Lapeer)
 * Capac (St. Clair)
 * Caro (Tuscola)
 * Carsonville (Sanilac)
 * Caseville (Huron)
 * Cass City (Tuscola)
 * Clifford (Lapeer)
 * Columbiaville (Lapeer)
 * Croswell (Sanilac)
 * Deckerville (Sanilac)
 * Dryden (Lapeer)
 * Elkton (Huron)
 * Emmett (St. Clair)
 * Fairgrove (Tuscola)
 * Forestville (Sanilac)
 * Gagetown (Tuscola)
 * Harbor Beach (Huron)
 * Imlay City (Lapeer)
 * Kinde (Huron)
 * Kingston (Tuscola)
 * Lapeer (Lapeer)
 * Lexington (Sanilac)
 * Marine City (St. Clair)
 * Marlette (Sanilac)
 * Marysville (St. Clair)
 * Mayville (Tuscola)
 * Melvin (Sanilac)
 * Memphis (St. Clair/Macomb)
 * Metamora (Lapeer)
 * Millington (Tuscola)
 * Minden City (Sanilac)
 * North Branch (Lapeer)
 * Otter Lake (Lapeer/Genesee)
 * Owendale (Huron)
 * Peck (Sanilac)
 * Pigeon (Huron)
 * Port Austin (Huron)
 * Port Hope (Huron)
 * Port Huron (St. Clair)
 * Port Sanilac (Sanilac)
 * Reese (Tuscola/Saginaw)
 * Richmond (Macomb/St. Clair)
 * Romeo (Macomb)
 * Sandusky (Sanilac)
 * Sebewaing (Huron)
 * St. Clair (St. Clair)
 * Ubly (Huron)
 * Unionville (Tuscola)
 * Vassar (Tuscola)
 * Yale (St. Clair)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Thumb


text:
Howard Kinsey

Howard Oreon Kinsey (December 3, 1899 – July 26, 1966) was an American tennis player in the 1920s. He was originally from California.

Playing record
His significant championships were the 1926 French National men's doubles championship, where he and Vincent Richards beat Henri Cochet and Jacques Brugnon (a pairing who went on to win three other French National doubles titles) in the final, and the 1924 U.S. National men's doubles championship with his brother Robert Kinsey.

Bill Tilden wrote of the pair that he had "seldom seen a team work together more smoothly than the Kinseys." In 1926, he reached the Wimbledon final, losing to Jean Borotra.

Kinsey was ranked world No. 7 in 1924 by A. Wallis Myers in his amateur rankings for The Daily Telegraph. As a pro, American Lawn Tennis Magazine ranked Kinsey as world No. 6 in 1930.

Later in 1926, he was one of the early players signed by the promoter Charles C. Pyle to play in his professional tennis league. After a split with Pyle, he joined Richards in forming an association of professional tennis players.

In 1936, he and Helen Wills Moody volleyed a tennis ball back and forth 2,001 times without missing. The feat took them 1 hour and 18 minutes. They only stopped the exchange so that Kinsey could go teach a lesson that he had scheduled.

Kinsey is a member of the USTA Northern California Hall of Fame.

title: Howard Kinsey


text:
West Michigan

West Michigan and Western Michigan are terms for a region in the U.S. state of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. Generally, it refers to the Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland area, and more broadly to most of the region along the Lower Peninsula's Lake Michigan shoreline, but there is no official definition.

Definition
In general, "West Michigan" often refers to the area bounded by the cities of Muskegon (in the north), Grand Rapids (in the northeast), Kalamazoo–Battle Creek (in the southeast) and St. Joseph–Benton Harbor (in the southwest). However, definitions of the boundaries of the region vary widely; in some contexts, the term "West Michigan" is applied only to the counties of Allegan, Kent, Muskegon, and Ottawa, which together compose the Grand Rapids-Kentwood-Muskegon CSA. Other definitions include the Kalamazoo–Battle Creek and Benton Harbor–St. Joseph regions, which can be considered distinct regions or parts of other regions such as Michiana, Southern Michigan, or Southwest Michigan,  the latter according to one definition comprising Berrien County, Cass County, and Van Buren County.

The northern boundary of the region is also poorly defined; the population density, land use, economic and cultural character, and physical geography most often associated with West Michigan fades in northern Muskegon and Kent Counties, however areas as far north as Ludington and White Cloud may be included because of their close economic ties to the cities to the south. Other areas, such as Montcalm County in the northeast corner of the region, are transitional areas that straddle Michigan regions but are sometimes included for classification purposes. Greenville, in Montcalm County's southwest corner, is closely tied economically with Grand Rapids; however, the northeastern corner, around Vestaburg and Edmore, has historically more closely associated with the cities of Mount Pleasant and Alma, which are almost universally reckoned as part of Central Michigan.

Geography

 * See also List of Michigan state parks and Geography of Michigan.

 * Counties in the area are part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids or the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo.
 * In northwest Kent County is Fruit Ridge, which is a prime fruit-growing region; that accounts for 65% of all Michigan apple production.

Municipalities

The following table contains the largest municipalities of West Michigan according to the 2010 Census. This defines the region fairly broadly, but not at its most broadly; if Battle Creek were included, it would be ranked fourth.

Five of the above cities, Wyoming, Kentwood, Portage, Norton Shores, and Walker, are former suburban townships that incorporated in the 1960s in order to prevent annexation by an adjacent city. The presence of these cities in the top ten reflects both the large geographic area of these cities, as well as the long and continuing growth of suburban areas in West Michigan.

