text:
Talk:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

Military career during 1971 war
Zia must've been quite a senior general or commanding officer during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 with India. But there is astonishingly no mention of his role or participation or accomplishments during that war (unarguably the greatest turning point in South Asia's history since the partition in 1947). Not even a single sentence is mentioned, though some tidbits about him being a tank commander during the 1965 war are present. Somebody with knowledge should probably expand this article. 220.225.2.107 (talk) 02:46, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

According to the infamous assasinations documentary I was watching today (the episode wa about Zia), he was a relatively low ranking officer when he was made Bhutto's cheif of staff. That is probably why there is little record of his early army career. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.217.151.121 (talk) 17:33, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Citations required in the death section
The Death part contains this sentence, which, in my opinion, need citation. This is as follows:

Other groups who have fallen under suspicion include the Afghan Communists and Shi'ite separatist groups operating within Pakistan.

What does that Shi'ite separatist groups mean and please also mention the source.

Now the section reads that the Israelis might be behind it, once again without citation.

In Fred Burton's book Ghost: Confessions of a Counterterrorism agent he describes how he, as an agent in the Diplomatic Security Service, was assigned to investigate the death of Ambassador Raphael in the same plane crash that killed Zia. His findings (in cooperation with the Pakistani military) point to a nerve gas agent being released from a Coke can set with an altitude sensitive detonator in the cockpit, which incapacitated the pilots. Traces of the nerve agent were found on cockpit debris, and the top of the Coke can used as the container (also heavily contaminated with nerve toxin) was also found.

Since nerve agents are only manufactured by highly industrialized nations, especially in the eighties, fingers can only be pointed in a couple different ways: America, or the USSR. While I don't doubt that Israel now has the capabilities to manufacture nerve toxins, and they probably could have got them from the US in the eighties, the USSR swore their revenge on Zia (publicly) after his support for the mujahideen (via the US), which forced their embarrassing withdrawl from Afghanistan. This makes them the likely culprit behind Zia's assassination.

My opinion is that Fred Burton, who investigated the crash site and its evidence, should be cited from his aforementioned book in death section of Zia's Wiki page, which should read that the KGB and the USSR were behind Zia's death.

Layout mess
Layout is now a mess. text at end needs to be cleaned up and moved up.

 * It isn't just layout. The grammar and sentence structure is a mess, and the language often obscure.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.197.15.138 (talk) 09:03, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Removed POV stuff
There is probably some amount of neutrally-describable facts in the the following section of the article which I have excised. Nevertheless, it is such blatant editorializing that I felt obliged to remove it. Phrases like "it is an interesting fact" are major red flags that what follows is not fact at all, but merely opinion. Note that I knew nothing about the topic at hand before stumbling upon this article, but I knew at a glance that this content violated the NPOV policy. If you want to put it back, it will need to be phrased in a more neutral fashion. That is, it would have to written such that Zia ul Haq himself would have to agree that it neutrally described him.

 * It is an interesting fact of the history of Pakistan that all army dictators have promised to clean up the "corruption" in civilian politics and have in fact promoted corruption, horse-trading, turn-coatism and even blatantly bribed time serving politicians to gain a semblance of popular support.

 * Zia did the same. Before the execution of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Pakistan boasted a quasi civil government under the heel of the Martial Law, with ministers drawn from the Jama'at Islami, the Pakistan Democratic Party, the Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan, various miniscule factions of the Muslim League -- all parties which repeatedly failed to garner any appreciable popular vote at the polls.

 * Another interesting feature of Zia ul Haq's rule was a brutalizing of Pakistan's society through what his government called "Islamization." In the name of Islam, legislation was enacted, which according to many scholars of Islamic jurisprudence, had nothing to do with Islam and its injunctions. Such legislation militated against the minorities, women, and the under-privileged strata of society.

 * In Pakistan, Zia's eleven years of rule are most often remembered for the public whipping of political dissidents, absolute censorship of the press, the country's acting as a conduit for money and material and training ground for the so-called Afghan Jihad, the proliferation of hard drugs and arms, and a hitherto unknown and especially vicious variety of sectarian and ethnic violence.

Nohat 07:11, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Removed more PoV stuff
What is not commonly known, although fully documented in the Pakistan and international press of the day, is that the votes cast in the referendum through which Zia secured his Presidency were a mere two per cent of the total registered vote at that time.

Another very important, and equally fully documented fact is that in Bhutto's trial on the charge of allegedly conspiring to murder a political opponent, which alleged conspiracy resulted in the death of the opponent's father, due process of law was totally bypassed.

Zia's Islamization too, was widely seen as a ploy to prolong his dictatorship, and many of the edicts and amendments to the constitution of the country had literally nothing to do with Islamic Jurisprudence or Sharia.

The most lasting effect of eleven years of Zia's militray rule in Pakistan have been a vast increase in hard drugs consumption, traffic and export, gun-running, and deep schisms in the body-politic of the country. Exacerbating sectarian, ethnic and linguistic differences was a stock tactic for keeping the people at bay during Zia's rule. Again, some of this could probably be merged into the article in a NPoV way, but an anonymous user stuck it at the end of the article. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC

Condolences and Tributes by world leaders
I am not sure if the condolences bit is relevant to an encyclpedia article. Condolences and tributes are sent by world leaders(on anothers death) as a matter of protocol. Furthermore, they are more reflective of the respective country's foreign policy designs rather than that leaders personal views regarding General Zia. Any Comments?

Sandbreak 18:38, 8 August 2006 (UTC) I am not sure who is trying distort history by painting this guy as a saint, who is most hated personality in Pakistan and is generally considered to be the source of all the problems Pakistan is currently facing. If some of his deranged supporters think that used Wikipedia, they will turn the wheel of history, and using lies, will be able to disinform Pakistan and rest of the world they are mistaken. His actual resume summmary is as follows. He is generally known as Zia-ul-Batil, and was known as the Mad Monk of Pakitan. He used religion to perpetuate his illegimate rule and was resposible of derailing Pakistan from democracy. Was reposible for murders of thousands of political activists belonging to Pakistan Peoples Party. Was recruited by CIA to derail Pakistan from democratic path and overthrow of Z.A. Bhutto's elected government, and stop Pakistan from acquiring nuclear capabilities. This page and Z.A. Bhutto's page needs a complete overhaul, new set up and a new persona, and I will do this job pretty soon. Supporters of Zia-ul-Batil need to be taught a lesson in history, and new Z.A. Bhutto's page will do this historic duty!

 * In the book 'Gorbachev - Heretic in the Kremlin' by Dusko Doder and Louise Branson the death of Zia-ul-Haq is described as assassination. 2001:8003:AC60:1400:6554:7954:2EAD:97ED (talk) 03:53, 23 March 2019 (UTC)

Zia and Ahmadiyya
One aspect of Zia era which sticks out like a sore thumb is his hatred for Ahmadiyya community. Strangely enough no mention has been made of the anti-ahmadi ordinance and the outlandish laws in it of which you can not find any example in modern world. Zia had a personal hatred for Ahmadis which is evident in his attempts to arrest the leader of the community in 1984. This aspect of his rule should be included in the topic. Khokhar976 15:41, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Zia did that to cover his Ahmedi background. His British-era military service records revealed that he had declared himself Ahmedi and got a letter of recommendation from Qadian to get a good job in military.  The anti Zia elements raised hell upon this discovery.  His associates first tried to defend him by saying that it was impossible to get a good job in military during the British rule without a letter from Qadian.  Then they claimed that many of the top military officers from British era were either Ahmedi or had a letter of recommendation from Qadian.  They went to show how easy it is to get Canadian or European immigration if someone has a letter from Ahmediyya leader.  Woodbridge, Toronto, Canada is full of immigrants who got by obtaining a letter from Ahmedi leader.

 * Despite these measures anti-Zia elements still consider him a covert Ahmedi. Hassanfarooqi 16:17, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Pervez Musharraf Ahmadi too. His wife family also Ahmadi. Are all army chiefs Ahmadi? Gemini210 (talk) 09:20, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

I know this for a fact that Zia's wife had an Ahmadi background. She comes from an Indian Immigrant family in East Africa. So it is very much possible that he was loosely connected to the movement in his younger days. The letter from Qadian sounds a bit far fetched. In united india of 1930s onwards, the british attitude towards Jamaat became increasingly cold towards Qadian, so much so that Ahrar were given free hand to hold a Jalsa there. But, it is also a fact that being an Ahmadi is almost a certificate of good citizenship. That is why you will find western government having no problems with granting assylum to them. The letter you refer to is not of recommendation, but of confirmation that the assylum seeker is an Ahmadi. Which in turn confirms that He/she is suffering from Zia made laws of Pakistan. Every ahmadi suffers from them. They are very much universal in their applciation. Khokhar976 08:57, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The fact is that an Ahmedi does not suffer until he poses as a mainstream Muslim which is against Pakistan's law. Yet a letter gets him immigration rightaway and welfare subsequently.  Compare this to other minorities such as Hindus (post Babari Mosque demolition) and Christians (post 9/11 backlash) who have genuinely suffered by the hands of fanatics.  However Hindus can't get immigration in Hindu dominated India or Christian dominated Canada that easily.  You community still enjoys the status of most preferred community by British and their subject countries Hassanfarooqi 19:09, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Infact out community enjoys the status of most preferred in all nations except for bigoted mullah-led regimes and nazis. Even Musharraf had to accept (despite the hanging sword of MMA) that Ahmadis are patriotic Pakistanis. Recently Nazis in east germany had a problm with our community, but German government supported us. Same goes everywhere else in the world. India has a legal system which protects everyone. What happens in pracitce is a seperate affair. But in Pakisan, laws are aimed at Ahmadis to prosecute them. Your saying that "does not suffer until he poses as a muslim" is daft to say the least. Actually the word "pose" is used in the law, which makes it even more laughable. All ahmadis believe to be Muslims. So there is no case of posing, but believing. Khokhar976 08:57, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Here you go lying again. I said "does not suffer until he poses as a mainstream Muslim".  You quoted me "does not suffer until he poses as a muslim".  Note the missing word "mainstream".  This is typpical of your community.  Lying by misquoting.  This way you prove that a British rebel Ubaidullah Sindhi was praising a British operative.

