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User talk:203.14.53.45

Nomination of Igor (Discworld) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Igor (Discworld) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Igor (Discworld) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:29, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.14.53.45


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Metre-gauge railway

Metre-gauge railways (US: meter-gauge railways) are narrow-gauge railways with track gauge of or 1 metre.

Metre gauge is used in around 95000 km of tracks around the world. It was used by several European colonial powers including France, Britain and Germany in their colonies. In Europe, large metre-gauge networks remain in use in Switzerland, Spain and many European towns with urban trams, but most metre-gauge local railways in France, Germany and Belgium closed down in the mid-20th century, although some still remain. With the revival of urban rail transport, metre-gauge light metros were built in some cities. The slightly-wider gauge is used in Sofia. Another similar gauge is.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Metre-gauge railway


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KUA

non-notable bureaucratic thing Salasks 01:35, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, just barely. It's a) a good, well-written short article b) about a very, very marginally notable utility. I don't think "the 6th largest utility in Florida" is very impressive. (Do we have articles on the five larger ones?) "KUA’s 289 employees serve approximately 58,000 customers" so presumably there are approximately 58,289 people to whom it is important, although I don't think that's a very strong argument. [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:52, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to the expanded name. The TLA is improper naming. Geogre 03:45, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Article is copyvio, I've marked it as such. Can the VfD lister remove it from the VfD page if in agreement please? - TB 08:19, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, though even if it's not cv I still think it should be deleted. But I'm not sure how to go about removing comments from VfD. Aren't these comments 'sacred' or 'protected' or something? Salasks 15:39, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * The comments on this page will persist, but I've unlinked it from the main VfD page now to keep it as tidy as possible. - TB 13:12, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KUA


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List of regions of the Northwest Territories

The Canadian territory of the Northwest Territories is subdivided into administrative regions in different ways for various purposes.

Administrative regions
The Government of the Northwest Territory's Department of Municipal and Community Affairs divides the territory into five regions. Other services have adopted similar divisions for administrative purposes, making these the de facto regions of the territory. These divisions have no government of their own, but the Northwest Territories' government services are decentralized on a regional basis.

Some government departments make slight changes to this arrangement. For example, the Health and Social Services Authority groups Fort Resolution with the North Slave Region, and divides South Slave Region into two regions: Hay River and Fort Smith. The Department of Natural Resources uses the same borders, but calls the Inuvik Region "Beaufort Delta".

Indigenous regions
Land and self-government treaties with First Nations, Inuvialuit (Inuit), and Métis groups give their governments a significant amount of authority to manage land use within agreed-upon areas. These areas are each much larger than the area fully owned by the indigenous government. Within each of these areas, the indigenous nation has jurisdiction over several areas of law, and land use is effectively co-governed by the territorial government and indigenous government.

A treaty also exists with the Salt River First Nation, but it establishes reserves rather than a joint land use area.

Census divisions
Statistics Canada divides the territory into six census divisions. These areas exist solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation; they have no government of their own. They are listed below with their most populous municipality on the right:

 * Region 1 – Inuvik
 * Region 2 – Norman Wells
 * Region 3 – Behchokǫ̀
 * Region 4 – Fort Simpson
 * Region 5 – Fort Smith
 * Region 6 – Yellowknife

1999-2011
Prior to the 2011 census, there were two census divisions. The former census division of Inuvik was considerably larger than the administrative region of the same name.
 * Fort Smith Region – Fort Smith
 * Inuvik Region – Inuvik

Before 1999
Prior to the division of the NWT and the creation of Nunavut in 1999, there were five census divisions. Their boundaries were altered somewhat as part of the adjustment.
 * Baffin Region
 * Fort Smith Region
 * Inuvik Region
 * Keewatin Region
 * Kitikmeot Region


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List of regions of Nunavut

The Canadian territory of Nunavut, which was established in 1999 from the Northwest Territories by the 1993 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, is divided into three regions. Though these regions have no governments of their own, Nunavut's territorial government services are highly decentralized on a regional basis..

In addition, these regions serve as census divisions for Statistics Canada. Prior to the 2021 Canadian census the Qikiqtaaluk Region and the Kivalliq Region were known as the "Baffin Region" and the "Keewatin Region" to the agency).

It is a misconception that Nunavut's regions constitute the former regions of the Northwest Territories (NWT), separated in their entirety. This is not the case, rather, the portions of the regions of the Northwest Territories that ended up in the newly created territory were retained and had their borders slightly adjusted upon the creation of Nunavut.

The regional divisions are distinct from the district system of dividing the Northwest Territories that dated to 1876 and was abolished when Nunavut was created, although for practical purposes had not been used since the 1980s. Nunavut encompasses the entirety of the District of Keewatin (which had differing boundaries from the Keewatin/Kivalliq regions), the majority of the District of Franklin and a small portion of the District of Mackenzie.

title: List of regions of Nunavut


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Ion (disambiguation)

In physics and chemistry, an ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge.

Ion or ION may also refer to:

Places

 * Ion, a hamlet near to Lower Gravenhurst, Bedfordshire, England
 * Ion District, a technology park in Houston, Texas
 * Ion (Greece), a town of ancient Laconia, Greece
 * Ion, Iowa, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * I'On, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, a neighborhood
 * ION Orchard, a shopping mall in Singapore
 * Ion River, Romania

People

 * Ion (name), both a given name and a surname

Ancient Greece

 * Ion (dialogue), a dialogue by Plato, between Socrates and Ion, a reciter of epic poems
 * Ion (mythology), the son of Xuthus and Creüsa, daughter of Erechtheus
 * Ion (play), a play by Euripides on the relationship between humans and the gods, in which Ion is instead the son of Apollo

Arts and entertainment

 * I.O.N. (manga), a Japanese science fiction manga by Arina Tanemura
 * Ion (DC Comics), a fictional character in the DC Comics universe
 * Ion (Marvel Comics), a super villain in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Fon Master Ion, from the video game Tales of the Abyss
 * Ion Television, an American television network
 * Ion, a fictional religious figure in the SCP Foundation universe based on Yaldabaoth
 * Ion (Talfourd play), an 1836 play by Thomas Talfourd

Computing and technology

 * Ion (window manager), in computing a window manager for the X Window System
 * Nvidia Ion, an Nvidia platform for the Intel Atom CPU
 * Ion, a defunct communication network formerly advertised by Sprint Nextel
 * ION (satellite) (Illinois Observing Nanosatellite), a satellite from the University of Illinois
 * Alesis Ion, an analog-modeling synthesizer keyboard made by Alesis
 * ION Audio, a brand of audio equipment manufacturer Numark Industries
 * Ion (serialization format), a data serialization language developed by Amazon
 * Index to Organism Names (ION), a database of published names in zoology, indexing the content of The Zoological Record
 * Ion, a command line shell for Redox operating system

Transport

 * Peugeot iOn, a rebadged Mitsubishi i-MiEV sold in Europe
 * Saturn Ion, an automobile formerly sold by General Motors
 * Ion rapid transit, a light rail system currently operating in Waterloo Region, Ontario, Canada
 * ION, IATA code for Impfondo Airport, Republic of the Congo
 * U.S. Route 95 in Oregon, designated I.O.N. Highway No. 456

Other uses

 * Ion (chocolate), a Greek chocolate brand
 * Ion (paintball marker), made by Smart Parts
 * Ion, a taxonomic synonym for the genus of violets, Viola
 * Institute of Navigation
 * Instituto Oncologico Nacional, Panama City

title: Ion (disambiguation)


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Talk:Ion (disambiguation)

Physical ion
What evidence is there that "ion" is commonly used to refer to subatomic particles rather than only to particles which can gain and lose electrons, like atoms and molecules? - Centrx 03:48, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Aion, a homonym
Should "Aion" be included? It's a homonym, and refers to a work by the psychologist Carl Jung. Br77rino (talk) 19:13, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ion (disambiguation)


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Lahore University of Management Sciences

Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) is a private research university in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

In 1984, Syed Babar Ali recognized the shortage of qualified managers in the country. He proposed to establish a world-class university that would attract and retain the highest caliber of students and faculty. He shared this idea with fellow businessman and close friend, Abdul Razak Dawood, who was in full support of the vision. The university has since then expanded, launching a liberal arts undergraduate school in 1994, an engineering school in 2008, a law school in 2004 and an education school in 2017. The university launched a National Outreach Programme (NOP) in 2001 to provide financial aid to students and in 2015, in partnership with Afghan government, launched a scholarship programme for Afghan students to diversify its student body.

As of 2021, the university has a student body of 5,092 graduate and undergraduate students, a faculty of 300 out of which nearly three-quarters have doctoral degrees. Its campus, where more than half of its student population and faculty lives, spreads over 100 acres. Its business school is accredited by Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. It is also one of two business schools in Pakistan to be certified by the South Asian Quality Assurance System and is ranked as one of the top business schools in the country. The university is also a member of Association of Commonwealth Universities.

LUMS is ranked as the top university in Pakistan in the QS University Rankings for the year 2016, 111th in Asia and among the top 700 in the world. It is also ranked by QS as among the top 250 universities globally for business and among the top 400 universities globally in mathematics. In 2020, LUMS was ranked 40 globally in "World's Best Small Universities" by Times Higher Education, being the only Pakistani university on the list. Following a liberal arts curriculum, LUMS is one of Pakistan's most expensive, selective and progressive universities. LUMS counts several prominent Pakistani intellectuals and public figures among its alumni and current and former faculty including Umar Saif, Hina Rabbani Khar, Adil Najam, Arif Zaman, Amer Iqbal, Ayesha Jalal, Asad Abidi, Osama Siddique and Pervez Hoodbhoy. It also counts several Fulbright, Chevening and Rhodes scholars among its alumni.

History
The university was granted a charter by the government of Pakistan in March 2023. The LUMS Board of Trustees comprises members of the domestic business community, academics and government representatives. The principal functions of the board are to set policy guidelines and to review the operations of the university. The Board of Governors, as the sponsor of LUMS, raises funds for the university's operation and maintenance. In 1986, a business school by the name of Lahore Business School was established for an MBA Programme. Later the school was renamed and is known as Suleman Dawood School of Business.

