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Hexi Corridor

The Hexi Corridor (, Xiao'erjing: حْسِ ظِوْلاْ, ), also known as the Gansu Corridor, is an important historical region located in the modern western Gansu province of China. It refers to a narrow stretch of traversable and relatively arable plain west of the Yellow River's Ordos Loop (hence the name Hexi, meaning "west of the river"), flanked between the much more elevated and inhospitable terrains of the Mongolian and Tibetan Plateaus.

As part of the Northern Silk Road, running northwest from the western section of the Ordos Loop between Yinchuan and Lanzhou, the Hexi Corridor was the most important trade route in Northwest China. It linked China proper to the historic Western Regions for traders and military incursions into Central Asia. It is a string of oases along the northern edges of the Qilian Mountains and Altyn-Tagh, with the high and desolate Tibetan Plateau further to the south. To the north are the Longshou, Heli and Mazong Mountains separating it from the arid Badain Jaran Desert, Gobi Desert and the cold steppes of the Mongolian Plateau. At the western end, the route splits into three, going either north of the Tianshan Mountains or south on either side of the Tarim Basin. At the eastern end, the mountains around Lanzhou grants access to the Longxi Basin, which leads east through Mount Long along the Wei River valley into the populous Guanzhong Plain, and then into the Central Plain.

Early crop dispersal
Chinese millets (Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria italica), rice, and other crops travelled westwards through the Corridor, and reached Western Asia and Europe from the fifth millennium to the second millennium BC.

Cultivated wheat, originating at the Fertile Crescent, appeared in China around 2800 BC at Donghuishan at the Hexi corridor. Several other crops are also attested at this time period. Xishanping is another similar site in Gansu.

According to Dodson and coauthors (2013), wheat entered via the Hexi Corridor into southern Gansu around 3000 BC, although other scholars date this somewhat later.

As early as the 1st millennium BCE, silk goods began appearing in Siberia, having traveled over the northern branch of the Silk Road, including the Hexi Corridor segment.

Qin dynasty
At the end of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), the Yuezhi overcame previous settlers, the Wusun and Qiang, occupying the western Hexi Corridor. Later, the newly risen Xiongnu armies under Modu Chanyu vanquished and expelled the Yuezhi, and established a dominant confederacy empire during the Chu-Han contention and the early Han dynasty.

Han dynasty
Han Dynasty map 2CE.png in 2 AD

Principalities and centrally-administered commanderies Protectorate of the Western Regions (Tarim Basin) ]] During the reign of Emperor Wen of Han, Modu's son Laoshang Chanyu defeated Yuezhi again in 162 BCE, forcing the westward exodus of majority of the Yuezhi survivors (later known as the Greater Yuezhi) into Central Asia, while the small portion of Yuezhi population that didn't migrate (known as the Lesser Yuezhi) was forced to mixed among the Qiang people and become the subjects of Xiongnu's Worthy Prince of the Right. At this point, the Hexi Corridor was under complete Xiongnu control, mainly occupied by the two tribes of Hunye and Xiutu.

In 138 BCE, Emperor Wu sent Zhang Qian as the ambassador to the Western Regions in an attempt to make contact with Greater Yuezhi. Zhang Qian's envoy was intercepted by Xiongnu while travelling through the Hexi Corridor, and he was held a captive for ten years, until he finally escaped and continued his mission further west. He eventually arrived at Yuezhi territory, but was unable to convince the Yuezhi leaders to ally against Xiongnu. On his return journey he was once again captured by Xiongnu while traversing the Hexi Corridor, but again managed to escape two years later. He finally returned to Chang'an in 125 BCE, bringing back invaluable detailed information about the various Central Asian kingdoms such as Dayuan, Daxia and Kangju, as well as other farther countries such as Anxi, Tiaozhi, Shendu and Wusun.

During the Han–Xiongnu War, Han general Huo Qubing expelled the Xiongnu from the Hexi Corridor and even drove them from Lop Nur when King Hunye surrendered to Huo Qubing in 121 BCE. The Han Empire acquired a new territory with trade access to the Western Regions, and also cutting the Xiongnu off from their Qiang allies. Again in 111 BCE, Han forces repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion, and to consolidate the control of the region, four new commanderies were established in the Hexi Corridor, namely (from east to west) Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang, collectively known as the Four Commanderies of Hexi (河西四郡).

From roughly 115–60 BCE, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BCE, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs.

During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was reconquered by the Xiongnu in 63 CE and used as a base to invade the Hexi Corridor. Dou Gu defeated the Xiongnu again at the Battle of Yiwulu in 73 CE, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami.

After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu was killed in 75 CE by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn. At the Battle of the Altai Mountains in 89 CE, Dou Xian defeated the Northern Chanyu, who retreated into the Altai Mountains. The Han forces, allied with the subjugated Southern Xiongnu, again defeated the Northern Chanyu twice in 90 CE and 91 CE, forcing him to flee west into Wusun and Kangju territories.

Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty fought the Tibetan Empire for control of areas in Inner and Central Asia. There was a long string of conflicts with Tibet over territories in the Tarim Basin between 670 and 692.

In 763 the Tibetans even captured the Tang capital of Chang'an for fifteen days during the An Lushan Rebellion. It was during this rebellion that the Tang withdrew its western garrisons stationed in what is now Gansu and Qinghai, which the Tibetans then occupied along with the area that is modern Xinjiang. Hostilities between the Tang and Tibet continued until they signed a formal peace treaty in 821. The terms of this treaty, including fixed borders between the two countries, are recorded in a bilingual inscription on a stone pillar outside the Jokhang in Lhasa.

Western Xia dynasty
The Western Xia dynasty was established in the 11th century by the Tangut people. Western Xia controlled from 1038 CE up to 1227 CE the areas in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia.

Yuan dynasty
Genghis Khan began the conquest of the Jin dynasty around 1207 and Ögedei Khan continued it after his death in 1227. The Jurchen-led Jin dynasty fell in 1234 CE with help from the Han-ruled Southern Song dynasty.

Ögedei also conquered the Western Xia dynasty in 1227, pacifying the Hexi Corridor region, which was later absorbed into the Yuan dynasty.

Geography and climate
The Hexi Corridor is a long, narrow passage stretching for some 1000 km from the steep Wushaolin hillside near the modern city of Lanzhou to the Jade Gate at the border of Gansu and Xinjiang. There are many fertile oases along the path, watered by rivers flowing from the Qilian Mountains, such as the Shiyang, Jinchuan, Ejin (Heihe), and Shule Rivers.

A strikingly inhospitable environment surrounds this chain of oases: the snow-capped Qilian Mountains (the so-called "southern mountains" or "Nanshan") to the south; the Beishan ("northern mountains") mountainous area, the Alashan Plateau, and the vast expanse of the Gobi desert to the north.

Geologically, the Hexi Corridor belongs to a Cenozoic foreland basin system on the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau.

The ancient trackway formerly passed through Haidong, Xining and the environs of Juyan Lake, serving an effective area of about 215000 km2. It was an area where mountain and desert limited caravan traffic to a narrow trackway, where relatively small fortifications could control passing traffic.

There are several major cities along the Hexi Corridor. In western Gansu Province is Dunhuang (Shazhou), then Yumen, then Jiayuguan, then Jiuquan (Suzhou), then Zhangye (Ganzhou) in the center, then Jinchang, then Wuwei (Liangzhou) and finally Lanzhou in the southeast. In the past, Dunhuang was part of the area known as the Western Regions. South of Gansu Province, in the middle just over the provincial boundary, lies the city of Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province. Xining used to be the chief commercial hub of the Hexi Corridor.

The Jiayuguan fort guards the western entrance to China. It is located in Jiayuguan pass at the narrowest point of the Hexi Corridor, some 6 km southwest of the city of Jiayuguan. The Jiayuguan fort is the first fortification of Great Wall of China in the west.

title: Hexi Corridor


text:
User talk:Pilonieta~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. I don't know if you know English, but this is the English Wikipedia, so uploaded files should be in English. There is a Wikipedia in Spanish for the Spanish articles and images. Thanks. Guanaco 04:16, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

Please upload your files at the Wikipedia en español. Guanaco 16:29, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pilonieta. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pilonieta~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:09, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pilonieta~enwiki


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/RK/Evidence

RK has posted numerous attacks on other users to the WikiEn-l list. Should those be considered within the scope of this case? —No-One Jones 04:18, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Certainly it is an issue that I, as an involved party, would like to see resolved.