 * Pakistani law has no problem declaring yourself an "Ahmedi" but has a problem pretending to be a mainstream muslim like Shias and Sunnies, which you are not. As per the statement of your leader is Supreme Court, non Ahmedies are not Muslim by Ahmedi faith and therefore Ahmedies are not Muslim by Muslim faith.  In view of this statement of your leader, any Muslim majority country has a right to declare you non Muslim.  You defy this right by having Masjids like Muslims and Adhans like Muslim to fool simple unaware Muslims.

 * If believing Mohammed as a prophet but not the last one, gives you the right to call yourself Muslim, then believing in Christ to be a prophet but not son of God, gives you the right to call yourself Christian. Why dont you call yourself Christians, call your worshiphouse churches, and call your Mirza Ghulam Ahmed's saying as Bible's latest testament.  I guarentee Pakistan will have no problem with this but do not know how the Christian world would react. Hassanfarooqi 14:13, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

There should be no differnce between the rights of a mainstream muslim and a fringe muslim. I claim to be a muslim, a true muslim. You can call me whatever you like, but you can not force me to start calling myself what you wish. Pakistani law forces me not to call myself a muslim. You are trying to justify a law which says that you must curse some other faith before you can be declared as sirkari musalman on your passport. That is the most pathetic law in these times. Here is another "gem" of the law you admire. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C02%5C02%5Cstory_2-2-2007_pg7_11 Khokhar976 09:03, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * My claiming to be a Christian because I believe in the holiness of Jesus Christ does not make me a Christian and any claim to Christianity would be misleading and deceptive because I do not believe Jesus was son of God (the fundamental belief of Christianity). You belief in Mohammed's prophethood does not entitle you to be a Muslim because you do not believe he was the final one (a core belief of Islam).  Your claim to Islam is false and deceptive.  If Muslims start calling themselves Christians and the Masjids as Churches luring unknowing Christians, rest assured the United States WILL pass a law disbanding Muslims from calling themselves Christians.  If we ignore the law and play with words to declare ourselves as Christians, there will be more specific laws and might ask us to deny that Mohammed was a prophet.  Then if we do play with words to imply that we believed in Jesus as son of God (a spiritual one like all humans) etc, they might require us to curse prophet Mohammed.  Luckily, none of us call ourselves Christians in the first place.

 * Per your leader's statement in Supreme Court, you religion IS different than ours. Posing yourself as a different religion than you practice, with an intent to deceive people contitutes of fraud and forgery anywhere.

 * The seeming stupid law came into force after the following events
 * - You continued to lie under oath for Muslims passport that you were Muslim, when caught your explanation was that per your beleif you were the only Muslims
 * - The law was changed to require that you declared that you are not Qadiani but you continued to lie under oath that you were not Qadiani. When cuaght, your explanation was that you were not born in Qadian so you were not Qadiani.
 * - The law was then changed to require you to declare that you believed in the finality of Mohammed's prophethood and did not consider Mirza Ghulam Ahmed as prophet. You continued to lie under oath that you believed in the finality of Mohammed and did not consider him a prophet.
 * - Finally you were required to curse Mirza Ghulam Ahmed as this was the only way to seperate yourself from mainstream Muslims.

 * If you had not been stubborn in making a mockery of the law, such a stupid looking law was not needed. Hassanfarooqi 23:28, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * "If Muslims start calling themselves Christians and the Masjids as Churches luring unknowing Christians, rest assured the United States WILL pass a law disbanding Muslims from calling themselves Christians."

Someone should seriously considering removing the biases in this article. The sections on "personal wealth" and the "murder of Bhutto" are clearly favoring the PPP opposition democratic movements within Pakistan at the time. Both perspectives need to be presented.

Update: I removed the World Leaders tribute. A "citation needed" request had been uploaded for some 5 months. Combining the long absence of the citation with the possible dubiousness of the content, I felt it would be better to remove the data until proper citations were provided.

Sandbreak Jan 20th '08 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sandbreak (talk • contribs) 02:50, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

@Hassanfarooqi that Zia was closet Ahmadi must explain why army in Zia Ul Haq time flourished Ahmadiyya training programs and why so many chiefs in banks, industries, and organizations changed to Ahmadi, and also his enmity with Bhutto who made the khatmi nabuwwa law! A19ldr (talk) 14:41, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

Bhutto & Zia Both of Arain racial origins??
Early in the article it mentions that Bhutto chose Zia as the Army chief of Pakistan ahead of several more senior generals, because of "their common Arain ancestry". However, if you read Bhutto's biography, it states that the Bhuttos were of Rajput origin and not only that, they were Shia Muslims as opposed to Zia being Sunni Muslim. Is this a mistake?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.64.39.138 (talk) 19:00, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD)
After dismissing the elected civilian government of Bhutto, Zia avoided all the political avenues that could lead to democracy or civilian supremacy. He never held free and fare elections. With whatever worth of civilian prime minister, Mr Junejo, he dismissed him abruptly too in a very short course. He crushed the populist Movement for the Restoration of Democracy using the bullett and Army. MRD was born as a hatred to Zia and his undemocratic dictatorial policies in 1983 which gained popularity in the smaller poverty stricken deprived provinces of Pakistan. It is said that 45000 troops were deployed in Sindh alone to crush the movement. Mrs Gandhi, Indian PM raised concerns over this brutality and violation of human rights at the hands of Pakistan's military dictatorship (Dawn 14th August 1983). Thousands of civilians were brutally killed. That potentiated the feeling of deprivation in smaller provinces as it was seen as a further avenge on Sindhi population from where Shaheed Bhutto came. That high handed harsh approach is well on the record. This movement threatened the process of expanding state power in the name of Islamisation at a time when tensions were high with Afghanistan's proxy war that Zia had plunged into as well with the other front along side India.

Now this is a well recorded and documented piece of history that can not be denied under any ciscumstances. I would call it one of the major movements during the rule of the general. Hence it should not be deleted as it would imply partiality of the article.

 * Please! provide the source for whatever you are writing. -- S M S  Talk 14:06, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

The references are quoted for this historical movement which is well recorded and documented that could not be denied. I suggest you do google search and find for your self a lot more references to this movement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Graduate1983 (talk • contribs) 21:12, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Add Shaheed
please complete full name zia ul haq Shaheed мαℓιк ℓιαqυαт™ (talk) 12:16, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

questions about the article
Problems with article.

When was Zia appointed Chief Martial Law Administrator? The section on Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator doesn't say.

When was the Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Trial? The section says when Bhutto was hanged but not when the trial was.

If Zia took the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978, why is the sentence "On 4 April 1979, the former elected Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged, " in the Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator section? By 4 April 1979 Zia was president, not Chief Martial Law Administrator. --BoogaLouie (talk) 15:24, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Have added info to try to fix the problems --BoogaLouie (talk) 16:16, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Deleting quote
Have deleted a prominent quote in the article ''If we are not "Muslims", then what are we? Second-rate Indians?'' According to the source (p.136), Zia did NOT say this. It is from the New York Times, quoting an unnamed "liberal" "Pakistani official" who supports Islamisation. --BoogaLouie (talk) 16:59, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060223145555/http://www.bitsonline.net:80/eqbal/articles_by_eqbal_view.asp?id=12&cid=3 to http://www.bitsonline.net/eqbal/articles_by_eqbal_view.asp?id=12&cid=3

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:20, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050530102630/http://www.paksearch.com:80/br96/Apr/22/PLEAINCO.htm to http://www.paksearch.com/br96/Apr/22/PLEAINCO.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:14, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20150919184106/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fXIhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f4gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4632,3574622&dq=c-130+black+box&hl=en to https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fXIhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f4gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4632,3574622&dq=c-130+black+box&hl=en

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:31, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2008%5C%5C05%5C%5C30%5C%5Cstory_30-5-2008_pg7_56&date=2009-09-04 to http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160428172353/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm to http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141209201144/http://www.suhaibwebb.com/personaldvlpt/character/the-need-for-consultation-mushawara/ to http://www.suhaibwebb.com/personaldvlpt/character/the-need-for-consultation-mushawara/
 * Added tag to http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/040223.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130402133212/http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/ to http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/
 * Added tag to http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x138s7i_zia-ul-haq-biography-shaheed-e-islam_news

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:55, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 10 external links on Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121020184551/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C16%5Cstory_16-3-2008_pg3_3 to http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C16%5Cstory_16-3-2008_pg3_3
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111119153143/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/sp_news15/p58_2.htm to http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/sp_news15/p58_2.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111218204639/http://storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A112&Pg=3 to http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A112&Pg=3
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120114015155/http://sixhour.com/cia_sent%20bhutto_to_the_gallows.htm to http://sixhour.com/cia_sent%20bhutto_to_the_gallows.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120209045409/http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6887 to http://elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6887
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110426234906/http://www.onthemedia.org/yore/transcripts/transcripts_082004_lolly.html to http://www.onthemedia.org/yore/transcripts/transcripts_082004_lolly.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110606185700/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C12%5C04%5Cstory_4-12-2005_pg3_1 to http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C12%5C04%5Cstory_4-12-2005_pg3_1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120206201907/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C09%5C14%5Cstory_14-9-2009_pg7_25 to http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C09%5C14%5Cstory_14-9-2009_pg7_25
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130316072212/http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6887 to http://elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6887
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050552/http://www.geo.tv/important_events/2010/constitutional_reforms/pages/english_news_09-04-2010.asp to http://www.geo.tv/important_events/2010/constitutional_reforms/pages/english_news_09-04-2010.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:20, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120904142130/http://sixhour.com/the%20hanging%20of%20bhutto.htm to http://sixhour.com/the%20hanging%20of%20bhutto.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150430210035/http://www.cdcpakistan.com/fck_images/file/Zakat_ordinance.pdf to http://www.cdcpakistan.com/fck_images/file/Zakat_ordinance.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090601133900/http://jimmycarterlibrary.org/library/oralhistory/clohproject/dean.phtml to http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/library/oralhistory/clohproject/dean.phtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:05, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132951/http://www.khalidhasan.net/2004/03/28/zia-through-a-daughter%E2%80%99s-eyes/ to http://www.khalidhasan.net/2004/03/28/zia-through-a-daughter%E2%80%99s-eyes/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160406232700/http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/18th-amendment-bill-pakistan/p21953 to http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/18th-amendment-bill-pakistan/p21953