After the construction of the current campus, LUMS started undergraduate programmes in Economics and Computer Sciences in 1994. In 1996, the School of Arts and Science was introduced to oversee the undergraduate programmes. LUMS established the School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law to oversee the Social Sciences, Economics and Law departments. The School of Sciences and Engineering, for the disciplines of Mathematics, Computer Science and other science subjects, was established in 2008. In 2016, the university charges Rs. 272,400 tuition fee per semester for undergraduate students. From 2020, the university changed the fee structure to a credit-based system. For the year 2021–2022, the per credit hour tuition fee was Rs. 23,760.

LUMS launched the National Outreach Programme (NOP) in 2001 to reach out to bright students from underprivileged areas of Pakistan. Under this initiative, induction of selected candidates into the academic programs is facilitated by preparation for the university's admission criteria and then by a provision of full financial assistance to those who qualify. Many students are admitted to LUMS on the basis of the NOP. There are very few number of scholarships that are offered on need/academic achievement basis. LUMS loan scheme covers 20%-100% of the tuition fee component of the student. LUMS loans are interest-free.

According to LUMS, it has disbursed PKR 3.2 billion in financial assistance, with approximately 30% of the student body receiving some form of financial assistance each year. During the academic year 2015-16 alone, LUMS disbursed more than PKR 500 Million as financial aid to its students. As of 2016, more than 800 scholars have benefited from the LUMS National Outreach Programme (NOP). In 2017, the Shahid Hussain Foundation established scholarships for international undergraduate students from South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation member countries. LUMS also offers a variety of scholarships to MBA students such as SAARC scholarship, MCB interest-free loans. It is the only institute in Pakistan offering the Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP).

Not-for-profit status
LUMS is a federally chartered university and is approved as a not-for-profit organisation under section 2(36) of Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 in terms of provisions of Clause 63 of Part IV of Second Schedule to the Ordinance. Any individual or organisation making donations to LUMS is entitled to a tax credit under section 61 of Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. Moreover, the university has been granted exemption from the levy of income tax under Section 159 of the Ordinance, thus, tax is not deductible on payments made to the university.

Campus
The oldest building at LUMS is the two-storey Academic Block designed by Habib Fida Ali which spreads over an area of 150,000 sq. ft. The Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani School of Humanities and Social Sciences (MGSHSS) is based in this building. The five-storey Suleman Dawood School of Business (SDSB) building occupies an area of 160,000 sq. ft, and accommodates over 1300 students. The Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE) is based in a 5-storey building which covers an area of 300,000 sq. ft; the building includes a 10MW electrical grid station and 20 research labs. The latest addition to the building is National Incubation Center in the basement. The Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law (SAHSOL) spreads over an area of 78,000 sq. ft and comprises auditoriums, discussion rooms, faculty offices, meeting rooms, the Centre for Chinese Legal Studies and a state of the art moot court which is a replica of the courtroom of the Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court.

More than half of the student body at LUMS lives on campus, which includes seven male and five female hostels. The Syed Maratab Ali Sports Complex includes a school gym and sports facilities for basketball, tennis, cricket and squash. The Pepsi Dining Centre (PDC) covers an area of 14,000 sq. ft, and was funded by PepsiCo. The Coca-Cola Aquatic Centre includes an Olympic-size swimming pool and is funded by a Rs. 22 million grant from the Coca-Cola Company. A new female hostel (F6) is being constructed with Rs. 350 million in funding from the Syed Babar Ali Foundation. The new hostel building will be able to accommodate an additional 504 female students and will provide additional facilities such as breakout places, tea and coffee kiosks, and an open courtyard.

The LUMS library provides services that include loans, online information searching, reference services, inter-library loan, document delivery, photocopying, viewing of audiovisual and microfilm materials, access to virtual collections and digital resources, CD-ROM and online searching. It has a collection of 350,000 volumes, 128,000 e-books and 35,000 e-Journals. The library has a multidisciplinary wing (the Khalid Ishaq Wing) dedicated to jurist and scholar Khalid M. Ishaq, who donated 92,957 books from his collection to the library.

The campus also hosts a variety of animals. The most common animals found on campus are cats. The friendly cats are protected and fed by the Animal Welfare Society at LUMS.

Academics
The university provides 18 undergraduate majors and 24 graduate degrees. The university consists of five schools which are further divided into various departments.

Suleman Dawood School of Business
The Suleman Dawood School of Business was the first school established at LUMS in 1986. The school's curriculum was designed in partnership with Harvard Business School and Ivey Business School. The school offers full-time MBA, a week-end Executive MBA, a course-based PhD Management and Bachelor's programmes in Accounting and Finance and Management Science. The school also offers minors in public management and computational finance. The school is led by Dr Fazal Jawad Seyyed along with Dr. Faiza Ali, Dr. Adeel Zaffar, Dr. Zehra Waheed and Dr. Tanveer Shehzad serving as Associate Deans' of Research, External Relations, Undergraduate Academics and Graduate Academics respectively. Between 2018 and 2023, the School was headed by Professor Alnoor Bhimani.

The school has research linkages with many renowned universities including Harvard University, McGill University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Chicago, University of Essex, University of Sussex, National University of Singapore, and Management Development Institute.

On 14t November 2020, SBSD introduced hybrid class structure to balance safety and class-instruction quality during the coronavirus pandemic led by Dr. Syed Aun R. Rizvi then Associate Dean Academics. In 2020, SBSD's Muhammad Abdullah scored the highest marks and was declared the global winner in ACCA's Strategic Business Reporting exam.

Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani School of Humanities and Social Sciences
The School of Humanities and Social Sciences, named after Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani, consists of the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Department of Economics. DHSS offers undergraduate degrees in Anthropology/Sociology, History, English and Political Science, as well as a combined programme in Politics and Economics in conjunction with the Economics Department. The school also offers minors in political Science, Economics, History, English literature, Urdu literature, Religious studies, Sociology/Anthropology.

Started in 1999, the Department of Humanities and Social Science is home to disciplines in the Social Science and Humanities including Anthropology and Sociology, Literature, Philosophy, Political Science, Psychology and History. The Economics Department offers four-year undergraduate programmes in Economics (the first class graduated in 1997), economics and mathematics and a graduate programme in Economics (the first class graduated in 2002). Economics is one of the most popular majors at LUMS and a significant percentage of the student body at LUMS studies Economics as a major, as part of a joint degree programme or as a minor. The school is headed by Dr. Ali Khan.

Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering
The School of Science and Engineering, named after Syed Babar Ali, is a school within LUMS modelled on MIT no boundaries approach. It offers undergraduate programs in Biology, Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Physics; and graduate programs in Computer Science, chemistry, physics, electrical engineering and Mathematics. A vast majority of BS graduates join leading graduate and Phd programs of some of the leading universities of the world such including ETH Zürich, MIT, Cornell, UC Berkeley, Stanford and Dartmouth college. The school is headed by Dr. Muhammad Sabieh Anwar.

Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law
The groundbreaking ceremony of LUMS' fourth school, Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law, took place on Saturday, 5 April 2014 on campus. The chief guest at the ceremony was the Chief Justice of Pakistan, Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani. The law school has been named after (late) Shaikh Ahmad Hassan. The establishment of SAHSOL has grown out of the LUMS Department of Law and Policy, which has been functioning since 2004, offers a 5-year joint BA-LL.B undergraduate programme, accredited by the Pakistan Bar Council. The school is led by Sadaf Aziz.

LUMS School of Education
On 6 January 2017, LUMS announced the establishment of its fifth school, the LUMS School of Education. The exploratory phase for the LUMS School of Education was initiated in October 2015 with funding from the Babar Ali Foundation. According to university sources, over the course of the project phase, the team established local, regional and international links through events such as the inaugural Education Roundtable at LUMS in March 2016.

The school will be home to the following programs, starting in Fall 2018.

 * 1) MPhil Education Leadership and Management
 * 2) A minor in education for undergraduate students at LUMS.

People
LUMS has more than 200 full-time faculty members. Some prominent former and current faculty/staff members include:
 * Amer Iqbal (PhD, MIT), theoretical physicist, known for his work on string theory and supersymmetric gauge theories.
 * Ismat Beg (PhD, Bucharest), mathematician, known for his work on Multiple-criteria decision analysis, and fixed point (mathematics).
 * Syed Sohail Hussain Naqvi, Vice chancellor
 * Arif Zaman (PhD, Stanford), statistician and mathematician, known for his work on statistics and computer science.
 * Shahryar Khan, Adjunct Faculty, International Relations
 * S. Azmat Hassan, Adjunct Faculty, International Relations
 * Ayesha Jalal (PhD, Cambridge), Visiting Faculty, History
 * Rasul Baksh Rais (PhD, Santa Barbara), Professor of Political Science
 * Irshad Hussain (PhD, University of Liverpool, UK), Professor at Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering.
 * Asad Abidi (PhD, Berkeley) holds the inaugural Abdus Salam Chair at LUMS.
 * Moeen Nizami
 * Tasneem Zehra Husain
 * Iqbal Ahmad Khan, ambassador to Iran

Notable alumni

 * Hina Rabbani Khar - former Foreign Minister of Pakistan, currently member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
 * Aleema Khanum - Prime Minister Imran Khan's sister, MBA Class of 1989
 * Umar Saif - Former Chairman PITB Punjab
 * Bilal Khan - Singer
 * Ismat Beg - Mathematician
 * Ali Hamza - Singer, Noori musical band
 * Afia Nathaniel - Film Director
 * Bilal Lashari - Film director
 * Cyril Almeida - Rhodes Scholar and assistant editor of Dawn.
 * Gul Bukhari, Pakistani journalist
 * Haris Aziz, an artificial intelligence scientist who solved Fair cake problem in mathematics [[File:Sakhawat Ali - A proud Formanite received Innovation Award at 1st Climate Action Conference at Ministry of Planning from Chief SDGs Unit Mr. M Ali Kemal.jpg|thumb|Sakhawat Ali, A Luminite at 1st Climate Action Conference at Ministry of Planning ]]Sana Naeem, Rhodes scholar 2018
 * Saman Tariq Malik, Rhodes scholar 2016
 * Muhammad Mubashir Bin Latif, Rhodes scholar 2014
 * Aalene Mahum Aneeq, Ertegun Graduate Scholar, Oxford University
 * Fahad Rafiq, Fulbright Scholar and Faculty Member UVAS, 2015
 * Luqman Ali Afzal, founder of the Monal Group and a recipient of the Pride of Performance award
 * Dr. Muneeb Ali, founder of Stacks, an open-source blockchain network that enables decentralized apps and smart contracts
 * Tauseef H. Farooqi, current chairman of National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA).
 * Momina Duraid, recipient of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz for her significant contributions to the national drama and film industry
 * Sakhawat Ali, recipient of National Innovation Award for his work in environmental sustainability and social entrepreneurship.
 * Mansoor Hassan Siddique (d. 2020), recipient of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz for his dedication to public service through his work at the Financial Monitoring Unit (FMU) at the State Bank of Pakistan.
 * Saim Sadiq, writer and director of Joyland, the first Pakistani film to make it to the official selection at Cannes Film Festival. His short film Darling won the Orizzonti Best Short Film award at the 2019 Venice Film Festival.
 * Suneel Sarfraz Munj, Co-Founder PakWheels

Research and reputation
The Office of Sponsored Programmes and Research (OSPR) of LUMS is responsible for promoting research at the university. The office is led by Shafay Shamail (PhD, Bath). Between 2010 and 2014, the university spent PKR 680 million (or about $6.5 million) in research. During this period about LUMS faculty published 1287 research papers and received 80 external grants.