 * I am very impressed with this page - it certainly illustrates the problems involved. Martin 17:48, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Fagopyrum

The genus Fagopyrum is in the flowering plant family Polygonaceae. It includes some important food plants, such as F. esculentum (buckwheat) and F. tataricum (Tartary buckwheat). The genus is native to the Indian subcontinent, much of Indochina, and central and southeastern China. Species have been widely introduced elsewhere, throughout the Holarctic and parts of Africa and South America.

Description
Fagopyrum contains 15 to 16 species of plants, including two important crop plants, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), and Fagopyrum tataricum (Tartary buckwheat). The two have similar uses, and are classed as pseudocereals, because they are used in the same way as cereals but do not belong to the grass family Poaceae.

Within Fagopyrum, the cultivated species are in the Cymosum group, including Fagopyrum cymosum or perennial buckwheat, the artificial hybrid Fagopyrum × giganteum, and Fagopyrum homotropicum.

This genus has five-petaled flowers arranged in a compound raceme that produces laterally flowered cymose clusters.

Taxonomy
The genus Fagopyrum was first published by Philip Miller in 1754. It is placed in the tribe Fagopyreae (as the only genus) in the subfamily Polygonoideae.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

 * Fagopyrum callianthum Ohnishi
 * Fagopyrum capillatum Ohnishi
 * Fagopyrum caudatum (Sam.) A.J.Li
 * Fagopyrum crispatifolium J.L.Liu
 * Fagopyrum cymosum (Trevir.) Meisn.
 * Fagopyrum densivillosum J.L.Liu
 * Fagopyrum esculentum Moench
 * Fagopyrum gilesii (Hemsl.) Hedberg
 * Fagopyrum gracilipedoides Ohsako & Ohnishi
 * Fagopyrum gracilipes (Hemsl.) Dammer
 * Fagopyrum homotropicum Ohnishi
 * Fagopyrum jinshaense Ohsako & Ohnishi
 * Fagopyrum kashmirianum Munshi
 * Fagopyrum × kuntzei Beck
 * Fagopyrum leptopodum (Diels) Hedberg
 * Fagopyrum lineare (Sam.) Haraldson
 * Fagopyrum longzhoushanense J.R.Shao
 * Fagopyrum luojishanense J.R.Shao
 * Fagopyrum macrocarpum Ohsako & Ohnishi
 * Fagopyrum pleioramosum Ohnishi
 * Fagopyrum pugense T.Yu
 * Fagopyrum qiangcai D.Q.Bai
 * Fagopyrum rubrifolium Ohsako & Ohnishi
 * Fagopyrum statice (H.Lév.) Gross
 * Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.
 * Fagopyrum tibeticum (A.J.Li) Adr.Sanchez & Jan.M.Burke
 * Fagopyrum urophyllum (Bureau & Franch.) Gross
 * Fagopyrum wenchuanense J.R.Shao
 * Fagopyrum zuogongense Q.F.Chen

title: Fagopyrum


text:
Talk:Caroline

Page type
This really should be a disambiguation page (and yes, I could do it if I read up on disambig pages, but I have a few higher priorities right now). --JohnRDaily 04:22, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. Next time, though, put a split tag in. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:19, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caroline


text:
File:Fetishes documentary DVD.jpg

Summary
DVD cover scan from the documentary film Fetishes, personal scan, claiming fair use (does not detract from original work, scanned from legal copy, image is of sufficiently low resolution).

Licensing
}== Fair use in Fetishes (documentary) == Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Fetishes documentary DVD.jpg


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University of Puerto Rico at Cayey

The University of Puerto Rico in Cayey (UPR-Cayey) is a public university in Cayey, Puerto Rico. It is part of the University of Puerto Rico System. It was initially founded as a regional school in 1967 and became a college in 1969. It was awarded autonomy in April 1982.

Academics
UPR Cayey awards bachelor's degrees. It serves as a starting point for students interested in applying to programs in the Medical Sciences Campus or at Mayagüez Campus.

Research
UPR-Cayey has undergraduate research programs such as Howard Hughes Project, the NIH MBRS-RISE program and the PR-AMP program. These programs provide research experience for students of the Natural Sciences, promoting student participation in scientific research. These programs provide funding and facilitate the experiences of science undergraduate students to do research either locally, at other campuses of Puerto Rico, or in Universities in the U.S.

The University houses the Environmental Education Center. The Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, supports students and teachers in colleges of neighboring municipalities in research projects. The Project for the Study of Women seeks to advance women's rights through education, research and community service. These programs are offered to students such as those taking college courses before completing their secondary education or professionals who wish to take continuing education courses.

Arts

 * Department of Humanities
 * Department of Hispanic Studies
 * Department of English
 * Department of Social Sciences

Natural Sciences

 * Natural Sciences Program
 * Department of Biology
 * Department of Chemistry
 * Department of Mathematics-Physics

Professional Schools

 * Department of Education
 * Physical Education Program
 * Department of Business Administration
 * Technology and Office Administration Program

title: University of Puerto Rico at Cayey


text:
Geologic timeline

Geologic timeline can refer to:

 * The geologic time scale of Earth history.
 * The historical development of the science of geology, as in the timeline of geology article.

title: Geologic timeline


text:
Eriogonum

Eriogonum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus is found in North America and is known as wild buckwheat. This is a highly species-rich genus, and indications are that active speciation is continuing. It includes some common wildflowers such as the California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum).

The genus derived its name from the Greek word erion meaning 'wool' and gonu meaning 'knee or joint'. The author of the genus, Michaux, explained the name as describing the first named species of the genus (E. tomentosum) as a wooly plant with sharply bent stems ("planta lanata, geniculata"). Despite sharing the common name "buckwheat", Eriogonum is part of a different genus than the cultivated European buckwheat and than other plant species also called wild buckwheat.

It came into the news in 2005 when the Mount Diablo buckwheat (Eriogonum truncatum, believed to be extinct) was rediscovered.

Ecology
Eriogonum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). An example of a butterfly that uses this plant for food is the Lycaena heteronea. Several of these are monophagous, meaning their caterpillars only feed on this genus, sometimes just on a single taxon of Eriogonum. Wild buckwheat flowers are also an important source of food for these and other Lepidoptera. In some cases, the relationship is so close that Eriogonum and dependent Lepidoptera are in danger of coextinction.

Monophagous Lepidoptera on wild buckwheat include: Additionally, bees of the sagebrush steppe rely on the nectar of desert buckwheats, and birds and rodents eat the seeds.
 * Apodemia mormo (Mormon metalmark) – feeds exclusively on Eriogonum
 * Apodemia mormo langei (Lange's metalmark) – only known from Eriogonum nudum ssp. auriculatum
 * Chionodes dammersi – feeds exclusively on Eriogonum
 * Chionodes luteogeminatus – only known from Eriogonum niveum
 * Euphilotes enoptes smithi (Smith's blue butterfly) – only known from Eriogonum latifolium and Eriogonum parvifolium
 * Euphilotes battoides allyni (El Segundo blue butterfly) - only known from Eriogonum parvifolium

Uses
Some varieties of eriogonum, such as California buckwheat were and still are used as medicinal and food crops by Native American tribes.