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:24, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

General Zia's Picture
The previous picture was incredibly blurry whilst the current one doesn't even show his face. Would it not be better to have it replaced by any of the following? Especially the first one since it's literally his official portrait

https://imgur.com/a/Geukxga

103.145.230.206 (talk) 11:23, 18 February 2020 (UTC)

No mention of zia’s torture of politicians and citizens
No mention at all of zia’s torture of politicians and citizens. 2600:1012:B014:FB52:F992:DB65:3A88:4241 (talk) 15:26, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

Zia's failure as a ruler
Prior to Zia's rule, Pakistanis lived a relatively prosperous life. Crime was low and the economy stable and growing. Wikipedia itself says: 'During the 1960s, Pakistan was seen as a model of economic development around the world, and there was much praise for its rapid progress.'

This changed during Zia's rule, largely owing to Zia's policies. I added the following and I ask other editors to look into these important aspects of Zia's rule and add sources.:

 Ruling Policy  As a ruler, General Zia failed. In his tenure, the country fell into chaos and lawlessness. Police started taking bribes and siding with criminals. Criminals frequently entered houses and murdered and looted whole families. Groups such as MQM - notorious for throwing the whole province of Karachi into unrest and murders, Kulhara Group (Axe Group), Hatora Group (Hammar Group) sprang up through out the country, plundering and murdering the nation. The General population of Pakistan lived a miserable and fearfilled life from Zia's time, which continues to this day.

Economic Policy: As part of Zia's economic policy, heads of many organizations, banks, and industries were changed. Ahmadis were made heads at major factories, banks and every organization. In the army, training programs teaching and conversion to Ahmadiyya were introduced. Promotion in armed forces was given on the basis of conversion to Ahmadiyya and marrying with Ahmadiyya woman. Privileges were given to those armed forces personnel who converted to Ahmadiyya, including senior positions and shares in factories and industries and land properties. While those who didnt converted remained at low positions or were retired. The armed forces enjoyed economic privileges including highly subsidized goods and a lifestyle on par with the upper class, while the ordinary public suffered high costs, unemployment and low salaries, electricity outages, and lack of safety and sanitation. Areas where homes of armed forces and retired armed forces received special care including sanitation and improved infrastructure, such as the Defence Authority areas in Karachi and the "F" areas in Islamabad while the rest of the country suffered lawlessness and lack of sanitation and hygiene. A19ldr (talk) 16:52, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:54, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Pakistan president).jpg

General Zia ul haq kab sadry Pakistan banaa
Kab 203.99.184.18 (talk) 20:36, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke

The women's 200 metre backstroke event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 19 and 20.

Zimbabwe's Kirsty Coventry added gold to her silver and bronze medals by a storming victory in this event, breaking an African record time of 2:09.19. Russia's Stanislava Komarova took home the silver at 2:09.72, while Japan's Reiko Nakamura and Germany's Antje Buschschulte shared their triumph for the bronze medal, in a joint time of 2:09.88. British swimmer and world champion Katy Sexton, on the other hand, finished outside the medals in seventh place, with a time of 2:12.11. Since Zimbabwe made its official debut in 1980, Coventry also became the nation's first athlete in its history to claim an individual Olympic medal.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:List of defunct graphics chips and card companies

Untitled
I created this article in the hope that ex-employees will document the history of these companies before they are long forgotten. Dyl 06:09, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

ATI?
ATI is AMD now :) 81.215.13.145 14:54, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Restructuring
This is a solid list, but I think it could go one better if it dropped the "defunct" part and just included a list of all companies past and present (because, presently, there aren't a whole lot of graphics hardware companies anyway). This list can be rearranged as a table, and the status of each company listed as active or defunct or other. Ham Pastrami (talk) 07:41, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Title should refer to the PC platform.
There were many many graphics chips and cards that are now defunct that were not developed or used on the pc platform. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.87.238.229 (talk) 22:16, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

What about Amiga's graphics co-processor, Denise and Atari's ANTIC
Since there are references to Macintosh chips/cards, why not on other platforms also like the aforementioned.


text:
Talk:R.O.B.

Star Fox 64
R.O.B. 64 was the robot that delivered items to you. Surely this counts as a cameo? Kakama (talk) 23:05, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, I think he counts as a different R.O.B., though the name is an obvious reverence. It's not a cameo because it's not the actual robot... attatchment... guy... whatever. 75.118.140.145 (talk) 14:32, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

older entries
What did it actually do? --NeuronExMachina 06:09, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"There were also cases of R.O.B. severing smaller limbs like toes." On four AA batteries using plastic hands? Very funny, I'm taking it out. --66.214.116.40 16:56, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

There is also a robot in StarTropics that looks rather like rob... --24.21.243.107 01:30, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This topic needs a pic of R.O.B.

Hyper Beam?
Currently, the section on the arms' movement ranges mentions hyper beams. I can't tell what it is saying about hyper beams, but there is a chance it's not vandalism. Can someone who knows more about the R.O.B. fix it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mathfan (talk • contribs) 03:32, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Cameo =/= playable
I have put ROB's playable appearance under the Mario Kart DS section below. Please stop putting it in the cameo section. Playable does not equal a cameo. Hbdragon88 00:08, 4 January 2006 (UTC) How is that not a cameo I don't really see how the line between Cameo and Playable exists. I would hardly say just because a character is playable it isn't a cameo. Since there is not really a divide between cameo and playable I vote for the status quo. Plus since that section would consist of a couple sentences it does not need to be made. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.93.220.223 (talk) 03:56, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

I disagree about Mariokart DS
According to Webster's dictionary, a cameo is a minor part played by a prominent player. In ensemble games like Smash Bros. or Mariokart: there are no prominent parts, just large rosters of minor parts played by characters that star in other games.

Adding to this is the fact that R.O.B. can be considered a "secret character" i.e. hidden, and the most difficult one to find at that.

I won't make the change myself just yet, but I am rather convinced on this idea. If we can't agree on whether Mariokart DS is a cameo or not, then for simplicity's sake, the heading should be re-titled to "Guest Appearances" or "Other Appearances." It's only intuitive to put Mariokart in with the grand list of his post-mortem iterations: it being his best one, and in his twentieth year. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Phil Bond (talk • contribs) 21:12, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sigh, I actually explained this in the talk apge (see above) and in bracketed comments when the message wasn't getting through. I've split it up again, this time with a broad "Appearances" header with "Cameo" and "Mario Kart DS" as sub-sections.  Let's hope it stays that way. - Hbdragon88 05:22, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm really sorry. I see that you made some edits an hour ago, but I just uploaded a major overhaul mostly of the former "Appearance" section that I'd been working on for a few hours, and your changes were basically overwritten. I like your compromise on the Mariokart section, and looking at the edit history, I'm trying to recover what I can. I apologize. I'm very new to Wiki editing.Phil Bond 06:38, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I hope we can all be happy with that. I removed mention of R.O.B.'s height from the Mariokart section, since the game is very visually inconsistent on size (R.O.B. is monstrous on the 150cc/Mirror congratulation screen, but far smaller than Bowser or Donkey Kong in-game, as you can see on the character select screen). I love the note on International WiFi coloration. I noticed that myself a few weeks ago, and forgot until just now.

 * A heads-up: this week, I plan to work on the Gyromite and Stack-Up pages, confirm some other cameos I'm aware of, replace the main picture, and add a couple other pictures. The current picture is better suited for the Gyromite page, but for that it's an incomplete specimen, and the parts aren't attached. I think it should be discarded in favor of an image showing only ROB, possibly from different angles. The only thing I'll have trouble with is an image of ROB equipped with Stack-Up parts, since I don't have the game yet myself. ($150-$350 on eBay.)

 * If anyone has a better idea for the "Operation" section, go for it. It seems like there should be more to say about basic operation, without getting into game specifics better suited to the game entries, or consumer opinions mentioned in the "History" section. Make sure not to confuse ROB with Gyromite, one of the games ROB plays.Phil Bond 07:46, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Awesome. The two articles could use some work, and with your expanded edits I finally understand how the darn accessory actually worked.  Thumbs-up on the additions and changes to this article. - Hbdragon88 06:37, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. This is exactly the kind of information I always wanted on R.O.B., but could never find, especially in one place, until I got one of my own.Phil Bond 21:10, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

In the Media
I don't understand why dopey kitch-minded references from game "journalists" are put in order before Nintendo's continued use of the character.Phil Bond 06:58, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Fine. I renamed to "Popular culture" and moved back down.  Also, could you find a better shot of R.O.B.?  The first image looks kinda creepy. :< - Hbdragon88 05:40, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'll take a new one tomorrow.Phil Bond 07:35, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, what do we think of this one? I might retake it in better (natural) light sometime soon.Phil Bond 02:58, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow, that looks awesome. The interesting thing though - the thumbnail shows the new pose (R.O.B. twisting his head); if I click on the thumbnail, it shows me the old full frontal one. - Hbdragon88 03:44, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I had a similar glitch until I reloaded the page literally five times.Phil Bond 20:20, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Images
The ROB_nes image should be orphaned and allowed to delete. It shows Gyromite parts, which should only be true of an image that addresses Gyromite specifically. The original filename claims it to be complete, and for Gyromite, it's not. The Gyromite parts that it does show are unattached, but it's difficult to tell that from the photo. It comes from another website, which I'd been led to believe was bad practice in the first place, and though it's claimed to be a PR photo, you don't have to look hard to find false information on that website.Phil Bond 21:25, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * 'K then, I'll drop the issue. - Hbdragon88 23:54, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * This is slightly off-topic, but can anyone get R.O.B.'s concept art from MKDS? It would be a great addition to the MKDS section. RememberMe? 15:00, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