The Suleman Dawood School of Business has produced more than 600 case studies and has published one of Asia's leading case research journals. Case studies written at LUMS are now used in universities across the world, including MBA programs in other Pakistani universities. In 2011, a case study written at LUMS by Shazib Shaikh and Zahoor Hassan won the Ruth Greene Memorial Award of the North American Case Research Association (NACRA) for the best case written outside North America.

The LUMS School of Science and Engineering has published in international journals in Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering.

The biomechanics lab at LUMS is the sixth International Cricket Council (ICC)-accredited cricket lab in the world, following those in Brisbane, Chennai, Loughborough and Pretoria. The lab is able to perform bowling tests of international and domestic cricketers whose bowling actions are deemed illegal.

Additionally, LUMS publishes the 'Asian Journal of Management Cases' in collaboration with Sage Publishing Pvt. Ltd., focusing on case studies and management practices in Asia.

Technology for People Initiative
Technology for People Initiative (TPI) is technology and design nonprofit centre at the Lahore University of Management Sciences in Lahore, Pakistan. It is focused on solving governance problems in the public sector through design thinking, prototyping and iteration. TPI's past and ongoing projects include evidence based policing for Lahore Police, CourtBeat for judicial courts, mapping rural Pakistan and the Bahawalpur Service Delivery Unit. The centre was founded in April 2012 with a seed grant from Google.org.

Rausing Executive Development Centre, Lahore University of Management Sciences
REDC placed under the aegis of the Suleman Dawood School of Business at LUMS, Rausing Executive Development Centre has been pioneering executive education in Pakistan. It is housed in a purpose built facility. From three programmes in 1989, REDC now lists 21 programmes in its annual calendar for Open Programmes and conducts 70 programmes every year inclusive of customized programmes.

Other prominent research and development centres at the university include:
 * Centre for Water Informatics and Technology
 * Centre for Business and Society
 * National Incubation Centre Lahore
 * LUMS Energy Institute
 * The National Centre in Big Data and Cloud Computing
 * Centre for Islamic Finance
 * Mahbub ul Haq Research Centre
 * Centre for Chinese Legal Studies
 * LUMS Learning Institute
 * Centre for Continuing Education Studies
 * Gurmani Centre for Languages and Literature
 * Saida Waheed Gender Initiative

The university also houses the Pakistan office of the International Growth Centre.

University Advisory Board
The advisory board of the university consists of leading academics from around the world, current members of the board include:

 * Prof. Nicholas A. Robinson (Pace University School of Law)
 * Dr. Maria Yudkevich (Higher School of Economics)
 * Dr. David Wilkinson (McMaster University)
 * Ms. Leah Rosovsky (Harvard Business School)
 * Dr. Greg Moran (University of Western Ontario)
 * Dr. Mehmood Khan (Life Biosciences)
 * Prof. Denise Chalmers (University of Western Australia)
 * Dr. David Bloom (Harvard University)
 * Dr. Khalid Aziz (Stanford University)
 * Dr. Philip Altbach (Boston College)
 * Dr. Nancy J. Adler (McGill University)

Societies

 * DANCELUMS
 * Rizq LUMS Society
 * LUMS Arts Society
 * LUMS Law & Politics Society
 * Sports Society at LUMS
 * LUMS Community Service Society (LCSS)
 * AIESEC LUMS Chapter
 * LUMS Students' Mathematics Society (LSMS)
 * Riayat LUMS Chapter
 * Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - LUMS Student Chapter
 * LUMS Emergency Medical Services, Pakistan's ever student-managed EMS established in a university campus with technical assistance from Rescue 1122 in 2008-09
 * LUMS Model United Nations (LUMUN)
 * LUMS Society of Chemical Sciences & Engineering (LSCSE)
 * LUMS Finance Society (FINTRA)
 * LUMS Media Arts Society (LMA)
 * Society For Promotion and Development of Engineering and Sciences (SPADES)
 * The Music Society of LUMS
 * Debates and Recitations at LUMS (DRUMS)
 * LUMS Society of Professional Accountancy (LSPA)
 * FEMSOC (Feminist Society)
 * INDEX: The Design and Innovation Society
 * LUMS Women in Computing (LWiC)
 * LUMS Literary Society
 * LUMS Daily Student
 * LUMS Dramatics Society - Dramaline
 * LUMS Policy Research Institute (LPRI)
 * LUMS Consultancy Group (LCG)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Heatskores

Does a band that's sold 250-300 copies really merit an article? Salasks 01:45, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I sold 15,000, and I'm not worthy of an article by my own standards.  250-300 is medium for a local band that never hits the majors.  Band vanity. Geogre 03:58, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. That's right geogre, you were in a punk-rock band. But 15,000 sold! -- orthogonal 06:02, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * And 600 given away! All of those immediately taken to the used record store and traded for cash, I'm sure. Geogre 14:42, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I can't help but wonder how many of these albums are out there with little notches cut into the jewel cases. If one ever turns up in a thrift store, I'll let you know how it sounds.  Delete in the meantime, and kudos to Geogre for unwavering adherence to standards.  Really.  I admit that I am really impressed by 15,000 sales, however.  Next stop for Our Geogre:  MTV Music Awards! - Lucky 6.9 17:22, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Elf-friend 18:56, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. There is enough room for this type of information in Wikipedia. And GeOgre should list his band too. Arevich 18:17, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree. Delete.  Neither band should be listed; just because we can include something does not mean we should.  I've said it before, and I'll say it again: a lack of standards will spell death for this wonderful project.  Our standard is notability.  --Ardonik 21:12, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:29, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. vanity.--Jerzy(t) 03:14, 2004 Aug 7 (UTC)
 * del, non-notable --Jiang 10:50, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Robley D. Evans (admiral)

Robley Dunglison Evans (18 August 1846 – 3 January 1912), born in Floyd County, Virginia, was a rear admiral in the United States Navy, who served from the American Civil War to the Spanish–American War. In 1907–1908, he commanded the Great White Fleet on its worldwide cruise from the Atlantic Ocean through the Straits of Magellan to the Pacific Ocean.

Naval service
In 1859, Utah Territory delegate William Henry Hooper offered Evans the territory's nomination to the United States Naval Academy. After establishing residency in Utah, he entered the academy in 1860. Evans was ordered to active duty in September 1863 and graduated from the academy in the class of 1864.

American Civil War service

In the attacks on Fort Fisher, North Carolina, during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher, he exhibited great gallantry under fire on 15 January 1865. He led his landing party of United States Marines through heavy fire to charge the Confederate defenses. Evans continued to fight even after his fourth wound, drawing his pistol and threatening to kill any man who attempted to amputate his leg in surgery when he was evacuated.

"Fighting Bob" Evans
Evans held numerous important sea commands during the 1890s. In 1891 and 1892, commanding Yorktown on the Pacific Squadron, he won great acclaim for his firm and skillful handling of a tense situation with Chile, becoming known as "Fighting Bob" Evans. Though he evidently took pride in his nickname, his reputation for profanity also led to his being chastised by Leonard Woolsey Bacon, pastor of the Congregational Church in Litchfield, Connecticut, in a letter to The New York Times.

USS Indiana
The United States' first seagoing battleship, USS Indiana, was placed in commission on 20 November 1895, with Captain Evans in command. Former President Benjamin Harrison, with a committee from the state of Indiana, presented a set of silver to Evans for the battleship on 16 September 1896 at Tompkinsville, New York.

Spanish–American War service
During the Spanish–American War, he commanded the battleship USS Iowa (BB-4) in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.

Shore duty
Robley Dunglison Evans was named president of the Board of Inspection and Survey from February 1901 to April 1902.

Prince Henry of Prussia
President Theodore Roosevelt selected Admiral Robley D. Evans to host Prince Heinrich of Prussia, brother of Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II. 15 February 1902, Admiral Evans, as Commander-in-Chief of a special honor squadron, hoisted his flag on the battleship USS Illinois (BB-7) at the New York Navy Yard. Evans feted Prince Henry during the visit of the Kaiserliche Marine Imperial German Navy. After the departure of the German prince, 28 February 1902, Evans' flag was hauled down on Illinois.

Commander-in-Chief – Asiatic Fleet
Admiral Evans transferred his flag from armored cruiser, USS New York (ACR-2) on 4 November 1902 to battleship, USS Kentucky (BB-6) at Yokohama, Japan. On 5 December 1903, the Kentucky left Japanese waters for Hawaii; on 17 December 1903, the Kentucky arrived at Pearl Harbor Naval Station, Hawaii. Admiral Evans hosted a Christmas dinner for the officers of Kentucky at the Moana Hotel in Waikiki. 31 December 1903 Evans' flagship departed Honolulu for Guam. Kentucky arrived in Cavite, the Philippines, on 18 January 1904. Admiral Evans called on the new Governor-General of the Philippines, Luke Edward Wright, at the Malacanang Palace. Evans' flagship departed Manila on 13 March 1904. The Kentucky coaled at Hong Kong and Colombo. Sailing through the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean Sea to the port of Naples, Italy, the voyage continued to Gibraltar, coaling at Madeira; the flagship Kentucky arrived at the New York Navy Yard, 23 May 1904. Admiral Evans hauled down his flag, 27 May 1904 from battleship Kentucky.

