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Wodonga railway station

Wodonga railway station is located on the North East line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the city of Wodonga, and it opened on 25 June 2011.

Opening as part of the Wodonga Rail Bypass project, it replaced the original station that opened on 21 November 1873 and closed on 9 November 2008.

Disused station Barnawartha is located between Wodonga and Chiltern.

As a terminus
Wodonga station was the original terminus of the Victorian Railways' North East line, which was built during the 1870s, with Wodonga opening on 21 November 1873. The connection through to the standard gauge system across the Murray River to Albury was not completed until 14 June 1883, partly because the New South Wales Government Railways standard gauge system had not yet extended as far south as Albury.

Intercolonial rivalries were settled by the building of lines and bridges of both gauges across the border river flats, with both Albury and Wodonga being transfer stations. Albury later became the passenger interchange station and the major freight transshipment point.

Standard gauge
In April 1962, the standard gauge line was extended south from Wodonga to Melbourne, and from that time onwards, most interstate haulage was on the standard gauge. Some broad gauge passenger trains still continued to operate to Albury, to provide a local service to north-eastern Victorian towns, but the long distance interstate freight and passenger trains operated via this new continuous standard gauge link between Melbourne and Sydney.

Livestock, mostly beef cattle, formed a large part of the freight carried to Melbourne from Wodonga, where large saleyards were established near the station. Meatworks were also one of Wodonga's main industries. After 1980, the saleyard was moved to Bandiana, east of Wodonga. Dual gauge rail access was constructed at this selling centre, which was adjacent to the Victorian Cudgewa branch line. Services on this branch were discontinued beyond Bandiana, and the Victorian rail system soon ceased livestock traffic. Cattle continued to be occasionally railed from northern NSW to Bandiana Saleyards until 1987, when this rail traffic also ceased. In later years, the sidings at Bandiana were used as a rail container terminal by standard gauge trains only, until closure of the line on 1 September 2009.

Until November 2008, Pacific National operated broad gauge freight services from the Wodonga Coal Sidings to Geelong, carrying logs for woodchipping.

Wodonga Rail Bypass
The Wodonga Rail Bypass project moved Wodonga station from the original central location to a position on a new line on the northern edge of the town, along with five kilometres of new track. The release of railway land allowed the redevelopment of Wodonga's commercial area, and eliminated ten level crossings. First conceived in 2000, design work commenced in 2006.

In May 2008, it was announced that the project would commence, as part of an upgrade of the North-East line. The last passenger train passed through Wodonga on 8 November 2008, with road coaches operating between Seymour and Albury. The first train passed through the new station site on 15 March 2010: a freight service delivering concrete sleepers.

On 23 July 2010, the new rail bypass was opened, and the original line through Wodonga closed. On 25 June 2011, the new station opened. The original station was later redeveloped as a restaurant.

Platforms and services
Wodonga has one platform. It is serviced by V/Line Albury line services.

Platform 1:
 * services to Albury and Southern Cross

Transport links
V/Line operates road coaches from Wodonga station to Canberra, Albury, Seymour, Kerang, Wangaratta and Adelaide.

title: Wodonga railway station


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Tamari, Ibaraki

Tamari (玉里村) was a village located in Niihari District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 8,618 and a density of 588.26 persons per km2. The total area was 15.33 km2.

On March 27, 2006, Tamari, along with the towns of Ogawa and Minori (both from Higashiibaraki District), was merged to create the city of Omitama. The new city takes its name from a merger of the three older town names, Ogawa, MInori, TAMAri.

The village had a large agricultural base, with rice and renkon (lotus roots) being the main crops.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tamari, Ibaraki


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W8 engine

A W8 engine is an eight-cylinder piston engine with four banks of two cylinders each, arranged in a W configuration.

In practice, the W8 engine is created from two narrow-angle (15 degree) VR4 engines mounted at an angle of 72 degrees from each other on a common crankshaft. Thus, the resulting four banks align to form a "W".