I have a Japanese version of Rob, Gyro, and Block if you want to add a photo of that. Rob is pretty cool decked out in Famicom red/white BTW, very nice work on these pages AAT (and another thing) I have noticed some famicom console photos with the name missing from the front panel. Whats up with that? jcp 09:55, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Chibi Robo cameo
Could we get clarification on this "Giga Robo" character? How strongly does the head resemble R.O.B.? What details does it share? Does it have the LED on top or the grating pattern on the sides? Does it match in terms of color placement with a black rectangular region protruding from the front? Also, as for it having been "shut down and put away," is this after it's defeated, or is this something that took place years before encountering the player? Phil Bond 07:40, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It was BEFORE encountering the player. I haven't played the game, but Nintendo Power had an article mentioning this boss. I can get a scan of the character if I find the issue, if you'd like! Evan1109
 * That would be appreciated. Phil Bond 02:04, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Confused R.O.B
As you all know, R.O.B. receives his orders under the form of flashes of light on the television set. If you still have a working R.O.B. unit, start it and light a match a few feets away from the unit. The result is quite hillarious!

 * That's ridiculous. I'm not even going to try it. The optics require accurate aiming and light levels, and the signals are very specific and digital in nature. It's insulting that you'd waste people's time this way. That you even think R.O.B. can move fast enough to be hilarious gives you away. Phil Bond 01:53, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Besides, each time you light a match the flame won't move and flash in exactly the same way.86.151.17.193 (talk) 18:34, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

non mario character.....?
it says that rob is the 4th non mario character to appear in a mario kart game, but i think that statement is silly...i mean, what is the defenition of a 'mario character'....a character to appear in a mario game...? well what about diddy kong in mario kart double dash....did he been in a mario game alongside mario before mario kart double dash.....no

i think that we should use the term NINTENDO CHARACTER rather than mario character which means a character created by nintendo, or in a nintendo only game or by 2nd party nintendo developer (hal laboratorie's kirby for example, who is regarded as a nintendo character though not being from a 1st party game, but a 2nd party game). so that makes rob a nintendo character. it is because of this that i have removed the statement, you cant put rob in the same category as pac man in relation to nintendo, because rob was created by nintendo and pac man wasnt.
 * Mario Character=Character created by the Mario franchise in a Mario-named game. Deletion reverted. Phil Bond 23:28, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

well, to me, its not the same as pac-man being in mario kart GP, it was still nintendo, i dont understand why the emphesis is on MARIO charcter, and not NINTENDO charcter

ROB is a Nintendo character too, though. You're making the categories too broad. There are Nintendo games, then Mario games (where the plots revolve solely around Mario and his related characters), and then other Nintendo games (Zelda, Donkey Kong, etc.). ROB has no association with the Mario franchise outside crossover games (Super Smash Brothers, Mario Kart), and thus he is a non-Mario character. Interestingly, DK is considered a semi-Mario character because he originated as the antagonist to Mario, but his plot line has split so far from today's Mario that the games are really their own separate entities. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.100.180.22 (talk) 03:38, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Robot Wars
"ROB's are recently used in Robot Wars shows, controlled by the NES Controller." -This comment is vague and sounds implausable. I'm removing it pending better/more believable phrasing. Phil Bond 12:09, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well whoever put it down was wrong anyway. The nearest robot to looking like R.O.B. Is Refbot, which is 6 times the height of it, and designed quite differently. Some Guy (Izzy259) (talk) 15:33, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Have never heard of R.O.B. before
I must admittedly say that I - a devoted Nintendo fan in the late 80's and early 90's when I was a pre-teenager - have never ever even heard of the R.O.B. The way it functions is very similar to the Zapper gun (receiving information through digital screen flashes), which makes me wonder why the Zapper gun became a big hit but the R.O.B. was not even sold or advertised in my vicinity (i.e., the city of Östersund in Northern Sweden).

Jens Persson (130.242.128.85 18:52, 9 November 2006 (UTC))

How on earth can Donkey Kong be considered a non-Mario Character?
The article states: "R.O.B. is the sixth non-Mario-related character to appear in a Mario Kart game; the first three were Pac-Man, Ms. Pac-Man, and Blinky in Mario Kart Arcade GP and also Donkey and Diddy Kong."

How can Donkey Kong be a "non-Mario" character when Mario got his start in "Donkey Kong"? I've deleted Donkey and Diddy Kong from the claim in the main article, but if somebody has a rationale to put them back in I'd like to hear it. W4st 00:16, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong are not Mario characters, as they were created to star in their OWN games & not created to be a secondary character in Super Mario Bros series. Mario may have gotten his start in "Donkey Kong" (as Jumpman), but he wasn't the title character, hence it is not a Mario game. Donkey Kong & Diddy Kong are just characters in the Nintendo Universe that happen to occasionally interact with the Mario characters.--Hndsmepete 06:39, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Animal Crossing: Wild World
The Robo items in Animal Crossing: Wild World look almost nothing like R.O.B., sharing only standard robot similarities like the gray blockiness. I think it should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ultim87 (talk • contribs) 01:31, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

R.O.B. Squad
R.O.B. will appear as a enemy in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Source --201.36.213.137 (talk) 01:00, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Move title?
Should this be moved to FAMICON ROBOT instead of R.O.B.? It was released first in Japan.
 * No. This is the English Wikipedia site, and so English names are used. Would you want to move The Legend of Zelda to Zelda no Densetsu? Nobody would be able to find it.

Or super smash bros to Nintendō Ōrusutā! Dairantō Sumasshu Burazāzu?A challenging game ideas remembering that.Very challenging Mariofan1000 (talk) 21:28, 3 August 2008 (UTC) Fryguy64 (talk) 14:55, 31 January 2008 (UTC) This is true because Famicom is a Japanese company. There is a color difference for the companies.

red arms and a lighter body.
Famicom

gray arms and a darker body
Nintendo

Confirmed for Brawl
yah, confirmed. lolz

24.90.248.240 (talk) 23:51, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * That was helpful. Just to clarify, yes, R.O.B. (or Robot as he is called in the Japanese release) has been confirmed as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, as well as the R.O.B. Squad playing a significant role during the Subspace Emissary Adventure Mode. Fryguy64 (talk) 14:54, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Whoa whoa whoa
The playable R.O.B. in Brawl is the Ancient Minister? Can someone please supply me with some proof!? Luigi "Kurai" III (talk) 22:01, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, I have the game, and he is indeed the Ancient Minister, I can confirm that he is, it's revealed towards the final half of the Subspace Emissary. Ganondorf betrays him and sets him on fire which reveals that he is R.O.B. Doshindude (talk) 00:47, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Spoiler Warning
I myself did not know that the Ancient Minister was R.O.B. Can we please put a spoiler warning there or remove it?69.117.64.161 (talk) 22:49, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Super Smash Brothers Brawl & Mario Kart DS
Ok, why the heck to people say that that information it is only good for a fansite. Can't you just say he is playable character for those games, cause it is true.71.185.197.119 (talk) 22:57, 11 February 2008 (UTC)71.185.197.119

Maybe cameos are a bit much, but playable appearences must be mentioned! I'm putting them in, but won't put any Brawl Spoilers in, OK. I think that's fine to do.GEM036 (talk) 22:01, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

They took it off again. Someone please go get a hire up on the ladder person to fix this so that important playable appearnces are known. I agrre with no cameos, but playable appearences are Important and noteworthy!!!GEM036 (talk) 23:54, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Calm down :) I agree that there should be some mention of R.O.B.'s role in later games, as he seems to have made the transition from accessory to character (the line was kind of blurry to begin with). I'll work on a suitable section. Coreycubed (talk) 15:07, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

There's nothing against Wikipedia that I've seen that says we can't add cameo appearances (unless it's far too trivial, which in this case, it is not). What really gets my hide is what someone put in the hidden message about "marking as vandalism" part. Threatening people is not having good faith at all, especially since they are good faith edits. I'm putting back the cameo appearances. Magiciandude (talk) 02:26, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

There is nothing that says we have to have it, either. This is an article about the actual robot, maybe you should mention the cameo appearance in an article the actual game is about, because for this page it is too trivial. --8-bit player —Preceding unsigned comment added by 8-bit player (talk • contribs) 09:34, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Um, that would not be too trivial at all to put cameo playable appearances. What would be trivial is a whole list of cameo appearances. Also, just because it is an actual hardware doesn't mean it cannot be mentioned. Even the article on PictoChat mentions the fact that it is stage in Brawl even though it comes from a hardware device. Magiciandude (talk) 13:41, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, per WP:VANDAL, no one can be marked for vandalism for adding the information regarding cameos, regardless if consenues says "yes" or "no". Magiciandude (talk) 16:40, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clearing that up. I had no idea about that! GEM036 (talk) 00:40, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Non-playable cameos

 * I think we all agree that non-playable cameos should not appear, but actual playable characters are fine. Is there a consensus for this?  Felix the Hurricane (talk) 19:23, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

R.O.B. rules in Brawl. -stick2012 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stick2012 (talk • contribs) 02:53, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Famicom Robot rename?
Should it make sense to rename this article to "Famicom Robot" since it was first released by that name in Japan? Curious -- Patel. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Patel Raghava (talk • contribs) 21:56, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * No, in Wikipedia, articles usually go by what it is called in America or Europe. It's just like with game articles, we don't use the Japanese names (because they are translations that could be off), we use the English names. Magiciandude (talk) 13:46, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Exactly. It would be like renaming Luigi's article Ruigi. GEM036 (talk) 00:57, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Star Fox
Is this the same R. O. B. that appears in the Star Fox games as the pilot of the Great Fox? It looks very similar, and I think it should be mentioned if it is.CMyst (talk) 14:59, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