Commander-in-Chief – North Atlantic Fleet

On 31 March 1905, a 13-gun salute was fired by the battleship USS Maine at Pensacola, Florida, as the flag of Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, Commander-in-Chief of the North Atlantic Fleet, was broken at the main mast. The fleet sailed on 7 May 1905 for Hampton Roads, Virginia. Admiral Evans returned to his alma mater the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, on 30 October 1905.

The British Fleet under command of Prince Louis of Battenberg arrived at Annapolis. On 1 November 1905, the Prince visited Evans on Maine. Admiral Evans gave Prince Louis a tour of the Naval Academy and battleship Maine. A reception by Evans was held later in the week on the Maine for Governor Edwin Warfield of Maryland.

Admiral Evans on the flagship Maine sailed on 7 November 1905 from Annapolis to New York. Admiral Evans stayed on board Maine during repairs from 20 November 1905 to January 1906. After winter quarters in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on 3 May 1906, Evans returned the fleet to New York. On 2 September 1906, the Maine anchored next to the presidential yacht Mayflower off Oyster Bay, Long Island. President Theodore Roosevelt came on board Maine to confer with Evans. Admiral Evans on the Maine departed New York on 28 December for winter quarters in Cuban waters. On 15 April 1907, Evans' flagship Maine returned to Hampton Roads. On 16 April 1907, Evans hauled down his flag on the Maine and then hoisted it on the battleship Connecticut, flagship for the world cruise.

The Great White Fleet
Rear Admiral Evans commanded the Great White Fleet 16 April 1907 from Hampton Roads, Virginia, in its passage from the Atlantic Ocean through the Straits of Magellan to the Pacific Ocean, where he was relieved of command in San Francisco, California, 9 May 1908, because of ill health.

Admiral Evans retired from the Navy upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 62 on 18 August 1908.

He died in Washington, DC, on 3 January 1912.

Honors
Rear Admiral Evans was entitled to the Civil War Campaign Medal, Sampson Medal, and Spanish Campaign Medal. Civil War Campaign Medal ribbon.svg Sampson Medal ribbon.JPG Spanish Campaign Medal ribbon.svg

Two destroyers, USS Evans (DD-78), launched 30 October 1918, and USS Evans (DD-552), launched 4 October 1942, were named in his honor.

Evans Avenue in San Francisco is named for him.

Dates of rank

 * Acting midshipman, 20 September 1860
 * Acting ensign, 1 October 1863
 * Master, on Retired List, 10 May 1866
 * Lieutenant on Retired List, 25 July 1866, Active List, 25 January 1867
 * Lieutenant commander, 12 March 1868, Active List
 * Commander, 12 July 1878
 * Captain, 27 June 1893
 * Rear admiral, 11 February 1901
 * Retired List, 18 August 1908

Total time in service – 47 years, 10 months, 28 days

title: Robley D. Evans (admiral)


text:
Darboux integral

In the branch of mathematics known as real analysis, the Darboux integral is constructed using Darboux sums and is one possible definition of the integral of a function. Darboux integrals are equivalent to Riemann integrals, meaning that a function is Darboux-integrable if and only if it is Riemann-integrable, and the values of the two integrals, if they exist, are equal. The definition of the Darboux integral has the advantage of being easier to apply in computations or proofs than that of the Riemann integral. Consequently, introductory textbooks on calculus and real analysis often develop Riemann integration using the Darboux integral, rather than the true Riemann integral. Moreover, the definition is readily extended to defining Riemann–Stieltjes integration. Darboux integrals are named after their inventor, Gaston Darboux (1842–1917).

Definition
The definition of the Darboux integral considers upper and lower (Darboux) integrals, which exist for any bounded real-valued function $$f$$ on the interval $$[a,b].$$ The Darboux integral exists if and only if the upper and lower integrals are equal. The upper and lower integrals are in turn the infimum and supremum, respectively, of upper and lower (Darboux) sums which over- and underestimate, respectively, the "area under the curve." In particular, for a given partition of the interval of integration, the upper and lower sums add together the areas of rectangular slices whose heights are the supremum and infimum, respectively, of f in each subinterval of the partition. These ideas are made precise below:

Darboux sums
A partition of an interval $$[a,b]$$ is a finite sequence of values $$x_{i}$$ such that

 * $$a = x_0 < x_1 < \cdots < x_n = b.$$

Each interval $$[x_{i-1},x_i]$$ is called a subinterval of the partition. Let $$f:[a,b]\to\R$$ be a bounded function, and let

 * $$P = (x_0, \ldots, x_n)$$

be a partition of $$[a,b]$$. Let

 * $$\begin{align}

M_i = \sup_{x\in[x_{i-1},x_{i}]} f(x), \\ m_i = \inf_{x\in[x_{i-1},x_{i}]} f(x). \end{align}$$

The upper Darboux sum of $$f$$ with respect to $$P$$ is

 * $$U_{f, P} = \sum_{i=1}^n (x_{i}-x_{i-1}) M_i. \,\!$$

The lower Darboux sum of $$f$$ with respect to $$P$$ is

 * $$L_{f, P} = \sum_{i=1}^n (x_{i}-x_{i-1}) m_i. \,\!$$

The lower and upper Darboux sums are often called the lower and upper sums.

Darboux integrals
The upper Darboux integral of f is

 * $$U_f = \inf\{U_{f,P} \colon P \text{ is a partition of } [a,b]\}.$$

The lower Darboux integral of f is

 * $$L_f = \sup\{L_{f,P} \colon P \text{ is a partition of } [a,b]\}.$$

In some literature, an integral symbol with an underline and overline represent the lower and upper Darboux integrals respectively:

 * $$\begin{align}

&{} L_f \equiv \underline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x) \, \mathrm{d}x, \\ &{} U_f \equiv \overline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x) \, \mathrm{d}x, \end{align}$$

and like Darboux sums they are sometimes simply called the lower and upper integrals.

If Uf = Lf, then we call the common value the Darboux integral. We also say that f is Darboux-integrable or simply integrable and set

 * $$\int_a^b {f(t)\,dt} = U_f = L_f.$$

An equivalent and sometimes useful criterion for the integrability of f is to show that for every ε > 0 there exists a partition Pε of [a, b] such that

 * $$U_{f,P_\epsilon} - L_{f,P_\epsilon} < \varepsilon.$$

Properties
\underline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x) \, dx &= \underline{\int_{a}^{c}} f(x) \, dx + \underline{\int_{c}^{b}} f(x) \, dx\\[6pt] \overline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x) \, dx &= \overline{\int_{a}^{c}} f(x) \, dx + \overline{\int_{c}^{b}} f(x) \, dx \end{align}$$ \underline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x) \, dx + \underline{\int_{a}^{b}} g(x) \, dx &\leq \underline{\int_{a}^{b}} (f(x) + g(x)) \, dx\\[6pt] \overline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x) \, dx + \overline{\int_{a}^{b}} g(x) \, dx &\geq \overline{\int_{a}^{b}} (f(x) + g(x)) \, dx \end{align}$$ \underline{\int_{a}^{b}} cf(x) \, dx &= c\underline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x)\, dx \\[6pt] \overline{\int_{a}^{b}} cf(x) \, dx &= c\overline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x)\, dx \end{align}$$ \underline{\int_{a}^{b}} cf(x)\, dx &= c\overline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x)\, dx \\[6pt] \overline{\int_{a}^{b}} cf(x)\, dx &= c\underline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x)\, dx \end{align}$$ &{} F : [a, b] \to \R \\ &{} F(x) = \underline{\int_{a}^{x}} f(t) \, dt, \end{align}$$
 * For any given partition, the upper Darboux sum is always greater than or equal to the lower Darboux sum. Furthermore, the lower Darboux sum is bounded below by the rectangle of width (b−a) and height inf(f) taken over [a, b]. Likewise, the upper sum is bounded above by the rectangle of width (b−a) and height sup(f).
 * $$(b-a)\inf_{x \in [a,b]} f(x) \leq L_{f,P} \leq U_{f,P} \leq (b-a)\sup_{x \in [a,b]} f(x)$$
 * The lower and upper Darboux integrals satisfy
 * $$\underline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x) \, dx \leq \overline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x) \, dx$$
 * Given any c in (a, b)
 * $$\begin{align}
 * The lower and upper Darboux integrals are not necessarily linear. Suppose that g:[a, b] → R is also a bounded function, then the upper and lower integrals satisfy the following inequalities:
 * $$\begin{align}
 * For a constant c ≥ 0 we have
 * $$\begin{align}
 * For a constant c ≤ 0 we have
 * $$\begin{align}
 * Consider the function
 * $$\begin{align}
 * then F is Lipschitz continuous. An identical result holds if F is defined using an upper Darboux integral.

A Darboux-integrable function
Suppose we want to show that the function $$f(x)=x$$ is Darboux-integrable on the interval $$[0,1]$$ and determine its value. To do this we partition $$[0,1]$$ into $$n$$ equally sized subintervals each of length $$1/n$$. We denote a partition of $$n$$ equally sized subintervals as $$P_n$$.

Now since $$f(x)=x$$ is strictly increasing on $$[0,1]$$, the infimum on any particular subinterval is given by its starting point. Likewise the supremum on any particular subinterval is given by its end point. The starting point of the $$k$$-th subinterval in $$P_n$$ is $$(k-1)/n$$ and the end point is $$k/n$$. Thus the lower Darboux sum on a partition $$P_n$$ is given by

 * $$\begin{align}

L_{f,P_n} &= \sum_{k = 1}^{n} f(x_{k-1})(x_{k} - x_{k-1}) \\ &= \sum_{k = 1}^{n} \frac{k-1}{n} \cdot \frac{1}{n} \\ &= \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{k = 1}^{n} [k-1] \\ &= \frac{1}{n^2}\left[ \frac{(n-1)n}{2} \right] \end{align}$$

similarly, the upper Darboux sum is given by

 * $$\begin{align}

U_{f,P_n} &= \sum_{k = 1}^{n} f(x_{k})(x_{k} - x_{k-1}) \\ &= \sum_{k = 1}^{n} \frac{k}{n} \cdot \frac{1}{n} \\ &= \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{k = 1}^{n} k \\ &= \frac{1}{n^2}\left[ \frac{(n+1)n}{2} \right] \end{align}$$

Since
 * $$U_{f,P_n} - L_{f,P_n} = \frac{1}{n}$$

Thus for given any $$\varepsilon>0$$, we have that any partition $$P_n$$ with $$n > \frac{1}{\varepsilon}$$ satisfies
 * $$U_{f,P_n} - L_{f,P_n} < \varepsilon$$

which shows that $$f$$ is Darboux integrable. To find the value of the integral note that

 * $$\int_{0}^{1}f(x) \, dx

= \lim_{n \to \infty} U_{f,P_n} = \lim_{n \to \infty} L_{f,P_n} = \frac{1}{2}$$

A nonintegrable function
Suppose we have the Dirichlet function $$f:[0,1] \to \R$$ defined as

 * $$\begin{align}

f(x) &= \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if }x\text{ is rational} \\ 1 & \text{if }x\text{ is irrational} \end{cases} \end{align}$$

Since the rational and irrational numbers are both dense subsets of $$\mathbb{R}$$, it follows that $$f$$ takes on the value of 0 and 1 on every subinterval of any partition. Thus for any partition $$P$$ we have

 * $$\begin{align}

L_{f,P} &=\sum_{k = 1}^{n}(x_{k} - x_{k-1})\inf_{x \in [x_{k-1},x_{k}]}f = 0 \\ U_{f,P} &=\sum_{k = 1}^{n}(x_{k} - x_{k-1}) \sup_{x \in [x_{k-1},x_{k}]}f = 1 \end{align}$$ from which we can see that the lower and upper Darboux integrals are unequal.