Events

 * ArtPrize in Grand Rapids
 * National Baby Food Festival in Fremont
 * Big Rapids Riverdays in Big Rapids
 * Celebration on the Grand in Grand Rapids (now defunct)
 * Coast Guard Festival in Grand Haven
 * Festival of the Arts in Grand Rapids
 * Fruitport Old Fashioned Days in Fruitport
 * Spring Lake Heritage Festival in Spring Lake
 * Kalamazoo Irish Fest in Kalamazoo
 * Michigan Irish Music Festival in Muskegon
 * Muskegon Bike Time in Muskegon
 * Muskegon Air Show (now defunct)
 * Muskegon Film Festival
 * Muskegon Summer Celebration (now defunct)
 * Rebel Road in Muskegon
 * Red Flannel Festival in Cedar Springs
 * Rothbury Music Festival in Rothbury
 * Tulip Time Festival in Holland
 * Unity Christian Music Festival in Muskegon
 * Venetian Festival in St. Joseph
 * Waterfront Film Festival in Saugatuck

Attractions

 * Croton Dam
 * Dutch Village
 * Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park
 * Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum
 * Grand Haven Musical Fountain
 * Grand Haven State Park
 * Grand Rapids Art Museum
 * Grand Rapids Children's Museum
 * Hardy Dam
 * Holland State Park
 * John Ball Zoo in Grand Rapids
 * Kalamazoo Air Zoo
 * Kruizenga Art Museum
 * Manistee National Forest
 * Michigan's Adventure amusement park
 * Newaygo State Park
 * P.J. Hoffmaster State Park
 * Public Museum of Grand Rapids
 * Timber Ridge Ski Area
 * Binder Park Zoo

Universities and colleges

 * Adrian College
 * Andrews University
 * Aquinas College
 * Baker College
 * Calvin University
 * Cornerstone University
 * Davenport University
 * Ferris State University
 * Grand Rapids Community College
 * Grand Valley State University
 * Hope College
 * Jackson College
 * Kalamazoo College
 * Kellogg Community College
 * Kendall College of Art and Design
 * Kuyper College
 * Muskegon Community College
 * Western Michigan University

Business
Prominent West Michigan corporations include:

 * Amway/Alticor/Quixtar, an Ada multi-level marketing company
 * Bissell, a Walker vacuum cleaner maker
 * Borroughs, a Kalamazoo office equipment manufacturer
 * Foremost Insurance, a Farmers Insurance Group company
 * Gentex, a Zeeland auto-dimming automobile mirror manufacturer
 * Gerber Products Company, a Fremont baby food manufacturer
 * Gordon Food Service, a Wyoming food supplier
 * Herman Miller, a Zeeland office equipment manufacturer
 * Haworth, a Holland office equipment manufacturer
 * Howard Miller a Zeeland manufacturer of longcase clocks
 * Kellogg's, a Battle Creek breakfast cereal producer
 * Meijer, a Walker hypermarket chain
 * Old Orchard Brands, a Sparta juice producer
 * Perrigo, an Allegan pharmaceutical company
 * Spartan Stores, a Byron Township grocery chain
 * Steelcase, a Grand Rapids office equipment manufacturer
 * Stryker, a Kalamazoo surgical equipment manufacturer
 * Whirlpool, a Benton Harbor manufacturer of major home appliances
 * Wolverine World Wide/Hush Puppies, a Rockford shoe maker
 * X-Rite, a Grand Rapids manufacturer of color matching products

 * Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital, in Grand Rapids

Major airports

 * Gerald R. Ford International Airport
 * Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport
 * Muskegon County Airport

Railways

 * Coopersville and Marne Railway
 * CSX
 * Grand Trunk Western Railway, subsidiary of Canadian National Railway.
 * Grand Elk Railroad
 * Grand Rapids Eastern Railroad
 * Michigan Shore Railroad
 * Michigan Southern Railroad
 * Norfolk Southern Railway
 * West Michigan Railroad

Amtrak operates its Pere Marquette service in West Michigan, with daily service between Grand Rapids and Chicago.

Interstate highways

 * , running from Muskegon to Detroit
 * , splitting from I-96 in Grand Rapids and going west-southwest and merging with US 31 near Holland before intersecting I-94 near Benton Harbor
 * , running from Billings, Montana, to Port Huron, Michigan

US highways

 * Michigan Avenue and Chicago Road
 * , running from Mackinaw City, Michigan, to Mobile, Alabama
 * , running from north of Middlebury, Indiana, to Petoskey, Michigan
 * Grand River Avenue, running from Grand Rapids to Detroit
 * The S-Curve, a famously crooked stretch of US 131 in downtown Grand Rapids

Michigan highways

 * , also known as the South Beltline, bypasses Grand Rapids connecting to I-96 east of town and I-196 west of town
 * , running from the southwest corner of Battle Creek at exit 92 on I-94 to the Mission Point Light on Old Mission Point in Grand Traverse County.
 * , a highway in southwestern and central Michigan from South Haven to Webberville
 * (Lake Michigan Drive), running east–west from Grand Rapids through Allendale and ending at Lake Michigan.
 * , a cross-peninsular road, running across the entire mitten of the Lower Peninsula including the Thumb, from Port Sanilac on the Lake Huron shore, through Saginaw near Saginaw Bay, and on to Muskegon on the Lake Michigan shore.
 * running North and South from Mottville, Michigan, to Holland, Michigan.

Other

 * Eastern port of the Lake Express High Speed Car Ferry; Muskegon
 * The SS Badger in Ludington
 * The West Michigan Tourist Association promotes the region from a tourism standpoint

Notable residents or former residents
More comprehensive lists are available at individual cities, villages, etc.