ROB's name was derived from R.O.B., but I believe the similarities end there. List of characters in the Star Fox series goes into slightly more detail, which is where it belongs (on that page, not here). --Coreycubed (talk) 15:07, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

R.O.B Brawl
R.O.B has the Famicom appearence in Super Smash Brothers Brawl. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kirby124 (talk • contribs) 03:39, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

R.O.B.s as enemies in Brawl
We all know that R.O.B. is an unlockable character. We also know R.O.B. (along with just about every other charcter in Brawl) appears in The Subspace Emissary. While it might not be in everyone's best interest to put down every spoiler from SSE, isn't is at least notable to put down that various variations of R.O.B.s appear as enemies in SSE? ChromeWulf ZX (talk) 20:22, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * So long as all the spoilers are removed, I'm not fussed. I just found out what his role is in the Subspace Emissary, thanks to this. = / Ace of Jokers (talk) 10:06, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Snapshots
Please consider adding this gallery as a list of relevant photos about R.O.B. RyanTMulligan (talk) 16:43, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Conjecture
I've removed this line: "WALL-E, from Pixar's 2008 film, bears a striking resemblance to R.O.B. Coincidence?" The statement is conjecture, has no source, and the questioning ending has no place in wikipedia. ~Necoras

 * Plus it's original research and trivial. You did a fine job removing it. Magiciandude (talk) 17:38, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

I agree, and one could also say the same about Johnny 5... in some ways and it would be just as similar —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.250.13.220 (talk) 11:55, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

I reformated the article
I have been trying to perfect the format of the article within the last few days, I hope you enjoy it in its new format.  Fangz of  Blo od  18:13, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Viewtiful Joe Cameo
In the capcom platform game, Viewtiful Joe, many, many R.O.B. robots appear in the background of the final level's factory areas, reminiscent of the subspace emissary in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. You do not fight them, but I think this is a reasonable cameo to be included on the page. I could not find a reference picture, this video of the level in question both shows and mentions the cameo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.88.50.27 (talk) 23:31, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Variants?
On the pic that says that it's two variants of R.O.B., I'm pretty sure that's just a regular one plus one with the filter eyepiece on it. I would see what my R.O.B. looks like with one but my filter is still sealed in package so I don't think I will. :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brutal.dt0 (talk • contribs) 03:59, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Agreed With the abocve poster, I used to have the filter for mine but it went missing sadly 205.250.13.220 (talk) 11:41, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Robotics attention needed

 * Check points raised in multiple issues tl
 * Check article for expansion and refs validity

Chaosdruid (talk) 05:44, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Number of commands
The article currently states there are 6 commands.

In actuality there are 10 commands R.O.B. can accept. The issue is that I determined this through experimentation by decoding the format of the flash patterns, then writing a program for the NES that would allow me to test every possible pattern. So while I can edit the article for correctness, I don't have an "official" source to cite other than myself.

If you're curious, the 10 commands are: open, close, left, right, up (one notch), up (two notches), down (one notch), down (two notches), test (just turns the on the light on his head), recalibrate (causes R.O.B. to go through the initial power-up process again). X87bliss (talk) 05:17, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

"Trojan horse"
In the sentence beginning The creation and marketing of R.O.B. as a "Trojan horse" after the North American video game crash of 1983..., the link currently points to the article on the historical Trojan Horse. Was freebie marketing the intended meaning? (Trojan horse (business) isn't quite correct, but its see also section links to freebie marketing.) Is there a better article we should be linking to? Is rewording necessary? --SoledadKabocha (talk) 00:22, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Trojan horse?
Does the phrase "Trojan horse" need to be repeated so many times in the article? It's a good point, but I found the reiteration distracting. Any volunteers to find alternate wording for a coup,e of instances? Pelagic (talk) 09:27, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Apologies to, I missed seeing the previous section in mobile UI. Pelagic (talk) 09:30, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Acknowledged; I'm not sure that I feel up to the task of doing any rewriting right now.
 * I am aware that was moved to Razor and blades model in late February 2017. --SoledadKabocha (talk) 21:30, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

HDTV support
The article states that the ROB uses the same circuitry as the Zapper (which is true) and then goes on to claim that therefore it doesn't work on a modern HDTV (which is false, but a common misconception). Both of the cited sources only talk about the Zapper. While some LCD TVs won't work with ROB due to slower refresh, many LCD will work just fine, as the ROB only requires that the timing of the flashes be internally-consistent. The Zapper fails to work because it needs the timing to match up between the raster scan and the controller port, but as there's no electrical connection from the ROB itself to the console, it operates independently and only requires that the flash pattern come through. 97.126.15.220 (talk) 20:40, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:R.O.B.


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke

The women's 100 metre backstroke event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 15 and 16.

U.S. swimmer Natalie Coughlin won the gold medal in this event, outside the record time of 1:00.37. The silver medal was awarded to Zimbabwe's Kirsty Coventry, who finished behind Coughlin by 0.13 of a second, breaking an African record of 1:00.50. France's Laure Manaudou, who won the gold in the 400 m freestyle on the previous day, took home the bronze medal, with a time of 1:00.88. In the semifinals, Coughlin lowered an Olympic record time of 1:00.21, set by Romania's Diana Mocanu in Sydney (2000), to 1:00.17.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.


text:
Harold Maxwell-Lefroy

Harold Maxwell-Lefroy (20 January 1877 – 14 October 1925) was an English entomologist. He served as a Professor of Entomology at Imperial College London before moving to India where he took over the position of entomologist to the government of India from Lionel de Niceville. He was later made the first Imperial Entomologist to India. He left India after two of his children died from insect-borne diseases. He worked on applied entomology and initiated experiments on the use of chemicals to control insects. A formula he developed was utilized to save Westminster Hall from destruction by wood-boring beetles, while others were used to control lice in the trenches during the First World War. The success of his chemicals led to increased demand and the founding of Rentokil, a company for insecticide production. He was killed in an accident while experimenting with fumigants to control insects.

Biography
Maxwell-Lefroy was born in the village of Crondall, Hampshire, to Charles James Maxwell Lefroy of the 14th Hussars (whose grandfather was James Walker who had designed the Regent or Vauxhall Bridge in 1816) and Elizabeth Catherine, daughter of Alfred Henry McClintock, a Dublin surgeon. The hyphenated form Maxwell-Lefroy was adopted in 1875. He grew up in the family's Itchel Manor, on an ancient site which had once been property of the Bishop of Winchester. The manor itself is mentioned in the Domesday Book, and was filled with stories of ghosts and their hauntings (and demolished in 1954). As a child he was raised in an environment of opulence, with many servants at home to take care of the house and his needs.

Education
Harold was sent to school in Church Hill House in Crondall where one of his contemporaries, although a boarder unlike Maxwell-Lefroy, was Claude Grahame-White. He was later sent to study in Germany, and after returning to England in 1890 he was sent to Marlborough College where he was in Preshute House under master W.E. Mullins. Oddly he did not join the Natural History Society at school, contemporary members of which included William Keble Martin, Arthur Hill, and Lawrence C.H. Young (who went to Bombay in 1901 to work in a local business and also contributed to studies of the lepidoptera in the Bombay Natural History Society collections and died young in 1907 ). He finished school in 1895 and joined King's College, Cambridge, receiving a BA in the natural science tripos with first class in 1898. His specialization in entomology was influenced by David Sharp. He received a master's degree in 1902.

West Indies
Maxwell-Lefroy briefly served as assistant master at Seaford College, and then joined as an entomologist in Barbados from 1899. Before he left Barbados he got engaged to Kathleen Hamilton O'Meara, daughter of a former Provost Marshal in British Guiana from a Catholic family, leading to some disapproval from his mother and sister. His entomological work in this period was published in the form of several bulletins.

India
In 1903, Maxwell-Lefroy was appointed entomologist to the Government of India (succeeding Lionel de Nicéville, who was the first government entomologist, appointed in 1901). The appointment may have been influenced by David Sharp. The salary in India was set at 750 rupees a month rising 50 a year to a maximum of 1000 a month. He sailed aboard the P&O steamer Borneo on 27 March and reached Bombay on 30 April 1903. He was then sent to Calcutta where he was to report to E.P. Stebbing. He married Kathleen on 22 January 1904 in a Catholic wedding at the Cathedral of the Holy Name, Bombay.

In 1904, Maxwell-Lefroy was assisted by K. P. Ukkendan Unni Nair, a zoologist trained at the Madras Christian College. Several Indian assistants worked with him including S.C. Misra from Nagpur who had worked at Rajkumar College, C.C. Ghosh from Calcutta University who was in-charge of the Pusa insectary, Gobindram Dutt from Punjab and D. Nowroji from Madras University. In 1905 he was involved in the establishment of the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in Pusa, in the Indian state of Bihar, and was appointed the first Imperial Entomologist. He was assisted by F.M. Howlett who was appointed the Second Imperial Entomologist (later called Imperial Pathological Entomologist, a position that was abolished in 1912). Although mainly involved in work on agricultural pests, he also took an interest in medical and veterinary entomology. In 1907 he oversaw studies to examine whether there was a possibility for Indian insects to spread sleeping sickness brought in by Indian workers returning from Africa. In October 1908 he accepted permanent employment with the Government of India. Maxwell-Lefroy convened a series of meetings on an all-India basis, to bring together all the entomologists of the country. From 1915, five such meetings were held at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, and these formed the foundation of entomological knowledge in India. He was succeeded in the position of Imperial Entomologist by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher. Maxwell-Lefroy's approaches to agricultural pest management was principally aimed at being practical and low-cost, often advocating cultural practices such as the removal and burning of crops material that may harbour pupating pests. He published Indian Insect Life, a summary of the major insects of economic importance in 1906, in association with Frank Milburn Howlett. On 10 November 1910 their son Denis Charles died, possibly from typhoid, dysentery or some other fly-borne disease and the other son Cecil was immediately sent away to safety in Darjeeling to be taken care of at the Loreto Convent. The death led to his taking leave and returning to England the next year. His son Cecil was also accompanied by his Indian ayah Elizabeth. He took privilege leave from January 1911 for three months and then extended it by going on furlough. Among his last works in India was an analysis of the role of birds in agriculture, written along with supernumerary entomologist Charles W. Mason. The study, begun in 1907, involved analysis of the gut contents of 1325 specimens of birds shot in agricultural fields. He gave lectures in England and he was appointed a lecturer at the Imperial College on 1 September 1911. He applied for resignation from his Indian government posting. He returned to Pusa on 29 July 1912 and an offer was made to retain him but he decided instead to take up a position at the Imperial College as professor of entomology. His resignation was formally accepted on 15 December 1912.