W8 engines are much less common than V8 engines, and the only W8 engine to reach production was manufactured by Volkswagen from 2001–2004 north America (but up to 05 and 06 for Euro/JPN)

Volkswagen W8 engine
The sole W8 engine to reach production was the Volkswagen 4-litre W8 engine, which was available in the Volkswagen Passat (B5.5) from September 2001 to September 2004. Production was minimal at only 11,000 units.

This engine had a displacement of 3,999 cc, had a peak power rating of 202 kW at 6,000 rpm and a peak torque rating of 370 Nm at 2,750 rpm. Power and torque outputs were lower than competitors V8 engines with similar capacity, however the W8 engine was praised for its smoothness.

Sales of the W8-engined Passat models were poor, and production was discontinued when the next generation of Passat switched from a longitudinal engine to a transverse engine layout, which made packaging of the wide W8 engine difficult. The W8 was effectively replaced by the Volkswagen 3.6-litre VR6 petrol engine.

4.0 WR8 32v 202kW
The 'W8' badged engine is an eight-cylinder W engine of four banks of two cylinders, formed by joining two 15° VR4 engines, placed on a single crankshaft, with each cylinder 'double-bank' now at a 72° vee-angle.
 * identification: parts code prefix: 07D, ID codes: BDN (09/01-09/04), BDP (05/02-09/04)
 * engine displacement & engine configuration: 3999 cc 72° WR8 engine; bore x stroke: 84.0 x, stroke ratio: 0.93:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 499.9 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.8:1
 * cylinder block & crankcase: cast aluminium alloy with two-part cast aluminium alloy oil sump; five main bearings; die-forged steel crankshaft with split crankpins; Lanchester principle balance shafts one above the other, counter-rotating at twice the crankshaft speed, symmetric to the middle of the crankshaft, upper one driven by a toothed belt
 * cylinder heads & valvetrain: cast aluminium alloy; four unequal-length valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, simplex roller chain-driven (relay method, using three chains) double overhead camshafts, continuous vane-adjustable variable valve timing for intake and exhaust camshafts with up to 52° variance inlet camshafts and 22° for exhaust camshafts
 * aspiration: hot-film air mass meter, single throttle body with electronically controlled Bosch 'E-Gas' 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valve, four-part two-channel cast aluminium resonance intake manifold
 * fuel system, ignition system, engine management: two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; centrally positioned NGK longlife spark plugs, mapped direct ignition with eight individual direct-acting single spark coils; Bosch Motronic ME electronic engine control unit (ECU), cylinder-selective knock control via four knock sensors, permanent lambda control; 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy
 * exhaust system: vacuum-operated secondary air injection pump for direct injection into exhaust ports to assist cold start operation, one cast iron exhaust manifold per cylinder bank with integrated ceramic catalytic converter per cylinder bank, four heated oxygen sensors monitoring pre- and post catalyst exhaust gasses, EU4 compliant
 * dimensions: mass: 190 kg, length: 420 mm length, width: 710 mm, height: 683 mm
 * DIN-rated motive power & torque output: 202 kW at 6,000 rpm; 370 Nm at 2,750 rpm (11.6 bar MEP); max. engine speed: 6,400 rpm (19.2 m/s)
 * references:

Applications

 * Volkswagen Passat B5.5 W8 4motion

Awards

 * was voted 'best technical innovation', and awarded the "Golden Pegasus" by "Za ruljom" at the Moscow Motor Show

title: W8 engine


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Yasato, Ibaraki

Yasato (八郷町) was a town located in Niihari District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 30,218 and a density of 196.50 persons per km2. The total area was 153.78 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Yasato was merged into the expanded city of Ishioka.

title: Yasato, Ibaraki


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Catechism for Filipino Catholics

The Catechism for Filipino Catholics, or CFC, is a contextualized and inculturated Roman Catholic catechism for Filipinos prepared by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) and approved by the Holy See. The draft was produced by the CBCP's "Episcopal Commission on Catechesis and Catholic Education."