Selected species

 * Eriogonum abertianum – Abert's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum alatum – winged buckwheat
 * Eriogonum alexanderae
 * Eriogonum aliquantum – Cimarron buckwheat
 * Eriogonum alpinum – trinity buckwheat
 * Eriogonum ampullaceum – mono buckwheat
 * Eriogonum androsaceum – rock-jasmine buckwheat
 * Eriogonum angulosum – anglestem buckwheat
 * Eriogonum apiculatum – San Jacinto buckwheat
 * Eriogonum apricum – Ione buckwheat
 * Eriogonum arborescens – Santa Cruz Island buckwheat
 * Eriogonum argillosum – clay buckwheat
 * Eriogonum argophyllum – Sulphur Hot Springs buckwheat, Ruby Valley buckwheat
 * Eriogonum baileyi – Bailey's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum bicolor – Pretty buckwheat
 * Eriogonum brachyanthum – shortflower buckwheat
 * Eriogonum brachypodum – Parry's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum brandegeei – Brandegee's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum breedlovei – Paiute buckwheat
 * Eriogonum brevicaule – shortstem buckwheat
 * Eriogonum butterworthianum – Butterworth's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum caespitosum – matted buckwheat
 * Eriogonum calcareum
 * Eriogonum callistum – Tehachapi buckwheat
 * Eriogonum cedrorum – The Cedars buckwheat
 * Eriogonum cernuum – nodding buckwheat
 * Eriogonum cinereum – ashyleaf buckwheat, coastal buckwheat
 * Eriogonum cithariforme – Cithara buckwheat
 * Eriogonum codium – basalt desert buckwheat
 * Eriogonum coloradense – Colorado buckwheat
 * Eriogonum compositum – arrowleaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum congdonii – Congdon's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum contiguum – Reveal's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum corymbosum – crispleaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii – Nile's wild buckwheat, Las Vegas buckwheat
 * Eriogonum covilleanum – Coville's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum crocatum – conejo buckwheat or saffron buckwheat
 * Eriogonum crosbyae – Crosby's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum cusickii – Cusick's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum dasyanthemum – chaparral buckwheat
 * Eriogonum davidsonii – Davidson's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum deflexum – flatcrown buckwheat
 * Eriogonum deserticola – Colorado Desert buckwheat
 * Eriogonum diatomaceum – Churchill Narrows buckwheat
 * Eriogonum diclinum – Jaynes Canyon buckwheat
 * Eriogonum domitum
 * Eriogonum douglasii – Douglas buckwheat
 * Eriogonum elatum – tall woolly buckwheat
 * Eriogonum encelioides – Encelia buckwheat
 * Eriogonum eremicola – Telescope Peak buckwheat
 * Eriogonum evanidum – vanishing wild buckwheat
 * Eriogonum exilifolium – dropleaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum fasciculatum – California buckwheat
 * Eriogonum flavum – yellow buckwheat
 * Eriogonum giganteum – Saint Catherine's lace
 * Eriogonum giganteum var. compactum – Santa Barbara Island buckwheat
 * Eriogonum gilmanii – Gilman's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum gossypinum – cottony buckwheat
 * Eriogonum gracile – slender woolly buckwheat
 * Eriogonum gracilipes – White Mountain buckwheat, raspberry buckwheat
 * Eriogonum gracillimum – rose and white buckwheat
 * Eriogonum grande – redflower buckwheat
 * Eriogonum gypsophilum – gypsum wild buckwheat
 * Eriogonum heermannii – Heermann's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum helichrysoides – Strawflower wild buckwheat
 * Eriogonum heracleoides – parsnip-flower Buckwheat
 * Eriogonum hirtellum – Klamath Mountain Buckwheat
 * Eriogonum hoffmannii – Hoffmann's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum hookeri – Hooker's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum incanum – frosted buckwheat
 * Eriogonum inflatum – desert trumpet, bladderstem, Indian pipe-weed
 * Eriogonum intrafractum – napkinring, jointed buckwheat
 * Eriogonum jamesii – James' buckwheat
 * Eriogonum kelloggii – red mountain buckwheat
 * Eriogonum kennedyi – Kennedy's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum latens – Inyo buckwheat
 * Eriogonum latifolium – seaside buckwheat
 * Eriogonum libertini – Dubakella Mountain buckwheat
 * Eriogonum lobbii – Lobb's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum longifolium – longleaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum longifolium var. harperi – Harper's umbrella plant or Harper's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum longifolium var. gnaphalifolium – scrub buckwheat or long-leaf wild Buckwheat
 * Eriogonum longifolium var. longifolium – longleaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum longifolium var. lindheimeri – Lindheimer's long-leaf Eriogonum or Lindheimer's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum luteolum – goldencarpet buckwheat
 * Eriogonum maculatum – spotted buckwheat
 * Eriogonum marifolium – marumleaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum microthecum – slender buckwheat
 * Eriogonum mohavense – Western Mojave buckwheat
 * Eriogonum molestum – pineland buckwheat
 * Eriogonum nervulosum – Snow Mountain buckwheat
 * Eriogonum nidularium – birdnest buckwheat
 * Eriogonum niveum – snow buckwheat
 * Eriogonum nortonii – pinnacles buckwheat
 * Eriogonum nudum – naked buckwheat
 * Eriogonum nudum ssp. auriculatum
 * Eriogonum nummulare – Kearney buckwheat, money buckwheat
 * Eriogonum ochrocephalum – whitewoolly buckwheat
 * Eriogonum ovalifolium – cushion buckwheat, oval-leaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum palmerianum – Palmer's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum panamintense – Panamint Mountain buckwheat
 * Eriogonum parishii – mountainmist
 * Eriogonum parvifolium – coast buckwheat, dune buckwheat or cliff buckwheat
 * Eriogonum pauciflorum – Fewflower buckwheat
 * Eriogonum pelinophilum – clay-loving wild buckwheat
 * Eriogonum pendulum – waldo buckwheat
 * Eriogonum plumatella – yucca buckwheat
 * Eriogonum prattenianum – Nevada City buckwheat
 * Eriogonum prociduum – prostrate buckwheat
 * Eriogonum pusillum – yellowturbans
 * Eriogonum pyrolifolium – pyrola-leaved buckwheat
 * Eriogonum reniforme – kidneyleaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum rixfordii – pagoda buckwheat
 * Eriogonum rosense – rosy buckwheat, mountain rose buckwheat
 * Eriogonum rosense var. beatleyae – Beatley's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum roseum – wand buckwheat
 * Eriogonum salicornioides – glasswort buckwheat
 * Eriogonum saxatile – hoary buckwheat
 * Eriogonum shockleyi – cowpie buckwheat
 * Eriogonum siskiyouense – Siskiyou buckwheat
 * Eriogonum soredium – Frisco buckwheat
 * Eriogonum spectabile – Barron's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum spergulinum – spurry buckwheat
 * Eriogonum sphaerocephalum – rock buckwheat
 * Eriogonum strictum – blue mountain buckwheat
 * Eriogonum ternatum – ternate buckwheat
 * Eriogonum tiehmii – Tiehm's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum thomasii – Thomas' buckwheat
 * Eriogonum thurberi – Thurber's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum thymoides – thymeleaf buckwheat
 * Eriogonum tomentosum – dogtongue wild buckwheat
 * Eriogonum trichopes – little desert trumpet
 * Eriogonum tripodum – tripod buckwheat
 * Eriogonum truncatum – Mount Diablo buckwheat
 * Eriogonum umbellatum – sulphurflower buckwheat
 * Eriogonum ursinum – talus buckwheat, Bear Valley buckwheat
 * Eriogonum vimineum – wickerstem buckwheat
 * Eriogonum viridescens – twotooth buckwheat
 * Eriogonum visheri – Dakota wild buckwheat, Visher's buckwheat
 * Eriogonum wrightii – bastardsage
 * Eriogonum zapatoense
 * Eriogonum zionis –  Zion buckwheat

title: Eriogonum


text:
User:Simonides/Il faut

The pages created or in need of personal care list

 * 8½
 * A Void
 * Abbas Kiarostami
 * Akira Kurosawa
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 * Aristotle
 * Art history
 * Arthur Rimbaud
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title: User:Simonides/Il faut


text:
Category:Explosive chemicals

Pure chemicals belong here. For mixtures and types of explosives, see Category:Explosives.

title: Category:Explosive chemicals


text: Talk:The Times of India

title: Talk:The Times of India


text:
Robert D. Hales

Robert Dean Hales (August 24, 1932 – October 1, 2017) was an American businessman and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 until his death. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Hales was accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. At the time of his death he was the fifth most senior apostle in the church.

Biography
Hales was born in New York City and raised in both Queens and Great Neck, New York. He was the youngest of three children born to John Rulon Hales, an artist who worked in advertising primarily, and his wife, Vera Marie Holbrook. The Hales family was heavily involved in the LDS Church. The family attended the Queens Ward, which met in a rented space. As a youth Hales would help clean it from the party that had occurred the night before.

Hales played baseball while he was a student at Great Neck High School and then later at the University of Utah (U of U). He also played in some semi-professional leagues, but hurt his arm from pitching that was too intense while playing in Arizona. Prior to this injury, he had been considered to have a strong chance of playing in the major leagues. After the injury forced him out of baseball, Hales joined the Air Force ROTC unit at the U of U. While he was a student at the U of U, Hales worked for KSL-TV and KDYL. After obtaining a bachelor's degree at the U of U, he was a fighter pilot for four years in the U.S. Air Force. Hales later earned an MBA degree from the Harvard Business School (HBS) in 1960.