Refinement of a partition and relation to Riemann integration
A refinement of the partition $$x_0, \ldots, x_n$$ is a partition $$y_0, \ldots, y_m$$ such that for all i = 0, …, n there is an integer r(i) such that

 * $$ x_{i} = y_{r(i)} . $$

In other words, to make a refinement, cut the subintervals into smaller pieces and do not remove any existing cuts.

If $$P' = (y_0,\ldots,y_m) $$ is a refinement of $$P = (x_0,\ldots,x_n), $$ then

 * $$U_{f, P} \ge U_{f, P'} $$

and

 * $$L_{f, P} \le L_{f, P'}. $$

If P1, P2 are two partitions of the same interval (one need not be a refinement of the other), then

 * $$L_{f, P_1} \le U_{f, P_2}, $$

and it follows that

 * $$L_f \le U_f . $$

Riemann sums always lie between the corresponding lower and upper Darboux sums. Formally, if $$P = (x_0,\ldots,x_n) $$ and $$T = (t_1,\ldots,t_n) $$ together make a tagged partition

 * $$ x_0 \le t_1 \le x_1\le \cdots \le x_{n-1} \le t_n \le x_n $$

(as in the definition of the Riemann integral), and if the Riemann sum of $$f$$ is equal to R corresponding to P and T, then

 * $$L_{f, P} \le R \le U_{f, P}. $$

From the previous fact, Riemann integrals are at least as strong as Darboux integrals: if the Darboux integral exists, then the upper and lower Darboux sums corresponding to a sufficiently fine partition will be close to the value of the integral, so any Riemann sum over the same partition will also be close to the value of the integral. There is (see below) a tagged partition that comes arbitrarily close to the value of the upper Darboux integral or lower Darboux integral, and consequently, if the Riemann integral exists, then the Darboux integral must exist as well.

 * {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="90%" style="text-align:left"

!Details of finding the tags For this proof, we shall use superscripts to index $$\left\{ P^{(n)} \right\}$$ and variables related to it.

Let $$\left\{ P^{(n)} \right\}$$ be a sequence of arbitrary partitions of $$[a, b]$$ such that $$\|P_n\|\to 0$$, whose tags are to be determined.

By the definition of infimum, for any $$\epsilon > 0$$, we can always find a $$t^{(n)}_i \in \left[ x^{(n)}_i, x^{(n)}_{i+1} \right] $$ such that $$ \inf_{x \in \left[ x^{(n)}_i, x^{(n)}_{i+1} \right] } f(x) \ge f(t^{(n)}_{i}) - \epsilon. $$ Thus,

\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=0}^{N^{(n)}-1} f(t_i) (x_{i+1}^{(n)} - x_i^{(n)}) & \le & \sum_{i=0}^{N^{(n)}-1} \left(      \inf_{x \in \left[ x^{(n)}_i, x^{(n)}_{i+1} \right] } f(x)        +       \epsilon      \right) (x_{i+1}^{(n)} - x_i^{(n)}) & \ \ \      \\      & = &      \sum_{i=0}^{N^{(n)}-1} \inf_{x \in \left[ x^{(n)}_i, x^{(n)}_{i+1} \right] } f(x) (x_{i+1}^{(n)} - x_i^{(n)}) +     \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \epsilon (x_{i+1}^{(n)} - x_i^{(n)}) \\     & = &      \sum_{i=0}^{N^{(n)}-1} \inf_{x \in \left[ x^{(n)}_i, x^{(n)}_{i+1} \right] } f(x) (x_{i+1}^{(n)} - x_i^{(n)}) +     \epsilon (b - a). \end{aligned} $$ Let $$ \epsilon = 1 / n(b - a) $$, we have

\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=0}^{N^{(n)}-1} f(t_i) (x_{i+1}^{(n)} - x_i^{(n)}) & \le & \sum_{i=0}^{N^{(n)}-1} \inf_{x \in \left[ x^{(n)}_i, x^{(n)}_{i+1} \right] } f(x) (x_{i+1}^{(n)} - x_i^{(n)}) + \frac{1}{n} \\     & = &      L_{f, P^{(n)}} + \frac{1}{n} \end{aligned} $$ Taking limits of both sides,

\begin{aligned} R_f = \sum_{i=0}^{N^{(n)}-1} f(t_i) (x_{i+1}^{(n)} - x_i^{(n)}) \le \lim_{n\to \infty} L_{f, P^{(n)}} +      \lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{1}{n} =     \lim_{n\to \infty} L_{f, P^{(n)}}. \end{aligned} $$ Similarly, (with a different sequences of tags)

\begin{aligned} R_f \ge \lim_{n\to \infty} U_{f, P^{(n)}}. \end{aligned} $$ Thus, we have

R_f \le \lim_{n\to \infty} L_{f, P^{(n)}} \le \lim_{n\to \infty} U_{f, P^{(n)}} \le R_f, $$ which means that the Darboux integral exists and equals $$R_f$$.

 * }

title: Darboux integral


text:
User:Kreoche

Tom Schiffer
He doesn't revise major articles around here, but when he finds an obvious mistake, he strives to correct it.

When questioned about his real purpose for acquiring and editor's account, he said, I just wanted to add some text about the card game Maul.

It is reported that he mostly uses the Wikipedia to research.

title: User:Kreoche


text:
File:Florinda coccinoa.jpg

Summary
Photo

title: File:Florinda coccinoa.jpg


text:
Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun

Arthur Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun, (1 November 1840 – 20 January 1915), styled Sir Arthur Guinness, Bt between 1868 and 1880, was an Anglo-Irish businessman, politician and philanthropist. He is perhaps best known for giving St Stephen's Green to the Dublin Corporation for public use.

Background and education
Guinness was born at St Anne's, Clontarf, Dublin, the eldest son of Sir Benjamin Guinness, 1st Baronet, and elder brother of Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh. He was the great-grandson of Arthur Guinness. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, where he graduated BA in 1862, and in 1868 succeeded his father as the second Baronet Guinness of Ashford.

Political life
In 1868 Guinness was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for the City of Dublin, a seat he held for only a year. His election was voided because of his election agent's unlawful efforts, which the court found were unknown to him. He was re-elected at the next election in 1874.

A supporter of Disraeli's "one nation" conservatism, his politics were typical of "constructive unionism", the belief that the union between Ireland and Britain should be more beneficial to the people of Ireland after centuries of difficulties. In 1872 he was a sponsor of the "Irish Exhibition" at Earlsfort Terrace in Dublin, which was arranged to promote Irish trade. Correcting a mistake about the exhibition in the Freeman's Journal led to a death threat from a religious extremist, which he did not report to the police. In the 1890s he supported the Irish Unionist Alliance.

After withdrawing from the Guinness company in 1876, when he sold his half-share to his brother Edward for £600,000, he was in 1880 raised to the peerage as Baron Ardilaun, of Ashford in the County of Galway. His home there was at Ashford Castle on Lough Corrib, and his title derived from the Gaelic Ard Oileáin, a 'high island' on the lake.

Landlord
In 1852, Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, 1st Baronet (1798–1868), heir to the Guinness brewery fortune and father of Arthur Guinness, "acquired several Connacht estates that were up for sale in the Encumbered Estates' Court. He bought the Ashford estate from Lord Oranmore and Browne, the Doon estate from Sir Richard O'Donnell, the Cong estate from Alexander Lambert, part of the Rosshill estate from Lords Charlemont and Leitrim, parts of Connemara from Christopher St George. In 1859, he bought Kylemore from a banking consortium. With these purchases, Benjamin Guinness became landlord to 670 tenants, 316 of whom rented at less than £5 per annum. With his father’s death in 1868, Arthur Guinness, 2nd Baronet and oldest son and heir, continued in his father’s footsteps, purchasing vast swaths of Galway. "He bought the Elwood estate of Strandhill, just across the river from Ashford, Cong, in 1871, and Lord Kilmaine sold him the Inishdoorus islands on Lough Corrib, and lands in the barony of Ross, part of Nymphsfield near Cong in 1875. William Burke of Lisloughry was his agent". When Arthur's acquisitions were combined with those of his father, total acreage for the Ashford estate was 33,298 with the result that Lord Ardilaun owned most of County Galway between Maam (Maum) Bridge and Lough Mask.

Owning 31,000 acres recently bought by his father or himself in Counties Galway and Mayo, Ardilaun was placed in a difficult and unusual position during the Land War of the 1880s. Tenant farmers had started rent strikes and boycotting against absentee landlords who cared little about their estates. In contrast, Ardilaun lived at Ashford for much of the year, and invested heavily in his lands, but was forced to sell land from the 1880s and saw two of his bailiffs assassinated in what became known as the Lough Mask Murders in January 1882. His attempt to preserve the landscape at Muckross, near Killarney, County Kerry, from 1899 for aesthetic reasons was under challenge as soon as 1905. With the Digby family he was a joint owner of the Aran Islands that were compulsorily purchased by the Congested Districts Board in 1916.