England
At the Imperial College, Maxwell-Lefroy's focus was on applied and economic entomology. Maxwell-Lefroy moved to live initially in Strawberry Hill, and later Acton Lodge in Isleworth close to his workplace in South Kensington. In the early days, he used a motorbike with a sidecar to travel about. In 1913-1914, Lefroy was consulted by Frank Baines, Principal Architect of the Office of Works, to study ways of exterminating death watch beetles that had been found in Westminster Hall, beside England's Houses of Parliament. He began to try out various chemicals and finally came up with a 50% dichlorobenzene, 47% mineral oil and 3% barium oleate mixture to brush the wood with. This treatment was used by Baines who was then knighted for saving Westminster Hall. He also designed a field trap for turnip flea beetles (Phyllotreta consobrina) which disturbed the beetles and trapped them on sticky surfaces. During the First World War, Maxwell-Lefroy volunteered but was rejected on medical grounds from military service. In 1915 he took up a position travelling across India as Imperial silk specialist. Along with E.C. Ansorge, magistrate and collector in Bihar and Orissa; and an amateur entomologist, he wrote a Report on an Inquiry into the Silk Industry in India (1917) in three volumes but not without a major interruption. While in Bangalore on the silk study, on 17 April 1916, he received a telegram from the government seeking help on fly control in Mesopotamia. Appointed as an acting Lt-Col, he was sent to assist C.F.C. Beeson and shipped out from Bombay. He published on his investigations into the control of flies and other pests, a note in the Agricultural Journal of India included a photograph of his assistants from Pusa. He also introduced a treatment for the control of lice in the trenches called vermijelli that kept away jigger fleas and ticks. It was reported that there was a fall of 66% in cases of dysentery, cholera and typhoid after his measures were put in place. A bout of beri-beri invalided him and he returned to India, recovered and then travelled to England. Shortly after, there was a problem with weevils infesting wheat in Australia which hampered food supplies during the war. In October 1917 he sailed to San Francisco and then to Sydney where he examined the wheat weevil problem along with W.W. Froggatt, the Government entomologist and suggested various measures. He also examined the issue of sheep blowflies Lucilia sericata before setting off from Sydney to England in May 1919.

In 1924, Lefroy and his assistant Elizabeth Eades started producing bottles of woodworm treatment fluid from a small factory in Hatton Garden to manage a stream of requests, this led to the formation by them of a company called Rentokil Limited (now Rentokil Initial) in 1925. He registered the company on 29 September 1924, originally under the name of Entokill but this was objected to by the Board of Trade.

Maxwell-Lefroy's students included Evelyn Cheesman who took up a position at the insect house in the zoo from 1919. Maxwell-Lefroy had been appointed honorary curator for the insect house. Cheesman and Olive Lodge also attended his classes which otherwise included only male students. He encouraged their studies and when Cheesman set off for South Africa, he emphasized the need for anyone interested in insects to spend time in the tropics to fully appreciate the subject.

In 1922 he began to collaborate with Bruce Woolf who started a film company called New Era films to produce short documentaries on natural history. He helped in the production of several short films dealing with insects including one on wasps and another on tiger beetles in a series called Secrets of Nature.

Death
Lefroy once became unconscious in March 1925 while experimenting in his laboratory on poison gases to control houseflies. He was administered oxygen for an hour before he became conscious and returned to work in April. He again had a laboratory accident in October 1925 and this time he was found dead on the 15th of October after his wife alarmed at his absence went to the laboratory. It was estimated in the postmortem that he died at 6.35 PM on 14 October 1925. He had been trying out various gases to kill the larvae of houseflies (his biographer, Laurence Fleming, suggests that his hatred for houseflies may have to do with the death of his son. He also notes that Maxwell-Lefroy may have been suffering from cancer and that there had been suggestions that his death could have been a suicide.). His assistants, including Olive Lodge, had no knowledge of the composition of the poison gas. It is thought that he was experimenting with Lewisite. He was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. His position at the Imperial College was taken up by Balfour Browne who ensured that the flasks with unknown chemicals that Maxwell-Lefroy was working with were buried.

Family
Maxwell-Lefroy and Kathleen had three children of whom the first, Gladys Kathleen died in infancy, and the second, Charles died in November 1910 while he was in Pusa and was the cause for his premature exit from India. The only child who survived was Cecil Anthony (d. 1995) who became a general manager of Burmah Oil Company and was later made CBE. He wrote an unfinished memoir on the life of his father which was posthumously edited as a biography published in 2015 by Laurence Fleming. Kathleen died on 4 December 1967.

Publications
Maxwell-Lefroy published numerous journal articles and memoirs published by government departments. Some of the major books include:
 * Indian Insect Pests (1906) - a Bengali edition was produced with assistance of C.C.Ghosh
 * Trials of the South African Locust Fungus in India (1907)
 * Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1909. Indian Insect Life: a Manual of the Insects of the Plains (Tropical India) Thacker and Spink, Calcutta. xii + 786 pp.
 * Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1910. List of Names Used in India for Common Insects. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India. iv + 47 + xii pp.
 * Measures for avoidance and extermination of flies, mosquitoes, lice and other vermin (1916)
 * Silk Industry in India (1917) with E.C. Ansorge
 * Manual of Entomology 1923 with illustrations by L.N. Staniland
 * Food of Birds in India (1911) with C.W. Mason

title: Harold Maxwell-Lefroy


text:
Murder of George Campbell

Phoebe McWain Campbell (c. 1847 – 20 June 1872) was a Canadian woman who was hanged for the murder of her husband.

Campbell had alleged that on the morning of July 15, 1871, in Thorndale, Middlesex County, Ontario, two black-faced men broke into George and Phoebe's log cabin home and brutally hacked George to death with an axe because he refused to hand over some money. They had attempted to use a gun which misfired.

During the investigation, six local men were arrested, including Thomas Coyle, who was George's farmhand. Doubt about Phoebe's innocence arose rapidly as she was seen talking with Coyle; she also seemed to have done nothing to help save her husband as he was being murdered and seemed very unemotional following George's funeral. A coroner's autopsy showed that George was murdered by Phoebe and Coyle. "I don't care. I'm innocent and I don't care", Phoebe stated. She then accused Coyle of the murder, then quickly changed her mind and accused her cousin.

Phoebe's murder trial began on 1 April 1872, with much public interest. Phoebe accused George of having an affair with her cousin's wife. During the trial, the crown prosecutor produced a letter which stated, "I never shall say you done any such thing again—if I have to die for it." When asked why she changed her testimony, she claimed the ghost of her late husband visited her and declared her and Coyle innocent. The crown prosecutor responded, "You can hardly expect anyone to believe such nonsense!"

After the trial, the jury took just one hour to reach a guilty verdict. Phoebe then sobbed as the judge sentenced her to hanging. She later confessed that she and Coyle murdered George so they could marry. Coyle went to trial for his crime but was acquitted. He later moved to England.

She was hanged on 20 June at the age of 25 and was again said to be emotionless as she was about to be hanged, holding a lace handkerchief in her hand until after she died.

The story received so much public attention that postcards depicting the crime were made, which were bought by many.

title: Murder of George Campbell


text:
Category:Operettas

Classification: Performing arts: Opera: Operetta: Operettas also Music: Genres: Operetta: Operettas

See also List of operettas

title: Category:Operettas


text:
User:Pusher

Hi, I'm a Wiki-janitor. I mostly like fixing entries on this list: User:Topbanana/Reports/This may have a problem with a comma.

Yeah, a janitor's work is mostly unappreciated or overlooked, but it's fun cleaning entries in the Wikipedia.

In your eyes I see a darkness that torments you and in your head where it dwells.

Hello there and welcome to my profile.I'm 15 years old.I have blonde hair as you can tell from above.Uhm.... my hair is curly and i hate it so i brush it out. Then it goes wavy or sometimes straight it just depends. My hair has a personality of its own.Quite scary if you ask me.

If you can't accept me just because i dont believe in what you believe then thats your problem.Dont try to force your religion on me either as i have had some to do so on here. You will never succeed because this is who i am and only i can change what i believe.And i'm holding up to this.... but im an atheist. Which meens I dont believe in any god or higher being. Basically meening I don't believe in god nor satan.

I'm A female in case you still haven't figured this out.I'm not a rocker,punker,goth or any of that.I'm ME. So don't put me in a catergory. That would just show who you really are and what your like. When someone labels someone it gives yourself all away. I don't diss on anyone for their looks or the way they dress or act. I know everyones different and act their own way and have their own style. Different is always good remember that.

If you can go around wearing all black and not care what anyone thinks and the next day wear all pink. Thats really cool. It doesnt in anyway make you a poser.Thats just what you like and thats your style.Poser is just another one of those labels you gotta swat those off and just ignore it. Thats YOU. Dont worry ever about what others have to say some people act as if they were put on this earth just to make others life a living heck.(Not sure if i can say the other word) You just gotta get pass those people and stay true to yourself.