 * Justin Abdelkader, Detroit Red Wings forward
 * Gillian Anderson, actress
 * Jim Bakker, television evangelist
 * Johnny Benson, stock car driver
 * Dan Bylsma, NHL hockey coach
 * Roger B. Chaffee, NASA astronaut
 * Kirk Cousins, quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings
 * Terry Crews, actor
 * Betsy DeVos, U.S. Secretary of Education
 * Debarge, music group
 * Thomas White Ferry, U.S. Senator
 * Nancy Anne Fleming, Miss America 1961
 * Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States
 * James Frey, writer
 * Frank Daniel Gerber, founder of the Gerber Products Company
 * Al Green, R&B/Gospel artist
 * Mark Grimmette, Olympics luger
 * Ernie Hudson, actor
 * Iggy Pop, punk rock icon
 * Tom Izzo, Michigan State Spartans Basketball coach
 * Derek Jeter, New York Yankees shortstop
 * Greg Jennings, Green Bay Packers wide receiver
 * Maynard James Keenan, Tool and A Perfect Circle vocalist
 * W.K. Kellogg, Kellogg Company founder
 * Anthony Kiedis, Red Hot Chili Peppers vocalist
 * Stanley Ketchel, Middleweight Champion boxer
 * Taylor Lautner, actor
 * Buster Mathis, heavyweight boxer
 * Floyd Mayweather, professional boxer
 * Nate McLouth, professional baseball player
 * Harry Morgan, actor
 * Jason Newsted, musician, Metallica
 * Mustard Plug, ska band
 * Pop Evil, hard rock band
 * Andy Richter, television entertainer
 * Del Shannon, musician
 * Sinbad, actor and comedian
 * Wayne Static, Static-X lead singer/guitarist
 * Bill Szymczyk, music producer for the Eagles, The Who, and others
 * Sojourner Truth, abolitionist
 * Vonda Kay Van Dyke, Miss America 1965
 * Brian Vander Ark, Verve Pipe frontman
 * Dick York, actor

title: West Michigan


text:
LSL

LSL is a three letter abbreviation which may refer to:

Sports

 * Leicestershire Senior League, a football competition
 * Leinster Senior League (association football)
 * Leinster Senior League (cricket)
 * Leinster Senior League (rugby union)

Computers

 * Leisure Suit Larry, a series of adult adventure games
 * Linden Scripting Language, a scripting language
 * Logical shift left, a type of bitwise operation
 * Larch Shared Language, a language for algebraic specification of abstract data types

Finance

 * LSL Property Services, a UK-based company
 * Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, the financial institution at the heart of the Keating Five scandal
 * Lesotho loti, currency of the Kingdom of Lesotho by ISO 4217 code

Other uses

 * LSL (gene), a human gene
 * LSL World Initiative, founded by former Prime Minister of Haiti Laurent Lamothe
 * Laminated strand lumber, a type of engineered wood
 * Landing Ship Logistics, an amphibious warfare vessel of the United Kingdom
 * Lead service line, a pipe made of lead that connects between a water main to the water user's location
 * Liberty Shoes Limited, an Indian footwear manufacturer
 * Locomotive Services Limited, a train operator in England
 * Long service leave, an employee vacation payable after long service in Australia and New Zealand
 * Lower Specification Limit, a statistical measure used in a Process Window Index bounded by UCL/LCL and USL/LSL

title: LSL


text:
Mathias Ham House

The Mathias Ham House is a 19th-century house in Dubuque, Iowa, that is on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located at the intersection of Shiras and Lincoln Avenues, near the entrances to Eagle Point Park and Riverview Park.

Description
The house was designed by John F. Rague and built for local businessman and lead miner Mathias Ham in 1857. Ham had owned an island in the Mississippi River at Dubuque, called Ham's Island (which has since renamed City Island and then Chaplain Schmitt Memorial Island, after Father Aloysius Schmitt). The architect, John F. Rague, who had designed the original state capitol buildings at Springfield, Illinois and at Iowa City, Iowa, designed the house in the Italian Villa style.

The Mathias Ham House has been restored and transformed into a museum showcasing life during the Antebellum era; it contains American and European furnishings from that period. The property also features the Louis Arriandeaux Log House, a double log cabin in the dogtrot style, which is considered the oldest building in Iowa. The cabin was built in 1833 at 2nd and Locust Streets in Dubuque, then moved to Eagle Point Park in Dubuque before being moved to the Mathias Ham House Historic Site.

Additionally, a one-room schoolhouse (the former Humke School) was relocated to the property. A replica mine shaft and "badger hole" or "badger hut" were constructed on the property to educate the public about Dubuque's lead mining history.

Museum
The museum is operated by the Dubuque County Historical Society, which also operates the National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium.

title: Mathias Ham House


text:
Västerort

Västerort (sometimes translated to West Stockholm) is the western part of  Stockholm Municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. It also forms part of Stockholm urban area and of Stockholm Metropolitan Area. It constitutes the western suburban area within Stockholm's municipal borders.

The eastern part of Västerort was incorporated by the City of Stockholm in 1916 and the western part in 1949.

Since 2007, Västerort is organized into four stadsdelsområden (sometimes translated to boroughs): Bromma, Hässelby-Vällingby, Rinkeby-Kista, and Spånga-Tensta.

Before 2007, it was organized into five boroughs: Bromma borough, Hässelby-Vällingby borough, Kista borough, Rinkeby borough and Spånga-Tensta borough.