Philanthropy
Ardilaun was, like many in the Guinness family, a generous philanthropist, devoting himself to a number of public causes, including the restoration of Marsh's Library in Dublin and the extension of the city's Coombe Women's Hospital. In buying and keeping intact the estate around Muckross House in 1899, he assisted the movement to preserve the lake and mountain landscape around Killarney, now a major tourist destination. From 1875 he was a sponsor of the "Dublin Artizan's Dwellings Company", which built cottages for poor Dubliners at reasonable rents, and was the forerunner of the Iveagh Trust later set up by his brother Edward.

In his best-known achievement, he also bought, landscaped, and gave to the capital, the central public park of St Stephen's Green, where his statue commissioned by the city can be seen opposite the Royal College of Surgeons. To do so he sponsored a Private bill that was passed as the Saint Stephen’s Green (Dublin) Act 1877, and after the landscaping it was formally opened to the public on 27 July 1880. It has been maintained since then by the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland (now the Office of Public Works)

In 1913 Ardilaun was approached by Sir Hugh Lane, who wanted to build a new modern art gallery in the Green where the statue of Lord Ardilaun was placed. Ardilaun replied:
 * "Are you mad? I will not have myself stand sentry to a picture palace like some giddy huckster".

An intermission in Ardilaun's philanthropy provoked Yeats's powerful poem "To a Wealthy Man...."

He was also elected President of the Royal Dublin Society from 1892 to 1913.

In "Ulysses"
Ulysses by James Joyce includes several references to Ardilaun, as Joyce considered him to be a prime Irish example of Victorian conventional respectability. The porter brewed by the "cunning brothers"—he and his brother Lord Iveagh—was: "a crystal cup full of the foamy ebon ale which the noble twin brothers Bungiveagh and Bungardilaun brew ever in their divine alevats, cunning as the sons of deathless Leda. For they garner the succulent berries of the hop and mass and sift and bruise and brew them and they mix therewith sour juices and bring the must to the sacred fire and cease not night or day from their toil, those cunning brothers, lords of the vat." In the "Nighttown" section, the breasts of a girl who is undressing are "Two ardilauns", meaning "two high islands", a play on the Gaelic meaning of the word.

In 1902-03 Joyce also wrote literary reviews in the Irish Daily Express which was owned by Ardilaun.

Personal life
In 1871, Lord Ardilaun married Lady Olivia Charlotte Hedges-White, daughter of The 3rd Earl of Bantry, whose family seat was Bantry House in County Cork; this was a happy but childless marriage.

He died on 20 January 1915 at his home at St Anne's, Raheny, and was buried at All Saints Church, Raheny, whose construction he had sponsored. Those present at the funeral included representatives of the Royal Dublin Society, of which Lord Ardilaun was president for many years, the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance, and the Primrose League. His barony became extinct at his death, but the baronetcy devolved upon his nephew Algernon.

On his widow's death Saint Anne's Park passed to Algernon's cousin Rev. Benjamin Plunket former Bishop of Meath, who sold most of the estate to Dublin Corporation in 1937, keeping Sybil Hill as his residence. The corporation has preserved much of the estate as one of Dublin's most important public parks, though the house itself burnt down in 1943, with the remaining lands used for housing. The outcome of Ardilaun's extensive tree plantings came into focus a century after his death, when in 2019 the park was given Green Flag status, and was listed as one of the world's top five urban public parks.

title: Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun


text:
Zirkelite

Zirkelite is an oxide mineral with the chemical formula (Ca,Th,Ce)Zr(Ti,Nb)2O7. It occurs as well-formed fine sized isometric crystals. It is a black, brown or yellow mineral with a hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 4.7.

Name and discovery
Zirkelite was first discovered in Brazil in 1895. It was named for German petrographer Ferdinand Zirkel (1838–1912).

Occurrence
Initial discovery was from the Jacupiranga carbonatite, Sao Paulo, Brazil. It is also found in Canada, Kazakhstan, Norway, Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

title: Zirkelite


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/W. A. Draves

Lots of people see the Lord. Not all are notable. Salasks 01:56, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC) In light of the info below, I recant my VfD nomination. As a show of good faith (bad pun), I copyedited it so it no longer reads like an evangelism. Salasks 21:34, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * He didn't even see the Lord. He saw John the Baptist. How notable can a guy be if the Lord, who is omnipresent anyway, doesn't even bother appearing before him, but sends somebody else instead? Delete. Elf-friend 02:22, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Apparently his visions are accepted by a small Mormon sect, which makes him notable; see Church of Christ with the Elijah Message.  If you've never heard of him, you travel in the wrong circles, it seems.  Smerdis of Tlön 02:54, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and clean: It's a real thing, moderately notable, but cleanup needs to take some of the definitiveness out of the article and insert an opening that locates this person.  Just "W. A. Draves (dates) a Mormon visionary in the United States" would do the trick to help. Geogre 04:15, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and clean. In addition to the George's suggestions, reduce the "testimony" section to a couple key quotations or a general summary. --Benc 10:14, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. There is enough room for this type of information in Wikipedia. Arevich 18:22, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Put the information here on the page of the sect concerned. Mr Draves isn't notable by himself, as far as I can tell reviewing the article. --Sesel 03:51, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Decartelization

Decartelization is the transition of a national economy from monopoly control by groups of large businesses, known as cartels, to a free market economy. This change rarely arises naturally, and is generally the result of regulation by a governing body with monopoly of power to decide what structures it likes.

A modern example of decartelization is the economic restructuring of Germany after the fall of the Third Reich in 1945. To truly understand the term "decartelization" requires familiarity with the term "cartel". A cartel is a formal (explicit) agreement among firms. Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry (oligopoly), where there are a small number of sellers, and usually involve homogeneous products (see Homogeneity and heterogeneity). Cartel members may agree on such matters as price fixing, total industry output, market shares, allocation of customers, allocation of territories, bid rigging, establishment of common sales agencies (sales agents), and the division of property or profits or combination of these. The aim of such collusion is to increase individual member's profits by reducing competition. Competition laws forbid cartels. Identifying and breaking up cartels is an important part of competition policy in most countries, although proving the existence of a cartel is rarely easy, as firms are usually not so careless as to put agreements to collude on paper.

Historical background
Examples of alleged and legal cartels:
 * American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) controlled all telephone systems in the United States via a network of subsidiaries, the Bell System, which was broken up in 1982.
 * De Beers settled charges of price fixing in the diamond trade in the 2000s. (See De Beers antitrust litigation.)

Debate
The general debate with decartelization is a national economy controlled by monopolies and cartels, versus a free market economy. With a free market economy, the pros are very clear. It encourages individual initiatives; it determines price of goods through competition, and motivates people to work towards financial independence. Most individuals would prefer a free market economy, where there are many buyers and sellers in each market, and the prices are determined based on competition alone. The problem is, it is not up to the individuals. In most cases of cartels, these secret arrangements are done "under the radar", and these major companies know how to cover their tracks. It is very difficult to prove that companies have formed a cartel; therefore it is very difficult to dismantle one.

In the case with the Third Reich in Germany, the people had no choice. During the war, there was a school called soziale Marktwirtschaft, the "social conscience free market". Members of this school hated totalitarianism and had propounded their views at some risk during the Nazis' rule. Wrote Henry Wallich, "During the Nazi Reich period the school represented a kind of intellectual resistance movement, requiring great personal courage as well as independence of mind." The school's members believed in free markets, along with some slight degree of progression in the income tax system and government action to limit monopoly.

title: Decartelization


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George Little (naval officer)

George Little (10 April 1754 – 22 July 1809) was a United States Navy officer. He served in the Massachusetts State Navy during the Revolutionary War and in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France.

Military career
At age 25, Little was appointed first lieutenant of Massachusetts ship Protector in 1779, and was aboard in 1781 when she fought a running battle with the British ship Thames. In a later engagement, he was captured, imprisoned, but later escaped.

He was given command of Massachusetts ship Winthrop which captured two British privateers, armed brig Meriam, and a number of other vessels. Commissioned captain, USN, 4 March 1799, Little was given command of the frigate Boston, which was still under construction. At the end of June, Capt. Little served as member of the first U.S. Navy court martial, that of John Blake Cordis, second lieutenant of the Constitution and brother-in-law of Little's first lieutenant, Robert Haswell. The Boston sailed 24 July, on the first of two cruises down the American coast to the West Indies. The next year saw a second cruise, which culminated with the capture of the French corvette Le Berceau and seven other ships.

On their return, Little found himself in the middle of a political firestorm, the capture of Le Berceau having taken place two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine had ended the Quasi-War. He and his fellow officers faced a court martial for the alleged looting of the personal possessions of the French officers, of which they would be acquitted but not without Little being dismissed by the Navy in 1801. This was not his only legal fight, as a challenge to the legitimacy of the taking of the Danish trader, the Flying Fish, would result in a legal case which, as Little v. Barreme, was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1804, the ruling going against Little. Little also fought in court over an agreement with Silas Talbot to split the prize money for Les Deux Anges, taken by the Boston in January 1800. This case, Talbot v. Little, also reached the Supreme Court, but was eventually dismissed without hearing, leaving Little and his crew the victors.

Namesakes
Two destroyers have been named USS Little in his honor.

title: George Little (naval officer)


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Binky

Binky may refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Binky (Life in Hell), the main character of the Life in Hell comic strip series by Matt Groening
 * Binky (Harry Potter), Lavender Brown's rabbit in the Harry Potter series
 * Binky (Discworld), Death's horse in the Discworld book series
 * Binky Biggs, the title character of the DC Comics series Leave It to Binky
 * Binky the Clown, a minor character in the comic strip Garfield
 * Binky Barnes, an anthropomorphic bulldog in Arthur, a children's book and animated television series

People

 * Binky Favis, Filipino basketball coach in the 1990s and 2000s
 * Alexandra "Binky" Felstead, in the British structured-reality television series Made in Chelsea
 * Binky Jones (1899–1961), American baseball player
 * Binky Mack, an American rapper from the group Allfrumtha I

Other uses

 * Binky (polar bear), a bear formerly in an Alaskan zoo
 * Pacifier

title: Binky


text:
Kenneth Tynan

Kenneth Peacock Tynan (2 April 1927 – 26 July 1980) was an English theatre critic and writer. Initially making his mark as a critic at The Observer, he praised John Osborne's Look Back in Anger (1956) and encouraged the emerging wave of British theatrical talent.