It is considered the present-day successor of the early 16th century Doctrina Christiana, the first book printed in what is now the Philippines. The Doctrina Christiana was written in Tagalog, in both abecedario (the newly developed Latinised orthography) and the indigenous Baybayin script commonly used at the time, as well as Spanish.

title: Catechism for Filipino Catholics


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Chiyoda, Ibaraki

Chiyoda (千代田町) was a town located in Niihari District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 26,943 and a population density of 555.53 persons per km2. The total area was 48.50 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Chiyoda, along with the old town of Kasumigaura (also from Niihari District), was merged to create the city of Kasumigaura and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Chiyoda, Ibaraki


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Guanaco

Why is User:Guanaco writing his response in the third person? I had to look at the edit history to make sure he wrote it. -- Cecropia | Talk 22:09, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Third person is standard for RfC summaries. Guanaco 01:35, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think so...--Neutrality 02:55, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm totally confused with what I'm supposed to do to weigh in, so I'm writing my comments here. I'm the one who initially asked for protection on Zaza and who asked why Guanaco had removed it. I have no problem with Guanaco unprotecting the article as long as he volunteers to monitor it. The vandalism isn't frequent, but it's ethnically malicious and there have been no edits on the article in a long time other than vandalism and reverts. I was tired of having to monitor it to keep this crap out of Wikipedia and figured it was simpler to have someone ping the talk page if they actually wanted to edit than to keep reverting a persistent vandal (and it's obviously the same vandla over and over). Given that Guanaco appears to have taken responsibility for monitoring this rather obscure page for ethnic-politics-driven vandalism, he's welcome to it and I have no complaint against him unless he drops the ball. -- Jmabel 00:37, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)


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Niihari, Ibaraki

Niihari (新治村) was a village located in Niihari District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

As of May 1, 2005, the village had an estimated population of 9,404 and a population density of 293.96 persons per km2. The total area was 31.99 km2.

On February 20, 2006, Niihari was merged into the expanded city of Tsuchiura.

title: Niihari, Ibaraki


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VR6 engine

The VR6 engine is a six-cylinder engine configuration developed by Volkswagen. The name VR6 comes from the combination of German words “Verkürzt” and “Reihenmotor” meaning “shortened inline engine”. It was developed specifically for transverse engine installations and FWD (front-wheel drive) vehicles. The VR6 is a highly compact engine, thanks to the narrower angle of 10.5 to 15 degrees between cylinder banks, as opposed to the traditional V6 angles ranging from 45 to 90 degrees. The compact design is cheaper to manufacture, since only one cylinder head is required for all six cylinders, much like a traditional inline-6 engine.

Volkswagen Group introduced the first VR6 engine in 1991 and VR6 engines remain in production today. Volkswagen also produced a five-cylinder VR5 engine based on the VR6.

Description

VR6 engines share a common cylinder head for the two banks of cylinders. Only two camshafts are needed for the engine, regardless of whether the engine has two or four valves per cylinder. This simplifies engine construction and reduces costs.

Since the cylinders are not located on the centreline of the combined cylinder head, the lengths of the intake and exhaust ports are different for each bank. Without compensation, these varying port lengths would result in the two banks of cylinders producing different amounts of power at a particular engine RPM. The difference in port lengths are compensated for with the length of the runners in the intake manifold, the camshaft overlap and lift profile, or a combination thereof.

Volkswagen engines
The Volkswagen VR6 engine was designed for transverse engine installations in front-wheel drive vehicles. The narrow angle of 15° between the two cylinder banks reduced the width of the engine, compared to a traditional V6 engine. Therefore, the VR6 engine is easier to fit within an engine bay that was originally designed for a four-cylinder engine.