Hales married Mary Crandall, whom he met in New York the summer before his sophomore year of college, in the Salt Lake Temple on June 10, 1953. During the summer they were married, Hales was working at the United Nations building. Crandall, who was a student at Brigham Young University, had moved from California to New York shortly before she met Hales. They had two sons.

During his professional business career, Hales served in executive positions with four major national companies. His first job out of HBS was with the Gillette Company. To ensure a broad perspective of the business, Hales convinced management to let him work some on the factory floor and also in stocking razors in drug stores. This gave him a broad perspective that allowed him to quickly rise to senior management.

After joining the Gillette Company, he became president of Papermate, a division of Gillette. He later joined Max Factor as a vice president. Hales was appointed executive vice president for marketing of the Hughes Television Network and its division, Hughes Sports Network in 1973. Just prior to his call to be a general authority, Hales was president of Chesebrough-Pond's. One of his strengths as a businessman was being able to synthesize both financial data and a strong sense of where the market was going from interacting with it as much as possible. His presentations of new products and marketing approaches were presented in ways that to some seemed like painting ideas.

In 1987, Hales was appointed to the Utah State Board of Regents. Hales was close with the musical family, The 5 Browns, and performed the marriages for the oldest two children. In 2010, Deseret Book published a book written by Hales entitled Return.

LDS Church service
While Hales was a graduate student at HBS he served in the LDS Church as an elders quorum president. He also served as a seminary teacher while he lived in Downey, California. Hales served three times in the church as a bishop (in Weston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; and Frankfurt, Germany). He served as a branch president, both in Weston and in Albany, Georgia. The assignment as branch president in Weston was while he was a student at HBS, where one of the counselors in the district presidency was Henry B. Eyring. Hales served in the branch presidency in Seville, Spain and in Germany. He also served on the stake high council, both while living in London, England and in Massachusetts. He also became a counselor in the presidency of the Boston Massachusetts Stake when it was first organized in 1960. He later served as a regional representative, with assignments in both Louisiana and Minnesota.

General Authority
In 1975, Hales was called as a general authority and became an Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In 1976, the role of Assistant to the Twelve was discontinued and he, along with others serving at the time, became members of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He was the last living person who had served as an Assistant to the Twelve.

During his first decade as a general authority, Hales was given assignments related to the physical and financial operations of the LDS Church. He oversaw a reduction in the number of the church's welfare farms and also divestment from the Utah and Idaho Sugar Company.

In the late 1970s, while serving as a general authority, Hales also served as president of the church's England London Mission. After his service in London, Hales was appointed the church's Area Supervisor in Europe. In this capacity, he worked with Thomas S. Monson on supervising the church in East Germany and worked towards the building of a temple there. He also served for a time as a counselor in the Sunday School General Presidency. Hales served in the First Quorum of the Seventy until 1985 when he became the church's eleventh presiding bishop. He served as the presiding bishop until 1994, during which time he emphasized the importance of the principles of the church's welfare program.

Hales was sustained as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve on April 2, 1994. He was ordained an apostle on April 7, 1994, filling a vacancy created by the death of Marvin J. Ashton. In 2002, Hales served as chair of the church's Olympic Coordinating Council. As a native of New York City, Hales was often the church's "point man" on dealing with issues in the city. He was involved in some of the early planning that led to the building of the Manhattan New York Temple.

Health issues and death
Over the years, Hales had several health issues impacting his church service. This included missing the church's April 2011 General Conference. In September 2017, he was again hospitalized and a church spokesman noted that, in view of the recommendations of attending physicians, Hales would not participate in the upcoming General Conference. Hales died on October 1, 2017, shortly after the conclusion of the conference's Sunday morning session. His death was announced by Henry B. Eyring at the beginning of the afternoon session. Funeral services for Hales were held in the Salt Lake Tabernacle in Salt Lake City, on October 6, 2017. A private burial service followed at the Bountiful City Cemetery in Bountiful, Utah.

title: Robert D. Hales


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Origins of music

Origins of music was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge into Music history and redirect

Better covered in Music history, not updated in 2 years, poor article name and (nearly) orphaned. -- Netoholic 04:46, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Salvage what's possible and merge into music history, then redirect. - UtherSRG 16:26, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:13, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:2004 Atlantic hurricane season

Expansion of article
Can I create a List of 2004 Atlantic hurricane season storms and start a season summary section? I think it could and should be done. I would also like to make articles for every storm, though it has been proposed that we wait till Alex is a B-class, which it is, and the rest of the storms get as good as they can be. It we start articles for every storm, I call Tropical Storm Hermine (2004) and Tropical Storm Earl (2004), please? Icelandic Hurricane #12(talk) 21:41, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Icelandic, why do you want to claim any specific article? It doesn't matter who makes the things does it? The list of storms article is a bad idea, lets not try it please. Likewise add the articles one at a time...--Nilfanion (talk) 10:25, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Also remember, you don't own articles. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 13:42, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Well there's 14 of the 15 storms done, Otto's the only one left.HurricaneCraze32 20:32, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like everything is all done with this season!!! RaNdOm26 11:19, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

What does anyone think of bringing this idea back, and turning the current article into more like that of 2003 and 2005 AHS articles? --♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 05:18, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If you are still here, I think it is a good idea. Especially since I don't think this is FA quality as it is with the major lack of references. I wouldn't even pass it as GA with so many sections having 1 or less sources. Again, it would improve this greatly if that was done. Juliancolton The storm still blows...  16:12, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The section for Tropical Depression Ten has no references, and it seems too short (like many others in the article). I notice that Cyclone Catarina has no proper home in any of the season articles, so it could probably be included in this one. Potapych (talk) 16:51, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * See South Atlantic tropical cyclone. -- RattleMan 23:14, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

I already added Catarina to the article, but it was undone in about five minutes. 32ieww (talk) 22:52, 7 January 2017 (UTC) 32ieww (talk) 22:52, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Season summary
Will finish later. Note: It's based on the 2003 one, and as such, all the info from Jeanne onwards is the 2003 storm equivalent info. Someone can finish if they want. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 01:49, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, finished. Would a table like this be useful for the 2004 AHS article, or other season articles in general? Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:49, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * More than just 2003-2005 to my opinion.HurricaneCraze32 aka Mitchazenia 22:03, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, there's the problem with the damage totals (only centering on the first landfall), though in general I think it looks pretty good. Should it be added to the article? Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:26, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe if we can shrink Frances and Jeanne a bit.HurricaneCraze32 aka Mitchazenia 19:27, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The only reason they're so long is because of all of the landfalls. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:28, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure there isn't a way to shrink the size of the landfall thing because 5 seems to be big enough. 6 is too much.Mitchazenia V3.0 21:03, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not good with computer stuff, but I experimented with it a bit and there seemed to be no way to make the landfall sections shorter. I considered doing a More landfalls section after listing the most powerful landfall, though it messed up the other columns. The only way you probably would be able to do it is using the raw info from the templates and going from there, but I don't want to mess with it. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 21:08, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps shrinking the font? Tito xd (?!?) 21:36, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Nice choice because it worked-look.MitchazeniaBob Barker's Retiring... 23:29, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Can someone tell me how the deaths are supposed to add up in this table? In most mathematical system I know of, 3035 + 92 does not equal 48...