Districts
1/ hectares 2/ Population per hectare

title: Västerort


text:
Tunny

Tunny may refer to:

 * Tuna
 * Tunny cipher

Ships

 * Either of the United States submarines which has been called USS Tunny

Fiction

 * A character in the musical American Idiot
 * The name of a fictional family in the horror film Wicked Little Things

title: Tunny


text:
The Globe (song)

"The Globe" is a 1991 song by British electronic group Big Audio Dynamite II. It was released as a single in the United States and is taken from their album The Globe. It samples the 1981 song "Should I Stay or Should I Go" (which was written by Big Audio Dynamite II singer Mick Jones during his tenure with the Clash) and Lionel Richie's 1983 single, "All Night Long (All Night)".

The song spent 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 72 in March 1992.

Music video
A music video for the single edit of the song was released in 1991 through Sony BMG Music Entertainment. It was directed by Nic Hofmeyr and Ralph Ziman. The video features the band playing at the Crossroads of the World tower in Los Angeles, inter-spliced with stock footage of the city, its nightlife and scenery, and a recording of the band performing on stage.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Globe" (Single Edit) – 3:50
 * 2) "The Globe" (Single Remix Edit) – 4:05 *
 * 3) "The Globe" (12" Mix) – 7:42 *
 * 4) "The Globe" (Dub Version) – 5:43 *
 * 5) "The Globe" (By The Orb) – 9:22 **
 * 6) "The Globe" (Instrumental) – 4:54 ***

 * * Remix by Danny Rampling, Engineer: Marcus Draws, Programmer: Andy Whitmore, Percussion: Joe Beckett.
 * ** Remix and additional production by The Orb.
 * *** Mixed by Mick Jones and Andre Shapps.

Personnel

 * Mick Jones – vocals
 * Nick Hawkins – guitars
 * Gary Stonadge – bass guitar
 * Chris Kavanagh – drums

title: The Globe (song)


text:
King in Prussia

King in Prussia (German: König in Preußen) was a title used by the Prussian kings (also in personal union Electors of Brandenburg) from 1701 to 1772. Subsequently, they used the title King of Prussia (König von Preußen).

The House of Hohenzollern ruled Brandenburg as Prince-Electors, and were subjects of the Holy Roman Emperor. Since 1618, the Electors of Brandenburg had also ruled the Duchy of Prussia, which lay outside the empire, in a personal union. The dual state was known unofficially as Brandenburg-Prussia. Originally the dukes of Prussia held the fief as vassals of the King of Poland, until the Treaties of Labiau (1656) and Bromberg (1657), with which Frederick William, the Great Elector, achieved full sovereignty from the Polish Crown. In 1701, Elector Frederick III wanted to show his greatness by adopting the title king.

In the Crown Treaty of 16 November 1700, in return for Hohenzollern assistance in the War of the Spanish Succession and support for the Habsburg candidate in the subsequent imperial election, Emperor Leopold I allowed Frederick to crown himself "King in Prussia". Only the royal titles of King of the Romans (held by the Holy Roman Emperor or their heir apparent), King of Bohemia (held more or less continuously since the 16th century by the Holy Roman Emperors in a de facto personal union) and King of Italy. However, Prussia lay outside the empire, and the Hohenzollerns were fully sovereign over it. Frederick thus argued that German law of the time allowed him to rule Prussia as a kingdom, outside the borders of the Holy Roman Empire.

The title "King in Prussia" reflected the legal fiction that Frederick was only sovereign over his former duchy. In Brandenburg and the other Hohenzollern domains within the borders of the empire, he was legally still an elector under the ultimate overlordship of the emperor. By this time, however, the emperor's authority had become purely nominal. The rulers of the empire's member states acted largely as the rulers of sovereign states, and only acknowledged the emperor's suzerainty in a formal way. Hence, even though Brandenburg was still legally part of the empire and ruled in personal union with Prussia, the two states came to be treated as one de facto. Although Prussia's royal title gave the Hohenzollern rulers higher status, Brandenburg was the wealthier and more populous portion of the combined realm, and Brandenburg's capital Berlin remained the primary residence of the King and his administration. In addition, the Duchy was only the eastern bulk of the region of Prussia; the westernmost fragment constituted the part of Royal Prussia east of Vistula, held along with the title King of Prussia by the King of Poland.

On 17 January 1701, Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms, the Prussian black eagle with the motto "suum cuique" imprinted. On 18 January, he crowned himself and his wife Sophie Charlotte in a baroque ceremony in Königsberg Castle. Frederick's move was controversial, and only became widely accepted after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Throughout the 18th century, the Hohenzollerns increased their power. They were victorious over the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in the three Silesian Wars, greatly increasing their power through the acquisition of Silesia.

King Frederick II adopted the title King of Prussia in 1772, the same year he annexed most of Royal Prussia in the First Partition of Poland. The Hohenzollerns continued to be both Kings of Prussia and Electors of Brandenburg until the empire's dissolution in 1806. At that point, the entire realm was formally unified as the Kingdom of Prussia, with Brandenburg one of its provinces and Berlin the kingdom's capital, though the two parts later became again partially distinct during the existence of the German Confederation (1815–1866).

title: King in Prussia


text:
Neoclassicism (music)

Neoclassicism in music was a twentieth-century trend, particularly current in the interwar period, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint. As such, neoclassicism was a reaction against the unrestrained emotionalism and perceived formlessness of late Romanticism, as well as a "call to order" after the experimental ferment of the first two decades of the twentieth century. The neoclassical impulse found its expression in such features as the use of pared-down performing forces, an emphasis on rhythm and on contrapuntal texture, an updated or expanded tonal harmony, and a concentration on absolute music as opposed to Romantic program music.