12-valve versions
Early VR6 engines had two valves per cylinder (for a total of twelve valves) and used one camshaft for the intake and exhaust valves of each cylinder bank (without the use of rockers).

The first Volkswagen VR6 engine uses the AAA version. It had a bore of 81.0 mm and a stroke of 90.3 mm, for a total displacement of 2.8 L. In 1994, a 2.9 L ABV version was introduced in some European countries, with an increased bore of 82.0 mm.

The V angle between the cylinder banks is 15°, and the compression ratio is 10:1. The crankshaft runs in seven main bearings and the journals are offset 22° to one another, in order to accommodate the offset cylinder placement. This also allows the use of a 120° firing interval between cylinders. The firing order is: 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4. The centerlines of the cylinders are offset from the centerline of the crankshaft by 12.5 mm.

The valve sizes are 39.0 mm for the intake and 34.3 mm for the exhaust. Since the two rows of pistons and cylinders share a single cylinder head and head gasket, the piston crown (or top surface) is tilted. The engine management system is Bosch Motronic.

24-valve versions
A version with four valves per cylinder (for a total of 24 valves) was introduced in 1999. The 24-valve versions use one camshaft for the intake valves of both banks (using rockers to reach the furthest bank) and the other camshaft for the exhaust valves of both banks (again, through the use of rockers). This operating principle is more akin to a double overhead camshaft (DOHC) design, with one camshaft for intake valves, and one for exhaust valves.

History
The 1922–1976 Lancia V4 engine and 1922–1939 Lancia V8 engine were the first narrow angle V engines to be used in a motor vehicle.

The first versions of the VR6 engine were introduced in the 1991 Volkswagen Passat B3 sedan and Volkswagen Corrado coupe. A 2.8 L AAA version producing 128 kW was used in most Passat models and in the North American version of the Corrado. A 2.9 L ABV version producing 140 kW was used in the Passat Syncro model and the European version of the Corrado. Both versions used two valves per cylinder. Usage of the VR6 engine spread to the Volkswagen Golf Mk3 2.8 VR6 and Volkswagen Vento/Jetta (A3), 2.8 VR6 models in 1992, and high specification versions of the Sharran/Galaxy/Alhambra MPVs. The 2.8 litre version was also used in the 1996–2003 Mercedes-Benz Vito (W638) commercial vans, where it was designated M104.900.

In 1997, the VR5 engine was introduced, based on the VR6 engine.

An AQP/AUE version with four valves per cylinder was introduced in 2000. This 2.8 L engine produced 150 kW, and mostly replaced the two-valve engines, except for in North America where an updated version of the two-valve engine was used in the Golf and Jetta from 2000 to 2002.

A 3.2 L EA390 version of the 4 valve engine was introduced in the 2001 Volkswagen New Beetle RSi model. Versions of this 3.2 litre engine was also used in the 2002–2004 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32 model and the 2003-2010 Audi TT 3.2 VR6 quattro models. Peak power output was 165 kW in the New Beetle (engine code AXJ), 177 kW in the New Beetle and Golf (engine code BFH/BJS), and 184 kW in the Audi TT (engine code BHE).

The engine size was again increased in 2005, when a 3.6 L version with gasoline direct injection (FSI) was introduced in the Volkswagen Passat (B6). This BLV version uses a narrower 10.6 degree angle between the cylinder banks and produces 206 kW. A 3.2 L AXZ version producing 184 kW was introduced in 2006. In 2008, an uprated BWS version of the 3.6 litre engine producing 220 kW was introduced in the Volkswagen Passat (B6) R36 model.

The base model Porsche Cayenne (9PA) used 3.2-liter VR6 engine from 2003 to 2006 and then a 3.6-litre VR6 engine from 2008 to 2010. Then the next generation Porsche Cayenne (92A) also used a 3.6-litre VR6 engine from 2010 to 2018.