 * Furthermore, the damage in the table is 50 billion, but the header table says 42 billion. --Golbez (talk) 16:59, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I changed the damage in the infobox to be $50 billion, based on the table. ♬♩ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 17:12, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

I think you forgot Hurricane Catarina. 32ieww (talk) 22:55, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Review
At Plasticup's request:

The main template used by Hurricanes uses incorrect bolding, see WP:MOSBOLD and all other templates. There are spaced emdashes. I still really dislike the inclusion of See also in a box at the top of the lead (WP:LAYOUT). Text squeeze between images in Seasonal activity and Deaths. Another goofy see also box at the top of "Storms". Emdashes separating date ranges in each hurricane box !!!! That means someone added emdashes to the infobox in place of endashes, and those will be on many articles !! First sentence has prose issues (The 2004 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2004, and lasted until November 30, 2004. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.) The 2004 dates delimit the period each year, like 2004 = 2005 ? U.S. State of Florida is linked twice in the lead, within two sentences of each other; review all wikilinking. External jumps in the text for For the official forecasts, see: !!!! External jumps belong in External links or citations. This is everywhere; you're sending our readers off-Wiki in every single section. WP:NBSP issues throughout. Every section violates WP:ACCESSIBILITY, the infobox should go under the main template. "Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Ranking", text sandwiched between boxes. "Storm names", WP:ACCESSIBILITY, I doubt that the "marked in grey" works for color blindness, but I'm not certain. Unformatted citation: May 2004 Tropical Cyclone Summary. I didn't look at the prose. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 04:07, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/2004/june2004/}}
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 07:42:11, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-11 07:46:11, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:46, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/2004/aug2004/}}
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 07:42:11, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-11 07:46:21, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:46, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2004/s2282.htm}}
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 07:42:11, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-11 07:46:34, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:46, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 4
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane2002/hurricane2002_background.html}}
 * In 2000 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 06:57:49, 404 Not Found
 * In 2000 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-10 05:02:00, 404 Not Found
 * In 2003 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-11 05:32:02, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-11 07:46:44, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:47, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 5
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://rdu.news14.com/content/weather/weather_stories/?ArID=52465&SecID=299
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 07:42:17, 400 Bad Request
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-11 07:46:55, 403 Forbidden

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:47, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 6
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.metoffice.com/sec2/sec2cyclone/tcimages/nhem04/
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 07:42:17, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-11 07:47:14, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:48, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 7
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.personalhurricanecenter.com/4259/what-is-accumulated-cyclone-energy/
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 07:42:17, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-11 07:47:04, 404 Not Found
 * In 2004 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-26 01:19:09, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 01:19, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Hurricane Catarina
I mentioned Hurricane Catarina in the article because it formed in the Atlantic ocean. 32ieww (talk) 17:37, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Wait, why was it undone?32ieww (talk) 22:23, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The edit was undone by as Catarina is not relevant to the Atlantic hurricane season, since it formed in the Southern Hemisphere. Personally, I can see both sides off the coin but do note that Catarina is covered within the South Atlantic tropical cyclone article.Jason Rees (talk) 22:27, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

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4th costliest
We should add it's 4th costliest season below the damage. --67.85.37.186 (talk) 16:34, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Hurricane Karl (2004) into 2004 Atlantic hurricane season
Fails WP:NWX due to minimal impact w/o damage or deaths. No meteorological reason for the article to exist. This could be summarized within its season section. Noah, AATalk 14:18, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support merging fish storm article. Hurricanehink mobile (talk) 17:19, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support - Karl seems to just be a case when someone made an article for it expecting severe impacts, but the storm caused minimal damage. ''Flux55'' (talk) 23:30, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support merge – Not much of a met history and very little impact. This storm's story can easily be well-told in the season article. Drdpw (talk) 19:32, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:2004 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Talk:Chinatowns in the Americas

Big picture lost. Move big Chinatowns to top
This article is not very useful. I came looking for the big picture and found a mess of details. I would recommend, if any one is curious, putting all the major Chinatowns together at the top (no more than 10), and then putting regionally important Chinatowns below. I would not include very small, neighborhood Chinatowns in this article (those details belong in the article on each small city).

Re: Houston's Chinatown
The writer of the entry on Chinatown, Houston said that it has been an area of settlement for Chinese Mexicans. I assume this is a more recent population of Chinese Mexicans that has settled since the 1970's or so. Historically, Chinese Mexicans preferred El Paso and San Antonio.

I'd like to know where the writer got his/her info on the Chinese Mexicans settling in the Bellaire Chinatown area. I'd like to know how many Chinese Mexicans the writer believes live in the Bellaire Chinatown of Houston. And I'd like to know when they settled and what they do.

I am the editor of a Univ of Texas book on the history of Asian Americans in Texas, and I found your Wikipedia website very useful for this neighborhood-related information.

Thank you for helping me.

Oh, and I have not done any studies on the sizes of Chinatowns, but I do know that the Chinatown along Bellaire in Houston is humongous. It stretches from close to Highway 59 along Bellaire to getting close to Highway 6. And of course it is not limited to stores and homes on Bellaire itself. It is likely larger than both the NYC and SF Chinatowns in geographic size, combined. Also, nearby Fort Bend Coutny suburbs are also very Chinese (25% or so).

Irwin Tang

Don't depend on Wikipedia too much for information. It's best to use peer-reviewed journal articles. Everyone seems to have their idiosyncracies here.

Needs pictures
This site could use some illustrations and pictures of the suburban Chinatowns. If I were to be credited, I'd go out to some of new Chinatowns described and shoot some pictures but I'm not entirely altruistic due to this being a "copyleft" site and all.

This article is 92KB, and should be split
As this article is 92KB, quite considerably larger than the 32KB recommended, I suggest splitting off the specific surveys of 'Chinatowns in the United States' and 'Chinatowns in Canada' and concentrating the article as an analysis of patterns in North American Chinatowns.--Pharos 08:12, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Alternatively, we could keep the US and Canada surveys on this page to be consistent with the other articles in the series, and move the other sections to Chinatown patterns in North America.--Pharos 10:00, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Go for it!

I've intentionally included several POVs, spelling and grammatical errors and also left information vague to see if this article (and the main Chinatown article) ever gets much attention beyond the delete-happy edits. Probably not. Yes, this article does need some splitting. But then, since it's not a high priority for me, I'll let someone else do it.
 * OK, the article has been split.--Pharos 10:26, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

San Francisco’s Chinatown
It’s actually the largest outside of Asia. Not sure where this info is coming from. 2601:640:8800:ED00:256D:F28A:D46B:84FF (talk) 17:04, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinatowns in the Americas


text:
User:Orthogonal/Avala evidence

'''This is Snowspinner's "Evidence against Avala" as copied by orthogonal; I've interpolated my examination of the evidence as outdented, bolded paragraphs. -- orthogonal 04:48, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)'''

 * Avala regularly escalates conflicts through excessively animated and argumentative phrasing and tone on talk pages. Although his points are not always unreasonable (And I say this as someone who has been on the opposite side of them with great frequency),

 * One such edit war can be found regarding Template:NAM. When it was suggested that the box was overly large, and it was suggested that NAM might not be a good subject for an ASB, the following posts ensued:  . When the box was subsequently listed on VfD, Avala’s responses were of similar tone – the archived VfD discussion can be found at MediaWiki talk:NAM.

 * When faced with this criticism of the box, Avala also responded by deleting the comparable NATO box from a bunch of articles and replacing it with a box that simply said the country was a part of NATO. This can be seen at     and.

 * This was followed with a discussion regarding Template:Serbia and Montenegro, the following edits were made: (Note here what might be taken as a personal attack)     . These edits, made in response to the concern that the box didn’t have enough information to be worth making an ASB about, demonstrate hostility, refusal to negotiate or seek consensus, and general unhelpfulness in favor of being excessively provocative.

 * Another edit war occured on Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, where Avala sought to remove the honorific "Her Majesty." Avala violated the three revert rule on this article as shown here: ., , , and . In discussing this edit, Avala adopted a hostile and beligerant tone, frequently responding with large amounts of capital letters and exclamation points, giving his posts an exceedingly aggressive tone, and generally refusing to accept widespread opposition as a reason to stop reverting. See.

'''It should be noted that Avala is right on the editorial issue. Honorific titles are not a part of persons name, are commonly used only in person's own country and may be considered POV by many people. Encyclopedias don't use them as parts of a persons name, some might list it later in the article, some ignore it.'''

 * Avala’s most problematic conduct in an edit war, however, comes from Milan Kucan and Janez Drnovsek. (Note that this matter was previously turned down for arbitration). Avala sought to add a note that both Kucan and Drnovsek were being accused of war crimes. More or less everyone who was not Avala objected to this on the grounds that it did not appear to be a serious charge, mentioned only marginally in one paper. I will not list every reversion and edit made to these articles – only those with relatively abusive edit summaries. For Drnovsek:    and . For Kucan:      . In discussing these reversions, the following posts were made:       . Note later that he listed several of those who were opposing him in this on Vandalism in Progress. Note also the violation of the three revert rule at, , , and.

 * Some of this tendency towards edit warring may be explained by the attitude expressed at, in which Avala suggests that an edit war can be justified if the user “knew much more than other users” – an attitude which goes against the Wikipedian drive towards consensus.

 * Avala also regularly demonstrates a lack of understanding of Wikipedia conventions, policy, making spurious listings or votes on ViP, RFA, and FAC. When called on these listings, he responds with the hostility described above.