In form and thematic technique, neoclassical music often drew inspiration from music of the eighteenth century, though the inspiring canon belonged as frequently to the Baroque (and even earlier periods) as to the Classical period—for this reason, music which draws inspiration specifically from the Baroque is sometimes termed neo-Baroque music. Neoclassicism had two distinct national lines of development, French (proceeding partly from the influence of Erik Satie and represented by Igor Stravinsky, who was in fact Russian-born) and German (proceeding from the "New Objectivity" of Ferruccio Busoni, who was actually Italian, and represented by Paul Hindemith). Neoclassicism was an aesthetic trend rather than an organized movement; even many composers not usually thought of as "neoclassicists" absorbed elements of the style.

People and works
Although the term "neoclassicism" refers to a twentieth-century movement, there were important nineteenth-century precursors. In pieces such as Franz Liszt's À la Chapelle Sixtine (1862), Edvard Grieg's Holberg Suite (1884), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's divertissement from The Queen of Spades (1890), George Enescu's Piano Suite in the Old Style (1897) and Max Reger's Concerto in the Old Style (1912), composers "dressed up their music in old clothes in order to create a smiling or pensive evocation of the past".

Sergei Prokofiev's Symphony No. 1 (1917) is sometimes cited as a precursor of neoclassicism. Prokofiev himself thought that his composition was a "passing phase" whereas Stravinsky's neoclassicism was by the 1920s "becoming the basic line of his music". Richard Strauss also introduced neoclassical elements into his music, most notably in his orchestral suite Le bourgeois gentilhomme Op. 60, written in an early version in 1911 and its final version in 1917.

Ottorino Respighi was also one of the precursors of neoclassicism with his Ancient Airs and Dances Suite No. 1, composed in 1917. Instead of looking at musical forms of the eighteenth century, Respighi, who, in addition to being a renowned composer and conductor, was also a notable musicologist, reached back to Italian music of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. His fellow contemporary composer Gian Francesco Malipiero, also a musicologist, compiled a complete edition of the works of Claudio Monteverdi. Malipiero's relation with ancient Italian music was not simply aiming at a revival of antique forms within the framework of a "return to order", but an attempt to revive an approach to composition that would allow the composer to free himself from the constraints of the sonata form and of the over-exploited mechanisms of thematic development.

Igor Stravinsky's first foray into the style began in 1919/20 when he composed the ballet Pulcinella, using themes which he believed to be by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (it later came out that many of them were not, though they were by contemporaries). American Composer Edward T. Cone describes the ballet “[Stravinsky] confronts the evoked historical manner at every point with his own version of contemporary language; the result is a complete reinterpretation and transformation of the earlier style". Later examples are the Octet for winds, the "Dumbarton Oaks" Concerto, the Concerto in D, the Symphony of Psalms, Symphony in C, and Symphony in Three Movements, as well as the opera-oratorio Oedipus Rex and the ballets Apollo and Orpheus, in which the neoclassicism took on an explicitly "classical Grecian" aura. Stravinsky's neoclassicism culminated in his opera The Rake's Progress, with a libretto by W. H. Auden. Stravinskian neoclassicism was a decisive influence on the French composers Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre, as well as on Bohuslav Martinů, who revived the Baroque concerto grosso form in his works. Pulcinella, as a subcategory of rearrangement of existing Baroque compositions, spawned a number of similar works, including Alfredo Casella's Scarlattiana (1927), Poulenc's Suite Française, Ottorino Respighi's Ancient Airs and Dances and Gli uccelli, and Richard Strauss's Dance Suite from Keyboard Pieces by François Couperin and the related Divertimento after Keyboard Pieces by Couperin, Op. 86 (1923 and 1943, respectively). Starting around 1926 Béla Bartók's music shows a marked increase in neoclassical traits, and a year or two later acknowledged Stravinsky's "revolutionary" accomplishment in creating novel music by reviving old musical elements while at the same time naming his colleague Zoltán Kodály as another Hungarian adherent of neoclassicism.

A German strain of neoclassicism was developed by Paul Hindemith, who produced chamber music, orchestral works, and operas in a heavily contrapuntal, chromatically inflected style, best exemplified by Mathis der Maler. Roman Vlad contrasts the "classicism" of Stravinsky, which consists in the external forms and patterns of his works, with the "classicality" of Busoni, which represents an internal disposition and attitude of the artist towards works. Busoni wrote in a letter to Paul Bekker, "By 'Young Classicalism' I mean the mastery, the sifting and the turning to account of all the gains of previous experiments and their inclusion in strong and beautiful forms".

Neoclassicism found a welcome audience in Europe and America, as the school of Nadia Boulanger promulgated ideas about music based on her understanding of Stravinsky's music. Boulanger taught and influenced many notable composers, including Grażyna Bacewicz, Lennox Berkeley, Elliott Carter, Francis Chagrin, Aaron Copland, David Diamond, Irving Fine, Harold Shapero, Jean Françaix, Roy Harris, Igor Markevitch, Darius Milhaud, Astor Piazzolla, Walter Piston, Ned Rorem, and Virgil Thomson.

In Spain, Manuel de Falla's neoclassical Concerto for Harpsichord, Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Violin, and Cello of 1926 was perceived as an expression of "universalism" (universalismo), broadly linked to an international, modernist aesthetic. In the first movement of the concerto, Falla quotes fragments of the fifteenth-century villancico "De los álamos, vengo madre". He had similarly incorporated quotations from seventeenth-century music when he first embraced neoclassicism in the puppet-theatre piece El retablo de maese Pedro (1919–23), an adaptation from Cervantes's Don Quixote. Later neoclassical compositions by Falla include the 1924 chamber cantata Psyché and incidental music for Pedro Calderón de la Barca's, El gran teatro del mundo, written in 1927. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Roberto Gerhard composed in the neoclassical style, including his Concertino for Strings, the Wind Quintet, the cantata L'alta naixença del rei en Jaume, and the ballet Ariel. Other important Spanish neoclassical composers are found amongst the members of the Generación de la República (also known as the Generación del 27), including Julián Bautista, Fernando Remacha, Salvador Bacarisse, and Jesús Bal y Gay.