I love all kinds of music really but country and rap.Mainly just punk/emo/rock type stuff. Some of my favorite bands are saves the day,the all american rejects,creed,linkin park,letters to cleo,lifehouse,mest,alkaline trio,unwritten law,afi,greenday,dashboard confessional,the ataris,no use for a name,counting crows,death cab for cutie, goo goo dolls,the get up kids and so on. I could go on forever but i'm really lazy and i'm gonna be nice and save your time. You would have just scrolled passed it anyways. Yep see im right..... aint i?

title: User:Pusher


text:
Petro

Petro is a masculine given name, a surname and an Ancient Roman cognomen. It may refer to:

Given name

 * Petro Balabuyev (1931–2007), Ukrainian airplane designer, engineer and professor, lead designer of many Antonov airplanes
 * Petro Doroshenko (1627–1698), Cossack political and military leader, Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine (1665–1672) and a Russian voyevoda (governor)
 * Petro Drevchenko (1863–1934), Ukrainian bandurist
 * Petro Dyachenko (1895–1965), Ukrainian military commander
 * Petro Dyminskyi (born 1954), Ukrainian politician, businessman and former footballer
 * Petro Franko (1890–1941), Ukrainian educator and author
 * Petro Georgiou (born 1947), Australian politician
 * Petro Goga, Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Albania in 1924
 * Petro Hermanchuk (1952–2012), Ukrainian economist and politician
 * Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803), last Koshovyi Otaman of the Zaporozhian Host (in what is now Ukraine)
 * Petro Kharchenko (born 1983), Ukrainian former pair ice skater
 * Petro Kasui Kibe (1587–1639), Japanese Christian missionary, Jesuit priest and martyr
 * Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny (1570-1622), political and civic leader
 * Petro Kondratyuk (born 1979), Ukrainian former footballer
 * Petro Korol (1941–2015), Ukrainian weightlifter and 1976 Olympic champion
 * Petro Nini Luarasi (1864-1911), Albanian nationalist, Christian orthodox priest, teacher and journalist
 * Petro Herkulan Malchuk (1965-2016), Ukrainian Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kyiv-Zhytomyr
 * Petro Marko (1913–1991), Albanian writer
 * Petro Mirchuk (1913–1999), Ukrainian writer
 * Petro Nishchynsky (1832–1896), Ukrainian linguist and composer
 * Petro Pakhnyuk (born 1991), Ukrainian (until 2014) and Azerbaijani (since 2014) artistic gymnast
 * Petro Pereverza (born 1994), Ukrainian footballer
 * Petro Poga (1850-1944), Albanian nationalist, one of the delegates at the Albanian Declaration of Independence
 * Petro Poroshenko (born 1965), Ukrainian businessman and politician
 * Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850), the founder of commercial beekeeping
 * Petro Shelest (1908–1996), First Secretary of the Communist party in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 * Petro Slobodyan (born 1953), Soviet retired footballer and current Ukrainian coach
 * Petro Symonenko (born 1952), Ukrainian politician and First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine
 * Petro Tkachenko (1878-1919), Ukrainian blind kobzar (musician)
 * Petro Trad (1876–1947), Lebanese lawyer, politician and briefly President of the French Mandate of Lebanon in 1943
 * Petro Trochanowski (born 1947), Polish poet
 * Petro Vlahos (1916–2013), Hollywood special effects pioneer
 * Petro Voinovsky (1913—1996), Ukrainian nationalist
 * Petro Zakhvalynsky (died 1943), Ukrainian nationalist

Surname

 * Charles Petro (born 2001), Malawian footballer
 * Gustavo Petro (born 1960), current President of Colombia, politician and economist
 * Jim Petro (born 1948), American politician and former Ohio Attorney General
 * Johan Petro (born 1986), French professional basketball player
 * Joe Petro III (born 1956), American artist
 * Joseph Petro (born 1944), former United States Secret Service agent, Executive Vice President and Managing Director of Citigroup Security and Investigative Services
 * Pamela Petro, American artist

 * Nicolai N. Petro, American political science scholar
 * Steve Petro (1914–1994), American National Football League player

Cognomen

 * Titus Flavius Petro (fl. 1st century BC), paternal grandfather of the Roman Emperor Vespasian

Other

 * Petro (cryptocurrency), Venezuelan cryptocurrency
 * Petro lwa or Petwo, a family of lwa (loa) in Voudon (Voodoo)
 * Petros (disambiguation)
 * Petroleum

title: Petro


text:
Dewas

Dewas is a city in the Malwa region of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The municipality was formerly the seat of two 15-Gun Salute state princely states during the British Raj, Dewas Junior state and Dewas Senior state, ruled by the Pawar clan of the Marathas. The city is the administrative capital of Dewas district. Dewas is an industrialised city and houses a government bank note press.

Etymology
The name Dewas is derived from the Devi Vaishini hill in the city, commonly known as Tekri. The hill has a temple of the deities Devi Tulja Bhawani, Chamunda Mata and Kalika Mata. The word Dewas is believed to be a sandhi of the words Dev (deity) and Vas (abode in Marathi), so Dewas means house of the god. Swami Shivom Tirtha wrote the history of the hill (Tekri ) of Dewas in his book, Sadhan Shikhar. Inspired by the area, E.M. Forster wrote The Hill of Devi in 1953.

The district takes its name from its headquarters town, Dewas, which is said to be derived from the legend that Dewas rests at the foot of a 300-foot (91 m) conical hill known as Chamunda hill on whose summit is the shrine of Goddess Chamunda. The image of the goddess is cut into the wall of a cave, known as Devi Vashini or the goddess's residence. From this, the name Dewas (dev-vas) seems to have been derived.

History
Dewas was formerly the capital of two princely states of British India. The original state was founded in the first half of the 18th century by the brothers Tukaji Rao (Senior) and Jivaji Rao (Junior), from the Pawar clan of the Marathas. They had advanced into Malwa with the Maratha Peshwa, Baji Rao, in 1728. The brothers divided the territory among themselves; their descendants ruled as the senior and junior branches of the family. After 1841, each branch ruled its own portion as a separate state, though the lands belonging to each were intimately entangled; in Dewas, the capital town, the two sides of the main street were under different administrations and had different arrangements water supply and lighting.

The senior branch had an area of 446 sqmi and a population of in 62,312 in 1901, while the area of the junior branch was 440 sqmi and had a population of 54,904 that same year. Both Dewas states were in the Malwa Agency of the Central India Agency.

Dewas Junior and Dewas Senior Darbars (Courts) was composed of Sardars, Mankaris, Istamuradars, Thakurs and Jagirdars.

After India's independence in 1947, the Maharajas of Dewas (Jr. & Sr.) acceded to India, and their states were integrated into Madhya Bharat, which became a state of India in 1950. Later, in 1956, Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh state.

Geography
Dewas lies northeast of Indore, southeast of Ujjain, and southwest of Shajapur. The city is located on the level plains of the Malwa plateau; to the south, the land rises gently to the Vindhya Range, which is the source of the Chambal and Kali Sindh rivers that flow north through the district on their way to the Ganges. The main river in Dewas is Kshipra.

Demographics
As of the census, Dewas had a total population of 289,550, of which 150,081 were males and 139,469 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 35,437. The total number of literates in Dewas was 215,088, which constituted 74.3% of the population with male literacy of 79.9% and female literacy of 68.3%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Dewas was 84.6%, of which male literacy rate was 91.1% and female literacy rate was 77.7%. The Scheduled Castes population was 56,366, while the Scheduled Tribes population was 9,861. Dewas had 57,397 households in 2011.

Administration
The Member of Parliament from Dewas is Mahendra Singh Solanki of BJP who was elected in the Lok Sabha Election 2019. As of the 2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, the member of the Legislative Assembly for Dewas is Gayatri Raje Pawar.

Industry
Dewas was known for being a production centre of retail opium in the 1800s, as noted in the 1895 first report of the Royal Commission on Opium. Rapid industrialisation took place in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but due to inadequate infrastructure, the pace has slowed since the late 1980s. In recent years, some industries have closed their operations due to a shortage of sufficient infrastructure to support growth; there is a shortage of water due to excessive usage in previous decades.

The city has many industrial units providing employment to thousands of workers. The largest companies include Tata International, Kirloskar, John Deere, Eicher Motors, Gajra Gears, Cummins Turbo Technologies, STI Sanoh Steel Tubes Plant and Coparo Steel Tubes Unit. Dewas is known as the Soy Capital of India and is a major part of the soy bean processing industry in the country with major Soyabean Products brands like Kriti Nutrients, Prestige Agro-Tech, Mittal Soya Protein, Adani Agri Logistics etc.

Dewas is also one of the prominent Pharmaceutical Hubs of Madhya Pradesh and India as well with many pharmaceutical products manufacturing facilities and labs in Industrial areas of Dewas. Industrial Manufacturing Units of Ranbaxy Laboratories and Sun Pharma Industries are also situated here. Due to its location above sea level at one corner of the Malwa plateau, constant wind flows in the region are suitable for harvesting wind energy. There are more than 100 wind mills on a series of hills 13 km from Dewas, generating around 60 megawatts (MW) of power. These were financed by a few private companies (mainly Suzlon Energy) which sought a reliable power supply.

A Currency Printing Unit of Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL) is situated in Dewas. Also known as Bank Note Press (BNP). It is an industrial unit of SPMCIL, established in the year 1974 is wholly owned by Government of India, Ministry of Finance and Department of Economic Affairs. BNP Dewas prints Indian Currency Notes (known as Indian Rupee or INR; Symbol: '₹') of denominations ₹50, ₹100, ₹500 and ₹2000 and is capable of printing Bank Notes of any denomination. The bank notes are printed with high security features which are necessary to impede forgery and to meet the essential standards of Reserve Bank of India. The unit has skilled and trained manpower totaling around 1400 employees in production. BNP campus is spread over an area of 185 hectares of land. In addition to the high security printing complex, there is a specialized Ink factory unit which produces Security Inks for BNP Dewas and other units of SPMCIL for the printing of other government documents. There is also a residential complex with nearly 1400 quarters for employees to reside. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) provides security and fire coverage for the printing complex and transportation of bank note consignments.