 * Examples of this include his opposition to User:Snowspinner’s nomination on RFA, which was on the grounds that User:GeneralPatton had supported the nomination. This can be found at with further explanation and comments at  and . Obviously, the vote itself is not actionable - one can vote however they want. My concern is the larger issue of not seeming to work within the context of Wikipedia conventions and engaging with the community - particularly when combined with his nomination of User:Nikola Smolenski, which demonstrated a lack of understanding of what people look for in an administrator. When users pointed to edit wars Nikola had engaged in, he maintained that this should be ignored in the face of Nikola’s edits and promotion of Wikipedia. Although, certainly, these things should be weighed, the seeming disregard for concerns as towards Nikola’s judgment seems further symptomatic the described lack of awareness of normal Wikipedia conventions and procedures. Evidence of this can be found at, as well as  (Which was linked to above). Again, nominating a user and supporting him is not itself actionable - what concerns me is that not wanting to be on the same list as another user is considered a good reason to oppose a user, but concern about edit wars and misconduct are not. And, more broadly, what conerns me is that these things, combined, seem to indicate willful disengagement with Wikipedia as a community, and to constitute deliberate provocativeness so as to disrupt Wikipedia's function.

 * On FAC, he has made a number of unsuitable nominations, and been obstinate about objections. Furthermore, he has shown a disregard for the request that each nominator only submit one article. Some of his many nominations can be found at, , , and.

'Snowpinner's argument here seems to be that certain nominations for FAC made by Avala are so obviously'' unsuitable as to constitute some form of "trolling" -- and so lists them here as his "evidence" against Avala. Remember, Snowspinner intends to use this evidence to justify banning Avala -- such a strong sanction requires strong evidence of clear and obvious malice on Avala's part.'''

'''But the first "unsuitable nomination" that Snowspinner objects to is Plate tectonics as it appeared at the time of nomination; it's got a map and another image, and looks pretty good. Reaction to the nomination was to suggest some minor improvements to it, but nothing suggesting that it was in any way obviously unsuitable.'''

'''The second is Politics of Taiwan as it appeared at the time of the nomination. To this, Snowspinner's own objections are in the nature of minor cleanup: "Article needs to better explain the relationship between Taiwan and China. Article needs to be reordered somewhat [...]. Also, article needs a picture." Again, nothing that obviously disqualifies it, or makes its nomination a troll.'''

 * The latter two are particularly telling. Russian humor at the time of its nomination was little more than a list of Russian jokes, as you can see (It hasn’t changed), and Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro was a mess – poor grammar and formatting, and over half the article consisted of source text. Its original form can be found at.

'''The third is Russian humor as it appeared at the time of nomination. While admittedly a bit rough and, given its nature, discursive, it's immensely interesting. What makes it so interesting, is how it relates the jokes to various aspects of Russian (and Soviet) culture: the plight of Soviet Jews, relations with (Nazi) Germany, atttitudes to the KGB and religion. Indeed, it can be read as a primer on Russian national charcter as seen through the prism of humor. It is perhaps more telling about Snowspinner's attitudes than about the article that Snowspinner dismisses it as "little more than a list of Russian jokes"'''

 * When people raised the natural objections, a typical flurry of snippisness and refusal to change anything ensued. Note particularly the refusal to summarize source text.        and . The last is particularly noteworthy, with its insinuation and near-personal attack of Snowspinner, saying “We all know why you are doing this, Snowsppiner [sic]. It is sad but I shall not comment it in here.”

 * Another display of unhelpfulness on FAC can be found when someone objected to the placement of an ASB on Nikola Tesla and complained that the see also section was gratuitously long, his response was, indicating an unwillingness too
 * His activities at FAC extends into Featured article removal candidates, where he listed L. Paul Bremer saying that it was a “stub” at . Later, he denied calling the article a stub, as shown at . The article, of course, was not a stub – here is how it stood when Avala listed it –.

 * 1) Defending an article's quality from objections is normal and in no way wrong.
 * 2) '''Avala called L. Paul Bremer "more a stub than a featured article", not a "stub".
 * 3) This is really petty.

 * On VIP, Avala listed User:Romanm and User:GeneralPatton who were clearly not committing vandalism, but who were merely disagreeing with him on the matters of Milan Kucan and Janez Drnovsek (Note that the exchange between GeneralPatton and Avala that resulted in the personal attacks happened after this point). I’m still working on finding the actual edits – it appears that ViP was affected by Wik’s vandalbot attacks, and that the edit history is lost somewhere. I’m not entirely certain where. As soon as I find those, I’ll post them.

 * Smaller instances include the questionable practice of voting for one’s self on RFA, as shown at . Although its unclear whether this is an actual violation of the rules, it is, again, certainly a disregard for convention. There is also the voting in a long-ended poll at.

 * Avala also engages in personal attacks with some frequency. When called on these personal attacks, whether in IRC or Wikipedia, he frequently refers to an incident in which User:GeneralPatton called him a ‘cunt” in a foreign language, seeming to believe that because he was a victim of a personal attack at one point, he somehow has eternal amnesty from the personal attacks policy. One instance of this fixation on this instance can be found at, which is arguably a personal attack as well.

 * (note: I've never told him he's a "cunt". He's distorting that. -- GeneralPatton 01:40, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC))

 * Other examples of personal attacks can be found at (The term roughly translates to “petty lawyer” as far as my skill with a  Croatian dictionary goes).

 * The term literally translates to "wooden lawyer" and means "person who defends others who don't need defence" (perhaps with an undertone that they are often causing more harm than good) Nikola 22:56, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I confess skepticism as to this translation - it does not make sense in context, since Avala was criticizing me for making objections, not to defending things.Snowspinner 16:51, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * , contain abusive edit summaries.

 * Also possibly of interest is, in which he responds to GeneralPatton, who, as noted previously, he has a bad history with, clearly yelling, though it is not clear what he is saying, since he’s responding in Croatian.

 * (note: Avala’s been on few “yelling” sprees on my talk page as well GeneralPatton 13:00, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC))

 * See also Requests for comment/Avala.

A few things to note:
 * The term drveni advokat means somebody who speaks for other people without being called on to do that, and is not offensive.
 * The edit comment at [80] above means "Yes, yes, I am (for) Racan. Well done, how did you guess" and was made as a direct response to GeneralPatton's previous edit comment in Croatian "Look, look, Srbo (a disdainful word for "Serb") is worried about litte Ivica. You can tell who he is (for)", which continues in English: "returned photo, not as bad as he (presumably Račan) is". Ivica Račan is the former prime minister of Croatia, and the short dispute was about a bad photo (image:racan.jpg) that avala removed and GeneralPatton returned. Avala consequently uploaded a far better picture, which is still in the article.
 * GeneralPatton is a far more offensive user than Avala, having used an abbreviation for a Croatian WWII fascist greeting on Nikola Smolenski's talk page. His bad treatment by any Serbian editor after that can be considered to be provoked.
 * Avala's language should probably be called Serbian, not Croatian. If Avala said that GeneralPatton's message to Nikola Smolenski was in Serbian, I am sure that GeneralPatton would have considered it insulting and objected vehemently.