A neoclassical aesthetic was promoted in Italy by Alfredo Casella, who had been educated in Paris and continued to live there until 1915, when he returned to Italy to teach and organize concerts, introducing modernist composers such as Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg to the provincially minded Italian public. His neoclassical compositions were perhaps less important than his organizing activities, but especially representative examples include Scarlattiana of 1926, using motifs from Domenico Scarlatti's keyboard sonatas, and the Concerto romano of the same year. Casella's colleague Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco wrote neoclassically inflected works which hark back to early Italian music and classical models: the themes of his Concerto italiano in G minor of 1924 for violin and orchestra echo Vivaldi as well as sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Italian folksongs, while his highly successful Guitar Concerto No. 1 in D of 1939 consciously follows Mozart's concerto style.

Portuguese representatives of neoclassicism include two members of the "Grupo de Quatro", Armando José Fernandes and Jorge Croner de Vasconcellos, both of whom studied with Nadia Boulanger.

In South America, neoclassicism was of particular importance in Argentina, where it differed from its European model in that it did not seek to redress recent stylistic upheavals which had simply not occurred in Latin America. Argentine composers associated with neoclassicism include Jacobo Ficher,, Luis Gianneo, and Juan José Castro. The most important twentieth-century Argentine composer, Alberto Ginastera, turned from nationalistic to neoclassical forms in the 1950s (e.g., Piano Sonata No. 1 and the Variaciones concertantes) before moving on to a style dominated by atonal and serial techniques. Roberto Caamaño, professor of Gregorian chant at the Institute of Sacred Music in Buenos Aires, employed a dissonant neoclassical style in some works and a serialist style in others.

Although the well-known Bachianas Brasileiras of Heitor Villa-Lobos (composed between 1930 and 1947) are cast in the form of Baroque suites, usually beginning with a prelude and ending with a fugal or toccata-like movement and employing neoclassical devices such as ostinato figures and long pedal notes, they were not intended so much as stylized recollections of the style of Bach as a free adaptation of Baroque harmonic and contrapuntal procedures to music in a Brazilian style. Brazilian composers of the generation after Villa-Lobos more particularly associated with neoclassicism include Radamés Gnattali (in his later works), Edino Krieger, and the prolific Camargo Guarnieri, who had contact with but did not study under Nadia Boulanger when he visited Paris in the 1920s. Neoclassical traits figure in Guarnieri's music starting with the second movement of the Piano Sonatina of 1928, and are particularly notable in his five piano concertos.

The Chilean composer Domingo Santa Cruz Wilson was so strongly influenced by the German variety of neoclassicism that he became known as the "Chilean Hindemith".

In Cuba, José Ardévol initiated a neoclassical school, though he himself moved on to a modernistic national style later in his career.

Even the atonal school, represented for example by Arnold Schoenberg, showed the influence of neoclassical ideas. After his early style of 'Late Romanticism' (exemplified by his string sextet Verklärte Nacht) had been supplanted by his Atonal period, and immediately before he embraced twelve-tone serialism, the forms of Schoenberg's works after 1920, beginning with opp. 23, 24, and 25 (all composed at the same time), have been described as "openly neoclassical", and represent an effort to integrate the advances of 1908 to 1913 with the inheritance of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Schoenberg attempted in those works to offer listeners structural points of reference with which they could identify, beginning with the Serenade, op. 24, and the Suite for piano, op. 25. Schoenberg's pupil Alban Berg actually came to neoclassicism before his teacher, in his Three Pieces for Orchestra, op. 6 (1913–14), and the opera Wozzeck, which uses closed forms such as suite, passacaglia, and rondo as organizing principles within each scene. Anton Webern also achieved a sort of neoclassical style through an intense concentration on the motif. However, his 1935 orchestration of the six-part ricercar from Bach's Musical Offering is not regarded as neoclassical because of its concentration on the fragmentation of instrumental colours.

Other neoclassical composers
Some composers below may have only written music in a neoclassical style during a portion of their careers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_Kay#Operas
 * Arthur Berger (1912–2003)
 * Carlos Chávez (1899–1978)
 * Salvador Contreras (1910–1982)
 * Pierre Gabaye (1930–2019)
 * Harald Genzmer (1909–2007)
 * Giorgio Federico Ghedini (1892–1965)
 * Vagn Holmboe (1909–1996)
 * Stefan Kisielewski (1911–1991)
 * Iša Krejčí (1904–1968)
 * Ernst Krenek (1900–1991)
 * Marcel Mihalovici (1898–1985)
 * Giorgio Pacchioni (born 1947)
 * Goffredo Petrassi (1904–2003)
 * Gabriel Pierné (1863–1937)
 * Maurice Ravel (1875–1937)
 * Knudåge Riisager (1897–1974)
 * Albert Roussel (1869–1937)
 * Alexandre Tansman (1897–1986)
 * Michael Tippett (1905–1998)
 * Dag Wirén (1905–1986)

title: Neoclassicism (music)


text:
Talk:Geomancy

A note
Probably this should be combined with Geomantic Figures, ne? And after twenty minutes of trying to figure out how to do that, I'm still drawing blanks. --Peccavimus 03:26, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I agree.. no clue how to though! Think any more detail about what the figures are about is needed? Syneil 07/09/2004 19:33

Another note
I have added an original graphic that I created from Agrippa's earliest english translation Of Geomancy. It should be noted that the spelling of some of the figures differs slightly. Is this important?-Chaoscrowley 23:23, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Yet another note
Who's to say that the "misnomer" of Feng Shui as Geomancy is fact? That's a little one sided to say that their idea of geomancy is incorrect.