Media
In terms of print media, Satyakaar a daily evening newspaper is published from Dewas. Along with this, newspapers like Dainik Bhaskar, Naidunia, Patrika etc. published from Indore are also circulated here.

Rail
Dewas Junction (station code: DWX) is the main railway junction of Dewas city. It is a 'B' Grade Railway Junction, under the Ratlam division of the Western Railways zone. It is well connected to nearby junctions such as Indore Junction (INDB) to the north-west and Ujjain Junction (UJN) south-west, via an electrified rail line. It is situated on Indore–Gwalior line rail line.

Road
Dewas is well connected to major cities across the state and country, via both National and State level highways. NH-47 and NH-52 connects Dewas to Indore and other cities of Madhya Pradesh. MP SH-18 connects Dewas to Bhopal, Ujjain and Ahmedabad.

Air
Dewas does not have an airport or an airstrip of its own. The nearest airport is Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport in Indore, which is about 40 km away by road. An airport is proposed to be built in Dewas district at Chapda village. Construction of the airport is stated to begin soon as of 2022.

Places of interest
Dewas is known for the Devi Chamunda temple and the Devi Tulaja Bhavani temple situated on a 300 ft hilltop (Tekri). A broad flight of stone steps leads to two shrines to the goddesses, Choti Mata (Chamunda Mata) and Badi Mata (Tulja Bhavani Mata). Numerous other temples spread over the Tekri can be explored on foot.
 * Shri Sheelnath Dhuni at the Tekri foothills is a place of worship for followers of Saint Sheelnath Maharaj's of Gorakh Nath Sumpradaya. Sheelnath Maharaj belonged to a royal family of Jaipur and later became a Yogi of Gorakh Nath Sumpradaya, who lived in Dewas in his old age.
 * The Pawar Chatries near the Meetha talab of Dewas are examples of Maratha architecture in the area.
 * Kailadevi temple at Dewas is the largest in the state. It is situated at Mishri Lal Nagar (Agra Bombay Road). It was established in December 1995 by businessman Mannulal Garg. This modern temple was built by South Indian artists; it houses a 51 ft statue of Lord Hanuman. The original Kaila Devi Temple is located on the banks of the Kalisil river in Karauli district of Rajasthan. The temple is devoted to the tutelary deity of the former princely rulers of the Karauli state, Kaila.
 * Mahadev mandir is a temple in Shankar Gadh built by the Dewas ruler Shrimant Sadashive Rao Maharaja (Khase Saheb) in 1942. The temple is located on a small hill south of the city.
 * Mahakaleshwar temple, Bilwali - Bilavali village is situated 3 km north of Dewas.

Notable people

 * Tukoji Rao III Puar, (Ruler of Dewas Senior State)
 * Vikramsinh Rao I Puar, (Ruler of Dewas Senior State)
 * Krishnaji Rao III Puar, (Ruler of Dewas Senior State)
 * Tukoji Rao IV Puar, (Politician)
 * Vikram Singh Rao II Puar, (Politician)
 * Edward Morgan Forster, (English Author based in Dewas Senior State, who wrote 'Hill of Devi')
 * Madhav Vinayak Kibe, (Statesman & Dewan of Dewas Junior State)
 * Kumar Gandharva, (Indian Classical Singer)
 * Digvijay Bhonsale, (Rock/Metal Musician)
 * Neha Hinge, (Model & Actress)
 * Anant Sadashiv Patwardhan, (Politician)
 * Mukul Shivputra, (Indian Classical Singer)
 * Kailash Chandra Joshi, (Politician)
 * Sajjan Singh Verma, (Politician)
 * Deepak Joshi, (Politician)
 * Manoj Choudhary, (Politician)
 * Tejsingh Sendhav, (Politician)
 * Manohar Untwal, (Politician)
 * Rajendrasingh Baghel, (Politician)
 * Hukam Chand Kachwai, (Politician)
 * Mahendra Solanki, (Politician)
 * Ashif Shaikh, (Social Worker)
 * Mishrilal Gangwal, (Politician)
 * Bapulal Kishan, (Politician)

title: Dewas


text:
The Emperor's Shadow

The Emperor's Shadow is a 1996 Chinese historical film directed by Zhou Xiaowen and starring Jiang Wen, Ge You, Xu Qing and Ge Zhijun. It was the most expensive Chinese film produced at the time of its release.

Plot
Set in third century BC China, the story of The Emperor's Shadow revolves around the relationship between Ying Zheng, the King of Qin, and later the First Emperor; and the musician Gao Jianli. Gao Jianli's mother was the king's wet nurse when the young king was a hostage in the Zhao state, but they were separated after the former returns to Qin to become king.

After reaching adulthood, Ying Zheng embarks on a series of wars to fulfill his plan of unifying China. He kidnaps Gao Jianli from the Yan state to compose a powerful anthem for his new state. The two conflict over the new composition, the construction of grand public works, Ying Zheng's ruthless mass killing policies, and Ying Zheng's daughter, Princess Yueyang.

Cast

 * Jiang Wen as Ying Zheng
 * Tian Ming as young Ying Zheng
 * Ge You as Gao Jianli
 * Wang Peng as young Gao Jianli
 * Xu Qing as Princess Yueyang
 * Ge Zhijun as Zhao Gao
 * Wang Qingxiang as Li Si
 * Di Guoqiang as Wang Jian
 * Wang Ning as Wang Ben
 * Shu Yaoxuan as Xu Fu
 * Li Mengnan as Jing Ke
 * Yuan Yuan as Fan Yuqi
 * Ren He as Huhai
 * Zhao Yi
 * Wang Hong
 * Sun Bicheng
 * Zhang Chunyuan

Music and themes
The political use of music and of the arts in general is one of the major themes in the film. In one of the climaxes of the film, the king states his belief that through music he can "control the minds and hearts of the people", echoing Mao Zedong's Yan'an talks of 1942. Music is perceived by the monarch as being as important as military power. Whereas his armies can conquer his rivals, he needs the arts to exert spiritual and ideological control. At the premiere of the film on 7 June 1996 in Beijing, director Zhou Xiaowen noted: "Chinese rulers have always wanted to control our spirit. But they cannot succeed in doing so."

Reception
After The Emperor's Shadow was released in five major Chinese cities, it was banned by state authorities without any clear reason being given. Eight months later permission was given for re-release.

The film has been criticized in China for its many historical inaccuracies. Chief among these is the distortion of the character of Gao Jianli. According to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, Gao Jianli was a friend of the assassin Jing Ke, who fails in an attempt upon Ying Zheng's life. Other minor errors, mostly of academic interest, also contribute to the film's lack of historical authenticity. The director Zhou Xiaowen defended his film by saying that it was an exploration of ideas and values for the present day and was not intended as a strictly historical depiction of the First Emperor. In a 1999 interview, he said "I don't like history; I just like the buildings, the palaces, the dress."

The film influenced the creation of Tan Dun's 2006 opera The First Emperor.

In a 1997 review by Joan Lau of the Malaysian newspaper New Straits Times, she wrote that "As for you, never mind if you don't know Seamus Heaney from Enid Blyton, go catch Emperor's Shadow, you won't regret it".

title: The Emperor's Shadow


text:
Avilés (comarca)

Avilés is one of 8 comarcas, administrative divisions of Asturias, which is a province and an autonomous community in Spain.

The comarca of Avilés is divided into ten municipalities:
 * Avilés
 * Candamo
 * Castrillón
 * Corvera de Asturias
 * Cudillero
 * Gozón
 * Illas
 * Muros de Nalón
 * Pravia
 * Soto del Barco

title: Avilés (comarca)


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle

The men's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Summer Olympics was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 19 and 20.

United States' Gary Hall Jr. defended his Olympic title in the event in 21.93, just two hundredths of a second off the record set by Alexander Popov in 1992. The silver medal was awarded to Croatia's Duje Draganja, who placed behind Hall in 21.94. South Africa's Roland Mark Schoeman completed his full set of medals by adding a bronze in 22.02.

Defending bronze medalist Pieter van den Hoogenband of the Netherlands (22.56), and dual Olympic champion Alexander Popov of Russia (22.58) missed the semifinals. By the following year, Popov announced his retirement from swimming, and became a full-time member of the International Olympic Committee.

Eleven first round heats were raced, comprising a total of 86 swimmers. The fastest 16 swimmers from this group qualified to move on to the semifinals stage. After the heats had been raced, the cut-off time was 22.53 seconds. The 16 swimmers who advanced then raced in two semifinals of eight swimmers each, the results being pooled and the fastest eight swimmers advancing to the final. The cut-off time to proceed into the final was 22.19 seconds.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

Competition format
The competition consisted of three rounds: heats, semifinals, and a final. The swimmers with the best 16 times in the heats advanced to the semifinals. The swimmers with the best 8 times in the semifinals advanced to the final. Swim-offs were used as necessary to break ties for advancement to the next round.

Results
The swimmers with the top 16 times, regardless of heat, advanced to the semifinals.

Semifinals
The swimmers with the top 8 times, regardless of heat, advanced to the final.


text:
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

The men's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 19 and 20.

U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps broke an Olympic record of 51.25 to claim his fifth gold medal, edging out his teammate and world record holder Ian Crocker by four hundredths of a second (0.04). Meanwhile, Ukraine's Andriy Serdinov earned a bronze in a European record of 51.36. Earlier in the semifinals, Serdinov blasted a new Olympic record, previously set by Australia's Geoff Huegill in Sydney four years ago, with a time of 51.74. One heat later, Phelps stopped the clock at 51.61 to lower the record by 0.13 of a second.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.