In 1963 Tynan was appointed the new National Theatre Company's literary manager.

An opponent of theatre censorship, he was one of the earliest people to say "fuck" on British television, during a live 1965 broadcast, despite a common misconception that he was the first.

Later in life he settled in California, where he resumed his writing career.

Early life
Tynan was born in Birmingham, England, to Letitia Rose Tynan and (as he was led to believe) "Peter Tynan" (see below). Tynan had a stammer that was more pronounced as a child. He also possessed early on a high degree of articulate intelligence. By the age of six, he was already keeping a diary. At King Edward's School, Birmingham, he was a brilliant student of whom one of his masters said: "He was the only boy I could never teach anything." He played the lead, Doctor Parpalaid, in an English translation of Jules Romains's farce Knock. While at school, Tynan began smoking, which became a lifelong habit.

Tynan was twelve at the outbreak of the Second World War. At thirteen, he was nearly killed when a parachute landmine destroyed the houses on the other side of the Birmingham street where the Tynans lived, killing the inhabitants.

He adopted opinions then deemed outrageous. During school debates, he advocated repealing laws against homosexuality and abortion. During a school debate on the motion "This House Thinks the Present Generation Has Lost the Ability to Entertain Itself", Tynan gave a speech on the pleasures of masturbation. By the time the war ended, he had gained a scholarship to Oxford University.

Oxford and other experiences
At Magdalen College, Oxford, Tynan lived flamboyantly but was already beginning to suffer from the effects of his heavy smoking.

The writer Paul Johnson, "an awestruck freshman-witness to his arrival at the Magdalen lodge", described Tynan as a "tall, beautiful, epicene youth, with pale yellow locks, Beardsley cheekbones, fashionable stammer, plum-coloured suit, lavender tie and ruby signet-ring." According to Johnson, most students were "struck speechless" by Tynan's extravagant style.

Disliked by some, Tynan was an intellectual and social leader among Oxford undergraduates, often made a splash ("during the whole of his time there he was easily the most talked-of person in the city"), had groupies ("a court of young women and admiring dons"), and gave sensational parties sometimes attended by London entertainment celebrities, Johnson wrote.

Tynan produced and acted in plays, spoke "brilliantly" at the Oxford Union, wrote for and edited college magazines. He retained a lifelong admiration for his tutor at Oxford, C. S. Lewis; in spite of their marked differences in outlook, Tynan viewed him as a father figure.

In 1948, after the death of his father—the man he had known as Peter Tynan—Tynan learned that "Peter Tynan" was in reality an alias of Sir Peter Peacock, a former mayor of Warrington, who had been leading a double life for more than 20 years, and who had a wife and another family in Warrington. Tynan's mother was obliged to return Sir Peter's body to his wife and family in Warrington for burial. Tynan's discovery of his father's deception (and his mother's collusion) severely damaged his ability to trust others.

When Tynan was called up for National Service, he put on an act of appearing outrageously camp, including wearing a floppy hat, velvet coat, painted fingernails and a great deal of Yardley scent. Perhaps partly as a result, he was rejected as "medically unfit" for service.

1951 to the early 1960s
On 25 January 1951, Tynan married the American author Elaine Dundy after a three-month romance. The following year, their daughter, Tracy (born 12 May 1952, Westminster, London), was named after the character in The Philadelphia Story, Tracy Lord, played by Katharine Hepburn. Hepburn was asked to be the child's godmother, a role she accepted.

Tynan's career took off in 1952 when he was hired as a theatre critic for the London Evening Standard. According to Johnson, Tynan "quickly established himself as the most audacious literary journalist in London. His motto was: 'Write heresy, pure heresy.' He pinned to his desk the exhilarating slogan: 'Rouse tempers, goad and lacerate, raise whirlwinds. Two years later, he left for The Observer, and it was there that he rose to prominence (1954–1958, 1960–1963).

Tynan was highly critical of what he called "the Loamshire play", a genre of English country house drama he felt dominated the early 1950s British stage and was wasting the talents of playwrights and actors. He espoused a new theatrical realism, best exemplified in the works of the playwrights who became known as the "Angry Young Men". There was a significant development in the 1955–56 British theatre season during which John Osborne's Look Back in Anger (and Samuel Beckett's English version of his own Waiting for Godot) premiered. Tynan championed Osborne's play, although he identified some possible flaws, concluding his review with the comment: "I doubt if I could love anyone who did not wish to see Look Back in Anger. It is the best young play of its decade." The theatre historian Dan Rebellato asserts: "it is clear that he is set on confronting his readership, not speaking for them".

"He became a power in the London theatre, which regarded him with awe, fear and hatred", Johnson wrote. The reviewer "seemed to know all world literature" and studded his articles with such words as "esurient", "cateran", "cisisbeism" [sic], and "erethism".

Tynan and the actor Harold Lang co-wrote a radio play, The Quest for Corbett (1956), which was broadcast at least twice in the BBC Third Programme in the mid-1950s. From 1956 to 1958, Tynan was the script editor for Ealing Studios, and co-wrote, with Seth Holt, the film Nowhere to Go (1958). Tynan commissioned a film adaptation of William Golding's Lord of the Flies from Nigel Kneale, but Ealing Studios closed in 1959 before it could be produced.

From 1958 to 1960, Tynan became known in the United States by contributing "some superb reviews" to The New Yorker. His marriage had become increasingly difficult in spite of his success (and Dundy's: she had published her first novel in 1958). Both had extramarital affairs (his much more blatant than hers) and he had developed a dependence on alcohol. His sexual tastes had always favoured sadomasochism, which strained the marriage as well. Dundy wrote in her memoir Life Itself (2002): "To cane a woman on her bare buttocks, to hurt and humiliate her, was what gave him his greatest sexual satisfaction." Johnson wrote that "women seem to have objected less to his sadism, which took only a mild form, than to his vanity and authoritarianism. [...] He treated women as possessions. [...] Tynan, while reserving the unqualified right to be unfaithful himself, expected loyalty from his spouse." On one occasion, he returned from a meeting with his mistress to find a naked man in the kitchen with his wife. He threw the man's clothes down a lift shaft.

After his first period writing for The New Yorker, Tynan returned in 1960 to The Observer, where he remained its theatre critic until mid-1963, when he joined the National Theatre Company.

At the National Theatre
In 1963, Laurence Olivier became the British National Theatre Company's first artistic director. Tynan had been highly dismissive of Olivier's achievements as artistic director of the Chichester Festival Theatre, which opened in 1962, but he recommended himself for the role of literary manager. Olivier was initially outraged by Tynan's presumption but Olivier's wife, Joan Plowright, convinced him that Tynan would be an asset at the National Theatre Company, then based at the Old Vic theatre. When he became the National Theatre's literary manager, Tynan ceased to be the theatre critic for The Observer, but he stayed on the paper for several more years as a film reviewer.

At the National Theatre, Tynan established for himself a global reputation, Johnson wrote: "Indeed at times in the 1960s he probably had more influence than anyone else in world theatre." Tynan in particular played an important role in the National's choice of plays, pushing Olivier into more adventurous selections than his own instincts might have led him to. Altogether, some 79 plays were performed during Tynan's period at the National Theatre; 32 were his idea, and another 20 chosen with his collaboration. Tynan also persuaded Olivier to play the title role in Shakespeare's Othello, something the actor had always been reluctant to do: Olivier's Othello opened at the National Theatre in 1964 to glowing reviews, and was filmed in 1965.

On 13 November 1965, Tynan participated in a live TV debate, broadcast as part of the BBC's late-night satirical show BBC-3. He was asked whether he would allow a play to be staged in which sexual intercourse was represented on the stage, and replied: "Well, I think so, certainly. I doubt if there are any rational people to whom the word 'fuck' would be particularly diabolical, revolting or totally forbidden. I think that anything which can be printed or said can also be seen." No recording survives of the programme. At the time, this was believed to be the first time the word "fuck" had been spoken on British television —although at least three prior claims have been asserted: Brendan Behan on Panorama in 1956 (although his drunken slurring was not understood); an anonymous man who painted the railings on Stranmillis Embankment alongside the River Lagan in Belfast, who in 1959 told Ulster TV's magazine show, Roundabout, that his job was "fucking boring"; and the actress Miriam Margolyes, who claims to have used the word in frustration whilst appearing on University Challenge in 1963. Johnson later called Tynan's use of the word "his masterpiece of calculated self-publicity", adding, "for a time it made him the most notorious man in the country". Private Eye joked that Tynan's stammer made it the first three-syllable four-letter word on British television.

In response to public outcry, the BBC was forced to issue a formal apology. In the House of Commons, four censuring motions were signed by a total of 133 Labour and Conservative backbenchers. Mary Whitehouse, a frequent critic of the BBC over issues of "morals and decency", wrote a letter to the Queen, suggesting that Tynan should be reprimanded by having "his bottom spanked". The irony of Whitehouse's comment has been noted, given the later revelations of Tynan's fetish for flagellation.

Tynan's use of the four-letter word appears in a song by comedian Billy Connolly entitled "Four Letter Word".

The controversy was part of a larger, longstanding aim of Tynan's "of breaking down linguistic inhibitions on the stage and in print. In 1960, "after much manoeuvring", Tynan got the four-letter word into The Observer in an article about the Lady Chatterley trial. His organisation of Oh! Calcutta! in 1969 was another important victory in that campaign. Tynan fiercely opposed censorship and was determined to break taboos he considered arbitrary.

Tynan's left-wing politics and lifestyle made him something of a poster boy for 1960s radical chic and champagne socialism in London. He suffered a serious personal defeat in the National's internal battles over his support for the Rolf Hochhuth play Soldiers, a controversial work highly critical of Winston Churchill, whose National Theatre production was eventually cancelled.

Later career
An erotic revue that Tynan coordinated and partly wrote, Oh! Calcutta!, debuted in 1969 and became one of the most successful theatre hits of all time. It included scenes by various authors, including Samuel Beckett, Sam Shepard, John Lennon and Edna O'Brien, as well as music and featured frequent nudity. But Tynan was a poor businessman, and the contracts he signed for the show brought him only $250,000 out of the many millions it earned. A sequel he devised, Carte Blanche, was less successful. Germaine Greer was publicly dismissive of it. Tynan wrote in a letter to Greer that while she was entitled to her opinion, "Whether you are entitled to attend a party in celebration of the show you have just knocked, and to seek a heart-felt reconciliation with the person who devised it, I am not certain. But there is one thing to which I know you will never be entitled, and that is my friendship."