 * First of all, "Srbo" isn't a disdainful word for "Serb", it's Croatian slang, it's like calling an American a "Yankee". That whole thing about Racan was just meant to be a witty and a cynical little comment; I reverted since I felt that the picture should not have been removed as it left the article without one. And for claiming that "For Homeland" is a fascist greeting is like claiming that "Gutten Tag" is a nazi greeting. It was branded "fascist" by Ex-Yugoslav communist government since it represented Croatian nationalism which they where trying to suppress. Even a prominent regional left-wing newspaper like Oslobodjenje acknowledges this as you can see in this article, similar difference of oppinion, this time about Serb symbols can be seen here . Of course the Serb nationalists have a different view, so from this Croat-Serb conflict also come most of our own misunderstandings. Let’s not forget, there was a major armed conflict between us less then a decade ago, the dead are still warm, and we live with many painful memories. So I understand why Avala and his friends have their attitude. It’s understandable there is not a lot of friendship and trust between us. Honestly, I wish it was different, I hope one day they won’t misunderstand and misinterpret my good intentions. GeneralPatton 21:36, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Patton lies as usual. "Srbo" is used as a disdainful word for "Serb", "Za dom - spremni" (For homeland - ready) is a fascist greeting in the same way that "Sieg - Heil" (Hail victory) is, and the article in question actually looks negatively at the fact that "this greeting is today called - homeloving, sometimes, during partisans, it was - Ustashian". Nikola 19:58, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Nikola, well, that your Serb nationalist view and you're quite free to have it, but why did you remove this entry about fascist like connotations of Republika Srpska’s insignia a view which is certainly shared by many Croats and Bosniaks? Do you also want to say that ethnic cleansing didn’t happen in Republika Srpska, then why Banja Luka that had about 50% Serb population before the war now has 96% Serb population? GeneralPatton 20:27, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You claim that there was no ethnic cleansing in Croatia even though it is now 95% Croats populated? [[User:Avala|Avala| ★ ]] 21:38, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It's up to the ICTY to decide. Unlike Republika Srpska and its military force led by Ratko Mladić, no charge or indictment of ethnic cleansing of Serbs by Croat forces in Croatia has been proven in court. I guess some other users can say more about this. GeneralPatton 23:25, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I dont see much to discus here (actually, it's rather boring). Anyway:

 * "Srbo"-yes, it does contain a reverberation of contempt. But not nearly so as constant Serbian drumming lies galore about Bosniams Muslims and Croats and the obssesive ustasha bumper-sticker (a part of Serbian ideological pathology). Be as it may, the "Srbo", although slightly derogatory, cannot be put into the same category as "Srbenda", "Srbonja", "Gedza",..all of them exuding a sense of inflated serbdom for Serbs and contempt for non-Serbs. It's a matter of style.

 * Za dom spremni (Ready for Homeland) was a greeting in NDH not only in ustasha formations, but also in regular army (domobrani-home defence), as well as in colloquial speech. It's been, after decades of Communist oppresion, allowed in contemporary Croatia and is sometimes used as a greeting, half-jokingly. Only sickos equate it to the ustashas or atrocities they did commit or have been later falsely ascribed to them.

 * as for "ethnic cleansing"-there are now 89% Croats in Croatia and 4,5% Serbs (Serbs constituted ca. 12% before the war). Well- they cleansed themselves, as the evacuation document issued by Milan martc show-as well as the demographic records of short lived "Krajina" with constant emigration from 1991 to 1995. There were ca. 1 M French in Algeria before the liberation war, and now ca. 30 k. The similar situation is with other colonial minorities (Russian in Baltic republics, Portuguese in Mozambique) who, as a rule (with or without war), go back to the home country after their priviledged life ends with the country's independence.

I dont see much sense in debating these rather trivial points. Mir Harven 08:29, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"Heil Hitler" and "Sieg-Heil" weren't used just by SS, but also by Wehrmacht and ordinary people in Nazi Germany. That makes them no more acceptable on Wikipedia. Even if "Za dom spremni" is becoming relativized in modern Croatia (and there are plenty of voices in Croatia vehemently oposing that), GeneralPatton had to know and in fact did know that using it in a conversation with a Serbian editor is higly offensive and grossly out of line with the collegial spirit of Wikipedia editors. This has nothing to do with Serbs and Croats directly - any nationalist taunting is counterproductive, but using Nazi collaborator greetings to offend people is totally unacceptable. Zocky 00:20, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Zocky, the ones "opposing" are completely on the social margin, mostly left-wing radicals and unreformed communists. Even president Mesic sang "Jure and Boban", and I sure haven’t done that here. This is not at all like "Heil Hitler", "Za Dom" is an old 19th century greeting, if not earlier, there is nothing racist or insulting about it and it’s not some kind of an expression of fascist leader worship. Just, "For Homeland". GeneralPatton 22:51, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Orthogonal/Avala evidence


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Helicoplacus

 * This page is currently a redirect to Helioplacus. However, Helicoplacus is the correct spelling.  The current Helioplacus should be moved to Helicoplacus, and Helioplacus should be a redirect.  Isn't spelling fun? Gwimpey 04:52, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Uhh...but why is it on VFD? —  Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  05:45, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I've changed the VfD listing into an RfD (redirects for deletion) listing explaining the problem. An admin should be able to do the delete and move necessary to tidy this up now.  If the VfD proposer agrees, can he or she unlink this discussion from the main VfD page please?  - TB 13:26, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Will do... sorry, didn't know about RfD!! Gwimpey 16:48, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Category:Music history

This category covers two topics:
 * History of music is the chronological description of music.
 * Music history is the academic study of the history of music.

title: Category:Music history


text:
Michael G. Wilson

Michael Gregg Wilson, (born January 21, 1942) is an American-British screenwriter and film producer, best known for his association with the James Bond film series.

Background
Wilson was born in New York City, the son of Dana (née Natol) and actor Lewis Wilson. His father was the first actor to play the DC Comics character Batman in live action, which he did in the 1943 film serial Batman. He is the stepson of the James Bond producer Albert R. Broccoli and half-brother to Bond co-producer, Barbara Broccoli. Wilson graduated from Harvey Mudd College in 1963 as an electrical engineer. He later studied law at Stanford. After graduating, Wilson worked for the United States government and later a firm located in Washington D.C. that specialized in international law.

He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to film, drama, philanthropy and skills, both alongside Barbara Broccoli.

In 2010 Wilson was given The Royal Photographic Society's award for Outstanding Service to Photography, which carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society.

Wilson and his wife Jane have two sons, a younger son Gregg Wilson and the older being David G. Wilson, who both work at Eon Productions.

James Bond franchise
In 1972, Wilson joined Eon Productions, the production company responsible for the James Bond film series dating back to 1962 that began with his stepfather Albert R. 'Cubby' Broccoli and Harry Saltzman. Wilson specifically worked in Eon Productions' legal department until taking a more active role as an assistant to Cubby Broccoli for the film The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). In 1979 Wilson became executive producer of the film Moonraker and since has been an executive producer or producer in every James Bond film, currently co-producing with his half-sister Barbara.

Wilson collaborated five times with veteran Bond screenwriter Richard Maibaum starting in 1981 with For Your Eyes Only. In 1989 Wilson was forced to finish the screenplay to Licence to Kill alone due to a strike by the Writers Guild of America West which prevented Maibaum from having any further involvement. For both, this was their final James Bond script, as Maibaum died in 1991 and Wilson ceased writing, although he outlined a never-produced film in the series with Alfonse Ruggiero, scrapped due to internal legal wranglings between Eon Productions and MGM (the following film, GoldenEye being a completely different story written by Michael France).

In addition to his production duties, Wilson has also made many cameo appearances (speaking and non-speaking) in the Bond films. His first appearance, long before becoming a producer, was in Goldfinger in which he appeared as a soldier. Wilson has made cameo appearances in every Eon-produced Bond film since 1977.

Executive producer

 * Moonraker (1979)
 * For Your Eyes Only (1981)
 * Octopussy (1983)
 * Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017)

Producer with Albert R. Broccoli

 * A View to a Kill (1985)
 * The Living Daylights (1987)
 * Licence to Kill (1989)

Producer with Barbara Broccoli

 * GoldenEye (1995)
 * Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
 * The World Is Not Enough (1999)
 * Die Another Day (2002)
 * Casino Royale (2006)
 * Quantum of Solace (2008)
 * Skyfall (2012)
 * Spectre (2015)
 * The Rhythm Section (2020)
 * No Time to Die (2021)

Screenwriter (with Richard Maibaum)

 * For Your Eyes Only (1981)
 * Octopussy (1983)
 * A View to a Kill (1985)
 * The Living Daylights (1987)
 * Licence to Kill (1989)

title: Michael G. Wilson


text:
Allan Wilson (biologist)

Allan Charles Wilson FRS AAA&S (18 October 1934 – 21 July 1991) was a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, a pioneer in the use of molecular approaches to understand evolutionary change and reconstruct phylogenies, and a revolutionary contributor to the study of human evolution. He was one of the most significant figures in post-war biology; his work attracted a great deal of attention both from within and outside the academic world. He is the only New Zealander to have won the MacArthur Fellowship.

He is best known for experimental demonstration of the concept of the molecular clock (with his doctoral student Vincent Sarich), which was theoretically postulated by Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl, revolutionary insights into the nature of the molecular anthropology of higher primates and human evolution, and the so-called Mitochondrial Eve hypothesis (with his doctoral students Rebecca L. Cann and Mark Stoneking).