Volkswagen had started to phase out VR engines in favour of downsized turbocharged four cylinder engines. In 2017, the VR6 engines made an unexpected comeback, with versions of the 24-valve VR6 engines being produced for the Volkswagen Atlas. Volkswagen also made a new VR6 (still EA390) for the Chinese market only, its 2.5-litre turbocharged 24-valve VR6 producing 220 kW or 500 N⋅m of torque, for the Volkswagen Teramont SUV and Volkswagen Talagon MPV.

Applications
Volkswagen Group automobiles:

 * 1991–1995 Volkswagen Corrado
 * 1991–2015 Volkswagen Passat B3, B4, B6 and B7 generations
 * 1992–1998 Volkswagen Golf Mk3
 * 1992–1999 Volkswagen Vento/Volkswagen Jetta Mk3
 * 1995–2000 Volkswagen Sharan
 * 1996–2003 Volkswagen Transporter (T4)
 * 1996–2010 SEAT Alhambra (7M)
 * 1998–2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4
 * 1999–2005 Volkswagen Bora/Volkswagen Jetta Mk4
 * 2000–2004 SEAT León (1M)
 * 2001–2003 Volkswagen New Beetle RSi
 * 2002–2016 Volkswagen Phaeton
 * 2002–2018 Volkswagen Touareg
 * 2002–2018 Porsche Cayenne E1 and E2 generations
 * 2003–2009 Volkswagen Transporter (T5)
 * 2003–2013 Audi A3 (8P)
 * 2003–2010 Audi TT Mk1 and Mk2
 * 2005–2008 Volkswagen Golf Mk5 R32
 * 2006–2011 Volkswagen Eos
 * 2008–2017 Volkswagen CC
 * 2008–2014 Škoda Superb (3T)
 * 2008–2015 Audi Q7 (4L)
 * 2011–2018 Volkswagen Passat NMS
 * 2017–2023 Volkswagen Atlas/Teramont
 * 2021–present Volkswagen Talagon
 * 2022–present Audi Q6

Other manufacturers:

 * 1995–2000 Ford Galaxy Mk I
 * 1996–2003 Mercedes-Benz Vito (W638)
 * 1997–2005 Winnebago Rialta/Vista/Itasca Sunstar
 * 2006– Yes! 2
 * 2009–2012 Artega GT
 * Linde Forklifts (fuelled by liquefied petroleum gas)

W engines
Volkswagen Group has produced several W engines based on combining two VR engines on a common crankshaft. The first W engine to reach production was the W12 engine which has been produced since 2001. The W12 engine is constructed from two VR6 engines mated together at an angle of 72 degrees. Although Volkswagen has not produced a VR4 engine, nonetheless it briefly produced a W8 engine from 2001 to 2004.

The largest Volkswagen W engine is the W16 engine introduced on the Bugatti Veyron in 2005. This engine uses an angle of 90 degrees between the two VR8 engines, and has four turbochargers.

Other manufacturers
Motorcycle manufacturer Horex has produced VR6 engines since 2012.

title: VR6 engine


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Niihari District, Ibaraki

Niihari (新治郡) was a district located in Ibaraki, Japan. The district was dissolved on March 27, 2006.

The district had only one village before dissolution:
 * Tamari

Timeline (Heisei Era, 1989-2006)

 * January 1, 1992 - The village of Chiyoda was elevated to town status.
 * April 1, 1997 - The village of Dejima was elevated to town status and changed the name to Kasumigaura.
 * March 28, 2005 - The town of Kasumigaura absorbed the town of Chiyoda to create the city of Kasumigaura.
 * October 1, 2005 - The town of Yasato was merged into the expanded city of Ishioka.
 * February 20, 2006 - The village of Niihari was merged into the expanded city of Tsuchiura.
 * March 27, 2006 - The village of Tamari was merged with the towns of Ogawa and Minori (both from Higashiibaraki District) to create the city of Omitama. Niihari District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Niihari District, Ibaraki