In 1971, Tynan and Roman Polanski co-wrote an unusually grim and violent screen adaptation of Macbeth. In that same year, he returned to his childhood habit of keeping a journal, detailing his last few months at the National Theatre Company, which he finally left at the end of 1973 after being outmanoeuvred by its new artistic director, Peter Hall.

In the mid-1970s, Tynan made various failed efforts to explore serious sexual themes. He researched and wrote half a book on Wilhelm Reich. His attempts to compile an anthology of masturbation fantasies foundered after being rebuffed by Vladimir Nabokov, Graham Greene, Samuel Beckett and others, and he couldn't raise enough money to finance a film about a sexual triangle. Sexual obsession and physical debility marked Tynan's last years, according to Johnson.

Throughout the decade, Tynan wrote a series of influential profiles for The New Yorker, on such subjects as Louise Brooks, Tom Stoppard, Mel Brooks, and Johnny Carson. In 1976, he moved with his family to California in 1976, in hopes of easing his emphysema. Tynan's diaries, which he continued until the end of his life, are a mixture of self-examination and gossip, frequently hilarious and passionate, filled with wisdom and occasional folly. Ultimately, they reflect a growing sense of disappointment, including the observation, "A critic is someone who knows the way, but can't drive the car."

A defender of pornography, Tynan submitted three articles on sex to Playboy, but they were all rejected for publication. He was listed at number 3 in Time Out's "Top 30 chart of London's most erotic writers" in 2008.

Personal life
Tynan's first marriage deteriorated to the point where he was living apart from Dundy, and they finally divorced in May 1964. In December 1962, he had met Kathleen Halton, the daughter of wartime CBC correspondent Matthew Halton and sister of contemporary CBC journalist David Halton. Tynan convinced her to leave her husband and live with him. On 30 June 1967, before a New Jersey Justice of the Peace, Tynan married a six-month pregnant Halton, with Marlene Dietrich as witness. During the ceremony, Dietrich backed towards some doors to close them; the judge interrupted his oration, and without change in tone or pace said: "And do you, Kenneth, take Kathleen for your lawful-wedded—I wouldn't stand with your ass to an open door in this office, lady—wife to have and to hold?"

Tynan's second marriage began falling apart, largely because of his "insistence on total sexual latitude for himself, fidelity for his wife". He formed a relationship with a woman to enact sado-masochistic fantasies, sometimes involving both of them cross-dressing, sometimes hiring prostitutes as "extras" in elaborate scenes. Tynan told his wife that he intended to continue with the sessions weekly "although all common sense and reason and kindness and even camaraderie are against it. ... It is my choice, my thing, my need ... It is fairly comic and slightly nasty. But it is shaking me like an infection and I cannot do anything but be shaken until the fit has passed."

The memoir of Tracy Tynan, his daughter from the marriage to Dundy, was published in 2016 in the United States. Wear and Tear: The Threads of My Life concerns her parents' tempestuous marriage, and Tynan's later experiences of them after the couple divorced.

Death and legacy
On 26 July 1980, Tynan died in Santa Monica, California, of pulmonary emphysema, aged 53. He is buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford.

In 1994, the British Library acquired the Tynan Archive consisting of correspondence, manuscripts, National Theatre papers, and papers relating to ''Oh! Calcutta!''.

Books

 * He That Plays the King (1950)
 * Persona Grata (photographs and dust jacket by Cecil Beaton, 1953)
 * Alec Guinness (1953)
 * Bull Fever (Longmans, 1955)
 * Quest for Corbett (Gaberbocchus Press, 1960)
 * Curtains (1961)
 * Tynan Right and Left: Plays, Films, People, Places and Events (1967; ISBN 0-689-10271-2)
 * The Sound of Two Hands Clapping (1975)
 * Show People: Profiles in Entertainment (1980; ISBN 0-671-25012-4)
 * Kathleen Tynan & Ernie Eban (ed.), Profiles (1990, Various editions; ISBN 0-06-039123-5)
 * Kathleen Tynan (ed.), Kenneth Tynan: Letters (1998) (ISBN 0-517-39926-1)
 * John Lahr (ed.) ,The Diaries of Kenneth Tynan (2001; ISBN 0-7475-5418-8, ISBN 1-58234-160-5)
 * Dominic Shellard (ed.), Kenneth Tynan: Theatre Writings (2007)
 * As editor
 * The Observer Plays (1958; London: Faber)
 * A View of the English Stage (1975; London: Eyre Methuen)

Essays and reporting
———————
 * Notes

title: Kenneth Tynan


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title: File:Florinda coccinoa eyes.png


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George Little (North Carolina politician)

George W. Little (born March 22, 1942) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of North Carolina and was a candidate for North Carolina Governor in the 2004 gubernatorial election.

Born in Pinehurst, North Carolina, raised in Southern Pines, and an alumnus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Little is an insurance executive. He has been involved with the Republican party since the 1970s, having served on the gubernatorial campaigns of Jim Holshouser and Jim Martin, as well as chair of the Moore County Republican Party. During Jim Holshouser's tenure as governor, Little was appointed Secretary of Natural and Economic Resources.

Little has served for years as chair of the Sandhills Community College Board of Trustees and campaigned for the successful 2000 North Carolina higher education bond measure. Little's work on the board of his local community college has been praised for being completely nonpartisan. Sandhills is considered one of the top community colleges in the country.

Little entered the race for the Republican nomination to challenge incumbent Democratic Governor Mike Easley in 2004. He had the support of both former governors Holshouser and Martin. The only one out of a field of six challengers who had not ever held elected office, Little's largely self-financed campaign earned him four percent of the popular vote but left him in last place out of the crowded primary field.

In 2009, he was considered a possible candidate for chairman of the North Carolina Republican Party but endorsed Tom Fetzer instead.


text:
Gloria

Gloria may refer to:

Christian liturgy and music

 * Gloria in excelsis Deo, the Greater Doxology, a hymn of praise
 * Gloria Patri, the Lesser Doxology, a short hymn of praise
 * Gloria (Handel)
 * Gloria (Jenkins)
 * Gloria (Poulenc), a 1959 composition by Francis Poulenc
 * Gloria (Vivaldi), a musical setting of the doxology by Antonio Vivaldi

Groups and labels

 * Gloria (Brazilian band), a post-hardcore/metalcore band
 * Gloria, later named Unit Gloria, a Dutch band with Robert Long as member

Albums

 * Gloria (Disillusion album)
 * Gloria!, an album by Gloria Estefan
 * Gloria (Gloria Trevi album)
 * Gloria (Okean Elzy album)
 * Gloria (Sam Smith album)
 * Gloria (Shadows of Knight album) (1966)
 * Gloria (EP), an EP by Hawk Nelson

Songs

 * "Gloria" (Enchantment song) (1976), a song later covered by Jesse Powell in 1996
 * "Gloria" (Mando Diao song), a 2009 song by Mando Diao from Give Me Fire
 * "Gloria" (Leon René song), a song released by The Cadillacs in 1954
 * "Gloria" (The Lumineers song) (2019)
 * "Gloria" (Them song), a song written by Van Morrison in 1964 and covered by artists including the Shadows of Knight and Patti Smith
 * "Gloria" (Umberto Tozzi song) (1979), a song later covered by Laura Branigan in 1982
 * "Gloria" (U2 song) (1981)
 * "Gloria" (Yui song)
 * "Gloria", a 1997 song by Mineral from the album The Power of Failing
 * "Gloria", a 2013 song by Relient K from the album Collapsible Lung
 * "Gloria", a 2014 song by The Midnight
 * "Gloria", a 2016 song by Magic! from Primary Colours
 * "Gloria", a 2019 song by Jain

Films

 * Gloria (1977 film), a French film directed by Claude Autant-Lara
 * Gloria (1980 film) (1980), a film by John Cassavetes
 * Gloria (1999 American film), a remake by Sidney Lumet
 * Gloria (1999 Portuguese film), a film by Manuela Viegas
 * Gloria (2013 film), a Chilean film
 * Gloria (2014 film), a Mexican film
 * Gloria! (film), a 2024 Italian–Swis film

Stage

 * Gloria (ballet), a ballet by Kenneth MacMillan
 * Gloria (opera), an opera by Francesco Cilea
 * Gloria (play), a play by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins

Television

 * Glória (2021 TV series), a Portuguese historical thriller series
 * Gloria (2022 TV series), a French drama series starring Cécile Bois
 * Gloria (American TV series), a 1982 American series, All in the Family spin-off
 * Gloria (South Korean TV series), a 2011 South Korean MBC television series

People and fictional characters

 * Gloria (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
 * Gloria (Bulgarian singer), Bulgarian pop/folk singer
 * Gloria (Irish singer), best known for her version of "One Day at a Time"

Places

 * Gloria, Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * Gloria, Oriental Mindoro, a municipality in the Philippines

Sports

 * Gloria (basketball team), from Moldova
 * Gloria (cycling team), an Italian professional cycling team that existed between 1927 and 1942
 * Gloria Bistriţa, a Romanian soccer club
 * Gloria Buzău (disambiguation), several Romanian sports clubs
 * Grêmio Esportivo Glória, Brazilian soccer club

Ships

 * ARC Gloria, a training ship of the Colombian Navy
 * RV Gloria Michelle, a U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration research vessel in service since 1980
 * SS Gloria (1917), a German cargo ship in service during 1939

Other uses

 * Nissan Gloria, a Japanese automobile
 * Gloria (heating system), a type of central heating system formerly used in Castile
 * Hurricane Gloria (1985)
 * Gloria Cultural Arena, a culture and music venue in Helsinki, Finland
 * Gloria-Theater (Cologne)
 * Gloria (magazine), a Croatian women's magazine
 * Gloria (Finnish magazine), a Finnish women's magazine
 * Gloria Material Technology Corp., a steelmaking company in Taiwan
 * Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments, an international mountain environment monitoring program
 * Global Research in International Affairs Center, an institute of the Interdisciplinary Center in Israel
 * GLORIA sidescan sonar, a sonar system
 * Gloria, an Indonesian Christian tabloid

title: Gloria


text:
User:Mcglk

He's just zis guy, you know?

title: User:Mcglk


text: Template:Witchcraft

title: Template:Witchcraft