Early life and education
Allan Wilson was born in Ngāruawāhia, New Zealand, and raised on his family's rural dairy farm at Helvetia, Pukekohe, about twenty miles south of Auckland. At his local Sunday School, the vicar's wife was impressed by young Allan's interest in evolution and encouraged Allan's mother to enroll him at the elite King's College secondary school in Auckland. There he excelled in mathematics, chemistry, and sports. Wilson already had an interest in evolution and biochemistry, but intended to be the first in his family to attend university by pursuing studies in agriculture and animal science. Wilson met Professor Campbell Percy McMeekan, a New Zealand pioneer in animal science, who suggested that Wilson attend the University of Otago in southern New Zealand to further his study in biochemistry rather than veterinary science. Wilson gained a BSc from the University of Otago in 1955, majoring in both zoology and biochemistry. The bird physiologist Donald S. Farner met Wilson as an undergraduate at Otago and invited him to Washington State University at Pullman as his graduate student. Wilson obliged and completed a master's degree in zoology at WSU under Farner in 1957, where he worked on the effects of photoperiod on the physiology of birds.

Wilson then moved to the University of California, Berkeley, to pursue his doctoral research. At the time the family thought Allan would only be gone two years. Instead, Wilson remained in the United States, gaining his PhD at Berkeley in 1961 under the direction of biochemist Arthur Pardee for work on the regulation of flavin biosynthesis in bacteria. From 1961 to 1964, Wilson studied as a post-doc under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts. In Kaplan's lab, working with lactate and malate dehydrogenases, Wilson was first introduced to the nascent field of molecular evolution. Nate Kaplan was one of the very earliest pioneers to address phylogenetic problems with evidence from protein molecules, an approach that Wilson later famously applied to human evolution and primate relationships. After Brandeis, Wilson returned to Berkeley where he set up his own lab in the Biochemistry department, remaining there for the rest of his life.

Career and scientific contributions
Wilson joined the UC Berkeley faculty of biochemistry in 1964, and was promoted to full professor in 1972. His first major scientific contribution was published as Immunological Time-Scale For Hominid Evolution in the journal Science in December 1967. With his student Vincent Sarich, he showed that evolutionary relationships of the human species with other primates, in particular the great apes (humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans), could be inferred from molecular evidence obtained from living species, rather than solely from fossils of extinct creatures. Their microcomplement fixation method (see complement system) measured the strength of the immune reaction between an antigen (serum albumin) from one species and an antibody raised against the same antigen in another species. The strength of the antibody-antigen reaction was known to be stronger between more closely related species: their innovation was to measure it quantitatively among many species pairs as an "immunological distance". When these distances were plotted against the divergence times of species pair with well-established evolutionary histories, the data showed that the molecular difference increased linearly with time, in what was termed a "molecular clock". Given this calibration curve, the time of divergence between species pairs with unknown or uncertain fossil histories could be inferred. Most controversially, their data suggested that divergence times between humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas were on the order of 3~5 million years, far less than the estimates of 9~30 million years accepted by conventional paleoanthropologists from fossil hominids such as Ramapithecus. This 'recent origin' theory of human/ape divergence remained controversial until the discovery of the "Lucy" fossils, in 1974, definitively dated in 1992 as between 3.22 and 3.18 million years.

Wilson and another PhD student Mary-Claire King subsequently compared several lines of genetic evidence (immunology, amino acid differences, and protein electrophoresis) on the divergence of humans and chimpanzees, and showed that all methods agreed that the two species were >99% similar. Given the large organismal differences between the two species in the absence of large genetic differences, King and Wilson proposed that it was not structural gene differences that were responsible for species differences, but gene regulation of those differences, that is, the timing and manner in which near-identical gene products are assembled during embryology and development. In combination with the "molecular clock" hypothesis, this contrasted sharply with the accepted view that larger or smaller organismal differences were due to large or smaller amounts of genetic divergence.

In the early 1980s, Wilson further disturbed and refined traditional anthropological thinking by his work with PhD students Rebecca Cann and Mark Stoneking on the so-called "Mitochondrial Eve" hypothesis. In his efforts to identify informative genetic markers for tracking human evolutionary history, he focused on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) – genes that are found in mitochondria organelles in the cytoplasm of the cell outside the nucleus. Because of its location in the cytoplasm, mtDNA is passed exclusively from mother to child, the father making no contribution, and in the absence of genetic recombination defines female lineages over evolutionary timescales. Because it also mutates rapidly, it is possible to measure the small genetic differences among individual within species and between closely related species by restriction endonuclease gene mapping. Wilson, Cann, and Stoneking measured differences among many individuals from different human continental groups, and found that humans from Africa showed the greatest inter-individual differences, consistent with an African origin of the human species (the Recent African origin of modern humans or "Out of Africa" hypothesis). The data further indicated that all living humans shared a common maternal ancestor, who lived in Africa only a few hundreds of thousands of years ago. This common ancestor became widely known in the media and popular culture as the Mitochondrial Eve. This had the unfortunate and erroneous implication that only a single female lived at that time, when in fact the occurrence of a coalescent ancestor is a necessary consequence of population genetic theory, and the Mitochondrial Eve would have been only one of many humans (male and female) alive at that time. This finding was, like his earlier results, not readily accepted by anthropologists. The conventional hypothesis had been that various human continental groups had evolved from diverse ancestors, over several millions of years since divergence from chimpanzees. The mtDNA data, however, strongly support the alternative and now generally accepted hypothesis, that all humans descend relatively recently from a common, relatively small African population.

Death and legacy
Wilson became ill with leukaemia, and after a bone marrow transplant, died on Sunday, 21 July 1991, at the Fred Hutchinson Memorial Cancer Research Center in Seattle. He had been scheduled to give the keynote address at an international conference the same day. He was 56, at the height of his scientific recognition and powers. He was survived by his wife, Leona Wilson (died in 2009), and two children, Ruth (1961-2014), of East Lansing, Michigan, and David (born 1964), of San Francisco.

Wilson's success can be attributed to his strong interest and depth of knowledge in biochemistry and evolutionary biology, his insistence of quantification of evolutionary phenomena, and his early recognition of new molecular techniques that could shed light on questions of evolutionary biology. After development of quantitative immunological methods, his lab was the first to recognise restriction endonuclease mapping analysis as a quantitative evolutionary genetic method, which led to his early use of DNA sequencing, and the then-nascent technique of PCR to obtain large DNA sets for genetic analysis of populations. He trained scores of undergraduate, graduate (17 women and 17 men received their doctoral degrees in his lab), and post-doctoral students in molecular evolutionary biology, including sabbatical visitors from six continents. His lab published more than 300 technical papers, and was recognised in the 1970s ~ 80s as the mecca for those wishing to enter the field of molecular evolution.

The Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution was established in 2002 in his honour to advance knowledge of the evolution and ecology of New Zealand and Pacific plant and animal life, and human history in the Pacific. The Centre was under the Massey University, at Palmerston North, New Zealand, as a national collaboration among the University of Auckland, Victoria University of Wellington, the University of Otago, University of Canterbury, and the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research. The Centre closed at the end of 2015 when the Government stopped funding it.

A 41-minute documentary film of his life entitled Allan Wilson, Evolutionary: Biochemist, Biologist, Giant of Molecular Biology was released by Films Media Group in 2008.

Awards and honours

 * MacArthur Fellow in 1986
 * Guggenheim Fellow in 1972
 * 3M Life Sciences Award from the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in 1991
 * Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London
 * Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1988
 * Member of the Human Genome Organization
 * Associate editor of the Journal of Molecular Evolution

title: Allan Wilson (biologist)


text:
Talk:Sandia Peak Tramway

Untitled
While true that "cable cars" can refer to aerial tramways, it is far more likely that a "cable car" refers to a streetcar running on a cable such as those in San Francisco. It is for this reason that the article on Aerial tramways is separate from the article on Cable cars. There's no need to throw in additional nouns to describe something whice is completely described by the article itself and the first link to Aerial tramway. Also, if we're abbreviating kilometers, shouldn't we abbreviate miles? --ABQCat 04:57, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Deletion of claim "most difficult tramway construction project"
I deleted the phrase "constructed the tramway in what they considered their most difficult tramway construction project". The only sources I found seemed to be based on Wikipedia, or from Sandia Peak Tramway's own web site -- which is not independent, and has a vested interest in glorifying the project. --Larry/Traveling_Man (talk) 18:25, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sandia Peak Tramway