 * Geomancy (as the term is most referred in the west) refers to a system of using some means of deriving one or (usually) more of 16 geomantic figures and the interpretation of those figures.  This is distinct to the ancient practices interepreting geological features, such as cracks in the ground.   Second, Feng Shui isn't geomancy (no on said their idea was incorrect or wrong.)  The point is that, in the 19th century, westerners visiting the east chose to apply a western term to a system that isn't a part of, or even remotely related to, the western concept of that term. That's why it's a misnomer.  It's the equivalent of calling the hexagrams of the Yi-Ching the Tarot.
 * Anyhow, I think this entire article needs to be rewritten and I may do so shortly....
 * Worlock93

Added tags
I have added several tags, since this seems to be written as a conversation or tutorial ("I must admit that I am only aware of 16 such permutations") and may be c&p'd from another site. I tried Googling it, but only found Wikipedia mirrors. Still, it ought to be checked out, and definitely needs to be rewritten by someone who has some knowledge of the subject. 68.57.72.229 (talk) 02:11, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Revamping the page
Page revamp! Woo! Should we include a section on geomantic magic? I don't feel like it would be very long. Geomantic figures would have the sigils of the figures, if someone could make them. Tascil 08:48, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Other_forms_of_geomancy
Hello.

"Further, the similarities between the I Ching and geomancy are superficial: the I Ching is of Chinese origin, while geomancy has its roots in the African Sahara."

This is useless and a POV. It should be discarded. There is no certitude. Reality could be different.

"In Africa one traditional form of geomancy consists of throwing handfuls of dirt in the air and observing how the dirt falls. It can also involve a mouse as the agent of the earth spirit."

I'd like to see a citation of this. Can't find anything about it online. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.22.73.95 (talk) 00:26, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

wg (talk) 19:59, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Statements about The Golden Dawn
"Based on this and a few older texts, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn began the task of recollecting knowledge on geomancy along with other occult subjects, with them, Aleister Crowley published his works that integrated various occult systems of knowledge. However, due to the short time the members of the Golden Dawn desired to learn, practice, and teach the old occult arts, many elaborate systems of divination and ritual had to be compressed, losing much in the process. In effect, they had reduced geomancy from a complex art of interpretation and skill in recognizing patterns to looking up predefined answers based on pairs of figures."

This is not neutral, not cited and not even accurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.108.162.10 (talk) 20:33, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

/* Geomancy and mathematics *
As the article states itself Arabic Geomancy, which partly inspired Leibnitz was always based on binary systems. The African Divination systems are thought to have been based on the arabic system. Chinese divination systems like I Ching also used a binary system So the part about them being base10 is nonsense. Perhaps this is was confused with their normal numerical system? That had nothing to with Geomancy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.53.210.221 (talk) 15:24, 7 September 2012 (UTC) Of course the use of binary numbers in sub-saharan culture, such as the fractal architecture is likely older than Arabic Geomancy but it has nothing to do with this and therefore nothing with Leibnitz. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.53.210.221 (talk) 15:28, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Possible cleanup required
I'm worried this article contains too much detail and/or requires subsection-ing in the following sections: As a layperson, I was frequently unable to determine whether the content I was reading was significant to the subject. Much of it seemed like detail that only practicing geomancers would find useful, possibly bringing it under WP:NOTMANUAL. Additionally, the long sections need breaking up and reorganization, possibly into subsections, to improve readability.
 * Geomancy
 * Geomancy
 * Geomancy
 * Geomancy.

I am not familiar with the topic, so it is difficult for me to say how to proceed. For the time being, I will be adding a cleanup template to the top of the article that points out these issues.

Teimu.tm (talk) 10:46, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 15:57, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Etymology of geomancy
Website http://www.etymonline.com/ has the following explanation for its etymology:

geomancy (n.) "art of divination by means of signs derived from the earth," late 14c., from Old French géomancie, from Medieval Latin geomantia, from late Greek *geomanteia, from geo-, comb. form of ge "earth" (see Gaia) + manteia "divination" (see -mancy). Related: Geomantic; geomantical.

-mancy: word-forming element meaning "divination by means of," from Old French -mancie, from Late Latin -mantia, from Greek manteia "oracle, divination," from mantis mantis "one who divines, a seer, prophet; one touched by divine madness," from mainesthai "be inspired," which is related to menos "passion, spirit," from PIE *mnyo-, suffixed form of root *men- (1) "to think," with derivatives referring to qualities and states of mind or thought. Compare mania.

It nowhere mentions any Arab roots.

History: The article states: ''′European scholars and universities began to translate Arabic texts and treatises in the early Middle Ages, including those on geomancy. Isidore of Seville (c. 560 – 4 April 636) lists geomancy with other methods of divination (...)′''. But Isidore relied heavily ([1], p. 64) on the Roman author Pliny the Elder (AD 23 – 79) and not on Arab sources. Please rectify this.

[1] WILLIAM E. KLINGSHIRN, ISIDORE OF SEVILLE'S TAXONOMY OF MAGICIANS AND DIVINERS, Traditio, Vol. 58 (2003), pp. 59-90 http://www.jstor.org/stable/27832021 --Gerard1453 (talk) 16:25, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090224195643/http://shikanda.net/ancient_models/index.html to http://www.shikanda.net/ancient_models/index.html

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Tags
The page was cited (tagged) for having "too much detail." This is a tag seen often on subjects that do not arise from mainstream European culture. It is a specious tag which reflects only the subjective disinterest of the one who did the tagging. Bandwidth is cheap, so no article need be shortened if it contains accurate information. This article could go into further detail and i, for one, would find it useful. So i removed the "excessive detail" tag, which had been in place for FIVE YEARS with no comments here. 2601:205:8200:83:129A:DDFF:FEAB:63A8 (talk) 19:03, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Cleanup
Have attempted to cleanup article. If I see no protest in the next few weeks, I will deleted the above tag (which has been on the page for over 10 years). --Louis P. Boog (talk) 21:43, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geomancy


text:
Talk:Oleg Kalugin

Untitled
In readin this I thought it was a bit strange:"he became one of the KGB's top agents operating out of the Soviet embassy in Moscow". I am not familiar with Kalugin's bio so I can smell something weird but I can't correct it. Should it not be "the US embassy in Moscow" or "the Soviet embassy in Washington"?AlainV 03:29, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, got some lines crossed, it should read the "Soviet embassy in Washington." - SimonP 03:30, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

- I added a dispute on neutrality. It is obviously written from a pro Soviet Bloc, anti West perspective. Especially the point about 'The US refusing to extradite him' - since when has any country extradited a defector?

-> This is by no means anti-American. It is fact that the US refuses to extradite him for the very purpose you mentioned...the U.S. doesn't extradite defectors. I beleive this article presents a fair and unbaised account of Oleg's life thus far. It discusses his former allegiance to the USSR and also the tension between the US and Russia. Recommend removing neutrality dispute. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Carlyman (talk • contribs).

Fair use rationale for Image:CI Centre Oleg Kalugin.jpg
Image:CI Centre Oleg Kalugin.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Kalugin about D. Trump
, interview by Dmitry Gordon. My very best wishes (talk) 13:44, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:10, 24 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oleg Kalugin 1992 US Senate public hearing.png

title: Talk:Oleg Kalugin


text:
Category talk:Religions

How does Category:Religions differ in scope and intent from Category:Religion? --Gary D 03:30, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Religions


text:
Warkworth

Warkworth may refer to

People

 * John Warkworth
 * Baron Warkworth, subsidiary title of the Duke of Northumberland

Places

 * Australia
 * Warkworth, New South Wales

 * Canada
 * Warkworth, Ontario, Canada

 * England
 * Warkworth, Northamptonshire
 * Warkworth, Northumberland
 * Warkworth Castle
 * Warkworth Hermitage
 * Warkworth railway station

 * New Zealand
 * Warkworth, New Zealand
 * Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory (Warkworth Radio Telescope, Warkworth 2 dish ...)

title: Warkworth


text:
Arthur Chichester, 2nd Earl of Donegall

Arthur Chichester, 2nd Earl of Donegall PC (Ire) (died 26 October 1678) was an Anglo-Irish politician.

Early life
Chichester was the eldest son of Lady Mary Jones and Lieutenant Colonel John Chichester (1609–1647), of Dungannon, County Tyrone, who was MP for Dungannon and fought in the English Civil War. Among his siblings were younger brother, Hon. John Chichester, and Elizabeth Chichester (wife of Sir John Cole, 1st Baronet). After his father's death, his mother married Col. Christopher Copley of Wadworth.

His father was a younger brother of Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, both sons of Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester and Anne Coplestone (a daughter of John Coplestone). His maternal grandfather was Roger Jones, 1st Viscount Ranelagh.

Career
He was knighted at Whitehall in 1660, and served in the Irish House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Dungannon (1661–1666). He was also made an Irish Privy Counsellor in 1672.

In 1675 Chichester succeeded his uncle as second Earl of Donegall, inheriting the title under the special remainder granted with it to the male heirs of his grandfather, Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester. He was Custos Rotulorum for County Antrim and Governor of Carrickfergus for twelve years before dying in Ireland in 1678. His wife survived him and remarried.

Personal life
Chichester married Jane Ichyngham, daughter of John Ichyngham of Dunbrody, County Wexford, a descendant of Sir Edward Echyngham (died 1527) of Barsham, Suffolk.

 * Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall (1666–1706), a Maj.-Gen. who married Lady Barbara Boyle, daughter of Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery and Lady Margaret Howard (a daughter of the 2nd Earl of Suffolk), before 1682. After her death, he married Lady Catherine Forbes, daughter of Arthur Forbes, 1st Earl of Granard and Catherine Newcomen (daughter of Sir Robert Newcomen), in 1685. He was killed in action at Fort Montjuïc on 20 April 1706.
 * Lady Jane Chichester, who married Dacre Barrett.
 * John Chichester, who lived at Dunbrody, County Wexford.
 * Edward Chichester, the Rector at Clonenagh who married Elizabeth Chichester, daughter of Capt. John Chichester.
 * Lady Mary Chichester, who married Sir Robert Newcomen, 6th Baronet, son of Sir Thomas Newcomen, 5th Baronet.

Lord Donegall died on 26 October 1678 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Arthur.

Descendants
Through his daughter Lady Jane, he was a grandfather of Richard Barrett (1682–1716), who married Anne Lennard, Baroness Dacre, parents of Thomas Barrett-Lennard, 17th Baron Dacre.

title: Arthur Chichester, 2nd Earl of Donegall